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THE 


CENTURY  DICTIONARY 


AND 


CYCLOPEDIA 


AN  ENCYCLOPEDIC  LEXICON  OF  THE 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  A  PRONOUN- 
CING AND  ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF  NAMES  IN  GEOGRAPHY,  BIOGRAPHY 
MYTHOLOGY,  HISTORY,  ART,  ETC.,  ETC. 


IN  TEN  VOLUMES 


PUBLISHED    BY 

%\)t  Century  Co. 

NEW  YORK 


THE 


CENTURY  DICTIONARY 


AN   ENCYCLOPEDIC   LEXICON 
OF  THE  ENGLISH    LANGUAGE 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  SUPERINTENDENCE  OF 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  PH.D.,  LL.D, 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT 
IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 


VOLUME 


PUBLISHED  BY 

CI)e  Centurg  Co. 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889.  1 89^.  by  The  Century  Co. 
All  Rights  Reserved. 


By  permission  of  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son,  publishers  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary  by  Dr.  Ogilvie  and 
Dr.  Annandale,  material  from  that  English  copyright  work  has  been  freely  used  in  the  preparation  of 
Tm  Century  Dictionary,  and  certain  owners  of  American  copyrights  having  claimed  that  undue  use  of 
matter  so  protected  has  been  made  in  the  compilation  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary,  notice  is  hereby 
given  that  arrangement  has  also  been  made  with  the  proprietors  of  such  copyright  matter  for  its  use 
in  the  preparation  of  The  Century  Dictionary. 


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SANTA   BARBARA 


LIST    OF    COLLABORATORS 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, 

WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D. 


MANAGING   EDITOR, 
BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH.  A.M. 


EDITORIAL    ASSISTANTS, 

FRANKLIN  H.   HOOPER,  A.  B.  JOHN    W.   PALMER,  M.  D. 

ROBERT  L1LLEY,  M.  R.  A.  S.  CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT.  Ph.  D. 

THOMAS  W.   LUDLOW,  A.  M.  FRANCIS  A.  TEALL,  A.  M. 

KATHARINE  B.  WOOD. 


AUSTIN  ABBOTT,  LL.  D. 

Lain;  Legal  and  Political  Institutions. 

LYMAN  ABBOTT,  D.  D. 

Theology;     Liturgies;     Ecclesiastical 
History. 

CHARLES  BARNARD, 

Tools  and  Machines. 


ALBERT  S.  BOLLES,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Mercantile  Law  and  Practice 
in  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Commerce ;  Finance. 


ELLIOTT  COUES,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 

Late  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  National 
Medical  College. 

General  Zoology ;  Biology;    Compar- 
ative Anatomy. 


EDWARD  S.   DANA,  Ph.  D. 

Assistant    Professor  of  Natural   Philosophy 
in  Yale  University. 

Physics;  Mineralogy. 

ISAAC  W.  DRUMMOND,  E.  M.,  Ph.  D. 
Pigments;  Dyes;  Dyeing,  etc. 

THEODORE  N.  GILL,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity. 

Ichthyology;   Conchology. 

FRANCIS  M.  GREEN,  Com'r  U.  S.  N. 
Naval  and  Nautical  Terms. 

JAMES  A.   HARRISON,  LlTT.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Professor  of  English  and  Modern  Languages 
in  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

Contributions  to  the  Etymologies  (in 
the  last  Quarter  of  the  Alphabet). 

J.   FRANKLIN    JAMESON,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  History  in  Brown  University. 
History  of  the  United  States. 


EDITORIAL  CONTRIBUTORS, 

EDWARD  H.  JENKINS,  Ph.  D. 

Vice-Director  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Chemistry. 

FRANK    H.   KNOWLTON,   S.  M. 

Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity and  Assistant  Curator  of  Botany, 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  H-Z. 

GEORGE  F.   KUNZ, 

Gems;  Lapidary  Work. 

THOMAS  R.   LOUNSBURY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  Yale  University. 

Middle  English  (Chaucer). 

THOMAS  W.   LUDLOW,  A.  M. 

Architecture ;  Sculpture;  Greek  and 
Roman  Archeology. 

DAVID  A.   LYLE,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 
Military  Terms. 

THOMAS  C.  MENDENHALL, 

Ph.D.,  LL.  D. 

President  of  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Electricity. 

CHARLES  S.  PEIRCE,  S.  B.,  A.  M. 

Late  Lecturer  on  Logic  at  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  and  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Logic;  Metaphysics ;  Mathematics; 
Mechanics;  Astronomy;  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CHARLES    C.   PERKINS,  A.  B.    (Deceased.) 

Painting;  Engraving;  Etching. 

WALDO  S.   PRATT,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Worship,  Hymnology,  and 
Sacred  Music  in  the  Hartford  Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

Music. 

CHARLES  P.   G.   SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 
Etymologies. 

ARTHUR  B.   SEYMOUR,  S.  M. 

Assistant   in    the    Cryptogamic    Herbarium, 
Harvard  University. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  A-G. 


RUSSELL  STURGIS,  A.  M. 

Late  Professor  of  Architecture  and  the  Arts 
of  Design  in  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Decorative  Art;  Ceramics;  Medie- 
val Archaology;  Heraldry;  Cos- 
tumes. 


JAMES  K.  THACHER,  M.  D. 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  Yale  University. 

Physiology;      Medicine;      Surgery; 
Human  Anatomy;  Histology. 


ROBERT    H.  THURSTON, 

A.  M.,  Doc.  Eng. 
Director  of   Sibley   College,    Cornell    Uni- 
versity. 

General  Technology. 


LESTER    F.   WARD,  A.  M.,  LL.  B. 

Geologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  ;  Honor- 
ary Curator  of  Botany  and  Fossil  Plants, 
U.  S.    National    Museum. 


Botany,  H-Z. 


SERENO  WATSON,  Ph.  D. 

Curator  of   the    Herbarium,    Harvard    Uni- 
versity. 

Totany,  A-G. 

HENRY  M.  WHITNEY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of    English    Literature    in    Beloit 
College. 

Synonyms. 


JOSIAH  D.  WHITNEY,  LL.  D. 

Professor  of  Geology,  Harvard  University. 
Geology;  Lithology;  Mining;  Metals 
and  Metallurgy ;   Physical  Geogra- 
phy; Fossil  Botany. 


WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  and  San- 
skrit in  Yale  University. 

Spelling;  Pronunciation ;  Gram- 
mar; Comparative  Philology; 
Ethnology ;  A  nthropology. 


DEPARTMENT   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS, 

WILLIAM  LEWIS  FRASER. 


PREFACE 


HE  plan  of  The  Century  Dictionary  includes  three  things :  the  construction  of  a 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language  which  shall  be  serviceable  for  every  literary 
and  practical  use;  a  more  complete  collection  of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various 
sciences,  arts,  trades,  and  professions  than  has  yet  been  attempted ;  and  the  addition  to 
the  definitions  proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter,  with  pictorial  illustrations, 
as  shall  constitute  a  convenient  book  of  general  reference.  The  attempt  to  accomplish  these  ends,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  produce  a  harmonious  whole,  has  determined  both  the  general  character  of  the 
work  and  its  details.  This  design  originated  early  in  1882  in  a  proposal  to  adapt  The  Imperial 
Dictionary  to  American  needs,  made  by  Mr.  Roswell  Smith,  President  of  The  Century  Co.,  who  has 
supported  with  unfailing  faith  and  the  largest  liberality  the  plans  of  the  editors  as  they  have  gradually 
extended  far  beyond  the  original  limits. 


The  most  obvious   result   of  this   plan  is   a  very  large   addition   to   the   vocabulary  of    preceding 
dictionaries,  about  two  hundred  thousand  words  being  here  defined.     The  first  duty  of  a  comprehensive 
dictionary  is  collection,   not   selection.     When  a  full  account   of  the  language  is   sought,  every  omis- 
sion of  a  genuine  English  form,  even  when  practically  necessary,  is  so  far  a  defect ;  and 
it  is  therefore  better  to  err  on  the  side  of  broad  inclusiveness  than  of  narrow  exclusive- 
ness.    This  is  the  attitude  of  The  Century  Dictionary.      It  is  designed  to  be  a  practically  complete 
record  of  the   main  body  of  English  speech,  from  the  time   of  the   mingling  of  the  Old  French   and 
Anglo-Saxon  to  the  present  day,  with  such  of  its  offshoots  as  possess  historical,  etymological,  literary, 
scientific,  or  practical  value.     The  execution  of  this  design  demands  that  more  space  be  given  to  obso- 
lete words  and  forms  than  has  hitherto  been  the  rule  in  dictionaries.     This  is  especially 
true   of  Middle   English   words   (and   particularly  of  the  vocabulary  of  Chaucer),  which 
represent  a  stage  of  the  language  that  is  not  only  of  high  interest  in  itself,  but  is  also  intimately  con- 
nected, etymologically  and  otherwise,  with  living  speech.     Only  a  few  of  these  words  are  contained  in 
existing  dictionaries.      This  is   the   case   also,   to   a    great   degree,    with   the    language   of    much    later 
times.     The  literature   of    the   sixteenth   and   seventeenth   centuries,   the   formative   period   of   modern 
English,  abounds  in  words  and  idioms  hitherto  unrecorded  by  lexicographers.     Not  to  include  all  of  these 
terms  which  from  their  etymological  connections,  intrinsic  literary  value,  or  availability 

for  modern  use,   are   worthy  of  record,   is   to   make,   not   a  dictionary  of  English,   but      Dialectal  and  pro- 
vincial words. 
merely  a  dictionary  of  modern  and  selected  English.     A  similar  reason  has  led  to  the 

admission  of  an  unusually  large  number  of  dialectal  and  provincial  words.     Until   about   the   time  of 

the  Reformation  the  language  existed  chiefly  in  the  form  of  dialects  ;    and  while  the  common  literary 

tongue  was  establishing  itself,  and  after  it  became  established,  its  relations  with  dialectal  and  provincial 

forms  were  most  intimate.     Many  "  literary "  words  sank  to  the  position  of  provincialisms,  and  on  the 

other  hand  provincialisms  rose  to  literary  rank  —  a  process  which  has  been  continuous  to  the   present 

day.     Thus  both  historically  and  with  regard  to  present  usage  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  aud  fast 


vi  PREFACE. 

line  between  these  two  sides  of  the  language,  either  with  respect  to  words  or  to  their  individual  senses. 
This  dictionary,  therefore,  includes  words  of  dialectal  form  or  provincial  use  which  appear  to  be  an 
Important  part  of  the  history  of  the  language.  Within  the  sphere  of  mere  colloquialism,  slang,  and 
cant,  a  much  narrower  rule  of  inclusion  has,  of  course,  been  followed;  but  colloquialism  and  even 
slang  must  be  noticed  by  the  lexicographer  who  desires  to  portray  the  language  in  its 
Colloquialism  and  natural  and  full  outlines,  and  these  phases  of  English  have  therefore  been  treated  with 
liberality.  Americanisms,  especially,  have  received  the  recognition  naturally  to  be 
expected  from  an  American  dictionary,  many  being  recorded  for  the  first  time ;  on  the 
other  hand,  many  words  and  uses  heretofore  regarded  as  peculiar  to  this  country  have  been  found  to 
be  survivals  of  older  or  provincial  English,  or  to  have  gained  a  foothold  in  broader  English  use. 
Another  notable  increase  in  the  vocabulary  is  that  due  to  the  admission  of  the  many  terms  which  have 
come  into  existence  during  the  present  century  —  especially  during  the  last  twenty  years — in  connection 
with  the  advance  in  all  departments  of  knowledge  and  labor,  scientific,  artistic,  professional,  mechanical, 
and  practical.  This  increase  is  nowhere  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  language  of  the 
physical  sciences,  and  of  those  departments  of  study,  such  as  archaeology,  which  are  con- 
cerned with  the  life  and  customs  of  the  past.  Not  only  have  English  words  been  coined  in 
astonishing  numbers,  but  many  words  of  foreign  origin  or  form,  especially  New  Latin  and  French,  have 
been  imported  for  real  or  imaginary  needs.  To  consign  these  terms  to  special  glossaries  is  unduly  to 
restrict  the  dictionary  at  the  point  at  which  it  comes  into  the  closest  contact  with  what  is  vital  and 
interesting  in  contemporary  thought  and  life;  it  is  also  practically  impossible,  for  this  technical  language 
is,  in  numberless  instances,  too  closely  interwoven  with  common  speech  to  be  dissevered  from  it.  A 
similar  increase  is  noticeable  in  the  language  of  the  mechanical  arts  and  trades.  The  progress  of  inven- 
tion has  brought  nearly  as  great  a  flood  of  new  words  and  senses  as  has  the  progress  of  science.  To 
exclude  this  language  of  the  shop  and  the  market  from  a  general  English  dictionary  is  as  undesirable 
as  to  exclude  that  of  science,  and  for  similar  reasons.  Both  these  lines  of  development  have  therefore 
been  recorded  with  great  fullness.  There  is  also  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  words  —  Latin, 
Fiench,  and  other  —  not  in  technical  use,  which  have  been  admitted  because  they  either  have  become 
established  in  English  literature  or  stand  for  noteworthy  things  that  have  no  English  names.  Lastly, 
the  individual  words  have  been  supplemented  by  the  insertion  of  idiomatical  phrases  that  are  not  fully 
explained  by  the  definitions  of  their  component  parts  alone,  and  have  in  use  the  force  of  single  words; 
and  of  the  numerous  phrase-names  used  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  number  of  these  phrases  here 
defined  is  very  large. 

No    English  dictionary,  however,  can  well  include  every  word  or  every  form   of  a  word  that  has 
been  used  by  any  English  writer  or  speaker.     There  is  a  very  large  number  of  words  and  forms   dis- 
coverable in    the   Literature   of  all  periods  of  the  language,  in   the  Various   dialects,  and   in    colloquial 
use,  which    have   no   practical   claim   upon    the   notice    of    the   lexicographer.     A    large 
group  not    meriting  inclusion   consists  of  words  used  only  for  the  nonce  by  writers  of 

be  c    .1  ided.  *  6  J  J 

all  periods  and  of  all  degrees  of  authority,  and  especially  by  recent  writers  in  news- 
papers and  other  ephemeral  publications;  of  words  intended  by  their  inventors  for  wider  use  in  popular 
or  technical  speech,  but  which  have  not  been  accepted;  and  of  many  special  names  of  things,  as  of 
many  chemical  compounds,  of  many  inventions,  of  patented  commercial  articles,  and  the  like.  Yet 
another  group  is  composed  <>f  many  substantive  uses  of  adjectives,  adjective  uses  of  substantives 
(as  of  nouns  of  material),  participial  adjectives,  verbal  nouns  ending  in  4ng,  abstract  nouns  ending 
in  -ness,  adverbs  ending  in  -///  from  adjectives,  adjectives  ending  in  -ish,  regular  compounds,  etc., 
which  can  be  used  at  will  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  the  language,  but  which 
are  too  obvious,  both  in  meaning  and  formation,  and  often  too  occasional  in  use,  to  need  separate 
definition.  So  also  dialectal,  provincial,  or  colloquial  words  must  be  excluded,  so  far  as  they  stand 
out  of  vital  relation  to  the  main  body  of  the  language  which  it  is  the  object  of  a  general  dic- 
tionary to  explain.  The  special  limitations  of  the  technical  and  scientific  vocabulary  will  be  men- 
tioned   later. 


PREFACE.  vii 

None  of  these  considerations  is  of  the  nature  of  a  definite  rule  that  can  be  used  with  precision 
in  all  cases.  On  the  contrary,  the  question  whether  a  word  shall  be  included,  even  in  a  dictionary 
so  comprehensive  as  this,  must  often  be  decided  by  the  special  circumstances  of  the  case. 


The  sources  of  the  English  vocabulary  thus  presented  are  extremely  various.  No  other  tongue, 
ancient  or  modern,  has  appeared  in  so  many  and  so  different  phases;  and  no  other  people  of  high 
civilization  has  so  completely  disregarded  the  barriers  of  race  and  circumstance  and  adopted  into  its 
speech    so    great    a    number    of    unnative    words    and    notions.      The    making    of    the 

t  Ktyniologies. 

English  language  began,  it  may  be  said,  with  the  introduction  of  Roman  rule  and 
Roman  speech  among  the  barbarous  Celts  of  Britain.  The  Latin  language,  as  the  vehicle  of  civil- 
ization, affected  strongly  the  Celtic,  and  also  the  speech  of  the  Teutonic  peoples,  Saxons,  Angles, 
and  Jutes,  who  in  the  fifth  century  obtained  a  footing  on  the  island.  This  Teutonic  tongue,  while 
assimilating  something  both  of  the  native  Celtic  idiom,  and  of  Latin  in  a  Celtic  guise,  in  time 
became  the  dominant  language.  The  speech  thus  formed  (called  Anglo-Saxon  or,  as  some  now 
prefer,  Old  English)  was  raised  almost  to  classic  rank  by  the  labors  of  Alfred  and  of  the  numerous 
priests  and  scholars  who  sought  to  convey  to  their  countrymen  in  their  native  language  the  treasures 
of  Latin  learning  and  the  precepts  of  the  Latin  Church.  Though  uniting  in  the  ninth  century  with  an 
influx  of  Scandinavian  speech,  and  in  the  eleventh  century,  through  the  Norman  conquest,  with  the 
stream  which  flowed  through  France  from  Rome,  it  remained  the  chief  fountain  of  English.  From  these 
two  elements,  the  Teutonic  and  the  Latin  (the  latter  both  in  its  original  form  and  as  modified  in  the 
Romance  tongues),  our  language  has  been  constructed;  though  materials  more  or  less  important  have 
been  borrowed  from  almost  every  known  speech. 

The  details  of  this  history  are  exhibited  in  the  etymologies.  They  have  been  written  anew,  on  a 
uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  comparative  philology.  The  best 
works  in  English  etymology,  as  well  as  in  etymology  and  philology  in  general,  have  been  regularly 
consulted,  the  most  helpful  being  those  of  Prof.  Skeat  and  Eduard  Midler,  and  the  "New  English 
Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles,"  edited  by  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  (which,  however,  could  be  con- 
sulted in  revising  the  proofs  of  A  and  of  part  of  B  only);  but  the  conclusions  reached  are  independent. 
It  has  been  possible,  by  means  of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  etymologist,  to  clear  up 
in  many  cases  doubts  or  difficulties  hitherto  resting  upon  the  history  of  particular  words,  to  decide 
definitely  in  favor  of  one  of  several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  numerous  current  errors,  and 
to  give  for  the  first  time  the  history  of  many  words  of  which  the  etymologies  were  previously 
unknown  or  erroneously  stated.  Noteworthy  features  of  the  etymologies  will  be  found 
to    be  the    method  followed  in    stating  the    ascertained   facts    of   the    history    of   each       Method  of  etymo- 

°  J  logical  statement. 

word,  and  the  extensive  collation  of  cognate  or  allied  words.  Beginning  with  the 
current  accepted  form  or  spelling,  each  important  word  has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms 
to  its  remotest  known  origin.  Middle  English  forms  are  given,  in  important  cases  in  numerous 
variants  for  the  four  centuries  included  in  that  period,  and  are  traced  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  (in  which 
are  given  the  typical  forms,  with  the  important  variants  and  the  oldest  glosses)  or,  as  the  case  may 
be,  to  the  Old  French,  including  in  special  instances  the  Old  French  as  developed  in  England,  or 
Anglo-French.  The  derivation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  French  form  is  then  giveu.  When  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  other  Teutonic  form  is  mentioned,  the  cognate  forms  are  given  from  the  Old  Saxon,  the 
Old  Friesic,  the  Dutch,  Low  German,  High  German,  and  Icelandic  in  their  several  periods,  the  Swedish 
(and  often  the  Norwegian),  the  Danish,  and  the  Gothic.  The  same  form  of  statement  is  used  with 
the  Romance  and  other  groups  of  forms  —  the  Old  French  and  modern  French,  the  Provencal,  the 
Spanish,  the  Portuguese,  the  Italian,  and  sometimes  in  special  instances  the  Wallachian  and  other 
Romance  forms,  being  given  in  a  regular  order,  and  derived  together  from  their  Latin  or  other  source. 
With  the  Latin  are  mentioned  the  Greek  cognates,  if  any  such  existed,  the  Slavic  forms,  if  concerned, 
and  the  Sanskrit,  Persian,  etc.     If  the  Arabic  or  Hebrew  is  reached,  other  Semitic  forms  are  sometimes 


viii  PREFACE. 

stated.  The  rule  has  been  to  deduce  from  a  comparison  of  all  the  principal  forms  the  primitive  sense 
or  form,  and  also  to  make  the  process  of  inference  clear  to  the  consulter  of  the  dictionary.  Of  course, 
in  a  search  through  so  vast  a  field,  in  which  the  paths  of  words  have  been  in  many  instances  effectu- 
ally obliterated  or  confused,  many  points  of  uncertainty  remain;  but  from  the  evidence  at  hand 
various  degrees  of  approximation  to  certainty  can  be  established,  and  these  it  has  been  sought  clearly 
to  indicate  by  terms  of  qualification.  The  various  prefixes  and  suffixes  used  in  the  formation  of  English 
words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles. 

There  are  thus  two  distinct  groups  of  forms  in  the  etymologies:  those  in  the  line  of  derivation  or 
direct  descent,  and  those  in  the  lines  of  cognation  or  collateral  descent.  A  Greek  word,  for  example, 
may  occur  not  only  in  Anglo-Saxon  (and  English),  but  also  in  other  Teutonic  and  in  Romance  and 
other  tongues,  and  the  full  account  of  the  English  form  requires  the  mention  of  the 
most  important  of  these  other  forms  as  "  parallel  with "  or  "  equal  to "  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  English.  To  separate  these  groups  more  plainly  to  thought  and  to  the  eye,  and  to 
save  the  space  which  would  be  taken  up  by  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  words  "from,"  "parallel 
with,"  and  "  whence,"  distinctive  symbols  are  used.  For  "  from "  is  used  the  sign  < ,  denoting  that  the 
form  without  the  angle  is  derived  from  the  form  within  it ;  for  "  whence,"  the  sign  > ,  with  a  similar 
significance ;  for  "  parallel  with  "  or  "  equal  to "  or  "  cognate  with,"  the  familiar  sign  of  equality,  =  ;  for 
the  word  "root,"  the  ordinary  algebraic  symbol  \/.  An  asterisk  *  is  prefixed  uniformly  to  all  forms 
which  are  cited  either  as  probable  or  as  theoretical,  or  as  merely  alleged ;  it  indicates  in  all  cases  that 
the  form  so  marked  has  not  been  found  by  the  etymologist  in  the  records  of  the  language  concerned, 
or  in  its  dictionaries.  But  in  some  cases  words  are  marked  with  the  asterisk  which  are  found  in  certain 
dictionaries,  but  have  not  been  verified  in  the  actual  literature.  Special  care  has  been  taken  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  words,  unverified  forms  of  which  exist  in  the  current  dictionaries,  some  of  them  probably 
genuine,  though  not  found  in  any  of  the  accessible  texts,  and  others  due  to  early  errors  of  editors  and 
d  i  c  ■  t  io  nary-makers. 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning,  but  of  the  same  spelling  (homonyms),  have  been  distinguished 
by  small  superior  figures  (a,  2,  :),  etc.).  Such  words  abound  in  English.  They  are  mostly  common 
monosyllables,  and  much  confusion  exists  not  only  in  the  explanation  of  them  but  also  in  their  use, 
words  of  diverse  origin  having  been,  in  many  cases,  regarded  as  one,  with  consequent 
entanglement  or  complete  merging  of  meanings.  In  numbering  these  homonyms,  the 
rule  has  been  to  give  precedence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most  familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly 
English  in  origin.  The  superior  numbers  apply  not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to  the  group  or 
root  to  which  it  belongs;  hence  the  different  grammatical  uses  of  the  same  homonym  are  numbered  alike 
when  they  are  separately  entered  in  the  dictionary.  Thus  verbs  and  nouns  of  the  same  origin  and  the 
same  present  spelling  receive  the  same  superior  number.  But  when  two  words  of  the  same  form,  and  of 
the  same  radical  origin,  now  differ  considerably  in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  different  words,  they  are 
separately  numbered. 

The  etymologies  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  later 
parts  of  the  work,  of  contributions  from  Prof.  James  A.  Harrison,  Prof.  William  M.  Baskervill, 
Prof.  Francis  A.  March,  Jr.,  and  others.  In  ascertaining  the  particular  facts  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  technical  terms,  much  aid  has  been  given  by  the  specialists  in  charge  of  the  various 
departments. 


Of  the  great  body  of  words  constituting  the  familiar  language  the  spelling  is  determined  by  well- 
established  usage,  and,  however  accidental  and  unacceptable,  in  many  cases,  it  may  be,  and  however 
much  of  sympathy  and  well-w 'illing  may  be  due  to  the  efforts  now  making  to  introduce  a  reform,  it  is 
not  the  office  of  a  dictionary  like  this  to  propose  improvements,  or  to  adopt  those  which  have  been 
proposed,  and  have  not  yel  won  some  degree  of  acceptance  and  use.  But  there  are  also  considerable 
classes  as  to  which    usage    is  wavering,  more  than  one  form   being  sanctioned   by  excellent  authorities, 


PREFACE.  be 

either  in  this  country  or  in  Great  Britain,  or  in  both.  Familiar  examples  are  words  ending  in  -or 
or  -our  (as  labor,  labour),  in  -er  or  -re  (as  center,  centre),  in  -ize  or  -ise  (as  civilize,  civilize);  those 
having  a  single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented  vowel  (as  tranter,  trardlrr ;  worshiped,  wor- 
shipped), or  spelt  with  e  or  with  ce  or  02  (as  hemorrhage,  diarrhea;  haemorrhage,  diar- 
rhcea) ;  and  so  on.  In  such  cases,  both  forms  are  given,  with  an  expressed  preference  for 
the  briefer  one,  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native  analogies.  The  language  is  struggling  toward 
a  more  consistent  and  phonetic  spelling,  and  it  is  proper,  in  disputed  and  doubtful  cases,  to  cast  the 
influence  of  the  dictionary  in  favor  of  this  movement,  both  by  its  own  usage  in  the  body  of  the  text, 
and  at  the  head  of  articles  by  the  order  of  forms,  or  the  selection  of  the  form  under  which  the  word 
shall  be  treated.  Technical  words  not  in  general  use,  and  words  introduced  from  other  languages, 
have  also  their  varieties  of  orthographic  form :  the  former,  in  part,  because  of  the  ignorance  or  care- 
lessness of  those  who  have  made  adaptations  from  Latin  or  Greek ;  the  latter,  because  of  the  different 
styles  of  transliteration  or  imitation  adopted.  In  such  cases,  slight  variants  are  here  sometimes  dis- 
regarded, the  more  correct  form  being  given  alone,  or  with  mere  mention  of  others ;  in  other  cases,  the 
different  forms  are  given,  with  cross  references  to  the  pi'eferred  one,  under  which  the  word  is  treated. 
Finally,  the  obsolete  words  which  have  no  accepted  spelling,  but  occur  only  in  the  variety  of  forms 
characteristic  of  the  periods  from  which  they  come,  are  treated  regularly  under  that  form  which  is 
nearest  to,  or  most  analogous  with,  present  English,  and  the  quotations,  of  whatever  form,  are  as  a 
rule  presented  there;  side-forms  are  entered  as  liberally  as  seemed  in  any  measure  desirable,  with 
references  to  the  one  preferred.  All  citations,  however,  are  given  in  the  orthography  (though  not 
always  with  the  punctuation)  of  the  texts  from  which  they  are  taken. 


Still  greater  than  the  variation  in  the  orthography,  even  the  accepted  orthography,  of  English 
words,  is  the  variation  in  the  pronunciation.  And  here  the  same  general  principles  must  govern  the 
usage  of  the  dictionary.  No  attempt  is  made  to  record  all  the  varieties  of  popular,  or  even  of  educated, 
utterance,  or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by  different  recognized  authorities. 
It  has  been  necessary,  rather,  to  make  a  selection  of  words  to  which  alternative  pro- 
nunciations should  be  accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  each  particular  case,  in  view  of  the  general  analogies  and  tendencies  of  English  utterance.  A 
large  number  of  scientific  names  and  terms — words  that  are  written  rather  than  uttered,  even  by 
those  who  use  them  most — are  here  entered  and  have  a  pronunciation  noted  for  the  first  time. 
For  such  words  no  prescriptive  usage  can  be  claimed  to  exist  ;  the  pronunciation  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  analogies  of  words  more  properly  English,  or  by  those  governing  kindred  and  more 
common  words  from  the  same  sources.  With  respect  to  many  foreign  words,  more  or  less  used  as 
English,  it  is  often  questionable  how  far  usage  has  given  them  an  English  pronunciation,  or  has 
modified  in  the  direction  of  English  the  sound  belonging  to  them  where  they  are  vernacular.  In 
not  a  few  instances  a  twofold  pronunciation  is  indicated  for  them,  one  Anglicized  and  the  other 
original.  Words  of  present  provincial  use  are  for  the  most  part  pronounced  according  to  literary 
analogies,  without  regard  to  the  varieties  of  their  local  utterance.  The  principal  exceptions  are 
Scotch  words  having  a  certain  literary  standing  (owing  to  their  use  especially  by  Scott  and  Burns) ; 
these  are  more  carefully  marked  for  their  provincial  pronunciation.  Wholly  obsolete  words  are  left 
unmarked. 

There  are  certain  difficult  points  in  varying  English  utterance,  the  treatment  of  which  by  the 
dictionary  calls  for  special  explanation.  One  is  the  so-called  "long  m"  (as  in  use,  muse,  cure),  repre- 
sented here,  as  almost  everywhere,  by  u.  In  its  full  pronunciation,  this  is  as  precisely  1/00  {yd)  as  if 
written  with  the  two  characters.  But  there  has  long  existed  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  remove  the 
^-element  of  the  combination  in  certain  situations  unfavorable  to  its  production.  After  an  r,  this 
tendency  has  worked  itself  fully  out ;  the  pronunciation  00  (0)  has  taken  the  place  of  u  in  that  situa- 
tion so  generally  as  to  be  alone  accepted  by  all    recent  authorities  (although  some   speakers  still  show 


x  PKEFACE. 

plain  traces  of  the  older  utterance).  The  same  has  happened,  in  a  less  degree,  after  /,  and  some  of  the 
latest  authorities  (even  in  England)  prescribe  always  loo  (Id)  instead  of  lu;  so  radical -a  change  has 
not  been  ventured  upon  in    this  work,  in  which    6  is   written   only   after   an    I   that  is   preceded    by 

another  consonant :  cultivated  pronunciation  is  much  less  uniform  here  than  in  the 
General  variations  of  preceding  case.  But  further,  after  the  other  so-called  dental  consonants  t,  d,  n,  s,  z, 
of  certain  vowels.       except    in    syllables    immediately  following   an    accent,   the    usage    of    the    majority   of 

good  speakers  tends  to  reduce  the  //-element  to  a  lighter  and  less  noticeable  form, 
while  many  omit  it  altogether,  pronouncing  00  (0).  Of  this  class  of  discordances  no  account  is 
taken  in  the  re-spellings  for  pronunciation ;  usage  is  in  too  fluid  and  vacillating  a  condition  to 
be  successfully  represented.  After  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  zh,  however,  only  0  is  acknowledged.  Another 
case  is  that  of  the  r.  Besides  local  differences  in  regard  to  the  point  of  production  in  the  mouth, 
and  to  the  presence,  or  degree,  of  trilling  in  its  utterance,  a  very  large  number,  including  some 
of  the  sections  of  most  authoritative  usage,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  do  not  really  utter  the 
r-sound  at  all  unless  it  be  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel  (in  the  same  or  a  succeeding  word),  but 
either  silence  it  altogether  or  convert  it  into  a  neutral-vowel  sound  (that  of  hut  or  hurt).  The  muti- 
lation thus  described  is  not  acknowledged  in  this  dictionary,  but  r  is  everywhere  written  where  it 
has  till  recently  been  pronounced  by  all;  and  it  is  left  for  the  future  to  determine  which  party  of  the 
speakers  of  the  language  shall  win  the  upper  hand.  The  distinction  of  the  two  shades  of  neutral- 
vowel  sound  in  hut  and  hurt,  which  many  authorities,  especially  in  England,  ignore  or  neglect,  is,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  made  in  this  work.  The  latter,  or  hurt-sound,  is  found  in  English  words  only 
before  /•  in  the  same  syllable;  but  it  is  also  a  better  correspondent  to  the  French  en  and  "mute  e" 
sounds  than  is  the  former,  or  //»c-sound.  In  like  manner,  the  air-sound  is  distinguished  (as  a)  from  the 
ordinary  e-  or  w-sounds.  Further,  the  two  sounds  written  with  0  in  sot  and  song  are  held  apart  through- 
out, the  latter  (marked  with  6)  being  admitted  not  only  before  r  (as  in  nor),  but  in  many  other  situations, 
where  common  good  usage  puts  it.  But  as  there  is  a  growing  tendency  in  the  language  to  turn  0  into 
n,  the  hue  between  the  two  sounds  is  a  variable  one,  and  the  6  (on  this  account  distinguished  from  a, 
with  which  from  a  phonetic  point  of  view  it  is  practically  identical)  must  be- taken  as  marking  an 
o-sound  which  in  a  part  of  good  usage  is  simple  0.  A  similar  character  belongs  to  the  so-called  "  inter- 
mediate a "  of  ask,  can't,  command,  and  their  like,  which  with  many  good  speakers  has  the  full  ra-sound 
(of  far,  etc.),  and  also  by  many  is  flattened  quite  to  the  "  short  a "  of  fat,  etc.  This  is  signified  by  a, 
which,  as  applied  to  English  words,  should  be  regarded  rather  as  pointing  out  the  varying  utterance 
here  described  than  as  imperatively  prescribing  any  shade  of  it. 

On  the  side  of  consonant  utterance,  there  is  a  very  large  class  of  cases  where  it  can  be  made  a 
question  whether  a  pure  t  or  d  or  s  or  z  is  pronounced  with  an  i-  or  //-sound  after  it  before  another  vowel, 
or  whether  the  consonant  is  fused  together  with  the  i  or  y  into  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  or  eh  respectively  — 

for  example,  whether  we  say  nature  or  nachur,  gradual  or  grajoal,  sure  or  shor,  visual 
The  pronunciation      or   vishoal.      There  are   many   such   words   in    which    accepted    usage  has  fully  ranged 

it  certain  conso-  .  *    . 

oante.  itself    on    the    side    of    the    fused   pronunciation :    for  example,   vizhon,   not   vieion,  for 

vision;  azhiir,  not  azure,  for  azure;  but  with  regard  to  the  great  majority  usage  is  less 
decided,  or  else  the  one  pronunciation  is  given  in  ordinary  easy  utterance  and  the  other  when  speaking 
with  deliberation  or  labored  plainness,  or  else  the  fused  pronunciation  is  used  without  the  fact  being 
acknowledged.  For  such  cases  is  introduced  here  a  special  mark  under  the  consonant — thus,  t,  d,  s,  z — 
which  is  intended  to  signify  that  in  elaborate  or  strained  utterance  the  consonant  has  its  own  proper 
value,  but  in  ordinary  styles  of  speaking  combines  with  the  following  /-element  into  the  fused  sound. 
The  mark  is  not  used  unless  the  fused  sound  is  admissible  in  good  common  speech. 

This  same  device,  of  a  mark  added  beneath  to  indicate  a  familiar  utterance  different  from  an 
elaborate  or  forced  one,  is  introduced  by  this  dictionary  on  a  very  large  scale  in  marking  the  sounds  of 
the  vowels.  One  of  the  most  peculiar  characteristics  of  English  pronunciation  is  the  way  in  which  it 
slights  the  vowels  of  most  unaccented  syllables,  not  merely  lightening  them  in  point  of  quantity  and 
stress,  but  changing  their  quality  of  sound.     To  write  (as  systems  of  re-spelling  for  pronunciation,  and 


PREFACE.  xi 

even   systems  of  phonetic   spelling,  generally  do)  the  vowels  of  unaccented   syllables   as   if   they  were 
accented,  is  a  distortion,  and  to  pronounce  them  as  so  written  would  be  a  caricature  of  English  speech. 
There  are  two  degrees  of  this  transformation.     In  the  first,  the  general  vowel  quality  of  a  long  vowel 
remains,    but    is    modified    toward    or    to    the    corresponding    (natural)    short:    thus,    a 
and  o  lose  their  usual  vanish  (of  e  and  6  respectively),  and  become,  the  one  e  (even,  in         vowds  in  mmc- 

\      ■  r  J  '  cented  syllables. 

some  final  syllables,  the  yet  thinner  i),  the  other  the  true  short  o  (which,  in  accented 
syllables,  occurs  only  provincially,  as  in  the  New  England  pronunciation  of  home,  whole,  etc.) ;  e  and  6 
(of  food)  become  i  and  u  (of  good);  &  or  6  become  (more  rarely)  o.  This  first  degree  of  change  is 
marked  by  a  single  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  g,  U,  o,  6.  In  the  second  degree,  the  vowel  loses 
its  specific  quabty  altogether,  and  is  reduced  to  a  neutral  sound,  the  slightly  uttered  u  (of  hut)  or  e 
(of  hurt).  This  change  occurs  mainly  in  short  vowels  (especially  a,  o,  less  often  e,  but  i  chiefly  in  the 
ending  -ity) ;  but  also  sometimes  in  long  vowels  (especially  u  and  a).  This  second  degree  of  alteration 
is  marked  by  a  double  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  g,  e,  g,  i,  (i,  u.  Accordingly,  the  dots  show  that 
while  in  very  elaborate  utterance  the  vowel  is  sounded  as  marked  without  them,  in  the  various  degrees 
of  inferior  elaborateness  it  ranges  down  to  the  shortened  or  to  the  neutralized  vowel  respectively ;  and 
it  is  intended  that  the  dots  shall  mark,  not  a  careless  and  slovenly,  but  only  an  ordinary  and  idiomatic 
utterance  —  not  that  of  hasty  conversation,  but  that  of  plain  speaking,  or  of  reading  aloud  with  dis- 
tinctness. In  careless  talk  there  is  a  yet  wider  reduction  to  the  neutral  sound.  It  must  be  clearly 
understood  and  borne  in  mind  that  these  changes  are  the  accompaniment  and  effect  of  a  lightening 
and  slighting  of  utterance ;  to  pronounce  with  any  stress  the  syllables  thus  marked  would  be  just  as 
great  a  caricature  as  to  pronounce  them  with  stress  as  marked  above  the  letter. 


In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  common  words  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides  the  material 

generally  accessible  to  students  of  the  language,  a  special  collection  of  quotations  selected  for  this  work 

from  English  books  of  all  kinds   and  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  which  is  probably  much  larger 

than   any   that   has   hitherto   been   made  for   the   use  of  an   English   dictionary,  except 

that    accumulated    for    the    Philological   Society    of   London.      From    this    source    much     Definitions  of  com- 
mon words. 

fresh  lexicographical  matter  has  been  obtained,  which  appears  not  only  in  hitherto 
unrecorded  words  and  senses,  but  also,  it  is  believed,  in  the  greater  conformity  of  the  definitions 
as  a  whole  to  the  facts  of  the  language.  In  general,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  portray  the  language 
as  it  actually  is,  separating  more  or  less  sharply  those  senses  of  each  word  which  are  really  distinct, 
but  avoiding  that  over-refinement  of  analysis  which  tends  rather  to  confusion  than  to  clearness.  Special 
scientific  and  technical  uses  of  words  have,  however,  often  been  separately  numbered,  for  practical 
reasons,  even  when  they  do  not  constitute  logically  distinct  definitions.  The  various  senses  of  words 
have  also  been  classified  with  reference  to  the  limitations  of  their  use,  those  not  found  in  current 
literary  English  being  described  as  obsolete,  local,  provincial,  colloquial,  or  technical  (legal,  botanical, 
etc.).  The  arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in  the  order  in  which  the  senses  defined  have 
entered  the  language,  is  the  most  desirable  one,  and  it  has  been  adopted  whenever,  from  the  etymo- 
logical and  other  data  accessible,  the  historical  order  could  be  inferred  with  a  considerable  degree  of 
certainty;  it  has  not,  however,  been  possible  to  employ  it  in  every  case.  The  general  definitions  have 
also  been  supplemented  by  discussions  of  synonyms  treating  of  about  7000  words,  contributed  by 
Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  which  will  be  found  convenient  as  bringing  together  statements  made  in 
the  definitions  in  various  parts  of  the  dictionary,  and  also  as  touching  in  a  free  way  upon  many  literary 
aspects  of  words. 

Many  of  the  extracts  mentioned  above,  together  with  some  contained  in  the  Imperial  Dictionary 
and  in  other  earlier  or  special  works,  have  been  employed  to  illustrate  the  meanings  of  words, 
or  merely  to  establish  the  fact  of  use.  They  form  a  large  collection  (about  200,000)  representing  all 
periods  and  branches  of  English  literature.  In  many  cases  they  will  be  found  useful  from  a  his- 
torical   point  of    view,    though,    as   was   intimated   above,   they   do    not    furnish    a    complete   historical 


xii  PREFACE. 

record.  All  have  been  verified  from  the  works  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  and  are  furnished 
with  exact  references,  except  a  few  obtained  from  the  Imperial  Dictionary,  which  conld  not  readily 
be  traced  to  their  sources,  but  were  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  their  insertion  on  the  authority  of 
that  work.  Their  dates  can  be  ascertained  approximately  from  the  list  of  authors 
and  works  (and  editions)  cited,  which  will  he  published  with  the  concluding  part  of 
tic  dictionary.  These  quotations  have  been  used  freely  wherever  they  have  seemed  to  be  helpful;  but 
it  has  not  been  possible  thus  to  illustrate  every  word  or  every  meaning  of  each  word  without  an 
undue  increase  in  the  bulk  of  the  book.     The  omissions  affect  chiefly  technical  and  obvious  senses. 

In  defining  this  common  English  vocabulary,  important  aid  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Benjamin  E. 
Smith,  who  has  also  had,  under  the  editor-in-chief,  the  special  direction  and  revision  of  the  work  on  all 
parts  of  the  dictionary,  with  the  charge  of  putting  the  book  through  the  press;  from  Mr.  Francis  A. 
Teall,  who  has  also  aided  in  criticizing  the  proofs;  from  Mr.  Robert  Lilley,  in  the  preliminary  working- 
up  of  the  literary  material  as  well  as  in  the  final  revision  of  it;  from  Dr.  Charles  P.  CI.  Scott,  who 
has  also  had  special  charge  of  the  older  English,  and  of  provincial  English;  from  Prof.  Thomas  R. 
Lounsbury,  who  has  contributed  to  the  dictionary  the  results  of  a  systematic  reading  of  Chaucer;  from 
Dr.  John  W.  Palmer,  who  has  aided  in  revising  the  manuscript  prepared  for  the  press,  and  has  also 
contributed  much  special  literary  matter;  from  Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  who  has  given  assistance  in 
preparing  the  definitions  of  common  words  in  certain  later  divisions  of  the  work  and  has  also  examined 
the  proofs;  from  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow;  from  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Hooper;  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins, 
who  has  also  contributed  material  for  the  definitions  of  most  of  the  terms  in  prosody;  from  Miss 
Katharine  B.  Wood,  who  has  superintended  the  collecting  of  new  words  and  the  selection  and  verifi- 
cation of  the  quotations;  from  Miss  Mary  L.  Avery;  and  from  many  others  who  have  helped  at  special 
points,  or  by  criticisms  and  suggestions,  particularly  Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce  and  Prof.  Josiah  D.  Whitney. 


Much   space  has  been   devoted   to  the   special  terms  of  the  various  sciences,   fine   arts,  mechanical 

arts,   professions,   and    trades,    and    much    care   has   been   bestowed   upon    their   treatment.      They   have 

been  collected   by  an   extended   search   through  all  branches  of  technical  literature,   with   the   design  of 

providing  a   very   complete   and   many-sided   technical   dictionary.      Many    thousands    of 

words    have    thus    been    gathered   which    have    never    before    been    recorded    in    a    gen- 
nical  terms.  °  ° 

era]   dictionary,    or   even  in   special   glossaries.      Their  definitions  are  intended  to  be  so 

precise   as   to    I f  service   to   the   specialist,    and,    also,   to  be   simple   and    "popular"   enough  to  be 

intelligible    to    the    layman.      It    is   obvious,   however,    that   the   attempt    to    reconcile   these   aims   must 

impos rtain    limitations    upon    each.     On    the    one    hand,  strictly  technical    forms  of  statement    must 

in  many  cases  be  simplified  to  suit  the  capacity  and  requirements  of  those  who  are  not  technically 
trained;  and,  on  the  other,  whenever  (as  often,  for  example,  in  mathematics,  biology,  and  anatomy) 
a  true  definition  is  possible  only  in  technical  language,  or  the  definition  concerned  is  of  interest  only 
to  a  specialist,  the  question  of  immediate  intelligibility  to  a  layman  cannot  be  regarded  as  of  prime 
importance.  In  general,  however,  whenever  purely  technical  interests  and  the  demands  of  popular 
use  obviously  clash,  preference  lias  been  given  1<>  the  latter  so  far  as  has  been  possible  without  sacrifice 

of  accuracy.  in  many  instances,  t,,  a  technical  definition  has  been  added  a  popular  explanation  or 
amplification.      It  is  also  clear  that    the  completeness   with    which   the  lexicographic  material  of   interest  to 

the  specialisl    can    be   given    must    vary   greatly    with   the  different    subjects.     Those   (as   metaphysics, 

theology,  law,  the  line  arts,  etc.)  the  vocabulary  of  which  consists  mainly  of  abstrad  terms  which  are 
distinctly  English  in  form,  of  common  English  words  used  in  special  senses,  or  of  fully  naturalized 
foreign  words,  may  he  presented  much  more  fully  than  those  (as  zoology,  botany,  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  etc.)  which  employ  -real   numbers  of  artificial  names,  many  of  them   Latin. 

The  technical  material  has  been  contributed  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  are  given  in  the  list  of 
collaborators,  with  the  assistance  at  special  points  of  many  others;  and  all  their  work,  after  editorial 
revision,   has   1 n   submitted   to  them   in   one   or   more    proofs  for  correction.     This  method  of  obtaining 


PREFACE.  xiii 

both  accuracy  and  homogeneity  has,  perhaps,  never  before  been  so  fully  adopted  and  faithfully  applied 
in  a  dictionary.  A  few  special  explanations  are  necessary  with  regard  to  the  work  in  several  of  the 
technical  departments. 

To  the  biological  sciences  a  degree  of  prominence  has  been  given  corresponding  to  the  remarkable 
recent  increase  in  their  vocabulary.     During  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  there  has  been  an  extensive 
reorganization  and  variation  of  the  former  systems  of  classification,  from  which  have  come  thousands 
of  new  names  of  genera,  families,  etc. ;   and  also  a  profound  modification   of  biological 
conceptions,  which  has  led  both  to  new  definitions  of  old  words  and  to  the  coinage  of  many  The  biolo?ical 

sciences. 

new  words.  All  these  terms  that  are  English  in  form,  and  for  any  reason  worthy  of  record, 
have  been  included,  and  also  as  many  of  the  New  Latin  names  of  elassificatory  groups  as  are  essential 
to  a  serviceable  presentation  of  zoology  and  botany.  The  selection  of  the  New  Latin  names  in  zoology 
has  been  liberal  as  regards  the  higher  groups,  as  families,  orders,  etc.,  whether  now  current  or  merely 
forming  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  science ;  but  of  generic  names  only  a  relatively  small  number  have 
been  entered.  Probably  about  100,000  names  of  zoological  genera  exist,  60,000  at  least  having  a  definite 
scientific  standing ;  but  the  whole  of  them  cannot,  of  course,  be  admitted  into  any  dictionary.  The 
general  rule  adopted  for  the  inclusion  of  such  names  is  to  admit  those  on  which  are  founded  the  names 
of  higher  groups,  especially  of  families,  or  which  are  important  for  some  other  special  reason,  as  popular 
use,  an  established  position  in  works  of  reference,  the  existence  of  species  which  have  popular  English 
names,  etc.  A  similar  rule  has  been  adopted  with  regard  to  botanical  names.  The  common  or  ver- 
nacular names  of  animals  and  plants  have  been  freely  admitted;  many  naturalized  and  unnaturalized 
foreign  names,  also,  which  have  no  English  equivalents  and  are  noteworthy  for  special  literary,  com- 
mercial, or  other  reasons,  have  been  included.  The  definitions  that  have  a  purely  scientific  interest 
have  been  written  from  a  technical  point  of  view,  the  more  popular  information  being  given  under 
those  technical  names  that  are  in  familiar  use  or  under  common  names.  In  the  zoological  department 
is  properly  included  anatomy  in  its  widest  sense  (embracing  embryology  and  morphology),  as  the  science 
of  animal  structure,  external  and  internal,  normal  and  abnormal.  Its  vocabulary  necessarily  includes 
many  Latin,  or  New  Latin,  words  and  phrases  which  have  no  English  technical  equivalents. 

The  definitions  of  that  part  of  general  biological  science  which  in  any  way  relates  to  animal  life 
or  structure,  including  systematic  zoology,  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  who  has  been  assisted 
in  ichthyology  and  conchology  by  Prof.  Theodore  N.  Gill,  in  entomology  by  Mr.  Leland  O.  Howard 
and  Mr.  Herbert  L.  Smith,  and  in  human  anatomy  by  Prof.  James  K.  Thacher.  Special  aid  has  also 
been  received  from  other  naturalists,  particularly  from  Prof.  Charles  V.  Riley,  who  has  furnished  a 
number  of  definitions  accompanying  a  valuable  series  of  entomological  cuts  obtained  from  him.  Prof. 
Thacher  has  also  defined  all  terms  relating  to  medicine  and  surgery.  The  botanical  work  was  under- 
taken by  Dr.  Sereno  Watson,  with  assistance,  in  cryptogamic  botany,  from  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Seymour,  and 
has  been  conducted  by  him  through  the  letter  Gr ;  at  that  point,  on  account  of  practical  considerations 
connected  with  his  official  duties,  he  transferred  it  to  Dr.  Lester  F.  Ward.  Mr.  Seymour  also  withdrew, 
his  work  passing,  under  Dr.  Ward's  editorship,  to  Prof.  Frank  H.  Knowlton.  All  the  definitions  of  the 
terms  of  fossil  botany  have  been  written  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  physical  and  mathematical  sciences  an  equally  broad  method  has  been  adopted. 
While  their  growth  has,  perhaps,  not  been  so  great,  from  a  lexicographical  point  of  view,  as  has  that  of 
biology,  it  is  certainly  almost  as  remarkable.  The  remodeling  and  readjustment  of  former  ideas,  and 
the  consequent  modification  of  the  senses  of  old  terms  and  the  coinage  of  new,  have 
been  hardly  less  marked  ;  while  one  department,  at  least  —  that  of  chemistry  —  has  kept  The  physical  and 
pace  in  the  invention  of  names  (of  chemical  compounds)  with  zoology  and  botany.     To 


sciences. 


this   must  be   added  the  almost  numberless  practical  applications  of  the  principles  and 
results  of  physical  science.     The   department  of  electrotechnics   is  a  marked  example  of  the  formation 
within  a  comparatively  few  years  of  a  large  technical  vocabulary,  both  scientific  and  mechanical.     The 
adequate  definition  of  all  the  lexicographical  matter  thus  furnished  involves  a  very  complete  presenta- 
tion of  the  present  status  of  human  knowledge  of  these  sciences.     The  definitions  in  physics  have  been 


xiv  PREFACE. 

written  by  Prof.  Edward  S.  Dana,  with  the  collaboration,  in  electroteehnics,  of  Prof.  Thomas  C. 
Mendenhall,  and  in  many  special  points,  particularly  those  touching  upon  mathematical  theory,  of 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce.  Professor  Dana  has  also  contributed  the  definitions  of  mineralogical  terms, 
including  the  names  of  all  distinct  species  and  also  of  all  important  varieties.  He  has  been  assisted  in 
defining  the  names  of  gems  and  the  special  terms  employed  in  lapidary  work  by  Mr.  George  F.  Kunz. 
The  lithological  definitions,  as  also  all  those  relating  to  geology,  mining,  metallurgy,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy, have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney.  Professor  Peirce  has  written  the  definitions  of 
terms  in  mechanics,  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  astrology,  of  weights  and  measures,  and  of  the  various 
names  of  colors.  In  the  mathematical  work  the  aim  has  been  to  define  all  the  older  English  terms,  and 
all  the  modern  ones  that  can  be  considered  to  be  in  general  use,  or  are  really  used  by  a  number  of 
English  mathematical  writers,  but  not  all  the  numerous  terms  that  may  be  found  only  in  special 
memoirs.  All  English  names  of  weights  and  measures,  as  well  as  many  foreign  names,  have  been 
entered,  but,  as  a  rule,  those  of  the  latter  that  are  at  once  obsolete  and  not  of  considerable  importance 
have  been  omitted.  As  regards  chemistry,  it  has  of  com'se  been  impossible  to  include  names  of  com- 
pounds other  than  those  that  have  a  special  technical  and  practical  importance.  The  chemical  definitions 
have  been  written  by  Dr.  Edward  H.  Jenkins,  with  assistance  from  Dr.  Isaac  W.  Drummond  in  defining 
the  coal-tar  colors,  the  various  pigments,  dyes,  etc.,  and  the  mechanical  processes  of  painting  and  dyeing. 
The  definitions  comprehended  under  the  head  of  general  technology  (including  all  branches  of  the 
mechanical  arts)  have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  Robert  H.  Thurston,  with  the  collaboration,  in  defining 
the  names  of  many  tools  and  machines,  of  Mr.  Charles  Barnard,  and,  in  various  mechanical  matters  which 
are  closely  related  to  the  special  sciences,  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  named 
The  mechanical         above  —  as  of   Prof.   Mendenhall   in   describing    electrical    machines    and   appliances,    of 

arts  and  trades.  ° 

Prof.  Dana  and  Prof.  Peirce  in  describing  physical  and  mathematical  apparatus,  of 
Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  in  describing  mining-tools  and  processes,  etc.  The  terms  used  in  printing  and 
proof-reading  have  been  explained  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  with  the  aid  of  valuable  conti'ibutions  of  material 
from  Mr.  Theodore  L.  De  Vinne.  Special  assistance  in  collecting  technological  material  has  been  received 
from  Mr.  F.  T.  Thurston,  and,  at  particular  points,  from  many  others. 

The  terms  of  the  philosophical  sciences  have  been  exhibited  very  completely,  with  special  reference 
to  their  history  from  the  time  of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  through  the  period  of  scholasticism,  to  the  present 
day,  though  it  has  not  been   possible   to  state  all  the  conflicting  definitions  of  different   philosophers 

and  schools.  The  philosophical  wealth  of  the  English  language  has,  it  is  believed,  never 
The  philosophical       )M.en  so  fully  presented  in  any  dictionary.     Both  the  oldest  philosophical  uses  of  English 

JiClGDCGS. 

words  and  the  most  recent  additions  to  the  vocabulary  of  psychology,  psycho-physics, 
sociology,  etc.,  have  been  given.  The  definitions  of  many  common  words,  also,  have  been  prepared 
with  a  distinct  reference  to  their  possible  philosophical  or  theological  applications.  The  logical  and 
metaphysical,  and  many  psychological  definitions  have  been  written  by  Prof.  Peirce.  The  same  method 
of  treatment  has  also  been  applied  to  ethical  terms,  and  to  those  peculiar  to  the  various  sociological 
sciences.  In  political  economy  special  assistance  has  been  received  from  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bolles,  Mr. 
Austin  Abbott,  and  others.  Prof.  Bolles  has  also  contributed  material  relating  to  financial  and  com- 
mercial  matters. 

In  the  department  of  doctrinal  theology  considerable  difficulty  has  naturally  been  experienced  in 
giving  definitions  of  the  opinions  held  by  the  various  denominations  which  shall  be  free  from  partisan- 
ship.    The  aim  of  the  dictionary  lias  been  to  present  all  the  special  doctrines  of  the  different  divisions 

of  the  Church  in  such  a  manner  as  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  actual  intent  of  those 
Theological  and  ec-     w]10   a(.,.(.|lt    ,|1(.,n       To   this   end   the    Rev.   Dr.   Lvman    Abbott,    to   whom   this   branch 

clesiastii'iil  b 

of  the  work  lias  been  intrusted,  has  consulted  at  critical  points  learned  divines  of 
the  various  churches;  though,  of  course,  the  idtimate  responsibility  for  the  statements  made  in 
the  dictionary  <m  these  and  other  theological  matters  rests  with  him  and  with  the  editor-in-chief. 
Aid  has  been  obtained  in  this  manner  from  the  Right  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Preston,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
William   R.    Huntington,   the   Rev.    Dr.    Daniel  Curry,   Prof.    V.   L.   Conrad,   and   others.      Besides   the 


PREFACE.  xv 

purely  theological  definitions,  others,  very  numerous  and  elaborate,  have  been  given  of  terms  desig- 
nating vestments,  ornaments,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  of  words  relating  to  church  architecture,  church 
music,  etc.,  etc.  Systems  of  religion  other  than  the  Christian,  as  Mohammedanism,  Confucianism, 
etc.,  are  treated  with  considerable  detail,  as  are  also  the  more  simple  and  barbarous  forms  of  religious 
thought,  and  the  many  related  topics  of  anthropology.  Church  history  is  given  under  the  names 
of  the  various  sects,  etc.  Assistance  in  matters  relating  to  liturgies,  and  particularly  to  the  ritual  of 
the  Greek  Church,  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins. 

In  defining  legal  terms,  the  design  has  been  to  offer  all  the  information  that  is  needed  by  the 
general  reader,  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader  by  giving,  in  a  concise  form,  all  the  important 
technical  words  and  meanings.  Professional  terms  now  in  common  use  have  been  defined  in  their 
general  and  accepted  sense  as  used  to-day  in  the  highest  courts  and  legislative  bodies,  not  excluding, 
however,  the  different  senses  or  modes  of  use  prevalent  at  an  earlier  day.  Particular  attention  has 
also  been  given  to  the  definitions  of  common  words  which  are  not  technically  used  in  law,  but  upon 
the  definition  of  which  as  given  in  the  dictionaries  matters  of  practical  importance  often  depend. 
Statutory  definitions,  as  for  example  of  crimes,  are  not  as  a  rule  given,  since  they  vary  greatly  in 
detail  in  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  are  full  of  inconsistencies.  Definitions  are  also  given 
of  all  established  technical  phrases  which  cannot  be  completely  understood  from  the  definitions  of 
their  separate  words,  and  of  words  and  phrases  from  the  Latin  and  from  modern  foreign  languages 
(especially  of  Mexican  and  French-Canadian  law)  which  have  become  established  as  parts  of  our 
technical  speech,  or  are  frequently  used  without  explanation  in  English  books.  The  definitions  have 
been  written  by  Mr.  Austin  Abbott. 

The  definitions  of  the  principal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  and  engraving,  and  of  various  other 
art-processes,  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Perkins  some  time  before  his  death.  They  have 
been  supplemented  by  the  work  of  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow,  who  has  also  had  special  charge  of 
architecture,  sculpture,  and  Greek  and  Roman  archaeology ;  and  of  Mr.  Russell  Sturgis, 
who  has  furnished  the  material  relating  to  decorative  art  in  general,  ceramics,  medieval 
archaeology,  heraldry,  armor,  costumes,  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  Special  aid  has  also  been  received  from 
many  architects,  artists,  and  others.  The  musical  terms  have  been  defined  by  Prof.  Waldo  S.  Pratt, 
who  has  had  the  use  of  a  large  collection  of  such  definitions  made  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Ferriss.  Many 
definitions  of  names  of  coins  have  been  contributed  by  Mr.  Warwick  Wroth,  F.  S.  A.,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Coins  of  the  British  Museum. 

A  very  full  list  of  nautical  terms  and  definitions  has  been  contributed  by  Commander  Francis  M. 
Green,  and  of  military  terms  by  Captain  David  A.  Lyle. 


The  inclusion   of  so   extensive   and  varied  a  vocabulary,  the   introduction  of  special  phrases,  and 
the  full  description  of  things  often  found  essential  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their  names,  would 
alone  have  given  to  this  dictionary  a  distinctly  encyclopedic  character.     It  has,  however,  been  deemed 
desirable  to  go  somewhat  further  in  this  direction   than  these  conditions  render  strictly 
necessary.     Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical  matters  been  treated  with  unusual  Encyclopedic 

fullness,  but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which  dictionaries  have  hitherto 
excluded  has  been  added.  The  result  is  that  The  Centuby  Dictionary  covers  to  a  great  extent  the 
field  of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  principal  difference  —  that  the  information  given  is  for 
the  most  part  distributed  under  the  individual  words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  connected,  instead 
of  being  collected  under  a  few  general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biographical  and  geographical,  are 
of  course  omitted  except  as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as  Darwinian  from  Darwin,  or  Indian 
from  India.  The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclopedic  matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly  helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which  are 
generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference;  while  the  inevitable  discontinuity  of  treatment  which  such 
a  method  entails  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  a  somewhat  extended  explanation  of  central  words 


xvi  PREFACE. 

(as,  for  example,  electricity),  and  by  cross  references.  Such  an  encyclopedic  method,  though  unusual 
in  dictionaries,  needs  no  defense  in  a  work  which  has  been  constructed  throughout  from  the  point  of 
view  of  practical  utility.  In  the  compilation  of  the  historical  matter  given,  assistance  has  been  received 
from  the  gentlemen  mentioned  above  whenever  their  special  departments  have  been  concerned,  from 
Prof.  J.  Franklin  Jameson  in  the  history  of  the  United  States,  from  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  and  from  others. 
Special  aid  in  verifying  dates  and  other  historical  matters  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  Edmund  K.  Alden. 


The  pictorial   illustrations  have  been  so  selected  and  executed  as  to  be  subordinate  to  the  text, 
while  possessing  a  considerable  degree  of  independent  suggestiveness  and  artistic  value.     Cuts  of  a  dis- 
tinctly  explanatory   kind   have  been  freely  given   as   valuable   aids   to   the   definitions,    often   of  large 
groups  of  words,  and  have  been  made  available  for  this  use  by  cross  references;  many 

Illustration-. 

familiar  objects,  also,  and  many  unfamuiar  and  rare  oues,  have  been  pictured.  To 
secure  technical  accuracy,  the  illustrations  have,  as  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments,  and  have  in  all  cases  been  examined  by  them  in  proofs.  The  work 
presented  is  very  largely  original,  cuts  having  been  obtained  by  purchase  only  when  no  better  ones 
could  l>e  made  at  first  hand.  The  general  dii*ection  of  this  artistic  work  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
\Y.  Lewis  Fraser,  manager  of  the  Art  Department  of  The  Century  Co.  Special  help  in  procuring 
necessary  material  has  been  given  by  Mr.  Gaston  L.  Feuardeut,  by  Prof.  William  R.  Ware,  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  the  Amei'ican  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York,  and  by  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia. 


In  the  choice  of  the  typographical  style  the  desire  has  been  to  provide  a  page  in  which  the  matter 
should  be  at  once  condensed  and  legible,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  aim  has  been  attained  in  an 
unusual  degree.  In  the  proof-reading  nearly  all  persons  engaged  upon  the  dictionary  have  assisted, 
particularly  those  in  charge  of  technical  matters  (to  nearly  all  of  whom  the  entire  proof  has  been 
sent);  most  efficient  help  has  also  been  given  by  special  proof-readers,  both  by  those  who  have  worked 
in  the  office  of  The  Century  Co.,  and  by  those  connected  with  The   De   Yinne  Press. 

Finally,  acknowledgment  is  due  to  the  many  friends  of  the  dictionary  in  this  and  other  lands 
who  have  contributed  material,  often  most  valuable,  for  the  use  of  its  editors.  The  list  of  authorities 
used,  and  other  acknowledgments  and  explanations  that  may  be  needed,  will  be  given  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  work.  It  should  he  stated  here,  however,  that  by  arrangement  with  its  publishers,  considerable 
use  has  also  been  made  of  Knight's  American  Mechanical  Dictionary. 

WILLIAM  D WIGHT  WHITNEY. 
New  Haven,  May  1st,  1889. 


PTJBLISHEBS'  NOTE   TO  THE  NEW  EDITION. 

The  plates  of  The  Century  Dictionary  have  been  revised  in  the  preparation  of  this  new  edition. 
It  has  been  gratifying  to  and,  however,  that  so  thorough  and  comprehensive  was  the  original  work  that 
very  few  changes  were  necessary.  Only  about  One  Hundred  new  words  were  found  of  sufficient  im- 
portance  to  warrant   their  insertion,  these  few  being  largely  those  words  which  have  come  into  use  since 

the  publication  of  th iginal  edition. 

THE   CENTURY  CO. 

October  1,  1895. 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.  adj adjective. 

abbr. abbreviation. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

accom. accommodated,  accom- 
modation. 

act active. 

adv adverb. 

AF. Anglo-French. 

agri agriculture. 

A  L Anglo- Latin. 

alg algebra. 

Amer American. 

anat anatomy. 

anc ancient. 

antiq antiquity. 

aor aorist. 

appar apparently. 

Ar. Arabic. 

arch architecture. 

archteol archaeology. 

aritb arithmetic. 

art article. 

AS .  Anglo-Saxon. 

astrol astrology. 

natron astronomy. 

attrib attributive. 

.tug augmentative. 

Bav Bavarian. 

Bcng Bengali. 

biol biology. 

Bohem Bohemian. 

bot botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Bret  .    . .  .Breton. 

bryol bryology. 

Bulg Bulgarian. 

carp carpentry. 

Cat Catalan. 

Cath Catholic. 

caus causative. 

ceram ceramics. 

cf L.  confer,  compare. 

ch church. 

Clial.,  ,  ...Chaldee. 

chein chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

chron chronology. 

colloq.    colloquial,  colloquially. 

com. commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

comp. composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar comparative. 

conch conchology. 

conj. conjunction. 

contr contracted,  contrac- 
tion. 

Corn Cornish. 

craniol craniology. 

craniom craniometry. 

crystal .crystallography. 

D Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

def definite,  definition. 

deriv. derivative,  derivation. 

dial dialect,  dialectal. 

diff .  different. 

dim diminutive. 

distrib.   distributive. 

dram.         dramatic. 

dynam dynamics. 

E East. 

E English  (um  all'imean- 

iny  modern  English). 

ecel.,  eccles ecclesiastical. 

econ economy. 

e.  g L.  exempli  -jratia,  for 

example. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

E.  Ind East  Indian. 

elect electricity. 

embryol embryology. 

Eng English. 


engin. engineering. 

entom entomology. 

Epis Episcopal. 

equiv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

Eth Ethiopia 

ethnog ethnography. 

ethnol ethnology. 

etym etymology. 

Eur European. 

exelam exclamation. 

f.,  fern feminine. 

F French  (usually  mean- 
ing modern  French). 

Flem Flemish. 

fort fortification. 

freq frequentative. 

Fiies Friesic. 

fut future. 

G C,erman(usually  mean- 
ing New  High  Ger- 
man). 

Gael. Gaelic. 

galv galvanism. 

gen.   genitive. 

geog geography. 

geol geology. 

geom geometry. 

Goth. Gothic  (Mcesogothic). 

Gr.  Greek. 

gram grammar. 

gun gunnery. 

Heb Hebrew. 

her heraldry. 

herpet.  herpetology. 

Hind Hindustani. 

hist history. 

horol horology. 

hort horticulture. 

Hung. Hungarian. 

hydraul.  hydraulics. 

hydros hydrostatics. 

Icel. Icelandic         (usually 

meaning  Old  Ice- 
landic, otherwise  call- 
ed Old  Norse). 

ichth ichthyology. 

i.  e L.  id  est,  that  is. 

impers impersonal. 

impf imperfect. 

impv. imperative. 

improp improperly. 

Ind Indian. 

ind indicative. 

Indo-Eur Indo-European. 

indef. indefinite. 

inf. infinitive. 

instr instrumental. 

interj.  interjection. 

intr.,  intrans iutransitive. 

Ir. Irish. 

irreg irregular,  irregularly. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

L Latin  (usually  mean- 
ing classical  Latin). 

Lett Lettish. 

LG Low  German. 

lichenul.  lichenology. 

lit literal,  literally. 

lit literature. 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

lithog. lithography. 

lithol lithology. 

LL Late  Latin. 

m.,  masc masculine. 

M Middle. 

mach machinery. 

mammal.  mammalogy. 

manuf manufacturing. 

math mathematics. 

MD Middle  Dutch. 

ME. M  iddle  Engl  ish  (other- 

wise  called  Old  Eng- 
lish) 


mech mechanics,  mechani- 
cal. 

med.    medicine. 

mensur. mensuration. 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics. 

meteor meteorology. 

Mex. Mexican. 

MGr Middle  Greek,  medie- 
val Greek. 

MHG Middle  High  German 

milit.  military. 

mineral.   mineralogy. 

ML Middle  Latin,  medie- 
val Latin. 

MLG Middle  Low  German. 

mod modern. 

mycol mycology. 

myth mythology. 

n noun. 

n.,  neut neuter. 

N New. 

N North. 

N.  Amer. North  America. 

nat natural. 

naut nautical. 

nav navigation. 

NGr New    Greek,    modern 

Greek. 

NHG New     High     German 

(usually  simply  G., 
German). 

NL New    Latin,     modern 

Latin. 

nom nominative. 

Norm Norman. 

north northern. 

Norw.  Norwegian. 

numis numismatics. 

0 Old. 

obs obsolete. 

obstet obstetries. 

OBulg Old  Bulgarian  (other- 
wise called  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat Old  Catalan. 

OD Old  Dutch. 

ODan Old  Danish. 

odontog odontography. 

odontol. odontology. 

OF Old  French. 

OFlem.  Old  Flemish. 

OGael Old  Gaelic. 

OHG Old  High  German. 

Olr Old  Irish. 

Olt Old  Italian. 

OL Old  Latin. 

OLG Old  Low  German. 

ONorth.  Old  Northumbrian 

OPruss.        old  Prussian. 

orig original,  originally. 

ornith ornithology. 

OS Old  Saxon. 

OSp. Old  Spanish. 

osteol.  osteology. 

OSw. Old  Swedish. 

OTeut Old  Teutonic. 

p.  a, participial  adjective, 

paleon.         paleontology. 

part. participle. 

pass passive. 

pathol. pathology. 

perf. perfect. 

Pers.   Persian. 

pers person. 

persp perspective. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

petrog petrography. 

Pg Portuguese. 

phar pharmacy. 

Phen Phenician. 

philol philology. 

philos philosophy. 

phonog. phonography. 


photog photography. 

phren phrenology. 

phys physical. 

physiol physiology. 

pi.,  plur plural. 

poet poetical. 

polit political. 

Pol Polish. 

poss possessive. 

pp past  participle. 

ppr present  participle. 

Pr Provencal         (usually 

meaning    Old    Pro- 
vencal). 

pref prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pres present. 

pret preterit. 

priv privative. 

prob probably,  probable. 

pron pronoun. 

pron pronounced,    pronun- 
ciation. 

prop properly. 

pros prosody. 

Prot Protestant. 

prov provincial. 

psychol. psychology. 

q.  v L.  quod  (or  pi.    quce) 

vide,  which  see. 

refl reflexive. 

reg regular,  regularly. 

repr representing. 

rhet rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

Rom Romanic,  Romance 

(languages). 

Russ Russian. 

S South. 

S.  Amer South  American. 

sc L.  scilicet,  understand, 

supply. 

Sc. Scotch. 

Scand.    .    Scandinavian. 

Scrip Scripture, 

sculp sculpture. 

Serv Servian. 

sing singular. 

Skt Sanskrit. 

Slav. Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp.  Spanish. 

subj subjunctive. 

superl. superlative. 

surg surgery. 

surv surveying. 

Sw Swedish. 

syn synonymy. 

Syr Syriac. 

techno] technology. 

teleg. telegraphy. 

teratol teratology. 

term termination. 

Tent Teutonic. 

theat theatrical. 

theol theology. 

therap.    therapeutics. 

toxicol toxicology. 

tr.,  trans transitive. 

trigon.      ......   trigonometry. 

Turk Turkish. 

typog typography. 

ult. ultimate,  ultimately 

v verb. 

var variant. 

vet. veterinary. 

v.  i intransitive  verb. 

v.  t transitive  verb. 

\V Welsh. 

Wall Walloon. 

Wallach Wallacbian. 

W.  Ind West  Indian. 

zoogeog zoogeography. 

zool. zoology. 

zoot zootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION, 


as  in  fat,  man,  pang. 
as  in  fate,  mane,  da] 

as  in  fai .  fal  ''■ 
as  in  fall,  talk,  nan    ' 
as  in  ask,  fast,  ant. 
as  in  fare,  hail 
as  in  met,  pen,  bless. 
as  in  mete,  meet,  meat. 
as  in  her,  fern,  heard. 
as  in  pin,  it.  biscuit, 
as  in  pine,  light,  file. 
as  in  not,  on,  frog. 
aa  in  note,  poke,  iloor. 
as  in  move,  spoon,  room, 
as  in  nor,  song,  off. 
as  in  tub,  sun.  blood. 
as  in  mate,  acute,  few  (also  new, 
tube,  duty  :  see  Preface,  pp.  ix,  x). 


u    as  in  pull,  book,  could. 
u    German  ii,  French  u. 
ol  as  in  oil,  joint,  boy. 

ou  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  un- 
accented syllable  Indicates  its  abbre- 
viation and  tightening,  without  abso 

lute  loss  of  its  distinctive  quality.   See 

Preface,  p.  xi.     Thus: 

$  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain. 

£  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 

9  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 

ij  as  iu  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an 
unaccented    syllable    indicates    tint. 


even  in  the  mouths  of  the  beat  speak- 
Its  sound  is  variable  to,  and  in  or- 
dinary utterance  actually  becomes, 
the  short  ■« -sound  (of  but,  pun,  etc.). 
See  Preface,  p.  xi.     Thus : 

a  as  in  errant*  republican. 

e  as  iu  prudent,  difference. 

i  as  in  charity,  density. 

j>  as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot, 

ii.  as  in  Persia,  peninsula, 

e  as  in  the  book. 

u  as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  («)  under  the  consonants 
(,  t!:  s,  z  indicates  thai  they  in  like 
manner  are  variable  to  ch,  j,  sh,  zk. 

Thus  : 


t  as  In  nature,  adventure. 

d  as  in  arduous,  education. 

§  as  in  pressure. 

Z  as  in  seizure. 

th  as  in  thin. 

Til  as  in  then. 

eh  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

fi    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ten,  en. 

ly  (In  French  words)  French  liquid 

(mouill, '■)  1. 
'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary 
accent.  (A  secondary  accent  is  not 
marked  if  at  its  regular  interval  of 
two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 
from  another  secondary.) 


SIGNS. 


<  read  from;  i.  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  wfieiice;  i.  e.,  from  which  is  derived. 

-\-  read  and;  i.  e.,  compounded  with,  or  with  suffix. 

=  read  cognate  with;  i.  e.,  etymologic  ally  parallel  with. 

y  read  root. 

*  read  theoretical  or  alleged;  i.  e.,  theoretically  assumed,  or  asserted  but  unverified  form. 

*  read  obsolete. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATIONS. 


A  superior  figure  placed  after  a  title- word  indicates  thai 
the  word  so  marked  is  distinct  etymologically  from  other 
words,  following  or  preceding  it,  spelled  in  the  same  man 
ner  and  marked  with  different  numbers.     Thus  : 


back1  (bak),  n.    The  posterior  part,  etc. 
back1  (bak),  '(.     hying  or  being  behind,  etc. 
back1  (bak),  v.     To  furnish  with  a  back,  etc. 
back1  (bak),  a  Iv.    Behind,  etc. 
back-t  (bak),  n.     The  earlier  form  of  bat%. 
back:i  (baki, n.    A  targe  Bat-bottomed  boat,  etc. 


Various  abbreviations  have  been  used  iu  the  credits  to 
the  .plot  at  ions,  as  '  i       for  StanZO,  "p." 

for  page,  "1  "  for  line,  •  for  paragraph,  "i<>\."  tor/olio 
The  method  used  in  Indicating  the  subdivisions  of  books 
will  be  understood  b)  refer*  nee  to  fchi  following  plan  : 


■  only  , .      siv 


Canto  only xiv. 

Book  only iii. 

Book  and  chapter N 

Part  and  chapter 

book  and  line 

Book  and  page 

Act  and  scene 

Chapter  and  verse 

No.  and  page  } 

Volume  and  page   II.  34. 

Volume  and  chapter IV.  iv. 

Part,  book,  and  chapter II.  iv.  12. 

Part,  canto,  and  stanza II.  iv.  12. 

Chapter  and  section  or  II vii.  §  or  It  8. 

Volume,  part,  and  section  or  % I.  i.  §  or  II  G. 

Book,  chapter,  and  section  or  •  I.  i,  g  or  K  6. 

Different  grammatical  phases  of  the  same  word  are 
grouped  under  one  head,  and  distinguished  by  the  Ro- 
man numerals  I.,  II.,  III.,  etc.  This  applies  to  transitive 
and  intransitive  uses  of  the  same  verb,  to  adjectives  used 

also  as  nouns,  In  nouns  used  also  as  adjectives,  I"  adverbs 
used  also  as  prepositions  or  conjunctions,  etc. 


The  capitalizing  and  italicizing  of  certain  or  all  of  the 
words  in  a  synonym-list  indicates  that  the  words  so  distin- 
guished are  discriminated  in  the  text  immediately  follow- 
ing, or  under  the  title  referred  to. 

The  figures  by  which  the  synonym  lists  are  sometimes 
divided  indicate  the  senses  or  definitions  with  which  they 
are  connected. 

The  title-words  begin  with  a  small  (lower-case)  letter, 
or  with  a  capital,  according  to  usage.  When  usage  dif- 
fers, in  this  matter,  with  the  different  senses  of  a  word, 
the  abbreviations  [cap.]  for  "capital "  and  [l.c]  for  "lower- 
case "  are  used  to  indicate  this  variation. 

The  difference  observed  in  regard  to  the  capitalizing  of 
the  second  clement  in  zoological  and  botanical  terms  is  in 
accordance  with  the  existing  usage  in  the  two  scii 
Thus,  in  zoology,  in  a  scientific  name  consisting  oi  two 
words  the  second  of  which  is  derived  from  a  proper  name, 
only  the  first  would  be  capitalized.  Hut  a  name  of  Biml- 
lar  derivation  in  botany  would  have  the  second  element 

OlSO  capitalized. 

The  names  Of  zoological  and  botanical  classes,  orders, 
families,  genera,  etc.,  have  been  uniformly  italicized,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  present  usage  of  scientific  writers. 


wiii 


1.  The  first  letter  in  the 
English  alphabet,  as  also 
generally  in  the  other  al- 
phabets which,  like  the 
English,  eome  ultimately 
from  the  Phenieian.  Our 
letters  are  the  same  as 
those  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  the  Roman  or  Latin 
alphabet  is  one  of  several 
Italian  alphabets  derived  from  the  Greek;  and 
the  Greek  alphabet  is,  with  a  few  adaptations 
and  additions,  formed  from  the  Phenieian. 
As  to  the  origin  of  the  Phenieian  alphabet, 
opinions  are  by  no  means  agreed;  but  the 
view  now  most  widely  current  is  that  put 
forth  and  supported  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
French  scholar  De  Rouge:  namely,  that  the 
Phenieian  characters  are  derived  from  early 
Egyptian  hieratic  characters,  or  abbreviated 
forms  of  written  hieroglyphs.  Under  each 
letter  will  be  given  in  this  work  the  Phe- 
nieian character  from  which  it  comes,  along 
with  an  early  form  or  two  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  derived  characters  (especially  intended 
to  show  the  change  of  direction  of  the  let- 
ter consequent  upon  the  change  of  direction 
of  writing,  since  the  Phenieian  was  always 
written  from  right  to  left);  and  to  these  will 
be  added  the  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters from  which  the  Phenieian  is  held  to 
originate,  according  to  De  Rouge's  theory.  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  our  ordinary  capitals  are 
the  original  forms  of  our  letters ;  the  lower- 
ease,  Italic,  and  written  letters  are  all  derived 
from  the  capitals.  Our  A  corresponds  to  the 
Phenieian  letter  called  aleph  ;  and  this  name, 
signifying  "ox,"  is  also  the  original  of  the 
Greek  name  of  the  same  letter,  alpha.  The 
comparative  scheme  for  A  is  as  follows : 


^     Xr      A  A 


Pheni-  Early 

HieroglyphTc.  Hieratic.  cian.         Greek  ana  Latin. 


Egyptian. 


The  Phenieian  aleph  was  not  a  proper  vowel- 
sign,  but  rather  a  quasi-consonantal  one,  to 
which  an  initial  vowel-sound,  of  whatever 
kind,  attached  itself;  since  the  fundamental 
plan  of  that  alphabet  assumed  that  every  syl- 
lable should  begin  witli  a  consonant.  But  the 
Greeks,  in  adapting  the  borrowed  alphabet  to 
their  own  use,  made  the  sign  represent  a  single 
vowel-sound :  that,  namely,  which  we  usually 
call  the  "  Italian"  or  "  Continental"  a  (a),  as 
heard  in  far,  father.  This  was  its  value 
in  the  Latin  also,  and  in  the  various  alphabets 
founded  on  the  Latin,  including  that  of  our 
own  ancestors,  the  speakers  and  writers  of 
earliest  English  or  Anglo-Saxon ;  and  it  is 
mainly  retained  to  the  present  time  in  the 
languages  of  continental  Europe.  In  conse- 
quence, howover,  of  the  gradual  and  per- 
vading change  of  utterance  of  English  words, 
without  corresponding  change  in  the  mode 
of  writing  them,  it  has  come  to  have  in  our 
use  a  variety  of  values.  The  sound  of  a  in 
far  is  the  purest  and  most  fundamental  of 
vowel-sounds,  being  that  which  is  naturally 
sent  forth  by  the  human  organs  of  utterance 
when  the  mouth  and  throat  are  widely  opened, 
and  the  tone  from  the  larynx  suffered  to  come 


out  with  least  modifying  interference  by  the 
parts  of  the  mouth.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
the  production  of  the  j'-sound  of  machine  or 
pique  and  the  H-sound  of  rule  (or  double  o  of 
pool),  the  organs  are  brought  quite  nearly 
together:  in  the  case  of  i,  the  flat  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  in  the  case  of 
a,  the  rounded  lips.  Hence  these  vowels  ap- 
proach a  consonantal  character,  and  pass  with 
little  or  no  alteration  into  y  and  w  respec- 
tively. Then  e  and  o  (as  in  they  and  note)  are 
intermediate  respectively  between  a  (a)  ami  i 
and  a  (a)  and  u  ;  and  the  sounds  in  fat  and  fall 
are  still  less  removed  in  either  direction  from  a 
(ii).  The  pure  or  original  sound  of  a  (far)  is 
more  prevalent  in  earlier  stages  of  language, 
and  is  constantly  being  weakened  or  closened 
into  the  other  vowel-sounds,  which  are  to  a  great 
extent  derived  from  it ;  and  this  process  has 
gone  on  in  English  on  a  larger  scale  than  in 
almost  any  other  known  language.  Hence  the 
((-sound  (as  in  far)  is  very  rare  with  us  (less 
than  half  of  one  per  cent,  of  our  whole  utter- 
ance, or  not  a  tenth  part  as  frequent  as  the 
sound  of  i  in  pit  or  as  that  of  u  in  but); 
its  short  sound  has  been  so  generally  flattened 
into  that  in  fat,  and  its  long  sound  into  that 
in  fate,  that  we  now  call  these  sounds  respec- 
tively "short  a"  and  "long  a";  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  has  in  many  words  been  broad- 
ened or  rounded  into  the  sound  heard  in  all 
and  fall.  Thus  the  most  usual  sounds  of  Eng- 
lish written  a  are  now,  in  the  order  of  their 
frequency,  those  infat,  fate,  fall, far;  there  are 
also  a  fewcases  like  the  a  in  what  and  was  (after 
a  ic-sound,  nearly  a  corresponding  short  to  the 
a  of  all),  many  (a  "short  e"),  and  others  yet 
more  sporadic.  In  syllables  of  least  stress 
and  distinctness,  too,  as  in  the  first  and  third 
syllables  of  abundant  and  abundance,  it  is  uni- 
versally littered  with  the  "  short  u"  sound  of 
but.  The  "  long  a"  of  fate  is  not  strictly  one 
sound,  but  ends  with  a  vanishing  sound  of 
"longc":  i.  e.,  it  is  a  slide  from  the  (.'-sound 
of  they  down  to  the  i-sound  of  pique.  From 
this  vanish  the  a  of  fare  and  bare  and  their 
like  is  free,  while  it  has  also  an  opener 
sound,  and  is  even,  in  the  mouths  of  many 
speakers,  indistinguishable  in  quality  from  the 
"  short  a"  of  fat;  hence  the  a-sound  of  fare  is 
in  the  respellings  of  this  work  written  with  a, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  sound  id.  fate.  There 
is  also  a  class  of  words,  like  ask,  fast,  ant,  in 
which  some  pronounce  the  vowel  simply  as 
"  short  a,"  while  some  give  it  the  full  open 
sound  of  a  in  far,  and  yet  others  make  it 
something  intermediate  between  the  two:  such 
an  a  is  represented  in  this  work  by  a.  A  occurs 
as  final  only  in  a  very  few  proper  English 
words ;  and  it  is  never  doubled  in  such  words. — 
2.  As  a  symbol,  a  denotes  the  first  of  an  actual 
orpossible  series.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  music, 
the  name  of  the  sixth  note  of  the  natural 
diatonic  scale  of  C,  or  the  first  note  of  the 
relative  minor  scale  ;  the  la  of  Italian,  French, 
and  Spanish  musicians.  It  is  the  note  sounded  by 
the  open  second  string  of  the  violin,  and  to  it  as  given  hy 
a  fixed-toned  instrument  (as  the  oboe  or  organ)  all  the 
instruments  of  an  orchestra  are  tuned,  (ft)  In  the 
mnemonic  words  of  logic,  the  universal  affirma- 
tive proposition,  as,  all  men  are  mortal.  Simi- 
larly, /  stands  for  the  particular  affirmative,  as,  some 
men  are  mortal ;  K  for  the  universal  negative,  as,  no  men 
are    mortal :    O  for   the    particular   negative,   as,   some 


men  are  not  mortal.  The  use  of  these  symbols  dates 
from  the  thirteenth  century ;  they  appear  to  be  arbitrary 
applications  of  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  but  are  usually 
supposed  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Latin  Afflrmo, 
I  affirm,  and  nEgO,  I  deny.  But  some  authorities  main- 
tain that  their  use  in  Greek  is  much  older,  (c)  In 
math.:  In  algebra,  a,  b,  c,  etc.,  the  first  letters 
of  tho  alphabet,  stand  for  known  quantities, 
while  x,  y,  ;,  the  last  letters,  stand  for  un- 
known quantities;  in  geometry,  A,  B,  V,  etc., 
are  used  to  name  points,  lines,  and  figures, 
(d)  In  abstract  reasoning,  suppositions,  etc., 
A,  B,  C,  etc.,  denote  each  a  particular  person 
or  thing  in  relation  to  the  others  of  a  series  or 
group,  (e)  In  writing  and.  printing,  a,  b,  c,  etc., 
are  used  instead  of  or  in  addition  to  the  Arabic 
figures  in  marking  paragraphs  or  other  divi- 
sions, or  in  making  references.  (/)  In  naut. 
lang.,  Al,  A  2,  etc.,  are  symbols  used  in  the 
Record  of  American  and  Foreign  Shipping, 
and  in  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  to  denote  the  relative  rating  of  mer- 
chant vessels.  In  the  former,  the  character  assigned  to 
vessels  hy  the  surveyors  is  expressed  by  the  numbers 
from  1  to  3,  Al  standing  for  the  highest  and  A3  for  the 
lowest  grade.  The  numbers  H,  1},  2,  2h  express  interme- 
diate degrees  of  seaworthiness.  Vessels  classed  as  Al  or 
A1A  are  regarded  as  fit  for  the  carriage  of  all  kinds  of 
cargoes  on  all  kinds  of  voyages  for  a  specified  term  of 
years  ;  those  classed  as  A1J  or  A2,  for  all  cargoes  on 
Atlantic  voyages,  and  in  exceptional  cases  on  long  voy- 
ages, and  for  such  cargoes  as  oil,  sugar,  molasses,  etc., 
on  any  voyage  ;  those  classed  as  A2J  or  A3,  for  coasting 
voyages  only,  with  wood  or  coal.  In  Lloyd's  Register,  the 
letters  A,  A  (in  red),  JE,  and  E  are  used  to  denote  various 
degrees  of  excellence  in  the  hulls  of  ships,  the  figure  1 
being  added  to  express  excellence  of  equipment,  such  as 
masts  and  rigging  in  sailing-ships,  or  boilers  and  engines 
in  steamers.  The  broad  A  in  the  British  Lloyd's  indicates 
a  ship  built  of  iron.  In  the  American  Register,  the  an- 
nexed figures  do  not  refer  to  the  equipment. —  Hence,  in 
commerce,  .11  is  used  to  denote  the  highest  mercantile 
credit;  and  colloquially  Al,  or  in  the  United  States  A 
Xo.  l,  is  an  adjective  of  commendation,  like  first-class, 
Jirst.rate:  as,  an  .11  speaker. 

"He  must  be  a  first-rater,"  said  Sam.     "A  1,"  replied 
Mr.  Roker.  Dickens.  Pickwick  Papers. 

An  A  number  one  cook,  and  no  mistake. 

Mrs.  Slum;  Dred. 

3.  As  an  abbreviation,  a  stands,  according  to 
context,  for  acre,  acting,  adjective,  answer,  are 
(in  the  metric  system),  argent  (in  her.),  mini 
(anal  fin,  in  iehth.),  anechinoplacid  (in  echi- 
noderms),  etc.;  in  com.,  for  approved,  for  ac- 
cepted, and  for  Latin  ad  ( commonly  written  ® ), 
"  at "  or  "  to  " :  as,  500  shares  L.  I.  preferred  ® 
G?i;  25®  30  cents  per  yard.— 4.  Attrib.,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  the  capital  A,  as  a  tent. 

The  common  or  A  tent,  for  the  use  of  enlisted  men. 

WiChdm,  Mil.  Diet. 

a2  (a,  or  a),  indef.  art.  [<ME.  a  (before  con- 
sonants), earlier  an,  orig.  with  long  vowel, 
<  AS.  an,  one,  an:  see  ax1.]  The  form  of  an 
used  before  consonants  and  words  beginning 
with  a  consonant-sound:  as,  a  man,  a  woman, 
a  year,  a  union,  a  eulogy,  a  oneness,  a  hope. 
An,  however,  was  formerly  often  used  before 
the  sounds  of  h  and  initial  long  u  and  eu 
even  in  accented  syllables  (as,  an  hospital,  an 
union),  and  is  still  retained  by  some  before 
those  sounds  in  unaccented  syllables  (as,  an 
historian,  an  united  whole,  an  euphonious 
sound).  The  form  a  first  appeared  about  the  beginning 
.  if  the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  placed  before  nouns  of  the 
singular  number,  and  also  before  plural  nouns  when/ne  or 
great  many  is  interposed.  [Few  was  originally  singular  as 
well  as  plural,  and  the  article  was  singular  (ME.  a)  or 
plural  (ME.  one)  to  agree  with  it.  In  the  phrase  a  great 
many,  the  article  agrees  with  many,  which  is  properly  a 
noun  (AS.  menigu:  see  nianyi,  n.)i  the  following  plural 


a 


noun,  as  In  the  phrase  a  great  many  books,  is  really  a 
partitive  genitive, 
a3(a  or  a),  prep.  [<ME.  and  late  AS.  a,  re 
duoed  form  of  an,  on,  on,  in :  see  on.]  A  reduced 
i  of  the  preposition  on,  formerly  common 
iu  all  tin'  uses  of  on.  but  now  restricted  to  cer- 
tain constructions  in  which  the  preposition  is 
more  or  less  disguised,  being  usually  written  as 
one  word  with  the  following  noun.  («)  Of  place: 
On,  in,  upon,  unto,  into;  the  preposition  and 
the  following  noun  being  usually  written  as  one 
word,  sometimes  with,  but  commonly  without, 
a  hyphen,  and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  a  predi- 
cate  ad, tive,  bu1  best  treated  as  a  preposi- 
tional phrase.  In  such  phrases  a  denotes  —  (1)  Posi- 
tion: a-  tollea&ed;  tobeo/oot;  to  ride  a  horseback;  t" 
stand  a  tiptoe.    (2)  Motion:  as,togoasfcor.  .     hoyi  jocund 

did  they  drive  their  teal W     Bray.    (3)  Direction. 

as  toeoaliead,  to  tun,  asm,  to  draw  aback  (modern, 
,„',,,  ,  i)  partition:  as  to  taki  apart;  to  bursl 
ider.  Similarly— (6)  (if  state:  On,  m,  etc.: 
as,  to  be  alive  [AS.  on  life];  to  be  asleep 
[AS.  on  shepe];  to  set  afire;  to  be  afloat;  to 
set  adrift.  In  this  use  now  applicable  to  any  verl>  (hut 
uhiefl,  to monosyllables  and  dissyllables)  taken  as  a  noun: 
as  tobe  aglow  with  excitement  ;  to  lie  o-swtra  ;  to  be  all 
a-trembi  |  c  >  I  >f  time  :  On,  in,  at,  by,  etc.,  re- 
maining in  BOm< Uoquial  expressions :  as,  to 

stay  out  <t  nights  (often  written  &  nights);  to 
go  fishing  a  Sunday;  now  a  days  (generally 
written  nowadays).  Common  with  adverbsof  repe- 
tition: as,  twlceoday  [<MK.   twiesa  dai,  (AS.  twiwa 

„n  da  week  .    Mi:,  am*  a  mke,<    IS.  a n 

year  [et  -ME.  thre  lathes  „  yer 
\-  tnrimsithum  on  gedr,  |,  etc.:  a  (toy  being  a  reduced 

formol ta»(cl    to-day),  equivalent  to  F.  par  jour,   .. 

,,  „.  ,,i  ,.„  year,  equivalent  to  K  par  an,  L. 

instrnction  the  preposition 
a  is  now  usually  regarded  as  the  indefinite  ai tide  (vary- 
in,,  to  "'  bi  fore  a  vowel),  '-four  miles  an  hour,  'ten 
a  yard,"  etc.,  being  explained  as  elhptical  for  four 
ten  cents/or  a  yard,  etc.  (,7)  Ot 
process:  In  course  of,  with  a  verbal  noun  in -ing, 
I  ,   tssively:  as,  the  house  is  a  building; 

"while  the  ark'was  a  preparing"  (1  Pet.  m.  20) ; 
while  these  things  were  fl  doing.  The  prepo- 
sitional use  is  clearly  seen  m  the  alterna- 
tive construction  with  in:  as,  "  Forty  and  six 
vears  was  this  temple  in  building,"  John  n.  J). 
In  modern  use  the  preposition  is  omitted,  and  the  verbal 
noun  is  treated  as  a  present  participle  taken  passively: 
as  tie-  house  is  building.  But  none  of  these  forms  of 
nas  become  thoroughly  popular,  the  popular 
instincl  being  shown  in  the  recent  development  ol  the 
,  sive  participle   :  as,  the  house  u 

/ .built  thework  is  being  done,  etc  This  construction, 

though  condemned  bj  logicians  and  purists,  is  well  estab- 

i  ,i,  popular  speech,  and   "ill  probably  pass  into 

rary  usage,    (c)  Of  action  :  In,  to,  into  ; 

with  a  verbal  noun  in  -ing,   taken   actively. 

in  With  be     as,  I,,  be  .<  coming  ;  to  be  n  doing  ;  to  ben 

fighting.       Now    only   colloquial    or    provincial,    literary 

usage  omitting  the  preposition,  and  treating  the  verbal 

noun  a-  a  present  participle:  as.  to  he  coming;  to  be 

doing     <-)  With  verbs  of  motion:  as,  to  go  a  fishing;  to 

go  "  wooing  ,  to     i  a  ing;  t..  tall  a  crying  ;  t"  set 

ing      the  preposition  is  often  joined  to  the  noun 

b<  -,    byphi    i     a       I fishing,  or   sometimes  omitted, 

,     tosel    oin  ,,  etc.     For  other  examples  ol 

,l„.    ,  i!i-    j, i,  positional  phrases  abed, 

01  the  simple  nouns. 

a-i  [Another  spelling  of  o,  now  written  o',  are- 
.lu.-.-.l  form  of  of,  tie-  /being  dropped  before  a 
consonant,   and    the    vowel    obscured.    Cf.  fl'. 

,,.3,  „-i.|    Areduced  f orm of  of, now generally 
written  "'.  as  in  man-o'-war,  six  o'clock,  etc. 

Thr  nami  "t  .'"I ant.  Rich.  II.,  i.  ::. 

/;  Jon  I  "i  iii  ins  Humor,  i.  4. 

a:.    :,i.  pron.     [E.  dial.,  corruption  of  I,  being 

the" first  element,  obscured,  of  the  diphthong 

iii.  |    A   modem  pn  orruption  of  the 

pronoun  /. 

a''    a  .  | <<■    1  E.  'I'M..  <  ME.  dial.  „.  corruptly 

she,  he,  it,  heo,  hi,  they.]    An 
old  (and  modern  pi  i  corruption  of  oil 

.    .  ,i  ...  both  numbers  of  the  third  per- 

il   pronoun,    ho,    she,  it,    they.      So   quotha, 
that    is.   OUOth  In, 

h,  Idl  Slink.,  Urn,  V.,  ii.  '',. 

a7  (a),  '■.  [E.  dial.,<  ME.  a,  ha,  reduced  form 
of  have,  ill'  ■  being  dropped  as  in  «i  or  ,:  Eor 
0f  (,,\  ].  I      Aii   old   (and  modern   provincial) 

corruption  of  havt  '<■■  ""- 

,,t,-,l,    an.l    formerly    also   as    a    principal 

verb. 

[had  not  though!  mj  bodj  c d  a  yii  Idi  d     ' andFl. 

a8(a).  I  Sc.  nsuallj  written  o',  =  E.  all,  like 
Se.   co'  =  E.    mil,   or  =  foil.  ha'=hall,  etc.] 

1  „,  ,,  thai     io  "'  that, 

Hi-  oi.l    a., i     oi   ,<    ih.it 

man  o'  Independent  mind, 
He  looks  an  laughs  at  a'  that. 

Burns,  For  A  That. 


a"  (a  or  a),  interj.  [See  ah  and  0.]  Tire  early 
form  of  ah,  preserved,  archaically,  before  a 
leader's  or  chieftain's  name,  as  a  war-cry  (hut 
now  treated  and  pronounced  as  the  indefinite 
article). 

The  Border  slogan  rent  the  sky, 
A  Home  !   a  Gordon  !  was  the  cry. 

Scott,  Marmion. 

a*"  [L.  a.  the  usual  form  of  ah,  from,  of,  before 
consonants:  see  ah-.]  A  Latin  preposition, 
meaning  of,  off,  away  from,  etc.  it  occurs  in  cer- 
tain  phrases:  as  a  priori,  a  posteriori,  a  mensaetthoro.etc.; 
also  in  certain  personal  names  of  medieval  or  modern 
;,i-i.-in-  as  Thomas  <i  Kcmpis,  that  is,  Thomas  of  Kempen, 

thescl l  name  given  to  Thomas  Bammerken   born  a 

Kempen  mar  Dusseldorf;  Abraham  a  Sancta ,1  lara,thal 
is    Al.raliam  of   St.  Clare,  the  name  assumed  by  1  Inch 
Weeerle     The  true  name  of  Thomas  a  Becket  (written 
also  .f  Becket.  and,  in  un-English  fashion,  a  Becket,  A 
Becket)was  simply  Thomas  Becket  or  Beket;  then  appears 
to  be  a  later  insertion,  though  supported  by  such  late 
MiddleEnglishnamesasWydodellicckt..lohiidcl,.rk.,tc, 
William  atte  Heck,  etc..  that  is,  of  or  at  the  brook  I  becket, 
not  found  as  a  common  noun,  being  appar.  a  dim.  oi  free*, 
a  brook,  or  perhaps<OF.  becquet,  bequet,  a  pike  (fish),  dim. 
of  bee,  beak), 
a-.    A  prefix  or  an  initial  and  generally  insepara- 
ble particle.    It  is  a  relic  of  various  Teutonic 
and  classical  particles,  as  follows  : 
a-l.  [<ME.«-,<AS.«-(=OS.«-  =  OHG.  ar-,%r-, 
ur-,  MHG.  ir-,  er-,  G.  er-  =  Goth,  us-,  before  a 
vowel  »:-,  before  r  ur-),  a  common  unaccented 
prefix  of  verbs,  meaning  '  away,  out,  up,  on,  of- 
ten merely  intensive,  in  mod.  E.  usually  without 
assignable  force.   It  appears  as  an  independent 
prep,  in  OHG.  ur,  Goth,  us,  out,  and  as  an  ac- 
cented prefix  of  nouns  and  adjectives  in  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  ur-,  D.  oor-,  AS.  or-,  E.  or-  m  ordeal 
and  ort,  <\.  v.    In  nouns  from  verbs  in  AS.  a-  the 
accent  fell  upon  the  prefix,  which  then  re- 
tained its  length,  and  has  in  one  word,  namely, 
E   oakum,  <  AS.  a-cumba,  entered  mod.  E.  with 
the  reg.  change  of  AS.  o-  under  accent,  losing 
all  semblance  of  a  prefix.]    An  unaccented 
inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns  and 
adjectives  thence  derived,  originally  implying 
motion  away,  but  in  earlier  English  merely 
intensive,  or,  as  in  modern  English,  without 
assignable  force,    as  in   abide,  abode,   art"', 
mriil.r,   iii/o  =  agone,  etc.    The  difference  between 
abide   arise,  awake,  etc.,  and  the  simple  verbs  bide,  me, 
wake  etc.,  is  chiefly  syllabic  or  rhythmic.    In  a  few  verbs 
this  prefix  has  taken  ill  spelling  a  Latin  semblance,  as  in 
accurse,  affright,  allay,  for  a-curse,  a-f right,  a-lay. 
a-'2.  [<  ME.  fl-,  usually  and  prop,  written  sepa- 
rately, a,  <  late  AS.  fl,  a  reduced  form  of  ME. 
and  AS.  an,  on  :  see  «3,  prep.,  and  on.]     An 


unci    2X.J.   .in,    '""  •    "~~   «   ,jr'-jr-j •>        . 

apparent  prefix,  properly  a  preposition,  the 
same  as  «A  jircji.  When  used  before  a  substantive  it 
forms  what  is  really  a  prepositional  phrase,  which  is  now 
-riu  rally  written  as  one  word,  with  or  without  a  hyphen. 
Hiid  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  as  a  predicati  adjcclivi 
as  to  lie  abed,  to  be  asleep,  to  be  all  a-trcmble,  etc.  «  lth 
verbal  nouns  in  -ing  it  forms  what  is  regarded  as  a  present 
participle,  either  active,  as,  they  are  a-eoming  (colloq.),  or 
passive  as,  the  house  was  a-buUding.  In  the  latter  uses 
the  a  is  usually,  and  in  all  it  would  be  properly,  written 
separately,  as  a  preposition.  See  a->,  prep.,  where  the  uses 
ore  explained. 

a-3.  [<  ME.  fl-,  or  separately,  a,  <  AS.  a  (only  m 
mirin,  ddune,  a  reduced  form  of  of  dune),  a  re- 
duced form  of  of,  E.  of,  off:  see  of,  off,  and 
cf.  fl-4.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of 
Anglo-Saxon  of,  prep.,  English  off,  from,  as 
in  attaint  (which  see),  or  of  later  English  of,  as 
in  ant  if,  afresh,  akin,  etc.  (which  see). 
a-4.  L<  ME.  "-,  a  reduced  form  of  of-,  <  AS.  of-, 
an  intensive  prefix,  orig.the  same  as  of,  prep.: 
see  o-:i  and  of.  ]  A  prefix,  being  a  re, luce. 1  form 
of  Anglo-Saxon  ofi,  an  intensive  prefix,  as  in 
athirst,  ahungered  (which  see). 
a-5.   [<ME.  "-,  a  reduced  form  of  and-,  q.  v. J 

A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of  ami-  (which 
seel,  as  in  along1  (which  see). 
a-6  [<  ME.  a-,  var.  of  i-,  .'/-.  '-.  reduced  forms 
of  ge  AS.  ge  :  see  i-.]  A  prefix,  being  one  ol 
the  reduced  forms  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  prefix 
,,.,■  ,-),  as  in  along*  [<  AS.  gelang],  aware 
'[<AS.  «/(-»vn'],  aford,  now  spelled  afford,  sun- 
ulating'the  l.atin'prefix  ttf-  [<  AS.  ge-forthian], 
among  [<  AS.  ge^nang,  mixed  with  on-ge^mang 

and  on-iii, imi)',  etc.     The  same  prefix  is  other- 

pelled  in  enough,  iwis,  yclept,  etc. 

a-?.    [<ME.  fl-,   redu 1    form  of  fl/-,  <  AS.  ai- 

i„  mi  foran,  mixed  in  later  10.  with  on-foran, 

aion   :    see  afore.']     A   prolix,  being  a  reduced 
form   Of  ol-.    mixed  with  fl-  for   on-,    m  afore 
(which  see). 
a-H.    (<  ME.  fl-,  a   reduced   form  of  til   in  north. 

E.,  after  [eel.  at,  to,  us  a  sign  of  the  infin.,  like 

E.    to:    so,-   ol.  |      A    prolix,    in   otto,  originallv 
oi  ,1,,.  northern  English  infinitive,  equivalent  to 

English  to  '/<>.      See  ailn. 


a-9.  [A  mere  syllable.]  A  quasi-prefix,  a  mere 
opening  svllable,  in  the  interjections  aha,  ahoy. 
In  aha,  and  as  well  in  ahoy,  it  maybe  con- 
sidered as  ah, 

a-1".  [A  reduced  form  of  D.  howl.  tf.  «-».]  A 
quasi-prefix,  a  mere  opening  syllable,  in  avast, 
where  «-,  however,  represents  historically 
Dutch  howl  in  the  original  Dutch  expression 
iiimil  vast  =  English  holdfast. 
a-11  [<  ME.  fl-,  OE.  a-,  <  L.  ad-,  or  assimi- 
lated ut>-,  ae-,  af-,  etc. :  see  ad-.]  A  prefix, 
bein"  a  reduced  form  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-. 
In  Old  French  and  Middle  English  regularly  a-,  and  so 
properly  in  modern  French  and  English,  as  in  hi'iikcA 
lult  <  I-  advoeare],  amount  [ult.  <  L.  ad  rnoniem),  ava- 
lanche  | ult  -  L.  ad  vattem],  abet,  ameliorate,  etc;  but  in 
l,l,i  old  French  and  Middle  English  u-  took  in  spell- 
ing a  Latin  semblance,  ml-,  ae-,  of-,  etc.,  and  so  in  mod- 
ern English  as  in  address,  account,  affect,  aggrieve,  etc., 
where  the  doubled  consonant  is  unctyinologicai.  See  ad-. 
a-i2  [<  L-  «->  a  later  alltl  Plll'allel  fonn  of  "d' 
before  SC-,  sp-,  St-,  and  <//(-.]  A  prefix,  being 
a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so  m  English, 
etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-  before  sc-,  sj>-,  st-, 
and  gn-,  as  in  ascend,  anjiirc,  aspect,  astringent, 
agnate,  etc.  - ,      ,  ,    -, 

a-'".  [<ME.  a-,  <  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ab-:  see  ah-.] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Middle 
English,  etc.)  of  Latin  ah-,  as  in  abate  (which 
see).  In  a  few  verbs  this  a-  has  taken  a  Lai  m 
semblance,  as  in  abs-tain  (treated  as  abstain), 
as-soil.     See  these  words. 

a-14.     [<  L.  «-  for  ab-  before  r  :  see  ab-.]     A  . 
prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so 
in  English,  etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ab-,  from, 
as  in  avert  (which  see). 

a-15.    [<  ME.  a-,  <  OF.   «-  for  reg.  OF.  e-,  <  S-, 
<  L.  ex-,  out :  see  e-  and  (.)'-.]     A  prefix,  being 
an  altered  form  of  <■-,  reduced  form  of  Latin 
ex-,  as  in  amend,  abash,  etc.,  aforce,  afraij  (now 
afforce,  affray),  etc.  (which  see). 
a-'l6.  [<  M'E.  a-,  reduced  form  of  an-  for  (•»-,<  Ob  . 
en- :  see  en-1.]    A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form 
of  an- tor  en-,  in  some  words  now  obsolete  or 
spelled  in  semblance  of  the  Latin,  or  restored, 
as  in  acloy,  acumber,  apair,  etc.,  later  accloy, 
accumber,  modern  encumber,  impair,  etc. 
a-".    [Ult.  <L.  alt,  interj.]    A  quasi-prefix,  rep- 
resenting   original  Latin  ah,  interj.,   in  alas 
(which  see).  , 

a-18.    [<  Gr.  d-,  before  a  vowel  av-,  inseparable 
negative  prefix,  known  as  alpha  privative  (Gr. 
a-  o-TepijTiKov),  =L.  in-  =  Goth.  AS.  E.,  etc.,  »»-: 
see  nit-1.]    A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  called  al- 
pha privative,  the  same  as  English  un-,  mean- 
ing not,  without,  -less,  used  not  only  in  words 
taken   directly    or    through    Latin    from    the 
Greek,  as  abi/ss,  adamant,  acatalectic,  etc.,  but 
also  as  a  naturalized  English  prefix  in  new 
formations,  as  achromatic,  asexual,  etc.,  espe- 
cially in  scientific  terms,  English  or  New  Lat  m, 
as  Aptcri/x,  Asiphonata,  etc. 
a-19.    [<Gr.  a-  copulative  (d-  adpoujTiK&v),  com- 
monly without,  but  sometimes  and  prop,  with, 
the  aspirate,  «-,  orig.  *oa-  =  Skt.  so-, sain-     Cf. 
Gr.  aua,  together,  =  E.  same,  q.  v.]     A  prefix  ol 
Greek  origin,  occurring  unfelt  in  English  acolyte, 
adelphous,  etc. 
a-"°.  [<  Gr.  <i-  intensive  (a-  nriTanicov),  prob.ong. 
the' same  as  d-  copulative  :  see  o-1!M    A  prefix 
of   Crock   origin,   occurring    unfelt    m    atlas, 
amaurosis,  etc.  .  . 

a--1.   [Ult.  <  Ar.  al,  the.]    A  prefix  oi   Arabic 

origin,    occurring'    unfelt    in    apricot,    0  iniiith 
hazard  (for  *aeard),  etc.,  commonly  m  the  full 
form  oi-.    See  a'-2. 
_ai.    rL.  -a  (pi.  -a).  It.  -fl  (pi.  -e),  SP.  Pg.  -a 

,  pi.  -OS),  fir.  -a,  -'/  (pi.  -at,  U-  spelling'  -fl'  ,  =  AS. 

.„  -i   or  lost :  in  E.  lost,  or  represented  unfell 

by    sill  >it    final    '.]      A    suflix    characteristic  of 

feminine  nouns  and  adjectives  ot    Greek  or 

Eat  in  origin  Or  semblance,  many  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change. 
Examples  are:  (a)  Greek  (first  declension  in  Latin 
spelling)  idea,  coma,  basilica,  mama,  etc. :  Co)  Latin  (nrst 
declension),  area,  arena,  formula,  copula,  neftuia,  vertebra, 
etc  whence  (c),  in  Italian,  opera,  m  ".  "'""  "■  ,l;,'; 
(,/)  Spanish,  armada,  flotilla,  manttlla,  etc.  I  (e)  "rtu- 
zieae  ma*  iro. ;  if)  New  Latin,  chiefly  in  scientific  terms, 

al .../.-,  silica,  etc.;   dahlia,  fuchsia,  cameWM, 

„,  taria,  etc.,  amoeba,  Branta,  etc.;   comn m  geo 

-raphical   nes  derived   from  or  formed    '. .  ,n,inr    to 

Latin  or  Greek,  as  Asia,  Africa,    ■ w,    Polunetia, 

,.  Florida,  etc.    In  English  this  suffix  marks  sex 

onlj    in  personal  nam,-,   as   m   t\„„,U,i.  Julia.    Iht, in. 

Anna,  etc.  (some  having  responding  masculine,  as 

CornAiut  Juliv  etcAand  Ina  few  feminine iterms from 
the  Italian  Spanish,  etc.,  having  a  corresponding  mascu- 
line as  ..'».....'.  dofia,  duenna,  signora,  seflora,  eultana, 
inamorata  etc.,  corresponding  to  masculine  don,  signer, 
Man, inamorato,  etc. 
-a'-'.  |L  -a,  pi.  to  -um,  =  Gr.  -a,  pi.  to  -ov,  2d 
declension  ;  L.  -fl,  -i-a,  pi.  to  -urn,  -e,  =  Gr.  -a, 


-a 

neut.  pi.,  3d  declension ;  lost  in  AS.  and  E.,  as 
in  head,  (leer,  sheep,  etc.,  pi.,  without  suffix.] 
A  suffix,  the  nominative  neuter  plural  ending  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  of  the  second  and  third 
declensions  in  Greek  or  Latin,  some  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change 
of  ending.  Examples  are  :  («)  in  Greek,  phenomena, 
plural  of  phenomenon,  miasmata,  plural  of  miasmoXt-), 
etc. ;  Co  in  Latin,  .slrala,  plural  of  stratum,  data,  plural 
of  datum,  genera,  plural  of  genus,  etc.  Some  of  these 
words  have  also  an  English  plural,  as  automatons,  cri- 
tenons,  dogmas,  memorandums,  mediums,  besides  the 
Greek  or  Latin  plurals,  automata,  criteria,  dogmata, 
memoranda,  media,  etc.  This  suffix  is  common  in  New 
Latin  names  of  classes  of  animals,  as  in  Mammalia,  Am- 
phibia, Crustacea,  Protozoa,  etc.,  these  being  properly 
adjectives,  agreeing  with  animalia  understood. 
-a3.  [Sometimes  written,  and  treated  in  dic- 
tionaries, as  a  separate  syllable,  but  prop, 
written  as  a  suffix,  being  prob.  a  relic  of  the 
ME.  inflexive  -e,  which  in  poetry  was  pro- 
nounced (e.  g.,  ME.  stil-e,  mil-c:  see  quot.) 
whenever  the  meter  required  it,  long  after  it 
had  ceased  to  be  pronounced  in  prose.]  An 
unmeaning  syllable,  used  in  old  ballads  and 
songs  to  fill  out  a  line. 

Jog  on,  jog  on,  the  footpath  way, 

And  merrily  hent  the  stile  -a  ; 
A  merry  heart  goes  all  the  day, 

Your  sad  tires  in  a  mile-a. 

Quoted  by  Shak.,  \V.  T.,  iv.  2. 

aam  (am),  ».  [<  I),  (linn,  a  liquid  measure, 
=  G.  ohm,  also  <>hm  (see  6hni),  =  Icel.  ama, 
<  ML.  ama,  a  tub,  tierce,  <  L.  hatna,  uma,  iGr. 
am/,  a  water-bucket,  pail.]  A  measure  of 
liquids  used,  especially  for  wine  and  oil, 
in  Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Denmark,  and  Sweden ;  a  tierce. 
Its  value  differs  in  different  localities  :  thus,  in  Amsterdam 
an  aam  of  winc  =  41  gallons,  and  an  aam  of  oil  =  373  gJd- 
Ions;  while  in  Brunswick  an  aam  of  oil  =  39£  gallons. 
Also  written  aum,  aume,  a/cm,  awmc. 


abacus 


'..■'• 


Aardvark  {Oryctcropus  cafensis). 

aardvark  (ard'viirk),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  +  vark,  used  only  in  dim.  form  varken, 
a  pig,  =  E.  farrow1  and E. pork,  q.  v.]  The 
ground-hog  or  earth-pig  of  South  Africa.  See 
Oryeteropus. 


Aaronitic  (ar-on-it'ik),  a.  [(Aaronite  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aaronites. 

The  assumption  that  the  representations  in  regard  to 
the  origin  of  the  Aaronitic  priesthood  are  essentially  false 
cannot  well  be  sustained,  unless  it  can  he  proved  that 
Hebrew  literature  did  not  arise  until  about  the  eighth  cen- 
tury B.  c,  as  the  critics  claim. 

Schaff-IIcrzog,  Encyc,  p.  1923. 

Aaron's-beard  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-berdi,  n. 
[See  Ps.  exxxiii.  2.']  1.  A  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub.  Hypericum  calycinum,  with  large  flowers 
(the  largest  of  the  genus)  and  numerous 
stamens,  a  native  of  southeastern  Europe, 
and  sometimes  found  in  cultivation ;  St-John's- 
wort:  so  called  from  the  conspicuous  hair-like 
stamens. — 2.  The  smoke-tree,  Rhus  Cotiiius. — 
3.  A  species  of  saxifrage  (Saxifrai/a  sitriiien- 
tosu)  found  in  cultivation;  Chinese  saxifrage. 

Aaron's-rod  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-rod),  n.  [See 
Ex.  vii.  10;  Num.  xvii.  8.]  1.  In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment consisting  of  a  straight  rod  from  which 
pointed  leaves  sprout  on  either  side.  The  term 
is  also  applied  to  an  ornament  consisting  of  a  rod  with 
one  serpent  entwined  about  it,  as  distinguished  from  a 
caduceu8,  which  has  two  serpents. 
2.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  with  tall 
flowering  stems,  as  the  goldenrod,  the  hag-ta- 
per, etc. 

Ab(ab),  n.  [Heb.  Cf.  Heb.  el,  verdure.]  The 
eleventh  mouth  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  and 
the  fifth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar  Ab  is  the  last  summer  month. 

ab-.  [L.  ub-,  prep,  ab,  older  form  ap  =  Etrur. 
up  =  Gr.  it-a  —  Skt.  apa  =  Goth.  nf=  OHG. aba, 
MHG.  G.  ab  =  AS.  of  (rarely,  as  a  prefix,  eef-), 
E.  of,  off:  see  of,  off,  apo,  and  a-13,  c?-1*.]  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  denoting  disjunction, 
separation,  or  departure,  off,  from,  away,  etc., 
as  in  abduct,  abjure,  etc.  Before  c  and  (,  ab  becomes 
(in  Latin,  and  so  in  English,  etc.)  abs,  as  in  abscond,  ab- 
stain,  etc.;  before  v  and  m,  it  becomes  a,  as  in  avert, 
amentia,  etc. —  In  abbacinate  and  abbreviate,  the  prefix 
(reduced  to  a-  in  abridge,  which  see)  is  rather  an  assimi- 
lation of  ad-. 

A.  B.  1.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Middle  and 
New  Latin  Artium  Baccalaureus,  Bachelor  of 
Arts.  In  England  it  is  more  commonly  written 
B.  A.  See  bachelor. —  2.  An  abbreviation  of 
uhlt -bodied,  placed  after  the  name  of  a  seaman 
on  a  ship's  papers. 

aba1  (ab'a),  n.  [<Ar.  'aid.']  1.  A  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  woven  of  goats'  or  camels'  or  other  hair  or 
wool  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and  neighboring  coun- 
tries. It  is  generally  striped,  sometimes  in  plain  bars  of 
black  and  white  or  blue  and  white,  sometimes  in  more 
elaborate  patterns. 

2.  (a)  An  outer  garment  made  of  the  above, 
very  simple  in  form,  worn  by  the  Arabs  of  the 
desert.  The  illustration  shows  such  an  aba,  made  of 
two  breadths  of  stuff  sewed  together  to  make  an  oblong 
about  four  by  nine  feet.  This  is  then  folded  at  the  lines 
a  b,  ab,  the  top  edges  are  sewed  together  at  a  c,  a  c,  and 
armholes  are  cut  at  a  f,  a  f.   A  little  simple  embroidery  in 


See  abbacinate,  ab- 


Aardwolf  {ProteUs  lalandi). 

aardwolf  (ard'wulf),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  +  wolf=  E.  ten?,']  The  earth-wolf  of 
South  Africa.     See  Proteles. 

aaron  (ar'on  or  a'ron),  v.  [A  corrupt  spelling 
of  aron  (Gr.  apov),  a  form  of  Arum,  in  simula- 
tion of  Aaron,  a  proper  name.]  The  plant 
Arum  maciilatiiiu.     See  Arum. 

Aaronic(a-ron'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aaron,  <Gr.  'Aap6v, 
<Heb.  Aharon,  perhaps,  says Gesenius,  the  same 
with  hfiron,  a  mountaineer,  <  liaram,  be  high.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  brother  of  Moses, 
or  to  the  Jewish  priestly  order,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  high  priest:  as,  the  Aaronic priest- 
hood ;  Aaronic  vestments. —  2.  Li  the  Mormon 
hierarchy,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  second  or 
lesser  order  of  priests.  See  priesthood  and 
Mormon. 

Aaronical  (a-ron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Aaronic ■  +  -at.  ] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Aaronic 
priesthood. 

Aaronite  (ar'on-it  or  a'ron-it),  n.  [<.  Aaron  + 
-ife2.]  A  descendant  of  Aaron,  the  brother  of 
Moses.  The  Aaronites  were  hereditary  priests  in  the 
Jewish  church,  and  next  to  the  high  priest  in  dignity. 


colored  wool  on  the  two  sides  of  the  breast  completes  the 
garment,  d  e  is  the  seam  between  the  two  breadths  of 
- 1  i  1 1 1 ,  and  this  is  covered  by  a  piece  of  colored  material. 
(6)  A  garment  of  similar  shape  worn  in  the 
towns,  made  of  finer  material. 

Over  the  Kamis  is  thrown  a  long-skirted  and  short- 
sleeved  cloak  of  camel's  hair,  called  an  Aba.     It  is  made 
in  many  patterns,  and  of  all  materials,  from  pure  silk  to 
coarse  sheep's  wool.        A'.  F.  Barton,  El-Medinah,  p.  150, 
Also  spelled  abba. 

aba'J  (ab'a),  n.  [From  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] An  altazimuth  instrument,  designed 
by  Antoine  d'Abbadie,  for  determining  latitude 
on  land  without  the  use  of  an  artificial  hori- 
zon.    N.  E.  D. 

abaca  (ab'a-kii),  n.  The  native  Philippine  name 
of  the  plant  Musa  texUlis,  which  yields  manila 
hemp.     Also  spelled  abaka. 

abacay  (ub'a-ka),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  white  parrot ;  a  calangay. 


abacinate,  abacination. 

biiciniitioii. 

abaciscus  (ab-a-sis'kus),  a. ;   pi.  abacisci 
[ML.,  <  Gr.  hBaideKDC,  a  small  stone  for  i 
ing,  dim.  of  aBal-:  see  abacus.']    In  arch.,  a  di- 
minutive of  abacus  in  its  various  senses.    Also 
called  abacuhts. 

abacist  (ab'a-sist),  n.  [=  It.  abachista,  an  arith- 
metician, <  ML.  abacista,  <  L.  abacus:  see  aba- 
cus, 2.]  One  who  uses  an  abacus  in  casting 
accounts ;  a  calculator. 

aback1  (a-bak' ),  adv.  [<  ME.  abak,  a  bak,  on  bak, 
<  AS.  on  bate,  on  or  to  the  back,  backward,  = 
Icel.  a  baki,  aback  :  see  o3  and  back1.]  1.  To- 
ward the  back  or  rear;  backward;  rearward; 
regressively. 

They  drewe  abacke,  as  halfe  with  shame  confound. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.  (June). 

2.  Oti  or  at  the  back  ;  behind  ;  from  behind. 
His  gallie  .  .  .  being  set  upon  both  before  and  abacke. 

Knolles,  Hist,  of  Turks,  fol.  879  A. 

3.  Away;  aloof.     [Scotch.] 

fib,  would  they  stay  aback  frae  courts, 
And  please  themsel's  wi'  country  sports. 

Bums,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

4.  Ago:  as,  "eight  days  aback,"  Ross.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  5.  Xaut.,  in  or  into  the  condition  of  re- 
ceiving the  wind  from  ahead;  with  the  wind 
acting  on  the  forward  side  :  said  of  a  ship  or  of 

her  sails Laid  aback  (naut.),  said  of  sails  (or  of 

vessels)  when  they  arc  placed  in  the  same  position  as  when 
taken  aback,  in  order  to  effect  an  immediate  retreat,  or 
to  give  the  ship  sternway,  so  as  to  avoid  some  danger  dis- 
covered before  her. — Taken  aback.  (">  Naut.,  said  of  a 
vessel's  sails  when  caught  by  the  wind  in  such  a  way  as 
to  press  them  aft  against  the  mast.  Hence  —  (b)  Figura- 
tively, suddenly  or  unexpectedly  checked,  confounded,  or 
disappointed:  as,  he  was  quite  taken  aback  when  he  was 
refused  admittance.  —  To  brace  aback  (naut.),  to  swing 
(the  yards)  round  by  means  of  the  braces,  so  that  the 
sails  may  be  aback,  in  order  to  check  a  ship's  progress  or 
give  her  sternway. 

aback2t  (ab'ak),  n.  [<L.  abacus:  see  abacus.] 
An  abacus,  or  something  resembling  one,  as  a 
flat,  square  stone,  or  a  square  compartment. 

abacot  (ab'a-kot),  n.  Like  alocock,  etc.,  an  erro- 
neous book-form  of  lycocket  (which  see). 

abactinal  (ab-ak'ti-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from,+  E. 
actinal.]  In  ;ool.,  remote  from  the  actinal  or 
oral  area ;  hence,  devoid  of  rays ;  aboral.  The 
abactinal  surface  may  be  either  the  upper  or  lower  surface, 
according  to  the  position  of  the  mouth. 

abactinally  (ab-ak'ti-nal-i),  adv.  In  an  abac- 
tinal direction  or  position. 

The  amhulacral  plates  have  the  pores  directly  super- 
posed abactinally.         P.  M.  Duncan,  Geol.  Mag.,  II.  492. 

abactio  (ab-ak'shi-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  abigere, 
drive  away :  see  abactor.]  In  med.,  an  abor- 
tion produced  by  art. 

abaction  (ab-ak'shon).  n.  [<NL.  abactio(n-) : 
see  abactio.]  In  law,  the  stealing  of  a  number 
of  cattle  at  one  time. 

abactor  (ab-ak'tor),  n.  [L.,<  abactus,  pp.  of  abi- 
gere, drive  off,  <  ab,  off,  +  agere,  drive.]  In  law, 
one  who  feloniously  drives  away  or  steals  a 
herd  or  numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  distinction 
from  one  who  steals  a  single  beast  or  a  few. 

abaculus(ab-ak'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  abaculi  (-li).  [L., 
dim.  of  abacus.]  Literally,  a  small  abacus. 
Specifically,  one  of  the  little  cubes  or  slabs  cf  colored 
glass,  enamel,  stone,  or  other  material  employed  in  mo- 
saic work  or  in  marquetry.     Also  called  abaciscus. 

abacus  (ab'a-kus),  n.  ;  pi.  abaci  (-si).  [L.,  a 
sideboard,  counting-table,  etc.,  <L.  al/ax,  <  Gr. 
d/3af,  a.  reckoning-board,  sideboard,  etc.  ;  said 
to  be  from  Phen.  abak,  sand  strewn  on  a  sur- 
face for  writing,  because  the  ancients  used 
tables  covered  with  sand  on  which  to  make 
figures  and  diagrams.]  1.  A  tray  strewn  with 
dust  or  sand,  used 
in  ancient  times  for 
calculating.  —  2.  A 
contrivance  for  cal- 
culating, consisting 
of  beads  or  balls 
strung  on  wires  or 
rods  set  in  a  frame. 
The  abacus  was  used,  with 
some  variations  in  form, 
by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  is  still  in  every-day  use  in 
many  eastern  countries,  from  Russia  to  Japan,  for  even 
the  most  complex  calculations.  The  sand-strewn  tray  is 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  Babylon  into 
Greece  by  Pythagoras,  who  taught  both  arithmetic  and 
geometry  upon  it;  hence  this  form  is  sometimes  called 
abacus  Pythagoricus.  In  the  form  with  movable  balls, 
these  are  used  simply  as  counters  to  record  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  a  mental  operation.  The  sum  shown 
in  the  annexed  engraving  of  a  Chinese  abacus  (called 
swaiwan,  or  "reckoning-board")  is  5,196,301. 
3.  In  arch.:  (a)  The  slab  or  plinth  which 
forms  the  upper  member  of  the  capital  of  a 
column  or  pillar,    and  upon  which  rests,  in 


Chinese  Abacus,  for  calculating. 


Capital  of  thu  Parthe 
A.  abacus. 


abacus 

classic  stylos,  the  lower  surface  of  the  archi- 
trave,   in  the  Greek  Doric  it  ia  thick  and  square,  with- 
Jptured  decoration ;  in  the  Ionic  order  it  is  thinner, 
and  ornamented  with  mold- 
ings on  the  sides;  in  the 

I  !oi  inthian  also  it  is i 

mented,  and  has  concave 
sides  and  truncated  cor- 
ners. In  medieval  archi- 
tecture the  entablature  was 
abandoned  and  the  arch 
placed  directly  i>n  the  col- 
umn or  pillar ;  the  abacus, 
hovi  ever,  was  retained  until 
the  -  it  L-lin.-  of  the  style.  In 
Byzantine  work  it  is  often 
a  deep  block  affiliated  with 
classic  examples.  In  western  styles  every  vuriet>  of  si/.e, 
shape,  and  ornamentation  occurs.  The  general  use  of 
a  polygonal  or  roilnil  aliaeus,  as  more  eoiisonant  with 
neighboring  forms  than  the  square  shape,  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  perfected  Pointed  architecture. 
I  b  Any  rectangular  slab  or  piece;  especially, 
a  stone  or  marble  tablet  serving  as  a  side- 
board, shelf,  or  credence.  —  4.  In  Horn,  antiq., 
aboard  divided  into  compartments,  for  use  in  a 
game  of  the  nature  of  draughts,  etc. —  5.  The 
mystic  staff  carried  by  the  grand  master  of  the 
Templars. —Abacus  harmonious,  (o)  In  ana  music, 
a  diagram  of  the  notes  with  their  names.  (6)  The  struc- 
ture an  I  arrangement  of  the  key-  or  pedals  of  a  musical 
instrument.  — Abacus  major,  a  trough  in  which  gold  is 
washed.  /;.  i'.  -Abacus  Pythagoricus.  see  -2,  above. 
Abaddon  (a-bad'on),  n.  [L.  Abaddon,  <  Gr. 
A  iatiduv,  <  Heb.  ubadddn,  destruction.  <  abad, 
be  lost  or  destroyed.]  1.  The  destroyer  or 
angel  of  the  bottomless  pit;  Apollyon  (which 
see).  Rev.  ix.  11. —  2.  The  place  of  destruc- 
tion; the  depth  of  hell. 

In  all  her  gates  Abaddon  rues 
Thy  hold  attempt.  MiUm,  P.  R.,  iv.  624. 

abadevine,  n.    Same  as  aberdevine. 

abadir  (ab'a-der),  n.  Among  the  Phenicians, 
a  meteoric  stone  worshiped  as  divine.  See 
bcetyltis. 

abaft  (a-liaff),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  •'abaft, 
obaft,  'in  baft :  seea^anibafP-.]  Sunt.,  behind; 
aft  :  in  "l-  at  the  back  or  hind  part  of  a  ship, 
or  the  parts  which  lie  toward  the  stern:  op- 
posed to  forward;  relatively,  further  aft,  or 
toward  the  stern:  as,  abaft  the  mainmast 
(astern  I. 

The  crew  st 1  abaft  the  windlass  and  hauled  the  jib 

down.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  32. 

Abaft  the  beam  (nant.),  behind  a  line  drawn  through 
thi   middle  of  ;,  -hip  at  right  angles  to  the  keel. 

abaisancet  (a-ba'sans),  n.  [<OF.  abaissance, 
abasement,  humility  (see  abase);  in  E.  use  con- 
fused  with  obeisance.]  Same  as  obeisance :  as, 
•■to  make  a  low  abaissance,"  Skinner,  Etymol. 
Ling.  Ang. 

abaiser  (a-ba'ser),  n.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
Ivory-black  or  animal  charcoal.  Il'ea/e ;  Sim- 
monds. 

abaisse  a-ba-sa'),  p.  a.  [P.,  pp.  of  abaisser,  de- 
press, lower:  see  abase.]  In  her.,  depressed. 
Appli  or  any  other  hearing  having  a  definite 

plaee  in  the  shield  when  it  is  depressed,  or  situated  below 
also  applied  to  the  wings  of  an  eagle 
open,  hut  lower  than  when  ais. 
'■. 

abaissetl  la-k-ist'),  p.  a.     Same  as  abaisse. 

abaistt,  /'/'■  [ME. ;  one  of  numerous  forms  of  the 
pp.  of  aiittsscn  :  see  abash."]  Abashed.  Chaucer. 

abaka,  n.    See  abaca. 

abalienate  (ab-a'lyen-at),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abalienated,  ppr.  abalienating.  [i\j.  abaliena- 
tus,  pp.  of  abalienare,  separate,  transfer  the 
ownership  of,  estrange,  <  ab,  from,  +  alienare, 
separate,  alienate:  see  alienate.]     1.  In  civil 

.  to  transfer  the  til  le  ot  from  one  to  another  ; 
make  over  to  another,  as  goods. —  2f.    To  es- 
i  >r  wholly  withdraw. 
So  to  bewitch  them,  bo  abalit  note  their  minds. 

Ah],.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  182b. 

abalienated  (ab-a'lyen-a-ted),  p.  a.  [(aba- 
lienate.] 1.  Estranged;  transferred,  as  prop- 
erty.—  2  In  iii"l.:  i,n  So  decayed  or  injured 
as  to  require  extirpation,  as  a  pari  of  the  body. 
Dei  las  the   mind.    |  c)  •  lorrupted  ; 

mortified. 

abalienation  (ab-a-lyen-a'shon),  ».  [<L.  ab- 
alienatio  it-),  transfer  of  property:  see  abalien- 
ate.] 1.  The  acl  of  transferring  or  making 
over  tin-  title  to  propertj  to  another;  the  state 

of  being  abalienated  ;  transfer:  est 

— 2.  In  mid.,  derangement ;  corruption, 
abalone  [A  8p.  form,  of  un- 

known origin.  Cf.  Sp.  abalorio  ,  bugles,  glass 
beads.]  A  general  name  on  i  in  Pacific  coast 
of  the  United  Statt  S  tor  marine  shells  of  the 
family  Halioiida  (which  Bee),  having  an  oval 
form  with  a  very  wide  aperture,  a  narrow,  flat- 


tened ledge  or  columella,  and  a  subspiral  row 
of  perforations  extending  from  the  apex  to  the 


distal  margin  of  the  shell.  They  are  used  for  or- 
namental purposes,  such  as  inlaying,  and  for  the  manu- 
facture of  buttons  and  other  articles.  Also  called  ear- 
shell,  and  by  the  Japanese  awabi  (which  seel.  —  Abalone- 
meat,  the  dried  animal  of  the  abalone.  It  is  exported 
from  California  in  large  quantities. 

abamurus  (ab-a-mu'rus),  n.  [ML.,  <  aba-  (OF. 
a  bas,  down,  below)  +  L.  munis,  wall.]  A  but- 
tress, or  a  s*econd  wall  added  to  strengthen  an- 
other.    Weale. 

abant  (a-bau'),  v.  t.  pta-i  +  ftaii1,  v.,  after 
ME.  abanne(ii),  <  AS.  dbannan,  summon  by 
proclamation.]  To  ban;  anathematize.  See 
ban1,  v. 

How  durst  the  Bishops  in  this  present  council  of  Trident 
so  solemnly  to  abanne  and  accurse  all  them  that  dared  to 
find  fault  with  the  same?  Bp.  Jewell,  Works,  II.  u;i7. 

aband*  (a-band'),  v.  t.    [Short  for  abandon.] 

1.  To  abandon  (which  see). 

And  Vortiger  enforst  the  kingdome  to  aband. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  X.  65. 

2.  To  exile  ;  expel. 

'Tis  better  far  the  enemies  to  aband 

Quite  from  thy  borders.       Jfi'r.  for  Mags.,  p.  119. 

abandon  (a-ban'don),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  abandonen, 

abandounen,  <  OP.  abanduner,  abandoner  (F. 
abandionner  =  It.  abandonnare),  abandon,  equiv. 
to  mettre  a  bandon,  put  under  any  one's  juris- 
diction, leave  to  any  one's  discretion  or  mercy, 
etc.,  <a  bandon,  in  ME.  as  an  adv.  abandon, 
abandoun,  under  one's  jurisdiction,  in  one's  dis- 
cretion or  power:  a  (<L.  ad),  at,  to;  bandon, 
a  proclamation,  decree,  order,  jurisdiction,  = 
Pr.  bandon,  <  ML.  'liando(n-),  extended  form  of 
bandum,  more  correctly  bannum,  a  proclama- 
tion, decree,  ban:  see  ban\  n.~\  1.  To  detach 
or  withdraw  one's  self  from;  leave,  (a)  To  de- 
sert ;  forsake  utterly :  as,  to  abandon  one's  home  ;  to  aban- 
don duty. 

Abandon  fear  ;  to  strength  and  counsel  join'd 
Think  nothing  hard,  much  less  to  he  despair'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  494. 
(b)  To  give  up;  cease  to  occupy  one's  self  with;  eease  to 
use,  follow,  ete. :  as,  to  abandon  an  enterprise;  this  cus- 
tom was  long  ago  abandoned,  (c)  To  resign,  forego,  or  re- 
nounce;  relinquish  all  concern  in:  as,  to  abandon  the 
cares  of  empire. 

To  understand  him,  and  to  be  charitable  to  him,  we 
should  remember  that  he  abandons  the  vantage-ground 
of  authorship,  and  allows  his  readers  to  see  him  without 
any  decorous  disguise  or  show  of  dignity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  167. 

(d)  To  relinquish  the  control  of ;   yield  up  without  re- 
straint :  as,  he  abandoned  the  city  to  the  conqueror. 
2f.  To  outlaw-;  banish;  drive  out  or  away. 

Being  all  this  time  abandoned  from  your  bed. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,2. 
3t.   To  reject  or  renounce. 

Blessed  shall  ye  be  when  men  sleill  hate  you  and  aban- 
don your  name  as  evil.  Rheims  X.  T.,  Luke  vi.  22. 

4.  In  com.,  to  relinquish  to  the  underwriters 
all  claim  to,  as  to  ships  or  goods  insured,  as 
a  preliminary  toward  recovering  for  a  total 
loss.      See    abandonment.— To   abandon    one's 

self,  to  yield  one's  self  up  without  attempt  at  control  or 
self-restraint:  as,  to  abandon  one's  self  to  grief.  -  Syn.  1. 
Forsake,  Desert,  Abandon,  etc.  (see  forsake),  forego,  sur- 
render, leave,  evacuate  (a  place),  desist  from,  forswear, 
divesl  one's  self  of,  throw  away.  (See  list  under  abdicate.) 
abandont  (a-ban'don),  w.1  [(abandon,  v.]  The 
act  of  giving  up  or  relinquishing;  abandon- 
ment. 

These  heavy  exaction-  have  occasioned  an  abandon  of 
all  mines  but  what  tire  of  the  richer  sort.        Lord  Kames, 

abandon  (a-lxm-doii'),  n."    [P.,  <  abandonner, 

give   up:    see    abandon,  v.]     Abandonment  to 
naturalness  of  action  or  manner;  freedom  from 
constraint  or  conventionality;  dash, 
t  hoc  abandon  only  when  natures  are  capable  of  the 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  Id  10th  Cent.,  p.  228. 
abandoned  (a-ban'dond),  ;>.  a.    [Pp.  of  dban- 

</■>,>,  , .  ;  in  imitation  of  P,  dbandonn4  in  same 
senses,  pp.  of  abandonner.]  1.  Deserted;  utterly 


abannition 

forsaken ;  left  to  destruction :  as,  an  abandoned 
ship. 

If  .  .  .  we  had  no  hopes  of  a  better  state  after  this, 
...  we  Christians  should  be  the  most  abandoned  and 
wretched  creatures.  Atterbury,  On  1  Cor.  xv.  19. 

2.  Given  up,  as  to  vice,  especially  to  the  indul- 
gence of  vicious  appetites  or  passions;  shame- 
lessly aud  recklessly  wicked  ;  profligate. 
Where  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees, 
Shipwrecked  in  luxury  and  lost  in  ease.  Prior,  Ode. 
=  Syn.  1.  Forsaken,  deserted,  given  up,  relinquished, 
discarded,  rejected,  destitute,  forlorn.  —  2.  Profligate, 
Abandoned,  Reprobate,  depraved,  corrupt,  vicious, 
wicked,  unprincipled,  hardened,  dead  to  honor,  incor- 
rigible, irreclaimable.  Profligate,  abandoned,  reprobate 
express  extreme  wickedness  that  lias  east  off  moral  re- 
straint. Profligate  is  applied  to  one  who  throws  away 
means  and  character  in  the  pursuit  of  vice,  and  especially 
denotes  depravity  exhibited  outwardly  and  conspicuously 
in  conduct ;  hence  it  may  be  used  to  characterize  political 
conduct:  as.  a  profligate  administration.  Abandoned  is 
applied  to  one  who  has  given  himself  wholly  up  to  the 
gratification  of  vicious  propensities;  it  is  stronger  than 
profligate  and  weaker  than  reprobate.  Reprobate  is  applied 
to  one  who  has  become  insensible  t<>  reproof  and  is  past 
hope ;  from  its  use  in  the  Bible  it  has  become  the  theo- 
logical term  for  hopeless  alienation  from  virtue  or  piety. 
(For  comparison  with  depraved,  etc,  see  criminal,  a.) 
Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profligate  than  we.        Roscommon. 

To  be  negligent  of  what  any  one  thinks  of  you,  does  not 
only  show  you  arrogant  but  abandoned,  J.  Hughes. 

In  works  they  deny  him,  being  abominable,  and  disobe- 
dient, and  unto  every  good  work  reprobate.  Tit.  i.  16. 

abandonedly   (a-ban'dond-li),    adv.     In    an 

abandoned  manner ;  without  moral  restraint. 
abandonee  (a-ban-do-ne'),  n.    [(abandon,  v., 
+  -ee1,  as  if  <F.  abandon ne :  see  abandoned.'] 
In  law,  one  to  whom  anything  is  abandoned. 
abandoner  ( a-ban'don -er),  n.     [(abandon,  v., 
+  -er1.]     One  who  abandons. 

Abandoner  of  revells,  mute,  contenqdatiue. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Two  Noble  Kinsmen. 

abandonment  ( a  -  bau'don  -  ment),  n.  [<  F. 
abandonnement,(  abandonner ,  give  up  (see  aban- 
don, v.),  +  -ment.']  1.  The  act  of  abandoning, 
or  the  state  of  being  abandoned ;  absolute  re- 
linquishment ;  total  desertion. 

The  ablest  men  in  the  Christian  community  vied  with 
one  another  in  inculcating  as  the  highest  form  of  duty  the 
abaiiilunwent  of  social  ties  and  the  mortification  of  domes- 
tie  affections.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  140. 

2.  Abandon  ;  enthusiasm  ;  freedom  from  con- 
straint. 

There  can  be  no  greatness  without  abandonment. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

In  eloquence  the  great  triumphs  of  the  art  are,  when 

the  orator  is  lifted  above  himself.   .    .    .   Hence  the  term 

abandonment,  to  describe  the  self-surrender  of  the  orator. 

Emerson,  Art. 

3.  In  law:  (a)  The  relinquishment  of  a  pos- 
session, privilege,  or  claim,  (b)  The  voluntary 
leaving  of  a  person  to  whom  one  is  bound  by 
a  relationship  of  obligation,  as  a  wife,  husband, 
or  child;  desertion. — 4.  In  maritime  law,  the 
surrender  of  a  ship  and  freight  by  the  owner 
to  one  who  has  become  his  creditor  through 
contracts  made  by  the  latter  with  the  master 
of  the  ship.  In  effect  such  an  abandonment 
may  release  the  owner  from  further  responsi- 
bility.—  5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  relinquish- 
ing to  underwriters  of  all  the  property  saved 
from  loss  by  shipwreck,  capture,  or  other  peril 
provided  against  in  the  policy,  in  order  that  the 
insured  may  be  entitled  to  indemnification  for 
a  total  loss. — 6.  In  the  customs,  the  giving  up  of 
an  article  by  the  importer  to  avoid  payment  of 

the  duty.— Abandonment  for  wrongs,  in  civil  /aw, 
the  relinquishment  of  a  slave  or  an  animal  that  had  com- 
mitted a  trespass  to  the  person  injured,  in  discharge  of 
the  owner's  liability  for  the  trespass.— Abandonment  of 
railways,  In  Eng,  law,  the  till,  of  a  statute  under  which 
any  scheme  for  making  a  railway  may  be  abandoned  and 
the  i  Minpany  dissolved  by  warrant,  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade 
and  consent  of  three  fifths  of  the  stock.— Abandonment 
of  an  action,  in  Scots  law,  the  act  by  which  the  pursuer 
abandons  the  cause.  When  this  is  done,  the  pursuer  must 
pay  rusts,  but  may  bring  a  new  action.  Abandonment  of 
the  action  is  equivalent  to  the  English  discontinuance, 
a-. n suit,  or  nolle  pros* ■<jtii.-  Abandonment  to  the  sec- 
ular arm,  in  old  ecctes,  law,  the  handing  over  of  an 
offender  by  the  church  to  the  civil  authorities  for  punish- 
ment such  as  could  nut  be  administered  by  the  ecclesi- 
astical tribunals. 

abandumt  (:i-ban'dum),  x.  [ML.,  also  alurn- 
donum  and  (thintibnnii/int,  formed  iii  imitation 
of  F.  abandon  :  sue  abandon,]  In  old  law,  any- 
thing forfeited  or  confiscated. 

abanet  (ab'a-net),  n.     See  abnet, 

abanga  (a-hang'ga),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  .i  Species  Of  palm  found  in  the  island 
of  St.  Thomas, "West  Indies,  which  is  said  to  be 
useful  in  pulmonary  diseases. 

abannitiont,  abanriationt  (ab-a-nish'on,  -na'- 
slion  )t  n.    [<  ML.  abannitio(n-),  abannaUo(n-),  < 

1  'if'cnnirt,  -are,  after E.  aban{ne)  orban,  F.  ban- 


abannition 

nir,  banish:  see  aban.]  In  old  law,  banishment 
for  u  year,  as  a  penalty  for  manslaughter. 

abaptiston(a-bap-tis'ton),  it.;  pi. aftopfesto (-ta). 
[ML.,  <  Gr.  a/?djrnoToi>,  neut.  of  d/SoVnoroc,  that 
will  not  sink,  <  (i-  priv.  +  jiaTTriC,eiv,  dip,  sink  : 
see  baptise.  ]  In  surg.,  an  old  form  of  trepan,  the 
crown  of  which  was  made  conical,  or  provided 
with  a  ring,  collar,  or  other  contrivance,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  penetrating  the  cranium  too  far. 

abarthrosis  (ab-iir-thro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ab, 
away,  from,  +  NL.  arthrosis,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
diarthrosis. 

abarticulation  (ab-ar-tik-u-la'shon),  n.  [<L. 
06,  from,+  articulatio(n-),aj  jointing.]  In  anat., 
a  term  sometimes  used  for  diarthrosis,  and  also 
for  synarthrosis.    Also  called  dearticulation. 

abas,""-    See  abbas,  1. 

a  bas  (a  ba,').  [F.,  down  :  0  (<  L.  an!),  to  ;  has, 
low:  see  base1."]  A  French  phrase,  down!  down 
with!  as,  a  bas  les  aristocrates .'  down  with  the 
aristocrats:  opposed  to  vive,  live,  in  viveleroil 
long  live  the  king,  and  similar  phrases. 

abase  (a-bas'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aliased,  ppr. 
abasing".  [<ME.  abesse  (Gower),  <  OP.  abais- 
sier,  etc.  (F.  abaisser),  <  ML.  abassare,  <  L.  ad 
+  ML.  bassare,  lower,  <  LL.  bassus,  low:  see 
base*  and  bass1.  The  ME.  abasen,  abaisen,  with 
its  many  variants,  appears  always  to  have  the 
sense  of  abash,  q.  v.]  1.  To  lower  or  depress, 
as  a  thing;  bringdown.     [Rare.] 

When  suddeinly  that  Warriour  gan  abace 

His  threatned  speare.        Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  26. 

And  will  she  vet  abase  her  eyes  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

2.  To  reduce  or  lower,  as  in  rank,  estimation, 
office,  and  the  like  ;  depress ;  humble ;  degrade. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abase,  Debase,  Degrade,  Humiliate,  Humble, 
THsgrace,  depress,  brhiglow,  dishonor,  cast  down.  Aba.se, 
to  bring  down  in  feelings  or  condition;  it  is  less  often 
used  than  humiliate  or  humble.  Debate,  to  lower  morally 
or  in  quality  :  as,  a  debased  nature  ;  debased  coinage.  De- 
grade, literally,  to  bring  down  a  step,  to  lower  in  rank, 
often  used  as  an  official  or  military  term,  but  figuratively 
used  of  lowering  morally :  as,  intemperance  degrades  its 
victims;  a  degrading  employment.  Humiliate,  to  reduce 
in  the  estimation  of  one's  self  or  of  others ;  it  includes  abase- 
ment  of  feeling  or  loss  of  self-respect.  Humble,  to  abase, 
generally  without  ignominy ;  induce  humility  in  ;  reflex- 
ively,  to  become  humble,  restrain  one's  pride,  act  humbly. 
Disgrace,  literally,  to  put  out  of  favor,  but  always  with 
ignominy  ;  bring  shame  upon. 

Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.    Dan.  iv.  37. 

It  is  a  kind  of  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain  to  debase 
religion  with  such  frivolous  disputes.  Hooker. 

Every  one  is  degraded,  whether  aware  of  it  or  not,  when 
other  people,  without  consulting  him,  take  upon  them- 
selves unlimited  power  to  regulate  his  destiny. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Rep.  Govt.,  viii. 

Me  they  seized  and  me  they  tortured,  me  they  lash'd  and 

humiliated.  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

He  that  humbleth  himself  shall  be  exalted.   Luke  xiv.  11. 

Do  not  disgrace  the  throne  of  thy  glory.        Jer.  xiv.  21. 
abased   (a-basf),  p.  a.    In  her.,  the  same  as 
dbaissi. 

abasement  (a-bas'ment),  n.  [(abase  +  -mint, 
after  F.  abaissement,  lowering,  depression,  hu- 
miliation.] The  act  of  abasing,  humbling,  or 
bringing  low  ;  a  state  of  depression,  degrada- 
tion, or  humiliation. 
abash  (a-bash'),  '>'■  [<  ME.  abashen,  abassen, aba- 
sen,  abaisen,  etc.,  <  AF.  abaiss-,  OF.  eba(h)iss-, 
extended  stem  of  aba(h)ir,  eba(h)ir,  earlier 
esbahir  (>F.  s'ebahir),  be  astonished  (=  Wal- 
loon esbawi  =  It.  sbaire,  be  astonished),  <  cs- 
(<L.  ex,  out:  see  ex-')  +  bahir,  bair,  express 
astonishment,  prob.  <  bah,  interjection  express- 
ing astonishment.  The  D.  verbasen,  astonish, 
may  be  a  derivative  of  OF.  esbahir."]  I.  trans. 
To  confuse  or  confound,  as  by  suddenly  ex- 
citing a  consciousness  of  guilt,  error,  inferi- 
ority, etc. ;  destroy  the  self-possession  of ; 
make  ashamed  or  dispirited ;  put  to  confu- 
sion. =  Syn.  Abash,  Confuse,  Confound,  discompose,  dis- 
concert, put  out  of  countenance,  daunt,  overawe.  (See 
list  under  confuse.)  Abash  is  a  stronger  word  than  con- 
fuse, but  not  so  strong  as  confound.  We  are  abashed  in 
the  presence  of  superiors  or  when  detected  in  vice  or 
misconduct.  When  we  are  confused  we  lose  in  some 
degree  the  control  of  our  faculties,  the  speech  falters, 
and  the  thoughts  lose  their  coherence.  When  we  are 
confounded  the  reason  is  overpowered  —  a  condition 
produced  by  the  force  of  argument,  testimony,  or  detec- 
tion, or  by  disastrous  or  awe-inspiring  events. 
Abashed  the  devil  stood, 

And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.      Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  846. 
Sudden  he  view'd,  in  spite  of  all  her  art, 
An  earthly  lover  lurking  at  her  heart. 
Amazed,  confused,  he  found  his  power  expired. 

Pope,  R.  of  L.,  iii.  145. 
Confounded,  that  her  Maker's  eyes 
Should  look  so  near  upon  her  foul  deformities. 

Milton,  Nativity,  ii.  43. 

II. t  reflex,  and  intrans.  To  stand  or  be  con- 
founded ;  lose  self-possession. 


5 

Abashe  you  not  for  thys  derkenes. 

Caxton,  Paris  ami  Vienne,  p.  62. 
For  she  .  .  .  never  abashed. 

Holinshed,  Chron.,  III.  1098. 

abashment  (a-bash'ruent),  ii.  [<  ME.  abashe- 
meut,  after  OF.  abaissement :  see  abash.] 
The  act  of  abashing,  or  the  state  of  being 
abashed ;  confusion  from  shame ;  consterna- 
tion; fear. 

Which  manner  of  abashment  became  her  not  ill. 

Skclton,  Poems. 
And  all  her  senses  with  abashment  quite  were  quavld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  34. 
abasset,  ''•  '.    Obsolete  form  of  abash.    Chancer. 
abassi,  abassis  (a-bas'i,  -is),  n.    See  abbasi. 
abastardizet  (a-bas'tar-diz),  v.  t.    [<OF.  abas- 
tardir   (>  F.   ahdtardir),  (  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  + 
bastard:  see  bastard  and  bastardize.]    To  bas- 
tardize ;  render  illegitimate  or  base. 
Being  ourselves 
Corrupted  and  abastardized  thus. 

Daniel,  Queen's  Arcadia. 

Abastor  (a-bas'tor),  n.  [NL.  (Gray,  1849).]  A 
North  American  genus  of  ordinary  harmless 
serpents  of  the  family  Colubridce.      a.  erythro- 

oki  nun  us  is  the  hoop-snake,  an  abundant  species  in  damp 
marshy  places  in  the  southern  United  States. 

abatable  (a-ba'ta-bl),  a.  [<  abate  +  -able. ]  Ca- 
pable of  being  abated :  as,  an  abatable  writ  or 
nuisance. 

abatamentumt  (ab"a-ta-inen'tum),  n.  [ML., 
after  abatement,  q.  v.j  In  old  Eng.  law,  the 
ouster  or  disseizin  of  an  heir,  effected  by  the 
wrongful  entry  of  a  stranger  after  the  ances- 
tor's death  and  before  the  heir  had  taken  pos- 
session. 

abate  (a-baf),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abated,  ppr. 
abating.  [<  ME.  abaten,  <  OF.  abatre  (F.  abat- 
tre),  <  ML.  abbatere,  <  L.  ab  +  batere,  popular 
form  of  batuere,  beat.  In  the  legal  sense,  abate 
had  orig.  a  diff.  prefix,  en-,  OF.  enbatre,  thrust 
(one's  self)  into,  <  en,  in,  +  batre,  beat.  See 
batter1,  v.,  and  bate1.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  beat 
down  ;  pull  or  batter  down. 

The  king  of  Scots  .  .  .  sore  abated  the  walls  fof  the 
castle  of  Norham].         Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  5. 

2.  To  deduct ;  subtract ;  withdraw  from  con- 
sideration. 

Nine  thousand  parishes,  abating  the  odd  hundreds. 

Fuller. 

3.  To  lessen ;  diminish ;  moderate :  as,  to 
abate  a  demand  or  a  tax. 

Ttllly  was  the  first  who  observed  that  friendship  im- 
proves happiness  and  abates  misery,  by  the  doubling  of 
our  joy  and  dividing  of  our  grief. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  68. 

4f.  To  deject ;  depress. 

For  miserie  doth  bravest  mindes  abate. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  256. 

5.  To  deprive  ;  curtail. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 
6f.  To  deprive  of  ;  take  away  from. 

I  would  abate  her  nothing.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

7.  In  law:  (a)  To  cause  to  fail  ;  extinguish: 
as,  a  cause  of  action  for  damages  for  a  per- 
sonal tort  is  abated  by  the  death  of  either 
party.  (6)  To  suspend  or  stop  the  progress 
of :  as,  where  the  cause  of  action  survives  the 
death  of  a  party,  the  action  may  be  abated  until 
an  executor  or  administrator  can  be  appointed 
and  substituted,  (c)  To  reduce  :  as,  a  legacy  is 
abated  if  the  assets,  after  satisfying  the  debts, 
are  not  sufficient  to  pay  it  in  full.  ((/)  To  de- 
stroy or  remove ;  put  an  end  to  (a  nuisance). 
A  nuisance  may  be  abated  either  by  a  public  officer  pursu- 
ant to  the  judgment  of  a  court,  or  by  an  aggrieved  person 
exercising  his  common-law  right. 

8.  In  metal.,  to  reduce  to  a  lower  temper. — 

9.  To   steep  in  an  alkaline  solution :  usually 

shortened  to   bate.     See  bate5 Abated  arms, 

weapons  whose  edge  or  point  is  blunted  for  the  tourna- 
ment.—  Abating  process,  a  process  by  which  skins 
are  rendered  soft  and  porous  by  putting  them  into  a  weak 
solution  of  ammoniacal  salt. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  decrease  or  become  less 
in  strength  or  violence :  as,  pain  abates;  the 
storm  has  abated. 

The  very  mind  which  admits  your  evidence  to  be  unan- 
swerable will  swing  back  to  its  old  position  the  instant 

that  the  pressure  of  evidei abates. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  6. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  To  fail ;  come  to  a  premature 
end  ;  stop  progress  or  diminish :  as,  an  ac- 
tion or  cause  of  action  may  abate  by  the  death 
or  marriage  of  a  party.  (/))  To  enter  into  a  free- 
hold after  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  and 
before  the  heir  or  devisee  takes  possession. 
Blaekstone. — 3.  In  the  manege,  to  perform  well 
a  downward  motion.  A  horse  is  said  to  abate,  or 
take  down  his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  curvets,  he 


abatis 

puts  both  his  hind  feet  to  the  ground  .it  once,  and  observes 

tin-  same  exactness  of  time  in  all  the  motion* 

4f.   In  falconry,  to  flutter;  beat  with  the  wings. 

See  batel.  =  Syn.  1.  To  Abate,  Subside,  Intermit,  de- 
crease, decline,  diminish,  lessen, wane,  ebb,  la  11  au  a> .  mod- 
erate,  calm.  Abate,  to  diminish  in  force  or  intensity:  as,  the 
Btorm  abated;  "my  wonder  abated,"  Addison.  Subside, 
to  cease  from  agitation  or  commotion  ;  become  li  in 
quantity  or  amount:  as,  the  waves  subside;  the  excite- 
ment   ol    tile   people  subsided.      Abate   is  not    s<  ■  complete 

in  its  effect  as  subside.  Intermit,  to  abate,  subside,  or 
cease  for  a  time. 

Nor  will  the  raging  fever's  fire  abate 
With  golden  canopies  and  beds  of  state. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ii.  38. 

A  slight  temporary  fermentation  allowed  to  substih  .  we 

should  see  crystallizations  more  pure  and  of  more  various 

beauty.  Ming.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  37. 

A  spring  which  intermits  as  often  as  every  three  min- 
utes. ,N  ichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  11. 

abatet  (a-baf),  h.     [(.abate,  v.]  Abatement  or 
decrease. 
The  abate  of  scruples  or  dragmes.  Sir  T.  Broume. 

abate  (a-bB/te),  n.    See  abbate. 

abated  (a-ba'ted),  p.  a.  [<  abate,  v.]  In 
decorative  art,  lowered,  beaten  down,  or  cut 
away,  as  the  background  of  an  ornamental  pat- 
tern in  relief.  Used  specifically  of  stone-cutting ;  also 
of  metal  when  the  pattern  or  inscription  is  to  show  bright 
on  dark,  and  the  ground  is  therefore  worked  out  with  the 
graving-tool  and  left  rough  or  hatched  in  lines. 

abatement  (a-bat'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  abatement, 
(abatre,  beat  down:  see  abate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  abating,  or  the  state  of  being  abated ; 
diminution,  decrease,  reduction,  or  mitigation : 
as,  abatement  of  grief  or  pain. 

The   spirit  of   accumulation  .  .  .  requires   abatement 
rather  than  increase.        J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  2. 
Such  sad  abatement  in  the  goal  attained. 

Lowell,  Voyage  to  Vinland. 

2.  The  amount,  quantity,  or  sum  by  which  any- 
thing is  abated  or  reduced;  deduction;  de- 
crease. Specifically,  a  discount  allowed  for  the  prompt 
payment  of  a  del  it,  for  damage,  for  o\  nv  barge,  or  for  any 
similar  reason ;  rebate. 

Would  the  Council  of  Regency  consent  to  an  abate- 
ment of  three  thousand  pounds? 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxii. 

3.  In  Iter.,  a  mark  annexed  to  coat-armor,  in 
order  to  denote  some  dishonorable  act  of  the 
person  bearing  the  coat  of  arms,  or  his  illegiti- 
mate descent.  Nine  marks  for  the  former  purpose 
are  mentioned  by  heralds,  but  no  instance  of  their  actual 
use  is  on  record.  The  bendlet  or  baton  sinister  (which  see), 
a  mark  of  illegitimacy,  is  of  the  nature  of  an  abatement ; 
but  the  paternal  shield,  although  charged  with  the  baton 
sinister,  would  generally  be  the  most  honorable  bearing 
within  reach  of  the  illegitimate  son.  Abatements  gener- 
ally must  be  regarded  as  false  heraldry,  and  are  very 
modern  in  their  origin.  The  word  is  also  used  to  denote 
the  turning  upside  down  of  the  whole  shield,  which  was 
common  in  the  degrading  of  a  knight.  Also  called  rebate- 
ment. 

Throwing  down  the  stars  [the  nobles  and  senators)  to 
the  ground;  putting  dishonourable  abatements  into  the 
fairest  coats  of  arms.  J.  Spencer,  Righteous  Ruler. 

4.  In  law :  (a)  Removal  or  destruction,  as  of 
a  nuisance.  (6)  Failure  ;  premature  end  ;  sus- 
pension or  diminution,  as  of  an  action  or  of  a 
legacy.  See  abate,  (c)  The  act  of  intruding 
on  a  freehold  vacated  by  the  death  of  its  for- 
mer owner,  and  not  yet  entered  on  by  the  heir 
or  devisee,  (d)  In  reroute  laic :  (1)  A  deduction 
from  or  refunding  of  duties  on  goods  damaged 
during  importation  or  in  store.  (2)  A  deduc- 
tion from  the  amount  of  a  tax.  The  mode  of 
abatement  is  prescribed  by  statute. —  5t.  In 
carji.,  the  waste  of  a  piece  of  stuff  caused  by 
working  it  into  shape — piea  in  abatement,  in 
/o/c.  a  defense  on  some  ground  that  serves  to  suspend 
or  defeat  the  particular  action,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  plea  in  bar,  which  goes  to  the  merits  of  the 
claim.  Thus,  a  plea  that  the  defendant  is  now  insane 
would  beonlyajptea  in  abatement,  because,  if  sustained, 
it  would  at  most  only  suspend  the  action  while  his 
insanity  continued  ;  but  a  plea  that  he  was  insane  at  the 
time  of  the  transactions  alleged  would  be  a  plea  in  bar, 
as  showing  that  he  never  incurred  any  liability  what- 
ever. =Syn.  1.  Decrease,  decline,  diminution,  subsidence, 
intermission,  waning,  ebb. —  2.  Rebate,  allowance,  deduc- 
tion, discount,  mitigation. 

abater  (a-ba'ter),  «.  [See  abator.]  One  who 
or  that  which  abates.     See  abator. 

abatisH  (ab'a-tis),  n.  [ML.;  lit.,  of  the  mea- 
sures :  L.  (7,  ab,  from,  of;  LL.  batus,  <  Gr.  pa-roc, 
(  Heb.  bath,  a  liquid  measure:  see  batlfi.]  In 
the  middle  ages,  an  officer  of  the  stables  who 
had  the  care  of  measuring  out  the  provender  ; 
an  avenor. 

abatis2,  abattis  (a-ba-te'  or  ab'a-tis),  n.  [<  F. 
abatis,  demolition,  felling,  <  OF.'  abaleis,  <ML. 
*abbaticins,  (abbatere,  beat  down,  fell:  see 
abate,  v.]  1.  In  fort.,  a  barricade  made  of 
felled  trees  denuded  of  their  smaller  branches. 
with  the  butt-ends  of  the  trunks  embedded 


abatis 

iii  the  earth  <>r  secured  by  pickets,  and  the 
sharpened  ends  of  the  branches  directed  up- 
ward and  outward  toward   an  advancing  en- 


emy, for  the  purpose  of  obstructing  his  pro- 
gress.  In  field-fortifications  the  abatis  is  usually  con- 
structed in  fruut  of  the  ditch.  Sec  fortification, 
2.  In  coal-wining,  walls  of  cord-wood  piled  up 
crosswise  to  keep  the  underground  roads  open 
so  as  to  secure  ventilation.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.] 

abatised,  abattised(ab'a-tist),  p.a.  Provided 
with  an  abatis. 

abat-jour  (a-ba'zh8r),  n.  [F.,  any  contrivance 
or  apparatus  to  admit  light,  or  to  throw  it  in  a 
desired  direction,  as  a  lamp-shade;  (.abattre, 
throw  down  (see  abate),  +jour,  day,  daylight: 
see  journal.']  1.  A  skylight,  or  any  beveled  ap- 
erture made  in  the  wall  of  an  apartment  or  in 
a  roof,  for  the  better  admission  of  light  from 
above. —  2.  A  sloping,  box-like  structure,  flar- 
ing upward  and  open  at  the  top,  attached  to  a 
window  on  the  outside,  to  prevent  those  within 
from  seeing  objects  below,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  directing  light  downward  into  the  window. 

abator  (a-ba'tor),  n.  [Also  abater;  <.abate  + 
-er1,  -or~.]  One  who  or  that  which  abates. 
Specifically,  in  law:  (a)  A  person  who  without  right 
eaters  int«  >  a  freehold,  on  the  death  of  the  last  possessor, 
before  the  heir  or  devisee.  (6)  An  agent  or  cause  by  which 
an  abatement  is  procured,  (c)  One  who  removes  a  nui- 
sance     v>'>  ab  <■• .  ab  itement. 

abattis,  «.     See  abatis2. 

abattoir  (a-bat-wor'),  ».  [P.,  < abatfare, knock 
down,  slaughter,  +  -oir  (<  L.  -orium),  indicating 
place.]  A  public  slaughter-house,  in  Europe 
and  in  the  United  States  abattoirs  of  great  size  have  been 
erected  and  provided  with  elaborate  machinery  for  the 
humane  and  rapid  slaughter  of 
large  numbers  of  animals,  and 
forthe  proper  commercial  and 
sanitary  disposal  of  the  waste 
material. 

a  battuta  (a  bat-tB'ta). 

[It.:  see  bate1,  battel.'] 
With  the  beat,  in  <„,,.,■■  a 
direction  to  resume  strict  time 
after  the  free  declamation  of  a 
Binger:  chiefly  used  in  recita 
tives.  It  is  equivalent  to  a 
fi  mpo.  Grove, 

abature  (ab'a-Jjur),  n.  [< 
OF.  abatture,  a  throwing 
down,  pi.  abattures,  un- 
derbrush trampled  down, 
<  abatrc,  beat  down:  see 
abate,  v.]  The  mark  or 
track  of  a  beast  of  the 
chase  on  the  grass;  foil- 
in-. 

abat-vent  (a-bfi'von),  n. 
[F.,  <  abattri ,  throw  down  (see  abate),  +  vent, 
wind  :  see  vent."]  1.  A  vertical  series  of  slop- 
ing roofs  or  broad  slats,  inclined  outward  aud 
downward,  forming 
the  filling  of  a  belfry-  s<? s-"- 

light.and  designed  to 
admit  ventilation  to 
the  timber  frame 
while  protecting  the 
Ulterior  from  rtiin 
and  wind,  and  to  di- 
rect downward  the 
sound  of  the  bells. — 

2.  A  sloping  roof,  as 
that  of  a  penthouse  : 
so  named  because  the 
slope  neutraliz'  i  In 
force  of  the  wind. — 

3.  Any  contrivance 
designed  to  act  as  a 
slu-lti-r  or  protection 
from  the  wind, 
rally,  a  revolving  mi  tal 
i,  cap  irrytn  b  * ane 
attached  to  the  top  ol  a 
I'liiintit  >  i"  keep  1  be  h Ind 

it blowing     directly 

down  ii-  i ' 

abat-voix(u  i.ii'vwo),  Ali, 

n.     [K.  <  itballn   (sc.-  Vurk. 

abate, c. )  +  voir,  voice : 

see  voice."]     A  sounding-board  over  a  pulpit 
or  rostrum,  designed  to  reflect  the  speaker's 


Abat-vent,  13th  century. 


G 

voice  downward  toward  the  audience,  or  in 
any  desired  direction. 

abawet,  v.  I.  [<  ME.  abaxoi  »,  abauen,  <  i  >!■'.  abau- 
bir,  astonish,  <  a-  +  baubir,  baubier,  stammer, 
<  h.balbutire,  stammer,  <  balbus  (OP.  baubt  , 
stammering:  sec  booby&oA  balbuties.    The  ME. 

form  and  sense  seem  to  have  been  affected  by 

OP.  abahir,  ebahir,  esbahir,  be  astonished,  for 

which  see  abash.]    To  abash;  dazzle;  astonish. 

I  was  dbawed  for  marveile.  Rom.  of  Rose,  1.  3040. 

abaxial  (ab-ak'si-al),  a.    Same  as  abaxile, 

abaxile   (ab-ak'sil),   a.    [<L.   oft,  away  from, 

+  axis  :  sec  axile.]     Not  in  the  axis.    Specifically, 

in  bot.t  applied  to  an  embryo  placed  out  of  the  axis  of 

the  seed.    Another  form  is  abaxial. 

abb  (ab)J  «.  [<  ME.  abbc,<.  AS.  db,  short  for  aweb, 
woof,  <  dwefan (=  OHGL  arweban,  <i.  erweben), 
weave,  <  a-  +  wefan,  weave:  see  a-1  and  weave, 
web.  From  another  form  of  aweb,  namely, 
mi'  b,  owe/,  comes  E.  woof,  q.  v.]  1.  Yarn  for 
the  warp  in  weaving. —  2.  In  wool-sorting,  one 
of  two  qualities  of  wool  known  as  coarse  abb 
and  fine  abb  respectively. 

abba1  (ab'a),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  <i/3/3n,<  Syriac  abba 
and  abbo  =  Chal.  «ftft<«  =  Heb.  ab,  father.  See 
abbot.]  Father.  It  is  used  in  the  New  Testament 
three  times  (Mark  xiv.  36,  Rom.  viii.  15,  Gal.  iv.  6),  in  each 
instance  accompanied  by  its  translation,  "Abba,  Father," 
as  an  invocation  of  the  Deity,  expressing  close  filial  rela- 
tion. Either  through  its  liturgical  use  in  the  Judeo- 
Christian  church  or  through  its  employment  by  the  Syriac 
monks,  it  has  passed  into  general  ecclesiastical  language 
in  the  modified  form  of  abbat  or  abbot  (which  see). 

abba'2,  n.     See  aba1. 

abbacinate  (a-bas'i-nat),  r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
abbacinated,  ppr.  abbacmating,  [<  ML.  abaci- 
natus,  pp.  of  abacinare  (It.  abbacinare  =  OP. 
abaciner),  <  a-  for  ad-,  to,  +  bacinus,  basin: 
see  basin.]  To  deprive  of  sight  by  placing  a 
red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the  eyes:  a 
mode  of  punishment  employed  in  the  middle 
ages.    Also  spelled  abacinatr. 

abbacination  (a-bas-i-na'shon),  n.  {(.abbaci- 
natc]  The  act  or  process  of  blinding  a  per- 
son by  placing  a  red-hot  copper  basin  close  to 
the  eyes.    Also  spelled  abacinaHon. 

abbacy  (ab'a-si ),  n. ;  pi.  abbacies  (-siz).  [Earlier 
abbatie,  <  Lti.  abbat i a :  see  abbey1.]  1.  The 
office  of  an  abbot ;  an  abbot's  dignity,  rights, 
privileges,  and  jurisdiction. 

According  to  Felinus,  an  abbacy  is  the  dignity  itself, 
since  abbot  is  a  term  or  word  of  dignity,  and  not  of  ottiee. 

Aitlijl<\  I'arergon 

Owing  to  the  vast  wealth  of  the  church,  the  chief  offices 

in  it,  and  especially  the  bishoprics  and  the  great  abbacies, 

had  become  positions  of  great  worldly  power  and  dignity. 

Stillr,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  286. 

2.  An  abbatial  establishment ;  an  abbey  with 
all  that  pertains  to  it. 

The  abbot  was  elected  by  the  monks  of  the  monastery, 
at  least  in  the  greater  part  of  abbacies. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealtli  of  Nations,  v.  1. 

Also  called  abbotcy. 

abbandonatamente  tab-ban-do-na-ta-men'ti ), 
adv.  [It.,  (. abbandonata,  fern.  pp.  of  abban- 
donare  (see  abandon),  +  adv.  suffix  -mente,  orig. 
L.  mente,  abl.  of  mens,  mind:  see  mental.]  In 
music,  with  abandonment;  so  as  to  make  the 
time  subordinate  to  the  expression. 

abbast,  «.  [Pers.]  1.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
pearls,  said  to  be  2}  grains  troy.  Also  spelled 
abas. —  2.  Same  as  abbasi,  1. 

abbasi  (a-bas'i),  «.  [Said  to  be  named  from  the 
Persian  ruler  Shall  Alibas  II.]  1.  The  name 
of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  in  Persia. 

It  is  not  certain  to  what  particular  coin  the  term  was  ap- 
plied ;  according  to  Marsden,  various  pieces  coined  in 
1684,  1700,  and  17"1,  and  weighing  about  4  dwt.  17  gr.,  are 
ahhasis,  and  are  worth  about  -JO  cents. 

2.  The  20-copeck   silver  pieco  circulating  in 
Russia,  weighing  about  01  grains,   .500  tine, 
and  wort h  about  *4  cents. 
Also  written  abassi,  abassis. 

abbatt  (ab'at),  n.    Same  as  abbot. 

abbate  ab-ba  te),  n. ;  pi.  abbati (-ti).  [Tt.,also 
abate, < L.  abbdtem,  ace.  of  abbas:  see  abbot] 
A  title  of  honor,  now  given  to  ecclesiastics 
in  Italy  not  otherwise  designated,  I  mi  I  formerly 
applied  to  all  in  any  way  connected  with  cler- 
ical affairs, tribunals,  etc.,  and  wearing  the  ec- 
clesiastical dress.     Also  spelled  abate. 

An  old  Abate  meek  and  mild, 

\l\  friend  and  teacher  when  a  child. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  3d  Inter. 

abbatesset,  ».    See  abbotess. 

abbatial  (a-ba'shial).  a.    [Oil,.  abbaUalis,i 

LI.,  abbatia  :    see   abbacy.]     Pertaining   to   an 
a  Id  i>  it   or  abbey:  as,  an  abbatial  benediction; 
abbatial  lands, 
abbaticalt  (a-bat'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  abbatial. 


abbey 

abbayt,  abbayet,  «•  Middle  English  forms  of 
abbey1. 

They  carried  him  into  the  next  abbay. 

i  'haucer,  Prior's  Tale. 
They  would  rend  this  abbaye's  massy  nave. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  -M.,  ii.  14. 

abbe  (a-ba'),  «.  [F.,<  L.  abbatem,  aee.  of  abbas : 
see  abbot.]  In  France,  an  abbot,  (o)  More  gen- 
erally, and  especially  before  the  French  revolution :  (1) 

Any  secular  person,  whether  ecclesiastic  or  layman,  hold- 
ing an  abbey  in  commendam,  that  is,  enjoying  a  portion, 
generally  about  one  third,  of  its  revenues,  with  certain  hon- 
ors, but,  except  by  privilege  from  the  pope,  having  no  ju- 
risdiction over  the  monks,  and  not  bound  to  residence, 
Such  persons  were  styled  abbis  convmendataires,  and  wi  re 
required  to  be  in  orders,  though  a  dispensation  from  this 
requirement  was  not  uncommonly  obtained.  (2)  A  title 
assumed,  either  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  an  abbey  orfor 
the  sake  of  distinction,  by  a  numerous  class  of  men  who 
had  studied  theolo-\  |.i:i.li- -I  e<  liharv,  and  adopted  a 
peculiar  dress,  but  who  had  only  a  formal  connection  with 
the  church,  and  were  for  the  most  part  employed  as  tu- 
tors in  the  families  of  the  nobility,  or  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits,  (b)  In  recent  usage,  a  title  assumed,  like  the 
Italian  title  abbate  (which  see),  by  a  class  of  unbeneficed 
secular  clerks. 
abbess  (ab'es),  n.  [<  ME.  abbesse,  abbes,  <  OF. 
abbessc,  abesse=Pr.  abadessa,  <  L.  abbatissa, 
fern,  of  abbas :  see  abbot,  and  of.  abbotess.]  1.  A 
female  superior  of  a  convent  of  nuns,  regularly 
in  the  same  religious  orders  in  which  the  monks 
are  governed  by  an  abbot ;  also,  a  superior  of 

CanOUeSSeS.       An  abbess  is,  in  general,  elected  by  the 

nuns,  and  is  subject  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  by  whom 
site  is  invested  according  to  a  special  rite  called  the  bene- 
diction  "/  an  abbess.  She  must  be  at  least  forty  years  of 
age,  ami  must  have  been  for  eight  years  a  nun  in  the 
same  monastery.  She  lias  the  government  of  the  convent, 
with  the  administration  of  the  goods  of  the  community, 
but  cannot,  on  account  of  her  sex,  exercise  any  of  the 
spiritual  functions  pertaining  to  the  priesthood.  Some- 
times civil  or  feudal  rights  have  been  attached  to  the 
office  of  abbess,  as  also  jurisdiction  over  other  subordinate 
convents. 

2.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wiirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
lady  superiors  of  the  Protestant  seminaries  .and 
sisterhoods  to  which  the  property  of  certain 
convents  was  transferred  at  the  Reformation. 

abbey1  (ab'e),  n.  [<ME.  abbeye,  abbayc,  etc., 
<  OF.  abeie,  abate,  <  LL.  abbatia,  an  abbey,  <L. 
abbas,  an  abbot:  see  abbot.]    1.  A  monastery 

or  convent  of 
persons  of  either 
sex  devoted  to 
religion  and  cel- 
ibacy, and  gov- 
erned by  an 
abbot  or  abbess 
(which  see). 
Royal  and  imperial 
abbeys  were  depen 

dent  on  the  supreme 
civil  authority  in 
their  temporal  ad- 
ministration; others 
were  episcopal,  etc. 
In  exempt  abbeys, 
the  abbot  or  abbess 
is  subject  not  to  the 
bishop  of  the  dio- 
ivsr,  but  directly  to 
the  pope. 

2.  The  build- 
ings of  a  mon- 
astery   or    eon- 

litiy  gate,  or  Porte  Papale;  E(~cbapter-  Vent;  SOme- 

house,  with  dormitories  above ;   F,  Chapel  tim,oj     lti   nnrtic- 

of  the  Vircin  ;  G.  refectory  ;  H,  cellars  and  l1'        B>  ™  I'.'U  '  " 

presses;  b  abbot's  lodging;  K,  ditches;  L,  Ular,    the    house 

gardens;  M,  various  dependencies.  >,,,  ^j,.,,.,  for  tho 

residence  of  the  abbot  or  abbess.  After  the  sup- 
pressionof  the  English  monasteries  bj  Henry  \  ill.  many 
of  the  abbatial  buildings  were  converted  into  private 
dwellings,  to  which  the  name  abbey  is  still  applied,  as,  for 
example,  tfewstead  Abbey,  the  residence  of  Lord  Byron. 

3.  A  church  now  or  formerly  attached  to  a 
monastery  or  convent :  as,  Westminster  Abbey. 
—  4.  In  Scotland,  the  sanctuary  formerly  af- 
forded by  the  abbey  of  Holyrood  Palace,  as 
having  1 a  a  royal  residence. 

abbey2  (ab  e),  »  [Prob.  a  modification  of 
abele,  q.  v.,  in  simulation  of  abbey1.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  white  poplar,  l'o)mliis 
alba.     [Eng.] 


Plan  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Germain-des-Pres, 
Paris,  in  the  13th  century. 
A,  church  ;    B,  cloister ;  C,  city  gate  ;  D, 
ale ;  E,  chapter- 


verse.  Reverse. 

Abbey-counter,  in  the  British  Museum. 


abbey-counter 

abbey-counter  (ab'e-kounter),  «•     [<  abbey1 

+  counter1.]  A  kind  of  medal,  stamped  with 
sacred  emblems,  the  arms  of  an  abbey,  or 
other  device,  given  to  a  pilgrim  as  a  token  of 
his  having  visited  the  shrine ;  a  kind  of  pil- 
grim's sign  (which  see,  under  pilgrim  ). 

abbey-laird  (ab'e-lard),  n.  [<abbeyi  (in  ref. 
to  the  abbey  of  Holyrood)  +  laird,  proprietor.  ] 
In  Scotland,  a  name  humorously  applied  to  an 
insolvent  debtor  who  escaped  his  creditors  by 
taking  refuge  within  the  legal  sanctuary  for- 
merly constituted  by  the  precincts  of  Holy- 
rood  Abbey. 

abbey-land  (ab'e-land),  n.  [(abbey1  +laii(l'] 
An  estate  in  land  annexed  to  an  abbey. 

abbey-lubber  (ab'e-luVer),  ».  [(.abbey1  + 
lubber.']  An  old  term  of  contempt  for  an  able- 
bodied  idler  who  grew  sleek  and  fat  upon  the 
charity  of  religious  houses :  also  sometimes 
applied  to  monks. 

This  is  no  huge,  overgrown  abbey-lubber. 

Dryden,  Spanish  Friar,  iii.  3. 

abbot  (ab'ot),  re.  [<ME.  abbot,  abbod,  <  AS. 
abbot,  usually  abbod,  abbud,  <  L.  abbatem,  ace. 
of  abbas,  an  abbot,  <  L.  abba,  father :  see 
abba1."]  1.  Literally,  father:  a  title  originally 
given  to  any  monk,  but  afterward  limited  to 
the  head  or  superior  of  a  monastery,  it  was 
formerly  especially  used  in  the  order  of  St.  Benedict, 
rector  being  employed  by  the  Jesuits,  guardianus  by  the 
Franciscans,  prior  by  the  Dominicans,  and  archimaitdriie 
or  kegoumenos  by  the  Greek  and  Oriental  churches,  to 
designate  the  same  office.  Originally  the  abbots,  like  the 
monks,  were  usually  laymen  ;  later  tiny  were  required  to 
be  in  holy  orders.  They  were  at  first  subject  to  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese  ;  but  in  the  contentions  between  the  bishops 
and  abbots  the  latter  in  many  cases  gradually  acquired 
exemption  from  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops  and  became 
subject  to  the  pope  directly,  or  to  an  abbot-general,  or 
arehabbot,  who  exercised  a  supervision  over  several  asso- 
ciated abbeys.  As  the  influence  of  the  religious  orders 
increased,  the  power,  dignity,  and  wealth  of  the  abbots 
increased  proportionally ;  many  of  them  held  rank  as  tem- 
poral lords,  and,  as  mitered  abbots,  exercised  certain  epis- 
copal functions  in  the  territory  surrounding  their  monas- 
teries. In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  twenty-six  abbots  sat 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  Until  the  sixth  century  abbots 
were  chosen  from  the  monks  by  the  bishop  ;  since  that 
time  they  have  been  generally  elected  by  the  monks  them- 
selves, ordinarily  for  life.  In  some  instances,  where  the 
administration  of  the  revenues  of  an  abbey  fell  under  the 
civil  authority,  the  conferring  of  the  benefice,  and  there- 
fore the  nomination  of  the  abbot,  came  into  the  hands  of 
the  temporal  sovereign,  a  practice  variously  regulated  by 
concordats  with  the  different  countries.  The  right  of 
confirmation  varies ;  the  solemn  benediction  of  an  abbot 
ordinarily  belongs  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  occasion- 
ally to  the  head  abbot,  or  to  a  special  bishop  chosen  by 
the  abbot  elect.  In  some  instances  of  exempt  abbeys  it 
has  been  conferred  by  the  pope  in  person. 

2.  In  later  usage,  loosely  applied  to  the  holder 
of  one  of  certain  non-monastic  offices,  (a)  The 
principal  of  a  body  of  parochial  clergy,  as  an  Episcopal 
rector.  (6)  A  cathedral  officer  at  Toledo,  Spain,  (c)  In 
the  middle  ages,  the  head  of  various  guilds,  associations, 
and  popular  assemblages :  as,  abbot  of  bell-ringers ;  the 
abbot  of  misrule. 

3.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wiirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
heads  of  certain  Protestant  institutions  to 
which  the  property  of  various  abbeys  was 
transferred  at  the  Reformation.  See  abbess, 
2 — Abbot  of  abbots,  a  title  formerly  conferred  upon 
the  abbot  of  the  original  Benedictine  monastery  of  Monte 
Cassino.—  Abbot  Of  misrule  (in  England),  abbot  of  un- 
reasonfin Scotland),  the  personage  who  took  the  principal 
part  in  the  Christmas  revels  ..f  the  populace  before  the  Ref- 
ormation.—Abbot  of  the  people  (abbas  populi).  (a) 
From  1270  to  1339,  the  nominal  chief  magistrate  of  the 
republic  of  Genoa,  (b)  The  chief  magistrate  of  the  Geno- 
ese in  Galata.— Abbot  of  yellow-beaks,  or  freshmen, 
a  mock  title  at  the  University  of  Paris. — Cardinal  ab- 
bot, a  title  borne  by  the  abbots  of  Cluny  and  Velidome, 
who  were  ex  officio  cardinals.  —  Mitered  abbot,  an  abbot 
who  has  the  privilege  of  using  the  insignia  and  exercising 
certain  of  the  functions  of  a  bishop.  —  Regular  abbot, 
an  abbot  duly  elected  and  confirmed,  and  exercising 
the  functions  of  the  office.  —  Secular  abbot,  a  person 
who  is  not  a  monk,  but  holds  an  abbacy  as  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice  with  the  title  and  some  of  the  revenues 
and  honors  of  the  office.  See  def,  3,  above. — Titular  ab- 
bot, a  person  possessing  the  title  but  not  exercising  the 
functions  of  an  abbot,  as  when  an  abbey  had  been  con- 
fiscated or  given  in  commendam.  See  abbe. —  Triennial 
abbot,  an  abbot  appointed  for  three  years  instead  of,  as 
ordinarily,  for  life.  =Syn.  Abbot,  Prior.     See  prior. 

abbotcy  (ab'ot-si),  «.  [(at>bot  +  -cy.]  Same  as 
abbacy.  [Rare.] 
abbotesst,  »■  [<ME.  abbatesse,  -isse,  <  AS.  ab- 
bodesse,  -isse,  abbadisse,  abbudisse,  <  ML.  abba- 
dissa,  prop. - abbaUssa  (>  ult.  abbess,  q.  v.), 
<  abbas  (abbat-)  +  leva,  -issa.]  An  abbess.  Also 
written  abbatesse. 

Abbots,  Abbotesses,  Presbyters,  and  Deacons.       Selden. 
And  at  length  became  abbatesse  there. 

Holinshed,  Chron. 
abbot-general  (ab'ot-jen  e-ra.1),  re.     The  head 
of  a  congregation  of  monasteries. 
abbotship  (ab'ot-ship),  n.     [<  abbot  +  -ship.] 
The  state  or  office  of  an  abbot. 


abbozzo  (ab-bot'Bd),  n.  [It.,  also  abboszato, 
sketch,  outline,  (.abbozzare,  to  sketch,  deline- 
ate, also  bozzare,  (  bozza,  blotch,  rough  draft, 
=  Pr.  bossa  (>F.  bosse),  swelling,  <  OHG-.  bo:o, 
a  bundle:  see  boss1  and  beat.]  The  dead  or 
first  coloring  laid  on  a  picture  after  the  sketch 
has  been  blocked  in.  Airs.  Merrifield,  Ancient 
Practice  of  Painting  (1849),  I.  ccc. 

abbr.  A  common  abbreviation  of  abbreviated 
ami  abbreviation. 

abbreuvoir,  n.    See  abreuvoir. 

abbreviate  (a-bre'vi-at),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
breriated,  ppr.  abbreviating.  [<  LL.  abbrematits, 
pp.  of  abbreriare,  shorten,  <  ad-,  to,  +  brevis, 
short.  The  same  L.  verb,  through  the  F.,  has 
become  E.   abridge:  see   abridge   and   brief.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  make  briefer;  abridge;  make 
shorter  by  contraction  or  omission  of  a  part  : 
as,  to  abbreviate  a  writing  or  a  word. — 2.  In 
math.,  to  reduce  to  the  lowest  terms,  as  frac- 
tions. =  Syn.  1.  To  shorten,  curtail,  abridge,  epitomize, 
reduce,  compress,  condense,  cut  down. 

II.   intrans.   To  practise  or  use  abbreviation. 

It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting,  another  by 
cutting  off.  Bacon,  Essays,  xxvi. 

abbreviate  (a-bre'vi-at),  «.  and  re.  [<LL.  abbre- 
viates:  see  abbreviate,  v.]    I.  a.  Abbreviated. 
II.  it.  An  abridgment ;  an  abstract. 
The  Speaker,  taking  the  Bill  in  his  hand,  reads  the  Ab- 
breviate or  Abstract  of  the  said  bill. 

i  'hamberlayne,  State  of  Great  Britain. 

abbreviately  (a-bre'vi-at-li),  adv.  Briefly. 
[Rare.] 

Tlic  sweete  smacke  that  Yarmouth  Andes  in  it  .  .  . 
abbreviatly  and  meetely  according  to  my  old  Sarum  plaine- 
song  I  have  harpt  upon. 

Rathe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  162). 

abbreviation  f  a-bre-vi-a'shon),  »•  [=  F.  abri- 
viation,  <  LL.  abbveviatio(n-),(  abbreriare  :  see 
abbreviate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  abbreviating, 
shortening,  or  contracting ;  the  state  of  being 
abbreviated ;  abridgment. 

Tins  hook,  as  graver  authors  say,  was  called  Liber 
Domus  Dei,  and,  by  abbreviation,  Domesday  Book. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist,  of  Eng. 

2.  A  shortened  or  contracted  form ;  a  part 
used  for  the  whole.  Specifically,  a  part  of  a  word, 
phrase,  or  title  so  used  ;  a  syllable,  generally  the  initial 
syllable,  used  for  the  whole  word;  a  letter,  or  a  series  of 
letters,  standing  for  a  word  or  words  :  as,  Esq.  for  esquire  ; 
A.  D.  for  Anno  Domini ;  F.  R.  S.  for  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

3.  In  math.,  a  reduction  of  fractions  to  the  low- 
est terms. — 4.  In  music,  a  method  of  notation 
by  means  of  which  certain  repeated  notes, 
cnords,  or  passages  are  indicated  without  be- 
ing written  out  in  full.  There  are  various  forms 
of  abbreviation,  the  most  common  of  which  are  here 
shown : 


Written. 


33*2 


Played. 


=  Syn.  2.  Abbreviation,  Contraction.    An  abbreviation  of  a 
word  is  strictly  a  part  of  it,  generally  the  first  letter  or 


abdest 

syllable,  taken  for  the  whole,  with  no  indication  of  the  re- 
maining portion:  as,  A.  It.  for  Anno  Domini;  Gen.  for 
i,  ui  ria  ;  math,  for  mathematics  ;  Alt  x,  tor  Alexander.  A 
contraction,  on  the  other  band,  is  made  by  tin-  elision  of 
certain  letters  or  syllables  from  the  body  of  the  word, 
but  iii  stub  a  manner  as  to  indicate  the  whole  word:  as, 
reed.  payt.  or  redd  pay't  for  received  payment;  contd.tov 
contracted  or  continued;  Wm,  [or  Wwxam.  In  common 
usage,  however,  this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 

abbreviatio  placitorum  (a-bre-vi-a'shi-6  plas- 
i-to'rum).  [ML.]  Literally,  an  abridgment 
of  the  pleas  ;  a  brief  report  of  law-cases  ;  spe- 
cifically, notes  of  cases  decided  in  the  reign  of 
King  John,  which  constitute  the  earliest  Eng- 
lish law-reports,  and  embody  the  germs  and 
early  developments  of  the  common  law. 

abbreviator  (a-bre'vi-a-tpr),  n.  [<  ML.  ab- 
breviator, <LL.   abbreviate  :  see  abbreviate,  v.] 

1.  One  who  abbreviates,  abridges,  or  reduces 
to  a  smaller  compass ;  specifically,  one  who 
abridges  what  has  been  written  by  another. 

Neither  the  archbishop  nor  his  abbreviator. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

2.  One  of  a  number  of  secretaries  in  the  chan- 
cery of  the  pope  who  abbreviate  petitions  ac- 
cording to  certain  established  and  technical 
rules,  and  draw  up  the  minutes  of  the  apostolic 
letters.  They  formerly  numbered  72,  of  whom  the  12  prin- 
cipal were  styled  de  majori  parco  (literally,  of  the  greater 
parquet,  from  the  parquet  in  the  chancery  where  they 
wrote)  and  22  others  de  minori  parco(ot  the  lesser  par- 
quet), the  remainder  being  of  lower  rank.  The  number  is 
now  reduced  to  11,  all  de  majori  parco.  They  sign  the 
apostolic  bulls  in  the  name  of  the  cardinal  vice-chancellor. 
The  abbreviator  of  the  curia  is  a  prelate  not  belonging  to 
the  above  college,  but  attached  to  the  office  of  the  apos- 
tolic datary  (see  datary2);  he  expedites  bulls  relating  to 
pontifical  laws  and  constitutions,  as  for  the  canonization 
of  saints,  and  the  like. 

abbreviatory  (a-bre'vi-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  abbre- 
viate +  -tin/.]  "Abbreviating  or  tending  to 
abbreviate  ;  shortening  ;  contracting. 
abbreviaturet  (a-bre'vi-a-tur),  it.  [<  abbreviate 
+ -are.]  1.  A  letter  or  character  used  as  an 
abbreviation. 

The  hand  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbreviatures, 
hieroglyphics,  or  short  characters. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Jlor.,  §25. 

2.  An  abridgment ;  a  compendium. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole  duty  of  a 
Christian.  Jer.  Taylor,  Guide  to  Devotion. 

abbrochment  (a-broch'ment),  n.  [<  ML.  abro- 
camentum,  appar.  formed  from  stem  of  E.  brok- 
age,  brok-er,  etc.]  The  act  of  forestalling  the 
market  or  monopolizing  goods.  Erroneously 
spelled  abroachment. 

abb-WOOl  (ab'wiil  ),  n.  1.  Wool  for  the  abb  or 
warp  of  a  web. —  2.  A  variety  of  wool  of  a 
certain  fineness.     See  abb. 

a-b-C  (a-be-ce).  [ME.  abc  ;  as  a  word,  spelled 
variously  abece,  «/»<■',  apecy,  apsie,  apcie,  absee, 
absie,  absey,  abeesee,  etc.,  especially  for  a  primer 
or  spelling-book  ;  in  comp.,  absey-booh,  etc.  Cf. 
abecedarian,  and  alphabet.]  1.  The  first  three 
letters  of  the  alphabet ;  hence,  the  alphabet. 
—  2.  An  a-b-e  book;  a  primer — A-b-c  book,  a 
primer  for  teaching  the  alphabet. 

Abd  (abd).  [Ar.  'ubtl,  a  slave,  servant.]  A 
common  element  in  Arabic  names  of  persons, 
meaning  servant :  as,  Abdullah,  servant  of 
God  ;  Abd-el-Eader,  servant  of  the  Mighty  One; 
Abd-ttl-Latif  (commonly  written  Abdidlatif  or 
Abdallatif),  servant  of  the  Gracious  One. 

abdalavi,  abdelavi  (ab-da-,  ab-de-la've),  n. 
[Ar.]  The  native  name  of  the  hairy  melon  of 
Egypt,  a  variety  of  the  muskmelon,  Cucumis 
Melo. 

Abderian  (ab-de'ri-an),  a.  [<L.  Abdera,  <Gr. 
'iV;8<%>a,  a  town  in  Thrace,  birthplace  of  De- 
mocritus,  called  the  laughing  philosopher.] 
Pertaining  to  the  town  of  Abdera  or  its  inhabi- 
tants ;  resembling  or  recalling  in  some  way 
the  philosopher  TJemocritus  of  Abdera  (see 
Abderite);  hence,  given  to  incessant  or  con- 
tinued laughter. 

Abderite  (ab'de-rit),  ?;.  [<  L.  Abderita,  also 
Abderites,  (  Gr.  'A/3d?/p/r?/c,  <  "AfiSiipa,  L.  Ab- 
dera.] 1.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  an  ancient 
maritime  town  in  Thrace. —  2.  A  stupid  per- 
son, the  inhabitants  of  Abdera  having  been 
proverbial  for  their  stupidity.— The  Abderite, 
Democritus  of  Abdera.  burn  about  460  B.  c,  and  the  most 
learned  of  the  Greek  philosophers  prior  to  Aristotle.  He 
was,  wdth  Leucippus,  the  founder  of  the  atomic  or  atomis- 
tic philosophy  (see  atomic),  the  first  attempt  at  a  complete 
mechanical  interpretation  of  physical  and  psychical  phe- 
nomena. The  tradition  that  Democritus  always  laughed 
at  the  follies  of  mankind  gained  for  him  the  title  of  the 
laughing  philosopher.  Fragments  of  some  of  his  numer- 
ous works  have  been  presen  ed. 

abdest  (ab'dest),  «.  [Per.  dbdast,  <  db,  water, 
+  dast,  hand.]  Purification  or  ablution  before 
prayer :  a  Mohammedan  rite. 


Abdevenham 

Abdevenham  (ab-dev'n-ham),  n.    In  astrol., 

the  head  of  the  twelfth  house  in  a  scheme  of 

the  heavens, 
abdicable  (ab'di-ka-bl),  a.    [<L.  as  if  "abdi- 

cabilis,  (.abdicart  :    .-.•■.■   abdicate]     Capable  of 

being  abdicated. 
abdicant    (ab'di-kant),  a.  and  «.    [<L.  abdi- 

can(t-)s,  ppr.  of  dbiaicare:  see  abdicate.']    I.  a. 

Abdicating;  renouncing.    [Bare.] 

Monks  aMicant  ol  their  ordeis. 

II  A  '../..  Manners  ol  Eng.  People,  p.  93. 

II.  n.  One  who  abdicates. 
abdicate  (ab'di-kat),  v.:  pret.  and  pp.  abdi- 
cated, ppr.  abdicating.  [<L.  abdicatus;  pp.  of 
abdicate,  renounce,  lit.  proclaim  as  ao1  belong- 
ing to  one, < aft,  from,  +  dicdre,  proclaim,  de- 
clare, akin  to  (fmn,  say.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  give 
up,  renounce,  abandon,  lay  down,  or  withdraw 
from,  as  a  right  or  claim,  office,  duties,  dignity, 
authority,  and  the  like,  especially  in  a  volun- 
tary, public,  or  formal  manner. 

The  cross-bearers  abdicated  their  service. 

Gibbon,  l>.  and  F.,  lxvii. 

He  [Charles  II. J  was  utterly  without  ambition.  He  de- 
tested business,  ami  would  sooner  have  abdicated  his 
crown  than  have  undergone  the  trouble  of  really  direct- 
ing the  administration.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  discard ;  cast  away ;  take  leave  of :  as, 
to  abdicate  one's  mental  faculties. —  3.  In  civil 
lair,  to  disclaim  and  expel  from  a  family,  as  a 
child  ;  disinherit  during  lifetime  :  with  a  per- 
sonal subject,  as  father,  pan  nt. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child,  quite 
cashier  him. 

Burton,  Anat.  ol  Mel  (To  the  Reader),  I.  86. 

4f.  To  put  away  or  expel ;  banish  ;  renounce 
the  authority  of  ;  dethrone  ;  degrade. 

Scaliger  would  needs  turn  down  Homer,  and  abdicate 
him  after  the  possession  of  three  thousand  years. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Third  Misc. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  resign,  renounce,  give  up,  quit,  vacate,  re- 
linquish, lay  down,  abandon,  desert.  (See  list  under  aban- 
don, r.) 

II.  intrans.  To  renounce  or  give  up  some- 
thing; abandon  some  claim;  relinquish  a  right, 
power,  or  trust. 

He  cannot  abdicate  for  his  children,  otherwise  than  by 
his  own  consent  in  form  to  a  bill  from  the  two  houses. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man. 

Don  John  is  represented  ...  to  have  voluntarily  re- 
stored the  throne  to  his  father,  who  had  once  abdicated  in 
his  favor.  <r,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  221. 

abdicated  (ab'di-ka-ted), p.  a.  Self-deposed; 
in  the  state  of  one  who  has  renounced  or  given 
up  a  right,  etc.:  as,  "the  abdicated  Emperor 
of  Austria,"  Sowells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

abdication  (ab-di-ka'shon),  «.  [<L.  abdica- 
te, /(-i,<  abdicare :  see  abdicate.]  The  act  of 
abdicating;  the  giving  up  of  an  office, power  or 
authority,  right  or  trust,  etc. ;  renunciation;  es- 
pecially, tin*  laying  down  of  a  sovereignty  hith- 
erto inherent  in  the  person  or  in  the  blood. 

Tii'-  c  msequences  drawn  from  these  facts  [were]  that 
they  amounted  to  an  abdication  ->i  I  li>-  government,  which 
lid  not  only  affect  the  person  of  the  king  him- 
self, but  also  "i  all  his  heirs,  and  rendered  tin-  throne 
absolutely  and  completely  vacant.  Blaekslnne.,  Coin.,  I.  iii. 
i  new  mind  we  approach  seems  to  re<|iiire  an  abdi- 
cation of  all  our  present  and  past  possessions. 

Emereon,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  811. 

abdicative  (ab'di-ka-tiv),  a.  [(.abdicate  +  -ive; 
in  form  like  L.  abdications,  negative,  <  abdi- 
can . ]  Causing  or  implying  abdication.  [Bare.] 

abdicator    (ab'di-ka-tor),  a.     [<L.  dbdicare : 

sec  abdicab  .]     ( Ine  who  abdicates. 

abditive  (ab'di-tiv),  a.  [<L.  abdiHvus,  re- 
moved "l-  separated  from,  <  abditus,  pp.  of 
a  I'd,  re,  put  away,  <  <■'■.  i  ■  i  m,  8  way,  +  -dare  fin 
comp.),  put."]  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
hiding.     [Bare.] 

abditory  (ab'di-to-ri),  n.  [<ML.  abditorium, 
(.h.abdere:  eee  abditive.]    Aconci  iledreposi- 

tory;    a    place    for  hilling  or  preserving  valu- 
ables, as  guilds,  money,  relics,  etc.    |  Rare.] 
abdomen  (ab-do'men  or  ab'do-men),  ».    [L., 
of  uncertain  origin;  perhaps  irreg.  <  abdere, 

put  away,  hiil..  i  .in-oal:  ••  <d,d, ',,;.]  1.  The 
belly;  that  part  of  the  body  of  a  mammal  whii  h 
lies  between  the  thorax  ami  the  pelvis;  the 
perivisceral  cavity  containing  most  of  the  di- 
gestive and  some  of  the  or oital  organE  and 

associated  structures,     n  by  the 

diaphragm,  which 

below  by  the  brim  of  the  pell pity,  with  which  it  is 

•  ontinuou  bi  hind  b)  the  vt  rti  bral  column  and  i be 
psoas  an-l    ijiiadratn-    iuniliorum    mUBClet  :    in   front   and 

lateral!]  by  leveral  lowei   i  lb     I  be  lilac  I and  the 

abdominal  muscle*  proper,     the  walls  ol  the  abdomen 
are  lined  with  the  serous  memb]  me  called  /    r£( 
and  are  externally  invested  with  common  integument. 
Its  external  surface  is  arbitrarily  divided    Into   certain 


8 

definite  regions,  caned  abdominal  regions  (see  abdominal). 
The  principal  contents  of  the  abdomen,  in  man  and  other 
mammals,  are  the  end  of  the  esophagus,  the  stomach,  the 
small  unit  must  of  the  Large  Intestine,  the  liver,  pancreas, 
and  spleen,  the  kidneys,  suprarenal  capsules,  ureters, 
bladder  (in  part),  uterus  (during  pregnancy  at  least),  and 
sometimes  the  testicles,  with  the  associated  nervous  vas- 
cular, and  senms  structures.  The  apertures  in  the  ab« 
(luminal  walls  are,  usually,  several  through  the  diaphragm, 
for  the  passage  of  the  esophagus,  nerves,  blood-vessels, 
and  lymphatics  ;  in  the  groin,  h>r  the  passage  of  the  fern- 
oral  vessels  and  nerves  and  the  spermatic  cord,  or  the 
round  ligament  of  the  uterus ;  and  at  the  navel,  in  the 
fetus,  for  the  passage  of  the  umbilical  vessels. 
2.  In  vertebrates  below  mammals,  in  which 
there  is  uo  diaphragm,  and  the  abdomen  con- 
sequently is  not  separated  from  the  thorax,  a 
region  of  the  body  corresponding  to  but  not  co- 
incident  with  the  human  abdomen,  and  varying 
in  extent  according  to 
the  configuration  of 
the  body.  Thus,  the  ab- 
domen of  a  serpent  is  coex- 
tensive with  the  under  side 
of  the  body  from  head  to 
tail  ;  and  in  deseriptive 
ornithology  "pectus  is  re- 
stricted to  the  swelling  an- 
\c  terior  part  of  the  gastrseum, 
which  we  call  belly  or  ab- 
domen  as  soon  as  it  begins  to 
straighten  out  and  flatten." 
Coues,  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  96. 
3.  In  entom.,  the  hind 
body,  the  posterior  one 
of  the  three  parts  of  a 
perfect  insect,  united 
with  the  thorax  by 
a  slender  connecting 
portion,  and  containing  the  greater  part  of  the 
digestive  apparatus,  it  is  divided  into  a  number  of 
rings  or  segments,  typically  eleven  (or  ten,  as  in  Hymen- 
optera  and  Lepitloj'tcra),  on  the  sides  of  which  are  small 
respiratory  stigmata,  or  spiracles. 
4.  In  Arthropoda  other  than  insects,  the  cor- 
responding hinder  part  of  the  body,  however 
distinguished  from  the  thorax,  as  the  tail  of  a 
lobster  or  the  apron  of  a  crab. —  5.  In  ascid- 
ians  (Tunicata),  a  special  posterior  portion 
of  the  body,  situated  behind  the  great  pharyn- 
geal cavity,  and  containing  most  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

In . .  .  must  of  the  compound  Ascidians,  the  greater 
part  of  the  alimentary  canal  lies  altogether  beyond  the 
branchial  sac,  in  a  backward  prolongation  of  the  body 
which  has  been  termed  the  abdomen,  and  is  often  longer 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

abdominal  (ab-dom'i-nal),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL.  ab- 
dominaliSj  <  L.  abdomen  :  see  abdomen.']    I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to 
m 


i  Abdomen  of  an  Insect  (/«• 
soma  hordei). 


Abdominal  Fish,  with  ventral  behind  pec- 
toral fin. 


the  abdomen  or 
belly;  situated 
in  or  on  the 
abdomen :  as, 
abdominal  ven- 
tral tins. —  2.  In 
ichth.y  having 
ventral  fins  un- 
der the  abdomen 
and  about  the 
middle  of  the 
See  Abdominales. 
ither  mammals,  that 
through  the  din- 


body:  as,  an  abdominal  fish. 
—  Abdominal  aorta,  in  man  and 
portion  of  the  aorta  between  its  bassagi 
phragm  and  its  bifurcation  into  the  iliac  arteries. —  Ah 
dominal    apertures.     See  ab- 
domen, i.  —  Abdominal  fins,  in 

ichth.,  ventral  tins  when  situated 

behind  the  pectoral  tins.— Ab- 
dominal legs,  in  entom,,  false 
legs  or  prop-legs  of  the  abdomen  of 
insects.  In  hexapodons  insects 
they  arc  soft,  fleshy,  inarticulate, 
and  deciduous.      There  may  be  as 

ni:tti.\  a  i  eight  pairs,  or  only  a  Bingle 
pair,  or  none.  The  epinneretsof 
spiders,  though  abdominal  In  posi- 

1 1'  >n,  ai  e  i  egarded  as  homoli  ■-. - 

with  the  Jointed  legs  of  higher 
Insects.—  Abdominal    line,    in 

fiumtiii  limit.:  ('/)  The  white  line 
(lima  alba)  or  lengthwise  mid-line 
of  union  of  the  abdominal  muscles 
along  the  front  ol  the  belly,  and 
one   "i   several   cross-lines  Inter- 

the  course  of  the  rectus  ancc. 
The  exaggeration  of  these 
lines  in  art  gives  the  " checker-board H  appearance  of  the 
abdomen  In  statuary.  ('<)  pi.  Certain  imaginary  lines 
drawn  to  divide  the  surface  oi  the  abdomen  into  regions, 
at  given  below.  Abdominal  pore,  in  some  fishes,  an 
;i|"  rture  in  the  belly  connected  with  the  sexual  function, 

Tiii  'die  ovarium],  in  some  few  Ashes,  sheds  Its  ova.  as 
soon  as  they  an-  ripened,  Into  the  peritoneal  cavity, 
wiine  e  the>  -  .  op.  by  abdominal  port  r,  which  place  that 
cavity  in  direct  communication  with  the  exterior. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  W>. 
Abdominal  reflex,  a  superficial  reflex  consisting  of  a 
contraction  tn  the  abdominal  muscles  when  the  skin  over 
the  abdomen  in  the  mammary  line  is  stimulated,  — Ab- 


abdominous 

dominal  regions,  in  human  anat.,  certain  regions  into 
which  the  abdomen  is  arbitrarily  divided  tor  the  purpose 
of  mapping  its  surface  with 
reference  to  the  viscera 
which  lie  bemath  these  re- 
gions respectively.  Two  hori- 
zontal parallel  lines  being 
drawn  around  the  body,  one 
{a  a)  crossing  the  cartilage  of 
the  ninth  rib,  the  other(&&) 
crossing  the  highest  point  of 
the  iliac  bone,  the  abdominal 
Burface  is  divided  into  three 
/ones,  an  upper,  a  middle, 
and  a  tower,  respectively 
called  epigastric,  umbilical, 
and  hypogastric.  Each  of 
these  is  subdivided  into  three 
parts  by  two  vertical  lines 
('■  r),  each  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  Poupart's  liga- 
ment. The  central  part  of 
the  epigastric  zone  (1)  re- 
tains the  name  of  epigasti  ic  . 
its  lateral  portions  (4  4)  are 
the  right  and  left  hypochon- 
driac regions ;  the  middle 
part  of  the  umbilical  ('2)  is 
called  the  umbilical  region, 
while  its  lateral  portions  (5  5) 
are  the  right  and  left  lumbar 
regions;  the  middle  portion 
of  the  hypogastric  zone  (:i)  is 


a  a,  horizontal  line  through  the 
cartilage  of  the  ninth  rib;  b  bt 
horizontal  line  touching  the  high- 
est parts  of  the  iliac  crest  ;  ;;, 
vertical  lines  drawn  through  the 
middle    of    Poupart's    ligament, 

on  either  side;    r,  epigastric  re-     called  the  hypogastric  region, 
gion;    a,    umbilical    region  J3.     but  sometimes  the  pubic  TO- 


4    I.    hyp'.- 
j  5.  1      ' 
regions;  6  6,  iliac  regions. 


hypogastric    region ; 

cnonariac   regions;    5  5,    lumbar 


1 .  ■      1  ;■  Ivedere,  show  log 
checker-board "    apr>  .n- 


gion,  »  bile  its  lateral  por- 
tions (6  6)  are  called  the  right 
and  left  iliac  (or  inguinal) 
regions.  The  adjoining  region  of  the  thigh,  below  the  fold 
of  the  groin,  is  properly  excluded.— Abdominal  respi- 
ration, that  type  of  respiration  in  which  the  action  of  the 
diaphragm,  and  consequently  the  movement  of  the  abdo- 
men, is  most  marked  :  contrasted  with  thoracic  or  costal 
rtsj.inttioit.—  Abdominal  ribs,  in  herpet.,  a  series  of 
transverse  ossifications  in  the  wall  of  the  abdomen  of 
some  reptiles,  as  dinosaurs  and  crocodiles;  in  the  latter 
the  series  consists  of  seven  on  each  side,  lying  superficial 
to  the  recti  muscles.  They  are  quite  distinct  from  true 
ribs,  and  considered  by  some  to  be  dermal  ossifications. 

Abdominal  dermal  Hbs  are  developed  in  some  species 
[of  iMnosauria],  if  not  in  all.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p,  227. 
Abdominal  ring,  in  anat.  :  (a)  Internal,  an  oval  open- 
ing in  the  fascia  of  the  transversalis  abdominis  (trans- 
verse muscle  of  the  abdomen),  about  midway  between  the 
superior  iliac  spine  and  the  pubic  spine,  and  half  an  inch 
above  Poupart's  ligament,  (p)  External,  a  similar  oblong 
opening  in  the  fascia  of  the  obliquus  externus  abdominis 
(external  oblique  muscle  of  the  abdomen),  further  down 
and  nearer  the  mid-line  of  the  body.  These  rings  are 
respectively  the  inlet  and  outlet  of  the  inguinal  canal. 
Also  called  inguinal  Win/*.— Abdominal  scutella,  in 
herpet.,  the  Bhort,  wide,  imbricated  scales  which  lie  along 
the  belly  of  a  serpent  from  chin  to  anus.-  Abdominal 
segments,  in  entom.,  etc.,  the  individual  somites  or  rings 
of  which  the  abdomen  of  an  insect,  a  crustacean,  etc.,  is 
or  may  be  composed.— Abdominal  vertebrae,  In  ichth., 
all  the  vertebra?  behind  the  head  which  have  ribs  or  rib- 
like processes  arching  over  the  visceral  cavity.— Abdom- 
inal viscera,  those  organs,  collectively  considered,  which 
are  situated  in  the  abdomen,  being  especially  those  of  the 
digestive  system.  See  abdomen,  1. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Abdominales  (which  see), 
Abdominales  (ah-dom-i-na'lez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  abdominal  is :  see  abdominal.]  1.  A 
name  introduced  into  the  ichthyological  sys- 
tem of  Linnu?us;  and  variously  applied  :  (a)  by 
Linnieus,  as  an  ordinal  name  for  all  osseous  fishes  with 
abdominal  ventrals;  (l>)  by  Cuvier,  as  a  Bubordinal  name 
for  all  those  malacopterygian  osseous  fishes  which  have 
abdominal  ventrals;  (c)  by  J.  Muller,  as  a  subordinal 
name  for  those  malacopterygian  fishes  which  have  abdom- 
inal ventrals  and  also  a  pneumatic  duct  between  the 
air-bladder  and  intestinal  canal.  The  name  has  also  been 
applied  to  other  groups  varying  more  or  less  from  the 
preceding,  Thesalmonidsandthe  clupeids  or  herring  fam- 
ily are  typical  representatives  in  all  the  above  dil  isions, 

2.     A    section    of    the    coleopterous    family 

Carabida-y  proposed  l>y  Lutreille  for  beetles 
with  the  abdomen  enlarged  in  proportion  to 
the  thorn x. 

Abdominalia  (ab-dom-i-na'li-fi.),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(sc.  animalia,  animals),  neut.  pi.  or  abdomi- 
nalis :  see  alxbn>/inaL~]  An  order  <>i'  cirriped 
crustnccMiis,  having  ;i  segmented  body,  three 
pairs  of  abdominal  limbs,  no  thoracic  limbs,  a 
Bask-shaped  carapace,  an  extensive  mouth, 
two  eyes,  and  the  sexes  distinct.    The  members 

of  the  order  all  burrow  in  shells.  Two  families  are  recog- 
nized, Cryptophialidce  and  Alcippidai, 

The  whole  family  of  the  A  bdominalia.  a  name  proposed 
by  Darwin,  if  l  am  noi  mistaken,  have  the  Bexes  separate. 
Benedan,  An,  Parasites.    '.V  E.  />.) 
abdominally  (ab-dom'i-nal-i),  adr.    On  or  in 
the  abdomen;  toward  the  abdomen, 
abdominoscopy  (ab-dom-i-nos'ko-pi),  >/.    [<L. 
abdomen  (-mtn-)  +  <  >r.  -o"/coir/a,<  otcottwv,  Look  ;it, 
view.]     Iu   nod.,  examination  of  the  abdomen 
for  the  detection  of  disease, 
abdominous     (ab-dom'i-nus  I,    a,    \(  abdomt  n 
{-mm-)  4-  -ow$.]    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
abdomen ;    abdominal. — 2.    Having   a   largo 
belly ;  pot-bellied.     [Hare.] 

Gorgoniua  sits  abdominous  and  wan, 
Like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan. 

Cowper,  Prog,  of  Err. 


abdnce 

abduce  (ab-diis'),  «•  <•!  pret.  and  pp.  abduced, 
ppr.    abdueimj.    [<L.    abdueere,  <  a6,    away 


9 


+  duccre,  lead:    see  ditc/ite.  ]     It.  To  draw  or 

lead  away  by  persuasion  or  argument. — 2.  To 

lead  away  or  carry  off  by  improper  means; 

abduct.     [Rare.]— 3t.  To  draw  away  or  aside,  abearancet  (a-bar'ans),    n.    [<  abear  +  -ance 

as  by  the  action  of  an  abductor  muscle.  substituted  for  abearing,  ME.  abertng.]    Be 


So  did  the  Faerie  Knight  himselfe  abeari. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  10. 

2.  To  suffer  or  tolerate.  [Provincial  or  vulgar.] 

But  if  I  mun  doy  I  mun  doy,  for  I  couldn  abear  to  see  it. 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer. 


:byi 

If  we  abduce  the  eve  unto  either  corner,  the  object  "ill 
not  duplicate.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  20. 

abducens    (ab-dii'senz),   re. ;    pi.     abducentes 

(-sen'tez).      [L.  :  see  abducent,  a.]    In  anat., 
one  of  the  sixth  pair  of  cranial  nerves:   so 


havior  ;  demeanor. 

The  other  species  of  recognizances  with  sureties  is  for 
the  good  abearance  or  good  behaviour. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xviii. 

abearingt  (a-bar'ing),  re.    [ME.  abering,  verbal 
n.  of  aberen,  abear.]     Behavior ;  demeanor. 


called  because  it  is  the  motor  nerve  of  the  ^^^^ Plural o TSSUSL. 

rectus  externus  (external  straight)  muscle  of  JgggJ Un(a'be-ae-da'ri-an\«.a..d».  [Cf.F. 


abducent  (ab-du'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abdu 
cen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abdueere,  draw  away:  see  ab- 
duce.'] I.  a.  Drawing  away ;  pulling  aside.  In 
anat.,  specifically  applied— (a)  to  those  muscles  which 
draw  certain  parts  of  the  body  away  from  the  axial  line 
of  the  trunk  or  of  a  limb,  in  contradistinction  to  the  ad- 
ducent muscles  or  adductors :  (b)  to  motor  nerves  which 
effect  this  action.— Abducent  nerves,  the  sixtli  pair  of 
cranial  nerves;  the  abducentes. 
IT.  n.  That  which  abducts  ;  an  abducens. 

abduct  (ab-dukf),  r.  t.  [<L.  abductus,  pp.  of 
abdueere,  lead  away :  see  abduce."]  1.  To  lead 
away  or  carry  off  surreptitiously  or  by  force ; 
kidnap. 

The  thing  is  self-evident,  that  his  Majesty  has  been 
abducted  or  spirited  away,  "enleve',"  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown.  Carlylc,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  4. 

2.  In  physiol.,  to  move  or  draw  away  (a  limb) 
from  the  axis  of  the  body,  or  (a  digit)  from  the 
axis  of  the  limb  :  opposed  to  adduct. 
abduction  (ab-duk'snon),  n.  [<  L.  abductio(n-), 
{.abdueere:  see  abduce.]  1.  The  act  of  abdu- 
cing  or  abducting,  (n)  In  law,  the  act  of  illegally 
leading  away  or  carrying  off  a  person  ;  more  especially, 
the  taking  or  carrying  away  of  a  wife,  a  child,  a  ward,  or 
a  voter  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or  open  violence.  (6)  In 
physiol.,  the  action  of  the  muscles  in  drawing  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  away  from  the  axis  of  the  body  or 
of  the  limb,  as  when  the  arm  is  lifted  from  the  side,  or  the 
thumb  is  bent  away  from  the  axis  of  the  arm  or  the 
middle  line  of  the  hand,  (c)  In  surg.,  the  receding  from 
each  other  of  the  extremities  of  a  fractured  bone. 
2.   [<  NL.  abductio,  a  word  used  by  Giulio  Pacio 


alphabetical  psalms),  <  a  +  be  +  cc  +  de,  the 
first  four-  letters  of  the  alphabet  (of.  alphabet), 
+  -arius:  see-arian.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
formed  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. —  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  learning  of  the  alphabet,  or 
to  one  engaged  in  learning  it ;  hence,  relat- 
ing to  the  first  steps  in  learning. 

There  is  an  Abecedarian  ignorance  that  precedes  know- 
ledge, and  a  Doctoral  ignorance  that  comes  after  it. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  I.  GOO. 

Another  form  is  abecedary. 
Abecedarian  psalms,  hymns,  etc.,  psalms,  hymn-  etc. 
(as  the  119th  psalm),  in  which  the  verses  of  successive 
distinct  portions  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  teaches  or  learns  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet. —  2.  [cap.]  A  follower  of 
Nicolas  Storch,  an  Anabaptist  of  Germany,  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  Abecedarians  are  said 
to  have  been  so  called  because  Storch  taught  that  study 
or  even  a  knowledge  of  the  letters  was  unnecessary,  since 
the  Holy  Spirit  would  impart  directly  a  sufficient  under- 
standing of  file  Scriptures. 

abecedarium  (a'be-se-da'ri-mn),  11. ;  pi.  abe- 
cedaria  (-a).  [Neut.  of  LL.  abecedarius :  see 
abecedarian.]    An  a-b-c  book. 

It  appears  therefore  that  all  the  Italic  alphabets  were 
developed  on  Italian  soil  out  of  a  single  primitive  type,  of 
which  the  abeeedaria  exhibit  a  comparatively  late  survival. 
Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  131. 
Logical  abecedarium,  a  table  of  all  possible  combina- 
tions of  any  finite  number  of  logical  terms.    Jevons. 


(155(1-1635),  in  translating  a-ayuylj  in  the  25th  abecedary  (a-be-se'da-ri),  a.  and  n.    [<L.  abece 


chapter  of  the  second  book  of  Aristotle's  Prior 
Analytics,  in  place  of  deductio  and  reductio, 
previously  employed.]  In  logic,  a  syllogism  of 
which  the  major  premise  is  evident  or  known, 
while  the  minor,  though  not  evident,  is  as  cred- 
ible as  or  more  credible  than  the  conclusion. 


darius:  see  abecedarian.]    I.  a.  Same  as  abe- 
cedarian. 

II.  re.  1.  An  a-b-c  book;  a  primer.  Hence  — 
2.  A  first  principle  or  element ;  rudiment :  as, 
"such  rudiments  or  abecedaries,"  Fuller,  Ch. 
Hist.,  VIII.  iii.  2, 


The  term  is  hardly  used  except  in  translations  from  the  abechet,  ''.  '•      [ME.,  <  OF.   (tbecher  (ML.   abbe 


passage  referred  to. 

After  adverting  to  another  variety  of  ratiocinative  pro- 
cedure, which  he  calls  Apagoge  or  Abduction  (where  the 
minor  is  hardly  more  evident  than  the  conclusion,  and 
might  sometimes  conveniently  become  a  conclusion  first 
to  be  proved),  Aristotle  goes  on  to  treat  of  objection 
generally.  Grote,  Aristotle,  vi. 

abductor  (ab-duk'tor),  ».  [NL.,  <L.  abdueere  : 
see  abduce.]  One  who  or  that  which  abducts. 
Specifically,  in  anat.  [pi.  abductores  (ab-duk-to'rez)],  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from  the  axis  of  the 
hodyorof  a  limb  :  as,  the  abductor  pollieis,  a  muscle  which 
pulls  the  thumb  outward  :  opposed  to  adductor.  The 
abductor  muscles  of  the  human  body  are  the  abductor 
pollieis  (abductor  of  the  thumb)  and  abductor  minimi 
digiti  (abductor  of  the  least  digit)  of  the  hand  ami  foot 
respectively.  The  first  dorsal  interosseous  muscle  of  the 
human  hand  is  sometimes  called  the  abductor  Indicia 
(abductor  of  the  forefinger).  The  abductor  tertii  inter- 
nodii  secundi  digiti  (abductor  of  the  third  internodeof  the 
second  digit)  is  a  peculiar  muscle  of  both  hand  and  foot 
of  the  gibbons  (Hytohates),  arising  from  the  second  meta- 
carpal or  metatarsal  bone,  and  inserted  by  a  long  tendon 
into  the  preaxial  side  of  the  ungual  internodeof  the  second 
digit.  The  abductor  metacarpi  uuinti  (abductor  of  the  fifth 
metacarpal)  is  a  muscle  of  the  hand  in  certain  lizards. 
For  the  abductors  in  human  anatomy,  see  cut  under  muscle. 

abe  (a-be'),  ''•  *■  [For  be;  prefix:  unmeaning, 
or  as  in  ado]  Used  in  the  same  sense  as  be. 
Also  spelled  abee — To  let  abe,  to  let  be ;  let  alone. 
Hence,  tet-abe  is  used  in  the  substantive  sense  of  forbear- 
ance or  connivance,  as  in  the  phrase  let-abe  for  let-abe, 
one  aet  of  forbearance  in  return  for  another,  mutual  for- 
bearance. 

I  am  for  let-abe  for  let-abe.  Scott,  Pirate,  II.  xvii. 

Let  abe,  let  alone  ;  not  to  mention ;  far  less :  as,  he 
eouldna  sit,  let  abe  stand.    [Scotch.] 

abeam  (a-bem'),^>rep.  phi:  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3, 
pre}).,  on,  +  beam. ]  Naut.,  in  or  into  a  direc- 
tion at  right  angles  to  the  keel  of  a  ship ; 
directly  opposite  the  middle  part  of  a  ship's 
side,  and  in  line  with  its  main-beam:  as,  we 
had  the  wind  abeam. 

The  wind  was  hauling  round  to  the  westward,  and  we 
could  not  take  the  sea  abeam. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  257. 

The  sea  went  down  toward  night,  and  the  wind  hauled 
abeam.  Ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  347. 

abear  (a-bar'),  v.  t.  [<ME.  aberen,  <  AS.  dberan, 
< a-  +  bn-an, bear :  see  a-1  and  bear1.]  If.  To 
bear;  behave. 


care),  <  a,  to,+  bee,  beak:  see  beak1.]  To  feed, 
as  a  parent  bird  feeds  its  young. 

Yet  should  I  somdele  ben  abeched. 

Ami  for  the  time  well  refreshed. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  v. 

abed  (a-bed'),  adr.  [<ME.  a  beddr,<AS.  on 
beddr  •' prep,  on,  and  dat.  of  bedd,  bed:  see  a3 
and  bed.  ]    1 .  In  bed. 

Not  to  be  abed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shuk.,  T.  X.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  bed. 

Her  mother  dream'd  before  she  was  deliver'd 
That  she  was  brought  abed  of  a  buzzard. 

Beau,  and  FL,  False  One,  iv.  3. 

abee   (a-be'),  n.     [A  native  term.]    A  woven 
fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  made  in  Aleppo. 
Simmonds. 
abegget,  v.  t.    An  old  form  of  aby1. 

There  dorste  no  wight  hond  upon  him  legge, 
That  he  ne  swore  he  shuld  anon  abegge. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale.  1.  18. 

abeigh  (a-bech'),  adv.     [A  variant  of  ME.  obey, 
abai,  etc. :  see  bay5,  «.]     Aloof;  at  a  shy  dis- 
tance.   [Scotch.]  —To  stand  abeigh,  to  keep  aloof. 
Maggie  coost  her  head  fu'  high, 
Look'd  asklent  an"  unco  skeigh, 
Gart  poor  Duncan  stand  abeigh  — 

Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't.     Burns,  Duncan  Gray. 

abele  (a-bel'),  n.  [Formerly  abeele,  abeal,  etc., 
<D.  abeel,  in  comp.  abeel-boom,  <  OP.  abet,  ear- 
lier aubel,  <  ML.  albcllus,  applied  to  the  white 
poplar,  prop.  dim.  of  L.  albus,  white.]  The 
white  poplar,  Pqpulus  alba:  so  called  from  the 
white  color  of  its  twigs  and  leaves.  See  poplar. 
Also  called  abel-tree,  and  sometimes  abbey. 
Six  abeles  i'  the  kirkyard  grow,  on  the  north  side  in  a  row. 
Mrs.  Browning,  Duchess  May. 

Abelian1  (a-bel'i-an),  n.  [<  Abel  +  -ian;  also 
Abelitc,  <  LL.  Abelitce,  pi.,  <  Abel:  see  -it A.] 
A  member  of  a  religious  sect  which  arose  in 
northern  Africa  in  the  fourth  century.  The 
Abelians  married,  but  lived  in  continence,  after  the  man- 
ner, as  they  maintained,  of  Abel,  and  attempted  to  keep 
up  the  sect  by  adopting  the  children  of  others.  They  are 
known  only  from  the  report  of  St.  Augustine,  written  after 
they  had  become  extinct.  Also  called  Abelite  and  Abelanian. 


aberrancy 

Abelian2  (a-bel'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Norwegian  mathematician  Niels  Ilcurik 
Abel  (1802-1829) — Abelian  equation,  an  irreducible 

algebraic  equation,  one  of  whose  rootsisex] Le  as  a 

rational  function  of  a  second,  and  shown  by  Abel  to  be 
solvable  by  the  solution  of  a  second  e<|uati"u  m|  :[  luwer 
I  igree.  -Abelian  function,  in  math.,  a  hyperelliptic 
function;  a  . symmetric  function  of  inverses  "i  Abelian 
integrals.  The  name  has  been  used  in  slightly  different 
senses  by  different  authors,  but  it  is  best  applied  to  a  ratio 
of  double  theta  functions.— Abelian  integral,  one  of  a 
class  of  ultraelliptic  integrals  first  investigated  by  Abel; 
any  integral  of  an  algebraic  function  nut  reducible  to 
elliptic  functions. 

Abelite,  Abelonian  (a'bel-it,  a-bel-6'ni-an),  n. 
Same  as  Abelian1. 

Abelmoschus  ( a-bel-mos'kus),  n.  [ML.,  <  Ar. 
abii'l-niosl:,  -misl:,  father  (source)  of  musk:  abu, 
father;  «?,the;  mosk, misk, musk:  see  abba1  and. 
musk.]  A  generic  name  formerly  applied  to 
some  species  of  plants  now  referred  to  Hibis- 
cus,  including  A.  moschatus  or  II.  Abelmoschus, 
the  abelmosk  or  muskmallow  of  India  and 
Egypt;  producing  the  muskseed  used  in  per- 
fumes, and  A.  or  S.  esculentus,  the  okra.  See 
Hibiscus. 

abelmosk  (a'bel-niosk),  n.  [<  ML.  Abelmos- 
chus.] A-plant  of  the  former  genus  Abelmos- 
chus.   Also  spelled  abelmusk. 

abel-tree  (a'bel-tre),  re.    Same  as  abele. 

abelwhacketst,  "•    See  ablewhackets. 

a  bene  placito  (ii  ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It. :  a, 
at;  bene  (<L.  bene),  well;  placito  (<L.  plaeU 
tum),  pleasure:  see  please  and  jibn.]  In 
m  usic,  at  pleasure ;  in  the  way  the  performer 
likes  best. 

Abeona  (ab-f-d'na),  ».  [LL.  Abeona,  the  god- 
dess of  departing,  <  L.  abire,  go  away,  abeo,  I 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go,  co,  Igo.]  1.  In 
Rom.  myth.,  the  goddess  who  presided  over 
departure,  as  of  travelers. —  2.  [NL.  (Chas. 
Girard,  1854).]  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  viviparous 
embiotocoid  fishes  of  the  family  Holconotida>, 
represented  by  such  surf-fishes  as  A.  trow- 
bridgi,  of  the  Californian  coast. —  3.  In  entom., 
a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects.     Stal,  1876. 

aber  (ab'er),  n.  [Gael.  dbar  =  'W.  abet;  a  con- 
fluence of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  ijnfer,  in- 
flux :  see  inver-.]  A  Celtic  word  used  as  a  pre- 
fix to  many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and 
signifying  a  confluence  of  waters,  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  with  the  sea  :  as,  Aber- 
deen, Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Aberystwith. 

aberdavine,  ».     See  aberdevine.     Latham. 

aberdeen  (ab'er-den),  «.  [Etym.  uncertain. 
Cf.  aberdevine.]  In  ornith.,  a  name  of  the  knot 
(which  see),  Trine/a  canutus. 

aberdevine  (ab"er-de-vm'),  n.  [Etym.  un- 
known: see  below.]  The  siskin,  Chrysomitris 
spinus,  a  well-known  European  bird  of  the 
finch  family  (Frini/illidir),  nearly  related  to  the 
goldfinch,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  green 
variety  of  the  canary-bird.  See  siskin.  Also 
spelled  aberdavine,  abadevine.     [Local,  Eng.] 

About  London,  the  siskin  is  called  the  aberdevine  by 
bird-catchers.    Reniiic,  ed.  of  Montagu's  Diet.,  1831,  p.  2. 

[The  word  (aberdevine)  is  not  now  in  use,  if  it  ever  was. 
I  believe  it  was  first  published  by  Albin  (1737).  and  that 
it  was  a  bird-catchers'  or  bird-dealers'  name  about  Lon- 
don ;  but  I  suspect  it  may  have  originated  in  a  single 
bird-dealer,  who  coined  it  to  give  fictitious  value  to  a 
common  bird  for  which  he  wanted  to  get  a  good  price. 
Book-writers  have  gone  on  repeating  Albin's  statement 
without  adding  any  new  information,  and  I  have  never 
met  with  any  one  who  called  the  siskin  or  any  other  bird 
by  this  name.  No  suggestion  as  to  its  etymology  seems 
possible.    Prof.  A.  Newton,  letter.] 

aberr  (ab-er'),  v.  i.  [<L.  aberrare:  see  aber- 
rate.]    To  wander ;  err.     [Rare.] 

Divers.were  out  in  their  account,  dberring  several  ways 
from  the  true  and  just  compute,  and  calling  that  one  year, 
which  perhaps  might  be  another. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

aberrance  (ab-er'ans),  n.  Same  as  aberrancy. 
aberrancy  (ab-er'an-si),  «.;  pi.  dberraneies 
(-six).  [<L.  as  if  *aberrantia,  <.  aberrant  t-)s : 
see  aberrant.]  A  wandering  or  deviating  from 
the  right  way ;  especially,  a  deviation  from 
truth  or  rectitude.  Another  form  is  aberrance. 
[Rare.] 

They  do  not  only  swarm  with  errours,  but  vices  depend- 
ing thereon.     Thus  they  commonly  alfect  no  man  any 
farther  than  he  desertshis  reason,  or 

h  complies  with  their  aberrancies. 

S^~  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

x  Aberrancy  of  curvature,  in  matii., 

the  angle  between  the  normal  to  a 

curve   at  any  point    an,d   the    line 

«  from  that  point  to  the  middle  point 

Aberrancy  of  Curvature,    of    the    infinitesimal    chord    parallel 

the  angle  a  h  c.  to  the  tangent. 


r 


aberrant 

aberrant  (ab-er'ant\  a.  [<  L.  dberran(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aberran  :  see  aberrate.'}  1.  Wander- 
ing :  straj  ing  from  the  right  or  usual  course. 

\u  i  eg  appears  about  three  hundred  miles 

weal  south-west  of  Ireland,  in  latitude  ."'I  ,  Longitude  18' 
>\,->t  Scii  ",',  .ill    343 

2.  Iu  0Od7.  and  /«»/.,  differing  in  some  of  its 
characters  from  the  group  in  which  it  is 
plao Oil :  Baid  of  au  individual,  a  species,  a 
genus,  etc. 

In  certain  ofterratrfRotalines  the  shell  is  commonly  .  .  . 
of  a  rich  crimson  hue.       W,  B,  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  459. 

The  more  aberrant  any  form  Is,  the  greater  must  have 
been  the  number  of  connecting  forms  which  have  been 
exterminated  or  utterly  lost. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  387. 

Aberrant  duct  of  the  testis,  in  anat.,  a  Blender  tube 
or  diverticulum  from  the  lower  part  oi  the  canal  of  the 
epididymis,  or  from  the  beginning  of  the  excretory  duct 
of  the  testis  (vas  deferens).  It  varies  from  2,  to  14  inches 
in  length  is  coiled  up  into  a  fusiform  mass  extending  up 
the  spermatic  cord  2  or  3  inches,  and  terminates  blindly. 
Two  or  m«>ie  such  tubes  are  occasionally  found  together, 
but  they  are  sometimes  entirely  wanting.  Bee  testis.  Also 
called  '■-'  j  "■'"  trans,  i  asculu  m  a  '■■  <  i  am 
aberrate  (ab-er'at),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aber- 
rated, ppr.  aberrating.  [<L.  aberratusj  pp.  of 
aberrare,  stray  from,  <  ah,  from,  +  errare,  to 
stray:  see  err.']  To  wander  or  deviate  from 
the  right  way;  diverge.     [Rare.] 

The  product  of  their  defective  and  aberrating  vision. 

De  Quincey, 

aberration  I  ab-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aberra- 
Ho(n~),  <  aberrar'e :  see  aberrate.']     1.  The  act 

of  wandering  away ;  deviation ;  especially, 
in  a  figurative  sense,  the  act  of  wandering 
from  the  right  way  or  course  ;  hence,  deviation 
from  truth  or  moral  rectitude. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us  of  our 
former  aberrations  from  him,  we  renew  our  covenants 
with  him.  Bp.  Hall,  Sermon  on  James  iv.  8. 

The  neighbouring  churches,  both  by  petitions  and  mes- 
sengers, took  such  happy  pains  with  the  church  of  Salem, 
as  presently  recovered  that  holy  flock  to  a  sense  of  his 
[Roger  Williams's]  aberrations. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  vii.  1. 

2.  In  pathol.:  (a)  A  wandering  of  the  intel- 
lect ;  mental  derangement,  (b)  Vicarious  hem- 
orrhage, (c)  Diapedesis  of  blood-corpuscles. 
(d)  Congenital  malformation. —  3.  In  zodl.  and 
hot.,  deviation  from  the  type  ;  abnormal  struc- 
ture or  development. 

I  n  whichever  light,  therefore,  insect  aberration  is  viewed 
by  us,  .  .  .  we  affirm  that  it  does  .  .  .  exist 

Wollaston,  Var.  of  Species,  p.  2. 

4.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light 
when  unequally  refracted  by  a  lens  or  reflected 
by  a  mirror,  so  that  they  do  not  converge  and 
meet  in  a  point  or  focus,  but  separate,  form- 
ing an  indistinct  image  of  the  object,  or  an 
indistinct  image  with  prismatically  colored 
edges.  It  is  called  spherical  when,  as  in  the  former  case, 
the  imperfection  or  blurring  arises  from  the  form  of  curva- 
ture of  the  leu  or  .reflector,  and  chromatic  when,  as  in  the 
latter  i  i  ■  then  is  a  prismatic  coloring  of  the  image  aris- 
ing from  thr  different  refrangibility  of  the  rays  compos- 
ing white  light,  and  the  consequent  fact  that  the  foci  for 
the  different  Colorado  not  coincide.  Thus,  in  fig.  l,  the 
rays  passing  through  the  lens  L  L  near  its  edge  have  a 
fociir  at  A,  while  those  which  pass  near  the  axis  have  a 
focus  'it  /; ,  hence,  an  image  formed  on  a  screen  placed 
at  m  m  would  ap]n  ,u -  m .  ,n-  .-i  ].>s  distorted  or  indistinct, 


pret.  and 
[An  erro- 


Aberuncalors. 


Juy.  J. 


FiS.  2. 


he  spherical  aben  i 

diagram  Illustrating  the  chromatic  aberration. 

In  fig.  2  the  violet  i  IK.n  tille  the 

frangible  re  I  i  ome  to  a  focn  -  al   I 

pot  of  light  with  red  on  a 

-  iii  b  b.    In  the  eye  the  Ii 
tially  eliminate  the  i     iberratlon       Opt  leal   In  tru 
corrected  for  chromatic  aberration  are  called  achromatic. 
5.  In  astron.,  the  apparent  displacement  of  a 


10 

heavenly  body  flue  to  the  joint  effect  of  the 
motion  of  the  rays  of  light  proceeding  from 
it  and  the  motion  of  the  earth.  Thus,  when  the 
light  from  ii  star  that  is  not  directrj  in  the  line  of  the 
earth's  motion  is  made  to  Fall  centrally  into  a  telescope, 
the  telescope  is  in  reality  inclined  Brightly  away  from  the 
true    direction  of   tin-  star  toward   that   In  which   the 

earth  is  ving;  just  as  one  running  under  a  vertically 

falling  shower  of  rain,  and  holding  In  his  hand  a  long- 
in  ked  Husk,  must  incline  its  mouth  forward  ii  he  does 
not  wish  the  sides  of  the  nech  to  be  wetted.  This  phe- 
nomenon, discovered  and  explained  by  Bradley  (1728),  is 
termed  the  aberration  of  li:il>t,  ami  its  effect  In  displacing 
a  star  is  called  the  aberration  of  the  slut.  The  <nnni.il 
aberration,  due  to  the  motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit, 
amountsto20  i  m  the  maximum;  the  diurnal  aberration, 
due  In  the  rotation  of  the  earth,  is  only  0".3  at  most. 
See  planetary  aberration,  below.-  -Circle  of  aberration, 
the  eiiele  of  colored  light  observed  in  experiments  with 
convex  Unses  between  the  point  where  the  violet  rays 
meet  and  that  where  the  red  rays  meet.— Constant  of 
aberration,  see  constant.--  Crown  of  aberration,  a 
luminous  circle  surrounding  the  disk  of  the  sun,  depend- 
ing on  the  alienation  of  its  rays,  by  which  its  apparent 
diameter  is  enlarged.— Planetary  aberration  (see  5, 
above),  better  called  the  r<jtiittinii  <>/  li.iht.  an  apparent 
displacement  of  a  moving  body,  as  a  planet,  owing  to  its 
not  being  in  the  same  position  at  the  moment  the  light 
reaches  the  earth  that  it  was  when  the  light  left  it.  =  Syn. 
1.  Deviation,  divergence,  departure.  —  2.  (a)  Derangement, 
hallucination,  illusion,  delusion,  eccentricity,  mania. 

aberrational  (ab-e-ra'shon-al),  a.    Character- 
ized by  aberration;  erratic. 

aberuncatet  (ab-f-rung'kat),  v.  t. 
pp.  aberuncated,  ppr,  aberuncating. 
neous  form  of  averruncate,  as 
if  <  L.  *aberuncare,  <  ab,  from, 
+  c  for  ex,  out,  +  runcare, 
uproot,  weed  ;  hence  the  un- 
authorized sense  given  by 
Bailey.  See  averruncate."]  To 
pull  up  by  the  roots ;  extir- 
pate utterly.     Johnson. 

Aberuncated,    pulled    up   by   the 
roots,  weeded.  Bailey. 

aberuncatiOIltOili-e-rung-kft/- 
shpn),  n.  [<  t0><  rinieitti ■.] 
Eradication  ;  extirpation ;  re- 
moval. 

aberuncator  (ab  -  e  -  run  g'ka  - 
tor),  ».   [<  aberuncate.   Cf.  L. 

runcator,  a  weeder.]  1.  An 
implement  for  extirpating  weeds ;  a  weeder 
or  weedmg-maehine. — 2.  An  instrument  for 
pruning  trees  when  their  branches  are  beyond 
easy  reach  of  the  hand.  There  are  various  forms  of 
these  implements,  but  they  all  consist  of  two  blades,  similar 
to  those  of  stout  shears,  one  of  which  is  fixed  rigidly  to  a 
long  handle,  while  the  other  forms  one  arm  of  a  lever,  to 
which  a  cord  passing  over  a  pulley  is  attached.  Also  writ- 
ten, more  properly,  averruncator. 
abet  (a-bef),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abetted,  ppr. 
abetting.  [<  ME.  abetten,  <  OF.  abettt  r,  ah  U  r, 
instigate,  deceive,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad-),  to,  +  beter, 
bait,  as  a  bear,  <  Icel.  beita,  bait,  cause  to  bite  : 
see  bait,  v.;  also  beO-,  a  shortened  form  of 
abet.']  1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  approval: 
used  with  a  personal  object,  and  chiefly  in  a 
bad  sense. 

They  abetted  both  parties  in  the  civil  war,  and  always 
furnished  supplies  to  the  weaker  side,  lest  there  should 
he  aii  end  put  to  these  fatal  divisions, 

Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  28. 

Note,  too,  how  for  having  abetted  those  who  wronged  the 
native  Irish,  England  has  to  pay  a  penalty. 

//,  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  487. 

2f.  To  maintain  ;  support ;  uphold. 

'■  Then  shall  I  soone,"  quoth  he,  "so  God  me  grace, 
Abett  that  virgins  cause  disconsolate." 

Spenser,  F.  t).,  I.  x.  04. 

3.  In  laic,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  as- 
sist in  a  criminal  act  —  implying,  in  the  ease 
of  felony,  personal  presence.  Thus,  in  military 
lair,  it  is  a  grave  crime  to  aid  or  abet  a  mutiny  or  sedi- 
tion oi  excite  resistance  against  lawful  orders.  In  Scots 
law,  a  person  is  said  to  be  abetting  though  he  may  only 
protect  a  criminal,  conceal  him  from  justice,  or  aid  him 
in  making  in-  escape. 

Mi  nco  —  4.  To  lead  to  or  encourage  the  com- 
mission of. 

Would  not  the  fool  abet  tie-  stealth 
Who  rashly  thus  exposed  his  wealth'.' 

Qay,  Fables,  ii.  12. 

=  Syn.  To  support,  em rage,  Becond,  countenance  aid 

.i  I.   conniveat,  stand  by,  further. 
abett  (a-bef),  n.   [X  ME.  abet,  instigation,  <  <  IF. 

abet,  instigation,  deceit  (ML.  a  hi  Hum),  <  abeter: 

see  abet,  v.]     The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging, 

especially  in  a  crime    Chaucer. 
abetment  (a-bet'ment),   n.     [<  abet  +  -ment.] 

The  act  Of  abetting;  that  which  servos  tii  abet 

or  encourage. 

abettal  (a-bet'al),  ».   [X "'"''  +  -"'•]   Theactof 

abett  ing  j  aid.     Bailey.     [Rare.] 
abetter,  abettor  (a-bet'er,  -or,  or  -6r),   ». 

[Formerly  ubcttour;  <  abet  +  -er\   -or~.\     1. 


abhor 

One  who  abets  or  incites  ;  one  who  aids  or  en- 
courages another  to  commit  a  crime  ;  a  sup- 
porter  orencourager  of  something  bad.  Abet- 
tor is  the  form  used  in  law. 

But  let  th'  nil  (tor  ol  the  Panthers  crime 
Learn  to  make  fairer  wars  another  time. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1047. 
In  law,  an  abettor,  as  distinguished  from  an  accessory,  is 
more  especially  one  who,  being  present,  gives  aid  or  en- 
couragement. 

2.  Ono  who  aids,  supports,  or  encourages :  iu 
a  good  sense. 

It  has  been  the  occasion  of  making  me  friends  and  open 
abettors  of  several  gentlemen  of  known  sense  and  wit. 

Pop.',  Letters,  June  16,  1711. 

—  Syn.  1.  Abettor,  Accessory,  Accomplice.  SeBaccompUce, 
abevacuation  (ab-f-vak-n-a'shon),  n.    [<  NL. 

iihii-iiciuitio(n-):  see  ab-  and   evacuation.]     In 
mill.,  variously  used  to  signify  a  morbid  evacu- 
ation, whether  excessive  or  deficient. 
ab  extra   (abeks'txa).      [L.]    From  without: 
opposed  to  ab  intra  (which  see). 

Those  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  occupy  the  philosophi- 
cal position  of  spectators  ab  extra  are  very  few  in  any 
generation.        Lowell,  Among  my  Looks,  1st  ser.,  p.  lie. 

abeyance  (a-ba'ans),  ».  [<  OF.  </?»  mnrr,  abey- 
ance, <a-  (<L. ad-),  to,  at,  +  beana  (*beian&  I, 
expectation,  desire, <  beant,  expecting,  think- 
ing, ppr.  of  beer,  baer  (F.  buyer),  gape,  gaze 
at,    expect    anxiously,  <  ML.   badare,  gape.] 

1.  Iu  law,  a  state  of  expectation  or  contempla- 
tion. Thus,  the  fee  simple  or  inheritance  of  lands  and 
tenements  is  in  abeyance  when  there  is  no  person  in  being 
in  whom  it  can  vest,  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expectancy 
or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear.  So  also 
where  one  man  holds  land  fur  life,  with  remainder  to  the 
heirs  of  another,  and  the  latter  is  yet  alive,  the  remainder 
is  in  abeyance,  since  no  man  can  have  an  heir  until  his 
death,  titles  of  honor  and  dignities  are  said  to  he  in 
abeyance  when  it  is  uncertain  who  shall  enjoy  them. 
Thus,  in  Eng.  law,  when  a  nobleman  holding  a  dignity 

iIim  elidible  to  his  heirs  general    dies  leaving  daughters, 

the  king  by  his  prerogative  may  grant  the  iliemn  to  any- 
one of  the  daughters  he  pleases,  or  to  the  male  issue  of 
one  of  such  daughters.  While  the  title  to  the  dignity  is 
thus  in  suspension  it  is  said  to  be  in  abeyance. 

2.  A  state  of  suspended  action  or  existence,  or 
temporary  inactivity. 

Upon  awaking  from  slumber,  I  could  never  gain,  at 
once,  thorough  possession  of  my  senses  ;  .  .  .  the  mental 
faculties  in  general,  but  the  memory  in  especial,  being  in 
a  condition  of  absolute  abeyance.  Poe,  Tales.  I, :;:;.: 

abeyancy  (a-ba'an-si),  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  in  abeyance.    Hawthorne. 

abeyant  (a-ba'ant),  a.  [Inferred  from  abey- 
ance: see  -mice  and  -ant1.]  Iu  late,  being  in 
abeyance. 

abgfegatet  (ab'gre-gat),  ».  t.  [<L.  abgregatus, 
pp.  of  abgreqare,  lead  away  from  the  flock, 
<  ab,  from,  +  grex  {greg-),  flock.  Cf.  congre- 
gate, segregate.]  To  separate  from  a  fluok. 
Coekeram,  1612. 

abgregationt  (ab-gre-ga'shpn),  «.  [<ML.  nb- 
iireijiitim «-),  <  L.  abgregare:  see  abgregate.] 
The  act  of  separating  from  a  flock.     Bailey. 

abhal  (ab'hal),  n.  A  name  given  in  the  East 
Indies  to  the  berries  of  tin-  common  juniper, 
Juniperus  communis.  Also  spelled  abhel  and 
iililinl. 

abhel,  «.    See  abhal. 

abhominable  (ab-hom'i-na-bl),  a.  An  old 
mode  of  spelling  abominable,  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  it  was  derived  from  ab  liomine,  from 
or  repugnant  to  man,  ridiculed  as  pedantic  by 
Shakspere  in  the  character  of  the  pedant 
Holofernes. 

This  is  abhominable  (which  he  would  call  abominable). 
Shak.,  I.,  I..  L.,  v.  1. 

[Abhominable  occurs  in  the  Promptorium  Parvulorum 
ii-  i  hoi,  and  in  Gower;  abhominacyoun  is  inWyclifa 
\,-u  Testament,  abhominadoun  in  Chaucer,  and  abhomy. 

ii'irim/ii  in   Miiiiih-ville.     Fuller  ha-  abhominal,  a  form 

made  to  suit  the  false  etymology.  I 

abhor  (ab-h6V),  c.;  pret.  and  pp.  abhorred,  ppr. 
abhorring.  [<  L.  dbhorrere,  shrink  from,  <  ab, 
from,  +  horrere,  bristle  (with  fear):  see  hor- 
rid.] I.  trans.  1.  Literally,  to  shrink  back 
from  witli  horror  or  dread;  hence,  to  regard 
with  repugnance  ;  hate  extremely  or  wil  h  loath- 
ing; loathe,  detest,  or  abominate :  as.  bo  abhor 
evil ;  bi  abhor  intrigue. 

Thou  didst  not  abhor  the  virgin's  womb.  7Y  It,  in, i 

Nature  iililinrs  the  old,  and  old  age  seems  tin-  onlj  dis- 
ease. Emerson,  bssays,  Isteer.,  p.  289. 
2f.  To  fill  witli  horror  an. I  loathing;  horrify. 

lie  [Alexander]  caused  the  women  that  were  captive  to 
sing  before  him  such  sone.-s  as  abhorred  tin-  ears  of  the 
Mm  i.i. ,ii   not  accustomed  to  Buch  things. 

./.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtlua,  vt 

Mow  abhorred  my  Imagination  is ;  my  gorge  rises  at  it 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  V.  1. 
-Syn.  1.  Uatc,  Abhor,  Detest,  etc.    See  hate. 


abhor 

II.  iiitritns.  If.  To  shrink  buck  with  disgust, 
or  with  four  ami  shudderings. 

To  abhorre  from  those  vices. 

I'thrfl,  Erasmus,  St.  James,  iv. 

2.  To  be  antagonistic ;  bo  averse  or  of  oppo- 
site character:  with  from. 

Which  is  utterly  abhorring  from  the  end  of  all  law. 

Milton,  Divorce,  II.  vii.  79. 

abhorrence  (ab-hor'ens),  ».  [<  abhorrent :  sec 
-ance.~\  1.  The  aet  of  abhorring;  a  feeling  of 
extreme  aversion  or  detestation ;  strong  hatred. 

One  man  thinks  justice  consists  in  paying  debts,  and  lias 
no  measure  in  his  abhorrence  "I  another  who  is  very  re- 
miss in  this  duty.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  2S6. 

2f.  An  expression  of  abhorrence.  Specifically, 
an  address  presented  in  16S0  to  Charles  II.  of  England, 
expressing  abhorrence  of  the  Addressers  (which  see). 

3.  That  which  excites  repugnance  or  loathing: 
as,  servility  is  my  abhorrence.  =  syn.  1.  Horror, 
hatred,  detestation,  repugnance,  disgust,  loathing,  sin  ink- 
ing, antipathy,  aversion. 

abhorrencyt  (ab-hor'en-si),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  abhorrent,  or  the  state  of  regarding  any- 
thing with  horror  or  loathing. 

The  first  tendency  to  any  injustice  .  .  .  must  be  sup- 
pressed with  a  show  of  wonder  and  abhorrency  in  the 
parents.  Locke,  Education,  1j  110. 

abhorrent  (ab-hor'ent),  a.  [<  L.  abhorrent  t-)s, 
ppr.  of  abhorrere :  see  abhor.']  1.  Hating;  de- 
testing ;  struck  with  abhorrence. 

The  arts  of  pleasure  in  despotic  courts 

1  spurn  abhorrent  Glover,  Leonidas,  x. 

2.  Exciting  horror  or  abhorrence ;  very  repul- 
sive ;  detestable:  as,  abhorrent  scenes;  an 
abhorrent  criminal  or  course  of  conduct. — 3. 
Contrary  ;  utterly  repugnant ;  causing  aver- 
sion: formerly  with  from,  now  with  to. 

And  yet  it  is  so  abhorrent  from  the  vulgar. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Christianity  turns  from  these  scenes  of  strife,  as  abhor- 
rent to  her  highest  injunctions.        Sumner,  Aug.  27, 1846. 

abhorrently  (ab-hor'ent-li),  adv.  With  abhor- 
rence ;  in  an  abhorrent  manner. 

abhorrer  (ab-hor'er),  n.  One  who  abhors. 
Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital  letter),  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member  of  the  court  party, 
afterward  called  Tories.  They  derived  their  name  from 
their  professed  abhorrence  of  the  principles  of  the  Ad- 
dressers, who  endeavored  to  restrict  the  royal  prerogative. 
See  addresser. 

Scarce  a  day  passed  but  some  abhorrer  was  dragged 
before  them  [the  House  of  Commons]  and  committed  to 
the  custody  of  the  sergeant-at-arms,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
house.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  501. 

abhorrible    (ab-hor'i-bl),    a.     [<  abhor  +  -iblc, 
after  horrible.']   Worthy  or  deserving  to  be  ab- 
horred.   [Bare.] 
abhorring  (ab-hor'ing),  n.     1.  A  feeling  of  ab- 
horrence ;  loathing. 

I  find  no  abhorring  in  my  appetite.       Donne,  Devotion. 
2f.  An  object  of  abhorrence. 
They  shall  be  an  abhorring  unto  all  flesh.      Isa.  lxvi.  24. 

abhul,  ».    See  abhal. 

Abia(a'bi-a),)!.  Agenusof  Hymenoptcra.  Leach. 

Abib  (a'bib),  n.  [Heb.  abib,  an  ear  of  corn, 
<  dbab,  produce  early  fruit,  <  db,  swelling.] 
The  time  of  newly  ripe  grain  ;  the  first  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  beginning 
with  the  new  moon  of  March.  Abib  seems  to  have 
been  the  designation  of  a  season  rather  than  the  name  of 
a  month.  After  the  Babylonish  captivity  it  was  also 
called  Nisan  (Neh.  ii.  1). 

abidance  (a-bi'dans),  n.  [<  abided  +  -ance.] 
The  act  of  abiding  or  continuing  ;  abode;  stay. 
Fuller.     [Rare.] 

And  then,  moreover,  there  is  His  personal  abidance  in 
our  churches,  raising  earthly  service  into  a  foretaste  of 
heaven.  J.  II.  Xeirinau,  (.Irani,  of  Assent,  p.  475. 

abide1  (a-bid'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abode,  ppr. 
abiding.  [<  ME.  abiden  (pret.  sing,  abod,  pi. 
abiden,  pp.  abiden),  <  AS.  dliklan (pret.  sing. 
dbdd,  pi.  abiaon,  pp.  abiden)  (=Goth.  nsbeidan, 
expect), <  (i-  +  bidan,  bide:  see  bide.  The  ME. 
and  AS.  forms  are  trans,  and  intrans.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  especially,  to  stand  one's 
ground  against. 

Abide  me  if  thou  dar'st.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

Howbeit  we  abide  our  day  !        M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

2.  To  await ;  be  in  store  for. 

Bonds  and  afflictions  abide  me.  Acts  xx.  23. 

3.  To  endure  or  sustain  ;  remain  firm  under. 
Who  may  abide  the  day  of  his  coming?  Mai.  iii.  2. 
Greatness  does  not  need  plenty,  and  can  very  well  abide 

its  loss.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 

4.  To  put  up  with;  tolerate.  [In  this  collo- 
quial sense  approaching  abide2.] 

I  cannot  abide  the  smell  of  hot  meat. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 


11 

As  for  disappointing  them,  I  shouldn't  so  much  mind, 
but  I  can't  abide  to  disappoint  myself. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stnops  t,  i  Cmpier,  i.  1. 

5f.  To  encounter;  undergo:  in  a  jocular 
sense.  [?] 

I  wil  give  hym  the  alder-beste 
(iifte,  that  ever  he  aiioile  hys  lyve. 

Chaucer,  Dethe  of  Blaunche,  1.  247. 
II.   intrans.  1.  To  have  one's  abode ;  dwell; 
reside. 

In  the  noiseless  air  and  light  that  flowed 
Round  your  fair  brows,  eternal  Peace  abode. 

Bryant,  To  the  Apennines. 

2.  To  remain  ;  continue  to  stay. 

Except  these  abide  in  the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved. 

Acts  xxvii.  31. 
Here  no  man  can  abide,  except  be  be  ready  with  all  his 
heart  to  humble  himself  for  the  love  of  God. 

Thomas  d  Kempis,  Im.  of  Christ,  i.  17. 

3.  To  continue  in  a  certain  condition  ;  remain 
steadfast  or  faithful. 

But  she  is  happier  if  she  so  abide  [in  widowhood]. 

1  Cor.  vii.  40. 
4*.  To  wait ;  stop;  delay. 

He  hasteth  wel  that  wysly  kan  n!>>/>te. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  949. 

5.  To  inhere  ;  belong  as  an  attribute  or  qual- 
ity ;  have  its  seat. 
Though  far  more  cause,  yet  much  less  spirit  to  curse 
Abides  in  me.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

To  abide  by.  («)  To  remain  at  rest  beside:  as,  "abide 
bg  thy  crib,  Job  xxxix.  9.  (o)  To  adhere  to  ;  maintain  ; 
defend  ;  stand  to :  as,  to  abide  bg  a  friend.  Specifically, 
in  Scots  law,  to  adhere  to  as  true  and  genuine:  said  of 
the  party  who  relies  upon  a  deed  or  writing  which  the 
other  party  desires  to  have  reduced  or  declared  null  and 
void,  on  the  ground  of  forgery  or  falsehood,  (c)  To  await 
or  accept  the  consequences  of  ;  rest  satisfied  with  :  as,  to 
abide  bg  the  event  or  issue.  =  Syn:  1  and  2.  Abide, 
Sojourn,  Continue,  Dwelt.  Reside,  Lie,,  remain,  stay, 
stop,  lodge,  settle,  settle  down,  tarry,  linger.  Live  is  the 
most  general  word  :  to  pass  one's  life,  without  indicating 
place,  time,  or  manner.  Abide,  sojourn,  to  stay  for  a 
time  —  length  of  stay  being  associated  in  the  mind  with 
the  former,  and  briefness  or  shortness  of  stay  with  the 
latter.  Continue,  to  stay  on,  without  interval  of  absence. 
Dwell,  to  be  domiciled.  Reside,  to  have  one's  home ;  dwell. 
And  if  these  pleasures  may  thee  move, 
Then  live  with  me  and  be  my  love. 

Marlowe,  Shepherd  to  his  Love. 

0  Thou  who  changest  not.  abide  with  me  !  Lyte. 
A  certain  man  of  Beth-lehem-judah  went  to  sojourn  in 

the  country  of  Moab,  he,  and  his  wife,  and  his  two  sons. 
.  .  .  And  they  came  into  the  country  of  Moab,  and  con- 
tinued there.  Ruth  i.  1,  2. 

And  Moses  was  content  to  dwell  with  the  man. 

Exod.  ii.  21. 

There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides  this  dejected  Ma- 
riana. Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

abide2  (a-bid'),  v.  t.  [This  word  in  the  sense 
of  '  suffer  for '  does  not  occur  much  earlier  than 
Shakspere's  time.  It  is  a  corruption  of  ME. 
abyen,  pay  for,  due  to  confusion  with  abide1, 
wait  for  (as  if  that  sense  were  equivalent  to 
'endure'):  see  further  under  aby1,  and  ef. 
abide1,  v.  t.,  4.]  To  pay  the  price  or  penalty 
of ;  suffer  for. 

If  it  be  found  so,  some  will  dear  abide  it. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
Ah  me  !  they  little  know 
How  dearly  I  abide  that  boast  so  vain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  86. 
abident.    Old  perfect  participle  of  abide1. 
abider   (a-bi'der>,  n.     l<  abide1  +  -er1.]     One 
who  dwells  or  continues ;    one  who  lives  or 
resides. 

abiding   (a-bi'ding),  p.  a.      [Ppr.  of  abide1.] 
Continuing ;    permanent ;    steadfast :    as,    an 
abiding  faith. 
Here  thou  hast  no  abiding  city. 

Thomas  o  Kempis,  Ini.  of  Christ,  ii.  1. 

1  do  not  think  that  Pope's  verse  anywhere  sings,  but  it 
should  seem  that  the  abiding  presence  of  fancy  in  his  best 
work  forbids  his  exclusion  from  the  rank  of  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  432. 

abidingly  (a-bi'ding-li),  adv.  In  an  abiding 
manner;  enduriugly  ;  lastingly;  permanently. 
abiding-place  l  a-bi'ding-plas  >,  ii.  [<  abiding, 
verbal  n.  of  abide1,  +  place.]  A  place  where 
one  abides ;  a  permanent  dwelling-place ;  hence, 
a  place  of  rest ;  a  resting-place. 
A  very  charming  little  abiding-place. 

II.  James,  jr..  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  41. 
Many  of  these  plants    .    .    .    found  suitable  abiding- 
places  at  the  South.  Science,  III.  359. 

Abies  (ab'i-ez),  n.  [L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  silver 
fir;  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  trees,  the 
firs,  of  the  suborder  Abietinece,  natural  order 
finiifriir,  some  of  which  are  valuable  for  their 
timber.  It  differs  from  Pinus  in  its  solitary  leaves  and 
in  the  thin  scales  of  its  cones,  which  ripen  the  first  year. 
From  the  allied  genera  Picea,  Tsuga,  etc.,  with  which 
it  has  sometimes  been  united,  it  is'  distinguished  by  its 
closely  sessile  leaves,  by  the  bracts  of  the  female  aments 
being  much  larger  than  the  scales,  and  by  having  erect 
cones  with  deciduous  scales.    It  includes  16  or  IS  species, 


(i)  Staminate  and  (2)  pistil- 
late inflorescence  of  the  pine; 
(3)  a  pistillate  scale,  ami  4 
the  s.uue  showing  a  longitudi- 
nal section  of  the  ovules. 


ability 

confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  equally  divided 
between  the  old  and  new  worlds.  To  it  belong  the  sil- 
ver fir  of  central  F.uropc  ( .1.  ]ieeiiuutu),  the  balsam-fir  of 
eastern  North  America(.4.  balsamea),  the  red  and  white 
firs  of  western  America  (A.  grand  ■   and  nobilis), 

the  sacred  fir  of  Mexico  {A.  religiosa),  etc.  Set 

abietene  (ab'i-e-ten),  n.  [<  L.  abies  (abiet-), 
flic  fir,  +  -ene.]  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  by 
distillation  from  the  resin  of  the  nut-pine 
of  California,  Pinus  Sabiniana.  It  consists  almost 
wholly  of  normal  heptane,  C7HX6,  and  is  a  nearly  color- 
Less  mobile  liquid,  having  a  strong  aromatic  smell,  highly 
inflammable,  ami  burning  with  a  white,  smokeless  flame. 

abietic  (ab-i-et'ik),  a.  [<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the 
fir,  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  trees  of  the 
genus  Abies;  derived  from  the  fir.— Abietic 
acid,  c.j(lH:,(,nL,,  an  acid  obtained  from  the  resin  of  sonic 
species  of  pine,  larch,  and  fir.  These  resins  are  anhydrids 
of  atiietie  acid  or  mixtures  containing  it. 

abietin  (ab'i-e-tin),  n.  [<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the 
fir,  +  -in2.]  A  tasteless,  inodorous  resin,  de- 
rived from  the  turpentine  obtained  from  some 
species  of  the  genus  Abies. 

Abietinese  (ab'i-e-tin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
abies  (abiet-),  the  fir,  +  -in-ece.]  A  suborder  of 
the  natural  order  Coniferee,  distinguished  by 
bearing  strobiles  (cones)  with  two  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  which  become 
winged  samaroid  seeds.  The  leaves  are  linear  or 
needle-shaped,  and  never  two- 
ranked.  It  includes  many  of 
the  most  valuable  kinds  of  tim- 
ber-trees, viz.,  pine  (Pinus], 
true  cedar  (Cedrus),  spruce  ( Pi- 
cea),  hemlock-spruce  (Tsuga), 
I  'nimlas's  spruce  (/'*,"</"/ wo/, r  1, 
lit  {Abies),  and  larch  (Lara  1 

abietinic    (ab'i-e-tin'ik), 

a.     Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from   abietin :   as, 

abietinic  acid, 
abietite    (ab'i-e-tat),  n. 

[<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir, 

+  -ite%.]  A  sugar,  C6H803, 

obtained  from  the  needles 

of  the  European  silver  fir, 

Abies  pectinata. 
Abietites    (ab"i-e-ti'tez), 

n.   [NL.,  pi.  (se.'planta), 

<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
plants,  natural  order  Coniferee,  occurring  in  the 
Wealden  and  Lower  Greensand  strata. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  [<  Abigail,  the  "waiting 
gentlewoman "  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  of  "The  Scornful  Lady" — so  named, 
perhaps,  in  allusion  to  the  expression  "thine 
handmaid,"  applied  to  herself  by  Abigail,  the 
wife  of  Nabal,  when  carrying  provisions  to 
David:  see  1  Sam.  xxv.  2-41.]  A  general  name 
for  a  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid.  [Colloq.] 
Sometimes  written  as  a  common  noun,  with- 
out a  capital. 

The  Abigail,  by  immemorial  custom,  being  a  deodand, 
and  belonging  to  holy  Church. 

Reply  to  Ladies  and  Bachelors  !'■  tition,  1694 

(Harl.  Misc.,  IV.  440). 
I  myself  have  seen  one  of  these  male  Abigails  tripping 
about  the  room  with  a  looking-glass  in  his  hand  and 
combing  his  lady's  hair  a  whole  morning  together. 

N/  ectator. 
abigeat  (ab-ij'e-at),  n.  [<  OF.  abigeat,  <  L. 
abigeatus,  cattle-stealing,  <  abigeus,  a  cattle- 
stealer,  <  abigere,  drive  away:  see  abactor. 
For  the  second  sense  (b),  cf.  L.  abiga,  a  plant 
which  has  the  power  of  producing  abortion, 

<  abigere,  as  above.]  In  law :  (a)  The  crime 
of  stealing  or  driving  off  cattle  in  droves,  (b) 
A  miscarriage  procured  by  art. 

abiliatet  (a-bil'i-at),  v.  t.  [For  aliilititte;  or 
irreg.  formed  from  able,  L.  habilis,  ML.  (h)aln- 
lis.]     To  enable.     Bacon.     [Bare.] 

abilimentt  (a-bil'i-ment),  n.  [Var.  of  habili- 
ment, q.  v.]  Ability:"  as,  "  abiliment  to  steer  a 
kingdom,"  Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  2. 

abilimentst,  n.  pi.    Same  as  habiliments. 

abilitatet  (a-Jnri-tat),  v.  t.  [OIL.  habilitatus, 
pp.  of  habii'itare  (>  OF.  habileter,  habiliter),  ren- 
der able,  <  habilis,  able  :  see  able1.]  To  assist. 
Nicholas  Ferrar. 

ability  (a-bil'i-ti),  ».  [<  ME.  abilite  (four  syl- 
lables), '<  OF."  habilile  (ME.  also  ablete,  <  C)*F. 
ablete),  <  L.  habilita(t-)s,  ML.  abilita(t-)s,  apt- 
ness, <  habilis,  apt,  able:  see  able1.]  1.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  able  ;  power  or 
capacity  to  do  or  act  in  any  relation  ;  compe- 
tence in  any  occupation  or  field  of  action,  from 
the  possession  of  capacity,  skill,  means,  or 
other  qualification. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  of  the 
work.  Ezra  ii.  <:>'.). 

Alas !  what  poor 

Ability's  in  me  to  do  him  g 1 '.' 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  6. 


ability 


12 


Tii  the  close  of  the  Republic,  the  law  was  the  sole  Held  abiogeny  (ab-i-oj'e-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  fine, 
for  all  a     it    exo  p<  the  special  talent  oi  a  capacity  for     j^.-,,    +  _;,T,;r    -born  :  sec  abinaencsis  and  -grera.1 
tehlp.  « «"«W  Communities, p.  380.     S;,,;„.  .,;  „,,;„„ to. 


generals 

We  must  regard  the  colloidal  compounds  ol  which  or-  BijAlnri«i1    -,  li-ii-loi'i-k-il 
3ll  as  having  by  their  physical  uature,  the  apioiogicai  i.to  i  o  104  i  tju 


olloids  n< "in  crystalloids. 

//.  spencer,  l'i  hi.  uf  Biol.j  §  7. 

2.  pJ.   In  a  concrete  sense,   talents  ;  mental 
gifts  or  endowments. 

Natural  abiliti  i  are  like  natural  plants,  that  need  prun- 
ingbystudy.  Bacon, Studies,  Bssay&0. 

11,  nad  good  a  ■  Dial  temper,  and  uo  i  ices. 

Emerson,  Soc.  and  Sol 

3.  The  condition  of  being  able  to  pay  or  to 
meel    pecuniary    obligationsj    possession    of 


[<  Gr.  o-  priv. 

Not  biological ;  not  pertain- 


Sanir 

a'b 

+  E.  biological.'] 

ing  to  biology. 
The  biological  sciences  are  sharply  marked  off  from  the 

abiological,  or  those  which  treal  of  the  phenomena  inani- 

t.  iti  il  by  not-living  matter.     Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  1. 
abiologically  (ab'i-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  Not  bio- 

logically  ;  in  an  abiological  manner. 
abirritant    (ab-ir'i-tant),  n.     [<  L.  ab,  from, 

+  E.  irritant.']     In  meet.,  a  soothing  drug  or 

application. 


means:  called  distinctively  financial  or  pecu-  abirritate  (al.-ir  i-tatt, , .  f.jpret.  and  pp.  «/«»•- 

ritated,  ppr.  ahimlatiny.     [<L.  «<>,  from,  +  L. 


Mian/  ability. 

Out  of  my  lean  and  low  aotfifif 

I'll  lend  you  something.        .4it,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

A  draft  upon  my  neigh] r  was  to  me  the  same  as 

money;  for  I  was  sufficiently  convinced  of  his  • 

nith,  \  nar,  xiv. 

4.   That  which  is  within  one's  power  to  do; 

best  endeavor. 

Be  thou  assur'd,  g 1  Cassio,  I  will  do 

All  my  sWIitv  s  in  thy  behalf.        Shak.,  0th.,  iii.  3. 

=Syn.  1.  Ab\         Capacii     power,  strength,  skill 

terity.  t  i    i!t  i    i  a'pability,  qualification,  ctlicicncy. 


irritate, 


abjurer 

act  of  casting  away  or  down  ;  the  act  of  hum- 
bling or  abasing  ;  abasement. 

The  audacite  and  liulde  BDeche  of  Daniel  signifyeth  the 
abjection  ol  the  kynge  and  his  realme. 

Joye,  Exp.  of  Daniel,  eli.  v. 

2.  The  stat.'  of   being  casl   down  or  away; 

hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit  ;   base- 
ness ;  groveling  humility;  abjectness. 

That  this  should  lie  termed  has.  nesS,  o6;'ectiOM  of  mind, 

or  servility,  is  it  credible:  Hooker,  Eccl.  Pol.,  v.  §  il. 

Contempt  for  his  abjection  at  the  foul  feet  of  the  Church. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  SO. 

3.  Rejection;  expulsion. 

Calvin  understands  by  Christ's  descending  into  hell, 
that  he  suffered  in  his  soul  .  .  .  all  the  torments  of  hell, 
even  to  ab/eetion  from  (Lid's  presem  e. 

Hcylin,  Hist,  of  Presbyterians,  p.  350. 


J     !"  '""'■■  ' '•",'.'"  or  le?.sen  :rr.,;l-  abjective    (ab-jek'tiv),    a.      [<  abject  +  Ave.] 

■    soothe  bv  removing    or  diminishing     X,J     ,■        *..   _i_'       .   j_ i:_: „„    „i..„„<.„.. 


tion  in  ;  soothe  by  removing  or  diminishin: 
irritability. 
abirritation  (ab-ir-i-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  el),  away, 
from,  +  E.  irritation.]  In  patliol,  the  removal 
or  diminution  of  irritation  or  irritability  in  the 
various  tissues. 
abirritative  (ab-ir'i-ta-tiv),  a.  Tending  to  ab- 
irritate ;  due  to  abirritation. 

"■  ,lc:x'  abismet,''.     See  abime. 

il ',',' ! ';'(  abitt.     Third  person  sing.  pres.  of  abide': 


,\.  ,„:,,  .  :,  tive  power  or  power  to  perform,  and  is  used  "*"*?■      iu"u  l5fr.s0"  slu»' ,P,    f,, 
witbregard  to  pVwer  oi  am  kind.  V,,,,,,,-,,,,  conveys  the  abltt,  ».     Obsolete  form  of  habit. 

id,a  of  receptiveness,  of  the  po ion  of  resources;  it  is  abitaclet,  to.-    Obsolete  form  of  habttacle. 

I.     [ME.  abitan,  <  AS.  dbitan,  bite,  eat,  aTjjUclge  (ab-juj'),  v 
'.  a-  +  bitan,  bite.]     To  bite  ;  eat ;  de- 


is  partly  the  result  ol  education  or  opportunity. 

What  [s  a  power,  but  the  ability  or  faculty  of  doing  a 
thing?  What  is  the  ability  to  do  a  thing,  but  the  powi  r 
of  employing  the  means  necessary  to  its  execution? 

.1    Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  33. 

,.  ;t,,  is  requisite  to  dense,  and  ability  to  execute,  a 
great  enterprise.  //■  Taylor. 

2.  Abilities,  Talents,  Parts,  etc.  (see  genius),  gifts,  fac- 
ility, aptitude,  accomplishments. 

-ability.    See  -able,  -bilitij,  Ability. 
abilliamentst  (a-bil'i-a-ments),  n.  pi.    [<OF. 
habillement,  armor,  war  equipments  (mod.  F., 
clothing) ;    the   E.  spelling  -Hi-  imitates  the 
sound  of  F.  II.  as  in  billiards,  q.  v.    See  habili- 
ment.]    Same  as  habiliments,  but  applied  more 
especially  to  armor  and  warlike  stores. 
And  n.ov  the  temple  of  Janus  being  shut,  warlike  abitl in- 
rusty.  Arlli.  Wilson.  Hist    Jam,  ■  I 

abimet,  abismet, ».  [<  OF.  abime,  earlier  abisme 
see  abysm.]     An  abysm. 

Column  and  base  npbering  from  abime. 

Ballad  in  Cominiiidaeiotin  of  (Jure  Ladie,  1.  1211. 

Feel  such  a  care,  as  one  whom  some  Abisme 

In  tli-    del  ! ,111  kept  had  all  his  Time. 

Drummond  of  Hawthornden,  Works,  p.  59. 

ab  initio  (ab  i-nish'i-o).     [L.:«6,  from;  initio, 

abl.  of  milium,  beginning:  see  initial.]  From 
the  beginning. 

abintestate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  a.  [<LL.  abintes- 
tate, <  L.  ab,  from,  +  i nti. Ha i us  :  see  intestate.] 
Inheriting  or  devolving  from  one  who  died  in- 
testate. 

ab  intra  (ab  in'tra).  [L.:  see  ab-  and  intra-.] 
Prom  v.  ithiii :  opposed  to  ab  et  Ira. 

abiogenesis  <ai.  i-o-jen'e-sis),  «.  [XL.  (Huxley, 
1870),  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  (iioc,  life,  +  yhiemc,  gen- 
eration.] In  biol.,  the  production  of  living 
things  otherwise  than  through  the  growth  ana 

,i,...  elopment  of  detached  |>ortions  of  a  parent 
organism;  spontaneous  generation.    Abiogenesis 

was  I  i  to  prevail  quit,  i  among 

omplex  forms  of  life.  It  is  now  proved 
that  it  occurs,  if  at  all,  only  in  the  simplest  microscopic 
organ!  bl  of  evidence  Is  adverse  t.,  the 

claimthat  it  has  been  directly  demonstrated  there.  The 
tendency  oi  ion,  however,  is  to 

ition  of  a  process  of  natural  conversion 
of  non-living  into  livin  the  dawn  of  lift   on 

this  ■  ,  and  het- 


abitiont  (ab-ish'on),  n.  [<  L.  abitio(n-),  <  abire, 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go.]  The  act  of 
departing;  death. 

abject  (ab'jekt),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  abject,  <L. 
nhjirfus,  downcast,  low,  mean,  pp.  of  abicere, 
also  spelled  abjicere,  <  ab,  away,  +  jacere,  throw, 
=  Gr.  iwirrtiv,  throw :  seeiambic.]  I.  a.  If.  Cast 
aside  ;  cast  away  ;  abjected. 

So  thick  bestrown, 
Abject  and  lost,  lay  these,  covering  the  flood, 
Under  amazement  of  their  hideous  change. 

Milton,  P.  L.,i.  312. 
n     T  ...  i.-  ,      ,        judged  to  his  creditor. 

2.  Low  in  condition  or  m  estimation  ;  utterly  a'hjUgatet  (ab'jo-gat),    v.   I.        <  L.   abjugatus. 
humiliating  or  disheartening ;  so  low  as  to  be  ,■     ,  .      nnvn" 


Tending  to  abase;  demoralizing:  as,  abject  ire 
influence.    PaU  Mall  Gazette. 
abjectly  (ab'jekt-li),  adv.     In  an  abject,  mean, 
or  servile  manner. 

See  the  statue  which  I  create.     It  is  abjectly  servile  to 
my  will,  and  has  no  capacity  whatever  to  gainsay  it. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  40. 

abjectness  (ab'jekt-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abject,  mean-spirited,  or  de- 
graded ;  abasement ;  servility. 

When  a  wild  animal  is  subdued  to  abji  etness,  all  its  in- 
terest is  gone.  Higginson,  <  lldport  Days,  p.  37. 

/. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abjudgi  <l, 
ppr.  dbjudging.  [(ah-  +  jitth/r.  after  abjudicate, 
q.  v.]  To  take  away  by  judicial  decision;  rule 
out.     [Rare.] 

abjudicatet  (ab-jo'di-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abjvdi- 
citus,  pp.  of  abjudicare,  <  ab,  away,  +  judicare, 
judge:  Bee  judge.]  1.  To  take  away  by  judicial 
sentence.  Ash. —  2.  To  judge  to  be  illegal  or 
erroneous;  reject  as  wrong:  as,  to  abjudicate 
a  contract. 

abjudication  (ab-jo-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  abjudi- 
cate.] Deprivation  by  judgment  of  a  court; 
a  divesting  by  judicial  decree.  Specifically,  a 
legal  decision  by  which  the  real  estate  of  a  debtor  is  ad- 


pp.  of  abjugare,  unyoke,  <  ab,  from,  +  juguni 
=  E.  yoke.]  To  unyoke.  Bailey. 
abjunctive  (ab-jungk'tiv),  o.  [<  L.  abjwnetus, 
pp.  of  abjungere,  unyoke,  separate,  <  ab,  from, 
+  jumjerc,  join.  Cf .  conjunctkn  and  subjunctive.] 
Isolated  ;  exceptional.     [Rare.] 

It  is  this  power  which  leads  ,.n  .  .  .  from  the  accidental 
and  abjunctive  to  the  universal.     Is.  Taylor,  Sat.  Eve.,xxi. 


tig  < 

hopeless :  as,  abject  poverty,  disgrace,  or  ser- 
vitude.—  3.  Low  in  kind  or  character ;  mean; 
despicable  ;  servile  ;  groveling. 

Or  in  this  abject  posture  have  ye  sworn 

To  adore  the  conqueror?  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  322. 
=  Syn.  3.  Abject,  Low,  Mean,  Groveling,  debased,  despi- 
cable, degraded,  degenerate,  wretched,  menial,  worthless, 
beggarly.    (See  list  under  low.)  Abject,  low,  and  mean  maj 

have  essentially  the  same  meaning,  but  low  is  more  of  ten  abiuration    (ab-jo-ra'shon),   it.       [<  L.   ah/ura- 
used  with  respect  to  nature,  condition,  or  rank;  mean,      ..J,..  v    /  ..,.;....„..„. ",.7,;,...    - 


At  the  pi.-' ot  moment  there  isnol  a^hadowof  trust-  abjecttftt^-jekt^  ),  r.  / 


to  character  or  conduct;  abject,  to  spirit.  Groveling  has 
the  vividness  of  figurative  use  ;  it  represents  natural  .lis- 
position  toward  what  is  low  and  base.  Low  is  generally 
stronger  than  mean,  conformably  to  the  original  senses  of 
the  two  words. 

Never  debase  yourself  by  treacherous  ways, 
\,,i  by  such  abject  methods  seek  for  praise. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  970. 
An  abject  man  he  fWolsey]  was,  in  spite  of  his  pride ;  for 
lieinc  overtaken  riding  out  of  that  place  towards  Usher  by 
one  of  the  King's  chamberlains,  who  brought  him  a  kind 
message  and  a  ring,  he  alighted  from  his  mule,  took  off 
liis  cap,  and  kneeled  down  in  the  dirt. 

Dickens,  Child's  Hist.  Eng.,  xxvii. 

What  in  in-    is  dark 
Illumine,  what  is  low  raise  and  support. 

Milton,  V.  I...  i.  23. 
There  is  hardly  a  spirit  upon  earth  so  me, m  and  con- 
tracted as  to  cent  re  all  regards  on  its  own  interests. 

Hji.  /;,  .7,, /-//. 

This  vice  of  intemperance  is  the  arch-abominati I 

our  natures,  tending  .  .  .  to  drag  down  the  s.eil  to  the 
slavery  of  grovelling  lusts.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  874. 

II. t  n.  A  person  who  is  abjectly  base,  ser- 
vile, or  dependent  ;  a  rail  iff  or  menial. 

X"ea    the  objects  gathered  themselves  together  against 
me,  and  I  knew  it  not.  Ps.  xxxv.  16. 

u  e  are  the  queen's  objects,  and  must  obey. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 


worths  direct  evidence  thai  abiogeni  is  doi     tal     placi 

or  ha  place  v  II  bin  1  be  period  d g  w  hi  h  the 

exist  ,  fded, 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  40. 

abiogenesist  (ab  i  5  1  rt'i       I  i,  « 
iii.]     Same  a  -  abiogi 

abiogenetic  (ab  i-o-jf-net'ik),  n.  [See  o&to- 
genesis  and  gt  ru  He.  |  « If  or  pertaining  to  abio- 
genesis. 


[<  L.  alijectiis.  pp.:  see 


the  adj.]     1.  Tothrowaway;  east  off  or  out. 

For  that  ..Hence  only  Almighty  God  objected  Saul,  that 
he  should  110  more  1,  111  ovei    I   rail. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i. 

2.  To  make  abject ;  humiliate;  degrade. 

It  abjected  hlsspiril  to  that  degree  thai  he  fell  danger- 
0u  Ij  iii  1  Sffi "/" .  Wi  morials,  i.  16. 

U  hal    Is  it  that  can  make  this  gallant  so  stoop  and  til, 
ject  himsell  so  bas.  Ij !  Potherby,  itheomastix,  p.  48. 


aDiogenetically  (ab'i-o-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  abjectednesst  (ah-jek'ted-nes),  n.    The  state 

an  abiogenetic  manner;  bj    1 ti is  gener- 

rds  abiogenesis. 
abiogenist  fab-i-oj'e-nist),  n.    [<abiogeny  + 

-ist.]    k  believer  in  the  doctrine  of  abiogenesis. 

Also  called  abiogi  insist. 
abiogenous   (ab-i-oj'i  Produced  by 

spontaneous  generation. 


ore lition  of  being  abject;  abjectness;   hit 

miliation. 

( inr  Saviour  sunk  himself  to  the  bottom  ol 
to  ,  \;iit  "in  condition  to  the  contrary  1  xtreme,         Boyle. 
abjection  (ab-jek'shon),  to.    [<  ME.  alneccioun, 

<  OF.  abjection,  <  L.  abjectio(n-),  a.-i  of  casting  abjurer  (ab-j.i'rer),  n.    (<  abjure  +  -c 
away,  <  abicere,  abjicere :  see  abject,  a.]     It.  The     who  abjures  or  forswears. 


ti'o(u-),  <  abjurare:  see  abjure.]  The  act  of 
abjuring;  a  renunciation  upon  oath,  or  with 
great  solemnity  or  strong  asseveration:  as,  to 
take  an  oath  of  abjuration;  an  abjuration  of 
heresy.  The  oath  of  abjuration  is  the  negative  part  of 
the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  the  United  states,  foreigners 
seeking  naturalization  must  on  oath  renounce  all  alle- 
giance to  every  foreign  sovereignty,  as  well  as  swear 
allegiance  to  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
United  states.  Formerly,  in  England,  public  officers  were 
required  to  take  an  oath  of  abjuration,  in  which  they 
renounced  allegiance  to  the  house  of  Stuart  and  acknow- 
ledged the  title  of  the  house  of  Hanover. 

abjuratory  (ab-jO'ra-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
expressing  abjuration — Abjuratory  anathema. 
See  anathema. 

abjure  (ab-j8r'),  V.;  pret.  and  pp.  abjured,  ppr. 

abjuring.  [<F.  abjurer,  <  L.  abjurare,  deny  on 
oath,  <.  ab,  from,  +  jurare,  swear,  < jus  (jur-), 
law.right.  <  If.  adjure,  conjure, perjure.]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  renounce  upon  oath;  forswear;  with- 
draw formally  from  :  as,  to  abjure  allegiance  to 
a  prince. —  2.  To  renounce  or  repudiate;  aban- 
don ;  retract  ;  especially,  to  renounce  or  re- 
tract with  solemnity:  us,  to  abjure  one's  errors 
or  wrong  practices. 

I  put  myself  to  thy  direction,  and 

1  uspeak  mine  own  detraction  ;  here  abjure 

The  taints  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  Iv.  3. 
N,,t   a  few  impecunious    zealots   abjured   the  use  of 

money  (unless  earned  by  other  people),  professing  to  live 
OB  the  internal  revenues  of  the  Spirit. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows.  ]..   184. 

To  abjure  the  realm,  formerly,  in  England,  to  swear 

to  leave  the  country I  never  return  :  an  oath  by  which 

felons  taking   refuge   in   a   church   might    in    some    .  as.-s 
save  their  lives.  =  Syn.  To  Ri  nounce,  Recant,  Abjure,  1 1. 
(gee  renounce),  relinquish,  abandon,  disavow,  take  back, 
disclaim,  repudiate,  unsay. 

II.  intrans.    To  take  an  oatli  of  abjuration. 

line  Thomas  Harding,  .  .  .  who  had  abjured  in  the  year 
[506  Bp.  linnet.  Mist,  of  Kef.,  I.  left 

abjurementt  (ab-j8r'menl ),  n.  The  act  of  ab- 
juring;   renunciation.    J.  Hull. 

1.]     One 


abjuror 

abjuror  (ab-j8'rgr),  ».    See  abjurer. 

abkar  I  ab'k&r),  n.  [Hind.  Pers.  abkdr,  a  distil- 
ler, <  Hind.  Pel's,  db,  Skt.  dp,  water,  +  kar,  Skt. 
kdra,  making,  <  Skt.  y'  kar,  make  :  see  abkari.] 
In  India,  one  who  makes  or  sells  spirituous 
liquors ;  one  who  pays  abkari. 

abkari,  abkary  (ab-k&'ri),  n.  [<  Hind.  Pers. 
abkari,  the  liquor-business,  a  distillery,  <  abkdr, 
a  distiller :  see  abkar.~\  Literally,  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  spirituous  liquors ;  hence, 
specifically,  in  British  India,  the  government 
excise  upon  such  liquors ;  the  licensing  of  deal- 
ers in  strong  drink.  The  method  of  obtaining  revenue 
from  this  source,  called  the  abkari  system,  is  by  farming 
out  the  privilege  to  contractors,  who  supply  the  retail 
dealers.     Also  spelled  abkaree,  aitbkaury,  etc. 

Abkhasian  (ab-ka'zian),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Of 

or  belonging  to  a  Caucasian  tribe  occupying 
the  Russian  territory  of  Abkhasia  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 
II.    n.   A  member  of  this  tribe. 
Also  written  Abkasian,  Abchasian,  Abasian. 

abl.     An  abbreviation  of  ablative. 

ablactate  (ab-lak'tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ablactated,  ppr.  ablactating.  [<  L.  ablactatus, 
pp.  of  aolactare,  wean,  <  ab,  from,  +  lactare, 
give  suck :  see  lactation.]  To  wean  from  the 
breast.     [Rare.] 

ablactation  (ab-lak-ta'shou),  n.  [<  L.  ablacta- 
tio(n-),  weaning,  <  ablaetare,  wean:  see  ablac- 
tnte.]  1.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from  the 
breast.— 2.  In  hort.,  same  as  inarching.  See 
inarch. 

ablaquet,  ablackt  (ab'lak),  n.    A  sort  of  stuff 

used  in  tin'  middle  ages,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  from  the  silk  of  a  mollusk,  the  pinna, 
and  probably  similar  to  that  still  made  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  from  tho  same 
material. 

ablaqueatet  ( ab-lak'we-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abla- 
queatus,  pp.  of  ablaqueare,  turn  up  the  earth 
around  a  tree,  prop,  disentangle,  loosen,  (.ab, 
from,  +  haptens,  a  noose :  see  lace.']  To  lay 
bare  in  cultivation,  as  the  roots  of  trees. 

ablaqueationt  (ab-lak-we-a'shou),  n.  [<L.  ab- 
laqueatio'n-),  < ablaqueare :  see  ablaqueate.]  A 
laying  bare  of  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose 
them  to  the  air  and  water.     Evelyn. 

ablastemic  (a-blas-tem'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  E.  blastemie.]  Not  blastemic ;  non-germinal. 

ablastous  (a-blas'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  affXaaroc,  not 
budding,  barren,  <  a-  priv.  +  f}%aar6c,  a  bud, 
germ.]     Without  germ  or  bud. 

ablatet  (ab-laf),  v.  t.  [<L.  ablatus,  taken  away: 
see  ablative.]    To  take  away ;  remove.    Boordc. 

ablation  (ab-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ablatio{n-),  a 
taking  away,  <  ablatus,  taken  away:  see  ablate 
and  ablative,  a.]  1.  A  carrying  or  taking  away ; 
removal ;  suppression. 

Prohibition  extends  to  all  injustice,  whether  done  by 
force  or  fraud  ;  whether  it  be  by  ablation  or  prevention  or 
detaining  of  rights.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  §  37. 

Complete  ablation  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem in  death.  Jour,  of  Kent.  Sci.,  XXII.  15. 

2.  In  med.,  the  taking  from  the  body  by  me- 
chanical means  of  anything  hurtful,  as  a 
diseased  limb,  a  tumor,  a  foreign  body,  pus, 
or  excrement. — 3.  In  cliem.,  the  removal  of 
whatever  is  finished  or  no  longer  necessary. — 
4.  In  geol.,  tho  wearing  away  or  waste  of  a 
glacier  by  melting  or  evaporation. 

ablatitious  (ab-la-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  ablatus, 
taken  away,  +  -iiius,  -icius,  E.  -itious,  as  in  ad- 
dititious,  adscititiotts,  etc.]    Having  the  quality 

or  character  of  ablation Ablatitious  force,  in 

astron.,  that  force  which  diminishes  the  gravitation  of  a 
satellite  toward  its  planet,  and  especially  of  the  moon  to- 
ward the  earth.     N.  E.  D. 

ablatival   (ab-la-ti'val),   a.     [< ablative  +  -al .] 
In  gram.,  pertaining  or  similar  to  the  ablative 
case.     See  ablative. 
The  ablatival  uses  of  the  genitive. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  5. 

ablative  (ab'la-tiv), a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ahlatirus,the 
name  of  a  case,  orig.  denoting  that  from  which 
something  is  taken  away,  <  ablatus,  pp.  asso- 
ciated with  anferrc,  take  away,  <  ab,  =  E.  off,  + 
ferre=~E.  bear1, with  which  are  associated  the 
pp.  lattts  and  supine  latum,  OL.  flatus,  datum, 
y/*tla  =  Gr.  T?rjvai,  bear,  akin  to  OL.  tulere,  L. 
foZZere,  lift,  and  E.*ftofe2,  q.v.]  1.0.1.  Taking 
or  tending  to  take  away  ;  tending  to  remove  ; 
pertaining  to  ablation.    [Rare.] 

Where  the  heart  is  forestalled  with  mis-opinion,  ablative 
directions  are  found  needfull  to  unteach  error,  ere  we  can 
leame  truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  Deceit  of  Appearance. 
2.  In  gram.,  noting  removal  or  separation: 
applied  to  a  case  which  forms  part  of  the  origi- 
nal declension  of  nouns  and  pronouns  in  the 


13 

languages  of  the  Indo-European  family,  and 
has  been  retained  by  some  of  them,  as  Latin, 
Sanskrit,  and  Zend,  while  in  some  it  is  lost,  or 
merged  in  another  case,  as  in  the  genitive  in 
Greek.  It  is  primarily  the  fram-ea.se. — 3.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  the  ablative  case : 
as,  an  ablative  construction. 

II.  n.  In  gram.,  short  for  ablative  case.  See 
ablative,  a.,  2.  Often  abbreviated  to  abl Abla- 
tive absolute,  in  Latin  gram.,  the  name  given  to  a  i n 

with  a  participle  or  smile  titlier  attributive  or  qualifying 
word,  either  expressed  >>v  understood,  in  the  ablative  case, 
which  is  not  dependent  upon  any  other  word  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

ablaut  (ab'lout ;  G.  pron.  iip'lout),  n.  [G.,<ab, 
off,  noting  substitution,  +  laut,  n.,  sound,  <  hint, 
a.,  loud:  Bee  loud.]  In  philol.,  a  substitution  of 
one  vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  the  root  of 
a  word,  accompanying  a  modification  of  use  or 
meaning:  as,  bind,  hand,  hound,  bond,  German 
bund;  more  especially,  the  change  of  a  vowel  to 
indicate  tense-change  in  strong  verbs,  instead 
of  the  addition  of  a  syllable  (-ed),  as  in  weak 
verbs:  AS,  get,  got,  got;  sink,  sank,  sun/:. 

ablaze  (a-blaz' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  as.  [<  a3, 
prep.,  on,  +  blaze1,  q.  v.]  1.  On  fire;  in  a 
blaze;  burning  briskly:  as,  the  bonfire  is  ablaze. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  in  a  state  of  excitement  or 
eager  desire. 

The  young  Cambridge  democrats  were  all  ablaze  to  as- 
sist Torrijos.  Carlyle. 

This  was  Emerson's  method,  ...  to  write  the  perfect 
line,  to  set  the  imagination  ablaze  with  a  single  verse. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  1)30. 

3.  Gleaming;  brilliantly  lighted  up:  as,  ablaze 
with  jewelry. 
able1  (a'bl),"<j.  [<  ME.  able,  abel,  etc.,  <  OF.  able, 
liable  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  habil,  It.  abile,  '<  L.  habilis, 
ace.  habilcm,  apt,  expert,  <  habere,  have,  hold: 
see  habit.]  1.  Having  power  or  means  suffi- 
cient;  qualified;  competent:  as,  a  man  able  to 
perform  military  service ;  a  child  is  not  able 
to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able.  Deut.  xvi.  17. 

To  be  conscious  of  free-will  must  mean  to  be  conscious, 
before  I  have  decided,  that  I  am  able  to  decide  either 
way.  J.  S.  Mill. 

The  memory  may  be  disciplined  to  such  a  point  as  to  be 
able  to  perform  very  extraordinary  feats. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  Legally  entitled  or  authorized  ;  having  the 
requisite  legal  qualification:  as,  an  illegitimate 
son  is  not  able  to  take  by  inheritance. —  3.  In 
an  absolute  sense  :  (a)  Vigorous  ;  active. 

His  highness  comes  post  from  Marseilles,  of  as  able  body 
as  when  he  numbered  thirty.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  5. 

(b)  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind, 
or  intellectual  qualifications :  as,  an  able  min- 
ister. 

Provide  out  of  all  the  people  able  men.         Ex.  xviii,  21. 

With  the  assassination  of  Count  Rossi,  the  ablest  of  the 
Roman  patriots,  there  vanished  a  last  hope  of  any  other 
than  a  violent  solution  of  the  Papal  question. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  97. 

Able  for  is  now  regarded  as  a  Scotticism,  though  Shak- 
spere  has 

"  Be  able  for  thine  enemy  rather  in  power  than  use." 

Alls  Well,  i.  1. 

His  soldiers,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  were  hardly  able  /or 
such  a  march.  Principal  Robertson. 

Able  seaman,  a  seaman  who  is  competent  to  perform 
any  work  which  may  lie  required  of  him  on  board  ship, 
such  as  fitting  and  placing  rigging,  making  and  mending 
sails,  in  addition  to  the  ability  to  ''hand,  reef,  and  steer." 
=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Capable,  competent,  qualified,  fitted, 
adequate,  efficient ;  strong,  sturdy,  powerful,  vigorous ; 
talented,  accomplished,  clever. 

able1!  (a'bl),  v.  1.      [<  ME.  ablen,  abilen,  ena- 
ble, <  ME.  able,  abil,  able.]     1.  To  enable. 
And  life  by  this  death  ablcd  shall  controll 
Death,  whom  thy  death  slew.    Donne,  Resurrection. 

2.  To  warrant  or  answer  for. 

None  does  offend,  none,  I  say  none  ;  I'll  able  'em. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 
["  For  some  time  the  verb  able  was  not  uncommon. 
Bishop  Bale  uses  it  often  ;  Bishop  Latimer,  Shakespeare, 
Dr.  Donne,  Chapman,  etc.,  have  it  too."    F.  Hall.] 

able2  (a'bl),  «.    [F.:  see  ablet.]    Same  as  nHf(. 

-able,  -ible.  [(a)  ME.  -able,  <  OF.  -able.  mod. 
F.  -able  =  Sp.  -able  =  Pg.  -avel  =  It.  -abile,  <  L. 
-dhi/is,  ace.  -abilem;  (b)  ME.  -ible,  (OF.  -ible, 
-eble,  mod.  F.  -ible  =  Sp.  -ible  =  Pg.  -ivel=  It. 
-ibile,  <  L.  -ibilis,  ace.  -ibilem  ;  (c)  rarely  -<  ble, 
<L.  -cbilis,  ace.  -ebilem,  etc.;  being -We,  L. 
-bilis,  suffixed  in  Latin  to  a  verb-stem  ending, 
or  made  to  end,  in  a  vowel,  a,  i,  e,  etc. :  see 
-ble.  Examples  are:  (a)  ami-able,  <  ME.  a i mi- 
able,  <  OF.  aimable,  (  L.  amiedbilis,  friendly, 
(amicd-re,  make  friendly;  (b)  horr-ible, < MB. 
horrible,   orrible,  <  OF.  orrible,  <  L.  horribilis, 


ablet 

(horre-re,  shudder;  (c)  del-eble  (negative,  in- 
delible, conformed  to  preceding),  <  L.  delebUis, 
(dele-re,  destroy.  From  adjectives  in  -ble  are 
formed  nouns  in  -ness  (-blejne$8),  or,  from  or 
after  the  L.,  in  -hilitg,  which  in  some  cases  is  a 
restored  form  of  ME.  and  OF.  -blete,  <  L.  -bili- 
tas,  ace.  -bili-tat-cm.  See  -ble,  -bilitg,  -itij,  -ty.] 
A  common  termination  of  English  adjectives, 
especially  of  those  based  on  verbs.  To  the  base  to 
which  it  is  attached  it  generally  adds  the  notion  of  capable 
of.  worthy  of.  .Hid  sometimes  full  of,  causing  :  as,  obtain 
able,  capable  of  being  obtained;  tolerable,  i  apableof  being 
borne  ;  laudable,  worthy  <<t  praise  :  i  redibU,  that  maj  be 
believed,  or  worthy  of  belief ;  forcible,  full  of  force:  hor- 
rible, terrible,  full  of  or  causing  horror,  terror.  Many  of 
these  adjectives,  such  as  tolerable,  credible,  legible,  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  the  French,  ami 
are  in  a  somewhat  different  position  from  those  formed  by 
adding  the  termination  to  an  already  existing  English 
word,  as  in  the  case  of  obtainable.  Adjectives  of  this 
kind,  with  a  passive  signification,  are  the  most  numerous, 
and  the  base  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  or  Latin;  eatable,  titr- 
able, readable,  believable,  etc,  are  of  the  former  kind,  of 
those  in  -ablewith  an  active  signification  we  may  mention 
delectable,  suitable,  capable.  Of  a  neuter  signification  are 
durable,  equable,  conformable.  All  these  are  from  verbal 
bases,  but  there  are  others  derived  from  nouns,  such  as 
actionable,  objectionable,  peaceable,  salable,  serviceable. 
As  to  when  -able  and  w  hen  ■/'</.  is  to  be  used,  Mr.  Fitzed* 
ward  Hall  remarks:  "  Generally,  the  termination  is  -ible, 
if  the  base  is  the  essentially  uncorrupted  stem  id  a  Latin 
infinitive  or  supine  of  any  conjugation  but  the  first.  .  .  . 
To  the  rule  given  above,  however,  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. ...  To  all  verbs,  then,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  to 
all  based  on  the  uncorrupted  infinitival  stems  of  Latin 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation,  and  to  all  substantives, 
whencesoever  sprung,  we  annex  -able  only."  See  his  work 
"On  English  Adjectives  in  -Able,  with  Special  Reference 
to  Reliable"  pp.  45-47. 
able-bodied  (a'bl-bod//id),  a.  [<  able1  +  body 
+  -ed-.  ]  Having  a  sound,  strong  body ;  having 
strength  sufficient  for  physical  work :  as,  a 
dozen  able-bodied  men;  an  able-bodied  sailor. 
In  a  ship's  papers  abbreviated  to  A.  B. 
Feeding  high,  and  living  soft, 
Grew  plump  and  able-bodied. 

Tennyson,  The  Goose. 

ablegatet  (ab'le-gat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ablegatus,  pp. 
of  ablegare,  send  away,  <  ab,  off,  away,  +  legare, 
send  as  ambassador:  see  legate.]  To  send 
abroad. 

ablegate  (ab'le-gat),  n.  [<L.  ablegatus,  pp.  : 
see  ablegate,  v.]  A  papal  envoy  who  carries 
insignia  or  presents  of  honor  to  newly  ap- 
pointed cardinals  or  civil  dignitaries.  Ajiostolic 
ablegates  are  of  higher  rank  than  those  desig- 
nated pontifical. 

ablegation  (ab-le-ga'shon),  n.  ICL.ablega- 
tio(  ii-),  (  ablegare :  see  abb  gate,  v.]  The  act 
of  ablegating,  or  sending  abroad  or  away ;  the 
act  of  sending  out. 

An  arbitrarious  ablegation  of  the  spirits  into  this  or  that 
determinate  part  of  the  body. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Antid.  against  Atheism,  I.  ii.  7. 

ablen  (ab'Ien),  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  ablet. 
ablenesst  (a'bl-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  abulnesse,  <  abul, 
abel,  able,  +  -nesse,  -ness.]    Ability;  power. 

I  wist  well  thine  ablencss  my  service  to  further. 

Testa  in.  ot  of  Love. 

Ablephari  (a-blef'a-rl),  h.  pi.  A  group  of  top- 
tiles  taking  name  from  the  genus  Ablcpharus. 

Ablepharus  (a-blef'a-rus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajili- 
tpapoc,  without  eyelids,  <  d-  priv.,  without,  +  ,i>i- 
(pafiov,  eyelid,  <  jlleirew,  see.    Cf.  ablepsia.]    A 


Ablepharus. 

genus  of  harmless  lizards,  family  Scincidee, 
with  five-toed  feet  and  only  rudimentary  eye- 
lids. 

ablepsia  (a-blep'si-ii),  n.  [LL.,  <Gr.  ajlevjia, 
blindness,  <  a-  priv'.',  not,  +  /fe-roe.  <  {Stenuv, 
see.]   Want  of  sight ;  blindness.    [Rare.] 

ablepsy   (a-blep'si),  ».     Same  as  ablepsia. 

ableptically  (a-bleji'ti-kal-ii,  adv.  [<  ablepsia 
(abhpt-)  +  -ie  +  -al  +  -fy2.]  Blindly;  unob- 
servingly,  inadvertently. 

ablet  (ab'let),  n.  [<  F'.  ablette,  dim.  of  able,  < 
ML.  abula,  for  albula,  a  bleak,  dim.  of  L.  albus, 
white  :  see  alb.]  A  local  English  (Westmore- 
land) name  of  the  bleak.  See  bleak2,  n.  Also 
called  ablen  and  able. 


ablewhackets 

ablewhackets  (a'bl-whak-ets),  n.  [<  able  (un- 
certain, perhaps  alluding  to  able  seaman) 
+  whack.]  A  game  of  cards  played  by  sailors, 
in  which  the  loser  receives  a  whack  or  blow 
with  a  knotted  handkerchief  for  every  game 
he  loses.    Also  spelled  abelwhackets. 

abligatet  (ab'li-gat),  v.t.  [<L.  ab,  from,  + 
ligatus,  pp.  of  ligare,  tie:  see  lien  and  obli- 
gate.']    To  tie  up  so  as  to  hinder.     Bailey. 

abligationt  (ab-li-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of  tying 
up  si)  as  to  hinder.     Smart. 

abligurition  (ab-lig-u-rish'on),  «.  [<  L.  ab- 
liguritio(n-),  also  written  abligurritio(n-),  a 
consuming  in  feasting,  <  abligurrire,  consume 
in  feasting,  lit.  lick  away,  <  o'>,  away,  +  ligur- 
rire,  lick,  be  dainty,  akin  to  lingere,  Lick,  and 
E.  lid;  q.  v.  ]  Excess ;  prodigal  expense  for 
food.     [Bare.] 

ablins,  adv.     See  aiblins. 

ablocate  (ab'lo-kat),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  ablo- 
dated,  ppr.  ablocating.  [<  L.  ablocatus,  pp.  of 
ablocare,  let  out  on  hire,  <  ab,  from,  +  loeare, 
let  out.  place  :   see  locate.]    To  let  out ;  lease. 

ablocation  (ab-lo-ka'shon),  n.  A  letting  for 
hire  ;  lease. 

abloom  (a-blom'),  prep.  phr.  a,sadv.  or  a.  [<«3, 
prep.,  +" bloom1.]  In  a  blooming  state;  in 
blossom. 

abludet  (ab-18d'  \,  v.  i.  :  pret.  and  pp.  abluded, 
ppr.  abluding.  [<  L.  ablndere,  be  different  from, 
<  ali,  from,  +  ludere,  play.  Cf.  Gr.  (iirade/D,  sing 
out  of  tune,  dissent,  <  a-6  (=  L.  ab),  from, 
+  pdeiv,  sing.]  To  be  unlike ;  differ ;  be  out 
of  harmony.     [Rare.] 

The  wise  advice  of  our  Seneca  not  much  abluding  from 
the  counsel  of  that  Messed  apostle. 

Bp.  Ball,  Balm  of  Gilead,  vii.  1. 

abluent  ab'lij-ent  i,  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  abluen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  abluere,  wash  off,  cleanse,  <  ab,  off,  + 
lltere  =  (xt.  '/oveiv,  wash.]  I.  a.  Washing; 
cleansing ;  purifying. 

II.  ii.  In  mid. :  (a)  That  which  purifies  the 
blood,  or  carries  off  impurities  from  the  system, 
especially  from  the  stomach  and  intestiues  ;  a 
detergent,  (b)  That  which  removes  filth  or 
viscid  matter  from  ulcers  or  from  the  skin. 

ablution  (ab-lo'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  ablution,  ab- 
lucioun,  <  OF.  ablution,  <  L.  alil)itin(n-),  <  ab- 
luere,  wash  off:  see  abluent,  a.]  1.  In  a  gen- 
eral sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a  cleansing 
or  purification  by  water. —  2.  Any  ceremonial 
washing.    («)  Vmoiig  the  oriental  races,  a  washing  of  the 

p      it 1  pari  a  ol  it,  as  the  hands  and  face,  and  among 

the  Hebrews  also  of  garments  and  vessels,  as  a  religious 

duty  on  certain  occasions,  or  in  preparation  for  some 

lusact.asasignof  moral  purification,  and  sometimes 

in  token  ni  i in  .   1,1',  or  absence  of  responsibility  for, 

some  particular  crime  or  charge  (whence  the  expression 
"to  wash  one's  hands  of  anything").  The  -Mohammedan 
law  requires  ablution  before  each  of  the  five  daily  prayers, 
and  permits  it  to  be  performed  with  sand  when  water  can- 
not be  procured,  as  in  tin-  desert. 

11  isanatural  analogy  between  the  ablution  of  the 
and  the  purification  of  the  soul. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant. 

(b)  In  the  1:  m   Cath.  Ch.:  (1)  The  washing  of  the  feet  of 

fohn   rill   I' Maundy  or  Eoly  Thursday, 

called  mandalum.  (2)  The  washing  of  the  celebrant's 
haiei  communion.    (•■)  In  the  Eastern 

Church,  the  purification  of  the  newly  baptized  on  the 
iptism. 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  wine  and  water 
which  after  communion  are  separately  poured 
into  the  chalice  over  the  thumb  and  index- 
finger  of  the  officiating  priest,  who  drinks  this 
ablution  before  going  on  with  the  (dosing 
prayers.  —  4t.  In  eluiii.,  the  purification  of 
bodies  by  the  affusion  of  ■■<  proper  liquor,  as 
water  to  dissolve  salts. —  5.  In  /»<</.,  the  wash- 
ing of  the  body  externally,  as  by  baths,  or 
internally,  by  diluent  fluids. —  6.  The  water 
used  in  cleansing. 

li\  :i  trd  by  the  briny  wavi ,  thep 

11  the  main. 

Pop  .  11.  ni    1    11.;. 

ablutionary  (ab-18'shon-a-ri),  a.  Pertaining 
to  ablution. 

abluvion  (ab-18'vi-on  ,  n.    [<  ML.  ablw 
a  changed  form  of  L.  dbluvium,  ;i  tlood  or  del- 
uge, <  abhu  n  .  wash  off  ;  see  abluent,  a.]    If.  A 
flood. —  2.   That  which  is  washed  off  or 
Vwight.     [Rare.] 

ably  (a'bli),  adv.  [<ME.  abeliehe,  <  abel,  alile, 
+  -liehe,  -ly'-\  ]  In  an  able  manner ;  with 
ability. 

-ably.'  T<  -"''''  +  -,.l'~''  ME"  abeUlichi  :  so  -bly, 
-ibly.  I  Tin  termination  of  adverbs  Erom  adjec- 
tives in  -able. 

abnegate  (ab'ne-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ohm 
gated,  ppr.  abnegating.    [<L.  abnegatus,  pp.  of 


14 

abnegare,  refuse,  deny,  <  ab,  off,  +  negare,  deny : 
see  negation.]  To  deny  (anything)  to  one's 
self;  renounce  ;  give  up  or  surrender. 

The  government  which  .  .  .  could  not,  without  nlmc- 
gating  its  own  very  nature,  take  the  lead  in  making  rebel- 
lion an  excuse  for  revolution. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  167. 

abnegation  (ab-nf-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abnega- 
tio(n-),  denial,  <  abnegare,  deny  :  see  abnegate.] 
The  act  of  abnegating  ;  a  renunciation. 

Willi  abnegation  of  God,  of  his  honour,  and  of  religion, 
they  may  retain  the  friendship  of  the  court. 

Knox,  Letter  to  Queen  Reg.  of  Scot. 
Judicious  continuation,  judicious  abnegation. 

Cartyle,  The  Diamond  Necklace. 

abnegative  (ab'ne-ga-tiv  or  ah-neg'a-tiv),  a. 
Denying;  negative.     Clarke.     [Rare.] 

abnegator  (ab'ne-ga-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  denier.] 
One  who  abnegates,  denies,  renounces,  or  op- 
poses.    Sir  E.  Sandys. 

abnerval  (ab-ner'val),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from,  + 
nervus,  nerve.]  From  or  away  from  the  nerve. 
Applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber 
from  the  point  of  application  of  a  nerve-fiber  toward  the 
extremities  of  the  muscular  fiber. 

abnet  (ab'net),  ».     [<  Heb.  abnet,  a  belt.]    1. 

In  Jewish  antiq.,  a  girdle  of  fine  linen  worn  by 
priests.     Also  called  abanet. 

A  long  array  of  priests,  in  their  plain  white  garments 

overwrapped  by  abnets  of  many  folds  and  gorgeous  colors. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  530. 

2.  In  surg.,  a  bandage  resembling  a  Jewish 
priest's  girdle. 

abnodatet  (ab'no-dat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  abnodatus,  pp. 
of  abnodare,  cut  off  knots,  <  ab  (=  E.  off)  + 
nodare,  fill  with  knots,  <  nodus  =  E.  knot:  see 
node  and  knot.]  To  cut  knots  from,  as  trees. 
Blount. 

abnodationt  (ab-no-da'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
cutting  away  the  knots  of  trees. 

abnormal  (ab-n6r'mal),  a.  [<  L.  abnormis, 
deviating  from  a  fixed  rule,  irregular,  <  ab, 
from,  +  norma,  a  rule  :  see  norm  and  normal. 
Earlier  anormal,  q.  v.]  Not  conformed  or 
conforming  to  rule  ;  deviating  from  a  type  or 
standard  ;  contrary  to  system  or  law ;  irregu- 
lar; unnatural. 

An  argument  is,  that  the  above-specified  breeds,  though 
agreeing  generally  in  constitution,  habits,  voice,  colour- 
ing, and  in  most  parts  of  their  structure,  with  the  wild 
rock  pigeon,  yet  are  certainly  highly  abnormal  in  other 
parts  of  their-  structure.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  i. 

Abnormal  dispersion.    See  dispersion. 

Abnormales  (ab-n6r-ma'lez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  abnormalis :  see  abnormal.]  Inorniih., 
in  Garrod's  and  Forbes's  arrangement  of  Pas- 
seres,  a  division  of  the  Oscines  or  Acromyodi 
established  for  the  Australian  genera  Menura 
and  Atrichia,  the  lyre-bird  and  scrub-bird,  on 
account  of  the  abnormal  construction  of  the 
syrinx.     See  Jtriehiidie  and  Menuridce. 

abnormality  (ab-nor-mal'i-ti),  n.  [<  abnormal 
+  -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ab- 
normal ;  deviation  from  a  standard,  rule,  or 
type  ;  irregularity  ;  abnormity. 

The  recognition  of  the  abnormality  of  his  state  was  in 
this  ease,  at  any  rate,  assured.  Muni,  IX.  112. 

2.  That  which  is  abnormal ;  that  wdiich  is 
characterized  by  deviation  from  a  standard, 
rule,  or  type  ;  an  abnormal  feature. 

The  word  [vice],  in  its  true  and  original  meaning,  signi- 
fies a  fault,  an  abnormality.        Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XXVI.  -J:'.-!. 

A  single  [humanl  body  presented  the  extraordinary 
number  of  twenty-five  distinct  abnormalities. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man.  I.  105. 

abnormally  (ab-n8r'mal-i),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
normal manner. 

Impressions  made  on  the  retina  abnormally  from  within, 
by  the  mind  or  imagination,  are  also  sometimes  projected 
outward,  and  become  the  delusive  signs  of  external  ob- 
jects having  no  existence.  Le  I  'onte,  sight,  p.  72. 

abnormity  (ab-n8r'mi-ti),  n.    [<  abnormous 

+  -ity,  on  type  of  enormity,  <  enormous.]  Irreg- 
ularity; deformity;  abnormality. 

Blonde  and  whitish  hair  being,  properly  speaking,  an 
abnormity.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  67. 

The  faradaic  current  which  cures  some  deep  ai  ated  ab 
normity  of  nutrition.  J.  Fiske,Cos.  Phil.,  1.  ;;o-j. 

abnormous  (ab-n8r'mus),  a.    [<  L.  abnormis, 

With     Suffix    -mis,    like    i  iinriii'iiis,  <  ],.    emiriliis  ." 

see  abnormal.]    Abnormal :  misshapen. 

The  general  structure  of  the  couplet  through  the  17th 
cent urj  one  be  called  abnormous. 

Hallam,  Lit.  Hist.,  i\     161 

aboard1  (a-bord'  l  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 

[<  ME.  mi  hiinli,  <  AS.  mi  horde  (d:it.),  mi  bord 
(ace):  prep.  "».  on;  tiord,  plank,  side  of  a  ship: 
see  board.  Cf.  t'.  alter  a  bord,  go  aboard; 
D.  aan  boord  gaan,  go  aboard.    The  F.  «  bora 


aboil 

has  merged  in  the  E.  phrase.     Cf.  aboard*.] 

1.  adv.  1.  On  the  deck  or  in  the  hold  of  a  ship 
or  vessel ;  into  or  upon  a  vessel.  [In  the  U.  S. 
used  also  of  railroad-cars  and  other  vehicles.] 

He  lowdly  cald  to  such  as  were  abord. 

Spenser,  F.  <j.,  II.  vi,  4. 

2.  Alongside  ;  by  the  side  ;  on  one  side. 

He  was  desirous  of  keeping  the  coast  of  America  aboard. 

Cook,  Voyages. 
Aboard  main  tack!  (naut.),  an  order  to  haul  one  of 
the  lower  corners  of  the  mainsail  down  to  the  chess- 
tree. — All  aboard!  the  order  to  go  on  board  or  enter, 
upon  the  starting  of  a  vessel  or  (U.  S.)  railroad-train. — 
To  fall  aboard  Of,  to  come  or  strike  against :  said  of  a 
ship  which  strikes  against  another  broadside  on  or  at  an 
obtuse  angle.  Such  a  collision  is  distinctively  called  an 
abordaije.—  To  get  aboard,  to  get  foul  of,  as  a  ship.— 
To  go  aboard,  to  enter  a  ship ;  embark.— To  haul 
aboard  (mint.),  to  haul  down  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore 
or  main  course  by  the  tack  to  the  hiunkin  or  deck.— To 
keep  the  land  or  coast  aboard  (no«t.),  to  keep  within 
sight  of  land  while  sailing  along  it. 

We  sailed  leisurely  down  the  coast  before  a  light  fair 
wind,  k'Cpiiei  the  land  wi  11  aboard. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  124. 

To  lay  aboard  (naut.),  to  run  alongside  of,  as  an  enemy's 
ship,  for  the  purpose  of  lighting. 

II.  prep.  1.  Onboard;  into. 
We  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed  aboard  our 
ship.  Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

2.  Upon;  across;  athwart.     [Rare.] 

Nor  iron  hands  aboard 
The  Pontic  sea  by  their  huge  navy  cast. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  46. 

aboard2t  (a-bord'),  «.  [<  F.  abord,  approach, 
<  aborder,  approach  the  shore,  land,  approach, 
accost  (cf.  a  bord,  on  board),  <  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
+  bord,  edge,  margin,  shore,  <  D.  boord,  edge, 
brim,  bank,  board  (of  a  ship):  see  aboard':] 
Approach.     Also  spelled  abord. 

He  would,  ...  at  tile  first  alioard  of  a  stranger,  .  .  . 
frame  a  right  apprehension  of  him. 

Sir  A".  Digby,  Nat.  of  Bodies,  p.  253. 

abocockt,  abocockedt,  ".    Corrupt  forms  of  by- 

cochet.     Compare  abacot. 
abodancet  (a-bo'dans),  n.     [<  abode3  +  -ance.] 

An  omen. 

Verbum  valde  ominatum,  an  ill  abodance. 

T.  Jackson.  Works,  II.  635. 

abode1  (a-bod'),  «.  [<  ME.  abood,  abod,  ear- 
lier abad,  continuance,  stay,  delay,  <  ME.  abidt  » 
(pret.  abod,  earlier  abad),  abide:  see  abide1.] 

1.  Stay;  continuance  in  a  place  ;  residence  for 
a  time. 

I  was  once  in  Italy  myself,  but  I  thank  God  my  abode 
there  was  only  nine  days. 

Ascham,  quoted  by  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  400. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  habi- 
tation. 

But  I  know  thy  abode,  and  thy  going  out,  and  thy  com- 
ing in.  2  Ki.  xix.  27. 
3f.  Delay :  as,  "  fled  away  without  abode," 
Spenser.— to  make  abode,  to  dwell  or  reside.  =  Syn. 
2.  Residence,  dwelling,  habitation,  domicile,  home,  house, 
lodging,  quarters,  homestead. 

abode2  (a-bod').    Preterit  of  abide1. 

abode:tt  (a-bod'),  ».  [<  ME.  abode,  <  abeden  (pp. 
aboden),  i  AS.  dbeddan  :  see  «-i  and  bode2.]  An 
omen;  a  prognostication  ;  a  foreboding. 

Astrologicall  and  other  like  vaine  predictions  and  abodes. 

bydgate. 

High-thund'ring  Juno's  husband  stirs  my  spirit  with  true 

abodes.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii.  146, 

abodest (a-bod' ),v.  [<abodeS,n.]  I.  trans.  To 
foreshow;  prognosticate;  forebode. 

This  tempest. 
Hashing  the  garment  of  this  peace,  aboded 
i  in  bidden  breach  out.        Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  an  omen;  forebode:  as, 

"this  utilities  sadly,"  /V.  II.  More,  Decay  of 
Christian  Piety. 

abodementt   (a-bod'ment),  ».      [<  abode*  + 

-mint.]     Foreboding;  prognostication;  omen. 
Tush,  man  !  almdeincurs  must  not  now  affright  us. 

,S7kiA\,  ,'i  lien.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

abodingt  (a-bo'ding),  ».    [Verbal  n.  of  abode3. 

Cf.  boding.]     Presentiment;    prognostication; 

foreboding:  as,  "strange  ominous  iibudiiii/s  and 

1 1  mi   ,"   Bp.  Hull,  Works,  II.  489. 
abogado  (a-bo-ga'do),  ».    [Sp.,  < L.  advocatus: 

see    advocate.]      An   advocate;    a  counselor: 

used  in  parts  of  the  United  Slates  settled  by 

Spaniards, 
aboideau,  aboiteau  (a-boi-do',  -to'),  «.    [Of 

Uncertain  !'.  origin.]  A  dam  to  prevent  the 
tide  from  overflowing  a  marsh.     [NewBruns- 

\\  iek.] 

aboil  (a-boiT),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<o3, 
prep.,  -)-  boil2,]    In  or  into  n  boiling  stale. 


abolete 

aboletet  (ab'o-let),  a.  [<  L.  *aboIeti(S,  pp.  of  abo- 
lescere,  decay,  <  abolere,  destroy:  see  abolish.'] 
Old ;  obsolete. 

abolish  (a-bol'ish),  v.  t.    [<  late  ME.  abolysshen, 

<  OF.  aboliss-,  extended  stem  of  abolir,  <  L. 
abolere,  destroy,  abolish,  <  ab,  from,  +  *oleret 
in  cornp.,  grow.]  To  do  away  with;  put  an  end 
to;  destroy;  efface  or  obliterate ;  annihilate: 
as,  to  abolish  customs  or  institutions;  to  abolish 
slavery ;  to  abolish  idols  (Isa.  ii.  18) ;  to  abolish 
death  (2  Tim.  i.  10). 

Or  wilt  thou  thyself 
Abolish  thy  creation,  and  unmake, 
For  him,  what  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made  ? 

Milton,  I\  L.,  iii.  163. 

Congress  can,  by  edict,  .  .  .  abolish  slavery,  and  pay 
fur  such  slaves  as  we  ought  to  pay  for. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  285. 
His  quick,  instinctive  hand 
Caught  at  the  hilt,  as  to  abolish  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=  Syn.  To  Abolish,  Repeal,  Rescind,  Recall,  Revoke,  Abro- 
gate, Annul,  Cancel,  end,  destroy,  do  away  with,  set  aside, 
nullify,  annihilate,  quash,  vacate,  make  void,  extirpate, 
eradicate,  suppress,  uproot,  erase,  expunge.  Abolish  is  a 
strong  word,  and  signifies  a  complete  removal,  generally 
hut  not  always  by  a  summary  act.  It  is  the  word  specially 
used  in  connection  with  things  that  have  been  long  estab- 
lished or  deeply  rooted,  as  an  institution  or  a  custom:  as, 
to  abolish  slavery  or  polygamy.  Repeal  is  generally  used 
of  the  formal  rescinding  of  a  legislative  act.  A'ln^iate, 
to  abolish  summarily,  more  often  as  the  act  of  a  ruler.  but 
Bometimes  of  a  representative  body.  Annul,  literally  to 
bring  to  nothing,  to  deprive  of  all  force  or  obligation,  :is  a 
law  <>i  contract.  Rescind  (literally,  to  cut  short)  is  coex- 
tensive in  meaning  with  both  repeal  and  annul.  Recall, 
revoke  (see  renounce).  Cancel  is  not  used  of  laws,  but 
ol  deeds,  bonds,  contracts,  etc.,  and  figuratively  of  what 
ei  r  may  bethought  ofas  crossed  out.  [In  legal  parlance, 
:■>  is  never  applied  to  a  statute  ;  it  is  the  common  ex- 
pression for  the  act  of  a  party  in  justly  repudiating  a  con- 
tract. Repeal  is  never  applied  to  a  contract ;  it  is  the 
common  expression  for  the  termination  of  the  existence 
of  a  statute  by  a  later  statute.  Annul  is  the  common  ex- 
pressioD  for  the  judicial  act  of  a  court  in  terminating  the 
existence  of  any  obligation  or  conveyance.  Cancel  is  used 
when  the  instrument  is  obliterated  actually  or  in  legal 
contemplation  ;  the  other  words  when  the  obligation  is 
annihilated  irrespective  of  whether  the  instrument  is  left 
intact  or  not.] 

I  have  never  doubted  the  constitutional  authority  of 

Congress  to  abolish  slavery  in  this  District  [of  Columbia]. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  184. 

Leaving  out  amended  acts  and  enumerating  only  acts 

entirely   repealed,   the  result  is  that  in  the  last  three 

his  there  have  been  repealed  .  .  .  650  acts  belonging 

to  the  present  reign.       II.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  6. 

The  king  also  rescinded  the  order  by  which  the  Bishop 
of  London  had  been  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his 
functions.  Ruckle. 

Whose  laws,  like  those  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  they 
cannot  alter  or  abrogate.  Rurke. 

Your  promises  are  sins  of  inconsideration  at  best ;  and 
you  are  bound  to  repent  and  annul  them.  Swift. 

I  here  forget  all  former  griefs, 
Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

abolisbable  (a-bol'ish-a-bl),  a.  [<  abolish  + 
-able.  Of.  F.  abolissable.']  Capable  of  being 
abolished  or  annulled,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom, 
etc. ;  that  may  be  set  aside  or  destroyed. 

And  yet  .  .  .  hope  is  but  deferred;  not  abolished,  not 
abolisnable.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  ii.  s. 

abolisher  (a-bol'isk-er),  n.  [<  abolish  +  -w1.] 
One  who  or  that  which  abolishes. 
abolishment  (a-bol'ish-ment),  n.  [<  abolish  + 
-ment.  Cf.  F.  dbolissement.']  The  act  of  abolish- 
ing or  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  abrogation  ;  de- 
struction ;  abolition.     [Now  rare.] 

He  should  think  the  abolishment  of  Episcopacy  among 
us  would  prove  a  mighty  scandal. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man. 

abolition  (ab-6-lisk'on),   n.     [<  F.   abolition, 

<  L.  ahofitio{»-\  <  abolere,  annul,  abolish:  see 
abolish.']  1.  The  act  of  abolishing,  or  the  state 
of  being  abolished  ;  annulment ;  abrogation  ; 
utter  destruction:  as,  the  abolition  of  laws, 
decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts,  etc. ; 
the  abolition  of  slavery.  The  most  frequent  use  of 
the  word  in  recent  times  has  been  in  connection  with  the 
effort  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  slavery,  which  was 
finally  accomplished  in  the  United  States  in  1865  by  the 
thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

For  the  amalgamation  of  races,  and  for  the  abolition  of 
villenage,  she  [Britain]  is  chiefly  indebted  to  the  influence 
which  the  priesthood  in  the  middle  ages  exercised  over 
the  laity.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2f.  In  law :  (a)  Permission  to  desist  from 
further  prosecution,  (b)  Remission  of  pun- 
ishment ;  condonation,  [in  the  civil,  French,  and 
German  law,  abolition  is  used  nearly  synonymously  with 
pardon,  remission,  grace.  Grace  is  the  generic  term; 
pardon,  by  those  laws,  is  the  clemency  extended  by  the 
prince  to  a  participant  in  crime  who  is  not  a  principal  or 
accomplice  ;  remission  is  granted  in  cases  of  involuntary 
homicide  and  self-defense.  Abolition  is  used  when  the 
crime  cannot  he  remitted.  The  prince  by  letters  of  aboli- 
tion may  remit  the  punishment,  but  the  infamy  remains 
unless  letters  of  abolition  have  been  obtained  before  sen- 


15 

tence  has  been  rendered.  Bouvier.]  =  Syn.  Overthrow, 
annulment,  obliteration,  extirpation,  suppression. 

abolitional  (ab-o-lish'on-al),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  abolition. 

abolitionary (ab-o-lish'on-a-ri),«.  Destructive ; 
abolitional. 

abolitionism  (ab-o-lish'gn-izm),  n.  [<. abolition 
+  -ism.]  Belief  in  the  principle  of  abolition, 
as  of  slavery ;  devotion  to  or  advocacy  of  the 
opinions  of  abolitionists. 

abolitionist  (ab-o-lish'on-ist),  n.  [<.  abolition 
+  -ist ;  =  F.   abolitionniste.]    A  person  who 

-  favors  the  abolition  of  some  law,  institution, 
or  custom.  Specifically,  one  of  those  who  favored 
and  sought  to  effect  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United 
States.  Before  1830  these  persons  geuerally  advocated 
gradual  and  voluntary  emancipation.  After  that  time 
many  began  to  insist  on  immediate  abolition,  without 
rruanl  to  the  wishes  of  the  slaveholders.  A  portion  of 
the  abolitionists  formed  the  Liberty  party,  which  after- 
ward acted  with  the  Free-soil  and  Republican  parties,  and 
finally  became  merged  in  the  latter.    See  abolition,  1. 

abolitionize  (ab-o-lish'on-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  abolitionized,  ppr.  abolition izing.  To  im- 
bue with  the  doctrines  or  principles  of  aboli- 
tionists. 

abolla  (a-bol'a),  n. ;  pi.  abollce  (-§).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
agjioAi/,  contracted  form  of  avaftoV],  a  cloak, 
<  avaj3a7iXsiv,  throw  back,  < avd,  back,  +  jidUetv, 
throw.  The  Gr.  form  ap6Xka  was  in  turn  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.]  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  loose 
woolen  cloak.  Its  precise  form  is  not  known  ;  it  dif- 
fered from  the  toga,  and  was  worn  especially  by  soldiers  ; 
perhaps  on  this  account,  it  was  adopted  by  Stoic  philoso- 
phers, who  affected  great  austerity  of  life,  whence  Juve- 
nal's expression  /acinus  majoris  abolto?,  a  crime  of  a  deep 
philosopher. 

aboma  (a-bo'rna),  ».  [<  Pg.  aboma.]  The  name 
in  Guiana  of  some  very  large  boa  or  anaconda  of 
the  family  Pythonidw  or  Boidce,  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  America.  The  species  is  not  determined,  and 
the  name  is  probably  of  general  applicability  to  the  huge 
tree-snakes  of  the  American  tropics.  As  a  book-name, 
aboma  is  identified  witli  the  Epicrates  cenchris,  usually 
misspelled  Epicratis  cenchria,  after  the  Penny  Cyc,  1886. 
This  isa  species  called  by  Sclater  the  thick-necked  tree- 
boa.  A  Venezuelan  species  is  known  as  the  brown  aboma, 
Epicrates  maurus.  Some  such  serpent  is  also  called  the 
ringed  boa,  Boa  aboma.  In  any  case,  the  aboma  is  a  near 
relative  of  the  anaconda,  Eunectes  murinus.  and  of  the 
common  boa,  Boa  constrictor.     Compare  boa  and  bom. 

The  tamaeuilla  huilia  <>r  aboma  appears  to  be  the  ser- 
in nt  worshipped  by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  It  is  of  gigan- 
tic size.         S.  6.  Goodrich,  Johnson's  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  406. 

abomasum  (ab-o-ma'sum),  n. ;  pi.  ahomasa 
(-sa).  [NL.,  <  L.  ab,  from,  +  omasum.']  The 
fourth  or  true  stomach  of  ruminating  animals, 
lying  next  to  the  omasum  or  third  stomach, 
and  opening  through  the  pylorus  into  the  duo- 
denum.    See  cut  under  ruminant. 

abomasus  (ab-o-ma'sus),  «.;  pi.  abomasi  (-si). 
Same  as  abomasum. 

abominable  (a-bom'i-na-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  abomi- 
nable, abhominable,  <  OF.  abominable  =  Pr.  ab- 
homenable  =  Sp.  abominable  =  Pg.  abomiiiarvl 
=  It.  abommaoUe.  <  L.  abominabilis,  deserving 
abhorrence,  (abomiuari,  abhor,  deprecate  as 
an  ill  omen  :  see  abominate.  For  the  old  spell- 
ing abhominable,  see  that  form.]  Deserving  or 
liable  to  be  abominated;  detestable;  loath- 
some ;  odious  to  the  mind ;  offensive  to  the 
senses.  In  colloquial  language  especially,  abominable 
often  means  little  more  than  excessive,  extreme,  very  dis- 
agreeable :  as,  his  self-conceit  is  abominable. 
This  infernal  pit 
Abominable,  accursed,  the  house  of  woe. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  464. 
The  captain  was  convicted  of  the  murder  of  a  cabin-boy, 
after  a  long  course  of  abominable  ill-treatment. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  54. 
=  Syn.  Execrable,  Horrible,  etc.  (see  nefarious),  detest- 
able, loathsome,  hateful,  shocking,  horrid,  revolting,  in- 
tolerable.   See  list  under  detestable. 

abominableness  (a-bom'i-na-bl-nes),  n.    The 

quality  or  state  of  being  abominable,  detest- 
able, or  odious. 

abominably  (a-bom'i-na-bli),  adv.  In  an  abomi- 
nable manner  or  degree;  execrably;  detestably; 
sinfully.  Sometimes  equivalent  in  colloquial  speecll  to 
excessively  or  disagreeably  :  as,  he  is  abominably  vain. 

abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pj). 
abominated,  ppr.  abominating.  [<  L.  abomina- 
tus,  pp.  of  dbommdri,  abhor,  deprecate  as  an 
ill  omen,  <  ab,  from,  +  omindri,  regard  as  an 
omen,  forebode,  <  omen  (omin-),  an  omen :  see 
omen.]     To  hate  extremely  ;  abhor  ;  detest. 

You  will  abominate  the  use  of  all  unfair  arts. 

C.  Mather,  Essays  to  Do  Good. 
=  Syn.  Abhor,  Detest,  vie.    See  hate. 
abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  a.    [<L.  abominiitiis. 
pp. :   see  above.]     Detested ;   held  in  abomi- 
nation. 

abomination  (a-bom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  ME. 
abomination,    ahhominacioun,   abhominactjon,  < 


aboriginal 

OF.  abominacion,  <  L.  abominatio(n-),  <  abomi- 
nari,  abhor:  Bee  abominate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
abominating  or  the  state  of  being  abominated; 
the  highest  degree  of  aversion  ;  detestation. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  abomination  as  those  they 
hold  for  heretics.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  abominated  or  abominable  ; 
an  object  greatly  disliked  or  abhorred;  hence, 
hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  unto  the  Egyptian 

Gen.  xlvi.  SI, 
Ashtoreth,  the  abomination  of  the  Zidonians. 

2  Ki.  xxiii.  13. 
The  adulterous  Antony,  most  large 
In  his  abominations.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  6. 

3.  In  the  Bible,  often,  that  which  is  ceremo- 
nially impure;  ceremonial  impurity;  defile- 
ment; that  which  defiles.  =  Syn.  1.  Detestation, 
loathing,  disgust,  abhorrence,  repugnance,  horror,  aver- 
sion.—  2.  Filthiness,  foulness,  impurity,  grossness. 

abominator   Ca-bom'i-na-tpr),  n.     One   who 

abominates  or  detests. 
abominet  (a-bom'in),  v.  1.     [<F.  abomiiier,  <  L. 

abominari :  see  abominate,  ».]      To  abominate: 

as,  "I  ahomine  'em,"  Swift. 
aboon  (a-b8n'),  prep,  and  adr.    [So.,  also  abnne, 

<  ME.   ahuren :    see   above.]     Above.    [North. 

English  and  Scotch.] 

And  thou  shalt  bathe  thee  in  the  stream 
That  rolls  its  whitening  foam  aboon. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  xxxii. 

aborad  (ab-6'rad),  adv.  [<ab-  +  orad.  Ctab- 
oral.]  In  aunt.,  away  from  the  mouth  :  the  op- 
posite of  orad. 

Thacher  lias  employed  orad  both  as  adjective  and  ad- 
verb, but  the  correlative  aborad,  which  might  have  been 
expected,  lias  not  been  observed  by  us  in  his  papers. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  23. 

aboral  (ab-6'ral),  a.  [<  L.  06,  from,  +  os  (or-), 
mouth:  see  oral.]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  or 
situated  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the 
mouth  :  opposed  to  adoral. 

If  we  imagine  the  Astrophyton  with  its  mouth  turned 
upward  and  its  arms  brought  near  together,  and  the 
aboral  region  furnished  with  a  long,  jointed,  and  flexible 
stem,  we  shall  have  a  form  not  very  unlike  the  Pentacri- 
nus  caput-meduBSB  of  the  West  Indies. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  324. 

aborally  (ab-6'ral-i),  adv.  In  an  aboral  man- 
ner or  place ;  at,  near,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  aboral  end  ;  aborad  :  as,  situated  aboraUy. 

abordH  (a-bord'),  n.     [Same  as  aboard^,  q.  v. : 
see  also  border.]     1.  Arrival;    approach. — 2. 
Manner  of  accosting  ;  address  ;  salutation. 
Your  abord,  I  must  tell  you,  was  too  cold  and  uniform. 

Chesterfield. 

abord1!  (a-bord'),  ».  1.  [<  F.  aborder,  ap- 
proach :  see  aboard2.]     To  approach ;  accost. 

abord2t  (a-bord'),  adv.  At  a  loss.  [Rare.] 
Used  in  the'following  extract  probably  torabroad,  in  the 
sense  of  adrift. 

That  how  t'  acquit  themselves  unto  the  Lord 
They  were  in  doubt,  and  flatly  set  abord. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  324. 

abordage  ( a-b6r'daj ),  ».  [F.,  <  aborder,  board : 
see  abord1.]  1.  The  act  of  boarding  a  vessel, 
as  in  a  sea-fight. —  2.  A  collision.  See  fall 
aboard  of,  under  aboard^. 

aborigeri,  aborigin  (ab-or'i-jen,  -jin),«.  [Sing., 
from  L.  pi.  aborigines.]  Same  as  aborigine. 
[Rare.] 

aboriginal  (ab-o-rij'i-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  pi. 
aborigines,  the  first  inhabitants;  specifically,  the 
primeval  Romans  :  see  aborigines.  Cf.  original, 
and  L.  aborigineus,  aboriginal.]  I.  a.  1.  Exist- 
ing from  the  origin  or  beginning  :  hence,  first ; 
original ;  primitive  :  as.  aboriginal  people  are 
the  first  inhabitants  of  a  country  known  to 
history. 

It  was  soon  made  manifest  .  .  .  that  a  people  inferior 
to  none  existing  in  tile  world  had  been  formed  by  the 
mixture  of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teutonic  family 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  aboriginal  Britons. 

MacavXay. 

2.  Pertaining  to  aborigines;  hence,  primitive ; 
simple;  unsophisticated:  as,  aboriginal  cus- 
toms; aboriginal  apathy. 

There  are  doubtless  many  aboriginal  minds  by  which  no 
other  conclusion  is  conceivable. 

II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3.  In  geol.  and  bot.,  native  ;  indigenous ;  au- 
tochthonous. =  Syn.  Indigenous,  etc.  See  original. 
Sec  also  primary. 

II.  n.  1.  An  original  inhabitant ;  one  of  the 
people  living  in  a  country  at  the  period  of  the 
earliest  historical  knowledge  of  it ;  an  autoch- 
thon.—  2.  A  species  of  animals  or  plants  which 
originated  within  a  given  area. 

It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  this  frog  is  an  aborigi- 
nal of  these  islands.  Danein,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xvii. 


aboriginality 

aboriginality  (ab-o-rij-i-nal'i-ti),  ».     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  aboriginal.    N.  /,'.  i>. 
aboriginally  (ab-o-rij'i-nal-i),  adv.    In  ;iu  ab- 
original  manner ;   originally ;  from   the   very 
first. 
There  are  hardly  any  domestic  races  .  .  .  which  have 
been  ranked  .  .  .  as  the  descendants  of  aboriginally 
distinctsp  Darwin,  Origin  of  Specie3,  p.  16. 

aboriginary  (ab-o-rij'i-na-ri),  n.  An  aborigi- 
nal inhabitant.     N.  E.  D. 

ab  origine  (ab  6-rij'i-ne).  [L. :  aft,  from;  ori- 
gin*, abl.  of  origo,  origin.]  From  the  origin, 
beginning,  or  start. 

aborigine  (ab-6-rij'i-ne),  >i.  [Sing,  from  L.  pi. 
aborigines,  as  if  the  latter  were  an  E.  word.] 
One  of  the  aborigines  (which  see) ;  an  aborigi- 
nal.   Also  called  aborigen,  aborigin. 

aborigines  (ab-o-rij'i-nez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.,  the 
first  inhabitants,  applied  especially  to  the  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  Latinm,  the  ancestors 
of  the  Roman  people, <  ab,  from,  +  origo  (m- 
gin-),  origin,  beginning.]  1.  The  primitive 
inhabitants  of  a  country;  the  people  living 
in  a  country  at  the  earliest  period  of  which 
anything  is' known.— 2.  The  original  fauna 
an"d  flora  of  a  given  geographical  area. 

aborsementt  (a-b6rs'ment),  n.  [<  L.  aborsus, 
brought  forth  prematurely  (collateral  form  of 
abortus:  see  abort,  v.),  +  -merit.']  Abortion. 
Bp.  Hull. 

aborsivet  (a-b6r'siv),  a.  [<L.  aborsus,  collat- 
eral form  of  abortus  (see  abort,  v.),  +  E.  -we.] 
Abortive  :  premature.     Fuller. 

abort  (a-borf),  v.  i.  [<  L.  abortare,  miscarry, 
<  abortus,  pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry,  fail,  <  ab, 
from,  away,  +  oriri,  arise,  grow.]  1.  To  mis- 
carry in  giving  birth. —  2.  To  become  aborted 
or  abortive  ;  appear  or  remain  in  a  rudimen- 
tary or  undeveloped  state :  as,  organs  liable  to 
abort. 

In  the  pelagic  Phyllirhbe,  the  font  aborts,  as  well  as  the 
mantle,  and  the  body  lias  tile  form  of  ail  elongated  sac. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  43s. 

The  temperature  now  falls,  and  the  disease  (smallpox] 

in  some  cases  will  abort  at  this  stage  hit  the  end  of  forty- 

eight  houi  ■  Quoin,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  1442. 

abortt  ia-lMirt'),  n.  [<  L.  abortus,  an  abor- 
tion, miscarriage,  <  abortus,  pp.  of  aboriri: 
see  abort,  ».]     An  abortion.     Burton. 

aborted  (a-bor'ted).  p.  «.  1.  Brought  forth 
before  its' time.— 2.  Imperfectly  developed; 
incapable  of  discharging  its  functions;  not 
having  acquired  its  functions. 

Although  tic  eyes  of  the  Cirripeds  are  more  or  less 
aborted  in  their  mature  state,  they  retain  sufficient  sus- 
ceptibilit}  of  light  to  excite  retraction  of  the  cirri. 

Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  xiii. 

aborticide  (a-bdr'ti-sld),  ».    [<  L.  abortus  (see 
abort,  /'.i  +"-cidium  (as  in  homicidium,  homi- 
cid<  l  I,  <  txedere,  kill.]     In  obstet.,  the  destruc- 
,fa  lotus  in  the  uterus  ;  feticide, 
abortientia-i.or'shietit  \,a.  [<UJ. abortien(t-)s, 
ppr.  cil  aborttre,  miscarry,  equiv.  to  abortare: 
see  abort,  v.]     In  hot.,  sterile;  barren. 
abortifacient   (a-bdr-ti-fa'shient),   «.   and   n. 
[<  L.  abortus  (see  abort,  ».)  +  facien(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  facere,  make.]    I.  a.  Producing  abortion: 
said  of  drugs  and  operative  procedures. 

II.  a.  In  a,,, I.,  whatever  is  or  maybe  used 
to  produce  abortion. 

i  hi  almost  universal  keeping  -  k  nt»  by  drug. 

1      to  the i  rary. 

X.  V.  Independent,  July  24,  L878. 

abortion    (a-bdr'shon),   n.     [<  L.  abortio(n~), 

miscarriage,  <  aboriri,  miscarry  :  see  abort, 
r.  \  1.  Ml8Carriage  ;  the  expulsion  of  the  fetus 
before  it  is  viabb — that  is,  in  women,  be- 
fore about  the  28th  week  of  gestation.  Expul- 
occurring  later  than  this,  bnl  before  the 

1    ■■       i      illi  'i  "'.i t  procuri  d  b;  arl   a    bj  a 

a]  opi  ration)  pri  matun 

I     tl ; mi  :  Imi    drawn  between  boot 

and  mi  carriagi  bj  which  the  fonni  i  i  made  to 
,!,,  to  thi  fu  '  four  months  ol  pri  gnancj  a  id  th  latti  i 
to  the  following  three  months.    Criminal  abortion  to  pre- 

It  iti  'i  oi  Inti  ational  a Hon  procured  al  i  nj  pi  riod 

,,f  pregnani  y,  bj  artificial  means,  and  solel]  '     put 

birth  of  a  livin  •  i  hild  ;  fetii  idi 

\i  common  law  the  crimlnalitj  depended  on  thi  abo 

i  i   ofti  i   quii  ki  oing,    Some  modi  rn 

In  the  penitential  discipline  of  the  Church,  abortu  ••  was 
placed  in  thi     ami  catei  ot  j  a  i  Infantii  Idi    and  1 1 

to  which  the  guiltj  p  ibji  cl  Imprint 

ol ■ i li  1 1 ■•  >■  than  an 

■  use  ol  thi  enormitj  ol  the  cr i, 

/  Euxop,  Morals,  1 1   24. 

2.  The  product  of  untimely  birth;  hence,  a 
misshapen  being;  a  monster.  3.  Anj  fruit 
or  product   that  does  not  come  to  maturity; 

hence,  frequently,  in  a  figurative  sense,  any- 


16  about 

thing  which  fails  in  its  progress  before  it  is  abortus  (a-b6r'tus),  ?!.;  pi.   abortus.     [L.,  an 
matured  or  perfected,  as  a  design  or  project.—    abortion:  see  abort   w  ]     burned.,  the  fruit  of 
the  arrested  development 


4.  In  but.  and  :o<it 

of  an  organ  at  a  more  or  less  early  stage, 

In  the  complete  abortion  of  the  rostellum  [of  Cephalan- 
thera  grandinora]  we  have  evidence  of  degradation. 

Darwin,  FertU.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p  80. 

He  (Mr.  Bates]  claims  for  that  family  [the  Helioonidce] 
the  highest  position,  chiefly  because  ol  the  imperfect 
structure  of  the  fore  legs,  which  is  there  carried  to  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  abort  inn. 

A.  R  Wallaa  .  Mat.  Selec,  p.  133. 


an  abortion  ;  a  child  born  before  the  proper 
time  ;  an  abortion. 

Abothrophera  (a-both-rof'e-r&),  n.  pi.    [NL., 
prop,  "abothrophora,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  jlodpoe,  a 
pit,  +  -ifidpur,  <  0Epen>  =  E.  bear\~]     A  group  of 
old-world  solenoglyph  venomous  serpents,  cor- 
responding to  the  family  I  iperida.    s,,  called  be- 
cause of  the  absence  of  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose, 
contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  Bothrophera. 
-1'  "   "  ""'"''■  >:u'  DMB,i'  "■  lo°;  abOUghtt,  pret.  of  aby.    [See  <%.]     Endured ; 
abortional  (a-b6r'shon-al),  a.   Of  the  nature  ot     atouod  for .  paj,i  dearly  for. 
an  abortion ;  characterized  by  failure. 

The  treaty  .  .  .  proved  abortional,  and  never  came  to 
fulfilment.  '  Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  VI.  xv.  -22. 

abortionist  (a-bor'shon-ist),  «.  [<  abortion  + 
-i'.s-i.]  One  who  produces  or  aims  to  produce 
a  criminal  abortion  ;  especially,  one  who  makes 
a  practice  of  so  doing. 

He  (Dr.  Rnbb]  urged  the  necessity  of  physicians  using 
all  their  influence  to  discountenance  the  work  of  abor- 
tionists. A-  !'•  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  580. 

abortive  (a-bor'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  abortivus, 
born  prematurely,  causing  abortion,  <  abort  us, 
pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry  :  see  abort,  v.~\  I.  a.  1. 
Brought  forth  in  an  imperfect  condition  ;  im- 
perfectly formed  or  inadequately  developed,  as 
au  animal  or  vegetable  production ;  rudimen- 
tary.—2.  Suppressed;  kept  imperfect;  re- 
maining rudimentary,  or  not  advancing  to  per- 
fection in  form  or  function :  a  frequent  use  of 
the  term  in  zoology.    Compare  vestigial. 

The  toes  [of  seals]  are  completely  united  by  strong  webs, 
and  the  straight  nails  are  sometimes  reduced  in  number, 
or  even  altogether  abortive.      Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  359. 

The  power  of  voluntarily  uncovering  the  canine  [tooth] 
on  one  side  of  the  face  being  thus  often  wholly  lost,  indi- 
cates that  it  is  a  rarely  used  and  almost  abortive  action. 
Darwin,  Express,  of  Emot.,  p.  253. 

Hence  —  3.  Not  brought  to  completion  or  to  a 
successful  issue;  failing;  miscarrying;  com- 
ing to  nought :  as,  an  abortive  scheme. 

Abortive  as  the  first-born  bloom  of  spring, 
Nipp'd  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter's  frost. 

Milton,  s.  A,,  1.  IS7S. 

He  made  a  salutation,  or,  to  speak  nearer  the  truth,  an 
ill-defined,  abortive  attempt  at  courtesy. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  \ii. 

4.  In  bot.,  defective ;  barren.   A.  Chray.—  5.  Pro- 
ducing nothing;  chaotic;  ineffectual. 
The  void  profound 
Of  unessential  Night  receives  him  next, 
Wide  gaping  ;  and  with  utter  loss  of  being 
Threatens  him,  plunged  in  that  abnrtire  gulf. 

Hilton,  P.  I..,  ii.  43S. 

6.  In  mcd.,  producing  or  intended  to  produce 
abortion  ;  abortifacient :   as,  abortive  drugs. — 

7.  Deformed;  monstrous.     [Rare.] 
Thou  elvish-mark'd,  abortive,  rooting  hog ! 
Thou  that  wast  seal'd  in  thy  nativity 
The  slave  of  nature  and  the  son  of  hell  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
Abortive  vellum,  vellum  made  from  the  skin  of  a  still- 
born calf. 

II.  n.   [<L.  abortivum,  an  abortion, abortive 

medicine  ;  neut.  of  abortivus,  a. :  see  the  adj.] 
1.  That  which  is  produced  prematurely ;  an 
abortion  ;  a  monstrous  birth. 


Abortives,  presages,  and  tongues  of  heaven. 

Sim!,.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  drug  causing  abortion;  an  abortifacient. 
abortivet  (a-bor'tiv  >,  c     I.  trans.  To  cause  to 
fail  or  miscarry. 

II,.  wrought  tn  abortive  the  bill  before  it  came  to  the 
birth.  I'l'-  Haeket,Mqi.  Williams,  i    lis, 

II.  intrans.  To  fail;  perish;  come  to  nought. 

Thus  one  of  your  bold  thunders  mill  o&orttw, 
And  cause  that  birth  miscarry. 

Tomkit  (';),  AJbumazar,  i.  ■';. 
Winn  peace  came  so  near  to  the  birth,  lew  it  aborHved, 
and  by  whose  fault,  com.-  now  to  be  remembered. 

B}i.  lhukel,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  147. 

abortively  (a-bdr'tiv-li),  adv.    I"  an  abortive 

oruntiniely  manner  :  prematurely  ;  imperfect- 
ly ;   iueiTec'l  tiiilly  ;   as  an  abortion. 

If  abortively  i '  man  must  die, 

Nor  reach  what  reach  he  might,  why  die  in  dread? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vn. 
The.  hi.  I,,,  i-c  in  Ireland,  as  elsewhere,  terminated  abor 

tiVely,  /■•,,,, I, I, -,    His!      I'.IIC  ,    l\  .   HI. 

abortiveness  (a-bot'iiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being,  or  of  tending  to  become, 
abortive;  a  failure  to  reach  perfection  or  ma- 
turity :   want  of  sit ss  or  accomplishment. 

abortmentt  (a-b6rt'ment),  ».    [<  abort,  ».,  + 

-mi  til,  =  F.   avorlrnini'l,  Sp,    aburtanii,  ntu,    Pg. 
,il„, ,'!,,,„,  ,,l, ,.\    An  untimely  birth;  an  abortion. 
lie   earth,  in  whose  womb  those  deserted  mineral  riches 
must  ever  lie  buried  ua  lost  abortmentt. 

Bacon,  1'hys.  and  Med.  Remains. 


The  vengeans  of  thilke  yre 
That  Atheon  aboughte  trewi  h 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1445. 

aboulia,  aboulomania,  ".  Same  as  abulia. 
abound  (a-bound'),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  abounden, 
abunden,  "sometimes  spelled  habunden,  <  OP. 
abonder,  nabonder,  F.  abonder  =  Sp.  Pg.  abuu- 
dar  =It.  abbondare,  <  L.  abundare,  overflow, 
<  ab,  from,  away,  +  undarr,  rise  in  waves,  over- 
flow, <  unda,  a  wave :  see  undulate.  Cf.  redound, 
surround.}  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  be  very 
prevalent. 
Where  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  ui„, „,,,!. 

Rom.  v.  20. 
In  every  political  party,  in  the  Cabinet  itself,  duplicity 
and  perfidy  abounded.  Macaulay,  llallam's  Const.  Hist. 
2.  To  be  unstinted  in  possession  or  supply  (of 
anything) ;  be  copiously  provided  or  furnished 
(with  anything),  (o)  To  be  rich  or  affluent  (in),  as 
that  which  is  a  special  property  or  characteristic,  or  con- 
stitutes an  individual  distinction:  as,  he  abounds  in 
wealth  or  in  charity. 

Nature  abounds  in  wits  of  every  kind, 
And  for  each  author  can  a  talent  find. 

Drydeii,  Art  of  Poetry,  i.  13. 

(b)  To  teem  or  be  replete  (u-itb),  as  that  which  is  furnished 
or  supplied,  or  is  an  intrinsic  characteristic  :  as,  the  coun- 
try abounds  with  wealth,  or  with  fine  scenery. 

The  faithful  man  shall  abound  n-iil,  blessings. 

Prov.  xxviii.  20. 

To  abound  in  or  with  one's  own  senset,  to  be  at 
liberty  to  hold  or  follow  one's  own  opinion  or  judgment. 

I  meddle  not  with  Mr.  Ross,  but  leave  him  to  abound 
in  Ini  nirn  sense.  Bramhall,  ii.  032. 

Moreover,  as  every  one  is  said  to  abound  with  his  men 
seme,  and  that  among  the  race  of  mankind,  opinions 
and  Fancies  are  found  to  be  as  various  as  the  several! 
Faces  and  Voyces ;  so  in  each  individual  man  there  is  a 
differing  facultie  of  Observation,  of  Judgement,  of  Appli- 
cation. Howell,  Forreine  Travell,  i. 

aboundancet  (a-boun'dans),  n.  An  old  form  of 
abundance.     Time's  Sinn  bouse,  ii. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
abound.]  The  state  of  being  abundant;  abun- 
dance; increase.    SoutJi.  Sermons,  II.  220. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  p.  a.  Overflowing; 
plentiful;  abundant  :  as,  abounding  wealth. 

about  (a-bout'l,  adv.  anil  prep.  [<ME.  about, 
alinute,  earlier  abouten,  abate,  abuten,<  AS.  abu- 
tan  (=  OFries.  dbuta),  about,  around,  <  a-  for 
on  (the  AS.  form  onbiitan  also  occurs,  with 
an  equiv.  ymbutan,  round  about,  <  ymbe,  ymb, 
around,  about,  =  G.  urn  =  Gr.  au<pi :  see  am- 
pin-) +  biilnii,  outside,  <  be,  by,  +  utan,  out- 
side, from  without, < utx  prep,  and  adv.,  out: 
see  on,  In/,  be-?,  and  out]  I.  adv.  1.  Around  ; 
in  circuit  ;  circularly ;  round  and  round ;  on 
every  side  ;  in  every' direction  ;  all  around. 

Prithee,  do  not  turn  me  about ;  my  stomach  is  not  con- 
^,;lnt  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

Meiers  .  .  .  measures  barely  one  league  aoouf. 

./.  Morgan,  Hist.  Algiers. 

2.  Circuitously;  in  a  roundabout  course. 
God  led  the  people  about  through  the  way  of  the  wilder- 

„css  Ex.  xiii.  IS. 

To  wheel  time  or  four  miles  a!,„ut.        Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 

3.  Hither  and  thither;  to  and  fro;  up  and 
ilow  n  ;  here  and  there. 

lb  that  go,  th  about  as  a  talc  bearer.  Prov.  xx.  19. 

Wandering  ilhnnl  from  house  to  house.  1  Tim.  v.  13. 

We  followed   the  guide  uhmil   among  the  tombs  for  a 

while.  C  /',  H'ltmey,  Roundabout  .loiirncy,  xii. 

4.  Near  in  lime,  number,  quantity,  quality,  or 
degree;   nearly;  approximately;  almost. 

lb  went  out  about  the  third  hour.  Mat.  xx.  3. 

Light  travels  adoit!  188,000  miles  a  second. 

J.  A'.  Lockyer,  Elera.  Astron. 

The  first  two  are  about  the  nicest  girls  in  all  London. 

Ihnrleii  Smart,  Social  Sinners,  I.  182. 
[In  contracts  made  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  the 
term  nl,m,l  means    "not    more    than    three   days      when 

applied  to  time,  and  t  more  than  10  per  cent."  when 

used  with  reference  to  :i  number  of  shares,  | 

5.  In  readiness;  intending;  going:  after  the 
verb  to  be. 

The  house  which  1  am  about  to  build.  -2  lliroii.  ii.  '.». 


As  the  shipmeu  were  about  to  lice  out  of  the  ship. 

Acta  x.xvn.  30. 


about 

6.  At  work ;  astir;  begin  in  earnest :  used  with 
the  force  of  an  imperative. 

About,  my  brain  !  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

To  be  about,  to  be  astir ;  be  on  the  move  ;  be  attending 
to  ones  usual  duties.— To  bring  about,  to  cause  or  effect: 
as,  to  brimi  about  a  reconciliation.  —  To  come  about,  t" 
come  to  pass;  happen.— To  go  about,  <a)  Literally,  to 
take  a  circuitous  route ;  hence,  to  devise  roundabout  or 
secret  methods  of  accomplishing  anything  ;  contrive  ;  pre- 
pare ;  seek  the  means. 

Why  go  ye  about  to  kill  me  ?  John  vii.  19. 

If  we  look  into  the  eyes  of  the  youngest  person,  we 
sometimes  discover  that  here  is  one  who  knows  already 
what  you  would  do  about  with  much  pains  to  teach  him. 

Emerson,  Kid  Age. 

(&)  Xaut.,  to  take  a  different  direction,  as  a  vessel  in  tack- 
ing.—Much  about,  very  nearly:  as,  his  health  is  much 
about  tiie  same  as  yesterday.— Put  about,  annoyed; 
disturbed  ;  provoked  :  as,  lie  was  much  put  about  by  the 
news.— Ready  about !  About  ship  !  orders  to  a  crew 
to  prepare  for  tacking— Right  about!  Left  about! 
(unlit.),  commands  to  face  or  turn  round  half  a  circle,  by 
tlie  right  or  left,  as  the  case  may  be,  so  as  to  face  in  the 
opposite  direction.— Turn  about,  week  about,  etc.,  in 
rotation  or  succession;  alternately  ;  on  each  alternate  oc- 
casion, week,  etc. 

A  woman  or  two,  and  three  or  four  undertaker's  men, 
.  .  .  had  charge  of  the  remains,  which  they  watched  turn 
about.  Thackeray. 

II,  prep.    1.  On  the  outside  or  outer  surface 
of ;  surrounding ;  around  ;  all  around. 
Bind  them  about  thy  neck.  Prov.  iii.  3. 

About  ler  commeth  all  the  world  to  begge. 

Sir  T.  More,  To  them  that  trust  in  Fortune. 
Like  one  who  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

2.  Near  to  in  place ;  close  to ;  at :  as,  about 
the  door.  See  the  adv.,  4. —  3.  Over  or  upon 
different  parts  ;  here  and  there  ;  backward  and 
forward ;  in  various  directions. 

Where  lies  thy  pain  ?    All  about  the  breast? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Near  or  on  one's  person  ;  with  ;  at  hand. 

You  have  not  the  "Book  of  Riddles"  about  you,  have 
you?  Shak.,  il.W.  of  \V.,i.l. 

5.  In  relation  to;  respecting;  in  regard  to;  on 
account  of. 

He  is  very  courageous  mad  about  his  throwing  into  the 
water.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  1. 

The  question  is  not  about  what  is  there,  but  about  what 
I  see.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  256. 

It  is  not  enough  to  be  industrious ;  so  are  the  ants. 
What  are  you  industrious  about  /    Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  101. 

6.  Concerned  in  ;  engaged  in  :  as,  what  is  he 
about? 

I  must  be  about  my  Father's  business.  Luke  ii.  49. 

To  go  or  set  about,  to  become  occupied  with;  engage 
in;  undertake;  begin:  as,  go  about  your  business ;  he  set 
about  tlie  performance  of  his  task. 

about-sledge  (a-bout'slej),H.  [(.about  (in  refer- 
ence to  its  being  swung  around)  +  sledge^.] 
The  largest  hammer  used  by  blacksmiths.  It 
is  grasped  at  the  end  of  the  handle  with  both 
hands  and  swung  at  arm's  length. 

above  (a-buv')j  adv.  a,m\  jircp.  [<  ME.  above, 
abovett,  abuve,  abuven,  abufen  ()  E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
aboon,  abitnc,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  abufan,  above,  <  d- 
for  on  +  bufan  (full  form  beufan  =  OS.  biobhan. 
=  D.  boven),  above,  <  be-,  by,  +  ufan,  from 
above,  above,  =  OS.  obhana,  from  above,  obhan, 
above,  =  OHG.  opana,  obana,  MHG.  G.  oben, 
=  Icel.  ofan ;  all  from  a  base  appearing  in 
Goth,  uf,  prep.,  under,  OHG.  opa,  aba,  MHG. 
obe,  ob,  adv.  and  prep.,  over,  Icel.  of,  prep., 
over,  for.  A  different  form  of  the  same  base 
appears  in  up,  q.  v.     See  also  over.]     I.  adi\ 

1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place ;  overhead;  often, 
in  a  special  sense  :  (o)  In  or  to  the  celestial 
regions ;  in  heaven. 

Your  praise  the  birds  shall  chant  in  every  grove, 
And  winds  shall  waft  it  to  the  powers  above. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  80. 
(6)  Upstairs. 
My  maid's  aunt  .  .  .  has  a  gown  above. 

Shak.,  M.W.ofW.,  iv.  1. 

2.  On  the  upper  side  (opposed  to  beneath); 
toward  the  top  (opposed  to  below) :  as,  leaves 
green  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  stems  smooth 
above,  hairy  below.  —  3.  Higher  in  rank  or 
power:  as,  the  courts  above. — 4.  Before  in 
rank  or  order,  especially  in  a  book  or  writing : 
as,  from  what  has  been  said  above. — 5.  Be- 
sides :  in  the  expression  over  and  above. 

And  stand  indebted,  over  and  above, 
In  love  and  service  to  you  evermore. 

Stiak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
[Sbakspere  has  more  above  in  the  same  sense. 

This,  in  obedience,  hath  my  daughter  showed  me  ; 

And  more  above,  hath  his  solicitings  .  .  . 

All  given  to  mine  ear.  Hamlet,  ii.  2.] 


17 

Above  is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun,  meaning :  (1) 
Heaven:  as,  "  Every  good  gift  ...  is  from  above,"  .las. 
i.  17.  (2)  Preceding  statement,  remarks,  or  the  like:  as, 
from  tlie  above  you  will  learn  my  object.  It  has  the  Force 
of  an  adjective  in  such  phrases  as  the  above  particulars,  in 
which  cited  or  mentioned  is  understood. 

II.   prep.    1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place  than. 

And  fowl  that  may  fly  above  the  earth.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Superior  to  in  any  respect:  often  in  the 
sense  of  too  high  for,  as  too  high  in  dignity  or 
fancied  importance  ;  too  elevated  in  charac- 
ter :  as,  this  man  is  above  his  business,  above 
mean  actions. 

Doubtless,  in  man  there  is  a  nature  found, 
Beside  the  senses,  and  above  them  far. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii. 
Seneca  wrote  largely  on  natural  philosophy  .  .  .  solely 
because  it  tended  to  raise  the  mind  above  low  cares. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Byron. 

3.  More  in  quantity  or  number  than  :  as,  the 
weight  is  above  a  ton. 

He  was  seen  of  above  five  hundred  brethren  at  once. 

1  Cor.  xv.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  than ;  in  a  greater  degree 
than  ;  beyond  ;  in  excess  of. 

Thou  [the  serpent]  art  cursed  above  all  cattle. 

Gen.  iii.  14. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted  above  that 
ye  are  able. 

Above  the  bounds  of  reason. 


Shak. 


1  Cor.  x.  13. 
T.  G.  of  V 


I  heard  a  knocking  for  above  an  hour. 

Swift,  Gull.  Trav., 


i.  1. 


Above  all,  al  ><  ive  or  before  everything  else ;  before  every 
other  consideration ;  in  preference  to  all  other  things.— 
Above  the  rest,  especially  ;  particularly :  as,  one  night 
a6oi»  '//.  ri ■st.—  Above  the  world,  (a)  Above  considering 
what  people  say.  (b)  Holding  a  secure  position  in  life ; 
having  one's  fortune  made. 

With  such  an  income  as  that  he  should  be  above  the 
world,  as  the  saying  is.  A.  Trollope. 

=  Syn.  Over,  Above,     See  over. 

aboveboard  (a-buv'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  [<  above  +"board.  "A  figurative  expression, 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  they  put 
their  hands  under  the  table,  are  changing  their 
cards."  Johnson.]  Inopensight;  withouttricks 
or  disguise:  as,,  an  honest  man  deals  above- 
board;  his  actions  are  open  and  aboveboard. 

Lovers  in  this  age  have  too  much  honour  to  do  anything 
underhand  ;  they  do  all  aboveboard. 

Vanbrugh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

above-deck  (a-buv'dek),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  1.  Upon  deck  :  as,  the  above-deck  cargo. — 
2.  Figuratively,  without  artifice;  aboveboard: 
as,  his  dealings  are  all  above-decJc.  [Colloq.] 
above-ground  (a-buv'ground),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  or  a.    Alive  ;  not  buried. 

Ill  have  'em,  an  they  be  above-ground. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  The  Chances. 

ab  0V0  (ab  6'vo).  [L.,  from  the  egg:  ab, 
from;  ovo,  abl.  of  ovum,  egg,  ovum:  see  ovum.] 
Literally,  from  the  egg ;  hence,  from  the  very 
beginning,  generally  with  allusion  to  the  Roman 
custom  of  beginning  a  meal  with  eggs.  In  this 
case  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  phrase  ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala, 
from  the  egg  to  the  apples,  that  is,  from  beginning  to  end  ; 
but  sometimes  the  allusion  is  to  the  poet  who  began  the 
history  of  the  Trojan  war  with  the  story  of  the  egg  from 
which  Helen  was  fabled  to  have  been  born. 

By  way  of  tracing  the  whole  theme  [the  Homeric  con- 
troversy] ab  ovo,  suppose  we  begin  by  stating  the  chrono- 
logical hearings  of  the  principal  objects  .  .  .  connected 
with  the  Iliad.  De  Quincey,  Homer,  i. 


Bark  with  Yards  Abox. 

abox  (a-boks'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3, 
prep.,  -H  box2.]  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  the  yards  of  a  vessel  when  the  head-sails  are 
laid  aback:  applied  to  the  head-yards  only,  the 
other  sails  being  kept  full. 

abp.     A  contraction  of  archbishop. 

abracadabra  (ab"ra-ka-dab'ra),  «.  [L. ;  occur- 
ring first  in  a  poem  (Pracepta  de  Medictna)  by 
Q.  Serenus  Sammonicus,  in  the  second  cen- 
tury; mere  jargon.  Cf.  abracalam.]    1.  Acaba- 


Abraham-man 

listic  word  used  in  incantations.  When  writ- 
ten in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shown  in  the 
accompanying  diagram,  so  as  to  bo  read  in  dif- 

ABRACADABRA 

ABRACADABR 

ABRACADAB 

ABRACADA 

A   B   R   A   C   A   D 

A   B   R   A   ('   A 

A   B   R   A   C 

A   B   R   A 

A   B   R 

A   B 

A 

ferent  directions,  and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was 
supposed  to  cure  certain  ailments. 

Mr.  Banester  saith  that  he  healed  200  in  one  year  of  an 
ague  by  hanging  abracadabra  about  their  necks,  and 
would  stanch  blood,  or  heal  the  toothake,  although  the 
partyes  were  10  myle  of.  MS.  in  Brit.  Museum. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  word-charm  or  empty  jingle 
of  words. 

abracalam  (a-brak'a-lam),  n.  [Cf.  abraca- 
dabra.'] A  cabalistic  word  used  as  a  charm 
among  the  Jews. 

abracfiia  (a-bra'ki-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  L.  brachium,  arm.]  In  zool.,  absence  of 
anterior  limbs. 

abrachius  (a-bra'ki-us),  «.;  pi.  abrachii  (-i). 
[NL. :  seo  abrachia.]  In  teratol.,  a  monster 
in  which  the  anterior  limbs  are  absent,  while 
the  posterior  are  well  developed. 

abradant  (ab-ra'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  OF.  abra- 
dant, serving  to  scrape,  scraping,  <  L.  abra- 
den(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abradere,  scrape  off :  see  abrade.  ] 
I.  a.  Abrading;  having  the  property  or  quality 
of  scraping. 

II.  >i.  A  material  used  for  grinding,  such  as 
emery,  sand,  powdered  glass,  etc. 

abrade  (ab-rad'),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abraded, 
ppr.  abrading.  [<  L.  abradere,  scrape  or  rub 
off,  <  ab,  off,'  +  radere,  scrape  :  see  raze.]  To 
rub  or  wear  away  ;  rub  or  scrape  off  ;  detach 
particles  from  the  surface  of  by  friction:  as, 
glaciers  abrade  the  rocks  over  which  they  pass ; 
to  abrade  the  prominences  of  a  surface. 

Dusty  red  walls  and  abraded  towers. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  132. 

A  termination  is  the  abraded  relic  of  an  originally  dis- 
tinct qualifying  word.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  60. 
=  Syn.  Scratch,  Chafe,  etc.    See  scrape,  v.  t. 

Abrahamic  (a-bra-ham'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Abraham, 
<Gr.  'Afipaafi,  rep'i'.  Heb.  Abraham,  father  of  a 
multitude,  orig.  'Abrdm,  lit.  father  of  height.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  patriarch  Abraham  :  as, 
the  Abrahamic  covenant. 

Abrahamidae  (a-bra-ham'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Abraham  +  -idtc]  The  descendants  of  Abra- 
ham ;  the  Hebrews. 

This  [Biblical]  revelation  of  origins  .  .  .  was  a  whole 
system  of  religion,  pure  and  elevating,  .  .  .  placing  the 
Abrahomidrr,  who  for  ages  seem  alone  to  have  lrfhl  to  it, 
on  a  plane  of  spiritual  vantage  immeasurably  above  that 
of  other  nations.  Daivson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  71. 

Abrahamite  (a'bra-hain-it  or  a'bram-it),  n. 
l<]i,ih.Abraha»iita;p\.'-    as  Abraham    +    -ite?.] 

1.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  named  from  its 
founder,  Abraham  of  Antioch  (ninth  century), 
and  charged  with  Paulician  (Gnostic)  errors. — 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Deists  in  Bohemia,  who 
came  into  prominence  about  1782,  and  were 
banished  to  Hungary  by  the  Emperor  Joseph  II. 
for  nonconformity.  They  seem  to  have  professed 
the  religion  of  Abraham  before  his  circumcision,  to  have 
believed  in  God,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  a  future 
state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  but  to  have  rejected 
baptism  and  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  to  have  ac- 
knowledged no  scripture  but  the  decalogue  and  the  Lord's 
prayer. 

Abrahamitical  (a"bra-ham-it'i-kal  or  a-bram- 
it'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to  Abraham  or  to  the 
Abrahamites. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-  or  a'bram-man), 
n.  1.  Originally,  a  mendicant  lunatic  from 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London.  The  wards  in  the 
ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem)  bore  distinctive  names,  as  of 
some  saint  or  patriarch.  That  named  after  Abraham 
was  devoted  to  a  class  of  lunatics  who  on  certain  days 
were  permitted  to  go  out  begging.  They  bore  a  badge, 
and  were  known  as  Abraham-men.  Many,  however,  as- 
sumed the  badge  without  right,  and  begged,  feigning 
lunacy.  Hence  the  more  received  meaning  came  to  be  — 
2.  An  impostor  who  wandered  about  the 
country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lu- 
nacy. Hence  the  phrase  to  sham  Abraham,  to  feign 
sickness. 
Matthew,  sceptic  and  scoffer,  had  failed  to  subscribe  a 

prompt  belief  in  that  pain  about  tile  heart  :  he  had  mut- 
tered some  words  in  which  the  phrase,  ■■shamming  Abra- 
ham," had  been  very  distinctly  audible. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxlll. 


Abraham's-balm 

Abraham's-balmt  (a'bra-hamz-  or  a'bramz- 
bam),  n.  An  old  name  of  an  Italian  willow 
supposed  to  be  a  charm  for  the  preservation  of 
chastity.    Sec  agmis  castas,  under  agnus. 

Abraham's-eyet  (a'bra-hamz-  or  a'bra.mz-1),  re. 
A  magical  charm  supposed  to  have  power  to 
deprive  of  eyesight  a  thief  who  refused  to  con- 
fess his  guilt. 

abraidt  (a-brad'),  «.  [<  ME.  abraiden,  abrei- 
den,  start  up,  awake,  move,  reproach,  <  AS. 
abregdan,  contr.  dbredan  (a  strong  verb),  move 
quickly :  see  braid1  and  upbraid.]  I.  trans.  To 
rouse  ;   awake  ;   upbraid. 

How  now,  base  brat  !  what !  are  thy  wits  thine  own, 
That  thou  daret  thus  abraide  me  In  my  [and? 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 

II.  intrans.  To  awake  ;  start. 

And  if  that  he  out  of  his  sleepe  abraidr, 
Be  might  don  us  bathe  a  vilanie. 

Chancer.  Keeve's  Tale,  1.  270. 

Abramidina  (ab'ra-mi-di'na),  re.  pi.  [NL., 
<  .thru  in  in  {Abramid-)  +  -inn.]     In  Gfinther's 

classification  of  fishes,  the  twelfth  subfamily 
of  iiiprinidie,  having  the  anal  fin  elongate  and 
the  abdomen,  or  part  of  it,  compressed.  It  in- 
cludes the  genus  Abramis  and  similar  fresh- 
water fishes  related  to  the  bream. 

abramidine  (ab-ram'i-din),  n.  One  of  the  Abra- 
midina. 

Abramis  (ab'ra-mis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hftpamc 
(ajpa/ud-),  the  iiame  of  a  fish  found  in  the  Nile 
and  the  Mediterranean,  perhaps  the  bream, 
but  not  etym.  related  to  bream.]  A  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Ciiprinidn;  typified  by 
the  common  fresh-water  bream  of  Europe,  A. 
brama.  The  name  has  been  adopted  with  various  modi- 
fications by  different  ichthyologists,  being  restricted  by 
some  to  old-world  forms  closely  allied  to  the  bream,  and 
extended  by  others  to  include  certain  American  fishes 
less  nearly  related  to  it,  such  as  the  common  American 
shiner,  etc.    ft  Cuvier,  1817.    See  breamX. 

Abranchia  (a-brang'ki-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,neut. 
pi.  of  abran chins:  see  abranchious.]  A  name 
given  to  several  different  groups  of  animals 
which  have  no  gills  :  (a)  To  a  group  of  vertebrates, 
comprising  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles  (or  Mammalia 
and  Samropsida),  whose  young  never  possess  gills.  The 
group  is  thus  contrasted  with  Batrachia  and  Pisces  col- 
lectively. In  this  sense  the  term  has  no  exact  classifica- 
tory  signification,  (s)  To  a  group  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  variously  rated  by  naturalists  as  a  suborder,  an  or- 
der, or  a  subclass ;  the  Apneusta  or  Dermatopnoa  of  some, 
related  to  the  Nudiibranchiata,  having  no  branchiae,  the  up- 
per surface  of  the  body  ciliated,  and  ue  slull  except  when  in 
the  larval  state.  This  group  includes  the  families  Lima- 
pontidas,  Phyllirhoidce,  and  Ell/siidce.  (r)  To  an  order  of 
Annelida,  the  Oliqochceta,  which  are  without  branchiae, 
and  respire  by  the  surface  of  the  body.  There  are  sevi  ral 
families,  among  them  the  Immbrieidat,  to  which  the  com- 
mon earthworm  belongs.  They  are  mostly  hermaphrodite, 
and  undergo  no  metamorphosis.  They  have  no  feet,  but 
the  body  is  provided  with  bristles  (seta?).  The  mouthls 
rudimentary,  not  suctorial,  as  in  the  related  order  Hiru- 
dinea  (leeches),  lie  species  are  mostly  land  or  fresh- 
water worms.  ('/)  In  t'uvicr's  system  of  classification,  to 
the  third  family  of  the  order  Annelides,  containing  the 
earthworms  (Abranchia  setigera)  and  the  leeches;  thus 
approximately  corresponding  to  the  two  modern  orders 

Oiigochceta I  Hirudinea.    It  included,  however,  s e 

heterogeneous  elements,  as  the  gordians.  Sometimes 
called  Abranchiata  and  also  Abranchial.  [If  it  is  advisable 
to  apply  the  term  to  any  group  of  animals,  it.  is  probahlyto 
be  retained  in  the  second  of  tie-  senses  above  noted.] 

abranchian  (a-hrang'ki-an),  n.  One  of  the 
Abranchia. 

Abranchiata  (a-brang-M-a't&),  ».  pi.    [NL., 

neut.  pi.  of  nhrinicliiatus:  see  abranchiate.]    A 

term    sometimes   used   as   synonymous    with 

Abranchia. 

abranchiate  (a-brang'ki-at),  a.    [<NL.  abran- 


18 

It  is  one  of  the  most  curious  phenomena  of  language, 
that  words  are  as  subject  as  coin  to  defacement  and 
abrasion.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lect.  on  Eng.  hang.,  Int.,  p.  16. 

2.  The  result  of  rubbing  or  abrading;  an 
abraded  spot  or  place :  applied  chiefly  to  a 
fretting  or  excoriation  of  the  skin  by  which  tho 
underlying  tissues  are  exposed. — 3.  In  pathol., 
a  superficial  excoriation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines,  accompanied  by  loss 
of  substance  in  the  form  of  small  shreds. — 4. 
The  substance  worn  away  by  abrading  or  at- 
trition.    Berkeley. 

abrasive  (ab-ra'siv),  n.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*idirasii,iis,  (  abrasus,  pp.  of  abradere:  see  ab- 
rade.] I.  a.  Tending  to  produce  abrasion; 
having  tho  property  of  abrading;  abradant. 

The  .  .  .  abrasive  materials  used  in  the  treatment  of 
metallic  surfaces. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  108. 

II.  re.  Any  material  having  abrading  quali- 
ties; an  abradant. 

The  amateur  is  most  strenuously  counselled  to  polish 
the  tool  upon  the  oil-stone,  or  other  Hue  abrasive  em- 
ployed for  setting  the  edge. 

0.  Byrne,  Artisan's  Handbook,  p.  17. 

abraum(al)'ram;  G.pron.  ap'roum),  «■.  [G.;  lit., 
what  has  to  be  cleared  away  to  get  at  some- 
thing valuable  beneath;  the  worthless  upper 
portion  of  a  vein  or  ore-deposit;  the  earth 
covering  the  rock  in  a  quarry  ;  <  abraumen,  clear 
away,  take  from  the  room  or  place,  <  ah-  (=  E. 
off),  from,  +  raiiiii,  place,  =  E.  room,  q.  v.] 
Red  ocher,  used  by  cabinet-makers  to  give  a 
red  color  to  new  mahogany — Abraum  salts  [G. 
abraumsalze],  a  mixture  of  salts  of  potash,  soda,  magnesia, 
etc.,  overlying  the  rock-salt  deposit  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia, 
and  vicinity,  the  value  of  which  was  not  immediately  rec- 
ognized when  these  deposits  were  opened,  but  which  is 
now  the  chief  source  of  supply  of  potassie  salts  in  the  wi  old. 

Abraxas  (ab- 
rak'sas),  v. 
[See  "  def.  2, 
and  cf.  abra- 
cadabra.] 1. 
In  antiq.,  a 
Gnostic  amu- 
let consisting 
of  an  engraved 
gem,  often  bearing  a  mystical  figure  (which 
generally  combines  human  and  brute  forms) 
and  an  unintelligible  legend,  but  sometimes 
inscribed  with  the  word  Abraxas,  either  alone 
or  accompanying  a  figure  or  a  word  connected 
with  Hebrew  or  Egyptian 
religion,  as  Jim,  Sabaoth, 
Osiris. —  2.  A  mystical 
word  used  by  the  Gnostic 
followers  of  Basilides  to 
denote  the  Supreme  Being, 
or, perhaps,  its  365  emana- 
tions collectively,  or  the 
3G5  orders  of  spirits  oc- 
cupying the  365  heavens. 
Later  it  was  commonly  applied  to 
any  53  mbolical  representation  of 
Gnostic  ideas,  11  is  sai. 1  to  have 
been  coined  by  Basilides  in  the  Abraxas.  (Bothexampiesarc 
second  century,  from  the  sum  of  of  the  Basilidian  type.  | 
the  Greek  numeral  letters  ex- 
pressing the  number  305;  thus:  o  =  l,  S  =  2,  p  =  100,  a  =1, 
(  =  60,  a  =  1,  s  =  200;  total,  305. 

Also  written  Ahrasiir. 
3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Geometridce,  containing  the  large  mag- 
pie-moth, Abraxas  orossiilariiitn.  The  larva?  are 
very  destructive  to  gooseberry  and  currant-bushes  in 
Europe,  consuming  their  leaves  as  soon  as  thej  appear 


Abraxas,  collect 


i  of  the  British  Museum. 


chiatus:  see  abranchious  and  -ate'.]  Devoid  of  abrayt   (a-hra'),   ''■   '•     [A  false  pres.  form 


gills:  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Abranchia 
abranchious  (a-brang'kd-us),  a.    (<  NL.a&rare- 
chins, (iir.  a-  priv.  +  ,i/«i;.v''',  gills.]     Same  as 
abranchiate.     [  Rare.  | 

The  second  family  of  the  abranchious  Vani  I  ides,   -or,  the 
Abranchia  without  brist les. 

ft  Currier,  ftegne  Anim.  (tr.  of  1849),  p.  39a 

Abrasax  (ab'ra-saks),  n.  Same  as  Abraxas,  1,2. 

abraset  (ab-raz'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  abrasus,  pp.  of 

abradi  re,  rub  off:  nee  abrade.  |    Same  a&abrade, 

abraset  (ab-raz'),  a.    [<L.  abrasus,  pp.:  seethe 

verb.  J    Made  clean  or  dear  of  marks  by  rubbing. 
A  nymph  ■  tmple  as  the  soule  or  as  an  abrase 

table.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia     fc 

abrasion   (ab-ra'zhon),   re.     [<L.  abrasio 
(.abradere:  Bee  abrade.]    1.  The  net  of  abrad- 
ing; the  act  of  wearing  or  rubbing  off  or  away 

by  friction  or  attrition.    Com n  i  sampli    ol  abra 

sion  are  :  (a)  The  wearing  or  rubbini  awaj 

h<  i      -I     lai  Ii  '     "••  cm  i i  wab  r  laden  with 

Bhingli    eti     by  blown  sand,  or  by  other  means,    (6)  The 
natural  wasting,  or  >•■■  at  and  tear,  to  which  i  oin    fu 
lected  of  circulation,  a»  opposed  to  intentional 

or  accidental  defacement. 


nude  from  ME.  pret.  iibriii/ile,  abrnide,  taken 
for  a  weak  verb,  with  pret.  ending  -de  (=  E. 

-ed),  whereas  the  verb  is  strong,  with  pret. 
abrayde,  abraide,  properly  abraid,  abreid  (<  AS. 

nlmriid),  similar  in  form  to  pres.  abrni/dr, 
abraide,  <  AS.  abregde,  inf.  abregdan:  see 
abraid.]    To  awake. 

But,  wheuas  I  did  out  of  sleep  abray, 

I  found  her  not  where  I  left  her  whyleare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  \i,  86. 

abrazite  (ab'ra-zit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  not,  + 
BpaQeiv,  boil,  "ferment,  +  -»fe2.]  A  mineral 
found  at.  Capo  di   Dove,  near  Rome,  probably 

the  same  as  that  named  zeagonite  and  inter    brfdL  gfe  (a!brij'ed-li),  adv 

erismond.no  (which  see),  shortened  lone. 

abrazitic  ( ab-ra-/.it'ik),  «.    Not  effervescing,  as 

in  a. -ids  or  when   heated   before  the  blowpipe: 

said  of  certain  minerals.    [Bare.] 
abread,  abreed  (a-bred'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[  Sc.,  <  MB,  abrede,  on  brede,  in  breadth ;  a,  on, 
prep.:    brede,   <  AS.   brmdu,   breadth,   (.brad, 

broad:  see  «:!  and  breadth,  and  of.  abroad.] 
Abroad.  Burns.  Also  spelled  abraid.   [Scotch.  J 


abridger 

abreast  (a-brost').;>r<7>.  phr.  as  adv.  ox  a.  [<a3, 
]irep.,cm','+lneiisl.]  1.  Sidebyside,withbreasts 
in  a  line:  as,  "the  riders  rode  abreast,"  liryden. 
It  [the  wall  of  Chester]  has  everywhere,  however,  a 
rugged  outer  parajiei  and  a  broad  hollow  flagging,  wide 
enough  for  two  strollers  abreast, 

ll.  James,  Jr.,  Trans,  sketches,  p.  9. 

2.  Xttni.:  (o)  Lying  or  movingside  byside,with 
stems  equally  advanced.  (&)When  used  to  indi- 
cate the  situation  of  a  vessel  in  regard  to  an- 
other object,  opposite;  over  against  ;  lying  so 
that  the  object  is  on  a  line  with  the  beam:  in 
this  sense  with  of. 

The  I'.ellona  .  .  .  kept  too  close  to  the  starboard  shoal, 
and  grounded  abreast  o/the  outer  ship  of  the  enemy. 

Southey,  Nelson,  II.  121. 

3.  Figuratively,  up  to  the  same  pitch  or  level: 
used  with  of  or  with  :  as,  to  keep  abreast  o/the 
times  in  science,  etc. —  4f.  At  the  same  time  ; 
simultaneously. 

Abreast  therewith  began  a  convocation.  Fuller. 

Line  abreast,  a  formation  of  a  squadron  in  which  the 
ships  are  abreast  of  one  another, 
abredet,  prep.  phr.  as  adi:    A  Middle  English 
form  of  abread.     Hum.  of  the  Hose. 
abregget,    »■    '■      A   Middle    English   form   of 
abridge.    Chaucer. 

abrenouncet  (ab-re-nouns'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  nb, 
from  (here  intensive),  +  E.  renounce,  after  LL. 
abrenuntidre,  <  L.  ab  +  renuntiare,  renounce: 
see  renounce]     To  renounce  absolutely. 

Under  pain  of  the  pope's  curse  .  .  .  either  to  abrenounce 
their  wives  or  their  livings. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs,  Acts  and  Deeds,  fol.  159. 

abrenunciationt  (ab-re-nun-si-a'shon),  ii. 
[<mL.  iilireiiiiiitiiitin(ii-),  <L.  abrenuntidre:  see 
abrenounce.]     Renunciation;  absolute  denial. 

An  abrenunciation  of  that  truth  which  he  so  long  had 
professed.  Hurt  of  Sedition,  iii.  b. 

abreptiont  (ab-rep'shon),  re.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
reptio(u-),  (abripere,  pp.  abreptus,  snatch  away, 
<  ab,  away,  +  rapere,  seize:  see  rapt  and  rav- 
ish.] The  state  of  being  carried  away  or  forci- 
bly separated;  separation. 

abreuvoir  (a-bre-vwor'),  n.  [F.,  a  drinking- 
place,  horse-trough,  <  abreuvcr,  give  to  drink, 
earlier  dbrever,  <OF.  abevrer  =  Sp.  ahrevar  = 
It.  abbeverare,  <ML.  abeverare,  orig.  *adbibe- 
rare,  <  ad,  to,  +  *bibcrare,  <  L.  bibere,  drink : 
see  bib1  and  beverage.]  1.  A  watering-place 
for  animals;  a  horse-trough. —  2.  In  masonry, 
a  joint  or  interstice  between  stones,  to  be  filled 
up  with  mortar  or  cement.  Guilt. 
Also  spelled  abbreuvoir. 

abricockt,  abricott,  n.     Same  as  apricot. 

abrid  (a'brid),  n.  [Uncertain;  perhaps  due 
to  Sp.  'abrido,  for  irreg.  abierto,  pp.  of  abrir, 
open,  unlock,  <  L.  aperwe,  open.]  A  bushing- 
plate  around  a  hole  in  which  a  pintle  moves. 
/•:.  //.  Knight. 

abridge  u-brij'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abridged, 
ppr.  abridging.  [<  ME.  abregt  »,  abreggen,  aorig- 
gen,  etc.,  <  OF.  abrigier,  abridgier,   abbregier, 

Hiirerier  =  Vv.  abrevjar, <L.  dbbreviare,  shorten, 
<tnl,  to,  +  brevis,  short :  nvvttlihrcviatrnnAbricf.] 
1.  To  make  shorter;  curtail:  as,  "abridged 
cloaks,"  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xiv. —  2.  To  shorten 
by  condensation  or  omission,  or  both  ;  rewrite 
or  reconstruct  on  a  smaller  scale  ;  put  the 
main  or  essential  parts  of  into  less  space:  used 
of  writings:  as,  Justin  abridged  the  history  of 
Trogus  Pompeius. 

The  antiquities  of  Bichborough  and  Reculver,  abridged 
from  the  Latin  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  Battely. 

\    and  \i. .  6th  ser.,  X.  143. 

3.  To  lessen;  diminish:  as,  to  abridge  labor. 

Power  controlled  or  abridged  is  almost  always  the  rival 
and  enemy  of  that  power  by  which  it  is  controlled  or 
abridged,  .1-  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No,  16. 

4.  To  deprive ;  cut  off :  followed  by  of,  and 
formerly  also  ]iy  from  :  as,  to  abridge  one  of 
rights  or  enjoyments. 

Nordo  I  now  make  moan  to  be  abridged 

Fn>m  such  a  noble  rate         Shak.,  H.  of  v.,  i.  1. 

5.  In  tib.l.,  to  reduce,  as  a  compound  quantity 
or  equation,  to  a  more  simple  form.  =  syn.  2. 

To  cut  down,  prune  See  abbreviate  4.  To  dispossess, 
livest,  strip,  despoil, 

In  a  concise  or 


abridger  (a-brij'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  abridges,  by  curtailing,  shortening,  or 
condensing. 

Criticks  have  been  represented  as  the  "teat  ahriibiers  of 
the  native  liberty  of  genius.  //.  Blair,  Lectures,  iii. 

Abridgers  are  a  kind  of  literary  men  to  whom  the  indo- 
lence of  modern  readers  .    .    .    eivc|s|  ampk  employment. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  II.  07. 


abridgment 

abridgment  (a-brij'rnent),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
dbrygement,(.GF.  abrigement,  abregement:  see 
abridge  and.  -went.]  1.  The  act  of  abridging,  or 
the  state  of  being  abridged ;  diminution  ;  con- 
traction ;  reduction  ;  curtailment ;  restriction  : 
as,  an  abridgment  of  expenses;  "abridgment 
of  liberty,"  Locke. 

Persons  employed  in  the  mechanic  arts  are  those  whom 
the  abridgment  ol  commerce  would  immediately  affect. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  15. 

It  was  his  sin  and  folly  which  brought  him  under  that 
abridgment.  South. 

2.  A  condensation,  as  of  a  book ;  a  reduction 
within  a  smaller  space  ;  a  reproduction  of  any- 
thing in  reduced  or  condensed  form. 

A  genuine  abridgment  is  a  reproduction  of  the  matter 

or  substance  of  a  larger  work  in  a  condensed  form,  and  in 

language  which  is  not  a  mere  transcript  of  that  of  the 

original.  Drone,  Copyright,  p.  158. 

Here  lies  David  Garrick,  describe  him  who  can, 

An  abridgment  of  all  that  was  pleasant  in  man. 

Goldsmith,  Retaliation. 

3.  That  which  abridges  or  cuts  short.    [Rare.] 
Look,  where  my  abridgments  come  [namely,  the  players 

who  cut  me  short  in  my  speech.  Compare,  however, 
meaning  4],  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  That  which  shortens  anything,  as  time,  or 
makes  it  appear  short;  hence,  a  pastime. 
[Rare.] 

Say,  what  abridgment  have  you  for  this  evening? 
What  mask,  what  music?  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

Also  spelled  abridgement. 

=  Syn.  2.  Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Abstract, 
Conspectus,  Synopsis,  Summary,  Syllabus,  Uric/,  Digest. 
An  abridgment  is  a  work  shortened  by  condensation  of 
statement,  or  by  omitting  the  less  essential  parts.  A  com- 
pendium, "l-  compend,  is  a  concise  but  comprehensive  view 
cf  a  subject ;  in  general  it  does  not  imply,  as  abridgment 
does,  the  existence  of  a  larger  or  previous  work.  An 
epitome  contains  only  the  most  important  puints  of  a  work 
or  subject,  expressed  in  the  smallest  eompass.  An  abstract 
is  a  bare  statement  or  outline  of  facts,  heads,  or  leading 
features  in  a  book,  lecture,  subject,  etc.  Conspectus  and 
synopsis  are,  literally,  condensed  views  — the  substance  of 
any  matter  so  arranged  as  to  be  taken  in  at  a  glance ; 
synopsis  implies  orderly  arrangement  under  heads  and 
particulars.  A  summary  is  a  brief  statement  of  the  main 
points  in  a  work  or  treatise,  less  methodical  than  an  ft&- 
stract  or  a  s>inoi>*is ;  it  may  be  a  recapitulation.  A  sylla- 
bus is  commonly  a  synopsis  printed  for  the  convenience 
of  those  hearing  lectures  ;  but  the  term  is  also  applied  to 
certain  papal  documents.  (See  syllabus.)  Brief  is  generally 
confined  to  its  technical  legal  meanings.  (See  brief.)  A 
digest  is  a  methodical  arrangement  of  the  material  of  a 
subject,  as  under  heads  or  titles ;  it  may  include  the 
whole  of  the  matter  concerned :  as,  a  digest  of  laws. 
There  may  be  an  abridgment  of  a  dictionary,  a  compend 
or  compendium  of  literature,  an  epitome  of  a  political 
situation,  an  abstract  of  a  sermon,  a  conspectus  or  synopsis 
of  a  book,  a  summary  of  the  arguments  in  a  debate,  a 
digest  of  opinions  on  some  moot  point. 

abrigget,  «>•  *•  A  Middle  English  form  of 
abridge.     Chaucer. 

abrin  (a'brin),  n.  [<  Abrus  +  -in2.]  A  name 
given  to  a  poisonous  principle  obtained  from 
Abrus  precatorius. 

abroach  (a-broch'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  abroche,in  the  phrase  sette(n)  abrochc,  set 
abroach,  <  «3  f0r  on  +  broche,  a  spit,  spigot, 
pin:  see  brooch  and  broach.']  Broached ;  letting 
out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a  position  for  letting 
out :  as,  the  cask  is  abroach. 

If  the  full  tun  of  vengeance  be  abroach, 
Fill  out  and  swill  until  you  burst  again. 

Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 
To  set  abroach,  (a)  To  set  running ;  cause  to  flow  or 
let  out  liquor,  as  a  cask  or  barrel. 

Barrels  of  ale  set  abroach  in  different  places  of  the  road 
had  kept  the  populace  in  perfect  love  and  loyalty  towards 
the  Queen  and  her  favourite.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xi. 
(b)  Figuratively,  to  give  rise  to  ;  spread  abroad  ;  dissemi- 
nate ;  propagate. 

What  mischiefs  he  might  set  abroach. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

abroacht  (a-broch'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  abrochen, 
broach,  tap,  <  OF.  brocher,  brochier,  broach, 
with  prefix  a-,  due  to  adv.  abroche :  see  abroach, 
prep. phr.,  and  broach.]  To  open,  as  a  cask,  for 
the  purpose  of  letting  out  liquor ;  tap;  broach. 
Thilke  tonne  that  I  schal  abroche. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath,  Prol.,  1.  1T7. 

abroad  (a-brad'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 
ME.  abroad,  abrod,  <.a^,prep.,  on,+  brood,  brod, 
broad:  see  broad.]      1.  Broadly;  widely;  ex- 
pansively ;  outward  on  all  or  on  both  sides. 
The  love  of  God  is  shed  abroad  in  our  hearts.    Rom.  v.  5. 
Her  winges  bothe  abrod  she  spradde.  Gower. 

Look  now  abroad.  —  another  race  has  filled 
These  populous  borders.     Bryant,  The  Ages,  st.  32. 

2.  Out  of  or  beyond  certain  limits,  (a)  Beyond 
the  walls  of  a  house  or  the  bounds  of  any  inclosure  :  as, 
to  walk  abroad. 

Where  as  he  lay 
So  sick  alway. 

He  myglit  not  come  abrode. 

Sir  T.  More,  A  Merry  Jest. 


19 

We  are  for  the  most  part  more  lonely  when  we  go 
abroad  among  men  than  when  we  stay  in  our  chambers. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  147. 
(M  Beyond  the  bounds  of  one's  own  country;  in  foreign 
countries:  as,  lie  lived  abroad  for  many  years.  | In  the 
United  States  used  most  commonly  with  reference  to 
Europe.  ] 

At  home  the  soldier  learned  how  to  value  his  rights, 
abroad  how  to  defend  them. 

Macaiday,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

Others,  still,  are  introduced  from  abroad  by  fashion,  or 
are  borrowed  thence  for  their  usefulness. 

/•'.  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  153. 

3.  Absent;  gone  away,  especially  to  a  consider- 
able distance :  as,  the  head  of  the  firm  is  abroad. 
—  4.  In  an  active  state  ;  astir;  in  circulation  : 
as,  there  are  thieves  abroad;  rumors  of  disaster 
are  abroad. 
There's  villainy  abroad:  this  letter  will  tell  you  more. 

Shak.,L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

To  be  all  abroad,  (a)  To  be  wide  of  the  mark,  in  a 
figurative  sense  ;  be  far  wrong  in  one's  guess  or  estimate. 
(6)  To  be  at  a  loss;  be  puzzled,  perplexed,  bewildered, 
nonplussed ;  be  all  or  quite  at  sea.—  The  schoolmaster 
is  abroad,  education  is  diffused  among  the  people  ;  often 
used  ironically  or  punningly,  implying  that  the  school- 
master is  absent.     See  schoolmaster. 

Abrocoma  (ab-rok'o-mii),  n.  Same  as  ITabro- 
coma. 

abrocome  (ab'ro-koin),  n.    Same  as  habrocomc. 

abrogable  (ab'i-o-ga-bl),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
rogabilis,  <  abrogare,  abrogate  :  see  abrogate,  v., 
and  -bis.]     Capable  of  being  abrogated. 

abrogate  (ab'ro-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abrogated,  ppr.  abrogating.  [<  L.  abrogatus, 
pp.  of  abrogare,  annul,  repeal,  <  ab,  from,  + 
rogare,  ask,  propose  a  law:  see  rogation.]  1. 
To  abolish  summarily;  annul  by  an  authorita- 
tive act ;  repeal.  Applied  specifically  to  the  repeal 
of  laws,  customs,  etc.,  whether  expressly  or  by  establish- 
ing something  inconsistent  therewith.     See  abrogation. 

The  supremacy  of  mind  abrogated  ceremonies. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  34G. 
Since  I  revoke,  annul,  and  abrogate 
All  his  decrees  in  all  kinds  :  they  are  void  ! 

Brouming,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  170. 

2f.  To  keep  clear  of;  avoid. 
Perge,  good  master  Holof ernes,  perge;  so  it  shall  please 
you  to  abrogate  scurrility.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

-Syn.  1.  Abolish, Repeal, Rescind, etc. (see abolish), can- 
cel, invalidate,  dissolve,  countermand. 

abrogatet  (ab'ro-gat),  a.  [<  L.  abrogatus,  an- 
nulled,  pp.  of  abrogare:  see  abrogate,  v.]  An- 
nulled; abolished. 

abrogation  (ab-ro-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abro- 
gation-), a  repeal,  <  abrogare,  repeal  :  see 
abrogate,  v.  ]  The  act  of  abrogating.  Specifi- 
cally,' the  annulling  of  a  law  by  legislative  action  or  by 
usage.  See  derogation.  Abrogation  is  expressed  when 
pronounced  by  the  new  law  in  general  ^>r  particular 
terms  ;  it  is  implied  when  the  new  law  contains  provisions 
positively  contrary  to  the  former  law. 

There  are  no  such  institutions  here  ;  —  no  law  that  can 
abide  one  moment  when  popular  opinion  demands  its 
abrogation.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  4,. 

abrogative  (ab'ro-ga-tiv),  a.  Abrogating  or  an- 
nulling: as,  an  abrogative  law. 

abrogator  (ab'ro-ga-tor),  n.  One  who  abro- 
gates or  repeals. 

Abronia  (a-bro'ni-ii),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *Habro- 
nia,  <  Gt.  a(3p6e,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate:  see 
Abrus.]  A  genus  of  low  and  mostly  trailing 
herbs,  natural  order  Nyctaginacea;  of  the  west- 
ern United  States.  The  showy  and  sometimes  fragrant 
flowers  are  borne  in  umbels,  much  resembling  the  garden 
verbena  in  appearance,  but  very  different  in  structure. 
Two  or  three  species  are  found  in  cultivation. 

abroodt  (a-brod'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
abrode,  <  «3,  prep.,  on,  +  brode,  E.  brood.]  In 
or  as  if  in  the  act  of  brooding. 

The  Spirit  of  God  sat  abroad  upon  the  whole  rude  mass. 
Abp.  Saneroft,  Sermons,  p.  135. 

abrookt    (a-briik'),  v.  t.     [<a-l  (expletive)  + 
brook-.]    To  brook ;  endure.     See  brookl. 
Ill  can  thy  noble  mind  abrook 
The  abject  people,  gazing  in  thy  face. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 

Abromis  (ab-ror'nis),  n.    Same  as  Habrornis. 

abrotanoid  (ab-rot'a-noid),  ».  [<  Gr.  afipo-ovov , 
an  aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (ML. 
abrotanum), +  udoe,  form:  see  idol]  Aspecies 
of  sclerodermatous  East  Indian  reef-coral,  Ma- 
drepora  abrotanoida. 

abrotanum  (ab-rot'a-num),  n.  [<ML.  abrota- 
num and  aprotanuni',  prop.  L.  abrotonum  (also 
abrotonus),  <  Or.  appd-ovov  (also  afip6rovot;),  an 
aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (Artemisia 
Abrotanum),  =  Skt.  mrdtana,  a  plant,  Oyperus 
rotundus;  less  prob.  for  'aftpirovov,  <  afipdc ,  deli- 
cate, +  roVor,  a  cord,  taken  iu  the  sense  of  fila- 
ment or  fiber.  The  L.  form  gave  rise  to  AS. 
aprotane,  ambrotena,  vrutene,  and  other  corrupt 
forms,  and  to  It.  Sp.  Pg.  abrotano,  OF.  abrone, 


abscession 

averoine,  V.  auronc.]  A  European  species  of 
Artemisia , .  I.,  tbrotanum,  frequent  iu  cultivation 
under  the  name  of  southernwood. 

Abrothrix  (ab'ro-thriks),  n.     Same  as  Habro- 
thrix. 

abrupt  (a-brupt'),  a.  and  ».      [<  L.  abruptus, 
steep,  disconnected,  abrupt,  pp.  of  abrumperc, 
break  off,  <  ab,  off,  +  rumpere,  break:  see  rup- 
ture.]    I.  a.  1.  Broken  or  appearing  as  if  bro- 
ken away  or  off  ;  marked  by  or  showing  a  sud- 
den breach  or  change  of  continuity  ;  wanting 
continuation  or  completion:  as,  the  path  or  the 
discourse  came  to  an  abrupt  termination ;  an 
abrupt  turn  in  a  road.    Hence  —  2.  Steep;  pre- 
cipitous: as,  an  abrupt  clifi. ;  an  abrupt  descent. 
The  abrupt  mountain  breaks, 
And  seems  with  its  accumulated  crags 
To  overhang  the  world.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

3.  Figuratively,  sudden ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event ;  unceremonious : 
as,  an  abrupt  entrance  or  address. 

Abrupt  death 
A  period  puts,  and  stops  his  impious  breath. 

Oldham,  Satires  on  Jesuits. 

4.  Lacking  in  continuity;  having  sudden  tran- 
sitions from  one  subject  to  another:  as,  an 
abrupt  style.  —  5.  In  hot.,  terminating  sud- 
denly :  as,  an  abrupt  point :  sometimes  used  in 
the  sense  of  truncate :  as,  an  abrupt  leaf. — 
Abrupt-pinnate.  Same  as  abruptly  pinnate.  Seeabrupt- 
ly.=Syn.  2.  Precipitous,  perpendicular, sheer,  steep.— 3. 
Sudden,  unexpected,  hasty,  hurried,  rough,  rude,  brusk, 
blunt,  curt,  precipitate,  short,  summary,  vehement. —  4. 
Broken,  disconnected. 

II.  n.  [<L.  abruption,  a  steep  ascent  or  de- 
scent, prop.  neut.  of  abruptus,  broken  off:  see 
the  adj.]  An  abrupt  place;  a  precipice  or 
chasm.     [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Or  spread  his  aery  flight, 
Upborne  with  indefatigable  wings, 
Over  the  vast  abrupt.  Milton,  P.  L. ,  ii.  409. 

abruptt  (a-brupt'),  r.  t.  To  break  off;  inter- 
rupt ;  disturb. 

Insecurity  .  .  .  abrupteth  our  tranquillities. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  112. 

abrupted  (a-brup'ted),  p.  a.  Broken  off  sud- 
denly ;  interrupted. 

abruptedly  (a-brup'ted-li),  adv.    Abruptly. 
abruption  (ab-rup'shon),  n.    [<-L.  abruptio(,n-)l 

a  breaking  off,  <  abrumpere:  see  abrupt,  a.]  A 
sudden  breaking  off  ;  a  sudden  termination ;  a 
violent  separation  of  bodies. 

By  this  abruption  posterity  lost  more  instruction  than 
delight.  Johnson,  Life  of  Cowley. 

abruptly  (a-brupt'li),  adv.  1.  Brokenly;  by 
breaking  or  being  broken  off  suddenly :  as,  the 
path  or  the  discourse  ended 
abruptly. —  2.  Precipitously, 
or  with  a  very  steep  slope : 
as,  the  rocks  rise  abruptly 
from  the  water's  edge. —  3. 
Suddenly,  without  giving  no- 
tice, or  without  the  usual 
forms:  as,  the  minister  left 
France  abruptly.  —  4.  With 
an  abrupt  termination — Abruptly  pinnate,  ter- 
minating without  an  odd  leaflet  or  tendril :  said  of  a  pin- 
nate leaf. 

abruptness  (a-brupt'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  abrupt.  («.)  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
broken  off,  steep,  or  craggy  ;  sudden  breach  of  continuity ; 
precipitousness.  (b)  Suddenness  ;  unceremonious  h:i>tr  it 
vehemence,    (c)  Any  want  of  continuity  or  smoothness. 

Some  other  languages,  for  their  soft  and  melting  fluency, 
as  having  no  abruptness  of  consonants,  have  some  advan- 
tage of  the  English.  Hoieell,  Forreine  Travell,  p.  15S. 

Abrus  (a'brus),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *Habrus,  <  Gr. 
ajipdc,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate.]  A  small 
genus  of  leguminous  plants.  A.  precatorius,  or 
Indian  licorice,  is  a  woody  twiner,  indigenous  to  India, 
but  now  found  in  all  tropical  countries,  where  its  root  is 
often  used  as  a  substitute  for  licorice.   Its  polished,  party. 

I'nluivd   seeds,  ..['  the    si/.'  of    :i    small   pea.    called   crabs'' 

eyes,  jumble-beads,  and  jequirity  or  John  Crow  beans,  are 
employed  for  rosaries,  necklaces,  etc. ,  and  as  a  remedy  in 
diseases  of  the  conjunctiva.  They  have  given  their  native 
name  of  retti  [Hind,  ratti,  rati]  to  a  weight  (2.1S75  grains) 
used  by  Hindu  jewelers  and  druggists.     See  rttti-uriglits. 

abs-.  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin ;  a  form  of  ab-, 
used  (as  in  Latin)  before  c,  q,  t,  as  in  abscond, 
abstain,  absterge,  abstract,  etc. 

abscess  (ab'ses),  n.  [<  L.  abscessus,  a  going  away, 
in  medical  language  an  abscess,  <  abscedere,  go 
away,  <  abs,  lengthened  form  of  ab,  away,  + 
cedere,  go  :  see  cede.]  In  mcd.,  a  collection  of 
pus  in  the  tissues  of  any  part  of  the  body. 

abscessed  (ab'sest),  p.  a.  Diseased  with  an 
abscess  or  with  abscesses. 

abscessiont  (ab-sesh'on),  n.  [<  L.  abscessio(n-), 
<  abscedere,  go  away;  see  abscess.]  1.  De- 
parture. 


Abruptly  Pinnate  Leaf. 


abscession 

Neither  justly  excommunicated  out  of  that  particular 
church  to  which  he  wa-s  orderly  joyueil,  nor  excoiumuni- 
cating  himself  by  voluntary  Sehismc,  declared  abscession, 
separation,  or  apostasie. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 

2.  In  null.,  an  abscess, 
abscess-root  (ab'ses-rot),  n.    A  popular  name 

of  the  plant  Polemonium  reptans. 
abscind  (ab-sind'),  r.  t.     [<  L.  absdndere,  cut 

off,  tear  off,  <  ab,  off,  +  scindere,  cut,  =  Gr. 

ax<-stw,  cut,  separate:  see  scission  and  schism.] 

To  cut  off.     [Rare.] 

Two  syllables  abscinded  from  the  rest. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  90. 

abscise  (ab-siz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abscised, 
ppr.  abscising.  [<  L.  absdsus,  pp.  of  abscidere, 
cut  off,  <  alis  for  (/A,  off,  away,  +  ccedere,  cut. 
Cf.  excise,  incise,  v.,  and  precise,  a.]  To  cut  off 
or  away. 

abscissa  (ab-sis'S),  ».;  pi.  abscissa'  or  abscissas 

(-e, -az).  [L.  (tr.  of  Or.  aita'Aafijiavofiivrj),  abbre- 
viation of  recta  ex  diametro  abscissa,  line  cut 
off  from  the  diameter;  fern,  of  abscissas,  cut 
off,  pp.  of  abscindert  :  sue  abscind.]  In  math.: 
(a)  In  the  conic  sections,  that  part  of  a  trans- 
verse axis  which  lies  between  its  vertex  and 
a  perpendicular  ordinate  to  it  from  a  given 
point  of  the  conic.  Thus  (fig.  1),  in  the  parabola  PAC, 
AM.  the  part  of  the  axis  AH  cut  off  by  the  ordinate 
P.M,  is  the  abscissa  of  the  point  P.    (J)  In  the  system 


of  Cartesian  coordinates,  a  certain  line  used 
in  determining  the  position  of  a  point  in  a 
plane.  Thus  (fig.  2),  let  two  fixed  intersecting  lines  (axes) 
oVand  OX  he  taken,  and  certain  directions  on  them  (as 
from  O  toward  X  and  fromO  toward  Y)  be  assumed  as  posi- 
tive. From  any  point,  as  P,  let  a  line  be  drawn  parallel 
to  OY  and  cutting  OX  in  M.  Then  will  the  two  quantities 
OM  and  MP,  with  the  proper  algebraic  sign,  determine 
the  position  of  the  point  P.  OM,  or  its  value,  is  called  the 
abscissa  of  the  point,  and  the  fixed  line  X'X  is  called  the 
axis  of  abscissas.    See  coordinate,  n.,  2. 

abscissio  infiniti  (ab-sish'i-6  in-fi-ni'ti).  [L. ; 
lit.,  a  cutting  off  of  an  infinite  (number):  see 
abscission  and  infinite]  In  lor/ic,  a  series  of 
arguments  which  exclude,  one  after  another, 
various  assertions  which  might  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  subject  under  discussion,  thus 
gradually  diminishing  the  number  of  possible 
assumptions. 

abscission  (ab-sizh'on),  n.     [<  L.  abscissio(n-), 

<  absdndere,  cut  off:  see  abscind.']  1.  The  act 
of  cutting  off ;  severance ;  removal. 

Not  to  in.-  cured  without  the  abscission  of  a  member. 

Jer,  Taylor. 

2f.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  the  act  of 
annulling  or  abolishing.  Sir  T.  Browne. —  3. 
Retrenchment.  [Rare.] — 4.  The  sudden  ter- 
mination of  a  disease  by  death.  Hooper, 
Med.  Diet. —  5.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  of  speech  con- 
sisting in  a  sudden  reticence,  as  if  the  words 
already  spoken  made  sufficiently  clear  what 
the  speaker  would  say  if  he  were  to  finish 
tin-  sentence:  as,  "Ho  is  a  man  of  so  much 
honor  and  candor,  and  such  generosity  —  but 
I  need  say  no  more." — 6.  In  astrol.,  the  cutting 
off  or  preventing  of  anything  shown  by  one 
aspect  by  means  of  another —  Abscission  of  the 
cornea,  in  eurg.,  a  specific  cutting  operation  performed 
upon  the  eye  for  the  removal  "f  a  staphyloma  of  the  cor 
nea. 

absconce  (ab-skons'),  n.  [OIL.  absconsa,  a 
dark  lantern,  fern,  of  L.  absconsus,  torabsconai- 
tits,  pp.  of  absconders,  hide :  see  abscond  and 

8conc<l.]  Kerbs.,  a  dark  lantern  holding  a  wax- 
light,  used  in  tlo-  choir  in  reading  the  absolu- 
tion and  benediction  at  matins,  and  the  chap- 
ters and  prayers  at  lands, 
abscond  (ab-skond'),  '••  [<  1..  aiiscmnii  n  ,  hide, 
put  away,  <  alis,  away,  +  condere,  put,  lay  up, 

<  con-,  for  cum,  together,  +  -dere,  in  eomp.,  a 
weakened  form  of  "dare,  put,  =  E.  do.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from 
the  place  in  which  ime  resides  or  is  ordinarily 
to  be  found;  depart  in  a  sudden  and  secret 
manner;  take  one's  self  o(T;  decamp;  espe- 
cially, to  go  out  of  the  way  in  order  to  avoid  a 
legal  process. 

He  must,  for  reasons  which  nobody  could  divine,  have 
absconded.  Barhum,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  150. 


20 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  lie  concealed :  as, 
"the  marmot  absconds  in  winter,"  Bay,  Works 
of  Creation. 

A  fish  that  flashes  his  freckled  side  in  the  sun  and  as 
.suddenly  absconds  in  the  dark  and  dreamy  waters  again. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  377. 
=  Syn.  Escape,  retreat,  flee,  run  away,  make  off. 

Il.t  trans.  To  conceal. 

Nothing  discoverable  in  the  lunar  surface  is  ever  cov- 
ered and  absconded  from  us  by  the  interposition  of  any 
clouds  or  mists  but  such  as  rise  from  our  own  globe. 

Bcntleij,  Sermons,  viii. 

abscondedt  (ab-skon'ded),  p.  a.  Hidden;  se- 
cret ;  recondite.  In  her.,  said  of  a  bearing  which  is 
completely  covered  by  a  superimposed  charge.  Thus,  if  a 
shield  has  three  mullets  in  pale,  the  middle  one  of  tie 
three  would  lie  completely  hidden  or  absconded  by  a  shield 
of  pretense  or  inescuteheon. 

I  am  now  obliged  to  go  far  in  the  pursuit  of  beauty 
which  lies  very  absconded  and  deep. 

Shaftesbury,  Moralists,  p.  3. 

abscondedlyt  (ab-skon'ded-li),  adt:  In  con- 
cealment or  hiding. 

An  old  Soman  priest  that  then  lived  abscondedly  in 
Oxon.  Wood,  Athena;  Oxon. ,  I.  631. 

abscondencet  (ab-skon'dens),  n.  Concealment ; 
seclusion. 

absconder  (ab-skon'der),  n.  One  who  ab- 
sconds. 

absconsio  (ab-skon'shi-6),  «. ;  pi.  absconsiones 
(ab-skon-shi-o'nez).  [NL.,  <  L.  abscond/ n , 
hide:  see  abscond.]  In  anat.  and  sure/.,  a  cav- 
ity or  sinus. 

absence  (ab'sens),  n.  [<ME.  absence,  <OP.  ab- 
sence, ausence,  V.  absence  =  Sp.  Pg.  ausencia  = 
It.  assenza,  <  L.  absentia,  absence,  <  abscn(t-)s, 
absent:  see  absent,  a."]  1.  The  state  of  being 
absent ;  the  state  of  being  away  or  not  present : 
as,  speak  no  ill  of  one  in  his  absence. 

Say,  is  not  absence  death  to  those  who  love  ? 

Pope,  Autumn. 

We  see  on  the  lip  of  our  companion  the  presence  or 

absence  of  the  great  masters  of  thought  and  poetry  to  his 

mind.  Emerson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  The  period  of  being  away  or  absent :  as,  an 
absence  of  several  weeks  or  years. — 3.  The 
state  of  being  wanting ;  non-existence  at  the 
place  and  time  spoken  of;  want;  lack:  as, 
the  absence  of  evidence. 

In  the  absence  of  conventional  law.  Chancellor  Kent. 
4.  Absent-mindedness ;  inattention  to  things 
present:  a  shortened  form  of  absence  of  mind. 

To  conquer  that  abstraction  which  is  called  absence. 

Landor. 

For  two  or  three  days  I  continued  subject  to  frequent 
involuntary  fits  of  absence,  which  made  me  insensible,  for 
tlie  time,  to  all  that  was  passing  around  me. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  147. 
Absence  Of  mind,  habitual  or  temporary  forgetfulness 
of,  or  inattention  to,  one's  immediate  surroundings. — 
Decree  in  absence,  in  Scots  law,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  defendant  who  has  not  appeared  and  pleaded  on 
the  merits  of  the  cause.— Leave  Of  absence,  permission 
from  a  superior  to  lie  absent.  In  the  United  States  army 
an  officer  is  entitled  to  30  days'  leave  in  each  year  on  full 
pay.  He  may  permit  this  time  to  accumulate  for  a  peril  id 
not  exceeding  four  years.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. 
absent  (ab'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  absent,  < 
OF.  absent,  auscnt,  F.  absent  =  Sp.  Pg.  ausente 
=  It.  assente,  <L.  absen(t-)s,  being  away  (ppr. 
of  abesse,  be  away),  <  ab,  away,  +  *sen(t-)s, 
ppr.  (=  Gr.  uv  (cut-),  =  Skt.  san't,  being,  =  E. 
sooth,  true :  see  sooth),  <  inf.  esse,  be :  see  es- 
sence, am,  is,  and  cf.  present.]  I.  a.  1.  Not  in  a 
certain  place  at  a  given  time  ;  not  in  conscious- 
ness or  thought  at  a  certain  time ;  away :  op- 
posed to  present. 

With  this  she' fell  distract, 
And,  her  attendants  absent,  Bwallow'd  fire. 

Shah.,  J.  ft,  iv.  3. 

The  picture  or  visual  image  in  your  mind  when  the 
orange  is  present  to  tin-  senses  is  almost  exactly  repro- 
duced when  it  is  absent.        ■/.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  140. 

2.  Not  existing;  wanting;  not  forming  a  part 
or  attribute  of:  as,  among  them  refinement 
is  absent ;  revenge  is  entirely  absent  from  his 
mind. —  3.  Absent-minded  (which  see). 

From  this  passage  we  may  gather  not  only  that  Chancer 
was  .  .  .  small  of  stature  and  slender,  but  that  he  was  ac- 
custom, d  to  i.c  twitted  on  account  of  the  abstracted  or 
absent  loos  which  so  often  tempts  children  of  the  world  to 
offer  its  wearer  a  penny  for  hi^  thoughts. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Life  of  Chaucer,  iii. 
Absent  with  leave  (miKO,  said  of  officers  permitted  to 
absent  themselves  from  their  posts,  and  of  enlisted  men 
"o  furlough.— Absent  without  leave  (mint.),  said  of 

Officers    and    snldier.-,   (s.mirt  hues  of   deserters)  who    have 

absented  themselves  from  their  posts  without  permission  ; 
they  are  so  reported  in  order  to  bring  their  offense  under 
the  cognizance  of  a  court  martial.  In  the  United  States 
army,  an  officer  absent  without  leave  for  three  months 
inc.  he  dropped  from  the  rolls  of  the  army  lo  the  I 'resi- 
dent, and  is  not  eligible  to  reappointment,  wilhelm..  Mil. 
Diet  Syn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  Preoccu. 
pied,  Diverted,  Distracted.  \n  absent  man  is  one  whose 
mind  wanders  unconsciously  from    his    immediate  sur- 


absinthe 

roundings,  or  from  the  topic  which  demands  his  attention  ; 
he  may  be  thinking  of  little  or  nothing.  An  abstracted 
man  is  kept  from  what  is  present  by  thoughts  and  feelings 

Su   Uei-llt>    "1    illten   - 1  II 1 ' J.     that     111'   \    <   llgl'oSS   lll>  at!r[l!l"!l. 

He  may  have  been  bo  preoccupied  by  them  as  to  be  unable 
to  begin  to  attend  to  other  things,  or  his  thoughts  may 
he  diverted  to  them  upon  some  chance  suggestion.  In  all 
th.se  cases  he  is  or  becomes  inattentive.  Distract  ed  (lit- 
erally, dragged  apart)  is  sometimes  used  for  diverted,  but 
denotes  lucre  properly  a  state  of  perplexity  or  mental  un- 
easiness sometimes  approaching  frenzy. 

Il.t  n.  One  who  is  not  present ;  an  absentee. 

Let  us  enjoy  the  right  of  Christian  absents,  to  pray  for 
one  another.  Bp.  Morton,  To  Abp.  Usher. 

absent  (ab-senf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  absenter  =  8p.  Pg. 
ausentar  =  It.  assentare,  <  L.  absentare,  cause 
to  be  away,  be  away,  <  absen(t-)s,  absent:  see 

absent,  a.]  To  make  absent;  take  or  keep  away: 
now  used  only  reflexively,  but  formerly  some- 
times otherwise,  as  by  Milton:  as,  to  absent 
one's  self  from  home  ;  he  absented  himself  from 
the  meeting. 

If  thou  didst  ever  hold  me  in  thy  heart, 
Absent  thee  from  felicity  awhile. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
What  change 
Absents  thee,  or  what  chance  detains? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  108. 

absentaneoust  (ab-sen-ta'ne-us),  a.  [<  ML.  ab- 
sentaneits,  <  L.  abscn(t-)s,  absent :  see  absent,  a.] 
Relating  to  absence  ;  absent.  Bailey. 
absentation  (ab-sen-ta'shon),  n.  [<ML.  absen- 
tatio(n-),  <  L.  ubsentare,  make  absent:  see  ab- 
sent, v.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.  [Rare.] 
His  absentation  at  that  juncture  becomes  significant. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  229. 

absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  n.  1.  One  who  is  ab- 
sent ;  more  narrowly,  one  who  withdraws  from 
his  country,  office,  estate,  post,  duty,  or  the  like. 
Specifically  applied,  generally  by  way  of  reproach,  to 
landlords  and  capitalists  who  derive  their  income  from 
one  country,  but  spend  it  in  another  in  which  they  reside. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  is  without  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  particular  court  or  judge. 

absenteeism  (ab-seu-te'izni),  n.  The  practice 
or  habit  of  being  an  absentee  ;  the  practice  of 
absenting  one's  self  from  one's  country,  station, 
estate,  etc.  Absenteeism  in  France,  under  the  old  ri- 
gime,  was  oneof  the  greatest  evils,  and  a  prominent  cause 
of  the  first  revolution  ;  and  in  Ireland  it  has  been  a  cause 
of  much  popular  discontent. 

Partly  from  the  prevailing  absenteeism,  among  the  land- 
lords, .  .  .  these  peasants  of  the  north  [of  Russia]  are 
more  energetic,  more  intelligent,  more  independent,  and 
consequently  less  docile  and  pliable,  than  those  of  the 
fertile  central  provinces.       I).  M.   Wallace,  Russia,  p.  109. 

absenteeship  (ab-sen-te'ship),  n.  Same  as  ab- 
senteeism. 

absenter  (ab-sen'ter),  n.  One  who  absents  him- 
self. 

He  [Judge  Foster]  has  fined  all  the  absenter*  £20  apiece. 
Lord   Thinioir,  Sir  M.  Foster. 

absente  reo   (ab-sen'te  re'6).     [L. :   absents, 

abl.  of  absen(t-)s,  absent;  reo,  abl.  of  reus,  a 
defendant,  <  res,  an  action  :  see  res.]  The  de- 
fendant being  absent :  a  law  phrase. 

absently  (ab'sent-li),  adv.  In  an  absent  or  in- 
attentive manner;  with  absence  of  mind. 

absentment  (ab-sent'ment),  n.  [(absent,  v., 
+  -ment]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.      Harrow,     [Rare.] 

absent-minded  (ab'sent-min'ded),  a.  Charac- 
terized by  absence  of  mind  (see  absence) ;  inat- 
tinlive  tn  or  forgetful  of  one's  immediate  sur- 
roundings. 

absent-mindedness  (ab'sent-min,!'ded-nes),  n. 
The  quality,  state,  or  habit  of  being  absent- 
minded. 

absentness  (ab'sent-nes),  11.  The  quality  of 
being  absent,  inattentive,  or  absent-minded; 
absent-mindedness. 

absey-bookt  (ab'se-buk),  ».  [That  is,  a-b-c 
bunt; :  see  a-b-c]  A  primer,  which  sometimes 
included  a  catechism. 

And  then  comes  answer  like  an  Atisen-liooli. 

Shak.,K.  John,  i.  1. 

absidiole  (ab-sid'i-61),  n.     Same  as  iijisidiolc. 

absinth  (ab'sinth),  n.  [<  F.  absinthe,  <  L.  absin- 
thium: see  absinthium.]  1.  Wormwood.  See 
absinthium, —  2.  Absinthe  (which  see). 

absinthate  (ali-siu'iliai ),  h.  A  salt  formed  by 
:i  combination  of  absinthic  acid  with  a  base. 

absinthe  (ab'sinth;  F.  pron.  ab-sant'),  n.  [F., 
<  L.  absinthium  :  see  absinthium.]  The  com- 
mon nat f  a  highly  aromatic  liqueur  of  an 

opaline-green  color  and  bitter  taste;  an  abbre- 
viation of  (.rlrnit  il'absiullie,  extract  of  absin- 
thium,    it  is  prepared  by  steeping  in  alcohol  or  strong 

spirit  bitter  herbs,  the  chief  cf  which  are  Artemisia  Ate 
sintliii in.  A.  mutellina,  A  spicatai  besides  which  some 
recipes  mention  plants  that  are  not  of  this  genus,  and 


absinthe 

can  be  intended  only  to  modify  the  bitter  of  the  worm- 
woods;  the  liquor  so  flavored  is  then  redistilled.  It  is 
considered  tonic  and  stomachic.  Its  excessive  vise  pro- 
duces a  morbid  condition  differing  somewhat  from  ordi- 
nary alcoholism.  Vertigo  and  epileptiform  convulsions 
are  marked  symptoms,  and  hallucinations  occur  without 
other  symptoms  01  delirium  tremens.  The  use  of  it  pre- 
vailed at  one  time  among  the  French  soldiers  in  Algiers, 
but  it  is  now  forbidden  throughout  the  French  army. 
The  most  common  way  of  preparing  it  for  drinking  is  by 
pouring  it  into  water  drop  by  drop  or  allowing  it  to  trickle 
through  a  funnel  with  a  minute  opening;  so  prepared,  it 
is  called  la  h  ussards,  and  is  common  in  the  cafes  of  France, 
Italy,  and  Switzerland. 

absinthial  (ab-sin'thi-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  wormwood  ;  hence,  bitter.    N.  E.  D. 

absinthian  (ab-sm'tlii-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  wormwood. 

Tempering  absinthian  bitterness  with  sweets. 

Randolph,  Poems  (1(352),  p.  CO. 

absinthiate  (ab-sin'tki-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
absinthiated,  ppr.  absinthiating.  [<  L.  absinthi- 
atits,  pp.  adj.,  containing  wormwood,  <  absin- 
thium :  see  absinthium.']  1.  To  impregnate  with 
wormwood. —  2.  To  saturate  with  absinthe. 

Latinised  English  and  absinthiated  barrack-room  mo- 
rality. The  Spectator,  No.  3035,  p.  1154. 

absinthic  (ab-sin'thik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 

absinthium  or  wormwood Absinthic  acid,  an  acid 

derived  from  wormwood,  probably  identical  witli  succinic 
acid. 
absinthin  (ab-siii'thin),  n.    The  crystalline  bit- 
tor  principle  (C20H03O4)  of  wormwood,  Arte- 
misia Absinthium. 
absinthine(ab-sin'tnin),«.  Having  the  qualities 
of  absinth  or  wormwood;  absinthic.     Carlyle. 
absinthism  (ab-sin'thizm),   ».     The  cachectic 
Btate  produced  by  the  use  of  absinthe  (which 
Bee). 

absinthium  (ab-sin'thi-um),  «.    [L.,  <Gr.  atyh- 
6i0Vj  also   aif/ivOoc  and   a^uvdia,   wormwood,    of 
Pers.  origin.]    The  common 
wormwood,  Artemisia   Ab- 
sinthium,  a  European  spe- 
cies, much  cultivated  for  its 
hitter  qualities.    It  contains  a 
volatile  oil  which  is  the  principal 
ingredient  in  the  French  liqueur 
absinthe, 
absinthol   (ab-sin'thol),  n. 
The  chief  constituent  of  oil 
*r*   of  wormwood,  CiqHiqO. 
absis  (ab'sis),  w.     Same  as 
apsis. 
absistt  (ab-sisf),  v.  i.    [<L. 
absistere,    withdraw,  <  ab, 
off,  +  sistere,  stand,  a  re- 
duplicated form  of  stare,  to 
stand:  see  state,  stand.]  To 
desist. 
absistencet  (ab-sis'tens),  n. 

A  standing  off;    a  refrain- 

Artemisia  Absinthium.      illg  Or  holding  back. 
Leafandfloweringbranch.  q^^  (ab'sit),  11.       [L.  J   third 

pers.  pres.  subj.  of  abesse, 
be  away.]  In  colleges,  a  leave  of  absence  from 
commons. 

absit  omen  (ab'sit  6'men).  [L. ;  lit.,  may  the 
omen  be  away :  absit,  third  pers.  pres.  subj.  of 
abesse,  be  away;  omen,  an  omen:  see  absent 
and  omen.']  May  it  not  be  ominous  !  May  the 
omen  fail! 

absolute  lab'sp-lut),  a.  and  n.  [<ME.  absolut, 
<  OF.  absolut,  K  L.  absolutus,  complete,  unre- 
stricted, absolute,  pp.  of  absolvere,  loosen  from: 
see  absolve.-]  1.  a.  1.  Free  from  every  restric- 
tion; unconditional:  as,  the  only  absolute  ne- 
cessity is  logical  necessity ;  absolute  skepticism ; 
absolute  proof. —  2.  Perfect;  complete;  entire; 
possessed  as  a  quality  in  the  highest  degree, 
or  possessing  the  essential  characteristics  of  the 
attribute  named  in  the  highest  degree:  as,  ab- 
solute purity ;  absolute  liberty. 

What  philosophical  inquiry  aims  at  is,  to  discover  a 
proof,  by  subjective  analysis,  of  a  greater  certainty  in  the 
law,  of  an  inviolable  uniformity  in  nature,  of  what  may 
properly  be  called  an  absolute  uniformity,  if  only  the  word 
absolute  is  used  as  opposed  to  incomplete  or  partial,  and 
not  as  opposed  to  relative  or  phenomenal. 

S.  Hodgson,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  II.  iv.  §  1. 

Hence — 3.  Perfect;   free  from  imperfection: 

sometimes  applied  to  persons. 

May  seem  as  shy,  as  grave,  as  just,  as  absolute 

As  Angelo.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

So  absolute  she  seems, 
And  in  herself  complete.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  547. 

4.  Fixed;  determined;  not  merely  provisional; 
irrevocable. 

0,  pass  not,  Lord,  an  absolute  decree. 
Nor  bind  thy  sentence  unconditional. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis. 

5.  Viewed    independently    of    other    similar 


21 

things;  not  considered  with  reference  to  other 
similar  things  as  standards;  not  comparative 
merely:  opposed  to  relative:  as,  absolute  posi- 
tion; absolute  velocity  (see  below).  [Careful 
writers,  without  an  explanation,  or  unless  the  context 
makes  the  meaning  clear,  do  not  use  the  word  inthisBense  ; 
so  that,  though  it  lias  always  belonged  to  the  word,  it  is 
considered  as  secondary.) 

Such  a  code  is  that  here  called  Absolute  Ethics  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Relative  Ethics  — a  code  the  injunctions 
of  which  are  alone  to  be  considered  as  absolutely  right,  in 
contrast  with  those  that  are  relatively  right  or  least 
wrong;  and  which,  as  a  system  of  ideal  conduct,  is  to 
serve  as  a  standard  for  our  guidance  in  solving,  as  well  as 
we  can,  the  problems  of  real  conduct. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  104. 

6.  Unlimited  in  certain  essential  respects ; 
arbitrary;  despotic:  applied  especially  to  a 
system  of  government  in  which  the  will  of 
the  sovereign  is  comparatively  unhampered 
by  laws  or  usage:  as,  an  absolute  monarchy. 

As  Lord  Chamberlain,  I  know,  you  are  absolute  by  your 
office,  in  all  that  belongs  to  the  decency  and  good  man- 
ners of  the  stage.  Dryden,  Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

All  absolute  governments,  of  whatever  form,  concen- 
trate power  in  one  uncontrolled  and  irresponsible  individ- 
ual or  body,  whose  will  is  regarded  as  the  sense  of  the 
community.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  37. 

7.  Certain;  infallible. 

The  colour  of  my  hair — he  cannot  tell, 

Or  answers  "dark,"  at  random, — while,  be  sure, 

He's  absolute  on  the  figure,  five  or  ten, 

Of  my  last  subscription. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iii. 

8.  Domineering;  peremptory;  exacting  strict 
obedience. 

Tapped  on  her  head 
With  absolute  forefinger.         Mrs.  Browning. 

9.  Ultimate  ;  not  derived  from  anything  else : 
as,  an  absolute  principle. — 10.  Immeasurable; 
not  definable  by  measurement;  not  led  up  to 
by  insensible  gradations:  as,  the  distinction 
between  right  and  wrong  is  absolute. 

Tlie  opposition  is  no  longer  of  the  rigid  or  absolute 
nature  which  it  was  before.  A.  Seth. 

11.  In  gram.,  standing  out  of  the  usual  syntac- 
tical relation  or  construction :  applied  to  the 
case  of  a  noun  and  an  adjunct  in  no  relation 
of  dependence  upon  the  rest  of  the  sentence, 
and  defining  the  time  or  circumstances  of  an 
action:  as,  the  genitive  absolute  in  Greek,  the 
ablative  absolute  in  Latin,*the  locative  absolute  in 
Sanskrit,  and  the  nominative  absolutein  English. 
—Absolute  alcohol.  See  alcohol.— Absolute  atmo- 
sphere, an  absolute  unit  of  pressure,  equal  to  one  million 
grams  per  centimeter-second  square  ;  that  is,  one  million 
times  the  pressure  produced  on  a  square  centimeter  by  a 
force  of  one  gram  accelerated  every  second  by  a  velocity 
of  one  centimeter  per  second.—  Absolute  ego,  in  met- 
aph.,  the  non-individual,  pure  ego,  neither  subject  nor 
object,  which,  according  to  the  German  metaphysician 
J.  G.  Fichte,  posits  the  world.— Absolute  electrometer. 
See  electrometer.— Absolute  equation,  in  astron.,  the 
sum  of  the  optic  and  eccentric  equations,  the  former 
being  the  apparent  inequality  of  a  planet's  motion  in  its 
orbit  due  to  its  unequal  distance  from  the  earth  at  dif- 
ferent times,  an  effect  which  would  subsist  even  if  the 
planet's  real  motion  were  uniform,  and  the  latter  being 
the  inequality  due  to  a  real  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  plan- 
et's motion. — Absolute  estate,  in  law,  an  unqualified, 
unconditional  estate,  entitling  the  owner  to  immediate 
and  unlimited  possession  and  dominion. — Absolute  form. 
See/orm. — Absolute  identity,  the  metaphysical  doctrine 
that  mind  and  matter  are  phenomenal  modifications  of  the 
same  substance. —  Absolute  instrument,  an  instrument 
designed  to  measure  electrical  or  other  physical  quantities 
in  terms  of  absolute  units.  See  unit. — Absolute  in- 
variant, in  al'j.,  an  invariant  entirely  unchanged  by  a 
linear  transformation  of  thequantic. —  Absolute  magni- 
tude, magnitude  without  regard  to  sign,  as  plus  or  minus: 
opposed  to  algebraical  magnitude.— Absolute  measure, 
that  which  is  based  simply  on  the  fundamental  units  or 
time,  space,  and  mass,  and  does  not  involve  a  comparison 
with  any  other  arbitrary  quantity,  especially  not  any  gravi- 
tation-unit, whose  value  varies  with  the  latitude  and  ele- 
vation above  the  sea.  Thus,  the  absolute  measure  of  a 
force  is  that  of  the  velocity  it  would  impart  to  the  unit- 
mass  in  a  unit  of  time.  The  units  so  derived  are  called  ab- 
solute units;  for  example,  the  poundal  or  dyne.  See  unit. 
—  Absolute  position,  position  in  absolute  space. —  Ab- 
solute pressure.  («)  That  measure  of  pressure  which 
includes  atmospheric  pressure,  (b)  Pressure  expressed 
in  absolute  measure,  commonly  in  absolute  atmospheres 
(which  see).— Absolute  problem,  a  qualitative  problem 
in  which  it  is  sought  to  discover  whether  an  object  pos- 
sesses a  given  character,  but  not  to  compare  different 
objects.  — Absolute  proposition,  in  logic,  a  categorical 
proposition.— Absolute  reality,  in  metaph.,  reality  not 
as  it  is  conceived,  but  as  it  exists  independently  of  all 
thought  about  it.— Absolute  reciprocant.  See  recipro' 
cant.—  Absolute  space,  space  considered  as  the  recep- 
tacle of  things,  and  not  as  relative  to  the  objects  in  it: 
opposed  to  spatial  extension. —  Absolute  temperature, 
temperature  measured  from  the  absolute  zero  of  tem- 
perature (see  below)  on  the  absolute  or  thermodynamic 
scale  of  temperature,  which  is  defined  by  the  condition 
that  the  area  included  between  two  fixed  adiabatic  lines 
and  any  two  isothermal  lines  is  proportional  to  the  differ- 
ence of  temperatures  for  those  lines  on  this  scale.  This 
absolute  scale  of  temperature  differs  by  very  small  quan- 
tities, usually  negligible,  from  that  of  an  air-thermometer, 
and  by  the  absolute  temperature  is  often  meant  the  tem- 
perature ou  the  latter  scale  above  the  absolute  zero.— 


absolutely 

Absolute  term,  (a)  In  logic,  a  general  class-name,  as 
man,  as  opposed  to  a  relative  or  connotative  term,  (b) 
In  alg.t  that  term  of  an  equation  or  quantic  in  which  the 

unknown  quantity  does  not  appear,  or,  U  it  appears,  has 
the  exponent  0.  Thus,  in  the  equation  £2  +  12* — 24  0, 
which  may  also  be  written  x2  +12* —  24z0=0,  the  term 
written  —24  in  the  first  form  and  — 24-r"  in  the  second 
form  is  called  the  absolute  term.—  Absolute  time,  time 
regarded  as  a  quasi-substance  independent  of  the  events 
it  brings  into  relationship,  that  is,  which  occur  in  it. 

Absolute,  true,  and  mathematical  time,  in  itself  and  its 
own  nature  out  of  relation  to  anything  out  of  itself,  flows 
equably,  and  is  otherwise  called  duration:  relative,  ap- 
parent, and  vulgar  time  is  any  sensible  and  external 
measure  of  duration  by  motion  [whether  accurate  or  in- 
equable] which  the  vulgar  use  in  place  of  true  time,  as  an 
hour,  a  day,  a  month,  a  year. 

Sir  I.  Newton,  Principia  (trans.),  Def.  8,  Scholium. 

Absolute  velocity,  the  velocity  of  a  body  with  refer- 
ence not  to  other  moving  bodies,  but  to  something  im- 
movable. 

We  know  nothing  about  absolute  velocities  in  space,  for 
we  have  no  standard  of  comparison. 

A,  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  15. 

Absolute  zero  of  temperature,  the  lowest  possible 
temperature  which  the  nature  of  heat  admits;  the  tem- 
perature at  which  the  particles  whose  motion  constitutes 
heat  would  lie  at  rest;  that  temperature  at  which,  if  it 
were  maintained  in  the  refrigerator  of  a  perfect  thermo- 
dynamic engine,  the  engine  would  convert  all  the  heat 
it  should  receive  from  its  source  into  work.  This  tem- 
perature has  been  proved  to  be  273.7  degrees  below  the 
zero  of  the  centigrade  scale.  See  absolute  temperature. 
=  Syn.  1.  Unconditional,  independent. — 2.  Finished, 
perfect,  rounded,  consummate,  complete.— 6.  Arbitrary, 
autocratic,  unrestricted,  irresponsible.  —  7.  Positive,  de- 
cided, certain,  sure. —  8.  Peremptory,  imperative,  dicta- 
torial.—9.  Immediate,  direct,  self-existent. 

II.  n.  1.  In  metaph.:  (a)  That  which  is  free 
from  any  restriction,  or  is  unconditioned ; 
hence,  the  ultimate  ground  of  all  things  ;  God: 
as,  it  is  absurd  to  place  a  limit  to  the  power 
of  the  Absolute. 

Being  itself,  and  the  types  which  follow,  as  well  as  those 
of  logic  in  general,  may  lie  looked  upon  as  definitions  of 
the  Absolute,  or  metaphysical  definitions  of  God:  at  least 
tlie  first  and  third  typical  form  in  every  triad  may. 

Hegel,  Logic,  tr.  by  Wallace,  §  85. 

The  contention  of  those  who  declare  the  Absolute  to 
be  unknowable  is,  that  beyond  the  sphere  of  knowable 
phenomena  there  is  an  Existent,  which  partially  appears 
in  the  phenomena,  but  is  something  wholly  removed  from 
them,  and  in  no  way  cognizable  by  us. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  430. 

(b)  That  which  is  perfect  or  complete  :  as,  its 
beauty  approaches  the  absolute,  (e)  That  which 
is  independent  of  some  or  all  relations ;  the 
non-relative. 

The  term  absolute  is  of  a  twofold  .  .  .  ambiguity,  corre- 
sponding to  the  double  .  .  .  signification  of  the  word  in 
Latin.  Absotutum  means  what  is  freed  or  loosed;  in 
which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  aloof  from  rela- 
tion, comparison,  limitation,  condition,  dependence,  etc. 
In  this  meaning,  the  absolute  is  not  opposed  to  the  infi- 
nite. Absolut  urn  means  finished,  perfected,  completed; 
in  which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  out  of  rela- 
tion, etc.,  as  finished,  perfect,  complete,  total.  ...  In 
this  acceptation  —  and  it  is  that  in  which  for  myself  I 
exclusively  use  it  —  the  absolute  is  diametrically  opposed 
to,  is  contradictory  of,  the  infinite. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions  (3d  ed.),  p.  13,  foot-note. 

Whatever  can  be  known  or  conceived  out  of  all  relation, 

that  is  to  say,  without  any  correlative  being  necessarily 

known  or  conceived  along  with  it,  is  the  known  Absolute. 

Ferrier,  Institutes  of  Metaph.,  prop.  xx. 

2.  In  math.,  a  locus  whose  projective  relation 
to  any  two  elements  maybe  considered  as  con- 
stituting the  metrical  relation  of  these  elements 
to  one  another.  All  measurement  is  made  by  succes- 
sive superpositions  of  a  unit  upon  parts  of  the  quantity  to 
be  measured.  Now,  in  all  shiftings  of  the  standard  of  mea- 
surement, if  this  be  supposed  to  be  rigidly  connected  with 
an  unlimited  continuum  superposed  upon  that  in  which 
lies  the  measured  quantity,  there  will  be  a  certain  locus 
which  will  always  continue  unmoved,  and  to  which,  there- 
fore, the  scale  of  measurement  can  never  be  applied.  This 
is  the  absolute.  In  order  to  establish  a  system  of  mea- 
surement along  a  line,  we  first  put  a  scale  of  numbers  on 
the  line  in  such  a  manner  that  to  every  point  of  the  line 
corresponds  one  number,  and  to  every  number  one  point. 
If  then  we  take  any  second  scale  of  numbers  related  in  this 
manner  to  the  points  of  the  line,  to  any  number,  x,  of  the 
first  scale,  will  correspond  just  one  number,  y,  of  the  sec- 
ond. If  this  correspondence  extends  to  imaginary  points, 
x  and  y  will  be  connected  by  an  equation  linear  in  x  and 
linear  in  )/,  which  maybe  written  thus:  xy  -f  ax  -f  by  -f- 
c  =  0.  The  scale  will  thus  be  shifted  from  x  =  0  to  y  =  6  or 
x—  — c/a.  In  this  shifting,  two  points  of  the  scale  re- 
main unmoved,  namely,  those  which  satisfy  the  equation 
a*-  +(«+  b)x-\-c  =  0.  This  pair  of  points,  which  may  be 
really  distinct,  coincident,  or  imaginary,  constitute  the 
absolute.  For  a  plane,  the  absolute  is  a  curve  of  the  sec- 
ond order  and  second  class.  For  three-dimensional  space 
it  is  a  quadric  surface.  For  the  ordinary  system  of  mea- 
surement in  space,  producing  the  Euclidean  geometry,  the 
absolute  consists  of  two  coincident  planes  joined  along  an 
imaginary  circle,  which  circle  is  itself  usually  termed  the 
absolute.  See  distance  and  anharmonic  ratio. —  Philoso- 
phies Of  the  absolute,  certain  systems  of  metaphysics 
founded  on  Kant's  Critique  of  Reason  —  most  prominently 
those  of  Fichte,  Sehelliug,  and  Hegel — which,  departing 
from  the  principles  of  Kant,  maintain  that  the  absolute 
is  cognizable. 

absolutely    (ab'so-lut-li),    adv.     Completely ; 
wholly  ;    independently ;   without  restriction, 


absolutely 

limitation,  or  qualification  ;  unconditionally  ; 
positively  ;  peremptorily. 

Command  me  absolutely  not  to  go. 

Milton,  P.  I...  i.v  L168 

Ab  we  cannot  discommend,  we  cannot  absolutely 

approve,  either  willingness  to  live  "i  forwardness  to  die. 

■    Eccl,  Pol.,  v. 

aa  a  m&tter  of  fact,  absolutely  pure  water  is  never  found 
intheeconom)  of  nature.  Huxley,  1'liysiog.,  p.  115. 

absoluteness  (ab'so-lut-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  absolute ;  independence  ;  completeness  ; 
tbe  state  of  being  subject  to  no  extraneous 
restriction  or  control;  positiveness;  perfection. 
If  you  have  lived  about,  as  the  phrase  is.  you  have  lost 
that  sense  of  the  absoluteness  and  the  sanctity  of  the  hab- 
its of  your  fellow-patriots  which  once  made  you  so  happy 
in  the  midst  of  them. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  75. 

absolution  (ab-so-lu'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  absolu- 
ciun,  -don,  -down,  <L.  absolutio(n-),  (absolute, 
loosen  from:  see  absolve.']  1.  The  act  of  ab- 
solving, or  the  state  of  being  absolved  ;  release 
from  consequences,  obligations,  or  penalties; 
specifically,  release  from  tbe  penal  conse- 
quences of  sin. 

God's  absolution  of  men  is  his  releasing  of  them  from 
the  bands  of  sin  with  which  they  were  tied  and  bound. 

Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  240. 
(a)  According  to  Rom.  Catk.  theol.,  a  remission  of  sin, 
which  the  priest,  on  the  ground  of  authority  received 
from  Christ,  makes  in  the  sacrament  of  penance  (which 
see).  "  It  is  not  a  mere  announcement  of  the  gospel,  or  a 
bare  declaration  that  God  will  pardon  the  sins  of  those 
who  repent,  but,  as  the  Council  of  Trent  defines  it,  is 
a  judicial  act  by  which  a  priest  as  judge  passes  a  sen- 
tence on  the  penitent."  Cath.  Diet.  (6)  According  to  Prot. 
theol.,  a  sacerdotal  declaration  assuring  the  penitent  of  di- 
vine forgiveness  on  the  ground  of  his  repentance  and  faith. 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  priest  pronounces  the 
absolution  in  his  own  name :  "  I  absolve  thee."  In  Prot- 
estant communions  that  use  a  form  of  absolution,  and  in 
the  Greek  Church,  it  is  pronounced  in  the  name  of  God 
and  as  a  prayer  :  "  God  [or  Christ]  absolve  thee." 

By  absolution  [in  the  Augsburg  Confession]  is  meant  the 
official  declaration  of  the  clergyman  to  the  penitent  that 
his  sins  are  forgiven  him  upon  finding  or  believing  that  he 
is  exercising  a  godly  sorrow,  and  is  trusting  in  the  blood 
of  Christ.  Shedd ,  Hist,  of  Christ.  Doct. 

2t.  Abolition ;  abolishment. 

But  grant  it  true  [that  the  Liturgy  ordered  too  many 
ceremonies],  not  a  total  absolution,  but  a  reformation 
thereof,  may  hence  be  inferred.   Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  XI.  x.  8. 

3.  In  civil  law,  a  sentence  declaring  an  accused 
person  to  be  innocent  of  the  crime  laid  to  his 
charge — Absolution  from  censures  (cedes.),  the  re- 
moval of  penalties  imposed  by  the  church. —  Absolution 
for  the  dead  {cedes.),  a  short  form  of  prayer  for  the  re- 
pose  of  tlie  soul,  said  after  a  funeral  mass.  —  Absolutions 
in  the  breviary  'ecclrs.),  certain  short  prayers  said  be- 
fore the  lessons  in  matins,  and  before  the  chapter  at  the 
end  of  prime.  =  Syn.  1.  Remission,  etc.  See  pardon,  n. 
absolutism  (ab'so-lu-tizm), n.  [<  absolute  +  -ism, 
after  F.  absoluUsrne  =  Pg.  absolutismo.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  absolute.  Specifically,  in  political  sci- 
ence, that  practice  or  system  of  government  in  which  the 
power  of  the  sovereign  is  unrestricted;  a  state  so  gov- 
erned  ;  despotism. 

i  he  province  of  absolutism  is  not  to  dispose  of  the 
national  life,  but  to  maintain  it  without  those  checks  on 
the  exercise  of  power  which  exist  elsewhere. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  99. 
tn  tlie  time  of  its  first  conversion  Germany  has  never 
taken  kindly  to  the  claims  of  absolutism,  cither  of  author- 
ity or  of  belief,  so  strongly  put  forward  by  the  Church. 

B.  5.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  310. 

2.  The  principle  of  absolute  individual  power 
in  government  ;  belief  in  the  unrestricted  right 
of  determination  or  disposal  in  a  sovereign. — 

3.  Tlie  th' "l.iL'ic:,!  doctrine  of  predestination 
or  absolute  decrees. —  4.  The  metaphysical 
doctrines  of  the  absolutists,  syn.  1.  Tyranny, 
Autoi  ■  potwm, 

absolutist  (ab'sp-lu-tist),  n.  and  a.  [(absolute 
+  -ist,  after  P.  absoluUste.]  I.  n.  1.  An  advo- 
cate of  despotism,  or  of  absolute  government. — 
2.  In  an  In/ill.,  on.,  wlio  maintains  that  there  is 
an  a  b  non-relative  existence,  and  that 

possible  to  know  or  conceive  it. 

Hence  the  necessity  which  compelled  Schelling  and  the 
U\  I   to  place  the  absolute  in  the  indifference  of  sub- 
ject and  object,  of  knowledge  an 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
II.  a.  Of  or   pertaining  to  absolutism;  des- 
potic ;  absolutistie. 
Socialism  would  Introduce,  indeed,  the  most  vexatious 

andall-enc  m]  oteverinvi  nted. 

Rat    i  "Hi   Soi  lallsm  p  866. 

All  th.        i ore  odioii     I- I]-  eming  classes 

ot  Prance  ,  their  spirit  was  "'>  olufi  t,  i  cell   is  I 

military.  Ji.l.n  M or  ley. 

absolutistic  (ab'soJu-tis'tik),  a.    Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characti  rized  by  absolutism ;  cl 
teristic  of  absolutists  or  absolutism. 

But  the  spirit  of  th.  Roman  empire  waa  to 
to  abandon  the  prerogative  ol   i  ol  pnblicwor* 

ship.  Sehaff,  1 1 1  t   Christ   Church,  HI.  $  2. 


22 

absolutory  (ab-sol'u-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  absoluto- 
rius,  <  L.  dbsolutus:  see  absolute.']  (living  ab- 
solution; capable  of  absolving:  as,  "an  ab- 
solutory sentence,"  Ayliffe,  Parergon, 

absolvable  (ab-sol'va-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
absolved;  deserving  of  or  entitled  to  absolution. 

absolvatory  (ab-sol'va-to-ri),  a.  [Irreg.  (ab- 
solve +  -atory  ;  prop.  tihsnliilori/,  q.  v.]  Confer- 
ring absolution,  pardon,  or  release ;  having 
power  to  absolve. 

absolve  (ab-solv'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  absolri  </, 
ppr,  absolving.  [<  C  absolvere,  loosen  from, 
(ab,  from,  -1-  solvere,  loosen:  see  solve,  and  cf. 
assoil.]  1.  To  set  free  or  release,  as  from  some 
duty,  obligation,  or  responsibility. 

No  amount  of  erudition  or  technical  skill  or  critical 
power  can  absolve  the  mind  from  the  necessity  of  creating, 
if  it  would  grow.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  104. 

2.  To  free  from  the  consequences  or  penalties 
attaching  to  actions ;  acquit ;  specifically,  in 
eccles.  language,  to  forgive  or  grant  remission 
of  sins ;  pronounce  forgiveness  of  sins  to. 

The  felon's  latest  breath 
Absolves  the  innocent  man  who  bears  his  crime. 

Bryant,  Hymn  to  Death. 

I  am  just  absolved, 
Purged  of  the  past,  the  foul  in  me,  washed  fair. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II,  IS. 

3f.  To  accomplish  ;  finish. 

The  work  begun,  how  soon 
Absolved.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  04. 

4f.  To  solve  ;  resolve ;  explain. 

We  shall  not  absolve  the  doubt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  10. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  free,  release,  excuse,  liberate,  exempt. —  2. 
To  acquit,  excuse,  clear,  pardon,  forgive,  justify.  See 
acquit. 

absolver  (ab-sol'ver),  n.  One  who  absolves; 
one  who  remits  sin,  or  pronounces  it  to  be  re- 
mitted. 

absolvitor  (ab-sol'vi-tpr),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  ab- 
solvere: see  absolve.']  In  law,  a  decree  of 
absolution — Decree  of  absolvitor,  in  Scots  law,  a 
decree  in  favor  of  the  defendant  in  an  action.  A  decree 
in  favor  of  the  pursuer  or  plaintiff  is  called  a  decree  con- 
dernnator. 

absolvitory  (ab-sol'vi-to-ri),  a.  [See  absolva- 
tory.']    Absolutory;  absolvatory. 

absonant  ( ab'so-nant),  a.  [<  L.  ab  +  sonan(  t-)s  : 
see  sonant,  and  cf.  absonous.]  Wide  from  the 
purpose;  contrary;  discordant:  opposed  to 
consonant;  as,  "absonant  to  nature,"  Quarles, 
The  Mourner.     [Now  rare.] 

absonatet  (ab'so-nat),  v.  t.  [For  "absoniate,  ( 
ML.  absoniatus,  pp.  of  absoniare,  avoid,  lit.  be 
discordant:  see  absonous.]  To  avoid;  detest. 
Ash. 

absonoust  (ab'so-nus),  a.  [<  L.  absonus,  dis- 
cordant, <  ab,  from,  +  son  us,  sound :  see  sound5.] 
1.  Unmusical. —  2.  Figuratively,  discordant ; 
opposed;  contrary:  as,  "absonous  to  our  rea- 
son," Glanville,  Seep,  feci.,  iv. 

absorb  (ab-sorb'),  v.  t.  [<L.  absorbere,  swallow 
down  anything,  <  ab,  away,  +  sorbere,  suck  up, 
=  Gr.  potpeiv,  sup  up.]  1.  To  drink  in;  suck 
up ;  imbibe,  as  a  sponge  ;  take  in  by  absorp- 
tion, as  the  laeteals  of  the  body ;  hence,  to  t  a£e 
up  or  receive  in,  as  by  chemical  or  molecular 
action,  as  when  charcoal  absorbs  gases. 

It  is  manifest,  too,  that  there  cannot  be  great  self- 
mobility  unless  the  absorbed  materials  are  efficiently  dis- 
tributed to  the  organs  which  transform  insensible  motion 
into  sensible  motion.      H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  '2. 

Every  gas  and  every  vapor  absorbs  exactly  those  kinds 
of  rays  which  it  emits  when  in  the  glowing  condition, 
whilst  it  permits  all  other  kinds  of  rays  to  traverse  it  with 
undiminished  intensity.    Lommel,  Nature  of  Light,  p.  11.4. 

2f.  To  swallow  up;  engulf;  overwhelm:  as,  the 
sea  absorbed  the  wreck. 

And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  all. 

CoWper,On  .Names  in  Biog.  Brit. 

3.  To  swallow  up  the  identity  or  individuality 
ii:  draw  in  as  a  constituent  part;  incorporate: 

us.  the  empire  absorbed  all  the  small  states. 

A  cl.-ar  stream  flowing  with  a  muddy  one, 
Till  in  its  onward  current  it  absorbs  .  .  . 
The  vexed  eddies  of  its  wayward  brother, 

Tennyson,  Isabel. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly. 

When  a  tremendous  sound  or  an  astounding  spectacle 

■    lb.   attention,  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  think  of 

anythin  1  el  ■  II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  S  OK. 

The  confirmed  invalid   is  in  danger  of  becoming  ab. 

i '.  i  in  self.  Whately,  On  Bacon's  Ess.  of  Adversity. 

5f.  In  med.,  to  counteract  or  neutralize:  as, 

magnesia  absorbs  acidity  in  the  stomach.— Ab- 
sorbing-well, a  vertical  excavation  or  shaft  sunk  in  the 
earth  to  enable  tin-  surface  water  to  reach  a  permeable 
bed  wlin  b  is  not  saturated  with  water,  and  can  therefore 
take  up  or  absorb  and  carry  otf  the  water  which  has  access 


absorption 

to  it  from  above.  Such  wells  are  sometimes  called  nega- 
tiee  veils,  leaste-ieells,  and  druiu-teclts ;  also,  in  the  south 
of  England,  dead  wells.   The  geological  conditions  favoring 

their  use  are  rare;  but  they  h.« \ 2casi illy  been  found 

P i  ;n  t  ica LI.  ami  convenient  i unectionwith  manufactur- 
ing establishments.  =  Syn.  4.  To  Absorb,  Engross,  Swal- 
low "p.  Engulf,  engage,  arrest,  rivet,  fix.  (See  engross.") 
Absorb  and  engross  denote  the  engag*  mini  of  one'a  whole 

attenti ind  energies  by  some  object  or  occupation  ;  but 

iihsnrli  commonly  has  connected  With  it  the  idea  of  mental 
passivity,  engross  that  of  mental  activity.  Thus,  one  is 
absorbed  in  a  novel,  but  engrossed  in  business.  The  words, 
however,  are  sometimes  used  interchangeably.  SwaUowui 
and  cii'i'ilf  have  a  much  stronger  figurative  sense;  engulf 
generally  expresses  misfortune. 

absorbability  (ab-s6r-ba-bil'i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  bring  absorbable. 

absorbable  (ab-s6r'ba-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
absorbed  or  imbibed. 

absorbed  (ab-sorbd'),  p.  a.  1.  Drawn  in  or 
sucked  up.  Specifically  applied  to  the  coloring  in  paint 
ings  when  the  oil  has  sunk  into  the  canvas,  leaving  the 
color  flat  and  the  touches  dead  or  indistinct:  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  sunk  in. 
2.  Engrossed:  as,  an  absorbed  look. 

absorbedly  (ab-sor'bed-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbed manner. 

absorbedness  (ab-sor'bed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  absorbed,  or  of  having  the  attention 
fully  occupied. 

absorbefacient  (ab-sor-be-fa'shient),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  absorbere,  absorb,  +  fiieien(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
Jacere,  make.]     I.  a.  Causing  absorption. 

II.  n.  Any  substance  causing  absorption,  as 
of  a  swelling.     H.  C.  Wood,  Therap. 

absorbency  (ab-sor'ben-si),  n.  Absorptiveness. 

absorbent  (ab-sor'bent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
sorben(t-)s,  ppr.  of  absorbere :  see  absorb.]  I.  a. 
Absorbing  or  capable  of  absorbing ;  imbibing  ; 
swallowing;  performing  the  function  of  ab- 
sorption: as,  absorbent  vessels;  the  absorbent 
system. 

'Absorption-bands"  [in  the  spectrum]  .  .  .  indicate 
what  kind  of  light  has  been  sti  tppeel  and  extinguished  by 
the  absorbent  object.    A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  460. 

Absorbent  cotton.  See  eottont.— Absorbent  gland. 
See  gland.—  Absorbent  grounds,  in  painting,  picture- 
grounds  prepared,  either  on  board  or  on  canvas,  so  as  to 
have  the  power  of  absorbing  the  redundant  oil  from  the 
colors,  for  the  sake  of  quickness  in  drying,  or  to  increase 
the  brilliancy  of  the  colors.— Absorbent-strata  water- 
power.a  hydraulic  device  for  utilising  the  power  of  water 
passing  through  an  absorbing-well.  See  absorbing-well, 
under  absorb. 

II.  n.  Anything  which  absorbs.  Specifically  — 
(a)  In  anat.  and  physiol.,  a  vessel  which  imbibes  or  takes 
nutritive  matters  into  the  system;  specifically,  in  the 
vertebrates,  a  lymphatic  vessel  (which  see,  under  lym- 
phatic), (b)  In  therapeutics:  (1)  any  substance  used  to 
absorb  a  morbid  or  excessive  discharge;  (2)  an  alkali  used 
to  neutralize  acids  in  the  stomach,  (c)  In  chem. :  (1)  any- 
thing that  takes  up  into  itself  a  gas  or  liquid,  as  a  sub- 
staiue  which  withdraws  moisture  from  the  air;  (2)  a  sub- 
stance', such  as  magnesia,  lime,  etc.,  which  neutralizes  acids. 

absorber  (ab-sor'ber),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  absorbs. 

Let  us  study  the  effect  of  using  sodium  vapour  as  the 
medium  —  not  as  a  source  of  light,  but  as  an  absorber. 

J.  y.  hockyer,  Speed.  Anal.,  p.  39. 

Schlbsing  has  investigated  the  action  of  the  ocean-water 
as  an  absorber  and  regulator  of  the  carbonic  acid  gas  in 
the  atmosphere.  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  266. 

absorbing  (ab-s6r'bing),  p-  a.  1.  Soaking  up ; 
imbibing;  taking  up. 

If  cither  light  or  radiant  heat  be  absorbed,  the  absurb- 
ing  bod)  is  warmed.        Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  To. 

2.  Engrossing ;  enchanting :  as,  the  spectacle 
was  most  absorbing. 

The  total  aspect  of  the  place,  its  sepulchral  stillness, 
its  absorbing  perfume  of  evanescence  and  decay  and  mor- 
tality, confounds  the  distinctions  and  blurs  the'  dedails. 
11.  James.  Jr..  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  :ct4. 

absorbingly  (ab-s6r'bing-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbing manner;  engrossingly. 

absorbitiont  (ab-s6r-bish'on),  ».  [Lrreg.  <  ab- 
sorb +  -ition.]    Absorption. 

absorptt  (ab-s6rpt'),  a.  [<  L.  dbsorptus,  pp.  of 
absorbere:  Bee  absorb .]    Absorbed. 

Circe  in  vain  invites  the  feast  to  share, 
Absent  I  wander  and  absorpt  in  care. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iv. 

absorptiometer  (ab-sorp-shi-om'e-t6r),  n.  [<  L. 
absurptiti,  absorption,  +  Gr.  ,/»>/»jr,  a  tneasm'e  : 
see  meter%.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Bunsen  to  determine  the  amount  of  gas 
absorbed  by  a  unit-volume  of  a  liquid,  it  is  a 
graduated  tube  in  which  a  certain  quantity  of  the  gas  and 
liquid  is  agitated  over  mercury.  The  amount  of  absorp- 
tion is  measured  on  the  scab-  by  tbe  height  to  which  the 
mercury  presses  up  the  liquid  in  the  tube. 

absorption (ab-sorp'shon), «.  [<  \j.absorptio(n-), 
a  drinking,  <"  absorbere  :  seo  absorb.]  The  aid 
or  process  of  absorbing,  or  the  state  of  being 
absorbed,  in  all  the  senses  of  the  verb:  as  — 
(a)  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing,  sw  all.  .wing,  or  engulfing 
mechanically.     (6)  The  condition  of  having  one's  atteu- 


absorption 

tion  entirely  occupied  with  something.  (*•)  In  cbem.  and 
phys.,  a  taking  in  or  reception  by  molecular  or  chemical 
action  :  as,  absorption  of  gases,  light,  heat.    See  below. 

We  know  the  redness  of  the  sun  at  evening  arises,  not 
from  absorption  by  the  ether,  but  from  absorption  by  a 
great  thickness  of  our  atmosphere. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spcct.  Anal.,  p.  30. 
(rf)  In  physioL,  the  process  of  taking  up  into  the  vascular 
system  (venous  or  lymphatic)  either  food  from  the  ali- 
mentary canal  or  inflammatory  products  and  other  sub- 
stances from  the  various  tissues.  Plants  absorb  moisture 
and  nutritive  juices  principally  by  their  roots,  but  some- 
times by  their  general  surfaces,  as  in  seaweeds,  and  car- 
bonic acid  by  their  leaves.  Absorption  of  organic  matter 
by  leaves  takes  place  in  several  insectivorous  plants.— 
Absorption-bands,  in  spectrum  analysis,  dark  bands 
in  the  spectrum  more  or  less  broad  and  in  general  not 
sharply  defined.  They  are  seen  when  tile  light  litis  passed 
through  a  body  not  necessarily  incandescent,  and  which 
ma]  be  a  solid  (as  a  salt  of  didymiuni).  a  liquid  (as  a  solu- 
tion of  blood),  or  a  vapor  (as  the  rain-band  caused  by  the 
aqueous  vapor  in  the  terrestrial  atmosphere).  See  absorp- 
tion-lines and  spectrum.—  Absorption  of  color,  the  phe- 
nomenon observed  when  certain  colors  are  retained  or  pre- 
vented from  passing  through  certain  transparent  bodies. 
Thus,  pieces  of  colored  glass  are  almost  opaque  to  some 
parts  of  the  spectrum,  while  allowing  other  colors  to  pass 
through  freely.  This  is  merely  a  special  case  of  the  ab- 
sorption of  light.— Absorption  of  gases,  the  action  of 
some  solids  and  liquids  in  taking  up  or  absorbing  gases. 
Tims,  a  porous  body  like  charcoal  (that  is,  one  presenting 
a  large  surface)  has  the  ability  to  take  in,  or  condense  on 
its  surface,  a  large  quantity  of  some  gases  through  the  mo- 
lecular attraction  exerted  between  its  surface  and  the  mol- 
ecules of  the  gas,  boxwood  charcoal,  for  example,  being 
able  to  absorb  90  times  its  volume  of  ammonia-gas.  On 
account  of  this  property,  charcoal  is  used  as  a  disinfectant 
to  absorb  noxious  gases.  (See  occlusion.)  Liquids  also  have 
tlie  power  to  absorb  or  dissolve  gases,  the  quantity  ab- 
sorbed varying  with  the  nature  of  the  liquid  and  the  gas ; 
it  is  also  proportional  to  the  pressure,  and  increases  as  the 
temperature  is  lowered.  For  example,  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  and  pressure  water  absorbs  its  own  volume 
of  carbon  dioxid  ;  at  a  pressure  of  two  atmospheres,  two 
volumes  are  absorbed,  and  so  on.  If  this  additional  press- 
ure is  relieved,  the  excess  over  one  volume  is  liberated  witli 
effervescence,  as  in  soda-water. — Absorption  of  heat,  the 
action  performed  in  varying  degrees  in  different  bodies  — 
solids,  liquids,  and  gases — of  stopping  radiant  heat,  as 
a  result  of  which  their  own  temperature  is  more  or  less 
raised.  For  example,  rock-salt  and  carbon  disulphid  ab- 
sorb but  little  radiant  heat,  that  is,  are  nearly  diatherma- 
nous.  On  the  other  band,  alum  ami  water  arrest  a  large 
portion  of  it,  that  is,  are  comparatively  atherrnanous. 

The  waves  of  ether  once  generated  may  so  strike  against 
the  molecules  of  a  body  exposed  to  their  action  as  to 
yield  up  their  motion  to  the  latter ;  and  in  this  transfer 
of  the  motion  from  the  ether  to  the  molecules  consists 
the  absorption  of  radiant  heat.       Tyndall,  Radiation,  §  2. 

Absorption  of  light,  that  action  of  an  imperfectly  trans- 
parent or  opaque  body  by  which  some  portion  of  an  in- 
cident pencil  of  light  is  stopped  within  the  body,  while 
the  rest  is  eitiier  transmitted  through  it  or  reflected  from 
it.  It  is  owing  to  this  aetiou  that,  for  example,  a  certain 
thickness  of  pure  water  shows  a  greenish  color,  of  glass  a 
bluish-green  color,  etc. — Absorption-lines,  in  spectrum 
aiuilysis,  dark  lines  produced  in  an  otherwise  continuous 


spectrum  by  the  absorption  of  relatively  cool  vapors 
through  which  the  light  has  passed.  The  absorption  takes 
place  in  accordance  with  the  principle  that  a  body,  when 
exposed  to  radiation  from  a  source  hotter  than  itself,  ab- 
sorbs the  same  rays  which  it  emits  when  incandescent. 
Thus,  the  radiation  from  a  lime  light  passed  through  an 
alcohol  Maine  colored  with  sodium  vapor  yields  a  continu- 
ous spectrum,  interrupted,  however,  by  a  dark  line  in  the 
place  of  the  bright  line  afforded  by  the  sodium  vapor 
alone.  The  solar  spectrum  shows  a  multitude  of  dark 
lines,  due  to  the  absorption  of  the  solar  atmosphere,  and  in 
part  also  to  that  of  the  earth. —  Absorption-spectrum,  a 
spectrum  with  absorption -lines  or  -bands. — Cutaneous  or 
external  absorption,  in  med.,  the  process  by  which  cer- 
tain substances,  when  placed  in  contact  witli  a  living  sur- 
face, produce  the  same  effects  upon  the  system  as  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  or  injected  into  the  veins,  only  in 
a  less  degree.  Thus,  arsenic,  when  applied  to  an  external 
wound,  will  sometimes  affect  the  system  as  rapidlyaswhen 
introduced  into  the  stomach ;  and  mercury,  applied  ex- 
ternally, excites  salivation.— Interstitial  absorption. 
See  interstitial. 
absorptive  (ab-sorp'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  absorptif, 
<  L.  as  if  *absorptivus,  <  absorberc  :  see  absorb."] 
Having  power  to  absorb  or  imbibe  ;  causing 
absorption ;  absorbent. 

The  absorptive  power  of  a  substance  may  not  be  so  ex- 
tensive as  to  enable  it  to  absorb  and  extinguish  light-rays 
or  heat-rays  of  all  kinds  ;  it  may  arrest  some  only. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  440. 

absorptiveness  (ab-sorp'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  absorptive  ;  absorptivity. 

absorptivity  (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti),   n.     The  power 
or  capacity  of  absorption.     [Rare.] 
The  absorptivity  inherent  in  organic  beings.    J.  D.  Dana. 

absquatulate  (ab-skwot'u-lat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  absquatulated,  ppr.  absquatulating.  [A 
feigned  word,  of  American  origin,  simulating 
a  L.  derivation.  Cf.  abscond,  ambulate.']  To 
runaway;  abscond;  make  off.     [Slang.] 


23 

absque  hoc  (abz'kwe  hok).  [L.,  without  this 
(or  that):  absque,  without,  <  abs,  off,  from,  with 
generalizing  suffix  -que  ;  hoc,  abl.  of  hie,  this, 
that.]  Without  this  or  that:  specifically  used, 
in  law,  in  traversing  what  lias  been  alleged  and 
is  repent  od. 

absque  tali  causa  (abz'kwe  ta'li  ka'zii).  [L. : 
absque,  without;  tali,  abl.  of  talis,  such;  causa, 
abl.  of  causa,  cause.]  Without  such  cause :  a 
phrase  used  in  law. 

abs.  re.  In  law,  an  abbreviation  of  Latin  ab- 
sente  rco  (which  see),  the  defendant  being  ab- 
sent. 

abstain  (ab-stan'),  v.  [<  ME.  abstaincn,  ab- 
steinen,  dbstenen,  <  OF.  abstencr,  abstain;  as- 
tenir,  F.  abstenir,  refl.,  <L.  abstinerc,  abstain, 
<abs,  off,  +  tcnerc,  hold:  see  tenable.  Cf.  con- 
tain, attain,   detain,    pertain,    retain,   sustain.] 

1.  intrans.  To  forbear  or  refrain  voluntarily, 
especially  from  what  gratifies  the  passions  or 
appetites  :  used  with  from  :  as,  to  abstain  from 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits  ;  to  abstain  from  lux- 
uries. 

Abstain  from  meats  offered  to  idols.  Acts  xv.  29. 

To  walk  well,  it  is  not  enough  that  a  man  abstain*  from 
dancing.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

H.t  trans.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  debar; 
cause  to  keep  away  from:  as,  "abstain  men 
from  marrying,"  Milton. 

abstainer  (ab-sta'ner),  n.  One  who  abstains; 
specifically,  oue  who  abstains  from  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors ;  a  teetotaler. 

abstainment  (ab-stan'inent),  n.  The  act  of  ab- 
staining; abstention. 

abstemious  (ab-ste'mi-us),  a.  [<L.  abstcmius, 
<  abs,  from,  +  a  supposed  "tcmum,  strong  drink, 
>  temetum,  strong  drink,  and  temuhntus,  drunk- 
en.] 1.  Sparing  in  diet;  moderate  in  the  use 
of  food  and  drink ;  temperate ;  abstinent. 

Under  his  special  eye 
Abstemious  I  grew  up,  and  thriv'd  amain. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  637. 

Instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abstemious. 

Arbutlinot,  Nat.  and  Choice  of  Aliments. 

Abstemious,  refusing  luxuries,  not  sourly  and  reproach- 
fully, but  simply  as  unflt  for  his  habit. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  201. 

2.  Restricted  ;  very  moderate  and  plain ;  very 
sparing ;  spare :  opposed  to  luxurious  or  rich  : 
as,  an  abstemious  diet. —  3.  Devoted  to  or  spent 
in  abstemiousness  or  abstinence:  as,  an  ab- 
stemious life. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  O  let  me  pay 
To  grief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xix.  328. 

4.  Promoting  or  favoring  abstemiousness ;  as- 
sociated with  temperance.     [Rare.] 

Such  is  the  virtue  of  th'  abstemious  well. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

abstemiously  (ab-ste'mi-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
abstemious  manner ;  temperately ;  with  a 
sparing  use  of  meat  or  drink. 

abstemiousness  (ab-ste'mi-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  habit  of  being  temperate,  especially 
in  the  use  of  food  and  drink.  =  syn.  Abstemious- 
ness, Abstinence,  Temperance,  Sobriety,  soberness,  modera- 
tion, temperateness.  (See  sobriety.)  The  italicized  words 
denote  voluntary  abstention  from  objects  of  desire,  most 
commonly  abstention  from  food  or  drink,  regarded  either 
as  an  act  or  as  an  element  in  character.  Abstemiousness, 
by  derivation  and  earlier  use,  suggests  abstinence  from 
wine  ;  but  it  has  lost  this  special  sense,  and  now  generally 
signifies  habitual  moderation  in  the  gratification  of  the  ap- 
petites and  desires ;  abstinence  is  simply  the  refraining 
from  gratification,  and  may  be  applied  to  a  single  act. 
They  both  suggest  self-denial,  while  temperance  and  so- 
briety suggest  wisdom,  balance  of  mind,  and  propriety. 
Temperance  suggests  self-control,  the  measure  of  absten- 
tion being  proportioned  to  the  individual's  idea  of  what  is 
best  in  that  respect.  Hence,  abstinence  and  temperance 
often  stand  in  popular  use  for  total  abstinence  from  intoxi- 
cating drink. 

Knowing  the  abstemiousness  of  Italians  everywhere, 
and  seeing  the  hungry  fashion  in  which  the  islanders 
clutched  our  gifts  and  devoured  them,  it  was  our  doubt 
whether  any  of  them  had  ever  experienced  perfect  re- 
pletion. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 

If  twenty  came  and  sat  in  my  house,  there  was  nothing 
said  about  dinner,  .  .  .  but  we  naturally  practised  ab- 
stinence. Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  154. 

The  rule  of  "  not  too  much,"  by  temperance  taught. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xi.  531. 

abstention  (ab-sten'shon),  n.  [<  L.  absten- 
tio(n-),<.  abstinerc:  see  abstain.]  A  holding  off 
or  refraining ;  abstinence  from  action ;  neglect 
or  refusal  to  do  something. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  this  abstention  of  our  light 
cavalry  was  observed  by  the  Russians  with  surprise  and 
thankfulness.  Kinglake. 

Thus  the  act  [of  nursing]  is  one  that  is  to  both  exclu- 
sively pleasurable,  while  abstention  entails  pain  on  both. 
B.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 


abstinency 
abstentionist  (ab-sten'shon-ist),  n.    One  who 

practises  or  is  in  favor  of  abstention,  as  from 
the  act  of  voting,  from  eating  flesh,  etc. 

abstentious  (ab-sten'shus),  «.  [i  abstention  + 
-ous.  Cf.  contentious,  etc.]  Characterized  by 
abstention.     Farrar. 

abstert  (ab-ster'),  v.  I.  [<  L.  absterrere,  frighten 
from,  <  abs,  from,  +  tcrrere,  frighten  :  sec  terri- 
ble.]    To  frighten  off  ;  deter ;  iiinder. 

So  this  in  like  manner  should  abster  and  fear  me  and 
mine  from  doing  evil.  Becon,  Christmas  Banquet. 

absterge  (ab-sterj'),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  absterged, 
ppr.  absterging.  [<  L.  abstergere,  wipe  off,  (.labs, 
off,  +  tergere,  wipe:   sic  terse.]     1.  To  wipe, 

or  make  clean  by  wiping;  wash  away. 

Paths  are  used  to  absterge,  belike,  that  fulsomeness  of 
sweat  to  which  they  are  there  Bubject. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  286. 

2.  lamed.:  (a)  To  cleanse  by  lotions,  asawound 
or  ulcer,     (ft)  To  purge.     See  deterge. 

abstergent  (ab-ster'jent),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  abster- 
gen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstergere :  see  absterge.]  1.  a. 
Having  cleansing  or  purgative  properties. 

II.  n.  1.  Anything  that  aids  in  scouring  or 
cleansing,  as  soap  or  fuller's  earth. —  2.  In 
med.,  a  lotion  or  other  application  for  cleans- 
ing a  sore :  in  this  sense  nearly  superseded  by 
deter  gen  t. 
abstergifyt,  >'.  t.  or  i.  [Improp.  <L.  abstergi  re 
(see  absterge)  +  E.  -ft/.]  To  cleanse;  perform 
one's  ablutions. 
Specially  when  wee  would  abstergifie. 

Benvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 

absterse  (ab-sters'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
stersed,  ppr.  abster  sing.  [<  L.  abstersus,  pp.  of 
abstergere :  see  absterge.]  To  absterge ;  cleanse ; 
purify.    Sir  T.  Browne.     [Rare.] 

abstersion (ab-ster'shon), n.  [<."L.*abstcrsio(n-), 
(.abstergere,  pp.  abstersus:  see  absterge.]  1. 
The  act  of  wiping  clean :  as,  ' '  ablution  and 
abstersion,"  Scott,  Waveriey,  xx. — 2.  In  vied., 
a  cleansing  by  substances  which  remove  foul- 
ness from  about  sores,  or  humors  or  obstruc- 
tions from  the  system. 

Abstersion  is  plainly  a  scouring  off  or  incision  of  the 
more  viscous  humours,  and  making  the  humours  more 
fluid  ;  and  cutting  between  them  and  the  part. 

Bacon,  Sat.  Hist.,  §  42. 

abstersive  (  ab-ster' siv),  a.  and  n.      [=  F.  ab- 
stersif,  <  L.    abstersivus,  <  abstergere,  pp.  abster- 
sus: see  absterge]    I.  a.  Cleansing;  having  the 
quality  of  removing  foulness.     See  detersive. 
The  seats  with  purple  clothe  in  order  due, 
And  let  the  abstersive  sponge  the  board  renew. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xx.  189. 
A  tablet  stood  of  that  abstersive  tree 
Where  JEthiop's  swarthy  bird  did  build  her  nest. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Chess. 

II.  n.  That  which  effects  abstersion ;  that 
which  purifies. 

Abstersives  are  fuller's  earth,  soap,  linseed-oil,  and  ox- 
gall. Petty,  in  Sprat's  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  p.  295. 

abstersiveness  (ab-ster'siv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  abstersive  or  abstergent. 

A  caustick  or  a  healing  faculty,  abstersiveness,  and  the 
like.  Boyle,  Works,  II.  117. 

abstinence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  [<ME.  abstiio  nee, 
<  OF.  abstinence,  astinence,  astcnance,  <  L.  ab- 
stinentia,  <  abstincn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstinerc:  see 
abstinent.]  1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice 
of  voluntarily  refraining  from  the  use  of  some- 
thing or  from  some  action  ;  abnegation. 

Since  materials  are  destroyed  as  such  by  being  once 
used,  the  whole  of  the  labour  required  for  their  production, 
as  well  as  the  abstinence  of  the  persons  who  supplied  the 
means  for  carrying  it  on,  must  be  remunerated. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ. 

More  specifically  —  2.  The  refraining  from 
indulgence  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  or 
from  customary  gratifications  of  the  senses  or 
the  intellect,  either  partially  or  wholly. 

Against  diseases  here  the  strongest  fence 

Is  the  defensive  virtue  abstinence.  Herrick. 

Men  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to  criminal 
pleasures  with  the  greediness  which  long  and  enforced 
abstinence  naturally  produces.  Macauhni. 

3.  In  a  still  narrower  sense  —  (a)  Forbearance 
from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage: 
in  this  sense  usually  preceded  by  the  adjective 
total.  (6)  Eccles.,  the  refraining  from  certain 
kinds  of  food  or  drink  on  certain  days,  as  from 

flesh  on  Fridays Day  of  abstinence,  in  the  Horn. 

Cath.  Ch.,  a  day  on  which  it  is  forbidden  to  eat  flesh-meat. 
A fasting-day  limits  to  one  full  meal,  and  commonly  in- 
cludes abstinence.  =  Syn.  Abstemiousness,  Abstinence, 
Temperance,  ete.     See  abstemiousness. 

abstinency  (ab'sti-nen-si),  n.  The  habit  or 
practice  of  abstaining  or  refraining,  especially 
from  food.     [Rare.] 


abstinent 

abstinent  (ab'sti-nent),  a.  and  n.  [<ME.  absti- 
nent, <  OF.  abstinent,  asHnent,  astenant,  <  L. 
abstiw H{t-)s,  ppr,  of  absUnere,  abstain:  sec  ab- 
stain."] I.  a.  Refraining  from  undue  indul- 
gence, especially  in  the  use  of  food  and  drink; 
characterized  by  moderation  ;  abstemious. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  abstains  oris  abstinent; 
an  abstainer. 

Very  few  public  men,  Cor  instance,  care  to  order  a  bottle 
(if  wine  at  a  public  table,  it  is  nol  because  tnej  are 
total  absUnents.  Harper's  Mag.,  L2L\    i 

2.  [cop*]  One  of  a  sect  which  appeared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century.  The  Ab- 
stinente  opposed  marriage,  condemned  the  eating  ol  flesh, 
and  placed  the  Holy  Spirit  in  tin-  class  ut  created  beings. 

abstinently  (ab'sti-nent-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stinent manner;  with  abstinence. 

abstortedt  (ab-st6r'ted),  p.  a.  [<L.  abs,  away, 
+  tortus,  pp.  of  tftnjm  n ,  twist  :  see  tort  and 
torture.']     Forced  away.      1'hdlips,  1G62. 

abstract  (ab-strakt')?  w-  [<L.  abstractus,  pp. 
of  abstrahere,  draw  away,  <  abs,  away,  +  tra- 
Jure,  draw:  see  (rack,  tract]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
draw  away;  take  away;  withdraw  or  remove, 
whether  to  hold  or  to  get  rid  of  the  object  with- 
drawn: as,  to  abstract  one's  attention;  to  ab~ 
strut-}  a  watch  from  a  person's  pocket,  or  money 
from  a  bank.  [In  the  latter  use,  a  euphemism 
for  steal  or  purloin.'] 

Thy  furniture  of  radiant  dye 
Abstracts  and  ravishes  the  curious  eye. 

King,  Ruflnus,  1.  257. 
Abstract  what  others  feel,  what  others  think, 
All  pleasures  sicken,  and  all  glories  sink. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  45. 

In  truth  the  object  and  the  sensation  are  the  same 

thin"  and  cannot  therefore  be  abstracted  from  each  other. 

B  v.  IJrin.  of  Human  Knowl.  (1710),  i.  1  5. 

2.  To  consider  as  a  form  apart  from  matter; 
attend  to  as  a  general  object,  to  the  neglect  of 
special  circumstances ;  derive  as  a  general 
idea  from  the  contemplation  of  particular  in- 
stances ;  separate  and  hold  in  thought,  as  a  part 
of  a  complex  idea,  while  letting  the  rest  go. 
This  meaning  of  tin;  Latin  abstrahere,  with  the  corre- 
sponding meaning  of  abstractio,  first  appears  toward  the 
end  of  the  great  dispute  between  the  nominalists  and 
realists  in  the  twelfth  century.  The  invention  of  these 
terms  may  be  said  to  embody  the  upshot  of  the  contro- 
versy. They  are  unquestionably  translations  of  the  Greek 
a<t>atpeiv  and  a^aipeat?,  though  we  cannot  say  how  these 
Greek  terms  became  known  in  the  West  so  early.  The 
earliest  passage  is  the  following  :  "  We  say  those  thoughts 
(intellectus)  are  by  abstraction  (per  abstraction*  m),  which 
either  contemplate  the  nature  of  any  form  in  itself  with- 
out regard  t..  the  subject  matter,  or  think  any  nature  in- 
differently (indifferenter),  apart,  that  is,  from  the  difference 
of  its  individuals.  .  .  .  On  the  other  hand,  we  may  speak 
of  subtraction,  when  any  one  endeavors  to  contemplate  the 
nature  of  any  subject  essence  apart  from  all  form.  Either 
thought,  however,  the  abstracting  as  well  as  the  subtract- 
i  ins  to  conceive  the  thing  otherwise  than  it  exists." 
I>,  h  in  Cousins  Fragments  Philosophiques 
(2d  ed.)j  P-  4SL  This  old  literature  having  been  long  for- 
gotten, an  erroneous  idea  of  the  origin  of  the  term  arose. 
"  Abstraction  means  etymologieally  the  active  withdrawal 
of  attention  from  one  tiling  in  order  to  lix  it  on  another 
thing."  Sully.  [This  plausible  but  false  notion  gave  rise 
to  tli--  phrase  '<>  abstract  (intrans. )/rom.    See  below.] 

3.  To  derive  or  obtain  the  idea  of. 

And  thus  from  divers  accidents  and  acts 
Which  do  within  her  observation  fall 
1  es  and  powers  divine  abstracts, 

As  Nature,  Fortune,  and  the  Virtues  all. 

Sir  J.  Dorics. 

4.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of,  as  a 
book  or  writing;  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  sum- 
mary. 

Th(  greai  world  in  a  little  world  of  fancy 
.  ab  ■''■'<•  ted, 

Ford,  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble,  ii.  2, 
Let  us  abstract  them  into  brii  I  compends. 

WattS,  Imp.  of  Mind. 

5f.  To  extract:  :i-,  in  abstract  spirit.  Iltnjle. 
-  Syn.  2.   i1    J|  en    tg<    Isolate,  detach.     4.  See  abridge, 

II,  intrans.  To  form  abstractions;  separate 
ideas;  distinguish  between  the  attribute  and 
the  subject  in  which  it  exists :  as,  "  brutes  ab- 
stract not,"  Loch . 

lhn     ih mi nsciousness  lives  in  abstraction, 

though  it  has  never  abstracted,  /■•'.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  169. 
To  abstract  from,  to  withdraw  the  attention  From  as 
part  ol  a  complex  Idea,  in  order  to  concentrate  it  upon 
the  i'  i 

I  noti-  ■  -I  Hi'  improper  use  of  tin-  term  alMra.'tion  by 
many  philosophers,  in  applying  it  to  that  on  which  the 
attention  i    converged    This  we  may  indeed  be  said  to 

prescind,  but  nol  I atract.    Thus,  lei  a,  B,  C  be  three 

quality  -  ol  an  object,     w  e  pn   cind    \    In  ab  trading 

from  i'-  and  C,  but  we  cannot  witl t  improprii  ts  tay  that 

we  ni'st i ;n  t  \,        Hamilton,  Lectures  on  uetaph.,  xxxv, 

■  False  notion  ol  tl rigin  of  the 

1 .  iMi     jee  abo> e  l 
abstract  (ab'etraki >, '/.  and  n.    [<  I>.  abstra 
pp.  of  dbstrahert  :  Bee  abstract,  v.    As  a  philo- 
sophical term,  it  is  ;i  translation  of  Ghr.  ra  k% 
atpatplatur.]    I.    a.    1.   Conceived   apart   from 


24 

matter  and  from  special  cases:  as,  an  abstract 
number,  a  number  ;is  eoneeived  in  arithmetic, 
not  a  number  of  things  of  any  kind.  Originally 
applied  to  geometrical  Forms  (the  metaphor  being  that 
of  a  statue  hewn  from  a  stone),  and  down  to  the  twelfth 
century  restricted  exelusivel)  to  mathematical  Forms  and 
quantities.  (Xsidorus,  about,  a.  d.  600,  demies  abstract 
a  it  in  hi  r.)  It  is  now  applied  to  anything  of  a  general  nature 
which  is  considered  apart  from  special  circumstances: 
thus,  abstract  right  is  what  ought  to  be  done  indepen- 
dently of  instituted  law.  [The  phrase  in  the  abstract  is 
preferable  to  the  adjective  in  this  sense.] 

Abstract  natures  are  as  the  alphabet  or  simple  letters 
whereof  the  variety  of  things  consisteth ;  or  as  the  colours 
mingled  in  the  painter's  shell,  wherewith  he  is  able  to 
make  Infinite  variety  of  faces  and  shapes. 

Bacon,  Valerius  Maximus,  riii. 

Abstract  calculations,  in  questions  of  finance,  are  not 
to  be  relied  on.  A.  Hamilton,  \\  oiks,  I.  129. 

Consider  the  positive  science  of  Crystallography,  and 
presently  it  appears  that  the  mineralogist  is  studying  the 
abstract  Crystal,  its  geometrical  laws  and  its  physical 
properties. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  61. 

2.  In  gram,  (since  the  thirteenth  century), 
applied  specially  to  that  class  of  nouns  which 
are  formed  from  adjectives  and  denote  char- 
acter, as  goodness,  audacity,  and  more  gen- 
erally to  all  nouns  that  do  not  name  concrete 
things.  Abstract  in  this  sense  is  a  prominent  term  in 
the  logic  of  Occam  and  of  the  English  nominalists. 

Of  the  name  of  the  thing  itself,  by  a  little  change  or 
wresting,  we  make  a  name  for  that  accident  which  we 
consider  ;  and  for  "living"  put  into  the  account  "life  ";  for 
"moved,"  "motion";  for  "hot,"  "heat";  for  "long," 
"length";  and  the  like:  and  all  such  names  are  the 
names  of  the  accidents  and  properties  by  which  one  mat- 
ter and  body  is  distinguished  from  another.  These  are 
called  "names  abstract,"  because  severed,  not  from  matter, 
but  from  the  account  of  matter.     Bobber,  Leviathan,  i.  4. 

A  mark  is  needed  to  shew  when  the  connotation  is 
dropped.  A  slight  mark  put  upon  the  connotative  term 
answers  the  purpose  ;  and  shews  when  it  is  not  meant  that 
anything  should  be  connoted.  In  regard  to  the  word 
black,  for  example,  we  merely  annex  to  it  the  syllable 
ness  ;  and  it  is  immediately  indicated  that  all  connotation 
is  dropped  :  so  in  sweetness,  hardness,  dryness,  lightness. 
The  new  words,  so  formed,  are  the  words  which  have  been 
denominated  abstract ;  as  the  connotative  terms  from 
which  they  are  formed  have  been  denominated  concrete  ; 
and  as  these  terms  are  in  frequent  use,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  meaning  of  them  should  be  well  remembered.  It  is 
now  also  manifest  what  is  the  real  nature  of  abstract 
terms  ;  a  subject  which  has  in  general  presented  such  an 
appearance  of  mystery.  They  are  simply  the  concrete 
terms  with  the  connotation  dropped. 

James  Mill,  Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind,  ix, 

"Why  not  say  at  once  that  the  abstract  name  is  the  name 
of  the  attribute?  J.  S.  Mill. 

3f.  Having  the  mind  drawn  away  from  present 
objects,  as  in  ecstasy  and  trance;  abstracted: 
as,  "abstract  as  in  a  trance,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
viii.  462. —  4.  Produced  by  the  mental  process 
of  abstraction:  as,  an  abstract  idea.  Under  this 
head  belong  two  meanings  of  abstract  which  can  hardly  be 
considered  as  English,  though  they  are  sometimes  used  by 
writers  influenced  by  the  German  language.    They  are  — 

(a)  General;  having  relatively  small  lo^ieal  comprehen- 
sion ;  wide ;  lofty ;  indeterminate.  This  is  the  usual 
meaning  of  abstract  in  German  ;  but  its  establishment  in 
English  would  greatly  confuse  our  historical  terminology. 

(b)  Resulting  from  analytical  thought;  severed  from  its 
connections;  falsified  by  the  neglect  of  important  con- 
siderations. This  is  the  Hegelian  meaning  of  the  word,  car- 
rying with  it  a  tacit  condemnation  of  the  method  of  ana- 
lytical mechanics  and  of  all  application  of  mathematics. 

5.  Demanding  a  high  degree  of  mental  abstrac- 
tion; difficult;  profound;  abstruse:  as, highly 
abstract  conceptions;  very  abstract  specula- 
tions.—  6.  Applied  to  a  science  which  deals 
with  its  object  in  the  abstract :  as,  abstract 
logic;  abstract  mathematics:  opposed  to  ap- 
plird  lo^ic  and  mathematics. — 7.  Separated 
from  material  elements  ;  ethereal;  ideal. 
Love's  not  so  pure  and  abstract  as  they  use 
TO  say,  which  have  no  mistress  but  their  muse. 

Donne,  Poems,  p.  27. 
Abstract  arithmetic.    See  arithmetic,  2. 

II.  h.  1.  That  which  concentrates  in  itself 
the  essential  qualities  of  anything  more  exten- 
sive or  more  general,  or  of  several  things  ;  the 
essence;  specifically,  a  summary  or  epitome 
containing  the  substance,  a  general  view,  or 
the  principal  heads  of  a  writing,  discourse, 
series  of  events,  or  the  like. 

ViMi  shall  find  there 
A  man  who  is  the  abstract  of  all  faults 
That  all  men  follow.  Shah.,  A.  and  <\,  i.  1. 

This  is  but  a  faint  (distract  of  the  things  which  have 
happened  Bince.  /'.  Webster,  Bunker  Mill  Monument. 

2.  That  portion  of  a  bill  of  quantities,  an  esti- 
mate, or  an  account  which  contains  the  sum- 
mary of  the  various  detailed  articles. —  3.    In 

phar.f  a  dry  powder  prepared  from  a  drug  by 
digesting  it  with  suitable  solvents,  and  evap- 
orating the.  solution  so  obtained  to  complete 
dryness  at  a  low  temperature  (122°  F.).  It  is 
twice  ai  strong  as  the  drug  or  Hie  iluid  extract,  and 
about  ten  times  as  Strong  as  the  the  tun 

4.  A  catalogue;  an  inventory.     [Rare.] 


abstraction 

He  hath  an  abstract  for  the  remembrance  of  such  places, 
and  goes  to  them  bj  in-  note.    Skak.,  M,  VV.  ol  w  . ,  iv.  2. 

5.  In  gram.,  an  abstract  term  or  noun. 

The  concrete  "like"  has  its  abstract  "likeness";  the 
concretes  "father"  and  "son"  have,  or  might  have,  the 
abstracts  "  paternitj     and  "  liliety  "  or  •■  filiation. " 

./.  S.  Mill. 

Abstract  Of  title,  in  law,  an  epitome  or  a  short  state- 
ment ol    tin-  successive  title-deeds  Or  other  evidences  of 

ownership  of  an  estate,  and  ol  the  encumbrances  there- 
on.—  In  the  abstract  [L.  '"  abstracto],  eoneeived  apart 
from  matter  or  special  circumstances;  without  reference 
to  particular  applications;  in  its  general  principles  or 
meanings. 

Were  all  things  red,  the  conception  of  colour  in  the  ab- 
8tract  could  not  exist.      //.  Spencer,  Data  ol  Ethics,  §  40. 

Be  the  system  of  absolute  religious  equality  pood  or 
bad,  pious  oi-  profane,  in  the  at/struct,  neither  churchmen 
nor  statesmen  can  afford  to  ignore  the  question,  How 
will  it  work?  //.  X.  Ozenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  401. 

=  Syn.  1.  Ahrhi'ittfiit,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Abstract, 
etc.   Sec  abridgment. 

abstracted  (ab-strak'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Refined; 
exalted:  as,  "abstracted  spiritual  love."  Panne. 
—  2.  Difficult;  abstruse;  abstract.  Johnson. — 
3.  Absent  in  mind ;  absorbed ;  inattentive  to 
immediate  surroundings. 

And  now  no  more  the  abstracted  ear  attends 
The  water's  murmuring  lapse. 

T.  iVartun,  Melancholy,  v.  179. 

Thy  dark  vague  eyes,  and  soft  abstracto!  air. 

.V.  Arnold,  Scholar  Gipsy. 
=  Syn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  etc.  See  absent. 

abstractedly  (ab-strak'ted-li),  aw.  1.  In  an 
abstracted  or  absent  manner. —  2.  In  the  ab- 
stract ;  in  a  separated  state,  or  in  contempla- 
tion only. 

It  may  indeed  be  difficult  for  those  win-  have  but  little 
faith  in  the  invisible  .  .  .  to  give  up  their  own  power  of 
judging  what  seems  best,  from  the  belief  that  that  only  is 
best  which  is  abstractedly  right. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  statics,  p.  ;.:. 

abstractedness  (ab-strak '  ted-nes),  v.  The 
state  of  being  abstracted;  abstractness :  as, 
"  the    abstractedness  of    these    speculations," 

Hume,  Human  Understanding,  §  1. 

Advance  in  representativeness  of  thought  makes  pos- 
sible advance  in  abstractedness  :  particular  properties  and 
particular  relations  become  thinkable  apart  from  the 
things  displaying  them. 

II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Tsychol.,  §  493. 

abstracter  ( ab-strak 'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  ab- 
stracts or  takes  away. —  2.  One  who  makes  an 
abstract  or  summary. 

The  London  Chemical  Society,  a  few  years  ago,  issued  to 
the  abstracters  t or  its  journal  a  scries  of  instruction,  on 
chemical  nomenclature  and  notation.        Science,  VI.  369. 

abstraction  (ab-strak'shon),  >/.  [<LL.  abstrac- 
tio(nr-)t  <  L.  abstra/ure :'  see  abstract,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  taking  away  or  separating ;  the  act 
of  withdrawing,  or  the  state  of  being  with- 
drawn ;  withdrawal,  as  of  a  part  from  a  whole, 
or  of  one  thing  from  another.  Rarely  applied  to 
the  physical  act  of  taking  or  removing  except  in  a  deroga- 
tory >ense :  as,  the  abstraction  (dishonest  removal,  larceny) 
of  goods  from  a  warehouse. 

A  hermit  wishes  {••  be  praised  for  his  abstraction  [that 
is,  Ins  withdrawal  from  society].  /'«/"',  Letters. 

The  sensation  of  cold  is  really  due  to  an  abstraction  of 
lie.it  from  our  own  bodies. 

W.  /-.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  41. 

Wordsworth's  better  utterances  have  the  bare  sincerity, 
the  absolute  abstraction  from  time  and  place,  the  im- 
munity from  decay,  that  belong  to  the  -rand  simplicities 
of  the  Bible.  L-ir-il.  Among  mj  Books,  2d  Ber.,  p.  246. 
2.  The  act  of  abstracting  or  concentrating  the 
attention  on  a  part  of  a  complex  idea  and  neg- 
lecting the  rest  or  supposingil  away;  especially, 
that  variety  of  this  procedure  bywhieh  we  juss 
from  a  more  to  a  less  determinate  concept,  from 
the  particular  to  the  general ;  the  act  or  process 
of  refining  or  sublimating. 

The  mind  makes  the  particular  Ideas,  received  from  par- 
ticular Objects,  to  In  .  Mini  '■.  ueral ;  which  is  done  by  con- 
Bidering  them  as  they  are  in  the  mind  such  uppeaiain  es, 
separate  from  all  other  existences,  and  the  circumstances 
of  real  existence,  aa  time,  place,  "i  am  oilier  concomitant 
ideas.  This  is  called  obstruction,  whereby  ideas,  taken 
from  particular  beings,  become  general  representatives  oi 
all  of  the  same  kind 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  IL  d,  §9. 

To  be  plain,  I  own  myself  aide  to  abstract  in  one  sense, 
as  when  I  consider  some  particular  parts  or  qualities  sep- 
arated from  others,  with  which,  though  thej  an-  united  in 
some  object,  yet  it  is  possible  they  may  really  exist  with- 
out them.  But  I  deny  that  I  can  abstract  I  In. in  an- 
other, or  conceive  separately,  those  qualities  which  it  is 
Impossible  should  exist  so  separated ;  orthat  I  canframe 
a  general  notion  bj  abstracting  from  particulars  In  the 

manner  aforesaid  Which  two  last  are  the  proper  accep- 
tations of  abstraction. 

Berkeleyj  Prin.  <>f  Human  Knowl.,  Int.,  II  10. 

The  active  mental  process  by  which  concepts  are  formed 

is  commonly  said  to  fall  into  three  stages,  comparison, 

abstraction,  and   generalization.  .  .  .  When  things   are 

widely  unlike  one  another,  as  for  example  different  fruits, 
as  a  strawberry,  a  peach,  and  so  on,  we  must,  in  order  to 
note  the  resemblance,  turn  the  mind  away  from  the  differ- 


abstraction 


25 


nor  unconnected  with  anything  else ;  in  or  by 
itself:  as,  matter  abstractly  considered, 
ami  it  requires  a  special  effort  to  turn  aside  from  them   „M.,j'     ,  ,    ,  '„»..., i-t  T,„«i    „       The  stoto  nr 
and  to  keep  the  mind  directed  to  the  underlyingsimilarity.   abstractnessi.il.  sli.ikt-iics),  n       llu    slat.    <m 

quality  ot  being  abstract;  a  state  ot  being  in 
contemplation  only,  or  not  connected  wit li  any 
object :  as,  "  t  he  n'bstraetness  of  the  ideas  them- 
selves," Locke,  Human  Understanding, 
ng  escaped  this  eccentric  spirit  ot  refinement  and   „T,„i_„i,-„+     f.,\,i  -.,„„  i,„,,f\      „        re  1       nhatrn 

.,; y.  H-arton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,   abstrahent    (ab  stra-hent),    a.       [< -U     aOStra- 

hen{t-)s,  ppr.  ot  abstrahere,  draw  away:  see 
abstract,  v.]  Abstract,  as  concepts;  abstract- 
ing front  unessential  elements. 


ences  of  form,  colour,  etc.  This  is  the  difficult  part  of  the 
operation.  Great  differences  are  apt  to  impress  the  mind, 
t  re. 

.     . keep 

This  effort  is  known  as  abstraction. 

Sully,  Outlines  of  Psychology.  !*■ 

This  was  an  age  of  vision  and  mystery  ;  and  every  work 

was  believed  to  contain  a  double  or  secondary  meaning. 

Nntbi 

abstrac 


3.  A  concept  which  is  the  product  of  an  ab 
si  raiding  process;  a  metaphysical  concept: 
hence,  often,  an  idea  which  cannot  lead  to  any  .l^ricbTcab'strikT  GrpronTap'strich),  n.    [G., 


<  abstreichen,  wipe  off :  see  off  and  strike.']  Lit- 
erally, that  which  is  cleaned  or  scraped  off. 
Technically,  in  metal.,  the  dark-brown  material  which 
appears  on  the  surface  of  lead  in  a  cupeling-furnace,  and 
becomes  pure  litharge  as  the  process  goes  on.  Abzuy  is  a 
nearly  equivalent  term. 


practical  result;   a  theoretical,  impracticable 
notion;  a  formality;  a  fiction  of  metaphysics. 

Ariel,  delicate  as  an  abstraction  of  the  dawn  and  vesper 
sunlight,  Hies  around  the  shipwrecked  men  to  console 
them.  A.  U.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  3SS. 

Tangents,  sines,  and  cosines  are  not  things  found  iso- 

lat.-.l  in  Nature,  but,  because  they  are  abstractions  from  abStriCtedt  (ab-strik  ted),  a.      [^  Li.  as  It     ao- 

realities,  they  are  applicable  to  Nature.  strictus,  pp.  i>f  *abstringere :  see  abstringe  and 

0.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  71.  strict.]    Unbound ;  loosened.     Bailey. 

The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded  abstriction  (ab-strik'shon),  n.      [<  L.  as  if  "ab- 

by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  occult  philosophers.  atriftintn  \    <  *ahstrieti/<i    nn  •    see  abstracted  1 

I.  D'Isradi,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  EC.  285.  »"<<"''("-).  \    aosipcms,   pp..    see  uusutttiu.i 

1.  The  act  of  unbinding  or  loosening.     [Obso- 


4.  Inattention  to  present  objects  ;  the  state  of 
being  engrossed  with  any  matter  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  everything  else ;  absence  of  mind :  as, 
a  fit  of  abstraction. 

Keep  your  hoods  about  the  face  ; 
They  do  so  that  affect  abstraction  here. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

The  tank  was  nearly  five  feet  deep,  and  on  several  occa- 
sions I  narrowly  escaped  an  involuntary  bath  as  I  entered 
my  room  in  momenta  of  abstraction. 

0' Donovan.  M. TV,  xi. 

5.  In  (list illation,  the  separation  of  volatile 
parts  from  those  which  are  fixed.  It  is  chiefly 
used  with  relation  to  a  fluid  that  is  repeatedly  poured 
upon  any  substance  in  a  retort  and  distilled  off,  to  change 
Its  state  or  the  nature  of  its  composition.— Abstraction 
from  singulars  but  not  from  matter,  in  the  Scotist 
logic,  the  degree  of  abstraction  required  to  form  such 
a  "concept  as  that  of  a  white  man,  where  we  cease  to 
think  of  the  individual  man,  but  yet  continue  to  attend 
to  the  color,  which  is  a  material  passion.— Concrete 
abstraction.  Same  as  partial  abstraction.—  Divisive  ab- 
straction. Same  as  neyatice  abstraction. — Formal  ab- 
straction, the  mental  act  of  abstraction,  as  distinguished 
from  the  resulting  concept. — Intentional  abstraction, 
mental  abstraction;  separation  in  thought.  — Logical  ab- 
straction, that  process  of  abstractive  thought  which  pro- 
duces a  general  concept.  — Mathematical  abstraction, 
the  act  of  thinking  away  color,  etc.,  so  as  to  gain  pure  ge- 
ometrical conceptions.— Metaphysical  abstraction,  a 
process  of  abstraction  carried  further  than  the  mathemati- 
cal.— Minor  abstraction,  a  kind  of  abstraction  involved 
in  sensuous  perception,  according  to  the  Thomists.— Neg- 
ative abstraction,  separation  of  one  concept  from  an- 
other in  the  sense  of  denying  one  of  the  other.  — Objec- 
tive abstraction,  the  concept  produced  by  the  act  of  ab- 
stracting.—Partial  abstraction,  the  imagining  of  some 

sensible  thing  deprived  of  some  extensive  part,  as  a  man   -i._i_._ai_  fari-sti-os'lil    ailr      In    an  abstruse 
without  a  head.- Physical   abstraction,  abstraction  aDStrUseiy •  vau  stios  ii),  aai.     m   an  ansmis. 


lete  and  rare.]  —  2.  In  bat.,  a  method  of  cell- 
formation  in  some  of  the  lower  cryptogams, 
differing  from  ordinary  cell-division  in  the  oc- 
currence of  a  decided  constriction  of  the  walls 
at  the  place  of  division. 

abstringet  (ab-strinj'),  v.  ■  •  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
stringere,  <  abs,  from,  +  strmgere,  bind  :  see 
stringent."]     To  unbind. 

abstfude  (ab-str8d'),  »■  >■ ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
struded,  ppr.  abstrudintj.  [<  L.  abstrmli  re,  throw 
away,  conceal,  <  abs,  away,  +  trurlcre,  thrust, 
push  (=  E.  threaten,  q.  v.),  remotely  akin  to  E. 
thrust,  q.  v.:  see  also  abstruse.]  To  thrust 
away.    Bailey;  Johnson. 

abstruse  (ab-strbV),  «.     [<  L.  abstrusus,  hid- 
den,  concealed,   pp.   of    abstrudere,    conceal, 
thrust   away:   see  abstrude.]      If.  Withdrawn 
from  view ;  out  of  the  way  ;  concealed. 
Hidden  in  the  most  abstruse  dungeons  of  Barbary. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  15. 

2.  Remote  from  comprehension;  difficult  to 
be  apprehended  or  understood ;  profound ;  oc- 
cult; esoteric:  opposed  to  obvious. 

It  must  be  still  confessed  that  there  are  some  mys- 
teries in  religion,  both  natural  and  revealed,  as  well  as 
some  abstruse  points  in  philosophy,  wherein  the  wise  as 
well  as  the  unwise  must  be  content  with  obscure  ideas. 

Watts,  Logic,  iii.  4. 

The  higher  heathen  religions,  like  the  Egyptian  religion. 
Brahinanism,  and  Buddhism,  are  essentially  abstrusi .  and 
only  capable  of  being  intelligently  apprehended  by  specu- 
lative intellects.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  349. 


from  singulars;  that  grade   of  abstraction  required  in 
physics.— Precisive  abstraction,  the  thinking  of  a  part 


state  or 
un- 


or  recondite  manner;  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
easily  understood, 
of  a  complex  idea  to  the  neglect  of  the  rest,  but  without  afostr'UseneSS  (ab-stros'nes),   n.     The  stat< 
denying  in  thought  those  predicates  not  thought  of.—  vZZvJ  i,„;„„  „i,„f„,.     '.  ,i;ffi„„i+  t„  y,„ 

Real  abstraction,  the  real  separation  of  one  thing  from     quality  ot  being  abstruse,  or  difficult  to  be 
another,  as  the  (supposed)  abstraction  of  the  soul  from  the     derstood ;  difficulty  ot  apprehension, 
body  in  ecstasy.  abstmsion  (ab-stro'zhon),  It.  [<  L.  abstrusio(n-) 

abstractional  ( ab-strak'shon-al),  a.     Pertain-     a  removing,  a  concealing,  <  abstrudere :  see  ab 
ing  to  abstraction.     H.  Bushnell.  strode.]     The  act  of  thrusting  away.     [Rare.] 

abstractionist  (ab-strak'shon-ist),  n.  One  who  abstrusity   (ab-stro'si-ti),    n.;    pi.  abstrusities 


occupies  himself  with  abstractions ;  an  ideal- 
ist ;  a  dreamer. 

The  studious  class  are  their  own  victims  :  .  .  .  they  are 
abstractionists,  and  spend  their  days  and  nights  in  dream- 
ing some  dream.  Emerson,  Montaigne. 

abstractitioust  (ab-strak-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  as 
if  "abstractitius :  see  abstract,  v.]  Abstracted 
or  drawn  from  other  substances,  particularly 
from  vegetables,  without  fermentation.  Bailey. 


(-tiz).     [<  abstruse  +  -itij.]    Abstruseness  ;  that 
which  is  abstruse.     [Rare.] 

Matters  of  difficulty  and  such  which  were  not  without 
abstrusities.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  13. 

absumet  (ab-sum'),  v.  t.  [<L.  absumere,  take 
away,  diminish,  consume,  destroy,  <  ab,  away, 
+  siimere,  take :  see  assume.]  To  bring  to  an 
end  by  a  gradual  waste;  consume;  destroy; 
cause  to  disappear.     Boyle. 


abstractive  (ab-strak'tiv),  a.    [=  F.  abstract!/,  absumptiont  (ab-sump's'hon),  ».  [<  L.  absump- 
<L.  as  if  *abstractivus,<  abstraetus,  pp. :   see     w^v  a  consuming,  <  aosumere,  pp.  absumptus, 


abstract,  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  abstraction; 
having  the  power  or  quality  of  abstracting. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  abstract, 
epitome,    or    summary. —  3t.    Abstractitious 


consume:  see  absume.]     Decline;   disappear- 
ance; destruction. 

The  total  defect  or  absumption  of  religion. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Eccl.  Ang.  Susp. 


Pre^enlraCUVe  cosnition'  c°SQition  ol  an  obiect  not  "  absurd  (ab-serd'),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  absurde  = 

Sp.  Pg.  absurdo  =  It.  assurdo,  <  L.  absurdus, 
harsh-sounding,  inharmonious,  absurd ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin:  either  (1)  'out  of  tune,'  <  ab, 
away,  from,  +  *surdus,  sounding,  from  a  root 
found  in  Skt.  V srttr,  sound,  and  in  E.  (Gr.) 
siren,  q.  v. ;  or  (2)  <  ab-  (intensive)  +  surdus,  in- 
distinct, dull,  deaf,  >E.  surd,  q.v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Being  or  acting  contrary  to  common  sense  or 
sound  judgment ;  inconsistent  with  common 
sense ;  ridiculous ;  nonsensical :  as,  an  absurd 
statement;  absurd  conduct ;  an  absurd  fellow. 


pres. 

The  names  given  in  the  schools  to  the  immediate  and 
mediate  cognitions  were  intuitive  and  abstractive,  meaning 
by  tile  latter  term,  not  merely  what  we  with  them  call 
abstract  knowledge,  but  also  the  representations  of  con- 
crete objects  in  the  imagination  and  memory. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  xxiii. 

abstractively  (ab-strak'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stractive manner ;  in  or  by  itself ;  abstractly. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

That  life  which  abstractively  is  good,  by  accidents  and 
adherences  may  become  unfortunate. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  186. 

abstractiveness  (ab-strak'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
property  or  quality  of  being  abstractive. 
[Rare.]' 

abstractly  (ab'strakt-li),  adv.  In  an  abstract 
manner  or  state ;  absolutely ;  in  a  state  or  man- 


There  was  created  in  the  minds  of  many  of  these  en- 
thusiasts a  pernicious  and  absurd  association  between 
intellectual  power  and  moral  depravity. 

Macaulay.  Moore's  Byron. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  logic  or  philos.,  inconsis- 
tent with  reason  ;  logically  contradictory ;  im- 


abthanage 

possible:  as,  that  the  whole  is  loss  than  the 
sum  of  its  parts  is  an  absurd  proposition;  an 
absurd  hypothesis. 

It  would  be  absurd  to  measure  with  a  variable  stan- 
dard. II  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  ii 
--  Syn.  Absurd,  Silly,  Foolish,  Stupid,  Irrational,  Un- 
reasonable, Preposterous,  Infatuated,  ridiculous,  non- 
sensical, senseless,  incongruous,  unwise,  ill-judged,  ill- 
advised.  (See/ootisA.)  Foolish,  absurd,  and  preposterous 
imply  a  contradiction  of  common  sense,  rising  in  degree 
from  foolish,  which  is  commonly  applied  where  the  con- 
tradiction is  small  or  trivial.  That  which  is  foolish  is 
characterized  by  weakness  of   mind,  and  provokes  <.ur 

contempt.    That  which  is  silly  is  still  weaker,  and  i 

contemptible  in  its  lack  of  sense;  silly  is  the  extreme  in 
that  direction.  That  which  is  absurd  does  not  directly 
suggest  weakness  of  mind,  but  it  is  glaringly  opposed  to 
common  sense  and  reason  :  as,  that  a  thing  should  be  un- 
equal to  itself  is  absurd.  That  which  is  preposterous  is 
the  height  of  absurdity,  an  absurdity  as  conspicu." 
getting  a  thing  wrong  side  before;  it  excites  amazement 
that  any  one  should  be  capable  of  such  an  extreme  of  foolish- 
ness. That  which  is  irrational  is  contrary  to  reason,  but 
not  especially  to  common  sense.  Unreasonable  is  more 
often  used  of  the  relation  of  men  to  each  other ;  it  implies 
less  discredit  to  the  understanding,  but  more  to  the  will, 
indicating  an  unwillingness  to  conform  to  reason.  Irra- 
tional ideas,  conclusions  ;  unreasonable  demands,  assump- 
tions, people.  An  infatuated  person  is  so  possessed  by  a 
misleading  idea  or  passion  that  his  thoughts  and  conduct 
are  controlled  by  it  and  turned  into  folly.  He  who  is 
stupid  appears  to  have  little  intelligence;  that  which  is 
stupid  is  that  which  would  be  natural  in  a  person  whose 
powers  of  reasoning  are  defective  or  suspended. 
'Tis  a  fault  to  heaven, 
A  fault  against  the  dead,  a  fault  to  nature, 
To  reason  most  absurd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

From  most  silly  novels  we  can  at  least  extract  a  laugh  ; 
but  those  of  the  modern-antique  school  have  a  ponderous, 
a  leaden  kind  of  fatuity,  under  which  we  groan. 

.,.  orge  Eliot,  silly  Novels. 

How  wayward  is  this  foolishlove  !    Shak.,T.  n.  of  v.,  i.  ■_'. 

A  man  who  cannot  write  with  wit  on  a  proper  subject 
is  dull  and  stupid.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear, 
For  that  were  stupid  and  irrational. 

Joanna  Baillic,  Basil. 

She  entertained  many  unreasonable  prejudices  against 
him,  before  she  was  acquainted  with  his  personal  worth. 

Addison. 

Though  the  error  he  easily  fallen  into,  it  is  manifestly 
preposterous.  Is.  Taylor, 

The  people  are  so  infatuated  that,  if  a  cow  falls  sick,  it 

is  ten  to  one  but  an  old  woman  is  claptup  in  prison  for  it. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

II.  n.  An  unreasonable  person  or  thing;  one 
who  or  that  which  is  characterized  by  unrea- 
sonableness; an  absurdity.     [Rare.] 

This  arch  absurd,  that  wit  and  fool  delights. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  221. 

absurdity  (ab-ser'di-ti),  ii.  ;  pi.  absurdities  (-Hz). 
[=F.  absurdite  =  Sp.  absurdidad='Pg.  absurdi- 
dade=  It.  asswdita,  <  L.  dbsurdita{t-)s,  absur- 
dity. <  absurdus:  see  absurd.]  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  absurd  or  inconsistent  with 
obvious  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judgment ;  want 
of  rationality  or  common  sense  :  as,  the  absur- 
dity of  superstition;  absurdity  of  conduct. 

The  absurdity  involved  in  exacting  an  inexorable  con- 
cealment from  those  who  had  nothing  to  reveal. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 

2.  That  which  is  absurd ;  an  absurd  action, 
statement,  argument,  custom,  etc.:  as,  the 
absurdities  of  men;  your  explanation  involves 
a  gross  absurdity. 

And  this  absurdity  —  for  such  it  really  is  —  we  see  every 
day  —  people  attending  to  the  difficult  science  of  matters 
where  the  plain  practice  they  quite  let  slip. 

.V.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  xii. 
-Syn.  1.  Absurdness,  silliness,  unreasonableness,  self- 
contradiction,  preposterousness,  inconsistency.    Seefolly. 

absurdly  (ab-serd'li),  adv.  In  an  absurd  man- 
ner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  reason  or 
obvious  propriety. 

absurdness  (ab-s'erd'nes),  n.  Same  as  absurdity. 

abterminal  (ab-ter'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  06,  from, 
+  1 1  ■nn  in  us,  end.]  From  the  terminus  or  end  : 
applied  to  electric  currents  which  pass  in  a 
muscular  fiber  from  its  extremities  toward  its 
center. 

abthain,  abthane  (ab'than),  n.  [Sc. ;  formerly 
also  spelled  abthein,  abtlien,  abthau,  abbathain, 
etc.;  <  ML.  abtliania,  an  abbacy.  <  Gael,  ab- 
dlniinc,  an  abbacy.  The  origin  of  ML.  abtliania 
"not  being  known,  it  came  to  be  regarded  as 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  imaginary  ablhanus, 
a  word  invented  by  Fordun,  and  explained  as 
'superior  thane,'  as  if  <  L.  abbas,  father  (see 
abbot),  +  ML.  thanus,  E.  thane.]  1.  An  abbacy 
(in  the  early  Scottish  church).—  2.  Errone- 
ously, a  superior  thane. 

abthainry,  abthanrie  (ab'than-ri),  «.  [Sc, 
<  abthain,  abthane,  +  -n/.]  1.  The  territory  and 
jurisdiction  of  an  abbot;  an  abbacy. —  2.  Erro- 
neously, the  jurisdiction  of  the  supposed  ab- 
thain.    See  abthain,  2. 

abthanage  (aVtha-naj),  n.   Same  as  abthainry. 


abucco 

abucco  (a-buk'ko),  n.  [A  native  term.]  A 
weight  nearly  t  < | n;il  to  half  a  pound  avoirdu- 
pois, used  in  Burma. 

abulia  (a-bu'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aSovlla,  ill- 
advisedness,  thoughtlessness,  <  ajov'/.oc,  ill-ad- 
vised, thoughtless,  <  a-  priv.  +  jiov'/.i/,  advice, 
eounsel.]  A  form  of  mental  derangement  in 
which  volition  is  impaired  or  lost.  Also  written 
aboulia. 

abuloniania  (a-bo-lo-ma'ni-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aj3ovkor,  LU-advised,  thoughtless,  +  /tavia,  mad- 
ness.] Same  as  abulia.  Also  written  aboido- 
mania. 

abumbral  (ab-um'bral),  a.  Same  as  abum- 
brellar. 

abumbrellar  (ab-um-brel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  ub,  from, 
+  NL.  umbrella,  the  disk  of  aealephs.]  Turned 
away  from  the  umbrella  or  disk:  applied  to 
the  surface  of  the  velum  or  marginal  ridge  of 
medusae  or  sea-blubbers,  and  opposed  to  adiiiu- 
bri liar  (winch  see). 

abuna  (a-bS'na),  n.  [Ethiopic  and  Ar.  abu-na, 
our  father.  C'f.  abba.]  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia.     See  Abyssinian. 

abundance  (a-bun'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  abundance, 
mdaunce,  aboundance  (see  aboundance), 
<OE.  abondanee,  <  L.  abundanUa,  abundance, 
Kabundare,  abound:  see- abound.']  1.  A  copious 
supply  or  quantity;  overflowing  plenteousness ; 
unrestricted  sufficiency  :  strictly  applicable  to 
quantity  only,  but  sometimes  used  of  number : 
as,  an  abundanceot  com,  or  of  people;  to  have 
money  in  great  abundance. 

By  reason  of  the  abundance  of  his  horses  their  dust 
shall  cover  thee.  Ezek.  xxvi.  10. 

2.  Overflowingfullness  or  affluence  ;  repletion; 
amplitude  of  means  or  resources. 

Out  of  the  abundance  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh. 

Mat.  xii.  34. 

The  abundance  [of  Chaucer]  is  a  continual  fulness  within 
the  fixed  limits  of  good  taste  ;  that  of  Langland  is  squan- 
dered in  overflow.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 

=  Syn.  Exuberance,  Profusion,  etc.  (see  plcnt y) ;  plen- 
teousness, plentifulness,  plenitude,  sufficiency,  copious- 
ness, ampleness,  luxuriance,  supply.  See  affluence. 
abundancyt  (a-bun' dan-si),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abundant. 
abundant  (a-bun'dant),  a.  [<  ME.  abundant, 
habundant,  dboundant,  <  OF.  abundant,  habon- 
dant,  <  L.  abunda>i(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abundare,  over- 
flow: see  abound.]  1.  Plentiful ;  present  in 
great  quantity ;  fully  sufficient :  as,  an  abun- 
dant supply. 

Thy  abundant  g Lness  shall  excuse 

This  deadly  blot  in  thy  digressing  son. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  3. 
Tlie  history  of  our  species  is  a  history  of  the  evils  that 
have  flowed  from  a  source  as  tainted  as  it  is  abundant. 

Brougham. 

2.  Possessing  in  great  quantity ;  copiously  sup- 
plied;  having  great  plenty;   abounding:  fol- 
lowed by  in. 
The  Lord,  .  .  .  abundant  in  goodness  and  truth. 

Ex.  xxxiv.  6. 

Abundant  definition.  See  deft  nit  tan.  —Abundant  num- 
ber, in  arith.,  a  number  the  sum  of  whose  aliquot  parts 
exceeds  tic  number  itself.  Tims,  12  is  an  abundant 
nun i hi  r,  I'.r  tlh'  .-iLiri  lit  its  alii (Ui it  parts  (14-2  +  34-4  +  6) 
i  16  It  is  thus  'li>tiiiLruisheil  from  a  perfect  number, 
which  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts,  as 
6  =  1  +  2  +  3:  ami  from  a  deficient  number,  which  is 
greater  than  the  sum  of  all  its  aliqnot  parts,  as  14,  which 
is  greater  than  i  ■  ■>■•  7.-  Syn.  Plentiful,  plenteous,  co- 
pious, ample,  exuberant,  lavish,  overflowing,  rich,  large, 
great,  bountiful,  ti  eming.   See  ample. 

abundantly  (a-bun' dant-li),  adv.  In  a  plentiful 
or  sufficient  degree;  fully;  amply;  plentifully. 

abune  (a-bon';  Scotch  pron.  a-bun'),  adv.  and 
jui p.  [Contr.  <  ME.  abuven,  aboven  (pron. 
a-b&'ven), <  AS.  abufan:  see  above.]  Above; 
beyond  :  in  a  gn  ii  - 
er  or  higher  degree. 
Also  written  aboon 

[Scotch.] 

ab  urbe  condita  (ab 

6t '  be       kon'di -iii I. 

[L. ;     lit.,    from    1  fi<- 

city     founded  :     ab, 

from:  in  la.  ,-ibl.  of 
.   citj  :    em 

I.  m.  pp.  of  condi  a . 

put  together,  estab- 
lish.]      From      the 

founding  of  the  city, 

thai  i-.  of  Rome,  b.  o. 

7.".;;.  Hi'-  beginning  of 

the  Soman  cm.  I    n- 

ally  abbreviated    t" 

.1.1.  <  .  (which  sec). 
Aburria  (arbnr'i-S),   ».     [NI.. :   of   s.  Amer. 

origin.]    A  genus' of  guans,  of  which  the  type 


Aburria  caruticu 


26 

is  the  wattled  guan.  Pent  lope  aburri  or  Aburria 
earunculata,  of  South  America.  Beichenbach, 
1853. 

aburton  (a-ber'ton),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  fflS  +  burton :  see  burton?]  Naut.,  placed 
athwartships  in  the  hold  :  said  of  casks. 

abusable  (a-bu'za-bl),  a.  [<  abuse  +  -able.] 
i  lapable  of  being  abused. 

abusaget  (a-bu'zaj),  n.     Same  as  abuse. 

abuse  (a-buz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  ami  pp.  abused,  ppr. 
abusing.  [<ME.  abusen,  <  OF.  abuser  (F.  abu- 
ser), <  ML.  abusari,  freq.  of  L.  abuti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  consume,  misuse,  abuse,  <  ab,  from, 
mis-,  4-  uti,  use:  see  use,  v.]  1.  To  use  ill;  mis- 
use ;  put  to  a  wrong  or  bad  use  ;  divert  from 
the  proper  use;  misapply:  as,  to  abuse  rights 
or  privileges ;  to  abuse  words. 

They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  1  Cor.  vii.  31. 

The  highest  proof  of  virtue  is  to  possess  boundless 

power  without  alnisiia/  it.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

2.  To  do  wrong  to  ;  act  injuriously  toward;  in- 
jure ;  disgrace  ;  dishonor. 

I  swear,  'tis  better  to  be  much  abus'd 

Than  but  to  know't  a  little.         Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

Poor  soul,  thy  face  is  much  aliased  with  tears, 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  violate;  ravish  ;  defile. —  4.  To  attack 
with  contumelious  language;  revile. —  5.  To 
deceive  ;  impose  on ;  mislead. 

You  are  a  great  deal  abused  in  too  bold  a  persuasion. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

Nor  be  with  all  these  tempting  words  abused. 

Pope,  tr.  of  Ovid,  Sappho  to  Phaon,  1.  67. 
It  concerns  all  who  think  it  worth  while  to  be  in  ear- 
nest with  their  immortal  souls  not  to  abuse  themselves 
with  a  false  confidence,  a  thing  so  easily  taken  up,  and 
so  hardly  laid  down.  South. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  Abuse,  Misuse,  misapply,  misemploy,  per- 
vert, profane.  Abuse  and  misuse  are  closely  synonymous 
terms,  but  misuse  conveys  more  particularly  the  idea  of 
using  inappropriately,  abuse  that  of  treating  injuriously. 
In  general,  abuse  is  the  stronger  word. 

So  a  fool  is  one  that  hath  lost  his  wisdom,  .  .  .  not  one 
that  wants  reason,  but  abuses  his  reason. 

Charnock,  Attributes. 
From  out  the  purple  grape 
Crushed  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  wine. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  47. 
2.  To  maltreat,  ill-use,  injure.— 4.  To  revile,  reproach, 
vilify,  rate,  berate,  vituperate,  rail  at. 
abuse   (a-bus'),   n.     [=  F.  abus  =  Sp.   Pg.  It. 
abuso,  <  L.  abusus,  a  using  up,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  misuse:   see   abuse,  v.]     1.  Ill  use; 
improper  treatment  or  employment ;  applica- 
tion to  a  wrong  purpose ;    improper  use   or 
application :  as,  an  abuse  of  our  natural  powers ; 
an  abuse  of  civil  rights,  or  of  religious  privi- 
leges ;  abuse  of  advantages  ;  abuse  of  words. 
Perverts  best  things 
To  worst  abuse,  or  to  their  meanest  use. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  204. 

And  thus  he  bore  without  abuse 
The  grand  old  name  of  gentleman. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  ex. 

A  daring  abuse  of  the  liberty  of  conscience. 

Irvine!,  Knickerbocker. 

2.  Ill  treatment  of  a  person  ;  injury ;  insult ; 
dishonor ;  especially,  ill  treatment  in  words ; 
contumelious  language. 

I,  dark  in  light,  exposed 
To  daily  fraud,  contempt,  abuse,  and  wrong. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  71'.. 

3.  A  corrupt  practice  or  custom  ;  an  offense  ; 
a  crime;  a  fault:  as,  the  abuses  of  govern- 
ment. 

The  poor  abuses  of  the  time  want  countenance. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

If  abuses  be  nut  remedied,  they  will  certainly  increase. 

Swift,  Adv.  ill  Eti  Ic 

4.  Violation;  defilement:  as,  self-flfit<se. —  5f. 
Deception. 

This  is  a  strange  abuse.—  Let's  see  thy  face. 

Shak,  M.  tin-  M  .  v  I. 
Is  it  some  abuse,  or  no  such  thing?     Shak.,  Hani.,  iv.  7. 

Abuse  Of  distress,  in  law,  use  of  an  animal  or  chattel 
distrained,  which  makes  the  distrainer  liable  to  prosecu- 
tion as  fin  wrongful  impropriation.— Abuse  of  process, 
in  law.  (")  Intentional  Irregularity  forthe  purpose  of  gain- 
ing an  advantage  over  one's  opponent.  (6)  More  com- 
monly, the  use  of  legal  process  (it  may  be  ill  a  manner 
formally  regular)  for  an  illegal  purpose;  a  perversion  oi  the 
forms  iii  law.  as  making  a  criminal  complaint  merely  to 
coerce  pa] t  of  a  debt,  or  wantonly  selling  very  valua- 
ble property  on  execution  in  order! Uect  a  trifling    'mm 

Syn.  1.  Misuse,  perversion,  profanation,  prostitution. 
3.  Abuse,  Invective,  maltreatment,  outrage ;  vituperation, 
contumely,  scolding.  revUing,  aspersion,  Blander,  obloquy. 

(ttx  i     "Abuse  as  compared  wild  invective   is 

re  personal  ami  coarse,  being  conveyed  in  harsh  and 

i\    Mm    and  dictated  by  angry  feeling  and  bitter 

temper.     Tnvectiv*  it  i e monlyaimedat  character 

i.r  conduct,  and  may  be  conveyed  in  writing  and  iii  re- 
filled language,  ami  dictated  by  indignation  against  what 
is  in  itself  blameworthy.    It  often,  however,  means  public 


abut 

abuse  under  such  restraints  as  are  imposed  by  position 
and  education."    ( '.  ■/.  Smith, 
abuseful  (a-bus'ful),   a.     Using  or  practising 
abuse  ;  abusive.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

The  abuseful  names  of  hercticks  and  schismaticks. 

Bp.  Barlow,  Remains,  p.  397. 

abuser  (a-bu'zer),  n.     1.  One  who  abuses,  in 
speech  or  behavior  ;  one  who  deceives. 
Next  thou,  th'  abuser  of  thy  prince's  ear. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Sophy. 
2.  A  ravish  er. 

That  vile  abuser  of  young  maidens. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shep.,  v.  1. 

abusiont  (a-bu'zhon),  it.  [<  ME.  abusion,  <  OF. 
abusion  =  Pr.  abuzio  =  Sp.  abusion  =Pg.  abusao 
=  It.  abiisione,  <  L.  abusio(n-),  misuse,  hi  rhet. 
catachresis,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusus,  misuse :  see 
abuse,  v.]  1.  Misuse;  evil  or  corrupt  usage; 
violation  of  right  or  propriety. 

Redress  the  (illusions  and  exactions. 

Act  of  Pari.  No.  xxxiii.  (23  Hen.  VIII.). 
Shame  light  on  him,  that  through  so  false  illusion, 
Doth  turne  the  name  of  Souldiers  to  abusion. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  220. 

2.  Reproachful  or  contumelious  language  ;  in- 
sult.—  3.  Deceit;  illusion. 

They  speken  of  magic  and  abusion. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale.  1.  116. 

abusive  (a-bu'siv),  a.  [=  F.  abnsif=  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  abusivo,  <  L.  abusivus,  misapplied,  improper, 
(.abuti,  pp.  abusus,  misuse :  see  abuse,  v.]  1. 
Practising  abuse;  using  harsh  words  or  ill 
treatment:  as,  an  abusive  author ;  an  abusive  fel- 
low.—  2.  Characterized  by  or  containing  abuse ; 
marked  by  contumely  or  ill  use;  harsh;  ill- 
natured  ;  injurious. 

An  abusive,  scurrilous  style  passes  for  satire,  and  a  dull 
scheme  of  party  notions  is  called  tine  writing, 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  125. 
One  from  all  Grub-street  will  my  fame  defend, 
And,  more  abusive,  calls  himself  my  friend. 

Pope,  l'rol.  to  Satires,  1.  112. 

3.  Marked  by  or  full  of  abuses;  corrupt:  as, 
an  abusive  exercise  of  power. 

A  very  extensive  and  zealous  party  was  formed  [in 
FranceJ,  which  acquired  the  appellation  of  the  Patriotic 
party,  who,  sensible  of  the  abusive  government  under 
which  they  lived,  sighed  for  occasions  of  reforming  it. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  56. 

4f.  Misleading,  or  tending  to  mislead;  employed 
by  misuse ;  improper. 

In  describing  these  battles,  I  am.  for  distinction  sake, 
necessitated  to  use  the  word  Parliament  improperly,  ac- 
cording to  the  abusive  acception  thereof  for  these  hitter 
years.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  xviii. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Insolent,  insulting,  offensive,  scurrilous, 
ribald,  reproachful,  opprobrious,  reviling. 

abusively  (a-bu'siv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  abusive 
manner;  rudely;  reproachfully. — 2f.  Improp- 
erly ;  by  misuse. 

Winds  being  carelessly  and  abusively  admitted,  and  as 
inc. instantly  retained.      Glanville,  Van.  «.f  Dogmat.,  wii. 

abusiveness  (a-bu'siv-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  abusive ;  rudeness  of  language,  or  vio- 
lence to  the  person ;  ill  usage. 

abut  (a-buf),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abutted,  ppr. 
abutting.  [<  ME.  abutten,  abouteu,  <  OF.  abou- 
ter,  abuter,  abut  (F.  abouter,  join  end  to  end),  < 
a,  to,  +  bout,  but,  end;  ef.  OF.  boter,  V.  bouter, 
thrust,  push,  butt:  see  bMt1.  The  mod.  F.  abou- 
tir,  arrive  at,  tend  to,  end  in,  depends  in  most 
of  its  senses  upon  bout,  an  end,  though  strictly 
it  represents  the  OF.  abouter,  in  the  sense  of 
'thrust  toward.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  touch  at 
the  end;  be  contiguous;  join  at  a  bonier  or 
boundary:  terminate;  rest:  with  on,  upon,  OI 
against  before  the  object:  as,  his  land  abuts 
upon  mine;  the  building  abuts  on  the  highway; 
the  bridge  «/)«/*  ai/ainst  the  solid  rock. 

Whose  high  upreared  and  abutting  fluids 
The  perilous,  narrow  ocean  pails  asunder. 

Shak.,  lien,  v.,  i.  (cho.). 

Steam  is  constantly  issuing  in  jets  from  the  bottom  of  a 

small  ravine-like   hollow,  which   has  in    exit,  and  which 

abuti  iMMiM  ■'  a  range  of  trachytic  mountains. 

Darwin,  GeoL  Observations,  i.  2. 

In  the  last  resort  all  these  questions  of  physical  specu- 
lation abut  upon  a  metaphysical  question. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  243. 

The  lustrous  splendor  of  tin  walls  ubutlina  c/'""  the 
Grand  Canal.  I).  (.'.  Mitchell,  I'm I  Together,  ii. 

2.   In  sliip-buililiiii/.  san s  liu/li,  2.     Abutting 

owner,  an  owner  of  land  which  abuts  or  Joins.  Thus, 
the  owner  of  land  bounded  by  a  highway  or  river,  or  by  a 
tract  of  land  belonging  to  another  person,  is  said  in  refer- 
i  in -i  to  tin-  latter  to  tie  an  uhutiiii'i  owner.  The  term 
usually  implies  that    the  relative    parts   actually  adjoin, 

but  is  Bometimea  loosely  used  without  implying  re 

than  close  proximity. —  Abutting  power  <in  an  active 
Bense),  the  ability  of  an  abutment  to  resist  tin-  thrust  or 
strain  of  the  arch,  gas,  lluid,  etc..  pressing  or  reacting 
against  it.  —  Abutting  Joint.    See  abutment,  2  (b)  (2). 


abut 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  terminate  against  or 
in  contiguity  with;  project,  or  cause  to  im- 
pinge upon. 

Sometimes  shortened  to  but. 


acaclo 

the   oaks ; 


But  nought  that  wanteth  rest  can  long  aby.  dwelling  among   the   oaks;   Acley   or   Ackley, 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  in.  vu.  3.  aig0  Oakley  [<AS.  Acled],  literally,  oak-lea. 

Abyla  (ab'i-lii),  n.     [NL. ;  prob.   after  Abyla  aC-.    A  prefix,  assimilated  form  of  a*-  before  e 

(Gt.  54./ft%),  a 'promontory  in  Africa  opposite  the  and  q,  as  in  accede,  acquire, 


A  genus  of  ealyeophoran 
if  the  family  Diphyida. 
Also  called  Abyles.    See 


genus.]  'A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  nat-     ',"«»/  and  Gaimard. 

ural  order  Mahaeca;  including  over  70  species     cut  under  dtphyzootd. 

iistributed  through  the  w=region,  of  the  ag,^  -  ?-  ^ 

ow,  etc.)  are  frequent     P.   (ibime)  =  Pr.   abisme  _=  bp, 


abismo,  < 
ML.  *abissimus,  a  superl.  form  of  ML.  "'»-.- 
sms,  <  L.  dbyssus,  an  abyss:  see  062/ss.  The 
spelling  061/siH  (with  //  instead  of  i)  is  sophisti- 
cated, to  bring  it  nea 

an  abyss:  as,  "the  abysm  of  hell,"  Shah.,  A. 
and  C,  iii.  11.  . 

abysmal  (a-biz'mal),  n.    [<  abysm  +  -al;  =  !->p. 
Pg.  abismal.]     1.  Pertaining  to  an  abyss ;  bot- 
tomless; profound;  fathomless;  immeasurable. 
Let  me  hear  thy  voice  through  this  deep  ami  black 
Abysmal  night.  Whitti.r,  My  Soul  ami  I. 

The  . .  .  Jews  were  struck  dumb  with  abysmal  terror. 
Mcrirale,  Hist.  Rom.,  V.  410, 


Abutment. 
A.    A,    arch-abut, 
merits;  B,  B,  current 
or  ice-abutments. 


Specifically  — 2.  Pertaining  to  great  depths  in 
the  ocean:  thus,  species  of  plants  found  only     _ 

at  oreat  depths  are  called  abysmal  species,  and     bipinnate,  or  in  very  many  of  the  Australian  species  are 

,  °     ,         f ,    , -\   „„„\  reduced  to  phyllodia,  with  their  edges  always  vertical. 

also  abyssal  (which  see).  ™J  "    s,  ,'k,s  are  valuable    fur  the  gum  which  they 

(6)  In  car,).:  (1)  The  shoulder  of  a  joiner  s  plane  abvsmally  (a-biz'nial-i),  adv.     Unfathomably.      beNe,al  speuts 

u  which  and  the  plaiu-l.it  the  wedge  is  driven.    },.    M »»°™  "».  ^  "       " 

alit     (2)  Two  pieces  of  wood  placed  together  with     ijCOige  -&»<«• 


globe.     They  are  often  very 
species  (A.  striatum,  venostan,  am, 

in  gardens  and  greenhouses.     Some  Indian  species  fur- 
nish Hl.er  for  ropes,  and  in  Brazil  the  flowers  of  A.  escu- 

ientum  are  used  as  a  vegetable, 
abutment (a-but'ment),  h.    [<abut  +  -mcnt.\  1. 

The  state  or  condition  of  abutting.—  2.  That 
which  abuts  or  borders  on  some- 
thing else;  the  part  abutting  or 
■  abutted  upon  or  against.  Spe- 
citicallv  —  (a)  Any  body  or  surface  de- 
signed to  resist  the  thrust  or  reaction 
of  any  material  structure,  vapor,  gas, 
or  liquid  that  may  press  upon  it;  par- 
ticularly, in  arch.,  the  portion  of  a  pier 
or  other  structure  that  receives  the 
tlirustof  anarch  orvault;  astationary 
wedge,  block,  orsurface  against  which 
water,  gas,  or  steam  may  react,  as  in  a 
rotary  pump  or  engine ;  the  lower  part 
of  a  dock  or  bridge-pier  designed  to 

resist  ice  or  currents  in  a  Btream.etc.    See  bridge  and 

impost 

between 

&»  ^ra^-raSKSrSE  abyss  ^b'is'),  re.    [<L.  abyssus ML.  abissusO 

meeting  forms  an  abutting  joint.  pff.  It.  abisso),  a  bottomless  gulf,  <  (jr.  arSvoooc, 

Sometimes  shortened  to  butment. 
abutment -crane   (a-but'ment-kran),  n.    [< 
abutment  +  crane,  2.J     A  hoisting-crane  or  der- 
rick   used    in 
building  piers, 
towers,   chim- 
neys, etc.     It 
stands  al  the  edge 
of  a  plat  form  rest- 
ing on  the  top  of 
the     work,     and 
may  be  gradually 
raised  as  the  work 
proceeds. 

abuttal  (a- 
but'al),  n. 
That  part  of  a 
piece  of  land 
which  abuts 
on  or  is  con- 
tiguous to  an- 
other; a  boundary; 
mostly  in  the  plural. 

abutter  (a-but'er),    n 


etc. ;  also  an  ac- 
commodated form  of  other  prefixes,  as  in  ac- 
curse,  accloy,  accumber,  etc.  See  these  words. 
-ac.  [=F-  -ague,  <L.  -ac-us,  Gr.  -anoc :  Bee  -/'<•.] 
An  adjective-suffix  of  Greet  or  Latin  origin,  as 
in  cardiac,  maniac,  iliac,  etc.  It  is  always  pre- 
ceded by -J-  and,  like  -ic,  may  take  the  addi- 
tional suffix  -al. 

A.  C.    An  abbreviation  of  (1)  Latin  ante  Chris- 
tum, before  Christ,  used  in  chronology  in  the 
same  sense  as  B.  0. ;  (2)  army-corps. 
it  nearer  the  Greek.]    A  gulf  ;  acacia  (a-ka'shiii),  n.     I  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  D.  acacia 


=  G.  acaeie,  <T-i.  acacia,  <Gf.  omnia,  a  thorny 
Egyptian  tree,  the  acacia,  appar.  reduplicated 
from  V  an,  seen  in  aide,  a  point,  thom,  aid;,  a 
point,  L.  acutus,  sharp,  acus,  needle,  etc.:  see 
acute.']  1.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  shrubby  or  arbore- 
ous plants,  natural  order  Leguminosw,  suborder 
Mimosece,  natives  of  the  warm  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  especiallyof  Australia  and  Africa. 
It  numbers  about  430  species,  and  is  the  largest  genus  of 
the  order,  excepting  Astragalus.  It  is  distinguished  by 
small  regular  flowers  in  globose  heads  or  cylindrical 
spikes  and  very  numerous  free  stamens.    The  leaves  are 


Abutment-crane. 


a  line  of  contact:    used 


Pg.  It.  abisso),  a  botton 

without  bottom,  <  u-priv.  +  pvoodc,  depth,  akin 
to  j3v66c  and  p&doc,  depth,  <  (Sadie,  deep:  see 
bathos.]  1.  A  bottomless  gulf;  any  deep,  im- 
measurable space ;  anything  profound  and  un- 
fathomable, whether  literally  or  figuratively; 
specifically,  hell ;  the  bottomless  pit. 

Some  laboured  to  fathom  the  abysses  of  metaphysical 
theology.  Macanlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  in. 

2.  In  her.,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon;  the 
fesse-point. 
abyss  (a-bis'),  ».  *•    [<  <%««>  »0    To  engulf. 

The  drooping  sea-weed  hears,  in  night  abyssed, 
Far  and  more  far  the  wave's  receding  shocks. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

abyssal  (a-bis'al),  a.  1.  Relating  to  or  like  an 
abyss;  abysmal.— 2.  Inhabiting  or  belonging 
to  the  depths  of  the  ocean:  as,  an  abyssal  rnol- 
lusk. 

Both  classes  of  animals,  the  pelagic  and  the  abyssal, .  .  . 
possess  the  feature  of  phosphorescence. 

The  American,  V.  285. 


One    whose    property 

abuts:  as,  the  abutters  on  the  street. 
abutua  (a-bu'tu-a),  n.     The  native  Brazilian 

name  of  the  root  of  a  tall  woody  menisper- 

maceous  climber,  Chondrodendron  tomentosum,    AWssinet  a.  and 

known   in    commerce   under   the  Portuguese 

name  oipareira  brava  (which  see).   Also  called 

butua. 
abuyt  (a-bi'),  v.  t.    [A  more  consistent  spelling 

of  aby%,  which  is  composed  of  a-1  and  buy.] 

To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

When  a  holy  man  abuys  so  dearly  such  a  slight  frailty, 
of  a  credulous  mistaking,  what  shall  become  of  our  hei- 
nous and  presumptuous  sins? 

Bp.  Hall,  Seduced  Prophet  (Ord.  MS.). 

abuzz,  abuz  (a-bnz'),  prep^phr.  as  adr.ova. 


Abyssal  zone,  in  phys.  geog.,  the  lowest  of  eight  biolog- 
ical zones  into  which  Professur  E.  Forbes  divided  the 
bottom  of  the  iEgean  sea  when  describing  its  plants  and 
animals ;  the  zone  furthest  from  the  shore,  and  more  than 
106  fathoms  deep. 

[Also  Abissinc,  Abassine; 


Acacia  Arabica. 


as"a  noun',  usually  in  pi.  Abyssines,  etc.,  =  F 
ii„K,ii,,  _  Si.     lliisiiiinx  =  Pg.  Al"  j  111s;  <  ML.  ... 

'         .,  -   -,?}, ,    , r  Abvssimans    (>    ibissinia,  exude.    The  bark  and  pods  are  frequently  used  in    an 

Jlussim,    Abassi>il,m   ADVssmians    1/     „,,',''  ning,  and  the  aqueous  extract  of  the  w 1  of  some  Indian 

Abassvua,  Abyssinia),  (.Abassia,  <,Ai.  Maoaslia,  spe^ies  forms  the  catechu  of  commerce.    Many  species 

Abyssinia,  Habash,  an  Abyssinian,  said  to  have  furnish  excellent  timber,  and  many  others  are  cull 

reference  to  the  mixed  composition  of  the  peo-  for  ornament— A.  * 


Farnesiana  both  for  ornament  and  for 
the  perfume  of  its  flowers. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  A  cacia—  3.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  several  plants  of  other  genera. 
The  aiven-biirketl  aeacia  of  Arizona  is  ParHnsonia  Tor- 


[<  <<3,  prep.,  on','+  bu:~,  ».]    Buzzing;  filled  with 

buzzing  sounds. 

The  coiu-t  was  all  astir  and  abuzz. 

Dickens,  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ix. 

abvacuationt  (ab-vak-fi-a'shon),  ».  [<L.  ah, 
from,  +  vaeuatio(>i-):  see  aberacuation.]  Same 
as  aberneuiiliiiii. 

abvolation  (ab-vo-la'shon),  n.  [Bee  avolaUonJ] 
The  act  of  flying  from  or  away.  [Rare.] 
abyH  (a-bi'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abought  or 
abied,  ppr.  abying.  [<  ME.  abyeu,  allien,  abyg- 
gen,  abuggen,  etc.  (pret.  aboughte),  <AS.  abyc- 
gan,  pay  for,  buy  off,  <  a-  +  byegan,  buy:  see 
a-1  and  buy.]  To  give  or  pay  an  equivalent 
for ;  pay  the  penalty  of  ;  atone  for  ;  suffer  for. 
Also  spelled  abyc  and  abuy. 

Ye  shul  it  deere  abeye.      Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  100. 
Whoso  hardie  hand  on  her  doth  lay, 
It  dearely  shall  ubn,  and  death  for  handsell  pay. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  15. 

My  lord  has  most  justly  sent  me  to  abye  the  conse- 
quences of  a  fault,  of  which  he  is  as  innocent  as  a  sleeping 
man's  dreams  can  be  of  a  waking  man's  actions. 

Scott,  Kenilworth, 


pie,  <  habash,  mixture.  The  natives  call  them- 
selves Itiopyavan,  their  country  Itiopia,  i.  e., 
Ethiopia.]  Same  as  Abyssinian. 
Abyssinian  (ab-i-sin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Abys- 
sine  (Abyssinia)  +  -('«».]  I.  a.  Belonging  to 
Abyssinia,  a  country  of  eastern  Africa,  lying 
to  the  south  of  Nubia,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Abys- 
sinia'. Specifically  —  2.  Amember  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Church.  This  church  was  organized  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century  by  Frumentius,  a  missionary 
from  Alexandria.     In  doctrine  it  is  Monophyslte  (which 

seel     It  observes  the  Jewish  Sabbath  together  with  the     

Christian  Sunday,  forbids  eating  the  flesh  of  unclean  perors  of  the  Lower  Empire  as  represented  on 
beasts,  retains  as  an  object  of  worship  the  model  of  a  sa-  me(jais_  It  is  suppose(i  to  have  been  unfurled  by  them 
cred  ark  called  the  ark  of  Zion,  prac  ises  a  form o    cir-  ^  &  ^  f(i.  ^  s  t(>  begin 

cumcision,  and  celebrates  a^arby  feast ^^aUon^at  Acacian  (^kiVshian),    n.     [The    proper  name 
rat  not  images ;  crosses,  but  not     Acacius,  Gr.  'Akokioc,  is  equiv.  to  In  nocen  t,  <.  tar. 
manoc, innocent,  guileless:  see  acaey.~)   In eccles, 


The  green-barked  acacia  - 

ret/ana     False  and  bastard  acacia  are  names  sometimes 

applied  to  the  locust-tree,  Itobinia  Pseudacacia.    The  rose 

or  bristly  acacia  is  Robinia  hispida.     The  oe  three- 

thorned  acacia  is  sometimes  given  to  the  honey-locust,  tile- 
ditschia  triacantha. 

4.  Li  »!«(.,  the  inspissated  juice  of  several 
species  of  Acacia,  popularly  known  as  gum  ara- 
ble (which  see,  under  gum?).—  5.  A  name  given 
by  antiquaries  to  an  object  resembling  a  roll 
of  cloth,  seen  in  the  hands  of  consuls  and  em- 


which  all  the  people  are 

honor  saints  and  pictures,  but  _. 

crucifixes.    Pontius  Pilate  is  accounted  by  them  a  saint 


[G.,  < 


because  he  washed  his  hands  of  innocent  blood,     ine     .  .  membcr  of  a  sect  or  school  ot  moderate 

*#  ^t^^or  h'eaa'of 71  Ao  ^sni'ian^nurS;    Arians  of  the  fourth  century,  named  Acacians 

from  their  leader,  Acacius,  bishop  of  Csesarea. 

Some  of  the  Acacians  maintained  that  the  Son.  though 
similar  to  the  Father,  was  not  the  same  ;  others,  that  he 
was  both  distinct  and  dissimilar.    As  a  body  they  finally 
accepted  the  Nicene  doctrine.  _ 
m'the  surface  of  lead  in  the  acacia-tree  (a-ka'shiii-tre),  re.     A  name  some- 

cupTl.     Nearly  equivalent  to  abstrich   (which     times  applied  to  the  false  acacia  or  locust-tree, 

see). 


dination.    - 

is  appointed  by  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

abzug  (ab'zog;   G.  pron.  ap'tsoeh),  n. 
abziehen,  draw  off,  <  ab-,  =  E.  off,  +  Ziehen,  re 
lated  to  E.  tug  and  foil'1.]    In  metal.,  the  first 


Robinia  Pseudacacia. 
•th,  I.  xv.  a'ct  n'   [EarlyME.rtc,<AS.ac,oak:seeo«t.]  The  acacin,  acacine  (ak'a-sin).  n 
aby^t  (a-bi'),  v.  i-     [A  corrupt  form  of  abidd,     early  form  of  oak,  preserved  (through  the  short-    -*miB  ]    Gmn  arable.     Watts 
though  influence  of  ab,,l.   Cf.  abide*,  suffer  for.     ening  of  the  vowel  before  two  consonants)  rr 
a  corrupt  form  of  aby\  through  influence  of    certain  place-names  (whence  surnames) :  as, 
abide\  continue.]     To  hold  out ;  endure.  Acton  [<  AS.  Acturi],    literally,   oak-town,   or 


[<  acacia  +  -in*, 

eninVof  the  vowel  before  two  consonants)  in  acacio  (a-ka'shio),   «.     [A  form  oi  acajou,  ap- 

■  •  —      par.  a  simulation  of  acacia,  with  which  it  has 
no  connection.]     Same  as  acajou,  3. 


acacy 

acacyt  (ak'a-ei),  ».  [<  L.  as  if  'acacia,  <  Or. 
axon  ~iii'ss,<u. .-.    .  innocent,  <  a-priv. 

+  KriHur,  bad.]    Freedom  from  malice.   Bailey. 

Academe  (ak'a-dem),  re.  [<L.  academia:  see 
/>  '«v.]  1.  The  grove  and  gymnasium  near 
Athens  where  Plato  taught :  the  Academy;  fig- 
uratively, any  place  of  similar  character. 

The  softer  Adams  of  your  Acadi 

Tennyson,  Pru 

Henei — 2.  [/.  <'.]  An  academy;  a  place  forphil- 
osophic  and  literary  intercourse  cir  instruction. 
Nor  hath  fair  Europe  her  vasl  bounds  throughout 

tdt  me  of  note  I  found  not  out.  Howt  U. 

academial  (ak-a-de'mi-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  an 
academy;  academical.     Johnson,     [Bare.] 
academiant  (ak-a-de'mi-an),  ».  Amember  of  an 
demy;  a  student  in  a  university  or  college. 

That  new-discarded  oca  It  i n. 

Marston,  Scourge  "f  Vill.,  ii.  6. 

academic  lak-a-dcm'ik),  a.  and  re.  [=P.  aca- 
detnique  =  Sp.  Pg.  acaaemico  =  lt.  accademico, 
<  L.  academicus,  <  <  rr.  '.UwV;i/.'/icuV,  pertaining  to 
the  'Anadijiieia:  see  academy.']  I.  </.  1.  [cop.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Academy  of  Alliens,  or  to 
Plato  and  his  followers,  from  Ms  having  taught 
there:  as,  the  Academic  groves;  the  Academic 
school  or  philosophy. —  2.  Pertaining  to  an  ad- 
vanced institution  of  learning,  as  a  college,  a 
university,  or  an  academy;  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  higher  education:  in  this  and  the 
following  senses  often,  and  in  the  third  gener- 
ally, written  acadi  mical :  as,  academic  studies; 
an  acadt  miral  degree. 

These  products  of  dreaming  indolence  ...  no  more 
constituted  a  literature  than  a  succession  of  academic 
Btudies  from  the  pupils  of  a  royal  institution  can  consti- 
tute a  Bchool  of  fine  arts.  /'-  Quincey,  style,  iii. 

3.  Pertaining  to  that  department  of  a  college 
or  university  which  is  concerned  with  classi- 
cal, mathematical,  and  general  literary  studies, 
as  distinguished  from  the  professional  and  sci- 
entific departments;  designed  for  general  as 
opposed  to  special  instruction.  [U.  S.] — 4.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  academy  or  association  of 
adepts ;  marked  by  or  belonging  to  the  char- 
acter or  methods  of  such  an  academy:  hence, 
conforming  to  set  rides  and  traditions;  specu- 
lative; formal;  conventional:  as,  academical 
proceedings;  an  acadi  mical  controversy;  anac- 
aih  mie  figure  (in  art). 

The  tone  "f  Lord  Chesterfield  lias  always  been  the  tone 

of  our  nlil  aristocracy;  a  lone  of  cleeance  and  propriety, 

above  all  things  free  from  the  stiffness  of  pedantry  or  aca- 

irigor.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

For  tie-  question  is  no  longer  the  academic  one :  "  Is  it 
wise  t"  give  every  man  the  ballot?"  but  rather  the  prac- 
tical one  :  "  Is  it  prudent  to  deprive  whole  classes  of  it 
any  lei.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Figure  of  academic  proportions,  in  painting,  a  flgun 

of  a  little  less  than  half  the  natural  size,  Such  as  it  is  the 

custom  for  pupils  to  draw  from  the  antique  and  from  life  ; 
a  figure  in  an  attitude  resembling  those  chosen  by 
instructors  in  studies  from  life,  for  the  purpose  of  display- 
in-  muscular  action,  form,  and  color  to  the  best  advan- 
tage ;  hence,  an  acadt  mie  figure,  composition,  etc.,  is  one 
which  a  pi"  ars  conventional  or  unspontaneous,  and  smacks 
of  practice-work  or  adherence  to  formulas  and  traditions. 

II.".  1.  [cap."]  One  who  prof essed  to  adhere 
to  the  philosophy  of  Plato. —  2.  A  student  in  a 
college  <>r  uni\  ersity:  as,  "a  young  academic," 

Walls,  Imp.  of  Mind. 

academical  (ak-a-dem'i-kaT),  a.  and  re.    I.  a. 

Same  &s  academic,  bnl  very  rare  iii  sense  1. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  academy. —  2.  pi. 
In  i  ileal  Britain,  the  cap  and  gown  worn  by 
the  officers  ami  si  mlents  of  a  school  or  college. 

At  first  he  caught  HI'  bis  cap  and  gown,  as  though  he 
were  going  "nt  .  On  Becond  thoughts,  however,  he 
ihr,  v.  !  ick  on  to  the  sofa. 

'/'.  //'    |       i  m   Brown  at  Elugby,  xix. 

academically  (ak-a-dem'i-kal-i),  title.  In  an 
acadi  mica]  manner ;  as  mi  academic, 

academician  (a/-kad-e-inish'an),  ».  [<  V.  acadi- 
micien,  /W..  acadt niiciaiuis,  <L.  academicus: 
see  aeatlrmic."]  A  member  of  an  acadi  my  or  a 
society  for  promoting  arts  and  sciences.    Par- 

ticulari'v     mi  \  in.  mi i  the  British  Royal  Academy  of 

M'.uly  called  Royal  Academician,  and  abbrevi- 
ated /.'    i    (6)  A  tnembi  r  of  thi    French   Lcs ,  \ 

full  member  of  the  National  Academ]  of  Design  of  New 
.  i  i  i  ii.    National  Acadi  ncrj 
i  academy.  '■'. 

academicism  (ak-a-dem'i-eizm),  »•  Tin' mode 
"i  teaching  or  of  procedure  in  an  academy;  an 
academical  tnanni  ri  m.  as  of  painting. 

Academics  (ak-a-dem'ike  i,  «.  [PL  of  academic.'] 
1  '"   Platonic  philosophy;  Platonism. 

Academism 'a  kad'e-mizm),  «.  The  doctrines 
of  the  Academic  philosophi  rsj  Platonism. 

academist  (a-kad'e-mist),  re.  [<  academy  +  -ist; 
=  F.  acadSmiste,  academist,  =  It.  accadi  mista  = 
Pg.  •  [,  a  pupil  in  a  riding-school.]     1. 


28 

[cap.]  An  Academic  philosopher. —  2.  A  mem- 
ber of  01'  a  student  in  an  academy. 

academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  n. :  pi.  academies  (-miz). 
[<F.  acadt  nitc  ="Sp.  Pg.  ttcatlcmia  =  It.  acca- 
th  una,  <  Ij.  ttcatlcmia,  sometimes  ttcatlcmia,  <  Gr. 
'AKadtj/ieia,  less  properly  'Axadii/iia,  a  plot  of 
ground    in   the    suburbs  of   Athens,  <  'Aniith//iur, 

L.  Acad, Huts,  a  reputed  hero  (0edc).]  1.  [cn/i.] 
( Iriginally,  a  public  pleasure-ground  of  Athens, 
isecrated  to  Athene  and  other  deities,  con- 
taining a  grove  and  gymnasium,  where  Plato 
and  his  followers  held  their  philosophical  con- 
ferences; hence,  Plato  and  his  followers  col- 
lectively; the  members  of  the  school  of  Plato. 
The  Acadt  my,  which  lasted  from  Plato  tot  icero,  consisted 
of  several  distinct  schools.  Their  number  Is  variously 
given,  Cicero  recognized  only  two,  thee/,/  and  the  new 
Academies,  and  this  .division  has  been  generally  adopted; 
others,  however,  distinguish  as  many  as  Ave  Academies. 

Had  the  poor  vulgar  rent  only  been  abused  into  such 
idolatrous  superstitions,  as  to  adore  a  marble  or  a  golden 
deity,  it  might  not  so  much  be  wondered  at ;  but  for  the 
Academy  to  own  such  a  paradox, —  tins  was  without  ex- 
cuse. South,  Sermons,  II,  245. 

2.  A  superior  school  or  institution  of  learning. 
Specifically — (a)  A  school  for  instruction  in  a  particular 
art  or  science:  as,  a  military  or  naval  academy,  (h)  In 
the  United  states,  a  school  or  seminary  holding  a  rank 
between  a  university  or  college  and  an  elementary  school. 

3.  An  association  of  adepts  for  the  promotion 
of  literature,  science,  or  art,  established  some- 
times by  government,  and  sometimes  by  the 
voluntary  union  of  private  individuals.  The  mem- 
bers (academicians),  who  are  usually  divided  into  ordinary, 
honorary,  and  corresponding  members,  either  select  their 
own  departments  or  billow  those  prescribed  by  the  consti- 
tution of  the  society,  and  at  regular  meetings  communicate 
the  results  of  their  labors  in  papers,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant are  afterward  printed.  Among  the  most  noted  in- 
stitutions of  this  name  are  the  five  academies  composing 
the  National  Institute  of  France  (the  French  Academy,  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres,  the  Academy 
of  the  Fine  Arts,  the  Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Sci- 
ences, and  the  Academy  of  Sciences),  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts  in  London,  the  Academy  of  Seiencesof  Berlin,  the  Im- 
perial Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  Washington,  etc.  The  chief  object 
of  the  French  Academy,  as  also  of  the  celebrated  Italian 

Academy  della  Crusca  ami  of  the  Spanish  Academy,  is  to 
regulate  and  purify  the  vernacular  tongue.  —  Academy 
board,  a  paper  board,  the  surface  of  which  is  prepared 
for  drawing  or  painting.  — Academy  figure,  academy 
study,  an  academic  study;  a  drawing  or  painting  of 
the  human  figure,  especially  of  the  nude,  made  for  prac- 
tice only.  See  li>nir>  el'  acadi1  in  it1  pfojiuetiuus,  under  aca- 
demic. 

acadialite  (a-ka'di-al-it),  ».  [<  Acadia  (sec  Aca- 
dian) +  -lite  for  -lith,  <  Gr.  '/Mac,  stone.]  In  min- 
eral., a  variety  of  ohabazite  (which  see),  usually 
of  a  reddish  color,  found  in  Nova  Seotia. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  re.  [<  Acadia,  Lat- 
inized form  of  A'cadie,  the  P.  name  of  Nova 
Scotia.]   I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Acadia 

or  Nova  Scotia — Acadian  fauna,  in  zobgeog.,  the  as- 
semblage of  animals  or  tlie  sum  of  the  animal  life  of  the 
coast- waters  of  North  America  from  Labrador  to  Cape  Cod. 
II.  h.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia  ;  specifically,  one  of  the  original 
French  settlers  of  Acadia,  or  of  the  descendants 
of  those  who  were  expelled  in  a  body  by  the 
English  in  1755,  many  of  whom  formed  com- 
munities in  Louisiana,  then  a  French  colony, 
and  have  retained  the  name. 

acajou1  (ak'a-zho),  n.  [<  P.  acajou,  It.  acta/in, 
Pg.  acaju,  Sp.  acayoiba,  also  caoba,  caobana,  ma- 
hogany; prob.  S.  Amer.]  A  kind  of  mahogany, 
the  wood  of  Cedrela  fissilis :  also  applied  to  the 
true  mahogany  and  other  similar  woods.  See 
mahogany, 

acajou-  (ak'a-zho),  re.  [Cf.  F.  noix  d'aeajmi. 
the  cashew-nut,  acajou  a  ptimmes,  the  easliew- 

tree;  confused  with  acajou1,  but  a  different 

word,  E.  prop,  casheic:  see  caslnie^.]  1.  The 
fruit  of  tin-  tree  Aiiacanlinm  occidentals.  See 
cashcir-iiiil,  easlieir-lree.  —  2.  A  gum  or  resin  ex- 
tracted from  tho  bark  of  Anacardium  occiden- 

tale. 

acaleph  (ak'a-lef),  ».    <  toe  of  the  Acalepha  or 

sea-nettles.     Also  spelled  acalephe. 


Acalephs. 
i,  RhiMostoma  euvitri.  j,  Mtehtsa peUucnu. 

Acalepha  (ak-a-le'fa),  ".  pi.    |XL.  aeut.pl. of 

'aealt pints,  adj.,  <<lr.  uKa>i/<!n/,  a  nettle,  a  sea- 
nettlo.  ('{'.Acalepha .]  InCuvier's  system  of 
classification,  the   third   class   of   Jtadiata,   a 


acanthaceous 

heterogeneous  group  now  broken  up  or  retained 

in  a  much  modified  and  restricted  sense.     See 

Aetlleplnc.      The    leading  genera  of  I'llvieriall   aealcphs 

were  Medusa,  Cyanea,  Rhizostoma,  Astoma,  Pierce,  and 
Cesium,  composing  the  Acalepha  simplicia,  with  Physalia, 
Physopnora,  ami  Diphyes,  constituting  the  Acalepha  lat- 
drostatica. 

Acalephae  (ak-a-le'fe),  >i.  jil.  [NL.  (sing,  aca- 
lc]ilia\H.ir.  om//,",,  a  nettle,  also  a  mollusk 
{I'rtica  am n mi)  which  stings  like  a  nettle.] 
A  name  given  to  a  large  number  of  marine 
animals  included  in  the  subkingdom  Caiente- 
rala,  and  represented  chiefly  by  the  Metlitsuhc 
and  their  allies,  in  popular  language  known  as 
sea-nettles,  sea-blubbers,  jelly-fish,  etc.    other 

forms  once  included  under  it  are  the  Discophora  and  l.nccc- 
narida  (both  in  class  Hydrozoa),  and  the  Ctenophora (in 
class  Actinozoa).  The  most  typical  of  the  Acatephas,  the 
Mcdnsidce,  are  gelatinous,  free-swimming  animals,  consist- 
iiiLi  uf  an  umbrella-shaped  disk  containing  canals  which  ra- 
diate from  the  center,  whence  hangs  the  digestive  cavity. 
All  have  thread-cells  or  urticating  organs  (see  nematophore) 
which  discharge  minute  barbed  structures,  irritating  the 
skin  like  the  sting  of  a  nettle ;  hence  the  name  of  the  group. 
acalephan  (ak-a-le'fau),  «.  and  ».  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Acalep-lta: 
II.  ii.   An  acaleph. 

acalephe  (ak'a-lef),  «.    See  acaleph. 

acalephoid  (ak-a-le'foid),  a.  [<  Gr.  anafo'/tprj,  a 
sea-nettle,  +  ei'rfoc,  form.]  Like  an  acaleph  or 
a  medusa.    [Less  common  than  medusoid.] 

acalycal  (a-kal'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ra?.tif, 
calyx,  + -al.]  In  hot.,  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle without  adhesion  to  the  calyx :  said  of 
stamens. 

acalycine  (a-kal'i-sin),  a.  [<  Gr.  ii-priv.+  ko/IdJ, 
L.  calyx,  a  cup,  +  -ine l :  see  calyx.]  In  bot., 
without  a  calyx. 

acalycinous  (ak-a-lis'i-nus),  a.  Same  as  acaly- 
cine. 

acalyculate  (ak-a-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<Gr.  a- priv. 
+  NL.  calyculus  +  -atc^.]  In  bot.,  having  no 
calyculus  or  accessory  calyx.     A'.  Ii.  1>. 

Acalyptratae  (aka-lip-tra'tc).  ».  /<'.  [NL., 
<Gr.  a-  priv.  +  NL.  Calyptratee,  q.  v.]  A  sec- 
tion of  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  family 
Mitscida;  which,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Anthomyidce,  are  characterized  by  the  absence 
or  rudimentary  condition  of  the  tegute  or 
membranous  scales  above  the  halteres  or  pois- 
ing-wings,  whence  the  name  :  contrasted  with 
(  ithtplrahe. 

acampsia  (a-kamp'si-S),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ana/npia, 
inflexibility,  <  limui™. ,  unbent,  rigid,  <  «-  priv. 
+  KapnTdt;  bent.]  Inflexibility  of  a  joint.  See 
ankylosis. 

acampsy  (a-kamp'si),  >i.     Same  as  acampsia. 

acanaceous  (ak-a-na'shius),  a.     [<  L.  aean-os, 

<  Gr.  o/cav-or,  a  prickly  shrub  (<  u/a),  a  point; 
cf.  uk'ic,  a  point,  prickle),  +  -act-tuts.]  In  bot., 
armed  with  prickles :  said  of  some  rigid  prickly 
plants,  as  the  pineapple. 

a  candelliere  (ii  kah-del-li-a're).  [It.:  a.  to, 
with;  candelliere =~E.  chandelier.]  In  the  style 
of  a  candlestick :  said  of  arabesques  of  sym- 
metrical  form,  having  an  upright  central  Btem 
or  shaft. 

Acanonia  (ak-a-no'ni-ii),  re.  [NL.;  a  fuller  form 
Acanalonia  occurs ;  formation  uncertain.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Acanoniitla. 

Acanoniida  (ak "a-no-ni'i-da),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Acaiiania  +  -/(/</.]  In  eiilnm.,  one  of  the  thir- 
teen subfamilies  into  which  the  family  Fulgori- 
dm  (whiidi  see)  has  been  divided.  [The  regular 
form  of  the  word  as  a  subfamily-name  would 
be  Acanoniincc] 

acantha  (a-kan'thS.),  ».;  pi.  acanthce  (-the). 
[NL.,  <  (Jr.  axavda,  a  prickle,  thorn,  spine,  a 
prickly  plant,  a  thorny  tree,  the  spine  (of  fish, 
serpents,  men),  one  of  the  spinous  processes 
of  the  vertebra',  <  urn'/,  a  point.  Cf.  Acanllins.] 
X.  In  bat.,  a  prickle. —  2.  In  cool.,  a  spine  or 
prickly  fin.  —  3.  In  anal.:  (a)  One  of  the  spinous 
processes  of  the  vertebra).  (I>)  Tho  vertebral 
column  as  a  whole. —  4.  [cap.]  In  cntom.,  a 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

acanthabole,    acanthabolus    (a-kan'tha-bol, 

ak-an-thab'o-lus),  re.;  pi.  ttcaiitltaholt  s,  aeaiitltn- 
Inili  (-Viol/.,  -Ii).      Same  as  acaitthtilialiis. 

Acanthacese    (ak-an-tha'se-e),   «.    pi.     [NL., 

<  Acanthus  +  -ncttc.]  A  large  natural  order 
of  gninnpclalous  plants,  allied  to  the  Scniplia- 

lariaettc.     They  are  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  oppo. 

slt<   leaves,  Irregular  flowers,  and  two  or  four  stamens,  and 

arc  of  little  economic  value.  Several  genera  (Justiciar 
dphelandra,    Tlianln  niia,   etc.)  arc   very  ornamental  and 

are  frequent  in  cultivation. 

acanthaceous  (ak-an-th&'shius),  a.    [<  NL.  ac- 

aiilliiicins  :  see  ttcantlia  and  -oceans.]  1.  Armed 
with  prickles,  as  a  plant. — 2.  Belonging  to  tho 
order  Aeanlliaeetc ;  of  the  type  of  the  acanthus. 


acantha; 

acantha?,  n.     Plural  of  acantha. 

Acantharia  (ak-an-tha'ri-a),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
amvOu,  a  tliorn,  spine.]  An  order  of  radiola- 
rians.   See  liadiolaria. 

acantharian  (ak-an-tha'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acantharia. 
II.  h.  One  of  the  Acantharia. 

Acanthia  (a-kan'tki-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavda,  a 
spine,  thorn.]  A  genus  of  heteropterous  he- 
mipterous  insects.  I'abricius.  The  name  is  used  by 
some  as  synonymous  with  Salda,  by  others  with  Cinwx. 

Acanthias  (a-kan'thi-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mav- 
diac,  a  kind  of  shark,  prob.  Squalus  acanthias, 
<  aKavda,  a  thorn,  prickle.]  A  genus  of  sharks, 
containing  such  as  the  dogfish,  A.  vulgaris,  type 
of  the  family  Acanthiidce. 

acanthichthyosis  (ak-an-thik-thi-6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <Gr.  anavda,  thorn,  spine,  +  'ijfivc,  a  fish, 
+  -osis.]  In  pathol.,  spinous  fish-skin  disease. 
See  ichthyosis. 

Acanthiidae1  (ak-au-thi'i-de),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthia  +  -ida1.]  h\  entom.,  a  family  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Acanthia.     Also  written  Acanthid.cz. 

Acanthiidce'2  (ak-an-thl'i-de),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthias  +  -ida:]  In  ichth.,  a  family  of  sela- 
chians, taking  name  from  the  genus  Acanthias. 
Also  written  Acanthidce,  Acantkiadce. 

acanthine  (a-kan'thin),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  acan- 
thi n  as,  (  Gr.  aKavdwoq,  thorny,  made  of  acan- 
tha-wood,  <  amvdoc,  brankursine,  <  aKavda,  a 
thorn:  see  acantha,  Acanthus.']  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  plants  of  the  genus 
Acanthus. — 2.  In  arch.,  ornamented  with  acan- 
thus-leaves. 

II.  ».  In  arch.,  a  fillet  or  other  molding  orna- 
mented with  the  acanthus-leaf.  Buchanan, 
Diet.  Sci.     See  out  under  Acanthus. 

Acanthis  (a-kan'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavdic, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  <  aKavda,  a  thorn,  a 
thistle.]  1.  A  genus  of  fringilline  birds,  con- 
taining the  linnets  or  siskins,  the  goldfinches, 
and  also  the  redpolls.  Bechstein,  1803.  [Now 
little  used.] — 2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
Serres,  181G. 

Acanthisittidae  (a-kan-thi-sit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
(Acaiithisittn,  the  typical  genus  (<Gr.  aKavdic, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  +  cirrtj,  the  nut- 
hatch, Sitta  curopa-a),  +  -ida-.]  Same  as  Xeni- 
ciilic. 

acanthite  (a-kan'thlt),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn, 
+  -ite2.]  A  mineral,  a  sulphid  of  silver  hav- 
ing the  same  composition  as  argentite,  but  dif- 
fering in  crystalline  form :  found  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony. 

acantho-.  The  combining  form  of  Greek  anavBa, 
thorn,  meaning  ''thorn"  or  "thorny." 

acanthobolus  (ak-an-thob'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  acan- 
tlioboli  (-11).  [NL.,  less  correctly  acanthobolus, 
coutr.  acautha/us :  also  in  E.  and  F.  form  acan- 
thobole,  less  correctly  acanthabolc ;  <  Gr.  anavBo- 
jSriAof,  a  surgical  instrument  for  extracting 
bones,  also  lit.,  as  adj.,  shooting  thorns,  prick- 
ing, <  aKavda,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  jia'/'teiv,  throw.] 
An  instrument  used  for  extracting  splinters 
from  a  wound.     Formerly  called  vulsella. 

Acanthobranchiata(a-kan"th6-brang-ki-a'ta), 
n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  +  ppdyx'a, 
L.  bronchia;  gills,  +  -ata.]  A  suborder  of  nu- 
dibranchiate  gas- 
tropods with  spi- 
cules in  the  bases 
of  the  branchial 
tentacles.  It  in- 
cludes the  fami- 
lies Dorididie 
and  I'olyceridce 
(which  see).  M. 
Sars. 

acanthocarpous  /c 
(a-kan-tho-kiir'- 
pus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aKavda,  a  thorn,  + 
napirdg,  fruit.]  In 
hot.,  having  the 
fruit  covered 
with  spines. 

ACantnOCephala  Echinorhynchus  of  the  Flounder,  tllustrat- 

(a-kan-thd-sef '-  ins  Acanthocephala. 

„   ly\    ,,.     ,,/     r"MT  "''■   diagrammatic  representation  of  the 

4r\A),  II. pi.    \_S*L1.,  structure:  a,  proboscis;  *,  its  stem  ;  c,  an- 

neut.  pi.  of  OCan-  terior  enlargement  of  the  body ;/,  neck,  or 

*7,~..„.,I,  ,.7,.„  .      „..,.  constriction  between  the  foregoing  and  d, 

tllOCephalltS:     See  the  rest  of  the  body;  c.  posterior  funnel  I 


29 

have  neither  mouth  nor  alimentary  canal,  but 
have  recurved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  by  which  they 
attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  animals. 
These  entozoans  belong  to  the  class  Nematelmintha.  The 
embryos  are  gregarina-like,  ami  beeorae  encysted  as  in<  v*. 
toda,  in  which  state  they  are  swallowed  by  various  ani- 
mals, in  the  bodies  of  which  they  are  developed.  A  spe- 
cies occurs  in  the  liver  of  the  eat,  and  another  in  tin-  ali- 
mentary .anal  of  the  hog.  There  are  about  100  species, 
all  referable  to  the  family  Echinorhyiichidat. 

The  Acanthocephala  undoubtedly  present  certain  resem- 
blances to  the  Nematoidea,  and  more  particularly  to  the 
Gordiacea,  but  the  Fundamental  differences  in  the  struc- 
ture of  the  muscular  and  nervous  systems,  and  in  that  of 
the  reproductive  organs,  are  so  great  that  it  is  impossible 
to  regard  them  as  Neraatoids  which  have  undergone  a  re- 
trogressive metamorphosis. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  558. 

acanthocephalan(a-kan-thd-sef'a-lan),  n.  One 
of  the  Acanthocephala. 

Acanthocephali  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-H),  n.  pi. 
•Same  as  Acanihocephala. 

Acanthocephalina  (a-kan-tho-sef-a-li'nii),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Aeanthocephalus  +  -iXid.]  A  divi- 
sion of  hemipterous  insects,  of  the  superfamily 
( 'oreoidea. 

acanthocephalous  (a-kan-tho-sef'a-lus),  a. 
[<NL.  aeanthocephalus,  (  Gr.  aKavda,  a  spine, 4- 
Ktfal.ri,  the  head.]  1.  Having  spines  on  the 
head. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acanthocephala. 

Aeanthocephalus  (a-kan-tho-sef'a-lus),  n. 
[NL. :  see  acanthocephalous.]  In  entom.,  the 
typical  genus  of  the  Acanthocephalina  (which 
see).  A.  dcclivis  is  a  large  bug  of  the  extreme  southern 
United  States ;  A.  arcuata  is  another  example  of  this 
genus. 

acanthocladous  (ak-an-thok'la-dus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aKavda,  a  spine,  +  K/.aSog,  a  shoot,  branch.]  In 
hot.,  having  spiny  branches. 

acanthoclinid  (a"k-an-thok'li-nid),  n.  [<  Acan- 
tlioclinida:]    One  of  the  Acanthoclinidce. 

AcanthoelinidEe  (a-kaii-tko-klin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Acanthoclinus  +  -idee.']  In  Giinther's 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  blenniiform 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  having  numerous  anal 
spines.  Only  one  genus,  Acanthoclinus,  is  known ;  it  is 
peculiar  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  the  typical  species,  A.  lit. 
toreus,  being  found  in  New  Zealand. 

Acanthoclinus  (a-kan-tko-kli'nus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  spine,  +  NL.  clinus,  a  blennioid 
fish:  see  Clinus.]  A  genus  of  fishes  represent- 
ing the  family  Acanthoclinidce  (which  see). 
Jenyns,  1842. 


UiteMffu-fjc 


aean  thoeepha- 
loits.]  An  order 
of  worm-like 


lemniscus:  h,  superior  oblique  tubular 
bands;  k,  inferior  muscles  of  proboscis;  /, 
,  genitalia;  o,  penis  or  vulva.     B,  lower 
extremity  of  stem  of  the  proboscis  :  a,  gan- 
glion; t>,  vascular  space  ;  c,  inner  wall;  d, 
ternal      parasites  outer  coat;  ^,  tubular  band,  with  the  nerve; 

orentozoa.wkick  gentaTa!™1"'  ba°dSi  '•  susPensoriu"1  °f 


'  : -i  >  -'  * ' ' 


Acanthoclinus  littoreus.    (From  "  Zoology  of  the  Beagle.") 

acanthodean  (ak-an-tho'de-an),  a.  Having  the 
character  of  or  pertaining  to  Acanthodes:  as, 
the  acanthodean  family  of  fishes;  acanthodean 
scales.    Egerton,  1861. 

Acanthodei  (ak-an-tho'de-I),  n.pl.  [NL. :  see 
Acanthodes.]  The  name  originally  given  by 
Agassiz  to  the  family  Acanthodidw  (which  see). 

Acanthodes  (ak-an-tho'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKavdufinr,  thorny,  spinous,  <  amvtia,  thorn, 
spine,  +  eldoc,  form.]  1.  The  representative 
genus  of  the  family  Acanthodidw.  Agassiz, 
1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. — 3.  Agenus 
of  coleopterous  insects. — 4.  A  genus  of  zoan- 
tharian  polyps.     DybowsM,  1873. 

Acanthodidffi  (ak-an-thod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(.Acanthodes  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
fishes  of  the  order  Acanthocloidea,  typified  by 
the  genus  Acanthodes.  They  had  a  compressed 
claviform  body,  posterior  dorsal  fins  nearly  opposite  to 
the  anus,  prolonged  upper  tail-lobe,  and  well-developed 
spines  in  front  of  the  fins.  The  only  species  known  are 
from  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  formations.  Also 
used  by  Huxley  as  a  Bubordinal  name  for  the  AcctTitho- 
doidca. 

Acanthodini  (a-kan-tho-di'ni),  ?i.  p>l.  [NL., 
<  Acanthodes  +  -int.]  An  order  of  fossil  ganoids 
of  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  periods, 
connecting  the  ganoids  and  selachians,  having 
a  cartilaginous  skeleton,  heterocercal  tail,  small 
rhomboidal  scales,  and  a  fulcrum  before  each 
fin.  It  includes  such  genera  as  Acanthodes, 
Chiracanthus;  Diplacanthus,  etc. 

Acanthodoidea  (a-kan-tho-doi'de-S),  n.  ]d. 
[NL.,  (.Acanthodes  +  -oidea.]  An  order  of  ex- 
tinctfishes  of  the  ganoid  series,  with  a  cartilagi- 
nous skeleton,  heterocercal  caudal  fin.shagreen- 
like  scales,  no  opercular  bones,  and  the  external 


acanthophorous 

rays  of  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  developed 
as  spines.     The  chief  family  is  Acanthodidce. 

Acanthoganoidei  (a-kan  tho-ga-noi'de-i),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  spine,  +  yavoc,  luster, 
+  eiSoc,  form :  see  ganoid.]  A  superonler  of 
extinct  paleozoic  fishes,  consisting  only  of  the 
order  Aean tlmiloidea. 

Acanthoglossus  (a-kau-tho-glos'us),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  -j'Auaaa,  a  tongue.]  A 
genus  of  aculeated  monotrematous  ant-eaters 
of  the  family  Tachyglossidce.  It  differs  from  Tachy- 
glomus  in  the  vertebral  formula  (which  is  cervical  7,  dorsal 
17,  lumbar  4,  sacral  :i,  caudal  12),  in  having  ungual  pha- 
langes and  claws  only  mi  the  three  middle  digits  of  each 
foot,  in  the  much-lengthened  and  decurved  snmit,  and  in 
the spatulate  tongue  with  three  rows  of  recurved  spines. 
The  type  and  onlj  speciesis  .1.  bruijni,  lately  discovered 
in  New  Guinea.  The  generic  name' is  antedated  by  Za- 
glossus  of  Gill.    Gervaie,  LS77. 

acanthoid  (a-kan'thoid),  a.  [(acantha,  spine, 
4-  -aid.     Cf.  Acanthodes^]     Spiny;  spinous. 

Acanthoidea  (ak-an-thoi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  acanthoid  and  Acanthodes.]  In  conch.,  regu- 
lar Chitonidee,  with  insertion-plates  sharp  and 
grooved  externally,  eaves  furrowed  beneath, 
and  muero  posteriorly  extended.  Dall. 

acanthological  (a-kan-tho-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
"acanthology,  <  Gr.  aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  +  >o  va  : 
see  -ology.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  study  of 
spines. 

acantholysis  (ak-an-thol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
aKavda,  thorn,  spine,  +  '/inn;  dissolution,  <  '/ mv, 
loose.]  In. pathol.,  atrophy  of  the  stratum  spi- 
nosum  (prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 

acanthoma  (a-kan-tho'ma),  n. ;  pi.  acantlioma- 
ta  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKavda.  thorn,  spine,  + 
-mini.  Cf.  acanthosis.]  In  pathol.,  a  neoplasm 
or  tumor  of  the  stratum  spinosum  of  the  epider- 
mis, which  invades  the  corium  ;  a  skin-cancer. 

Acanthometra  (a-kan-tho-met'ra),  n.  [NL., 
fern,  of  acaiithiiiiietrus:  see  aaiuthonietrous.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  Acanthonu -triila; 
Mii  I  In;  1855. —  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 

Acanthometrae (a-kan-tho-met're),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pl.  oi  Acanthometra.]  A  suborder  of  acantha- 
rian radiolarians,  whose  skeleton  is  composed 
merely  of  radial  spicules,  and  does  not  form  a 
fenestrated  shell.    Haechel. 

Acanthometrida  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-da),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  (Acanthometra  +  -iila.]  In  Jlivart's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  radiolarians 
having  a  well-developed  radial  skeleton,  tho 
rays  meeting  in  the  center  of  the  capsule,  and 
no  test  or  shell-covering. 

AcanthometridtB  (a-kan-lho-met'ri-de),  n.  pl. 
[NL.,  <  Acanthometra  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
acantharians  having  the  skeleton  composed  of 
20  radial  spicules,  regularly  arranged  accord- 
ing to  J.  Muller's  law  in  5  zones,  each  contain- 
ing 4  spicules.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  genera 
of  deep-sea  forms.     Haechel. 

acanthometrous  (a-kan-tho-met'rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
iiiiiiithomctrus,  (  Gr.  aKavda,  a  thorn,  spine,+  /ic- 
rpov,  measure.]  Pertaining  to  the  Acanthometra . 

Acanthomys  (a-kan'tho-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
iiKavtia,  spine,  +  //rc  =  E.  mouse.]  A  genus  of 
African  murine  rodents,  having  the  fur  mixed 
with  spines.    Jl.  I'.  Lesson. 

Acanthophis  (a-kan'tho-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKavda,  a  thorn,  +  dipec,  a  serpent:  see  ophidian.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Elapidw.  They  are  of  small  size,  live  on  dry  land,  and 
feed  upon  frogs,  lizards,  and  other  small  animals.     The 


Death-adder  of  Australia  [Acanthophis  antarctfca). 


tail  is  furnished  with  a  horny  spur  at  the  end,  whence 
the  generic  name.  A.  aiitarctica,  the  death-adder  id  Aus- 
tralia, has  long  immovable  fangs,  and  is  considered  the 
most  venomous  reptile  of  that  country. 

acanthophorous  (ak-an-thof  'o-rus),  a.     [<Gr. 

iiKavdoifidpoc,  bearing  spines  or  prickles.  <  aKavda, 
a  spine  or  prickle,  +  *p6poc,  (  ipipeiv  =  E.  bcar^.] 
Having  or  producing  spines  or  prickles.  Also 
spelled  acanthopherous. 


Acanthophractae 

Acanthophractae  (a  -kan-tho-frak'te),  ».  pi. 
TNL  <Gr.«K«rtta.  a  thorn,+  cipaKroc,  included, 
verbal  adj.  of  <?paaotiv,  fence  in.  inclose.]  A 
suborder  of  acantharian  radiolarians,  having  a 
skeleton  of  20  cadial  spicules  regularly  grouped 
according  to  -1.  Mullens  law.  and  a  fenestrate, 
or  solid  Siell  around  the  central  capsule  formed 
by  connected  transverse  processes. 

ac'anthopod  (a-kan'tho-pod),  a.  and".  [<Aea„- 
thopodaV]     I.  fl.  Having  spinyleet. 

II.  it.  An  animal  with  spiny  feet ;  one  ot  the 
Acan1li(ip(ttla.  TT 

Acanthopoda  (ak-an-thop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<Gr  imtDa,  a  spine,  +  irocc  (5701)-)  =  J^.joor.j 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  a  group 
of  olavioorn  beetles,  the  first  tribe  of  the  second 
section  of  Clavieornes,  with  broad  flattened  feet 
beset  outside  with  spines,  short  4-jointed  tarsi, 
depressed  body,  dilated  presternum,  and  curved 
11-iointed  antennae  longer  than  the  head.    The 

group  corresponds  to  the    genus  Beterocer f  Busc. 

These  bisects  burrow  in  the  ground  near  water. 

acanthoptere  (ak-an-thop'ter),  n.     [Nee  Acan- 

thopten\]    One  of  the  Acanthopten. 
Acanthopteri  (ak-an-thop'te-n), n.pl.     [NL., 
pi.  of  acini  thopterus:  see  acanthopterous.]  Same 
as  Acanthopterygii  (V). 
acantbopterOUS  (ak-an-thop'te-rus),  fl.    [<NL 
acanthopterus,  <  Gr.  anav8a,  a  spine,  +  irrepto  a 
wing,  =  E./eat;»er.]     1.  Spiny-winged,  as  the 
cassowary  .-2.  Having  spiny  fins;  of  the  nature 
of  the  Acanthopteri  or  Acanihopterygn ;  acan- 
thopterygious.—  3.  Having  spines:  as,  an  oca«- 
thopterous  fin.  ..,.      . 

acanthopterygian  (a-ka<thop-te-r>. ,  i-an , a. 
and  h.  I.  «•  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acan- 
(Iwpterygii ;  having  the  characters  of  the  Acan- 
thopterygU.  ..        „  , 

II.   n.  One  of  the  Acanihopterygn ;  a  fish 
with  spiny  fins.  . 

Acantbopterygii  (a-kan"thop-te-nj  1-1),  n. .  i)?. 
TNL  pi  of  acanihopterygius:  see  acanthopte- 
rtiqi'dui]  A  large  group  of  fishes  to  which  vari- 
ous limits  and  values  have  been  assigned.  The 
name  was  Introduced  into  systematic  ichthyology  by  wn- 
fuKhby  and  Ray,  adopted  by  Artedi,  and  largely  used  by 
sXeiuent  naturalists,  (o)  In  Cuviert  system  of  classin- 
ca turn tl  •  t  rst  ,.,-der  of  fines,  characterized  by  hard  spiny 
■  -  in  he  dorsal  fins,  as  the  common  perch,  bass,  and 
Sackere  tl  .e  spiny-finned  fishes.  (6)  In  O anther's  system 
of  clatsmcatioii, an  order  of  teleosts  with  part  p f  the  rays 
of  the  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins  spiny,  and  the  lower 
pliarvirieals  separate.  The  last  character  ehmmates  the 
labri  Is  and  several  other  families  retained  bj  (  u™r,hut 

(,■")  In  call's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of  Teleo- 
:,  with  centrals  thoracic  or  jugular  (somettoes  sup- 
messed)  spines  generally  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
Sorsal  and 'anal  has  and  to  the, .liter  edges  of  he  ventral. 
formal  symmetrical  head,  and  pharyngeal  bones  either 
Separate  or  united.  The  pediculate,  hemibranchiate,  and 
Sthomous  fishes  are  excluded  as  .lilerent  orders,  ad 
tnt,  p,  W   gnopten,  DwcowjAofo,  Tamwana,  ana 

Tenovteruaii  as  Bpecia)  suborders.    Even  thus  limited  it 
c  ,    p  ws  more  species  than  any  other  suborder  or  order 
Che  perch,  bass,  porgy,  mackerel,  and  swordflsh 

acanthop'terygious  (a-kan'thojp-te-rij'i-us),  a. 
r<  NL  acanthopterygius,  <  Gr.  okovMo,  a  thorn,  a 
spine  +  lrrepbytov,  the  fin  of  a  fish,  dim.  of  wrepv^ , 
a  wing,  a  fin,  <  irrepov,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather.] 
Having  the  characters  of  the  Acanthopterygii  or 
spinv-finned  fishes;  belonging  to  the  Acantho- 
pterygU;  acanthopterygian. 
Acanthorhini  (a-kan-tho-ri'ni),  ».  pi.  [<Gr. 
a«iv«a,  a  spine,  +  pic,  M  nose.]     An  '"     "i 

rgested  by  Bonaparte,  1831,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Bolocephala  (which  see). 
Acanthorhynchus  fa-kan-tho-ring  kits),  n. 

f\L  <  (Jr.  SrMitfa,  a  thorn, +  pi7*oc,  snout.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Australian  birds,  of  the  family 
Meliphagicke  and  subfamily  Myzomelmce:  so 
called  from  their  slender  acute  bill.  The  spe- 
cies are  .!■  tenitirostrw  and  .1. 1  tipercilwsus.  J. 
Gould  1837- — 2-  Agennsofhebninths.  Dtesmg, 

acanthosis  (ak-an-tho'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  fi/cov- 

to  s,,i°,  +  -.««.]  A  name  applied  to  any  dis- 
ease affecting  primarily  the  stratum  spinosum 

;, .,.,.u-), ,t  the  epidermis. 
Acanthoteuthis  (a-kan-tho-tu  this),  n     [M,, 

<(Tr.oM,r»„,atli..i'n,-t-7,r»,,.as.|iu.l.l    & 

of  fossil ...  ds,  of  the  family />/r,„»iMo", 

(.)i;ir;„teii/.ed  by  the  almost    nidnnentar; 

ion  of  the  rostrum  and  the   large   pen-like 

formof  thoproostra.um.     M u    In  the  Triassic 

Stable  a.  the  oldest  known  cephalopod  ol 
tabuUferoM  order. 
Acanthotheca  fa-kan-tho-the  ka),  "jl*^; 

<Gr.  Ami.",,,  a  tin.™,  +  "','•'/,  a  ease.l      Sam.    .1- 

Pentastomidea.    Also  written  A.anthnth.c, 
acanthous  (a-kan'thus),  a.     [<Gr.  &mvda,  a 
spine  :  see  acantha  and  -ous.l     bpinous. 


30 


A  fish  of  the 


acanthurid  (ak-an-thu'rid), 

family  Aeanthnnila.  VT 

Acanthuridae  (ak-an-thu'n-de),  n.  »«.     [N^-. 
A<T(,X!«f  +-»/,«•.]  .  A  Wly  of  acantbo- 

pterygian  fishes  typified  b>  tlie 
genus  - 1  ca  n  th  u  rus,  to  which  va- 
rious limit  shave  been  ascribed. 
See  Ti  uthididee. 

Acanthurus  (ak-an-thii'rus), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anav6a,  spine, 
+  ovpd,  tail.]  1.  The  repre- 
sentative genus  of  the  fami- 
ly Acanthinidie,  characterized 
by  spines  on 
the  sides 
of  the  tail, 
whence  the 
name.     The 

Leaf  of  Acanthus 
spinosus. 


species  are  nu- 
merous in  the 
tropical  seas, 
and  are  popularly  known  as  doc- 
tors, surgeons,  surgeon-fishes,  bar- 
bers, etc.  Synonymous  with  Teu- 
this. 

2.  A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dau- 
(ji,K — 3.  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Kirby,  1827. 
Acanthus  (a-kan'thus),  n. 
[L.  (>  Sp.  It.  acanto  =  Pg. 
acanfho  =  F.  acanthe),  <  Gr. 
anavtioc,  brankursine,  also  a 
t  horny  Egyptian  tree,  <  amv- 
da,  a  thorn:  see  acantha.'] 
1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  tall 
herbaceous  plants  of  south- 
ern Europe  and  Africa,  nat- 
ural Ol'der  AcanthaCCa:.    They  Acanthus,  Inflorescence. 

have  lar^esniin.sely  toothed  leaves,  . 

!md  arc  sV.eti.nes  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  their  beauti- 
ful foliage. 

2    \l.  c]    The  common  name  of  plants  of  this 
cenus.— 3.  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  crustaceans.— 

4.  [?.c]  Inarch., 
»#  a  characteristic 
ornament  derived 
from  or  resem- 
bling the  conven- 
tionalized foliage 
■  te  .-;r*  w-  r-^r-r  afiJ^.  - ■■  or  leaves  of  the 

Acanthus  in  Roman  Arch.Ucture.  aeanthus>  used  jn 

capitals  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  or- 
ders, and  in  Roman,  Byzantine,  medieval,  and 
Renaissance  architecture  generally,  as  upon 
friezes,  cornices,  modillions,  etc. 
AcanthVllis  (ak-an-thil'is),  n.  [<  L.  acunthyl- 
IhcSrSwWOif,  the  pendulous  titmouse, 
dirn.  of  hurrtif,  the  goldfinch  or  linnet,  <  amvda, 
a  thorn:  see  acantha.]  A  genus  of  American, 
Indian,  and  Australian  birds  of  the  swift  family, 
,  !ypselidce ;  the  spine-tailed  swifts,  now  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Chwiura.  Usually  written 
Acanthylis.     Boie,  1826. 

acantic'one,  acanticon.(a:kan'ti-kon  -kon), ». 
KGi.  ««/,  a  point,  +  awi,  against,  +  icuwoc,  a 
cone.]    A  variety  of  epidote;  arendahte  (which 

a'cappella,  alia  cappeUa(aoral'iaka-pel'ia) 
rit  •  «  (E.  «<'),  to,  according  to;  alia  <=a  la), 

to  the;  MnMBa,  church,  chapel,  church  nius,- 
cians:  see fchapel.]  In  the  style  of  church  or 
chanel  music.  Applied  to  compositions  sung  without 
instrumental  accompanhn.  ,it.  or  will,  an  accompaniment 
inimisoil  with  the  vocal  part  :  as,  a  mass  a  cappello, 

acapsular  (a-kap'guJar),  a     [<Gr.  b,  priv.  + 

capsule.]     Without  a  capsule 
acardia  (a-kar'di-S),  n.    [NL.:  see  acardms.] 

In  teratol.,  absence  of  a  heart. 
arardiac  (a-kar'di-ak).  a.     [<NL.  flr</i(/i«e»s, 
*adf  <Gr  t  priv.  +  mpLdtX  KopdU^the  heart : 

see!/->«  an.  1  ron/»/e.]      With.. ut  a  heart. 

acardiacus  (ak-to-diVkus),  ».;  p  •;;;;"'•"'-' 

(-si)  rNL.:  see  «<■«/■</»«■.]  Ill  Initial.,  thai. 
parasitic  pari  of  adouble  monster  111  which  the 
heart  is  absent  or  rudimentary.    ,1™*. '"■■  • 

,Vi  shapeless  mass  covered  with  skin       .U„„l,„a,.< 

--  b=»!.  l.««l.  while  thethora*  and. Lbdomeu  =;«■.,.- 

dimentarv     InocarJiocm  ocepAotu*  the  head  IsiacKing, 

amao?S rudimentary,  and  th,  pelvU tote  nn i.s 

welldeveloped.    dcanfioo iw  has  a  weU-developed 

trunk  and  rudimentary  head,  limbs,  and  heart. 

acardius   (a-kar'di-ns),   »■;    pi.    acardfi   (-»)• 

fNL  <  <!r  .oo.,..V...,  without  a  heart,  <  0-  pnv. 
+  «tpA'a  =  L.  Jfflit]     Same  as  „.  „,,/,o.  », 

acarian  (a-ka'ri-an  ,a.  [<  tc<MT«,q.v.]  CMor 
pertaining  to  the  order  Acanda;  belonging  to 
or  resembling  the  genus  Acarus. 

In  some  cases  of  acne,  an  ,„■..-■..,..  paras.t,  ,  called  by 
Owen  the  llcuodex  follicu  ..rum,  is  pnsrn  ti  n  tl.  affl  cted 
fulllclc,  h.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  -Med.,  p.  ^tSl. 


acatalectlc 

acariasis  (ak-a-ri'a-sis),  n.     [NL-,  <Acarus  + 
3S]     A  skin-disease  caused  by  an  acarian 

ar'aricide  (a-kar'i-sid),  »i.    [<  Acarus  +  li.-cida, 

^  ldlle?f<  etcdert,  kill.    CI.  homicide,  parricide, 

matricide]    A  substance  that  destroys  mites. 

acarid  (ak'a-rid),  n.    [<  Acanda.]    One  of  the 

Aearida;  a'mite.  

Acarida  (a-kar'i-dii),  n.  pi.  mh.,<  Acarus 
+  ida  ]  An  order  of  the  class  Arachmda, ^in- 
cluding those  insects,  as  the  mites,  ticks,  itch- 
insects,  etc.,  which  are  without  a  definite  line 
of  demarkation  between  the  unsegmented  ab- 
domen and  the  cephalothorax,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  appearing  united  in  one.  They 
are  with  or  without  eyes  ;  the  mouth  is  either  suctorial 
masticatory  ;  the  respiration  is  either  tracheal  OT  derm  1. 
and  the  lees  are  s  in  number  in  the  adult  and  6  in  the 
y" mi  being  in  some  cases  terminated  l.y  suckers  ,n 
others  by  seta;.  There  are  several  families  of  Acanda, 
wit,  numerous  genera  and  species,  mostly  oviparous  and 
generally  parasitic,  but  many  are  found  111  excrcmei  1 1- 
tk"us  or  decaying  animal  matter,  or  on  PtantejW^ ^some 
are  marine  and  others  live  in  fresh  water.  Those  which 
me  m  plants  are  often  very  injurious  to  vegetation,  and 
f  C.ently  form  a  kind  of  gall,  sometimes  _  resen.  || 
fun'ais  or  a  bird's  nest,  as  the  "  witcli-knot  o  the  birch, 
caused  hy  members  of  the  genus  Phy,u,.t«s.  Ihe  garden- 
mites  (TrombididtBX  including  the  harvest-t  ck  <,L'1>'"> 

aX;,,.:.,l. '«..  the  sp.dor-mi.cs  ,-,',, /,/..•>  and  the  wood 

mites  tnritmtidce)  live  mostly  upon  vegetation.  Ihe  tiue 
ticks  (/  !o,/"te)  attach  themselves  to  the  bodies  of  vanous 
animals;  the  watcr-nntes 


A  Tick  Uxodss  ricinus,  female),  il- 
lustrating structure  of  Acarida. 
a  mandibular  hooktets;  c,  hook- 
lets  of  sternal  surface  of  proboscis ; 
/>  d  c  fourth,  third,  and  second  joints 
of  the  palp ;  f,  base  of  the  suctonal 
proboscis;  i,  stigma;  h.  genital 
aperture  ;  i,  anal  valves. 


'Hydrarachnidce)  are,  at 
least  in  part,  parasitic  up- 
on animals,  such  as  aqua- 
tic insects,  mollusks,  and  1 
even  mammals.  The 
cheese-mite,  Acarus  do- 
irmticus,  is  typical  of  the 
family  Ana  ridm  and  of  the 
whole  order.  The  mange- 
mite,  Demodex  foUicvio- 
rum,  type  of  the  family 

li.  nt, nticidce,  is  found  in 
the  sebaceous  follicles  of 

man,  as  well  as  in  the  dog. 

The  itch-mite,  which  bur- 
rows into  the  skin,  is  the 

Sarcoptes  scabiei,  type  of 

the    family    Sarcoptidts. 

The  mites  and  ticks  are 

also    called    collectively 

Acaridea,        acaridans, 

Acarina,  and  .U.)*""""- 

eomata.    .See  cuts  under 

fimirwite,  itch-mite,  and 

Acaridffi'(a-kar'i-de),   n.  pi       [NL.,  <  Acarus 
•+d:,,  "  ]   A  family  of  the  order  Acanda  (which 
see),  including  the  true  mites,  as  the  cheese- 
mite,    Acartts    domesticus.      See    Acarus    and 
cheese-mite.  /-»*„- 

acaridan  (a-kar'i-dan),  a.  and  ».    I.  a.  ut  or 

belonging  to  the  Acanda  or  Acanda: 

TT    11.  One  of  the  Acarida. 
Acaridea  (ak-a-rid'e-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Acarus 

+-id-ea.]    Same  as  Acarida. 
Acarina  (ak-a-ri'nji),  ».  pi-     [NL.,  <  Acarus  + 
-iua.]    Same  as  Aearida. 
acarinosis  (a-kar-i-no'sis),  n.    [NL.,<   i™n«« 
+  -osis.]     A  disease,  as  scabies,  produced  Ivy 
the  presence  of  a  parasite  belonging  to  the 

Acarida,  or  mites.  

acaroid  (ak'a-roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  A  cm  us 
a  v.,  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Icarida;  resembling  the  mites;  mite-like.— 
Acaroid  ram  a  red  r.  sin  that  exudes  from  the  trunks  of 
Uu  ™  r,drm'"  ass-tree,  Xanthorrhna  hastUis,  and  other 
spedef  Also  called  Boimy  Bay  rerin.  Acaroid  resm. 
Same  as  acatwl  ;/»».. 

II    11    One  of  tho  Acarida  ;  a  mite, 
acarpelous  (a-kBr'pe-lus),  a.     [<Gr.  a- pnv. 
+  ,arpel  +  W]     In  hot.,  having  no  carpels. 
Syd.  80c.  Lex.  .  , 

acarpous  (a-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  ( .r. .  iinapiroc,  with- 
out fruit,  <  a-  priv.  +  /capxoc,  fruit:  see  carpi  I.  ] 
In  hot.,  not  producing  fruit;  sterile;  barren. 

Acarus  (ak'a-n.s),  n.  [NL.,  < Gi -.atiapi  a  kind 
of  mite  bred  in  wax,  <  aKapi/c,  short,  small,  tiny, 
prop,  of  hair,  too  short  to  be  cut,  <  a-  pnv. 
+  Keipeiv,  cut,  orig.  *<nce/pe£v=E.  shear,  a.  v.j 
1  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Acanda,  or 
true  mites.- 2.  [>.  c]  A  tick  or  m.te,  without 
regard  to  its  genus.  [In  this  sense  it  may 
have  a  plural  form,  acari  (ak  a-n'-J 

' » 'l^"!,,Am!r'lnvert.,p.331. 

acastt  (a-kasf),  v.  t.  [<  MB.  aeasUm,  akastm, 
ppTocosi.  akast,  throw  away,  east  down,  <flJ 
+  cash  n,  t-.^:  see  casfi.]  Tocastdown;  cast 
oil;  east  away.  ,  r ,  T 

acatalectic  (a-kat-a-lek'tik),  «.  and  ».„[<L. 

aSJS  also  aeatalcel„s,<Gv.  amraMjKroc, 
,t„t  slojiping,  <«■  priv.  +  V,7o/v,r".,  m^k™- 
Hue,  leaving  off,  slopping:  see  catalectic]  I,  a. 
In  pros.,  not  halting  short;  complete;  having 


acatalectic 

the  complete  number  of  syllables  in  the  last 
foot :  as,  an  acatalectic  verse. 

II.  n.  A  verse  which  has  the  complete  num- 
ber of  syllables  in  the  last  foot. 

acatalepsy  (a-kat'a-lep-si),  n.  [<Gr.  aKaTafyrj/ia, 
incomprehensibility,  <  aKa-d'/.i/TTTor,  incompre- 
hensible, <  a-  priv.  4-  na-d'Ai/irToe,  comprehensi- 
ble, comprehended,  seized:  see  catalepsy .]  1. 
Incomprehensibility.  A  word  much  used  (in  its 
Greek  form)  by  the  later  Academics  and  Skeptics  (Carnea- 
des,  Arcesilaus,  etc.),  who  held  that  human  knowledge 
never  amounts  to  certainty,  hut  only  to  probability,  and 
who  advocated  a  suspension  of  judgment  upon  all  ques- 
tions, even  upon  the  doctrine  of  acatalepsy  itself. 
2.  In  mill.,  uncertainty  in  the  diagnosis  or 
prognosis  of  diseases. 

acataleptic  (a-kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  it.  [<  Gr. 
anarah/TTTor,  incomprehensible :  see  acatalepsy.] 

1.  a.  Incomprehensible;  not  to  be  known  with 
certainty. 

II.   >i .   One  who  believes  that  we  can  know 
nothing  with  certainty.     See  acatalepsy. 
All  Skeptics  and  Pyrrhonians  were  called  Acatalepsies. 

Fleming. 

acataphasia  (a-kat-a-fa'zi-ii),  ii.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  Karaaiavai,  say  yes,  <  Kara,  here  in- 
tensive, +  fa-vai  =  L.  fa-ri,  say,  speak.]  In 
jiiitlml.,  fault  iness  of  syntax  resulting  from  dis- 
ease, as  contrasted  with  the  faulty  use  of  indi- 
vidual words.     See  aphasia. 

acataposis  (a-ka-tap'o-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  /cardjroffif,  a  gulping  down,  deglutition, 

<  Karairiveiv,  gulp  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  irivecv, 
drink,  irdaic,  a  drink.]  In  paihol.,  difficulty  of 
swallowing;  dysphagia. 

acatet  (a-kat'),  ».  [<  ME.  acute,  acat,  achate, 
i  chat,  <  OF.  acat,  assibilated  achat,  purchase, 
mod.  F.  achat  (ML.  acaptum,  "accaptum),  <  OF. 
acater,  iiehater,  mod.  F.  achcter,  buy,  purchase, 

<  ML.  accaptare,  buy,  acquire,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
capture,  take,  seize.  Cf.  accept,  of  the  same 
origin.  Later  shortened  to  catc,  catcs.]  1.  A 
buying,  purchasing,  or  purchase.     Chaucer. — 

2.  [Usually  in  pi.]  Things  purchased;  espe- 
cially, purchased  viands  or  provisions,  as  op- 
posed to  those  of  home  production ;  hence, 
especially,  dainties,  delicacies.     Later,  catcs. 

Tout  estat  est  eiaude  mix.  vers,  all  states  are  wormes 
acates.  Cotgrave  (under  Ver). 

Setting  hefore  him  variety  of  acates,  and  those  excel- 
lently dressed.  Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  2:>. 

acatert  (a-ka'ter),  ii.    [<  ME.  acatour,  achatour, 

-or,  <  OF.  acatcor,  later  achatour,  mod.  F.  ache- 
tenr,  buyer,  <  ML.  accaptator,  buyer,<  accaptare, 
buy :  see  aca  tc.  Later  shortened  to  ca  ter :  see 
cater,  ».]  A  purveyor;  a  caterer:  as,  "Robin 
Hood's  bailiff  or  acater,"  B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shep- 
herd (dram.  pers.).  Also  written  acator,  ac- 
cator,  achator,  achatour,  etc. 

A  manciple  there  was  of  the  temple 

Of  winch  achators  might  take  ensample.      Chaucer. 

[The  keeper]  dressed  for  him  [a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London],  from  time  to  time,  such  pigeons  as  his  accator 
the  cat  provided.  H.  Dixon,  Her  Majesty's  Tower. 

acateryt,  acatryt  (a-ka'ter-i,  -tri),  n.  [<  ME. 
"acatry,  achatry ;  <  acater  +  -y ;  later,  eatery.] 
1 .  Acates  in  general ;  provisions  purchased. 
— 2.  The  room  or  place  allotted  to  the  keep- 
ing of  all  such  provision  as  the  purveyors  pur- 
chased for  the  king. 

acatharsiat  (ak-a-thar'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKafiapaia,  uncleanness,  <  anatiapTor,  uncleansed, 
unpurged,  <  a-  priv.  +  'sadaproc,  cleansed.  Cf. 
nauapTiiidr,  fit  for  cleansing :  Bee  cathartic.']  In 
mcd. :  (a)  The  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound;  impurity  of  blood,  (b)  Failure  to 
use  a  purgative ;  lack  of  purging. 

acatharsyt(ak'a-thar-si),».  Same  as acatharsia. 

acathistUS  (ak-a-this'tus),  u.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  naBi^uv,  sit  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  lC,eiv 
=  E.  git.]  In  the  Ch\  Ch.,  an  office  in  honor  of 
the  Virgin,  consisting  in  a  long  canon  or  hymn 
sung  by  all  standing  (whence  the  name)  on  the 
Saturday  of  the  fifth  week  in  Lent,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  repulse  of  the  Avars  and 
other  barbarians  who  attacked  Constantinople 
under  Heraelius,  A.  D.  625. 

acatort,  ".     See  acater. 

acaudal  (a-kft'dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  o-i8;  + 
caudal.]     Tailless;  anurous.     8yd.  iS'oe.  Lex. 

acaudate  (a-ka'dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  a-is,  + 
caudate.]     Tailless;  acaudal;  ecaudate. 

acaules  (a-ka'lez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  L.  eaulis,  a  stem:  see  eaulis.]  Plants  which 
have  either  a  very  indistinct  stalk  or  none  at 
all,  as  lichens,  fungi,  alga?,  etc. 

acaulescence  (ak-a-les'ens),  n.  [<  acaulescent.] 
In  hot.,  an  arrested  growth  of  the  main  axis, 
the  internodes  being  so  slightly  developed  that 


31 

the  leaves  are  crowded  into  a  radial  tuft  or 
rosette,  as  in  the  dandelion.  Also  called  acau- 
losia, 
acaulescent  (ak-a-les'ent),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv., 
«-ls,  +  caulescent.]  In  hot.,  stemless.  Applied 
to  a  plant  in  which  the  stein  is  apparently  absent.  Other 
forms  arc  aea/i/iue,  acitiiluse,  and  acai'lua*. 

acauline  (a-ka'lin),  a.  [<  NL.  acaulis  (see 
acaules)  +  -ine1.]    Same  as  acaulescent. 

acaulosia  (ak-a-16'zi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  acaulose  : 
see  acaulous.]    Same  as  acaulescence. 

acaulous,  acaulose  (a-ka'lus,  -los),  a.  [<  NL. 
acaulis  (<  Gr.  axmAoc,  without  stalk,  <  ii-  priv. 
+  KavMc  =  L.  eaulis:  see  eaulis,  and  cf. 
acaules)  +  -ous,  -osc.]    Same  as  acaulescent. 

ace.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  according  and  ac- 
cording to;  (b)  of  accusative. 

acca  (ak'a),  11.  [Perhaps  from  Akka  (Acre)  in 
Syria,  as  the  seaport  whence  it  was  obtained.] 
A  rich  figured  silk  stuff,  decorated  with  gold, 
used  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

accablet  (a-ka'bl),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accabler,  over- 
whelm, crush;  earlier,  in  pass,  sense,  be 
crushed;  < OF.  a-,  ac-  (< L.  ad),  to,  +  caable, 
cadable,  <  ML.  caclabula,  a  catapult,  <  Gr.  mra- 
ftokrj,  a  throwing  down,  <  KarajiaXkeiv,  throw 
down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  fjaAAziv,  to  throw :  see 
cablish  and  catapult. J  To  overwhelm;  oppress; 
overburden. 

Honours  have  no  burden  but  thankfulness,  which  doth 
rather  raise  men's  spirits  than  aeeablc  them  or  press  them 
down.  Bacon,  vi.  272.    (Latham.) 

Accad  (ak'ad),  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  the 
primitive  races  of  Babylonia.  The  Accads  are  be- 
lieved to  have  been  of  non-Semitic  origin,  and  to  have 
been  the  dominant  race  at  the  earliest  time  of  which  there 
are  contemporaneous  records. 

The  Aecadai,  or  Accads,  were  "the  Highlanders,"  who 
had  descended  from  the  mountainous  region  of  Elam  on 
the  east,  and  it  was  to  them  that  the  Assyrians  ascribed 
the  origin  of  Chaldean  civilization  and  writing. 

A.  H.  Sayce. 
2.  The  language  of  this  race ;  Accadian. 
Also  spelled  Akkad. 

Accadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  Accads,  the  primitive  inhabitants  of 
Babylonia. 

II.  ii.  1.  An  Accad. —  2.  The  language  of  the 
Accads,  anon-Semitic  and  perhaps  Ural-Altaic 
language  spoken  in  ancient  Babylonia  previ- 
ously to  the  later  and  better-known  Semitic 
dialect  of  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  A  kindred 
dialect,  the  Sumerian.  seems  to  have  been  in  use  at  the 
same  time  in  Babylonia. 
Also  spelled  Akkadian. 

accapitum  (a-kap'i-tuin),  n.  [ML.,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  caput,  head.]  In  feudal  law,  money  paid 
by  a  vassal  upon  his  admission  to  a  feud;  the 
relief  due  to  the  chief  lord. 

accatort,  »■     See  acater. 

accedas  ad  curiam  (ak-se'das  ad  ku'ri-am). 
[L.,  go  thou  to  the  court:  see  accede,  ad-, 
cur  in.]  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff 
for  the  purpose  of  removing  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  court. 

accede  (ak-sed'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  acceded, 
ppr.  acceding.  [=  F.  acceder =  Sp.  Pg.  acceder 
=  It.  accedere,  <  L.  accedere,  earlier  adcedere, 
move  toward,  <  ad,  to,  +  cedere,  go,  move :  see 
cede.]  1 .  To  come,  as  into  union  or  possession ; 
become  adjoined  or  entitled ;  attain  by  approach 
or  succession :  now  used  chiefly  of  attainment 
to  a  possession,  office,  or  dignity:  as,  he  acceded 
to  the  estate  on  his  majority;  the  house  of 
Hanover  acceded  to  the  English  throne  in  1714. 
And  vain  were  courage,  learning;  all, 
Till  power  accede.  Shenstone,  Ruined  Abbey. 

2.  To  come  by  assent  or  agreement ;  give  ad- 
hesion ;  yield ;  give  in :  as,  to  accede  to  one's 
terms  or  request. 

This  obvious  reflection  convinced  me  of  the  absurdity 
of  the  treaty  of  Hanover,  in  1725,  between  France  and 
England,  to  which  the  Dutch  afterwards  acceded. 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  162. 
There  are  many  who  would  accede  without  the  faintest 
reluctance  to  a  barbarous  custom,  but  would  he  quite  in- 
capable of  an  equally  barbarous  act  which  custom  had  not 
consecrated.  Ledcy,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  305. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  succeed,  come  (to),  attain. —  2.  To  agree, 
assent,  yield,  consent,  comply. 

accedence  (ak-se'dens),  ii.  [<  F.  accedence, 
<  acceder :  see  accede  and  -encc.]  The  act  or  ac- 
tion of  acceding  ;  tho  act  of  assenting  or  agree- 
ing.   [Bare.] 

accedencet,  »■  An  error  for  accidence^.  Milton. 

acceder  (ak-se'der),  n.  One  who  accedes;  one 
who  attains  to  a  possession,  an  office,  or  a  dig- 
nity ;  one  who  yields  or  assents. 

accelerando  (iit-cha-le-riin'do),  adr.  [It.,  ppr. 
of  accelerare,  <  L.  accclerarc,  hasten :  see  accele- 
rate.]    With  gradual  increase  of  speed:  a  di- 


accelerator 

rection  in  music,  indicating  thai  a  passago  is 
to  be  played  with  increasing  rapidity. 
accelerate  (ak-sel'o-rat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
celerated,  ppr.  accelerating.    [<  L.  acceleratus, 

pp.  of  accelerare,  hasten,  make  haste,  <  ad,  to, 
+  ctlcrare,  hasten,  <  celer,    quick.]      I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  quicker;  cause  to  move  or  advanco 
faster;  hasten;  add  to  the  volocity  of;  give  a 
higher  rate  of  progress  to:  as,  to  accelerate 
motion  or  the  rate  of  motion;  to  accelerate  the 
transmission  of  intelligence;  to  accelerate  the 
growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress  of  know- 
ledge. 

Leave  to  the  diamond  its  ages  to  grow,  nor  expect  to 
accelerate  the  births  of  the  eternal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  lstser.,  p.  191. 

2.  To  bring  nearer  in  time;  bring  about,  or 
help  to  bring  about,  more  speedily  than  would 
otherwise  have  been  the  case  :  as,  to  acceh  rat, 
the  ruin  of  a  government ;  to  accelerate  death. 
—Accelerated  motion,  in  meek.,  that  motion  which  con- 
tinually receives  fresh  accessions  of  velocity.  See  ace-  lent- 
Hon.—  Accelerating  force,  the  force  which  produces 
an  accelerated  motion,  as  gravity. — Accelerating  gun, 
a  cannon  having  supplementary  powder-chambers,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  in  turn,  immediately  after  the  main  ex- 
plosion, to  accelerate  the  speed  of  the  shot ;  an  accelerator. 
-  Syn.  See  list  under  quicken,  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  faster;  increase  in 
speed. 
acceleratedly  (ak-sel'e-ra-ted-li),  adr.  In  an 
accelerated  or  accelerating  manner ;  with  ac- 
celeration or  gradual  increase  of  speed. 
acceleration  (ak-sel-e-ra'shpn),  11.  [<  L.  accele- 
ratio(n-),  a  hastening,  <  accelerare,  hasten  :  see 
accelerate."]  The  act  of  accelerating,  orthe  state 
of  being  accelerated:  as — (a)  A  gradual  increase 
of  velocity. 

At  the  present  time,  and  for  several  thousand  years  in 
the  future,  the  variation  in  the  moon's  motion  has  been 
and  will  be  an  acceleration. 

Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  1. 1  830. 

(b)  In  mech.,  the  rate  of  change  of  the  velocity  of  a  moving 
body  ;  that  is,  the  increment  of  velocity  (in  any  direction) 
in  the  unit  of  time  which  would  result  were  the  rate  of 
change  to  continue  uniform  for  that  length  of  time.  The 
acceleration  is  said  to  be  uniform  if  the  body  gains  the 
same  velocity  in  any  constant  direction  in  equal  successive 
portions  of  time,  no  matter  how  small  these  portions  may 
be  taken.  A  constant  force  produces  uniform  acceleration 
in  all  cases;  but  it  is  sometimes  convenient  to  substitute 
for  some  of  the  forces  fictitious  "constraints."  Thus, 
gravity  (which  near  the  earth's  surface  is  sensibly  a  con- 
stant force)  gives  a  falling  body  uniformly  accelerated 
motion  when  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  resistance  is 
eliminated;  in  this  case  the  increment  of  velocity  in  each 
second,  which  is  a  little  more  than  32  feet,  is  called  the 
acceleration  of  gravity,  and  in  mechanical  formulas  is  de- 
noted by  the  letter  ij.  When  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body 
continually  diminishes,  the  acceleration  is  termed  minus 
or  negative,  and  the  motion  is  said  to  be  retarded;  this 
is  illustrated  by  the  case  of  a  ball  thrown  upward,  the 
upward  component  of  the  velocity  of  which  diminishes  at 
the  rate  of  32  feetasecond.  Similarly,  the  force  of  friction 
which  resists  the  motion  of  a  sliding  body  is  said  to  give 
it  minus  or  negative  acceleration. 

Acceleration,  like  posit  i,  >n  and  velocity,  is  a  relative  term, 
and  cannot  lie  interpreted  absolutely. 

Clerk  Maxwell,  Matter  and  Motion,  art.  xxxv. 

(c)  The  shortening  of  the  time  between  the  present  and 
the  happening  of  any  future  event ;  specifically,  in  law, 
the  shortening  of  the  time  before  the  vesting  of  a  person 
with  the  possession  of  an  expected  interest,  (d)  In  physiol. 
and  pathol.,  increased  activity  of  the  functions  of  the  lit  idy, 
particularly  of  the  circulation  of  the  fluids. —Acceleration 
of  the  moon,  the  increase  of  the  moon's  mean  angular 
velocity  about  the  earth,  the  moon  now  moving  rather 
faster  than  in  ancient  times.  This  phenomenon  has  not 
been  fully  explained,  but  it  is  known  to  be  partly  owine;  to 
the  slow  diminution  of  the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's  orbit, 
from  which  there  results  a  slight  diminution  of  the  sun's 
influence  on  the  moon's  motions.— Acceleration  and 
retardation  of  the  tides,  certain  deviations  between  the 
time  of  the  actual  occurrence  of  high  water  at  any  place 
and  what  its  time  would  be  if  it  occurred  after  the  lapse  <  ,f 
a  uniform  mean  interval.  In  spring  and  neap  tides  the 
sun's  action  does  not  alter  the  time  of  high  water,  as  in 
the  former  case  the  solar  and  lunar  tides  are  synchronous, 
while  in  the  latter  the  time  of  actual  or  lunar  low  water 
and  that  of  solar  high  water  are  the  same.  But  in  the  first 
and  third  quarters  of  the  moon  there  is  acceleration  or  prim- 
ing of  high  water,  as  the  solar  wave  is  to  the  west  of  the 
lunar ;  and  in  the  second  and  fourth  quarters  there  is 
retardation  or  lagging,  for  an  analogous  reason. — Diurnal 
acceleration  of  the  fixed  stars,  the  excess  of  the  appa- 
rent diurnal  motion  of  the  stars  over  that  of  the  sun,  aris- 
ing from  the  fact  that  the  sun's  apparent  yearly  motion 
takes  place  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  its  apparent 
daily  motion.  The  stars  thus  seem  each  day  to  anticipate 
the  sun  by  nearly  ;i  minutes  and  66  seconds  of  mean  time. 

accelerative  (ak-sel'e-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  accelerate 
+  -ire.]  Tending  to  accelerate  ;  adding  to  ve- 
locity; quickening  progression. 

accelerator  (ak-sel'e-ra-tor),  n.  [NL.,  etc., 
<  accelerate]  One  who  or  that  which  accele- 
rates; a  hastener.  Hence— (a)  In  England,  a  post- 
office  van.  (b)  In  anat.,  a  muscle,  the  accelerator  uriice, 
which  expedites  the  discharge  of  urine,  (c)  In  photoy. : 
(1)  Any  substance  or  device  which  shortens  the  time  of 
exposure  of  a  sensitized  plate  or  paper  to  the  light,  in 
cither  the  camera  or  the  printing-frame.  (2)  Any  chem- 
ical which  niay  lie  added  to  the  developing  solution  to 
shorten  the  time  necessary  for  development,  or,  byincreas- 


accelerator 

ing  the  norma!  efficiency  of  the  developer,  to  lessen  the 
requisite  time  of  exposure.  (i/J  An  accelerating  gun.  See 
aea  ■'  rate. 

accelerator^  (ak-sel'e-ra-to-ri),  a.  Accelerat- 
ing or  ttni ling  to  accelerate;  quickening  mo- 
tion. 

accendt  (ak-send'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  aea  ndt  n ,  set  on 
fire,  burn,  <  ad,  to,  +  'candere,  bum,  found  only 
in  comp.  (see  incense,  v.),  allied  to  candere, 
glow:  see  candid.']  To  set  on  fire;  kindle; 
inflame. 

Our  devotion,  if  sufficiently  aecended,  would  burn  up 
innumerable  books  of  this  sort. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

accendent  (ak-sen'dent),  it.  [<  L.  accenden{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accendere:  see  accend.]  Same  as  ac- 
censor. 

accendibility  (ak-sen-di-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<accendi- 
ble:  see  -bility.]  The  quality  of  being  aceemli- 
ble ;  inflammability. 

accendible  (ak-sen'di-fol),  a.  [(accend  +  -ible. 
Cf.  L.acccnsibilis,  thatmaybeburneil,  burning.] 
Capable  of  being  inflamed  or  kindled. 

accendite  (ak-sen'di-te),  n.  [L.  accendite,  2d 
pers.  pi.  impv.  of  accendere,  light,  kindle :  see 
oca  nd.]  A  short  antiphon  formerly  chanted 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  lighting  the 
tapers  for  any  special  service. 

accension  (ak-sen'shon),  n.  [=Pg.  accensao 
=  It.  itcceiisuine,  <  L.  as  if  *acc<  nsio{it-),  <  ac- 
censits.  pp.  of  accendere:  see  aeeeiid.]  The  act 
of  kindling  or  setting  on  fire ;  the  state  of  being 
kindled;  inflammation;   heat.     [Rare.] 

Comets,  .  .  .  besides  the  light  that  they  may  have  from 
the  sun,  seem  to  shine  with  a  light  that  is  nothing  else 
but  an  accension,  which  they  receive  from  the  sun. 

Locke,  Elem.  of  Nat.  Phil.,  ii. 

accensor  (ak-sen'sor),  n.  [<  ML.  accensor,  a 
lamplighter,  <  L.  accendere,  pp.  aecensiis :  see  ac- 
cend.]   One  who  set  son  lire  or  kindles.    [Rare.] 

accent  (ak'sent),  n.  [<F.  accent  =  8p.  acen- 
to  =  I'g.  It.  acet  nl, i.  <  L.  acccntus,  accent,  tone, 
LL.  also  a  blast,  signal,  fig.  intensity,  <  acci- 
ncre,  sing  to  (see  accentor),  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ca- 
nere,  sing:  see  cant2  and  chant.]  1.  A  spe- 
cial effort  of  utterance  by  which,  in  a  word 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  one  syllable  is  made 
more  prominent  than  the  rest.  This  prominence 
is  given  in  part  by  a  raised  pitch,  in  part  by  increased 
force  or  stress  of  voice,  and  in  part  (as  a  consequence  of 
these)  by  a  fuller  pronunciation  of  the  constituents  of 
the  syllable.  These  elements  are  variously  combined  in 
different  languages.  In  English,  elevation  of  pitch  is  con- 
spicuous when  a  word  is  spoken  or  read  by  itself  as  a 
word,  without  any  reference  to  a  sentence  of  which  it 
forms  or  should  forma  part;  but  in  connected  speech  the 
tone  and  modulation  of  the  sentence  dominate  those  of 
the  individual  words  composing  it,  and  the  change  of  pitch 
may  In-  absent,  or  even  reversed,  the  other  elements  giving 
without  its  aid  the  required  prominence.  By  the  native 
grammarians  of  the  classical  languages  of  our  family 
(Greek,  Latin,  and  .Sanskrit),  change  of  pitch  was  the  recog- 
nized constituent  of  accent.  They  called  a  syllable  acute 
if  its  tone  was  sharpened  or  raised,  grave  if  it  remained 
at  the  general  level  of  utterance,  and  circumflex  if  it  be- 
gan at  acute  pitch  and  ended  at  grave.  A  word  of  three 
or  more  syllables  often  has  in  our  language,  besides  its 
principal  accent,  another  and  lighter  orseeondary  one,  or 
even  also  a  third  ;  such  secondary  accents  are  denoted  in 
this  work  by  a  double  accent-mark  ;  thus,  val"e-tu-di- 
na  ii  an,  an  te  pe  lull  tl -mate.  The  vowels  of  wholly  un- 
accented syllables  in  English  are  much  modified,  being 
either  made  briefer  and  lighter,  or  else  reduced  even  to 
ii.  found  oi  the  so-called  neutral  vowel,  the  "shorl  u 
of  but.  These  two  effects  are  marked  in  this  work  by 
writing  respectively  a  single  or  a  double  dot  under  the 
vowel,  in  tin-  respelling  for  pronunciation.  Emphasis 
differs  from  accent  in  being  expended  upon  a  word  which 
is  to  be  r 1 1 : 1. 1 1 ■  prominenl  in  the  sentence. 

2.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to 
direct  the  stress  of  tin-  voice  in  pronunciation, 
.,:  I  i  mark  a  particular  tone,  length  of  vowol- 
sound,  or  the  like.    There  is  commonly  only  one  such 

1  In  ni.irk  the  -tl  ess  oraccent  in  English,  except 
in  works  on  elocution,  in  which  are  employed  the  three 
i .:  .  k  accents  namely,  the  acute  (')  thegraveC),  and  the 
en.  ii  mil.  ..  i  or  ).  in  elocution  fchi  first  shows  when  the 
vole*  i  to  be  raised,  and  is  called  tie  using  inflection; 
tin-  second,  when  it  is  to  be  depressed,  and  is  called  the 
falling  inflection  ;  and  tin-  third,  when  the  vowel  is  to  be 
uttered  with  an  undulating  Bound,  and  i-  called  the  com- 
pound or  waving  inflection.  An  accent  over  the  e  in  -ed" 
is  soiii'tiue  -  used  in  English  poetry  to  denote  that  it  is 
to  bi  pr unced  as  a  distinct  syUabli  :s     loved  or  lov6d, 

3.  In  printing,  an  accented  or  marked  Letter; 
a  type  bearing  an  accent  ual  or  diacritical  mark. 
Ii,"  accents  most  generally  used  in  English  type  (chiefly 

fford  i  and  rei  olarly  furnished  in  a  lull  font, 
are  the  vowel    I \  thi  acute  (').  grave  ( '  i,  and  dr- 
ill   |    I  "  i    :e  I  .ill  I,  and     tile    ,|iei,     i      (     i     aiel    nisi,    the 

cedilla  or  wench  c  (c)  and  the  Spanish  n  (n)  lecentsfor 
occasional  use  are  the  vowels  marked  iongf  landshort 
('),  .  n  kid  lett.-rs  required  for  technical  works 

dial  I.,  certain  km 

4.  Manner  of  utterance;  peculiarity  of  pronun- 
ciation, emphasis,  or  expression,   speeiiieaih  a  ].. 

culiarmodulaii tl  the  vol manneroi  pronunciation, 

marked  by  subtle  differences  oi  elocution,  character]  itic  oi 
the  spoken  l&nguagi  i  I  i  irivi  □  distrii  I  or  a  particular 
rank  in  society,  and  <   peciallyof  each  distinct  nationality. 


32 

Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  you  could  purchase 
in  so  removed  a  dwelling.        Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 
Mild  was  his  accent,  and  bis  action  free. 
Dryden,  laics  from  Chaucer,  Good  I'arson,  1.  16. 

5.  Words,  or  tones  and  modulations  of  the 
voice,  expressive  of  some  emotion  or  passion  : 
as,  the  accents  »l  prayer;  the  accent  of  reproof. 

Short-winded  accents  of  new  broils. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  tender  accents  of  a  woman's  cry.  Prior. 

6.  /)/.  Words,  language,  or  expressions  in  gen- 
eral. 

Winds !  on  your  wings  to  heaven  her  accents  hear, 
Such  words  as  heaven  alone  is  tit  to  hear. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii. 
Deep  on  their  souls  the  mighty  accents  fall, 
Like  lead  that  pierces  through  the  walls  of  clay. 

Jones  Vent,  Poems,  p.  77. 

7.  In  cedes,  chanting,  one  of  the  seven  forms 
of  modulation  used  in  parts  sung  by  the  officiat- 
ing priest  or  his  assistants,  viz.,  the  immutable, 
medium,  grace,  nciite,  moderate,  interrogative, 
limit. —  8.  In  music:  (a)  A  stress  or  emphasis 

given  to  certain  notes  or  parts  of  bars  in  a  com- 
position. It  is  divided  into  two  kinds,  grammatical 
and  rhetorical  or  esthetic.  The  first  is  perfectly  regular  in 
its  occurrence,  always  falling  on  the  first  part  of  a  bar  ; 
the  esthetic  accent  is  irregular,  and  depends  on  taste  and 
feeling,  (b)  A  mark  placed  after  the  letter  rep- 
resenting a  note  to  indicate  the  octave  in 
which  it  is  found.  Thus,  if  C  is  in  the  great  octave 
(see  octave),  c  is  an  octave  above,  e'  an  octave  above  that, 
c"  in  the  next,  and  so  on. 

9.  In  math,  and  mech.:  (a)  In  all  literal  nota- 
tion, a  mark  like  an  acute  accent  placed  after  a 
letter  in  order  that  it  may,  without  confusion, 
be  used  to  represent  different  quantities.  In 
tins  way  abc,  n'h'e'.  a  Ii  c".  etc, may  stand  for  magni- 
tudes as  different  in  value  as  those  which,  but  for  tin  use 
of  the  accents,  must  be  represented  by  different  letters. 
Letters  so  marked  are  read  thus :  a  prime  or  first  (a'),  a 
second  (a"),  a  third  («'"),  etc.  (6)  In  geom .  and  trigon . , 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  indicat- 
ing minutes  of  a  degree,  two  such  marks  indi- 
cating seconds:  as,  20°  10'  30"  =20  degrees,  10 
minutes,  30  seconds,  (c)  In  mcnxitr.  and  engin., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  used  to 
denote  feet,  inches,  and  lines ;  thus,  3'  6"  T" 
=  3  feet,  6  inches,  7  lines,  (rf)  In  plans  and 
drawings,  a  mark  similarly  used  after  repeated 
letters  or  figures,  to  indicate  related  or  corre- 
sponding parts,  and  read  as  in  algebra.  See 
above,  (a).  =  Syn.  See  emphasis  and  inflection. 
accent  (ak-senf),  v.  t.  [<F.  accenter =It.  ae- 
centari  :  from  the  noun.  Cf.  accentuated]  1.  To 
express  the  accent  of;  pronounce  or  utter  with 
a  particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the  voice  : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  properly. —  2.  To  give  ex- 
pression to ;  utter. 

<  'ongeal'd  with  grief,  can  scarce  implore 
Strength  to  need.  Here  my  Albcrtus  lies.       FT.  Wotton. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  written  accent  or  accents : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  in  order  to  indicate  its  pro- 
nunciation.— 4.  To  emphasize;  dwell  upon; 
accentuate     (which    see) — Accented  letter,  in 

junitiim,  a  letter  marked  witli  an  accent.     See  accent,  ".. 

3.— Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in  music,  those  parts  of 
the  bar  on  which  the  stress  falls,  as  the  first  and  third 
parts  of  the  bar  in  common  time. 

accentor  (ak-sen'tor),  »-  [LL.,  one  who  sings 
with  another,  <  aceincre,  sing  to  or  with,  <  L. 


Hedge-sparrow  {Accentor  modiilaris). 

nd,  to,  +  canerc,  sing.]  1.  In  music,  one  who 
sings  the  Leading  part. — 2.  [P.  accenteur.]  In 
ornilli.:  (a)  [pap.]  A  genus  of  passerine  birds, 

family  Sylviiam,  sabtaxniXy Accentorirue.    ,t  , i 

ularis'is  the  European  hedge-sparrow,  bedge-warbler, 
shuttle-wing,  or   dnnuoek,     Bechttein,   1802,     Sec  hedge. 

parrow,  (/,)  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
golden-crowned  thrush  or  oven-bird,  Smrtis 
aurieapillus,  a  well-known  passerine  bird  of 
the  United  States,  of  tho  family  SylvicoUdm. 
Coves. 


accept 
Accentorinae  (ak-sen-to-ri'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Accentor  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  family  Sylviidce,  includ- 
ing the  genus  Accentor  (which  sec).  (.'.  11. 
(i  ruii,  1840. 
accentual  (ak-sen'tu-al),  a.  and  n.  [=  It.  accen- 
tuate, <L.  as  if  "accentualis,  <  acccntus,  accent.] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  accent ;  rhythmical. 
Diderot's  choice  of  prose  was  dictated  and  justified  by 

the  accentual  poverty  of  his  mother-tongue. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  342. 

Tile  term  figurate  which  we  now  employ  to  distin- 
guish florid  from  simple  melody  was  used  to  denote  that 
which  was  simply  rhythmical  or  accentual, 

H".  Mason,  Essay  on  Church  Music,  p.  28. 
Accentual  feet,  meters,  etc  ,  those  in  which  the  rhythmi- 
cal licator  ictus  coincides  with  the  syllabic  accentor  stress, 
as  in  modern  poetry:  opposed  to  quantitative  feet,  meters, 
etc.,  in  which  the  ictus  talks  upon  syllables  literally  long 
or  prolonged  in  time,  as  in  ancient  LI  reek  and  Latin  poetry. 
See  qua ui it ,'i. 
II.  ii.    An  accent-mark. 

accentuality  (ak-sen-tu-al'i-ti),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  accentual. 

accentually  (ak-sen'tu-al-i),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
centual manner ;  with  regard  to  accent. 

accentuate  (ak-sen'tfi-at),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accentuated,  ppr.  accentuating.  [<  LL.  accen- 
tual us,  pp.  of  acccntuare  (>F.  accen tuer  =  Sp. 
acentuar =Pg.  accentuar  =  It.  acccntuare), <Ii. 
acccntus,  accent:  see  accent,  n.]  1.  To  mark  or 
pronounce  with  an  accent  or  with  accents ; 
place  an  accent  or  accents  on. —  2.  To  lay  stress 
upon ;  emphasize  ;  give  prominence  to ;  mark 
as  of  importance:  as,  he  accentuated  the  views 
of  the  party  on  this  question. 

Still  more  to  accentuate  this  effusive  welcome  to  a  Turk- 
ish official  in  Turkish  waters. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  Oct.  13,  1883,  p.  69. 

accentuated  (ak-sen'tu-a-ted),  p.  a.  Strongly 
marked;  strong;  prominent;  very  distinct: 
as,  accentuated  features;  an  accentuated  fault 
of  manner. 

The  diagnostic  value  of  an  accentuated  cardiac  second 
sound.  Editi.  Med.  Jour.,  June,  1863. 

accentuation  (ak-sen-tu-a'shon),  n.  [<LL.  ac- 
ccntuatio(n-),  (.aceentuarc:  see  accentuate.]  1. 
The  act  of  accentuating  or  of  marking  accent 
or  stress  in  speech  or  writing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing  accented  or  accentuated. — 2.  The  mode  of 
indicating  accent;  accentual  notation. — 3.  The 
act  of  emphasizing  or  laying  stress;  a  bring- 
ing into  prominence. 

A  perpetual  straining  after  the  abstract  idea  or  law  of 
change,  the  constant  aeeeutaatinu,  as  it  is  called,  of  prin- 
ciple in  historical  writing,  invariably  marks  a  narrow  view 
of  truth,  a  want  of  mastery  over  details,  and  a  bias  towards 
foregone  conclusions.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  518. 

There  is  no  accentuation  of  the  distinctively  feminine 
charms  [of  Athena  in  the  Parthenon  frieze] ;  nay,  from  one 
aspect  the  head  is  almost  boyish  in  character, 

The  Century,  XXVII.  179. 

accentus  (ak-sen'tus),  n.    [ML.:  see  accent.] 

In  ancient  church  music,  that  part  of  the  service 
which  is  sung  or  recited  by  the  priest  and  his 
assistants  at  the  altar,  in  contradistinction  to 
concentus,  the  part  sung  by  the  whole  choir, 
accept  (ak-sepf),  ''.  t.  [<ME.  acccpten,  <  OF. 
acet  pier,  neepler,  F.  accepter  =  Vr.  acceptar  = 
Sp.  aeeptar  —  I'g.  aceitar=\i.  aecettarc,  <  L.  ae- 
ccjitare,  receive,  a  freq.  of  accipere,  pp.  ac- 
ceptus,  receive,  <  ad,  to,  +  eapere,  take :  sec  cap- 
tion.] 1.  To  take  or  receive  (something offered); 
receive  with  approbation  or  favor:  as,  he  made 
an  offer  which  was  accepted. 

Bless,  Lord,  his  substance,  and  accept  the  work  of  his 
hands.  Deut.  xxxiii.  11. 

If  you  accept  them,  then  their  worth  is  great. 

Shak.,  T.  "f  the  s.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  take  (what  presents  itself  or  what  befalls 
one);  accommodate  one's  self  to:  as,  to  accept 
the  situation. 

They  earn  it  otr  well,  these  fair  moving  mountains,  and 
like  ail  French  women  accept  frankly  their  natural  for- 
tunes. Fats.r  s  Mint. 

3.  To  listen  favorably  to ;  grant- 
Sweet  prince,  accept  their  suit.     Shak.,  Rich.  III., iii. 7. 

4.  To  receive  or  admit  ami  agree  to  :  accede  or 
assent  to:  us,  to  accept  a  treaty,  a  proposal,  an 
amendment,  an  excuse:  often  followed  by  of: 
as,  I  iiecepl  (i/'llio  terms. 

He  [Wordsworth]  accepted  tin  code  of  freedom  and 
brotherhood  as  be  would  have  accepted  the  proclamation 
ot  a  ii.u  and  noble  king  .  .  .  whose  reign  was  to  bring  in 
tin-  golden  age. 

Mrs.  I lli, dm nt.  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  I.  VI. 

5.  Toreceiyeinaparticular sense;  understand: 
as,  how  is  this  phrase  to  be  accepted .' — 6.  In 
com.,  t"  acknowledge,  by  signature,  as  calling 
for  payment,  ami  thus  to  promise  to  pay:  as, 


accept 

to  accept  a  bill  of  exchange,  that  is,  to  acknow- 
ledge the  obligation  to  pay  it  when  due.  See  ac- 
ceptance.—  7.  In  a  deliberative  body,  to  receive 
as  a  sufficient  performance  of  the  duty  with 
which  an  officer  or  a  committee  has  been 
charged;  receive  for  further  action:  as,  the 
report  of  the  committee  was  accepted.  =  Syn.  1. 

Take,  etc.     See  receive. 
acceptt  (ak-sepf),  P-  a.     [<  ME.  accept,  <  L.  ac- 
cejitus,  pp.  of  aociperc,  accept:  see  accept,  v.] 
Accepted. 

In  tyme  accept,  or  wel  plesyngc,  I  haue  herd  thee. 

Wyclif,  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 
We  will  suddenly 
Pass  our  accept  and  peremptory  answer. 

Shah.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 
I  In  the  latter  passage  the  word  has  heen  taken  to  mean 
acceptance.] 

acceptability  (ak-sep-ta-bU'i-ti),  ».  [<  accept- 
(tl)tt' :  see  -buity.]  The  qualify  of  being  accept- 
able or  agreeable ;  acceptableness. 

acceptable  (ak-sep'ta-bl,  formerly  ak'sep-ta- 
bl),  a.  [<  ME.  acceptable,  <  L.  acceptabilis,  wor- 
thy of  acceptance,  <  acceptarc,  receive:  see 
accept.']  Capable,  worthy,  or  sure  of  being 
accepted  or  received  with  pleasure ;  hence, 
pleasing  to  the  receiver;  gratifying;  agreeable; 
welcome :  as,  an  acceptable  present. 

What  acceptable  audit  canst  thou  leave  ? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 
This  woman,  whom  thou  mad'st  to  he  my  help,  .  .  . 
So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.         Milton,  1'.  L.,  x.  139. 

acceptableness  (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes),  n.  Same  as 
acceptability. 

acceptably  (ak-sep'ta-bli),  adr.  In  an  accept- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  to  please  or  give 
satisfaction. 

Let  us  have  grace,  whereby  we  may  serve  God  accept- 
ably. Heb.  xii.  28. 

acceptance  (ak-sep'tans),  re.  [<  OF.  acceptance : 
see  acceptant.]  1.  The  act  of  accepting,  or  the 
fact  of  being  accepted.  («)  The  act  of  taking  or 
receiving  anything  offered ;  a  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction ;  favorable  reception. 

They  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  mine  altar. 

Isa.  lx.  7. 
Such  with  him  finds  no  acceptance.    MUton,  P.  L.,  v.  530. 

(b)  The  act  of  receiving  and  assenting  to  something  stated 
or  propounded,  as  a  theory,  etc.  (c)  The  act  of  agreeing 
t"  terms  or  proposals,  and  thereby  becoming  bound.  Spe- 
citically — (l)Inlaw,  an  agreeing  to  the  offer  or  contract  of 
am  ither  by  some  act  which  binds  the  person  in  law.  Thus, 
if  a  person  receiving  an  estate  in  remainder  takes  rent  on 
a  lease  made  by  his  predecessor,  this  is  an  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  the  lease,  and  binds  the  party  receiving  to  abide 
by  the  terms  of  the  lease.  (2)  In  com. ,  an  engagement,  by  the 
person  on  whom  a  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn,  to  pay  the 
hill :  usually  made  by  the  person  writing  the  word  "  Ac- 
cepted" across  the  bill  and  signing  his  name,  or  simply 
writing  his  name  across  or  at  the  end  of  the  bill.  Ac- 
ceptances are  of  three  principal  kinds :  general  or  un- 
qualified, when  no  limiting  or  qualifying  words  are  added  ; 
special,  when  expressed  as  payable  at  some  particular 
bank;  and  qualified,  when  expressed  to  be  for  a  less  sum 
than  that  for  which  the  bill  was  originally  drawn,  or  when 
some  variation  in  the  time  or  mode  of  payment  is  intro- 
duced. Acceptance  supra  protest,  or  for  honor,  is  accept- 
ance by  some  third  person,  after  protest  for  non-accept- 
ance by  the  drawee,  with  the  view  of  saving  the  honor  of 
the  drawer  or  of  some  particular  indorser. 
2.  A  bill  of  exchange  that  has  been  accepted, 
or  the  sum  contained  in  it. —  3f.  The  sense  in 
which  a  word  or  expression  is  understood  ; 
signification ;  meaning  ;  acceptation. 

An  assertion  .  .  .  under  the  common  acceptance  of  it 
not  only  false  hut  odious.  South. 

Acceptance  with  God,  in  theol.,  forgiveness  of  sins  and 
reception  into  God's  favor.  =  Syn.  Acceptance,  Accept- 
ancy, Acceptation.    See  acceptation. 

acceptancy  (ak-sep'tan-si),  re.  The  act  of  ac- 
cepting; acceptance;  willingness  to  receive  or 
accept. 

Here's  a  proof  of  gift, 
But  here's  no  proof,  sir,  of  acceptancy. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  ii.  1057. 
-  Syn.  Acceptancy,  Acceptance,  Acceptation,  See  accep- 
tation. 
acceptant  (ak-sep'tant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
ceptant, <  L.  acceptan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acceptare: 
see  accept."]    I.  a.  Eeceptive.   N.  E.  D. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  accepts;  an  accepter. 
Specifically — 2.  [cop.]  One  of  the  French  bish- 
ops and  clergy  who  accepted  the  bull  Unigeni- 
tus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  against 
the  Jansenists. 

acceptation  (ak-sep-ta'shon),  n.  [=Sp.  acep- 
teoo»=Pg.  aceitacao  =  It.  accettasione,  <  L.  as 
if  *  acceptation-),  <  acceptare,  receive :  see  ac- 
cept.] If.  The  act  of  accepting  or  receiving; 
reception  ;  acceptance  :  as,  the  acceptation  of  a 
trust. 


33 

2.  The  state  of  being  accepted  or  acceptable ; 
favorable  regard ;  hence,  credence ;  belief. 

This  is  a  faithful  saying,  and  worthy  of  all  acceptation, 
that  Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  save  sinners. 

1  Tim.  i.  15. 
Some  things  .  .  .  are  notwithstanding  of  so  great  dig- 
nity ami  acceptation  with  God.        Hooker,  Eceles.  Pol.,  ii. 
[Richard  Cromwell]  spake  also  with  general  necptnti,,,, 
and  applause  when  he  made  his  speech  before  the  Parlia- 
ment, even  far  beyond  the  Lord  IVnes. 

Quoted  by  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  261. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or 
statement  is  taken  or  understood:  as,  this  term 
is  to  be  understood  in  its  usual  acceptation. 

Genius  is  a  word  which,  in  common  acceptation,  extends 
much  further  than  to  the  objects  of  taste.  H.  Blair,  Lect. 
=  Syn.  Acceptance,  Acceptancy,  Acceptation.  These 
words  have  been  used  interchangeably,  but  there  is  a 
marked  tendency  to  use  acceptance  for  the  act  of  accept- 
ing, and  acceptation  for  the  state  of  being  accepted,  accept- 
ancy having  become  rare,  or  being  restricted  to  poetic  use. 

It  is  in  vain  to  stand  out  against  the  full  acceptance  of 
a  word  which  is  supported  by  so  much  and  so  respectable 
authority.  Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  41. 

To  reanimate  this  drooping  but  Divine  truth  of  human 
regeneration,  by  lifting  it  out  of  its  almost  wholly  lapsed 
and  lifeless  —  because  merely  ritual  —  private  acceptation, 
and  giving  it  a  grander  public  application. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  154. 

accepted  (ak-sep'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Acceptable; 
chosen;  appointed. 

Behold,  now  is  the  accepted  time;  behold,  now  is  the 
day  of  salvation.  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 

2.  In  com.,  received  or  acknowledged  as  bind- 
ing: often  abbreviated  to  a.  or  A.  See  accept- 
ance, 1  (c)  (2). 
accepter  (ak-sep'ter),  n.  1.  A  person  who  ac- 
cepts. Specifically,  in  com.,  the  person  who  accepts  a 
bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  himself  to  pay  the  sum  speci- 
fied in  it.  [In  this  specific  sense  most  frequently  written 
acceptor  (which  see).] 
2f.  One  who  favors  unduly;  a  respecter. 

God  is  no  accepter  of  persons  ;  neither  riches  nor  poverty 
are  a  means  to  procure  his  favour. 

Chillingworth,  Sermons,  iii.  §33. 

acceptilate  (ak-sep'ti-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acceptilated,  ppr.  acceptilating.  [<  accepta- 
tion.] To  discharge  (a  debt)  by  accepta- 
tion. 

acceptilation  (ak-sep-ti-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ac- 
ceptilatio(n-),  also  written  separately  accepti 
latio(n-),  a  formal  discharging  from  a  debt,  lit. 
a  bearing  of  a  receipt :  accepti,  gen.  of  accep- 
tuin,  a  receipt,  pp.  neut.  of  accij>crc,  receive 
(see  accept,  v.);  latio(n-),  a  bearing,  <  latus,  pp., 
associated  with  ferre  =  E.  bear1:  see  ablative, 
and  cf.  legislation.]  1.  la  civil  and  Scots  laic, 
the  verbal  extinction  of  a  verbal  contract, 
with  a  declaration  that  the  debt  has  been  paid 
when  it  has  not,  or  the  acceptance  of  some- 
thing merely  imaginary  in  satisfaction  of  a  ver- 
bal contract.  Wharton.  Hence  —  2f.  In  theol., 
the  free  forgiveness  of  sins  by  God,  for  Christ's 
sake.  The  word  (accept ilatio)  was  used  by  Duns  Scotus, 
in  whose  writings  it  first  appears  as  a  theological  terra,  to 
signify  the  doctrine  that  God  accepts  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  as  a  satisfaction  to  justice,  though  in  strictness 
they  are  not  so,  as  opposed  to  the  notion  that  Christ's 
sufferings  were  infinite,  and  therefore  a  full  and  actual 
satisfaction  for  the  sins  of  mankind. 

Our  justification  which  comes  by  Christ  is  by  imputa- 
tion and  acceptilation,  by  grace  and  favour. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Ans.  to  Bp.  of  Rochester. 

acceptiont  (ak-sep'shpn),  re.  [<  ME.  accepcioun, 
<OF.  aeeeption  =  Sv.  acepcion  =  Pg.  accepedo, 
<  L.  acceptio'n-),  <  accipere,  receive :  see  accept.] 

1.  Acceptation. 

The  diverse  acceptions  of  words  which  the  schoolmen 
call  suppositions  effect  no  homonymy. 

Burgersdicius,  trans,  by  a  Gentleman,  I.  xxvi.  12. 
That  this  hath  been  esteemed  the  due  and  proper  ac- 
eeption  of  this  word,  I  shall  testify. 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

2.  The  act  of  favoring  unequally ;  preference. 
For  accepciouns  of  persoones,  that  is,  to  putte  oon  bi- 

fore  another  withoute  desert,  is  not  anentis  God. 

Wyclif,  Rom.  ii.  11. 

acceptivet  (ak-sep'tiv),  a.    Ready  to  accept. 
The  people  generally  are  very  acceptive  and  apt  to  ap- 
plaud any  meritable  work. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  7. 

acceptor  (ak-sep'tor  or  -ter),  re.  [After  L.  ac- 
ceptor, one  who  receives,  <  accipere,  receive : 
see  accept,  r.]      Same   as    accepter,  but  moro 

frequent  in  commercial  and  legal  use Acceptor 

supra  protest,  a  person,  not  a  party  to  a  bill  of  exchange 
which  bus  been  protested,  who  accepts  it  for  the  honor  of 


All  are  rewarded  with  like  coldness  of  acceptation. 


the  drawer  or  of  an  indorser,  thereby  agreeing  to  pay  it  if 
the  drawee  does  not. 

acceptress  (ak-sep'tres),  re.    A  female  acceptor. 
[Rare.] 
accerset  (ak-sers'),  i>.  t.     [<L.  accersere,  com- 
monly areessere  (prefix  ar-,  <  ad-,  to),  summon, 
Sir  P.  Sidney,     cause  to  come,  <  accedere,  come :  see  accede.] 


accession 

To  call  out  or  forth ;   summon,  as  an  army. 
II,,  II.     [Rare.] 
access  (ak'ses,   formerly  ak-ses'),   n.     [<ME. 
acces,  ulsis,  axes  (nearly  always  in  sense  5), 

<  OF.  acccs  (also  spells  I  act  .  acex,  aches,  usees), 
approach,  attack,  F.  acces  =  Sp.  acceso  =  Pg. 
It.  aocesso,  <  L.  accessus,  approach,  passage,  in- 
crease, < accedere,  go  to:  sec  accede.]  1.  A 
coming  to ;  near  approach  ;  admittance  ;  admis- 
sion :  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

We  are  denied  access  unto  his  person. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Means  of  approach  or  admission;  way  of 
entrance  or  passage  to  anything:  as,  the  access 
is  through  a  massive  door  or  a  long  corridor,  or 
by  a  neck  of  land. 

All  access  was  throng'd.  Milton,  P.  L.t  i.  761. 

Then  closed  her  access  to  the  wealthier  farms. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  coverture  access  of  the  husband  shall  be  pre- 
sumed, unless  the  contrary  be  shown.  Blackstone. 

4.  Addition;  increase;  accession. 

I,  from  the  influence  of  thy  looks,  receive 

Access  in  every  virtue.  Milt,,,,.  P.  L.,  ix.  310. 

5.  The  attack  or  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of 
disease,  as  of  a  fever;  accession. 

Every  wight  gan  waxen  for  aceesse 
A  leche  anon.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1578. 

The  first  access  looked  like  an  apoplexy. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Own  Times. 

The  most  efficient  and  certain  means  for  stimulating  the 

cerebral  cortex,  in  order  to  provoke  an  epileptic  access, 

is  electrization.  Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VI.  8. 

6.  The  approach  of  the  priest  to  the  altar  for 
the  purpose  of  celebrating  the  eueharist. — 7. 
In  canon  law,  a  right  to  a  certain  benefice  at 
some  future  time,  now  in  abeyance  through 
lack  of  required  age  or  some  other  conditions : 
if  in  abeyance  through  actual  possession  of 
another,  it  is  equivalent  to  the  right  of  succes- 
sion. See  coadjutor.  Ingress  is  a  right,  in  virtue  of 
some  previous  stipulation,  to  a  benefice  resigned  before 
entered  upon ;  regress,  to  a  benefice  actually  renounced. 
The  Council  of  Trent  and  succeeding  popes  abolished 
such  titles,  as  tending  to  make  benefices  hereditary ;  since 
then  they  have  existed  in  Roman  Catholic  countries  only 
in  particular  instances  and  by  a  special  pontifical  privilege. 
—Prayer  of  humble  access,  a  prayer  said  by  the  cele- 
brant in  his  own  behalf  and  in  that  of  the  people  before 
communicating.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  litur- 
gies it  is  used  shortly  before  the  communion  of  the  priest. 
In  the  present  Book  of  Common  Prayer  it  precedes  the 
Consecration. 

accessarily,  accessariness,  etc.    See  accesso- 

rily,  accessoriness,  etc. 

accessary  (ak-ses'a-ri  or  ak'ses-a-ri),  re.  [<  L. 
as  if  *accessarius,  <  accessus,  access:  see  access. 
Now  mixed  with  accessory,  a.  and,  ».  Strictly 
the  noun  (a  person)  should  be  accessary,  the 
adj.  (and  noun,  a  thing)  accessory;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  too  fine  to  be  maintained.  See  -anj, 
-ori/.]     Same  as  accessory. 

accessibility  (ak-ses-i-b'il'i-ti),  re.  [=F.  ac- 
cessibilite  =  It.  accessibility,  <  LL.  accessihili- 
til(t-)s,  <  accessibilis,  accessible:  see  accessible.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  accessible,  or 
of  admitting  approach. 

accessible  (ak-ses'i-bl),  a.  [=F.  accessible  = 
Sp.  accesible  =  Pg.   accessivel  =  It.   accessibile, 

<  LL.  accessibilis,  accessible,  <  L.  accessus,  pp.  of 
accedere,  go  to,  approach :  see  accede.  ]  Capa- 
ble of  being  approached  or  reached ;  easy  of 
access ;  approachable ;  attainable :  as,  an  ac- 
cessible town  or  mountain ;  the  place  is  accessi- 
ble by  a  concealed  path. 

Most  frankly  accessible,  most  affable,  .  .  .  most  sociable. 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  260. 
Proofs  accessible  to  all  the  world. 

Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  I.  i. 

accessibly  (ak-ses'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  accessi- 
ble manner ;  so  as  to  be  accessible. 

accession  (ak-sesh'on),  n.  [=  F.  accession,  <  OF. 
accessioun  =  Sp.  deccsion  =Pg.  accessao  =  It. 
accessione,  <  L.  acccssio(n-),  a  going  to,  an  ap- 
proach, attack,  increase,  <  accessus,  pp.  of  ac- 
cedere, go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A  coming,  as 
into  the  possession  of  a  right  or  station ;  attain- 
ment; entrance;  induction:  as,  the  accession 
of  the  people  to  political  power,  or  to  the  ballot ; 
accession  to  an  estate,  or  to  the  throne. 

The  king,  at  his  accession,  takes  an  oath  to  maintain  all 
the  rights,  liberties,  franchises,  and  customs,  written  or 
unwritten.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  376. 

2.  The  act  of  acceding,  as  by  assent  or  agree- 
ment ;  consent ;  junction ;  adhesion :  as,  acces- 
sion to  a  demand  or  proposal ;  their  accession 
to  the  party  or  confederacy  was  a  great  gain. 

Declaring  their  acquiescence  in  and  accession  to  the 
determination  made  by  Congress. 

S.  Williams,  Hist.  Vermont,  p.  283.    (N.  E.  D.) 


accession 

3.  Increase  by  something  added ;  that  which 
is  added;  augmentation;  addition:  as,  an  ac- 
cession of  wealth,  territory,  or  numbers. 

The  only  accession  which  the  Roman  Empire  received 
was  the  province  of  Britain.  Gibbon. 

The  yule  log  drew  an  unusually  large  accession  of  guests 
around  the  Christmas  hearth. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1. 17. 
The  ship  brought  but  twenty  passengers,  and  quenched 
all  hope  of  immediate  accessions. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  2S5. 

4.  In  law,  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by 
which  the  owner  of  a  corporeal  substance 
which  receives  an  addition  by  growth  or  by  the 
application  of  labor  has  a  right  to  the  thing 
added  or  to  the  improvement,  as  an  addition 
to  a  house  made  by  a  tenant  under  an  ordinary 
lease. — 5.  In  med.,  the  attack,  approach,  or 
commencement  of  a  disease;  access. — 6.  In 
the  election  of  a  pope,  the  transference  of  votes 
from  one  candidate  to  another,  when  the  scru- 
tiny has  not  resulted  in  a  choice.  The  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  this  is  called  an  accessit  (which 
see). — Deed  Of  accession,  in  Scots  lait;  a  deed  executed 
by  the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt,  by  which  they  approve  of 
a  trust  given  by  their  debtor  for  the  general  behoof,  and 
bind  themselves  to  concur  in  the  plans  proposed  for  extri- 
cating his  affairs.  -  Syn.  2.  Consent,  compliance,  assent, 
acquiescence. —  3.  Increase,  addition,  increment,  exten- 
sion, augmentation. 

accessional  (ak-sesh'on-al),  a.  [=Pg.  acces- 
sional,  <  L.  as  if  *acccs$iona!is:  see  accession.] 
Consisting  in  or  due  to  accession;  giving  in- 
crease or  enlargement ;  additional. 

The  specific  and  accessional  perfections  which  the  hu- 
man understanding  derives  from  it.  Coleridge. 
I  regard  that,  rather,  as  a  superinduced,  collateral,  ac- 
cessional fame,  a  necessity  of  greatness. 

li.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  622. 

accessit  (ak-ses'it),  n.  [L.,  he  has  come  near, 
3d  pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  accedere,  to  come  to  or 
near:  see  accede.]  1.  In  English  and  other  col- 
leges, a  certificate  or  prize  awarded  to  a  stu- 
dent of  second  (or  lower)  merit:  as,  second 
accessit,  third,  fourth,  etc.,  accessit. —  2.  In  the 
election  of  a  pope,  an  opportunity  given  the 
members  of  the  conclave,  after  each  ballot,  to 
revise  their  votes. 

Every  morning  a  ballot  is  cast,  followed  in  the  evening 
by  an  "  accessit" ;  that  is,  if  the  morning  ballot  has  led  to 
no  result,  any  of  the  electors  is  allowed  to  transfer  his 
vote  to  that  one  of  the  candidates  whom  he  can  expect 
thereby  to  get  elected.  Schaff-Herzog,  Encyc,  I.  621. 

accessivet  (ak-ses'iv),  a.  [<  ML.  accessions 
(rare,  and  special  sense  uncertain,  but  lit.  '  ad- 
ditional'), CL.  accessus,  addition:  see  access.] 
Additional ;  contributory. 

God  "  opened  the  eyes  of  one  that  was  born  blind  "  and 
had  increased  this  csecity  by  his  own  accessive  and  exces- 
sive wickedness.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  37!). 

accessorial  (ak-se-so'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  accessory  :  as,  accessorial  agency. 

Mere  accessorial  guilt  was  not  enough  to  convict  him. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  265. 

accessorily  (ak-ses'o-ri-li  or  ak'se-so-ri-li),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  accessory;  not  as  princi- 
pal, but  as  a  subordinate  agent.  Also  written 
aea  warily. 

accessoriness  (ak-ses'o-ri-nes  or  ak'se-so-ri- 
nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  accessory,  or  of 
being  or  acting  as  an  accessory.  Also  written 
aeeessariness. 

accessorius  (ak-se-so'ri-us),  a.  and  n. ;  pi.  aeecs- 
80rii(-i).  [ML.:  see  accessory.]  In  anat.,  ac- 
cessory, or  an  accessory.  Applied— (a)  To  several 
muscles:  as.  musculus  accessorius  ad  sacro-lunibalem, 
the  accessory  muscle  of  the  Bacro-lumbaliB,  passing,  in 
man,  by  successive  slips,  from  the  six  lower  to  the  six 
uppei  ribs  .  accessoril  orbicularis  superiores,  accessorii 
orbicularis  inferiores,  certain  superior  and  inferior  addi- 
tional or  accessory  muscular  filters  of  the  orbicularis  oris 
muscle  of  man;  fli  rius,  the  accessory  flexor  of 

the  sole  of  the  foot  of  man,  arising  by  two  beads  from  the 
os  calcis  or  heel-bone,  and  inserted  into  the  tendon  of 
the  long  flexor  of  Hie  toes  (flexor  longus  digitorum).  {'-) 
To  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  also  called  the 

spinal  accessory  nerves.    They  given] its  to  the  vagus, 

and  innervate  the  Bterno-mastoid  and  trapezius  mu  cli 

accessory  (ak-ses'p-ri  or  ak'se-so-ri),  a.  and  n. 
[=  F.  accessoire  =  Sp.  accesorio  =  Pg.  It.  acccs- 
sorio,  <  ML,  arc*  s.si, rius,  <  L.  accessits^vp.  of  ac- 
cedere:  Beoaccede.tta&ct.aecessary.']  I.  a.  1.  (Of 
persons.)  Acceding;  contributing;  aiding  in 
producingsome  effect,  or  acting  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal  agent:  usually  in  a  bad 
sense:  as,  accessory  to  a  felony.  Technically, 
in  law,  it  implies  aiding  without  being  pivscnl 
at  the  act. — 2.  (Of  things.)  (a)  Contributing  to 
a  general  effect ;  aiding  in  certain  acts  or  efforts 
in  a  secondary  manner ;  belonging  to  somot  1 1  i  i 1 1 ; 
else  as  principal ;  accompanying:  as,  accessory 
Bounds  in  music:  iii-ci ssory  muscles.  (6)  Ad- 
ditional, or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendage :  as, 


34 

accessory  buds  are  developed  by  the  side  of  or 
above  the  normal  axillary  bud Accessory  action, 

in  Scots  laic,  an  action  in  some  degree  subservient  or  an- 
cillary to  another  action.— Accessory  contract,  one 
made  for  th>-  purpose  of  assuring  the  performance  of  a 
prior  contract,  either  by  the  same  parties  or  by  others, 
such  as  asuretyship,  a  mortgage,  or  a  pledge.  Bonder.— 
Accessory  disk,  the  thin,  Blightly  dim,  and  anisotropous 
disk  seen  near  the  intermediate  disk  in  certain  forms 
and  conditions  of  striated  muscle-fibers.— Accessory 
fruits,  those  fruits  a  considerable  portion  of  whose  sub- 
stance is  distinct  from  the  seed-vessel  and  formed  of  the 
accrescent  and  succulent  calyx,  or  torus,  or  receptacle, 
bracts,  etc.— Accessory  muscles.  See  accessorius.— Ac- 
cessory obligation,  an  obligation  incidental  or  subor- 
dinate to  another  obligation.  Thus,  an  obligation  for  the 
regular  payment  of  interest  is  accessory  to  the  obligation 
to  pay  the  principal  :  a  mortgage  to  secure  payment  of 
a  bond  is  accessory  to  the  bond.  — Accessory  valves,  in 


Pholas  chitomsis.  showing  Accessory  Valves  {a  a). 


zobi.,  small  additional  valves,  as  those  placed  near  the 
umbones  of  the  genus  Pholas  among  mollusks.—  Spinal 
accessory  nerves,  in  anat.,  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial 
nerves.  See  accessorius. 

II.  ". ;  pi-  accessories  (-viz).  1.  In  lawt  one 
who  is  guilty  of  a  felony,  not  by  committing 
the  offense  in  person  or  as  a  principal,  nor  by 
being  present  at  its  commission,  but  by  being 
in  some  other  way  concerned  therein,  as  by  ad- 
vising or  inciting  another  to  commit  the  crime, 
or  by  concealing  the  offender  or  in  any  way 
helping  him  to  escapo  punishment.  An  accessory 
be/ore  the  fact  is  one  who  counsels  or  incites  another  to 
commit  a  felony,  and  who  is  not  present  when  the  act  is 
done ;  after  the  fact,  one  who  receives  and  conceals,  or  in 
any  way  assists,  the  offender,  knowing  him  to  have  com- 
mitted a  felony.  In  high  treason  and  misdemeanor,  by 
English  law,  there  are  no  accessories,  all  implicated  being 
treated  as  principals.    See  abetter. 

An  accessory  is  one  who  participates  in  a  felony  too  re- 
motely to  be  deemed  a  principal.  Bishop. 

In  that  state  I  Massachusetts],  too,  the  aider  and  abettor, 
who  at  common  law  would  have  been  but  a  mere  acces- 
sory, may  be  indicted  and  convicted  of  a  substantive 
felony,  without  any  regard  to  the  indictment  or  conviction 
of  the  principal.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  58. 

The  prevailing  rule  of  the  criminal  law,  that  there  may 
he  principals  and  accessories  to  a  crime,  has  no  applica- 
tion whatever  to  treason.  Am.  Cyc.,  XV.  851. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  some- 
thing else  as  its  principal ;  a  subordinate  part 
or  object ;  an  accompaniment. 

The  wealth  of  both  Indies  seems  in  gTeat  part  but  an 

accessary  to  the  command  of  the  sea.  Bacon,  Essays,  xxix. 

The  aspect  and  accessories  of  a  den  of  banditti.   Carlyle. 

3.  In  the  fine  arts,  an  object  represented  which 
is  not  a  main  motive  or  center  of  interest,  but 
is  introduced  to  balance  the  composition  or  in 
some  way  enhance  its  artistic  effectiveness. 
In  a  portrait,  for  example,  everything  but  the  figure  is  an 
accessory. 

In  painting  the  picture  of  an  Oriental,  the  pipe  and  the 
coffee-cup  are  indispensable  aca  ssorUs. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  178. 
[In  all  uses  interchangeable  with  accessary,  but 
accessory  is  more  common.]  =  syn.  1.  Abetter,  ac- 
complice. See  the  definitions  of  these  words. 
acciaccatura(at-chak-ka-tb'ra),  n.  [It.;  lit.,  the 
effect  of  crushing,  <  acciaccare,  bruise,  crush, 
<  acciarc,  mince,  hash,  <  accia,  an  ax,  <  L.  ascia, 
an  ax :  see  ax1.]  In  music :  (a)  A  grace-note 
one  half  step  below  a  principal  note,  struck  at 
the  same  time  with  the  principal  note  and  im- 
mediately left,  while  the  latter  is  held.  Before  a 
single  note  it  is  indicated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  short 
appoggiatura  ;  before  a  note  of  a  chord  it  is  indicated  by 

Written,  Played. 


w* 


a  stroke  drawn  through  the  chord  under  the  note  to 
which  it  belongs.  It  is  now  used  only  in  organ-music. 
(h)  More  frequently,  it  short  appoggiatura.  See 
appoggiatura. 
accidence1  (ak'si-dons),  n.  [A  misspelling  of 
aei-ii/iiits,  pi.,  or  an  accom.  of  L.  accidentia, 
neut.  pi.,  as  accidence'*  of  L.  accidentia,  fern. 
sitiL'. :  see  accident,  6.]  1.  That  pari  of  gram- 
mar which  treats  of  the  accidents  or  infleelii.ii 
of  Words;  a  small  book  containing  the  rudi- 
ments of  grammar. 

I  .  .  .  never  yet  did  learn  mine  accidence. 

John  Taylor  (the  Water-Poet). 


accidental 

We  carried  an  accidence,  or  a  grammar,  for  form. 

Ln//>>>,  Christ's  Hospital. 
Hence — 2.  The  rudiments  of  any  subject. 

The  poets  who  were  just  then  learning  the  accidence 
of  their  art.         LoweU,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  102. 

accidence2t  (ak'si-dens),  n.  [<  ME.  accidence, 
<  OF.  accidence,  <  t.  accidentia,  a  chance,  a 
casual  event,  <  acciden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  accidere, 
happen :  see  accident."]  A  fortuitous  circum- 
stance ;  an  accident. 

accident  (ak'si-dent),  n.  [<ME.  accident,  <  OF. 
accident,  F.  accident  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  accidente,  < 
L.  acciden(t-)s,  an  accident,  chance,  misfor- 
tune, prop.  ppr.  of  accidere,  fall  upon,  befall, 
happen,  chance,  <  ad,  to,  upon,  +  cadere,  fall: 
see  cadence,  case1,  and  cliancc.]  1.  In  general, 
anything  that  happens  or  begins  to  be  without 
design,  or  as  an  unforeseen  effect ;  that  which 
falls  out  by  chance  ;  a  fortuitous  event  or  cir- 
cumstance. 

The  story  of  my  life, 
And  the  particular  accidents  gone  by, 
Since  I  came  to  this  isle.         Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Whenever  words  tumble  out  under  the  blindest  acci- 
dents of  the  moment,  those  are  the  words  retained. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

2.  Specifically,  an  undesirable  or  unfortunate 
happening ;  an  undesigned  harm  or  injury ;  a 
casualty  or  mishap.  In  legal  use,  an  accident  is:  (<l) 
An  event  happening  without  the  concurrence  of  the  will 
of  the  person  by  whose  agency  it  was  caused.  It  differs 
from  mistake,  in  that  the  latter  always  supposes  the 
operation  of  the  will  of  the  agent  in  producing  the  event, 
although  that  will  is  caused  by  erroneous  impressions  on 
the  mind.  Elite.  Livingston,  See  mistake,  (6)  Sometimes, 
in  a  loose  sense,  any  event  that  takes  place  without  one's 
foresight  or  expectation,  (c)  Specifically,  in  equity  prac- 
tice, an  event  which  is  not  the  result  of  personal  negli- 
gence or  misconduct. 

3.  The  operation  of  chance ;  an  undesigned 
contingency ;  a  happening  without  intentional 
causation ;  chance  ;  fortune :  as,  it  was  the  re- 
sult of  accident;  I  was  there  by  accident. 

Prizes  of  accident  as  oft  as  merit. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ili.  3. 
All  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  to  fate,  acci- 
dent, or  the  blind  action  of  stupid  matter.  Dwight. 

4f.  That  which  exists  or  occurs  abnormally; 
something  unusual  or  phenomenal;  an  uncom- 
mon occurrence  or  appearance. 

Koon  accident  for  noon  adversitee 
Was  seyn  in  her.       Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  607. 
The  accident  was  loud,  and  here  before  thee 
With  rueful  cry.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1662. 

5.  Irregularity  ;  unevenness  ;  abruptness,  (a) 
Any  chance,  unexpected,  or  unusual  quality  or  circum- 
stance. 

The  happy  accidents  of  old  English  houses. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  262. 
(6)  An  irregularity  of  surface  ;  an  undulation :  as,  the 
enemy  was  favored  by  the  accidents  of  the  ground. 

6.  A  non-essential.  In  logic  (translation  of  Gr.  <rvji- 
fcPrjKik) :  (a)  Any  predicate,  mark,  character,  or  whatever 
is  in  a  subject  or  inheres  in  a  substance  :  in  this  sense 
opposed  to  substance,  (b)  A  character  which  may  be 
present  in  or  absent  from  a  member  of  a  natural  class :  in 
this  sense  it  is  one  of  the  five  predicables,  viz.,  genus,  dif- 
ference, species,  property,  accident.  Accidents  are  divided 
into  separable  and  inseparable.  The  distinction  between 
an  inseparable  accident  and  a  property  is  not  clear. 

If  two  or  three  hundred  men  are  to  he  found  who  can- 
not live  out  of  Madeira,  that  inability  would  still  be  an 
accident  and  a  peculiarity  of  each  of  them. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  83. 

7.  In  gram.,  a  variation  or  inflection  of  a  word, 
not  essential  to  its  primary  signification,  but 
marking  a  modification  of  its  relation,  as  gen- 
der, number,  and  case.     See  accidence1. 

[In  Malay]  the  noun  lias  no  neeidents. 

S.  N.  Cast,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  134. 
Chapter  of  accidents.  See  chapter.— Conversion  by 
accident.  See  conrersion.— Efficient  cause  by  acci- 
dent. See  .-nils,-.— Fallacy  of  accident.  Bee  fallacy. 
=  Syn.  1.  Chance,  mischance,  hap,  mishap,  fortune,  mis- 
fortune, luck,  bad  luck,  casualty,  calamity,  disaster.— 6. 
Property,  Attribute,  etc.  Bee  quality. 
accidental  (ak-si-den'tal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
accidentel  =  T?r.  Sp.  Pg.  accidental  =  It.  acci- 
dent-ale, <  ML.  accidentatis,  <L.  acciden(t-)s,  an 
accident,  chance:  see  accident. ~\  I.  a.  1.  Hap- 
pening by  chance  or  accident,  or  unexpectedly; 
taking  piaco  not  according  to  the  usual  course 
of  things;  casual;  fortuitous;  unintentional: 
as,  an  accidental  meeting. —  2.  Non-essential; 
not  necessarily  belonging  to  the  subject ;  ad- 
ventitious:  as,  soul's  ;nc  accidental  to  a  play, 
(if  your  philosophy  you  make  no  use, 
If  you  give  place  to  accidental  evils. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 
Accidental  being.  See  being.— Accidental  colors, 
in  optics,  plasmatic  complementary  colors  seen  when  the 
eve  is  turned  sudden]}  t"  a  white  or  light-colored  surface, 
after  it  has  been  fixed  for  a  time  on  a  bright-colored  ob- 
ject,   if  the  object  is  blue,  the  accidental  color  is  yellow; 

it  led,  green,  etc,     TIlUS,  if  We  look  fixedly  at  a  red  Wafcl  "II  a 

piece  of  white  paper,  and  then  turn  the  eye  to  another  part 
of  the  paper,  a  green  spot  is  seen. — Accidental  definl- 


pis..  nS| 

\      B  A 


Accidental  Point. 


accidental 

tion,  a  description.— Accidental  distinction,  in  logic, 
one  which  does  not  concern  the  definitions  of  the  ohjects 
distinguished.— Accidental  error.in  pin/sic*.   See ,  nw. 

-  Accidental  form,  see  form.—  Accidental  light,  in 
painting,  a  secondary  light  which  is  not  accounted  for  by 
the  prevalent  effect,  such  as  the  rays  of  the  sun  darting 
through  a  cloud,  or  between  the  leaves  of  a  thicket,  or 
the  effects  of  moonlight,  candle-light,  or  limning  bodies,  in 
a  scene  which  does  not  owe  its  chief  light  to  such  a  source. 

—  Accidental  point,  in  persp.,  that  point  in  which  a  right 
line  drawn  from  the  eye  parallel  to  another  given  right 

line  cuts  the  picture  or 
plane.  Thus,  suppose 
AB  to  be  the  line  given 
in  perspective,  CFE  the 
perspective  plane, Dthe 
eye,  DC  the  line  parallel 
to  AB ;  titen  is  C  the  ac- 
cidental point.  —  Syn. 
1.  Accidental,  Chance, 
Casual,  Fortuitous,  In- 
cidental, Contingent.  The  first  four  are  the  words  most 
commonly  used  to  express  occurrence  without  expectation 
or  design.  Accidental  is  the  most  common,  and  expresses 
that  which  happens  outside  of  the  regular  course  of  events. 
Chanc<  has  about  tile  same  force  as  accidental,  lint  it  is  not 
used  predicatively.  There  is  a  tendency  to  desynonymize 
accidental  and  casual,  so  as  to  make  the  former  apply  to 
events  that  are  of  more  consequence :  as,  an  accidental 
fall ;  a  casual  remark.  As  to  actual  connection  with  the 
main  course  of  events,  casual  is  the  word  most  opposed  to 
incidental ;  the  connection  of  what  is  incidental  is  real  and 
necessary,  but  secondary  :  as,  an  incidental  benefit  or  evil. 
An  incidental  remark  is  a  real  partof  a  discussion;  a  casual 
remark  is  not.  Fortuitous  is  rather  a  learned  word,  not 
applicable  in  many  cases  where  accidental  or  even  casual 
could  be  used ;  perhaps  through  its  resemblance  to  fortu- 
nate, it  is  rarely  if  ever  used  when  speaking  of  that  which 
is  unfavorable  or  undesired  ;  thus,  it  would  not  be  proper 
to  speak  of  a  fortuitous  shipwreek.  It  is  chiefly  used  with 
th<  more  abstract  words  :  as,  fortuitous  events;  a  fortui- 
tous resemblance.  That  which  is  contingent  is  dependent 
upon  something  else  for  its  happening :  as,  his  recovery  is 
contingent  upon  the  continuance  of  mild  weather.  See 
occasional. 

Thy  sin's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade. 

Shak:,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
But  let  it  not  be  such  as  that 
You  set  before  cAance-comers. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 
No  casual  mistress,  but  a  wife. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam. 
Fortuitous    coincidences    of  sound, ...  in  words  of 
wholly  independent  derivation. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  387. 
By  some  persons  religious  duties  appear  to  be  regarded 
as  an  incidental  business.  J.  Rogers. 

With  an  infinite  being  nothing  can  be  contingent. 

Paley. 

II.  n.  1.  Anything  happening,  occurring,  or 
appearing  accidentally,  or  as  if  accidentally; 
a  casualty.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  music,  a  sign  occurring 
in  the  course  of  a  piece  of  music  and  altering  the  pitch  of 
the  note  before  which  it  is  placed  from  the  pitch  indicated 
by  the  signature,  or  restoring  it  to  the  latter  after  it  has 
undergone  such  alteration.  There  are  five  such  signs :  the 
sharp  (0),  double  sharp  ( x ),  Hat  (\>),  double  flat  (fob),  and  nat- 
ural (Q).  The  sharp  raises  the  pitch  a  half  step,  the  double 
sharp  a  whole  step;  the  flat  lowers  the  pitch  a  half  step, 
the  double  flat  a  whole  step  ;  the  natural  annuls  the  effect 
of  a  previous  sharp  or  flat  occurring  either  in  the  signature 
or  as  an  accidental.  The  effect  of  an  accidental  is  usually 
limited  to  the  bar  in  which  it  occurs,  (b)  In  vied.,  tissue 
resulting  from  morbid  action ;  chiefly  employed  in  tins 
sense  by  French  writers,  but  adopted  by  some  English 
authors,  (c)  In  painting,  a  fortuitous  or  chance  effect  re- 
sulting from  the  incidence  of  luminous  rays  or  accidental 
lights  Upon  certain  objects,  whereby  the  latter  are  brought 
into  greater  emphasis  of  light  and  shadow. 
2.  An  unessential  property ;  a  mere  adjunct  or 
circumstance. 

He  conceived  it  just  that  accidentals  .  .  .  should  sink 
with  the  substance  of  the  accusation.  Fuller. 

Conceive  as  much  as  you  can  of  the  essentials  of  any 
subject,  before  you  consider  its  accidentals.  Watts,  Logic. 

accidentalism  (ak-si-den'tal-izni),  n.  1.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  acci- 
dental character. —  2.  That  which  is  acciden- 
tal; accidental  effect;  specifically,  in  painting, 
the  effect  produced  by  accidental  rays  of  light. 
Buskin.  See  accidental,  n.,  1  (o),  and  acciden- 
tal light,  under  accidental,  a. — 3.  In  med.,  the 
hypothesis  by  which  disease  is  regarded  as  an 
accidental  modification  of  health.  8yd.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentalist(ak-si-den'tal-ist),M.  lamed.,  one 
who  favors  accidentalism.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

acpidentality  (ak"si-den-tal'i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  accidental  char- 
acter. 

I  wish  in  short  to  connect  by  a  moral  copula  natural 
history  with  political  history,  or,  in  other  words,  to  make 
history  scientific,  and  science  historical  —  to  take  from 
history  its  accidentality,  and  from  science  its  fatalism. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

accidentally  (ak-si-den'tal-i),  adv.  In  an  acci- 
dental manner;  by  chance;  casually;  fortui- 
tously ;  not  essentially  or  intrinsically. 

I  conclude  choler  accidentally  bitter  and  acrimonious, 
but  not  in  itself.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

Despite  the  comparatively  lukewarm  piety  of  the  age, 
the  Mecean  pilgrimage  is  religious  essentially,  accidentally 
an  affair  of  commerce.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Mediuah,  p.  402. 


35 

accidentalness  (ak-si-den'tal-nes),  ».  The 
quality  of  being  accidental  or  fortuitous. 

All  that  accidentalness  and  mixture  of  extravagance  and 
penury  which  is  the  natural  atmosphere  of  such  reckless 
souls.  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Sheridan,  p.  5, 

accidentaryt  (ak-si-den'ta-ri),  a.  [  =  Sp.  Pg. 
acviih  ntario,  <  L.  as  if  'anidentariiis,  (acn- 
dcn(t-)s:  see  accident.']  Accidental.  Holland. 
accidented  (ak'si-don-ted ),  p.  a.  Characterized 
by  accidents  or  irregularities  of  surface ;  undu- 
lating. 

I  can  only  compare  our  progress  to  a  headlong  steeple- 
chase over  a  violently  accidented  ploughed  field. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  i. 
The  Brazilian  plateau  consists  in  great  part  of  table- 
lands, which,  from  the  deep  excavation  of  the  innumer- 
able river-valleys,  have  become  very  much  accidented,  so 
as  to  present  a  mountainous  aspect.  Science,  V.  273. 

accidentialt  (ak-si-den'shal),  a.  [<  L.  acciden- 
tia (see  accidence2)  +  -al.]    Accidental. 

The  substantial!  use  of  them  might  remain,  when  their 
accidentia]  abuse  was  removed. 

Fuller,  Injured  Innocence,  i.  69. 

accidentiaryt  (ak-si-den'shi-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  acci- 
dentia, the  accidence  (see  accidence1),  +  -anj.] 
Pertaining  to  or  learning  the  accidence.  [Rare.] 

You  know  the  word  "  sacerdotes  "  to  signify  priests,  and 
not  the  lay-people,  which  every  accidentiary  boy  in  schools 
knoweth  as  well  as  you. 

Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.,  p.  186. 

accidiet,  «•  [ME.,  =  OP.  accide  =  Sp.  Pg.  aci- 
dia  =  It.  accidia,  <  ML.  accidia,  slothfulness, 
indolence ;  also,  and  better,  spelled  acedia,  q. 
v.]    Sloth ;  negligence  ;  indolence.    Chaucer. 

Accipenser,  etc.     See  Acipenser,  etc. 

accipiter  (ak-trip'i-ter),  n. ;  pi.  accipitres  (-trez). 
[L.,  a  general  name  for  birds  of  prey,  espe- 
cially the  common  hawk  (Falco  palumbarius) 
and  the  sparrow-hawk  (F.  nisus),  an  appar. 
(irreg.)  deriv.  of  accipere,  take  (hence  the  rare 
form  acceptor,  lit.  the  taker,  seizer),  but  prob. 
for  "dcipitcr,  <  *dci-,  *acu-  (=  Gr.  ionvc),  swift, 
+  *petrum  (=  Gr.  irTepdv  =  E.  feather),  wing.  Cf . 
Gr.  uKvirrepor,  swift-winged,  applied  to  a  hawk 
(Homer,  II.,  xiii.  62).]  1.  In  omith.:  (a)  A 
bird  of  the  order  Accipitres  or  Baptorcs ;  an  ac- 
cipitrine  or  raptorial  bird,  (b)  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  birds  of  the  family  Falconidic,  embracing 
short-winged,  long-tailed  hawks,  such  as  the 
sparrow-hawk  of  Europe,  Accipiter  nisus,  and 
the  sharp-shinned  hawk  of  North  America,  A. 
fiiscus,  with  many  other  congeneric  species. 
Brisson,  1760.  See  Baptores. —  2.  In  sitrg.,  a 
bandage  applied  over  the  nose  :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  claw  of  a  hawk. 

accipitral  (ak-sip'i-tral),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Accipitres  or  birds  of  prey;  having  the 
character  of  a  bird  of  prey ;  hawk-like. 

Of  temper  most  accipitral,  hawkish,  aquiline,  not  to  say 
vulturish.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  245. 

That  they  [Hawthorne's  eyes]  were  sometimes  accipitral 
we  can  readily  believe.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXII.  271. 

accipitraryt  (ak-sip'i-tra-ri),  n.  [<ML.  accipi- 
trarius,  a  falconer,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.] 
A  falconer.     Nathan  Drake. 

Accipitres  (ak-sip'i-trez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  ac- 
cipiter.] Birds  of  prey;  the  accipitrine  or  rap- 
torial birds  regarded  as  an  order,  now  more  fre- 
quently named  Baptores  (which  see).  Liimwits, 
1735. 

Accipitrinae  (ak-sip-i-tri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ac- 
cipiter +  -ina) :  see  accipiter.]  In  omith. :  (a)  A 
subfamily  of  Falconicke,  including  hawks  of 
such  genera  as  Accipiter  and  Astur.  (b)  In 
Nitzsch's  classification  of  birds,  same  as  Acciji- 
itres  or  Baptores  of  authors  in  general.  Other 
forms  are  Accipitriita,  Accipitrini. 

accipitrine  (ak-sip'i-trin),  a.  [<NL.  Accipitri- 
ncB,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  (a)  the  Accipitres  or  raptorial  birds, 
or  (b)  the  hawks  proper,  of  the  subfamily  Accip- 
itrince;  hawk-like ;  rapacious  :  as,  the  accipitrine 
order  of  birds. 

accismus  (ak-siz'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/uuo/idc, 
affectation  of  indifference,  coyness,  <  aanKecdat, 
affect  indifference,  <  6kku,  a  bugbear.]  In  rhct., 
a  feigned  refusal ;  an  ironical  dissimulation . 
Smart. 

accitet  (ak-slf),  v.  t.  [<L.  accitus,  pp.  of  acc»- 
re,  summon,  <  ad,  to,  +  cire,  orig.  go  (=  Gr.  xietv, 
go),  but  mixed  with  its  causative  ciere,  cause 
to  go,  summon:  see  cite  and  excite.]  1.  To  call; 
cite ;  summon. 

He  by  the  senate  is  accited  home. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,i.  1. 

2.  To  excite  ;  prompt ;  move. 

What  accitcs  your  most  worshipful  thought  to  think  so 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2 


acclimatement 

But  in  my  deske  what  was  there  to  accite 
So  ravenous  and  vast  an  appetite  ? 

Ii.  Jonson,  On  Vulcan. 

acclaim  (a-klam'),  r.  [In  imitation  of  claim, 
<  L.  acclamarc,  cry  out  at,  shout  at,  either  in  a 
hostile  or  a  friendly  manner,  <  ad,  to,  +  cla- 
mare,  shout:  see  claim,  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ap- 
plaud; treat  with  words  or  sounds  of  joy  or 
approval.     [Rare.] 

How  gladly  did  they  spend  their  breath  in  acclaiming 
thee !  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplation,  iv.  25. 

2.  To  declare  or  saluto  by  acclamation. 
While  the  shouting  crowd 
Acclaims  thee  king  of  traitors.    Smollett,  Regicide,  v.  8. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  acclamation  ;  shout  ap- 
plause. 

acclaim  (a-klam'),  n.  [< acclaim,  v.]  A  shout 
of  joy;  acclamation. 

The  herald  ends  :  the  vaulted  Armament 
With  loud  acclaims  and  vast  applause  is  rent. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  1.  1801. 
And  the  roofs  were  starred  with  banners. 
And  the  steeples  rang  acclaiin.       Whittkr,  SycaTnores. 
acclamatet  (ak'la-mat),  o.  t.     [<  L.  acclamatits, 
pp.  of  acclamare  :  see  acclaim,  v.]   To  applaud. 
Waterhouse .     [Rare.] 
acclamation  (ak-la-ma'skon),  n.   [<L.  acclama- 
tio(n-),  a  shouting,  either  in  approval  or  in  dis- 
approval^ acclam  a  re:  see  acclaim.]   1.  A  shout 
or  other  demonstration  of  applause,  indicating 
joy,  hearty  assent,  approbation,  or  good  will. 
Acclamations  are  expressed  by  hurrahs,  by  clapping  of 
hands,  and  often  by  repeating  such  cries  as  Long  live  the 
queen  !   Vive  Vempereur  !  Er  lebe  hoch  !  etc. 
The  hands 
Of  a  great  multitude  are  upward  flung 
In  acclamation.  Bryant,  Hymn  of  the  Sea. 

2.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  the  spontaneous 
approval  or  adoption  of  a  resolution  or  mea- 
sure by  a  unanimous  viva  voce  vote,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  formal  division  or  ballot. 

When  they  [the  Anglo-Saxons]  consented  to  anything, 
it  was  rather  in  the  way  of  acclamation  than  by  the  exer- 
cise of  a  deliberate  voice.    Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii. 

In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.t  a  method  of  papal  election,  said 
to  be  by  inspiration  (per  inspiratiuncm),  because  "all  the 
cardinals,  with  a  sudden  and  harmonious  consent,  as 
though  breathed  on  by  the  Divine  Spirit,  proclaim  some 
person  pontiff  with  one  voice,  without  any  previous  can- 
vassing or  negotiation  whence  fraud  or  insidious  sugges- 
tion could  be  surmised."     Vecchiotti. 

3.  Something  expressing  praise  or  joy.  Applied 
specifically — (a)  To  forms  of  praise,  thanksgiving,  or  feli- 
citation at  the  close  of  ecclesiastical  gatherings,     (o)  To 

certain  short  inscriptions 
in  the  Conn  of  a  wish  or  in- 
junction, found  mostly  on 
tombs,  (c)  To  the  responses 
of  the  congregation  in  an- 
tiphonal  singing,  (d)  In 
Rom.  antiqi,  to  represen- 
tations in  works  of  art,  es- 
pecially on  coins  or  med- 
als, of  popular  assent  or 
approval,  as  of  several 
figures  (standing  for  the 
whole  people,  or  a  class,  or 
a  military  division,  etc.) 
greeting  an  official  or  ben- 
efactor. 

acclamatort  (ak'la- 
ma-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  *acclamator,  <  ac- 
clamare: see  acclaim.]  One  who  expresses  joy 
or  applause  by  acclamation.     [Rare.] 

Acclamators  who  had  flll'd  .  .  .  the  aire  with  "Vive 
le  Roy  !  "  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1651. 

acclamatory  (a-klani'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
* acclamatorius.]  Expressing  joy  or  applause  by 
acclamation. 

acclearmentt  (a-kler'inent),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ac-  + 
clear  + -incut :  see  clear.']  A  clearing;  ashow- 
ing;  a  plea  in  exculpation.     [Rare.] 

The  acclearment  is  fair,  and  the  proof  nothing. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  148. 

acclimatation  (a-kli-ma-ta'skpn),  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
c/imatatioii,  <  acclimatcr,  acclimate:  see  aceli- 
mate.]  Acclimatization:  chiefly  used  in  tran- 
scription from  the  French  :  as,  the  Acclimata- 
tion Society  of  Nantes. 

acclimate  (a-kli'mat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
climated, ppr.  acclimating.  [<  F.  accUmater,  ac- 
climate, <  ac-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  climat  climate;  cf. 
Pg.  acclimaij  acclimate,  <  ac-  +  clima,  climate: 
see  climate.]  To  habituate  to  a  foreign  cli- 
mate ;  acclimatize :  more  especially  (of  per- 
sons), to  adapt  to  new  climates:  as,  to  accli- 
mate settlers;  to  acclimate  one's  self. 

The  native  inhabitants  and  acclimated  Europeans. 

J.  Craufurd,  Commixture  of  Races. 

acclimatement  (a-kli'mat-ment),  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
climati  iiieiit,  acclimation',  <  dcclimater :  see  ac- 
climate.]    Acclimation.     [Rare.] 


Acclamation. 

Bronze  Coin  of  Hadrian,  British 

Museum.  (Size  of  the  original.) 


acclimation 

acclimation  (ak-li-ina'shon),  n.  [<  acclimate  + 
-ion.  Of.  Pg.  accUmacSo,  \  acclimar,  acclimate.] 
The  process  of  acclimating,  or  the  state  of  being 
acclimated ;  acclimatization. 

acclimatisation,  acclimatise,  etc.  See  accli- 
matization,  etc. 

acclimatizable  (a-kli'm:l-U-za-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  acclimatized  ;  suitable  for  acclimatiz- 
ing: as,  acclimatizable  animals.  Also  spoiled 
acclimatisable. 

acclimatization  (a-kir'ina-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  acclimatizing,  or  state  of  be- 
ing acclimatized;  the  modification  of  physical 
constitution  which  enables  a  race  or  an  in- 
dividual to  live  in  health  in  a  foreign  climate. 
Some  writers  use  this  word  with  regard  to  brute  animals 
and  plants  only,  using  acclimation  when  speaking  of  man. 
Also  spelled  acclimatisation. 

Acclimatization  is  the  process  of  adaptation  by  which 
animals  and  plants  are  gradually  rendered  capable  of  sur- 
viving anil  nourishing  in  countries  remote  from  their  ori- 
gfoal  habitats,  or  undermcteorol.,gicalconditionsdifferent 
from  those  which  they  have  usually  to  endure,  and  which 
are  at  first  injurious  to  them. 

A.  K.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatize  (a-kli'ma-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acclimatised,  ppr.  acclimatising.  [<  ac-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  climate  +  -isc  ;  after  acclimate  from  F.j 
To  accustom  or  habituate  to  a  foreign  climate ; 
adapt  for  existence  in  a  foreign  climate : 
especially  used  of  adapting  a  race  or  stock  for 
permanent  existence  and  propagation :  as,  to 
acclimatise  plants  or  animals.  Also  spelled 
acclimatise. 

Young  soldiers,  not  yet  acclimatized,  die  rapidly  here. 

London  Times. 
A  domesticated  animal  or  a  cultivated  plant  need  not 
necessarily  be  acclimatised;  that  is,  it  need  not  be  capa- 
ble of  enduring  the  severity  of  the  seasons  without  pro- 
tection. The  canary-bird  is  domesticated  but  not  accli- 
matised, and  many  of  our  most  extensively  cultivated 
plants  are  in  the  same  category. 

.1.  R.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatizer  (a-kll'ma-ti-zer),  n.  One  who  in- 
troduces and  acclimatizes  foreign  species.  Also 
spelled  acclimatiM  r. 

Some  of  these  [birds]  .  .  .  cannot  fail  to  become  per- 
manent  settlers  equally  with  those  for  the  transportation 
of  which  the  would-be  acclimatizer.*:  might  find  themselves 
excused.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  736. 

acclimature  (a-kli'ma-tur),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
climating, or  the  state  of  being  acclimated. 
[Rare.] 

acclinal  (a-kli'nal),  a.  [<L.  accliwis,  leaning 
on  or  against ;  cf.  acclinare,  lean  on  or  against, 

<  ad,  to,  upon,  +  "cUnare  =  E.  lean1:  see  in- 
cline.'] higeol.,  leaning  against,  as  one  stratum 
of  rock  against  another,  both  being  turned  up 
at  an  angle:  nearly  equivalent  to  overlying. 
[Rare.] 

acclinate  (ak'li-nat),  a.  [<L.  acclinatus,  pp. 
of  acclinarc  (see  acclinal) ;  on  the  model  of  de- 
cimate: see  decline.']  In  eool.,  bending  or 
sloping  upward  :  the  opposite  of  decimate. 

acclivet  (a-kfiv'),  a.  [=Pg.  It.  acclive,  <L. 
acclivis,   also  less  frequently  acclivns,   steep, 

<  ail,  to,  +  cl/r  is,  a  hill,  prop,  sloping,  from 
same  root  as  "clinare  =  E.  lean* :  see  acclinal.] 
Rising;  steep.     [Rare.] 

The  way  easily  ascending,  hardly  so  acclive  as  a  desk. 
Aubrey,  Letters,  II.  231. 

acclivitous  (a-Hiv'i-tus),  a.  Rising  with  a 
slope ;  acclivous.     Is.  Taylor. 

acclivity  (a-kliv'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  acclwiUes  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  accUvita{t-)s'i  an  acclivity,  <  acclivis,  slop- 
ing: sec  net-lire]  1.  An  upward  slope  or  in- 
clination of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of  a  nili :  op- 
posed tn  declivity,  "i  i  slope  considered  as  de- 
scending. 

Far  up  the  green  acclivity  I  met  a  man  and  two  young 
women  making  their  way  slowly  down. 

The  Century,  \".\\  II    120. 

2.  Specifically,  in  fort,  the  talus  of  a  rampart, 
acclivous  (a-KJi'vus),   ".    L<  L.  acclivus,   loss 

frequent  form  of  acclivis,  sloping:  see  acclive.] 
Rising,  as  the  slope  of  a  hill:  the  opposite  of 
declivous. 

accloyt  (a-kloi')i  ''•  '•  [<ME.  acloien,  acloyen, 
var.  of  encloyt  n.  <  ( >P.  <  ncloyi , .  earlier  t  nclo<  r 
(V.  enclotter),  <  ML,  inclavare,  drive  in  :>  nail, 

<  L.  in,  in,  +  clavare,  nail,  <  clams,  a  nail:  see 
cloy'1  and  cfoee*.]  1.  To  prick  with  a  nail  in 
shoeing:  used  by  farriers,  tikcat. — 2.  To  in- 
jure; harm;   impair. 

And  whoso  doth,  f"l  foule  hymself  acloyith. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  ol  Fowls,  1.  517. 

3.  To  cloy;  encumber;  embarrass  with  super- 
fluity ;  obstruct, 

[Filth]  with  uncomely  weedi    thi  gentle  wave  accloyet 
Spenser,  F.  t;.,  II.  vii.  IS. 


36 

accoastt  (a-kost'),  v.  i.  [A  diff.  spelling  of 
accost  in  its  orig.  sense  'come  alongside  of; 
( »F.  acoster,  touch,  graze:  see  accost  and  coast.] 
To  fly  near  the  earth.     [Rare.] 

He  is  there  hauke  which  inantleth  her  on  pearch, 
Whether  high  towring  or  n<roiis/ui<i  low. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  32. 

accoilt  (a-koil'),  v.  t.    [<  OF.  acoillw,  gather, 

assemble  (F.  accueillir,  receive),  <  ML.  aceolU- 

gere,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  colligere,  gather:  see  coil1, 

'cnltl,  and  collect.]    To  gather  together ;  crowd. 

About  the  caudron  many  Cookes  accovld. 

Spenser,  F.  tj.,  II.  ix.  30. 

accoil  (a-koil'),  n.  [<  OF.  acoil,  F.  accueil; 
from  the  verb.]  Welcome;  reception.  Southey. 
(X.  E.  I).) 

accolt  (a-kol'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  acolen,  <  OF.  acoler 
(F.  accoler),  embrace,  =  Sp.  acolar,  arrange 
two  coats  of  arms  under  the  same  crown, 
shield,  etc.,  =  It.  accollare,  embrace,  mod. 
join,  yoke,  <  ML.  "accollare,  embrace,  <  L.  ml, 
to,  4-  collum  (>OF.  col,  F.  cou  =  OSp.  collo,  Sp. 
cm llo  =  It.  collo),  neck:  see  collar.]  To  em- 
brace round  the  neck.     Surrey. 

accolade  (ak-o-lad'  or  -lad'),  n.  [<  F.  accolade, 
an  embrace,  a  kiss  (after  It.  accollata,  prop, 
fern.  pp.  of  accollare,  embrace),  <  accoler,  OF. 
acoler:  see  accol.]  1.  A  ceremony  used  in  con- 
ferring knighthood,  anciently  consisting  in  an 
embrace,  afterward  in  giving  the  candidate  a 
blow  upon  the  shoulder  with  the  flat  of  a  sword, 
the  latter  being  the  present  method;  hence, 
the  blow  itself. 

We  felt  our  shoulders  tingle  with  the  accolade,  and 
heard  the  clink  of  golden  spurs  at  our  heels. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  58. 
2.  In  music,   a  brace  or  couplet  connecting 


accommodation 

ilabilis,  <  accommodarc,  accommodate :  see  ac- 
commodate,  v.]  Capable  of  being  accommo- 
dated, or  made  suitable  ;  adaptable.     [Rare.] 

Rules  accommodable  to  all  this  variety. 

H'riiVs,  Logic,  v.  §  64. 

accommodableness  (a-korn'o-da-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  accommodable. 
Todd.     [Rare.] 

accommodate  (a-koin'o-dat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accommodated,  ppr.  accommodating.  [<L.  ac- 
coiiiniodatus,  pp.  of  accommodarc,  <  ad,  to,  + 
comniodarc,  fit,  Kcommodus,  fit :  sec  commodious 
and  model.']  J,  trans.  1.  To  make  suitable, 
correspondent,  or  consistent ;  fit ;  adapt :  as,  to 
accommodate  ourselves  to  circumstances;  to 
accommodate  the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  oc- 
casion; to  accommodate  a  Latin  word,  in  form 
or  use,  to  English  analogies. 

'Twas  his  misfortune  to  light  upon  an  hypothesis  that 
could  not  be  accommodated  to  the  nature  of  things  and 
human  affairs.  Locke. 

Undoubtedly  the  highest  function  of  statesmanship  is 
by  degrees  to  accommodate  the  conduct  of  communities  to 
ethical  laws,  and  to  subordinate  the  conflicting  interests 
of  the  day  to  higher  and  more  permanent  concerns. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  165. 

2.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement  in ;  reconcile, 
as  things  which  are  at  variance  or  which  seem 
inconsistent ;  bring  into  harmony  or  concord  : 
as,  to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

Part  know  how  to  accommodate  St.  James  and  St.  Paul 
better  than  some  late  reconcilers.  Norris. 

3.  To  adjust;  settle:  as,  to  accommodate  dif- 
ferences. 

Sir  Lucius  shall  explain  himself— and  I  dare  say  mat- 
ters may  be  accommodated.      Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

4.  To  supply  or  furnish  ;  provide  with  certain 
conveniences ;  give  accommodation  to :  as, 
my  house  can  accommodate  a  large  number  of 
guests :  followed  by  with  when  what  is  supplied 
is  expressly  mentioned :  as,  to  accommodate  a 
man  with  apartments;  to  accommodate  a  friend 
with  money. 

Better  accommodated!  —  it  is  good;  yea,  indeed,  is  it: 
good  phrases  are  surely,  and  ever  were,  very  commend- 
able. Accommodated  1  it  comes  of  accommodo:  very 
good;  a  good  phrase.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

5.  To  suit;  serve;  convenience;  oblige;  do  a 
kindness  or  favor  to  :  as,  he  is  always  delighted 
to  accommodate  a  friend. 

The  Indians  were  much  given  to  long  talks,  and  the 
Dutch  to  long  silence  — in  this  particular,  therefore,  they 
accommodated  each  other  completely. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  101. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  suit,  adapt,  fit,  conform,  adjust,  reconcile. — 
4.  To  furnish,  supply,  provide  for.  — 6.  To  serve,  oblige, 
assist,  aid. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  conformable;  specifically, 
in  physiol.,  to  be  in  or  come  to  adjustment. 
See  accommodation,  4  (6). 

Their  motor  seem  regulated  by  their  retinal  functions, 
so  that,  according  to  Ludwig,  if  the  retina-  are  extirpated, 
the  eyes  often  cease  to  rotate,  then  to  accommodate,  then 
to  wink  together.  Mm, I,  IX.  94. 

™qowS secular  accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  a.  [<  L.  accom- 
modatus,  pp.,  adapted:  see  accommodate,  v.] 
Suitable  ;  fit ;  adapted ;  accommodated. 

Means  accommodate  to  the  end.  Sir  if.  L'Estrange. 

Accommodate  distribution,  in  logic,  the  acceptation 
of  a  term  to  include  everything  it  naturally  denotes  except 
the  subject  of  the  sentence  :  as,  Samson  was  stronger  than 
any  man  (that  is,  than  any  other  man). 

'    p.  a.    Made 
fit;  made  suitable ;  adapted;  modified. 

We  sometimes  use  the  term  [religion]  in  an  accommodated 
sense,  i.  c,  to  express  the  spiritual  results  w  1th  which  reli- 
^i ,  ,ii  is  fraught,  rather  than  the  mere  carnal  embodiment 
it  first  of  all  offers  to  such  results. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  5. 

accommodatelyt  (a-kom'o-dat-li),  adv.     Suit- 
ably; fitly. 
of  all  these  [causes]  Moses  .  .  .  held  fit  to  give  an  ac- 

i nl  iwrtitiimoihttrhi  to  the  capacity  of  the  people. 

Dr.  II.  Afore,  lief,  of  Lit.  Cabbala,  p.  3. 

accommodatenesst  (a-kom'o-dat-nes),  n.  Fit- 
ness. 

Aptness  ami  accommodateness  to  the  great  purpose  of 
lien's  sahation.  HaUyweU,  Saving  of  Souls,  p.  80. 

accommodating  (a-kom'o-da-ting),  p.  a.  Oblig- 
ing; yielding  to  the  desires  of  others  ;  disposed 
to  comply  and  to  oblige  another :  as,  an  accom- 
modating  man ;  an  accommodating  disposition. 

accommodatingly  (a-kom'o-dirting3i),  adv. 
In  an  accommodating  manner ;  obligingly. 


Accolade,  early  16th  century  (France). 

several  staves. — 3.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 
composed  of  two  ogee  curves  meeting  in  the 
middle,  each  concave  toward  its  outer  extrem- 
ity and  convex  toward  the  point  at  which  it 
meets  the  other.  Such  accolades  are  either  plain  or 
adorned  with  rich  moldings,  and  are  a  frequent  motive 
of  decoration  on  the  lintels  of  doors  and  window) 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  especially  in 
architecture.     Viollet-le-Ditc. 

4.  In  Roman  and  early  monastic  MSS.,  the 
curved  stroke  made  by  the  copyist  around  a 
final  word  written  below  the  line  to  which  it 
belonged,  in  order  to  avoid  carrying  it  on  to 
the  next. 

accolated(ak'o-la-ted),i).«.  \_<Uh.accol(/)atns,  accommodatefl  (a-kom'6-df,-tcd) 
embrace:    see   accol.]     In  *"?        ,    "^■hta.  n,i„ ,,te,]:  m 


pp.  of   accol{l)an  , 

niimis.,  containing  two  or 
more  profile  heads  so  ar- 
ranged that  one  partially 
overlaps  the  next :  as,  an 
accolatcd  shilling. 
accolle  (ak-ol-a'),  p.  a. 
[<  AF.  accolle,  F.  accoU, 
pp.  of  accoler  =  It.  accol- 
lare, >  accollata,  >  F.  and 
E.  accolade :  see  accolade 
.   and  accol.]     In  her. :  (a) 

iam  III.  and  Mary.  (Siicof  UorgOd  ',  COllai'ed:  ap- 
thc  original.)  ^^  to  anmlals  witll  Col- 

lars, etc.,  about  their  necks.  (6)  Touching  by 
their  corners,  as  lozenges  or  fusils  on  a  shield. 
(e)  Placed  side  by  side,  as  two  shields.  ((/) 
Surrounded  by  the  collar  of  an  order,  as  the 
shield  of  a  knight  of  that  order.     Also  spelled 

inW/V.— T4tes  accollees,  or  accolle  heads,  in  decora 

tiir  art,  profile  heads  shown  in  relief,  one  behind  and 


partlj  concealed  by  another,  as  often  In  cameos  and  on  accommodation    (a-kom-6-da'shon),   n.    [<  L. 


medallions  or  cuius  where  a  sovereign  and  his  wife  arc 

shown  together.    See  cut  under  accolated. 
accombination  (a-kom-bi-na'shon),  n.  The  act 

of  combining  together.     Quarterly  Ilcv. 
accommodable   (a-kom'9-da-bl),  a.    [<F.  ac- 

commodabU  =Sp.   acomodaole ='Pg.   accommo- 

davel  =  It.   accoinodahilc    <  L.  as  if  "aceommo- 


ai-i-omiiioiiiiiio(n-),  < accommodare,  adapt:  see 
accommodate,  r.]  1.  The  m-l  of  accommodating: 
as— (a)  Adjustment;  adaptation;  especially,  the  adapts 
tb. n  or  application  of  one  thing  to  another  by  analogy, 
a   the  words  of  a  prophecy  to  a  subsequent  event. 

The  law  of  adaptation  which  we  thus  discern  and  trace 
alike  in  every  instance  of  organic  development  anil  func- 


accommodation  37 

Hon,  we  discern  and  trace  also  in  the  accommodation  of  accommodator   (a-kom'o-da-tpr), 
the  individual  to  his  social  surroundings  and  in  the  con- 
sequent nioditieation  of  his  character 


accomplish 


Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  96. 

Many  of  these  quotations  were  probably  intended  as 

nothing  more  than  accommodations.  Pdley. 

(b)  Adjustment  of  differences;  reconciliation,  as  of  parties 

in  dispute. 


[=Sp. 
acomodador,  <L.  as  if  "accommodator :  see  ac- 
commodate, v.]  Oue  who  or  that  which  accom- 
modates or  adjusts. 

accommodet  Jak-o-mod'),   v.  t.     [<  P.  accom- 
moder  —  lt.  accomodare,  <li.  accommodarc :  see 
accommodate.']     To  accommodate.     [Bare.] 
The  conformity  and  analogy  of  which  I  speak  .  .  .  lias  aCCOmDanablet  ( n -kum'l  1:1-1  i:i-l)l),  «.      [Also  nr- 
astrongtendency  to  facilitate  occomTnodahon,  and  to  pro-     ..„.„,   *:.,,,,,.  .   /  y     accomtmiinablc     ''sociable, 

dnee  a  generous  oblivion  «£S%Z£$5£$£&    £K be  'conversed °%S&  (G%»£),  <  ad  accompanist  (a-kum'pa-ni-isi ,,  u. 

To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation.  Macaulay.     compagner  +  -able :  see  accompany.]    Sociable,     panist.     [Rare.  J 

(c)  Convenience ;  the  supplying  of  a  want ;  aid.  Sir  I'.  Sidney, 

St.  James's  Church  had  recently  been  opened  for  the  accompanier  (a-kum'pa-ni-er) 
accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  new  quarter. 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng, 


H,  intrans.  It.  To  be  a  companion  or  asso- 
ciate: as,  to  accompany  with  others, — 2.  To 
cohabit.     [Rare.] 

The  kin:;  .  .  .  loved  her,  and  aecompa /with  her  only, 

till  he  married  Elfrida.  Wilton,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  the  accompaniment 
in  a  composition;  especially,  to  perform  the  in- 
strumental part  of  a  mixed  vocal  and  instru- 
mental piece. 


2.  The  state  of  Ix'iiiLC  : mmodated;  fitness; 

state  of  adaptation:  followed  by  to,  sometimes 
by  with. 

The  organization  of  the  body  with  accommodation  to  its 
functions.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  53. 

Socinus' main  design  .  .  .  was  to  bring  all  the  mysteries 
of  Christianity  to  a  full  accommodation  with  the  general 
notions  of  man's  reason.  South,  Works,  V.  iii. 

3.  Anything  which  supplies  a  want,  as  in  re- 
spect of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the  like ;  any- 
thing furnished  for  use;  a  convenience :  chiefly 
applied  to  lodgings:  as,  accommodation  for  man 
and  beast :  often  used  in  the  plural. 

They  probably  thought  of  the  coach  with  some  contempt, 
as  an  accommodation  for  people  who  had  not  their  own 
gigs.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  iv. 

Outside  of  the  larger  cities  on  the  Continent  you  can 
get  as  wretched  accoiumniliition*  as  you  could  desire  for 
an  enemy.  T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  65. 

Specifically — 4.  («)  In  com.,  pecuniary  aid  in 
an  emergency;  a  loan  of  money,  either  directly 
or  by  becoming  security  for  the  repayment  of  a 
sum' advance, 1  by  another,  as  by  a  banker.  (6) 
In  /  ill  i/siot.,  the  automatic  adjustment  of  the  eye, 
or  its  power  of  adjusting  itself  to  distinct  vision 
at  different  distances,  or  of  the  ear  to  higher  or 
lower  tones.  In  the  eye  accommodation  is  effected  by 
an  alteration  of  the  convexity  of  the  crystalline  lens  (which 
see),  and  in  the  ear  by  an  increased  tensionof  the  tympanic 
membrane  for  higher  tones.— Accommodation  bill  or 
note,  paper,  or  indorsement,  a  bill  of  exchange  or 
note,  etc.,  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed  by  one  or  more 
parties  to  enable  another  or  others  to  obtain  credit  by 
or  raise  money  on  it,  and  not  given  like  business  paper  in 
payment  of  a  debt,  but  merely  intended  to  accommodate 
the  drawer:  colloquially  called  in  Scotland  a  wind-bill, 
and  in  England  a  A /'<•.  — Accommodation  cramp.  See 
cramp.—  Accommodation  ladder,  a  stairway  fixed  on 

~7-; 


From  which  post  he  s t  advanced  to  that  of   « 

panyisi  at  the  same  theatre,        Grove,  Diet.  Music,  I.  28. 

accompasst   (a-kum'pas),    ''.  t.      To    achieve; 
effect ;  bring  about. 

The remotion of  two  Buch Impediments  is  notcommonly 
accompass'd  by  one  head-piece. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  oi   U>p.  Williams,  i.  42. 

a.  Disposed  or 
tending  to  accomplish  or  fulfil.  [Rare.] 
accomplice  (a-koni'plis),  n.  [An  extension 
(due  perhaps  to  a  supposed  connection  with  ac- 
complish or  accompany),  by  prefixing  ac-,  of  the 
older  form  complice,  in  same  sense,  <  F.  com- 
plice, an  associate,  particularly  in  crime,  <  L. 
complicem,  ace.  of  complex,  adj.,  confederate, 
participant,  (.complicari ,  fold  together,  <coin-, 
together,  +  pi i care,  fold:  see  complex  and  com- 
plicate.'] 1.  A  partner  or  eooperator:  not  in 
a  bad  sense. 

Success  unto  our  valiant  general, 
And  happiness  to  his  accomplices! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2. 

One  fellow  standing  at  the  beginning  of  a  century,  and 
stretching  out  his  hand  as  an  accomplice  towards  another 
fellow  standing  at  the  end  of  it,  without  either  having 
known  of  the  other's  existence, 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

More  commonly — 2.  An  associate  in  a  crime  ; 
a  partner  or  partaker  in  guilt.  Technically,  in  law, 
any  participator  in  an  offense,  whether  as  principal  or  as 
accessory:  sometimes  used  of  accessories  only,  in  contra- 
distinction to  principals.  It  is  followed  by  of  or  u-ith  be- 
fore a  person,  and  in  or  of  before  the  crime:  as,  A  was 
an  accomplice  with  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 


Thou,  the  cursed  accomplice  of  his  treason. 

Johnson,  Irene, 


Accommodation  Ladder. 

the  outside  of  a  ship  at  the  gangway,  to  facilitate  ascending 
from  or  descending  to  boats.  — Accommodation  lands 
or  land,  (a)  Lands  bought  by  a  builder  or  speculator,  who 
erects  houses  upon  them  and  then  leases  portions  of  them 
upon  an  improved  ground-rent.  [Eng.]  (b)  Land  acquired 
for  the  purpose  of  being  added  to  other  land  for  its  im- 
provement. Rapaljc  and  Lawrence.—  Accommodation 
road,  a  road  constructed  to  give  access  to  a  particular  piece 
of  land.  Rapaljeand  Lawrence.  (Eng.]— Accommodation 
train,  a  railway-train  which  stops  at  all  or  nearly  all  the 
stations  on  the  road:  called  in  Great  Britain  ti  parlia/men- 
tary  train:  opposed  to  express-train,  -Accommodation 
works,  works  which  an  English  railway  company  is  re- 
quired by  8  and  9  Vict.  xx.  to  make  and  maintain  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  ad- 
joining the  railway,  as  gates,  bridges,  culverts,  fences,  etc. 

accommodative  (a-kom'6-da-tiv),  o.  [<  ac- 
commodate +  -ive ;  =  It.  accomodativo.]  Dis- 
posed or  tending  to   accommodate,  or  to  be 

.  accommodating ;  adaptive. 

The  strength  of  the  infective  qualities  of  these  organ- 
isms may  be  greatly  increased  by  an  accommodative  cul- 
ture. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  425. 

accommodativeness  (a-kom'o-da-tiv-nes),  «. 
The  quality  of  being  accommodative. 


One  who  or 
that  which  accompanies.     [Rare.] 

Dear,  cracked  spinnet  of  dearer  Louis:, !  Without  men- 
tion of  mine,  be  dumb,  thou  thin  accompanier  of  her  thin- 
ner warble!  lamb,  Elia. 

accompaniment  (a-kum'pa-ni-ment ),  n.    [<  ac- 

company,  a.  v.,  + went;  after  F.  accompagne-  accompletive  (a-kom^ple-tav) 
mint,  OF.  acompaignement  =  Sp.  acompana- 
micnto  =  Pg.  acompanhamento  =  It.  accompa- 
gnamento.]  Something  that  attends  another 
as  a  circumstance;  something  incidental  or 
added  to  the  principal  thing  as  a  concomitant, 
by  way  of  ornament,  for  the  sake  of  symmetry, 
or  the  like. 

Elaboration  of  some  one  organ  may  be  a  necessary  ac- 
companiment of  Degeneration  in  all  the  others. 

if.  R.  Lankester,  Degeneration,  p.  32. 
Specifically  —  (<i)  In  music,  the  subordinate  part  or  parts 
added  to  a  solo  or  concerted  composition  to  enhance  the 
effect,  and  also,  if  it  be  a  vocal  composition,  to  sustain 
the  voices  and  keep  them  true  to  the  pitch.  The  accom- 
paniment may  be  given  to  one  or  more  instruments,  or  to 
a  chorus  of  voices.  Instead  of  writing  accompaniments 
in  full,  as  is  now  done,  the  older  composers  were  accus- 
tomed merely  to  indicate  the  harmonies  to  be  employed 
by  means  of  a  figured  bass,  which  could  be  performed  in 
a  great  variety  of  ways,  more  or  less  elaborate,  according 
to  the  musical  knowledge,  taste,  and  skill  of  the  execu- 
tant. (/>)  tapainting,  an  object  accessory  to  the  principal 
object,  and  serving  for  its  ornament  or  illustration:  gen- 
erally termed  an  accessory  (which  see),  (c)  In  her.,  any- 
thing added  to  a  shield  by  way  of  ornament,  as  the  belt, 
mantling,  supporters,  etc.— Accompaniment  Of  the 
scale,  in  music,  the  harmony  assigned  to  the  series  of 
notes  forming  the  diatonic  scale,  ascending  and  descend- 
ing.—Additional  accompaniments,  parts  of  a  musical 
composition  not  written  by  the  original  composer,  but 
added  by  another:  as,  Mozart's  additional  accompani- 
ments to  Handel's  "  Messiah."  Such  additions  are  justified 
in  most  cases  on  the  ground  that  some  instruments  have 
become  obsolete,  others  have  been  invented,  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  orchestra  has  been  much  changed  since 
the  time  of  the  original  composer. 
accompanist  (a-kurn'pa-nist),  «.  In  mimic,  one 
who  plays  an  accompaniment. 
accompany  (a-kurn'pa-ni),  v.;  pretand  pp.  ac- 
companied, ppr.  accompanying.  [<OF,  acorn- 
paignier,  acompaigner  (F.  accompagner  =  Sp. 
acompanar =  Pg.  acompanhar  =  It.  accompa- 
gnare),  associate  with,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  with,  + 
compaignicr,  campaigner,  compagner,  associate, 
icompaignie,  cumpanie,  company :  see  company.'] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  be  or  exist  in  company  with; 
be  joined  in  association  or  combination;  con- 
stitute an  adjunct  or  concomitant  to :  as,  thun- 
der accompanies  lightning;  an  insult  accom- 
panied by  or  with  a  blow ;  the  President's  mes- 
sage and  accompanying  documents. 

The  still  night  .  .  .  with  black  air 
Accompanied,  with  damps  and  dreadful  gloom. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  SIS. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  different  diseases  can  so 
accompany  each  other  as  to  be  united  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual. Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  H.  569. 

2.  To  keep  company  with;  be  associated  in 
intimacy  or  companionship;  act  as  companion 
to.     [Now  rare  or  obsolete.] 

Harry,  I  do  not  only  marvel  where  thou  speudest  thy 
time,  but  also  how  thou  art  accompuniiil. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Although  alone, 
Best  with  thyself  accompaiiia!. 

Milton,  V.  I..,viii.  428. 

3.  To  go  along  or  in  company  with;  attend  or 
join  in  movement  or  action:  as,  to  accompany 
a  friend  on  a  walk  or  journey;  men-of-war 
formerly  accompanied  fleets  of  merchant  ships; 
he  was  everywhere  accompanied  by  (not  with) 
his  dog. 

They  accompanied  him  unto  the  ship.  Acts  xx.  38. 

4.  To  put  in  company  (with) ;  cause  to  be  or 
go  along  (with);  combine;  associate:  as,  to ac- 
company  a  remark  with  (not  by)  a  bow;  he  <io- 
companied  his  speech  with  rapid  gestures. —  5. 
In  music,  to  play  or  sing  an  accompaniment  to 
or  for:  as,  he  accompanied  her  on  the  piano. — 
6f.  To  cohabit  with. 

The  phasma  .  .  .  accompanies  her,  at  least  as  she 
imagines.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  To  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go  with,  convoy,  be 


v.  1. 


associated  with,  coexist. 


He  is  .  .  .  an  accomplice  if  he  is  intimately  bound  up  in 
the  project  and  responsibility  of  the  schemes  as  a  prime 
mover.  C.  J.  Smith,  Synonyms,  p.  7. 

Sometimes  used  with  to  before  a  thing. 

We  free-statesmen,  as  accomplices  t<>  the  guilt  [of  slavery, 
are]  ever  in  the  power  of  the  grand  offender. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  245. 
=  Syn.  Abetter,  accessory  (see  the  definitions  of  these 
words),  coadjutor,  assistant,  ally,  confederate,  associate. 
accompliceship  (a-kom'plis-ship),  n,  Aecom- 
plicity.  Sir  H.  Taylor.  [Rare.] 
accomplicity  (ak-gm-pHs'i-ti),  >i.  [<  accomplice 
+  -itij,  after  complicity.]  "  The  state  of  being 
an  accomplice;  criminal  assistance.  Quarterly 
Rev.     [Rare.] 

accomplish  (a-kom'plish),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  acom- 

plissen,  <  OF  "acompliss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 

of  acomplir,  F.  accomplir,  complete,  <  a-  (L. 

ad),  to,  +  complir,  <  L.  complere,  complete :  see 

complete,   v.]      1.  To  complete;  finish;  reach 

the  end  of ;  bring  to  pass ;  actually  do  :  as,  he 

works  hard,  but  accomplishes  nothing. 

And  while  she  [Nature]  does  accomplish  all  the  spring, 

Birds  to  her  secret  operations  sing.      Sir  W.  Davennnt. 

To  accomplish  anything  excellent,  the  will  must  work 

for  catholic  and  universal  ends.        Emerson,  Civilization. 

2.  To  bring  about  by  performance  or  realiza- 
tion ;  execute ;  carry  out ;  fulfil :  as,  to  accom- 
jtlish  a  vow,  promise,  purpose,  or  prophecy. 

Thus  will  I  accomplish  my  fury  upon  them.     Ezek.  vi.  12. 

This  that  is  written  must  yet  be  accomplished  in  me. 

Luke  x-xii.  37. 

Hence  —  3f.  To  gain;  obtain  as  the  result  of 
exertion. 

To  accomplish  twenty  golden  crowns. 

.s7«it-.,3Hen.  VI..  iii.  2. 

4.  To  make  complete  by  furnishing  what  is 
wanting:  as  —  (at)  To  equip  or  provide  with 
material  things. 

The  armourers,  accomplishing  the  knights. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  (cho.). 
It  [the  moon]  is  fully  accomplished  lor  all  those  ends  to 
which  Providence  did  appoint  it. 

Bp.  WiUcins,  Math.  Works,  i. 

(6)  To  equip  or  furnish  mentally;  fit  by  educa- 
tion or  training. 

His  lady  is  open,  chatty,  fond  of  her  children,  and  anx- 
ious to  accomplish  them.     Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vi.  202. 

lean  still  less  pause  .  .  .  even  to  enumerate  the  suc- 
cession of  influences  ,  .  which  had  .  .  .  accomplished 
them  for  their  great  work  there  and  here. 

if.  Choatc,  Addresses,  p.  82. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Execute.  Achieve,  etc.  (see  p.-rfonn),  com- 
plete, finish,  consummate,  succeed  in,  work  out,  fulfil, 
realize,  bring  to  pass,  end. 


accomplishable 

accomplishable  (a-kom'pliah-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  accomplished. 

accomplished  (%-kom'plisht),  />.  a.  1.  Com- 
pleted; effected:   as,  an  accomplished  fact. — 

2.  Perfected;  finished;  consummate:  used  in 
either  a  good  or  a  bad  sense :  as,  an  accom- 
plished scholar;  an  accomplished  villain. 

Know  you  not  the  Egyptian  Zabdas?  —  the  mirror  of 
accomplished  knighthood  —  the  pillar  of  the  state  —  the 
Aurelian  of  the  East!  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  69. 

3.  Possessing  accomplishments ;  having  the 
attainments  and  graces  of  cultivated  or  fashion- 
able society. 

An  accomplished  and  beautiful  young  lady. 

Thackeray,  N'eweomes. 

accomplisher  (a-kom'plish-er),  n.  One  who  ac- 
complishes or  fulfils. 

The  Fates,  after  all,  are  the  accomplishers  of  our  hopes. 
Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  26. 

accomplishing  (a-koni'plish-iug),  n.  That 
which  is  accomplished  or  completed.  [Bare.] 
I  shall  simply  enumerate,  as  ends,  all  that  a  university 
should  accomplish,  although  these  accompliehings  may, 
strictly  considered,  often  partake  more  of  the  character 
of  means.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

accomplishment  (a-korn'plish-ment), n.  [(.ac- 
complish +  -matt,   after  F.   aceompUssement.] 

1.  The  act  of  accomplishing  or  carrying  into 
effect;  fulfilment;  achievement:  as,  the  ac- 
complishment of  a  prophecy;  the  accomplish- 
ment of  our  desires  or  ends. 

I  once  had  faith  and  force  enough  to  form  generous 
hopes  of  the  world's  destiny  .  .  .  and  to  do  what  in  me 
lay  for  their  accomplishment. 

Ha  wthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  ii. 

2.  An  acquirement;  an  attainment,  especially 
such  as  belongs  to  cultivated  or  fashionable 
society:  generally  in  the  plural. 

I  was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to  think 
gaming  was  one  of  their  accomplishments. 

Chesterfield,  Letters. 
Yet  wanting  the  accomplishment  of  verse. 

Wordsworth. 
=  Syn.  1.  Completion,  fulfilment,  perfection,  perform- 
ance, execution,  achievement.  —  2.  Acquirements,  Acqui- 
sitions, Attainments,  etc. (see  acquirement),  qualifications, 


skill,  gra< 

accomptt,  accomptablet,  accomptantt 


Sci' 


account,  etc.  [The spellings accompt,  accomptable,  etc., 
are  artificial  forms  used,  not  prevailingly,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  They  are  now  obsolete,  or 
nearly  so,  though  accompt  and  accomptant  may  still  be 
used  in  the  formal  or  legal  style.  The  pronunciation  has 
always  conformed  to  the  regular  spelling,  account,  account- 
able, etc.] 

accoraget,  ?'•  *.  See  aecowage.  Spenser. 
accord  (a-kord'),  v.  [<ME.  acorden  (less  fre- 
quently accorden),  agree,  be  in  harmony,  trans, 
bring  into  agreement,  <OP.  acorder,  agree  (F. 
accorder  =  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  aeordar = It.  accordare), 
<  ML.  accordare,  agree,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  cor  (cord-) 
=  E.  heart.  Cf.  concord  and  discord.']  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  agree;  be  in  correspondence  or 
harmony. 

Mv  heart  accordeth  with  my  tongue. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
That  mind  and  soul,  according  well, 
May  make  one  music  as  before. 

Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam  (Int.). 
Their  minds  accorded  into  one  strain,  and  made  delight- 
ful music.  Hiwthnrne,  Snow  Image,  p.  5S. 

2.  To  make  an  agreement ;  come  to  an  under- 
standing. 

We  accorded  befoiv  dinner.        Scott,  VVaverley,  II.  xix. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  to  agree  or  corre- 
spond; adapt,  as  one  thing  to  another.  [Rare.] 

Her  hands  accorded  the  lute's  music  t<<  the  voice. 

Sir  /'.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  agreement  or  a  settlement ; 
settle,  adjust,  or  compose;  reconcile:  as,  to 
accord  controversies. 

Hauing  much  a-doe  t"  accord  differing  Writers,  and  to 
pick  trueth  out  of  partiality. 

Sir  /'.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poet]  te. 

Is  the] way  li  it  open  to  accord  this  difference, 

But  y.iu  iiiu-t  make  one  with  your  Bwords? 

Longfellow,  Spanish  Student,  ii.  6. 

3.  To  grant;  give;  concede:  as,  to  accord  due 
praise  to  any  one. 

Hi-  hands  were  tin  i  i  [nto  his  pockets ;  he  was  whistling 
thoughtfully,  and  walking  to  and  fro,  a  small  space  having 
been  accorded  him  by  the  crowd,  in  defereno  to  in  i-  m 
porary  importance.  lnn,'i,  sketch-Book,  p.  23. 

accord  (a-k6rd'),  n.  [<  ME.  acord  (less  fre- 
quently accord),  <  OF.  acorde,  usually  acort, 
agreement  (P.  accord =Sp.  acorde =Fg.  acor- 
do,  accordo),  verbal  n.  of  acorder,  agree:  see 
accord,  v.]  1.  Agreement ;  harmony  of  minds ; 
consent  or  concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills ; 
assent. 

These  all  continued  with  one  accord  in  prayer  ami  sup- 
plication. Acts  1.14. 


38 

You  must  buy  that  peace 
With  full  accord  to  all  our  just  demands. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  A  union  of  different  sounds  which  is  agree- 
able to  the  ear ;  concord ;  harmony. 

Those  sweet  accords  are  even  the  angels'  lays. 

Sir  J.  Varies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii.  1. 

3.  Agreement;  just  correspondence  of  things; 
harmony  of  relation :  as,  the  accord  of  light  and 
shade  in  painting. 

Beauty  is  nothing  else  but  a  just  accord  and  mutual 
harmony  of  the  members,  animated  by  a  healthful  consti- 
tution.    Drydcn,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref. 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  impulse  or 
act ;  unaided  action  or  operation  :  preceded  by 
own. 

Being  more  forward,  of  bis  own  accord  be  went  unto 
you.  2  Cor.  \  iii.  17. 

Now  of  my  own  accord  such  other  trial 
I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1643. 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference ;  reconciliation: 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

If  both  are  satisfied  with  this  accord, 

Swear  by  the  laws  of  knighthood  on  my  sword. 

Dryden,  Fables. 
Specifically,  in  law,  an  agreement  which  is  made  between 
parties  for  the  settlement  of  a  liability  or  controversy,  and 
which,  when  executed,  that  is,  carried  into  effect,  is 
termed  an  accord  and  satisfaction,  and  bars  or  terminates 
a  suit ;  a  private  extra-judicial  agreement  or  arrangement. 

6.  In  music,  same  as  chord. —  7.  Alilit.,  the  con- 
ditions under  which  a  fortress  or  command  of 

troops  is  surrendered To  be  at  accord,  to  be  in 

agreement.  Chaucer.—  To  fall  Of  accordt,  to  come  into 
agreement.     Chaucer. 

accordablet  (a^kor'dft-bl),  a  [<ME.  acordable, 
<OF.  "acordable,  F ."accordable,  <OF.  acorder : 
see  accord.  Cf .  Sp.  acordablemen  te,  adv.]  Capa- 
ble of  being  harmonized  or  reconciled ;  conso- 
nant; agreeable. 

accordance  (a-kor'dans),  n.  [< ME.  acordanee, 
acordaunce,  (  OF.  acordanee,  later  accordance 
(=  Pr.  acordansa),  <  acordant,  etc. :  see  accor- 
dant.'] 1.  The  state  of  being  in  accord;  agree- 
ment with  a  person ;  conformity  to  a  thing ; 
harmony. 

Their  voices  are  in  admirable  accordance  with  the  tran- 
quil solitude  of  a  summer  afternoon. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 
There  is  a  remarkable  accordance  in  the  power  of  diges- 
tion between  the  gastric  juice  of  animals  with  its  pepsin 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  secretion  of  Drosera  with 
its  ferment  and  acid  belonging  to  the  acetic  series. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  vi. 

2.  The  act  of  according,  granting,  or  giving. 
-Syn.  1.  Harmony,  unison,  coincidence. 

accordancy  (a-kdr'dan-si),  n.  Same  as  accor- 
dance, but  less  used. 

accordant  (a-k6r'dant),  a.  [<ME.  acordant, 
acordaunt,  <0F.  acordant,  F.  accordant,  agree- 
ing with,  <  ML.  accordan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  accordare, 
agree :  see  accord,  v.]  Corresponding ;  con- 
formable ;  consonant ;  agreeable  ;  of  the  same 
mind ;  harmonious :  sometimes  followed  by  to, 
but  more  commonly  by  with :  as,  this  was  not 
accordant  to  his  tastes,  or  with  his  principles. 
If  he  found  her  accordant.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  2. 

Music  and  meaning  tloated  together,  accordant  as  swan 
and  shadow.        Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  326. 
In  the  neighboring  ball  a  strain  of  music,  proceeding 
Front  the  accordant  strings  of  Michael's  melodious  fiddle. 
Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 

accordantly  (a-kor'dant-li),  adv.    In  an  accor- 
dant manner ;  in  accordance  or  agreement, 
accorder  (a-kor'der),  11.    One  who  accords  or 
agrees;  one  who  grants  or  bestows.     [Rare.] 
according  (a-kor'ding),  p.    a.      1.   Agreeing; 
harmonious. 

Th  according  music  of  a  well-mixed  state 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  204. 

2.  Suitable  ;  agreeable  ;  in  accordance  ;  in  pro- 
portion :  followed  by  to. 

Our  zeal  should  be  according  t"  knowledge.  lip.  Sprat. 
according  (a-kor'ding),  adr.  In  accordance 
(with);  agreeably  (to):  used  with  to:  as,  he 
acted  according  to  his  judgment  :  often  ap- 
plied to  persons,  but  referring  olliptieally  to 
their  statements  <>r  opinions.  Often  abbrevi- 
ated to  dec. 

According  to  him,  every  person  was  to  he  bought. 

Maeaulati,  Hist.  Bng.,  i. 

For  no  delicious  morsel  pass'd  her  throat; 
According  '"  her  cloth  she  cut  Inn  coat 

Dryden,  Cock  and  F'ox,  1.  20. 
According  as,  agieeaiiiy.  conformably,  or  proportionately 
as. 

A  man  may,  with  prudence  ami  a  good  conscience,  ap 
prove  of  the  professed  principles  of  one  party  more  than 
th<  other,  according  as  he  thinks  they  best  promote  the 
good  of  church  and  state. 

Swift,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  i. 


account 

accordingly(a-kor'ding-li),  adr.  1.  Agreeably; 
suitably ;  in  a  manner  conformable :  as,  those 
who  live  in  faith  and  good  works  will  be  re- 
warded accordingly. 

Whenever  you  are  to  do  a  thing,  though  it  can  never  be 
known  but  to  yourself,  ask  yourself  how  you  would  act 
were  all  the  world  looking  at  you,  and  act  accordingly. 

Jeji'crson,  Correspondence,  I.  286. 

2.  In  assent  or  compliance  ;  acquiescently. 

Upon  this  the  Sultan  was  directed  to  place  himself  by  a 
huge  tub  of  water;  which  he  did  accordingly. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  94. 
-Syn.  2.  There/arc,  Wherefore,  Accordingly,  etc.  See 
therefore. 

accordion  (a-k6r'di-on),  n.  [Also  spelled  ac- 
cordeon,  <  F.  accordion,  <  accorder,  be  in  har- 
mony, accord.]  A  small  keyed  wind-instru- 
ment, opening  and  shutting  like  a  bellows,  and 
having  its  tones  generated  by  the  play  of  wind 
thus  produced  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  con- 
structed on  the  same  principle  as  the  concertina  and  the 
harmonium,  hut  is  much  inferior  to  them. 

accordionist  (a-kor'di-on-ist),  n.  A  player  on 
the  accordion. 

accorporatet  (a-kor'po-rat),  v.  t.  [<L.  accor- 
poratus,  pp.  of  accorporare,  <  ad,  to,  +  corpo- 
rare,  form  into  a  body:  see  corporate.]  To 
incorporate ;  unite. 

Custom,  being  but  a  mere  face,  as  echo  is  a  mere  voice, 
rests  not  inner  unaccomplisbment,  until  by  secret  inclina- 
tion she  accorporate  herself  with  errour. 

Milton,  Pref.  to  Doct.  of  Divorce. 

accorporationt  (a-k6r-po-ra'shon),  n.  Incor- 
poration. 

accost  (a-kosf),  r.  [<F.  accoster,  <OF.  acos- 
ter,  come  alongside  of,  approach,  touch,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  acostar  =  It.  accostare,  <  ML.  accostare,  set 
one's  self  alongside  of,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  costa,  a 
rib,  a  side :  see  coast,  aceoast,  and  costal.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  come  side  by  side  or  face  to  face 
with ;  draw  near ;  approach ;  make  up  to. 

Accost  [her],  Sir  Andrew,  accost. — What's  that?— Accost 
is,  front  her,  board  her,  woo  her,  assail  her. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 
2.  To  speak  to  ;  address. 

With  taunts  the  distant  giant  I  accost. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  x. 
Being  shown  into  the  common  room,  I  was  accosted  by 
a  very  well-dressed  gentleman.       Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xviii. 
3f.  To  border  on ;  adjoin. 

Lapland  bath  since  been  often  surrounded  (so  much  as 
accosts  the  sea)  by  the  English. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Derbyshire. 

II. t  intrans.   To  adjoin ;  be  adjacent. 

The  shores  which  to  the  sea  accostc. 

Spenser,  F.  Q. ,  V.  xi.  42. 

accost  (a-kosf),  «.     The  act  of  accosting;  ad- 
dress ;  salutation. 
He  revealed  himself  in  his  accost. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  101. 

accostable   (a-k6s'ta-bl),   a.     [<  F.   accostable, 

<  accoster,  approach:  see  accost,  v.]  Capable 
of  being  accosted ;  easy  of  access ;  affable. 

The  French  are  a  free,  debonnair,  accostable  people. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  12. 

accosted  (a-kos'ted),  p.  a.  In  her. :  (a)  Placed 
on  either  or  on  each  side  of  a  principal  charge : 
as,  a  bend  accosted  by  two 
bendlets.  (b)  Placed  side  by 
side,  as  two  beasts,  whether 
facing  in  the  same  direction 
or  not. 
accouche  (a-k(ish'),  r.  /.  [<F. 
accoucher,  tr.  deliver,  intr.  be 
delivered,  give  birth,  <  OF. 
acoucher,  lay  one's  self  down 

1  '  "'iiendlc'ts''1'  ^      in   Ded>    ^  *"  (L>   ad}<  t0>  +   C0"' 

cher,  earlier  colcltcr,  colder,  F. 

coucher,  lay  'e   self  down,  lie   down:    see 

couch,  v.]  To  act  as  an  accoucheur  or  a  mid- 
wife.   N.  E.  D. 

accouchement  (a-kosh'moii),  «.  [F.,  <  accou- 
cher: see  accouche.]  Delivery  in  childbed;  par- 
turition. 

accoucheur  (a-kii-sher'),  it.  [F.,  a  man-midwife, 
(accouclier:  see  accouche.]  A  man-midwife; 
a  medical  practitioner  who  attends  women  in 
childbirth.—  Accoucheur-toad.    Bee  nurse-frog. 

accoucheuse  (a-kd-slnV),  ».  [P.,  fern,  of  ac- 
coucheur,]   A  midwife. 

account  (a-kounf ),  r.  [<  ME.  acounten,  acun- 
tin,  <  OF.  acunter,  aconter  =  Pr.  OSp.  OPg. 
acontar  =  It.  accontare  (later  OF.  also  acomp- 
ter,  mod.  F.  accompter,  late  ME.  acomptcn,  mod. 
E.  accompt,  q.  v.,  after  L.),  <  ML.  *acco»q>utare, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  4-  computare,  count,  compute :  see 
count1  and  compute.]  I.  trims.  1.  To  count  or 
reckon  as;  deem;  consider;  think;  hold  to  be. 

The  opinion  of  more  worlds  than  one  has  in  ancient 
times  been  accounted  a  heresy. 

lip.  Wilkins,  Math.  Works, L 


account 

I  have  been  accounted  a  good  stii'k  in  a  country-dance. 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
He  fails  obtain  what  he  accounts  his  right. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  189. 

2f.  To  reckon  or  compute ;  count. 
Tile  motion  of  the  sun  whereby  years  are  accounted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  To  assign  or  impute ;  give  the  credit  of ; 
reckon  as  belonging  or  attributable.     [Bare.] 

Even  as  Abraham  believed  God,  and  it  was  accounted 
to  him  for  righteousness.  Gal.  ii.  6. 

You  have  all  sorts  of  graces  accounted  to  you. 

Jerrold,  Works,  IV.  408. 

4f.  To  give  an  account,  reason,  or  explanation 

of;  explain. 

A  way  of  accounting  the  solidity  of  ice.  Glanville. 

5t.  To  take  into  consideration.  Chaucer. —  6f. 
To  recount ;  relate.     Chaucer. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  render  an  account  or  re- 
lation of  particulars ;  answer  in  a  responsible 
character :  followed  by  with  or  to  before  a  per- 
son, and  by  for  before  a  thing :  as,  an  officer 
must  account  with  or  to  the  treasurer/or  money 
received. 

They  must  account  to  me  for  these  tilings,  which  I  miss 
so  greatly.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

2.  To  furnish  or  assign  a  reason  or  reasons; 
give  an  explanation :  with  for:  as,  idleness  ac- 
counts for  poverty. 

You'll  not  let  me  speak  —  I  say  the  lady  can  account  for 
this  much  better  than  I  can.    Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

3t.  To  reckon;  count. 

Calendar  months,  .  .  .  by  which  months  we  still  account. 

Holder,  On  Time. 
To  account  Oft,  to  make  account  of  ;  esteem. 

It  [silver]  was  nothing  accounted  of  in  the  days  of 
Solomon.  1  Ki.  x.  21. 

I  account  of  her  beauty.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  1. 

account  (a-kounf),  n.  [<  ME.  acount,  acunt, 
acont,  <  OF.  acunt,  acont  (<  a-  +  cont,  <  L.  coin- 
putum,  a  calculation),  acunte,  aconte  (later  OF. 
and  ME.  acompt,  acompte :  see  accompt),  <  OF. 
acunter,  aconter :  see  account,  v.]  1.  Areckon- 
ing,  an  enumeration,  or  a  computation ;  meth- 
od of  computing :  as,  the  Julian  accoun  t  of  time. 
That  .  .  . 

I  might  in  virtues,  beauties,  livings,  friends, 
Exceed  account.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 

2.  A  reckoning  of  money  or  business;  a  state- 
ment or  record  of  financial  or  pecuniary  trans- 
actions, with  their  debits  and  credits,  or  of 
money  received  and  paid  and  the  balance  on 
hand  or  due:  as,  to  keep  accounts ;  to  make  out 
an  account. —  3.  A  course  of  business  dealings 
or  relations  requiring  the  keeping  of  records : 
as,  to  have  an  account  with  the  bank. — 4.  On 
the  stock  exchange,  that  part  of  the  transactions 
between  buyer  and  seller  to  be  settled  on  the 
fortnightly  or  monthly  settling-day :  as,  I  have 
sold  A.  B.  500  shares  for  the  account. —  5.  Nar- 
rative ;  relation ;  statement  of  facts ;  a  recital, 
verbal  or  written,  of  particular  transactions 
and  events:  as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in 
France. 

The  account  which  Thucydides  has  given  of  the  retreat 
from  Syracuse  is  among  narratives  what  Vandyke's  Lord 
Strafford  is  among  paintings.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

6.  A  statement  of  reasons,  causes,  grounds, 
etc.,  explanatory  of  some  event:  as,  no  satis- 
factory account  has  yet  been  given  of  these 
phenomena. — 7.  An  explanatory  statement  or 
vindication  of  one's  conduct,  such  as  is  given 
to  a  superior. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.  Luke  xvi.  2. 

8.  Reason  or  consideration ;  ground :  used 
with  on:  as,  on  all  accounts;  on  every  account '.; 
on  account  of. 

He  [Bacon]  valued  geometry  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  on 
account  of  those  uses,  which  to  Plato  appeared  so  base. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

9.  Estimation  ;  esteem ;  distinction ;  dignity ; 
consequence  or  importance. 

There  never  was  a  time  when  men  wrote  so  much  and  so 
well,  and  that  without  being  of  any  great  account  them- 
selves. F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  293. 

10.  Profit;  advantage  :  as,  to  find  one's  account 
in  a  pursuit ;  to  turn  anything  to  account. 

Why  deprive  us  of  a  malady  by  which  such  numbers 
find  their  account  I  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

11.  Regard;  behalf;  sake:  as,  all  this  trouble 
I  have  incurred  on  your  account. 

Sometimes  spelled  accompt. 
Account  current,  open  account,  a  course  of  business 
dealings  still  continuing  between  two  parties,  oran  account 
notstated.— Account  rendered,  astatement  presented  by 
a  creditorto  his  debtor,  showing  the  charges  of  the  former 
against  the  latter.  — Account  sales  (an  abbreviation  of 
account  of  the  sales),  a  separate  account  rendered  to  his 
principal  by  a  factor  or  broker,  showing  the  goods  sold,  the 


39 

prices  obtained,  and  the  net  result  after  deduction  of  ex- 
penses, etc  —  Account  stated,  an  account  or  statement 
showing  tile  result  of  a  trourse  of  transactions,  for  adjust- 
ment between  the  parties.  Sometimes  called  a  state.—  Ac- 
tion of  account,  or  writ  of  account,  in  law,  an  action  or 
writ  which  the  plaintiff  brings,  demanding  that  the  defen- 
dant shall  render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  to 
the  contrary.  — For  account  of,  on  behalf  of :  as,  sold/or 
account  of  A.  B.,  that  is,  disposed  of  by  sale,  and  to  be 
accounted  for  to  A.  B.— For  the  account,  lor  Bettlemenl 
on  the  regular  settling-day,  and  not  for  cash  or  ready 
money:  used  on  the  stock  exchange.  See  above,  4. — In 
account  with,  having  business  dealings  with  (some  one), 
requiring  the  keeping  of  an  account.— Money  Of  ac- 
count, a  denomination  of  money  used  in  reckoning,  but 
not  current  as  coins :  thus,  in  China,  the  tael  or  ounce- 
weight  of  silver  is  a  money  of  account, —  On  or  to  ac- 
count, as  an  instalment  or  interim  payment.— On  one's 
own  account,  for  one's  self ;  for  one's  own  interest  and 
at  one's  own  risk  :  as,  he  has  gone  into  business  on  his  own 
account.— To  go  on  the  accountt,  to  join  a  piratical  ex- 
pedition ;  turn  pirate  :  probably  from  the  parties  sharing 
as  in  a  commercial  venture. 

I  hope  it  is  no  new  thing  for  gentlemen  of  fortune  who 
are  going  on  the  account,  to  change  a  captain  now  and 
then.  Scott. 

To  make  accountt,  to  form  an  expectation;  judge; 
reckon. 

This  other  part  .  .  .  makes  account  to  find  no  slender 
arguments  for  this  assertion  out  of  those  very  Scriptures 
which  are  commonly  urged  against  it.  Milton. 

They  made  no  account  but  that  the  navy  should  be  ab- 
solutely master  of  the  seas. 

Bacon,  Consid.  of  War  with  Spain. 

To  make  account  of,  to  hold  in  estimation  or  esteem ; 
value :  generally  with  an  adjective  of  quantity,  as  much, 
little,  no,  etc. :  as,  he  makes  no  account  of  difficulties. 

What  is  .  .  .  the  son  of  man,  that  thou  makest  account 
of  him  !  Ps.  cxliv.  3. 

We  never  make  much  account  of  objections  [to  war] 
which  merely  respect  the  actual  state  of  the  world  at  this 
moment,  but  which  admit  the  general  expediency  and 
permanent  excellence  of  the  project. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  189. 

To  open  an  account  with,  to  begin  a  course  of  dealings 
with,  requiring  the  keeping  of  an  account. — To  take  into 
account,  to  take  into  consideration ;  make  a  part  of  the 
reckoning  or  estimate.  =  Syn.  5.  Account,  Relation,  Narra- 
tion, Narrative,  Recital,  Description,  Story,  statement,  re- 
hearsal, chronicle,  history,  tale,  report.  These  words  agree 
in  denoting  the  rehearsal  of  an  event  or  of  a  series  of  events. 
Account  directs  attention  to  the  facts  related  rather  than  to 
the  relater ;  it  is  the  most  general  term.  Relation  is  also 
general  in  its  meaning,  but  implies  more  directly  a  re- 
later;  it  is  less  used  in  this  sense  than  the  corresponding 
verb  relate.  It  holds  a  middle  place  between  account  and 
narrative.  Narration  is  the  act  of  narrating;  the  mean- 
ing "  the  thing  narrated  "  has  by  desynonymization  been 
given  up  to  narrative.  A  narrative  sets  forth  a  series  of 
incidents  dependent  upon  each  other  for  meaning  and 
value,  and  generally  drawn  from  the  personal  knowledge 
of  the  narrator.  A  recital  is  a  narrative,  usually  of  events 
that  peculiarly  affect  the  interests  or  the  feelings  of  the 
reciter ;  hence  it  is  generally  more  detailed :  as,  the  re- 
cital of  one's  wrongs,  griefs,  troubles.  A  description  is  an 
account  addressed  to  the  imagination,  a  picture  in  words. 
A  story  is  by  derivation  a  short  history,  and  by  develop- 
ment a  narrative  designed  to  interest  and  please.  There 
may  be  an  account  of  a  battle  or  a  burglary ;  a  relation  of 
an  adventure ;  a  man  of  extraordinary  powers  of  narration, 
so  that  his  narrative  is  exact  and  vivid ;  a  recital  of  one's 
personal  sufferings;  a  description  of  a  scene  or  an  inci- 
dent ;  a  story  of  a  life. 

accountt   (a-kounf),  pp.     [Reduced  from  ac- 
counted.']    Accounted ;  reckoned. 

Was  with  long  use  account  no  sin. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.,Gower. 
[In  older  editions  this  is  printed  account'd.] 

accountability  (a-koun-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accountable  or  answerable ;  re- 
sponsibility for  the  fulfilment  of  obligations ; 
liability  to  account  for  conduct,  meet  or  suffer 
consequences,  etc. :  as,  to  hold  a  trustee  to  his 
accountability ;  the  accountability  of  parents  to- 
ward their  children,  or  of  men  toward  God. 
The  awful  idea  of  accountability.  Ii.  Hall. 

accountable  (a-koun'ta-bl),  a.  [<  account  + 
-able.  Cf.  F.  comptablc,  accountable,  respon- 
sible.] 1.  Liable  to  be  called  to  account;  re- 
sponsible, as  for  a  trust  or  obligation  ;  answer- 
able, as  for  conduct :  as,  every  man  is  account- 
able to  God  for  his  conduct ;  a  sheriff  is  account- 
able as  bailiff  and  receiver  of  goods. 
Subjects  therefore  are  accountable  to  superiors. 

thryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

2.  Of  which  an  account  can  be  given;  that 
can  be  accounted  for :  in  this  use  opposed  to 
unaccountable.     [Rare.] 

We  can  never  frame  any  accountable  relation  to  it  [our 
country],  nor  consequently  assign  any  natural  or  proper 
affection  toward  it.  Shaftesbury,  Misc.,  3. 

Accountable  receipt,  a  written  acknowledgment  of  the 
receipt  of  money  or  goods  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
receiver.  It  differs  from  an  ordinary  receipt  or  acquittance 
in  that  the  latter  imports  merely  that  money  has  been 
paid.  =  Syn.  1.  Amenable,  answerable,  responsible. 

accountableness  (a-koun'ta-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accountable  ;  accountability. 

Tied  to  no  creed  and  confessing  no  intellectual  account- 
ableness  to  any  power  less  than  the  Eternal  Reason. 

Bellows,  Introd.  to  Martineau's  Materialism,  p.  7. 


accoutrement 

accountably  (a-koun'ta-bli),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
countable manner. 

accountancy  (a-koun'tan-si),  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  an  accountant.     N.  Ii.  D. 

accountant  (a-koun't;uit),  n.  and  a.  [Also 
written  accomptant,  <  i'.  accomptant  (OF.  acun- 
laut),  ppr.  of  accomptcr :  sir  iiiniuiit  and-ant1.] 

1.  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  or  who  keeps  ac- 
counts ;  one  who  makes  the  keeping  or  exami- 
nation of  accounts  his  profession;  an  officer 
in  a  public  office  who  has  charge  of  the  ac- 
counts.   Also  spelled  accomptant. 

II. t  a.  Giving  account ;  accountable ;  re- 
sponsible. 

His  offence  is  so,  as  it  appears, 
Accountant  to  the  law  upon  that  pain. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,ii.  4. 

accountant-general  (a-koun'tant-jen'e-ral),  n. 
The  principal  or  responsible  accountant  in 
a  public  office  or  in  a  mercantile  or  banking 
house  or  company ;  in  England,  formerly  also 
an  officer  in  chancery  who  received  all  moneys 
lodged  in  court  and  deposited  the  same  in  the 
Bank  of  England. 

accountantship  (a-koun'tant-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  employment  of  an  accountant. 

account-book  (a-kount'biik),  n.  A  book  con- 
taining accounts,  especially  one  containing  a 
record  of  sales,  purchases,  and  payments;  a 
ruled  book  for  entering  details  of  receipts  and 
expenditures. 

account-day  (a-kount'da),  n.  A  day  set  apart 
once  in  each  half  month  for  the  adjustment  of 
differences  between  brokers  on  the  English 
stock  exchange.  A  similar  practice  prevails 
in  the  Continental  bourses. 

accouplet  (a-kup'l),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accoupler,  join, 
<OF.  acoupler,  also  acoubler  =  Sp.  acoplar  =  It. 
accoppiare,  <  ML.  accopulare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
copulare,  couple :  see  couple,  v.]  To  join  or 
link  together ;  unite  ;  couple. 

The  Englishmen  accoupled  themselves  with  the  French- 
men. Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  9. 

accouplement  (a-kup'1-nient),  n.  [iY.accou- 
plement =It.  accoppiamento  :  see  accouple.]  1. 
The  act  of  aecoupling  or  connecting  in  pairs ; 
union  in  couples  ;  marriage.    [Rare.] 

The  son  born  of  such  an  accouplement  shall  be  most 
untoward.  Trial  of  Men's  Wits,  p.  308. 

2.  In  carp. :  (a)  A  tie  or  brace,  (b)  The  entire 
piece  of  work  formed  by  a  brace  and  the  tim- 
bers which  it  joins. 

accouraget  (a-kur'aj),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  accourager, 
earlier  acorager,  acoragicr,  inspire  with  cour- 
age, <  a-  (L.  no?),  to,  +  corage,  coraige,  courage. 
Cf.  encourage.']     To  encourage. 

But  he  endevored  with  speaches  milde 
Her  to  recomfort,  and  accourage  bold. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  34. 

accourtt  (a-kort'),  v.  t.  [<  ac-  +  court.  Cf .  OF. 
accort,  civil,  polite,  accortement,  accortise,  po- 
liteness, courtesy,  as  if  from  a  verb  *accorter.] 
To  entertain  with  courtesy. 

Aecourting  each  her  friend  with  lavish  fest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  16. 

accoutre,  accouter  (a-ko'ter),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  accoutred  or  accoutercd,  ppr.  accoutring  or 
accoutering.  [<  F.  accoutre);  earlier  aeeoustrer, 
acoustrer,  aeoutrcr,  clothe,  dress,  equip,  ar- 
range, =  Pr.  acotrar,  acoutrar ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  perhaps  <  OF.  a-  (L.  ad)  +  cousteur, 
coustre,  coutre,  the  sexton  of  a  church,  one  of 
whose  duties  was  to  take  care  of  the  sacred 
vestments,  both  of  the  priest  and  of  the  image 
of  the  Virgin ;  prob.  <  L.  "custorem  for  custodem, 
nom.  custos,  a  guardian,  keeper:  see  custo- 
dian.] To  dress,  equip,  or  furnish;  specifi- 
cally, array  in  a  military  dress ;  put  on  or 
furnish  with  accoutrements. 

Upon  the  word, 
Accoutred  as  I  was,  I  plunged  in. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

He  ungirds  Ins  horse,  claps  the  whole  equipage  on  his 
own  back,  and,  thus  accoutred,  marches  on  the  next  inn. 
Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

Our  globe,  .  .  .  accoutred  with  so  noble  a  furniture  of 
air,  light,  and  gravity.  Derham,  Physico-Theol.,  i.  5. 

accoutrement,  accouterment  (a-ko'ter-ment), 
ii.  1.  Personal  vestment  or  clothing;  equip- 
ment or  furnishing  in  general ;  array  ;  apparel. 
[Rare  in  the  singular.] 

And  not  alone  in  habit  and  device, 
Exterior  form,  outward  accoutrement. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

I  profess  requital  to  a  hair's  breadth ;  not  only,  Mistress 
Ford,  in  the  simple  office  of  love,  but  in  all  the  accoutre- 
ment, complement,  and  ceremony  of  it. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 


accoutrement 

2.  pi.  Dress  in  relation  to  its  component  parts  ; 
equipage;  trappings;  specifically,  the   equip- 
ments of  a  soldier  except  arms  and  clothing; 
equipage  for  military  service.     See  equipage. 
In  robes  of  peace,  aecoutrt  ments  of  rest, 
He  was  advanc'd  a  counsellor. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
Among  piled  arms  and  rough  accoutrements. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  v. 

accoyt  (a-koi'),  v.  t.  [<  JIE.  aeoien,  <  OF.  acoier, 
quiet,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  coi,  quiet:  seetm/1.] 

1.  To  render  quiet ;  soothe. 

And  with  kind  words  accoyd,  vowing  great  love  to  mee. 
Spensi  r,  I'.  Q.,  I\ .  viii.  59. 

2.  To  dishearten  ;  daunt ;  subdue. 

Then  is  your  carelesse  courage  accoyed. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL  (Feb.). 

accraset,  v.  t.    See  acraze. 

accreaset  (a-kres'),  v.  i,  [Formerly  also  ac- 
creace,  accress,  <  ME.  acresen,  increase,  <  OF. 
acreistre,  later  accroistre,  mod.  F.  aca'oitre =8p. 
acrecer  =  It.  accrescere,  <  L.  accrescere,  grow, 
become  larger  by  growth,  increase:  see  ac- 
crescc  (a  later  form,  after  the  L.),  increase,  de- 
crease, etc.,  and  der.  merue.]     To  increase. 

Accrescere,  to  increase,  to  decrease,  to  add  vnto,  ...  to 
accrew,  to  eeke.  Florin. 

Such  as  ask,  why  the  sea  doth  never debord nor accreeve 
a  whit.  t>.  Person,  Varieties,  1  §  6,  24.    (iV.  E.  I>.) 

accredit  (a-kred'it),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accrediter,  ear- 
lier acri  dili  i\  accredit,  <«c-(L.  ad),  to,  +  cr<  ilil. 
n.,  credit  (see  credit,  ».);  =Sp.  Pg.  acreditar 
=  It.  accrrditarc,  accredit,  similarly  formed.] 

1.  Tti  give  credit  or  credence  to  ;  repose  confi- 
dence in;  trust;  esteem. 

Such  were  the  principal  terms  of  the  surrender  of  Gra- 
nada, as  authenticated  by  the  most  accredited  Castilian  and 
Arabic  authorities.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

His  party  will  .  .  .  protect  and  accredit  hint,  in  spite  of 
conduct  the  most  contradictory  to  their  own  principles. 

Scott. 

2.  To  confer  credit  or  authority  on ;  stamp  with 
authority. 

With  the  best  writers  of  our  age,  accredit  is  "invest  with 
credit  or  authority,"  to  which  may  be  added  its  diplo- 
matic sense,  "send  with  letters  credential." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  284. 
I  am  better  pleased  indeed  that  lie  censures  some  things 
than  I  should  have  been  with  unmixed  commendation ;  for 
his  censure  will  .  .  .  accredit  his  praises. 

Cowper,  Letters,  xliii. 

Hence,  specifically  —  3.  To  send  with  cre- 
dentials, as  an  envoy. 

According  to  their  rank,  some  agents  of  foreign  govern- 
ments are  directly  aceredited  to  a  sovereign,  and  others 
to  his  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  91. 

4.  To  believe ;  accept  as  true. 

He  accredited  and  repeated  stories  of  apparitions,  and 
witchcraft,  and  possession,  so  silly,  as  well  as  monstrous, 
that  they  might  have  nauseated  the  coarsest  appetite  for 
wonder.  Southey,  Life  of  Wesley,  II.  198. 

5.  To  ascribe  or  attribute  to ;  invest  with  the 
credit  of:  followed  by  with. 

Mr.  Bright  himself  was  accredited  with  having  said  that 

his  own  I'llnrt  tu  amuse  a  reforming  spirit  .  .  .  was  like 
flogging  a  dead  horse.        McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xl. 

accreditatet  (a-kred'i-tat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accreditated,  ppr.  accreditating.     [As  aceraf.  j  + 

-ate2.']     Same  as  accredit. 

She  bowed,  kissing  the  Thracian's hands,  who  would  not 

, i    i,,  ,/.  ■■,.  ,{<!,<>,•  the  beginnings  of  his  Love  to  be  of 
estimation. 
Sir  .1  Cokaine,  ti.  ofLoredano,  Dianea,  IV.  s:i.   (.v.  E.D.) 

accreditation!  (a-kred-i-ta'shon),  ».    The  act 

of  accrediting,  or  the  slate  of  being  accredited. 
Having  received  my  instructions  and  letters  of  accredi- 
tation from  tin-  bail  of  HUlBDorough  on  the  17th  day  of 
April,  17s".       Mem.  ■■/];.  Cumberland,  I.  417.  (.V.  E.  D.) 

accrementitial  (ak"re-men-tish'al),  a.  [<L.  as 
if  *accn  m<  ntum  (found  once,  but  a  falso  read- 
ing!, addition  (\  accrescere,  increase:  see  ac- 
crescc,  anil  el.  excrement,  increment),  +  E.  -ilitil.  ] 
In  physiol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  process  of 
accrementition. 

accrementition  (afre-men-tish'pn), ».     [<L. 

iis  if  "accrementum,  on  analogy  of  accrem,  nli- 
tial,  q.  v.      Tlio  regular  form   would  be  *accre- 

,„<  ntiiiinii.]  In  physiol.,  tlio  production  or  de- 
velopment oi  ;i  new  individual  by  the  separs 
tion  of  a  part  of  tin-  parent  ;  gemmation, 
accrescet ( a-kres' ),<•.  i.  [Later form  otaccrease, 
q.  v.,  after  orig.  L.  accrescere,  increase,  (.ad, 
to,  +  crescere,  grow:  Bee  crescent,  and  of.  te- 
erne.]  1.  To  increase;  grow.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
To  accrue.      See  are,  „, .  r.,  2. 

accrescence  (a-kres'ens),  n.     [<  accrescent ;  = 

Sp.  acrtcenciii  =  It.  tieeresn  n~a,  increase.]  1. 
The  act  of  increasing;  gradual  growth  or  in- 
crease ;  accretion. 


40 

The  silent  accrescence  of  belief  from  the  unwatched  de- 
positions of  a  general,  never  contradicted,  hearsay. 

Coleridge,  Statesman's  Manual  (1S39),  App.  B,  p.  lJ9t;. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  increased ;  an 
increment. 

accrescent  (a-kres'ent),  <j.  [<L.  acerescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accrescere,  grow :  see  accresce.]  In- 
creasing; growing,  specifically,  in  hot,  applied  to 
parts  connected  with  the  flower  which  increase  in  size 
after  flowering,  as  frequently  occurs  with  the  calyx,  invo- 
lucre, etc. 

accrescimento  (Sk-kresh-i-men'to),  n.  [It. :  see 
accresce.]  In  music,  the  increase  of  the  dura- 
tion of  a  sound  by  one  half,  indicated  by  a  dot 
after  the  note. 

accrete  (a-kref),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  accreted, 
ppr.  accreting.  [<  L.  accretus,  pp.  of  accrescere : 
see  accresce.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  by  ac- 
cretion ;  gather  additions  from  without.  [Rare.] 
"We  see  everywhere  wasted  cliffs  and  denuded  shores, 
or  accreted  shingle-banks  and  sand-hills. 

N.  ami  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  62. 

2.  To  be  added ;  adhere  ;  become  attached  by  a 
process  of  accretion. 

Centres  about  which  thought  has  accreted,  instead  of 
crystallizing  into  its  own  free  forms. 

0.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  161. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  grow  or  unite. 

accrete  (a-kref),  a.  [<L.  accretus,  pp.  of  ac- 
crescere :  see  accresce.]  Grown  together ;  formed 
by  accretion ;  accreted. 

accretion    (a-la-e'shon),    v.     [<  L.    accretio(n-), 

<  accretus,  pp.  of  accrescere,  grow :  see  accresce 
and  accrete.]  1.  The  act  of  accreting  or  accres- 
eing;  a  growing  to;  an  increase  by  natural 
growth;  an  addition;  specifically,  an  increase 
by  an  accession  of  parts  externally. 

The  phrase  "living  language,"  used  with  reference  to 
facts,  must  import  perpetual  excretion  and  accretion  of 
substance,  involving  or  producing  assimilation,  develop- 
ment, and  renewal.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  is. 

A  mineral  or  unorganized  body  can  undergo  no  change 
save  by  the  operation  of  mechanical  or  chemical  forces; 
and  any  increase  of  its  bldk  is  due  to  the  addition  of  like 
particles  to  its  exterior :  it  augments  not  by  growth  but 
by  accretion.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  i. 

2.  In  pathol.,  the  growing  together  of  partsnor- 
mally  separate,  as  the  fingers  or  toes. —  3.  The 
thing  added;  an  extraneous  addition;  an  ac- 
cession :  commonly  used  in  the  plural,  and  re- 
stricted to  accessions  made  slowly  and  gradu- 
ally by  some  external  force. 

He  strove  to  pare  away  the  accretions  of  age. 

iterivale,  Hist.  Romans,  V.  150. 

4.  In  law:  (a)  The  increase  or  growth  of  prop- 
erty by  external  accessions,  as  by  alluvium 
naturally  added  to  land  situated  on  the  bank  of 
a  river,  or  on  the  seashore.  When  the  accretion 
takes  place  by  small  and  imperceptible  degrees  it  belongs 
to  the  owner  of  the  land  immediately  behind,  but  if  it 
is  sudden  and  considerable  it  may  belong  to  the 
state,  (b)  In  Scots  law,  the  completion  of 
an  originally  defective  or  imperfect  right 
by  some  subsequent  act  on  the  part  of  the 
person  from  whom  the  right  was  derived. 

accretive  (a-kre'tiv),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  accretion;  increasing  or  adding 
by  growth;  growing;  accrescent:  as, 
"the  accretive  motion  of  plants,"  Glan- 
rille,  Seep.  Sci.,  ix.  60. 

accrewt,  accrewet,  ».  and  d.    Obsolete 
spellings  of  accrue.    The  spelling  is  retained  in 
the  clipped  form  crew1  (which  see). 

accriminatet  (a-krim'i-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ac-  +  crim- 
inate (cf.  Sp.  arriminar,  exaggerate  a  crime, 
accuse):  see  criminate.]  To  charge  with  a 
crime. 

accroacht  (a-kroch'),  ».  /.     [<ME.  acroch ,,. 

<  OF.  accrocher,  fix  on  a  hook,  hook  up,  <  a-  (L. 
ml),  tn.  +  croc,  it  hook,  a  crook:  see  crook  and 
crochet.  Cf.  encroach.']  1.  To  hook,  or  draw  to 
lino's  self  as  with  a  hook. — 2.  In  old  laws,  to 
usurp:  as,  toaccroach  royal  power  to  one's  self. 

accroachment  (a-kroch'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
accroaching;  encroachment;  usurpation,  as  of 
sovereign  power. 

accrual  ( a-kr8'al),  it.  The  act  or  process  of  ac- 
oruing;  accretion. 

accrue  (a-krii'),  «.  [Also  written  uecrew  (now 
olis.),  <  late  ME.  "acreirc,  found  only  in  (he 
clipped  form  creweOK.  crew),  and  in  the  verb 
aereiri ,  accrue  ;  <  ( >F.  acrt  ire,  acreiie,  that  which 
grows  up,  to  the  prolit  of  the  owner,  on  I  lie 
earth  or  in  a  wood,  later  "  aecrt  m  ,  a  growth,  in- 
crease, oeking,  augmentation"  (<  'ol grave),  orig. 

fom.  of  ,1,-ren,  "accreu,  growne,  increased'' 
(Cotgrave),  (AF.  aeru),  pp.  of  acreistre  (AF. 
acrestre),  later  aecroistre,  mod.  F.  accroilre,  < 
L.  accrescere,  grow,  accrease,  accresce,  in- 
crease :  see  accrease,  accresce.    Hence  by  abbr. 


accumbent 

eruc,creic:  see  crew1,  and  of.  recruit.]  If.  Au 
accession;  addition;  reinforcement. 

The  towne  of  Calis  and  the  forts  thereabouts  were  not 
supplied  with  anie  new  acerewes  of  soldiers. 

Holimhed,  Chron.,  III.  1135  1. 

Should  be  able  ...  to  oppose  the  French  by  the  accrue  ot 
Scotland.      .1/.  Bodwyn,  Annals  Eng.,  III.  283.     (N.E.D.) 

2.  A  loop  or  stitch  forming  an  extra  mesh  in 
network. 

There  are  also  accrues,  false  meshes,  or  quarterings, 
which  are  loops  inserted  in  any  given  row.  by  which  the 
number  of  meshes  is  increased.      Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. 

accrue  (a-kro'),  < .  i. ;  prel .  and  pp.  accrued,  ppr. 
accruing.  [Also  written  accrew  (now  obs.),  < 
ME.  acrewe,  v.,  <  *acrewe,  n. :   see  accrue,  ».] 

If.  To  grow;  increase;  augment. 

And,  though  powre  faild,  her  courage  did  arcrir. 

Spenser,  V.  <).,  V.  v.  7. 

2.  To  happen  or  result  as  a  natural  growth; 
come  or  fall  as  an  addition  or  increment,  as  of 
profit  or  loss,  advantage  or  damage ;  arise  in 
due  course :  as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government 
from  the  coinage  of  copper;  the  natural  in- 
crease accrues  to  the  common  benefit. 

To  no  one  can  any  benefit  accrue  from  such  aerial 
speculations  .  .  .  as  crowd  almost  every  book  in  our  lan- 
guage that  we  turn  to.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  Pref. 

That  pleasure  which  accrues  from  good  actions. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  (beat  Relig.,  ii.  5. 

3.  In  law,  to  become  a  present  and  enforcible 
right  or  demand.  Thus  the  right  to  set  up  the  statute 
of  limitations  against  a  claim  accrues  by  lapse  of  time;  a 
cause  of  action. on  a  note  does  not  accrue  till  the  note 
becomes  payable. 

accrued (a-krod'), p.  a.    hi  her.,  full-grown:  an 

epithet  applied  to  trees. 

accruement  (a-kr8'ment),  n.  1.  Accrual. — 
2.  That  which  accrues ;  an  addition ;  incre- 
ment. 

accruer  (a-kro'er),  u.  [<  accrue  +  -er&,  as  in 
user,  trover,  waiver,  and  other  law  terms,  where 
-er  represents  the  F.  inf.  suffix.]  In  law,  the 
act  or  fact  of  accruing;  accrual Clause  of  ac- 
cruer, a  clause  in  a  deed  or  bequest  to  several  persons, 
directing  to  whom,  in  case  of  the  death  of  one  or  more, 
his  or  their  shares  shall  go  or  accrue. 

acct.  curt.  In  com.,  a  contraction  of  account 
current.  Originally  written  «/r,  a  symbol  now 
almost  exclusively  used  for  account. 

accubation  (ak-u-ba'shpn),  n.  [<L.  accuba- 
tinin-),  iaccubarc,  lie  near,  esp.  recline  at  ta- 
ble, <  ad,  to,  +  cnbarc,  lie  down.  See  incubate 
and  accumb.]  1.  The  act  of  lying  down  or  re- 
clining ;  specifically,  the  ancient  practice,  de- 
rived from  the  Orient,  of  eating  meals  in  a  re- 
cumbent posture.  Among  the  Greeks  at  the  time  of 
thellonierie  poems  this  practice  had  not  yet  been  adopted  ; 
but  in  historical  times  it  obtained  In  general  among  both 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  it  is  illustrated  in  early  vase-paint- 
ings.   It  was  customary  to  eat  reclining  diagonally  toward 


Accubation.— An  ancient  dinner. 

the  table,  resting  on  couches,  either  flat  on  the  breast 
or  supported  on  the  left  elbow  in  a  semi-sitting  position. 
Cushions  were  provided  to  relieve  the  strain  open  the  el- 
how  and  the  back.  The  table  was  usually  a  little  lower 
than  the  couches,  for  convenience  in  reaching  the  food. 
Sec  triclinium. 

Which    gesture.  .  .  eainct    be  avoided    in  the  laws  of 
accubation.  Sir  /'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  6. 

2.  In  ined.,  lying-in ;  confinement ;  accouche- 
ment.    Sya.  Soc.  lex. 

accumbt  (a-kurnb').  r.  i.  [<  E.  aeeumbere,  lie 
near,  esp.  recline  at  table,  <  ad,  to,  +  "cumbere 
(in  coin]).),  a  nasalized  form  of  enhare,  lie 
down.  SiTiiirii/iiif/iiii.]  To  recline,  according 
to  the  ancient  fashion  at  table.  See  accuba- 
tion.  Bailey. 
accumbencyt  (a-kum'ben-si),  n.  [(.accumbent: 
see  -<•;/.]  The  state  of  being  accumbent  or  of 
reclining, 
accumbent  (a-ktim'bent),  a.  and  n.  [CL.accum- 
lieu[i-)s,  ppr.  of  aeeumbere:  see 
accumb.]  1.  a.  1.  Leaning  or 
reclining,  in  the  manner  of  the 
ancients  at  their  meals.  See 
accubation. 

Tin-  Roman  recumbent  (or  more 
properly  accumbent)  posture  in  eating 
was  Introduced  alter  the  first  Punic 
war.       Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins,  p.  134. 

2.  In  hot.,  lying  against:  applied  to  the  cotyle- 


Accumhent  Ovule 
(  Thlaspi  arvettse). 


accumbent 

dons  of  au  embryo  when  their  edges  lie  againsl 
or  are  opposed  to  the  radicle. 

II. t  «•  One  who  reclines,  as  at  meals;  one 
at  table,  whether  reclining  or  sitting. 

A  penance  must  be  done  by  every  accumbent  in  sitting 
nut  the  passage  through  all  these  dishes. 

Bp.  Ball,  Occas.  Med.,  KTo.  81. 

accumbert  (a-kum'ber),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acumbren. 
acombrcn,  for  earlier  encumbren,  encumbren  :  see 
incumber,  and  a-16  and  ere-1.]  To  encumber; 
clog. 

Ami  lette  his  sheep  acombred  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  Parson's  Tale. 
Accumbred  with  carriage  of  women  ami  children. 

Campion,  Hist.  Ireland,  p.  28. 

accumulate  (a-kii'inu-lat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accumulated,  ppr.  aeeumulatinij.  [<L.  aocwnm- 
latus,  pp.  of  accumulate,  heap  up,  <nrf,  to,  + 
annulare,  heap,  (.cumulus,  a  heap:  see  cumu- 
late and  cumulus.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  heap  up; 
collect  or  bring  together;  make  a  pile,  mass, 
or  aggregation  of:  as,  to  accumulate  earth  or 
stones;  to  accumulate  money  or  sorrows. 

Never  pray  more :  abandon  all  remorse ; 

On  horror's  head  horrors  accumulate, 

*/..!/..,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  form  by  heaping  up  or  collecting  the 
parts  or  elements  of ;  obtain  by  gathering  in ; 
amass:  as,  to  accumulate  wealth.  [Rare  in  the 
physical  sense,  as  in  the  first  extract.] 

Soon  the  young  captive  prince  shall  roll  in  Are, 
And  all  his  race  accumulate  the  pyre. 

J.  Barlow,  Columbiad,  iii.  382.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
In  the  seventeenth  century  a  statesman  who  was  at  the 
head  "I  affairs  might  easily,  and  without  giving  scandal, 
accumulate  in  no  long  time  an  estate  amply  sufficient  to 
support  a  dukedom.  Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  weak  mind  does  not  accumulate  force  enough  to  hurt 
itself.  n.  II'.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ii. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  in  size,  number,  or 
quantity ;  go  on  increasing  by  successive  addi- 
tions: as,  public  evils  accumulate. 

Ill  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  accumulates,  and  men  decay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  I.  52. 
We  are  the  heirs  to  an  inheritance  of  truth,  grandly  ac- 
cumulating  from  generation  to  generation. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  51. 

2.  To  take  degrees  by  accumulation,  as  in  some 
English  universities.     See  accumulation. 
accumulatet  ( a-kti'mu-lat),  p.  a.    [<  L.  ace  a  m  u- 
littus,  pp.:  see  accumulate,  v.~\     Collected  into 
a  mass  or  quantity ;  increased ;  intensified. 
A  more  accumulate  degree  of  felicity. 

South,  Sermons,  viii.  147. 
Haply  made  sweeter  by  the  accumulate  thrill. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 
accumulation  (a-ku-mu-la'skon),  n.  [<  L.  accu- 
mulatio(n-),(aeeiimttliire:  see  accumulate,  «>.]  1. 
The  act  of  accumulating,  or  state  of  being  accu- 
mulated ;  an  amassing ;  a  collecting  together. 
It  is  essential  to  the  idea  of  wealth  to  be  susceptible  of 
accumulation  ;  things  which  cannot,  after  being  produced, 
be  kept  for  some  time  before  being  used  are  never,  I  think, 
regarded  as  wealth.  J.  S.  Mill. 

2.  Growth  by  continuous  additions,  as  the  ad- 
dition of  interest  to  principal.  Specifically,  in  law : 
(a)  The  adding  of  the  interest  or  income  of  a  fund  to  the 
principal,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  a  will  or  deed  pre- 
venting its  being  expended.  The  law  imposes  restrictions 
on  the  power  of  a  testator  or  creator  of  a  trust  to  prohibit 
thus  the  present  beneficial  enjoyment  of  a  fund  in  order  to 
increase  it  for  a  future  generation.  ((<)  The  concurrence 
of  several  titles  to  the  same  thing,  or  of  several  circum- 
stances to  the  same  proof:  more  correctly,  cumulation. 

3.  That  which  is  accumulated ;  a  heap,  mass, 
or  aggregation :  as,  a  great  accumulation  of  sand 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

Our  days  become  considerable,  like  petty  sums  by  minute 
accumulatwm.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  v. 

Accumulation  of  degrees,  in  some  of  the  English  uni- 
versities, the  taking  of  a  higher  and  a  lower  degree  to- 
gether, or  at  shorter  intervals  than  is  usual  or  is  gener- 
ally allowed  by  the  rules.— Accumulation  of  power 
that  amount  of  force  or  capacity  for  motion  which  some 
machines  possess  at  the  end  of  intervals  of  time,  during 
which  the  velocity  of  the  moving  body  has  been  constantly 
accelerated. 

accumulative  (a-ku'inu-la-tiv),  a.  [<  accumu- 
late +  -ire;  =  Sp.  aeumulaiiro  (in  adv.  aeumula- 
tiramente)  =Pg.  accumulatico.~]  Tending  to  or 
arising  from  accumulation ;  cumulative Accu- 
mulative judgment,  in  law.  a  second  judgment  against 
a  person,  the  effect  of  which  is  to  begin  after  the  first  has 
expired. 

accumulatively  (a-ku'mu-la-tiv-li),  arlr.  In  an 
accumulative  mariner ;  by  heaping ;  in  heaps. 

accumulativeness  (a-ku'mu-la-tiv-nes),  «. 
The  quality  of  being  accumulative ;  tendency 
to  accumulate. 

accumulator  (a-ku'mu-la-tor),  ».  [<  L.  accumu- 
lator, <  accumulate,  accumulate.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  gathers,  accumulates,  or  amasses. 
— 2.  One  who  takes  university  degrees  by  ae- 


1 


Hydraulic  Accumulator. 
a,  cylinder;    b,  plunger; 

fland  ;  d,  weight-case  ;  e.  cross- 
ead;  /,  bolt;  g,  framework; 
h,  i,  pipes. 


41 

cumulation  (which  see). —  3.  Anything  used 
for  collecting  and  storing  energy,  etc  specifi- 
cally, in  mech,  :  (a)  An  india-rubber  spring  serving  (or  the 
storage  <>f  energy  to  be  utilized  for  lifting  and  other  pur- 
poses, (b)  An  elastic  section  of  a  dredge-line,  so  plated 
as  to  prevent  a  sudden  break- 
ing strain.  (<■)  An  apparatus 
used  principally  in  connec- 
tion with  hydraulic  machines 
as  an  equalizer  of  pressure,  <  >r 
for  the  accumulation  of  ener- 
gy to  be  expended  intermit- 
tently, as  in  hydraulic  cranes, 
elevators,  riveters,  etc.  It 
consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted 
with  a  plunger,  having  at  its 
upper  end  a  cross-head  or 
cap,  to  which  are  secured  the 
W'inhts  necessary  for  Lin;  de- 
sired pressure.  The  water 
forced  into  the  cylinder  raises 
the  plunger,  whose  weight,  re- 
acting upon  the  water,  trans- 
,J  i  inits  this  pressure  to  the  op- 

|     ;;]  .-,  crating  machinery.    The  total 

J»ftr":|i|     ...'  \hL  ,  force,  less  friction,  which  can 

be  expended  is  measured  by 
the  product  of  the  weight  of 
the  plunger  and  its  load  into 
the  distance  traversed  by  it. 
The  joint  capacity  of  the 
force-pumps  which  supply  the 
cylinder  is  such  as  will,  by 
continuous  running,  accumu- 
late in  the  cylinder  during 
periods  of  inaction  an  amount 
equal  to  that  expended  during 
a  maximum  effort.  In  an- 
other form,  called  the  hydro- 
pneumatic  accumulator,  the 
water  within  the  cylinder  compresses  air,  which  reacts 
upon  it,  thus  serving  as  a  substitute  for  the  weights. 

By  availing  ourselves  of  the  hydrostatic  pressure  of 
water  stored  at  high  elevations,  or  by  storing  it  under 
pressure  artificially  produced  by  means  of  an  accumulator, 

we  can  utilise  sources  of  power  which  without  storage 
would  be  quite  insufficient  for  a  given  purpose. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  313. 

{<>)  In  elect.:  (1)  A  condenser  (which  see).  (2)  A  storage  bat- 
tery (which  see,  under  battery).— Hydro-pneumatic  ac- 
cumulator, an  apparatus  intended  to  be  used  with  hydro- 
static lifts  and  presses,  and  employing  compressed  air  as 
the  source  of  power.     See  above,  3  (c). 

accuracy  (ak'u-ra-si),  n.  [<  accura(te)  +  -cy, 
as  if  <  L.  *accuratia.  The  sense  is  that  of  the 
rare  L.  a  ecu  ratio.']  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  accurate;  extreme  precision  or  exact- 
ness ;  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or 
model;  correctness:  as,  the  value  of  testimony 
depends  on  its  accuracy ;  copies  of  legal  instru- 
ments should  be  taken  with  accuracy. 

The  schoolmen  tried  to  reason  mathematically  about 
things  which  had  not  been,  and  perhaps  could  not  be,  de- 
fined with  mathematical  accuracy. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 
=  Syn.  Accurateness,  exactness,  exactitude,  precision, 
carefulness,  care,  niceness,  nicety. 

accurate  (ak'u-rat),  a.  [  =  Pg.  accurado  =  It. 
accurate-,  <  L.  ac'curatus,  prepared  with  care, 
exact,  pp.  of  accurare,  prepare  with  care,  <  ad, 
to,  +  curare,  take  care,  <  cura,  care,  pains: 
see  cure.]  1.  Characterized  by  extreme  care ; 
hence,  in  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 
standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  model;  free  from 
error  or  defect ;  exact :  as,  an  accurate  ac- 
count ;  accurate  measure ;  an  accurate  expres- 
sion ;  an  accurate  calculator  or  observer. 

Our  American  character  is  marked  by  a  more  than  aver- 
age delight  in  accurate  perception,  which  is  shown  by  the 
currency  of  the  byword,  "No  mistake." 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  207. 

2f.  Determinate ;  precisely  fixed. 

Those  conceive  the  celestial  bodies  have  more  accurate 
influences  upon  these  things  below.  Bacon. 

—  Syn.  1.  Accurate,  Correct,  Exact,  Precise,  Xtce,  care- 
ful, particular,  true,  faithful,  strict,  painstaking,  unerr- 
ing. Of  these  words  correct  is  the  feeblest;  it  is  barely 
more  than  not  faulty,  as  tested  by  some  standard  or  rule. 
Accurate  implies  careful  and  successful  endeavor  to  be 
correct:  as,  an  accurate  accountant,  and,  by  extension  of 
the  meaning,  accurate  accounts;  an  accurate  likeness. 
Exact  is  stronger,  carrying  the  accuracy  down  to  minute 
details  :  as,  an  exact  likeness.  It  is  more  commonly  used 
of  things,  while  precise  is  used  of  persons:  as,  the  exact 
truth  ;  he  is  very  precise  in  his  ways.  Precise  may  repre- 
sent an  excess  of  nicety,  but  exact  and  accurate  rarely  do 
so:  as,  she  is  prim  and  precise.  As  applied  more  specif! 
cally  to  the  processes  and  results  of  thought  and  investi- 
gation, exact  means  absolutely  true;  accurate,  up  to  a 
limited  standard  of  truth  ;  precise,  as  closely  true  as  the 
utmost  care  will  secure.  Thus,  the  exact  ratio  of  the  cir- 
cumference to  the  diameter  cannot  be  stated,  but  the 
value  3.14159265  is  accurate  to  eight  places  of  decimals, 
which  is  sufficiently  precise  for  the  most  refined  measure- 
ments. Nice  emphasizes  the  attention  paid  to  minute  and 
delicate  points,  often  in  a  disparaging  sense:  as,  he  is 
more  nice  than  wise. 

What  is  told  in  the  fullest  and  most  accurate  annals 
bears  an  infinitely  small  proportion  to  that  which  is  sup- 
pressed. Macaulay,  Hist  Eng. 

But  we  all  know  that  speech,  correct  speech,  is  not  thus 
easily  and  readily  acquired. 

R.  G.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  130. 


accusative 

It  [the  map |  presents  no  scene  to  the  imagination  ;  but 
it  gives  us  exact  information  as  to  the  beai 
various  points.  Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

A  winning  wave,  deserving  note, 

in  the  tempestuou 

A  careless  shoe    1 1  Ing,  in  whose  tie 

1  see  a  wild  civility, — 

Do  more  bewitch  me,  than  when  art 
Is  more  precis*  in  ever}  part.  Herrick. 

He  is  fastidiously  nice  in  his  choice  of  language,  and  a 

fondness  for  dainty  and  delicate  epithi  tst ften  gives  to 

his  style  an  appearance  of  prettiness. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  82. 

accurately  (ak'u-rat-li),   adv.     In  an  accurate 

manner;  with  precision ;  without  error  or  de- 
fect; exactly:  as,  a  writing  accurately  copied. 

Nature  lays  t lie  ground-plan  of  each  creature  accurately 
— sternly  fit  for  all  his  functions;  then  veils  it  scrupu- 
lously. Emerson,  .Success. 

For  no  two  seconds  together  does  any  possible  ellipse 
accurately  represent  the  orbit  [of  a  planet]. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

accurateness  (ak'u-rat-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accurate;  accuracy;  exact- 
ness; nicety;  precision. 

accurse  (a-kers'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  accursed, 
ppr.  ace ur sing.  [A  wrong  spelling,  in  imita- 
tion of  L.  words  with  prefix  ae-,  of  acurse,  < 
ME.  acursien}  acorsie»,<a-1(<AS.  a-)  +  cursien, 
corsien,<,  AS.  cursian,  curse :  see  curse,  v.]  To  im- 
precate misery  or  evil  upon;  call  down  curses 
on;  curse.  [Now  hardly  used  except  in  the 
past  participle  as  an  adjective:  see  below.] 

Hildebrand  accursed  and  cast  down  from  his  throne 
Henry  IV.  Raleigh,  Essays. 

accursed,   accurst  (a-kersf  or  a-ker'sed,  a- 

kerst'),  p.  a.    [<  ME.  acurscd,  aJcursed,  acorsed, 

pp.:    see  accurse.']       1.    Subject  to  a  curse; 

doomed  to  harm  or  misfortune  ;  blasted ;  ruined. 

The  city  shall  be  accursed.  Josh.  vi.  17. 

Thro'  you  ray  life  will  be  accurst. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters,  v. 
2.  Worthy  of  curses  or  execrations;  detest- 
able; execrable;  cursed:  as,  "deeds  accursed," 
Collins,  Ode  to  Fear. 

Thus  cursed  steel,  and  more  accursed  gold. 

Gave  mischief  birth,  and  made  that  mischief  bold. 

Drydeii,  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i.  179. 

accursedly  (a-ker'sed-li),  adv.  In  an  accursed 
manner. 

accursedness  (a-ker'sed-nes),  ii.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accursed. 

accusable  (a-kii'za-bl),  a.  [=F.  accusable  z= 
Sp.  acusabh  =  Pg.  accusavel  =  It.  accusabile 
(in  E.  sense),  <  L.  accusabilis  (found  once 
in  Cicero),  blameworthy,  <  aeeusare,  accuse, 
blame :  see  accuse.]  Liable  to  be  accused  or 
censured;  chargeable;  blamable:  as,  accusable 
of  a  crime. 

Nature's  improvision  were  justly  accusable,  if  animals, 
so  subject  unto  diseases  from  bilious  causes,  should  want 
a  proper  conveyance  for  choler. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  2. 

accusal  (a-ku'zal),  //.  Accusation.  N.  E.  J). 
accusant!  (a-ku;zant),  v.    [  =  Pg.  It.  accusante, 

an  accuser,  <  L.  accusan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  aeeusare, 

accuse :  see  accuse.]     One  who  ; 

cuser. 

The  accusant  must  hold  him  to  the  proof  of  the  charge. 
Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  Life,  p.  531. 

accusation  (ak-u-za'shon),  n.  [<ME.  aecusa- 
cion,  -einuii,  <OF.  acusation,  F.  accusation  =  Sp. 
acusacion  =  Pg.  accusacao  =  It.  aceusa~ione,  <  L. 
accusatio(n-),  an  accusation,  (aeeusare,  accuse: 
see  accuse.]  1 .  A  charge  of  wrong-doing ;  a  dec- 
laration of  the  commission  of  crime  or  error; 
imputation  of  guilt  or  blame. 

Wrote  they  unto  him  an  accusation  against  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Judah  and  Jerusalem.  Ezra  iv.  6. 

The  breath 
Of  accusation  kills  an  innocent  name. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci.  iv.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  imputed  as  a  crime  or  wrong; 
the  specific  guilt  or  error  charged,  as  in  a  state- 
ment or  indictment:  as,  what  is  the  accusation 
against  me?  the  accusation  is  murder. 

And  set  up  over  his  head  his  accusation.  Mat  xxvii.  37. 

3.  The  act  of  accusing  or  charging;  crimination. 

Thus  they  in  mutual  accusation  spent 

The  fruitless  hours.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1187. 

=  Syn.    Charge,  impeachment]  arraignment,  indictment, 

crimination,  imputation. 

accusatival  (a-ku-za-ti'val),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  accusative  ease.     Jour,  of  Philology. 

accusative  (a-ku'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ac- 
cusatif=  Sp.  acusaUvo  =  Pg.  It.  accusativo,  all  in 
the  sense  of  accusative  case,  Pg.  also  in  sense 
of  censuring,  <  L.  accusativus,  prop,  belonging 
to  an  accusation,  but  used  only  in  the  gram- 
matical sense  (with  or  without  casus,  case), 


i  accuses ;  an  ac- 


accusative 

being  a  translation  of  Gr.  a'trior/H?/  (so.  tttoxjic, 
casus),  regarded  as  'the  ease  of  accusing,'  feui. 
of  airazraedc,  usually  translated  '  of  or  for  accu- 
sation,' but  rather  '(the  case)  of  the  effect,'  or 
terminal  cause  of  the  action  of  the  verb,  <  mviu- 
tov,  effect,  neut.  of  aWtardr,  effected,  <  alrta- 
a8at,  allege  as  the  cause,  charge,  accuse,  <  atria, 
a  cause,  occasion,  charge.]  I.  a.  If.  Producing 
accusations ;  accusatory. 
This  hath  been  a  very  accusative  age. 

Sir  E.  Dermg,  Speeches,  p.  112. 

2.  In  gram.,  noting  especially  the  direct  object 
of  a  verb,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  (and 
probably  primarily)  destination  or  goal  of  mo- 
tion: applied  to  a  case  forming  part  of  the 
original  Indo-European  declension  (as  of  the 
case-systems  of  other  languages),  and  retained 
as  a  distinct  form  by  the  older  languages  of  the 
family,  and  by  some  of  the  modem.  In  English 
grammar  it  is  usually  called  the  objective  case.  Its  abbre- 
viation is  ace. 
II.  a.  Short  for  accusative  case.     See  I.,  2. 

accusatively  (a-ku'za-tiv-li),  adv.  If.  In  an 
accusative  manner;  by  way  of  accusation. — 
2.  In  grant.,  in  the  position  or  relation  of  the 
accusative  case. 

accusatorial  (a-ku-za-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  accusa- 
torins,  <  accusator,  aecuser:  see  accusatory.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  accuser  or  a  prosecutor: 
as,  accusatorial  functions.     [Rare.] 

accusatorially  (a-ku-za-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an 
accusatorial  manner. 

accusatory  (a-ku'za-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  accusato- 
rius,  <  accusator,  accuser,  <  accusare :  see  ac- 
cuse] Accusing;  containing  an  accusation: 
as,  an  accusatory  libel. 

I  would  say  a  word  now  on  two  portions  of  his  public 
life,  one  of  which  has  been  the  subject  of  accusatory,  the 
other  of  disparaging,  criticism. 

R.  Ckoate,  Addresses,  p.  284. 

accuse  (a-kuz'),  r.  t.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  accused,  ppr. 
accusing.  [<  MJZ.accusen,  acumen,  <  OF.  acuser, 
F.  accuser  =  Pr.  acusar,  accusar  =  Sp.  acusar 
=  Pg.  accusar  =  It.  accusare,  <  L.  accusare,  call 
one  to  account,  <  act,  to,  +  causa,  a  cause,  rea- 
son, account,  suit  at  law:  see  cause.]  1.  To 
make  an  imputation  against,  as  of  a  crime, 
fault,  or  error ;  charge  with  guilt  or  blame ; 
affect  with  specific  censure :  used  either  abso- 
lutely or  with  of  before  the  thing  charged,  and 
sometimes  with  for  before  the  subject  of  cen- 
sure :  as,  to  accuse  one  of  high  crimes,  or  as  an 
accomplice  in  crime ;  to  accuse  nature  for  our 
misfortunes. 

Accuse  not  nature  ;  she  hath  done  her  part. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  561. 
The  accusing  spirit,  which  flew  up  to  heaven's  chancery 
with  the  oath,  blushed  as  he  gave  it  iu. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  7. 
The  professors  are  accused  of  the  ill  practices. 

Addison. 
The  Romanists  accuse  the  Protestants  for  their  indiffer- 
ence. Southey,  Quarterly  Rev.,  I.  193. 

2.  To  indicate;  evince;  show;  manifest;  show 
signs  of.     [A  Gallicism,  now  rare.] 

Amphialus  answered  .  .  .  with  such  excusing  himself 
that  more  and  more  accusal  his  love  to  Philoclea. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 
=  Syn.  1.  Ai-i'itsf,  Charge,  Indict,  Arru'ene  Inijxuctt,  In- 
criminate, criminate,  inculpate,  tax  with,  taunt  with,  im- 
pute to.  of  these  words  charge  is  the  most  general,  and 
may  be  the  weakest,  being  used  of  any  sort  of  imputa- 
tion, large  or  small,  against  persons  or  things  formally  or 
Informally,  publicly  or  privately.  Accuse  commonly, 
though  nut  invariably,  i  cpn  jses  something  more  formal 
and  grave  than  charge.  1, flirt  is  a  purely  legal  term,  re- 
stricted to  the  action  of  a  grand  Jury  when  it  makes  a 
forma]  complaint  against  8  rapposed  offender,  in  order 
thai  hemaybebrou  in  to  trial  Arraign  has  primarily 
tli^'  aame  meaning  with  indict,  but  is  freer  in  figurative 
use  :  as,  to  arraign  a  political  party  at  the  bar  of  public 
Bentiment.     Impeach  Is  to  brio-  to  answer  befon 

legislative  body  for  wrong-doing  in  a  public  office,  atld  has 

been  bo  Long  associated  with  the  peculiar  dignity,  solem- 
nity, and  impressive m  ss of  such  trials  thai  it  hasbeen lifted 

into  corn  -i ding  Importance  in  Its  figurative  uses.    //* 

criminate  (a  obsolescent  except  In  tic  special  meaning  of 
involving  another  with  one's  self :  as,  in  bis  confession  lie 
incriminated  several  persons  hitherto  unsuspected.  To 
charge  with  a  fault;  tooceua  "i  <ii  honesty;  toindictlot 
felony  and  arraign  before  the  court  ;  to  impeach  a  magis- 
trate or  oni  i  motives  or  veracity ;  to  incriminate  others 
with  ones  self  in  a  confession  of  guilt 

And  from  rebellion  shall  derive  his  name, 
Though  oi  rebellion  others  he'  accn  < 

Mil/Mi.  I\  I..,  xii.  ::7. 
Chaii>:>  tin    Scripture  with  obscurity  and  imperfec 
tioa  Stillingfleet. 

i'  i  held  licit  He  power  of  impeachment  extends onl] 
1 b  offi  ndi  i  at  may  afterward  be  indicted  and  pun- 
ished according  t<>  law:  that  is,  that  the  house  can  only 
impeach,  the   i  oate  n  move,  for  indictable  offen  i 

Oyc.  Pol.  Sri.,  II.  481. 
Day  by  day  (he  men  who  guide  public  affairs  are  ar- 
raigned before  the  judgment-seal  ol  the  rai  e 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  I.  G. 


42 

accuset  (a-kuz'),  »•    [=  It .  aeeusa,  charge ;  from 
the  verb.]     Accusation. 
York  .  .  . 
By  false  accuse  doth  level  at  my  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

accusementt  (a-kilz'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  amuse- 
ment, <OF.  'acusenteiit,  accuscntcnt,  (.acuser,  ac- 
cuse.]   Accusation. 

By  forged  ai-i-lfsriinnts  .  .   .   were  condemned. 

Holinshed. 
accuser  (a-ku'zer),  re.  [<  ME.  accuser,  ac- 
cusour,  <  AF.  accusour,  OF.  acusor,  acuseor,  F. 
accusateur,  <  L.  accusator,  accuser,  <  accusare: 
see  accuse,  v.]  One  who  accuses  or  blames; 
specifically,  a  person  who  formally  accuses  an- 
other of  an  offense  before  a  magistrate  or  a 
tribunal  of  any  kind. 
accusingly  (a-ku'zing-li),  adv.  In  an  accusing 
manner. 

accustom  (a-kus'tom),  v.  [<  late  ME.  acus- 
tomr,  aeitsiume,  <  OF.  acoustunter,  acostumer 
(F.  accnu/umer  =  Sp.  acostumbrar  —  Pg.  acos- 
titntar ■=  It.  accostumare),  <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  +  cous- 
in me  (F.  coutume),  custom:  see  custom.]  I. 
trans.  To  familiarize  by  custom  or  use ;  habitu- 
ate or  inure :  as,  to  accustom  one's  self  to  a 
spare  diet;  time  may  accustom  one  to  almost 
anything ;  to  be  accustomed  to  hard  work. 

So  accustomed  to  his  freaks  and  follies,  that  she  viewed 
them  all  as  matters  of  course. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  176. 

We  are  not  accustomed  to  express  our  thoughts  or  emo- 
tions by  symbolical  actions.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  24. 
=  Syn.  To  habituate,  familiarize,  inure,  harden,  train. 

II.  t  in  traits.  1.  To  be  wont  or  habituated  to 
do  anything. 

A  boat,  over-freighted,  sunk,  and  all  drowned,  saving  one 
woman,  in  her  first  popping  up  again,  which  most  living 
things  accustom,  got  hold  of  the  boat.  Carew. 

2.  To  consort  or  cohabit. 

Much  better  do  we  Britons  fulfil  the  work  of  nature  than 
you  Romans ;  we,  with  the  best  men,  accustom  openly ; 
you,  with  the  basest,  commit  private  adultery. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

accustomt  (a-kus'tom),  n.  [<  accustom,  v.]  Cus- 
tom: as,  "individual  accustom  of  Hie," Milton, 
Tetrachordon  (ed.  1851),  p.  171. 

accustomablet  (a-kus'tom-a-bl),  a.  [<  accus- 
tom +  -able]  Of  long  custom;  habitual;  cus- 
tomary: as,  "accustomable  residence,"  Sir  M. 
Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  xx. 

accustomablyt  (a-kus'tom-a-bli),  adv.   Accord- 
ing to  custom  or  habit ;  habitually. 
Kings'  fines  accustomably  paid.         Bacon,  Alienations. 

accustomancet  (a-kus'tom-aus), «.  [< ME.  acus- 
tiimauucc,  accustomance,  <  OF.  acoustumance  (F. 
accoutumance :  cf.  Pr.  It.  costumanea),  <  acous- 
tttmcr,  acostumer,  accustom:  see  accustom,  r. 
Cf.  custom.]  Custom;  habitual  use  or  practice. 
Through  accustomance  and  negligence.  Boyle. 

accustomarilyt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri-li),  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  custom  or  common  practice;  custom- 
arily. 

accustomaryt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri),  a.    [<  accustom 
+ -art/.     Ci.  customary.]     Usual;  customary. 
Usual  and  accustomary  swearing. 

Dr.  Featley,  Dippers  Dipt,  p.  160. 

accustomatet  (a-fcus'tom-at),  a.    [  =  OF.  acos- 

tomc  =  It.  accostumato  =  Pg.  acosttunado  =  Sp. 
acostumbrado  (in  adv.  acostumoradamente);  ac- 
custom +  -ate1.    Cf.   accustomed.]   Customary. 
<  mil.  [lainbridge. 
accustomed  (a-kus'tomd),  p.  a.    [<  ME.  acus- 
tiiiiinl;  pp.  of  accustom.]     1.  Often  practised 
or  used ;  customary ;  habitual ;  made  familiar 
through  use ;  usual ;  wonted :  as,  in  their  ac- 
customed manner. 
It  is  an  accustomed  action  with  her.    Shak.,  Macb.,  v.  1. 
My  old  accustomed  corner  here  is, 

The  table  still  is  in  the  nook  ; 
Ah!  vanished  many  a  busy  year  is 

This  well-known  chair  since  last  I  took. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse. 

2f.  Having  custom  or  patronage ;  frequented. 
A well-occuitom'd  house,  a  handsome  barkeeper,  with 

clean  obliging  drawers,  soon  get  the  master  an  estate. 

Mrs.  Venllieie,  bold  Stroke,  i.  I. 

accustomedness  (a-kus'tomd-nes),  n.     Famil- 
iarity ;  wontedness;  the  quality  of  being  accus- 
tomed (to).     [Rare.] 
Accustomedness  to  sin  hardens  the  heart. 

Bp,  Pearce,  Sermons,  p.  230. 

Freedom  from  that  bad  accustomedness  to  evil  and 

wrong.  The  American,  \  II.  lot. 

ace  (as),  re.  [OIK.  as,  mis,  <OF.  as,  an  ace,  F. 
as=  Sp.  as  =  Pg.  ar  =  It.  asso  =  G.  ass  =  T>. 
aas  =  Icel.  iiss  =  Sw.  ess  =  Dan.  es,  <  L.  as  (ace. 
asscm),  a  unit,  a  pound,  a  foot,  usually  but  prob. 
erroneously  derived  from  he,  said  to  be  the  Ta- 


Acephala 

rentine  form  of  Gr.  tic  (ace.  iva),  one,  a  unit ; 
akin  to  L.  sem-el  and  E.  same :  see  same.]  1. 
A  unit ;  specifically,  a  single  pip  on  a  card  or 
die,  or  a  card  or  die  marked  with  a  single  pip. 
—  2.  A  very  small  quantity;  a  particle;  an 
atom ;  a  trifle :  as,  the  creditor  will  not  abate 
an  ace  of  his  demand. 
I'll  not  wag  an  ace  farther.  Dryden,  Spanish  Friar. 

-ace.  [<  F.  -ace,  <  It.  -azzo,  -accio,  m.,  -ansa, 
-accia,  f.,  an  aug.  or  depreciative  suffix.]  A 
noun-suffix  occurring  in  populace,  pinnace,  etc. 
(which  see).  It  is  not  used  as  an  English  for- 
mative. In  menace,  grimace,  and  other  words, 
the  suffix  is  of  different  origin. 

-acea.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of  -aeeus:  see-aceous.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of 
classes  or  orders  of  animals,  as  Cetacea,  Crus- 
tacea, etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjec- 
tives, agreeing  with  Latin  animalia  (animals) 
understood. 

-aceae.  [L.,  fern.  pi.  of  -aeeus:  see-aceous.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of  or- 
ders or  families  of  plants,  as  Litiacea;  Rosacea, 
etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjectives, 
agreeing  with  Latin  plan he  (plants)  understood. 

-acean.  [<  L.  -ace-us  +  -am.]  A  suffix  of  adjec- 
tives, equivalent  to  -aceous  (which  see) ;  also  of 
nouns  to  supply  a  singular  to  collective  plurals 
in  -acea,  as  cetacean,  crustacean,  etc. 

acedia (a-se'di-a),H.  [NL.,<Gr.  aw/oVa,  collateral 
form  of  ati}]6eta,  indifference,  heedlessness,  in 
eccl.  use  'sloth,'  <  iuaidfc,  indifferent,  heedless, 
<«-priv.  +  KTJihc:,  care,  distress,  K?/deadai,  be  trou- 
bled or  distressed;  in  ML.  corrupted  to  accidia, 
>  ME.  accidie,  q.  v.]  An  abnormal  mental  con- 
dition, characterized  by  carelessness,  listless- 
ness,  fatigue,  and  want  of  interest  in  affairs. 

A  melancholy  leading  to  desperation,  and  known  to 
theologians  under  the  name  of  noil  in,  was  not  uncommon 
in  monasteries,  and  most  of  the  recorded  instances  of 
mediaeval  suicides  in  Catholicism  were  by  monks. 

Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  55. 

acedy  (as'e-di),  n.     Same  as  acedia. 

Aceldama  (a-sel'da-mii),  n.  [ME.  (Wyelif) 
Acliildcmali,  Aclteldcmah  ;  <  L.  Aceldama,  <  Gr. 
'At<e?idafia,  representing  Syr.  61;el  damo,  the  field 
of  blood.]  1.  A  field  said  to  have  been  situ- 
ated south  of  Jerusalem,  the  potter's  field,  pur- 
chased with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for 
betraying  his  Master,  and  therefore  called  the 
"field  of  blood."  It  was  appropriated  to  the  in- 
terment of  strangers.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively, 
any  place  stained  by  slaughter. 

The  system  of  warfare  .  .  .  which  had  already  converted 
immense  tracts  into  one  universal  Aceldama.     DeQuincey. 

Acemetae,  Acemeti,  ».  pi.    See  Accemetw,  Acce- 

uii  it. 
Acemetic  ( as-e-met'ik),  a.    [<  Acemeti :  see  Acce- 

metw.]   Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Aeeme- 

ta?  or  Accemetse ;  hence,  sleepless. 

That  proposition   [that  one  of  the  Trinity  was  made 
flesh]  .  .  .  was  impugned  by  the  Acemetui  monks  alone. 
Mullock,  tr.  of  Liguori,  p.  173. 

acensuada  (Sp.  pron.  li-then-sb-a'da),  re.  [Sp., 
pp.  of  acensuur,  to  lease  out  for  a  certain  rent, 
<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  censo,  rent :  see  censo.]  In 
Mexican  law,  property  subject  to  the  lien  of  a 
censo  (which  see). 

acentric  (a-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anevrpoc,  flot 
central,  <  a-  priv.  +  Ktvrpov,  center:  see  center.] 
Not  centric ;  having  no  center. 

-aceous.  [Accom.  of  L.  -ace-us,  -a,  -urn,  a  com- 
pound adj.  termination,  as  in  Iterb-dccus,  fos- 
dceus,  gallin-dceus,  crct-dccus,  test-decus,  etc. : 
see  the  corresponding  E.  forms.]  An  adjective- 
suffix,  as  in  herbaceous,  cretaceous,  etc.,  used 
especially  in  botany  and  zoology,  forming  Eng- 
lish adjectives  to  accord  with  New  Latin  nouns 
in  -acea;,  -acea  (which  see),  as  rosaceous,  lilia-  . 
i-emis,  cetaceous,  crustaceous,  etc. 

acephal  (as'e-fal),  re.     One  of  the  Accphala. 

Acephala  (a-sef 'a-lii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atiityala, 
neut.  pi.  of  anitpahir,  headless:  see  accphulus.] 
1 .  A  term  introduced  by  Cuvier  into  systematic 
zoology,  and  applied  by  him  as  a  class  name  to 
a  combination  of  the  conchiferous  laniellibran- 
chiate  mollusks  and  the  tunicates.  Later  writers 
apply  it  to  the  lamollihnuicbiiite  mollusks  alone,  which 
con  litote  a  natural  class,  distinguished  by  Lamarck  as 

the  Conchifera.  All  the  ordinary  bivalves  belong  to  this 
class.  Ihe  Acephala  or  Actphalcs  of  Cuvier  were  at  first 
(1789)  the  third  order  of  MoUUSCO,  and  included  eirripeds, 
tunicates,  and brachiopoda with  ordinary  bivalve  mollusks, 
being  thus  equivalent  to  Cirript  dia,  TunicaJta,  and  Conchi- 
fera  of  Lamarck.  In  1804  Cuvier  excluded  the  eirripeds 
and  brachiopods,  and  made  Acephala  a  class  of  Mollusca. 
In  the  ••  Regno  Animal"  (1817-1829)  Acephala  arc  Cuvier'a 
fourth  class  of  Miilliisi-n,  with  two  orders,  Acephala  testacea, 
or  shelled  acephals,  the  ordinary  bivalve  mollusks,  and 
Acephala  nuda,  or  shell-less  acephals,  the  tunicates. 


Acephala 

2.  Same  as  Acratiia. — 3.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification  (1795),  one  of  seven  orders  of 
the  Linnean  Aptera,  containing  the  spiders,  etc., 
corresponding  to  the  Arachnid.es  palpistes  of 
Lamarck,  and  synonymous  with  Arachnhla. — 
4.  In  Haeckel's  classification,  a  group  of  Mol- 
lusca  composed  of  the  Spirobranchia,  or  Brachi- 
opoda,  and  the  Lamellibranchia, 

Acephalaea  (a-sef-a-le'S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  a  mod- 
ification of  Acephala,  after  Gr.  Ketjxi'/.aioc;  (neut. 
pi.  napaXaia),  belonging  to  the  head,  <  Kttyali], 
head:  see  Acephala.]  A  modification  by  La- 
marck of  the  name  Acephala,  given  at  first  to 
that  group  as  an  ordinal  name,  and  later  to  the 
bivalve  shells  as  a  class  name.  In  Lamarck's  sys- 
tem of  classification  of  1801  the  Acephahxa  were  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mollusca,  the  Acephala  of  Cuvier,  1789,  in- 
cluding cirripeds,  tunicates,  and  brachiopods  with  ordi- 
nary bivalve  mollusks.  In  1809  Lamarck  excluded  the 
cirripeds,  and  in  1812  he  excluded  the  tunicates,  making 
AcephaUea  a  class  of  Evertebrata.  with  two  orders,  Mono- 
myaria  and  Dimyaria.     Sir  dmchtfera, 

acephalan  (a-sef'a-lan),  a.  and  n.     [(.Acepha- 
la.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acephala  or 
to  an  acephal. 
II.  «.  One  of  the  Acephala  ;  an  acephal. 

Acephali  (a-sef  'a-li),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  acepha- 
lus: see  acephalus.]  1.  Literally,  those  who 
have  no  head  or  chief.  In  cedes,  hist.:  (a)  Those 
members  of  the  Council  of  Ephesus  who  refused  to  follow 
either  St.  Cyril  or  John  of  Antioch.  (b)  An  Egyptian 
Monopbysitc  sect  <  if  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  composed 
of  those  who  refused  to  follow  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria 
in  subscribing  the  edict  of  union  issued  by  the  Emperor 
Zeno.  fc)  Those  who  took  part  in  the  sessions  of  the  General 
Council  of  Basle  that  were  not  presided  over  by  the  papal 

Legates,    (rf)  A  n:i -iven  to  the  Flagellants,  because  of 

their  separation  from  the  authority  of  the  Roman  Church. 
(e)  Before  the  Council  of  Trent,  a  class  of  priests  belonging 
to  no  diocese. 

2.  A  class  of  levelers,  mentioned  in  the  laws 
of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who  would  acknow- 
ledge no  head  or  superior. — 3.  A  fabulous  na- 
tion in  Africa,  reported  by  ancient  writers  to 
have  no  heads:  identified  by  some  with  the 
Blemmyes,  a  historical  race. 

acephalia  (as-e-ta'li-a),  re.  [NL.,  <Gr.  antyaloc, 
headless:  see  acephalus.']  In  tcratol.,  the  ab- 
sence of  the  head. 

acephalistt  (a-sef'a-list),  re.  [As  Acephali  + 
-int.]  One  who  acknowledges  no  head  or  su- 
perior; specifically,  in  eccles.  hist.,  one  of  the 
Acephali. 

These  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but  that 
upon  their  own  shoulders. 

Bp.  Qavden,  Tears  of  the  Church  (1659),  p.  464. 

Acephalite  (a-sef 'a -lit),  n.  [As  Acephali  + 
-its*.]  One  of  the  Acephali,  in  any  of  the  senses 
of  that  word. 

acephalobrachia  (a-sef  "a-lo-bra'ki-a),  re.  [NL. : 
see  aeephalobraehi  us.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
both  head  and  arms. 

acephalobrachius  (a-sef"a-16-bra'ki-us), «.;  pi. 
acephalobrachii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  antyaloc,  with- 
out a  head,  +  jipax'iuv,  L.  brachium,  arm.]  In 
teratol.,  a  monster  without  head  or  arms. 

acephalocardia  (a-sef 'a-16-kar'di-a),  re.  [NL. : 
see  acephalocardi us.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
both  head  and  heart. 

acephalocardiUS  (a-sef"a-16-kar'di-us),  n. ;  pi. 
acephalocanhi  (-i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  antya'Aoc,  with- 
out a  head,  +  mptiia  =  E.  heart.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  and  heart. 

acephalochiria  (a-sef" a-16-ki'ri-a),  re.  [NL. : 
see  acephalochirns.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of  both 
head  and  hands.     Also  spelled  acephalocheiria. 

acephalochirus  (a-sef"a-16-ki'rus),  n.;  pi. 
acephalochiri  (-n).  [NL",  <  Gr.  aniciaXoc,  with- 
out a  head,  +  xE'P,  hand.]  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster without  head  and  hands.  Also  spelled 
acephalocheinis. 

acephalocyst  (a-sef'a-16-sist),  «.  [<  NL.  ace- 
phalocystis,  <  Gr.  axiifaXoc,  headless  (see  acepha- 
lous),  +  irfMrnc,  a  bag :  see  cyst1.]  A  hydatid ;  a 
member  of  a  supposed  genus  Acephalocystis,  in- 
stituted by  Hunter  for  the  hydatid  or  encysted 
stage  of  Tccnia  echinococcus.     See  Tcenia. 

acephalocystic  (a-sef"a-16-sis'tik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  acephalocysts ;  having  the  character  of 
an  acephalocyst. 

acephalogaster  (a-sef 'a-16-gas-ter),  re.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  an£(paAoc,  without  a  head,  +  yaarf/p,  belly.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  head,  chest, 
and  superior  parts  of  the  belly. 

acephalogasteria  (a-sef'a-16-gas-te'ri-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  acephalogaster.]  In  teratol.,  absence 
of  the  head  and  superior  parts  of  the  trunk. 

Acephalophora  (a-sef -a-lof'o-rii),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  d-  pnv.  +  Kettah),  head,  +  -'^opor,  -bearing, 

<  tptptiv  =  E.  hear1.']  A  name  proposed  by  De 
Blainville,  1814,  for  the  acephalous  mollusks  of 


43 

Cuvier,  including  the  lamellibranehiates  and 

tunicates  together  with  the  brachiopods.  In  De 
l'.lainville's  system  oi  classification,  the  Acephalophora 
were  the  third  class  of  Malacozoa  divided  into  the  or- 
ders Palliobranchiata,  Rudista,  Lamellibranchiata,  and 

Seterobraucltia  .  thus  corresponding  inexactly  to  Cuvier's 
Arriihuta,  and  exactly  to  Lamarck's  Aeephultm  of  1809,  or 
Lamarck's  later  Conchifera  and  Tunicata  together. 

acephalophoran  (a-sef-a-lof'o-ran),  re.  One  of 
the  Acephalophora. 

acephalopodia  (a-sef"a-16-po'di-ii),  ».  [NL. : 
see  acephalopodius.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
head  and  feet. 

acephalopodius  (a-sef"a-16-po'di-us),  re. ;  pi. 
acepkalopodii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  !iKi<j>a"Aoi;,  without 
a  head,  +  ttocc  (irocS-)  =  E.  foot.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  or  feet. 

acephalorachia  (a-sef  a-16-ra'ki-a),  re.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  antyakoQ,  without  a  head,  +  pax<£>  spine.]  In 
teratol.,  absence  of  head  and  vertebral  column. 

acephalostomia  (a-sef'a-lo-sto'mi-a),  re.  [NL.: 
see  acephalostonuts.]  In  teratol.,  the  absence  of 
the  head  with  the  presence  of  a  mouth-like 
opening. 

acephalostomus  (a-sef -a-los'to-mus),  re. ;  pi. 
acephalostomi  (-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ane<j>aA\or,  with- 
out a  head,  +  ard/ia,  mouth.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  a  head,  but  having  in  its  su- 
perior parts  an  aperture  resembling  a  mouth. 

acephalothoracia  (a-sef"a-16-tho-ra'si-a),  «. 
[NL. :  see  acephalothorus.]  In  teratol.,  absence 
of  head  and  chest. 

acephalothorus  (a-sef  7a-16-tho'rus),  «.;  pi.  ace- 
phalothori  (-1).  [NL.,  shortfor  *acephatothora- 
dus  (see  above),  <  Gr.  dxt^a/loc,  without  a  head, 
+  ftipaf,  a  breast-plate,  the  chest :  see  thorax.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  without  head  or  chest. 

acephalous  (a-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  acephalus, 
<  Gr.  aniciakoc,  without  a  head,  <  a-  pri  v.  +  KE<j>ali], 
ahead:  see  a-18  and  cephalic]  1.  Without  a 
head;  headless:  applied— 00  In  tool.,  particularly 
to  the  members  of  the  class  Acephala  (which  see) :  opposed 
to  encephalous  and  cephalous.  (b)  In  bot.,  to  an  ovary  the 
style  of  which  springs  from  its  base  instead  of  its  apex, 
(c)  In  teratol.,  to  a  fetus  having  no  head,  (it)  In  pros.,  to 
a  verse  whose  scale  differs  from  the  regular  scale  of  the 
same  meter  by  lacking  the  first  syllable  of  the  latter. 

2.  Without  a  leader  or  chief. 

The  tendency  to  division  was  strengthened  by  the  aceph- 
alous condition  of  the  Courts.    Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  267. 

3.  Wanting  a  distinct  beginning ;  indefinite  in 
subject. 

A  false  or  acephalous  structure  of  sentence. 

De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

acephalus  (a-sef 'a-lus),  n. ;  pi.  acephali  (-11). 

[LL.  (see  Acephali  and  acephalous)  and  NL.] 

1.  An  obsolete  name  of  the  taenia  or  tapeworm. 

— 2.  In  teratol.,  a  monster  without  a  head. — 3. 

In  pros.,  a  verse  defective  at  the  beginning. 
ace-point  (as'point),  re.     The  single  spot  on  a 

card  or  die  ;  also,  the  side  of  a  die  that  has  but 

one  spot. 
acequia  (Sp.  pron.   ii-sa'ke-a),  re.     [Sp.]    A 

canal  for  irrigation. 

Irrigating  canals  or  aceqnios  conduct  the  water  of  the 
Gila  over  all  this  cultivated  district. 

Howry,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  188. 

Acer  (a'ser),  re.  [L.,  a  maple-tree,  prob.  so 
called  from  its  pointed  leaves,  <  -\/  "etc,  be  sharp 
or  pointed,  appearing  in  acerb,  acetic,  acid,  acute, 


Acera    bulla- 


Suffar-Maple  [Acer  snccltcirinitm).  a.  flowering  branch  ;  A.  sterile 
flower ;  c,  stamen  ;  d.  fruit  with  one  carpel  cut  open  to  show  the  seed. 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

etc.]  A  genus  of  discifloral  polypetalous  trees 
and  shrubs,  commonly  known  as  maples,  of  the 
natural  order  Sapindacew,  suborder  Acerinea, 


Aceriuinae 

having  opposite  Bimple  leaves  and  the  fruit  a 
double-winged  samara,  it  includes  aboutfjo  species, 
of  northern  temperate  regions,  many  of  them  valuable 
timber- trees  or  widely  cultivated  for  shade  ami  ornament. 

Sugar  is  obtained  in  America  fr the  sap  of  .1.  sacchari- 

/nun,  the  sugar-maple.  See  maple. 
Acera  (as'e-rii),  re.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  or  neut. 
pi.  of  Acerus,  <  Gr.  antpoc,  withoul  Imiihs:  see 
Acer  us  and  acerOUS2.]  X.  A  genus  of  mollusks, 
of  the  family  Bullidw  or  Toruatellidce,  belong- 
ing to  the  tectibranchiate  division 
of  opisthobranchiate  gastropods. 
These  bubble-shells  have  a  thin  horny 
shell,  flattened  and  almost  inclosed,  with  a 
slit  at  the  suture  as  in  the  olive-shells  ;  the 
head  is  long  and  without  eyes.  The  genus 
was  instituted  in  this  form  by  Lamarck, 
1818.  A.  bullata  is  an  example.  Originally 
spelled  Altera.     0.  F.  Mullcr,  1776. 

2.  Used  as  a  pi.   A  group  of  apter- 
ous insects  without  antenna?.     In  Cf.,.«5«  °f  <i*e 
this  sense,  the  word  is  now  a  mere 
synonym  of  Arachnida  (which  see). —  3.  [Used 
as  a  plural.]    A  group  of  gastropodous  mollusks 
without  tentacles.     [Disused.] 

Aceraces  (as-e-ra'se-e),  «.  pi.  Same  as  Ace- 
riueiv. 

Acerae  (as'e-re),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.:  see 
Accra.]     Same  as  Acera,  2  and  3. 

aceran  (as'e-ran),  ix.  One  of  the  Accra,  in  any 
of  the  meanings  of  that  word. 

acerate  (as'e-rat),  re.  [<  L.  acer,  maple,  +  -ate1.] 
A  salt  of  aceric  acid. 

aceratophorous  (as"e-ra-tof  o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  Kepag(KepaT-),  horn,  +  -<j>6poc,(  <pepeiv  = 
E.  bear1.]  Not  bearing  horns  ;  hornless :  as, 
an  aceratophorous  ruminant.     [Little  used.] 

acerb  (a-serb'),  a.  [=F.  acerbe  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
accrbo,  <  L.  acerbus,  bitter,  sour,  <  acer,  sharp, 
bitter :  see  acrid.]  Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to 
the  taste;  sour-,  with  astringency  or  roughness; 
hence,  figuratively,  sharp,  harsh,  etc. 

We  have  a  foible  for  Ritson  with  his  oddities  of  spelling, 
his  acerb  humor,  .  .  .  and  his  obstinate  disbelief  in  Doc- 
tor Percy's  folio  manuscript. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  359. 
The  dark,  acerb,  and  caustic  little  professor. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xix. 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  v.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  acerbated,  ppr.  acerbating.  [<  L.  acer- 
batus,  pp.  of  acerbare,  make  bitter  or  sour,  < 
acerbus,  bitter,  sour  :  see  acerb,  and  ef.  exacer- 
bate.] To  make  sour,  bitter,  or  harsh  to  the 
taste;  hence,  to  embitter  or  exasperate.  [Rare.] 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  a.  [<  L.  acer- 
batus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Embittered;  exas- 
perated ;  severe.    N.  E.  D. 

acerbic  (a-ser'bik),  a.  Of  a  harsh  character. 
X.  E.  D. 

acerbitude  (a-ser'bi-tud),  n.  [<  L.  acerbitudo 
(rare),  equiv.  in  sense  to  accrbitas:  see  acerbity.] 
Sourness ;  acerbity.     Bailey.     [Rare.] 

acerbity  (a-ser'bi-ti),  «.;  pi.  acerbities  (-tiz). 
[Earlier  acerbitie,  <  F.  acerbite  =  Sp.  acerbidad 
=  It.  acerbitd,  <  L.  acerbita(t-)s,  sharpness,  sour- 
ness, harshness,  <  acerbus,  sharp :  see  acerb.]  1. 
Sourness,  with  roughness  or  astringency  of 
taste. —  2.  Poignancy  or  severity. 

It  is  ever  a  rule,  that  any  over-great  penalty,  besides 
the  acerbity  of  it,  deadens  the  execution  of  the  law. 

Bacon,  Works,  II.  542. 

We  may  imagine  what  acerbity  of  pain  must  be  endured 

by  our  Lord.  Barrow,  Sermons,  xxvi. 

3.  Harshness  or  severity,  as  of  temper  or  ex- 
pression. 

The  lectures  of  Hazlitt  display  more  than  his  usual 
strength,  acuteness,  and  eloquence,  with  less  than  the 
usual  acerbities  of  his  temper. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  10. 

acerdese  (as'er-des),  «.  [P.]  Gray  oxid  of  man- 
ganese :  a  name  given  by  Beudant  to  the  mineral 
manganite. 

acere  (as'er),  n.  A  mollusk  of  the  genus  Acera. 

aceric  (a-ser'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acer  (see  Acer)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  maple ;  obtained  from  the 
maple.— Aceric  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  juice  of  Acer 
campesbn,  the  common  European  maple. 

Acerina  (as-e-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  as  Acerus,  q.  v., 
+  -ina.]  1.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Bafi- 
nesque,  1814. —  2.  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes,  the 
popes.     Cuvier,  1817. 

Acerineae  (as-e-rin'f-e),  ».  pi.  [<  Acer  +  -in-  + 
-<((.]  A  suborder  of  the  Sapindacew,  distin- 
guished from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  its  oppo- 
site leaves  and  exalbuminous  seeds.  It  includes 
the  maple  (Acer),  the  box-elder  (Nepundo),  anil  a  third 
genus,  Dobinea,  of  a  single  species,  native  of  the  Himalayas. 

Acerininx  (as"e-ri-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [<  Acerina,  2, 
+  -ina:]  A  name  proposed  as  a  subfamily  des- 
ignation for  the  genus  Acerina,  including  the 
ruffe  and  related  percoid  fishes  having  a  cav- 
ernous head  and  a  single  dorsal  fin. 


acerose 

acerose  (as'e-rds),  a.    [<  L.  acerosus,  chaffy, 
<acus  (acer-)' =  Gr.  axvpov,  chaff;   akin  to  E.     erately  sour. 
awn,  q.  v.,  and  also  to  L.  aeer,  sharp,  and  amis,  acescency  (a-ses'en-si)?  » 
a  needle ;  from  a  root 


aceto-gelatin 

The  act  orprocess  of  becoming  acescent  or  mod-  acetart  (as'e-tftr),  u.     [<  L.  aeetaria  :  sec  aceta- 
ry. ]    A  dish  of  raw  herbs  with  vinegar ;  a  salad. 
acetarious   (as-e-ta'i-i-us),  a.    [<L.  *acclarius, 


"etc,  be  sharp.  The 
second  sense  seems 
to  rest  upon  L.  acus 
(aeu-),  a  needle ;  but 
the  form  can  be  de- 
rived only  from  acus 
(acer-),  chaff.]  In 
bot. :  (a)  Chaffy  ;  re- 
sembling chaff.  [Very 
rare.]  (6)  Straight, 
slender,  rigid,  and 
sharp-pointed,  as  the 
leaves  of  the  pine; 
needle-shaped. 

acerotet,  a-  Probably  a  misprint  for  acerose. 
■•Acerotc  bread,  browne  bread."  Cockeram 
(1612).  "Aeerote,  browne  bread,  not  ranged, 
chaffebread,  hungrie  bread."    Minsheu  (1625). 

acerous1  (as'e-rus),  a.    Same  as  acerose. 

acerous-  (as'e-rus),  a.    [<Gr.  ewcepoc,  collateral 


Acerose  Leaves  (  Tine ). 


[See  acescence.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  moderately  sour ; 
mild  acidity. 

Nurses  should  never  give  suck  after  fasting  ;  the  milk 

having  an  acescencti  very  prejudicial  to  the  .  .  .  recipient. 

W.  Jones,  Lite  ill  lip.  Home,  p.  360. 

acescent  (a-ses'ent),  a.  [<  F.  acescent  =  Pg. 
acesccnte,  <  L.  dcescen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  acesccre,  be- 
come sour, <  acere,  be  sour  :  see  acid.']  Turning 
sour;  becoming  tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous 
decomposition,  as  vegetable  or  animal  juices 
or  infusions ;  hence,  slightly  sour ;  acidulous ; 
subacid. 

The  vinegar  which  is  most  esteemed  for  culinary  pur- 
poses is  that  prepared  from  wine,  from  the  acescent  varie- 


ties of  which  it  is  extensively  manufactured  in  France. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  1277. 

Aceste  (a-ses'te),  it.  [NL„  <  (?)  Gr.  atceoT//,  fern, 
of  uueorde,  curable,  easily  revived,  <  ansioBai, 
cure,  heal.]  A  notable  genus  of  spatangoid 
sea-urchins.  A.  liellulifera  is  a  species  having  must  of 
the  upper  surface  occupied  by  the  deeply  sunken,  odd,  an- 
terior ambulacrum,  with  a  narrow  fascicle,  and  large  flat- 
"v-  tened  spines  incurved  over  the  hollow,  in  which  are  a  acetic  (a-set'ik  or  a-se'tik),  a.  [=  F.  acctique  = 
)t  or  pertaining  to  the     number  of  great  discoidal  suckers.  g     p  v_  acetic0t  <  NL.  accticus,  <  L.  acctum,  vine- 

Aceste  may  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  form  of  the 
Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  V 


form  of  aiceparoc,  atctpug,  without  horns,  <  a-  priv. 

■n.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 

Having  minute  or  undeveloped 


adj.,  found  only  in  neiit.  pi.  aeetaria,  as  noun: 
see  acetary.]  1.  Containing  acetary,  ascertain 
fruits. — 2.  Used  in  salads,  as  lettuce,  mustard, 
cress,  endive,  etc. 

acetary  (as'e-ta-ri),  n.  [<  L.  aeetaria  (sc. 
holcra,  herbs),  herbs  prepared  with  vinegar  and 
oil,  salad,  neut.  pi.  of  "acctarius,  (.acetum,  vine- 
gar :  see  acetum.  Cf.  It.  acctario,  a  salad.]  An 
acid  pulpy  substance  in  certain  fruits,  as  the 
pear,  inclosed  in  a  congeries  of  small  calculous 
bodies  toward  the  base  of  the  fruit.     Craig. 

acetate  (as'e-tat),  n.  [=F.  acetate  =  Sp.  Pg. 
acetato,  < NL. acetatum,CL. acetum,  vinegar:  see 
acctum  and  -ate1.}  In  chem.,  a  salt  formed  by 
tho  union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base. 

acetated  (as'e-ta-ted),  7).  a.  [As  if  pp.  of  "ace- 
tate, v.]     Combined  with  acetic  acid. 

acetation  (as-e-ta'shon),  n.  [As  if  <  *  acetate,  v.] 
Same  as  aeeUfication. 

As  though  ...  it  had,  by  some  magical  processof  aceta- 
tion, been  all  at  once  turned  into  verjuice. 

//.  lingers,  Life  of  J.  Howe,  I.  55.    (N.  E.  D.) 


-3.  Having  no  horns; 


352. 


Ancient  Acerra. 


4-  xtpac,  a  horn.] 
Accra,  2. —  2 
antennse,  as  an  insect, 
aceratophorous. 
acerra  (a-ser'a),  h.      [L.]     In  Jiniii.  aittiq.:  (a) 
A  box  or  casket  used  to  hold  the  incense  which 
was  thrown  upon  the  altar 
during    sacrifices.      (6)  A 
small    portable    altar 
which  incense  was  burned, 
especially  at  funeral  cere- 
monies. 

acertaint,  v.  t.  An  occa- 
sional and  more  correct 
form  of  ascertain  (which 
see). 
Acerus  (as'e-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aae/mc,  with- 
out horns:  see  acerous-.]  1.  In  ornith.,  a  ge- 
nus of  hombills,  family  Buccrotidw,  having  no 
casque.  A.  nepalensis  is  the  type  and  only  spe- 
cies. B.  II.  Hodgson,  1832.  Also  spelled  Aceros. 
—  2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Dejean,  1833. 

acerval  (a-ser'val),  a.  [<L.  aeervalis,  <  accrvus, 
a  heap,  akin  to" acer,  sharp,  pointed,  and  per- 
haps to  acer,  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to  a 
heap.     [Rare.] 

acervate   (a-ser'vat),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  acer- 
vated,  ppr.  acervating.     [<  L.  acervatus,  pp.  of 
accrvare,  heap  up,  <  acerous,  a  heap :  see  aeer- 
val.]     To  heap  up.     [Bare.] 
acervate  (a-ser'vat),  a.    [<L.  acerratus,  pp.: 
see  the  verb.]      In  tot.,  heaped ;  growing  in 
heaps,  or  in  closely  compacted  clusters. 
acervately  (a-ser'vat-li),  adv.    In  an  acervate 
manner ;  in  heaps.     [Bare.] 
acervation   (as-er-va'shon),   n.      [<L.   acerva- 
<»»(«-),  <  acervare,  heap'up:   see  acervate,  v.] 
The  act  of  heaping  together.     Bullokar,  1676. 
acervative  (a-ser'va-tiv),  a.  Heaped  up ;  form- 
ing a  heap.     [Bare.] 

Piled  together  irregularly,  or  in  an  acervative  manner. 

W.  B.  Carpenter. 

acervoset  (a-ser'vos),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *acervosus, 

(.accrnts,  aheap.]      Full  of  heaps,      limit  ij. 

Acervulina  (a-ser-vu-li'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  acervu- 
lus,  q.  v., +  -/«".]  A  genus  of  foraminifers, 
of  the  family Nummulinidce. 

Acervulinae(a-ser-vu-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  acer- 
vulus, q.  v.,  +  -inn:]  A  group  of  foraminifer- 
ous  rhizopodous  protozoans,  in  which  the  spiral 
form  of  the  shell  is  so  obscured  or  effaced  by 
the  irregular  addition  of  new  chambers  that 
tin    1  i  ole  appears  as  if  heaped  together. 

acervuline  (a-ser'vu-lin),  a.  [<  XL.  acervulus, 
q.  v.,  +  -(«(!.]  1.  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  littl.    In  iq.s  ;  heaped  up.     [Bare.] 


young  of  Schizaster.  Stand.  Nat.  Hut.,  I.  176. 

acetablet  (as'e-ta-bl),  n.  [<  OF.  acetabule,  <  L. 
acetabulum:  see  acetabulum.]  1.  An  acetabu- 
lum ;  a  measure  of  about  one  eighth  of  a  pint. 
Holland. —  2.  In  anat,  same  as  acetabulum,  2  (o). 

acetabula,  ».     Plural  of  acetabulum. 
°,u  acetabular  (as-e-tab'u-l&r),  «.    Belonging  to 
the  acetabulum ;  of  the  nature  of  an  acetabu- 
lum; cotyloid;  cup-like. 

Acetabulifera  (as-e-tab-u-lif  'e-rii),  ■».  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  acetabulifer:  see  acetabulifcrous.] 
A  name  introduced  by  D'Orbigny,  1834,  as  an 
ordinal  term  for  the  cephalopods  with  suckers 
on  the  inner  faces  of  the  arms,  that  is,  the  cuttle- 
fishes, squids,  and  all  other  living  cephalopods 
except  the  Xautilida;.  Same  as  Cryptodilmut- 
chiata  and  Dibranchiata  (which  see). 

acetabuliferous  (as-e-tab-u-lif 'e-ms),  a.  [<  NL. 
acetabulifer,  <  L.  acetabulum,  a  sucker,  +  feme 
=E.  bear1.]  1.  Having  or  bearing  acetabula. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acetabulifera;  having 
rows  of  cup-like  suckers,  as  the  cuttlefish. 

acetabuliform  (as-e-tab'u-li-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  ace- 
tabulum, a  cup-shaped  vessel,  +  -formis,<  forma, 
shape.]  1.  In  bot.,  having  the  form  of  a  shallow 
cup  or  bowl. —  2.  Having  the  fonn  of  an  ace- 
tabulum; sucker-shaped;  cup-like;  cotyloid. 

acetabulum  (as-e-tab'u-lum),  «. ;  pi.  acetabula 
(-lii).  [Ij. ,<acetum, vinegar:  seeacetum.]  1.  In 
Bom.  antiq.:  (a)  A  vinegar-cup;  a  small  wide- 
mouthed  vessel  of  earthenware 
or  metal,  sometimes  placed 
on  the  larger  food-dishes,  in 
which  vinegar  or  other  condi- 
ment was  served,  (b)  A  dry 
or  liquid  measure,  .0677  of  a 
Liter.  Daremberg  et  Saglio.  (c)  A  similar  cup 
or  vessel  used  by  jugglers  in  their  feats. — 2.  In 
anat. :  (a)  The  cavity  of  the  os  innorninatum, 
or  hip-bone,  which  receives  the  head  of  the 
femur;  the  cotyle,  or  cotyloid  cavity,  formed  at 
the  junction  of  the  ilium,  ischium,  and  pubis. 
See  cuts  under  sacra  ri  it m,  quarter,  in/nominate. 


Acetabula  (the  two 
small  vessels  shown 
as  resting  on  the 
lar^e  dish). 


gar:  seeacetum.]  Havingthe  properties  of  vine- 
gar ;  sour Acetic  acid,  CHgCl  U  >H,  a  colorless  liquid 

with  a  strongly  acid  ami  pungent  smell  and  taste.  In  the 
arts  it  is  chiefly  prepared  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol  (ace- 
tous fermentation)  and  by  the  dry  distillation  of  wood.  It 
is  present  in  vinegar  in  a  dilute  and  impure  form.  In  its 
pure  state,  at  temperatures  below  62°  F.,  it  is  a  crystalline 
solid,  and  is  known  as  tilaeial  or  crystalline  acetic  acid. — 
Acetic  anhydrid,  (t'H:iCO)20,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid 
with  an  odor  like  that  of  acetic  acid,  but  more  irritating. 
(In  standing  in  c.  intact  with  water  it  is  gradually  converted 
into  acetic  acid.  Also  called  acetic  oxid. — Acetic  ethers, 
compounds  consisting  of  acetates  of  alcohol  radicals. 
Common  acetic  ether  is  a  limpid  mobile  liquid  having  a 
penetrating,  refreshing  smell,  and  a  pleasant  burning  taste. 
It  is  used  in  medicine,  and  as  a  flavoring  ingredient  in  the 
poorer  classes  of  wines.  It  is  prepared  by  distilling  a  mix- 
ture of  alcohol,  oil  of  vitriol,  and  sodium  acetate.— Acetic 
ferment,  a  microscopic  fungus  'Mycoderma  aceti  of  Pas- 
teur) belonging  to  the  group  of  micro-bacteria,  which  is 
the  agent  in  the  production  of  vinegar  in  wine,  cider,  etc., 
by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol. 

acetidin  (a-set'i-din),  n.  [<  acet-ic  +  -id  +  -in.] 
Same  as  diacetin. 

acetification  (a-set"i-fi-ka'shon),  h.  [<  acetify  : 
see  -ftcation.]  The  act  or  process  of  acetifying 
or  becoming  acetous ;  conversion  into  vinegar. 
—  Chemical  acetification,  the  conversion  of  wine,  beer, 
ciller,  and  other  alcoholic  fluids  into  vinegar.  It  has  been 
shown  to  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  minute  fungus 
(Mycoderma  aceti  of  Pasteur),  which  derives  its  food  from 
the  albuminous  and  mineral  matter  present  in  the  liquor ; 
it  is  very  rapidly  developed,  and,  absorbing  the  oxygen  of 
the  air,  transmits  it  to  the  alcohol,  which  by  oxidation  is 
transformed  into  vinegar.  See  fermentation. 

acetifler  (a-set'i-fi-er),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
hastening  the  acetification  of  fermented  liquors 
by  the  exposure  of  large  surfaces  to  the  air. 
The  liquor  enters  the  top  of  a  cask  or  vat  containing 
layers  of  shavings  or  brushwood,  by  which  it  is  divided 
and  distributed,  "and,  as  it  trickles  downward,  comes  into 
intimate  contact  with  air  which  is  admitted  through  per- 
forations in  the  sides  of  the  vat. 

acetify  (a-set'i-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acetified, 
ppr.  acetifying.  [<  L.  acetum,  vinegar,  +  E.  -fy, 
make.]  'I.  trans.  To  convert  into  vinegar; 
make  acetous. 

II.  intrans.   To  become   acetous;    be   con- 
verted into  vinegar. 

When  wines  are  new,  and  somewhat  saccharine  or  too 
alcoholic,  they  acetify  reluctantly,      lire,  Diet.,  III.  1076. 


cup-like  sucker,  such  as  those  with  which  flu- 
arms  of  the  cuttlefish  and  other  dibranchiate 
cephalopodous  mollusks  are  provided.  See 
cut  under  Sepia,  (c)  A  sessile  or  pedunculate 
sucker-like  organ  on  the  ventral  surface  of  cer- 
tain entozoa.— 3.  In  bot.:  (a)  The  cup-  or  sau- 
cer-like fructification  of  many  lichens.  (J)  The 
receptacle  of  certain  fungi.— 4.  In  music,  an  acetimetry  (as-e-tim'e-tri),  n 


The  latter  . 
manner. 


[ten  piled  up  in  an  Irregular  a  1 1 
11 .  1:.  Carpenti  e,  Micros.,  S  488. 


2.  <  if  ..r  pi  rtaining  t-.  the  da  rvulmce. 
acervulus  (a-ser'vu-lus),  «.;  pi.  acervuU  (-li). 
I  XL.,  a  little  heap,' dim.  of  L.  aa  rvus,  a  heap: 

see  acerval.]  In  tuml.,  a  mass  of  calcareous 
gritty  particles,  consisting  principally  of  earthy 
salts,  found  within  and  sometimes  on  the  out- 
side of  the  conarium  or  pineal  body  of  the  brain; 
brain-sand.  Commonly  called  tictrriihtscercliri 
(acervulus  of  the  brain), 
acescence  (a-ses'ens),  ».  [<F.  acesccnce  =  It. 
acescenza,  <  L.  as  if  "acescentia,  <  acesccu{l-)s, 
ppr.  of  acesccre,  become  sour:  see  acescent.] 


ancient  instrument,  made  either  of  earthen- 
ware or  of  metal,  used  like  a  kettledrum  or 
struck  against  another  acetabulum  after  the 
manner  of  eyinbals. 

acetal  (as'e-tal),  n.    [<  acet-ic  +  al^cohol).]    A 

colorless  mobile  liquid,  C0H14O2,  with  an  ether- 
like  odor,  produced  by  the  imperfect  oxidation 
of  alcohol,  under  t  lie  influence  of  plal  mum 
black 


An   instrument  "for  ascertaining  the   specific 

gravity  of  vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 
acetimetrical   (a-set-i-met'ri-kal),  a.     [<  *««'- 
tttiiitric  (<  acctimetcr)  +  -ah]     Of  or  pertaining 
to  acetimetry. 
The  acetimetrical  method  employed  by  the  Excise. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  16. 

The  act  or  pro- 


cess  of  ascertaining  the   specific   gravity  of 
vinegar  or  aceti.-  acid. 

acetin  (as'e-tin),  )i.  [<  acet-ic  + -iu.]  A  com- 
pound obtained  by  tho  union  of  one  molecule 
of  glycerin  with  one,  two,  or  three  molecules 
of  acetic  acid.  The  acetlns  maj  also  be  regarded  as 
glyci  rm  in  which  one,  two,  or  three  atoms  of  hydrogen 
,1,  replaced  by  acetyl.  They  include  nnmoacetin  (C5 
ll,n<>l).  diacetin  or  acetidin  (C7H  t  ._.<»,-,),  and  tnacetin 
if. ,11,  ,11,;).      Watts. 


acetamid,  acetamide  (a-set'a-mul  or  -mid,  or  acet0-  "A  prefix  to  names  of  chemical  com 
as'e-tii-mid  or  -mid),  tt.  L<  acet-att  +  amid.]  poun(js  signifying  the  presence  of  acetic  acid 
A  white  crystalline   solid,  CH3CO.NH2,  pro-     or  .lcetyl  radical. 

duoed  by  distilling  ammonium  acetate,  or  by  aceto-gelatin  (as"e-to-jel'a-tin),  a.  Containing 
heating  ethyl  acetate  with  strong  aqueous  am-  .l(.(,tie  .,.„{,]  am|  ^.-Infill'.  Aceto-gelatin  emulsion, 
moiiia.  ll  combines  with  both  acids  and  metals  ,lM  emulsion  formed  of  pyroxylin,  acetic  acid,  alcohol,  and 
to  form  unstable  compounds.  gelatin  :  used  for  coating  certain  photographic  plates, 


acetometer 

acetometer,  n.    See  acetimeter. 

acetone  (as'e-ton),  n.  [<.acct-ic  +  -one.']  1. 
A  limpid  mobile  liquid,  (CH3)2CO,  with  an 
agreeable  odor  and  burning  taste,  produced  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  acetates,  it  is 
procured  on  a  large  scale  from  the  aqueous  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  wood. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  two 
alcoholic  radicals  united  by  the  group  CO,  or  as 
aldehydes  in  which  hydrogen  of  the  group  COH 
has  been  replaced  by  an  alcoholic  radical. 

acetonemia  (as"e-to-ne'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  E. 
acetone  +  Gr.  ai/ua,  blood.]  In  pathol.,  a  dis- 
eased condition  characterized  by  the  presence 

of  acetone  in  the  blood.  It  results  from  various 
causes,  and  may  he  a  symptom  of  various  diseases.  Also 
Bpelled  acclnuaniia. 

acetonic  (as-e-ton'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  acetone. 

acetose  (as'e-tos),  a.     Same  as  acetous,  1. 

acetosityt  (as-e-tos'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  acHosiU  = 
Sp.  acctosidad  =  It.  acetositd,  <  NL.  as  if  *ace- 
tosita(t-)s,<  acetosus:  see  acetous  and -ity.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acetous  or  sour ;  acid- 
ity ;   sourness ;  tartness. 

The  juice  or  pulpe  of  Tamarinds  hath  a  great  acetositie. 
Woodall,  Surgeon's  Mate,  p.  175. 

acetous  (as'e-tus  or  a-se'tus),  a.  [=F.  acc- 
teux  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acetoso,  <  NL.  acetosus,  <  L. 
acetum,  vinegar:  see  acetum.]  1.  Having  a  sour 
taste ;  vinegary.  Boyle.  Also  written  acetose. — 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  vinegar ;  causing  or  con- 
nected witli  acetlfication.— Acetous  acid,  a  term 
formerly  applied  tit  inquire  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under 
tne  notion  that  it  was  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in 
the  same  proportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less  oxy- 
gen. It  is  now  known  that  no  such  acid  exists,  so  that  this 
term  has  fallen  into  disuse. — Acetous  fermentation, 
the  process  by  which  alcoholic  liquors,  as  beer  or  wine, 
yield  acetic  acid  by  oxidation.    See  fermentation. 

acetum  (a-se'tum),  n.  [L.,  vinegar,  in  form  pp. 
neut.  (acetum,  sc.  vinum,  soured  wine)  of  am  n  , 
be  sour,  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  sour:  see  acid  ami 
acrid.  Hence  (from  acetum,  not  from  neut.  adj. 
acidum)  Goth,  akeit  =  AS.  weed,  eced  =  OS.  ecid 
=  OD.  edick,  etick,  D.  edik,  eek  =  LG.  etik  = 
OHG.  ezeih,  MHG.  ezsich,Gr. essig =Dan.  eddike 
(>Icel.  edik)  =  Siw.  tittika,  vinegar.]  Vinegar 
(which  see). 

acetyl  (as'e-til),  n.  [iacet-ic  +  -yl,  <  Gr.  v'Arj, 
matter,  substance.]  A  univalent  radical  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  acetic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 
Aldehyde  may  be  regarded  as  the  hydrid,  and  acetic  acid 
as  the  hydrate,  of  acetyl. 

acetylene  (a-set'i-len  or  as'e-ti-len),  n.  [< 
acetyl  +  -cue.']  A  colorless  gas,  C2H2,  which 
has  a  characteristic  and  very  unpleasant  odor, 
and  burns  with  a  luminous  smoky  flame,  illu- 
minating gas  contains  a  small  amount  of  it.  It  is  formed 
from  its  elements,  carbon  and  hydrogen,  when  the  electric 
are  is  passed  between  carbon-points  in  an  atmosphere  of 
hydrogen ;  also  by  the  imperfect  combustion  of  illuminat- 
ing gas  and  other  hydrocarbons.  With  certain  metals 
and  metallic  salts  it  forms  explosive  compounds.  The 
acetylene  series  of  hydrocarbons  has  the  general  formula 
CnHon-2;  it  includes  acetylene  or  ethine  (C3Ho),  propine 
(C3H4),  butine  (O4H,;),  and  pentine  (C5H8). 

acetylic  (as-e-til'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
acetyl. 

acetylization  (as*e-til-i-za'shon),?i.  [<  acetyl  + 
-i:e  +  -ationj]  In  chein.,  the  process  of  com- 
bining or  causing  to  combine  with  the  radical 
acetyl  or  with  acetic  acid. 

acllH,  11.     Same  as  ache'2. 

ach2  (ach),  n.  [Cf.  Hind,  dk,  gigantic  swallow- 
wort,  a  sprout  of  sugar-cane.  ]  An  East  Indian 
name  of  several  species  of  plants  of  the  rubia- 
ceous  genus  Morinda. 

Achaean,  a.  and  n.    See  Achean. 

Achaemenian  (ak-f-me'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Achce- 
meuius,  a.,  Acluemenes,  n.,  <  Gr.  'Axai/iivr^,  a 
Persian  kiiig,  ancestor  of  the  Achanncnida:,  Gr. 
'Axai/ievidai.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Achsemenidas,  an  ancient  royal  family  of  Per- 
sia, historically  beginning  with  Cyrus,  about 
558  B.  c,  and  ending  with  the  conquest  of  the 
Persian  empire  by  Alexander  the  Great,  330  B.C. 

ach  senium,  n.     See  achenium. 

achaenocarp  (a-ke'no-karp),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  <i- 
priv.  +  xa",eivj  gape,  +  Kapiros,  fruit.]  In  hot., 
any  dry  indehiseent  fruit. 

Achsenbdon  (a-ke'no-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  xaiveiv,  gape,  +  660'eg (bSovr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  carnivorous  mammals  of 
North  America,  having  a  suilline  type  of  denti- 
tion, considered  by  Cope  as  referable  to  the 
family  Arctocymidie.  There  are  several  species ;  A. 
iusulens,  the  t  \  p.  ■species,  was  as  large  as  a  large  bear.  E. 
D.  C'ljie,  1S73. 

Achaeta  (a-ke'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
achwtus:  see  aehwtous.]     1.  An  ordinal  name 


45 

for  gephyreans  without  setce,  with  a  terminal 
mouth,  dorsal  anus,  and  the  anterior  region  of 
the  body  retractile.  It  includes  the  families 
Sipunculidm  and  Friapulida: — 2.  [Used  as  a 
singular.]     A  genus  of  annelids.     Vejdousky. 

achaetous  (a-ke'tus),  a.  [<  NL.  acluvtus,  <  Gr. 
a- \11iv.  +  xaiTT/,  hair.]  Having  no  setaa;  not 
cluetif erous ;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the 
Acheeta  (which  see). 

achage  (a'kaj),  «.  [<  ache1  +  -age.']  The  state 
or  condition  of  having  aches.     [Rare.] 

The  Pope  could  dispense  with  his  Cardinalate,  and  his 
achage,  and  his  breakage,  if  that  were  all. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  i.  1. 

Achaian  (a-ka'yan),  a.  and  11.   See  Achean. 

achane  (a-ka'ne),  11.  [<  Gr.  hx&vn.]  An  an- 
cient Persian  measure  for  grain. 

Acharinina  (ak'/a-ri-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  for 
acharnima  (?).  <  Acharnes,  a  genus  of  fishes,  < 
Gr.  axapvur,  axapvos,  axapvag,  a  sea-fish.]  In 
Gtinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the  third 
subfamily  group  of  his  family  Nandidw,  hav- 
ing hidden  pseudobranchire  or  false  gills,  five 
ventral  rays,  and  teeth  on  the  palate,  it  is  con- 
stituted for  fresh-water  fishes  from  tropical  America 
which  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Cichla  of  the  family 
CushliioS. 

acharnement(a-sharn'ment),  11.  [F.,<achiirinr. 
give  a  taste  of  flesh  (to  dogs,  etc.),  refl.  s'achar- 
ner,  thirst  for  blood,  <  L.  as  if  *adcamare,  <  ad, 
to,  +  euro  (cam-),  flesh :  see  carnal.]  Blood- 
thirstiness,  as  of  wild  beasts  or  of  infuriated 
men  ;  ferocity ;  eagerness 
for  slaughter.  [Rare.] 
achate1!  (ak'at),  11.  [<  L. 
achates :  see  agate.]  An 
agate. 

The    christall,  jacinth,   achate, 
ruby  red.  John  Taylor. 

achate2t,  »•  [Assibilated 
form  of  acate,  q.  v.]  See 
acate. 
Achatina  (ak-a-ti'na),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  achates,  agate : 
see  agate.]  A  genus  of 
land-snails,  of  the  family 
Helicidm.  It  is  typified  by  the 
large  agate-shells  of  Africa,  and 
is  distinguished  by  an  intorted  and 
abruptly  truncate  columella.  The 
species  of  this  genus,  which  comprises  some  of  the  largest 
terrestrial  mollusks,  live  chiefly  near  water  about  trees ; 
they  are  mostly  African.  The  small  species  formerly 
referred  to  Achatina  are  little  related  to  the  genus.  La- 
marck, 1709.  Also  Achatium  (Link,  1S07)  and  Agathina 
(Deshayes). 
Achatinella  (a-kat-i-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
Achatina.]  A  name  used  with  various  limits 
for  a  genus  of  Helicidm,  with  shells  of  moder- 
ately small  size,  resembling  those  of  Achatina. 
It  has  numerous  representatives  peculiar  to  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.  W.  Swainson,  1S28.  The  genus  has  also 
been  named  llelictercs. 

Achatinellinae  (a-kat"i-ne-li'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Achatinella  +  -inm.]  A  subfamily  name  pro- 
posed for  Helicidm  of  the  Achatinella  type,  with 
a  peculiar  dentition  of  the  odontophore  or 
tongue,  and  with  a  turreted  shell. 

Achatininae  (a-kat-i-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Achatina  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  land-snails,  of 
the  family  Helicidm,  distinguished  from  Helici- 
nat  proper  by  the  character  of  the  lingual  den- 
tition, the  usually  sharp  lip,  truncate  columella, 
swollen  body-whorl,  and  elongate  spire.  The 
group  includes  the  largest  known  pulmouates,  some  being 
10  inches  long.  Most  of  the  species  are  African ;  those  of 
the  genus  Achatina  are  known  as  agate-shells.  See  cut 
under  Achatina. 

achatourt,  «•  [Assibilated  form  of  acatour,  aca- 
ter:  see  acater,  n.]     Same  as  acater. 

ache1,  ake  (ak),  ».  [In  this  pronunciation  prop, 
spelled  ake,  <  ME.  ake ;  but  formerly  two  pro- 
nunciations existed,  ak  and  ach  (ak  and  ach), 
the  latter,  prop,  indicated  by  the  spelling 
ache,  representing  ME.  ache,  also  spelled  eche, 

<  AS.  cce,  n.,  ache  (<  acan,  v.) ;  the  former  repre- 
senting ME.  ake,  directly  <  aken,  <  AS.  acitn. 
ache,  a  strong  verb :  see  ache,  v.  Cf .  stark  and 
starch,  both  <  AS.  stearc.  The  anomalous  modern 
spelling  ache,  with  clt  pron.  k,  has  been  supposed 
to  rest  upon  the  notion  that  the  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  Gr.  o^oc,  pain,  distress;  but 
there  is  no  connection  between  the  two  words, 
nor  is  there  any  with  the  interj.  ah  =  L.  ah  =  G. 
ach=z Dan.  ah,  ak.]  Pain  of  some  duration,  in 
opposition  to  sudden  twinges  or  spasmodic  pain ; 
a  continued  dull  or  heavy  pain,  as  in  toothache 
or  earache. 

Myself  was  lost, 
Gone  from  me  like  an  ache. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 


Agate-shell 
[Achatina  variegata). 


achenium 

[The  old  pronunciation  of  the  noun  (ach,  formerly  ach) 
Led  to  a  Similar  pronunciation   ol 
lowing  couplet  ache,  v.,  is  made  to  rime  with  | 
Or  Gellia  wore  a  velvet  mastic  patch 
l  pon  her  temples  when  no  tooth  did  ache. 

lip.  Hall,  Satires,  vi.  1. 
Thus  pronounced,  the  plural  of  the  noun  and  the  third 
person  singular  of  the  verb  were  dissyllabic  . 

A  coming  shower  your  shooting  corn-  presage, 
tlld  aches  throb,  your  hollow  tooth  will  rage. 

Swift,  iiiy  Shower. 
This  pronunciation  has  been  used,  on  the  stage  at  least, 
even  in  the  present  century,  being  required  by  the  in-  i>  i 
in  such  passages  as  the  following  : 

I'll  rack  thee  with  old  cramps; 
Fill  all  thy  bones  with  aches;  make  tin  e  roar. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.) 
~Syn.  See  pain,  a.,  and  agony. 

ache1,  ake  (ak),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ached,  akt  <i, 
ppr.   aching,   aking.      [In  this  pronunciation 

prop,  spelled  ake,  the  spelling  ache  prop,  rep- 
resenting a  different  pronunciation  (ach,  for- 
merly ach)  in  imitation  of  the  noun  :  see  ache, 
n. ;  <  ME.  aken,  eken  (never  *achen),  <  AS.  acan 
(strong  verb,  pret.  6c,  pp.  acen ;  like  scacan,  E. 
shake,  and  tacan,  E.  take),  ache,  prob.  cognate, 
notwithstanding  the  wide  divergence  of  mean- 
ing, with  Ieel.  aka  (strong  verb,  pret.  ok,  pp. 
ekinn),  drive,  move,  =  L.  agere  =  Gr.  ayeev,  drive : 
see  act,  agent.]  To  suffer  pain;  have  or  be  in 
pain,  or  in  continued  pain ;  be  distressed  physi- 
cally :  as,  his  whole  body  ached. 

The  sense  aches  at  thee.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

Those  inmost  and  soul-piercing  wounds,  which  are  ever 
aching  while  uncured.     Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  Fret.,  p.  1. 

ache2t  (ach),  n.     [<  ME.  ache,  <  OF.  ache,  "the 

In 'i'li  sunt] hi ge;  ache  des  jardins,  parslej  "  i<  '"I- 
grave),  F.  ache  =  Sp.  It.  apio,  parsley,  <  L. 
a liium,  parsley  (usually  referred  to  apis,  a  bee, 
bees  being  said  to  be  fond  of  it:  see  Apis),  < 
Gr.  anion,  a  species  of  Euphorbia,  perhaps  the 
sun-spurge  (or  parsley  ?).  Cf.  smallage,  i.  e., 
small  ache.]  A  name  of  garden-parsley,  Petro- 
siiiuiim  siilirum. 

Achean,  Achaean  (a-ke'an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Achaius,  <  Gr.  Ajtwof,  belonging  to  'Axa'a, 
Aehaia,  L.  Achma.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Achrea 
(Achaia)  in  the  Peloponnesus,  to  the  Acheans 
(Achseans,  Achasi,  or  Achaioi),  or  to  the  con- 
federacy called  the  Achean  League The  Ache- 
an League,  originally,  a  confederation  for  religious  obser- 
vances formed  by  the  cities  of  Achtea  on  the  abolition  of 
monarchical  government  and  the  establishment  of  democ- 
racy. The  league  was  gradually  broken  up  by  the  Mace- 
donians, but  was  renewed  by  the  Acheans  on  a  purely 
political  basis  about  280  B.  c,  when  they  threw  off  the 
Macedonian  yoke,  constituted  an  enlightened  and  purely 
federal  republic,  and  for  over  a  century  stood  as  an  ef- 
ficient bulwark  to  the  declining  liberties  of  Greece. 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Aehrea  (Achaia),  or 
one  of  the  ancient  Greek  people  (Achaioi)  from 
whom  that  country  took  its  name.  The  name 
Achaioi  is  in  Homer  used  as  a  generic  term  for  all  the 
Greeks,  but  was  later  applied  to  the  most  important  tribes 
of  eastern  Peloponnesus,  and  was  finally  restricted,  after 
the  Dorian  conquest,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region  on 
the  gulf  of  Corinth  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Also  spelled  Achaian,  in  closer  imitation  of 
the  Greek. 

achech,  n.    In  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  fabulous  animal, 
half  lion,  half  bird,  like  the  Grecian  griffin. 

acheckt,  <'•  t.    [ME.  acheken  (only  in  pp.  acheked, 
in  passage  quoted  below),  <  a-1  (or  «-")  +  cheken: 
see  cheek,  v.]    To  cheek;  stop;  hinder. 
When  they  metten  in  that  place, 
They  were  acheked  bothe  two. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  2093. 

Acheenese  (ach-e-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.   See 
Achinese. 

acheilary,  etc.    See  achilary,  etc. 
acheiria,  etc.    See  achiria,  etc. 
acheket,  >'■_  t.    See  achokc. 
acheless  (iik'les),  a.     [<  oc/iel  +  -less.]    With- 
out ache  or  throb. 
achelort.     A  corrupt  spelling  of  ashler. 
achene  (a-ken'),  n.    English  form  of  achenium. 
Also  spelled  akene. 
achenia,  ».     Plural  of  achenium. 
achenial  (a-ke'ni-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  an  ache- 
nium. 
achenium   (a-ke'ni-um),  it.  ;   pi.   achenia   (-a). 
[NL.,  also  written  aehanium,  irreg.  (cf.  Gr.  axa- 
vijr,  not  gaping)  <  d-  priv.  +  xaiveiv,  gape,  akin 
to  E.  yawn,  q.  v.]    1.  In  hot.,  a 
small,  dry  and  hard,  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  indehiseent  fruit; 
strictly,  a  single  and  free  car- 
pel of  this  character,  as  in  the 
buttercup,  avens,  etc.,  but  ex- 
tended to  all  similar  fruits  re- 
sulting from  a  compound  ovary, 
even  when  invested  with  an  adnate  calyx,  as 
in  the  order  Composite.    Also  written  achene, 


Achenium. 
Lettuce  and  Ranun- 
culus. 


achenium 

aehwniwm,  akene,  and  alccnium. — 2.  [cop.']    In 
entom.,  a  genus  of  beetles.     W.  I'.  Leach. 
achenodium  (ak-e-no'di-um),  re.;  pi.  acheno- 

dia  (-a).  [XL,  <  achenium  +  -odes,  <  Gr.  -"<!«", 
-o-cioi/}:  see  -oia.]  In  6ofc,  a  double  achenium, 
such  as  is  found  in  the  order  I  rribelliferce. 
Acheron  (ak'e-ron),  re.  [L.  Acheron  (-out-), 
also  Acheruns  (-»«'-),  <  Gr.  A,ifp6n>  (-oi>r-),  in 
earliest  use,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Hades  (popu- 
larly connected  with  a;roc,  pain,  distress,  =  E. 
</»('.  q.  v.),  later  the  name  of  several  rivers  of 
Greece  and  Italy,  which,  from  their  dismal  or 
savage  surroundings,  or  from  the  fact  that  a 
portion  of  their  course  is  beneath  the  ground, 
were  believed  to  be  entrances  to  the  infernal 
regions.]  1.  In  Gr.  and  Horn,  myth.,  the  name 
of  a  river  in  Hades,  over  which  the  souls  of  the 
dead  were  ferried  by  Charon;  hence,  a  general 
name  for  the  lower  world. 

Get  you  gone, 

And  at  tin-  pit  of  .!</"  rim 

M. .  i  mi  i  the  morning.     Shak.,  Macb.,  iii.  5. 

2.   [NL.]  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects. 

Acherontia  (ak-e-ron'shi-ii),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
'AXcP°l'T'°Ci  pertaining  to  Acheron:  see  Acheron.'] 
A  genus  of  nocturnal  lepidopterous  insects,  of 
the  family  Sphingidce.  A.  atropos  is  the  death's- 
head  moth,  or  death's-head  hawk-moth.  See 
death's-head. 

Acherontic  (ak-e-ron'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Acheronticus, 
(Acheron:  see  Acheron."]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Acheron  or  the  infernal  regions ;  dark;  gloomy: 
as,  Acherontic  mists. 

achersett,  ".  An  error  for  a  cherset.  See  cher- 
set. 

achesount,  ».    Same  as  encheson. 

Acheta  (ak'e-tii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  acheta,  the  male 
cicada,  <  Doric" Gr.  a,r£ra,  librae,  Gr.  ijX"nc,  the 
cicada,  prop,  adj.,  chirping,  <  Gr.  i/xeiv,  sound, 
chirp,  <  ijx'I,  a  sound,  akin  to  vx"i  a  sound,  an 
echo:  see  echo.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Achctiilic :  equivalent  to  Gryllus  (which  see). 

Achetidse  (a-ket'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-ida.]  A  family  of  saltatorial orthopterous  in- 
sects, embracing  the  crickets,  etc.,  named  from 
the  leading  genus,  Acheta.  The  name  is  now 
little  used,  the  family  being  generally  called 
Gryllida;  (which  see). 

Achetina  (ak-e-tl'na),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-ina.]  A  group  of  orthopterous  insects,  includ- 
ing the  crickets,  as  distinguished  from  the  grass- 
hoppers, etc. 

achevet,  ''.  '•     Obsolete  form  of  aehiere. 

acheweed  (ak'weil),  «.  [<  ache1  +  weed1.]  An 
old  name  of  the  goutweed,  JEgopodium  poda- 
gra ria. 

achia,  achiar  (ach'ia,  ach'iar),  re.  [<  Pg.  achia, 
the  confected  Indian  cane,  achar,  any  sort  of 
pickled  roots,  herbs,  or  fruits,  <  Hind,  achar, 
pickles.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  the  pickled 
shoots  of  the  young  bamboo,  Bambusa  arundi- 
nacea,  used  as  a  condiment. 

achievable  (a-ehe'va-bl),  a.   [<  achieve  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  achieved  or  performed. 
To  raise  a  dead  man  to  life  doth  not  involve  contradic- 

ti and  is  therefore,  at  least,  achievaMeby  Omnipotence. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  xxix. 

achievancet  (a-ehe'vans),  n.  [<  OF.  achevance, 
(.achever:  see'achievi  and-once.]  Performance; 
achievement:  as,  "bis  noble  aets  and  achicr- 
anccs,"  xir  I .  lih/ot,  The  Governour,  iii.  22. 

achieve  (a-chev  ),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  achieved, 
ppr.  achieving.  [Formerly  also  atchieve,  <  ME. 
acln  a  u,  '  ( )F.  acln  n  r,  arhii  rer,  acln  rir,  achircr 
(F.  achever),  finish,  <  the  phrase  renir  a  chief 
(!•'.  renir  o  tin  f),  come  to  an  end  :  OF.  chief  (F. 
chef),  an  end,  a  head:  see  chief.    Cf.  chieve.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  perform  or  execute;  accom- 
plish, as  some  great  enterprise;  tinish;  carry 
on  to  a  prosperous  close. 

And  now  great  deeds 

liad  bet  ii  "■  /<"  "  </.        Milton,  P.  I..,  ii.  7:23. 

Enabled  i'1  i  to  achien  his  great  enterprise, 

in  tl"  ad  nature  had 

opposi  d  i"  it.  /■,,  icott    Ferd.  and  I  ia.,  i.  16. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  result  of  exertion  ; 
bring  about,  as  by  effort, 

Show  all  n  reliant  kings  achieved.        Prior. 

He  will  achieve  in  Tern 

It  is  not  self-indulgence  allowed,  but  ( ictoiy  achieved, 
that  can  make  a  St  happlne  -  for  man. 

/:<<  />>  .   n  Life,  p.  214. 

=  Syn.  1.  Effect,  Accomplish,  etc  i  &  perform),  bring 
about,  workout.— 2.  To  acquire   win   obtain  get 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  come  to  an  end.  Chaucer. 
— 2.  To  accomplish  some  enterprise;  bring 
about  a  result  intended. 

Eights  dragon-like,  and  does  aehit  a  i 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  7. 


46 

still  achieving,  still  pursuing, 
Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait. 

i'salm  of  Life. 

achievement  (a-chev'ment),  n.  [<F.  acheve- 
nii  at.   completion,  <  achever  :    Bee  achieve  and 

-men!.]    1.  The  act  of  achieving  or  performing; 
an  obtaining  by  exert  ion  ;  accomplishment ;  as, 
the  achk  cement  of  one's  object. 
Capable  of  high  achievement  as  a  writer  of  romance. 

Athenamm,  No.  3007,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  achieved ;  a  great  or  heroic 
deed;  something  accomplished  by  valor,  bold- 
ness, or  superior  ability. 

How  my  achievt  nu  nti  mock  me! 

Sim!,-.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 
Illustrious  judges  have  declared  that  Galileo's  conception 
of  the  laws  of  Motion  is  his  greatest  achievement. 

G.  II.  I.,  t<»  8,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  48. 

3.  In  her.,  an  escutcheon  or  armorial  shield. 
The  proper  expression  is  "achievement  of  anas,"  and  sig- 
nifies a  complete  heraldic  composition,  whether  the  shield 
alone  or  the  shield  with  erest,  motto,  and  supporters,  if 
any.  The  term  achievement  is  applied  especially  to  the 
escutcheon  of  a  deceased  person  displayed  at  lus  obsequies, 
over  his  tomb,  etc.,  distinctively  railed  a  funeral  achieve- 
ment, or  more  commonly  a  hatchment  (which  see).  =  Syn. 
2.  Deed,  Feat,  Exploit,  etc.    Seefeat*. 

achiever  (a-che'ver),  n.  One  who  achieves  or 
accomplishes. 

We  are  well  accustomed  to  the  sight  of  a  fresh  young 
girl,  a  close  student,  a  fine  achiever,  .  .  .  sinking  .  .  .  into 
an  aching,  ailing,  moping  creature. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  133. 

achilary  (a-ki'la-ri),  a.  [As  achihous  +  -ary.] 
Without  a"  lip  ^'specifically,  in  hot.,  noting  the 
absence  of  the  labellum  or  lip  in  monstrous 
flowers  of  the  order  tlrchidacea:  Also  spelled 
acheilary. 

Achilida  (a-kil'i-da),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <AchUus  + 
-ida.]  A  division  of  the  great  family  of  homop- 
terous  insects  called  Fulgorida;  one  of  13  so- 
called  subfamilies,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Achilus. 

Achillea  (ak-i-le'a),  re.  [L.,  a  plant  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  that  called  in  Latin  achilU  OS, 
milfoil  or  yarrow,  <  Gr.  'ArMe'of,  of  Achilles, 
from  a  belief  that  Achilles  used  this  plant  in 
curing  Telephus.]  A  large  genus  of  perennial 
herbaceous  plants,  natural  order  Compositee,  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  mostly  of  the  old 
world.  Two  species  are  common,  the  milfoil  or  yarrow, 
A.  Millefolium,  Indigenous  in  both  hemispheres  and  of 
repute  as  a  bitter  tonic,  and  the  sneezewort,  A.  Ptarmica. 

Achillean  (ak-i-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  Achilleus,  <  Gr. 
'Axi^-etoc,  <  '\\i'/'ncc.  L.  Achilles.]  Of,  resem- 
bling, or  belonging  to  Achilles,  the  hero  in  the 
war  against  Troy,  noted  for  his  valor,  swift- 
ness of  foot,  etc.,  but  especially  for  unrelent- 
ing WTath ;  hence,  valiant,  swift,  unrelenting, 
etc. 
I  dined  with  Mr.  Landor.  ...  1  bad  inferred  from  his 

1 ks,  or  magnified  from  some  anecdotes,  an  impression 

of  Achillean  wrath  — an  untamable  petulance. 

Emerson,  Prose  Works,  II.  ltd. 

achilleic  (ak-i-le'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  Achillea  Millefolium Achilleic  acid, 

an  acid  found  in  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  milfoil  or  yar- 
row, Achillea  Millefolium:  probably  identical  with  aco- 
nitie  acid. 

achillein  (ak-i-le'in),  re.  l< Achillea  +  -in".] 
An  amorphous,  brownish-red,  and  very  bitter 
substance,  <  'ooliss^Gis,  derived  from  the  mil- 
foil, Achillea  Milh folium.  When  used  in  medicine  it 
is  found  to  produce  marked  Irregularity  of  the  pulse. 

Achillis  tendo  (a-kil'is  ten'do).  [L. :  Achillis, 
gen.  of  Achilles;  tendo,  tendon.]  See  tendon 
of  Achilles,  under  tendon, 

achiloUS  (a-ki'lus),  a.  [Less  prop,  oeheilons, 
<1S'L.  ai-hilits,  <Gr.  a-priv.  +  \:i'/t» ,  lip.]  With- 
out lips. 

Achilus  (a-ki'lus),  re.  [NL. :  see  acMlous.]  A 
genus  of  homopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Cixiidw,  or  giving  name  to  a  group  Achilida 
i  u  Inch   see).     Kirhji,  1818. 

Achimenes  (a-kim  e-nez),  re.  [Perhaps  from 
L.  aehicmenis,  <  Gr.  axaifievic,,  an  amber-colored 
plant  in  India  used  in  magical  arts.  Cf.  Achte- 
ineniaii.]  A  genus  of  ornamental  herbs,  natu- 
ral order    GesneracecB,  belonging  to   tropical 

America.  I  h  \  are  frequent  in  greenhouses,  and  the 
number  of  rarii  ties  has  been  largely  increased  by  cultiva- 
tion. 

Achinese  (aoh-i-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Achin  (also  written  Achet  n,  Atch- 

iii,  and  Allium),  a  territory  in  the  northwest- 
ern )i:nt  of  ihe  island  of  Sumatra. 

II.  re.  sing,  and  /;/.  1.  A  native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  Achin,  or  the  people  of  Achin. — 
2.  The  language  used  by  the  Achinese,  which 
belongs  to  .the  Malayan  family,  and  is  written 

witli  Arabic  characters. 

Also  written  Achiinese  and    llchincse. 


achorion 

aching  (a'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ache1.]  Endur- 
ing or  causing  pain  ;  painful. 

\\  li.it  pi  aceful  liours  I  once  enjoy'd! 

How  sweet  their  memory  still ! 
But  they  have  hit  an  acinic)  void 
The  world  can  never  fill. 

Cou'jicr,  Olney  Hymns. 

achingly  (a'king-li),  adv.  With  aching;  pain- 
fully. 

achiote  (Sp.  pron.  ii-che-6'ta),  re.  [Sp.,  also 
acltote,  Pg.  achioti,  <  achiotl,  the  native  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  plant.]  The  vernacular  name 
in  Central  America  of  the  arnotto-tree,  Bixa 
Orellana.     See  arnotto. 

achira  (a-che'ra),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
The  name  on  the  western  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica of  the  t'nnna  idnlis,  whose  large  tuberous 
roots  are  used  for  food,  and  yield  tous-les- 
mois,  a  superior  large-grained  kind  of  arrow- 
root. 

achiria  (a-ki'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  less  prop,  acheiria, 
(.  Gr.  axeipia,  <  axeipor  or  axeip,  without  hands  : 
see  ach irons.]     In  teratal.,  absence  of  hands. 

achirite  (ak'i-rit),  n.  [<  AcMr  Mahmed,  name 
of  a  Bokharian  merchant  who  furnished  the 
specimens  that  were  taken  in  1785  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, +  -i'fe2.]     Emerald  copper  or  dioptase. 

achirous  (a-ki'rus),  a.  [Less  prop,  acheirous, 
<  NL.  achirus.  <  Gr.  axeipoc  or  axnp,  handless,  < 
o-  priv.  +  xlll',  hand.]  In  teratol.,  handless; 
without  hands. 

achirus  (a-ki'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  axetpoc,  tvith- 
outhands:  see  achirous.]  1.  In  tcra  tol.,  a  mon- 
ster characterized  by  the  absence  of  hands. 
Also  spelled  acheirus. —  2.  [cap.]  In  eool.,  a 
genus  of  heterosomatous  fishes,  of  the  family 
soil  iila;  having  no  pectoral  fins,  whence  the 
name.  A.  lineatus  is  an  American  sole,  commonly  call- 
ed hog-choker.    Lacipide,  1802.    See  cut  under  Sofetdce. 

achlamydate  (a-klam'i-dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (</-18)  +  chlamydate,  q.  v.]  Not  ehlamy- 
date ;  having  no  pallium  or  mantle :  said  of 
mollusks. 

In  the  achia iinnl, a,   forms  [of  hranehiogastropods]  true 
gills  are  usually  absent.        Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  437. 

Achlamydeae  (ak-la-mid'e-e),  n.  vl.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  achlamydeus :  see  achlamydeous.]  In 
hot.,  a  term  proposed  by  Lindley  for  a  group  of 
dicotyledonous  orders  in  which  both  calyx  and 
corolla  are  wanting,  at  least  in  the  pistillate 
flowers,  as  in  willows  and  birches. 

achlamydeous  (ak -la-mid 'e-us),  a.  [<NL. 
achlamydeus,  <  Gr.  «-  priv.  +  x^'P'S  (-'"'-)>  a 
mantle:  see  a-18  and  chlami/dcous.]  In  hot., 
without  a  floral  envelop:  an  epithet  applied  to 
plants  which  have  neither  calyx  nor  corolla, 
and  whose  flowers  are  consequently  naked,  or 
destitute  of  a  covering.  It  has  also  been  applied  to 
an  ovule  which  consists  of  the  nucleus  only,  without  prop- 
er seed-coats,  as  in  the  mistletoe. 

achlorophyllous  (a-klo-ro-fil'us  or  ak-16-rof'i- 
lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  x?up°C,  green,  +  0tvW 
\ov,  leaf:  sec  a-1®,  chlorophyl,  and  -ous.]  In 
bot.,  destitute  of  chlorophyl. 

achlys  (ak'lis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axkvc,  a  mist.] 
Same  as  caliao. 

achmite  (ak'mit),  re.  Incorrect  spelling  of  ac~ 
milc. 

achoket,  ''•  '•  [<ME.  achoJcen,  acheken,  <AS. 
oceocta»,choke,<a-+  "ceocian:  see  choke1.]  To 
choke  ;  suffocate.     Also  written  acinic. 

Whan  that  Tin  Mis  Neeth 

The  beste  acheked.      Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2008. 
(lit  thou  win  aclwken  the  fulllllyng  of  nature  with  su- 
perfluities. Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  5. 

acholia  (a-kol'i-8 ),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axo'lia,  <  &xo- 
/iic,  without  bile:  see  acholous.]  In  palhol., 
deficiency  or  want  of  bile. 

acholithitet  (a-kol'i-thit ),  n.    [Corrupt  spelling 
of  acolouthite,  q.  v.]     Same  as  acolyte. 
To  see  a  lazy,  dumb  acholithite 

Armed  against  a  devout  II.V  s  despight. 

ll/i.  Hull,  Satires,  iv.  7. 

acholous  (ak'o-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  4^0/lof, without 
bile,  <  d-  priv.'+  \">'i,  bile,  gall:  see  cholcr.} 
Wauling  or  deficient  in  bile. 

achor  (a£'6r  or  a'kor),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  &x"P,  scurf, 
dandruff.]  1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  cer- 
tain scaly  or  crusty  cutaneous  affections  of  the 
head  and  face  in  infants,  particularly  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  eczema. —  2.  An  individual  acumi- 
nate pustule. 

Achordata  (ak-6r-da'tii),  n.  pi.  [Nlj.,<Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  x°P°bi  chord:  see  o-is  and  Chordata.] 
A  collective  name  of  those  animals  which  have 
no  ootochord:  opposed  to  Chordata. 

achorion (a-ko'ri-fin),  re.;  pi. achoria (-&).  [NL.,< 
achor.]  The  na  uie  given  to  one  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal dermatophytes,  or  epiphytes  of  the  skin. 


achorion 

It  is  the  constituent  ot  the  crusts  of   favus  (achor),  and 

belongs  to  the  group  of   fungoid    plants  de mated 

Oidium.  It  consists  of  spores,  sporidia  or  tubes  filled 
with  spores,  and  empty  branched  tubes  or  mycelium. 
Erasmus  Wilson. 

Achras  (ak'ras),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  axpac ,  a  kind  of  wild 
pear-tree.]  A  genus  of  plants  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  A.  Sapota,  of  the  natural  order 
Sapotacece.  It  is  an  evergreen  tree,  with  thiek  shining 
leaves  and  milky  juice,  a  native  of  tropical  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  for  its  edible  fruit,  the  sapodilla  or 
sapodillaplum.  Its  bark  (Jamaica  bark)  is  astringent  and 
is  used  as  a  febrifuge  ;  the  seeds  are  aperient  and  diuretic. 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Water- 
house,  1879. 

achroiocythemia,  achroiocythaemia  (a-kroi*- 
6-si-the'nii-a),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  acforaocythcemia, 
(  Gr.  axpoior,  same  as  d,rpooc.  colorless  (see 
achroous),  +  icfcroc,  a  cavity  (<  hot,  contain),  + 
wuu,  blood.]  hi  pathol..  diminution  of  the  nor- 
mal amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  red  blood- 
corpuscles.    Also  called  oligockromemia. 

achroite  (ak'ro-it),  re.  [<Gr.  axpoor,  colorless, 
-I-  -<f< '-.]  A  colorless  variety  of  tourmalin  found 
on  the  island  of  Elba. 

achroma  (a-kro'niii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Xpufia,  color:  see  achromatic]  In  pathol.,  lack 
of  pigment  in  the  skin ;  achromasia. 

achromasia  (ak-ro-rna'zi-ii),  re.  [NX.,  <  Gr. 
u  i, inflame,  without  color:  eke  achromatic.']  In 
pathol.,  lack  of  pigment  in  the  skin. 

achromatic  (ak-ro-inat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpiifiaror, 
without  color  (<  a-  priv.,  without,  +  xp"H-a{T-), 
color),  +  -ic :  see  chromatic]  Destitute  of 
color;  free  from  coloration;  transmitting  light 
without  decomposing  it  into  its  constituent 
colors  :  as,  an  achromatic  lens  or  telescope. 

The  human  eye  is  not  achromatic.    It  suffers  from  chro- 
matic aberration  as  well  as  from  spherical  aberration. 

Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  72. 

Achromatic  condenser,  an  achromatic  lens  placed  be- 
tween tile  mirror  and  the  stage  of  a  microscope  to  con- 
centrate the  light  upon  the  object  when  the 
light  from  the  concave  mirror  is  not  sufficiently 
intense.— Achromatic  lens,  a  lens  sensibly 
free  from  chromatic  aberration.  It  is  usually 
composed  of  two  lenses  made  of  glass  having 
different  refractive  and  dispersive  powers  (for 
example,  a  double  convex  lens  of  crown-glass 
[a  a]  and  a  concavo-convex  lens  of  Hint-glass 
[b  b\),  the  forms  of  which  are  so  adjusted  that 
one  lens  very  nearly  corrects  the  dispersion  of 
the  other  without,  however,  destroying  its  re- 
fraction.—Achromatic  telescope  or  micro- 
scope, a  telescope  or  microscope  in  which  the 
chromatic  alienation  is  prevented,  usually  by 
means  of  an  achromatic  object-glass. 

achromatically  (ak-ro-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
achromatic  manner. 

achromaticity  (a-kro-ma-tis'i-ti),  re.  l<.  achro- 
matic +  -ity.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
achromatic  ;  achromatism.    See  equation. 

achromatin  (a-kro'ma-tin),  n.  [<  Gr.  axp^aroc;, 
not  colored,  +  -in2.]  In  hot.,  that  portion  of  the 
basic  substance  of  the  nucleus  of  a  vegetable- 
cell  which,  under  the  action  of  staining  agents, 
becomes  less  highly  colored  than  the  rest. 

achromatisation,  achromatise,  etc.  Seeachro- 
malization,  achromatize,  etc. 

achromatism  (a-kro'ma-tizni),  ».  [(  achromat- 
ic +  -ism.  Cf.  F.  achromatismc]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  achromatic ;  absence  of  col- 
oration :  as,  to  secure  perfect  achromatism  in  a 
telescope. 

achromatization  (a-kr6"ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  achromatizing  or  depriving  of  color.  Also 
spelled  achromatisation. 

achromatize  (a-kro'rna-tlz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
achromatized,  ppr.  achromatizing,  [(.achromat- 
ic, as  if  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  xPuH-aT>&ivi  to  color,  < 
XpO>pa(T-),  color.]  To  render  achromatic ;  de- 
prive of  color,  or  of  the  power  of  transmitting 
colored  light.     Also  spelled  achromatise. 

For  two  kinds  of  light  a  flint-glass  prism  may  be  achro. 
viatised  by  a  second  prism  of  crown-glass. 

A.  Darnell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  480. 

achromatopsia  (a-kro-ma-top'si-a),  n.  [<Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  xP<Jpa(T-)!  color,  +  »i/"'c>  sight,  <  6^;, 
the  eye,  face :  see  optic]  Color-blindness,  or 
inability  to  see  or  distinguish  colors.  Also 
called  acritochromacy. 

achromatopsy  (a-kro'nia-top-si),  n.  Same  as 
achromatopsia. 

achromatosis  (a-kro-nia-to'sis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
axphfiaror,  without  color,  4-  -osis.]  A  mime 
applied  to  diseases  characterized  by  a  lack  of 

Eigment  in  integumental  structures,  as  albi- 
ism,  vitiligo,  or  canities. 
achromatous   (a-kro'ma-tus),  a.  [< Gr.  a\p<jfia- 
rog,  without  color:   see  achromatic]     Without 
color;  of  a  lighter  color  than  normal :  as,  achro- 
matous spots. 


47 

achromophilous  (a-kro-mof'i-lus),  a.    [<  Gr.  d- 

priv.  (»-ts)  -f  chromovhilous.']    In  enibryol.,  not 

chromophilous  (which  see).      Sec  extinct. 

The  substance  of  the  ovum  [of  Asearis]  is  also  remark- 
ably differentiated,— that  of  the  "polar  disk"  alone  ex- 
hibiting a  vertical  striaiiim. and  differentiating  into  two 
layers,  superficial  and  subjacent  (termed  achr&mapkilous 
and  cnromophilouB  respectively).      Bncyc.  Brit.,  XX.  417. 

achromous  (a-kro'nros),  a.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

XP&pa,  color.]  Colorless ;  without  coloring 
matter. 

achronic,  achronical  (a-kron'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  An 
erroneous  spelling  of  acronych,  acroni/chal. 

achroodextrine  (ak"ro-6-deks'trin),  u.  [<  Gr. 
axpooc,  colorless  (see  achroous),  +  E.  dextrine] 
Dextrine  which  is  not  colored  by  iodine :  con- 
trasted with  cruthrodcxtrinc. 

ach-root  (ach'rbt),  re.  [<  ach2  +  root.]  The 
root  of  Morinda  tinctoria,  used  in  India  as  a 
dye.     See  ach2. 

achroous  (ak'ro-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpooc,  also  axpoioc, 
colorless,  <  a- '  priv.  +  xp<>a,  XP0*®,  color.  Cf . 
achromatic.]    Colorless ;  achromatic. 

achylous  (a-ki'lus),  a.  [<Gr.  d^nAof,  <  a-  priv. 
+  x»Mc,  chyle.]  Without  chyle.  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex. 

Achyrodoil  (a-ki'ro-don),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ax»pov, 
pi.  a\rpa,  chaff,  bran,  husks,  +  bSobc  (b&ovr-)  = 
E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of  fossil  mammals  from  the 
Purbeek  beds  of  England,  having  teeth  of  the 
insectivorous  type,  and  more  than  eight  molars 
and  premolars.     Owen,  1877. 

acicle  (as'i-kl),  re.  Same  as  acicula,  2.  Dana, 
Crustacea,  I.  434. 

acicula  (a-sik'u-la),  re. ;  pi.  acicula!  (-le).  [L., 
a  needle,  a  small  pin,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle, 
from  same  root  as  acer,  sharp,  acies,  an  edge, 
acutus,  sharp,  etc.:  see  acid,  acute,  acerb.]  1. 
A  needle,  pin,  or  bodkin,  of  wood  or  bone, 
used  by  Roman  women  as  a  hair-pin.  It  was 
not  smaller  than  an  acus  (which  see),  but  of  in- 
ferior material. —  2.  A  spine  or  prickle  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Also  called  acicle. —  3.  [cap.] 
A  name  applied  to  several  genera  of  gastropods, 
and  retained  for  the  representative  genus  of  the 
family  Aciculida;  inhabiting  Europe.  A.fusca 
is  the  best-known  form. — 4.  [cap.]  A  genus  of 
worms. 

acicula,  «.     Plural  of  aciculum. 

Aciculacea  (a-sik-u-la'se-a),  n. pi.  [NL.,  (Aci- 
cula +  -acea.]  A  synonym  of  Acictdidw  (which 
see). 

acicular  (a-sik'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  acictdaris,  <  L. 
acicula,  a  needle:  see  acicula.']  Having  the 
shape  of  a  slender  needle  or  stout  bristle  ;  hav- 


Acicular  Crystals,  Stibnite. 

ing  a  sharp  point  like  a  needle :  as,  an  acicular 
prism,  like  those  of  stibnite ;  an  acicular  bill, 
as  that  of  a  humming-bird.  Other  forms  are 
acidulate,  aciculated,  aciculiform,  and  aciculine. 
The  silver  salt  crystallizes  from  its  aqueous  solution  in 
small  acicular  prisms. 

E.  FranUand,  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  30. 

Acicular  bismuth.    See  aikinite. 

acicularly  (a-sik'u-liir-li),  adv.  In  an  acicu- 
lar manner;  in  the  manner  of  needles  or 
prickles. 

aciculate,  aciculated  (a-sik'u-lat,  -la-ted),  p.  a. 
[<  NL.  aciculatus,  <  L.  acicula:  see  acicula.] 
Needle-shaped ;  acicular ;  aciculiform. 

aciculi,  «.     Plural  of  aeieulas. 

aciculid  (a-sik'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aciculida;. 

Acicuiidae(as-i-ku'li-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  (Acicula, 
q.  v. ,  +  -i d<c]  A  family  of  opereulate  pulmonif- 
erous  mollusks,  represented  by  the  European 
genus  Acicula  (which  see)  and  the  West  Indian 
Geomelania.  They  have  very  small  turreted  shells  with 
few  whorls  and  a  thin  operculum,  the  outer  lip  plain  or 
produced  into  a  tongue,  and  the  eyes  on  the  back  of  the 
head. 

aciculiform  (a-sik'u-li-fonn),  a.  [(  L.  acicula, 
needle,  4-  -formis,  '(  forma,  form.]  Same  as 
acicular. 

aciculine  (a-sik'u-liu),  a.  [(  NL.  aciculi  mix, 
<L.  acicula:  see  acicula.]     Same  as  acicular. 

aciculum  (a-sik'u-lum),  ».;  pi.  acicula  (-lii). 
[NL.,  a  neut.  form  to  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  eool., 
one  of  the  slender  sharp  stylets  which  are  em- 


acidify 

bedded  in  the  parapodia  of  some  annelids,  as 
the  Pol/ychata.  The  ootopodial  and  the  neuropodial 
divisions  "of  the  parapodia  each  carry  one  of  these  acicula. 

aciculus  (a-sik'u-lus), ». ;  pi.  aciculi  (-11).  [NL., 
a  masc.  form  of  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  hot,  a  strong 
bristle. 

acid  (as'id),  a.  and  «.  [=  P.  aeide  =  Sp.  Pg. 
1 1 .  acido,  (  L.  acidus,  sour,  <  acere,  be 
(>  acetnm,  q.  v.),  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  acii  . 
edge,  Gr.  dxp/,  E.  acme,  edge,  etc.,  all  from  -\/*ak, 
be  sharp,  pierce.]  I.  a.  Sour,  sharp,  or  biting 
to  the  taste ;  tasting  like  vinegar :  as,  acid  fruil  s 

or  liquors Acid  rock.    See  acidic 

II.  n.  [<  NL.  acidum,  neut.  of  L.  acidus,  a.] 
Originally,  a  substance  possessing  a  sour  taste 
like  that  of  vinegar;  in  modern  chemical  use,  a 
name  given  to  a  large  number  of  compounds 
which  do  not  necessarily  possess  this  property. 
It  does  not  appear  that  very  great  importance  was  at  any 
time  attached  to  sourness  as  a  characteristic  of  acids  from 
a  chemical  point  of  view.  The  following  properties  are 
common  to  most  acids:  1st,  solubility  in  water;  L'd,  a 
suiir  taste  (in  some  acids,  on  account  of  their  corrosive- 
ness,  this  property  can  be  perceived  only  after  dilution 
with  a  large  quantity  of  water);  3d,  the  power  of  turning 
vegetable  blues  to  red;  4th,  the  power  of  decomposing 
most  carbonates,  and  displacing  the  carbonic  acid  with 
effervescence ;  5th,  the  power  of  destroying  more  or  less 
completely  the  characteristic  properties  of  alkalis,  at  the 
same  time  losing  their  own  distinguishing  characters,  f  orm- 
irie  salts.  In  modern  chemistry  an  acid  may  be  termed 
a  salt  of  hydrogen,  or  it  may  be  defined  as  a  compound 
containing  one  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen  which  become 
displaced  by  a  metal,  or  by  a  radical  possessing  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  metallic  functions.  An  acid  containing  one 
such  atom  of  hydrogen  is  said  to  be  monobasic,  one  con- 
taining two  such  atoms  bibasic,  etc.  Acids  of  a  greater 
basicity  than  unity  are  frequently  termed  polybasic  acids. 
When  an  acid  contains  oxygen,  its  name  is  generally 
formed  by  adding  the  terminal  -ic  either  to  the  name  of 
the  element  with  which  the  oxygen  is  united  or  to  an  ab- 
breviation of  that  name.  Thus,  sulphurforms  with  oxygen 
sulphuric  acid;  nitrogen,  nitric  acid;  and  phosphorus, 
phosphoric  acid.  But  it  frequently  happens  that  the  same 
element  forms  two  acids  with  oxygen;  and  in  this  case 
the  acid  that  contains  the  larger  amount  of  oxygen  re- 
ceives the  terminal  syllable  -ic,  while  that  containing  less 
oxygen  is  made  to  end  in  -oux.  Thus,  we  have  sulphurous, 
nitrous,  and  phosphorous  acid,  each  containing  a  smaller 
proportion  of  oxygen  than  that  necessary  to  form  respec- 
tively sulphuric,  nitric,  and  phosphoric  acid.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  same  element  forms  more  than 
two  acids  with  oxygen,  in  which  case  the  two  Greek  wi  'ids 
viro  (hypo-),  under,  and  virip  (hyper-),  over,  are  prefixed  to 
the  name  of  the  acid.  Thus,  an  acid  of  sulphur  contain- 
ing less  oxygen  than  sulphurous  acid  is  termed  hyposul- 
phurous  acid ;  and  another  acid  of  the  same  element  con- 
taining, in  proportion  to  sulphur,  more  oxygen  than  sul- 
phurous acid  and  less  than  sulphuric,  might  be  named 
either  hypersulphurous  or  hyposulphuric  acid;  but  the 
latter  term  has  been  adopted.  'The  prefix  per-  is  frequently 
substituted  for  hyper-.— Acetic  acid,  fatty  acid,  nitric 
acid,  etc.  See  these  adjectives.—  Nordiausen  acid, 
brown  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  a  solution  of  sulphur  trioxid 
in  sulphuric  acid,  used  as  a  solvent  of  indigo,  and  at  pres- 
ent in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  alizarin.  It  is  named 
from  the  place  where  it  was  first  manufactured. 

acid-green  (as'id-gren'),  re.  A  coloring  mat- 
ter, a  sulphonic  acid  of  various  sorts  of  benzal- 
dehyde-greens.  It  is  one  of  the  coal-tar  colors.  It 
dyes  a  brighter  color  than  the  so-called  solid  green.  It  is 
also  called  Helvetia  green,  and  light  green  S.  Senedikt 
a  iol  Knecht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  84. 

acidic  (a-sid'ik),  a.  1.  Acid:  in  chem.,  applied 
to  the  acid  element,  as  silicon,  in  certain  salts: 
opposed  to  basic — 2.  Containing  a  large  amount 
of  the  acid  element:  as,  the  acidic  feldspars, 
which  contain  60  per  cent,  or  more  of  silica. — 
Acidic  (or  acid)  rock,  a  crystalline  rock  which  contains  a 
relatively  large  amount  of  silica,  through  the  presence  of 
an  acidic  feldspar,  and  sometimes  also  of  free  quartz,  as  a 
prominent  constituent.  For  example,  trachyte  is  an  acid 
or  acidic  rock ;  basalt,  a  basic  rock. 

acidiferous  (as-i-dif 'e-rus),  a.  [(  NL.  acidum, 
acid,  +  L.  ferre  =E.  bearl,  +  -ous.]  Bearing,  pro- 
ducing, or  containing  acids,  or  an  acid Aci- 
diferous mineral,  a  mineral  which  consists  of  an  earth 
combined  with  an  acid,  as  calcium  carbonate,  aluminite, 
etc. 

acidifiahle  (a-sid'i-fi-a-bl),  a.  [(aci(lifn  + 
-able;  =  F.  acidifiahle.]  Capable  of  being  acidi- 
fied, or  of  being  converted  into  an  acid. 

acidific  (as-i-dif'ik),  a.  Producing  acidity  or 
an  acid ;  acidifying.  Said  of  the  element  (oxygen, 
sulphur,  etc.)  which  in  a  ternary  compound  is  considered 
as  uniting  the  basic  and  acidic  elements.  Thus,  in  cal- 
cium silicate,  calcium  is  called  the  basic,  silicon  the  acidic, 
and  oxygen  the  acidific  element.    Dana. 

acidification  (a-sid"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  acidify  : 
=  P.  acidification  =  Sp.  acidification  =  Vg.  aci- 
dificacao.]  The  act  or  process  of  acidifying,  or 
of  changing  into  an  acid. 

Acidification  ...  is  intended  to  break  up,  corrode,  or 
carbonize  the  albuminiferous  matters. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Soap,  etc.,  p.  264. 

acidifier  (a-sid'i-fi-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies;  specifically,  in  chem.,  that  which 
has  the  property  of  imparting  an  acid  quality. 

acidify  (a-sid'i-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acidified, 
ppr.  acidifying.  [<  acid  +  -fy ;  =  F.  acidifier  = 
Pg.  acidificar.]    I.  trans.  To  make  acid ;  con- 


acidify 

vert  into  an  aeid;  render  sour ;  sour,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Such  are  the  plaints  of  Louvet,  his  thin  existence  all 

acidified  with  rage  and  preternatural  insight  of  suspicion. 

n  neb  Rev.,  III.  iii.  181. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  acid  or  sour. 
acidimeter  (as-i-dim'e-tto),  n.  [=Pg-  acidimc- 
tro,  <XL.  (u-idinii,  acid,  +  GT./itrpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  purity  or 
strength  of  acids.  See  acidimt  try. 
acidimetrical  (as'  i-di-rnet'ri-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  acidirnetry. 

The  acidimetrical  process  is  in  every  way  similar  to 
that  practised  in  alkalimetry.  Vre,  Diet.,  I.  19. 

acidirnetry  (as-i-dim'e-tri),  n.  [=Pg.  acidime- 
tria;  as  aeidimeter  +  -y.]  The  act  or  process 
of  measuring  the  strength  of  acids.    Specifically, 

the  process  of  estimating  the  amount  of  aeid  ill  a  liquid  by 
finding  exactly  how  much  of  a  standard  alkaline  solution 
is  i<  quired  t<>  neutralize  a  measured  quantity  of  the  given 
solution, 
acidity  (a-sid'i-td),  it.    [=F.  acidite  =  It.  aciditd, 

<  L.  acidita(t-)s,  sourness,  <  acidus,  sour:  see 
acid.']  The  quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  sour- 
ness ;  tartness  ;  sharpness  to  the  taste. 

acid-magenta  (as'id-ma-jen'tfi.),  n.  A  coal-tar 
color,  a  green  metallic-looking  powder  giving 
a  red  color  when  dissolved  in  water.  It  is  a  mix- 
ture of  the  mono-  and  disulphonic  acids  of  rosanilin.  Also 
called  magenta  S.  and  rubine  S.  Used  for  dyeing  and  for 
coloring  wines.  Benedikt  ami  Kmrht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar 
Colors,  p.  96. 

acidness  (as'id-nes),  n.    Sourness;  acidity. 

acidometer  (as-i-dom'e-ti'r),  u.  £Cf.  acidime- 
ter.]  A  form  of  hydrometer  used  to  measure 
the  strength  of  an  acid. 

acid-pump  (as'id-piunp),  n.  A  glass  pump  used 
for  drawing  corrosive  liquids  from  carboys  and 
other  vessels.  It  has  valves  and  joints,  and  is  converti- 
ble into  a  siphon.  A  vacuum  is  created  in  it  by  means  of 
an  elastic  rubber  bulb,  which  controls  its  action  without 
coming  into  contact  with  the  acid. 

acidulse  (a-sid'u-le),  n.  pi.  [L.,  fern.  pi.  (sc. 
aqua,  waters)  of  acidulus :  see  acidulous.']  A 
name  f omierly  given  to  springs  of  cold  mineral 
waters,  from  their  sharp  and.  pungent  taste. 
A.  /;.  Ii. 

acidulate  (a-sid'ti-lat),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
acidulated,  ppr.  acidulating.  [<L.  as  if  'acidu- 
latus,  pp.  of  "acidu/are,  <  acidulus,  somewhat 
sour:  see  acidulous.]  1.  To  tincture  with  an 
acid;  render  somewhat  acid  or  sourish. 

This  latter  flask  is  idled  partly  with  mercury,  ami  partly 
with  water  acidulated  with  a  tenth partof  sulphuric  acid. 

Science,  III.  2C0. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sour,  as  the  mind ;  embit- 
ter ;  make  cross  or  captious. 

Persons  .  .  .  were  especially  liable  to  diabolical  posses- 
sion when  their  faculties  were  impaired  by  disease  and  their 
tempers  acidulati  d  by  suffering.  Leaky,  Rationalism,  1. 106. 

acidulcist  (as-i-dul'sis),  a.  [Contr.  of  NL.  *aci- 
didulcis,  <L.  acitlus,  sour,  acid,  +  ditlcis,  sweet: 
see  duke.]     Both  sour  and  sweet. 

acidulent  (a-sid'ii-lent),  a.  [<  F.  acidulant,  ppr. 
oiacidtdcr,  sour  slightly,  <acidule.  slightly  sour, 

<  L.  acidulus:  Bee  acidulous.]  Somewhat  acid 
or  sour;  tart;  hence,  peevish:  as,  "anxious 
acidulent  lace,"  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  i.  4. 

acidulous  (a-sid'u-lus),  a.  [<L.  acidulus,  slightly 
sour,  dim.  of  nn, ins,  sour :  seeacid.]    1.  Slight- 
ly sour ;   su bacid,  as  cream  of  tartar,  oranges, 
gooseberries,    etc.  —  2.    Figuratively,    sour  in 
feeling  or  expression ;  sharp  ;  caustic  ;  harsh. 
Acidulou  i  aougb  to  produce  effervescence  with  alkalies. 
0.  »'■  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
It  is  beautiful,  therefore,  .  .  .   to  Hud  a  woman,  George 
Eliot,  departing  utterly  out  of  that  mood  of  hale  oi  i  ren 
of  acidulous  Batire  in  which  Thackeray  so  often  worked. 
X  Lanier,  'the  Eng.  Novel,  p.  'Jo;. 

add-yellow  (as'id-yol'rp),  u.     A  ■ l-tar  color, 

consisting  nl  ili.>  sodium  saltsof  the  sulphonic 
acids  of  amidn  nzolictizonc  "i-  aniline  yellow. 
It  is  a  yellow  powder,  ea  illy  soluble  In  water,  and  is  used 
for  dyeing  olive,  mos  reen  and  browns.  Als<»  some- 
times called  fa  '  yellow.  !:•  nedikt  and  Knecht,  Chem.  of 
(  oal-tar  Colors,  p.  182. 

acierage  (as  i-e  raj),  n.    [<  F.  acierage,  <  acier 
=  Pr.  acier =f$p.  acero,  steel,  <  ML.  adore,  aci 
a riu m,  steel,  < L.  acit  t,  edge,    word-edge.]   The 

process  of  depositing  a  layer  of  in a  another 

metal,  by  moans  of  electrical  action,    stereo 

ppei  plati     hi      ini  lilies  treated  in  this  way, 

thus  increasing  tneir  durabilit]  withouf  injur]  totheirar. 

character,     rThen  thus  coated  with  Iron  they  are 

said  to  be     -t.  I  faced." 

acierate  (as'i-e-rat),  r.  t.    To  convert  into  steel. 

acieration  (as  i-e-ra'shpn),».  [<H\  acier,  steel, 
-r-iiimii.l  Conversion  into  steel:  a  word  oc 
casionully  ased  by  writers  on  the  metallurgy  of 

ir ad    b  i  I, 

Withdrawing  trial  pit  res  from  tiuie  to  time  and 

ing  tin to   i  ■ '  riain  to  what  depth  the  acieration 

has  proceeded.  Bncye.  Jlrit.,  XIII.  842, 


48 

aciform  (as'i-f6rm),  a.  [<L.  acus,  a  needle,  + 
forma,  shape.]     Shaped  like  a  needle. 

aciliate,aciliatedia-sil'i-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [<Gr.  o- 
priv.  (u-ls)  +  ciliated:  see  cilia.]  Not  ciliated; 
having  no  cilia. 

Acilius  (a-sil'i-us),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  Acilius,  a  Ro- 
man name.]  A  genus  of  water-beetles  of  the 
family  Vijtiscidu,  containing  species  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  ciliated  hind  tarsi  and  round 
tarsal  disks  in  the  male.  .1.  suUatus  is  a  European 
species.  A.jriilcriuiK  is  a  common  New  England  insect, 
about  f  of  an  inch  long,  having  the  black  portions  of  the 
elytra  closely  punctured  upon  a  yellow  surface. 

acinaceous  (as-i-na'shius),  a.  [<L.  acinus,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  a  grape-stone  or  kernel,  + 
-aceous.]     Consisting  of  or  full  of  kernels. 

acinaces  (a-sin'a-sez),  n.  [L.,  <Gr.  okiv&kj/c,  a 
short,  straight  sword,  <  Pers.  ahencTc  (*dhanak), 
a  short  sword,  <  alien,  Shan,  a  sword,  lit.  iron, 
4-  dim.  term,  -ck,  -ah,  now  applied  only  to  ra- 
tional objects  (-cite  to  irrational  objects).]  A 
short,  straight  dagger,  peculiar  to  the  Medes 
and  Persians.  It  seems  to  have  been  worn  on  the  right 
side,  but  perhaps  only  when  a  longer  weapon  was  worn  on 
the  left.  Modern  writers  have  recognized  the  acinaces  in 
a  dagger  shown  in  sculptures  at  Persepolis,  also  in  the 
dagger  of  the  Mithra  sacrificial  groups. 

acinacifolious  (a-sin'^-si-fo'li-us),  a.  [<L. 
acinaces,  a  short  sword,  +  folium,  leaf.  ]  Having 
acinacif  orm  leaves.     -V.  E.  D. 

acinaciform  (a-sm'a-si-form),  a.  [<  L.  acinaces, 
a  short,  straight  sword,  taken  to  mean  a 
simitar,  +  -fonnis,  (.forma, 
shape.]  In  hot,  resembling 
a  simitar  in  shape:  as,  an 
acinaciform  leaf,  one  which 
has  one  edge  convex  and 
thin,  the  other  straighter  and  thick,  as  in  species 
of  Mescmbryanthemum  ;  an  acinaciform  pod,  as 
of  some  beans. 

acinarious  (as-i-na'ri-us),  a.  [<L.  acinarvus, 
pertaining  to  the  grape,  <  acinus,  the  grape  :  see 
acinus.]  In  hot.,  covered  with  little  spherical 
stalked  vesicles  resembling  grape-seeds,  as  in 
some  alga?. 

acinesia  (as-i-ne'gia),  n.    Same  as  akinesia. 

Acineta  (as-i-ne'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aKtvnToc, 
motionless,  <  a-  priv.  +  mveiv,  move.]  1.  A 
genus  of  noble  epiphytal  orchids,  from  Central 
America,  much  prized  as  hothouse  plants. —  2. 
A  genus  of  suctorial  infusorial  protozoans.  See 
Acinchv  and  Acinetinu.     Eltrenberg. 

Acinetae(as-i-ne'te),  n.pl.  [NL. :  see  Acineta.] 
An  order  of  the  class  Infusoria  (the  Infusoria 
tcntaculifera  or  suctoria),  the  adult  members  of 
which  have  no  cilia  and  no  proper  mouth,  and 
are  non-locomotive.  The  body,  which  is  fixed  and 
stalked,  is  provided  with  radiating  retractile  suctorial 


^- 


Acinaciform  Leaf. 


Acipenser 

Acinetina  (as"i-ne-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aci- 
ni In  +  -ina.]  A  group  of  infusorians  with  a 
single  aperture,  and  elongate,  non-vibratile 
cilia,  originally  established  by  Ehrenberg  in 
1838  as  a  division  of  his  Polygastrica  :  equiva- 
lent to  Acineta;  (which  see). 

acini,  ».     Plural  of  acinus. 

aciniform  (as'i-ni-form),  a.  [<  NL.  aciniformis, 
<L.  acinus,  grape  (see  acinus),  +  -formis,< for- 
ma, shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  grapes,  or 
being  in  clusters  like  grapes;  acinose. — 2.  In 
anat,  of  a  deep  purplish  tint ;  resembling  a 
grape  in  color:  applied  to  one  of  the  pigmen- 
tary layers  of  the  iris,  technically  called  the 
tunica  aciniformis.     See  una. 

acinose  (as'i-nos);  a.  [<  L.  acinosus,  like  grapes, 
<  acinus,  a  grape.]  1.  Resembling  a  grape  or  a 
bunch  of  grapes ;  consisting  of  granular  con- 
cretions.— 2.  Specifically,  in  ana  t.,  consisting  of 
acini.  Applied  to  glands  in  which  the  duct  enlarges  at 
the  distinctly  glandular  portion  into  a  little  spherical 
vesicle  (acinus),  or  into  a  little  saccule  flobulus),  beset 
with  small,  round  epithelial  cysts  (acini),  or  in  which 
the  duct  branches  and  ends  in  more  or  less  numerous 
lobuli,  formed  of  acini.  Acinose  glands  are  distinguished 
from  tubular  glands. 

acinous  (as'i-nus),  a.    Same  as  acinose. 
acinus  (as'i-nus),   n. ;  pi.   acini  (-ni).     [L.,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  also  a  grape-stone,  kernel.] 

1.  In  hot.:  (a)  One  of  the  small  drupelets  or 
berries  of  an  aggregate  baccate  fruit,  as  the 
blackberry,  etc.,  or  the  contained  stone  or  seed. 
See  cut  under  Bubus.     (b)   A  grape-stone. — 

2.  In  anat. :  (a)  Formerly,  the  smallest  lobule 
of  a  gland.  (6)  Now,  generally,  the  smallest  sac- 
cular subdivision  of  an  acinose  gland,  several 
of  which  subdivisions  make  up  a  lobule.  Also 
called  iilrmliis.     (c)  A  lobule  of  tho  liver. 

-acious.  [<  L.  -aci-  (nom.  -ax,  ace.  -deem,  >  It. 
-ace,  Sp.  Pg.  -az,  F.  -ace),  a  suffix  added  to  verb- 
stems  to  form  adjectives  expressing  intensity 
of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  aud-a.r,  daring, 
cap-ax,  holding  much,  fall-ax,  deceitful,  loqu- 
ax,  talking  much,  pugn-ax,  inclined  to  fight, 
etc.,  +  E.  -ous.  Cf.  -acy,  3.]  A  compound  ad- 
jective termination  of  Latin  origin,  forming, 
from  Latin  verb-stems,  adjectives  expressing 
intensity  of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  in  au- 
dacious, daring,  very  bold,  capacious,  holding 
much,  fallacious,  deceitful,  loquacious,  talking 
much,  pugnacious,  inclined  to  fight,  mendacious, 
ready  at  lying,  vivacious,  very  lively,  voracious, 
eating  much,  etc.  Such  adjectives  are  accom- 
panied by  nouns  in  -aci-ty,  and  the  nouns  rarely 
by  verbs  in  -aci-t-ate :  as,  capacious,  capacity, 
capacitate,  etc. 

Acipenser  (as-i-pen'ser),  n.  [L.,  also  spelled 
aquipenser  and  acipensis  (>Gr.  anKix/iows),  the 
sturgeon ;  perhaps  <  *aci-  (=  Gr.  ukjjc),  swift, 
+  a  form  olpenna  (OL.  pesna),  a  wing,  same  as 
pinna,  a  wing,  a  fin.  Cf.  accipitcr  and  the  ety- 
mology there  suggested.]  Tho  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Acipenserida;  including  all  the 


processes,  or  tubular  tentacles,  having  at  their  extremi- 
ties a  knob  or  disk-like  sucker,  through  which  nutrient 
matter  is  imbibed. 

The  Acineta?  multiply  by  several  methods.  One  of 
these  .  .  .  consists  in  the  development  of  ciliated  embryos 
in  the  interior  of  the  body.  These  embryos  result  from 
a  separation  of  a  portion  of  the  endoplast,  and  its  con- 
version into  a  globular  or  oval  germ,  which  in  some 
species  is  wholly  covered  with  vibratile  cilia,  while  in 
others  the  cilia  are  confined  to  a  zone  around  the  middle 
of  the  embryo.  The  genu  makes  its  escape  by  bursting 
through  the  body-wall  of  its  parent.  After  a  short  exist- 
ence (sometimes  limited  to  a  few  minutes)  in  the  condition 
of  a  free-swimming  animalcule,  provided  with  an  endo 
plus!  and  a  contractile  vacuole,  but  devoid  oi  a  mouth, 
the  characteristic  knobbed  radiating  processes  make  their 
appearance,  the  cilia  vanish,  and  the  animal  pusses  into 
the  Acineta  state.  Bttxley,  Anal.  Invert.,  p.  94. 

acinetan  (as-i-ne'tan),  re.     One  of  the  Acineta:; 
a  Buctorial  tentaculiferous  infusorian. 
Acinetidae  (us-i-iiefi-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acineta 

+  -idic]  A  family  constituting  the  order  Aci- 
netic.     The  lending  genus  is  Acineta. 

acinetiform  (as-i-nel  'i-fdrm),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL. 
Acineta  +  L.  -fonnis,  <  forma,   shape.]     I.  ». 
Having  the  form  of  Acineta- ;  resembling  an  aci- 
netan in  form. 
Balblani  .  .  .  asserts  that  the  acinettyorm  embryo  ob 

-.1  ved  not  only  iii  Para icium,  but  in  .  .  .  many  other 

ciliated    Im  not  embryos  at  all.  but  parasitii 

Icinetce.  Hitseti  y,  Inat,  invert.,  p.  100. 

II.    re.   An  infusorian  animalcule  resembling 

.-in  neinetnn,  whether  mi  embryonic  singe  of 
some  filiate  infusorian  or  a  member  of  the 
order  Acineta:.    Also  written  acinvta-form. 


m-  m 


Skull  of  Sturgeon  (Acipenser),  ton  and  side  views. 
Above,  the  cartilaginous  cranium,  shaded,  is  supposed  to  be  seen 
through  the  unshaded  cranial  bones. 
Upper  figure  :  a,  ridge  formed  by  spinous  processes  of  vertebrae-; 
b,  b,  lateral  wing-like  processes;  c,  rostrum  j  Au,  site  of  auditory 
organ;  AFa,  of  nasal  sacs;  Or,  of  orbit.  The  membrane  bones  of  the 
upper  surface  arc :  ./,  analogue  of  supraoccipit.il ;  B,  B,  <■(  the  epi- 
otics;  F.,  of  ethmoid  \  G,  (J,  of  the  postfrontals ;  H,  //.  of  the  pre- 
frontals; C,  C",  of  the  parietals;  D,  D  are  the  frontals.  and  A",  F  the 
squamosals;  A",  anterior  dermal  scute  ;  1,1,1,1,  dermal  ossifications 
connecting  the  pectoral  arch  with  the  skull.  Lower  figure:  a,  ros- 
trum ;  b,  nasal  chamber;  c,  auditory  region  ;  dt  coalesced  anterior 
vertebrae;  e,  ribs;/,  ,■.  h,  suspensorium  ;  *,  palate-maxillary  appara- 
tus; Afw,  mandible ;  Or,  orbit 

ordinary  sturgeons  (ami  with  tin'  shovel  nosed 
Bturgeons,  Scaphirmfnchops,  th«'  only  other  ge- 
nus, composing  the  family;,  characterized  by 

tho  flattened  tapering  snout,  a  spiracle  over 
each  eye,  and  5  distinct  rows  of  bony  plates. 
The  common  Bturgeon,  A.  sturio,  is  found  both  in  Europe 
and  North  America;  it  Bometimea  attains  ;i  length  oi  L8 
feet,  The  preen  sturk'..-im  nf  tin  Y-.u  itlt-  mast  is  A.  »"<i< 
,,,  tris  The  European  sterlet  is  M.  ruthrnus.  The  largest, 
known  species  is  the  Russian  sturgeon,  the  bielaga,  huso, 
or  oausen,  -t.  huso,  sometimes  attaining  a  length  of  26 
feel  and  a  weight  <•»  8000  pounds.  A,  aiUdenstUdti  is  a 
fourth  example,  known  as  the  osseter.  Also  often  spelled 
Accfyh  "■■•  r, 


Acipenseres 

Acipenseres  (as-i-pen'se-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  Acipeuser.]  An  ordinal  term  suggested  by 
Bonaparte,  1837.  as  a  substitute  for  Sturiones  or 
Chondrostei  (which  see). 

acipenserid  (as-i-pen'se-rid),  n.  One  of  the 
.l(7/n -nserida ;  a  sturgeon. 

Acipenseridae  (as"i-pon-sor'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(.Acipenst r  +  -ida:]  The  stui'geons,  a  family  of 
choudrosteous  ganoid  fishes,  sometimes  includ- 
ing only  the  genus  Aoipenser,  sometimes  also 
the  genus  Seapliirliyneltojis.  The  body  la  elongate 
subcyiindrie,  with  .">  rows  of  bony  bucklers  ;  the  snout  is 
produced,  subspatulate  or  conical,  with  t  he  mouth  on  its 
lower  surface,  small,  transverse,  protractile,  and  toothless; 
there  are  4  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  snout ;  the  ventral  tins  have  a  single  scries  of  fulcra 
in  front,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins  approximate  to  the 
caudal,  which  is  lieteroeercal.     Sec  .1  ripen^er. 

Acipenserinae  (as-i-pen-se-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Actpenser  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Acipenscri- 
(Ur,  typified  by  the  genus  Acipenser.     By  older 

ichthyologists   it   was    made  c inal   with    the    family. 

Lately  it  has  been  restricted  to  Acipenseridce  with  spira- 
cles, subconic  snout,  and  thick  tail,  and  thus  made  to  in- 
clude only  the  true  sturgeons. 

acipenserine  (as-i-pen'se-rin),  n.  One  of  the 
Acipenserinic. 

acipenseroid  (as-i-pen'se-roid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Having  the  characters  of  the  Aeipcnscrida>. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Acipenseridw ;  an 
acipenserid. 

Acipenseroidae  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de),  n. pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Acipenseridiv. 

Acipenseroidei  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de-!),  n.  pi. 
[<  Acipenser  +  -oid-ei.]  A  name  used  by  some 
ichthyologists  as  a  subordinal  name  in  place 
of  Chondrostei. 

aciurgyt  (as'i-er-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aide,  a  point,  + 
-vvp-jta  ((.-o-epyia),  in  comp. ,  working,  <.epyeiv  = 
H.work:  see  demiurgy  and  surgery.]  Operative 
surgery. 

acker'i,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  acre  (Middle 
English  aker,  etc.). 

acker'-'  (ak'er),  n.  [E.  dial.  (So.  aiker  in  sense 
2),  OIE.  aker,  flood-tide,  a  bore,  an  eager; 
prob.  a  var.  of  eager'2,  q.  v.]  If.  Flood-tide;  a 
bore ;  an  eager. 

Akyr  [var.  afcer]  of  the  see  ftowyng,  impetus  maris. 

Prompt.  Parv. 

2.  A  ripple  or  furrow  on  the  surface  of  water. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
acketont,  «.     See  acton. 
ackman  (ak'man),  n. ;   pi.  ackmen  (-men).     [< 

ack-,  of  unknown  origin,  +  man.']    A'  sailors' 

name  for  a  fresh-water  thief,  or  one  who  steals 

on  navigable   rivers.     Also  called  ack-piratc. 

Sudors'  Word-book. 
acknowt  (ak-no').  v.  f.     [<  ME.  aknowen,  know, 

acknowledge,  <  AS.  onendwan,  perceive,  know, 

<  on-  for  and-  (=  Gr.  hvri,  against,  back,  =  Goth. 

anda-),  +  endwan,  know :  see  a-5  and  know.]  To 

recognize  ;  acknowledge ;  confess. 

Yon  will  not  be  acknown,  sir,  why,  'tis  wise  : 
Thus  do  all  gamesters  at  all  games  dissemble. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  v.  6. 

acknowledge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
knowledged, ppr.  acknowledging.  [< ME. /,«»«■- 
lechen,  knouleelien,  enawlechen,  acknowledge,  < 
knowlcche,  knouleche,  cnawlcclic,  knowledge :  see 
knowledge.  The  prefix  ac-,  for  a-,  is  clue  to  the 
frequent  ME.  verb  aknowen:  see  acknow.]  1. 
To  admit  or  profess  a  knowledge  of ;  avow  to 
be  within  one's  knowledge  or  apprehension; 
own  to  be  real  or  true;  recognize  the  exist- 
ence, truth,  or  fact  of:  as,  to  acknowledge  God, 
or  the  existence  of  or  belief  in  a  God;  to  acknow- 
ledge the  rights  of  a  claimant. 

He  that  acknowledge! It  the  Son  hath  the  Father  also. 

1  John  ii.  23. 

The  Romans  that  erected  a  temple  to  Fortune,  avknoiv- 
ledged  therein,  though  in  a  blinder  way,  somewhat  of  di- 
vinity. Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  18. 

The  influence  attributed  to  Cecrops  .  .  .  indicates  that 

Athens  was  acknowledged  as  the  head  of  this  confederacy. 

Thirl  wall,  Hist.  Greece,  xi. 

2.  To  express  or  manifest  perception  or  appre- 
ciation of;  give  evidence  of  recognizing  or 
realizing:  as,  to  acknowledge  an  acquaintance 
by  bowing;  to  acknowledge  a  favor  or  one's 
faults. 


I  acknowledged  my  sin  unto  thee, 
confess  my  transgressions. 


I  said,  I  will 
Ps.  xxxii.  5. 
They  his  gifts  acknowledged  none. 

Milton.  1\  I,.,  xi.  612. 
These  were  written  with  such  submissions  and  profes- 
sions  of  his  patronage,  as  I  had  never  seen  any  more  ac- 
knowledging. Evelyn,  Diaiy,  Aug.  Is,  167a 
With  what  queenly  dignity  .  .  .  did  the  great  Zenobia 
acknowledge  the  greetings  of  her  people  ! 

W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  87. 


49 

.So  great  a  soldier  as  the  old  French  Marshal  Montluc 
ark  no  tried  ac^  that  he  ten  often  trembled  with  fear,  and 
recovered  courage  when  he  had  said  a  prayer  for  the  occa- 
sion. Emerson,  Courage, 

3.  To  own  the  genuineness  of ;  own  as  binding 
or  of  legal  force :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  deed. — 

4.  To  admit  or  certify  the  receipt  of ;  give  infor- 
mation of  the  arrival  of :  as,  to  acknowledges,  let- 
ter or  a  remittance.— To  acknowledge  a  deed  (or 
other  instrument),  in  law,  to  avow  before  a  proper  officer  or 
court  that  one  has  executed  it,  for  the  purpose  of  having  a 
certificate  thereof  appended  which  will  qualify  the  instru- 
ment to  be  admitted  in  evidence  or  to  record,  or  both, 
without  further  proof  of  genuineness.  As  often  used,  the 
word  implies  not  only  the  avowal  of  the  party,  but  also 
the  procuring  of  the  official  certificate.  Thus  a  deed  is  sail" 
to  have  been  acknowledged  when  it  actually  bears  the  cer 
tiflcate.  =  Syn.  Acknowledge,  Admit,  Con/at,  "»■»,  Avow, 
grant,  concede,  allow,  assent  to,  profess,  take  cognizance 
of.  To  acknowledge  is  to  state  one's  knowledge  of  ;  it  may 
have  a  personal  object :  as,  he  acknowledged  her  as  his 
wife  ;  as  applied  to  acts,  it  often  implies  confession  under 
external  pressure.  Admit  has  a  similar  reference  to  so- 
licited or  forced  assent :  as,  he  admitted  the  charge ;  he 
admitted  that  his  opponent  was  a  good  man.  Confess 
implies  the  admission  of  that  which  is  not  creditable,  as 
wrong  conduct,  and  belongs  rather  to  specified  things  or 
particular  transactions.  He  acknowledged  the  author- 
ship of  the  book ;  he  admitted  the  truth  of' the  proposition  ; 
lie  confessed  that  he  was  guilty  of  the  theft.  Confess  is 
the  strongest  of  these  words,  being  applied  to  actions  of 
more  moment  than  acknowledge,  admit,  or  own.  To  own 
is  a  less  formal  act ;  there  is  a  tendency,  on  account  of  its 
brevity,  to  apply  the  word  to  anything  that  a  man  takes 
home  to  himself.     To  avow  is  a  bolder  act,  generally  per. 


Acochlides 

Aclinic  line,  the  m given  bj  Professor  August  to  an 

irregular  curve  Located  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  the 

neighborh I  of  the  equator,  where  the  magnetic  n  i  He 

balances  itself  horizontally,  having  nodip.     It  ha 
also  termed  the  magnetic  equator. 

aclis  (ak'lis),  «.:  vl.aclides (-li-dez).  [ili.acUs, 
also  aclys,  a  Small  javelin,  said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  Gr.  aytaiTiie,  a  hook,  barb,  taken  in  the 
sense  of  ayKvIn,  a  bend,  twist,  thong  of  a  jave- 
lin, the  javelin  itself,  fern,  of  aynb/Mc,  crooked, 
bent,  =  L.  angulus,  angle:  see  angle'*.]  1.  In 
Bom.  an  tiq.,  a  heavy  missile  weapon ;  an  aclide. 
—  2.  [eaji.]  [NL.]  The  representative  genus 
of  the  family  Aelitlir  (which  see).  Loven,  1846. 
Thusa  deed  is  said  aclys  (ak'lis),  n.    Same  as  aclis,  1. 

'"  Acmsea(ak-me'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  unnamc,  at  the 
height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom,  vigorous,  <d/c/«/, 
a  point,  the  highest  point :  see  acme.']  A  genus 
of  limpets,  of  the  family  PateUidce,  or  giving 
name  to  a  family  AcmaHdce.  j.  testudinalit  is  the 
common  limpet  of  the  northern  coast  of  the  Vnited  States. 
of  large  size  and  variegated  color,  being  usually  mottled 
with  brown,  green,  and  white.     Eschscholtz,  1833. 

acnueid  (ak-me'id),  n.  A  limpet  of  the  family 
Acmceidm :  a  false  limpet. 

Acmaeidae  (ak-me'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aemtea 
+ -ida\]  A  family  of  false  or  single-gilled 
limpets,  or  zygobranchiate  gastropods  having 
a  single  cervical  gill.  Leading  genera  are  Ac- 
nuca,  Loitia,  and  Scurria. 


formed  in  spite  of  adverse  influences,  and  does  not  ne-  Acmaeodera    (ak-me-od'e-rii),    n.       [NL.,  <  Gr. 


cessarily  imply  that  the  action  or  sentiment  avowed  is 
blameworthy.  To  acknowledge  an  error,  admit  a  fact,  con- 
fess a  fault,  own  one's  folly,  avow  a  belief 

You  must  not  only  acknowledge  to  God  that  you  are  a 

sinner,  hut  must  particularly  enumerate  the  kinds  of  sin 

whereof  you  know  yourself  guilty.  Wake. 

I  admit,  however,  the  necessity  of  giving  a  bounty  to 

genius  and  learning.         Maeaulay,  Speech  on  Copyright. 

Quotation  confesses  inferiority. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 
Owning  her  weakness  and  evil  behaviour. 

Hood,  Bridge  of  Sighs. 
The  tempest  of  passion  with  which  he  [Othello]  commits 
his  crimes,  and  the  haughty  fearlessness  with  which  he 
avows  them,  give  an  extraordinary  interest  to  his  character. 
Maeaulay,  xjachiavelli. 
acknowledgement,  n.     See  acknowledgment. 
acknowledger  (ak-nol'e-jer),  n.     One  who  ac- 
knowledges. 

acknowledgment  (ak-nol'ej-ment),  ti.  1.  An 
admission  or  profession  of  knowledge  or  appre- 
hension ;  a  recognition  of  the  existence  or  truth 
of  anything:  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  sov- 
ereign power,  or  of  a  debt. 

Immediately  upon  the  acknowledgment  of  the  Christian 
faith,  the  eunuch  was  baptized  by  Philip.  Hooker. 

2.  An  expression  or  manifestation  of  percep- 
tion or  appreciation;  recognition,  avowal,  or 
confession:  as,  an  acknowledgment  of  kindness 
or  of  one's  wrong-doing. 

With  this  acknowledgment, 
That  God  fought  for  us.        Shak'.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 


3.    Something  given  or  done  in  return  for  a  acne  (ak'ne), 


aauaior;,  at  the  height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom, 
vigorous  (ianfiij,  a  point:  see  acme),  +  (?)  <5cpoc, 
skin;  allusion  not  clear.]  A  genus  of  buprestid 
beetles  related  to  Agrilus,  but  less  elongate 
and  with  an  indistinct  scutellum.  a.  culta,  a  com- 
mon species  of  eastern  North  America,  is  \  of  an  inch  long, 
blaek,  with  yellow  spots  on  the  elytra. 
acme  (ak'me),  n.  [<  Gr.  anui,,  edge,  point,  the 
highest  point,  the  prime,  crisis ;  akin  to  Inch, 
point,  ante,  point,  L.  acus,  needle,  acer,  sharp, 
etc.:  see  acid.]  1.  The  top  or  highest  point ; 
the  furthest  point  attained ;  the  utmost  reach. 

For  beauty's  acme  hath  a  term  as  brief 

As  the  wave's  poise  before  it  break  in  pearls. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

The  independence  of  the  individual,  the  power  to  stand 
alone  as  regards  men  and  the  gods,  is  the  acme  of  stoical 
attainment.      G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  178. 

2.  The  maturity  or  perfection  of  an  animal. — 

3.  In  med. :  (a)  The  height  or  crisis  of  a  disease. 
(b)  Another,  and  probably  the  correct,  form 
of  acne. — 4.  [cap.]  In  zoiil.,  a  genus  of  land- 
shells.     Hartmann,  1821. 

acmite,  akmite  (ak'mit),  n.  [<  Gr.  at<ui/,  a 
point,  4-  -(7(2.]  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-biack 
or  reddish-brown  color,  isomorphous  with  au- 
gite,  consisting  of  bisilicate  of  iron,  sesquioxid 
of  iron,  soda,  and  alumina :  so  called  from  the 
form  of  its  crystals.  It  is  found  in  Norway,  and 
also  in  Transylvania.     Also  spelled  aclimite. 


favor.  Smollett. — 4.  In  law:  (a)  The  certificate 
of  a  public  officer  that  an  instrument  was 
acknowledged  before  him  by  the  person  who 
executed  it.  (b)  The  act  of  so  acknowledging 
execution. —  5.  In  com.,  a  receipt. 

Also  spelled  acknowledgement. 
Acknowledgment  money,  in  England,  money  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  id'  some  manors  by  copyhold  ten- 
ants on  the  death  id'  the  lord  of  the  manor.  =Syn.  1.  Ad- 
mission, recognition,  acceptance,  indorsement,  thanks 

ack-pirate  (ak'pl-rat),  it.  [<oc/.-,  of  unknown 
origin,  +  piirate.]     Same  as  ackman. 

aclastic  (a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anTiaaroc,  tin. 
broken  (<  a-  priv.  +  ulao-Tor,  verbal  adj.  of 
Kkaetv,  break),  + -ic.]  Innai^iMos.,  not  refract- 
ing :  applied  to  substances  which  do  not  refract 
the  rays  of  light  passing  through  them.  X.  E.  D. 

acleidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.     See  aclidian. 

aclid  (ak'lid),  n. 
Adidas. 

Aclidae,  Aclididas  (ak'U-de,  ak-lid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Aclis  (Aclid-)  + -idw :  see  aclis,  2.]  A 
family  of  ptenoglossate  pectinibranchiate  gas- 
tropods typified  by  the  genus  Aclis,  with  a  much- 
curved  minute  odontophore,  densely  hirsute, 
with  simple  uncinate  teeth  and  a  rimate  tur- 
reted  shell.  Two  genera,  Aclis  and  Hemiaclis, 
are  represented  by  four  species  in  Norway. 

aclide  (ak'lid),  n.  [<  L.  aclis  (aclid-),  also 
spelled  aclys :  see  aclis.]     Same  as  aclis,  1. 

aclides,  «.    Plural  of  aclis. 

aclidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  One 
(K'Aeid-),  a  key,  the  clavicle.]  In  :ool.,  deficient 
in  or  characterized  by  the  absence  of  clavicles. 
Also  spelled  acleidian. 

aclinic  (a-klin'ik),  </.     [<  Gr.  aich.v7/r,  not  bend- 


[NL.,  prob.  orig.  a  misprint 


an;,  a.     dee  aclidian.  .o  ,..».<..     .-uiu,..„. 

"A  gastropod  of  the  family  acnode  (ak'nod),  n. 

+  nodus,  a  node.] 


(being  a  book-word)  for  acme,  <  Gr.  anuii,  a 
point:  see  acme.]  An  eruption  occurring  most 
frequently  on  the  face,  and  on  the  shoulders 
and  chest,  about  the  period  of  puberty,  it  is  a 
follicular  or  perifollicular  inflammation  of  the  sebaceous 
glands,  resulting  in  the  formation  of  comedo-bearing  pap- 
ules, which  often  pass  into  pustules.  The  so-called  acne 
rosacea  is  a  hyperemia  of  the  face  combined  with  more  or 
less  acne. 

acnestis  (ak-nes'tis),  n. ;  pi.  acnestides  (-ti-dez). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  finv/crtf,  the  spine  or  backbone  of 
quadrupeds,  <  «-  priv.  +  KVTjarde,  scratched,  < 
Kvaav,  scratch,  scrape.]  That  part  of  the  spine 
in  quadrupeds  which  extends  from  between  the 
shoulder-blades  to  the  loins,  and  which  the  ani- 
mal cannot  reach  to  scratch. 
acnodal  ( ak-no 'dal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
acnode.     Salmon. 

[Irreg.  <  L.  acus,  a  needle, 
In  miitli.,  a  double  point 
belonging  to  a  curve,  but 
separated  from  other  real 
points  of  the  curve. 
Acocephalus  (ak-o-sef'a- 
lus),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  amis, 
needle, +Gr.  KecW./),head.] 
A  genus  of  homopterous 
hemipterous  insects,  of 
the  family  Jassidw  or  Tet- 
tigonidee,  having  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  a  coarse  sur- 
face, shovel-shaped  vertex 
with  a  thick,  smooth  mar- 
gin, and  thick  wing-covers  with  strong  veins. 
.1.  nerrosus  is  a  palc-yellow  ish  species,  ',  of  an  inch  long, 
freckled  with  brown,  and  with  angular  whitish  lines,  in- 
habiting Europe  and  North  America. 


Acnodal  Cubic. 


ing  to  either  side,  <  <i-  priv.  +  K/.ivrtv,  incline,  Acochiides'(a-kok'li-dez),   ».   pi.     [NL.   (P. 
lean,  =  E.    lean1.]      Having  no  inclination.—     acochlides),  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -I-  ko^/Iic  (ko^«5-),  dim. 


AcocMides 

of  M5,r/.oc,  a  shell-fish  with  a  spiral  shell,  the 
shell  itself;  iikin  to  k&YXV,  a  shell:  see  conch.) 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  1825,  a 
family  of  acetabuliferous  cephalopoda,  without 
a  shell.     It  included  most  of  the  octopods. 

acock  (a-kok'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<o3, 
on,  +  eocfc2.]  In  a  cocked  manner:  as,  he  set 
his  hat  acock. 

a-cockbill  (a-kok'bil),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  «3,  on,  +  cock"  (condition  of  being  cocked  or 
turned  upward :  see  cock2)  +  bill'-,  point  or  end : 
see  bill2,  5.]  Naut.,  with  the  ends  pointing  up- 
ward. Applied  (a)  to  an  anchor  when  it  hangs  down  by 
its  ring  from  the  cathead,  and  (y)  to  the  yards  of  a  ship 
when  they  are  tipped  up  at  an  angle  with  the  deck. 


50 

acolle,  i>.  a.    See  accolU. 

acology  (a-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  droc,  remedy,  + 
-A/ryta, < Hyecv, speak :  see-ology.]  The  doctrine 
of  remedies,  surgical  and  medical. 

Acoloithus  (ak-o-loi'thus),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  aco- 
I  a  tints,  <  Gr.  aKdAovdog,  a  follower:  see  acolyth, 
acolyte.']  A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the 
family  Zygcenidce,  founded  by  Clemens  in  1862. 


Man-of-war  with  Yards  a-cockbill. 

It  was  now  the  close  of  Lent,  and  on  Good  Friday  she 
had  all  her  yards  OrCOCkbiU,  which  is  customary  among 
Catholic  vessels.    R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  147. 

acocotl  (ak'o-kot-1),  n.  [Mex.]  A  musical  in- 
strument used  by  the  aborigines  in  Mexico :  now 
usually  called  ckirin.  it  consists  of  a  thin  tube  from 
8  to  10  feet  in  length,  made  of  the  dry  stalk  of  a  plant  of 
the  same  name.  The  performer  inhales  the  air  through  it. 
S.  K.  Handbook,  Mus.  Inst.,  p.  69. 

Acoela  (a-se'la),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see  acozlous.]  An 
order  of  worms  destitute  of  an  alimentary 
canal.  The  group  consists  of  the  family  ConvolutuUe, 
which  is  usually  placed  in  the  order  Turbellaria. 

Acoelomata  (as-e-lom'a-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  KoiAw/ia,  a  hollow:  see  eoeloma.]  A 
division  of  Protocoelomata,  or  sponges,  contain- 
ing the  Ascones:  so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
pores  and  the  absence  of  ccelomata. 

acoelomate  (a-se'lo-inat),  a.  Same  as  accelom- 
atous. 

acoelomatous  (as-f-lotn'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  noi?.ajia,  a  hollow:  see  a-l&,  eoeloma,  and 
cozlomatous.]  1.  In  zool.,  having  no  body-cavity 
or  perivisceral  space ;  not  cceloniatous. 

Although  these  acoelomatous  worms  have  no  body-cavity, 
no  blood,  no  vascular  system,  they  always  have  a  kidney 
system.  Hneckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  404. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aewloiiti ;  cestoid. 
Equivalent  forms  are  acoelomate,  aceelomous. 

Accelomi  (as-e-16'mi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 
+  Koi'/M/ja,  a  cavity.]  Those  worms  which  have 
no  proper  body-cavity  and  no  intestinal  cavity, 
and  which  are  also  devoid  of  a  blood-vascular 
system;  the  cestoids  or  flat-worms,  such  as  tape- 
worms. See  cuts  under  Cestoidea  and  Taenia. 
The  name  is  nearly  synonymous  with  Platkelminthes,  but 
comprehends  noi  only  the  actual  or  existing  plathelminths, 
in  a  /^niu -i,al  sense,  but  also  the  hypothetical  primitive 
worms,  Archdmintkes,  supposed  to  have  possessed  the 
sain.-  ■•!  a  similar  type  of  structure.  In  Haeckel's classifi- 
cation the  Acaelomi  form  one  of  the  classes  or  main  divi- 
iona  ol  the  animal  kingdom.    See  Caelomi. 

aceelomous  (a-se'lo-mus),  a.  Same  as  acoelom- 
atous. 

accelous (a-se'lus i.a.  [< XL. acalus,(Gr. iiKm/\oc, 
not  hollow,  <  a- priv.  +  koTaoc,  hollow.]  In  zool., 
having  no  intestinal  cavity;  anenterous. 

Accemeti,  Acoemetae  (a-sem'e-tl,  -te),  n.  pi. 

[LL.,  <  Grr.  amifirrroi,  masc,  huoljafrai,  fem.,  pi. 

of  aKoi/inror,   -ra,  sleepless,'  <  d-  priv.  +  not/iav, 

bring  to  sice]):    see  cemetery.]     An   order  of 

monks  and  nuns  in  Constantinople  under  the 

Eastern  Empire,  bo  named  because  t  hey  divided 

their  communities  into  relays  for  keeping  up 

perpetual  worship,    [n  the  sixth  1 1  nturj  the  monks 

nanism  and  Hie  order  became  extinct. 

i  he  order  of  nuns,  however,  existed  till  the  conquest  of 

tantinople  bj   the   lurks  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

i  Acemeti,  Act  mt  Ub. 

acoiet, ''.  f.  andt.  A  Middle  English  form  of  accoj/, 
acoldt  (a-kold'),  a.  [<  MM.  acold,  ncoled  (<  AS. 
dcoled),  cold,  lit.  cooled,  pp.  of  acolen,  <. A£>. 
dcolian,  become  cool  or  cola,  <  a-  +  colian,  be- 
come cool  or  cold,  icul,  eool,  cold:  see  cool. 
The  ME.  form acold, aeolitl,  would  regularly  In- 
come E.  "acooled  (akold) ;  the  present  6  sound  is 
due  to  confusion  « M  AS.  a  aid,  which 

is  akin  to  nil.  and  so,  remotely,  to  acold.]   Cold. 
Poor  Tom's  a-cold.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


.IT- 
a  oc 

Acoloitlttts  amerieantis. 

a,  larva ;  b,  pupa ;  c,  cocoon ;  d.  moth ;  e,  moth  with  outstretched 

wings. 

They  are  small  and  delicate  and  of  somber  colors.  The 
larva;  are  somewhat  hairy  and  feed  gregariously,  undergo- 
ing transformation  in  some  crevice,  within  tough  oval  co- 
coons. They  have  a  habit  of  following  one  another  in 
"  Indian  tile."  A.  americanus  (now  placed  in  Harruina) 
destroys  grape-leaves. 

acolouthitet,  ».  [<  Gr.  aaolovSoe,  acolyth,  + 
-ite2:  see  acolyte.']     Same  as  acolyte. 

acolyctin  (ak-o-lik'tin),  v.  [<NL.  Aco(mtum) 
lyc(oc)t{onunt),  the  plant  from  which  it  is  de- 
rived (see  Aconitum),  +  -in2.]  An  alkaloid  de- 
rived from  Aconitum  lycoctonum,  and  identical 
with  napellin. 

acolyte  (ak'o-lit),  n.  [<  ME.  acolit,  acolyt,  <  OP. 
acolyte  =  Sp.  acoli to  =  Pg.  acolyto=  It.  accolito, 
<ML.  acolyt  us,  acolit  us,  acolythus  (>E.  acolyth), 
acoliitus,  prop,  acoluthus,  an  acolyte,  <  Gr.  oko- 
Tiovdoc,  a  follower,  an  attendant,  <  d-  copulative 
+  nt%ev6oc,  a  way,  a  journey,  from  the  same  root 
as  nklendai,  set  in  motion,  urge  on,  and  Kelevuv, 
command.]  1.  One  who  waits  on  a  person; 
an  attendant ;  an  assistant. 

With  such  chiefs,  and  with  James  and  John  as  acolytes. 

Motley. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  ordained  to  the 
fourth  and  highest  of  the  minor  orders,  ranking 
immediately  below  the  subdeacon.  See  orders. 
His  office  is  to  serve  those  of  the  superior  orders  in  the 
ministry  of  the  altar,  light  the  candles,  prepare  the  wine 
and  water,  etc.  The  name  is  now  commonly  extended  to 
the  boys  who  exercise  these  offices  without  ordination. 

3.  In  astron.,  an  attendant  or  accompanying 
star  or  other  heavenly  body ;  a  satellite. 

But  she  [the  moon]  is  the  earth's  nearest  neighbor,  and 
therefore  conspicuous  ;  her  constant  acolyte,  whose  obse- 
quious and  rapid  motions  demand  and  compel  attention. 
New  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  47. 

Sometimes  written  acolyth,  and  formerly  also 
acholithite,  aeolt/thc,  acolythist,  acolothist. 

acolyth,  acolythe  (ak'o-lith, -lith),  n.  [<ML. 
aeoltjtlius,  for  tienluthus,  the  correct  form  of 
acolytus:  Bee  acolyte.']    See  acolyte. 

acolythate  (a-koll-that),  n.  [<  acolyth  +  -ate^.] 
The  state,  office,  or  orders  of  an  acolyte. 

acolythical  (ak-o-lith'i-kal),  a.  [<  't'tcitli/thic  + 
-al.]     Belonging  or  pertaining  to  an  acolyte. 

acoiythistt  (a-kol'i-thist),  n.    Same  as  acolyte. 

acombert, ''.  t.   See  aceumber. 

Acomys  (ak'o-mis),  it.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anlj,  a  sharp 
point  (or  L.  acus,  a  needle).  +/zi>c=E.  mouse?] 
A  genus  of  rodents,  of  the  family  Muridw  and 
subfamily  Mnrimr,  having  sharp  flattened 
spines  in  the  fur.  The  skull  and  teeth  an  as 
in  the  genus  Mus. 

aeon  (a'kon),  n.  [<  (?)  Gr.  ukuv,  a  dart.]  A  boat 
used  for  traveling  over  mud-beds.    See  extract. 

Walton  also  invcli ted  the  pullssc  pie.l  or  itrmi.  a  kind  of 
boat  which  is  still  in  use.      The  aeon  is  composed  "1  a 

plank  of  hard  w I,  which  constitutes  the  bottom,  ami  is 

called  the  sole,  'this  plank  is  bent  in  the  (ore  part  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prow.  Three  ught  planks, 
which  arc  nailed  together  at  tic  sides  ami  back,  COmpl  te 
this  simple  boat.  l.   /'.  Wright,  Axdm.  lit-    p 

acondylous,  acondylose  (a-kon'di  lus, -16s),  a. 

[<  Gr.  m,Y,i'iSr/or;  without  knuckles  or  joints, 
<  it-  priv.  +  iMviSf/oc,  a  knuckle,  a  joint :  see  aA&, 
condyle,  and  -mis,  -ose.]     In  bot.,  jointless. 

aconella  (ak-o-nerii),  «.  [X]j.,<iietiu(itttm)  + 
dim.  -tlltt.]  In  client.,  an  organic  base  obtained 
from  the  root  of  Aconitum  Xti/uilus,  closely  re- 
sembling if  not  identical  with  narcotin. 

aconellin  (ak-o-nel'in),  n.  [< aconella  +  -in'-.] 
Same  as  aconetla. 

aconin,  aconine  (ak'o-nin),  n.  [<  acon(itum)  + 
-in'-.]  An  organic  base  derived  from  aconitin, 
and  probably  identical  with  napellin. 


acontium 

aconitate  (a-kon'i-tat),  «.  [<  aconite  +  -ate1.] 
A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  aconitic  acid 
with  a  base. 

aconite  (ak'o-nit),  n.  [  =  P.  aconit  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  aconito,  <  L.  aconitum :  see  Aconitum.]  The 
plant  wolf's-bane  or  monk's-hood,  Aconitum  Na- 
pi  litis.  It  is  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  cases  of 
fever  and  neuralgia.  See  Aconitwm.  Nepdl  aconite  con- 
sists of  the  roots  of  A .  ferox  and  probably  other  species  indi- 
genous in  the  Himalayas ;  it  is  also  called  bikh,  bisk,  and  bisk. 
Winter  aconite  is  a  ranunculaceous  plant,  Eranthis  hiema- 
lis,  a  native  of  Italy,  and  one  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers. 

aconitia  (ak-o-nish'iii),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  aconitum.] 
Same  as  aconitin. 

aconitic  (ak-o-nit'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aconite — Aconitic  acid,  C6H606,  a  tribasic  acid  found 
combined  with  lime  m  some  species  of  the  genus  Aconi- 
tum, and  in  a  few  other  plants.  It  is  also  obtained  by  the 
dry'  distillation  of  citric  acid.  Also  called  cquisetic  acid. 
See  achilleic  acid,  under  aehitleic. 

aconitin,  aconitine  (a-kon'i-tin),  ».  [(aconite 
+  -in'-.]  A  highly  poisonous  narcotic  alkaloid, 
C3oH47N07,  obtained  from  the  roots  and  leaves 
of  several  species  of  Aconitum.  it  forms  white 
powdery  grains,  or  a  compact,  vitreous,  transparent  mass ; 
is  bitter,  acrid,  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  an  im- 
portant remedy  in  neuralgia,  especially  of  the  fifth  cranial 
nerve.  Also  called  aconitia  and  aeonitina. 
Aconitum  (ak-o-ni'tum),  n.  [L.  aconitum,  a 
poisonous  plant,  monk's-hood,  wolf's-bane,  < 
Gr.  an6viTov,  also 
okSvitoc,  a  poi- 
sonous plant,  of 
uncertain  etym. ; 
said  by  Pliny  to 
be  so  called  be- 
cause it  grew  ff 
an6vaic,  on  sharp, 
steep  roeks  (Gr. 
atidvn,  a  whet- 
stone, <  t/  *ak,  be 
sharp,  pierce). 
This  is  improba- 
ble. The  form  is 
the  same  as  the 
neut.  of  Gr.  aadv i- 
toq,  without  dust, 
<  d-  priv.  +  k6vic_, 
dust,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no 
connection  be- 
tween the  two 
words.]  A  ge- 
nus of  poisonous 
herbs,  natural  or- 
der Sanuncula- 
cew,  including  20 
species,  natives  of  the  mountains  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  They  have  very  irregular,  showy 
flowers,  and  are  often  found  in  cultivation,  as  the  common 
monk's-hood  (A.  NapeUus)  and  wolf's-bane  (.4.  lycocto- 
niim).  The  roots  and  leaves,  chiefly  of  A.  Napcllus,  are 
used  medicinally.  See  aconitin.  The  bikh  of  Nepal,  used 
in  poisoning  arrows  and  also  as  a  source  of  aconitin,  is 
derived  mainly  from  A.  ferox. 
acontia,  n.  Plural  of  acontium. 
Acontias  (a-kon'ti-as),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  anovTiac,  a 
quick-darting  serpent,  a  meteor,  <  ukuv,  a  jave- 
lin, dart,  <  anf],  a  point.]  The  leading  genus 
of  the  family  Acontiidw  (which  see), 
acontiid  (a-kon'ti-id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Acontiidw. 

Acontiidae,  Acontiadae  (ak-on-ti'i-de,  -a-de),  ». 
jtl.  [NL.,  <  Aeon  Has  +  -ida;  or  -adie.]  A  family 
of  saurian  or  lacertilian  reptiles  of  the  scincoid 
group,  related  to  the  Anguidie,  the  family  to 
which  the  well-known  slow-worm  of  Europe 
belongs.  They  are  weak,  timid,  and  perfectly  harmless 
lizards,  resembling  snakes  in  consequence  of  the  apparent 
absence  of  limbs.  Acontias  is  the  leading  genus,  giving 
name  to  the  family  :  there  are  numerous  species,  inhabit- 
ing chiefly  the  warmer  or  dryer  parts  of  the  old  world. 
Acontias  meleagris  is  sometimes  called  the  dart-snake, 
from  its  maimer  of  darling  upon  its  prey. 

acontium  (a-kon'shium),  «. ;  pi.  acontia  (-shia). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKdvTiov,  a  small  dart,  dim.  of  anew 


Aconite  [A.  Napellus). 
a,  flower ;  b,  same,  calyx  removed. 


Figlire  with  Acontium.     (From  "  Uevue  ArchCOlopique.") 

(o/coit-),  a  javelin.]  1.  In  Gr.  tinlitj.:  {m  A 
dart  or  javelin,  smaller  and  lighter  than  the 
long  spear,  and  thrown  by  means  of  a  thong  or 
amentum.  Hence  —  (b)  The  game  of  hurling 
tin'  javelin,  one  of  the  five  exercises  of  the  fa- 
mous pentathlon  (which  see)  at  the  Olympian, 


acontium 

Isthmian,  and  other  games. — 2.  pi.   In  sool., 
convoluted  cords  formed   in  the  Actinia  and 
furnished  with  thread-cells.     Pascoc. 
acopt  (a-kop'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.    [<«3,  on,  + 
cop1,  top.]    At  the  top. 

She  weares  a  hood,  but  it  stands  acop. 

11.  Jonson,  Alcliemist,  it  6. 

Acopa  (a-ko'pii),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
Kinva,  a  handle,  the  handle  of  an  oar,  an  oar.] 

1.  A  prime  division  of  tho  Tunieata  or  Ascidia, 
in  which  the  ascidians  proper  are  distinguished 
collectively  from  the  Copelata  or  Appendicula- 
ria.  See  extract.  Compare  cuts  under  Ascidia 
and  ApjicndiciilaiHa. 

These  two  classes  were  formerly  separated  according  to 
whether  they  had  or  had  not  a  propelling  tail,  as  the 
names  of  the  classes  showed.  I  have  retained  the  nomen- 
clature without  giving  an  importance  to  this  character 
which  does  not  belong  to  it;  the  larvte  of  many  Acopa 
have  the  directive  organ.  A  much  greater  difference  be- 
tween the  two  divisions  is  to  be  found  in  the  characters 
of  their  spiracles.  In  the  Copelata  these  open  on  to  the 
exterior.  In  the  Acopa  they  open  into  a  cavity,  which  is 
formed  from  a  part  of  tile  rudimentary  spiracle  of  the 
Copelata.  Gegenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  389. 

2.  [sing.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 
acopic  (a-kop'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  oko-itoc,   removing 

weariness,  <  a-  priv.  +  k6ttoc,  weariness,  toil, 
orig.  a  striking,  <  ndir-r-etv,  strike.]  In  med., 
fitted  to  relieve  weariness ;  restorative.  Bu- 
chanan, Diet.  Sci. 

acor  (a'kor),  n.  [L.,  a  sour  taste,  <  acere,  be 
sour:  see  acid.']    Acidity,  as  of  the  stomach. 

acorn  (a'korn,  often  a'kern),  ».  [Early  mod.  E. 
acorn,  akorn,  eykorn,  acron,  acquorn,  akecorne, 
oakern,  okecorn,  okehorne,  etc.,<  late  ME.  acorn, 
akorn,  accorne,  acoiuii,  acorn,  occorn,  okecornr, 
adeems,  akern,  hakern,  assibilated  achorne,  ach- 
amc,  atclimir,  etc.  The  reg.  mod.  form  would 
be  *akcni,  in  ME.  akern  (assibilated  atcherne,  im- 
prop.  aspirated  hakcrn),  the  other  forms  being 
due  to  the  erroneous  notion  that  the  word  is  a 
derivative  of  oak,  or  a  compound  of  oak  (ME. 
ook,  ok,  oc,  earlier  ac,  <  AS.  <<<•)  and  com  (ME. 
and  AS.  corn),  or  horn  (ME.  and  AS.  Iiorn).  A 
similar  error  has  affected  the  spelling  of  the 
word  in  other  languages.  ME.  akern,  <  AS. 
ccceru,  iccirii,  an  acorn,  orig.  any  fruit  of  the 
field,  being  prop,  an  adj.  formed  (like  silvern 
from  silver)  <  wcer,  a  field,  acre  (see  acre),  + 
-n  (see  -ph2)  ;  =  T>.  aker,  an  acorn,  <  akkcr,  a 
field  (but  now  usually  eikel,  an  acorn,  Keik,  an 
oak) ;  =  LG-.  ckkcr,  an  acorn,  <  akker,  a  field 
(alsocfc,  an  acorn,  <cfcc,  an  oak);  =Gr.  ecker  (after 
LG.),  an  acorn,  <  acker,  a  field  (also  eichel,  an 
acorn,  <  cichc,  an  oak) ;  =  Icel.  akarn,  an  acorn, 
<  akr,  a  field  (not  from  cik,  an  oak) ;  =  Norw. 
aakorn  (also  aakonn,aakodu,  and akall),  iaaker, 
a  field  (not  from  eik,  an  oak) ;  cf.  Sw.  ekollon,  an 
acorn, <.ek,  oak,  +  ollon,  an  acorn;  =  Dan.  agern, 
an  acorn,  <  ager,  a  field  (not  from  eg,  an  oak) ; 
=  Goth.  akran,  fruit  in  general,  <  akrs,  a  field. 
Thus  acorn  has  nothing  to  do  with  either  oak  or 
corn.]  1.  The  fruit  of  the  oak;  a  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  coriaceous,  rounded  or  elongated 
nut,  the  base  of  which  is  surrounded  by  an  in- 
durated scaly  cup.  Acorns  have  been  used  for  food, 
and  are  still  eaten  in  various  countries.  The  sweet  acorn 
is  the  fruit  of  theQuercus  Ballota  of  northwestern  Africa, 
and  is  quite  palatable,  as  arc  also  several  American  species. 
All  are  excellent  food  for  swine. 

Thei  weren  wont  lyghtly  to  shaken  hir  hunger  at  euene 
with  acornes  of  okes.  Chancer,  Boethius,  ii.  meter  5. 

Besides  the  gall  which  is  his  proper  fruite,  hee  shootes 
out  oakerns,  i.  e.,  ut  nunc  voeamus  acornes,  and  oakes  ap- 
ples and  polypody  and  moss. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Works,  I.  203  (ed.  Bohn). 
2.  Naitt.,  a  small  ornamental  piece  of  wood,  of 
a  conical  or  globxdar  shape,  sometimes  fixed 
on  the  point  of  the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on 
a  masthead,  to  keep  the  vane  from  being 
blown  off. —  3.  Any  similar  ornamental  tip. — 
4.  Same  as  acornsheU,  '1. 


Acorn-moth  {Holcocera  glandulctla,  Riley). 
a,  larva  within  acorn ;  b,  acorn  infested  with  the  larva ;  c,  head 
and  thoracic  segments  of  larva  ;  a",  one  of  the  abdominal  segments  of 
larva,  lateral  view  ;  e,  one  of  the  abdominal  segmentsof  larva,  dorsal 
view;/,  moth  (the  cross  shows  natural  size) ;  g,  basal  iointof  antenna 
in  the  male  moth. 


51 

acorn-cup  (a'kdrn-kup),  n.  The  hardened  in- 
volucre covering  the  base  of  an  acorn.    The 

acorn-cups  of  the  t,>acrca.<  .K'lilops,  under  the  name  va- 
Ionia,  have  become  an  important  article  of  commerce, 
large  quantities  being  used  in  tanning.    See  valonia. 

acorned  (a'kornd),  a.     1.  Furnished  or  loaded 
with  acorns.     .Specifically,  in  her.,  said  of  an  oak  repre- 
sented on  a  coat  of  arms  as  loaded  with  acorns. 
2.  Fed  with  acorns.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  5. 

acorn-moth  (a'kdrn-mdth),  re.  A  guest-motb, 
described  as  Holcoccra  glandulclltt,  but  subse- 
quently referred  to  the  genus  Blastobasis,  be- 
longing to  the  Tinciila:  Its  color  is  ash-gray,  with 
two  distinct  spots  near  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  and 
a  transverse  pale  stripe  across  the  basal  third.  Its  larva  is 
grayish-white,  with  a  light-brown  head  and  cervical  and 
caudal  shields,  and  is  commonly  met  with  in  mast,  feed- 
ing chiefly  on  those  acorns  that  have  been  occupied  by 
the  acorn-weevil.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

acorn-oil  (a'korn-oil),  re.  A  volatile  oil,  of  but- 
tery consistence  and  pimgent  odor,  obtained 
from  the  acorns  of  Quercus  robur. 

acorn-shell  (a'korn-shel),  n.  1.  The  shell  of 
the  acorn. —  2.  One  of  the  cirripeds  of  the 
genus  Balanitis;  a  barnacle:  called  by  this  name 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  some  of  the 
species  to  acorns.    See  Balanus  and  ( 'wripedia. 

acorn-weevil  (a'k6rn-we"vl),  ii.  The  popular 
name  for  certain  species  of  the  curculionid  ge- 
nus Balaniniis,  as  B.  uniformis  (Le  Conte),  B. 
rectus  (Say),  and  B.  quercus  (Horn),  which  live 
in  the  larval  state  within  acorns.  The  females 
possess  extremely  long  and  slender  beaks,  by  means  of 
which  they  pierce  the  rind  of  the  acorn  and  push  an  egg 
into  the  interior.  The  larva  is  a  legless  grub  of  elongate 
curved  shape,  not  differing  essentially  from  other  curcu- 
lionid larva?.  The  affected  acorn  drops  prematurely,  and 
the  full-grown  larva  eats  its  way  out  to  change  to  a  pupa 
in  the  ground.    See  cut  under  Ealaninus. 

acorn-worm  (a'kom-werm),  re.  A  name  given 
to  the  Balanoglossus,  the  type  and  sole  member 
of  the  order  Enteropneusta  :  so  called  from  the 
acorn-like  shape  of  the  anterior  end  of  its  body. 
See  Balanoglossus,  Enteropneusta. 

Acorus  (ak'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aitopos,  the 
sweet-flag.]  A  genus  of  aromatic  flag-like 
plants,  natural  order  Aracew,  of  two  species. 
A.  Calamus,  the  Calamus  aromaticus  of  druggists,  is  na- 
tive or  widely  naturalized  in  northern  temperate  regions, 
and  is  known  as  sweet-jla;/  or  zweet-rmh.    See  sweet-jiaa. 

acosmiat  (a-koz'ini-a),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anoufiia, 
disorder,  <  d/cooy/of,  without  order,  <  d-  priv.  + 
Kou/toc,  order:  see  cosmos.]  1.  Irregularity  in 
disease,  particularly  in  crises. —  2.  Ill  health, 
with  loss  of  color  in  the  face. 

acosmism  (a-koz'mizm),  re.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
kAg/ioc,  world,  +  -ism.  Cf.acosmia.]  The  denial 
of  the  existence  of  an  external  world.  Dean 
Mansel. 

acosmist  (a-koz'mist),  n.  [As  acosm-ism  +  -ist.] 
One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

acosmistic  (ak-oz-mis'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

acotyledon  (a-kot-i-le'don),  n. ;  pi.  acotylcdones, 
acotyledons  (-le'do-nez,  -donz).  [=F.  acotyle- 
donc,  <  NL.  acoiyledo{n-)  (so. 
planta),  a  plant  without  seed- 
lobes,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  Korvh/doiv, 
any  cup-shaped  cavity :  see  co- 
tyledon.] A  plant  destitute  of 
a  cotyledonous  embryo.  The 
name  Acotyledourswn*  proposed  by  the 
younger  Jussieu  for  the  class  of  plants 
which  have  no  proper  seed  or  embryo, 
now  usually  and  more  pr<  >perly  desig- 
nated as  Cryptogamia  or  cryptogams. 

acotyledonous  (a-kot-i-le'do- 
nus),  a.     Without  cotyledons, 
or  seed-lobes,  as  the   embryo     Germinating  spore 
of  Cuscuta;  more  usually,  with-  5,', an  Aco,i''?d?."i'us 

,        '     ,        .  ii       Plant(Mossi.inditfer- 

out  embryo  (and  consequently  entstages.Mag.nnej. 
without  cotyledons),  as  crypto-  SS^mLo^ 
gams. 

acou-.  For  acu-,  in  words  from  Greek  aaoveiv, 
hear:  an  irregular  spelling  due  to  the  French 
spelling  of  acoustic,  the  first  of  these  words  in- 
troduced into  English.     See  acoustic. 

acouchi-resin  (a-k6'shi-rez"in),  n.  [Acoitchi 
{alouchi,  aluchi,  etc.),  native  name  (in  F.  spell- 
ing) in  Guiana.]  The  inspissated  juice  of  Pro- 
tium  Aracoucliini  (Idea  heterophyUa),  of  Guiana, 
and  other  species  of  tropical  South  America. 
It  resembles  the  elemi-resin  of  the  old  world,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  the  same  purposes.  Also  called  alouchi-,  aluchi-, 
or  aracouchini-i' tfm. 

acouchy  (a-kci'shi),  n.  [<  F.  acouehi,  agouchi, 
said  to  be  from  the  native  Guiana  name.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  genus  Dasyprocta, 
family  Dasyproctida;  of  the  hystricine  series  of 
the  order  Itodcn  tin  ;  the  olive  agouti  or  Surinam 
rat,  Dasyprocta  acouchy,  inhabiting  Guiana  and 
some  of  the  West  India  islands.  It  is  related 
to  the  cavies,  or  guinea-pig  family.    See  agouti 


and  Dasyproctidw. 
acuchi. 


acquaint 

Also  spelled  acouehi  and 


"  f        i       * 


Acouchy  {Dasyprocta  acoucliy). 

acoumeter  U-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-ter),  n.  [Also 
acouometer,  irreg.  <Gr.  anoheiv,  hear,  +  fierpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  tho 
power  of  tho  sense  of  hearing.  Also  called 
acousvmeter. 

acoumetry  (a-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-tri),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
Gr.  amlieiv,  hear,  +  -/terpia,  <  fiirpov,  a  measure.] 
The  measuring  of  the  power  of  hearing. 

acousimeter  (a-ko-  or  a-kou-sim'e-ter),  re.  [< 
Gr.  ukovctic,  a  hearing  (<  aaoveiv,  hear),  *r  iiirpov, 
a  measure.]     Same  as  acoumeter. 

acousmatic  (a-kos-or  a-kous-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  aKovopartKdc,  willing  to  hear  {oi  aKovcua- 
riKoi,  the  probationers  of  Pythagoras),  <  anovc- 
jia{r-),  a  thing  heard,  (.anovetv,  hear:  see  acous- 
tic] I.  a.  Hearing;  listening:  as,  acousmatic 
disciples. 

II.  re.  A  name  given  to  such  of  the  disciples 
of  the  Greek  philosopher  Pythagoras  as  had 
not  completed  then-  years  of  probation;  hence, 
a  professed  hearer ;  a  probationer. 
An  equivalent  form  is  acoustic. 

acoustic  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tik),  a.  and  re. 
[Formerly  acoustic!:,  acoustique,  <  F.  acoustiquc 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acustico,  <  NL.  aciisticus,  <  Gr.  anov- 
otikuc,  relating  to  hearing,  <  okovutuc,  heard,  au- 
dible, <  aaoveiv,  hear;  cf.  ami),  hearing,  noeiv, 
perceive;  root  prob.*MH\  *kof,  *oKoF=lj.cavere, 
heed,  cautus,  heedful  (see  caution),  =  Goth,  us- 
skawjan,  take  heed.  =  AS.  sceawian,  look  at,  E. 
kIiihi-,  q.  v.  The  regular  E.  form  would  be  "artis- 
tic: see  acou-.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
or  organs  of  hearing,  or  to  the  science  of  sound. 
— 2.  Same  as  acousmatic — Acoustic  color,  the  tim- 
bre or  quality  of  a  musical  note.  See  timbre  —  Acoustic 
duct,  in  anat.,  the  meatus  auditorius  externus,  or  external 
passage  of  the  ear.  See  auditory,  and  cut  under  earl. — 
Acoustic  nerve,  the  auditory  ohm  —Acoustic  spot, 
macula  aeustica.  See  macula.—  Acoustic  telegraph, 
an  electric  or  mechanical  apparatus  for  the  reproduction 
of  sounds  at  a  distance.—  Acoustic  tubercle  (translation 
of  tuberoulum  acusticum),  in  anat.,  a  rounded  elevation  on 
either  side  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain, 
over  which  certain  white  lines,  the  stria1  aeustica1,  pass. — 
Acoustic  vessel,  acoustic  vase,  a  bell-shaped  vessel  of 
bronze  or  pottery,  of  which  a  number,  according  to  Vitru- 
vius,  were  built  in  beneath  the  seats,  or  placed  in  chambers 
prepared  especially  to  receive  them,  in  the  auditorium  of 
ancient  theaters,  to  give  sonorousness  to  the  voices  of  the 
players.  No  such  vessels  have  been  recognized  among  the 
ruins  of  either  Greek  or  Roman  theaters ;  but  it  is  said  that 
similar  vases  were  introduced  for  a  like  purpose  in  tin- 
vault  of  the  choir  of  the  medieval  church  of  the  Domini- 
cans at  Strasburg. 

II.    n.    It.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  deafness  or 
imperfect  hearing. —  2.  Same  as  acousmatic 

acoustical  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal),  a.     Of  or 

belonging  to  the  science  of  acoustics ;  acoustic. 

Theacuteness  of  the  blind  in  drawing  conclusions  from 

slender  acoustical  premises.  Science,  VI.  195. 

acoustically   (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
In  relation  to  acoustics  or  hearing. 
acoustician  (a-kos-  or  a-kous-tdsh  an),  re.     One 
skilled  in  the  science  of  sound;  a  student  of 
acoustics. 

The  transverse  vibrations  .  .  .  were  the  only  ones  no- 
ticed by  the  earlier  acousticians. 

Whetcell,  Hist.  Inductive  Sciences,  viii.  6. 

acoustics  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tiks),  re.  [PI.  of 
acoustic  (see  -ics);  =  F.  acoustique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
aeustica.]  The  science  of  sound;  the  study  of 
the  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibra- 
tions of  elastic  bodies  which  affect  the  organ 
of  hearing.  The  manner  in  which  sound  is  produced, 
its  transmission  through  air  and  other  media  (sometimes 
called  diacou8tics\  the  theory  of  reflected  sound,  or  echoes 
(sometimes  called  cataeimstics),  the  properties  and  effects 
of  different  sounds,  including  musical  sounds  or  notes,  and 
the  structure  and  action  of  the  organ  of  hearing,  are  all 
included  in  acoustics.    See  sound. 

acqua  (iik'wii),  «.     [It.]     See  aqua. 

acquaint  (a-kwanf),  a.  [Sc.  acquaint,  acquent, 
<  ME.  aquente,  aqueynte,  aqwynt,  aquointe,  < 
OF.  acoint,  later  accoint,  " acquainted  or  famil- 


acquaint 

iar  with ;  also  neat,  compt,  fine,  spruce  in  ap- 
parel, or  otherwise"  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  aceognitus, 
pp.  of  accognoscere,  know  or  recognize  perfect- 
ly, <  ad,  to,  +  cognosccre,  know,  <  co-,  com-,  to- 
gether, +  "gno-scere,  noscere  =  T&.  know:  see 
know,  and  cognition,  cognize.  Cf.  quaint.  Ac- 
quaint is  now  regarded  as  a  clipped  form  of  ac- 
quainted, pp.]  Acquainted:  personally  or  mu- 
tually known  :  as,  we  are  not  acquaint.  [Scotch 
and  north.  Eng.] 

When  we  were  first  acquent. 

Bum.*,  John  Anderson. 

acquaint  (a-kwant ').('•  [<ME.  aqueinten,aqueyn- 
tru,  earlier  acointcn,  akointen,  <  OF.  acointer, 
acointier,  acouinter,  acuinUer,  acoentier,  aquin- 
ter,  later  accoin tcr,  "to  make  acquainted;  .  .  . 
also  to  seek  or  affect  the  acquaintance  of; 
.  .  .  s'accoi ntcr  (Je,  to  wax  acquainted,  grow 
familiar  with,  or  to  get.  or  desire  the  acquain- 
tance of"  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  adcognitare,  make 
known,  <  L.  aceognitus,  pp.  of  accognoscere, 
know  or  recognize  perfectly :  see  acquaint,  a.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  have  acquaintance  or 
be  more  or  less  familiar;  make  conversant:  used 
with  with:  as,  to  acquaint  one's  self,  or  make 
one's  self  acquainted,  with  a  subject;  to  make 
persons  (to  be)  acquainted  with  each  other. 

A  man  of  sorrows,  and  acquainted  with  grief.     Isa.  liii.  3. 
Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bedfellows. 

Shale,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
We  that  acquaint  ourselves  with  every  zone. 

Sir  J.  Daeies,  Int.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Persons  themselves  acquaint  us  with  the  impersonal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  252. 

2.  To  fiuTiish  with  knowledge  or  information 
(about) ;  make  conversant  by  notice  or  com- 
munication :  with  with  before  the  subject  of 
information,  and  formerly  sometimes  with  of: 
as,  to  acquaint  a  friend  with  one's  proceedings. 

But,  for  some  other  reasons,  my  grave  sir, 
Which  'tis  not  fit  you  know,  I  not  acquaint 
My  father  o/this  business.         Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 
Though  you  are  so  averse  to  my  acquainting  Lady  Teazle 
with  your  passion  for  M  aria,  I'm  sure  she's  not  your  enemy 
in  the  atfair.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  acquaint  (with),  make  known  (to),  familiar- 
ize (with),  introduce  (to). — 2.  To  inform(of),  communicate 
(to),  apprise  (of),  mention  (to),  signify  (to),  intimate  (to), 
disclose  (to),  reveal  (to),  tell  (to).  See  announce  and  in- 
form. 

Il.t  intrans.    To  become  acquainted. 
The  manere 
How  they  aqueynteden  in  fere. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  250. 

acquaintablet  (a-kwan'ta-bl),  a.  [<  OF.  acoin- 
tahle,  later  accointablc,  "  acquaintable,  easie  to 
be  acquainted  or  familiar  with"  (Cotgrave), 
<  acointer,  make  known:  see  acquaint,  v.]  Easy 
to  be  acquainted  with;  affable.    Rom.  of  Rose, 

acquaintance  (a-kwan'tans),  n.  [<  ME.  aquayn- 
tiinec,  aquci/iitaiice,  intimacy,  personal  know- 
ledge, friendship  (not  used  in  the  concrete 
sense  of  a  person  known),  <  OF.  acointanee, 
later  accointance,  "acquaintance,  conversation 
or  commerce  with  "  (Cotgrave),  <  aeoiu  tcr,  make 
known:  see  acquaint,  v.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
acquainted,  or  of  being  more  or  less  intimately 
conversant  (used  with  reference  to  both  per- 
sons and  things) ;  knowledge  of ;  experience 
in:  used  with  with,  and  formerly  sometimes 
with  of. 
Good  Master  Brook,  I  desire  more  acquaintance  of  you. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 
That  general  acquaintance  with  the  mechanism  and 
working  of  the  living  system  which  all  persons,  even 
moderately  educated,  Bhould  possess. 

Huxley  ana  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §368. 
I  have  a  very  general  acquaintance  here  In  New  Eng- 
land. Iluwthorih  ,  Old    \l  in   '      I 

2.  A  person  known  iu  our,  especially  a  person 
willi  whom  one  is  nut  on  terms  of  great  inti- 
macy:  as,  he  is  not  a  friend,  only  an  acquain- 
tance .  [This  is  the  onlysense  which  admits  of 
a  plural  form.] 

Wi    ei   bi   is  ashamed  of  his  nearest  acquaintances 

('.  Boyle,  ('.entity  on  Phalaris. 
Mere  acquaintanct   yon  have  none;  you  have  drawn 
them  all  int.,  a  near*  r  line  ;  and  tiny  who  have  com  ersed 
with  you,  are  for  i  mi  after  Inviolably  yours. 

DryeU  n,Oi  i^'.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

3.  The  whole  body  of  those  with  whom  one  is 
acquainted :  used  as  a  plural,  as  it  lor  acquain- 
tances.   See  acquaintant. 

Mine  acquaintance  are  verily  estranged  from  me. 

.I"l,  xix.  13. 

To  cultivate  one's  acquaintance,  t"  endeavoi  to  i- 

i ■■  Intimate  with  one.  =  Syn.  1.  Acquaintance,  Famil. 

iarity,  Intimacy.     Acquaintance,  knowledge  arisui 

...in  [onal   Intercourse;  familiarity    knowledge   or]  [no 

from  frequent  or  daily  inter trse  .  intimacy,  unreserved 

intercourse,  intercourse  of  the  closest  possible  kind. 


62 

Nor  was  his  acquaintance  less  with  the  famous  poets  of 
his  age,  than  with  the  noblemen  and  ladies.  Dryden. 

The  honour  of  Sheridan's  familiarity  —  or  supposed  fa- 
failiartty  —  was  better  to  my  godfather  than  money. 

Lamb,  My  First  Play. 

The  intimacy  between  the  father  of  Eugenio  and  Agres- 
tis  produced  a  tender  friendship  between  his  sister  and 
Amelia.  Hawkesworth,  Adventurer,  No.  64. 

acquaintanceship  (a-kwan'tans-ship), n.  The 
state  of  having  acquaintance" 

acquaintantt  (a-kwan'tant),  n.  [<  acquaint 
+ -anti,  after  OF.  acomtant,  ppr.  of  acointer, 
acquaint;  prob.  developed  from  acquaintance, 
with  which,  in  sense  3,  the  pi.  acquai/ntants 
would  nearly  coincide  in  pronunciation.]  A 
person  with  whom  one  is  acquainted.  See  ac- 
quaintance,  2. 

An  acquaintant  and  a  friend  of  Edmund  Spenser. 

/.  Walton. 
He  and  his  readers  are  become  old  acquaintants. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

acquainted,  (a-kwan'ted),  p.  a.  [<  acquaint  + 
-cd~.  Cf.  acquaint,  a.]  1.  Having  acquain- 
tance ;  informed ;  having  personal  knowledge. 

Fault.'.  What,  is  he  much  acquainted  in  the  family? 
Abu.  O,  very  intimate.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

2f.  Known ;  familiarly  known  ;  not  new. 
Things  acquainted  and  familiar  to  us. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

acquaintedness  (a-kwan'ted -nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  acquainted.     [Rare.] 

acquereur  (a-ka-rer'),  n.  [F.,  an  acquirer,  <  ac- 
qiarir,  acquire:  see  acquire.']  In  French  and 
Canadian  law,  one  who  acquires  title,  particu- 
larly to  immovable  property,  by  purchase. 

acquest  (a-kwesf),  n.  [<  OF.  acquest,  F.  ac- 
qutt  =  It.  acquisto  (ML.  acquistunt),  an  acquisi- 
tion, purchase,  <  L.  acqiuesitum,  usually  acquisi- 
tum,  a  thing  acquired,  neut.  pp.  of  acquirers, 
acquire:  see  acquire.  Cf.  conquest.'}  If.  The 
act  of  acquiring ;  acquirement:  as,  "countries 
of  new  acquest,"  Bacon. — 2f.  A  thing  gained; 
an  acquisition  ;  a  thing  acquired  by  force :  as, 
"  new  acquests  and  encroachments,"  Woodward, 
Nat.  Hist. —  3.  In  civil  law:  (a)  Property  ac- 
quired in  other  ways  than  by  succession.  (6) 
Property  acquired  during  a  marriage  under  the 
ride  of  community  of  property.  [In  this  sense 
usually  in  the  plural  and  spelled,  as  French,  ac- 
quets.]    See  conquet. 

acquetont,  n.    See  acton. 

acquiesce  (ak-wi-es'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acqui- 
esced, ppr.  acquiescing.  [<  F.  acquiescer,  "to 
yield  or  agree  unto,  come  to  agreement,  be  at 
quiet,  strive  or  stir  no  more"  (Cotgrave),  =It. 
acquiescere,  <  L.  acquiescere,  rest,  repose  in,  find 
rest  in,  <  ad,  to,  +  quiescere,  rest,  <  quies,  rest. : 
see  quiescc  and  quiet.]  If.  To  come  to  rest,  or 
remain  at  rest. 

Which  atoms  are  still  hovering  up  and  down,  and  never 
rest  till  they  meet  with  some  pores  proportionable  and 
cognate  to  their  figures,  where  they  acquiesce, 

Howell,  Letters,  iv.  50. 

2.  To  agree ;  consent ;  tacitly  assent ;  quietly 
comply  or  submit :  as,  to  acquiesce  in  an  opin- 
ion, argument,  or  arrangement. 

Neander  sent  his  man  with  a  letter  to  Theomachus, 
who  acquiesced  to  the  proposal. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  123. 
Presuming  on  the  unshaken  submission  of  Ettppolita,  he 
flattered  himself  that  she  would  .  .  .  acquiesce  with  pa- 
tience  to  a  divorce.  Walpole,  Casue  of  Otranto,  i. 

Take  the  place  and  attitude  which  belong  to  you,  and 
all  men  acquit     ■  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  136. 

fin  modern 'usage,  acquiesce  is  generally  followed  by  the 
preposition  in  ;  formerly  to,  with,  and/rom  were  in  use.] 

acquiescement  (ak-wi-es'ment;  F.  pron.  a- 
kyes'moii),  n.  [<  F.  "acquiescement,  quiet- 
ness, also  an  agreement"  (Cotgrave):  see  ac- 
quiesce and  -ment.]  In  Wrench  and  Canadian 
Imr,  acquiescence;  free  consent. 

acquiescence  (ak-wi-es'ens),  n.  [=Sp.  aqnii  x- 
cenda=  It.  acquiescenza,  s  L.as  ii'  'acqviesa  utia, 
i  acquiescen(t-)s,  acquiescent:  see  acquiescent] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiescing  or  giving  tacit  as- 
sent;  a  silent  submission,  or  submission  witli 
apparent  consent.  It  is  distinguished  from  avowed 
-.Hi  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  opposition  or  open  dis- 

..ill-  Mi  on  tin'  other :  us.  an  acquiescence  in  the  decisions 
"t  a  court,  or  in  the  allotments  of  Providence 

U  ilh  tile  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
[he]  resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on 

Hawthorne,  Snow  Image. 

There  is  a  certain  grave  acquiescence  in  Ignorance,  a 

-nition  of  our  impotence  to  solve  momentous  ami 

urgent  questions,  which  has  a  satisfaction  of  its  own. 

./.  //.  .V.  iiimin,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.   198, 

2.  In  law,  such  neglect  to  take  legal  proceed- 
ings in  opposition  to  a  matter  as  implies  con- 
sent thereto.     Syn.  Assent,  Consent,  Concurrence,  etc. 

-  i '  assent),  compliance,  resignation. 


acquiry 

acquiescency  (ak-wi-es'en-si),  n.  [See  acqui- 
esa  and  -cy.]  The  state  of  being  acquiescent ; 
a  condition  of  silent  submission  or  assent. 

acquiescent  (ak-wi-es 'ent),  a.  [<  L.  acqui- 
escen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acquiescere:  see  acquiesce.] 
Disposed  to  acquiesce  or  yield ;  submissive ; 
easy;  unresisting. 

A  man  nearly  sixty,  of  acquiescent  temper,  miscellane- 
ous opinions,  and  uncertain  vote. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  11. 

acquiescently  (ak-wi-es'ent-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quiescent manner. 

acquiescingly  (ak-wi-es'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quiescing manner;  acquiescently. 

acquiett  (a-kwi'et),  v.  t.      [<  ML.   acquietare, 
quiet,  settle:  see  acquit.]    To  render  quiet; 
compose ;  set  at  rest. 
Acquiet  his  mind  from  stirring  you. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels. 

acquirability  ( a-kwir-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  acquirable.     1'alcy.     [Rare.] 

acquirable  (a-kwir'a-bl),  a.  [<  acquire  +  -able. 
Cf.  Sp.  adqtlirible,  Pg.  adquirivel.]  Capable  of 
being  acquired. 

acquire  (a-kwir'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  acquired, 
ppr.  acquiring.  [<  ME.  aqwere  (rare),  <OF.  ac- 
querre,  later  aquerir,  F.  acquerir,  acquire,  get, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  adquirir,  <  L.  acqutercre,  a  collateral 
form  of  acquirere,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 
quecrcre,  seek :  see  query.  The  E.  word  is  now 
spelled  with  i  instead  of  e,  to  bring  it  nearer  to 
the  Latin.  Cf.  inquire,  require.]  To  get  or 
gain,  the  object  being  something  which  is  more 
or  less  permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  subject:  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  dominion,  etc. ; 
to  acquire  a  stammer;  sugar  acquires  a  brown 
color  by  being  burned.  A  mere  temporary  posses- 
sion is  not  expressed  by  acquire,  but  by  obtain,  procure, 
etc. :  as,  to  obtain  (not  acquire)  a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  a  man,  on  the  death  of  his 
ancestor,  acquires  his  estate  by  right  of  representation,  as 
his  heir  at  law.  Blackstone. 

Having  been  left  in  a  greater  degree  than  others  to  man- 
age their  own  affairs,  the  English  people  have  become 
self-helping,  and  have  acquired  great  practical  ability. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 
Men  acquire  faculties  by  practice. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  94. 
The  young  demand  thoughts  that  find  an  echo  in  their 
real  and  not  their  acquired  nature,  and  care  very  little 
about  the  dress  they  are  put  in. 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  406. 
Acquired  logic.  See  logic.  =  Syn.  To  get,  obtain,  gain, 
attain,  procure,  win,  earn,  seeuiv.  gather,  master,  learn. 
See  attain. 

acquirement  (a-kwir'ment),  n.  1.  The  act.  of 
acquiring ;  especially,  the  gaining  of  knowledge 
or  mental  attributes. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  lay  down  rules  for  the  acquirement 
of  such  a  taste.  Addison.  Spectator,  No.  409. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired;  attainment:   com- 
monly in  the  plural. 

His  acquirements  by  industry  were  enriched  and  en- 
larged by  many  excellent  endowments  of  nature. 

Sir  ./.  Hai/ward,  Kaigne  of  Edward  VI. 
=  Syn.  1.  Gathering,  gaining.— 2.  Acquirements,  Acqui- 
sitions, Attainments,  Accomplishments,  Endowments, 
Emblements ;  gain,  resources.  Acquisitions  is  the  most 
general  term,  but  it  is  gradually  being  restricted  to  ma- 
terial gains.  Attainments  denotes  exclusively  intellec- 
tual or  moral  acquisitions  :  as.  a  man  of  groat  attainments  ; 
his  spiritual  attainments  were  high.  Acquirements  lias 
marly  the  same  meaning  as  attainments,  though  it  is 
sometimes  loosely  used  as  equivalent  to  acquisitions;  it 
has  more  direct  reference  to  particular  things  acquired: 
as,  skill  in  boxing  was  among  ids  acquirements.  Accnm- 
jilisliments  are  attainments  or  acquirements,  particularly 
such  as  fit  the  possessor  for  society  :  as,  French,  dancing, 
and  music  wen-  the  sum  of  her  accomplishments.  En- 
limn  in  nts  are  the  gifts  of  nature,  as  genius  oi'  aptitude. 
Emluemiuts  arc  endowments,  acquirements,  or  attain- 
ments in  the  field  of  moral  and  spiritual  life,  but  tiny  arc 
opposed  to  attainments  in  beine  regard. il  ;is  ill-  n,. in 
heaven  rather  than  as  the  result  of  personal  endeavor. 
See  -  miiic'i. 

When  you  arc  disposed  to  be  vain  of  your  mental  ac- 
quirements, look  up  to  those  who  are  more  accomplished 
than  yourself.  Dr.  ./.  Moore, 

Interference  has  been  sanctioned,  .  .  .  either  in  the 
purely  domestic  concerns  of  a  nation,  or  with  respect  to 
its  foreign  relations  and  territorial  acquisitions. 

Enciie.  Brit.,  XIII.  192. 

It  is  in  general  more  profitable  to  reckon  up  our  defects 
than  to  boast  of  our  attainments.  Carlyle,  Essays. 

I  danced  the  polka  and  crllarius, 

Spun  glass,  Btuffed  birds,  and  i leled  Mowers  in  wax, 

Because  she  liked  accomplishments  in  girls. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  i.  1. 

He  ought  to  think  no  man  valuable  but  for  bis  public 
spirit,  justice,  and  integrity';  and  all  other  endowments 
to  be  esteemed  oniv  as  they  contribute  to  the  exerting 
those  virtues  Steele,  Speotator,  No.  340. 

acquirer  (a-kwir'er),  h.     One  who  acquires. 
acquiryt  (a-fcwir'i),  n.    [<  acquire  +  -y,  after  in- 
(jitiri/.]    Acquirement. 

No  art  reqniretb  more  hard  study  and  pain  toward  the 
acquiry  of  it  than  contentment.    Harrow,  Sermons,  III.  62. 


acquisible 
acquisible  ( a-kwiz'i-bl),  a.   [<  L.  aeqms-itm,  pp, 

of  acquirer)',  acquire  (see  acquire),  4-  K.  -ibte.] 
Capable  of  being  acquired.     [Rare.] 
acquisitet    (ak'wi-zit),    a.      [<  L.   aequisttus, 
gamed,  pp.  of  acquirers,  gain :  see  acquire.    Cf. 
exquisite,  requisite.]     Acquired;  gained. 

A  humour  is  a  liquid  or  fluent  part  ol  the  body,  I ■• 

prehended  in  it,  for  the  preservation  ol  it ;  and  is  either 
innate  or  horn  with  us,  or  adventitious  and  acquisite. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  05. 

acquisition  (ak-wi-zish '  on),  «.  [<  L.  acquisi- 
tio(n-),  acquisition,  <  acquirere:  see  acquire.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring  or  gaining  possession  : 
as,  the  acquisition  of  property. 

Any  European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing 
plans  of  acquisition,  or  making  preparations  looking  to- 
ward future  acquisitions,  which  are  Judged  to  be  hazard- 
ous to  the  independence  ...  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired  or  gained;  especially, 
a  material  possession  obtained  by  any  means, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  plural  of  mental 
gains. 

The  Cromwellians  were  induced  to  relinquish  one  third 
of  their  acquisitions.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  V. 

They  learn  so  fast  and  convey  the  result  so  fast  as  to 
outrun  the  logic  of  their  slow  brother  and  make  his  ac- 
quisitions poor.  Emerson,  Woman. 
=  Syn.  2.  Acquirements,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire- 
ment. 

acquisitive  (a-kwiz'i-tiv),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *acqui- 

sitieus,  <  ucijuisitus,  pp. :    see  acquisite.]      If. 
Acquired. 
He  died  not  in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  native  soil. 

Wotton,  Keliquue,  p.  106. 

2.  Making  or  tending  to  make  acquisitions ; 
having  a  propensity  to  acquire :  as,  an  acquis- 
it.ee  disposition. 

Tile  tirst  condition  then  of  mental  development  is  that 
the  attitude  of  the  mind  should  be  creative  rather  than 
acquisitive.  W.  E.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  105. 

Acquisitive  faculty,  in  psychol.,  perception;  the  pre- 
sentative  faculty. 

acquisitively  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-li),  ado.  In  an  ac- 
quisitive manner ;  by  way  of  acquisition. 

acquisitiveness  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  acquisitive ;  a  propensity  to 
acquire  property. —  2.  In  phren.,  the  organ  to 
which  is  attributed  the  function  of  producing 
the  general  desire  to  acquire  and  possess,  apart 
from  the  uses  of  the  objects.  Sometimes  called 
covetiveness.    See  cut  under  phrenology. 

acquistt  (a-kwisf),  n.  [A  form  of  acquest,  after 
It.  acquisto,  ML.  acquistum,  L.  acquisitum.]  Ac- 
quest; acquirement. 

New  acquist 
Of  true  experience.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1755. 

acquit  (a-kwif),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  acquitted, 
ppr.  acquitting.  [<  ME.  aquiten,  acwiten,  <  OF. 
miuiter,  acuiter,  later  acquiter,  "to  quit,  acquit, 
free,  clear,  discharge,  rid  of,  deliver  from" 
(Cotgrave),  F.  acquitter  =  Pr.  aquitar  =  It.  ac- 
quetare,  appease,  quiet,  <  ML.  "acquitare,  acquie- 
tare,  settle  a  claim,  appease,  quiet,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  quietare,  quiet,  <  quietus,  discharged,  free,  at 
rest,  quiet:  see  acquiet,  quiet,  and  quit.]  1.  To 
release  or  discharge,  as  from  an  obligation,  ac- 
cusation, guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or  whatever 
is  laid  against  or  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or 
duty;  specifically,  in  law,  to  pronounce  not 
guilty:  as,  we  act/ait  a  man  of  evil  intentions; 
the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  thing  of  which  one  is  acquitted  ;  to  acquit  from 
is  obsolete. 

His  poverty,  can  you  acquit  him  of  that  ? 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 
If  he  [Bacon]  was  convicted,  it  was  because  it  was  impos- 
sible to  acquit  him  without  offering  the  grossest  outrage 
to  justice  and  common  sense.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  To  atone  for.     [Rare.] 

Till  life  to  death  acquit  my  forced  offence. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  1071. 

3.  To  settle,  as  a  debt ;  requite ;  pay ;  discharge ; 
fulfil. 

Aquyte  hym  wel  for  goddes  love,  (plod  he. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1200. 
Midst  foes  (as  champion  of  the  faith)  he  ment 
That  palme  or  cypress  should  his  paines  acquite. 

Carew,  Tasso. 
I  admit  it  to  be  not  so  much  the  duty  as  the  privilege  of 
an  American  citizen  to  acquit  this  obligation  to  the  mem- 
ory of  his  fathers  witlr  discretion  and  generosity. 

Everett,  orations,  I.  382. 

We  see  young  men  who  owe  us  a  new  world,  so  readily 

and  lavishly  they  promise,  but  they  never  acquit  the  debt. 

Emerson,  Experience. 

4.  With  a  reflexive  pronoun :  (a)  To  clear 
one's  self. 

Pray  God  he  may  acquit  him  [himself]  of  suspicion  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Hi.  2. 

(i)  To  behave  ;  bear  or  conduct  one's  self :  as, 


53 

the  soldier  acquitted  himself  well  in  battle;  the 
orator  acquitted  himself  indifferently. 

Though  this  was  one  of  the  first  mercantile  transac- 
tions of  my  life,  yet  1  had  no  doubt  about  acquitting  »<;/ 
gef/with  reputation.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

5f.  To  release ;  set  free ;  rescue. 

Till  I  have  acquit  your  captive  Knight. 

Spenser,  K.  ().,  I.  vii.  52. 
=  Syn.    1.   To  exonerate,  exculpate,  discharge,  set  free. 
See  absoloe.—i.  {b)  To  behave,  act,  bear,  conduct,  demean, 
deport,  or  quit  (one's  self). 
acquitt.     Fast  participle  of  acquit. 
I  am  glad  I  am  so  acquit  of  this  tinder-box. 

Shale,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

acquitet  (a-kwif),  v.  t.  Same  as  acquit.  [Com- 
pare n  i/uite.] 

acquitment  (a-kwit'inent),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
quitting, or  the  state  of  being  acquitted;  ac- 
quittal.    [Rare.] 

acquittal  (a-kwit'al),  n.  [<  ME.  acquitalle, 
-aijle ;  <  acquit  +  -al.]  1.  The  act  of  acquitting, 
or  the  state  of  being  acquitted.  Specifically,  in 
law:  (a)  A  judicial  setting  free  or  deliverance  from  the 
charge  of  an  offense  by  pronouncing  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
(/>)  In  England,  freedom  from  entries  and  molestations  by 
a  superior  lord  for  services  issuing  out  of  lands.    Cowell. 

2.  Performance,  as  of  a  duty;  discharge  of  an 
obligation  or  a  debt. 

I  have  been  long  in  arrears  to  you,  but  I  trust  you  will 
take  this  huge  letter  as  an  acquittal. 

Walpole,  Letter  to  H.  Mann. 

acquittance  (a-kwit'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  aquitanee, 
-aus,  acquitan'ce,  -ounce,  <  OF.  aquitance,  (aqui- 
fer, discharge:  see  acquit  and  -anee.]  1.  The 
act  of  acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt  or 
any  other  liability;  the  state  of  being  so  dis- 
charged. 

Now  must  your  conscience  my  acquittance  seal. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

2.  A  writing  in  evidence  of  a  discharge  ;  a  re- 
ceipt in  full,  which  bars  a  further  demand. 
You  can  produce  acquittances 
For  such  a  sum.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 

3f.  The  act  of  clearing  one's  self. 

Being  suspected  and  put  for  their  acquittance  to  take 
the  sacrament  of  the  altar.  Jcr.  Taylor. 

acquittancet  (a-kwit'ans),  v.  t.     To  acquit. 
Your  mere  enforcement  shall  acquittance  me 
From  all  the  impure  blots  and  stains  thereof. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

acquittance-roll  (a-kwit'ans-rol),  n.  In  the 
British  army,  the  pay-roll  of  a  company,  troop, 
or  battery. 

Acraea  (a-kre'a),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  anpaior,  equiv. 
to  anpor,  at  the  top  or  extremity.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Acrtcina:     A.  antias  is  an  example. 

Acrseinae  (ak-re-i'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <Acrcea  + 
-ina>.]  A  subfamily  of  butterflies  of  the  family 
Nymphalidic,  taking  name  from  the  leading 
genus  Acrcca,  and  containing  mostly  African 
species  of  small  or  moderate  size,  with  semi- 
transparent  wings,  reddish-brown  marked  with 
black.     There  are  about  85  species. 

Acramphibrya  (ak-ram-fib'ri-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Or.  anpor,  at  the  end,  +  aptpi,  on  both  sides, 
+j3pbov,  a  flower,  blossom,  <.ppve.iv,  swell,  be  full 
to  bursting.]  In  hot.,  a  term  used  by  Endlicher 
as  a  class  name  for  exogenous  plants,  which  he 
described  as  plants  growing  both  at  the  apex 
and  at  the  sides. 

acrania  (a-kra'ni-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  n-  priv.  + 
tcpaviov,  L.  cranium,  the  skull.]  1.  [NL.,  fern, 
sing.]  In  teratol.,  a  malformation  consisting 
in  an  entire  absence  of  the  bones  and  integu- 
ments forming  the  vault  of  the  skull.  Also 
written  acrany. — 2.  leap.]  [NL.,  neut.pl.]  A 
name  proposed  by  Haeckel  as  a  class  designa- 
tion for  Amphioxus  or  Braneliinstoiiia ;  a  syn- 
onym of  Myelozoa  or  Leptocardia  (which  see). 
Also  called I A  ccphala.  See  Amphioxus  and  Bran- 
chiostoma. 

acranial  (a-kra'ni-al),  a.  [See  acrania.]  Hav- 
ing no  skull. 

acrany  (ak'ra-ni),  n.     Same  as  acrania,  1. 

acraset,  v.  t.    See  acraze. 

acrasiat,  «■    See  acrasy. 

Acraspeda,  Acraspedota  (a-kTas'pe-da,  a- 
kras-pe-do'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priy.  + 
KpaoneSov,  a  hem  or  border.]  The  name  given 
by  Gegenbaur  to  the  acalephs  proper ;  that  is, 
to  those  jelly-fishes  and  sea-nettles  the  lobate 
border  of  whose  disk  is  not  provided  (with  few 
exceptions,  as  in  Aurelia)  with  a  contractile 
marginal  fold  or  velum :  nearly  synonymous 
with  Discophora  (which  see):  opposed  to  Cras- 
pedota.    See  cut  under  acaleph. 

acraspedote  (a-kras'pe-dot),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(a-18)  +  craspvdoU,  or  as  Acraspeda  +  -ote.] 


acreage 

Having  no  velum,  as  a  discophoro ;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Aeraspeitn. 

The  Hydroidea  and  siphonophora  are  craspedote;  the 
Discophora  are  supposed  to  be  destitute  of  a  veil;  and  are 
therefore  acraspedote.  Shut*!    Sue  Hist.,  \.\i\. 

acrasyt,  acrasiat  (ak'ra-si,  a-kra'zi-a),  ».    [< 

ML.  iieriism,  which  appears  to  combine  the  no- 
tions of  (1)  Gr,  aKpaaia,  Inter  form  otaKpareia, 
intemperance,  want  of  self-control  (<  iiKpart/c, 
wanting  in  self-control,  intemperate,  unbridled, 
<  d-  priv.  +  Kpdrof,  strength,  power,  akin  to  E, 
hard,  q.  v.);  and  (2)  Gr.  aKpaaia,  bad  mixture, 
ill  temperature,  (.Hnparos,  unmixed,  untemperod, 
intemperate,  excessive,  <  o-  priv.  +  *Kpar6ct 
mixed:  see  crater  and  crasis.]  Excess;  surfeit; 
intemperance ;  incontinence. 

Acrasies,  whether  of  the  body  or  mind,  occasion  great 
uneasiness.  Cornish,  Life  of  Firmin,  p.  84. 

acratia  (a-kra'shia),  n.  [<  Gr.  imparita,  want 
of  power:  see  acrasy.]  In  pathol.,  failure  of 
strength ;  weakness ;  debility, 
acrazet,  acraset  (a-kraz'),  v.  t.  [<  F.acraser. 
"accrazcr,  break,  burst,  craze,  bruise,  crush" 
(Cotgrave),  same  as  ecraser,  i  scraser, "  to  squash 
down,  beat  flat,"  etc.  (Cotgrave) :  see  a-11,  a-15, 
and  craze.]  To  weaken,  impair,  or  enfeeble  in 
mind,  body,  or  estate. 
I  acrazed  was.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  138. 

My  substance  impaired,  my  credit  acrased. 

Gascoigne,  Letter  in  Hermit's  Tale,  p.  21. 
Cold  in  the  night  which  aeraseth  the  bodie. 

llolinshed,  Chronicles,  III.  1049. 

acre  (a'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  aker,  akir,  a  field,  an 
acre,  <  AS.  acer,  a  field,  later  also  an  acre,  = 
OS.  akkar  =  OFries.  ekker  =  D.  «Myt=OHG. 
ahltar,achar,accar,  MHG.  G.  acker  =  Icel.  akr  = 
Sw.  dker  —  Dan.  ager  =  Goth,  akrs  =  L.  ager—  Gr. 
aypdr  =  Skt.  ajra,  all  in  the  sense  of  field,  orig. 
a  pasture  or  a  chase,  hunting-ground ;  <  V  *ag, 
Skt.  v*  fy  =  Gr.  ayeiv  =  L.  agcre  =  leel.  aka, 
drive:  see  ake  =  ache^,  and  (<L.  agcre)  act, 
etc.  Hence  acorn,  q.  v.  The  spelling  acre  in- 
stead of  the  reg.  aker  (cf.  baker,  AS.  ha'c.ere)  is 
due  to  its  legal  use  in  imitation  of  OF.  acre,  < 
ML.  (Law  L.)  acra,  acrwm,  from  Teut.]  1. 
Originally,  an  open  plowed  or  sowed  field.  This 
signification  was  gradually  lost  after  the  acre  was  made  a 
definite  measure  of  surface.  Still  used  in  the  plural  to 
denote  fields  or  laird  in  general. 

My  bosky  acres,  and  my  unshrubb'd  down. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

2.  A  superficial  measure  of  land,  usually 
stated  to  be  40  poles  in  length  by  4  in  breadth; 
but  160  perches  (=4840  square  yards,  or  43,560 
square  feet)  make  an  acre,  however  shaped. 
An  acre,  as  a  specific  quantity  of  land,  was  reckoned  in 
England  as  much  as  a  yoke  of  oxen  could  plow  in  a  day 
till  the  establishment  of  a  definite  measure  by  laws  of  the 
thirteenth  century  and  later.  This  is  known  in  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  as  the  statute  acre,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  customary  acres  still  in  use  to  some 
extent  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales.  The  Scotch  acre 
is  larger  than  the  statute  acre,  as  it  contains  6150.4  square 
yards,  48  Scotch  acres  being  equal  to  61  statute  acres.  The 
Irish  acre  is  7840  square  yards,  100  Irish  acres  being  nearly 
equivalent  to  162  statute  acres.  In  Wales  different  mea- 
sures, the  erw,  the  stang,  the  paladr,  are  called  acres.  The 
true  erw  is  4320  square  yards ;  the  stang  is  3240.  There 
is  also  the  Cornish  acre,  of  5760  square  yards.  Among 
the  customary  English  acres  are  found  measures  of  the 
following  numbers  of  perches  :  80  (of  hops),  90  (of  hops), 
107,  110,  120  (shut  acre),  130,  132.  134.  141,  180  (forest 
acre),  200  (for  copyhold  land  in  Lincolnshire),  212,  256  (of 
wood).  The  Leicestershire  acre  has  2308J  square  yards, 
the  Westmoreland  acre  6760  square  yards,  the  Cheshire 
acre  10,240  square  yards.     Often  abbreviated  to  A.  or  a. 

The  acre  was  in  many  cases  a  small  field  simply,  i.  e., 
an  ager;  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  small  fields  were 
called  a  hide.  A  standard  acre  was  hardly  established 
until  the  thirteenth  century. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  131. 

3t.  A  lineal  measure  equal  to  a  furrow's  length, 
or 40  poles;  more  frequently,  an  acre's  breadth, 
4  poles,  equal  to  22  or  25  yards.— Burgh  acres. 
See  burgh.-  God's  acre.  See  God's-acre. 
acreable  (a'ker-a-bl),  «.  [<  acre  +  -able.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  acre  ;  measured  or  estimated  in 
acres  or  by  the  acre. 

The  acreable  produce  of  the  two  methods  was  nearly  the 
same.  Complete  Farmer,  Art.  Potatoe  (Ord.  MS.). 

acreage  (a'ker-aj),»i.  [<  acre  +  -age.]  The  num- 
ber of  acres  in  a  piece  or  tract  of  land  ;  acres 
taken  collectively;  extent  in  acres:  as,  the 
acreage  of  farm-land  in  a  country ;  the  acreage 
of  wheat  sown. 

No  coarse  ami  blockish  God  of  acreage 
Stands  at  thy  gate  for  thee  to  grovel  to. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

The  interests  of  a  nation  of  our  acreage  and  population 
are  a  serious  load  to  be  conducted  safely. 

.V.  A.  Iter.,  CXLI.  211. 


acrecbolic 

acrecbolic  (ak-rek-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  mpog,  al 
the  top,  +  ecbolic,  q.  v.]  Eversible  by  protru- 
sion of  the  apes :  protruded  bj  a  forward  move- 
ment of  tho  tip:  applied  to  the  introverted  pro- 
boscis of  certain  animals,  as  rhabdoccelous  pla- 
narians  and  sundry -astn.p,., is:  the  opposite  of 
acremboUc,  and  correlated  with  pUuremboltc : 
as  "acrecbolic  tubes  or  introverts,  h.  h.  Lan- 
,  r,  Encye.  Brit.,  XVI.  ti.VJ. 

acrecencia  (Sp.  pron.  a-kra-then  the-a),  n. 
[Sp.,=E.  accresa  nee,  q.v.]  Increase;  augmen- 
tation; growth;  accretion.  More  specifically,  the 
enhancement  of  theportionsof  one  ormore  of  several  hein, 
legatees,  etc.,  resulting  when  the  others  do  not  acceptor 
are  incapable  of  sharing  the  inheritance.  rjudin  thelavi 
,,(  parts  of  the  l  nited  States  originally  settled  by  Span- 
iards. .       _    .,    _  -  ,,-v      „ 

acrecimientO  (Sp.  pron.  a-kra-the-me-en  to),  ». 
[Sp.,  <«(•;•<  c(r  =  E.  accresce,  q.v.]  same  as 
acrecencia.  .     .   , 

acred  (a'kerd),  a.  Possessing  acres  or  landed 
property:  used  chieflv  in  composition:  as, 
^many-acred  men,"  Sir  W.  Jones,  Speech  on 
Bef.  of  Pari. 

He  was  not  unfrequenfly  a  son  of  a  noble,  or  atleast  of 
an  acred,  house.  The  Nation,  1  uly  26, 18, ,,  p.  68. 

acre-dale  (a'ker-dal),  n.  {.iacri  +dW*=aeafl, 

a  share.]  Land  in  a  common  field,  aittereni 
parts  of  which  are  held  by  different  proprietors. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
Acredula  (a-kred'u-lii),  n.  [I,.,  an  unknown 
bird,  variously  guessed  to  be  a  thrush,  owl, 
nightingale,  or  lark.]  Agenus  of  titmice,  fam- 
ily Pa  Wrfrr,  founded  by  Koch  in  1816,  character- 
ized by  the  great  length  of  the  tail.  Acredula 
caudata,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  the  common  louji-t :.il. -.1 
titmouse  or  European  bottle-tit  (which  see).  A.  rosea  is 
another  species.  . 

acremant  (a'ker-man),  n.  [<  ME.  akerman,  < 
AS.  CBcerman  :  <  acre,  a  field,  +  num.]  Afarmer; 
one  who  cultivates  the  fields.     E.  D.    _ 

acrembolic  (ak-rem-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anpoc,  at 
the  top,  +  embolic,  q.  v.]  Iutroversible  by  in- 
trusion of  the  apex ;  withdrawn  by  a  sinking  in 
of  the  tip :  applied  to  the  everted  proboscis  ot 
certain  animals,  as  rhabdoccelous  plananans 
and  sundry  gastropods:  opposed  to  acrecbolic. 
The  acrembolic  proboscis  or  frontal  introvert  of  the 
Nemertine  worms  has  a  complete  range. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit..  AM.  652. 

acre-shott  (a'ker-shot),  ».  [<  acre,  a  field,  + 
shot,  proportion,  reckoning:  see  scot  and  sftot.J 
A  local  land-tax  or  charge.     Dugdale. 

acre-stafft  (a'ker-staf),  n.  [<  -«vc,  a  field,  + 
Staff.]  A  plow-staff,  used  to  clear  the  colter 
or  cutter  of  the  plow  when  clogged  with  earth. 
Also  spelled  akerstaff. 

Where  the  Husbandman's  Acre-staff  tma  the  Shepherd's 
hook  are,  as  in  this  County,  in  State,  there  they  engross 
all  to  themselves  ''"''"'.  « °rtnies, l-  661- 


64 


acrid  (ak'rid),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  18th  century ; 
<  L.  acer,  rarely  acris,  acrus  (>  F.  acre  =  Sp.  1  g. 
It. acre), sharp! pungent;  with  termination  due 
to  the  kindred  L.  acidus,  sharp,  sour:  seeaetd.] 
la.  1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  tongue  or  in- 
teguments; bitterly  pungent;  irritating:  as, 
anal  salts.  Acrid  substances  are  those  which  excite  in 
the  organs  of  taste  a  sensation  of  pungency  and  heat  and 
when  applied  to  the  skin  irritate  and  inflame  it.  Acrid 
poisons  including  those  also  called  corrosive  and  escha- 
rotic  are  those  which  irritate,  corrode,  or  bum  the  part 

to  wilch  they  are  lied,  produi  tag  an  tatense  burning 

sensation,  and  acute  pain  in  tin-  alimentary  canal.  Ih.-y 
Inclndi nitrat.  d  acids  and  alkalis,  compounds  ol  mer- 
cury, arsenic,  copper,  etc. 

The  acrid  little  jets  of  smoke  which  escaped  from  the 
joints  of  liis  stove  from  time  to  time  annoyed  him, 

Howelle,  A  Modern  Instance,  ill. 

2  Figuratively,  severe;  virulent;  violent; 
stinging:  as,  ''acrid temper,"  Comer, Chanty. 
II  n.  1.  An  acrid  poison :  as,  "a  powci  lul 
acrid,"  Vimi-a,  Mat.  Med.— 2.  One  of  a  class 
of  morbific  substances  supposed  by  the  humor- 
ists to  exist  in  the  humors, 
acridia  (a-krid'i-S  >,  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Acnd- 
»«/«.]  Mo, nl„  is  of  the  grasshopper  family,  or 
the  family  itself,  considered  without  special 
rofereuco'to  its  rank  in  classification.  Also 
,. ailed  arriiln.      Sec  .Icridida: 

acridian  (a-krid'i-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Belong- 
ing or  relating  to  the  .Icriilidir. 
II     n.   I  toe  of  the  acridia. 

Acrididae,  Acridiidae  (a-krid'i-de,  ak-ri-di'i- 
de), «./>/.  \Nh.,<JcriA4um,  Acridvum,  +-kkb.J 
A  family  of  Baltatorial  orthopterous  insets, 

including  the  locusts  or  short-liorncd  grass- 
hoppers, havingthe  hind  legs  fitted  by  enlarge- 
ment of  the  f,  i :i  for  leaping:  related  to  the 

crickets  {Grym&as)  and  to  the  long-horned 
grasshoppers  and  katydids  (  Locustida). 


In  Gryllidss  and  Locustidir  the  antenna!  are  long .and 
setaceous,  ...  in  Acridiidtr  the}  are  short  and  stent, 
rarely  SaVate.    The  ovipositor  to  the  two  former  fimib.es 

is  often  ver>  large  ;  in  Acridiida-  there  is  no  ovujosltor 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  <  lass.,  1880,  p.  Lis. 

acridii  (a-krid'i-i),  n.pl.  [NL.,  masc.pl.]  Same 
as  acridia. 

acridity  (a-krid'i-ti),  n.  [<  acrid  +  -ity,  after 
acidity.']  The  quality  of  being  acrid  ;  pungency 
conjoined  with  bitterness  and  corrosive  irrita- 
tion; aeridness. 

Acridium  (a-krid'i-nm),  ».  [NL.;  also  written 
improp.  Acrydium;  <Gr.  anpiSwv,  dirn.  of  aapic, 
a  locust :  see  Acris.']  A  leading  genus  of  grass- 
hoppers, giving  name  to  the  family  Acrtdtda. 

acridly  (ak'rid-li),  adv.  With  sharp  or  irritat- 
ing bitterness.  _,  ,_      ... 

aeridness  (ak'rid-nes),  ».  The  quality  of  being 
acrid  or  pungent. 

acridophagllS  (ak-ri-dof 'a-gus),  «.:  pi.  acndopli- 
aai  (-if).  [NL.,<  Gr.  anpiAupayoc,  <  aupa;  (axpid-),  a 
locust  (see  -lens),  +  <t>ay*v,  eat.]  A  locust-eater. 
Thev  are  still  acridophagi,  and  even  the  citizens  far  pre- 
fer a  dish  of  locusts  to  the  "  fasikh,"  which  act  as  ancho- 
vies, sardines,  and  herrings  in  Egypt. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  .143. 

Acridotheres (ak"ri-do-the'rez)  n.  [NL.( Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  anplc  (aKpid-),  a  locust,  +  Bm>m, 
hunt  or  chase,  <  Oi/pa,  a  hunting,  the  chase.]  _  A 
notable  genus  of  old-world  sturnoid  passerine 
birds,  founded  by  Vieillot  in  1816 ;  the  minas 
or  mina-birds,  several  species  of  which  are 
among  the  commonest  and  most  characteristic 
birds  of  India  and  zoologically  related  coun- 
tries. They  resemble  and  are  allied  to  starlings.  A.tristis 
is  a  leading  example.  The  species  have  often i  been re- 
ferred to  the  Cuvierian  genus  Graculus  (which  see).  C  rtdo- 
theres  is  an  erroneous  form  of  Acridotheres,  apparently 
originating  with  Cuvier.  .     _ 

acrimonious  (ak-ri-mo'm-us),  a.  [=£.  acn- 
monieux  =  Vg.  aenmomoso, <ML.  acrvmomosus, 
<  L.  acrimonia,  acrimony.]  1.  Abounding  in 
acrimony  or  aeridness;  acrid;  corrosive.  [Now 

If  call  cannot  be  rendered  acrimonious  and  bitter  of 
it5",£  Harvey,  Consumption. 

2  Figuratively,  severe;  bitter;  virulent;  caus- 
tic; stinging:  applied  to  language,  temper, 
etc. 

The  factions  have  the  cunning  to  say,  that  the  bitter- 
ness of  their  spirit  is  owing  to  the  harsh  and  acnmrniunu 
treatment  they  receive.  -1 ""  s  W  orks,  11.  lid. 

If  we  knew  the  man,  we  should  see  that  to  return  an 
acrimonious  answer  would  be  the  most  ridiculous  of  all 
possible  modes  of  retort.      Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  139. 
acrimoniously  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-li),  adr.     In  an 
acrimonious  manner;  sharply;  bitterly;  pun- 

acrimbniousness  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acrimonious. 

acrimony  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  n.  [=F.  acrvmonie= 
Sp  Pg.  It.  acrimonia,  <  L.  acrimonia,  sharpness, 
pungency,  austerity,  <  acer  (acr-),  sharp,  pun- 
gent:  see  acrid  and  acid.]  1 .  Acridity ;  harsh- 
ness or  extreme  bitterness  of  taste ;  pungency ; 
coiTosiveness.     [Now  rare.] 

Those  milks  [in  certain  plants]  have  all  an  acrimony, 
though  one  would  think  they  should  be  lenitive. 

Bacon,  Nat.  liist.,  §  o,jy. 

2  Figuratively,  sharpness  or  severity  of  tem- 
per; bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from 
anger,  ill  nature,  or  petulance  ;  virulence. 

Acrimony  of  voice  and  gesture.  ,,..,,- 

*  Bp.  Uacltet,  Life  of  Abp.  W  llhalns. 

In  bis  official  letters  he  expressed  with  great  acrim V 

his  contempt  for  the  king's  character  and  understanding 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  -\n. 
Acrimony  of  the  humors,  an  imaginary  acrid  change 
of eth7bhil,  lymph,  etc..  which  by  the  humoriste  was 
conceived  to  cause  many  diseases.  Dungluon  byu.  i. 
Acrimony,  Aspcritu,  Harshness,  ,s,  rerilii  lartness,  ,s„o- 
„,  ,  Bitterness,  Virulence,  Rxmcar, acerbity,  crabbedness, 
iras,',i,iiity,    (See  harshness.)   These  words  express  differ- 

cut  degrees  of  severe  feeling,  language,  or  coudu  t,  then 

sgnilVutinn  i ;det .c.r largely  by  their ^derivaton 

and  primary  use.    Tartness  is  the  mildest  term,  applying 
generally  to  language:  it  implies  so,,,.- «,l  .„■  ,,,,„  to 
mind,  and  perhaps  a  willingness  to  display  t.  A-  tartnm 
is  the  sui.a,  i-1  quality  of  mind,  60  acrimony  la  its  acldltj . 
it  is  a  biting  sharpness;  it  may  or  may  no    proceed  ft,, 
a  nature  permanently  soured.  ,s,„„-,,,ss  is  the  Angles  X".. 

for  acrimony,  withmoresnggestl f  permanent  quality ■— 

sowrnessoi  took  or  language ^roceedingfr i  sour  nature. 

Bitterness,  which  is  founded  upon  aldndred  Bgure.is  sour- 
n,  with  a  t,,uch  of  rancor;  it  is  more  positive  ami  aggus- 
sive  Sourness  and  bitterness  contain  less  malignity  than 
„„  Virulence  rises  to  a  high  degree  ot  tnahgniW, 
:,,„,  ,„,„,„  to  such  a  height  as  almost  to ibreak  down  seU 
control;  the  whole  nature  is  envenomed,  rancid,  ini  ■ 
words  arc  almost  never  applied  to  conduct;  a,,„r,i„  and 
hanhn,  ss,  being  founded  up i  different  figure,  are  nat- 
urally and  often  so  applied;  they  convey JheTdea .of  rough- 
nuns  t,,  the  I, inch    Asperity  is  the  lighter  of  the  two  ,  it  IS 

e-i      i'!nghi,cssofn,ani,cr,an,ln,ayl,ctle-resnll,,t  anger: 
it  has  a  sharper  edge  than  hars) ««.     Harshness  Is  the 

„!  tapplh-able  to  c Hid,  demands,  etc.,  o    all  the  list ; 

it  may  proceed  from  insensibility  to  others   feelings  or 


acro- 

rights.     Severity  has  a  wide  range  of  meaning  expressing 

often  that  which  is  justifu t  necessary,  and  often  that 

which  is  harsh  or  ha,,!  ;  as  applied  to  language  or  conduct 
Itisaweightj  word.  We  may  speak  ,,t  „,■,,,„„ ,,  de- 
bat  or  of  feeling;  asperity  ol  manner;  ftanAness  of  con- 
duct laii"iia"e,  rcqiiircnieiits,  terms,  treatment;  seventy 
of  censure  punishment,  manner;  (artne»»  of  reply ;  «our- 
ness  of  aspect;  bitterness  of  spirit,  feeling,  retort;  viru- 
Inter  and  rancor  of  feeling  and  language 

It  is  well  known  in  what  terms  of  acrimony  and  per- 
sonal hatred  Swift  attacked  Hrjden 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  3,9. 

The  orators  of  the  opposition  declared  against  him 
with  great  animation  and  aspi  rity. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Lug.,  v. 

lie  that  by  harshness  of  nature  and  arbilrariness  oi 
commands  uses  his  children  like  servants I  is  what  they 
mean  by  a  tyrant.  -s"  *•  TempU- 

Seceritu  gradually  hardening  and  darkening  into  mis- 
anthropy,  t  haracterizes  the  works  of  gf^  ^.^ 

The  Dean  [Swift],  the  author  of  all  the  mirth,  preserves 
an  invincible  gravity  and  even  »»"™^;,;',;X;;<  A(Ulison. 

To  express  themselves  with  smartness  against  the  errors 
„f  men,  without  bitterness  against  then  person.    ^  ^ 

No  authors  draw  upon  themselves  more  displeasure 
than  those  who  deal  in  political  matters,  which  is  justly 
Smurred,  considering  that  spirit  o  rancour  and  mruU  uce 
with  which  works  of  this  nature  abound. 


They  hate  to  mingle  in  the  filthy  fray. 

Where  the  soul  sours,  and  gradual  ratuour  grows, 

Imbittered  more  from  peevish  day  today. 

Tlivnisou,  Castle  ot  Indolence,  l.  17. 

Acris  (ak'ris),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  axptc  (&kPi6-),  a 
locust  (L.  gryUus).]  A  genus  of  tree-frogs  ot 
the  family  Hillida:  Acris  nryllus,  a  characteristic  ex- 
ample, is  common  in  the  United  States,  its  loud  rattling 
pipe  being  heard  everywhere  in  the  spring.     Huntenl  and 

acrisia  (a-kris'i-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKP,c,ia,  want 
of  judgment,  the  undecided  character  ot  a, 
disease,  <  ajepiroc,  undecided,  undiscermble,  <  a- 
priv.  +  Kpiroc,  separated,  distinguished,  <  Kptvetv 
separate,  distinguish,  judge:  see  crisis  and 
critic.]  A  condition  of  disease  such  as  to  render 
prognosis  impossible  or  unfavorable ;  absence 
of  determinable  or  favorable  symptoms. 

acrisy(ak'ri-si),  n.  [<. acrisia.]  1.  Same  as 
acrisia.—  2.  Injudiciousness.     [Kare.J 

Acrita  (ak'ri-tii),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aapira  neut. 
pi.  of  anpiTOC,  lindiscerniblc,  indiscriminate:  see 
acrisia.]  A  name  originally  proposed  tor  that 
group  of  animals  in  which  no  distinct  nervous 
system  exists  or  is  discernible.  It  thus  included, 
besides  all  of  the  Protozoa,  such  as  the  acalephs,  some 
of  the  Polypifera,  certain  Entozoa,  the  Polygastnca,  etc 
The  name' has  been  employed  by  different  writers  with 
varying  latitude  of  signification,  but  is  now  disused,  ez- 

eep't  as  a  (loose)  syi.on.Mn  of  Protozoa  and  other  low  forms 
of  the  Cuvierian  Radiata,  since  it  has  been  shown  to  applj 
to  no  natural  group  ot  animals.     See  Cniptoneura.     Also 
incorrectly  written  Acrites,  after  the  French, 
acritan  (ak'ri-tan),  a.     [See  Acrita.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the.Mcnta. 
acrite  (ak'rit),  a.    Same  as  acritan. 
acritical  ( a-krit'i-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  o-  pnv.  _+  crit- 
ical ■  1'g.  acrilico,  not  critical.     Cf.  Gr.  aKprmc, 
underacrw.ii.]    lupathol.:  (a)  Having  no  crisis: 
as,  an  acritical  abscess,     (ft)  Giving  no  indica- 
tions of  a  crisis:  as,  acritical  symptoms, 
acritochromacy  (akM-to-kro'ma-si),  n.    {i 
acritochroniatic :  see  -act/.]     Inability  to  distin- 
guish between  colors ;  color-blmdness ;  achro- 
matopsia. 

From  imperfect  observation  and  the  difficulty ^expen- 
enced  in  communicating  intelligently  with  the  Eskimo,  I 

was  unable  to  determine  whether  aoritochr icy  existed 

among  them  to  any  great^ut^tfteConrfn>i88lpg4_ 

acritochromatic  (ak'ri-to-kro-mat'ik),  a. 
r<Gr.  anpiToc,  not  distinguishing  (seeaemto), 
+  xpuMr-),  color.]  Characterized  by  or  al- 
fec'ted  with  aeritochromacj  ;  unable  to  distin- 

gTlish  between  coloi'S. 

acritude  (ak'ri-tud),  n.  [<  L.  acntndo,  sharp- 
ness. <  <«■<  r.  sharp  :  see  acrid.]  An  acrid  qual- 
ity; bitter  pungency ;  biting  heat.     [Kare.J 

acritvt  (ak'ri-ti),  a-     [After  F.  atrele,  <  L.  acn, 
ta{t-)s,  <  arris,  sharp:  see  acrwi.j     Sharpness; 
keen'  M-veritv;   strictness. 
The  aerity  ol  prudence,  and  severity  of  judgment. 

.1.  (Jortjes,  tr.  "f  Macon,  lie  Sap.  \  et.,  XVUI. 

aero-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  aitpo-,  combining  form  of 
aiwoe,  at  the  furthest  point  or  end,  terminal, 
extreme,  highest,  topmost,  otiterniosl  ;  neut. 
aKpov,  the  highest  or  furthest  point,  top,  peak, 
summit,  headland,  end,  extremity;  let...  «N'«. 
couiv.  to  hKpov.  Cf.  "'■',,  a  point,  edge,  and  see 
,„  „/  etc.]  In  BOOl.  and  bOt.,  an  element  of 
ma„v  compounds  of  Creek  origin,  referring  to 
the  top,  tip,  point,  apex,  summit,  or  edge  of 
■invthing.  In  a  few  compounds  aero-  (ac>-) 
improperly  represents  Latin  ac<r.  arris,  sharp, 
pungent:  'as,  acitinarcotic.  acrolein. 


acroama 

acroama  (ak-ro-a'ma),  v.;  pi.  ncronmata  (-am/- 
a-ta).  [<  Gr.  aKpomni,  anything  hoard,  recita- 
tion, <  OKpoaaBai,  hear,  prob.  akinto  KX{iea/,hear: 
see  clii'nt.]  1.  Rhetorical  declamation,  as  op- 
posed to  argument. 

Facciolati  expanded  the  argument  of  facias  .  ,  .  Entoa 
special  Acroama  ;  but  his  eloquence  was  not  nunc  effec- 
tive than  the  reasoning  of  his  predecessors. 

Sir  »'.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  15.'!.    (.V.  K.  ]>.) 

2.  Oral  instruction  designed  for  initiated  dis- 
ciples only ;  esoteric  doctrine.  See  aoroamaUc. 
acroamatic  (ak'ro-a-mat'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acroama- 
tieuSf  <  Gr.  a/cpoa/iar((,oc,  designed  for  hearing 
only,  <  !iKi>6aua(T-),  anything  heard:  see  acro- 
ama.] Abstruse ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning : 
opposed  to  exoteric.  Applied  particularly  to  those 
writings  of  Aristotle  (also  termed  esoteric)  which  possessed 
a  strictly  scientific  content  and  form,  as  opposed  to  his 
exoteric  writings  or  dialogues,  which  were  of  a  more 
popular  character.  The  former  were  addressed  to  "hear- 
ers," that  is,  were  intended  to  be  read  to  his  disciples  or 
were  notes  written  down  after  his  lectures;  hence  the 
epithet  acroamatic.  All  the  works  of  Aristotle  which  we 
possess,  except  a  few  fragments  of  his  dialogues,  belong  to 
this  class.    See  esoteric.     An  equivalent  form  is  acroatic. 

We  read  no  acroamatic  lectures. 

Hales,  Golden  Remains. 
Acroamatic  proof  or  method,  a  scientific  and  strictly 
demonstrative  proof  or  method. 
acroamatical  (ak"ro-a-mat'i-kal),  a.     Of  an  ac- 
roamatic or  abstruse  character;  acroamatic. 

Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectures  and  readings 
into  acroamatical  and  exoterical.   Hales,  Golden  Remains. 

acroamatics  (ak"ro-a-mat'iks),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of 
acroamatic:  see  -ics.~\  Aristotle's  acroamatic 
writings.     See  acroamatic.    Also  called  acro- 

II  tics. 

acroasis  (ak-ro-a'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aapoaoir,  a 
hearing  or  lecture,  < empoaadat,  hear:  see  acro- 
ama.]    An  oral  discourse. 

acroatic  (ak-ro-at'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acroaticus,  <  Gr. 
aKpuariKOr,  of  or  for  hearing,  <  anpoaTt/r,  a  hearer, 
<.anpoac;6ai,  hear:  see  acroama.]  Same  as  acro- 
amatic. 

acroatics  (ak-ro-at'iks),  n.  pi.  Same  as  acroa- 
ma tics. 

Acrobasis  (ak-rob'a^sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpov, 
the  top  or  end,  +  fidatc,  a  going.     Cf.  acrobat.'] 


Exemplifications  of  Acrobasis. 
a,    leaflets    attacked    by   larva   of   A.  juglandis   (walnut  case- 
bearer);    *,  case  of  larva;    c,  wings  of  A.  ncbulo ;  at,  wings  of  A. 
juglandis;  e,  wings  of  A.  ncbulo  var. 

A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the  Phycidec, 
a  family  founded  by  Zeller  in  1839.  The  larvas 
skeletonize  leaves,  forming  for  themselves  silken  tubes, 
either  straight  or  crumpled.    A.  juglandis  (Le  Baron),  the 


3 


■71 

w ^ 

Opossum-mouse  of  New  South  Wales 
{Acrebates pygrtitfus .. 


Apple-leaf  Crumplcr  {Acrobasis  indiginetla). 
a,  case,  containing  caterpillar;   b,  cases  in  winter;   c,  head  and 
thoracic  joints  of  larva,  enlarged;  d,  moth  (the  cross  shows  natural 
size). 


55 

walnut  case-bearer,  feeds  upon  walnut  and  hickory,  fasten 
big  tin-  leaves  together  ana  skeletonizing  them  from  base 

to  tip.    .1.  indigineUa  (Zeller) is  a moon  pest  on  apple 

tires,  and  is  known  as  the  apple-leaf  crumpler. 
acrobat  (ak'ro-bat),  n.     [<  P.  acrobate  =  Sp. 
in  riiliato  =  Pg.  It.  acrobata  (cf.  NL.  Acrobates), 

<  Gr.  aKpd.iaroc,  walking  on  tiptoe,  also  going  1 1 , 
the  top,  <  aKpov,  the  highest  point,  top,  summit, 
neut.  of  anpncy  highest,  topmost,  +  iiaruc,  verbal 
adj.  from  ,iaiveiv, 

go,  =  E.  come,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  rope- 
dancer;  also,  one 
who  practises 
high  vaulting, 
tumbling,  or  oth- 
er feats  of  person- 
al agility. —  2.  A 
species  of  the  ge- 
nus Acrobates. 
Acrobates  (ak- 
rob  '  a  -  tez),  n. 
|  N  I ...  <  Gr.  as  if 
*aapO)iaT>i!;,  equiv. 
to  anp6f3aror :  see 
acrobat.]  Agenus 
or  subgenus  of 
marsupial  quad- 
rupeds of  the  fam- 
ily Phdlangisticke, 
peculiar  to  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  related 
to  Petaurus,  and  in- 
cludes such  pygmy  petaurists  as  the  opossum-mouse,  Aero- 
botes  pygmous,  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  marsupials, 
being  hardly  larger  than  a  mouse.  Like  various  other  so- 
called  flying  quadrupeds,  the  opossum-mouse  is  provided 
with  a  parachute.  The  genus  was  founded  by  Desmarest 
in  1820.    Also  written  Acrobata. 

acrobatic  (ak-ro-bat'ik),  i7.  [=F.  acrobatique, 
<"  Gr.  aKpojiariKdc,  fit  for  climbing,  <  iiKp6fiaT0c: 
see  acrobat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  acrobat 
or  his  performances  :  as,  acrobatic  feats;  acro- 
batic entertainments. 

Made  his  pupil's  brain  manipulate  .  .  .  the  whole  ex- 
traordinary catalogue  of  an  American  youug  lady's  school 
curriculum,  with  acrobatic  skill. 

E.  H.  Clarke,  Sex  in  Education,  p.  71. 

acrobatical  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ae- 
robatic.     [Rare.] 

acrobatically  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  acrobat ;  with  acrobatic  skill  or 
dexterity. 

acrobatism  (ak'ro-bat-izm),  it.  [<  acrobat  + 
-ism.]  The  performance  of  acrobatic  feats ; 
the  profession  of  an  acrobat. 

Acrobrya  (ak-rob'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
acrobnjus:  see  acrobnjous.  Cf.  Aeramphibrya.] 
A  term  used  by  Endlicher  as  a  class  name  for 
plants  growing  at  the  apex  only ;  the  higher 
cryptogams:  equivalent  to  acrogens. 

acfobryous  (ak-rob'ri-us),  a.    [<  NL.  acrobryus, 

<  Gr.  aKpog,  at  the  end,  +  jipvov,  a  flower.]  In 
bot.,  growing  at  the  apex  only;  of  the  nature  of 
Acrobrya. 

Acrocarpi  (ak-ro-kar'pi),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
acrocarpHs:  see  acrocarpous.]  In  bot.,  a  di- 
vision of  the  mosses,  containing  the  genera  in 
which  the  capsule  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis. 

acrocarpous  (ak-ro-kiir'pus),  a.  [<NL.  acrixw- 
pus,  <  Gr.  anponapTrot;,  fruiting  at  the  top,  <  anpoc, 
at  the  end  or  top,  +  Kapxor,  fruit.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing the  fruit  at  the  end  or  top  of  the  primary 
axis:  applied  to  mosses. 

The  flower  of  Mosses  either  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis  (Acrocarpous  Mosses),  or  the  .  .  .  flower  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  an  axis  of  the  second  or  third  order 
(Pleurocarpoua  Mosses).        Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  319. 

acrocephalic  (ak"ro-se-fal'ik  or  ak-ro-sef 'a-lik), 
o.  In  i  tliuiiL,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
aeroeephaly;  high-skulled:  as,  acrocephaUeraea 
or  tribes. 

acrocephaline  (ak-ro-sef'a-lin),  a.  [<  Acroce- 
phidiis  +  -int.]  Ln  o'rnith.'j resembling  a  bird  of 
the  genus  Acrocephalus  in  the  character  of  the 
bill :  said  of  certain  warblers.     Henry  Seebohm. 

Acrocepbalus  (ak-ro-sef 'a-lus),  n.  [ NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  here  used  in  the  mere  sense  of  point,  in 
ref.  to  the  bill  of  these  birds,  +  Ktipafo/,  head.] 
In  omith.,  a  genus  of  birds  founded  by  Nau- 
mann  in  1811  to  embrace  old-world  warblers  of 
the  subfamily  Sylvwnce;  the  reed-warblers,    it  is 

a  well-marked  group  of  12  or  15  species,  distinguished  by 
a  comparatively  large  bill,  depressed  at  base  and  acute  at 
tip,  with  moderately  developed  rictal  bristles,  a  very  small 
spurious  first  primary,  a  rounded  tail,  and  more  or  less 
uniform  brownish  plumage.  It  is  related  to  PhyUoscopus, 
Locustella,  Hypolais,  etc.  A  typical  species  is  the  aquatic 
reed-warbler,  A.  aquaticus.  Most  of  the  species  of  this 
genus  arc  migrator]  .  ami  their  molt  is  double.  See  Cala- 
modyta  and  rced-uurbler. 


acrodactylum 

aeroeephaly  (ak-ro-sef' a-li),  n.  |<<.r.  ok/«v, 
tlio  highest   point .   pea i..   I  bead  :  see 

cephalic.]    A  form  of  the  human  skull  in  v. 
tho  vault  is  lofty  or  pyramidal. 

Acrocera  (ak-ros'e-rS),  n.    |  NL.,  <  i  h.  <k/>oc,  at 

the  tup  or  end,  +  ntpa;,  a   horn.]     Agenus  of 
Hies,  founded  by  Meigen,  having  the  antennae 
on  tho  summit  of  the  torch,  a. I,  the  typo  oi 
family  Acroceridce  (which  see). 
Acroceraunian   (ak'ro-se-rS.'ni-an),  a.     [<L. 
Aeroceraunia,  <  Gt.  'A  .  n.  pi.,  <  akpov, 

peak,   summit,  +  Kepah-mr,   thunder-smitl 
Kfparvor,  thunder  and  lightning.]     An  epithet 
applied   to  certain  mountains  in  the  north  of 
Epirus  in  Greece,  projecting  into  the  strait  of 
Otranto. 

The  thunder-hills  of  fear, 
The  Acroceraunian  mountains  of  old  name.     / 

Acroceridae  (ak-ro-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Acro- 
cera +  -itttc.]  A  family  of  dipterous  insects, 
belonging  to  the  section  or  suborder  liriiclii/ci  rn, 
having  antennas  with  few  joints,  and  to  the 
Tetrachcetas,  the  division  of  tho  Brachycera  in 
which  the  number  of  pieces  composing  the 
haustellum  is  four.  It  was  established  by  Leach  in 
1819,  and  is  typified  by  the  genus  Acrocera  (which  see). 

acrochirismus  (ak-ro-ki-ris'mus),  n.  [Gr. 
aKpoxeipiofii";,  wrestling  with  the  hands,  <  anpo- 
\ftpiCen;  wrestle  with  the  hands,  seize  with 
the  hands,  <  &Kp6%£tp,  later  fomi  for  crnpa  x£'Pi 
the  (terminal)  hand:  aupa,  fern,  of  anpor,  at  tin- 
end,  terminal,  extreme;  x£'P>  hand.]  In  '■'('. 
antiij.,  a  kind  of  wrestling  in  which  the  an- 
tagonists held  each  other  by  the  wrists.  Also 
spelled  acrocheirism  us. 

acrochord  (ak'ro-kfird),  n.  [<  Acrochordus,  q. 
v.]    A  snake  of  the  genus  Acrochordus. 

acrochordid  (ak-ro-kor'did),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
family  Acrochordidee ;  a  wart-snake. 

Acrochordidffi  (ak-ro-kor'di-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Acrochordus  +  -idee!]  A  family  of  viviparous 
ophidian  reptiles  of  the  aglyphodont  or  colu- 
brine  division,  which  contains  ordinary  in- 
nocuous serpents.  The  typical  genus  is  Acrochordus, 
containing  .1.  jitraiuru*,  a  large,  steal  bodied,  and  very 
short-tailed  serpent  of  Java,  some  S  feet  long,  the  entire 
body  of  which  is  covered  with  small  granular  or  tubercular 
scales,  not  imbricated,  as  is  usual  in  the  order.  With  its 
sullen  eyes  and  swollen  jaws,  it  presents  a  very  . 
appearance.  The  family  contains  two  other  genera  of 
wart-snakes,  Chersydrus  and  Xenodermwf. 

acrochordon  (ak-ro-kdr'don),  «.;  pi.  acrochor- 
dones  (-do-nez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aKpoxopd&v,  a  wart 
with  a  thin  neck,  <  anpov,  top,  end,  +  x°P&'h  a 
string:  see  chord.]  A  small  filiform  fibroma- 
tons  outgrowth  of  the  skin,  often  becoming 
bulbous  at  the  end;  a  hanging  wart. 

Acrochordus  (ak-ro-k6r'dus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  top,  end,  +xopdy,  a  string:  see  acrochor- 
don.] A  genus  of  wart-snakes  typifying  the 
family  Acrochordidee  (which  see).  Mornstedt. 
Also  written  Acrocordus.     Shaw. 

Acrocinus  (ak-ro-si'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aKpov, 
end,  extremity,'  +  tavuv,  move.]  A  genus  of 
longieorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Cerambycida : 
so  called  by  Uliger  from  having  a  movable 
spine  on  each  side  of  the  thorax.  A.  longimanus, 
the  harlequin-beetle  of  South  America,  is  the  type,  it  is 
2j  inches  long,  with  antenna;  5  and  fore  legs  alone  4 
inches  in  length. 

Acroclinium  (ak-ro-klin'i-nm),  «.  [NL.  (with 
ref.  to  the  acutely  conical  receptacle),  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  top,  peak,  +  kXivij,  couch.]  A  generic 
name  retained  by  florists  for  a  composite  plant 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  more  properly 
classed  as  Heliptcrum  roseum.  It  has  immor- 
telle-like flowers,  with  scarious  colored  bracts. 

Acrocomia  (ak-ro-ko'mi-a),  «.  [NL.,<Gr.  anp6- 
ko/ioc,  with  leaves  at  the  top,  tufted  with  leaves,  < 
aKpoq,  at  the  top,  +K0/07,  a  tuft,  hair:  see  coma?.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  palms,  allied  to 
the  cocoa-palm,  with  a  tall  prickly  trunk,  some- 
times swollen  in  the  middle,  bearing  a  tuft  of 
very  large  pinnate  leaves.  .1.  sclerocarpa  is  widely 
distributed  through  South  America,  and  yields  a  small 
round  fruit  with  thin,  sweetish  pulp  and  an  edible  kei  ael 
The  young  leaves  arc  eaten  as  a  vegetable,  and  a  sweet, 
fragrant  oil  is  extracted  from  the  nuts,  which  is  used  as 
an  emollient  and  in  the  manufacture  of  toilet-soaps,  see 
macaw-tree. 

acrocyst  (ak'ro-sist),  «.  [<  Gr.  inpo;,  at  the 
top,  +  KeaTic,  bladder,  bag.  pouch :  see  ci/st.]  In 
8001.,  an  external  sac  which  in  some  hydroids 
is  formed  upon  the  summit  of  the  gonangium, 
where  it  constitutes  a  receptacle  in  which  the 
ova  pass  through  some  of  the  earlier  stages  of 
their  development.     Allmiin. 

acrodactylum  (ak-ro-dak'ti-lum),  ». ;  pi.  acro- 
ilneti/la  (-la).  [NL.,'<Gr.  aitpos,  at  the  top,  + 
oVkrivlof,  a  digit:  see  dactyl.]  In  ornith.,  the 
upper  surface  of  a  bird's  toe.     [Little  used.] 


acrodont 

acrodont  (ak'ro-dont),  n.  and  a.    [<  XL.  acro- 

thm(t-),  <  Gt.  ajepoe,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  oobtic 
(ooWr-)  =  E.  tooth.]  I.  ».  One  of  those  lizards 
which  have  the  teeth  attached  bytheir  bases 
to  the  edge  of  the  jaw,  without  bony  alveoli  on 
either  the  inner  or  the  outer  side. 

II.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
acrodont;  having  thai  arrangement  of  the  teeth 
which  characterizes  an  acrodont:  as,  an  acro- 


Skullof  a  Lizar.l  ( t'.tr.rtne-  with  Acrodont  Dentition. 
a,  Articular  bone  of  mandible  ;  f,  coronoid  bone  of  do. ;  (i,  dentary 
bone  of  do. ; /,  frontal  ;f,  prefrontal ;  /',  postfrontal ;  /,  lacrymal ; 
m,  malar ;  mx,  maxilla ;  rt,  nasal ;  a,  otic  ;  /,  parietal ;  ft,  pterygoid  ; 
ft',  columella  ;  fit",  transverse  bone;  fx,  premaxilla;  q,  quadrate; 
sq,  squamosal. 

rfore' lizard ;  acrodont  dentition. —  2.  Havingthe 
characters  of  the  Acrodonta,  or  heterodontoid 
fishes. 

Acrodonta  (ak-ro-don'tS),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
acrodont.]  A  name  proposed  for  a  group  or 
suborder  including  the  heterodontoid  and  re- 
lated sharks,  which  have  the  palato-quadrato 
apparatus  disarticulated  from  the  cranium,  the 
dentigerous  portions  enlarged,  and  the  mouth 
inferior.  The  only  living  representatives  arethehete- 
rodoutids  (Port  Jackson  shark,  etc.),  but  the  extinct  forms 
are  numerous. 

acrodynia  (ak-ro-din'i-a),  ».  [NL..  <Gr.  uspoc, 
at  the  extremity,  +  bdi-n/,  pain.]  An  epidemic 
disease  characterized  by  disturbances  in  the 
alimentary  canal  (vomiting,  colic,  diarrhea),  by 
nervous  symptoms  (especially  pain  in  the  ex- 
tremities), sometimes  by  cramp  or  anaesthesia, 
and  by  a  dermatitis  affecting  the  hands  and  feet. 

acrogen  (ak'ro-jen),  re.  [<  Gr.  anpoQ,  at  the  top, 
+  -yevr/c,  -born,  produced :  see -gen  and  genus.} 
An  acrogenous  plant.  The  acrogens  form  a  division 
of  the  Cryptogamia,  distinguished  from  the  thallogens  by 
their  habits  of  growth  and  mode  of  impregnation.  They 
have  true  steins  with  leafy  appendages  (excepting  the  ric- 
cias  and  march  antf  as),  and  the  embryonic  sac  is  impreg- 
nated by  the  spermatozoids.  They  are  divided  into  two 
groups  :  (a)  those  composed  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  the 
charas,  liverworts,  and  mosses;  and  (b)  those  in  which 
vascular  tissue  is  present,  the  ferns,  horsetails,  pillworts, 
ami  club-mosses.  — The  age  of  acrogens,  in  geol.,  the 
'  'a i -i> "in;,  ions  era,  when  acrogens  were  the  characteristic 
vegetable  forms. 

acrogenic  (ak-ro-jen'ik),  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrogens. 

That,  under  fit  conditions,  an  analogous  mode  of  growth 
will  occur  in  fronds  of  the  acrogt  /"<■  type,  ...  is  shown 
by  the  case  of  Jungermannia  furcata. 

II  spencer,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  §194. 

acrogenous  (a-kro,j'e-nus),  o.  [As  acrogen  + 
-cms.]  increasing  by  growth  at  the  summit  or 
by  terminal  buds  only,  as  the  ferns  and  mosses; 
of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  acrogens. 

acrography  (a-krog  ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  <kpoc,  at  the 
top,  + -;  paaiia,  <  ypatyeiv,  write :  see  graphic."]  A 
prt  icess  for  producing  designs  in  relief  on  metal 
or  stone  through  a  ground  of  finely  powdered 
chalk,  solidified  by  hydraulic  pressure  into  a 
compact  mass.  \  design  is  drawn  on  the  slightly  shin- 
ing wlnt.  surface  with  a  finely  pointed  brush  charged  with 
a  glutinous  ink,  which,  wherever  it  is  applied,  unites  the 
particles  of  chalk  so  firmly  that  they  remain  standing  in 
black  ridges  after  thi  intermediate  white  spaces  have  been 
rubbed  away  with  a  piei  e  of  velvet  or  a  light  brush.    If  the 

plate,  which  has  then  the  appearance  of  an  engraved  w I 

block,  is  dipped  in  a  solution  ol  silira,  a  stereotype  cast 
or  an  electrotypi  i  taken  from  it  to  be  used  for 

printing  with  type 

acroket,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  \  Middle  English 
form  of  acrocik. 

acrolein  (a-kro'le-in).  n.  [<  L.  acris,  sharp, 
pungent  (see  aend),  +  olere,  -noli,  +  -,,,.]  A. 
colorless  limpid  liquid,  CILjCHCOH,  having  a 
disagreeable  ami  intensely  irritai  ing  odor,  such 
as  that  noticeable  after  the  flame  of  a  candle 
has  been  extinguished  ami  while  I  In'  wick  still 
glows.  It  i,  the  aldi  trydi  ol  thi  ally]  i  rii  and  I  ob 
tamed  by  distilling  glycerin  to  which  mid  potassium  sul- 
pha!   -ii  been  added  a] 

tbc  dry  distillation  ol  bitty  bodies.  It  burns  with  a  clear, 
luminous  flame. 

acrolith  (ak'ro-lith),  ».    [<  L.  acrolithus,<c,r. 

iiKpii'/.iHor,  witli  the  emls  made  of  slono,  <  aKpoc, 
extreme,  at  the  end,  +  %i6oc,  a  .stone.]  In  Gr. 
until/.,  a  sculptured  figure  of  which  only  the 
head  and  extremities  were  carved  in  stone,  the 


56 

vest  being  generally  of  wood,  anil  covered  with 
cither  textile  drapery  or  thin  plates  of  metal. 
The  name  was  also  applied  to  figures  of  ordinary  stone  of 
which  the  heads  ami  extremities  were  formed  of  marble. 
as  in  s of  the  well-known  met  opes  of  Selinus,  Sicily. 

acrolithan  (a-krol'i-than),  a.  Same  as  acro- 
lithic. 

acrolithic  (ak-ro-lith'ik),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  acrolith;  formed  like  an  acrolith:  as,  an  ac- 
rolithic  statue. 

acrologic  (ak-ro-loj'ik),  a.  [<  aerology  +  -tc] 
Pertaining  to  aerology;  founded  on  or  using 
initials;  using  a  sign  primarily  representing  a 
word  to  denote  its  initial  letter  or  sound:  as, 
acrologic  notation ;  acrologic  names. 

The  twenty-two  names  [of  the  Semitic  letters]  are  acro- 
logic; that  is,  the  name  of  each  letter  begins  with  that 
letter.  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  167. 

acrological  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  acro- 
logic. 

acrologically  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
rologic. manner ;  by  means  of  aerology.  Isaac 
Taylor. 

aerology  (a-krol'6-ji),  re.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the 
end,  +  -Aoyia,  <  ^fyetv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  The 
use  of  a  picture  of  some  object  to  represent 
alphabetically  the  first  part  (letter  or  syllable) 
of  the  name  of  that  object.     See  acrophony. 

A  polysyllabic  language  did  not  lend  itself  so  readily  as 
the  Chinese  to  this  solution.  According  to  Halevy,  the 
difficulty  [of  effecting  the  transition  from  ideograms  to 
phonograms]  was  overcome  by  the  adoption  of  the  power- 
ful principle  of  Aerology. 

'  '/s.tar  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  43. 

aerometer  (a-krom'e-ter),  re.  [<  Gr.  d/cpoc,  at 
the  top,  +  uirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  indicating  the  specific  gravity  of  oil.  See 
oleometer. 

acromia,  «.    Plural  of  acromion. 

acromial  (a-kro'rni-al),  a.  [<  acromion.']  In 
anat.,  relating  to  the  acromion Acromial  pro- 
cess.   See  acromion.— Acromial  thoracic  artery.  See 

Bcromiotfioracic. 
acromioclavicular  (a-kr6"mi-6-kla-vik'u-lar), 
a.  [<NL.  acromion  +  claiicula,  clavicle.]  Per- 
taining to  the  acromion  and  the  clavicle Acro- 
mioclavicular articulation,  the  joint  between  the  col- 
lar-bone and  the  shoulder-blade. — Acromioclavicular 
ligaments,  superior  saA  inferior,  two  fibrous  bands  which 
join  the  acromion  and  the  clavicle. 

acromiodeltoideus  (a-kr6"mi-o-del-toi'de-us), 
re.;  pi.  acromiodeltoidei  (-i).  [NL.,  <  acromion 
+  Gr.  de?.Toeid//r,  deltoid.]  A  muscle  of  some 
animals,  extending  from  the  acromion  to  the 
deltoid  ridge  of  the  humerus,  corresponding  to 
an  acromial  part  of  the  human  deltoid  muscle. 

acromion  (a-kro'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  acromia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  anp6piov,  a  by-form  of  axpapia,  the 
point  of  the  shoulder-blade,  <  aKpoc,  at  the  top 
or  end,  +  upoc,  the  shoulder  with  the  upper 
arm,  akin  to  L.  umerus :  see  humerus.]  Inanat., 
the  distal  end  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula  or 
shoulder-blade.  In  man  it  is  an  enlarged  process, 
which,  originating  by  an  independent  center  of  ossifica- 
te   articulates  with  tbc  distal  end  of  the  clavicle,  and 

gives  attachment  to  part  of  the  deltoid  and  trapezius 
muscles  :  commonly  called  the  acromial  process,  or  aero- 
mion  process.  Its  relations  are  the  same  in  other  mam- 
mals which  have  perfect  clavicles.  Sec  cut  under  scap- 
ula. 

The  acromion  process  .  .  .  forms  the  summit  of  the 
shoulder.  Quain,  Anatomy,  I.  37. 

acromiothoracic  (a-kro'rui-o-tho-ras'ik),  a.    [< 

Gr.  aKpupiov,  shoulder,  +  t)upa$  (Oupan-),  thorax.] 
Pertaining  to  the  shoulder  and  thorax.  Acro- 
miothoracic artery,  a  branch  of  the  axillary  artery, 
BUpplylng  parts  about  the  shoulder  and  breast. 

acromiotrapezius  (a-kro'mi-6-tra-pe'zi-iis),  n. ; 

pi.  acromiotrapezii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  acromion  +  tra- 
pezius.'] An  intermediate  cervical  portion  of 
the  trapezius  muscle,  in  special  relation  with 
the  spine  of  the  scapula  and  the  acromion, 
forming  a  nearly  distinct  muselo  in  some  ani- 
mals. 

acromonogrammatic    (ak'  ro-mon"o-gra-mat'- 

ik).  a.  anil  n.  [<(ir.  iicpoc,  at  the  end,  +  povo- 
ypup/iaroe,  consisting  of  one  letter:  see  mono- 

grammatic.]     A  term   applied   to  a   ] tieal 

composition  in  which  every  verse  begins  with 

I  lie  same  letter  as  that  with  which  the  preceding 

verse  ends. 
Acromyodi  (ak'ro-mi-6'di),  n.  pi.     [NL.,<Gr. 
in./inc,  at  the  end,  +  pre,  muscle,  +  i.uSi/.  song.] 
A  suborder  or  superfamily  of  passerine  birds, 
embracing  the  Oscines,  or  singing  birds  proper, 

and  characterized  by  havingthe  several  intrin- 
sic syringeal  muscles  attached  to  the  ends  of 
the  upper  bronchial  half -rings :  opposed  to 
McxotHi/ndi.  The  great  majority  of  tin-  Paseeres  are 
Acromy>"li.  [The  word  is  also  used  a-  an  adjective  in  the 
expression  I'asseres  acromyodi,  equivalent  to  oeromj/o- 
dian  Passer,*. ) 


acropodium 

acromyodian  (ak*ro-mi-6'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Acromyodi.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aaromyotli ;  having  that  arrangement  of  the 
muscles  of  the  syrinx  which  characterizes  the 
Acromyodi :  as,  an  acromyodian  bird. 
II.  ».  One  of  the  Acromyodi. 

acromyodic  (ak"ro-mi-od'ik),  a.  [<  Acromy- 
odi.]   Same  as  acromyodian. 

acromyodous  (ak-ro-mi'o-dus),  a.  Same  as 
acromyodian. 

acronarcotic  (ak  'ro-nar-kot'ik),  a.  and n.  [<  L. 
acris,  sharp,  pungent  (see  acrid),  +  narcotic] 
I.  a.  Acting  as  an  irritant  and  a  narcotic. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  class  of  poisons,  chiefly  of 
vegetable  origin,  which  irritate  and  inflame  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied,  and  act  on  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord,  producing  stupor,  coma, 
paralysis,  and  convulsions.  Also  called  nar- 
cotico-acrid  or  narcotico-irritant. 

acronic,  acronical,  a.    See  aeronychal. 
acronotine  j^ak-ro-no'tin),  a.    [<  Acronotus.]  In 

:oi>/.,  pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Acronotus. 

Acronotus  (ak-ro-no'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aapov, 
the  highest  point,  +  vuror,  back.]  1.  A  sub- 
genus of  ruminating  animals  found  in  Africa, 
Damalis  (Acronotus)  bubahis  is  the  type.  Ham. 
Smith,  1827.— 2.  A  genus  of  beetles. 

Acronuridse  (ak-ro-nn'ri-de), ».  pi.  [<  Acronu- 
rus  +  -idee/]  A  family  of  spiny-finned  fishes, 
referred  by  Giinther  to  his  Acanthopterygii  cotto- 
scombrifori'ics,  having  one  dorsal  with  several 
spongy  spines  anteriorly,  one  or  more  bony 
spines  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  and  the  teeth 
compressed,  truncate  or  lobate,  and  closely  set 
in  a  single  series.  The  species  are  known  as  barber- 
fish  and  surgeons.  The  family  is  also  called  Accmthuri. 
iliv  and  Teuthididce.    See  these  words. 

Acronurus  (ak-ro-nu'ras),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  ir- 
reg.  <  Gr.  aapov,  extremity,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  A  for- 
mer generic  name  of  small  fishes  now  known  to 
be  the  young  of  species  of  Acanthurus  (which 
see). 

acronych  (a-kron'ik),  a.  [Also  written  acronyc, 
acronic,  and  achronic,  by  confusion  with  adjec- 
tives in  -ie  and  with  chronic  and  Gr.  xpovor, 
time ;  =  F.  acronyquc  =  Sp.  acronicto,  acrdnico 
=  Pg.  acronico,  achronico  =  It.  acronico,  <  Gr. 
dKponevof,  also  aKp6vvKToc  and  anpovi'KTioc,  at 
nightfall,  <  aKpoc,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  vb£ 
(Ki«e-)  =  E.  night.]     Same  as  aeronychal. 

aeronychal  (a-kron'i-kal),  a.  [Also  written 
acronycal,  acronical,  etc.,  as  acronych  ;  <  acronych 
+  -at.]  In  astron.,  occurring  at  sunset:  as,  the 
aeronychal  rising  or  setting  of  a  star :  opposed 

to  cosmical — Aeronychal  place  or  observation,  the 
place  or  observation  of  a  planet  at  its  opposition :  so 
called  because  in  an  early  state  of  astronomy  the  opposi- 
tion of  a  planet  was  known  by  its  aeronychal  rising. 

acronychally(a-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  aeron- 
ychal manner;  at  sunset.  A  star  is  said  to  rise  and 
set  acronychaZly  when  it  rises  or  sets  as  the  sun  sets. 

acronyctOUS  (ak-ro-nik'tus),  a.  [<Gr.  aKpivvn- 
toc:  see  acronych.]     Same  us  aeronychal. 

acrook(a-kruk'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.ma.  [<ME. 
acroke,  <  aa,prep.,  on,  +  croke,  crook.]  Awry; 
crookedly.     [Now  rare.] 

Humbre  renneth  fyrst  a  crook  out  of  the  south  side  of 
York.  ( 'uxtnn,  Descr.  Britain,  p.  12. 

This  gear  goth  aerook.  I'lhdl,  Roister  Doister,  iv.  3. 

Libcrtie  ys  tiling  that  women  loke, 
And  truly  els  the  mater  is  acroke. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  37s. 

acropetal  (ak-rop'e-tal),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpov,  the  top, 
+  L.  petere,  seek.  Cf.  centripetal.]  In  dot.,  de- 
veloping from  belowT  upward,  or  from  the  base 
toward  the  apex;  basifugal. 

acropetally  (ak-rop'e-tal-i),  adr.  In  an  acrope- 
tal manner. 

The  lateral  shoots  which  normally  arise  below  the  grow- 
ing apex  of  a  mother-shoot  arc  always  arranged  acrope. 
tullii,  like  the  leaves.  Sachs,  Botan}  (trans.),  p.  162. 

acrophonetic  (ak'ro-pho-net'ik),  a.  [<  acroph- 
ouy,  after  phonetic.]     Pertaining  to  acrophony 

(  u  hieh  see). 

acrophony  (a-krof  o-ni),  re.    [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at 

I  he  end,  +  -<j>uvia,  <  <j>uvi/,  sound.]  In  the  de- 
velopment of  alphabetic  writing,  tho  use  of  a 
symbolic  picture  of  an  object  or  idea  to  repre- 
sent   phonetically    the   initial    syllable,    or  the 

initial  sound,  ol'   tin1    nai I'   that   object  or 

idea;  as  in  giving  to  the  Egyptian  hieroglyph 
lor  iicfcr,  good,  the  phonetic  value  of  lie,  its  first 
syllable,  or  of  II,  its  first  letter.      See  aerology. 

acropodium  (ak-ro-po'di-xim),  re.;  pi.  acropoaia 

(-ii).  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the  top,  +  irMiov,  dim.  of 
Kobe  (n-otJ-)  =  E.  foot.]  1.  In  eool.,  the  upper 
surface  of  the  whole  foot.  Brande. —  2.  In  or- 
nit h.,  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  ac- 


acropodium 

rodactylum,  [Little  used  in  either  of  these  two 
senses.]  —  3.  In  art,  an  elevated  pedestal  bear- 
ing a  statue,  particularly  if  raised  from  the 
substructure  on  supports  or  feet ;  the  plinth  of 
a  statue  or  other  work  of  art,  if  resting  on 
feet.  Ed.  (luillaumc. 
acropolis  (a-krop'o-lis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  dicpdTroAic, 
the  upper  city,  <  d'/cpoc,  highest,  upper,  -I-  vblic, 
a  city:  see  police.']  The  citadel  of  a  Grecian 
city,  usually  the  site  of  the  original  settlement, 
and  situated  on  an  eminence  commanding  the 


The  Acropolis  of  Athens,  from  the  southeast. 

surrounding  country.  When  the  city  spread  beyond 
its  earlier  limits,  the  acropolis  was  generally  cleared  of  its 
Inhabitants  and  held  sacred  to  the  divinities  of  the  state, 
whose  temples  were  upon  it.  The  acropolis  of  Athens 
contained  the  most  splendid  productions  of  Greek  art,  the 
Parthenon,  the  Erechtheum,  and  the  Propylsea. 

acrosarcum  (ak-ro-siir'kum),  n. ;  pi.  acrosarca 
(-kii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the  end,  4-  traps 
{(japn-),  flesh.]  A  name  given  by  Desvaux  to  a 
berry  resulting  from  an  ovary  with  aduate  calyx, 
as  in  the  currant  and  cranberry. 

acrosaurus  (ak-ro-sa'rus),  re. ;  pi.  acrosauri 
(-ri).  [NL.,  <  Gr."  aKpoc,  extreme,  +  cavpoc,  a 
lizard:  see  Saurus.]  An  extraordinary  fossil 
reptile,  with  30  or  40  teeth  and  a  broad  cheek- 
bone process,  occurring  in  the  Triassic  sand- 
stones of  southern  Africa. 

Acrosoma  (ak-ro-so'mii),  re.  [NL.,  <Gr.  anpov, 
top,  peak,  extremity,  +  ctipa,  body.]  A  genus 
of  orbitelarian  spiders  of  the  family  Epeiridce 
(or  Gastracttnthhi(e),  having  the  sides  of  the  ab- 
domen prolonged  into  immense  horns,  whence 
the  name.  It  is  a  tropical  genus  with  many 
species. 

acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  re.  [Formerly  aker-, 
ackerspire;  <  Gr.  Zucpoc,  at  the  top,  +  cuelpa,  a 
coil,  spire,  >L.  spira,  >E.  spire,  q.  v.]  The  first 
leaf  which  rises  above  the  ground  in  the  ger- 
mination of  grain ;  also  the  rudimentary  stem 
or  first  leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the 
developed  plumule  of  the  seed. 

acrospire  (ak'ro-spir;,  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acro- 
spired,  ppr.  acrdspvring.  [Formerly  aker-,  acker- 
spire;  from  the  noun.]  To  throw  out  the  first 
leaf ;  sprout. 

acrospired  (ak'ro-spird),  p.  a.  Having  or  exhib- 
iting the  acrospire:  especially, in  malt-making, 
applied  to  the  grains  of  barley  which  have 
sprouted  so  far  as  to  exhibit  the  blade  or  plu- 
mule-end, together  with  the  root  or  radicle. 

acrospore  (ak'ro-sp6r),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the 
end,  +  c-opd,  seed:  see  spore.]  In  hot,  a  form 
of  fruit  in  Peronospora,  a  genus  of  microscopic 
fungi,  borne  at  the  ends  of  erect  simple  or 
branching  filaments  of  the  mycelium.  The  term 
is  also  applied  generally  to  the  reproductive  organs  of 
fungi  when  they  are  developed  at  the  apex  of  the  mother 
cell  or  Bporophore. 
acrosporous  (a-kros'po-rus),  o.  Having  spores 
naked  and  produced  at  the  tips  of  cells :  applied 
to  one  of  the  two  modes  in  which  fruit  is  formed 
in  fungi.  For  the  other  method  see  asdgerous. 
across  (a-krds'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[<  late  ME.  acros  (also  in  cross,  and  in  maner  of 
a  cros) ;  <  «3  +  cross.]  I.  adv.  1.  From  side  to 
side;  inacrossingorcrossedmanner;  crosswise. 

Who  calls  me  villain?  breaks  my  pate  across? 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
With  arms  across, 
He  atoud  reflecting  on  his  country's  loss.        Dryden. 


57 

[In  the  exclamation,  "Good  faith,  across!"  Shak.,  All's 
Well,  ii.  1.  the  allusion  is  to  striking  an  adversary  cros 
wise  with  the  spear  in  tilting  instead  of  by  thrusting,  the 
former  being  considered  disgraceful.] 

2.  From  one  side  to  another;  transversely;  in 
a  transverse  line:  as,  what  is  the  distance 
across  f  I  came  across  in  a  steamer. 

At  a  descent  into  it  [cavern  of  Vauclnse]  of  thirty  or 
forty  feet  from  the  brink  where  we  stood  was  a  pool  "f 
water,  perhaps  thirty  feet  across. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  ii. 

3.  Adversely;  contrarily  :  as,  "things  go 
across,"  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  344 — To  break  across, 
in  tiffing,  to  allow  one's  spear  by  awkwardness  t. »  1m-  broken 
across  the  body  of  one's  adversary,  instead  of  by  the  push 
of  the  point. 

One  said  he  brake  across.  sir  I'.  Sidney. 

TL.  prep.  1.  From  side  to  side  of,  as  opposed 

to  along,  which  is  in  the  direction  of  the  length ; 

athwart ;  quite  over :  as,  a  bridge  is  laid  across 

a  river. 

[The  boys]  will  go  down  on  one  side  of  the  yacht  .  .  .  and 
bob  up  on  the  other,  almost  before  you  have  time  to  run 
across  the  deck.  Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 
2.  Transverse  to  the  length  of;  so  as  to  inter- 
sect at  any  angle :  as,  a  line  passing  across  an- 
other.— 3.  Beyond;  on  the  other  side  of. 
O  love,  we  two  shall  go  no  longer 
To  lands  of  summer  across  the  sea. 

Tennyson,  Daisy. 
Across  lots,  by  the  shortest  way ;  by  a  short  cut.  [Colloq.  ] 
—  TO  come  across,  to  meet  or  fall  in  with. 

If  I  come  across  a  real  thinker,  ...  I  enjoy  the  luxury 
of  sitting  still  for  a  while  as  much  as  another. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  The  Professor,  i. 

acrostic1  (a-kros'tik),  re.andrt.  ,[  =  F.  acrostiche 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acrostico,  <  Gr.  aKpocrixioi',  dxpo- 
arixir,  an  acrostic,  <  d/cpoc,  at  the  end,  +  arixor, 
row,  order,  line,  <  a-uxciv  (V  *°~T'X),  go,  walk, 
march,  go  inline  or  order,  =  AS.  stigan,  B.stifl, 
go  up.  The  second  element  would  prop,  be 
-stick,  as  in  distich;  it  has  been  assimilated  to 
the  common  suffix  -ic]  I.  n.  1.  A  composition 
in  verse,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and  last, 
or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  in  or- 
der, form  a  name,  title,  motto,  the  order  of  the 
alphabet,  etc. —  2.  A  Hebrew  poem  in  which  the 
initial  letters  of  the  lines  or  stanzas  were  made 
to  run  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  their 
order.  Twelve  of  the  Psalms  are  of  this  charac- 
ter, of  which  Psalm  cxix.  is  the  best  example. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
taining an  acrostic :  as,  acrostic  verses. 
acrostic'-'t  (a-kros'tik),  a.  [<  across  {crossed, 
crust),  confused  with  acrostic1.]  Crossed;  fold- 
ed across ;  crossing.     [Pare.] 

But  what    melancholy  sir,  with    acrostic    arms,  now 

comes^  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iv.  4. 

acrostical  (a-kros'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as  acrostic1. 

[Pare  or  unused.] 
acrostically  (a-kros'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In  the  man- 
ner of  an  acrostic. 

acrosticism  (a-kros'ti-sizm),  n.  [<  acrostic1  + 
-ism.]  Acrostic  arrangement  or  character. 
acrostolium  (ak-ro-std'li-um),  n. ;  pi.  acrostolia 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atipooToliov,  defined  as  the 
same  as  a<pA-ao-Tov,  L.  aplustre,  which,  however, 
referred  to  the  stem  of  a  ship  (see  aplustre); 
also  the  gunwale  of  a  ship,  prop,  the  extremity 
of  the  ship's  beak ;  <  aKpoc,  at  the  end,  +  otoIoc, 

a  ship's  beak, 
an  appendage, 
prop.  arma- 
ment, equip- 
ment, <  cjtc/.- 
Ara>,  arrange, 
equip.]  An 
■  ornament,  of- 
ten gracefully 
curved  and 
Acrostolium.  elaborately 

carved,  surmounting  the  bows  of  ancient  ships. 
These  ornaments  frequently  figured  among  trophies,  as  it 
was  customary  for  the  victor  in  a  naval  combat  to  take 
them  from  the  captured  ships. 

acrotarsial  (ak-ro-tiir'si-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrotarsium. 

acrotarsium  (ak-ro-tar'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  acrotar- 
sia  (-it).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aapoc,  at  the  top,  +  vapa6c, 
the  sole  of  the  foot:  see  tarsus.]  1.  In  zool., 
the  upper  surface  of  the  tarsus ;  the  instep  of 
the  foot. —  2.  In  omith.,  the  front  of  the  tarso- 
metatarsus,  this  segment  of  the  limb  being 
called  tarsus  in  ordinary  descriptive  ornithol- 
ogy. [The  terms  acropodium,  acrotarsium,  and  acrodat- 
Info  iii  have  varying  senses  with  different  writers,  or  as  ap- 
plied to  different  animals;  properly,  the  first  of  these  covers 
the  other  two,  as  a  whole  includes  the  parts  of  which  it  con- 
sists.   They  are  little  used  in  any  sense.    See  tarsus] 

acroteleiitic  (ak"ro-te-lu'tik),  n.  [<  Gr.  d/ipo- 
Te/Ei>rav,  the  fag-end,  esp.  of  a  verse  or  poem, 
<  aKpoc,  extreme,  +  te?.cvt!/,  end.]     Eccles.,  auy- 


act 

thing  added  to  the  'lid  of  a  psalm  or  hymn,  as 

:*  doxology. 

acroter  (ak'ro-ter),  n.     Same  u-  arrtitrriiim. 

acroteral  (ak-ro-te'ral),  a.    Sami  iterial. 

acroteria,  «.     Plural  of  acroterium. 

acroterial  (ak-ro-te'ri-al),  a.  [(.acroterium.] 
Pertaining  to  an  acroterium:  as,  acroterial  or- 
naments.   An  equivalent  form  is  acroteral. 


Acroteria. 

Hypothetical  restoration  of  the  gate  of  the  Agora  of  Athena 
Archegetis  at  Athens. 

acroterium  (ak-ro-te'ri-um),  v. ;  pi.  acroteria 
(-a).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aupwT-ijpiov,  pi.  uKport/pia,  any 
topmost  or  prominent  part,  the  end  or  extrem- 
ity, in  pi.  the  extremities  of  the  body,  the 
angles  of  a  pediment,  <  aapor,  extreme.]  1. 
In  classic  arch.,  a  small  pedestal  placed  on  the 
apex  or  angle  of  a  pediment  for  the  support  of 
a  statue  or  other  ornament. — 2.  («)  A  statue 
or  an  ornament  placed  on  such  a  pedestal,  (b) 
Any  ornament  forming  the  apex  of  a  building 
or  other  structure,  or  of  a  monument,  such  as 


Acroterium.—  Choragic  Monument  of 


the  anthemia  of  Greek  tombstones  or  the  dec- 
orations of  some  modern  architectural  balus- 
trades.    Compare  antefix.     Also  called  aero ter. 

acrothymion,  acrothymium  (ak-ro-thim'i-on, 
-um),  h.;  pi.  acrothymia (-&).  [NL., <  Gr.  aKpoc, 
at  the  top,  +  di'/joc,  thyme:  see  thyme.]  In 
pathol.,  a  rugose  wart,  with  a  narrow  basis  and 
broad  top,  compared  by  Celsus  to  the  flower  of 
thyme.     Also  called  thymus. 

acrotic  (a-krot'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ahpd-r/r,  an 
extremity,  <  aKpoc,  extreme,  at  the  top,  on  the 
surface.]  In  pathol.,  belonging  to  or  affecting 
external  surfaces  :  as,  acrotic  diseases. 

acrotism  (ak'ro-tizni),  n.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
Kpdroq,  sound  of  beating,  +  -ism.]  In  pathol., 
absence  or  weakness  of  the  pulse. 

acrotomous  (a-krot'o-mus),  «.  [<  Gr.  aKporo- 
poc,  cut  off,  sharp,  abrupt,  <  aKpoc,  extreme,  at 
the  top,  +  -roHor,  <  repvetv,  cut.]  In  mineral., 
having  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  top  or  base. 

acryl  (ak'ril),  «.  [<  aer(oh  /»)  +  -'/'•  1  In  Wow., 
a  hypothetical  radical  (CH2:CH.CO)  of  which 
acrylic  acid  is  the  hydrate. 

acrylic  (u-kril'ik),  «.*  [iaeryl  + -ic]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  acryl Acrylic  acid,  CH2:CH.COOH,  a 

pungent,  agreeably  smelling  liquid,  produced  by  the  oxi- 
dation of  acrolein.  This  acid  is  monobasic,  and  its  salts 
arc  very  BOluble  in  water. 

Acryliium  (a-kril'i-um),  ».  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
ixpov,  extremity  (with  ref.  to  the  pointed  tail), 
+  dim.  term.  -v'A'Awr.]  A  notable  genus  of 
guinea-fowls,  family  Xumidid<r.  The  onlj  spi  ii  9 
ts  A.  viiltnrininit  of  Africa,  having  the  head  and  tipper 
part  of  the  neck  nearly  naked,  the  fore  part  of  the  body 
covered  with  elongated  lanceolate  feathers,  and  the  tail 
pointed  with  long  acute  central  rectrices.  The  m-mis  was 
founded  by  G.  K.  Gray  in  isjo. 

act  (akt),  ».  [<  ME.  act  =  F.  acte  =  Sp.  Pg. 
auto  and  acto  =  It.  otto;  partly  (a)  <  L.  actum 
(pi.  acta),  a  thing  done,  esp.  a  public  transac- 
tion, prop.  neut.  of  actus,  pp.  of  agere,  do ;  and 
partly  (b)  <  L.  actus  (pi.  actus),  n.,  the  doing  of 
a  thing,  performance,  action,  division  of  a  play, 
<  agere,  lead,  drive,  impel,  move,  cause,  make, 
perform,  do,  =  Gr.  iyciv,  lead,  drive,  do,  =Icel. 


act 

aka,  drive,  =  Skt.  V  °.h  drive.  Hence  (from  L. 
agere),  exact,  redact,  transact,  cogent,  exigent, 
agile,  agitatt ,  cogitate,  etc.;  see  also  ake=achi ', 
acre,  acorn,  agrarian,  agriculturel  etc.]  1.  An 
exertion  of  energy  or  force,  physical  or  mental ; 
anything  that  is  done  or  performed;  a  doing  or 
deed  ;  an  operation  or  performance. 

Illustrious  acts  high  raptures  do  infuse.       (PaKi  r. 

\„r  deem  that  nets  heroic  wait  on  chance. 

Loudl,  Thnc  Mem.  Poems. 

2.  A  state  of  real  existence,  as  opposed  to  a 
possibility-,  power,  or  being  in  germ  merely; 
actuality;  actualization ;  entelechy.  [Transla- 
tion of  the  Greek  tvipyrta  and  hre/Jx"0  •]  The  soul, 
ai  i  ording  to  the  Aristotelians,  is  the  act.  that  is.  is  the 
entelechy  or  perfect  development  of  the  body.  So  God  is 
said  to  lie  pure  act,  fur  Aristotle  says,  "There  must  be  a 
principle  whose  essence  it  is  to  be  actual  (fc  i  ovae*  feep- 
ytio),"  and  this  is  by  many  writers  understood  to  mean 
"whose  essence  is  to  be  active."  In  the  phrase  m  act, 
therefore,  act,  though  properly  meaning  actuality,  is  often 
used  to  mean  activity. 

The  seeds  of  plants  are  not  at  first  in  act,  but  in  possi- 
bility, what  they  afterwards  grow  to  be.  Hooker. 

3.  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  performed  con- 
secutively or  without  a  fall  of  the  curtain,  in 
■which  a  "definite  and  coherent  portion  of  _  the 
plot  is  represented  :  generally  subdivided  into 
smaller  portions,  called  scenes.— 4.  The  result 
of  public  deliberation,  or  the  decision  of  a 
prince,  legislative  body,  council,  court  of  jus- 
tice, or  magistrate ;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  stat- 
ute, judgment,  resolve,  or  award  :  as,  an  act  of 
Parliament  or  of  Congress;  also,  in  plural, 
proceedings ;  the  formal  record  of  legislative 
resolves  or  of  the  doings  of  individuals.  Acts 
are  of  two  kinds:  (1)  general  or  public,  which  are  of  gen- 
eral  application  ;  and  (l)priiatc,  which  relate  to  particular 
pera  ms  or  concerns.  A  law  or  statute  proposed  in  a  legis- 
lative  hodv,  then  called  a  bill,  becomes  an  <irf  after  having 
been  passed  hv  both  blanches  and  signed  by  the  chief  ex- 
ecutive officer ;  but  in  a  few  of  the  United  States  the 
governor's  signature  is  not  necessary.  British  acts  are 
usuallv  referred  to  by  mentioning  them  simply  by  the 
regnal  year  and  number  of  chapter :  as,  act  of  7  and  8  V  let. 
c.  32.  American  acts,  particularly  acts  of  Congress,  are 
often  referred  to  simply  by  date :  as,  act  of  May  C,  1882. 
5.  In  universities,  a  public  disputation  or  lecture 
required  of  a  candidate  for  a  degree  of  master. 
The  performer  is  said  to  "keep  the  act."   Hence,  at  Cam- 

,i,„  Hw.vic  .,,)(!  examination  fur  the  degree  of  doe- 


bridge,  the  thesis  and  ._ 

tor-  at  Oxford,  the  occasion  of  the  completion  of  degrees. 
So  act  holiday,  act  feast.  The  candidate  who  keeps  the 
act  is  also  himself  called  the  act.  In  medieval,  and  some- 
timi  -  in  modern  scholastic  use,  any  public  defense  of  a 
thesis  by  way  of  disputation  is  called  an  act. 

Such  that  expect  to  proceed  Masters  of  Arts  to  exhibit 
their  synopsis  of  acts  required  by  the  laws  of  the  College. 
Orders  of  Overseers  of  Harvard  College,  1650. 
(Such  a  synopsis  (cedula),  stating  the  time  of  studies,  the 
acts  made,  and  the  degrees  taken  by  tie-  candidate,  and 
duly  sworn  to,  had  usually  been  required  in  universities 
since  the  middle  ages.] 

I  pass  therefore  to  the  statute  which  ordains  a  public 
act  to  be  kept  each  year.  This  is  now  in  a  manner  quite 
worn  out,  for  of  late  there  has  not  been  a  public  act  above 
once  in  ten  or  twelve  years ;  ...  the  last  one  we  had  was 
upon  the  glorious  peace  of  1712. 

Amhurst,  Tense Kliua (1721),  No.  jclvii. 

6.  In  lair,  an  instrument  or  deed  in  writing, 
serving  to  prove  the  truth  of  some  bargain  or 
transaction :  as,  I  deliver  this  as  my  act  and 
deed.  The  term  is  used  to  show  the  connection  between 
the  instrument  and  the  party  who  has  given  it  validit)  In 
I.)  [gnai  lire  or  by  his  legal  assent ;  when  thus  perfected, 
He  Instrument  becomes  the  act  of  the  parties  who  have 

I  it  or  assented  to  it  in  a  form  required  by  law.    Sou. 
/. .  ginffston. 

Acts  having  a  legal  validity  are  everywhere  reduced  to 

certain  form-;  a, certain  number  of  witnesses  is  required 

to  prove  them,  a  certain  magistrate  to  authenticate  them. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §75. 

7.  In  theol,  something  done  at  once  and  once 
for  all,  as  distinguished  from  a  work.  Thus,  justi- 
fication is  said  tip  be  an  act  of  God's  free  grace,  but  saucti- 
Bcationisa  work  carried  on  through  life.  — In  the  act,  in 
tie-  actual  pel  tormance  or  commission  :  said  especially  of 
l„  |  on    whoan  caught  when  engaged  in  some  misdeed. 

I  l,i     ....man  was  taken  ill  adultery,  in  the  very  act 

John  viii.  4. 

In  act  to,  prepared  or  ready  to;   on  the  very  point: 
Implying  a  certain  bodily  disposition  or  posture;  as,  in 
act  <"  Btrike 
Gathering  bis  flowing  robe,  be  seemed  to  stand 
/„  act  tos]  '  '  i"i  stretched  his  hand.   Pope. 

idelong  glances  at  u-    :.  I  e.  r  .  :it 

;„  ,,  .  Ti  nnyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Act  of  bankruptcy.  Bee  bankruptcy.  Act  of  faith, 
auto  de  fe  (which  see).    Act  of  God,  in  Ian;  a  dm n  I  rio 

lent,  sudden,  an. I  overwhelming    ai  I  [OH  Ol    natural  forces, 

such  as  could  not  by  human  ability  have  been  foreseen,  or,  if 

[on  .. .  u  i  ..ni. I  ii"i  by  human  care  and  Bkill  have  been  re- 
sisted.  It  isag 1.1.  f.  us.  toanactionfornon-performance 

i  icootraci  and  In  general,  no  man  is  held  legally  respon- 
sible for  injuries  ol  which  such  act  of  God  was  direct!)  the 
cause,  exi  epl  in  special  agreement.  Act  of  grace,  ati  em 
sometimes  applied  to  a  general  pardon,  or  the  granting  oi 

,   i I  - iprivflegl    ill  the  beginning  of  anew  reign, 

the  coming  ..i  agi  oi  the  marriage  "i  the  lovereign,  etc. 
Act  Of  honor,  an  instrument  drawn  by  a  notary  public 
after  protest  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  whereby  u  third  party 


58 

agrees  to  pay  or  accept  the  bill  for  the  honor  of  any  party 
then  do.  — Act  of  indemnity.    See  indemnity.     Act  in 
pais  a  judicial  act  performed  out  of  court  and  not  re- 
corded.   See  pais.— Act's  breakfast,  an  entertainment 
whii  li  from  early  times  has  been  given  by  a  candidate  for 
a  university  degree  on  the  day  of  his  making  his  act.     The 
act  for  master  or  doctor  of  theology  frequently  impover- 
ished the  candidate  for  life.— Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the 
title  of  the  fifth  hook  of  the  New  Testament    See  acta  — 
Acts  of  faith,  hope,  charity,  and  contrition,  forms  of 
prayer  in  common  use  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  ex- 
pressive ..i  tie'  internal  exercise  of  the  virtues  named. - 
Acts  of  the  Martyrs.    See  acta. — Acts  of  Uniformity, 
three  acts  for  the  regulation  of  public  worship  passed  in 
England  in  1549, 1559,  and  1662,  .obliging  all  clergy,  in  the 
conduct  of  public  services,  to  use  only  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer.— Act  term,  the  last  term  of  the  university 
year.— Baines's  Act.  (o)  An.  English  statute  of  1848,  treat 
ing  accessories  before  the  fact  in  felonies  like  principals, 
and  permitting  separate  prosecution  of  accessories  after 
the  fact,    (b)  An  English  statute  of  1849,  relating  to  ap- 
peals to  the  quarter  sessions. — Bank  Charter  Act.    See 
Bank  Act,  under  bank.—  Berkeley's  Act,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  1855  prohibiting  the  sale  of  beer,  wine,  and  liquor 
on  Sundays  and  holidays  between  3  and  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  and  from  11  o'clock  at  night  to  4  o'clock  the 
next  morning.— Black  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1722 
(9  Geo.  I.  c.  22),  so  called  because  designed  originally  to 
suppress  associations  of  the  lawless  persons  calling  them- 
selves "  blacks."    It  made  felonies  certain  crimes  against 
the  game  laws,  sending  anonymous  letters,  demanding 
money    and  similar  offenses.— Black  acts,  the  acts  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  during  the  reigns  of  the  first  five 
Jameses,  Mary,  and  James  VI.,  down  to  1586  or  15S7. 
They  were  so  called  from  the  circumstance  of  their  being 
written  in  the  Old  English  character,  called  black  letter. 
—  BOVill'S  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1860  simplify- 
ing proceedings  in  petitions  of  right.     Also  known  as 
Sir  William  Bocill's  Act,  and  as  the  Petitions  of  Rights 
Act   1SB0.    (6)  An  English  statute  of  1865,  also  known  as 
Chief  Justice  BoviWs  Act,  abolishing  the  rule  by  which 
creditors  could  hold  liable  as  a  partner  any  one  who  had 
participated  in  the  profits  of  a  business  as  profits,  irre- 
spective of  the  intent  of  the  parties.— Burke's  Act.   (a) 
An  English  statute  of  1782  abolishing  certain  offices  and 
otherwise  affecting  the  civil  establishment.     (6)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1773,  known  also  as  one  of  the  corn  laws ;  it 
was  one  of  the  first  steps  toward  free  trade.— Burr  Act, 
a  statute  of  Ohio,  of  1S06,  directed  against  the  treasonable 
acts  of  Aaron  Burr  on  the  Ohio  river.    It  was  in  force  for 
one  year  only,  and  authorized  the  arrest  and  punishment  of 
all  persons  fitting  out  or  arming  vessels,  or  enlisting  sol- 
diers, etc.,  within  the  State  of  Ohio  to  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  United  States.— Chinese  Act,  or  Chinese  Restric- 
tion Act,  an  act  of  the  United  States  Congress  of  1882, 
amended  in  1884,  suspending  for  ten  years  the  immigration 
of  Chinese  into  the  United  States.— Complete  act,  in 
metaph    that  act  of  a  thing  to  which  nothing  of  the  nature 
of  the  tiling  is  wanting,  as  the  act  of  a  substance  in  re- 
spect to  possessing  its  attributes.     Aquinas.—  Coventry 
Act  an  English  statute  of  1671  against  maiming :  so  called 
because  passed  on  the  occasion  of  an  assault  on  Sir  John 
Coventry,  M.  P.— Dingley  Act,  an  act  of  Congress  "f  1884, 
to  foster  the  shipping  trade  of  the  United  States.— Ed- 
munds Act,  an  act  of  Congressof  March  22, 1882,  punish- 
ing polygamy. —Elicit  act,  an  act  of tl 
tinguisiied  from  an  imperale  act,  which 
of  the  body  or  the  soul  consequent  upon  tl 


itself,  as  dis- 
me  movement 
act  of  the  will. 
Aquinas.— Essential  act,  in  metaph.,  that  act  which  is 
at  the  same  time  essence.  Status.— First  act.  See  en- 
crqii.-Uw.de  Palmer's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1S69 
abolishing  the  preference  which  the  common  law  gave  to 
the  payment  of  specialty  debts  over  simple  contract  debts, 
in  settling  the  estates  of  deceased  persons.— Hogarth's 
Act  an  English  statute  of  1766  which  secured  the  prop- 
erty' in  engravings,  prints,  etc.,  to  their  designers  or  in- 
ventors, and  to  the  widow  of  William  Hogarth  the  property 
in  his  works.  —  Immanent  act,  one  which  remains  w  ithin 
the  agent,  and  does  not  consist  in  an  effect  produced  on 
something  else.— Imperate  act.  See  elicit  act.— In- 
formant act,  in  metaph.,  the  perfection  of  passive  or  sub- 
jective power;  that  act  by  which  matter  receives  a  qual- 
ity or  form  in  the  Aristotelian  sense.— Jekyll's  Act,  all 
English  statute  of  1736  directed  against  the  sale  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors.— Lands'  Clauses  Act,  an  English  statute  of 
1845  (s  and  9  Vict.  c.  IS)  regulating  the  taking  of  private 
property  for  public  use  by  corporations,  etc.  — Last  act, 
second  energy  (which  see,  underenergii).  Leeman'S  Act, 
an  English  statute  of  1867  (30  Vict.  C.  29)  declaring  con- 
tracts for  sale  of  stocks  void,  unless  the  numbering  of  the 
shares  or  certificates,  or  the  name  of  a  registered  owner,  be 
specified  in  writing.— Lord  Aberdeen's  Act,  an  English 
statute  of  1845  carrying  into  effect  a  treaty  with  Brazil 
for  the  regulation  and  final  abolition  of  the  slave-trade. 
Lord  Campbell's  Act.  («)  An  English  statute  of  1846 
allowing  the  relatives  of  a  person  whose  death  has  been 
caused  by  negligence  or  wrongful  act  to  recover  damages 
therefor.  The  principle  of  this  act  has  been  generally 
adopted  ill  the  United  States  by  statutes  allowing  the 
executor  or  administrator  to  sue  and  recover  damages  in 
such  a  case  for  the  benefit  of  the  wife,  husband,  or  next 
of  kin  (b)  \n  English  statute  of  1848  as  t"  defama- 
tion (.)  An  English  statute  of  1838  as  to  obscene  publi- 
cations. -Lord  Cranworth's  Act.  (a)  An  English  stat- 
ute of  I860  giving  to  mortgagees  and  trustees  certain 
general  powers,  such  as  are  commonly  provided  m  settle- 

mi  nls. rlgagcs,  and  wills,  in  aid  of  their  rights  or  duties. 

C>i  An  English  statute  of  lsiai  as  to  endowed  schools.— 
Lord  Denman's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1848  (6  and  7 
Vict.  c.  85)  abolishing  common-law  rules  that  excluded 
witnesses  from  testifying  by  reason  of  interest  or  crime. 
—Lord  Ellenborough's  Act,  an  English  statute  (i.tGcii. 
III.  c.  68)  punishing  offenses  against  the  person.  Lord 
Lyndhurst's  Act.  («>  An  English  statute  of  1886  inval- 
idating marriages' within  the  prohibited  degrees.  (U  an 
English  statute  of  1844  for  conserving  the  propertj  pi 
dissenting  congregations  to  the  uses  of  the  faith  originally 
Intended,  by  making  25  years'  usage  evidence  thereof  m 
tb.  absence  of  a  controlling  declaration  in  the  deed  or 
Instrument  of  trust.  This  act  is  known  also  as  the  Dw- 
tenters'  Chapels  Act.  -Lord  St.  Leonard's  Acts,  English 
statutes  (22  and  23  Vict.  c.  35,  and  23  and  24  \  iet.  c.  38) 
amending  the  law  of  property,  relieving  trustees,  etc.— 


act 

Lord  Tenterden's  Act.    (a)  An  English  statute  of  1828 
by  which  new  promises  relied  on  to  revive  a  debt  which 
is  statute-barrel,  or  to  ratify  one  contracted  in  infancy, 
were  required  b.  be  in  writing  and   signed,      (b)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1833  shortening  the  time   prescribed  by 
the  statute  of  limitations  in  certain  cases.  -  McCullOCh 
Act,  a  statute  of  Virginia,  March  28,  1879,  designed  to  re- 
duce  the  amount  of  interest  payable  by  the  stale  .,f  \  ir- 
ginia  upon  its  public  debt,  by  obtaining  the  consent  of 
the  bondholders  to  such  reduction. -Pure  act,  in  metaph., 
an  act  Joined  with  no  objective  nor  subjective  power;  that 
act  whose  very  essence  or  possibility  involves  its  existence 
m  all  its  attributes;  God.—  Riddleberger  Act,  a  Virginia 
statute  of  1882  attempting  to  reduce  the  bonded  debt  and 
interest  thereon  of  that  State,  on  the  ground  that  the 
state  of  West  Virginia,  which  had  been  carved  out  of  \  ir- 
ginia,  ought  to  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  debt. —Sec- 
ond act.     See  encrau.— Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act.    See 
Ba nk  Act,  under  baijc.—  Sir  William  Bovill's  Act.    See 
BoviWs  Act,  above.— Stil  well  Act,  a  New  York  statute  of 
1831  abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt,  except  in  cases  of 
fraud  or  tort,  and  giving  proceedings  for  punishment  of 
fraudulent  debtors.— The  Lords'  Act,  an  English  statute 
of  1759  (32  Geo.  II.  e.  28)  to  relieve  insolvent  debtors  from 
imprisonment.— The  Six  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1819 
restricting  the  rights  of  public  assembly  and  military 
organization,  and    the    freedom   of   the  press.— Tilden 
Act  a  New  York  statute  of  1875,  otherwise  known  as  the 
ferulut  ion  Act,  giving  a  civil  remedy  to  the  State  for  mal- 
versation by  municipal  or  county  officers  as  well  as  state 
officers.— Transient  act,  one  which  consists  in  the  pro- 
duction of  an  effect  upon  an  object  different  from  the  sub- 
ject.— Yazoo  Frauds  Act,  the  name  given  to  a  statute 
of  Georgia  of  1795,  for  the  sale  of  avast  tract  ol  public 
lands,  comprising  the  present  state  of  Mississippi  and  one 
half  of  Alabama,  to  private  persons.    It  w  as  declared  by 
a  statute  of  the  next  year  to  he  null  and  void,  as  having 
been  fraudulently  enacted.  (For  noted  acts  on  particular 
subjects,  such  as  the  Army  Act.  Bankruptcy  -U'ctc.,  see 
the  qualifying  word  or  words.     See  also  article,  bill,  by- 
law  charter   rode,  decree,  edict,   law,  ordinance,  jietition, 
provision,  statute. )=Syn.  1.  Action,  Act,  Deed.   See  act  ion. 
act  (akt),   v.     [<  L.  actus,   pp.    of  agere,  lead, 
drive,  impel,  cause,  make,  perform,  do  :  see  act, 
n.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  do,  perform,  or  transact. 
Thou  wast  a  spirit  too  delicate 

To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorr'd  commands. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

2.  To  represent  by  action;  perform  on  or  as  on 
the  stage;  play,  or  play  the  part  of:  hence, 
feign  or  counterfeit :  as,  to  ac t  Macbeth;  to  act 
the  lover,  or  the  part  of  a  lover. 

With  acted  fear  the  villain  thus  pursued.  Drijden. 

3  To  perform  the  office  of ;  assume  the  char- 
acter of :  as,  to  act  the  hero.—  4f.  To  put  in 
action ;  actuate.  * 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  59. 

The  Ancient  Criticks  .  .  .  were  acted  by  a  Spirit  of 
Candour,  rather  than  that  of  Cavilling. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  285. 

What  spirit  acted  the  party  that  raised  this  persecution, 
one  may  guess.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int.,  in. 

II.  intrans.  To  do  something ;  exert  energy 
or  force  in  any  way:  used  of  anything  capable 
of  movement,"either  original  or  communicated, 
or  of  producing  effects.  Specifically— 1.  To 
put  forth  effort  or  energy ;  exercise  movement 
or  agency ;  be  employed  or  operative :  as,  to  act 
vigorously  or  languidly:  he  is  acting  against 
his  own  interest ;  his  mind  acts  sluggishly. 
He  hangs  between  ;  in  doubt  to  act,  or  rest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  li.  7. 

Act,  act  in  the  living  Present ! 

Longfellow,  Psalm  of  Life. 
You  can  distinguish  between  individual  people  to  such 
an  extent  that  you  have  a  general  idea  oi  how  a  given 
person  will  act  when  placed  in  given  circumstances. 

W.  Ii.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  76. 

2.  To  exert  influence  or  produce  effects;  per- 
form a  function  or  functions ;  operate :  as, 
praise  acts  as  a  stimulant;  mind  acts  upon 
mind;  the  medicine  failed  to  act:  the  brake 
refused  to  act,  or  to  act  upon  the  w  heels. 

How  body  acts  upon  the  impassive  mind. 

Qarth,  Dispensary. 

Man  acting  on  man  by  weight  of  opinion. 

Emerson,  Civilization. 

3.  To  be  employed  or  operate  in  a  particular 
way;  perform  specific  duties  or  functions:  as, 
a  deputy  acts  for  or  in  place  of  his  principal ; 
he  refused  to  act  on  or  as  a  member  of  the  com- 

mittee.     Often  used  With  reference  to  the  performance 

of  duties  by  a  temporary  substitute  for  the  regular  incum- 
bent of  an. '.Itie."  as.  the  lieutenant-governor  will  ui'Mn  the 
absei I  lb.- governor.    See  acting. 

4.  To  perform  as  an  actor;  represent  a  char- 
acter; hence,  to  feign  or  assume  a  part:  as,  he 
acts  well;  he  is  only  dctmg.-  To  act  on,  to  act  in 
accordance  with  ;  regulate  one's  action  by:  as,  to  act  an 
the  principle  of  the  golden  rule ;  to  act  an  a  talsc  assump- 
tion. To  act  up  to,  to  equal  in  action;  Perform  an 
action  or  a  series  of  actions  correspondent  to  i  lultll:  as, 
he  has  acted  up  to  his  engagement. 

lie  is  a  man  of  sentiment,  and  acts  up  to  the  senti- 
ments lie  professes.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  l.  2. 
=  Syn  Act,  Work,  Operate.  These  words  agree  in  ex- 
pressing the  successful  exertion  of  power.  In  their  in- 
transitive  use  the)   arc  sometimes  interchangeable  i  as, 


act 

a  medicine  acts,  works,  or  operates ;  a  plan  works  or  op- 
erates.  Where  they  differ,  act  may  more  often  refer  to  a 
single  action  or  to  the  simpler  forms  of  action  :  as,  a  ma- 
chine works  well  when  all  its  parts  act.  Act  may  also  be 
the  most  general,  applying  to  persona  or  things,  the  oth- 
ers applying  generally  to  things.  Oj»ratc  may  express 
the  more  elaborate  tonus  of  action.  Wvrk  may  express 
the  more  powerful  kinds  of  action  :  as,  it  worked  upon  his 
mind. 

acta  (ak'tii),  re.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  actum:  see  act, 
it.]  1.  Acts.  Specifically  —  2.  Proceedings  in 
a  legal  or  an  ecclesiastical  court,  or  uiiuutes 
of  such  proceedings — Acta  (or  Actus)  Apostolo- 
rum  (Acts  of  the  Apostles),  the  title  in  the  Vulgate  of 

the  tlftll  I k  of  the  New  Testament.      Acta  Martyrum 

(Acts  of  the  Martyrs),  contemporary  accounts  of  the  early 
Christian  martyrdoms,  from  judicial  registers  or  reports 
of  eye-witnesses,  or  as  drawn  up  by  the  ecclesiastical 
notaries  ;  specifically,  the  critical  edition  of  such  acts  by 
the  Benedictine  Ruinart,  first  published  in  1GS9,  and  the 
additional  collections  by  t  lie  Orientalist  Stephen  Assemaui, 
in  174S.  — Acta  Sanctorum  (Acts  of  the  Saints),  a  name 
applied  generally  to  all  collections  of  accounts  of  saints 
and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and  Greek  churches; 
specifically,  the  name  of  a  work  begun  by  the  Bollandists, 
a  society  of  Jesuits,  in  164;>,  and  not  completed  until  1870. 
It  now  consists  of  sixty-one  folio  volumes,  including  an  in- 
dex published  in  1875. 

actable (ak'ta-bl), a.  [<act  +  -ablc.]  Practically 
possible ;  performable ;  capable  of  being  acted. 

Is  naked  truth  actable  in  true  life  ? 

Tennyson,  Harold,  iii.  1. 

Mr.  Browning  set  himself  to  the  composition  of  another 
actable  play.  The  Century,  XXIII.  199. 

ActaBa  (ak-te'S),  re.  [L.,  herb-christopher,  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those  of  the 

elder,  <  Gr.  atcraia. 


erroneous 
of    aurta, 


form 
contr. 


';-•,    tree.]  A  genus  of 
herbs,  natural  or- 
der     Itanuneula- 
cea;  with    some- 
what deleterious 
properties.       The 
old-world  species,  A. 
spicata,    the    bane- 
berry  or  herb-chris- 
topher,    has     black 
berries.       The   com- 
mon forms  of  North 
America    with    red 
berries  are  now  con- 
Red   Baneberrf  {Actaa  rubra),  showing  sidered    varieties     of 
flowering  plant  and  fruiting  raceme.       the  same  species,  but 
the  white-berried  A. 
alba  is  kept  distinct.     In  the  Atlantic  States  these  are 
known  as  red  and  white  cohosh  or  baneberry. 
Actaeon  (ak-te'on),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  'Atiraiuv,  in 
myth.,  a  grandson  of  Cadmus,  who,  havingcome 
accidentally  upon  Diana  bathing,  was  changed 
by  her  into  a  stag,  and  then  torn  to  pieces  by 
his  own  dogs.    Cf.  auralac,  on  the  coast,  <  awrrj, 
a  coast,  headland,  edge.]     1.  The  representa- 
tive genus  of  the  mollusean  family  Acttvonidee. 
Originally  written  Action,  Montfort,  1810.  Also 
Tornatclla. — 2.  Agenus  of  abranchiate  gastrop- 
odous  inollusks,  of  the  family  Elysiida  (which 
see):  a  synonym  of  Ehjsia.     Oken,  1815. 
Actaeonella  (ak-te-o-nel'S),  n.    [NL.,  <  Action 
+  -ella.~\     The  typical  genus  of  Actaionellidw, 
containing  numerous  species  with  thick  conoid 
or  convoluted  shell,  short  or  concealed  spire, 
long  narrow  aperture,  and  the  columella  with 
three  regular  spiral  plaits  in  front.    Originally 
written  ActeoneUa.     It'Orbigiuj,  1842. 
actceonellid  (ak-te-6-nel'id),  re.    A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Acta'oneHidie. 
Actaeonellidae  (ak-te-6-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
<  Actwonella  +  -ida\]     A  family  of  gastropods, 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actax»iella  (which 
see). 
actcBOnid  (ak-te'on-id),  re.     A  gastropod  of  the 

family  AcUconida'. 
Actaeonidse  (ak-te-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Acti- 
on +  -ida:]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas- 
tropods, variously  limited,  but  typified  by  the 
genus  Actaon.  It  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  animals 
retractile  in  their  shells  and  having  a  wide  frontal  lobe  ter- 
minating behind  in  broad  triangular  tentacles  ;  uncinate 
lingual  teeth,  which  are  numerous,  nearly  uniform,  and 
arranged  in  series  diverging  from  the  middle  ;  and  a  sub- 
cylindrical  spiral  shell  having  a  columellar  fold.  The  liv- 
ing species  are  of  small  size,  marine,  and  chiefly  tropical 
or  subtropical,  and  have  been  distributed  among  several 
genera.  Numerous  fossil  species  have  been  found.  The 
family  is  also  known  under  the  name  Tornatellidce  (which 
see). 
act-drop  (akt'drop),  it.  In  a  theater,  a  curtain 
which  is  lowered  between  acts. 
Actenobranchii  (ak-ten-6-brang'ki-i),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  terete  (ktcv-),  a  comb,  + 
ftpayxia,  gills.]  In  Macleay's  ichthyological 
system,  one  of  five  primary  groups  of  fishes, 
characterized  solely  by  the  branchiae  not  being 
pectinated  like  those  of  most  fishes.     It  is  a  very 


59 

artificial  group,  composed  of  the  Lophobranchii  and  Cy- 
ctostomi  or  Hareipobranchii, 

Actian  (ak'shi-tin),  a.  [<L.  Actlus  (poet.),  also 
Actiacus,  a.,  <  Actium,  Gr.  "Aktiov,  lit.  a  head- 
land, <  iiKTt/,  a  headland.  Cf.  Acta'Oii.~]  Relating 
to  Actium,  a  town  and  promontory  of  Acarnania 
in  Greece — Actian  games,  games  held  from  remote 
antiquity  at  Actium  In  honor  of  Apollo,  and  reorganized 
and  developed  by  Augustus  to  celebrate  bis  naval  \  ictory 
over  Antony  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  31  B.  c.  As  remod- 
eled by  the  Romans  they  were  celebrated  every  four  years, 
and  became  the  fifth  in  importance  of  the  great  Greek  fes- 
tivals. Hence,  Actian  years,  years  reckoned  from  the 
era  of  the  new  Actian  games.  Games  also  called  Actian 
were  celebrated,  by  senatorial  decree,  every  four  years  at 
Rome. 

actinal  (ak'ti-nal),  a.  [<Gr.  auric  (aicnv-),  a  ray, 
+  -a..]  In  good:  (a)  Pertaining  to  the  side  of 
a  radiate  animal  which  contains  the  mouth: 
equivalent  to  oral,  since  the  pole,  surface,  or 
aspect  of  the  body  whence  parts  radiate  is  also 
that  in  which  the  mouth  is  situated:  the  oppo- 
site of  abactinal  or  dboral.  The  actinal  side  orsur- 
faee  may  be  the  upper  one,  in  the  usual  attitude  of  the  ani- 
mal, as  in  the  case  of  a  sea-anemone,  which  is  fixed  by  its 
abactinal  or  aboral  pole,  and  grows  upward  ;  or  it  may  be 
the  lower  one,  as  in  the  case  of  a  starfish,  which  creeps  upon 
its  actinal  or  oral  surface.  In  a  sea-urchin  of  more  or  less 
globular  shape  nearly  the  whole  superficies  is  actinal. 

The  so-called  mouth  is  always  placed  at  one  end  of  these 
poles,  and  from  it  radiate  the  most  prominent  organs,  in 
consequence  of  which  I  have  called  this  side  of  the  body 
the  oral  or  actinal  area,  and  the  opposite  side  the  aboral 
or  abactinal  area. 

L.  Agassiz,  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  A.,  IV.  376. 
The  mouth  [of  sea-urchins]  is  always  situated  upon  the 
lower  or  actinal  aspect,  which  is  applied  in  progression 
to  the  surface  upon  which  the  animal  moves. 

Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  I.  161. 

(6)  In  general,  having  tentacles  or  rays. 

The  upper  extremity  [of  members  of  the  genus  Actinia] 
is  called  the  actinal  end,  since  it  bears  the  tentacles  or 
rays.  Dana,  Corals,  p.  22. 

Actinellida  (ak-ti-nel'i-da),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
auric  (aurtv-),  ray,  +  dim.  -ell-us  +  -ida.~\  A  fam- 
ily name  of  radiolarians :  synonymous  with  As- 
trolophidida'  (which  see). 

Actinellidae  (ak-ti-nel'i-de),  re. pi.  [NL.,<  Acti- 
nella  (not  used)  +  -idcc.~\  A  family  of  aeantho- 
metrous  acantharians  with  the  skeleton  com- 
posed of  a  varying  number  of  spicules,  which 
are  not  distributed  according  to  J.  M  filler's  law. 

actinenchyma  (ak-ti-neng'ki-ma),  n.  [<  Gr. 
auric  (iiKnv-),  ray,  +  eyxvua,  infusion,  (kyx&ecv, 
pour  in.]  In  bot.,  a  name  that  has  been  given 
to  a  system  or  tissue  of  stellate  cells. 

acting  (ak'ting),  p.  a.  Performing  duty,  ser- 
vice, or  functions ;  specifically,  performing  the 
functions  of  an  office  or  employment  tempo- 
rarily: as,  an  acting  governor  or  mayor;  an 
acting  colonel  or  superintendent.  In  the  United 
States  there  is  generally  some  officer  of  lower  grade  legal- 
ly entitled  to  become  the  acting  incumbent  of  an  impor- 
tant executive  office  during  a  temporary  vacancy  from 
absence  or  disability  of  the  elected  incumbent.  Tempo- 
rary vacancies  in  military,  judicial,  and  minor  executive 
offices  are  usually  filled  by  assignment  or  appointment. 

Actinia  (ak-tin'i-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auric  (aKnv-), 
ray.  ]  1 .  A  genus  of  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the 
Radiata  of  Cuvier,  regarded  as  the  type  of  the 
order Malaeodermata,  subclass  Zoantharia,  class 
Actinozoa,  subkingdom  Coslenterata,  in  modern 
classification.  The  body  is  cylindrical,  and  is  attached 
by  one  extremity,  the  mouth  occupying  the  middle  of  the 
upper  or  free  extremity.  The  mouth  is  surrounded  by 
concentric  circles  of  tentacles,  which  when  spread  re- 
semble the  petals  of  a  flower,  whence  the  popular  names 
animal-flowers  and  sea-anemones  (which  see).  They  are 
not  perfectly  radial  in  symmetry,  the  common  polyp  of 
the  sea-shore,  A.  mesernbryanttemum,  having  the  oral 
aperture  slightly  elliptical,  the  long  axis  being  marked  by 
a  tubercle  at  either  end :  the  animal  thus  presents  a  faint 
but  well-marked  indication  of  bilateral  symmetry.  They 
move  by  alternately  contracting  and  expanding  their  bases, 
and  by  their  tentacles.  The  species  are  often  of  brilliant 
colors:  many  of  them  are  used  as  food.  See  Actinozoa. 
2.  [..  c]  An  animal  of  the  genus  Actinia  or 
family  AcMniidce. 

Actiniadse,  re.  ;''•     See  Actiniidw. 

Actiniaria  (ak-tin-i-a'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<Jc- 
linia  +  -aria.]  One  of  the  divisions  of  the  class 
Actinozoa,  containing  the  sea-anemones,  and 
nearly  equivalent  to  the  order  Malaeodermata. 

actinic  (ak-tin'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  <kWc  (aartv-),  a  ray, 
+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  actinism ;  having  the 
property  of  actinism. 

The  so-called  actinic  rays,  which  were  discovered  by 
their  special  activity  in  connection  with  the  earlier  pin. 
tographic  processes,  but  which  can  now  be  changed  into 
visible  rays,  are  merely  vibrations  too  rapid  to  ailed  the 
eyes.  '     Tail,  Light,  %  :i. 

Actinic  process,  a  generic  name  for  any  photographic 
process;  specifically,  any  photo-engraving  process. 

actinically  (ak-tin'i-kal-i),  adv.  As  regards  the 
chemical  action  of  the  sun's  rays. 

The  light  which  finally  emerges,  however  much  cor- 
rected, becomes  more  and  more  actinically  weak. 

Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  35. 


actinoid 

Actinidae  (ak-tiii'i-de),  »./</.  Same  as  Actmu 
idce.    •/.  /'.  Dana,  1846. 

actiniformuik-tin'i-iVirm  or ak'tin-i-f 6rm), a.  [< 
Gr.o/cWi  {axTiv-),  ray,+  L.  -formis,<.forma>toisD.'\ 
Having  a  radiated  inn.;  resembling  an  actinia. 

Actiniidae,  Actiniadae  (ak-ti-ni'i-de,  -a-de),  n. 
pi.  [XL.,  <  Actinia  +  -iitn,  -n,l,i.\  The  sea- 
anemones  or  animal-flowers  proper,  regarded 
as  a  family,  having  as  type  the  genus  Actinia, 
and  belonging  to  tin-  order  Helianthoida  or 
Malaeodermata,  of  the  class  Actinozoa.  It  con- 
tains numerous  genera  and  species.  See  Jwi- 
nozoa.    Also  written  Actmidce. 

actiniochrome  (ak-tin'i-o-krom),  «.  [<  Gr.  cuc- 
rlc  (aicriv-),  ray  (see  actinium),  +  xpafia,  color.] 
A  red  pigment  obtained  by  Moseloy  from  some 
specimens  of  Bunodes  crassus,  one  of  the  Ac- 
tinozoa. 

actinism  (ak'ti-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  auric  (aariv-), 
ray,  +  -ism.']  If.  The  radiation  of  heal  or  light, 
or  that  branch  of  natural  philosophy  which 
treats  of  the  radiation  of  heat  and  light. — 
2.  That  property  of  light  which,  as  may  be 
seen  in  photography,  produces  chemical  com- 
binations and  decompositions,  a  pencil  of  rays, 
when  decomposed  by  refraction  through  a  prism,  is  found 
to  possess  three  properties,  viz.,  the  heating,  the  lumi- 
nous, and  the  chemical  or  actinic.  It  was  formerly  sup- 
posed that  the  actinic  property  belonged  peculiarly  to 
the  more  refrangible  part  of  the  spectrum,  beginning  with 
the  violet  and  extending  far  beyond  the  visible  spectrum  ; 
it  is  now  known,  however,  that  the  different  rays  differ 
essentially  only  in  their  wave-lengths,  and  that  the  phe- 
nomena of  heat,  light,  or  chemical  action  observed  depend 
upon  the  surface  on  which  the  rays  respectively  fall.  The 
violet  end  of  the  spectrum  acts  especially  on  the  sensitive 
silver  salts,  but  the  chemical  decomposition  of  the  carbon 
dioxid  (COo)  in  the  atmosphere  involved  in  the  growth 
of  vegetation  takes  place  most  actively  under  the  action 
of  the  yellow  rays;  and  under  proper  conditions  a  pho- 
tograph of  even  the  ultra-red  rays  at  the  opposite  end  of 
the  spectrum  may  be  obtained  on  a  gelatin  plate  sensitized 
with  silver  bromid. 

actinium  (ak-tin'i-nm),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  qkWc  (<k- 
nv-),  ray.]  A  supposed  chemical  element  found 
associated  with  zinc.  Its  chemical  and  plrysi- 
cal  properties  have  not  been  fully  investigated. 

actino-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  anrit  [axriv-),  ray:  see 
actinic.']  An  element  in  scientific  compounds 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  ray.  In  chemical  com- 
pounds it  represents  specifically  actinism. 

Actinocheiri,  ».    See  Actinochiri. 

actino -chemistry  (ak  ti-no-kem'is-tri),  is. 
[<  aciin-ism  +  chemistry.]  Chemistry  in  its  re- 
lation to  actinism.     See  actinism. 

Actinochiri  (ak"ti-n6-kl'ri),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
auric  (aurtv-),  ray,  +  ,)f</>,  hand.]  An  order  of 
fishes  having  six  unpaired  and  one  pair  of  basilar 
bones  supporting  the  pectoral  fin,  and  all  ar- 
ticulating with  the  scapula.  Its  only  known  repre- 
sentativesfOrm  the  extinct  family  Pelecopteridce,  of  the 
i  pper  Cretaceous  formation.  Cope,  1S75.  Also  spelled 
Actinocheiri. 

Actinocrinid39(ak"ti-no-krin'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Actinocrinus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  encrinites, 
or  fossil  crinoids,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Ac- 
tinocrinus. 

actinocrinite  (ak"ti-n6-kri'nit),  re.  [<  Actino- 
crinus +  -ite".]  An  encrinite,  or  fossil  erinoid, 
of  the  genus  Actinocrinus.  [By  error  some- 
times spelled  actinocritc] 

Actinocrinus  (ak'/ti-no-kri'nus).  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
auric  (aicriv-),  ray,  +  uplvov,  lily:  see  erinoid.] 
A  genus  of  encrinites,  or  fossil  crinoids,  re- 
ferred to  the  family  Encrinidce,  or  made  type 
of  the  family  Aetinocrinida:     L.  Agassis,  1834. 

actino-electricity  (ak'ti-no-e-lek-tris'j-ti),  n. 
[<  aetin-ism  +  electricity.]  Electricity  produced 
in  a  body  (e.  g.,  rock-crystal)  by  direct  heat- 
radiation.     HanLi  I. 

Actinogastra  (ak"ti-no-gas'tr;i),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  dune  (auriv-),  ray,  +  yaarfip,  belly.]  In 
Haeckel's  classification,  a  subclass  of  Asterida, 
containing  those  starfishes  or  sea-stars  which 
have  the  gastric  cavity  radiated,  whence  the 
name. 

actinograph  (ak-tin'o-graf),  re.  [<  Gr.  auric, 
(aKTtv-),  ray.  4-  ypdtpctv,  write.  Cf.  Gr.  aKrivo- 
ypacbia,  a  treatise  on  radiation,  of  same  forma- 
tion.] An  instrument  for  measuring  and  re- 
gistering the  variations  of  actinic  or  chemical 
influence  in  the  solar  rays.  The  intensity  of  this 
influence  bears  no  direct  relation  to  the  quantity  of  light, 
but  varies  at  different  periods  of  the  day  ami  oi  thi 
There  are  several  forms  of  actinograph,  all  of  them  using 
the  same  test,  namely,  the  depth  of  the  blackening  effect 
of  chemical  rays  aUowed  to  fall  on  a  sensitive  piece  of 
paper  for  a  given  time. 

actinoid  (ak'ti-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKrivoeiSr/r,  < atcric 
(iiKriv-),  ray,  +  elSoc,  form:  see  -aid.]  Having 
the  form  of  rays  ;  resembling  a  starfish ;  con- 
spicuously radiate  :  as,  the  actinoid  type  of 
eehinoderms. 


Actinoida 

Actinoida  (ak-ti-hoi'dS),  «.  pi.    [NL. :  see  acti- 
noiil.  ]     Same  as  Actinozoa. 
actinolite  (ak-tia'o-Bt),  ».    [<  Gr.  auric  (faertv-), 

ray,  +  /.;t<o<;,  stone.']  A  radiated  mineral,  called 
by  Werner  stralilstcin  (ray-stone),  consisting  of 
silicates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  andiron,  it  is 
:i  variety  ol  amphibole  or  hornblende,  of  a  green  color,  ami 
having  a  columnar  to  fibrous  structure.  Also  called  acti- 
not..—  Actinolite  schist,  a  metaxnorphic  rock  consisting 
principally  of  actinolite,  with  an  ad mixture  of  mica,  quartz, 
or  feldspar  ;  its  texture  is  slaty  and  foliated. 

actinolitic  (ak'ti-no-lit'ik),  a.  Like,  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of  actinolite. 

actinology  (ak-ti-nol'o-ji),  re.  [<  Gr.  d/cric  (<k-- 
Tiv-),  ray,  +  -Ao)ia,  <  Ityeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  branch  of  science  which  investigates  the 
chemical  action  of  light. 

actinomere  (ak-tin'o-mer),  re.  [<  Gr.  faerie  (cik- 
tiv-), ray.  +  jtipoe,  a  part,  <  pelpecdcu  (•/  */tep),  di- 
vide.] One  of  the  radially  symmetrical  parti- 
tions or  divisions  of  a  sea-anemone,  coral-polyp, 
or  other  actinozoan. 

actinomeric  (ak  ti-no-rner'ik),  a.  Relating  to 
an  actinomere ;  having  act inomeres ;  being  di- 
vided into  radiated  parts. 

actinometer  (ak-ti-nom'e-ter),  re.  [<Gr.  d/cric 
(ciktiv-),  ray,  +  pirpov,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  radia- 
tion. 

actinometric  (ak"ti-no-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  actinometer,  or  to  actinom- 
etry. 

actinometrical  (ak"ti-n6-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  actinometric. 

actinometry  (ak-ti-nom'e-tri),  n.  [As  actinome- 
ter +  -//.]  The  measurement  of  the  intensity 
of  radiation. 

Actinomma  (ak-ti-noin'a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  faerie 
(uktiv-),  ray,  +  bp/ca,  eye.]  A  notable  genus  of 
radiolarians,  established  by  Haeekel  in  1860. 
See  extract. 

As  the  lateral  processes  [of  the  rays  of  some  radiolari- 
ans] .  .  .  become  more  largely  developed,  a  continuous  cir- 
cumferential skeleton  is  formed,  which  encloses  the  whole 
organism,  as  in  Actinomma,  in  which  there  are  sometimes 
three  or  more  concentric  shells.       Stand.  Nat.  Hist,,  1. 9. 

Actinomonadidae  (ak"ti-n6-mo-nad'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Actinomonas  (-ad-)  +  -idee]  A  family 
of  oval  or  spheroidal  animalcules,  fixed  or 
freely  motile.  They  are  entirely  naked,  possess  neither 
a  hardened  test  nor  a  central  capsule,  and  have  fine  ray- 
like pseudopodia  projecting  from  all  points  of  the  surface, 
supplemented  at  one  point  by  a  long  vibratile  flagellum. 

Actinomonas  (ak"ti-no-mon'as),  re.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
auric  (ciktiv-),  ray,  +  fiovac,  a  unit:  see  monad.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  inf usorians  of  the  family 
Aetmomonadidce. 

actinomorphic  (ak'^i-no-mor'Ak),  a.  Same  as 
actijwmorphons. 

actinomorphous  (ak'ti-no-mor'fus),  a.  [<Gr. 
auric;  (u.ktw-),  ray,  +  popipij,  form.]  Ray-shaped: 
in  hot.,  applied  to  flowers  which  may  be  divided 
vertically  into  similar  halves  through  two  or 
more  planes :  synonymous  with  polysym metri- 
cal.    Hachs. 

actinomyces  (ak"ti-n6-mi'sez),  ».;  pi.  actinomy- 
cetes  (-mi-se'tez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auric  (ciktiv-), 
ray,  +  /ivkjiq  (pi.  p'ckiitcc),  a  mushroom,  an  ex- 
crescence.] The  ray-fungus:  so  called  from 
the  rosettes  of  club-shaped  structures  in  which 
it  presents  itself.  The  disease  actinomycosis 
is  caused  by  the  presence  of  this  fungus. 

actinomycotic  (ak"ti-n6-mi-set'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  caused  by  actinomyeetes  :  as,  an 
actinomya  in-  tumor. 

actinomycosis  (ak'ti-no-ini-ko'sis),  re.  [NL.,  < 
actinomyces  +  -axis.']  A  progressive  inflamma- 
tory affection  caused  by  the  presence  of  acti- 
nomyeetes, occurring  in  cattle  and  swine,  and 
sometimes  in  man.      It  is  most  frequently  found  in 

the  jaw-  nf  rattle,  but  m;iy  invade  other  parts.     It  is  n.m- 

municated  by  i tact  with  a  wound  or  an  abrasion.    Also 

ealleil  tum/o/jaic. 

actinophone    (ak-tin'o-phon),   n.    [<Gr.  faerie 

(uktiv-),  ray,  +  <pwvi/,  sound.]  An  apparatus  for 
the  production  of  sound  by  actinic  rays.  A.  G. 
I,i  II.    See  radiophone. 

actinophonic  (ak-tin-6-fon'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  actinophone,  or  to  sounds  produced  by 
actinic  rays. 

actinophore  (ak-tin'o-for),  ».  [<  Gr.  ciKTivo<p6por, 
ray-bearing:  see  actinophorous.']  One  of  tho 
peripheral  skeletal  elements  which  directly  af- 
ford support  to  the  true  tin-rays  of  l.i/rij'rni. 
that  is,  typical  fishes  and  selachians. 

The  acHnophori  ol  the  paired  tins  may  be  distinguished 
from  those  ol  the  unpaired  fins  by  calling  the  latter  the 
median  actimophort  ./.  .!.  Ryder 

actinophorous  (ak-ti-nof'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dx- 
rivotf>6poct    ray-bearing,   <  a/cWc  (ciktiv-),  ray,  + 


60 

-<p6poc,   <  (filpecv  =  E.  bear1.]      Having  ray-like 
spines. 
actinophryan  (ak-ti-nof'ri-an),  a.      [<  Aotino- 

jilirys.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  Actinophrys. 

the  amcBban,  like  the  actinophryan  type,  shows  itself  in 
the  testaceous  as  well  as  in  the  naked  form. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  407. 

Actinophryidae  (ak"ti-n<3-fri'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Actinophrys  +  ■idee.']  A  family  of  endoplastic 
rhizopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Actinophrys 
(which  see),  referred  to  the  order  Hcliozoa  or 
constituting  an  order  I'hloeophora  (Carus),  and 
containing  organisms  known  as  heliozoans  or 
sun-animalcules.  Other  genera  than  Actino- 
phrys placed  in  this  family  are  Ciliophrys  and 
Actinosj)harium  (which  see). 

Actinophryina  (ak"ti-n6-fri-i'na),  n.pl     [NL., 

<  Actinophrys  +  -ina.]  A  group  of  rhizopods, 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actinophrys,  con- 
taining heliozoans  or  sun-animalcules.  See  Ac- 
tinophryiilte. 

Actinophrys  (ak-ti-nof'ris), ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/cWc 
(ciktiv-),  ray,  +  b<ppvc  =  E.  bi-oir.]  A  genus  of 
protozoans,  belonging  to  a  division  of  the  class 
llhizopoda  known  as  Heliozoa,  and  the  leading 
genus  of  a  family  Actinophryidec.  Actinophrys  sol, 
a  typical  species,  is  the  well-known  sun-animalcule  of 
microscopists. 

Most  species  of  the  genus  Actinophrys,  or  "sun-animal- 
cule," which  is  common  in  ponds,  are  simply  free-swim- 
ming myxopods  with  stiftish  pseudopodia,  which  radiate 
from  all  sides  of  the  globular  body. 

Huxley,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

actinopteran  (ak-ti-nop'te-ran),  re.    One  of  the 

Actinopteri ;  an  actinopterous  fish. 

Actinopteri  (ak-ti-nop'te-ii),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  acUnoptcrus :  see  actinopterous.]  In  Cope's 
system  of  classification,  a  subclass  of  fishes 
embracing  all  the  teleosts,  most  of  the  osseous 
ganoids,  and  the  sturgeons.  The  technical  charac- 
ters of  the  group  are  opercular  bones  well  developed  on  a 
separate  and  complex  suspensorium,  a  double  ceratohyal, 
no  pelvic  elements,  primary  radii  of  the  fore  limb  parallel 
with  basilar  elements  and  entering  into  the  articulation 
with  the  scapular  arch,  and  basilar  elements  reduced  to  a 
metapterygium  and  very  rarely  a  mesopterygium. 

actinopterous  (ak-ti-nop'te-rus),  a,  [<  NL.  ac- 
tinopterus,  <  Gr.  auric  (ciktiv-),  ray,  +  irrepdv, 
wing.]  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Actinopteri. 

actinosoma  (ak"ti-n6-s6'ma),  re.:  pi.  actinoso- 
iiintn  (-ma-ta).  [<  Gr.  d/ir/c  (ciktiv-),  ray,  +  auua, 
body.]  The  entire  body  of  any  actinozoan, 
whether  simple,  as  in  the  sea-anemones,  or  com- 
posed of  several  zooids,  as  in  most  corals. 

Actinosphserium  (ak"ti-no-sfe'ri-um),  re.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  auric  (ciktiv-), ray,  +  mpalpa,  sphere.]  l.A 
genus  of  rhizopods,  or  endoplastic  protozoans, 


Sun-animalcule  [Actinosphariiirn  tichhorni),  magnified. 
].  The  whole  animal,  with  c,  c, contractile  vacuoles.    II.  Portion  of 
periphery  more  magnified,  with  it,  four  stiff  pseudopodia,  and  n, 
four  nuclei  or  cndoplasts.    III.  A  young  actinosphairium. 

having  a  number  of  nuclei  or  endoplasts  in  the 
central  parts  of  the  protoplasm,  and  numerous 
stiff  radiating  pseudopodia. 

Neither  conjugation  nor  fission  lias  been  observed 
among  ordinary  Badiolaria,  but  both  these  processes  take 
place  in  Actinosphirciuin.        Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  85. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus, 
actinost  (ak'ti-nost),  n.  [<  Gr.  faerie  (faercv-), 
ray,  +  boriov,  a  bone.]  In  ielilh.,  one  of  the 
bones  which  in  true  fishes  immediately  support 
the  rays  of  tho  pectoral  and  ventral  fins.  They 
ate  generally,  in  the  pectorals,  four  in  number,  but  some- 
times, as  in  some  pediculates,  are  reduced  to  two,  and 
sometimes,  as  in  ganoids,  increased  to  more  than  four; 
they  are  rarely  atrophied.    (Jill. 


action 

actinostome  (ak-tin'o-stom),  n.  [<  Gr.  oktIc 
(uktiv-),  ray,  +  aT6p.a,  mouth.]  The  oral  orifice 
of  an  actinozoan. 

The  Ingrowth  of  the  rim  of  the  blastopore  in  Actinozoa 
to  form  an  actinostome  is  therefore  due  to  a  fusion  be- 
tween the  primitive  stomodeum  and  the  blastopore. 

lluutt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  (1SSS),  p.  107. 

actinote  (ak'ti-not},  re.  [<  Gr.  oktiv(jt6c,  fur- 
nished with  rays,  <  d/cr/'c  (ciktiv-),  ray.]  Same  as 
actinolite. 

actinotrichium(ak"ti-no-trik'i-um),  re. ;  pi.  ac- 
tmotrichia  (-a).  [NL.  (J.  A.  Ryder,  18S5),  <  Gr. 
&ktIc  (aKTiv-),  ray,  +  Sntf  (TP'X-)>  a  hair.]  One 
of  the  homogeneous  hair-like  fibers  which  rep- 
resent the  rays  in  the  fin-folds  of  the  embryos 
of  fishes,  and  which  subsequently  fuse  to  form 
the  membranous  basis  of  the  permanent  rays 
of  the  adult  fish. 

Actinotrocha  (ak-ti-not'ro-ka),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d/cr/c  (aKTiv-),  ray,  +  Tpox'l,  a  wheel,  ring.]  An 
embryonic  form  of  a  gephyrean  worm  of  the 
genus  Phoronis  (which  see ),  which  was  mistaken 
for  a  distinct  animal  and  named  Actinotrocha 
oranchiata. 

Actinozoa  (ak'ti-nd-zo'a),  n. pi.  [NL.,<Gr.dKWf 
(oktiv-),  ray,  +  fojop,  an  animal :  see  zobn,]  A 
class  of  Ccelcnterata; 
radiated,  marine  zo- 
ophytes, embracing 
the  sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pens, 
etc.,  in  which  the 
mouth  is  furnished 

with  hollow  retract-  1       ,fff\l  II  no" 

ile  tentacles,  simple 
in  one  subclass  (Zo- 
(iiillturia)  or  fringed 
in  the  other  (Alcyo- 
iiarki).    The  digestive 

cavity  IS  Separated  from  (a  sea-anemone,  Actinm  kdsatical, 
the  body-Wall   by   an  in-     showing  type  of  structure  of  Actinozoa. 

tervening      perivisceral      a-  mouth.  oral  aperture ;  *,  gastric 

snaee    which    is  ririi&llv  cav"V;<".  axial  cavity,  common  to  «  and 

space,  V/nicn  IS  rauiany  to  rf.  an  intermesenteric  chamber  in  the 

divided  into  several  COIU-  perivisceral  or  somatic  cavity,  c  and  d 

partmeilts  by  partitions  together  being  the  enteroccele ;  e.  free 

called      mesenteries,     ill  thickened  margin  of  a  mesentery,  /. 

which    flip  renrodnctive  containing  nematocysts;  £■.  reproduc- 

wmcil    llie   reproaUCUye  tive   organ;   A.  one  of  the   circlet  of 

organs  are  situated.  The  tentacles  around  the  mouth. 

great  majority  are  com- 
pound, living  in  a  polypidom;  some  adhere  to  rocks,  etc., 
and  some  are  free.  The  rayed  tentacles  about  the  mouth 
present  in  some  genera,  as  Actinia,  no  remote  resem- 
blance to  some  of  the  finest  composite  flowers.  Reproduc- 
tion is  effected  by  eggs  thrown  out  at  the  mouth,  by  gem- 
mules  or  buds  developed  on  the  base  of  their  disk,  and  by 
division,  each  separated  part  becoming  a  complete  ani- 
mal. They  present  the  phenomenon  known  as  metagen- 
esis or  alternation  of  generation.  When  reproduced  by  or- 
dinary generation,  the  egg  develops  into  a  free  locomotive 
planula  with  vibratile  cilia.  The  sexes  are  either  united 
or  distinct.  The  Actinozoa  and  Hydrozoa  constitute  the 
subkingdom  Ccelentcrata,  Also  called  Actinoida.  See  Hy- 
drozoa. 

actinozoal  (ak"ti-n6-zo'al),  a.  Relating  to  the 
Actinoeoa. 

actinozoan  (ak"ti-n6-zo'an),  n.  One  of  the  Ac- 
tinozoa  :  any  member  of  that  class. 

actinozoon  (ak"ti-n6-z6'on),  re.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Actinozoa.]    An  actinozoan. 

actinula  (ak-tin'u-la),  re.;  pi.  actinithc  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  aiertc  (ciktiv-),  ray.]  A  name 
given  by  Allman  to  the  larval  condition  of 
Ilydrophora  (Hydrozoa),  appearing  when  the 
ciliated  locomotive  planula  or  embryo  has  be- 
come fixed  by  its  aboral  end,  and  has  passed 
into  the  elongated  gastrula-stage  by  the  forma- 
tion of  the  mouth  with  its  circlet  of  tentacles. 
See  planula. 

In  most  Discophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  fixed  <wtin 
ula  (the  so-called  Hydra  tuba,  or  Seypliistmna). 

llurlcii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  133. 

action  (ak'shon),  re.  [<ME.  accion,  -oun,  <  OF. 
action  =  Sp.  accion  =  Pg.  acceio  =  It.  azione,  <  L. 
aetio(n-),  <  agcre,  do,  act :  see  act,  «.]  1.  The 
process  or  state  of  acting  or  of  being  active,  as 
opposed  to  rest;  change  of  which  the  cause  lies 
within  the  subject ;  activity  ;  active  exertion ; 
energy  manifested  in  outward  acts,  as  con- 
trasted with  contemplation,  speculation,  speak- 
ing, or  writing:  as,  a  man  of  action.  [In  this 
sense  not  used  in  the  plural.] 

The  basis  of  Action,  as  distinguished  from  motion,  or 
movement,  Ls  the  existence  of  desire  residing  in  the  ani- 
mate organism,  L.  F.  Ward.  Dyiiain.  SOCiol.,  II.  90. 

2.  An  event  considered  as  predicated  of  its 
cause;  an  act,  usually  in  a  complex  or  an  in- 
clusive sense ;  that  which  is  done  about  or  in 
niation  to  anything;  a  specific  performance, 
proceeding,  or  course  of  conduct:  as,  a  good 
or  a  bad  action;  actions  speak  louder  than 
words  ;  the  action  of  a  deliberative  body. 

The  Lord  is  a  God  of  knowledge,  and  by  him  actiom 
arc  weighed.  1  Sam.  ii.  3. 


action 

What  dangerous  action,  stood  it  next  to  death, 
Would  I  not  undergo  for  one  calm  look ! 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 
An  action  is  the  perfection  and  publication  of  thought. 

Emerson,  Nature. 

The  word  action  is  properly  applied  to  those  exertions 

which  are  consequent  on  volition,  whether  the  exertion 

be  made  on  external  objects,  or  be  confined  to  our  mental 

operations.  D.  Stewart,  Works,  VI.  121. 

3.  An  exertion  of  power  or  force ;  the  real  rela- 
tion of  a  cause  to  its  effect;  causality;  influ- 
ence; agency;  operation;  impulse:  as,  the  ac- 
tion of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails. 

The  action  which  given  electrical  masses  exert  on  the 
exterior  of  any  closed  surface  is  the  same  as  that  of  a  layer 
of  the  same  mass  spread  on  this  surface  according  to  a 
certain  law.     Atkinson,  tr.  of  Maseart  and  Joubert,  I.  44. 

4.  Manner  of  moving ;  kind  of  motion  or  physi- 
cal performance :  as,  this  horse  has  tine  action  ; 
the  action  of  a  machine. 

Imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger.       Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  rhet;  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  deport- 
ment of  the  speaker,  or  the  accommodation  of 
his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  countenance 
to  the  subject,  or  to  the  thoughts  and  feelings 
expressed. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action. 

Shak,,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Whilst  the  true  brood  of  actors,  that  alone 
Keep  nat'ral,  unstrain'd  Action  in  her  throne, 
Behold  their  benches  bare.  Careiv,  To  Davenant. 

6.  In  poetry  and  the  drama,  the  connected 
series  of  events  on  which  the  interest  of  the 
piece  depends;  the  main  subject  or  story,  as 
distinguished  from  an  incidental  action  or  epi- 
sode. Unity  of  action  is  one  of  the  dramatic 
unities. 

This  action  should  have  three  qualifications:  first,  it 
Bbould  be  one  action;  secondly,  it  should  be  an  entire  ac- 
tion ;  and  thirdly,  it  should  be  a  great  action, 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  267. 

7.  In  physiol. :  (a)  Any  one  of  the  active  pro- 
cesses going  on  in  an  organized  body ;  some 
manifestation  of  vital  activity;  the  perform- 
ance of  a  function :  as,  the  action  of  the 
stomach  or  the  gastric  juice  on  the  food ;  a 
morbid  action  of  the  liver,  (b)  A  more  or  less 
complex  muscular  effort,  it  may  be  voluntary,  as 
the  contractions  of  the  voluntary  muscles  in  response  to 
the  will;  involuntary,  as  those  of  the  heart;  mixed,  as  those 
of  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.;  or  reflex,  as  most  involun- 
tary actions,  and  also  those  performed  by  voluntary  mus- 
cles under  the  influence  of  stimuli  without  involving  con- 
scious volition. 

8.  In  law:  (a)  A  proceeding  instituted  in  court 
by  one  or  more  parties  against  another  or  others 
to  enforce  a  right,  or  punish  or  redress  a  wrong : 
distinguished  from  judicial  proceedings  which 
are  not  controversial  in  form,  as  the  probate  of  a 
will,  (b)  Such  a  proceeding  under  the  forms  of 
the  common  law,  as  distinguished  from  a  chan- 
cery suit  and  a  criminal  prosecution.  But  since 
the  merger  of  law  and  equity,  the  remedy  formerly  had 
by  suit  in  chancery  is  had  by  an  equitable  action.  In  the 
wider  sense  an  action  is  civil  or  criminal:  it  is  criminal 
when  instituted  by  the  sovereign  for  the  punishment  of  a 
crime  (see  criminal);  civil  when  instituted  by  the  sover- 
eign power  in  its  capacity  as  an  owner  or  contracting 
party,  or  by  a  subject  or  citizen.  Acriminal  action  is  fre- 
quently spoken  of  as  an  indictment,  which,  however,  is 
only  one  kind  of  formal  complaint  by  which  such  a  pro- 
ceeding may  be  commenced  or  presented  for  trial.  A 
common-law  action  is  real,  personal,  or  mixed:  real  when 
it  claims  title  to  real  estate ;  personal  when  it  demands  a 
chattel,  a  debt,  damages  for  an  injury,  or  a  statutory  pen- 
alty ;  and  mixed  when  it  demands  both  real  estate  and 
damages  for  a  wrong.  Actions  are  in  personam  or  in  rem: 
in  personam  when  the  party  defendant  is  a  natural  person 
or  a  corporation ;  in  rent  when  it  is  a  thing  the  ownership 
of  which  it  is  sought  to  change  or  affect,  as  when  it  is 
sought  to  make  damages  for  a  collision  at  sea  a  hen  on 
the  guilty  ship,  or  to  confiscate  smuggled  property.  Ac- 
tions where,  the  defendant  being  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
court,  a  judgment  against  him  will  bind  only  his  property 
previously  attached,  and  actions  merely  to  determine  the 
status  of  the  parties,  as  for  divorce,  are  also  sometimes 
properly  called  actions  in  rem ;  for  the  property  attached 
and  the  status,  respectively,  are  in  one  sense  the  subjects 
of  the  action,  and  it  is  their  presence  which  enables  the 
court  to  exercise  its  jurisdiction  as  against  persons  ab- 
sent. See  also  in  personam,  in  rem.  f>)  The  right 
of  bringing  an  action :  as,  the  law  gives  an 
action  for  every  claim.  (The  following  French  phrases 
are  common  in  Canadian  law :  Action  en  declaration 
d'hypotheuue,  action,  by  a  creditor  having  a  hypothec, 
against  a  third  person  in  possession  of  the  real  property, 
to  have  it  declared  subject  to  the  hypothec.  Action  en 
interruption  (de  prescription),  an  action  brought  to  inter- 
rupt the  running  of  the  time  fixed  in  a  statute  of  limita- 
tions as  a  bar  to  an  action.  Actionen  revendication,  action 
in  replevin ;  an  action  by  the  alleged  owner  of  property  to 
recover  possession.  Action  hifpothCcaire,  an  action  brought 
by  the  hypothecary  creditor  against  a  third  person  holding 
the  property  subject  to  the  hypothec,  the  object  being  to 
have  the  property  or  its  value  applied  to  pay  the  debt. 
Action  nigatoire,  an  action  by  the  owner  of  real  property 
against  any  person  exercising  an  alleged  right  of  servitude 
or  easement  on  the  property,  praying  that  such  alleged 
right  be  declared  unfounded  and  that  such  person  be  per- 
petually barred  from  its  exercise.  Action  populaire,  a 
qui  tarn  action  ;  an  action  in  the  interest  of  the  public] 


61 

9.  In  the  fine  arte:  (a)  The  appearance  of  ani- 
mation, movement,  or  passion  given  to  figures 
by  their  attitude,  position,  or  expression,  either 
singly  or  concurrently,  (b)  The  event  or  epi- 
sode represented  or  illustrated  by  a  work  of  art. 
— 10.  A  military  fight;  a  minor  engagement  be- 
tween armed  bodies  of  men,  whether  on  land 
or  water:  of  less  importance  than  a  battle.  See 
battle. 

How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  this  action  ' 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

A  general  action  now  ensued,  which,  after  the  loss  of 
several  killed  and  wounded,  terminated  in  the  retreat  of 
the  British  party  towards  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  90. 

11.  In  ntach.:  (a)  The  mechanism  of  a  breech- 
loading  gun  by  which  it  is  opened  to  receive 
the  charge,  {b)  That  part  of  the  mechanism  of 
a  pianoforte,  an  organ,  or  other  similar  instru- 
ment by  which  the  action  of  the  fingers  upon 
the  keys  is  transmittedto  the  strings,  reeds,  etc. 
In  a  harp  the  art  ion  is  a  mechanism,  controlled  by  pedals, 
by  which  the  key  is  changed  by  a  half  or  whole  step. 

12.  [A  French  usage.]  A  share  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company ;  in  the  plural,  stocks,  or 
shares  of  stock. -Abandonment  of  an  action.  See 
abandonment.— Accessory  action.  See  oca  ssory.— Ac- 
tion of  account.  See  account. — Action  of  adherence. 
See  adherence— Action  of  amoving  system,  in  meek., 
twice  the  time-integral  of  the  kinetic  energy,  which  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  average  momentums  for  the  spaces 
described  by  the  parts  of  the  system  from  any  era,  each 
multiplied  by  the  length  of  its  path.— Action  of  ejection 
and  intrusion.  See  ejection. —Action  of  ejectment. 
See  ejectment  and  casual.—  Action  of  foreclosure.  See 
foreclosure.— Action  of  mesne  profits.  See  mesne— 
Action  on  the  case.  See  easel. — Amicable  action. 
See  amicable.— Angle  Of  action.  See  angled. —  Back  ac- 
tion, (a)  In  marine  engines,  action  in  which  the  connec- 
tions between  the  piston-rod  and  the  crank  are  reversed. 
In  this  arrangement,  which  is  sometimes  used  where  a  sav- 
ing of  longitudinal  space  is  desired,  parallel  side-bars  con- 
nect the  cross-head  of  the  piston-rod  with  a  cross-tail,  and 
from  this  a  connecting-rod  extends  to  the  shaft  at  the  same 
end  of  the  cylinder  as  the  cross-head.  The  opposite  of 
direct  action  (see  below),  (b)  In  firearms,  when  the  locks 
are  bedded  into  the  stock  alone.  E.  H.  Knight.-CzM.se 
of  action.  See  cause. —  Chemical  action,  action  within 
a  molecule,  or  between  molecules,  of  matter,  by  which 
atoms  are  added,  removed,  or  rearranged.  It  is  often 
attended  with  evolution  of  heat  and  light.     See  chemical. 

—  Chose  in  action.  See  chose*.— Circuity  of  action. 
See  circuity.— Concourse  of  actions.    See  concourse. 

—  Concurrence  of  actions.  See  concurrence.— Con- 
solidation of  actions.  See  consolidation.— Currents 
of  action.  See  current.— Declaratory  action.  See 
declarator.—  Direct  action,  in  a  steam-engine,  action  in 
which  the  piston-rod  or  cross-head  is  directly  connected 
by  a  rod  with  the  crank.— Double  action,  in  mack.,  ac- 
tion, as  of  a  piston,  in  which  work  is  done  at  every  stroke 
or  reciprocal  movement.— Droitural  action.  Seedroi- 
tural.— Equivocal  action,  one  in  which  the  effect  is  of 
a  different  species  from  the  agent,  as  the  action  of  a  blow 
upon  a  drum,  causing  it  to  sound.— Form  of  action. 
See  form.—  Gist  of  an  action.  See  gist*.— Immanent 
action,  one  whose  effect  is  within  the  agent  or  cause  ; 
transient  action,  one  whose  effect  is  an  object  other 
than  its  cause. 

In  the  action  immanent  the  agent  and  the  patient  are 
the  same  ;  in  the  transient  different,  in  the  thing  itself. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  8. 
In  action,  in  a  condition  or  state  of  activity;  in  active 
operation.— Law  of  action  and  reaction,  Newton's 
third  law  of  motion.  It  is  as  follows:  To  every  action 
there  is  always  an  equal  and  contrary  reaction;  or  the 
mutual  actions  of  two  bodies  are  always  equal  and  oppo- 
sitely directed.  By  action  here  is  to  be  understood  the 
force,  or  sometimes  (according  to  Newton)  the  product 
of  its  effective  component  into  the  velocity  of  its  point 
of  application.  While  the  first  two  laws  of  motion  de- 
termine how  forces  of  every  conceivable  kind  affect  bod- 
ies, and  what  motions  they  produce,  the  third  is  more 
positive,  in  that  it  begins  the  description  of  the  forces 
that  are  actually  found  in  nature,  by  enunciating  the 
proposition  that  the  algebraic  sum  of  all  the  forces  that 
are  called  into  play  on  each  occasion  is  zero.  The  follow- 
ing passage  gives  Newton's  comments  on  this  law,  in  the 
language  of  Thomson  and  Tait,  except  that  the  original 
word  action  is  restored,  in  place  of  the  word  activity  which 
those  authors  substitute  fur  it,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion 
with  the  action  of  a  moving  system,  as  defined  above :  "  If 
one  body  presses  or  draws  another,  it  is  pressed  or  drawn 
by  this  other  with  an  equal  force  in  the  opposite  direction. 
If  any  one  presses  a  stone  with  his  finger,  his  finger  is 
pressed  with  the  same  force  in  the  opposite  direction  by 
the  stone.  A  horse  towing  a  boat  on  a  canal  is  dragged 
backwards  by  a  force  equal  to  that  which  he  impresses  on 
the  towing-rope  forwards.  By  whatever  amount,  and  in 
whatever  direction,  one  body  has  its  motion  changed  by 
impact  upon  another,  this  other  body  has  its  motion 
changed  by  the  same  amount  in  the  opposite  direction; 
for  at  each  instant  during  the  impact  the  force  between 
them  was  equal  and  opposite  on  the  two.  When  neither 
of  the  two  bodies  has  any  rotation,  whether  before  or 
after  the  impact,  the  changes  of  velocity  which  they  ex- 
perience are  proportional  to  their  masses.  When  one 
body  attracts  another  from  a  distance,  this  other  attracts 
it  with  an  equal  and  opposite  force.  If  the  action  of  an 
agent  be  measured  by  its  amount  and  velocity  conjointly, 
and  if,  similarly,  the  reaction  of  the  resistance  be  measured 
by  the  velocities  of  its  several  parts  and  their  several 
amounts  conjointly,  whether  these  arise  from  friction,  co- 
hesion, weight,  or  acceleration,  action  ami  reaction,  in 
all  combinations  of  marl  lines,  will  be  equal  and  opposite." 

—  Local  action  (in  a  voltaic  cell).    See  amalgamate,  v. 

—  Perflcient  action,  that  action  which  changes  the 
thing  acted   upon  without   destroying  it ;    corrupting 


active 

action,  that  which  destroys  it.-  Principle  of  least 
action,  of  Maupertuis,  the  prim  ipl.  ih,,t,  „f  all  the  dif- 
ferent sets  ol  paths  along  which  a  c 
may  be  guided  from  one  conn  juration  to  another,  with 
its  total  energy  constant,  thai  one  tor  which  the  action 
is  the  least  is  Buch  that  the  system  will  require  only 
to  be  started  with  the  proper  relocil  lei  to  move  along  it 
unguided.  Single  action,  in  mack.,  action,  as  of  a  pis- 
ton or  plunger,  in  which  worh  is  performed  on  onlj 
two  or  more  strokes:  as,  a  single-action  pump 
which  the  water  is  raised  on  everj  alternate  Btroke,  or  the 
upward  lift  of  the  pump-rod.  To  take  action,  to 
steps  in  regard  to  anything  ;  spc.  ill.  ally,  to  institufo 
proceedings.— Univocal  action,  that  by  which  an  agent 
produces  an  effect  ol  the  same  species  as  itself ;  thi 
action  of  heat  in  heating  a  body  by  conduction  isunivo  i 
—  Wave-action,  in  gun.,  abnormally  high  pressure  in  a 
gun  from  very  large  charges.  =  Syn.  Action,  Act,  />■  ed\  In 
many  cases  these  words  arc  synonymous,  but  action  (in  the 
singular)  denotes  more  particularly  the  operation,  act  and 
deed  the  accomplished  result.  Only  action  may  be  used 
to  signify  the  doing  or  the  method  of  doing  ;  it  is  also  the 
word  for  ordinary  activity,  act  signifying  that  which  is 
more  notable  or  dignihVd.  An  action  may  include  many 
acts,  while  act  is  generally  individual.  An  exception  to 
this  is  in  the  use  of  the  word  act  to  indicate  a  section 
of  a  play,  which  is  a  survival  of  old  usage  ;  yet  action  is  in 
this  connection  broader  than  act,  covering  the  movement 
of  the  plot  through  all  the  acts  :  as,  in  Macbeth  the  action 
is  highly  tragic.  A  course  of  action;  his  action  was  con- 
tinued; repeated  acts  of  humanity;  his  arts  were  incon- 
sistent. Deed  in  old  usage  had  a  very  general  application, 
but  in  modern  usage  it  is  applied  chiefly  to  acts  which  are 
for  any  reason  especially  noteworthy ;  it  is  a  more  formal 
w<  ird  than  action  or  act.  The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the  ac- 
tion of  a  watch  ;  the  acts  of  a  prince,  the  actions  of  chil- 
dren ;  an  act  of  mercy ;  a  deed  of  valor ;  a  base  deed  or  act. 
For  comparison  with /eat,  etc.,  see  feat. 

Fundamentally  there  is  no  such  thing  as  private  action. 
All  actions  are  public  — in  themselves  or  their  conse- 
quences. Bovee,  Summaries  of  Thought. 
Our  acts  our  angels  are,  or  good  or  ill, 
Our  fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us  still. 

J.  Fletcher,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  1.  37. 
Who  doth  right  deeds 
Is  twice-born,  and  who  dorth  ill  ihois  vile. 

Edwin  Aran!,/,  Light  of  Asia,  vi.  78. 

action  (ak'shon),  v,  t.  [<  action,  ».]  To  bring 
a  legal  action  against.     [Rare] 

actionable  (ak'shon-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  actiona- 
bilis,  <  L.  actio(n-),  action:  sec  action.']  Fur- 
nishing sufficient  ground  for  an  action  at  law  : 
as,  to  call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

Many  things  which  have  been  said  in  such  papers  .  .  . 
are  equally  actionable.  The  American,  VIII.  5. 

actionably  (ak'shon-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  action- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  that  may  subject  to 
legal  process. 

actional  (ak'shon-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
action  or  actions.     Grote. 

actionary  (ak'shon-a-ri),  n.  ;  pi.  actionaries 
(-riz).  [=F.  actionndire,  <  ML.  actionarius,  <  L. 
tictin(n-),  action:  see  action.]  A  shareholder  in 
a  joint-stock  company;  one  who  owns  actions 
(see  action,  12)  or  shares  of  stock.  Also  called 
actionist.     [Chiefly  used  of  French  subjects.] 

actioner  (ak'shon-er),  n.  The  workman  who 
makes  or  adapts  the  action  of  an  instrument, 
as  of-  a  piano,  etc. 

actionist  (ak'shon-ist),  n.  [<  action  +  -ist.] 
Same  as  actionary. 

actionize  (ak'shon-Iz),  ».  t.  [(action  +  -/"-<?.]  To 
bring  a  legal  action  against.     [Rare.]     N.  E.  1). 

actionless  (ak'shpn-les),  a.  [<  action  +  -less.] 
Without  action ;  inert. 

action-sermon  (ak'shon-ser//mon),  n.  In  the 
Presbyterian  churches  of  Scotland,  the  sermon 
preached  before  the  celebration  of  the  com- 
munion. 

action-takingt (ak'shon-ta'king), a.  Litigious; 
accustomed  to  seek  redress  by  law  instead  of 
by  the  sword  :  an  epithet  of  contempt. 
A  lily-liver'd,  action-taking  .  .  .  rogue. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

actioust  (ak'shus),  a.    [<  action  +  -ous.    Cf.  fac- 
tious.]   Active ;  full  of  activity ;  full  of  energy. 
He  knows  you  to  be  eager  men,  martial  men,  men  of 
good  stomachs,  very  hot  shots,  very  actions  for  valour. 

Dekkrr  and  Webster  C1),Ba  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  44. 

actitation  (ak-ti-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ac- 
titatio(n-),  <  actitare,  act  or  plead  frequently, 
used  only  of  lawsuits  and  dramas;  double  freq. 
of  agcrc,  act,  do.]  Frequent  action ;  specifi- 
cally, the  debating  of  lawsuits.     [Rare.] 

activatet  (ak'ti-vat),  ».  /.  [<  active  +  -ate2.] 
To  make  active  ;  intensify. 

Snow  and  ice,  especially  being  holpen,  and  their  cold 
activated  by  nitre  or  salt,  will  turn  water  to  ice,  and  that 
in  a  few  hours.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  83. 

active  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  ME.  acUf}  <  OF.  acUf,  F. 
act  if,  -ire,  <L.  actvottSjKagere,  do,  z>ct:  seeact,  n.] 
1.  Havingthepowerorpropcrtyofacting;  tend- 
ing to  cause  change  or  communicate  action  or 
motion;  capable  of  exerting  influence :  opposed 
to  passive:  as,  attraction  is  an  active  power. 

When  the  mind  has  a  passive  sensibility ,  but  no  active 
strength.  Hawthorne.  Twice-Told  Tales,  II.  $3. 


active 

I  find  I  can  excite  ideas  in  my  mind  at  pleasure,  and 
vary  and  shift  the  Mine  as  often  as  I  think  lit.     fins 
making  and  unmaking  of  ideas  doth  very  properly  He- 
nominate  the  mind  active.  ... 
Berkeley,  Principles  oi  Human  Knowledge,  i.  §.». 

Power  thus  considered,  is  twofold— viz.:  as  able  to 
make  or  able  to  receive,  any  change;  the  one  may  be 
called  actm  and  the  other  passive  power.  Locke. 

[This distinction  is  taken  from  Aristotle.] 
Specifically— 2.  In  mcd.,  acting  quickly ;  pro- 
ducing immediate  effects:  as,  active  remedies 
or  treatment.- 3.  Having  the  power  of  quick 
motion,  or  disposition  to  move  with  speed; 
nimble;  lively;  brisk;  agile:  as,  an  active  ani- 
mal.—4  Busy;  constantly  engaged  in  action; 
acting  with  vigor  and  assiduity :  opposed  to  dull, 
slow,  or  indolent:  as,  an  active  officer;  also  to 
sedentary:  as,  an  netire  life. 

Malaga  possessed  a  brave  and  numerous  garrison,  and 
the  common  people  were  o^^h^and  resolute.^ 

5  In  a  state  of  action ;  marked  by  movement 
or  operation ;  in  actual  progress  or  motion ;  not 
quiescent,  dormant,  or  suspended :  as,  to  take 
active  proceedings  against  an  offender ;  to  en- 
gage in  active  hostilities. 

The  world  hath  had  in  these  men  fresh  experience  how 
dangerous  such  actiw  errors  are.  Hooker. 

Fanaticism,  or,  to  call  it  by  its  milder  name,  enthusi- 
asm, is  only  powerful  aiid«ct,v.  ...  long  »<  it  is  aggressive. 
Lou-ell,  Anion-  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 


Hence  — 6.  In  com.,  marked  by  quickness  or 
frequency;  brisk;  lively;  coming  or  moving 
freely  or  abundantly :  as,  an  actfae  trade  or  de- 
mand for  goods ;  active  freights  or  stocks.— 7. 
Requiring  action  or  exertion;  practical;  opera- 
tive; producing  real  effects:  opposed  to  specu- 
laUv,  :  as,  the  active  duties  of  life;  the  active 
powers  of  the  mind. 

The  division  of  the  faculties  of  the  human  mind  into 
understanding  and  will  is  very  ancient,  and  has i  been 
generally  adopted,  the  former  comprehending  all  om 
speculative,  the  latter  all  our  active,  powers.  Beat 

[This  use  of  active  6  a  practical,  in  philosophy,  is  rightly 
condemned  by  Hamilton.] 

8  In  gram.,  signifying  the  performance  andnot 
the  endurance  of  an  action :  opposed  to  passive. 
Said  of  a  verb  or  verb-form,  and  used  especially  in  the  case 
of  languages  which,  like  Latin,  have  a  nearly  contplete 
Passive  conjugation  of  the  verb,  or  else,  like  Greek  and  San- 
skrit, a  partial  one  ;  but  also,  less  properly,  of  those  which, 
like  English  and  French,  have  a  system  of  vert-phrases  w  ith 
passive  meaning,  made  with  an  auxiliary.   Some  gramma 
nans  (quite  improperly)  »  <«-'"''',"  «*  ^uuivnU-i, t  to  tronm- 
tm-.-Active  apperception,  that  apperception  which 
chooses  one  among  a  number  of  ideas  that  present  them- 
selves. -Active  bonds,  bonds  which  bear  aflxedrate  of: in- 
terest payable  in  full  from  the  date  of  issue,  as  distinguished 
from  passive  bonis,  on  which  no  interest  is  paid,  but  which 
entitle  th.- holder  to  some  future  benefit  or  claim.— Active 
capital  "r  wealth,  money,  or  property  that  may  readily 
be  converted  into  money,  used  in  commerce  or  other  em- 
ployment—Active cause.    See  cause.-  Active  com- 
merce the  commerce  in  which  a  nation  carries  its  own  and 
foreign  commodities  in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is  prose- 
cuted by  its  own  citizens,  as  contradistinguished  from  y«w- 
sive,  in  which  the  productions  of  one  country  art  trans- 
ported  by  the  people  of  another.  -Active  debt. .  Set  debt. 
—Active  or  living  force,  in  phys.,  same  as  m»  mm  (which 
see).-Active  fund.     See  ..«mf.-Active  instrument, 
one  which  upon  being  set  into  action  goes  on  of  itself,  as 
flrc.-Active  list,  the  list  of  officers  in  the  army  or  na.y 
liable  to  be  called  upon  for  active  service,  as  distinguished 
from  the  retired  list.— Active  power.     See  quotation 
from  Locke  under  def.  1.    Reid  uses  the  term  to  denote 
the  will,  appetites,  affections,  etc.;  but  that  use  has  been 
generally  condemned.— Active  service  <»»'<.-)•    (<»)  '  he 
performance  of  duty  against  an  enemy,  or  operations  car- 
ried on  in  his  presence. 

It  was  evident,  from  the  warlike  character  of  El  Zagat, 
that  there  would  lie  abundance  of  wlir.:  serriee  and  hard 
flghtinf  Irving,  Granada,  p.  43,. 

lb)  The  state  of  having  a  place  on  the  active  list,  under 
full  pay  :  used  in  contradistinction  to  being  on  the  retired 
list  under  reduo  d  pay.  -Active  symptoms,  in pathol., 
vvmptoiii.  oi  excitement.— Optically  active  substance, 
in  phy  one  which  has  the  power  of  rotating  the  plane 
ol  polarization  oi  arayof  light  transmitted  through  it. 
=Syn  Active,  Busy,  Officiou  livelj  agili  Btirring,  vigor 
ousfin  idefatigable.  (.Seebusy.)    jlcMreregards 

either  mindorl s  ;  thi  re  i   no   Ini  t  i  *  nseol  the  word, 

ii  :  merely  for  its  own  sake,  ^ettw  is  op- 
posed to  lazy  inert,  or  quiescent  an  active  mind,  life,  per- 
son     Busy]    actlveal t  something  that    is  supposed  to 

plied  to  disposition,  the  word  has  ac- 
quired i  that  of  meddlesome:  a  otMwhodi;  he 
,.  too  '"'  uaboul  others'  affairs.  An  officious  person  Is  one 
whose  elicits  to  be  active  oi   lei -J  foi  others'  benefit  come, 

through  hi    lack  ot  judgment,  to  1 arded  as  annoying 

or  Intru  ilvi       ei  imp  i ' t. 

Whose  verj  languor  is  a  punishment 

ii    ,.i.  .    1 1  oi  i.r  i  re  souls  can  feel  or  guess. 

.1  uhr.,i  ,h-  I'e/v.  Song  of  raith. 

Rest  is  not  quitting  the  busy  career.       ..___. 
John  Dwight,  True  Rest. 

I  will  be  hang'd  If  some  eti  rnal  villain, 

Borne  busy  and  Insinuating  rogue, 

Some  cogging,  cozening  Blave,  to  gel  some  office, 

Save  mil  devis'd  this  slander.     Shah,  Othello,  lv.  2. 

You  are  too  officious 
In  her  behalf  that  scorns  your  services, 

Shak.,  91  N    D.,  ii   is. 


62 

actively  (ak'tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  active  man- 
ner- by  action  or  movement ;  hence,  briskly  or 
energetically:  as,  to  engage  actively  in  busi- 
ness ;  to  work  actively. 

To  flaming  vouth  let  virtue  be  as  wax,  .  .  . 
Since  frost  "itself  as  actively  doth  burn. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ill  4. 

2  In  an  active  sense;  by  active  application  or 
attention ;  in  a  way  involving  or  implying  ac- 
tion :  opposed  topassively :  as,  to  employ  a  verb 
actively;  to  study  actively. 

The  student  is  to  read  history  actively  and  not  passively ; 
to  esteem  his  own  life  the  text,  and  books  the  coramen- 
tary  Emerson,  History. 

activementt  (ak'tiv-ment),  «.  [Irreg.  <  active 
+  -ment:]  Business;  employment.  Up.  Rey- 
nolds. 

activeness  (ak'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing active ;  the  faculty  of  acting ;  mmbleness ; 
activity.     [Rare.] 

What  strange  agility  and  activeness  do  our  common 
tumblers  and  dancers  on  the  rope  attain  to I 

Bp.  Wilkins,  Math.  Magick. 

activity  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  ii.;  pi.  activities  (-tiz). 
r<  F  activite,  <  ML.  actmta(t-)s,  <  L.  actwus, 
active:  see  active.']  1.  The  state  of  action; 
doing. 

Orl    He  is,  simply,  the  most  active  gentleman  of  France. 
Con.  Doing  is  activity,  and  he  will  still  be  doing. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  ill.  7. 

2.  Activeness;  the  quality  of  acting  promptly 
and  energetically. 


If  thou  knowest  any  men  of  activity  among  them,  then 
make  them  rulers  over  my  cattle.  Gen.  xlvn.  t>. 

3.  An  exercise  of  energy  or  force;  an  active 
movement  or  operation ;  a  mode  or  course  of 
action. 

The  activities  of  sentient  beings  are  perpetually  directed 
to  averting  pain  and  attracting  pleasure. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  681. 

4.  In  phys.,  a  term  introduced  by  Sir  William 
Thomson  as  an  equivalent  of  "rate  of  doing 
work,"  or  the  rate  per  unit  of  time  at  which  en- 
ergy is  given  out  by  a  working  system. 

The  activity,  or  work  per  second,  or  horse-power  of  a 
dynamo  can  be  measured  electrically. 

S.  P.  Thompson,  Dynamo-Elect,  llach.,  p.  99. 
5f.  A  physical  or  gymnastic  exercise ;  an  agile 
performance. 

I  was  admitted  into  the  dauncing  and  vaulting  Schole,  of 
which  late  activity  one  Stokes,  the  Master,  set  forth  a 
pretty  book.  Evelyn,  Diary,  1037. 

actless  (akt'les),  a.     [<  act  +  -less.]     Without 

action  or  spirit.     [Rare.] 

A  poor,  young,  actless,  indigested  thing. 
v      "  Southern,  Loyal  Brother,  i.  1. 

actO  (ak'to),  n.  [Sp.,  also  auto,  <  L.  actum,  actus : 
see  act,  n.]  An  act  or  a  proceeding.  In  judicial 
matters  it  is  applied  to  any  of  the  proceedings,  orders 
decrees,  or  sentences  of  a  court,  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.    11.  W.  Hatteck. 

acton  (ak'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  acton,  aktone,  aketon, 
acqucton,  acketon,  -town,  etc.,  later  often  with 
h,  hacton,  haketon,  haqueton,  etc.,  also  hocton, 
liocqueton,  etc.,  <  OF.  acoton,  aqueton,  auque- 
ton,  etc.,  later  liocqueton.  hocton,  F.  hoqucton 
=  Pr.  ideoto,  cotton-wool,  padding,  a  padded 
and  quilted  jacket,  <  Sp.  algodon,  alcoton,  cot- 
ton, cotton-plant,  <  Ar.  aUpitun,  cotton,  <  al, 
the, +  </«■«»,  cotton:  see  cotton.]  A  kind  of 
quilted  vest  or  tunic,  made  of  taffeta  or  leather, 
worn  under  the  habergeon  or  coat  of  mail  to 
save  the  body  from  bruises,  and  sometimes  worn 
alone  like  a  buffeoat ;  in  later  times,  a  corselet 
or  cuirass  of  plate-armor.     See  gambeson. 

His  acton  it  was  all  of  black.  Percy's  Reliques. 

Yet  was  bis  helmet  hack'd  and  hew'd, 
His  acton  pierced  and  tore.        Scott,  Eve  of  St.  John. 
By  an  order  in  1297  for  the  London  City  Gate  guard  the 
haketon  and  gambeson  are  to  be  both  worn,  or  in  default 
the  haketon  and  corset  or  haketon  and  plates. 

1-airholt,  11.  3. 

actor  (ak'tor),  ».  [<  ME.  actour,  agent,  pleader, 
<  L.  actor,  doer,  plaintiff,  advocate,  agent,  play- 
er, <  aqcre,  drive,  do,  act:  see  act,  «.]  1.  One 
who  acts  or  performs;  the  doer  or  perfornor  ..I 
an  action ;  specifically,  one  who  represents  a 
character  or  acts  a  part  in  a  play ;  a  stage- 
player. 

II,   [Pitt]  was  an  actor  in  the  Closet,  an  actor  at  Coun- 
cil       .  and  even  In  private  society  he  could  not  lay  aside 

his' theatrical  tones  and  attitudes. 

Macautau,  Y\  imam  1  ltt. 


2  In  .ait'.'  («)  An  advocate  or  a  proctor  in  civil 
courts  or  causes.  (6)  A  plaintiff.  [In  this 
sense  properly  a  Latin  word.]  —  Character-actor, 
an  actor  who  portrays  characters  with  strongly  marked  pe- 
culiarities. 


actualization 

actress  (ak'tres),  n.  [<  actor  +  -ess.  Cf.  F.  ao- 
trice,  an  actress,  <  L.  actrix,  ace.  actneem,  a 
female  plaintiff,  a  stewardess,  fern,  of  actor: 
see  actor.]    A  female  actor  or  performer. 

Vireil  has,  indeed,  admitted  Fame  as  an  actress  in  the 
vEneid.  Addison. 

Specifically,  a  woman  who  represents  or  acts  a  part  in  a 
plav  Actresses  were  not  introduced  in  England  till  after 
the  Restoration,  though  they  seem  to  have  been  em- 
ployed in  some  parts  of  Europe  much  earlier.  Thomas 
Coryat  the  traveler,  mentions  them  in  his  "Crudities, 
published  In  1611:  "HerelVenice]  .  .  .  I  saw  women  acte, 
a  thing  that  I  never  saw  before;  though  I  have  heard  that 
it  hath  been  used  in  London."  In  Shaksperes  time  fe- 
male parts  were  performed  by  boys,  as  is  still  the  custom 
in  China  and  some  other  countries.  "The  king,  one  night, 
was  impatient  to  have  the  play  begin.  'Sire,'  said  Dave- 
nant,  'they  are  shaving  the  queen."'  Memoirs  Of  Count 
de  Gramont.  In  the  epilogue  to  "As  you  Like  it  Ro- 
salind says:  "If  I  were  a  woman,  I  would  kiss  as  many 
of  you  as  had  beards  that  pleased  me,"  etc.  In  1602  the 
employment  of  actresses  was  sanctioned  by  C hartes  11. 
"  Whereas  the  women's  parts  in  plays  have  hitherto  been 
acted  by  men,  in  the  habits  of  women,  at  which  some 
have  taken  great  offence,  we  do  permit  and  give  leave, 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  all  women's  parts  be  acted  by 
women."    Extract  from  license  in  1662  to  a  London  theater. 

actual  (ak'tu-al),  a.  [<  ME.  actual,  actueL  ac- 
tive, <  OF.  aiid  F.  actuel,  <  LL.  actuahs,  active, 
practical,  <  L.  actus  (acta-),  act,  action,  per- 
formance :  see  act,  ».]  If.  Active ;  practical. 
Besides  herwalking  and  other  acfafflZ  performances,  what 
.  .  .  have  you  beard  her  say?  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1. 

Either  in  discourse  of  thought  or  actual  deed. 

Shak.,  Othello,  lv.  2. 

2.  In  full  existence ;  real ;  denoting  that  which 
not  merely  can  be,  but  is :  opposed  to  potential, 
apparent,  constructive,  and  imaginary. 

Hermogenes,  says  Horace,  was  a  singer  even  when  si- 
lent- how?  —  a  singer  not  i«  act  u  but  in  posse.  boAUenus 
was  a  cobbler,  even  when  not  at  work  ;  that  is,  he  was  a 
cobbler  potential,  whereas,  when  busy  in  his  booth,  he  was 
a  cobbler  actual.  Sir  «  ■  Hamttm. 

The  smallest  actual  good  is  better  than  the  most  magnifi- 
cent promises  of  impossibilities.    Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

In  sundry  abnormal  states,  strong  feelings  of  cold  or 
heat  are  felt  throughout  the  body,  though  its  actual  tem- 
perature has  remained  unaltered. 

H.  Spencer,  l'rm.  of  Psychol.,  §  47. 

3.  Now  existing;  present:  opposed  to  past  &nA 
future:  as,  in  the  actual  condition  of  affairs.— 
Actual  being.  See  being.—  Actual  cautery.  See 
cautery,  l.-Actual  cognition,  opposed  to •virtual  and  to 
habitual  cognition,  lasts  only  while  the  attention  is  en- 
eaged  uponthe  object.-Actual  difference.  See  differ- 
ence.- Actual  energy,  in  mech,,  energy  in  the  form 
of  motion;  vis  viva:  opposed  topotentud  energy,  which is 
energy  in  the  form  of  position.  See  energy—  Actual 
entry.  See  entry.— Actual  fraud,  see  ./mm.. -Actual 
relation,  one  which  depends  upon  an  outward  fart  and 
not  upon  a  mere  desire  or  fancy.— Actual  sin,  in  theol., 
the  sin  of  the  individual,  in  contrast  with  the  sin  of  the 
race,  or  original  sin.— Actual  whole,  in  logic:  (a)  Any 
whole  except  a  potential  whole. 

This  whole  is  called  potential,  whereas  the  rest  of  the 
Bpecies  are  called  actual. 

Burgersdivius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  l.  14. 

(b)  An  individual  as  containing  in  it  species,  or  a  species 
as  containing  in  it  genera;  a  nwtapliysicBl  or  formal 
whole,  so  actual  parts.— The  actual,  that  which  is  n  al 
and  existing,  as  opposed  to  what  is  ideal  01  merely  pos- 
sible ;  the  activities  and  cares  of  life. 

That  delicious  sense  of  disenthrallmcnt  from  the  actual 
which  the  deepening  twilight  brings  with  it. 

Lowell,  study  \\  mdows,  p.  64. 

=  Syn.  Actual,  Positive,  etc.  (see  real),  veritable,  genuine, 
certain,  absolute.  n  ,.      ,. 

actualisation,  actualise.  See  aetuahssatton, 
actualize.  .      ., 

actualism  (ak'tu-al-izm),  n.  [<  actual  +  -ism.] 
In  metaph.,  the  doctrine  that  all  existence  is 
truly  active  or  spiritual,  and  not  dead  or  inert. 
There  is  nothing  so  clear  in  his  I  III. don's]  earliest 
thought  as  the  doctrine,  embodied  in  the  word  Actmlism, 
that  the  world  is  a  process.  •"'»".  "-  ■>»»■ 

actualist  (ak'tu-al-ist),  «•  [<  /«•"'."'  +  -/*'•] 
One  who  is  interested  in  or  deals  with  actuali- 
ties ;  a  realist:  opposed  to  idealist,     a  rote. 

actuality  (ak-tu-al'i  I  i  I,  «• ;  pi-  actualizes  (-fez). 
r=  P.  actualiie\<  ML.  actualita(t-)s  (Dims  Sco- 
tus),<L.  actuaUs,  actual:  see  actual.]  1.  ine 
state  of  being  actual,  as  opposed  to  votmtial- 
ity;  existence,  as  opposed  to  ideality. 

A  mm  may  deny  actuality  .  ■  ■  tothe  Mahometan  idea 
of  God,  and  yet  be  no  atheist. 

'        Theodore  Parker,  speculative  Atheism. 

George  Sand  says  neatly,  that  ' "  Art  is  not  a  study  of 
positive  reality"  (actuahty  were  the  lite  wo  d>  but  a 
'eekingafteridealtrutb."     Lowell,  study  \\  indows,  p.  208. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  is  realized. 

Nature  and  religion  are  the  bands  ol I  friendship; jMoel- 
iciev  and  usefulness  are  its  gnat  entoarmento;  sociefa- 
and  neighborhood,  that  is,  the  possibilities  and  the  cir- 
cuu.stanees  of  converse,  are  the  determhiationsand ^tu- 
amies  of  it.  ^er-  Taylor,  Fnenasnip. 


actualization  (ak"tu-al-i-za'shon),  It.  A  making 
real  or  actual ;   the  reducing  ot  an  idea  to  a 


actualization 

state  of  actuality  or  existence ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing made  actual.    Also  spelled  actualisation. 

It  [the  idea  of  peace]  is  expounded,  illustrated,  defined, 
with  different  degrees  of  clearness  ;  and  its  actualization, 
or  the  measures  it  should  inspire,  predicted  according  to 
the  light  of  each  seer.  En*  rson,  War. 

actualize  (ak'tu-al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
tualized, ppr.  actualizing.  [<  actual  +  -fee;  =  F. 
actualiser.]  To  make  actual.  Also  spelled  «c- 
tualise. 

Ilis  [Macaulay's]  critical  severity  almost  actualizes  the 
idea  of  critical  damnation.      Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20. 

actually  (ak'tu-al-i),  adv.  1.  As  an  actual  or 
existing  fact ";' really ;  in  truth:  often  used  as 
an  expression  of  wonder  or  surprise :  as,  he  ac- 
tually accomplished  what  he  undertook. 

On  one  occasion  Sheridan  actually  forced  Burke  down 
upon  his  seat  in  order  to  prevent  a  furious  explosion  of 
passion.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

The  refraction  of  the  atmosphere  causes  the  sun  to  be 
seen  before  it  actually  rises,  and  after  it  actually  sets. 

Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  43. 

2f.  By  action  or  active  manifestation;  in  act 

or  deed;  practically. 

Of  all  your  sex,  yet  never  did  I  know 

Any  that  yet  so  actually  did  shew 

Such  rules  for  patience,  such  an  easy  way. 

Drayton,  Elegies. 

actualness  (ak'tu-al-nes), ».  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  actual ;  actuality.     [Rare.] 

actuarial  (ak-tu-a'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  actuary  or  to  actuaries,  or  to  the  business 
of  an  actuary:  as,  actuarial  calculations;  an  ac- 
tiiiiritil  society. 

actuarially  (ak-tu-a'ri-al-i),  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  an  actuary ;  in  an  actuarial  way. 

The  trade-unions  of  England  are,  actuarially  speaking, 
bankrupt.  .v.  .1.  lice,  cxliii.  233. 

actuary  (ak'tu-a-ri), ft.;  pi.  actuaries (-riz).  [< L. 
actuarius,  a  shorthand-writer,  a  clerk,  <  actus 
(actu-),  action,  public  employment:  see  oci, ft.] 

1 .  A  registrar  or  clerk :  a  term  of  the  civil  law, 
used  originally  in  courts  of  civil-law  jurisdic- 
tion. In  England — (a)  A  clerk  who  registers  the  acts  and 
constitutions  of  the  lower  house  of  Convocation,  (b)  An 
officer  appointed  to  keep  a  savings- bank's  accounts. 

2.  A  person  skilled  in  the  application  of  the 
doctrine  of  chances  to  financial  affairs,  more 
especially  in  regard  to  the  insurance  of  lives. 
The  term  is  generally  applied  to  an  officer  of  a  life-insur- 
ance company  whose  main  duties  are  to  make  the  com- 
putations necessary  to  determine  the  valuation  of  contin- 
gent liabilities,  computation  of  premiums,  compilation  of 
tables,  etc. 

actuate  (ak'tu-at),  v.  i.j  pret.  and  pp.  actu- 
ated, ppr.  actuating.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of  ac- 
tuare,  perform,  put  in  action,  <  L.  actus:  see 
act,  ».]  1.  To  put  into  action;  move  or  incite 
to  action:  as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives  or 
passions. 

Those  whom  their  superior  talents  had  deified,  were 
found  to  be  still  actuated  by  the  most  brutal  passions  of 
human  nature.  Goldsmith,  Origin  of  Poetry. 

I  succeeded  in  making  a  very  good  electro-magnet,  .  .  . 
which  .  .  .  performed  the  work  of  actuating  the  arma- 
ture with  perfect  success. 

E.  Gray,  iif  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  1S5. 

2t.  To  make  actual  or  real;  carry  out;  exe- 
cute; perform. 

Only  to  be  thought  worthy  of  your  counsel, 
Or  actuate  what  you  command  to  me, 
Were  a  perpetual  happiness. 

Massinyer,  Roman  Actor,  iv.  2. 
=Syn.  1.  Actuate,  Impel,  Induce,  Incite,  Prompt,  Insti- 
gate. (See  impel.)  To  actuate  is  merely  to  call  into  action, 
without  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  actuating  force ;  but 
it  is  very  commonly  used  of  motives :  as,  the  murderer  was 
actuated  by  revenge.  Impel,  to  drive  toward,  is  expressive 
of  more  passion,  haste,  urgency,  necessity ;  hence  it  is  cou- 
pled with  words  of  corresponding  kind,  and  when  used 
with  quieter  words  it  gives  them  force:  as,  youth  impelled 
him.  Induce,  to  lead  toward,  is  gentler  by  as  much  as 
leading  is  gentler  than  driving;  it  implies  the  effort  to 
persuade  by  presenting  motives,  but  is  also  useil  where  the 
persuasion  is  only  figurative :  as,  I  was  at  last  induced  to 
go ;  he  was  induced  by  my  example.  Incite,  prompt,  insti- 
gate, are  used  only  when  motives  irrespective  of  physical 
force  are  the  actuating  power.  Incite  is  weaker  than  impel 
and  stronger  than  jyrompt;  it  expresses  more  eagerness 
than  impel ;  it  implies  the  urging  of  men  toward  the  ob- 
jects of  kindled  feelings  and  generally  of  strong  desire. 
Prompt  is  more  general  in  its  meaning,  depending  upon 
its  connection  for  force  and  limitation  ;  it  is  often  preferred 
for  its  brevity  and  breadth  of  application.  Instigate,  to 
goad  on,  is  sometimes,  but  erroneously,  used  of  incitement 
to  good ;  it  should  be  used  only  where  the  urging  is  toward 
evil.  It  generally  implies  that  such  urging  is  underhand, 
although  that  faet  is  sometimes  explicitly  stated  :  he  was 
(secretly)  instigated  to  his  perfidy. 

It  is  observed  by  Cicero  that  men  of  the  greatest  and 
most  shining  parts  are  most  actuated  by  ambition. 

Addison. 
Thus  we  see  that  human  nature  is  impelled  by  affections 
of  gratitude,  esteem,  veneration,  joy,  not  to  mention  vari- 
ous others.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  13. 
Desire  with  thee  still  longer  to  converse 
Induced  me.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  253. 


63 

If  thou  dost  love,  my  kindness  shall  incite  thee 
To  bind  our  loves  up  in  a  holy  band. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 

More  apt 
To  slacken  Virtue,  and  abate  her  edge, 
Than  prompt  her  to  do  aught  may  merit  praise. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  ii.  458. 

With  the  education  she  had  received,  she  could  look  on 

this  strange  interruption  of  her  pilgrimage  only  as  a  Bpe- 

cial  assault  upon  her  faith,  instigated  by  those  evil  spirits 

that  are  ever  setting  themselves  in  conflict  with  the  just. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Agnes  of  Sorrento,  xxv. 

actuatet  (ak'tu-at),  a.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of 
actuate:  see  the  verb.]  Put  into  action. 
South.     [Rare.] 

actuation  (ak-tu-a'shon),  n.  A  putting  in  mo- 
tion or  operation;  communication  of  active  en- 
ergy or  force. 

I  have  presupposed  all  things  distinct  from  him  to  have 
been  produced  out  of  nothing  by  him,  and  consequently 
to  be  posterior  not  only  to  the  motion,  but  the  actuation 
of  his  will.  Up.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

actuator  (ak'tu-a-tpr),  ».  One  who  or  that 
which  actuates  or  puts  in  action.     [Rare.] 

actuoset  (ak'tu-6s),  a.  [<  L.  actuosus,  full  of 
activity,  <  actus,  action :  see  act,  ».]  Having 
the  power  of  action  ;  having  strong  powers  of 
action  ;  abounding  in  action. 

actuosity  (ak-tu-os'i-ti),  n.  [=Pg.  actuosidade, 
<L.  as  if  *actuosita(i-)s,  (actuosus:  see  actuosc] 
If.  Power  or  state  of  action.  [Rare.]  —  2.  In 
metapli.,  a  state  of  activity  which  is  complete 
in  itself,  without  leading  to  any  result  that 
must  be  regarded  as  its  completion. 

That  actuosity  in  which  the  action  and  its  completion 
coincide,  as  to  think,  to  see.  J.  Hutchison  Stirling. 

acturet  (ak'tur),  ».  [<  act  +  -ure.]  Actual 
operation  or  performance.  Shak.,  Lover's  Com- 
plaint, 1.  185. 

acturience  (ak-tu'ri-ens),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "acturi- 
en{t-)s,  ppr.  of  an  assumed  *acturirc,  desire  to 
act,  <  actus,  pp.  of  agerc,  do,  act,  +  -urire,  de- 
siderative  suffix.  Cf.  esurient,  parturient.']  A 
desire  for  action.     Grote.     [Rare] 

actus  (ak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  actus.  [L.,  lit.  a  driving, 
(agere,  drive:  see  act,  «.]  In  law,  a  road  for 
passengers  riding  or  driving ;  a  public  road  or 
highway.     [Rare.] 

acuatet  (ak'u-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  *acudtus,  pp. 
of  *acudrc,  <  L.  acuere,  pp.  acutus,  sharpen : 
see  acute,  a.~\  To  sharpen ;  make  pungent  or 
sharp,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Immoderate  feeding  upon  pickled  meats,  and  debauch- 
ing with  strong  wines,  do  inflame  and  acuate.  the  blood. 

Harvey,  Consumption. 

acuate  (ak'u-at),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'acudtus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]     Sharpened  ;  pointed. 

acuchi,  n.    See  acouchy. 

acuerdo  (Sp.  pron.  a-ko-ar'do),  n.  [Sp.,  =  E. 
accord,  ».]  1.  A  resolution  of  a  deliberative 
body,  as  of  an  ayuntamiento  or  town  council. 
— 2.  A  decision  or  legal  opinion  of  a  court. — 
3.  Ratification.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

acuitionf  (ak-u-ish'on),  n.  [<  ML.  acuitio(u-), 
<  L.  acucrc,  sharpen":  see  acute,  a.]  The  act  of 
rendering  sharp,  literally  or  figuratively,  spe- 
cifically— (a)  The  sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their 
effect,  as  by  the  addition  of  a  mineral  acid  to  a  vegetable 
acid.  (6)  The  highest  sound" (accent)  in  the  pronunciation 
of  a  word. 

acuity  (a-ku'i-ti),  ft.      [<  F.  aeuite,  <  ML.  acui- 

ta(t-)s,  ii-reg.  <  L.  acuere,  sharpen:  see  acute, 

a.,  and  -ity.]     Sharpness;  acuteness. 

[The]  acuity  or  bluntness  of  the  pin  that  bears  the  card. 

Perkins,  Magnetic  Needle,  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  IV.  IS. 

Many  of  them  [Eskimos]  .  .  .  being  endowed  with  the 

acuity  of  vision  peculiar  to  nomads  and  hunters. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Cortrin,  1881,  p.  24. 

Aculeata  (a-kfi-lf-a'ta),  m.  id.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aculeatus.  furnished  with  stings:  see  aculeate, 
a.]  1.  A  name  given  by  Latreille,  1802,  to  a 
group  of  hymenopterous  insects  in  which  the 
abdomen  of  the  females  and  neuters  is  armed 
with  a  sting,  consisting  of  two  fine  spicula  with 
reverted  barbs,  connected  with  a  poison-reser- 
voir. The  group  includes  bees  and  wasps. — 
2f.  In  mammal.,  an  artificial  group  of  spiny 
rodents,  composed  of  the  genera  Hystrix  and 
Loncheres.    llliger,  1811. 

aculeate  (a-ku'le-iit),  a.  and  w.  [<L.  aculeatus, 
furnished  with  stings,  thorny,  prickly,  <  acuh  US, 
a  sting,  prickle :  see  aculeus.]  I.  a.  1.  Injocii., 
furnished  with  a  sting;  pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Aculeata. —  2.  In  bot.,  furnished 
with  aculei  or  sharp  prickles;  aculeous. —  3. 
Figuratively,  pointed;  stinging. 

II.    n.    A  hymenopterous  insect,  one  of  the 
Aculeata. 

aculeate  (a-kii'le-at),  !'.  t.  [<L.  aculeatus :  see 
aculeate,  a.']  Tomake pointed;  sharpen.  [Rare.] 


acupressure 

aculeated  (a-ku'lf-a-ted),  p.  a.  [<  aculeate  + 
-etl~.\  1.  Armed  with  prickles. — 2.  Pointed; 
sharp ;  incisive. 

aculei,  ».     Plural  of  aculeus. 

aculeiform  (a-kulf-i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  aculeus, 
prickle,  +  -formis,  <  forma,  shape.]  Formed 
like  a  prickle. 

aculeolate  (a-kfi'le-6-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  aeideola- 
tus,  <  L.  aculeolus,  dim.  of  aculeus,  a  sting, 
prickle :  see  aculeus.']  In  bot.,  having  small 
prickles  or  sharp  points.     A.  Gray. 

aculeous  (a-kii'le-us),  a.  [<  aculeus  +  -ous.]  In 
bot.,  same  as  aculeate. 

aculeus  (a-ku'le-us),  ft. ;  pi.  aculei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
sting,  prickle,  spine,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle :  see 
acus.]  1.  The  poison-sting  of  the  aculeate  hy- 
menopterous insects,  as  bees,  wasps,  etc.  See 
Aculeata. — 2.  In  bot.,  a  prickle;  a  slender,  rigid, 
and  pointed  outgrowth  from  the  bark  or  epi- 
dermis, as  in  the  rose  and 'blackberry,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  thorn,  which  grows  from  the  wood. 

acumen  (a-ku'men),  ft.  [L.,  a  point,  sting, 
fig.  acuteness,  (  acucrc,  sharpen :   see  acute.] 

1.  Quickness  of  perception  ;  the  faculty  of  nice 
discrimination ;  mental  acuteness  or  penetra- 
tion ;  keenness  of  insight. 

His  learning,  above  all  kings  christened,  his  acumen, 
his  judgment,  his  memory. 

Sir  E.  Coke,  K.  James's  Proc.  agt.  Garnet,  sig.  G,  p.  3b. 

Individual  insight  and  acumen  may  point  out  conse- 
quences of  an  action  which  bring  it  under  previously 
known  moral  rules.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  135. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  tapering  point.  =Syn.  1.  Penetration 
discernment,  acuteness,  sharpness,  perspicacity,  insight. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
acuminated,  ppr.  acuminating.  [<  L.  acumina- 
tus,  pp.  of  acuminate,  sharpen,  <  acumen,  a 
point:  see  acumen.]  I.  trans.  To  bring  to  a 
point;  render  sharp  or  keen:  as,  "to  acumi- 
nate despair,"  Cowper,  Letters,  p.  172.  [Rare, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 

This  is  not  acuminated,  and  pointed,  as  in  the  rest,  but 
seemeth,  as  it  were,  cut  off.        Sir  T.  Eroume,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  intrans.  To  taper  or  rise  to  a  point. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  tlie  present  participle.] 

They  [the  bishops],  .  .  .  acuminating  still  higher  and 
higher  in  a  cone  of  prelaty,  instead  of  healing  up  the 
gashes  of  the  church,  .  .  .  fall  to  gore  one  another  with 
their  sharp  spires,  for  upper  places  and  precedence. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  a.     [<  L.  acuminatus, 

pp. :  see  the  verb.]    Pointed ;  acute.    Specifically 

—  (a)  In  bot.,  having  a  long,   tapering 

termination  :  applied  to  leaves  and  other 

organs.       When    the     narrowing    takes 

place  at  the  base  it  is  so  expressed,  for 

example,  acuminate,  at  the  base;  when 

the  word  is  used  without  any  limitation 

it  always  refers  to  the  apex,  (b)  In  ornith. , 

applied  in  a  similar  sense  to  the  feathers 

of  birds ;  tapering. 

acumination     (a-ku-rni-na'shon), 

u.      [<  L.  as  ii   *acu»tinatio(n-), 

<  acuminarc:  see  acuminate,  ».]  1. 

The  act  of  acuminating,  or  the 

state    of    being    acuminated ;    a 

Acuminate  Leaf,    sharpening ;     termination    in    a 

sharp  point. —  2.   A    sharp    and 

tapering  point ;  a  pointed  extremity. 

The  coronary  thorns  .  .  .  did  also  pierce  his  tender  and 
sacred  temples  to  a  multiplicity  of  pains,  by  their  numer- 
ous acuiuinatioits.  Up.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

3.  Acuteness  of  intellect;  acumen.     [Rare.] 

Wits,  which  erect  and  inscribe,  with  notable  zeal  and 
acuminatum,  their  memorials  in  every  mind  they  meet 
with.  WaterhouK,  ApoL  for  Learning  (1653),  p.  190. 

acuminose  (a-kn'rni-nos),  a.  [<  NL.  acumino- 
&U8,  <  L.  acumen,  point :  see  acumen.]  In  bot., 
having  a  sharp  or  tapering  point.     [Rare.] 

acuminous  (a-ku'mi-nus),  a.  [<  acumen  (-miu-) 
+ -ous.  Cf.  acuminose.]  1.  Characterized  by 
acumen;  sharp;  penetrating. —  2.  Same  as  acu- 
minose. 

acuminulate  (ak-u-min'u-lst),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
*acumintdum,  dim.  of  acumen,  a  point,  +  -aft  l : 
after  acuminate.]  Somewhat  or  slightly  acu- 
minate.    [Rare.] 

acupress  (ak'u-pres),  r.  t.  [<  L.  acus,  a  needle, 
abl.  acu,  with  a  needle,  +  press.]  In  surg.,  to 
apply  acupressure  to,  as  a  bleeding  artery. 

acupression  (ak-u-presh'on),  ft.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
needle,  +  prcssio(n-),  pressure.]  Same  as  acu- 
pressure. 

acupressure  (ak'u-presh-ur),  ft.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
needle,  +  pressure/,  pressure:  see  pressure.]  In 
surg.,  a  method  (first  published  by  Sir  J.  Y. 
Simpson  in  1859)  of  stopping  hemorrhage  in 
arteries  during  amputations,  etc.,  consisting  in 
pressing  the  artery  closely  by  means  of  a  pin 
or  needle  or  bit  of  inelastic  wire,  introduced 


acupressure 

through  the  sides  or  flaps  of  the  wound,  instead 

of  tying  with  a  thread.  There  are  various  modes 

of  inserting  the  pin. 
acupuncturation    (aku-pungk-tu-ra'shon),   n. 

A  pricking  with  or  as  if  with  a  needle;  the 

practice  of  acupuncture.     [Bare.] 
acupuncturator   (ak-u-pungk'td-ra-tor),  n. 

An  instrument  for  performing  the  operation  of 

acupuncture, 
acupuncture  ( ak'u-pungk-tur),  n.    [<  L.  acus,  a 

needle,  +  punctura,  a  pricking:  see  puncture.} 

1.  A  surgical  operation  consisting  in  the  in- 
sertion of  delicate  needles  in  the  tissues.  This 
operation  has  Ik-.m  practised  for  ages  in  many  parts  of  the 
world.  Apart  from  the  employment  of  needles  to  evacu- 
ate a  morbid  fluid,  as  in  edema,  or  to  set  up  an  inflamma- 
tion, as  in  ununited  fraetures,  acupuncture  has  been  niostlj 
used  for  myalgic,  neuralgic,  and  other  nervous  affections. 

2.  A  mode  of  infanticide  in  some  countries, 
consisting  in  forcing  a  needle  into  the  brain  of 
the  child. 

acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  acupunctured,  ppr.  acupuncturing.  In  surg., 
to  perform  the  operation  of  acupuncture  upon. 

acurset,  ''.  t.     See  accurse. 

acus  (a  kus),  «.;  pi.  acus.  [L.  acus  (acu-),  a 
needle  or  pin,  as  being  pointed;  cf.  acuerc, 
make  sharp  or  pointed:  see  acute,  a.]  1.  A 
needle,  especially  one  used  for  surgical  pur- 
poses.—  2.  In  archieol.,  sometimes,  the  pin  of 
a  brooch  or  fibula. — 3.  leap."]  (of)  A  genus  of 
fishes.  Johnston,  1650.  (b)  A  genus  of  niol- 
lusks.  Humphreys,  1797.  See  Terebra.  —  Acus 
cannulata,  a  trocar,  or  a  tubular  needle  for  discharging 
fluids.— Acus  interpunctoria,  a  couching-needle,  used 
in  operations  for  cataract.— Acus  ophthalnuca,  a  needle 
used  in  operations  for  ophthalmia  or  cataract. — Acus 
trlquetra,  a  three-sided  needle ;  a  trocar. 

Acusidae  (a-ko'si-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  irreg.  < Acus, 

3  (b),  +  -iila.]     Same  as  Terebridee. 

acustomt,  acustomancet,  etc.  See  accustom, 
accustomance,  etc 

acutangular  (a-kut'angygu-lar),  a.  Same  as 
acute-angular.     Warburton. 

acutate  (a-ku'tat),  a.  [<  acute  +  -ate1.]  Slight- 
ly pointed. 

acute  (a-kiif),  a.  [<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  pp.  of 
acuerc,  sharpen,  <  •)  *ac,  be  sharp,  pierce:  see 
acid.]  1.  Sharp  at  the  end; 
ending  in  a  sharp  point  or  an- 
gle :  opposed  to  blunt  or  ob- 
tuse. Specifically  applied,  (a)  in  bot, 
to  a  leaf  or  other  organ  ending  in  a 
sharp  angle  ;  (b)  in  geom.,  to  an  angle 
less  than  a  right  angle.  See  acute. 
angled. 

2.  Sharp  or  penetrating  in  in- 
tellect ;  possessing  keenness  of 
insight  or  perception ;  exercis- 
ing nice  discernment  or  discrimination :  op- 
posed to  dull  or  stupid:  as,  ''the  acute  and 
ingenious  author."  Locke. — 3.  Manifesting  in- 
tellectual keenness  or  penetration ;  marked  or 
characterized  by  quickness  of  perception  or 
nice  discernment  :  applied  to  mental  endow- 
ments and  operations:  as,  acute  faculties  or 
arguments. 

Leigh    Hunt,  whose  feminine   temperament  gave  him 
acut:  perceptions  at  the  expense  of  Judgment, 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  -til. 

4.  Having  nice  or  quick  sensibility ;  suscepti- 
ble id'  slight  impressions;  having  power  to  feel 
or  perceive  small  or  distant  objects  or  effects : 
as,  a  man  of  acute  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 

Were  our  senses  made  much  quicker  and  acuter,  the  ap- 

pei and  outward  schen f  things  would  have  quite 

another  face  to  us.  Locke. 

The  acute  hearing  of  the  Veddahs  is  shown  by  their 
habit  of  finding  bees'  nests  by  the  hum. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  Sociol.,  s  40. 

5.  Keen ;  sharp ;  intense:  poignant:  said  of 
pain,  pleasure,  etc. — 6.  High  in  pitch;  shrill: 
said  ol  sound  :  opposed  to  grave.  Seeacuteac- 
ci  ni.  below. — 7.  In  /iiiilini..  attended  with  more 
or  less  violent  symptoms  and  coming  speedily 
to  a  crisis:  applied  to  a  disease:  as,  an  acute 
pleurisy:  distinguished  from  subacute  and 
chrome.  Acute  accent,  (a)  Utterance  of  a  single 
sound,  as  a  Byllablt  ol  b  word,  at  a  higher  pitch  than 
other- .  accentual  it  ress  ol  voici      (b)  A  mat  k  I  I  u  ted  to 

denote  accentual  Btn       I  si  o  tor  other  purpo  i        Co 

denote  st  n    -  in  Bngll  h,  it  i    aofl  g<  net  -\\\\  plat  i  I  after 
the  accented  Byllable,  ae  in  tin-  dictionary,  but  Bometimi 
over  tie-  \owei  of  that  syllable.    The  latter  Is  dour  regu 

larly  in  -such  tlloek  word-  a-   take  tin     aeis  lit,  and   in  all 

Spanish  words  the  accentuation  of  whit  h  varies  from  the 
standard  rule.     In  some  languages  it  is  used  otiK 
termini  tie-  quality  or  length  of  vowel-sounds,  as  on  i  [n 
French  (as  in  4t£\,  and  on  all  the  vowels  in  Hut 
in  Polish  aiei  other  --hoe  languages  it  Is  also  placed  over 

some  of  the  consonants  t rk  variations oi  t  le  ii  sounds. 

For  other  us.  -  Bee  accent,  n.    Acuteangle.    Seeanafcs. 
—Acute  ascending  paralysis.  s,-,-i,,,„jn,.  porofi  i 
\iw\tv  paralysix.—  Acute  bisectrix.    Set  bisectrix,  -Syn. 


Acutenaculum,  or  Needle-holder 


Acute  Leaves. 


64 

1.  Keen,  etc.  See  sharp.  —  2  and  3.  Acute,  Keen,  Shrewd, 
penetrating,  piercing,  sharp-witted,  bright.  (See  subtle.) 
An  acute  mind  pierces  a  subject  like  a  needle ;  a  keen  mind 
has  a  flue,  incisive  edge,  like  a  knife.  Keen  may  be  the 
ne  .st  objective  of  these  words.  An  acute  answer  is  one  that 
h.ws  penetration  into  the  subject ;  a  keen  answer  unites 
with  acuteneas  a  certain  amountof  sarcasm,  or  antagonism 
to  the  person  addressed;  a  shrewd  answer  is  one  that  com- 
bines remarkable  acuteness  with  wisdom  as  to  what  it  is 
practically  best  to  say.  Shrewd  differs  from  acute  and 
Keen  by  having  an  element  of  practical  sagacity  or  as- 
tuteness, only  Keen  has  the  idea  of  eagerness:  as,  he  was 
keen  in  pursuit.    See  astute  and  sharp. 

Powers  of  acute  and  subtile  disputation.    Sir  J.  Herschel. 

The  tongues  of  mocking  wenches  are  as  keen 

As  is  the  razor's  edge  invisible.        Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Mother-wit  and  the  common  experiences  of  life  do  often 
furnish  people  with  a  sort  of  shrewd  and  sound  judgment 
that  carries  them  very  creditably  through  the  world. 

./.  Morley,  Popular  Culture,  p.  303. 

acute  (a-kfit'),  r.  t.    To  render  acute  in  tone. 
[Kare.J 
He  aciites  his  rising  inflection  too  much.     Walker,  Diet. 

acute-angled  (a-kut'ang"gld),  a.  Having  sharp 
or  acute  angles,  or  angles  less  than  right  angles. 
—Acute-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  that  has  each  of  its 
angles  less  than  a  right  angle. 

acute-angular  (a-kut'ang"gu-lar),  a.     1.  Hav- 
ing an  angle  less  than  a  right  angle ;  acute- 
angled. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  stems  with  sharp 
corners  or  edges,  as  labiate  plants. 
Also  written  acutangular. 

acutely  (a-kut'li),  adv.  In  an  acute  manner; 
sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  discrimination. 

acutenaculum  (ak''u-te-nak'u-liim),  «. ;  pi.  itcu- 
tcuiiciila  (-lit).  [<L.  acus,  needle,  +  tenaculum, 
holder,  <  tenere, 
hold.]  In  surg., 
a  needle-holder 
used  dtiring  op- 
erations. 

acuteness      (a- 
kut'nes),  n.    The  quality  of  being  acute,  (a)  The 
quality  of  being  sharp  or  pointed. 

The  lance-shaped  windows  form  at  their  vertex  angles 
of  varying  degrees  of  acuteness.  Oxford  Glossary. 

(/»)  The  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or  perception  ;  quick- 
ness or  keenness  of  the  senses  or  understanding.  [By  an 
acuteness  of  the  senses  or  of  mental  feeling  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  slight  impressions  ;  by  an  acuteness  of  in- 
tellect we  discern  nice  distinctions.] 

He  [Berkeley]  was  possessed  of  great  acuteness  and  in- 
genuity, but  was  not  distinguished  for  good  sense  or 
shrewdness.  McCosh,  Berkeley,  p.  53. 

There  may  be  much  of  acuteness  in  a  thing  well  said,  hut 
there  is  more  in  a  quick  reply. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Mock  Astrol. 
(c)  In  rhet.  or  music,  sharpness  or  elevation  of  sound. 
(it)  In  pathol. ,  violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

acutiatort  (a-ku'shi-a-tor),  n.  [ML.,  <  acitti- 
are,  sharpen,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp:  see  acute,  a. 
< '(.  1 1 iij a ist .  I  In  the  middle  ages,  a  person  >\  hose 
duty  it  was  to  sharpen  weapons.  Before  the  in- 
vention of  firearms  such  persons  were  neces- 
sary attendants  of  armies. 

acutifoliate  (a-ku-ti-fd'li-at),  a.  [<L.  acutus, 
sharp,  +  foliaius,  leaved:  see  foliate.]  In  bot., 
having  sharp-pointed  leaves.     A.  (Iray. 

Acutilingues  (a-kfi-ti-ling'gwez),  n.  jm.  [NL., 
<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  A 
division  of  Andrcnida;  containing  those  soli- 
tary bees  whose  labium  is  acute  at  the  end : 
distinguished  from  Obtusilingucs,  in  which  the 
labium  is  obtuse. 

acutilobate  (a-ku-ti-16'bat),  a.  [<  L.  acutus, 
sharp,  +  NL.  lobatus,  lobato:  see  lobate.]  In 
lint.,  having  acute  lobes :  said  of  certain  leaves. 
J.  Gray. 

acuto-nodose  (a-ku-to-no'dos),  a.  [<  L.  acu- 
tus, sharp,  +  nodosus,  knotted:  see  nodose.] 
Acutely  nodose.     Dana.    (N.  E.  D.) 

acuyari-wood  (a-k8-ya'ri-wud),  n.  The  aro- 
matic wood  of  the  tree  Bursera  (Icica)  altissima 
of  Guiana. 

-acy.  [(1)  Directly,  or  through  ME.  and  OF. 
-acic,  <  ML.  -acia,  (  LL.  -alia,  forming  nouns  of 
quality,  state,  oreondition  from  nouns  in  -a{  l-)s, 
as  in  abb-aqi,  <  LL.  ahb-at-in,  <  nbb-a(t-)s,  abbot ; 
prim-acy,  <  P.  prim-alu .  <  LL.  )irim-nl-iu,<  prim- 
a(l-)s,  primate,  etc.  ('2)  <  LL.  -atia,  forming 
nouns  of  state  from  nouns  in  -atus,  as  in  ml- 
voc-acy,  <  LL.  advoe-at-ia,  <  L.  ailinc-al-us, advo- 
cate, etc.  (3)  <  L.  -Hem,  forming  nouns  of  qual- 
ity from  adjectives  in  -ax(-aci-),  as  in  fall-acy, 
<L.  Jiill-iici-ii,  <  fall-ax  (-aci-),  deceptive,  etc. 
These  throe  sources  of  -iicij  were  more  or  less 
confused,  and  the  suffix  has  been  extended  to 
form  many  nouns  which  have  no  corresponding 
form  in  Li.,  as  in  ciir-ucii,  nccur-ncji.  etc  Analogy 
litis  extended  -acy,  <  L.  -alia,  to  some  words  of 
Gr.  origin:  (4)  <  h.-atia,  <  Gr.  -artia,  as  in  pir- 
acy, <  LL.    jiii-uiiti,  <  Gr,  Tteiparela,  <  trecpanic, 


A.  D. 

pirate  ;  similarly  in  -or acy,  q.  v.  Hence  the 
short  form  -ey,  esp.  in  designations  of  office,  as 
in  captain-cy,  ensign-cy,  cornet-cy,  etc.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  or  Greek  origin,  forming  nouns  of  qual- 
ity, state,  condition,  office,  etc.,  from  nouns  in 
-ate  (which  becomes  -ac-,  the  suffix  being  -ate 
changed  to  -ac-,  +-y),  as  in  primacy,  curacy,  ad- 
vocacy,  piracy,  etc.,  or  from  adjectives  in  -aci- 
ous,  as  in  fallacy. 

acyanoblepsy  (a-si'a-no-blep'si),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  tcbavoc,  a  blue  substance,  blue  (see  cya- 
ini Ii  ),  +  -3Zft/i«r,  <  (i'Aeitciv,  see,  look  on.]  A  de- 
fect of  vision,  in  consequence  of  which  the  color 
blue  cannot  be  distinguished. 

acyclic  (a-sik'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  kvk?uk6c, 
circular :  see  o-18  and  cyclic.]  In  bot.,  not  cyclic ; 
not  arranged  in  whorls.  Applied  by  Braun  to  flowers 
that  have  a  spiral  arrangement  of  parts,  when  the  spiral 
turns  made  by  each  class  of  organs  are  not  all  complete, 
in  distinction  from  heinkyclic,  where  all  are  complete. 

Braun  has  termed  such  flowers  acyclic,  when  the  transi- 
tion from  one  foliar  structure  to  another,  as  from  calyx  to 
corolla  or  from  corolla  I o  stamens,  does  not  coincide  with 
a  definite  number  of  turns  of  the  spiral  (as  Nymphamceae 
and  llellehorus  odorus) ;  hemicyclic  when  it  does  so  coin- 
cide. Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  523. 

acyprinoid  (a-sip'ri-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(rt-i8)  +  cyprinoid.]  Inzoogcog.,  characterized 
by  the  absence  of  cyprinoid  fishes:  applied  to 
one  of  the  fresh-water  divisions  of  the  equa- 
torial zone,  embracing  the  tropical  American 
and  tropical  Pacific  regions,     ii  Hut  In  r. 

ad-.  [<  L.  ail-,  prolix,  ad,  prep.,  to,  unto,  toward, 
upon,  for,  etc.,  =  AS.  a't,  E.  at,  q.  v.  In  later 
L.  ad-  before  b,  c,  f,  g,  I,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  was 
assimilated,  as  ab-,  ac-,  of-,  ag-,  al-,  an-,  ap-, 
ac-,  ar-,  as-,  at-  (see  ab-breviate,  ac-cuse,  affect, 
ag-gravate,  al-ludc,  an-nex,  ap-plaud,  ac-quiesce, 
ar-rngate,  assist,  at-tract).  Before  sc-,  sp-,  st-, 
it  was  reduced  to  a-  (see  a-scend,  a-spire,  a- 
stringent,  and  a-12).  Before  d,  h,  j,  m,  before 
vowels,  and  often  in  other  cases,  it  remained 
unchanged.  In  OF.  ad-  with  all  its  variants 
was  reduced  to  a-,  and  was  so  adopted  into  ME. 
But  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries  a  fashion  of 
"restoring"  the  L.  spelling  (ad-,  ac-,  «/-,  etc.) 
began  to  prevail,  and  soon  became  the  rule  in 
both  F.  and  E.,  though  F.  still  retains  many, 
and  E.  a  few,  of  the  old  forms  (see  ae-company, 
ad-dress,  af-front,  ag-grieve,  al-liiifi.  al-lmc,  an- 
nounce, aji-jicul,  ar-rest,  at-tend,  etc.).  By  con- 
fusion of  the  ME.  a-,  for  ad-,  ac-,  of-,  etc.,  with 
ME.  a-  of  other  origin  (<  L.  ab-,  OF.  en-,  es-, 
AS.  «-,  gi •-,  on-,  etc.),  the  latter  a-  has  been  in 
some  cases  erroneously  "restored"  to  ad-,  ac-, 
of-,  etc.,  as  in  ad-vance,  ac-cloy,  ac-eurse,  ac- 
knonhdijc,  a f -ford,  nf-fraij,  al-layl,  ail-ntinil, 
etc.]  1.  A  prefix  of  L;it  in  origin,  with  primary 
sense  "to,"  and  hence  also  "toward,  upon,  for," 
etc.,  expressing  in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
otc,  motion  or  direction  to,  reduction  or  change 
into,  addition,  adherence,  intensification,  etc., 
in  English  often  without  perceptible  force. 
According  to  the  following  consonant,  it  is 
variously  assimilated  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  or  re- 
duced to  (/-.  See  etymology. —  2.  A  prefix  of 
various  other  origin,  erroneously  put  for  other 
prefixes,  as  in  advance,  etc.     See  etymology. 

-ad1.  [<L.  -as  (-ad-),  <  Gr.  -ac(-arj-),  fern,  suffix 
equiv.  to  -ic  (-id-):  see  -id2.]  A  stiffix  of  Greek 
origin  appended  to  nouns.  It  is  used  in  forming— 
t  ii  collective  numerals,  as  monad,'dyad,  triad,  tetrad,  etc  , 
terms  used  in  classifying  chemical  elements  or  radicals 
according  to  the  number  of  their  combining  units;  (2) 
feminine  patronymics  (=-id),  as  in  dryad,  Pleiades,  etc. 
(see  -adit;  -iilic):  heme  used  in  IAios  (IAia6-),  Iliad,  and 
in  the  titles  of  poems  named  in  imitation  of  it,  as  Dunciad, 
Columbiad:  compare  Sneid,  Vhebaid;  (::)  by  I.indh-y, 
family  names  of  plants  akin  to  a  uenns.  as  hliad,  triUiod, 
etc., on  wordsenditig  in  -n  orafter  a  vowel ;  otherwise  /,/, 
as  in  orchid. 

-ad'2.  [<F.  -adc:  see  -adc^.]  A  suffix  in  feiffnti 
and  salad  (formerly  liulmlc  and  sulade),  usually 
represented  by  -adc.      Soe  -nrftl. 

-ad3.  [A  mod.  use  of  L.  ad,  to.]  In  anat.,  a 
snflix  denoting  relation,  situation,  or  direction, 
having  the  same  force  as  the  English  suffix 
-ward,  or  the  word  toward.  Tims,  dorsad,  backward, 
toward  the  dorsum  or  back;  triad,  outward,  toward  the 
exterior;  entad,  inward,  toward  the  interior.  So,  also, 
eephalad,  headward,  forward;  dextrad,  to  the  tight,  on 
the  right  band  of,  ele.  it  is  used  almost  at  will,  with 
either  llreek  or  Latin  words.  Its  use  is  advantageous  as 
restricting  the  idea  of  direction  to  the  body  of  the  animal 
Itself,  without  considering  the  position  in  which  that 
body  v  In'  With  relation  to  externals;  since,  for  ex- 
ample, what  is  backward  in  the  anatomy  of  man  when  in 

the  ere,  t  posture  i-  ttfuttirti  in  thai  oi  a  quadruped  when 

in  the  eorrelato  el\  natural  horizontal  attitude,  while  in 

both  ii  is  equally  dorsad. 
ad.    An  abbreviation  of  mlii  rtisiment. 
A.  D.    An  abbreviation  ol  the  Latin  phrase n»»o 

Domini,  in  the  year  of  the  Lord:  as,  A.  1).  1887. 


-ada 

-ada.  [Sp.  Pg.  -ada  =  It.  -ata  =  F.  -e"e,  <  L.  -dta, 
fem.  of  -dtus:  see  -arfe1,  -ate1.]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  the  Spanish  feminine  form  of 
-adcl,-titd,  as'niarmada:  in  English  sometimes, 
erroneously,  -ado,  as  in  bastinado,  Spanish  bas- 
tinada. 

Adacna  (a-dak'nfi),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
S&Kxetv,  bite.]  Tlio  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Adacnidev  (which  see).     Eichwald,  1838. 

adacnid  (a-dak'nid),  re.  A  bivalve  mollusk,  of 
tlic  family  Adacn&dfB. 

Adacnidae  (a-dak'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adacna 
+  -ida-.]  A  family  of  dimyarian  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Adacna.  The  animals 
which  compose  this*  family  have  elongated,  nearly  united 
siphons,  and  a  eonipressed  foot;  the  shell,  which  gapes 
behind,  has  a  sinaated  pallial  line  and  a  nearly  toothless 
hinge,  or  the  teeth  merely  rudimentary.  The  species  are 
dmlly  inhabitants  of  the  Aral,  Caspian,  and  Black  seas 
and  neighboring  waters. 

adactt  (a-dakt')j  »•  t.  [<L.  adactus,  pp.  of  adi- 
gere,  drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  agcre,  drive.]  To 
drive  ;  coerce.    Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  15. 

adactyl,  adactyle  (a-dak'til),  a.  Same  as 
adactylous. 

adactylous  (a-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv., 
without,  +  ddnTvloc,  digit :  see  dactyl.}  In  zool., 
without  fingers  or  toes. 

adadt  (a-dad  ),  inter).  [A  var.  of  egad.']  An  ex- 
pletive of  asseveration  or  emphasis. 

-ads.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  -aihi,  pi.  of  -ath/e,  after  -t-, 
equiv.  to  -iih/c  after  a  consonant  or  another 
vowel  •  see  -ida:.']  In  zool.,  a  suffix  equivalent 
to  -ida:,  forming  names  of  families  of  animals. 
See  -ida). 

adsemonist  (a-de'mon-ist),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
iaifiuv,  a  demon  (see  demon),  +  -ist.]  One  who 
denies  the  existence  or  personality  of  the  devil. 

adag,  attac  (ad'ag,  at'ak),  re.  [<Gael.  adag, 
a  haddock ;  perhaps  borrowed  from  E.  had- 
dock.] A  local  name  of  the  haddock,  used  about 
Moray  frith  in  Scotland.     Gordon. 

adaga  (a-da/gii),  re.  [Pg.  adaga,  a  dagger,  a 
short  sword.  Cf.  adargue  (?).]  An  Asiatic 
weapon,  having  a  short,  broad  blade  at  right 
angles  with  a  staff  which  serves  as  a  handle. 
R.  F.  Burton,  Book  of  the  Sword. 

adage  (ad'aj),  n.  [<F.  adage,  <L.  adagium  (col- 
lateral form  adagio),  <  ad,  to,  +  -agium,  <  aio 
(orig.  "agio),  I  say,  =  Gr.  r//ii,  I  say,  =  Skt.  \/  ah, 
say.]  A  pithy  saying  in  current  use;  a  brief 
familiar  proverb;  an  expression  of  popular 
wisdom,  generally  figurative,  in  a  single  phrase 
or  sentence,  and  of  remote  origin. 

Unless  the  adage  must  be  verified, 

That  beggar's,  mounted,  run  their  horse  to  death. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

=  Syn.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.    See  aphorism. 

adagialt  (a-da'ji-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
containing  an  adage:  as,  "that  adagial  verse," 
Barroio,  Works,  I.  93. 

adagietto  (a-da-jiet'to),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  adagio, 
q.  v.]  In  music  :  (a)  A  short  adagio,  (ft)  An 
indication  of  time,  signifying  somewhat  faster 
than  adagio. 

adagio  (a-da'jio),  adv.,  a.,  and  ».  [It.,  slowly, 
lit.  at  leisure,  <  ad,  to,  +  agio,  leisure,  ease  :  see 
ease.]  In  music:  I.  ado.  Slow;  slowly,  leisure- 
ly, and  with  grace.  When  repeated,  adagio, 
adagio,  it  directs  the  performance  to  be  very 
slow.  * 

II.  a.  Slow :  as,  an  adagio  movement. 

III.  n.  A  slow  movement;  also,  a  piece  of 
music  or  part  of  a  composition  characterized  by 
slow  movement. 

adagyt  (ad'a-ji),  n.     Same  as  adage. 

Adalia  (a-da'li-a),  n.  [NL.  (Mulsant,  1851),  an 
invented  name.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  of  the 
family  CoedneWdce.  The  commonest  species  is  .4. 
bipunctata,  the  two-spotted  lady-bird,  having  a  black  head 
with  two  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  the  prothorax  black 
and  marked  with  yellow,  the  scutellum  black,  and  the 
elytra  yellowish  with  a  central  round  black  spot  on  each. 
The  insect  is  useful  in  destroying  plant-lire. 

Adam  (ad'am),  n.  [<  L.  Adam  (and  Adamus), 
<  Gr.  A<5d,«  (and  "Atia/ioc),  <  Heb.  dildm,  a  hu- 
man being,  malo  or  female  ;  perhaps,  according 
to  Gesenius,  <  ddain,  be  red.]  1.  The  name  of 
the  first  man,  the  progenitor  of  the  human 
race,  according  to  the  account  of  creation  in 
Genesis. — 2.  The  evil  inherent  in  human  na- 
ture, regarded  as  inherited  from  Adam  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall. 

Consideration  like  an  angel  came. 

And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

3f.   A  serjeant  or  bailiff.    This  sense  rests  chiefly  on 
the  following  quotation,  and  is  explained  by  the  commen- 
tators as  a  reference  to  the  fact  that  the  butt  worn  by  the 
Daililf  resembled  the  native  "buff"  of  ourflrst  parent. 
5 


65 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  paradise,  but  that  Adam 
that  keeps  the  prison.  Shak.,  C.  of  B.,  iv.  ::. 

Adam  and  Eve,  the  popular  name  in  the  United  States 
for  a  certain  terrestrial  orchid,  Aplectrum    hiemale. 
Adam's  ale,  Adam's  wine,  water,  as  being  the  only  bev- 
erage in  Adams  time  :  sometimes  called  Adam.    H'ollnq.  | 
A  Rechabite  poor  Will  must  live, 
And  drink  of  Adam's  ale. 

Prior,  Wandering  Pilgrim. 

Sirrah,  .  .  .  go  bring 
A  cup  of  cold  Adam  from  the  next  purling  spring. 

Tom  Brown,  Winks,  IV.  11. 

Adam's  apple,  (a)  Pomnm  Adami,  the  prominence  on 
the  fore  part  of  the  throat  formed  by  the  anterior  part  of 
the  thyroid  cartilage  of  the  larynx :  so  called  from  the 
notion  that  a  piece  of  the  forbidden  fruit  stuck  in  Adam's 
throat.  The  protuberance  is  specially  noticeable  in  tin 
male  sex  after  puberty,  as  the  larynx  enlarges  in  boys  at 
the  time  when  the  change  in  the  voice  occurs.  (6)  A  va- 
riety of  the  lime,  Citrus  medica,  with  a  depression  which 
is  fancifully  regarded  in  Italy  as  the  mark  of  Adam's  teeth 
See  Citrus,  (c)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  plantain, 
the  fruit  of  Musa  paradisiaca.—Ad&m'B  flannel,  Un- 
common mullen,  Verbascum  Thapsus. — Adam's  needle 
and  thread,  a  common  name  of  Vuccafila/mentosa. 
adamant  (ad'a-mant),  re.  [<ME.  adamant,  tula- 
mount,  ademaunt,  adamaund,  also  aihamant, 
atthamant,  etc.  (after  AS.  athamans),  and  ad- 
mont,  <  OF.  adamaunt,  ademaunt,  in  popular 
form  aimant  =  I'r.  adiman,  aziman,  ayman  =  Sp. 
Pg.  inian,  <  ML.  "adintas  (*atlimant-),  L.  adamas 
(adamant-).  <  Gr.  aSa/iac  (aSauavr-),  lit.  uncon- 
querable (<d-priv.  +  da/iav,  conquer,  =  L.  do- 
marc  =  E.  tame,  q.  v. ),  first  used  (by  Homer)  as 
a  personal  epithet;  later  (in  Hesiod  and  subse- 
quent writers)  as  the  name  of  a  very  hard  metal 
such  as  was  used  in  armor — prob.  steel,  but 
endowed  by  imaginative  writers  with  super- 
natural powers  of  resistance ;  in  Plato,  also  of 
a  metal  resembling  gold;  in  Theophrastus,  of 
a  gem,  prob.  a  diamond;  in  Pliny,  of  tho  dia- 
mond, under  which  he  includes  also,  perhaps, 
corundum;  in  Ovid,  of  the  magnet;  in  later 
writers  regarded  as  an  anti-magnet.  The  name 
has  thus  always  been  of  indefinite  and  fluctu- 
ating sense.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  perverted  ML.  forms  diamans,  diamentum, 
comes  E.  diantant,  diamond,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name 
applied  with  more  or  less  indefiniteness  to 
various  real  or  imaginary  metals  or  minerals 
characterized  by  extreme  hardness:  as  (1)  the 
diamond,  (2)  the  natural  opposite  of  the  dia- 
mond, (3)  a  lodestone  or  magnet,  and  (4)  an 
anti-magnet. 
The  garnet  and  diamond,  or  adamant. 

Sullivan,  Views  of  Xature,.I.  438.    (A".  E.  D.) 

The  adamant  cannot  draw  yron,  if  the  diamond   lye 

by  it.  /•.'//.'/,  F.uphues,  sig.  K,  p.  10.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

The  grace  of  God's  spirit,  like  the  true  loadstone  or 
adamant,  draws  up  the  iron  heart  of  man  to  it. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med.,  p.  52. 
The  adamant  ...  is  such  an  enemy  to  the  magnet. 

Leonardus,  Mirr.  Stones,  p.  63.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  In  general,  any  substance  of  impenetrable 
or  surpassing  hardness ;  that  which  is  impreg- 
nable to  any  force.  [It  is  chiefly  a  rhetorical 
or  poetical  word.] 

As  an  adamant  harder  than  flint  have  I  made  thy  fore- 
head. Ezek.  iii.  !». 
But  who  would  force  the  soul,  tilts  with  a  straw 
Against  a  champion  cased  in  adamant. 

Wordsworth,  Persecution  of  Covenanters,  iii.  7. 

adamanteant  (ad'a-man-te'an),  a.  [<L.  ada- 
mantcus,  <  adamus,  adamant:  see  adamant.] 
Hard  as  adamant.     [Rare.] 

Cnalybean  temper'd  steel,  and  frock  of  mail 
Adamanteam  proof.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1. 134. 

adamantine  (ad-a-man'tin),  a.  [<  L.  adaman- 
tintts,  <  Gr.  adauavTivoc,  <  adafiar:    see  adamant.] 

1.  Made  of  adamant;  having  the  qualities  of 
adamant ;  impenetrable. 

In  adamantine  chains  shall  death  be  bound. 

Pope,  Messiah,  i.  47. 
Each  gun 
From  its  adamantine  lips 
Flung  a  death-cloud  round  the  ships. 

Campbell,  Battle  of  Baltic. 

2.  Resembling  the  diamond  in  hardness  or  in 

luster Adamantine  hards,  in  U.  S.  pol.  hist.    See 

hard,  ».— Adamantine  spar,  (a)  A  very  bard,  hair 
brown  variety  of  corundum,  often  of  adamantine  or  dia- 
mond-like luster.  It  yields  a  very  hard  powder  used  in 
polishing  diamonds  and  other  wins.  (6)  Corundum,  from 
its  hardness  or  pet n liar  occasional  luster.    Reeconinilnm. 

adamantoid  (ad-a-man'toid),  ».  [<  Gr.  a&auac 
(ada/iavr-),  adamant,  diamond,  +  rhhe,  form :  see 
-mil.]  A  crystal  characterized  by  being  bound- 
ed by  48  equal  triangles;  ahexoetahedron.  See 
cut  under  hexoetahedron. 

adambulacral  (ad-am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  L.  ail, 
to,  +  amliiiliienim.  q.  v.]  Adjacent  to  the  am- 
bulacra. Applied  in  ren/.,  by  way  of  distinction  from 
ambulacra),  to  a  series  of  ossicles  in  eehiuoderms  which 


Adapis 

lie  at  the  sides  of  the  ambulacral  grooves,  and  against 
which  the  ambulacral  ossicles  abut.    See  cut  under  Attr- 

riidrr. 

Adamhood  (ad'am-hud),  n.    Adamic  or  human 

nature;  manhood.     Emerson.     [Rare.] 
Adamic  (a-dam'ik),  a.    1.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  Adam   or   t.i   Ins  descendants:    as,  the 
Ada  line  World  ;    Ailnmie  descent. 

Prof.  Winchell,  of .  ourse,  takrs  the  ground  that  tin  older 
or  black  race  is  of  an  inferior  type  to  the  subsequt  n 
as  he  calls  them,  tin-  Adamic  i  b 

/'  p.  So.  Mo.,  XIII.  500. 

I  have  stated  these  supposed  conditions  oi  the  Adamic 

creation  briefly  n,  origin  of  World,  p.  239. 

2.  Resembling  Adam  before  tho  fall;  naked; 
unclothed — Adamic  earth,  common  red  clay,  so  nailed 
from  a  notion  that  Adam  means  red  narth. 

Adamical  (a-dam'i-kal),  a.  Relatiug  or  re- 
lated to  Adam;  Adamic. 

Adamically  (a-dam'i-kal-i),  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  Adam  ;  nakedly. 

Ilalbnrt  standing  on  the  plunging  stage  Adamically, 
without  a  rag  upon  him.     11.  Kingsley,  Qeoff,  Hani.,  \lvi. 

adamine  (ad'a-min),  «.    Same  as  Ada/mitt .  4. 

Adamite  (ad'a-mit),  n.  [<  Adam  +  -ite^.]  1. 
One  of  mankind  ;  one  of  the  human  race  con- 
sidered as  descended  from  Adam. —  2.  One  of 
that  seetion  of  mankind  more  particularly  re- 
garded as  the  offspring  of  Adam,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  a  supposed  older  race,  called  I'rc- 
adamites. 

Prof.  WinchelTs  pamphlet  on  Adamites  and  Preadam- 
ites.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  600. 

3.  [LL.  Adamites,  pi.]  One  of  a  sect  which 
originated  in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  second 
century,  and  pretended  to  have  attained  to  the 
primitive  innocence  of  Adam.  Its  members  accord- 
ingly rejected  marriage  as  an  effect  and  clothing  as  a  sign 
of  sin,  and  appeared  in  their  assemblies,  called  paradises, 
naked.  This  heresy  reappeared  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, in  Savoy,  and  again  in  the  fifteenth  century  among 
the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Free  Spirit,  in  Germany, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It.  was  suppressed  in  1421  on 
account  of  the  crimes  and  immoralities  of  its  votaries.  ( See 
Picard  and  Picardist.)  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  184S-9. 

The  truth  is,  Teufelsdroekh,  though  a  Sans-culottist,  is 
no  Adamite,  and,  much  perhaps  as  he  might  wish  to  go 
forth  before  this  degenerate  age  "  as  a  sign,"  would  no- 
wise wish  to  do  it,  as  those  old  Adamites  did,  in  a  state 
of  nakedness.  Carlyle,  sartor  Resartus,  p.  40. 

4.  [/.  c]  [After  the  French  mineralogist  M. 
Adam  +  -ite2.]  A  mineral  occurring  in  small 
yellow  or  green  crystals  and  in  mammillary 
groups ;  a  hydrous  arseniate  of  zinc,  isomor- 
phous  with  olivenite  :  found  in  Chili,  and  also 
at  Laurium  in  Greece.     Also  called  adamine. 

Adamitic  (ad-a-mit'ik),  a.     [<  Adamite  +  -ic] 

1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  descendants  of  Adam ; 
pertaining  to  mankind ;  human. 

He  [Mr.  Webster]  was  there  in  his  Adamitic  capacity, 
as  if  he  alone  of  all  men  did  not  disappoint  the  eye  and 
the  ear,  but  was  a  tit  figure  in  the  landscape. 

Emerson,  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the  sect  of 
the  Adamites. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence  to 
confine  nature  to  itself. 

Jer.  Taylor  CJ),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  164. 

Adamitical  (ad-a-mit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  Adam- 
itic. 

Adamitism  (ad'a-mit-izm),  n.  [<  Adamite  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  Adamites. — 2. 
The  practice  of  dispensing  with  clothing,  as  did 
the  Adamites,  or  the  state  of  being  unclothed. 
See  Adamite,  3. 

adamsite  (ad'amz-it),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
greenish-black  mica  found  in  Derby.  Vermont  ; 
a  variety  of  muscovite  or  eommon  mica. 

adance(a-dans'),prf/>.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3, 
on,  +  dance.]     Dancing. 

[You  cannot]  prevent  Beranger  from  setting  all  pulses 
a-danee  in  the  least  rhythmic  and  imaginative  of  modern 
tongues.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 

Adansonia  (ad-an-so'ni-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  named  in 
honor  of  Michel  Adanson  (died  1806),  a  French 
naturalist  who  traveled  in  Senegal  in  1749- 
53.]  A  genus  of  trees,  natural  order  Malva- 
cea?,  suborder  Bombacem.  a.  agitata  is  the  Afri- 
can calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal.  See  baobab. 
.1.  GregorU,  the  only  other  species,  is  the  cream-of-tartar 
tree  of  northern  Australia.  See  cream-of-tartar  tree,  under 
cream. 

Adapidae  (a-dap'i-de),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adapts 
+  -i'rfor.]  A  family  of  extinct  lemuroid  mam- 
mals, of  which  the  genus  Adapis  is  the  type. 

Adapis  (ad'a-pis),  n.  [NL. ;  a  name  applied 
by  Gesner,  about  1550,  to  the  common  rabbit. 
Etym.  unknown  ;  referred  doubtfully  to  Gr.  a- 
intensive  +  Saira;,  a  rug,  carpet.]  A  genus  of 
extinct  mammals  of  the  Eocene  or  Lower  Ter- 
tiary age,   described  from  portions  of  three 


Adapis 

skulls  found  by  Cuvicr  in  the  gypsum-quarries 
of  Montana  rliv,  I'jiris.  and   by  liim  referred  to 

his  older  Pachydermata,  and  considered  as  re- 
lated in  some  respects  to  Anoplotlterium.     The 
animal  was  ol  about  tin  size  of  a  rahi.it.    Subsequent  in- 
vestigations, based  upon  additional  material,  have  shown 
-  the  type  of  a  family  Adapidee,  representing 
,  ralized  form  of  the  lemurine  series  (Pachylemm  irue, 
Filhol)  "i"  the  order  Primates. 
adapt  ta-d:i|it'),   r.  t.     [<  F.  adapter  =  It.  adat- 
tare,  <  L.  adaptare,  fit  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  aptare, 
make  fit,  <  aptus,  fit:   see  opt]      1.  To  make 
suitable;  make  to  correspond;  fit  or  suit;  pro- 
portion. 

A  good  poet  will  adapt  the  very  sounds,  as  well  as  words, 
(o  ii:'  things  he  treats  of.  /'■■■   ,  Letters 


66 

long  series  of  generations,  while  transmission  [i,  e.,  hered- 
u  i,,'  recognised  [n  everj  gi  ni  ration. 

nbaur,  i  omp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  9. 

adaptational  (ad-ap-ta'shpn-al),  a.    Relating 

or  pertaining  to  adaptation,  or  the  adjustment 
of  one  thing  to  another;  adaptive:  in  biol., 
applied  to  physiological  or  functional  modifi- 
ed ions  of  parts  or  organs,  as  distinguished 
from  morphological  or  structural  changes. 

adaptative  (a-dap'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adaptatus, 
pp.  of  adaptare,  adapt  (see  adapt,  v.),  +  -ive.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  adaptation;  adaptive. 
[Rare.] 

adaptativeness  (a-dap'ta-tiv-nes),  n.  Adapta- 
bility 


ad  capt. 

adaptorial  (ad-ap-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -ory 
+  -«/.]  Tending  to  adapt  or  fit ;  adaptive. 
[Rare.] 

Adar  (a'dar),  «.  [Heb.  addr ;  etym.  uncer- 
tain.] A  Hebrew  month,  being  the  sixth  of  the 
civil  and  the  twelfth. of  the  ecclesiastical  year, 
corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  February 
and  the  first  part  of  March. 

adarce  (a-dar'se),  u.  [L.,  also  adarca,  <  Gr. 
adapter]  or  aSapni^,  also  adapaoc,  a  word  of  for- 
eign origin.]  A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and 
grass  in  marshy  grounds,  noted  especially  in 
ancient  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  it  is  sett  ami  porous, 
and  has  been  used  to  cleanse  the  skin  in  leprosy,  tetters, 
d  other  diseases. 


The  form  and  structure  of  nests,  that  vary  so 


are  so  wonderfully  adapted  to  the  wants  ami  habits  of 
each  species.  A.  U.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec.,  ]».  -10. 

'two  errors  are  in  common  vogue  in  regard  to  instinct : 
first,  that  it  never  errs:  secondly,  that  it  never  <i,lej,t,* 
itself  to  changed  circumstances. 

Uaudsley,  Body  and  Will,  §  5. 

2.  To  fit  by  alteration ;  modify  or  remodel  for 
a  different  purpose:  as,  to  adapt  a  story  or  a 
foreign  play  for  the  stage;  to  adapt  an  old  ma- 
chine to  a  new  manufacture. — 3.  To  make  by 
altering  or  fitting  something  else;  produce  by 
change  of  form  or  character:  as,  to  bring  out 
a  play  adapted  from  the  French;  a  word  of  an 
adapted  form.  =  Syn.  1.  To  adjust,  accommodate,  ion- 
form. — 2.  To  arrange, 
adaptt  (a-dapf),  a.  [Short  for  adapted,  prob. 
suggested  by  apt.]     Adapted;  fit;  suitable. 

If  we  take  this  definition  of  happiness,  and  examine  it 
witli  reference  to  the  senses,  it  will  he  acknowledged 
wonderfully  adapt.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ix. 

[Providence]  gave  him  able  arms  and  back 

To  wield  a  Mail  and  carry  sack, 

And  in  all  stations  active  be, 

Adapt  to  prudent  husbandry. 

llfrfey,  C'oliu's  Walk,  i. 

adaptability  (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  adapta- 
bilities (-tiz).  £<  adaptable  .-"see  -Ulity.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  adaptable  ;  a  quality  that  ren- 
ders adaptable. 

No  wonder  thai  with  such  ready  adaptabUities  they 
[Norwegians]  made  the  best  of  emigrants. 

Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  77. 

2.  Specifically,  in  biol..  variability  in  respect 
to,  or  under  the  influence  of,  external  condi- 
tions; susceptibility  of  an  organism  to  that 
variation  whereby  it  becomes  suited  to  or 
fitted  for  its  conditions  of  environment ;  the 
capacity  of  an  organism  to  be  modified  by  cir- 
cumstances 
adaptable 
Capable 
tation. 


much,and  adaptedness  (a-dap'ted-nes),  n.    The  state  of  adarguet  ».     [OSp  of  Ar  origin.]    An  Arabic 


being  adapted;  suitableness;  fitness. 

The  adaptedness  of  the  Christian  faith  to  all  such  I  tin 
poor  and  oppressed],  which  was  made  a  reproai  h  against 
it  by  supercilious  antagonists,  constitutes  one  of  its  chiel 
glories.  G.P. Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.545. 

adapter  (a-dap'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  adapts,  or 
makes  ah'  adaptation;  specifically,  one  who 
translates,  remodels,  or  rearranges  a  composi- 
tion  or  work,  rendering  it  fit  to  be  represented 
on  the  stage,  as  a  play  from  a  foreign  tongue 
or  from  a  novel. 

And,  if  these  imaginary  adapters  of  Homer  modernized 
his  whole  diction,  how  could  they  preserve  his  metrical 
effects?  De  Quincey,  Homer,  iii. 

2.  That  which  adapts;  anything  that  serves 
tlie  purpose  of  adapting  or  adjusting  one  thing 
to  another.  Specifically  —  3.  In  ehem.,  a  re- 
ceiver with  two  necks  diametrically  opposite. 
one  of  which  admits  the  neck  of  a  retort,  while 


weapon  like  a  broad  dagger. 

adarkon  (a-dar'kon),  n.  [Heb. ;  deriv.  uncer- 
tain; by  some  writers  connected  with  the  name 
Darius:  see  dark.']  A  gold  coin  (also  called 
darkemon)  mentioned  in  the  original  text  of  the 
book  of  Ezra,  etc.,  as  in  use  among  the  Jews, 
and  translated  dram  in  the  authorized  version. 
It  was  a  foreign  coin,  probably  the  Persian 
daric  (which  see),  and  is  so  rendered  in  the  re- 
vised version. 

adarme  (a-diir'nia),  n.  [Sp.  adarme,  a  dram; 
a-  perhaps  represents  the  Ar.  art.  al,  the,  and 
-darme  the  L.  drachma :  see  drachma  and 
ilium.]  A  Spanish  weight,  a  drachm,  the  16th 
part  of  an  ounce,  or  the  256th  part  of  a  pound, 
equal  (in  Castile)  to  lJj-  avoirdupois  drachms. 
Another  form  is  adareme.  In  their  origin,  avoirdu- 
pois weight  and  the  Spanish  system  were  identical. 

adarticulation  (ad-ar-ttk-u-la'shon),  «.  [<  ad- 
+  articulation.]     Same  as  artltrudia. 


the  other  is  joined  to  a  second  receiver.    It  is  adatit  (ad'a-ti),  n.    [Also  written  adaty,  pi.  ad 
used  in  distillations  to  give  more  space  to  clastic  vapors, 
or  to  increase  the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort. 
4.  In  optics:   <a)  A  metal  ring  uniting  two 
lengths  of  a  telescope.      (V)  An  attachment  to 
a  microscope  for  centering  the  illuminating  ap- 
paratus or  throwing  it  out  of  center.    E.  H. 
Knight,      (c)  A  means    for  enabling   object- 
glasses  made  by  different  makers,  and  having 
different  screws,  to  be  fitted  to  a  body  not  spe- 
cially adapted  to  receive  them.     E.  H.  Knight. 
— 5.  A  glass  or  rubber  tube,  with  ends  differ- 
ing in  size,  used  to  connect  two  other  tubes 
or  two  pieces  of  apparatus, 
adaption  (a-dap'shon),  «.     [<  adapt  +  -ion.    Cf. 
adoption,  (.'adopt.']    Adaptation;  the  act  of  fit- 
ting.    [Rare.] 
Wise  contrivances  and  prudent  adaptions.  Clteyne. 

g  or 
api- 


ces. \\  ise  contrivances  and  prudent  adaptions.  cney 

[e  (a-dap'ta-bl)    a.     [<  adapt  +  -able.]  adaptional  (a . dap  •  shon .  aV)    a.     Relating 
of  being  adapted ;  susceptible  of  adap-  "J^^^g  ^adaptation,  or  the  action  of  ada. 


aUs,  adaties,  etc.;  of  E.  Ind.  origin.  Cf.  Beng. 
ddat  (cerebral  rf)  or  drat,  a  warehouse,  a  gen- 
eral store.]  A  kind  of  piece-goods  exported 
from  Bengal. 

adauntt  (a-danf),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  adaunten,  <  OF. 
adanter,  adonter,  later  addomter,(.a-  +  danter, 
donter,  daunt:  see  n-u  and  daunt.]  To  sub- 
due. 

Adaunted  the  rage  of  a  lyon  savage. 

Skelton,  Hercules. 

adawH  (a-da'),  »>.  [<  ME.  adaweit,  <a-  +  dawen, 
E.  dial,  daw:  see  aA  and  daw1."]  I.  intrans.  To 
wake  up ;  awake ;  come  to. 

But  sire,  a  man  that  wakith  out  of  hisslep, 
lie  may  not  sodeynly  well  taken  keep 
Upon  a  thing,  tie  seen  it  parfytly, 
Til  that  he  be  adawed  verrayly. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1160. 

II.  trans.  To  awaken;  arouse  from  sleep  or 


swoon.     Chaucer. 


Vet,  after  all,  thin,  speculative  Jonathan  is  more  like  „  ~  _., „„;„„'  .Vtiftprl  or  ndinfed  to  its  environ- 

the  Englishman  of  two  centuries  ago  than  John  Hull  him-  dn  organism  is  fitted  01  adapted  to  HS  envnon 

self  is.    He  has  lost  somewhat  in  solidity,  has  become  ment :  as,  adaphonal  swellings. 

i!  i  ni  and  adaptulilc,  but  more  of  the  original  ground-  adaptitude  (a-dap'ti-tud),  n.     [(.adapt '  +  -itude, 

work  of  character  remains.  after  aptitude.]      Adaptedness  ;    special  apti- 
Lou-ell,  Introd.  to  Btglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 


ing:  in  biol.,  applied  to  the  process  by  which  adaw2t  (a-da'),  v.    [First  used  in  16th  century; 

perhaps  <  ME.  adawe,  of  dawe,  of  dage,  or  in 
fuller  phrase  of  Xyfe  dawe,  usually  with  verb 


adaptableiiess  (a-dap'ta-bl-nes),  n.  Adapta- 
bility-. 
adaptation  (ad-ap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adapta- 
tion, <  ML.  iiilii/itatio(n-'j,  <  L.  adaptors :  see 
adapt,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adapting  or  adjust- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  adapted  or  fitted ;  ad- 
justment to  circumstances  or  relations. 

Government,  ...  in  a  just  sense,  is,  if  one  may  say  so, 
ti„  .,  i,  ni  r  of  adaptationi  variable  in  its  elements,  de- 
pi  ndent  upon  circumstances,  and  incapable  of  a  rigid 
math,  mat  ii  a]  demonstration. 

Story,  Misc.  Writings,  p.  616. 

Must  we  not  expect  that,  with  a  government  also,  spe- 

( iai  a  i  "'i>  end  implie  i  non-adaptation  toother 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  303. 

2.  That  which  is  adapted;  the  result  of  alter- 
ing for  a  different  use.  Specifically,  a  play  trans 
lated  "i  constructed  from  B  foreign  Language  or  a  novel, 
and  rendered  mitable  for  representation:  as,  this  com 
edy  is  s  free  adaptation  from  a  French  author. 

3.  In  biol.,  advantageous  variation  in  animals 

or  plants  under  changed  conditions;  tin- result  adaptively  (a-<lap'tiv-li),  adr 
of  adaptability  to,  and  variability  under,  exter- 
nal conditions ;  the  operation  of  external  inftu- 
eni-i  n  in  He  oriranism,  or  a  character 

acquired  by  the  organism  as  the  result  of  such 
operation,  it  I  ri  ird  i  i i  of  two  principal  fac- 
tors in  the  evolution   ol   mil-hum-  forms,  inducing  those 

changes  which   it   is  the-    tendency  Of  the  opposite  factor, 

i  he  result  in  any  given  <  B  <   being 

Oi    ball bet  n  -  ■  n  adaptation  and  heredit  j   or  1  hi  diag 

■  >i i s  1  of  the  parallelogram  "i  i""  ei  v.  in.  h  adaptation  ami 
beredit}  maj  be  reap  int. 

Ada/  ii'  i  i,r  functions 

of  organs    o  thai  the  physiological   relations  "i   oi   an 

play  the  most  important  part  in  it.     Since  adaptation  is  adaptnesst   (a-dapt'nes),  n. 
merely  the  material expree  ionol  this  changed  function, 

tie-  modification  of  tie-  function  i i>  a    11   expri     ion 

is  to  he  regai  ded  a    a    p  adual  procei        t    a  ruli    theri 
fore,  adaptatwii  can  be  perceivi  a  bj  it    results  only  in  a 


bringen  or  don,  lit.  bring  or  do  (put)  'out  of 
(life)  day,'  i.  e.,  kill,  hence  the  sense  quell, 
subdue,  assisted  prob.  by  an  erroneous  etym. 

<  ad-  +  awe,  and  prob.  also  by  association  with 
ttilount.  The  forru  daw,  daunt,  is  later:  see 
daw*.]    I.  trans.   1.  To  daunt ;  quell ;  cow. 

The  sight  whereof  did  greatly  him  aduw. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  vii.  13. 

2.  To  moderate  ;  abate. 

Gins  to  abate  the  brightnesse  of  his  heme, 
And  fervour  of  his  flames  somewhat  adaw. 

Spenser,  l-\  Q.,  V.  ix.  36. 

II.    intrans.    To  become  moderated  or  less 
vehement. 

Therewith  her  wrathful]  courage  gan  appall, 

Ajld  hailglltle  spirits  meekelv  to  uduir. 

Spenser,  I'.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  26. 

adawlet  (a-da'lct ),   n.    [Also  written  adatelut, 

<  Hind,  'tiddlat,  <  Ar.  '(ttldltt(l),  a  court  of  jus- 
I  ire,  '  I  [ind.  and  Ax.  'adl,  just  ice.  j  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  court  of  justice,  civil  or  criminal. 

adawn  (a-dan'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  it.    [<'<:! 
+  dawn.]     Dawning;  at  the  point  of  dawn, 
tive  manner;"  with  adaptation  :  in  an  adjusted  adayt  (a-da'  I,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME.  aday, 
or  fitting  manner;   with  fitness:   as,    ••adap-    adni ;  <C  o3  +  day1.]     1.  By  day.—  2.  On  each 
tively  modified    structures,"    Owen,   Class,   of    day;  daily. 
Mammalia.  Now  written  "  ''".'/.  sometimes a-<laij.     Sec  a*. 

adaptiveness  (a-dap'tiv-nes),  n.    The  quality  adays  (a-daV),  j>np.  phr.  as   adv.     [<  ME. 
of  being  adaptive  ;  capability  of  making  or  be-    adayes,  a  dayes,  a  dates  :  <  «:l  +  days,  adverbial 


tude.     Browning, 

adaptive  (a-dap'tiv),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -ire.  Cf. 
adaptative.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  adaptation;  making  or  made  fit  or  suitable; 
susceptible  of  or  undergoing  accordant  change. 
Much  used  in  biology  with  reference  to  functional  or 
physiological  changes  occasioned  by  variations  of  exter- 
nal conditions  or  environment,  as  opposed  to  homological. 
See  adaptation,  3. 

The  adaptive  power,  that  is,  the  faculty  of  adapting 
means  to  proximate  ends. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Eteflec,  p-  '<-s- 

The  function  of  selective  discrimination  with  the  com- 
plementary power  of  adaptir.  response  is  ircal'ded  as  the 
root-principle  of  mind.  SciencetIV.  17. 

In  the  greater  number  of  Mammals,  the  bones  assume 
a  very  modified  and  adaptive  position. 

W.  II.  Flower,  Osteology,  p.  242. 
These  resemblances,   though  so  Intimately  connected 
will;  the  whole  life  of  the  being,  are  ranked  as  merely 
"adaptive  or  analogical  charactt  i 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  :f74. 

In  an  adap- 


coming  tit  or  suitable. 

adaptlyt  (a-dapt'li),  adv.    In  a  suitable  or  con- 
venient manner ;  aptly;  fitly. 

Km-  active  horsemanship  adaptly  fit. 

Prim    Conn's  Mist.,  Iii.  3. 

The  state  of  be- 


gen.  sing,   (now  regarded  as  ace.  pi.)  of  ditif. ] 
If.    I',\  day  ;   in  the  daytime. 
I  have  miserable  nights;  .  .  .  but  I  shift  pretty  well 

adayS.  Johnson  to  Mrs    Thrale,  Mill,  lit,  1777. 

2.  On  or  in  the  day  or  time:  only  in  the  com- 
pound phrase  noictnloi/s  (which  see). 


bug-fitted;  adaptation:  aptness:  as,  "adapt-  adazet  (a-da//),  r.  t.  |<  ME.  adasen,  <  a- + 
ness  of  the  sound  to  the  sense,"  lip.  Newton,  dasen, daze:  Beedoze.]  To  dazzle.  Sir  T.  More. 
Milton.  ad  capt.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  captandum. 


ad  captandum 

ad  captandum  (ad  kap-tan'dum.).  [L. :  off,  to, 
for;  captandum,  gerund  of  captare,  catch,  seize, 
<  capere,  take:  see  captirc]  For  the  purpose 
of  catching,  as  in  the  phrase  ad  captandum  nd- 
gus,  to  oaten  the  rabble:  often  applied  adjec- 
tively  to  elaptrap  or  rjK'ivtrieious  attempts  t<i 
catch  popular  favor  or  applause:  as,  6td  captan- 
dum oratory. 

adcorporatet  (ad-k6r'po-rat),  i).  f.    [See  accor- 

porate.]  To  unite,  as  oue  body  with  another; 
aecorporate. 

add  (ad),  v.  [<  ME.  adden,  <  L.  addere,  <  <i<1, 
to,  +  -derc  for  "dure,  put,  place:  see  do.]  I. 
Wans.  1.  To  join  or  unite  into  one  sum  or  ag- 
gregate. Specifically]  in  math.,  to  And  the  measure  of 
the  sum  of  two  or  more  quantities,  <>r  a  combination  of 
them  into  which  each  enters  with  its  full  effect  and  inde- 
pendently of  the  ethers,  so  that  an  increase  of  any  one  of 
the  added  quantities  produces  an  equal  increase  of  the 
sum:  used  with  together  or  up:  as,  to  add  numbers  t" 
aether  ;  \><  add  or  add  /if  a  column  of  figures. 
2.  To  unite,  join,  attach,  annex,  or  subjoin  as 
an  augmentation  or  accretion ;  bring  into  cor- 
porate union  or  relation:  with  to  before  the 
subject  of  addition,  and  sometimes  without  an 
expressed  object  when  this  is  implied  by  the 
subject:  as,  add  another  stone,  or  another 
stone  to  the  pile;  he  continually  added  [goods 
or  possessions]  to  his  store ;  to  add  to  one's 
grief. 

Ye  shall  aotadd  [anything]  unto  the  word  which  I  com- 
mand you.  Deut.  iv.  2. 
And,  to  add  greater  honours  to  his  age 
Than  man  could  give  him,  he  died  fearing  God. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
[I]  add  thy  name, 
O  sun,  to  tell  thee  how  I  hate  thy  beams. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  36. 
They  added  ridge  to  valley,  brook  to  pond, 
And  sighed  for  all  that  bounded  their  domain. 

Enu  rson,  Hamatreya. 

3f.  To  put  into  the  possession  of;  give  or 
grant  additionally,  as  to  a  person. 

The  Lord  shall  add  to  me  another  son.       Gen.  xxx.  24. 

For  length  of  .lays,  and  long  life,  and  peace,  shall  they 

Odd  to  thee.  I'inV.  iii.  2. 

Added  money,  in  sporting,  money  added  by  a  jockey 
club  to  sweepstakes. —  Added  sixth,  in  anisic.  See 
sixth,  -Add  in,  to  include.  -Add  up,  to  find  the  sum 
of.  -  Syn.  Add,  Attach,  Affix,  Annex,  adduce,  adjoin. 
The  first  foui'  words  agree  in  denoting  the  increasing  of  a 
thing  by  something  additional.  Add  is  the  most  general 
term,  but  it  may  denote  an  intimate  union  of  the  tilings 
combined,  the  formation  of  a  whole  in  which  the  parts 
lose  their  individuality:  as,  to  add  water  to  a  decoc- 
tion; to  add  one  sum  to  another.  This  idea  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  any  of  the  others.  Attach  (as  also  affix  and 
annex)  denotes  a  more  external  combination;  it  im- 
plies the  possibility  of  detaching  that  which  is  attached  : 
as,  to  attach  a  locomotive  to  a  train.  Hence  we  do  not  at. 
tach,  but  odd,  one  ttuid  to  another.  It  generally  retains  its 
original  notion  of  a  strong  connection,  physical,  moral,  or 
other :  as,  to  attach  a  condition  to  a  gift,  a  tag  to  a  lace, 
or  one  person  to  another.  Affix  may  be  U6ed  either  of  that 
which  is  essential  to  the  value  or  completeness  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  that  is  wholly  extrinsic  or  unre- 
lated :  as,  to  affix  a  signature  or  seal*  to  an  instrument ; 
to  affix  a  notice  to  a  post.  To  annex  sometimes  brings 
the  parts  into  vital  relation :  as,  to  annex  territory,  a  codi- 
cil to  a  will,  or  a  penalty  to  a  prohibition. 

Care  to  our  cothn  adds  a  nail,  no  doubt. 

Dr.  John  WoKot,  Expost.  Odes,  xv. 

Their  names  cling  to  those  of  the  greater  persons  to 
whom  some  chance  association  attaclted  them. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  III.  150. 

In  affixina  his  name,  an  attesting  witness  is  regarded  as 
certifying  the  capacity  of  the  testator.   Am.  Cyc.,  XIV.  24. 

Since  the  French  nation  has  been  formed,  men  have 
pn  .posed  to  annex  this  or  that  land  on  the  ground  that  its 
people  spoke  the  French  tongue. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language,  p.  111. 

II.  iii  trans.  1.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addition; 
be  added :  with  to :  as,  the  consciousness  of 
folly  often  adds  to  one's  regret.  [Really  tran- 
sitive in  this  use,  with  the  object  implied  or 
understood.  See  I.,  2.]  —  2.  To  perform  the 
arithmetical  operation  of  addition. 

adda1  (ad'a),  n.  [Egypt.]  A  small  species  of 
Egyptian  lizard,  Scincus  officinalis  ;  the  skiuk. 
It  is  called  "officinal  "  on  account  of  the  repute  in  which 
it  has  been  held  by  Eastern  physicians  for  its  alleged  effi- 
cacy in  the  cure  of  elephantiasis,  leprosy,  and  certain 
other  diseases  common  in  the  East.  Seeskink  and  Scinzus. 

adda2  (ad'a),  «.  [Telugu  adda  (cerebral  d).] 
A  measure  used  in  India,  equal  to  8A  pints. 
McElraih,  Com.  Diet. 

addability  (ad-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  adddble :  see 
-bility.~\  The  quality  of  being  addable.  Also 
written  addibility. 

addable  (ad'a-bl),  a.  [<  add  +  -able.]  Capable 
of  being  added.    Also  written  addible. 

addax  (ad'aks),  n.  [L.,  in  ace.  addaccm,  occur- 
ring in  Pliny,  who  treats  of  the  animal  under 
the  name  of  strepsiceros,  i.  e.,  the  twisted-horn; 
a  north  African  name,  still  used,  it  is  said,  in 
the  forms  addas,  and  ahas,  akesh.]     1.  The 


67 

native  name  of  a  species  of  African  antelope, 
a  ruminant,  hoofed]  artiodaetyl  quadruped,  of 
the  subfamily  Intilopinai,  family  tannin:  thi 
Antilope  addax  oi  Lichtenstein,  Oryx  addax  of 
some,  ()ri/x  nasamacidalns  of  others,  now  Addax 
nasoiiiacnlatiis :  the  word  addax  thus  becoming 
technically  a  generic  name,  after  having  been 
a  technical  specific  term,  as  well  as  originally 
a  vernacular  appellation.    The  addax  is  about  6 

feet  long,  and  about ::  feet  high  at  the  shoulder:  stout  in 
the  lm.lv.  like  the  ass;  and  with  horns  Sol'  4  feet  I"" 
slen.l.i,  ringed,  spirally  twisted  into  two  or  three  turns. 


Addax  of  Eastern  Africa  ( A.  nasomaciilatiis). 

and  present  in  both  sexes.  The  ears  and  tail  are  long,  the 
latter  terminated  by  a  switch  of  hair;  there  are  tufts  of 
hair  upon  the  throat,  forehead,  and  tear-bag;  the  hoofs 
are  large  and  semicircular, adapted  for  treading  upon  the 
shifting  sands  of  the  desert.  The  general  color  of  the  ani- 
mal is  whitish,  with  a  reddish-brown  head  and  neck,  black 
hoofs,  and  a  white  blaze  on  tin-  face,  whence  the  name 
nasomaculatus.  The  addax  is  relate.lt..  the  oryx,  but  is 
genetically  as  well  as  specifically  distinct.    The  identity 

of  this  animal  with  that  mentioned  by  Pliny  (see  ety 1 

ogy),  though  known  to  Gesner,  was  overlooked  by  subse- 
quent naturalists  until  rediscovered  by  the  traveler-  Ettip 
pell,  Qemprich,  and  Ehrenberg,  win.  found  the  animal 
known  to  the  natives  under  a  Dame  like  that  ascribed  to 
the  strepsiceros  by  Pliny. 

2.  [cap.']  A  genus  of  antelopes  of  the  subfam- 
ily Oryginai,  of  which  the  addax,  J.  nasomacu- 
latus, is  the  ouly  species. 

addebtedt,  a.  [Sc. ;  at  first  addettit,  addetted, 
for  earlier  endetted:  see  indebted.]     Indebted. 

addecimatet  (a-des'i-mat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  addeci- 
mafits,  pp.  of  addecimare, < ad,  to,  +  decimare, 
take  the  tenth  :  see  decimate.]  To  take  or  as- 
certain the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of;  tithe  ;  deci- 
mate.   Cockeram. 

addeemt  (a-dem'),  v.  t.    [<  ad-  +  il<  em.    <  If.  ad- 
doom.]     1.  To  award;  adjudge;  sentence. 
Unto  him  they  did  addeeme  the  prise. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  deem;  judge;  esteem;  account. 
She  scorns  to  be  addeemed  so  worthless-base. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars. 

addendum  (a-den'dum),  n. ;  pi.  addenda  (-da  ). 
[L.,  gerund  of  addere.  add:  see  add.]  A  thing 
to  be  added ;  an  addition ;  an  appendix  to  a 

work Addendum-circle  (of  a  gear),  in  much.,  a  circle 

which  touches  the  points  ..f  the  teeth.— Addendum  of  a 
tooth,  in  maeh.,  that  part  of  the  tooth  of  a  gear  which  lies 
between  the  pitch-circle  and  the  point. 

adder1  (ad'er),  n.  [<  ME.  adder,  addere,  addre, 
eddcr,  eddre,  etc.,  forms  interchanging  with  the 
more  correct  nadder,  nadderc,  naddre,  nadre, 
neddcre,  neddre,  etc.  (through  confusion  of  a 
nadder  with  an  adder:  ef.  apron,  ana'  r.  orange, 
umpire,  which  have  lost  their  initial  n  in  the 
same  way),  <  AS.  naidre,  naddre  =  < »S.  nadra  = 
D.  adder  =  OHG-.  natara,  natra,  MHG-.  uaiire, 
nater,  G.  natter  =  Icel.  natlna.  f.,  nathr,  m.,  = 
Goth.  nadrs  =  lr.  nathair=W.  neidr,a  snake, a 
serpent.  The  L.  natrix,  a  water-snake,  is  a  dif- 
ferent word,  prop,  a  swimmer,  <  nare,  swim. 
The  word  has  no  connection  with  after,  poi- 
son, q.  v.]  1.  The  popular  English  name  of 
the  viper,  Vipera  communis,  new  Pelias  bents,  a 
common  venomous  serpent  of  Europe  (and  the 
only  poisonous  British  reptile),  belonging  to 
the  family  \'i)ientlir,  of  the  suborder  Soleno- 
glypha,  of  the  order  Ophidia.     it  grows  to  a  length 


■'e^v'.^ 
Adder,  or  Viper  i  Pelias  Merits). 


addicent 

of  about  2  feet,  of  which  the  tall  constitutes  one  eighth; 
the  head  is  oval,  with  a  hlunl  Bnoul  .  the  color  varies 
from  brown  oi  olive  to  brownish-yellow,  variegated  with 

:.  ii.w  ..t  Large  confluent  rhombic  spots  along  the  middle 

i i  the  back,  and  a  row  of  Bmall  black  or  blackish 

....  each  side.    Though  the  addei   I  

ni    ertainly  know  n  t..  be  fatal. 

2.  A  namo  loosely  applied  to  various  snal 
more  or  less  resembling  the  viper,  /',  lias  bi 

ns  (a)  Bj  the  translators  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible,  to  several  different  Bpeciesol  venomous  serpents.  ('<) 
Bj  Mi.-  translators  of  Saeckel,  to  the  suborder  Aglypho- 
donta.  (c)  By  the  translators  oi  Cuvier,  to  the  Llnnean  ge- 
nus Cniai»r  in  a  large  Bense,  (d)  in  the  i  aited  States,  to 
various  Bpotted  serpents,  venomous  or  harmless,  as  Bp. 
of  Toxicophis,  Heterodon,  etc. 

3.  The  sea-stickleback  or  adder-fish.  See  ad- 
der-fish . 

adder2  (ad'er),  «.  [<  add  +  -er1.]  1.  One  who 
adds. — 2.  An  instrument  for  performing  addi- 
tion. 

adder-bead  (ad'er-bf'di.  ».  [(.adder*  +  head.] 
Sninc  as  adder-stone. 

adder-bolt  (ad'er-bolt),  n.  [<  adder*  +  bolt*, 
from  the  shape  of  the  body.]  The  dragon-fly. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

adder-fish  (ad'er-fish),  n.  [<  adder*  +  fish*.] 
The  sea-stickleback,  Spinachia  vulgaris,  a  fish 
of  the  family  Gash  rosteidai,  distinguished  by 
an  elongated  form  and  the  development  of 
numerous  dorsal  spines.  Also  called  adder  and 
sea-adder. 

adder-fly  (ad'er-fli),  (i.  [<  adder*  +  fly*.]  A 
name  in  Great  Britain  of  the  dragon-fly.  Also 
called  adder-bolt  ami  flying  adder.    See  drae/an- 

fly- 

adder-gem  (ad'er-jeni),  n.      [<  adder*  +  gem.] 

Same  as  adder-stone. 
adder-grass  (ad'er-gras),  n.    [<  adder1  +  grass.] 
A  name  used  in  the  south  of  Scotland  for  Or- 
chis maculiila. 

adder-pike  (ad'er-pik),  »•  [<  adder*  +  pil-e*.] 
A  local  English  name  ol't  lie  ti  si  i  commonly  called 
the  lesser  weever,  Trachinus  vipera.  Alsocalled 
otter-pike.     See  weever. 

adder's-fern  (ad'erz-fern),  n.  The  common 
polypody,  Polypodium  vulgare. 

adder's-flower  (ad'erz-flou,/er), «.  The  red  cam- 
pion,  Lychnis  diurna. 

adder's-meat  (ad'erz-met),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  (a)  to  the  English  wake-robin, 
Arum  niacidatum  (see  cut  under  Arum),  and  (o) 
to  a  chickweed,  SteUaria  Holostea. 

adder's-mouth  (ad'erz-mouth),  ».  A  delicate 
orchid,  MicrostyUs  ophioglossotdt  s,  found  in  cool 
damp  woods  in  North  America,  with  a  raceme 
of  minute  greenish  flowers,  and  a  single  leaf 
shaped  somewhat  like  the  head  of  a  snake. 

adder-spit  (ad'er-spit),  n.  [<  adder*  +  spit2.] 
A  name  of  the  common  brake,  1'teris  ai/niliiiu. 

adder's-spear  (ad'erz-sper),  n.  Same  asadder's- 
tongue. 

adder-stone  (ad'er-ston),  n.  [<  adder*  +  stone.] 
The  name  given  in  different  parts  of  Great 
Britain  to  certain  rounded  perforated  stones  or 
glass  beads  fotmd  occasionally,  and  popularly 
supposed  to  have  a  supernatural  efficacy  in 
curing  the  bites  of  adders.  They  are  believed  by 
archaeologists  to  have  been  anciently  used  as  spindle- 
whorls,  that  is,  small  fly-wheels  intended  to  keep  up  the 

■  rotary  motion  of  the  spindle.  Some  stones  or  beads  of  this 
or  a  similar  kind  were  by  one  superstitious  tradition  said 
to  have  been  produced  by  a  number  of  adders  putting 
their  heads  together  and  hissing  till  the  foam  became  con- 
solidated into  beads,  supposed  to  be  powerful  charms 
against  disease.  Also  called  ovum  anguinum,  serpent- 
8tom  ,addt  r-bead,adder-gem,  and  in  Wales  r/fatn-netdrand 
druidieal  bead.  The  best  name  is  given  upon  the  supposi- 
tion that  these  objects  were  used  as  charms  or  amulets  by 
the  Druids. 

And  the  potent  adder-stone, 
Gender'd  'fore  the  autumnal  moon, 
When  in  undulating  twine 
The  foaming  snakes  prolific  join. 

n .  Meuon,  Caractacus. 

adder's-tongue  (ad'erz-tung),  n.  The  fern 
OpMoglosswm  mdgatum  :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  its  fruiting  spike.  Also  called  adder's-spi  or. 
See  Ophioglossum —  Yellow  adder's-tongue,  a  name 
given  to  the  plant  Erythronium  Ainci-icamiin. 

adder's-violet  (ad'erz-vr'o-let),  n.  The  rattle- 
snake-plantain, (iaodyt  ra  jndiiseeiis.  alow  orchid 
of  North  America,  with  conspicuously  white- 
veined  leaves. 

adder's-WOrt  (ad'erz-wert),  ».  Snakeweed.  Vn- 
lygonum  Bistorta:  so  named  from  its  writhed 
roots.    Also  called  I'istnrt,  for  the  same  reason.. 

addlbility  (ad-i-bil'i-ti),  ».    See  addability. 

addible  (ad'i-bl),  o."  See  addable. 

addicet  uol'is),  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  adz. 

addicent  (ad'i-sent),  «.  [<L.  addicen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  addicere:  see  addict,  v.]  One  who  authori- 
tatively transfers  a  thing  to  another.    -V.  J-.  D- 


addict 
addict  (a-dikt')i  '•  '•    [<  lj-  addietus,  pp.  of 

mlilieere,  de\ote,  deliver  over,  prop,  give  one's 
assent  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  dicere,  say,  declare.]  1. 
To  devote  or  give  up,  ;is  to  a  habit  or  occupa- 
tion; apply  habitually  or  sedulously,  as  to  a 
practiee  or  habit:  used  reflexively;  as,  to  ad- 
dict one's  self  to  the  exercise  of  charity  ;  he  is 
addicted  (addicts  himself )  to  meditation,  plea- 
sure, or  intemperance.  [Now  most  frequently 
used  in  a  bad  sense.] 

They  have  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  of  the 
saints.  1  Cor.  xvi.  15. 

I  advise  thee  .  .  .  to  addict  thyself  to  the  Study  of  Let- 
ters. Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (2d  ed.  I,  I.  385. 
2f.  To  give  over  or  surrender;  devote,  attach, 
or  assign ;  yield  up,  as  to  the  service,  use,  or 
control  of :  used  both  of  persons  and  of  things. 

Yours  entirely  addicted,  madam. 

B,  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  3. 

The  land  about  is  exceedingly  addicted  to  wood. 

Ex    >■>•    Diary,  April  IS,  1680. 

Specifically — 3.  In  Bom.  law,  to  deliver  over 
formally  by  the  sentence  of  a  judge,  as  a  debt- 
or to  the  service  of  his  creditor.  =  Syn.  1.  Addict, 
Devote,  Apply,  accustom.  These  words,  where  they  ap- 
pr  iach  in  meaning,  are  most  used  reflexively.  Addict  and 
devote  are  often  used  in  the  passive.  Addict  has  quite  lost 
the  idea  of  dedieati.in  ;  it  is  the  yielding  to  impulse, and 
generally  a  bad  one.  Devote  retains  much  of  the  idea  <>f 
service  or  loyalty  by  vow ;  hence  it  is  rarely  used  of  that 
which  is  evil.  Addicted  to  every  form  of  folly  ;  devoted  to 
hunting,  astronomy,  philosophy.  Apply  is  neutral  moral- 
ly, and  implies  industry  or  assiduity  :  as,  he  applied  him- 
self to  his  task,  to  learning. 

The  Courtiers  were  all  much  addicted  to  I'lay. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  7. 

We  should  reflect  that  the  earliest  intellectual  exercise 
to  which  a  young  nation  devotes  itself  is  the  study  of  its 
laws.  Maine,  Village  Communities,  p.  380. 

That  we  may  apply  our  hearts  unto  wisdom,    l's.  xc.  12. 

addictt  (a-dikf),  a.  [<  L.  addietus,  pp. :  see  the 
verb.]    Addicted. 

If  he  be  addict  to  vice. 
Quickly  him  they  will  entice. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Til.,  xxi. 

addictedness  (a-dik'ted-nes),  n.    Thequality  or 
state  of  being  addicted. 
My  former  aildU-teilness  to  make  chymical  experiments. 

Boylt . 
addiction  (a-dik'shon),  n.    [<  L.  adilictio(ii-),  de- 
livering up,  awarding,  (.addicere:  see  addict,  v.  ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  given  up  to  some  habit, 
practice,  or  pursuit ;  addictedness;  devotion. 

His  addiction  was  to  courses  vain.      Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

From  our  German  forefathers  we  inherit  our  phlegm, 
our  steadiness,  our  domestic  habitudes,  and  our  unhappy 
addiction  to  spirituous  liquors. 

W.  1<-  Qreg,  Misc.  Essays,  2dser.,  p.  13. 

Southey,  in  a  letter  to  William  Taylor,  protests,  with 
much  emphasis,  against  bis  addiction  to  words  "which 
are  so  foreign  as  not  to  be  even  in  Johnson's  farrago  of  a 
dictionary.  /''.  Hat!,  .Mud.  Eng.,  p.  135. 

2.  In  Bom.  law,  a  formal  giving  over  or  deliv- 
ery by  sentence  of  court ;  hence,  a  sun-ender  or 
dedication  of  any  one  to  a  master.     N.  E.  D. 

ad  diem  (ad  di'em).  [L. :  ml,  tit,  to:  diem,  ace. 
oldies,  day:  see  dies,  dial.]     In  law,  at  the  day. 

adding-machine  (ad'ing-ma-shen''),  n.  [(mld- 
ing,  verbal  n.  of  add,  +  machine."]  An  instru- 
ment or  a  machine  intended  to  facilitate  or 
perform  the  addition  of  numbers.  See  calcu- 
lating-machine, ariihmonu  ter. 

addist,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  ml:, 

Addisonian  (ail-i-so'ni-Min,  a.  [The  surname 
Addison,  Ml'..  Allison,  iseqniv.  to Adiimsou, i. e., 
Adam's  son.  Cf.  Atchison.']  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  Knglish  author  .b.seph  Addison 
or  his  writings  :  as,  an  Addisonian  style. 

It  was  no  part  of  bis  plan  to  enter  into  competition 
with  the  Addisonian  writers.     The  Century,  XXVII.  927. 

Addison's  cheloid  (ad'i-sonz  ke'loid).     See 

hlis. 
Addison's  disease  (ad'i-sonz    di-zez').     See 

tllSIIISI  . 

additament  (ad'i-ta-ment),  n.     [<  L.  addita- 

mentum,  an  increase,  (.'additus,  pp.  of  addere, 

add:  see  add.]    An  addition;  something  added. 

In   a  palace  then    are  certain  additaments  that 

i  ontribuxe  t<i  its  ornament  and  u  i 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Origin  of  Mankind. 
In  Hawthorne,   whose   faculty  was  developed   among 
scholars,  and  with  the  finest  additaments  oi  scholarship, 
we  have  our  first  true  artist  in  literan  i  q>n     [on. 

The  Century,  \\\  I    208, 

additamentary  a.l  ri-ta-men'ta-ri  I,  a.   Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  additament ;  addi- 
tional. 
The  numerous  additamentary  bones  which  are  met 

with  in  ill. I I osl f  In  a i  . 

T.  Holmes,  Syst,  of  Surg.,  IV.  27. 

addition  (a-dish'pn),  «.     [<  ME.  addieiun,  -nun, 

<F. addition,  (  L  additin(ti-),(  addere,  increase: 


68 

see  add.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  adding  or 
uniting,  especially  so  that  the  parts  remain 
independent  of  one  another:  opposed  to  sub- 
traction or  diminution:  as,  a  sum  is  increased 
b\  addition  ;  to  increase  a  heap  by  the  addition 
of  more.  Specifically,  in  arith.,  the  uniting  of  two  or 
more  numbers  in  one  sum ;  also,  that  branch  of  arithmetic 
which  treats  of  such  combinations.  Simple  addition  is  the 
adding  of  numbers,  irrespective  of  the  things  denoted  by 
them,  or  the  adding  of  sums  of  the  same  denomination,  as 
pounds  to  pounds,  ounces  to  ounces,  etc.  Compound  ad- 
dition is  the  adding  of  sums  of  different  denominations,  as 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  to  pounds,  shillings,  and 
pence,  like  being  added  to  like.  The  addition  of  all  kinds 
of  multiple  quantity  is  performed  according  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  compound  addition;  thus,  the  addition  of  two 
imaginary  quantities  is  etl.rt.il  by  adding  the  real  parts 
together  to  get  the  new  real  part,  and  the  imaginary  parts 
to  get  the  new  imaginary  part.  Logical  addition  is  a  mode 
of  combination  of  terms,  propositions,  or  arguments,  re- 
sulting in  a  compound  (the  sum),  true  if  any  of  the  ele- 
ments are  true,  and  false  only  if  all  are  false. 
2.  The  result  of  adding  ;  anything  added,  whe- 
ther material  or  immaterial. 

Her  youth,  her  beauty,  innocence,  discretion, 

Without  additions  of  estate  or  birth, 

Are  dower  for  a  prince  indeed. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 
Specifically — (a)  In  late,  a  title  or  designation  annexed  to 
a  man's  name  to  show  his  rank,  occupation,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence :  as,  John  Doe,  Esq,;  Richard  Roe,  Gent.;  Robert 
Dale,  Mason;  Thomas  Way,  of  Boston.  Hence— (d)  An 
epithet  or  any  added  designation  or  description:  a  use 
frequent  in  Shakspere,  but  now  obsolete. 

They  clepe  us  drunkards,  and  v  itb  swinish  phrase 
Soil  our  addition.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

This  man,  lady,  hath  robbed  many  beasts  of  their  partic- 
ular additions ;  he  is  as  valiant  as  the  lion,  churlish  as  the 
bear,  slow  as  the  elephant.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  2. 

(ct)  In  music,  a  dot  at  the  side  of  a  note  indicating  that 
its  sound  is  to  be  lengthened  one  half,  (d)  In  her.,  same 
as  augmentation,  (<■)  In  distilling,  anything  added  to  the 
wash  or  liquor  when  in  a  state  of  fermentation.— Exer- 
cise and  addition.  See  exercise. — Geometrical  addi- 
tion, or  addition  of  vectors,  the  finding  of  a  vector 
quantity.  S,  such  that  if  the  vectors  to  be  added  are  placed 
in  a  linear  series,  each  after  the  first  beginning  where  the 
one  before  it  etuis,  then,  in  whatever  order  they  are  taken, 
if  s  be  made  t.>  begin  where  the  first  of  the  a. I. led  vectors 
begins,  it  ends  where  the  last  ends.  =  Syn.  1.  Adding,  an- 
nexation.—2.  Stiperaddition,  appendage,  adjunct,  in- 
crease, increment,  extension,  enlargement,  augmentation. 

addition  (a-dish'on),  v.  t.     If.  To  furnish  with 
an  addition,  or  a  designation  additional  to  one's 
name. 
Some  are  additioned  with  the  title  of  laureate. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Cambridgeshire. 

2.  To  combine  ;  add  together.     [Rare.] 

The  breaking  up  of  a  whole  into  parts  really  precedes 
in  facility  the  additioni/ng  <>f  parts  int.i  a  whole,  for  the 
reason  that  the  power  of  destruction  in  a  child  obviously 
precedes  the  power  of  construction. 

Pop.  Sri.  Ml,.,  XXVII.  617. 

additional  (a-dish'pn-al),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ad- 
ditionnel,  <  L.  as  if  'additionalis,  (  additio(n-): 
see  addition.]     I.  a.  Added;  supplementary. 

Every  month,  every  day  indeed,  produces  its  own  novel- 
ties, with  the  additional  zest  that  they  are  novelties. 

/»,  tjuiaeeit,  St\lc.  iv. 

Additional  accompaniments,  in  music  See  accom- 
paniment. 
II.  n.  Something  added ;  an  addition.  [Rare.] 
Many  thanks  for  the  additiffnals  you  are  pleased  to 
communicate  to  me,  in  continuance  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
Arcadia.  Howell,  Letters,  iv.  20. 

additionally  (a-dish'on-al-i),  adv.    By  way  of 

addition. 
additionaryt  (a-dish'pn-a-ri),  a.    Additional. 

What  is  necessary,  and  what  is  lulilitionart,. 

Herbert,  Country  Parson,  xxxi. 

addititiOUS  (ad-i-tish'us),  rt.  [<  Lli.  adilitinns, 
additional,  <  L.  addere,  pp.  additus,  add:  see 
mlil.]  Additive;  additional;  characterized  by 
having  been  added.     [Rare.] 

additive  (ad'i-tiv),  a.  [<LL.  addiiirit*.  added, 
<  L.  addere,  pp.  additus,  add  :  see  mid.]  To  be 
added;  of  the  nature  of  an  addition;  helping 
to  increase:  as,  an  nililitin  correction  (a  cor- 
rection to  be  added). 

The  general  si f  such  work  is  great  ;  for  all  of  it,  as 

genuine,  tends  towards  one  goal;  all  ..f  it  \Badditive.  none 
oi  it  snbtractivc.  Carlyle,  Hem  Worship,  iv 

additively  (ad'i-tiv-li),  adr.  Byway  of  addi- 
tion ;  in  tin  additive  manner. 

additor  (ad'i-tor),  n.  [<L.  as  if  *additor,  (ml- 
tlrre,  yy.mldilus,:\M:  nee  add.]  A  piece  of  link- 
work  loradding  angles,  forming  part  of  Kcinpe's 
apparatus  Cor  describing  algebraic  curves. 

additory  (ad'i-td-ri),  ".  [<  E,  as  if  'addttorius : 
see  additor.]  Adding  or  capable  of  adding; 
making  some  addition.    Arbuthnot.    [Bare.] 

addle1  (ad'l),  «.  and  a.  [(  ME.  adel  (as  in  adel 
ei/.  addle  egg),  orig.  a  noun,  <  AS.  mbbi,  mud, 
=MLG.  mli/i.  mud,  =  East  Pries,  adel,  dung 
<>  mliliij,  foul,  oomp.  adelpol,  addle-pool;  ei. 

Lowland   So.  mlilli    dub,  a  lilt  liy  pool),  =  OSw. 

mlrl,  in  comp.  ko-adel,  cow-urine.    No  connec- 


address 

tion  with  AS.  dd!,  disease.]  I.  n.  1.  Liquid 
filth;  putrid  urine  or  mire ;  the  drainage  from 
a  dunghill.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2t.  The  dry  lees  of 
wine.    Bailey;  Ash. — 3.  Same  as  attte1, 

II.  a.  [Addle  egg,  ME.  adel  cij,  equiv.  to  ML. 
ovum  urina;  lit.  egg  of  urine,  a  perversion  of  L. 
ovum  annum  (Pliny),  repr.  Gr.  adv  ovpivov,  a 
wind-egg  (ovpoc,  a  wind).  A  popular  etym.  con- 
nected addle,  as  an  adj.,  with  idle:  "An  adlc 
egge,  q.  idle  egge,  because  it  is  good  for  noth- 
ing" (Minsheu).]  1.  Having  lost  the  power 
of  development  and  become  rotten ;  putrid : 
applied  to  eggs.  Hence  —  2.  Empty;  idle; 
vain;  barren;  producing  nothing;  muddled, 
confused,  as  the  head  or  brain. 

To  William  all  give  audience, 
And  pray  ye  for  his  noddle, 

For  all  the  Farie's  evidence 
Were  lost,  if  that  were  addle. 

lip.  Corbet,  Farewell  to  the  Faeryes. 

His  brains  grow  addle. 

lh  ,,,!>  ".  I'lul.  ti.  lion  Sebastian,  1.  24. 

addle1  (ad'l),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling, [(atlilli ■!,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  cor- 
rupt or  putrid,  as  eggs. 

Themselves  were  chilled,  their  eggs  were  addled. 

Cowper,  Pairing  Time  Anticipated. 

Henee  —  2.  To  spoil;  make  worthless  or  inef- 
fective; muddle;  confuse:  as,  to  addle  the 
brain,  or  a  piece  of  work. 

His  cold  procrastination  addled  the  victory  of  Lepanto, 
as  it  had  formerly  aililleil  that  of  St.  Quentin. 

Simpson,  Sch.  Shak.,  I.  97.    (X.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  manure  with  liquid.     [Scotch.] 

II.  intnius.  To  become  addled,  as  an  egg; 
hence,  to  come  to  nought ;  be  spoiled. 
addle2  (ad'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling. [E.  dial.,  also  eddle,  <  ME.  addlen,  adlen, 
earn,  gain,  Icel.  iidhla,  in  refl.  ddhlask,  spelled 
also icdlilasl;  win,  gnin,(6dhal,  patrimony, = AS. 
ethel,  home,  dwelling,  property.]  I.  trans.  To 
earn ;  accumulate  gradually,  as  money.  [North. 
Eng.] 

Parson's  lass  .  .  . 

Man  be  a  guvness,  lad,  or  summut,  and  addle  her  bread. 
Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer,  N.  S. 

II. t  intriins.  To  produce  or  yield  fruit ;  ripen. 

Where  ivy  embraceth  the  tree  very  sore, 
Kill  ivy,  else  tree  will  addle  no  more. 

Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  (1573),  p.  47. 

addle2  (ad'l),  n.  [(.addle",  v.]  Laborers' wages. 
lialliteiil.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

addle-brain  (ad'1-bran),  ».  [<  addle1,  a.,  + 
brain.]     A  stupid  bungler;  an  addle-pate. 

addle-headed  (ad'1-hecPed),  a.  [(  addle1,  a.,  + 
head  +  -ed$.]  Stupid  ;  muddled.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  addle-paled. 

addlement  (ad'1-ment),  n.  [<  addle1,  v.,+ 
-ment.]  The  process  of  addling  or  of  becom- 
ing addled.     N.  E.  I). 

addle-pate  (ad'l-pat),  n,  [(addle1,  a.,  +  pate.] 
A  stupid  person. 

It  is  quite  too  overpowering  for  such  addle-pates  as  this 
gentleman  and  myself.  Mrs.  f'raik.  Ogilvies,  p.  188. 

addle-pated   (ad'l-pa  ted),  a.     [As  addle-pate 

+  -id-.]    Same  as  addle-headed. 
addle-plot  (ad'1-plot),  n.     [(  addle1,  v.,  +  obj. 

libit'1.]     A  person  who  spoils  any  amusement ; 

a  marsport  or  marplot. 
addle-pool  (ad'l-pol),  «.     [<  addle1  +  pool1;  = 

Kast  Pries,  adelpol.]     A  pool  of  filthy  water. 

Hull,, rill.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
addling1  (ad'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  addle1,  v.] 

1.   Decomposition  of  an  egg. — 2.   Muddling  of 

the  wits. 
addling2  (ad'ling),  ii.     [Verbal  n.  of  addle-,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  earning  by  labor.— 2.  pi.  That 

which  is  earned;  earnings.     Also  written  ad- 
lings.     [North.  Eng.] 
addoomt'(a-doni').  <'.  f.     [(ad- +  doom.     Cf.  ad- 

dn  in.  |    To  adjudge. 

Int..  in.*  addoom  that  is  my  dew. 

Spenser,  l'.  it..  VII.  vii.  66. 

addorsed,  /»■  «.    See  mlorsed. 

address  (a-dres'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addressed 
(also  add/rest),  ppr. addressing.  [(  ME.adressen, 
(  OF.  adresser,  adressier,  adresier,  earlier  ad- 
rescer,  adrecer,  adrecier,  etc.,  P.  adresser  =  Pr. 
adrei/sar  =  Sp.  aderezar=  Pg.  aderecar=  It.  ad- 
diii;,:ine,(  ML.  add, rictiare  [addri  hare,  addres- 
snre,  etc.)  for  *addirecHare,  <  ad,  to,  +  "dric- 
tiare,  directiare,  make  straight,  >  OF.  tin  sen; 
dresser,  >  10.  dress:  see  "-1 ',  ml-,  and  dress,  r.  J  I. 
trans.  It.  Primarily,  to  make  direct  or  straight ; 
straighten,  or  straighten  up;  hence,  to  bring 
into  line  or  order,  as  troops  (see  dress);  make 
right  in  general;  arrange,  redress,  as  wrongs, 
etc.    ,\.  E.  J>. — 2t.  To  direct  in  a  course  or  to 


address 

an  end;  impart  a  direction  to,  as  toward  an  ob- 
ject or  a  destination;  aim,  as  a  missile;  apply 
directly,  as  action.    |>Still  used,  in  the  game  of 
golf,  in   the  phrase  "to  address  a   ball,"  and 
sometimes  in  poetry.] 
Imbrasides  addrest  his  javeline  at  him.  Chapman,  Iliad. 
Good  youth,  address  thy  gait  unto  her.  Shale,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 
Then  those  eight  mighty  daughters  of  tin-  plough 
Bent  their  broad  faces  toward  us  and  address'd 
Their  motion.  Tennyson,  The  Princess,  iv. 

3.  To  direct  the  energy  or  force  of;  subject  to 
the  effort  of  doing;  apply  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of:  used  retlexively,  with  to:  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  work  in  hand. 

This  was  a  practical  question,  and  they  [the  framers  "i 
the  American  Constitution]  addressed  themselves  hi  it  as 
men  of  knowledge  and  judgment  should. 

LoweU,  Democracy. 

4.  To  direct  to  the  ear  or  attention,  as  speech 
or  writing;  utter  directly  or  by  direct  trans- 
mission, as  to  a  person  or  persons:  as,  to  ad- 
dress  a  warning  to  a  friend,  or  a  petition  to 
the  legislature. 

The  young  hero  had  addressed  his  prayers  to  him  for 
his  assistance.  Dryden. 

The  supplications  which  Francis  [Bacon)  addressed  to 
his  uncle  and  aunt  were  earnest,  humble,  and  almost  ser- 
vile. Macaulag,  Lord  Bacon. 

5.  To  direct  speech  or  writing  to ;  aim  at  the 
hearing  or  attention  of;  speak  or  write  to:  as, 
to  address  an  assembly ;  he  addressed  his  con- 
stituents by  letter. 

Though  he  [Cffisar]  seldom  addresses  tin-  Senate,  he  is 
considered  as  the  finest  speaker  there,  after  the  Consul. 
Macaulay,  Fragments  of  a  Roman  'talc. 
Straightway  he  spake,  and  thus  address'd  the  <  tods. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

6.  To  apply  in  speech;  subject  to  hearing  or 
notice :  used  retlexively,  with  to :  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  chairman. 

Our  legislators,  our  candidates,  on  great  occasions  even 
our  advocates,  address  themselves  less  to  the  audience 
than  to  the  reporters.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  To  direct  for  transmission;  put  a  direction 
or  superscription  on :  as,  to  address  a  letter  or 
parcel  to  a  person  at  his  residence ;  to  address 
newspapers  or  circulars. 

Books  .  .  .  nut  intended  for  .  .  .  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  addressed,  but  .  .  .  for  sale,  are  liable  to  customs 
duties  upon  entering  .  .  .  Colombia.      U.  S.  Postal  Guide. 

8.  To  direct  attentions  to  in  courtship;  pay 
court  to  as  a  lover. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  might  arise  from  our 
both  addressing  the  same  lady,  I  shall  expect  the  honour 
of  your  company  to  settle  our  pretensions  in  King's  Mead 
Fields.  Sheridan. 

She  is  too  fine  and  too  conscious  of  herself  to  repulse 
any  man  who  may  address  her. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  316. 

9.  To  prepare ;  make  ready :  often  with  to  or 
for. 

The  five  foolish  virgins  addressed  themselves  at  the 
noise  of  the  bridegroom's  coming.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Turnus  addressed  his  men  to  single  tight. 

Dryden,  ^Eneid. 
To-morrow  for  the  inarch  are  we  addrc&s'd. 

Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  3. 

Hence  — 10+.  Toelothe  or  array;  dress;  adorn; 
trim. 

Other  writers  and  recorders  of  fables  could  have  told 
you  that  Tecla  sometime  addressed  herself  in  man's  ap- 
parel. Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apologie,  p.  375. 

11.  In  com.,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care  of 
another,  as  agent  or  factor:  as,  the  ship  was 
addressed  to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 
Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  direct  speech;  speak. 

My  lord  of  Burgundy, 
We  first  address  towards  you.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  address  or  appeal. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  having  addressed  in  vain  for  his 
majesty's  favour,  resorted  by  habeas  corpus  to  tin-  K  tag  3 
Bench.  Marvell,  Growth  of  Popery. 

3.  To  make  preparations ;  get  ready. 

Let  us  address  to  tend  on  Hector's  heels. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
They  ended  parte,  and  both  address'd  for  fight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  296. 

address  (a-dres'),  n.  [=F.  adresse,  n. ;  from  the 
verb.]  i.  Power  of  properly  directing  or 
guiding  one's  own  action  or  conduct;  skilful 
management;  dexterity;  adroitness:  as,  he 
managed  the  affair  with  address. 

Here  Rhadaraanthus,  in  his  travels,  had  collected  those 
inventions  and  institutions  of  a  civilized  people,  which  he 

had  tie   address  In  apply  to  the  eonhrmati f  his  own 

authority.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  606. 

There  needs  no  small  degree  of  address  to  gain  the  repu- 
tation uf  benevolence  without  incurring  the  expense. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 
3.  Direction  or  guidance  of  speech ;  the  act  or 
manner  of  speaking  to  persons ;  personal  bear- 


69 

ing  in  intercourse;  accost:  as,  Sir  is  a  title  of 
address;  he  is  a  man  of  good  address.  Hence 
— 3.  The  attention  paid  by  a  lover  to  his  mis- 
tress; courtship;  pi.  (more  commonly),  the  acts 
of  courtship;  the  attentions  of  a  lover:  as,  to 
pay  one's  addresses  to  a  lady. 

As  some  coy  nymph  her  lover's  warm  address 
Not  quite  indulges,  nor  can  quite  repress. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  19. 

Tell  me  whose  address  thou  favour'st  most. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 
A  gentleman  .  .  .  made  his  addresses  to  me.    Addison. 

4.  An  utterance  of  thought  addressed  by 
speech  to  an  audience,  or  transmitted  in  writ- 
ing to  a  person  or  body  of  persons;  usually,  an 
expression  of  views  or  sentiments  on  some 
matter  of  direct  concern  or  interest  to  the  per- 
son or  persons  addressed;  a  speech  or  dis- 
course suited  to  an  occasion  or  to  circum- 
stances :  as,  to  deliver  an  address  on  the  events 
of  the  day;  an  address  of  congratulation ;  the 
address  of  Parliament  in  reply  to  the  queen's 
speech. 

It  was,  therefore,  during  a  period  of  considerable  polit- 
ical perturbation  that  Mr.  Bright  put  forth  an  address 
dated  January  31st,  1837. 

J.  Harnett  Smith,  John  Bright,  p.  23. 

5.  A  formal  request  addressed  to  the  executive 
by  one  or  both  branches  of  a  legislative  body, 
requesting  it  to  do  a  particular  thing. 

The  Constitutions  of  England,  of  Massachusetts,  of 
Pennsylvania,  authorized  the  removal  of  an  obnoxious 
judge  on  a  mere  address  of  the  legislature. 

//.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  p.  132. 

The  power  of  address,  whenever  it  has  been  used  in  this 
commonwealth,  has  been  used  to  remove  judges  who  had 
not  violated  any  law.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  101. 

6.  A  direction  for  guidance,  as  to  a  person's 
abode ;  hence,  the  place  at  which  a  person  re- 
sides, or  the  name  and  place  of  destination, 
with  any  other  details,  necessary  for  the  di- 
rection of  a  letter  or  package  :  as,  what  is  your 
present  address  f  the  address  or  superscription 
on  a  letter. 

Mrs.  Dangle,  shall  I  beg  you  to  offer  them  some  refresh- 
ments, and  take  their  address  in  the  next  room? 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

7.  In  equity  pleading,  the  technical  description 
in  a  bill  of  the  court  whose  remedial  power  is 
sought. — 8.  In  com.,  the  act  of  despatching  or 
consigning,  as  a  ship,  to  an  agent  at  the  port  of 
destination. — 9f.  Formerly  used  in  the  sense 
of  preparation,  or  the  state  of  preparing  or 
being  prepared,  and  in  various  applications 
arising  therefrom,  as  an  appliance,  array  or 
dress,  etc.  N.  E.  -D.  =  Syn.  1.  Tact,  cleverness.— 2. 
See  port. — 4.  Oration,  Harangue,  etc.  (see  speech),  lecture, 
discourse,  sermon. —  6.  Residence,  superscription. 

addressee  (a-dres-e'),  n.  [<  address,  v.,  +  -eel.] 
One  who  is  addressed;  specifically,  one  to 
whom  anything  is  addressed. 

The  postmaster  shall  also,  at  the  time  of  its  arrival, 
notify  the  addressee  thereof  that  such  letter  or  package 
has  been  received. 

Reg.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  0.  Dep.,  1874,  iii.  §  52. 

The  strong  presumption  this  offers  in  favour  of  this 
youthful  nobleman  (Lord  Southampton]  as  the  addressee 
of  the  sonnets  is  most  strangely  disregarded  by  Shaksperian 
specialists  of  the  present  day.    N".  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  22. 

addresser  (a-dres'er),  n.  One  who  addresses 
or  petitions.  Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital 
letter),  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member 
of  the  country  party,  so  called  from  their  address  to  the 
king  praying  fur  an  immediate  assembly  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, the  summons  of  which  was  delayed  on  account  of  its 
being  adverse  to  the  court ;  an  opponent  of  the  court  party 
or  Abhorrers.  They  also  received  the  name  of  Petitiont  rs, 
and  afterward  that  of  Whigs.    See  abhorrer. 

addressful  (a-dres'ful),  a.  Skilful;  dexterous. 
Mallet. 

addressing-machine  (a-dres'ing-ma-shen"),  «. 
An  apparatus  for  placing  addresses  on  news- 
paper-wrappers, etc. 

addressiont  (a-dresh'on),  «.  [<  address.  Cf. 
compression,  etc.]  The  act  of  addressing  or 
directing  one's  course;  route;  direction  of  a 
journey. 

To  Pylos  first  be  thy  addressum  then. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  i.  438. 

addressmentt  (a-dres'ment),  n.  [<  F.  adrcssc- 
ment  (Cotgrave) ":  see  address  ami -matt.]  The 
act  of  addressing;  the  act  of  directing  one's 
attention,  speech,  or  effort  toward  a  particu- 
lar point,  person,  or  object. 

addubitationt  (a-du-bi-ta'shon),  n.  [<L.  addu- 
bitatus,  pp.  of  addubitare,  incline  to  doubt,  <  ad, 
to,  +  dubitare,  doubt :  see  doubt.]  A  doubting; 
insinuated  doubt. 

That  this  was  not  a  vniuersall  practice,  it  may  appeare 
by  St.  Austins  addubitation. 

J.  Denison,  heavenly  Banquet  (1619),  p.  353. 


adductor 

adduce  (a-diis'),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  adduced, 
ppr.  adducing.    [<L.  adducere,   lead  or  bring 

to,  <  tid,  to,  +  dan  re,  lead  :  see  duct,  duke.']  To 
brine;  forward,  present,  or  offer;  advance ;  cite ; 
name  or  instance  us  authority  or  evidence  for 
what  one  advances. 

Reasons  good 
I  shall  adduce  in  due  time  to  my  peers. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  313. 

The  speculations  of  those  early  Christian  theologians 
who  adduced  the  crying  of  the  m  «  born  babe  in  prool  of 
its  innate  wickedness.  ■/.  Fisfce,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  105. 

=  Syn.  Adduce,  Al!e:/e,  .issii/n.  Advance,  Offer,  Cite.  Offer 
and  assign  arc  the  least  forcible  of  these  words.  To  offer 
is  simply  to  present  for  acceptance.  We  may  offer  a  plea, 
an  apology,  or  an  excuse,  but  it  may  not  be  accepted.  We 
may  assign  a  reason,  but  it  may  not  be  the  real  or  only 
reason  which  might  be  given  by  us.  We  may  advance  an 
opinion  or  a  theory,  and  may  cite  authorities  in  support  of 
it.  Allege  is  the  most  positive  of  all  these  words.  To  al- 
lege is  to  make  an  unsupported  statement  regarding  some- 
thing; to  adduce,  on  tile  other  hand,  is  to  bring  forward 
proofs  or  evidence  in  support  of  some  statement  or  propo- 
sition already  made  :as,  he  alleged  that  he  had  been  robbed 
by  A.  B.,  but  adduced  no  proof  in  support  of  his  allegation. 

I  too  prize  facts,  and  am  adducing  nothing  else. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  177. 

Toallegethe  real  or  supposed  primeval  kindred  between 
Magyars  and  Ottomans  as  a  ground  for  political  action 
...  is  an  extreme  case, 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Pace  and  Language. 

To  some  such  causes  as  you  have  assigned,  may  be 
ascribed  the  delay  which  the  petition  has  encountered. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  372. 

The  views  I  shall  advance  in  these  lectures. 

Bcale,  Bioplasm,  §  2. 

If  your  arguments  be  rational,  offer  them  in  as  moving 
a  manner  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit.     Swift. 

adduceable  (a-du'sa-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -able] 
See  addueible. 

adducent  (a-du'sent),  a.  [<  L.  adducen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adduct  re:  see  adduce]  Bringing  to- 
gether; drawing  one  thing  to  or  toward  an- 
other ;  performing  the  act  of  adduction ;  having 
the  function  of  an  adductor:  opposed  to  abilu- 
cent:  chiefly  or  exclusively  an  anatomical  term, 
applied  to  certain  muscles  or  to  their  action. 
See  adductor,  a. 

adducer  (a-du'ser),  v.    One  who  adduces. 

addueible  (a-du'si-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -iblc] 
Capable  of  being  adduced.  Sometimes  (but 
very  rarely)  spelled  adduceable. 

Here  I  end  my  specimens,  among  the  many  which  might 
be  given,  of  the  arguments  addueible  for  Christianity. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Grain,  of  Assent,  p.  478. 

adduct  (a-dukf),  r.  t.  [<  L.  adductus,  pp.  of 
adducere:  see  adduce.]  If.  To  draw  on;  in- 
duce ;  allure. 

Either  impelled  by  lewd  disposition  or  addueted  by  hope 
of  rewarde.  Time's  Storehouse,  p.  680. 

2.  In  physiol.,  to  bring  to  or  toward  a  median 
line  or  main  axis.     See  adduction,  '2. 

The  pectineus  and  three  adductors  adduct  the  thigh 
powerfully.  H.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  412. 

adduction  (a-duk'shon),  n.  [<ML.  adduetio(n-), 
<  L.  adducere,  pp.  adductus:  see  adduce.]  1. 
The  act  of  adducing  or  bringing  forward  some- 
thing as  evidence  in  support  of  a  contention  or 
an  argument.     [Bare.] 

An  adductionot  facts  gathered  from  various  quarters. 

Is.  Tat/lor. 

2.  (a)  In  physiol.,  the  action  of  the  adductor  or 
adducent  muscles,  {b)  In  surg.,  the  adducent 
;iei  i,m  of  a  surgeon  upon  a  limb  or  other  mem- 
ber of  the  body ;  the  position  of  a  part  which 
is  the  result  of  such  action :  the  opposite  of  ab- 
duction. In  either  use.  adduction  consists  in  bringing  a 
limb  to  or  toward  the  long  axis  of  the  body,  so  that  it 
shall  be  parallel  therewith  or  with  its  fellow  ;  or  in  bring- 
ing together  two  or  several  similar  parts,  as  the  spread  fin- 
gers of  the  human  hand,  the  opened  shells  of  a  bivalve 
mollusk,  etc. 

adductive  (a-duk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *adduc- 
tints,  <  adducere,  pp.  adductus:  see  adduce] 
Adducing  or  bringing  forward. 

adductor  (a-dnk'tor),  n.  and  a.  [L.,  a  pro- 
curer, lit.  one  who  draws  to,  <  adducere,  pp. 
adductus:  see  adduce.]  I.  «.;  pi.  adductors 
(-torz)  or  adductores  (ad-uk-to'rez).  In  anat. 
and  zool.,  that  which  adducts  ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  several  muscles  which  draw  certain 
parts  to  or  toward  one  common  center  or  median 
line :  the  opposite  of  abductor.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied to  various  muscles  not  specifically  so  named;  thus, 
the  internal  rectus  of  the  eye  is  an  adductor  of  the  eyeball. 
The  muscles  which  close  the  shells  of  bivalves  are  geneti- 
cally termed  add  actios.  Sec  cuts  under  Liimellilirauchiiita, 
Waldheimia,  and  Produetidos.—  Adductor  arcuum,  the 

adductor  of  flic  arches,  a  muscle  of  the  side  of  the  neck 

of  some  Batrachia,  as  Sfenopoma.—  Adductor  branchi- 
arum,  the  adductor  of  tie-  gills,  a  muscle  of  some  Batra- 
chia, as  Menolieaticli  us  Adductor  brevis  (the  short  ad- 
ductor), adductor  longus  (the  lung  adductor),  adductor 


adductor  70  adenomyoma 

masnus  (the  great  adductor),  three  adductor  muscles  of     somata,  and  making  tlio  third  section  consist  of  the  order  adeni-.     Same  as  adeno-. 

thehuman  thigh,  arising  trom  the  pelvis  and  inserted  in  Podosamata— these  ordinal  names  being  all  Leach's,  ex-  adenia  (a-de'ni-ii),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  aMpr,  a  gland.] 
the  lmeaasperaofthe  f.  injur.- ( Adductor  digiti  tertii      ceptingWestwood's^tdstortftro^note.  1    a  name  which  has  been  applied  to  strumous 

^^o^fo'Su^tSouidTy^riSan^iS  adelarthrosomatous    (ad-e-Br-thro-so  ma-         syphilitic  ohromc  adenitis,  and  to  Hodgkin's 

^Seleon^A^uc^r^aK^Sv     tS3'*  i^S^       1!^^  Swli  or    *sease.-2.   leap.]  In  .-»«/.,  a  genus  of  dlpter- 
muscle  whirl,  adducts  the  mandible,  and  so  brings  to-     body  indistinctly  segmented,  specihcallj,  ot  01     oug  inseetgi     Desvmdy,  1863. 
gether  the  opposite  sides  of  the  upper  jaw.  -Adductor     pertaiuing  to  the  Adelarthrosomata.  arlpnifnrm  fn-rlen'i-formorad'e-ni-f6rm')  fl     K 

Pollicis,  the  adductor  of  the  tim.ui,  -  Adductor  polli-  adelaster  ad-e-las  'ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a6nh>g,  u^  Kfe  fa  Ja  id  +  L  -font *< forma 
cis  pedis,  or  adductor  hallucis,  toe  adductor  oi  the     ,,,,t ,,.„,, itw  +^0^0  sfiWinref  totheflower)  1      ,  .   (  ?/    '\    g  ,",  '    ,        -">"'"*>  ^jorma, 

erect  toe     [Other muscles  of  the  digits  having  the  same     notmamit  si, -rue;,  ;,,>,  si.ii |miei. .10  uienoweiy.j      suape  ]     <jf  a  gland-like  shape.    . 
function  are  sometimes  called  adductors.]  A  proposed  name  for  such  plants  as  come  into  adenitis  (ad-e-ni'tis),  n.    [NL.,<  Gr.  aSfr  (Mev-), 

II.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  adductor;  having     cultivation   before   they  are   sufficiently  well     a  „ianj  +  _itis  ]     Inflammation  of  a  gland,  es- 
the  function  of  adducting;  adducent:  as,  the     known  to  be  referred  to  their  true  geneva.  peoially  of  a  lymphatic  gland. 

adductor  muscles  of  the  thigh:  opposed  to  ab-  adelfisch  (a'del-fish),  n.  [G.,  iadel,  nubility,  adenfco(a-deng'ko),«.  [Nativename.]  Acala- 
rf«ctor._Adductor  impressions,  in  roHe/i.,  the  sears  +  fisch  =  F.  fish.]  A  name  of  a  European  i,asU  or  gourd  used  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa 
on  the  interior  surfaces  of  the  opposite  valves  of  bivalve  species  of  whitefish,  Curegtmits  lauaretus:  sy-  f  holdino-  limiids  and  eenerallv  decorated  bv 
shells  left  by  the  adductor  muscles;  thecboria.     (See     n^nymolJS  with  towc*  (which  see).  '"  ^  uTiY4iefoiMnc^ed  lines 

ciborium.)    There  are  generally  two,  an  anterior  and  a  pos-     'j„,v„„,    „      Ai,mi„to  fl,™  of  «/),*»»  carvings  111  low  1  ener  01  mciseci  lines, 

terior,  as  in  the  clam,  but  often  only  one,  as  in  the  oyster  adelingt,  »»•     Obsolete  teimot  atheling.  adenO-.    [Combining  fonn  (add,-  before  a  vowel, 

andscallop(/vl-fc»)--Adductormuscles.  (a)  In  anat.,  Adelobrancma  (ad"e-lo-brang  ki-a),  n.  pi.  ^^j.  reo-arded  as  Latin)  of  Gr.  aSrp>  {adevo-), 
the  adductors.    See  I.    ft)  In  malacology,  the  muscles     rNL     <  ,;,..  a6tfAoc,  not  manifest,  +   ppayxin,  ,     d  f  A     element  m  compound  words  of 

tt^£^*&k&*tn'mMtnm*    gms.^    1.  A  famiiy  name  for  gastropods  in    ffi^  meaning  gland.    P 

addulcet  (a-duls'),  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  adoulce,  <  which  the  respiratory  cavity  lias  a  slit-like  out-  adenocarcinoma  (ad'e-no-kar-si-116'ma), ».;_  pi. 
OF  adnttleir,  earlier  adulcir,  adoldr,  P.  odowcir,  ]f  <«id  »  without  a  siphon.  The  term  includes  („h.nocnrcinomata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  do> 
<ML.*o^»tore,<L.«d,to,+  d«Jcw,  sweet:  see  t,ue  Plllmim'l,ies  a„s  T  asrth°  marine  forms.  (i(jEV.)  a  land  +  Kapliivuim :  see  carcinoma.] 
aulce.]     To  sweeten.  /)„,«,,-,,   1Mb  -2.  An  ordinal  name  for  the    A  tum0r  which  deviates  from  the  true  gland- 

Some  mirth  f  oddu/w  man's  miseries,  flin**     5"?  pulmonates.    iflaso,  1 Mb.  structure   characterizing  the  adenomata,  but 

-adel      rm<  F  -ad,    <  Pr  Sp  or  Pg.  -ado,  or  adelocodomq  (ad'e-lo-ko-don  ik),  a     [<  Gr.  aSr,-       M(jh  doeg  not  difler  from  it  as  mueh  as  a  typl. 
B     „ta   <  L     ate,    i-  (2)  <  Pr  -af §p         P°      **»  not,  manifest,  +  ri&m,  a  bel  1  the  head  of  a        ,  careinoma.     See  „,,,.„„,„„. 
Lo    or  It     «w <  L    -a(«/m     ™    suffix  of    nowel'']  ^^notangtiie  condition  of  agon-  adenocele  (ad'e-n6-sel),  n.     [<  Gr.  a  dip,  (idev-), 
v^bsS^Se-«fel    Th'e?a'ti?lF!dfe     ophore  when  no  developed  umbreUa  is  present.     a  gland>  +  ^  „  UmK>^     s  a8  ad    ?„„. 

-^  OP  -rr  whence  in  older  E  -ir  ei.armu  (F.)     ^"f00-       .  ,   ,,..,-       »  ,.     .   „      r/n„    adenochirapsologyt     (ad"e-no-ki-rap-sol  o-ji), 

witifl^SX)iut<Lr ml  I        A  suffix  adelomorphous   ad" e-lo-mor  fus),«      [<Gr.  [(Gr.if(i-),  a  gland,  +  ^pajf-Ja,  a 

S  nmms  of  French  or  o^t'l  ei  Cmance  oriX     *W?' BOt- mamf e.st ' +  ^°^'''  ***!    0f  a  f 0rm  touching  with  the  hand  «  Xeip,  hand,  +  hrrretv, 

ot  nouns  01  i  rent  n  or  omei  xtomant  e  ongm,     wmej,  is  inconspicuous  or  not  apparent:  ap-  tn„„i.-,  +    ?„,:„   /  >,,.„.    s,„..,k-   see  -olonii  ~\ 

as  accofaoV,  amftuscode,  bwb«MM«  '™-     pUed  to  the  S0-cIlled  principal  or  central  cells  Tne  doctrine  of  the  reputed  -power V  Ws 

onade,  etc.,  or  of  (a  few  English  nouns  formed    I  £   h         ^    ^d    *f  the ^tomach.  to  cure  diseases  as  scrofula  o  K  ^evil   by 

on  the  same  model,  as  blockade,  orangeade— 2.   ,  j.imr„™„„  /««»  inn  aii'mnnl    n     One  of  to  cure  aiseases,  as  scionua  01  suigsevu,uj 

A  suffix  of  nouns  of  Spanish  or  Italian  origin  »del opn^n^d  e lop       mon),  n.    One  of  teu^hm^e ^ataent^ :  a nrort  "^"^ttita 

(originally  masculine   form  of   preceding),  as    »j„i.m.'.M   rnr.//p  lon-iiu'mo-na-)   »    »?  ot  a  uook  011  tnai  sin  jeci  pmiiisiieu  m  iuci. 

brocade,  renegade,  etc.     It  also  appears  in  the  4^/°^™°^  not,LniLr+^ l,  lung-  adenochondroma  (ad    e-no-kpn-dro  ma),  ».; 

nowTaUy-^asm^e(sometimes^),  ^  -  ^  °  ^, '^jf ^^"xcVpt  at  a  £^KSn,5)     „      [NL.,<Gr. 

jr^te/^^^t^wdgni  lateralapertuxe:synonymouswitlp^o^  &t\0,, 

emial  to  'HO  okes      See  ok?      a™               °  adelopod. .  adelopode   (a-de^o-pod,   -pod),   n.  in\u  a    laIi^  01.  in  tho  glands.  adenalgia. 

equal  to    tu  oKes.     oee  o«e.  [<  Gr.  a*/?.of,  not  manifest,  +  ™rf  (™?-)  ==E.  Vr'y     ,ad"e-n6-£rraf'ik),   a.      Pertain- 

adeedt,«rfr.     Indeed.                  ,.„,„,,„,.,  W]     An  animal  whose  feet  are  inconspicu-  ^t^aS^raX 

"Say,  did  ye  fleech  and  speak  them  fair?"    ".4,1ml  did  J        -"        ,  „_T,_r__t  ing  to  auoiograpny. 

I,"  quo' Bottom.                liim-km,,,,!  ■»■  .1/,,.,.,  : xxii.  404.  ousor  not  apparent.                ,...,.-    h,.„t1nB1.  adenography  (ad-  e  -nog  'ra-fi),  ».    [<  Gr.< «5//v 

adPPmfa-dem'l  «   .      KL  adimeVe,  take  away,  -adelphia.  [NL   <Gr.-oo'af  aXa^oc.brothei,  (.?     }  a  gland, +  -}paf 'a,  <  >/.d^v,  write.]    That 

fTti  +   "»-  'take.C<  Cf.  r^.]     In  1^     ^'^r^f^<B^TtoJ     kVtf  isCriptiVe  aUat°my  WMCh  treatS  °f 

ZtfS&Z&I^Wl&Ste      ^fe|S£SlSS  aeid(ad'e-noid),,   C^*^^*. 

!AiiSsas5s?«BB»ss  ^srTF18^^^  a%tt»asK 

ttingbeouelthed,  or  its  equivalent,  to  the  lega-  ?exual  classjtication,  used  to  denote  the  coa-  ]andulal,_2.  0f  or  pertaining  to  glands,  es- 

teTduring  the  lifetime  of  the  bequeathe!-.  lesce?lce  of   stamen.B  ^  thelr  laments  into  |eeiaiiy  to  those  of  the  lymphatic  systom.-Ade- 

7        ■«    1              ,.  i.,j„.«i.         if  ti,»  a„hiect  one,  two,  or  more  sets.  noid  cancer.    See  .•««.-,  --.-Adenoid  tissue,  in  'i«a'-,  a 

oft^An^to^A^^Uhetostts8^^^^  [<Gr  ad^df,  bro-  ^^^^S^^SZ^^S^ 

then  tin-  bequest  entirely  fails A  specific  gift  is  not  ther:  see  above.]     Same  as  Auclnte.  cells  resembling  wWU  ^-corpuscles     Such ^tiffiue  is 

adeemed  by  the  testator's  pledge  of  the  subject  of  it,  and  adelphoUS  (a-del'fus),  a.   [<  Gr.  AdeA^c,  brother :  M&^^^^&J^^JiwlS^ 

the  legatee  will  be  entitled  to  have  it  redeemed  by  the  s^.adeinhhA     Related ;  in   hot,  having  sta-  the  mteaUnal  mucoua  ""  '"'"ane'  and  el9ewhere- 

executor.                                                   ^m.  t.wc,  X.  310.  A  fl  i,v  their  filaments  into  sets- used  Retiform,  adenoid,   or  lymphoid  connective  linw  is 

adeep  (a-dep'),  prep.  phr.  as  a*.    [<  «3  +  de<;i,,  mens  11  nted  by  *«">  h'^     "",,,,,,/,, A-  ec  '"'""'  «u"si""'  j"  """>,  '•!llts,"f  "l1',  '""'>   ",,V"  sur- 

Xr  ,J,;«/i    Mm    fitc  1     Deenlv      TR-ire  1  mostly  in  composition,  as  in  mon  an  vpiums,  en.  raunding  t,|u.  minute  blood-vessels  and  forming  the  com- 

attei  alngh,  alow,  etc.]     Ueeply.     L«««e-J  ademptt  (a-dempf),  «•     [<L-  ad&mptus,  pp.  of  mencement  of  lymphatic  channels.            H.  Gray,  Anat. 

We  shout  so  (id.vy)  down  creation  s  profound,  .„i;,„f,.« ^  +„L-o  ownv    sm  adeem  ~\      Taken  awav 

We  are  deaf  to  GSd's  voice.  ad«««re,take  awaj  .  see  «</<(/».j     taken  away  (ad-e-noi'dal),  fl.     Pertaining  to  or 

Adeia(a-d6^;;yiTxi:;<;L;^^o^:i:  jax^^^%^&^x^.  ™^£^->  *«»* ^  -»—— 

fest,<a-priv.';  not, +  -S/)^f,  clear,  manifest.]    A  ademption    (a-demp'shon),   «.     [<  L.  odewp-  a"d^nolo^cal   (ad"e-n6-loj'i-kal),   a.      l<*adc- 

genus  of  moths,  of  the  family  Tponomeuhda.  tw(tir),  <  atiunere, pp.  odemjXw,  take  away j  see  tt    ,(    v  ft  ,„/,„„,„„„ )  +  .„/.']     l'crtainingtoade- 

4.  degeereUa  is  a  woodland  species,  notable  for  spinning  „■(/<<'<»•]     In  '""'■  the  revocation  ot  a  grant,  do-         .  •'  . 

gossamer.    LatreUU,  1796.                ,-,,-»           ru  nation,  ..r  the  like;  especially,  the  lapse  of  a  n  j  '  ' '^i "  __  rad-e-nol'6-ii)  «      «Gr  irfclifa-l, 

adelantadlllo(a-da-  an-ta-dol  yo),  n.     [Sp,  !               (1)  b     th0  testator's   satisfying  it  by  "J»W^; U0< ^^^S    ;ncak      se<    -o/ofl/1 

dim.  of  «rf;-/««^^..,  advanced,  early,  n,.,,l.ed  to  urUvc;v  ,„■  payment  to  tho  legatee  before  his     ? '  K  ; ;  "  f>  +  ^  ^    ,, *  gMJS To  f  the  glanas 

fruit  or  plants:  see  adeUntado.]     A  Spanish  death  Jr  (2fDy  his  otherwise  Sealing  with  the    SB?r^a^  and  ttelr  uses 

red  wine  made  of  the  oar  host  ripe  grapes.  )hi       ,„,.„•,„., ,  s„  as  to  manifest  an  intent  -SSSJiwSoMta ^ad"e-n6-Um'f6-sel)    »      T< 

^fn^K;:;,.:! :  Efiffl  £  C^bStf  iS^&,T-!Alir^K    fancifully  ^^^^P^^i 

pate,  ^  ooetowtft  auv.,  iorwaro,  onwara,    '"' ■  "    Hmd.  .!(/»«,  etc. :  seejEdem.]    Sai sJBoen.      _natic  „iands 

(<L.   afl),to,  +  .',    tin- 1|  ■.  1. 1.  f«&  that  1    -t-  ante  Blooming  as  Aden  in  its  earliest  hour.                   aVloTinmn'nrlJ.  no'miil   11  •  nl   adenomata  i-mar 

(<L.  o«fe),  before.]     Tho  title  formerly  given  y,.,,,,,,,,  Brideoi  M.vdos,  ii.  20.  aaenoma  ( ael-e-no  ma),  h.  ,  pi.  «.<«  »""'•""  ^™9 

in  Spain  to  the  governor  of  :.  province.  Tcll  this  soul  with  sorrow  laden  if,  within  the  distant     '&)■  .  L^.1';-  <  °r-  "'"'"  ('"'"'-'v'  -  ;    ,l  '  ,   ,.■'!,. I 

Invtn.  ible  ad,  tontod r  the  armj  oi  pimpled  .  .  .  AUbnn,                                                                    <!■  v.]     A  tumor  presenting  the  characteristics 

[a, ,  -                                    ITa    /.  /.  r,  \  irgia-Martyr,  ii.  1.  It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden  whom  the  angels  name     ,,f  the,  gland  from  which  it  springs  ;  a  tumor 

The  marquess  had  a   ecrel  conference  with  1 Pedro  Lenore,                                           Po«,  The  Kaven.     originating  in  a  gland,  and  presenting  the  gen- 

Enriquez,  Adelantadooi  Andalusia.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  ai.  aden..     Same  as  tideno-.                                             oral  character  of  racemose  or  of  tubular  glands. 

Adelarthrosomata  (ad-e-liii-tlii"-so'ina-t:i),  «.  adenalgia  (ad-e-nal'ji-S).  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dd?/v    Also  called  adenocele. 

pi.  [NL.,  <Gr.  adi/'/MC,  not  manifest .  (<  ii-  priv.,  (liiirr-),  a  gland,  +  -akyia,  <  dAyoc,  pain.]  In  adenomatOUS  (ad-e-nom'a-tus),  fl.  [<  adeno- 
not,  +  dfi'/joc,  manifest),  +  apdpov,  joint,  +  oofia,     pathot,  pam  in  a  gland;  adenodynia.  nia(t-)  +  -ous.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  tho  nature 

pi.  ahfiaxa,  body.]     In  Westwood's  system  of  adenalgy  (ad-e-nal'ji),  n.     Same  as  adenalgia.      of  an  adenoma, 

classiticat ion,  an  order  of  arachnids  which  re-  Adenanthera  (ail'e-nan-tlie'ra),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  adenomeningeal  (ad'e-no-me-nin'je-al),  a. 
spire  by  tracheal  it  consists  of  the  false  scorpions  aifjv  {aiev-),  a  gland,  +  NL.  mi  litem,  ant  tier:  see  |<  <;r.  „,i,y,,  faiJev-),  a  gland,  +  fap>iyi,  a  mem- 
and  harvestmen,  or  the  families  Solpugidce,  Cheliferidce,     miliar']    A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs,  natives  of     brane,  osp.  the  pia  muter:  see  meningitis.']    An 

ami  Phatongiida    dl  ttnguished  from  the  Jf naw»      ,,      ,,     ,  |,„ii(.s  ami  Cevlon,  natural  order  Legit-     ,.pithe1  applied  to  a  kind  of  fever  supposed  to 

::^u,T{^Z:r^X^,'^    '^r  ::::::     ,  suborder  Wmm*     A.* ^r-<    depend  upon  disease  of  the  intestinal  follicles. 

-  .  '  .  '  ...  .  .  1       .  .1  I  .  11  I  It .     ,      I   .    .  I  ,    .       ■  ,  .  .  .  i     .    1  .    I  .  I  .      I  .  ■  .  r  .  I        _    _1 r  _    .1  // X     ;     X  '—  M\  «      I        •»-.  1         SI/IB- 


of  Arachnida  Dami  i\    Pulm&naria,  Trach^aria,  and  Apo- 

robram-hiit,  dividing  the  flrBf  oi  theBe  eectlone  Into  the 

Dimerowmata  and   Polymerosomata,  the  Becond 

section  into  the  orders  Adelarthrosomata  and  MonomerO' 


the  largest  and  hands est  trees  of  India,  and  yields  hard  adenomyoma   (ail  ('-mVmi-o'ma),    w. ;   pi.  «rfc- 

,,h,i  timber  called  red  sandal-wood.    The hrlght-scarlet     .,..,,..,...,.';./,,  f.,lVi-t:i1      TNL    <  (ir  iiM/v  (tidw-).  a 

seeds   1. heir  equality  in  weight  (each =4  grains),  are     nomxjomata  {  m<\]V-}^^^ 

used  Wgoldsmithafn  the  East  as  weights.  glaad,  +  fivg,  a  muscle  (seu  myology),  +  -owo, 


adenomyoma 

q.  v.]     A  turner  consisting  of  glandular  and 
muscular  tissue. 

adenoncus  md-e-nong'kus),  ;/.;  pi.  adenonci 
(-non'st).  [NL.,<  Gr.  aii/v  (aiev-),  a  gland,  + 
«)-koc,  a  bulk,  mass.]  A  swelling  of  a  gland. 
adenopathy  (ad-e-nop'a-thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aSijv 
(a6ev-),  a  gland,  +  -iradia,  <  iraOoc,  suffering.] 
Diseaso  of  a  gland. 

ions  of  the  mucous  membrane,  nor  can 
■  found  [case  of  syphiloderma]. 

Duhring,  Skin  Diseases,  plate  1  . 


Tlieiv  are  no  le 
join  adenopathy  I 


71 

arrive  at,  reach,  attain,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 
ap-isei,  reach,  attain,  =  Gr.  air-rciv,  touch,  seize, 
=  Skt.  t/  dp,  attain,  obtain:  see  op*.]  I.  a. 
Well  skilled  ;  completely  versed  or  acquainted. 

Adeptln  everything  profound.       Camper,  Hope,  I.  350. 

II.  ».  One  who  has  attained  proficiency; 
one  fully  skilled  in  anything;  a  proficient  or 
master;' specifically,  in  former  times,  a  pro 


ficient  in  alchemy  or  magic;  a  master  of  oc-  adeqUative  (ad'e-kwa-tiv ),  a.     [<ML.  ada 


adenopharyngitis  (ad'e-no-far-in-]i  tis),  ». 
[NL.,  <Gr.  aSrp>  (aifcv-),  a  gland,  +  ipapvyt;,  pha- 
rynx, +  -itis.~\  Inflammation  of  the  tonsils  and 
pharynx. 

adenophore  (a-den'o-for),  «.  [As  adenopho- 
rous.]  In  hot.,  a  short  stalk  or  pedicel  support- 
ing a  nectar-gland. 

adenophorous  (ad-e-nof'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  adi/v 
(aihv-),  agland,  +  -06>oc,  <'<pipeiv  =  'E.  beaA.]  In 
zobl.  and  hot.,  bearing  or  producing  glands. 

adenophthalmia  (ad^e-nof-thal'mi-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  atlr/v  (drier-),  a  gland,  +  bipttalpoe, 
eye.]    Inflammation  of  the  Meibomian  glands. 

adenophyllous  (ad"e-n6-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  00*911 
(atJev-),  a  gland,  +  <?v'/'/m<  =  L. folium,  a  leaf: 
see  folio.  ]  hibot.,  having  leaves  bearing  glands, 
or  studded  with  them. 

adenophyma  (ad"e-n6-fi'mii),  n. ;  pi.  adenophy- 
mata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adi/v  (a,8ev-),  a  gland, 
+  <pi'fa,  a  tumor,  lit.  a  growth,  <  cj>kiv,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  pathol.,  a  swelling  of  a  gland: 
sometimes  used  to  signify  a  soft  swelling. 

adeilOS  (ad'e-nos),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  kind 
of  cotton  which  comes  from  Aleppo,  Turkey. 
Also  called  marine  cotton.     E.  I>. 

adenosarcoma(ad"e-n6-sar-k6'ma),  n. ;  pi.  ade- 
nosarcomata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,<  Gr.  adfjv  (aSev-), 
a  gland,  +  aapnupa,  sarcoma.]     A  tumor  eon- 


cult  science,  or  one  who  professed  to  have  dis 
covered  "the  great  secret"  (namely,  of  trans 
muting  base  metal  into  gold) 


adhere 

a.]     A  making  or  being  equal;  an  equivalence 
or  equivalent.     [Bare.  I 

The  principles  <>f  logic  and  natural  reason  tell  us,  that 
there  must  be  a  just  proportion  and  adequation  between 
Hie  medium  by  which  we  prove,  and  the  conclusion  t . .  be 
proved.  Bp.  Harlow,  Remains,  p.  125. 

It  was  the  arme  (not  "f  King  Henry)  but  King  Edward 
tin-  First,  which  is  notoriously  known  to  have  been  the 
adequation  of  a  yard.    [An  erroneous  statement.] 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Berkshire. 
qua- 
tin's,  <  L.  aitirijimn-:  sec  adequate,  a.]     Equiv- 
alent or  sufficient;  adequate.     [Rare.] 
Adesma  (a-des'mS),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Adisnmeea. 


sisting  in  part  of  adenomatous  and  in  part  of  adeptship  (a-dept'ship),  n.     The  state  of  being 

an  adept ;  adeptness :  specifically  used  in  the- 
osophy. 

adequacy  (ad'e-kwa-si),  n.  [<  adequate:  see 
-acy.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  adequate  ; 
the  condition  of  being  proportionate  or  suffi- 
cient ;  a  sufficiency  for  a  particular  purpose : 
as,  the  adequacy  of  supply  to  expenditure,  or 
of  an  effort  to  its  purpose ;  an  adequacy  of  pro- 
visions. 

adequate  (ad'e-kwat),  a.  [Formerly  adesguate, 
-at,  <  L.  adosquatus,  pp.  of  adesquare,  make 
equal,  <  ad,  to,  +  aqitus,  equal :  see  equal.] 
Equal  to  requirement  or  occasion ;  commen- 
surate ;  fully  sufficient,  suitable,  or  fit :  as, 
means  adeepta  tc  to  the  object ;  an  adequate  com- 
parison. 

I  did  for  once  see  right,  do  right,  give  tongue 
The  adequate  protest. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  56. 


sarcomatous  tissue. 

adenose,  adenous  (ad'e-nos,  -nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
adenosus,  <  Gr.  h.Srp>,  gland.]  Like  or  apper- 
taining to  a  gland  ;  adenoid  j  adenif  orm. 

adenotomic  (ad "  e -no -torn ' ik),  a.  [<  adenoto- 
my.~\     Pertaining  to  adenotomy. 

adenotomy  (ad-e-not'o-nii),  n.  [<  Gr.  atyv 
(drier-),  a  gland,  +  -ropia,  a  cutting,  <  Ttpvew, 
cut.  Cf.  anatomy."]  In  anat.  and  surg.,  dissec- 
tion or  incision  of  a  gland. 

adenous,  a.     See  adenose. 

Adeona  (ad-e-6'na),  n.  [LL.,  in  myth.,  a  Ro- 
man divinity  who  presided  over  the  arrival  of 
travelers,  <  L.  adire,  come,  arrive,  adeo,  I  come, 
<  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go.  Cf.  Abcona.]  In  zobl.,  the 
typical  genus  of  Adeonidie  (which  see). 

Adeonidae  (ad-e-on'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Adeona 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  chilostomatous  poly- 
zoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Adeona.  They  have 
the  zoarium  erect  or  (rarely)  incrusting,  affixed  by  a  flex- 
ible jointed  or  jointless  radicate  peduncle,  immediately 
attached.  The  zoarium  is  bilaminar  when  not  incrusting, 
and  foliacious  and  fenestrate,  or  branched  or  lobate  and 
entire.  The  cells  are  usually  of  three  kinds,  zooecial, 
ooecial,  and  avicularian  ;  the  zoeeciaarc  of  the  usual  type 
The  family  (originally  named  Adeonere  by  Busk)  contains 
about  as  recent  species,  referred  to  3  genera.     Busk. 

Adephaga  (a-def'a-ga),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi., 
<Gr.  aitityayog:  see  adephagous.]  A  group  of 
voracious,  carnivorous,  and  predatory  beetles, 
composing  a  part  of  the  pentamerous  division 
of  the  order  Coleoptera.  They  have  filiform  anten- 
nas and  but  two  palpi  to  each  maxilla,  t  >f  the  f<  lur  families 
which  make  iipthis  group,  two,  Gyrinidai  and  Dytiscklce, 
are  aquatic,  and  sometimes  called  Hydradephaga ;  the 
other  two,  CaralMoe  and  dcindelidce,  are  chiefly  terres- 
trial, and  are  sometimes  called  Geodephaga.  The  whirli- 
gig and  the  tiger-beetle  respectively  exemplify  these  two 
divisions  of  Adephaga.  Also  called  Carnivora.  See  cuts 
~'  dndela 


Shakespeare,  in  the  person  of  Prospero,  has  exhibited  Adesmacea  (ad-es-ma'se-ii),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  «'ie,s 

ma  (<  Gr.  aoeauog,  unfettered,  unbound :  see  aaes- 
my)  +  -aeea.]  An  old  family  name  for  lamelli- 
branehiate  mollusks  destitute  of  a  ligament. 
The  term  includes  the  Pholadidcs  and  Teredi- 
nida:     Blainville,  1S24. 

adesmy  (a-des'mi),  n.  [<  NL.  adesmia,  <  Gr. 
adeafwc ,  unfettered,  unbound,  <  a-  priv.  +  dea/idc, 
a  bond,  tie,  <  diem,  bind,  tie.]  In  bot.,  a  term 
applied  by  Morren  to  the  division  of  organs 
that  are  normally  entire,  or  their  separation  if 
normally  united. 

adespoti'c  (a-des-pot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (o-18) 
4-  despotic.  Cf.  Gr.  a&eoiroToc,  without  master 
or  owner.]     Not  despotic;  not  absolute. 

Adessenarian  (ad-es-e-na'ri-an),  n.  [<  NL. 
Adessenarti,  pi.,  irreg.  <  L.  adesse,  be  present,  < 
ad,  to,  near,  +  esse,  bo:  see  essence  and  -avian.] 
In  cedes,  hist,  a  name  given  in  the  sixteenth 
century  to  those  who  believed  in  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist,  not  by 
transubstantiation,  but  by  impanation  (which 
see). 

ad  eundem  (ad  e-un'dem).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the 
Bame  (sc.  gradum',  grade) :  ad,  to;  eundem, ace. 
masc.  sing,  of  idem,  the  same:  see  idem.]  A 
phrase  used  in  universities  to  signify  the  ad- 
mitting of  a  student  of  another  university, 
■without  examination,  to  the  degree  or  standing 
he  had  previously  held  in  that  other  university. 
Here  [Oxford  in  the  vacation]  I  can  take  my  walks  un- 
molested, and  fancy  myself  of  what  degree  or  standing  I 
please.    I  seem  admitted  ad  eundem.  Lamb,  Oxford. 

ad  extremum  (ad  eks-tre'mum).  [L. :  «<?,  to; 
atremmn, aco.  neut.  sing,  of  extremus,  last:  see 
extreme.]     To  the  extreme  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

adfected  (ad-fek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  adfeclus,  later 
affectus,  pp.  of  adjiccrc,  later  afficere,_  affect : 
see  affect.]  In alg., compounded;  consisting  of 
different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. — 
Adfected  or  affected  equation,  an  equation  in  which 
the  unknown  quantity  is  found  in  two  or  more  different 
degrees  or  powers:  thus,  x'J— px-  +  qx  =  a  is  an  adfected 
equation,  as  it  contains  three  different  powers  of  the  un- 
known quantity  x. 

adfiliate,  adfiliation,  etc.     See  affiliate,  etc. 
ad  finem  (ad  fi'nem).     [L. :  ad,  to;  finem,  ace. 
To  or  at  the  end. 


the  prevalent  notions  of  the  judicial  astrologer  combined 
with  the  ailrpi,  whose  white  magic,  as  distinguished  from 
the  black  or  demon  magic,  holds  an  intercourse  with  pater 
spirits.  /.  D1  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  2S5. 

Howes  was  the  true  adept,  seeking  what  spiritual  ore 
there  might  be  among  the  dross  of  the  hermetic  philoso- 
phy. Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  2C9. 

The  Persians  were  adepts  in  archery  and  horsemanship, 
and  were  distinguished  by  courtesy  and  high-breeding. 

X.  .1.  Ren.,  CXL.  32D. 
=  Syn.  Adept,  Expert.  An  adept  is  one  who  possesses 
natural  as  well  as  acquired  aptitude  or  skill  in  anything: 
as,  an  adept  in  theari  of  governing ;  an  adept  in  diplomacy, 
lying,  cajolery,  whist-playing,  etc.  An  expert,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  one  whose  skill  and  proficiency  are  more  conspicu- 
ously the  result  of  practice  or  experience,  orof  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  a  subject.  The  term  is  mostly  limited 
toone  possessing  special  skill  or  knowledge  in  some  branch, 
and  regarded  as  an  authority  on  it:  as,  an  expert  in  alien- 
ism, chemistry,  penmanship,  etc. 
adeptiont  (a-dep'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  adeptio(n-),  < 
adipisci :  see  adept.]  An  obtaining  or  gaining ; 
acquirement. 

In  the  wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the  chief 
adeption  of  the  victory.  Grafton,  Eich.  III.,  an.  3. 

adeptistt  (a-dep'tist),  n.     [<  adept  +  -ist]    An 

adept, 
adeptness  (a-dept'nes),  n.   The  quality  or  state 

of  being  adept;  skilfulness;  special  proficiency. 


of  finis,  end:  see  ./.his.] 

In  our  happy  hours  we  should  be  inexhaustible  poets,   adnuxion  (ad-fluk'shon),  n.      [Var.  of  afflux, mi, 

if  once  we  could  break  through  the  silence  into  adequate  ,      «  L         n=  nf,ar,  paused  bv  a  tiiawine 

rhyme.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  305.     1-  v-l     A  n0™,  as  01  sap,  causeu  uy  a  luawing, 

Adequate  cognition,  in  logic:  (a)  A  cognition  involving  ^SS^fjJX-r.Sr.Y  a.     Same  as  aiWlu- 


no  notion  which  is  not  perfectly  clear  ami  distinct,  lb)  A 
cognition  at  once  precise  and  complete.  — Adequate  defi- 
nition or  mark,  in  logic.  See  definition.  =  Syn.  Ade- 
quate, Sufficient,  Enough,  commensurate,  competent.  A 
thing  is  adequate  to  something  else  when  it  comes  quite 
up  to  its  level ;  yet  neither  may  be  sufficient  when  view  ed 

in  relation  to  some  third  thing.    That  which  is  sufficient  Adhatoda    (ad-hat  O-da) 
may  be  adequate  ami  more.    Enough  equals  adequate, but 
is  applied  to  a  different  class  of  subjects. 

Nothing  is  a  due  and  adequate  representation  of  a  state 

that  does  not  represent  its  ability  as  well  as  its  property. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

Mat.  vi.  34. 


under  Dytiscus  and  Cic 

adephagan  (a-def 'a-gan),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  adequatet  (ad'e-kwat),  v.  t. 


Sufficient  unto  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof. 

Which  is  enough,  I'll  warrant, 

As  this  world  goes,  to  pass  for  honest. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  .">. 

1.  To  make  equal 


group  Adephaga. 

adephagia  (ad-e-fa'ji-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adntpa- 
yia,  <  adnipayoc,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous: 
see  adephagous.]  In  pathol.,  voracious  appetite; 
bulimia. 

adephagous  (a-def'a-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  adepha- 
gus,  <  Gr.  ddw^dyoc,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous, 
<  aSt/v,  or  mh/v,  abundantly,  enough  (cf.  L.  satis, 
enough),  +  tjiayelv,  eat.]  Gluttonous;  of  or  per 
taining  to  the  Adephaga 

adeps  fad' 

animals 

Fat ;  animal  oil ;  the  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  adipose  tissue;  specifically,  lard. —  2.  In 
phar., tallow ;  suet;  prepared  fat.- Ceratum  adi- 

pis  [gen.  sing,  of  adeps],  simple  cerate;  hog's  lard  with 

the  addition  of  white  wax  to  give  it  greater  consistency. 

adept  (a-depf),  a.  andn.     [<L.  adeptus,  having 


.),  -r  (fayctv,  ear.j    uiuttouous;  01  or  per-  ShelJ 

tothe Adephaga:  as,  adephagousbeetles.  a(ipnll.tplv  fad'e-kwat-li) 

ulVps,  „      [L.,  the  soft   at  or  grease  of  ^Sir;  cWrnlnsur's 

a  ,suet,  lard:  see  adipose  and  adipus.]    1.  aLmlatpTlpas  rad'e-kwat-ne 


or  adequate. 

Let  me  give  you  one  instance  more  of  a  truly  intellectual 
object,  exactly  adequated  and  proportioned  unto  the  in- 
tellectual appetite ;  and  that  is,  learning  and  knowledge. 
Fotherby,  Atheoniastix,  p.  20S. 

2.  To  attain  equality  with;  equal. 

Though  it  lie  an  impossibility  for  any  creature  to  ode. 
quote  God  in  his  eternity,  yet  he  hath  ordained  all  his 
sons  in  Christ  to  partake  of  it  I ;,  Ir.nu  with  him  -.1  rn  ilh 
Shelford,  Discourses,  p.  227. 

adv.     In    an   ade- 
•ately;  sufficiently, 
adequateness  (ad'e-kwat-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  adequate;  justness  of  adaptation;  suffi- 
ciency; adequacy. 

The  adequateness  of  the  advantages  [of  a  given  course 
of  study]  is  the  point  to  be  judged. 

H.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  28. 


attained,  ML.  adeptus,  n.,  one  who  attained  adequation  (ad-e-kwa'shpn),  n.     [<  L.  fjdeequa- 
knowledge  or  proficiency,  prop.  pp.  of  adipisci,     tio{n-),  <  adiequarc,  make  equal:  see  adequate, 


adglutinate  (ad-glS'ti-nat),  a. 

filiate. 

adgustum  (ad  gus'tum).  [L.  :  ad,  to;  gustum, 
ace.  of  gustus,  taste:  see  gust-.]  To  the  taste  ; 
to  one's  liking. 

h.  [NL.,  from  the 
Singhalese  or  Tamil  name.]  A  genus  of  herbs 
orshrubs,  natural  order  Acanthaceoe.  A.  Vasiea 
is  used  in  India  to  expel  the  dead  fetus  in 
abortion. 

adhere  (ad-her'),  ».  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  adhered, 
ppr.  adhering.  [<  F.  adherer,  <  L.  adhienn  ,  < 
ad,  to,  +  harcre,  stick,  pp.  hasus.  Cf.  cohi  re, 
inhere,  hesitate.]  1.  To  stick  fast;  cleave;  be- 
come joined  or  united  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
separated  without  tearing :  as,  glutinous  sub- 
stances adhere  to  one  another  ;  the  lungs  some- 
times adhere  to  the  pleura. 

When  a  piece  of  silver  and  a  piece  of  platinum  are 
brought  in  contact  at  500*  C.  they  adhere. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  229. 

2.  To  hold  closely  or  firmly  (to) :  as,  to  adhere 
to  a  plan. 

[Clive]  appears  to   have  strictly  adhered  to  the  rules 
which  he  had  laid  down  tor  the  guidance  of  others. 

Maeaulap,  Lord  Clive. 

3.  To  belong  intimately ;  be  closely  connected. 

A  shepherd's  daughter, 

And  what  to  her  adheres.     Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

4.  To  be  fixed  in  attachment  or  devotion ;  be 
devoted;  be  attached  as  a  follower  or  up- 
holder :  as,  men  adhere  to  a  party,  a  leader,  a 
church,  or  a  creed  ;  rarely,  to  be  attached  as  a 
friend. 

Two  men  there  are  not  living 
To  whom  he  more  adheres.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 


adhere 

6.  To  be  consistent ;  hold  together  ;  be  in  ac- 
cordance or  agreement,   as  the  parts  of  a  sys 
tern;  cohere.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Everything  adhere*  together.  Shak.,  T.  V,  iii.  4. 

6.  Specifically,  in  Scots  law  :  (a)  To  affirm  a 
judgment ;  agree  with  the  opinion  of  a  judge 
previously  pronounced.  (6)  To  return  to  a 
husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted.  See 
adherence,  3. — 7.  In  logic  and  metaph.,  to  be 
accidentally  connected.  See  adht  n  nl.  a.,  3. 
adherence  (ad-her'ens),  n.  [<  F.  adherence,  < 
ML.  adha-rentia,  <.  L.  adhcerens:  see  adherent.} 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  sticking  or  adhering: 
rare  in  a  physical  sense,  adhesion  being  com- 
monly used. —  2.  Figuratively,  the  character 
of  being  fixed  in  attachment  ;  fidelity  ;  steady 
attachment :  as,  an  adherence  to  a  party  or 
opinions ;  the  act  of  holding  to  closely :  as,  a 
rigid  adherence  to  rides. 

A  tenacious  adherence  to  the  rights  and  liberties  trans- 
mitted from  a  wise  and  virtuous  ancestry.  Addison. 

3.  In  Scots  lint;  the  return  of  a  husband  or 
wife  who  has  for  a  time  deserted  his  or  her 
spouse.  The  spouse  who  has  been  deserted  may  bring 
an  action  of  adherence  to  compel  the  deserting  spouse  to 
return. 

4.  In  painting,  the  effect  of  those  parts  of  a 
picture  which,  wanting  relief,  are  not  detach- 
ed, and  hence  appear  adhering  to  the  canvas  or 
surface.  Fairholt. —  5.  In  logic  and  metaph.,  the 
state  of  being  adherent.  See  adherent,  a.,  3. 
=  Syn.  Adherence,  Adhesion.  These  words  are  under- 
going desynonymization,  the  moral  and  figurative  sense 
being  limited  to  adherence,  and  the  physical  to  adhesion  : 
as,  adherence  to  the  doctrines  of  Adam  Smith ;  the  ad- 
hesion of  putty  to  glass.  [Note:  Adherent,  n.,  is  not  used 
of  physical  attachment,  nor  adherent,  a.,  of  moral  at- 
tachment.    Adhere,  v.,  is  used  of  either.] 

If  he  departs  in  any  degree  from  strict  adherence  to 
these  rules,  .  .  .  he  not  only  departs  from  rule,  but  com- 
mits an  act  of  treachery  and  baseness. 

Gladstone,  Kin  beyond  Sea,  p.  210. 
Writing  and  drawing  with  chalks  and  pencils  depend 
on  the  adhesion  of  solids. 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  Ganot's  Physics,  p.  87. 

adherencyt  (ad-her'en-si),  n.  [As  adherence: 
see  -ency.]     1.  The  state  of  being  adherent. 

Adherencies  and  admirations  of  men's  persons. 

Jcr.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  adherent. 

Vices  have  a  native  adherency  of  vexation. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

adherent  (ad-her'ent),  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  ad- 

In  ri  nt,  <  L.  adh(cren\t-)s,  ppr.  of  adltarcre :  see 
adhere.']  I.  a.  1.  Sticking;  clinging;  adhering. 
Close  to  the  elitf  with  both  his  hands  he  clung, 
And  stuck  adherent,  and  suspended  hung. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  1.  547. 

2.  In  tot.,  congenitally  united,  as  parts  that 
are  normally  separate :  generally  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  adnate.  See  cut  under  adnate. —  3.  In 
logic  and  metaph.,  accidentally  connected;  not 
belonging  to  the  nature  of  a  thing;  not  in- 
herent :  as,  if  a  cloth  is  wet,  its  wetness  is  a 
quality  adherent  to  it,  not  inherent  in  it. 

II.  n.  1.  A  person  who  adheres;  one  who 
follows  or  upholds  a  leader,  party,  cause,  opin- 
ion, or  the  like;  a  follower,  partizan,  or  sup- 
porter. 

Rip's  sole  domestic  adherent  was  his  dog  Wolf,  who  was 
as  much  hen-pecked  as  his  master. 

Irving,  Rip  Van  Winkle. 

2f.  Anything  outwardly  belonging  to  a  person ; 
an  appendage. 
His  humour,  his  carriage,  and  his  extrinsic  adherents. 

Gov.  of  Tongue. 
=Syn.  1.  Disciple,  pupil,  upholder,  supporter,  dependant 

adherently  (ad-her'ent-li),  mlr.  Iii  :m  adher- 
ent manner. 

adherer  (ad-her'er),  n.  One  who  adhere*  ;  an 
adherent.     [  Bare.] 

adherescence  (ad-hf-res'ens),  ».  The  state  of 
being  bo  closely  connected  with  or  attached  to 
anything  us  to  form  with  it  a  quasi-compound 
or  unit.     [Hare.] 

adherescent  (ad-hf-res'ent),  a.  |<  L.  adhce- 
nsrtn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adheerere,  adhere:  .see  adhere 
and  -escent.]    Tending  to  adhere  or  i»  eome 

adherent;   adhering.      [Hare.  | 

adhesion  (ad-he'zhpn),  n.     |<  P.  adhision,  <  L. 

adhiesiuin-),  <  iidhiisns,  pp.  of  iidhnrin  :  Bee  ad- 
here.']    1.  The  act  or  stab   of  adhering,  or  of 

being  united  and  attached;  clos innection 

or  association:  as.  the  adht  non  of  parts  mule  i 
by  growth,  cement,  etc.;  inflammatory  adhesion 
of  surfaces  in  disease. 

One  mendicant  whom  l  know,  and  who  always  site  upon 

tie  Btep  of  b  ci  i  tain  bi  Idgi  ui  ceed  i  believe,  as  the 
season  advances,  in  heating  the  marble  beneath  him  by 
firm  and  unswerving  adhesion.  llowells.  Von.  Life,  iii. 


72 

2.  Steady  attachment  of  the  mind  or  feelings ; 
firmness  in  opinion  ;  adherence :  as,  an  adhesion 
to  vice. 

Obstinate  adhesion  to  false  rules  of  belief. 

WhiUock,  Maimers  of  the  English,  p.  211'.. 

The  council  assigned  as  motives  for  its  decrees  an  ad- 
hesion of  heart  on  the  part  of  the  victims  to  the  cause  of 
the  insurgents.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  404. 

3.  Assent;  concurrence. 

To  that  treaty  Spain  and  England  gave  in  their  adhe 
sum.  Mio'oalay,  Hist.  F.ng.,  \iv. 

4.  That  which  adheres;  accretion. 

easting  otf  all  foreign,  especiallyall  noxious,  adhesion*. 
Carlyle,  Misc.,  I.  14. 

5.  In  phys.,  molecular  attraction  exerted  be- 
tween tile  surfaces  of  bodies  in  contact,  as 
between  two  solids,  a  solid  and  a  liquid,  or  a 
solid  and  a  gas.     See  extract,  and  cohesion. 

Adhesion,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  physical  force  in 
virtue  of  which  one  body  or  substance  remains  attached 
to  the  surface  of  another  with  which  it  has  been  brought 
into  contact.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  cohesion, 
which  is  the  mutual  attraction  that  the  particles  of  the 
same  body  exert  on  each  other.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  153. 

6.  In  hot.,  the  union  of  parts  normally  separate. 
— 7.  In  pathol.,  especially  in  the  plural,  the  ad- 
ventitious bands  or  fibers  by  which  infiamed 
parts  have  adhered,  or  arc  heldtogether. — 8.  In 
surg.,  the  reunion  of  divided  parts  by  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  inflammation,  called  the  adhesive. — 
9.  lmncch.,  often  used  as  synonymous  with/ric- 
tion  (which  see) •  Adhesion-car,  a  railroad-car  pro- 
vided with  means  for  increasing  the  adhesive  or  tractive 
power  beyond  that  due  merely  to  the  weight  imposed 
upon  the  rails.  This  is  usually  effected  by  a  center  rail, 
gripped  horizontally  by  a  pair  of  friction-wheels  placed  on 
its  opposite  sides,  or  by  a  cogged  wheel  working  into  a 
rack  laid  parallel  with  the  road-bed.  In  some  cases  the 
treads  of  the  driving-wheels  are  grooved,  and  the  face  of 
the  rails  is  Banged  to  correspond  to  them. — Adhesion  of 
wheels  to  rails,  the  friction  between  the  surfaces  in  eon- 
tact,  acting  to  prevent  slipping,  in  amount  dependent 
upon  the  condition  of  those  surfaces  and  the  pressure 
For  driving-wheels,  as  of  locomotives,  it  is  a  fraction  of 
the  weight  borne  by  them,  ranging  from  about  one  twenti- 
eth when  the  rails  are  "greasy"  to  one  fifth  when  they  are 
clean  and  dry.  =Syn.  Adhesion,  Adherence.  See  adher- 
ence. 

adhesive  (ad-he'siv),  a.  [<  F.  adhesif,  -ice,  <  L. 
as  if  "adhasiens,  <  adh&sus,  pp.  of  adhatrere : 
see  adhere.]  1.  Sticky ;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances. 

She  trusts  a  place  unsound, 
And  deeply  plunges  in  til'  adhesive  ground. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

2.  Figuratively,  cleaving  or  clinging;  adher- 
ing ;  remaining  attached ;  not  deviating  from. 

If  slow,  yet  sure,  adhesive  to  the  track. 

Thomson,  Autumn. 

Both  were  slow  and  tenacious  (that  is,  adhesive')  in  their 

feeliugs.  De  Qumcey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

3.  Gummed;  fitted  for  adhesion:  as,  adhesive 
envelops —  Adhesive  felt,  a  felt  manufactured  in  Great 
Britain  for  use  in  sheathing  wooden  ships. — Adhesive 
inflammation,  in  med.  and  surg.,  a  term  applied  to  the 
union  of  the  lips  of  an  incised  wound  without  suppuration ; 
also  to  inflammations  leading  to  adhesion  between  normally 
free  surfaces,  as  between  the  intestine  and  the  body-wall. 
—  Adhesive  knowledge,  in  metaph.,  know  ledge 'which 
implies  adhesion  or  assent,  as  well  as  apprehension.  See 
apprehensive.— Adhesive  plaster,  in  surg.,  a  plaster 
made  of  litharge-plaster,  wax,  and  resin.  — Adhesive 
slate,  a  variety  of  slaty  clay  which  adheres  strongly  to 
the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbs  water. 

adhesively  (ad-he'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  adhesive 
manner. 

adhesiveness  (ad-he'siv-nes),  «.  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  adhesive,  or  of  sticking  or 
adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity. — 2.  Injihnn., 
a  mental  faculty  manifested  in  attachment  to 
objects,  animate  or  inanimate,  lasting  friend- 
ships, love  of  social  intercourse,  etc.,  supposed 
to  be  located  in  a  special  part  of  the  brain.  It 
is  said  to  be  strongest  in  women.  See  phre- 
nology. 

adhibit  (ad-hib'it),  v.  t.  [<L.  adhibitus,  pp.  of 
adhibere,  hold  toward,  bring  to,  apply,  <  ad, 
to,  +  habere,  hold,  have:  see  habit?]  1.  To 
use  or  apply;  specifically,  to  administer  as  a 
remedy;  exhibit  medicinally. 

w  ine  also  that  is  dilute  may  safely  and  properly  be 
adhibited.  T.  Whitakar,  BI loftheGrap    p 

2.  To  attach :  as,  he  adhibited  his  namo  to  the 
address. 

The  greatest  lords  adhibited  .  .  .  faith  to  his  words, 

Uoii.  Chronicles,  Eeu.  \  ii.,  an.  7. 

3.  To  take  or  let  in ;  admit.    [  Rare  in  all  uses.] 
adhibition  (ad-hi-bish'on),  n.  [<  L.  adhibitio(n-), 

applical  Ion,  <  adhibere  :  see  adhibit.  |    Applica- 
tion; use;  specifically,  use  as  a  remedy.  [  Karc.  ] 
The  adhibition  of  dilute  wine. 

T.  Whitaker,  Bi 1  of  the  Grape   i 

ad  hoc  (ad  hok).    [L. :  ad,  to;  hue.  aeo.  neut.  of 

hie.  this:  see  Inc.)  To  this;  with  respect  to 
this  (subject  or  thing);  in  particular. 


adiaphorism 

ad  hominem  (ad  hom'i-nem).   [L. :  ad,  to;  ho- 

iiiiiii 'in,  ace.  of  homo,  man:  see  Homo.]  To  the 
man ;  to  the  interests  or  passions  of  the  person. 
— Argumentum  ad  hominem,  an  argument  drawn  fir 

premises  which,  whether  true  or  not,  ought  to  be  admitted 
by  the  person  to  whom  they  are  addressed,  either  on  account 
of  his  peculiar  beliefs  or  experience,  or  because  they  are 
necessary  to  justify  his  conduct  or  are  otherwise  conducive 
to  his  interest.  Aristotle  (Topics,  viii.  11)  remarks  that  it 
is  sometimes  necessary  to  refute  the  disputant  rather  than 
his  position,  and  some  medieval  logicians  taught  that  refu- 
tation was  of  two  kinds,  solutic  recta  and  solutio  ad  homi- 
nem. the  latter  being  imperfect  or  fallacious  refutation. 
Thus,  Blundeville  says:  "Confutation  of  person  is  done 
either  by  taunting,  rayling.  rendring  checke  for  eheeke, 
or  by  scorning";  and  Wilson  says:  "lather  wee  purpose 
by  disputai  ion  to  aunswere  fully  to  the  matier  or  els  sec- 
ondly (if  power  want  to  compass  that)  we  soke  some  other 
meanes  to  satisfy  the  man." 

My  design  being  not  a  particular  victory  over  such  a 
sort  of  men,  but  an  absolute  establishing  of  the  truth.  I 
shall  lay  down  no  grounds  that  are  merely  argumenta  ad 
hominem.  Dr.  II.  More,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii.  l. 

adhortt  (ad-hort'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adhortari,  en- 
courage, urge  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  hortari,  urge,  in- 
cite: see  exhort.]     To  exhort;  advise. 

That  eight  times  martyred  mother  in  the  Maccabees, 

when  she  would  adhort  her  son  to  a  passive  fortitude, 
.  .  .  desires  him  to  look  upon  the  heavens,  the  earth,  all 
in  them  contained.  Feltham. 

adhortationt  (ad-hdr-ta'shon),  n.    [<  L.  adhor- 

tatio(n-),  encouragement,  <  adhortari :  see  ad- 
hort.]    Advice;  exhortation;  encouragement. 

adhortatoryt  (ad-hdr'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
"adliortatorins,  <  adhoriator,  encourager,  advi- 
ser, <  adhortari :  see  adhort.]  Advisory;  con- 
veying counsel,  warning,  or  encouragement. 
Abp.  Potter. 

adiabatic  (ad  i-a-bat'ik),  a.  and  it.  [<  Gr.  adi- 
ajiaToc,  not  to  be  passed  over,  <  a-  priv.,  not, 
+  diaparde,  verbal  adj.  of  Siajiaivtiv,  pass  over: 
see  diabaterial.]  I.  a.  Without  transference: 
used  in  thermodynamics  of  a  change  in  vol- 
ume, whether  by  expansion  or  contraction, 
unaccompanied  by  a  gain  or  loss  of  heat. — 
Adiabatic  curve  or  line,  a  line  exhibiting  the  relation 
between  the  pressure  and  the  volume  of  a 
fluid,  upon  the  assumption  that  it  expands 
and  contracts  without  either  receiving  or 
giving  out  heat.  The  curves  are  drawn  upon 
a  rectangular  system  of  coordinates,  the  ab- 
scissas representing  the  volume  of  the  sub- 
stance and  the  ordinates  the  pressure  upon 
it ;  the  curves  thus  being  the  loci  of  points 
representing  different  possible  states  of  the 
body  winch  passes  between  different  states 
represented  by  different  points  on  the  same 
curve  without  imparting  heat  to  other  bodies 
or  receiving  heat  from  them.  The  adiabatic  lines  are 
steeper  than  the  isothermal  lines,  as  shown  in  the  figure, 
where  the  curves  a  are  adiabatics. 

If  a  series  of  adiabatic  lines}*  drawn  so  that  the  points 
at  which  they  cut  one  of  the  isothermal  lines  correspond 
to  successive  equal  additions  of  heat  to  the  substance  at 
that  temperature,  then  this  series  of  adiabatic  lineswiU  cut 

off  a. series  of  equal  areas  from  the  strip  bounded  by  any  two 
isothermal  lines.     Clerk  Maxwell,  Theory  of  Heat,  p.  15(5. 

II.  n.  An  adiabatic  line. 

Mr.  W.  Peddie  gave  a  communication  on  the  isothermals 
and  adiabatics  of  water  near  the  maximum  density  point. 

Nature,  XXX.  403. 

adiabatically  (ad"i-a-bat'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an 
adiabatic  manner. 

adiabolist  (ad-i-ab'o-list),  h.  [<  Gr.  «-priv.  + 
i\ni,h'/.oc,  devil,  +  -ist.]  A  disbeliever  in  the 
existence  of  the  devil.     [Rare.] 

adiactinic  (ad"i-ak-tin'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  <i-  priv. 
(«-18)  +  diactinic]  Impervious  to  the  actinic 
or  chemical  rays  of  light. 

Adiantum  (ad-i-an'tum),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  rioVavroc, 
maidenhair,  prop.  adj..  unwetted  (in  reference 
to  the  resistance  which  the  fronds  offer  to  wet- 
ting),  <  "-  priv.  +  diavrdr,  capable  of  being  wet- 
led,  verbal  adj.  of  Aiairta;  wet.]  Alarge genus 
of  ferns,  widely  distributed,  and  great  favor- 
ites in  hothouses  on  account  of  their  beautiful 
forms,  it  includes  the  common  maidenhair  ferns,  A. 
CapUlus-Veneris  and  .1.  pedatum,  the  latter  peculiar  to 
North  America.  They  have  been  used  in  the  preparation 
of  capillaire. 

adiaphora,  ».    Plural  of  adiaphoron. 

adiaphoracyt  (ad-i-af'o-ra-si),  n.  [Improp.  for 
adiaphory:  see-acy.]    Indifference. 

adiaphoresis  (ad-i-af-o-re'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
«-  priv.  +  Aoa.'io/H/r,  throw  off  by  perspiration, 
lit.  carry  off  or  away,  <  6ia,  apart,  +  ftpeiv  = 
\'..  hem}  :  see  (f-l^aml  diaphorcxis.]  In  pathol.. 
deficiency  of  perspiration.  Also  written  adi- 
njihorosis. 

adiaphorism  (ad-i-af  'o-rizm),  «.  [<  adiapho- 
rous +  -ism.]  Religious  tolerance  or  moderation 
in  regard  to  indifferent  or  non-essential  mat- 
ters; hence,  latitudinarianism;  inditl'erentism. 
The  English  Thirty-nine  Articles  on  the  whole  are  ele- 
vated  by  the  same  lofty  adiaphorism  as  that  which  pene- 
trated the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith. 

Dean  Stanley,  in  Macmillans  Mag.,  XLIV.  291. 


adiaphorist 

adiaphorist  (ad-i-af'o-rist),  ».  [<  adiaphorous 
+  -ist.]  A  person  characterized  bj  indiffer- 
ence or  moderation,  especially  in  religious  mut- 
ters.   Specifically  [cap.],  a  follower  or  supporter  ol  Me. 

lanchthon  in  the  controversy  which  arose  in  the  refoi I 

church  in  the  sixteenth  century  regarding  certain  doe- 
trines  and  rites  publicly  admitted  by  Melanchthon  and 
his  party,  in  the  uocun  nt  known  as  the  Leipsic  Interim, 
to  be  matters  of  indifference.  See  interim.  Also  called 
adiaphorite. 

He  |  L.>r,i  Burleigh]  may  have  been  of  the  same  mind 
with  those  German  Protestants  who  were  called  Adiuph- 
orists,  and  who  considered  the  popish  rites  as  matters 
Indifferent  Macaulay,  Burleigh. 

adiaphoristic  (ad-i-af-o-ris'tik),  o.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  things  which  are  morally  indifferent ;  adi- 
aphorous.—  2.  Relating  to  the  adiaphorists. 
See  adiaphorist. 

adiaphorite  (ad-i-af'o-rit),  «.  [<  adiaphorous 
+  -tie2.]     Same  as  adiaphorist. 

adiaphoron  (ad-i-af'o-ron),  «.;  pi.  adiaphora 
(-ra).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ddiafopov,  neut.  of  ddm</>o/)of, 
indifferent:  see  adiaphorous.]  In  tlieol.  and 
ethics,  a  thing  indifferent;  a  tenet  or  practice 
which  may  be  considered  non-essential. 

Life  and  death  are  among  the  adiaphora  — things  indif- 
ferent, winch  may  be  chosen  or  rejected  according  to  cir- 
cumstances.    G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  175. 
He  [Luther]  classed  images  in  themselves  as  among  the 
adiaphora,  and  condemned  only  their  cultus. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  714. 

adiaphorosis  (ad-i-af-o-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  im- 
prop.  for  adiaphoresis,  assimilated  to  term. 
-osis,  q.  v.]     Same  as  adiaphoresis. 

adiaphorous  (ad-i-af'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  adidebopoe, 
not  different,  indifferent,  <  a-  priv.  +  did^opoc, 
different, <  dtatpipeiv  (=  L.  differe,  >  E.  differ),  <  did 
=  L.  dis-,  apart,  +  tycpeiv  =  ~L.  ferre=&.  bearl.  ] 
1.  Indifferent;  neutral;  morally  neither  right 
nor  wrong. 

Why  does  the  Church  of  Rome  charge  upon  others  the 
shameof  noveltyfor  leaving  of  some  rites  and  ceremonies 
which  by  her  own  practice  we  are  taught  to  have  no  ob- 
ligation in  them,  but  to  be  adiaphorous? 

Jer.  Taylor,  Liberty  of  Prophesying,  §  5. 

Hence  —  2f.  Applied  by  Boyle  to  a  spirit  nei- 
ther acid  nor  alkaline. —  3.  In  med.,  doing  nei- 
ther good  nor  harm,  as  a  medicament. 

adiaphoryt  (ad-i-af'o-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  dSiacbopia, 
indifference,  (ddtatyopoc:  see  adiaphorous.']  Neu- 
trality ;  indifference. 

adiapheustia  (ad'i-ap-nus'ti-ii),  »(.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
adtanvevGTia,  <  a-  priv.  4-  dunrvevOT-ucSc,  (.dtaKveiv, 
breathe  through,  perspire,  <  6ia,  through,  + 
Trve'iv,  breathe.]  Tnpathol.,  defective  perspira- 
tion; adiaphoresis.     Dunglison. 

adiathermanous  (a-di-a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  +  diatkerinanous,  q.  v.  Cf. 
adiathermic.]     Same  as  adiathermic. 

A  body  impervious  to  light  is  opaque,  impervious  to 
dark  heat  it  is  adiathermanous. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  448. 

adiathermic  (a-di-a-ther'mik),  a.  [<  <ir.  h- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  diathermic.]  Impervious  to  radi- 
ant heat. 
adicity  (a-dis'i-ti),  «.  [<  -ad1  (1)  +  -icily,  as 
in  atomicity,  periodicity.]  In  chem.,  combining 
capacity,  according  as  an  element  or  a  com- 
pound is  a  monad,  dyad,  etc. ;  same  as  rah  ncy. 
N.  E.  D. 

adieu  (a-du';  F.  pron.  a-dye'),  inter/.  [Early 
mod.  E.  adiew,  adew,  adue,  <  ME.  adew,  adewe, 
<  OF.  a  Dieu,  a  Deu,  mod.  F.  adieu,  to  which  the 
mod.  E.  conforms  in  spelling;  =  It.  addio  =  Sp. 
adios  or  a  Dins  =  Pg.  adeos  or  a  Dcos;  <  L.  ad 
Ileum:  ad,  to;  Deum,  ace.  of  Deus,  God:  see 
deity.  Cf.  good-by,  orig.  God  be  with  you.]  Lit- 
erally, to  God,  an  ellipsis  for  I  commend  you  to 
God  :  an  expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the  part- 
ing of  friends,  equivalent  to  farewell;  hence,  a 
parting  salutation  in  general :  as,  adieu  to  my 
hopes. 

Adewe,  and  adewe.  Mis ! 

Testament  of  Love,  ii.  '292. 
Adieu,  adieu!  my  native  shore 
hades  o'er  the  waters  blue. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  13. 
Delightful  summer!  then  adieu!  Hood,  Summer. 

=  Syn.  Adieu,  Farewell,  Ooud-by.  These  words  have 
completely  lost  their  original  meanings.  In  use  the  dif- 
ference between  them  is  only  one  of  formality,  good-by 
being  the  most  common,  and  adieu  the  most  formal.  By 
the  Society  of  Friends  (and  perhaps  some  other  sects)/are- 

well  is  preferred,  as  not  involving  the  careless  i 

the  name  of  God.     In  strict  propriety,  /unwell  is  a  parting 
salutation  to  persons  going  away. 
adieu  (a-du';  F.  pron.  a-dye'),  h.;  pi.  adieus  or 
(in  French  spelling)  adieux  (a-duz',  a-dye'). 
A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the  care  of  God : 
as,  an  everlasting  adieu;  to  make  one's  adii  us. 
We  took  our  last  adieu 
And  up  the  snowy  Splugen  drew. 

Tennyson,  Daisy. 


73 

adightt  (a-dit'i,  r.  I.     [< ME.  adihten,  adighten, 

<  AS.  •(idilitiin,  <  a-  +  dihtan,  arrange,  flight: 
see  dight]     To  set  in  order.     See  dight. 

adightt  (a-dit'i,  p.  a.  [< ME. adiht, adight, pp. : 
see  the  verb.]     Sot  in  order;  arrayed. 

ad  indefinitum  (ad  in-def-i-ni'tuin).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  indefinitum,  ace.  neut.  of  indefinitus,  indefi- 
nite: see  indefinite.]  To  the  indefinite ;  indefi- 
nitely; to  an  indefinite  extent.  An  expression  used 
by  some  writers  in  place  of  ad  infinitum,  as  being  in  their 
opinion  more  precise. 

ad  inf.  An  abbreviation  of  Latin  ad  infinitum 
(which  see). 

ad  infinitum  (ad  in-fi-ni'tum).  [L. :  ad,  to, 
unto;  infinitum,  ace.  neut.  of  injinitus,  infinite: 
see  infinite.]  To  infinity ;  endlessly ;  on  ami  on 
without  end ;  through  an  infinite  series. 

adinole  (ad'i-nol),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain.]  A 
hard,  compact  rock,  composed  of  quartz  and 
albite,  produced  by  the  alteration  of  certain 
schists  due  to  the  influence  of  intruded  dia- 
base. 

ad  inquirendum  (ad  in-kwi-ren'dum).  [L.,  for 
the  purpose  of  inquiring:  ad,  to,  for;  inquiren- 
dum, gerund  of  inquirere,  inquire  :  see  inquire.] 
In  laic,  a  judicial  writ  commanding  inquiry  to 
be  made  concerning  a  cause  depending  in  a 
court. 

ad  int.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  interim  (which 
see). 

ad  interim  (ad  in'ter-im).  [L. :  ad,  to,  f or ;  in- 
terim, meanwhile  :  see  interim.]  In.  the  mean 
time  ;  for  the  present. 

adios  (a-de'os),  interj.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  adeos  =  It. 
addio  — V.  adieu :  see  adiew.]  Adieu  ;  good-by. 
[Southwestern  U.  S.] 

adipate  (ad'i-pat),  n.  [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 
+  -ate1:  see  adipic.  Cf.  L.  adipatus,  supplied 
with  fat.]     A  salt  of  adipic  acid. 

adipescent  (ad-i-pes 'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adeps 
(adip-),  fat,  +  -esccnt.]     Becoming  fatty. 

adipic  (a-dip'ik),  a.     [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat,  + 

-ic* :  see  adeps.]   Of  or  belonging  to  fat Adipic 

acid,  CoH](1<>4,  an  acid  obtained  by  treating  oleic  acid 
or  fatty  bodies  with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  soft,  white 
nodular  crusts,  which  seem  to  be  aggregates  of  small 
crystals. 

adipocerate  (ad-i-pos'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adipoeerated,  ppr.  adihoceraUng.  [<  adipocere 
+  -ate2.]     To  convert  into  adipocere.     Craig. 

adipoceration  (ad-i-pos-e-ra'shon),  ».  The  net 
of  changing  or  the  state  of  being  changed  into 
adipocere.     Craig. 

adipocere  (ad'i-po-ser"),  n.  [=F.  adipocire,  < 
L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat,  +  cera,  wax.]  A  soft 
imctuous  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light-brown 
color,  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  ani- 
mal matter  when  protected  from  tho  air,  and 
under  certain  conditions  of  temperature  and 
humidity.  It  consists  chiefly  of  ammonium 
margarate,  with  an  admixture  of  tho  marga- 
rates  of  potassium  and  calcium Adipocere  min- 
eral, a  fatty  matter  found  in  some  peat-mosses,  and  in  the 
argillaceous  iron  ore  of  Merthyr-Tydvil,  Wales;  adipoce- 
rite.  It  is  inodorous  when  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits 
a  slightly  bituminous  odor.  Also  called  adipneerite  and 
hatchettin. 

adipoceriform  (ad''i-po-ser'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  adi- 
pocere +  L.  -formis,  <  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  appearance  or  form  of  adipocere. 

adipocerite  (ad-i-pos'e-rit),  «.     [<  adipocere  + 

-itc'2.]     Adipocere  mineral.     See  adipocere. 

adipocerous  (ad-i-pos'e-ms),  a.  Relating  to 
adipocere  ;  containing  adipocere. 

adipocire  (ad'i-po-ser"),  «.  [F. :  see  adipocere.] 
Same  as  adipocere. 

adipo-fibroma  (ad  i-po-fi-bro'ma),  n.  Same  as 
lipo-fibroma. 

adipoma  (ad-i-po'ma),  n.    Same  as  lipoma. 

adipose  (ad'i-pos),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  adipeux,  Sp. 
adiposo,  etc.,  <  NL.  adiposus,  <L.  adeps  (adip-), 
fat:  see  adeps.]  I.  a.  Fatty;  consisting  of,  re- 
sembling, or  having  relation  to  fat Adipose 

arteries,  the  branches  of  the  diaphragmatic,  capsular,  and 
renal  arteries  which  nourish  the  fat  around  the  kidneys, 
—Adipose  body,  in  entom.,  a  peculiar  fatty  substance 
occupying  a  considerable  portion  of  the  interior  of  the 
body,  and  especially  abundant  in  the  full-grown  larva?  of 
insects,  consisting  of  a  yellowish  lobulated  mass  lining  the 
walls  of  the  body-cavity  and  filling  up  the  spaces  between 
the  viscera.  Dallas.— Adipose  fin,  a  posterior  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, generally  sacciform  or  pedunculated  and  more 
or  less  fat-like,  but  sometimes  carinifonn,  developed  in 
certain  fishes,  especially  the  salmonids  and  silnrids. — Adi- 
pose membrane,  the  cell-wall  of  a  fat-cell ;  the  ex- 
tremely delicate  structureless  membrane  which  surrounds 
a  fat-globule  or  vesicle  of  fat.-  Adipose  sac,  a  fat  tell 
or  fat-vesicle  whose  limiting  cell -wall  consists  of  an  adi- 
pose membrane,  and  whose  contents  arc  a  globule  of  fat. 
Adipose  tissue,  a  connective  tissue  of  loose  structure 
containing  masses  of  fat  cells,  that  is,  cells  in  which  the 
protoplasm  bus  been  largely  replaced  by  fat.  Adipose 
tissue  underlies  the  skin,  invests  the  kidneys,  etc.  — Adi- 
posn  tumor,  a  lipoma. 


adjacently 

II.  «.     Fat  in  general;  specifically,  the  fat 
on  the  kidneys. 

adiposis  (ad-i'-po'sisi,  n.  [NL.,  <  b.  adeps  (adip-), 
fat,  +  -osis.]     1.  General  corpulency. —  2.  The 

accumulation  of  fat  in  or  upon  ;i  single  organ. 

adiposity  (ad-i-pos'i-ty),  «.    [<NL.  as  it 
positas,  <  adiposus :  see  adipose  and -ity.]    Fat- 
ness; adiposis. 

adipous  (ad'i-pus),  a.  [<L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 
+  -cms.  Cf.  adipose.]  Fat;  of  the  nature  of 
fat;  adipose. 

adipsia  (a-dip'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  "adctpia, 
absence  of  thirst,  <  aikfuc,  not  thirsty:  see  adip- 
sous.]  In  med.,  absence  of  thirst.  Also  called 
adipsy. 

adipsous  (a-dip'sus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d&i/'°f,  not  thirsty, 
<  a-  priv.  +  difa,  thirst :  see  adipsia.]  Tending 
to  quench  thirst,  as  certain  fruits. 

adipsy  (ad'ip-si),  n.     Same  as  adipsia. 

adit  (ad'it),  n.  [<  L.  aditus,  an  approach,  < 
adi/re,  pp.  aditus,  approach,  <  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go: 
see  itinerant.  Cf.  exit.]  1.  An  entrance  or  a 
passage;  specifically,  in  mining,  a  nearly  hori- 
zontal excavation,  ordrift  (which  see),  specially 
used  to  conduct  from  the  interior  to  the  surface 
the  water  which  either  comes  into  the  workings 
from  above  oris  pumped  up  from  below.  The  word 
tunnel  is  in  general  use  in  the  United  States,  and  especially 
in  the  western  mining  regions,  for  adit ;  but  the  former 
properly  signifies  an  excavation  open  at  both  ends,  such  as 
is  used  in  railroads.  When  there  are  two  or  more  adits, 
the  lowest  is  called  the  deep  adit.  Adits  are  occasionally 
several  miles  in  length.  The  so-called  Sutro  tunnel, 
draining  the  Comstock  lode  at  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  is 
the  most  extensive  work  of  this  kind  yet  constructed  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  about  20,000  feet  in  length,  and 
intersects  the  lode  at  a  depth  of  about  2000  feet.  Also 
called  adit-level.  See  cut  under  level. 
2.  Milit.,  a  passage  under  ground  by  which 
miners  approach  the  part  they  intend  to  sap. 
Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. —  3.  Admission;  access; 
approach.     [Rare.] 

Yourself  and  yours  shall  have 
Free  adit.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vi. 

aditiont  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  L.  aditio(n-),  ap- 
proach, <  adire:  see  adit.]  The  act  of  ap- 
proaching. 

adit-level  (ad'it-lev'el),  «.     Same  as  adit,  1. 

adive  (a-div'),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Same  as  corsak. 

adj.    An  abbreviation  of  adjective. 

adjacence  (ti-ja'sens),  n.  [OIL.  adjacentin,  < 
L.  adjacen(l-)s :  sue  adjacent.]  The stateof  be- 
ing adjacent ;  adjacency. 

adjacency  ( a-ja'sen-si  I,  ». ;  pi.  adjacencies  (-siz). 

1.  The  state  of  being  adjacent,  or  of  lying  close 
or  contiguous ;  proximity  or  near  neighborhood : 
as,  the  adjacency  of  lands  or  buildings. —  2.  That 
which  is  adjacent.     [Rare.] 

Distracted  by  the  vicinity  of  adjacencies. 

Sii   /'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 

All  lands  beyond  their  own  and  its  frontier  adjacencies. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

adjacent  (a-ja'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adja- 
cen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjacere,  lie  near,  <  ad,  to,  + 
jacerc,  lie:  seejaccnt.]  I.  a.  Lying  near,  close, 
or  contiguous  ;  adjoining ;  neighboring :  as,  a 
field  adjacent  to  the  highway. 

Sauntering  .  .  .  along  the  banks  of  the  adjacent  mill- 
pond.  Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Tribes  which  are  larger,  or  better  organized,  or  both, 
conquer  adjacent  tribes  and  annex  them. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  448. 

Adjacent  angles.  See  angles.  =  Syn.  Adjacent,  Adjoin- 
ing, Contiguous.  These  words  apply  only  to  material 
things;  if  they  are  applied  to  abstract  things,  it  is  only  by 
considerable  liberty  in  figurative  use.  They  are  not  ap- 
plicable to  separate  persons  or  animals  under  any  circum- 
stances. Adjacent  Milages,  camps,  herds;  adjoining  fields; 
contiguous  houses:  not  adjacent  soldiers,  cattle.  Adja- 
cent, lying  near,  neighboring,  but  not  necessarily  in  con- 
tact. New  York  and  the  towns  adjacent.  Adjoining,  joining 
to  or  on,  so  as  to  touch.  Contiguous,  touching  along  a  c<  >n- 
siderable  line. 

From  the  barge 
A  strange  invisible  perfume  hits  the  sense 
Of  the  adjacent  wharfs.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

The  Fire  Tender  is  in  the  adjoining  library,  pretending 
to  write.  C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  72. 

[The  Emperor  of  Morocco]  is  the  only  full-blown  despot 
whose  dominions  lie  contiguous  to  civilization. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  215. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  is  next  or  contiguous; 
an  abutting  neighbor.     [Rare.] 
No  adjacent,  no  equal,  no  co-rival. 

Shelford,  Learned  Discourses,  p.  220. 

2.  In  logic,  a  predicate.  — propositions  of  second 
adjacent,  propositions  in  which  the  copula  and  predicate 
arc  merged.—  Propositions  of  third  adjacent  (transla 
tion  of  Greek  irpoTatri?  t«  Tptrou  KaTnyopovfj-evov),  proposi- 
tions whose  copula  and  predicate  are  separated. 

adjacently  (a-ja'sent-li),  adv.  So  as  to  be  ad- 
jacent. 


adjag 

adjag  (aj'ag),  ».  [Native  name  in  Java.]  A 
kind  of  wild  dog,  linns  rutilans,  found  in  Java. 

The  dog  tribe  is  represented  by  the  fox-like  adjag  (l 
rutilans),  which  limits  in  ferocious  packs. 

Encye.  Brit.,  Mil.  603. 

adject  (a-jekt'),  ».  t.  [<  L.  adjectus,  pp.  of 
adjicere,  usually  contr.  adicere,  add,  put  to, 
<  ad,  to,  +  jacere,  throw:  see  jactation,  jet1.'] 
To  add  or  put,  ;ts  one  thing  to  another;  annex. 
[Rare.] 

Lanstiifiin  castel  and  lordship  by  the  new  act  is  .  .  . 
adjected  to  Pembrokeshire.         Leland,  Itinerary,  III.  26. 

adjection  (a-jek'shpn), n.  [<L.  adjectioin-),  an 
addition,  <  adjicere,  adicere,  add:  see  adject] 
The  act  of  adjecting  or  adding,  or  the  thing 
added.     [Bare.] 

This  is  added  to  complete  our  happiness,  by  the  adjec- 
tion oi  eternity.  V>v-  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  xii. 

adjectitious  (ad-jek-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  adjec- 
titius,  better  spelled  adji  ctirms,  added,  beside,  < 
h.  adjectus,  pp.:  Bee  adject.']  Added;  additional: 
as,  "  adjectitious  work,"  Maundrcll.  [Rare.] 
adjectival  (ad-jek-ta'val  or  aj'ek-ti-val),  a. 
[(.adjective  +  -at.]  Belonging  to  or  like  an  ad- 
jective ;  having  the  import  of  an  adjective. 

The  more  frequent  employment  of  both  the  participles 
with  ail  adjectival  syntax  is,  in  its  origin,  a  Gallicism. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  65S. 

Relatively  to  the  real,  which  is  substantival,  the  idea 

is  adjectival.  Wind,  IX.  127. 

adjectivally  (ad-jek-ti'val-i  or  aj'ek-ti-val-i), 
adv.  By  way  of  or  as  an  adjective  :  as,  a  noun 
or  participle  adjectivally  used. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  adjectivus, 
that  is  added  (only  as  a  grammatical  term),  <  ad- 
jectus, pp.  of  adjicere,  add:  seeadject.]  I,  a.  1, 
Naming  or  forming  an  adjunct  to  a  noun:  as, 
an  adjective  name. — 2.  Pertaining  to  an  adjec- 
tive :  as,  the  adjective  use  of  a  noun. —  3.  Added 
oradjected;  additional.  [Rare.]— Adjective  col- 
or, in  d yeing,  a  color  which  is  not  absorbed  directly  from 
its  solution  by  the  fibers  of  the  substance  dyed,  but  can  be 
fixed  only  by  a  mordant  or  by  some  other  means :  opposed  to 
substantive  color,  which  the  fibers  directly  absorb.— Ad- 
jective law.  See  law.—  Noun  adjective,  a  word  stand- 
ing for  the  name  of  an  attribute :  now  usually  adjective,  n. 
See  below. 

II.  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  to  qualify, 
limit,  or  define  a  noun,  or  a  word  or  phrase 
which  has  the  value  of  a  noun ;  a  part  of  speech 
expressing  quality  or  condition  as  belonging  to 
something:  thus,  whiteness  is  the  name  of  a 
quality,  and  is  a  noun ;  white  means  possessing 
whiteness,  and  so  is  an  adjective.  The  adjective 
is  used  attributively,  appositively,  or  predicatively  :  thus, 
attributively  in  "a  wise  ruler";  appositively,  in  "a  ruler 
wise  and  good";  predicatively,  in  "the  ruler  is  wise." 
Commonly  abbreviated  to  a.  or  adj. 
2f.  A  dependant  or  an  accessory;  a  secondary 
or  subsidiary  part. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  v.  t.  To  make  an  adjec- 
tive of;  form  into  an  adjective  ;  give  the  char- 
acter of  an  adjective  to.    [Rare.] 

In  English,  instead  of  adjectiving  our  own  nouns,  we 
have  borrowed  in  immense  numbers  adjectived  signs  from 
other  languages,  without  I. on-owing  the  nnailjeetived  siejis 
of  these  ideas.  tin, tie  Tooke,  Purley. 

adjectively  (aj'ek-tiv-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  an  adjective:  as,  the  word  is  here  used  ad- 
jectivt  ly. 

adjiger  (aj'i-ger),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Hind. 
ajgar.]  A  largo  Indian  rock-snake,  l'ythonmo- 
lurus.     See  anaconda. 

adjoin  (a-join'),  v.  [<  ME.  ajoinen,  <  OF.  ajoin- 
drt  '  I'.  adjoindn  I,  <  L.  adjungere,  <  ml,  to.  + 
jungere,  join :  see  join.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  join 
on  or  add  ;  unite;  annex:  or  append. 

A  massy  wheel  .  .  . 
i     whosi   hugi    pokes  ten  thousand  lesser  thing 
\e  tnortis'd ana adjoin'd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  be  contiguous  to  or  in  contact  with  :  as, 

his  house   adjoins  tho   lake;  a  field  adjoining 
the  lawn. 

\-      MI,, 

i  oi  1 1 gon  a  summer's  morn,  to  breathe 

I  \  tUages  and  farms 

h  thing  met  conceives  delight. 

Hilton,  P.  I...  is.  44». 

II.   intrans.    1.  To  be  contiguous  ;  lie  or  be 

next,  or  in   contact  :   with  to:   as,  "a  l'arni  ail- 

joining  ><>  (be  bdghway,"  Blackstone. — 2f.  To 
approach  ;  join. 

she  Lightly  unto  him  adjouned  sydi  to 

; i    v     Ml.  vii.  42. 

adjoinantt  (-a-joi'nant),  ».     [<  P.  adjoignant, 
ppr.  of  adjomare :  see  adjoin.]    Contiguous. 
To  the  town  there  is  adjoinani  in  gib      .     an  ancient 
R.Carew  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

adjoint  (aj'oint),  b.  [<  F.  adjoin^  assistant, 
adjunct,  prop.  pp.  of  adjiundri ,  adjoin,  assign 


74 

as  an  assistant:  see  adjoin.]  If.  One  who  is 
joined  or  associated  with  another  as  a  helper; 
an  adjunet.     [Rare.] 

You  are,  madam,  I  perceive,  said  he,  a  public  minister, 
and  this  lady  is  your  adjoint. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  108. 

2.  [Pron.  a-jwah'.]  In  France,  specifically — 
(a)  An  assistant  of  or  substitute  for  the  mayor 
of  a  commune,  or  in  Paris  of  an  arrondisse- 
ment.  (6)  An  assistant  professor  in  a  col- 
lege. 

adjourn  (a-jern'),  v.  [<ME.  ajournen,  ajornen, 
<  OF.  ajorner,  ajurner,  F.  ajourner='Pg.  ajor- 
imr  =  It.  aggiornare,  <  ML.  adiurnare,  adjurnare, 
adjomare,  fix  a  day,  summon  for  a  particular 
day,  <  L.  ad,  to,  4-  LL.  "diurnus,  *jurnus,  *jornus 
(>  It.  giorno  =  Pr.  jorn  =  OF.  jor,  jur,  F.  jour,  a 
day),  <  L.  diurnus,  daily,  <  dies,  day :  see  diurnal, 
/■Hi mat.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  off  or  defei',  prop- 
erly to  another  day,  but  also  till  a  later  period 
indefinitely. 

Or  liow  the  sun  shall  in  mid  heaven  stand  still 
A  day  entire,  and  night's  due  course  adjourn. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  264. 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  adjourn  the  reformation  of 

their  lives  to  a  further  time.  Barrow. 

Specifically — 2.  To  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  future  day 
or  to  another  place  ;  also,  defer  or  postpone  to 
a  future  meeting  of  the  same  body :  as,  the 
court  adjourned  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

The  queen  being  absent,  'tis  a  needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  this  court  till  further  day. 

Skak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  suspend  a  sitting  or  trans- 
action till  another  day,  or  transfer  it  to  another 
place:  usually  said  of  legislatures,  courts,  or 
other  formally  organized  bodies :  as,  the  legis- 
lature adjourned  at  four  o'clock;  the  meeting 

adjourned  to  the  town  hall To  adjourn  sine  die 

(literally,  to  adjourn  without  day),  to  adjourn  without  set- 
ting a  time  to  reconvene  or  sit  again  ;  specifically,  to  ad- 
journ without  intending  or  expecting  to  sit  again:  the 
usual  formula  of  minutes  recording  the  proceedings  oi  a 
body,  as  a  court  martial,  whose  existence  terminates  with 
the  business  for  which  it  was  convened. 

adjournal  (a-jer'nal),  n.  [<  adjourn  +  -at.] 
In  Scots  lair',  the  proceedings  of  a  single  day 
in,  or  of  a  single  sitting  of,  the  Court  of  Justi- 
ciary: equivalent  to  sederunt  as  applied  to  a 
civil  court — Act  of  adjournal,  the  record  of  a  sen- 
tence iu  a  criminal  cause. — Book  of  adjournal,  a  book 
containing  the  records  of  the  Court  of  Justiciary. 

adjournment  (a-jern'ment),  n.    [<  OF.  ajourne- 

iiient,  earlier ajornenu  lit :  nee  adjourn  and  -mint.] 

1.  The  act  of  postponing  or  deferring. 

We  run  our  lives  out  in  adjourn  mints  fn  mi  time  to  time. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  The  act  of  discontinuing  a  meeting  of  a 
public  or  private  body  or  the  transaction  of  any 
business  until  a  fixed  date  or  indefinitely. — 

3.  The  period  during  which  a  public  body  ad- 
journs its  sittings:  as,  during  an  adjournment 
of  six  weeks — Adjournment  in  eyre,  in  old  Eng. 
law,  the  appointment  by  the  justices  in  eyre,  or  circuit 
judges,  of  a  day  for  future  session.  =  Syn.  Adjournment, 
Recess,  Prorogation,  Dissolution.  Adjournment  is  the  act 
by  which  an  assembly  suspends  its  session  in  virtue  of 
authority  inherent  in  itself ;  it  may  be  also  the  time  or  in- 
terval of  such  suspension.  A  recess  is  a  customary  sus- 
pension of  business,  as  during  the  period  of  certain 
recognized  or  legal  holidays:  as,  the  Easter  recess;  a 
,v,v,,,'  fur  Washington's  birthday.  Recess  is  also  popu- 
larly used  for  a  brief  suspension  of  business  for  any  reason  : 
as,  it  was  agreed  that  there  be  a  recess  of  ten  minutes. 
\  prorogatum  is  lie-  adjournment  of  the  sittings  of  a 
legislative  body  at  the  instance  of  the  authority  which 
called  it  together,  as  the  sovereign ;  during  a  prorogal  ion 
it  can  hold  no  sittings,  but  in  order  to  resume  business 
must  be  again  summoned:  the  close  of  a  session  ol  lie' 
British  Parliament  Is  called  a  prorogation.  Dissolution 
is  i be  act  by  which  tie-  body,  as  such,  is  broken  up,  and  its 
members  are  finally  discharged  from  their  duties.  The 
United  states  House  of  Representatives  dissolves  every 

tWO  years  at  a  time  fixed  by  law,   but  the  Senate  has  a 

continuous  Ufe,i and  therefore  adjourns  from tC 

to  another.      The  dissolution  of   the  British  l'aili I 

necessitates  a  new  election  ;  the  dissolution  of  the  I  nited 
States  Bouse  ol  Representatives  is  provided  tor  by  law,  an 
election  being  previously  held, 

adjoustt,  v.     Obsolete  form  of  adjust. 

adjt.    A  contraction  of  adjutant. 

adjudge  (a-juj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  adjudged, 

ppr.   adjudging.      [<  ME.  ailjngen.  ajugi  u,  <  OF. 

ajugier,  ajiigrr.  P.  adjuger,  <  L.  adjudicate, 
award,  decide,  (ad,  to,  +  judicarc,  decide:  see 
judge  and  adjudicate.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  award 
judicially;  assign:  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged 
to  him. 

\\.\\  ran  mad,  because  his  arms  were  adjudged  to 
Ulysses.  Burton,  Anal,  ol  MeL,  p.  165. 

2.  To  decide  by  a  judicial  opinion  or  sentence; 
adjudicate  upon ;  determine;  settle. 


adjunct 

Happily  we  are  not  without  authority  on  this  point. 
It  has  been  considered  and  adjudged. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  March  lo,  1818. 
3.  To  pass  sentence  on ;  sentence  or  condemn. 
Those  rebel  spirits  adjudged  to  hell. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  823. 

4+.  To  deem;  judge;  consider.     [Rare.] 

He  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.    Knolles. 
=  Syn.  To  decree,  adjudicate. 
II.  intrans.  To  decree;  decide;  pass  sentence. 
There  let  him  still  victor  sway. 
As  battel  hath  adjudged.  Milton,  p.  i,.,  x.  377. 

adjudgeable  (a-juj' a- bl),  a.  [<  adjudge  + 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  adjudged. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiar  position  of 
being  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable. 

Knciie.  Brit.,  IV.  68. 

adjudgement,  ».    See  adjudgment. 
adjudger  (a-juj'er),  n.     One  who  adjudges. 
adjudgment  (a-juj'ment),  n.     The  act  of  ad- 
judging; adjudication;  sentence.    Also  spelled 
adjudgement. 
The  adjudgment  of  the  punishment. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist.  Eng. 

adjudicataire  (a-jii  'di-ka-tar'),  re.  [F.,  <  L. 
adjudicatus,  pp.  of  adjudicate :  see  adjudicate.] 
In  Canada,  a  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale. 

adjudicate  (a-jo'di-kat),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
judicated, ppr.  adjudicating.  [<  L.  adjudicatus, 
pp.  of  adjudicate,  award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  + 
judicare,  judge:  see  adjudge  and  judge.]  I. 
trans.  To  adjudge ;  pronounce  judgment  upon ; 
award  judicially. 

Superior  force  may  end  in  conquest ;  .  .  .  but  it  cannot 
adjudicate  any  right.       Stunner,  True  Grand,  of  Nations. 

II.  iu  Ivans.  To  sit  iu  judgment ;  give  a  judi- 
cial decision  :  with  upon :  as,  the  court  adjudi- 
cated upon  the  case. 

From  the  whole  taken  in  continuation,  but  not  from  any 
one  as  an  insulated  principle,  you  come  into  a  power  of 
adjudicating  upon  the  pretensions  of  the  whole  theory. 

De  IJ»iin>  y,  style,  ii. 

adjudication  (a-jo-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjuili- 
caUo(n-),  <  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.]     1.  The 

act  of  adjudicating;  the  act  or  process  of  deter- 
mining or  adjudging;  a  passing  of  judgment. 

To  pass  off  a  verdict  of  personal  taste,  under  the  guise 

of  an  adjudication  of  science.    F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  81. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  A  judicial  sentence ;  judg- 
ment or  decision  of  a  court,  (ft)  The  act  of  a 
court  declaring  an  ascertained  fact :  as,  an 
adjudication  of  bankruptcy. 

The  consequence  of  adjudication  is  that  all  the  bank- 
rupt's property  vests  in  the  registrar  of  the  court  until 
the  appointment  by  the  creditors  of  a  trustee,  and  there- 
after in  the  trustee.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  343. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  diligence  or  process  by 
which  land  is  attached  in  security  for  or  in 
payment  of  a  debt. -Articulate  adjudication,  in 
Scots  law,  adjudication  which  is  often  used  where  there 
are  more  debts  than  one  due  to  the  adjudging  creditor ;  in 
which  case  it  is  usual  to  accumulate  each  debt  by  itself, 
so  that,  in  case  of  an  error  iu  ascertaining  or  calculating 
one  of  the  debts,  the  error  may  affect  only  that  debt.— 
Effectual  adjudication,  in  Scots  law,  a  form  of  action 
by  which  ical  property  is  attached  by  a  creditor.  — Former 
adjudication,  in  law,  a  previous  judicial  decision  be- 
tween the  sane-  parties  or  those  Whom  they  succeed, 
available,  or  sought  to  be  made-  available,  te>  bar  a  subse- 
quent litigation  involving  the  same  point. 

adjudicator  (a-jo'di-ka-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
judicator,  <  adjudicare:  see  adjudicate.]  One 
who  adjudicates. 

adjudicature  (a-jo'di-ka-tur  ),  ».  [<  adjudi- 
cate +  -arc]  The  act  or  process  of  adjudi- 
cating ;  adjudication. 

adjugatet  (aj'o-gat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  adjugatus,  pp. 

of  inljiigari,   unite,    <  '/'/,   to,  +  jugare,  join,  < 
jugiim  ('=  E.  yoke),  (.jungere,  join :  see  yoke  and 
join.]    To  yoke  lo.     Bailey. 
adjumentt  (aj'8-ment ),  n.     [<  L.  adjiimcntum.  a 
means  of  aid,  a  contr.  of  'adjurami  ntuiii,  <  ad- 

juvare,  help,  aid:  see  aid.]    Help;  support; 
that  which  supports  or  assists. 
Nerves  are  adjitinnits  to  corpora]  activity. 

Waterhouse,  Fortescue,  p.  197. 

adjunct  (aj'ungkt),  a.  and  re.  [<  L.  adjunetus, 
joined  to,  added,  pp.  of  adjungere  :  see  adjoin.] 
I.  a.  1.  United  with  another  (generally  in  a 
subordinate  capacity)  in  office  or  in  action  of 
any  kind:  as.  an  adjunct  professor. — 2.  Added 

to  or  conjoined  with,  its  a  consequence;  attend- 
ing;  accompanying. 

Though  that  my  death  were  adjunct  to  my  act, 

By  Seaven,  I  would  do  it.        Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

Adjunct  diagnostics.  See  diagnostic.— Adjunct  note, 
in  music,  an  unaccented  auxiliary  note  not  forming  an 
essential  part  of  the  harmony. 

II.  n.  1.  Something  added  to  another,  but 
not  essentially  a  part  of  it. 


s,  there  are 
the  siu.lv  of 

m,   lli.'t.  Sci. 


adjunct 

Learning  is  but  an  adjunct  i"  ourself. 

shale.,  1..  1..  I...  iv.  ::. 

Discretion  in  its  several  adjuncts  and  circumstances  is 

nowhere  so  useful  as  t,.  the  clergy.  Swift, 

2.  A  person  joined  to  another  in  some  duty  or 

se'rvico;  an  assistant  or  subordinate  colleague. 

An  adjunct  of  singular  experience  and  trust. 

Sir  U.  Wotton. 

In  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  at  I'a 
twelve  members  called  adjuncts  attached  t 
s.uue  particular  science.  Bucha 

3.  In  metaph.,  any  quality  of  a  thing  not  per- 
taining to  its  essence. — 4.  In  gram.,  a  word  or 
a  number  of  words  added  to  define,  limit,  or 
qualify  the  force  of  another  word  or  other 
words';  a  word  or  phrase  having  value  in  a  sen- 
tence only  as  dependent  on  another  member 
of  the  sentence,  as  an  adjective,  an  adverb,  the 
words  of  a  dependent  clause,  ete. —  5.  In  music, 
a  scale  or  key  closely  related  to  another;  a 
relative  scale   or  key.—  External,  internal,  etc., 

adjunct.     -See  the  adjectives. 

adjunction (a-jungk'shon),  n.  [<h.adjuitelio(n-), 
< adjungere,  join:  see  adjoin.']     1.  The  act  of 


75 

Adjust  the  event  to  the  prediction. 

Addison,  Def.  nf  Christ.  Kelig. 

According  to  Hclmholtz,  then,  weadjust  the  eye  t 11 

objects  hy  contraction  of  the  ciliary  muscle. 

/.-  I  'ont ,  Sight,  p.  44. 

The  living  body  Is  not  only  sustained  and  reproduced: 
it  adjusts  itself  to  external  and  internal  changes. 

Huxley,  Animal  Automatism. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  bring  to  a  proper  state  or  position  :  us,  to 
adjust  ;i  scheme;  to  adjust  affairs;  "adjusting 
the  orthography,"  Johnson. 

To  adjust  the  focal  distance  of  his  optical  instruments. 
J.  S.  Mil',  Logic,  i.  i- 

3.  To  settle  or  bring  to  a  satisfactory  state,  so 
that  parties  are  agreed  in  the  result:  as,  to 
adjust  accounts. 

Half  tla'  differences  of  the  parish  arc  adjusted  in  this 
very  parlour.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer. 

4f.  To  put  forward;  suggest.  Chaucer. —  5f. 
To  add.  Ciuimi.  =Syn.  To  suit,  arrange,  dispose,  trim, 
proportion,  balance,  conform,  set  light,  rectify,  reconcile. 

adjustable  (a-jus'ta-bl),  a.    [<  adjust  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  adjusted, 
joining;  the  state  of  being  joined.— 2.  The  adjustably  (a-jus'ta-bli),  adr.     As  regards  ad- 
thing  joined.— 3.  In  civil  hue,  the  joining  of    justnient .;  so' as  to  be  capable  of  adjustment. 
one  person's  property  to  that  of  another  per-        ^  )il.(|  js  n,.w  at,jmtaUy  in  place  by  mea„s  of  screw- 
manently,  as  the  building  ot  a  house  upon  an-    ))0lts  '  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  329. 

other's  land 
canvas,  anc 

adjunctive  (.a-jungn-tiv),  a.  ana  n.     ^  u.  aa-  busier  (a-jus'ter),  n.    A  person  who  adjusts 
junctivus,  that  is  joined,  <  adjunetus,  pp. :  s. 


as  tno  ouiiamg  oi  a  nouse  upon  an-     iJOits. 
id,  painting  of  a  picture  on  another's     j:„„t,„p.  (•a.iug'tai1 
id  the  like.    Bapcdje  and  Lawrence.     a$.     nf.f^ J        ■"' 
i  (a-jungk'tiv),  a.  and  n,     [<  L.  ad-  .j^JL /^/teri.  n. 


Adjustment.    Sylves- 


see 
adjunct.]  I.  a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
joining. 

II.  n.  One  who  or  that,  which  is  joined. 

adjunctively  (a-jungk'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
junctive manner;  as  an  adjunct. 

adjunctly  (aj'imgkt-li),  adv.  In  connection 
with ;  by  way  of  addition  or  adjunct ;  as  an 
adjunct. 

ad  jura  regis  (ad  jo'rii  re'jis).  [L.,  to  the 
rights  of  the  king:  ad,  to;  jura,  ace.  pi.  of  jus 
(jur-),  right;  regis,  gen.  of  rex  (reg-),  king.] 
An  old  English  writ  to  enforce  a  presentation 
by  the  king  to  a  living,  against  one  who  sought 
to  eject  the  clerk  presented. 

adjuration (aj-o-ra'shon),  n.  [< L.  adjuratio(n-), 
<  adjurare  :  see  adjure.]  1.  The  act  of  adjur- 
ing ;  a  solemn  charging  on  oath,  or  under  the 
penalty  of  a  curse;  hence,  an  earnest  appeal 
or  question. 

To  the  adjuration  of  the  high-priest,  "Art  thou  the 
Christ,  the  soil  of  the  blessed  God?"  our  Saviour  replies  in 
St.  Matthew,  "Thou  hast  said." 

Blackwall,  Sacred  Classics,  II.  163. 

2.  A  solemn  oath. 

To  restrain  the  significance  too  much,  or  too  much  to 
enlarge  it,  would  make  the  adjuration  either  not  so 
weighty  or  not  so  pertinent. 

Milton,  Keason  of  Church  Gov.,  i. 

adjuratory  (a-jo'ra-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adjurato- 
rius,  <  adjurator,  one  who  adjures,  <  adjurare : 
see  abjure.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing  adju- 
ration; of  the  nature  of  an  adjuration:  as,  an 
adjuratory  appeal. 

adjure  (a-jor  ),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adjured,  ppr. 
adjuring.  [<  ME.  adjuren,  <  L.  adjurare,  swear 
to',  adjure,  <  ad,  to,  +jurare,  swear:  see  jurat. 
Cf.  abjure,  conjure,  and  perjure.]  1.  To  charge, 
bind,  or  command,  earnestly  and  solemnly,  of- 
ten with  an  appeal  to  God  or  the  invocation  of 
a  curse  in  case  of  disobedience ;  hence,  to  en- 
treat or  request  earnestly:  as,  "I  adjure  thee 
by  the  living  God,"  Mat.  xxvi.  63;  his  friend 
adjured  him  to  be  careful. 

Joshua  adjured  them  at  that  time,  saying,  Cursed  be 
the  man  before  the  Lord,  that  riseth  up  and  buildeth  this 
city  Jericho.  Josh.  vi.  26. 

2.  To  swear  by :  as,  to  adjure  the  holy  name 
of  God.  [Bare.]  =Syn.  1.  To  conjure,  implore,  en- 
join, pray,  lieu,  entreat,  licseecli,  supplicate. 

adjurer  (a-jor'er),  n.     One  who  adjures. 

adjust  (a-just')j  v.  t.  [<  F.  "adjuster,  to  ad- 
just, set  "aptly,  couch  evenly,  joyn  handsomly, 
match  fitly,  dispose  orderly,  several  things  to- 
gether" (Cotgrave),  now  ajuster  (=  It.  aggius- 
tarc,  aggiostare  =  Pg.  Sp.  ajnstar),  arrange, 
dispose,  fit,  etc.,  <  ML.  adjustare,  in  form  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  Justus,  just,  but  suggested  by  <  )!•'.  ajus- 
ter,  "ajouster,  to  add,  adjoyn,  set  or  put  unto; 
also,  increase,  augment,  eek,  also  as  adjuster  " 
(Cotgrave)  (>  ME.  ajusten,  adjousten,  add,  put, 
suggest),  P.  ajouter  (see  adjute),  lit.  put  side 
by  side,  <  ML.  adjuxtare,  put  side  by  side,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  juxta,  near,  lit.  adjoining,  from  same 
root  as  jungere,  join:  see  juxtaposition.]  1.  To 
fit,  as  one  thing  to  another;  make  correspon- 
dent or  conformable ;  adapt;  accommodate:  as, 
to  adjust  things  to  a  standard. 


that  which  regulates. 

adjusting-cone  (a-jus'ting-kim),  «.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  distance  between 
the  axes  of  the  eyes  when  they  are  parallel,  as 
in  looking  at  a  distant  object,  it  consists  of  two 
hollow  cones,  each  perforated  at  the  apex.  Through  these 
perforations  the  person  whose  eyes  are  to  be  measured 
looks  at  a  distant  object,  and  the  cones  are  moved  until 
the  two  fields  of  vision  coincide.  The  distance  between 
the  apexes  then  gives  the  measurement  sought. 

adjusting-screw  (a-jus'ting-skro),  n.  A  screw 
by  which  the  adjustable  parts  of  an  instrument 
or  a  machine  are  moved  to  required  positions. 
It  also  often  serves  to  hold  the  parts  firmly  in 
those  positions. 

adjusting-tool  (a-jus'ting-tol),  n.  A  tool  for 
regulating  the  snail  of  a  fusee  in  a  timepiece, 
so  that  its  increase  of  diameter  may  exactly 
compensate  for  the  decrease  of  tension  of  the 
spring  as  it  unwinds  from  the  barrel. 

adjustive(a-jus'tiv),  a.  [<  adjust  +  -ive.]  Tend- 
ing or  serving  to  adjust. 

adjustment  (a-just'ment),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -ment, 
after  F.  ajusiement.]  1.  The  act  of  adjusting ; 
a  making  fit  or  conformable  ;  the  act  of  adapting 
to  a  given  purpose ;  orderly  regulation  or  ar- 
rangement :  as,  the  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a 
watch. 

The  rest  of  the  apparel  required  little  adjustment. 

Scott,  waverlej ,  \liii 

2.  The  state  of  being  adjusted ;  a  condition  of 
adaptation;  orderly  relation  of  parts  or  ele- 
ments. 

Throughout  all  phases  of  Life  up  to  the  highest,  every 
advance  is  the  effecting  of  some  better  adjustment  of  in- 
ner to  outer  actions.  II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  s  61. 

3.  That  which  serves  to  adjust  or  adapt  one 
'thing  to  another  or  to  a  particular  service  :  as, 
the  adjustments  of  constitutional  government, 
of  a  microscope,  a  timepiece,  etc. 

The  nicest  of  all  the  adjustments  involved  in  the  working 
of  the  Ih-itish  Government  is  that  which  determines,  nil  la  >u  l 
formally  defining,  the  internal  relations  of  the  Cabinet. 
Gladstone,  Might  of  Bight,  p.  162. 

4.  The  act  of  settling  or  arranging,  as  a  differ- 
ence or  dispute;    settlement;    arrangement. — 

5.  In  murine  insurance,  the  act  of  settling  and 
ascertaining  the  amount  of  indemnity  which 
the  party  insured  is  entitled  to  receive  under 
the  policy  after  all  proper  allowances  and  de- 
ductions have  been  made,  and  the  settling  of 


adjutant-general 

adjutancy  (aj'6-tan-si I,  u.    l<adjutan(t)  +  -<■//.] 

1.  The  office  of  adjutant.  Also  called  adju- 
tantshii>. — 2f.  Assistance. 

It  was,  loubt.  disposed   with  all  the  adjutancy  of 

definition  and  division.  Burke,  Appeal  to  Old  W\ 

adjutant  (aj'ii-t a n t),».  and  n.  [<  L.  enljnlnni  l-)s, 
ppr.  of  adju'tare,  aid,  assist,  f'req.  of  adjurnri ,  u  id  : 
sir  mi/.]  I.  <i.  Helping;  assistant.  Bultokar 
(1676).     [Bare.] 

II.  n.   1.  A  helper;   an  assistant;   an  aid. 
[Rare.] 

A  fine  violin  must  .  .  .  be  the  best  adjutant  t.»  a  fine 
voice.  H  ■  Mason,  Eng.  Church  Music,  p.  7t. 

2.  Milit.,  properly,  a  regimental  staff-officer  ap- 
pointed to  assist  the  commanding  officer  of  a 
regiment  in  the  discharge  of  the  details  of  his 
military  duty.  The  title  is  also  given  to  officers  hai 
tag  similar  functions  attached  to  larger  or  smaller  divi- 
sions of  troops,  to  garrisons,  and  to  the  War  Department 
of  the  United  states  government,  (See  adjutant  general.) 
Adjutants  arc  also  assigned,  as  in  the  British  army,  to  di 
visions  of  artillery.  Formerly,  in  England,  called  did  ma- 
jor,   <  iftcn  contracted  to  adjt. 

3.  The  adjutant-bird  (which  see).- Post  adju- 
tant, a  person  holding  the  office  of  adjutant  with  refer- 
ence to  the  organization,  of  whatever  character.  "1  the 
troops  stationed  at  a  post,  garrison,  camp,  or  cantonment. 
—Regimental  adjutant,  a  person  holding  the  office  of 
adjutant  with  reference  to  a  regimental  organization, 
whether  the  regiment  is  in  one  place  or  dispersed  at  dif- 
ferent stations. 

adjutant-bird  (aj'8-tant-berd),  n.  The  name 
given  by  English  residents  of  Bengal  to  a  very 
large  species  of  stork,  common  in  India,  the 
LeptopUlus  argala  of  some  naturalists,  belong- 


Adjutant-bird  \LtptoftilHS  areata 


ing  to  the  family  '  'ienuiida .     it  is  the  Ardca  dubia 

of  Gmelin,  the  J.  argalaot  Latham,  theCic a  marabou 

Of  Temmlnck,  and  tie'  argala  of  the  native  Indians.  Great 
confusion  has  been  occasioned  by  the  transference  by 
Tcnnninck  of  the  native  name,  argala.  to  a  related  but 
distinct  African  species.  The  name  marabou  has  likew  ise 
I. cm  given  to  both  species,  since  both  furnish  the  orna- 
mental plumes  so  named  in  commerce.  The  African  spe- 
cies should  be  distinguished  as  the  marabou,  the  Indian 
species  being  left  to  bear  its  native  name  argala.  The 
name  adjutant,  or  adjutant-bird,  is  a  nickname  bestowed 
upon  the  bird  from  some  fancied  likeness  of  its  bearing  to 
the  stilt"  martinet  air  of  the  military  functionary  known 
as  an  adjutant.  The  bird  is  a  gigantic  stork,  5  or  often  6 
feet  high,  and  its  expanded  wings  measure  14  feet  from 
tip  to  tip.  It  has  an  enormous  bill,  nearly  bare  head  and 
neck,  and  a  sausage-like  pouch  hanging  from  the  under 
put  m1  the  neck".  It  is  one  of  the  most  voracious  carniv- 
orous birds  known,  and  in  India,  from  its  devouring  alt 
sorts  of  carrion  and  noxious  animals,  is  protected  by  law. 
Also  called  adjutant-crane,  adjutant-stork,  and  pouched 
stark.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  a  related  spe- 
cies, L.  jaeanieas,  known  as  the  lesser  adjutant  or  adju- 
tant-bird. 


the  proportion  of  that  indemnity  which  each  adjutant-crane   (aj'8-tant-kran),  n.     Same  as 


underwriter  is  liable  to  bear.  =  Syn.  Arrangement, 
regulation,  settlement,  adaptation,  accommodation,  dis- 
posal. 

adjustor  (a-jus'tor),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -or.]  In 
auat.  and  "eool.,  that  which  adjusts,  eoaptates, 
or  makes  to  fit  together:  a  name  of  sundry 
muscles:  as,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  adjustor  sot 
the  shells  of  brachiopods.  See  extract,  and 
cuts  under  Lingulidw  and  WaMkevmia. 

The  dorsal  adjustors  are  fixed  to  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  peduncle,  and  are  again  inserted  into  the  hinge-plate 

in  the  smaller  valve     The  ventral  adjustors  are  ( sid- 

ered  to  pass  from  the  inner  extremity  of  the  peduncle  and 
to  become  attached  by  one  pair  of  their  extremities  t"  the 
ventral  valve,  one  on  each  side  of  and  a  little  behind  the 
expanded  base  of  the  divaricators.     Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  192. 

adjutage,  «•     See  ajutage. 


adjutant-bird. 
adjutant-general  (aj'o-tant-jen'g-ral),  ».;  pi. 
adjutants-general.  1.  Milit.,  a  staff-officer,  the 
chief  assistant  of  a  commanding  general  in  the 
execution  of  his  military  duties,  as  in  issuing 
and  executing  orders,  receiving  and  registering 
reports,  regulating  details  of  the  service,  etc. 
f.y  law  there  is  but  one  adjutant-general  of  the  [Jnited 
States  army.  He  is  a  principal  officer  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  states  government,  the  head  of  a 
bureau  conducting  the  army  correspondence,  and  having 
charge  of  tic  records,  of  recruiting  and  enlistment,  of  the 
issue" of  commissions,  etc.  Most  of  the  individual  states 
also  have  adjutants-general,  performing  similar  duties 
with  respect  to  the  militia  of  their  several  States.  The 
aljutint  ^mral  is  n  I:  1  by  :ie;-:-:ir:d  aJid'ints  a ■  :e  eil 
In  the  British  service,  the  adjutant  general  of  the  forces 
is  an  officer  of  the  full  rank  of  general,  having  a  body  of 


adjutant-general 

assistants  at  the  Borse  Guards  or  headquarters  of  the 
army  in  London,  and  performing  the  Bame  class  of  duties 
a>  those  mentioned  above.  Commonly  abbreviated  tu  A. 
ti.  when  appended  t"  a  name. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  title  mistakenly  given  by  transla- 
tors to  the  assistants  of  the  general  of  the 
Jesuits.     See  assistant,  3. 

adjutantship  (aj'6-tant-ship),  n.  Same  as  ad- 
jutancy, 1. 

adjutant-stork  (aj'6-tant-st6rk),  ».  Same  as 
adjutant-bird. 

adjutator  (aj'8-ta-tor),  n.  [NL.,  an  assistant, 
<L.  adjutare,  assist':  see  adjutant.]  An  adju- 
tor  or  helper.  See  note  under  mutator,  'J. 
[Rare.] 

adjutet  (a-jOf).  v.  t.  or  i.  [<  F.  ajuuter,  formerly 
adjovster,  add:  see  adjust]    To  add. 

There  be 
Six  bachelors  as  bold  as  he,  adjuting  to  his  company. 

B.  Jonson,  Underwoods. 

adjutor  (a-jo'tpr),  n.  [L.,<adjuvare,  help:  see 
adjutant  and  aid.)  A  helper.  [Rare ;  its  com- 
pound coadjutor  is  in  common  use.] 

He  .  .  .  and  such  as  His  adjutors  were. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv.  10. 

adjutoryt  (aj'ij-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *adjiitoriu.i, 
helping;  ef.  adjutor ium,  help:  see  adjutor.] 
Serving  to  help  or  aid.     Blount;  Bailey. 

adjutrix  (a-jo'triks),  it. ;  pi.  adjutrices  (a-jo-tri'- 
sez).  [L.,  fem.  of  adjutor:  see  adjutor.]  A 
female  assistant.     [Rare.] 

adjuvant  (aj'o-vant  or  a-jo'vant),  a.  and  n. 
[<L.  (idjuran(t-)s.  ppr.  of  adjuvare,  help:  see 
aid.]  I.  a.  Serving  to  help  or  assist;  auxiliary; 
contributory:  as,  an  adjuvant  medicine. 

Cause  adjuvant  worketh  not  by  himself,  but  is  a  helper. 

Bluud.  rill,-. 

But  that  humidity  is  only  an  adjuvant  and  not  even  a 
necessary  adjuvant  cause,  is  proved  by  the  immunity  of 
fruit-eaters  in  the  swampiest  regions  of  the  equatorial 
coast-lands.  Pop.  Sri.  Mo.,  XX.  162. 

II.  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing  aiding  or  helping ; 
whatever  aids  or  assists. 

Undoubtedly,  a  flavor  smacking  of  the  caucus,  the  jubi- 
lee, and  other  adjuvants  of  "  the  cause  "  is  found  in  some 
of  his  [Whittier's]  polemic  strains. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  124. 

Specifically — 2.  In  wed.,  whatever  aids  in  re- 
moving or  preventing  disease ;  especially,  a 
substance  added  to  a  prescription  to  aid  the 
operation  of  the  principal  ingredient. 

adlegation  (ad-le-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adlega- 
tio{n-),  later  allegatio(n-),  a  deputing,  <  adle- 
gare,  allegare,  depute,  commission,  <  ad,  to,  + 
legare,  send  with  a  commission.  See  allegation, 
the  same  word  in  another  use.]  The  right  of 
ministers  of  the  individual  states  of  the  old  Ger- 
man empire  to  be  associated  with  those  of  the 
emperor  in  public  treaties  and  negotiations  re- 
lating to  the  common  interests  of  the  empire. 
This  right  was  claimed  by  the  states,  but  dis- 
puted by  the  emperor. 

ad  lib.     An  abbreviation  of  ad  libitum. 

ad  libitum  (ad  lib'i-tum).  [L. :  ad  =  E.  at; 
ML.  or  NL.  libitum,  L.  only  in  pi.  libita,  plea- 
sure, ace.  netit.  pp.  of  libit,  also  spelled  lubvt,  it 
pleases,  akin  to  E.  lief  ana  love:  see  lief,  love, 
liberal,  Hi:.]  At  pleasure;  to  the  extent  of  one's 
wishes.  Specifically,  in  music,  indicating  that  the  time 
and  expression  of  a  passage  are  Left  to  the  feeling  and  taste 
of  the  performer.  In  the  ease  of  cadenzas  and  other  orna- 
ments, the  phrase  indicates  that  the  performer  may  omit 
them  or  substitute  others  in  their  place.  An  accompani- 
ment is  said  to  lie  ad  libitum  when  it  may  be  used  or 
omitted,  often  abbreviated,  in  speech  as  well  as  writing, 
to  ad  lib. 

adlings,  n.    See  addling2,  2. 
adlocution  (ad-16-ku'shon),  n.    Same  as  alloeu- 
tion,  1. 

Adlumia  (ad-ld'ini-ii),  x.     LNL.,  named  for  Ma- 


Adtttmia  cirrhosa;  single  lea/ and  panicle. 

jor  Adluni.]     A  germs  of   American    plants  of 
a  single  species,  A.  cirrhosa,  t  tie  climbing  fumi- 


tory, a  delicate  climbing  herbaceous  biennial, 
with  panicles  of  drooping  flowers.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  AUeghanies,  aud  is  often  cultivated. 

admanuensis  (ad-man-u-en'sis),  n.;  pi.  adman- 
uenses  (-sez).  [ML.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  manus,  hand, 
+  -ensis.  Cf.  amanuensis.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  one 
taking  a  corporal  oath,  that  is,  by  laying  the 
hand  on  the  Bible,  in  distinction  from  one  tak- 
ing the  oath  in  other  forms,  or  affirming. 

admarginate  (ad-mar'jin-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
+  margo  (margin-),  margin,  +  -ate* ;  gee  ad-, 
margin,  and  -ate3.]  To  note  or  write  on  the 
margin.     [Rare.] 

Receive  candidly  the  few  hints  which  1  have  admargi- 
nated, Coleridge. 

admaxillary  (ad-inak'si-la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
+  maxilla,  jaw,  after  E.  maxillary.]  In  anat., 
connected  with  the  jaw. 

admeasure  (ad-rnezh'ur),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
admeasured,  ppr.  admeasuring.  [<  ME.  amesu- 
ren,  <OF.  ami  surer,  admesurer,  <  ML.  admensu- 
rare,  measure,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  mensurare,  mea- 
sure; cf.  L.  admetiri,  measure  out  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  metiri,  the  ult.  L.  source'  of  measure  :  see  ad- 
and  measure,  v.]  1.  To  ascertain  the  dimen- 
sions, size,  or  capacity  of  ;  measure. 

The  identification  of  the  reasoner's  intellect  with  that 
of  his  opponent  depends,  if  I  understand  you  aright,  upon 
the  accuracy  with  which  the  opponent's  intellect  is  ad- 
measured.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  272. 

2.  In  law,  to  survey  and  lay  off  a  due  portion  to, 
as  of  dower  in  real  estate  or  of  pasture  held  in 
common.  This  was  formerly  done  by  writ  of 
admeasurement,  directed  to  the  sheriff. 

Upon  this  suit  all  the  commoners  shall  be  admeasured. 
Blackstone,  Com.,  iii.  If,. 

admeasurement  (ad-mezh'ur-meut),  n.  [<OF. 
amesurcment,  admesurement :  see  admeasure  and 
-meut.]  1.  The  process  of  measuring ;  the  as- 
certainment of  the  numerical  amount  of  any 
quantity. —  2.  The  numerical  amount  or  mea- 
sure of  anything,  whether  a  number,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  solid,  the  bulk  of  a  fluid,  mass,  dura- 
tion, or  degree. — 3.  In  law,  ascertainment  and 
assignment  of  the  due  proportion :  as,  admea- 
surement of  damages,  or  of  dower  in  an  estate  ; 
admeasurement  of  the  right  of  an  individual  in 
a  common  pasture. 
Sometimes  called  ad mensuration. 

admeasurer  (ad-mezh'ur-er),  n.  One  who  ad- 
measures. 

admedian  (ad-nie'di-an),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  mc- 
dius,  middle:  see  ad-  and  median.]  In  conch., 
a  synonym  of  lateral,  as  applied  to  the  series 
of  teeth  of  the  radula,  these  being  rachidian  or 
median,  lateral  or  admedian,  and  uncinal. 

For  "lateral"  Professor  Lankester  substitutes  the  term 
admedian.  11'.  II.  Dull,  Science,  IV.  143. 

admensuration  (ad-men-su-ra'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
adiiii  tisuratio(n-),  <  admensurarc:  see  admea- 
sure.]    Same  as  at/measurement.     [Rare.] 

Admetacea  (ad-ine-ta'se-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Admele  +  -aeeti.]  A  family  name  used  by  somo 
naturalists  for  the  Admctidw  (which  see). 

Admete  (ad-me'te),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aS/innr, 
fem.  adfiij-ri,  untamed,  unbroken,  poet,  form  of 
dvafiaToc  =  E.  untamed.  Cf.  adamant.]  The  typ- 
ical genus  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Admc- 
tidw. A.  viridula  is  a  small  whitish  species,  half  aninch 
long,  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  from 
I  !ape  i  tod  northward. 

admetid  (ud-me'tid),  it.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Admetida;. 

Admetidse  (ad-met'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Admete 
+  -idic]  A  family  of  toxoglossate  pectinibran- 
eh  iate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Admete. 
The  family  is  closely  related  to  the  CancellariidoB,  hut  the 

species  aliert  colder  waters.  Admete  viridula  is  a  com- 
mon northern  form.  The  members  of  this  family  have  a 
rounded  head,  filiform  tentacles,  eyes  on  minute  tuber* 
clea  external  to  the  tentacles,  and  a  characteristic  den 
tition  of  the  odontophore;  the  shell  has  an  ovate  aper- 
ture, with  an  obliquely  truncated  plicate  columella  and 
a  trenchant  outer  lip. 
adminicle  (ad-min'i-kl),  n.  [<  L.  adminieuhiiii. 
help,  support,  prop,  lit.  that  on  which  the  hand 
may  rest,  <  ad,  to,  +  man  us,  hand,  +  double 
dim.  suffix  -lulum.]  1.  That  which  gives  aid 
or  support;  an  auxiliary.     [Bare.] 

I  in  senate  .if  five  hundred  .  .  .  was  a  permanent  ad- 
junct and  adminicle  oi  tie  public  assembly. 

Grots,  Greece,  HI.  99. 

2.  In  law,  supporting  or  corroboratory  proof. 
Specifically,  in  Scots  and  French  law,  whatever  aide  in 

proving  tin    tenur  el"  a  lust  deed  ;  any  deed  or  sen  ill  which 

ti-nils  to  establish  tin-  existence  of  the  deed  in  question, 
or  to  make  known  its  terms 

3.  In  med.,  any  aid  to  the  action  of  a  remedy. 
—  4.///.    In  eu'ttiiu.      See  adminiculum, '2. 

adminicula,  u.     Plural  of  adminiculum. 


administer 

adminicular,  adminiculary  (ad-mi-nik'u-lar, 
-la-ri),  a.  [<L.  adminiculum,  help:  Bee  admini- 
cle.]    Supplying  help  ;  helpful ;  corroborative. 

The  humanity  of  Christ  is  not  set  before  us  in  the  New 
Testament  as  sustaining  merely  a  conditional  or  adminic- 
ular relation  to  a  work  whose  intrinsic  and  essential  value 
comes  from  another  source.  Prog.  Orthodoxy,  p.  20. 

The  several  structural  arrangements  adminicular  to  the 
integrity  of  the  whole  are  thus  co-ordinated. 

H.  Sprurrr,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

Adminicular  evidence,  in  law,  explanatory  or  complet- 
ing i  \  idence. 

adminiculate  (ad-mi-nik'u-lat),  v.  i.  or  t.  [<L. 
ailiuiliieiilatus,  pp.  of  adiiiiiiieulare.  help,  prop, 
<  adminiculum  :  see  adminicle]  To  give  admi- 
nicular evidence ;  testify  in  corroboration  of. 
[Rare.] 

adminiculatort  (ad-mi-nik'u-la-tgr),  n.  [L.,  < 
adminicula  re :  see  adminiculate.]  An  assistant; 
specifically,  an  advocate  for  the  poor. 

adminiculum  (ad-nii-nik'u-lurn),  n. ;  pi.  admi- 
nieula  (-lii).  [L.,  a  prop:  see  adminicle.]  1. 
An  aid  or  help  ;  an  adminicle. 

Of  other  adminicula,  or  aids  to  induction,  only  the  titles 
are  given  by  Bacon,  and  it  would  be  hazardous  to  conjec- 
ture as  to  their  significance. 

R.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  792. 

2.  ]il.  In  entom.,  Kirby's  name  for  the  short 
spines  on  the  abdominal  segments  of  certain 
insects,  pupa)  or  grubs,  whereby  they  make  their 
way  tlrrough  any  substance  in  which  they  bur- 
row. Also  called  adminicles.  X.E.I). 
administer  (ad-min'is-ter),  v.  [<  ME.  admyn- 
istreu.  aiiiyiiistren,  <  OF.  aministrer,  administrer, 
mod.  F.  administrer,  <  L.  administrate,  manage, 
execute  (ef.  administer,  an  attendant),  K.  ad,  to, 
+  ministrare,  attend,  serve,  <  minister,  servant: 
see  minister.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  manage  or  con- 
duet  as  minister,  chief  agent,  or  steward ;  super- 
intend the  management  or  execution  of;  control 
or  regulate  in  behalf  of  others :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter the  laws  or  the  government,  or  a  depart- 
ment of  government ;  to  administer  a  charitable 
trust,  the  affairs  of  a  corporation,  or  the  estate 
of  a  bankrupt. 

For  forms  of  government  let  fools  contest, 
Whate'er  is  best  adminieter'd  is  best. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  304. 
Brawn  without  brain  is  thine:  my  prudent  care 
Foresees,  provides,  administer!;  the  war. 

Dryden,  Ajax  and  Ulysses,  1.  5M. 

2.  To  afford;  supply;  dispense  ;  bring  into  use 
or  operation,  especially  in  the  execution  of  a 
magisterial  or  sacerdotal  office:  as,  to  adminis- 
ter relief ;  to  administer  justice. 

Have  they  not  the  old  popish  custom  of  administei-iini 

the  blessed  sacrament  of  the  holy  euchaxist  with  wafer 

cakes?  Hooker. 

Let  zephyrs  bland 

Administer  their  tepid  genial  airs.        J.  Philips. 

3.  To  give  or  apply;  make  application  of:  as, 
to  administer  medicine,  punishment,  counsel, 
etc. 

Close  by  was  a  heap  of  stout  osier  rods,  such  as  |  are  1  used 
in  administering  the  bastinado.       O'Donovan,  Merv,  xiii. 

4.  To  tender  or  impose,  as  an  oath. 
Swear  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven  .  .  . 
To  keep  the  oath  that  we  administer. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

5.  In  law,  to  manage  or  dispose  of,  as  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person,  in  the  capacity 
either  of  executor  or  administrator.  See  ad- 
ministration, 9.  =Syn.  1.  To  control,  preside  over.— 2 
and  3.  Administer,  Minister,  distribute,  give  out,  deal  out. 
In  the  sense  of  supplying,  dispensing,  ministeris  now  used 
principally  of  things  spiritual :  as.  to  minister  comfort,  con- 
solation, or  relief :  while  administer  is  used  of  things  both 
spiritual  and  material :  as,  to  administer  fund,  medicine, 
reproof,  justice. 

!h  asserted  that  .  .  .  a  noxious  drug  had  been  uttinin- 
istered  to  him  in  a  dish  of  porridge. 

Mar  a  uluy,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 

The  greatest  delight  which  the  fields  and  woods  minister 
is  the  suggestion  of  an  occult  relation  between  man  and  the 
vegetable.  Emerson,  Nature. 

II.     intrans.    1.    To  contribute  assistance; 

bring  aid  or  supplies;  add  something:  with 
to:  as,  to  administer  to  the  necessities  of  tho 
] r. 

There  is  a  fountain  rising  in  the  upper  part  of  my  gar- 
den, which  .  .  .  administers  to  the  pleasure  as  well  as  the 
plenty  of  the  place.  Spectator,  No.  1 17. 

2.  To  perform  the  offico  of  administrator:  wit  h 
iijion  :  as,  A  admniisti  rs  upon  (lie  estato  of  B. 
-Syn.  Administer  to,  Minister  t,'.    tfinistertoi&nowvTGt- 

erablc  tu  <el minister  In  in  such  connections  as  to  minister 

to  one's  in  iii--.  tn  minister  to  the  necessities  of  the  p \  to 

minister  to  the  pleasure  of  the  assembly.    Administer  to  in 

such meetiiHis  is  archaic. 

administert  (ad-min'is-ter),  n.  [L. :  see  the 
viih.]  ( ine  who  administers;  a  minister  or  an 
administrator. 

Y.hi  have  shewed  yourself  a  good  administer  of  the 

revenue.  linemi,  Speech  to  Sir  J.  Iii  iib.uii. 


administerial 

administerial  (ad-min-is-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
minister,  attendant  (or  <  E.  administer,  v.),  + 
-ial,  in  imitation  of  ministerial,  q.  v.]  Pertain- 
ing to  administration,  or  to  the  executive  part 
of  government ;  ministerial.     [Rare.] 

administrable  (ad-min'is-tra-bl ),  a.  [<L.  as  if 
'administrabilis,  <  administrare :  see  administer, 
v.]     Capable  of  being  administered. 

administrador  (Sp.  pron.  ad-me-ne-stra-dor'), 
n.  [Sp.:  =  E.  administrator.']  A  steward;  an 
overseer.  (.'.  Yale.  [Used  in  parts  of  the 
United  States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

administrant  (ad-min'is-trant),  a.  andw.  [<F. 
admiiiistrant,  jipr.  of  administrer :  see  adminis- 
ter, v.]  I.  a.  Managing ;  executive  ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  management  of  affairs. 

II.  n.  One  who  administers ;  an  executive 
officer. 

administrate  (ad-min'is-trat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  administrated,  ppr.  administrating.  [<  L.  ad- 
ministratus, pp.  of  administrare:  see  adminis- 
ter, v.]  To  administer ;  dispense;  give;  supply: 
as,  "to  administrate  the  sacraments,"  Knox. 

administration  (ad-inin-is-tra'shon),  n.  [<ME. 
ailmiiiistraeionn,  <  OP.  administration,  <  L.  ad- 
ministratio(n-),  (.administrare:  see  administer, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  administering;  direction; 
management ;  government  of  public  affairs ;  the 
conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 

The  administration  of  government,  in  its  largest  sense, 
comprehends  all  the  operations  of  the  body  politie,  whether 
legislative,  executive,  or  judiciary;  but  in  its  most  usual, 
and  perhaps  in  its  most  precise,  signification,  it  is  limited  to 
executive  details,  and  falls  peculiarly  within  the  province 
of  the  executive  department. 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  72. 

2.  The  duty  or  duties  of  an  administrator ; 
specifically,  the  executive  functions  of  govern- 
ment, consisting  in  the  exercise  of  all  the  powers 
and  duties  of  government,  both  general  and 
local,  which  are  neither  legislative  nor  judicial. 
—  3.  The  body  of  persons  who  are  intrusted 
with  the  execution  of  laws  and  the  superinten- 
dence of  public  affairs :  in  particular,  in  Great 
Britain,  the  ministry ;  in  the  United  States, 
the  President  and  cabinet,  or  the  President 
and  cabinet  during  one  presidential  term  :  as, 
Washington's  first  administration. 

Did  the  administration  .  .  .  avail  themselves  of  any 
one  of  those  opportunities? 

Burke,  Tracts  on  Popery  Laws. 

It  was,  therefore,  clear  from  the  beginning  that  the  new 

administration  was  to  have  a  settled  and  strong  opposition. 

T.  II.  Benton,  Thirty  Years,  I.  55. 

4.  Any  body  of  men  intrusted  with  executive 
or  administrative  powers. 

The  support  of  the  State  governments  in  all  their  lights, 
as  the  most  competent  administrations  for  our  domestic 
concerns.  Jefferson,  First  Inaugural  Address. 

5.  The  period  during  which  an  executive  offi- 
cer or  a  ministry  holds  office  ;  specifically,  in 
the  United  States,  the  period  during  which  the 
President  holds  office. — 6.  Dispensation;  dis- 
tribution; rendering:  as,  the  administration  of 
justice,  of  the  sacraments,  or  of  grace. 

For  the  administration  of  this  service  not  only  supplieth 
the  wants  of  the  saints,  hut  is  abundant  also  by  many 
thanksgivings  unto  God.  2  Cor.  ix.  12. 

7.  The  act  of  prescribing  medically. — 8.  The 
act  of  tendering  or  imposing,  as  an  oath. — 9. 
In  law :  (a)  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an 
intestate  person,  or  of  a  testator  having  no  com- 
petent executor,  under  a  commission  (called 
letters  of  administration)  from  the  proper  au- 
thority. This  management  consists  in  collect- 
ing debts,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  dis- 
tributing surplus  among  the  next  of  kin.  (h) 
In  some  jurisdictions,  the  management  of  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person  by  an  executor,  the 
corresponding  term  execution  not  being  in  use. 
Administration  of  a  deceased  person's  estate  may  lie  granted 
for  general,  special,  or  limited  purposes;  as:  (1)  Adminis- 
tration durante  absentia  (during  absence),  when  the  next 
person  entitled  to  the  grant  is  beyond  sea.  (2)  Adminis- 
tration pendente  lite  (while  the  suit  is  pending),  when  a 
suit  is  commenced  iu  the  probate  court  regarding  the  va- 
lidity of  a  will  or  the  right  to  administration,  and  lasting 
till  the  suit  is  determined.  (3)  Administration  cum  testa- 
mento  annexo  (with  the  will  annexed),  in  cases  where  a 
testator  makes  a  will  without  naming  executors,  or  where 
the  executors  named  in  the  will  are  incapable  of  acting  or 
refuse  to  act.  (4)  Administration  de  bonis  non  (concern- 
ing goods  not,  that  is,  not  administered),  when  the  first 
administrator  dies  before  he  has  fully  administered.  (5) 
Administration  ad  colligendum  (for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing), for  collecting  and  preserving  goods  about  to  perish. 
(6)  Ancillary  administration  is  subordinate  to  the  princi- 
pal administration  for  collecting  the  assets  of  foreigners. 
It  is  taken  out  in  the  country  where  the  assets  are.  See 
ancillary.  (7)  Administration  minoricetate  (during  minor 
age,  or  minority)  is  granted  when  the  executor  is  a  minor. 
(8)  Foreiejn  administration  is  administration  exercised  by 
authority  of  a  for.  ign  power.  Council  of  administra- 
tion. See  council.  =Syn.  1.  Conduct,  control,  superin- 
tendence, regulation,  execution. 


77 

administrational  (ad-min-is-tra/shon-al),  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  administration. 

Tlie  administrational  merits  of  Darius  are  so  great  that 
they  have  obscured  his  military  glories. 

(?.  Hawliiison,  Five  Great  Monarchies,  III.  429. 

administrative  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv),  a.  [<  L. 
administratirtts,  practical,  <  administrare,  pp. 
administratus :  see  administer,  v.]  Pertaining 
to  administration ;  executive;  administering. 

The  production  and  distribution  of  wealth,  the  growth 
and  effect  of  administrative  machinery,  the  education  of 
the  race,  these  are  cases  of  general  laws  which  constitute 
tlie  science  of  sociology.         IF.  K.  Clifford,  Lect.,  II.  284. 

Sometimes  the  term  Executive,  which  strictly  means 
an  Authority  which  puts  the  laws  in  force,  is  opposed  to 
the  term  Administrative,  which  implies  the  performance 
of  every  other  sort  of  immediate  Governmental  act,  such  as 
collecting  taxes,  organizing  and  directing  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  Police,  supervising  trade,  locomotion,  postal  commu- 
nication, and  carrying  out  in  detail  legislative  measures 
for  promoting  public  health,  education,  morality,  and  gen- 
eral contentment.  5.  Amos,  Sci.  of  Pol.,  p.  99. 

administratively  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv-li),  adv. 
In  an  administrative  manner;  in  relation  to 
administration;  from  an  administrative  point 
of  view ;  as  regards  administration. 

The  -English  country  gentleman,  who  was  lord  of  the 

manor,  was  administratively  a  person  of  great  authority 

and  influence.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  314. 

Administratively,  Kazan  is  divided  into  twelve  districts. 

Encyc.  Brit,  XIV.  20. 

administrator  (ad-min'is-tra-tpr),  n.  [L.,  a 
manager,  <  administrare,  pp.  administratus:  see 
administer,  v.]  1.  One  who  administers;  one 
who  directs  or  manages  affairs  of  any  kind: 
sometimes  used  as  a  title  of  executive  office. 
—  2.  In  law  :  (a)  One  who,  by  virtue  of  a  com- 
mission from  a  probate,  orphans',  or  surrogate's 
court,  or,  in  England,  from  the  probate,  di- 
vorce, and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  has  charge  of  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  one  dying  without  a  will.  In  some 
jurisdictions  his  power  is  extended  to  real  prop- 
erty. Often  contracted  to  admr.  (b)  In.  Scots  law, 
a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  having  the  care 
of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for  himself. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  father  who  has  power 
over  his  children  and  their  estate  during  their  minority. — 
Administrator  bishop.  See  bishop.— Public  admin- 
istrator, a  public  officer  authorized  to  administer  the 
estates  of  persons  dying  without  relatives  entitled  to  per- 
form the  duty. 

administratorship  (ad-min'is-tra-tor-ship),  ». 
The  office  of  administrator. 

Removed  by  order  of  court  from  an  administratorship 
for  failure  to  settle  his  accounts. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  540. 

administratress  (ad-rciin-is-tra'tres),  11.  [<  ad- 
ministrator +  -ess.  Cf.  administratrices  A  fe- 
male administrator. 

administratrices  ».    [<  P-  administratrice,  <  It. 

amministratrice,  <.  NL.  administratrix  (-trie-): 
see  administratrix.']     A  female  administrator. 

administratrix  (ad-min-is-tra'triks),  n.;  pi. 
administratrices  (ad-niin"is-tra-tri'sez).  [NL., 
fern,  of  L.  administrator,  q.  v.]  A  female  ad- 
ministrator.   Often  contracted  to  admx. 

admirability  (ad'mi-ra-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
mirabilita(t-)s,  <  admirabilis,  admirable :  see  ad- 
mirable.']   Admirableness.    Bailey.     [Rare.] 

admirable  (ad'mi-ra-bl),  a.  [<  P.  admirable, 
<  L.  admirabilis,  <  admirari,  admire:  see  ad- 
mire.] It.  Fitted  to  excite  wonder;  marvel- 
ous ;  strange ;  surprising. 

It  seemeth  equally  admirable  to  me  that  holy  King 

Edward  the  Sixth  should  do  any  wrong,  or  harsh  Edward 

the  Fourth  do  any  right  to  the  Muses.  Fuller. 

In  man  there  is  nothing  admirable  but  his  ignorance 

and  weakness.        Jer.  Tat/lor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  II.  i.  §  7. 

2.  Worthy  of  admiration ;  having  qualities  to 
excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem,  rev- 
erence, or  affection;  very  excellent:  used  of 
persons  or  things. 

What  a  piece  of  work  is  a  man !  How  noble  in  reason ! 
how  infinite  in  faculty !  in  form  and  moving,  how  express 
ami  admirable!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

admirableness  (ad'mi-ra-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  admirable ;"  the  power  of  exciting 
admiration. 

admirably  (ad'mi-ra-bli),  adv.  In  an  admira- 
ble manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder, 
approbation,  and  esteem ;  excellently. 

admiral  (ad'mi-ral),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  admiral, 
amiral,  ami/rid,  amerall,  amrall,  with  varying 
term,  -allc,  -ale,  -ail,  -ayl,  -ayle,  -el,  -elle,  -aid,  -rid, 
-ant,  -aunt,  <  OP.  admiral,  amiral,  almirdl,  -ail, 
-alt,  -anlt,  -aut,  -ant,  -and,  -auble,  -afie,  -et,  -i, 
mod.  F.  amiral  =  Pr.  amirau,  amiralh,  ami- 
rate,  mod.  Pr.  amiral  =  OSp.  almirallc,  -age, 
Sp.  almirante  =  Pg.  amiralh,  almirante  =  It. 
ammiraglio,  <  ML.  admiralis,  -alius,  -alius,  -ni- 
dus, -arias,  -abilis,  -andus,  -atus,  almiraldus,  am- 


admiralty 

mirandns,  ammiratus,  etc.,  and  prop,  amiralis 
(the  forms  in  adm-,  aim-  being  duo  to  popular 
etymology,  which  associated  the  word  with 
I.,  admirare,  admire,  admirabilis,  admirable,  or 
witli  Sp.  Ar.  al-,  the,  and  the  termination  being 
variously  accommodated),  <  Ar.  amir,  emir,  a  ru- 
ler, commander  (see  ameer  and  emir),  the  -at  be- 
ing due  to  the  Ar.  article  al,  present  in  all  tin- 
Arabic  and  Turkish  titles  containing  the  word, 
as  ninir-iil-iimiird,  ruler  of  rulers,  amir-al-balir, 
commander  of  the  sea,  amir-al-muminin,  com- 
mander of  the  faithful.  The  present  sense  of 
admiral  is  due  to  Ar.  amw-al-bahr,  Latinized 
as  admiralius  maris  and  Englished  under  Ed- 
ward III.  as  "amyrcl  of  the  se,"  or  "  admyrall  of 
the  navy,"  afterward  simply  admiral.   N.  E.  D.] 

1.  n.  If.  An  emir  or  prince  under  the  sultan; 
any  Saracen  ruler  or  commander.  [The  com- 
mon Middle  English  and  Old  French  sense.]  — 

2.  A  naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank;  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  a  fleet.  In  the  United  States 
navy,  as  in  most  foreign  services,  there  are  three  degrees  of 
this  rank,  viz.,  admiral,  vice-admiral,  and  rear-admiral. 
These  titles  did  not  exist  in  the  United  States  till  the 
grade  of  rear-admiral  was  created  in  1862,  that  of  vice-ad- 
miral in  1864,  and  that  of  admiral  in  1866.  An  admiral  dis- 
plays his  distinguishing  flag  at  the  mainmast,  a  vice-ad-  ' 
miral  at  tlie  forenuist,  and  arear-admiralat  the  mizzenmast. 
In  the  British  navy,  admirals  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  named,  after  the  colors  of  their  respective 
flags,  admirals  of  the  red,  of  the  white,  and  of  the  blue, 
with  vice  admirals  and  rear-admirals  of  each  Hag;  but  in 
1864  this  distinction  was  abolished,  and  all  British  men- 
of-war  now  display  the  white  ensign. 

3.  The  recognized  chief  commander  or  director 
of  a  mercantile  fleet,  as  one  of  fishing-vessels 
off  Newfoundland  or  in  the  North  Sea.  A  royal 
proclamation  in  1708  ordered  that  the  master  of  the  first 
vessel  that  entered  a  harbor  or  creek  in  Newfoundland  for 
the  lishing  season  should  be  admiral  thereof,  the  second 
vice-admiral,  and  the  third  rear-admiral. 

4.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  hence, 
the  most  considerable  ship  of  any  fleet,  as  of 
merchantmen  or  of  fishing-vessels. 

The  admiral  of  the  Spanish  Armada  was  a  Flemish  ship. 
Sir  R.  Hawkins,  Voyage,  p.  19. 
His  spear,  to  equal  which  the  tallest  pine, 
Hewn  on  Norwegian  hills  to  be  the  mast 
Of  some  great  autmiral,  were  but  a  wand, 
He  walk'd  with  to  support  uneasy  steps 
Over  the  burning  marie.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  294. 

5.  A  collectors'  name. for  butterflies  of  the 
family  Papilionidce,  especially  the  Limenitis  Ca- 
milla, distinguished  as  white  admiral,  and  the 
Vanessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral. —  6.  A  name 
given  by  collectors  of  shells  to  a  univalve  shell, 

the  admiral-shell  (which  see) Admiral  of  the 

fleet,  a  title  of  distinction  conferred  on  a  few  admirals  in 
the  British  service,  corresponding  to  that  of  field-marshal 
in  the  army.  — Lord  high  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
officer  at  the  head  of  the  naval  administration  when,  as 
has  been  rarely  the  case  since  1632,  the  office  is  held  by 
a  single  person.  See  admiralty. — Yellow  admiral,  a 
name  applied  in  the  British  navy  to  a  rear-admiral  who  is 
retired  without  having  served  afloat  after  his  promotion. 

The  inglorious  condition  of  a  retired  or  yellow  admiral. 
Thus.  Cochrane  (Earl  of  Dundonald),  Autobiog.,  II.  276. 

II.  a.  Carrying  an  admiral ;  chief  in  a  fleet. 

The  admiral  galley  .  .  .  struck  upon  a  rock. 

Knolles,  Hist.  Turks. 

admiral-shell  (ad'mi-ral-shel),  n.  A  shell  of 
the  genus  ('onus,  the  Cokus  ammiralis,  a  species 
formerly  esteemed  as  much  for  its  rarity  as  for 
its  beauty. 

admiralship  (ad'nii-ral-ship),  n.  [<  admiral  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  position  of  an  admiral. 
[Rare.] 

admiralty  (ad'mi-ral-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
ailmirallie,  amiraltye,  amraltie,  <  ME.  amyralte, 
ameralte,  amrelte,  <  OF.  admiralty,  amiraultc: 
see  admiral  and  -ty.]  1.  In  Great  Britain  :  (a) 
The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  take  the  general  manage- 
ment of  maritime  affairs,  and  of  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  royal  navy,  with  the  government 
of  its  various  departments,  (b)  The  body  of 
officers  appointed  to  execute  the  office  of  lord 
high  admiral ;  a  board  of  commissioners,  called 
lords  (or,  in  full,  lords  commissioners)  of  the  ad- 
miralty, for  the  administration  of  naval  affairs. 
(c)  [cap.']  The  building  in  which  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty  transact  business,  and  in  which 
the  clerks  and  other  officials  connected  with 
this  department  areemployed. — 2.  That  branch 
of  law  which  deals  with  maritime  cases  and  of- 
fenses. 

The  power  [of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  states]  extends  ...  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and 
marine  jurisdiction.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  213. 

Admiralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  a  tribunal 
having  jurisdiction  over  maritime  causes,  whether  of  a 
civil  or  criminal  nature.  In  England  it  was  formerly  held 
before  the  lord  high  admiral,  and  afterward  before  his  dep- 
uty or  the  deputy  of  the  lords  commissioners  ;  but  now  it 
forms  a  branch  of  the  probate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  dp 


admiralty 


vision  •  ■(  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  the  judge  In  it  being 
appointed  bj  the  i  rown  as  one  of  the  judgi  -  ol  the  His'h 
Court     The  English  court  oi  admiraltj  is  twofold,  th 
stance  court  sad  the  pri»  court.    The  civil  jurisdiction  ol 

the  instaw  e  court  i  Kti  nds    em  rallj  to  sm  h  i u  I 

are  made  upon  the  sea,  and  are  founded  in  mai  itii 

ion.   It  also  regulates  many  other  i 
law,  as  disputes  between  pari  owners  pi  > 
sels,  and  questions  relating  to  salvage,    n  has  likewise 

power  to  inquire  inl '  dnv, gsoi  Injuries  committed 

on  the  high  seas,  as  In  ca fcollision.  fauna!  mat- 
ters in  admiralty  has,  partly  by  common  law 
and  parth  bj  a  varii  n  ol  statut.  s,  cognizance  pi  pirai  | 
and  all  other  indictable  offenses  committed  either  upon 
the  sea  or  on  the  coasts  when  beyond  the  limits  of  any  Eng- 
intj  Hi  rn. n  i-  theonlj  tribunal  or  de- 
ciding what  is  and  what  is  not  lawful  prae,  and  foradjudi- 
eating  upon  all  matters,  civil  and  criminal,  n  lating  to  prize, 
or  every  acquisition  made  by  the  law  of  warwhichis  eith.  i 
,,  ,  ||  oi  a  maritime  character  or  is  made, whether  a)  sea 
or  by  land  bj  a  naval  force.  In  Scotland  the  cases  for- 
merly brought  before  this  court,  which  has  been  abolish- 
ed are  now  prosecuted  In  the  Court  oi  Session  or  in  the 
sheriff  court,  in  the  sami  way  as  ordinarj  civilcauses.  in 
the  I  uited  suit.-  the  admiralty  powers  are  exclusively 
;  in  the  federal  courts.  They  extend  over  the  great 
lakes  and  navigable  rivers.  Droits  of  admiralty.  See 
droit  High  Court  of  Admiralty,  an  ancient  English 
court  held  before  the  lord  liiah  admiral  ..1  Kimland  or  his 
aeputj  (styled  judgi  ol  the  admiralty),  with  cognizance  of 


78 
or  qualities  of;  look  on  or  contemplate  with 
pleasure. 

The  fact  seems  t..  be,  that  the  Greeks  admired  only 
themselves    and  that   the  Romans  admired  onlj  them 
,      .,,,,,  nir  Greeks.  Vacaulay,  History. 

And  Enid  woke  and  sat  beside  the  couch, 
Admiring  him,  and  thought  within  herself, 
Was  over  man  so  grandl]  made  as  he? 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

II.    intrans.  1.   To  wonder;  lie  affected  witli 


admittatur 

or  act,  may  be  proved  against  a  party  if  they  were  made 
bj  him  or  by  one  authorizi  d  bj  or  sufficiently  idi  ntifli  d 
with  him.  (J)  The  act  of  receiving  evidence  of- 
fered upon  a  judicial  investigation,  as  compe- 
tnii  for  consideration  in  reaching  a  decision. 
=  Syn.  2.  Admittance,  Admission.  See  admittance. 
admissive  ( ad-mis'iv),  a.  [<  LL.  admissivus  (used 
once  in  sense  of  'permissive'),  <  L.  admissus, 
pp.  of  admittere,  admit :  see  admit.]  Tending 
to  admit  ;  having  I  lie  nature  of  an  admission; 


surprise  :  marvel:  sometimes  with  at.    [Nearly     containing  an  admission  or  acknowledgment. 


obsolete  in  the  literal  sense.] 

Let  none  admire 

That  riches  grow  in  hell.       Hilton,  P.  I. .,  i  690. 

I  admire  where  a  fellow  of  his  low  rank  should  acquire 

such  a  nobleness  and  dignity  of  sentiment.  Henry  Brooke. 

I  more  admire  at  a  third  party,  who  were  loyal  when 

rebellion  was  uppermost,  and  have  turned  rebels  (at  least 

m  principle)  since  loyalty  lias  been  triumphant. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch  s  Lives. 

2.  To  feel  or  express  admiration. 

I'll  report  it. 
Where  senators  shall  mingle  tears  with  smiles; 
When-  great  patricians  shall  attend,  and  shrug, 
r  the  end  admire.  Shah.,  Cor.,  i.  9. 

To  feel  pleasure;  be  pleased:  as,  I  should 


an  crimes  and  offem mmitted  either  upon  the  sea,  or     admire  to  go.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

u i  the  coasts,  out  of  the  bodj  or  extent  oi  any  English   ,.imiredt  (ad-mird'),  />•  a.    Regarded  with  won- 

l  "1;,h"U "a,>  "'     a™  wonderful",  astonishing. 

Yon  have  displac'd  the  mirth,  broke  the  good  meeting, 

\\  ith  most  admir'd  disorder.        Shale.,  Macbeth,  ill.  4. 

admirer    (ad-mir'er),  «.      One   who  admires; 


Hie  gi  mo-  oi  He  lav,  of  England.    Staph 
admirancet  (ad  mir'ans),  n.    [<OP.  odmwmce, 
(.admirer:  Bee  admin  and  -ance.]    Admiration. 
[She]  with  meat  admiraunce  inwardly  was  moved, 

Ani nourd  him  with  all  that  her  behoved. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  V.  x.  39. 

admiration  (ad-mi-ra'shon),  n.     [<  late  ME. 
admyracion,  <  OP.  admiration,  <   L.  admira- 

tio(ii-),  <  adminiri,    admire:  see  admire.]     It. 
Wonder;  astonishment;  surprise. 

And  I  saw  the  woman  drunken  with  the  blood  of  the 
saints,         .  and  when  I  saw  her,  I  wonderedjfithgreat 


\  compliment  which  is  always  more  admissive  than  ex- 
cusatory. '"""''■  lh:l 

admissory  (ad-mis'o-ri),  «-  [X  1'-  :LS  '*'  *«*»«- 
sorius,  <  admissor,  one  who  grants  or  allows, 
(admittere,  pp.  admissus,  admit:  see  admit.] 
Granting  admittance  ;  admitting. 

admit  (ad-mif),  ''■ :  pret.  and  pp.  admitted,  ppr. 
admitting.  [<  ME.  admitten,  amitten,  amytten,  < 
OF.  admettre,  amettre,CL.  admittere,  lit.  send 
to,  <  ml,  to,  +  mittere,  send:  see  missile.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  suffer  to  enter;  grant  or  afford 
entrance  to:  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  col- 
lege; windows  admit  light  and  air;  to  admit  a 
serious  thought  into  the  mind. 
Mirth,  admit  me  of  thy  crew.  MiUon,  L'AUegro,  1.  38. 
()  I  am  a  brute,  when  T  but  admit  a  doubt  of  your  true 
constancy  !  Shi  ridan,  The  Rivals,  in.  2. 

2.  To  give  right  or  means  of  entrance  to  :  as, 
a  ticket  admits  one  into  a  theater;  this  key- 
will  admit  you  to  the  garden.— 3.  To  permit  to 


his  admiration  of  a  woman ;  a  lover. 

For  fear  of  Lucia's  escape,  the  mother  is  .  .  .  constantly 
attended  by  a  rival  that  explains  her  age,  and  draws  oft 
the  eyes  other  admirers.  Tatter,  No.  206. 

admiringly  (ad-mir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  admir- 
ing manner;  with  admiration ;  in  the  manner 
of  an  admirer. 


admiration. 


Rev. 
Your  boldness  I  with  admiration  sei 
2    Wonder  miu»led  with  approbation,  esteem,     being  admissible. 
LT,  orveSon;  an  emotion  excited  by  admissible  <tnl-nns;,;1,l),/;.J< 
what  is  novel,  great,  beautiful,  or  excellent  . 


,  in. 


,s,  admiration  of  virtue  or  goodness;  admira- 
tion of  a  beautiful  woman  or  a  fine  picture. 

Where  imitation  can  go  no  farther,  let  admiration  step 
on  whereof  there  is  no  end  in  the  wisest  form  of  men 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor. 
If  it  should  be  hen-  objected,  as  Cicer 
Csesar,  "  We  have  matter  enough  to  admir  , 
,.j:„iK    ee  something  to  praise,"  I  answer,  that  true  oa- 

ii is  a. superlative  de«ree  of  praise. 

Bacon,  Essays,  etc.  (ISolin  ed.),  p.  480. 
There  Is  a  pleasure  in  admiration,  and  this  is  that  which 

prop.ii.  .hi  i  Hi  ad ation,  when  we  discover  a  great 

deal  in  an  object  which  we  understand  to  be  excellent. 

Tiltotson. 

3t.  The   quality   of   exciting   wonder   or  sur- 
prise; marvelousness;  admirableness. 
Admir'd  Miranda! 
in. I,  ed  the  top  oi  admiration. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ill.  1. 

4.  An  object  of  wonder  or  approbation:  now 

only  in  the  phrase  tlw  admiration  of. 

lie  was  the  admiration  "/'all  the  negroes. 

Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow, 

Note  of  admiration,  an  exclamation-point  (!).— To  ad- 
miration, in  i  very  exceUent  or  admirable  manner;  in  a 
manner  toi  licit  admiration. 
The>  have  curious  straw  worke  among  the  minus,  even 
.-..,„.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  nun. 

ii.  mouldi  d  bead,  in  clay  or  plaster  of  Paris  !o 

admiration,  by  the  dint  ol  natural  genius  merely. 

/  amb,  old  Benchers. 

admirative':id'ini-r:i-iiv>.  ".  and  ».  I.  a.  Ex- 
pressing admirath c  wonder.    [  Bare.] 

II. t  n. 

tion  i'i. 

admiratively  tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 

mirative  hi'  i  :  admiringly.     (Kate. J 

admire  (ad  mir'  .  i  ;  pret,  and  pp.  admired, 
ppr  admiring.  I  F.  admirer,  OP.  admirer,  ear- 
lier amirer,  =  Sp.  Pg.  admirar=  It.  ammirare, 

<   J.,  ad,,,.,  dl  r   at.    <   ad.    at,    +    iniroei 

(for      .  wonder,  =  Grr.  uetdav  (for  •nn,,- 

Sav),  smile,  =   Skt.  V  smi,  smile:    cf.  smile, 

I  j  I.  trans.  1.  To  regard  with  wonder  or 
surprise;  wonder  or  marvel  at:  formerly  used 
i;ternll\ .  but  n"»  chiefly  in  an  ironical  m 

ic  sense,  with  reference  to  meaning  2:  as, 
I  admin  your  audacity. 

I    lb  m\.  Who  W8     ii  Wi  ' 

.  i,  .  i  i        pleased  to  havi  the 

i     n,l.  ,.     I 

0  .       .         ':.  tOl 

Om  hardlj  knows  win  thi  i  mo  I  to  admire  the  stupid- 
ity ol     i  ii  i  d.    radation  oi  to  di  U    <  11    It 

it,  Mail)..  Sermons,  Ii   36. 

2.  To    regard   with    wonder   mingled    with    ap 

probation,  est. -em,  reverenci  .  or  affection  :  feel 

admiral  ion   for;   take   pleasure    in    the   beauty 


specifically,  one  who  pays  court  to  or  manifests     exereise  a  certain  function  ;   grant  power  to 

hold  a  certain  office :  as,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar;  to  admit  a  man  to  the  ministry .— 4.  To 
have  capacity  for  the  admission  of  at  one  time: 
as,  this  passage  admits  two  abreast. — 5.  To 
grant  in  argument;  receive  as  true;  concede; 
allow:  as,  the  argument  or  fact  is  admitted. 

It  was  admitted  that  the  heavy  expenditure  which  had 
b.eii  occasioned  by  the  late  troubles  justified  the  king  in 
asking  some  further  supply.        Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
It  is  so  hard  for  shrewdness  t"  admit 

Polly  means  no  harm  when  she  calls  blank  white  ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  36. 
6.  To  permit,  grant,  allow,  or  be  capable  of: 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  such  a  construction. 
gee  H._7.  To  acknowledge;  own;  confess: 
as,  he  admitted  his  guilt.  =  Syn.  Acknowledge,  Ad- 
mit Confess,  etc.  (tee  acknowledgi  >;  to  let  in,  receive,  take 


•  xvii.  o.  admissibility  (ad-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  n.     [<  admis- 

l>r,„l.„       sd.l,,   alter   I-',   ailmissihilitr.]       The   quality  ot 


<ML.  admissibilis,  <  L.  ddmissus,  pp.  of  admit- 
tere, admit  :  see  admit.  |  1.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  admitted  or  suffered  to  enter. 

They  were  admissible  to  political  and  military  emploj 
ment.  Macaulay,  Bist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  That  maybe  allowed  or  conceded;  allow- 
ra  objected  to     able-  as,  your  proposals  are  not  admissible. — 
'ii"'/";!- "■"',!!;'    3.  In  tote,  capable  of  being  considered  in  reach- 
ing a  decision:  used  of  evidence  offered  in  a 
judicial  investigation. 

So  confession  is  admissible  when  made  in  terror. 

W.  1'hillijix,  Speeebes,  p.  --ion. 

admissibleness(ad-mis'i-lil-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  admissible  or  allowable. 

admissibly  (ad-mis'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  admis- 
sible manner ;  so  as  to  bo  admitted,  entertain- 
ed, or  allowed. 

admission  (ad-mish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  admyssion, 
<L.  admissio(nr),  <  admissus,  pp.  of  admittere, 
admit :  see  admit.]  1.  The  act  of  admitting  or 
alh. wing  to  enter;  the  state  of  being  admitted: 
entrance  afforded  by  permission,  by  provision 
or  existence  of  means,  or  by  tho  removal  of  ob- 
stacles:  as,  the  admission  of  aliens  into  a  coun- 
try; the  admission  of  light  into  a  room  by  a 
window  or  by  opening  the  window. 

Some  minds  seem  well  glazed  by  nature  against  the  ad- 
mission of  knowledge. 

i,v,o.,e  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  p.  81. 

Admittance  ;  power  or  permission  to  enter; 


of  exclamation  or  admira- 


entrance;  access;  power  to  approach:  as,  to 
grant  a  person  admission. 

"  i  applied  to  one  of  the  vergers  for  admist to 

the  library.  Irving,  Mutability  ..1  Lit. 

3.  The  price  paid  for  entrance;  admission  fee: 
as,  the  admission  wax  one  dollar.— 4.  Jiccles.: 
i,m  In  the  Church  of  England,  an  act  of  a 
bishop  accepting  a  candidate  presented  to  a 
benefice.  (6)  In  the  Presbyterian  churches, 
especially  in  Scotland,  a  similar  official  aci  of 
a  presbyterj  admitting  a  minister  to  his  church. 
—  5.  The  act  of  expressing  assent  to  an  argu- 
ment or  proposition,   especially  one   urged   by 

an  opponent  or  adversary;  henee,  a  pomi  or 
statement   admitted;   eoneessh.ii:    allowance: 

as,  this  admission   lost   him  the  argument .—6. 

Acknowledgment;  < Cession  of  a  charge,  an 

ei  pot,  or  a  crime  :  as,  he  made  full  admission  ol 

his  guilt. 

[gie  had  no  sooner  uttered   this  entreaty  than  she 
was  wretched  at  the  admission  ii  implied. 

Qcorgi  Eliot,  Will  on  thi   Flo 


II.  intrans.  To  give  warrant  or  allowance; 
grant  opportunity  or  permission:  with  of:  as. 
circumstances  do  not  admit  of  this ;  the  text 
doos  not  admit  o/this  interpretation. 

E lomv  is  a  subject   which  admiis  ../being  treated 

with  levity,  but  it  cannot  so  be  disposed  of. 

Thoreau,  w  allien,  p.  33. 

To  answer  a  question  so  as  to  admit  of  no  reply,  is  the 
le.,1  of  a  man,  -to  toiieb  bottom  eyery  time, 

Emerson,  Clubs. 

admittable  (ad-mit'a-bl),  a.  [<  admit  +  -able. 
d.  admissible.]  Capable  of  being  admittedoral- 
lowed.    Sometimes  spelled  admittible.   [Bare.] 

admittance  (ad-mi  fans  I.  ».  [<  admit  +  -ana:] 
1.  Tho  act  of  admitting.— 2.  Permission  to 
enter;  the  power  or  right  of  entrance  ;  hence, 
actual  entrance:  as,  he  gained  admittance  into 
the  church. 

[Bacon's  philosophy]  found  no  difficulty  in  gaining  ad- 
mittance, without  a  contest,  into  every  understanding 
mnd  .  .  .  to  receive  her.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3f  Concession;  admission;  allowance:  as,  tho 
mini, tinner  of  an  argument.  — 4f.  The  custom 
or  privilege  of  being  admitted  to  the  society 
of  the  great. 

Sir  b.bii  mi"  are  a  gentleman  of  excellent  breed- 

ing, .  .  of  great  odmittonce.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  it  2. 
5.  In  law,  the  giving  possession  of  a  copyhold 
■  slate,  syn.  1  and  2.  Admittance,  Admission,  Intro- 
duction initiation,  reception,  welcome,  access,  in  the 
separation  of  admittance  and  admission,  the  latter  has 
talon  the  figurative  senses,  while  not  yet  wholly  aban- 
doning to  the  former  the  literal  ..n.s  Hence  in  its  ngura- 
admission  has  meanings  that  admittance  has  not. 
u  le  n  admission  has  the  literal  meaning,  its  use  is  gener- 
ally broader  having  less  deflniteness  with  respect  to  place 
No  admittance  except   through  the  office;  admission  t.> 

in r;  admt i  to  the  peerage  j  he gave  no odrnw- 

to  unkind  thoughts ;  admtsstonoi  a  mult.     Perhaps 

admission  implies  s .what   more  pi  selection  or  |udg 

ment  passed  upon  the  person  admitted  I  as,  admission  to 

it  V 

lie  [the  traveler]  must  obtain  admittance  t"  the  eonviv- 

lal  table  and  the  domestic  hearth.     Macaulay,  Hist.  I-.ng. 
vi  hi  ii  once  love  pleads  admission  to  our  hearts, 
In  spite  of  all  the  virtue  we  can  boast, 

The  woman  who  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison,  (at...  iv.  l. 

H  is  to  M  Guizot  that  I  was  .  .  .  obliged  t or  admission 
i..  the  French  archives.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const., 


Prof. 


7.  Inlaw:  (a)  A   voluntary  aeknowle.lgment  admittatur  (ad-mi-ta'ter),  n.     [L.,  let  him  be 

that    something  is  true.     Admissions  in  an  action  ... 1 1M it t <>cl    3d    tiers,    sing.    pros.   subj.   pass,   of 

i,  to  it,  or  in  bis  attorney,  In  wnt- 

Othi  '  admissions,  whether  by  word 


!•"<•  "rhy:in*. ^,,'..!,:::>.:,::, r;i!i  „•„>,«.,>.  admit V s... ",b7»,;,. i  a  certificate  of 


ing  or  in  open  court 


admittatur 

admission  (o  membership  in  a  university  or 
college. 

admittedly  (ad-mit'ed-li),  adv.    In  an  acknow- 
ledged inaiiiirr  ;  confessedly. 
The  influence  of  ocean-currents  in  the  distribution  of 

heat  over  t  h •'  surface  of  the  elobe  would  still    lie  admit 

tedly  erroneous.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  i>.  52. 

admittendo  clerico  (ad-mi-ten'do  kler'i-ko). 
[ML.,  for  admitting  a  clerk  (clergyman) :  L.  ad- 
mittendo, abl.  of  admittendus,  gerund  of  admit- 
to  re,  admit:  see  admit;  ML.  clerico,  abl.  of  ch  ri- 
ots, a  clerk:  see  clerk.']  An  old  English  writ, 
issued  to  the  bishop  instead  of  to  the  sheriff  as 
in  ordinary  actions,  to  enforce  a  judgment  es- 
tablishing the  rioht  (if  the  crown  to  make  a  pre- 
sentation to  a  benefice. 

admittendo  in  socium  (ad-mi-ten'do  in  so'- 
shi-um).  [ML.,  for  admitting  as  an  associate  : 
h.  admittendo:  see  above;  in,  to,  as;  socium,  nee. 
of  socius,  a  fellow,  associate:  see  social.']  An 
old  English  writ  addressed  to  justices  of  assize 
requiring  them  to  associate  with  themselves 
other  designated  persons,  commonly  knights  of 
the  county,  in  holding  assizes  at  the  circuit. 

admitter  (ad-mit'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
admits. 

admittible  (ad-mit'i-bl),  a.  [<  admit  +  -ible : 
see  -able,  -ible.]     Same  as  admittable. 

admix  (ad-miks'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  admixed 
and  admixt,  ppr.  a  dim. ring.  [First  in  p.  a.  ad- 
mixed, prop,  iiihni.rt.  of  L.  origin,  <  admixtus,  pp. 
of  admiscere,  mix  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  miscere =AB. 
miscan,  E.  mix,  q.  v.]  To  mingle  with  some- 
thing else;  add  to  something  else.     See  mix. 

The  small  quantities  of  alkalies  present  [in  the  topaz] 
may  be  attributed  either  to  admixed  impurity,  or  to  an 
incipient  alteration.   Amer.  Jour. Sri., 3d ser.,  YXTX.  329. 

admixtiont  (ad-miks'chon),  n.  [<  L.  admix- 
tio(n-),  (.admiscere,  pp.  admixtus,  mix  with:  see 
admix.]  The  act  of  mingling  or  admixing;  a 
mingling  of  different  substances ;  the  addition 
of  an  ingredient;  admixture. 

All  metals  may  be  cabined  by  strong  waters,  or  by  ad- 
mixtion  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury.  Huron. 

admixture  (ad-miks'tur),  n.  [<  L.  admixtus, 
pp.  of  admiscere,  mix  with:  see  admix  and  mix- 
ture.] 1.  The  act  of  mingling  or  mixing;  the 
state  of  being  mingled  or  mixed. 

When  a  metallic  vapour  is  subjected  to  mi  mixture  with 
another  gas  or  vapour,or  to  reduced  pressure,  its  spectrum 
becomes  simplified.  J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  154. 
2.  That  which  is  mingled  or  formed  by  min- 
gling; a  compound  made  by  mixture. —  3.  An 
ingredient  different  in  kind  from  that  which 
gives  a  mixture  its  principal  properties. —  4. 
In  general,  anything  added ;  especially,  any 
alien  element  or  ingredient. 

ad  modum  (ad  mo'dum).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the  way, 
mode,  means,  manner :  of7,  to ;  modum,  ace.  of 
modus:  see  mode.]  In  the  manner;  in  such 
way,  or  to  such  effect ;  as ;  like. 

admonish  (ad-mon'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  admoii- 
ysslirn,  amonysshffn,  -csshen,  -asen,  etc.,  earlier 
and  prop,  amonesten,  -istcn  (adm-  for  am-  in 
imitation  of  the  L.  original,  and  -ish  for  -est  in 
imitation  of  verbs  in  -ish2),  <  OF.  amonester 
(F.  admonester),  advise,  <  ML.  *admonistare,  a 
corruption  of  ailmonitarc,  freq.  of  L.  admonere, 
pp.  admonitus,  advise,  <  ad,  to,  +  monere,  advise, 
warn:  see  monish,  monition.]  1.  To  notify  of 
or  reprove  for  a  fault ;  reprove  with  mildness. 
Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  admonish  him  as  a 
brother.  2  Thes.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  counsel  against  something;  caution  or 
advise  ;  exhort ;  warn. 

I  wani'd  thee,  I  admonish'd  thee,  foretold 
The  danger  and  the  lurking  enemy. 

Milton,  V.  I..,  ix.  1171. 
Me  fruitful  scenes  and  prospects  waste 
Alike  admonish  not  to  roam. 

Cowper,  The  Shrubbery. 

3.  To  instruct  or  direct ;  guide. 

Ye  choice  spirits  that  admonish  me. 

Shale,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

Moses  was  admonished  of  God  when  he  was  about  to 

make  the  tabernacle.  Heb.  viii.  5. 

This  view,  which  admonishes  me  where  the  sources  of 

wisdom  and  power  lie,  carries  upon  its  face  the  highest 

certificate  of  truth.  Emerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  inform ;  acquaint  with ;  notify ;  remind ; 
recall  or  incite  to  duty. 

The  angel  bright, 
Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turn'd, 
Admonish'd  by  his  ear.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  647. 

But  Maggie  stood,  right  sail-  astonish'd, 
Till  by  the  heel  and  hand  admonish'd. 

Burns,  Tain  o"  Shanter. 

admonisher  (ad-mon'ish-er),  it.     One  who  re- 
proves or  counsels. 

Horace  was  a  mild  admonisher,  a  court  satirist  fit  for 
the  gentle  times  of  Augustus.  Drydcn. 


79 

admonishingly  (ad-mon'ish-ing-li),  adv.     By 
way  of  admonition  ;  in  tin  admonishing  manner. 
admonishment  (ad-rnon'ish-inent),  n.    Admo- 
nition; counsel;  warning.     [Rare.] 

When  was  my  lord  so  much  ungently  temper'd 
To  stop  his  cars  against  admonishment / 
I  nann,  unarm,  and  do  not  tight  to-day. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  S. 
Thy  grave  admonishments  prevail  with  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

admonition  (ad-mo-nish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  amoni- 
cion,  -unit.  <  OF.  a'moniUon,  later  admonition,  < 
L.  admonitioi  »->,  <  admonere,  advise,  admonish : 
see  admonish.]  1.  The  act,  or  an  act,  of  ad- 
monishing; counsel  or  advice ;  gentle  reproof ; 
instruction  in  duties;  caution;  direction. 

Now  all  these  things happeneduntothemforensamples: 
and  they  are  written  for  our  admonition.         1  Cor.  x.  1 1, 
lie  [earns  the  look  of  things,  and  none  the  less 
For  admonitions  from  the  hunger-pinch. 

Browning,  Fra  Lippo  Lippi. 
2.  Ecdes.,  public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim 
an  offender :  the  first  step  in  church  discipline, 
followed,  when  unheeded,  by  suspension  or  ex- 
communication. =Syn.  Admonition,  Reprehension,  Re- 
proof,  Monition,  Censure,  Reproach.  Rebuke,  Reprimand, 
remonstrance,  expostulation,  warning,  suggestion,  hint, 
intimation.  In  the  primary  and  almost  invariable  sense, 
admonition,  reprehension,  and  reproof  are  bestowed  upon 
conduct  which  is  morally  defective.  Censure  and  repre- 
hension may  or  may  not  he  addressed  directly  to  the  per- 
son blamed ;  the  utterances  expressed  by  the  other  words 
are  always  so  addressed.  Admonition  is  caution  or  warn- 
ing with  reference  to  future  conduct;  it  is  often  based 
upon  past  failures  :  as,  admonition  not  to  repeat  a  fault. 
It  is  often  an  official  act,  as  of  the  authorities  of  a  church, 
school,  or  college.  Monition  is  a  softer  word,  and  is  mostly 
confined  to  subjective  promptings  or  ■warnings:  as.  the 
monitions  of  conscience  or  of  reason.  The  other  words 
are  wholly  retrospective.  Reprehension  may  be  the  mild- 
est of  them,  or  may  be  strengthened  by  an  adjective:  as, 
the  severest  reprehension.  It  is  unofficial,  and  may  de- 
note the  act  of  an  equal.  Reproof  is  the  act  of  a  superior 
or  elder,  an  authoritative  and  personal  censure.  Censure 
is  unfavorable  judgment,  generally  severe,  possibly  official. 
Reproach  is  censure  with  opprobrium  ;  it  is  used  chiefly  as 
a  relief  to  excited  feelings,  and  is  intended  to  humiliate 
rather  than  correct.  RebukSis  energetic  and  summary,  like 
stopping  one's  mouth;  it  implies  feeling,  like  reproach, 
but  more  self-control.  Reprimand  istheactof  asupcrior, 
is  severe,  and  is  often  official  and  public  as  a  form  of  pen- 
alty :  as,  sentenced  to  receive  a  reprimand  from  bis  com- 
manding officer  in  the  presence  of  the  regiment.  (See  the 
discrimination  of  corresponding  verbs  under  censure,  v.) 

A  man  that  is  an  heretic,  after  the  first  and  second  ad- 
monition, reject.  Tit.  iii.  to. 

The  admonitions,  fraternal  or  parental,  of  his  fellow- 
Christians,  or  the  governors  of  the  church,  then  more  pub- 
lic reprehensions.  Hammond. 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise. 

Pojpe,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  583. 
Divine  monition.  Nature  yields, 
That  not  by  bread  alone  we  live. 

Wordsworth,  Devotional  Incitements. 

The  pain  of  a  little  r,  nsure,  even  when  it  is  unfounded, 
is  more  acute  than  the  pleasure  of  much  praise. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  440. 

Dread  of  reproach,  both  by  checking  cowardice  in  battle 
and  by  restraining  misbehaviour  in  social  life,  has  tended 
to  public  and  private  advantage. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  520. 
My  caution  was  more  pertinent 
Than  the  rebuke  you  give  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

The  knight  .  .  .  inquires  how  such  an  one's  wife,  or 
mother,  or  son,  or  father  do[es],  whom  he  does  not  see  at 
church  ;  which  is  understood  as  a  secret  reprimand  to  the 
person  absent.  Addison,  Spectator. 

admonitioner  (ad-mo-nish'on-er),  it.  [For- 
merly also  admonishioher ;  <  admonition.  +  -er1.] 
An  admonisher;  a  dispenser  of  admonitions; 
specifically,  an  Admonitionist  (which  see). 
Hairs. 

Admonitionist  (ad-mo-nish'on-ist),  n.  [<  ad- 
monition +  -ist.]  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Thomas  Cartwright.  two  of  whom  in  1572 
published  "An  Admonition  to  Parliament,"  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  one  by  himself,  strongly  ad- 
vocating church  government  by  presbyters  as 
opposed  to  bishops,  and  the  supremacy  of  the 
church  over  the  state. 

admonitive  (ad-mon'i-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  admonitus, 
pp.  of  admonere:  see  admonish.]  Containing 
admonition.     [Rare.] 

Instructive  and  udmnuitiee  emblems. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  xxvi. 

admonitor  (ad-mon'i-tqr),  n.    [L.,  <  admoru  re  : 

see  admonish.]     An  admonisher ;  a  monitor. 

Conscience  ...  is  at  most  times  a  very  faithful  and  very 
prudent  admonitor.  Shenstone,  Essays  (1763),  p.  222. 

admonitorial  (ad-mon-i-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  admoni- 
tory +  -al.]  Reproving;  admonishing;  having 
the  manner  of  an  admonitor;  admonitory. 

Miss  Tox  .  .  .  had  acquired  an  admoniturial  tone,  and 
a  habit  of  improving  passing  occasions. 

Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  li. 

admonitorily  (ad-mon'i-to-ri-li),  adr.  In  an 
admonitory  manner;  with  warning  or  reproof. 
Carlyle. 


ado 

admonitory  (ad-mon'i-to-ri  I,  ".    [<  L.  as  if  "ad- 

monitorius;  of.  admonitorium,  an  ad nition.] 

Containing  admonition;  tending  or  serving  to 
admonish:  as,  "admonitory  of  duty,"  Barrow, 
Works,  I.  430. 

She  held  up  her  small  hand  with  an  admonitory  gesture. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

admonitrixind-tniin'i-tiiks). ».:  pi. admonit 
(ad-mon-i-tri'sez).     [L.,  fern,  of  admonitor, 
(|.  v.]     A  female  admonitor  ;  a  monitrcss.      .V. 
E.  II. 

admortization  (ad-m6r-ti-za'shon),  n.  Same 
as  amortization. 

admovet  fad-mov'),  V.  t.  [Earlier  amort;  (see 
amove*-),  \  L.  admovere,  move  to,  <  ml,  to,  + 
iiiortrr,  move  :  see  more]  Tomove(to);  bring 
(to):  as,  "admoved  unto  the  light."  Coverdale, 
tr.  of  Erasmus,  1  John  ii.  8. 

admr.     A  contraction  of  administrator. 

admx.    A  contraction  of  administratrix. 

adnascence  (ad-nas'ens),  ».  [<  atlnascritt :  see 
-ence]  Adhesion  of  parts  to  each  other  by  the 
whole  surface.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

adnascent  (ad-nas'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adnascen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  ailnasri,  usually  aguasci,  full  form  ad- 
guasci,  grow  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  'giutsri,  usually  nasci, 
grow,  be  born:  see  agnate  and  nascent.]  Grow- 
ing to  or  on  something  else. 

Moss,  which  is  an  adnascent  plant. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  II.  vii.  §  8. 

adnata  (ad-na'tii),  ».  [NL. ;  (1)  fem.  sing.,  (2) 
neut.  pi.  of  L.  adnatus:  see  adnate.]  1.  sing. 
Same  &s  tunica  adnata  (which  see,  under  tunica). 
—  2.  pi.  In  :obl.,  tegumentary  appendages,  as 
hair  or  feathers,  or  other  covering  or  growth 
superficially  attached  to  an  animal. 
adnate  (ad'nat),  a.  [<  L.  adnatus,  grown  to, 
pp.  of  adnasci :  see  adnascent,  and  cf.  agnate.] 
In  physiol.  and  hot.,  eongeni- 
-i'tK— 3S-  tally  attached  or  grown  to- 
gether. See  adnatton.  Also 
coadnate,  coadunate,  coadu- 
nated,  and  consolidated Ad- 
nate anther,  an  anther  that  is  at- 
tached for  its  whole  length  to  one 
side  of  its  filament. 
adnation(ad-na'shon),n.  The 
state  of  being  adnate;  con- 
genital union  of  different  or- 
gans by  their  surfaces.  Specifically,  in  hot.,  the 
union  or  adhesion  of  different  circles  of  inflorescence,  as 
tin-  calyx -tube  to  the  ovary,  in  distinction  from  coalescence, 

which  denotes  the  onion  of  members  of  11c   -a circle 

only.    Also  called  consolidation. 

ad  nauseam  (ad  na'se-am).  [L. :  ad,  to;  nau- 
seam, ace.  of  nausea  :  see  nausea.]  Literally, 
to  sickness ;  to  disgust ;  to  the  extent  of  excit- 
ing disgust,  especially  the  disgust  which  arises 
from  satiety  or  wearisome  repetition  :  as,  state- 
ments or  complaints  repeated  ad  nauseam. 

adnerval  (ad-ner'val),  a.  [<L.  ad,  to,  +  ncr- 
■nis,  nerve.]  Mo  ving  to  ward  the  nerve :  a  term 
applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  mus- 
cular fiber  toward  the  point  of  application  of 
a  nerve-fiber. 

adnexed  (ad-neksf),  a.  [<  L.  adnexus,  con- 
nected, +  -til".]  In  hot.,  annexed  or  connected: 
applied  to  the  gills  in  Agaricus'when  they  reach 
to  the  stem  but  are  not  adnate  to  it. 

adnominal  (ad-nom'i-nal),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
nominalis:  see  adnoun.]  In  grant.,  belonging 
to  or  qualifying  a  noun ;  adjectival. 

The  true  genitive  is  originally  adnominal  :  that  is,  its 
primary  function  is  to  limit  the  meaning  of  a  substantive. 

Trims.   Aunr.   1'liilol.   Ass.,  XX.  7. 

adnomination(ad-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
noiiiiitatio(u-),  agnominatio(n-),  equiv.  to  Gr. 
irapovofiaoia,  a  pun;  <  ad,  to.  +  nominal '< .  name, 
<  nomiii  (nomiii-),  aname.]  A  play  upon  words ; 
paronomasia. 

adnoun  (ad 'noun),  n.  [< L.  ad  +  noun.  Cf. 
L.  adnomen,  usually  agnomen,  surname:  see 
agnomen.]  In  gram.,  an  adjective  or  attributive 
word ;  an  adjunct  to  a  noun ;  specifically,  ac- 
cording to  some  grammarians,  an  adjective 
used  substantively,  as  the  good,  the  true,  and 
the  beautiful. 

ado  (a-do'l,  it.,  orig.  inf.  [<  ME.  ado,  at  do, 
North,  dial,  equiv.  to  E.  to  do,  the  prep.  at. 
Sen  nd.  at,  being  the  sign  of  the  inf.,  like  to  in 
literary  E.  From  the  use  of  this  inf.  in  phrases 
like  much  ado,  little  ado,  more  ado,  i.  e.,  much 
to  do,  etc.,  ado  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  noun 
'"ado,  or  grete  bysynesse,  sollicitudo," 
Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  7),  qualified  by  much,  tilth, 
more,  and  hence  later  great,  any,  etc.,  as  an 
adj.  Cf.  affair,  <  OF.  a  faire,  to  do,  a-do.] 
I.t  inf.  1 .  'To  do. 


,  Adnate  Anther. 
,  Adnate  Stipule. 


ado 

With  that  pryiice  Must  we  have  at  do. 

TovmeUy  Mysteries,  p.  237. 
He  schalle  have  ado  every  day  with  hem. 

MandevUle,  p.  132. 
I  wonder  what  he  had  ado  in  appearing  to  me? 

./.  Hogg,  Tales  (1837),  II.  104. 

2.  In  doing;  being  done. 

(►illy  an  eagei  bustling,  that  rattier  keeps  ado  than  >i"-  a 
anything.  Earle,  Microcosm.,  xxvii.  58. 

II.  n.  Doing;  action;  business;  bustle;  trou- 
ble; labor;  difficulty:  as,  to  persuade  one  with 
much  ado. 

Lets  follow,  to  see  the  end  of  this  ad<>. 

Shak.,1.  of  the  S.,  v.  i. 
We  had  much  adu  to  keepe  ourselves  above  water,  the 
billows  breaking  desperately  on  our  vessel. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  22,  1641. 

And  what  is  life,  that  we  should  moan  ?   why  make  we 

suchflfio.?  Tennyson,  May  Queen,  Conclusion. 

-ado.  [Sp.  Pg.  -ado,  It.  -ato  =  F.  e,  <  L.  dtus,  m. : 
see  -ate1.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  the  Spanish 
masculine  form  oi-ade1,  -ate1,  as  in  renegado, 
desperado,  etc.  In  some  words  -ado  is  an  er- 
roneous form  of  -ada,  as  in  bastinado.  See 
-ada. 

adobe  (a-do'ba),  n.  and  a.  [Less  correctly 
adobi,  colloquially  shortened  to  dobie ;  <  Sp. 
adobe,  an  unburnt  brick  dried  in  the  sun,  < 
adobar,  daub,  plaster.  Cf.  daub.]  I.  n.  1.  The 
Mexican-Spanish  name  of  the  sun-dried  brick 
in  common  use  in  countries  of  small  rainfall 
and  of  inferior  civilization. 

This  is  a  desolate  town  of  two  thousand  inhabitants 
dwelling  in  low  dilapidated  huts  of  the  most  common 
building  material  in  the  Andes  —  adobe,  or  sun-dried  blocks 
of  mud  mingled  with  straw. 

J.  Orion,  Andes  and  Amazon,  p.  46. 

2.  Clay  or  soil  from  which  sun-dried  bricks  are 
made,  or  which  is  suitable  for  making  them. — 

3.  In  the  quicksilver-mines  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
a  brick  made  of  the  finer  ores  mixed  with  clay, 
for  more  convenient  handling  in  the  furnace. 

II.  a.  1.  Built  or  made  of  adobes  or  sun- 
dried  bricks. — 2.  Suitable  for  making  sun- 
dried  bricks  :  as,  an  adobe  soil. 

adolescence  (ad-o-les'ens),  n.  [<  ME.  adoles- 
cence,  <  OP.  adolescence,  <  L.  adolescentia,  usu- 
ally adulescentia,  <  adolescen{t-)s,  usually  adules- 
cen{t-)s,  young:  see  adolescent.]  The  state  of 
growing;  specifically,  youth,  or  the  period  of 
life  between  puberty  and  the  lull  development 
of  the  frame,  extending  in  man  from  about  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  to  twenty-five,  and  in  wo- 
man from  twelve  to  twenty-one :  applied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  young  of  the  human  race. 

adolescency  (ad-o  ies'en-si),  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  adolescent  or  in  the  growing  age. 

adolescent  (ad-o-les'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  late 
ME.  adolescente,  n.,  <  OF.  adolescent,  <  L.  adoles- 
cen(t-)s,  usually  adulescen(t-)s,  growing  up,  not 
yet  grown,  young,  a  youth,  prop.  ppr.  (and  as 
such  prop,  written  adolesccn{t-)s)  of  adolescere, 
grow  up  (see  adult),  <  ail,  to,  +  olescere,  the  in- 
ceptive form  of  *olerc,  grow,  <  alere,  nourish: 
see  aliment.]  I.  a.  Growing  up;  advancing 
from  childhood  to  manhood  or  womanhood  ; 
youthful. 

Schools,  unless  discipline  were  doubly  strong, 
Detain  their  adolescent  charge  too  long. 

Cowper,  Tirocinium. 

II.  n.  One  who  is  growing  up ;  a  person  of 
either  sex  during  the  period  of  adolescence. 

adolode  (ad'o-lod),  n.  [<Gr.  a-  priv.  +  du'Aoc, 
fraud  (see  dole&,  deceit),  +  &66g,  way.]  An  ap- 
paratus for  detecting  fraud  in  distillation. 

Adonai  (ad-o-na'i  or  a-do'ni),  n.  [Heb.  adonai, 
lit.  '  my  lords,'  <  adon,  lord.  Cf.  Adonis.]  A 
Hebrew  name  of  God,  reverentially  used  in 
reading  as  a  substitute  for  the  "ineffable  name" 
JIIVH,  that  is,  Jehovah.  See  Adonist  and  Je- 
hovah. 

Adonean  (ad-o-ne'mi),  a.  [<  L.  Adoneus,  <  Gr. 
Aiaveiog,  < 'IV'Wir,  Adonis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  Adonis:  as,  "fair  Adonean 
Venus.''  Fdber. 

Adoniata-do'ni-ii).  n.pl.  [L.,<Gr.  'AdWa,  prop. 
neut.  pi.  of  adj.  'A'iuwoc,  pertaining  to  "AJSuvic, 
Adonis.]  A  festival  of  two  days'  duration 
(properly,  the  rites  performed  during  the  fes- 
tival ).  anciently  celebrated  by  \vc ti  in  honor 

of  Adonis,  among  the  Phenicians  and  Greeks. 
The  fh  tdai  wa     pent  in  mourning  and  lamentation  and 

the  second  in  feasting  and  merrymaking,  coi tmoratlng 

the  periodical  death  and  return  to  life  ol  Adonis,  personj 
fying  the  alternation  <>f  the  seasons  and  the  productive 
forces  in  nature. 
A.donian  (a-do'ni-an),  a.    Same  as  Adonic. 

Quevedo  .  .  .  musthavt  don*  violence  to  his  genius  in 
the  composition  of  ten  short  pieces,  which  he  calh   Eu 

dechaa,  in  Adonian  verse.  Tictcnor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  02. 


80 

Adonic  (a-don'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "Adani- 
cus,  <  Adonis.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ado- 
nis. See -JttONi's, etymology.—  Adonicverse.  See II. 
II.  n.  An  Adonic  verse :  so  called,  it  is  said, 
because  used  in  songs  sung  at  the  Adonia,  or 
festival  of  Adonis.  It  consists  of  a  dactyl  and  a  spon- 
dee or  trochee,  as  rdra  jUventus,  and  on  account  of  its 
animated  movement  is  adapted  to  gay  and  lively  poetry. 
It  is  seldom  used  by  itself,  but  is  joined  with  other  kinds 
of  vers,'.     It  is  said  to  have  been  devised  by  Sappho. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis),  n.    [<  L.  Adonis,  <  Gr.  "A.6avtg, 

also  "Auuv,  in  myth.,  a  favorite  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus) ;  according  to  the  oldest  tradition,  the 
son  of  Theias,  king  of  Assyria,  and  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha  or  Smyrna.  He  was  killed  by  a 
wild  boar,  but  was  permitted  by  Zeus  to  pass 
four  months  every  year  in  the  lower  woi'ld, 
four  with  Aphrodite,  and  four  where  he  chose. 
The  name,  like  the  myth,  is  of  Phenician  ori- 
gin, akin  to  Heb.  adon,  lord  :  Bee  Adonai.]  1. 
A  beau;  a  dandy;  an  exquisite:  as,  he  is  quite 
an  Adonis. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  European 
plants  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Bamuncu- 
lacea1.  In  the  corn-adonis,  or  pheasant's-eye,  A.  autum- 
nalis,  the  petals  are  bright  scarlet,  and  are  considered  as 
emblematical  of  the  blood  of  Adonis,  from  which  the 
plant  is  fabled  to  have  sprung. 
3f.  [/.  c]  A  kind  of  wig  formerly  worn. 
He  puts  on  a  fine  flowing  adonis  or  white  periwig 

R.  Graves,  Spirit.  Quixote,  III.  xix. 

Adonist  (a-do'nist),  n.  [<  Heb.  adonai  (see 
Adonai)  +  -ist.]  Due  who  maintained  that  the 
vowel-points  ordinarily  written  under  the  con- 
sonants of  the  Hebrew  word  JHVH  (pronounced 
since  the  sixteenth  century,  except  among  the 
Jews,  Jehovah)  aro  not  the  natural  points  be- 
longing to  that  word,  but  are  vowel-points  be- 
longing to  the  words  Adonai  and  Elohim  ;  these 
words  are  substituted  in  reading  by  the  Jews 
for  the  name  JHVH,  a  name  which  they  are 
forbidden  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronunciation 
of  which  is  lost.  Those  persons  who  held  the 
opposite  view  were  termed  Jehovists. 

adonize  (ad'o-niz),  v.  t.  [=F.  adoniser;  < 
Adonis,  q.  v.,  +  -ize.]  To  make  beautiful  or  at- 
tractive ;  adorn  one's  self  with  the  view  of  at- 
tracting admiration :  said  only  of  men.  [Kate.] 
I  employed  three  good  hours  at  least  in  adjusting  and 
adonizing  myself.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  III.  41S. 

adoorst  (a-dorz'),  prep,  pin:  as  adv.  [A  reduced 
form  of  both  of  doors  and  at  doors,  as  in  the 
phrases  out  of  doors,  out  o'  doors,  forth  a  doors, 
and  in  a  doors,  in  at  doors:  see  a-3,  a-7,  and 
door.]    At  doors  ;  at  the  door. 

If  I  get  in  a-doors,  not  the  power  o'  th'  country, 
Nor  all  my  aunt's  curses  shall  disembogue  me. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  v.  1. 

adopt  ( a-dopt'),  r.  [<  F.  adopter,  <  L.  adoptarc, 
adopt,  choose,  <  ad,  to,  +  optarc,  wish  :  see  op- 
tative.] I.  trans.  1.  To  choose  for  or  take  to 
one's  self ;  make  one's  own  by  selection  or  as- 
sent ;  receive  or  agree  to  as  a  personal  belong- 
ing or  opinion:  as,  to  adapt  a  mime  or  an  idea; 
an  adopted  citizen  or  country  ;  the  meeting 
adopted  the  resolution. 

Tell  me,  may  not  a  king  adopt  an  heir? 

Shale,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
I  have  adopted  the  Roman  sentiment,  that  it  is  more 
honourable  to  save  a  citizen  than  to  kill  an  enemy. 

Johnson,  Tref.  to  Shak. 
Men  resist  the  conclusion  in  the  morning,  but  ad<>/,t 
it  as  the  evening  wears  on,  that  temper  prevails  over 
everything  of  time,  place,  and  condition. 

Emerson,  Experience. 

2.  Specifically,  to  admit  into  a  relation  of  af- 
filiation ;  confer  the  rights  or  privileges  of  kin- 
ship upon,  as  one  who  is  not  naturaDy  related 
or  connected  ;  especially,  to  receive  and  treat 
as  a  child  or  member  of  one's  family,  etc.:  as, 
the  orphans  were  ailoptcd  by  friends.  See  adop- 
tion, '-'. —  3.  To  take  or  receive  into  any  kind  of 
new  relationship:  as,  to  adapt  a  person  as  an 
heir,  or  as  a  friend,  guide,  or  example. 

Titus,  I  am  incorporate  in  Koine, 

A  Roman  new  adopted  happily. 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
Strangers  were  very  rarely  adopted  into  a  right  of  prop- 
erty in  clan  land  in  the  early  time. 

I).  II'.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  p.  7S. 

II.  intrans.  In  i  urbri .  to  play  with  the  suit 

turned  up  for  trumps  :  a  privilege  of  the  dealer. 

adoptability  (ii-dop-ta-biri-ti),  n.;  pi.   ailapta- 

lah  tn  s ■  ( -t  iz  I.    The  state  of  being  adopt  aide  ;  the 

capability  of  being  adopted  ;   that  which  can  be 

adopted  or  made  use  of:  as.  "the  select  adopta- 

hilitirs,"  t'aiii/li;  I'tist  and  ['resent,  II.  xvii. 

adoptable  (a-dop'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adapt  + -able] 
Capable  of  being  udoptod;  fit  or  worthy  to  be 
adopted. 

The  Liturgy  or  adoptable  and  generally  adopted  set  ol 
prayers.  Carlyle,  Tast  and  i'resent,  II.  xvii. 


adorable 

adoptant  (a-dop'tant),  o.  and  n.  [<  F.  adoptant, 
<L.  adoptan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adoptarc:  see  adopt.] 

1.  a.  Adopting. 

II.  n.  One  who  adopts  a  child  or  thing  as  his 
own. 

adoptatet  (a-dop'tat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  adoptatus,  pp. 
of  adoptive  :  Bee  adopt.]     To  adopt. 
adoptative  (a-dop'ta-tiv),  a.    [<  L.  adoptatus, 
pp.  of  adoptarc  (see  adapt),  +  -ivi .]     Same  as 
adoptive.     [Rare.] 
adoptedlyt  (a-dop'ted-li),  adv.    By  adoption. 
Lii'-io.  Is  she  your  cousin? 

/.siih.  Adoptedly,  as  school-maids  change  their  names. 
Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  6. 
adopter  (a-dop'ter),  ».    One  who  or  that  which 
adopts, 
adoptian  (a-dop'shan),  a.     [<  ML.  Adoptiani, 
the  adoptian  heretics,  irreg.  <  L.  adoptarc  :  see 
adopt.]     In  thcol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of   adoption Adoptian  controversy.     See 

adoptionism. 
adoptianism  (a-dop'shan-izm),  n.     [<  adoptian 
+  -ism.]     Same  as  adoptionism. 

The  recantation  was  probably  insincere,  for  on  return- 
ing to  his  diocese  he  [Felix,  bishop  of  Urgel|  taught  adop- 
tianvsm  as  before.  Encye.  Brit.,  I.  163. 

adoptianist  (a-dop'shan-ist),  n.    [<  adoption  + 

-ist.]     Same  as  adoptionist. 

It  was  under  this  pontificate  [Leo  III.]  that  Felix  of 
Urgel,  the  adoptianist,  was  anathematized  by  a  Roman 
synod.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  449. 

adoption  (a-dop'shon),  ».  [<  L.  adoptio(n-),  a 
shorterform  of  adoptatio(n-),  (.adop tare,  adopt: 
see  adopt.]  1.  The  act  of  adopting  or  taking 
as  one's  own ;  a  choosing  for  use,  or  by  way  of 
preference  or  approval;  assumption;  formal 
acceptance :  as,  the  adoption  of  a  distinctive 
dress ;  he  favored  the  adoption  of  the  bill ;  the 
adaption  of  a  new  word  irrto  a  language. 

The  adoption  of  vice  has  ruined  ten  times  more  young 
men  than  natural  inclinations.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  into  an  affiliated  relation; 
admission  to  some  or  all  of  the  privileges  of 
natural  kinship  or  membership :  as,  the  adoption 
of  a  child ;  adoption  into  a  tribe ;  a  son  by  adop- 
tian. Simple  adoption  of  a  child  extends  only  to  his 
treatment  as  a  member  of  the  household  ;  legal  adoption 
may  confer  upon  him  any  or  all  of  the  rights  of  actual  re- 
lationship.  In  the  absence  of  any  legally  assumed  obli- 
gation, an  adopted  child  is  not  in  law  deemed  a  relative 
of  the  adopting  parent,  and  does  not  inherit  as  stub,  and 
the  adopting  parent  acquires  no  other  authority  than  that 
which  affection  or  the  consent  of  the  natural  parent  may 
give.  The  civil  or  statute  laws  <it  must  countries  strictly 
regulate  the  principles  of  legal  adoption  with  reference  to 
its  limitation,  the  rights  of  natural  heirs,  etc. 

3.  In  thcol.,  that  act  of  divine  grace  by  which, 
through  Christ,  those  who  have  been  justified 
"  are  taken  into  the  number  and  enjoy  the  lib- 
erties and  privileges  of  the  children  of  God." 
rVest.  Conf.  of  Faith,  xii. 

But  ye  have  received  the  Spirit  of  mlojition,  whereby  we 
cry,  Abba,  Father.  Rom.  viii.  15. 

adoptional  (a-dop'shpn-al),.a.  [<  adoption  + 
-al.)     Relating  to  adoption. 

adoptionism  (a-dop'shon-izm),  it.  [<  adaption 
+  -ism.]  In  t'iical.,  the  doctrine  that  Christ  is 
the  Son  of  God  by  adoption  only.  It  was  held 
that,  as  the  son  of  David,  he  had  simply 'a  human  nature, 
which  afterward  by  an  act  of  adoption  became  united 
with  the  divine  nature,  or  the  eternal  Wool.  This  doc- 
trine, though  not  unknown  in  the  early  church,  was  first 
distinctly  propounded  in  Spain  near  the  end  of  the  eighth 
century  by  Felix,  bishop  of  I  rgel,  and  Elipandus,  arch- 
bishop ol  Toledo.  It  was  opposed  by  Alcuin,  and  con- 
demned by  three  councils,  at  Ratisbon  in  792,  at  Frank- 
fort in  704.  and  at  Aix-la -t'hapelle  about  799.  Also  writ- 
ten adoptianism. 

adoptionist  (a-dop'shon-ist),  ».  [<  adoption  + 
-ist.]  One  who  holds  the  doc-trine  of  adoption- 
ism.    Also  written  adoptianist. 

adoptioust  (a-dop'shus), ".  |  <  adoption  +  -ous. 
ct'.  ambitious,  ambition.]  Adoptive;  adopted 
or  assumed. 

Pretty,  fond,  adoptims  Christendoms. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  i.  1. 

adoptive  (a-dop'tiv),  a.  [<L.adoptivus,<adop- 
tave :  see  adapt.]  1 .  Fitted  for  or  given  to  adopt- 
ing: as,  a  receptive  nudailoptirr  language. — 2. 
t  '('mstit  nl  •  <  1  b\  adopt  iou  :  adopt  nil'  or  adopted: 
as,  an  adioptwe  father  or  son. —  3.  Assumed:  as, 
••adoptive  and  cheerful  boldness," Milton,  Ref. 
in  Kng.,  i.  -Adoptive  arms,  in  her.,  arms  which  the 
adopter  is  obliged  to  marshal  with  his  own.  as  the  condi- 
tion of  some  honor  c>r  estate  left  him. 

adoptively  (a-dop'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  adoptive 
manner;  by  way  of  adoption. 

adorability  (a-ddr-a-biri-ti),  ".  [<  adorable: 
see  -bility.]  "The  quality  of  being  adorable. 
Coleridge. 

adorable  (a-dor'a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  adorable,  <  L. 
adorahilis,i'adorarc,  adore:  see  adore1.]    1.  De- 


adorable 

mantling  adoration;  worthy  of  being  adored; 
worthy  of  divine  honors. 

Thereare  those  who  have  treated  the  history  of  Abra 
ham  as  an  astronomical  record,  and  have  spoken  of  our 
adorable  Saviour  as  the  sun  in  Aries. 

./.  //.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  864, 

2.  Worthy  of  the  utmost  love  or  admiration:  as, 

she  is  Kaadorablc  creature;  an  adorabh  statue. 

When  lie  [the  pope]  touched,  as  he  did  briefly,  on  the 

misfortunes  of  the  church,  an  adorable  Eire  came  into  his 

T.  B.  Aid  rich,  IVnkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  1!  I. 

adorableness  (a-dor'a-bl-nes),  n.     The  quality 

of  being  adorable,  or  worthy  of  adoration. 
adorably  (a-dor'a-bli),  adv.    In  a  manner  wor- 
thy of  adoration. 

adoral  (ad-6'ral),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  os  {or-), 
mouth,  +  -al;  "after  aboral.]  In  zool.,  situated 
at  or  near  the  mouth ;  being  relatively  toward 
the  mouth :  the  opposite  of  aboral. 

They  [Balterice]  have  a  spiral  adoral  wreath  of  cilia  for 
Bwimming.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  43. 

The  object  of  the  unique,  one-sided  arrangement  of  the 
adoral  cilia  is  to  direct  fond-particles  to  the  mouth. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  328. 

adorally  (ad-6'ral-i),  adv.  Toward  or  in  the 
direction  of  the  mouth. 
adoration  (ad-o-ra'shon),  ».  [<  F.  adoration,  < 
\j.  adoratio{n-)',  (  adorare :  see  adore*.]  1.  The 
act  of  paying  honors,  as  to  a  divine  being ;  wor- 
ship addressed  to  a  deity ;  the  supreme  worship 
due  to  God  alone.  [Sometimes  used  specifically  of 
words  addressed  to  the  Deity  expressive  of  a  sense  of  his 
infinite  holiness  and  perfection.]  In  the  Horn.  Cat},.  Ch., 
adoration  is  applied  to  any  one  of  three  kinds  of  worship 
(though  properly  only  to  the  first),  namely :  latria,  or  wor- 
ship due  to  dod  alone;  dulia,  or  the  secondary  worship  paid 
to  angels  and  saints  directly,  or  through  the  veneration  of 
relics  and  images;  and  kyperdvlia,  the  higher  worship 
paid  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  The  saints  and  the  Virgin  are 
adored  as  the  friends  of  God,  having  intercessory  power 
with  him. 

Lowly  reverent 

Towards  either  throne  they  bow,  and  to  the  ground 

With  solemn  adoration  down  they  cast 

Their  crowns.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  351. 

Knowledge  is  the  fire  of  adoration,  adoration  is  the  gate 
of  knowledge.        Busknell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  163. 

They  [Indians]  perform  their  adorations  and  conjura- 
tions in  the  general  language  before  spoken  of,  as  the 
Catholics  of  all  nations  do  their  mass  in  the  Latin. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iii.  If  31. 

2.  Homage,  or  an  act  of  homage,  paid  to  one  in 
high  place  or  held  in  high  esteem;  profound 
reverence;  the  utmost  respect,  regard,  or  es- 
teem ;  the  highest  degree  of  love,  as  of  a  man 
for  a  woman;  heart's  devotion. 

OH.  How  does  he  love  me? 

i'i".  Witii  adorations,  with  fertile  tears, 
With  groans  that  thunder  love,  with  sighs  of  fire. 

Shah.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

3.  In  art  and  archwol. :  (a)  A  representation  of 
the  adoration  of  the  infant  Jesus  by  the  magi  or 
the  shepherds,  (b) 
A  representation 
of  the  worship  of 
an  ancient  divin- 
ity, of  the  deified 
dead,  or  of  a  king 
or  an  emperor. 
In  Latin,  adoratio. 
Such  representations 
are  common  in  Greek 
vase-paintings  and  fu- 
neral sculptures,  and 
in  Roman  reliefs  and 
medals.  The  ancient 
adoration  is  usually 
characterized  by  the 
gesture  of  raising  the 
right  hand,  particu- 
larly with  the  thumb 
laid  on  the  first  finger ;  though  it  is  sometimes  exhibited, 
chiefly  in  Oriental  examples,  in  a  prostrate  position. 

4.  A  method  of  electing  a  pope.     See  extract. 

The  third  way  of  creating  Popes  is  by  Adoration,  which 
is  perform'd  in  this  manner  :  That  Cardinal  who  .  .  . 
desires  to  favour  any  other  Cardinal  .  .  .  puts  himself 
before  him  in  the  Chappel,  and  makes  him  a  low  Rever- 
ence ;  and  when  it  falls  out  that  two  thirds  of  the  Cardi- 
nals do  the  same,  the  I 'ope  is  then  understood  to  be  created. 
G.  II. ,  tr.  of  Hist.  Cardinals,  III.  286.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament,  in  the  Rom. 
Cath.  Ch.,  supreme  worship  (latria)  paid  to  the  eucharist. 
"Catholics  pay  to  the  eucharist  .  .  .  wherever  it  may  be 
present  that  supreme  worship  which  is  due  to  God  alone." 
Cath.  Diet.  (1SS4),  p.  321.  Religious  communities  of  wo- 
men for  the  perpetual  adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament 
have  been  founded  at  various  times,  the  first  by  Anne 
of  Austria,  mother  of  Louis  XIV.— Adoration  of  the 
cross,  in  the  Hum.  Cath.  Ch.,  that  part  of  the  service  on 

i; I  I'Yiduy,  following  the  prayers,  in  which  the  cross  is 

exposed  to  view  and  "adored"  by  clergy  and  people.— 
Adoration  of  the  host,  in  the  celebration  of  the  mass, 
the  silent  worship  paid  by  the  congregation,  kneeling,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host  See  h ost 3.— Adoration  of  the 
pope,  a  mark  of  homage  paid  to  the  pope  immediately 
after  his  election,  by  kissing  the  golden  cross  on  the  sandal 
worn  on  his  right  foot  Cardinals  also  kiss  his  right  hand, 
receiving  in  return  the  kiss  of  peace.  The  ceremony  is 
6 


An  ancient  Adoration. —  Coin  of  Ephe- 
sus  struck  under  Macrinus;  British  Mu- 
seum.    ( Size  of  the  original.) 


81 

four  times  repeated;  the  first  two  adorations  take  place 
in  the  conclave  Itself,  the  third  in  the  Sistine  chapel,  and 
the  fourth  in  St.  Peter's,  where  the  homage  of  the  pe..pir 
\a  received. 

adoratory  ^-dor'a-to-ri),  n.;  pi.  adoratories 
(-riz).  [<ML.  adaratorium,  explained  as  "an 
underground  place  where  the  Indians  suei-iti* ■<■ 
to  their  gods  and  departed  ancestors,"  <  L.  ado- 
rare,  adore:  see  adore*  and  oratory.']  A  place 
of  worship;  especially,  a  pagan  temple  or  place 
oi"  sacrifice.      [Rare.] 

adore1  (a-d6r')>  0-J  pret.  and  pp.  adored,  ppr. 
adoring."  [<  ME.  adourcn,  < OF.  adourer,  adon  r 
(earlier  ME.  aouren,  <  OF.  aourer,  aiirer,  aorer), 
mod.F.  adorer='BT.Bp.'Pg.adorar=It.adorare, 
adore,  <  L.  adorare,  speak  to,  address,  beseech, 
pray  to,  adore,  worship,  <ad,  to,  +  orare,  speak, 
pray,  <  os  (or-),  the  mouth:  see  oral]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  worship;  pay  supreme  reverence  to;  ad- 
dress in  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  pay  divine 
honors  to  ;  honor  as  divine. 

Bishops  and  priests  .  .  .  bearing  the  host,  which  he 
publicly  adored.  Smollett,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  L689. 

God  shall  be  all  in  all.  But,  all  ye  gods, 
Adore  him,  who  to  compass  all  this  dies ; 
Adore  the  Son,  and  honour  him  as  me. 

MxUon,  P.  L,  iii.  342. 

2.  To  honor  and  regard  in  a  very  high  degree  ; 
regard  with  the  utmost  esteem,  love,  ami  re- 
spect. 

The  people  appear  adoring  their  prince.   Tatler,  No.  57. 

Thus,  Madam,  in  the  midst  of  crowds,  you  reign  in  soli- 
tude ;  and  are  adored  with  the  deepest  veneration,  that  of 
silence.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  State  of  Innocence. 

When  he  who  adores  thee  has  left  but  the  name 
Of  his  faults  and  his  follies  behind.  Moore,  Irish  Mel. 
—  Syn.  Adore,  Worship,  Reverence,  Vem- rut.-.  Revere,  idol- 
ize, deify,  pay  homage  to.  Adore  and  worship,  when  not  ap- 
plied exclusively  to  God  or  gods,  are  manifestly  hyperboli- 
e.-d  :  as,  he  worshiped  the  ground  she  trod  on.  The  others 
seem  literal  when  applied  to  men,  places,  or  things. 
Adore  and  worship  are  applied  primarily  to  acts  and 
words  of  homage;  the  others  are  not.  None  of  them 
primarily  includes  the  idea  of  intercessory  prayer.  Adore 
is  the  noblest  of  the  words.  To  worship  is  to  pay  homage 
by  outward  forms  or  in  customary  places:  "A  man  of 
Ethiopia  .  .  .  had  come  to  Jerusalem  for  to  worship." 
Acts  viii.  27.  In  the  Bible  worship  is  used  to  express  also 
extreme  manifestations  of  respect  paid  to  men:  "As 
Peter  was  coming  in,  Cornelius  met  him,  and  fell  down 
at  his  feet,  and  worshipped  him."  Acts  x.  25.  Reverence 
is  upon  a  plane  a  little  different  from  that  of  venerate, 
there  being  sometimes  more  fear  suggested  by  the  former 
and  more  sacredness  by  the  latter.  We  should  revert  nee 
position,  ability,  and  character;  we  should  venerate  old 
age.  Revere  differs  from  reverence  chiefly  in  suggesting 
rather  less  solemnity  or  awe. 

It  [worship]  is  also  an  act  of  the  will,  whereby  the  soul 
adores  and  reverences  his  majesty.  .  .  .  We  must  worship 
God  understanding^ ;  it  is  not  else  a  reasonable  service. 
Charnock,  Attributes. 

Fall  down  and  dy  before  her ; 
So  dying  live,  and  living  do  adore  her. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 
I  love  Quaker  ways  and  Quaker  worship,  I  w  aerate  the 
Quaker  principles.  Lamb,  Eli  a. 

A  foolish  world  is  prone  to  laugh  in  public  at  what  in 
private  it  reveres  as  one  of  the  highest  impulses  of  our  na- 
ture ;  namely,  love.  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  S. 

II.  intrans.  To  perform  an  act  of  worship; 
bo  filled  with  adoration,  reverence,  or  reveren- 
tial admiration. 

If  the  stars  should  appear  one  night  in  a  thousand  years, 
how  would  men  believe  and  adore !         Emerson,  Nature. 

Litanies,  chanted  day  and  night  by  adoring  hearts. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

adore2t  (a-dor'),  v.  t.  [A  poet,  perversion  of 
adorn ;  perhaps  only  in  the  two  passages  quoted.] 
To  gild ;  adorn. 

Like  to  the  hore 
Congealed  litle  drops  which  doe  the  niorne  adore, 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  40. 

Armlets  for  great  queens  to  adore. 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Elder  Brother,  iv.  3.    (X.  E.  D.) 

adorementt  (a-dor'ment),  n.    Adoration  ;  wor- 
ship. 
Adorement  of  cats,  lizards,  and  beetles. 

Sir  T.  Browne.  Yulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

adorer  (a-dor'er),  n.     [<  adore1  +  -erij    One 

who  adores,      (a)  One  who  worships  or  honors  as  divine. 
(b)  One  who  esteems  or  respects  highly;  a  lover;  an  ad- 
mirer. 
I  profess  myself  her  adorer,  not  her  friend. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  6. 

adoring  (a-dor'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  adore*-.] 

An  act  of  adoration,  or  one  of  homage  paid  by 
a  lover. 

And  soft  adoring*  from  their  loves  receive. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  vi. 

adoringly  ( a-dor 'ing-li),  ado.  With  adoration. 
adorn  (a-ddrn'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  adornen,  adoumen, 

<  OF.  adorner,  adourner  (earlier  ME.  aournen, 

aomen,(  OF.  aourner,  aiirner,  aorner),  mod.  F. 

adorner  =  Sp.  Pg.  adornar  =  It.  adornare,  <  L. 

adornare,  <  ad,  to,  +  ornare,  deck,  beautify:  see 


adorsed 

ftntfifr.]     1.  To  beautify  or  .locorate;  increase 
or  lend  beauty  or  attractiveness  to,  as  by  dress 
or  ornaments;   hence,   in  general,  to  render 
pleasing,  or  more  pleasing  or  attractive; 
hellish. 
A  bride  adorneth  herself  with  her  jewels.      Isa.  i 
Virtue  adorn'd  his  mind,  triumph  bis  brow. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
lb-  left  the  name  at  which  the  world  grew  pale, 
To  point  a  moral,  or  adorn  a  tali 

Johnson,  Van.  of  Sum.  w  ishes,  1.  222. 

2.  To  display  the  beauty  or  excellence  of:  as, 
to  "adorn  the  doctrine  of  God,"  Tit.  ii.  L0. 
=  Syn.  Adorn,  Ornament,  Decorate,  Embellish,  Beautify. 
Deck.  .1  rray,  grace,  garnish,  bedeck,  setoff.  (See  dec* 
The  italicized  words,  except  deck  and  array,  8X6  expp  Ivt 
of  the  attempt  to  add  or  inerea.se  beauty.  Adorn  has  the 
most  nobleness  and  spirituality;  it  is  the  Least  externa}. 
Garments  that  adorn  a  woman  seem  a  part  of  her  person- 
alityand  bring  out  her  comeliness;  many  \  irtues  aaoi 
character;  the  hall  was  adorned  with  the  portraits  ol  their 
ancestors.  In  these  examples,  no  other  word  in  the  list 
is  high  enough  or  near  enough  to  take  the  place  of  adorn. 
Ornament  and  decorate  express  the  addition  of  something 
external,  which  still  preserves  its  separate  character  and 
may  perhaps  be  easily  removed.  Ornament,  as  kindred 
to  adorn,  is  nearer  to  its  meaning;  decorate  expresses  that 
which  is  more  showy:  ornamented  with  pictures;  the 
bare  walls  were  decorated  for  the  occasion  with  Sags  and 
wreaths.  Both  express  the  adding  of  beauty  to  that 
which  was  deficient  in  it  before.  Embellish  implies  pre- 
vious beauty,  to  which  luster  or  brilliancy  is  added  by 
something  which  perhaps  becomes  a  part  of  the  original : 
as,  a  book  embellish,  d  with  plates;  a  style  embeuished 
with  figures  of  speech.  The  word  is  sometimi  -  used  of 
over-ornamentation.  Beautify  is  the  most  direct  in  its 
expression  of  the  general  idea.  Of  the  first  five  words, 
decorate  is  the  least  often  used  figuratively;  decorated 
speech  is  speech  in  which  the  ornaments  have  no  vital 
a  trinection  or  harmony  with  the  thought,  so  that  they  seem 
merely  ornamental.  Deck  is  to  cover,  and  hence  to  cover 
in  a  way  to  please  the  eye  :  as,  decked  with  flowers.  Array 
is  used  especially  of  covering  with  splendid  dress,  the 
meaning  being  extended  from  persons  to  animals,  etc.: 
the  fields  were  arrayed  in  green. 

But  that  which  fairest  is,  but  few  behold, 
Her  mind  adornd  with  vertues  manifold. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xv. 

A  whimsical  fashion  now  prevailed  among  the  ladies, 
of  strangely  ornamenting  their  faces  with  abundance  of 
black  patches  cut  into  grotesque  forms. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  311. 
Ivy  climbs  the  crumbling  hall 
To  decorate  decay.  Bailey,  Festus. 

We  are  to  dignify  to  each  other  the  daily  needs  and  of- 
fices of  man's  life,  and  embellish  it  by  courage,  wisdom, 
and  unity.  Emerson,  Friendship. 

Nature  has  laid  out  all  her  art  in  beautifying  the  face. 
Addison,  Spectator,  Xo.  98. 

And,  with  new  life  from  sun  and  kindly  showers, 
With  beauty  deck  the  meadow  and  the  hill. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  90. 

Even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one 

of  these  [lilies].  Mat.  vi.  29. 

adornt  (a-d6rn')j  n.  [=It.  Sp.  adorno,  orna- 
ment; from  the  verb.]     Ornament. 

Her  brest  all  naked,  as  nett  yvory 
Without  adorne  of  gold  or  silver  bright. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xii.  20. 

adornt  (a-ddrn'),  a.  [<  It.  adorno,  short  form  of 
adornatb  (=  Sp.  Pg.  adornado),  pp.  of  adornare, 
<L. adornare:  seeadornate,  adorn,  v.]  Adorn- 
ed ;  decorated. 

Made  so  adorn  for  thy  delight.      Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  676. 

adornatet  (a-d6r'nat)j  v.  t.    [<  L.  adornatus,  pp. 

of  adornare  :  see  adorn,  i\]     To  adorn. 
To  adornate gardens  with  the  fairnesse  thereof. 

Frampton,  p.  33. 

adornationt  (ad-6r-na/shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*adomatio(n-)i  <  adornare,  pp.  adornattts:  see 
adorn,  v.]     Ornament. 

Memory  is  the  soul's  treasury,  and  thence  she  hath  her 
garments  of  adornafion. 

Wits'  Commonwealth,  p.  M. 

adorner  (a-dor'ner),  n.     One  who  adorns. 
adorning "(a-dor'ning),  n.     Ornament;  decora- 
tion. 

Whose  adorning  let  it  not  be  that  outward  adorning  of 

plaiting  the  hair,  and  of  wearing  of  gold,  or  of  putting  on 

of  apparel.  1  Pet.  iii.  3. 

adomingly  (a-dor'ning-li),  adv.     By  adorning; 

in  an  adorning  manner. 

adornment  (a-ddrn'ment),  n.     [<  ME.  adourn- 
ment,  <  OF.  "adoumement,  adornement  (earlier 
ME.  aoumement,  aornement,  <  OF.  aournement), 
mod.  F.  adornement :  see  adorn  and  -ment.]    An 
adorning;  that  which  adorns ;  ornament. 
I  will  write  all  down : 
Such  and  such  pictures:  — There  the  window  :  Such 
The  adornment  of  her  bed.        Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 

adorsed  (a-dorsf),  j).  a.  [Also  written  ad- 
dorsed,  a  restored  form  of  adossed, 
addossed,  <  F.  adoxse,  pp.  of  adosser, 
set  back  to  back  (<  a,  to,  +  dos, 
<  L.  dorsum,  the  back),  +  -erf2.] 
Placed  back  to  back.  In  her.,  applied 
to  any  two  animals,  birds,  Ashes,  or  other 


adorsed 

bearings  placed  hack  to  back  :  opposed  to  affronts'.  Equiv- 
alent tonus  arc  addorsed,  adossed,  adossi,  adosse'e,  and  in- 
dorsed. 

adosculation  (ad-os-ku-la'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  "adosculatioi  n- I,  <  adosculari,  kiss,  <  ad,  to,  + 
osculari,  kiss:  see  osculate.']  1.  In physiol.,  im- 
pregnation by  external  contact  merely,  as  in 
most  fishes,  and  not  by  intromission. —  2.  In 
bot. :  (a)  The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  fall- 
ing of  the  pollen  on  the  pistils,  (b)  The  inser- 
tion of  one  part  d1'  a  plant  intoanother.    [Rare.  | 

adosse\  adossee  (a-dos-a'),  a.    [P.,  pp.  of  ados- 

ser:  see  adorsed.]      In  lur.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adossed  (a-dosf),  a.     In  her.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adown(a-doun').  '"'<  •  (orig.prep.  phr.)anAprep. 
[<ME.  adoun,  adun,  niloiuie.  adune,  odune,  <AS. 
adune,  adv.  and  (rarely)  prep.,  orig.  prep,  phr., 
of  dune,  down,  downward,  lit.  off  the  down  or 
till:  of,  prep.,  off,  from;  dune,  dat.  of  dun, 
down:  see  downX,  n.  The  adv.  and  prep,  down 
is  a  short  form  of  adown.]  I.  adv.  From  a 
higher  to  a  lower  part ;  downward ;  down ;  to 
or  on  the  ground. 
Thrise  did  she  sinke  adowne.     Spenser,  F.  y.,  I.  vii.  24. 

Of  In-aided  blooms  unmown,  wMch  crept 
Adoun  to  where  the  water  slept. 

Tennyson,  Recol.  of  Ar.  Nights,  st.  3. 

II.  prep.  1.  From  a  higher  to  a  lower  situa- 
tion ;  down  :  implying  descent. 
Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.       Dryden, 

Star  after  star  looked  palely  in  and  sank  adown  the  sky. 
WhitHer,  Cassandra  Southwiek. 

2.  From  top  to  bottom  of;  along  the  length 
of ;  downward  ;  all  along. 

Full  well  'tis  known  adown  the  dale, 
Tho'  passing  strange  indeed  the  tale. 

Percy's  Reliques,  I.  iii.  14. 

Adoxa  (a-dok'sii),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr.  atfofoc,  with- 
out glory,  <  a-  priv.  +  66£a,  glory  :  see  doxology.~\ 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Capri- 
foliacea;.  The  only  species,  A.  Moschatellina  (hollow- 
root),  is  a  little  inconspicuous  plant,  4  or  5  inches  high, 
found  in  woods  and  moist  shady  places  in  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  pale-green  flowers 
have  a  musky  smell,  whence  its  common  name  of  mos- 
chatel. 

adoze  (a-doz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3, 
prep.,  +  doze.]     In  a  doze  or  dozing  state. 

adpao  (ad'pou),  n.  [E.  Ind.,  <  <id,  ad  (cerebral 
d)  =  Hind,  ar,  ar,  a  prefix  implying  deviation 
or  inferiority,  +  Hind.,  etc.,  pauwd,  pao,  a 
quarter,  a  weight,  the  quarter  of  a  ser.]  An 
East  Indian  weight,  equal  in  some  places  to  a 
little  less,  and  in  others  to  a  little  more,  than 
4  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

ad  patres  (ad  pii'trez).  [L.:  ad,  to;  patres, 
ace.  pi.  of  pater  =  E.  father.]  Literally,  to  the 
fathers ;  gathered  to  one's  fathers,  that  is,  dead. 

adpress  (ad-pres').  v.  t.  [<  L.  adpressus,  pp.  of 
adprimere,  <  ad,  to,  +  jiremere,  press.]  To  lay 
flat ;  press  closely  (to  or  together). 

Birds  when  frightened,  as  a  general  rule,  closely  ad- 
pri  is  all  their  feathers.     Darwin,  Express,  of  Emot.,  p.  100. 

A  most  artfully  coloured  spider  lying  on  its  back,  with 
its  feet  crossed  over  and  closely  adpressed  to  its  body. 

//.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  64. 

adpressed  (ad-prest'),  p.  a.  In  bot.,  growing 
parallel  to  and  in  contact  with  the  stem,  with- 
out adhering  to  it,  as  leaves  or  branches.  Also 
written  oppressed. 

adpromissor  (ad-pro-mis'or),  n.  [L.,  (.adpro- 
mittere,  promise  in  addition  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  jiro- 
mittere,  promise  :  see  promise.]  In  Bom,  taw, 
a  surety  for  another  ;  security  ;  bail. 

ad  quod  damnum  (ad  kwod  dam'num).  [L., 
to  what  damage :  ad,  to;  quod=1E.  what ;  dam- 
ii  a  hi.  damage.]  In  lair,  the  title  of  a  writ  (1) 
ordering  the  sheriff  to  inquire  what  damage 
will  result  from  the  grant  by  the  crown  of  cer- 
tain liberties,  as  a  lair  or  market,  a  highway, 
etc.;  C2i  ordering  the  assessment  of  the  com- 
pensation and  damages  to  lie  paid  ■when  private 
property  is  taken  lor  public  use. 

adradt  (a-drad'  i.  />.  n.     Same  as  adread2,  p.  a. 

1  was  the  1> 
I  tf  v. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  IS. 

adradial  (ad-ra'di-al  I,  a.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  near,  + 

radius,  S   ray,  +  -at.  |      Situated   near  a   ray.     A 

term  applied  by  Lanke  fcer  to  certain  processes  or  ten 

taclesof  a  third  order  whli  h  appear  in  the  development  ol 

■  hydrozoan    theprimarj bi  In  ■  ti  r I  >~  rradial, 

condai  j  om     int  n  adial.     Encyc,  Brit.,  \  1 1 

adradially  (ad-ra'di-al-i),  adv.    In  an  adradial 

manner. 

adragant  (ad'ra-ganl ),  ».  [<  P.  adragant  (=Sp. 
adragante,  It.  adraganU),  a  corrupt  form  oi 
tragacanthe:  see  tragacanth.]  An  old  name  of 
gum  tragacanth. 


82 

adraganthin(ad-ra-gan'thin).»t.  [<adragant(h) 
+  -in-.]  A  name  given  to  purified  gum  traga- 
canth.      See  bassonn. 

adras  (a-di'as'),  n.  A  stuff,  half  silk  and  half 
cotton,  woven  in  central  Asia,  having  a  gloss, 

and  usually  striped.  The  gloss  is  heightened  hi 
beating  with  a  broad,  flat  wooden  instrument.  E.  Schuy- 
Ur,  Turkistan,  I.  5. 

adreadH  (a-dred'),  ''■  [<  ME.  adreden  (put. 
adredde,  adradde,  adrt  d,  adrad,  pp.  adred, adrad, 
adredde,  adrnddt :■).<  AS.  Culradan.  reduced  form 
of  anddriedan,andradan,  andriidaii  (  =  OS.  "ami. 
drddan,  antdrddan,  a  mlrddan  =  OH.G.  intrdtan), 
tr.  and  intr.,  dread,  fear,  refl.  fear,  be  afraid,  < 
and-,  an-,  on-  (E.  o-5)  +  "dreedan  (only  in  comp. ), 
dread.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread^, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  dread;  fear  greatly. 
The  jies  is  sauf,  the  werre  is  ever  adrad. 

Pol.  Poems  and  Songs,  II.  6.    (N.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  or  refl.   To  fear;  be  afraid. 
Ganhardin  seighe  that  sight, 
And  sore  him  ran  adrede. 

Sir  Tristrem,  1.  288.    (N.  E.  IK) 

adread'-'t  (a-dred'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  adreden,  ofdre- 

den,  <  AS.  ofdrtedan,  make  afraid,  terrify.  <  of- 
(E.  n-4)  +  "drcedan,  dread.  Hence  p.  a.  adread*, 
q.  v.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread1, 
q.  v.]     To  make  afraid;  terrify. 

With  these  they  adrad,  and  gasten,  sencelesse  old  wo- 
men. Harsnet,  Pop.  Impost.,  p.  135.    (-Y.  E.  D.) 

adread2t  (a-dred'),  p.  a.     [<  ME.  adred,  adrad, 

adredde,  adradde,  earlier  of d red,  ofdrad,  pp.  of 
adreden.  nfilreden.  E.  adread2,  v.,  make  afraid: 
see  adread2,  i'.]     Affected  by  dread. 
Thinking  to  make  all  men  adread. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia  (1622),  p.  126. 

adreamed,  adreamt  (a-dremd',  a-dremt'),  p. 

a.  [<  a-  +  dream  +  -crfi.  The  formation  is  un- 
usual, and  the  prefix  is  uncertain,  prob.  a--, 
the  suffix  -ed-  being  used,  as  sometimes  in  other 
instances,  for  the  suffix  -tug1.  To  be  adreamed 
would  thus  be  equiv.  to  to  be  a-dreaming.] 
In  the  state  of  dreaming. —To  be  adreamed  or 
adreamt  (the  only  form  of  its  use),  (at)  To  dream. 
Hee  is  adreamd  of  a  dry  summer. 

Withals,  Diet.  (1556).     (-V.  E.  D.) 
T  was  a-dream'd  I  overheard  a  ghost. 

Fielding,  Pasquin,  iv.  1.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
(b)  To  doze ;  be  between  sleeping  and  waking.  [Prov. 
Eng.J     Halliiirll. 

adrectal  (ad-rek'tal),  a.     [<  ad-  +  rectum.] 

Situated  at  or  by  the  rectum:  specifically  tip- 
plied  to  the  purpuriparous  gland  or  purple- 
gland  of  mollusks. 

The  presence  of  glandular  plication  of  the  surface  of 
the  mantle-flap  and  an  adrertul  gland  (purple-gland)  are 
frequently  observed.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  64S. 

ad  referendum  (ad  ref-e-ren'dum).    [L. :  ad, 

to;  referendum,  gerund  of  referre:  see  refer.] 
To  be  referred ;  to  be  held  over  for  further 
consideration. 
ad  rem  (ad  rem).  L.  :  ad,  to;  rem,  ace.  of 
res,  thing,  matter,  case,  point,  fact:  see  res.] 
To  the  point  or  purpose;  pertinently  to  the 
matter  in  hand;  to  the  question  under  consid- 
eration; practically,  considering  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  special  ease. 

Your  statements  of  practical  difficulty  are  indeed  much 
more  ad  rem  than  my  mere  assertions  of  principle. 

Ruskin,  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7,  1S65. 

adrenal  (ad-re'nal),  n.  [<L.  ad,  to,  +  ren,  only 
in  pi.  renes,  kidney:  see  renal.]  In  aiiat,  a 
suprarenal  capsule;  one  of  a  pair  of  small 
glandular  or  follicular  but  ductless  bodies,  of 
unknown  function,  capping  the  kidneys  in 
mammals  and  most  other  vertebrates.  Also 
called  atraliilianj  capsule.  In  man  the  adrenals  are 
an  inch  or  two  long,  less  in  width,  and  about  a  fourth  of 
an  inch  thick,  and  consist  essentially  of  an  outer  yellowish 
cortical  portion,  an  inner  medullary  portion  (of  very  dark 
color, whence  the  termatrabiliary),  with  v<  ssels,  nerves,  etc. 
See  Addison's  disease,  under  disease.   See  cut  under  kidney, 

Adrian  (a'dri-an),  o.  [<  L.  Adriarms,  prop. 
Jlailrianiis,  Adriatic.]     Same  as  Adriatic. 

Adrianite  (a'dri-an-it),  n.  [<  ML.  Adrianita, 
<  1j.  Ailrianiix,  prop.  Iladriaiin.i.]  1.  A  member 
of  a  supposed  (inostie  school  of  heretics  men- 
tioned by  Thoodoret. —  2.  One  of  a  seel  of  Ana- 
baptists in  the  sixteenth  century,  followers  of 
Adrian  llamstedius,  wdto  held,  among  other 
things,  that  Jesus  Christ  was  formed  solely  from 
the  Substance  Of  his  mother.      Also  Adriauint. 

Adrianople  red.    See  red. 

Adriatic  (a-dri-at'ik  ),a.    [<  L.  Adriaticus,  prop. 

Ilailriatirns.  <  llaitria  (now  Ailria),  a  town  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Po  and  the  Adige, 
alter  which  the  sea  was  named.]  Appellative 
of  the  sea  east  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy  (the 
Adriatic  sea);  pertaining  to  that  sea:  as,  the 
Adriatic  coast. 


adrostral 

adrift  (a-drift/),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  a? 
+  drift.]  1.  Floating  at  random;  not  fastened 
by  any  kind  of  moorings;  at  the  mercy  of  winds 
and  cm-rents. 

Trees  adrift 
Down  the  great  river.  Milton,  P.  I..,  xi.  832. 

So  on  the  sea  she  shall  be  set  adri/t, 
And  who  relieves  her  dies. 

Dryden,  Marriage  ii  la  Mode,  iii. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  swayed  by  any  chance 
impulse;  all  abroad;  at  a  loss. 

Frequent  reflection  will  keep  their  minds  from  running 
adrift.  Locke,  Education. 

To  turn  adrift,  to  unmoor;  set  drifting;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  turn  away,  dismiss,  or  discharge,  as  from  home, 
employment,  etc.;  throw  upon  the  world. 

1 1  reat  multitudes  who  had  been  employed  in  the  woollen 
manufactories,  or  in  the  mines,  were  turn,  d  adrift, 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th* Cent.,  i. 

adrip  (a-drip'),  prep.  phr.  its  adv.  or  a.    [<  «3  + 

drip.]  In  a  dripping  state.  D.  <!.  Mitchell. 
adrogate  (ad'ro-gat),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  adro- 
aatiil,  ppr.  abrogating.  [<!  L.  adrogatus,  pp.  of 
adrogare,  later  arrogare,  take  a  homo  sui  juris  (a 
person  not  under  the  power  of  his  father)  in 
the  place  of  a  child,  adopt,  <  ml.  to,  +  rogare, 
ask.  The  same  word  in  other  senses  gave  rise 
to  arrogate,  q.  v.  See  adrogation.]  To  adopt 
by  adrogation. 

Clodius,  the  enemy  of  Cicero,  was  adrogated  into  a  ple- 
beian family.  Smith,  Diet  Antiq.,  p.  15. 

adrogation  (ad-ro-ga'shon),  n.     [<  L.  adroga- 

tio{n-),  later  arrogatio(n-),  <  adrogare :  see  ad- 
rogate.] A  kind  of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome, 
by  which  a  person  legally  capable  of  choosing 
for  himself  was  admitted  into  the  relation  of 
son  to  another  by  a  vote  of  the  people  in  the 
Comitia  Curiata,  or  in  later  times  by  a  rescript 
of  the  emperor :  so  called  from  the  questions 
put  to  the  parties.     Also  written  arrogation. 

adrogator(ad'ro-ga-tor), n.  [L.,< adrogare:  see 
adrogate  and  arrogate.]    One  who  adrogates. 

adroit  (a-droif),  a.  [<  F.  adroit,  dexterous.  <  a 
droit,  right,  rightly:  &,  to,  toward;  droit  right, 
<  ML.  drictum,  prop,  directum,  right,  justice, 
neut.  of  directus,  right :  see  direct.  Cf.  mal- 
adroit.] Dexterous;  skilful;  expert  in  the  use 
of  the  hand,  and  hence  of  the  mind ;  ingenious ; 
ready  in  invention  or  execution ;  possessing 
readiness  of  resource. 

You  may  break  every  command  of  the  decalogue  with 
perfect  good-breeding  :  nay,  if  you  are  adroit,  without 
losing  caste.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  68. 

=  Syn.  Cunning,  Artful,  Sly,  etc.  Seectmm'n/71.  Adroit, 
Dexterous,  Expert,  Skilful,  Cheer,  smart,  handy,  apt,  quick, 
subtle.  The  first  four  words  express  primarily  various  de- 
grees in  the  combination  of  manual  facility  with  know- 
ledge. Adroit  and  dexterous  make  prominent  the  idea  of 
a  trained  hand  :  as,  an  adroit  pickpocket ;  a  dexterous  con- 
jurer, swordsman.  Adroitness  implies  quickness  or  sud- 
denness ;  dexterity  may  require  sustained  agility.  Adroit 
tends  toward  sinister  figurative  meanings :  as,  an  adroit 
rogue;  but  mental  adroitness  may  be  simply  address  or 
tact.  Expert  emphasizes  experience,  practice,  and  hence 
is  commonly  a  lower  word  than  skilful,  which  makes 
knowledge  the  principal  thing:  a  skilful  mechanic  makes 
more  use  of  his  mind  than  an  expert  mechanic.  Clever  im- 
plies notable  quickness,  readiness,  resource  in  practical 
affairs,  and  sometimes  the  lack  of  the  larger  powers  of 
mind  :  a  clever  mechanic  has  fertility  in  planning  and  skill 
in  executing  what  is  planned.  A  clever  statesman  may  or 
may  not  be  an  able  one ;  a  man  may  be  clever  In  evil. 

Why,  says  Plato,  if  he  he  manually  so  adroit,  likely  he 
will  turn  pickpocket.     S.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  117. 

The  dexterous  management  of  terms,  and  being  able  to 
fend  and  prove  with  them,  passes  for  a  great  part  of 
learning.  Locke. 

His  only  books  were  an  almanac  and  an  arithmetic,  in 
which  last  he  was  considerably  expert. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  161. 

Thus,  like  a  skilful  chess-player,  by  little  and  little  he 
draws  out  his  men,  and  makes  his  pawns  of  use  to  his 
greater  persons.  Dryden,  Dram.  Poesy. 

But  the  names  of  the  clever  men  who  invented  canoes 
and  hows  and  arrows  are  as  utterly  unknown  to  tradition 
as  the  names  of  the  earliest  myth-makers. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  204. 

adroitly  (a-droit'li),  adr.  In  tin  adroit  manner; 
with. dexterity ;  readily;  skilfully. 

He  lEadmund]  turned  his  new  e 1 11  -st  adroitly  to  ac- 
cent by  Using  it  to  bind   to  himself  the   must   dangerous 

among  iiis  foes.  J.  R,  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  266. 

adroitness  (a-droit'nes),  u.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing adroit  :  dexterity;  readiness  in  tho  use  of 
the  hands  or  of  t lie  mental  faculties. 

sir  John  I'.laquire  had  some  debating  power  and  great 

skill  and  adroitness  in  managing  men. 

I.eeku,  I'.ng.  in  isth  Cent.,  xvi. 

adroop  (a-drbp'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  as  + 
droop.]  In  ti  drooping  position.  ./.  1).  Loin/, 
.Kneid,  xi.  1128. 

adrostral  (ad  ros'tral),  a.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  at,  + 

rostrum,  beak.  |  In  zodl,,  pertaining  to  or  situ- 
ated at  the  beak  or  snout. 


adry 

adry  (a-dri'),  a.     [iaA  +  dry ;  prob.  in  imita- 
tion   of   athirst,   q.   v.]      In   a   dry   condition; 
thirsty. 
Dotli  :i  man  that  is  adry  desire  tu  drink  in  gold? 

Burton,  Aiiat.  of  Mt-I. ,  p.  855, 

adscendent  (ad -sen 'dent),  a.  [<  L.  adscen- 
(lcii(l-)s,  ascend*.  n(l-)s:  see  ascendent.'}  Ascend- 
ing.    Imp.  Diet. 

adscite  (ad'sit),  «.  \XJj.  adscit its,  derived:  see 
below.  ]  In  entom.,  pertaining  to  the  Braconidas, 
or  Ichncumones  adsciti. 

Adsciti  (ad'si-ti),  ti.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  adscitics, 
derived,  assumed,  foreign:  see  adscititious.] 
A  group  of  ichneumon-flies  which  have  only 
one  recurrent  nervure  in  the  fore  wing  instead 
of  two.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  family 
llracnnidm  (which  see). 

adscititious  (ad-si-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *ad- 
scitititts,  <  adscitics,  derived,  assumed,  foreign, 
pp.  of  adsciscere,  later  asciscere,  take  knowingly 
to  one's  self,  appropriate,  assume,  adopt,  <  ad, 
to,  +  sciscere,  seek  to  know,  <  scire,  know :  see 
science.']  Added  or  derived  from  without ;  not 
intrinsic  or  essential ;  supplemental;  additional. 
Also  written  ascititious. 

The  fourth  epistle  on  happiness  may  be  thought  adsci- 
titious, and  out  of  its  proper  place. 

J.  Warton,  Essay  on  Pope. 

The  first  8  of  the  tense -sign  sis  is  an  atlscititious  sibilant 

added  to  the  root.  Am.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  VI.  280, 

adscititiously  (ad-si-tish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
scititious manner. 

adscript  (ad'skript),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  adscribere,  later  ascribere,  enroll,  <  ad,  to, 
+  scribere,  write :  see  ascribe.']  I.  a.  1.  Written 
after,  as  distinguished  from  subscript,  or  written 
under:  as,  in  Greek  grammar,  an  iota  (<)  ad- 
script.—  2.  Attached  to  the  soil,  as  a  slave  or 
feudal  serf.     See  adscriptus  glebx. 

II.  n.  A  serf  attached  to  an  estate  and 
transferable  with  it. 

adscripted  (ad-skrip'ted),  a.     Same  as  adscript. 

adscription  (ad-skrip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adscrip- 
tio(n-),  later  ascriptio(n-),  >E.  ascription,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  ascription. —  2.  Attachment  to  the 
soil,  or  as  a  feudal  inferior  to  a  superior  or 
overlord. 

adscriptitious  (ad-skrip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
scripticius,  ascripticius,  enrolled,  bound,  <  ml- 
scriptus,  ascriptus:  see  adscript.]  Bound  by 
adscription.     X.  E.  D. 

adscriptive  (ad-skrip'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adscripti- 
vus,  enrolled,  adscript,  <  adscriptus :  see  ad- 
script] Held  to  service  as  attached  to  an  es- 
tate, and  transferable  with  it,  as  a  serf  or  slave. 
Many  estates  peopled  with  crown  peasants  have  been 
ceded  to  particular  individuals  on  condition  of  establishing 
manufactories ;  these  peasants,  called  adscriptive,  working 
at  the  manufactories  on  fixed  terms.  Brougham. 

adscriptus  glebae  (ad-skrip'tus  gle'be);  pi.  ad- 
scripti  glebm  (-ti).  [L. :  adscriptus,  adscript; 
glebw,  gen.  of  gleba,  glebe.]  Belonging  or  at- 
tached to  the  soil,  as  a  serf.  In  Roman  law  this 
term  was  applied  to  a  class  of  slaves  attached  in  per- 
petuity to  and  transferred  with  the  land  they  cultivated. 
The  same  custom  prevailed  among  all  Germanic  and  Slavic 
peoples,  and  has  been  but  gradually  abolished  during  the 
past  three  hundred  years,  down  to  the  emancipation  of 
the  Russian  serfs  in  1861. 

adsignification  (ad-sig"ni-fi-ka'shpn),  n.  [< 
ML.  adsignificatio(n-),  <  L.  adsigniftcare,  make 
evident:  see  adsignify.]  The  act  of  adsignify- 
ing ;  a  modification  of  meaning  by  a  prefix  or 
suffix ;  an  additional  signification.     [Rare.] 

And  in  this  opinion  (viz.,  that  there  is  no  adsignification 
of  manner  or  time  in  that  which  is  called  the  indicative 
mood,  no  adsignifieatinn  of  time  in  that  which  is  called 
the  present  participle)  I  am  neither  new  nor  singular. 

Home  Tooke,  Parley. 

adsignify  (ad-sig'ni-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adsigniftcare, 
show,  make  evident,  denote,  point  out,  <  ad,  to, 
+  significare,  signify:  see  ad-  and  signify.]  To 
add  signification  or  meaning  to  (a  word)  by  a 
prefix  or  suffix.     Home  Tooke.     [Rare.] 

adsorption  (ad-sorp'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
"sorjitio(n-),  after  absorption,  q.  v.]  Conden- 
sation of  gases  on  the  surfaces  of  solids. 

adstipulate  (ad-stip'u-lat),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
adstipulatcd,  ppr.  adstipulating.  [<  L.  adstipu- 
lari,  astipulari,  stipulate  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  stipu- 
lari,  stipulate.]  To  act  as  second  stipulant  or 
receiving  party  to  a  bargain,  attaining  thereby 
an  equal  claim  with  the  principal  stipulant. 
N.  E.  J>. 

adstipulation  (ad-stip-u-lii'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
stipulatio(n-),  astipulation-),  <  adstipulari :  see 
adstipulate]  The  addition  of,  or  action  as,  a 
second  receiving  party  in  a  bargain.     N.  E.  D. 

adstipulator  (ad-stip'u-la-tpr),  n.  [L.,  also 
astipulatur,  <   adstipulari,  astipulari:  see   ad- 


83 

stipulate  ]    In  law,  an  accessory  party  to  a  prom- 
ise, who  lias  received  the  same  promise  as  his 
principal  did,  and  can  equally  receive  and  ex 
act  payment. 

adstrictt,  adstrictiont,  adstringentt,  etc.  See 
astrict,  etc. 

adsum  (ad'sum).  [L.,  1st  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  adesse,  to  bo  present,  <  ad,  to,  +  esse,  be:  see 
essence.]  I  am  present;  present;  here:  used 
in  some  colleges  and  schools  by  students  as  an 
answer  to  a  roll-call. 

adsurgent  (ad-ser'jent),  a.    Same  as  assurgent. 

adterminal,  atterminal  (ad-,  a-ter'mi-nai),  a. 
[<  L.  ad.  to.  +  terminus,  end,  4-  -<//.]  Moving 
toward  the  end ;  an  epithet  applied  to  electrical 
currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber  toward  its 
extremities. 

adubt  (a-dub'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  adubben,  adouben, 

<  OF.  adubbt  r,  attain  r,  milliliter,  equip  a  knight, 
array,  <  a,  to,  +  duber,  doubcr,  dub:  see  dull1,  j 
1.  To  knight;  dub  as  a  knight. —  2.  To  equip; 
array;  accoutre. 

adularia  (ad-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Adula,  a 
mountain  group  in  the  Grisons  Alps,  formerly 
confounded  with  St.  Gotthard,  where  fine  speci- 
mens are  found.]  A  variety  of  the  common 
potash  feldspar  orthoclase,  occurring  in  highly 
lustrous  transparent  or  translucent  crystals. 
It  often  exhibits  a  delicate  opalescent  play  of 
colors,  and  is  then  called  moonstone  (which  see). 
Pine  specimens  are  obtained  from  various  lo- 
calities in  the  Alps. 
adulate  (ad'u-lat),0.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attainted, 
ppr.  adulating.  [<  L.  adulatus,  pp.  of  adulari, 
natter,  fawn  upon  as  a  dog,  <  ad,  to,  +  "ulari,  a 
word  of  undetermined  origin,  not  found  in  the 
simple  form;  according  to  some,  <  *ula  =  Gr. 
ovpa,  a  tail,  adulari  meaning  then  'wag  the  tail 
at,'  as  a  dog.]  To  show  feigned  devotion  to; 
flatter  servilely. 

It  is  not  that  I  adulate  the  people ; 
Without  me  there  are  demagogues  enough. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i\.  'J.',. 
Love  shall  he,  but  not  adulate 
The  all-fair,  the  all-embracing  Fate. 

Emerson,  Woodnotes,  ii. 
adulation  (ad-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adulation,  < 
L.  adulatio(n-),  flattery,  fawning,  <  adulari,  flat- 
ter: see  adulate.]  Servile  flattery;  excessive 
or  unmerited  praise ;  exaggerated  compliment. 
Adulation  pushed  to  the  verge,  sometimes  of  nonsense, 
and  sometimes  of  impiety,  was  not  thought  to  disgrace  a 
poet.  Macaulaij. 

And  there  he  set  himself  to  play  upon  her 
With  .  .  .  amorous  adulation,  till  the  maid 
Rebell'd  against  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
=  Syu.  Adulation,  Flattery,  Compliment.  These  are  vari- 
eties of  praise.  Adulation  is  servile  and  fulsome,  pro- 
ceeding either  from  a  blind  worship  or  from  the  hope  of 
advantage.  It  may  not  be,  but  generally  is,  addressed 
directly  to  its  object.  Flattery  is  addressed  to  the  per- 
son flattered  ;  its  object  is  to  gratify  vanity,  with  or  with- 
out a  selfish  ulterior  object.  It  is  generally  praise  beyond 
justice.  Compliment  is  milder,  and  may  he  expressive  of  the 
truth ;  it  may  be  sincere  and  designed  to  encourage  or  to 
express  respect  and  esteem.  We  may  speak  of  a  compli- 
ment, but  not  of  an  adulation  or  a  flattery.  Adulation  of 
the  conqueror ;  gross  or  delicate  flattery  of  those  in  power ; 
the  language  of  compliment.  In  conduct,  the  correspon- 
dent to  adulation  is  obsequiousness. 

Adulation  ever  follows  the  ambitious ;  for  such  alone 
receive  most  pleasure  from  fiattery. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Flattery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver ;  and 

adulation  is  not  of  more  service  to  the  people  than  t,> 

kings.  Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

Who  flatters  is  of  all  mankind  the  lowest, 

Save  he  who  courts  the  fiattery. 

Hannah  More,  Daniel. 
The  salutations  of  Arabs  are  such  that  .  .  .  "compli- 
ments in  a  well-bred  man  never  last  less  than  ten  min- 
utes." //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 

adulator  (ad'u-la-tpr),  n.  [L.,  <  adulari:  see 
adulate.]  An'  obsequious  flatterer;  one  who 
offers  praiso  servilely. 

And  became  more  than  ever  an  adulator  of  the  ruling 
powers.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

adulatory  (ad'u-la-to-ri),  a.     [<L.  adulatorius, 

<  adulator  :  see  adulator.]  Characterized  by 
adulation;  fulsomely  flattering;  servilely  prais- 
ing :  as,  an  adulatory  address. 

You  are  not  lavish  of  your  words,  especially  in  that 
species  of  eloquence  called  the  adulatory.        Chesterfield. 

adulatress  (ad'u-la-tres),  «.     [=F.  adulittrice, 

<  L.  adulatricein,  ace.  of  adulatrix,  fern,  form  of 
adulator :  see  adulator.]     A  female  adulator. 

Indiana,  when  the  first  novelty  of  tSte-d-tites  was  over, 
wished  again  for  the  constant  adulatress  of  her  charms 
and  endowments.  Miss  Barney,  Camilla,  x.  14. 

Adullamite  (a-dul'am-it),  n.  [<  Adullam  + 
-itel.]  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the  village  of  Adul- 
lam. Gen.  xxxviii.  12.  —  2.  In  Eng.  hist,  one  of 
a  group  of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Whig 


adulteration 

party  and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when 
Earl  Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a 
measure  for  the  extension  of  the  elective  fran- 
chise in  lstiti.     They  i lived  the  name  from  th- 

Ing  likened  by  Mr.  Bright  tothe  discontented  perai 

I,  ml,  refuge  with  David  in  the  cave  of  Adullam  (l  Sam.  xxii. 

1,  2).     The  party  was  also  known  collective   J 

The  Conservative  partj  then  presented  a  tolerably  solid 
front  against  the  extension  of  the  suffrage,  ami  recei 
besides  a  large  reinturccinent   ot    Adn  om   the 

Liberal  side.  New  York  Times,  July  la,  1884. 

adult  (a-dulf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adultus,  grown 
iqi,  pp.  of  adolescere,  grow  up:  see  adolescent.] 

1.  '(.  1.  Having  arrived  a  I  mature  years,  or  at- 
tained full  size  and  strength:  as,  an  ml  nil  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant. 

The  elaborate  reasonings  of  the  adult  man. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  adults ;  suitable 
for  an  adult :  as,  adult  age  ;  an  adult  school. 

II.  «.  A  person  or  (sometimes)  an  animal 
grown  to  full  size  and  strength ;  one  who  has 
reached  the  age  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

Embryos  and  adults  of  common  and  curious  forms  are 
constantly  met  with,  thus  furnishing  material  both  for 
general  work  and  original  investigation.    Science,  V.  212. 

adultedt  (a-dul'ted),  a.     Completely  grown. 
Now  that  we  are  not  only  adulted  but  ancient  Chris- 
tians, I  believe  the  most  acceptable  sacrifice  we  can  send 
up  to  heaven  is  prayer  and  praise. 

Ili'ii-iil,  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 
adultert  (a-dul'ter),  n.  [L.,  an  adulterer,  a 
counterfeiter,  adulter,  adj.,  adulterous;  forma- 
tion uncertain,  perhaps  <  ad,  to,  +  alter,  other, 
different.  In  mod.  E.  adulter,  adulterer,  etc., 
have  been  substituted  for  the  older  avoutt  r.  ad- 
vouter,  etc.:  see  advouter,  etc.]  An  adulterer. 
We  receive  into  our  mass  open  sinners,  the  covetous, 
the  extortioners,  theadulter,  the  back-biter. 

Tyndale,  Expos.  1  John. 

adultert  (a-dul'ter),  v.  [<  L.  adulterare,  com- 
mit adulteiy:  see  adulterate,  v.]  I.  intrans. 
To  commit  adultery.     B.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 

II.  trans.  Topollute;  adulterate:  a,s,"atlul- 
tering  spots,"  Marston,  Scourge  of  Villainy,  ii. 

adulterant  (a-dul'ter-ant),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
adulteran(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adulterare:  see  adulter- 
ate, v.]     I.  a.   Adulterating ;  used  in  adulter- 
ating. 
II.  n.  A  substance  used  for  adulterating. 

adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adulterated,  ppr.  adulterating.  [<  L.  adultera- 
tus,  pp.  of  adulterare,  commit  adultery,  falsify, 
adulterate.  <  mtidUr,  an  adulterer,  a  counter- 
feiter: see  adulter,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  debase 
or  deteriorate  by  an  admixture  of  foreign  or 
baser  materials  or  elements:  as,  to  adulterate 
food,  drugs,  or  coins;  adulterated  doctrines. 

The  present  war  has  .  .  .  adulterated  our  tongue  with 
strange  words.  Spectator,  No.  65. 

2f.  To  graft;  give  a  hybrid  character  to. 

Excellent  forms  of  grafting  and  adulterating  plants  and 
flowers.  Peacham,  Exper.  of  Own  Times. 

3f.  To  defile  by  adultery. 

To  force  a  rape  on  virtue,  and  adulterate  the  chaste 
bosom  of  spotless  simplicity.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  mix,  degrade,  corrupt,  contaminate,  vitiate, 
alloy,  sophisticate. 

H.t  intrans.  To  commit  adultery. 
But  Fortune,  0!  .  .  . 
she  adulterates  hourly  with  thy  uncle  John. 

Shalt.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

adulteratet  (a-dul'ter-at),  a.  [<  L.  adulteratus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  1.  Tainted  with  adultery: 
as,  "the  adulterate  Hastings,"  Shal:,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. —  2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture; 
adulterated:  as,  "adulterate  copper,"  Swift, 
Miscellanies. 

No  volatile  spirits,  nor  compounds  that  are 
Adulterate.  Careu;  To  (,'.  N. 

adulterately  (a-dul'ter-at-li),  adv.  Ln  an  adul- 
terate manner. 

adulterateness  (a-dul'ter-at-nes),  ».  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  adulterated  or  debased. 

adulteration  (a-dul-te-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adul- 
teratio(n-),  adulteration,  sophistication,  <  adul- 
terare:  see  adulterate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adul- 
terating, or  the  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased  by  admixture  with  something  else, 
generally  of  inferior  quality;  the  use,  in  the 
production  of  any  professedly  genuine  article, 
of  ingredients  which  are  cheaper  and  of  an  in- 
ferior quality,  or  which  are  not  considered  so 
desirable  by  the  consumer  as  other  or  genuine 
ingredients  for  which  they  are  substituted. 

In  commerce,  there  are  several  kinds  of  adulteration  : 
conventional,  to  suit  the  taste  and  demands  of  the  public ; 
fraudulent,  for  deceptive  and  gainful  purposes ;  and  ac- 
cidental or  unintentional  adulteration,  arising  from  care- 
lessness in  the  preparation  of  the  staple  or  commodity  at 
the  place  of  growth  or  shipment.     Sitnmotids,  Com.  Diet. 


adulteration 

2.  The  product  or  result  of  the  act  of  adulter- 
ating; that  which  is  adulterated. 

adulterator  (a-durter-a-tni' i.  n.  [L.;  adultera- 
tor monetae,  a  counterfeiter  of  money ;  <  adulter- 
uri  :  see  adulterate,  v.]     One  who  adulterates. 

adulterer  (a-dul'ter-er),  ».  [<  adulter,  v..  + 
-i)i;  substituted  for  the  older  form  avoutrer, 
advoutrer,  q.  v.]  A  man  guilty  of  adultery:  a 
married  man  who  has  sexual  commerce  with 
any  woman  except  his  wife.  See  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adultrcr, 

adulteress  (a-dul'ter-es),  n.     [<  adulter,  «.,  + 
(  is;  substituted  for  the  older  form  avoutress, 
advoutress,  q.  v.]    A  woman  guilty  of  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adultress. 

adulterine  (a-dul'tci'-in),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  ttdul- 
teriuus,<  adulter:  see  adulter, n.]  I.  a.  1.  Of 
adulterous  origin ;  horn  of  adultery. 

It  must  tie.  however,  understood  that  Btrong  moral  re- 
pugnance to  the  fictitious  affiliation  of  these  illegitimate 
hildren  begins  to  show  itself  among  the 
oldest  of  the  Hindu  law-writers  whose  treatises  have  sur- 
vived. Maim-,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  99. 

2.  E elating  or  pertaining  to  adultery;  involv- 
ing or  implying  adultery:  as,  adulterine  fiction; 
adulterine  marriage  (used  by  St.  Augustine  of 
a  second  marriage  after  divorce). — 3.  Charac- 
terized by  adulteration;  spurious;  base:  as, 
adulterine  drags  or  metals.  [A  Latinism,  now 
rare.] — 4f.  Illegitimate;  illicit;  unauthorized: 
as,  adulterine  castles  (castles  built  by  the  Nor- 
man barons  in  England,  after  the  conquest, 
without  royal  warrant). 

Tile  adulterine  guilds,  from  which  heavy  sums  were  ex- 
acted in  1180,  were  stigmatised  as  adulterine  because  they 
had  not  purchased  the  right  of  association,  as  the  older 
legal  guilds  had  done,  and  had  set  themselves  up  against 
tie  government  of  the  city  which  the  king  had  recognised 
by  his  charter.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  584. 

II.  h.  Incivillau:  a  child  begotten  in  adultery. 
adulterize  (a-dul'ter-iz),  v.  i.  [< adulter + -ize.] 
To  be  guilty  of  adultery.  Milton.  Also  spelled 
adultevisc.     [Eare.] 

Where  did  God  ever  will  thee  to  lie,  to  swear,  to  op- 
ine.-.-, to  adulterise!  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  365. 

adulterous  (a-dul'ter-us),  a.  [<  adulter  +  -ous; 
substituted  for  the  older  form  advoutrous,  q.  v.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  adultery; 
given  to  adultery. 

An  evil  and  adulterous  generation  seeketh  after  a  sign. 

Mat.  xii.  39. 

2.  Illicit:  said  of  combinations  or  relations  of 
any  kind. 

Some  of  our  kings  have  made  adulterous  eonnections 
abroad.  Burke,  on  a  Regicide  Peace. 

3.  Spm'ious;  corrupt;  adulterated:  as,  "forged 
and  adulterous  stuff."  Casatibon,  Of  Credulity 
(trans.),  p.  297.     [Eare.] 

adulterously  (a-dul'ter-us-li),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terous manner. 

adultery  (a-dul'ter-i),  n. ;  pi.  adulteries  (-iz). 
[<  L.  adulteriunt,  <  adulter;  substituted  for  the 
older  form  advoutrii,  q.  v.]  1.  Violation  of  the 
marriage-bed;  carnal  connection  of  a  married 
1'iison  with  any  other  than  the  lawful  spouse; 
in  a  more  restricted  sense,  the  wrong  by  a  wife 
which  introduces  or  may  introduce  a  spm'ious 
offspring  into  a  family.     It  is  sometimes  called  sin- 

git  adultery  w lieu  only ■  of  the  parties  i.s  married,  and 

double  adultery  when  both  an-  married.  In  some  juris- 
dictions til.-  law  makes  adultery  a  crime,  in  some  onh  a 
civil  injury.  In  England,  formerly,  it  was  punished  by 
fine  and  imprisonment,  and  in  Scotland  it  was  frequently 
made  a  capital  offense.  In  Great  Britain  at  the  present 
day,  however,  it  is  punishable  only  by  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure; but  when  committed  i>yi!i>'  wife,  it  is  regarded  as  a 
civil  injury,  and  tonus  the  ground  of  an  action  of  dam- 
ages against  the  paramour.  Contrary  to  the  pri  riot 
eral  opinion,  it  lias  recently  been  held  in  the  United 
States  that  tin-  wife  may  have  a  corresponding  action 
man  h  ho  Beduces  away  her  husband.  In  Eng- 
and  Scotland  the  husband's  recovery  of  damages 
against  tin  paramour  can  aow  be  had  only  by  joining  him 

with  tie-  will-  in  an  action  tor  divorce.      Sec  divorce. 

2.  In  the  seventh  commandment  of  the  deca- 
logue, as  generally  understood,  all  manner  of 
lewdness  or  iiiiehustity  in  act  or  thought.  See 
Mat.  v.  28. —  3.  Eceles.,  intrusion  into  a  bish- 
opric during  the  life  of  the  bishop. — 4.  In  old 
arboriculture,  the  grafting  of  trees:  so  called 
from  its  being  considered  an  unnatural  anion. 
—  5f.  Adulteration ;  corruption:  as.  "all  the 
adulteries oi  ait."  /;.  Jonson, Epiccene, i.  1. — 6f. 
Injury;  degradation;  ruin. 

Von  tnight  *v  rest  the  i  &dua  u  hand  to  the 

adultery  and  spoil  of  nature. 

/;.  Joruon,  Mfercui  te  \  Indicati  d. 

adultness  (a-dult'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being; 

adult, 
adumbral  (ad-um'bral),   a.    [<  L.   atl,  to,  + 

umbra,  shade.    Cf.  adumbrate.']    1.  Shady. — 2. 

Same  us  adumbrellar. 


84 

adumbrant  (ad-um' brant),  a.  [<  L.  adum- 
bran(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adumbrare:  Bee  adumbrate.] 
Giving  a  faint  shadow,  or  showing  a  slight  re- 
semblance. 

adumbrate  (ad-um'brai  i.  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adumbrated,  ppr.  adumbrating.  [<  L.  adumb'ra- 
tus,  pp.  of  aaumbrare,  cast  a  shadow  over:  in 
painting,  to  represent  an  object  with  due  min- 
gling of  light  and  shadow,  also  represent  in 
outline:  <  ail,  to.  +  umbra,  shadow.]  1.  To 
overshadow ;  partially  darken  or  conceal. 
Nor  did  it  [a  veil]  cover,  but  adumbrate  only 
Her  most  heart-piercing  parts. 

Marlowt  and  Chapman,  Ilero  and  Leander,  iv. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  faint  shadow  or  re- 
semblance of;  outline  or  shadow  forth;  fore- 
shadow; prefigure. 

Both  in  the  vastness  and  the  richness  of  the  visible  uni- 
verse the  invisible  God  is  adumbrated.  Is.  Taylor. 

In  truth,  in  every  Church  those  who  cling  most  tena- 
ciously to  the  dogma  are  just  the  men  "who  have  hast 
hold  of  the  divine  substance  "  which  it  faintly  adumbrate*. 
H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  314. 

adumbration  (ad-um-bra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
umbratio(n-),  <  adumbrare  :  see  adumbrate.']  1. 
The  act  of  adumbrating  or  making  a  shadow  or 
faint  resemblance. — 2.  Figuratively,  a  faint 
sketch;  an  imperfect  representation;  some- 
thing that  suggests  by  resemblance,  or  shadows 
f i  irth ;  a  foreshadowing. 

Our  knowledge  is  .  .  .  at  best  a  faint  confused  adum- 
bration. Glanrille,  Seep.  Sci. 

Belief  comes  into  existence  when  man  is  not  reasonable 
enough  to  have  a  theory  about  anything,  while  he  is  still 
mainly  a  feeling  animal,  possessing  only  some  adumbra- 
tions or  instincts  of  thought.    Eeary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  23. 

3.  In  her.,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  outlined, 
and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 
shadow,  however,  has  no  proper  place  in  heraldry.  It  is 
a  modern  abuse. 

adumbrative  (ad-mn'bra-tiv),  a.  [(.adumbrate 

+  -ive.]  Shadowing  forth ;  faintly  resembling; 
foreshadowing  or  typical. 

We  claim  to  stand  there  as  mute  monuments,  patheti- 
cally adumbrative  of  much.       Carlyle,  Fr.  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

adumbratively  (ad-um'bra-tiv-li),  adr.  In  an 
adumbrative  manner. 

adumbrellar  (ad-um-brel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  ad.  to,  + 
NLi.  umbrella,  the  disk  of  acalephs:  see  um- 
brella.] Pertaining  to  the  upper  surface  of  the 
velum  in  sea-blubbers  {Medusa:) :  opposed  to 
abunibrellar. 

adunation  (ad-u-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aduiiaiin(ii-). 
<  adunare,  pp.  adunatus,  make  into  one,  <  atl, 
to,  +  units  =  E.  one:  see  union,  unite,  etc.  Cf. 
a  lone,  the  cognate  E.  f  orcn.]  The  act  of  uniting 
or  the  state  of  being  united;  union:  as,  "real 
union  or  ail  una  lion,"  Boyle,  Scept.  Chym.  (1680), 
p.  94.    [Eare.] 

adunc  (ad-ungk'),  a.      [Formerly  adunque,  as 
if  F. ;   <  L.  aduncus,  hooked:    see  aduncous.] 
Same  as  aduncous. 
Parrots  have  an  adunque  Bill.    Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  238. 
The  Nose  .  .  .  if  Aquiline  or  Adunc. 

Evelyn,  Numismata,  p.  297.    (if.  E.  D.) 

aduncal  (ad-ung'kal),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus :  see 
aduncous.]     Same  as  aduncous. 

The  spire  also  opens  out  at  its  growing  margin,  .  .  . 
and  thus  gives  rise  to  .  .  .  the  common  aduncal  type  of 
thisoreanism  [Orbicvlina].  II'.  /;.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §464. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
uncated, ppr.  aduncating.     [<  ML.  aduncatus, 

pp.  of  aduncarc,  hook,  curve,  <  L.  aduncus, 
hooked:  see  aduncous.]  To  curve  inward,  as 
a  bird's  beak  or  a  nose. 

aduncate  (ad-uug'kiit),  a,  [<  ML.  aduncatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Aduncous;  hooked;  hav- 
ing; a  hook:  as,  the  aduncate  bill  of  a  hawk. 

aduncity  (a-dun'si-ti),  n.  [<  L.  aduncitas, 
hookedness,  <  aduncus,  hooked :  see  aduncous.] 
The  condition  of  being  booked  :  hookedness. 

Tin-  aduncity  of  tin   pounces  and  beaks  of  the  hawks. 
Martinus  Scribk  rus. 

aduncous  (u-dung'kus).  ".  [<  L.  atluncus,  hook- 
ed, <  ad,  to,  +  uncus,  hooked,  barbed,  uncus,  a 

hook,  barb.  |  I  looked  :  lent  or  made  in  t  In- 
form of  a  hook;  incurved.  Equivalent  forma- 
tions are  adunc  and  adunettl. 

ad  unguem  (ad  nng'gwem).     [L. :  ad.  to;  «»- 

am  in,  ace.  of  unguis,  nail,  claw.]     To  the  nail, 

or  touch  of  the  nail:  exactly:  nicely. 
adunquet   (ad-ungk'),   a.      Obsolete    form  of 

adunc. 
aduret  (a-dur'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  ad/wrere,  set  Ore  to, 

burn,  (ad,  to,  +  urere,  burn,  akin  to  Or.  :mr. 

singe,  oil ir,  kindle,  Skt.  •>/  ush,  burn.     Hei 

adust",  q.  v.]     To  burn  completely  or  partially; 

calcine,  scorch,  or  parch. 


advance 

adurentt  (a-dii'rent),  a.     [<L.  aduren(U)s,  ppr. 

of    adurere:   see   adure.]    Burning;    heating. 

Bacon.     [Hare.] 
adusk  (a-dusk'),  prep.  phr.  .as  adv.  or  o.     [<  o3, 

prep.,  -f-  dusk.]     In  the  dusk  or  twilight ;  dark; 

in  gloom.     [Eare.] 

You  wish  to  die  ami  leave  the  world  adusk 

For  others.       Mrs.  Brineu, no,    \urora  Leigh,  i.  502. 

adust1  (a-dusf),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  [<  a$,  prep., 
+  dust.]    Dusty. 

He  was  tired  and  adust  with  long  riding;  but  he  did  not 
go  home.  George  Eliot,  Romola,  \lv. 

Lose  half  their  lives  on  the  road  often  miry  or  adust. 

Blacku ds  Mag.,  XXI.  792. 

adust2  (a-dusf),  a.  [<  L.  aditstus,  burned,  pp. 
of  adurere:  see  adure.]  1.  Burned;  scorched; 
become  dry  by  heat;  hot  and  fiery. 

Which  with  torrid  heat, 
And  vapour  as  the  Libyan  air  adust, 
Began  to  parch  that  temperate  clime. 

Milt,,, i,  P.  L.,  xii.  635. 

2.  Looking  as  if  burned  or  scorched. 

In  person  he  was  tall,  thin,  erect,  with  a  small  head,  a 
long  visage,  lean  yellow  cheek,  dark  twinkling  eyes,  adust 
complexion,  .  .  .  and  a  long,  sable-silvered  beard. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  109. 

3t.  In  pathol.,  having  much  heat:  said  of  the 
blood  and  other  fluids  of  the  body;  hence,  ar- 
dent; sanguine;  impetuous. 
If  it  [melancholy]  proceed  from  blood  adust,  or  that 

there  be  a  mixture  of  hi 1  in  it,  "such  are  commonly 

ruddy  of  complexion,  and  high-coloured,"  according  to 
Sallust,  Salvianus,  and  Hercules  de  Saxonia. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

adustedt(a-dus'ted),  a.  [<  adust'-  +  -ed2.]  Be- 
come hot  and  dry ;  burned ;  scorched. 

Those  rayes  which  scorch  the  adusted  soyles  of  Calabria 
and  Spainc.  Howell,  Forreine  Travell.  p.  74. 

adustiblet  (a-dus'ti-bl).  a.  [<  adust"  +  -ible.] 
Capable  of  being  burned  up. 

adustiont  (a-dus'tion),  n.  [<  L.  adustio(n-),  < 
adurere:  see  adure,  adust".]  1.  The  act  of 
burning,  scorching,  or  heating  to  dryness ;  the 
state  of  being  thus  heated  or  dried.     Harvey. 

Others  will  have  them  [symptoms  of  melancholy]  come 
from  the  diverse  adustion  of  the  four  humours. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 
2.  In  vied.,  cauterization. 

adv.  A  common  abbreviation  of  adverb  and  of 
advertisement. 

advailablet  (ad-va'la-bl),  a.  Obsolete  form  of 
available. 

ad  val.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  valorem. 

ad  valorem  (ad  va-16'rem).  [NL. :  L.  ad,  to ; 
LL.  and  NL.  valorem,  ace.  of  valor,  value :  see 
valor.]  According  to  value.  Applied  — (1)  in  com., 
to  customs  or  duties  levied  according  to  the  marketable 
value  or  worth  of  the  goods  at  the  original  place  of  ship- 
ment, as  sworn  to  by  the  owner  and  verified  by  the  cus- 
toms appraisers ;  (2)  in  law,  to  lawyers'  fees  for  the  draw- 
ing of  certain  deeds  or  other  work  chargeable  according 
to  the  value  of  the  property  involved 

advance  (ad-vans'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advanced, 
ppr.  advancing.  [Earlier  advauncc,  avaunce,  < 
ME.  avauncen,  avaunsen,   avancen,  avansen,  < 

OF.  avancer,  avancier,  later  avancer,  "to  for- 
ward, set  forward,  further,  put  on;  also,  to 
hasten;  and  to  shorten  or  cut  off  by  haste; 
also,  to  advance,  prefer,  promote"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  avanct  r  =  Pr,  Sp.  avanear=  Pg.  avangar 
=  It.  aran-are,  <  ML.  *abauti  are,  <  aliaulc,  away 
before,  >  It.  Sp.  Pg.  avante,  Pr.  OF.  F.  avant, 
before:  see  oraut.  avaunt,  s,nc\van".  The  prefix 
is  thus  historically  av-  for  orig.  ab- ;  the  spelling 
adr-,  now  established  in  this  word  and  advan- 
tage, is  due  to  a  forced  '  restoration '  of  a-  taken 
as  a  reduced  form  of  ad-:  see  a-11  and  o-13.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  in  place ;  move 
further  in  front. 

Now  Morn,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancing,  BOW'd  the  earth  with  orient  pearl. 

Milton,  v.  L.,  v.  2. 

t  ine  hied  tin   helm,  another  held  the  lance  : 
A  third  the  Buining  buckler  did  advance. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,1.  1732. 
A  line  was  entrenched,  and  the  troops  were  ad vanced  to 

the  new  position.  U.  S.  tie, lot.   Pels.  Mem..  I.  377. 

2.  To  forward  in  time  ;  accelerate  :  as,  to  ad- 
ranec  the  growth  of  plants. —  3.  To  improve 
or  make  better ;  benefit;  promote  the  good  of: 
as,  to  advance  one's  true  interests. 

As  the  calling  dienities  the  man.  so  the  man  much  more 
advances  his  calling.  South,  Sermons 

4.  To  promote  ;  raise  to  a  higher  rank :  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 
And  to  advance  again,  for  one  man's  merit, 

A  thousand  heirs  that  have  deserved  nought? 

Sir  J.  Davits,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  viii, 

It  has  bell  the  late  ol    this  obliging  favorite  to  advance 

those  who  soonc  forget  their  original. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  22,  1674. 


advance 

5.  To  raise ;  enhance  :  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  goods.  —  6.  To  offer  or  propose  ;  bring  to 
view  or  notice,  as  something  one  is  prepared 
to  abido  by;  allege;  adduce;  bring  forward : 
as,  to  advance  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

Propositions  which  are  advanced  in  discourse  -.  nevally 
result  from  a  partial  view  ol  the  question,  and  cannot  be 
kepi  under  examination  Long  enough  ti>  i>e  corrected. 

Vacaulay,  Athenian  orators. 

7.  In  com.,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  furnish  on 
credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered  or  work  is 
done,  or  furnish  as  part  of  a  stock  or  fund ;  sup- 
ply or  pay  i"  expectation  of  reimbursement :  as, 
to  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  to- 
ward a  purchase  or  an  establishment. 

Two  houses  advanced  to  Edward  the  Third  of  England 

upwards  of  three  hundred  thousand  marks. 

Maca idag,  Machiavelli. 

8.  To  raise ;  lift  up  ;  elevate. 

They  .  .  . 
Advanc'd  their  eyelids.         Shall-.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
0,  peace  !    Contemplation  makes  a  rare  turkey-cock  of 
him !  how  he  jets  under  his  advanced  plumes ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
A  cherub  tall ; 
Who  forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurl'd 
The  imperial  ensign,  which,  full  high  advanced, 
Shone  like  a  meteor.  Mil/an,  P.  L.,  i.  536. 

9.  To  put  forth  or  exhibit  with  a  view  to  dis- 
play.    [Rare.] 

And  every  one  his  love-feat  will  advance 

Unto  his  several  mistress.         Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

10f.  To  commend  ;  extol ;  vaunt. 

Greatly  advauncing  his  gay  chivalree. 

Spenser,  P.  Q.,  I.  v.  16. 
lit.  To  impel ;  incite. 

That  lewd  rybauld  with  vyle  lust  advaunst. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  10. 
=  Syn.  4.  To  elevate,  exalt,  prefer,  aggrandize,  dignify. 
—  5.  To  increase,  augment. —  6.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign 
(see  adduce) ;  propound,  bring  forward,  lay  down. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  or  go  forward ;  pro- 
ceed :  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

But  time  advances :  facts  accumulate  ;  doubts  arise. 
Faint  glimpses  of  truth  begin  to  appear,  and  shine  more 
and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 

Maeaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 
They  watched  the  reapers'  slow  advancing  line. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  375. 

2.  To  improve  or  make  progress ;  grow,  etc. : 
as,  to  advance  in  knowledge,  stature,  wisdom, 
rank,  office,  dignity,  or  age. 

A  great  advancing  soul  carries  forward  his  whole  age  ; 
a  mean,  sordid  soul  draws  it  back. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  34. 

3.  To  increase  in  quantity,  price,  etc. :  as,  the 
stock  advanced  three  points. 

advance  (ad-vans'),  «.  [=F.  avance;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  moving  forward  or  toward  the 
front ;  a  forward  course ;  progress  in  space : 
as,  our  advance  was  impeded  by  obstructions. 

Don  Alonzo  de  Aguila  and  his  companions,  in  their 
eager  advance,  had  .  .  .  got  entangled  in  deep  glens  and 
the  dry  beds  of  torrents.  Irving',  Granada,  p.  90. 

2.  Mil  it.,  the  order  or  signal  to  advance:  as,  the 
advance  was  sounded. —  3.  A  step  forward; 
actual  progress  in  any  course  of  action  :  often 
in  the  plural:  as,  an  advance  in  religion  or 
knowledge ;  civilization  has  made  great  ad- 
vances in  this  century. 

Witness  the  advance  from  a  rustic's  conception  of  the 
Earth  to  that  which  a  travelled  geologist  has  reached. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  481. 

4.  An  act  of  approach ;  an  effort  for  approxi- 
mation or  agreement ;  anything  done  to  bring 
about  accord  or  any  relation  with  another  or 
others:  with  to  before  the  person  and  toward 
before  the  object  or  purpose :  as,  A  made  an 
advance  or  advances  to  B,  or  toward  acquain- 
tance with  B. 

Frederic  had  some  time  before  made  advances  toward  a 
reconciliation  with  Voltaire. 

Maeaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

5.  A  forward  position;  place  in  front,  at  the 
head,  or  in  the  lead:  as,  his  regiment  took  the 
advance  in  the  march. — 6.  The  state  of  being 
forward  or  in  front;  a  being  or  going  at  the 
head  or  in  the  lead:  chiefly  in  the  phrase  in 
advance:  as,  the  groom  rode  in  advance  of  the 
carriage ;  he  is  far  in  advance  of  the  other 
pupils.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  in  compo- 
sition, sometimes  without  joining,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance of  an  adjective,  as  it  has  been  called  in  such  use,  al- 
though it  is  never  really  one.  Thus,  an  advance  (-)  agent 
is  an  agent  sent  out  in  advance  of  a  theatrical  company, 
exhibition,  etc.,  to  make  preliminary  arrangements;  an 
advance  (-)  ditch  or  foss  is  a  ditch  around  the  esplanade 
or  glacis  of  a  fortified  place,  and  hence  in  advance  of  it; 
advance  (.)  ,/,,,7.s.  ure  sheets  of  a  printed  work  sent  to 
somebody  in  advance  of  publication. 

7.  He  who  or  that  which  is  at  the  head  or  in 
the  lead;  the  foremost  or  forward  part;  espe- 
cially, the  leading  body  of  an  army. 


A  B  C,  ship's  track. 

B,  point  where  helm  is  put 

over. 
D  C,  advance  \    of  curve 
B  D,  transfer    J        B  C. 

'  to 


85 

I  got  back  on  the  5th  with  the  advance,  the  remainder 
following  as  rapidly  as  the  steamers  could  carry  them. 

U.  S.  Gram.  Pers.  Men,.,  I.  290. 

8.  In  schools,  a  lesson  not  previously  learned : 
opposed  lo  review.  -9.  Advancement;  promo 
tiou;  preferment:  as,  an  advance  in  rank  or 
office. — 10.  An  offer  or  tender. 

The  advance  of  kindness  which  I  made  was  feigned. 
Dryden,  All  for  Love,  h 

11.  In  com.:  (a)  Addition  to  price;  rise  in  price: 
us,  an  advance  on  the  prime  cost  of  goods  ;  there 
is  an  advance  on  cottons,  (b)  A  giving  before- 
hand ;  a  furnishing  of  something  before  an 
equivalent  is  received,  as  money  or  goods,  to- 
ward a  capital  or  stock,  or  on  loan,  or  in  expor- 
tation of  being  reimbursed  in  some  way :  as,  A 
made  large  advances  to  B. 

I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  make  the  necessary  <«/- 
vances.  Jay. 

The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show  what 
advances  had  been  made.  Kent. 

(c)  The  money  or  goods  thus  furnished. — 12. 

In  naval  tactics,  (ho  distance  made  by  a  ship 
e  under  way,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  her  courso,  after 
the  helm  has  been  put  to 
one  side  and  kept  there : 
opposed  to  transfer,  the 
distance  made  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  original  courso 
of  the  vessel  before  the 

o    helm  was  put  over Inad- 

vance.  (a)  Before  ;  in  front : 
as,  the  cavalry  marched  in  ad- 
vance, or  in  advance  of  the  ar- 
(  tillery.     See  above,  6.    _(&)  Be- 

forehand ;  before  an  equivalent 
is  received :  as,  to  pay  rent  in 
advance. 

They  .  .  .  paid  you  in  ad- 
vance the  dearest  tribute  of 
their  affection. 

Junius,  To  the  King,  1700. 
(c)  In  the  state  or  condition  of 
having  made  an  advance  :  as, 
A  is  in  advance  to  B  a  thousand  dollars.  =  Syn.  Advance- 
ment,  Proficiency,  etc.     See  progress,  n. 
advance-able  (ad-van'sa-bl),  a.     [<  advance  + 
-a lih  .]     Capable  of  being  advanced. 
advance-bill   (ad-vans'bil),  n.     Same  as  ad- 
vance-note. 

advanced  (ad-vansf),  p.  a.  1.  Situated  in 
front  of  or  before  others.  Hence — 2.  In  the 
front ;  forward ;  being  in  advance  of  or  beyond 
others  in  attainments,  degree,  etc. :  as,  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal. 

The  most  advanced  strategic  ideas  of  the  day. 

Grate,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  SO. 

3.  Having  reached  a  comparatively  late  stage, 
as  of  development,  progress,  life,  etc. :  as,  he  is 
now  at  an  advana  d  age. 

advance-guard  (ad-vans'gard),  n.  [Cf.  avant- 
guard,  vanguard.]  Milit.,  a  body  of  troops  or 
other  force  marching  or  stationed  in  front  of 
the  main  body  to  clear  the  way,  guard  against 
surprise,  etc. 

advancement  (ad-vans'tnent),  n.  [Earlier  ad- 
riinncemcnt,  avaiiiiccnieiit,  <  ME.  avaneeincnt,  < 
OF.  (and  F.)  avaneeincnt,  <  avancer:  see  advance 
and -men*.]  1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  or 
proceeding  onward  or  upward. — 2.  The  act  of 
promoting,  or  state  of  being  promoted ;  prefer- 
ment; promotion  in  rank  or  excellence;  im- 
provement; furtherance. — 3t.  Settlement  on  a 
wife;  jointure.  Bacon. — 4.  In  too,  provision 
made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  during  the  parent's 
life,  by  gift  of  property  on  account  of  the  share 
to  which  the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heir  or 
next  of  kin  after  the  parent's  death. —  5f.  The 
payment  of  money  in  advance ;  money  paid  iu 
advance.  =  Syn,  land  2.  Advance, Proficiency, etc.  See 
progress,  a.  -2.  Exaltation,  elevation,  preferment,  en- 
hancement, amelioration,  betterment. 

advance-note  (ad-vans'not),  n.  A  draftonthe 
owner  or  agent  of  a  vessel,  generally  for  one 
month's  wages,  given  by  the  master  to  the 
sailors  on  their  signing  the  articles  of  agree- 
ment. Known  in  the  United  states  as  an  advance-hilt. 
The  practice  was  abolished  in  the  tinted  states  by  act  of 
Congress  in  1884. 

advancer  (ad-van'ser),  n.  [ME.  avaiincer, 
avaunser ;  < "advance  +  -tr1.]  1.  One  who  ad- 
vances; a  promoter. — 2.  A  branch  of  a  buck's 
horn,  the  second  from  the  base. 

advancingly  (ad-van'sing-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vancing manner;  progressively. 

advancive  (ad-van'siv),  a.    [Irreg.  <  advance  + 
-ive.~\    Tending  to  advance  or  promote.    [Rare.] 
The  latter  .  .  .  will  be  more  advancive  of  individual  in- 
terest than  of  the  public  welfare. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  416. 


advantage 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  ».  [<  ME.  avantage, 
avauntage, K OF.  (audi',  i  avantage,  "an  advan 

tago,  odds;  overplus;  addition  ;  Belong  :  a  bene 
(ii,  furtherance,  forwarding,"  etc.  (Cotgrave), 
=  Pr.  avantage  (ML  reflex  avantai/iitm),  <  ML. 
nlmiitaticHin,  advantage,  iabante,  ><)i'.  annit. 
etc.,  before:  see  advance,  ».]  1.  An\  state, 
condition,  circumstance,  opportunity  or  n 
s| ially  favorable  to  success,  prosperity  .inter- 
est, reputation,  or  any  desired  end;  anything 
that  aids,  assists,  or  is  of  service:  as.  lie  had 
the  advantage  of  a  good  constitution,  of  an  ex- 
cellent education:  the  enemy  had  the  advan- 
tage ol  elevated  ground;  "the  advantages  of  a 
close  alliance,"  Maeaulay. 

Advantage  is  a  better  soldier  than  rashness. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  0. 

The  streets,  Been  now  under  the  advantages  of  a  warm 

morning  sun  adding  a  beauty  of  its  own  to  whatever  ii 

glanced  upon,  showed  much  more  brilliantly  than  ours 

of  Rome.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  58. 

2.  Superiority  or  prevalence :  regularly  with  of 
or  over. 

Lest  Satan  should  get  an  advantage  of  us.    2  Cor.  ii.  It. 
I  have  seen  the  hungry  ocean  gain 
Advantage  on  the  kingdom  of  the  shore. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  lxiv. 
the  special  advantage  of  manhood  over  youth  lies  .  .  . 
in  the  sense  of  reality  and  limitation. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  145. 

3.  Benefit;  gain;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  be  unto  thee?  Job  \x.\v.  3. 

Set  hath  sir  Proteus,  for  that's  his  name, 
Made  use  and  fair  advantage  of  his  days. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
4f.  Usury ;  interest ;  increase. 

Methought  you  said,  you  neither  lend  nor  borrow 
Upon  advantage.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

5t.  A  thirteenth  article  added  to  a  dozen,  mak- 
ing what  is  commonly  known  as  a  baker's 
dozen. 

If  the  Scripture  be  for  reformation,  and  Antiquity  to 
boot,  it  is  but  an  advantage  to  the  dozen. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

6.  In  lawn-tennis,  the  first  point  gained  after 
deuce.  Commonly  called  vantage.  See  lawn- 
tennis — To  advantage,  with  good  effect;  advantage 
ously.—  To  have  the  advantage  of,  to  have  superiority 
over;  be  in  a  more  favorable  position  than;  in  particular, 
to  know  without  being  known  ;  have  a  personal  knowledge 
that  is  not  reciprocal :  as,  you  have  the  advantage  nfme. — 
To  play  upon  advantage!,  to  cheat.— To  take  advan- 
tage of.  la)  To  avail  one's  self  of ;  profit  by  in  a  legitimate 
way.  (b)  To  overreach  or  impose  upon,  (c)  To  utilize  as  a 
means  toward  overreaching  or  imposition. 

The  restrictions  both  on  masters  and  servants  were  so 
severe  as  to  prevent  either  from  taking  advantage  ./the 
necessities  of  the  other.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  140. 

=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Advantage,  Benefit,  Utility,  Profit,  help, 
vantage-ground,  good,  service.  Advantage  is  the  possession 
of  a  good  vantage-ground  for  the  attainment  of  ulterior  ob 

jects  of  desire  :  as,  he  has  the  ad  vantage  of  a  good  education. 
Benefit  is  a  more  immediate  and  realized  good :  as,  a  chief 
benefit  of  exercise  is  the  improvement  of  health.  Utility 
is  usefulness  in  the  practical  or  material  sense  :  the  utility 
of  an  education  is  a  small  part  of  the  benefit  derived  from 
it.  Profit  signifies  gain,  with  a  suggestion  of  trade  or 
exchange.  A  man  may  have  good  advantages,  but  derive 
from  them  little  benefit  or  profit ;  even  their  utility  to  him 
may  be  small. 

And  deny  his  youth 
The  rich  advantage  of  good  exercise. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 
The  importance  of  the  American  revolution,  and  the 
means  of  making  it  a  benefit  to  the  world. 

Washington,  Letter  to  Dr.  Price. 
An  undertaking  of  enormous  labour  and  yet  of  only 
very  partial  utility.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  30. 

What  profit  lies  in  barren  faith? 

Tennyson,  In  afemoriam,  eviii. 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
vantaged, ppr.  advantaging.  [<  late  ME.  avan- 
tage, <  OF.  avantager,  avantagier,  later  avan- 
tager,  "to  advantage,  give  advantage  unto," 
etc.  (Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.]  I.  tvans.  1. 
To  benefit;  be  of  service  to;  yield  profit  or 
gain  to. 

What  is  a  man  advantaged,  if  be  gain  the  whole  world, 
and  lose  himself,  or  be  cast  away?  Luke  i.\.  25. 

If  trade  pinches  the  mind,  commerce  liberalizes  it ;  and 
Boston  was  also  advantaged  with  the  neighborhood  of  tie 
country's  oldest  college,  which  maintained  the  wholesome 
traditions  of  culture.  Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  B6. 

2t.  To  gain  ground  or  win  acceptance  for ;  pro- 
mote or  further.     [Bare.] 

The  Stoics  that  opinioned  the  souls  of  wise  men  dwelt 
about  tin-  moon,  and  those  of  fools  wandered  about  the 
earth,  advantaged  the  conceit  of  this  effect. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
3f.  To  increase,  as  by  interest. 

Advantaging  their  loan  with  interest 
Of  ten  times  double  gain  of  happiness. 

SAaA-.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


advantage 

4t.  Reflexively,  to  cause  to  be  an  advantage  to; 
avail  (one's  self ). 

It  is  observed  of  wolves,  that  when  they  go  to  the  fold 
fur  prey,  they  "ill  be  sure  to  advantage  themselves  'it'  the 
wind.  Re».  /      Idams,  w  orks,  II.  121. 

II.  inlrans.  To  gain  an  advantage;  be  bene- 
fited. 

The  canrivora  advantage  by  the  accident  of  their  painted 
skins.  /'.  Robinson,  l  Oder  the  Sun,  p.  1S5. 

advantageable  (ad-van'taj-a-bl),  a.  [Early 
mod.  E.  avantageable ;  (.advantage  +  -<ii>lc] 
Profitable;  convenient ;  gainful.     [Rare.] 

It  is  advantageable  t"  a  physician  to  be  called  to  tin1 
cure  of  declining  dis>  i  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

advantage-ground   (ad  -  van' taj- ground),   n. 

Vantage-ground.  Clarendon. 
advantageous  (ad-van-ta'jus),  a.  [Formerly 
advantageous;  (.advantage,  ».,  + -ous,  after  P. 
avantageux,  <  avantage."]  Of  advantage;  fur- 
nishing convenience  or  opportunity  to  gain 
benefit;  gainful;  profitable;  useful;  beneficial: 
as,  ajiadvantagt  »m  position  of  the  troops;  trade 
is  advantageous  to  a  nation. 

Between  these  colonies  and  the  mother  country,  a  very 
advantageous  traffic  was  at  first  carried  on. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxv. 

It  is  evident  that  they  [changes  in  color]  are  under  the 
control  of  the  lish,  and  therefore  advaulaereous. 

Science,  IV.  339. 
=  Syn.  Helpful,  serviceable,  favorable,  remunerative. 

advantageously  (ad-van-ta'jus-li),  ad/o.    In  an 

advantageous  manner;  with  advantage  ;  profit- 
ably; usefully;  conveniently. 

It  was  advantageously  situated,  there  being  an  easy 
passage  from  it  to'  India  by  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

Their  mother  is  evidently  not  without  hopes  of  seeing 
one,  at  least  [of  her  daughters],  advantageously  settled  in 
life.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  184. 

advantageousness  (ad-van-ta'jus-nes),  n.  The 

quality  or  state  of  being  advantageous  ;  profit- 
ableness ;  usefulness ;  convenience. 

The  last  property,  which  qualifies  God  for  the  fittest  ob- 
ject of  our  love,  is,  the  advantageousness  of  His  to  us,  both 
in  the  present  and  the  future  life.      Boyle,  Works,  I.  279. 

advectitious  (ad-vek-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  advt  <  - 
tiUus,  prop,  advecticius,  brought  to  a  place  from 
a  distance,  foreign,  <  advectus,  pp.  of  advelit  re, 
bring  to :  see  advehent.]  Brought  from  another 
place.     Blount. 

advehent  (ad've-hent),  a.  [<  L.  advehen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  ailct In  ft.  bring  to,  cany  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
relieve,  bring,  carry :  see  reltiele,  convey.]  Bring- 
ing; carrying  to;  afferent:  in  anat.,  applied 
to  sundry  vessels :  the  opposite  of  rcrchent. 

advene  (ad-ven'),  v.  i.  [<  L.  advenire,  come  to, 
arrive  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come,  =E.  come,  q.  v. 
Cf.  convene,  interrenc,  supervene.']  To  accede 
or  come;  be  added  or  become  a  part,  though 
not  essential.      [Bare.] 

Where  no  act  of  the  \\  ill  advenes  as  a  co-efficient. 

I  'oh  ridge,  Remains  (1836),  III.  19. 

advenientt  (ad-ve'nient),  a.  [<B.  advcnien(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  advenire:  see  advene.']  Advening;  com- 
ing from  without;  superadded. 

Divided  from  truth  in  themselves,  they  are  yet  farther 
removed  by  advenieni  deception. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

advent  (ad'vent),  ».  [<  ME.  advent,  <  L.  ad- 
ventus,  a  coining  to,  approach,  (  advenire:  see 
advene.]  1.  A  coming  into  place,  view,  or  be- 
ing; visitation;  arrival;  accession:  as,  the  ad- 
vent oi  visitors,  of  an  infant,  or  of  death.  [A 
modern  use  of  the  word,  the  ecclesiastical  use 
having  been  the  original  one  in  English.] 

\\  ith  the  advent  of  the  empire  all  this  was  destined  to 
undergo  a  eomph  ti   changi 

Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  xxw. 

With  tie-  advent  to  power  of  a  liberal-minded  Sov 

...  it  might  nave  been  expected  that  there  would  be  an 
immediate  change  in  the  Government  of  Piedmont. 

/;.  Dicey,  \  ictor  Emmanuel,  p.  64. 

Specifically — 2.  The  coming  of  Christ  as  the 
Saviour  of  the  world.  Hence  —  3.  ['■'•/>.]  /-'''- 
eh  ■■.,  the  |"  riod  immediately  preceding  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Nativity,  [tincludi  .  four  Sundays,  reck- 
oning from  the  9undas  nearest  Bt.  Andrew's  day  (Nov.  80) 

to  Chi  and  ha    been  observed    i  thi     Ixtn 

cent  '  m of  devotion fl  ith  referent  e  to  the  com- 
ing of  I  flesh  and  to  hie  second  c inn  tojudge 

the  world ;  in  the  Etonian!  athollcl  uurchobservi 

a  timeof  i"  nam  e tfa  ting.     In  1  he  I  Irienta]  and  I  treek 

Churche  ■  thi  pi  riod  inclndi      bt    und&3    oi  forty  das  - 
Second  advent,  the  second  coming  of  Chri  tto  establish 
a  personal  reign  upon  tin   earth    is  II     king,     5ei    mitU 
,<  and  premillt  nniali  m 

Adventist  Ciid'veii  ti-t  i.  n.  [< advent  +  -ist.] 
One  who  believes  in  the  second  coining  of 
Christ  to  establish  a  personal  reign  upon  the 

earth;  a  niillenarian;   it  Second-advent  ist.     in 

\d\  elltistS  Of    the    United    States    owe    their    Orl     In    tO   till 

mlllenarian  teachings  of    WiUlam   Miller  (see  Hitlerite), 

mo  i  ol  Hm  in  belli  fine  al  in  I  In  vai  i fixed  for 

the  second  coming  ut  Christ  from  1H43  to  1861,  but  after- 


86 

ward  abandoning  the  attempt  to  determine  the  date. 
There  are  several  do  Isionsor  sects  oi  Idventists,  theprin- 
cipal  of  which  are:  the  Advent(or  Second  Advent)Chris- 
Hans,  the  largest ;  the  Sevt  nth  day  Adventists,  much  small- 
er, but  more  compactly  organized  ;  and  the  Evangelical 
Adveidists,  the  smallest.  The  members  of  the  first  two  be- 
lieve in  the  final  annihilation  of  the  wicked,  which  those 
of  the  thin  l  reject.  The  second  observe  the  seventh  day  as 
the  Sabbath,  and  believe  in  the  existence  of  the  spirit  of 
prophecy  among  them;  they  maintain  missions  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  a  number  of  institutions  at  liattle 
Creek,  Michigan,  their  headquarters. 

adventitia  (ad-ven-tish'i-S,),  ».  [NL.,  fern, 
sing.  (sc.  membrana,  or  tunica)  oi  L.  advenUUus ; 
see  adventitious.]  In  anat.,  any  membranous 
structure  covering  an  organ  but  not  properly 
belonging  to  it  (in  full,  membrana  adventitia, 
adventitious  membrane);  specifically,  the  out- 
ermost of  the  three  coats  of  a  bloed-vessel  (in 
full,  tunica  iiilrcntitia, adventitious  tunic),  con- 
sisting of  connective  tissue. 

adventitious  (ad-ven-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  adven- 
UUus, prop,  adventitius,  coming  from  abroad, 
(adventus,  pp.  of  advenire:  see  advene.]  1. 
Added  extrinsically ;  not  springing  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  subject,  but  from  another  source ; 
foreign;  accidentally  or  casually  acquired:  ap- 
plied to  that  which  does  not  properly  belong  to 
a  subject,  but  which  is  superadded  or  adopted, 
as  in  a  picture  or  other  work  of  art,  to  give  it  ad- 
ditional power  or  effect. 

Every  subject  acquires  an  adventitious  importance  to 
him  who  considers  it  with  application. 

(_T'.l,fs,,u'tfi,  Polite  Learning,  xiv. 
But  apart  from  any  adventitious  associations  of  later 
growth,  it  is  certain  that  a  very  ancient  belief  gave  to  magic 
the  power  of  imparting  life,  or  the  semblance  of  it,  to  inani- 
mate things.        Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  117. 

2.  In  hot.  and  :obl.,  appearing  casually,  or  in 
an  abnormal  or  unusual  position  or  place  ;  oc- 
curring as  a  straggler  or  away  from  its  natural 
position  or  habitation;  adventive. 

The  inflorescence  [of  Cuseata  glomerata]  is  developed 
from  numerous  crowded  adventitious  buds,  and  notby  the 
repeated  branching  of  axillary,  flowering  branches,  as 
commonly  stated.  Science,  IV.  342. 

3.  In  anat.,  of  the  nature  of  adventitia:  as,  the 
adventitious  coat  of  an  artery. 

adventitiously  (ad-ven-tish'us-li),  adv.     In  an 
adventitious  or  extrinsic  manner ;  accidentally. 
adventitiousness  (ad-ven-tish'us-nes),  n.    The 
state  or  quality  of  being  adventitious. 
adventive  (ad-ven'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<B.  adven- 
tus, pp.  of  advenire  (see  advene),  +  -ire.]    I.  a. 
If.  Accidental;  adventitious. 
The  relative  and  adventive  characters  of  offences. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

Specifically — 2.  In  hot.  and  zool.,  only  tran- 
sient and  locally  spontaneous,  not  thoroughly 
naturalized:  applied  to  introduced  plants  and 
animals. 

II. t   »■    One  who  or  that  which  comes  from 
without ;  an  immigrant. 
That  the  natives  be  not  so  many,  hut  that  there  may  be 

i  Ibow-r n  enough  for  them,  and  for  the  adventives  also. 

Bacon,  Advice  to  Villiers. 
adventryt  (ad-ven'tri),  n.  [<  adventure,  as  if  *ad- 
n  uturij.]  An  enterprise;  an  adventure.  [Rare.] 
Act  a  brave  work,  call  it  thy  last  adventry. 

B.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 
Adventual  (ad-ven'tu-al),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
ventualis,  <  adventus' '(adventu-),  approach:  see 
advent.]  Eelating  to  the  season  of  Advent. 
Bp.  Sanderson. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  of- 
ten also  ad  venter, (ME.  aventure,  auenturc,  often 
eontr.  auntour,  anuter,  anter,  etc.,  <  OP.  (and 
P.)  aventure  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  an  ntura  =  It.  ar- 
ventura  =  Fries,  aventuri  =M11G.  art  nliiire,  (!. 
ahenteuer  =  Dan.  eeventyr,  eventyr  =  Sw.  afoen- 
tur,  <  ML.  arc  ntura,  also  adrentura,  lit.  a  thing 
about  to  happen,  <  Ii.  advenire,  fut.  part.  act. 
adventurus,  come  to,  happen:  see  advene. 
The  ME.  prefix  a-  («-n)  lias  been  restored  to 
ilsorig.  B.  form  ad-.  Hence  pcradventiivc,  q.  v. 
Cf.  venture.]  It.  That  which  comes  or  happens 
to  one;  hap;  chance;  fortune;  luck. 

Searching  of  thy  wound, 
j  have  by  bard  adventure  found  mine  own. 

Shalt.,  As  you  lake  it,  ii.  -t. 
And  as  my  fair  adventure  fell.  I  found 
A  lady  all  in  white,  with  laurel  crown'd. 

Dryden,  Klower  nod  Leaf,  1.  4(13. 

2.  A  hazardous  enterprise ;  an  undertaking  of 
uncertain  issue,  or  participation  in  such  an  un- 
dertaking. 

lie   fOl 

I'.ul  that  was  later,  boyish  histories 

(if  battle,  bold  adventure,  dungeon,  wreck. 

Tennyson,  Aylmcr's  field. 

3.  A  remarkable  occurrence  in  one's  personal 
history:  a  noteworthy  event  or  experience  in 
one's  life. 


adventuress 


Come,  never  mind  our  mule's  age,  let  us  hear  his  ad- 
vent u,,  Irving,  tales  of  a  Traveler. 

4.  A  speculation  of  any  land,  commercial, 
financial,  or  mining;  aventure;  specifically,  a 
speculation  in  goods  sent  abroad. 

Lafayette  directed  the  captain  to  steer  for  the  United 
States,  which,  especially  as  he  had  a  large  pecuniary  ad- 
venture of  liis  own  on  board,  he  declined  doing. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  407. 
5t.  Peril;  danger. 

He  was  in  great  adventure  of  his  life.  Bernere. 

6.  Adventurous  activity  ;  participation  in  ex- 
citing or  hazardous  undertakings  or  enterprises: 
as,  a  spirit  of  adventure — At  all  adventurest,  at 
all  hazards;  whatever  may  be  tin  consequence. 

In  this  mist  at  all  adventures  go.  Shah.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
Bill  of  adventure.  See  bills. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
ventured, ppr.  adventuring.  [<  ME.  aventuren, 
usually  contr.  to  aitittereu,  auntren  (which  sur- 
vives, prob.,  in  saunter,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  aventurer 
=  Pr.  Sp.  l'g.  an  nturar  =  It.  am ntura  re,  <  MB. 
adventurare;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
risk  or  hazard;  put  in  the  power  of  unforeseen 
events:  as,  to  adventure  one's  life. 

My  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  his  life  far. 

Judges  ix.  17. 

2.  To  venture  on  ;  take  the  chance  of ;  run  the 
risk  of  doing  or  suffering. 

So  bold  Lcander  would  adventure  it. 

Skai.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  hi.  1. 
Well,  my  lord,  I  do  adventure,  on  your  word, 
The  duke's  displeasure. 

Dekk,,  and  WebsterCt),  sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  15. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  the  risk  involved  in  do- 
ing anything ;  proceed  at  a  venture. 

Still  y  plague  continuing  in  our  parish,  I  could  not 
without  danger  adroolan  to  our  church. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1666. 

Its  government  began  to  adventure  on  a  lenient  policy. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  349. 

adventureful  (ad-ven'tur -fill),  a.  Given  to 
adventure;  full  of  enterprise.     [Rare.] 

adventurementt  (ad -  ven'  tur - ment),  «.  Haz- 
ardous enterprise. 

Wiser  RaymunduB,  in  his  closet  pent, 
Laughs  at  such  danger  ami  advvntuvetaent. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  iii.  35. 

adventurer  (ad-ven'tiir-er),  n.  [Bate  ME.  ad- 
ventorer,  a  gamester,  suggested  by  P.  aventuvier, 
with  same  sense,  <  ML.  adventurarius,  -erius: 
see  tiflvrn/ure  and  -or.]  1.  line  who  engages 
in  adventure;  an  undertaker  of  uncertain  or 
hazardous  actions  or  enterprises,  as  in  travel, 
war,  trade,  speculation,  etc. :  as,  the  Young  Ad- 
venturer, a  title  given  to  Prince  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  on  account  of  his  leading  the  desperate 
insurrection  of  17-15.  Specifically— (o)  One  of  a  class 
of  soldiers  in  the  middle  ages  who  sold  their  services  to 
the  highest  bidder,  or  fought  and  plundered  on  their  own 
account,    (b)  Formerly,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  foreign 

trade,  travel,  or  emigration  ;  one  w  I ngaged  in  foreign 

discovery,  colonization,  or  speculation  fur  the  sake  of 
profit,  especially  iii  North  America. 

While  these  things  were  thus  acting  in    America,   the 
adventurers  in  England  »   re  providing,  though  too  tedi- 
ously, t"  send  t  Inns  recruits.        Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  %  1. 
The  [colonial]  governor  [of  Maryland]  was  authorized  to 

erect  each  holding  of  1,000  acres  and  over  into  a  manor,  to 
lie  called  by  such  name  as  the  adventurer  or  ad  renin  vers 

shall  desire.  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Stud.,  III.  319. 

(c)  In  general,  one  who  undertakes  any  gnat  commercial 
risk  or  speculation;  a  speculator;  in  mining,  a  share- 
holder in  or  promoter  of  mines,  particularly  under  the 
cost-book  system.     Sec  cr>st-bouk. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  un- 
derhand or  equivocal  means;  a  speculator  upon 
the  credulity  or  good  nature  of  others;  espe- 
cially, one  who  ingratiates  himself  with  soci- 
ety by  false  show  or  pretense  in  order  to  gain 
a  surreptitious  livelihood — Adventurer  tunnel. 
See  tunnel.-  Merchant  Adventurers,  the  title  of  a  com- 
mercial company  first  established  in  Antwerp,  and  char- 
tered in  England  by  Henry  IV.  in  140U,  and  by  successive 
sovereigns  down  to  Charles  1.  in  1634,  "ho  carried  on 
trading  and  colonizing  i  nterprises  in  North  America  and 
other  parts  of  tile  world.  Several  local  associations  of 
merchants  still  exist  ill  England  under  this  name,  that  of 
Newcastle  reckoning  Its  origin  from  the  seventeenth  yeur 
of  Kmg  John  (1216). 
adventuresome  (ad -ven' tur -sum),  a.    [<  <«'- 

Venture,  ».,  +  -some]  Hold;  daring;  adventur- 
ous; incurring  hazard.     See  venturesome. 

Adeeal  oee.^oaie,    I   sCllil 

Mv  herald  thought  into  a  wilderness. 

Keats,  Bndymion,  i. 

adventuresomeness  (ad-ven'tur-sum-nes),  n. 

The  quality  of  being  bold  and  venturesome. 

adventuress  (ad-ven'tur-es),  ».    [<  adventurer 

+  -ess.]  A  fe le  adventurer;  a  woman  en- 
gaged in  or  capable  of  bold  enterprises,  espe- 
cially enterprises  of  equivocal  character. 


adventuress 

It  might  be  \vn  well  for  Lady  Bareacrea     ,  ,  and  other 

ladies.  .  .  to  cry  fle  at  the  idea  of  tl Lious  adventuress 

making  her  ourtae]  before  the  sovereign 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlviii. 

adventurous  (ad-ven'Jur-us),  a.     [<MB.  a/oen 
turous,avt  nturus,  aunt  rous}  etc.,  (.OF.aventeros. 
K.  aven tureux = Pr.  aventuros=lt.  awenturoso: 
see  adventure.  ./..  and   -ous.~\      1.  Inclined  or 
willing  to  incur  hazard   or  engage  in   adven- 
tures;  bold  to  encounter  danger;  daring;  ven- 
turesome; courageous;  enterprising, 
in  many  a  doubtful  fight. 
Was  never  known  a  more  advenVrous  knight, 

Drycfen,  Hind  and  Panther,  I.  2207. 

Tlf  adventurous  baron  the  bright  lurks  admired. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  JL,  ii.  29. 

2.  Full  of  hazard  ;  attended  with  risk  ;  exposing 
to  danger;  requiring  courage;  hazardous:  as, 
an  adventurous  undertaking. 

Of  instrumental  harmony,  that  breathed 
Heroic  ardour  to  adventurous  deeds. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  66. 
A  Greek  temple  pre  serves  a  kind  of  fresh  immortality 
in  its  concentrated  refinement,  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  in 
its  adventurous  exuberance. 

U.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  36. 

=  Syn.  1.  Adventurous,  Enterprising,  Bash,  Reckless,  Fool- 
hardy, venturesome,  venturous.  The  adventurous  man 
incurs  risks  from  love  of  the  novel,  the  arduous,  and  the 
bold,  trusting  to  escape  through  the  use  of  his  bodily  and 
mental  powers;  he  would  measure  himself  against  difficult 
things.  When  this  spirit  does  not  go  so  far  as  to  deserve 
the  name  of  rashness  or  foolhardiness,  it  is  considered  a 
manly  trait.  The  enterprising  man  is  alert  to  undertake 
new  and  large  things,  not  necessarily  involving  risk ;  he  is 
constantly  breaking  out  of  routine.  The  rash  man  hastens 
to  do  a  thing  with  little  thought  of  the  consequences,  and 
generally  in  the  heat  of  feeling.  With  the  foolhardy  man 
the  risks  are  so  great  and  the  absence  of  thought  is  so 
entire  that  he  seems  to  have  the  hardihood  of  the  fool. 
The  reckless  man  has  the  impetuosity  of  the  rash  man,  but 
he  is  more  careless  of  consequences.  The  rash  man  is 
too  precipitate;  the  reckless  man  shows  temerity;  the 
foolhardy  man  is  careless  or  defiant  even  when  he  under- 
takes the  impossible. 

Commerce  is  unexpectedly  confident  and  serene,  alert, 
adventurous,  and  unwearied.        Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  130. 

There  have  not  been  wanting  enterprising  and  far-see- 
ing statesmen  who  have  attempted  to  control  and  direct 
the  Spirit  of  the  Age.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  80. 

He  is  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  and,  haply,  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

I  am  one,  my  liege, 
Whom  the  vile  blows  and  buffets  of  the  world 
Have  so  incens'd,  that  I  am  reckless  what 
I  do  to  spite  the  world.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

The  foolhardy  levity  of  shallow  infidelity  proceeds  from 
a  morbid  passion  for  notoriety,  or  the  malice  that  finds 
pleasure  in  annoyance.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  194. 

adventurously  (ad-ven'tur-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
adventurous  manner ;  "boldly ;  daringly. 

They  are  both  hanged ;  and  so  would  this  be,  if  lie  durst 
steal  anything  adventurously.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  4. 

adventurousness  (ad-veu'tur-us-nes),  ».  The 
quality  of  being  adventurous;  daring. 

adverb  (ad'verb),  «.  [<F.  adverbe,<h.  adver- 
bium,  an  adverb  (a  tr.  of  Gr.  eKippr^/ua,  an  ad- 
verb, something  additional  to  the  predication), 
<  ad,  to,  +  vcrbum,  a  word,  verb:  see  verb,'}  In 
gram.,  one  of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech: 
so  called  from  being  ordinarily  joined  to  verbs 
for  the  purpose  of  limiting  or  extending  their 
signification,  but  used  also  to  qualify  adjectives 
and  other  adverbs:  as,  I  readily  admit;  you 
speak  irisrhf;  rcr/f  cold;  naturally  brave;  very 
generally  acknowledged;  much  more  clearly. 
Adverbs  may  be  classified  as  follows :  (l)  Adverbs  of  place 
and  motion,  as  here,  there,  up,  out,  etc,  (2)  Of  time  and 
succession,  as  now,  then,  often,  ever,  etc.  (3)  Of  manner 
and  quality,  as  so,  thus,  well,  truly,  faithfully,  etc.  (4)  Of 
nu-asurc  and  degree,  as  much,  more,  very,  enough,  etc.  (5) 
Of  modality,  as  surely,  not,  perhaps,  therefore,  etc.  Often 
abbreviated  adv. 

adverbial  (ad-ver'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  adverbiaUs, 
iadverbium,  adverb:  "see  adverb."]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  character  or  force  of,  an 
adverb. —  2.  Much  inclined  to  use  adverbs; 
given  to  limiting  or  qualifying  one's  state- 
ments.    [Rare.] 

He  is  also  wonderfully  adverbial  in  his  expressions,  and 
breaks  off  with  a  "  Perhaps  "  and  a  nod  of  the  head  upon 
matters  of  the  most  indifferent  nature.  Tatler,  No.  191. 
Adverbial  modality  (of  a  proposition),  in  logic,  modal- 
ity expressed  by  an  adverb  :  as,  offenses  necessarily  come  : 
opposed  to  nominal  modality,  which  is  expressed  by  an 
adjective  :  as,  it  is  necessary  that  offenses  should  come.— 
Adverbial  phrase,  or  adverb-phrase,  a  collocation  of 
two  or  more  words  in  a  sentence  having  conjointly  the 
grammatical  force  of  an  adverb.  The  most  distinct  ad- 
verbial pi i rases  consist  of  a  preposition  and  a  noun  or  a 
word  used  as  a  noun,  with  or  without  adjuncts,  as  on  the 
whole,  in  very  deed,  by  the  way,  by  chance,  of  course.  In 
this  dictionary  many  such  phrases  in  common  use  are  de- 
fined under  their  principal  words.  Many  elliptical  phrases 
without  a  preposition  are  in  reality  adverbial,  but  are  not 
usually  treated  as  such  :  as.  he  goes  tnere  every  day ;  this 
is  many  times  linger  than  that.  Some  phrases  have  been 
made  compound  adverbs  by  coalescence,  as  indeed,  per- 


87 

chance,  nevertheless,  nowadays.  See  prepositional  phrase, 
under  prepositional. 

adverbiality  (ad-vcr-bi-al'i-ti),  ».  [<  advt  rbial 
+  -Hi/  ;  =  I'',  advt  rbialitd.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  adverbial;  adverbial  form  of  expres- 
sion.   V.  /■:.  i>. 

adverbialize  (ad-ver'bi-al-lz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  adverbialized,  ppr,  adverbialisting.  [Kadver 
hml  +  -i.:e.]  To  give  the  form  or  force  of  an 
adverb  to  ;  use  as  an  adverb. 

adverbially  (ad-ver'bi-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
hit  or  with  the  force  or  character  of  an  ad- 
verb ;  as  an  adverb. 

adversaria  (ad-ver-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [L.  (sc. 
8eriptti),  miscellaneous  notes,  memoranda,  lit. 
writings  lying  before  one's  eyes,  <  adversaria.*, 
turned  toward,  being  in  front  of,  standing  op- 
posite :  see  adversary.]  A  miscellaneous  col- 
lection of  notes,  remarks,  or  selections  ;  a  com- 
monplace-book ;  memoranda  or  annotations. 

These  parchments  are  supposed  to  have  been  St.  Paul's 
adversaria.  Bp.  Bull,  Her us. 

adversarious(ad-ver-sa'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  adtoer- 
sarius :■  see  adversary."]  Adverse;  hostile. 
adversary  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  ad- 
versary, adversarie  (also  adversere,  <  AF.  ad- 
verser, OF.  adversier,  aversier,  mod.  F.  adver- 
saire),  <  L.  adversaries,  a.,  standing  opposite 
or  opposed  to,  turned  toward,  <  adversaries,  n., 
antagonist,  opponent,  <  ad/versus,  opposite  :  see 
adverse,  a.]  I.  a.  1.  Opposed;  opposite  to; 
adverse:  antagonistic:  as,  "adversary  forces," 
Bp.  Kin;/.  [Rare  orobsolete.] — 2.  In  lair,  hav- 
ing an  opposing  party,  in  contradistinction  to 
unopposed:  as.  an  adversary  suit. 

II.  »■',   pi.   adversaries  (ad'ver-sa-riz).      1. 
One  who  acts  adversely  or  inimically ;  an  un- 
friendly opponent  or  antagonist;  an  enemy. 
The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries 

Nahum  i.  2. 
We  carry  private  and  domestic  enemies  within,  public 
and  more  hostile  adversaries  without. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  7. 

Specifically  —  2.  [cop.]  The  devil;  Satan  as 
the  general  enemy  of  mankind  :  as,  the  wiles 
of  the  Adversary. —  3.  An  opponent  in  a  con- 
test; one  who  contends  against  another  or 
strives  for  victory  ;  a  contestant. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,  .  .  .  lest  at  any 
time  tlie  adversary  deliver  thee  to  the  judge.     Mat.  v.  25. 
Forsaketh  yet  the  lists 
By  reason  of  his  adversary's  odds. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI..  v.  ... 

The  adversaries  may  consultastoa  fresh  deal  [in  whist). 
American  Huylc,  p.  2. 
=  Syn.  land 3.  Adversary,  Antagonist, Opponent, Enemy, 
Foe.  These  words  vary  in  strength  according  as  they  ex- 
press spirit,  action,  or  relation.  A  foe  has  most  of  the  spirit 
of  enmity,  or  is  actively  hostile.  The  word  is  more  used  in 
poetry  than  in  prose.  Enemy,  as  denoting  an  opponent  in 
war,  or  a  member  of  an  opposing  party,  does  not  necessarily 
imply  personal  hostility.  Opponent,  adversary,  andantago- 
nisi  are  less  severe  in  their  opposition,  and  need  have  no  an- 
imosity. Opponent  is  often  a  passive  word  ;  antagonist  is 
always  active  and  personal.  A  man  may  be  our  oppioneut 
in  an  argument  or  a  lawsuit,  our  adversary  in  a  game,  as 
chess,  our  antagonist  in  a  wrestling-  or  boxing-match,  or 
other  occasion  of  strenuous  exertion:  the  choice  between 
the  three  words  depends  chiefly  upon  the  measure  of  ac- 
tivity involved.  In  the  Bible,  adversary  covers  the  mean- 
ing of  all  five  words. 

I  will  be  .  .  .  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries. 

Ex.  xxiii.  22. 

He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our  nerves  and 
sharpens  our  skill.    Our  antagonist  is  our  helper. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

In  the  Socratic  way  of  dispute  you  agree  to  everything 
your  oppour/tl  advances.         Addison,  Spectator,  No.  239. 

If  they  are  spared  by  the  humanity  of  the  enemy  and 

carried  from  the  field,  it  is  but  a  prolongation  of  torment. 

It.  Hall,  Mod.  Infidelity. 

Those  who  are  national  or  political  enemies  are  often 

private  friends.  Crabb. 

No  man's  defects  sought  they  to  know. 

So  never  made  themselves  a/oe.         Prior,  Epitaph. 

adversaryt  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  v.  t.  [<  adversary,  a.  | 
To  antagonize ;  oppose. 

To  give  any  retorting  accounts  of  the  principal  persons 
who  thus  adevmtried  him.    C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  ii.  12. 

adversationt  (ad-ver-sa/shon),  n.  [<L.  adver- 
satio(tir),<.  adversari,  pp.  admersatus,  oppose :  see 

adverse,  v.]  The  state  of  being  adverse;  ad- 
verseness ;  opposition  ;  hostility. 
adversative  (ad-ver'sa-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
advt rsativus,  <  adnrsahis,  pp.  of  adversari,  op- 
pose: seeadverse, v.]  I.  a.  1.  Expressing  differ- 
ence, contrariety,  opposition,  or  antithesis:  as, 
ail  adversative  conjunction.  In  the  sentence,  he  is 
an  honest  man.  but  a  fanatic,  but  lias  an  adversative  force, 
and  is  called  an  adversative  conjunction,  and  the  whole 
proposition  is  called  an  adversative  proposition. 
2f.  Of  adverse  nature  ;  inimical. 


advert 

II.  n.   A  word  or  proposition  denoting  con- 
i ninety  or  opposition, 
adversatively  (ad-ver'sa-tiv-li),  adv.     In  an 

ad  versa  live  or  opposing  manner. 
adverse  tad' vers,    sometimes  ad-vers'),   a.      [< 

M  E,  mil  i  rse,  ■  '  IF.  advers,  earlier  avt  rs,  auvers, 
F.  adverse  =  Pr.  adverse  =  Sp.  Pg.  adverso  = 
It.  avverso,  <  L.    adversus,   earlier   advorsus, 

turned  toward,  over  against,  opposite,  uppn 
pp.  of  advertere,  earlier  advortere,  turn  to:  Bee 
advert.']     1.   Being  or  acting  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection; opposed   or  opposing  in   position   or 
course;    opposite;     confronting:    most    com- 
monly used  of  hurtful  or  hostile  opposedness. 
but  sometimes  of  mere  opposition  in  space. 
With  adverse  blast  upturns  them  from  the  south 
Not  us.  Milton,  I'.  L.,  x.  701. 

Thus  marching  to  the  trumpet's  lofty  sound, 
Drawn  in  two  lines  ialrer.se  they  wheel'il  around. 

Dryden,  Flower  ami  Leaf,  1.  286. 
He  looked  upon  the  bright  green  slope,  that  skirts  the 
adverse  hills. 

Bluckie,  Lays  of  Highlands,  p.  167.    (.V.  A'.  //.) 

2.  Antagonistic  in  purpose  or  effect;  opposite; 
hostile  ;  inimical :  as,  an  adverse  party  ;  ad- 
verse criticism. 

The  spirit  of  personal  invective  is  peculiarly  adverse  to 
the  coolness  of  rhetorie  Jje  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

Error  is  adverse  to  human  happiness. 

//.  Spencer,  .Social  Statics,  p.  238. 

3.  Opposing  desire;  contrary  to  the  wishes  or 
to  supposed  good;  hence,  unfortunate;  calam- 
itous ;  unprosperous :  as,  adverse  fate  or  cir- 
cumstances. 

lie  lived,  we  are  told,  to  experience  spol't  of  adverse  for- 
tune. Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  xlii. 

In  studying  the  minor  poets,  we  see  with  especial  clear- 
ncss  tlie  adverse  influences  of  a  transition  era,  composite 
though  it  be.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  28. 

4.  In  hot.,  turned  toward  the  axis :  the  opposite 
of  averse,  but  rarely  used.  See  anatropous. 
[The  early  botanists  used  the  term  in  the  sense 
of  opposite.]— Adverse  leaf,  a  leaf  which  has  its  up- 
per surface  turned  toward  the  stem. —  Adverse  posses- 
sion, in  law,  occupancy  of  realty  as  if  by  right  without 
molestation,  which  may  at  length  ripen  into  a  sufficient 
title.— Adverse  radicle,  in  hoi.,  a  radicle  turned  toward 
tlie  hilum,  as  in  anatropous  seeds.    See  anatropous.  =Syn. 

1.  Opposite, contrary, unfavorable. — 2.  Aver*r,  Inimical, 
etc.  See  hostile. — 3.  Unfortunate,  unlucky,  calamitous, 
untoward,  disastrous. 

adverset  (ad-vers').  «'■  *■     [<  L-  adversari,  op- 
pose, <  adversus,  opposite  :  see  adverse,  n.]    To 
oppose. 
Fortune  should  him  adverse.     Gower,  Conf.  Amimt.,  ii. 

adversely  (ad'vers-li),  adv.  In  an  adverse 
manner;  oppositely;  inimically:  offensively; 
unfortunately  ;  unprosperously  ;  in  a  manner 
contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

It  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  palate  adversely,  I 
make  a  crooked  lace  at  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

adverseness  (ad'vers-nes),  ».  1.  Opposition; 
repugnance. 

This  would  account  for  an  adverseness  to  all  our  over 
tures  for  peace,  Solium. 

2.  Adversity  ;  unprosperousness :  as,  adverse- 
ness of  circumstances. 

adversifoliate  (ad-ver-si-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
VI  rstts,  opposite,  +  folium,  leaf,  +  -ate1.]  In 
hot.,  having  opposite  leaves:  applied  to  plants 
where  the  leaves  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  on  the  stem. 

adversifolious  (ad-ver-si-fo'li-us),  a.  [As  ad- 
vi  rsifnli-ate  +  -</»*.]    Same  as  adversifoliate. 

adversiont  (ad-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adversiot «-). 
a  turning  to,  <  advertere,  pp.  adversus,  turn  to: 
see  advert.]    Attention;  perception. 

Tile  soul  liestowcth  her  tt'lrrrsion 

On  something  else. 

Dr.  11.  More,  Phil.  Poems,  p.  294. 

adversity  (ad-ver'si-ti),  «.;  pi.  adversities (-tiz). 
[<  .ME.  aaversite,  ^  OF.  adversiteit,  adversitet, 
aversitet,  <  L.  adversita(t-)s,  <  adversus,  adverse: 
sec  adn  rse,  a.]  1.  Adverse  fortune  or  fate ;  a 
condition  or  state  marked  by  misfortune,  calam- 
ity, distress,  or  unhappiness. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  e./o 

Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous, 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  unfortunate  event  or  circumstance;  an 
ill  chance ;  a  misfortune  or  calamity:  generally 
in  the  plural. 

Ye  have  this  day  rejected  your  God,  who  himself  saved 
you  out  of  all  your  adversities.  1  Sam.  x.  19. 

=  Syn.  Trouble,  distress,  misery,  disaster,  woe,  ill  luck. 
advert  (ad-vert'),  v.  [<ME.  adverten,  averten, 
<  OF.  arertiv.  later  adrrrtir.  "to  inform,  certi- 
fie,  advertise,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  advertere, 
earlier  advortere.  turn  toward;  animum  adver- 
tere (see  animadvert),  or  simply  advertere,  turn 


advert 

tho  mind  toward,  advert  to,  notice,  regard;  < 
ad,  to,  +  vertere,  earlier  vortere,  turn:  see  ver- 
tex vortex,  verse,  etc.  Gf.  oduerttse.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  turn  the  mind;  tix  the  attention; 
give  or  pay  heed :  with  to,  and  sometimes  itpon, 
before  tlK-'ol.ji-i-t  of  attention. 

He  was  so  straugely  advisable  thai  he  would  advert  unto 
the  judgement  of  .he  »eanest^rso».  ^  rf  ^^ ( 

As  I  cannot  be  conscious  of  what  1  do  not  perceive  so  I 
do  not  perceive  that  which  I  do  not  advert  upon.  That 
which  makes  me  feel  makes  me  advert. 

W.  Wollaston,  Religion  of  Nature,  n. 

Even  these  primaeval  mountains 
leach  the  adverting  mind. 

Shelley,  Mont  Blanc,  iv. 

2.  To  turn  the  attention  in  speech  or  writing; 
make  a  remark  or  remarks  (about  or  in  relation 
to) :  with  to,  and  formerly  sometimes  on  or  upon, 
before  the  subject  of  remark :  as,  he  adverted 
briefly  to  the  occurrences  of  the  day. 

I  will  only  advert  to  some  leading  points  of  the  argu- 
ment. Emerson,  Am.  Civilization. 
=  Syn  2  Advert  (to),  liefer  (to),  Allude  (to),  Hint  (at  i,  re 
mark  (upon),  take  notice  (of),  dwell  (upon!.     ' 


i,  glance  (at),      j_-r*;_PITIpn+  (ad-ver'tiz-ment  or  ad-ver-tiz' 


the  speaker  in  the  conduct  of  his  discourse. 
turn  to  a  time-'  directly  and  plainly,  perhaps  abruptly,  so 
that  the  hearer's  attention  is  fixed  upon  it  for  a  tune. 
Refer  implies  a  lighter  treatment  than  advert.  Allude, 
to'play  upon,  is  a  still  more  delicate  reference  to  some- 
thing that  is  well  enough  known  to  make  an  allusion 
sufficient  or  is  too  much  a  matter  of  sensitiveness  to  per- 
mit the  speaker  to  advert,  or  even  refer,  to  it  plainly ; 
for  these  or  other  reasons,  the  mention  is  slight  or  mdetl- 
nite.    A  still  lighter  reference  is  expressed  by  hint  (at). 

See  /liilt,  V. 

When  .  a  well-dressed  gentleman  in  a  well-dressed 
company  can  advert  to  the  topic  of  female  old  age  with- 
out exciting,  and  intending  to  excite,  a  sneer.  tamo. 

I  proceed  to  another  affection  of  our  nature  which  hears 
strong  testimony  to  our  being  born  for  religion.  I  refer 
to  the  emotion  which  leads  us  to  revere  what  is  higher 
thau  ourselves.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  11. 

There  is  one  Principle  of  the  Gospel,  which  constitutes 
its  very  essence,  to  which  I  have  not  even  alluded. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  2.8. 

And  one,  in  whom  all  evil  fancies  clung 
Like  serpent  eggs  together,  laughingly 
Would  /( 'ml  at  worse  in  either. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 


advised 

[The  Armada]  is  sailed, 
Our  last  advices  bo  report, 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  ii.  2. 

Specifically— 4.  In  earn.,  a  notification  by  one 
person  to  another  in  respect  to  a  business  trans- 
action in  which  they  are  mutually  engaged,  as 
information  given  by  one  party  to  another,  by 
letter,  as  to  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  upon  him ; 
formal  official  notice — To  take  advice,  to  consult 
with  others;  specifically,  to  consult  one  who  has  a  special 
knowledge  of  a  subject;  take  the  opinion  of  a  profes- 
sional or  skilled  person,  as  a  physician,  lawyer,  or  the  like. 
=  Syn  1  Admonition,  recommendation,  exhortation,  per- 
suasion.—3.  Intelligence,  Tidings,etc.  (seemeuw),  word, 
notification,  . 

advice-boat  (ad-vis'bot),  n.  A  swift  vessel 
employed  for  carrying  despatches  or  informa- 
tion, or  for  reeonnoitering. 

,     ,    l      ti       arivipwi  fad-vu').  v.  t.     .Later  form  of  avieiv, 
,  who  speaketh  the  words,  bother  adVieWt  Uct  J  u^  ^_ ;  I  ^  ^.^     ^  ^ 

aview.  ,     ,  .    , , 

advisability  (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti),  n.    [<  advisable  : 

see  -bilili/.)     The  quality  of  being  advisable  or 
expedient;  advisableness  ;  expediency. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Allen  was  holding  a  hurried  consultation 
with  Mr  l'.ob  Sawyer  on  the  advisability  of  bleeding  the 
company  generally.  Dickens,  Pickwick 

advisable  (ad-vi'za-bl),  a.    [<  advise  +  -able.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised ;  prudent;  expedient; 


88 

His  Ma1',  being  adrertisd  of  some  disturbance,  forbore 
to  go  to  tin-  Lord  Major's  shew  and  feast  appointed  next 
aay.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  28,  1662. 

One  does  not  need  to  advertise  the  squirrels  where  the 
nut-trees  are.      Lorn  a,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  127. 

3.  To  give  information  to  the  public  concern- 
ing ;  make  public  intimation  or  announcement 
of,  by  publication  in  periodicals,  by  printed 
bills,  etc.,  as  of  anything  for  sale,  lost  or  found, 
a  meeting,  an  entertainment,  or  the  like. 

It  (the  Carnival]  was  advertised  to  begin  at  half  past  two 
o'clock  of  a  certain  Saturday. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  113. 

=  Syn.  2.  To  apprise,  inform.— 3.  To  make  known,  an- 
nounce, proclaim,  promulgate,  publish. 

II.  intrans.  It.  To  take  note;  take  heed; 
consider. 


what  is  said.  Frith,  Hisput.  Purg.  (1829),  p.  83. 
2.  To  make  public  announcement  of  anything 
of  which  it  is  desired  to  inform  the  public ;  an- 
nounce one's  wishes  or  intentions  by  advertise- 
ment: as,  to  advertise  for  something  that  is 
wanted 


ME.  advertisement,  avertisement,  <  OF.  adver- 
tissement,  avertissement,  iaverUr:  see  advertise 
and-ment.]  If.  Attention;  observation;  heed. 
—  2t.  Instruction;  warning;  intelligence. 

That  is  an  advertisement  to  a  proper  maid  ...  to  take 
heej  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

For  this  advertisement  is  five  days  old. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  in.  2. 

3.  A  giving  of  notice  or  information ;  notiiica- 


proper  to  be  done  or  practised. 

Some  iud"e  it  advisable  for  a  man  to  account  with  his 
heart  every  day;  and  this,  no  doubt,  is  the  best  and  surest 
course.  South,  Sermons. 

2.  Open  to  or  desirous  of  advice ;  capable  of 
being  influenced  by  advice.     [Bare.] 
Pray  for  an  advisable  and  teachable  temper. 
Wesley,  in  Four  Cent,  of  Eng.  Letters,  p.  231.    (N.  E.  D.) 
sirable,  wise,  best. 


^k^^^-f^vT^bo^  aivSabie^e^^^es),,,  The  .uality 


II. t  trans.  1.  To  turn  the  mind  or  attention 
to;  take  note  of;  observe. 

Adverting  his  father's  dear-bought  experience. 

Wagstafe,  Vind.  Carol.,  Int.,  p.  12.    (A.  h.  1>.) 

2.  To  advise,  warn,  or  counsel. 

I  can  in re,  but  in  my  name,  advert 

All  earthly  powers  beware  oi  tyrant's  heart. 

Htr.  for  Mags.,  p.  442. 

advertence  (ad-ver'tens),  n.  [<  ME.  adverU  net . 
advertens,  <  OF.  advertence,  earlier  avertance, 
<  ML.  advertentia,  <  L.  adverten( t-)s:  see  atlrer- 
t,i,t.\  A  turning  or  directing  of  the  mind;  at- 
tention; notice;  consideration;  heed;  refer- 
ence. 

Such  a  process  of  reasoning  is  more  or  less  implicit,  ami 
without  the  duvet  and  full  advertence  of  the  numl  e\.  r 
cjging  it  J.  B.  Newman,  Cram,  of  Assent. 

Iwin  .  .  .   writes,  with  advertence  to  the  days   of 

Queen  Elizabeth,  that,  etc.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng. 

advertency  (ad-ver'ten-si),  n.  [As  advertence : 
see  -eney.']  The  act  or  habit  of  being  advertent 
or  attentive  ;    nttentiveness  ;  lieedfulness. 

advertent  (ad-ver'tent),  a.  [<  L.  adverten(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  advertere,  advert:  see  advert.]  Atten- 
tive ;  heedful. 

Advertent  lest  he  should  be  deceived. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Wisdom  of  God. 

advertently  (ad-ver'tent-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vertent manner;  wit  li  direct  at  lent  ion  or  inten- 
tion. 

I  h,    ,„,,„,  i   I  i,n  the  minil  is  alt tin  I   'I" 

ferent   and  thai  which  Lord  Macaulaj  adverb  nUyavoided 
conveying.  '•'•  Ball,  False  Philol.,  p  36. 

advertise  (ad'ver-tiz  or  ad-ver-tiz',  formerly 

ad-ver'tiz).  f.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  advertised,  ppr.  00- 
rertisimi.      [Mod.  K.  also  nttvertize,  <  ME.  adyer- 

i,  ,„.  avertisen,  -ysen,  <  <>F.  advertiss-,  avertiss-, 

base  ^1'  eertain  parts  of  advertir,  avertir,  mod. 
, ,  rUr,  mi -.no.  certify,  warn,  admonish,  <  L. 

ad  ertere, notice:  seeadvert.  The  suffix  -i.se  lias 
-ame  origin  as  4sh  in  abolish,  polish,  ravish, 
I    I.  trans.   It.  To  take  note  of;  notice; 

obsi 

\  it  is  to  be  aduertised  that  it  is  in  diners  respect  i  thai 

they  be  BO  i  „   _  , 

/;,„  IceU,  D  p.  252.    (A.  B,  D.) 

2.  To  inform:  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to.  whether  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or 
of  something  futun  :  a-.  I  advertised  him  of 
my  intention. 

I  will  advertise  thee  what  this  people  will  do  to  thy 
people  in  the  latter  days. 


Num.  xxiv    1 1 


a  publisher's  advertisement  prefixed  to  a  book 
(as  part  of  it).  [Now  rare.]— 4.  A  notice  or 
an  announcement  made  public  by  handbill,  pla- 
card, or  similar  means,  or,  as  formerly,  by  pro- 
clamation, as  by  a  town  crier ;  specifically,  a 
paid  notice  of  any  kind  inserted  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  public  print. 

[The  band]  with  noisy  advertisement,  by  means  of  brass 
wood  and  sheepskin,  makes  the  circuit  of  our  startled 
village  streets.    Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

Announcements  in  the  public  journals  known  as  adver- 
liscments  appeared  while  journalism  was  in  its  infancy. 

Am.  Cyc.,  I.  137. 

5.  A  bringing  into  public  notice  or  attention; 
publicity ;  notoriety. 

AH  these  matters  have  given  the  federation  great  ad- 
certiscment.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  229. 

Often  abbreviated  ad.,  adv.,  or  advt. 
Foreclosure  by  advertisement,    see  ah-cW..k»«-. 
advertiser  (ad'ver-ta-zer  or  ad-ver-ti  zer),  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  advertises. 
advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-ti  zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),   n.      [Formerly   also 
advertising :  verbal  n.  of  advertise.']     It.  Noti- 
fication; information.— 2.  The  act  or  practice 
of  bringing  anything,  as  one's  wants  or  one  s 
business,  into  public  notice,  as  by  paid  an- 
nouncements in  periodicals,  or  by  handbills, 
placards,  etc. :  as,  to  secure  customers  by  ad- 
vertising.    Often  used  attributively:  as,  an  ad- 
vertising  agent;  an  advertising  scheme;  an  ad- 
vertising medium.  . 
advertising    (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-ti  zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),  p.  a.     It.  Attentive ; 
adverting;  giving  attention. 

As  I  was  then 
Advertising,  and  holy  to  your  business, 
Hoi  changing  heart  with  habit,  I  am  still 
(Mtornej  d  at  your  service.    Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
2.  Giving  public  notice ;  publishing  advertise- 
ments: as,  the  advertising  public, 
advice  (ad-vis'),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
vise. <  late  ME.  adn/se,  tidvt/s,  earlier  ari/s,  avis, 
<  OF.  avis  (F.  avis  =  Pr.  avis  =  Sp.  Pg.  avzso  = 
It.  avviso),  <  ML.  advisum,  view,  opinion,  neut. 
pp.  of  advidere,  look  to,  advise,  <  L.  '"..  to    + 
nilere,  see:  see  vision.     The  mod.  spelling  has 
ad-  restored  for  earlier  a-,  and  -re  for  earlier 
and  orig.  -S.]    1.  An  opinion  recommended,  or 
offi  red,  as  worthy  to  be  followed;  counsel; 
suggestion. 
What  advice  give  ye?  -  CI ,  «   ''■ 

2.  Deliberate  consideration;  reflection;  cogi- 
tation. 

Ami  that's  not  suddenly  I"  i"'  perform'd, 
But  with  advice  and  silent  secrecy. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  \  I.,  n.  2. 

3.  Information;  notice;  intelligence;  a  com- 
munication, especially  from  a  distance,  con- 
taining information:  as,  to  receive  advice  oi  t 

oing  storm,  or  mines  from  abroad 

commonly  in  the  plural.] 


[Most 


of  being  advisable  or  expedient ;  advisability. 

advisably  (ad-vi'za-bli),  adv.  In  an  advisable 
manner ;  with  advice. 

advisatory  (ad-vi'za-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  adviser,  or  to  the  giving  of  advice ;  advis- 
ing; advisory.     [Rare.] 

Though  in  recent  times  Church  dignitaries  do  not  ac- 
tively participate  in  war,  yet  their  advisatory  function  re- 
specting it  — often  prompting  rather  than  restraining - 
has  not  even  now  ceased. 

//.  Spencer,  Pnn.  oi  Sociol  .  5  192. 

advise  (ad-vlz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  odvised,  ppr. 
advising.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advice,  advi/se, 
avize,  <  late  ME.  advysen,  earlier  arisen,  <  OF. 
aris,  r,  rarely  adviser,  V.  uriser  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
avisar  =  It.  avvisare,  <  ML.  admsare,  advise,  in- 
form, give  notice  to ;  from  the  noun,  ML.  ad- 
visum, OF.  avis,  etc.:  see  advice.]  I.  trans.  It. 
To  look  at ;  view. 

They  advised  you  well  and  their  eie  was  never  off,  won- 
dering to  see  your  rich  purple  robes. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Mor.,  p.  9G.    (A.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  give  counsel  to ;  offer  an  opinion  to,  as 
worthy  or  expedient  to  be  followed :  as,  I  ad- 
vise you  to  be  cautious  of  speculation. — 3.  To 
recommend  as  wise,  prudent,  etc. ;  suggest  as 
the  proper  course  of  action:  as,  under  these 
circumstances  we  advise  abstinence. 
I'll  do  what  Mead  and  Cheselden  advise, 
To  keep  these  limbs  and  to  preserve  these  eyes.  _ 

Pope,  Imit.  Horace,  I.  l.  51. 

4.  To  give  information  to  ;  communicate  no- 
tice to  ;  make  acquainted  with  :  followed  by  of 
before  the  thing  communicated  :  as,  the  mer- 
chants were  advised  of  the  risk. 

So  soon  as  I  shall  return  to  the  si  ttli  d  country,  I  shall 
advise  yiuo/  'it.    Monroe,  ill  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  1. 452. 

Syn.  2.    'I'ii  em I,   nilinnlii  -b       "- I   (!"'.  "  eoinmelul 

(to).— 4.  To  inform,  apprise,  acquaint. 

II.  intrans.   If.  To  deliberate;  lake  thought; 
consider;  reflect:  sometimes  used  reflexively. 

■tdrisr    and  sec  what  answer  I  shall  return  to  him  that 

sent ?  2  Sam.  xxiv.  18. 

Advise  H"i  i  Wot  what  word  I  shall  bring  again  to  him 
that,  sent  inc.    '  1  Chron.  x.xi.  12. 

Advise  nan  what  you  say  ;  the  minister  is  here. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  take  counsel;  join  others  in  deliberating; 
seek  the  advice  of  another  or  others  :  followed 
hy  vitlt  :  as,  1  shall  advise  with  my  friends  as 
to  what  is  to  be  done. 

Advising  with  me  often  as  to  projected  changes,  she 
was  sunn  tunes  more  conservative  than  myself. 

//.  James,  Jr.,   Pass.    Pilgrim,  p.  l.M. 

3.  To  counsel;  give  advice:  as,  I  will  act  as 
you  advise. 

I   |,ln„;ini]  its  derivatives  have  been  used  by  old  writers 

In  a  number  of  other  miplieatii.ii>  eonneeted  with  the  no- 
tions oi  seeing,  viewing,  reflecting,  etc.,  suggested  by  the 

advised5  dul-vi/.d'),  p.  0.  It.  Cautious;  pru- 
dent ;  acting  with  deliberation. 

With  the  well  advised  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10. 

Let  him  he.  .  .  advised  in  bis  answers,    llaeon,  Essays. 


advised 

2.  Marked  by  or  resulting  from  advice  or  delib- 
eration; considerate  or  considered;  prudent; 
expedient  :  now  used  chiefly  in  composition 
with  well  or  ill:  as,  a  well-advised  movement; 
your  conduct  is  very  ill-advisi  il. 

We  have  uo  express  purpose  .  .  .  nor  any  advised  de- 
termination. Hooka;  Works,  I.  49. 

advisedly  (ad-vTzed-li),  adv.  With  advice  or 
deliberation  ;  heedfully;  purposely;  by  design: 
as,  I  speak  advisedly;  an  enterprise  advisedly 
undertaken. 

advisedness  (ad-vi'zed-nes),  »i.  The  state  of 
being  advised  ;  deliberate  consideration ;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

advisement  (ad-viz'ment),  ».  [<  ME.  avise- 
nu  nl,  <  OF.  aviscment  =  Pr.  avisament  =  Pg. 
avisamento  —  It.  avvisamento;  from  the  verb: 
see  advise  and  -ment.]     If.  Counsel;  advice. 

1  will,  according  to  your  advisement,  declare  the  evils 
which  seem  most  hurtful.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  Deliberation;  circumspection;  consultation: 
now  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  under  advisemt  nl. 

Among  those  that  do  all  things  with  advisement  there 
is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10  (trans.  1539). 

I  have  not  decided  against  a  proclamation  of  liberty  to 
the  slaves,  but  hold  the  matter  under  advisement. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  215. 

adviser  (ad -vi'zer),  «.  [<  advise  +  -er1.  Cf. 
ML.  advisor.]  One  who  gives  advice  or  ad- 
monition ;  also,  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who  insti- 
gates or  persuades.  Specifically,  in  polities,  one  of 
ttir  counselors  or  ministers  about  a  ruler,  who  may  or  may 
not  be  legally  responsible  for  their  superior's  official  acts. 
In  the  United  States  government  the  official  advisers  of 
the  President  are  the  heads  of  the  various  departments, 
collectively  called  the  Cabinet.  He  requests  their  opin- 
ions in  accordance  with  custom,  but  not  through  any  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution.  In  England,  until  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  Privy  Council  formed  the 
King's  executive  advisers.  Tins  body,  greatly  enlarged,  is 
now  summoned  in  full  only  upon  extraordinary  occasions, 
and  the  ordinary  advisers  of  the  crown  are  those  members 
of  the  ministry  who  constitute  the  Cabinet,  which  is  in 
effect  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Council.  The  responsi- 
bility rests  with  the  ministry,  and  not  with  the  sovereign. 
See  cabinet,  and  privy  conned,  under  conned. 

advisership  (ad-vi'zer-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
an  adviser.     [Rare.] 

advising  (ad-vi'zing),  «.     Advice;  counsel. 
Fasten  your  ear  on  my  advisings.    Shale,  M.forM.,iii.  1. 

advisot  (ad-vl'zd),  n.  [With  orig.  ad-  for  a-, 
<  Sp.  Pg.  aviso  =  It.  avviso:  see  advice.]  1. 
Advice ;  suggestion ;  information  given  :  as, 
"counsels  and  advisos,"  Whitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  170. —  2.  An  advice-  or  despatch- 
boat  ;  an  aviso. 

advisory  (ad-vi'zo-ri),  a.     [<  advise  +  -ory.] 

Pertaining  to  or  giving  advice ;  having  power 

to  advise :  as,  their  opinion  is  only  advisor]/ ;  an 

advisory  council. 

The  powers  of  both  these  bodies  are  merely  advisory. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  356. 
The  general  association  has  a  general  advisory  superin- 
tendence over  all  the  ministers  and  churches. 

B.  Trumbull,  Hist.  Conn. 

ad  vivum  (ad  vi'vum).  [L. :  ad,  to;  vivum,  ace. 
neut.  of  virus,  alive:  see  vivid.']  To  the  life; 
lifelike;  strikingly  exact  or  good:  said  of  por- 
traits, etc. 

advocacy  (ad'  vo-ka-si),  n. ;  pl.t  advocacies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  advocacye,  (  OP.  advocatie,  advocacie,  ad- 
vocassie,  <  ML.  advocatia,  <  L.  advocatus,  advo- 
cate: see  advocate,  n.,  and  -acy.]  1.  The  act 
of  pleading  for,  supporting,  or  recommending; 
active  espousal. 

His  advocacn  or  denunciation  of  a  measure  is  to  allcrt 
for  evil  or  good  the  condition  of  millions. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  103. 

2f.  A  lawsuit;  a  plea  or  pleading:  as,  " advo- 
cacies nowe,"  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1469. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  [<  ME.  advocat,  ad- 
vokct,  -ette,  earlier  avoeat,  avoket,  in  late  ME. 
also  clipped  vocate,  vokct,  <  OF.  avoeat,  later  ad- 
vocat, F.  avoeat,  vernacular  OF.  avoet,  avoe, 
avouc  (>  E.  avowee,  advowee,  q.  v.),  =  Pr.  avoucat 
=  Sp.  abogado  =  Pg.  advogado  =  It.  avvocato, 
<  L.  advocatus,  an  advocate,  attorney,  orig.  a 
person  called  by  one  of  the  parties  in  a  suit  to 
aid  as  a  witness  or  counsel,  <  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advoeare,  call  to,  <  ad,  to,  4-  vocare,  call,  <  vox, 
voice:  see  voice,  vocation.]  1.  One  who  pleads 
the  cause  of  anothor  in  a  court  of  law;  specif- 
ically, a  lawyer  of  full  rank  in  a  country,  or 
practising  before  a  court,  in  which  the  civil  or 
the  canon  law  prevails,  as  France  and  Scotland, 
and  the  admiralty  and  ecclesiastical  courts  of 
England. — 2.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or 
espouses  a  cause  by  argument;  a  pleader  in 
favor  of  any  person  or  thing  ;  an  upholder  ;  a 
defender:  as,  an  advocate  of  peace  or  of  the  op- 
pressed. 


89 


adynamia 


'licit  cause  seems  commonly  tin-  better  thai   has  the  advOCatreSS  (ad'  vc}-ka-tivs),  ».      [  '  adrocator, 


better  advocate.  Sir  W.  Temple,  Miscellanies. 

Tina  is  the  mode  of  the  advocate  rather  than  of  the 
critic.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  138. 

Advocate  of  the  church  (Ml-,  advocatus  ecelesice),  i 
person,  usually  a  layman,  appointed,  according  to  :i  cu 
torn  originating  in  the  tmh  century,  to  protect  the  prop- 
erty of  a  church  or  an  abbey,  to  plead  its  causes  in  the 
civil  courts,  and  to  manage  its  temporal  affairs.— Devil's 
advocate  (Ml  advocatus  diaboli).  (a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  a  name  commonly  applied  to  tin-  promoter  of  the 
faith,  one  of  the  college  of  consistorial  advocates  in  the 
papal  court,  from  his  office  of  urging  tic  objections  against 

tlic  virtues,  miracles,  etc.,  of  aperson  proposed  for  ca i. 

ization.  Hence— (6)  One  given  to  bringing  forward  accu- 
sations against  personal  character. — Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates, in  Scotland,  a  society  consisting  of  the  whole  bodj 

of  lawyers  who  practise  in  the  highest  courts,  and  who  are    /i  "J'"^",",^'7^„,1>"  ^I.T'T,*,oTi£'n 
admitted   members  after  following  a  certain  course  of  adVOCatUS  Del  (ad-vo-ka    tus  de    1). 


study,  undergoing  the  prescribed  examinations,  and  pay 
ing  the  requisite  fees.  It  consists  of  about  400  members, 
ami  from  this  body  vacancies  on  the  bench  are  Bupplied. 
—  God'sadvocate(ML.  advocatus  Dei),  in  flic  A'"*,/.  Cath. 
Ch.,  the  procurator  of  the  cause  in  a  canonization,  regu- 
larly one  of  the  same  order  or  country  as  the  person 
to  be  canonized.  See  devil's  advocate,  above. —  Judge- 
adVOCate,  a  person,  generally  a  military  officer,  detailed 
by  the  authority  appointing  a  court  martial  or  military 
commission  to  prosecute  cases  before  it  and  to  act.  as  its 
legal  adviser.  It  is,  in  general,  the  duty  of  the  judge-ad- 
vocate to  see  that  the  court  conforms  to  the  law  and  to 
military  custom,  to  secure  for  the  accused  his  rights  before 
the  court,  to  summon  witnesses,  and  to  administer  oaths. 
—Judge-advocate  general,  (a)  In  the  United  states 
army,  a  staff-officer  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
who  is  also  chief  of  the  bureau  of  military  justice,  and 
whose  duty  it  is  to  receive,  revise,  and  record  the  proceed- 
ings of  all'  courts  martial,  courts  of  inquiry,  and  militarj 
commissions,  (b)  In  England,  formerly,  an  official  who 
prosecuted  in  all  criminal  cases  falling  under  military  law 
which  concerned  the  crown  ;  now,  a  subordinate  member 
of  the  government  who  acts  as  the  legal  adviser  of  the 


CpV.,+  -ess;   prob.  after  adrnratriei  .  I    A  female 
advocate;  an  advocatrix  or  advocatess. 
advocatricet  ud'vo-ka-tris).  u.    [ME.  advoca- 
trice,<.OF.  advocatrice,  <  ML.  advocatrh 
advocatricem  :  see  advocatrix.]    An  advocs 
Swell  :  i  r  i  advocatrice  who  can  dyvyne 
......      reel      toredri 

Chaucer,  Mother  oi  God,  1.  W 
The  cmprroni'  iviovs.  .1   to  him   self.  ,  that  China  hail 
founde  such  an  advoca 

Sir  V.  Elliot,  'Hi'-  (iovi  rnour,  ii.  7. 

advocatrixt  (ad'vo-ka-triks),  «.  [Ml,.,  fern,  "i 
LL.  advocator,  advocate:  see  advocator.]  A 
female  advocate ;  an  advocatress.     [  I .' 

[ML.] 
Same  as  God's  advocate  (which  see,  under  ad- 
vocate). 

advocatus  diaboli  (ad-vo-ka'tus  di-aVo-H). 
[ML.]  Same  as  devil's  advocate  (which  see, 
under  advocate). 

advoket  (ad-vok'),  v.  t.  [<L.  advoeare,  summon, 
call  to:  see  advocate,  n.]  To  transfer;  rele- 
gate ;  specifically,  call  to  a  higher  court. 

Queen  Katharine  had  privately  prevailed  witli  the  Pope 
to  advoke  the  cause  to  Rome.         Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  I.  4s. 

advoutert  (ad-von'ter),  n.  [<  late  ME.  advou- 
tcr,  advoutour,  advoutre  (also  advow-),  earlier 
avoutiv,  avoutere,  avoutier  (also  avow-),  <  OF. 
avoutrc,  aoutre,  earlier  aro(7/r,  avultre,  biter  ad- 
voultre,  =  Pr.  avoutre,  avoutro,  <L.  adulter,  tin 
adulterer:  see  advouirer  (with  additional  suf- 
fix), and  the  later  substituted  forms  adulter,  «.. 
and  adulterer.]     An  adulterer. 


crown  in  all  matters  of  military  law.— Lord  advocate,  advoutrert  (ad-vou'trer),  n.     [<  late  ME.   ml- 

ruulrer,  advouterer,  advouterere  (also  advow-), 
earlier  avoutrer,  avowterer,  avouterere  (also 
avow-),  <  advouter,  avouter,  +  -er1.  See  the 
later  substituted  form  adulterer.]  An  adul- 
terer. 

advoutresst  (ad-vou'tres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
advoutresse,  -trice,  <  ME.  avoutres,  avoutresse 
(also  avow-),  <OF.  avoutresse,  avotresse,  <  avou- 
tre, an  adulterer  (see  advouter),  +  -esse,  E.  -ess. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adulteress.]  An 
adulteress. 


in  Scotland,  the  principal  crown  counsel  in  civil  causes,  the 
chief  public  prosecutor  of  crimes,  and  an  important  politi- 
cal functionary  in  the  management  of  Scottish  affairs. 
His  tenure  of  office  ceases  with  that  of  the  administration 
with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is  assisted  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  by  the  solicitor-general  and  four  advo- 
cates depute,  appointed  by  himself.  The  lord  advocate 
has  usually  a  seat  in  Parliament,  and  before  the  union 
he  had  ex  officio  a  seat  in  the  Scots  Parliament.  He  is 
also  called  crown  advocate,  queen's  (or  Icing's)  advocate. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advo- 
cated,  ppr.  advocating.  [<L.  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advoeare :  see  advocate,  n.     In  the  sense  of  '  act 


as  an  advocate,'  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]     I.  advoutroust  (ad-vou'trus),  a.     [<  late  ME.  ad- 
trans.  If.  To  invoke.  voutrous,  <  advouter  +  -ous.     See  the  later  sub- 

[The  mercy  of  God]  is  not  to  be  advocated  upon  every      stituted  form  adldterous.]      Adulterous, 
vain  trifle.  Bp.  Andrews,  Sermons,  V.  534.   a^voutryt  (ad-vou'tri),  ».      [Early  mod.  E.  ad- 

2.  To  plead  in  favor  of ;  defend  by  argument    voutry, -trie, -tery,  advoultry,  etc.,  <  ME.  avou- 
before  a  tribunal ;  support  or  vindicate.  trie,  avowtric,  avutry,   -trie,   -terye,  etc.,   also 

This  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  which  has     avowter,<  OF.   avoutrie,  avouterie,  earlier  OOU- 
been  advocated.  Burke,  Ref.  of  Representation,      terie,    aultcrie  (<  L.  as    if  *aduiteriii,  f.),   also 


The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advocate  his 
cause.  Uitford. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  formerly,  to  transfer  from  an 
inferior  court  to  the  Court  of  Session,  as  an 
action  while  still  pending,  or  after  judgment 
had  been  given,  in  order  that  the  judgment 


avoutire,  avoutere,  avoltere,  avultere,  <  L.  adul- 
leriiini,  neut.,  adultery,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer. 
N  'i  •  t  he  later  substituted  form  adultery.]  Adul- 
tery.   Also  written  avowtry. 

A  marriage  compounded  between  an  advoutry  and  a 
rape.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

mod.  E.  avowee, 
lier  avoe,  avoet,  < 

seeadvocali .  »., 
and  advowson.]  In  England,  one  who  has  the 
rightof  advowson.  So  called  originally  as  being  tli.- 
advocate,  protector,  or  patron  of  an  ecclesiastical  office, 
house,  or  benefice. 
advowson  (ad-vou'zn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
advowzen,  advouson,  <  ME.  avowson,  avoweson, 
avoweisoun,  <  AF '.  advouison,  advoweson,  advoc- 
son,  OF.  avoeson,  <L.  advocatio(n-),  a  calling  to 
or  summoning  of  legal  assistance,  hence  in  ML. 
the  duty  of  defense  or  protection,  the  right  of 
presentation,  <  advoeare,  call  to  defend:  see  ad- 
vocation, and  ef.  advowee.]  If.  Originally,  the 
obligation  to  defend  an  ecclesiastical  office  or 
a  religious  house.  See  advocate  of  the  church, 
under  advocate. —  2.  In  Eng.  law,  the  right  of 
presentation  to  a  vacant  benefice.  It  was  origi- 
nally vested  in  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  but  was  often  trans- 
ferred to  the  founder  or  patron  of  the  church.  Advowsons 
are  of  three  kinds,  presentative,  collative,  am!  donatio 
presentative  w  Inn  the  patron  presents  a  clergyman  to  the 
bishop  with  a  petition  that  he  be  instituted  with  the  bi  di 
flee;  collative  when  the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and  both  pre- 
sents and  institutes  (or  collates)the  incumbent;  donative 
when  the  sovereign,  or  any  subject  by  his  license,  having 
founded  a  church,  appoints  its  incumbent  without  any 
reference  to  the  bishop.  Advowsons  are  also  appendant, 
thai  is,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  certain  manor;  or 
hi  gross,  that  is,  separated  by  legal  conveyance  from  the 
ownership  of  the  manor. 

advoyer  (ad-voi'er),  ».    Same  as  avoyer. 


might  be  reviewed      See  advocation,  _>.  =  Syn.  2.  advowee  (ad-vou-e'), n.    [Early 
To  ,dead  for,  stand  up  for  favor,  uphold.  <JlK.  tn'owe,  <  OF.  avoue,  ea,Ai 

II.   intrants.   To  act  as  an  advocate;  plead.     L.  „,/,,,„,,,„,.,  patron,  advocate: 
[Pare.] 

To  advocate  in  my  own  child's  behalf. 

Dawbemj,  Hist.  Cromwell  (1059),  Pref. 

I  am  not  going  to  advocate  for  this  sense  of  actual. 

.F.  Hall,  False  Philol.,  p.  75. 

advocateship  (ad'vo-kat-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  duty  of  an  advocate. 

advocatesst  (ad'vo-ka-tes),  n.  [Improp.  <  ad- 
vocate +  -ess.]  A'  female  advocate.  [Rare.] 
See  advocatress. 

God  hath  provided  us  of  an  advocatess  [in  some  edit  ions, 
advocatress].  Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  i.  j  8. 

advocation  (ad-vo-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  advoca- 
tion-), a  calling  'in  of  legal  assistance,  legal 
assistance,  time  allowed  for  procuring  it,  any 
kind  of  delay  or  adjournment,  <  advoeare,  call 
in  legal  assistance :  see  advocate,  n.  See  also 
advowson,  which  is  a  doublet  of  advocation. 
The  first  sense  of  advocation  is  due  to  advocate, 
v.]  If.  The  act  of  advocating ;  a  pleading  for ; 
plea ;  apology. 

My  advocation  is  not  now  in  tune.  Shak.,  Oth.,  iii.  4. 
2.  In  Scots  law,  a  form  of  process,  now  obso- 
lete, the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  a  cause 
from  an  inferior  to  the  supreme  court  for  re- 
view or  continuance. 

advocator  (ad'vo-ka-tpr),  n.     [<  LL.  advocator, 
an  advocate,  <  L.  advoeare:   see  advocate,  n.]  advt."   A  common  contraction  of  advertisement. 
An  advocate;  a  supporter.  adwardt  (ad-ward'),  n.  and  v.    A  forced  spell- 

Thecutoocators  of  change  in  the  present  system  of  things,     ing  of  award.     Spenser.  F.  Q.,  TV.  x.  17. 

Browning,  Soul's  Tragedy,  ii.    (X.  E.  b.)  adynamia  (ad-i-na'nii-ii),  n.     [NL.  (>E.  adyna- 

advocatory  (ad'vo-ka-to-ri),  «.  [<  ML.  advo-  my  =  F.  adynamie), <  Gr.  .oVroi....  woakness, 
eatorius,  <  LL.  advocator:  see  above.]  Of  or  <  advvauoc,  weak,  <  a-  priv.,  without,  +  dbva/uc, 
pertaining  to  an  advocate  or  his  functions.  power:  see  dynamic.]     In  pathol.,  weakness; 


adynamia 

want  of  strength  occasioned  by  disease  ;  a  de- 
ficiency of  vital  power ;  asthenia.  Also  called 
adynamy, 

adynamic  (ad-i-nam'ik),  a.  [As  adynamia  + 
-ic :  see  a-18  ami  dynamic.]  1.  In  pathol.,  of 
cr  pertaining  to  adynamia:  characterized  by 
or  resulting  from  vital  debility;  asthenic:  as, 
adynamic  fevers;  an  adynamic  condition;  the 
adynamic  sinking  of  typhoid  fever. — 2.  Tnphys., 
characterized  by  absence  of  force. 

adynamy  (a-din'a-mi),  n.    Same  as  arft/itamia. 

adytt  (ad'it),  n.    Same  as  adytum. 
Behold,  amidst  the  adyts  of  our  gods,  .  .  . 
The  ghosts  "t  dead  men  howling  want  about. 

Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  I I.  and  Bng. 

adytum,  (ad' i-tum  i.  n.  ;  pi.  adyta  (-ta).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  atimov,  an  adytum,  a  shrine,  a  place  not  to 
l»  entered,  neut.  of  advro;,  not  to  be  entered, 
<  ii-  priv.  +  dVrof,  verbal  adj.  of  Svuv,  enter.] 

1.  In  ancient  worship,  a  sacred  place  which  the 
worshipers  might  not  enter,  or  which  might  be 
entered  only  by  those  who  had  performed  cer- 
tain rites,  or  only  by  males  or  by  females,  or 
only  on  certain  appointed  days,  etc. ;  also,  a 
secret  sanctuary  or  shrine  open  only  to  the 
priests,  or  whence  oracles  were  delivered; 
hence,  in  general,  the  most  sacred  or  reserved 
part  of  any  place  of  worship.  In  Greece  an  adytum 
was  usually  an  inner  recess  or  chamber  in  a  temple,  as  in 
that  of  Hera  at  .Egium;  but  it  might  be  an  entire  temple, 
as  that  of  Poseidon  at  Mantinea,  or  a  grove,  inclosure,  or 
cavern,  as  the  sacred  inclosure  of  Zeus  on  the  Lycrean 
mount  in  Arcadia.  The  most  famous  adytum  of  Greece 
was  the  sanctuary  of  the  Pythic  oracle  at  Delphi.  The 
Jewish  holy  of  holies  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  may  be 
considered  as  an  adytum.  The  word  is  also  applied  some- 
times to  the  chancel  of  a  Christian  church,  where  the 
altar  stands. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  innermost  or  least  accessi- 
ble part  of  anything ;  that  which  is  screened 
from  common  view ;  hidden  recess;  occult 
sense. 


Cooper's  Adz. 


Ship-carpenter's  Adz.         Railroad  Adz. 


adz,  adze  (adz),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  ails,  ml, Is, 
adaes,  mlilis,  ml, Hit,  <  ME.  mlis,  ad.se,  mlrse,  < 
AS.  rttlestt,  an  adz  or 
ax.  a  word  thought  by 
some  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  an  older  *ac- 
wesa  (=  Goth,  aktvisi), 
the  full  form  of  case, 
(i.r,  ires,  acas,  ONorth. 
iirnsii,  acase,  ax ;  but  in 
the  earliest  example 
ml, si i  occurs  in  con- 
nection with  ars  its 
a  different  word:  see 
ax1.]  A  cutting-tool 
somewhat  like  an  ax, 
but  having  the  blade 
placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  handle  and 
formed  to  a  curve 
nearly  corresponding 
to  its  sweep  through 
t  In-  air  when  in  use. 
it  is  ii  ring  tim- 

South>Si    i  ad  has  itscut 

ground    upon    the   concave 
I  he  ad2  i    also  used,  though  rarely,  as  a  weapon ; 

and  among  certain  savage  tribes  adzes  oi  i ]    tone  are 

richly  adorned  for  ceremonial  uses.  Hollow  adz,  a  tool 
with  a  curved  blade  used  in  chamfering  the  chine  of  a  cask 
..ii  tli.-  mi.,  r  sill--. 

adz,  adze  fad/..,  ».  /.     [<  ode,  ».]     To  chip  or 

shape  with  an  adz :  as.  to  adz  logs  or  timber. 

adz-plane  (adz'plan),  n.    A  tool  adapted  for 


90 

regularly  as  e  in  similar  positions,  that  is, 
either  e  or  e  :  often  improp.  pron.  e  in  all  posi- 
tions. In  the  Continental  pron.  of  Latin,  e  or 
a;  in  the  'Roman,'  ai  ori.)  A  digraph  or  lig- 
ature appearing  in  Latin  and  Latinized  Greek 
words.  In  Middle  Latin  and  New  Latin  it  is  usually 
written  and  printed  as  a  Ligature,  and  sounded  like  Latin 
e,  with  which  in  Middle  Latin  it  constantly  interchanges. 
In  classical  Latin  it  was  usually  written  separately  (and 
hence  usually  so  printed  in  modern  editions  of  classical 
texts),  and  pronounced  probably  as  a  diphthong.  In  Old 
Latin  ai appears  instead  of  at .  and  Latin  ae,ce  is  the  regu- 
lai-  transliteration  of  Gr.  <o,  as  o  nt . .  n  <i  /.  ,■,  from  Gr.  aLyis. 
In  English  words  of  Latin  or  Greek  origin  ae  or  ce  is  usually 
reduced  to  e,  except  generally  in  proper  names,  as  Caesar, 
-Eneas,  in  words  belonging  to  Human  or  Greek  antiqui- 
ties, as  o.es,  ami  modern  words  of  scientific  or  technical 
use,  as  p/itri,,,,/,!  iuviis.  lint  the  tendency  is  to  reduce 
ae  or  ce  to  e  in  all  words  not  purely  Latin  or  New  Latin, 
except  proper  names  in  their  original  forms.  In  some 
names  of  changed  form  the  a  lias  become  permanently 
eliminated,  as  Egypt,  and  in  some  of  otherwise  unchanged 
form  nearly  or  quite  so,  as  Etna,  Ethiopia.  When  ae  rep- 
resents the  iliphthi  mg  ee,  it  should  be  distinguished  from  ae 
not  a  diphthong,  the  latter  being  commonly  marked  with 
a  dieresis,  as  in  aero-,  aerial,  etc. 

ae2.  A  character  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet 
representing  a  simple  vowel,  having  when  short 
the  sound  of  English  a  in  glad  (ii),  and  when 
long  the  sound  of  English  a  in  glare,  dure,  etc. 
(a),  as  commonly  pronounced  in  the  United 
States.  The  form  is  that  of  the  late  Latin  ce,  which  had 
a  sound  nearly  the  same  as  simple  e  (see  eel).  In  the 
twelfth  century  short  ce  began  to  disappear,  being  repre- 
sented by  a  (sometimes  by  e),  without,  however,  any 
appreciable  change  of  sound.  Lung  ic  also  disappeared, 
being  regularly  replaced  by  e  (long)  or  ce,  with  a  change 
of  sound  through  Middle  English  e  (that  is,  a  in  modern 
pronunciation)  to  modern  I  (that  is,  e  in  modern  pronun- 
ciation). Examples  are :  (1)  short  ae,  whence  Middle  Eng- 
lish anil  modern  English  a:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  gloed,  seed, 
cat,  hat,  etc.,  whence  Middle  English  and  modern  English 
glad,  sad,  at,  hat,  etc.;  (2)  long  ce,  whence  Middle  English 
e_or  ce,  modern  English  ee  or  ea:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  seed, 
rcedan,  see,  etc.,  Middle  English  seed,  rede,  se  or  see,  etc., 
modern  English  seed,  read,  sea,  etc.  Before  r,  long  if  has 
usually  retained  its  Anglo-Saxon  sound  (at  least  in  the 
United  States):  as,  Anglo-Saxon  cer,  thi'er,  hwcer,  hcer, 
etc.,  modern  English  ere,  there,  where,  hair,  etc.  In  Brit- 
ish works  the  vowel  in  these  words  is  usually  treated  as  a 
prolonged  "short  e"  (as  in  met),  or  as  a  slightly  modified 
"long  a"  (as  in  mate). 

&%.  The  symbol  used  in  Lloyd's  Register 
for  third-class  wooden  and  composite  ships. 
This  class  includes  vessels  unfit  for  the  conveyance  of  dry 
and  perishable  goods  on  short  voyages,  and  of  cargoes  in 
their  nature  subject  to  sea-damage  on  any  voyage.  See 
A 1,  under  at. 

-39.  The  nominative  plural  termination  of  Latin 
and  Latinized  Greek  words  in  -a  (in  Latinized 
Greek  also  -c,  -as,  -cs)  of  the  first  declension, 
feminine,  sometimes  masculine.  This  plural  ter- 
mination is  sometimes  retained  in  English,  as  m  formula?, 
nebulae,  vertebrae,  minutiae,  etc.,  in  some  cases  alongside 
of  a  regular  English  plural,  as  in  formulas,  nebulas,  etc. 
In  tin-  formal  and  technical  terminations,  -aeeae,  -ece,  -idee, 
-ince,  in  botany  and  zoology,  -a'  ends  the  plural  names  of 
orders,  tribes,  etc.,  of  plants,  and  of  families  and  subfami- 
lies of  animals. 

-Schrnophorus  (ek-mof'o-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues, 
1862),  <  Gr.  alxiiotybpoc,  ono  who  carries  a  spear, 
<  aixjii],  a  spear,  4-  -fyopoc,  <  tyipuv  =  E.  bear1.'] 


.;.,,.  .  r'^Hiy,; 


Adz-planc  and  Specimen 


molding  and  rabbeting,  used  in  panel-work  by 

COach-  and   pat  I.  ai.ors. 

ae  (a),  ii.    [For  Be.  »«<.  =  B.  a  phatic  i  for 

one.-  Bee  a*  and  one.']    One.     [Scotch.] 

ae1.  (As  a  character,  pron,  e,  or,  spelled  out, 
a-e;  in  words,  E.  orL.,  according  to  tin-  E.  pron. 


Western  Grebe  CjUchmophorus  occidentals 

A  genus  of  large,  long-necked  grebes  id'  Ameri- 
ca, having  the  bill  extremely  long,  slender,  anil 
acute,  whence  Hie  name.  The  type  is  Ai.  OCfi- 
detltaliS,  known  as  Hie  western  grebe. 

aecidia,  ».     Plural  of  aicidmm,  -. 

aecidial  (e-sid'i-al),  a.    Relating  or  pertaining 

to  .l.iuliinii  (  which  see). 

Amonograph  .  .  .  bj  Von  Thiimen  contains  an  account 

of  the  ii'ei'liiii  forms  attacking  Conifera,  and  includes  a 
number  of  Bpecfee  found  in  the  United  states. 

Smithsonian  Hep.,  lsso,  |..  :::'l. 

aecidioform  (e-sid'i-5-f6rm),  v.  [<  NL.  axtidium 
+  h.forma,  form.]    Same  as  cecidiostage. 

jUcidiomycetes  (e-sid"i-6-mi-se'tez),  n.  jii. 
|.\'l..,  <  Mcidium  +  Gr.  [ivta/rec,  pi.  of  uvioic,  a 

mushroom,  fungus.  1      A  group  of  minute  para- 
sitic  fungi,  each   species  of  which  exists  in  at 
least  two  forms,  usually   very  unlike.    To  tin 
group  belong  many  rusts,  blights,  and  mildews  which  in- 
fest cultivated  plants. 


segagrus 

aecidiospore  (e-sid'i-o-spor),  n.    [<  NL.  mcidium 

+  Gr.  oiTopa;  seed,  spore.]  A  spore  produced 
in  the  a?cidiostage  of  growth  of  certain  para- 
sitic fungi,  distinguished  by  or  peculiar  in  their 
developmenl  lev  a  process  of  nbst  riot  ion.  See 
cecidiostage. 

aecidiostage  (e-sid'i-6-staj),  n.  [<  NL.  acidium 
+  E.  stage.]  The  first  of  the  alternations  of 
development  of  numerous  fungi  of  the  order 
Uredineiv.  See  JEcidium.  Also  called  cecidio- 
fiirm. 

jBcidium  (e-sid'i-uin),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alula,  in- 
jury, +  dim.  -icuov.]  1 .  A  genus  of  fungi,  natural 
order  Viedinia:,  now  believed  to  be  only  a  sub- 
ordinate stage  in  the  development  of  the  gen- 
era Uromyees  and  Fuccinia,  though  this  has 
not  been  demonstrated  in  regard  to  all  the  re- 
puted species. —  2.  \l.  c]  pi.  cecidia  (e-sid'i-ii). 
The  cup-like  organ  (pseudoperidium)  charac- 
teristic of  the  genus  or  form.  See  pseudoperi- 
dium. 

These  eecidium-truits,  which  arise  from  the  same  myce- 
lium as  the  spermogonia,  lie  at  first  beneath  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaf.  Sacks,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  -47. 

aedes  (e'dez),  n. ;  pi.  cedes.  [L.,  a  house,  a  tem- 
ple: see  edify.]  1.  In  Rom.  aritiq.,  any  edifice, 
sacred  in'  profane.  Specifically,  as  distinguished  lean 
a  temple  {templtun),  a  building  set  apart  for  the  cult  of 
a  divinity,  but  not  solemnly  consecrated  by  the  augurs. 
Thus,  the  "temple"  of  Vesta  is  properly  an  cedes,  and  was 
so  termed  in  antiquity. 
2.  In  Christian  arch.,  a  chapel. 

aedicula(e-dik'u-la), )!.;  p\.cBdiculce(-\e).  [ML., 
dim.  of  L.  a'des:  see  above.]  In  Rom.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  very  small  house  or  chapel.  (1)  A  shrine 
in  the  form  of  a  small  building;  a  recess  in  a 
wall  for  an  altar  or  statue. 

Every  division  of  the  city  had  likewise  its  Lares  compi- 
tales,  now  three  in  number,  who  had  their  own  cedicula  at 
the  cross-roads.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  SIS. 

aedile,  aedileship,  etc.    See  cdile,  etc. 

sedoealogy  (e-de-al'o-ji),  n.  A  less  proper  form 
of  a'dtnology. 

aedoeology  (e-de-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  alSoia,  the 
private  parts,  +  -loyia,  <  nJryeiv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  part,  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  organs  of  generation ;  also,  a  trea- 
tise on  or  an  account  of  the  organs  of  gener- 
ation. 

aedoeoptosis  (e -de -op -to 'sis),  ».  [NL.,<  Gr. 
al6ola,  the  private  parts,  +  tztuoic,  a  falling,  < 
iriiTTeiv,  fall.]  Displacement  downward  of  some 
part  of  the  female  genital  organs,  and  also  of 
the  bladder. 

cedceotomy  (e-de-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aldoia,  the 
private  parts,  +  rojii],  a  cutting,  <  re/iveiv,  cut.] 
Dissection  of  the  organs  of  generation. 

aefauld  (a'fald),  a.  [Sc.,  =  E.  onefold,  q.  v.] 
1.  Honest;  upright;  without  duplicity. —  2f. 
Single;  characterized  by  oneness:  as,  the  ae- 
finild  Godhead.    Barbour.     [Scotch,  and  rare.] 

aefauldness  (a'fald-nes).  «.  [<  Sc.  aefauld  + 
■ness.]  Honesty;  uprightness;  singleness  of 
heart ;  freedom  from  duplicity.     [Scotch.] 

.ffiga  (e'git),  n.  [NL.  (Leach,  1815),  <  Gr.  ai£ 
(a(}'-)i  goat.]  A  genus  of  isopods  giving  name 
to  the  family  JEgidce.    j£.  psora,  known  as  the  salve- 

bug,  is  a  fis.li  lo'use  found  attached  by  its  sharp  claws  to  cod 
and  halibut.   See  cut  under  salve-buff. 

iEgaeonichthyinae  (e"ji  -on  -ik-thi-i'ne),  n.pl. 
[NL.,<  JEgceonichthys  +  -inn:}  A  subfamily 
of  pediculate  fishes,  of  the  family  Ceratiidce. 
The  mouth  is  of  moderate  Bize  :  the  cephalic  spine  has  its 
basal  element  subcutaneous,  procumbent,  and  at  an  acute 
or  a  right  angle  with  the  distal  element  ;  the  second  dorsal 
Spine  is  wanting;  the  body  anil  head  are  depressed  ;  and  I  lie 
mouth  is  Vertical  or  inclined  forward,  the  mandibular  ar- 
ticulation being  projected  forward.  The  aspect  of  the  tlsll 
is  very  singular. 

aegseonichthyine  (e^i-on-ik'thi-in),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  subfamily  ^gcBonichthyincB. 

.tEgffiOnichthys  (e'ji-ou-ik'this>.  ii.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
kvyaltw,  in  myth.,  a  name  of  Briareus,  also  the 
JSgean  sea,  +  i  \l'ii ,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  pediculate  lishesof  the  subfamily  Jigaonich- 
Ijiijinie.  But  one  species  is  known,  ./'.'.  appelli,  occurring 
in  the  deep  sea  near  New  Zealand. 

aegagre  (e-gag're),  ».    Same  as  cegagrus. 

aegagri,  »•     Rural  ot  cegagrus. 

aegagropila  (e-ga-grop'i-lji),  «.:  pi.  ai/aiim/iiltr 
(-le).  [NL.,<lii'.  »'/,-■  tin  wild  goat  (see 
a ijtiijriis),  +  L.  pila.n  ball  (or  /lilus,  hair).]  A 
ball  of  hair  found  in  1  lie  stomach  of  some  rumi- 
nating quadrupeds,  as  the  goat. 

aegagropile  (e-gag'ro-pil),  n.  Same  as  cegagro- 
l<ila.     Also  contracted  trgro)>ilr. 

aegagrus  (6-gag'rus),  n. ;  pi.  cegagri  (-ri).  [L..  < 
lie  alyaypoc,  the  wild  goat,  <  all  (aiy-),  goat,  + 
ayp6c,  field,  ayputc,  wild.]  A  wild  goat,  supposed 
to  be  the  species  now  known  to  inhabit   the 


aegagrus  91 

mountains  of  the  Caucasus,  Persia,  etc.,  tho  aegialitid  (e-ji-a-lit'  id),  n. 
paseng  or  pasing  of  the  Persians,  and  the  wild     ily  .F.tjiatitiatB. 
stock  of  most  if  not  all  of  the  breeds  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.    It  is  tlie  Copra  In  reus  of  Linnams,  C.  aega- 
grus of  Gmelin  and  Pallas,  C.  caucasica  of  H.  Smith,  and 


A  beetle  of  the  fam- 


WiM  Goat  [Ctifira  agagriis). 

Hi  reus  aegagrus  ot  3.  E.  Gray.  J.  F.  Brandt  asserts  that 
this  is  incontestable  and  exclusively  the  source  of  tin*  do- 
mestic goat.  In  fact,  the  name  cegagrue  may  have  been 
applied  sometimes  to  goats  run  wild,  and  the  Capra  aega- 
grus of  both  G.  and  F,  Cuvier,  the  bezoar-goat,  ascribed  to 
Persia  and  the  Alps,  is  said  to  have  been  merely  the  do- 
mestic goat  run  wild.  The  celebrated  Angora  goat  may 
have  been  derived  from  a  different  species  or  variety, 
Capra  faleoiieri,  originating  in  central  Asia.  The  goat  or 
aegagrus  in  all  its  varieties  is  closely  related  to  the  ibex, 
Capra  ibex,  which,  however,  is  a  distinct  species.  In  the 
stomach  and  intestines  of  the  goat,  as  in  those  of  other  ar- 
tiodactyls,  are  found  the  concretions  called  bezoar-stones. 
Also  written  cegagre. 

Whether  the  Capra  aegagrus  or  the  Capra  ibex  should  be 
regarded  as  the  stock  of  the  domesticated  goat  of  Europe 
has  long  been  a  question  among  naturalists  ;  the  weighty 
arguments  which  may  be  drawn  from  the  character  of  tile 
wild  species  which  was  contemporary  with  the  Bos  primi- 
geiiius  .  .  .  [are]  shown  ...  to  be  in  favor  of  Capra 
mriagrus.  Owen. 

5!gean,  Egean  (e-ji'an),  a.  or  n.    [<  L.  JEganim 

(se.  marc,  sen),  <  Gr.  Alyaiov  (so.  irelayoc),  or 
Aiyaloc  (sc.  irotroc),  the  JEgean  sea,<  Alyai,  JEg<v,, 
a  town  in  Eubcea,  and  also  the  name  of  several 
cities.]  A  name  often  applied  to  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea  otherwise  called  the 
Archipelago. 

aeger  (e'jer),  «.     [L.,  sick.]     Same  as  cegrotat. 

jEgeria  (e-je'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  named  after  JEge- 
ria,  or  Egerio,  a  prophetic  nymph  or  Carnena 
celebrated  in  Koman  legend,  instructress  of 
Numa.]  In  entom.:  (a)  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  JEgeriida;  order  Lepidoptera.  it  consists 
of  brightly  colored  moths  with  the  wings  wholly  or  in 
part  transparent.  The  larva-  are  endophy  tous,  boring  into 
the  steins  and  trunks  of  shrubs  and  trees,  and  embrace 
some  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  to  cultivated  fruit- 
trees.  See  borer  and  maple-borer.  Also  sometimes  called 
Sesia.  (J)  A  genus  of  Diptera  founded  by  Robi- 
neau-Desvoidy.     Also  spelled  Egeria. 

segerian  (e-je'ri-an),  a.     Of  or  belonging  to  the 
J-'.ifi  riida:     Also  spelled  egerian. 
An  jEgerian  enemy  of  the  native  pines.   Scienee,  VI.  542. 

aegeriid  (e-je'ri-id),  n.  A  moth  of  the  family 
/Egeriido' ;  a  clearwing. 

yEgeriidae  (e-je-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  JEgeria 
+  -idee.']  In  entom.,  a  family  of  Lepidoptera, 
section  Heteroccra,  comprising  a  number  of  in- 
teresting moths  related  to  the  sphinxes,  hawk- 
moths,  or  Sphingidce,  and  commonly  called 
clearwings,  from  the  transparency  of  their 
wings.  The  larva;  live  in  the  interior  of  the  branches 
and  roots  of  trees.  Some  attack  the  apple,  and  one,  the 
jEijeria  lipiilijnemis,  or  currant-clearwing,  feeds  upon 
the  pith  of  currant-bushes.  Also  written  .-E<ieri<hr,  ./■;./,'- 
ri«>/<r,  and  with  initial  E  instead  of  uE.  Also  sometimes 
called  Sesiidae. 

iEgialites  (e'ji-n-H'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'tyialdc, 
the  sea-shore,  beach  (that  over  which  the  sea 
rushes'?  < ataauv,  rush,  +  ale,  the  sea),  +  -itcs.] 

1.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  Limieolw,  of  the  family 
Charadriidce,  or  plovers,  chiefly  distinguished 
from  Charadrius  by  color,  having  the  upper 
parts  not  speckled,  the  lower  never  extensively 
black,  and  bars  or  rings  upon  the  head,  neck, 
Or  breast.  The  tarsus  is  comparatively  short,  with 
large  scutella  arranged  in  two  or  three  special  rows. 
The  sexes  are  usually  distinguishable,  though  similar. 
The  genus  contains  the  numerous  species  of  small  plovers 
known  as  ring-plovers,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  killdcc  (./-,'.  mei/eeus),  the  ring-neck  (.E.  semipal. 
matus),  and  the  piping  plover(--E.  melodus)&re  character- 
istic species  of  the  I'nited  States.    Also  written  *E<jialitis. 

2.  In  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
jEgialitidw.    Eschscholtz,  1833. 


Ringed  Plover  yAiginhtes  hiaticltla). 

.Sgialitidae  (e"ji-a-lit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<^gia- 
litis,  2,  +  -(Ac]  A  family  of  heteromerous 
coleopterous  insects,  having  the  anterior  coxal 
cavities  closed  behind,  the  tarsal  claws  simple, 
and  six  ventral  segments,  the  last  two  being 
closely  united  and  the  first  two  connate.  J. 
L.  Lc  Conte,  1SG2. 

.Sgiceras  (e-jis'e-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aij  (aly-), 
a  goat,  +  Ktpac,  a  horn :  see  Cerastes.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  consisting  of  a  single  species, 
./•,'.  mn jus,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Myrsi- 
naccw.  It  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  found  on  the  swampy 
shores  of  the  East  Indies  and  Australia.  Its  seeds  germi- 
nate while  still  on  the  tree,  and  send  down  perpendicular 
roots  into  the  mud,  thus  forming  impenetrable  thickets, 
which  constitute  the  only  vegetation  for  miles  along  some 
coasts,  particularly  of  Sumatra. 

aegid  (e'jid),  n.   An  isopod  of  the  family  Mgidce. 

jEgidae  (e'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JEga  +  -idir.  \ 
A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans,  typified  by  the 
genus  Aiga,  having  all  the  segments  beyond 
the  head  distinct,  and  no  operculum  closing 
the  branchial  chamber. 

aegilopic,  egilopic  (e-ji-lop'ik),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  asgilops. —  2.  Affected 
with  a^gilops. 

aegilopical,  egilopical  (e-ji-lop'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  (Egilopic. 

aegilops,  egilops  (e'ji-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aly  •- 
Aaf  (-ox-),  an  ulcer  in  the  eye ;  also,  a  kind  of 
wild  oats,  and  a  kind  of  oak  with  sweet  fruit. 
Cf .  alytkoc,  an  herb  of  which  goats  were  said  to 
be  fond;  appar.  <  m*f  (aly-,  *a'qi?,-),  a  goat,  +  of, 
eye;  cf.  dn/<,  face,  appearance.]  1.  lnpathal., 
goat-eye ;  a  tumor,  abscess,  or  other  affection  of 
the  inner  angle  (canthus)  of  the  eye;  some- 
times, a  fistula  lacrymalis  or  other  affection  of 
the  lacrymal  duct.  In  a  mild  form,  it  is  simply 
a  swelling  of  the  lacrymal  papilla,  and  is  very 
common. —  2.  [my.]  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  grasses 
allied  to  Triticum,  or  wheat-grass,  growing 
wild  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia. 
It  is  believed  by  many  botanists  to  be  the 
origin  of  cultivated  wheat. —  3.  A  species  of 
oak,  Quercus  jEgilops  ;  the  valonia-oak  of  the 
Levant. — 4.  [cop.]  Agenusof  lamellibranchs. 
James  E.  Hall,  1850. 

iEgina  (e-jl'nii),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  Mgwia,  <  Gr. 
Alyiva,  an  island  in  the  Saronie  gulf;  also,  in 
myth.,  a  nymph  of  Argolis,  beloved  by  Zeus.] 
1.  Tho  typical  genus  of  the  family  Mginidm. 
Eschscholtz,  1829. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

^Jginetail  (e-ji-ne'tan),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  .Vifi- 
iii  tu,  <  Gr.  Alyivr/Tr/c,'  an  inhabitant  of  Alyiva: 
see  JEgina.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
the  island  of  iEgina  or  its  inhabitants —  .rEgine- 
tan  sculptures,  or  .Sgina  marbles,  a  collection  of  an- 


iEgithalinae 

cient  sculptures  discovered  in  1811  on  tl 
which  originally  decorated  the  temple  "i    Uhena.    They 
date  from  about  tv.»  B.O.,  and,  although  in  general  true 
to  nature, their  faces  bear  that  forced  smile  which  cl 
i<  ii  ,  i  Mir  portrayal  'if  tie'  human  subjed  In  all  early 
Grei  i.  art.    These  sculptures  are  now  the  most  m 
ornament  of  the  Glyptotheh  at  Munich. 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  ^Egina. 
.SIginetic  (e-ji-net'ik),  a.      [<  Gr.  .Mywrrrindc, 
pertaining  to  Alyiva,  jEgiaa.]     iEginetan;  re- 
sembling ^Eginetan  work. 

The  coinage  of  Locris,  Phocis,  and  Boeotia  isentirelj  on 
the  dBginettc  standard.  Encyc.  Brit.,  \  \  1 1   642 

.fljginidse  (e-jin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,<  .Ei/imi,  l,+ 
■iace.']  A  family  of  Trachymedusoz,  typified  by 
the  genus  JEgina,  containing  craspedote  aca- 
lephs  with  a  hard  diseoidal  umbrella,  pouch- 
like enlargements  of  the  digestive  cavity,  and 
the  circular  vessel  usually  reduced  to  a  row  of 
cells:  related  to  Geri/otiiida- and  Trachynt  midce. 
The  order  to  which  the  jEginidce  pertain  is  called  /' 
medusae,  Haplomorpha,  and  by  other  names ;  it  is  that  in 
which  there  is  no  hydriform  tiophosome,  the  medusae  de- 
veloping  directly  from  the  ovum. 

^giothus  (e-ji'o-thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alyioBoc, 
also  al-jiBoe,  and  later  aiyivOoc,  a  bird,  perhaps 
the  hedge-sparrow.]  The  redpolls  or  redpoll 
linnets,  a  notable  genus  of  FrinijiHidir,  founded 
by  Cabanis  in  1851.  There  are  several  species,  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America  ;  the  common  redpoll  is 
jE.  linaria;  the  mealy  redpoll  is  JS.  caneecens.  They  are 
small  finches,  chiefly  boreal  in  distribution,  streaked  u  tth 
dusky  and  flaxen  brown  and  white,  the  males  with  crim- 
son poll  and  rosy  breast.    See  cut  under  redpoll. 

.SSgipan  (e'ji-pan),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Aiylnav,  <  atf 
(«')-).  goat,  +  ITan,  Pan.]  1.  An  epithet  of 
the  god  Pan,  having  reference  to  his  goat-like 
lower  limbs,  short  horns,  and  upright  pointed 
ears,  the  other  portions  of  his  body  being  like 
those  of  a  man.  See  Viopan,  and  also  satyr  and 
faun. —  2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Locust idee.    Scudder,  1877. 

segirine  (e'ji-rin),  n.     Same  as  mjirite. 

aegirite  (e'ji-rit),  n.  [<  JEgw,  the  Icel.  god  of 
the  sea  (or  JEyirusI),  +  -itc2.~\  A  mineral  oc- 
curring in  .greenish-black  prismatic  crystals, 
isomorphous  with  pyroxene.  It  is  a  bisilicate  of 
iron  sesquioxid,  iron  protoxid,  lime,  and  soda,  found  in 
Norway,  ami  also  at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas.  Also  writ- 
ten ozqyrile  and  aegirine. 

iDgiruS  (e-ji'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  Alyupoc,  a 
city  of  Lesbos.     Cf.  alyeipoc,  the  black  poplar.] 


/Iiginetan  Sculpture. 
Herakles,  from  the  eastern  pediment  of  the  temple  of  Athena. 


jQigirits  punctilucens,  dorsal  view. 

A  genus  of  nndibranchiate  or  notobranchiate 
gastropods,  of  the  family  Polya  Hdce,  having 
large  tubercles  on  the  convex  back.  Three  spe- 
cies are  known  from  the  European  seas.  Also  written 
Moires.  Luren,  1S44. 
aegis  (e'jis),  «.  [L.  a>gis,  <  Gr.  alyic,  the  aegis, 
also  a  rushing  storm,  hurricane,  appar.  <  aiaaetv, 
shoot,  dart,  glance ;  popularly  identified  with 
alyic,  a  goat-skin,  <  al^  (aly-),  a  goat :  see  J  i.e.] 

1.  In  Gr.  myth.,  originally 
the  storm-cloud  envelop- 
ing the  thunderbolt,  the 
especial  weapon  of  Zeus; 
afterward  considered  as 
the  skin  of  the  goat  Amal- 
thea,  the  foster-mother  of 
Zeus,  which  the  latter  took 
for  defensive  armor  in  his 
war  with  the  Titans.  Ac- 
cording to  another  conception, 
it  was  a  terrible  and  immortal 
arm  wrought  by  Hephaestus  after 
the  fashion  of  a  thunder-eli mil 
fringed  with  lightning.  It  was 
intrusted  by  Zeus  to  Apollo  and 
tu  itheiia,  and  became  a  charac- 
teristic attribute  of  the  latter. 

2.  In  art,  a  representation 
of  the  aegis  as  a  sort  of 
mantle  fringed  with  ser- 
pents, much  more  ample 
in  archaic  examples  than  later,  generally  worn 
covering  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  ex- 
tended over  the  left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the 
arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  The  regis  of  Athena,  ex- 
cept in  the  most  primitive  representations,  bears  in  the 
midst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  is  usually 
covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 

Hence,  figuratively — 3.  Any  influence  orpower 
which  protects:  as,  under  the  imperial  agis. 

Also  spelled  cgis. 
.SIgithalinae    (e-jith-a-li'ne),    n.   pi.       [NL.,  < 
Jigithalus  +  -inw.~\     A  subfamily  of  titmice, 


./Egis. —  Varvakeion  Statu 
ette  of  Athena. 


JEgithalinae 

familv  Pari&m,  typified  by  the  genus  2Sgithalus. 
It  was  named  by  Reichenbach  In  L8S0,  and  bj  0: 
madi  to  in  l n.l.  Panm  ua  and  a  Dumber  ol  other  genera 
«f  tits  of  Europe,  Uia,  and  Africa. 
iEgithalus  (e-jith'a-lus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atyida- 
?.oc,  the  tit,  L.  pants.]  The  typical  genus  ot 
.lu! itlialiniv,  based  upon  Pants  pciidulimts,  one 
of  the  European  bottle-tits.  The  name  is  also  used 
for  another  genus  of  tits,  more  commonly  called  Acredula 
(which  sei  I,  of  which  A.  caudata  is  the  tyre.     Also  wnt- 

iEgitnognathae  (e-ji-thog'na-the),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
<Gr.  olj^of,  also  alyioBoe,  the  hedge-sparrow, 

or  perhaps  the  bunting,  +  ;  rathe,  jaw.]  In 
Huxlev's  classification  of  birds,  a  suborder  of 
Carina-tee,  having  the  bones  of  the  palate  dis- 
posed as  in  the  sparrow  and  other  passerine 
birds,  and  embracing  the  passerines,  swifts, 
and  woodpeckers.  See  aigithognaihism. 
aegithognathism  (e-ji-thog'na-thism),  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  aagithognathous ; 
that  structure  of  the  bony  palate  of  birds  which 
consists  in  the  union  of  the  vomer  with  the 
alinasal  walls  and  turbinals,  and  is  character- 
istic of  the  suborder  ASgithognathai.  Parker  dis- 
tinguishes four  styles:  (a)  incomplete,  very  curiously  ex- 
hibited  by  the  lovi  Twrnix,  which  is  closely  related  to 
gallinaceous  birds;  (b,  c)  complete,  as  represented  under 
two  varieties,  one  tj  pined  by  the  crow,  an  oscine  passerine, 
the  other  by  the  clamatorial  passerines  Pachyrbamphus 
and  Pipra  .  e'l  compound,  that  is,  mixed  with  a  kind  of 
desmognathism. 

JSnUlii-iii'iH'i'.iiii  is  exhibited  almost  unexceptionally  by 
the  great  group  of  passerine  birds;  it  is  also  nearly  coin- 
cident with  Passeres,  though  a  few  other  birds,  notably 
the  swifts,  also  exhibit  it.  '  'oues,  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  172. 

aegithognathous  (e-ji-thog'na-thus),  a.  [As 
JSgithognathm  +  -mis.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
having'the  characteristics  of  the  JEgithognaiha ; 
having  the  vomer  united  with  the  alinasal  walls 
and  turbinals.  See  mfttlwgnathism. 
JEgle  (e'gle),  it.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aiyfal,  splendor,  a 
female  name  in  Greek  mythology.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  of  tropical  India,  allied  to  and 
resembling  the  orange-tree,  but  with  trifoliate 
leaves.  .F.  llarmelos,  the  Bengal  quince,  golden  apple, 
or  bhel,  has  an  aromatic  fruit,  somewhat  like  an  ..range. 
A  perfume  and  a  yellow  dye  are  obtained  from  the  rind, 
and  the  dried  fruit  is  a  popular  remedy  in  diarrhea  and 
dysentery. 

2.  A  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous  crusta- 
ceans, or  crabs,  of  which  a  species,  Mgle  rufo- 
punctata,  is  found  in  Mauritius  and  the  Philip- 
pine islands.— 3.  A  genus  of  mollusks.  Olcen, 
1815.  See  Pneumodermon. — 4.  A  genus  of 
lepidopterous  insects.  Uitbncr,  1816. 
aegobronchophony  (e  "  go  -  brong  -kof '  6  -m),  n. 
[<  Gr.  ai;  («<}-),  goat,  +  Ppdyx'a,  the  bronchial 
tubes,  +  ipwfi,  voice.]  In  pathol.,  a  combina- 
tion of  two  sounds,  segophony  and  bronchoph- 
ony, heard  by  auscultation  in  pleuro-pneumo- 
nia.  See  wqophony  and  bronchophony. 
segocerine  (e-gos'e-rin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  genus  &gocerns:  as,  an 
wgocerine  goat  or  antelope;  a-gocerine  horns. 
Also  written  aigoceriru . 

iEgocerus  (e-gos'e-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  <u| 
(a?)-),  goat.  +  nipac,  a  liorn.]  1.  A  genus  of 
wild  goats,  related  to  the  ibexes,  of  the  subfam- 
ily Coprino!.  P.  S.  Pallas.  1M1;  J.  F.  Gray.— 
2.  A  genus  of  antelopes  with  long  spiral  horns, 
related  to  the  oryx  and  the  addax,  of  the  sub- 
f;,inil\     l»/(/o/,;;»r:...|llalto//i/v'(''Wf/H.viSllllde- 

vall).'  Hamilton  Smith,  L827:  II.  X.  Ztow,  1849. 
Also  written  Aigoeerus,  JEgoceros. 

aegophonic  (e-gd-fon'ik),   «.      Of  or  pertaining 

to  tegophony.    Sometimes  written  egophonic. 

aegophony  (e-gof'o-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  ail;  (aiy-),  a 

goat,  +  our/,,  voice,  sound.]    lapathol.,  aiorm 

0f  yoeal  resonance,  brokenand tremulous,  heard 

in  auscultation,  and  suggesting  the  bleating  of 

a  goat.     It  is  besl  heard  in  hydrothorax  at  thi 

ofthe  fluid.    Sometimes  written  egophony. 

aegropile,  n.    Same  at  cegagropile. 

aegrotans  ''--'o'taM/ 1,  n. ;  pi.  ayrotantesie-gro- 

tan'lez).       |  I...  ppr.   of  ayrolarc.   be  Sick:  See 

agrotat.]     In   English   universities,  rme  who  is 

siVk  :  our  who  holds  an  ingrotat  (which  see). 

Sgrofcant  (e-gro'tant),    n.      [<L.  agrotm(t-)s, 

ppr.  of  cegrotcm  :  see  wgrotat.]    t)no  who  is 

-irl;  ;  an  invalid.     |  Bare.  I 

aegrotantes,  »■     Plural  of  agrotans. 

aegrotat  (e-gro'tai  i,  ».    1 1...  he  is  sick,  :sd  per*. 

sing.  pres.  ind.  of  cegrotare,  be  sick,  <  agrotus, 

sick,  lager,  sick.]     tn  English  universities,  a 

medical  certificate  given  to  a  student  showing 

that    he   ha     been   prevented   by  sickness  from 

attending  to  his  duties.     Also  called  ager. 

i     ,,,  m.    ,  ,,,,,,  to  On  apothecary  for  a  thine  calli  d 

an  agrotat,  which  1  undent 1  .  .  .  mean!  a  certificate 

'hat  1  '  ...      .     „,..,   „.„,  „  v7 

iss,  from  Life  of  a  Phil.  (1SC4),  p.  St. 


92 

Reading  segTOtat,  in  some  universities,  leave  taken, 
commonly  in  December,  in  order  to  get  time  to  read  for 
one's  degree. 


aegyrite,  n.    See  cegirite. 

aelurid  (e-lu'rid),  n.     A   carnivorous  mammal 

of  the  familv  .fliintltc. 
iEluridas   (e-lu'ri-de),  ».  pi.      [NL.,  <  .Elurus 

+  -iilte.]    A  family  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds. 

of  the  order  Ferce,   suborder  Fissipedia,  and 

series  Arctoidea,  closely  related  to  the  Ursula 

(bears).  It  is  based  upon  a  single  genus  and  species, 
Blums  fulgens,  the  panda,  resembling  a  racoon  in  some 
respects.  The  technical  characters  of  the  family  are  found 
chiefly  in  the  details  of  the  skull  and  teeth,  as  compared 
with  those  of  either  bears  or  racoons.  The  tail  is  well  de- 
veloped (rudimentary  in  Ursidoe) ;  the  teeth  are  3G  in  num- 
ber (Pi  in  Proeyonidce);  there  are  only  -2  true  molars  on 
each  side  of  either  jaw.  with  :;  premolars,  1  canine,  and 
3  incisors.  The  alisphenoid  canal  is  well  developed ;  the 
auditory  bulla  is  very  small,  and  is  separated  from  the  long 
trigonal  paroccipital  process.  Also  written  Aduridte. 
aeluroid  (e-lu'roid),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  a'Aovpoc,  a 
cat  (see  JSlurus),  +  elSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Feline; 
cat-like;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
J'Jaroiilca. 
II  n.  A  member  of  the  JEluroidea. 
.Sluroidea  (e-lu-roi'de-a),  «.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
alttroid.]  A  superfamily  section  of  feline  hs- 
siped  carnivorous  mammals,  typified  by  the 
cat  family,  Felidce,  and  containing  also  the 
families  Cryptoproctidtn,  Protelidtc,  Ihjaiiala: 
Vwerridce,  and  Ewpleridee  (but  not  the  family 
JEluridce) :  distinguished  as  a  series  from  the 
Cynoidea  or  canine  series,  and  the  Arctoidea  or 
ursine  series  (to  which  the  family  JEluridtB  be- 
longs). The  carotid  canal  is  not  well  developed;  the 
glenoid  foramen  is  minute  or  wanting;  the  foramen 
lacerum  posterius  and  the  condyloid  foramen  debouch 
together;  Cowper's  glands  are  present ;  and  the  os  penis 
is  rudimentary,  except  in  Cryptoprocta.  JElurmdea  typtca, 
are  the  true  felines  or  cats,  of  the  families  Fehdie  and 

Crinttupmrtidtv.  .FAuifiih-il  liuiriiifonitin  are  the  hyenas, 
of'the  families  llutvnidtr  and  Protelidtr.  .  fjumnl,  ,i 
viverriformia  are  the  civets,  ichneumons,  etc.,  of  the  fam- 
ilies Viverridce  and  EupUridce.  See  these  family  names. 
Flower;  Gill.    Also  written  A  iluroidea. 


.Solididae 

Mhtridv  (which   see),  containing  the  wah  or 
panda,  Murus  fuXgens,  of  India.     Also  written 

■  ill  ttr  its. 

iEolian1  (e-6'li-an),  a.  [<  L.  JloIius,  <  br. 
A167i.uk,  ^Eolian,  <  AZoAof,  iEolus,  the  god  of  the 
winds :  see  ~Eol us.]  1 .  Pertaining  to  ^Eolus,  the 
god  of  the  winds  in  Greek  mythology,  and  hence 
sometimes  (with  or  without  a  capital)  to  the 
wind  in  general:  as,  the  .liolian  Isles  (now  the 
Lipari  islands,  north  of  Sicily),  the  fabled  home 
of  the  god.  Also  written  Eolian  and  Atoltan. 
The  breezes  blur  the  fountain's  glass, 
\inl  wake  .Ki'lioa  melodies. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Pampmea. 


It  is  unfortunate  that  the  two  names  jEluroidea  and 
JEluridaj  should  clash,  as  not  belonging  to  the  same  sec- 
tions [of  the  Carnivora].  Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  258. 

iEluropoda  (e-lu-rop'6-da),  n.  pi.  [NL..  neut. 
pl.  of  tvhtroptis  (-pod-),  adj.:  see  alnrupadous.] 
A  name  given  by  J.  E.  Gray  to  the  typical  vi- 
verrino  division  of  the  family  I  voerridm, _the 
species  of  which  division  are  teluropodous 
(which  see).  The  name  is  contrasted  with 
Cynopoda. 

aeluropodous  (e-lu-rop'6-dus),  a.  [<  NL.  ain- 
ropus  (-pod-),  adj.,  cat-footed:  see  Mlwopus.] 
Cat-footed;  having  feet  like  a  cat,  that  is,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws:  opposed  to  cynopodous, 
or  dog-footed,  and  specifically  applied  to  the 
typical  viverrine  division  of  the  family  I  iver- 
riihc. 

iEluropuS  (e-lu'ro-pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  .hliirus,  a. 
v..  +  Gr.  iro'uc  (md-)  =  E.  foot.]    A  remarkable 


2.   [I.e.]    Due  to  atmospheric    action;   wind- 
blown: as,  :ui /ml  inn  deposit:  applied,  in  geol.,  to 
accumulations  of  detrital  material,  especially 
fine  sand  and  loam,  which  have  been  carried  to 
their  present  position  by  the  wind.     By  far  the 
most  important  deposit  of  this  kind  is  the  loess  of  north- 
western China  (see  loess),  and  it  was  to  designate  this  pecu- 
liar and  most  remarkable  formation  that  the  term  ,i;,hmi 
was  applied  in  geology  in  place  of  sufcoi  not  (which  see). 
Also  written  rnliuii.—JEoiia.n  attachment,.!  contrivance 
attached  to  a  pianoforte,  by  which  a  stream  of  air  .an  be 
thrown  upon  the  wires,  prolonging  their  vibration  and 
■n-eatly  increasing  the  volume  of  sound.  — jEolian  harp 
or  lyre,  a  stringed  instrument  that  is  caused  to  sound  by 
the  impulse  of  air.    A  common  form  is  that  of  a  box  of 
thin  fibrous  wood,  to  which  are  attached  a  number  of  fine 
catgut  strings,  sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen,  of  equal 
length  and  tuned  in  unison,  stretched  on  low  bridges  at 
each  end.     Its  length  is  made  to  correspond  with  the  size 
of  the  window  or  aperture  in  which  it  is  intended  to  be 
placed.    When  the  wind  blows  athwart  the  strings  it  pro- 
duces the  effect  of  an  orchestra  when  heard  at  a  distance, 
sweetly  mingling  all  the  harmonics,  and  swelling  or  dimin- 
ishing the  sounds  according  to  the  strength  of  the  blast. 
— JEolian  rocks.    See  above,  2. 
JEolian2  (e-6'li-an),  a.  and  ».    [<L.  JEolius,  <Gr. 
A'tohor,  <  AZoa.oc,"J£olus,  the  mythical  founder  of 
the  JEolians,  one  of  the  sons  of  Hellen,  reputed 
ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes,  >  Gr.  AioAevc,  ap 
JEolian,  pl.  AioteZc,  A!o//;c,  >  L.  JEoles,  the  iEoli- 
ans.     See  Jjiliaid.]     I.  «■  Pertaining  to  the 
branch  of  the  Greek  race  named  from  ^Eolus, 
son  of  Hellen,  or  to  JEolia  or  ^Eolis,  a  district 
of  Asia  Minor  north  of  Ionia  colonized  by  and 
named  from  them — Eolian  mode,    (fl)  In  Greek 
music,  a  diatonic  scale  consisting  of  two  steps  +  a  half 
step  +  two  steps  +  a  half  step  +  a  step.    It  is  correctly 
represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  downward.    Usually  and  more  prop- 


^:i 


-# — »- 


=t 


-t 


m 


crly  called  the  hvpodorian,  sometimes  the  Locrian,  mode. 
(M  The  ninth  of  the  Gregorian  church  modes  or  scales.  It 
was  the  fifth  of  the  authentic  modes,  and  consisted  of  a 
step  +  a  half  step  +  two  steps  +  a  half  step  +  two  steps, 


j/Eluropus  melanoteucus. 

genus  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds  of  the  arctoid 
series  of  the  order  Feroe,  connecting  the  true 
hears  with  .Khmis  ami  other  genera.  In  the  upper 
law  they  have  :;  incisor,  I  canine. -1  premolar,  and  ■•  molar 
teeth  and  in  the  lower  :i  incisors,  1  canine,  3  premolars, 
inrl    ';  molars;    the  skull   has   a  short  facial  portion,  the 

bonypalate  not  extendingback  ofthe  teeth  analispl I 

canal  101 i sagittal  crest,  and  zygomatic  arches; 

ii,,  i  hi  is  veryshort,  and  the  feet  are  less  plantigrade  and 

thi    oh     i '  hairy  than  in  the  true  bears,     M,  meUmo- 

I.  ucue,  "I  Tibet,  the  type  and  onlyspecies,  is  p  the  rizeol 

mall  wn  bear.of  a  whitish  color,  with  black  limbs, 

ihouldi  re,  ears,  and  eye-ring.    Also  written  Ail fm 

iElurUS  (e-lfi'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mhwpnr,  a  cat, 
perhaps <a(6^of, quick-moving,  +  i»j»i,  tail.  The 
early  history  of  the  domestic  cat  being  involved 

indoubl  (see  ™(),somo  identify  the  Or.  aOxmm 
with  the  ferret  or  polecat.  Putorius  faro,  and 
others  with  the  genet  or  civet-cat,  a  species  of 
Viverra.]      The  typical  genus   of  the  family 


represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  upward. 

II.  ».  A  member  of  one  of  the  three  great 
divisions  of  the  ancient  Greek  race,  the  two 
otherdivisions  being  the  Dorian  and  the  Ionian. 
The  Inhabitants  of  .Eolis,  of  part  of  Tbessaly,  ol  llootia 
and  much  ol  central  Greece,  of  Arcadia,  and  other  dis- 
tricts not  Dorian  or  Ionian,  were  commonly  accounted 
jEolians.  The  Aeheans,  when  not  spoken  of  as  a  distinct 
race  of  Greeks,  were  also  included  among  the  Cohans. 

Also  written  Eolian  and  Aiolian. 
iEolic  (e-ol'ik),  o.  and  n.  [<  L.  Molieus,  <  Gr. 
AioltKdc,  of  or  pertaining  to  JEolis  or  the  Coh- 
ans: see  .K.iliaifl.]  I.  (i.  Pertaining  to  JEolis  or 
jEolia,  tothoJEolians,  or  to  ^Eolus,  their  myth- 
ical ancestor;  ^Eolian:  as,  .folic  towns;  the 
JEolic  branch  of  the  Greok  race. 

That  I  ii, aim,  hus  was  correct,  is  proved  by  an  examina- 
tion of  the  peculiar  position  occupied  by  the  tTaceBOl 

Aiolic  Influence  in  11 er.     Amtr.  Jour. Plalol.,^  ".  -f- 

^Olic  dialect,  one  of  the  three  gnat  dialects  or  gr is 

of  subdialecta  of  ancient  Greek,  the  others  bemg  the lc 

and  Ionic.  It  was  spoken  In  ffiolis  and  many  otherGreeK 
countries,  and  is  important  as  the  dialect  used  by  the 
Lesbian  poets  Sappho,  Alcseus,  etc. 

II.  "■  The  language  of  the  .Eolians ;  the 
^Eolian  dialect  of  Creek. 

Also  written  Folic  and  Aiolic. 
aeolid,  aeolidid  (e'o-lid.  c  oil-did),  n.    A  mem- 

ber  of  the  .folida-  or  .Kohilnla  . 
^Olidffi  (e-ol'i-de),  it.  pl.     Same  as    I:„hdt,l<r 
JEolididae  (e-6-lid'i-de),   n.  pl.     [NL.,  <    fohs 
,kl\  +  _t(Uv.]      A    familv   ot    nudihranchiate 
gastropodous  mollusks.  with  diversiform  gills 
placed  on  the  Sides  of  the  back,  and  the  tenta- 
cles retractile.    They  are  active,  and  swim  freelj  on 
their  backs.    Inthegenus   Eolis  (which  see)  th.  s^jBeon- 
I  tofanimmensenumherof  linger  -like  proei  iw  -  foiming 
tntts  on  each  side  ,,f  the  body,  Bomy  of  which  receive  cecal 
pn  .legations  of  the  stomach  and  liver.    1  heir  papilla!  pos- 


•Solidids 

sess  the  power  of  discharging,  when  the  animal  is  irritated, 
a  milky  fluid,  which,  however,  is  harmless  to  the  human 

skin.      Also  written  F.ulidida1.  .Kulidif,  h'alii/tr. 


Ely's  ^olipile. 


Aiolis  coronata,  dorsal  view. 

-lEolidinae  (e"o-li-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JEolis 
(-id-)  +  -ince.]'  A  group  of  mollusks.  See  JEo- 
lididce.  Also  written  Eolidina: 
seolina  (e-o-li'na),  re.  [<  L.  JEolus,  <  Gr.  AioXoc, 
the  god  of  the  winds :  see  JEolus.]  A  small 
free-reed  musical  instrument,  the  precursor  of 
the  accordion  and  concertina  (which  see),  in- 
vented by  Wheatstone  about  1829. 
aeolipile  (e'o-li-pil  or  e-ol'i-pil),  n.  [<  L.  ceoli- 
pila;  pi.,  <  jEolus,  god  of  the  winds  (see  JEolus), 
+  pita,  a  ball.]  An  instrument  illustrating  the 
expansive  force  of  steam  generated  in  a  closed 
vessel,  and  escaping  by  a  narrow  aperture, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hero  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  second  century  B.  C.  It  consisted 
of  a  hollow  hall  containing  water  and  two  arms  bent  in 

opposite  directions, 
J_   _  ;?^-«*.    from    the    narrow 

apertures  of  which 
steam  issued  with 
such  force  that  the 
air,  reacting  on  it, 
caused  a  circular 
or  rotary  motion  of 
the  hall.  Several 
attempts  have  been 
made  to  apply  the 
principle  uf  the  aeo- 
lipile to  rotating 
machinery.  Ely's  teolipile  is  used  for  rotating  a  toy.  It 
consists  of  a  boiler,  with  an  arm  through  which  the 
steam  is  permitted  to  escape,  placed  upon  a  central  up- 
right pivot,  and  connected  by  a  band  with  the  drum  of 
the  toy  to  be  rotated.  Also  spelled  ealipile  and  (by  mis- 
take) eolipyle. 

iEolis  (e'o-lis),  re.  [NL.  (like L.  JEolis,  Gr.  AioA/c 
(-((5-),  name  of  a  country),  <  a\6r\oc,  quick-mov- 
ing, nimble,  rapid,  changeable.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  JEolididm  (which  see).  Also 
spelled  Eolis,  as  originally  by  Cuvier,  1798. 
holism  (e'o-lizm),  re.  [<  Gr.  * AMtapd^,  <  A\o7\i- 
C,eiv,  imitate  the  .tEolians:  see  JEolio  and  ■ism.'] 
A  peculiarity  of  the  .rEolie  dialect,  or  such  pe- 
culiarities collectively.  Sometimes written^/o- 
lism. 

First  must  be  eliminated  from  the  so-called  .-Eolhtms  all 
phenomena  which,  so  far  from  deserving  the  name  of 
jEolisms,  do  not  so  much  as  occur  in  .Eolie. 

Ainer.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  V.  521. 

.rEolist  (e'o-list),  it.  [<  L.  JEolus,  the  god  of  the 
winds,  +  -ist.]  A  pretender  to  inspiration :  so 
called  humorously  by  Swift  ("Tale  of  a  Tub," 
viii.),  as  deriving  all  things  from  wind  (that  is, 
the  breath  of  inspiration). 

aeolotropic  (e//o-16-trop'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  teolot- 
ropy  +  -ic]  I.  a.  Inphys.,  not  having  the  same 
properties  in  all  directions ;  non-isotropic ;  ani- 
sotropic: said  of  a  body  with  reference  to  elas- 
ticity or  the  action  upon  it  of  light,  heat,  etc. 

An  individual  body,  or  the  substance  of  a  homogeneous 
solid,  may  be  isotropic  in  one  quality  or  class  of  qualities, 
but  ceolotropic  in  others. 

Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  (;77. 

II.  n.  A  non-isotropic  substance,  or  one  hav- 
ing different  properties  in  different  directions, 
as  a  biaxial  crystal. 
aeolotropy  (e-o-lot'ro-pi),  re.  [<  Gr.  al6r\oc, 
changeful,  +  -rpowia,  <  T/n-tn;  turn.]  In  phys., 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  seolotropic ;  the 
opposite  of  isotropy  (which  see) ;  anisotropy. 

In  the  case  of  a  sphere,  the  tendency  to  set  in  a  uniform 
[magnetic]  field  is  wholly  dependent  on  the  ceetlotropy  of 
the  sphere.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  245. 

.rEolus  (e'o-lus),  re.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Alo'/.or,  the  god 
of  the  winds,  lit.  the  rapid  or  the  changeable,  < 
auiAor,  quick-moving,  rapid,  glancing,  changing, 
changeable.]  1.  In  classical  myth.,  the  god  and 
ruler  of  the  winds,  which  at  his  will  he  set  free 
or  held  prisoners  in  a  hollow  mountain. —  2.  [I. 
c.]  An  apparatus  for  renewing  the  air  in  rooms. 
— 3.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Esch- 
scholts,  1829. 

aBon,  seonian,  etc.    See  con,  conian,  etc. 

.rEpus  (e'pus),  n.     Same  as  JEpys. 

.ffipyornis  (e-pi-6r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiHic, 
high,  +  opvic,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  gigantic 
fossil  birds  found  in  Madagascar.  The  species  is 
named  Mpyornis  ma. riot  us.  It  was  3-toed  like  Dinar. 
nis,  of  similar  enormous  stature,  and  is  one  of  tin-  largest 
known  birds.    The  egg  was  some  12  or  14  inches  long,  and 


93 

of  the  capacity  of  6  ostrich-eggs  or  about  12  dozen  hen- 
eggs.  The  remains  are  found  in  very  recent  deposits,  and 
the  bird  was  probably  contemporary  with  themoa.  Mpyor- 
nis  is  the  type  of  a  family  aSpyomithidce,  related  w  the 
Dinornithiate,  of  the  subclass  Ratitos.  Sometimes  spelled 
Epyornis,  and  even  Epiornis;  the  latter  is  wholly  inad- 
missible. 

■dSpyornitb.es  (§-pi-6r'ni-thez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  JEpt/tirnis  (-nitli-).]     A  superfamily  group, 

made  : .lor  hy  Newton,  of  gigantic  extinct 

ratite  birds,  based  upon  the  .Ejii/oruithitltc 
(which  see). 

jEpyomithidae  (e-pi-6r-nith'i-de),  n.  vl.  [NL., 
<  jBpyorniS  (-nitli-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds 
represented  by  tho  genus  JEpyoruis  ( which  see). 

■^E.pyprymnus  (e-pi-prim'nus),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aliTvr,  high,  steep,  +  lrpbftva,  stern.]  A  notable 
genus  of  kangaroo-rats  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  otherwise  resembling  the  hare-kanga- 
roos, Lagorchestes.  The  type  is  M.  rufescens, 
the  red  potoroo  of  New  South  Wales.  A.  H. 
Garrod,  1875. 

■£Ipys  (e'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  a'mve,  also  a'i~6r, 
high,  steep.]  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 
of  the  family  Carabidir,  tho  larva)  of  which  have 
but  one  claw  on  <ach  fnot.     Also  written  JEpus. 

aequaliflorous,  a.    See  equaliflorous. 

aequisonance,  aaquisonaiit.  See  equisonance, 
equisonaiit. 

.rEquivalvia  (e-kwi-val'vi-ti),  a.  jil.  [NL.,  < 
L.  (rquus,  equal,  +  valva,  door  (valve).]  1. 
In  Lamarck's  classification,  1801,  one  of  two 
divisions  of  his  conchiferous  Aeephtiltea,  con- 
taining the  equivalve  bivalves:  opposed  to 
Incequivalvici. — 2.  In  Latreille's  classification, 
1825,  one  of  two  divisions  of  pedunculate  Bra- 
chiopoda  (the  other  being  Incequircilria),  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Lingula.  See  cut  under 
Lingulida. 

^Jquorea  (e-kwo're-a),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L. 
(equorcus,  of  the  sea:  see  ccquoreal.]  A  genus 
of  medusae,  constituting  the  family  JEquorridcc 
(which  see).     JE.  cyanea  is  an  example. 

sequoreal  (e-kwo're-al), a.  [<  L.  cequoreus,  of  the 
sea,  <  (vquor,  level,  even  surface,  esp.  a  calm, 
smooth  sea,  <  (vquus,  even,  equal:  see  equal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  marine  ;  oceanic  : 
specifically  used  in  the  name  of  a  fish,  the 
aiquorcal  pipefish,  Syngnathus  mquorea.  Yar- 
rcll. 

jEquoreidse,  jHquoridae  (e-kwo-re'i-de,  e- 
kwor'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  JEquorea  +  -ida?.]  A 
family  of  Hydronwdusa;  represented  by  the 
genus  JEquorea,  with  numerous  radial  vessels 
and  marginal  tentacles.  The  family  is  related  to  the 
eainpanularians  and  sertularians,  and  pertains  to  an  order 
Calyptoblastea,  or  to  a  suborder  Campanula! '■in1  of  Hydro- 
■meduaa?.  They  attain  a  large  size,  being  a  foot  or  inoi-e  in 
diameter.  The  family  was  founded  by  Esehseholt/.in  lb2!). 

aer  (a'er),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  iajp,  air:  see  air1.]    1. 

(a)  Ordinary  air  of  the  atmosphere,  (b)  Some 
kind  of  air,  as  a  gas.  [Formerly  a  common 
term  in  chemistry  and  physics,  now  rare  or  ob- 
solete.]—  2.  In  the  Hellenic  branch  of  the  East- 
ern Church,  the  third  or  outermost  of  the  veils 
placed  over  the  sacrament.  See  air\  n.,  7. — 
Aer  perflabilis  (L.,  air  blowing  through),  open  air. 

Open  air,  which  they  call  aer  perflabilis. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  331. 

aera,  ».    See  era. 

aeraria,  ».     Plural  of  arinium. 

aerarian  (e-ra'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  cerarius, 

monetary,  fiscal,  cerarius,  n.  (so.  civis),  an  eera- 
rian,  <  «•*•  («'/•-),  bronze,  money:  see«?4'.]  I.  a. 
In  Horn,  hist.,  of  or  pertaining  to  tho  a>rarium  or 
Roman  treasury ;  fiscal :  as,the  cerarian  prefects. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  lowest  class  of  Roman 
citizens,  who  paid  only  a  poll-tax  and  had  no 
right  to  vote.  To  this  class  the  censors  ci.nbl  degrade 
citizens  of  any  higher  rank  who  had  committed  heinous 
crimes. 

aerarium  (e-ra'ri-mn),  ».;  pi.  araria(-&).  [L., 
neut.  of  cerarius,  of  or  pertaining  to  money :  see 
cerarian.]  Among  the  Romans,  a  place  where 
public  money  was  deposited  ;  the  public  trea- 
sury. 

aerate  (a'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aerated, 
ppr.  aerating.     [<  L.  aer,  air  (see  air*-),  +  -cite-.] 

1.  To  expose  to  the  free  action  of  the  air. — 

2.  To  cause  to  mix  with  carbonic-acid  or  other 
gas. — 3.  hijykysiol.,  to  change  the  circulating 
fluids  of,  as  animals,  by  the  agency  of  the  air; 

arterialize Aerated  bread,  bread  baked  from  dough 

into  which  carbonic-acid  gas  has  been  forced  mechanical- 
ly, instead  of  being  set  free  within  its  substance  by  fer- 
mentation  of  yeast  or  decomposition  of  baking-powder. — 
Aerated  waters,  a  term  applied  to  a  variety  of  acidu- 
lous and  alkaline  beverages,  more  or  less  impregnated  with 
carbonic-acid  gas,  which  renders  them  sparkling  and  ef- 
fervescent. The  most  common,  carbonic-acid  water  (usu- 
ally called  soda-ivater,  because  it  was  formerly  an  offici- 
nal preparation  and  contained  sodium  carbonate),  is  made 


aerial 

■  hi  :i  large  scale  bj  pourir,    dilute  sulphuric  acid  on  cai 

ate  of  lime,  marble,  or  chalk,  C nic-acid  gas  is  evolved, 

\\  Inch  is  either  forced   Into  water  al 
slon  as  it  is  evolved,  or  received  in    <  reservoir  and  after- 
ward forced  into  water  by  a  pump.     \  small  quanth^  "t 
gingeror  capsicum-extract  and   ugar,placed  Lnbott] 
ten  filling  with  this  water,  convi  rl  tion  intogin- 

gerade  or  ginger  ale,  while  essence  ot  lemon,  citri 
.mil  sugar  mixed  m  the  Bame  way  [orm  lemonade.    All 
w;it  ei-  [rem  natural  springs  Is  aerated;  and  the  flat,  mawk- 
ish taste  ot  freshly  boiled  water  is  due  to  n 
air  ami  carbonic  acid.    Aerating  filter,  a  water-filter  m 
which  the  wati  c  a    it  di   cends  falls  into  a  closed  chai 
displacing  tin' coni  aii  a,  I  air,  which,  passing  upward  thi 
the  Altering  material,  aerates  the  water  iii  its  passage. 

aeration  (a-e-ra'shon),  u.  [<ai:niti .]  1.  The  act 
of  ailing  or  of  exposing  to  the  action  of  the 
air:  as,  the  aeration  of  soil  by  plowing,  har- 
rowing, etc. — 2.  The  act  or  operation  of  mix- 
ing or  saturating  with  a  gas,  as  carbonic-acid 
gas  or  common  air. —  3.  Jnphysiol.,  the  arterial- 
ization  of  the  venous  blood  by  respiration  in 
tho  higher  animals,  and  by  corresponding  pro- 
cesses in  tho  lower  animals. 

The  taking  in  of  food  by  a  polype  is  at  intervals  now 
short,  now  very  long,  as  circumstances  determine  ;  .  .  . 
while  such  aeration  as  is  effected  is  similarly  without  a 
trace  of  rhythm.  //.  Spencer,  Hal  a  of  Ethics,  §  28. 

aerator  (a'e-ra-tor),  n.  [<  aerate,  as  if  L.  "aera- 
tor.] 1.  A  blower;  a  contrivance  lor  fumigat- 
ing wheat  and  other 
grain,  to  bleach  it 
and  destroy  fungi 
and  insects.  —  2. 
An  apparatus  for 
forcing  air  or  car- 
bonic-acid  gas  into 
water  or  other  li- 
quids. The  most  sim- 
ple form  is,i  inecliallieal 

device  for  pumping  air 
into  water,  or  a  spray 
for  bringing  water  into 
contact  with  air.  More 
complicated  forms  em- 
lib  ly  chemicals  to  secure 
tlie  formation  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas  in  water 
or  liquors,  or  elaborate 
machinery  for  forcing 
the  gas  into  vessels  con- 
taining  the  liquid,  and 
for  producing  the  prop- 
er mixture  by  agitating 
the  latter  in  presence  of 
the  gas  onder  pressure. 
[Formerly  also  aereal,  <  L. 


Cameron's  Aerator. 
a,  gas-generator  ;  b,  b,  and  »i,  m,  m, 
agitators ;  c ,  stuffing-box  ;  f,  acid-hold- 
er;/-, conical  plug;  g,  d,  s,  leaden 
pipes ;  h,  stuffing-box  ;  k,  pin ;  /,  bridle  ; 
».  nut;  o,  intermediate  vessel;  r, 
pressure.gage ;  -v,  impregnator. 


aerial  (ii-e'ri-al),  a. 
m  ruts  (=Gr.  aepioc),  also  ucn  its,  pertaining  to 
the  air,  <  aer,  <  Gr.  ui/p:  see  air1.]  1.  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  air  or  atmosphere ; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  the  air;  existing  or 
happening  in  the  air;  produced  by  or  in  the  air: 
as,  aerial  regions;  aerial  perspective;  aerial 
songsters ;  aerial  ascents. 

Even  till  we  make  the  main,  ami  the  a<  rial  blue, 
An  indistinct  regard.  Shale. ,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

Aerial  honey  and  ambrosial  dews. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Georgics. 

2.  Consisting  of  air;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  air;  airy;  hence,  unsubstantial:  visionary: 
a  s,  aerial  beings ;  aerial  fancies ;  an  aerial  castle. 

Kays,  fairies,  genii,  elves,  and  ihrmons,  hear: 
Ye  know  the  spheres  and  various  tasks  assign'd 
By  laws  eternal  to  the  aerial  kind. 

Pope,  E.  of  the  L.,  ii.  76. 
The  next  who  follows  .  .  .  has  to  build  his  own  cloud- 
castle  as  if  it  were  the  first  in  rial  edifice  that  a  human 
soul  had  ever  constructed.     O.  Ii'.  Holmes,  ESmerson,  wi. 

3.  Reaching  far  into  the  air;  high  ;  lofty;  ele- 
vated: as,  aerial  spires;  an  aerial  flight. 

The  aerial  mountains  which  pour  down 
Indus  and  Oxus  from  their  icy  caves.     Shelley,  Alastor. 

4.  Possessed  of  a  light  and  graceful  beauty ; 
ethereal. 

Some  music  is  above  me  ;  most  music  is  beneath  me.     I 
like  Beethoven  ami  Mozart  — or  else  some  of  the  c  rial 
compositions  of  the  older  Italians.    Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 
The  light  a>  rial  gallery,  goldcn-rail'tl, 
Burnt  like  a  fringe  of  lire. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Ait. 

5.  Lifto,.,  growing  in  the  air,  and  independently 
of  the  soil,  as  epiphytes,  or  the  adventitious 
roots  of  some  trees:  as,  aerial  orchids  or  roots. 


~-V      -^'       1 

mm 

Aerial  Roots  of  the  Bamau  {Ficus  Indica). 


aerial 


94  aeroscepsy 

MUftius  ans  aSBsKnspa  jg- *ir  for  life-  *• p<luivalent  f0ITO  is  ■**  §SSS!ZSSSTi  |  V2^/?? 

g*3  g;1S£i£^^-.M  ffiS] +ESby«if  an'aW  Diet),  <  0,  •    «y,.  air   +  ,a,^   ^abon 

!,.,'„■  avM„u,l  tor  :■/.  aerial  rlllway.-  Aerial  figures,        hel.'p  containing  oxygen.  uavrevecdm,  divine,  prophesy,  <  awr*  prophet] 

Bguresby  which  painters  seek  to  represent  the  iablediobab-       '     _:  ti         e-ro-bi-ot'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  ai,p  {aep-),  Divination  by  means  at  the  air  and  winds  or 

itonts  oi  .ii  "".  i""m'T'i^V0A,^  rfV  + rW«dc  Dertainins:  to  life,  <  Bt6ea>,  live  atmospheric  ],l.enomena:  now  sometimes  used 

gSJ  »^SUSS»S«ft  S^^j^on^Iininsto'a^robiosUii  to  demote  the  praetiee  of  forecasting  changes 

S£S£  W  S  V,;.":;;1:. ?  S&SA  MS  2  «£g  a£aS£  oxygen:  as'  ""'"""""■  i^1::'',— '.iio,  «•  p-t-mg  to 

tfaedUferent  kinds  of  mirage;    also,  an  image  pereeived     lorms  m  lerm  1'„',,-'  "\     .,       r<  NL    aerobius  ■     or  of  the  nature  of  aeroniancy. 

hT  looking  Into  or  toward  a  concave  mirror.    Seemiriwe.   aerODlOUS  (a-e-ro  oi-us),  a.      \\  ^u.  aervuim.     u J^"  (,,„m„,„,w    „      r<  NL   aerome- 

-  Aerial  mammals  the  kits.     II'.  //.  Fio  «•<•<■.  -Aerial     see  o«-o6io.]     Same  as  aerobian.  aerometer   (a-e-i  m  e-ter),  «.     LWMj.  «'»<     ' 

SS«s  -«sss=Shg  t  -Kss^-is-saj —  &<  SA^Se^rriTS: 

^iKST^^^^^S  AWh5^^t45?T^WA%  ^aaSMrr^vSmgSTa 

,  l"I     Aer  al tele-Tapny  a  method  of  telegraphing  <  Gr.  di/p  (aep-),  air,  +  BpayXia,  guls.]     A  sub-  r.„„,L.  withopen  ends  and  mounted  upon  a  stand,  usedin 

by  means  of  kuT-s  -  IgrM  tints,  in  paintt^tmts  or  class  or'  "  grade  "  of  Arachnida,  composed  of  measuring  the  relative  specific  gravities  of  liquids.      bus 

!^dSir...™i"r..y  whivhthA-xp^on  of  distance  ^rpioniJ,  Pedipalpi,  and  Araneida    or  true  «»^^  •  ,"•! '-;»;  /K  ,'„*.* 0"  .^balance 

is  attained. -*&  4WK4ML    tH^  scorpions,    whip-seorpious,    and   spiders;   one  ^...thu, •,',', ."'„;;_  % '  ^.ZL  that  their  relative  specific 

aeriality   (a-e-n-al  l-ti),  ».     [<•  aenae  i"  -«#-J  of  tnree  groups,  the  other  two  being  Hemato-  Kravities  are  as  10  to  9. 

TJnsubstantiality;  airiness,  bronchia  and  Lipnhniiirliin.     E.  /.'.   I.n,d,rsi<r,  aerometric  (a"e-ro-met'rik),  «•    Of  or  pertam- 

The  very  excess  of  the  extravagance,  in  fact,  by  suggest-  ^ggj  ing  to  aerometry. 

SE£  £&£""  ^  r&^'ffler.^sts^  a^OC^OScSe^'-o-kirno-skop),  n.     [<  G,  S.]     The  scicne E  measuring  the  weight 

-  •   n~  ,  -  s'^  oi  il  „*      Tn  an  qeriql  manner  •  ahp  (aep-),  air,  +  kVivuv,  bend,  incline,  +  t»w,  or  density  of  air  and  other  gases,  and  ot  deter- 
aerially  (a-e  n-al-i); adl   J^*6"^?^  vi^,  ^mine.]     The  name  given  to  a  kind  of  mining  the  doctrine  of  their  pressure,  elasticity, 
so  as  to  resemble  air  or  the  atmosphere,  ethe  ^^           ^j   u  consists  o£san  elevated  vertical  rarefa|tion,  and  condensation. 

reaUV-                                        v  „„.  PT„  axis  with  movable  arms,  either  of  which  may  be  raised  or  aeronaut  (a'e-ro-nat),  n.     [<  F.  aeronaute,  <.  Orr. 

T™,PhM  with  a  somewhat  darker Tme  depressed  according  to  the   increase  or  decrease  of  the      -     ,■_,       Q    ±       ;     c  (_L.  ,!0„f„),  sailor,  < 

JSStt^affSS?-  d^„, /.  Margaret.     ^t^'^J^X^  an^stal^l     J&L&naA,  ship :  see,  *»*<&]     One  who 

aerialness  (a-e'ri-al-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  weather  to  he  expected.  It  has  been  much  used  in  Europe,  sails  or  floats  in  the  air ;  an  aerial  navigator  , 
bein"  aerial  or  airy.  aerocyst  (a'e-ro-sist),  «.     [<  Gr.  afip  {asp-),  air,     a  balloonist. 

aeriani  Ve'ri-an),«,  [<  L.  o«r»««:  see  «V,W.]  +  KrJr«r,  bladder :  see  fly*fc]  In  bot,  the  air-  aeronautic  aeronautical  (a'e-ro-na  tik  -ti- 
li'rial-  of  or  belonging  to  the  air;  produced  or  vessel  or  bladder  by  means  of  which  many  al-  kal),  a.  Pertaining  to  aeronautics  or  aerial 
existing  in  the  atmosphere.  gse,  as  Fucus  vesiculosus,  are  supported  m  the     sailing.  _  „*„»,/, 

to  the  flasks  which  are  aUeiv,,  by  these  aerian  spores,     water,  and  oceanic  species,  as  the  gulfweed,   aeronautics  (a"e-ro-na  hkM  [I      of     ero^ 

there  rare  yt  perceived  that  nauseating  cadaveric  odor  of     float  0n  the  surface.     See  cut  under  air-e<U.  nautic  .•  see  -«■..]      I  he  doctune   s,  i   "     .    i  • 

tatJnse  putretaetion.  Science,  III.  520.  aerodynaniic  (a"  e-ro-tli-nam'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  ai,p     of  floating  in  the  air,  or  of  aerial  navigation,  as 

Aerian2  (a-e'ri-an),  n.     [<  LL.  Aeriani,  pi.,  <     (Aep-),  air,  +  d^mtc,  q.  v.]     Relating  or  per-    by  meant lof  a .balloon.  r<  atrmwut 

j  ,  ,,c  ,Jn,™p  1     A  member  of  a  re-    tainino-  to  the  force  of  air  and  gases  in  motion,  aeronautism  (a'e-ro-na''tizm),  it.     [<  ae  oiaut 
fo3gaseTof  treToith^eTtoy  so-called  a^odynaniics  (a",-ro-di-nam;ikS)    ».     [PI.  of     +  -«,«  ]     T^  pracface  of  asceMvng ^d  float- 
from  their  leader  Aerius,  a  presbyter  of  Sebas-    aerodynamic:    see    d^UMMM.]      The    science     mg  ir ithe  atmos  hei e   as in  bal  °«n^ 
tia  bi  Po  it  is  who  separated  from  the  chui-ch    which  treats  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and  other  aerophane   (a  e-ro-fan),  n.     [<  Or.  o,p  («p  ), 

about  I?D.  360.     „„,', tajnedthatapresbyteror    gases,  or  of  their  properties  and  mechanical     air -+^ ; -XSf  ^?e   1 //.  l4*t 

elder  does  not  differ  from  a  bishop  In  authority,  repu-     effects  when  m  motion.  ligntpu/.eoi_imuauonoi  ciape.  7J 

dlated  prayers  for  the  dead,  and  rejected  church  fasts.        aerognosv  (a-e-rog'no-si),   n.    [<  Gr.  at/p  (aep-),   aerophobia  (a'e-rp-to  bi-a),M.    I  au,  UB.  «w- 

Aerides  (a-er'i-dez),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  oer,  air,  +  *ah.  5+  ^  knowledge.]  Same  as  aerology.  ^M,  afraid  of  air,  <  «w  («^-),  »"■>.+  :W?f. 
-hbs.']     A  genus  of  epiphytal  plants,  natural     rRare  n  fearing:  see  -pkob%a.]    A  dread  ot  air,  that  is, 

order  Orchiaacm.  These  plants  have  distichous  leaves,  ,aro<rr'al,her  (a-e-roe'ra-fer),  ».    One  who  de-     of  a  current  of  air :  a  symptom common  in hy- 
andlarge,  bright-colored, sweet-scented  flowers.   Theyare     ^^na^.tmoBDhere'"  drophobia,  and  occasionally  observed  in  hys- 

nativ, ,  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  and  are  extensively  a^"^_Xc^  V  e- r.V-ra'f 'ik),  a.     Pertaining  to     teria  and  other  diseases. 

%a&svsfr}<4:tti  jttegl^sfea-ai  r?£±»SSS 

cheirand  bronchial  tubes  of  air-breathing  ver-  a.      [<  Gr.  o?p   (aep-),  an,  +   lujdtodynamu.]     ™o»™  ece  alla "vliiel.  controls  a  current  of  compressed 

tebrates  or  the  tracheffi  of  insects.  Acting  by   the  power  ot  air  in  water—  Aero-     air  or  stvam.  the  waves  of  sound  are  communicated  to  a 

,S.,h"      ,.i   p  ri-fi-ka'shonl    «       T<   aerify:  hydrodynamic  wheel,  an  apparatus  for  transmitting     ,        receiving  diaphragm,  by  which they  are  reproduced 

aerification   (a  e-n^-Ka ^snpnj,  n.      in ■™™JV  ^Jwer  to  a  distance,  pi sod  by  M.Calles,  a  Belgian  en-     wit^  consi(il.mi,ie  increase  of  intensity.  . 

gee  -Jin,!,,,,!.}     1.   The  act  ot  comuii  ing  any  g.neer     The  operation  oonslsts  in  conducting condensed  ,aror,hore  (a'e-ro-for).  it.     [<  Gr.  at1P(aep-),  air, 

thing  with  air;  the  state  of  being  tilled  with  %iT  tnrough  a  tulle,  aml  discharging  It  into  the  curved  aeropnore  v  _    ,        ^  ^.^.^  in 

^? ■  21^l4Wy&«^^     SSS  as  SKXZiS'i-  a  L«  of  ^S;  Fut^  whi,  t  the  air  exhaled 

SI  S.^Sff&.'^JSffl^  aerohydrous  .(f  ^-ro-M^us)  ^      [<  G,^  from^th^  ^P^^t^aV^o^ 

gasoranelasticvapoiMlostateofhemgaen-    ^^^Z&^A^r?^-  bSetaJairf t ^edonthehacklikeaknap. 

aSnn  (a'e-ri-f6rm),  a.      [<  L.  *,  ah-,  +    ST apPUe    to  ULs  which  contaufwater  ft-ffi-*-  r^^6"  '"  ^'^"",g 

^;;;:;1,:/i:;:;;;:  SiiSS  affl^  tTh6d  ^  ttk  ^^p^^fc  gSKS(Tia 

gaseous.  The  gases  are  oert/brm  fluids.— 2.  form  of  y  /v,/,|/(  .-see  -fete  and  -Jt«.J  A.  ooay  wMo]i  ]ivrs  (.v.u,slvr]y  iu  :lil.,  absorbing  all  its 
Iwatively,  unsubstantial;  unreal.    Cordite.      falling  through  the  atmosphere  to  the  eaitu     nonrishment  from  it  alone,  as  some  orchids  and 

aerify  Ca'e-ri-fn.  r.  I. :  i.i-.-t .  and  pp.  aerified,     from  outer  space;   a  meteorite;    properly,  a    man   Bromeliaceas;  an  air-plant.    Beeepiphyte. 

vvt'oerifying.    [<L.  aer,  ail,  + -ficare,  Cfacere,    meteoric  stone.    See  meteonU.  aeroplane1  (a'e-ro-plan),  n.     KGi.afpJaep-), 

f«.]     1.  Toinfuso  air  into;  fill  with  aerohth  (a'e-ro-hth),  n.    [<  Gr.  afip  (aep-),  an,      .    ^    ^z      y -j    A  1>lall(.  plaeed  m  the  air 

air.  or  combine  air  with.— 2.  To  change  into     +  /Wor  stone.]     Same  as  «';':»'/.te-  for  aerostatical  experiments.    N.M.  D 

an  aeriform  state.  aerolithology  (a"e-ro-li-thol  o-u),  «.     L<  «'">-  aer0plane-  (a'e-ro-plan).  ».     [=  F.  aerophn,,. 

aero-  I  NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  <'»,«<-  (aep-),  combining  Mi  +  Gr.  -/"}'«,  </■;'."•.  speak:  see  -"  'W/-J  <  Gr  aq,u^avo'c\  wandering  in  air,  <  afo  [aep-), 
form  of  af,p,  U.  Jer,  air:  see  aiK]  The  first  Thai  department  of  science  which  treats  ot  aiT)  +  ^(Sj,of)W^ndering:  Beeplanef]  Afiying- 
element  in  many  compound  words  of  Greek    aerolites  .,.,,..,        R  ,luf:,,„tn.,erolites     maoaine  invented  by  Victor  Tatin  and success- 

origin,  meaning  air,  the  air,  atmosphere.  aerolitic  (a'e-ro-lit  lk),  «■  Keldtm^ to .aerolites.     _    Wed  ;|j  |ln,  Prench  experiment-station  of 

aerobate  fa'e-ro-bat),  v.i.     [<  Gr.  aepoparelv.  <  aerologic,    aerological    (a  e-ro-ioj  ik,  -i-Kai;,     (.ll.1-1.lis.-M(.luion  i„  is?!),    it  consists  of  a  cylindrical 


io  (aeoA  air.  +  flareiw,  tread.]     To  walk  (as  «.     Pertaining  to  agroloKy.  receiver  tor  compressed  air  used  to  drive  two  air-propel. 

■.     •    ,,.,,,.  |      v    ID  aerolOgist  (a-e-rol'o-.iist).  ».    One  Who  IS  versed  ,ers  tw0  laterally  extended  wings,  and  a  tail  for  steering. 

ll,""n"    ■'"•      |i-"i'-l       S-'\JJ-..     ,.  4r.  oXSlntrrr     "  The ^velocity  obtained  was  8  meters  per  second. 

aerobes  ,    „.     <.„,-,,l  t  he  aerob a  ma  eiok "W-                           [<  Gr.  «w  (^-),  air,  aeroscepsy  (aV-ro-skep'si),  „.   .[<  Gr.  d«p  (dep-), 

aero1?la   :i  '                  '/''■•   L+'r,        v.1      A  +   >°g»<  >  •,  »■  speak:  see  -S-]     That  air,  +<£&,  a  viewing,  perception,  <o^rr»ta| 

in  eontael  with  the  air,  and  which  absorb  oxy-  m>sy.                    r6.man''ser)  ».    [<  ME.  ayero-  'various  animals  (Insects  and  snails,  for  exam- 
gen  from  it:  opposed  to  anaerobia.  aeromancer  (a  e-ro  man  sun,  ».   |;      ,     ■  ,  ,                    ,  t„  posst.ss.  the  sense  of  aeros- 
a6robian   i  ?-.-»'l.i  :..,  ,  ,,  U-lating  to  orchar-  ,,,„„,„■,,■:  <  <<<-ro,m,*y  +  -erK]     Ono  who  prac  ph .)        mi,  .          . n    p    s                agr08C         m. 
acteristic  of  aerobia  (which  see);    dependent    tises  aeromaucy.  copy ,  uu-  ii»        y 


aeroseepsy 

stinctivelv.  II  is  considered  by  sbme  zoologists  to  be  a 
function  of '(be  antennee,  these  being  organs  by  means  of 
which  such  animals  may  practise  aeroscopy  (which  see). 
[AeYosoepsy  and  at  roscopy  are  often  used  as  Bynonymous  bj 
EOOlogists ;  i"ii  the  distinction  here  indicated  is  convenient, 
and  agreeable  to  their  difference  of  formation.] 

aeroscope  (a'e-ro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  "aepoan&n-pi : 
see  aeroscopy.']  '  An  apparatus  for  collecting 
microscopic  objects  from  the  air.  it  consists  ol 
an  inspiral.T  and  a  glass  collecting-vessel  smeared  with 
glycerin.  When  air  is  drawn  through  it  the  fine  dust  sticks 
t.i  the  film  of  glycerin, 

aeroscopic  (a'e-ro-skop 'ik),  «.  Pertaining  to  or 
exercising  aeroscopy. 

aeroscopy  (a-e-ros'KO-pi),  ».  [<  Gr.  depooKoiria, 
divination  by  observing  the  heavens,  <  *depoanu- 
jror,  observing  the  heavens,  <  di/p  (asp-),  air,  + 
anoKdv,  observe,  look  at.]  If.  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air;  weather-prophecy. —  2.  Ex- 
amination or  observation  of  the  atmosphere ; 
tho  practice  of  meteorology. — 3.  In  cool.,  per- 
ception or  observation  of  atmospheric  condi- 
tions, as  by  insects  and  snails;  the  instinctive 
exercise  of  aeroseepsy ;  the  operation  or  result 
of  the  faculty  of  aeroseepsy.     See  aeroseepsy. 

arose  (e'ros),  a.  [<  L.  cerosus,  full  of  copper, 
<  as  (air-),  copper:  see  as.]  Having  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  copper  or  brass ;  coppery.  Also 
spelled  erose. 

aerosiderite  (a'e-ro-sid'e-iit),  n.  [<  Gr.  dr/p 
(dep-),  air,  +  cidr/pirr/c,  of"  iron:  see  sithritt.] 
A  meteorite  consisting  essentially  of  metallic 
iron.     See  meteorite. 

aerosiderolite  (a"e-r6-si-de'ro-lit),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aijp  (dip-),  air,  +  oith/poc,  iron,  +  'Mdoc  stone.] 
A  meteorite  containing  both  stone  and  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

aerosphere  (a'e-ro-sfer),  n.  [<  Gr.  afip  (dtp-), 
air,  t  aeiaipa,  sphere.]  The  body  of  air  sur- 
rounding the  earth ;  the  aerial  globe ;  the  en- 
tiro  atmosphere. 

aerostat  (a'e-ro-stat),  n.  [<  F.  aerostat,  <  Gr. 
dr/p  (dep-),  air,  -t-  orotic,  placed,  standing,  verbal 
adj.  of  i-ard-vat,  place,cause  to  stand :  see  sta  tic] 

1.  A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in 
the  air ;  a  balloon ;  a  flying-machine. 

The  aerostat  was  brought  down  in  the  very  meadow 
whence  it  had  set  off.  Science,  IV.  330. 

2.  An  aeronaut ;  a  balloonist.  [Rare  and  in- 
correct.] 

aerostatic,  aerostatical  (a"e-ro-stat'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.  [=F.  airostatique,  <  Gr.  aijp  (dep-),  air, + 
orariKdc,  causing  to  stand,  <  oraro?,  standing : 
see  aerostat  and  static.]  1.  Pertaining  to  aero- 
statics.—  2.  Pertaining  to  aerostation,  or  the 
art  of  aerial  navigation. 
A  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  aerostatic  science. 
The  American,  VIII.  317. 

Aerostatic  balance,  an  instrument,  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  the  barometer,  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  of  tbr  air. 

aerostatics  (a"e-ro-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  aero- 
static: see  -ics."]  The  science  which  treats  of 
the  weight,  pressure,  and  equilibrium  of  air  and 
other  elastic  fluids,  and  of  the  equilibrium  of 
bodies  sustained  in  them. 

aerostation  (a''e-ro-sta'skon),  n.  [<  F.  aerosta- 
tion, improp.  <  aerostat,  aerostat,  in  imitation  of 
words  in  -ation,  like  station,  etc.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  aerial  navigation ;  the  science  of 
raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines  in 
the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  balloons. —  2f.  The 
science  of  aerostatics. 

aerotherapeutics  (a"e-r6-ther-a-pu'tiks), «.  [< 
Gr.  dr/p  (dep-),  air,  +  therapeutics.]  A  mode  of 
treating  disease  by  varying  the  pressure  or 
modifying  the  composition  of  the  air  surround- 
ing the  patient. 

aerothermal  (a"e-r6-ther'mal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  using  hot  air:  as,  Mouehot's  aerother- 
mal bakery,  that  is,  a  bakery  in  which  the 
baking  is  effected  by  heated  air.  Vre,  Diet., 
I.  487. 

aerotonometer  (a  "e-ro-to-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
depdrovoc,  stretched'or  driven  by  air  ((dr/p  (dep-), 
air,  +  reiveiv,  stretch),  +  fterpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  tension  of  gases 
in  the  blood. 

aerotropism  (a-e-rot'ro-pizin),  n.  [<  NL.  aero- 
tropismus,  <  Gr.  dr/p  (dep-),  air,  +  -rpenroc,  <  rpiireiv, 
turn,  +  -ism.]  In  hot.,  deviation  of  roots  from 
their  normal  direction  by  the  action  of  gases. 
Molisch. 

serugineoust  (e-rG-jin'e-us),  a.  Same  as  cent- 
ginous.    Bailey. 

ffiruginous  (e-ro'ji-nus),  a.  [<  L.  eeruginosus, 
<  arugo  (arrugin-),  rust  of  copper:  see  ceritgo.] 
1 .  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  verdigris 
or  the  rust  of  copper. 


95 

A  .  .  .  kind  of  salt  drawn  out  of  ferreous  and  eruginoua 

earths,  partaking  chiefly  "f  iron  and  copper. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 
2.  Of  the  color  of  verdigris. 
Also  spelled  eruginous. 
aerugo  (e-rO'go),  «.     [L.,  rust  of  copper,  verdi- 
gris prepared  from  it,  ices  (ier-),  copper,  bronze: 
see  «'«.]     Verdigris  (which  see).  — ^rugo  nobilis 
(noble  verdigris),  or  simply  oeruyo,  a  greenish  crust  found 
mi  antique  bronzes;  the  patina.    Sec  patina. 
aery1  (S'ri,  a'er-i),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  aerie; 
tor  airy,  with  forced  spelling,  in  imitation  of  L. 
aereus,  aerius,  airy,  aerial:  see  airy\  atrial.] 
Airy;  breezy;  exposed  to  the  air;  elevated; 
lofty ;  ethereal ;  visionary.     [Bare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 

The  shepherd's  pipe  came  clear  from  aery  steep.  Keats. 
Whence  that  aery  bloom  of  thine, 

Like  a  lily  which  the  sun 
Looks  thro'  in  his  sad  decline? 

Tennyson,  Adeline. 

aery'-',  aerie'-'  (a'ri,  a'ri,  a'e-ri,  or  e'ri:  see 
etym.,  at  end),  it. ;  pi.  aeries (-riz).  [Also  writ  i  en 
airy,  eyry,  eyrie,  and  in  early  mod.  E.  airie,  aiery, 
ayry,  at/cry,  eyery,  eyerie,  etc.,  a  lengthened  form 
(with  added  syllable  -y  or  -ie  after  E.  airy1,  <t., 
or  the  ML.  form  aerea)  of  early  mod.  E.  aire, 
ayre,  <  ME.  "aire,  eyre,  oldest  form  air,  an 
aery  (rare,  and  found  only  in  the  phrase  haute 
of  noble  air  (var.  nooulle  eyre),  after  QW.faucon 
tie  gen  til  or  lion  aire,  i.  e.,  a  hawk  of  noble  or 
good  stock:  see  under  debonair),  <  OF.  "aire, 
m.,  an  airie  or  nest  of  hawkes"  (Cotgrave), 
OF.  also  f.,  mod.  F.  aire,  f.,  =  Pr.  aire,  <  ML. 
area,  aria,  aerea,  aeria,  the  nest  of  a  bird  of 
prey ;  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob.  only  a 
special  use  of  the  common  L.  area,  also  writ- 
ten aria,  an  open  space,  floor,  area,  the  spell- 
ings aerea,  aeria,  being  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection with  L.  aereus,  aerius,  aerial,  airy, 
such  nests  being  built  in  lofty  places.  Owing 
to  its  poetical  associations,  and  to  confused 
notions  as  to  its  origin,  this  word  has  suffered 
unusual  changes  of  spelling  and  pronunciation. 
The  reg.  mod.  form,  repr.  ME.  *aire,  air,  eyre, 
would  be  *air  (pron.  ar),  or,  with  the  added 
syllable,  airy  (pron.  a'ri).  The  mod.  spelling 
aery  or  aerie  is  in  imitation  of  the  ML.  aerea, 
aeria  ;  of.  aery1,  a.,  for  airy1,  a.,  after  L.  aereus, 
aerius.  The  spelling  eyry,  eyrie  does  notfollow 
from  the  ME.  form  eyre  (which  would  give  *air, 
as  said  above),  but  is  a  17th  century  archaistic 
simulation  of  ME.  ey,  egg.  The  word  not  being 
in  current  popular  use,  the  pronunciation,  prop, 
a'ri  in  all  spellings,  has  varied  with  the  spell- 
ing ;  the  form  aery  or  aerie  is  also  pron.  a'ri 
or  a'e-ri,  while  many  dictionaries,  following 
Walker,  give  as  the  exclusive  or  as  an  alterna- 
tive pronunciation  e'ri,  a  purely  pedantic  pro- 
nunciation, due  to  mistaking  the  ae-  for  the 
diphthong  ae  or  ft".  Similarly,  the  form  eyry  or 
eyrie,  pron.  usually  like  aery  or  aerie,  is  iu  pres- 
ent usage  sometimes  pron.  i'ri.]  1.  The  nest. 
of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  an  eagle  or  a  hawk ;  hence, 
a  lofty  nest  of  any  large  bird. 

There  the  eagle  and  the  stork 
On  cliffs  and  cedar-tops  their  eyries  build. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  vii.  424. 

2.  The  brood  in  the  nest ;  the  young  of  a  bird 
of  prey ;  figuratively,  children. 

Glo.    Our  aiery  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top.  .  .  . 
Q.  Mar.     Your  aiery  buildeth  in  our  aierys  nest. 

Shah.,  Kieb.  III.,  i.  3. 

3.  An  elevated  habitation  or  situation. 

Wherever  beauty  dwell, 
In  gulf  or  aerie,  mountain  or  deep  dell. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii.  94. 

These  men  had  from  their  eyrie  seen  us  go  up  the  glacier. 

£'../at'o»i?i,iul>.P.andGl.,2dser.,I.328.    (-v-  '-'  " •> 

aery2,  aerie2  (a'ri :  see  etym.  of  aery",  n.,  at  end), 

v.  i.    [<  aery",  «.]     To  build  or  have  an  aery. 

She  [Pilhannaw,  a  monstrous  great  bird]  aeries  in  the 
woods  upon  the  high  hills  of  Ossapy. 

Josselyn,  New  England's  Rarities  (1672),  p.  41. 

aery-light (a'ri-lit), a.  [<aery1  +  light-.]  Light 
as  air.     Milton. 

aes  (ez),  it.  [L.  as  (wr-),  prop,  ore,  but  applied 
chiefly  to  copper,  or  the  alloy  of  copper  and  tin 
(and  sometimes  lead),  bronze;  hence,  anything 
made  of  copper  or  bronze ;  in  particular,  coins, 
money;  =  Goth.  ais= AS.  ar,  E.  ore :  see  on1.]  In 
Bom.  antiq.,  copper  or  bronze ;  money  or  coins  of 
copper  or  bronze;  money  in  general;  works  of  art 
or  other  objects  made  of  bronze.  See  copper  and 
bronze. — jEs  Corinthium,  Corinthian  bronze  :  the  vari- 
ous alloys  and  art-works  in  bronze  produced  at  Corinth 
had  a  very  high  reputation  in  the  ancient  world,  par- 
ticularly among  the  Romans.—  Es  Cyprium  (literally, 
Cyprian  ore  or  metal:  see  copper),  copper.— JEs  grave 
(see  graved),  a  general  term  applied  to  the  large  heavy 
bronze  coins  of  the  libral  system,  first  issued  in  Italy  by 


jEsculapian 


the  Romans  and  other  communities  toward  the  end  of  6hi 
fifth  century  B.0.    The  Roman  most  familiar 

example.    JSs  rude  (see  rude),  th<    (h   I    Rom y, 

consisting  of  rude  masses  ol  copp  ed,  of  regular 

weights  varying  trom  two  i nda   to  two  i  unces.    ^s 

signatum  (stamp.. I  bronze),  the  first  R an  expedient 

t. .w  ii .1  securing  b  n  gular  i  oinagi  ,  It  gall)  sanctioned  as 
.  .ii  i>  as  1 54  B.  ■      I  he  |.i. .  igular 

in  shape,  bearing  on  i  ai  h  side,  in  relief,  a  rude  flgui 
a  bull,  a  boar,  or  an  elephant,  and  weigh  about  Fh  e  pounds 
each.     l''..r  BmaUer  values  the  pieces  were  i  ul  mil.  frag 
meats,  mid  the  aes  rude  also  remained  in  use.     I 
mi!  a  in  continued  tobeemployed  for  some  timi 
advanced  ;j   t.  i  coinage  bad  been  adopted. 

jUsalidae  (e-sal'i-de),  ».  jil.  [NL.,  <  ASsalm  + 
-itla.)  A  family  of  lamellicorn  coleopterous 
insects,  based  by  Macleay  (1819)  upon  the  ge- 
nus .F.st  1 1  it  ^.    See  Vucanidce. 

sesalon  (e'sa-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ataa/iav,  a  small 
kind  of  hawk,  prob.  the  merlin.]  1.  An  old 
name  of  the  merlin,  Faleo  cesalon  or  JBsalon 
regains.  See  merlin. —  2.  [cop.]  A  genus  of 
falcons  (Blisson,  1760):  formerly  used  in  a 
broad  sense,  later  restricted  to  the  small  species 
related  to  the  merlin.  M.  columbarius  is  tho 
common  pigeon-hawk  of  North  America.     See 

jiigctin-htiick. 

Alsalus  (e'sa-lus),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  asalon.]  The 
typical  geniis  of  Msalidce,  based  by  Fabricius 
(1801)  upon  JE.  scarabceoides,  a  European  lamel- 
licorn beetle  with  subquadrate  body,  unarmed 
head,  3-jointed  antennae,  and  short  tarsi,  now 
referred  to  Vucanidce. 

£!schna  (esk'na),  n.  [NL.  (first  JEshna,  Fabri- 
cius, 1776),  prob.  an  error  for  *ceschra  (fern.;  cf. 
^Eschrus,  m.,  a  genus  of  neuropters),  <  Gr.  a\a- 
Xp6c,  ugly,  ill-favored.]  A  genus  of  neuropte- 
rous  insects  belonging  to  the  suborder  or  group 
<itl, unit, i,  referred  to  the  family  lAbeUuliclce  or 
made  the  type  of  a  separate  family  ^Eschniila1. 
There  are  several  species,  all  known  as  dragon- 
flies.     Sometimes  wrongly  written  JEshna. 

iEschnidae  (esk'ni-de),  n.pl.  [ND.,  <  Msehna 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  neuropterous  insects, 
founded  on  the  genus  JEschna,  having  the  wings 
unequal,  the  triangles  of  all  the  wings  alike, 
male  genitals  with  connate  anterior  hamule 
and  conjoined  penis  and  vesicle,  and  female 
genitals  exposed. 

^schylean  (es-ki-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  JEschylus,  < 
Gr.  'Ataxias,  orig.  a  "nickname,  'Little  Ugly,' 
dim.  of  aiaxpk,  ugly,  ill-favored;  in  a  moral 
sense,  base,  shameful ;  <  alaxoc,  ugliness,  shame, 
disgrace.]  Written  by  or  pertaining  to  jEschy- 
lus,  an  illustrious  Athenian  poet  and  dramatist, 
born  525  B.  C. ;  resembling  his  writings  or  char- 
acteristic of  them. 

^JschynantllUS(es-ki-nan'thus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
alaxyvri,  shame  (<  a'tc x'eveadai,  be  ashamed),  + 
avdoc,  a  flower.  The  name  has  reference  to  the 
crimson  or  scarlet  ('blushing')  flowers.  The 
species  have  been  called  blush  worts.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  epiphytal  plants,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia,  natural  order  Gesneracew,  with  pendent 
stems  and  scarlet  or  orange  flowers.  They  are 
among  the  most  splendid  hothouse  flowers. 

aeschynite  (es'M-nit).  n.  [<  Gr.  a'm^mq,  shame, 
disgrace,  +  -itc2.]  A  rare  mineral  from  Miask 
in  the  Ural  mountains,  occurring  in  black  pris- 
matic crystals,  and  containing  niobium,  titani- 
um, thorium,  the  cerium  metals,  and  other  un- 
common elements.  So  called  by  Berzelius  as  being  the 
"disgrace  "of  chemistry,  which  at  the  time  of  its  discovery 
was  unable  to  separate  two  of  its  constituents,  titanic 
acid  and  zirconia.     Also  spelled  escltynite. 

^Ischynomene  (es-M-nom'e-ne),  n.  [L.,  a 
sensitive  plant,  <  Gr.  a'taxwopevn,  a  sensitive 
plant,  prop.  fern.  ppr.  of  aiaxi'veaBai,  be  ashamed, 
pass,  of  aiax'evew,  make  ugly,  disfigure,  dis- 
honor; cf.  aio-,yoc,  ugliness,  shame,  dishonor.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  with  jointed 
pods,  pinnate  leaves  which  are  sometimes  sen- 
sitive, and  usually  yellow  flowers.  There  are  30 
species,  herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby,  of  which  3  or 
4  are  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  the  res)  be- 
ing natives  of  America,  from  Patagonia  to  Virginia.  The 
stem  of  the  East  Indian  jE.  aspera,  remarkable  for  its 
lightness,  is  cut  into  thin  strips  f«,r  the  manufacture  of 
bats.  It  is  also  made  into  swimming-jackets,  floats  foi 
nets,  etc.,  and  is  often  worked  into  models  of  temples, 
flowers,  etc. 

aeschynomenoust  (es-M-nom'e-mis),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a'taxm'"rlFl'nC,  ppr.of  a'tax'rveaBai,  be  ashamed:  see 
jEschynomene.]     Sensitive:  applied  to  plants. 

iEsculapian  (es-kii-la'pi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  2Es- 
enlapius,  accom.  of  Gr.  'Aon'Ar/iude,  Dor.  'Acn'Xa- 
irair,  the  god  of  medicine:  see  Jselepias.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  iEsculapius,  god  of  medi- 
cine; medical;  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 

II.    ».   A  medical  man;   a  physician:  gen- 
erally in  a  humorous  sense. 
Also  spelled  Esculapian. 


j&sculits  Hxppocastanum. 
a,  flower ;  b,  seed  ;  c,  seed  cut  longitudinally. 


aesculin 

aesculin,  sesculine.    See  esculin,  eseuKne. 
jEsculus  (es'ku-lus),  n.     [L.,  the  Italian  oak: 
see  esculin,  etc.  ]    A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs, 

natural  order 
Sapindaceoe, 
chiefly  North 
American, with 
broad  digitate 
leaves  and 

showy  flowers 
in  large  pani- 
cles. The  seeds 
are  large,  of  the 
shape  and  color 
of  chestnuts,  but 
too  bitter  to  be 
eaten,  Thetimber 
is  of  little  value. 
The  horse-chest- 
nut, M.  Hippocas- 
tanum,  supposed 
to  be  originally 
from  northern  In- 
dia, is  very  exten- 
sively cultivated 
as  an  ornamental 
shade-tree,  and  the 
fruits  are  used  in 
southern  Europe 
for  feeding  sheep 
and  horses.  The 
American  species,  growing  in  the  western  and  southern 
United  States,  have  the  popular  name  buckeye  (which  see). 
jSJshna  (esh'na),  n.  See  JEschna. 
S,%\X  (a'ser,  Icel.  pron.  a'sir,  mod.  I'sir),  n.  pi. 
[Icel.,  nom.  pi.  of  ass,  a  god:  see  .-Is3.]  The 
collective  name  for  the  gods  of  Scandinavian  my- 
thology. There  were  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  god- 
desses, dwellers  in  Asgard.    See  Asgard. 

aesnecy,  n.    See  esnecy. 

.Ssopian  (e-so'pi-an),  a.  [<  L.  JEsopius,  <  JEso- 
pus,  Gr.  Aio-uirof,  iEsop.]  Pertaining  to  -<Esop, 
an  ancient  Greek  writer  of  fables,  of  whom  lit- 
tle or  nothing  is  certainly  known ;  composed  by 
him  or  in  his  manner:  as,  a  fable  in  the  ^Eso- 
pin/i  style.     Also  spelled  Esopian. 

sestates  (es-ta'tez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  freckles,  pi. 
of  (csta(t-)s,  summer,  summer  heat:  see  esti- 
va!.] In  med.,  heat-spots;  freckles;  sunburnt 
patches. 

aesthematology,  ».     See  esthematology. 

aesthesia  (es-the'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiaBr/atg, 
perception  by  the  senses,  <  aiaOdvcadat,  perceive 
by  the  senses.]  Perception;  feeling;  sensa- 
tion; sensibility:  the  opposite  of  anaesthesia 
(which  see).  Also  written  esthesia,  cesthesis, 
esthesis. 

aesthesiogen,  aesthesiogenic,  etc.  See  esthe- 
siogen,  etc. 

aesthesiology,  aesthesiometer,  etc.  See  esthc- 
siology,  etc. 

aesthesis  (es-the'sis),  u.  Same  as  (esthesia. 
Also  spelled  estht  iis. 

aesthesodic,  aesthete,  etc.    See  esthesodic,  etc. 

aestiferous,  aestival,  etc.    See  estiferous,  etc. 

^Istrelata,  n.     See  (Estrelala. 

aestuancet  (es'tu-ans),  n.  [<  L.  mstuan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  astunrc,  burn,  glow:  see  lestuate.]  Heat; 
warmth:  as,  "regulated  rslnaiiec  from  wine," 
Sir  '/'.  Browne.    Also  spelled  estua/nee. 

aestuary  (es'tu-n-ri),  n. ;  pi.  atstuaries  (-riz).  [< 
L.  (BStuarium,  a  vent-holo  for  vapors,  also  an 
estuary,  <  aslunri.  rage,  burn,  be  warm:  see 
estuary.}  1.  A  vapor-oath,  or  any  other  means 
for  conveying  heat  to  the  body.  —  2.  Beeestuary. 

aestuatet  (cs'tu-at),  v.  i.  [<  L.  cestuatus,  pp.  of 
mstaare,  burn,  glow,  rage,  boil  up,  <  tcstus,  a 
burning,  glow,  lire,  surge,  etc.:  see  estuary, 
estival.]  To  boil;  swell  and  rage;  be  agitated. 
Also  spelled  estuate. 

aestuationt  (es-1 1-a'shoc  I,  n.  [  <  L.  cestuatio(n-), 
(.astuart  .-  see  aistuate.]    A  boiling;  agitation: 

eoniiuotion  of  a  fluid;  hence,  violent  mental 
commotion;  excitement :  as,  "cstuations  of  joys 
and  fears,"  \fountague.  Also  spelled  estimation. 
aesturet  (es'tur),  «.  [Irreg.  <L.  cestuare,  lie  in 
commotion,  boil,  rage,  etc.,  .-is  ii  Eor  cestus, 
e,  billows:  see  wstuate.']  Violence;  com- 
motion.    Also  spelled  esture. 

The  seas  retain 

Not  only  thi  lr  outrageou   a  < >>>■  i liere 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xii.  111. 

aet.,  aetat.  [Abbrev.  of  L.  u  talis,  gen.  olaeta{t-)s, 
age:  Bee  age  and  eternal.]  Of  the  age;  aged: 
chiefly  use. I  in  cla  sic  or  scholarh  epitaphs  or 
obituaries,  whether  compo  ed  in  English  or  in 
Latin:  as,  Ob.  1880,  <n.  for  tetat.  I  70:  in  full 
Latin,  obiit  \tninn  llnmini)  MIX '<  H'LXXX,  [7m- 
no  I  "  tatis  (  mi )  I, XX  :  thai  i-.  lie  (or  she;  died 
in  (the  year  of  the  Lord)  L880,  in  He-  seventieth 
year  of  his  (or  hi  r)  age  (but  usually  taken  as 
"70  [full]  years  of  age,"  "aged  70"). 


96 

JEXbs,  (e-te'a),  n.  [NL. ;  origin  not  obvious.] 
The  typical  genus  of  JEtcida:  JE.  anguinea  is 
known  as  snake-coralline.     Also  written  JEta. 

^Slteidae  (e-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JEtea  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  chilostomatous  polyzoans,  typified 
by  JEtea,  erect  and  free  or  decumbent  and 
adherent,  uniserial,  with  subterminal  mem- 
branous area  and  tubular  zocecia.  Also  writ- 
ten .Etiilir. 

-Sjthalium  (o-tha'li-urn),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a'&alor, 
smoke,  soot ;  with  ref .  to  the  abundant  dust-like 
spores.  Cf.  Fuligo,  an  allied  genus,  <  li.fvMgo, 
soot.]  1.  A  genus  of  Myxomyoetes,  or  slime- 
molds,  forming  thick  cake-like  receptacles  cov- 
ered by  a  brittle  cortex,  and  closely  adherent 
to  the  surface  on  which  they  grow.  They  are 
often  found  in  hothouses  where  spent  tan  is  used  for  heat* 
ingpurposes,  and  hence  are  sometimes  called  Jknverxoftmi. 
2.  [I.  c]  A  similar  receptacle  in  any  genus: 
with  a  plural,  athalia  (-ii). 

aetheling,  n.    See  atheling. 

aetheogam  (a-e'the-o-gain),  n.  [<  Gr.  «?}(%, 
unusual  (<  it-  priv.  +  r/ihe,  custom:  see  ethic),  + 
yauoc;  marriage.]  In  De  Candolle's  system  of 
classification,  a  plant  belonging  to  a  group  of 
cryptogams  which  were  the  only  ones  of  the 
on  ler  then  known  to  have  sexual  organs,  includ- 
ing the Equisetaa  u ,  Filices,  Musci,  higher Hepa- 
lieic,  ete. 

aetheogamOUS  (a-e-the-og'a-mus),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  aetheogams. 

aether,  ».    See  ether1. 

.Sltheria  (e-the'ri-S),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  named 
from  the  brilliancy  of  the  interior  surface,  <  L. 
ivllirrins,  <Gr.  aWipiog, 
of  the  ether  or  upper 
air,  heavenly,  ethe- 
real :  see  ethereal.']  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  of  the  family 
Union  idee,  found  in  the 
rivers  of  Africa  and 
Madagascar ;  river- 
oysters.  The  exterior  is 
rugged,  but  the  interior 
of  the  valves  is  pearly,  of 

a  vivid    green  color,  and  jEtheriastmilunaia. 

raised    in    small    blisters. 

The  natives  of  Nubia  adorn  their  tombs  with  them.  Also 
spelled  Eth'-rin,  as  originally  by  Lamarck,  1S0S. 

aetheriid  (e-the'ri-id),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  Mtheriidas. 

.Sltheriidae  (e-the-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Mthe- 
ria  +  -ida:']  A  family  of  mollusks,  of  which 
/Ether ia  is  the  typical  genus.  Also  written  JEthe- 
rioidxe,  JEtherida;  JEtlitriada;  and  Ethcridce. 

jUthiop,  .Slthiopiant.   See  Ethiop,  Ethiopian. 

aethiopst  (e'thi-ops),  n.  [NL.,  after  L.  JEthiops, 
Ethiopian:  see  Ethiop.]  An  old  pharmaceuti- 
cal term  applied  to  several  mineral  prepara- 
tions of  a  black  or  nearly  black  color.  Also 
spelled  ethiops.  ^thiops  martial l<  L.  martialis.  <>f 
-Mars,  i.  e.,  <>f  hen},  black  oxid  of  inm. — JEthiops  min- 
eral, black  sulphid  of  mercury,  prepared  in  the  laboratory. 

aethogeil  (e'tho-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  alBoQ,  a  burning 
heat  (see  ctlur),  +  -yvi/c,  taken  as  'produ- 
cing': see  -gen.]  Nitrid  of  boron;  a  white, 
amorphous,  tasteless,  inodorous  powder,  insol- 
uble in  water,  infusible,  and  non-volatile. 
Heated  in  an  itliohol-fiame  fed  with  oxygen,  it  burns 
rapidly  with  a  faint  greenish-white  flame.     Watte. 

aethrioscope  (eth'ri-o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  aidpia,  the 
open  sky  (<  aWptoc.  elear^  fair,  in  the  open  air, 
<  afflpr/,  the  open  sky,  <  aid//p,  the  sky,  the  upper 
air,  >  E.  ether),  +  GKoneiv,  observe,  look  at.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  minute  varia- 
tions of  temperature  due  to  different  conditions 
of  the  sky.  It  consists  of  a  differential  thermometer 
(which  see,  tinder  thermometer),  both  bulbs  of  which  are 
within  a  cup-shaped  mirror,  one  of  them  in  its  focus,  so 
as  to  be  especially  affected  on  being  exposed  to  die  sky. 
i  be  i  up  Is  kept  covered  with  a  lid  when  the  Instrument  is 
not  in  use.  Its  delicacy  is  so  great,  that,  it  is  affected  bj 
every  passing  cloud. 

^Ithusa  (e-tliu'sji).  it.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aldovoa,  fern, 
of  alduv,  ppr.  of  aitleiv,  burn,  blaze:  see  illur.] 

1.  In  bnl.,  a  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  of 

a  single  specieSj  ./.'.  Cynapwm,  introduced  into 

America   from   Europe,    and    known    as   fool's- 

Sarsley.     It  Is  an  annual  garden-weed,  of  nauseous  ami 
L'letei'ious  properties,  and  is  sometimes  mistaken  forpars- 
ley,  whence  lis  common  name. 

2.  In  -mil.,  a  genus  ut  decapod  crustaceans,  of 
i In-  family  Dorippidce. 

Aetian  (a-e'shi-an),  «.     L<  LL.  Ai'tius,  (Jr.  V- 

r/nr,  a  personal  name,  (  "iiirinr,  liirtior,  aUrcog, 
of  the  eagle,  <  iuriir,  ii'iirur,  eagle.]  tine  of  a 
seel    of    striet    Annus   of    the    fourth    century, 

named  from   their  leader  Aetius,  called  the 

Atheist  (died  in  Constantinople,  A.  D.  3G7). 
See  Eunomian  and  Anomcean. 


afar 

.Sjtidae  (e'ti-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  JEteida1. 

aetiological,  etiological  (e'ti-6-loj'i-kal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  airmKoyix&q,  inquiring  into  causes:  see 
alioloiiy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  aetiology ;  con- 
nected with  or  dependent  upon  the  doctrine  of 
efficient  or  physical  causes,  as  distinguished 
from  teleological  or  final  causes. 

The  practical  results  of  etiological  studies,  so  far  as  tie 
prevention  and  euro  of  disease  are  concerned,  are  likely 
to  lie  much  greater  titan  thus,-  which  have  been  gained  by 
the  pathologists.  B.  M.  si,  rnberg,  Bacteria,  p.  236 

aetiologically,  etiologically  (e"ti-o-loj'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  tetiological  manner;  with  regard 
to  cause,  or  the  assignment  of  a  cause :  as,  an 
cetiologieally  obscure  failure  of  nutrition. 

aetiologist.'etiologist  (e-ti-ol'o-jist),  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  Aetiology ;  one  who  investi- 
gates physical  causes,  or  inquires  into  the  re- 
lations of  such  causes  to  effects  in  physics  or 
biology :  often  used  as  the  opposite  of  tele- 
ologist. 

aetiology,  etiology  (e-ti-ol'o-h),  n.  [<  LL.  attio- 
logia,  <  Gr.  a'moloyia,  statement  of  the  cause 
(cf.  aiTioloytiv,  inquire  into  the  cause,  account 
for),  <  alria,  cause,  +  -loyia,  <  V.eyeiv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  1.  An  inquiry  into  or  a  theory 
of  the  physical  causes  of  any  class  of  phenom- 
ena. 

Morphology,  distribution,  and  physiology  investigate 
and  determine  the  facts  of  biology,  etiology  has  for  its 
object  the  ascertainment  of  the  causes  of  these  facts,  and 
the  explanation  of  biological  phenomena,  by  showing  that 
they  constitute  particular  cases  of  general  physical  laws. 
It  is  hardly  needful  to  say  that  cetiology,  as  thus  con- 
ceived, is  in  its  infancy.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  37. 

2.  Specifically,  in  med.,  an  inquiry  into  or  ac- 
count of  the  origin  or  causes  of  disease,  or  of 
a  particular  kind  or  case  of  disease. 
Sometimes  written  aitiology. 

aetites  (a-e-ti'tez),  n.  [L.,  '<  Gr.  acTirnc,  eagle- 
stone,  <  deroY,  eagle.]     Same  as  ragh  stone. 

.Stnean,  a.     See  Etnean. 

jEtolian  (e-to'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  JEtoHa, 
<  t  Jr.  A'lTuVm,  iEtolia.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  ^Etolia,  a  district  of  Greece  lying 
north  of  the  gulf  of  Corinth,  or  to  the  race  who 
anciently  inhabited  it jEtolian  League,  a  demo- 
cratic confederation  of  the  tribes  of  ancient  .-Ktolia,  some- 
times including  the  people  of  various  neighboring  re- 
gions, celebrated  for  its  long  successful  wars  against  the 
Macedonians,  Acheans,  etc. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  race  anciently  inhabiting 
ktolia.  The  "Etolians,  though  famous  in  the  heroic 
age,  Mete-  rude  and  barbarous  as  late  as  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  were  not  even  reckoned  as  Greeks 
till  a  late  period  ;  but  they  attained  to  considerable  power 
through  their  warlike  prowess  after  the  time  of  Alexander 
the  Great  and  their  gallantry  against  the  invading  Gauls. 

aetomorph  (a'e-t6-morf),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Ai  tomorphw ;  a  bird  of  prey. 

Aetomorphas  (a"o-t6-m6r'fe),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  acrdr,  an  eagle,  +  uopfyi],  form,  shape.]  In 
ornith.,  the  birds  of  prey;  a  group  equivalent 
to  the  Bap  tores  or  Accipitres  of  most  authors. 
Xamed  by  Huxley  in  Is07  as  a  superfamily  of  thedesmog- 
nathous  division  of  the  order  Cmittutir,  and  divided  by 
him  into  the  four  families  of  Striiiiiln:  ( 'ntliai-tiiliv,  (rt/pir. 
ii'iir,  and  Gypogeranxdoe.  The  characters  of  the  group 
are  drawn  chiefly  from  osteology,  but  are  those  of  the 
Raptoree  as  commonly  understood. 

aetomorphic  (a"e-t6-m6r'fik),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  AetomorphtB ; 
raptorial,  as  a  bird. 

Aetosauria  (a  "e-to-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
acroc,  eagle,  +  cavpo$,  lizard.]  An  order  of 
saurians  represented  by  the  family  Aetosauri- 
dir  (which  see).     O.  C.  Marsh. 

Aetosauridae  (a"e-to-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.  ietosaurus  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  extinct  Triassic 
re]  it  lies  allied  to  or  of  (lie  order  of  dinosaurians, 
with  limbs  and  dermal  armature  resembling 
those  of  crocodilians,  the  calcaneum  produced 
backward,  and  two  sacral  vertebra.  O.  C. 
Marsh. 

Aetosaurus  (a*e-to-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aerdc, 
eagle,  +  aavpos,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  extinct 
reptiles,  representing  the  family  Aetosauridce. 

aeuia,  aevia.  In  church  music,  a  contract  ion 
of  alleluia.      See  halleluiah. 

aeviternalt,  aeviternallyt,  etc.    See  eviternal, 

etc. 

JEx  (eks),  u.     In  zool.,  same  as  Aix. 

af-.  Assimilatod  form  of  Latin  ad-,  also  an  erro- 
i us  form  of  other  prefixes,  before/.   See  ml-. 

aface  (a-fas'),  prep.  }>hr.  as  adr.  [<  a3  +  face.] 
In  Inn  :   in  front.      [Kare.] 

afar  (a  tar'),  «<'<'.  (<  ME.  afer,  aferre,  qfer, 
afar,  commonly  separated,  a  (<r,  a  Jen;  earliest 
form  a  ferritin,  on  fi mint  (-itnt  is  the  dat.  suf- 
fix i,  of  few,  equiv.  in  sense  to  AS.  fcorran, 
from  far:  ME.  of,  from  (E,  of,  prefix  «-4),  later 
confused  with  un,  a  (E.  on,  prefix  a-3);  feor, 


afar 

later  fer,  far.     Cf.  anear.]     1.  From  far;  from 
a  distance:  now  usually  preceded  by  from. 
He  eawe  a  place  afer  (var.  a /crrj.        II 'yclif,  Gen.  xxii. 

And /mm  (/./-'■  came  walking  in  the  niede. 

Chaucer,  ProL  to  Good  Women,  1.  212. 
Held/ro»i  rt/ar,  aloft,  the  immortal  prize. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  90. 

2.  Far ;  far  away ;  at  or  to  a  distance ;  re- 
motely in  place :  now  usually  followed  by  off. 
A/er  fro  hem,  alle  be  hem  selue. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1215. 
Abraham  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  saw  the  plaee  afar  off. 

Gen.  xxii.  4. 
The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  i.  1. 
The  coronaeh  stole 
Sometimes  afar  and  sometimes  anear. 

Tennyson,  Dying  Swan. 
[Shakspere  uses  afar  off  also  in  the  sense  of  remotely  hi  de- 
gree ;  indirectly. 

He  that  shall  speak  for  her  is  afar  off  guilty, 
But  that  he  speaks.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1. 

A  kind  of  tender  made  afar  off  by  Sir  Hugh  here. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  l.j 
afeart  (a-fer'),  v.  t.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  often 
shortened  to  'fear;  <  ME.  aferen,  <  AS.  dfwran, 
terrify,  <.  a- + fairan  () ME.  feren),  terrify,  (fair, 
danger,  terror,  fear:  see  /earl.]  To  cause  to 
fear;  frighten;  terrify;  make  afraid. 

Clerkes  may  here  wepen  ...  to  a  fere  theues. 
Divaic  Pauper (W.  deWorde),  V.  xLx.  222.    (X.E.  D.) 
As  ghastly  bug  does  greatly  them  affeare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  20. 

afeard,  afeared  (a-ferd'),  p.  a.  [<ME.  afcred, 
aferd,  p.  a. :  see  afear  and  -cd2.  No  connection 
with  afraid.]  Affected  with  fear;  frightened; 
afraid.     [Now  colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

Be  not  afeard  ;  the  isle  is  full  of  noises. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

afebrile  (a-feb'ril),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (a-is)  + 
febrile.']     Without  fever ;  feverless. 

The  course  of  subcutaneous  fractures  without  extravasa- 
tion of  blood  is  usually  afebrile. 

Belfield,  Rel.  of  Micro-Org.  to  Disease,  p.  38. 

Afer  (a'fer),  n.  [L.,  African,  used  by  Milton 
for  Afrieus  (sc.  ventus,  wind),  the  southwest 
wind,  blowing  from  Africa ;  It.  Affrico  or  (Iher- 
bino,  Garbino.]  The  southwest  wind.  Milton. 
aff(af),  prep,  and  adv.  Off.  [Scotch.  ]-Aff-han', 
offhand;  without  reserve ;  frankly.  Barnx.~AK  hands, 
hands  olf.  — Aff-loof,  right  off  from  memory,  or  with- 
out premeditation.  Burns.—  To  feeze  aff.  See  feezes. 
affa  (af'a),  «.  [The  native  name.]  A  weight, 
equal  to  an  ounce,  used  on  the  Guinea  coast. 
Also  spelled  offa. 

affability  (af-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  late  ME.  affa- 
bylite,  <  OF.  affabiliie,  F.  affabUiU,  <  L.  affabili- 
ia{t-)s,  <  affabilis,  affable:  see  affable.]  The 
quality  of  being  affable ;  readiness  to  converse 
or  be  addressed ;  civility  in  intercourse ;  ready 
condescension ;  benignity. 

Hearing  of  her  beauty,  and  her  wit, 
Her  affability,  and  bashful  modesty. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
He  had  a  majestic  presence,  with  much  dignity,  and  at 
the  same  time  affability  of  manner. 

Prescott,  Ferd,  and  Isa.,  ii.  IS. 
=Syn.  Sociability,  approachableness,accessibility,  urban- 
ity, complaisance,  suavity,  comity,  amenity,  friendliness, 
openness. 
affable  (af'a-bl),  a.  [=  F.  affable,  <  L.  affabilis, 
adfabilis,  easy  to  be  spoken  to,  <  affari,  adfari, 
speak  to,  address,  <  ad,  to,  +  fori,  speak:  see 
fable.]  1.  Easy  of  conversation  or  approach  ; 
admitting  others  to  intercourse  without  reserve ; 
courteous;  complaisant;  of  easy  manners;  kind 
or  benevolent  in  manner:  now  usually  applied 
to  those  high-placed  or  in  authority:  as,  an  af- 
fable prince. 

An  affable  and  courteous  gentleman. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
He  is  so  insufferably  affable  that  every  man  near  him 
would  like  to  give  him  a  beating. 

Thackeray,  Neweomes,  I.  xiii. 

2.  Expressing  or  betokening  affability  ;  mild  ; 
benign:  as,  an  affable  countenance. 

His  manner  was  very  unpretending — too  simple  to  be 
termed  affable :  .  .  .  he  did  not  condescend  to  their  so- 
ciety—he seemed  glad  of  it. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 
=  Syn.  Courteous,  civil,  complaisant,  accessible,  mild, 
benign,  condescending,  communicative,  familiar,  easy, 
gracious,  conversable. 

affableness  (nf'a-bl-nes),  «.     Affability. 

affably  (af'a-bli)',  adv.  In  an  affable  manner; 
courteously" 

affabroust  (af'a-brus),  a.  [<  L.  affaber,  adfa- 
ber,  skilfully  made,  <  ad,  to,  +  falter,  skilful, 
workmanlike,  <  faber,  workman:  see  fabric.] 
Skilfully  made.     Bailey. 

affabulationt  (a-fab-u-ia'shon),  «.  [=F.  affa- 
bulatfon,  <  L.  as  ii  *affahdjtio(n-),  (  ad,  to,  + 


97 

fabitlatio(n-),  story,  ifdbtdari,  nan-ate.  (fahttla, 
tale,  fable  :  see  fable.]  The  moral  of  a  Cable. 
Bailey. 

affabulatoryt  (a-fab'u-la-to-ri),  a.  Having  a 
moral:  as,  an  affabuldtory  allegory.     [Hare.] 

affadyllt,  »•    A  variant'of  iiffnlill.    See  tlaffotlil. 

affaillt  (a-fan'),  , .  i.  [<  af-  +  fain,  an  old  spell- 
ing of  feign ;  with  ref.  to  L.  affingere,  adfingere, 
add  falsely,  <  ad,  to,  +  fingere,  make,  invent, 
feign:  see./'  ■ion.]  To  lay  to  one's  charge  falsely 
or  feignedly.     [Rare.] 

Those  errors  which  are  maliciously  nffam.d  I:,  liiin. 

Bp.  Hall,  Christ  Moderation,  p.  85. 

affair  (a-far'),  n.  [<  ME.  afcre,  affcrc,  <  OF. 
afaire,  afeire  (F.  affaire  =  Pr.  afar,  afaire= 
It.  affare),  orig.  a  prep,  phrase,  a  fairc  (F.  a 
faire=  It.  a  fare),  to  do:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  faire 
=  It.  fare,  <  L.  faccre,  do :  see  fact.  E.  ado 
is  of  parallel  formation.]  1.  Anything  done 
or  to  be  done ;  that  which  requires  action  or 
effort ;  a  moving  interest ;  business  ;  concern : 
as,  this  is  an  affair  of  great  moment;  a  man  of 
affairs ;  affairs  of  state. 

Thy  constellation  is  right  apt 
For  tliis  affair.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  *  4. 

The  nature  of  our  popular  institutions  requires  a  nu- 
merous magistracy,  for  whom  competent  provision  must  lie 
made,  or  we  may  lie  certain  our  affair*  will  always  be 
committed  to  improper  hands,  and  experience  will  teacli 
us  that  no  government  costs  so  much  as  a  bad  one. 

.1.  lluotiltxn,  Continentalist,  No.  0. 
Services  to  those  around  in  the  small  affair*  of  life 
may  be,  and  often  are,  of  a  kind  which  there  is  equal 
pleasure  in  giving  and  receiving. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 

2.  pi.  Matters  of  interest  or  concern;  partic- 
ular doings  or  interests;  specifically,  pecuniary 
interests  or  relations:  as,  to  meddle  with  a 
neighbor's  affairs;  his  affairs  are  in  an  embar- 
rassed state. 

Not  I,  but  my  affairs,  have  made  you  wait. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 

3.  An  event  or  a  performance ;  a  particular  ac- 
tion, operation,  or  proceeding;  milit.,  a  partial 
or  minor  engagement  or  contest;  a  skirmish: 
as,  when  did  this  affair  happen?  an  affair  of 
honor,  or  of  outposts. 

In  this  little  affair  of  the  advanced  posts,  I  am  concerned 
to  add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed.    Wellington's  Despatches. 

4.  A  private  or  personal  concern;  a  special 
function,  business,  or  duty. 

Oh  generous  youth !  my  counsel  take, 

And  warlike  acts  forbear; 
Put  on  white  gloves  and  lead  folks  out, 

For  that  is  your  affair.     Lady  M.  Ii'.  Montagu. 
To  marry  a  rich  foreign  nobleman  of  more  than  thrice 
her  age  was  precisely  her  affair. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  102. 

5.  Thing;  matter;  concern:  applied  to  any- 
thing made  or  existing,  with  a  descriptive  or 
qualifying  term :  as,  this  machine  is  a  compli- 
cated affair ;  his  anger  is  an  affair  of  no  con- 
sequence. 

"They  are  offended,"  said  Kristian  Koppig,  leaving  the 
house,  and  wandering  up  to  tile  little  Protestant  affair 
known  as  Christ  Church, 

9.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  231. 

6f.  Endeavor ;  attempt. 
And  with  his  best  affair  obeyed  the  pleasure  of  the  sun. 
Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  503. 
Affair  of  honor,  a  duel. 

affamisht  (a-fam'ish),  v.  t.  or  i.  [<  F.  affamer, 
OF.  afamer,  afemer  =  Pr.  afanutr  =  It.  affamare, 
starve,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +famis,  hunger:  see  famish.] 
To  starve. 
affamishmentt  (a-fam'ish-ment),  n.  The  act 
of  starving,  or  the  state  of  being  starved. 

Carried  into  the  wilderness  for  the  affamishment  of  his 
body.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  iv. 

affatuatet  (a-fat'ii-at),  v.  t.     [<  L.  as  if  "affa- 

tuatns,  pp.  of  *affatnari,  (.ad,  to,  +  fatnari,   bo 

foolish.  Cf.  infatuate.]     To  infatuate.    Milton. 

affatuate,  affatuated  (a-fat'ii-at,  -a-ted),  «. 

[<  L.  "affatuatits,  pp.,  after  infatuate,  a.,  q.  v.] 
Infatuated.     [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

They  .  .  .  are  so  much  affatuated,  not  with  his  person 
only,  but  with  his  palpable  faults,  and  dote  upon  bis  de- 
formities. Milton,  1'ref.  to  Eikonoklastes. 

You^ll  see  a  hundred  thousand  spell-bound  hearts 

By  art  of  witchcraft  so  affatuate, 

That  for  ins  love  they'd  dress  themselves  in  dowlas 

And  fight  witli  men  of  steel. 

Sir  11.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art,  II.,  v.  2. 

affear1!,  ''.  '•     Same  as  afear. 

affear2t,  •  •  <•     Obsolete  form  of  afeer. 

affect1  (a-fekt'),  v.  [<  ME.  affe'eten,  <  OF.  af- 
fecter,  <  L.  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after  a 
thing,  aim  to  do,  aspire  to,  pursue,  imitate 
with  dissimulation,  feign;  also,  in  pass.,  be 
attacked  by  disease;  freq.  of  afficere,  atyficere, 
act  upon,  influence :  see  affect2,  which  is  nearly 


affect 

allied  to  affecfl  ;  the  I  wo  verbs,  with  their  de- 
rivatives, run  into  each  other,  and  cannot  bo 
completely  separated.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  aim 
at;  aspire  i"  ;  endeai  or  after. 

In  this  poini  i  hoe  him  home,  1 1 

Tyrannical  powi  i  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

But  this  proud  man  affect*  imperial  sway. 

n,  Iliad. 

2.  To  use  or  adopt  by  preference;  choose; 
prefer;  tend  toward  habitually  or  naturally. 

M  ii  mil'  Meditation  most  a 
The  pensive  Becrecy  "i  desart  cell. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  386. 
The  peculiar  costume  which  he  a 

Thach  ray,  V  wcomes,  I.  126.    (X  E.  D.) 
The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a  round  figure. 

Newton,  Opticks. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with ;  take  pleasure  in ;  fancy ; 
like;  love. 

No  profit  grows  where  is  no  pleasure  ta'en  ; — 
In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1. 
They  [tie-  Koreans)  more  particularly  affect  the  dowering 
shrubs,  to  a  comparative  neglect  of  the  annuals. 

Science,  V.  262. 
Maria  once  told  me,  she  did  affect  me. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
With  two  of  them  at  once  I  am  in  love 
Deeply  and  equally  ;  the  thiol  of  them 
My  silly  brother  here  as  much  affects. 

Chapman,  The  Blind  Beggar. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of;  put  on  a  pretense  of; 
assume  the  appearance  of ;  pretend ;  feign :  as, 
to  affect  ignorance. 

I  affect  to  be  intoxicated  with  sights  and  suggestions, 
but  I  am  not  intoxicated.  Emu  r*<<n,  Self-reliance. 

5.  To  use  as  a  model;  imitate  in  any  way. 
Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 

B.  Jomon,  Discoveries. 
Nor  can  he,  however  laudatory  of  the  masters  he  af- 
fected in  youth,  look  upon  other  modern  poets  except  with 
the  complacency  felt  by  one  who  listens  to  a  stranger's 
rude  handling  el  tin    native  tiumue. 

Sfi  iman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  402. 
6f.  To  resemble ;  smack  of. 

He  hath  a  trick  of  Oeur-de-Lion's  face; 
The  accent  of  his  tongue  affecteth  him. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

II. t  intrans.  1.  To  incline;  be  disposed. — 
2.  To  make  a  show;  put  on  airs;  manifest 
affectation. 

affect'-3  (a-fekt'),  v.  1.  [<L.  affectus,  pp.  of  affi- 
cere, adficcre,  act  upon,  influence,  affect,  attack 
with  disease,  lit.  do  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  facere,  do, 
.make.  Cf.  affect1.]  1.  To  act  upon;  produce 
an  effect  or  a  change  upon ;  influence ;  movi  i  or 
touch:  as,  cold  affects  the  body;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

There  was  not  a  servant  in  the  house  whom  she  did  not 
.  .  .  infinitely  affect  wi  th  her  counsel],    Eriiyn,  Diary,  1635. 

On  the  whole,  certain  kinds  of  particles  affect  certain 
parts  of  the  spectrum.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  142. 

The  whole  character  and  fortune  of  the  individual  are 
affected  by  the  least  inequalities  in  the  culture  of  the  un- 
derstanding. Emerson,  Nature. 
2f.  To  urge;  incite.  Joye. — 3f.  To  render  lia- 
ble to  a  charge  of;  show  to  be  chargeable  with. 

By  the  civil  law,  if  a  dowry  with  a  wife  be  promised  and 
not  paid,  the  husband  isnol  obliged  to  allow  her  alimony. 
But  if  her  parents  shall  1 ome  insolvent  by  some  misfor- 
tune, she  shall  have  alimony,  unless  you  can  affect  them 
with  fraud.  Ayliffe,  Parergon  (1726),  p.  59. 

4.  To  assign;  allot;  apply:  now  only  in  the 
passive. 
One  of  the  domestics  was  affected  to  his  especial  service. 
Thackeray, Vanity  Fair,  III.  s. 
A  considerable  number  of  estates  were  affected  tn  the 
use  of  the  Imperial  family  under  the  name  of  appanages. 
D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  473. 
-  Syn.  1.  To  work  upon  ;  to  concern,  relate  to,  interest, 
bear  upon  ;  to  melt,  soften,  subdue,  change.     Affect  and 
effect  are  sometimes  confused.    To  affect  i>  tn  influence, 
concern;  to  effect  is  tn  accomplish  or  bring  about. 
affect'-t  (a-fekf),  n.     [<  ME.  alf  rt,  <  L.  aff,  ctus, 
adfectus,  a  state  of  mind  or  body  produced  by 
some  (external)  influence,   esp.  sympathy  or 
love,  <  afficere,  act  upon,  influence:  see  affect2, 
v.     Affect,  a.,  like  affection,  is  formally  a  deriv. 
of  affect2,  v.,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in  part 
upon  affect1.]     1.   Affection;   passion;  sensa- 
tion; inclination;  inward  disposition  or  feeling. 
My  gray-headed  senate  in  the  laws 
Of  Strict  opinion  and  severe  dispute 

"Would  tie  the  limits  of  our  tree  affects, 
Like  superstitious  Jews. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 
Rachel,  I  hope  I  shall  nut  need  to  urge 
Tile  sacred  purity  <>t  our 

B.  Jont Case  is  Altered,  i. 

The  affects  and  passions  of  the  heart 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  07. 

2.  State  or  condition  of  body ;  the  way  in 
which  a  thing  is  affected  or  disposed.  Wiseman, 
Surgery. 


affectate 

affectatet  (a-fek'tat),  o.  [<  L.  affectatus,  pp.  of 
affectare:  see  affect*-.]  Afleeted;  marked  by 
affectation.  Elyot,  Diet, 
affectation  (af-ek-ta'shqn),  n.  [<  Ii.  affecta- 
tio(n-),  adfectatio{n-),  a  striving  after,  affecta- 
tion, conceit,  <  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after, 
affect,  imitate:'  see  affect*.]  It.  Strenuous 
pursuit  or  desire  ;  earnest  quest ;  a  striving  in 
the  direction  (of). 
Pretended  sedition  and  a  ol  the  crown. 

By.  Pearaon,  Expos,  of  Creed,  p.  293. 
The  affectation  of  being  Gay  and  in  Fashion  has  very 
nearly  eaten  up  our  Good  Sense  and  our  Religion. 

Steele,  Spectator. 

2.  A  striving  for  the   appearance   (of) ;  pre 


98 


affectuous 


affecting^  (a-fek'ting),  J>.  a.     [Ppr.  of  affect*.]  affectionalja-fek'shon-al).  a.     Relating  to  or 
1.  Loving;  affectionate. — 2.  Using  affectation; 
affected. 
I  never  heard  such  a  drawling-aY/'ecrin<7  rogue. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  "I  W.,  ii.  1. 

affecting-  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  affect*.] 

Having  power  to  excite  or  move  the  feelings; 

tending  to  move  the  affections;  pathetic:  as, 

an  affecting  spectacle ;  an  affecting  speech. 

I  suppose  you  are  surprised  that  I  am  not  more  sorrow- 
ful at  parting  with  so  many  near  relations  ;  to  be  sure  'tis 

very  affecting.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

=  Syn.  Moving,  touching,  impressive,  stirring. 
affectingly  (a-fek'trng-li),  ado.    In  an  affecting 

manner ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  emotion. 


tense  of  the  possession  or  character  (of );  effort  affection   (a-fek'shon),    n.      [<   MB.  affectiun, 


for  the  reputation  (of):  as,  an  affectation  of 
wit  or  of  virtue  ;  affectation  of  great  wealth. 

His  arguments  are  stated  with  the  utmost  affectation  of 
precision.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

In  matters  of  taste  the  Anglo-Saxon  mind  seems  always 
to  have  felt  a  painful  distrust  of  itself,  which  it  betrays 
either  in  an  affectation  of  burly  contempt  or  in  a  pretence 
of  admiration  equally  insincere. 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  395. 
3.  A  striving  for  effect ;  artificiality  of  manner 
or  conduct ;  effort  to  attract  notice  by  pretense, 
assumption,  or  any  peculiarity  :  as,  his  affecta- 
tions are  insufferable. 

Affectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of  what 
should  be  genuine  and  easy,  wanting  the  beauty  that  ac- 
companies what  is  natural.  Locke,  Education. 

The  good  sense  and  good  taste  which  had  weeded  out 
affectation  from  moral  and  political  treatises  would,  in  the 
natural  course  of  things,  have  effected  a  similar  reform  in 
the  sonnet  and  the  ode.  Macaulay,  Dryden. 

4f.  Affection;  fondness. 

Bonds  of  affectation  .  .  .  between  man  and  wife. 

JSp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iv.  3. 

affectationist  (af-ek-ta'shon-ist),  «.  [<  affec- 
tation +  -ist.]  One  who  indulges  in  affectation  ; 
one  who  is  given  to  putting  on  airs. 

It  is  just  the  kind  of  phrase  to  be  petted,  as  it  is,  by  cer- 
tain affeetationists.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  94. 

affected1  (a-fek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  affect*-  +  -ecP.] 
It.  Beloved:  as,  "his  affected  Hercules,"  Cliap- 
man,  Iliad,  viii.  318. —  2.  Having  an  affection, 
disposition,  or  inclination  of  any  kind ;  inclined 
or  disposed :  as,  well  affected  to  government  or 
toward  a  project. 
Made  their  minds  evil  affected  against  the  brethren. 

Acts  xiv.  2. 


How  he  doth  stand  affected  to  our  purpose. 

Shak:,  Rich.  III., 


ii.  1. 
af- 


3.  Assumed  artificially;   not  natural:   as. 
fected  airs. 

Of  all  his  epistles,  the  least  affected  are  those  addressed 
tn  the  dead  or  the  unborn.  Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

4.  Given  to  affectation ;  assuming  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  characteristics  which  are  not 
natural  or  real :  as,  an  affected  lady. 

Olivia  was  often  affected,  from  too  great  a  desire  to 
please.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  i. 

=  Syn.  3.  Artificial,  feigned,  insincere.— 4.  Pretentious, 
aelf-conscious 

affected-  (a-fek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  affect?  +  -ed%; 
partly  merged  in  affected1.'!;  1.  Acted  upon; 
influenced;  particularly,  influenced  injurious- 
ly ;  impaired ;  attacked,  as  by  climate  or  dis- 
ease.—  2.  In  aig.,  same  as  adfected. — 3.  In  the 
Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  said  of  a  benefice  the  collation 
of  which  is  reserved  to  persons  possessed  of 
certain  qualifications;  specifically,  when  the 
pope,  by  some  disposition  of  the  benefice,  pre- 
vents the  regular  collation  and  tacitly  signifies 
his  intention  of  himself  providing  for  the  bene- 
fice when  it  shall  become  vacant. 

affectedly  (a-fek'ted-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  affected 
or  assumed  manner;  with  affectation;  hypo- 
critically ;  with  more  show  than  reality :  as,  to 
walk  affectedly;  affectedly  civil. 

Balzac  was  genuinely  as  well  as  affect*  din  monarchical, 
and  he  was  saturated  with  a  sense  of  the  past, 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  7. 

2t.  With  tender  care;  lovingly. 

I  <  iters  sadly  penn'd  in  blood, 
u  in.  feat  and  affectedly 

[jiswathcd.  .S/07/1      Lovel      Complaint,  1.  48. 

affectedness   (a-fek'ted-nes),  »•     The  quality 
of  being  affected  ;  affectation. 
affecter(a-fek'ter),»t.  [<  affect*- +  -er*.]    l.One 

who  affects,  pretends,  or  assumes. — 2t.  One 

who  affects  or  loves. 

Bring  forth  the  princess  dress'd  in  royal  robes, 

1 1,.  11 1,.  .1  .  i. ,  1.1  Uvero 

/'..mm/. ion,  v.  1 
Also  spelled  aft'retor. 

affectibility  (a-fek-ti-hil'i-ti),  «.    The  state  of 

being  affectible, 
affectible  (a-fek'ti-bl),  a.     K affect2  +  -»We.] 

Capable  of  being  affected.     [Rare.] 


a  fection,  <  OF.  affection,  <  L.  affectio(n-),  a  state 
of  mind  or  feeling,  especially  a  favorable  state, 
love,  affection,  <  afficere,  adficere,  act  upon,  in- 
fluence :  see  affect2.  Affection  is  formally  a 
deriv.  of  affect",  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in 
part  on  affecfl.']  1.  The  state  of  having  one's 
feelings  affected;  bent  or  disposition  of  mind; 
phase  of  mental  disposition ;  feeling, 
beware  chiefly  of  two  affect-inns,  fear  and  love. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1B50. 


implying  affection ;  relating  to  the  affections. 

God  has  made  women,  as  men,  compound  creatures, 
with  a  fivefold  nature  ;  and  it  cannot  lie  that  either  side, 
physical,  mental,  moral,  affectional,  or  spiritual,  can  suffer 
loss  without  injury  to  the  wholi 

Quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  172. 

affectionate  (a-fek'shon-at),  a.  [<  affection  + 
-ale-;  suggested  by  F".  affectionni,  pp.  of  affec~ 
tionner:  seeaffection,  v.]  1.  Having  great  love 
or  affection;  warmly  attached;  fond;  kind; 
loving:  as,  an  affectionate  brother. 

Her  father  appears  to  have  been  as  bad  a  father  as  a 
very  honest,  ajleetionate.  and  sweet-tempered  man  can  well 
be.  Macaulay,  Madame  D"Arblay. 

2t.  Devoted  in  feeling;  zealous. 

In  their  love  of  God.  and  desire  to  please  him,  men  can 
never  be  too  affectionate.  Bp.  Sprat,  Sermons. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  affection; 
possessing  or  indicating  love;  tender;  warm- 
hearted: as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a  parent. 

He  [Lord  Russell]  had  sent,  to  Kettlewell  an  affectionate 
message  from  the  scaffold.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng..  xiv. 

Victor  Emmanuel  was  a  man  of  strong  family  feeling 
and  affectionate  disposition. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  152. 

4t.  Strongly  disposed  or  inclined :  with  to. 

Affectionate  to  the  war  with  France. 

Bacon,  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 

5f.  Biased  ;  partizan.  =  Syn.  Warm-hearted,  tender- 
hearted, attached,  devoted. 


Affection  is  applicable  to  an  unpleasant  as  well  as  a 
pleasant  state  of  the  mind  when  impressed  by  any  object 
or  quality.  Cogan,  On  the  Passions,  i.  §  1. 

Specifically— (a)  A  general  name  for  that  class  of  feelings 
which  bear  an  immediate  relation  of  attraction  or  hos- 
tility toward  other  persons,  and  even  toward  things,  as 

love,  esteem,  gratitude,  hatred,  jealousy,  etc.    This  use  of  affectionatet  (a-lek  shpn-at),  V.  t.  or  I.      10  at 
the  term  is  most  frequent  in  ethical  discussions,  as  in  the 
common  distinction  between  benevolent  and  malevolent 
affections. 

The  affections  and  the  reason  are  both  undoubtedly  ne- 
cessary factors  in  morality,  but  the  initiation  is  not  in  the 
reason,  but  in  the  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  217. 

The  hues  of  sunset  make  life  great;  so  the  affections  affectionately  (a-fek'shon-at-li),  adr 
ottage  and  fireside  populous. 


make  some  little  web  of 

important,  and  filling  the  main  space  in  our  history. 

Emerson,  Success. 

tb)  Desire;  inclination;  appetite;  propensity,  good  or 
evil :  as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.  Rom.  i.  28;  Gal.  v.  24. 
(ct)  One  of  the  passions  or  violent  emotions. 

Most  wretched  man, 
That  to  affections  does  the  bridle  lend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  34. 

2.  A  settled  good  will,  love,  or  zealous  attach- 
ment :  as,  the  affection  of  a  parent  for  his  child : 
generally  followed  hyfor,  sometimes  by  to  or  to- 
ward, before  the  object. 

Affection  turn'd  to  hatred  threatens  mischief. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  2. 

[Essex]  desired  to  inspire,  not  gratitude,  but  affection. 
Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

I  think  no  modern  writer  has  inspired  his  readers  with 
such  affection  to  his  own  personality. 

Emerson,  Sir  Vv\  Scott. 

3t.  Natural  instinct  or  impulse  ;  sympathy. 
Affection, 
Master  of  passion,  sways  it  to  the  mood 
Of  what  it  likes,  or  loathes.     Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

4t.  Prejudice ;  bias. 

"Well,"  he  says,  "awoman  may  not  reign  in  England." 
"Better  in  England  than  anywhere,  asit  shall  well  appeal- 
to  him  that  without  affection  will  consider  the  kind  of  net 
nient."       Bp.  Aylmer,  11  arborough  for  Faithful  Subjects. 

5.  A  modification ;  the  effect  or  result  of  ac- 
tion upon  a  thing;  especially,  mpsychol.,  a  pas- 
sive modification  of  consciousness. 

All  affections  of  consciousness  we  term  sensations. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  91. 

6.  In  metaph.  (translation  of  Gr.  irador,  suffer- 
ing), ono  of  those  qualities  of  bodies  by  which 
they  directly  affect  the  senses :  often  improp- 
erly extended  to  other  properties  of  bodies. 

I  distinguish  extension  and  figure  by  the  title  of  the 
mathematical  affections  of  matter.  /'  Stewart. 

The  so-called  forces  of  nature  have  been  well  and  truly 
spoken  of  as  the  moods  or  affections  of  matte] 

W.  I,.  Cnr/ienter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  1 

7.  A  disease,  or  the  condition  of  beingdiseased ; 
a  morbid  or  abnormal  state  of  body  or  mind: 
as,  a  gouty  affection  ;  hysteric  affection. 

And,  truly,  waking  dreams  were,  more  or  less, 
An  old  and  strange  affection  of  the  house. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  i. 

I  have  been  thinking  ...  of  the  singular  affection  to 
which  you  arc  subject. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Mortal  Antipathy,  xxi. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation  of  pas- 
sion.     Ilotlon.     [Rare.]  — 9t.  Affectation. 

Pleasant  without  scurrility,  witty  without  affection, 

Shak.,  I..  I..  L.,  v.  1. 
=  Syn.  2.  Attachment,  Fondness,  etc.  (see  love),  tender 
ness  partiality,  bias.  See  passion. 
affection  (a-fek'shon),  v.  t.  [=  P.  affeetionner; 
from  the  noun.]  To  love;  have  an  affection  for. 
|  Ware.] 

But  can  you  aff<>  < it m  the  Oman? 

Shak.,  M.  w.  of  w.,  i.  l. 


feet;  be  affected,  inclined,  or  disposed. 

Be  kindly  affectionated  one  to  another. 

Cambridge  N.  T.,  1083  (Rom.  xii.  10). 

Give  me  but  ten  days  respite,  and  I  will  reply, 
Which  or  to  whom  myself  affectionates. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

1 .  In  an 

affectionate  manner ;  with  affection ;  fondly  ; 
tenderly ;  kindly. 

Being  affectionately  desirous  of  you.  1  Thes.  ii.  8. 

2t.  In  a  biased  manner ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
partizan. 

He  doth  in  that  place  affectionately  and  unjustly  re- 
prove both  the  Bishop  of  Rome  and  Alexandria. 

Abp.  Whitgift,  Works,  II.  185. 

affectionateness  (a-fek'shpn-at-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  affectionate  ;  fondness  ;  good 
will ;  affection. 

Dryden  and  Pope,  however,  kept  their  strength  for 
satire  and  invective,  and  this  style  does  not  easily  com- 
port with  heart}  affectionatt  m  ss. 

N.  A.  Mev.,  CXXXIX.  £.87. 

affectioned  (a-fek'shqnd),  p.  a.  [<  affection  + 
-ill-.  Ct.  affectionate.']  1.  Having  a  certain 
disposition  of  feeling ;  disposed.     [Archaic] 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

A  man  meanelie  learned  himselfe,  but  not  mcanely  af- 
fectioned  to  set  forward  learning  in  others, 

Ascham,  tie'  Scholemaster,  p.  133. 

2t.  Affected ;  conceited. 

An  affectioned  ass,  that  cons  state  without  book. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

affectioust  (a-fek'shus),  a.  [<  affectum  +  -oua. 
i  f.  affectuous.]     Affectionate;  cordial. 

Therefore  my  deare,  dcare  wife,  and  dearest  sonnes, 
Let  me  ingirt  you  with  my  last  embrace : 
And  in  your  cheekes  hnpresse  a  fare-well  kisse, 
Kisse  of  true  kindness  and  affections  love. 

Tragedy  of  Nero  (1607). 

affective  (a-fek'tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  affectims,  <  L. 
affectus,  pp.  of  affheere,  affect  :  see  affect*.]    1. 

Affecting  or  exciting  emotion  ;  suited  to  affect. 
[Rare.] 
A  preacher  more  instructive  than  affective. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Own  Times  (1689),  iv. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tho  affections  ;  emotional. 
Without  epilepsy  she  would  have  a  condition  of  the  of. 

feetice  power  of  the  mind  which  is  so  deficient  as  to  lessen 

responsibility.  Alien,  and  Neurol..  VI.  ;i7fi. 

Affective  quality.    Same  as  affection,  6. 
affectively  (n-fek'tiv-li),  adr.     In  an  affective 

maimer;  as  regards  the  affections.     [Rare.] 
affector,  ».    See  affecter. 
affectualt  (a-fek'Wj.-al),  a.    [<  L.  affectus,  men- 

tal  disposition,  desire  (sec  affect-.  «.),  +  -id.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  disposition  or 
desire;  emotional;  affect  imial ;  earnest. 

God  hath  beholden  your  affectuaU  devocyon  fro  heaven. 
Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  389. 

Lust  not  only  iiffeetnal,  but  actual,  is  dispensed  with, 
y,'.  ii.  '/'.  Adams,  Works,  I.  205. 

affectuoust  (a-fek'tu-ns),  a.  [=  F.  affectueux. 
<  L.  affectuosus,  <  affectus,  affection,  mood: 
see  affect*,  a.  \  Marked  by  passion  oraffeetionj 
earnest:  affectionate;  affecting:  as,  "made 
such  affectuous  labour,"  Fabian,  vii. 


affectuously 

affectUOUSlyt   (a-fek'tu-us-li),    adv.     Passion- 
ately; zealously;  affectionately. 
St.  Remigius  prayed  so  affectuously.  Fabyan. 

affeeblet  (a-fe'bl),  v.  t.  [Late  ME.  affccblc,  < 
OF.  afeblir,  afeblier,  <  a.  to,  +  feblier,  weaken, 

<  fieble,  feeble:  see  feeble.']    To  enfeeble, 
affeer  (a-fer'),  >'.  '•     [Early  mod.  E.  also  affi  ar ; 

<  .\l  E.  afferen,  affuren,  <  AF.  offerer,  aft  n  r,  OF. 
affeuri  r,  aft  urt  r,  earlier  aforer  =  op.  aforar,  < 
ML.  afforare,  fix  the  price  or  market  value, 
assess,  value,  <  L.  «<i.  to.  +  forum,  market ;  M  I., 
also  market  price,  fixed  rate:  see  forum.']  1. 
In  law,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  an  amercement  or 
arbitrary  fine. 

That  the  constables  in  every  parish  should  colled  tli<' 
money  ","'■  red  (assessed)  in  each  parish  to  be  delivered  to 
the  captain,  who  was  bound  to  return  any  overplus  unex- 
pended. Stubbs,  Const.  liist,,  §696,  note. 

2.  To  confirm:  as,  ''the  title  is  affeer'd,"  Slink:, 
Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
Also  spelled  affere. 

affeerer,  ».    See"  affeeror. 

affeering-man  (a-ier'ing-inan),  re.     An  affeeror. 

affeerment  (a-fer'ment),  re.  The  act  of  affeer- 
ing  or  assessing  an  amercement  according  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

affeeror,  affeerer  (a-fer'or,  -er),  re.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  affearer;  <  ME.  "afferer,  affurer,  -our.  < 
AF.  "affereur,  -our,  OF.  affeureur,  aforeur,  < 
ML.  afforator,  <  afforare:  see  affet  r.]  One  who 
affeers;  a  person  sworn  to  assess  arbitrary  fines 
to  what  seems  a  reasonable  amount. 

Affenthaler  (af'en-ta-ler),  ».  [G.  (sc.  wein, 
wine):  so  called  from  the  village  Affenthal,  in 
Baden.]  A  red  wine  made  in  Baden.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  esteemed  of  the  Markgrafler  wines. 

afferent  (af'e-rent),  a.  [<  L.  afferen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  afferre,  adferre,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ferre, 
carry,  bear.]  Bringing;  carrying  to  or  toward  ; 
conveying  inward.  Used  in  physiol.  as  the  opposite 
of  efferent,  and  said  (a)  of  veins  which  convey  blood  from 
the  periphery  to  the  physiological  center  of  the  blood- 
circulation;  (o)  of  those  lymphatic  vessels  which  enter  a 
lymphatic  gland,  as  opposed  to  those  which  leave  it ;  and 
chiefly  (c)  of  those  nerves  which  have  a  sensory  or  es- 
thesodic  function,  conveying  an  impulse  from  the  periph- 
ery to  a  ganglionic  center  of  the  nervous  system.  In  the 
case  of  nerves,  afferent  is  nearly  synonymous  with  sensory, 
as  opposed  to  motor.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 
function  of  these  nerves,  and  to  that  which  they  convey: 
as,  an  afferent  impulse. 

Having  arrived  at  this  notion  of  an  impulse  travelling 
along  a  nerve,  we  readily  pass  to  the  conception  of  a  sen- 
sory nerve  as  a  nerve  which,  when  active,  brings  an  im- 
pulse to  a  central  organ,  or  is  afferent;  and  of  a  motor 
nerve,  as  a  nerve  which  carries  away  an  impulse  from  the 
organ,  or  is  efferent.  It  is  very  convenient  to  use  these 
terms  to  denote  the  two  great  classes  of  nerves ;  for  .  .  . 
there  are  afferent  nerves  which  are  not  sensory,  while 
there  may  lie  in  man,  and  certainly  are  in  animals,  effe- 
rent nerves  which  are  not  motor,  in  the  sense  of  inducing 
muscular  contraction.  Huxley,  Physiol.,  p.  289. 

affermet,  v.  t.    Obsolete  form  of  affirm.    Chaucer. 

affettuoso  (af-fet-to-6'so),  a.  [It.,  affectionate, 
kind,  tender,  <  L.  affectuosus  :  see  affectuous.] 
Tender;  affecting:  in  music,  designating  a 
movement  which  is  to  be  sung  or  played  softly 
and  affectingly. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  w.  [<  ME.  affiance,  afiunec, 
affyance,  -amice,  <  OF.  afiance,  <  after,  affier, 
trust  in,  >  ME.  often,  affien  :  see  affij  and  -ance.] 

1.  Trust;  confidence;  reliance. 

The  Christian  looks  to  God  with  implicit  affiance. 

Il'un  nu'inl. 

Lancelot,  my  Lancelot,  thou  in  whom  I  have 
Most  love  and  most  affiance. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  The  pledging  of  faith,  as  in  contracting 
marriage  ;  a  solemn  engagement ;  a  marriage 
contract . 

Accord  of  friendes,  consent  of  Parents  sought, 
Affyauuce  made,  mv  happinesse  begonne. 

Sj.-nser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  21. 

3.  Affinity;  intimate  relation;  connection. 
In  defiance  of  his  church  and  not  in  affiance  with  it. 

II.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  198. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  affianced, 
ppr.  affiancing.  [<  OF.  afiancer ;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  to  betroth;  bind  by  promise  of 
marriage:  as,  to  affiance  a,  daughter;  to  affiance 
one's  self. 

In  me  behold  the  Prince, 
Your  countryman,  affianced  years  ago 
To  the  Lady  Ida.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  To  assure  by  pledge  or  promise.     [Rare.] 
Stranger  !  whoe'er  thou  art,  securely  rest 
Affianced  in  my  faith,  a  friendly  guest. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xv.  305. 
affiancer  (a-fi'an-ser),  n.     One  who  affiances; 
one  who  makes  a  contract  of  marriage  between 
parties. 


99 

affiant  (a-fi'ant),  n.  [<  OF.  affiant,  ppr.  of  affier, 
pledge  one's  faith  :  see  affy  and  -ant*.]  In  law, 
one  who  makes  an  affidavit.     [United  States.] 

affichet,  '•.  i.    See  affitch. 

affiche  (a-fesh'),  ».  [F.,  <  afficher,  OF.  aftcher, 
afiehier,  fasten  to,  >  ME.  affiche:  see  affttch  and 
affix.]  A  i  ci  per  of  any  kind  pasted  or  affixed  to 
a  wall,  post,  etc.,  to  be  read  by  passers-b\  :  a 

poster. 

affidationt,  affidaturet  (af-i-da'shon,  af'i-da- 
tur),  it.  [<  ML.  affidare,  pledge:  see  afi'ij  and 
affianee.]     A  mutual  contract  of  fidelity. 

affidavit  (af-i-da'vit),  ».  [ML.,  he  has  made 
oath,  3d  pers.  sing.  pert',  ind.  of  affidare,  make 
oath:  see  affy  and  affiance.]  A  written  decla- 
ration upon  oath ;  a  statement  of  facts  in  writ- 
ing signed  by  the  affiant,  and  sworn  to  or  con- 
firmed by  a  declaration  before  a  notary  pub- 
lie,  a  magistrate,  or  other  authorized  officer. 
Affidavits  are  usually  required  when  evidence  is  to  be  laid 
before  a  judge  or  court  on  a  motion  or  summary  applica- 
tion, as  distinguished  from  a  trial  of  the  merits  of  the 
cause.  The  word  is  sometimes  loosely  used  of  an  oral  de- 
claration under  oath. 

affiet,  r.     See  affy. 

affilet,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  affilen,  afih  n.  affylen,  <  OF. 
afiU  r,  later  affiler,  to  sharpen,  also  to  dock,  mod. 
F.  affihr,  <  ML.  "affilare  underiv. ).  bring  to  an 
edge,  <  L.  ad,  to.  +  filum,  thread,  ML.  also 
edge:  see  file3.]     To  polish  ;•  sharpen. 

He  moste  preche  and  well  affyle  his  tunge. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  714. 

affiliable  (a-fil'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  as  if  *affili- 
ahilis.i  affdiare:  see  affiliate.]  Capable  of  br- 
ing affiliated;  chargeable  as  result  or  effect: 
with  on  or  upon. 

The  distribution  of  sediment  and  other  geological  pro- 
cesses which  these  marine  currents  effect,  are  affiliable 
upon  the  force  which  the  sun  radiates. 

H.  Spencer,  First  Principles,  §  69. 

affiliate  (a-fil'i-at),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  affiliated, 
ppr.  affiliating.  [<  ML.  affiliates,  pp.  of  affdi- 
are, adliliarc  (  >  F.  affilicr),  adopt  as  a  son,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  filius,  son,  filia,  daughter.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  adopt;  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son 
or  daughter ;  hence,  to  bring  into  intimate  as- 
sociation or  close  connection. 

Is  the  soul  affiliated  to  God,  or  is  it  estranged  and  in 
rebellion?  /.  Taylor. 

2.  In  taw,  to  fix  the  paternity  of,  as  a  bastard 
child:  with  upon:  as,  the  mother  affiliated  her 
child  upon  John  Doe.    Hence  —  3.  To  conned 

in  the  way  of  descent  or  derivation  :  with  upon. 

Ethical  requirements  may  here  be  to  such  extent  affili- 
ated upon  physical  necessities,  as  to  give  them  a  partially 
scientific  authority.  //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  108. 

4.  To  associate ;  receive  or  establish  on  terms 
of  fellowship. 

Men  who  have  a  voice  in  public  affairs  are  at  once  affil- 
iated  with  one  or  other  of  the  great  parties  between  wliieh 
society  is  divided.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

He  [Lassalle]  hoped  the  party  of  progress  would  affiliate 
itself  with  him.  6.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  03. 

Austria  and  .  .  .  the  affiliated  Governments  of  the  Pe- 
ninsula. E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  137. 

Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected  with  a 
central  society  or  with  one  another. 

II.  in  trims.  To  associate;  consort;  be  inti- 
mately united  in  action  or  interest. 

The  political  organization  with  which  the  blacks  now 
naturally  affliate  is  restrained,  by  fear  of  Caucasian  senti- 
ment, from  giving  this  element  the  prominence  it  numeri- 
cally deserves.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  426. 

affiliation  (a-fil-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  F.  affiliation, 
<  ML.  affiliatio{ii-),  adiiliatio(n-),<affiliaii  :  see 
affiliate?]  1.  Adoption;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society ;  hence,  consanguinity 
or  kinship  of  feeling  or  character. 

There  are  a  number  of  affiliation*  which  were  of  at  least 
equal  antiquity  with  Adoption,  and  which,  I  susp.-et, 
served  its  object  even  more  completely  in  very  ancient 
times.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  98. 

So  intense  is  our  sense  of  affiliation  with  their  nature, 
that  we  speak  of  them  universallv  as  our  fathers. 

Whipple.  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  221. 

2.  Association  in  general ;  relation  ;  connec- 
tion ;  friendship  ;  alliance. 

The  merry  gallants  of  a  French  colonial  military  service 
which  had  grown  gross  by  affiliation  with  Spanish-Ameri- 
can frontier  life.  G.  IF.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  4. 

The  population  [of  the  disputed  territory  on  tin  western 

boundary  of  Afghanistan!  is  sparse,  with  few  afflliati 

with  the  Afghans.  Science,  V.  359. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  imputing  or  of  determin- 
ing the  paternity  of  a  child,  and  the  fixing  upon 
the  father  the  obligation  to  provide  for  its 
maintenance.  Hence  —  4.  The  fathering  of  a 
thing  upon  any  one;  the  assignment  of  any- 
thing to  its  origin  ;  connection  by  way  of  deri- 
vation or  descent :  with  upon. 


affinity 

The  relationship  of  tie  il  to  the  fundamen- 
tal org actions  is  traceable,  not  only  through  its  affili- 
ation upon  Mi-  sense  of  taste,  but  is  ti  recti] 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  r->.  hoL 
affinal  (a-fi'nal),  a.     [<  L.  affinis  (see  affine1) 
+  -«/.]    Belated  by  affinity;  derived  from  the 
same   source :    as,   affinal  tribes  or  products. 
|  Rare.] 
affine1  (a-fin'),  a.  and  re.     [<  OF.  affi,,,  afin,  "a 
kinsman  or  allie,  one  with  whom  affinity  is  had 
or  contracted''  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  affinis,  neigh- 
boring, related  by  marriage,  on.-  related  by  mar- 
riage, <  ad,  to,  +  finis,  border,  end:  so.-  fine1, 
and  .1'.  affinity.]     I.  a.  Belated;  akin;  affined. 
II.  n.  A  relative  by  marriage ;  one  akin, 
affine-t  (a-fin'),  v.  t.     [<  F.  afftner,  <  )F.  miner  = 
Pr.  Sp.  afinar=z  It.  affinare,  <  ML.  affinare,  re- 
fine, <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  linus  (  >  <  »F."./<".  '''•  I, 
fine :.  see  fine'*.]    To  refine.     Holland. 
affined  (a-find'),  a.     [<  afftne}  +  -,d~.]      1. 
Joinedby  affinity  or  any  close  tie;  akin;  allied; 
confederated. 

For  then,  the  bold  and  coward, 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread, 
The  hard  and  soft,  seem  all  affiu'l  and  kin. 

Shak.,  1.  and  ('.,  i.  3. 
If  partially  affin'd,  or  leagu'd  in  office, 
1 1  ton  .lost  deliver  more  or  less  than  truth, 
Thou  art  no  soldier.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  :;. 

2t.  Bound  or  obligated  by  affinity  or  some  in- 
timate relation. 

Now,  sir,  be  judge  yourself, 
Whether  I  in  any  just  term  am  affin'd 
To  love  the  Moor.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

3.  In  zoeil.,  joined  in  natural  affinity;  having 
affinity  ;  allied  homologieally  and  morphologi- 
cally ;  related  in  structural  character. 

Birds  are  homologieally  related,  or  naturally  allied  or 

affined,  according  to  the  sum  of  like  structural  characters. 

Key  to  X.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

affinitative  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  affini- 
ta(t-)s,  affinity,  +  -ire.]  Of  the  nature  of  affin- 
ity:  as,  an  affinitatire  resemblance.     X.  E.  D. 

aflinitatively  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  Bymeans 
of  affinity ;  as  regards  affinity. 

affinition  (af-i-nish'on),  re.  [<  affine1  +  -Won. 
Of.  define,  definition.)  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  affined ;  mental  affinity  or  attraction. 
[Rare.] 

affinitive  (a-fin'i-tiv),  a.  [(.affinity  +  -we.  I  If. 
definitive.]  Characterized  by  affinity;  closely 
related.    N.  E.  D. 

affinity  (a-fin'i-ti).  h.;  pi. affinities (-tiz).  [<ME. 
afinite,  affinite",  <  OF.  afinite,  F.  affimte,  <  L.  affini- 
t'a(t-)s,  <  affinis,  neighboring,  related  by  mar- 
riage: see  affine1,  affined.]  1.  An  artificial  re- 
lationship between  persons  of  different  blood, 
regarded  as  analogous  to  consanguinity;  the 
relation  between  families  or  individuals  ereat  ed 
by  intermarriage  (excluding  that  between  the 
married  persons),  by  legal  adoption,  or  by  spon- 
sorship; more  especially,  the  relation  between 
a  husband  or  wife  and  the  kindred  of  the  other 
spouse.  In  the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  affinity 
by  marriage  or  adoption  is  a  bar  to  marriage  within  certain 
degrees,  equally  with  consanguinity;  and  on  this  ground 
rests  the  prohibition  of  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's 
sister  in  Great  Britain.  The  canon  law  treats  unlawful 
sexual  intercourse  as  ereating  the  same  affinity  with  mar- 
riage. The  relationship  of  godparents  and  godchildren, 
called  spiritual  affinity,  is  not  now  considered  a  bar  to  mar- 
riage, -tv  it  was  before  the  Council  of  Trent,  which  made 
no  provision  on  the  subject. 

Solomon  made  aJRnitymfh  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt,  and 
took  Pharaoh's  daughter.  l  Ki.  iii.  t. 

2f.  Intercourse ;  acquaintance ;  companion- 
ship. 

About  forty  years  past.  I  began  a  happy  affinity  with 
William  Craiim'er.  Burton. 

Hence  —  3.  Anatural  liking  for,  or  attraction  to. 
a  person  or  thing ;  a  natural  drawing  or  inclina- 
tion ;  an  inherent  mutual  liking  or  attraction. 

Some  transcendent,  unborn  affiu'l!,.  by  which  we  are 
linked  to  things  above  the  range  of  mere  nature. 

Buehnell,  Xat.  and  the  Supernal  ,  p.  68, 

4.  Inherent  likeness  or  agreement  as  between 
things;  essential  or  specific  conformity;  inti- 
mate resemblance  or  connection. 

The  perception  of  real  affinities  between  events  (that  is 
to  say,  of  ideal  uthmti.*,  tea  those  onl\  are  real) enables 
the  poet  thus  to  make  free  with  the  most  imposing  Forms 
and  phenomena  of  the  world,  and  to  assert  the  predomi 
nance  of  tin-  soul.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5.  In  rlnni.,  thai  force  by  which  the  atoms  of 
bodies  of  dissimilar  nature  unite  in  certain  defi- 
nite proportions  to  form  a  compound  different 
in  its  nature  from  any  of  its  constituents: 
called  distinctively  chemical  or  elective  affinity. 
The  word  has  lost  its  original  meaning,  and  am  signifii  - 
nothing  more  than  chemical  force.     See  chi  mieal. 

Affinity  is  neither  the  gases  not  their  product,  but  a 
power  wni.  i'  renders  the  product  possible. 

ti.  11    I.,  cv.,.  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind.  I.  i.  s  'JJ. 


100 

4.  In  law,  the  solemn  declaration  made  by 
Quakers,  Moravians,  or  others  conscientiously 
opposed  to  taking  oaths,  in  rases  where  an  oath 
is  generally  required.  False  affirmations  made  by 
such  persons  are  punishable  in  the  same  way  as  perjury, 
affirmative  (a-fer'ma-tiv),  a.  and  u.  [<  ME. 
affirmatyff,  n.;'<  OF.  affirmaUf,  P.  affirmaUf,  -ire, 
a.,  affirmative,  n.,  <  L.  affirmalmius,  <  affirmatus, 
py.  of  affirmare:  seoaffirm.]  I.  <t.  1.  Charac- 
terized by  affirmation  or  assertion;  assertive  ; 
positive  in  f  orm ;  not  negative:  a^.anaffirmative 
proposition  ;  affirmative  principles.  In  formal 
lotiic,  the  ilistini  ti'on  of  affirmative  and  negative  proposi- 
tions relates  not  to  the  nature  of  what  is  asserted,  hut 
only  to  the  form  of  the  proposition,  which  is  called  affirm- 
ative  if  it  contains  no  negative  particle. 
Hence  —  2.  Positive  in  manner ;  confident  ; 
dogmatic. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirmative  in  an  uncertain  matter. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  p.  102. 

3.  Giving  affirmation  or  assent ;  confirmatory ; 
ratifying;  concurring;  agreeing:  as,  an  affirm- 
a  I  ire  decree  or  judgment  by  an  appellate  court; 
an  affirmative  answer  to  a  request. 

II'.  n.  1.  That  which  affirms  or  asserts;  a 
positive  proposition  or  averment :  as,  two  neg- 
atives make  an  affirmative. 

Your  four  negatives  make  your  two  affirmatives. 

Slink.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

2.  That  which  gives  affirmation  or  assent ;  the 
agreeing  or  concurring  part  or  side  :  with  the 
definite  article:  as,  to  support  the  affirmative; 
to  vote  in  the  affirmative  (that  is,  in  favor  of  the 
affirmative  side),  as  in  a  legislative  body. 

A  government  is  perfect  of  which  the  affirmative  can  he 
truly  stated  in  answering  these  questions.         Brougham. 

3.  In  judicial  proceedings,  the  side  which, 
whether  in  itself  an  affirmation  or  a  negation, 
requires  first  to  be  supported  by  proof,  pre- 
sumption in  the  absence  of  proof  being  against 
it;  the  side  which  has  the  burden  of  proof. — 

4.  Naut,  the  signal-flag  or  pendant  by  which 
assent  is  expressed. 

affirmatively  (a-fer'ma-tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
affirmative  manner;  by  express  declaration; 
positively;  expressly. —  2.  In  the  affirmative 
mode  ;  by  asserting  that  a  disputed  or  doubt- 
ful thing  is :  opposed  to  negatively. 

1  believe  in  God.  First,  in  God  affirmatively,  I  believe 
he  is:  against  atheism.  Secondly,  in  God  exclusively, 
in  it  in  gods ;  as  against  polytheism  and  idolatry. 

/>>.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

affirmatory  (a-fer'ma-to-ri),  a.     [<  LL.  as  if  *af- 
firmatorius,  i'affirmdtor,  an  affirmer,  <  L.  affir- 
mare:  see  affirm. ]     1.  Affirmative;  assertive. 
An  oath  may  as  well  sometimes  he  affirmatory  as  prom- 
issory. Hoboes,  Gov.  anil  Society,  ii.  §  20. 

2.  Dependent  upon  an  affirmative  principle : 
as,  an  affirmatory  syllogism.     lie  Morgan. 
affirmer  (a-fer'mer),  n.     One  who  affirms. 
The  burthen  of  the  proof  in  law  resteth  upon  the  affirmer. 
Bp.  BramhaXl,  Schism  Guarded,  p.  285. 

affitcht,»'.  f.  [<  T£E.affitche,  affieehe,  affiche,<  OF. 
afleher,  afichier,  mod.  F.  afficher  =  Pr.  aficar, 
afiguar  =  Sp.  afijar  =  It.  dfficcare,  <"ML.  as  if 
*affigieare,  a  freq.  form  equiv.  to  affixare,  freq. 
of' Li.  affigere,  adfigere,  fasten  to,  affix:  see  affix, 
and  of.  jitchZ,  fix.]  To  fasten  to ;  affix. 
The  platisof  gold,  the  whlche  he  hadde  affitchide. 

Wyclif,  2  Ki.  xviii.  16.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

affix  (a-liks'),  '••  '•;  Pret.  and  pp.  affixed  (for- 
merly "often  and  still  occasionally  affixt),  ppr. 
affixing.  [<  ML.  affixare,  freq.  of  L.  affigere,  ad- 
/i>7T,' pp.  affixus,  adfixus,  fasten  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
'li'<l<rr,  fasten,  fix.  'The  older  form  in  E.  was 
affitch,  q.  v.]  To  fix;  fasten,  join,  or  attach; 
conjoin,  add,  or  append;  make  an  adjunct  or 
part  of  :  followed  by  to. 

Sxchblshop  W'hitgift  was  the  flrat  to  affix  his  name  to 

the  death  warrant.  Bancroft,  Hist.  I  .  8.,  I.  226. 

As  plants  became  more  highly  developed  and  nihi^i  to 

the  ground,  they  would  be  compelled  to  be  anemophilous 

in  order  I"  Intercross. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilization,  p.  109. 

Wehesltate  ai  doing  Spenser  so  great  an  honor  as  to 

think  that  he  intended  by  his  all rythe  rensewe  affix 

tn  it.  Emerson,  u  I 

Syn.  Add.  Afar.   Inm  ,   i  tc  i  ei  add),  Bufflx, superadd, 

tack fasten  on,  j- -in. 

1    '".'","■.       ^  ..    4   affix   (af'iks).    )i.      ['<  P.  affitce,  a.   and   n.,  <  L. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed;  a  proposition  that        ^.^  ,„,„-,.„,.,„„.:„,„//,,    ,..]    1.  That  which 
is  declared  to  be  true;  averment;  assertion. 

Tliai  he  shall  receivi  no  beni  hi  from  Chi  1st   I    thi  affir- 
mation w  hereon  hi    del  pall  i    foundi  d, 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

3.  Confirmation;    ratification;    estalilisliment 

of  something  of  prior  origin. 

-  "ii    in  ate     Dim  < i Ij  thi  affii  motion  or  rati- 
fication of  that  which  by  common  law  was  hcM  before. 

Hooker. 


affinity 

6.  In  hiol,  morphological  and  implied  genetic 
relationship,  resulting  in  a  resemblance  in  gen- 
eral plan  or  structure,  or  in  tl ssential  struc- 
tural parts,  existing  between  two  organisms  or 
groups  of  organisms  :  true  and  near  structural 
relationship,  predioatle  of  two  or  more  organ- 
isms morphologically  related,  however  diverse 
physiologically. 

At  first  we  And  marsupials,  ami  Caraivora  with  marsu- 
pial „  ./.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  24. 

7.  In  psychoid  that  in  ideas  which  renders  them 
capable  of  beingassociatedinthemind,  as  their 
similarity  or  ooadjacency.    ihe  lawof  the  affinity  of 

|  ,, ■[•  name  for  the  law  of  continuity  of  notions, 
according  t"  which  twn  notions  cannot  be  Bosimilarbut 
that  it  is  possible  to  find  a  third  intermediate  between  them 

8.  In  geom.,  the  relationship  between  two  fig- 
ures in  the  same  plane  which  correspond  to 
each  other,  point  to  point  and  straight  line  to 
straight  line,  any  point  of  the  one  lying  in  a 
fixed  direction  from  the  corresponding  point 
of  the  other,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  propor- 
tional to  its  distance  from  a  fixed  line,  called 
the  axis  of  affinity,  the  direction  of  which  is 
that  of  lines  joining  corresponding  points. 

affirm  (a-ferm'),  v.  [Formerly  afferm,  but  now 
spelled" so  as  to  approach  the  L. ;  <  ME.  affer- 
mm,  afermen,  <  OF.  afermer,  affermer,  later 
affirmer,  affirm,  avouch,  mod.  F.  affermer  = 
Pr.  affermar  =  Sp.  afirmar  =  Pg.  affirmar  =  It. 
affirmare,  <L.  affirmare,  adfirmare,  present  as 
fixed,  aver,  affirm,  <  ad,  to,  +firmare,  make  firm, 
<  firmus,  firm:  see  firm,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
state  or  assert  positively;  tell  with  confidence  ; 
aver;  declare  to  be  a  fact;  maintain  as  true: 
opposed  to  deny. 

One  Jesus,  which  was  dead,  whom  Taul  affirmed  to  he 
alive.  Act3  XAV-  ld- 

The  gentleman  came  up,  and  asked  pardon  for  having 
disturbed  us,  nihi-miiia  that  he  was  ignorant  of  our  being 
so  near.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  viii. 

2.  To  make  firm ;  establish,  confirm,  or  ratify: 
as,  the  appellate  court  affirmed  the  judgment. 
=  Syn.  1.  Assert,  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.    See  assert. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  declare  or  assert  positively 
or  solemnly. 

N..t  that  I  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem 

In  thee,  who  hast  thy  dwelling  here  on  earth. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  117. 

All  hooks  that  get  fairly  into  the  vital  air  of  the  world 

were  written  by  the  .  .  .  affirming  and  advancing  class, 

win.  utter  what  tens  of  thousands  feel  though  they  cannot 

s;iv  Emerson,  Books. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court  or  ma- 
gistrate, but  without  oath  (a  practice  allowed 
where  the  affirmant  has  scruples  against  tak- 
ing an  oath);  make  a  legal  affirmation.  See 
affirmation. 

affirmable  (a-fer'ma-bl),  a.  [<  affirm  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  "being  "affirmed,  asserted,  or  de- 
clared :  followed  by  of:  as,  an  attribute  affirm- 
able of  every  just  man. 

affirmably  (a-fer'ma-bli),  adv.  In  away  capa- 
ble of  affirmation. 

affirmance  (a-t'er'mans),  ii.  [<  <  )F.  offer  ma  nee, 
afermance,  (' affermer,  afermer,  affirm:  see  af- 
firm.] 1.  The  act  of  affirming;  asseveration; 
assertion. 

E'en  win  ii  sober  truth  prevails  throughout, 
They  swear  it,  till  affii  mana  bn  eds  a  doubt. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  60. 

2.  Confirmation;  ratification. 

All   91  nt.  ii.  .  !   arc   liable    to   the  king's  affirmance  or  ]'e- 

Brougham. 

3.  In  liar:  (a)  Th nfirmation  by  an  appel- 
late court  of  the  adjudication  of  a  lower  court 
or  officer,     (b)  Confirmation  of  a  voidable  act. 

affirmant  (a-fer'mant),  n.  [<li.  affirman(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  affirmare :  see  affirm.]  1.  One  who  af- 
firms or  asserts.— 2.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
affirmation  instead  of  taking  an  oath. 

affirmation  (af-er-ma'shon),  n.    [<  L.  affirma- 

tii)(n-),  <  affiriiinri,  affirm:  see  affirm."]  1.  The 
assertion  that  something  is,  or  is  true  ;  the  as- 
signment of  a  certain  character  to  an  object  : 
opposed  to  denial  or  negation,  in  ordinary  formal 
the  dl  tin.  Hon  n  lates  merely  to  the  (orm  ol  expres- 

i.ni  usual!]  affirmation  i   taki  n  to  mi  an  thi  ..    i  i 

imi  thing  po  Ifivi  and  di  Hniti    as  opposed  to  a  merely 


afflict 

used  especially  with  reference  to  ceramics  and 
bronzes.  Decoration  of  this  kind  is  characteristic  of 
the  famous  Palissy  wan-,  which  is  adorned  with  affixes  in 

the  shape  of  serpents,  lizards,  fishes,  and  the  like;  and 


Uj-_,^ 


'ffixus,  adfixus,  pp. :  see  affix,  r.] 

i  .  joined,  attached,  or  added  ;  an  addition  or 
attachment.— 2.  In  philol.,  a  syllable  or  letter, 
prefix  or  suffix,  attached  to  a   word  or  a  verbal 

root  or  stem,  as  in  good-new,  vcri-///,  civil-i  e, 

Ufl-able,  iiii-rnii  ■  furm-alile.—  3.  In  ilirnrnlin  in  I, 

any  small  feature,  as  a   figure,  a  flower,  or 

the  like,  added  for  ornament  to  a  vessel  or 
other  utensil,  to  an  architectural  feature,  etc. : 


Affixes. 

Itato-Greek  Vase  in  the  Campana  Collection.  Louvre  Museum. 

( From  "  L' Art  pour  Tous." ) 

modern  ceramic  ware  of  both  fine  and  ordinary  quality  is 
often  ornamented  with  tlowers,  figures,  etc.,  in  relief.  The 
most  beautiful  examples  of  the  artistic  uae  of  affixes  are, 
however  to  be  sought  among  Japanese  bronzes. 

affixal(af'iks-al),t/.  [<  affix.  n.,+ -al.]  Pertain- 
ing to  an  affix;  having  the  character  of  an  affix. 
[Rare.] 

affixation  (af-iks-a'shon),  n.  [<ML.  as  if  *af- 
fixittiii(ri-\  <  affixare:  see  affix,  v.]  The  act 
of  affixing,  attaching,  or  appending ;  affixion. 
[Rare.] 

affixion  (a-fik'shon),  n.     [<  L.  affixio(n-),  ad- 
rixio(n-).  <  affigere,  adfigere:  see  affix,  v.]    The 
act  of  affixing,  or  the  state  of  being  affixed. 
[Rare.] 
In  his  scourging,  in  his  affixion,  in  his  transfixion. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermon,  Gal.  ii.  20. 

affixture  (a-fiks'tur),  n.  [<  affix  +  -ture,  after 
fixture.]  1.  The  act  of  affixing;  attachment. 
—  2.  That  which  is  affixed.     [Rare.] 

afflatet  (a-flaf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  afflatus,  pp.  of  af- 
ilurr.  adflare,  blow  on,  <  ad,  to,  +  flare,  bh.w  : 
see  blou1.]     To  breathe  on  :  inspire. 

afflation  (a-fla'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'afflatio(n-), 
iaffiare,  adflare:  see  afflatus.]  A  blowing  or 
breathing  on ;  inspiration. 

afflatus  (a-fla'tus),  n.  [<  L.  afflatus,  adflatus, 
<  afflare,  adllare,  blow  on:  see  afflate.]  1.  A 
blowing  or  breathing  on,  as  of  wind;  a  breath 
or  blast  of  wind.  [Rare  or  unused.]  — 2.  An 
impelling  mental  force  acting  from  within; 
supernal  impulse  or  power,  as  of  prophecy  or 
expression;  religious,  poetic,  or  oratorical  in- 
spiration. Often  spoken  of  as  the  divine  afflatus,  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Latin  afflatus  dlnnus,  inspiration. 

The  poet  writing  against  his  genius  will  be  like  a  pro- 
phet without  his  afflatus.  J.  Spenee,  The  Odyssey. 

affleure  (a-flc-ra'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  affleurcr  (Pr. 
afflourar),  make  level  or  Hush,  <  a  fleur  =  Pr. 
a  flour  =  Pg.  a  fior  =  It.  a  for,  on  a  level,  even, 
Hush:  appnr.  <  I.,  ad  tlnrrm  :  ad,  to,  at  :  florcm, 
ace.  of  fios,  flower,  in  the  later  sense  of  'upper 
surface'  (see  flower),  in  this  sense  perhaps  as- 
sociated with',  if  not  derived  from.  C.  ffitr  =  E. 
Ilnnr,  i|.  v.]  In  decorative  art,  sunk  to  a  level 
with  the  surface;  not  projecting:  said  of  a 
medallion,  a  disk,  or  other  ornamental  adjunct, 
inlaid  as  pari  "f  a  design. 
afflict  (a-llikf),  v.  t.  [In  earlier  form  aflight, 
q.  V. ;  <'lj.  affiictare,  adflictarr,  trouble,  agitate, 
vox  greatly,  intensive  of  affligere,  adfligere,  pp. 
afflictu8,adflictu8,  beat  down,  dash  to  the  ground, 
()td.  to,  +fligere.  beat,  strike,  prob.  akin  to  15. 
l,l,iir-\  a  stroke,  hit.]  If.  To  strike  down ;  pros- 
trate; overthrow;  rout. 

And,  reassembling  our  afflicted  powers, 

Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend 

i  mi  enemy.  Hilton,  P.  L,  l.  186. 

To   distress  with   mental   or   bodily  pain; 


2.    - 

trouble  greatly  or  grievously;  harass  or  tor- 
,,i,,ii  :  as,  to  be  afflicted  with  the  gout,  or  by 
persecution. 

Ye  shall  not  ujllni  any  widow  or  fatherless  child. 

Ex.  xxn.  22. 


afflict 

There  is  no  community  free  from  a  multitude  of  croak- 
ers and  alarmists,  .  .  .  who  afflict  the  patience  and  con- 
science of  all  good  Christians  within  the  reach  of  their 
influence.  FPAippfo,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  11.  LIS. 

The  afflicted  voice  of  the  country,  in  its  hour  of  danger, 
has  charmed  down  with  a  sweet  persuasion  Hie  angry 
passions  of  tlio  day.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  379. 

-Syn.  Afflict,  Distress,  Trouble,  Harass,  Torment;  try, 
pain,  hurt,  plague,  persecute.  Of  these  words,  afflict  im- 
plies the  most  spiritual  effect,  the  greatest  depth  and  con- 
tinuance <>f  sorrow.  'I'"  iii*tn:-<.-<  is  a  more  outward  art, 
bringing  one  into  straitness  of  circumstances  or  feeling,  so 
that  there  is  more  anxiety  for  the  future,  while  perhaps 
the  afflicted  person  knows  the  full  measure  of  his  luss  juid 
is  wholly  occupied  with  the  past.  To  trouble  is  a  lighter 
aet,  involving  perhaps  confusion  or  uncertainty  of  mind. 
and  especially  embarrassment.  Harass,  as  applied  to  mind 
or  body,  suggests  thr  intlietion  of  the  weariness  that  comes 
from  the  continuance  or  repetition  of  trying  experiences, 
so  that  there  is  not  time  for  rest.  Torment  implies  the 
intlietion  of  acute  pain,  physical  or  mental,  and  is  fre- 
quently used  in  the  sense  of  harassing  by  frequent  return. 
The  use  of  afflicted  otherwise  than  of  persons  severally  or 
collectively  is  highly  figurative  or  poetic  :  as,  my  afflicted 
fortunes ;  the  other  words  have  freer  figurative  use.  See 
affliction. 

O  ye  afflicted  ones  who  lie 
Steeped  to  the  lips  in  misery. 

Longfellow,' GolAet  of  Life. 
I  come  to  visit  the  afflicted  spirits 
Here  in  the  prison.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  3. 

Myself  distress''!,  an  exile,  and  unknown, 
Debarrd  from  Europe,  and  from  Asia  thrown, 
In  Libyan  deserts  wander  thus  alone. 

Dryden,  .Kneid,  i.  531. 
For  my  own  part  I  should  be  very  much  troubled  were  I 
endowed  with  this  divining  quality. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 
Nature,  oppress'd  and  harass'd  out  with  care, 
Sinks  down  to  rest.  Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

The  sight  of  any  of  the  house  of  York 
Is  as  a  fury  to  torment  my  soul. 

Shale,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

afflictt  (a-flikf),  p.  a.  [In  earlier  form  aJHght, 
q.  v. ;  <  L.  afflictus,  adflictuSj  pp. :  see  the  verb.] 
Afflicted;  distressed. 

afflictt,  »•     [<  afflict,  p.]     Conflict;  struggle. 

The  life  of  man  upon  earth  is  nothing  else  than  a  ' '  war- 
fare" and  continual  afflict  with  her  ghostly  enemies. 

Becon,  Fasting  (ed.  1844),  p.  542.    (N.  E.  D.) 

afflictedness  (a-flik'ted-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  afflicted;  affliction. 

Thou  art  deceived  if  thou  thinkest  that  God  delights  in 
the  afflictedness  of  his  creatures. 

Bp,  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  ii.  §  6. 

afflicter  (a-flik'ter),  n.  One  who  afflicts  or 
causes  pain  of  body  or  of  iniiid. 

afflictingly  (a-flik'ting-li),  adv.  In  an  afflicting 
manner. 

affliction  (a-flik'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  affiiccioun, 
-tyon,  <  OF.  aJUctioiij  <  L.  afflicUo(7tP)f  adflic- 
tio(n-),<.  affligere,  adfligere:  see  afflict.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  afflicted;  a  state  of  pain,  dis- 
tress, or  grief. 

To  visit  the  fatherless  and  widows  in  their  affliction. 

Jas.  i.  27. 

He  kindly  tooke  us  all  by  the  hand,  and  made  signes 
that  he  should  see  us  no  more,  which  made  us  take  our 
leave  of  him  with  extreame  reluctancy  and  affliction  for 
the  accident.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1040. 

2.  A  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  loss,  calamity,  adversity,  persecu- 
tion, etc. 
Many  are  the  afflictions  of  the  righteous.    Ps.  xxxiv.  19. 

=Syn.  1.  Affliction,  Grief,  Sorrow,  Sadness,  Distress,  Mis- 
ery, Wretchedness,  pain.  Affliction  is  acute,  continued 
suffering  caused  by  loss  or  its  consequences.  That  is  an 
affliction  which  is  a  severe  deprivation  or  loss,  as  of  health, 
limbs,  faculties,  friends,  or  the  property  necessary  to  one's 
Support;  not  temporary  ailments,  nor  losses  easily  borne 
or  repaired.  Grief  is  mental  suffering  too  violent  to  be 
long  continued,  and  therefore  subsiding  into  sorrow  or 
sadness;  it  is  always  in  view  of  something  recently  past. 
Affliction  is  a  personal  matter ;  grief  may  be  over  another's 
woe.  Sorrow,  though  more  quiet,  may  he  long  continued 
or  permanent  (as,  a  lifelong  sorrow),  and  may  be  in  view 
of  the  past,  present,  or  future ;  it  may  be  active  peni- 
tence for  wrong-doing,  as  sorrow  for  sin,  or  it  may  be 
wholly  sympathetic.  S>t>lness  is  a  feeling  of  dejection  or 
inability  to  be  cheerful,  the  cause  being  nut  always  a 
matter  of  consciousness;  it  is  primarily  personal,  aiid  is 
of  various  degrees  of  depth  and  permanence.  Distress  is 
extreme  adversity,  and,  subjectively,  the  corresponding 
state  of  mind;  it  is  the  agitation  appropriate  to  circum- 
stances well-nigh  desperate.  It  may  be  wholly  sympa- 
thetic, as  the  distress  caused  by  calamity  to  another,  and 
it  may  imply  a  struggle.  The  first  five  words  may  be 
freely  used  for  either  cause  or  effect;  misery  and  ivretched- 
ness  denote  generally  only  the  effect,  that'is,  the  state  of 
feeling.  Misery  is  great  and  unremitting  pain  of  body  or 
mind,  unhappiness  that  crushes  the  spirit.  l\  r,  tchedness 
is  sometimes  almost  identical  with  misery,  and  sometimes 
goes  beyond  it,  even  to  abjectness.     See  calamity. 

The  furnace  of  affliction  refines  us  from  earthly  drossi- 
ness,  and  softens  us  for  the-  impression  of  God's  own 
stamp.  Boyle. 

Indeed  the  violence  and  impression  of  an  excessive 
grief  must  of  necessity  astonish  the  soul,  and  wholly  de- 
prive her  of  her  ordinary  functions. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (yd  ed.),  ii. 


101 

A  feeling  of  sadness  and  longing, 

That  is  nut  akin  to  pain, 
Ami  resembles  sorrow  only 

As  the  mist  resembles  the  rain. 

Longfellow,  The  Day  is  Done. 

Great  distress  has  never  hitherto  taught,  ami  while  the 
world  lasts  it  never  will  tearli,  wise  lessons  to  any  part  of 
mankind.  Burke,  Letter  to  Mcmb.  of  Nat,  Assembly. 

The  state  of  one  who  really  wishes  for  death  is  firmly 
linked  in  our  thoughts  with' the  extreme  of  misery  and 
ur.  tchedness  and  disease.      II'.  A".  Clifford,  Lectures,  1.  229. 

2.  Trouble,  misfortune,  disaster,  visitation,  blow,  trial, 
woe,  tribulation.     See  list  under  grief. 

afflictive  (a-flik'tiv),  a.  [=F.  afflicUf,  <  ML. 
afflictivus,  '<  l,.  afflictus,  pp.  of  affligere:  see 
afflict,  i'.]  Characterized  by  or  causing  mental 
or  physical  pain  ;  painful;  t listressing ;  of  the 
nature  of  an  affliction :  as,  an  afflictive  dis- 
pensation of  Providence. 

We  consider  with  tile  most  afflictive  anguish  the  pain 
which  we  have  given  and  now  cannot  alleviate. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  54. 
Many  that  want  food  and  clothing  have  cheerier  lives 
and  brighter  prospects  than  she  had  ;  many,  harassed  by 
poverty,  are  in  a  strait  less  afflictive. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xiii. 

—  Syn.  Afflicting,  grievous,  calamitous,  disastrous,  oppres- 
sive, severe,  unhappy,  trying. 

afflictively  (a-flik'tiv-h),  ado.    In  an  afflictive 

manner ;  m  a  manner  that  is  paint ul  and  trying. 
affluence  (af'lo-ens),  n.  [=F.  affluence,  <  L. 
affluentia,  adfluentia,  abundance,  <  affluen(t-)s, 
adfluen(t-)s, ppr., abundant :  seeaffluent.]  l.A 
flowing  to ;  a  concourse ;  afflux. 
There  had  been  great  affluence  of  company. 

Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  III.  viii.  37. 

2.  Figuratively,  an  abundant  supply,  as  of 
thoughts,  words,  etc. ;  a  profusion,  as  of  riches ; 
hence,  abundance  of  material  goods ;  wealth. 

Few  scholars  have  manifested  so  much  independence 
and  affluence  of  thought,  in  connection  with  so  rich  and 
varied  an  amount  of  knowledge, 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  17. 

Many  old  and  honourable  families  disappeared,  .  .  . 
and  many  new  men  rose  rapidly  to  affluence. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

=  Sjm.  2.  Wealth,  Riches,  etc.  (see  opulence) ;  exuberance, 
prolusion,  overflow;  fortune,  prosperity,  ample   means. 
See  list  under  abundance. 
affluency  (af 'lo-en-si),  n.     An  abundant  flow  or 
supply;  affluence.     [Rare.] 

There  may  be  certain  channels  running  from  the  head 
to  this  little  instrument  of  loquacity  [a  woman's  tongue], 
and  conveying  into  it  a  perpetual  afflueiieu  of  animal 
spirits.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  247. 

affluent  (af'lo-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  affltu  ul, 
<  OF.  affluent,  'mod.  F.  affluent,  <  L.  afflu'en(t-)s, 
adfluen(t-)s,  abundant,  rich,  ppr.  of  affluere, 
adfluere,  flow  to,  abound  in,  <  ad,  to,  +  fluere, 
flow:  see  fluent.]  I.  a.  If.  Flowing  to:  as, 
"affluent  blood,"  Harvey,  Consumption. —  2. 
Abundant;  copious;  abounding  in  anything, 
as  attributes,  attainments,  or  possessions ; 
hence,  specifically,  abounding  in  means ;  rich : 
as,  a  man  of  affluent  intellect ;  an  affluent  man 
or  community ;  affluent  circumstances. 

His  imagination  is  most  alHuent  when  it  is  pervaded  by 
a  calm,  yet  intense  and  lofty  spirit  of  meditation. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  249. 

II.  n.  A  tributary  stream ;  a  stream  or  river 
flowing  into  another,  or  into  a  lake,  bay,  etc. 

He  cast  anchor  in  a  very  great  bay,  witll  many  affluent*. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  10S. 

As  the  Thames  rolls  along,  it  receives  a  number  of  these 
feeders,  or  affluents,  which  empty  themselves  into  the 
river.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  4. 

affluently  (af'16-ent-li),  adv.  In  an  affluent 
manner  ;  in  abundance  ;  abundantly. 

affluentness  (af'lo-ent-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  affluent ;  great  plenty. 

afflux  (af  Inks),  n.  [=  F.  afflux,  <  L.  as  if  *af- 
fluxus,  n.  (el.  flux,  <  fluxus,  it.),  <  affluere,  pp. 
affluxus,  flow  to  :  see  affluent.']  The  act  of  flow- 
ing to  ;  a  flow  or  flowing  to;  an  accession  :  as, 
an  afflux  of  blood  to  the  head. 

Not  unfreijuently  it  happens  that  to  a  spot  where  two 
or  more  filaments  have  met.  there  is  an  afflux  of  the  pro- 
toplasmio  substance.         W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  s  S95. 

affluxion  (a-fluk'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "afflux- 
io(n-)  (ef.  fluxion), "<  affluere,  flow  to:  see  af- 
fluent.] A  flowing  to  or  toward;  an  afflux  or 
accession.   Sir  T.  Browne. 

affodillt  (af 'o-dil ),  ii.    Obsolete  form  of  daffodil. 

afforage  (af'or-aj),  ».  [<  OF.  afforagi .  afft  wage, 
iafforer,  offerer,  affmrer,  afeurer,  assess,  value, 
affeer:  see  affeer.]  Formerly,  in  France,  a 
duty  paid  to  the  lord  of  a  district  for  permis- 
sion to  sell  wine  or  liquors  within  his  seigniory. 

afforcet  (a-fors'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aforcen,  afor- 
sen,  <  OF.  a/orcer,  <  ML.  'uffortiare,  aff'orciare, 
strengthen,  fortify  (ef.  afforccment) ;  mixed 
with  OF.  eff'orccr,  esforcer,  <  ML.  exfortiarc, 


afforestment 

force,  compel;  <  L.  ml.  to,  or  ex,  out,  +  ML. 
forluin,  strengthen:  Bee  force1.]  1.  To  force; 
compel;  violate. — 2.  To  strengthen  or  rein- 
force by  tlie  addition  ul' other  or  of  specially 
skilled  members,  as  juries  and  deliberative 
I  a  ii  lies. 

The  remedy  for  insufficient  "^"* ace"  was  sought 

...   in  admitting  tlie  houses  of   Parliament    to   I 
share  of  influence  in  executive  matters,  in  tie  afforcing  or 
amending  of  the  council,  and  in  the  passing  of  reforming 
statutes.  Stnbbs,  Const.  Hut  .  ■  i  9 

3.  Reflexively,  to  exert  one's  self ;  endeavor  ; 
attempt. 

afforcementt  (a-fors'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  afforce- 
ment, (.afforcer,  aforcer,  strengthen:  see  afforce 

ami  -mini.]  1.  A  reinforcement ;  a  strengthen- 
ing, especially  of  a  jury  or  deliberative  body. 

See  extract. 

As  it  became  difficult  to  find  juries  personally  informed 
as  to  the  points  at  issue,  the  jurors  .  .  .  summoned  were 
allowed  first  to  add  to  their  number  persons  who  possessed 
the  requisite  knowledge,  under  the  title  of  afforcement. 
After  tins  proceeding  bad  been  some  time  in  use,  the  af- 
forcing  jurors  were  separated  from  the  uninformed  jurors, 
and  relieved  them  altogether  from  their  character  of  wit- 
nesses. Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  104. 

2.  A  fortress;  a  fortification.     Bailey. 
afford  (a-ford'),   V.  t.     [Spelled  off-  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one/;  early  mod.  E.  af- 
ford, affoard,  affoord,  afoord,  <  ME.  aforthen, 

iforthen,  ivorthen,  earlier  /Jhrllm  u,  geforthian, 
<  AS.  geforthian,  further,  advance,  promote, 
accomplish,  perform,  <  ge-  +  forthian,  further, 
advance,  promote,  perform,  <  forth,  forth,  for- 
ward :  see  a-6,  ge-,  and  forth  ;  ef.  further,  v.] 
If.  To  promote;  further;  forward;  cany  out; 
accomplish  ;  achieve  ;  manage. 

And  here  and  there  as  that  my  litille  wit 

A  forthe  may,  eek  think  I  translate  hit. 

OccUie.     (llalliuell.) 

2.  To  give,  yield,  produce,  or  confer  upon ; 
yield,  furnish,  supply,  as  an  effect  or  a  result, 
as  of  growth,  effort,  or  operation :  as,  the  earth 
affords  grain  ;  trade  affords  profit ;  religion  af- 
fords consolation  to  the  afflicted ;  the  transac- 
tion afforded  him  a  good  profit ;  to  afford  one  an 
agreeable  sensation. 

What  could  be  less  than  to  afford  him  praise? 

Milton,  V.  I...  iv.  46. 
Standing  out  in  strong  relief  from  the  contrast  afforded 
by  the  sable  background  was  a  waxen  image. 

Barham,  Ingoldshy  Legends,  I.  145. 

The  delight  which  a  work  of  art  affords  seems  to  arise 

from  our  recognizing  in  it  the  mind  that  formed  Nature, 

again  in  active  operation.  Emerson,  Art. 

3.  To  manage,  be  able,  or  have  tlie  means  (with 
an  infinitive  clause);  be  able  to  give  or  bear, 
spare,  or  meet  the  expense  of  (with  an  object- 
noun)  :  always,  from  the  implication  of  ability, 
with  may  or  can :  as,  we  can  afford  to  sell 
cheap ;  he  might  afford  to  gratify  us;  you  can 
well  afford  the  expense. 

Only  this  commendation  I  can  afford  her. 

Shah.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 
Thou  shalt  lie  rinse  hid  with  nature,  and  canst  not  be 
afforded  to  thr  Capitol  or  the  Exchange, 

Km.  rson,  The  Poet. 
A  man  is  rich  in  proportion  to  tlie  number  of  things 
which  he  can  o^brd  to  let  alone.    Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  89. 
-Syn.  2.  To  supply,  furnish,  bestow,  communicate,  give, 
impart. 
affordable  (a-for'da-bl),  a.     [<  afford  +  -«We.] 
Capable  of  being  afforded,  spared,  yielded,  or 
borne, 
affordmentt   (a-ford'ment),   n.       [<  afford  + 
■merit.]     A  donation;  a  grant.     [Rare.] 

Your  forward  helps  and  affordments. 

H.  Lord,  Ded.  of  Sect  of  tlie  Banians,  1630. 

afforest  (a-for'est),  ».  t.  [<  ML.  afforestare, 
convert  into  a  forest,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  fori  sta, 
a  forest:  see  forest.]  To  convert,  as  bare  in- 
cultivated  land,  into  forest,  as  was  done  by 
the  first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  tlie  pur- 
pose of  providing  themselves  with  hunting- 
grounds. 

afforestation  (a-for-es-ta'shon),  «.  [<  ML.  af- 
fori  stittio(ii-),  <  afforestare  :  see  afforest."]  The 
act  of  turning  ground  into  forest  or  woodland, 
or  subjecting  it  to  forest  law ;  the  territory  af- 
forested. 

Richard  I.  and  Henry  II.  .  .  .  had  made  new  afforesta- 
tions, and  much  extended  the  rigour  of  the  forest  laws. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Com.  Law  of  Eng. 

afforestment  (a-for'est-ment),  n.  [<  afforest 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  converting,  as  arable 
land,  into  a  forest ;  afforestation. 

Land  once  afforested  became  subject  to  a  peculiar  sys- 
tem of  laws,  which,  as  well  as  the  formalities  required  to 
constitute  a  valid  afforestment,  nave  been  carefully  ascer- 
tained by  the  Anglo-Norman  lawyers. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  409. 

LIBRA  "RY 

trNTVF^^T^v  nw  '-  <  t i-poRNIA 
lRA 


afform 


afformt  f>f6rm'),  »■  '■  [<  OF.  o/omer,  <  ■•■  •  1- 
ad,  to)  +  /.»™tr,  form.]  To  form;  model, 
cause  to  conform. 

afformative  (a-f6r'ma-tiv),  ».  [<aj  <-'"'• 
to)  +  formative.']  tn  pWJoi,  an  affix;  aforma- 
tivc  addition  to  a  word  or  stem. 

affrancliise  (a-fran'chiz  or -chiz),  «.  '•  •  l,rpt; 

and  pp.  affrancl 1,^pv.affraniMsmg.    Klate 

ME.  aflran.  ranefetoe,  <  OF.  <^a»cfc«s-, 

F.  affranchiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  ol  "  • 
o/roncfetr,  1'.  affranchir,  make  free,<  a  (L'"''- 
to,  +  franc,free:  see  ./»-a»fc  and /rancftwe.]  lo 
make  free;  enfranchise. 

affranchisement  (a-fran'chiz-ment),  w.  L<  *• 
affranchissement.]  Th.-a.-i  ot  settmgtree.  ..rot 
liberating  from  a  state  of  dependence,  servi- 
tude, or  obligation;  enfranchisement. 

It  is  di  liverance  from  all  evil,  it  is  supreme  affranchise- 
,„  „)  J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  iv.  ,. 

a»apt(a-frap' ),  ''•  '•  and  i.  [=It.  affrappare,  < 
at-  (U  art,  to)  -i-/rapiJare  =  F.j^ap£er,  strike, 
of  uncertain  origin:  see/raj..]  Tostnke;  come 
to  blows. 

They  bene  ymett,  both  ready  to  affrap.         . 

Spenser,  r.  Q-,  It.  1.  -o. 

affray  fa-fra'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  offi-a^  afrayen, 
affrait n,  a/raj.  n  (pp.  <#•«««*,  aJrayecLaffiraied, 
afraied,  >  E.  a/™.W,  ci.  v.),  terrify,  frighten.  < 
OF.  «//,../...    affrayer,   affraier,  usually   with 
initial  e,effrayer  (  >  mod.  F.  .;rfV,/../.M.  effraer, 
effn  er,  <  ffrou  r,  effi  rer,  <  tsfrayt  r,  -  j/raw  r,  -  sfl  " , . 
esfroier,  eafroier,  etc.,  earher  e^reder  =.\1'; 's- 
/•;■/ (for,  terrify,  frighten,  disturb,  disquiet  (the 
"OF.  forms  in'  off-,  and  the  prevailing  sense  of 
'terrify'  rather  than  '  disturb,'  may  be  due  to 
the  influence  of  affre,  afre,  terror,  fright,  afre, 
afrou,  horrible,  frightful,  >Y.affreux,  horrible, 
frightful),  prob.  <  ML.  *exJHdare,  disturb,  dis- 
quiet, <  i.  ex,  out  of,  +  ML.  fridvs,  fndum, 
<OHG.  fridu,   fiido  (MHO.   wide,   G.  fnede), 
peace,  =  AS.  frithu,  peace  :  seeJWWA.    To  o/- 
>a«,  then,  is  to 'break  the  peace.']   To  frighten, 
terrify;  give  a  shock  to ;  arouse;  disturb. 
smut.-  foulea  a  grete  hepe 
That  had  a/rayed  me  out  of  my  slepe. 

Chaucer,  Deatl.  of  Blanche,  1.  296. 

The  kettle-drum  and  far-heard  clarion,  t 

Affray  his  ears.  Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxue. 

affray  (a-fra' ),  n.     [<  ME.  affray,  afray,  terror, 

dJBturD'ance,  brawl,  <  OF.  </.(/r,..v,  ",'/'"'■  usually, 

with  initial  e,  ctini,  itl'mi,  rffrmj,  cxfrai,  csfrei, 

esfroi  |  V.  ,  a  mi)  =  Pr.  esfrei;  from  the  verb: 

see  affray,  v.;  see  also  ,/W.,,i,  a  short  form  of 

affray.']     It-  Fear;  terror. 

Somemaner<tfraff.     Chaucer,  Man  of  law's  Tale,  1.1039. 

Full  of  ghastly  fright,  and  cold  affray.    ,...,. 

Sp.  user,  F.  Q.,  l.  ul  12, 

2t.  Disturbance  involving  terror. 
Atte  laste  he  made  a  foul  affray. 

Chaucer,  Monks  Tale,  1.  93. 

3    A  public  fight;  a  noisy  quarrel;  a  brawl;  a 
tumuli  :  disturbance.     Specifically,  in  law,  the  fight- 

i ftw -more  persons  in  a  public  place  to  the  terrui  .. 

ethers.  ltusuaUyimpliesacasualmeetn^,iK)thyprev.ous 
agreement  to  tight.    [A  private  quarrel  is  not  in  a  legal 

s.'nse .it.  aj  .1  =  Syn.  3.  Broil,  ScuffU,  etc.  See  q r,  , ,, 

affrayer  (a-fra'er),  n.    One  who  raises  or  is 
engaged  in  affrays  or  riots;  a  disturber  of  the 
peace.     [Rare.] 
Felons,  night-wall  ers. 

M.  halt,.,,  Country  Justt.  e  (1620). 

affraymentt(a-fra'in.-nt  >,  n.  [<<  tF.affrau  m  nt, 
affraiment  pltoh.affraimenttm),  <  affraier:  see 

ray,  v.]    Sam.-  asaffray. 
affreight  (a-f.atM,r./.    I    V'°$¥t%,<a-+£6- 
ter, freight, chart,  r:  sec./',,,.,/,/.]   Tohrre.asa 
ship,  for  the  transportation  of  goods  or  freight. 
Craig      I  Bare.]  . 

affreighter  (a-fra'ter),  ».  The  person  who 
hires  or  charters  a  ^l.ij>  or  other  vessel  to  con- 
vey goods.     '  raig. 

affreightment  (a-frat'ment  i,  n.  [<affreigh  + 
.,„,»/,  after  F.  affritement.]  1.  The  a. -tot  hir- 
ing a  sl.i|.  for  the  transportation  ol  goods.— A. 
The  freight  carried  by  a  ship, 
affrendedt,  "•  See  affriended. 
affrett  (a-fref  .  ».  [<  It-  affnltnrr.  hasten, 
hun-vf.-f.  affretto,  hurried,  affrettamento,  haste, 
precipitation,   frctto  ' ' .  -  '■  ,  ."' "'"■'• 

sweep,  prop,  rub,  <  LL.  L. /ncftw, 

pp.  of  o„,o-.  rob:   see  .'''-'''.  »•]    A  lunous 
onset  or  at  tack. 

u  1th  thi  i'  n :';"  ' 

,und  both  man  and  h. 

i    q.,  in.  ix.  io. 

affrictiont  (a-frik'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as  if   ie- 

t,„{n-  :  cf.  affricatioM,  ■   ■•• ire,  rub  or  or 

against,  <«./.'  to.  +./W.v„v.   rub.  >  L  ./'  M  '-"■  I 
The  act  of  rubbing ;  friction.     Boyle. 


102 

affriendedt,  affrendedt  (a-fren'ded),  o.    V  at 

i  L.  ad)  +Jriend,  formerly  spelled .,,< ■«</.]    Made 
friends;  reconciled. 

She  saw  that  cruell  war  so  ended, 
And  deadly  foes  bo  faithfuUj  affrenfad. 

Spen  ■"'>',  t1.  *J)  i '  •  »"•  DU- 

affright  (a-frit/), ».  t.  [Spelled  off-,  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one  ./ ;  <  ME.  aJHghien, 
iifi        t  afrighti  afnst\  <AS.^rftto», 

terrify,  <  .<-  +  .^W,/,.-.,  terrify,  <  ./orK  learlul: 
see  »:i  and  //'..//'/.    Not  connected  with  dft-otd 
or  o/earrf.]     To  impress  with  sudden   fear, 
frighten  ;  terrify  or  alarm.     [Archaic. J 
Thrice  did  her  trembling  feet  for  flight  prepare, 


And  thrice  affrighted  di. fbght  forbear. 

Dryden,  . ivi.ls  Art  ol  Love,  1.  620. 

Not  to  affright  your  tender  soul  with  horror, 

We  may  descend  to  tales  of  peiu-e  and  love.         .. 

ford,  Lady  s  Trial,  u.  1. 
=Syn.  To  scare,  alarm,  dismay,  appal,  daunt,  intimidate, 
startle  shock,  overawe. 

affrightt.    Past  participle  of  affright.    Chaucer. 

affright  (a-frit'),  n.     1.  Sudden  or  great  fear ; 

terror;  fright. 

We  have  heard  of  these  midnight  scenes  of  desolation 

the  ominous  din  of  the  alarm-bell,  striking  with  af- 

friaht  on  the  broken  visions  of  the  sleepers. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  116. 

2t.  The  cause  of  terror  ;  a  frightful  object. 
The  gods  upbraid  our  suff 'rings  ..  . 
By  sending  these  affrights.     B.  Jonson,  I  atlline. 
affrightedly  (a-frl'ted-li),  adv.    Lnan  affrighted 
manner;  with  fright.  . 

affrighten  (a-fri'tn),  ». ..    [<  affright  +  -en*,  af- 
ter /'(■/./;...«:]     To  terrify;  frighten.  _ 
affri'gh'ter  (a-fri'ter),  n.     One  who  frightens. 
affrightful  (a-frit'ful),  «.    L<  affright,  „.,  + 
-/•«/]     Terrifving;  terrible;  frightful:  as,  "o/- 
W/"W  accidents,"  £p.  //«//,  Sermons,  xxxin. 
affrightment  (a-frit'ment),  «.   ,  [<  «.!><•<.</'<'  + 
-»»V/.]     It.  The  act  of  frightening. 
Since  your  affrightment  could  not  make  her  open  [her 

dSrou>y -i'jatSMss 

2.  The  state  of  being  frightened ;  fright. 


With  as  much  affrightment  as  if  an  enemy  were  near 

./<;-.  Taylor,  Sermons,  it.  m. 

With  much  tenor  and  affrightm,  at  they  turned  the  ship 

about,  expecting  every  moment  to  be  dashed  in  pieces 

%r°Jotnso,i,  Wonderworking  Providence  (1654). 


affront  (a-frunf),  v.  t.  [<  ME  afronim,  afroun 
ten  <  OF.  afronter,  afrunter,  later  and  mod.  i<  ■ 
affronter  =  Pr.  Sp.  a/ranter  =  Pg.  affrontar  = 
It.  aifrontare,  confront,  oppose  face  to  ta.-o.  at- 
tack","<  ML.  affrontare,  adfrontare,  border  on  as 
land,  confront,  attack,  <  L.  ad  frontem.  to  the 
face,  in  front:  ad.  to;  frontem,  ace.  of  fro?w, 
forehead, front;  c£.Tj. a fronte,  before, m  front: 
a  for  aft,  from;  /remte,  abl.  of  frons,  forehead, 
front.  Cf.  afront,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.]  1.  lo 
nleet    or   encounter   face   to   face;    confront, 

front;  face. 

That  he,  as 'twere  by  accident  may  here 

40ro»«  Ophelia.  Sfc«*-,  Hamlet,  m.  1. 

Earnestly  for  her  he  raised 
His  voice  in  council,  and  affronted  death 
In  battle-field.  Bryant    Knights  Epitaph. 

2  To  offend  by  an  open  manifestation  of  dis- 
respect;  put  a  slight  upon  ;  offend  by  effront- 
ery or  insolence:  as,  to  affront  one  by  doubt- 
ing his  word;  an  affronting  speech. 

Only  our  foe, 
Tempting,  affronts  us  with  his  foul  esteem 
Of  onr integrity.  Milton,  1.  L,  in.  828. 

Let  me  tell  you,  Mr.  Dangle,  'tis  damn'd  affrontingw 
yo^upP^seythltIamhSt,whenItellyouIamnot, 
Sheridan,  1  he  *  ritu  ,  1. 1. 
3.  To  put  out  of  countenance ;  make  ashamed 
or  confused  ;  give  a  shock  to. 
Without  affronting  their  modesty. 

Cac,  Prim.  Christianitj   U  ■■■     (J    '    ''  > 

affront  (a-frunf),  »•     [=!''-  »/'■""'  =,  "'   "'" 
""",;   from  the  verb.]      It.  The  a.-t  ot  oppos- 
ing face  to  face;  open  defiance;  encounter. 
This  dav  thou  Shalt  have  ingots  ;  and,  tO-morrp»    glvi 

lords  th  aff, t.  '••■  ■'"-' "ohemist,  ...  2. 

I  walk. I  about,  admired  ..f  all.  and  dreaded 

On  hostUe  ground,  none  daring  ^Y^^    ,  r,,;1 

2    A  personally  offensive  act  or  word;  an  in- 
tentional or  supercUious slight;  an  openmani- 

I'estal  ion  of  disrespect  or  contumely  ;  an  insult 
to  the  face.  „        .  .  ,  . 

Oft  have  they  violated 

Ihe  temple,  oft  the  law,  wlth^onlaj^mt,.^^ 


3t.  Shame  ;  disgrace  ;   anything  produemg  a 
feeling  of  shame  or  disgrace. 

Antonius  was  defeated,  upon  the  sense  of  which 
affront  he  died  of  grief.  4r6u0inot,  An. .  Coins. 
=Svn  2  Affront,  Insult,  Indignity,  Outrage,  provoca- 
tion, impertmence,  .nse,  rudeness.  These  words  ex- 
press disiespect  shewn  i"  a  way  that  Is,  or  is  in.  a...  to  be, 
;.,li,,r.      \,:  affront  is  geneiallj  open  and  to  the  face.    \n 

insultis  trongei   perha] .anied  by  more  insolence 

of  manner;  it  is  a  deeper  dlsgrac.  anda  greatei  injuij  t.. 
the  feelings  of  its  object.  An  indignity  is,  specifically, 
treatm.  m  that  is  unworthy  an  affront,  ...suit  ...jun  .. 
outrage  from  whiel.  one's  condition  or  charactei  should 
have  saved  one:  as,  Zenobia  was  subjected  to  theindw- 
,„■(„  of  being  led  in  chains  at  Ailrelians  triumph.  An 
ouiraar,  primarily  involving  the  idea  oi  violence  to  the 
Sersoli,  Is  a  wanton  transgression  oi  law  or  propriety  to 
any  way  the  perpetration  of  that  which  is  shamefully 
contrary  to  the  dictates  of  humanity  or  even  decency; 
toward  a  person  it  is  a  combination  oi  insult  with  indlg- 
n  tv  hence  it  often  stands  for  extreme  abusiyeness  of 

n  -ua"e     It  hasfreedom  of  use  sufficient  t ak.  proper 

such  expressions  as,  an  outrage  to  his  feelings,  an  outran 
to  all  decency. 

To  call  God  to  witness  truth,  or  a  lie  perhaps;  or  to 
appeal  to  him  on  every  trivial  occasion,  in  .............  dis- 

c'.nrse,  .  .  .  is  one  ot  the  highest  indignities  and  «/""" 
that  can  be  offered  him.  liay- 

I  will  avenge  this  intuit,  noble  Queen. 

Done  in  your  maiden's  person  to  yourself. 

Tennyson,  Oeraint. 

The  enmity  and  discord,  which  of  late 
Sprung  from  the  rancorous  outrage  of  your  duke 
To  merchants.  Shak.,  '  .  oi  E.,  l  l. 

affronte  (a-froii-ta'),  «•  [F-,  PP-  of  affront,  r: 
see  affront,  v.]  1.  In  art,  facing  each  other; 
front  to  front :  said  of  two  figures.  This  was  a 
frequent  mode  of  representing  animal  and 
other  figures  in  Oriental  and  early  ..reek 
art  as  for  example,  in  Assyrian  and  Hittite 
sculptures,  the  so-called  lions  of. My  c..,;e,an.l 
the  sphinxes  of  the  temple  epistyle  of  Assos. 

2.  Specifically,  in  fter.,  applied  to  an- 
imals represented  («)  front  to  front, 
or  aspeetant:  opposed  to  aaorsea;  front|; 
(6)  facing  the  spectator  directly,  as 
the  lion  in  the  royal  crest  of  Scotland,  not  with 
merely  the  head  turned  outward.    See  gardant 
and  cut  under  crest.  .      .   .     . 

Equivalent  forms  are   affrontee   (feminine) 

Tetes  attontees,  or  affronte  heads,  in  decoratim  art 

mS  iV™ .  in  relief  shown  facing  each  other,  a.,  often  .. 
cameos  etc,  but  rarely  on  coins. 

affrontedly  (a-frun'ted-li),  adv.    In  a  manner 
to  affront ;  with  effrontery.     Bacon. 


Two    Lions 


in 


Hon  of  my  condition  maj  be  as  incapable  of  affroi 

1 '  -"' i,,i;;:ri ■.,  ,:,..gioM.,i,.i.  i-r..f. 

An  affront  to  our  ntertnttg^  ^^^  ^  a% 


affrontee  (a -irun-te'),  h."    [<  «**»■*  +  -"i-] 
One  who  receives  an  affront.     A.  -C.  v. 
affronter  (a-frun'ter),  m.     1.  One  who  affronts 
or  insults  another  openly  and  of  set  purpose.— 
2f.  A  deceiver  or  pretender. 

Must  I,  because  you  say  so, 
Believe  that  this  most  miserable  king  is 

A£alSe"//'''^<oe,..!Vlievca.youl.ist,iii.3. 
affrontingly  (a-frun'ting-li),    adv.      In  an  af- 
fronting manner.  ,.■„-! 

affrontive  (a-frun'tiv),  a.     [<  affront  +  -»»«.] 

Giving  offense;  tending  to  offend;  abusive. 
How  much  more  affrontiw  it  is  to  despise  ";:'lv>'- 

SontA,  Sermon  on  the  Restoration. 

Will  not  this  measure  be  regarded  as  afrmitir, ■  to  tho 
»™° fl,U1'ti,mSOftl,Ttto.e.  A'ddrSes.p.m 

affuse  (a-fuZ'),  v.  I.  [<L.  affususw-  of  affun- 
dor,  adfandere,  pour  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  Junaere, 
pour:  see  /use1.  J     To  pour.     [Rare. J 

1  fireto/wed  water  upon  the  compressed  bea^nsiv^ 

affusion  (a-fu'zhon),  n.  [<  ML.  «'»''^'(»:).  <  L. 
afundere,  pour  upon:  see  affuse.]  1.  i  <u  a  t 
0|  pouring  upon;  the  act  of  pouring  water  or 
other  liquid,  as  upon  a  child  in  baptism. 

When  the  .lews  baptized  their  children,  in  order  tocir- 
cumoision,  11  seems  to  have  been  indifferent  whetnei  it 
„  ,    done  by  immersion  or  affusion. 

Wheatly,  ill.  oi  Look  ,,f  Com.  1  rayer,  p - 

2    In  wnl..  the  act  of  pouring  water  on   the 
body  as  a  ..native  means,  as  irom  a  vessel,  by 
:,    |i',,wei-balh,  etc. 
When  I  travell'd  in  Italy  and  the  Sout"ern,P"r*»1]0^ 

;;;:;,:;;r;,!^;,;;i::;:^:,lr^!';r^fngi,,,;:^':!;:,o; 

""some  of  these  [remedies]  are  affusion  J>a"wb>th.8'  V  ■ 
fomentations,  inject *.»->"•"<* '^h^!<  ^i\[,, 

affvt  (a-lT ),  v.   [<  ME.  affijen,  affien,  afyen,  <  <  >F. 

aS  later  ana  i L  Gaffer,  <  ML.  affi dwre, 

tr„si,  pledge,  make  oath,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML. 

,/,/„,,,  trust,  <h.Jhhs.  faitl.tnl,  <  Jul,  ■*,  la  tl.  • 
iw  faith,  fidelity.  Deriv.  affianc,  a.,.l  „ti„l, i,  , 
a  v.]    I    trans.  1.  To  trust,  confide  (a  thing 

to  a  person.;  rell.-xively,  t.n confide ,,ne  s  s.-lt- 

2  To  confide  in  ;  trust.- 3.  To  affirm  on  one  s 


affy 

faith;  make  affidavit. —  4.  To  assure  by  prom- 
ise; pledge;  betroth;  affiance. 

Wedded  be  thou  to  the  hags  of  hell, 

Vol  daring  to  "'w  a  mighty  lord 

Into  (he  daughter  Of  a  worthless  king. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

5.  To  engage;  bind;  join. 
Personal  respects  rather  seem  to  afy  me  unto  that  synod. 
Pp.  Mountagu,  Appeal  to  Ceesar,  p.  69. 

II.  in  I  in  us.  To  trust;  confide. 
I  do  aihi 
In  thy  uprightness  anil  integrity. 

Shak..  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 

Afghan  (af  gau),  «.  and  n.  [A  native  name,  de- 
rived by  Afghan  chroniclers  from  Afghdna,  a 
mythical  grandson  of  Saul,  king  of  Israel.]  I. 
it.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Afghanistan, 
a  mountainous  country  lying  northwest  of 
British  India,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  east 
of  Persia;  distinctively,  a  member  of  the  prin- 
cipal or  dominant  race  of  Afghanistan,  speak- 
ing the  Afghan  language,  the  other  inhabitants 
generally  speaking  Persian. —  2.  The  language 
of  the  Afghans,  called  by  themselves  Pushtu  or 
Pukhtu,  of  Aryan  affinity,  though  formerly  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  Semitic. —  3.  ['.  c]  Akind 
of  blanket  made  of  knitted  or  crocheted  wool, 
used  as  a  sofa-cover  or  as  a  carriage-robe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Afghanistan 
or  its  people. 

afield  (a-feld'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
afelde,  ofelde,  <>  field,  <  AS.  on  felda  (dat.),  on 
/eW(acc):  on,  E."  a3,  on,  in;  feld,  E.  field.-]  1. 
In  or  to  the  field  or  fields:  as,  '■  wedrove  afield," 
Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  27;  "JEne&s  is  afield,"  Shah., 
T.  and  C,  v.  3. 

What  keeps  Gurth  so  long  afield?  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

2.  Abroad ;  off  the  beaten  path  ;  far  and  wide. 

Why  should  he  wander  afield  at  the  age  of  fifty-five? 

Trollope. 

Without  travelling  further  afield  for  illustrations,  it  will 
suftiee  if  we  note  these  relations  of  eauses  and  effects  in 
early  European  times.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  375. 

afilet,  !'■  '.     See  affile. 

afire  (a-fir' ),  prep. phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  ME.  afire, 
afyre,  afyr,  afire,  afure,  o  fure  (also  in  Jin): 
a,  o,  E.  «3;  fyre,  E.  fire.]     On  fire. 
The  match  is  left  afire.     Fletcher,  Island  Princess,  ii.  I. 
His  heart  afire 
With  foolish  hope. 

If.  Harris,  Earthly  Paradise.  II.  131. 

aflame  (a-flam'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  a3, 
on,  + flame]     On  fire;  in  or  into  flame ;  ablaze. 

The  explosions,  once  began,  were  continued  at  intervals 
till  the  mine  was  all  aflame  and  had  to  lie  Hooded. 

Pop.  Sci.  Ho.,  XX.  425. 

Aflame  with  a  glory  beyond  that  of  amber  and  ame- 
thyst. George  Eliot. 

aflat  (a-flaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ft3, 
on,  +flafl-.]    Onalevelwith theground;  flatly. 

Lay  all  his  branches  aflat  upon  the  ground. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  426. 

aflaunt  (a-flanf  or  a-flanf),  prep,  phr.  as  adr. 
ora.  [<«3,  on,  +  flaunt.]  Flaunting  or  flaunt- 
ingly;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 

His  tiat  all  aflaunt  and  beieathered  with  all  kinds  of 
coloured  plumes. 

Copley,  Wits,  Fits,  and  Fancies  (1614),  p.  -'". 

aflightt,  v.  t.     [<  ME.  afliijht,  pret.,  after  aflight, 
p.  a. :  see  aflight,  p.  a.,  and  afflict,  v.    The  ME. 
spelling  with  gh  may  be  due  to  the  influence  of 
MH.  afright,  affrighted,  and  words  of  similar 
spelling;  but  cf.  delight]     To  terrify;  alarm. 
Gam  never  yet  ...  to  mannes  sight 
Merwille  which  so  sore  aflight 
A  mannes  herte  as  it  tho'dede  [then  did]. 

Goieer,  Conf.  Aniant.,  i.  327. 

aflightt,  p.  a.    [ME.,  <  OF.  aflit,  later  afflict,  <  L. 

,i  ill  ictus,  pp.:  see  afflict,  p.  a.]  Afflicted;  dis- 
tressed. 

Her  herte  was  so  sore  aflight 
That  she  ne  wiste  what  to  thinke. 

Glower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  ii.  309. 

aflightedt,  p.  a.  [<  aflight  +  -ed2.]  Same  as 
aflight. 

Judas  .  .  .  tooke  a  speciall  pleasure  to  see  them  so 
aflighted.  Sir  T.  Mure,  Works,  p.  1389. 

afloat  (a-flof),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<ME. 
ujlute,  on  flote,CAS.  on  flote  (dat.),  onflot  (aee. ) : 
on,  E.  a3,  on,  in;  flat,  water  deep  enough  to 
allow  a  ship  or  boat  to  float  (cf.  flota,  a  ship); 
=  Icel.  a  Jluli  (dat.),  a  flot  (ace),  afloat.  The 
OF.  a  flot,  afloat,  is  of  wholly  different  origin. 
See  float1,  n.  and  v.]  1.  Borne  on  the  water; 
in  a  floating  condition  :  as,  the  ship  is  afloat. 

It  was  not  without  constant  exertion  that  we  kept  nihiat, 
haling  out  the  scud  that  broke  over  us,  and  warding  off  the 
ice  with  boat-hooks.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  204. 

Seventy  per  cent,  of  all  the  shipping  afloat  now  use  the 
Greenwich  meridian  Science,  IV.  377. 


103 

2.  Figuratively,  moving;  passing  from  place 
to  place ;   in  circulation  :  as,  a  rumor  is  afloat. 

I  should  like  to  know  how  much  gossip  there  is  afloat 
that  the  minister  does  not  know. 

C.  I).   Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  144. 

3.  Unfixed  ;  moving  without  guide  or  control  : 
as,  our  affairs  are  all  afloat. — 4.  In  a  state  of 
overflow;  flooded:  as,  the  main  deck  was 
afloat. —  5.  On  board  ship;  at  sea:  as,  cargo 
afloat  and  ashore. 

allow  (a-flo'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  (J3 
+  floic]  III  a  louse,  waving  state;  flowing:  as, 
"with  gray  hair  aflow,"  U'hittier. 

afoam  (a-fom'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  ova.  [<  a3 
+  foam.]  In  a  state  of  foam ;  foaming :  as,  tho 
water  was  all  afoam. 

afoot  (a-fiit/),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
a  flote,  on  file,  earlier  with  pi.  a  foten,  <  AS. 
on  fitiini:  on,  [•',.  a'-',  on  ;  fdtinn,  dat.  pi.  olfot, 
E.  foot.]  1.  On  foot;  walking:  opposed  toon 
horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  or  other  convey- 
ance :  as,  lie  was  mounted,  but  I  came  afoot. — 

2.  In  a  condition  to  walk  about,  as  after  sick- 
ness. 

He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sick-nurse,  till  his  poor 
comrade  got  afoot  again,  Carlyle. 

3.  Astir;  stirring;  about. 

When  thy  eager  hand. 
With  game  afoot,  unslipped  the  hungry  pack. 

Whittier,  .Southern  Statesman. 

4.  In  progress  ;  in  course  of  being  carried  out : 
as,  there  is  mischief  afoot. 

afore  ( a-f or'),  adv.,  prep. ,  and conj.  [<  ME.  afore, 
aforn,  aforne,  aforen,  <  AS.  on-forau,  before,  < 
on,  on,  +  foran,  at  the  front.  With  ME.  afore 
was  merged  early  ME.  atfore,  <  AS.  a't-foran,  < 
at,  at,  +  foran  :  see  a--,  aA,  and  fore,  andef.  bc- 
fore.  Afore  is  nearly  obsolete  in  literary  use, 
though  still  common  in  colloq.  and  dial,  speech ; 
cf.  ahint]  I.  adv.  1.  Before  in  place;  in  front: 
especially  in  nautical  phraseology. 

Will  you  go  on  afore?  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  Before  in  time  ;  previously. 

If  he  have  never  drunk  wine  afore,  it  will  go  near  to  re- 
move his  tit.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

II.  prep.  1.  Before  in  time. 

If  your  diligence  he  not  speedy,  I  shall  be  there  afore 
you.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  5. 

2.  Before  in  place;  naut.,  further  forward  or 
nearer  the  bows  than:  as,  afore  the  windlass. — 

3.  Before  in  position,  station,  or  rank. 

In  this  Trinity  none  is  afore  or  after  other. 

Athanasian  Creed. 

4.  In  or  into  the  presence  of;  under  the  re- 
gard or  notice  of. 

Afore  God,  I  speak  simply. 

B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  dangers  I  laid  afore  you. 

B.  Jomon,  Epiccene,  iii.  5. 

Afore  the  mast.    See  before. 

III.  cotij.  Before  that ;  before ;  rather  than. 

Afore  I'll 
Endure  the  tyranny  of  such  a  tongue 
And  such  a  pride.      B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

aforegoing  (a-for'g6"iug),  a.     [< afore  +  going.] 

Going  before ;  foregoing, 
aforehand  (a-for'hand),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and 
a.     [ME.  afdrchande,  also  afor  the  hand  ;  <  afore 
+  hand.    Cf.  beforehand.]    I.  adv.  Beforehand ; 
in  advance ;  in  anticipation. 
She  is  come  aforehand  to  anoint  my  body.    Mark  xiv.  S. 
II.  a.  Beforehand  in  condition;  forehanded: 
as,  he  is  aforehand  with  the  world. 

Aforehand  in  all  matters  of  power. 

Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

aforementioned  (a-f6r'men"shond),  a.  Men- 
tioned before ;  forementioned. 

aforenamed  (a-for'nanid),  a.     Named  before. 

aforesaid  (a-for'sed ).  o.  [ME.  aforseyd :  <  afore 
+  said.]  Said,  recited,  or  mentioned  before, 
or  in  a  preceding  part  of  the  same  writing  or 
discourse:  common  in  legal  use. 

aforethought  (a-for'that),  a.  and  «.  [<  afort 
+  thought,  pp.]  I.  a.  Thought  of  beforehand; 
premeditated;  prepense:  used  in  law.- Malice 
aforethought.    See  malice. 

II.  n.  [< afore  +  thought,  re.]  Premeditation; 
forethought.     [Rare.] 

aforetime  (a-for'tam),  adr.  [<  afore,  adr.,+ 
time.]     In  time  past ;  in  a  former  time. 

For  whatsoever  things  were  written  aforetime  were  writ- 
ten for  our  learning.  Rom.  xv.  4. 

afornt,  adv.  and  prep.     Obsolete  form  of  afore. 

afornenst,  prep,  and  adr.  [ME.,  also  aforyens, 
avoreye,  aforn  agens,  <  afore,  aforn,  before,  + 
a£e«s,etc.jagainst :  see  afore,  aforn,  and  against, 


African 

and  of.  fornenst.]  I.  prep.  Over  against ;  op- 
posite. 

The  yonder  hous  that  stent  aforyensvA. 

Chauci  r,  Troilus,  ii.  1188. 
II.  adr.    <  Ivor  against. 

'lie'  centurien  thai  stood  aforn  a 

Wyelif,  Mark  \v   39.     (.V.  /•;.  I).) 

a  fortiori  (a  for-shi-6'ri).  [L.;  lit.,  from  a 
stronger  (se.  cause):  a  for  ah,  from;  fortiori, 
abl.  of  fortior,  fortius,  eonipar.  otfortis,  strong: 
see/or?.]  For  a  still  stronger  reason;  all  the 
more.     A  phrase  used  in,  and  sometimes  employed  as  the 

designation    of,    a    kind    ol    argument,    which    e heir. 

either  in)  that  something  dors  not  take  place,  because  the 
eauses  which  alone  could  bring  it  to  pass  operate  still  more 
strongly  in  another  case  without  producing  thateffect;  or 
(6)  that  something  does  take  place,  because  eauses  much 
weaker  than  those  which  operate  to  lube:  it  about  are  ef- 
fective in  another  case.  Vn  argument  of  the  latter  kind 
is  the  following  :  "  If  God  so  clothe  the  grass  of  the  held, 
which  to-day  is  and  to-morrow  is  cast  into  the  oven,  shall 
he  not  much  more  clothe  you,  O  ye  of  little  faith?"  Mat. 
vi.  30. 

As  he  [Shakspere]  has  avoided  obscurities  in  his  sonnets, 
he  would  do  so  'i  fortiori  in  his  plays,  both  for  the  purpose 
of  immediate  effect  on  the  stage  and  of  future  apprecia- 
tion. Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  165. 

afoul  (a-fouT),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  n3 

4-  foul.]  In  a  state  of  collision  or  entangle- 
ment: with  of:  as,  a  ship  with  its  shrouds 
afoul;  the  brig  ran  afoul  of  the  steamer.  — To 
fall  afoul  of,  to"  assail  violently ;  attack  vigorously  in 
any  way:  as,  he  fell  tifoul  .:'  him  tooth  and  nail,  or  iiittl 
an  envenomed  pen. 
afraid  (a-frad'),  ".  [<  ME.  afraied,  etc.,  pp.  of 
iifrau ire,"  etc.,  >  E.  affray,  frighten:  see  affray, 
v.  Not  connected  with  afeard.]  Impressed 
with  fear  or  apprehension  ;  fearful :  followed 
by  of  before  the  object  of  fear,  where  that  is 
not  an  infinitive:  as,  to  be  afraid  of  death;  I 
am  afraid  to  go. 
Be  of  good  cheer  :  it  is  I ;  be  not  afraid.  Mat.  xiv.  27. 
Whistling,  to  keep  myself  from  being  afraid. 

Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii.  1. 
A  man  who's  not  afraid  to  say  his  say, 
Though  a  whole  town's  against  him. 

Longfellow,  John  Endicott,  ii.  2. 
=  Syn.  Afraid,  Fri.jlUi  n<  d.  terrified,  timid,  shy,  appre- 
hensive, troubled,  suspicious,  distrustful.  Afraid  ex- 
presses a  less  degree  of  fear  than  frightened  or  terrified. 
which  describe  outward  states.  In  colloquial  language,  1 
am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent  to  I  suspect,  I  am 
inclined  to  think,  or  the  like,  ami  is  regularly  used  as  a 
kind  of  polite  introduction  to  a  correction,  objection,  etc., 
or  to  make  a  statement  sound  less  positive  :  as,  I  am  afraid 
you  are  wrong;  I  am  afraid  that  argument  won't  hold. 
And  there  is  ev'n  a  happiness 
That  makes  the  heart  afraid. 

Hood,  Melancholy. 
Antony,  on  the  other  hand,  was  desirous  to  have  him 
there,  fancying  that  he  would  ...  be  frightened  into  a 
compliance.  C.  Hiddleton,  Life  of  Cicero,  III.  ix. 

Airy  ghosts, 
That  work  no  mischief,  terrify  us  more 
Than  men  in  steel  with  bloody  purposes. 

T.  B.  Aldrieh,  Set  of  Turquoise. 
Afraiicesado  (Sp.  pron.  a-fran-tha-sa'do),  ». 
[Sp.,  lit.  Frenchified,  pp.  of  afrancesar,  French- 
ify, <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  +  Frances,  <  ML.  F'rancoisis, 
French:  see  French.]  A  member  of  that  party 
in  Spain  which  during  the  war  of  independence 
(1808-14)  support  ed  the  French  government  of 
the  country. 

afreet  (a-fref),  ».  Same  as  afrit. 
afrescat,  adr.  [Prop,  afresco,  <  It.  affresco,  a 
fresco:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to:  fresco,  fresh, fresco:  see 
fresco.]  In  fresco.  Evelyn. 
afresh  (a-fresh'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  «4  (for 
of,  as  in  anew)  +  fresh.]  Anew;  again;  after 
intermission. 

They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afresh. 

Heb.  vi.  (1. 

Not  a  few  of  the  sites  of  the  Roman  cities  were  in  after 
times  occupied  afresh  as  English  towns. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Leets.,  p.  130. 

Afric  (af'rie),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  Africus:  see  fol- 
lowing.] Same  as  African :  as,  "Afric  shore," 
Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  585. 

Then  will  the  .4  trie  indeed  have  changed  hi-  -kin  and 
the  leopard  his  spots.  -V.  A.  Iter.,  I'XXIII.  440. 

African  (af'ri-kan),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Africanus, 
<  Africa,  name  of  the  country,  prop.  fern,  of 
Africus,  a.,  <  AJ'cr,  an  African,  a  word  of  Pheni- 
cian  (Carthaginian) origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  Africa:  either  (a)  to  the  continent  of 
that  name,  or  (//)  to  the  region  about  Cartilage, 
the  ancient  Roman  province  of  Africa. —  2.  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  black  race  of  Africa;  char- 
acteristic of  or  peculiar  to  negroes:  as,  African 
features;  African  cheerfulness.— African  almond, 
cubebs,  goose,  etc.      See  the  nouns. 

H.  «.  1.  A  native  of  the  continent,  or  in 
ancient  times  of  the  province,  of  Africa. — 2. 
A  member  of  the  black  African  race ;  a  negro. 


Africander 

Africander  (af'ri-kan-der),  ».  [<  African  + 
-'/-<).]  A  native  of  Cape  Colony  or  the  neigh- 
boring regions  of  Africa  burn  (if  white  parents; 
a  deseendanl  of  European  settlers  in  southern 
Africa. 

The  young  Africander  picks  up  his  language  from  the 
half-caste  Dutch  and  the  descendants  oi  Malay  slaves  and 
Hottentot  servants. 

n.  X.  Oust,  Mod.  Lang,  of  Africa,  p.  41. 

Africanism  (af'ri-kan-izm),  n.  [<  African  + 
-ism.)  1.  An  African  provincialism;  a  pecu- 
liarity of  Latin  diction  characteristic  of  some 
of  the  African  fa  i  hers  of  the  church. 

He  that  cannot  understand  the  si. her,  plain,  and  unaf- 
fected style  .it  tin-  Scriptures,  will  be  ten  times  more  puz- 
zled with  the  knotty  Africanisms,  tie  pampered  metaphors, 
the  intricate  and  involved  sentences  of  the  fathers. 

Milton.  Reformation  in  Bng.,  i. 
2.  A  moile  or  peculiarity  of  speech  of  the  Af- 
rican race  in  America. 

He  dropped  tin-  West  Indian  softness  that  had  crept  into 

his  pronunciation,  and  the  Africanisms  of  Ins  blacknurse. 

(r.  II.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  260. 

Africanization  (af  ri-kan-i-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  df  making  African  in  character,  or  of  pla- 
cing under  negro  domination. 

Africanize  (af'ri-kan-Iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  ami  pp. 
Africanized,  ppr.  Africanizing.  [<  African  + 
-ize.]  1.  To  give  an  African  character  to. — 2. 
To  place  under  negro  domination. 

I. hi  (lie  whites  have  nue  instincts,  and  when  the  Afri- 
ing  iiinl  ruin  of   tie'  South   becomes  a  clearly  seen 
danger,  they  will  be  a  unit,  the  country  over,  fur  the  rem- 
edy. N.  A.  Rev.,  t'XXXIX.  429. 

afrit,  afrite  (af-rif,  af-rit'),  n.    [<  Ar.  'ifrit,  a 
demon.]     In  Arabian  myth.,  a  powerful  evil  de- 
mon or  monster.    Also  written  afreet. 
Be  he  genie  or  afrite,  caliph  or  merchant  of  Bassora, 

intu  whose  hands  we  hud  fallen,  we  resolved  to  let  the 

adventure  take  u-  co 

1,.  Taylor,  Lands  nf  the  Saracen,  p.  197. 
\*  i  lust  behold  the  feet, 
Then  the  huge,  grasping  hands  ;  at  last  the  frown 
On  what  should  he  the  face  of  this  Afreet. 

K.  11.  Stoddard,  Quests  of  the  State. 
Afrogsean  (af-ro-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Afer,  Afri- 
can, +  Or.  yaia,  }>/,  earth,  land.]  In  zodgeog., 
African  or  Ethiopian.  Applied  by  Gill  to  a  prime 
.  hi  zoological  division  of  the  earth's  Land-surface, 
including  Africa  south  of  the  desertof  Sahara,  with  -Mada- 
gascar, the  Mascarenes,  and  perhaps  the  Arabian  penin- 
sula. 

a  froid  (ii  frwo').  [F. :  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  ail,  to; 
J  mill.  <  L.  titi/i'l  "I,  ciil.l:  see  frigid.']  Inn  ram., 
applied  vi  iilnmi  heat;  not  baked  or  fired,  said 
of  decoration  applied  to  pottery,  glass,  or  the  like,  bj  or- 
dinary painting  or  gliding,  and  which  therefore  can  he 
-  rap,  I  or  \.  ashed  away. 

afront  (a-frunf),  prep.  phr.  us  adv.  and  prep. 
[(.as+ front.  Cf.  affront]  I.  adv.  Face  to 
face  ;  in  front ;  abreast. 

These  four  came  all  a-froni  and  mainly  thrust  at  me. 

Slink.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Il.t  /"''/'•  In  front  of:  as,  afront  the  foe. 
aft1  (aft  i.  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  "a/I,  *afte,  •nftiii, 
<AS.  a  fin  a.  behind,  in  the  rear,  <<xoth.  aftana, 
from  behind,  <  afta,  behind,  back;  forms  de- 
veloped from  the  comparative,  AS.  after  = 
Goth,  aflra  :  see  after,  and  cf.  Icel.  aptr  (pro- 
nounced and  formerly  spelled  aftr),  back,  back- 
ward, aft.]  -\iini.,  in.  near,  or  toward  the  stern 
of  a  ship  :  as,  the  aft  pari  of  the  ship ;  haul  aft 


104 

etc.,  =  Gr.  airaripa,  further  off,  =  OPers.  apa- 
taram,  further;  all  adverbs,  compar.  forms,  < 
af-,  up-  (=  Goth.  af=  AS.  and  E.  of,  prep.,  q. 
v.  i,  off,  +  compar.  suflix  -ter,  -tar;  hence  af- 
U  rorig.  meant  '  more  off,  further  off.'  ( 2)  After, 
prep.,  <  ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  <  AS.  after,  prep., 
after,  behind,  along,  =  OS.  aftar,  after  =  UFries. 
efter  =  1>.  achter=  Icel.  epkr,  efltr  =  Dan.  8w. 
efter  =  OHG.  aftar,  after,  prep.;  all  from  the 
adverb.  (3)  After,  eonj.,  is  an  elliptical  use  of 
the  prep.]  I.  adv.  1.  Behind;  in  the  rear:  as, 
to  follow  after. — 2.  Later  in  time ;  afterward  : 
as,  it  was  about  the  space  of  three  hours  after. 
First,  let  her  show  her  face ;  and,  after,  speak. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 


afterings 

mous  birth;  a  birth  occurring  after  the  father's 
lust  will,  or  after  his  death:  used  as  a  transla- 
tion of  agnatio  in  Koman  law. 

after-body  (af'ter-bod'i),  n. ;  pi.  after-bodies 
(-iz).  That  part  of  a  ship's  hull  which  is  abaft 
the  midships  or  dead-flat. 

afterbrain  (after-bran),  re.  That  part  of  the 
brain  which  lies  behind  the  hind  brain ;  the  hist 
encephalic  segment,  following  the  hind  brain; 
the  medulla  oblongata  as  far  as  the  pons  Varo- 
lii:  called  nn  teneeplialnn  by  Wilder  and  Gage, 
and  myelencephalon  by  Huxley  and  others.  See 
these  words. 

after burthent  (af 'ter-ber"THn),  re.  The^af- 
terbirth.     Also  written  afterburden. 


II.  prep.    1.  Behind  in  place:  as,  men  placed  afterclap  (af  ter-klap),  n.    [<  ME.  afterclap, 

afterclappe,  <  after  +  clappe  :  see  clap1.]  An 
unexpected  subsequent  event;  something  hap- 
pening after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an 
end. 

Those  dreadful  afterclaps.         South,  Sermons,  VI.  227. 

To  spare  a  little  for  an  afterclap 
Were  not  improvidence. 

Massinger,  The  Renegade,  i.  3. 

aftercome  (af'ter-kum),  n.  What  comes  after; 
consequence.     [Scotch.] 

And  how  are  you  to  stand  the  after-come  > 

Hogg,  Brownie  o'  Bodsbeck,  ii.  9. 

aftercrop  (af  ter-krop),  ft.  A  second  crop  in 
the  same  year. 

after-damp  (after-damp),  n.  The  irrespirable 
gas  left  in  a  coal-mine  after  an  explosion  of 
fire-damp  (which  see).  It  consists  chiefly  of 
carbonic-acid  gas  and  nitrogen. 


in  a  line  one  after  another. 

.Many  of  the  warriors,  reused  by  his  [Hamet's]  words 
and  his  example,  spurred  resolutely  utter  his  banner. 

Irviiei.  Granada,  p.  "205. 

2.  Later  in  time  than ;  in  succession  to  ;  at  the 
close  of :  as,  after  supper. 

After  life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 
For  life  is  sweet,  but  after  life  is  death. 

Swinburne,  Ballad  of  burdens. 

3.  In  pursuit  of;  in  search  of;  with  or  in  de- 
sire for. 

After  whom  is  the  king  of  Israel  come  out? 

1  Sam.  xxiv.  14. 

As  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water-brooks,  so  panteth 

my  soul  after  thee,  O  God.  Ps.  xlii.  1. 

That  [habit  of  mind]  which  chooses  success  for  its  aim 

and  covets  after  popularity. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  20. 

4.  In  imitation  of, 
of:  as. 
French;  after  the  antique ;  after  Raphael 

lie  gave  his  only  son  the  name  of  Orlando,  after  the 
celebrated  hero  of  Roncesvalles. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa,,  ii.  1. 

5.  According  to;  in  proportion  to;  in  accor- 
dance with:  as,  "after  their  intrinsic  value," 
Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

O  Lord,  deal  not  with  us  after  our  sins.  .  .  .  Neither 
reward  us  after  our  iniquities.  Common  Prayer. 

6.  According  to  the  nature  of;  in  agreement 
or  unison  with ;  in  conformity  to, 


nitation  of  or  in  imitation  of  the  style  aSer-^af"ttr-eg)r»rS^e*as  metovum, 
to  makea  thing  after  a -model;  aj  ter  the  after-eyet  (af-tcr-i7)  r.  t.     To  keep  in  view 


■eyet  (af-ter-i'),  v.  t.     To  keep  in  view. 

Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
As  little  as  a  crow,  or  less,  ere  left 
To  after-eye  him.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  4. 

afterfeed  (after-fed),  71.  Grass  that  grows  after 
the  first  crop  has  been  mown,  and  is  fed  off  in- 
stead of  being  cut  as  aftermath. 
after-game  (after-gam),  re.  A  second  game 
played  in  order  to  reverse  or  improve  the  issues 
of  the  first ;  hence,  the  methods  taken  after  the 
first  turn  of  affairs. -After-game  at  Irish,  an  ..1.1 
game  resembling  backgammon.  Jv.  E.  I). 
For  if  ye  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  die.   Rom.  viii.  13.   after-gland  (after-gland),  re.     In  weeh.,  a  piece 


Mr.  Partridge  has  been  lately  pleased  to  treat  me  after 
a  very  rough  manner.  Swift,  Bickerstaff  Papers. 

The  captive  king  readily  submitted  to  these  stipulations, 
and  su..re,  after  the  manner  of  his  faith,  to  observe  them 
with  exactitude.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  144. 

7.  Below  in  rank  or  excellence ;  next  to :  as, 
Milton  is  usually  placed  after  Shakspere  among 
English  poets. — 8.  Concerning:  as,  to  inquire 
after  a  person. 

Thus  much  may  give  us  light  after  what  sort  Bookes 
were  prohibited  among  the  Greeks. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  S. 

I  told  him  you  had  sent  me  to  inquire  after  his  health, 
and  to  know  if  lie  was  at  leisure  to  see  you. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 
9.  Subsequent  to  and  in  consequence  of :  as, 
after  what  has  happened  I  can  never  return. — 
To  look  nr  see  after,  to  attend  to  ;  take  care  of :  as,  he 
hired  a  Imy  t..  look  after  the  furnace. 

III.  core;.  Subsequent  to  tho  time  that. 
After  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into  Galilee, 

Mat.  xxvi.  3'2. 
Syn.  Behind,  After.    See  behind. 


the   mam-sheet,  that  is,   further  toward  the  after  (after)',  a.    '[< ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  adj.. 


stem.  — Flat  aft,  hauled  aft  as  far  as] ible:  said  of  a 

fore-and-aft  sail-Fore  and  aft,  lengthwise  or  through- 
out the  whole  length  ..i  a  ship.    Fore-and-aft  sail.  See 
and  oft.— Right  aft.  in  a  direct  line  with  the  stern. 
aft'-',  aften  i  u ft ,  af'n),  adv.  Oft;  often.  [Scotch.] 
aftaba  (aft,,  b&),  re.    [Pers.  dftdba,  a  ewer.]  A 
vessel  for  water,  like  an  aiguiere  with  handle 
ami  long  spout,  made  in 

1'ii'sin  :  1  till  null  hern  India, 
commonly  of  metal,  ami 
decorated  \\  ilh  enamels  or 
damasci  nine,  tl  1-  used  with 
havii  ..  pi  1  [orati  a  lid 
foi  >'..i  in,,,  the  ham 1.,  h,  fore 
and  aftei  1  atfng.  Sometimes 
written  afta '  h. 

I  aftcastle  (af t'kas-1),  ».  [< 

'  aft  +  caxtli  .  (  If,  fun  ens- 
ile.] .Xiiui.,  an  elevation 
formerly  placed  en  the 
;,  ii,  i'  pari  ,.!  ships  of  war, 
to  aid  in  fighting. 

Aftana    of    copper    with    after    (af'ton.    uile..    /'/'</.., 

and  re,,,.     I    1  ,    I/;,, ■.adv.. 


Persian,  istli  century. 

<  ME.  after,  after,  efter,  afterbirth  (after-berth),  re.     1. 
r,  adv.,  after,  afterward,  back,    expelled  from  the  uterus  after 


=  os.  aftar,  after  =  OFries.  efter=  1).  aehter 
=  Icel.  aptr,  aftr  =  Dan.  Sw.  efter  =  OHG.  af- 
tar, after =Goth.  aflra,  utter,  again,  backward, 


merged  with  after,  adv.,  iu  loose  comp.  like  af- 
ter-past, etc. ;  <  AS.  aftera,  fern,  and  neut.  af- 
tere,  adj.,  <  after,  adv.  and  prep.]  1.  Later  in 
time  ;  subsequent ;  succeeding :  as,  an  after 
period  Of  life.  [After  in  composition  may  be  either 
the  a, lie,  tie.'  in  loose  combination,  where  the  hyphen  is 
optional:  as,  an  after  period,  after-ains ;  or  till  adverb, 
qualifying  a  verbal  form,  or  depending  logically  on  a  verb 
implied  1  as,  after-past,  the  aftercome,  aftergrowth.  The 
l,,,,s,-  combinations  arc  very  numerous ;  only  a  few  are 
lure  given. I 

So  smile  the  Heavens  uj this  holy  act 

That  after-hows  with  Borrow  chide  us  not ' 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  G. 
'I',,  after-age  tln.n  shall  he  wait  the  man, 
That  with  smooth  air  COuldst  humour  best  our  tongue. 
Milton,  Sonnets,  viii. 
\\  Inn  -,„  \ ,  1   I  am  sung  or  told 
In  after-time,  this  also  shall  he  know  11. 

/'.  nnyson,  Uorte  d'Arthur. 
2.   Xaiit.:   (a)  Further  aft,  or  toward  the  stern 

of  tho  ship:  us,  the  after-Bails;  theater-hatch- 
way, (b)  Pertaining  to  the  after-body  of  a 
ship:  a-,  ,///(, -timbers.  After-cabin, after-peak, 
after-sail,  after-yard.    See  tin  respective  nouns. 

That  wliioli  is 
the   birth  of  u 


child.  If  includes  the  placenta,  pari  of  the 
umbilical  cord,  and  the  membranes  df  the 
ovum.     Also  called  sccundines. —  2.  Aposthu- 


which  grasps  a  part  of  any  mechanism"  and 
transmits  force  to  it. 

afterglow  (af'ter-glo),  ».  1.  The  glow  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  sky  after  sunset. 

The  aft er-glow  of  the  evening  sullused  the  front  of  the 
chapel  with  a  warm  light. 

C.  II'.  Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p.  23a 
Frequently  in  the  month  of  November  my  attention  had 
been  called  to  the  intense  coloring  ,,t  the  sky,  and  brilliant 
red  afterglows,  slowly  fading  away,  and  lasting  long  after 
the  sun  had  set.  Science,  III.  121. 

2.  A  second  or  secondary  glow,  as  in  heated 
metal  before  it  ceases  to  be  incandescent. 

aftergrass  (af'ter-gras),  «.  A  second  growth 
of  grass  in  a  mown  field,  or  grass  growing 
among  the  stubble  after  harvest. 

aftergrowth  (ufter-groth),  ».  A  second  growth 
or  crop  springing  up  after  a  previous  one  has 
been  removed;  hence,  tiny  development  natu- 
rally arising  after  any  change,  social  or  moral. 
The  after-growths  which  would  have  t..  be  torn  up  or 
broken  through.  J.  ,s.  Mill.  Pol.  Econ.,  II.  ii,  s  2. 

afterguard  (af  ter-gard),  re.  In  men-of-war, 
that  division  of  the  crew  which  is  stationed  on 
the  quarter-deck  to  work  the  after-sails,  etc. 
generally  composed  of  ordinary  seamen  and 
landsmen  who  are  not  required  to  go  aloft; 
hence,  a  drudge;  one  occupying  an  inferior 
position. 

While  in  the  steerage,  however  useful  and  active  you 
may  he,  you  are  but  a  mongrel,  a  sort  of  afterguard  and 
"ship's  cousin."  Jl.  II.  Dana,  Jr., Before  tin   Mast,  p  67, 

afterhind  (after-hind),  adv.  [<  after  +  hind '■', 
as  in  behind.]  Afterward.  Also  written  ajler- 
liin,  after/tint.  [Scotch.] 
after-hold  (uf'ter-hiild),  n.  Xant.,  that  portion 
of  the  hold  of  a  ship  which  lies  between  the 
mainmast  and  the  stern. 
TheGlaSgOW  was  in  Humes,  the  steward  Having  set  tire  to 

her  while  stealing  nil t  oi  the  after-hold. 

SoUthey,   Life  Of  Nelson,  I.  28. 

after-hood  (after-hud),  n.  Naut.,  that  portion 
of  the  after  end  of  a  vessel's  bottom  plank  which 
is  fastened  t..  the  stern-post. 

after-image  (at"ter-im"aj),  «.  An  image  per- 
ceived after  withdrawing  the  eye  from  a  bril- 
liantly illuminated  object.    Such  images  are  called 

positive  when    their  Colon   are   the  same  as  those  of  the 

object,  and  negative  when  they  are  its  complementary 

colors. 

afterings  i  af  ter-ingz),  n.  /</.  |X  after  +  -ing-s.] 
1.  Tho  last  milk  drawn  in  milking;  strippings. 


105 


afterings 

It  were  only  yesterday  as  she  aimed  her  leg  right  at  f 
nail  wi'fnflrw  in;  she  knowed  it  were  afUrmgs  aa 
well  as  any  Christian.  Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia  s  Levers,  XV. 
2f.  Figuratively,  remaining  dregs;  concluding 
incidents  or  events. 

These  are  the  .  .  .  afterings  of  Christ's  sufferings 

lip.  llall,  Sermons,  No.  36. 

aftermath  (after-math),  a.    [<  after  +  math.] 

A  second  mowing  of  grass  from  the  same  land  in 
the  same  season.  Also  called  la  ttcrnui  III,  rowen, 
or  rowett,  and  in  some  places,  when  left  long  on 

the  ground,  fog. 

So  by  many  a  sweep 
01  meadow  smooth  from  aftermath  we  reach'd 
The  griffin-guarded  gates.     Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

To  reap  an  aftermath 

Of  youths  vainglorious  weeds. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

aftermost  (after-most),  a.  superl.  [<  ME.  after- 
mest,  eftcnie.it,  <  AS.  cefteinest,  aftemyst  =  Goth. 

aftumists,  the  last,  superl.  of  aftuma,  the  last,  it-     ft         it  fsf'teiywit ),  » 
self  a  superl.,  <  af-  (see  after)  +  -tu-ma,  a  double  »?"  *£*  c!  '„ \{  '' 

superl.  suffix  associated  with  the  compar.  suffix  ' 
-ta-ra,  AS.  and  E.  -ter,  as  in  after,  q.  v.  In  af- 
termost the  r  is  inserted  in  imitation  of  after, 
and  -nest  is  changed  to  -most  in  imitation  of 
most,  superl.  of  more,  q.  v.  So  foremost,  liiud- 
most,  inmost,  outmost,  etc.:  see  -most.']  Hind- 
most; naut.,  nearest  the  stern:  opposed  to  fore- 
most.   [Little  used  except  in  the  nautical  sense.] 

aftemess  (af 'ter-nes),  n.  [<  after,  a.,  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  or  coming  after. 

afternoon  (af-ter-non'),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  after- 
iiidi,  orig.  prep.  phr.  after  none:  see  after,  prep., 
and  noon.]  I.  n.  That  part  of  the  day  which 
extends  from  noon  to  evening. 

II.  «.  Pertaining  to  the  after  part  of  the  day : 
as,  afternoon  shadows. 

afterhoon-ladies  (af 'ter-non-la'diz),  n.  pi.  [Of. 
F.  belle  de  nuit,  lit.  the  beauty  of  night.]  In 
hot.,  a  species  of  the  four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Ja- 
lapa  or  M.  longiflora:  so  called  from  its  flow 


ers  opening  only  toward  evening 
marcel  of  Peru. 

after-note  (af'ter-not),  n.     In  music,  the  second 
or  unaccented  note,  the  first  of  every  two  notes 


afterthoughted  (af  'ter-tht/ted),  a.    Having 

afterthoughts.    />'.  Taylor. 
after-wale  (af'ter-wal),  n.  Insaddlcry,  the  body 

of  a  collar ;    the  portion  against  which   the 

hames  bear, 
afterward,  afterwards  (af'ter-wiird,  -w&rdz), 

adv.      [<  ME.  afterward,  also  in  the  rare  gen. 

form  afterwardes,  <  AS.  wftcrweard,  adj.,  be- 

hind,<  after,  adv.,  + -weard,  >E.  -/card,  toward.] 

In  later' or  subsequent  time  ;  subsequently. 
In  mathematics,  when  once  a   proposition  has  heen 

demonstrated,  it  is  never  afterwards  contested. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

after-wise  (af'ter-wiz),  a.  [<  after  +  wise*.] 
Wise  after  the  event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late; 
after-witted. 

There  are  such  as  we  may  call  the  after-wise,  who,  when 
any  project  fails,  foresaw  all  the  inconveniences  that 
would  arise  from  it,  though  they  kept  their  thoughts  to 
themselves.  Addison. 

.    Wisdom  that  comes 

After-wits  are  dearly  bought, 
Let  thy  fore-wit  guide  thy  thought.      SmanweU. 
After-wit,  like  bankrupts'  debts,  stands  tallied, 
Without  all  possibilities  of  payment. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  lv.  1. 

after-witted  (af 'ter-wit"ed),  a.  Characterized 
by  after-wit ;  circumspect  when  it  is  too  late. 

Our  fashions  of  eating  make  us  slothful]  and  unlusty  to 
labour,  .  .  .  after-witted  (as  we  call  it),  uneireumspect,  in- 
considerate, heady,  rash.  Tyndale,  On  Mat.  vi. 

aft-gate  (aft'gat),  n.  Same  as  tail-gate.  See 
lock. 

aft-mealt  (aft'mel),  n.  A  meal  accessory  to  the 
principal  meal,  as  dessert  to  dinner ;  a  subse- 
quent or  late  meal. 

At  aft-mealrs  who  shall  paye  for  the  wine  ? 

Thynne,  Deflate,  p.  49. 

aftmost  (aft'most),  a.  superl.     [<  aft  +  -most.'] 
Xaut.,  situated  nearest  the  stern. 
AlsTealied  aftward,  aftwards  ( aft' ward,  -wiirdz),  adv.    [ 


aft  +  -ward,  -wards.]     Xaut.,  toward  the  stern 
or  hinder  part  of  a  vessel. 
ag-.     Assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-  before  g. 

Ss  s^JS&sz£  triSS  a?  fe-ffir  "  sUver-]  In  '* 

to  the  preceding  instead  of  the  succeeding  note.     the_symbol  for  silver. 


after-pains  (af'ter-panz),  n.  pi.  The  uterine 
pains  which  occur  in  childbirth  after  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  child 


Feather  from  Argus  Pheasant. 
a,  d,  main  stem;  d,  calamus;  a, 
rachis ;  c ,  c,  c,  vanes,  cut  away  on 
right  side  in  order  not  to  interfere 
with  view  of  b,  the  aftershaft,  the 
whole  of  the  left  vane  of  which  is  like- 
wise cut  away. 


and  the  afterbirth 
afterpiece  (af'ter- 
pes),  n.  Ashortdra- 
matie  entertainment 
performed  after  the 
principal  play. 
after-rake  ( after - 
rak),  n.  [<  after  + 
rake.]  Xaut.,  that 
part  of  the  hull  of  a 
vessel  which  over- 
hangs the  after  end 
of  the  keel. 
aftershaft  (after- 
shaft),  n.  [A  tr.  of 
the  term  hyporachis, 
coined  by  Nitzsch, 
who  used  it  for  the 
whole  of  a  supple- 
mentary feather,  as 
described  below ; 
and  this  usage  is 
customary.        Later 

Sundevall  restricted  hyporachis,  and  conse- 
quently aftershaft,  to  the  shaft  alone  of  such  a 
feather,  the  whole  of  which  he  called  hypopti- 
lum.]  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  supplementary  feather 
growing  out  of  a  feather;  the  hypoptiluni. 

The  after-shaft,  when  well  developed,  is  like  a  duplicate 
in  miniature  of  the  main  feather,  from  the  stem  of  which 
it  springs,  at  junction  of  calamus  withrhachis,  close  by  the 
umbilicus.  Coties,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

(fc)  The  shaft  of  such  a  supplementary  feather. 
Also  called  hyporachis. 

aftershafted  (after-shafted),  a.  Having 
aftershafts:  as,  "plumage  after-shafted,"  Coues, 
Key  to  N.  A.  Birds. 

afterthought  (af'ter-that),  n.  1.  A  later  or 
second  thought. —  2.  Reflection  after  an  act; 
some  consideration  that  occurs  to  one's  mind 
too  late,  or  after  the  performance  of  the  act  to 
which  it  refers. 

After-thought,  and  idle  care, 
And  doubts  of  motley  hue,  and  dark  despair. 

Drydcn,  Fables. 

Christianity  is  not  an  afterthought  of  God.  but  a  fore- 
thought. Bushndl,  Nat.  aud  the  Supernat.,  p.  31. 


A.  G.  An  abbreviation  of  adjutant-gem  nil. 
aga  (a'ga  or  a'ga),  n.  [<  Turk,  agha,  a  great 
lord,  commander,  <  Tatar  aha  (Malm).]  1.  A 
title  formerly  given  to  great  chiefs  in  Turkey, 
and  especially  to  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  janizaries. 

There  came  a  vast  body  of  dragoons,  of  different  nations, 
under  the  leading  of  Harvey,  their  great  aga. 

Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  village  magnates 
and  petty  gentlemen  in  Turkey. 

He  did  not  care  for  a  monk,  and  not  much  for  an  agou- 
menos  ;  but  he  felt  small  in  the  presence  of  a  mighty 
Turkish  aga.      £.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  375. 

Also  spelled  agha. 
agabanee  (ag-a-ba'ne),  n.     A  cotton  fabric  em- 


broidered with'  silk,  made  in  Aleppo. 

agacella  (ag-a-sel'ii),  n.  [A  quasi-Latin  form 
of  algazel,  q"  v.]  '  In  her.,  an  antelope,  or  a 
tiger  with  horns  and  hoofs. 

agada,  agadic,  etc.     Same  as  haggada,  etc. 

again  (a-gen',  a-gan'),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj. 
[The  usual  pron.  a-gen'  is  that  of  the  spelling 
aqcn,  which  is  still  occasionally  used,  esp.  in 
poetry ;  the  pron.  a-gan'  follows  the  usual  spell- 
ing again.  The  ME.  forms  were  numerous  (of 
various  types,  agen,  again,  ayen,  ayain,  ayan, 
etc.),  namely,  agen,  ogam,  agein,  agai/n,  ageyn, 
again  (and  with  final  -e,  againe,  etc.),  agen, 
ayt  hi,  ai/ei/n,  etc.,  agen,  again,  agent.  Ogi  in,  etc., 
earlier  angen,  ongcin,  <  AS.  ongegn,  ougeu,  <m- 
gedn,  later  agen,  dgedn  (=  OS.  angegin  =  OHG. 
ingagan,  ingegin,  ingagene,  ingegane,  MHli  in- 
gegene,  cngegene,  engegen,  G.  entgegen  =  Icel. 
igegn  (for  *in  gcgn)  =  Dan.  igjen  =  Sw.  igi  n  ), 
adv.  and  prep.,  <  on-  for  an-  (in  G.  and  Scand. 
in-),  orig.  and-,  again,  back,  +  "gegn,  gedn,  in 
comp.  gegn-,  geagn-,  gedn-,  over  against:  see 
o-5,  gaini,  and  gain-.  Cf.  against.]  I.  adv. 
1 .  Of  motion  or  direction :  Back ;  in  the  oppo- 
site direction;  to  or  toward  a  former  or  the 
original  position;  to  the  same  place  or  person: 
often  strengthened  with  back. 

He  nyste  whethir  hym  was  moste  fayn, 
For  to  fyghte  or  turne  agayn. 
Rich.  Coer  de  Lion,  1.  6299  (in  Weber,  Metr.  Rom.,  II.). 
On  Marie  I  prayd  them  take  good  bede, 
To  that  I  cam  againe.    Toumetey  Mysteries,  p.  78. 

Bring  us  word  again  by  what  way  we  must  go  up. 

Deut.  i.  22. 


against 

t  have  pursued  mine  enemies,  and  destroyed  them;  and 
turned  not  again  till  I  bad  consumed  them. 

2  Sam.  xxii.  38. 

2.  Of  action:  Back;  in  return;  in  reply,  re- 
sponse, answer,  echo. 

Do  good,  and  lend,  hoping  for  nothing  a 

Luke  vi.  35. 

Who  art  thou  that  anawerest  again?  Rom.  be.  20. 

Ml  Israel  shouted  with  a  great  shout,  so  that  the.  earth 
imgagain.  1  Sam.  iv.  5. 

I  knit  my  hand-kercher  about  your  brows;  .  .  . 
And  I  did  never  ask  it  you  again.     Shale,  K.John,  iv.  1. 

He  laughed  till  the  glasses  on  the  sideboard  rang  a:iain. 
Ilirknis,   l'iekwiek,   I.  2111. 

3.  Of  action  or  fact  as  related  to  time,  or  of 
time  simply :  Once  more ;  in  addition ;  another 
time;  anew:  marking  repetition  —  («)  Of  action 
or  existence:  as,  to  do  anything  again;  he  had 
to  make  it  all  over  again. 

I  will  not  again  curse  the  groundany  more,  .  .  .  neither 

will  I  wiain  smite  any  more  every  thing  living,  as  1  nave 

done.  liL'"-  viii-  -1- 

If  a  man  die,  shall  he  live  aga  in .'  Job  xiv.  14. 

Quicken  the  Past  to  life  again. 

Whitner,  The  Norseman. 

(b)  Of  number  or  quantity:  only  in  the  phrases 
as  much  or  as  many  again  (=  twice  as  much  or 
as  many),  half  as  much  again  (=  once  and  a 
half  as  much),  etc.  (c)  Of  kind  or  character: 
marking  resemblance. 

There  is  not  in  the  world  again  such  a  spring  and  semi- 
nary of  brave  military  people  as  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland.  Bacon. 

4.  Of  succession  of  thought:  Once  more;  in 
continuation ;  in  an  additional  ease  or  instance ; 
moreover;  besides  (marking  transition);  on  the 
other  hand  (marking  contrast). 

Again,  there  is  sprung  up 
An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iil  2. 

He  was  sometimes  sad,  and  sometimes  again  profusely 
merry.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  49. 

Again  and  again,  often ;  with  frequent  repetition. 

Good  books  should  be  read  again  and  again,  and  thought 
about  talked  about,  considered  and  re-considered. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  323. 
Now  and  again,  now  and  then;  occasionally.— Once 
and  again,  repeatedly. 

The  effects  of  which  he  had  once  and  again  experienced. 

Brougham. 

To  and  again,  to  and  fro  ;  backward  and  forward. 
[The  adverb  again  was  much  used  in  Middle  English,  and 
less  frequently  in  Anglo-Saxon,  in  loose  composition  with 
verbs  or  verbal  derivatives,  as  equivalent  to,  and  gener- 
ally as  an  express  translation  of,  the  Latin  prefix  re-,  as  in 
again-fight  (L.  re-pugnare),  againMsing  (L.  re-surrectio), 
again-buylL,  redPbmere),  agam-stand  (L.  re-swtere);  or  of 
Latin  contra-,  as  again-say  (L.  contra-dicere),  etc.;  being 
in  this  use  variable  » it li  gain-,  q.  v.  Only  a  few  such  com- 
pounds are  entered  below.]  , 
Il.t  prep.   Against. 

Aaeyn  another  hethen  in  Turkye. 

( •haucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  66. 

[Anain  prep.,  was  formerly  in  use  in  all  the  senses  of 
atfainst  by  which  in  literary  use  it  has  been  displaced.  It 
is  still  common  in  dialectal  speech,  pronounced  agen  or 
agin :  as,  I  have  nothing  agin  him.] 

IH.t   conj.     Against    the    time    that:    like 
against,  coiij.     [In  this  use  now  only  dialectal.] 
Bid  your  fellows 
Get  all  their  flails  ready  again  1  come. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

againbuyt  (a-gen'bi),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
byen,  etc. ;  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  rcdimerc,  redeem:  see 
redeem.]    To  redeem. 
We  hopeden  that  he  should  have  againbought  Israel. 

Wyclif,  Luke  xxiv.  21. 

againrisingt  (a-gen'ri"zing),  w.     [<  ME.  agen-, 

aijcn-risimi,  etc.,  often  transposed,  rising  agen, 

etc. ;  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  resurrectio.]    Resurrection. 

The  againrising  of  deede  men.  Wyclif,  Rom.  i.  4. 

againsawt   (a-gen'sa),  n.     [<  ME.  again-saw. 


"sagh,  etc.,  {'again  +  saw,  a  saying:  see  saiv^.] 
Contradiction";  gainsaying. 

againsayt  (a-gen'sa),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
seyen,  etc.,<  agen-,  ai/en-,  etc.,  +  -seijen.  -seggen, 
etc.,  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  contradiecre :  see  contradict. 
Now  gainsay,  q.  v.]     Obsolete  form  of  gainsay. 

against  (a-gensf,  a-ganst'),  prep,  and  conj. 
[In  pron.  and  form  like  again  +  -St;  <ME.  agenst, 
agaynst,  ageynst.  agemest,  etc.,  ayenst,  agenst, 
a'ge'ncst,  etc., 'with  added  t,  as  in  betwixt,  whilst, 
etc.,  the  earlier  forms  being  agens,  agenes, 
agaius,  agayns,  ageius,  ageynes,  etc.,  ayens, 
ayeins,  ayenis,  agenes,  ageincs,  ageynes,  etc., 
with  adverbial  gen.  ending  -es,  <  again,  agen, 
mien,  etc.:  see  again.  Cf.  AS.  to-gednes,  simi- 
larly formed,  with  prefix  to-,  to.]  I.  prep.  1. 
Of  motion  or  direction:  In  an  opposite  direc- 
tion to,  so  as  to  meet;  (a)  toward;  (b)  upon: 


against 

as.   to  strike   against  a  rock;  the  rain  beats 
against  the  window;  to  ride  against  the  wind. 
m  his  daughter  hastillch  gol  h  he. 

Chancer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  911. 
The  birds  a  rawwt  the  Ipril  wind 
Flew  northward,  singing  as  they  flew. 

ii  I,, Hi,',-.  w  hat  tin'  Birds  Said. 

2.  Of  position:  (a)  In  an  opposite  position; 
directly  opposite;  in  front  of:  in  this  sense 
often  preceded  by  over:  as,  a  ship  is  against 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

[Aaron]  lighted  the  lamps  thereof  over  against  the  can- 
dleatick.  Num.  viii.  ::. 

(b)  In  contact  with:  bearing  upon:  as,  to  lean 
against  a  wall:  in  optical  contact  with  (some- 
thing behind);  athwart:  as,  the  ship  loomed 
up  dark  and  grim  against  the  sky. 

He  saw 
High  up  m  hi  aven  the  hall  thai  Merlin  built, 
Blackening  against  the  dead-green  stripes  of  even. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Bttarre. 

3.  Of  action  or  purpose:  (a)  In  opposition  to; 
in  contrariety  to;  adverse  or  hostile  to:  as, 
twenty  votes  against  ten;  against  law,  reason, 
or  public  opinion. 

His  bund  will  be  against  every  mau.  Gen.  xvi.  12. 

When  a  scandalous  story  is  believed  against  one,  there 
certainly  is  no  comfort  like  the  consciousness  of  having 
deserved  it.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  '6. 

(b)  In  resistance  to  or  defense  from :  as,  pro- 
tection mini nst  burglars,  cold,  fire,  etc. ;  to  warn 
one  against  danger;  the  public  are  cautioned 
against  pickpockets. 

As  if  the  man  had  fixed  his  face, 
In  many  a  solitary  place, 
A'hiiust  the  wind  and  open  sky! 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell,  i.  2fi. 

(c)  In  provision  for;  iu  preparation  for;  in  an- 
ticipation of;  with  reference  to. 

nst  tlie  day  ,,f  my  burying  hath  she  kept  this. 

John  xii.  7. 
It  was  now  high  time  to  retire  and  take  refreshment 
against  the  fatigues  of  the  following  day. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

((/)  In  exchange  for;  in  return  for;  as  a  bal- 
ance to :  as,  an  exporter  draws  against  mer- 
chandise shipped. 

Vavasours  subdivide  again  to  vassals,  exchanging  land 
and  cattle,  human  or  otherwise,  against  fealty. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  28. 

Against  the  grain.    Seegraini.    Againstthesun.ina 
direction  contrary  to  the  apparent  movement  of  the  sun, 
—Against  time!    («)  Literally,  in  competition  with  time 
as,  a  match  or  a  race  against  time,  that  is,  with  the  effort 
to  finish  before  the  close  of  a  given  time. 

I  always  felt  as  if  I  was  riding  a  race  against  ''>>>>' 

Dickens. 
(Ii)  For  the  purpose  of  consuming  time:  as,  he  tallied 
against  time,  that  is,  merely  t"  gain  time,  amethod some- 
times adopted  by  niembersof  legislative  ami  deliberative 
tnblies  who  desire  to  defeat  some  measure  or  motion 
by  lapse  of  time,  or  to  gain  time  for  supporters  to  assem- 
ble.     TO  be  against,  to  be  unfavorable  to  :  as,  the  bid  is' 

tain  '  you,   that  is,  in  favor  of  si. me  other  bidder.  —  To 

bear  against,  to  bristle  against,  to  go  against,  etc. 

Se»  these  verbs.— To  run  against,  to  meet  accidentally. 
II.  cunj.  (by  ellipsis).    Against  the  time  that; 

by  the  time  that;   before:  as,  lie  ready  against 

I  get  back.     [Now  only  colloq.  or  dial.] 
Throw  en  another  log  of  w I  against  father  comes 

home.  Dickens,  Pickw  ick. 

againstandt  (a-gen'stand),  »•.  /.     [<  ME.  a,  ein~, 

agt  n-standt  n,  -stonden,  <  AS.  agen-,  ongedn-stan- 

dan  :  see  again  and  stand.']     To  stand  against ; 

withsl I ;  opposi  . 

againwardt,   adv.     [ME.  agayn-,  again-,  ayen- 

ward,eta.;  <  again  +  -woro.]      1.  Backward; 

back  again.  Chaucer. —  2.  In  return;  leek. 
Sir  '/'.  Mori. —  3.  Again;  once  more. — 4.  Con- 
versely; vie,,  versa.  Spenser. — 5.  On  the  con- 
trary; on  the  other  hand.      Sir  '/'.  Mini. 

agalactia  (ag-a-lak'ti-8  >, ».     [NL.,<6r.  ayaXax- 

riii,  waul  of  miik,  <  .:  akaKTOi ,  wanting  milk  :  sec 
agalactous.  |  In  patlml.,  a  deficiency  of  mill;  in 
a  mother  aft.  r  childbirth.     Also  called  again  xg. 

agalactous  (ag-a-lak'tus),  a.    [<  Gt.  ayafcutToc, 

wanting   milk.'    i      |niv.  +  ;■■■■         i  I  =  L. 

lac  (lact-),  milk.]  <  iharacterized  by  agalai  tia 
8yd.  Soc.  i i   - 

agal-agal  (si'gal-a'gal),  n.  Same  -as  agar-agar. 
agalaxy  (ag'a-lak-sil,  n.      Less  correct  form  of 

agalactia. 

Agalena  iag-a-le  '  n:i ),  «.  [NL., <  Or.  a- priv. 
+  ;«/»,»;,  repose,  i  almi  i  --.  tranquillity:  in  al- 
lusion  to   the   spider's  restlessness.]      A  genus 

of  true  spiders,  founded  by  Walckenaer,  giving 
name  to  the  familj    igalenicke.    .i  labyrii 

p in   as  web  upon  h 
I  suaii>  written   I tly,  Agelena. 

agalenid  (ag-a-le'nia),  ».     A  spider  of  the 

family  AgalenUke. 
Agale'nidae  (ag-a-le'ni-de),  ».  pi.     [XL.,  <    Inn 

lata  +  -kta:.]    A  family  of  tubitelariau  spiders, 


10G 

typified  by  the  genus  Agalrna,  of  the  order 
A  rain  n  .  rhej  have  an  oblong  cephalothorax,  with  the 
large  cephalic  region  distinct,  and  the  upper  mammilla; 

larger  than  the  lowei      Che    peciesaren erous,and  13 

genera  have  been  admitted  for  those  of  Burope.  Among 
them  are  some  of  the  most  familiar  spiders  which  spin 
tubular  ual.s. 

agalloch  (a-gnl'ok),  ii.     Same  as  ngallnchitm. 

agallochum  ( a-gal'o-kum),  «.  [ML.,  <  Or.  ayaK- 
aoxoi)  (Dioscorides),  not,  as  stated  in  Liddell 
and  Scott's  Lexicon,  tin'  bitter  aloe,  hut  the 
fragrant  wood  also  called  in  later  times  -r/o/o//, 
in  NL.  transposed  Aloexylon  (another  genus), 
translated  lignum  aloes,  E.  Ugn-aloes,  q.  v.;  of 
eastern  origin:  cf.  Heb.  dkhdlim,  masc.  pi., from 
a  sing,  ahhdl,  Hind,  agliil,  Skt.  nguru,  agalloch, 
aloes-wood.  See  aloe.']  A  fragrant  wood,  tho 
aloes  or  lign-aloes  of  the  Scriptures,  it  is  much 
used  by  the  Orientals,  and  especially  by  the  Chinese,  as  in- 
cense in  their  religious  ceremonies.  It  is  the  produce  of 
Aquilaria  Agallocha,  a  large  tree  which  grows  in  the 
iih  hi i it ai ns  ut  Cochin-China,  Assam,  and  adjoining  regions, 
ami  belongs  to  the  natural  order  Thymeleacece.  Portions 
of  tlie  trunk  and  branches  become  saturated  with  a  dark 
aromatic  resin,  and  these  alone  arc  used  in  tlie  prepara- 
tion of  incense.  The  resin  is  sometimes  extracted  by  dis- 
tillation or  infusion.  The  wood  is  also  called  calambae, 
aloes-wood,  and  agila-,  agal-,  or  eaglewood.  See  eagle- 
wood. 

agalma  (a-gal'ma),  n. ;  pi.  agahuata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ir,u'/jia,  a  delight,  honor,  a  pleasing 
gift,  esp.  to  the  gods,  a  statue,  any  image  or  work 
of  art,  <  ayaXAeoBai,  take  delight  in,  ayiMxiv, 
honor,  glorify.]  1.  In  law,  the  impression  orim- 
age  of  anything  upon  a  seal. —  2.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a 
votive  offering  to  a  deity,  especially  a  statue,  but 
also  a  painting  or  any  other  art-object.  See 
etymology  of  anathema.  —  3.  [cap.]  In  zool., 
a  genus  of  pliysopliorous  oceanic  hydroids,  the 
type  of  the  family  Agalmida;.    Eschscholte,  1829. 

agalmatolite  (ag-al-mat'o-lit),  n.  [<Gr.  ayaX- 
fa(r-),  image,  +  VJBoc,  stone.]  A  soft  stone,  of 
a  grayish  or  greenish  color,  found  in  China  and 
elsewhere.  It  can  be  cut  with  a  knife  and  polished, 
and  in  China  is  thusfonned  into  works  of  art.  as  grotesque 
figures,  pagodas,  etc.  It  belongs  iu  part  to  the  mineral 
pinite,  and  in  part  to  pyrophyllite  and  steatite.  Also 
called  figure-stone,  lardstone,  bildstein,  and  pagodite. 

Agalmida  (a-gal'mi-de),  it.  7>/.  [NL.,<  Agalma 
+  -Ida?.]  A  family  of  physophorous  siphonoph- 
orous  hydrozoans,  having  a  greatly  elongated 
and  spirally  twisted  stem,  the  swimming-col- 
umn with  two  or  more  rows  of  nectocalyces, 
and  hydrophyllia  and  tentacles  present. 

Agalmopsis  (a-gal-mop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Agalma 
+  injiic,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  Agalmida) 
resembling  Agalma,  having  deciduous  hydro- 
phyllia replaced  by  nectocalyces,  a  saccule  and 
an  involucre,  a  terminal  filament  and  no  vesicle. 
Sars,  1846. 

agalwood  (ag'al-wud),  n.  [See  caglewood.] 
Same  as  agalloch  urn. 

Agama1  (ag'a-mS),  n.  [NL.,  from  the  Carib- 
bean name.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  saurian 
reptiles,  typical  of  the  family  Agamidce  (which 
see). —  2.  [I.  ft]  A  member  or  species  of  the 
germs  Agama,  or  of  closely  related  genera:  with 
a  plural,  agamas  (-maz). 

Agama-  (ag'a-mji),  a.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
ngamiis:  see  agamims.]  The  a gamous division 
of  mollusks.     /.alrt  illt,  1K2.3.     See  agamnus,  2. 

Agamffi  (ag'a-me),  u.  pi.  [NL.  (sc.  plantat), 
fem.  pi.  of  agamits:  see  agamnus.]  A  mime 
given  by  some  authors  to  the  large  division  of 
eryptogamic  plants,  which  were  formerly  sup- 
posed to  ho  without  distinctions  of  sex. 

agami  (ag'a-mi),  n.      [F.  agamy  (17-11),  now 

at/ami,  from  the  native  name  iu  Guiana.]     A 

grallatorial  bird, 
Psophia  crepitans, 

a  native  of  South 
America,  often 
called  the  golden- 
breastedtrumpet- 
er.     ii  is  in  body  of 

I  In  Btzeof  a  pheasant; 
it    runs    with     great 

speed, but  flies  i i  ly, 

i     easirj   ti id,  ami 

I iih      as  docile  and 

attached  to  man  as  a 

dog.    See  /'  "i  hiidce. 

agamian1  (a-ga'- 

mi-an),  a.  ami  tt, 
[=P.  agamien,  < 

NL.  AgumuK  ]  I, 
a.  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  the 
Agamidce. 

II.    II.    A     on  in 

her  of  the  family 

Igamidce   (which 

'  v  Ae.iml,  or  I  rumpetei  [I'sojihia 

SCO;.  ireJUtanj). 


agamoid 
agamian-   (a-ga'mi-an),  a.     [As  agamic  + 

-i-an.  |      Same  as  ngniuir. 

agamic  (a-gam'ik),  a.   [<Gr.  aya/wc,  unmarried 

tsee  agamnus),  +  -ic]  1.  Asexual:  in  cool., 
applied  to  reproduction  without  the  congress 
of  individuals  of  opposite  sexes,  as  by  fission, 
budding,  encystment,  or  parthenogenesis ;  used 
also  of  ova  capable  of  germination  without  im- 
pregnation. The  word  is  of  genera]  application  in 
asexual  reproduction,  but  lee  some  special  applicability 
to  the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation  or  discontinuous 
development  which  may  intervene  in  ordinary  sexual  re- 
production.   Opposed  to  gamic.    See  agamogt  nesis. 

The  agamic  reproducth f  insects  and  other  animal., 

W.  V>-  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  425. 

The  agamic  ova  may  certainly  be  produced,  and  give  rise 
to  embryos,  without  impregnation. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  250. 

2.  In  bot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Agama  or 
cryptogams. 

agamically  (a-gam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  agamic 
or  asexual  manner;  asexually. 

agamid  (ag'a-mid),  re.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Agamidce. 

Agamidas  (a-gam'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  Agama1 
+  -iila:]  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles,  order 
Lacertilia,  superfamily  .  Igamoidea.  They  are  char- 
acterized by  Inning  a  shnit,  thick  tim-ue,  entire  I  that  is, 
unrleft)or  nearly  so,  and  not  extensible;  small  rhombic 
overlapping  ventral  scabs;  along  tail;  round  pupil,  and 


Agatn.i  brachyura. 

eyes  provided  with  lids.  The  family  is  very  closely  re- 
lated to  the  biiiniiiihe,  but  the  dentition  is  acrodont,  not 
pleurodont.     It  is  named  from  the  leading  genus,  Agama 

(nr  Amphibolurus),  but   contains  several  others,  at ig 

tin  in  Draco.  /'  volans  is  the  so-called  flying  lizard.  The 
family  is  divided  into  AgamintiB  and  Draconinos. 

Agaminas  (ag-a-mi'ne),  n.  pi.  [<  Agama1  + 
-ina:]  A  subfamily  of  agamoid  lizards  with 
no  wing-like  lateral  expansions,  a  mouth  of 
moderate  size,  and  small  conical  incisors.  It 
embraces  about  70  species,  inhabiting  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Australasia. 

agamine  (ag'a-min),  ».  A  lizard  of  the  sub- 
family Agnmiim: 

agamist  (ag'a-mist),  ».     [<  Gr.  ayauor,  unmar- 
ried (see  agamnus),  +  -ist.]     One  who  does  not 
marry  ;  one  who  refuses  to  marry  ;  one  who  op- 
poses the  institution  of  marriage. 
Agamists  and  wilful  rejecters  of  matrimony. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs. 

agamogenesis  (ag"a-mo-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ayafiuc,  unmarried  (see  ngnmnus),  +  ;.  r.  ait ,  pro- 
duction. ]  Non-sexual  reproduction,  on  in  mU., 
the  production  of  young  without  the  congress  of  the  sexes, 
.a f  the  phenomena  of  alternate  gi  aeration  ,  partheno- 
genesis: opposed  to  gamogenssis. 

Agamogenesis  is  of  Frequent  occurrence  among  Insects, 
anil  occurs  under  two  extreme  forms;  in  the  one.  the 
parent  is  a  perfect  female,  while  the  germs  have  all   the 

morphological  characters  of  eggs,  and  tn  this  the  term 
parthenogenesis  ought  tn  be  restricted,    in  the  othei .  the 

parent  has  Incomplete  female  genitalia,  and  the  germs 
have  not  the  ordinary  characters  of  Insect  i  egs. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  383. 
(/>)  In  hot.,  natural  reproduction  by  finds,  offshoots    c<  U 

division,  etc. 

agamogenetic  (ag'a-mo-je-net'ik),  a.    [<aga- 

mngeiii  sis.  sifter  gi  in  lie,  q.  v.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  agamogenesis;  produced  without  the  con- 
gress of  the  sexes. 

All  known  agamogenetic  processes  .  .  .  end  in  a  com- 
plete return  to  the  primitive  stock. 

Huxley,  bay  Sermons,  p.  312. 

agamOgenetically(ag"a-mo-je-net'i-kal-il,.o//'. 
Iii  an  agamogenetic  manner;  by  or  with  asex- 
ual generation. 
In  most  Dlecophora,  the  embryo  be es  a  fixed  aetin- 

■  ii;,.  .  .  .  multiplies  aqamogmeticaUy  by  budding,   and 

■  Ives  rise  tn  permanent  colonies  Of  Hydrihirni  polyps. 

tl ii  it'  ii.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  188. 

agamoid  (ag'a-moid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Agama!  + 
-aiil,  q.  v.]  I.  ".  In  .nml.,  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling the    Igamida)  or  Agamoidea. 

II.  a.  A  lizard  of  the  family  Aga iiiiilw  or  su- 
perfamily Agamoidea. 


Agamoidea  107 

Agamoidea  (ag-a-moi'de-S),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Agaphelus  (a^af'e-lus), 

Ai/ania1  +  -oidca.]  Asuperfamilyofonglossate 
laoertilians,  haying  concavo-convex  vertebra, 
clavicles  not  dilated proximally,  and  no  post- 
orbital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches.  The 
group 
ill 


[NL..  <  Gr.  ayav, 
very,  much,  +  aipe'/i/c,  smooth.  These  whales 
lack  the  usual  folds  or  plaits  of  the  throat.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Agaphi  Una, 
A.gibbosus  is  the  scrag-whale.  L.  l>.  <  'ope,  1868. 
prfies  the  families  igamidce,  Tguanidas,  Xeno-  agaphite  (ag'a-fit),  n.  [So  named  by  Fischer 
fonuridce,  and  Anguidoe.    See  cuts  under  Aga-     iu  ls](;.  <;  JLga~phij  a  naturalist  who  visited  the 


midw  and  Iguana.  „„„,„„„   /  rs,      regions  in  Persia'where  the  turquoise  is  found, 

agamous  (ag  !.-»>"«  •<'■     [«MW  <*■     +*«*«.]    a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  tur- 

S^oc,  vnthout  marriage ,  .  .  i..a         ,  <    - •    m .  ?<  8peeiaUy  to  the  jilie  biue  variety. 

_2.'  h  7oM,  hiving  no  distinguishable  sexual  Agaporms  (ag-a-p6r'ms),  »     [NL.,<(,r.  «  a^ 
organs.     See  agamic,  1.     [Karl]  love  (see  <We2)>  +  V*i il  »■*■]    A  Senus  of 

Tin'  molluacan  ran'  are  divided  into  two  branches,  the 
phanerogamous  and  the  agamous  or  cryptogamic. 

Johnston,  Introd.  to  Conchol. 

agamy  (ag'a-mi),  w.     [<  Gr.  «j  apia,  <  ayapoc :  see 

agamous/]  "  Non-marriage;    abstention   from 

marriage,  or  rejection  or  non-recognition  of  the 

requirement  of  marriage  in  the  relation  of  the 

sexes. 
aganglionic  (a-gang-gli-on'ik),  a.     [<Gr.  a- 

priv.   (a-18)  +  ganglionic]     Characterized  by 

the  absence  of  ganglia, 
agapse,  »•    Plural  of  agape2. 
Agapanthus  (ag-a-pan'thus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ayaini,  love  .(see  agape2),  +  acdoc,  flower.]    A 

small  genus  of  ornamental  plants  belonging  to 

the  natural  order  LiliOCeOS.  The  species  are  peren- 
nial herbs  from  southern  Africa,  with  strap-shaped  radical 
leaves  and  large  umbels  of  bright-blue  flowers.  The}  have 
been  long  in  cultivation. 

agape1  (a-giip'  or  a-gap'),  prep.  phr.  as  a<lr.  or  a. 
[<  »3  +  gape.]  With  the  mouth  wide  open;  in 
an  attitude  of  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager  at- 
tention. 

Dazzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  ogam. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  357. 
A  fledgeling  priest, 
Beginning  life  .  .  .  with  callow  beak 
Agape  for  luck.     Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  61. 

agape2  (ag'a-pe),  n. ;  pi.  agapce  (-pe).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  ayairn,  love,  charity  in  the  abstract  sense; 
ayaiTdv,  to  love,  treat  with  affection.]    1 .  A  meal 


Love-birds  {AgapQrnis  cana). 

small  African  parrots,  including  the  love-birds, 
sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Aga- 
pornithiiue.  I'.  •/.  Selby,  1836.  See  love-bird. 
agart,  ».  Same  as  acker2,  eager2.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
agar-agar  (a'gar-a'gar),  n.  The  native  name 
of  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass,  consisting 
of  dried  seaweed  of  several  species,  such  as 
Gracilaria  lichenoides,  Euclieuma  spinosum,  etc. 
It  is  much  used  iu  the  East  for  soups  and  jel- 
lies. Also  called  agal-agal.  See  gelose. 
agaric  (ag'a-rik  or  a-gar'ik),  n.  and  a.  [<  L. 
agaricum,  i  Gr.  ayapmiv,  a  sort  of  tree-fungus 
used  as  tinder,  named,  according  to  Dioscori- 
des,  from  the  country  of  the  Agari,  in  Sarmatia, 
where  this  fungus  abounded.]  I.  n.  A  fungus 
of  the  genus  Agaricus,  Among  the  old  herbalists  the 
name  had  a  wider  range,  including  the  corky  forms  grow- 
ing on  trunks  of  trees,  like  the  "  female  agaric,"  Polyporus 
officinalis,  to  which  the  word  was  originally  applied,  and 
which  is  still  known  as  agaric  in  the  materia  medica.  See 
Agaricus,  Boletus,  and  Polyporus.— Agaric-gnat,  a  dip- 
terous insect  of  the  family  Mycetophmaoa  (which  sec). 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  agarics ;  fungoid. — 
Agaric  mineral,  a  very  soft  and  light  variety  ot  calciteor 
calcium  carbonate.  It  is  generally  pure  white,  found  chiefly 
in  the  clefts  of  rocks  and  at  the  bottom  of  some  lakes  in 
a  loose  or  semi-indurated  form  resembling  a  fungus.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  stone  of  loose  consistence  found 
in  Tuscany,  of  which  bricks  may  be  made  so  light  as  to 
float  in  water,  and  of  which  the  ancients  are  supposed  to 
have  made  their  floating  bricks.  It  is  a  hydrated  silicate 
of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime,  alumina,  and  a  small 
quantity  of  iron.  Also  called  mountain-milk  and  tnoun- 
sociated  with  weddings,  funerals,  anniversaries  of  martyr-     tain-meal.  _   .....  rxT-r      ,    . 

doms,  and  the  dedication  of  churches.    The  loss  of  their  AgariCia  (ag-a-ns  l-a),  n.  _  [NL.,  <  Agaricus,  q. 
original  character  and  the  growth  of  abuses  led  to  the  pro- 
hibition of  them  in  church  buildings,  and  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury tii  their  separation  from  the  Lord',-,  supper  and  their 
gradual  discontinuance.    Vestiges  of  the  practice,  however, 


Agape,  oi  Love-feast.     ( From  Roller's  "  Catacombes  de  Rome.") 

partaken  of  in  common  by  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians, originally  in  connection  with  the  Lord's 
supper.  It  was  made  the  occasion  of  offerings  for  the 
poor,  and  closed  with  devotional  exercises,  including  the 
kiss  of  love.    According  to  late  usage,  agapa?  were  also  as- 


v.]     A  genus  of  aporose  sclerodermatous  stone 
corals,  of  the  family  Fungidw,  or  mushroom- 
corals.     Lamarck;  1801. 
remained  as  late  as  the  Council  of  Basle  in  the  flf teenth  agariciform  (a-gar'i-si-f6rm),  a.      [<  NL.  Aga- 
century,  and  customs  historically  derived  from  it  are  still     riens,     agaric,   +  L.    -formis,   <  forma,    form.] 
observed  by  some  denominations. '  See  love-feast.  Mushroom-shaped. 

.May  God  speed  the  universal  pentecost  and  agape  of  agaricin  (a-gar'i-siu),  n.     [<  agaric  +  -in2.]     A 
his  one  Holy  Catholic  and  Apostolic  Church.  "!.:*„  „„.„.i-„ii;„„  ,„w,n»o  nVcto^orl  from  tlie 

Schaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  '20. 


2.   leap.]    [NL.]   In  :odh,  a  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects. 

Agapemone  (ag-a-pem'o-ne),  n.     [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
ayairn,  love  (see' agape2),  +  povij,  a  staying,  a 


white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
white  agaric,  Polyporus  officinalis. 
Agaricini  (a-gar-i-si'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
ricus.] An  order  of  fungi  having  the  fruit- 
bearing  surface  arranged  in  radiating  gills,  as 
in  the  mushrooms  and  toadstools, 


shire.  England,  in  1846,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  James  Prince,  the  members  of 
which  lived  on  a  common  fund. 

Agapemonian,  Agapemonite  (ag"a-pe-mo'ni- 
au,  ag-a-pem'o-nit),  n.  An  inmate  of  the  Aga- 
pemone (which  see). 

agapetae(ag^-a-pe'te),  re.  pi.  [LL.,<Gr.  ayamrrai, 
fern.  pi.  of  aya-i,Tm  .  beloved,  verbal  adj.  of  a)a- 
■xav,  to  love.]  A  title  given  in  the  early  ages 
of  the  church  to  virgins  who  dwelt,  in  a  state  of 
so-called  spiritual  love,  with  monks  and  others 
professing  celibacy.  This  intercourse  occa- 
sioned scandal,  and  was  condemned  by  the 
Lateran  Council  iu  1139. 

Agaphelinae  (a-gaf-e-li'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <   Iga- 

pheius  +  -(«(('.]  A  subfamily  of  tinner  whales, 
family  liahenopterida;  having  the  skin  of  the 
throat  not  plicated  and  no  dorsal  tin. 


agaricum, 


Common  Mushroom  {Agarietu  campettru). 


agate 

and  important  genus  of  fungi,  characterized  by 
having  a  fleshy  cap  or  pileus,  and  a  number  of 

radiating  plates  or  gills  on  which  are  produced 

the    naked   spores,     n ijoritj  ol   thi 

furnished  vith  stems,  but  some  ari  attached  bj  th<  b  |  11  I 

tot] bjects  on  which  they  grow.   Over  a  thousand    peei 

are  known,  which  are  arranged  in  flvi    eel rdingas 

the  color  of  their  spores  is  white,  pink,  brown,  purple,  or 
black.     Many  nt  the  Bpeciesare  edible,  like  the  con 

mushroom,  A.  campestris,  while  othi  i   are  deleb  I and 

even  pois.  moiis.     See  mushroom. 

Agarista  (ag-a-ris'ta),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Agaristida:     Leach. 

Agaristidae  (ag-a-ris'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
rista +  -ida\]  A  family  of  heterocerous  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  or  moths,  typified  by  the 
genus  Agarista. 

agastt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agasten,  pp.  agast:  see 
aghast,  gast,  ghost.]  1.  To  frighten;  terrify: 
usually  in  past  participle  agast,  now  written 
aghast  (which  see). 

Or  other  grisly  thing  that  him  aghast. 

Sp>  riser,  F.  (J.,  I.  L\.  M. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  be  terrified. 

The  rynges  on  the  temple  dore  that  honge, 
And  eek  the  dores,  elatereden  ful  faste, 
(if  which  Anita  somwhat  hym  agastt. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  ZV24. 

Agastreas  (a-gas'tre-e),  >i.  jd.  [NL. :  see  Agas- 
tria.]  A  term  proposed  in  1874  by  Huxley  as 
a  provisional  designation  of  one  of  two  divisions 
of  metazoic  animals  (the  other  being  Gastri  a ■>, 
by  which  the  orders  Ccstoidca  and  Acantho- 
cephala,  which  have  no  alimentary  canal  or 
proper  digestive  cavity,  are  contrasted  with 
all  other  Metazoa.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  XII.  226. 
Some  alterations  in  this  scheme  have  since  been  made; 
.  .  .  the  Agastreos  are  relegated,  the  Cestoidea  to  Trema- 
toda  and  Acanthocephala  to  the  N'ematoidea. 

Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  4. 

Agastria  (a-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  }«or///),  stomach.]  A  term  of  no  exact 
signification  in  modern  biology,  but  formerly 
employed  to  designate  certain  low  organisms 
which  have  no  proper  digestive  cavity.  Also 
called  Agastrica. 

agastric  ( a-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  }<kt- 
jijp,  stomach:  see  gastric.]  Without  a  stomach 
or  proper  intestinal  canal,  as  the  tapeworm. 

Agastrica  (a-gas'tri-kS  ),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Agas- 
tria. 

agate1  (a-gaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  ME.  oh 
(pile:  on,  E.  a3,  on;  gate,  E.  gate2,  way:  see 
gate2  and  gait.]  On  the  way  ;  going;  agoing; 
in  motion  :  as,  "set  him  agate  again,"  Lingua, 
iii.  6;  "set  the  bells  agate,"  Cotgrave.  [Old 
and  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

agate'-  (ag'at),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  aggat,  ag- 
iii  t.  aggot,  a'ggott,  agat,  agot,  agath  (=D.  agaat 
=  Sw.  Dan.  agat),  <  OF.  agate,  later  "  aga  the, 
an  agate''  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F. 
1 1 gate  =  Pr.  aga- 
thes,achates=Sp. 
Pg.  It.  agnta  —  i 
MIIG.  G.  achat, 
<  L.  achates,  <  Gr. 
d^drnc,  an  agate : 
so  called,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  be- 
cause first  found 
near  the  river 
'AX°TVC,  in  Sicily.  ] 

1.  A  variety  of  quartz  w-hieh  is  peculiar  in 
consisting  of  bands  or  layers  of  various  colors 
blended  together.  It  is  essentially  a  variegated  chal- 
cedony, but  some  of  the  bands  may  consist  of  other  varie- 
ties of  quartz,  for  the  most  put  cryptocrystaUine.  The 
varied  manner  in  which  these  materials  are  arranged  causes 
the  agate  when  polished  to  assume  characteristic  differ- 
ences of  appearance,  and  thus  certain  varieties  are  distin- 
guished, as  ribbon-agate,  fortilicatioii-agnte,  zone-agate, 
star-agate,  moss-agate,  clouded  agate,  etc.  See  also  cut 
under  concentric.  Agate  is  fi.niid  chiefly  in  trap-rocks 
and  serpentine,  often  in  the  form  of  nodules,  called  ge- 
vlcs.  It  is  esteemed  the  least  valuable  ol  the  precious 
stones.  Agates  are  cut  and  polished  in  large  quantities 
at  Oberstein  in  Oldenburg,  Germany,  where  also  artificial 
means  are  used  to  produce  striking  varieties  of  color  in 
these  stones.  In  Scotland  also  they  are  cut  and  polished, 
under  the  name  of  Scotch  pebbles.  They  are  used  for  rings, 
seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles  of  small  utensils,  bur- 
nishers, pestles  and  mortars,  and.  in  delicate  mechanism, 
as  bearing-surfaces,  pivots,  and  the  knife-edges  ol  weigh- 
ing apparatus.  Iii  shakspen  agate  is  a  symbol  oi  little- 
ness or  smallness,  from  the  little  figures  cut  iu  these  stones 
when  set  in  rings. 

I  was  never  manned  with  an  agate  till  now. 

Sftafc,  'J  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  draw-plate  used  by  gold-wire  drawers, 
named  from  the  piece  of  agate  through  which 

the  eye  is  drilled. —  3.  In  printing,  tyi f  a  size 

between  pearl  and  nonpareil,  giving  about  160 


Agate,  polished,  showing  banded 
structure. 


agate 

lines  to  the  foot.     It  is  used  chiefly  in  news- 
papers.    In  Great  Britain  it  is  known  as  ruby. 
This  line  is  printed  In  agate. 

4.  An  instrument  osed  by  bookbinders  for  pol- 
ishing; a  burnisher.     McF.lrath,  Cora.  Diet.— 

5.  A  child's  playing-marble  made  of  agate,  or 
of  glass  in  imitation  of  agate. 

agate-glasa  (ag'at-glas),  n.  A  variegated  glass 
made  by  melting  together  waste  pieces  of  col- 
ored glass. 

agate-shell  (ag'at-shel),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  certain  large  shells  of  the  genus  AchaUua 
(which  see). 

agate-snail  (ag'at-snal),  n.    A  species  of  the 

genus  Achatina  (which  see).  agaze  (a-gaz'), prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.     [ 

i-ware  (ag'at-wan,».     1.  Pottery  mottled    a  gase:'  a,  E.  «3;  gase,  E.  gaze.]    On  the 


108 

throws  up  rapidly  from  its  center  :i  tall  scape  bearing  a  largo 
compound  Infloresi  ence,  and  dies  after  perfecting  ite  fruit. 
It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Mexico  under  the  nam.'  of 
maguey,  and  Is  put  t"  many  uses.  The  sap,  obtained  in 
abundance  from  the  plant  when  the  flowering  stem  is  just 
iva.lv  tn  burst  forth,  produces  when  fermented  a  beverage 
resembling  cider,  railed  by  the  Mexicans  pulque.  An  ex- 
tract of  tin-  leaves  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  the 
flower-stem,  when  withered,  is  cut  up  into  slices  to  form 
razor-strops.  The  leaves  ol  nearly  all  the  species  yield  a 
more  or  less  valuable  fiber,  which  is  made  into  thread  and 
ropes  and  has  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  sisal 
hemp,  or  henequin,  is  the  product  of  A.  Ixtli.  and  is  ex- 
ported in  large  quantities  from  Yucatan.  A  \\  est  Indian 
species  .1.  'lii-raitu,  closely  resembling  A.  Americana, 
yields  the  keratto  fiber.  A.  Virginica,  of  the  southern 
United  States,  known  as  false  aloe,  belongs  to  a  group  of 
speeies  with  less  rigid  leaves  and  with  the  solitary  flowers 
in  a  simple  spike. 


age 

lowing  a  younger  age  for  wills  of  personal  property,  and 
also  for  females  or  for  married  women. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

4.  The  particular  period  of  life  at  which  one  he- 
comes  naturally  or  conventionally  qualified  or 
disqualified  for  anything:  as,  at  46  a  man  is 
over  age  and  cannot,  be  enlisted;  underage  for 
the  presidency;  canonical  age  (which  see,  be- 
low). 

Sara  .  .  .  was  delivered  of  a  child  when  she  was  past 


agate- 
and  veined  in  imitation  of  agate. —  2.  A  variety 
of  enameled  iron  or  steel  household  ware. 

Agathis  (ag'a-this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayaRic,  a 
ball  of  thread'.]  1.  In  hot.,  the  older  and  now 
accepted  name  for  the  genus  of  Conifer®  com- 
monly known  as  Dam  mam  (which  see). —  2. 
In  eooU,  a  genus  of  ichneumon-flies,  of  the 
family  liractniidie.     LatrciHe,  1804. 

agathism  (ag'a-thizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  t\yaB6c,  good, 
-t-  -ism.']  The" doctrine  that  all  things  tend  to- 
ward ultimate  good. 

agathist  (ag'a-thist),  n.     [<  Gr.  ayaddc,  good,  + 


posed  of  good  and  evil ;  pertaining  to  both  good 
and  evil.    Southey,  Doctor,  I.  120. 
agathodaemon    (ag'-a-tho-de'nion),  n.     [<  Gr. 
ayaOodaiuuv,  prop,    written    separately    ayaBhq 


[<  ME. 
gaze; 
in  a  gazing  attitude. 

agazedt  (a-gazd'),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  agased;  prob. 
same  as  agast,  modified  toward  gase :  see  agast, 
aghast,  and  gage.  Tho  examples  cited  below 
are  the  only  ones  found.]   Aghast;  astonished. 

The  [they]  were  so  sore  agased. 

Chester  Flags,  ii.  85. 

Wliereatt  this  dreadful  conquerour 
Thereatt  was  sore  atin^ed. 
Percy's  Folio  MSS.  (ed.  Hales  and  Furnivall),  iii.  154. 
As  ankered  faste  my  spirites  doe  all  resorte 
To  stand  agazed,  and  sink  in  more  and  more. 

Surrey,  Songes  and  Sonnettes  (1557). 
Of  understanding  rob'd,  I  stand  agaz'd.    (1C00.) 
In  E.  Farr's  Select  Poetry  (1845),  II.  438.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
The  French  exclaim'd,  The  devil  was  in  armes ; 
All  the  whole  army  stood  agaz'd  on  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

age  (aj),  n.    [<  ME.  age,  later  sometimes,  in  OF 
spelling,  acge,  eage,  aage,  <  OF.  aage, 
lier  edage,  F.  Age  =  Pr.  atge,  <  ML. 


5.  Specifically,  old  age  (see  1);  the  latter  part 
of  lit'eorof  long-continued  existence ;  the  lapse 
of  time,  especially  as  affecting  a  person's  physi- 
cal or  mental  powers;  the  state  of  being  old; 
oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.         Gen.  xlviii.  10. 
Aqe  cannot  wither  In  r.  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shot.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

6.  An  aged  person,  or  old  people  collectively. 

And  age  in  love  loves  not  to  have  years  told. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  exxxviii. 

7.  One  of  the  periods  or  stages  of  development 
into  which  human  life  may  be  divided;  time  of 
life :  as,  life  is  divided  into  four  ages,  infancy, 
youth,  manhood  or  womanhood,  and  old  age. 

All  the  world's  a  stage, 

And  till  the  men  and  women  merely  players: 
They  have  their  exits,  and  their  entrances; 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, 
His  acts  being  seven  ages. 

Shak..  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

Just  at  the  aqe  'twixt  boy  and  youth, 
When  thought  is  speech  and  speech  is  truth. 

Scott,  Marmion,  Int.  to  ii. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  history,  as  distin- 
guished from  others;  a  historical  epoch:  as,  the 

eage,  ear-    goifien  „ge;  the  ai/e  of  heroes;  the  age  of  Peri- 
"'"'"'"".     cles;  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age. 


amita(t-)s,  which  reappears  in  ML.  in  the  sense 
of  eternity  (cf.  aicrnus,  eternal:  see  eternal 
and  eternity),  <  cevum,  OL.  aevom  =  Gr.  a\Civ 
'*a'iFuv),  a  period  of  existence,  an  age,  a  life- 
time, a  long  space  of  time,  eternity  (see  won, 
con),  =  Goth,  aiws,  an  age,  eternity  (ace.  aiw, 
used  adverbially,  ever,  with  neg.,  ni  aiw,  never}, 
=  AS.  a  =  Icel.  ci,  E.  aye,  ever,  =  AS.  aw,  as, 
life,  custom,  law,  marriage:  see  ay1,  aye1.'] 
1.  The  length  of  time  during  which  a  bemg  or 
tiling  has  existed ;  length  of  life  or  existence  to 
the  time  spoken  of ;   period  or  stage  of  life  in 


Intent  on  her,  who,  rapt  in  glorious  dreams, 
The  second  sight  of  some  Astra;an  age, 
Sat  eompass'd  with  professors. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Our  nineteenth  century  is  the  age  of  tools. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

9.  In  geol.,  a  great  period  of  the  history  of  the 
earth,  characterized  by  the  development  of 
some  particular  phase  of  organic  life  or  of  phys- 
ical condition :  as,  the  age  of  reptiles ;  the  age  of 
ice.  In  Dana's  scheme  of  classification,  the  Silurian  is 
the  age  of  invertebrates,  the  Devonian  the  age  of  fishes, 
the  Mesozoic  the  age  of  reptiles,  the  Tertiary  the  age  of 


the  history  of  an  individual  existence,  animate     mammals,  and  the  Quaternary  the  age  of  man. 

or  inanimate:  as,  his  age  is  twenty  years;  he     10.  The  people  who  hve  at  a  particular  penod 

hence,  a  generation  or  a  succession  ot  gene- 
rations: as,  ages  yet  unborn. — 11.  [Cf.  L.  sas- 
culiim,  an  age," a  century:  see  secular.]     A  cen- 


daiuuv:    ayaffde.    good;    daiftuv,  spirit,  demon:     <j_,.  (rta  (t-)s,  age  (>  OF.  ac),  a  contr.  of  earlier     gee  ^g  jM  mythology  and  history,  below 

see  demon.]    A  good  genius  or  spirit;  a  male 

divinity  corresponding  to  the  female  Ayatlte 

Tyche,  or  Good  Fortune.     At  Athens,  and  elsewhere 

in  ancient  Greece,  it  was  customary  at  the  end  of  a  meal 

to  pour  out  in  his  honor  a  libation  of  pure  wine. 
agathodaemonic  (ag"a-th6-de-mon'ik),  a.      [< 

(jr.  ayatlodaiuuv:  aeeagathodamon  and  demonic.'] 

Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  agathodae- 
mon ;  pertaining  to  an  agathodaemon. 
agathopoietic  (ag'a-tho-poi-et'ik),  «.     [Prop. 

agaihopceetic   or  -poetic,  <  Gr.   a-jadoirouiv,  do 

good,  <  ayaddc,  good,  +  notelv,  do:   see  pot  tic.  \ 

Intended  to  do  good;   benevolent.     Jientliaut. 

[Rare.] 
Agathosma  (ag-a-thoz'rua),  n.     [<  Gr.  ayaS6c, 

good,  +  uaulj,  earlier  6<5p),  smell,  akin  to  L.  odor : 

see  odor.']    A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  or- 
der Eutacew,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

The  Hottentots  mix  the  dried  and  powdered  leaves  of  A. 

vulchella  with   the  grease  with  which  they  smear  their 

bodies,  giving  them   a  smell  intolerable  to  Europeans. 

Several  species  are  cultivated  for  their  flowers. 

agatiferous  (ag-a-tif 'e-rus),  a.     [<  agate*  + 
-i-fcrous,  <  L.  ferre  =  'E.  bear1.]     Containing  or 
producing  agates.     Craig. 
agatiform  (ag'a-ti-fdrm),  a.     [<  agate?  +  -i- 

form,  <  L.  forma,  form.]    Having  the  form  of 
an  agate ;  resembling  an  agate  in  appearance. 
agatine  (ag'Sr-tin),  a.     [<  agate*  +  -foe1.]    Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  agate, 
agatize  (ag'a-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agati  it  a, 

ppr.  agatizimg.     [<  agate*  +  -he.]     To  change 

into    agate.      Also    spelled  agatise — Agatized 

wood  silicitied  wood  in  the  form  of  agate. 
agaty  (ag'a-ti),  a.    \<  agate*  + -y.]    Of  the  na- 
ture of  or  resembling  agate:  as,   "an  agaty 

flint,"  Woodward. 
Agave  (a-ga've),n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.   ayavi/,  noble,   used 

also    as   a   proper  name, 

'Ayavfy,   L.  Agaue,  Agave; 

f'  in.     of     dyavue,     noble. 

illustrious,  akin  to  yaitiv, 

be     proud,    rejoice,     and 

to  L.  gaudium,   joy.]    A 

large  North  American  ge- 
nus of  ill  ml    .  of  the   ii. it- 

ural  order  Amaryllidaceee, 

chiefly  Mexican.    They  are 

acaulegcent  or  nearly  bo 

growth,  ni'1 

■  ii. in  i  i   rigid  fleshy 

It  uvea,   which  are  spine-t  Ippt  d 

and  usually  spinosely   toothed. 

The  best  known    jpi  t  li      I     the 

.  •  nt m  v -plant,  in  American  aloe, 

A.  Am  ricana,  flt  '   Introduced 

fmm  Mexico  into  Europi 

and  now  frequently  cultivated 

for  ornament,  as  are  also  various 

other  species.      It    lives    many 
to  to  60  or  more,  before 

flowering,     whence    the    name 

century -plant.      At  maturity  it 


Century-Plant  [Agave 
Arntn.  ana . 


died  at  the  age  of  eighty;   at  your  aye  you 
should  know  better ;  a  tree  or  a  building  of  un- 
known age ;  to  live  to  a  great  age  ;  old  age. 
Jesus  himself  began  to  be  about  thirty  years  of  age. 

Luke  iii.  23. 

2.  Duration  of  existence,  specifically  or  gener- 
ally ;  the  lifetime  of  an  individual,  or  of  the  in- 
dividuals of  a  class  or  species  on  an  average  : 
as,  the  age  of  the  horse  is  from  twenty-five  to 
thirty  years. 

What  fame  is  left  for  human  deeds 
In  endless  age?         Tennyson,  In  Mem.,  lxxiii. 
The  ages  of  the  patriarchs  before  the  flood  have  been  a 
subject  of  critical  dispute.  Am.  Cue.,  I.  181. 

3.  A  period  of  human  life  usually  marked  by 
a  certain  stage  of  physical  or  mental  develop- 
ment ;  especially,  a  degree  of  development,  ap- 

proximately  or* 'presumptively  measured  by  Mnid^mg^ne^y 
years  from  birth,  which  involves  responsibility 
to  lawand  capacity  to  act  with  legal  effect :  us, 
the  age  of  discretion  orof  maturity  (the  former 
technically  occurring  some  years  prior  to  the 
latter,  abo'ut  the  age  of  fourteen).  More  specifically. 
of  age  full  age,  ot  lawful  age  designates  the  attainment  of 
majority,  or  that  period  when  the  general  disabilities  of  in- 
fancy  cease  It  is  fixed  by  the  law  of  England  and  oi  most  ol 
the  I'  nitcd  states  at  21  (iii  s.  mir  states  at  18  for  females),  but 
In  Germans  andeomeother  European  states  al  24  or  26  u 
com i  law  .me  is  of  full  age  the  llrst  instant  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  day  I"  fore  tht  21at  anniversary  of a  birth. 

Other  periods  are  fixed  tor  special  purposes:  thus,  the  age 
i,i  eon*  oi  lor  marriage  mis  fixed  by  the  common  law  at  1 1 
for  males  ami  12  for  females,  not  as  being  a  marriageable 
age  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  being  a  suitable  age  tor  mar- 
riage, but  a-s  being  the  age  at ter  whi.  I e  contracting  inar- 

riage'i Id  not  lustlj  repudiate  its  obligations  on  the  mere 

ground  ol  youth  For  the  purposes  ol  consent  which  \wll 
preclude  charges  of  abduction  and  the  like,  the  aaeoj  con- 
tent has  been  IWeil  in  smile  jurisdictions  at  16.      I  |i  to  the 

age  of  7  a  child  is  conclusively  presumed  to  be  Incapable 

of  criminal  intent ;  from  7  to  1 1  (in  a e  jurisdictions  12) 

it  is  presumed  to  be  incapable  of  such  intent,  but  the  con- 
trary mm  be  proved  ;  over  that  age  it  is  presumed  to  be 
capable..!' such  intent.  At  12  the  capacity  totakethi  oath 
of  allegiance  begins.  The  agi  oj  discretion,  in  the  sense 
in  which  the  term  is  used  in  the  law  of  infancy,  tsU  after 

which  the  child's  wishes  as  to  the  i  hoi.  c  "1  ii  guardian  are 
con  tilted  (sometimes  called  the  age  of  election);  and  the 
entire  period  before  the  agi  ol  Wis  .ailed  the  age  o)  nwr- 

I,,,,  I       age  at  which   testamentary  capacity   I.,  gills  in 

most  of  the  United  States  is  21,  with  exceptions,  many  al- 


tury;  the  period  of  one  hundred  years,  as  in 
the  phrases  dark  ages,  middle  ages,  etc. 

Henry  .  .  .  justly  and  candidly  apologizes  for  these  five 
ages.  HaUam. 

12.  A  great  length  of  time;  a  protracted  period : 
as,  I  have  not  seen  you  for  an  age. 

So  rose  within  the  compass  of  the  year 
An  aqe's  work,  a  glorious  theatre. 

hryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1067. 
Suffering  thus  he  made 
Minutes  an  age.  Tennyson,  Ceralnt. 

13.  In  poker,  the  eldest  hand,  or  the  first 
player  to  the  left  of  the  dealer  who  bets — Age  of 
acrbgens.  See  a<-ro,,en.— Age  of  the  moon,  the  time 
elapsed  since  her  last  coiijuiictioii  with  the  sun.-  Ages  in 

—  particular  periods  In  the  life 
bearing  specific  names.  The 
most  important  of  these  periods  are  :  (o)  The  poi  tie  di- 
vision of  human  existence  into  the  golden,  siiver,  bercnt 
(generally  omitted),  brazen,  and  iron  affes,  accredited  to 
Hesiod  (about  the  eighth  century  B.  0.),  who  regarded  the 
people  ..f  the  different  ages  as  constituting  distinct  races 
successively  replacing  each  other.  Seeextract.  The  terms 
are  still  in 'use.  especially  goldi  «  age,  which  is  applied  to 
tl it-  culminating  or  most  brilliant  epoch  of  any  portion  of 
history  or  department  of  activitj     as.  the  seventeenth 

century  was  the  golden  agi  of  the  drama;  the  i tenth 

century  Is  the  golden  agi  of  Invention;  the  golden  ageoi 
a  country's  power  or  prosperity. 

The  golden  dgi  [of  Hesiod],  synchronous  with  the  reign 
of  Saturn,  was  a  period  of  patriarchal  simplicity,  when 
the  earth  \i.  Ideil  its  fruits  spontaneously  and  spring  was 
eternal ;  the  silver  age,  governed  by  Jupiter,  was  a  law- 
less time  ill  which  the  seasons  were  llrst  divided,  agricul- 
ture   took    its  rise,  and  men  began   to  bold  property   m 

land  ■  the  'HH--.7I  age,  or  reign  of  Neptune,  was  an  i  pocn 
,.f  war  and  violence ;  in  the  heroic  B»s(omitted  i.yovi.l) 
the  world  began  t"  aspire  toward  better  things;  anil  "1 
tiM  iron  "i  Plutonian  age,  in  which  Hesiod  believed  him- 
self to  be  living,  justice  and  pietj  bad  disappeared  from 

l nth.  •'"'■  <-''"'•'  I-  1S5. 

(M  The  dark  tries,  a  period  of  I'.uropcali  history,  begin- 
inn"  w  iih  or  shortly  before  the  full  of  the  Koman  Empire 

of  the  West  (A.    Ii.    471'.),  marked   by  a  general   dech 

learning  and  civilization.  It  was  Introduced  by  the 
Influx  ol  barbarians  into  western  Europe  in  the  ft 
and  tilth  centuries  known  as  the  wandering  of  th 

t s    and  is  reckoned  by   Hanaro  as  extending  to  the 

eleventh  century,  when  a  general  revival  of  wealth,  man- 
ners, taste,  and  learning  began,  and  I.)  others  to  tile  time 


f 

i .  at 
nth 
na- 


age 

of  Dante  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or  later,  (c)  The  mid- 
dle ages,  a  period  of  about  a  thousand  years,  between 
the  close  of  what  is  technically  considered  ancient  his- 
tor)  and  the  first  definite  movements  in  Europe  of  the 
distinctively  modern  spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise,  Ets 
beginning  ia  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and 
it  is  variously  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Con- 
stantinople (1453),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Renais- 
sance, or  the  discovery  of  America,  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, or  to  the  Reformation,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth,  (d)  The  feudal  ages,  a  portion  of  the  middle 
ages,  marked  by  the  prevalence  of  feudal  institutions  and 
of  the  spirit  of  chivalry,  extending  from  their  nearly  uni- 
versal establishment  in  the  tenth  century  to  their  decline 
in  the  sixteenth.— Archaeological  ages  or  periods,  the 
Btone  age,  the  bronze  age,  and  the  iron  age,  these  names 


109 

The  aged  man  that  coffers  up  his  gold 

Is  plagu'd  w  ith  cramps  and  gouts  anil  painful  fits. 

Shah:,  tucrece,  1.  855. 
It  is  a  great  misfortune  to  us  of  the  more  elderly  sort, 
thai  we  were  bred  to  the  constant  use  of  words  in  English 
children's  books,  which  were  without  meaning  for  at  and 
only  mystified  us.    0.  W.  Holmes,  016  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  172, 
You  are  old  ; 
Nature  in  you  stands  on  the  very  verge 
Of  her  confine.  Shale,,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

Change  "The  Ancient  Mariner" to  "The  Old  Sailor," 
and  you  throw  the  mind  into  a  mood  utterly  inharmonious 
u  it  h  the  tone  of  i  oleridge's  wonderful  poem. 

A.  S.  Hill,  Rhetoric, 
agedly  (a'jed-li),  adv.    Like  an  aged  person. 
agedness  (a'jed-nes),  n.    The  state  or  condition 
of  being  old ;  oldness. 
Custom  without  truth  is  but  agedness  of  error. 

Milton,  Reform,  of  Church  Discipline,  i.  26. 
agee  (a-je')j  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     Same  as 
ajee. 

ageing,  n.     Km  aging. 

Agelseinae  (aj^e-le-i'ne),   n.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Age- 
hens  +  -/'««'.]   A  subfamily  of  American  oscine 


Implements  of  the  Stone  Age. 
t  knife  ;  2,  crescent-shaped  flint  1 
4,  flint  flake-knife  ;  5,  harpoon-head  of  flint ;  6,  flint  i 


i,  saw-edged  flint  knife ;  2,  crescent-shaped  flint  knife  ;  3,  stone  ax; 

"!   t  knife. 


being  given  in  accordance  with  the  materials  employed 
for  weapons,  implements,  etc.,  during  the  particular  pe- 
riod. The  stone  age  has  been  subdivided  into  two,  the 
paleolithic  and  neolithic.  (See  these  words.)  The  word 
age  in  this  sense  is  improperly  used  (by  an  unfortunate 
transfer  from  the  Scandinavian  archaeology),  since  it  has 
no  reference  to  chronology,  but  simply  denotes  the  stage 
at  winch  a  people  has  arrived  in  its  progress  toward  civil- 
ization. There  arc  tribes  yet  in  their  stone  age.  Neither 
do  the  more  primitive  implements  necessarily  disappear 
wholly  on  the  appearance  of  those  of  a  more  advanced 
stage.  The  phrase  stone  age  or  stage,  therefore,  merely 
marks  the  most  primitive  period,  and  bronze  a^e  (chiefly 
in  antiquity)  that  before  the  employment  of  iron,  among 
any  specified  people  or  tribe.— Canonical  age.  (a)  In 
the  Rom.  Cath.  CA.,that  age  fixed  by  the  church  at  which 
her  subjects  incur,  or  become  capable  of  assuming,  special 
obligations,  states  of  life,  etc.,  or  of  enjoying  special  priv- 
ileges and  dignities.  Thus,  the  obligation  of  fasting  begins 
at  twenty-one;  profession  by  religious  vows  is  made  only 
after  the  age  of  sixteen;  ami  to  become  a  bishop  one  should 
have  completed  his  thirtieth  year.  The  age  of  reason  is 
that  at  which  a  child  becomes  morally  responsible,  sup- 
posed, in  the  majority  of  cases,  to  be  about  seven,  (b)  In 
Anglican  churches,  the  age  at  which  a  man  may  be  or- 
dained to  any  one  of  the  three  grades  of  the  ministry.— 
Dark  ages.  See  above.  — Fabulous  age.  ^fain/fans. 
—Geological  ages.  Seeabove.it.  Middle  ages.  See 
above.  —The  age  Of  a  horse,  in  racing  and  trotting  rules, 
is  reckoned  from  January  1st  of  the  year  of  foaling.  Other 
dates,  as  May-day,  were  formerly  used.  -  Syn.  Era,  Period, 

etc.  (see  epoch),  date  ;   Veal's,  eon,  cycle. 

age  (aj),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aged,  ppr.  aging.  [< 
ME.  agen,  agi/n,  (age,  n.]  I,  intntns.  To  grow 
old;  assume  the  appearance  of  old  age:  as,  he 
ages  rapidly. 

I  am  aging ;  that  is,  I  have  a  whitish,  or  rather  a  light- 
coloured  hair  here  and  there.  Landor. 

II.  trans.  To  make  old;  cause  to  grow  or 
to  seem  old;  produce  the  effect  of  age  upon; 
bring  to  maturity  or  to  a  state  fit  for  use;  give 
the  character  of  age  or  ripeness  to :  as,  to  age 
wine,  clay,  etc. 

-age.  [<  ME.  -age,  <  OF.  -age,  mod.  F.  -age  = 
Pr.  -atgc  =  Sp.  -age  =  It.  -aggio  and  -atico,  <  L. 
-aticum,  a  noun  suffix,  orig.  neut.  of  -aticus,  adj. 
suffix.  For  examples  see  savage,  rot/age,  etc.] 
A  noun  suffix  of  French,  ultimately  of  Latin 
origin.  Frequent  in  words  taken  from  the  French,  as 
language,  savage,  voyage,  pottage,  baggage,  etc.,  it  has 
come  to  be  a  common  English  formative,  forming,  (a)  from 
names  of  things,  collective  nouns,  as  fruitage,  leafage, 
baggage,  etc.;  (b)  from  personal  terms,  nouns  denoting 
condition,  office,  rank,  service,  fee,  etc.,  as  bondage,  parson- 
age, porterage,  etc.;(c)  from  verbs,  nouns  expressing  va- 
rious relations,  as  breakage,  cleavage,  postage,  steerage,  etc. 

aged  (a'jed,  sometimes  ajd),  p.  a.     [ME.  aged, 
agyd;  <  age,  v.,  +  -erf2.]     1.  Old;  having  lived 
or  existed  long;  having  reached  an  advanced 
period  of  life :  as,  an  aged  man ;  an  aged  oak. 
Shall  aged  men,  like  aged  trees, 
Strike  deeper  their  vile  root,  and  closet  cling, 
Still  more  enamour 'd  of  their  wretched  soil? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  iv.  111. 
Under  English  racing  rules,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  aged 
(pron.  ajd)  when  he  is  more  than  seven  years  old.] 

2.  Of  the  age  of:  as,  a  man  aged  forty  years. — 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  old  age. 

These  bitter  tears,  which  now  you  see 
Filling  the  aged  wrinkles  in  my  cheeks. 

Shale,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Aged,  TSlderly.Old,  Ancient.  Old  is  the  general 
word  for  being  near  to  the  natural  end,  or  having  nearly 
reached  the  usual  period,  of  life  :  as,  a  cat  is  old  at  twelve 
years.  Elderly  is  rather  old,  beginning  to  he  old.  Aged  is 
very  old.  Ancient  is  so  old  as  to  seem  to  belong  to  a  past 
age.    (See  other  comparisons  under  ancient.) 


agent 

agetldt  (a'jond),  n.     Samr  us  agendum  (e). 

agendum  (a-jen'dum),  ».;  pi.  agenda  (-'lit). 
[L.,  something  to  be  ilone,  neut.  of  agendus. 
gerundive  of  agere,  do:  see  agent,  act]  A 
thing  to  lie  dour:  usually  in  tin-  plural,  things 
to  be  done  ;  duties.  Specifically  — (a)  Items  of  busi- 
ness tode  brought  before  a  committee,  council,  board,  etc.. 
as  thin--*  to  be  done,  (b)  Matters  of  practice,  as  op] 
tw  (•/■(  diui-da,  or  matters  of  belief. 

The  moral  and  religious  credenda  and  agenda  of  any 
good  man.  Col  rid  re, 

Especially— (ct)  Matters  of  ecclesiastical  practice;  ritual 
or  liturgy.  ((/)  As  a  collective  singular,  a  memorandum- 
book,    |  Rare  in  all  uses.  | 

agenesia  (aj-e-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
agenesis. 

agenesic  (aj-e-ues'ik),  a.  [<  agenesis  4-  ->>.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  agenesis. 

agenesis  (a-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
yh/eaig,  generation.]  In  physiol.,  any  anomaly 
of  organization  consisting  in  the  absence  or 
imperfect  development  of  parts.  Also  called 
agenesia.     [Rare.] 

Agenia  (a-je-nl'a),  n,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayheior, 
beardless,  <  a-  priv.  +  yivetov,  beard,  <  yfavq  = 
E.  chin.']  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  hymenopterous 
spider-wasps,  of  the  family  Pompiliidie,  charac- 


Marsh- Blackbird  {Agelaus  tricolor'). 

passerine  birds  of  the  family  Icteridaz.  it  is  re- 
lated to  the  conirostral  FringiUidos,  or  finches,  less  nearly 
to  the  crows,  CorvidoB,  and  to  some  extent  it  replaces  and 
represents  in  America  the  old-world  Sturnidos,  or  star- 
lings. The  subfamily  includes  the  marsh-blackbirds  of  the 
genus  Agelceus,  as  the  common  red-winged  blackbird  of 
the  United  States,  A.  phceniceus;  the  yellow-headed  black- 
bird, Xanthocephalus  icterocephalus;  the  cow-bird,  Molo- 
thru*  ater;  the  bobolink,  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus;  and  nu- 
merous related  species,  chiefly  of  the  warmer  parts  of 
America.    Less  correctly  written  Agelainee. 

Agelaeus  (aj-e-le'ns),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayelaloc, 
belonging  to  a  herd,  gregarious,  <  ayeXij,  a  herd 
(L.  grex),  <  a-)etvf  drive.]  The  typical  genus 
of  blackbirds  of  the  subfamily  Agekeinee;  the 
marsh-blackbil'ds.  There  are  several  species,  such  as 
A.  pliozniceus,  the  common  red-winged  marsh-blackbird 
of  the  United  states,  and  A.  tricolor  of" California.  Also 
spelled  Agelaius,  as  originally  by  Vieillot,  1816. 

agelast  (aj'e-last),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayi^aarog,  not 
laughing,  <  a-  priv.  +  ye'Aaardc,  verbal  adj.  of 
yelav,  laugh.]  One  who  never  laughs.  [Rare.] 
Men  whom  liabelais  would  have  called  ai/elasts.  or  non- 
laughers.  London  Times,  Feb.  5,  1877.     (N.  E.  B.) 

Agelena,  Agelenidae.   8eeAgalenas  Agalenidw. 
ageless  (aj'Tes),  «.  [<  age,  n.,  +  -tess.]  Without 

age  ;  without  definite  limits  of  existence. 
agemina  (a-jem'i-na),  n.      Same  as  azzimma. 
agen  (si-gen'),   adv.,  prep.,  and   conj.      An  old 
spelling  of  again,  still  occasionally  used. 
Korne  far  asunder  by  the  tides  of  men, 
Like  adamant  and  steel  they  meet  agen. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i. 

agency  (a'jen-si),  n. ;  pi.  agencies  (-siz).  [=  F. 
agence,  <  ML.  agenda,  <  L.  agen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
agere,  act:  see  agent]  1.  The  state  of  being 
in  action  or  of  exerting  power;  aotion;  opera- 
tion ;  instrumentality. 
The  agency  of  providence  in  the  natural  world. 

Woodward,  Pref.  to  Ess.  toward  Nat.  Hist,  of  Earth. 
For  the  first  three  or  four  centuries  we  know  next  to 
nothing  of  the  course  by  which  Christianity  moved,  and 
the  events  through  which  its  agency  waa  developed. 

Be  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

2.  A  mode  of  exerting  power;  a  means  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

But  although  the  introduction  of  a  fluid  as  an  Agent  ex- 
plains nothing,  the  fluid  as  an  Agency  —  i,  >\,  its  hydrody- 
namic  laws  -explains  much. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  92. 

Opinion  is  the  agency  through  which  character  adapts 
external  arrangements  to  itself. 

//.  Sjirtii'i-r.  Social  Statics,  p.  517. 

3.  The  office  of  agent  or  factor;  the  business 
of  an  agent  intrusted  with  the  concerns  of 
another:  as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  of 
agency. — 4.  The  place  of  business  of  an  agent. 

In  the  United  states,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  an 
Indian  agency,  an  office  or  settlement  in  or  near  the  res- 
ervation of  an  Indian  tribe,  at  which  resides  an  Indian 
agent  of  the  government,  charged  with  the  interests  of  the 
tribe  and  the  care  of  the  relations  of  the  government  to  it: 
as,  the  Pawnee  agency.— Tree  agency.    See  free. 


Agenia  bontbycina  (Cresson 


a,  cell  constructed  by  the  wasp;  b,  female  wasp.     (The  vertical  line 
shows  natural  size.) 

terized  by  having  smooth  legs.  The  females  build 
curious  mud  cells  under  logs  or  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
provisioning  them  with  spielers. 

agennesia  (aj-e-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
agennesis. 

agennesic  (aj-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<agtnnesis  +  -?('.] 
Characterized  by  sterility  or  impotence  ;  per- 
taining to  agennesis. 

agennesis  (aj-e-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  yivv7]Gir,  engendering,  <  yewav,  engender.]  In 
Kmed.9  want  of  reproductive  power  in  either  sex ; 
imp.  >tence  of  the  male  or  sterility  of  the  female. 
Also  called  agennesia.     [Rare.] 

agennetic  (aj-e-net'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  (agen- 
net-)  +-ic]  Characterized  by  sterility;  unpro- 
ductive; agennesic:  as,  an  agennetic  period. 

agent  (a'jent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  agen\t-)s,  ppr. 
of  agere,  drive,  lead,  conduct,  manage,  per- 
form, do,  =  Gr.  ayetv,  lead,  conduct,  do,  =  Icel. 
aka,  drive,  =  Skt.  yf  a},  drive:  see  act,  etc.,  and 
cf.  al'c,  ache\  acre.']  1.  a.  Acting:  opposed 
to  patient  in  the  sense  of  sustaining  action. 
[Rare.] 

The  force  of  imagination  upon  the  body  agent. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  902. 

Agent  intellect.    See  intell  ct. 

II.  n.  [<  F.  agent,  <  ML.  agen(t-)s,  a  deputy, 
attorney,  factor,  etc.,  substantive  use  of  L. 
agen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  agere:  see  above.]  1.  An 
active  cause;  an  efficient  cause;  one  who  or 
that  which  acts  or  has  the  power  to  act :  as,  a 
moral  agent;  many  insects  are  agents  of  fertil- 
ization. In  plugs.,  heat,  light,  and  electricity  are  called 
agents,  in  order  to  avoid  hypothesis  with  regard  to  their 
nature.  In  chem.  and  med\,  whatever  produces  a  chemical 
or  medical  effect  is  called  an  agent. 

Heaven  made  us  agents  free  to  good  or  ill, 
And  fore'd  it  not,  though  he  foresaw  the  will. 

Dryden,  *  lock  and  Fox,  I.  538. 

To  say  that  man  is  a  free  agent  i*  no  more  than  to  say 
that,  in  some  instances,  he  is  truly  an  agent  and  a  cause, 
and  is  not  merely  acted  upon  as  a  passive  instrument.  On 
the  contrary,  to  say  that  he  acts  from  necessity  is  to  say 
that  he  docs  not  act  at  all,  that   he  is  no  agent,  and  that, 

for  anything  we  know,  there  is  only  one  agent  in  tin-  uni- 
verse, who  does  everything  that  is  done,  whether  it  be 
good  or  ill.  A-  "t. 

Thro'  many  a<t<'i>ts  making  strong, 
Matures  the  individual  form. 

Tennyson,  hove  thou  thy  Land. 

2.  A  person  acting  on  behalf  of  another,  called 
his  principal;  a  representative;  a  deputy,  fac- 
tor, substitute,  orattorney.    Often  abbreviated 

to  agt.  In  law,  agent  implies  a  kind  of  .service  in  which 
the  one  serving  lias  some  discretion  as  to  the  manner  of 
accomplishing  the  object. 


agent 


110 


aggrandizement 


The  house  in  LeadenhaU  street  is  nothing  more  than  a  aggestt  (a-jesf),  V.   t.     [<  L.  aggcstus,  pp.  of  agglutination  (« 


,  hange  for  their  a  n nf  ,  factors,  ana  deputies  to  mei  t  in, 
tn  take  tare  of  their  affairs,  and  to  support  their  in i  ■ 

Burke. 

In  the  evening  arrived  .  .  .  one  of  the  three  agents  of 

the  Ohm  company,  sent  to  complete  the  negotiations  tor 
Western  lands.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  110. 

3.  An  official:  as,  an  agent  of  police.    Agent 

and  patient,  in  law,  a  person  who  is  both  the  doerol  a 

thing  and  the  party  to  whom  it  is  a.. or;  thus,  when  a 

owes  in. hi..  >  to  another  dies  and  makes  the 

0]   In-  executor,  the  latter  may  retain  out  of  the 

-  his  i  laim,  and  is  thus  said  to  be 

itient.  [Rare.  1  —  Agent  of  truancy,  the  name 

given  to  a  class  hi  officers  or  employees  serving  under  the 

local  school  authorities  In  several  cities  of  [Jew  Ifork  State, 

to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  Compulsory  Education 

let,  i  quiring  the  attendance  of  children  at  school. 

The  law  [compulsory  education]  is  enforced  in  the  city 
[New  STork]  by  the  city  superintendent,  who  has  twelve 
assistants  known  as  agents  of  truancy. 

Enajc.  Brit.,  XVII.  461. 

Catalytic  agent,  see  catalytic  Crown  agent.  See 
crown.  -First  agent,  an  agent  not  incited  by  another. 
—General  agent,  an  agent  whose  authority,  though  it 
may  be  limited  to  a  particular  trade  or  business,  and  a  par- 
ticular place,  is  general  in  respect  to  extending  to  all  acts 
■  it  a  kind  ordinarily  involved  in  the  matters  in  question. 
—  Morbific  agent,  in  med.,  a  cause  of  disease.— Thera- 
peutic agent,  in  med.,  a  substance,  as  for  example  mor- 
phine, or  a  form  of  motion,  as  heat  or  electricity,  used  in 
treating  disease.  -Voluntary  or  free  agent,  one  who 
may  do  or  not  do  any  action,  and  has  the  conscious  per- 
ception that  his  actions  result  from  the  exercise  of  his  own 

Will.      See  Ii  ■  ■  . 

agential  ( a-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  agentia,  agency, 

<  L.  agm(t-)s:   see  agent.]     Pertaining  to  an 

agent  or  to  an  agency. 
agentshipt  (a'jent-ship),  n.     The  office  of  an 

agent;  agency.'    Beau. and Fl. 
age-prayer  (aj'prar),  «.    [<  age  +  prayer,  after 

Law  1-..  aiatis  preeatio.  a  plea  of  age,  or  rr<«.f»i  agglomeratic  (a-gloin-e-rat  lk),  a 

precari,  plead  age,  AF.  age  prier :  see  age  and 

jirai/.]  Inearli/  ling,  law,  a  suggestion  of  non- 
age, made  in  a  real  action  to  which  an  infant 

was  a  party,  with  a  request  that  the  proceedings 

be  stayed  until  the  infant  should  come  of  age. 

Also  called  pica  of  parol  demurrer.    Stimson. 
ager  (a'jer),  n.     [L.,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v.]     In  mil 

taw,  a  field;  generally,  a  portion  of  laud  in- 
closed by  definite  boundaries, 
agerasia  (aj-e-ra'si-ii),  n.    [NL.,  Englished  age- 

rasy,<  Or.  uyi'ipaaia,  eternal  youth, <  ayr/pam;,  sj  /,- 

paor,  ayi/puQ,  not  growing  old:  see  Ageratum.] 

A  green  old  age ;  freshness  and  vigor  of  mind 

and  body  late  in  life.     [Kare.] 
agerasy  (aj'e-ra-si),  n.     Same  as  agerasia. 
Ageratum (a'-je'r'a-tum),  n.     [NL.;  also,  as  L., 

./i/«  niton,  <  Or.  ayi'iparov,  an  aromatic  plant, per- 
haps yarrow  or  milfoil,  Achillea  ageratum;  prop,  agglomerative  (a-glom'e-ra-tiv),  a 

neut.  of  uyiparor,  ayi/paoc,  ayr/puc,  not  growing     ' 

old,  undecaying,  <  a-  priv.  +  yf/pac,  old  age.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  (  ompositw,  all 

American  and  chiefly  tropical,  nearly  allied  to 

Eupatorium.  .1.  amyzoides  (.1.  Mezicanum)  is  a  well- 
known    Mower-border  annual,    with    dense  lavender-blue 

heads,  which  keep  their  color  long. 

ageusia,  ageusis  (a- gu' si- ii,  -sis),  n.    [NL.] 

Same  us  ageustia. 
ageustia  (a-gus'ti-&),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayevaria, 

a  lusting,  <  ayewrroe,  fasting,   not  tasting,  <  o- 

priv.,   nut,  +   yetioTOf,    verbal    adj.    of    yevrnOai, 

,  i,,'],,  „,,  '„  ,  i;i-to:  see  gust?.]    In 
med.,  a  defect  or  loss  of  taste,  occurring  in 


lo-ti-na'shon),  n.     [=F.  rcgr- 
see  agger.']    glutinatkm;<  agglutinate,  r.]   i.  Theact  of  unit- 
ing by  glue  or  other  tenacious  substance  ;  the 
state  of  being  thus  united  ;  adhesion  of  parts: 
that  which  is  united  ;  a  mass  or  group  cemented 
aggett  aggettt,  «.  Obsolete  spellings  of  agate^.     together.- 2.  In  philol.,  the  condition  of  being 
agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.     agglutinate;  the  process  or  result  of  aggluti. 
agglomerated,  ppr.  agglomerating.     [<  L.  ag 


aggerere,  adgerere,  bring  together: 

To  heap  up. 

The  violence  of  the  waters  nmiesled  the  earth. 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  lied,  of  bk.  9. 


glomeratus,  pp.  of  agglomerare,  adglomerare, 
wind  into  a  ball,  <  (id.  to,  +  glomerare,  wind 
into  a  ball,  <  glomus  (glomcr-),  a  ball,  akin  to 
globus,  a  ball :  see  globe.    Cf.  conglomerate.']    I. 

trans.  To  collect  or  gather  into  a  mass. 
In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  1911. 
There  is  to  an  American  something  richly  artificial  and 
scenic,  as  it  were,  in  the  way  these  colossal  dwellings  un- 
packed together  in  their  steep  streets,  in  the  depths  of 
their  little  enclosed,  aifrlnmeenteil  cit.\ 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  261. 

II.  intrans.  To  gather,  grow,  or  collect  into 
a  ball  or  mass:  as,  "hard,  agglomerating  salts," 
Thomson,  Seasons,  Autumn,  1.  766. 
agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
agglomeratusj^-p. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Gathered 
into  a  ball  or  mass;  piled  together;  specifically, 
in  hot.,  crowded  into  a  dense  cluster,  but  not 
cohering. 

II.  «.  1.  A  fortuitous  mass  or  assemblage 
of  things;  an  agglomeration. — 2.  In  geol.,  an 
accumulation  of  materials  made  up  chiefly  of 
large  blocks  "huddled  together  in  a  pell-mell 
way,  without  regard  to  size,  shape,  or  weight." 
A .  H.  Green.  The  term  is  used  almost  exclusively  with 
reference  to  volcanic  ejections,  and  is  rarely,  if  ever,  em- 
ployed by  American  authors.  See  breccia  and  conglome- 
rate. 

Pertaining 

tJTor  having  the  nature  of  an  agglomerate. 
agglomeration  (a-glom-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
agglomeratio(n-),  <  agglomerare:  see  agglome- 
rate, v.]  1.  The  act  "of  agglomerating  or  the 
state  of  being  agglomerated ;  the  state  of  gath- 
ering or  being  gathered  into  a  mass. 

By  an  uudiscerning  agglomeration  of  facts  he  [Berkeley] 
convinced  numbers  in  his  own  day,  and  he  has  had  be- 
lievers in  Ireland  almost  to  our  day,  that  tar-water  could 
McCosh,  Berkeley,  p.  S3. 


nate  combination.     See  agglutinate,  a. 

In  the  Aryan  languages  the  modifications  of  words,  com- 
prised under  declension  and  conjugation,  were  likewise 
originally  expressed  by  agglutination.    But  the  component 

parts  began  soon  to  coalesce,  so  as  to  form  one  integral 
word,  liable  in  its  turn  to  phonetic  corruption  to  sued  an 
extent  that  it  became  impossible  after  a  time  to  decide 
which  was  the  root  and  which  the  moditleatorj  element. 

Max  Midler. 

Immediate  agglutination,  In  surg.,  union  ol  the  parts 
of  a  wound  by  the  tlrst  intention  (see  intention),  as  distin- 
guished front  mediate  agglutination,  which  is  secured 
through  the  interposition  of  some  substance,  as  lint,  be- 
tween the  lips  of  the  wound. 

agglutinationist  (a-glo-ti-na'shon-ist),  n.  In 
philol.,  an  adherent  to  the  theory  of  agglutina- 
tion.  See  agglutinate,  a.   Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  272. 

agglutinative  (a-glo'ti-na-tiv),  a.  1.  Tending 
or  having  power  to  agglutinate  or  unite ;  hav- 
ing power  to  cause  adhesion:  as,  an  agglutina- 
tive substance.— 2.  In  philol,  exhibiting  or 
characterized  by  the  formative  process  known 
as  agglutination;  agglutinate  (which  see):  as, 
an  agglutinative  language. 

Their  fundamental  common  characteristic  is  that  they 
[the  Scythian  languages]  follow  what  is  styled  an  agglu 
tinative  type  of  structure.  That  is  to  say,  the  elements  out 
of  which  their  words  are  formed  are  loosely  put  together, 
instead  of  being  closely  compacted,  or  fused  into  one. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  316. 

aggracet  (a-gras'),  »•  *•  [<  "(I-  +  grace,  v. ;  sug- 
gested by  OF.  agracher,  agraehier =It.  aggra- 
ziare,  formerly  aggratiare,  <  ML.   aggratiare, 

show  grace  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  gratia,  grace.]     1. 

To  show  grace  or  favor  to.     Spenser. — 2.  To 

add  grace  to,  or  make  graceful. 

And,  that  which  all  faire  workes  doth  most  aggraee, 
The  art,  which  all  that  wrought,  appeared  in  noplace. 
Spenser,  K.  (J.,  II.  xii.  58. 

aggracet  (a-gras'),  n.     Kindness;  favor. 

So  goodly  purpose  they  together  fond 
lit  kiinlliesse  and  of  courteous  mviruee. 

Spenser,  v.  (}.,  II.  viii.  66. 

See  ag- 


cure  all  manner  of  diseases. 

2.  That  which  is  agglomerated;  a  collection;  a  aggrandisable,  aggrandisation,  etc 

heap;  any  mass,  assemblage,  or  cluster  formed  grandizuhlc,  etc. 

by  mere  juxtaposition.  aggrandizable  (ag'ran-di-za-bl),  a.     [<  aggran- 

The  charming  cOteau  which  .  .  .  faces  the  town,- a  dize  + -able.]     Capable  of   being  aggrandized. 

soft  agglomeration  of  gardens,  vineyards,  scattered  villas,  Also  spelled  aggrandisable. 

gables  and  turrets  of  slate-roofed  chateaux,  terraces  with  aggrandization    (a-gran-di-za'shon),    n.      The 

gray  balustrades,  moss-grown  walls  draped  in  scarlet  \  ii-  **  nt  „„„.„„,-,;,;„„   „,.  t),o  onndit'inn 
ginia  creeper.                      //.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  9. 


Having  a 
tendency  to  agglomerate  or  gather  together. 

Taylor  [is]  eminently  discursive,  accumulative,  and  (to 
use  one  of  his  own  words)  agglomerative. 

Coleridge,  Poems,  etc.  (1S17),  p.  139. 

agglutinant  (a-glo'ti-nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
agglutinan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  aggluUnare :  see  agglu- 
tinate, v.]  I.  a.  Uniting  as  glue;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 

Something  strengthening  and  agglutinant. 

Gray,  Works  (182;,),  II.  192. 

II.  n.  Any  viscous  substance  which  agglu- 
tinates or  unites  other  substances  by  causing 
adhesion ;  any  application  which  causes  bodies 
to  adhere  together. 


colds  and  fevers,  or  arising  from  nervous  (lis-  agglutinate  (a-glo'ti-nat),  r.  fc;  pret.  and  pp. 

agglutinated,  ppr.  agglutinating.      [<  L.  aggluti 


.  ase. 

aggatt,  "•     Obsolete  spelling  of  agate-. 

aggelationt  (aj-e-la'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggela- 
tio(n-).  <  L.  oil.  to,  +gelare,  freeze:  see  con- 
geal.]   Congelation;  freezing.    Sir  T.Browne. 

aggenerationt  (a-jen-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ag- 
generare,  adgenerare,  beget  additionally,  <  ad, 
t,,.  +  ./.  in  nne,  beget:  Bee  gem  rale.]  The  act  of 
generating  or  producing  in  addition.    N.  I'..  I>. 

agger  I  aj'er),  n.  [L,  a  pile,  heap,  mound,  dike, 
mole,  pier,  etc.,  <  aggerere,  adgerere,  bring  to- 
._'•  ther,  <  ad,  to,  +  gerere,  carry.]  1.  In  Rom. 
antiq.,  an  earthwork  or  any  artificial  mound  or 
rampart,  as,  in  Borne,  the  aggt  r  of  Serviua  Tril- 
lins.—2.  A  Roman  road  or  military  way,  so 
called  because  these  roads  were  raised  in  the 
middle  to  I  urn  •■■•  ater  to  the  sides. 

aggeratet  (aj'g-rat),    V.    t.      [<L.  aggeratus,  pp. 

of  aggerare,  aagerare,  form  an  agger  or  heap, 

heap  up,  <  agger :  see  agger.    Cf.  exaggerate.] 

'I'.,  neap  up.     Bailt  </. 
aggerationt  (aj-e-ra'shon),  n.     [<  L.  aggera- 

tioin-),  <  aggeran  :  see  aggerate.]     Aheaping; 

accumulation:  as,  "aggeraUons  of  sand,"  Bay, 

Diss,  of  World,  v.  $  1. 
aggerose  «.     [<L.  as  if  'aggerosus, 

Tagger:    Bee  ".w'-j      In   heaps;  formed   in 

heaps.    Dana. 


nuliis,  pp.  of  agglutinin!,  adglutinare,  paste  to, 
(.ail,  to,  +  glut'inarr,  paste,  igluli ■«,  paste,  glue: 
see  gluten  and  glue.]  To  unite  or  cause  to  ad- 
here, as  with  glue  or  other  viscous  substance  ; 
unite  by  causing  an  adhesion. 
agglutinate  (a-glo'ti-nat),  a.  [<  L.  aggluti natus. 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  United  as  by  glue;  char- 
acterized by  adherence  or  incorporation  of  dis- 
tinct parts  or  elements:  as,  an  aggluWnatelaia.- 
guage.  (See  below.)  In  bot.,  grown  together:  equiva- 

lent  Uoieeeele:  applied  also  to  fungi  that  al'elhlnh  attached 

to  tin  matrix.  Sometimes  written  adglutinate.  Agglu- 
tinate languages,  languages  exhibiting  an  inferior  de- 
gree of  Integration  in  the  elements  of  their  words,  or  of 

miiiieati if  words,  the  Suffixes  and  prefixes  retaining  a 

certain  Indi  i lence  ol  one  another  and  of  the  root  or 

tern  i"  which  they  are  milled:  opposed  t"  inflective  or 
inflectional  languages,  in  which  tin-  scparati  id  ntitj  ol 
st i  in  and  ending  is  more  often  fully  lost,  ami  the  original 

agglutination  e\ ies  to  be  n  placed  by  an  internal 

change  in  the  root  or  stem.   Buttl utinctionl   or  little 

in.  value.    Turkish  is  a  favorite  example  ol  an  ag- 
glutinate tongue 

agglutinating  (a-gl8'ti-na-ting),  p.  a.  In 
philol.,  characterized  by  agglutination;  agglu- 
tinaio  i  which  see). 

Che    native-    [Of    the   southern    islands  of    the    luegian 

Areliipelag.il  .  .     Bpeak  an  agglutinating  language,  cm 

ii  ot  n lie  i, ii. I. II.-  ol  p.eaglc  passage  l"  the  southern- 
most islands  about  Cape  Horn.  Science,  III.  1«8. 


act  of  aggrandizing,  or  the  condition  or  state  of 
being  aggrandized.  Also  spelled  aggrandisa- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

No  part  of  the  body  will  consume  by  the  aggrandizatim 
•  if  the  other,  but  all  motions  will  be  orderly,  and  a  just 
distribution  be  to  all  parts. 

Waterhouse,  Fortescue,  p.  197. 

aggrandize  (ag'ran-diz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
grandized, ppr.  aggrandizing.  [<  F.  aggrandiss-, 
extended  stem  of  "aggrandir,  to  greaten,  aug- 
ment, enlarge,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),  now  agrandir  = 
It.  aggrandire,  enlarge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  grandire, 
increase,  <  grandis,  large,  great :  see  graml.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power, 
wealth,  rank,  or  honor;  exalt:  as,  to  aggrandize 
a  family. 

The  stoics  identified  man  with  Hod,  for  the  purpose  of 
glorifying  man  —the  Xeuplat.mists  for  the  purpose  of  ag- 
■  nniniising  God.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  345. 

2f.  To  magnify  or  exaggerate. 

If  we  trust  to  fame  and  reports,  these  may  proceed  .  .  . 
from  small  matters  aggran 

WoUaston,  Religion  of  Nature,  §  5. 

3.  To  widen  in  scope:  increase  in  size  or  in- 
tensity; enlarge;  extend;  elevate. 

These  furnish  us  with  glorious  springs  and  mediums  to 
raise  and  aggrandize  our  conceptions. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind. 
Covetous  death  bereaved  us  all, 
To  aggrandize  one  funeral. 

/,.,.  rson,  Threnody. 
^Syn.  1.  To  honor,  dignify,  advance,  elevate,  give  bis- 
ter  to. 

II,  intrans.  To  grow  or  beeomo  greater. 
[Rare.] 

Follies,  continued  till  old  age,  do  aggrandize  and  be- 

ie  horrid.  John  Halt,  Pref.  t"  Poems. 

Also  spelled  aggrandise. 
aggrandizement  (ag'raii-iliz-iiionl  m-  a-gran'- 
iliz-tnent),  n.  [<  P.  "aggrandiSSi  ment,  a  grant- 
ing, enlarging,  encrease,  also  prcferiiieut,  ad- 
vancement" (Cotgrave),  now  agrandissement: 
see  aggrandize  ana  -mi  nt.  I  The  ael  of  aggran- 
dizing; the  state  of  being  exalted  in  power, 
lank,  or  honor;  exaltation;  enlargement:  as, 
the  emperor  seeks  only  the  aggrandizement  of 
his  own  family.     Also  spelled  aggrandisement. 


aggrandizement 

Survival  of  the  fittest  will  determine  whether  such  spe- 
cially favourable  conditions  resull  in  the  aggrandisement 
of  the  Individual  or  In  the  multiplication  of  the  race 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  .if  I'.i.i] 
—  Syn.  Augmentation,  advancement,  elevation;  prefer 
ment,  promotion,  exaltation. 

aggrandizer  (ag'ran-di-zer),  n.  One  who  ag- 
grandizes  or  exalts  in  power,  rank,  or  honor. 
Also  spelled  aggrandiser. 
aggrappet,  «■  Obsolete  form  of  agraffe. 
aggrateto-gnii' ',  <'•  '•  [<It.  aggratare,  also'<</- 
gradare  and  aygradire,  <  ML.  *aggratare  (cf. 
aggratiare,  under  aggrace),  please,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
■fgratus,  pleasing,  >  It.  grato,  pleasing,  grado, 
pleasure.]     1.   To  please. 

Each  one  sought  his  lady  to  aggrate. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  be.  34. 
2.  To  thank  or  express  gratitude  to. 
The  Island  King  .  .  . 
Aggrates  the  Knights,  who  thus  his  right  defended. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  ii.  9.     (.V.  E.  It.) 

aggravablet  (ag'ra-va-bl),  a.  [<  L.  aggrava-re 
(see  aggravate)  +  E.  -blc.~\  Tending  to  aggra- 
vate; aggravating. 

This  idolatry  is  the  more  discernible  and  aggravable  in 
the  invocation  of  saints  and  idols. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Antidote  against  Idolatry,  ii. 

aggravate  (ag'ra-vat),  v.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
gravated, ppr.  aggravating.  [<  L.  aggravates, 
pp.  of  aggravare,  adgravave,  add  to  the  weight 
of,  make  worse,  oppress,,  annoy.  <  ad,  to,  +  gra- 
vare,  make  heavy,  <  gravis,  heavy:  see  graved. 
Cf.  ayyricve  and  aggrcdgc.~\  If.  Literally,  to 
add  weight  to  or  upon ;  increase  the  amount, 
quantity,  or  force  of;  make  heavier  by  added 
quantity  or  burden. 

Then,  soul,  live  thou  upon  thy  servant's  loss, 
And  let  that  pine  to  aggravate  thy  store. 

Shaft:,  Sonnets,  cxlvi. 
In  order  to  lighten  the  crown  still  further,  they  aggra- 
vated responsibility  on  ministers  of  state. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France,  p.  39.    (,V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  make  more  grave  or  heavy ;  increase  the 
weight  or  pressure  of;  intensify,  as  anything 
evil,  disorderly,  or  troublesome:  as,  to  aggra- 
vate guilt  or  crime,  the  evils  or  annoyances  of 
life,  etc. 

Maim'd  in  the  strife,  the  falling  man  sustains 
Th'  insulting  shout,  that  aggravates  his  pains. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 
I'he  |  French]  government  found  its  necessities  aggra- 
vate'/ by  that  of  procuring  immense  quantities  of  firewood. 
Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  72. 
In  every  department  of  nature  there  occur  instances  of 
the  instability  of  specific  form,  which  the  increase  of  ma- 
terials aggra rates  rather  than  diminishes. 

A.  Jt.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  165. 

3.  To  exaggerate ;  give  coloring  to  in  descrip- 
tion; give  an  exaggerated  representation  of: 
as,  to  aggravate  circumstances.     [Rare.] 

He  [Colonel  Nath.  Bacon]  dispatched  a  messenger  to 
the  governor,  by  whom  he  aggravated  the  mischiefs  done 
by  the  Indians,  and  desired  a  commission  of  general  to 
go  out  against  them.  Bcverleit,  Virginia,  i.  %  97. 

4.  To  provoke;  irritate;  tease.     [Colloq.] 

I  was  so  aggravated  that  I  almost  doubt  if  I  did  know. 

Dickens, 
=  Syn.  2  and  3.  To  heighten,  raise,  increase,  magnify; 
overstate.    See  list  under  exaggerate. 

aggravating  (ag'ra-va-ting),  p.  a.     1.  Making 
worse  or  more  heinous:  as,  aggravating  circum- 
stances.—  2.  Provoking;  annoying;  exasperat- 
ing: as,  he  is  an  aggravating  fellow.    [Colloq.] 
Which  makes  it  only  the  more  aggravating,   Thackeray. 

aggravatingly  (ag'ra-va-ting-li),  adv.  In  an 
aggravating  manner. 

aggravation  (ag-ra-va'shon),  n.  [=P.  aggra- 
vation, <  ML. aggravatio{n-), <L. aggravare :  see 
aggravate]  1.  Increase  of  the  weight,  inten- 
sity, heinousness,  or  severity  of  anything;  the 
act  of  making  worse;  addition,  or  that  which  is 
added,  to  anything  evil  or  improper:  as,  an 
aggravation  of  pain,  grief,  crime,  etc. —  2.  Ex- 
aggeration, as  in  a  pictorial  representation  or 
in  a  statement  of  facts;  heightened  descrip- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Accordingly  they  got  a  painter  by  the  knight's  directions 
toadda  pair  of  whiskers  to  the  face,  and  by  a  little  aggra- 
vation of  the  features  to  change  it  into  the  Saracen's  Head. 

Addison. 
3.  Provocation;  irritation.  [Colloq.] — 4.  In 
Rout,  canon  lair,  a  censure,  threatening  excom- 
munication after  disregard  of  three  admoni- 
tions.    Chamb,  Ct/c.  (1751). 

aggravative  (ag'ra-va-tiv),  a.  and  n.  I.  «. 
Tending  to  aggravate. 

II.  n.  That  which  aggravates  or  tends  to  ag- 
gravate or  make  worse. 

aggravator  (ag'ra-va-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  aggravates. 

aggredget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agredgen,  aggrcgen,  ag- 
reggen,  agregen,  <  OF.  agreger,  agregier  —  Pr. 


Ill 

agreujar,  <  ML.  'aggreviare  for  "aggraviare, 
equiv.  to  L.  aggravare,  to  add  to  the  weight  of, 
make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  aggravate:  see 
aggravate  and  aggrieve,  and  of.  abridge,  abbre- 
viate, allege2,  alleviate.}  To  make  heavy;  ag- 
gravate; exaggerate. 

aggregant  (ag're-gant),  «.  [<  L.  aggregan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aggregate :  see  aggregate,  v.]  One  of  the 
particulars  which  go  to  make  up  an  aggregate; 
specifically,  one  of  a  number  of  logical  terms 
which  are  added  together  to  make  a  logical  sum. 

Aggregata  (ag-rf-ga'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.;  neut .  pi. 
of  L.  aggregatus :  see  aggregate,  v.]  In  (Javier's 
system  of  classification,  the  second  family  of 
his  Aeephala  mala,  or  shell-less  acephals;  the 
compound  or  social  ascidians:  opposed  to  Se- 
gregata. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  o. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aggre- 
gated, ppr.  aggregating.     [<L.  aggregatus,  pp. 

of  ttyyiiyave,  ttdgreyan  ,  lead  to  a  thick,  add  to, 
<  ail,  to,  +  gregare,  collect  into  a  flock,  <  grcx 
(grey-),  a  flock:  see yrei/arious.  Cf.  congregate, 
segregate.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  bring  together;  col- 
lect into  a  sum,  mass,  or  bodv:  as,  "the  aggre- 
gated soil,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  '"!>:!. 

The  protoplasmic  fluid  within  a  cell  docs  not  become 
aggregated  unless  it  be  in  a  living  state,  and  only  imper- 
fectly if  the  cell  has  been  injured. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  62. 
Ideas  which  were  only  feebly  connected  become  aggre- 
gated into  a  close  and  compact  whole. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  93. 

2.  To  amount  to  (the  number  of);  make  (the 
sum  or  total  of) :  an  elliptical  use. 

The  guns  captured  .  .  .  will  aggregate  in  all  probability 

five  or  six  hundred.   Morning  Star,  April  17, 1865.  (X.E.D.) 

3.  To  add  or  unite  to  as  a  constituent  member; 
make  a  part  of  the  aggregate  of :  as,  to  aggre- 
gate a  person  to  a  company  or  society.     [Rare.] 

II.  intvans.  To  come  together  into  a  sum  or 
mass ;  combine  and  form  a  collection  or  mass. 

The  taste  of  honey  aggregates  with  sweet  tastes  in  gen- 
eral, of  which  it  is  one  —  not  with  such  tastes  as  those 
of  quinine,  or  of  castor  oil. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  114. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  a.  and  n,  [<  L.  ayyrcya- 
tus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Formed  by  the 
conjunction  or  collection  of  particulars  into  a 
whole  mass  or  sum ;  total ;  combined :  as,  the 
aggregate  amount  of  indebtedness. 

Societies  formed  by  conquest  may  be  .  .  .  composed  of 
two  societies,  which  are  in  a  large  measure  .  .  .  alien ; 
and  in  them  there  cannot  arise  a  political  force  from  the 
aggregate  will.  Ii.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  469. 

Specifically — (a)  In  geol.,  composed  of  several  different 
mineral  constituents  capable  of  being  separated  by  me- 
chanical means:  as,  granite  is  an  aggregate  rock.  (/>)  In 
anat.,  clustered  :  vs,aggregate  glands  (Peyer's glands),  (c) 
In  but.,  forming  a  dense  cluster.  (d)ln  zool.,  compound; 
associated,  (e)  In  la  it;  composed  of  many  individuals  united 
into  one  association.— Aggregate  animals,  animals  in 
which  many  individual  organisms  are  united  in  a  common 
"household"  or  cerium;  as  various  polyps,  acalephs,  etc. 
See  cuts  under  anthozooid  and  CoraUigena.—  Aggregate 
combination,  in  mech.,  a  combination  which  causes  com- 
pound motions  in  secondary  pieces.  The  effects  of  ag- 
gregate combinations  are  classified  as  aggregate  path* 
and  aggregate  velocities  (which  see,  below ).—  Aggregate 
flower,  one  formed  of  several  Unlet  s  closely  gathered  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  hut  not  coherent,  as  in  Composite. — 
Aggregate  fruit,  a  fruit  formed  when  aclusterol  distinct 
carpels  belonging  to  a  single  flower  are  crowded  upon  tin 
common  receptacle,  becoming  baccate  or  drupaceous,  anil 
sometimes  more  or  less  coherent,  as  in  the  blackberry  and 
the  fruit  of  the  magnolia.  Also  sometimes  used  as  synony- 
mous with  multiple  or  compound  fruit  (which  see,  under 
fruit).  See  cut  under  Rubus.  —  Aggregate  glands.  See 
gland.  —  Aggregate  path,  in  meek,  that  path  through 
which  a  part  of  a  machine  is  moved,  which  is  the  resultant 
of  the  aggregate  combination  of  the  other  parts  which  op- 
erate it.  Thus,  in  so-called  parallel  motion,  a  mow  mint 
of  one  part  in  a  right  line  is  effected  by  the  combined  and 
counteracting  movements  of  other  parts  moving  in  circu- 
lar arcs.— Aggregate  velocity,  the  resultant  velocity  im- 
parted by  forces  moving  with  different  or  with  varying 
velocities,  as  the  velocities  imparted  by  systems  of  pulleys 
through  trains  of  gearing,  or  by  so-called  differential  mo- 
tions.—Corporation  aggregate,  in  lair.  See  corpora- 
tion, 

II.  it.  1.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assemblage  of  par- 
ticulars; a  total  or  gross  amount;  any  com- 
bined whole  considered  with  reference  to  its 
constituent  parts.  An  aggregate  is  essentially  a  sum, 
as,  for  example,  a  heap  of  sand,  whose  parts  are  loosel}  or 
accidentally  associated.  When  the  relation  between  the 
parts  is  more  intimate  — either  chemical,  as  in  a  molecule 
or  a  crystal,  or  organic,  as  in  a  living  body,  or  for  the  reali- 
zation of  a  design,  as  in  a  house  -the  sum  ceases  to  he  a 
mere  aggregate  and  becomes  a  compound,  a  combination, 
an  organism,  etc.  Bui  in  a  general  way  anything  inn 
sisting  of  distinguish  aide  elements  maybe  called  an  ag- 
gregate ni  those  elements:  as,  man  is  an  aggregate  of 
structures  and  organs;  a  mineral  or  volcanic  aggregate 
(that  is,  a  compound  rock). 

Looking  to  the  aggregate  of  all  the  interests  of  the  com- 
monwealth. It.  Webster,  Speech.  Boston.  June  5,  1828. 

Aggregates  of  brilliant  passages  rather  than  harmonious 
wholes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  414. 


aggression 

Tin-  ilin.Ti'iti  i   between  mi  ag  <  product  Is 

that  in  tin-  first  case  tin    n ni    pari     ari    simply 

grouped  together,  added ;  In  the  second  thi  constituent 
1 1 >  mi  ni  i  ;u .  blended,  multiplied  mi-,  each  other. 

0.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §93. 

2.  Any  hard  material  added  to  limo  to  make 
concrete.  N.  E.  1). — 3.  Milil.,  the  total  com- 
missioned and  enlisted  force  of  any  post,  de- 
partment, division,  corps,  or  othor'command. 

—  In  the  aggregate,  taken  together,  j.    red  b    a 

whole ;  collectively. 

our  judgment  of  a  man's  character  is  derived  from  ob- 
serving a  number  ol    sessive  a<  ts,  forming  in  th   a 

gate  his  general  course  "i  conduct 

Sir  Q,  C.  I. 'iris,  Authority  In  Matters  of  Opinion,  ii. 

aggregated  (ag're-ga-ted),  p.  a.    Same  as  ayyrc- 

gate,  a. 
aggregately  (ag're-gat-li),  adv.     Collectively; 

taken  together  or  in  the  aggregate. 
Many  little  things,  though  separately  they  seem  ton  in- 

significant  to  mention,  yet  aggregately  are  too  material 

for  me  to  omit.  Chesterfield,  Letters,  II    347. 

aggregation  (ag-re-gii 'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggrc- 
gatU>{n-),  <li.  aggregate :  see  aggregate,  ».]     1. 

The  act  of  collecting  or  the  state  of  being  col- 
lected into  an  unorganized  whole. 

By  "material  aggregation"  being  meant  the  way  in 
which,  by  nature  or  by  art,  the  molecules  of  matter  are 
arranged  together.  Tijadall. 

Wanting  any  great  and  acknowledged  centre  of  natii  inal 
life  and  thought,  our  expansion  has  hitherto  been  rather 
aggregation  than  growth.     Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  S3. 

2.  In  logic,  the  union  of  species  to  form  a  ge- 
nus, or  of  terms  to  form  a  term  true  of  any- 
thing of  which  any  of  its  parts  are  true,  and 
only  false  when  all  its  parts  are  false. — 3.  The 
adding  of  any  one  to  an  association  as  a  mem- 
ber thereof;  affiliation.     [Rare.] 

The  second  [hook]  recounts  his  aii:ireinai"ii  to  the  soci- 
ety of  free-masons.       Monthly  llev.,  XX.  537.    (-V.  K.  D.) 

4.  A  combined  whole  ;  an  aggregate. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  a  century  hence  we 
shall  therefore  doubtless  have  a  political  aggregation  im- 
measurably surpassing  in  power  and  in  dimensions  any 
empire  that  has  as  yet  existed. 

.'.  Fish;  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  139. 

Creatures  of  inferior  type  are  little  more  than  aggrega- 
tions of  numerous  like  parts. 

//.  SpeiiC',;  Social  Statics,  p.  493. 

5.  In  bot.,  applied  by  Darwin  specifically  to 
the  peculiar  change  induced  in  the  cells  of  the 
tentacles  of  Drosera  by  mechanical  or  chemi- 
cal stimulation — Theorem  of  aggregation,  in  the 
theory  of  invariants,  a  theorem  concerning  the  number  of 
linearly  independent  invariants  of  a  given  type. 

aggregative  (ag're-ga-tiv),  a.     [<  aggregate  + 

-ice;  =F.  agreyatif.]  1.  Pertaining  to  aggre- 
gation; taken  together ;  collective. 

Other  things  equal,  the  largest  mass  will,  because  of  its 
Buperior  aggregative  force,  become  hotter  than  the  others, 
and  radiate  more  intensely. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  293. 

2.  Tending  to  aggregate;  gregarious;  social. 
[Rare.] 

His  [Mirabeau's]  sociality,  Ins  aggregative  nature  .  .  . 
will  now  he  the  quality  of  qualities  for  him. 

Carhlh;  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

aggregator  (ag're-ga-tor),  n.     One  who  collects 

into  a  wholo  or  mass.     Burton. 
aggress  (a-gres').  v.     [<  L.  ayyressus,  pp.  of  ag- 

gredi,  adgredi,  attack,  assail,  approach,  go  to, 

<ail,  to,  +  gradi,  walk,  go,  >  yrailus,  step  :  see 

grade.']     I.   intrans.    1.    To  make  an  attack; 

commit  the  first  act  of  hostility  or  offense; 

begin  a  quarrel  or  controversy;   hence,  to  act 

on  the  offensive. 

The  moral  law  says  -  Do  not  aggress 

II.  Spencer,  Social  statics,  p.  298. 

2.  To  encroach;  intrude;  be  or  become  intru- 
sive. 

The  plebeian  Italian,  inspired  by  the  national  vanity, 
In  ns  himself  as  proudly  as  the  noble,  without  at  all  ag- 
■"  ssing  in  his  manner.  Itaiirlls,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

While  the  individualities  of  citizens  me  less  aggressed 
upon  by  public  agency,  they  are  more  protected  by  public 
agency  against  aggression 

II     Spencer,    Pop.   Sen    Mo.,    XX.   12. 

H.  trans.  To  attack.  Quarterly  Rev.    [Rare.] 

aggresst  (a-gres'),  n.     [<OP.  aggresse,  <  L.  ag- 

gressus,  adgressus,  an  attack,  <  aggredi,  adgredi : 

see  aggress,  v.]     Aggression  ;  attack. 
Military  aggresses  upon  others. 

.So-  .1/.   Hat'  ,    Pleas  of  the  Clown,  XV. 

aggression  (a-gresh'on),  n.  [<  F.  aggression, 
attack,  now  agression,  <  L.  aggressio(n-),  < 
aggredi,  adgredi:  see  aggress,  v.)     1.  The  act 

of  proceeding  to  hostilities  or  invasion;  a 
breach  of  the  peace  or  right  of  another  or 
others;  an  assault,  inroad,  or  encroachment; 


aggression 

hence,  any  offensive  action  or  procedure :  as,  an 
aggression  upon  a  country,  or  upon  vested  rights 
or  liberties. 

We  have  undertaken  to  resent  a  supreme  insult,  and 
have  had  to  bear  new  insults  and  aggrt  ssions,  even  to  the 
direct  menace  of  our  national  capital. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  103. 

2.  The  practice  of  making  assaults  or  attacks; 
offensive  action  in  general. 

Only  this  policy  of  unceasing  and  untiring  aggression, 
this  wearing  out  and  crushing  out,  this  war  upon  all  the 
resources  and  all  the  armies  of  the  rebellion,  could  now 
succeed.  Badcau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  10. 

=  Syn.  Attack,  invasion,  assault,  encroachment,  injury, 
offense, 
aggressionist  (a-gresh'on-ist),  «.     [<  aggression 
+  -ist.]     One  who  commits  or  favors  aggres- 
sion. 

Aggressianists  would  much  more  truly  describe  the  anti- 
freetraders  than  the  euphemistic  title  "protectionists"; 
since,  that  one  producer  may  gain,  ten  consumers  are 
fleeced.  //.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  156. 

aggressive  (a-gres'iv),  a.  [<  aggress  +  -ive;  = 
F.  agressif.]  Characterized  by  aggression; 
tending  to  aggress  ;  prone  to  begin  a  quarrel ; 
making  the  first  attack ;  offensive,  as  opposed 
to  defensive:  as,  the  minister  pursued  an  ag- 
gressive foreign  policy. 

That  which  would  be  violent  if  aggressive,  might  be  justi- 
fied if  defensive.  Phillimore's  Reports,  II.  135. 

I  do  not  think  there  is  ever  shown,  among  Italians, 
either  the  aggressive  pride  or  the  abject  meanness  \\  hich 
marks  the  intercourse  of  people  and  nobles  elsewhere  in 
Europe.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

—  Syn.  Aggressive,  Offensive.  Offensive  is  the  direct  op- 
posite to  defensive.  Offensive  warfare  is  that  in  which  one 
is  quick  to  give  battle,  as  opportunity  offers  or  can  be 
made,  and  presses  upon  the  enemy.  Aggressive  warfare 
is  only  secondarily  of  this  sort ;  primarily  it  is  a  warfare 
prompted  by  the  spirit  of  encroachment,  the  desire  of 
conquest,  plunder,  etc.  A  war  that  is  thus  aggressive  is 
naturally  offensive  at  first,  but  may  lose  that  character  by 
the  vigor  of  the  resistance  made ;  it  then  ceases  to  be 
thought  of  as  aggressive.  Hence  aggressive  has  come  to  be 
often  synonymous  with  off  n  n\  < 

The  steady  pushing  back  of  the  boundary  of  rebellion, 
in  spite  of  resistance  at  many  points,  or  even  of  such  ag- 
oe  inroads  as  that  which  our  armies  are  now  meeting 
with  their  long  lines  of  bayonets. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  101. 

The  peremptory  conversion  of  Lee's  clever  offensive  into 
a  purely  defensive  attitude,  ...  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  tactics  of  his  rival. 

Badeau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  130. 

aggressively  (a-gres'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  aggres- 
sive or  offensive  manner. 

aggressiveness  (a-gres'iv-nes),  ».  The  qual- 
ity of  being  aggressive ;  the  disposition  to  en- 
croach upon  or  attack  others. 

aggressor  (a-gres'or),  n.  [L.,  also  adgressor,  < 
aggressus,  pp.  of  aggredi,  adgredi :  see  aggress, 
v.]  The  person  who  first  attacks ;  one  who  be- 
gins hostilities  or  makes  encroachment ;  an  as- 
sailant or  invader. 

There  is  nothing  more  easy  than  to  break  a  treaty  rati- 
fied in  all  the  usual  forms,  and  yet  neither  party  be  the 
ait'irr^snr.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xvii. 

aggrievancet  (a-gre'vans),  n.  [<  ME.  aggre- 
vaunce,  -aims,  <  OF.  agrevance,  <  agrever:  see 
aggrieve  and  -ance.]  Oppression;  hardship; 
injury ;  grievance. 

Deliver  thoBe  aggrievances,  which  lately 
Your  importunity  possest  our  council 
Were  tit  for  audience. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  iii.  1. 

aggrieve  (a-grev'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aggrieved, 
ppr.  aggrit  ving.  [<  ME.  agreven,  <  OF.  agrever, 
■i  i  r.  later  restored  agravcr,  aggraver,  to 
aggravate,  exasperate,  =  Sp.  agravar  =  Pg.  ag- 
grarar  =  It.  aggravare,  <  L.  aggravate,  make 
heavy,  make  worse,  aggravate:  see  aggravate. 
Cf.  aggredge  and  grieve/]  I.  trans.  If.  To  give 
pain  or  sorrow  to;  afflict ;  grieve. 

w  hit  h  y<t  a  tgiru  "    m\  heart.  .S'/»  <>.->  r. 

2.  To  bear  hard  upon;  oppress  or  injure  in 
oni's  rights;  vox  or  harass,  us  by  injustice: 
used  chielly  or  only  in  the  passive. 

The  two  races,  eo  long  hostile,  soon  found  thai  they  had 

common  interests  and  common  enemies.    Both  were  alike 

•  i  bj  the  tyranny  of  a  bad  king.  Macaulay. 

So  the  bargain  stood  : 
They  broke  it,  and  he  fell  himself  aggrit  ted 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  27. 
Il.t  intra >is.  To  mourn;  lament. 
Mj  hi  '  that  such  a  wretch  should  reign. 

Kir.  for  Mags.,  p.  442. 

aggroupt  (a-grop'  >.  v.  >.  \<  F.  agroupt  r  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  agrupar  =  it.  aggruppan  ami  aggroppare), 
<a,  in,  +  grouper,  group:  see  group,  v.]  To 
bring  together;  group;  make  a  group  of . 

Bodies  of  divers  natures  which  an  a  igrouped  (or  com- 
bined) together  arc  agreeable  and  pleasant  to  the  Bight 
Dryden,  tr.  of  lJufresnoy,  p.  197. 


112 

aggroupment  (a-grop'ment),  n.  Arrangement 
in  a  group,  as  in  statuary  or  in  a  picture; 
grouping.    Also  spelled  agroupment. 

aggry-beads  (ag'ri-bedz),».  pi.  \iaggry,  prob. 
of  African  origin,  +  beads.]  Glass  beads,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  ancient  Egyptian  manufacture, 
occasionally  found  in  the  Ashantee  and  Fanti 
countries.  They  arc  of  exquisite  colors  and  designs,  and 
are  much  valued  by  the  natives.    Also  spelled  aggri-beads. 

agha,  ».    See  aga. 

aghanee  (ag-ha'ne),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  writ- 
ten ughunee,  repr.  Hind,  aghani,  the  produce 
of  the  month  Aglian,  the  eighth  in  the  Hindu 
year,  answering  to  the  last  half  of  November 
and  the  first  half  of  December.]  The  name 
given  to  the  chief  rice-crop  in  Hindustan,  it  is 
the  second  of  the  three  crops,  being  sown  along  with  the 
bhadoee  crop  in  April  and  May,  and  reaped  in  November 
and  December.    Called  amun  in  lower  Bengal. 

aghast  (a-gasf),  p.  or  a.  [The  spelling  with  k 
is  unnecessary  and  wrong;  <  ME.  agast,  rarely 
in  the  fuller  form  agasted,  pp.  of  the  com- 
mon verb  agasten,  rarely  agesten,  pret.  agaste, 
terrify,  <  a-  (<_AS.  a-)  +  gasten  (pret.  gaste,  pp. 
gast),  <  AS.  gcestan,  terrify:  see  aA,  gast,  ghost, 
and  ghastly,  and  cf.  agazed.~\  Struck  with 
amazement ;  filled  with  sudden  fright  or  hor- 
ror.    See  agast,  v.  t. 

Aghast  he  waked,  and  starting  from  his  bed, 
Cold  sweat  in  clammy  drops  his  limbs  o'erspread. 

Dryden,  „£neid. 
Stupefied  and  aghast,  I  had  myself  no  power  to  move 
from  the  upright  position  I  had  assumed  upon  first  hearing 
the  shriek.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  372. 

-  Syn.  Horrified,  dismayed,  confounded,  astounded,  dum- 
founded,  thunderstruck. 

agiblet  (aj'i-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  agibilis,  that  can  be 
done,  <  L.  agere,  do:  see  agent,  act.]  Capable 
of  being  done ;  practicable. 

When  they  were  fit  for  agible  things. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels,  Persia,  i. 

agila-wood  (ag'i-la-wud),  n.  [See  eaglewood.] 
Same  as  agalloehum. 

agile  (aj'il),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  agil,  agill,  <  F. 
agile,  <  L.  agilis,  <  agere,  do,  move:  see  agent, 
act.]  Nimble;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  mo- 
tion; apt  or  ready  to  move;  brisk;  active:  said 
of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

Shirley  was  sure-footed  and  agile  ;  she  could  spring  like 
a  deer  when  she  chose.         Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xix. 

The  subtle,  agile  Greek,  unprincipled,  full  of  change  and 
levity.  De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

=  Syn.  Nimble,  Agile  (see  nimble),  quick,  lively,  alert,  sup- 
ple, spry. 

agilely  (aj'il-i),  adv.  In  an  agile  or  nimble 
manner ;  with  agility. 

agileness  (aj'il-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  agile  ;  nimbleness ;  activity ;  agility. 

Agilia  (a-jil'i-ii),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
agilis,  agile:  see  agile.]  In  Illiger's  classifica- 
tion of  mammals,  a  family  of  rodents  notable 
for  their  agility.  It  contains  the  squirrels  and 
dormice.     [Not  in  use.] 

agility  (a-jil'i-ti),  u.  [<  F.  agilite,  <  L.  agili- 
ta(t-)s,  <  agilis,  agile  :  see  agile.]  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agile;  the  power  of  mov- 
ing quickly;  nimbleness;  briskness;  activity, 
either  of  body  or  of  mind. 

A  limb  overstrained  by  lifting  a  weight  above  its  power, 
may  never  recover  its  former  agility  and  vigour.      Watts. 

The  ('imiinon  Dormouse  .  .  .  bandies  its  hazel- or  beech- 
nuts with  all  the  air  of  a  squirrel,  and  displays  no  less  agility 
in  skipping  about  the  shrubbery  and  tangle  it  inhabits  ana 
forages  in.  Stand.  A'at.  Hist.,  V.  116. 

2t.   Powerful  action;  active  force. 

No  wonder  there  be  found  men  and  women  of  strange 
and  monstrous  shapes  considering  the  agility  of  the  sun's 
fiery  heat.  Holland, 

=  Syn.  1.  See  agile. 
aging(a'jing),n.  [Verbal  n.  of  age ,  v.]  1.  Any 
process  for  imparting  the  characteristics  and 
properties  of  age:  as,  the  aging  of  wines  and 
liquors  by  heat  and  agitation. —  2.  In  cdlico- 
/innliiig  and  dyeing,  the  process  of  fixing  the 
soluble  mordant  or  dye  by  exposing  the  cloth 
in  well-ventilated  chambers  to  air  which  is  kepi 
warm  and  moist,  for  a  time  sufficient  to  allow 
the  mordant  or  dye  laid  upon  the  surf  nee  of  the 

cloth  to  penetrate  the  fibers  anil  b me  firmly 

attached  to  them.  Any  superfluous  portions, 
or  those  which  may  remain  soluble,  are  removed 
by  dunging. — 3.  In  cerani.,  the  storage  of  pre- 
pared clay,  to  allow  it  time  to  ferment  and  ripen 
iji  fore  using.  K.  11.  Knight.  The  clay  is  kept  wet, 
and  is  often  mixed  and  tempered  ;  and  the  process  some- 
times lasts  for  many  years. 
Also  spelled  ageing. 

agio  (aj'i-6  or  a'ji-o),  n.     [<Fr.  agio,  <  It.  agio, 

usually  in  this  sense  spelled  aggio,  exchange, 
premium,  the  same  word  as  agio,  ease :  see  aela- 


agitate 

gio  and  case.]  A  commercial  term  in  use,  princi- 
pally on  the  continent  of  Europe,  to  denote — 
(a )  The  rate  of  exchange  between  the  currencies 
of  two  countries,  as  between  those  of  Italy  and 
the  United  States,  (b)  The  percentage  of  dif- 
ference in  the  value  of  (1)  two  metallic  curren- 
cies, or  (2)  a  metallic  and  a  paper  currency  of 
the  same  denomination,  in  the  same  country; 
hence,  premium  on  the  appreciated  currency, 
and  disagin,  or  discount,  on  the  depreciated  one. 
six  years  ago  this  kinsatsu  [Japanese  paper  currency] 
stood  at  par  and  was  even  preferred  by  the  natives  to  the 
gold  and  silver  currency;  now,  from  40%  to  45%  agio  is 
paid.  Rein,  Japan,  p.  3S2. 

(c)  An  allowance  made  in  some  places  for  the 
wear  and  tear  of  coins,  as  in  Amsterdam,  Ham- 
burg, etc. 

agiorno  (a  jor'no).  [It.,  =F.  a  jour.]  la  deco- 
rative art,  same  as  a  jour. 

agiotage  (aj'i-  or  a'ji-6-taj),  v.  [F.,  <  agioter, 
job  or  dabble  in  stocks,  <  agio,  price,  rate  of 
exchange,  discount:  see  agio.]  Speculation  in 
stocks,  etc.;  stock-jobbing.  [Not  used  in  the 
United  States.] 

Vanity  and  agiotage  are.  to  a  Parisian,  the  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  of  life.     Landnr,  Imaginary  Conversations,  \lvii. 

agist  (a-jist'),  v.  I.  [<  OF.  agister  (>  ML.  agis- 
tarc,  adgistarc),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  gister,  as- 
sign a  lodging,  <  giste,  a  bed,  place  to  lie  on :  see 
gist,  gisi-.  giti  1.]  1 .  To  feed  or  pasture,  as  the 
cattle  or  horses  of  others,  for  a  compensation : 
used  originally  of  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the 
king's  forests. —  2.  To  rate  or  charge  ;  impose 
as  a  burden,  as  on  land  for  some  specific  pur- 
pose. 

agistage  (a-jis'taj),  «.  [<  agist  +  -age.]  In 
law :  (a)  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other  men's 
cattle  in  the  king's  forests,  or  on  one's  own 
land,  (b)  The  contract  to  do  so  for  hire,  (c) 
The  price  paid  for  such  feeding.  ( d)  Generally, 
any  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  Also  called  gait 
and  agistment. 

agistatort,  «■  [ML.,  <  agistors,  pp.  agistatus: 
see  agist.]     Same  as  agistor. 

agister,  n.     See  agistor. 

agistment  (a-jist'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  agistement 
(>ML.  agista  mi  -niton):  see  agist  and-wcMi.]  1. 
Same  as  agistage. 

Henry  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  .  .  .  had  the  agist- 
ments and  summer  and  winter  herbage  of  Pendle. 

Baines,  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  25. 

No  sooner  had  that  [the  Irish]  Parliament,  by  its  reso- 
lutions concerning  the  tithe  of  agistment,  touched  the 
interests  of  his  order,  than  he  [Swift]  did  everything  in 
his  power  to  discredit  it,      Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  vii. 

2.  A  dike  or  embankment  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  a  stream  or  encroachments  of  the  sea. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

agistor,  agister  (a-jis'tor,  -ter),  n.  [<  ME.  agis- 
ter, <  AF.  agistour,  <  OF.  agister,  v.:  see  agist.] 
An  officer  of  the  royal  forests  of  England,  hav- 
ing the  care  of  cattle  agisted,  and  of  collecting 
the  money  for  the  same;  one  who  receives 
and  pastures  cattle,  etc.,  for  hire. 

agitablet  (aj'i-ta-bl),  a.  [<  F.  agitable,  <  L.  agi- 
tabttis,  <  agitare:  see  agitate]  1.  Capable  of 
being  agitated  or  shaken. — 2.  That  may  be 
debated  or  discussed. 

agitate  (aj'i-tat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agitated,  ppr. 

agitating.     [<  L.  agitatus,  pp.  of  agitare,  drive, 

move,  arouse,  excite,  agitate,  freq.  of  agere, 

drive,  move,  do:  see  agent  and  act.]     I.  trans. 

If.  To  move  or  actuate ;  maintain  the  action  of. 

Where  dwells  this  sov'reign  arbitrary  soul, 

Which  does  the  human  animal  controuL, 

Inform  each  part,  and  agitate  the  whole] 

Sir  li.  Blacknwre. 

2.  To  move  to  and  fro;  impart  regular  motion 
to. 

The  ladies  sigh,  and  agitate  their  fans  with  diamond- 
sparkling  bands. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xlviii. 

3.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  ac- 
tion; shake  or  move  briskly ;  excite  physically: 
as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea ;  to  agitate  water 
in  a  vessel. 

Tall  precipitating  flasks  in  which  the  materials  were 
first  agitated  with  tic  respective  liquids  and  were  then 
allowed  to  stand  at  rest  under  various  conditions  as  to 
light,  temperature,  etc. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  2. 

4.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult;  perturb. 

The  iiiiinl  of  man  is  agitated  by  various  pa.ssiens. 

Johnson. 

5.  To  discuss;  debate;  call  attention  to  by 
speech  or  writing:  as,  to  agitate  the  question 

of  tree  trade. 

Though  this  controversy  be  revived  and  hotly  agitated 
among  the  modems.  Boyle,  Colours. 


agitate 

6.  To   consider  on  all   sides;  revolve  in   tho 
mind,  or  view  in  all  its  aspects ;  plan. 

When  politicians  most  agitate  desperate  designs. 

Eikoii  lUixilike. 
=  Syn.  3  and  4.  To  rouse,  stir  up,  ruffle,  diseorapose.— 5 
and  6.  ro  canvass,  deliberate  upon. 

II.  in  trans.  To  engage  in  agitation;  arouso 
or  attempt  to  arouso  public  interest,  as  in 
some  political  or  social  question :  as,  he  set  out 
to  agitate  in  the  country. 

The  Tories  agitated  in  the  early  Hanoverian  period  for 
short  parliaments  and  for  the  restriction  of  the  corrupt 
Influence  of  the  Crown.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

agitated  (aj'i-ta-ted),j;.o.  Disturbed;  excited; 
expressing  agitation:  as,  in  an  agitated  man- 
ner;  "an  agitated  countenance,"  Thackeray. 

She  burst  out  at  last  in  an  agitated,  almost  violent,  tone. 
George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  2. 

agitatedly  (aj ' i-ta-ted-li ),  adv.  In  an  agitated 
manner. 

agitating  (aj'i-ta-ting),  p.  a.  Disturbing;  ex- 
citing; moving. 
agitation  (aj-i-ta'shpn),  re.  [<  L.  agitatio(n-), 
(agitare:  see  agitate.']  The  act  of  agitating, 
or  the  state  of  being  agitated.  (a)  The  state  of  be- 
ing shaken  or  moved  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion  :  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in  agitation. 
The  molecules  of  all  bodies  are  in  a  state  of  continual 
agitation.  J.  .V.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  114. 

<b)  Disturbance  of  the  mind ;  perturbation ;  excitement  of 
passion. 

Agitations  of  the  public  mind  so  deep  and  so  long  con- 
tinued as  those  which  we  have  witnessed  do  not  end  in 
nothing.  Macaulay,  Pari.  Reform. 

Away  walked  Catherine  in  great  agitation,  as  fast  as 
the  crowd  would  permit  her. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  xiii. 

(c)  Examination  of  a  subject  in  controversy ;  deliberation ; 
discussion ;  debate. 

We  owe  it  to  the  timid  and  the  doubting  to  keep  the 
great  questions  of  the  time  in  unceasing  and  untiring  agi- 
tation. 0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  80. 
(tf)  The  act  of  arousing  public  attention  to  a  political  or 
social  question  by  speeches,  etc.  =  Syn.  (b)  Agitation,  Trepi- 
dation, Tremor,  Emotion,  excitement,  flutter.  Tremor  is, 
in  its  literal  use,  wholly  physical ;  it  may  be  in  a  part  of 
the  body  or  the  whole ;  it  is  generally  less  violent  than 
trepidation.  Trepidation  and  agitation  are  more  often  used 
of  the  mind  than  of  the  body.  But  all  three  words  may  ex- 
press states  either  of  the  body  or  the  mind,  or  of  both  at 
once  through  reflex  influence.  Trepidation  is  generally 
the  result  of  fear;  it  is  the  excited  anticipation  of  speedy 
disaster,  penalty,  etc.  Agitation  may  be  retrospective  and 
occasioned  by  that  which 'is  pleasant ;  it  includes  the  mean- 
ing of  trepidation  and  a  part  of  that  of  emotion.  Emotion 
is  used  only  of  the  mind  ;  it  is  the  broadest  and  highest  of 
these  words,  covering  all  movements  of  feeling,  whether 
of  pleasure  or  pain,  from  agitation  to  the  pleasure  that  the 
mind  may  take  in  abstract  truth. 

What  lengths  of  far-famed  ages,  billowed  high 
With  human  agitation,  roll  along 
In  unsubstantial  images  of  air! 

Young,  Night  Thoughts. 

I  can  recall  vividly  the  trepidation  which  I  carried  to 
that  meeting.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  i. 

I  had  a  worrying  ache  and  inward  tremor  underlying  all 
the  outward  play  of  the  senses  and  mind. 

0.  II'.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life. 

Mellow,  melancholy,  yet  not  mournful,  the  tone  seemed 
to  gush  up  out  of  the  deep  well  of  Hepzibah's  heart,  all 
steeped  in  its  profoundest  emotion. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

agitational  (aj-i-ta'shon-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  agitation. 

agitative  (aj'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  agitate  +  4ve.] 
Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

agitato  (a-je-tii'to),  a.  [It.,  pp.  oiagitare,  <  L. 
agitare:  see  agitate.]  Agitated;  restless:  a 
word  used  in  music,  generally  in  combination 
with  allegro  or  presto,  to  describe  the  charac- 
ter of  a  movement  as  broken,  hurried,  or  rest- 
less in  style. 

agitator  (aj'i-ta-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  agitare :  see  agi- 
tate.] 1.  One  who  or  that  which  agitates.  Spe- 
cifically—  (a)  One  who  engages  in  some  kind  of  political 
agitation  ;  one  who  stirs  up  or  excites  others,  with  the  view 
of  strengthening  his  own  cause  or  party. 

[Robin  of  Redesdaie]  collected  forces  and  began  to 
traverse  the  country  as  an  agitator  in  the  summer  of  1469 ; 
possiblyat  the  suggestion,  certainly  with  the  connivance, 
uf  Warwick.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  081. 

(b)  A  machine  for  agitating  and  mixing ;  specifically,  a 
machine  for  stirring  pulverized  ore  in  water. 
2.  A  name  given  to  certain  officers  appointed 
by  tho  army  of  the  English  Commonwealth  in 
l<>47-9  to  manage  their  concerns.  There  were 
two  from  each  regiment. 

They  proceeded  from  those  elective  tribunes  called  agi- 
tators, who  had  been  established  in  every  regiment  to 
superintend  the  interests  of  the  army. 

Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  210. 
[It  has  been  supposed  that  in  this  sense  the  proper  spelling 
of  the  word  is  adjutator,  meaning  not  one  who  agitates,  but 
one  who  assists.  But  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  says  :  "  Care- 
ful investigation  satisfies  me  that  Agitator  was  the  actual 
title,  and  Adjutator  originally  only  a  bad  spelling  of  sol- 
diers familiar  witli  Adjutants  and  the  Ailjutors  of  1642."] 
8 


113 

agitatorial  (aj"i-tfi,-t6'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  agitator. 

Aglaophenia(ag"la-6-fe'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (La- 
marck, 1812),  appar.  an  error  for  'aglaophema,  < 
Or.  'AyAao<pi//in,  one  of  the  sirens,  fern,  of  u;/no- 
</>r//wr,  of  splendid  fame,  <  ay'Aaoc,  splendid,  bril- 
liant, +  ipii/17/  =L.  fama,  fame.]  A  notable  ge- 
nua of  calyptoblastic  hydroids,  of  tho  family 
riiinnilariidie.  .1.  struthionides  is  an  elegant  species 
of  tile  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  known,  from  its  lie 
lire  and  general  appearance,  as  the  ostrich-plume.  <  Ithers 
occur  nn  the  Atlantic  coast. 

aglare  (a-glar'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<a3 
+  glare*.]     In  a  glare  ;  glaring. 

The  toss  of  unshorn  hair, 
And  wringing  of  hands,  and  eyes  aglare. 

Whittier,  The  Preacher. 

Aglaura  (ag-ltt'rS.),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  "AyAavpoc,  a 
mythol.  name.]  1.  A  genus  of  eraspedote  hy- 
droids, or  Trachymcdusa;  of  the  family  Trachy- 
nemida:  Peron and Zesueur,  1809. —  2.  A  genus 
of  worms. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.    Boisdural,  1851. 

Aglaurinae  (ag-la-rl'ne), re.  pi.  [NL.,<  Aglaura, 
1,  -t-  -(»«•.]  A  group  of  Trachymeduste,  typified 
by  the  genus  Aglaura,  having  8  radial  canals 
and  a  pedicle  to  the  stomach. 

ag-leaf  (ag'lef ),  n.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  hag- 
leaf,  as  witches  were  believed  to  use  the  plant 
in  their  incantations :  see  hag1.]  A  name  of 
the  common  mullen,  Verbaseum  Thapsus. 

agleam  (a-glem'),  prep.phr.  as  ado.  or  a.     [< 
fla  +  gleam.]     Gleaming;  in  a  gleaming  state. 
Faces  .  .  .  agleam  with  pale  intellectual  light. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  380. 

aglee,  agley  (a-gle'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a-3 

+  So.  gley,  gleg,  squint,  oblique  look:  see  gley.] 

Off  the  right  line;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch.] 

The  best  laid  schemes  o'  mice  an'  men 

Gang  aft  a-gley.  Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 

aglet,  aiglet  (ag'let,  ag'let),  re.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  agglet,  <  ME.  aglet,  aglette,  <  OP.  aguil- 
lette,  aiguillette,  F.  aiguillette,  a  point,  dim.  of 
aiguille,  <  ML.  aeucula,  dim.  of  L.  acus,  a  needle : 
see  acus.]  1.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing  of  the 
end  of  a  lace,  or  of  the  points  (see  point)  or  rib- 
bons generally  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries  to  fasten  or  tie  dresses.  They 
were  originally  intended  simply  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  the  ends  through  the  eyelet-holes,  as  in  modern  shoe- 
laces and  stay-laces,  but  were  afterward  frequently  formed 
uf  the  precious  metals,  carved  into  small  figures,  and  sus- 
pended from  the  ribbon,  etc.,  as  ornaments  (whence  Shak- 
spere's  phrase  "an  aglet-baby,"  which  see);  and  they  are 
still  so  used  in  the  form  of  tagged  points  or  braid  hanging 
from  the  shoulder  in  some  military  uniforms,  now  officially 
styled  aiyuitlettes.    Also  written  aigulet. 

And  on  his  head  an  hood  with  aglets  sprad. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  6. 
His  gown,  addressed  with  aglets,  esteemed  worth  251. 

Sir  J.  Hayicard,  Life  of  Edw.  VI. 

2f.  In  it)?.,  a  pendent  anther;  also,  a  loose  pen- 
dent catkin,  as  of  the  birch. 
aglet-babyt  (ag'let-ba/'bi),  n.     A  small  image 
on  the  end  of  a  lace.     See  aglet. 

Marry  him  to  a  puppet,  or  an  aglet-baby. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 

agley,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    See  aglee. 
aglimmer  (a-gliui'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  as  +  glimmer.]     In   or  into   a  glimmering 
state ;  glimmering. 

aglistt  (a-glist'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3 
+  glist,  "q.  v.]     Glistening:  as,  aglistwith.  dew. 
aglobulia   (ag-lo-bu'li-a),  re.      [NL.,  <  Gr.   d- 
priv.  +  L.  globulus,  globule.]     Same  as  oligo- 
cythemia. 
aglobulism  (a-glob'u-lizm),  re.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv.-f 
globule  +  -ism.]     lupathol. :  (a)  Diminution  of 
the  amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood,    (b) 
Oligocythemia. 
Aglossa  (a-glos'a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajluoaor., 
tongueless,  <  d-  priv.  +  ylijaaa,  tongue.]     1.  A 

series  of  anu- 
rous or  salient 
batrachians 
which  have  no 
tongue,    (dt)  In 
some  systems  com- 
prehending      the 
genera  Pipa,  Doc- 
tylethra,  and  Myo- 
batrachus,  and  di- 
vided into  Aglossa 
haplosiphonia   for 
the    first    two    of 
these  genera,  and 
Aglossa      iliplosi- 
phonia     for     the 
third  genus :   in  this  sense  the  term  is  contrasted  with 
Phaneroglosm.    il>)  Restricted  to  Pipa  and  Xenopus  (or 
Dactylethra),  and  divided  into  the  families  Pipida  and 
Xenopodidm,  which  agree  in  having  opisthocoehan  verte- 
bra,  expansive  sacral  processes,    discrete  epicoracoids, 
and,  in  the  larval  state,  one  pair  of  spiracles. 


35~3- 


Surinam  Toad  {Pipa  surinamensis). 


agnail 

2f.   [Used  as  a  singular.]     A  genus  of  pyralid 

mol  lis,  < - ■  >  1 1 1 .- 1  i  ri  1 1 1  rii      o       I.  pinglu 

ami  .1.  cajiri  tilatns. 
aglossal  (a-glos'al),  a.  [<  Gr.  hyTmaaoe,  tongue- 
less,  +  -al.]      Tongueless;   pertaining   to  the 

Aglossa. 
agiossate  (a-glo  a.  and  ».    [<  NL.  aglos- 

satus:  see  Aglossa  and  -ate1.]    I.  a.  Having  no 

tongue ;  aglossal. 

II.   11.  An  aglossal  bat rachian;  a  member  of 

the  suborder  Aglossa.    See  Aglossa,  1. 
aglossostoma   (ag-lo-sos'to-inji),  ii.;  pi.  agios- 

sostomata  (ag'lo-so-sto'ma-'iS).    [XI..,  <  Gr. 

ayAuanor,  without  a  tongue,  +  ariya,  mouth.] 

In  teraiol.,  a  monster  having  a  mouth  without 

a  tongue. 
aglow  (a-glo'),  prep,  phi:  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  «3 

+  glow.]     In  a  glow;  glowing:  as,  her  cheeks 

were  all  aglow. 
The  ascetic  soul  of  the  Puritan,  aglow  with  the  gloomy 

or  rapturous  mysteries  of  his  theology. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  12. 

A  painted  window  all  aglow  with  the  figures  of  tradil  ii  in 
and  poetry.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  251. 

aglutition  (ag-16-tish'on),  re.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
L.  *glutitio(n-),  <  glutirc,  pp.  glutitiis,  swallow.] 
In  pathol.,  inability  to  swallow. 

Aglycyderes  (ag-li-sid'e-rez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  yAvni-r,  sweet,  +  dip?/,  Attic  form  of 
dapi'i,  neck.  The  first  two  elements,  meaning 
lit.  'not  sweet,' are  taken  in  the  forced  sense 
of  'uncomely' or  'unusual.']  A  notable  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  JJruehida;  character- 
ized by  the  fact  that  the  head  of  the  male  is  an- 
teriorly produced  on  each  side  into  a  horn-liko 
process,  and  posteriorly  contracted  into  a  nar- 
row neck,  whence  the  name.    Westwood,  1863. 

aglyphodont  (a-glif  o-dont),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Aglyphodontia.]  I.  «.  In  herpet,  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  Aglyphodontia;  without 
grooved  teeth  and  poison-glands. 

II.  n.  A  serpent  of  this  character;   one  of 
the  Aglyphodontia  (which  see). 

Aglypnbdonta  (a-glif-o-don'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Aglyphodontia. 

Aglyphodontia  (a-glif-o-don'shia),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  ayAveior,  uncarved  (<  a-  priv.  +  ;  /  i<<pttv,  carve, 
cut  out),  +  oioic  (btimiT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  A  group 
or  series  of  innocuous  serpents  (Ophidia), 
embracing  ordinary  colubrine  or  eolubriform 
snakes,  without  poison-glands,  with  a  dilatable 
mouth,  and  with  solid  hooked  teeth  in  both 
jaws.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  last  character; 
tor  the  venomous  serpents  of  the  series  Proteroglypha  or 
Solenoglypha  have  poison-fangs  channeled  or  grooved  tor 
the  transmission  of  the  venom.  The  Aglyphodontia  in- 
clude numerous  families  and  genera,  of  most  parts  of  the 
world,  Colubridce  and  Hoid,r  being  among  the  best  known 
uf  the  families.  Synonymous  with  Colubrina.  See  cuts 
under  Coluber  and  Boa. 

agmatology  (ag-ma-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  d)  h«(t-), 
afragment  (<  ayvivai,  break),  +  -?o)ia,  <  'Ai)eiv, 
speak :  see  -ology.]  That  department  of  sur- 
gery which  is  concerned  with  fractures. 

agmen  (ag'men),  «. ;  pi.  agmina  (-mi-na).  [L., 
a  train,  troops  in  motion,  army,  multitude,  < 
agere,  drive,  move,  do:  see  agent.]  In  :ool., 
a  suporordinal  group;  a  division  of  animals 
ranking  between  a  class  and  an  order.  Xiuiili- 
vall. 

SundevaU  would  still  make  two  grand  divisions(^fami?ni) 
of  birds.  A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIH.  37. 

agminalt  (ag'mi-nal),  a.  [<L.  agminalis,  <  ag- 
men (agmin-),  a  train:  see  agmen.]  If.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  army  or  a  troop.  Bailey. — 2.  In  _~oo/., 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  agmen. 

agminate  (ag'mi-nat),  a.     [<  NL.  agminatus,  < 

1..  agnail  (aijinin-),  a  multitude:  see  agmen.] 
Aggregated  or  clustered  together:  in  an  at.. 
said  of  the  lymphatic  glands  forming  patches 
in  the  small  intestines  (Peyer's  patches),  as 
distinguished  from  the  solitary  glands  or  fol- 
licles: as,  "agminate  glands,"  M.  Gray,  Anat. 

agminated  (ag'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  agminate  + 
-erf-.]     Same  as  agminate. 

agnail  (ag'nal),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  agnail,  a:, 
nalr,  ague/,  agneli,  agnayle,  aia/iiair,  angnayle, 
mod.  dial,  augiiail,  <  ME.  agnayle,  'angnail.  < 
AS.  angiiagl,  occurring  twice  (Leechdoms,  II. 
p.  80,  and  index,  p.  8),  and  usually  explained  by 
paronychia,  i.  e.,  a  whitlow,  but  prop.,  it  seems, 
a  corn,  wart,  or  excrescence  (cf.  angsct,  angsi  fa, 
ongseta,  a,  wart,  boil,  carbuncle),  (=  OFries.  ong- 
nii,  ogncil,  a  misshapen  finger-nail  or  an  ex- 
crescence following  the  loss  of  a  finger-nail,  = 
OIKl.  inigiiagel,  (I.  dial,  ainiegelvii.  linnegcln  — 
Grimm),  <  (?)  ange,  a  age,  engc,  narrow,  tight, 
painful  (see  anger1,  anguish  .-  fertile  s< 
cf.  LG.  noodnugel,  a  hangnail,  nood,  distress, 


agnail 

trouble,  pain ).  +  «".'/',  a  nail,  i.  c,  a  peg  (of.  L. 
clomus.  a  nail,  peg,  also  a  wan),  in  eomp.  wer- 
msgl,  E.  warm  I,  q.  v.,  a  wart,  lit.  '  man-nail. 
The  second  element  was  afterward  referred  to 
a  finger-  or  toe-nail,  and  the  term  applied  to  a 

■  'hang- 
equiv. 


114 


agnus 


a  anger-  or  iue-uun,  aeo.i  me  <.^lx±±  ™rr..v 
whitlow  (end  of  lGth  century),  and  to  a  ' 
nail'  (Bailey,   1737),  hangnail,  like  the 


Sc.  anger-nail,  being   due  to  a  popular  ety-  agneiit  (,,,,'n,,^  „.     Obsolete  form  of  agnail. 

mology.]    It.  A  corn  on  the  toe  or  foot.  agnel-  (ag'nel;  P.  pron.  a-nyel'),  n.     [<  OF. 

Agnayle  upon  ones  too,  eorret.  Palsgrave.  agnel  ,-p.  agneau),  a  lamb,  an  agnel,  <  L.  aguel- 

f,  an  agnatic,  or  little  corn,  upon  a  toe.    Cotgrave.  ^   (lil|l    ,,{•, „,„„,,   a 

Ft, ,,,!,.  agnels.coins,  pushes,  felons  or  swewngsinthe  ]aml).     g*e    agnus.] 

Passin"  good  tor  to  l»-  applyed  to  the  agnels  or  corns  of     A  1  reneh  gold  com 
,  ,""  HS&d,  Pliny,  xi.  3     .\    1  .'/'.>    bearing  a  figure  of 

the     paschal     lamli 


of  agnatim,  or  kinship  through  males  only,  such  as  now  agnomical  (ag-no  mi-kal),  a.     [<  Gr.  a-  pi  i\ .  + 
survives  in  the  Punjab.  yvu/ii/,  thought,  purpose:  see  gnome,  gnomic.] 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  118.     qj,  m,  p6rtainirig  to  the  absence  of  set  purpose 
2.  Alliance  or  relationship  generally;  descent    or  intention.    X.  K.  I). 

[Rare.]  agnomina,  n.     Plural  of  agnomen. 

[<  agnomen  (ag~ 

nonun-)  +  -«(".]   Of  or  pertaining  to  a'n  agnomen, 

agnominatet  (ag-nom'i-nat),  v.  t.     [<  L.  "ag- 

nominatus,  pp.  of  "agnominare,  implied  in  a,j- 


froin  a  common  source.     Lltare-J  agnomina,  n 

Agnation  may  be  found  amongst  all  the  languages  in  agnomina!  (ag-nom'i-nal),  a. 

108. 


the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

Povmall,  Study  of  Antiquities,  p. 


ang 
paschal 

first  issued  by  Louis 
IX.,  and  not  struck 
after  Charles  IX.  Its 
original  weight  was  from 
02.5  to  W.ol  grains,  but 
after  the  reign  of  John  II. 
it  gradually  fell  to  about 
38.7  grains. 

agni,  n.    Plural  of  ag- 
nus. 


«.]     An  appellation  over  and  above  the  agnitiont  (ag-nish'- 

on),  n.  [<  L.  agni- 
'tio(n-),  (agnitus,  pp. 
oiagnoseere,  alsoa-rf- 
gnoscere,  adnoscere, 
know  as  having  seen 
before,  recognize, 
acknowledge,  <  ad, 
to,  +  *gnoscere,  nos- 
<•()'(, know:  seefcnow. 
Cf.  agnomen.']  Ac- 
knowledgment. 


the  feet. 

2f.  A  painful  swelling  or  sore  under  or  about 

the  toe-  or  finger-nails;  a  whitlow. 

Good  to  I-'  laydeunto  .  .  .  ulcered  nayles  or  agnayle), 
whichc  is  a  pawn-full  swelling  aboute  the  loyntes  and 
nayles.  /-."'' ,  Dodoens  (1578),  p.  258.    (.V.  S.  D.) 

Agnail,  a  Bore  at  the  root  of  the  nail  on  the  angers  or 
toes.  Bo«ej/(1721). 

3.  A  hangnail;  a  small  piece  of  partly  sepa- 
rated skin  at  the  root  of  a  nail  or  beside  it. 
agname  (ag'nam),  n.    [<  ag-  +  name,  after  L. 
agnomen.']    An  ap4 

ordinary  name  and  surname.     N.  E.  ]>. 
agname'd    (ag'namd),    a.       [<  agname  +  -a/-.] 
Styled  or  called  apart  from  Christian  name  and 
surname.    N.  E.  D. 

agnate  (ag'nat),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  ag- 
nat,  agnet,  <  F.  agnat,  <  L.  agnatus,  adgnatus, 
aihuiliis,  prop. pp.  of  agnasci,  adgnasci,  be  born 
to,  belong  by  birth,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnasei,  nasei, 
be  born.  Cf.  adnate  and  cognate.]  I.  n.  Spe- 
cifically, a  kinsman  whose  connection  is  trace- 
able exclusively  through  males;  more  gener- 

ally,  any  male  relation  by  the  father's  side,  agnize  (ag-niz'),  v.  t. 
See  agnati. 

Who  are  the  Agnates  ?  In  the  first  place,  they  are  all  the 
Cognates  who  tract-  their  connexion  exclusively  through 
males.  A  table  of  Cognates  is,  of  course,  formed  by  taking 
each  lineal  ancestor  in  turn  and  including  all  his  descen- 
dants ol  both  sexes  in  the  tabular  view;  if  then,  in  tracing 
the  various  branches  of  such  a  genealogical  tabic  or  tree 
we  stop  whenever  we  come  to  the  name  of  a  female  and 
pursue  that  particular  branch  or  ramification  no  further, 
all  who  remain  after  the  descendants  of  women  have  been 
excluded  are  Agnates,  and  their  connexion  together  is 
Agnatic  Relationship.  Maine,  Ancient  Law,  p.  148. 

II.  a.  1.  Related  or  akin  on  the  father's  side. 
—  2.'  Allied  in  kind;  from  a  common  source: 
as,  "ai/nate  words,"  J'oirnall,  Study  of  Antiqui- 
ties, p.  168.     [Rare.] 
Agnatha  (ag'na-tha),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
agnathus,  .lawless:  see  agnathous.]    A  section 
of  geophil'ous  gastropods  destitute  of  jaws. 
Agnathi  (ag'na-thl),  n.  pi.     [NL._,  masc.  pi.  ol 
agnathus,  jawless: 
series  of  ueuropterou 
a  suborder  of  the  or 
because  the  jaws  an 
The  wings  are  naked  anc 
pair  small,  sometimes 
setaceous,  ami  3-jointed;  and  the  abdomen 
three  long,  delicate  setx.     The  group  includes  the  well- 
known  May-flies,   and  is  practically  identical  with  the 
family  Ephemeridee. 
agnathia  (ag-na'tki-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  agnathus, 
jawless  (see   agnatlnius),  +  -in.]      In  pathol. 


Agnel  of  John  II..  King  of  France. 
(Size  of  the  original.) 

To  acknowledge 


[<  L.  agnoscere,  m 

imitation  of  cognise, 

ult.   (through  F.)  < 

L.  cognoscere :  see  agniUon.] 

own;  recognize.     [Rare.] 

I  do  agnize 
A  natural  and  prompt  alacrity 
I  And  in  hardness.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Doubtless  you  have  already  set  me  down  in  your  mind 
as  .  .  .  a  votary  of  the  desk— a  notched  and  cropt  scriven- 
er  one  that  sucks  his  sustenance,  as  certain  sick  people 

are  said  to  d.i,  through  a  quill.  Well,  I  do  agnize  some- 
thing of  the  sort.  Lamb,  Ella,  I.  u.  11. 
agnoea  (ag-ne'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayvoia,  want 
of  perception,  "ignorance,  <  *ayvooc,  not  know- 
ing, <  a-  priv.  +  *yv6oc,  vuoe,  contr.  i-orr,  per- 
ception, mind,  akin  to  E.  know:  see  nous  and 
know.]  In  pathol,  the  state  of  a  patient  who 
does  not  recognize  persons  or  things. 


nominatiii:  see  agnomination.]     To  name. 
The  flowing  current's  silver  streams  .  .   . 
Shall  be  agnominated  by  our  name.       Locrine,  iii.  -2. 

agnomination  (ag-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
agnominatioi «-),  aduiimiiialia(n-),  paronomasia, 
<*agnominare,  <  ad,  to,  +  'gnominare,  nominare, 
name.]  1.  An  additional  name  or  title;  a  name 
added  to  another,  as  expressive  of  some  act, 
achievement,  etc.;  a  surname.— 2.  Resem- 
blance in  sound  between  one  word  and  another, 
especially  by  alliteration  ;  also,  the  practice  of 
using  in  close  proximity  to  one  another  words 
which  resemble  each  other  in  sound  (see  an- 
nomination):  as,  "Scott  of  Scotstarvet's  Stag- 
gering State  of  Scots  Statesmen." 

Our  bards  .  .  .  hold  agnominations  and  enforcing  of  con- 
sonant words  or  syllables  cue  upon  the  other  to  be  the 
greatest  elegance.  ...  So  have  I  seen  divers  old  rhymes 
in  Italian  running  so:  .  .  .  "In  selva  salvo  a  me:  Piu 
caro  cuore."  Howell,  Letters,  l.  40. 

agnostic  (ag-nos'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  hyvatnoc, 
unknowing,  unknown,  unknowable,  <  a-  priv., 
not,  +  yvuaroc,  later  form  of  yvaroc,  known,  to 
be  known  (cf.  yvuorocdc,  good  at  knowing), 
verbal  adj.  of  yt-yv6-OK-eiv,  know,  =  L.  "gno-so- 
erc,  im-se-ere  =  E.  know:  see  a-18  and  gnostic. 
The  word  agnostic  was  "suggested  by  Prof. 
Huxley  .  .  .  in  1869.  .  .  .  He  took  it  from  St. 
Paul's  mention  of  the  altar  to  'the  Unknown 
God'  [iiyvuoTu  8eu,  Acts  xvii.  23].  R.  H.  Hut- 
ton,  in  letter,'  .  .'  .  1881."  N.  E.  D.]  I.  ».  One 
of  a  class  of  thinkers  who  disclaim  any  know- 
ledge of  God  or  of  the  ultimate  nature  of  things. 
They  hold  that  human  knowledge  is  limited  to  experience, 
and  that  since  the  absolute  and  unconditioned,  it  it  exista 
at  all,  cannot  fall  within  experience,  we  have  no  right  to 
assert  anything  whatever  with  regard  to  it. 

I  only  said  I  invented  the  word  agnostic. 

Huxley,  Lou. Inn  Academy,  Nov.  24,  1883. 

While  the  old  Atheist  sheltered  his  vice  behind  a  ram- 
part of  unbelief  where  no  appeals  could  reach  linn,  the 
new  Agnostic  honestly  maintains  that  his  opinions  are  the 
very  best  foundations  of  virtue. 

F.  1'.  Cubbe,  Teak  in  Daricn,  p.  3. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  agnostics  or  their 
doctrines;   expressing  ignorance   or  unknow- 

ableness. 

That  bold  thinker  in  the  third  century,  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  declares  .  .  .  that  the  process  of  theology  u, 


of  many 'things;  and  specifically  of  thelime  of    atatM  from  £<"»  OT  '' 


<no//.,  absence  of  the  lower  jaw,  due  to  arrested    knoweth  no  man,  .  .  .  neither  the  Son,  but  the 

development.  Father" ),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  ignorant 

agnathous  (ag'na-thus),  a.    [<  NL.  ,i,in„il,ns 

jawless,  <Gr.  a-  priv.  +  yvaOoc,  jaw.]    1.  With-     the  day  of  judgment, 

out  jaws;  characterized  \>\  '  lie  absent f  jaws.         other  forms  are  Aipioitiv  and  Agnoitcs. 

s,td'.  S<,e.  Lex.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ag-  Agnoete,  Agno'ite  (ag'no-et,  -it),  ».    One  of  the 

natha  or    Ignafhi.  Agnoete. 

agnati  (ag-na'ti),  n.  pi.     [L.,  pi.  of  agnatus:  agnoetism  (ag-no-e'tizm),  n.     [<  Agunela    + 

see  agnate.]     The  members  of  an  ancient  Ro-    .,-„».]     The  doctrinal  system  of  the  AgnoStse. 

man  family  who  traced  their  origin  and  name  agnoiology  (ag-noi-ol'o-ji),  n.    [Better  *ag- 

li>  :i  common  ancestor  through  the  male   line,      nosology,  <   Gr.   ayvoia,   ignorance   (see   agnoea), 

onder  whose  paternal  power  they  would  be  if  he     + -foyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak  of :  see  -ology.]     In 

were  living;  hence,  in  lair,  relations  exclusively      n,etaph.,   the  doctrine  or  theory  of  ignorance, 
in  the  male  line.      See  agnate.  which  seeks  to  determine  what  we  are  neces- 

[<  F.  agnaUque,  <  L, 


the  past  only  by  memory,  and  the  future  only     as  an  agnostic. 

bv  inference  from  the  present.— 2.  A  sect  agnosticism  (ag-nos'ti-sizm),  n.  [(agnostic-* 
of  the  sixth  century,  followers  of'Themistius,  -ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  agnostics;  the 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of  doctrine  that  the  ultimate  cause  and  the  es- 
Mark  xiii   32  (  "But  of  that  day  and  that  hour    sential  nature  of  things  are  unknowable,  or  at 


agnatic  (ag-nat  ik),  a. 
agnatus :  see  agnate.  ]    <  lharacterized  by  or  per- 

t -lining  to  descent  by  the  male  line  of  ancestors. 

See  agnate, 

(Teverthi  less,  tl tltution  of  the  [Hindu]  family  is 

cntio  I-,    i ii"    Roman  phra  e,  agnatic .   kin  nip  is 

a  ma!    di   cent    only. 

.1/Mi'nr-,  Early  Law  and  fust p.  .1 

agnatically  (ag-nat'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an 

natie  manner;  bj  means  of  agnation. 
agnation  (ag-na'shon),  n.  [<  F.  agnation,  <  L. 
a<imilii>{ii-),<  aqnaliis  :  see  agnat, .]  1.  Rela- 
tion, by  the  father's  side  only;  descent  from  a 
i  mi  hi  male  ancestor  and  in  the  male  line:  dis- 
tinct from  cognation,  which  includes  descent  in 
both  the  male  ami  the  female  lines. 

l  have  already  stated  my  beliel  that  at  the  back  "I  the 
ancestor-worship  practised  by  Hindus  there  lay  a  system 


sarily  ignorant  of. 
We  must  examine  and  flxwhat  ignorance  is     what  we 

are  andean  be,  ig ant  of.    And  thus  we  are  wri 

upon  an  entirely  new  research,  constituting  an  intermedi- 
ate   ei  tlOD  Of  philosophy,  which  we  term  the  nnn logy, 

.  .  .  the  theory  of  true  ignorance.  . 

terrier,  lust,  ol  Metaphysics,  p.  51. 

.   Agnoite,  ».    See  Agnoete. 
ag-  agnomen  (ag-no'men ),  ». ;  pi.  agnomina  (-nom  - 

i-nii).       [L.,    also   adn, mien  (mill-),  <  ad,    to,   + 

"gnornen,  nomen,  aame(=  E.  name),  <  'gnoscere, 

n'aseere,  know,  =  E.  know.]  An  additional  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  an  individual  in  allu- 
sion to  some  quality,  circumstance,  or  achieve- 
ment by  which  he 'was  distinguished,  us  Al'ri- 
e,i nns  added  to  the  mime  of  1'.  ( 'ornelius  Scipio; 
hence,  in  modem  use,  any  additional  name  or 
epil  aet  conferred  on  a  person. 


least  unknown. 
Bv  Agnosticism  I  understand  a  theory  of  things  which 
-  :ng  or  denying  the  existence  of 
ith  regard  to  Theism,  a  state 
of  suspended  judgment ;  and  all  it  undertakes  to  affirm  is, 
that,  upon  existing  evidence,  the  being  of  God  is  unknown. 
But  the  term  Annus! irism  is  frequently  used  in  a  widely 
different  Bense,  as  implying  belief  that  the  being  ol  uoa 
is  not  merely  now  unknown,  but  must  always  remain  un- 
knowable. O.J.  Romanes,  Contemporary  Kev.,  L.  69. 
2  Belief  in  the  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 
Agnostus  (ag-nos'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayvaoros, 
unknown:  see  agnostic]  A  genus  of  tnlobites 
.i|  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks:  so  called  because 
of  the  uncertainty  attaching  to  its  true  affinities. 
They  an- of  small  size  and  somewhat  semicircular  form, 
and'it  baa  bei  n  supposed  that  they  maj  be  the  larval  form 
of  some  other  animal     _ 

Agnotherium  (ag-119-the'n-um),  n.  [NL.,  short 
for  "agnostotherium,  <  Gr.  a;  vworoc,  unknown 
(see  agnostic),  +  dnpiov,  a  wild  beast,  <  6f/p,  a 
wild  beast.]      A   genus  of  extinct   inmnls  ol 

uncertain  affinities.  It  is  identified  by  some 
with  tin-  amphicyon  (which  see).  Kaup. 
agnus  (ag'nus),  ». ;  pi.  agni  (-ni).  [L.,  a  lamb, 
perhaps  for  *avignus,  lit.  'sheep-born,  <  am, 
older  form  of  ovis,  a  sheep  (=  Skt.  am  =  Gr. 
"ape,  *6f(f,  iik  =  E.  are,  i\.  v. ;  cf.  also  Gr.  a/nxic, 
a  lamb,  for  'uFtmr,  prop,  adj.,  <  "i'iFi-  +  -wf),  + 
-gnus  (of.  benign,  malign),  -genus  (see  -genous), 
<  V  "gen,  beget,  bear,  j  1.  An  image  or  rcprc- 
sental  ion  <d'  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Christ; 
an  Agnus  Dei  (see  below). 


agnus 

They  will  kiss  a  crucifix,  salute  a  cross,  carry  most  de- 
voutly ascapulary,  an  agnus,  or  a  set  of  beads  about  them. 

Ileerint,  Saul  ami  Samuel  at  l-aidor,  p.  331. 

2.  [<'"/'-]  ln  zool.:  (a)  A  genus  of  booties. 
liuiiiieister,  1847.  (b)  A gomis of  fishes.  Uiin- 
ftflTi  1800.  -Agnus  castus  (kaa'tus).  (I...  Bupposed  to 
mean  'chaste  lamb'  (hence  tr.  into  G.  keuschlamm),  but 
OffntM  is  here  only  a  transliteration  of  ayeos,  the  Greek 
name  of  the  tree,  and  L.  castus,  chaste,  is  added  in  allusion 
to  its  imagined  virtue  of  preserving  chastity,  from  the  re- 
semblance  of  the  Greek  name  ayco?  to  ayvos,  chaste.]  A 
disagreeably  aromatic  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  genus 

Vitex,  V.  Agnus-castus,  natural  order  Verbenacece.    Ithas  agOggled  (a-gog'ld),    a.     [<  a-   (expletive)  4 

goggled,  q.'V.j     Staring;  having  staring  eyes 


Qascoigne. 


ness  or  curiosity 
Or  at  the  least  yt  setts  the  harte  on  gogg. 
Cotton  Mather  came  galloping  down 
All  the  way  to  Newbury  town. 

With  his  eyes  agog  and  his  ears  set  wide. 

I! ■  intii, r.  Double-headed  Snake 


digitate  leaves  and  spikes  of  purplish-blue  flowers,  and  is 
native  in  the  countries  around  the  Mediterranean.  Also 
called  chaste-tret  and  Abraham' s-balm. 

The  herbe  Agnus  castus  is  always  grene,  and  the  flowre 
therof  is  namly  callyd  Agnus  castus,  for  wyth  smelle  and 
vse  it  makvth  men  chaste  as  a  lombe. 
Treviia,  tr.  of  Barth.  Ang.  de  P.  R.,  xvii.  612.    (A".  E.  D.) 
And  wreaths  of  Agnus-castus  others  bore; 
These  last,  who  with  those  virgin  crowns  were  drest, 
Appear'd  in  higher  honour  than  the  rest. 

Drgden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  172. 


Agnus  Del  (del).    [LL.,  Lamb  of  God.)   (o)  Any  image    Agomtlhia  (a-troni'fi-a),  n.  pi.       [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

7^r—.T„..,D.1i,*aH,Mi   ..f    .i    liiml.  „«  .onlili-noitieul   of  Christ:    **-&"*"±'*"^'  \       o  ../;  f  t-  > 


or  representation  of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Christ 


115  agony 

be  most  frolick,  lively,  blithe,  crank,  merry,"  agonistical  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal  I,  a.     Sumo  as  ago- 

etc.  (Cotgrave ) ;  origin  uncertain.   The  \V.  gog,     mstic. 

activity,  velocity,  gogi,  agitate,  shake,  appear  agoilistically   (ag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.      In   an 

to  be  unoriginal,  and  maybe  from  E.]     In  a    agonistic  manner.     [Kare.] 

state  of  eager  desire;  highly  excited  by  eager-  agonistics  (ag  o  ms'tiks),  n.     f  I'l.  of  n<i<>ntstir  .• 

ness  or  curiosity;  astir.  see  -ics.  |    The  arl  or  science  of  contending  in 

public  games  or  other  athletic ntests. 

agonizant  (ag-o-ni'zant),  n.  [<  ML.  agoni- 
zan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  agonizare :  see  agonize.}  One 
of  a  Roman  <  !al  holic  confraternity  whose  chiei 
duty  it  is  to  idler  prayers  for  the  dying,  ami 
more  especially  to  assist  and  pray  for  criminals 
under  sentence  of  death, 
agonize  (ag'o-niz),  ''. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agoni  <</, 
ppr.  agonizing.    l<.  F.  a^oniser,  <  ML. agoni  are, 

labor,  strive,  contend,  be  at.  the  point  of  death, 
<  tir.  aycjvirea6ai,  contend  for  a  prize,  light, 
struggle,  exert  one's  self,  <  uyuv,  a  contest  for 
a  prize,  etc.  See  agony,  from  which  the  stronger 
sense  of  agonize  is  imported.]  I.  imtrans.  1. 
To  struggle;  wrestle,  as  in  the  arena;  hence, 
to  make  great  effort  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  writhe 
with  extreme  pain;  suffer  violent  anguish. 

To  smart  and  agonise  at  every  pore. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  198. 

II.    trans.     To  distress  with  extreme  pain; 
torture. 
He  agonized  his  mother  by  his  behaviour.      Thackeray. 
Also  spoiled  agonise. 
agonizingly  (ag'o-ni-zing-li),  adv.     In  an  ago- 
nizing manner;  with  extreme  anguish.     Also 
spelled  agonisingly. 
AgonodeiUS  (ag-6-nod'e-rus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  aya- 
r»,  without  tingle,  +  i'toy,  <*«/»},  neck,  throat.] 
A    genus    of    Cara- 


[Kare.] 
A  man  a  little  agoggled,  in  bis  eyes. 

.1.  /.,  ighton,  Trad.  Sent.  Life,  p.  8.  (-V.  K.  />.) 
agometer  (a-gom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  «;  eiv, 
lead,  draw,  weigh,  +  fitrpov,  measure.]  A  form 
of  rheostat.  A  mereurg  agometer  is  an  instrument  for 
measuring  electrical  resistances,  or  for  varying  the  re- 
sistance of  a  circuit,  by  means  of  amercury  column  whose 
length  may  he  adjusted  as  required. 


Agnus  Dei. 
(From  the  Campanile  of  Giotto.  Florence.) 

specifically,  such  a  representation  with  the  nimbus  in- 
scribed with  the  cross  about  its  head,  and  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross.  (6)  One  of  the  titles  of  Christ.  John 
i.  29.  (c)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch. :  (1)  A  waxen  medallion 
blessed  by  the  pope  anil  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb 
bearing  the  banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  worn  by  Roman 
Catholics  as  a  supplication  to  be  preserved  from  evil  by 
the  merits  of  the  Lamb  of  God.  Anciently  these  cakes  of 
wax  were  often  mounted  or  inclosed  in  precious  metals, 
etc.,  but  this  is  not  now  permitted.  Relics  of  the  saints 
were  sometimes  preserved  within  them.  (2)  A  prayer,  be- 
ginning with  these  words,  said  by  the  priest  at  mass  shortly 
before  the  communion,  (d)  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  the  cloth  bear- 
ing the  figure  of  a  lamb 
which  covers  the  com- 
munion service.  —  Ag- 
nus Scythicus  (sith'- 
i-kus),  the  Scythian  or 
Tamilian  land),  a  fab- 
ulous creature,  half 
animal,  half  plant, 
formerly  believed  to 
inhabit  the  plains  hue- 
dering  upon  the  Vol- 
ga; in  reality,  the 
shaggy  rhizome  of  the 
fern  Dicksonia  Baro- 
meU,  which  when  in- 
verted and  suitably 
trimmed  somewhat  re- 
sembles a  small  land). 

ago,  agone  (a-go', 
a-gou'),  a.  and 
adv.  [<  ME.  ago, 
agon,  agoon,  pp.  of  agon,  <  AS.  agon,  go  away, 
pass  away,  go  forth,  come  to  pass  (=  G.  ergehen, 
come  to  pass;  cf.  OS.  dgangan,  go  by,  =Goth. 
usgaggan,  go  forth),  <  «-  +  gun,  go:  see  a-1  and 
go.  The  form  agone  is  now  obsolete  or  archa- 
ic] I.  a.  Gone;  gone  by;  gone  away;  past; 
passed  away:  always  after  the  noun. 
Gf  this  world  the  feyth  is  all  agon. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  410. 

Yonder  woman,  sir,  you  must  know  was  the  wife  of  a 
certain  learned  man  .  .  .  who  bad  long  dwelt  in  Amster- 
dam, whence,  some  good  time  agone,  he  was  minded  to 
cross  over  and  east  in  his  lot  with  us  of  the  Massachusetts. 
Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  iii. 

II.  adv.    In  past  time;   in  time  gone  by: 
only  in  the  phrase  long  ago. 

o  brother,  had  you  known  our  mighty  hall, 
Which  -Merlin  built  for  Arthur  long  ago  ' 

Teooi/sun,  Holy  Grail. 

agog  (a-gog'),  prep,  pit  r.  as  adv.  or  a.    [Former- 
ly on  gog,  on  gogge,  perhaps  <  OF.  en  gogues  : 

"  estre  en  ses  gogues,  to  be  frolick,  lusty,  lively, 
wanton,  gamesome,  all  a  hoit,  in  a  pleasant 
humour ;  in  a  vein  of  mirth,  or  in  a  merry  mood  " 
(lit.  be  in  his  glee),  "gogues,  jollity,  glee,  joy- 
fulness,  light-heartedness"  (Cotgrave),  in  sing. 
gogue,  mirth,  glee  (Roquefort),  "se  goguer,  to 


of  agomph  ins:  see  ag'omphious.]  A  name  given 
by  Ehrenberg  to  those  rotifers  which  have  tooth- 
less jaws.     [Not  in  use.] 

agomphian  (a-gom'fi-iin),  n.  One  of  the  Agom- 
phia. 

agomphiasis  (a-gom-fi'a-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-)  dfjcnoi;  (see  agomphiousj  +  -iasis.]  Looseness 
of  the  teeth. 

agomphious (a-gom'fi-us),  a.  [<NL. agomphius, 
<Gr.  ayofnpioe,  without  grinders,  <d-priv.  +  you- 
qiioc,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  Move,  tooth),  a  grinder-tooth, 
a  molar.]     Toothless.    N.  E.  D. 

agonH.     An  obsolete  form  of  ago. 

agon'-'t  (ag'on),  «.;  pi.  agones  (a-go'nez).  [<  Gr. 
ay(n>,  contest:  seo  agony.']  In  Gr.antiq.,  aeon- 
test  for  a  prize,  whether  of  athletes  in  the  games 
or  of  poets,  musicians,  painters,  and  the  like. 

agone*,  a.  and  adv.    See  ago. 

agone'2  (ag'on),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayuvoc,  without  an 
angle,  <  a-  priv.  +  yuni'ta,  angle:  seo  goniometer, 
trigonometry,  etc.]   An  agonic  line.   Seeagonie. 

agonic  (a-gon'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  dywvoc,  without  an 
angle:  see  agone2.]  Not  forming  an  angle.— 
Agonic  line,  an  irregular  line  connecting  those  points  on 
the  earth's  surface  where  the  declination  of  the  magnetic 
needle  is  zero,  that  is,  where  it  points  to  the  true  north, 
and  consequently  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the  geo- 
graphical meridian.  There  are  two  principal  agonic  lines : 
one,  called  the  American  agone,  is  in  the  western  henu- 
sphere,  and  passes  northward  through  the  eastern  part 
of  Brazil,  North  Carolina,  Virginia.  Ohio,  Lake  Erie,  and 
British  America.  The  other,  called  the  Asiatic  agone,  is 
in  the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  traverses  western  Australia, 
the  Indian  ocean,  Persia,  and  Russia,  toward  the  magnetic 
north  pole.  A  third  agonic  line,  having  the  form  of  an 
oval  curve,  incloses  a  part  of  eastern  Asia.  The  agonic 
lines  are  continually  changing  their  position;  that  in  the 
eastern  United  states  lias  been  moving  slowly  west  waul 
since  the  beginning  of  this  century.  See  declination  ami 
isogonic. 

agonid  (a-gon'id),  n.  One  of  the  fishes  form- 
ing the  family  Agonidce. 


A/ronoricrus  dorsalis  (  Le  Conte). 
Vertical  line  shows  njtur.il  size. 


bidce,  comprising  a 
moderate  number 
of  species  of  very 
small  or  medium- 
sized  beetles  pecu- 
liar to  temperate 
America.  It  is  not 
readily  defined  either  by 
structural  character  or  by 
general  appearance,  and 
the  smaller  species,  which 
are  of  nearly  uniform 
light-brown  or  testaceous 
color,  are  very  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  simi- 
larly colored  species  of 
other  genera.  A.pallipes 
(Fabrieius),  one  of  the 
commonest  species,  is 
and  of  a  pale-yellowish 


about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long 

cul"i-.  Its  elytra  have  :i  wide  hlack  stripe,  divided  bythe 
suture ;  the  disk  of  the  prothorax  is  usually  marked  w  ith  a 
large  black  spot,  and  the  head  is  always  black.  Most  of 
the  species  in  the  United  States  are  extremely  abundant. 
especially  in  moist  places,  and  are  readily  attracted  by  light. 
Nothing  is  known  of  their  earlier  stages. 
agonoid(ag'o-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Agonus  +  -oid.'] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  tin'  Agoitula: 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Agonidce;  an  agonid. 


Agonidae  (a-gon;i-de),  n.  pi     [NL.,  <  Agonus  agorlitiete  (a-go'no-thet),  n.    [<  L.'  agonothet 

r  -idee.-]     A  family  ot  aeanthopterygian  nshes,     ^d  0-0„0^te|;  <  Gr.  ayui'oftlr,,e,  <  „;  ,„',  c,  ,„ 


J:nus  Scythicus 
sonia  Barotnetz). 


exemplified  by  the  genus  Agonus. 

Agoninse  (ag-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Agonus  + 
-inn:  ]  A  subfamily  of  the  Agonidce,  having  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spinous  being  well  developed. 

agonise,  agonisingly.   See  agonize,  agonizingly. 

agonist  (ag'o-nist),  n.  [<  L.  agonistat  <  Gr. 
a-juvirnije,  contestant,  pleader,  actor,  <  ojunj- 
adai,  contend,  etc. :  see  agonize.  Cf.  antagonist, 
protagonist.]  1.  One  who  contends  for  the 
prize  in  public  games;  a  combatant;  a  cham- 
pion; a  dramatic  actor.  Also  called  agonist*  r. 
—2.  leap.]  One  of  a  violent  party  of  Donat  ists 
in  northern  Africa  in  the  fourth  century. 

agonistarch  (ag-o-nis'tark),  n.  [<  L.  agonis- 
tarclia  (in  an  inscription),  <  Gr.  "hyuvurripxiK, 

<  ayovicTTie  (see  agonist)  +  apxtiv,  rule,  govern.] 
in  Gr.  antii/.,  one  who  trained  persons  to  com- 
pete in  public  games  and  contests. 

agonistert  (ag'o-nis-ter),  n.     [<  agonist  +  -er\ 
Cf.  sophister.]     Same  as  agonist,  1. 
agonistic  (ag-6-nis'tik),  a.    [<  ML.  agonisUcus, 

<  Gr.  ayavio-Toidc,  <ayavwTr/c,  agonist:  see  ago- 
nist.] 1.  Pertaining  to  contests  of  strength  or 
athletic  combats,  or  to  contests  of  any  kind,  as 
a  forensic  or  argumentative  contest.  - 

The  silver  krater  given  by  Achilles  as  an  agonistic  prize 
at  the  funeral  of  Patroklos,  which,  as  the  poet  tells  us, 
was  made  by  the  Sidonians,  and  brought  over  the  sea  bj 
the  Phoenicians.    C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Arclucol..  p.  289 

2.  Combative;  polemic;  given  to  contending. 

Two  conflicting  agonistic  elements  seem  to  have  con- 
tended  in  the  man,  sometimes  pulling  him  different  ways, 
like  wild  horses. 

Walt  Whitman,  in  Essays  from  The  Critic,  p.  32. 

3.  Strained;  aiming  at  effect;  melodramatic. 
N.  E.  D. 


contest, 
+  Ti-Bi-rai,  place,  appoint:  see  theme,  tin  sis, 
etc.]  One  of  the  officials  who  presided  over 
public  games  in  ancient  Greece  and  awarded 
the  prizes. 

agonothetic  (a-go-no-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayuvo- 
(yen/ede,  <  ayuvotitriK:  see  agonotliete.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  offico  of  agonothete. 

Agonus  (ag'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
y&w,  knee  (taken  in  the  sense  of  'joint'),  =  E. 
knee.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Agonidce.  Block,  L801.  Also  called  Aspido- 
phorus.  -I.  cataphractus  (As}),  europams)  is  the 
sea-poacher  or  pogge. 

agony  (ag'o-ni),  a. ;  pi.  agonies  (-niz).  [<  ME. 
agonie,  <  OF.  agonie,  <  LL.  agonia,  <  Gr.  aywvia, 
a  contest,  struggle,  agony,  orig.  a  contest  for  a 
prize  at  the  public  games,  <  a}  on;  a  contest, 
wrestle,  a  place  of  contest,  an  assembly  (see 
iiiimi-),  iaytn;  assemble,  bring  together,  lead, 
drive,  move,  etc.,  =  L.  agere :  see  agen I,  net,  etc. 
Cf.  agonize,  etc.]  1.  A  violent  contest  or  strug- 
gle.    [Rare.] 

Till  be  have  thus  denudated  himself  of  all  these  incum- 
brances, be  is  utterly  unqualified  for  these  agonies. 

Deeag  of  Christ.  Piety,  p.  408. 

2.  The  struggle,  frequently  unconscious,  that 
often  precedes  natural  death:  in  this  sense  of- 
ten used  in  the  plural:  as,  he  is  in  the  agonies  of 
death. — 3.  Extreme,  and  generally  prolonged, 
bodily  or  mental  pain  ;  intense  suffering;  hence, 
intense  mental  excitement  of  any  kind:  as,  the 
agony  of  suspense  or  uncertainty. 
A  great  agony 
Of  hope  strove  in  her. 

II'.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  316. 


agony 

A  solitary  shriek,  tin-  bubbling  cry 
i  it  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Li/ron,  Lion  Juan,  ii.  53. 

Continued  agony  is  followed  by  exhaustion,  which  infee- 
ble  persons  ma)  be  fatal,  //.  Spend  r,  Prin.  ox  Sociol.,  §  29. 

4.  In  a  special  sense,  the  sufferings  of  ( 'lirist  in 
the  garden  of  Gethsemane.—  Agony  column,  the 
column  of  a  newspaper  which  contains  advertisements 
relating  to  lost  relatives  ami  friends  ami  other  personal 
matters:  so  called  from  the  apparent  distress  of  the  adver- 
ii-i  re.  [English,  and  chiefly  in  London.]=Syn.  3.  Agony, 
i  niish,  Pang.  Torture,  Torment,  throe,  paroxysm,  ache. 
in  se  all  denote  forms  of  excruciating  pain  of  the  body 
or  ila;  mind.  Agony  is  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause  strug- 
gling; it  is  general  rather  than  local  pain.  Anguish  is, 
in  ttie  body,  commonly  local,  as  the  anguish  of  amputa- 
tion, and  transient.  Pang  is  brief  and  intermittent;  it 
is  a  paroxysm,  spasm,  throe,  thrill,  or  throb  of  pain;  in 
the  mind  there  may  he  the  pangs  of  remembrance,  etc., 
and  in  the  body  the  pangs  of  hunger,  etc.  The  agonies  or 
pangs  of  dissolution  ;  the  anguish  of  a  fresh  bereavement. 
Toi  lure  and  torment  are  by  derivation  pains  that  seem  to 
wrench  or  rack  the  body  or  mind ;  they  are  the  most  power- 
ful ot  these  words.  Torment  expresses  a  more  permanent 
state  than  torturi  .    Si  e  pain. 

The  octopus  had  seized  his  left  arm,  causing  dreadful 
agony  by  the  fastening  of  its  suckers  upon  the  limb. 

P.Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  vii. 

One  fire  burns  out  another's  burning, 
One  pain  is  lesseu'd  by  another's  anguish. 

Shak.,  JR.  and  J.,  i.  2. 

That  last  glance  of  love  which  becomes  tin-  sharpest 

pang  of  sorrow.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xliii. 

Suspense  in  news  is  torture;  speak  them  out. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1569. 
0,  that  torment  should  not  be  confined 
To  the  body's  wounds  and  sores ! 

Milton,  s.  A.,  1.  606. 

agoodt  (ii-.i-T'i'l' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3,  on, 
in,  +  good.  <  !f .  the  phrase  in  good  earnest.']  In 
earnest  ;  heartily. 

I  made  her  wei  p  ri-o""'/.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 

The  world  laughed  agood  at  these  jesi  - 

Annul,  Nest  Of  N'innies,  160S.     (Unlli well.) 

agora  (ag'o-ra),  n.  [<  Gt.  avopa,  assembly,  mar- 
ket-place, <  7r)iipur,  call  together,  assemble.] 
In  ancient  Greece  :  («)  A  popular  political  as- 
sembly;  any  meeting  of  the  people,  especially 
for  the  promulgation  or  discussion  of  laws  or 
public  measures.  Hence  —  (6)  The  chief  pub- 
lie  square  and  market-place  of  a  town,  in  which 
such  meetings  were  originally  held,  correspond- 
ing to  the  Roman  forum.  The  agora  usually  occu- 
pied the  site  about  the  original  public  fountain  or  well  of 
a  settlement,  which  was  the  natural  place  of  reunion  for 
tile  inhabitants.  It  was  often  surrounded  by  colonnades 
and  public  buildings  ;  sometimes  public  buildings  and 
temples  stood  within  it.  In  some  instances  a  large  open 
space  was  reserved  for  public  meetings,  and  the  remain- 
der was  variously  subdivided  for  purposes  of  traffic.  It 
was  customary  to  erect  in  the  agora  altars  to  the  gods 
and  Btatues  of  heroes  and  others,  and  sometimes,  as  at 
Athens,  it  wxs  adorned  with  alleys  of  trees. 

agoranome  (ag'o-ra-nom''),  n.  [<  L.  agorano- 
iii  ns,  <  Gr.  ayopavofioc,  clerk  of  the  market,  <  ayopd, 
market,  +  vifitiv,  manage,  rule.]  One  of  those 
magistrates  in  a  Greek  city  who  had  charge  of 
tlio  inspection  of  tin-  markets,  of  weights  and 
measures,  and  of  public,  health.  Their  func- 
tions corresponded  to  those  of  the  Roman 
ediles. 

agoraphobia  (ag"o-ra-f6'bi-a),  H.  [<  Gr.  ayopa, 
market-place  (see  agora),  +  -tj/oBia,  fear:  see 
-phobia.]  In  palliol.,  a  dread  of  crossing  open 
spaces,  such  as  open  squares,  city  parks,  etc.: 
a  feature  of  some  eases  of  neurasthenia. 

agostadero  (a-go-sta-da'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  a  sum- 
mer pasture,  <  agostar,  pasture  cattle  on  stub- 
ble in  summer,  dial,  plow  in  August,  <  Agosto, 
August,  harvest-time,  harvest.]  A  place  for 
pasturing  cut  Ho.  |  I'soil  in  parts  of  tin-  United 
•States  settled  Icy  Spa niards.] 

agouara  (a-go-ii'ra),  n.  [Native  namo  in  South 
America.]  A  species  of  racoon,  Proeyon  can- 
crivorus,  about  the  size  of  a  fox.  itisanativeof 
the  warmer  parte  of  Unerica,  and  eats  all  kindsof  crus- 
taceans and  mollu  I  inline  and  terrestrial  ;  from  this 
habit  it  is  also  called  the  crab-eating  racoon. 

agoumenos  (a-go'momos),   ii.     Same  as  hegn- 


116 

family  Solenodontidw.  It  is  so  puzzling  to  natural- 
ists that  it  has  received  the  nameol  S.  paradoxus.  Ithas 
the  fur,  ears,  and  tail  of  the  opossum,  but  the  teeth  and 
elongated  nose  of  the  shrew.  Its  feet  terminate  in  live 
toes,  and  the  longclnws  are  curved  and  evidently  adapted 
for  scraping  in  the  earth,  'flic  dentition  is  uniaue,  the 
groovingof  the  second  incisorof  the  lower  jaw  distinguish- 
ing this  genus  from  all  others  whose  dental  system  is 
known.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one  in 
general  appearance.     See  oliniipii  and  S<'teni>il<m. 

agouti  (a-g(i'ti),  11.    [<F.  agouti,  acouti,  <  Sp. 
aguti,  <  aguti,  acuti,  the  native  Amer.  name.] 


Agouti  {Dasyprocta  agouti). 

The  American  name  of  several  species  of  rodent 
mammals  of  the  genus  Dasyprocta  and  family 
Ilitsi/proetida'.  The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped 
cavy,  D.  agouti,  is  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  The  upper  part 
of  the  body  is  brownish,  with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black  ; 
the  belly  yellowish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all 
peculiar  to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  bur- 
rows in  the  ground  or  in  hollow  trees,  lives  on  vegetables, 
doing  much  injury  to  the  sugar-cane,  is  as  voracious  as  a 
pig,  and  makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  food 
in  its  fore  paws,  like  a  squirrel.  When  scared  or  angry 
its  hair  becomes  erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its 
hind  feet.  Its  flesh  is  white  and  of  agreeable  taste,  and 
the  animal  is  pursued  as  game  in  Brazil.  Also  spelled 
aguti  and  agouti/.     See  aamchy  and  Dasyprocta. 

agracet,  v.  t.    See  aggrace. 

agraffe  (a-graf),  n.  [Also,  as  a  historical 
term,  agrappe,  aggrajipe:  <  1''.  agrafe,  formerly 
agraffe,  "agraphe,  a  clasp,  hook,  brace,  grap- 
ple, hasp"  (Cotgrave),  also  *agrappe  (Walloon 
agrap),  <  a-  +  grappe,  <  ML.  grappa,  <  OHG. 

rlirn/ijii.  <  l.  Irapfi;  ;i  I k:  see  grape,  grapple.  \ 

1 .  A  clasp  or  hook,  used  in  armor  or  in  ordinary 
costume,  fastening  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
modern  hook  ami  eye,  often  made  into  :i  largo 
and  rich  ornament  by  concealing  the  hook  itself 
beneath  a  jeweled,  engraved,  embossed,  or  en- 


Agouta  {Solettodon  paradoxus). 

agouta  (a-gd'tii),  n.  [Native  name.]  An  in- 
sectivorous mammal  peculiar  to  llavti,  the 
type-member  of  the  genus  Solt  nodon  and  of  the 


Agraffe  —  13th  century. 
The  plate  is  in  two  parts ;  a  hook  behind  the  left-hand  piece  enters 
a  ring  behind  the  other.     (From  Viollet-le-Iluc's  "Diet,  du  Mubilier 

fcuiv.is.") 

nmeled  plate:  as,  "an  agraffe  set  with  bril- 
liants," Scott,  Ivanlioe.    Also  agrappe,fermail. 

Amongst  the  treasures  is  the  Oowne  of  Charlemagne. 
tn    .  footehlgh  m  ei iter  and  hand  of  justice,  the  agraffe  of 
Ids   royall   mantle  beset    with   diamonds  and   rubies,   his 
tvord,  belt  and  spurrs  of  gold. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  12,  1043. 

2.  A  device  for  preventing  the  vibration  of 
thai  pari  of  a  piano-string  which  is  between 
the  pin  and  the  bridge. — 3.  A  small  cramp- 
iron  used  by  builders. 

agrammatism  (a-gram'a-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aypa/iuaroc,  without  learning  (<  d-priv.  +  ;/'""- 
liu(T-),  ii  ltdter),  +  -(«/.]      In   palltul.,  inability 

to  form  :i  grammal ical  sentence. 

agrammatism  (a-gram'a-tist),  n.  [As  agram- 
matism +  -ist.]    An  illiterate  person,     Haileg. 

agraphia  (a-graf'i-ji),  «.  [NL.,  <  Or.  a-  priv. 
+  -ypafla,  <  ypdipeiv,  write.]  A  form  of  cere- 
bral disorder  in  which  there  is  a  partial  or  tot :d 
loss  of  the  power  of  expressing  ideas  by  written 
symbols. 


agree 

agraphic  (a-graf 'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acterized by  agraphia. 

agrappe  (a-grap'),  n.     Same  as  agraffe,  1. 

agrarian  (a-gra'ri-an),  a.  and  it.  [<  L.  agra- 
rius,  <  ager,  field,  country,  land,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v. ; 
agrarios  leges,  laws  relating  to  the  division  of 
the  public  lands  among  the  poorer  citizens; 
agrarii,  n.  pi.,  those  who  favored  such  laws.] 
I]  a.  1.  Relating  to  lands,  especially  public 
lands  ;  pertaining  to  the  equal  or  uniform  divi- 
sion of  land. 

His  grace's  landed  possessions  are  irresistibly  inviting  to 
an  agrarian  experiment.  Burke. 

2.  Growing  in  fields ;  wild :  said  of  plants. 
We  believe  that  the  charlock  is  only  an  agrarian  form 

of  Brassica. 

Prof.  Buckman,  Rep.  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  of  Sci.,  1861. 

3.  Rural.— Agrarian  laws,  in  ancient  Rome,  laws 
regulating  the  distribution  of  the  public  lands  among  the 
citizens ;  hence,  in  modern  use,  laws  relating  to  or  provid- 
ing for  changes  in  the  tenure  of  landed  property.— Agra- 
rian murder,  agrarian  outrage,  a  murder  or  an  outrage 
brought  about  by  some  dispute  concerning  the  occupancy 
of  land,  or  by  general  discontent  among  tenants  or  the  rural 
classes.— Agrarian  region,  the  name  proposed  by  11.  C. 
Watson  for  that  altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation  within  which 
grain  can  be  cultivated. 

II.  if.  1.  One  who  favors  an  equal  division 
of  property,  especially  landed  property,  among 
the  inhabitants  of  a  country,  or  a  change  in 
the  tenure  of  land.  Hence,  sometimes  applied  to  agi- 
tators accused  of  leveling  tendencies  or  of  hostile  designs 
against  the  holders  of  property,  as  to  certain  political  par- 
ties at  different  times  in  the  United  States. 

The  new  party  (the  Equal  Eights  party,  1S35,  nicknamed 
Xocofocosl  was  arrayed  in  the  habiliments  of  a  real  bug 
bear.  Agrarians  was  the  accursed  name  to  be  fastened 
on  them,  and  to  make  them  an  abomination  in  the  eyes  of 
all  those  who  took  any  interest  in  law  or  social  order. 

//.  run  Hoist,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.),  II.  397. 

2.  The  land  itself.     [Rare.] 

The  agrarian  in  America  is  divided  among  the  common 
people  in  every  state.  ./.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  359. 

3.  An  agrarian  law.     [Rare.] 
agrarianism  (a-gra'ri-an-izrn),  11.     [<  agrarian 

+  -ism.']  1.  The  principle  or  theory  of  an  equal 
or  uniform  division  of  lands;  more  generally, 
any  theory  involving  radical  changes  in  the 
tenure  of  land,  as  the  denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property  in  it,  and  advocacy  of  its  dis- 
tribution and  control  by  the  government. —  2. 
The  movement  or  agitation  in  favor  of  agrarian 
views,  or  for  the  establishment  of  more  favor- 
able conditions  in  the  use  of  land;  violence  ex- 
ercised in  pursuit  of  this  object. 

Every  county  board,  every  central  council,  however  lim- 
ited its  legal  powers,  may  become  a  focus  for  agrarianism 
or  sedition.  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  319. 

agrarianize  (a-gra'ri-an-Iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
agrarianized,  ppr.  agrarianieing.  [<  agrarian 
+  -fee.  ]  1 .  To  distribute,  as  public  lands,  among 
the  people — 2.  To  imbue  with  ideas  of  agra- 
rianism.    A'.  E.  D. 

Agra  work.    See  work. 

agret,  prep. phr.  as  adr.     See  mine. 

agreablet,  agreabletet.  Obsolete  forms  of 
agret  able,  agreeability. 

agreet,  prep.  pin-,  as  adv.  [<  ME.  agree,  agre 
(also  in  forms  in  grer,  a  I  grer,  to  gree),  <  OF.  a 
gre  (P.  a  gre),  favorably,  according  to  one's 
will,  at  pleasure :  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  at;  gre,  earlier 
gred,  grit,  that  which  pleases,  <  ML.  graliim, 
will,  pleasure,  neut.  of  L.  grains,  pleasing:  see 
gralefiil.  Cf.  agree,  c.]  In  good  part;  kindly; 
in  a  friendly  manner. 

But  toko  -core  alio  1 1  my  play. 

Bom.  of  tin-  Bos,-,  1.  4349. 

agree  (a-gre'),  v.  [<  ME.  agreen,  <  OF.  agreer,  F. 
agrier  =  Pr.  agreiar,  from  the  OF.  phrase  a  gre, 
favorably,  according  to  one's  will,  at  pleasure: 
see  agree,  adv.]  I.  intrans.  A.  With  a  person- 
al or  personified  subject,  in  which  ease  agree 
is  either  used  absolutely  or  is  followed  by  trillt 
before  the  agreeing  object,  and  by  it  pun,  on,  for. 
to,  Or  in,  and  sometimes  if i Hi,  before  the  object 
or  condition  of  the  agreement  ;   I  lie  latter  may 

be  expressed  by  an  infinitive  or  a  clause.    1.  To 

be  of  one  mind;  harmonize  in  opinion  or  feel- 
ing: as,  with  regard  to  the  expediency  of  the 
law  all  the  parties  agree. 

Science  .  .  .  agrees  with  common  sense  in  demanding  a 
belief  in  real  objective  bodies,  really  known  ascauBesof  the 
various  phenomena,  the  laws  and  interrelations  of  which 
it  investigates.  Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  89. 

2.  To  live  in  concord  or  without  contention; 
harmonize  in  action;  be  mutually  accordant 
in  intercourse  or  rclal  ion. 

How  dost  thou  and  thy  master  agree  ' 

ahuk.,  M,  of  V.,  ii.  2. 


agree 

3.  To  some  to  one  opinion  or  mind ;  porno  to  an 
arrangement  or  understanding;  arrive  at  a  set- 
tlement. 

Agree  with  thine  adversarj  quickly.  Mat.  v.  25. 

They  agree,  he  to  command,  they  to  obey. 

.sWii.oi,  Table-Talk,  p.  SS. 

Where  an  ambiguous  question  arises  between  two  gov- 
ernments, there  is,  if  they  cannot  agree,  no  appeal  except 
Iq  force.  Macaulay,  Warren  Bastings. 

Iiidst  no)  thou  'Wire  with  me  for  a  penny?    Mat.  \\    IS. 

hfake  not  n  'it\  feast  of  it,  to  let  the  meal  cool  ere  wo 
can  agree  upon  the  first  place.  Shak,,  X.  of  A.,  iii.  6. 

- ty  seems  to  have  agreed  to  treat  fictions  as  realities, 

and  realities  as  fictions.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

4.  To  yield  assent;  consent;  rarely,  express 
concurrence:  as,  he  agreed  to  accompany  the 
ambassador. 

Agree  to  any  covenants.  Shak.,  l  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

.1  /,, ,'  witli  liis  ilemands  to  the  point. 

Slink.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
The  tyrant  would  have  agreed  to  all  that  the  nation  de- 
manded. Macaulay,  Burleigh. 
B.  With  a  thing  or  things  for  the  subject,  in 
which  ease  agree  now  takes  no  preposition  ex- 
cept with  or  in  after  it,  though  formerly  to  was 
also  so  used.    5.  To  be  consistent;  harmonize; 
not  to  conflict  or  be  repugnant:  as,  this  story 
agrees  with  what  has  been  related  by  others. 
Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mark  \iv.  56. 
When  we  possess  ourselves  with  the  utmost  security  of 
the  demonstration,  that  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle  are 
equal  to  two  right  ones,  what  do  we  more  but  perceive 
that  equality  to  two  right  ones  does  necessarily  agree  to, 
and  is  inseparable  from,  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle? 
Locke,  Human  Understanding,  v.  1. 
A  wild-rose  roofs  the  ruined  shed, 
And  that  and  summer  well  agree. 

Coleridge,  A  Day  Dream. 

6.  To  resemble ;  be  similar;  be  applicable  or 
appropriate;  tally;  match;  correspond;  coin- 
cide: as,  the  picture  does  not  agree  with  the 
original. 

They  all  agree  in  having  for  their  object  deliverance 
from  the  evils  of  time. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  iii.  5. 

Ilis  system  of  theology  agreed  with  that  of  the  Puritans. 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

7.  To  suit ;  be  accommodated  or  adapted :  as, 
the  same  food  does  not  agree  with  every  consti- 
tution.—  8.  Iu  gram.,  to  correspond  in  number, 
case,  gender,  or  person :  as,  a  verb  must  agree 
With  its  subject.  =Syn.  To  accord  (with),  concur  (in), 
subscribe  (to),  promise,  engage,  undertake.  See  list  under 
accede. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  settle;  determine;  arrange. 
He  saw  from  far  .  .  . 

Some  troublous  uprore  or  contentious  fray, 
Whereto  he  drew  in  hast  it  to  agree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  3. 
I  do  believe  the  two  Pretenders  had,  privately,  agrectl 
the  matter  beforehand.  Gray. 

[This  use  of  the  verb  agree  is  now  obsolete  except  in  the 
impersonal  phrase  it  is  agreed,  and  in  a  few  legal  and  busi- 
ness expressions :  as,  the  account  has  been  agreed. 

It  is  thus  agreed 
That  peaceful  truce  shall  be  proclaim'd  in  France. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4.] 
2f.  To  agree  with ;  suit. 

If  harm  agree  me,  wherto  pleyne  I  thenne? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  409. 
Case  agreed  or  stated.  See  easel. 
agreeability  (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [Mod.  form 
of  ME.  agreabiete,  <  OP.  a'greablete  (=Pr.  agra- 
dabletat),  <  agreable  :  see  agreeable  and  -bilitij.] 
The  quality  of  being  agreeable ;  easiness  of 
disposition ;  agreeableness. 

Al  fortune  is  blisful  to  a  man  by  the  agrcablete  or  hy  the 
egalite  of  hym  that  suffereth  it.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

she  was  all  good  humour,  spirits,  sense,  and  agreeabili- 
ty. (Surely  I  may  make  words  when  at  a  loss,  if  Dr.  John- 
son lines.)  '  Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  I.  42. 

agreeable  (a-gre'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  agreable,  <  OF. 
agreable  (F.  agreable),  <  agreer:  see  agree,  v.] 

1.  Suitable;  conformable;  correspondent:  as, 
conduct  agreeable  to  the  moral  law. 

Though  they  embraced  not  this  practice  of  burning,  yei 
entertained  t bey  many  ceremonies  agreeable  iint>.  Greek 
and  Roman  obsequies.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  i. 

(In  this  sense  agreeable  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for 
agreeably  as,  agret  able  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  house 
look  up  the  report  of  the  committee.] 

2.  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  to  the  senses ; 
to  one's  liking:  as,  agreeable  manners;  fruit 
agreeable  to  the  taste. 

There  was  something  extremely  agreeable  in  the  cheer- 
ful How  of  animal  spirits  of  the  little  man. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  200. 

My  idea  of  an  agreeable  person,  said  Hugo  P.olniu,  is  a 
person  who  agrees  with  me.  JHsraeli, 

3.  Willing  or  ready  to  agree  or  consent:  now 
used  only  or  chiefly  as  a  colloquialism. 

These  Frenchmen  give  unto  the  said  captain  of  Calais  a 
great  sum  of  money,  so  that  he  will  be  but  content  and 
agreeable  that  they  may  enter  into  the  said  town. 

Latimer. 


117 

I'llmeet  you  there,  and  bring  my  wife  that  is  to  be.  .  .  . 
ifou're  agreeable)  Dickens. 

4t-  Agreeing  one  with  another ;  concordant. 

These  manifold  and  agreeable  testimonies  of  tl Ide 

and  new  writers.  Author  of  1596,  quoted  by  F.  Hall. 

Syn.  1.  Fitting,  befitting,  appropriate,  consonant  (with). 
-   2.  Pleasing,  etc.    See  pleasant. 
agreeableness  (a-gre'a-bl-nes),  n.    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agreeable.    («)  Suitablem 
conformity;  consistency:  as.  the  ageeeutdem^  of  virtue 
to  the  laws  nt  God,    (0)  Tin-  quality  of  phasing;   that 
quality  which  gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to 
tin-  mind  or  senses :  as,  agreeableness  of  manners ;  there  i 
mi  agreeableness  in  the  taste  of  certain  fruits. 

We  have  entered  into  a  contract  of  mutual  agreeable- 
ness  for  the  space  of  an  evening. 

Jan:  A"..t.  ,,,  Xorthanger  Abbey,  x. 

(ct)  Concordance  ;  harmony  ;  agreement. 

The  agreeableness  between  man  and  other  parts  of  crea- 
tion. Grew,  Cosmologia Sacra. 

agreeably  (a-gre'a-bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  agreable- 
ly :  see  agreeable  and  -ly2.]  In  an  agreeable 
manner,    (a)  Suitably;  consistently;  conformably.   See 

remark  under  agreeable,  1. 

The  effect  of  which  is,  that  marriages  grow  less  frequent, 
agreeably  to  the  maxim  above  laid  down.  Paley. 

Reason  requires  us,  when  we  speak  of  Christianity,  to 
expound  the  phrase  agreeably  to  history,  if  we  mean  to 
claim  on  its  behalf  the  authority  of  civilized  man. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  1S9. 
(b)  Pleasingly ;  in  an  agreeable  manner ;  in  a  manner  to 
give  pleasure:  as,  to  be  agreeably  entertained  with  a  dis- 
course. 

The  years  which  lie  [Temple]  spent  at  the  Hague  seem 
...  to  have  passed  very  agreeably. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

We  were  also  most  agreeably  surprised  by  the  beauty  of 
the  scenery.  Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xxii. 
(ct)  Alike  ;  ill  the  same  or  a  similar  manner ;  similarly. 

With  hem  that  every  fortune  receyven  agreablely  or 
egaly  [equally].  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

Armed  both  agreeably.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  3. 

agreeinglyt  (a-gre'ing-li),  arlr.  In  conformity 
to.    Sheldon. 

agreement  (a-gre'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  agrement, 
<  OF.  agrement,  P.  agrement:  see  agree,  v.,  and 
-men*.]  1.  The  state  of  agreeing  or  of  being 
in  accord,  (a)  Concord ;  harmony ;  conformity ;  resem- 
blance ;  suitableness. 

What  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols? 

2  Cor.  vi.  16. 

Knowledge  is  represented  as  the  perception  of  the 
agreement  or  repugnance  of  our  ideas,  not  with  things, 
but  with  one  another;  in  some  cases  the  agreement  bring 
seen  intuitively  or  directly,  and  in  others  by  a  process  in 
which  there  may  be  more  or  less  certainty. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory,  §  2. 

(6)  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments  ;  harmony  in  feeling  ; 
absence  of  dissension  :  as,  a  good  agreement  subsists  among 
the  members  of  the  council. 

With  dim  lights  and  tangled  circumstance  they  tried  to 
shape  their  thought  and  deed  in  noble  agreement. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Prelude. 
(r)  In  grain.,  correspondence  of  words  in  respect  of  num- 
ber, gender,  etc.  See  agree,  i\,  I.,  8.  (d)  In  logic,  capability 
of  being  true  together :  said  of  terms. 

2.  The  act  of  coining  to  a  mutual  arrangement ; 
a  bargain,  contract,  covenant,  or  treaty:  as,  he 
made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

Make  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present. 

2  Ki.  xviii.  31. 

An  agreement,  if  it  involve  an  unlawful  act  or  the  pre- 
vention of  lawful  acts  on  the  part  of  others,  is  plainly  un- 
lawful. Woolsey,  Int.rod.  to  Iuter.  Law,  §  42. 

3.  Agreeable  quality  or  circumstance ;  agree- 
ableness: generally  in  the  plural.  [A  Galli- 
cism, now  often  written  as  French,  agreements.'] 

This  figure,  says  he,  wants  a  certain  gay  air;  it  has  none 
of  those  charms  and  agreements. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  III.  52. 

Agreement  for  insurance,  an  agreement  preliminary  to 
the  filling  out  and  delivery  of  a  policy 
with  specilic  stipulations.  — External 
agreement.  See  external. — Memo- 
randum Of  agreement.  See  memoran- 
dum,—Method  of  agreement.  See 
method.— Non-importation  agree- 
ment, an  agreement  made  between  the 
American  colonies  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
20,  1774,  not  to  import  anything  from 
or  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land nr  the  West  Indies.  This  action  was 
taken  by  way  of  retaliation  fort  lie  passage 
bj  Parliament  of  certain  acts  for  raising 
revenue  in  America. 

agreget,  agregget,  "■  See  ag- 
greage. 

agrenon  (a-gro'non),  n.  [Gr. 
aypr/vov,  a  net,  a  net-like  woolen 
robe.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  net-like 
woolen  garment  worn  by  bac- 
chanals and  soothsayers. 

agrestial  (a-gres'tial),  a.    [<L. 
agrestis:   see   agrestic.]      1.   In- 
habiting the  fields.— 2.  In  bot.,  growing  wild 
in  cultivated  land.     [Rare.] 


Torso  of  Apollo 
wearing  the  Aere- 
ii. ii,  found  it  Ha- 
drian's  Villa  ncai 
Tivoli. 


agriculturist 

agrestic  (a-gres'tik),  a.  [<  L.  agrestis,  rural, 
rustic,  <  ager,  field:  Bee  agrarian  and  uc,*.] 
Rural;  rustic ;  pertaining  In  fields  or  I  he  coun- 
try; unpolished.     [Rare.] 

i'owlr\  retreated  into  solitude,  where  he  found  none  of 
the  agrestic  charms  of  the  landscapes  of  bis  muse. 

/.  D'Israeli,  CaJam.  nt  Authors,  1.64. 

agrestical  (a-gres'ti-kal),  ".    Same  as  agrestic. 

agrevet,  ».  <•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  aggi 

agria  (ag'ri-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  aypiog,  wild, 
savage,  malignant,  <  ay/wic,  field,  =  E.  acre,  q. 
v.]     Same  as  herpes. 

agricolationt  (a-grii-o-la'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  agri- 
ctiltttio(n-),  <  agrieolairi,  cultivate  land,  <  agri- 
cola,  a  cultivator  of  land,  farmer:  see  agricole.] 
Cultivation  of  the  soil.     Cockt  rum. 

agricole  (ag'ri-kol),  n.  [<  P.  agricole,  <  L.  agri- 
cola,  j.  farmer,  <  ager,  field  (see  acre),  +  cult  re, 
till.]  A  husbandman ;  arustie.  .X.K.I).  [Rare.] 

agricolistt  (a-grik'o-list),  ».  [<  L.  agricola, 
fanner  .(see  agricole)',  +  -ist.]  An  agriculturist. 

Tlte  pasture  and  the  food  of  plants 
First  let  the  young  agrieolist  be  taught. 

Dodsley's  Coll.  of  Poems,  Agriculture. 

agricolous  (a-grik'6-lus),  a.  [<  L.  agricola, 
farmer  (see  agricole),  +  -ous.]  Agricultural. 
Sydney  Smith. 

agricultor  (ag'ri-kul-tor),  n.  [L.,  better  written 
separately,  agricultor,  tiller  of  land:  agri,  gen. 
of  ager,  laud,  field  (see  acre);  cultor,  tiller,  < 
colere,  till,  cultivate.  Cf.  agricole.]  A  tiller  of 
the  ground;  a  farmer;  a  husbandman.     [Rare.] 

agricultural  (ag-ri-kiu'tur-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  connected  with,  or  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  transition  from  the  pastoral  to  the  agricultural  life 
has  almost  always  been  effected  by  means  of  slavery. 

D.  \V.  Boss,  German  Land-holding,  p.  3. 

Agricultural  ant,  a  kind  of  ant  which  clears  the  ground 
of  verdure  in  the  vicinity  of  its  nest.  Such  a  species  is 
Pogonomyrmex  barbatus  of  Texas,  which  cuts  down  all 
the  herbage  within  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  its  nest. —  Agri- 
cultural chemistry,  a  branch  of  chemistry  treating  of 
the  composition  anil  chemical  properties  of  plants,  soils, 
manures,  feeding-stuffs  for  cattle,  etc.— Agricultural 
Children  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1S73  (3ti  and  :;7  Vict. 
c.  07)  which  restricts  the  employment  of  children  in  agri- 
cultural work  and  provides  for  their  education.— Agri- 
cultural engine,  a  portable  steam-motor  for  general  work 
on  a  farm.  See  traction-engine  and  .•.tcaut-jilotr.-  Agri- 
cultural Gangs  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1867  (30  and 
31  Vict.  c.  130)  which  regulates  the  contracting  of  women 
■unl  children  to  labor  on  farms.— Agricultural  geology, 
that  branch  of  geology  which  treats  of  the  resources  of  a 
country  in  respect  of  soils,  subsoils,  subjacent  strata,  and 
mineral  manures.  —  Agricultural  Holdings  Acts,  two 
English  statutes  of  ls7.">and  1883,  as  to  the  relation  of  land- 
lord  and  tenant,  the  settlement  of  their  disputes,  and  com- 
pensation for  improvements.  — Agricultural  society,  a 
society  for  promoting  agricultural  interests,  such  as  the 
improvement  of  land,  of  implements,  of  the  breeds  of  cat- 
tle, etc. 
agriculturalist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist),  n.  [<  ag- 
ricultural +  -ist.  Cf.  naturalist.]  Same  as  agri- 
culturist. 

Every  truly  practical  man,  whether  be  be  merchant, 
mechanic,  or  agriculturalist,  transmutes  his  experience 
into  intelligence,  until  bis  will  operates  with  the  celerity 
of  instinct.  Whipple,  Lit.  and  Life,  p.  194. 

agriculturally  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-i),  adv.  Asre- 
gards  agriculture  or  agricultural  purposes. 

The  dissolved  constituents  of  sewage  — by  far  the  most 
valuable  portion  agriculturally, 

Sci.  Aim  r.  Supp.,  XXII.  S830. 

agriculture  (ag'ri-kul-tur),  «.  [<  F.  agricul- 
ture,<.  L.  agricultura,  better  written  separately, 
agri  eultnra,  tilling  of  land:  agri,  gen.  of  ager, 
field;  eultura,  tilling,  cultivation:  see  agricultor 
and  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  the  ground; 
espeeially,cultivation  with  the  plow  and  in  largo 
areas  in  order  to  raise  food  for  man  and  boast  ; 
husbandry;  tillage;  farming.  Theoretical agricul- 
tt*rs,orthe  theory  of  agriculture,i&&  science  comprehending 
in  its  scope  the  nature  and  properties  of  soils,  the  different 
sorts  nt  plaids  and  seeds  litted  for  them,  the  composition 
and  qualities  of  manures,  and  the  rotation  of  crops,  and 
involving  a  knowledge  of  chemistry,  geology,  and  kindred 
scii  in  is.  Practical  agriculture,  or  husbandry,  is  an  art 
comprehending  all  the  labors  of  the  field  and  of  the  farm- 
yard, such  as  preparing  the  land  for  the  reception  <•!  the 
seed  or  plants,  sowing  and  planting,  rearing  and  gathering 
the  crops,  care  of  fruit-trees  and  domestic  animals,  dis- 
position of  products,  etc.-  Bachelor  of  agriculture,  a 
degree,  corresponding  to  bachelor  of  arts  or  of  science, 
conferred  by  agricultural  colleges,  often  abbreviated  to 
B.  A  gr.— chamber  of  Agriculture,  an  association  oi 
agriculturists  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  and  protect- 
ing tin  Interests  of  agriculture.— Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  See  de- 
partment. 

agriculturism  (ag-ri-kul'tur-izin),  n.  [<  agri- 
culture +  -ism.]  The  art  or  science  of  agricul- 
ture.    [Rare.] 

agriculturist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist),  n.  [<  agricul- 
ture +  -ist.]  One  occupied  in  cultivating  the 
ground;  a  husbandman.  Also  written  agricul- 
turalist. 


agriculturist 

They  preferred  the  produce  "f  their  Hocks  to  that  of 
their  lands,  and  were  shepherds  instead  <>t  agriculturists. 

Buckle,  t  i\ ili/.ation,  II.  i. 

Ceesar tells  us  that  the  natives  [of  Britain]  in  his  time 
u  re  nui  generally  n  iriculturists,  but  lived  on  milk  and 
meat,  and  clothed  themselves  with  skins. 

G    /,  iwlinson,  Origin  <>1  Nations,  p.  134. 

agrieft  (a-gref),  prep.  i>l<r.  as  adv.    [ME.  also 

agreef,  agref,  agri  ve;  <  a'-'  +  grief.']    1.  In  grief. 

Chaucer.  —  2.      Amiss; 

unkindly.    Chaucer. 
agrievancet,    agrievet. 

See      aggrievance,      ag- 

grievt . 
a'  griffes  (a  gref).     [F. : 

a,  to,  with ;  griffes,  pi. 

oigriffe,  claw:  see  griff.] 

(Held   or    secured)    by 

claws  or  clamps,  as  a 

stone   in   a   ring.     The 

clamps    used    for    this 

purpose  in  ancient  jewelry  are  often  of  con- 
siderable size  and  of  decorative  form. 
Agrilus  (ag'ri-lus),   n.      [XL.,  based  on  Gr. 

u;  n5f,  field,    Cf.  Agrotis.]    A  genus  of  buprestid  agriopodid  (ag-ri-op'o-did), 


Agraffe 


with  the  centra]  stone 
unted  A  griffes. 


Agrilus  rufuoWs. 

a.  anal  end  of  body  of  larva;  r\  larva  ;  c,  beetle.     (The  vertical 

lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

beetles  comprising  numerous  species  distrib- 
uted all  over  the  globe  in  the  temperate  and 
tropical  zones.  Tiny  may  at  once  he-  distinguished 
from  most  other  genera  of  Buprestidoehy  their  very  Blender 
elongate  form,  the  body  beingusuallyof  auniform  coppery 
or  hmnze  color.  In  the  larval  state  most  of  them  live  in 
the  terminal  twigs  of  deciduous  trees,  often  doing  consider- 
able damage,  and  a  few  also  live  in  the  stems  of  herbaceous 
plants.  The  red-necked  raspberry  buprestid,  Agrilus  rufi. 
cullis  (Fabricius),  causes  large  excrescences  or  galls  on  the 
raspberry,  kn«  twn  as  the 
raspberry  gouty-gall. 

agrimensor  (ag-ri- 
men'sor),  n. ;  pi. 
agrimensores{-men- 
so'rez).  [L.,  <  ager 
(see  acre)  +  men- 
sor,  <  metiri,  pp. 
mensus,  to  mea- 
sure.] In  Bom. 
antiq.,  a  land-sur- 
veyor. 

There  was  a  disin- 
clination on  the  part  of 
tie   G  ter  to 

he  satisfied  with  a  mere 
approximation,  were  it 
ever  so  close  ;  ami  the 
unscientific  agrimensor 
shirked  the  labour  in- 
volved in  acquiring  the 
knowledge  which  was 
indispensable  for  [earn- 
ing trigonometrical  cal* 
culati 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  $9. 

agrimony    (ag'ri- 
mo-ni),  h.     [<  ME.  agrimony,  egrimony,  agri- 
moyru ,  egremoyne,  egremoundt ,  etc. ;  <  <  >F.  aigre- 
moine,  <   L.  agrimonia,  a  false  reading  of  a'rge- 
monia  ( I'liny),  a  plant  similar  to  another  called 
arm  mone  ( I  'liny  ),<  Gr.  dp;  i  u£n>n,  a  cerl  a  in  pla  nt, 
also  tip;  ua,  a  white  speck  in  the  eye, 
for  which  I  his  plant  is  said  to  have  been  re- 
garded as  a  cure.  (  apydr,  white,  shining.]     The 
general  name  oi  plants  of  the  genus  Agrimonia, 
natural  order  'Rosacea,  which  includes  several 
'  i';s  of  the  norl  In  m   hemisphere  and  South 
America.    1 ,  <.  an  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves, 
yi  ii""   flowi  i      and  a  rigid  i  alj «  tube  besi  i  above  with 
i  hi   common  agrimony,  A,  Eupatoria, 
1  <  nited  states,  was  formerly  of  much 

reput  M-  leaves  and  root-stock  arc  astrin- 

'-■'  nt     I  I!"    I  HI'  ' 


Acfrimonv  {Agrimonia  Eupatoria), 
snowing  bnincfi,  flowering  spray,  and 

fruit. 


IIS 

agriology  (ag-ri-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<Gr.  ayptog,  wild, 
savage  ((aypdc,  field),  +  -Aoyla,  (.Aiyetv,  speak: 

see  -ologij.]      The   comparative    study   of   the 
customs  of  man  in  his  uncivilized  state. 

Agrion  (ag'ri-on),  it.  [NL.,  <  Or.  aypwc,  liviug 
in  the  fields,  <.aypoc,  a  held.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Agrionidie  or  group  Ag'rionina.  A. 
sauciuni  is  ml,  variegated  with  black. 

agrionid  (ag-ri-on'id),  v.  A  dragon-fly  of  the 
family  Agrionidce. 

Agriohidas  (ag-ri-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
on +  -iilic]  A  family  of  nenropterous  insects, 
or  dragon-flies,  closely  related  to  the  Libellu- 
liila;  of  the  group  Odonata,  order  Xcnroptera  : 
named  from  a  leading  genus,  Agrion,  a  species 
of  which,  A.  puetta,  is  the  common  blue  dragon- 
fly of  Britain. 

Agrionina  (ag"ri-o-m'nii),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
on +  -ina.]  A  group  of  dragon-flies,  typified  by 
the  genus  Agrion  and  corresponding  to  the 
family  Agrionida;  comprising  small  slender- 
bodied  forms  with  metallic  hues,  whose  larva? 
have  external  leaf-like  gills, 

re.     A  fish  of  the 
family  Agriopodida . 

Agrio'podidae  (ag"ri-o-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Agriopus(-pod-)  +  -iaa>.]  Afamilyof acanthop- 
terygiau  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Agri- 
opus.  It  includes  those  Cottoidea  in  which  the  dorsal  fin 
is  very  long,  commencing  on  the  nape,  and  consisting  of 
an  elongated  aeanthopterous  and  short  arthropterous  por- 
tion ;  the  anal  finis  short ;  the  ventrals  are  thoracic  and 
well  developed,  and  have  1  spine  and  5  soft  rays;  the  head 
is  compressed,  with  small  mouth  and  lateral  eyes;  the 
branchial  apertures  are  separated  by  an  isthmus;  the 
trunk  is  nuchadiform  and  compressed;  and  the  vertebra] 
are  numerous  (for  example,  Is  abdominal  and  21  caudal). 

Agriopus  (a-gri'o-pus),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dyp/oc, 
wild,  savage,  +  irovc  (iro6-)  =E./oot,  as  assumed 
in  the  deriv.  form  Agriop'odiikv,  but  iu  intention 
prob.  uvj  (utt-),  face,  appearance.]  A  genus  of 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Agriopodidm.  A.  tonus,  the  sea-horse,  is  about  -2  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  on  the  shores  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.    Also  called  Agriopes. 

agriot,  n.     See  egriot. 

Agriotes  (a-gri'o-tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypi&rne, 
wildness,  iayptoc,  wild,<dy/0(5c,  field.]  Agenus 
of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family  Elateridm 
(click-beetles  or  snapping-beetles),  of  the  peu- 
tamerous  division  of  the  order  Coleoptera.    The 

larv f  several  species,  as  the  liritish.l.  Ivneatus,  are  well 

known  as  wire-worms.    See  cut  under  wire-worm. 

agrippa  (a-grip'a),  re. ;  pi.  agrippa,  (-§).  [NL. 
Cf.  L.  Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  In 
obstet. :  (a)  A  person  born  with  the  feet  fore- 
most,    (b)  Foot-presentation;  a  footling  case. 

Agrippinian  (ag-ri-pin'i-an),  «.  [<  LL.  Agrip- 
piniani,  pi.,  <  Agrippinus,  a  personal  name,  <L. 
Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  Ecclcs.,  a 
follower  of  Agrippinus,  bishop  of  Carthage, 
probably  late  in  the  second  century,  who  taught 
that  apostates  should  be  rebaptized. 

agriset,  V.  [<  ME.  agrisen  (sometimes  misspell- 
ed agri/scn),  pret.  agros,  shudder,  be  terrified.  < 
AS.  dgrisan,  pret.  "dgrds,  shudder,  be  terrified, 
<  a-  +  *f/risaii,  >  early  ME.  arisen,  pret.  gros, 
shudder,  bo  terrified:  see  grisly.]  I.  Iran's.  1. 
To  cause  to  shudder  or  tremble;  terrify;  dis- 
gust. 

All  where  was  nothing  heard  but  hideous  cries, 
And  pitious  plaints,  that  did  the  harts  agrise. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 
2.  To  abhor.  Chaucer.— 3.  To  make  frightful; 
disfigure. 

Bngrost  with  mud  which  did  them  fowle  agrise. 

Spenser,  F.  (,.,  II.  vi.  4fi. 
II.  intrans.   To  shudder;  tremble  with  fear; 
be  much  moved. 

There  sawc  I  sochc  tempest  arise, 
That  eviy  herte  might  agrise, 
To  se  it  paintid  on  the  wall. 

Chomcer,  Mouse  of  Fame,  1.  210. 

She  nought  agros.        Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  930. 

agrodolce  (ag-ro-dol'che),  n.     [It.,  <  agro  (<  L. 

acer,  sharp,  bout)  +  do/n;  <  L.  dulcis,  sweet.] 

A  compound  formed  by  mixing  sour  and  sweet 

things. 

Agrodolce  ...  is  a  blending  of  sweets  and  sours,  and 
'    in  nil'  by  Btewing  in  a  rich  gravy  prunes,  Corinth  cur- 
rants, almonds,  pine-kernels,  raisins,  vinegar,  and  wine 
Daaliam,  Prose  Halieutlcs,  p.  62,    (.v.  E.  D.) 


Agrotis 

assign,  administer;  in  a  special  use,  to  feed  or 
graze  cattle.]     An  agronomist. 
agronomial  (ag-ro-no'mi-al),  a.    Same  as  agro- 
nomic. 

Rapid  as  was  1 nard's  survey,  his  rural  eye  detected 

tlie  signs  of  a  master  in  the  art  agronomial. 

Bulwer,  My  Novel,  v.  ± 
agronomic  (ag-ro-nom'ik),  fl.       [<  agronomi  + 
■4c.]     Relating  to  agronomy,  or  the  manage- 
ment of  farms. 
Maximsof <wn./i'im/rw isdom     l>  It.  ufitchellfWei  Days. 

agronomical  (ag-ro-nom'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
agronomic. 

The  experience  of  British  agriculture  has  shown  that 
the  French  agronomical  division  of  the  soil  is  infinitely 
less  profitable  .  .  .  than  that  prevailing  in  this  country. 
Edinburyh  Rev.,  CIII.  !)4. 

agronomics  (ag-ro-nom'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  agro- 
nomic: see  -ics.]  The  science  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farms ;  that  division  of  the  science  of 
political  economy  which  treats  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farming  lands. 
agronomist  (a-gron'o-mist),  re.  [<  agronomi/ 
+  -ist.~\  One  who  is  engaged  in  the  study  of 
agronomy,  or  the  management  of  lands.         * 

An  impartial  foreign  agronomi*!.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

M.  J.  A.  Barral,  a  distinguished  French  chemist  and 
agronomist.  J'np.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXVI.  2s.s. 

agronomy  (a-gron'o-mi),  ».  [<  F.  agronomic,  < 
Gr.  as  if  *aypovouia,  <  a) povduoc :  see  agronome.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground;  agriculture. 

agrope  (a-gror/),  prep.  pur.  as  adv.  [<  o3  + 
grope]     Gropingly. 

Three  women  crept  at  break  of  day, 
Agrope  along  the  shadowy  way 
Where  Joseph's  tomb  and  garden  lay. 

M.  J.  Preston,  Myrrh-bearers. 

agrost.     Preterit  of  agrise. 

Agrostemma  (ag-ro-stem'a),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aypoc,  field,  +  cripfia,  a  wreath:  see  stemiiia.] 
A  Linnean  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
( 'aryophyllact  m.  It  is  now  generally  regarded  as  a  sec- 
tion of  the  genus  Lychnis,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the 
elongated  segments  of  the  calyx,  and  in  the  petal's  being 
without  scales.  A.  (/,.)  Githago,  the  common  corn-cockle, 
with  large  entire  purple  petals,  is  the  only  species  belong- 
ing to  the  section  as  now  limited.  There  are  several  va- 
rieties in  cultivation. 

Agrostis  (a-gros'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  agrostis, 

<  Gr.  ayiucrTic,  couch-grass  (cf.  ayguarijc,  nearly 
equiv.  to  L.  agrestis,  rural,  of  the  field:  see 
agrestic),  <  aypdr,  a  field,  the  country.]  A  large 
genus  of  grasses,  distributed  over  the  globe,  and 
valuable  especially  for  pasturage.  The  English 
species  are  known  as  bent-grass.  The  marsh-bent,  A.alba, 
was  at  one  time  widely  known  as  florin.  A.  vulgaris,  cul- 
tivated for  both  hay  and  pasturage,  is  called  in  America 
red-top,  or  sometimes  herds-grass.    See  bent-. 

agrostographer  (ag-ros-tog'ra-fer),  re.  Awriter 
upon  grasses. 

agrostographic  (a-gros-to-graf 'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  agrostography. 

agrostographical  (a-gros-to-graf'i-kal),  a. 
.Same  as  Agrostographic. 

agrostography  (ag-ros-tog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aypaortr,  couch-grass  (see  Agrostis),  +  -}/iap/a, 

<  ypaipeiv,  write.]     A  description  of  grasses. 
agrostologic  (a-gros-to-loj'ik),  a.    Relating  or 

pertaining  to  agrostology. 
agrostological   (a-gros-to-loj'i-kal),  a.      Same 

as  agrostologic. 
agTOStologist  (ag-ros-tol'6-jist),  n.    One  skilled 

in  agrostology.    Encyc.  Brit. 

agrostology  (ag-ros-tol'o-ji),  re.  [<  Gr.  aypuartc, 
couch-grass  (see  Agrostis),  +  -Aoyia,  <  /Kiyecv, 
speak  of:  see  -ology.]  That  part  of  botany 
which  relates  to  grasses. 

Agrotis  (a-gro'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-jguTnc,  of 
the  field,  wild,  <  ayp6c,  field.]  Agenus  of  moths, 
of  the  family  Xvctiiida;  comprising  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  night-flying  moths,  chiefly  distin- 


agrin  (argnn  ),prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<et:!agrom   (ag'rpm),  re.     [Appar.  from  Cujarati 

+  grin.  |      In   the  acl    "i    slat.ef  grinning;   on  agriiii,    ulceration  of  tin-   tongue  from   chronic 

the  rmn:  as.  ■•liis  visage  all  agrin,"  Tennyson,  disease  of  the  alimentary  canal.]     The  native 

agriological  (as  ri  o  loj'i-kal),  a.    of  or  per-  name  in  India  for  a  rough  and  cracked  con 

taining  to  agriology.  dition  of  the   tongue  not  uncommon   in   that 

agriologist  (ag-n-ol'o-jist),  n.     \<  agriology  +  country. 

-"'•I    "in  «in,  make-  b  comparative  study  of  agronome  (ag'ro-nom),  re.     [<  F.  agronome.i 

humtin  customs,  especially  or  the  customs  of  Or.  aypov6/toc,  an  overseer  of  the  public  lands, 

man  in  a  rude  or  uncivilized  state.   Max  Midler,  aypdvopoc,  rural,  <  aypig,  field,  +  vipxiv,  deal  out , 


W-markecl  Cutworm  {Agrotis  ,  tttttdestina,  Harris    and  Greasy 
Cutworm  Moth  [ Agrotis yfsilon,  Hubner),  natural  size. 


Agrotis 
guished  by  their  somber  colors  and  as  being  the 


119 


parents  of  worms  injurious  to  agrioulture,  espe- 
cially the  differenl  cutworms.  Sec  cutworm. 
aground  (a-ground'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[ME.  agrounde,  also  on  grounds;  <  a3,  on,  + 
ground.}  1.  < )n  tlie  ground ;  stranded:  an 
tieal  term  signifying  that  the  bottom  of  a  ship 
rests  "ii  the  ground  for  want  of  sufficient  depth 
oJ  water:  opposed  to  afloat. —  2.  Figuratively, 
brought  toa  stop  for  want  ofresources,  matter, 
and  The  like:  as,  the  speaker  is  aground. 

The  Administration  are  now  in  fact  a  ground  &\  the  pitch 
of  high  tide,  and  a  spring  tide  too. 

II.  Adams,  Gallatin,  p.  431. 

agroupment,  n.    See  aggroupment. 

agrypnia  (a-grip'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypvmia, 
Xaypmvoc,  sleepless:  see  Agrypnus.]  Sleep- 
lessness; insomnia;  morbid  wakefulness  or 
vigilance. 

agrypnocoma  (a-grip-no-ko'rna),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aypvnvoc,  sleepless  (see  Agrypnus),  +  Kaiua, 


coma.]    A  lethargic  or  partly  comatose  state 
between  natural  sleep  and  coma.     [Rare.] 
agrypnotic  (ag-rip-not'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  F. 
Ogrypnotique  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of 


ague-bark  (a'gu-bark),   n.    The  bark  of  the 

wafer-ash,  Ptelea  trifoliata. 
ague-cake  (a'gu-kak),   n.    An    enlarged    and 

hardened  spleen,  Hie  consequence  of  intermit 
tent  and  remit  lent   levei-s. 
branded:  a  nan-  ague-drop  (a'gu-drop),  n.    A  solution  of  the  ar- 
senite  of  potassium:  the  liquor potassii  arseni- 
tis  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,    it  is 
also  known  aa  Fowl  r's  solution,  and  is  much  employed  aa 
:i  remedy  in  intermittent  fever, 
ague-fit  (a'gu-fit),  n.    A  paroxysm  of  cold  or 
shivering:  a  sharp  attack  of  chilliness. 

This  ague-fit  of  fear  is  over-blown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

ague-grass  uVgii-grus),  n.     The  plant  blazing- 
star,  Aletris  farinosa.    Also  called  ague-root. 

ague-proof  (a'gu-prof),  a.    Proof  against  ague. 
I  am  not  ague^groof.  Shak.,  Lenr.  iv.  U. 

ague-root  (a'gu-rot),  n.    Same  as  ague-grass. 

aguerriedt  (a-ger'id),  a.     [<  F.  aguerrir,  to 
make  warlike,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  guerre,  war: 
see  guerrilla.]    Inured  to  the  hardships  of  war; 
instructed  in  the  art  of  war. 
An  army 


,  the  best  aguerried  of  any  troops  in  laimpe. 
Lord  Lyttelton,  Hist.  Hen.  II. 


hypnotique,  hypnotic),  <  Gr.  hypvirvTrriKAc,  wake-  aeue-spell  (a'gu-spel),  n.     A  spell  or  charm  to 


fill,  <  aypmtveiv,  be  wakeful,  <  aypvmioe,  wakeful : 
see  Agrypnus.]  I.  a.  Sleep-preventing;  caus- 
ing wakefulness. 

II.   n.    In  med.,  something  which  tends  to 
drive  away  sleep;  an  antihypnotic. 
Agrypnus  (a-grip'nus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  hypm 


wakeful,  sleepless,  <  aypeiieiv,  aypelv,  hunt.  agUe.weed   (a'gu-wed) 


cure  or  prevent  ague. 

His  pills,  his  balsams,  and  his  ague  ■/"  lis. 

Gan,  Pastorals,  vi. 

ague-tree  (a'gu-tre),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  sassafras  on  account  of  its  supposed 
febrifugal  qualit  ies. 


seek,  +  v-vor,  sleep.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Elateridw;  one  of  those 
genera  of  insects  whose  destructive  larvas  are 
known  as  wire-worms. 

agt.  Acontractiou  (a)  of  agent  and  (6)  of  against. 

agua  (ii'gwa),  n.     Same  as  agua-toad. 

aguara  (a-gwa'ra),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  the  maned  dog  of  South  America,  Canisjuha- 
tus.    Also  called  guara  and  culpeu. 

aguardiente  (a-gwiir-di-en'te),  n.  [Sp.,  contr. 
otaguaardiente,  burning  water:  agua,\  U.aqua, 
water  (see  aipia);  ardiente,  ppr.  of  order,  <  L. 
ardere,  burn  (see  ardent)."]  1.  A  brandy  made 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  generally  from  grapes. 
— 2.  In  general,  in  Spanish  countries,  any  spir- 
ituous liquor  for  drinking.  In  California  and  New 
Mexico  the  name  is  applied  to  American  whisky,  and  in 
Mexico  to  pulque  (which  see). 

agua-toad  (ii'gwa-tod),  n.  [<  NL.  agua,  the 
specific  name  (appar.  of  native  origin),  +  E. 


1 


m 


Agua-toad  [Bu/o marinus). 

toad.]     The  Bufo  marinus  or  /.'.  agua,  a  very 


1.  The  common 
boneset  of  tho  United  States,  Eupatorium  per- 
foliatum. —  2.  A  species  of  gentian,  CrenUana 
quinqueflora. 

aguey  (a'gu-i),  a.  [<  ague  +  -yl.]  Aguish. 
X.  E.  />. 

aguilert,  «■  [<  ME.  aguler,  aguiler.i  OF.  aguiU 
ler,  aguillier,  mod.  aiguillier  (=  Pr.  aguliarie 
(Roquefort),  a  needle-case;  cf.  aguUier,  needle- 
maker)^  aguile,  aiguille,  F.  aiguille,  needle :  see 
aiguille.]  A  needle-case.  Bom.  oftheBose,  1.98. 

agiiiltt  (a-gilf),  «•     [<  ME.  agilten,   agylten, 

agulten,  <  AS.  dgyltan,  be  guilty,  <  a-  +  gyltan  : 

see  fl-1  and  guilt'.]     I.  intrans.  To  be  guilty  of. 

Tiling  of  which  they  nevere  agilte  hyre  lyve. 

( 'ho  a,;  r,  ITol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1,  392. 

II.  trans.  To  sin  against ;  offend. 
Wlii  hastow  mad  Troylus  to  me  untriste 
That  nevere  yet  agylte  liyni  that  I  wyste? 

Chancer,  TroUus,  iii    S4.0 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  "•  [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
guise.]     Dress. 

Their  fashions  and  brave  agguize. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  7. 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  v.  t.    [See  aguise,  ».] 
To  dress;  adorn. 
And  that  deare  Crosse  uppon  your  shield  devizd, 
Wherewith  above  all  Knights  ye  goodly  seeme  atmizd. 
Spenser,  F.  I).,  II.  i.  31. 

agnish. (a'gu-ish),  o.  [<  ague  +  -ish1.]  1.  Chil- 
ly; somewhat  cold  or  shivering. — 2.  Having 
the  qualities  of  an  ague:  as,  an  aguish  fever. 

Her  aguish  love  now  glnws  and  bums.  Granville. 

3.  Productive  of  agues :  as,  an  aguish  locality. 
Through  chill  aguish  gloom  outburst 
The  comfortable  sun.         Keats,  Bndymion,  111. 


4.  Subject  to  ague, 
large  and  common  South  American  toad,  with  aguishness  (a'gu-ish-nes),  n.  The  condition  of 
enormous  parotid  glands.     It  is  one  of  the  noisiest    being  aguish"  chilliness. 
Of  its  tribe,  uttering  a  loud  snoring  kind  of  bellow,  chiefly  ■""     '     ',  Sfi„  „-,,.;„, 

during  the  night.   It  is  very  voracious,  and,  being  believed  aguizet,  n.  .nidi.     Bee  aguise. 
to  devoiu* rats,  has  been  largely  imported  from  Barbados  agUtl,  "•     Set? \agault. 


ahu 

complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exultation 
etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

\\  hi  -a  ii  '      is]  born  it  cryes  swa  [so]: 

ii  M  in  man,  it  crj i     t    i 

That  the  first  letter  esof  the  nun  [name] 

Of  one  ferine  [first  I  fader  'dam; 

And  if  the  child  a  woman  be, 

v.  leu  it  is  born  it  says  e,  e.    [Si A.I       Bam 

A.  H.    An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  anno  h 
jinc,  in  the  year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  .Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca,  A.  D.  <>'-"-'• 

aha1  (ii-ha'),  interj.    [A  repetition  of  ah,  dP, 
with  aspiration  of  the  second  a;  <  ME.  a  ha  = 
<;.  aha,  etc.    Cf.  ha,  ha-ha1,  o-ho,  etc.]    An; 
clamation  expressing  triumph,  contempt, 
pie  surprise,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of 
utterance. 

They.  .  .  said,  .Mm,  oho,  our  eye  bath  seen  it. 

Ps.  XXV.  21. 

aha2  (ii'lia).  v.     Same  as  ha-ha". 

ahead  (a-hed'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<o3, 

on,  at,  +  heael,  front.]     1.  In  or  to  the  front : 

in  advance;  before:  as,  they  walked  ahiail  of 

us  all  the  way:  in  nautical  language,  opposed 

to  astern:  as,  to  lie  ahead. 

The  east  end  of  the  island  bore  but  a  little  ahead  of  us. 

Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

It  seemed  to  me  when  very  young,  that  on  this  subject 
life  was  ahead  of  theology,  and  the  people  knew  mere  than 
the  preachers  taught.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  Forward;  onward;  with  unrestrained  mo- 
tion or  action :  as,  go  ahead  (=goon;  proceed; 
push  forward  or  onward ;  carry  out  your  task 
or  purpose :  an  idiomatic  phrase  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  United  States,  and  sometimes 
converted  into  an  adjective:  as,  a  go-ahead  per- 
son); he  pushed  ahead  with  his  plans. 

They  suffer  them  [children]  at  first  to  run  ahead. 

Sir  I:.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

To  forge  ahead.  Xuut. :  (a) To  move  slowly,  and  as  it 
were  laboriously,  past  another  object;  draw  ahead,  as  one 
ship  outsailing  another. 

No  man  would  say  at  what  time  of  the  night  the  ship 
(in  case  she  was  steel  ing  our  .nurse)  might  forge  ahead  oi 
us,  or  how  near  she  might  be  when  she  passed.  Diskeni. 
(6)  To  move  ahead,  as  in  coming  to  anchor  after  the  sails 
are  furled.— To  get  ahead,  hold  ahead,  etc.  see  get, 
hold,  etc.— To  run  ahead  of  one's  reckoning.  See 
reckoning. 
aheap  (a-hep'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3,  on,  in, 
+  heap.]  In  a  heap ;  in  a  huddled  or  crouching 
condition,  as  from  terror ;  in  a  constrained 
attitude,  as  from  fear  or  astonishment:  as,  this 
fearful  sight  struck  us  all  aheap  (=  all  of  a 
heap). 

\\  ten  seme  fresh  bruit 

Startled  me  all  aheap!  and  soon  I  saw 

The  horridest  shape  that  ever  raised  my  awe. 

Hood,  Mids.  Fairies,  xvi. 

aheightt  (a-hif),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [Also 
spelled  ah'ight;<  a$,  on,  +  height,  hight.  Cf. 
aloft,  of  similar  sense.]  Aloft;  on  high:  as, 
•■  look  up  a-height,"  Shak.,  Lear.  iv.  0. 

ahem  (a-hem'),'  interj.  [Intended  to  represent 
an  inarticulate  sound  made  in  clearing  the 
throat,  usually  as  preparatory  to  speaking.] 
An  utterance  designed  to  attract  attention, 
express  doubt,  etc. 

ahight  (a-hi').  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<«s.  on,  + 
high.]     On  high. 

tine  heav'd  n-high,  to  he  hurl'd  down  below. 

Shak.,  Eich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


into  Jamaica  to  keep  down  the  swarms  of  rats  that  infest 
the  plantations.    Also  called  agua. 

ague  (a'gii).  n.  [<  ME.  agu,  ague,  <  OF.  agu, 
fern,  ague  (F.  aigu,  fern,  aigue),  =  Pr.  agut,  fern. 
aguda,  sharp,  acute,  <  L.  aeutus,  fern,  acuta, 
acute,  sharp,  violent,  severe;  febris  acuta,  a 
violent  fever:  see  acute.]  If.  An  acute  or 
violent  fever. 
And  the  burning  ague,  that  shall  consume  the  eyes. 

Lev.  xxvi.  10. 
2.  Intermittent  fever;  a  malarial  fever  eharac 


ering  (the  chill),  hot  or  burning,  and  sweating; 

chills  and  fever. 

Thai  ye  BChul  have  a  fever  terciane 

or  an  agu.     Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  140. 

3.  Chilliness;  a  chill  not  resulting  from  dis- 
ease.—Dumb  ague.    See  dumb. 
ague  (a'gu),  v.  t.     [<  ague,  «.]     To  cause  a 
shivering  in;  strike  with  a  cold  fit.    Hey  wood. 
[Bare.] 

Faces  pale 
Willi  flight  and  agued  fear.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  4. 


ahint,  ahin  (a-hinf,  a-hin'),  prep,  or  adv.    [< 

ME.  at  hind,"<  AS.  al-himlau,  behind.  <  ait,  E. 
at,  +  hindan,  from  the  back,  behind:  see  a-". 
hind?,oehind,  andef.^fore.]  Behind.  [Scotch.] 
im),  «.  Same  as  aam. 
ahna-tree  (a'na-tre),  n.  [<  ahna.  anna,  native 
name,  +  tree.]  A  largo  evergreen  thorny  spe 
ciesof  Acacia,  growing  abundantly  in  the  sandy 

river-beds  of  Damaraland,  Africa.    The  w 1  i- 

light  but  durable,  and  the  bark  is  said  to  be  a  g 1  tun 

ning  material.    The  tree  bears  a  profusion  of  pods,  which 

are  very  nutritions  f 1  for  cattle,  and  arc  also  eaten  bj 

the  natives.    Also  written  anna-tree. 
which  are  entirelv  free  from  tlmovary.'  ~[Ear~e.]   aholdt  (a-hold' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  ova      [<  «: 
[<Gr.  h  woe,  in  bm,  also     on,  +  hold.]     Near  the  wind,  SO  as  to  hold  01 
'   woman      keep  to  it:  as,  to  lay  a  ship  a-hold.    shut. 
female  ahoy  (a-hoi'),  interj.     (Same  as  hug,  interj., with 
prefix'o-  marking  a  slight  preliminary  utter- 
9.]      Naut.,  an  exclamation  used  to 
ntion  of  persons  at  a  distance: 


agy(a'ji>,u.    V<age  +  -y\]   Aged ;  old.  N. E. D.     '£-"  • 
agynary   (aj'i-na-n),    a.       [After   F.   aggnan;    anm  t.i 
(De  Caudolle),  <  NL.  "agynarius :  see  agynous  * 
and  -ary.]    In  hot.,  characterized  by  the  ab- 
sence of  female  organs:  a  term  applied  by  A.  P. 
de  Candolle  to  double  flowers  which   consist 
wholly  of  petals,  no  pistils  being  present. 
agynic  (a-jin'ik),  a.     [As  agynous  +  -ic]     In 
hot.,  a  term  applied  to  the  insertion  of  stamens 


?•  ."", , ™*y  *    ,       ■  ™  \.  agynous (ai'i-nus),rt.    [<Gr.d7w0c.dyti 

tenzedbyregularlyreturmng  paroxysms, each    «-    wifeless,*  &-  priv.  +M  ■< 
in  well-developed    torms.  consisting  of   three     £      £  '-]     In  bot    having  „„ 

stages  marked  by  successive  fits,  cold  or  shiv-     „-„„„„ 

agyrate  (a-jl'rat),  a.    [<  mj.*agyratus:  seea-18    anee:  see  0-8.] 
and  gyrate.]     In  hot,  not  arranged  in  whorls.       attract  Hie  atte 

ah  (a),  interj.     [A  natural  cry,  expressive  of  sud-     as,  ship  alani ! 


den  emotion ;  ME.  0,  (cf .  OHG. 


:  [eel.  03,  <n)    ahU  (ii'lld) 


=  OF.  a,  F.  ah  =  L.  ah  =  Gr.  a ;  in  Teut.  usually 
with  final  guttural.  AS.  ed  (for  *eah)  =  "D.  ach 
=  OHG.  ah,  Mllti.  C.ac/i  =  Sw.  ack  =  Dan.  ah: 
Often  repeated,  with  aspiration,  ah  ha,  aha. 
See  aha1  and  ha,  audef.  O,  oh.]  An  exclamation 
expressive  of  pain,  surprise,  pity,  compassion, 


[I'crs.  ahu,  a  deer.]    One  of  the 


native  names  of  the  common  gazel  of  central 
Asia,  the  Gazella  subgutturosa  (Antilope  subgut- 

turosa  of  Gfildenstadt).    It  is  said  to  inhabit  in  buds 
the  open  country  of  central  \-in,  Persia,  the  Baikal  region, 

and  to  be  found  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  Bokhara  to 

the  Hellespont.      Its  principal  feed  is  a  species  of  worm- 
wood, Art,  misia  Pontica.     The  ahu  is  pale-brown,  white 


aim 

bi  low  and  on  the  anal  disk, with  o  light  stripe  on  the  side, 
adark  stripe  on  the  haunches,  and  tlie  end  of  the  tail  black. 

ahuatle  (a'6-at-l),  n.  [Mex.]  A  preparation 
of  the  eggs  of  a  dipterous  insert  of  .Mexico, 
Ephydra  hians,  used  for  food. 

It  is  of  the  eggs  of  this  inseel  .  .  .  that  the  greater  part 
,,i  the  food  produi  i-  ol  this  laki  .  I  ak<    I  known 

as  Ahuatle,  Is  composed.  .  .  .  The  eggs  are  .  .  .  cleaned 
and  ground  into  flour,  which  is  called  Ahuatle.  Tins  food 
is  deemed  suitable  fa  those  days  in  which  the  religious 
prohibit  the  use  ol  flesh.  It  is  prepared  by 
mixing  with  hens  eggs  and  fried  with  fat  in  small 
The  taste  is  similar  to  thai  ol  caviare. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  132. 

a-hufft  (a-huf')j  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  L<  ":;  + 
/in/.]     I'ii  si  swaggering  manner. 

Set  cap  a-huff,  and  challenge  him  the  Held. 

James  TV.,  iv. 

ahullt  (a-lnil').  prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3, 
on,  in,  +  bull.  ]  Naut,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  a  ship  when  her  sails  are  furled  and  the 
helm  is  lashed  to  the  lee  side ;  in  the  position 
of  a  vessel  when  she  lies  to,  with  all  her  sails 
furled. 

ahungeredt  (a-hung'gerd),  a.  or  pp.  [Also  an- 
hungered, <  Ml-:,  dhungred, ahungryd,  anhungred, 
with  substituted  prefix  an-,  earlier  ofhungered, 
ofhungred,  ofhjngred,  offingred,  ofyngred,  afin- 
gred,  pp.,  <  AS.  of-hyngred,  pp.  of  of-hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger,  <  of-  intensive  +  hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger:  see  a-*  and  hunger,  v.  Cf. 
aMrst]  Pinehed  with  hunger;  hungry.  [Er- 
roneously printed  in  the  New  Testament  as 
two  words,  in  the  forms  (in  different  editions) 
a  hungered,  an  hungered,  and  an  hungred.] 

ahungiyt  I  a-hung'gri),  a.  [Same  as  ahungered, 
■with  suffi  ed  in  imitation  of  hungry.] 

Hungry:  as.  "I  am  not  a-hungry,"  Shah.,  M. 
\V.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

Ahuramazda  (a'ho-ra-maz'da),  n.  [Zend 
Ahuro  mazdao,  >  Pers.  Ormusd.]  Same  as  Or- 
muzd. 

ahyTl  (a'u),  n.  [Jap.]  The  ai,  a  Japanese 
salmonoid  fish,  Salmo  (Plecoglossus)  altmelis, 
also  known  as  the  one-year  fish.  It  is  catadro- 
mous.  and  an  annual. 

The  ahyu  is  specially  worthy  of  record  as  the  only  fish 
known  to  combine  the  habits  of  the  two  classes  [ol  cata- 
dromous  and  annual  fishes]. 

QUI,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1883,  p.  726. 

ai1.    [(1)  <  MB.  ai,  ap,  <  i,ey,  tei,  as,  eg,  mg,<  AS. 


120 

bird  Platalea  ajaja.  (fi)  leap.]  Reiohenbaeh]s 
generic  name  of  the  bird,  which  he  calls  Ajaja 
rosea,  to  separate  it  generieallj  from  the  old- 


Roseate  Spoonbill     (  •  . 


wg.eg,  ceg,  eg,  thai  is.  the  vowed  ir  or  e,  wot 
followed  by  the  palatal  g,  Ln  ME.  g,  g,  or  y,  also 
written  i,  merging  with  vowel  y  or  i :  see  g,  //,  i. 
(The  digraph  in  hair,  ME.  here,  has  taken  the 
place  of  earlier  <•  as  in  ere,  there,  their,  etc.) 
(2)  <  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  with  following  vowol 
mi.  etc.,  <  OF.  ai,  ii,  etc..  of  various  origin, 
usually  developed  from  L.  a  or  e.  (3)  I  if  vari- 
ous other  origin.    See  examples  cited  below.] 

A  common  English  digraph,  represent  ing  gen- 
erally the   sound   of   "long  a"   (5),  which  be- 

conc         lefore  r,  as  in  ail  (sounded  like  ale), 
vain  (sounded  like  vane,  n  in),  air  (sounded  like 

ere,  heir),  etc.    Ascommonlj  pi meed,  it  is  strictly 

B  diphthong  consisting  of  "  long  a    (a),  or  i  (e),  followed  by 
fiV  which  is,  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin, 
rically  Identical   with   the  consonant   y.    This  di- 
graph occurs  in  words    -(l)ol  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  as  in 
fain,  wain,  fait  '   lair  etc.,  bi  Ing  also 
:  parallel  with  ae,  in  modern  Scotch  spelling  for  "long 
o"  equiralenl  to  E.    'long  o,"  oa,  o-e,  as  in  aith,  raid, 
......   i,.  oath,  roa  '   rode,  own    i  tc  .  (2)  ol  ftri  nch, 

and  ultimate  Latin  origin,  as  in  fail,  faint,  vain   grain, 

„,,.,    fait  :,  el    ;  (8)  ol  Greek  <>i i^in,  being  used     ome 

lirei  i  trail  HI  ration  ol  On  ek  ■„  instead  ol  the 

usual  Latin  trail  literal u  oraH  ee  «l),  as  in  aitiology, 

,i  origin,  usually  representing  the 

diphthong  ai  or  i,  a    In  I an  /.--.    i  and  Orii  ntal  and 

..,,.,,,  ,  i     lino,  Cairo, 

i„  thi   words  .a  Inglo  Saxon  and   French  origin  ol 

.    t,  ay,  which  now  prevails  whi  n  final,  usually 

at  whci ide  medial  bj  the  addition 

affray,  array,  etc.,  daily, 

afraid,  ra '  i  tc  :  I u     hi  h  ca  es,  e  ipecially 

I.,  [ore  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel,  ay  remains  un- 
..  ,,i,  '..  trayt  I 
ai-lit'e)."-    [=  1'."'.'""/.''  I '.ra /.'".//,//  (  Mali  in.  | 

The  three-toed  sh.ih,  Bradypus  tridactylus  or 
torquatu  :  bo  called  from  having  a  feeble, 
plaintive  cry  somewhat  resembling  the  sound 

.  ated  by  its  m i.    See  sloth  and  Bra 

dypu  . 

ai ;  1 1 1.  a.     [Jap.  I    Same  as  ahyu. 

aiaia,  aiaiai  u-i'ii. -n.  »•  [Native  name,  prob. 
imitative;  of  unsettle, i  orthography,  found  ae 
a  book-name  in  the  forms  above  given,  and 
also  in  the  forms  ayaya,  ajaia,  ajaja.  |     1.  The 

South  Ami  rican  name  of  the  roseate  B] bill, 

a  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the  gi  aus  Platalea, 

familv  I'lnliili  ai, i .  related  to  the  ibis.—  2.  In 
the  form  ajaja  :    (a)  The  specific,  name  of  the 


world  spoonbill,  Platalea  leuciiriulia.    Hccxpiuiii- 

l,M,—  3.    in  Paraguay,    the   jabiru,    Mycteria 

americana :  in  this  sense  only  in  the  form  aiaiai. 

E.  D.    See  cut  under  jabiru. 
aiblillS  (ab'linz),   adv.      [Also  spelled   iihlms. 

ablis,abtt,  able  (Jamieson) ;  <  ablt ,  -'lit.  proper. 

apt,  liable,  in  danger  of  (Jamieson),  +  -liim. 

-lings,  -lis:  see  able1  and  -ling*.]  Perhaps;  per- 

adventure;  possibly.     [Scotch.] 

But fare-ye-weel,  auld  NicWe-benl 
Oh  wad  ye  tak'  a  thought  and  men', 
Ye  aiblins  might     I  dlnna  ken- 
Still  ha'e  a  stake.       Bums,  To  the  De'il. 

Aich  metal.  See  metal. 
aid1  (ad),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aiden,  <  OF.  aider,  also 
,  i,i,  r.  aidier,  mod.  P.  ai<l<r  =  Vr.  ajudar,  <  L.  ad- 
jutare,  help,  aid,  freq.  of  adjuvare,  pp.  adjutus, 
help,  <  ad,  to,  +juvare,  help:  see  adjutant,  ad- 
jutc]  1.  To  help;  assist;  afford  support  or 
relief;  promote  the  desire,  purpose,  or  action 
of:  as,  to  aid  a  person  in  his  business,  or  an 
animal  in  its  efforts;  to  aid  a  medicine  in  its 
operation. 

Till  more  hands 
Aid  us,  the  work  under  our  labour  grows, 
Luxurious  by  restraint.  Wilton,  P.  I..,  ix.  208. 

Sci  an I  me  Heaven  when  at  mine  uttermost 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  To  promote  the  course  or  accomplishment 
of;  help  in  advancing  or  bringing  about;  for- 
ward; facilitate:  as,  to  aid  the  recovery  of  a 
patient,  or  the  operation  of  a  machine;  to  aid 

one's  designs. 

Take  your  choice  of  I  lio  le 
That  best  can  aid  your  action.        Slink.,  Cor.,  i.  G. 
No  more  these  scenes  my  meditation  aid. 

Pop?,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  161. 

[In  this  sense  aid  is  often  followed  by  ',„.  giving  it  the 
appearance  of  an  intransitive  verb,  the  direct  object  of 
assistance  being  unexpressed  :  as,  he  actively  aided  in  the 
Bearch.]  -Aiding  and  abetting,  in  crimmallaw,  an  of- 
fense committed  by  one  who,  though  not  directly  perpe- 
trating a  crime,  is  yet  present  at  its  commission  and  ren- 
ders aid  t..  the  perpetrator.  =  Syn.  To  support,  sustain, 
back,  second,  abet,  cooperate  with,  relieve. 
aid1  (ad),  n.  [<  F.  aide,  <  OF.  aide,  cide,  etc.; 
from  the  verb.]  1.  Help;  succor;  support; 
assistance. 

Sweel  father,  I  behold  him  in  my  dreams 
Gauni  as  il  were  the  skeleton  of  himself. 
Death-pale,  for  lack  ol  gi  idle  maidens  aid. 

Tennyson,  Lancelotand  Elaine. 

2.  He  who  or  that  which  aids  or  yields  as- 
sistance; a  helper;  an  auxiliary;  anassistant: 
as,  i  lolaridge's  "Aids  to  Reflection." 

It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone  ;  lei  a    make 
unto  him  an  aid  like  unto  himself.  Tobtt  viii.  0. 

The  aldt  to  noble  life  arc  all  within 

M.  Arnold,  Worldly  Place. 

3.  In  feudal  law,  a  customarj   payment   made 

bj  a    tenant    Or  vassal  to  his  lord,  originally  a 

voluntary  gifl  ;  hei ,  in  /.'<<</•  hist,  applied  to 

the  forms  of  taxation  employed  by  the  crown 
between  the  Norman  conquesl  and  the  four- 
tee  nth  century.     Aids  In  the  ni wer  sense,  whether 

to  the  crown  or  mesne  lords,  were  by  Magna  Cnarta  lim- 

ii.  d  to  grants  on  three  ipi    I  d  oi  ci (ol  to  ransom 

the  lord  when  a  prisoner;  Co  to  make  the  lords  eldest  son 
a  knight;  (c)  the  marriage  of  the  lord's  eldesl  daughter. 
The  legal  authority  to  enforce  such  aids  was  abolished  in 
I860. 

I  Ii  t  then   wi  iv  pan I    •  all'  d  ■'"'-  .'  in  the  theory  "f 

our  earliei  authors  tin  i  wi  re  offi  n  d  ol  the  o  nanl     trei 
will,  to  raeel  the  costs  incurred  bj  the  lord  on  particular 
ttl        ettled  Intos  flxi  d  custom  afterwards, 
n  they  had  not  really  done  so  when  those  authors  wroti 

/.'.  Pollock,  hand  I  au       Ui, 


aiguiere 

4.  An  aide-de-camp:  so  called  by  abbreviation. 
—  5.  pi.  In  the  manege,  the  helps  by  which  a 
horseman  contributes  toward  the  mid  ion  or  ac- 
tion required  of  a  horse,  as  by  a  judicious  use 
of  the  he.l.  leg,  rein,  or  spur,  court  of  aid.in 
/  ■,-.  nch  hist.,  a  courl  tor  the  collection  ot  the  royal  aids, 
or  excise.  Emigrant  aid  societies.  See  emigrant. 
Extents  in  aid.  see  extent.— To  pray  in  aid.  See 
ai,l  iirtiri,!-.  Syn.  1.  Cooperation,  furtherance,  relief.— 
2.  *  loadiutor,  assistant. 
aid- 1  ad  i.  a.    [Eng.  dial. ;  etym.  unknown.]    1. 

A  deep  gutter  cut  across  plowed  hind.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.]— 2.  A  reach  in  a  river.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] 

aidance  (a' dans),  ».  [<  OF.  aidance,<  aider, 
aid:  see  aid*]  ».]  That  which  aids,  or  the  act 
of  aiding;  help;  assistance.      [Rare.] 

The  means  and  aidances  supplied  by  the  Supreme  Rea- 
son. Coleridge. 

aidant (a'dant), a.  [<OF.  aidant,  ppr.ofatder, 
<  Li.  adjutan\t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjutare,  aid  :  see  aid1, 

v..  ■AuAniljiitiii,!.  I  Helping;  helpful;  supplying 
aid.     [Rare.] 

Be  aidant  and  remediate, 
In  the  good  man's  distress  I  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  4, 

aid-de-camp,  ».    See  aide-de-camp. 
aide  (ad),  «.     Same  as  aide-de-camp. 


M.    i M was,  according  to  the  new  feudal  ideas, 

made  the  excuse  (or  a  heavy  exaction  of  n ey,  an  aid  a 

the  feudal  lawyers  call  it. 

E.  A.  Fir,, nun,  Norman  t'onijuest,  V.  123. 


[Hamilton]  was  picked  out  by  Washington  to  serve  as 
his  confidential  aide.  S.  A.  Rev.,  c.XXIII.  117. 

aide-de-camp  (E.  pron.  ad'df-kamp,  F.  pron. 
Sd'de-kon),  n. ;  pi.  aides-de-eamp  (adz'de-kamp 
or  adz'de-kon).  [<  F.  iiirfe  de  camp,  lit.  a  field 
assistant:  aide,  aid,  assistant  (see  aid1,  «.);  de, 
<  L.  <(c,  of;  camp,  <  E.  campus,  field,  battlefield: 
see  camp1.']  Mili'..  a  confidential  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  receive  and  communicate  the  orders 
of  a  general  officer,  act  as  his  secretary  upon 

, asion.  and  the  like,     s etimes  written aid- 

de-camp. 

aider  (a'der),  ».  One  who  helps;  anassistant 
or  auxiliary ;  an  abetter ;  an  accessory. 

All  along  as  he  went  were  punished  the  adherents  and 

aiders  of  the  late  rebels.  Burnet. 

[Emerson]  was  the  friend  and  ahler  of  those  who  would 

live  in  the  spirit.  M.  Arnold. 

aides-de-camp,  n.    Plural  of  aide-de-camp. 
aidful  (ad'ful ),  a.    [<  aid>  +  -ful]    Giving  aid; 
helpful.     [Bare.] 

Aidful  to  the  distresses  of  God's  people. 

Bp.  Ball,  Hainan  Disrespected. 

aidless  (fid'les),  a.    [< aid1  +  -less.]    Without 

aid;  helpless;  without  succor;  unsupported. 

aid-majort  (ad'ma'ior),  «.    Same  as  adjutant. 

aid-prayer  (ad'prar),  ».  A  petition  or  plea  for- 
merly employed  in  actions  concerning  estates 
in  land,  by  which  a  defendant  claimed  the  as- 
sistance of  another  person  jointly  interested 
with  him  in  sustaining  the  title. 

aiglet1  (a'glet),  n.  [Dim.  of  OF.  aigle,  eagle: 
see  eaglet.]     In  her.,  an  eaglet  or  young  eagle. 

aiglet-,  ii-     See  aijli  t. 

aigocerine,  ".    See  aigocerine. 

Aigocerus,  n.    See  Mgocerus. 

aigre't  (a'ger),  a.  (<  F.  aigre:  Bee  eager1.] 
Sharp  ;  sour.     See  eager1. 

Like  aigre  droppings  int.)  milk. 

Shak.  (1623),  Hamli  t,  I. 

aigre-  (a'ger),  n.    See  cmjir-. 

aigremore  (a'ger-mor),  «.  [F.;  origin  un- 
known.] Charcoal  made  ready  for  the  admix- 
ture of  the  other  constituent  materials  of  gun- 
powder. 

aigret,  aigrette  (a'gret,  a-gret'),  «■     [<  F-  "'■ 

grette:   seen//'/.]      1.    The  small  while  heron. 

See  egret— 2.  (a)  A  plume 
composed  of  feathers  ar- 
ranged in  imitation  of  the 
feathers  on  the  load  of 
the  heron,  and  worn  on  hel- 
mets or  by  ladies  as  a  part 

of  their  head-dress,  etc.  (6) 
A  copy  in  jewelry  of  Buch  a 

plume,  often   SO  made   I  hal 

the  seeming  feathers  trem- 
ble with  tin-  movements  of 

the  wearer,  causing  the 
gems  to  sparkle. —  3.  In 
hot,  same  as  egrt  i. — 4.  In 
irliili..  a  labroid  fish,  Lach- 
iiiiiiiiiiiis  iiiuxiiiiiis,  better 
known  as  the  hogfish  (which 

seel. 

aigue-marine  (ag-ni|!-ien').  "•     [F-]     Same  as 

aquamarine. 
aiguiere  (a-gi-ar'),  n.     [F.,  a  ewer,  jug:  see 

ewer".]   A  tall  and  Blender  vessel  oi  metal,  por- 


Ai£rct. 
prom  II .hi  .  Hiiorkm.-iir's 
h  ol   Maximilian 


Aiguie-reofsilverfriltinthe 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence. 


aiguiere 

oelain,  glass,  or  pottery, 
with  a  foot,  a  handle,  and 
a  spout  or  nozle.  in  English 
the  word  is  generally  limited  to 
vessels  of  highly  decorative  char- 
acter, of  rich  material,  t'tc.     See 

Ujhllut. 

aiiruille  (a-gweT)i  »■  [F.,  a 
needle:  see  aglet.]  1.  A 
slender  form  of  drill  used  for 
boring  or  drilling  a  blast- 
holeinroek. — 2.  A  priming- 
wire  or  blasting-needle. — 
3.  The  name  given  near 
Mont  Blanc  to  the  sharper 
peaks  or  clusters  of  needle- 
like  rock-masses,  ordinarily 
seen  where  vert  he  slaty  crys- 
talline rocks  occur,  forming 
a  more  or  less  considerable 
part  of  a  mountain  range,  but  most  strikingly 
near  Chanionix.  Hence  applied,  though  rare- 
ly, to  similar  sharply  pointed  peaks  elsewhere. 
aiguillesque  (a-gwe-lesk'),  a.  [<F.  aiguille,  a 
needle,  4-  -esque.]  Shaped  like  an  aiguille; 
resembling  an  aiguille.  Buskin.  (N.  E.  D.) 
aiguillette  (a-gwe-let'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aiguille,  a 
needle:  see  aglet.}  1.  Same  as  aglet,  1. —  2.  In 
cookery,  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  hors  d'ojn- 
rre.  or  side-dishes,  from  their  being  served  on 
small  ornamental  skewers  or  needles  (aiguilles). 
aiguise  (a-gwe-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  aiguiser, 
sharpen,  =  Pr.  agusar  =  It.  aguzzare,  <  ML. 
acutiare,  sharpen,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp :  see  acute.'] 
In  her.,  sharpened  or  pointed:  applied  to  any- 
thing sharpened,  but  in  such  manner  as  to  ter- 
minate in  an  obtuse  angle.  Synonymous  with 
appointee.  Also  written  iyni.se. 
aigulet  (a'gu-lct),    u.     Same   as  aglet,  1:  as, 

"golden  aygulets,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  2G. 
aikinite   (a'kin-It),   n.     [Named   after  Dr.  A. 
Aikin.]     A  native   sulphid   of   bismuth,  lead, 
and  copper,  of  a  metallic  luster  and  blackish 
lead-gray  color.     It  commonly  occurs  in  embedded 
acicular  crystals,  ami  is  hence  called  needle-ore  ami  acic- 
ular  bismuth. 
ailH,  a.     [<  ME.  eyle,  eil,  <  AS.  egle,  painful, 
troublesome,  =  (loth,   aglus,  hard.     Cf.   Goth. 
agio,  distress,  tribulation,  akin  to  agis,  fright, 
=  E.  awe1,  q.  v.]    Painful ;  troublesome. 
Eyle  ami  hard  and  muche. 

Castle  of  Love,  1.  223. 
ail1  (al),  v.  [<  ME.  ailen,  aylen,  earlier  eilen, 
eylen,  eglen,  <  AS.  eglian,  eglan,  trouble,  pain,  = 
Goth,  'agljan,  only  in  coinp.  usagljan,  trouble 
exceedingly,  distress;  from  the  adj.:  see  ail1, 
a.  and  ».]  I.  trans.  To  affect  with  pain  or  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  or  of  mind;  trouble: 
used  in  relation  to  some  uneasiness  or  affection 
whose  cause  is  unknown  :  as,  what  ails  the  man  f 
What  aileth  thee,  llagar?  Gen.  xxi.  17. 

What  do  you  ail,  my  love?  why  do  you  weep  ' 

Webster,  The  White  Devil,  iv.  2. 
Never  i-ave  nor  rail, 
Nor  ask  questions  what  I  ad. 

Pede,  Edward  I.  (Dyce  ed.,  1861),  p.  395. 
[Rarely  used  with  a  specific  disease  as  subject,  unless  col- 
loquially in  iterative  answer  to  a  question  :  as,  "  What 
ails  you?    A  pleurisy  ails  me.  *'] 

II.  intrans.  To  feel  pain;  be  ill  (usually  in  a 
slight  degree) ;  be  unwell :  now  used  chiefly  in 
the  present  participle:  as,  he  is  ailing  to-day. 
And  much  he  ails,  and  yet  he  is  not  sick. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iii. 
One  day  the  child  began  to  oil. 

it.  //.  Stoddard,  Pearl  of  the  Philippines. 
ail1(al),n.  [From  the  verb.  Cf.  early  ME.  eile, 
eil,  harm  (very  rare) ;  from  the  adj.]  Indisposi- 
tion or  morbid  affection;  ailment,  Pope. 
ail2  (al),  n.  [E.  dial.,  in  pi.  ails;  variously  cor- 
rupted oils,  hoils,  hands;  <  ME.  eyle,  eile,  eigle, 
<  AS.  egl,  the  beard  of  grain,  corn,  found  only 
twice,  astr.  of  L.  festuea,  "the  mote  that  is  in 
thy  brother's  eye"  (Luke  vi.  41, 42),  =OHG.  altil, 
G.  achel,  heard  of  grain;  from  the  same  root, 
with   cliff.   suffix  (_;)>  as  „„.„i  alld  ear2    n,  v.] 

The  beard  of  wheat,  barlev,  etc.,  especially  of 
barley:  chiefly in  the  plural.  Ralliwell;  Wright. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

For  to  wiuden  [ear.  windwe,  winnow]  hweate,  and 
schea.len  [shed,  i.  ...  separate]  the  eil.,,  and  tet  chef 
I  the  chaff]  urom  the  clene  cornea. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  '270.    (.v.  E.  D.) 

ailantic,  ailanthic  (a-lan'tik,  -thik),  a.  [<  At- 
lanta*, Ailanthiis,  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
A ila ntlis.  -  Ailantic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  Ailantus  excelsa. 

ailantine  (a-lan'tin),  o.    [<  ailantus  +  -ine1.] 

Krlatmg  or  pertaining  to  the  ailantus,  or  to  the 
silkworms  which  feed  upon  its  leaves. 


121 

Ailantus  (a-lan'tus),  n.  [NL. ;  also  errone- 
ously Ailanthus  (simulating  Gr.  avdor,  flower); 
<  ailiniiii,  the  Malacca  name  of  one  species, 
said  to  mean 'tree  of  heaven.']  1.  A  genus  of 
trees,  natural  order  Simarubacea.  iin  only  com 
monly  known  Bpecies  is  the  tree  of  heaven  or  Chinese 
sumach,  A.  glandulosa,  native  of  Mongolia  and  Japan 
frequently  planted  as  a  shade-tree.  It  is  ,,i  rapid  growth, 
with  very  long  pinnate  leaves,  and  throws  up  abundant 
root-suckers,  by  which  it  is  usually  propagated.  The 
flowers  are  polygamous  or  nearly  dioecious,  and  are  very 
ill-scented.  Bombyx  (Philosamia)  eynthia.  a  species  of 
silkworm,  feeds  on  its  leaves.  In  Japan  the  produce  of 
nil,". .mis  fed  on  this  tree  is  very  large,  and  the  material, 
though  wanting  the  fineness  and  gloss  of  mulberry  silk, 
is  produced  at  far  less  cost,  and  is  more  durable. 

2.  [/.  <•.]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Ailantus,  or  the 
genus  collectively:  as,  the  ailantus,  when  once 
established,  is  difficult  to  eradicate. 

ailet,  n.  1.  The  older  and  more  correct  spelling 
of  aisle. — 2.  [F. :  see  ml,  tte.]  Milit,  awing  or 
flank  of  an  army  or  a  fortification. 

aileron  (a'le-ron),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  wing: 
see  ailette.]     Same  as  ailette. 

ailette  (a-lef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  a  wing,  < 
L.  ula,  wing:  see  ala  and  aisle.]  A  plate  of 
iron  worn  over  the  mail  to  pro- 
tect the  shoulders  of  a  man- 
at-arms,  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  plate-armor  for  the 
body.  Ailettes  were  some- 
times charged  with  heraldic 
bearings.  Also  aislette  and 
ail,  ron. 

ailing  (a'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  ail1,  v.]  Sickness;  indis- 
position. 

ailing  (ti'Iing),  p.  a.  Not  well; 
indisposed. 

But  there  is  a  sort  of  puny  sickly 
reputation,  that  is  always  ailing,  J  et 
will  outlive  the  robuster  characters 

of  a  bundled  prudes. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1 . 

J'?,'r:he,:,™n:"i"l"'""i'''"".a'"1  bet;!™:";::!:,,:":,;';;;: 

century.  ( From  Violiet- 
le-Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  francais.") 


not  able  to  eat  much, 
It.  D.  Blaekmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  41 

=  Syn.  Unwell,  etc.    See  stele. 

ailment  (al'nient),  n.  [<««l,  v.,  +  -ment.]  Dis- 
ease; indisposition;  morbid  affection  of  the 
body:  not  ordinarily  applied  to  acute  diseases. 
=  Syn.  Sickness,  etc.  (see  illness),  indisposition,  disorder, 
complaint. 

Ailsa-cock  (al'zii-kok),  11.     A  local  name  for 


Also 

ItiUbi 

To  these  ill-tuned  repetition  .  K.  .h,|in,  ii.  1. 

aim  (am),  n.     [<  ME.  ayme,  ame,  <  OF.  i 
from  the  verb.]     It.  Conjecture;  guess. 

Be  that  si  eth  no  t k,  must  si t  by  aim. 

Bp.  ■'•  well,  Reply  to  Hardinge,  p.  31. 
It  is  impossible  by  ,ti„,  to  tell  it. 

Spenser,  State  of  In  land. 
What  you  would  work  me  to   I  have   ome  aim 

Shak.,  .1.  c,  i.  2. 

2.  Course;  direction:  in  particular,  the  direc- 
tion in  which  a  missile  is  pointed;  the  line  of 
shot. 

And  when  the  i tms, -blue  lightning  seem'd  to  open 

The  breast  of  heaven,  I  did  present  myself 

been  in  the  aim  and  verj  Sash  of  it.    Shak.,  .1.  C,  i.  3. 

3.  The  act  of  aiming  or  directing  anything  ins 
a  weapon,  a  blow,  a  discourse,  or  a  remark  |  tit 
or  toward  a  particular  point  or  object  with  the 
intention  of  striking  or  affecting  it;  the  point- 
ing or  directing  of  a  missile. 

Each  at  the  head 
Levell'd  his  deadly  aim.        Milton,  1'.  L.,  ii.  712. 

4.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  in- 
tended to  be  affected;  the  mark  or  target. 

To  be  the  aim  of  every  dangerous  shot. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  t. 

5.  A  purpose;  intention;  design;  scheme:  as, 
men  are  often  disappointed  of  their  mm. 

The  aim,  if  reached  or  not,  makes  great  the  life. 
Try  to  be  Shakspeare,  have  the  rest  to  fate. 

Browning,  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology. 
The  aim  of  scientific  thought,  then,  is  to  apply  past  ex- 
periences to  new  circumstances. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  131. 
To  give  aim,  ill  areht  ry,  t..  stand  mat  the  butts  to  tell 
the  archers  «  here  their  arrows  alight.  The  terms  are  "wide 
on  the  shaft  (right)  hand,"  "wide  on  the  bow  (left)  hand," 
"short,"  "gone";  the  distances  being  measured  by  bow- 
lengths.  See  bow-hand.  =  Syn.  5.  End,  scope,  drift,  goal, 
intent,  ambition. 
aim-criert  (am'krl"er),  n.  1.  One  who  en- 
couraged an  archer  by  crying  "  Aim ! "  when  he 
was  about  to  shoot.  Hence  —  2.  An  encourager 
generally;  an  approving  on-looker;  an  abetter. 
Thou  smiling  aim-crier  at  princes'  fall. 

67.  Markham,  Eng.  Arcadia. 

aimer  (a'nier),  n.     One  who  aims. 

aim-frontlett  (am'frunt'let),  ».    A  piece  of 

wood  fitted  to  the  muzzle  of  a  cannon  so  as  to 

make  it  level  with  the  breech,  formerly  used  by 

gunners  to  facilitate  aiming. 

aimful   (am'ful),    a.     [<  aim  +  -fid.]     Full   of 

purpose. 


^^L^^^jr^^^^a^a^^^^'^-1).^-    I"  an  aimful  manner; 
about  Ailsa  Craig,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  Scot-    with  fixed  purpose 

IV^A^-^™^'1'"11':'-   v  r,     .,  aiming-drill  (a'ming-dril),  ».     A  military  ex- 

Allunciae  (a-Iun-de),n.  pi.     Same  as  Mlurula;.     ercise  designed  to  teach  men  the  proper  method 
Alluroidea  (a-lu-roi  de-a),  n.pl.     Same  as  JElu-    0f  pointing  and  aiming  firearms ;  a  training  pre- 

rotaea.  liminary  to  target-practice. 

Alluropus  (a-lu  ro-pus)  n.    Sam.,  us  J-.laropus.  aiming-stand  (a'ming-stand),  n.     Milit,  a  rest 
Ailurus  (a-lu  jus),  ».     Same ta&JElurus  foragun,  usedinteacliiiigthetheorj  of  aiming. 

ailweed  (al  wed  ,  n.    [Oul1   ?)  +  weed1.]    The  aimle^s  (km'les),  a.     [<«««,  +  -less.]    Without 

clover-dodder,  (Wta  Vnfoln.  aim;  pm-poseless. 

aim  (am),  v .     [<  ME.  aymen,  amen  eymen,  <  OF.       llie  TurkSi  llalf  ^       ,.an  a,„,„t  in  aindfSA  (.„nfusion. 

,i,„,r{[  ie8,Ta),esmer(=Pi.esmer)<li.cesttmar(  ),  //,,„/,„,  DouSebastian 

and  with  prefix,  eesmer,  aesmer,  aasmer,  <  ML.  aimlessly  (am'les-li).  a,h:     Without  aim;  pur- 

aacesUmare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  cestimare,  estimate:    poselessly. 

see  estimate.]    I.   trans.    If.  To  esteem;  eon-  aimlessness  (am'les-nes),  n.    The  state  or  qual- 
To   estimate;    guess;    conjecture,     ity  of  being  without  aim  or  definite  purpose. 


Wyclif. — 3f.  To  calculate;  devise;  intend. 

My  speech  should  fall  into  such  vile  BUCCe&S 

Wliich  my  thoughts  aim'd  not.     Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  direct  or  point  at  something;  level:  as, 
to  aim  the  tist  or  a.  blow:  to  ,;/';,/  ;i  satire  or  a 
reflection  at  some  person  or  vice. 

Bulls  aim  their  horns,  and  asses  lift  their  brads. 

Pope,  lin.  <>f  Horace,  Sat.  i.  85. 

5.  To  give  a  certain  direction  and  elevation  to 
(a  gun,  cannon,  arrow,  etc.),  for  the  purpose 
of  causing  the  projectile,  when  the  weapon  is 
discharged,  to  hit  llie  object  intended  to  be 
struck:  as,  to  aim  a  gun. 

II.  intrans.   If.  To  estimate;  guess;  conjec- 
ture. 

Rom.  In  sadness,  cousin.  I  do  love  a  woman. 
Ben.   I  avm'd  so  near,  when  I  Buppos'd  you  lov'd. 

Shal\,  K.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  direct  one's  intention,  purpose,  or  ac- 
tion, as  to  the  attainment  or  accomplishment 


[Thoreau's]  whole  life  was  a  rebuke  of  the  waste  and 
aimlessness  of  our  American  luxury,  which  is  an  abject 
enslavement  to  tawdry  upholster}  . 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  209. 

ain  (an),  a.     [Also  spelled  one,  =  E.  ownX.] 
Own.     [Scotch.] 
-ain.   [<  ME.  -ain,  -ein,  -ayn,  -eyn,  <  ( >F.  -ain,  -ein, 

<L.  -amis:  see-«i,.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc- 
curring unfelt  in  English  nouns,  us  in  chieftain, 
captain,  chaplain,  curtain,  and,  as  originally,  in 
adjectives,  :is  in  certain,  etc.  It  is  a  Middle 
English  and  Old  French  form  of  -an  (which  see). 

aince,  aines  (ins),  adr.  [<  HE.  ams,  north. 
form  of  ones  (pron.  6'nes),  now  corrupted  to 
once  (pron.  wuns).]    Once.     [Scotch.] 

ainhum  (an'huni),  ii.  [A  negro  term,  said  to 
mean  orig.  'saw.']  A  disease  peculiar  to  tin 
negro  race,  consisting  of  the  sloughing  off  of 
the  little  toes,  unaccompanied  by  any  other 
disorder  of  the  system. 


of  something;  intend;  endeavor:  as,  a  man  Aino  (i'uo),  a.  and  n.  [Etym.  doubtful;  sup- 
posed to  bo  a  corruption  of  Jap.  inu  (pron. 
e'no),  a  dog,  applied  contemptuously  by  the 
Japanese.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Ainos,  certain  aboriginal  tribes  in  Japan  now 
forming  small  tribal  communities  in  the  island 
of  Yezo.  the  Kurile  islands,  and  Saghalin  or 
Karafuto.  They  are  a  hairy  people,  with  ( !au- 
casian  features  and  gentle  manners,  but  in  a 
low  state  of  civilization. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Ainos. 


aims  at  distinction ;  aim  to  be  just  in  all  you  do. 
The  short-sighted  policy  which  aimed  at  making  a  nation 
of  saints  has  made  a  nation  of  scoffers. 

}facaulay,  Leigh  Hunt, 
3.  To  direct  or  point  anything,  as  a  weapon  or 
missile,  toward  an  object. 

[In  all  8ensesai'7n  is  used  with  at  or  an  infinitive  before 
the  object  to  be  reached.  | 

To  cry  aimt,  in  archery,  to  encourage  the  archers  by  cry- 
ing out  "Aim!"  when  they  were  about  toshoot.  Hence  it 
came  to  mean  to  applaud  or  encourage  in  a  general  sense. 


ainsel' 

ainsel',  ainsell  (ah-sel'),  ».  [<  ain  =  E.  otm, 
+  seK=E.  self.]    Own  self .    [Scotch.] 

ain't,  an't  (ant  I.  A  vulgar  contraction  of  the 
negative  phrases  am  not  and  are  not :  often  used 
for  is  «"'.  and  also,  with  a  variant  hain't,  for 
Ac  i  not  and  has  not. 

Aiolian  (a-6'li-an),  a-  ami  n.  Same  :is. Kalian1 
and  -I'.oitan-. 

Aiolic  (a-ol'ik),  <(.     Same  as  ./ 

Aiolism  (a'o-lizm),  n.    Same  as  dEolism. 

air1  (ar),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  oyr< .  also  at  >■  (after 
L.),  <  ME.  ( it  r,  ain ,  i  in  .  ay<  r,  i  w<  r,  oyr< .  i  yri . 
oier,  eyr,  eir,  <  OF.  a»>,  F.  air,  the  air,  breath, 
wind,  =  I'r.  air,  aire  =  Sp.  aire  =  Pg.  ar  =  It. 
.  aire,  now  commonly  <<cw,  all  in  the  physi- 
cal sense;  <  L.  a'cr,  <  Or.  avp  («fp-),  air,  mist, 
<  uetv,  breath.',  blow,  prob.  akin  to  K.  irintl, 
q.  v.  See  air2  and  air*,  ult.  identical  with  air1, 
but  separated  in  sense  and  in  time  of  intro- 
duction.] 1.  The  respirable  fluid  which  sur- 
rounds the  earth  and  forms  its  atmosphere. 
I!  i-  inodorous,  invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  pos- 
sessed of  gravity,  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  condensed, 
essential  to  respiration  and  combustion,  and  is  the  medium 
of  sound.  It  is  composed  by  volume  of  'Jl  parts  of  o 
and  7a  of  nitrogen;  by  weight,  of  '23  of  oxygen  and  77  of 
nitrogen.  These  gases  are  not  chemically  united,  but  are 
mixed  mechanically.  Air  contains  also  ^oW  of  carbon 
dioxid,  some  aqueous  vapor,  and  small  varying  amounts  of 
ammonia,  nitric  arid,  ozone,  and  organic  matter.  The 
specific  gravity  ol  the  air  at  32°  F.  is  to  that  of  water  as  1 
to  773,  and  100  cubic  inches  at  mean  temperature  and 
pressure  weigh  3111  grains.  When  air  is  inhaled  into  the 
lungs  oxygi  ii  i-  separated  from  the  nitrogen,  and,  uniting 
with  tlie  carbon  in  the  blood,  is  expelled  as  carbon  dioxid; 
it  thus  serves  to  purify  the  blood  and  furnishes  the  body 
with  heat.  By  the  ancient  philosophers  air  was  consid- 
er^! on.  of  tie/  four  elements  of  all  things,  and  this  view 
was  maintained  until  comparatively  recent  times. 

The  greate  house,  formerly  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's, 
a  spacious  and  excellent  place  for  the  extent  of  ground, 
and  situation  in  a  good  aire.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  15, 1G79. 

The  health  of  the  mental  and  bodily  functions,  the 
spirit,  temper,  disposition,  the  correctness  of  the  judg- 
ment, and  brilliancy  of  the  imagination,  depend  directly 
upon  pure  air.        Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  395. 

2.  In  aid  chem.,  gas:  still  in  use  in  this  senso 
in  foundries  and  machine-shops,  especially  for 
such  gases  as  are  mingled  with  air  or  formed 
from  it,  as  the  gases  from  a  furnace,  in  distinc- 
tion from  this  use.  common  air  is  often  called  atmospheric 
air. 

3.  A  movement  of  the  atmosphere;  a  light 
breeze:  usually  in  the  plural. 

The  summer  airs  blow  cool.      Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

4.  Utterance  abroad;  publication;  publicity. 
Vougave  it  air  before  me.  Dryden. 

Hence — 5f.  Intelligence ;  information;  advice. 

It  grew  from  the  airs  which  the  princes  and   state. 

abroad  received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents  here. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  All. 

6.  The  graphic  representation,  as  in  a  painting, 
of  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  medium  through 
which  natural  objects  are  viewed. — 7.  In  the 
<ir.  lit.,  a  very  thin  veil  spread  over  both  the 
paten  and  the  chalice,  in  addition  to  the  paten 
and  chalice  veils.    Also  called  neph  le. 

The  third  |eiiaiiee  veil]  is  called  .  .  .  air,  because,  as  the 
air  surrounds  the  earth,  so  does  this  surround  tie'  holy 
gifts.  .  .  .  This  i  '  found  its  way  into  our  own 

•  'hue1  i  i  uidrewes,  and  the  divines  of  his 

.My  \\  i,  n)  were  well  versed  in  the  Bast, 
ern  Liturgies.     J.M.  \  ale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  350,  note. 

Dephloglsticated  air,  in  old  chem.,  oxygen:  so  called 
the  notion  that  if  was  ordinary  air  deprived  of  phlo- 
giston (which  see).— Fixed  air,  the'  name  given   by  Dr. 
Joseph  Black  of  Edinburgh  to  carbonic-acid  gas  on  his 
I-,  of  it  in  L754,  because  it  was  found  in  Bolid  bodies. 
See  carbonic.  -Ground-air,  air  Enclosed  in  poroussurface- 
>und  wafo  r.     hike  ground- 
water, ground  air  I  as  an  impoi  bant  fai  tor  in  de 
terminlng  the  sanitar)  condition  of  a  locality,   Ground  air 
fluctuates  with  the  barometric  pri  jsure,  and  with  the  con- 
ditions of  tei                 li  L  the  risi  and  fall  of  ground-wa 
ter.— In  the  air.  (a)  In  circulation ;  flying  about  from  oni 
toan  It  orantii  (pated  :  as,  there 
amor  ol  war  in  the  a  theaii  thai  he  can- 
Co  u  ithouf  foundal  ion  oi  a>  I  ualitj  .  vision- 

'  );  our 
pp spi  air.  (e)  Villi  .  in  an  unsupported  or 

hi  mnected position ;  incapabli  of recelvingorgivingaid ; 
1 1 1 1 1 >r  ■ . i .■  rly  i  xpe 

:  "  air.  Residual  air,  fie-  air  which  re- 
mains in  tli  ly  estb 
n  i  at.  i  i  at  from  -o  to  120 1  ii  hie  inches.  Also  called 
mental  air  Tidal  air.  See  tidal.  To  beat  the  air. 
''  '.  To  take  air,  to  i  '  '  made  pub 
lie:  a-  th  To  take  the  air,  to  go 
i-  or  ride  a  little  distance] 

I  dtn'datSlr  William  Godolphin's,  and  with  thai  I 
gentleman  wenl  to  take  y  aire  in  Hyde  Park   whi  re  wt 
aglorio tegi  Diary,  July  1   1679. 

pounds  of  obi  ions  meaning ;  only 
tii    .  which  have  a  peculiar  or    p>  i  If) 
below  in  alphabi  I  h  al  oi 

air'  (ar),  r.  [First  in  mod.  E. ;  from  the  noun.  | 
I.  trans.  1.  To  expose  to  the  air;  give  access 


122 

to  the  open  air;  ventilate:  as,  to  air  clothes;  to 
air  a  room. 

I  ayre  or  wether,  as  men  do  thynges  whan  they  lay  them 
in  the  open  ayre,  oi  as  any  iynen  thyng  i -  it i  i  it  Is  newe 

wasshed  or  it  he  worne lyre  these  i  lothes  for  fears 

of  mothes.  Palsgrave, 

To  this  [public  prison]  is  also  annexed  a  convenient 
yard  to  air  the  criminals  in,  for  the  preservation  of  their 
life  and  health,  till  the  time  of  their  trial. 

/:.  oerley,  Virginia,  iv.  If  C8. 

Hence  — 2.  To  expose  ostentatiously;  display; 
bring  into  public  notice:  as,  to  air  one's  views. 
Airing  a  snowy  hand  and  signet  gem. 

i<  /ie'/so/i,  Princess,  i. 

3.  To  expose  to  heat ;  warm:  as,  to  air  linen;  to 
otr  liquors. — 4.  refl.  To  expose  (one's  self)  to 
the  air. 
To  go  and  air  myself  in  my  native  fields.      Lamb,  Elia. 
Hi-  my  pleasure  to  walk  forth, 
And  air  myself  A  little. 

.1/  iddletoti,  Chaste  Maid,  ii.  2. 
II.  intnins.  To  take  the  air. 
she  went  airing  every  daw 

Kiss  Mit'/"rd,  i  lur  Village,  2d  ser.,  317. 

air2  (ar).  n.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th  cen- 
tury); <  P.  air,  OF.  aire,  nature,  disposition, 
manner,  mien,  air,  =  Pr.  aire  =  It.  aire,  aere, 
now  aria,  manner,  mien,  countenance ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin,  prob.  the  same  as  OF.  air, 
Pr.  air,  aire,  E.  air1,  the  atmosphere  (ef.  atmo- 
sphere in  similar  uses):  see  air1  and  air3.]  1. 
The  peculiar  look,  appearance,  and  bearing  of 
a  person :  as,  the  air  of  a  youth ;  a  graceful  air ; 
a  lofty  air. 

Then  retiu'ned  to  my  side,  .  .  .  and  strolled  along  with 
the  air  of  a  citizen  of  the  place  pointing  out  the  objects 
of  interest  to  a  Btranger. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  xiv. 

2.  The  general  character  or  complexion  of 
anything  ;  appearance  ;  semblance. 

Too  great  liberties  taken  [in  translation]   in  varying 

either  the  expression  or  composition,  in  order  to  give  a 

new  air  to  the  whole,  will  be  apt  to  haveaverybad  effect 

Bp.  Lowth,  On  Isaiah. 

As  it  was  communicated  with  the  air  of  a  secret,  it  soon 
fi  mini  its  way  into  the  world.      Pope,  Ded.  of  K.  of  the  I.. 

3.  pi.  Affected  manner;  manifestation  of  pride 
or  vanity ;  assumed  haughtiness  :  chiefly  in  the 
phrases  to  put  on  airs,  to  give  one's  self  airs. 

Mrs.  Crackenbury  read  the  paragraph  in  bitterness  of 
spirit,  and  discoursed  to  her  followers  about  the  airs 
which  that  woman  was  giving  herself. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  lxviii. 

And  the  .jueeii  of  the  hoopoes  ■  tttte  herself  airs,  and  sat 
down  upon  a  twig  ;  and  she  refused  to  speak  to  the  me- 
ropfl  her  cousin,  and  the  other  birds  who  bad  been  her 
friends,  because  they  were  hut  vulgar  birds. 

7;.  Ourzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  136. 

4f.  pi.  The  artificial  motions  or  carriage  of  a 
horse. —  5.  In  painting,  that  which  expresses 
action,  manner,  gesture,  or  attitude. 
airs(ar),  n.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th cen- 
tury l;  <  F.  air,  a  tune,  sound,  or  air  in  music, 
<  It.  aere,  aire,  now  aria  (>  Sp.  Pg.  aria,  E.  aria, 
q.  v.);  prob.  identical  (through  aere,  aire,  aria, 
manner,  E.  air%;  cf.  L.  Modus,  manner,  mode, 
musical  mode,  melody)  with  aere,  aire,  aria,  E. 
air1.]  1.  In  music:  («)  A  rhythmical  melody; 
a  tuno  consisting  of  single  successive  notes 
divided  into  groups  which,  in  duration,  have 
some  definite  ratio  to  one  another,  recognizable 
by  the  ear.  (A)  A  song  or  piece  of  poetry  for 
singing:  as,  the  air,  "Sound  tin  Alarm."  (c) 
The  soprano  part  in  a  harmonized  piece  of 
music.  ANo  called  aria. — 2.  Any  piece  of 
poetry.     [Rare.] 

The  repeated  air 
of  sad  Electra'a  poet.  Milton,  Sonnets,  iii. 

National  air,  in  musvcl  a  popular  tune  peculiar  to  or 
characteristic  oi  a  particular  nation;  specifically,  that 

tunc  which  by  national  selecti »r  consent  is   usualrj 

or  I 'lay  i  1 1  .-ii  ret  tain  puhlic  occasions,  as  "God  Save 
the  Queen1  in  I  a  ml  and,  ''Hail,  Columbia,   in  the  I  nited 
stales,  the  "  Marseillaise"  in    France,  the   "Emperor's 
Hymn  "  in  Austria,  etc. 
air:,t  (ar),  o.  I.     [<  air*,  n.]     To  set  to  music. 

For  not  a  drop  that  floWS  from   Helicon 

Bui  ayredbi  thee  grows  Btreight  into  a  song. 
J.  Cobb.  I'relK  to  Law  ess  Ayres  and  DialogUt 

air't,  »■      Same  as  air//-,  air//-. 

air'  (ar),  adv.  and  a.     [Also  written  ear;  = 

E.  ere,  <  AS.  ar,  rarely  used  as  an  adj.,  com- 
mon as  a  prep,  and  adv.:  see  ere  ami  early.'] 
Early.     [Scotch.] 

taatrwinter1   asah  winter.  Scotch  proverb. 

Aira  (a'rii ).  ».     [NL.,  prop,  "awa,  <  Gr.  alpa,  a 
kind  of  darnel,  prob.  Zolium  temitlentum  (Lin- 
el     A.  genus  of  slender  perennial  grasses 
of  temperate  regions,  mostly  of  little  value.  The 
more  common  species  an-  known  as  hair-grass. 

airablet  (ar'a-bl),  a.  |<  (tir'-t,  c,?  -t-.aAfc.]  Suit- 
able lo  lie  sung.     Howell. 


air-cane 

air-bag  (Sr'bag),  h.  A  large  bag  composed  of 
layers  of  canvas,  saturate, I  or  coated  with  air- 
proof  and  water-proof  preparations  and  tilled 

with  air,  designed  lor  use  in  raising  sunken 
vessels.  When  needed  for  use,  empty  air-bags  are  secured 
to  the  vessel  beneath  the  Burface  of  the  water,  and  air  la 
then  forced  into  them.     Also  called  air-cushion. 

air-balloon  (Sr'ba-lSn  ).  n.    See  bail, tan. 

air-bath  (ar'bath),  n.  1.  The  protracted  ex- 
posure of  the  person  to  the  action  of  the  air, 
for  tlie  promotion  of  health,  usually  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  See  sun-bath. —  2.  An 
arrangement  for  drying  substances  by  exposing 
them  to  air  of  any  desired  temperature. 

air-bed  (ar'bed),  n.  A  bed  made  by  inflating 
an  air-tight  bed-shaped  bag  with  air. 

air-bladder  (Sr'blacP'er),  n.  1.  A  vesicle  in  an 
organic  body  tilled  with  air. 

The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the  surfaces 
vt  these  air-bladders  in  ;m  infinite  number  of  ramifications, 

Arbuthnot,  Alimi 
2.  In  iehth.,  the  sound  or  swim-bladder;  asym- 
metrical bladder  or  sac  filled  with  air,  generally 
situated  directly  under  the  vertebral  column  iii 
front,  and  homologous  with  the  lungs  of  air- 
breathing  animals.  Its  principal  function  is  the  regu- 
lation of  the  equilibrium  of  the  body.  It  is  either  connected 
byatuhewith  the  intestinal  canal,  asinthephysostomous 
fishes,  or  shut  off  from  till  communication  with  it,  as  in  the 
physoclistous  fishes.  It  is  subject  to  great  variation  in 
form,  and  is  liable  to  atrophy  or  complete  abortion  in 
species  allied  to  such  as  have  it  well  developed. 

air-blast  (ar'blast),  «.  A  stream  or  current  of 
air  under  pressure;  specifically,  such  a  stream 
used  to  urge  fires  iu  forges  or  to  assist  combus- 
tion in  furnaces.  When  heated  it  is  called  a  hot 
blast;  when  at  normal  temperature,  a  cold  blast.  Air- 
blasts  arc  also  used  to  perform  certain  kinds  of  light  work, 
as  separating  hairs  and  dust  from  fur  in  hat-making,  re- 
moving dust  or  chaff  in  grinding,  sawing,  etc.,  and  picking 
up  paper  and  light  materials. 

air-bone  (ar'bon),  n.  A  bone  having  a  largo 
cavity  filled  with  air,  as  in  birds.  Owen.  Spe- 
cifically, the  atmosteou  (which  see). 

air-box  (ar'boks),  n.  1.  A  ventilating  flue; 
specifically,  a  wooden  tube  or  box  used  to  con- 
vey air  to  a  mine  for  ventilation. —  2.  A  lino 
used  to  supply  air  to  a  furnace,  either  (a)  to 
promote  combustion,  or  (A)  to  be  heated  in 
order  to  warm  apartments. — 3.  A  chamber  at 
the  rear  of  the  fire-box  of  a  furnace  to  supply 
air  for  the  more  complete  combustion  of  the 
gases  disengaged  from  the  fuel. 

air-brake  (ar'brak),  «.  A  system  of  continuous 
railway-brakes  operated  by  compressed  air. 
The  air  is  compressed  by  a  pump  upon  the  locomotive, 
and  conveyed,  through  pipes  beneath  the  cars  and  flexilile 
hose  between  them,  to  cylinders  under  each  car.  The 
pistons  of  the  cylinders  are  connected  with  and  move  the 
brake-levers,  which  transmit  pressure  to  the  brake-shoes. 
Sec  vacuum-brake. 

air-braving  (ai''bra''ving),  a.  Breasting  or  de- 
fying the  air  or  wind. 

Stately  and  air-braving  towers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  '2. 

air-breather  (ar'bre"THer),  n.  An  animal 
which  breathes  air;  specifically,  a  marine  ani- 
mal breathing  out  of  water  by  means  of  lungs, 
instead  of  under  water  by  means  of  gills. 

air-brick  (ar'brik),  n.  1.  A  brick  perforated 
or  with  open  sides,  to  permit  the  flow  of  air 
through  it  for  purposes  of  ventilation. —  2. 
A  metal  box  "I'  the  size  of  a  brick,  with  grated 
sides  for  the  passage  of  air.     See  air-grating. 

air-bridge  (ar'brij),  n.  A  furnace-bridge  so 
constructed  as  to  admit  air  to  the  gases  pass- 
ing over  it,  to  facilitate  their  combustion.  See 
bridge. 

air-brush  (ar'brush),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
atomizer  invented  by  Walkup,  used  by  lithog- 
raphers and  artists  for  the  distribution  of  col- 
or in  minute  quantities  over  a  paper  surf: 

It  consists  ot  a  reservoir  idled  with pressed  air,  1 1  I 

necting  with  a  no/],-  by  means  ot  an  elastic  tube. 

air-bucket  (ar'buk"et),  n.  A  water-wheel 
bucket,  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  unim- 
peded outflow  of  the  air  displaced  by  the  wa  Id- 
as it  enters  the  bucket. 

air-buffer  (ar'bufer),  v.    Same  as  air-spring. 

air-bug  (ar'bug).  ».  Any  heteropterous  heinip- 
terous  insect  of  the  division  Ueocorcs  (land- 
bugs)  or  of  the  Aurocores. 

air-built  (ar'bilt),  a.  Erected  in  the  air;  hav- 
ing no  solid  foundation ;  chimerical:  as,  an  air- 
built  eastle  ;    air-built    hopes. 

air-camel  (ar'kam'el),  n.  A  caisson  or  air- 
chamber  pla I  beneath  or  alongside  of  vessels, 

to  diminish  their  draft  and  enable  them  to  pass 
over  shallow  spots  or  obstructions,  and  also 
used  in  raising  sunken  vessels. 

air-cane  (ar'kan),  ».  A  walking-stick  baring 
an  air-gun  concealed  within  it. 


air-carbureter 


air-carbureter  (ar'k&r'bu-ret-er),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus in  which  air  is  passed  through  or  over 
the  surfai I  liquid  hydi arbons,  and  thus 

becomes    charged    with    inflammable    vapor. 

gee  ,i<is-iiiiichinc. 

lir-casing  (ai''ka"sing),  H.     An  air-tight  casing  air-cylinder  (sir'sil  in-dcr),  n.     In  gun.,  .1  de 

vice  consisting  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  used 
for  checking  the  recoil  of  heavy  guns  by  means 
of  the  elasticity  of  atmospheric  air  confined 
within  it;  a  pneumatic  buffer. 


123  air-heading 

to  act  as  a  cushion  for  the  water,  or  to  receive  air-equalizer 'o  i-zei 

the  pressure  or  shock  caused  by  a  sudden  stop-    distributing  a  current  of  ah'  equally  throughout 
page  of  its  How,  or  by  the  expansion  of  the    its  working-space. 
water  in  freezing.— 4.   Same  as  air-spring  or  airer  (ar'er),   n.     [<  tftr\  «., 
pneumatic  spring. 


1.  One 

ii  ■  ii 


Air-celts  in  Gulf- 


of  sheet-iron  placed  around  a  pipe  to  prevent 
undue  transmission  i  if  heat  or  cold ;  specifically. 
the  easing  placed  around  the  base  of  the  funnel 
or  smoke-stack  of  a  steamship,  to  prevent  too 
great  a  transmission  of  heat  to  the  deck. 
*ir-castle  (ar'kas*l),  ».  A  castle  in  the  air;  a 
day-dream;  a  visionary  scheme.     See  castle. 

Adventures,  triumphs  of  strength  and  skill — these  fur- 
nlBli  subject-matter  lor  tin'  talk  ot  the  uncivilized  man 
ami  the  air-castles  uf  the  youth. 

II.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  Psychol.,  §  482. 

air-cavity  (ar'kav"i-ti),  «.  A  cavity  contain- 
ing air;  specifically^  such  a  cavity  occurring  in 
the  body  or  bones  of  an  animal;  a  large  air- 
sac  or  pneumatocyst  of  a  bird. 

In  the  latter  ease,  air-cavities  take  the  place  of  the 
medulla,  which  disappears,  and  so  diminish  permanently 
the  Bpi li  itle  gravity  of  the  animal. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  573. 

air-cell  (ar'sel),  «.     1.  In  but.,  one  of  the  cav- 
ities in  the  leaves,   stems,  or  other  parts  of 
plants,  containing  air.     They  are 
m  ii  aeeninthe  bladders  of  seaweeds,  and 
are  found  in  other  aquatic  plants,  which 

they  serve  to  float. 

2.  hxanat.  androoL,  adefiniteeir- 
cumscribed  cavity  in    the  body, 
containing    atmospheric  air  in- 
haled through  air-passages  which 
place  it  in  direct  communication 
with  t  he  outer  air.     The  term  is  used 
In  mil  such  cavity,  without  reference  to  ^etStsaVgassu 
the  technical  meaning  of  cell  (which  see),   vulgar*}. 
An  air-cell  is  generally  of  small  size,  if 
nut  microscopic,  as  one  of  those  in  lung-tissue;  but  it 
sometimes  forms  a  great  space  or  inflatable  inclosed  area, 
as  tile  air-cells  of  birds,  ami  is  then  also  called  air-space, 
air-receptacle,  or  pneumatocyst.    Specifically  —  (a)  One  of 
the  small  hemispherical  saccules  which  beset  the  walls  uf 
the  alveolar  passages  and  infuudibula  of  the  lungs.     Also 
called  alveolus.    (6)  One  of  the  dilatations  of  the  trachea 
or  aii-tube  in  insects  forming  the  respiratory  apparatus, 
(c)  In  urnitti.,  a  pneumatocyst;  any  one  of  the  extra-pul- 
monary cavities  of  the  body  of  a  bird,  containing  air,  which 
an  continuous  with  one  another  and  with  one  or  more  of 
the  bronchial  tubes.    See  pneumatocyst. 

air-chamber  (ar'cham'ber),  n.  1.  A  large 
cavity  in  an  organic   body  containing  air. — 

2.  A  compartment  of  a  hydraulic  engine  or 
apparatus,  as  a  pump,  interposed 
between  and  connected  with  the 
supply-  and  delivery-passages,  and 
containing  air  which  by  its  elas- 
ticity equalizes  the  pressure  and 
flow  of  the  fluids.  Thus,  in  a  recipro- 
cating force-pump,  the  impulse  given  to 
tin  liuid  by  the  delivery-stroke  compresses 
tiie  air  in  the  air-chamber,  and  this  com- 
pressed air  reacts  upon  the  outflowing  fluid 
to  continue  its  motion  during  the  reverse 
stroke,  or  during  those  intervals  when  the 
force  imparted  falls  below  the  average  or 
normal  amount.  The  pressure  and  flow  are 
thus  made  practically  uniform,  notwith- 
standing the  intermittent  or  variable  action  of  the  force. 
For  some  special  forms,  see  air-vessel. 

3.  Any  compartment  or  chamber  designed  to 
contain  air:  as,  the  air-chamber  of  a  life-boat. 

air-chambered  (ar'eham'/berd),  a.     Furnished 
with  an  air-chamber  or  with  air-chambers. 
It  [the  life-boat]  was  air-chambered  and  buoyant. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

air-COck  (ar'kok),  n.  A  cock  used  to  control 
tlio  admission  or  outflow  of  air.     See  cock1,  8. 

air-compressor  (ar'kom-pres'or),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  condensing  air,  usually  in  the  form  of 
a  force-pump.     See  compressor. 

air-cone  (ar'kon).  ».  A  cone  in  a  marine  en- 
gine designed  to  receive  air  and  steam  from 
the  hot-well,  and  carry  them  off  through  a 
pipe  at  the  top. 

air-cooler  (ar'ko"ler),  n.  Any  appliance  for 
lowering  the  temperature  of  the  air,  as  in  hos- 
pitals, dwellings,  and  theaters.  A  common  form 
consists  of  chambers  tilled  with  ice,  or  fitted  with  screens 
of  light  fabric  kept  constantly  wet  with  cooling  liquids. 
through  which  a  current  of  air  is  forced.  See  refrigerat- 
big-chamber,  under  refrigerate. 

air-course  (ar'kors),  u.  A  passage  in  a  mine 
made  or  used  for  ventilating  purposes ;  an  air- 
way. 

air-crossing  (ar'krds''ing),  n.  A  passageway 
or  bridge  constructed  to  carry  one  air-course 
over  another,  as  in  the  ventilation  of  coal-mines. 
air-cushion  (ar'kush*on),  n.  1.  A  bag  made 
of  an  air-tight  fabric  used  when  inflated  with 
air  as  a  cushion  for  a  seat. —  2.  Same  as  air- 
bag. —  3.  A  ball  or  cylinder  (usually  of  india- 
■rabber)  filled  with  air  and  placed  in  a  water-pipe, 


Manna.     [Rare.] 

n.    1.  An  empty  space  left 


air-dew  (ar'du),  n. 
air-drain  (ar'dran), 

around  the  external  foundation-walls  of  a  build- 
ing to  prevent  the  earth  from  lying  against 
them  and  thus  causing  dampness. —  2.  In  mold- 
ing, a  largo  passage  for  the  escape  of  gases 
from  heavy  castings  while  in  the  mold. 

air-drawn  (ar'dran),  a.  Drawn  or  depicted  in 
the  air:  as,  "the  air-drawn  dagger,"  Shah., 
Macbeth,  Hi.  4. 

air-dried  (ar'drid),  a.  Dried  by  or  in  the  air: 
applied  to  fruits  and  materials  from  which 
moisture  has  been  removed  by  exposure  to 
currents  of  air  uuder  natural  atmospheric  con- 
ditions. 

air-drill  (ar'dril),  n.  A  rock-drill  driven  by 
compressed  air,  as  distinguished  from  a  drill 
driven  by  steam.     See  rock-drill. 

air-drum"  (ax'drum),  «.  A  drum-shaped  cham- 
ber or  reservoir  for  air;  specifically,  in  ornifh., 
a  large  lateral  cervical  pneumatocyst. 

The  great  air-drums  of  our  pinnated  grouse  andcock- 
of-the-plains.  Coues,  Key  to  V  A.  birds,  p.  -Jon. 

air-duct  (ar'dukt),  ».  A  duet  or  passage  con- 
veying air;  specifically,  in  ichth.,  the  commu- 
nication of  the  air-bladder  with  the  intestinal 
canal.  It  is  persistent  in  physostomous,  tem- 
porary in  physoclistous,  fishes. 

aireH,  »•     An  old  form  of  aery2. 

aire-  (i're;  mod.  pron.  ar),  n.  [Ir.,  pi.  airig; 
cf.  aircach,  a  noble,  a  privileged  person.]  In 
Irish  antiq.,  a  freeman;  a  gentleman;  one  of 
the  privileged  classes.  Aires  were  of  two  classes :  («) 
the  piths,  or  those  who  possessed  property  in  land;  and 
(b)  the  bo-aires,  who  possessed  cows  and  other  chattels. 
The  king  was  elected  by  these  two  classes. 

Clansmen  who  possessed  twenty-one  cows  and  upwards 
were  airig  (sing,  aire),  or,  as  we  should  say,  had  the  fran- 
chise, and  might  fulfil  the  functions  of  bail,  witness,  etc. 
Encyc.  Brit,  XIII.  257. 

The  upper  classes  were  all  aires.  To  be  eligible  to  the 
aire  grade,  the  freeman  should  possess,  besides  a  certain 
amount  of  wealth  in  cattle,  a  prescribed  assortment  of 
agricultural  implements  and  household  goods. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  252. 

air-endway  (ar'end'-wa),  n.  A  roadway  or 
level  driven  into  a  coal-seam  parallel  with  a 
main  level,  used  chiefly  for  purposes  of  venti- 
lation.    Gresley.     [Eng.] 

air-engine  (Sr'en'jrn),  n.  A  motor  employing 
(a)  the  elastic  force  of  air  expanded  by  heat, 


Air-chamber. 


+  -i  r ' 
who  airs  or  exposes  to  the  ah'. —  2. 
for  drying  clothes,  etc. 
air-escape  (ar'es-kap*),  n.    An  air-trap  tor  the 

esca] I  air  which  collects  in  the  upper  bends 

of  water-pipes  and  in  other  hydraulic  apparatus. 
ii,.  usual  i "i in  i -  in. ,i  "i  a  ball-coi  k (which see) inclosed 
in  a  chamber  situated  at  the  point  at  which  tin-  an-  ia  to 
be  withdrawn,  and  so  adjusted  that  as  the  water-level 
within  is  towered  bythe  pressure  of  the  accumulated  air 
tin  ball-float  descends,  opi  ns  the  valve,  and  permil 
air  to  escape;  the  water  then  rising  buoys  up  the  float 
and  doses  iic  valve. 

air-exhauster  (Sr'eg-zSs  ter),  ».  1.  Same  as 
air-escape. —  2.  Anyapparatus,  as  an  air-pump, 
exhaust-fan,  suction-blower,  or  steam-jet,  used 
for  withdrawing  air  from  an  inclosed  place,  for 
ventilation  or  for  the  creation  of  a  vacuum. 
See  tiir-jiiunp,  hloirer,  fan,  and  ventilator. 

air-faucet  (ar'fa/'set),  n.  A  stop-cock  for  let- 
ting air  out  or  in. 

air-filter  (ar'fiT'ter),  n.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
tracting dust,  smoke,  microscopic  germs,  etc., 
from  the  air.  It  consists  of  screens  or  strainers  of 
woven-wire  fabrics,  gun-cotton,  asbestos,  slag-wo 
other  flocculent  material,  through  which  the  air  is  drawn  ; 
or  of  showers,  sprays,  or  films  of  water  or  chemical  solu- 
tions, through  or  over  which  the  air  to  be  filtered  passes. 
Air  titters  are  Used  in  the  Mutilation  of  buildings  and  rail- 
road cars,  in  physical  research,  in  surgery,  and  in  the  re- 
covery of  by-products  in  manufactures. 

air-flue  (ar'flo),  n.  A  conduit  for  air.  See  air- 
box,  air-funnel,  and  air-pipe. 

air-fountain  (ar'foun'tan),  ».  An  apparatus 
for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  the  elastic  force 
of  air  compressed  in  a  close  vessel  and  made  to 
act  on  the  surface  of  the  water  to  be  raised. 

air-funnel  (ar'fun'el),  n.  In  ship-building,  a 
flue  formed  by  the  omission  of  a  timber  in  the 
upper  works  of  a  vessel,  and  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  ventilation  of  the  hold. 

air-furnace  (ar'fer'nas),  n.  1.  A  reverbera- 
tory  furnace  (which  see,  under  furnace). —  2. 
An  air-heating  furnace  for  warming  apart- 
ments. Air  is  led  into  a  space  formed  between  an  .  nit.  r 
casing  and  the  sides  of  a  fire-pot  and  combustion-cham- 
ber, and,  after  becoming  heated  by  contact  with  the  walls 
..f  tin  latter,  flows  to  the  apartments  which  are  to  be 
warmed.    See  air-stove,  furnace,  and  heater. 

air-gage  (ar'gaj),  n.  An  instrument  for  indi- 
cating the  pressure  of  air  or  gases.  It  consists  of 
a  glass  tube  of  uniform  caliber,  closed  at  the  top  and  hav- 
ing its  lower  end  dipped  into  a  cup  of  mercury  on  the  sur- 
face of  which  the  air  or  gas  presses,  thus  forcing  mercury 
into  the  tube,  and  compressing  the  air  within  it  to  an 
aim  mnt  directly  proportioned  to  the  pressure.  This  pres- 
sure can  be  read  from  a  scale  attached  to  the  tube,  the 
zero  of  the  scale  being  usually  placed  at  the  upper  sur- 
t.i,  ,  of  tlie  mercurial  column  when  the  instrument  is  ex- 
posi  1  t"  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  Also  called 
air-manometer. 
air-gas  (ar'gas),  n.  An  inflamma*ble  illuminat- 
ing gas  made  by  charging  ordinary  atmospheric 
air  with  the  vapors  of  petroleum,  naphtha,  or 
some  similar  substance,  as  the  hydrocarbon 
called  gasolene. 
air-gate  (ar'gat).  ».  1.  An  underground  road- 
way in  a  coal-mine,  used  chiefly  for  ventilation. 
[Kt'ig.  Midland  coal-fields.]— 2.  In  molding,  an 
orifice  through  which  the  displaced  air  and  the 
gases  which  are  formed  escape  from  the  mold 
while  the  molten  matter  is  filling  it. 
air-gossamer  (ar'gos"a-rner),  h.  Same  as  air- 
thread. 
air-governor  (ai''guv/'er-nor),  it.  A  device,  at- 
tached to  pneumatic  apparatus  and  machinery, 
for  regulating  the  pressure  or  delivery  of  air. 
air-grating  (ur'gra'ting),  ».  A  grating  pro- 
tecting or  forming  a  ventilating  orifice  in  a 
wall  or  partition.  See  air-brick. 
air-gun  (ar'gun),  n.  A  gun  in  which  condensed 
air  is  used  as  the  propelling  agent.  Thelmn 
barrel  is  connected  with  a  reservoir  inclosed  within  or  at- 
tached without  the  stock,  into  which  air  is  forced  by  a 
piston  or  plunger  tilted  to  the  bore,  or  by  an  independent 


Ericsson's  Hot-air  Pumping-engine. 
a,  beam  ;  b,  air-piston  \c,  transfer-piston  ;  rf.  cylinder;  J,  air-piston 


transfer-piston  rod ; 
M,  gas-furnace ;  7',  gal 


link;  *,  befl-crank;  o,  side-rods;  . 
air-chamber ;  t,  vacuum-chamber 
w,  gas-chamber ;  x,  water-jacket- 

or  (6)  air  compressed  by  means  of  another  and 
separate  motor,  called  a  compressor,  which  is 
generally  a  steam-engine.  Machine-drills,  in  min- 
ing, are  generally  run  by  compressed-air  engines,  the  com- 
pressor being  located  at  the  surface,  and  the  air-engines 
distributed  underground,  at  the  various  points  where 
their  work  is  required. 


Air-gun. 


condenser.  When  the  trigger  is  pulled  it  operates  a  valve 
which  permits  the  sudden  escape  of  tin  wholi 

ti f  tic  condensed  air  int..  the  barrel  at  tin    i ' 

the  ball  or  dart,  thus  projecting  the  latter.  In  son..' 
tonus  the  propelling  agent  is  a  compressed  spring  freed 
in  th.'  trigger.  The  reactive  force  of  the  spring  com- 
presses the  air  which  interposes  between  it  and  the  pro- 
jectile, and  tlie  air  acts  upon  and  projects  the  ball. 

air-heading  (ar'hed"ing),  «.  An  excavation  in 
a  mine  through  which  air  is  made  to  pass  for 
ventilation. 


air-hoist 

air-hoist  (Sr'hoist ),  n.  TT.ii^l  inn  machinery  op- 
erated by  compressed  air,  or  by  the  creation  of 
a  partial  vacuum,  [t  consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted  with 
a  piston  wh  i  l-l:i-  0VI '  pulley 

with  the  platform  ol  thi  hoisl     See  ./,  mtor  and  tout, 

air-holder  (av'lK'l  der),  n.  1.  A  vessel  for  hold- 
ing ail  for  any  purpose,  as  for  counteracting 
thepressure  of  a  decreasing  column  of  mercury, 
or  for  keeping  up  a  moderate  and  steady  cur- 
rent of  air.  Sri-  aironu  ter,  air  m  m  '.  and  gas- 
holder.— 2f.  A  gasometer. 

air-hole  (ar'hol),  ».     1.  An  opening  t..  admit 

or  discharge  air.— 2.  In  founding,  a  fault  ma 

ing,  caused  bj  a  bubble  of  airwhich  passes 

from  the  core  outward,  and  is  retained  in  tin' 

il.     Also  called  blow-hole. — 8.  A  natural 

ning  in  the  frozen  surface  of  a  river  or  pond, 

caused  by  currents  or  springs. 


HU1M  ll    ■■>     l  inn    iii.-i    in    ijniiif.il 

airie't  (ar'i),  a.    An  old  spelling  of  airy1. 

airie-t  (ar'iK  «.     An  old  spelling  of  aery*. 
airified  (ar'i-fid),  a.    [<  "airify,  make  airy  (< 

air1  («ir-)  +  -fy),  +  -id-.]   Fashioned  man  airj 

manner;  characterized  by  the  assumption  of 
airs:  as,  an  airified  style.  [Contemptuous  or 
slighting.] 

airily  (ar'i-li),  adv.  [<  air;/1  +  -h/-.]  1.  In  an 
airy  or  gay  manner;  gaily;  jauntily. 

Fanny  bade  her  father  good-night,  and  whisk.  .1  off 
airihi.  Dickens,  Little  Dornt 

2.  Lightly;  delicately:  as,  airily  wrought  de- 
tails. 

airiness  (ar'i-nes),  ».  1.  Exposure  to  a  free 
current  of  air;  openness  to  the  air:  as,  the  air- 
iness of  a  country-seat.— 2.  Unsubstantially. 
like  that  of  air.— 3.  Delicacy  and  lightness; 
ethereality.— 4.  Sprightliness  of  motion  or 
manner;  gaiety;  jauntiness;  vanity;  affecta- 
tion: as,  the  airiness  of  young  persons. 

airing  (ar'ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  air1,  v.]  1 .  An 
exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for  drying  or 
warming. — 2.  Exercise  in  or  exposure  to  the 
open  air;  an  excursion  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  air. 

Ml  the  virtues  seemed  to  have  come  out  for  an  airinii 
in  ,.ne  chariot.  Uotley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  534. 

airing-stage  (ar'ing-staj),  n.  A  stage  or  plat- 
form upon  which  materials  are  placed  to  ho 
;,ire.l or  dried:  as,  the  airing-stage  upon  which 
powder  is  dried. 

air-injector  (Sr'in-jek  tor),  n.  A  simple  blow- 
ing device,  used  with  a  dental  drill  or  employed 

for  removing  dust  from  the  path  of  a  line  saw. 

airisadt,  airisardt,  n.    Same  as  arisad. 
airisht  (ar'ish),  a.     [ME.  ayrisshe,  ayermh, 
etc.;  <  air1   +  -i-'li1-1     1.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  air;  aerial. 

And  beheld  the  ayerisshe  hestes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  905. 

2.  Cool;  fresh. 
Themorningesareatris/i.  Best,  Farming, p.  Is.  (.V.  E.  /'.) 

air-jacket  (ar'jak  'el ).  «.  A  jacket  inflated  with 
air,  or  to  which  bladders  tilled  with  air  are  fas- 
tened, to  r.  ".I.  t  ill.-  wearer  buoyant  in  water. 

airless  (ar'les),  a.    [<  air1  +  -less.']     1.  Nol 

opentoa  free  i    irrenl  of  air;  wanting  fresh  air 
or  communication  with  open  air. —  2.  Without 
air;  devoid  of  atmosphere. 
I,  ..;,:,  :i    ii,,  [if  1.  is,  airless  moon. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  73. 

air-level  (ar'lev'el),   n.      A  name  sometimes 


124 

in  nart  of  a  piston  moving  In  a  cylinder  would  become 
taed  If  air  should  enter  the  cylinder  and  remain 
between  On    piston  and  the  cylinder-head,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  piston  fr making  its  urn  stroke. 

air-machine  (ar'ma-slien  ),  ».  In  nunnig,  an 
apparal  us  by  which  pure  air  is  forced  into  parts 
badly  ventilated,  and  the  foul  air  extracted. 

air-manometer  (ar'ma-nom'e-ter),  n.  Same 
as  air-gage.    See  manometer. 

air-meter  (ar'me'ter),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  quantity  or  rate  of  flow  of  air. 
Various  .1.  flees  are  used,  as  bellows,  cylinder  and  piston, 
and  rotating  buckets,  in  which  capacities  are  constant, 
and  fans  and  vanes,  which  measure  the  rapidity  ol  now 
through  conduits  of  known  sectional  area,  and  therefore 
...  the  quantities  passing  In  any  given  time. 

aim  (am),  »•      Scotch  form  of  iron. 

airohydrogen  (ar'6-hi'dro-ien),  a.  [saw*, 
after  aero-,  +  hydrogen.]  Pertaining  to  a  mix- 
ture of  atmospheric  air  and  hydrogen. -Airo- 
hydrogen blowpipe.    See  blowpipe. 

airometer  (ar-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  air1,  after  aero-, 
+  Or.  fiirpov,  measure.  Ci.  aerometer.]  1.  An 
air-holder  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  the 
gasometer,  whence  the  name.  See  gasometer. 
— 2.  Same  as  air-meter. 


given  to  a  spirit-level  (whieh  see), 
air-line  (ar'lin),  e.  and '(.     I.  n.    A  linens  din  Ii  -l 

as  though  .ii. .  n  or    tretched  through  the  air; 

a  bee-line. 

W   o.    SI  direct  as  a  line  in  the  air; 

not  deflected  laterally:  as.  an  air-K»<  railroad. 
airlingtiai'linL'i,/'.  L<"<>'  +-ling1.]  Athought- 
le-s,  gay  person. 

gome  mori  then  '  ■  won 

win,  B.  Jonton,  Catiline,  i.  8. 

air-lock  (ar'lok),  ».  An  air-tight chambei  ina 
caisson  in  which  opt  rations  are  carried  on  under 

mmunieating  by  one  .1 :  with   the 

outer  air  and  the  main  entrance-shaft  of  the 

'I.!-  d •  with  the  chambers 

filled  with  condensed  air  in  which  the  men  are  a1 
work,     n     purpos.    I    to  i 

that  Hi'   ■  ban  "    i i  ordinal  |  ail  ' i"1  i   i ' 

,,i     without   Injury,     w  h.  n  a  workm 
the  shaft  into  the  air  lock  thedooi  of  In  n 
,-,,i„i  ■  ..i,,, mi  ,i  until  ii"    ' 

iambi  i     'ii..   prow    ilsri 
when  leaving  the  i 

air-locomotive  (ax'ld-ko-mo'tiv),  n.  A  loco- 
motive driven  by  compressed  or  heated  air, 
usually  the  former. 

air-logged  (ar'lqgd),  a.  V  ""''  +  logged,  aftei 
water-logged.]  In  mach.,  impede,!,  as  motion, 
by  the  intrusion  of  air.     I  bus,  a  machine  consisting 


The  airometer,  the  invention  of  Mr.  Henry  Hall,  the  in- 
spector, by  means  of  a  delicately-constructed  windmill, 
shows  the  rate  of  the  current  of  air  in  the  passages  of  the 
coUiery.  Ure>  Dict>  Iv-  s9a 

air-passage  (ar'pas'aj),  n.    1.  In  anat.,  one  of 
the  passages  by  whieh  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lungs,  as  the  nasal  passages,  the  larynx,  the 
trachea,  and  the  bronchial  tubes  or  their  minute 
ramifications.— 2.  In  hot.,  a  large  intercellular 
space  in  the  stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plants, 
and  in  the  stems  of  endogens. 
air-pipe  (ar'pip),  n.    A  pipe  used  to  draw  foul 
air  out,  of  or  conduct  fresh  air  mto  close  places. 
Specifically— (a)  A  pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the  furnace 
and  of  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  the  fire.    <J>)  In  ...... 

ing,  a  pipe  through  which  air  passes,  either  for  ventila- 
tion or  for  use  in  an  air-engine,  (c)  A  small  copper  pipe 
leading  from  the  top  of  the  hot-well  of  a  marine  engine 
tin.. a  I.  the  side  of  the  vessel,  for  the  discharge  of  the 
air  and  uncondensed  vapor  removed  from  the  condenser 
by  the  air-pump.  . 

air-pit  (ar'pit),  n.  A  pit  or  shaft  in  a  coal- 
mine, used  for  ventilation.  Also  called  air- 
shaft.     [Eng.] 

air-plant  (ar'plant),  n,  A  plant  unconnected 
with  the  ground  and  apparently  living  on  air: 
applied  to  epiphytes,  but  usually  not  to  para- 
sites. Many  epiphytic  orchids  in  cultivation 
are  popularly  so  named. 

air-poise  (ar'poiz),  n.     An  instrument  used  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 
air-port  (ar'port),  n.    In  shipbuilding:  («)  A 
small   aperture   cut   in  the   side  of  a  vessel  to 
admit  light  and  air.    i  Ine  is  generally  placed  in  each 
state-room,  and  there  are  several  on  cacti  side  along  the 
berth-deck.    They  are  usually  fitted  so  as  to  close  with  a 
pane  of  thick  glass,  set  in  a  brass  frame,  turning  on  a 
hinge,  and  secured  when  closed  by  a  heavy  thumb-screw, 
(ft)  A  large  scuttle  placed  in  a  ship's  bows  for 
the  admission  of  air.     Also  called  air-scuttle. 
air-proof  (ar'prof),  a.     Impervious  to  air. 
air-pump  (ar'purup),  n.     An  apparatus  lor  the 
exhaustion,    compression,  or  transmission  of 
air.    Air-pumps  are  used  for  many  purposes,  and  arc 
made  in  a  variety  of  forms,  which  differ  according  to  the 
uses  that  they  serve.    In  the  more  common  forms  the 
air  is  exhausted  by  means  of  a  cylinder  and  pi.-tmi.  as  in 
Ritchie's  air-pump  (see  cut),  or  by  centrifugal  action,    ro- 
tating buckets  dipping  mto 


water,  which  forms  a  seal 
are  used  tor  Bome  spi  i  ial 
purposes ;  as  is  also,  for 
slight  changes  of  pressure, 
a  form  consisting  ofavessel 
closed  at  the  top  and  sides 
but  open  at  the  bottom,  and 
dipping  to  a  certain  extent 
int..  water  or  other  fluid, 
which    forma  a  seal  and 

prevents  the  esca] f  the 

air.  For  the  Sprengel  air- 
pump,  see  mercury  air 
/,.... ./. , an. l.r  mercury,  The 
air  pump  of  a  condensing 

si,  nn-cnginc  is  US!  'I  1" 
main tain  :i  vacuum  with- 
in the  condenser  by  with- 
drawing from  it  air  and 
urn  iiiiiliiiseil  vapor.  See 
no'  ,..ii. ;...  is.. )',  aspirator, 
ejector,  /."<"/.,  steam-jet. 
Air  and  circulating 
pumps,  in  a  condensing 
steam-engine,  n  combined 
apparatus  used  as  an  air- 
pump   ami   also  t<>    .11.11- 

thi    condensing   water.     Air-pump  bucket,  an 

p|    ton    »ilb    valves    mi    tin'     upper    s.nla.'r     opi  n 

ing  upward   so  as  to  admit   nd  water  during  the 

il.iwn   troke,  and  lift  tl with  the  up  Btroke,  of  the 

pump. 

air-pyrometer  (Sr'pi-rom'e-ter),  ».    An  instru- 
ment   used    for  measuring  high  temperatures. 


I',.,  Ml  '    Air-Pump. 


i  ite 


air-trunk 

It  consists  of  a  hollow  globe  made  of  platinum,  so  that  It 
may  resist  excessive  heat,  filled  with  air  or  gas,  and  con- 
nected witli  a  bent  glass  tube,  which  holds  at  its  bend 
water,  mercury,  or  i  ither  liquid.  The  expansion  by  heal  of 
the  air  within  the  globe  exerts  a  pressure  upon  the  liquid, 
causing  it  to  rise  in  one  leg  of  the  tube  to  a  height  propoi 
tinned  to  tin-  expansion,  and  therefore  to  the  beat  which 
causes  it.    See  •pyrometer. 

air-receptacle  (ar're-sep"ta-kl)!  it.  In  ornith., 
a  large  air-cell;  an  air-space,  air-sac,  or  pneu- 
matocyst. 

Continuous  air-receptacles  throughout  the  body.    Out  it 
air-regulator  (ar'reg"u-la-tpr),  n.    Any  appa- 
ratus designed  to  govern  the  admission  or  How 
of  air,  as  a  damper  or  register. 
air-reservoir   (ar'rez'er-vwor),   n.      See    air- 

liolder  and  air-vessel. 
air-sac (ar'sak),«.    1.  Ino)-Hif/i.,alargeair-cell; 
an  air-space,  an  air-receptacle,  or  a  pneumato- 
cyst;  one  of  the  membranous  bags  or  recepta- 
cles of  air  lodged  in  the  hollow  bones  and  the 
cavities  of  the  body  of  birds,  and  communicating 
with  the  lungs.— 2.  pi.  The  elongated  cavities 
forming  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  air-pas- 
sages in  the  lungs  of  mammals.     Also  called 
infuniiibula. 
aif-SCUttle  (ar'skut'l),  n.    Same  as  air-port,  (ft). 
air-setting  (ar'set'ing),  a.     Setting  or  harden- 
ing on  exposure  to  air,  as  common  mortar. 
air-shaft  (ar'shaft),  n.     1.  Same  as  air-pit.— 2. 
Any  ventilating  shaft. 

air-slaked  (ar'slakt),  «.  Hydrated  and  disin- 
tegrated by  exposure  to  atmospheric  air:  as, 
air-slalu  <l  lime. 
air-sollar  (ar'sol'ar),  n.  A  compartment,  pas- 
sageway, or  brattice  carried  beneath  the  floor 
of  a  heading  or  an  excavation  in  a  coal-mine, 
for  ventilation.  See  soUar. 
air-space  (ar'spas),  n.  1.  In  ornith.,  an  air- 
cell  of  large  size  ;  an  air-receptacle  or  a  pneu- 
matocyst  (which see). —2.  In  med.  and  sanitary 
scii  nee.  the  clear  cubic  contents  of  a  room,  as 
the  ward  of  a  hospital,  with  reference  to  tho 
respirable  air  contained  in  it :  as,  air-space  per 
man,  so  many  cubic  feet.— 3.  In  firearms,  a 
vacant  space  between  the  powder-charge  and 
the  projectile. 

air-spring  (Sr'spring),  n.    Any  device  designed 
to  resist  a  sudden  pressure,  as  the  recoil  of  a 
gun,  the  momentum  of  a  railroad-car,  or  the 
thrust  of  the  moving  parts  of  a  machine,  by 
means  ,,i  the  elasticity  of  compressed  air.     The 
common  form  is  that  of  a  cylinder  containing  air  which  is 
compressed  by  a  piston  or  plunger.    Same  as  pneumatu 
spring.     Also  called  air-cusnion  or  air-buffer, 
air-Stack  (ar'stak),  it.    A  chimney  used  for  ven- 
tilating a  coal-mine.     [Pennsylvania.] 
air-Stove  (ar'stov),  ».     A  stove  provided  with 
flues  about  the  fire-box  and  chamber,  the  air 
in  which  when  heated  ascends  through  pipes 
to  the  apartments  to  be  supplied  with  warmth. 
s.e  air-furnace  and  heater. 
air-strake  (ar'strak),   n.     In  ship-building,  an 
opening  left  lor  ventilating  purposes  between 
two  planks  of  the  inside  ceiling  of  a  ship. 
airt  (art),  ».     [Also  spelled  airth,  art,  arth;  < 
Gael,  aird,  iird  =  If.  aid,  a  height,  top,  point, 
a  promontory,  a  point  of  the  compass,  esp.  one 
of  the  four  cardinal  points,  a  quarter  of  the 
heavens.]     Point  of  the  compass;   direction. 
[Scotch.] 

Hi  a'  the  mi's'  the  wind  can  blaw, 

I  dearly  lo'e  the  west.  Bums,  Song. 

airt  (art),  v.  t.  [Also  spelled  art,  ert ;  <  airt,  n.] 
To  direct  or  point  out  the  way:  as,  can  you  airt 
me  to  the  school-house  I    [Scotch.] 

air-thermometer  (ar'ther-morn/e-ter),  n.  A 
thermometer  in  which  air  is  used  instead  of 
mercury.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being  more  delicate 
ami  accurate,  and  can  be  employed  at  any  temperature; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  use,  and  hence  is  employed  onlj  in 
physical  experiments.  Itis  useful  as  a  standard  with  whicn 
the  indications  of  ordinary  thermometers  may  be  com 
par,  ,i.  Leslie's  differential  thermometer  is  a  kind  ol  air- 
thermometer.    See  thermometer. 

air-thread(ar'threil),».  A  spider's  threadfloat- 
ing  in  the  air.    Also  called  air-gossamer. 

air-tight  (ar'tat),  a.  So  tight  or  close  as  to  be 
impermeable  to  air:  as,  an  air-tight  vessel.  Alr- 
HKllt  Stove,  akindofsheet-ironstove  in  which  wood  isused 

as  (ml -so  nan,,' -cause,  alii gh  not  literally  air-tight, 

ii  is  practically  so  In  comparison  with  an  open  fireplace. 

air-trap  (nr'tra]0,».  1.  A  contrivance  for  pre- 
venting the  access,  as  to  a  room,  of  tho  effluvia 
arising  from  drains  and  sinks.— 2.   A  reservoir 

and  escape-valve  placed  at  the  joints  or  higher 

points  of  a  water-main  or  pipe-line  to  allow  the 
escape  of  air  which  tuny  accumulate  in  the  pipes. 
air-trunk  (ar'trungk),  n.  A  large  conduit  for 
supplying  pure  air  to,  or  for  removing  foul  or 
heated  air  from,  theaters,  etc. 


air-tube 

air-tube  (ar'tub),  it.  1.  foizodl.}  a  name  given 
to  certain  horny  passages  tor  air  in  the  abdo- 
men of  some  aquatic  insects. —  2.  Xaut.,a  small 
iron  tube  filled  with  water  and  hung  in  a  coal- 
box  in  the  coal-bunkers  of  a  Steamship  as  a 
means  of  ascertaining  the  temperature  of  tho 
coal.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  taken  by  means 
of  a  thermometer.  Its  use  is  a  precaution  against  the 
spontaneous  combustion  of  the  coal. 
3.  The  tube  of  an  atmospheric  railway,  as  the 
pneumatic  tube  (which  see,  under  tube). 

air-tumbler  (ar' turn  "bier),  n.  That  which 
tumbles  through  the  air ;  specifically,  a  kind  of 
pigeon. 

Mr.  Brent,  however,  hail  an  Air-Tumbler  .  .  .  which 
had  iii  both  h  ings  eleven  primaries. 

Darwin,  \  ar.  of  Animals  and  Hants,  p.  167. 

air-valve  (ar'valv),  n.  In  general,  a  valve  de- 
signed to  control  the  flow  of  air.  Specifically 
— 1.  A  valve  placed  upon  a  steam-boiler  to  ad- 
mit air,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  by  the  condensation  of  steam  within 
when  tho  boiler  is  cooling  off,  and  the  conse- 
quent tendency  to  collapse. — 2.  A  valve  placed 
at  bends  and  summits  of  water-pipes,  etc.,  for 
the  outflow  of  air,  as  when  the  pipes  are  being 
filled,  and  for  the  ingress  of  air  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  a  vacuum  when  the  water  is  drawn 
out. 

air-vesicle  (ar'ves"i-kl),  n.  1.  In  en  torn.,  a 
dilatation  of  the  trachea  of  certain  insects, 
which  enables  them  to  change  their  specific 
gravity  by  filling  the  trachea  with  or  emptying 
it  of  air. — 2.  In  iehth.,  a  vesicle  containing  air, 
connected  with  the  swim-bladder  and  also  with 
the  ear-parts. 

air-vessel  (ar'ves"el),  ».  1.  An  air-chamber  or 
air-holder,  especially  one  which  serves  as  a  res- 
ervoir of  air  in  certain  machines,  as  in  carbu- 
reters. —  2.  The  air-chamber  of  certain  pumps. 
In  the  feed-pumps  ot  a  steam-boiler  an  air-vessel  is  used 
whicli  serves  both  to  equalize  the  How  of  the  water  and  to 
collect  from  it  the  free  air  which  is  an  active  agent  in  the 
corrosion  of  boilers.  In  pumping- engines  working  against 
considerable  heads  and  into  long  rising  mains,  such  air- 
vessels  are  made  of  great  size  to  insure  steady  Mow. 

3.  In  anat.  and  zodl.,  a  cavity  of  the  body  re- 
ceiving, containing,  or  conveying  atmospheric 
air ;  an  air-tube,  air-cell,  or  air-chaml  ter ;  espe- 
cially, a  respiratory  passage,  as  the  windpipe  of 
a  vertebrate  or  the  trachea  of  an  insect. 
Also  called  air-reservoir. 

airward,  airwards  (ar'wiird,  -wiirdz),  adv.  [< 
air1  +  -ward,  -wards.']  Up  into  the  air;  up- 
ward: as,  "soar  airwards  again,"  Thackeray, 
Shabby-Genteel  Story,  iv. 

air-washings  (ar'wosh"ingz),  n.  pi.  Any  fluid 
in  which  air  has  been  washed,  or  the  residue  left 
after  the  evaporation  of  such  fluid.  Tie-  process  of 
washing  consists  either  in  causing  air  to  bubble  slowly 
through  the  fluid,  or  in  agitating  a  confined  volume  of  air 
with  the  fluid.  The  air  in  either  case  gives  up  to  the  fluid  the 
dust,  spores,  and  other  foreign  substances  suspended  in  it. 
In  several  eases,  the  air-washings  which  were  under  ex- 
amination gave  a  distinct,  clear,  green  coloration  in  place 
of  the  characteristic  yellowish-brown  precipitate  pro- 
duced by  ammonia.  Science,  III.  463. 

airway  (ar'wa),  n.  Any  passage  in  a  mine 
used  tor  purposes  of  ventilation ;  an  air-course. 
[In  England,  to  till  tip,  obstruct,  or  damage  an  airway  ma- 
liciously is  a  felony.] 

air-wood  (ar'wiid),  n.  Wood  dried  or  seasoned 
by  exposure  to  tho  air,  and  not  artificially. 

Have  the  veneers  ready,  which  must  be  air-wood,  not 
too  dry.  Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  414. 

airy1  (ar'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  airie,  ai/ry,  aiery, 
aijerij  (sometimes,  and  still  poet.,  aery,  after  L. 
acrius:  see  aery1),  <  ME.  ayery ;  <  air1  (in  sense 
8,  <  air",  tilt.  =  air1)  +  -y/1.]  1.  Consisting  of 
or  having  the  character  of  air;  immaterial; 
ethereal. 
The  thinner  and  more  airy  parts  of  bodies.  Bacon. 

Oft,  as  in  airy  rings  they  skim  the  heath, 
The  clamorous  lapwings  feel  the  leaden  death. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1. 131. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  the  air;  being  in 
the  air ;  aerial. 

Her  eye  in  heaven 
Would  through  the  airy  region  stream  so  bright. 

Shale,  R.  and  .1.,  ii.  2. 
Airy  navies  grappling  in  the  central  blue. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  air ;  breezy :  as, 
an  airy  situation. 

And  by  the  moon  the  reaper  weary, 
Piling  sheaves  in  uplands  airy, 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

4.  Light  as  air;    intangible;    unsubstantial; 
empty ;  unreal ;  flimsy  :  as,  airy  ghosts. 

The  poet's  pen  .  .  .  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name. 

Shak.,  11.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 


125 

I  hold  ambition  of  so  airy  and  light  a  quality,  that  it  is 
but  a  shadows  shadow.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

5.  Visionary;  speculative:  as,  airy  notions;  an 
airy  nielapliysician. —  6.   Graceful;  delicate. 

i;  -ii  the  Blight  hare-hell  raised  its  head, 
Elastic  from  her  airy  tread. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  18. 

line  delicate  snow-stars,  out.  of  the  eloud, 
Come  floating  downward  in  airy  play. 

Bryant,  Snow  shower, 

7.  Light  in  manner  or  movement;  sprightly; 
gay;  lively. 

It  saddens  til.    heart  to  see  a   man,  from  whom   nature 

has  withheld  all  perception  of  the  tones  and  attitudes  of 
humour,  Labouring  with  all  his  might  to  la-  ctirvand  play- 
ful. Qifford,  Ford's  Plays,  Int.,  p.  xlv. 
Chaucer  works  still  in  tie-  solid  material  of  his  race,  but 
with  what  airy  lightness  has  he  not  infused  it? 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  252. 

8.  Jaunty;  full  of  airs;  affectedly  lofty;  preten- 
tious.—  9.  In  painting,  shotR  ing  that  proper  re- 
cession of  all  parts  which  expresses  distance 
and  atmosphere.  =  Syn.  Airy,  Aerial,  aeriform.  Airy 
is  more  open  to  figurative  meanings  than  aerial!.  The  latter 
is  the  more  exact  word  in  other  resp eets;  it  applies  to  the 
air  as  atmosphere :  as,  aerial  navigation.  Airy  applies 
rather  to  air  in  motion,  and  to  that  which  has  the  quali- 
ties, literal  or  imagined,  of  air. 

Echo's  no  more  an  empty  airy  sound; 

But  a  fair  nymph  that  weeps  her  lover  drown'd. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  598. 
We  have  already  discovered  the  art  of  roasting  along 
the  ae'rial  shores  of  our  planet,  by  means  of  balloons. 

/ 1 '  ting,  Knickerbocker,  p.  77. 

airy'2t  (ar'i).  n.  An  old  and  better  spelling  of 
aery2. 

airy3  (ar'i),  n.    A  provincial  form,  of  area. 

aisle  (ii),  "-.  [<  ME.  ,  /r,  /,,/,-, ,  uie,  eyh ,  iilr,  yUe, 
He,  yle,  whence  in  early  mod.  E.  isle,  and  even 
yland  (see  He"*,  isle2),  by  confusion  with  ME.  He, 
yle,  later  corruptly  isle  (soe  He1,  isle1),  <  OP.  ele, 
ecle,  ale,  later  aelle,  aile  (whence  the  mod.  E. 
spelling  aile,  recently  spelled  with  s,  aisle,  after 
isle2,  isle1,  as  above),  aisle,  wing  of  a  church,  < 
L.  dla,  a  wing,  wing  of  a  building,  upper  end 
of  the  arm,  a  contr.  of  'a.riila,  uxla,  dim.  (dou- 
ble dim.  axilla:  see  axil)  of  axis:  see  ula,  axis, 
axle.  The  s  in  aisle,  isle"  is  thus  unoriginal ;  the 
pronunciation  has  remained  true  to  tho  proper 
historical  spelling  He.']  Properly,  a  lateral  sub- 
division of  a  church,  parallel  to  the  nave, 
choir,  or  transept,  from  which  it  is  divided  by 
piers  or  columns,  and  often  surmounted  by  a 
gallery.  The  term  is  also  improperly  applied  to  the  ci  n- 
tral  or  main  division  :  as,  a  three-aisled  church,  that  is,  a 
church  with  a  nave  and  two  aisles.    It  is  also  used  to  des- 


ajutage 

earlier  *eyet,  <  AS.  eget,  a  prob.  var.  of  igt  ' 
(found  once  in  the  AS.  Charters),  an  ait,  another 
form  of  the  reg.  ( W.  Saxon  j  igoth,  also  spelled 
igeoth,  iggoih,  iggatli  (*egath  nol  found),  an 
island,  with  suffix  -oth,  -nth.  here  appar.  dim., 
<!,</,  var.  iii,  an  island,  found  in  moil.  B.  only 
as  tho  first  element  of  i-laml.  now  spelled  im- 
prop.  island,  and  as  the  final  element  (-<</.  ea, 
-.//)  in  certain  place-names:  sit  i  /</«./  and  i  //-.  | 
A  small  island  in  a,  rive]'  or  lal  e. 

Fog  up  the  river,  where  it  How.-  :i ir    -ji ul-  and 

meadows.  Dickens. 

aitch  (aeh),  n.    A  modern  spelling  of  the  name 

of  tile  letter  //  .'  formerly  writ  I  en  tirhi .  See  //. 
aitchbone  (ach'lion),  n.  [Written  and  prim,  va- 
riously, aitch-.  If-,  aril-,  null-,  edge-,  ash-,  ische-, 
ise-,  ize-,  ice-bone,  etc.,  .anil  even  turned  into 
haunch-,  html:-,  ridge-bone,  etc.,  all  being  cor- 
ruptions  or  erroneous  explanations  of  the 
misunderstood  or  not-understood  original  ME. 
nache-bone,  <  nache  (<  <  >P.  naehe,  nage,  the  but- 
tock, <  ML.  *  mi  lien,  <  1..  mi  Us,  buttock)  +  hone1. 
The  initial  n  was  early  lost,  as  in  adder1 ;  henci 
the  form  aeli-,  hack-bone,  etc.]  The  bone  ul'  the 
buttock  or rtunp  in  cattle;  the  cut  of  beef  which 
includes  this  bone. 

Kerve  Up  the  tlesh  ther  up  to  the  harlt-hnn-' 

Book  oi  si.  Albans  (1  186). 

aitchpiece  I  aeh 'pes),  n.  [(aitch,  the  name  of  the 
letter  //,  +  piece.]  A  pari  of  a  plunger  or  force- 
pump  by  which  the  water  is  forced  into  the 
stand-pipe  throughthe door-piece.  Also ff-pittt . 

aith  (ath),  v.    Scotch  form  of  oath. 

aitiology  (a-ti-ol'o-ji),  n.  Another  spelling, 
nearer  the  Greek,  of  aitiology. 

aits  (ats),  n.     Scotch  form  of  outs. 

aiver  (a'ver),  n.  Scotch  form  of  aver2,  a  work- 
horse. 

Aix  (aks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  eZf  («<;-),  a  water- 
bird,  appar.  of  the  goose  kind;  prop,  a  goat.] 
A  genus  of  fresh-water  ducks,  of  the  family 
Anatidce  and  subfamily  Anatinat,  noted  for  the 
elegance  of  their  plumage.  It  includes  the  cele- 
brated mandarin-duck  of  china,  .1.  gatericulata,  ami  tie' 
beautiful  wood-duck  or  summer  duck  of  North  America, 
.1.  sponsa.    Also  written  .Ex. 

Aix  beds.    See  bed. 

aizle  (a'zl  or  e'zl),  n.     Scutch  form  of  isle3. 

ajaia,  ajaja,  «.    See  aiaia. 

ajar1    (a-jar'),  prep.  phr.  us  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3 

+jar1. "discord.]     Out  of  harmony;  jarring. 

that  puts  an  individual  ajar  with  the 
Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  1.  xiii. 


Any  accident  . 
world. 


Iral    i-.tli  century). 


ignate  the  alleys  or  divisions  of  other  structures,  such 
as  iiios.|Uis,  Ivjyptian  temples,  lie  aters,  piil.li.-  hulls,  etc. 
As  popularly  applied  to  churches  in  which  the  nave  and 
aisles  pi  i  iper  air  tilled  with  pews,  and  in  general  to  modern 
places  of  assembly,  aivfc  denotes  merely  a  passage*  aj  giv- 
ing access  to  the  seats :  as,  the  center  aisle  and  side  aisles. 
Sometimes  -written  isle.  See  figure  showing  ground-plan 
of  a  cathedral,  under  cathedral. 

aisle  (a-la'),  a.  [F.  aisle',  aile,  pp.  of  aisler, 
ailcr,  give  wings  to,  <  aisle,  aile,  a  wing:  see 
aisle.]     In  her.,  winged  or  having  wings. 

aisled  (ild),  a.    Furnished  with  aisles. 

aisleless  (il'les),  a.  [<  aisle  +  -less.]  Without 
aisles. 

The  so-called  Christian  basilica  may  have  been  a  simple 
oblong  aisleless  loom  divided  by  a  cross  arch. 

Edinburgh  lirv.,  CLXIII.  46. 

aislet  (i'let),  n.     Misspelling  of  islet. 

aislette,  »•    See  ailette. 

ait  (at),  «.  [Little  used  in  literature;  also 
spelled  aight,  eyet,  eyot.  eyght,  <  ME.  eyt,  ait 
(also  in  comp.  eitlond  and  aitlond,  an  island), 


ajar'-3  (a-jar'),  preji.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
on  char,  ajar,  lit.  mi  tie-  turn;  rare  as  applied 
to  a  door,  but  common  in  other  senses:  on, 
prep.,  on;  char,  cherre,  etc.,  a  turn,  time,  piece 
of  work,  ele.:  see  o'-'  and  jar2  =  char2.  The 
change  ul'  ME.  I'll  to  E.  j  is  very  rare;  it  appears 
also  in  jowl  and  jaw,  q.  v.]  On  the  turn  ;  nei- 
ther quite  open  nor  shut;  partly  opened:  said 
of  a  door. 

Leave  the  door  ajar 
When  he  goes  wistful  bv  at  dinner-time. 

Browning,  fling  and  Book,  1.  129. 

ajava  (aj'a-vii),  n.     Same  as  ajouan. 

ajee,  agee  Ja-Je'  I,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3 

+jeeorgee:  &eejee,gee.]    Awry;  off  the  right 

line;   obliquely;   wrong.     [Scotch   and    prov. 

Eng.] 
His  brain  was  a  wee  ajee,  but  be  was  a  braw  preacher  for 

a' that.  .s.e//,  old  Mortality,  xxiv. 

ajouan,  »■    Seeajowan. 

ajoupa    (a-jo'pa),   n.      [F.  spelling  of  native 

name.]    A  hut  or  wigwam,  built  on  piles  and 

covered  with  branches,  leaves,  or  rushes. 
a  jour  (a  zhor).     [F.:  a,  to,  with;  jour,  day: 

see  journal.]    In  decorative  art,  pierced  through; 

showing  daylight  through.    Said  of  carving  whi  re 

the  Work  is  earned  through   the  solid  mass.  ha\  hie  open 

spaces,  and  also  of  embroidery,  metal-work,  or  am  othi  i 
fabric;  said  also  of  translucent  designs,  as  in  enamel 
or  intaglio,  when  meant  to  he  seen  by  transmitted  rather 
than  reflected  light.    Also  called a  giorno.    See  opt  n  u  orfe 

ajoure'  (a-zho-ra'),  //.  [P.,  as  if  pp.  of  *ajourer, 
let  daylight  through,  <  djour:  see  above.]  In 
In  r. .  said  of  any  ordinary  or  bearing  of  which  I  he 
middle  part  is  taken  away,  leaving  only  an  outer 
rim,  through  or  within  which  tin-  field  is  seen. 

ajowan,  ajouan  (aj'o-an),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  The 
fruit  of  an  annual  umbelliferous  plant,  Immi 
<  'opticum,  cultivated  in  Egypt.  Persia,  and  India. 
It  is  much  used  as  a  condiment  and  as  a  carminative. 
The  oil  extracted  from  it  contains  thymol  or  thymic  acid. 
Also  called  ajava  ovjavanee  seeds. 

ajUStt,  ('.  I.     An  old  spelling  of  adjust. 

ajutage  (aj'6-taj),  ».     [<  P.  ajoutage,  something 
added, < ajouter,  add,  join:  see  adjust.]     Prop 
erly,  a  short  tube,  or  nozle,  inserted  into  the  wall 


Akee  F 


ajutage 

of  a  vessel  or  into  tlie  end  of  a  pipe,  so  shaped 
as  to  offer  the  least  frietional  resistance  to  the 
outflow  of  a  liquid.  The  cross-section  ol  an  ajutage  is 
generally  circular;  longitudinally,  the  mosl  advantageous 
Bection  approaches  that  oi  two  frustums  of  cones  with  their 
Bmaller  bases  in  contact  The  word  is  also  used  forthe 
spout  or  nozle  of  a  funnel  or  of  a  fountain.  Sometimes 
spelled  adjutage. 

akamatsu  (a-ka-mats'),  ».  [<  Jap.  oka.  red,  + 
iHntsii,  pine.]  Japanese  red  pine;  the  Pinus 
di  nsiflora, 

akazga  (a-kaz'gfi), ».    [Native name.]    A  kind 

of  poison   used  as  an  ordeal   ill   Africa.      Also 

called  boudou  (see  voudou)  and  guai. 
akazgia  (a-kaz'ji-&),  n.    [XL.,  <  akazga.']    An 
alkaloid    obtained    from    akazga,   resembling 

strychnine  in  its  physiological  action. 
akbeer   (ak'ber),  B.     [Hind.]     A  red  powder 
thrown  on  the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  fes- 
tivals. 

ake,  a.  and  ».      See  aeln ■!. 

Akebia  (a-ke'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Jap.  aA-efci]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbing  plants,  natural  order 
/,'/  rln  ridacea,  of  China  and  Japan.  A.quinatahax 
been  introduced  into  cultivation,  and  is  a  handsome,  hardy 
vine,  with  dark-green  digitate  leaves  and  small  purplish 
flowers. 

akee(a-ke').  »■  The  Cupania  (BUghia)  sapida, 
natural  order  Sapindacew,  a  native  of  Guinea, 
whence  it  was  car- 
ried by  Captain 
Bligh  to  Jamaica  in 
17'JS,  and  thence  dis- 
seminated over  the 
West  Indies  and 
South  America.  It 
is  a  small  tree,  with  ash- 
like leaves  and  a  Meshy 
fruit  < taming  several  large  jet-black  seeds  partly  em- 
bedded in  a  white  spongy  aril.  '1'his  aril  when  cooked 
I ines  somewhat  like  custard,  and  is  highly  es- 
teemed. 

akehomt,  "■     A  corrupt  spelling  of  acorn. 

akelet,  «■  '■      [<ME.  akeleil  (also  llehelen),  <  AS. 

nr,  inn,  <  a-  +  celau,  >  E.  keel3,  make  cool:  see 
/.<</'•  and  aenld.]  To  make  cold;  cool.  Court 
of  Lure. 

akembo,  akembow  (a-kem'bo),  prep.  phr.  as 
mlr.     Sec  akimbo. 

akene,  akenium,  »■    Same  as  achenium,  1. 

akerH  (a'ker),  «.  The  old  and  regular  spelling 
of  acre. 

aker-'t,  »•     Older  form  of  acker-. 

Akera  (ak'e-ra),  n.    Same  as  Acera,  1. 

akernt,  ».  The  historically  correct  but  long 
obsolete  spelling  of  acorn. 

akerspiret,  V.  and  n.  An  old  spelling  of  acro- 
spire. 

aker-stafft,  »•    See  acre-staff. 

akey  (ak'ii),  n.  [Native  term.]  The  monetary 
standard  of  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  equal  to 
20  grains  of  gold-dust,  or  about,  80  cents. 

akimbo,  akimbow  (a-kim'bd),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  or  a.  [Recently  also  written  akembo, 
ah  mbow,  earlier  a-kimbo,  a-kembo,  a  kimbow,  a 
kembo,  on  kimlm,  mi  kimlimi;  and  by  a  phoresis 
himbo,  kimbow,  kembo  (used  attrib.  as  an  adj. 

and  also  as  a  verb  :  see  kimbo,  kimbow),  also 

with  perverted  termination,  a-kimboU,  a-kem- 
boll,  on  kemboll,  a  kenbold,  a  henbol,  early  mod. 
E.  a  ken-bow,  on  kenboio,  <  ME.  (once)  in  kene- 
bowe,  i.  e..  'in  keen  how,' in  a  sharp  bend,  at 
an  acute  angle,  presenting  a  sharp  elbow:  in 
or  on,  E.  "'■:  kene,  E.  keen1,  sharp-pointed, 
sharp-edged  (in  common  use  in  Mil.  as  ap- 
plied to  the  point  of  a  spear,  pike,  dagger,  goad, 
thorn,  hook,  anchor,  etc.,  or  the  edge  of  a  knife, 
sword,  a\.  etc.);  bowe,  10.  bow2,  »  bend:  see 
o8,  keen1,  bow2,  and  cf .  <  Tbow  ;  forthe  phonetic 
changes,  cf.  ah  tnbic,  limbeck,  and  ket  Ison,  h  Ison, 
Icilson.  In  its  earliest  use,  and  often  later,  the 
term  connotes  a  bold  or  defiant  attitude,  in- 
volving, perhaps,  an  allusion  to  keen  in  its  other 
common  ME.  sense  of  'hold.'  Previous  ex- 
planations, all  certainly  erroneous,  have  lieen  : 
(1)  It.  aschembo,  asglu  mbo,  or  rat  her  a  scln  mbo, 
a  ghembo,  across,  awry,  obliquely  (Skinner, 
Wedgwood);  (2)  <  acambok,  in  the  manner  of 

a    crooked    slick   (ME.    rilmlml:,    Sc.   rn  in  murk,   a 

ioked  stick,  a  shinny-club:  see  cum  murk-); 
(3)  a  rum  bow,  in  a  crooked  Low  :  a  phrase  in- 
vented lor  the  pniposi  .  like  the  once  occurring 
a-gambo  tot  akembo,  si  inula  tin";  rum-,  gamb ,  (4) 
[eel.  kengboginn,  crooked,  <  kengr,  a  crook,  sta- 
ple, bend,  bight,  +  bogmn,  bent,  pp.  of  bjuga 
AS.  bugan,  E.  bow1:  see  kinl  and  bow1.]  Lit- 
erally, in  a  sharp  bend;  at  an  acute  angle; 
adjeetively,  bent;  crooked:  - :  i  i.l  of  the  arms 
wlien  the  bands  an  on  the  hips  and  the  elbows 
are  bent  outward  at  an  acute  angle. 


126 

The  imnst  ...  set  his  bond  in  kmebowo.  .  .  . 
Woiilst  thow,  snid  he  to  Bel  vii,  for  t"  skorne  me? 

Tale  of  liinjii  (ed.  Furnivall),  1887. 
A  1 k  through  which  folly  and  ignorance,  those  breth- 
ren bo  lame  and  Impotent,  do  ridiculously  leek  very  big 
and  very  dull,  strut  and  hobble,  cheek  by  jowl,  with  their 
arms  on  Mmbo,  being  led  and  supported,  and  hully-baeked 
by  that  blind  Hector,  Impudence. 

Ihnnis,  Pope's  F.ss.  <ni  Criticism,  p.  80. 
That  stmts  in  this  fashion  with  his  Arms  n  Umbo,  like 
a  City  Magistrate.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  ii. 

she  would  clap  her  anus  a  kimbo. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  1S7. 

akin  (a-kin'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  a*  + 
kin1 ;  earlier  of  kin,  which  is  still  in  use:  see 
/,/«!,  n.  Sometimes  abbr.  kin  :  see  kin1,  <(.] 
Of  kin.  Specifically-  («)  l'.clated  by  blood;  hence,  in- 
timately allied,  as  by  affinity,  union,  or  structure:  as,  the 
two  families  are  near  akin;  the  buffalo  is  akin  to  the  ox. 
Akin  to  thine  is  this  declining  frame, 
And  this  poor  beggar  claims  an  Uncle's  name. 

Crdbbe,  Parish  Register. 
Wert  thou  akin  to  me  in  some  new  name 
Dearer  than  sister,  mother,  or  all  blood, 
I  weald  not  hear  thee  speak. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 

(I>)  Allied  by  nature;  partaking  of  the  same  properties; 

as,  envy  and  jealousy  are  neara&tfl  ;  "pity's  akin  to  love," 

Southern,  Oroonoko,  ii.  1. 
Near  iik-iii  as  the  judicial  and  military  actions  originally 

are,  they  are  naturally  at  fust  discharged  by  the  same 

agency.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio1.,  §528. 

-  Syn.  Kin,  kindred,  cognate,  analogous. 
akinesia  (ak-i-ne'si-ii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKivnaia, 

quiescence,  motionlessness,  <  a-  priv.  +  Kiv7/oic, 

motion,  <  kivciv,  move.]     Paralysis  of  the  motor 

nerves;  loss  of  the  power  of  voluntary  motion. 

Also  written  acini-sin,  akinesis. 
akinesic  (ak-i-ne'sik),  a.    Pertaining  to,  of  the 

nature  of,  or  characterized  by  akinesia. 
akinesis  (ak-i-ne'sis),  n.     Same  as  akinesia. 
Akkad,  ".      See  Aeeitd. 

Akkadian,  a.  and  n.    See  Accadian. 
akmite,  ».    See  acmite. 

aknee  (a-ne'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  ME.  a  lone, 
n  cue.  on  knr.  ml  cnemcc,  <  AS.  mi  cnri'nr  :  mi.  E. 
«3;  cnedw,  E.  knee.']  On  the  knee  or  knees. 
[Rare.] 

Aknee  they  fell  before  the  Prince. 

Southey,  Mudnc. 

aknowt,  aknowledget.  Older  forms  of  aeknow, 
iirknmrii  age. 

ako  (ak'6),  ft.  [Hung,  ako.]  A  liquid  measure 
used  in  Hungary,  equal  to  about  181  gallons. 

akornt,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  acorn. 

al1  (al),  ii.  [<  Hind,  dl,  a  plant  (see  def.).]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Morinda,  allied  to  the  madder. 

al'-'t,  "-,  adv.,  and  re.     An  old  form  of  all. 

Al.     In  cluni.,  the  symbol  for  aluminium. 

al-1.  An  assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-  before  ( 
(see  ad-);  also  an  erroneous  form  of  a-1,  from 
Anglo-Saxon  a-.     See  ad-. 

al-2.  [Ar.  al,  in  mod.  Ar.  commonly  el;  before 
a  sibilant  or  a  liquid,  the  I  is  assimilated  (as-, 
ar-,  ar-,  am-,  an-,  etc.),  with  the  elision  of  the 
vowel  if  another  vowel  precedes.  ]  .V  prefix  in 
some  words  of  Arabic  origin,  being  the  Arabic 
definite  article  "the";  as  in  alcaid,  alchemy,  al- 
cohol, alcove,  Aldebaran,  algebra,  alguazil,  alkali, 
Alkoran,  etc.;  and,  variously  disguised,  in  apri- 
cot, artichoke,  assagai,  a.:imuth,  hazard,  lute,  etc. ; 
also  cl,  as  in  elixir. 

-al.  [<  F.  -al,  -cl  =  Sp.  Pg.  -al  =  It.  -ale,  <  L. 
-alls,  ace.  -diem,  an  adj.  suffix,  'of  the  kind  of,' 
'pertaining  to,'  varying  with  -arts,  orig.  the 
same  as  -dlis,  and  used  for  it  when  (  precedes, 
as  in  al-aris,  E.  al-ar :  see -arS.  In  OF.  this  sul- 
ii\  was  reg.  -cl,  >  ME.  -' /,  but  afterward  -al 
prevailed:  cf.  mortal,  annual,  gradual,  n.,  etc. 

As  a  noun  sullix,  -al  is  due  to  the  adj.  sullix,  1 .. 
-SU8,  nciil.  -i//e,  iii  nouns  also  -al  fas  animal, 
animal).  In  espousal,  and  some  other  words, 
-nl  is  uit.  duo  to  L.  -al-ia,  neut.  plur.j  hence 

the  plur.  E.  form,  rspmi.siils.  In  bridal  and 
burial  -al  is  of  different  origin.  Cf.  -el  aiid-f/.] 
A  very  common  sullix,  of  Latin  origin,  it  forms 
from  nouns  in  Latin,  and  thence  in  English— (a)  Adjec- 
tives, as  In  oral  K  l-  orbits, <o» (or-),  mouth],  mini  mil  [<  f, 
manti  alia,  manus,  hand],  etc  :  in  this  use  equivalent  to 
ar,  ol  the  same  ultimate  origin,  as  in  alar,  polar,  both 
forms  occurring  with  a  differentiation  of  meaning  In  lin- 
eal, linear  (which  see).  (i)Sec buy  from  primarj  adjec 

lives,  ns  Inequalfc  L  asjti  alt '.-,< '  iniu-iix,  equal],  whence  in 
English  -al  is  now  applied  to  Latin  adjectives  ending  in 

-    "        i    a        n    U 8,     i  ii    a  :.  -i  ::,    n-  US,  etc.,   tn  glVC  tl ft  dl 

tinctivc  English  nam  as  InofriaZ,  «  notorial,  pi  rpetual, 
eternal,  celestial,  meduxU,  etc.  ana  similarly  to  Greel  ad 

JeeliveS  ill   -iK-os,  -aiC-09,  -OfiS-jjS  (Ihlglisll  -l*e,  -ii.-.    ee/|,  etc  , 

as  iii  musical,  heliacal,  rhomboidal,  iU-.:  hence  in  some 

cases  a  dlfferentlatl f  meaning,  as  in  comic  and  comical, 

historic  and  historical,  etc  oa  \,.uns  from  such  adjec 
in.  ii-  in  a, mi, nl.  iinil,  etc.  ('')  Nouns  In. in  Mil.  in 
English  after  the  analogy  of  espousal,  as  in  denial,  pro. 
/...  iii  refusal,  etc.,  and  even  from  native  English  vet  be,  at 
iowal,  bclruthal,  withdrawal,  etc. 


alabaster 

a  la  (ii  Iii)-  [!''■:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  la.  fem.  of  def. 
art.  le,  <  L.  ilte,  fem.  ilia.]  To  the;  in  the; 
hence,  according  to;  in  the  (fashion  of ) ;  after 
the  (manner  of):  as,  a  lufraiieaise,  utter  the  man- 
ner of  the  French;  it  la  mode,  in  the  fashion. 

ala  (a'la),  ».;  pi.  alee  (a'le).  [L.,  a  wing:  see 
aisle  and  axil.]  1.  hi  but.:  (a)  One  of  the  I  wo 
side  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  blossom,  or  the 
membranous  expansion  of  an  organ,  as  of  a 
fruit,  seed,  stem,  etc.  See  cut  under  banner. 
(Ii)  In  mosses,  one  of  the  basal  lobes  or  auricles 
of  the  leaves.  (<•)  An  axilla  or  axil.  [Rare 
in  this  sense.] — 2.  In  anat.,  cool.,  etc.:  (a)  A 
wing,  (b)  Any  part  of  a  wing-like  or  Hap-like 
character:  as,  ala  auris,  the  upper  and  outer 
part  of  the  external  ear.  (c)  The  armpit. — 3. 
pi.  Specifically,  in  Cirripedia,  the  lateral  parts 
of  the  shell,  as  distinguished  from  the  parietes, 
when  they  are  overlapped  by  others;  when 
t  hey  overlap  they  are  termed  radii. — 4.  In  anc. 
l!mn.  arch.,  a  wing  or  a  small  apartment  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  atrium  of  a  Roman  house. 

Andsleij.—AlSL  cinerea  (ash-gray  wing),  a  triangular 
area  on  each  side  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  Hour  of  the 
fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain,  darker  than  the  rest  and 
containing  nuclei  of  the  vagus  and  glossopharyngeus 
nerves. — Alse  cordis  (wings  of  the  heart),  in  entom.,  the 
series  of  attachments  of  the  dorsal  vessel  or  heart  of  an 
insect  to  the  walls  of  the  body  or  other  support. 

In  Insecta  it  [the  dorsal  vessel]  is  attached  to  the  wall 
of  the  body,  and  sometimes  even  to  the  trachea1  (in  the 
larvae  of  the  Museidie),  by  the  ales  cordis, 

Qeg&nbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  283. 
Alse  nasi  (wings  of  the  nose),  the  parts  forming  the 
i. titer  ..I  lateral  boundaries  of  the  nostrils.  —  Alse  Of  the 
diaphragm,  in  anat.,  its  lateral  leaflets.-  Alas  vomeris 
(wings  of  the  vomer),  the  lateral  projections  of  the  supe- 
rior border  of  the  vomer.— Ala  notha  (false  wing),  in 
ornith.,  the  parapterum ;  the  scapular,  axillary,  and  tertiiil 
feathers  of  a  bird's  wing,  collectively  considered. —  Ala 
sphenoidalis,  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  especially  the 
greater  wing.  See  cut  under  sphenoid.  —  Ala  spuria,  in 
ornith.  Sec  alula. — Ala  vespertilionis  (bats  wing),  a 
term  applied  to  the  broad  ligament  of  the  human  uterus 
and  associated  parts,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  t..  a 
bat's  wing. 

Alabamian  (al-a-bii'mi-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Alabama,  one  of  the  southern 
United  States. 

II.  ft.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  State 
of  Alabama. 

alabandine  (al-a-ban'din), n.  [<L.  Alabandina 
(sc.  gemma),  a  precious  stone,  fem.  of  Alaban- 
iliniis,  pertaining  to  Alabanda,  b  city  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  now  Arab-Hissar.]  Manganese 
glance  or  blende,  a  sulphid  of  manganese.  Also 
called  alabandite. 

alabarch  (al'a-bark),  n.  [<L.  alabarches,  more 
correctly  nrn'lui relies,  <  Gr.  'AXaftdpx'/C,  more  cor- 
rectly 'A.pa/Sdpx'lC,  the  prefect  of  the  Arabian 
nome  in  Egypt,  in  Josephus  appar.  as  in  def., 
<'!\p<2i/',  pl.^Spapec,  Arab,  +  apxuv,  ride,  govern.] 
The  title  of  the  governor  or  chief  magistrate  of 
the  Jews  in  Alexandria  under  the  Ptolemies 
and  Roman  emperors.  Also  written  arabarch, 
Philo,  the  principal  of  the  Jewish  embassage,  .  .  . 
liintlier  to  Alexander  the  alabarch. 

Whiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  Antiq.,  xviii.  s. 

alabaster  (al'a-bas-tfer),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod. 

E.  usually  alablaster,  allablasti r,<  ME.  alabaster, 

alabaster,  alabaustre,  alabast  (=<>I>.  aldbast, 
nlntst,  1).  albast  =  Dan.  alabast  =  Sw.  albaster, 

now  alabaster),  <  OF.  nlnlnisln,  V.  nltnitre  =  Kp. 
Pg.  It.  ahibnstrn  =MHG.  G.  alabaster,  <  ML.  aln- 
Inistrum,  iilnliinislriim,  alabaster  (the  mineral), 
<  1j.  alabaster,  m.,  alabastrum,  neut.,  a  box  or 
casket  for  perfumes,  unguents,  etc.,  tapering 
to  a  point  at.  the  top,  hence  also  the  form  of  a 
rose-bud,  =  Goth,  ittuliiilslriiini,  <  Gr.  li/vd/tacrroof, 
in.,  u'/ieiiwri'iir,  neut.,  earlier  and  more  correctly 
aXafiaoTOC,  a  box,  casket,  or  vase  of  alabaster 
(later  also  of  other  materials),  the  mineral 
itself  being  hence  known  as  dXapoor/TiJf  or  aha- 
/ianriiirr/e,  L.  aldbastrites  (see  aliiliiistriles);  said 
to  bo  named  from  ■■<  town  in  Egypl  where  there 
were  quarries  of  alabaster;  but  in  fact  the 
town  was  named  from  the  quarries,  'A'/ajiaarpav 
■k6}uc  (Ptolemy),  L.  Aldbastron  oppidum,  i.  e., 
'town  of  alabastra.'  in  Ar.  and  lvrs.  alabas- 
ter is  called  rukham.']  I.  «.  If.  A  box,  casket, 
or  vase  made  of  alabaster.  See  alabastrum. — 
2.  A  marble-like  mineral  of  which  there  aro 
two  well-known  varieties,  the  gypseous  and  the 
calcareous,  'the  former  is  a  crystalline  granular  varli  ly 
of  sulphate  of  calcium  or  gypsum,  CBSO4.2H2O.  it  1  - 
various  colors,  as  yellow,  red,  and  gray,  but  is  most  es- 
teemed win  11  pure  white.  Being  soft,  it  can  be  tiirined  by 
the  lathe  or  knife  into  small  works  of  art,  as  mses,  statu. 
iii-  ,  etc  For  this  purpose  the  Bnow-white,  fine-grained 
variety  found  near  Florence  in  italj  is  especially  prized. 
Calcareous  or  Oriental  alabaster  (the  alabastrites  of  the 
ancients)  is  a  variety  ..1  carbonate  of  calcium  or  calcite, 
occurring  as  a  stalactite  or  stalagmite  in  caverns  of  lime- 
stone rocks. 


alabaster 

II.  a.  Made  of  alabaster,  or  resembling  it: 
as,  "  an  alabaster  column,"  Addison,  Travels 
in  Italy. -Alabaster  glass,  an  opaque  enamel  or  glass 
made  In  Imitation  of  alabaster, 

alabastos  (al-a-bas'tos),  ...  Same  as  alabastrum. 

alabastra,  «■     Plural  of  alabastrum. 

alabastrian  (al-a-bas'tri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  alabaster. 

alabastrine  (al-a-bas'trin),  a.  Of,  pertaining 
tu,  or  resembling  alabaster.  —  Alabastrine  posi- 
tive i"  photoa.,  a  collodion  positive  on  glass,  in  which  the 
light  portions  of  the  picture  have  been  bleached  anil 
rendered  permanently  white  in  a  bath  of  bichlorid  of  mer- 
,  ury,  alcohol,  and  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids. 

alabastrites  (al'a-bas-tri'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
u/amuTiiirr/c,  more  correctly  a'Aa,3aeTi-nc  (sc. 
>('-..,  stone),  calcareous  alabaster,  <  a'/.a  JaaTos, 
a  box  or  vase:  see  alabaster.']  A  precious  and 
richly  veined  mineral  much  used  in  ancient  art; 
the  hard  Oriental  alabaster.     See  alabaster,  '_'. 

It  is  evident  from  Pliny  that  the  Alabastrites  which  this 
Phrygian  marble  resembled  was  diversified  with  varied 
colours.  Stuart  and  Revett,  Antiq.  of  Athens,  I.  v. 

alabastrum  (al-a-bas'trum),  n. ;  pi.  alabastra 
(-tra).     [1 


1    r      7T       .      n      commonly  callc 
,<  Gr.  alafiaarpov :   see  alabaster.  J  g,  Ja  cuisse  (i 

1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  small  elongated 
vase  for  unguents  or  perfumes, 
rounded  at  the  bottom  and  provided 
with  a  broad  rim  about  a  small  ori- 
fice. Vases  of  this  class  were  originally  so 
called  because  made  of  alabaster;  but  the 
name  was  applied  also  to  vessels  of  similar 
form  and  use  in  other  materials,  as  metal, 
glass  (sometimes  richly  ornamented  in  col- 
or), or  pottery.  Sometimes  called  alabaster, 
alabastos. 

2.  [NL.,  also  alabastrus;  prop.  L. 
alabaster  (ace.  pi.  alabaslros,  in 
Pliny),  a  rose-bud:  see  alabaster.] 
A  flower-bud.— Iconic  alabastrum,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  an  alabastrum 
terminating  above  in  a  figure  or  head. 

a  la  carte  (a  lit  kart).      [F. :  A  la 

(see  ii  In);  carte  =  Pr.  Sp.  It.  carta, 
<  L.  charta,  card:  see  card1,  chart, 
and  charta.']  By  a  bill  of  fare:  as, 
dinner  a  la  carte,  that  is,  a  dinner  in  which  only 


127 

I  have  not  that  alacrity  of  spirit, 

Nor  eheer  of  mind,  thai  I  was  wont  I"  have. 

Shale,  Rich.  HI.,  v.  3. 

Hence  —  3.  Readiness;  quickness;   swiftness. 
With  a  dream's  alacrity  of  change, 
The  priest,  and  the  swart  fisher  by  his  side, 
Beheld  tin  Eternal  City  lift  its  domes. 

Wnittier,  Dream  of  Pio  Nono. 

Alactaga  (a-lak'ta-ga),  ».  [NL.,  said  to  be  the 
native  name,  in  the  Mongol  Tatar  language,  of 
a  spotted  colt.]  A  genus  of  rodent  mammals,  of 
the  family  Dipodidce,  or  jerboas,  of  the  murine 
series  of  the  suborder  Simplicidentata,  order 
limb ii  I  m.  It  belongs  to  the  same  subfamily  (Dijunliinr) 
as  the  true  jerboas  of  the  genus  Di/ms,  but  is  distinguished 
from  them  by  having  hind  feet  with  5  toes  instead  of  3, 
plain  instead  of  grooved  upper  incisors,  a  small  upper 
premolar  on  each  side,  and  certain  cranial  characters 
resulting  from  less  development  of  the  occipital  region  of 
the  skull.  The  best-known  species  is  A.jaculus,  which 
resembles  a  jerboa,  but  is  larger,  with  a  longer,  tufted 
tail.  It  is  yellowish  above  and  white  beneath,  moves  on 
all-fours  as  well  as  by  leaping,  lives  in  colonies  in  under- 
ground burrows,  and  hibernates  in  winter.  Species  of 
the  genus  occur  throughout  a  large  part  of  central  Asia, 
Syria,  Arabia,  etc..  ami  also  in  northern  Africa.  They  are 
lied  jumping  rabbits, 
i  la  kwes).  [F.,  at  the  thigh:  see 
d  In  ami  cuisse.]  Literally,  at  the  thigh:  ap- 
plied in  her.  to  a  leg  used  as  a 
bearing,  when  it  is  erased  or 
couped  in  the  middle  of  the 
thigh. 

Aladdinist  (a-lad'in-ist),  n.    [< 

Aladdin,  a  learned  divine  under 
Mohammed  II.  and  Bajazet  II., 
+  -ist.     The  name  Aladdin,  Ar.     a  hank's  leg  erased 

i.i       13-  t  \.    •    \  i        .    1   la    cuisse,   belled, 

Al-iid-din,    means    'height   of  je5sed,  a„d  varvt.|e;i' 
faith  or  religion ' ;  <  a'la,  height,   I  f™°>  "i"*;? ,"  Dict- 

,    ,-        -i  •    ii       i        7    j-i.        _L    of  Heraldry. 

acme,  any,  high,  +  at,  the,  t 
din,  faith,  creed.]  A  free-thinker  among  the 
Mohammedans. 
Aladdinize  (a-lad'in-iz),  r.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
Aladdiniged,  ppr.  Aladdinizing.  [<  Aladdin,  the 
possessor  of  the  magic  lamp,  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights,"  a  common  personal  name  (see  Alml- 
iliiast),  +  -izc.]  To  transform  as  if  by  magic. 
N.  E.  D. 


such  dishes  as  have  been  ordered  from  the  bill  aladja  (al-a-jii/),  n.    [Prob.  the  same  asalatcha 


of  fare  are  paid  for  :  opposed  to  table  d'hote,  in 
which  a  fixed  charge  is  made  covering  the  whole 
meal,  whether  all  the  dishes  served  in  regular 
course  are  eaten,  or  only  some  of  them.  See 
curie1,  1. 
alack  (a-lak'),  intcrj.  [Early  mod.  E.  uluc, 
uliteke,  North,  alalce,  uluik;  according  to  Skeat, 
<  <j9,  all,  +  lack,  failure,  fault,  disgrace.    ( M  her 


wise  explained  as  a  variation  of  alas,  q.  v. ;  the  a-la-grecque,  a-la-grec  (a-la-grek  ),  n.     [F., 

after  the  Greek  (fashion) :  see  a  la  and  (in  eh.] 
In  arch.,  a  name  for  the  Greek  fret.  Sometimes 
written  iilii/rnk.  See/'r<3,  n. 
Alahance  (al-a-hans'),  n.  [Prob.  of  Ar.  origin.] 
A  small  constellation,  better  called  Sagitta 
(which  see). 
alais6  (a-la-za'),  a.  [F.form,  as  if  pp.  of  *alaiser, 
<  a  Vaisc,  at  ease,  easily :  see  a  la  and  case.]  In 
Iter.,  same  as  huniete. 


phonetic  change  is  unusual,  but  interjections 
are  unstable.  Also  shortened  to  lack.]  An 
exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 

Alack,  when  onee  our  grace  we  have  forgot, 
Nothing  goes  right.  Shak.,  SI.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

Alack,  alack,  his  lips  be  wondrous  cold  ! 

Font,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  2. 

alackaday  (a-lak' a-da),  intcrj.     [Also  alack  the 


day !  as  if  itl'tis  the  dun  ■  '<"!/  being  vaguely  used.  Alali,  n.     Plural  of  Alalus 


Also  shortened  to  lackaday,  q.  v.]  An  exelama 
tion  expressive  of  regret  or  sorrow.  Also  writ- 
ten alack  the  day.     [Now  rare.] 


Alack  the  day,  . 
alive  or  dead  ? 


.  I  pray  you  tell  me  is  my  boy 
Shak.,  M.  of  V., 


alacrity  (a-lak'ri-fi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  alac- 
rified,  ppr.  alacrij'i/ing.     [<  L.  alacer,  alacris, 
cheerful,  +  -fieare,  <  facere,  make :  see  -fy.] 
make  cheerful ;  rouse  to  action ;  excite.  [Kare.] 

alacrioust  (a-lak 'ri- us),  a.  [<  L.  alacer,  ala- 
cris, lively,  brisk,  quick,  eager,  active,  cheerful 
(>  It.  allegro  =  OF.  alegre:  see  allegro  and  ale- 
ger),  +  -ous.]  Acting  with  alacrity;  cheerfully 
prompt  or  brisk. 

'Twere  well  if  we  were  a  little  more  alacrious  and  exact 


in  the  performance  of  the  duty. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  550. 

adv.     With  alac- 


alacriouslyt  (a-lak'ri-us-li), 
rity;  briskly. 
alacriousnesst  (a-lak'ri-us-nes), 

cheerful  'briskness. 


Alacrity ; 


To  infuse  some  life,  some  alacrurasnesa  into  you. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  553. 

alacritous  (a-lak'ri-tus),  a.  [<  alacrity  +  -oils.] 
Brisk  ;  lively;  cheerful;  full  of  alacrity.  Haw- 
thorne. 

alacrity  (a-lak'ri-ti),  n.  [=  F.  alacrite  =  It. 
alacrita,  <  L.  aliicrita(t-)s,  liveliness,  briskness, 
<  alacer,  alacris,  lively,  brisk:  see  alacrious.]  1. 
Liveliness ;  briskness ;  sprightliness. — 2.  Cheer- 
ful readiness  or  promptitude ;  cheerful  willing- 
ness. 


alar 

applied  in  Texas  and  westward,  as  in  Mexico, 

tu  b] iis  of  I  ho  Cottonwood  (l'opnlus). 

alamodality  (&*la-mo-dal'i-ti),  n.  [ialamode 
+  -nl i  ly,  after  modality.']  Conformity  tot  lie  pre- 
vailing mode  or  fashion  of  the  times.      [Bare.] 

Doubtless  it  hath   been    selected    forme   bccall   e   oi   its 

alamodality     a  good  and  pregnant  word. 

South.*/,  Doctor,  interchapter xx. 

alamode  (a-lil-mod'),  adv., «.,  and  n.    [Formerlj 

also  all-a-niodi  ;  <  V.  u  hi  mode,  in  flu-  manner 
or  fashion:  see  a  la  and  mode.]    I.  adv.  In  the 

fashion ;  according  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing 
mode. 

II.  a.  Fashionable ;  according  to  some  par- 
ticular fashioii — Alamode  beef,  beef  alamode 
(often,  or  more  commonly,  beef  a  la  mode),  beef  larded 
and  stewed  or  braised  with  spiees,  vegetables,  line  herbs, 
wine,  etc. 

III.  n.   If.  A  fashion. 
For  an  old  man  to  marry  a  young  wife .  .  .  is  become  the 

A  la  made  of  tire  times. 

K<  nnet,  tr.  "f  Erasm.  Morise  Enc,  p.  44.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
2.  A  thin  glossy  silk  for  hoods,  scarfs,  etc. 
alamort,  a  la  mort  (al-a-mort',  alarnort),  a. 
[Sometimes  written  (dl  amort,  as  if  all,  adv.,  with 
amort,  q.  v. ;  <  F.  a  la  mort,  lit.  to  the  death :  a  la 
(seed  fa);  mort,  <  L.  mor(t-)s,  death :  see  mortal.] 
In  a  half -dead  or  moribund  condition;  de- 
pressed ;  melancholy. 

'Tis  wrong  to  bring  into  a  mix'd  resort 

\\  hat  makes  some  siek,  and  others  a-la-mort. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  202. 

alant,  alantt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  allan,  al- 
IiiiiiI,  etc.,  <  ME.  alant,  aland,  alunnt,  <  OF.  iilun, 
"allan,  a  kind  of  big,  strong,  thick-headed  and 
short-snouted  dog;  the  brood  whereof  came 
first  out  of  Albania  (old  Epirus).  Allan  tic, 
boucherie  is  like  our  mastive,  and  serves  butch- 
ers to  bring  in  fierce  oxen,  and  to  keep  their 
stalls.  Allan  gentil  is  like  a  greyhound  in  all 
properties  and  parts,  his  thick  and  short  head 
excepted.  Allan  iiiutre,  a  great  and  ugly  cur 
of  that  kind  (having  a  big  head,  hanging  lips, 
and  slouching  ears),  kept  only  to  bait  the  bear, 
and  wild  boar"  (Cotgrave),  also  with  excres- 
cent t,  alant,  allan t,  It.  Sp.  ulano  =  Pg.  aliio,  < 
ML.  alarms,  a  kind  of  hunting-dog,  perhapa 
named  from  the  Alani  (L.  Alani,  Gr.  'A'Aavoi),  a 
Scythian  nation  upon  the  Tanais  (Don).]  1.  A 
species  of  large  dog,  used  to  hunt  beasts  of  prey. 
'  Aboute  Iris  char  ther  weuten  white  alauntz 
Twenty  and  mo,  as  gret  as  anystere, 
To  hunten  at  the  Icon  or  the  dere. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1280. 

2.  In  her.,  a  mastiff-dog  with  short  ears. 

Also  written  aland,  alaun, 
alaund,  alannt.  etc. 
aland1  (a-land'),  prep.  )>hr.  as 
adv.  [<  ME.  alond,  alondc,  o 
landc,  <  AS.  on  land  (ace), 
oh  landc  (dat.) :  on,  E.  on,  n3; 
land,  landc,  E.  land.]  On  or  at 
land.      [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

He  made  his  shippe  alonde  for  to 
sette. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2166. 

3rf  Fish.   Master,  I  marvel  how  the  fishes  live  in  the  sea. 

1st  Fish.    Why,  as  men  do  a-land;  the  great  ones  eat 

up  the  little  ones.  Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 

A  well-hooped  cask  our  shipmen  brought  aland 

That  knew  some  white-walled  city  of  the  Rhine. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  33. 
aland2  (al'and),  n.  [<Dan.  aland,  the  chaven- 
der,  chub,  =  Icel.  ohm,  *olunn,  a  fish,  supposed 
to  be  the  mackerel,  =  OS.  alund  (Kluge)  =  OHG. 
alniil.  alunt,  MHG.  G.  alant,  the  chub  or  mul- 
let ;  origin  obscure.]  A  fish,  same  as  orfc. 
aland3t,  «•     Same  as  alun. 

alandier  (a-lan'der),  n.  [Appar.  <  F.  a  landier : 
it,  to,  with;  landier,  andiron:  see  andiron.]  A 
fireplace  used  in  connection  with  a  porcelain- 
kiln.     See  kiln. 

alane  (a-lan'),  a.  andfltfo.    Scotch  form  of  alone. 

[<L.  al(dihn<li) 
liable)  +  -('«-,  -iiic-.]  An 
organic  base  (C3H.7NO0)  obtained  by  heating 
aldehydo  ammonia  with  hydrocyanic  acid  in 
presence  of  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
forms  compounds  both  with  acids  and  with 
some  of  the  metals,  as  copper,  silver,  and  lead. 
alantt,  «•  Same  as  alan. 
<  Sp.  and  Pg.alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo.]  A  alantin,  alantine  (a-lan'tin),  11.  [<  G.  alant, 
shaded  public  walk,  especially  one  planted  with  OHG.  alant  (origin  unknown),  elecampane,  + 
poplar-trees.  [Texas,  and  other  parts  of  the  E.  -in\  -»»e2.]  A  substance  resembling  starch. 
United  States  settled  by  Spaniards.]  found  in  the  root  of  elecampane;  inulin  (which 

alamo  (a'la-mo),  ».    [Sp.,  =  Pg.  alamo,  alemo,    see), 
the  poplar;    Sp.  alamo  bianco,  white  poplar,  alar  (a'lar),  a.     [<  L.  alans,  more  frequently 
alamo  negro,  'black  poplar,'  i.  e.,  alder;  prob.     alarius (!> E.  alary),<ala,  awing:  seeaisle.]   1. 
(through  *almo,   *alno)  <  L.  alnus,  alder:   see     Pertaining  to  or  having  alas  or  wings. —  2.  In 
alder1.]     The  Spanish  name  of  the  poplar-tree :     Jot,  borne  in  the  forks  of  astern;  axillary;  situ- 


both  appar.  repr.  Turk,  alqja,  spotted,  streaked, 
<  iilit,  spotted,  +  -ja,  an  adj.  formative.]  A  cot- 
ton stuff  made  throughout  Turkey  and  Greece ; 
nearly  the  same  as  alatcha  (which  see). 

alae,  ».     Plural  of  ala. 

alagai  (al'a-gi),  «.  [Cf.  aladja.]  A  mixed 
textile  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton,  obtained  from 
southern  Russia  and  Asia  Minor 


(From   Berry's  " 
of  Heraldry.* 


alalia  (a-la'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *alahn,  < 
dXuvloc,  not  talking:  see  Alalus.]  In  pathol., 
partial  or  complete  loss  of  the  power  of  articu- 
lation, due  to  paralysis  of  muscles  employed  in 
articulating.     See  anarthria. 

alalite(al'a-Iit),«,  [<  Ala,  a  valley  in  Piedmont, 
+  -lite,  <  Gr.  liOoc,  stone.]  Same  as  diopside. 
To  Alalus  (al'a-lus).  n. ;  pi.  Alali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ala/.oc,  not  talking,  <  a-  priv.  +  la'/.av,  talk.] 
Haeckel's  hypothetical  "ape-man,"  a  conjec- 
tured genus  of  mammals,  based  upon  the  Pithe- 
canthropus, or  primitive  speechless  man,  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  appearance  toward  the 
close  of  the  Tertiary  epoch,  in  what  is  usually 
called  the  human  form,  but  destitute  of  the 


throjiiis  interchangeably. 

The  ape-men,  or  Alali,  were  therefore  probably  already 
in  existence  toward  the  close  of  the  tertiary  epoch. 

Haeckel,  End.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  182. 

alameda  (a-la-ma'dii),  ».    [Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  pop- 
lar-grove, any  public  walk  planted  with  trees. 


alar 

atedin  the  axils  or  forks  of  a  plant.  Alar  artery 
and  vein,  a  small  artery  and  its  attendant  vein  Bupptj  Lna 
tin*  axilla,  uMially  termed  the  alar  thoracic  arti  i\  and 
vein.  -  Alar  cartilage,  the  lower  lateral  cartilages  of  the 
nose  -  Alar  cells,  in  mosses,  the  cells  at  the  basal  angles 
at.  Alarexpanse,  or  alar  extent,  in  omith,  and 
entom.,  the  distant  e  from  tip  to  tip  oi  the  spn  ad  wings  ot 
a  bird  "i'  an  insect     Alar  flexure.  Alar 

ligaments,  in  anat.,  two  fringe-like  folds  springing  from 
the  ligamentnm  mucosumof  tin  knee-joint  and  projecting 
into  the  synovial  cavity.    Also  called yJica  adiposes aud 

mars"; 

alarget  (a-lSrj'),  ''■  ■•  [<  M1':-  alargen  =  OF. 
*alargir  '(of.  OF.  vrgir,  I'.  4largir,  with  pre- 
fix*^-, <  L.  ex-),  <  Ml,.  fallargin  (cf,  Pr.  <im-m-- 
</«/■  =  Sp.  Pe.  alargar,  <  ML.  allargare),  <  L. 
',;</.  to,  +  Ml.,  largire,  largare,  enlarge;  ef.  L. 
largiri,  give  largess,  grant,  <  largus,  large:  see 
/,),■'.;-.    5  I    To  enlarge;  increase. 

Alaria  (a-la'ri-S,),  ».  [XE..  <  L.  alarms,  <  ata, 
a  wing:  see  aisle.]  A  genus  of  olive-brown 
alga\  found  in  the  colder  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans.  The  membranous  frond  isfrom 
3  to  20  feet  long  and  lias  a  thick  midrib.  A.  eseulenta  is 
variously  called  badderlocke,  henware,  or  murlins.  The 
midrib  is  used  as  an  article  of  food  in  some  parts  of  Scot- 
land and  Inland,  and  in  Iceland. 

alarm (a-larm  ),  re.      [Also  alarum,  and  abbrev. 

faruttt,  a  form,  now  partly  differentiated  in  in.  'lin- 
ing, due  i"  rolling  the  r;  formerly  also  allarm, 
all  uniii ,  aU'armit :  <  ME.  alarmc,  used  iuterjec- 
tionally,  alarum,  a  loud  noise  (=  D.  G.  8w.  Dan. 
alarm,  alarm,  noise,  byapheresis  ti.  larm,  Dan. 
larm),<.  OF.alarme,  "  an  alarum "  (Cotgrave),  = 
Pr.  alarma  =  Sp.  Pg.  alarma,  <  It.  aUarme,  tu- 
mult, fright,  alarm,  <  all'  arme, to  arms!  —  alle,  < 
a  (<  L.  ml),  to,  +  ?c,  fern,  pi.,  <  L.  Mas,  ace.  fern, 
pi.  of  ,//<.  the;  arme, fern. pl.,<L.  ama, nent.pl., 
arms :  see  <»*■/«-.]  1.  A  summons  to  arms,  as  on 
the  approach  of  an  enemy ;  henee,  any  sound, 
outcry,  or  information  intended  to  give  notice 
of  approaching  danger. 
Sound  an  alarm  in  my  holy  mountain.  Joel  ii.  1. 

Ready  to  ride  and  spread  the  alarm 
Through  every  Middlesex  village  and  farm. 

Longfellow,  Paul  Revere's  Ride. 

2f.  A  hostile  attack;  a  tumult;  a  broil;  a  dis- 
turbance. 

I,,  move  your  Biege  from  my  unyielding  heart; 

To  love's  alarms  it  will  not  ope  the  gate. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  t:t. 

3.  A  sudden  fear  or  painful  suspense  excited 
by  an  apprehension  of  danger;  apprehension; 
fright :  as,  there  is  nothing  in  his  illness  to 
cause  alarm. 

I  shook  her  Preast  with  vague  alarma. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

4.  A  warning  sound;  a  signal  for  attention;  an 
urgent  call,  summons,  omotification.  specifically 
— (a)  In  fencing,  an  appeal  or  a  challenge  made  by  a  step 
..r  stamp  on  the  ground  with  the  advancing  foot.    (6)  In 

ry,  a  knock  at  the  door  of  the  lodge  to  give 
warning,  as  of  the  entrance  of  a  candidate  fur  Initiation. 

5.  A  self-acting  contrivance  of  any  kind  used 
to  call  attention,  rouse  from  sleep,  warn  of 
danger,  etc.  Sueh  devices  are  made  ill  a  great  variety 
of  forms,  as,  for  example,  alarm-clocks,  fog-bells,  fog- 
whistles,  and  sounding  or  whistling  buoys;  hells  toindi- 
cab  changes  In  temperature,  the  opening  or  shutting  of 
doors,  gates,  or  drawers,  the  arrival  of  a  given  hour,  or 
tie  condition  of  telephone-  and  telegraph-wires;  signals 
to  all  attention  to  the  escape  of  gas,  steam,  water, 
air,  etc.  -Alarm  Check-valve,  a  valve  in  a  steam 
boile]  e  nally  closed  by  a  spring  and  opening  under  the 
pri  ate  of  steam,  used  to  give  an  alarm  when  tile  in- 
ji  i  tor  ceases  to  work  or  refuses  to  start.  Electric 
alarm.  See  e(,.r /•,>.  — Low- water  alarm,  in  a  steam- 
boiler,  an  ant atie  device  for  giving  a  signal  by  sound- 

i    whistle    when  the  water  falls    below    the    pond    ot 

'y.=Syn.  1.  Alarum,  toesin,     3.   Alarm,  Apprehen- 
Fright,   Terror,  Dismay,  Consternation,  ramie,  af- 
fright, agitation,  flutter,  perturbation,    'these  words  all 
I  [ear  in  view  of  possible  or  certain,  per- 
Appr>  I"  nsion  Is  the  1 iwesi  de- 
ol  i,  a,  ;  the  mind  takes  hold  -if  the  id.  a  ot  dang  i , 
and  without  alarm  considers  the  best  way  ot  meeting  it. 

Alarm  Is  th t  itage;  bydi  rivation  It  is  the  alarum  or 

summon-  to  arms.    The  feeling    an   b   Itated  in  view  of 

sudden  or  plst-diseovered  A;,:,  I  h    0]   others, 

t  upon  the  mind  is  like  that  ol 

ither  than  overpowt  n  tie    mi  ntal 
facult  ty  are  higher  s 

ir  difference  i    In  I 
in  effect.    J 

being  generally  the  effect  of  sudden  fea  i  Ten  or  maj  be 
a  Lab  iio  ir  independent  and  as  BUdden  ;  it 

overpowers  the  under  tending  and  unmans  one  Dt  may 
appals  or  breaks  down  in  ipe  ami  there. 

m  to  <io 

I  bing  to  ward  i  i  may  be 

of  del  /      ht 

and    '  i  '  i    -I    in  el.  1 1    fi  ft] 

superstition,  and  lHj   used  with  reference  to 

nelms  the  mental  fai 

ult'les  hy  the  sudden  le.     01    the   nit.  I  1*    .  ].,  .  t 

o  ;   it  is 
sudden,  demoiali  I     alto 

e  i  -at  ot  [,0,1mm  Eton  to  ii    there  maj  i  ven  be 

M rerabli      [t  is  the  fear  of  a  mass  ot  people, 

or,  figuratively,  of  animals. 


128 

It  was  clear  that  great  alarm  would  be  excited  through- 
out Europe  o  either  the  Emperor  or  the  Dauphin  should 

bee K  ing  of  Spain. 

Macaulay,  Malnm's  Succession  in  Spain. 
Kip  now-  felt  a  vague  apprehension  stealing  over  him; 
he  .  .  .  perceived  a  Btrange  figure  slowly  toiling  up  the 
locks,  Irving,  Kip  \  an  \\  inkle. 

To  go  to  bed  was  to  lie  awake  of  cold,  with  an  added 
shudder  of  fright  whenever  a  loose  casement  or  a  waving 
curtain  chose  to  give  yen  the  goose  flesh. 

Lowell,  stiuly  Windows,  p.  30. 
Shadows  to-night 
Have  struck  more  terror  to  the  soul  of  Richard, 
Than  can  the  substance  ot  tell  thousand  soldiers. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
Dismay  Beized  our  soldiers,  the  panic  spread,  increased 
by  the  belief  that  a  fresh  army  had  come  up  ami  was  en- 
tering tile  held.  If.  Ware,  Zenobia,  II.  xiii. 
i  lonceive  hut  for-  a  moment  the  consternation  which  tin- 
approach  of  an  invading  army  would  impress  on  the 

peaceful  villages  in  this  neighbour] 1 

jR.  Hall,  Reflections  on  War. 
Each  [the  child  and  the  soldier]  is  liable  to  panic,  which 
is,  exactly,  tin  t,  eoe-  oi  ignorance  surrendered  to  tin-  im- 
agination. Emerson,  Courage. 
alarm  (a-liirm'). ''.  [(.alarm,  ii.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  call  to  arms  for  defense ;  give  notice  of  da  ti- 
ger to;  rouse  to  vigilance  and  exertions  for 
safety:  as,  alarm  the  watch. 

A  countryman  had  come  in  and  alarmed  the  Signoria 
before  it  was  light,  else  the  city  would  have  been  taken 
hy  surprise.  George  Eliot,  Romola,  II.  liv. 

2.  To  surprise  with  apprehension  of  danger; 
disturb  with  sudden  fear;  fill  with  anxiety  by 
the  prospect  of  evil. 

Tan  flies  alarm'd  into  the  neighbouring  woods. 
And  frighted  nymphs  dive  down  into  the  floods. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  ii.  245. 

A  screech-owl  at  midnight  has  alarmed  a  family  more 

than  a  hand  of  robbers.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

II. t  in  trans.  To  give  an  alarm. 
Now,  valiant  chiefs !  since  heaven  itself  alarms, 
I  i .it ■  -.  Pope,  Iliad,  ii.  0::. 

alarmable  (a-lar'ma-bl),  a.     [<  alarm  +  -able.'] 

Liable  to  be  alarmed  or  frightened. 
alarm-bell  (a-larm'bel),  n.     A  bell  used  in  giv- 
ing notice  of  danger,  as  from  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  from  fire,  etc. 
On  the  gates  alarm-bells  or  watch-bells. 

Milton,  Hist.  Moscovia,  iii. 

alarm-bird  (a-larm'berd),  n.  A  species  of  tura- 
cou,  Schizortiis  eon/urus,  of  Africa. 

alarm-clock  (a-larm'klok),  n.  A  clock  which 
can  be  so  set  as  to  make  a  loud  and  continued 
noise  at  a  particular  time,  in  on  lor  to  arouse 
from  sleep  or  attract  attention. 

alarm-compass  (a-larm'kum/'pas),  re.  A  mari- 
ner's compass  having  an  electrical  attachment 
for  indicating  by  an  alarm  any  deviation  of  the 
ship  from  its  course. 

alarm-funnel  (a-larm'fun''el),  n.  A  form  of 
funnel  fur  use  in  filling  casks  or  barrels,  so 
constructed  that  when  the  liquid  has  risen  to 
a  certain  height  in  the  cask  a  bell  is  rung. 

alarm-gage  (a-larm'gaj),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
indicating  automatically,  by  an  alarm,  when 
pressure,  as  in  a  steam-boiler  or  an  air-com- 
pressor, reaches  a  certain  point. 

alarm-gun  (a-liirm'gun),  n.  A  gun  fired  as  a 
signal  of  alarm. 

alarmingly  (a-lar'ming-li),  adv.  In  an  alarm- 
ing manner;  "with  alarm;  in  a  manner  or  de- 
gree to  excite  apprehension. 

This  mode  of  travelling  .  .  .  seemed  to  our  ancestors 
wonderfully,  and  indeed  alarmingly,  rapid. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

alarmism  (a-lar'mizm),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -ism.] 
A  tendonoy'to  create  alarms,  or  to  be  alarmed 
needlessly;  a  state  of  needless  alarm ;  the  con- 
dilion  or  practice  of  an  alarmist,     [bare.] 

alarmist  fa-lar'mist),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -ist;  =  F. 
alarmiste.J  One  who  excites  alarm;  one  who 
is  prone  to  raiso  an  alarm,  as  by  exaggerating 
bad  news  or  prophesying  calamities,  particu- 
larly in  regard  to  political  or  social  matters. 
II.  was  frightened  into  a  fanatical  royalist,  and  he.  am 

i  the  most  extravagant  alarmists  of  those  wretched 

inn,..  Macaulay,  Walpole/s  Letters. 

It  was  as  he  approached  fourscore,  during  the  Adminie 

tration  of  sir  Robert  Peel,  that  th.-  Duke  [ol  w  i  Uington] 

he.  aim-  an  ala '  Gladstone,  Gli  anings,  I.  121. 

alarm-lock  (a-larm'lok),  n.  A  look,  padlock, 
I... li,  latch,  or  knob  so  arranged  that  a  bell  is 
ean  oil  in  i-ino  by  nity  movement  of  its  parts, 
Or  by  any  attempt  to  open  the  door,  till,  or  Un- 
like, to  which  it  is  fast. -nod. 

alarm-post  (a-larm'post),  ».  A  position  (■> 
which  troops  are  to  repair  in  ease  of  an  alarm. 

alarm-watch  (a-larm'woch),  n.  A  watch  pro- 
vided with  an  alarm  which  can  be  sot  Iii  strike 
at  a  given  moment,  in  order  to  attract  attention, 

n  ..ii  shall  have  a  gold  alarm-watch,  which,  as  there 
may  tie  cause, shall  awake  you.    Sir  T.  Herbert,  Memoirs. 


a  latere 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  n.  [A  form  of 
alarm,  due  to  a  strong  rolling  of  the  r:  see 
alarm,  n.]  Same  as  alarm,  but,  now  used  only 
in  sense  4,  except  poetically. 

A  fiourisli,  trumpets!  strike  nlnnnn,  drums! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 
The  dread  alarum  should  make  the  earth  quake  to  its 
centre,  Hawthoi  >>< ,  old  Manse, 

She-  had  an  alarum  to  call  her  up  early. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  .lam-  Pyre,  xxi. 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  v.  t.     Same  as 

alarm. 

Wither'd  murther, 

Alarvm'd  hy  his  scidinel,  the  Wolf. 

Shak,,  Macbeth,  ii.  1. 

alarum-bell  (a-lar'um-bel  i.  ».  Same  as  alarm- 
In  II. 

No  citi/eu  can  lie  down  secure  that  he  shall  Iiol  In- 
roused  hy  the  alarum  '<■  //,  to  n  pi  1  or  avenge  an  injury. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

alary  (a'la-ri),  a.     [<L.  alarius:  see  alar.']     1. 

Relating  to  wings  or  wing-like  parts;  being 
wing-like,  specifically  applied,  in  entom.,  to  certain 
muscles  passing  in  pairs  from  the  walls  of  the  pericardial 
chamber  of  some  insects  to  the  abdominal  parietes.  See 
ala  cordis,  under  ala. 

The  alary  system  of  insects. 

Wollaston,  Variation  of  Species,  p.  45. 

The  alary  muscles,  which  in  most  insects  are  fan-shaped, 
and  lie  in  pairs,  opposite  one  another,  on  each  side  of  the 
heart,  cither  unite  iu  the  middle  line,  or  are  inserted  into 
a  sort  of  fascia,  on  the  sternal  aspect  of  the  heart,  to  which 
organ  they  are  not  directly  attached, 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  373. 

2.  In  anat.  and  hat.,  wing-shaped, 
alas  (a-las'),  interj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  abbr. 
las,  lass;  <  ME.  alas,  alias,  alaas,  allaas,  alace,ul- 
lace,  <  OF.  a  las,  ha  las,  liai  las  (later  hiias,  also 
abbr.  las;  mod.  F.  htlas;  =  Pr.  ailasso  =  It.  alii 
lasso),  <  a,  ah!  (<  L.  ah,  ah!),  +  las,  wretched,  < 
L.  lassus,  weary:  see  lassitude.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity,  concern, 
or  apprehension  of  evil:  in  old  writers  sometimes 
followed  by  the  day  or  the  while :  as.  alas  the  day, 

alas  the  while.     See  alarkatlaij. 

For  pale  and  wanne  he  was  (alas  th"  while'). 

Spenser,  Shep.  i'al.,  Jan. 
Alas,  the  ilau  I  I  never  gave  him  cause. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 
Alas  for  those  who  never  sing, 
Put  die  with  all  their  music  in  them. 

0.  If.  Holmes,  The  Voiceless. 
Alascan  (a-las'kan),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
foreign  Protestant  in  England  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.  s..  called  from  John  Laski  or  Uasi  ", 
a  Polish  refugee  of  noble  birth  who  was  made  superinten- 
dent of  the  foreign  churches  in  London. 

alaskaite  (a-las'ka-it),  n.  [Better  *alaskite,  < 
Alaska(see  def.)+  -tie2.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth, 
lead,  silver,  and  copper  found  at  the  Alaska 
mine  in  Colorado. 

Alaskan  (a-las'kan),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  peninsula  or  territory  of  Alaska  in  N.  \V. 
America;  growing  or  found  in  Alaska:  as, 
••Muslim  cedar,"  Science.  IV.  475. 

alastor  (a-las'tor),  ii.  [<  tir.  AXdorwp.the  aveng- 
ing deity,  lit.  the  unforgetting;  of.  ii/um»,  not 
to  be  forgotten,  tin.  easing,  <  ii-  priv.  +  *'/arjr6(, 
verbal  adj.  of  '/.uilnr,  forget.]  A  relentless 
avenging  spirit;  a  nemesis.     A*.  E.  J>. 

Alata  (a-la'ta),  n.  ;/..  [NE.,  neut.  pi.  of  E. 
alatus,  winged:  see  alate*.]  A  name  given  by 
Lamarck  to  a  combination  of  tin-  molluscas 
families  Slreimlinlir,  Aporrliaidce,  and  Stntthia- 
lariiila;  having  referei to  the  expanded  wing- 

like  outer  lip  of  the  shell.    See  wingshell. 
alatcha  (a-la-cha'),  n.     [See  aladja.]    A  cotton 

stuff  made  in  central  Asia,  dyed  in  the  thread, 

and  woven  wit  It  white  stripes  on  a  blue  ground. 

/:.  Schuyler,  Turkistan,  I.  5. 
alate't  (a-laf),  prep.  phr.  as  mlr.     [<  ai  for  <>/ 

+  late.]"  Of  late;  lately. 

Where  chilling  frosts  ulate  did  nip, 

There  flasheth  now  afire.       Greene,  Dorallcls 

alate'2,  alated(a'lai,a'la-ted),  rt.  [<  L. alatus, 
winged,  <  ala,  wing:  see  aisle.]  1.  Winged; 
having  membranous  expansions  like  wings. 

But  the  Harpies  a/at, 

In  the  storm  came,  and  swept  off  the  maidens. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Poems  (1878),  p.  219, 
Specifically  —(a)  In  bot.,  applied  to  stems  and  leafstalks 

with  the  edges  or  angles  I jitudinally  expanded  Into  leaf- 

iii,  borders,  or  to  other  organs  having  membranous  ex- 
pansions: opposed  to  apterous.  I'd  In  conch.,  having  an 
,  mm  tide,  I  lip:  applied  to  shells.  See  cut  under  Aporrhatdoh 
2.  In  arch.,  having  wings,  as  a  building:  as, 
••an  alate temple," StukeU  v.  Palseographia Sacra 
(I7i;:5),  p.  73. 
a  latere  (a  lat'e-ro).  [E.,  from  the  side  :  a  for 
ah,  from  ;  latere,  abl.  of  latus,  side:  see  latt  rat  I 

I'loin  the  side;   from  beside  a  person:  used  in 
(lie  phrase  legale  a  latere.     See  legate. 


Glass  a  tatticinio. 


Wood  lark  (Alauda  arboreal. 


alatern 

alatem  (al'a-tern),  n.     Same  as  alaternus. 
alaternus  fal-a-ter'nus),   ».     [The  L.  name 
(Pliny).  ]    A  species  of  Rhamnus,  or  buckthorn, 

often  planted  in  English  gardens,  Rhamnus  Ala- 
ternus.    See  Rhamniis. 
alation  (a-la'shon),  n. 
[(h.  alatits, winged:  see 

iiluli-.]  1.  A  winged 
condition  ;  the  state  of 
being  winged  or  of  hav- 
ing wind's,  as  a  bat,  or 
parts  resembling  wings, 
as  a  plant. — 2.  The 
manner  of  formation  or 
disposition  of  the  wings, 
especially  in  insects. 
alatratet,  <'•  t-  See  alla- 
trate. 

a  latticinio  (a  lat-ti- 
che'ni-o).  [It.:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  latticinio,  <  L. 
lacticinium,  milk-food,  <  lac(t-),  milk:  sec  lac- 
tation.] (Deeorated)  with  lines  or  bands  of 
opaque  white  glass,  buried  in  the  transparent 
body  of  the  vessel:  said  of  ornamental  glass, 
such  as  that  made  in  Murano,  near  Venice. 
Alauda  (a-la'da),  n.  [L.,  the  lark;  according 
to  Pliny,  Suetonius,  and  Gregory  of  Tours,  a 
Gaulish  or  Celtic  word 
(ef.  Bret,  alchoneder, 
alchouedez,  the  lark); 
said  to  be  "lit.  'great 
songstress,'  from  al, 
high  or  great,  and  <uid, 
song."  The  W.  name 
ucltedydd,  lit.  'soarer,' 
is  a  different  word. 
Hence  It.  aloda  =  Sp. 
alondra,  OSp.  aluda, 
aloa  =  Pr.  alauda  =  OF. 
aloe,  with  dim.  ML. 
laudula,  laudila,  It.  al- 
lodola,  lodola  (dial. 
lodana),  and  Olt.  alo- 
detta,  allodetta  =  OSp. 
aloeta  =  Pr.  alauzeta 
=  F.  alouette,  the  lark. 
Cf.  calandra  and  lark1.']  A  genus  of  birds,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Alaudida;  or  larks.  The  genus 
was  formerly  coextensive  with  the  family,  but  is  now  re- 
stricted to  such  species  as  the  skylark,  A.  arvensis,  and 
the  woodlark,  -4.  arborea.  The  species  of  Alauda  proper 
are  natives  of  the  old  world,  and  inhabit  chiefly  its  northern 
portions ;  they  are  small,  plain-colored,  spotted,  and  streak- 
ed birds  ;  they  nest  on  the  ground,  and  are  noted  for  sing- 
ing as  they  soar  aloft,  and  for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh. 
See  Alaudidce  and  larki. 
Alaudidae  (a-la'di-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  (.Alauda  + 
-idn:]  The  lark  family;  a  family  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  suborder  Oscines.  They 
arc  notably  distinguished  from  other  oscine  Passeres  by 
having  the  tarsi  scutellate  behind,  and  are  therefore  re- 
ferred by  some  to  a  special  series,  Oscines  seutelliplantares, 
in  distinction  from  most  other  Oscines,  which  are  lamini- 
plantar.  By  others,  however,  the  Alaudidce  have  been 
ranked  as  a  subfamily,  Alaudiiice,  under  Frincjillidce.  The 
hallux  bears  a  lengthened  straightened  claw'.  There  are 
many  genera  and  species,  mostly  of  the  old  world,  and 
especially  of  Africa  ;  only  one  genus,  Eremophila  or  Oto- 
conia, the  shore  or  horned  lark,  is  indigenous  to  America. 
The  Alaudidce  are  mostly  migratory:  they  inhabit  open 
country,  nest  on  the  ground,  lay  colored  eggs,  and  sing  as 
they  soar :  some  of  the  species  are  gregarious.  See  Alau- 
da and  Zrar/fl. 
Alaudinae.  (al-a-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alauda 
+  -ina;.']  A  subfamily  of  larks.  The  term  repre- 
sents— {a)  A  subfamily  of  Frinc/illidce,  including  all  larks. 
[Disused.]  (I>)  A  subfamily  of  Alaudidce,  including  the 
typical  larks  represented  by  the  genus  Alauda  and  its  im- 
mediate allies. 

alaudine  (a-la'din),  a.  [<  Alauda  +  -tnel.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  lark  ;  pertaining  to 
the  Alaudida:  or  lark  family. 

There  is  .  .  .  abundant  evidence  of  the  susceptibility  of 
the  Alaudine  structure  to  modification  from  external  cir- 
cumstances. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  31G. 

alaunt,  alaundt,  alauntt,  «■    Same  as  alan. 
Alaus  (a-la'us),  n.     [NL.,  in  form  <  Gr.  ala6r, 

blind,  <  a-  priv.+  'Aattv,  see;  but  said  to  be  based 

on  ii'/jioftai,  wander,  roam,  stray.]     A  genus  of 

click-beetles,    of 

the   family    Ela- 

tiridie.     A.  ocula- 

tun,  one  of  the  largest 

'if  the  North  Ameri- 
can     snapping-bee- 

Hes,  is  a  well-known 

Bpecies  upward  of  1! 

inches  long,  It  lias 
two  velvety  black 
spots  encircled  with 
white  on  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  white 
dots  scattered  over 
the  whole  surface ; 
its  larvae  live  in  de- 
caying wood. 
9 


129 

Alausa  (a-la'sii),  n.  Same  as  Alosa. 
alb1  (all)),  n.  ('<  ME.  albe,  <  AS.  albe,  <  ML.  alba 
(so.  ccstis,  garment),  fern,  of  L.  albus,  white :  see 
aube,  the  French  form.]  1.  In  the  Rom.  Cath. 
<li.  (and  in  many  Anglican  churches),  a  white 
linen  robe,  with  tight  sleeves,  worn  at  the  cele- 
bration of  the  eucharist  under  the  chasuble, 
cope,  or  dalmatic  by  the  officiating  priest  and 
his  assistants,  it  reaches  to  the  feet,  and  is  bound 
around  the  waist  by  a  girdle  called  the  alb-cord.  I  Buall} 
it  is  ornamented  at  the  edges  and  wrists  with  embroidery 

oi-  lace-work.    The  alb  was  formerly  the  conitu Iresa  .  it 

the  clergy.     Colored  all>s  have  been  used  in  the  service  of 
tin-  Kn-lisli  riiini  li.     The  corresponding  garment  in  the 
Greek  Church  is  the  stoichariou  (which  see). 
A  white  albe  plain  with  a  vestment  or  cope. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer  (1549). 
Y:.u  li  priest  adorn'd  was  in  a  surplice  white  ; 
The  bishops  donn'd  their  albs  aud  copes  of  state. 

Fair/ax,  Tasso,  ii.  4. 

2.  In  the  early  church,  a  white  garment  worn 
from  the  Sal  unlay  before  Easter  until  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter  by  the  newly  baptized. 

Formerly  also  written  alba,  albe. 
Apparels  Of  the  alb,  square  pieces  of  embroidery  in  col- 
ors or  precious  orphrey-work  sewed  or  otherwise  fastened 
upon  the  alb,  commonly  in  six  places :  much  used  between 
tin-  eleventh  ami  sixteenth  centuries. 

alb-  (alb),  n.     [Turk.]     A  small  Turkish  coin, 
nearly  equal  in  value  to  a  cent. 

alba  (al'ba),  n.    [NL.  (sc.  substantia),  fern,  of  L. 

albus,  white,  used  as  a  noun.]     White  fibrous 

nerve-tissue,  as  distinguished  from  the  gray  or 

cellular. 

The  alba  constitutes  the  columns  of  the  myelon,  etc. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  472. 

albacore  (al'ba-kor),  n.    [Also  formerly  written 
albecore.  aVbocore  (ef.  F.   ••  albacore,  a  certain 


£«<& 


albe 

the  sides  externally  concave,  used  in  the  fif- 
teenth century  and  later  as  a  drug-pot. 

albarium (al-ba'ri-um), n.    [L.  rork), 

white  stucco;  nc-iit.  of  albarws,  pertaining  to 
the  whitening  of  walls.  Cf.  albare,  whiten,  < 
albus,  white]  A  stucco  or  white  lime  obtained 
from  burnt  marble.     McElrath;  Simmonds. 

albata  (al  ba'ta),  re.    [NL.,<  L.  albata,  ft  i 
albatus,  clothed  in  white,  made  white,  pp.  of 
albare,  make  white,  <  albus,  white.]     An  alloy 

consisting  of  a  i binationof  nickel,  zinc,  and 

copper  united  in  various  proportions,  often  with 
antimony,  iron,  lead,  tin,  and  silver,     n  ,,  a  white 

metal,  res bling  Bilvei  In  appearance,  and  is  made  into 

sj us,  forks,  teapots,  etc    Also  called  British  plate  and 

(,'. \rman  silver. 

lie  was  not  the  genuine  article,  but  a  substitute,  a  kind 
of  albata.  O.  A.  Sola,  Baddington  Peeragi ,  1 1 

Albati  (al-ba'ti),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  L.  albatus, 
clothed  in  white:  see  albata.]  A  body  of  fanat- 
ics who  about  1400  appeared  in  Italy  as  peni- 
tents, clad  in  white  garments.  They  were  sup- 
pressed by  the  pope.  Also  called  White  Brethren. 

albatross  (al'ba-tr&s),  n.  [Formerly  albitross, 
albetross,  also  dlgatross  (cf.  D.  albatros  =G.  al- 
batross (but  D.  usually  stormiiogel,  G.  sturmvogt  I. 
'  storm-bird') =F.  albatros,  formerly  algatros,  = 
It.  alhatro  =  Sp.  albatroste  =  Pg.  albatroz,  all 
prob.  from  or  affected  by  the  E.  form),  a  molli- 
fication (ale-,  ((((/-changed  to  alb-,  prob.  in  allu- 
sion to  L.  albus,  white)  of  Pg.  alcatraz,  a  sea- 
fowl,  cormorant,  albatross,  orig.  a  pelican:  see 
a/cat  ras.]  1.  A  web-footed  sea-bird  of  tin  •petrel 
family,  Proeellariidir,  and  subfamily  Diotrn  de- 
in(C.  About  12  speciesof  albatross  are  known,  all  except 
the  sooty  albatross,  Pheebetria  fuliginosa,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Diomedea.  They  are  distinguished  as  a  group  from 
other  birds  of  the  petrel  family  by  having  the  hind  toe 
rudimentary,  and  the  tubular  nostrils  separated,  one  on 
each  side  lit  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible.  The  bill  is 
stout  and  hooked  at  the  end,  the  wings  are  very  lou-  the 
tail  and  feet  short,  and  the  stature  is  very  great,  Alba- 
trosses inhabit  the  southern  seas  at  large,  and  the  whole 
Pacific  ocean,  but  not  the  northern  Atlantic.  Some  of 
them  are  the  largest  known  sea-birds,  and  all  arc  noted 
for  their  powers  of  flight,  sailing  for  hours,  and  in  any  di- 


Alb  of  Thomas  'i  Becket  in  the  cathe- 
dral at  Sens,  with  apparels  of  rich  stuff 
sewed  on  the  bottom  and  sleeves. 


Albacore  or  Tunny  [Orcynus  alalonga 

fish  in  the  Indian  sea,  which  is  very  good 
meat,"  Cotgrave),  <  Pg.  albacor,  albacora,  al- 
becora  =  Sp.  albacora,  an  albacore,  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  bulr,  pi.  bakarat,  a  young  camel,  a  heifer.] 
1.  A  name  given  to  several  fishes  of  the  tunny 
or  mackerel  kind,  specifically  to  the  germon 
or  long-finned  tunny.  Orcynus  germo  or  O.  ala- 
lonija.  See  Orcynus  and  tunny. — 2.  The  Lichia 
glauca,  a  fish  of  the  family  Carangidce.  Couch. 
Also  written  albicore. 

albadara  (al-ba-da'rS),  n.  The  Arabian  caba- 
listic name  for  the  basal  or  sesamoid  joint  of 
the  great  toe,  to  which  extraordinary  properties 
were  anciently  ascribed. 

alban  (al'ban),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  -an.] 
A  white  resinous  substance  extracted  from  gut- 
ta-percha by  alcohol  or  ether.     Ure,  Diet.,  I.  41. 

Albanenses  (al-ba-nen'sez),  n.  jd.  [ML.,  < 
Albi  in  Piedmont.]  One  of  the  sects  embraced 
under  the  general  name  Cathari  (which  see). 

Albanensian  (nl-ba-nen'si-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albanenses. 

II.   ((.   A.  member  of  the  sect  of  the  Alba- 
nenses. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Albania.] 
I,  ((.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  modern  Albania, 
or  to  its  inhabitants,  or  their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  etc. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Albania, 
a  division  of  European  Turkey,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  Epirus,  and  parts  of 
Illyria  and  Macedonia. —  2. 
pi.  Light  cavalry,  formerly 
recruited  in  Albania  and  the 
neighboring  lands,  and  armed 
according  to  the  Levantine 
fashion  of  the  time.  There  was 
such  a  corps  in  the  service  of  Charles 

VIII.  and  of  I is  XII.  of  France. 

See  argolet  ami  estradiot. 
3.  The  language  of  Albania, 
possessing    strongly    marked 
dialects,  and  usually  classed 
as  Aryan  or  Indo-European. 

[The  adjective  and  noun  also  apply 
to  ancient  Albania,  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea:  as,  the  Al- 
banian Gates  (Albanice  Pylce,  now 
the  pass  of  licrbend).] 

albarello  (al-ba-rel'o),  n.    [It., 
from  the  shape,  which  is  held 
to  resemble  a  tree-trunk ;  dim.  of  albero,  a  tree.] 
An  earthen  vessel,  cylindrical  in  general  shape, 


Italian  glazed  pottery, 
17th  century. 


Wandering  Albatross  [Diotnedea  exnlans). 

rection  with  reference  to  the  wind,  without  visible  move- 
ment of  the  wings.  They  nest  on  the  ground,  ami  lay  a 
single  white  egg.  They  are  very  voracious,  may  be  caught 
witli  a  liot.lv  an. I  line  baited  with  pork,  ami  when  taken 
on  board  a  vessel  are  observed  to  walk  with  difficulty. 
I  in,-  of  llu'  Commonest  and  best-knOfl  D  species  LS  tin'  wan 

dering  albatross,  />.  exulans;  it  is  also  the  largest  sp 
having  a  stretch  ol  wings  of  about  12  feet —  an  assigned  di- 
iiu'iiMnii  «.f  it'.  tVi.'t  briny ritluT  a  .ui'i  ;it  exaggeration  or 
highly  exceptional.  This  bird  is  mostly  white,  with  dark 
markings  on  the  upper  parts,  flesh-colored  feet  and  a  yel- 
low bill.  The  short-tailed  albatross,  D.  brachj/ura,  is  a 
related  but  smaller  Bpecies.  It  goes  far  north  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  where  is  also  found  the  black-footed  albatross, 
I),  nigripes  of  Audubon.  The  yellow-nosed  albatross  is 
/'  eJuororhynchtts,  to  which  another  species,  D.  culminata, 
is  closely  related ;  these,  and  1>.  melanophrys,  arc  among 
the  smaller  species,  and  of  about  the  size  of  the  sooty  al- 
batros-;. The  latter  is  wholly  dark-colored.  From  their 
habit  of  following  ships  for  days  together  without  resting, 
albatrosses  arc  regarded  with  feelings  of  attachment  and 
superstitious  awe  by  sailors,  it  being  considered  unlucky 
to  kill  one.  I  loleridge  has  availed  himself  of  this  Ei 
in  his  "Ancient  Mariner."  Also  spelled  albatros,  and  in 
New  Latin  form  dlbatrus,  as  either  a  generic  or  a  specific 
designal  Ion, 

2.  A  thin  untwilled  woolen  material  used  for 
women's  dresses. 

albe1,  n.    See  alW*. 

albe-t,  albeet,  conj.     Same  as  albeit.     Spenser. 


albedo 
albedo  (al-be'do),  ».    [L.,  whiteness,  <  albus 
%hite.l    Whiteness;   specifically,  the  propor 
tionof  light  falling  ona  surface  and  irregularly 
,.,.„,.,.,, „i  ,■,,„,,  ii:  as,  the  aitodo  of  the  moon. 
albeit  (al-be'it),  eoiy.     [<ME.  al  beit,al  be  it 
that  likeol&c  that,  alwm  itso  that, ,eto.,  in  con- 
cessive clauses,  al  being  the  adv. .all,  found  also 
joined  with  ,A<»«.//i  and  i/,  with the .subjunctive 
of  the  verb  6e:  see  aW,  od».,  -  (&),  and  of.  ot- 
ftottff*.]    Although;  notwithstanding  that. 
„,„  ,     che   Lord  sailh  it ;  alb.it  1  havenol 

Spoken,  l.zek.  Mil.  o 

i.i  so  mastfd,  Madam,  1  love  the  truth. 

IV  nnyam,  Princess,  Ii. 

Albert  cloth.    See  cloth. 
Albert  coal.     Same  as  albernte. 

A  bertia  > al-l-'r'ti-ii ),  «.  [NL-,  <  4»ert  (Prince 
Albert  I]  l.A  genus  of  free  Ro*»/< ra,  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  having  a  lengthened  and  vermi- 
form body,  and  the  trochal  disk  reduced  to  a 
small  eil'iated  lip  around  the  mouth.    Held  by 

Schmarda  I stitute  with  the  genus  Setson  a  separate 

,.,.,,,,,  |  ha.  They  are  internal  parasites  of  va- 
rious oligoi  hastousa lids,  such  as  the  earthworm. 

2  \o-enus  of  dipterous  insects.  Rondani,  1843. 
—3.  A  genus  of  ecelenterates.    Thomson,  1878. 

Alberti  bass.    See  bass? 

Albertiidffi  (al-ber-ia'i-de),  n.  fl.    [NL.,<  ■'  - 

bertia  + -idee.]  A  family  ot  rotifers  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  of  which  the  genus  Alberha  is  the 
type.     See  Albt  rtm.  . 

Albertine  I  al'ber-tin),  a.  Of orpertammgtothe 
younger  and  royal  branch  ot  the  Saxon  house 
which  descended  from  Albert  (G.  Albrecht), 
Duke  of  Saxony  (1443-1500).  -Albertine  tracts 
pamphlets  dealing  with  economic  subjects,  written  about 
isaounderthe  auspices  of  the  Albertine  branch  of  the 
SMonta^e?and  in "opposition  to  a  debasement  o£  the .cur- 
re^cy  propose  1  l.y  the  Ernestine  branch.,!  the  same  house. 
The  Albertine  tract*,  according  t;.  Koscher  exhibit  sueh 
sound  views  ot  the  conditions  and  <  i  idences  of  national 
wealth  of  the  nature  of  money  and  trade,  and  of  Ih.  rights 
a,     ante-  of  Governments  in  relation  to  economic  a.  twn, 

that  heregardsthe  unknown  aul 'as  enbtledtoa  place 

betideRaleigh  and  the  other  English  "™£™"*?™*£ 
of  the  end  of  the  16th  and  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
Encyc.  ssnl.y  aia.  ooo. 

Albertist .  al'ber-tist).  n.  [<  ML.AlbertistKv}-, 
<  iVbertus,  Albert.]  An  adherent  ot  the  philos- 
ophy of  Albertus  Magnus,  a  German  scholastic 
philosopher  (1193-1280).     The  Albertists  were  only 

recognized  as  a  distinct  scl 1  in  the  university  oi  <  o- 

lognl  in  the  fifteenth  century.  Tins  school  was  an  off. 
shoot  from  that  of  the  Thomists,  from  which  it  .1.  red 
concerning  many  points  of  logic  physics,  ami  th.  ..,.,■> 
It  was  attached  to  the  college  of  St.  tawrence.  Indiffer- 
ences which  separated  the  Albertists  from  the  Thomists 
were  insignificant.  Among  other  points  the  former  i.  1. 
that  ,  ulative,  not  a  practical,  discipline  ,  that 

Driversals  in  re  and  port  rem  are  identical  (we«m»m«J, 
7i.);  and  that  the  principle  of  individuation  (which  see)  is 
matter.  „ 

albertite  (al'her-tit),  ».     [<  Albert, -name  of  a 
county  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  mineral 
is  found,  +  -He-.]    A  hydrocarbon,  pitch-hie 
iu  appearance,  and  related  to  asphaltum,  but 
not  so  fusible    nor  so  soluble  in   benzine  or 
ether.     It  fills  a  fissure  in  the  lower  carboniferous  rocks 
at  the   Ubert  mine  in   New  liniuswick.     It  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  illuminating  gas,  and  ol  illuminating  and 
lubrii  atino  -.1        Usoi  all.  i  Albert  coal. 
albertype   (al'ber-tip),  ».    [<  Joseph  Albert, 
name  ol  the  inventor,  +  type.]      1.  A  method 
of  direct    printing   in    ink    from  photographic 
plates.     S.e  photolithography.— 2.  A  picture 
produced  by  this  method. 
albescence(al-bes'ens),  n.    [<  albescent.]     the 
act  or  state  of  growing  white  or  whitish, 
albescent  (al-bes'ent),  a.    [<  L.  albe8cen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  albescero,  become  white,  inceptive  ot  at- 
bewhite,<«'"H.s-,  white.]     Becoming  white 
or  whitish;  moderately  white;  of  a  pale,  hoary 
aspeel  :  bleached;  blanched, 
albespinet  (al'be  spin),  ».     [<ME.  aTbespyne, 

OF.albespine,  pine,i U  F.  aubepme 

=  Pr.  albespin,  <  ML.    alba    pinus,  the  white- 
thorn (-tree),  in  let.  to  thewhiteness  of  its  barl 

a- contrasted  withthe  blackthorns  L.alba,  fem. 

of  dibits,  whit.-;  spinas,  the  blackthorn,  sloe- 
dee,      pina,  a  thorn,  spine :  see  spine.]    The 

l,;,u tie. i ...  I  ratosgu    Oa  yaeantha. 
albicans  (al'bi-kanz),  ».;  pi.  albicantia  (al-bi- 
kan'slii-ii).      [NL-i  so.  corpus,  body:   see  allu- 

,.,,„/.]      line   of   the    corpora    albicantia    oi     I  06 

brain     See  corpora  albicantia,  under  corpus. 
albicant  (al'bi-kant),  a,    KL.  aMcan{t 

of  «n„w.-,  be  white,  <  ""»<s  white.]     Becom- 
ing  or  growing  white.    N.  E.  /». 
albicantia,".     Plural  of  albicans. 

albication(al-bi-kfi'slion).  ".    L<  h.'tlbieare,  pp. 

"albicMtus,  lie  white:  so  owtcom*.]  in  '»''■.  a 
growing  white;  a  developmentof  white  patches 
m  the  foliage  of  plants. 


130 

albicore  (al'bi-kor),  n.    See  albacore. 
tlbificationt  (al  biWshon)n.  .[<  ME  .alUfi. 
caciounX  ML.  aXbificatio{n-),<aXb%ficare,  whiten. 

see  „»-/M.]  In  nlflumii.  the  act  or  process  ot 
making  white.     Chaucer. 

albiflorous  (al-bi-fio'rus),  a.  L<  NL.  a^^us, 
<  £!  alb,,,,  while.  +  .*»  (flor-),  a  flower.]  In 
/.,./.,  having  white  dowers. 

albifyt  (al'bi-fi),  v.  t.  [<  Ml,.  oltH/!«wft<  L.ai- 
l"s,  white,  +  .ficare,<fac<  re,  make.]  To  make 
white;  whiten. 

Albigenses (al-bi-jen'sez), ». -p*.  [ML., yt.Ai- 
Moems,  inhabitants  of  AWL]  Acolleetive  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries:  so  called  from  Albi,  in  l.an- 
smedoe  where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted 
from  the  Church  of  Rome,  were  charged  with  Manichean 
errorsVand  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that  as  iecte, 
they  had  in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth century.  ...  j  t      , 

Albigensian  (al-bi-jen'si-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  o. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albigenses. 

By  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Albinemian 
heresy  had  been  nearly  extirp^ted^  ^  ^  ^  .  7 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Albigenses. 

albin  (al'bin),  n.  [<  L.  aXbus,  white.  See  air 
bino.]  A  mineral  of  an  opaque  white  color,  re- 
garded as  a  variety  of  Bohemian  apophylhte. 

albiness  (al-bi'nes),  n.    [<  albino  +  -ess.]    . 
female  albino. 


A 


co^w^t^ianc^^ 

;,;whlch.nakesthVn.;,u;:aeh,he;,a;:ae,e:;;f 


albinism  (al'bi-nizm),  n.     [<  albino  +  -ism;  = 

F    alUnisme  =  Pg.  albimsmo.]    The  state  or 

condition  of  being  an  albino  ;  leucopathy ;  leu- 

cism.     In  hot.,  a  condition  of  flowers  or  leaves  in  which 

they  are  white  instead  of  having  their  ordinary  colors  ow- 

ine  to  a  persistent  deficiency  of  the  usual  coloring  matter  . 

tohedisUn  uishc.i  from  i.i„, „■!,,„. ,,,,- ,t;,,l«twn,  where  the 

color  returns  on  exposure  to  light.    Compare  erythnsm. 

Also  written  allrinown. 

Albinism  being  well  known  to  be  strongly  inherited,  f..r 

instance  with  white  mice  and  many  other  quadrupeds,  and 

even  white  flowers.  _    .     ,        ,  ,,i     .    .    nr. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  115. 

albinistic  (al-bi-nis'tik),  o.    Same  as  albinoUc. 

albino  (al-bi'no),  ,,.  [<  Pg.  albino,  orig.  applied 
by  the  Portuguese  to  the  white  negroes  they 
met  with  on  the  coast  of  Africa  (=  Sp.  It.  al- 
bino, >  F.  albinos),  <  albo,  now  alvo,  =  Sp.  It. 
albo,  <  L.  albus,  white.]  1.  A  person  of  pale, 
milky  complexion,  with  light  hair  and  pini 
eves.  This  abnormal  condition  appears  to  depend  on  an 
absi  nee  of  the  minute  particles  of  coloring  matter  which 
I  1  cnly  occur  in  the  l.™-t  and  last-deposited  layers 
of  the  epidf  rmis  .  .r  outer  skin.  Albinos  occasionally  occur 
among  all  races  of  men.  .  , 

Hcnce_2.  An  animal  characterized  by  the 
same  peculiarity  in  physical  constitution.  A 
perfect  albino  is  pure  white,  with  pink  eyes  ;  bu  the  e 
,av  be  every  degree  of  departure  from  the  Dormal  color- 
ation exhibiting  every  variation  in  paleness  of  color  or  m 
,,t  in-    r  marking  with  white,  such  pallid  or  piedindi- 

Zu^:u,\n,,M,d1,,,r,,,l,,lb, ,     Anallnnnisaways 

a  sporl  01  freak  of  nature  as  when  one  of  a  brood  pi  lows 
or  blackbirds  is  snow-white;  but  albinism  tends  to  be- 
cninc  hereditary  and  thus  established,  as  in  the  case  01 
white  mice,  white  rabbits,  and  white  poultrj  At  >  al- 
bino therefore,  is  to  be  distinguished  from  an  annual  that 
is  naturally  white,  like  the  snowy  heron  or  polar  bear  ol 
that  periodically  turns  white  in  winter,  like  the  arctic  fox, 
polar  bare,  or  ptarmigan.  Some  animals  are  more  bus- 
ceptible  to  albinism  than  others,  bul  probably  a  1  are  i,a- 
i,i,  to  the  deficiency  or  total  lack  of  pigment  winch  con- 
stitutes this  affection.  .  ,  .  .  . 
3  A  plant  the  leaves  of  winch  are  marked  by 
the  absence  of  chlorophyl,  or  whose  flowers  are 
exceptionally  white.  See  albinism. 
albinoism  (al-bi'no-izm),  n.  Same  a,salbintsm. 
albinotic  (al-bi-not'ik),  a.    [<  f>»w  + _-ot„:  as 

in  liinmotie  and  other  words  of  Gr.  origin.]     Al- 
iVct'ed  withalbinism;  exhilhtingleucism;  being 
:,,,  albino.    An  equivalent  form  is  albimsUc. 
albione  (al-bi-o'ne),  n.    [NL.,  after  L.  Albion,  a 
son  Of  Neptune?]     A  sea-leech ;  a  leech  of  the 

genus  PontobcU  "«■  ,  „  ..    .„ . 

albion-metal  (al'bi-m,-mci  ah    „.       ■."'•.""'. 

poetic  , iameof  England  (<  I... loW,  Or.  A  , 

an  ancient  name  of  Britain),  +  metal.}  A  com- 
bination made  by  overlaying  had  Willi  tin  and 
causing  the  two  to  adhere  by  passing  them,  un- 
der pressure,  between  rollers. 
albite(ul'bit),  m.  [<L.  albus, white,  +-tte^.]  A 
triclinio  soda  feldspar;  a  common  mineral,  usu- 
ally white  or  nearly  white,  occurring  in  crystals 

;,,,,'!   ,,,  eleavable  masses  ill  granite  veins,  also 
as  a  constituent  of  many  cnstalline  rocks,  as 

, n   and  some  kinds  of  granite.    See/cM.s/Ktr. 

albitic(al-ltit'ik),./.   [<alh,k  +  -ic.l  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  albito;  containing  albite. 


albumen 
Albizzia  (al-bits'i-a,).  n.    [NL ,    < .It.  Albi^i  a 

noble  familv  of  Tuscany,  who  hrst  brought  the 
silk-tree  into  Italy.]  A  large  genusoi  legumi- 
nous plants  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa,  allied 

to.lc.jcii/.      Many  arc  trees  furnishing  a  hard,  strong, 

and  durable  , 1.     A.   Julibrixsin  (the  silk-tree    and 

,1.  j.m.,1,  are  frequently  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the 
Mediterranean  region  and  in  Amenca.  'I  be  hark  of  an 
\l,yssiniau  species,  .1.  „ „lh.h„, „l ,c,i,  known  as  incscnna 
or  besenna,  is  an  effective  tamiafuge. 

albo-carbon  (al'bo-kar'bon),  n.  [<  L.  albus, 
white,  +  E.  carbon.]  A  solid  residuum  ot  crea- 
sote—  Albo-carbon  light,  a  light  Produced  bj r  carta. 

rcting  ordinary  burning  gas  l.y  the  volatilisati albo- 

carbon,  which  is  placed  in  cylindrical  chambers  about  a 
gas-burner.  „  ,,    ,.,, 

albolite  (al'bo-lit),  n.    Same  as  albohth. 

albolitli(al'bo-lith),«.  [<L.a«6«s, white, +  Gr. 
Woe,  a  stone.]  A  cement  made  by  mixing  pul- 
verized calcined  magnesite  with  hue  silica.  It 
forms  a  hard,  durable  compound  which  can  be  molded, 
and  is  found  very  useful  in  repairing  stem  work  and  as 
^preservative  for  various  materials  of  construction 

Alb  Sunday.    [See  all,1  and  Sunday.    Cf.  II  hit- 

s"„la,i.]  The  first  Sunday  after  Easter:  so 
called  because  on  that  day  those  who  had 
been  baptized  on  Easter  eve  wore  their  white 
robes  for  the  last  time.     Also  called  low  Sum* 

albuginea  (al-bu-jin'e-ii),  ».  [NL.,  fem.  (sc. 
tunica)  of  an  assumed  L.  "albugineus :  see  albvA 
qineous.]  In  anat.,  a  name  (properly  tunica  al- 
buginea) applied  to  several  membranes:  («)  to 
the  fibrous  covering  of  the  testis  beneath  the 
tunica  vaginalis  (sheathing  membrane);  (/<)  to 
the  similar  fibrous  covering  of  the  ovary  be- 
neath the  peritoneum;  (c)  to  the  sclerotic  or 
white  of  the  eye. 

albuginean  (al-bu-jin'e-an),  a.  [<  L.  albugo 
(albugin-),  whiteness,  a  white  spot,  +  -e-an. J 
Same  as  albugineous. 

albugineous  (al-bu-jin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  it  ,u- 
bugweus  (>SP.  Pg.  It.atettfirmeo),themore  cor- 
rect E  form  being  albuginous  =  E  .  albugineux  = 
Sp  It.  albuginoso,  <  L.  *albuginosus,  <  albugo  (al- 
buoin-),  whiteness:  see  albugo.]  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye  or  of  an  egg. 
Equivalent  forms  are  albuginean  and  albuginous. 
-  Albugineous  humor,  the  aqueous  humor  of  the  eye.— 
Albugineous  tunic,  the  albuginea  (which  see), 
albuginitis  (al-bu-ji-ni'tis),  n.  _[<  albuginea  + 
-itis.]  Inflammation  of  the  tunica  albuginea  ot 
the  testis.     See  albuginea.  . 

albuginous  (al-bu'ji-nus),  «.     Same  as  albugin^ 

albugo  (al-bu'go).  n.  [L.,  whiteness,  a  white 
L„t.<  albus,  white.]  A  disease  ot  the  eye, 
characterized  by  deep  opacity  of  the  cornet,. 
Sometimes  called  leucoma. 

Albula  (al'bu-la ),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  ot^.albulus, 
whitish,  <  albus,  white:  see  able2,  ablet.]  Age- 
mis  of  fishes  distinguished  by  their  whitish  or 
silvery  color,  tvpicalof  the  family  Albulidas. 

albulid  (al'bu-'lid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  .1  - 
bulida- ;  a  bonetish,  ladyfish,  macabe,  or  t  rench 
mullet.  ,      r^TT      .    .,,    . 

Albulidae  (al-bu '  li-de),  n.  pi,  [NL.,  <  Albula 
+  -i,l,e  ]  A  family  of  abdominal  Ashes  having 
an  elongate  body 'covered  with  silvery  scales, 
conical  head  with  produced  overhanging  snout, 
small  mouth,  and  pavement-like  teeth  on  tM 
sphenoid  and  pterygoid  bones.     Only  one  spceu-s, 

Albula   Wipes,  is  I »n.     K   is  genera  ly  .list, ;ib«'"d  "« 

tropical  seas,  and  is  known  111  the  \Vesl  ln.li.-  and  1   ■■  ,,  a 

ii,,, (ions  of  structure  of  the  heart  which  suggesl  the  ga- 
uoids.    See  cut  under  ladyfish.  ,.,,,, 

Albulina  (al-bu  h'nai, ,,  ,,l.  [NL.  <  . ih„„  + 
-in,,.}  In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the 
fifth  "Toup  of  CI  up,  i, la-.  The  technical  characters 
,,,      8ie  mouth  inferior,  of  moderate  width  and  toothed, 

„  ■  „ ir  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  lower 'mid  Uie liter- 

SirUlary   uxtaposcd  to  the  upper  edge  of    he  'naxillarf 
I,,,,,,.,      in,  grbup  corresponds  to  the  family  .1" 
Preferably  written  Albulina,  as  a  subfamily. 

album  (al'bum),  ».  [L.,  prop-  neut.  ot  »'..«, 
white  1  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  while  tablet,  on 
which  the  names  of  public  ollicers  and  records 
,,,  public  transactions  were  written  and  which 
was  put  up  in  a  public  place.- 2.  A  book  con- 
sisting of  blank  leaves  variously  prepared  COT 
special  purposes,  .as  for  the  reception  or  pres- 
ervation of  autographs,  photographs,  v. 
"sentiments,"  etc. -3.   A  book   expensively 

printed  or  bound,  containing  short  select  ons 
Of  Itry  or  prose,  usually  illustrated,  ate  in- 
tended as  a  gift  or  an  ornament.—  4t.  In  "'"> 
white  (silver)  money  paid  as  rent. 
albumen  (al-bu'men),  ».  [L. ;  albumen  „n  the 
white  of  an  egg;  lit.,  whiteness,  <  albus,  white.] 
1  The  white  of  an  egg;  hence,  an  animal  ana 
vegetable  principle  which  occurs  in  its  purest 


albumen 

natural  form  in  the  white  of  an  egg:  in  the 
latter  sense  more  correctly  called  albwmin 
(which  see). —  2.  In  hot.,  any  form  of  nutritive 
matter,    whatever    its   chemical    constitution, 


Seeds  cut  vertically,  showing  their  Embryos  and  Albumen. 


stored  within  the  seed  and  about  the  embryo. 
It  may  be  farinaceous,  as  in  the  cereals ;  oily  and  fleshy, 
as  in  many  nuts;  horny,  as  in  the  coffee-berry ;  or  bony, 
as  in  the  vegetable  ivory.  Also  called  endosperm. — Albu- 
men glue.    See  glue. 

albumenize  (al-bii'men-Iz),  v.  t.  See  albumin- 
ize. 

albumenoid,  a.  and  n.    See  albuminoid. 

album  graecum  (al'bum  gre'kum).  [L. ;  lit., 
Greek  white.]  The  dung  of  dogs,  etc.,  which, 
from  exposure  to  the  air,  has  become  white  like 
chalk.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  medicine,  and 
is  still  used  by  tanners  to  soften  leather. 

albumin  (al-bu'min),  ».  [<  L.  album(en)  +  -in'2. 
See  albumen.']  In  chem.,  a  substance  named 
from  the  Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in  which 
it  occurs  in  its  purest  natural  state  (see  albu- 
men). It  is  a  proximate  principle  composed  of  nitrogen, 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  with  a  little  sulphur,  and 
enters  generally  into  the  composition  of  the  animal  anil 
vegetable  juices  and  solids.  Animal  albumin  abounds  in 
the  serum  of  the  blood,  the  vitreous  and  crystalline  humors 
of  the  eye,  the  so-called  coagulable  lymph,  the  juices  of 
flesh,  etc.  Vegetable  albumin  is  found  in  most  vegetable 
juices  and  in  many  seeds;  in  composition  and  properties 
it  does  not  differ  greatly  from  animal  albumin.  Albumin 
obtained  from  eggs  or  blood-serum  is  used  for  giving  a 
lustrous  coating  to  photographic  paper,  and  rarely  in  some 
other  photographic  processes,  for  fixing  colors  in  printing, 
and  for  clarifying  syrupy  liquids.  When  heated  with  such 
liquids  it  coagulates  and  sinks  to  the  bottom,  or  else  rises 
as  a  scum,  carrying  with  it  the  fine  suspended  particles 
which  had  made  the  liquid  turbid.  When  albumin  in  solu- 
tion is  digested  with  a  weak  acid,  it  passes  into  a  modi- 
fication distinguished  by  the  following  properties:  it  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  weak  saline  solutions,  soluble  in 
weak  acids  or  alkalis,  and  not  coagulated  by  heat.  This 
modification  is  called  a, -id  albumin.  Similar  treatment 
with  a  weak  or  strong  alkali  produces  a  substance  having 
nearly  the  same  properties  as  acid  albumin,  but  called 
alkali  albumin.  Syntonin  is  not  distinguishable  from  acid 
albumin.  When  a  solution  of  either  acid  or  alkali  albumin 
is  neutralized,  a  neutralization  precipitate  is  obtained. 
This,  dissolved  in  acid,  gives  acid  albumin;  dissolved  in 
alkali,  it  gives  alkali  albumin,  though  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  neither  the  acid  nor  the  alkali  combines 
chemically  with  the  albumin.  Albumin  is  found  in  com- 
merce in  a  dry  state,  being  prepared  both  from  the  white 
of  eggs  and  from  the  serum  of  blood;  84  dozen  eggs  pro- 
duce about  1.2  gallons  of  white,  which  yields  14  per  cent, 
of  commercial  albumin,  while  the  blood  of  5  oxen  yields 
about  2  His.  Pure  albumin,  entirely  free  from  mineral 
matter,  begins  to  coagulate  at  about  139°,  and  becomes 
completely  solidified  at  167°.  Coagulated  albumin  is  a 
white  opaque  substance,  possessing  the  property  of  com- 
bining readily  with  a  great  many  coloring  materials,  such 
as  fuebsine,  aniline  violet,  purpuramide,  etc.  It  is  em- 
ployed extensively  in  the  arts,  as  in  calico-printing,  in 
which  it  is  used  to  fix  pigments,  especially  ultramarine, 
chrome-yelbovs,  etc.,  upon  the  fibers  of  cotton  cloth,  serv- 
ing both  as  a  vehicle  for  the  color  and  as  a  varnish.  With 
aniline  colors,  however,  it  forms  a  true  mordant.— Albu- 
min process,  a  little-used  process  of  making  photo- 
graphic plates,  in  which  albumin  is  used  instead  of  collo- 
dion or  gelatin. 

albuminate  (al-bu'mi-nat),  n.  [<.  albumen  (al- 
bumin-) +  -uti  i.]  One  of  a  class  of  bodies  in 
which  albumin  appears  to  be  in  weak  combina- 
tion with  a  base.  Alkali  albuminate  is  regarded 
bv  some  as  identical  with  casein. 

albumin-beer  (al-bu'min-ber),  n.  A  preserv- 
ing batli  which  has  been  used  for  some  early 
photographic  emulsions,  composed  of  albumin, 
ammonia,  pyrogallic  acid,  beer,  and  water. 

albuminiferous  (al-bu-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-mi)i-)  +  ferre,  bear.]  Producing  al- 
bumin. IV.  L.  Carpenter. 
|  albuminiform  (al-bu'ini-ni-f6rni),  a.  [<  L.  al- 
bumen (-miu-)  +  -for mis,<. forma,  form.]  Formed 
like  or  resembling  albumin. 

albuminimeter  (al-bu-nii-nim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-niin-)  +  metrum,  <  Gr.  pfrpov,  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  albumin  contained  in  any  liquid. 


131 

albuminin  (al-bu'mi-nin),  n.  [<  albumen  (-min-) 
+ -in'2.]  The  substance  of  the  cells  inclosing 
the  white  of  birds'  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitro- 
gen, and  dissolves  in  caustic  potash.  Also 
called  iiiinin. 

albuminiparous  (al-bu-mi-nip'a-rus),  a.     [<  L. 

albumen   (-min-)   +   -parus,   <  parere,  produce.] 
Same  us  iilbiiminifi  rous. 

At  its  upper  end  this  latter  [duct]  has  an  album!  n  i  pu  - 
rows  gland  attached  to  it. 

a,  genbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  383. 

albuminize  (al-bu'mi-niz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
albuminized,  ppr.  albuminizing.  [<  albumin  + 
-i:e.]  To  convert  into  albumin;  cover  or  im- 
pregnate with  albumin,  as  paper  for  the  silver- 
printing  of  photographs.  Also  written  albu- 
menize. 

albuminoid  (al-bu'mi-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-miu-)  +  -aid.]  I.  a.  Besembling  al- 
bumen or  albumin. 

During  hard  work  a  larger  supply  than  usual  of  albu- 
minoid food  is  necessary. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  192. 
Albuminoid  disease,  lardaceous  disease  (which  see,  un- 
der lardaceous). 

II.  a.  A  substance  resembling  albumin ;  pro- 
teid  (which  see). 
Also  written  albumenoid. 

albuminoidal  (al-bii-nii-noi'dal),  a.  Eclating 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  albuminoid. 

albuminone  (al-bu'mi-non),  ii.  Same  as  pep- 
tone. 

albuminose  (al-bu'mi-nos),  a.  [=F.  albumi- 
iinix  =  It.  albuniinoso,  <  NL.  albumiiiosiis,  <  L. 
iilhu mm  (-min-):  see  albumen,  albumin.]  1. 
Full  of  or  containing  albumen:  applied  to  tho 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  grain,  palms,  etc. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  albumin. 

albuminosis  (al-bu-mi-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  -osis.]  A  condition  of  the 
blood  characterized  by  the  presence  of  more 
than  the  usual  amount  of  albumin. 

albuminous  (al-bu'mi-nus),  a.  Same  as  albu- 
minose—  Albuminous  infiltration.  See  cloudy  swell- 
inrf,  under  cloudy. 

albuminousness  (al-bii'mi-nus-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  albuminous. 

albumin-paper  (al-bu'min-pa/'per),  n.  Paper 
sized  or  coated  with  albumin,  used  for  ordi- 
nary photographic  printing. 

albuminuria  (al-bu-nii-nu'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  Gr.  ovpov,  urine:  see  urine.] 
In  pathol.,  the  presence  of  albumin  in  the  urine, 
indicating  changes  in  the  blood  or  in  the  kid- 
neys. 

albuminuric  (al-bu-mi-nu'rik),  a.  [<  albumi- 
nuria +  -it:]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
albuminuria. 

album  (al'bern),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  alburnus, 
whitish  (see  auburn),  first  as  a  noun,  LL.  al- 
burnus, m.,  a  white  fish,  prob.  the  bleak  or  blay, 
L.  alburnum,  neut.,  sap-wood  (see  alburnum),  < 
albus,  white.]  I.t  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  auburn. 
II.  n.  1.  Same  as  alburnum. — 2.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  fish  commonly  called 
the  bleak. 

alburnous  (al-ber'nus),  a.     [<  alburnum,  q.  v., 
+  -ous.]     Relating  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  alburnum. 

alburnum  (al-ber'num),  n.    [L., 
sap-wood,  prop.  neut.  of  albur-di 
nus,  which  appears  in  ML.  in 


alcatras 

of  these  consists  of  an  anacrusis,  a  trochee,  a  spondee,  and 
two  dactyls.  Asecond  consistsof  a  catalectfc  Iambic  pen- 
tameter, of  which  the  third  foot  is  always  a  spondee,  and 
the  first  may  lie.     A  third lists  ol  two  dactyls  followed 


the' sense  of  Svhitish':  see  au- 
burn.] The  lighter-colored  and 
softer  part  of  the  wood  of  exo- 
genous plants,  between  the  in- 
ner bark  and  the  heart-wood.  It 
is  frequently  called  sap-wood,  and  is  sap-wood;  **. heart- 
gradually  transformed  nit, .hcart-w.>ud  j:;'-'-  '■  i,lth;  ** 
or  duramen.     Another  form  is  allium. 

Alca  (al'ka),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  <  Ieel.  atka, 
dlka,  auk:"seo  auifcl.l  The  leading  genus  of  the 
Aleidie.  or  auk  family  of  birds.  It  has  been  made  to 
cover  nearly  all  the  species  of  the  family,  but  is  now  gener- 
ally restricted  to  the  great  auk,  Alca  imprimis,  alone  or 
with  the  razor-billed  avtk,  .1.  tarda  uv  Utamania  tarda. 
See  auk,  and  cut  in  next  column. 

alcabala  (Sp.  pron.  al-ka-bii'la),  n.  Same  as 
alcavala. 

Alcadae  (al'ka-de),  n.pl.     Same  as  Aleidie. 

alcahest,  alcahestic,  etc.     Sec  alkahest,  etc. 

Alcaic  (al-ka'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Jleaieus,  < 
Gr.  'A>.Kain6c,  <  'AAkqooc,  Aleaaus.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Alcams,  a  lyric  poet  of  Mytilene,  in 
Lesbos,  who  flourished  about  600  B.  C— 2. 
[1.  c]  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
sisting of  alcaics  :  as,  an  alcaic  strophe.    See  II. 

Alcnic  vcrss    SyC  II. 

II,  n.  [Z.  ft]    A  line  written  in  one  of  the  mea- 
sures invented  by  Alcseus.    The  most  important  one 


Great  Auk  lAUa  impennis). 
(From  a  drawing  by  R.  YV.  Shufeldt  after  Audubon. ) 

by  two  trochees.  Two  lines  of  the  first,  followed  by  one 
of  tbe  second  and  one  of  the  third,  constitute  the  alcaic 
strophe,  the  commonest  arrangement  of  alcaics.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  example  of  an  alcaic  strophe  : 

( '  mighty-month'd  inventor  of  harmonies, 
O  skill'd  to  sing  of  Time  or  Eternity, 
God-gifted  organ-voice  of  England, 
Milton,  a  name  to  resound  for  ages. 

Tennyson,  Exper.  in  Quantity,  Alcaics. 

alcaid.  alcayde  (al-kful' ;  Sp.  pron.  ai-ka'e-da), 
n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcaide,  formerly  alcayde,  a  gov- 
ernor, jailer,  warden,  <  Ar.  al-qaid,  <  al,  the  (see 
al-"2),  +  quid,  leader,  governor,  prefect,  <  qddn, 
lead,  govern.]  In  Spain,  Portugal,  etc.,  a  com- 
mander of  a  fortress;  a  military  officer;  also 
a  jailer. 

alcalde  (al-kal'de ;  Sp.  pron.  al-kal'da),  n.  [Sp. 
alcalde  (in  Pg.  alcaide  by  confusion  with  alcaide, 
alcaid),  <  Ar.  al-epidi,  <  al,  the,  +  qddi,  judge  (> 
Turk,  kadi,  >  E.  cadi,  q.  v.),  <  qaelaij,  judge,  de- 
cide.] In  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  in  countries 
settled  by  Spaniards  or  governed  by  Spanish 
law,  the  mayor  of  a  pueblo  or  town,  who  is  tho 
head  of  the  municipal  council,  and  is  vested  with 
judicial  powers  similar  to  those  of  a  justice  of 
the  peace. 

alcaldeship  (al-kal'de-ship),  n.     The  office  of 
alcalde. 
The  heart  of  the  Spanish  local  system  is  the  Alcaldi-sli  ip. 
C.  II.  Shinn,  Mining  Camps,  p.  83. 

alcali,  alcalimeter,  alcalizable,  etc.  See  al- 
kali, etc. 

alcamistret,  alcamyt,  etc.  See  alchemist,  al- 
chemy, etc. 

Alcana?  (al-ka'ne),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Alcina: 

alcanna  (al-kan'S),  n.  [Also  written  alcana,  < 
Sp.  alcana,  aleaiia  (=  Pg.  alcanna),  <  Ar.  al- 
liiiinii.inl,  tht\  +  hi  una,  henna.]   Sameas/V«»o\ 

Alcantarine  (al-kan'ta-rin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Alcan- 
tara, a  city  on  the  Tagus,  lit.  the  Bridge,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  +  qantardh,  a  bridge.  Ci.  almucantar.] 
A  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Franciscans 
founded  in  1555  by  St.  Peter  of  Alcantara 
(whence  the  name).      See  Franciscan. 

alcarraza(:tl-ka-r;l'za;  Sp.  pron.  al-kar-rii'tha), 
n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  nl-kiirrdz,  <  al,  the  (see  al-2),  + 
kurrdz,  an  earthen  vessel,  pitcher.]  A  vessel 
made  of  porous  unglazed  pottery,  used  in  hot 
climates  for  cooling  water  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  moisture  oozing  through  the  substance 
of  the  vessel.  The  effectiveness  of  the  process  is 
greatly  increased  by  exposure  to  a  current  of  air.  In  the 
southwestern  I  nited  States  commonly  called  oUa. 

alcarsin,  ».    See  atharsin. 

alcatotet,  »•  [E.  dial.,  also  alkitotle  (Exmoor 
( 'ourtship) ;  origin  obscure.]  A  silly  elf  or  fool- 
ish oaf.     Class.  Exmoor  Scolding. 

Why.  you  know  I  [am]  an  ignorant,  unable  trifle  in  such 
business,  an  oaf,  a  simple  alcatvte,  an  innocent. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

alcatras  (al'ka-tras),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcatraz,  a 
pelican,  etc.,  prob.  a  modification  of  Pg.  nlen- 
truz  =  Sp.  areailuz,  aleitdtiz,  the  bucket  of  a 
noria  or  water-raising  wheel,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  + 
qddus,  bucket,  <  Gr.  mfioc,  a  water-vessel ;  the 
term  "bucket"  being  applied  to  the  pelican  for 
the  same  reason  that  the  Arabs  call  it  saggd, 
water-carrier,  because  it  carries  water  in  its 
pouch  (Devic).]  A  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
name  loosely  applied  to  sundry  large  sea-birds, 


alcatras 

as  the  pelican  ( peleemius),  gannct  (Sula),  alba- 
tross 1 1 tin,, i,  ,i,  a,  especially  D.  fuliginosa),  frig- 
ate-bird I  Tachypetes  aquilus),  etc.,  but  of  noex- 
acl  signiiioation  iii  ornithology. 

alcavala  (al-ka-va'lft),  n.  [Sp.  alcabala,  alca- 
raid,  <  Ax.  al-qabalah,  <  «/,  i hi'.  +  qabdlah,  tax, 
duty.  <  qabala,  receive:  see  cabala.]  A  tax  of 
cue'  tenth  formerly  imposed  in  Spain  upon  pub- 
lie  salrs  anil  exchanges,  and  paid. by  the  seller. 
Also  written  alcabala. 

alcayde,  «-    See  alcatel. 

alcazar  (al-ka-zar';  Sp.  pron.  iil-ka-thiir'),  n. 
[Sp.  ami  !':_'■.  a  castle,  fort,  quarter-deck,  <  Ar. 
alqagr,  <  al,  tin'.  +  </"<,•/■.  a  fortified  place,  in 
pi.  a  castle.]  1.  in  Spain, a  fortress;  acastle; 
also,  a  royal  palace,  even  when  not  fortified. 

lie  was  linn  conducted  to  tin-  alcazar,  ami  the  keys  of 
tin  Fortress  were  put  mi"  his  hand. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  ami  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

id  cross  was  planted  in  place  of  the  standard 
of  M:ih. mi. -t.  an. I  the  banner  ,.t  tin'  sovereigns  Moated 
triumphantly  above  the  Alcazar.    Irving,  Granada,  p.  5it>. 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  places  of  arnuse- 
iii.  nt  in  Frailer  and  elsewhere,  particularly 
when  decorated  in  the  Moorish  style. — 3. 
Naut.,  the  quarter-deck. 

Alee  (al'se),  n.  [XL.,  <Gr.  alari,  elk:  seee/A'1.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  mammals,  comprising 
the  European  elk  and  the  American  moose :  sy- 
nonymous with  Alecs  (which  see).     See  ell,1. 

Alcedidse  (al-sed'i-de),  »■  ]'!■  Same  as  Alenli- 
II  it  lie. 

alcedinid  (al-sed'i-nid),  «.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Ala ■iliuiilir;  a  kingfisher  or  halcyon. 

Alcedinidae  (al-se-din'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alcedo  (  Alert  It  a-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds, 
the  kingfishers,  referred  to  the  order  Eissi- 
rostres  when  that  group  was  in  vogue,  some- 
times to  a  group  known  as  Syndactyly  now  to 
an  order  Picariw,  which  includes  many  fami- 
lies of  non-passerine  insessorial  birds.  However 
classed]  the  Alcedinidee  form  a  very  natural  family  of 
birds.  distinguished  by  the  cohesion  of  the  third  and 
fourth  toes ;  the  non-serrate  toinia  of  the  long,  large, 
straight,  and  deeply  cleft  bill ;  the  rudimentary  or  very 
small  tongue ;  the  small,  weak  feet,  unfitted  for  progres- 
sion, usually  bare  of  feathers  above  the  tibio-tarsal  joint ; 
tin-  Inn:;  wings,  of  10  primaries;  and  a  short  tail,  of  12 
rectrices.  The  family  includes  a  number  of  curious  and 
aberrant  forms,  among  them  two  genera  (Ceyx  and  Alcy- 
ni  which  the  inner  front  toe  is  defective.  All  the  Al- 
cedinidce  nest  in  holes  and  lay  white  eggs.  Their  charae- 
tic  liai.it  is  to  sit  motionless  on  the  watch  for  their 
prey,  t<.  dart  after  it,  seize  it,  and  return  to  their  perch. 
There  are  about  120  species  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
referable  to  about  20  genera.  The  family  is  divided  into 
two  subfamilies,  AL-cdiniiuv  and  Dacclonince.  Sometimes 
called  llatcyonidie.    Also  AlcedidoB. 

Alcedininse  (al"se-di-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Al- 
et  tin  ( Alcedin-)  +  -i«ir.]  A  subfamily  of  Alcedi- 
nitlti ,  embracing  the  piscivorous  or  fish-eating 
as  distinguished  from  the  insectivorous  king- 
fishers, or  line,  I, mime.  It  consists  of  about  6  genera 
ami  s. urn- fiO  species;  one  of  the  genera,  Ceryle,  includes  all 
the  kingfishers  of  America.  The  common  kingfisher  of 
Europe,  Alcedo  iepida,  ami  tin-  belted  kingfisher  of  North 
America,  Ceryle  alcyon,  are  typical  examples. 

alcedinine  (al-sed'i-nin),  a.  [<  Alcediniixce.] 
Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alcedininai:  applied  to  the  piscivorous  as  dis- 
tinguished  from  the  halcyonine  kingfishers. 

Alcedinoideae  (al  se-di-noi'de-e),  n. pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcedo  (Aleeilhi-)  +  -oiilete.']  A  superfamily 
of  birds,  containing  tin-  families  Alcedinidce, 
Jiuci ■rnitilie,  Momotidce,  Todidee, and  Meropidcc. 

Alcedo  (al-se'do),  n.  [L.,  also  improp.  Kalcedo, 
a  kingfisher;  the  same,  with  different  suffix,  as 
'.'  .  .-  L.  alcyon,  halcyon,  a  kingfisher:  gee 

halcyon.  ]  A  genus  of  kingfishers,  of  the  family 
Alcctliititl't  an. I  sul, family  Alretlinnite,  giving 
name  to  these.  ./.  ispiiln  is  the  common  species 
of  Europe.     See  Alcedinidce  ami  Icingfisher. 

Alcelapninae  ('al-sei-a-fi'iie).  n.pl.  (NL.,<.1<- 
celaphus  +  -inn.']  A  subfamily  of  bovine  ante- 
Lopes,  containing  large  species,  such  as  1  huso  of 

the  genera  Alcelaphut  and  Connochcetes,  or  the 

bulia  I  ine  antelopes  of  Africa  —  tin-  hurt -boosts, 

blesboks,  and  gnus.    See  cut  under  blesbok. 

Alcelaphus  (al-sel'a-fus),  ».     [XI;.,  <  Gr.  then, 

elk.  +  i'/at     ,  dei  r.  |     The  t\  |>i<al  genus  of  the 

j     II, ;  1,11,1,11111 .     The  leading  species  are  the 

rii!. aim.-  antelop  I  hi    hai  thee  1  i.i   ,,,,,,,,,,  1. 

ai. .I  Mi.   blesbok  (A,  albifron 

Alces  (al'se/),  «.     [L.,  elk,  =  Or.  0^/07,  elk,  = 

I..  '/A1,  i|.  v.  ]      A  genus  of  riimiuaiil  111:1 1 als 

of  the  deer  family  .  (  •  renin  .  11,.  )  ari  ..1  immense 
stature  ami  have  a  heavy,  ungainly  bo  n  at  the 

withers  ;  a  short,  thick   1.  I  pd  at  thi 

a  tumid  '.. uzzli  broadly  palmate  horns  in  the  male  ;  long 
coarse,  brittle  hair;  and  no  metatarsal  gland,  i'"t 
a  small  tarsal  gland  covered  with  reversed  hair,  Thi 
1'.  mi.  Includes  two  species,  or  on<  1 1..  cie  ..1  two  varieties, 
namely,  the  animal  ..1   northern  Europe  called  the  elk 


132 

and  the  corresponding  animal  of  northern  North  America 
known  as  the  1 Be.     See  clkl,  2,  and  moose. 

alchemic  (al-kem'ik),  «.     [Formerly  alchymic 

=  p.  alcliiiiiit/iir,  <  ML.  alchimicus,  i  alchimia, 
alchemy:  see  alchemy,  and  of .  chemic.']  Relat- 
ing to  or  produced  by  alchemy.  Formerly  also 
spelled  alchymic. 

At  last  lowered  into  the  semi-conscious  alchemic  state 
wherein  misery  turns  t..  habit. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  138. 
alchemical  (al-kem'i-kal),a.    Same  as  alchemic. 
alchemically  (al-kem'i-kal-i),  ade.    In  an  al- 
chemic manner;  by  means  of  alchemy.     For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymicaUy. 
Lully  would  prove  it  alchemically. 

Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

alchemist  (arke-mist),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  al- 
chymist,  alchimist,  alcumist,  atkemyste  (also  with 
added  term.  -er\  *alchemister,  alchymister,  al- 
chimister,  <  ME.  alca  hi  istir,  alkamystere,  aUea- 
mystre),  <  OF.  alkemiste,  alquemiste,  mod.  F. 
alchimiste=:Sp.  alquimista  =  I'g.  It.  alchimista, 
<  ML.  alchymista,  <  alchymia :  see  alchemy  and 
-/W.J  One  who  practises  or  is  versed  in  alche- 
my.    Formerly  also  spelled  alchymist. 

You  are  an  alchmnist,  make  gold  of  that. 

Shale,  T.  of  A.,  v.  1. 

alchemistert,  »•    Same  as  alchemist. 
alchemistic  (al-ke-mis'tik),  a.     Relating  to  or 

practising  alchemy. 
Paracelsus  informs  us  that  the  composition  of  his  "triple 

panacea"  can  be  described  only  in  the  language  of  al- 

chemietic  adepts.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  (14. 

alchemistical  (al-ke-mis'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 

alchemistic. 

Irregular,  secular  ale,  courageous,  contagious  ale,  al- 
cumietictU  ale. 
Dekker  ami  Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 

alchemistry  (al-kem'is-tri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
alchymistry,  alchumistrie,  alcumistrie:  see  alche- 
mist and  -ry.  Cf.  chemistry.']  Alchemy.  For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymistry. 

alchemize  (al'ke-miz),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  ah 
chymize,  alcumize,  -isc;  <  alchemy  +  -i'~e.]  To 
change  by  alchemy;  transmute,  as  metals. 
Lovelace.     [Bare.] 

That  which  becks 
Our  ready  minds  to  fellowship  divine, 
A  fellowship  with  essence  ;  till  we  shine 
Full  aleheiii  iz'd  and  free  of  space. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.  7S1. 

alchemy  (al'ke-mi),  ft.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
alchymy,  alcumy,  alcomy,  alcamy,  allcimy,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aikamyc ;  also  alknamye,  alkenamye,  alca- 
inync,  and  hence  alconomie,  alconomy,  alcono- 
myc  (simulating  astronomy) ;  <  OF.  allccmie,  also 
assibilated  alchemic  (mod.  F.  alchimie),  also 
arkemie,  arquemie,  =  Pr.  alkimia  =  Sp.  Pg.  al- 
qiiimia  (Pg.  also  alchimia)  =  It.  alchimia,  <  ML. 
alchimia,  alchymia,  <  MGr.  apxmiia,  <  Ar.  al- 
kimia, <  al,  the  (see  aP2),  +  kimia,  <  MGr.  xVfcia, 
also  xwa,  alchemy,  defined  by  Suidas  as  7/  tov 
apyvpoii  Kai  xpvoov  KaTaemevn,  i.  e.,  the  prepara- 
tion of  silver  and  gold.  Joannes  Antiochenus 
says  that  Diocletian  burned  the  books  of  the 
Egyptians  irepl  x?//*'aC  apyvpov  koX  xpv"°v,  i.  e., 
concerning  the  transmutation  of  silver  and 
gold;  hence  the  name  has  been  identified  with 
Xi/uia,  the  Gr.  form  of  Khmi,  the  native  name  of 
Egypt,  bt.  '  black  earth' ;  butxi/''a  is  prob.  for 
XOjLtia,  a  mingling,  an  infusion,  <  xvf"r,  juice, 
esp.  juice  of  plants  ( >  E.  chyme,  q.  v.),  <  x^clv, 
pour,  akin  to  L.  fundcre  =  AS.  gedtan,  pour, 
and  to  E.  gush.  Alchemy  would  thus  be  origi- 
nally the  art  of  extracting  juices  from  phinls 
for  medicinal  purposos.]  1.  Medieval  chemis- 
try ;  the  doctrines  and  processes  of  the  early 
ami  medieval  chemists;  in  particular,  the  sup- 
posed process,  or  the  search  for  the  process, 
by  which  it  was  hoped  to  transmuto  the  baser 
metals  into  gold. 

AlchemywaB,  «e  may  say.  the  sickly  but.  imaginative  in- 
fan.  v  through  which  modem  chemistry  hail  to  pass  before 
it  attain.. 1  its  majority,  or,  in  other  words,  bei  Hue  a  pos- 
itive science.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  459. 

2.  Any  magical  or  mysterious  power  or  process 
of  transmuting  or  transforming. 

Go  laugh,  .  .  .  transmuting  imps  into  angels  by  the  al- 
chemy ..f  smiles.  Alcatt,  Tablets,  p.  M. 

In   the  tiny  cellulose  sue.  by  the  vegetable  protoplasm 

is  wrought  tin.  very  alchemy  of  life. 

S.  I:.  Herrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  21. 

3.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils. 
.■1  modification  of  brass:  so  called  because  be- 
lieved In  have  I. ecu  originally  formed  by  the 
ail  1  if  alchemy ;  hence,  an  imitation,  as  alchemy 
was  supposed  to  bo  of  brass:  used  figuratively 
by  Milton  for  a  trumpet. 

Four  Bpi  1  'is  Cherubim 
Put  to  their  mouths  the  Bounding  alchumy. 

Milton,  r.  L.,  ii.  517. 


alcohol 

Here  be  the  tavern-beakers,  and  here  peep  out  the  flue 
alchemy  knaves,  looking  like  .  .  .  most  of  our  gallants, 
that  seem  what  they  are  11. .t. 

Middleton,  V..nr  Five  Gallants,  ii.  3. 

Formerly  also  spelled  alchymy. 
alchochoden  (al-ko-ko'den),  ».  [Ar.]  Inosfrol., 

tlie  giver  of  life  or  years;  the  planet  which  is 
the  dispositor  of  hyleg  and  in  aspect  with  that 
planet  when  a  person  is  burn,  indicating bj  its 
position  the  length  of  his  life. 

alchymict,  alchymistt,  etc.     See  alchemic,  etc. 

Alcidae  (al'si-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <Alea  +  -,,l,t.  | 
The  auks;  a  family  of  natatorial  sea-birds  hav- 
ing short  wings  and  tail,  palmate  three-toed 
feet,  and  a  bill  shaped  very  variously  in  the 
different  species.  The  body  is  stout  and  clumBy  and 
ti"  legs  ate  inserted  far  back  ami  deeply  buried  in  the 
common  integument  of  the  hody,  as  in  other  birds  ..1  the 
order  Pygopodes.  The  family  is  variously  subdivided  by 
tlilfi  nut  writers,  tin-  most  ..Ion. us  division  being  into  the 
Alcinoe  proper,  with  stout,  hooked  bill-,  comprising  the 
auks,  puffins,  etc,  ami  the  Uriince,  or  guillemots  and 
lnurres,  with  long,  slender,  acute  hills.  The  family  con- 
tains some  25  species  of  about  1-J  genera.  The  Alcidtv  are 
all  marine,  ami  confined  to  the  northern  Atlantic,  north- 
ern Pacific,  ami  I'olarseas.  Alsowritten.4f.aTin',  Seecuts 
under  Alca,  mum,  ami  pujin. 

alcidine  (al'si-din),  a.  [<  Alcidce  +  -ine1.]  In 
tiriiilli.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  auk 
family. 

AlcinJe  (al-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alca  +  -inn  .  \ 
A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidce,  em- 
bracing the  auks  proper  and  their  immediate 
allies.  The  bill  is  variously  shaped,  but  always  bard 
ami  horny,  stout,  compressed,  ami  more  or  less  hooked. 
The  leading  species  of  Al,,,,,r  are  tin'  great  auk,  Alca 
impenitis ;  the  razor-bill,  Alca  or  I'tainania  turtle;  the 
putlins,  of  the  genera  Fratercula  ami  1. inula;  ami  the 
horn-billed  auk,  Ccratorhiiiicha  iitoiwicrata. 

alcilie1  (al'sin),  a.  [<  Alccs-r-  -iwe1.]  Oforper- 
taining  to  the  elk;  noting  the  group  of  Cervidat 
to  which  the  elk  of  Europe  and  the  moose  of 
America  belong. 

alcine'2  (al'sin),  a.    [<  Alca  +  -ine1.]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  auk,  Alca,  or  family  Alcida\ 
Alcippe  (al-sip'e),  n.     [NL.,<  Gr.  'A/WiVn-i?,  iu 
mytn.  a  daughter  of  Ares,  <  akm),  strength,  + 

wnrof,  a  horse.] 
1.  A  genus  of 
cirriped  crusta- 
ceans, of  the 
order  Abdomina~ 
lia,  having  three 
pairs  of  abdomi- 
nal limbs,  no 
thoracic  limbs,  a 

Atcppc  lampas.  ,    ,       , 

1,  female,  with  males  seen  as  dark  specks  Segmented  UOlly, 
on  either  side  of  upper  part  of  the  sac;  2.  tWO  eveS,  CXtCU- 
feniale.  in  section;  3,  male;  4.  harrow  of       .,  »7        '  .     "  , 

the  animal  in  a  shell ;  H,  horny  disk  of  at-  Slle  mOUtll,  and 
tachment.  In  the  female  —  c,  ovary;  h,  +1,0  cnTAe  die- 
first  pair  of  cirri;  t,  I.  n.  three  thoracic  lUtJ  »<-i.e&  UIB 
segments  without  cirri ;  next  are  short  seg-  tinct.  It  is  the  type 
ments  bearing  three  abdominal  terminal  aIlu-  Q,jiy  nicml"  I  .'I 
cirri.     In  the  male  —  a,  antennary  appen-         *„„,;,,,     ,,.  I  .. 

daces;  I:  se.n.i.al  vesicle  ;rf,  testis;  .«!  pe-  lv  family  Alcivi„ -'"' 
nis;  A,  orifice  of  sac ;  o.  eye.  \  species.  .1.  I  a  in  pan, 

is  found  on  Hie  P.rit- 
ish  coast,  burrowing  in  shells  of  Fasus  and  Buccinum 
(whelks). 

2.  A  genus  of  birds,  of  uncertain  position, 
classed  by  G.  K.  Gray  (1869)  as  one  of  tho 
JEgithinida".  It  was  founded  by  E.  Blyth  in  1844.  and 
contains  12  species,  inhabiting  India,  China,  the  Malay 
peninsula,  and  Borneo.     A.  einerea  is  the  type. 

alcippid  (al-sip'id),  n.  [<  Alcippidce.]  An  ab- 
dominal cirriped  of  the  family  AlcAppidce. 

Alcippidse  (al-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Alcippi , 
1,  +  -/(/«'.]  A  family  of  cirripeds  of  which 
Alcippe  is  tin-  typical  genus. 

Alcmanian  (alk-ma'ni-an),  a.  [<L. AlcmamtiS, 
<  Or.  'A'/Kiniv,  Doric  of  'Aeia/iaiuiv/]  Pertaining  to 
Alcman,  a  Spartan  lyric  poet  of  these  venlh  cen- 
tury B.  C,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses. — 
Alcmanian  verse  or  line,  a  dactylic  tetrameter  catalec- 
tii',  or  series  of  three  dactyls  or  spondees  (the  third  tout 
regularly  a  dactyl),  followed  by  a  spondee  or  trochee.  A 
couplet  consisting  of  a  hexameter  followed  by  such  aline 
is  called  an  Alcmanian  distich,  ami  this  may  be  used  sin- 
gle or  double  as  an  A/ciniiniaii  strophe  or  stanza. 

alco  (al'ko),  «.  [Native  name.]  Avarietyoi 
small  dog,  with  a  small  head  and  large  pendu- 
lous ears,  found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
now  domesticated. 

alcoate  (al'ko-at),   «.     A  contracted  form   of 

illeolmlillr. 

alcogene  (al'ko-jen),  n.     [<  alco(hol)  +  -gem.'] 

The  vapor-cooler  in  a  distilling  apparatus.      A 

/:.  /'■  .    I      , 

alcohate  (al'ko-hat),  n.     A  contracted  form  of 

aleiilniliile. 
alcohol  (al'ko-hol),  n.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
alcohols,  alkohol,  <  V.  alcohol,  now  alcool,  =  Sn. 
I'g.  alcohol  —  It.  alcohol,  alcool,  alcoole,  <  ML. 
alcohol,  orig.  in  the  sense  of  a  line,  impalpable 
powder,  the  black  sulphid  of  antimony,  after- 
ward extended  to  any  fine  powder  produced  by 


alcohol 

trituration  or  sublimation,  then  to  essence, 
quintessence,  or  spirit,  esp.  the  rectified  spir- 
its of  wine,  and  finally  used  as  at  present;  <  Ar. 
al-koh'l,  <  al,  the,  +  k'oh'l,  the  fine  powder  of  an- 
timony used  in  the  East  to  paint  the  eyebrows, 
<kahula,  stain,  paint.]  1.  A  liquid,  ethyl  hy- 
drate, C2H5OH,  formed  by  the  fermentation  of 
aqueous  sugar-solutions,  or  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  organic  bodies,  as  wood.  Absolute 
or  purealcohol  isacolorlesa  mobile  liquid, of  a  pleasant 
spirituous  sin.  II  ami  burning  taste,  of  specific  gravity  7l»:: 
at  60'  !•'.,  and  boiling  at  173°  F.  It  is  inflammable,  and 
burns  without  smoke  or  residue,  the  products  of  combus- 
tion being  carbon  dioxid  and  water.  At  very  low  tem- 
peratures it  becomes  viscid,  but  does  not  congeal  above 
— 200  ,  and  for  tins  reason  is  used  for  filling  thermometers 
to  register  low  temperatures.  It  mixes  with  water  in  all 
proportions,  is  a  general  solvent  for  organic  principles, 
bases,  resins,  oils,  etc.,  and  as  such  has  extensive  use  in  the 
arts  and  in  medicine.  Different  gradesof  alcohol  are  some- 
times designated  in  trade  according  to  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived,  as  [[rain-alcohol,  prepared  from 
maize  or  other  grain ;  root-alcohol,  from  potatoes  and  beets ; 
pu)S8-alcohol,  which  is  made  in  large  quantity  from  reindeer- 
moss  and  Iceland  moss  in  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Russia. 
Alcohol  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and  antiseptic,  and  in  some 
dilute  form  is  used  as  an  intoxicating  beverage  among  all 
races  and  conditions  of  people.  Proof  spirit  contains  49.3 
per  cent  by  weight  of  pure  alcohol,  or  57.1  per  cent,  by 
Volume,  underproof  and  overproof  are  designations  of 
Weaker  and  stronger  solutions.  Distilled  liquors  or  ardent 
spirits,  whisky,  brandy,  gin,  etc.,  contain  40  to  50  pel- 
cent,  of  absolute  alcohol,  wines  from  7  or  8  to  20,  ale  and 
DOTter  from  5  to  7,  and  beer  from  2  to  10. 
2.  In  popular  usage,  any  liquor  containing  this 
spirit. — 3.  In  organic  client.,  the  general  name 
of  a  series  of  compounds  which  may  be  regarded 
as  derived  from  the  normal  hydrocarbons  by  re- 
placing hydrogen  with  the  group  OH,  orhydrox- 
yl,  and  which  correspond  to  the  hydroxids  of 
the  metals.  Such  compounds  are  classed  as  primary, 
secondary,  or  tertiary  alcohols,  according  to  their  constitu- 
tion and  the  products  of  their  decomposition.  Primary 
alcohols  are  regarded  as  containing  the  group  CHoOH,  and 
by  oxidation  yield  aldehyde  and  ultimately  an  acid  of  the 
same  carbon  series.  Secondary  alcohols  are  regarded  as 
containing  the  group  CIIOH,  and  by  oxidation  do  not  yield 
aldehyde,  but  a  ketone,  which  on  further  oxidation  breaks 
up  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series.  Tertiary  alco- 
hols are  regarded  as  having  the  group  COH,  and  break  up 
at  once  on  oxidation  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series, 
4t.  An  impalpable  powder. 

If  the  same  salt  shall  be  reduced  into  alcohol  as  the 
chymists  speak,  or  an  impalpable  powder,  the  particles  and 
intercepted  spaces  will  lie  extremely  lessened.  Boyle. 

Amylic  alcohol  (C5H11O),  also  called  hydrate  of  amt/l, 
a  genera]  name  applicable  to  eight  isomeric  alcohols  hav- 
ing the  formula  given.  The  most  common,  inactive  antyl 
alcohol,  is  a  transparent  colorless  liquid,  with  a  strong, 
offensive  odor,  derived  from  the  fermentation  of  starchy 
matters.  It  is  the  chief  constituent  of  fusel-oil,  a  pro- 
duct of  fermentation  in  distilleries,  which  is  contained  in 
crude  spirit,  and  whose  presence,  even  in  small  quantity, 
injures  the  quality  of  the  spirit.  — Anhydrous  alcohol, 
alcohol  entirely  free  from  water.  —  Caustic  alcohol,  so- 
dium  ethylate,  C2HBNaO,  or  sodium  alcoholate,  a  product 
formed  by  adding  sodium  to  absolute  alcohol.  It  forms  a 
white  powder,  which  in  contact  with  water  or  moist  ani- 
mal tissue  decomposes  into  alcohol  and  caustic  soda.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic. —Cresylic  alcohol.  See 
tresylic.—  Methylic  or  methyl  alcohol,  or  wood-alco- 
hol, alcohol  obtained  l.y  the  destructive  distillation  of 
wood.  When  pure  it  is  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  (CH3OH), 
with  an  odor  ami  taste  like  ordinary  alcohol  (ethyl  hydrate, 
CoII-,OH ;  see  above),  though  the  commercial  article  has  a 
strong  pyroligneous  smell.  It  is  inflammable.  It  is  a  by- 
product in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and  is  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  resins,  also  in  the  manufacture  of 
aniline  dyes.  Also  called  wood-spirit,  mcthal,  amihydrate 
of  methyl. 

llcoholate  (al'ko-hol-at),  n.  [<  alcohol  +  -ate1.] 
A  compound  in  which  a  hydrogen  atom  of  al- 
cohol is  replaced  by  an  alkali  metal,  as  potas- 
sium alcoholate,  or  ethylate,  C2H5OK,  formed, 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen,  when  metallic  po- 
tassium is  dissolved  in  alcohol.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoate,  alcohate. 
llcoholature  (al-ko-hol'a-tur),  n.  [<  F.  alcoola- 
ture  :  see  alcohol.']  An  alcoholic  tincture  pre- 
pared with  fresh  plants.  N.  E.  D. 
ucohol-engine  (al'ko-hol-en"jin),  n.  A  motor 
employing  the  vapor  of  alcohol  in  place  of  steam. 
llcoholic  (al-ko-hol'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  alcohol. —  2.  Containing  or  us- 
ing alcohol:  as,  an  alcoholic  thermometer. 
llcoholicity  (al"ko-hol-is'i-ti),  n.  [<  alcoholic 
+  -('//.]     Alcoholic  quality. 

Some  brandy  is  added  to  the  wine,  by  which  its  alcohol- 
icity  rises  to  about  20  per  cent,  of  proof  spirit. 

CTre,  Diet.,  IV.  950. 

alcoholisable,  etc.    See  alcoholizable,  etc. 

alcoholism  (al'ko-hol-izm),  )i.  [<  alcohol  + 
-ism.]  In  pathol.,  the  effects  of  excessive  use 
of  alcoholic  drinks.  They  are  distinguished  as  acute, 
resulting  from  the  consumption  of  a  large  amount  of 
alcoholic  drink  at  once  or  within  a  short  period,  and 
chronic,  resulting  from  its  habitual  consumption  in  smaller 
quantities. 

alcoholizable  (al'ko-hol-i'za-bl),  a.  [< alcohol- 
ize +  -able.]  Capable  of  yielding  or  of  beingcon- 
verted  into  alcohol.     Also  spelled  alcoholisable. 


133 

alcoholization  (al"ko-hol-i-za'shon),  n.  1. 
The  act  of  rectifying  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  de- 
prived of  impurities. — 2.  Saturation  with  alco- 
hol, or  exposure  to  its  action.— 3f.  The  act  of 
reducing  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 
Phillips,  1078. — 4.  Same  as  alcoholism. 
Also  spelled  alcoholisation. 

alcoholize  (al'ko-nol-Iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
coholized, ppr.  alcoholizing,     [(alcohol  +  -ize.] 

1.  To  convert  into  alcohol ;  1 fcify  (spirit)  till 

it  is  wholly  purified. — 2.  To  saturate  with  al- 
cohol ;  expose  to  the  influence  or  subject  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol. 

The  gum  will  not  penetrate  any  part  which  is  still  alco- 
holized. W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  191. 

3+.  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable  powder.    Phil- 
lips, 170(1;  Johnson. 
Also  spelled  alcoholise. 

alcoholometer  (al"ko-hol-orn'e-ter),  n.  [<  al- 
cohol  +  Gr.  jitrpov,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  determining,  by  means  of  a  graduated  scale, 
the  percentage,  either  by  weight  or  by  volume, 
of  pure  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  Sometimes  con- 
traeted  to  alcohometer  and  alcoometer. 

alcoholometrical  (al"ko-hol-o-met'ri-kal),  a. 
Kelating  to  the  alcoholometer  or  to  alcoholome- 
try:  as,  alcoholometrical  tables.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcodmetrical. 

alcoholometry  (aFko-hol-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  al- 
coholometer.'] The  process  of  estimating  the 
percentage  of  pure  or  absolute  alcohol  in  a 
spirituous  liquid.  Sometimes  contracted  to  al- 
coometry. 

alcohometer  (al-ko-hoin'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
ometer. 

Alcoideae  (al-koi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alca  + 
-oidca:]  A  superfaniily  of  birds,  composed  of 
the  Alcidw  or  auks  and  the  Urinatorida-  or 
loons,  and  placed  in  the  order  Cecomorpha-. 

alcoometer  (al-ko-oni'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
ometer. 

alcodmetrical  (al"ko-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  See  alco- 
holometrical. 

Alcoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  n.  [<  ME. 
alkaron,  alkarbun,  <  OF.  alcoran,  mod.  F.  alco- 
ran =Sp.  alcoran  =  Pg.  alcordo  =  It.  alcorano, 

<  Ar.  al-qordn,  al-qurdn,  lit.  the  book,  <  al,  the, 
+  qordn,  qurdn :  see  Koran.]  Same  as  Koran. 
Also  spelled  Alkoran. 

Alcoranic  (al-ko-ran'ik),  a.  Relating  to  the 
Koran  or  to  Mohammedanism.  Also  spelled 
Alkoranie. 

Alcoranish  (al-ko-ran'ish),  a.  [<  Alcoran  + 
-is/A.]  Same  as  Alcoranic.  Also  spelled  Al- 
koran ish. 

Alcoranist  (al-ko-ran 'ist),  n.  [< Alcoran  + 
-ist]  A  Mussulman  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments. 
The  Persians  are  generally  Alcoranists  ;  the  Turks,  Arabs, 
and  Tatars  admit  a  multitude  of  traditions.  Also  spelled 
Altcoranist. 

Alcora  porcelain.    Seeporeelain. 

alcornoque  (iil-kor-no'ka),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcor- 
noque (>  It.  alcornoch,  the  cork-tree);  origin 
uncertain.  Cf.  Sp.  Pg.  alcorque,  cork  soles  or 
clogs,  cork,  Sp.  corcho,  Pg.  corcha,  cork;  but 
no  etymological  connection  can  be  made  out.] 
The  bark  of  a  Brazilian  leguminous  tree,  Bow- 
dichia  virgilioidcs,  formerly  used  as  a  remedy  for 
phthisis.  Also  written  alcomoco — American  al- 
cornoque, the  bark  of  several  species  of  Byrsonima,  used 
in  tanning.  European  alcornoque,  the  bark  of  the 
smaller  branches  of  the  cork-oak,  Quercus  suber. 

alcove  (al'kov  or  al-kov'),  n.  [<  F.  alcove,  <  It. 
aleova,  aleovo  =  OF.  aucube,  tent,  =  Pr.  alcuba, 

<  Sp.  aleova,  now  alcoba,  =  Pg.  alcora,  &  recess, 

<  Ar.  aUgpobah,  <  al,  the,  +  qobbah,  a  vault, 
a  vaulted  space,  dome,  tent,  alcove,  <  qubba, 
vault,  arch,  dome.  No  connection  with  E.  cove1.] 
A  covered  recess.     Specifically  — (a)  In  the  strictest 

sense,  any  recessed  bay  or  small  1 11  attached  to  a  larger 

one,  having  a  coved  or  vaulted  ceiling.  (6)  Most  commonly, 
a  recess  in  a  room  for  the  reception  of  a  bed,  one  of  the  re- 
cesses or  separate  compartments  for  books  in  a  library- 
building,  a  niche  for  a  seat  or  statue,  etc.  (c)  An  arched 
or  covered  seat  in  a  garden,  or  any  natural  recess,  as  ;i 
clear  space  in  a  grove  or  wood,  a  small  bay,  a  place  nearly 
inclosed  by  rocks  or  hills,  and  the  like.  (In  this  use,  chiefly 
poetical.] 

I  in  mossy  banks,  beneath  the  citron  grove, 
Tile  youthful  waud'rers  found  a  wide  alcove. 

falconer,  shipwreck. 

alcumistt,  alcumyt.  Former  spellings  of  al- 
chemist, alchemy. 

alcyon  (al'si-qn),  n.anda.  [L.,<Gr.  alnvim,  the 
kingfisher;  also  written  erroneously  <mkcwi>,  >L. 
halcyon,  >  E.  halcyon,  the  form  now  usual :  see 
halcyon.]  I.  «.  1.  An  old  or  poetical  name  of 
the  kingfisher.  Commonly  written  halcyon. — 2. 
[cap.]  A  genus  of  kingfishers :  same  as  Halcyon, 


Alcyonidiidae 

2.  —  3.  The  spei-itie  nai .1'  the  belled  king- 
fisher of  North  America,  Ccryle  alcyon. — 4.  A 
general  name  of  the  kingfishers  of  the  genus 
Halcyon  and  others  of  the  subfamily  Daceloni- 
nw:  as,  the  v/ood-alcyons,  tree-alcyons,  etc. 
II.  a.  Same  as  halcyon. 
Alcyonaria  (aFsi-6-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aloyonium  +  -ana.]  An  order  of  actinozoan 
corals,  or,  as  some  hold,  a  subclass  of  coralli- 
genous  Actinozoa,  distinguished  in  this  use 
ivomZoantharia,  the  other  subclass  of  Actino  oa 
( which  contains  the  sea-anemones,  etc.),  by  hav- 
ing pinnately  fringed  instead  of  simple  tenta- 
cles, arranged  around  the  mouth  like  the  rays  of 
a  starfish,  whence  the  alternative  name  Aste- 
roida.  The  tentacles  of  Alcyonaria  are  in  one  series  of 
s,  instead  of  0  or  a  multiple  of  6,  whence  the  alternative 
name  Octocoralla,  the  sea-anemones  being  known  as  Ilcxa- 
coraUa.  For  the  same  reason,  the  Alcyonaria  are  also 
termed  Octactinios.  The  coralluni,  when  present,  is  ex. 
tenia],  spicular,  or  with  a  sclerobasic  axis,  but  occasion 
ally  thecal  or  tubular.  The  polyps  are  connected  by  the 
ceenosare,  through  which  permeate  prolongations  of  the 
body-cavity  of  each,  thus  permitting  a  free  circulation  of 
fluids.  There  is  sometimes  an  outer  skeleton,  either  with 
or  without  a  central  sclerobasic  axis.  The  coralluni  is 
rarely  thecal,  never  presenting  traces  of  septa.  (I'ascoe.) 
These  compound  organisms  are  found  only  in  deep  water, 
and,  except  the  sea-pens,  are  fixed  to  some  foreign  body. 
The  subclass  or  order  is  divided  into  several  orders  or  sub- 
orders, of  which  are  :  (a)  the  Alcyoniacece,  having  a  lea- 
thery contractile  ectoderm  —  a  group  including  the  so- 


Alcyotiaria. 

i.  Sea-fan  (Rhipidogorgia  Jlabtllum) ;  2,  Sea-pen  (Pcnnatula 

pliosphorea) ;  3,  Cornnlaria  rugosa. 

called  dead  men's  fingers ;  (/>)  the  Goryoniacco?,  orsea-fans, 
which  are  branched  calcareous  or  horny  corals  ;  (c)  the  [si- 
dacete,  which  are  alternately  calcareous  and  horny ;  (d) 
the  Titbiporacete,  or  organ-pipe  corals,  which  are  tubular  ; 
and  (e)  the  I'coiiotoloeeir,  or  sea-pens.  See  these  words. 
Some  species  have  the  appearance  of  sponges,  others  re- 
semble fans,  feathers,  stars,  etc.   Also  called  Halcyonoida. 

alcyonarian  (al'si-o-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.     [< 

Alcyonaria  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  order  or  to  a  member  of  the  order 
Alcyonaria.  Equivalent  terms  are  halcyonoid 
and  asteroidal. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  Alcyonaria  (which  see). 

Various  forms  of  alcyonarians,  a  special  group  of  corals, 
were  found  at  considerable  depths.  Science,  IV.  171. 

Also  written  haleyonarian. 

Alcyone  (al-si'6-ne),  «.  [L.,<  Gr.  'A^Kv6vn,  in 
myth,  the  daughter  of  ^olus  and  wife  of  Ceyx, 
aThessalian  king;  she  was  changed  into  a  king- 
fisher and  her  husband  into  a  sea-bird.  See 
alcyon.]  1.  A  greenish  star  of  magnitude  3.0, 
the  brightest  of  the  Pleiades,  n  Tauri.  See 
cut  under  Pleiades. —  2.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
kingfishers,  of  the  family  Alcedinida;  subfamily 
Daceloniinr,  related  to  the  genus  Ceyx, both  be- 
ing distinguished  by  the  rudimentary  condition 
of  the  inner  front  toe.    Also  written  llnleyone. 

Alcyonella  (alsi-o-nel'ii),  «.  [NL.,  as  Alcyo- 
ii(ium)  +  dim.  -ella.]  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
Polyzoa,  or  so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  related 
to  PlumateUa,  Fredericella,  and  Oris tatella,  of  the 
family  PhtmateUidee.  A.  stagnorumisot  a  greenish- 
black  color,  and  is  found  in  stagnant  water.  The  species 
were  formerly  regarded  as  plants.  Also  written  llalcyo- 
neUa. 

Alcyoniacese  (al"si-on-i-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.lleyoniitm  +  -aeea:]  An  order  of  Alcyonaria 
(which  see)  considered  as  a  subclass.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  having  a  leathery  contractile  ectoderm  with 
calcareous  spicules,  but  no  sclerobasis ;  the  polypary  is  at- 
tached to  some  foreign  object,  and  bears  some  resemblani  e 
to  a  sponge.  The  order  consists  of  the  families  .4 /r//e/oe/,r 
and  CornvXariidos,  to  which  some  authorities  add  Teles, 
tidos.    See  Alcyoniidce.     Also  written  HaUyoniaceos. 

alcyonic  (al-si-on'ik),  a.  [<  Mcyonium  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  Alcyoniidce.  Also  written 
halcyonic. 

Alcyonidiidae  (al"si-on-i-di'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcyonidium  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  Polyzoa,  or 
so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the 
infundibulate  order  (Gymnola-mata)  of  that 
class,  the  mouth  having  no  epistome.  The  family 
forms  with  the  Vcsiculariida;  a  group  or  suborder  which 


Alcyonidiidae 

has  been  called  cien,Ki,>iii,ir,i.  the  cell-opening  being  i 
with  marginal  Beta,  and  there  being  no  vibracula  and  no 
nidium  is  the  Leading  <>r  onh   genus, 
Also  written  Aleyonidiada,  Alcyonididce,  and  Halcyoni- 
diidee;  noi  t.,  be  confounded  with  AleyoniidoB. 

Alcyonidium  (al  si-u-niil'i-um),  ».  [NL.,aa  IU 
cyon-ium  +  dim,  -idiiim,  <  i  fr.  -hkov.]  A  genus  of 
Polyzoa,  of  the  family  .f  4.  o/2utuu>. 

sum,  one  of  the  Bp&  ies,  la  i  ailed  ragged  stall  <>i  mermaid's 
glove,  ami  was  formerly  regarded  as  a  plant.  Also  written 
It'ii'  yonidium. 

Alcyoniidae  (al  si-o-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,< 
Aloyonium  +  -idcB.]  A  family  of  aleyonarian 
polyps,  of  the  order  dlcyoniacece.  The  leading 
genus  is  Alcyonium  twin,  h  Bee).     Etepresentatives  of  the 

familj  are  found  in  all  sea-  ami  at  various  depths;  some 
[yps.  Also  written  Alcyonicue^  and  Hal* 
not  to  be  i  onfounded  with  Alcyonidiidce. 

alcyoniteial'si-o-nit),  »■  [<  Alcyonium  +  -ite2.] 
A  fossil  of  or  like  tin-  genua  Alcyonium  ;  one  of 
the  sponge-like  fossils  eommon  in  the  ckalkfor- 
niathm.     Also  written  halcyonite. 

Alcyonium  (al-si-6'ni-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  al- 
cyonium,  also  alcyoneum,  <  6r.  oXkv6viov,  also 
a/.Kivi-tiav,  bastard-sponge,  a  zoophyte,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  nest  of  the  cWkvuv, 
halcyon:  see  alcyon.]  The  leading  genus  of 
polyps  of  the  family  Aleyoniitltc  (which  see).  A. 
Uum,  the  so-called  dead  nun's  fingers,  dead  men's 
toes,  and  cow's  paps,  is  a  common  British  species.  It  is 
a  lol>ed,  spongy-looking  body,  pellucid  when  distended 
with  water,  and  covered  with  stellate  apertures  for  the 
polyps.  (Pascoe.')  A.  glomeratum  is  another  species. 
The  name  of  the  genus  is  synonymous  with  Lnbularui. 
Also  written  Halcyonium. 

alcyonoid  (al'si-o-noid),  n.  [<  Alcyonium  + 
-oid.  ]  A  member  of  the  family  Alcyoniidw  or  of 
the  order  Alcyoniacece.   Also  written  halcyonoid. 

aldayt,  ot't'-  [ME.,<a/,  all,-t-rZaf/l.]  Constant- 
ly: continually;  always.     Chaucer. 

Aldebaran  (al  de-ba-ran'  or  al-deb'a-ran),  «. 
[Ar.,  the  follower  (i.  e.  of  the  Pleiades).]  A 
chrome  star  of  magnitude  1.0;  a  Tauri. 

aldehyde  (al'df-hid),  n.  [<  al(colwl)  +  NL.  dc- 
hyd(rogenatus)',  deprived  of  hydrogen,  <  L.  dc, 
from,  expressing  deprivation,  +  hydrogen.']  1. 
A  transparent  colorless  liquid,  CH3COH,  of 
pungent  suffocating  odor,  produced  by  the  ox- 
idation of  ordinary  alcohol.  When  exposed  to  the 
air  or  to  oxygen  it  is  converted  into  acetic  acid.  Distinc- 
tively called  acetic  aldehyde  and  ethctfdt  hyde. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
intermediate  between  alcohols  and  acids,  de- 
rived from  their  corresponding  primary  alco- 
hols by  the  oxidation  and  removal  of  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by  the 

addition  of  an  atom  of  oxygen Aldehyde  resin, 

aresinous  body  formed  by  heating  aldehyde  with  potash  in 
alcoholic  solution.  It  is  a  bright  orange-colored  powder, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  but  readily  soluble  in  alcohol. 

aldehydic  (al'de-hi-dik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  containing  aldehyde. 

alder1  (al'der),  n.     [E.  dial,  oiler,  also  older; 

<  M  E.  alder,  aldyr,  aldir,  also  alter,  ellir,  olr,  etc., 
the  d  being  in- 
serted as  in  alder 
for  alh  1;  gen.  pi. 
of  alii  si  e  aldt  1  '■'■  I; 

<  AS.  air,  alor, 
nh  /•  =  ]).  els  = 
Uj.eller  =  UlUi. 
,  lira,  1  rila,  t  rla, 
.MIH1.  erte,  G. 
eric,  dial,  etter, 
else,  =  Icel.  Sir, 
elrir,     m.,    elri, 

mill .,  =  Bw.    c', 

dial,  alder,  alder, 

=  Norw.  "I'll  i'.  also  or,  ille,=  Dan.  el,  pi.  elle,  = 

Goth.    *ali  ",      ahl  a    (>  8p.   alisn,   alder)  =  L. 

alnus,  orig.  'alsnus  (>  P.  aune,  alder,  and  per- 
haps  Sp.    Pg.   alamo,    poplar:   see  alamo),  = 

<  iBulg.  it  iiim,  Bulg.  .;< Um  =  Berv.  jelsha  =  Bo- 
ln'iii.  jelshe,  olshe ■  =  Pol.  olcha,  oKza  =  Buss. 
olSkha,  volucha,  dial,  elkha,  elokha,  =Ldth.Lett. 

alder.]    1.  The  popular  name  of 
shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to  the  genua  Alnus, 

natural  order  Oupulift  roe.    1 1, non  alder  of  Eu 

rope  U  Ainu    glut 1      in  the  ea  bernl  aited  states  the 

comi  1     the    th  alder,  A     <  rrulata,  and 

Bol h  an   also  know □  us 
black  alder.    Thi   1  illy  tall  shrubs,  rarely  small 

i  .1    ,  honibi  1 

.  —     1, frequently gi  om  trei    of  medium  si."      1 1, 

bark  of  the  aides  eral  pai  t  -  ol  the 

world  as  01c  ol  the  materials  tor  dyeing  bhu  K  aloi 
copperas  or  iron  Liquor,  and  also  In  obtainin    othi  1 

/  or  orangi        '      llnw 
2.  A  name  of  species  of  other  widi  1 
1  nt  genera,  from  their  resemblance  to  tr 
dors.     Iheblackoi  berrj  bearing  alder  ol  Europe!   th< 
aldei  buckthorn  Rhamnus  Frangula     insouthem 
the  name  red  alder  is  given  to  the  Cunonia  Cam  n 
white  alder  to  Platyloph  u  >  1  >  foliatu    bol  1 1    o,  [fragaceoufl 
shrubs.    In  North  America  the  Hex  verticiUata  is  some- 


Aider  {Alum  p/ittiHosn ). 


134 

times  called  black  alder,  the  l:/mm>nis  aliii/nlia  dwarf  al- 
der, and  the Clethra  alnifolia  white  abler. 
alder'-'t,  a.  ami  «.     An  old  form  of  i-hli  r2. 

alder:it,  allert,  a.  [ME.,  also  written  alther,  ni- 
dre.  ah  r,  aire,  <  AS.  ealra,  also  alra,  gcu.  pi.  of 

eall,  all:  see  all.  The  ,1  is  inserted  as  in  al- 
ii, iK]  The  .Middle  English  genitive  plural  of 
all.  From  its  common  occurrence  before  adjectives  in  the 
superlative  it  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  prefix  of  such  ad- 
jectivi  "'■*'.  first  of  all;  alder-best,  best  of  all; 

alder-liefi  st  or  alaer-lievert,  dearest  ol  all.  It  is  also  used, 
in  the  form  aUer,  with  the  genitive  plural  of  personal  pro 
nouns:  as.  yourt  aller,  of  all  of  you  ;  otirc  culer,  of  all  of 
us ;  h,r,  alter,  of  all  of  them. 

A-morwe  whan  the  day  bigan  to  sprynge, 
Vp  ros  our  lioste,  ami  was  oure  aller  cok. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 

You,  mine  alder-liefest  sovereign.    Shak.,  2  Hen. VI.,  i.  1. 

alder-buckthorn  (al'der-buk"thorn),  n.     The 

European  plant  Khammts  Fraugula.     Soellliaiii- 

II  US. 

alderman  (al'der-man), «. ;  pi.  aldermen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  alderman,  alii'  rmon,  <  AS.  ealdorman  (= 
ONorth.  aldormon,  -mann,  -mown),  <  ealdor,  a 
prince,  chief,  elder,  +  man  (maun,  mon,  monn  I, 
man:  see  alder2,  elder",  n.,  and  man.]  1.  In  the 
Anglo-Saxon  period  of  English  history,  a  title 
meaning  at  first  simply  chieftain  or  lord,  but 
later  used  specifically  to  denote  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  county  or  group  of  counties.  The  office 
was  both  civil  and  military,  and  was  tending  to  become  a 
great  hereditary  benefice  when  it  was  replaced,  under  '  'a- 
mite,  by  the  earldom.  After  this  the  name  was  applied  to 
any  head  man,  as  the  head  man  of  a  guild. 

If  the  earlier  kingdoms  were  restored,  the  place  of  flu- 
king in  each  was  taken  by  an  ealdorman,  who,  however 
independent  and  powerful"  he  might  be,  was  still  named 
by  the  West-Saxon  sovereign,  and  could  he  deposed  by 
that  ruler  and  the  national  Witan. 

J.  li.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  248. 

The  ealdormen  were  nobles  hy  birth,  and  generally  the 
leaders  in  war.  Stilli>,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  203. 

Hence — 2.  In  modern  usage,  a  magistrate  of  a 
city  or  borough,  next  in  rank  to  the  mayor,  in 
England  and  Ireland,  besides  being  a  member  of  the  com- 
mon council,  which  manages  the  art  airs  of  the  municipality, 
he  is  vested  with  the  powers  of  a  police  judge.  The  corre- 
sponding title  in  Scotland  is  bailie.  Aldermen  are  usually 
chosen  for  three  years,  but  the  twenty-six  aldermen  of  Lon- 
don are  chosen  for  life.  In  most  of  the  United  States  there 
is  in  each  city  an  elected  board  of  aldermen,  representing 
wards,  who  constitute  the  municipal  assembly,  or  the  up- 
per branch  of  it  where  it  consists  of  two  bodies,  and  usually 
also  possess  some  judicial  powers.  In  Pennsylvania!!  cities 
the  title  alderman  is  given  to  an  officer  having  duties  equiv- 
alent to  those  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  elsewhere. 
3.  In  England,  a  half-crown:  a  meaning  ex- 
plained by  Brewer  as  containing  an  allusion  to 
the  fact  that  an  alderman  is  a  sort  of  half-king. 
[Slang.] — 4.  A  turkey.  [Slang.] —Alderman  in 
chains,  a  turkey  hung  with  sausages.  [Slang.]— Aider- 
man's  pace,  a  slow,  stately  pace :  equivalent  to  the 
French  pas  d'abbe". 

aldermanate  (al'der-man-at),  n.  [<  alderman  + 

-iiti'-K]  The  office  of  aiderman  ;  aldermen  col- 
lectively. 

aldermancy  (al'der-man-si),  n.  [i  alderman  + 
-cy,  as  in  abbacy  and  other  words  of  tdt.  L.  ori- 
gin.]    The  office  of  an  alderman;  aldermanate. 

aldermanic  (al-der-man'ik),  a.  [<  alderman  + 
-ic.~]  Relating  or  belonging  to  an  alderman ; 
characteristic  of  aldermen. 

aldermanity  (al-der-man'i-ti),  n.  [(.alderman 
+ -ity.~]  1.  Aldermen  collectively;  the  body 
of  aldermen.  B.  Jonson. —  2.  Tho  dignity  or 
qualities  of  an  alderman.     Lamb. 

alderman-lizard  (al'der-man-liz'grd),  n.  A 
book-name  of  the  Sauromalus  ater,  a  stout 
black  Calif ornian  lizard:  so  called  from  its 
obesity,  a  characteristic  popularly  attributed 
to  aldermen.  It  attains  a  length  of  about  a 
foot.     See  Sauromalus. 

aldermanly  (til'dcr-man-li),  a.    [< alderman  + 

-h/1.]     Pertaining  to  or  like  an  alderman. 

aldermanry  (al'der-man-ri),  «.;  pi.  alihrmnii- 
ries  (-riz).  [<  alderman  +  -ri/.]  A  district  of 
a  borough  having  its  own  alderman;  award. 
Y.  /:.  It. 

aldermanship  (al'dcr-man-ship),  n.  [(.alder- 
man +  Ship,]     The  office  of  an  alderman. 

aldernt  (al'doni),  a.    [<  alder  +  -<«~,  -«-;  =  D. 

1I.111,  iris,  aid']-.]      Made  of  alder. 

1  hi  n  aldern  boats  first  plow'd  the  ocean, 

May,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Qeorgics. 

Aldine  (al'dSn  or  al'din),  a.  [<  XL.  Aldinm,  < 
Aldus.]  An  epithet  applied  to  those  editions, 
chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  proceeded  from 

the  press  of  Aldus  Matiutius  (Latinized  form 
of  Italian  Ahh.  M n  11  uzio  ),  of  Venice,  and  his 
family,  from  Mill  In  I.1H7.  The  distinguishing  mark 
1    in  anchor  entwined  with  a  dolphin  printed  on  the  title 

page,     'these  edition-  an-  noted  for  DOth  the  beauty  of  the 

typography  and  the  correctness  of  the  text    The  term  has 
1      in .  1,  applied  i"  certain  English  and  American  edi- 
tion    "1  \ariolls  Works.       See  cut  in  next  column. 


ale-conner 

Aldriant,  »■  [Perhaps  Ar.]  A  star  in  the 
neck  of  the  Lion.     Chaucer. 

Aldrovandine  (al-dro-van'din),  <t.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  naturalist  Ulisse  Aldrovandi 
(1522-1607):  as,  Ahlro- 
ritinliiir  owl,  the  Scops 
aldrovandii. 

ale  (til),  h.  [<  ME.  ale,  < 
AS.  ruin,  also  lulu,  im- 
prop.  1  ala  (so  in  uom.  and 
hit.,  but  gen.  and  dat. 
ealoth,  aloth,  pointing  to 
au  oiio;.  stem  *alut),  = 
OS.  alu  (in  eomp.  11I11-/11I 
=  AS.  ealofa't,  an  ale- 
cup,  >  E.  ale-rat)  =  Icel. 
Sw.  Dan.  ol,  ale,  =  OBulg.  Device  of  Aidus.  from  siatius. 
olii,  cider,  =  Sloven,  ol, 

nli j,  nil  =OPruss.  fl/H  =  Lith.  «i«6-  =  Lett.  alius 
(>  Finn,  olut),  beer.  Cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  ol, 
drink.]  1.  A  light-colored  beer,  made  from 
malt  which  is  dried  at  a  low  heat.     See  beer. 

Pale  nlr  is  made  from  the  palest  or  lightest-colored  malt, 
the  fermenting  temperature  being  kept  below72  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  of  acetic  acid. 
2t.  An  ale-drinking;  a  festival  or  merrymaking 
at  which  ale  was  the  beverage  drunk.  Com- 
pare bridal,  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc. 

Every  inhabitant  of  the  town  of  Okebrook  shall  lie  at 
the  several  ales  ;  and  every  husband  and  his  wife  shall 
pay  two-pence,  every  cottager  one  penny. 

Quoted  in  .V.  and  y.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 
3f.  A  brew  of  ale ;  as  much  ale  as  is  brewed 
at  one  time. 

Witnesseth,  that  the  inhabitants,  as  well  of  the  said 
parish  of  Elvaston  as  of  the  said  town  of  Okebrook,  shall 
brew  bun-  ales,  ami  every  ale  of  one  quarter  of  malt,  and 
at  their  own  costs  and  charges,  betwixt  this  and  the  feast 
of  St.  John  Baptist  next  coming. 

Quoted  in  X.  and  0.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

4f.  An  ale-house. 

Thou  hast  not  so  much  charity  in  thee  as  to  go  to  the 
ale  with  a  christian.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 

O,  Tom,  that  we  were  now  at  Tutney,  at  the  ale  there. 
Thomas,  Lord  Cromwell,  iii.  1. 
Adam's  ale.  See  Adam.— Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer,  a 
clear,  strong,  highly  hopped  ale,  of  a  pleasant  bitter  taste. 
—  Medicated  ale,  ale  which  is  prepared  for  medicinal 
purposes  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during  fermentation. 

aleak  (a-lek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  +  leak, 
q.  v.]     In  or  into  a  leaking  state. 

aleatico  (al-e-at'i-ko),  n.  [It.]  A  sweet  and 
strong  red  wine  made  in  Tuscany.  It  is  of  dark- 
red  color,  has  a  delicate  flavor  and  perfume,  and  is  one  of 
the  best  of  very  sweet  wines. 

aleatory  (a'le-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  alcatorius,  per- 
taining to  a  gamester  or  to  gaming,  <  aleator,  a 
gamester,  a  player  with  dice,  <  alca,  a  game 
with  dice.]  Literally,  depending  upon  the 
throw  of  a  die;  hence,  depending  on  a  con- 
tingent event — Aleatory  contract,  in  ?«»',  an  agree- 
ment the  conditions  of  which  depend  on  an  uncertain 
event.-- Aleatory  sale,  a  sale  the  completion  of  which 
depends  on  the  happening  of  some  uncertain  event. 

aleavementt,  «•    See  allevement. 

ale-bench  (al'bench),  n.    [ME.  not  found ;  <  AS. 

inlii-lii  lie:  see  ale  and  bench.]     A  bench  in  or 

before  an  ale-house. 

Sit  on  their  ale-hrnch  with  their  cups  and  cans. 

Mundti'i  and  Others,  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  i.  1. 

ale-berry  (al'bcril.  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alehery, 
ale-brue,  <  ME.  alebery,  alberey,  alebrey,  albry, 
ahiire,  <  ale,  ale,  +  lire,  also  spelled  breire,  broth, 
soup  (>  brec,  broo,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  briw,  broth. 
The  word  is  thus  prop,  ale-bree,  or  ale-brew, 
al,  -broo,  the  second  element  being  perverted  in 
simulation  of  berry1-.]  A  beverage  formerly 
made  by  boiling  ale  with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops 
of  bread. 

ale-brewer  (al'bro  ir),  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
I  ion  is  the  brewing  of  ale. 

alec  (il'lek),  /(.  [L.,  belter  allu;  also  alr.r,  and 
with  aspirate  halln:  halex,  the  sediment  of  a 
costly  fish-sauce,  garum,  and  in  general  fish- 
sauce,  fish-pickle.]  1.  A  pickle  or  sauce  of 
small  herrings  or  anchovies. —  2f.  A  herring. 
.Y.  /•;.  1). 

alecampanet  (til  e-kam-paii'),  «.  Same  as  ele- 
campane. 

alecize  (al'e-siz),  v.  t.;  prct.  and  pp.  aleci  ea\ 
ppr.  alecizing.  [<  aire  +  -i.e.]  To  dross  with 
alec  sauce.      X.  A'.  /). 

ale-conner  (aPkon^er),  n.  [<  ale  +  conner^.] 
Originally,  a  local  officer  appointed  to  assaj  ale 
and  beer,  ami  to  take  care  that  they  were  good 
and  wholesome,  and  sold  at  a  proper  price. 
The  duty  of  the  ale-conners  of  I Ion  now  is  to  inspect 

the  measures  used  by  bed-    and  liquor  sellers,  ill  order  to 

prevent  fraud.  Four  of  these  officers  are  chosen  annually 
by  the  liverymen,  in  common  hall,  on  Midsummer's  bay 

l. i  iiiic  24).     Also  called  al, -tinier. 

"l'is  well  known  lo  the  parish  I  have  1 n  nvicc  ale-con- 
ner.                   Middlcton,  Mayor  of  Queeuborough,  in-  3. 


ale-cost 

ale-COSt  (al'kost),  ».  [<  ale  +  cost3:  see  cost- 
ntary.]  Costmary,  Tanacetum  Balsamita,  a 
plaut  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an  aromatic  flavor. 
See  costmary. 

Alector  (a-lek'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  akiicrup, 
poet,  for  aleKTpvav  (cf.  Alcctryon),  a  cock;  of 
disputed  origin.]  If.  Klein's  name  (1756)  for  a 
genus  of  birds  of  which  the  common  hen  is  the 
type:  a  synonym  of  Gall  us  (Linmeus). — -2f. 
Merrem's  name  (1786)  for  birds  of  the  family 
Cracidce,  orcurassows:  a  synonym  of  ("rax(Lin- 
nteus). —  3.  [I.e.]  The  Linnean  specific  name 
for  a  species  of  citrassow,  Crax  alector. 

alectoria1  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  alectoriw  (-e). 
[L.  (sc.  gemma),  fern,  of  alectorias,  pertaining 
to  a  cock,  <  Gr.  aAeKTup,  a  cock.]  Cockstone; 
a  peculiar  stone,  erroneously  supposed  to  lie 
sometimes  found  in  the  stomach  or  liver  of  an 
aged  cock  or  capon.  Many  imaginary  virtues 
were  attributed  to  it. 

Alectoria-  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aAhrup, 
equiv.  to  a'AzKTpoc,  unmarried,  <  a-  priv.  +  Ain- 
rpov,  bed,  marriage-bed  (see  lectica) ;  from  the 
uncertainty  respecting  its  male  flowers.]  A 
genus  of  lichens.  A.  jubata,  or  rockhair,  grows  on 
trees  anil  rocks,  and  affords  food  for  the  reindeer  while  the 
snow  is  deep. 

Alectorides  (al-ek-tor'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a'/.eKTopic,  pi.  -iSec,  fem.  of  aAinrup,  a  cock.] 
1.  In  Nitzseh's  classification  (1829),  a  group  of 
birds  represented  by  the  genera  Dicholophus 
and  Otis.  —  2.  In  Temminck's  classification,  a 
group  of  birds  of  uncertain  extent.  [Not  now  in 
use.  ]  —  3.  A  suborder  or  order  of  birds  which  in- 
cludes the  cranes,  rails,  and  their  allies.    Coues. 

alectoridine  (al-ek-tor'i-din),  a.  [<  Alectorides 
+  -ine1.]  Having  the  character  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Alectorides. 

It  [the  genus  Parra]  would  appear  to  be  limicoline,  not 
alectoridine.  Coues,  Keyto  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  669. 

alectoromachyt  (a-lek-to-rom'a-ki),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a'Ainrup,  a  cock,  +  pdx'l,  a  fight,  <  pdxeaOai, 
fight.]     Same  as  aleetryomachy. 

alectoromancyt  (a-lek'to-ro-man"si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a'AcKTap,  a  cock,  +  pavreia,  divination.  Cf.  alec- 
tryomancy.~\     Same  as  alcctryomancy. 

alectoromorpb.  (a-lek'to-ro-inorf),  «.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Alectoromorpha-. 

Alectoromorphae  (a-lek"to-ro-m6r'fe),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a/JnTup,  a  cock,  +  popeii/,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  the  fifth  super- 
family  of  the  suborder  Schisognatha:,  of  the 
order  Carinatw.  It  includes  the  families  Turnicidce, 
Phasianidce,  Pteroclidce,  Sfegapodidce,  and  Cracidce,  or  the 
fowls  and  fowl-like  birds,  and  therefore  corresponds  to 
the  old  order  Gallince  or  Rasores,  exclusive  of  the  pi- 
geons and  tinanious.  Since  1867,  when  the  term  was  pro- 
posed, a  stricter  signification  has  been  attached  to  it  by  ex- 
clusion of  the  Turnicidce  and  Pteroclidce.  In  the  restricted 
Bense,  it  is  divided  into  the  two  groups  of  Alectoropodes 
and  Pertitteropodes,  the  former  containing  the  fowls  proper 
(old  family  Phasianidce,  etc.),  the  latter  the  mound-birds 
fMegapodidce)  and  curassows  (Cracidce). 

alectoromorphous  (a-lek"to-ro-m6r'fus),  a. 
Having  the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alectoromorphce ;  gallinaceous  or  rasorial,  in  a 
strict  sense. 

Alectoropodes(a-lek-to-rop'o-dez), n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  a'/.enTup,  a  cock,  +  iroir,  pi.  Trader,  =  E. 
foot.~\  A  subdivision  of  Huxley's  superfarnily 
Alectoromorpha;,  containing  the  true  fowl  and 
related  to  the  domestic  hen,  as  pheasants,  tur- 
keys, guinea-fowl,  grouse,  partridges,  quail, 
etc. :  distinguished  from  those  gallinaceous 
birds,  as  the  Megapodidw  and  CracicUe,  which 
have  the  feet  more  as  in  pigeons,  and  are  there- 
fore called  Peristeropodes.  See  cuts  under  Cu- 
pidonia,  grouse,  partridge,  and  quail. 

alectoropodoUS  (a-lek-to-rop'o-dus),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alec- 
toropodes. 

The  suborders  [of  Alectoroinorphce]  are  called  respec- 
tively the  Alectoropodous  .  .  .  and  the  Peristeropodous 
Oallina;.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  197. 

Alectrurinae  (a-lek-tro-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alcctrurus  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  clamatorial 
passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannidai :  an 
inexact  synonyni  of  Fluvicolinat  and  of  Tceniop- 
trrimv.     See  these  words,  and  Alectrurus. 

alectrurous  (al-ek-tro'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  alcctru- 
rus, adj. :  see  Alectrurus.']  Having  a  tail  like 
that  of  the  cock:  applied  to  certain  birds.  See 
Alcctrurus. 

Alectrurus  (al-ek-tro'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/JnTup,  a  cock,  +  ob/id,  a  tail.]  A  genus  of 
clamatorial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Ty- 
rannidoc,  or  tyrant  flycatchers,  of  which  the 
type  is  A.  tricolor:  so  named  from  the  long, 
compressed,  erectile  tail.  It  is  sometimes  made  the 
type  of  a  subfamily,  Alectrurince.     The  whole  group  be- 


135 

longs  to  South  America.  Sometimes  written,  more  correct- 
ly, Alectorurus,  and  also  Alectrura,  Aleetvrus,  Alectura. 

aleetryomachy  (a-lek-tri-om'a-ki),  n.  [<(ir. 
d'Atarpvuv,  a  cock,  +  pdxv,  a  fight.]  Cock-fight- 
ing.    Sometimes  written  alectoromachy. 

alectryomancy  (a-lek'tri-o-inan"si),  n.  [<  P. 
alectryomantie  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr.  d'AaiTpv&v,  a 
cock,  +  pavreia,  divination.]  An  ancient  prac- 
tice of  foretelling  events  by  means  of  a  cock. 
The  letters  of  the  alphabet  were  traced  on  the  ground  in 
squares  within  a  circle,  and  a  grain  of  corn  was  placi  d  OH 
each;  a  cock  was  then  permitted  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  them,  being  formed  into  words  in  the 
order  of  their  selection  by  the  cock,  were  supposed  t<> 
foretell  the  event.    Sometimes  written  alectoromancy. 

Alectryon  (a-lek'tri-pn),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uaoc- 
Tpvuv,  a  cock :  see  Alector.']  1.  In  oriiith.,  a  ge- 
nua of  birds,  proposed  by  Cabanis  in  1846  for  a 
section  of  the  Macartney  pheasants,  genus  Eu- 
plocamus  of  Temminck.  The  type  is  A.  ery- 
throphthalmus  of  Malacca. —  2.  Apoetical  name 
of  the  domestic  cock. 

Loud  the  cock  Alcctryon  crowed.  Longfellow. 

ale-drapert  (al'dra"per),  n.     [<  ale  +  draper,  as 

in  linen-draper:  a  humorous  name,  perhaps  in 

allusion  to  the  old  ale-yard:  see  ale-yard.]    An 

ale-house  keeper. 

I  get  niee  a  wife ;  with  her  a  little  money ;  when  we  are 
married,  seeke  a  house  we  must ;  no  other  occupation 
have  I  but  to  be  an  ale-draper. 

Henry  Chettle,  Kind-Hart's  Dreame  (1592). 

So  that  nowe  hee  hath  lefte  brokery,  and  is  become  a 
draper.  A  draper,  quoth  Freeman,  what  draper,  of  woollin 
orlinnen?  No,  qd  [quod,  quoth]  he,  an  ale-draper,  wherein 
he  hath  more  skil  then  [than]  in  the  other. 

Discoverie  of  Knights  of  the  Paste,  1597.    (Halliwell.) 

alee  (a-le'),  prep,  phi:  as  adv.  or  a.  [ME.  a  lee, 
after  Ieel.  d  hie,  alee;  <  «3,  on,  +  lee1,  q.  v.] 
Naut.,  on  or  toward  the  lee  side  of  a  ship  or  boat, 
that  is,  the  sheltered  side,  on  which  the  wind 
does  not  strike;  away  from  the  wind:  opposed 
to  aweathcr  (which  see).  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  said 
to  be  alee  when  the  tiller  is  pushed  close  to  the  lee  side, 
causing  the  rudder  to  move  in  the  opposite  direction,  and 
thus  bringing  the  ship's  head  into  the  wind.  In  cases  where 
a  steering-wheel  is  used,  the  same  effect  is  produced  by 
turning  the  wheel  toward  the  wind. 

The  reek  of  battle  drifting  slow  alee 
Not  sullener  than  we.    Lowell,  On  Board  the  '76. 
Helm's  alee !  hard  alee !  orders  given  in  tacking  a  sail- 
ing vessel,  after  the  helm  has  been  put  down,  to  direct 
that  the  head-sheets  and  fore-sheets  should  be  let  fly. 

ale-fed  (al'fed),  a.    Nourished  with  ale. 

The  growth  of  his  ale-fed  corps.    Stafford,  Niobe,  ii.  62. 

aleft  (a-leff),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3,  on,  + 
left.]    On  or  to  the  left.     Houthey.     [Rare.] 

alegar  (al'e-  or  a'le-gar),  n.  [<  ME.  alegar  (Halli- 
well), <  ale  +  egar,  eger,  sour:  see  eager1.  The 
mode  of  formation  is  not  English,  but  imitates 
vinegar,  <  F.  vin  aigre,  sour  wine.]  Ale  or  beer 
which  has  been  passed  through  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation ;  sour  ale,  used  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land as  a  cheap  substitute  for  vinegar. 

For  not,  after  consideration,  can  you  ascertain  what 
liquor  it  is  you  are  imbibing ;  whether  .  .  .  Hawkins'  en- 
tire, or,  perhaps,  some  other  great  brewer's  penny -swipes, 
or  even  alegar.  Carlyle,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

ale-garland  (al'gar"land),  n.  A  wreath  hung 
to  an  ale-stake  as  a  part  of  the  sign  of  a  tavern. 
This  custom  is  as  old  as  the  time  of  Chaucer, 
who  alludes  to  it. 

alegeancet,  '«•     See  allegeance^. 

alegert,  «•  [<  OF.  alegre,  alaigre,  F.  allegre  = 
Sp.  alegre  =  Pg.  It.  allegro  (see  allegro),  <  L. 
alacer,  alacris,  brisk,  lively:  see  alacrious,  alac- 
rity.] Lively;  brisk;  sprightly;  cheerful;  gay. 
Coffee,  the  root  and  leaf  betle,  [and]  .  .  .  tobacco  .  .  . 
do  all  condense  the  spirits  and  make  them  strong  and 
aleger.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  738. 

alegget,  ».  t.     See  allay  and  allege. 

ale-gill  (al'jil),  n.  [<  ale  +  gill5,  ground-ivy, 
and  the  liquor  made  therefrom :  see  gill5, 
and  cf.  alehoof.]  A  kind  of  medicated  liquor 
prepared  by  the  infusion  of  ground-ivy  in  malt 
liquor. 

alehoof  (al'hof),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alehoove, 
alehove,  <  ME.  alehoofe,  halehove,  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption, simulating  ale,  of  earlier  Kaihove,  hey- 
hove,  etc.,  prob.  <  hey,  hay",  a  hedge,  +  hoofc, 
hove,  ground-ivy,  <  AS.  hofe,  ivy  (see  hore).  The 
D.  eiloof,  ivy,  is" appar.  borrowed  from  English.] 
Ground-ivy,  Xepeta  Glechoma,  the  leaves  of 
which  were  used  in  ale-making  before  the  in- 
troduction of  hops. 

ale-house  (al'hous),  ».  [<  ME.  alehous,  aillc- 
hotts,  <  AS.  calo-hus.]  A  house  where  ale  is  re- 
tailed. 

The  redcoats  filled  all  the  ale-houses  of  Westminster 
and  the  Strand.  Maraulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

Aleiodes  (al-I-6'dez),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *aliodes, 
appar.  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  1tiu6t)s,  smooth,  <  Aeioc, 


alembic 

smooth,  +  eldoc,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  para- 
sitic Hymenoptera,  <<f  the  family  Braconidaf. 
The  species  are  parasitic  upon  caterpillars,  undergoing 


Aleiodes /umipemtis  (Cresson). 
a,  cocoon ;  d,  enlarged  segment  of  same  ;  b,  female  { cross  shows  nat- 
ural size) .  c,  tip  of  her  abdomen  from  side,  enlarged  ;  e,  larva. 

transformation  in  the  dried  and  rigid  skin  of  their  host. 
A.  rUeyi  (Cresson)  is  uniformly  reddish-yellow,  and  is 
parasitic  on  larva1  of  the  lepidopterous  melius  Acrornjeta. 
aleist,  a.     [ME.  aleis,  <  OF.  alies,  alis,  usually 
alie,  alye,  later  alise  (mod.  F.  alisc  and  alize), 
<  Teut.  "aliza,  OHG.  *cliM,  var.  of  elira,  erila, 
crla,  G.  erle,  dial,  else,  the  alder,  in  comp.  <  Ise- 
haum,  the  white  beam-tree,  cIkcIhtiy,  the  berry 
of  the  white  beam-tree ;  =  AS.  air,  >  E.  alder1, 
q.  v.]     The  fruit  or  berry  of  the  white  beam- 
tree,  Pyrus  Aria.    Pom.  of  the  Pose,  1.  1377. 
ale-knightt  (al'nlt),  n.    A  pot-companion. 
('nine,  all  you  brave  wights, 
That  are  dubbed  ale-knights,  .  .  . 
Know  malt  is  of  mickle  might. 

Wits'  Recreations  (1654). 
To  have  his  picture  stanip'd  on  a  stone  jug 
To  keep  ale-knights  in  memory  of  sobriety. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

alem  (al'em),  n.  [Turk,  'aleni,  a  flag,  banner, 
standard,  ensign,  the  crescent,  <  Ar.  'alam.  a 
flag,  ensign,  <  'alama,  know.  Cf.  alim,  almali.] 
The  imperial  standard  of  the  Turkish  empire. 

Alemannian  (al-e-man'i-an),  a.     Alemannic. 

Two  Alemannian  dukes  of  the  10th  century. 

Encye.  Brit.,  XX.  4. 

Alemannic  (al-e-man'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ale- 
marmieus,  Alamannicus,  pertaining  to  the  Ale- 
inanni,  Alamanni,  the  Latinized  form  of  the  Ger- 
man name  of  a  confederation  of  German  tribes, 
lit.  all  men,  after  Goth,  alamans,  all  men,  all 
mankind,  <  alls  =  OHG.  al  =  E.  all,  +  manna  = 
OHG.  man  =  E.  man.  Hence  L.  Alemannia,  the 
country  of  the  Alemanni,  extended  by  theGauls 
to  all  Germany,  >  F.  Allemagne,  Germany,  Al- 
Icmand,  German:  see  Allium,  Almoin.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  the  Alemanni,  confederated  Ger- 
man tribes  who  began  to  appear  between  the 
Main  and  the  Danube  about  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century,  and  occupied  that  region 
completely. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Alemanni,  or  an- 
cient people  of  southwestern  Germany. 
Also  spelled  AUemannie. 

alembdar  (a-lem'dar),  «.  [Turk,  'alemddr,  < 
'alem,  flag,  standard  (see  alem),  +  -ddr,  <  Pers. 
-ddr,  holder,  bearer.]  In  Turkey,  an  officer 
who  bears  the  green  standard  of  Mohammed 
when  the  sultan  appears  in  public. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alem- 
bick,dlimo"eck,  and  abbr.  lemhick,  limbeck,  q.  v. ;  < 
ME.  alembike,  alcmbyh;  alembek,  ear- 
lier alaiiibik,  diamine,  <  OF.  alombic, 
also  written  alambique.  F.  alambic 
=  Pr.  elambic  =  Sp.  alambique  =  Pg. 
alambique,  lambiquc=  It.  lambicco, 
limbicco,  <  ML.  oloiiibiciis,  <  Ar.  al- 
anbiq,  <  al,  the  (see  al-2),  +  anbiq 
(>  Pers.  ambiq),  a  still,  <  Gr.  dpjii^, 
a  cup,  later  the  cup  of  a  still ;  cf. 
Ionic  Gr.  dptitj  —  Gr.  ap,iuv,  foot  of  a 
goblet.]  1.  A  vessel  formerly  used 
in  chemistry  for  distillation,  and  usually  made 
of  glass  or  copper.  The  bottom  part,  containing  the 
liquor  to  be  distilled,  was  called  the  matrass  or  cucurbit; 

the  upper  part,  which  received  and  c lensed  the  volatile 

products,  was  called  the  head  or  capital,  the  beak  of  which 
was  fitted  to  the  neck  of  a  receiver.  The  head  alone  was 
more  properly  the  alembic.  It  is  now  superseded  by  the 
retort  and  worm-still. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  which  works  a  change  or 
transformation  :  as.  the  alembic  of  sorrow. 
Thus  is  Art,  a  nature  passed  through  the  alembic  of  man. 
Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  27. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alem- 
bicked,  ppr.  alembicking.  [<  alembic,  n.]  To 
distil  as  by  an  alembic ;  obtain  as  by  means  of 
an  alembic.     [Rare.] 


alembic 

I  have  occasioned  great  speculation,  and  diverted  my- 
self with  the  important  mysteries  that  have  been  alem. 
2  out  of  a  trifle.  Walpole,  utters,  I.  208. 

alembroth  (a-lem'br6th),  n.  [Formerly  also 
alembor,  late  MJ&.alembroh  :  origin  unknown.] 
The  salt  called  by  the  alchemists  i  he  salt  of  art, 
science,  01  wisdom;  a  double  chlorid  of  rner- 
eury  and  ammonia.  Although  poisonous,  it 
was  formerly  used  as  a  stimulant. 

alenaget,  n.     Same  as  alnage. 

Alencon  lace.     See  lace. 

alengtht  a-length*),  prep.phr.  as«<ir.aml  prep. 
[ME.  alenght  (tor   'alength);   <  a3,  on,  tit,  + 
length.}    I.  adv.  At  lull  icugth;  along;  stretch- 
ed  at  full  length. 
II.   prep.    In  the  direction  of  the  length  of. 

Alepas  (al'e-pas),  n.  [NL..<  Gr.  a-  copulative 
+  tenac,  a  limpet:  see  Lepas.~}  A  genus  of 
barnacles  .if  a.-. n-n-sh. -lis.  of  the  family  Lcpadi- 
<ln .  Tiny  are  ordinary  eirripeds  with  thoracic 
limlis.     A.  cornuta  is  an  example. 

aleph  (a'lef),  a.  [Heb.  'dleph  =  Ar.  'alif:  see 
alpha.)  The  first  letter  of  the  Hebrew  alpha- 
bet (X),  representing  the  older  Phenician  let- 
ter  which  gave  name  and  form  to  the  Greek  A, 
iOipn.  See  O1.  This  letter,  in  the  Semitic  languages,  is 
not  properly  a  vowel,  but  is  a  quasi-consonantal  sign,  to 
which  the  pronunciation  ol  any  initial  vowel  may  be  at 
tached.  In  transliteration  into  Roman  letters,  this 
is  represented  by. a  Greek  "smooth  breathing"  (')  or  is 
left  unmarked. 

alepidosaurid  (a-lep'i-do-sa'rid),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Alepidosauridai.  Also  called  alepi- 
dosauroid. 

Alepidosauridae  (a-lep"i-do-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Alepidosaurus  +  -iila.]  A  family  of 
large,  fierce,  and  voracious  abdominal  deep-sea 
fishes.  Also  called  Alepusauridai  and  Alepi- 
saurida: 

Tlie  .!/-  pidosauridoB  are  deep-sea  fishes  of  large  size,  re- 
markable  for  the  great  size  of  their  teeth.  The  body  is 
elongate,  and  without  scales;  the  mouth  is  extremely 
with  rows  of  compressed  teeth  of  unequal  size, 
of  those  on  the  lower  jaw  and  palatines  being  fang- 
like.  The  dorsal  tin  is  very  long,  covering  almost  the 
whole  of  the  back,  and  there  is  no  adipose  fin. 

Stand.  Silt.  Hist.,  III.  138. 

Alepidosaurina  (a-lep'/i-do-sa-ri'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL..  <  Alepidosaurus  +  -inn.]  In  Giinther's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  division  of  Scopelidcc, 
containing  those  with  the  dorsal  I'm  occupying 
nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  back;  a  group 
corresponding  to  the  family  Alepidosauridai 
(which  see).  Preferably  written  Alepidosau- 
rina!, as  a  subfamily. 

alepidosauroid  (a-iep"i-d6-s;Vroid),  a.  and  u. 
[<  Alepidosaurus  +  -oid.~\      I.   a.    Having   the 
characters  of  the  Alepidosauridm. 
II.  a.  An  alepidosaurid. 

Alepidosaurus  (a -lep"i -do- sa'rus),?t.  [XL., 
as  Aleposaurus,  but  with  Gr.  letric  ('Aem6-)  in- 
stead of  equiv.  /.iizoc  (/£-o-),  a  scale.]  A  genus 
of  fish.-,  typical  of  the  family  Alepidosauridce. 

It  was  at  one  time   supposed  to  be  related  to  SajUruS,  hut 

Is  distinguished  by  thescalelesa  skin,  whence  the  name. 
Also  called  Alepisaurus,  Aleposaurus.  A.ferox  is  a  spe- 
cies  known  as  handsaw-fish  and  lancet-fish. 

alepidote  (a-lep'i-dot),  a.  and  n.    [<Gr.  iOi-,- 

Suroc,  without  scales,  <  a-  priv.  +  Aerrii;  (/c— »!-), 
a  scale:  see  Lepidium.]  I.  a.  Not  having 
seal'       as,  a  a  ah  pidoti  lish. 

II.  a.  Any  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covered  with 
Bca  le 
alepinei  (al'e-pen),  n.     [Also  written  alapeen, 

prob.    for  Ahjijiiiii.    belonging  to  Aleppo:    see 
lleppine.']     A  mixed  stull',  either  of  wool  and 
silk  or  of  mohair  and  cotton.     Dyt  r. 

Alepisauridae  (a  lep-i-sa'ri  de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

<  + -1,1,1 .)     Same  as  AlepidosauridtB. 

Alepisaurus  (a-lep-i-sa'rus),  n.     [rTL.,  improp, 

for  .Hi  /mliis,  Hints.]      Same  as  All  jil'liisn urns. 

Alepocephali  (a-lep-6-sef  a-li),  n.  pi.     [PI.  of 

AlepOCeplialuS.]       Sum.'  as   .tli/iiiri  /ilnlliilir. 

alepocephalid  (a-lep-d-sef'a-lid),  ».  Gne  of 
i  he    l'i  poet  phalidw  I  which  see). 

Alepocephalidae  (a-lep^o-se-fal'i-dS),  re.  pi. 
|  NL..  <  Alepoa  phalus  +  -nln .]  A  family  of  clu- 
peoid  abdominal  fishes.    The  technical  character! 


136 


aleurone 


referable  to  four  genera  have  been  discovered  in  the  deeper  A  garland  hadde  he  set  upon  his  heed 

p. .Mi. .us  ol  the  Atlantic  and   Pacific  oceans,  as  well  as  of  As  gret  as  it  were  for  an  ill,  stake. 

tlie  Mediterranean  sea.    Also  called  Alepocephali.  Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T    1  GC7 

alepocephaloid   (a-kq>-o-sef'a-loid)    a.  and  u.         Als(,  ,,,„,.,,  „,,_„„,,,  „,,,,„,,,. 
I  a.  Having  the  character  ot  the  Alepocephali  aie.taster  (al'tas  ten.  ,i.    Same  as  ale-conner. 

alethiology  (a-le-thi-ol'o-ji ),  re.     [<  Gr.  aM/deta, 


II.   ii.    Same  as  alepocephalid. 
Alepocephalus  (a-lep-6-sef'a-lus),  n.     [NL.,  < 
Gr.  d-  priv.  -fr-  /.i~m  ,  scale,  4-  KtCjaAi/,  head.]     A 
genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Alepoce- 
phididie :  so  called  from  the  scaleless  head. 

ale-polet  (al'pol),  re.    Same  as  ale-stake. 
Aleposauridse  (a-lep-o-s&'ri-de),  re.  pi 


truth  (<»///(%,  true,  <d- priv.  +  '/avflavav,  Aadeiv, 
escape  notieo,  bo  concealed:  see  Lethe), +  -Aoyia, 
("Aiyciv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  A  term  used  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton  to  denote  that  part  of 
logic  which  treats  of  the  nature  of  truth  and 
error,  and  of  the  rules  for  their  discrimination, 
_ ),  n.  [<  Gr.  «///%, 
(jkottciv,  view.]  An  op- 
tical instrument  by  means  of  which  pictures 
are  made  to  present  a  more  natural  and  life- 
like appearance. 
st'°  Aletornis  (al-e-t6r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  .;>/,->/<;, 
a  wanderer,  vagrant  (<  aAaadai,  wander,  stray ), 
+  bpvtc,  bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Tertiary 
birds  from  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming  Territory. 
Several  species  are  described  by  Marsh,  who  places  them 
among  the  cranes  and  rails.  They  range  in  size  from  that 
of  a  woodcock  to  that  of  a  small  crane. 

Aletris  (al'e-tris),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aAerpig,  a  (fe- 
male)  grinder  of  corn,  <  aterpevetv,  extendedfrom 

akelv,  grind.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Hemodoracece,  natives  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  chiefly  from  New  Jersey   southward. 

The  two  species,  A,  farinosa  and  .4.  aurea,  are  low,  sin...  .th, 
stendess,  bitter  herbs,  w'ith  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  spread- 
ing, flat,  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  spiked  raceme  of  small 
white  or  yellow  tlowers.  They  are  called  colic-rant  from 
their  medicinal  reputation,  and  also  ague-grass,  star  n  088, 

alerce(a"lers';  Sp.pron.  a-lar'tha),  ».    [Sp.,the     ^'no-star  etc 
larch,   prob.  <  a-,  repr.  Ar.  al,  the,  +  "lercc,  alette    a-let  ),  n      [F    =  Sp.  ofoto=It.  aletta, 

^i  7       c   -r.        ,  .       '      ,    -±        ,  .         ,      }  ,'.  ...     'n    small    winrf     rlim       <.f     T.      nln      i.-i««..     ir.««    n\dr.   T 


de),  ».pl     [NL<  alethoscope  (a-le'tho-skop) 

Aleposaurus  +  -,<hr.)  _  Same  as  AUpidosaundce.     true  (gee  aXethiology)',  +  o%* 
Aleposaurus  (a-lep-o-sa'rus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a'AeTToc,  faulty  form  of  a'AeiriduTor,  without  scales 

(<  d-  priv.  +  ?J-or,  also  lexis,  a  scale:  see  Le- 

pidium),  +  aavpoc,  a  lizard,  also  a  sea-fish 

Saurus.]     Same  as  Alepidosaurus. 
ale-postt  (al'post),  n.    Same  as  ale-stah  . 
ale-pot  (al'pot),  n.    A  pot  or  mug  for  holding 

ale.      In  England  a  pot  of  beer  or  ale  means  a  quart  of 

it;  hence,  ale-pot  means  especially  a  quart-pot. 

A  clean  cloth  was  spread  before  him,  with  knife,  fork, 
and  spoon,  salt-cellar,  pepper-box,  glass,  and  pewter  ale- 
pot  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit. 

Aleppine  (a-lep'in),  a.  and  n.  [(Aleppo,  Euro- 
pean (It.)  form  of  Turk,  and  Ar.  Jlaleb,  said  to 
be  named  from  Ar.  Italab,  milk.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Aleppo,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  or 
to  its  inhabitants. 
II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Aleppo. 

Aleppo  gall,  Ulcer.     See  ulcer. 


larce  =  It.  larice,  <  L.  larix  (ace.  laricem),  th. 
larch  (see  larch),  perhaps  mixed  with  Ar.  al- 
'arzah,  al-'erz,  <  al,  the,  +  'arzah'crz,  Pers.  <»'_-, 
cedar.]  1.  A  name  given  in  Spain  to  wood 
used  by  the  Moors  in  their  edifices,  obtained 
from  the  sandarac-tree  of  Morocco,  Callitris 
quadrivalvis.  See  Callitris. — 2.  Same  as  alerce- 
trce. 

With  here  and  there  a  red  cedar  or  an  alerce  pine. 

Dani'iii,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xiii. 

alerce-tree  (a-lers'tre),  n.  A  large  coniferous 
timber-tree  of  Chili,  Libocedrus  Chilensis,  ex- 
tensively used  on  the  southern  Pacific  coast. 

alerion,  ».    See  allerion. 

alert  (a-lerf),  a.  and  n.,  orig.  prep.  phr.     [<  F. 


t 


a  small  wing;  dim.  of  L.  afa,  wing:  see  aisle.] 

In  arch. :  (a)  A 
small  wing  of  a 
building,  (b)  A 
pilaster  or  but- 
tress, (c)  The 
lateral  face  of 
the  pier  of  an 
arch,  extending 
from  the  edge 
of  the  opening; 
especially,  that 
portion    of    the 


A,  arch  ;  B,  B,  pilasters ;  C,  C,  alettes  (<■). 


lit.  stand  on  the  lookout:  all'  for  alia  for  a 
la,  <  L.  ad  Mam,  on  the ;  erta,  a  lookout,  also  a 
declivity,  a  slope,  a  steep,  fern,  of  crto,  raised 
aloft,  steep,  pp.  of  ergere,  raise,  erect,  <  L.  i  ri- 
gcre,  raise,  pp.  erectus,  >E.  erect,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Active  in  vigilance;  watchful;  vigilantly  at- 
tentive. 

Yet  ceaseless  still  she  throve,  alert,  alive, 
The  working  bee,  in  full  or  empty  hive. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Nothing  is  worth  reading  that  does  not  require  an  alert 
mind.  C.  1>.   Wurwr,  Backlog  .studies,  p.  l;.. 


2.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  active;  nim-  Aleurodidae  (al-u-rod'i-de),  it.pl. 
ble:  as,  "an  alert  voung  fellow,"  Addison,  rodis  + -ida:]  Afamilyof hemipl 
Spectator,  No.  403.  =  Syn.  1.  Heedful,  wary.-2.  Live-     of  the  suborder  fhytophtMria, or 


<? 


Altpoccphalu 
(From  Report  ef  I  e&t.) 

are:  snpramanillary  1 softhre.   pieci     a    IntheCZup, 

.i  fin  po  o  rior  and  opposite  the  anal  fin,  i-  *\ 
pyloric  ca;ca,  and  no  air-bladder.    About  a  dozen  species 


--,  .vary 
]y,  agile,  quick,  prompt,  ready,  spry. 

II.  n.  [From  the  phr.  on  the  alert,  a  pleo- 
nastic E.  version  of  the  orig.  It.  phi.  all'  erta  ; 
see  1. 1  An  attitude  of  vigilance;  watch; 
guard:  especially  in  the  phrase  on  or  upon  (hi 
alert,  upon  the  watch  ;  on  the  lookout ;  guarding 
against  surprise  or  danger:  as.  "  the  readiness 
of  one  on  the  alert,"  J  Helens. 

lie  was  instructed   t tifv  bis  officers  to  be  on  the 

alert  for  any  indii  at  ions  ol  battle. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Blemoira,  I    n\ 

alertly  (a-lerl  'li  I,  adv.  In  analerl  manner;  with 
watchful  vigilance;  nimbly;  briskly;  a. -lively. 

alertness  (a-16rt'nes),  ».  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  alert ;  briskness;  nimbleness ;  activity. 

-ales.    [<  L.  -ales,  pi.  of  -alis,  a  common  adj. 

suffix:  See  -al.]    In  So*.,  a  plural  termination  dis- 
tinguishing the  names  of  cohorts,  a  grade  inter- 
mediate i. ei «e. al  .-lass  ami  order. 
ale-scott,  ale-shott  (al'skot,  al'shot),  «.      [< 

nl,   +  sent,    also    shot,   payment:     see  sent  and 
shot,  payment.]   A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

alese,  «.    See  aleze. 

ale-silver   (al'sil  ver),   n.     A  duty  anciently 

paid  to  the  lord  mayor  of  London  by  the  sellers 
of  ale  within  the  city. 

ale-staket  (al'stak),  n.  A  stake  having  a  gar- 
land or  bush  of  twin's  al  the  top  of  it,  set  up  as 
a  sign  before  an  ale-house. 


lateral  face  between  the  edge  of  the  opening 
and  a  semi-column,  pilaster,  or  the  like,  serving 
to  decorate  the  pier.     Also_ spelled  allt  tie. 

<  Gr.  aAevpinn; 
wheat  en  flour.  < 
natural  order 
The  most  important  species,  A.  triloba 
(the  ran. 11.  berry-tree),  a  tree  ;:.)  to  40  feet  high,  is  a  native 
of  the  .Moluccas  and  some  of  the  Pacific  islands,  and  is  cul- 
tivated in  tropical  countries  for  its  nuts,  which  abound  in 
..il.  and  when  dried  are  used  by  the  Polynesian  islanders 
as  a  substitute  for  candles,  whence  they  are  called  candle- 
nuts  or  candleberrie8.  'the  oil  expressed  from  the  kernels 
dries  rapidly,  and  is  known  as  country  walnut  or  artists' 
oil,  .a- kek nne  ..il.  .1.  cordata  is  the  Chinese  varnish-tree, 
and  the  oil  from  its  seeds  is  used  in  China  in  painting. 

Aleurodes  (al-u-ro'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aAevpti- 
<5//o,  like  flour,  <  a?.cvpov,  flour,  +  eldoc,  form.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Aleu- 
rodidec.     Also  written  Aleurodes. 

[NL.,<Aleu- 
erous  insects, 
plant-lice,  re- 
lated  to  the  apltids  and  scale-insects.  These  in- 
sert- are  very  small  and  exceedingly  prolific;  they  have 
large  oval  elytra  and  wings,  held  nearly  horizontal  when 
inrcpi.se;  the  head  is  small,  with  divided  eyes ;  the  an- 
tennas are  short, 6-jointed,  with  the  rostrum  --jointed  ;  and 
the  legs  are  short,  simple,  with  2-Jolnted  tarsi  provided 
with  -i  .laws.  There  are  about  -j.'.  nominal  Bpecies  of  the 
single  genus  Aleurodes.  A.proletella  resembles  a  small 
winie  in. ah  with  a  .lark  spot  ..a  each  wing-cover,  and  is 
found  on  celandine,  cabbage,  oak,  etc.  The  larva  is  Mini], 
flat,  and  oval  like  a  minute  scale,  as  in  Psyttidce;  the 
pupa  is  fixed  an. I  inclosi  'i  in  an  i  nvelop, 

aleuromancy  (a-lu'ro-man-si),  n.  [<  F.  aleu- 
romancie,  <  Gr.  aXsvpojmvreiov,  divination  from 
meal,  <  iXevpov,  meal,  +  pavreia,  divination.] 
A  method  of  divination  by  meal  or  flour,  prac- 
tised by  the  ancients. 

aleurometer  (al-u-rom'e-ter).  n.  [<Gr.  alevpov. 
Hour,  osp.  wheaten  flour,  +  ptrpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  M.  Boland,  about 
1849,  for  ascertaining  the  bread-making  quali- 
ties of  wheaten   Hour.    The  indications  depend  u| 

the  expansion  of  the  gluten  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 
flour  wh.n  freed  of  its  starch  by  pulverization  and  repeated 

washings  with  Water, 

aleurone  (a-lu'ron),  ».   [<  (Jr.  tikevpov,  line  Hour, 

+  -one.]  The  minute  albuminoid  granules 
(protein)  which  are  found,  in  eonneelion  with 
si  arch  and  oily  mailer,  in  the  endosperm  of  ripe 

s Is  and  the  cotyledons  of  the  embryo.    It  is 

considered  an  inactive  resting  form  of  proto- 
plasm.    Also  called  protein-granules. 


aleuronic 

aleuronic  (al-u-ron'ik),  a.  [<  aleurone  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aleurone. 

Aleutian,  Aleutic  (al-e-o'shi-an,  -tik),  a. 
[Named  from  the  inhabitants,  the  Aleuts,  Buss. 
Aleutui.]  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  group 
of  islands  (the  Aleutian  islands)  separating 
Bering  sea  from  the  northern  Pacific,  nearly  or 
quite  coextensive  with  the  Catherine  archi- 
pelago, extending  from  near  the  southern  point 
of  Kamtchatka  to  the  peninsula  of  Alaska. 

ale-vat  (til'vat),  n.  [<  AS.  ealo-fa-t  =  OS.  alo- 
fat:  see  ale  and  vat.']  A  vat  in  which  ale  is 
fermented. 

alevin  (al'e-vin),  n.  [<  F.  alevin,  prob.  for  'ale- 
rain,  <  OF.  alever,  rear,  <  L.  adlevare,  raise, 
<  ad,  to,  +  levare,  raise.  Cf.  alleve,  alleviate.'] 
The  young  of  any  fish;  especially,  a  young 
salmonid  or  clupeid. 

alewt  (a-lu'),  n.  [Var.  of  halloo.]  Outcry; 
howling;  lamentation. 

Yet  did  she  not  lament  with  loude  alcu; 

As  women  wont.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  vi.  13. 

ale-washed  (al'wosht),  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale. 

And  what  a  beard  of  the  general's  cut  .  .  .  will  do 
among  foaming  bottles  and  ale-ieashed  wits,  is  wonder- 
ful to  be  thought  on.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

alewife1  (al'wif),  «. ;  pi.  alewwes  (-wivz).  A 
.  woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

Perhaps  he  will  swagger  and  hector,  and  threaten  to 
beat  and  butcher  an  ale-wife.       Swift,  Drapier's  Letters. 

alewife2  (al'wif),  n. ;  pi.  alewives^  (-wivz).     [A 

particular  use  of  aletrife1,  prob.  in  allusion  to 
their  corpulent  appearance  (see  quot.).  The 
form  aloofe,  recorded  in  1678,  is  said  to  be  the 
Indian  name  of  the  fish  ;  but  it  is  prob.  an  error 
for  alewife.]    1.  A  North  American  fish,  Clupea 


137 


alfin 


,  Ale-yard. 

,  Tricky  Ale-yard. 


Alewife  {Clupea  I'trnalis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  1884.) 

vernalis,  from  8  to  10  inches  long,  resembling 
a  small  shad,  but  much  inferior  to  it  as  food. 
It  is  taken  in  large  numbers  with  that  fish. 
Consorting  Herrings  and  the  bony  Shad, 
Big-bellied  Alcwives,  Macrils  richly  clad 
With  Rain-bow  colours,  the  Frost  fish  and  the  Smelt, 
As  good  as  ever  Lady  Gustus  felt. 
S.  Clarke,  Four  Chief  Plantations  in  America  (1670). 

2.  A  name  given  at  Bermuda  to  the  round 
pompano,  Traehynotus  ovatus.    See pompano. — 

3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  allice-shad. 
alexanders  (al-eg-zan'derz),  n.     [Also  written 

aMsander,  allisander,  alisaunder,  <  ME.  alisaun- 
dre,  <  OF.  alisaundre,   alisandre ;  but  in  AS. 
alexandrie,  alexandre,  from  the  ML.  name  Petro- 
selinum  Alexandrinum,  i.  e.,  Alexandrine  pars- 
ley, equiv.  to  P.  Macedonicum,  i.  e.,  Macedonian 
parsley.]     1.  The  English  name  of  an  umbellif- 
erous plant,  Snit/rniuni  Olusatrum.    Of  all  the  um- 
bellifcrs  used  as  vegetables,  this  was  one  of  the  commonest 
in  gardens  for  nearly  fifteen  centuries,  but  it  is  now  aban- 
doned.   The  history  of  its  use  can  be  traced  from  begin- 
ning to  end.    Theophrastus  mentions  it  as  a  medicinal 
plant,  under  the  name  hipposelinon  (horse-parsley),  but 
three  centuries  later  Dioscorides  says  that  either  the  root 
.or  the  leaves  might  be  eaten,  which  implies  cultivation. 
In  Latin  (Pliny,  Columella,  etc.)  it  was  called  holns  atrum, 
later  olusatrum,  and  corruptly  olisatrum.     Charlemagne 
commanded  it  to  be  sown  in  his  farms.     The  Italians  made 
great  use  of  it,  under  the  name  macerone.     At  the  end  of 
tile  eighteenth  century  the  tradition  existed  in  England 
that  it  had  been  formerly  cultivated;  later  English  and 
French  horticulturists  do  not  mention  it.    De  Candolle. 
2.  In  North  America,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  plant  Tltaspium  aureum. 
Alexandrian  (al-eg-zan'dri-an),  a.     [<L.  Alex- 
andria, classical  form  Alexandria,  <  Gr.  'Afci&v- 
ipeia,  name  of  the  Egyptian  city  founded  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  <  k/ffavopoc,  L.  Alexander, 
a  man's  name,  prop,  adj.,  'defending  men,'  < 
aXi^etv,  ward  off,  defend,  +  av?'/p  (avip-),  man.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Alexandria,  an  important  city 
of  Egypt,  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  in 
332  B.  c. — 2.  Pertaining  to  Alexanderthe  Great. 
—Alexandrian  Codex  {Codex  Alezandrinus),  an  impor- 
tant manuscript  of  the  Scriptures,  sent  to  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  now  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.    It  is  written  in  Greek  uncials  on  parch- 
ment, and  contains  the  Septnagint  version  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment complete,  except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all 
the  New  Testament.     It  is  assigned 
—  Alexandrian  Library,  a  celebi 
ftndria  in  Egypt,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Soter  and  Ptolemy 


A  second  or  supplementary  library  in  the  Scrapeum  at  alexiteric   (a-lek-si-ter'ik),  a.   and  n.      [<   Gr. 

atel-tiTiifiioe,  fit  or  able  to  keep  oft  or  deiend; 
neut.  afagnrr/ptov  (sc.  tpap/ianov, 
drug),  a  remedy,  medicine  ;  < 
alit-nrijp,  one  who  keeps  off  or 
defends,  <  aMI-eiv,  keep  off,  de- 
fend. Cf.  alexipharmic]  \.a. 
Resisting  external  poison;  ob- 
\  ml  ing  I  he  effects  of  venom. 

II.  ».  An  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection,  especially  an  ex- 
ternal application. 
in  the  Christian  faith,   aleXiterical    (a-lek-si-ter ' i- 

I  ■  ,  i  ,  ,  I  ,  i  .  .  I  .  T  .  i  I      I  T    ..      I  1  i  _  I    r  I  I  .  ■  v  _  ,  w 

k.-il),  a.      Same  as  all .ntiric. 

ale-yard  (al'yiird),  n.  [<  ale 
+  yard1.]  1.  A  glass  vessel 
used  as  a  measure  of  capacity 
as  well  as  a  drinking-glass, 
shaped  like  a  much  elongated 
wine-glass,  formerly  in  use 
in  England. — 2.  A  glass  ves- 
sel having  the  shape  of  an  elongated  cone,  the 
small  end  communicating  with  a  hollow  ball. 
On  drinking  from  it,  as  soon  as  the  air  reaches  the  Inside 
of  the  ball  all  the  liquid  contained  in  it  spurts  out  sud- 
denly.    Sometimes  called  tricky  ale-yard. 

Aleyrodes,  n.     Same  as  Alcurodes. 

aleze,  alese  (a-laz'),  «•  [<  F-  aUee,  formerly 
alese,  alaise,  appar.  <  a  False,  at  ease:  a,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  at;  le,  the;  aise,  >  E.  ease,  q.  v.  The  spell- 
ing aleze  may  be  in  simulation  of  U,  breadth, 
as  if  a  'spread.']  A  cloth  folded  several  times 
in  order  to  protect  a  bed  from  discharges  of 
blood,  etc. 
Alexandrine  liturgy,  the  liturgy'  of  St.  Mark.  '  Se"e  alfa  (al'fii),  n.     A  name  in  northern  Africa  for 

varieties  of  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima  and 
S.  arenaria,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 
Also  written  half  a. 

alfa-grass  (al'fa-gras),  n.    Same  as  alfa. 

alfalfa  (al-fal'fa),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  alfalfez, 
said  to  be  from  Ar.  al-fagfacah,  the  best  sort  of 
fodder.]  The  Spanish  name  of  lucerne,  Atedi- 
cago  sativa,  and  the  common  name  under  which 
the  chief  varieties  of  lucerne  are  known  in  the 
western  United  States. 

alfaqui  (al-fa-ke'),  n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-faqih,  <  al, 
the,  +  faqih,  a  doctor  in  theology;  cf.  fiqh, 
theological  learning,  <  faqiha,be  wise.]  A  doe- 
tor  learned  in  Mussulman  law ;  a  Mohammedan 
priest. 

A  successful  inroad  into  the  country  of  the  unbelievers, 
said  he,  will  make  more  converts  to  my  cause  than  a  thou- 
sand texts  of  the  Koran,  expounded  by  ten  thousand  alfa- 
quis. Irving,  Granada,  p.  154. 

No  sooner  had  the  sovereigns  left  the  city,  than  Ximenes 
invited  some  of  the  leading  alfa'/uiex,  or  Mussulman  doc- 
tors, to  a  conference,  in  which  he  expounded,  with  all  the 
eloquence  at  his  command,  the  true  foundations  of  the 
Christian  faith,  and  the  errors  of  their  own. 

Prescoit,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

alfenid,  alfenide  (al'fe-nid,  -nid  or  -nid),  n. 
[Perhaps  <  Sp.  alfeii(ique),  a  sugar-paste  (verb 
ull'i -it-tear,  ice  with  sugar),  +  -id,  -ide:  see  al- 
ji'ln  nie.]  Nickel-silver,  thickly  electroplated 
with  pure  silver. 

alferest  ( al-fer'es),  n.  [Also  written  alfeeres,  al- 
ferez,  alfarez,  alfaras,  <  Sp.  alferez,  OSp.  Pg. 
alferes,  ensign,  <  Ar.  al-faris,  <  al,  the,  +  faris, 
horseman,  knight,  ifaras,  horse.]  A  standard- 
bearer;  an  ensign;  a  cornet.  This  term  was  in  use 
in  England  some  time  before  and  during  the  civil  wars  of 
Charles  I. 

Commended  to  me  from  some  noble  friends 

For  my  alferes.  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  L 


Alexandria  was  entirely  destroyed  by  a  mob  of  fanatics  un 
dcr  the  Patriarch  Theophilus  A.  V.  391;  a  popular  account, 
however,  assigns  its  destruction  to  the  Arabs  in  641. — 
Alexandrian  school,  (a)  A  school  of  literature,  science, 
and  philosophy  nourishing  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptole- 
mies during  tiie  three  centuries  preceding  the  Christian 
era,  and  continuing  under  the  Roman  empire,  especially 
as  a  philosophical  school  in  which  Neoplatonism  was 
the  most  Important  element,  down  to  the  final  extinction 
uf  paganism  in  the  fifth  century  after  Christ,  (b)  A 
school  cf  Christian  philosophy  and  theology  at  Alex- 
andria during  the  first  live  centuries;  especially,  the  cate- 

i  In  teal  Bel 1  -if  Alexandria,  existing  in  that  city  from 

the  earliest  times  of  Christianity  down  to  about  A.  P.  400, 
for   file   purpose   cf  instruct 

and  distinguished  for  the  high  attainments  of  its  instruc 
tms  in  pagan  as  well  as  in  Christian  philosophy  and  liter- 
ature. Among  its  most  famous  directors  were  St.  Clement 
and  Origen.  This  school  was  remarkable  for  its  attempt 
to  accommodate  Greek  philosophy  to  Christianity  and  to 
make  use  of  it  in  Christian  teaching,  tints  antagonizing 
Judaizing  views,  according  to  which  there  was  and  could 
be  nothing  m  common  between  the  two.  In  some  of  its 
forms  it  tended  on  the  one  extreme  to  a  philosophic  ration- 
alism, on  the  other  to  an  idealizing  mysticism.  Alexandria 
continued  to  be  the  most  important  center  of  Christian 
theology  down  to  the  time  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
A.  p.  461. 

Alexandrianism  (al-eg-zan'dri-an-izm),  n. 
The  teachings  of  the  Alexandrian  school  of 
theology,  especially  in  its  distinctive  charaeter- 
istics.  See  Alexandrian.  Also  written  Alexan- 
drinisni. 

Alexandrine  (al-eg-zan'drin),  o.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Alexandrians,  <  Alexandria:  see  Alexandrian.] 
I.  a.  Same  as  Alexandrian,  1. 

For  some  time  a  steady  advance  of  science  appeared  to 
be  insured  by  the  labors  of  the  Alexandrine  school. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  263. 
urgy  of  St.  Mark.  Se< 
lituryti.— Alexandrine  mosaic,  or  opus  Alexandri- 
num, a  kind  of  rich  mosaic  in  which  are  used  red  and 
green  porphyries,  precious  marbles,  enamels,  and  other 
costly  and  brilliant  materials.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
Emperor  Alexander  Severus  (A.  P.  222-235),  and  was  used 
for  friezes,  panels,  etc.,  under  the  later  Roman  empire. 

II.  n.  [<F.  alexandrin:  so  called,  it  is  said, 
from  Alexandre  Paris,  an  old  French  poet,  or 
from  poems  written  by  him  and  others  in  this 
meter  on  the  life  of  Alexander  the  Great.]  In 
pros.,  an  iambic  hexapody,  or  series  of  six  iam- 
bic feet.  French  Alexandrines  are  written  in  couplets, 
alternately  acatalectic  with  masculine  rimes  and  hyper- 
catalectic  with  feminine  rimes.  French  tragedies  are  gen- 
erally composed  in  Alexandrines.  The  cesura  occurs  at 
the  end  of  the  third  foot.  The  second  line  of  the  follow- 
ing extract  is  an  example  : 
A  needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song, 
That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 
Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  356. 

Alexandrinism  (al-eg-zan'drin-izm),  n.  Same 
as  Alexandrianism. 

alexandrite  (al-eg-zan'drit),  n.  [<  L.  Alexan- 
der (Alexander  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia)  +  -ite2.] 
A  variety  of  chrysoberyl  found  in  the  mica  slate 
of  the  Ural  mountains. 

alexia  (a-lek'si-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
/•i$tr,  a  speaking  (or  reading),  <  leysiv,  speak, 
read.]  Inability  to  read,  as  the  result  of  a 
morbid  or  diseased  condition  of  nervous  cen- 
1 1  irs  not  involving  loss  of  sight ;  word-blindness ; 
text-blindness. 

alexipharmact,  alexipharmacalt,  a.  See  alexi- 
pharntie,  alexipharmical. 

alexipharmacumt  (a-lek-si-far'ma-kum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  alexipharmacon :  see  alexipharmic.] 
See  alexipharmic. 

He  calls  steel  the  proper  alexipharmacum  of  this  mal- 
ady. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  417. 


alexipharmic(a-lek-si-far'mik),  a.  and  n.    [The 

'  yllable,  prop,  -ae,  has  been  conformed  to  alfet  (al'fet),  n.  [<  ML.  alfctum  (as  defined  be- 
low), <  AS.  itlfiit.  a-lfa-t,  a  pot  to  boil  in,  <  dl, 
ail,  fire  (see  anneal1),  +  feet,  a  vessel:  sec  nil.  \ 


final  L„  - 

the  common  suffix  -ic.    NL.  alexipharmacum,  I . 
alexipharmacon,  n. ;   <  Gr.  aAeittpdp/xaKoc^  ward 
ing  cl'f  ] poison,  acting  as  an  antidote  against  it 
antidotal;  neuter  as  noun,   afcsapdpfiaiiov  (L 
alexipharmacon),  an  antidote,  remedy,<  aVio/r, 
ward  off,  +  tpapfianov,  a  poison,  drug,  remedy: 
see  pharmacon,  pharmacy,  etc.]    I.  a.  1.  Act- 
ing as  a  means  of  warding  off  disease;  acting 
as  a  remedy;   prophylactic. —  2.    Having  the 
power  of  warding  off  the  effects  of  poison  taken 
inwardly ;  antidotal. 

Some  antidotal  quality  it  [the  unicorn's  horn]  may  have, 
.  .  .  since  not  only  the  bone  in  the  hart,  but  the  horn  of  a 
deer  is  alexipharmick.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  I'.n. 

II.  n.  An  antidote  to  poison  or  infection, 
especially  an  internal  antidote. 

Finding  his  strength  every  day  less,  he  was  at  last  ter- 
rified, anil  called  for  help  upon  the  sages  of  physic :  they 


In  early  Eng,  hist.,  a  vessel  of  boiling  water  into 
which  an  accused  person  plunged  his  arm  as  a 
test  of  his  innocence. 

alfileria  (al-fi-le'ri-a),  n.  Same  as  alfih  rilla. 
alfilerilla  (al"fi-le-ril'a),  n.  [Amer.  Sp..  also 
alfileria,  alfilaria:  so  'called  from  the  shape  of 
the  carpels;  <  Sp.  alfiler,  also  alfilel,  Pg.  alfint  te, 
a  pin,  <  Ar.  td-liiill,  a  wooden  pin  used  for  fas- 
tening garments  (Freytag),  a  pin.]  A  name 
in  California  for  a  European  species  of  Ero- 
diiini,  E.  cicutarium,  which  has  become  very 
widely  naturalized.  It  is  a  low  herb,  but  a  valuable 
forage-plant.  Its  carpels  have  a  sharp  point  and  a  long 
twisted  beak,  by  the  action  of  which,  under  the  inllm mi  e 
of  the  moisture  of  the  air,  the  seed  is  buried  in  the  soil, 
other  names  fur  it  are  pin-clover  and  pin-grass. 
rineu,  anil  caneu  ior  neip  upon  me  oogco  ui  jjiijinii. .  kiioji      iA    ,     /  \ik    \  rs  ^    i      i\rr?      ,,tf„„     ,il„l,i,,, 

filled  his  apartments  with  alexipharmics,  restoratives,  and  alfint    (al  hn),    n.      [<  late    ME.    aljt/n,    alplii/n, 


essential  virtues.  Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  120. 

alexipharmical  (a-lek-si-far'mi-kal),  a.     Same 

as  alexipharmic. 
iigned  to  the  .fifth  century,  alexipyretic  (a-lek"si-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
celebrated  library  at  Alex-     G       aMEeiv,    ward    off,    +    Truperof,    fever :    see 

Ptoleiov  Soter  and    Pto  emv      ^    '     """-s        j  -  V.     .~ 


anana  in     .gypl,  Ioilnueu  oy  noleiny  soier  ana  rioiemy  ,.     4      -f  ■, „„  „n  A,i.wA,„fl 

Phuadclphus  (323-247  b.  c.)f  and  destroyed  about  47  b.  c.    pyretic]    In  med.,  same  as  febrifuge. 


a  it  fil  n,' eta.,  <'OF.  alfin,  like  ML.  alphinus.  It. 
alfino,  alftdo,  alfiere,  alfiero,  <  Sp.  alfil,  arfil  = 
Pg.  alfil,  alfir,  <  Ar.  al-til,  the  elephant,  <  al,  the, 
+  filj<  Pers.  Hind,  fit,  Skt.  pilu,  elephant,  this 
piece  having  had  orig.  the  form  of  an  elephant.] 
In  chess,  a  name  of  the  bishop. 


alfiona 

alfiona,  alfione  (al-fi-C'nii,  al'fi-6n),  re.    [Mex. 
Sp.]    An  embiotoooid  fish,  KhaeoehUus  toxotes, 

with  small  scales,  uniserial  and  jaw  teeth,  and 


-'-^"-7 


.:.-.--- 


Alfiona  {RhacoehilHS  toxotes). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Coin  mission,  1884.) 

lip  free  and  deeply  eat  :iloii£  its  margin,  it  is 
the  largest  as  well  as  tin-  most  valuable  food-fish  of  the 
surf-fish  family,  Embiotocidce,  and  is  common  along  the 
California!]  1  oast,  where  it  is  also  <;ilk'il  wprat  unit  perch. 
al  fresco  (al  fres'ko).  [It.,  lit.  in  the  cool 
air:  <tl  for  a  il  (<  h.'ad  iUum),  in  the;  frescOj 
cool  or  fresh  air.  <  fresco,  cool,  fresh,  <  OHG. 
frisc  =  E.  fresh:  see  fresh,  fresco.']  In  the 
open  air;  oiit  of  doors:  as,  to  dine  al  fresco. 

Much  of  the  gayety  and  brightness  <>f  al-Jreeco  life. 

Tin  Century,  XXVII.  100. 

Such  alfrt  sco  suppers  the  country  gentlemen  of  Italy  ate 
in  tin-  first  century  of  our  era!    D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

Alfur  ul-ir>r' ),  n.  [<  1>.  Alfoer,  Pg.  Alfuros,  pi., 
said  to  lie  <  Ar.  a?,  the,  +  Pg.  fora  (=  It.  f>>r<>, 
fvorat  fuori)j  outside  (see  foris-);  the  other 
forms,  Jnifuras,  Haroforas,  are,  then,  varia- 
tions.]    Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  sing, 

Alfurese  (al-lo-res'  or  -rez'),  n.  audrt.  [See  Al- 
/«'".]  I.  ».  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  member,  or  the 
members  collectively,  of  the  race  of  Alfuros  or 
Alfurs  (also  called  Arafuras,  Haraforas,  etc.), 
a  group  of  wild  and  savage  tribes  inhabiting 
Celebes  and  other  islands  of  the  Indian  archi- 
pelago, ethnologically  intermediate  between 
the  Malays  and  Papuans  or  Negritos. 

The  Alfurese  arc  totally  distinct  from  the  brown  Malay 
and  black  Negrito;  they  are  wild,  savage,  Pagan  head- 
hunters.  R.  N.  Cast,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  147. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Alfuros  or  Al- 
furs. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Alfuros  or  Alfurs, 
or  to  their  language. 
AlfuTO  (al-fo'ro),  n.     Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  sing, 
alg.     An  abbreviation  of  algebra. 
alga  (al'ga),  >..;  pi.  algce  (-je).     [Lv  seaweed.] 
A  cryptogam  of  the  <-l.iss  of  Algce. 
Algae*  (al'je),  h.  pi.     [L.,  pi.  of  alga :  see  algaJ] 
A  division  of  thallogenous  chlorophyllous  cryp- 
togams    found  for 
the   most  part   in 
the  sea  (seaweeds) 
or  in  fresh  water. 
They  are  wholly  cellu- 
l;u\  though  varying  ex- 
ceedingly  in  form  and 
size,  from  a  single  mi- 
croscopic or  8onit'times 
large     and     branching 
cell,  a  shapeless,  jelly- 
like    mass,     or     mere 
string  of  articulations, 
to   forms  with   trunk- 
like stems  and    mem- 
branous lamina*  many 
feet  in  length.     Nour- 
ishment is  absorbed  by 
tin  -in  faceol  the  plant, 
never   through    roots. 
The  mode  of  propaga 
tion  varies  greatly  in  the  different  orders.     In  many  no 
well  defined  --  sua]  differences  have  been  discovered,  and 
reproduction  is  carried  on  by  means  <>f  cell-division  or  by 
.  .  spori    'iti  1  pore  .  /""-pores.).   In  the  highest 
n  are  distinct  male  and  fomale  organs  (an theridia 
and  ""    ■■■  is  1     ]  he  tei  m    II  roe  b  ■  used  bj   Linnaeus  and 
earl)  botanists  include  d  nol  ■        eds,  but  also  the 

Hepaiica    /■  and  Characea,    By  Harvey  the  Algce 

were  divided  Into  thra    groups,  distinguished  chiefly  by 
their  color  vh     the  oil v<   brown,  '/.  lanospermece ;  tin:  red 
or  purple,  Rhodospermea  .  and  it"  green,  Chlorospermece. 
Tin-  arrangement  has  now  become  nearh  obsolete.   Rei  eni 
1  .-■■  proposed   Beveral   different  schemes  of 
tion  for  the  thallophytes  In  general,  In  which 
and  developmi  n\    a    w*  n  b  ■  Buppoi  ed  relal  lon« 
taki  n  Into  ai  counl    ai   '  In  « hich  the  Algce  are 
buted.    Substantia]  agreement  le  nol  yel 
tn  nomenclature  for  manj  i  >1  t  hi  gi  oup   i  e 

mains  In  a  very  unsettled  condition,     [1  1    nowevi  r  bi 

Baid  that  the  Alga  enei  ally  divide.!  Into  the  fo] 

lowing  ordei 

lj  developed,  producing  cystooarpa  aft  i  U  rtlll 
» .  propagating  sexuall)  bj  oOspoi 
1 

<■>  iota    ijpriu.hu     Mm    dial ■    d<    mid      eb   .   In  which 

inder,  the  Cryp 
tophyceceot  Thuret,  variou  lj  ■■<  other  authors, 

in  u  hi-  h  there  1-  no  known  sexual  reproduction.  Hany  of 
the  Algce  are  edible  and  nutritious,  as  carrageen  or  iii  h 
moss,  dulse,  laver,  etc.  Many  abound  in  gelatin,  and  make 
a  line  glue  or  substitute  fur  isinglass.      Kelp,  iodine,  und 


1,  Dictyota  dichotoma:  a.  spore  ;  b. 

verticil  view  of  a  cystocarp  ;  c,  vertical 

.    f  same.     -;,  Plocamium  cocci- 

neum:  /,  ictrabpore  :  g.  stichidium  ;  h, 

branch  let  with  a  cystocarp. 


138 

bromine  are  products  of  various  species.  Seaweeds  are  also 
valuable  as  fertilizers. 

algal  (al'gal),  •/.  and  n.  [<  L.  alga  +  -al.]  I. 
a.  01  or  pertaining  to   tin'  Alga';  bariug  the 

nature  of  algee. 

II.  11.  1  iin-  of  tlio  Mini'  (which  see). 

algaroba,  n.    See  algarroba. 

algarot,  algaroth  (al'ga-rot,  -roth),  re.  [<  P. 
aTgaroth,  from  the  name  of  the  inventor,  Alga- 
rotti,  an  Italian  scholar  of  Venice  ( 1 71"J— <v4  ).] 
A  violently  purgative  aid  emetic  white  powder, 
which  falls  when  chloric  1  of  antimony  is  dropped 
into  water.  It  is  a  compound  of  chloridandoxid 
of  antimony. 

algarovilla  (al"ga-ro-vil'a),  ".  See  algarrohilla. 

algarroba  (al-ga-ro'ba),  «.  [Sp.,  <Ar.  aUkhar- 
ruhaii,  the  caroji:  see' aZ-2  and carob.~\  1.  The 
Sjianish  name  of  the  earob-tree,  Ceratonia  Sili- 
qua.  See  Ceratonia. —  2.  In.  America,  a  name 
given  to  the  honey-mesquit,  Prosopis  juliflora, 
and  to  the  Hymcna  a  CourbarM. — 3.  A  substance 
resembling  catechu  in  appearance  and  proper- 
ties, obtained  from  the  La  Plata,  and  containing 
tannin  mixed  with  a  deep-brown  coloring  mat- 
ter. Crooks,  Handbook  of  Dyeing  and  Calico 
Printing,  p.  509 — Algarroba  bean.  See  iwani. 
Also  spelled  algaroba. 

algarrobilla  (al  'ga-ro-bil'S),  re.  [S.  Amer.  Sp., 
dim.  of  Sp.  algarroba :  see  above.]  The  astrin- 
gent resinous  husks  and  seeds  of  several  legu- 
minous trees  or  shrubs  of  South  America,  which 
are  an  article  of  commerce  for  their  value  in 
tanning  and  dyeing.  In  Brazil  and  tropical  America 
they  are  the  produce  chiefly  of  Pithecolobiwm  parvtfolivm 
(IngaMartha:  of  some  authors).  In  Chill  and  on  the  west- 
ern coast  they  are  obtained  from  Cifnaljiinia  (Balaam/)- 
carpuin)  brevifolia  and  Prosopis  julijioi-a.  Also  written 
algarovilla. 

algate,  algates  (al'gat,  al'gats),  aav.    [<  ME. 

algate,  alkr/nJi ,  a  lie  gate  (abates  occurs  in  Chau- 
cer), <  al,  all,  +  gate,  a  way:  see  gate^  and  gait. 
Cf.  alway,  always.']  1.  In  every  direction; 
everywhere ;  always ;  under  all  circumstances. 
[Obsolete  except  in  the  Scotch  form  a'  gate  or 
a'  gates.] 

Alijates  he  that  hath  with  love  to  done, 
Hath  ofter  wo  than  changed  ys  the  mone. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  234. 
2.  In  every  respect ;  altogether;  entirely.    [Ob- 
solete and  north.  Eng.  provincial.] 
Una  now  he  algates  must  foregoe. 

Speruer,  V.  ((.,  II.  i.  2. 
3f.  In  any  way ;  at  all. 

Fayrer  then  herselfe,  if  ought  algate 
.Might  fayrer  Ice.  Spenser,  f.  Q.,  III.  viii.  9. 

4f.  By  all  means  ;  on  any  terms ;  at  any  rate. 
As  yow  lyst  ye  maken  hertes  digne ; 
Algates  hem  that  ye  wole  sette  a  I>  re, 
Thei  dreden  shame  and  vices  thci  resigne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  24. 
And  therefore  would  I  should  lie  algates  slain  ; 
For  while  I  live  his  life  is  in  suspense. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  iv.  60. 

5-f.  Notwithstanding;  nevertheless. 

A  maner  latin  corrupt  was  hir  speche, 
But  abjates  ther-by  was  she  understonde. 

C/niiirrr,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  422. 

algazel  (al-ga-zel'),  re.  [An  early  form  of  gaeel, 
after  Ar.  al-gliazdl:  Beegaeel.]  A  name  formerly 
applied  to  one,  and  probably  to  several,  of  the 
ruminant  quadrupeds  of  eastern  Africa,  etc., 
now  known  as  gazels  and  antelopes.  It  is  vari- 
ously identified,  some  making  it  out  to  be  the  COl I 

gaze]  of  Bgypt,  etc.,  AntUope  doreas  or  Dorcas  gazeUa  : 
others,  the  sasin  or  common  antelope.  AntUope  bezoartiea, 
■a  vc  i\  different  animal.  It  is  more  probably  the  first- 
named  Bpecies,  or  one  closely  resembling  it. 

Algebar  (al'je-bar),  ii.     [Said  to  be  <  Ar.  al, 

tin-,  +  geodr  (Syr.  gaboro),  giant.]    An  Arabic 

and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. 

Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star 

steed  the.  goat  ejant  Algebar, 

(irion,  hunter  of  the  beasl  ' 

Longfellow,  occult,  of  Orion, 

algebra  (al'je-brii),  ».    [Karh  i I.  E.  algeber, 

<  P.  algeore  (now  algebre) ;  the  present  E.  form, 
like  1  >,  (i.  Sw. Dan.  algebra,  Buss,  algebra,  Pol. 
algiebra,  etc.,  follows  It.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  algebra,  < 

ML.   algebra,   bone-setting,   algebra,    <    Ar.   nl- 

jabr,  alrjebr  (>  Pers.  al-jabr),  the  redintegration 
or  reunion  of  broken  parts,  setting  bones,  re- 
ducing fractions  to  integers,  hence  "ilm  al-jahr 

iru'l  mugabaldh,  i.  e.,  'thesciet of  redintegra- 
tion and  equation  (comparison),'  algebra  (> 
Pers.  al-jabr  wa'l  muqdbalah,  I  [ina.  jabr  o  muqd- 

IhiIii,  algebra):  'ilm. ' 'hIiu.  science,  <  'iihiiun.  know 

(ef.  alem,  alim,  almah):  <ii,  the;  jabr,  redinte- 
gral  ion,  consolidation Xj« bara,  redintegrate,  re- 
unite, consolidate  (=  Eeb.  gabar,  make-  strong); 

an.  and  ;  7  for  nl,  the  ;  niuqtibalali.  comparison, 
collation,  <  qdbuhi,  confront,  compare,  collate  : 
see   cabala.     The  full  Ar.   name  is  reflected 


Algerine 

in  ML.  "ludus  algebra  almucgrabaleeque"  (13th 
century),  and  in  earlv  mod.  E.  "  alqiebar  and 
almachabel"  (Dee,  Math.  I 'inf.,  6,  a.  d.  1570), 
and  the  second  part  in  ML.  almucabala,  ahnaca- 
bala,  algebra.]  1.  Formal  mathematics;  the 
analysis  of  equations;  the  art  of  reasoning 
about  relations,  more  especially  quantitative 
relations,  by  the  aid  of  a  compact   and  highly 

s.\  stematized  notation.    I dinary  algebra  the  re 

lations  between  quantities  are  expressed  by  signs  of  equal* 
it] ,  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  etc.  i-,  -r.  — , 
t,  or  by  the  position  of  the  quantities  (as  xy  for  x  -  <i. 
and  %*  for  x  to  the  y  power),  and  the  quantities  themselves 
an- denoted  by  letters.  Quantities  whose  values  arc  un- 
known or  arc  assumed  to  l>e  variable  are  denoted  by  the 
last  letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  .< .  .</.  : .  known  or  constant 
quantities  by  a,  b,  c,  etc. ;  and  problems  arc  solved  n>  ex- 
pressing all  the  data  in  the  form  ef  equations,  and  then 
transforming  these  according  to  certain  rules.  The  oon- 
ceptions  of  negative  and  imaginary  quantities  (see  nega- 
tive and  imaginary)  are  employed.  Xhe  term  higher  at r- 
bra  usually  means  the  theory  of  invariants.  See  invari- 
ant. Multiple  algebra,  or  n-way  algebra,  introdui  es  the 
conception  of  units  of  different  denominations,  which  can, 
however,  be  multiplied  together.  Each  such  system  has  a 
multiplication  table  characterizing  it. 
2.  Any  special  system  of  notation  adapted  to 
the  study  of  a  special  system  of  relationship: 
as,  "  it  is  an  algebra  upon  an  algebra,"  Sylvester. 

—  3.   A  treatise  on  algebra. 
Its  abbreviation  is  alg. 

Boolian  algebra,  a  logical  algebra,  invented  by  the  Eng- 
lish mathematician  George  Boole  (1815-64),  for  the  solution 
of  problems  in  ordinary  logic.  It  has  also  a  connection 
with  the  theory  of  probabilities.— Logical  algebra,  an 
at -etna  v,  liirh isiders  particularly  non-i|uantitative  rela- 
tions.—NUpotent  algebra.au  algebra  ill  which  every  ex- 
pression is  nilpotent  (which  sec).  —  Pure  algebra,  an  alge- 
bra in  which  every  unit  is  connected  with  every  other  by 
a  definite  relation. 
algebraic  (al-je-bra'ik),  a.  [(.algebra  +  -ic; 
prop,  "algebric  =  P.  algebriqne,  <  NL.  "algebri- 
cus.]  1.  Pertaining  to  algebra. —  2.  Involving 
no  operations  except  addition,  sul it rac tion,  mul- 
tiplication, division,  and  the  raising  of  quan- 
tities to  powers  whose  exponents  are  commen- 
surable quantities  :  as,  an  algebraic  equation  or 
expression. —  3.  Relating  to  the  system  of  quan- 
tity which  extends  indefinitely  below  as  well  as 
above  zero.— Algebraic  curve.  See  curve.—  Algebraic 
equation,  an  equation  in  which  the  unknown  quantities 
or  variables  are  subjected  to  no  other  operations  than  those 
enumerated  in  definition  2,  above  :  as,  x%  y%  +  ax7  =  6. 

—  Algebraic  form.  Sce/unii.— Algebraic  function,  a 
function  whose  connection  with  its  variable  is  expressed 
by  an  algebraic  equation.  Thus,  x  and  y,  as  defined  by  the 
above  equation,  are  algebraic  functions  of  one  another.— 
Algebraic  geometry,  a  name  given  to  the  application  of 
algebra  to  the  solution  of  geometrical  problems.  Alge- 
braic sign,  the  sign  -t-  or —  which  has  to  be  attached  to  a 
real  number  to  fix  its  value  in  algebra,— Algebraic  space, 
a  space  in  which  the  position  of  a  point  may  be  uniquely 
denned  by  a  set  of  values  of  periodic  algebraic  integrals, 
without  exceptions  which  form  part  of  the  space.  Alge- 
braic sum,  the  sum  of  several  quantities  v,  hose  algebraic 
signs  have  been  taken  into  account  in  adding  them:  as, 
the  algebraic  sum  of  *  4  and—  2  is  (-2. 

algebraical  (al-je-bra'i-kal),  <r.  1.  Same  as 
algebraic. —  2.  Resembling  algebra;  relating  to 
algebra. 

algebraically  (al-je-bra'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  means 
of  algebra,  or  of  algebraic  processes ;  in  an  alge- 
braic manner;  as  regards  algebra- 
algebraist  (al'je-bra-isl ),  «.  [(.algebra  +  -ist; 
prop.  *algebrist  —  F.  algcbriste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  alge- 
hristn,  <  is'L.  algcbrista.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
the  science  of  algebra.  Also  algebrist. 
algebraize  (al'je-bra-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
ulgi  braized,  ppr.  algebraizing.  [<  algebra  +  -izc; 
prop,  'algebii-e.]  To  perform  by  algebra ;  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form. 

algebrist  (al'je-brist),  re.  Same  as  algebraist. 
algedo  (al-jo'do),  re.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a?}i/Auv,  a  senso 
ol  pain,  pain.  Suffering,  <  akyelv,  feel  bodily  pain, 
suffer.]  In  pathol.,  violent  pain  about  the 
urethra,  testes,  bladder,  perineum,  and  anus, 
caused  by  sudden  stoppage  of  severe  gonorrhea. 

algefacient  (al-je-fa  shient  I,  a.     [<  L.  algere, 

bi Id,  +  facieh(t-)s,  ppr.  of  facere,  make.) 

Making  cool;  cooling. 
Algerian  (al-je'ri-an),  a.  and  ».     [=  P.    I'-re- 
re  c.  <   //</<  r m  y  V .  Ali ii  en  i,  the  province,  Algiers 
(V.  Alger  =  Sp.  Argel=lt.  Algeri),  the  city,  <Ar. 
Al-jc:_nir,  the  city  of  Algiers,  lit.  the  Islands,  < 

al, the,  +jezair,  pi.  of  j<  .</•".  island.  ]    I.  a.  Per- 

tainingto  the  city  of  Algiers,  or  to  Algeria  or  its 
inhabitants.    Algerian  tea.    See  ten 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  French  colony  of 
Algeria,  in  Hie  north  of  Africa.  The  colon}  was 
founded  in  L834,  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  south* 
ward  to  the  desert  Ol  Sahara,  and  has  Tim  is  and  Moroi  CO 
en  its  east  and  west  frontiers  respectively. 

Algerine  (al-je-ren'),  a.  and  re.    [=  Sp.  Argelino 

=  It.  Algeri  mi :  see  Algerian.]  I.e.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Algiers  or  Algeria,  or  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Algeria. 


Algerine 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Al- 
giers or  Algeria,  in  Africa ;  particularly,  one 
of  the  indigenous  Berber  or  Arabic  inhabitants 
of  Algiers,  as  distinguished  from  the  French 
colonists.  Bee  Algerian.  Hence  —  2.  A  pirate: 
from  the  fact  that  the  people  of  Algiers  were 
formerly  much  addicted  to  piracy. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
woolen  material  woven  in  stripes  of  bright  col- 
ors, and  often  with  gold  thread,  generally  too 
loose  and  soft  for  ordinary  wear,  and  made  into 
scarfs,  shawls,  and  the  like. 

algerite  (al'jer-it),  n.  [After  F.  Alger.']  A 
mineral  occurring  in  yellow  to  gray  tetragonal 
crystals  at  Franklin  Furnace,  New  Jersey.  It 
is  probably  an  altered  scapolite. 

algetic    (ai-jet'ik),   a.     [<  Gr.  as  if  "a/ly/rnKoc, 

<  a'/.yav,  have  pain.]  Producing  or  having  re- 
lation to  pain. 

algid  (al'jid),  a.  [<  L.  algidus,  cold,  <  algere, 
be  cold.]  Cold — Algid  cholera,  in  vathol.,  Asiatic 
cholera :  so  called  from  the  fact  that  diminution  of  tem- 
perature is  oTie  of  its  leading  characteristics. 

algidity  (al-jid'i-ti),  n.  [< algid  +  Aty.]  The 
state  of  being  algid;  chilliness;  coldness. 

algidness  (al  jid-nes),  n.    Same  as  algidity. 

algific  (al-jif 'ik),  a.  [<  L.  algifieus,  <  algus,  cold 
(K  algere,  be  cold),  +facere,  make.]  Producing 
cold. 

algist  (al'jist),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  +  -ist,~] 
A  student  of  that  department  of  botany  which 
relates  to  algae  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled  in 
algology. 

algodonite  (al-god'o-nit),  n.  [<  Algodones  (see 
def.)  +  -iti -.]  An  arsenid  of  copper  occurring 
in  steel-gray  masses,  allied  to  domeykite.  it 
is  found  at  the  silver-mine  of  Algodones,  near  Coquimbo, 
Chili 

algoid  (al'goid),  a.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  + 
-oid.]     Resembling  algsa. 

Algol  (al'gol  or  al-gol'),  n.  [Ar.,  the  demon.] 
A  pale  star  varying  in  magnitude  from  2.3  to 
4.0  in  a  period  of  2.89  days  ;  ft  Persei. 

algological  (al-go-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  algology  + 
-teal.]     Relating  or  pertaining  to  algology. 

algologist  (al-gol'o-jist),  n.  [<  algology  +  -ist] 
One  who  studies  algoe  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled 
in  algology ;  an  algist. 

algology  (al-gol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed. 
+  Gr.  -loyia,  <  /.iyviv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  A 
branch  of  botany  treating  of  algaj ;  phycology. 

Algonkin,  Algonquin  (al-gon'kin), «.    [Amer. 

Iud.  Algonquin  is  a  F.  spelling.]  Belonging  to 
an  important  and  widely  spread  family  of  North 
American  Indian  tribes,  formerly  inhabiting 
the  eastern  coast  from  Labrador  down  through 
the  Middle  States,  and  extending  westward 
across  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  even  into  the 
Rocky  mountains.  Some  of  its  principal  divisions  are 
the  New  England  Indians,  the  Delawares,  the  Ojibwes  or 
Chippewas,  and  the  Blackfeet. 

algor  (al'gor),  n.  [L.,  <  algere,  be  cold.]  In  pa- 
thol.,  an  unusual" feeling  of  coldness;  rigor  or 
chill  in  or  at  the  onset  of  fever. 

algorism  (al'go-rizm),  n.  [<  ME.  algorisme, 
algorism,  etc.,  also  contr.  algrim,  augrim,  etc., 

<  OF.  algorisme,  augorismc,  augorime  =  Pr.  algo- 
rismr  =  Sp.  alguarismo  (cf.  guarismo,  cipher)  = 
Pg.  It.  algorismo,  <  ML.  algorismus  (occasionally 
alchoarismus,  etc.),  the  Arabic  system  of  num- 
bers, arithmetic,  <  Ar.  al-Khoivdrazmi,  i.  e.,  the 
native  of  Khwdrazm  (Khiva),  surname  of  Abu 
Ja'far  Mohammed  ben  Musa,  an  Arabian  math- 
ematician, who  nourished  in  the  9th  century. 
His  work  on  algebra  was  translated  or  para- 
phrased into  Latin  early  in  the  13th  century, 
and  was  the  source  from  which  Europe  derived 
a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  numerals.  His  sur- 
name, given  in  the  Latin  paraphrase  as  Algorit- 
»ii,  came  to  be  applied  to  arithmetic  in  much  the 
same  way  that  "Euclid"  was  applied  to  geom- 
etry. The  spelling  algorithm,  Sp.  It.  algoritmo, 
Pg.  algorithmo,  ML.  algoriihmus,  etc.,  simulates 
Gr.  a/nd/idc,  number.]  1.  In  arith.,  the  Arabic 
system  of  notation ;  hence,  the  art  of  computa- 
tion with  the  Arabic  figures,  now  commonly 
called  arithmetic. 

If  ever  they  came  to  the  connected  mention  of  addition, 
subtraction,  multiplication,  ami  division,  it.  ought  to  have 
been  a  sign  that  tiny  were  reading  on  aluurisia  as  distin- 
guished from  arithmetic.     De  Morgan,  Arith.  Books,  xix. 

2.  Any  peculiar  method  of  computing,  as  the 
rule  for  finding  the  greatest  common  measure. 
— 3.  Any  method  of  notation :  as,  the  differen- 
tial algorism. 

Also  written  algorithm. 
algorismic   (al-go-riz'mik),  a.       [<  algorism  + 
-ic]      Pertaining  to  algorism;    arithmetical. 
iV.  E.  I).    Also  algorithmic. 


139 

algorist  (al'go-rist),  ».  [<  algorism  +  -ist.]  A 
computer  with  the  Arabic  figures;  an  arithme- 
tician; a  writer  on  algorism. 

The  Italian  Bchool  of  algoriats,  with  Pacioli  at  their 
bead,  found  followers  in  Germany,  England,  France,  and 
Spain.  DeMorgan,  Arith.  Books,  xxi 

algoristic  (al-go-ris'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Arabic  figures. 

algorithm  (al'go-riTHrn),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  algorism. 

algorithmic  (al-go-rmt'mik),  a.  1.  Same  as 
algorismic. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or  using  symbols: 
as,  algorithmic  logic. 

"Symbolic,"  as  1  understand  it,  being  almost  exactly 
the  equivalent  of  algorithmic. 

J.  Venn,  Symbolic  Logic,  p.  OS. 
Algorithmic  geometry,  Wrenskis  name  for  analytical 
geometry.     Seldom  used  by  writers  of  authority. 

algous  (al'gus),  a.  [<  L.  algosus,  abounding  in 
seaweed,  <  alga,  a  seaweed:  see  alga.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  algaa  or  seaweeds; 
abounding  with  seaweed. 

algrimt,  ".    A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 

alguazil  (al-gwa-zel'),  '<•  [<  Sp.  alguacil,  for- 
merly alguazil,  a/nail,  —  Pg.  alguazil,  formerly 
alvasU,  alvacil,  also  alvazir,  alvaeir,  an  officer 
of  justice  (cf.  guazil,  governor  of  a  sea-town), 
<  Ar.  al-wazir,  <  al,  the  (see  al-2),  +  wazir,  offi- 
cer, vizir:  see  vizir.]  In  Spain,  and  in  regions 
settled  by  Spaniards,  an  inferior  officer  of  jus- 
tice ;  a  constable. 

The  corregidor  .  .  .  has  ordered  this  alguazil  to  appre- 
hend you.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  v.  1. 
There  were  instances  in  which  men  of  the  most  vener- 
able dignity,  persecuted  without  a  cause  by  extortioners, 
died  of  rage  and  shame  in  the  gripe  of  the  vile  alguazils 
of  Impey.                                Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

algum  (al'gum),  n.  A  tree,  in  the  time  of  Solo- 
mon and  Hiram,  growing  on  Mount  Lebanon, 
along  with  cedar-  and  fir-trees,  sought  for  the 
construction  of  the  temple ;  according  to  both 
the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions,  the  pine. 
It  was  not  identical  with  the  almug-tree,  which 
was  brought  from  Ophir.     See  almug. 

Send  me  also  cedar  trees,  fir  trees,  and  algum  trees,  out 
of  Lebanon.  2  i  hrou.  ii.  S. 

alhacena  (al-a-tha'nii),  n.  [Sp.,<Ar.  ?]  A  cup- 
board or  recess  of  stucco,  decorated  in  the  Moor- 
ish or  Spanish  style.  A  magnificent  specimen  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  London,  comes  from  Toledo 
in  Spain,  and  is  of  the  style  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

Alhagi  (al-haj'i),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  al-haj  (Avi- 
cenna),  the  camel's-thorn.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants  of  several  reputed  species,  but 
all  probably  forms  of  one,  ranging  from  Egypt 
and  Greece  to  India.  A.  eamelorwm  is  a  rigid  spiny 
shrub,  the  leaves  and  branches  of  which  exude  a  species 
of  manna.  This  is  collected  in  considerable  quantity  in 
Persia  for  food  and  for  exportation  to  India;  camels  are 
very  fond  of  it. 

Alhambraic  (al-ham-bra'ik),  a.  [<  Alhambra 
(<  Ar.  al-liamra',  lit.  the  red  (house),  with  refer- 
ence to  the  color  of  the  sun-dried  bricks  which 


compose  the  outer  walls,  <  al,  the,  +  ham  in'. 
fern,  of  alimar,  red)  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or 
built  or  decorated  after  the  manner  of  the  Al- 
hambra,  a  Moorish  palace  and  fortress  near 
Granada  in  Spain,  erected  during  the  thirteenth 
and  the  first  part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
the  finest  existing  specimen  of  Moorish  archi- 
tecture ;  in  the  style  of  the  Alhambra.  The  style 
of  decoration  characteristic  of  the  Alhambra  is  remark- 
able for  the  elaborate  variety  and  complexity  of  its  details, 


alien 

which  arc  somewhat  small  in  scale,  but  fancifully  varied 
I  brilliant  with  color  and  gilding, 

Alhambresque  (al-ham-bresk'),  a.  [iAIhnm- 
bra  +  -esque.]  Resembling  the  Alhambra,  or 
the  style  of  ornamentation  peculiar  to  the  Al- 
hambra.    See  Alhambraic. 

alhenna  (al-hen'ij ),  ».    Same  as  henna. 

alhidade,  n.    See  alidade. 

alias  (a'li-as),  adv.  [L.  alias,  at  anothertime; 
in  post-Augustan  period,  a1   another  tit r 

place,    elsewhere,    under   other  circumstl s, 

otherwise;  fern.  ace.  pi.  (of.  E.  else,  a  iron. 
sing,  form,  from  same  original)  of  alius,  other: 
see  alien.]  At  another  time;  in  another  place; 
in  other  circumstances;  otherwise.     It  is  used 

Chiefly  in  judicial  proceedings  to  connect   the   <lilb  r.  nt 

na s  assumed  by  a  person  who  attempts  t<>  conceal  bis 

true  name  and  pass  under  a  fictitious  one  :  thus,  Simpson 
alias  Smith  means  a  person  calling  himself  at  one  time 
or  one  place  Smith,  at  another  Simpson. 

alias  (a'li-as),  n. ;  pi.  aliases (-ez).    1.  [(alias, 

adv.]    An  assumed  name  ;  another  name. 

Outcasts  .  .  .  forced  to  assume  every  week  new  aliases 
and  new  disguises.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

Most  [Moslem]  women  when  travelling  adopt  an  alias. 
R.  F.  Burl,,, i,  LI  Medinah,  p.  420. 

2.  [From  words  in  the  writ,  Sicut  alias  prm- 
cipimus,  as  we  at  another  time  command.]  In 
law,  a  second  writ  or  execution  issued  when 
the  first  has  failed  to  serve  its  purpose.  Also 
used  adjectively :  as,  an  alias  execution. 
alibi  (al'i-bi),  adv.  [L.,  elsewhere,  in  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  -hi,  related  to  E.  by,  q.  v.] 
In  law,  elsewhere  ;  at  another  place. 

The  prisoner  bad  little  to  say  in  his  defence ;  be  endea- 
voured to  prove  himself  alibi. 

Arbuthiwt,  Hist.  John  Bull,  ii. 

alibi  (al'i-bi),  «.  [<  alibi,  adv.]  1.  Inlaw,  a  plea 
of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the  time  an  offense 
is  alleged  to  have  been  committed.  Hence  —  2. 
The  fact  or  state  of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the 
time  specified:  as,  he  attempted  to  prove  an  alibi. 

alibility  (al-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  alibilite,  <  L. 
nlilulis :  see  alible  and  -hility.]  The  capacity  of 
a  nutritive  substance  for  absorption;  assimila- 
tiveness.     K.  E.  D. 

alible  (al'i-bl),  a.  [<  L.  alibilis,  nutritive,<  alere, 
nourish:  see  aliment.]     Nutritive. 

alicant  (al'i-kant),  n.  [<  Alicante,  a  town  in 
Spain,  whence  the  wine  is  exported.]  A  strong, 
sweet,  dark-colored  Spanish  wine.  Formerly 
written  aligant,  alligant,  allegant,  etc. 

alichel  (al'i-shel),  n.  [Orig.  a  misreading,  in 
a  black-letter  book,  of  alicbel,  <  Ar.  al-iqbiil,  < 
al,  the,  +  iqbal,  advancement,  progress.]  In 
aslrol.,  the  situation  of  a  planet  on  or  follow- 
ing an  angle. 

alictisal  (al-ik-ti'zal),  u.  [<  Ai-.  al-ittical,  <  al, 
the,  +  ittical,  contact,  conjunction  of  planets, 

<  wagala,  join.]  In  astro!.,  the  conjunction  of 
two  planets  moving  in  the  same  direction,  and 
one  overtaking  the  other. 

alicula  (a-lik'u-lii),  h.  [L.,  dim.  of  ala,  wing, 
perhaps  because  it  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  (ala).]  In  Horn,  antiq.,  a  short  upper  gar- 
ment, like  a  cape,  worn  by  hunters,  country- 
men, and  boys. 

alidade  (al'i-dad),  n.  [Also aliilail ;<F.  alidade 
=  Sp.  alhidada,  alidada  =Pg.  alidada,  alidade, 

<  ML.  alhidada,  <  Ar.  ul-'idddah,  the  revolving 
radius  of  a  graduated  circle,  <  al,  the  (see  al--), 
+  'aclad,  'adid,  'adud,  the  upper  arm,  which  re- 
volves in  its  socket.]  1.  A  movable  arm  pass- 
ing over  a  graduated  circle,  and  carrying  a 
vernier  or  an  index:  an  attachment  of  many  in- 
struments for  measuring  angles.  See  cut  under 
sextant. 

The  astrolabe  [used  by  Vaseo  da  Gama}  was  a  metal  cir- 
cle graduated  round  the  edge,  with  a  limb  called  the  n[- 
hidadafixecl  to  a  pin  in  the  centre,  and  working  round 
the  graduated  circle.  Bncyc  Brit.,  X.  181. 

2.  A  straight-edge  carrying  a  telescope:  an  at- 
tachment of  the  plane-table  for  transferring  to 
paper  the  direction  of  any  object  from  the  sta- 
tion occupied. 
Also  written  alhidade. 

alie1  (a'li),  v.  t.  [Shetland  dial.,  <  Ieel.  alan, 
nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  nourish,  grow:  see  all 
and  aliment."]  To  cherish ;  nurse :  pet.  Edmond- 
ston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie1  (a'li),  n.  [<  «i/<l,  )'•]  A  pet;  a  favorite. 
Edmondston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie2t,  ''•  t-     A  former  spelling  of  ally1. 

alien  (al'yen),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aliene,  alinit,  aliant,  alliant,  <  ME.  alien,  alyen, 
alyene,  aliente,  aliaunt,  etc.,<  OF.  alien,  allien,  < 
L.  alienus,  belongingto  another,  <  alius,  another, 
akin  to  E.  else.]  I.  a.  1.  Residing  under  an- 
other government  or  in  another  country  than 


alien 

that  of  one's  birth,  and  not  having  rights  of  alienage  (al'yen-aj), 
citizenship  in  such  place  of  residence :  as,  the 

alien  population;  an  alien  condition. — 2.  For- 
eign ;  not  belonging  to  one's  own  nation. 

The  veil  of  alien  speech. 

0.  II'.  Holmes,  Chinese  Embassy. 

Tin'  sad  heart  oi  Ruth,  when,  Bick  for  home, 
She  stuoil  in  tears  amid  ■  n. 

Keats,  "ile  to  Nightingale. 

3.  Wholly  different  in  nature;  estranged;  ad- 
verse; hostile:  used  with  to  or  from. 

The  thing  at  alien  from  .  .  .  [the  Protector's]  clear 

intellect  and  bis  commanding  spirit  was  petto  persecution. 
Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

It  is  difficult  to  trace  the  origin  of  sentiments  so  alun 
to  our  own  way  of  thought 

./.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  vi. 

Alien  egg,  in  arnith.,  the  egg  of  a  cuckoo,  cow-bird,  or 
other  parasitic  Bpecies,  dropped  in  the  nest  of  another 
bird.— Alien  enemy.  See  enemy.— Alien  friend.  See 
Jen  nil.  —Alien  good,  in  ethics,  a  good  not  under  one's 
own  control.— Allen  water,  any  stream  o1  water  carried 
across  an  irrigated  field  or  meadow,  but  not  employed  in 
the  system  of  irrigation.     Imi>.  Diet. 

II.  n.  1.  A  foreigner;  one  born  in  or  belong- 
ing to  another  country  who  has  not  acquired 
citizenship  by  naturalization ;  one  who  is  not 
a  denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citi- 
zen. In  France  a  child  born  of  residents  who  are  not 
citizens  is  an  alien.  In  the  United  states,  as  in  Great 
Britain,  children  born  and  remaining -within  the  country, 
though  born  of  alien  parents,  are,  according  to  the  better 
opinion,  natural-born  citizens  or  subjects  ;  and  the  children 
of  citizens  or  subjects,  though  born  in  other  countries,  are 
generally  deemed  natural-born  citizens  or  subjects,  and  if 
they  become  resident  are  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resi- 
dent citizens ;  but  they  also  may,  when  of  full  age,  make 
declaration  of  alienage.     See  eiii:<  n. 

When  the  Roman  jurists  applied  their  experience  of 
Roman  citizens  to  dealings  between  citizens  and  aliens, 
showing  by  the  difference  of  their  actions  that  they  re- 
garded the  circumstances  as  essentially  different,  they  laid 
the  foundations  of  that  great  structure  which  has  guided 
the  social  progress  of  Europe. 

W.  A".  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  160. 

2.  A  stranger.     [Rare.] 

An  alien  to  the  hearts 
Of  all  the  court,  and  princes  of  my  blood. 


140 

n.      [<  alien  +  -age.]     1. 
The  state  of  "being  an  alien ;  the  legal  standing 
of  an  alien. 
Why  restore  estates  forfeitable  on  account  of  alienage  > 

Story. 

I  do  hereby  order  and  proclaim  that  no  plea  of  alienage 
will  in-  received,  or  allowed  to  exempt  from  the  obligation 
imposed  by  the  aforesaid  Ai  t  oi  Congress  auj  person  of 
ion  ign  birth  who  shall  have  declared  on  oath  his  inten- 
tion to  Income  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  370. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated  or  transferred 
to  another;  alienation.     [Rare.] 


alight 
alienee  (al-yen-e'),  n.    [<  alien,  v.,  +  -ec1.] 


One 


tu  whom  tlio  title  to  property  is  transferred:  us, 
"if  the  alien* *  enters  and  keeps  possession," 
Black-stain . 

aliener  (al'yen-er),  n.    Same  as  alienor. 

alien-house    (al'yen-hous),   n.      Formerly,  in 
England,  a  priory  or  other  religious  house  I" 
longing  in  foreign  ecclesiastics,  or  under  their 
control.     Encyc.  lint..  II.  459. 

alienigenate  (al-yen-ij'e-nat),  a.  [<  L.  alicni- 
genus,  foreign-born  (<  aliettns.  foreign,  alien,  + 
-genus,  -born),  +  -ate1.]    Alien-born.   R.  V.  Il'iu- 

The  provinces  were  treated  in  a  far  more  harsh  manner  „i;„_;'        <5v_.„  :_„\    „       r<  alien  +  -ism  1      1 
an  tl„  Italian  states,  even  in  the  latter  period  of  their  alienism  (al  >  en-izm),  n.      [<.  alien  f  -Ism.]      1. 

The  state  ot  being  an  alien. 

The  law  was  very  gentle  in  the  construction  of  the  dis- 
ability of  alienism.  Chancellor  Kent. 
2.  The  study  and  treatment  of  mental  dis- 
eases. 

alienist  (al'yen-ist),  n.  [<  alien  +  -is*.]  One 
engaged  in  the  scientific  study  or  treatment  of 
mental  diseases. 

He  (John  Locke]  looked  at  insanity  rather  too  superfi- 
cially for  a  practical  alienist. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  114. 

alienor  (al'yen-pr),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  alienour, 

<  AF.  alienor,  "alienour  =  OF.  alieneur,  <  ML. 
"alienator:  see  alienator.']  One  who  transfers 
property  to  another.     Also  written  aliener. 

aliethmoid  (al-i-eth'moid),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  ala, 
a  wing,  +  E.  ethmoid.]  I.  ti.  The  lateral  part 
or  wing  of  the  ethmoidal  region  of  the  orbito- 
nasal cartilage  in  the  skull  of  an  embryonic 
bird. 

The  hinder  region  or  aliethmoid  is  the  true  olfactory  re- 
gion. W.  K.  Parker. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aliethmoid:  as,  the 
aliethmoid  region;  an  aliethmoid  cartilage. 

alietyt  (a-U'e-ti),  «.  [<ML.  alietas,  <  L.  alius, 
other.]    The  state  of  being  different ;  otherness. 


than  the  Italian  s 

alienage.  Brougham. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  v.  .. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alien- 
ated, ppr.  alienating.  [<  L.  alienatus,  pp.  of 
aUenare,  make  alien,  estrange:   see  alien,  v.] 

1.  To  transfer  or  convey,  as  title,  property,  or 
other  right,  to  another:  as,  to  alienate  lands 
or  sovereignty. 

He  must  have  tin- consent  of  the  electors  when  he  would 
alienate  or  mortgage  anything  belonging  to  the  empire. 
Goldsmith,  Seven  Years"  War,  iv. 

Led  blindfold  thus 
By  love  of  what  he  thought  his  flesh  and  blood 
To  alienate  his  all  in  her  behalf. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  117. 

2.  To  repel  or  turn  away  in  feeling;  make  in- 
different or  averse,  where  love  or  esteem  be- 
fore subsisted ;  estrange :  with  from  before  the 
secondary  object. 

He  [Pausanias]  alienated,  by  his  insolence,  all  who  might 
have  served  or  protected  him. 

Maeaulaii,  Mitford's  Greece. 

The  recollection  of  his  former  life  is  a  dream  that  only 
the  more  alienates  him  from  the  realities  of  the  present. 

Is.  Taylor. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  deliver  over,  surrender,  give  up.— 2.  To  dis- 

alfect. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  alienatus 


pTa-bove^ ^e pp1:  s^e.]    *  a.  In 'asVat'e  alifet  (adlf),  ad,     [Appar.  <  «3  +  life,  as  ate 

rr  •  "'  ..J  ,      f*^  J  *QQ  oup's  l,fp  >  l-,ut  riuvlm.ns  orip*.    duo   to   lietA 


of  alienation;  estranged 


life,'  but  perhaps  orig.  due  to  lit/.] 


Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

Who  can  not  have  been  altogether  an  alien  from  the  re- 
searches of  your  lordship.  Landor. 

Alien  Act.  (a)  See  alien  and  sedition  laws,  below.  (b) 
An  English  statute  of  1S36  (u  and  7  Wm.  IV.  c.  11)  provid- 
ing for  the  registration  of  aliens;  and  one  of  1844(7  and 
8  Vict.  c.  60)  allowing  aliens  from  friendly  nations  to  hold 
real  and  personal  property  for  purposes  of  residence,  and 
resident  aliens  to  become  naturalized,  (e)  An  English  statute 
of  1347  (10  and  11  Vict.  e.  S3)  concerning  naturalization.— 
Alien  and  sedition  laws,  a  series  of  laws  adopted  by  the 
United  states  government  in  1798,  during  a  controversy 
with  Prance  in  regard  to  which  the  country  was  violently 
agitated.  They  included  three  alien  acts,  the  second  and 
most  famous  of  which  (1  Stat.  n7u)  conferred  power  on  the 
President  to  order  out  of  the  country  such  aliens  as  he 
might  reasonably  suspect  of  secret  machinations  against 
tin  government  or  judge  dangerous  to  its  peace.  It  ex- 
pired by  limitation  in  two  years.  The  sedition  law  was  a 
stringent  act  against  seditious  conspiracy  and  libel,  chiefly 
aimed  at  obstructive  opposition  to  the  proceedings  of  gov- 
ernment and  libelous  or  seditious  publications  in  regard 
to  them.  These  laws  bad  little  effect  besides  that  of  over- 
throwing the  Federal  party,  which  was  held  responsible 
for  them, 
alien  (aTyen),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  alienen,  ali/enen,  < 
OF.  aliener,  moil.  F.  aliener  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
alienor  =  It.  alienare,  <  L.  alienarc,  make  alien, 
estrange,  <  alienus,  alien:  see  alien,  a.]  1.  To 
transfer  or  convey  to  another;  make  over  the 
possession  of:  as,  to  alien  a  title  or  property. 
In  this  souse  also  written  aliene. 

.i/e  n  the  gleabe,  [ntaile  it  to  thy  loines, 

MarsUm,  w  int  •>  ou  will,  ii.  l. 
ii  th,  jon  alien  lands,  and  then  repurchase  them  again 
cents  are  to  i"  observed, as  if  he 
the  original  purchaser. 

Sir  M.  llnh,  1 1  ist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

Had   they,  like  liim   [Charles    [.],  for  c, I  and  valuable 

consi'i  aed  their  hurl  ml  pri  rogativi 

Uacaula   ,  Conv.  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

2.  To  make  averse  or  indifferent  ;  turn  the  af- 
fections or  inclinations  of  ;  alienate;  estrange. 
i !,,  prince  was  totally  alii  ru  i  from  all  thoughts  of,  or 
inclination  t",  the  marriage.  I  larendon. 

I'm  try  1i:i   I  ■  Tied  from  tile  people    l'\    He     I 

i. ,i,i i    ,,,,,      ,,i  .in  Upper  House  of  vocabli    alone  entitled 

i ve  in  tie-  stately  ceremonials  o! 

Low  11,  Ane,  B     kg,  1st  scr.,  p.  157. 

alienability  (a  1  yen-a  bil'i-ti), ■».     [(.alienable, 

after  P.  alienabilite.]     The  state  or  quality  of 

being  alienable;  tin  i  of  Iningulienated 

in'  i  ransferred. 

The  at ibUityat  the  domain.     Burke, Works, HI.  316. 

alienable  (al'yen-a-bl),  it.  [<  alien,  v.,  +  -able, 
after  F.  alienable.']  That  may  1»'  alienated; 
eapable  of  being  sold  or  transferred  to  another: 
as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  the  laws  of  the 
state. 


0  alienate  from  God,  O  spirit  accursed  I 

Milton,  P.  L., 


as  one  s 
Dearly. 

A  clean  instep, 
And  that  I  love  ali/e ! 

Fletcher,  M.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

aliferOUS  (a-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
ferre  =  E.  bear1'.']     Having  wings. 

aliform  (al'i-form),  a.  [<L.  ala,  wing,  +  -for- 
mis,  (.forma,  shape.]  Having  the  shape  of  a 
wing  or  wings:  in  anat.,  applied  to  the  ptery- 
goid processes  and  the  muscles  associated  with 
them.     Bee  pterygoid.     [Rare.] 

aligantt  (al'i-gan't),  n.  An  old  form  of  alicarit. 
uare,  pp.  a  una  I, is,  alien:  see  alien,  v.,  ami  alien-  ,5*^  (a.iij'e_rus),  a.  [<  L.  aUger,  bearing 
ate,  v.]     The  act  ot  alienating,  or  the  state  of    ^e^  <  ^   -^j^  +'  gmrCj   be.u.  -j 


The  Whigs  are  .  .  .  wholly  alienate  from  truth. 

Swift,  Misc. 
II. t  n.  A  stranger;  an  alien. 
Whosoever  eateth  the  lamb  without  this  house,  he  is  an 
alienate.  Stapleton,  Fortresse  of  the  Faith,  fol.  148. 

alienated  (al'yen-a-ted),  p.  a.    Mentally  astray; 

demented. 
alienation  (al-yen-a'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alijenacion, 

■eyon,<  OF.  alienation, "<.  L.  alienatio(n-),<,  alie- 


being  alienated,    (a)  In  law,  a  transfer  of  the  title  t 
property  by  one  person  to  another,  by  conveyance,  as  dis-      H  'ex- 
tinguished from  inheritance.     A  devise  of  real  property  is  ailgnt  t  ta-lll  ;,  (.  1. 
regarded  as  an  alienation. 

In  some  cases  the  consent  of  all  the  heirs,  collateral  as 
well  as  descendant,  had  to  be  obtained  before  an  aliena- 
tion could  be  made. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  p.  74. 

(It)  The  diversion  of  lands  from  ecclesiastical  to  secular 

ill  liel'sllip. 

The  word  alienation  has  acquired  since  the  Reformation 
the  almost  distinctive  meaning  of  the  diversion  of  lands 
from  ecclesiastical  or  religious  to  secular  ownership. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 
(c)  A  withdrawing  or  an  estrangement,  as  of  feeling  or 
the  affections. 

Alienation  of  heart  from  the  king.  Bacon. 

We  keep  apart  when  we  have  quarrelled,  express  our- 
selves in  well-bred  phrases,  and  in  this  way  preserve  a 
dignified  alienation.    George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  5. 

She  seemed,  also,  conscious  of  a  cause,  to  me  unknown, 
for  the  gradual  alienation  of  my  regard. 

Poc,  Tales,  I.  471. 

(</)  Deprivation,  or  partial  deprivation,  of  mental  faculties; 
derangement  ;  insanity. 

If  a  person  of  acknowledged  probity  and  of  known  pu- 

ritj  oi  life  were  suddenly  to  do  something  grosslyii ral, 

and  it  were  impossible  to  discover  any  motive  for  his 
trauge  and  aberrant  deed,  we  should  ascribe  it  to  an 
ali  nation  of  nature,  and  say  that  he  must  be  mad 

Maudsley,  Bodj  and  Will,  p.  10. 

alienation-office  (al-yen-a'shon-of  is),  n.    An 

office  in  1> Ion,  at  which  persons  resorting  In 

the  judicial  processes  of  flue  and  recovery  for 
the  conveyance  of  lands  were  required  to  pre- 
sent their" writs,  and  submit  to  the  payment  of 
fees  called  the  prerfine  and  the  postfint . 
alienator  (al'yen-a-tor),  ».  (=  P.  aliinateur,  < 
ML.  Din  inline,  <  L.  aiienare,  pp,  alienatus,  alien- 
ate: Bee  alien,  v.]  1.  One  who  alienates  or 
transfers  property. —  2.  A  thief.  [Humorous.] 
To  one  like  Ella,  whose  treasures  are  rather  eased  in 
leather  covers  than  closed  in  iron  coffers,  there  is  a  class 
ol  alienators  more  formidable  than  that  which  I  have 
ton,  bed  upon  ;   I  mean  your  borrowers  of  books. 

Lamb,  Two  Races  of  Men. 

aliene  (al-yea'),  v.  t.    Same  as  alien,  1. 


Having 

[<ME.  alighten,  alyghten, 
aligten,  altjzten,  alihten,  alyhten,<  (1)  AS.  dlihtan 
(OHG.  arliuhtan,  MHG.  erliuhten,  G.eileuehteii), 
light,  illuminate,  <  a-,  E.  o-l,  +  lihtan.'E.  litjlil1. 
».:  (_)  AS.  onlihtan,  light,  illuminate,  <  on-,  E. 
c-2,  +  Uhlan,  E.  litjlin,  v. ;  (ii)  AS.  gelihtan,  <jc- 
lyhtan,  light,  give  light  to,  illuminate,  intr.  be- 
come light,  <  gc-,  E.  it-6,  +  lihtan,  E.  light*-,  0. '. 
see  a-1,  a-2,  a-6,  and  light1,  v.,  and  ef.  alighten1, 
enlighten,  lighten1;  see  also  alight1,  p.  a.]  1. 
To  light;  light  up;  illuminate.— 2.  Toset  light 
to;  light  (a  tire,  lamp,  etc.). 
Having  .  .  .  alighted  his  lamp. 

,s7,,  lt„n,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote.    (N.  E.  D.) 

alight1  (a-lif),  P-  a.,  or  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 


KME.aUght.itli.-l.iililil  ( early  mod.  E.uligh  ted). 
<  AS.  *dli'hted,  pp.  of  dlihtan,  E.  alight1,  v.,  q.  v. ; 
but  now  regarded  as  parallel  to  afire,  ablaze, 
etc,  <  a3  +  light1,  n.]  Provided  with  light; 
lighted  up;  illuminated. 

The  chapel  was  scarcely  alight. 

Thackeray,  Four  Georges  (1862),  p.  109.    (JV.  S.  D.) 

Set 
The  lamps  alight,  and  call 
For  golden  music.       Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 

alight2t  (a-lif).  v.  t.  [<ME.  alighten,  aligten, 
alihten,  <  AS.  gelihtan  {=Vm.i.  gelthlen),  lighten, 
mitigate,  <</<-,  E.  «-c,  +  lihtan,  V).  light",  . . :  sec 
a  6,  liiiht",' ...  and  ef.  altghlrii",  lighten2.]  To 
make  light  or  less  heavy;  lighten;  alleviate. 

She  weiidc  to  alno/it  her  euvlle  ami  her  Mine. 

Caxtnn.  O.  de  la    lour.     (.V.   A'.  /).) 

alight1'  (a-lif),  v.  i.\  pret.  and  pp.  alighted  (obs. 
pp.  alight),  ppr.  ahghting.  \<  ME.  alighten, 
alyghten,  aligten,  alygten,  <  (1)  As.  dlihtuti  (oc- 
curring luil  once,  in  a  gloss:  "Dissilio,  Ic  of 
dhhle,"  lit.  'I  alight  oil"),  <  a-,  E.  o-1,  +  lihtan, 
E.  Ughft;  (-)  AS.  gelihtan,  alight,  dismount, 
come  down,  <  ge-,  E.  «-",  +  lihtan,  E.  lights :  see 
a-i,  '<-",  and  lighft,  and  ef.  alighten*  and  light- 
en3.]  1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as  from 
horseback  or  from  a  carriage ;  dismount. 


alight 

We  pass'd  along  the  coast  by  a  very  rocky  and  nigged 
way,  which  forc'd  us  to  aliyht  many  times  before  we  came 
to  Havre  de  tlraec.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1644. 

2.  To  settle  or  lodge  after  descending:  as,  a  bird 
alights  on  a  tree ;  snow  alights  on  a  roof. 

Truly  spake  Mohammed  el  Damiri,  "Wisdom  hath 
aloilit>'<t  upon  three  things  —  the  brain  of  the  Franks,  the 
hands  of  the  Chinese,  and  the  tonguea  of  the  Arabs." 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  333. 

Whether  insects  alight  on  the  leaves  by  mere  chance,  is 
a  resting-place,  or  are  attracted  by  the  odour  uf  the  Becre- 
tion,  1  know  not  Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  17. 

3.  To  fall  (upon);  come  (upon)  accidentally, 
or  without  design;  light:  as,  to  «%/(/  rai  a  par- 
ticular passage  in  a  book,  or  on  a  particular 
fact :  to  alight  on  a  rare  plant. 

alightenH  (a-ll'tn),  v.  t.  [<  alight*  +  -enX.  Cf. 
tighten^,  enlighten.]    To  make  light;  illuminate. 

alighten2t  (a-li'tn),  v.  t.  [<  alight*  +  -en*.  Cf. 
lighten*.]  To  make  light  or  less  heavy;  re- 
duce the  weight  or  burden  of;  lighten. 

alighten3t  (a-li'tn),  v.  i.  [<  alights  +  -e»i.  Cf. 
lighten3.]     To  alight;  dismount. 

align,  alignment,  alignement.  See  aline2, 
alinement. 

aligreek  (al-i-grek'),  n.  [Corruption  of  F.  a 
hi  grecque,  or  It.  <ill<i  greca,  in  the  Greek  (fash- 
ion).]    Same  as  d-la-grecqtie.     [Rare.] 

alike  (a-Hk'),  a.  [<  ME.  alike,  alyke,  and  assib- 
ilated  ali/clie,  alecltc,  with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 
n-G  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being — (I)  Hik, 
Hike,  ylike,  ylyk,  ylyke,  elik,  and  assibilated 
ilich,  iliclie,  ylieli,  yliche,  yleche,  earliest  ME. 
■  '  lie,  <  AS.  gclic  =  OS.  qilil;  =  OFries.  gelik, 
usually  Ilk,  =  OD.  glielijck,  D.  gclijk  =  OHG. 
galih,  gilih,  gelilt,  glih,  MHG.  gelieh,  illicit,  G. 
git Hell  =  Icel.  i/likr,  mod.  likr  =  Sw.  life  =  Dan. 
lig  =  Goth. gateiks,  like,  similar,  alike,  lit.  'hav- 
ing a  corresponding  body  or  form,'  <  ga-  (=  AS. 
ge-),  together,  indicating  collation  or  compari- 
son, +  leik  =  AS.  lie,  E.  like*,  licit  (in  comp.  like- 
wake  =  lieh-wake,  lich-gate,  q.  v.),  body;  (2) 
alike,  alyke  (in  adv.  also  alike,  olyke),  earlier 
with  prefix  an-,  accented,  anlike,  anlyke,  and 
assibilated  anlieh,  onlieli,  <  AS.  antic,  anlic  = 
OD.  aenlijck  =  OHG.  *analih,  anagilih,  MHG. 
aneliclt,  G.  ahnttch  =  Icel.  ahkr  =  Goth.  *ana- 
leiks  (in  adv.  analciko),  like,  similar,  lit.  'on-ly,' 
having  dependence  on,  relation  to,  similarity 
to,  <  ana  (AS.  an,  on,  E.  on)  +  -leiks,  AS.  -lie, 
E.  -///!,  a  suffix  used  here  somewhat  as  in  other 
relational  adjectives  (Goth,  swaleiks,  AS.  swile, 
Sc.  sic,  E.  such,  Goth,  hwileiks,  hweleiks,  AS. 
Incite,  8c.  wliilk,  E.  which,  etc.),  being  the  norm, 
Goth,  leik,  AS.  lie,  body,  used  as  a  relational 
suffix.  That  is,  E.  alike  represents  ME.  alike, 
Hike,  AS.  gelic,  with  prefix  ge-  and  accented 
base  lie,  mixed  with  or  having  absorbed  ME. 
alike,  olike,  anlike,  AS.  anlic,  with  accented  base 
on,  on,  and  suffix  -lie.  The  adv.  alike  follows 
the  adj.  The  adj.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a 
mod.  abbrev.  of  alike,  the  latter  form  remaining 
chiefly  in  the  predicative  use ;  there  is  no  AS. 
adj.  *lic,  as  commonly  cited.  See  fl-6,  a-2,  and 
like*,  like2,  like3.]  Having  resemblance  or 
similitude;  similar;  having  or  exhibiting  no 
marked  or  essential  difference.  Alike  is  now  only 
archaically  used  attributively,  and  is  regularly  predicated 
of  a  plural  subject.  It  was  also  formerly  used  in  phrases 
where  the  modern  idiom  requires  tike.  See  tike1. 
The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  thee. 

Ps.  exxxix.  12. 
In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms  alike  the  rest. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 
His  [Clifford's]  associates  were  men  to  whom  all  creeds 
ami  all  constitutions  were  alike. 

Macautay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

alike  (a-llk'),  ado.  [<  ME.  alike,  alyke,  and  as- 
sibilated aliehe,  alyclte,  with  prefix  a- repr.  both 
a-6  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being  —  (1)  Hike, 
ylike,  ylyke,  dike,  elyke,  assibilated  iliclie,  ilyche, 
yliche,  ylyche,  cliche,  earliest  --dice,  <  AS.  gelice 
=  OS.  giliko  =  OFries.  like,  lik  =  OD.  glielijck, 
D.  gclijk  =  OHG.  gilieho,  glicho,  MHG.  geliche, 
gliche,  gliclt,  G.  gleich  =  Icel.  glika,  mod.  lika  = 
Sw.  lika  =  Dan.  lige  =  Goth,  galeiko,  adv. ;  (2) 
alike,  alyke,  olike,  olyke,  earlier  with  prefix  an-, 
accented  (* anlike  not  recorded  as  adv.),  <  AS. 
anlice  =  G.  ahnlich  =  Icel.  Sitka  =  Goth,  ana- 
leiko, adv.,  the  forms  being  like  those  of  the  adj., 
with  the  adverbial  suffix,  Goth.  -6,  AS.  -e.  The 
adv.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a  mod.  abbrev. 
of  alike,  adv.  See  alike,  a.]  In  the  same  man- 
ner, form,  or  degree;  in  common;  equally;  both. 
The  highest  heaven  of  wisdom  is  alike  near  from  every 
point,  and  thou  must  find  it,  if  at  all,  by  methods  native 
to  thyself  alone.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

Inexperienced  politicians  .  .  .  conceived  that  the  theory 
of  the  Tory  Opposition  and  the  practice  of  Walpole's 
Government  were  alike  inconsistent  with  the  principles 
of  liberty.  Macautay,  William  Pitt. 


141 

alike-mindedt  (a-lik'min"ded),  a.  Having  the 
same  mind;  like-minded,  lip.  Hall,  Remains, 
p.  82. 

aiim  (a'lem),  n.     [Ar.  'dlim,  'dlim,   learned,  < 
'nlania,  know.     Cf.  alcm,  almalt.]     Among  Mo- 
hammedans, a  learned  man ;  a  religious  teacher, 
such  as  an  imam,  a  mufti,  etc. 
The  railing  ,  if  an  .Hint  is  no  longer  worth  much  in  Egypt. 
/(.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  '•>::. 

Alima  (al'i-mii),  n.  [NL.,  for  Halima,  <  Gr. 
«////!«;,  of  the  sea.]  A  spurious  genus  of  crus- 
taeeans,  representing  a  stage  of  stomatopodous 
crustaceans,  for  which  the  term  is  still  in 
use. 

In  the  Alima  type  of  development  [of  Stomatopoda],  it 
seems  that  the  young  leaves  the  egg  in  nearly  the  Mima 
form,  and  in  the  youngest  stage  known  the  six  appendages, 
eight  to  thirteen,  are  absent,  although  three  of  the  cor- 
responding segments  of  the  body  are  developed. 

Stand.  Sni.  Hist,  II.  06. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aliment,  < 
F.  aliment,  <  L.'  alimentum,  food,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish, =  Goth,  alcm,  be  nourished,  aljan,  nourish, 
fatten,  =  Icel.  ala,  beget,  bear,  nourish,  sup- 
port; cf.  «//(i,  and  alt,  all,  and  old.]  1.  That 
which  nourishes  or  sustains;  food;  nutriment; 
sustenance ;  support,  whether  literal  or  figura- 
tive. 

Those  elevated  meditations  which  are  the  proper  ali- 
meni  of  noble  souls.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  30. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  sum  paid  for  support  to 
any  one  entitled  to  claim  it,  as  the  dole  given 
to  a  pauper  by  his  parish. 

The  aliment  was  appointed  to  continue  till  the  majority 
or  marriage  of  the  daughters.  Erskine,  Institutes. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  v.  t.    [<  ML.  alimentare, 

<  L.  alimentum  :  sec  aliment,  it.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  means  of  sustenance;  purvey  to;  support: 
generally  in  a  figurative  sense:  as,  to  aliment 
a  person's  vanity. 

And  that  only  to  sustain  and  aliment  the  small  frailty 
of  their  humanity.  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  31. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  to  maintain  or  support,  as  a 
person  unable  to  support  himself:  used  espe- 
cially of  the  support  of  children  by  parents,  or 
of  parents  by  children. 

alimental  (al-i-men'tal),  a.  [<  aliment  +  -ah] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  aliment;  supplying  food; 
having  the  quality  of  nourishing;  furnishing 
the  materials  for  natural  growth:  as,  chyle  is 
alimental ;  alimental  sap. 

alimentally  (al-i-inen'tal-i),  ado.  In  an  ali- 
mental manner;  so  as  to  serve  for  nourishment 
or  food. 

alimentariness  (al-i-rnen'ta-ri-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  alimentary,  or  of  supplying 
nutriment. 

alimentary  (al-i- 
men'ta-ri),  a.  [< 
L.      alimentttruis, 

<  alimentum,  ali- 
ment :  see  ali- 
ment.] 1.  Per- 
taining to  ali- 
ment or  food  ; 
having  the  quali- 
ty of  nourishing : 
a,s,(tlimeutari/\mr- 
ticles. —  2.  Hav- 
ing an  apparatus 
for  alimentation, 
and  consequent- 
ly able  to  feed. 
Huxley.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Concerned 
with  the  function 
of  nutrition:  as, 
alimentary  pro- 
cesses. —  Alimen- 
tary canal,  in  anat. 
ami  zobl.,  the  diges- 
tive sae,  tract,  or  tube 
of  any  animal;  the 
visceral  or  intestinal 
cavity ;  the  canal  of 
the  enteron,  in  any 
condition  of  the  lat- 
ter, from  the  simplest 
form  of  arehenteron 
to  the  most  compl-v 
of  its  ultimate  modi- 
fications. In  its  sim- 
plest form  it  is  merely 
the  cavity  uf  a  two- 
layered  germ,  or  gas- 
trula,  lined  with  hy- 
poplastic cells  —  a 
mere  sac,  the  mouth 
and  anus  being  one. 
With  increasing  com- 
plexity of  structure, 
and  especially  by  the 
formation  of  an  out- 


Alimentary  Canal  in  Man. 
i,  superior  turbinated  bone;  2,  middle 
turbinated  bone  ;  3,  opening  of  the  nasal 
duct;  4,  inferior  turbinated  bone;  5,5, 
pharynx  ;  l>,  opening  of  Eustachian  tube; 
7,  uvula  ;  8,  tongue ;  9,  tonsil ;  10,  epiglot- 
tis; 11,  esophagus;  12,  cardiac  portion 
1  left  side)  of  stomach;  13,  fundus  of 
stomach  ;  14,  pylorus  (right  side  of  stom- 
ach ),  resting  on  right  lobe  of  liver,  partly 
shown  in  outline ;  15,  transverse  colon ; 
16,  duodenum ;  17,  ascending  colon ;  18, 
ileum  ;  19,  jejunum  :  20,  cscum  ;  2r.  sig- 
moid flexure  of  colon ;  22,  beginning  of 
rectum  ,  23,  fundus  of  urinary  bladder. 


alinasal 

let  (anus)  distinct  from  the  inlet  (mouth),  the  alimentary 

canal  assumes  re  definite!}  1 1 . . -  cha       erof  a    pedal 

gastric  "i  digestive  cavity,  which  may  remain  in  open 
munication  with  a  general  body  cai  ity,  or  become  shut  off 
therefrom  as  an  intestinal  tube.  The  latin-  is  its  char- 
acter in  all  the  higher  animals,  in  which,  moreover,  the 
canal  acquires  various  specializations,  as  into  gullet,  stom- 
ach, intestine,  etc.,  becomes  variousrj  complicated  or  con- 
voluted, has  Bpecial  ramifications  ami  annexi 
those  animals  uhirli  develop  an  umbilical  vesicle,  or  this 

and  an  a  mil  I ml  alia  lit,  ,is.  the  cavity  ol   the  alum  litaly 

canal  is  primitively  continuous  with  that  of  the  vesicle  and 
with  tin  allantoic  cavity.  — Alimentary  debt,  in  Scote 
i""'.  a  debi  incurred  for  necessaries  or  maintenance.  —Ali- 
mentary fund,  in  Scots  law,&  fund  Bet  apart  by  the  direc- 

1 1 i  He'  giver  for  an  aliment  to  lie'  receiver.     If  the 

amount  of  it.  is  not  unreasonable  in  view  of  the  rank  of 
i  in-  i  ,  ceiver,  it  ran  ted  be  seized  I'd'  the  satisfaction  of  the 
claims  of  riniit"is.— Alimentary  mucous  membrane, 
that  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the  alimentary  canal, 
serving,  with  its  various  follicles,  annexed  glands,  ami  lac- 
teals,  the  purpose  of  digesting  and  absorbing  aliment. 

alimentation  (aPi-men-ta'shon),  n.  [<F.  ali- 
mentation, <  ML.  alitiitiitiilnn  /'-),  <  alitm  utare, 
pp.  alimentatus,  provide,  aliment:  sec  aliment, 
v.]  1.  The  act  or  power  of  affording  nutri- 
ment. 

The  accumulation  of  force  may  be  separated  into  ali- 
mentation  ami  aeration.     11.  Spencer,  Prin.of  Biol.,  §56. 

2.  The  state  or  process  of  being  nourished ; 
mode  of,  or  condition  in  regard  to,  nourish- 
ment. 

Derangements  of  alimentation,   including  insufficient 

food,  andmorbiil  states  of  the  lymphatic  ami  blood-glands. 

Quoin,  .Mel.  Diet.,  p.  38. 

3.  The  providing  or  supplying  with  the  neces- 
saries of  life. 

The  aliment ation  of  poor  children  .  .  .  was  extended  or 
increased  by  fresh  endowments. 

Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  VIII.  193. 

Ceasing  by  and  by  to  have  any  knowledge  of,  or  power 
over,  the  concerns  of  the  society  as  a  whole,  the  serf -class 
becomes  devoted  to  the  processes  nf  alimentation,  while 
the  noble  class,  ceasing  to  take  any  part  in  the  processes- 
of  alimentation,  becomes  devoted  to  the  co-ordinated 
movements  of  the  entire  body  politic. 

H.  Spencer,  Univ.  Prog.,  pp.  405-6. 

alimentative  (al-i-men'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  ali- 
mentatus,  pp.  of  aUmentafe  (see  aliment,  v.),  + 
■we.]  Nourishing;  relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  supply  of  nourishment:  as,  "the  alimenta- 
tive machinery  of  the  physiological  units,"  Hux- 
ley. 

alimentic  (al-i-men'tik),  a.  [<  aliment  +  -ic.] 
Same  as  alimentary. 

There  may  be  emaciation  from  loss  of  rest,  derangement 
of  the  alimentic  processes,  a  quicker  pulse  than  normal, 
and  a  tongue  coated  in  the  centre. 

E.  C.  Matm,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  79. 

alimentiveness  (al-i-men'tiv-nes),  n.  [<  *ali- 
mi  ntire  +  -ness.]  1.  Propensity  to  seek  ortake 
nourishment,  to  eat  and  drink :  first  and  still 
chiefly  used  by  phrenologists. —  2.  The  organ 
of  the  brain  that  is  said  to  communicate  the 
pleasure  which  arises  from  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  which  prompts  the  taking  of  nourish- 
ment. Its  supposed  seat  is  in  the  region  of  the 
zygomatic  fossa.     See  phrenology. 

alimont,  «■  [Prop,  "halimon,  <  L.  halimon 
(Mimetimes  improp.  written  alimon,  as  if  <  Gr. 
altuov,  neut.  of  aAi/ioc,  banishing  hunger,  <  a- 
priv.  +  7u/i6c,  hunger:  see  def.),  <  Gr.  a'/iuov,  also 
d'Ai/ioc,  a  shrubby  plant  growing  on  the  shore, 
perhaps  saltwort,  prop.  neut.  of  ah/ioc,  of  or  be- 
longing to  the  sea,  marine,  <  cUc,  the  sea.]  A 
plant,  perhaps  A  triplex  Halim  us  (Linna'us),  sup- 
posed to  be  the  halimon  of  the  ancients.  It  was 
fabled  to  have  the  power  of  dispelling  hunger. 

alimoniOUSt  (al-i-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  alimonia, 
food,  nourishment:  see  alimony.]  Affording 
food;  nourishing;  nutritive:  as,  "alimonious 
humours,"  Harvey,  Consumption. 

alimony  (al'i-mo-ni),  n.  [<  L.  alimonia,  fem., 
also  alinitinitint,  neut.,  food,  nourishment,  suste- 
nance, support,  <  alerc,  nourish:  see  aliment,  ».] 
In  law:  (a)  An  allowance  which  a  husband  or 
former  husband  may  be  forced  to  pay  to  his 
wife  or  former  wife,  living  legally  separate  from 
him,  for  her  maintenance.  It  is  granted  or  with- 
held in  the  discretion  of  the  matrimonial  court,  with  re- 
gard to  the  merits  of  the  case  and  the  resources  of  the 
parties  respectively.  Alimony  pendente  lite  is  that  given 
to  the  wife  during' the  pendency  of  an  action  for  divorce, 
separation,  or  annulment  of  marriage ;  permanent  alimony 
is  that  given  to  a  wife  after  judgment  of  divorce,  separa 
tion,  or  annulment  in  her  favor.  (6)  In  Scots  laic, 
aliment.     Erskine. 

alinasal  (al-i-na'zal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ala, 
wing,  +  nasus,  nose!']  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  parts  forming  the  outer  or  lateral 
boundaries  of  the  nostrils.  See  ala  nasi,  under 
ala.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  lateral  cartilage 
..I'  the  nasal  region  of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird;  sit- 
uated in  the  lateral  part  of  the  nasal  region  "1  such  a 
skull.— Alinasal  process,  a  process  surrounding  each 


alinasal 

nasal  aperture  of  the  chondroeranium  ol  the  frog.  Dun- 
man.-  Alinasal  turbinal,  a  eartilage  of  the  alinasal  re- 
gion, connected  with  the  alinasal  or  lateral  cartilage. 

I  In  alinasal  turbinal  of  [the  Yunx]  .  .  .  has  two  turns, 
and  that  of  Gecinua  one.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  III.  717. 

II.  ».  A  lateral  eartilage  of  the  nasal  region 

of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird,  in  which  is 
situated  the  external  nostril.     II'.  K.  Parker. 
aline't  (a-lin'),  prep.  phr.  as  ad®.     [<  «;i,  in,  + 
line2.]     In  a  straight  lino. 

lake  thai a  rewlc  ami  dra«  a  strike,  euene  (dyne  fro 

the  pvn  unto  the  inidde]  prikke. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  ii.  §  3S. 

aline'-'  (a-lin'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  alined, 
ppr.  alining.  [Also  spelled  alline,  <  ML.  as  if 
"aUineare,  <  L.  ml.  to.  +  lineare,  reduce  to  a 
straight  line,  ML.  draw  a  straight  line,  <  Unea, 
a  line.  The  reg.  E.  form  is  aline,  but  align, 
after  F.  aligner,  is  common.]  To  adjust  to  a 
line;  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a  line;  form  in 
line,  as  troops.  Equivalent  forms  are  align, 
alline. 

alineate  (a-lin'f-at),  v.  <. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aline- 
ated,  ppr.  aline'atuuj.  [Also  spelled  allineatc, 
<  ML.  as  if  'allineutus,  pp.  of  * aUineare :  see 
aline2.']     Same  as  aline2. 

The  intended  base  line  [must  be]  allineated  by  placing 
a  teleseope  a  little  beyond  one  of  its  proposed  extremities, 
so  as  to  command  them  both. 

Sir  J.  Herschel,  Pop.  Lectures,  p.  1S4. 

alineation  (a-lin-e-a'shpn),  n.  [Also  spelled 
aUineation,  <  ML.  as  if  *allineatio(n-),  the  draw- 
ing of  a  line,  <  "allineare:  see  alineate.']  The 
act  of  bringing  into  line;  a  method  of  deter- 
mining the  position  of  a  remote  and  not  easily 
discernible  object,  by  running  an  imaginary 
lino  through  more  easily  recognizable  interme- 
diate  objects,  as  the  passing  of  a  straight  line 
through  the  pointers  of  the  Great  Bear  to  the 
pole-star. 

alinement  (a-lin'ment),  n.  [<  oKme2  +  -mint, 
aSterF.  aligr£ement,i'MIi.alineamentum,*attinea- 
mentum,  <  "allineare ;  see  aline2.]  1.  The  act 
of  alining;  the  act  of  laying  out  or  regulating 
by  a  line ;  an  adjusting  to  a  line. — 2.  The  state 
of  being  so  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment ; 
especially,  in  n/ilit.,  the  state  of  being  in  line: 
as,  the  alinement  of  a  battalion  ;  the  alinement 
ofaeamp. — 3.  In  engin.:  (a)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  railway  or  other  road,  in  distinction  from 
the  gradients  or  profile,  (i)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  fort  or  field-work. 

Also  written allinement,  alignment,  aligncment, 
attainment. 

aliner  (a-li'ner),  n.  One  who  alines  or  adjusts 
to  a  line.      /'.'(•'  h/ii. 

aliped  (al'i-ped),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alipes  (-l>ed-), 
wing-footed,  swift,  <  ala,  wing,  +  pes  (/»'/-) 
=  E.foot:  see  jiedal  and  foot.]  I.  a.  1.  Wing- 
footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  mern- 
brane  which  serves  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats. — 
2t.  Swift  of  foot. 

II.  ii.  An  animal  whose  toes  are  connected 
by  a  membrane  serving  for  a  wing  ;  a  chirop- 
ter,  as  the  bat. 

aliquant  (al'i-kwant),  a.  [<L.  aliquanttis,  some, 
somewhat,  moderate,  considerable,  <  alius, 
other  (see  alien),  +  quantus,  how  great:  see 
quantity.]  Contained  in  another,  but  not  di- 
viding it  evenly:  applied  to  a  number  which 
does  not  measure  another  without  a  remainder: 
thus,  5  is  an  nliij mini  part  of  16,  for  3  times  5 
ari   15,  leaving  a  remainder  1. 

aliquot  (al'i-kwot),   a.  and  n.     [<  L.  aliquot, 
some,  several,  a  tew,  <  alius,  other,  +  qitol,  how 
many:  see  quotient]     I.  a.  Forming  an  exact 
measure  of  something:  applied  to  a  pari  of  a 
number  or  quantity  which  will  measure  it  with- 
out a  remainder :  thus,  5  is  an  aliquot  pari  of  L5. 
II.  n.  Thai  which  forms  an  exacl  measure; 
an  aliquot  pari :  as,  4  is  an  aliquot  of  1L\ 
alisandert  (al-i-san'der),  n.     An  old  form  of 
alexandt  rs. 
aliseptal  I  nl-i-sep'tal),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  ala,  wing, 
+  sirjiiini,.  septum,  septum.]    La,  Appellative 
of  a  cartilage  which  forms  a  partition  bathe 

lateral  part  of  the  nasal  passage  of  the  skull  of 
an  embryonic  bird;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  this  eartilage. 

Behind  thi  alinasal  comes  the  aliseptal  region. 

M  .  K.  Parker. 
II.  ii.  The  aliseptal  cartilage. 
allsh  (a'lish),  a.    [<ale  +  -ishK]    Like  ale;  hav- 
ing some  quality  of  ale:  as,  "the  sweet  alish 
taste  [of  yeast],'"  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 
Alisma  (a-liz'mft),  ».     [NL.,  <  (Jr.  iTua/ua,  plan- 
tain. ]      A  small  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  natural 
order  AUsmacem.    The  common  water-plantain, 


142 

.1.  I'lantago,  is  the  principal  species.  See  water- 
plantain. 

Alismaceae  (al-iz-ma'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alis- 
ma +  -aeea:]  An  endogenous  order  of  aquatic 
or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  Apart  from  a  few  species  of  Alisma 
and  Sagittaria  furnishing  edible  tubers,  the  order  is  of 
tittle  importance. 

alismaceous  (al-iz-ina'shius),  a.  In  hot.,  relat- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  Alismacece. 

There  is  a  third  species  of  the  new  Alismaceous  genus 
Weisneria,  hitherto  known  in  India  and  Central  Africa. 
Jour,  of  Botany,  Brit,  and  I'm-..  1883,  p.  160. 

alismad  (a-liz'mad),  n.  [<  Alisma  +  -acP-.]  In 
hot.,  one  of  the  Alismart  a: 

alismal  (a-liz'mal),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Alisma  (which  see). 

alismoid  (a-liz'moid),  a.  [< Alisma  +  -aid.] 
In  hot.,  resembling  an  alismad;  like  plants  of 
the  genus  Alisma. 

alison,  n.    See  alysson. 

alisphenoid  (al-i-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ala,  wing,  +  sphenoid,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid 
bone.  — Alisphenoid  canal,  an  osseous  canal  through 
which  the  external  carotid  artery  runs  for  some  distance 
at  the  base  of  the  skull  of  the  dog  and  sundry  other  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds. 

II.  ».  One  of  the  bones  of  the  skull,  forming 
by  fusion  with  other  cranial  bones,  in  adult  life, 
a  great  part  of  the  compound  sphenoid  bone. 
In  man  the  alisphenoid  is  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphe- 
noid, minus  the  so-called  internal  pterygoid  process.  See 
cuts  under  CrocodUia  and  skull. 

alisphenoidal  (al  i-sfe-noi'dal),  a.  [<  alisphe- 
noid +  -al.]     Same  as  alisphenoid. 

alisson,  ».    See  alysson. 

alist  (a-lisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
4-  list','  inclination.]  Naut.,  listed,  or  canted 
over  to  one  side ;  inclined. 

alitrunk  (al'i-trungk),  n.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
truncus,  trunk.]  The  segment  of  the  posterior 
thorax  of  an  insect  to  which  the  wings  and  two 
posterior  pairs  of  legs  are  attached. 

-ality.  [<  -al  +  -ity.]  A  compound  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  also  in  reduced  form  -ally,  as  in 
reality,  realty,  legality,  loyalty,  etc.     See  -al  and 

-ity,  ->!/■ 

aliunde  (a-li-un'de),  adv.  [L.,  from  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  uncle,  whence.]  From 
another  place.— Evidence  aliunde,  evidence  from 
another  source,  as  from  without  a  will,  to  explain  some 
ambiguity  in  it. 

alive  (a-liv'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  alyfe,  on  lyve,  on  lyfe,  <  ME.  alive, 
alyfe,  o  live,  earlier  on  lire,  on  life,  <  AS.  on  life, 
in  life:  on,  in;  life,  dat.  ease  of  lif,  life:  see  a? 
and  life.  Hence  abbrev.  live,  a.]  1.  In  life; 
living";  in  the  state  in  which  the  organs  of  the 
body  perform  their  functions :  opposed  to  dead  : 
as,  the  man  is  alive. 

Nor  well  alive,  nor  wholly  dead  they  were, 
But  some  faint  signs  of  feeble  life  appear. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  151. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action ;  in  force  or  operation ; 
unextinguished;  undestroyed;  unexpired:  as, 
keep  the  suit  alive. 

Sweet  Liberty  inspires 
And  keeps  alive  his  fierce  but  noble  tires. 

Cowper,  Table-Talk. 

3.  Full  of  alacrity;  active;  sprightly;  lively: 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive. — 4.  Enlivened; 
animated;  strongly  aroused. 

this  perpetual  intercommunication  .  .  .  keeps  us  al- 
ways alive  with  excitement. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  7. 
Tin-  special  quality  of  the  song  is  that,  however  care- 
lessly fashioned,  it  seems  alive  with  the  energy  of  music. 
Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  101. 

5.  Attentive;  open  to  impressions  (from) :  sen- 
sitive; susceptible:  used  with  to :  as,  ho  is  suf- 
ficiently ahre  to  the  beauties  of  nature,  but  yet 
more  nlni  to  his  own  interests. 

Awakening  to  the  consciousness  of  evils  which  had  long 
existed,  and  which  had  escaped  notice  only  because  no 
oni   was  alive  '"  them.  Fronde,  sketches,  p.  1il>. 

6.  Filled  as  with  living  things;  swarming; 
thronged:  as,  the  city  was  all  alive  when  the 
general  entered. 

The  thick  roof 
of  green  ami  stirring  branches  is  alive 
And  musical  with  birds. 

Bryant,  Entrance  to  a  Wood. 

The  coarser  wheat  that  rolls  in  lakes  of  bloom, 
Its  coral  stems  ami  milk-white  Bowers  alive 
With  the  wide  murmurs  "f  the  .scattered  hive. 

o.  If.  Holmes,  Ded.  of  Plttefteld  Cemetei  | 

7.  Of  all  living,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

The  Karl  of  Northumberland  .  .  .  was  the  proudest  man 
alive.  Clarendon. 


8.  hi  printing.     See  live. 


alkalify 

alizari  (al-i-za'ri),  n.  [F.,  Spv  etc. ;  also  called 
izari,  azala ;  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  'agdrah,  juice 
pressed  out,  extract,  <  'aqara,  press  out,  ex- 
tract.] The  commercial  name  of  madder  in 
the  Levant. 

alizaric  (al-i-zar'ik),  a.  In  chem.,  of  orpertain- 
ing  to  alizari,  or  madder:  as,  alizaric  acid. 

alizarin  (al-i-za'rin),  n.  [<  F.  alizarine,  <  ali- 
zari: see  alizari.]  A  peculiar  red  coloring 
matter  (C^HgO.^  formerly  obtained  from  mad- 
der, and  extensively  used  as  a  dyestuff.  it  was 
discovered  in  1824  by  Robiquet  audi  lolin,  who  obtained  it  by 
digesting  madder-root  with  alcohol  and  treating  ibis  with 
sulphuric  acid,  thus  producing  a  black  mass  which  they 
called  charbon  de  garance.  On  heating  this  yielded  a 
sublimate  of  alizarin  in  lung,  brilliant,  red,  needle  shaped 

crystals.    It  is  now  artificially  prepared  i  large  scale 

from  anthracene  (C14H10),  a  product  of  the  distillation  of 
coal-tar.  Itformsyellowish-red  crystals  insoluble  in  water, 
difficultly  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in  alkalis, 
git  1  ng  to  the  solution  a  purplish-red  color  and  beautiful  flu- 
orescence. It  has  acid  properties  and  unites  with  bases. — 
Alizarin  red.    See  red,  n. 

alk1  (alk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  E.  auk,  <  Icel.  alka  = 
Sw.  alka  =Dan.  alk,  alke.]  A  provincial  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alca  or  Uta- 
1111111111  torda.  Montagu.  See  Alca,  Alcitke,  and 
auk. 

alk-  (alk),  n.  [<  Ar.  'till;.]  A  resin  obtained  in 
northern  Africa  from  the  terebinth-tree,  I'ista- 
Cia  Terebiiithus.  The  best  in  quality  is  obtained  from 
the  terebinth;  but  in  Arabia  it  is  also  derived  from  the 
.-,  nauber  (juniper),  the  'arzeh (cedar),  the  Jista<t  or  pistacio- 
ttee(Pistacia  vera),  the  sani  (cypress),  ami  the  yenbut.  In 
liquid  form  it  is  the  Chio  turpentine  of  commerce. 

alkahest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  [F.  alcahest;  a  word 
of  Arabic  appearance,  but  not  traceable  to  that 
language ;  supposed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Paracelsus  in  imitation  of  other  alchemical 
terms.]  The  pretended  universal  solvent  or 
menstruum  of  the   alchemists.     Also  spelled 

illrnln  st. 

alkahestic  (al-ka-hes'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  alkahest.     Also  spelled  aleahesUe. 

alkahestical  (al-ka-hes'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
alkahestic.    Also  spelled  alcahestical. 

alkalamide  (al-kal'a-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  alkali 
+  amide.]  An  amide  which  has  resemblance 
to  an  amine,  containing  both  acid  and  alcohol 
radicals.    Also  spelled  alkalimide. 

alkalescence  (al-ka-les'ens),  n.  [<  alkalescen  1.] 
The  process  of  becoming  alkaline ;  alkales- 
cency. 

alkalescency  (al-ka-les'en-si),  «.  A  tendency 
to  become  alkaline'^  the  quality  of  being  slightly 
alkaline  ;  the  state  of  a  substance  in  which  al- 
kaline properties  begin  to  be  developed  or  to  be 
predominant.      I've. 

alkalescent  (al-ka-les'ent),  a.  [<  alkali  +  -es- 
cent.]  Becoming  or  tending  to  become  alka- 
line. 

alkali  (al'ka-li  or  -li),  n. ;  pi.  alkalis  or  alkalies 
(-liz  or-liz)."  [<  ME.  alkali/,  alcaly,  <  (IF.  V.  al- 
eali  =  l'v.  sp.  Pg.  It.  alcali  =  D. G.  Sw. Dan. aU 
kali,  <  Ar.  al-ijoliii,  <  al,  the,  +  qaliy,  the  ashes 
of  saltwort  and  glasswort,  which  abound  in 
soda,  hence  applied  to  the  plant  itself;  <  qalay, 
roast  in  a  pan,  fry.]  1.  Originally,  the  soluble 
part  of  tho  ashes  of  plants,  especially  of  sea- 
weed; soda-ash. —  2.  The  plant  saltwort,  Sal- 
sola  kali.  Also  called  kali. —  3.  Now,  any  one 
of  various  substances  which  have  the  following 
properties  in  common:  solubility  in  water; 
the  power  of  neutralizing  acids  and  forming 
salts  with  them;  the  property  of  combining 
with  fats  lo  form  soaps;  corrosive  action  on 
animal  and  vegetable  tissue;  the  property  of 
changing  the  tint  of  many  vegetable  coloring 
matters,  as  of  litmus  reddened  by  an  acid  to 
blue,  or  turmeric  from  yellow  to  brown.  In  its 
restricted  and  common  sense  the  term  is  applied  only  to 
the  hydrates  •>!  potassium,  sodium,  lithium,  cassium,  ru- 
bidium, and  ammonium.  In  a  more  general  Bense  it  is 
applied  Oi  the  hydrates  of  metals  of  the  alkaline  earths, 
barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and  magnesium,  and  to  a  large 

nberof  organic  subs!; -   both  natural  and  artificial, 

described  under  "Unlaid.    Alkalis  unite  «itb  saponiflable 
oils  to  form  soap. 

Sometimes  spoiled  alcali. 
Fixed  alkalis,  potash,  soda,  and  lithia,  in  contradistinc- 
tion toammonta,  which  is  called  volatile  alkali.    See  am 
monia. 

alkaliferous  (al-ka-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
■ferous.]  Containing  or  producing  alkalis;  al- 
kaline: as,  alkaliferous  clays. 

alkalifiable  (al'ka-li-fi"a-bl),  a.  [<  alkalify  + 
-able.  ]  ( 'apal ile  of  being  alkalified  or  converted 
into  ati  alkali. 

alkalify  (al'ka-li-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alkalified, 

ppr.  alkalifi/iii'ii.     [<  alkali  +  -/>/.]     I.  trans.  To 
form  or  convert  into  an  alkali;  alkalize. 
II,  intrans.  To  becomo  an  alkali. 


alkaligen 

alkaligent  (al'ka-li-jon),  n.  [<  alkali  +  -gen; 
—  F.  alealigene.]  The  name  first  proposed  for 
nitrogen,  as  being  a  chief  constituent  of  am- 
monia or  volatile  alkali.     N.  E.  D. 

alkaligenous  (al-ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-iIiiiiiils:  see  -genovs.]  Producing  or  generating 
alkali. 

alkali-grass  (al'ka-li-gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  grass  growing  in  alkaline 
localities  in  the  western  portions  of  the  United 
States,  especially  to  Distichlis  maritima. 

ajkalimeter  (al-ka-lim'e-ter),  n.  [<  alkali  + 
Gr.  /ifrpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  used  for 
ascertaining  the  strength  of  alkalis,  or  the 
quantity  of  alkali  in  caustic  potash  and  soda. 
This  is  done  by  determining  what  quantity  of  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid  of  a  known  strength  can  be  neutralized  by  a 
given  weight  of  the  alkali  or  of  caustic  potash  or  soda. 
Sometimes  spelled  alcalimeter. 

There  are  several  .  .  .  forms  of  aikalimeter,  but  which- 
ever of  them  is  employed  the  process  is  the  same. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimetric  (aP'ka-li-met'rik),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
Gr.  juerpiKOf.  Cf.  aikalimeter.]  Relating  to  al- 
kalimetry.    Sometimes  spelled  alcalimetric. 

alkalimetrical  (aFka-li-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  alkalimetric. 

It  is  advisable,  where  alkalimctrical  assays  have  fre- 
quently to  be  made,  to  keep  a  stock  of  test  acid. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  75. 

alkalimetrically    (al'ka-li-met'ri-kal-i),    adv. 

As  in  alkalimetry;  by  means  of  an  aikalimeter. 
Sometimes  spelled  alealimetrically. 

The  lime  in  this  process  is  estimated  alkali  metrically  by 
means  of  an  acid.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  1*27. 

alkalimetry  (al-ka-lim'e-tri),  n.  [As  alkali  mi  ler 
+  -y.]  The  process  of  determining  the  strength 
of  an  alkaline  mixture  or  liquid.  This  may  be 
done  by  volumetric  analysis,  that  is,  by  estimating  the 
amount  of  a  standard  acid  solution  which  the  alkaline 
mixture  will  saturate  ;  or  by  gravimetric  analysis,  that  is, 
by  decomposing  the  substance  and  finding  the  weight  of 
the  alkali  contained  in  it.    Sometimes  spelled  alkalimetry. 

The  principle  on  which  alkalimetry  is  based  consists  in 
determining  the  amount  of  acid  which  a  known  weight  of 
alkali  can  saturate  or  neutralise.  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimide,  ».     See  alktdamide. 

alkaline  (al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [< alkali,  +  -ine1 ; 
=  F.  alcalin.~\  Pertaining  to  alkali ;  having  the 
properties  of  an  alkali — Alkaline  development, 
in  photog.,  the  development  of  an  exposed  plate  by  a  bath 
compounded  with  an  alkali,  such  as  ammonia,  sodium  or 
potassium  carbonate,  or  the  like.  See  development.  —  Al- 
kaline earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta,  anil  strontia.  See 
alkali, 

alkalinity  (al-ka-lin'i-ti),  n.  [(.alkaline  +  -it;/.'] 
The  state  of  being  alkaline  ;  the  quality  which 
constitutes  an  alkali. 

alkalinize  (al'ka-lin-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
kalinized,  ppr.  dtkalinizing.  [<  alkaline  +  -ize.~\ 
To  render  alkaline.     N.  E.  D. 

alkalious  (al-ka'li-us),  a.  [<.  alkali  + -oas.] 
Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali.  Formerly 
spelled  alcalious.     [Rare.] 

alkalisable,  alkalisate,  ete.  See  alkali-able, 
etc. 

alkali-stiff  (al'ka-li-stif),  n.  A  stiffening 
matter  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior hats.  It  is  made  of  9  pounds  of  shellac,  dissolved 
with  18  ounces  of  sal  soda  in  3  gallons  of  water.  J.  Thom- 
son, Hats  and  Felting. 

alkalizable  (al'ka-11-za-bl),  a.     [<  alkalize  + 

-able.]   Capable  of  being  alkalized.    Sometimes 
spelled  alcalizable,  alkalisable. 

alkalizate  (al'ka-li-zat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
kali-uteri, ppr.  alkalizating.  [<  alkalize  +  -ale-.] 
To  make  alkaline.  See  alkalize.  Also  spelled 
alcalizate,  alkalisate. 

alkalization  (al'ka-li-za'shon).  >i.  [<  alkali- 
gate.]  The  act  or  process  of  rendering  alkaline 
by  impregnating  with  an  alkali.  Also  spelled 
alcalization,  alkalisaUon. 

alkalize  (al'ka-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alka- 
lized, ppr.  alkalizing.  [<  alkali  +  -fee.]  To 
change  into  an  alkali;  communicate  the  prop- 
erties of  an  alkali  to;  alkalify.  Also  spelled 
alkalise. 

alkaloid  (al'ka-loid),  ii.  and  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-oid.]  I.  n.  A  body  resembling  an  alkali  in 
properties;  one  of  a  class  of  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds which  occur  in  plants  in  combination 
with  organic  acids,  and  are  sometimes  called 
the  organic  bases  of  plants,  as  morphine,  nico- 
tine, quinine,  etc.  They  are  intensely  bitter,  turn 
reddened  litmus  blue,  are  slightly  soluble  in  water  but 
readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  have  active  medicinal  or 
poisonous  properties.  Compounds  having  the  general  re- 
actions and  properties  of  alkaloids  (ptomains)  arc  found 
in  decaying  animal  matters,  being  products  of  the  decom- 
position of  the  tissues. 
II.  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  alkali. 


143 

alkaloidal  (al-ka-loi'dal),  a.  [<  alkaloid  +  -a!.] 
Pertaining  to  the  alkaloids;  having  the  nature 
of  an  alkaloid. 

alkanet  (al'ka-net),  ».  [<  ME.  alkanet,  <  Sp.  al- 
eaneta  (curly  mod.  E.  also  orcanet,  orkanet,  or- 
ehaiiel,  <  OF.  ureaiietle,  tinhaiiette,  mod.  F.  or- 
canete,  <  Sp.  orcaneta,  var.  of  alcaneta),  dim.  of 
alcana,  alcana,  henna:  see  alcanna  andhenna.] 

1.  The  root  of  a  boraginaceous  herb,  Alkanna 
(  Anchusa)  tiiictoria,  yielding  a  red  dye,  for  which 
the  plant  is  cultivated  in  central  and  southern 

Europe.  It  is  used  in  dyeing,  staining  wood,  coloring 
adulterated  wines,  and  in  pharmacy  to  give  a  red  color  to 
salves,  etc.  It  produces  brilliant  violet  and  gray  colors 
with  alum  and  iron  mordants  on  linen,  cotton,  and  silk, 
but  not  on  wool. 

2.  The  plant  which  yields  the  dye,  Alkanna 
tinctoria.  Also  called  orcanet  and  Spanish  bit- 
gloss. — 3.  A  name  of  similar  plants  of  other 
genera.  The  common  alkanet  of  England  is  Anchusa 
officinalis;  the  evergreen  alkanet,  A.  eempervirene ;  the 
bastard  alkanet,  Lithospermum  arvense,  antl  in  America 
L.  canescens. 

Alkanna  (al-kan'ii),  ».  [See  alkanet]  A  bo- 
raginaceous genus  of  perennial  herbs,  of  about 
40  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
It  is  distinguished  from  Anchusa  (in  which  genus  it  was 
formerly  included)  mainly  by  the  absence  of  appendages 
from  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  The  principal  species  is 
A.  tinctoria.    See  alkanet. 

alkarsin,  alkarsine  (al-kiir'sin),  n.  [<  alc(o- 
hol)  +  ars(enic)  +  -in- :  so  called  because  it  was 
at  first  considered  to  be  an  alcohol  in  which  oxy- 
gen was  replaced  by  arsenic]  A  heavy,  brown, 
fuming,  and  extremely  poisonous  liquid  con- 
taining cacodyl  and  its  oxidation  products: 
formerly  known  as  Cadet's  fuming  liquid.  It  is 
characterized  by  an  insufferable  smell  and  by  spontaneous 
ignition  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
use  it  in  warfare  to  charge  shells,  whose  explosion  would 
set  a  ship  on  fire  and  destroy  the  crew  by  the  poisonous 
vapor.    Also  spelled  alcarsin. 

alkekengi  (al-ke-ken'ji),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  alkagengi,  etc.,  <  ME.  alkekengy;  =  F.  al- 
kekengc  =  It.  alcachengi  =  Sp.  alquequenie  =  Pg. 
alquequenge,  <  ML.  alkekengi,  <  Ar.  al-kdkanj,  al- 
kakenj,  <  al,  the,  +  Pers.  kdkanj,  a  kind  of  resin 
from  a  tree  growing  in  the  mountains  of  Herat 
in  Afghanistan.]  The  winter-cherry,  a  solana- 
eeous  plant,  Physalis  Alkekengi.  The  scarlet  fruit, 
inclosed  in  a  large  red  calyx,  makes  the  plant  very  orna- 
mental at  the  beginning  of  winter;  it  is  also  edible,  and 
has  a  slightly  acid  taste. 

alkenna  (al-ken'a),  n.  [See  alcanna  and /((•»«((.] 
Same  as  henna. 

alkermes  (al-ker'mez),  n.  [<  F.  alkermes,  now 
alkermes,  <  Ar.  al-qirmiz :  see  kermes.]  1.  The 
name  of  a  once  celebrated  compound  cordial, 
to  which  a  fine  red  color  was  given  by  kermes. 
Its  ingredients  are  said  to  have  been  eider,  rose-water, 
sugar,  and  various  fragrant  flavoring  substances. 

2.  Same  as  kermes. 

alk-gTim(alk'gum),  n.  Same  as  a/i2.  —  Alk-gum 
tree  the  terebinth  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor, 
Pistaeia  Terebinthw. 

alkoholt,  alkoholict,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
alcohol,  etc. 

alkool,  ».  [Bepr.  Ar.  aUkoKl:  see  alcohol.]  A 
preparation  of  antimony  used  by  the  women 
of  Eastern  nations  to  darken  the  eyelids  and 
eyelashes.    Brande. 

Alkoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  «.  Same  as 
Koran. 

Alkoranic,  Alkoranish,  etc.  See  Alcoranic, 
ete. 

alkoxid,  alkoxide  (al-kok'sid,  -sid  or-sid),  re. 
[<  alc(ohol)  +  oxid.]  A  compound  in  which 
alcohol  unites  with  a  metallic  base.  Tie  in-. 
replaces  hydrogen  in  the  alcohol  hydroxyl:  as  CH3ONa, 
sodium  alkoxid,  formed  by  treating  sodium  with  methyl 
alcohol. 

alkyl  (al'kil),  n.  [<  alk(ali)  +  -ijl.]  A  generic 
name  applied  to  any  alcohol  radical,  such  as 
methyl  (CH3),  ethyl  (C2Hg),  propyl  (C3H7),  etc. 

alkylogen  (al-kil'o-jen),  n.  A  halogen  salt  of 
the  alkyl  radicals. 

all  (al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  all,  al,  pi.  alle,  <  AS.  all, 
al,  with  breaking  call,  eal,  pi.  ealle,  =  QNorth.  al, 
cdlc,=QS.al,  alle  or  alia,  =  OFries.  al,  alle,  =  D. 
al,  alle,  =OHG.  Mill  1.  al,  alle,  G.  all,  alle,  =  Icel. 
allr,  allir,  =  Sw.  all,  alia,  =  Dan.  all,  alle,  = 
Goth,  alls,  allai,  all ;  as  a  prefix,  ME.  all-,  al-, 
AS.  call-,  eal-,  al-  =  OS.  al-,  etc.,  usually  with 
single  I,  merging  with  a  simpler  Teut.  form  al-, 
found  only  in  comp.  and  deriv.  (AS.  al-,  al-  = 
OS.  OHG.  al-,  ala-,  alo-  =  Goth,  ala-,  as  in  AS. 
almihtiij,  wlmihtig  =  OS.  almahtig,  alamahtig, 
alomahtig  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig,  al- 
mighty; OHG.  aliiniinri,  all  new;  Goth,  ata- 
mans, all  men  (see  Alcmannic);  OS.  al ung  = 
OFries.  along  =  OHG.  alanc,  entire,  complete, 
etc.),  perhaps  <  \/  "al  in  AS.  alan  (pret.   61), 


all 

nourish,  grow,  produce,  =  Icel.  ala  (>  E.  dial. 
alie1,  q.  v.),  nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  grow,  be 
nourished,  =  L.  alerc,  nourish  (see  aliment),  of 
which  all,  Gotb.  alls,  stem  'din-,  an  assimila- 
tion of  *alna-,  would  lie  an  ancient  pp,  adj.  form 
in  -ii  (cf.  a  like  assimilation  infulfl  I,  t..  be 
pared  withAS. aid, add,  E.  old,  <  >IIi  r.  «//  =  Goth. 
"tilths,  altheis,  old,  =  L.  alius,  deep,  high,  an  an- 
cient pp.  adj.  form  in  -t  (-d-,  til-):  see  oM  and 
all.  C'f.Ir.  ide,  t»/e  =  Gael.  »i/e  =  W.  o//.  w 
all,  every.  The  several  uses  of  all,  as  adj., 
pron.,  noun,  and  adv.,  overlap,  and  cannot 
be  entirely  separated.  See  alder3,  orig.  gen. 
pi.  of  all.]  I.  a.  1.  The  whole  quantity  of, 
with  reference  to  substance,  extent,  duration, 
amount,  or  degree :  with  a  noun  in  the  singular, 
chiefly  such  nouns  (proper  names,  names  of 
substances,  abstract  nouns  —  any  whole  or  any 
part  regarded  in  itself  as  a  whole)  as  from  their 
meaning  or  particular  use  do  not  in  such  use 
admit  of  a  plural:  as,  all  Europe;  all  Homer; 
((//flesh;  all  control;  all  history. 

Gratiano  speaks  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing,  more  than 
any  man  in  all  Venice.  Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  l. 

All  hell  shall  stir  for  this.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  1. 

No  one  will  contend  that  all  legislative  power  belongs 
to  Congress,  all  executive  power  to  the  President,  or  oil 
judicial  power  to  the  courts  of  the  United  states. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  17,  1S34. 

2.  The  whole  number  of,  with  reference  to 
individuals  or  particulars,  taken  collectively : 
with  a  noun  in  the  plural :  as,  «//  men  ;  «//  na- 
tions ;  all  metals;  all  hopes;  all  sciences;  till 
days.  [All  in  logic  is  the  sign  of  a  distributed  term  in 
an  affirmative  proposition  :  as,  ((//  men  are  mortal.  This 
use  of  all,  in  place  of  every,  is  a  result  of  Boethiuss  use  of 
omnis  as  a  translation  of  the  na?  of  Aristotle.] 

All  sins  are  in  all  men,  but  do  not  appear  in  each  man. 
He  that  hath  one  sin,  bath  all. 

Bushnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supemat.,  p.  388. 

3.  Every:  chiefly  with  kind,  suit,  manner,  and 
formerly  with  thing. 

Blessed  are  ye,  when  men  shall  revile  you  and  .  .  .  shall 
say  «M  manner  of  evil  against  you,  falsely.         Hat.  v.  11. 

4.  Any;  any  whatever :  after  a  preposition  or 
verb  implying  negation  or  exclusion :  as,  be- 
yond ((//  controversy ;  out  of  all  question ;  he 
was  free  from  all  thought  of  danger. 

Yes,  without  all  doubt.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 

5f.  Only;  alone.     [Rare.] 

He  was  my  son  ; 
But  I  do  wash  his  name  out  of  my  blood, 
And  thou  art  all  my  child. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  2. 
When  joined  to  nouns  accompanied  by  a  definitive  (the 
definite  article,  a  possessive  or  demonstrative  pronoun, 
etc.),  all  precedes  the  latter  whether  with  a  singular  or 
plural  noun,  or  else  follows  the  noun  if  it  is  plural ;  as,  all 
my  labor ;  all  his  goods  ;  all  this  time  ;  all  these  things ; 
all  the  men  agreed  to  this,  or,  the  men  all  agreed  to  this. 
In  the  phrases  all  day,  all  night,  all  summer,  all  winter, 
all  the  year,  all  the  time,  etc.,  the  noun  is  an  adverbial 
accusative.  In  the  first  four  the  article  is  usually  omitted. 
All  the  world's  a  stage, 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

Shak.,  As  you  lake  it.  ii.  7. 

Sir,  I  will  drink  success  to  my  friend,  with  all  my  heart. 

Sheridan,  Duenna,  ii.  3. 

The  clergyman  walks  from  house  to  house  all  day  all 

the  year  to  give  people  the  comfort  of  good  talk. 

Emerson,  Clubs. 
When  joined  to  a  personal  or  relative  pronoun  in  the 
plural,  all  may  precede,  but  now  usually  follows,  the  pro- 
noun. 
All  we  like  sheep  have  gone  astray.  Isa.  liii.  G. 

And  we  all  do  fade  as  a  leaf.  Isa.  lxiv.  rt. 

Be  ye  all  of  one  mind.  1  Pet.  iii.  8. 

That  they  all  may  be  one.  John  xvii.  21. 

The  alternative  construction  is  all  of  us,  all  of  them,  etc. 
(see  II.,  2);  or  the  two  constructions  may  stand  together. 
We  all  of  us  complain  of  the  shortness  of  time. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  03. 
The  adjective  all,  with  a  singular  or  plural  noun,  is  often 
separated  from  its  subject,  especially  by  the  verb  bt  (en 
pressed,  or  in  the  present  participle  often  omitted),  and, 
being  thus  apparently  a  pari  of  the  predicate,  assumes  t 
transitional  position,  and  may  equally  well  be  regarded  as 
an  adverb,  meaning  altogether,  wholly:  as,  the  house  was 
all  dark  ;  he  was  all  ears  ;  the  poor  horse  was  all  skin  and 
bones ;  the  papers  were  all  in  confusion  ;  it  was  all  a  mis- 
take  ;  it  is  all  gone. 
He  is  all  for  fasting.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  245. 

She  follow'd  my  poor  father's  body, 
Like  Niobe,  all  tears.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

He  has  also  rebuilt  >•  parsonage  house,  all  of  stone,  very 
neate  and  ample.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  9,  1077. 

All  Fools'  day.  See  fooli.— All  hands,  the  whole  com- 
pany :  naut.,  the  whole  crew.— All  my  eve.  See  ei/el.— 
All  Saints'  day.  See  taint.— AH  Souls  day.  See  soul. 
—  For  all  the  world.    See  world,. 

II.  a.  as  pron.  [Absolute  use  of  the  adj.] 
1.  The  whole  quantity  or  amount;  the  whole; 
the  aggregate ;  the  total :  in  a  singular  sense. 

And  Laban  .  .  .  said,  .  .  .  All  that  thou  seest  is  mine. 

Gen.  xxxi.  43. 


all 

Doth  all  that  haunts  the  waste  and  wild 
Mourn,  knowing  it  will  go  along  with  mo? 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

2.  The  whole  number;  every  individual  or  par- 
ticular, taken  collectively;  especially,  all  men 
or  all  people:   in  a  plural  sense. 

Chat  whelpes  are  blinde  nine  dayes,  and  then  begin  to 

Bee,  Is  the  common  opini I  a       ind  some  "ill  be  apt 

;  i  oathes  upon  it.      Sir  T.  Browne,  Vxilg,  Err. 
\ih1,  poured  round  all, 
obi  1 1  \  and  melancholy  h  aste, 

Bryant,  Thanatopsia. 
All,  in  cither  of  the  pivi-rdin^  uses,  is  often  followed  by 
a  limiting  phrase  with  of. 

lis  not  the  whole  of  life  to  live, 

Nor  all  of  death  to  die.         Montgonu  ry,  Hymn. 

For  all  <»/"  wonderful  and  wild 

Bad  rapture  for  the  lonely  child. 

Scott,  L  of  the  L.  M.,  vi.  21. 
Then  I  and  vou  and  all  ><f  us  Ml  down. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  '2. 

3.  Everything:  as,  is  thai  all?  that  is////. 

R  i.  it  though  the  held  be  losl 
All  i  Milton,  I'.  L.,i.  105. 

Above  all  See  above.— After  all,  after  everything  has 
been  considered  ;  in  spite  of  everything  to  the  contrary  ; 
nevertheless. 
Upon  my  soul,  the  women  are  the  best  judges  after  all. 
Shi  ridan,  The  Critic,  i.  l. 
All  and  singular,  collectively  and  individually  ;  one  and 
all;  all  without  exception :  a  common  legal  phrase.— All 
and  some.  [<  ME.  alle  and  some,  prop,  pi.,  equiv.  to  L. 
univi  rsi  et  singuli,  but  also  used  in  sing,  form  al  and  sum 
as  adv.,  altogether:  see  some.]  {a)  All  and  sundry;  one 
and  all.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

w  I  are  betrayd  and  ynome  [taken], 
Horse  and  harness,  lords,  ail  and  sonu  . 

Rich.  C.  deL.,  1.  2283. 
Stop  your  noses,  readers,  all  and  some. 

Dnjden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii. 
(M)  Altogether;  wholly. 

The  tale  ys  wrytyn  al  and  sum 
In  a  boke  of  Vitas  Patrum. 

Rob.  of  Brunne,  Efandlyng  Synne,  1.  169. 
All  but,  everything  but;  everything  short  of;  almost; 
very  nearly  :  as,  she  is  all  but  nine  years  of  age. 

Hold  her  a  wealthy  bride  within  thine  arms, 
Or  all  but  hold,  and  then  —  cast  her  aside. 

/<  nnyson,  Holy  Grail. 

All  in  all  (as  noun,  all-in-all),  all  tilings  in  all  respects; 
all  or  everything  together;  adverbially,  altogether. 

That  God  may  be  all  in  all.  1  Cor.  xv.  28. 

In  London  she  huyes  her  head,  her  face,  her  fashion.     O 

London,  thou  art  her  Paradise,  her  heaven,  her  all-in-all. 

Tuke,  On  Painting  (1010),  p.  00.    (Halliwell.) 

Take  him  for  all  in  all, 

I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
Acres.  Dress  does  make  a  difference,  David. 
Vav.    "lis  all  in  all,  1  think. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
Her  good  Philip  was  her  all-in-all. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
And  all,  and  everything;  and  everything  else:  used  in 
summing  up  after  an  enumeration  of  particulars. 

The  first  blast  of  wind  laid  it  [the  tree]  flat  upon  the 
ground,  nest,  eagles,  and  all.  L Estrange. 

Woo'd  and  married  an'  a'.  Burns, 

And  aU  that,  and  all  the  rest  of  it :  used  like  the  pre- 
ceding, but  generally  in  a  Blighting  or  contemptuous  way  : 
as,  he  believes  in  slate-writing,  materialization,  and  aW 
that, 

Snuff,  or  the  fan,  supply  each  pause  of  chat, 
w  lib  singing,  laughing,  i tgling,  and  all  that. 

Pope,  K.  oi  the  L,  iii.  17. 
At  all.    [<  ME.  at  all>'.}    (at)  In  every  way;  altogether; 
wholly. 
3h<  i    b    bxeweatal.  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 

(b)  In  any  degree;  in  an]  di  prei  whatever;  in  the  least 

:  for  any  reason  ;  on  any  consideration:  as,  I  was 
surprised  al  hii  coming  at  all. 
Thirdly,  the  Btarres  have  not  onely  varied  their  longi< 

fcud       whereby  tl tcents  are  altered  ,  but  have  also 

ed  their  declinations,  whereby  their  rising  at  ail, 
that  i  ai  in'-',  hath  vsa  led. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Kit. 

(c)  In  any  waj  .  !  i  an]  i  stent;  oi  any  kind  or  character; 

■    or  conditional  elau  ies(i  ompare 
i     ;  not  at  all  di  turbed  ;  did  you  fteai  any- 

>t  ail '  If  you  hear  anything  at  ail,  let  me  know;  no 
offensi  a 

An  if  tin    bi  at  all  Shah.,  Ti  mpest,  v.  L. 

Before  all,  before  everything;  before  everything  els<  ;  be 
ynd  all.— Beyond  all,  i"  I  ling;  beyond  i 

above  all.     For  all.  (a)  For  all  pur] 

■   peciallj  m  the  phra  ■  all  and 

I  and  all.    [colloq,  ] 

Learn  now,  ./■ 

...  I  care  not  for  you.  Shah.,  Cj  mbelin 

(h)  Notw  [thstanding  ;  In  thing  or  facl  men« 
;     roll  ■'■'■  edbj   tn  objeel  n  pun  oi  pi  onoun  o]  an  ob 

|ect  cl h  Ii  h  that,  which  i-  often  omil  ted    b     for  all 

that  tl  you  may  do  so  for  all 
i  care,  or  for  all  m< 
1  ■ 

cousin  Shallow.  Shak.,  M.  W.  ol  w.,  i.  I. 

.\-  Noah'e  pigeon  which  return'd  no  more 
1 1  n  ting  found,  for  all  the  flood, 

i    Davit  ,  Emmortal  ol  Soul,  \\\ii. 
A  man's  a  man/or  a'  that.         Burns,  For  A.1  That. 


144 
In  all.    (a)  In  the  whole  number  ;  all  included  :  as,  there 

were  in  all  at  least  a  hundred  persons  present. 

In  this  tyme  had  Steuen  regned  auht  3ere  in  alle, 
Rob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoft's  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  122. 

(b)  In  whole :  as,  in  nart  or  hi  all.  Over  allt,  everyfl  here. 
Chaucer,  [Now  onli  in  Its  literal  meaning.] -Two  (or 
twos)  all,  three  all,  etc,  in  certain  games  means  that 
all  (or  merely  both)  the  players  or  side  have  two,  tliree, 
i  tc  points.  When  all  comes  to  all,  when  everything 
is  explained ;  at  bottom.    With  all'.    Swwithal. 

III.  ti.  [Preceded  by  on  article  ora  pronoun, 
rarely  with  an  intervening  adjective.]  1.  A 
whole;  an  entirety;  a  totality  of  things  or  qual- 
ities.   The  -til  is  used  for  the  universe. 

Ami  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyea  on  me,  .  .  . 
On  me,  whose  all  not  equals  Edward  6  moiety? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2, 

2.  One's  whole  interest,  concern,  or  property: 
usually  with  a  possessive  pronoun:  as,  she  has 
given  her  all.  [Formerly  and  still  dialectic  ally 
with  pi.  allsJ] 

Though  a  very  industrious  tradesman,  I  was  twice  burnt 
out,  and  Lost  my  little  all  both  times 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  "2. 

Old  Boreas  — we  are  glad  of  that  —  was  required  to  pack 
up  "bis  alls "  and  be  off.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus,  ii. 

[For  all  in  composition,  see  the  adverb,  ;it  end.] 
all  (al),  adv.     [<  ME.  al}  rarely  alle,  <  AS.  ealls 
eal  (=OS.  al,  etc.),  prop.  neut.  ace.  (cf.  AS. 
eaUesssOB.  aue9=Goth.  allis,  adv.,  prop.  gen. 
neut.)  of  edllt  eal,  all:  see  ail,  a.    The  adverbial 
uses  of  all  overlap  the  adjectival  uses:   see  es- 
pecially under  all,  «/.,  I.,  at  end.]     1.  Wholly; 
entirely;    completely;    altogether;    quite.     In 
this  use  common  with  adverbs  of  degree,  espe- 
cially too:  as,  he  arrived  all  too  late. 
And  tell  us  what  occasion  of  import 
HathaW  so  long  detain'd  you  from  your  wife, 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 
He  held  them  sixpence  all  too  dear. 

Shak.,  quoted  in  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Alone,  alone,  all,  all  alone, 
Alone  on  a  wide,  wide  sea. 

Coleridgt ,  Ancient  Mariner. 
O,  yet  methought  I  saw  the  Holy  Grail, 
All  pall'd  in  crimson  samite. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

[From  the  frequent  Middle  English  use  of  all  in  this  sense 
before  verbs  w  itb  the  prefix  to-  (see  to--,  to-break,  to-cut, 
to-trar,  etc.  i,  that  prefix,  when  no  Longer  felt  as  such,  came 
to  be  attached  to  the  adverb,  all  to  or  alto  being  regarded 
as  an  adverbial  phrase  or  word,  and  sometimes  improperly 
used,  in  later  English,  with  verbs  having  originally  no 
claim  to  the  prefix. 

The  sowdan  and  the  cristen  euerichone, 
Ben  al  to-hewe  and  stiked  at  the  herd. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  332. 

And  a  certain  woman  cast  a  piece  of  a  millstone  upon 
Abimelech's  head,  and  all  to-broke  [printed  all  to  brakt  ] 
his  scull.  Judges  ix.  .'.;>. 

They  .  .  .  were  alle  to-outte  with  the  stones. 

Caxtan,  Golden  Legend,  p.  236. 

she  plumes  her  feathers,  and  lets  grow  her  wings, 
That  in  the  various  bustle  of  resort, 
Were  all  to-ruffled  [sometimes  printed  altontj}h-d],  and 
sometimes  impair'd.  Milton,  Com  US,  1.  380.] 

2.  Even;  just:  at  first  emphatic  or  intensive. 
(a)  With  prepositional  phrases  ox  place  or  time,  in  later 
use,  particularly  in  ballad  poetry,  little  more  than  merely 
expletive  or  pleonastic;  as,  all  in  the  month  of   May;  all 

in  the  morning  tide. 

When  all  aloud  the  wind  doth  blow. 

Shak.,  I..  L.  L., 


A  damsel  lay  deploring, 
All  on  a  rock  reclined. 


I  (song). 


Gat/. 


One  night  my  pathway  swerving  east,  I  Baw 
The  pelican  on  the  casque  of  our  Sir  Bors 
AU  in  the  middle  of  the  rising  moon. 

/'.  nnyson,  Holy  Grail. 

(b) With  odnjunctions  if  and  though,  in  conditional  and 

ieB8ive  clauses  :  If  all,  though  all,  or  reversely,  all  <> . 

all  though,  even  if,  even  though.  These  forms  are  obso- 
lete, excepl  the  last,  which  is  now  written  as  one  word, 
although  (which  see). 

I  am  nought  wode,  alle  U  i  Lewed  be. 

'  'haucer,  Troilus,  iii.  30S. 

gif  alle  it  be  bo  that  men  seyn,  that  this  crowne  Is  of 
i  hoi  qi  MandiviUe  (ed.  Halliwell  i,  p.  13. 

Thofalle  that  he  weired  in  WO  &  in  strife. 
'I  he  fours  a  tuentj  houres  he  Bpended  in  hoh  life 
Bob.  of  Brunnt .  Langtofi  e  ( hron.  (ed.  Beanie),  p.  28. 
Alle  thought  It  be  clepl  a  see,  it  is  no  see. 

Mandevilh  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  26(1. 

[When  the  verb  in  such  clan  be   b 'ding  to  a  common 

subjunctive  construction,  was  placed  before  the  subject, 
Gm  conjunction  if  ox  though  mfghl  be  omitted,  leaving  all 
a  an  apparent  [unction.  In  the  sense  of  even  if,  al- 
though ,  especially  In  the  formula  al  be,  ae  al  be  it,  al  be 
it  that,  ai  bi  that  (now  albe,  albeit,  widen  see) 
.1/  he  her  herte  w  el  nigh  to  broke 
No  w old  of  pride  ne  grame  she  spoke. 

Lay  le  Frt  <•>■    I,  847,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Etom.,  I. 
.1/  wi  re  it  that  my  auncetres  were  rude 
\ 'it  mi;i>  thi  highe  God  .  .  . 
Oraunb  me  grace  fco  lyve  vertuously. 

Chaucer.  Wife  of  liath's  Tale,  1.  B16 


.1. 


allace 

His  sacritlce  he  dede  .  .  .  with  alle  circumstances 
.1/  telle  l  nat  as  now  his  observances. 

Chaw,  r,  Knight  -  lab.,  1.  1406. 
But  living  art  may  not  least  part  expresse,  .  .  . 
All  were  ii  Zeuxisor  Praxiteles, 

His  da-dale  liand  would  fails  and  greatly  fa>nt. 

Spenser,  F.  *■}-,  iii.,  I'rol.j 
(c)  With  conjunction  r/..    All  os.    (1)  Just  when;  when;  as. 
All  as  his  Btraying  fiocke  he  fedde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  t  al.,  Prol. 
He  their  courtesy  to  requite, 
Gave  them  a  chain  of  twelve  marks  weight, 
All  as  he  lighted  down.  Scott,  Marmion,  i.  11. 

(2)  As  if. 

The  kenc  cold  Idowes  through  my  beaten  hv.te 
.1//  as  I  were  through  the  body  gryde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal  .  Fe 
3f.  Only;  exclusively. 

I  shall  never  marry  like  my  sisters. 

To  love  mj  father  all.  shak..  Lear,  i.  l. 

All  along,  (a)  Throughout;  continuously;  uninterrupt- 
edly; from  the  beginning  onward:  as,  I  knew  thai  all 
along. 

Ishmael  .  .  .  went  forth,  .  .  .  weeping  all  along  as  he 
went.  Jer.  xli.  0. 

(fc)  From  end  to  end;  in  bookbinding,  (sewed)  in  such  a 
manner  thai  the  thread  passes  from  end  to  end  of  each 
section,    (c)  At  full  length, 

I  found  a  woman  of  a  matchless  form 
stretch VI  all  along  upon  the  marble  floor. 

Tuke,  Five  Hours,  ii. 
And  there  in  gloom  cast  himself  all  along. 

Tennyson,  Balm  and  Balan. 

All  along  of.  Seeaton^.— All  in  the  wind  (naut),  too 
close  to  the  wind:  said  of  a  vessel  so  brought  up  into  the 
wind  that  the  sails  shake.— All  of  a  sudden,  suddenly; 
quite  unexpectedly. 

Matters  have  taken  soclever  a  turn  all  of  a  sudden,  that 
I  could  find  it  in  my  heart  to  be  bo  good-humoured  ' 

Sherman,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
All  one,  the  same  thing  in  effect;  quite  the  same. 

Vet  l  have  the  w  it  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of  a 
knave  :  but  that  s  all  one,  if  he  be  but  one  knave. 

Shak.,  T.  g.  of  v.,  iii.  i. 

All  out  t  [ME.  al  oute,  alout],  entirely ;  completely;  quite. 
Then  come  these  wikkyde  Jewes  .  .  .  and  brake  theyre 
thees,  and  slewe  them  alle  owte, 

MS,  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  folio  1S4.     (HalliuteU.) 
Whanne  he  hadde  don  his  wille  al  oute. 

Rom,  of  the  Rose,  i.  2101. 
Used  especially  with  drink  {-<■■•■  carousi  | 
I  quaught,  I  drinke  all  "tit.  Palsgrave. 

Allits[F.],allout;  or  a  carouse  fully  drunk  up.  .Cotgrave. 

All  over,  (a)  In  every  part;  everywhere;  over  the  whole 
body.  Chaucer,  {b)  Thoroughly;  entirely:  as,  "Dombey 
and  Son  "is  Dickens  allover.  [Colloq.]  (c)  Indisposed  ;  gen- 
erally ill ;  having  an  all-overish  feeling.  [Colloq.]  (d)  All 
past;  entirely  ceased  :  as,  that  is  allowr.—  All  over  with, 
done  with  ;  finished :  as,  it  is  all  over  with  their  friendship; 
colloquially,  the  trouble  is  all  over  with. 

Ay,  a  final  sentence,  indeed!  — 'tis  all  over  with  you, 
faith  !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

All  right,  an  idiomatic  colloquial  phrase,  either  adjectival 
or  adverbial,  expressive  of  satisfaction  with,  approval  of, 
or  assent  to  anything,  and  equivalent  to  quite  correct  or 
correctly,  satisfactory  or  satisfactorily,  in  a  satisfactory 
condition  or  manner,  etc.:  as,  your  conduct  or  your  dress 
is  alt  right ;  he  has  done  it  all  right;  "Are  you  ready?  Ml 
right ;  go  ahead." — All  the  [the,  adv. :  see  the-],  to  all  that 
extent ;  so  much  :  as,  all  the  better  ;  all  the  fitter  ;  all  the 
sooner.  See  ii'---  All  there,  up  to  the  mark;  wide 
awake;  in  Btrict  fashion;  first-rate.  [Slang.]  All  up 
with,  at  an  end  ;  all  over  with :  as.  when  the  pistol  was 
raised  he  knew  that  it  was  all  up  with  him.    [Colloq  l 

[All,  in  composition,  sometimes  forms  a  true  compound, 
as  in  almighty,  already,  always,  algates,  but  usually  stands, 
with  or  sometimes  without  a  hyphen,  in  loose  combination, 
retaining  a  syntactic  relation,  either  (l)as  adjective,  as  in 
All-hallows,  All-saints,  allspice.;  (2)  as  noun,  either  ("tin 
genitive  plural,  as  in  all-father,  or  (b)  in  accusative  as  direct 
objei  I .  as  in  all-giver,  all-Si  er,  all-heal,  particular!)  with 
present  participles  having  all  as  object  (though  originally 
in  many  eases  .///was  adverbial),  as  in  all-healing,  all- 
seeing,  all-pervading,  etc.;  or  (3)  as  adverb,  either  (a)  with 
a  noun  (in  the  transitional  construction  mentioned  under 
all,  a.,  I.,  at  end),  as  in  all-bone,  all-mouth,  all-rail,  all- 
>r. mi,  or  (6)  with  almost  any  adjective  that  admits  of  rhe- 
torical sweep,  as  in  all  perfect,  all-powerful,  all  idee,  all- 
■  </■<,  ious,  all  important.  I 

allafulMii).  [It.,  <lat.  of  fem.def.  art.  la;  =F. 
a  la.  <  i-.  ad  Mam,  lit.  to  that:  used  for  alia  ma- 
niera  (di),  in  the  manner  (of ) :  see  a  la.']  In  mu- 
sic, all  or  i  lio  (manner  of);  in  the  ("style  of):  as, 
altafrance$e,  m  th«  French  style  or  manner. 

alia  breve  (al'la  bra've).      [It.;  see  alia  and 

brcrt.)      lit  iiinsif,  mi  expression  unrtersl I  to 

denote  —  (a)  a  species  of  time  in  which  everj 
liar  contains  a  lu-eve,  or  lour  minims;  or  (ft)  a 
rhythm  of  two  or  four  beats  to  o  bar,  but  taken 
at  ;i  rate  of  movement  twice  as  t'nsl  as  it"  the 
piece  were  simply  marked  with  the  sign  of  com- 
mon time.      The  sifjii  for  alia  lnv\  c  t  inn-  is  ('. 

allabuta  (al-a-bu'tS.),  n.  [Origin  not  ascer- 
tained.] The'hnrd,  black  seed  of  the  '  lit  nOfO- 
dium  album,  used  in  stamping  shagreen  (which 
s.e  }.      Also  spelled  ahihnta. 

alia  cappella.    See  a  cappella. 
allacet,  mterj.    An  old  spelling  of  alas. 


allagite 

allagite  (al'a-jit),  ».  [<Gr.  a?2ayr/,  change 
Kd/.'A.doonv,  change,  lit.  make  other  than  it  is, 
<  hXA.oc,  other:  see  alio-,  and  cf.  enallage),  + 
-ih  '-.]  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  brown  or  green 
color,  a  carbonated  silicate  of  manganese,  found 
in  the  Harz  mountains,  near  Elbiugerode,  Ger- 
many.     It  is  an  altered  rhodonite. 

allagostenionous  (aHa-go-ste'mo-nus),  a.    [< 

Gr.  «>/«)//,  change  (see  above),  +  arigiur,  a 
thread,  taken  in  sense  of  cri/fia,  a  stamen.]  In 
hot.,  with  stamens  inserted  alternately  on  the 
torus  and  on  the  petals.    A.  Gray. 

Allah  (al'il),  ii.  [P.  I).  G.  Dan'.,  etc.,  Allah, 
ICuss.  AllakMi,  etc.,  repr.  Ar.  (>  Turk.  Pers. 
Hind.)  Allah,  contr.  of  al-ildh.  lit.  the  God,  <  nl, 
the,  +  Huh,  God,  =  Aramaic  eldh  =  Heb.  <  loan  ; 
see  Elohim.]  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  which,  through  the  Koran,  has  found  its 
way  into  the  languages  of  all  nations  who  have 
embraced  the  Mohammedan  faith. 

Allamanda  (al-a-man'da),  n.  [Named  after 
Jean  N.  S.  Allamand,  a  Swiss  scientist.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbers,  natural  order  Apoey- 
nacecc,  natives  of  tropical  America.  The  flowers 
are  large  and  handsome,  ami  several  species  are  cultivated 
in  greenhouses. 

all-amort  (al-a-mdrf),  a.     See  alamort. 

allamotti,  allamoth  (al-a-rnot'i,  al'a-moth),  n. 
[E.  dial.;  also  alamonU,  allaiuonti ;  an  Orkney 
name.]  A  provincial  English  name  for  the  pe- 
trel, Procelldria  pelagica.     Montagu. 

allanH,  «.    Same  as  alan. 

allan2t,  allent,  ».  [Var.  of  aulin,  q.  v.]  A 
provincial  name  for  a  species  of  jaeger,  Sterco- 
rarius  parasiticus.     Montagu. 

allanite  (al'an-it),  «.  [Named  after  Thomas 
Allan,  of  Edinburgh,  the  discoverer.]  A  silicate 
of  cerium  and  allied  metals  with  aluminium, 
iron,  and  calcium.  It  is  isomorphous  with  epi- 
dote. 

allantoic  (al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  allantois  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  allantois:  as,  allantoic 
fluid;  allantoic  acid  :  allantoic  placentation. 

allantoid  (a-lan'toid),  a.  and  ».  [=  P.  allan- 
toide,  <  NL.  allantoicles,  <  Gr.  dXAavroeidljc  (so. 
iui/v  or  x'tuv:  see  hymen  and  chiton),  the  sau- 
sage-shaped (sc.  membrane),  <  d/'Anc  (d'AZavr-), 
a  sausage,  +  eldoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  allantois :  as,  the  allantoid  membrane. 
II.  n.  Same  as  allantois. 

allantoidal  (al-an-toi'dal),  a.  Same  as  allan- 
toid. 

Allantoidea  (al-an-toi'de-it),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  al- 
lantoides:  see  allantoid.]  '  Those  vertebrates  in 
which  an  allantois  is  developed.  Considered  as  a 
group  in  zoology,  the  Allantoidea  consist  of  mammals, 
birds,  and  reptiles,  as  distinguished  from  Auullaittoidea, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes.  The  word  is  synonymous  with 
Amnionata,  as  distinguished  from  Anamnumata. 

allantoidian  (al-an-toi'di-an),  a.  ami  n.  [<  al- 
lantoid +  -tan  :  =  P.  allanibidien.]  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing an  allantois,  as  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  one 
of  the  higher  vertebrates. 

II.  n.  An  animal  the  embryo  or  fetus  of 
which  has  an  allantois,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or 
reptile. 

allantoin(a-lan'to-in),H.  [< allantois  +  4n%.]  a 
crystalline  substance  (C4H0N4O3)  found  in  the 
allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow;  the  nitrogenous  con- 
stituent of  the  allantoic  fluid.  It  is  also  ob- 
tained from  other  sources.  Also  written  allan- 
toin. 

AUantoin  .  .  .  is  one  of  the  products  of  the  oxidation 
of  uric  acid,  and  by  further  oxidation  gives  rise  to  urea. 
Foster,  Physiology,  pp.  871),  880. 

allantois  (a-lan'to-is),  11.  [NL.,  shorter  form 
(appar.  as  sing,  of  assumed  pi.)  of  allantoides: 
see  allantoid.']  A  fetal  appendage  of  most  ver- 
tebrates, developing  as  a  sac  or  diverticulum 
from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  intestinal 
cavity.  It  is  one  of  the  organs  of  the  embryo  of  all  am- 
niotic vertebrates,  or  those  which  develop  an  amnion,  but 
is  wanting  or  is  at  most  rudimentary  in  amphibians  and 
fishes.  In  birds  and  reptiles  it  is  large  and  performs  a  re- 
spiratory function,  and  in  mammals  contributes  to  form 
the  umbilical  cord  and  placenta.  Its  exterior  primitively 
consists  of  mesoblast,  its  cavity  receiving  the  secretion  of 
the  primordial  kidneys  (Wolffian  bodies).  So  much  of  the 
sac  as  remains  pervious  within  the  body  of  the  embryo 
bee.  lines  tlir  urinary  Madder,  or,  in  si  inn-  degree,  a  urinary 
passage.  The  umbilical  arteries  and  veins  course  along  the 
elongated  stalk  of  the  sac,  which  becomes  the  umbilical 
cord,  and  that  part  of  these  allantoic  vessels  within  the 
body  which  does  not  remain  pervious  becomes  the  urachus 
and  round  ligament  of  the  liver.  The  expanded  extremity 
of  the  allantois,  in  most  mammals,  unites  with  the  chorion 
to  form  the  placenta.  In  those  vertebrates,  as  mammals,  in 
which  the  umbilical  vesicle  has  but  a  brief  period  of  activ- 
ity, the  allantois  chiefly  sustains  the  functions  whereby 
the  fetus  is  nourished  by  the  blood  of  the  mother,  and  has 
its  own  blood  arterialized.  In  parturition,  so  much  of  the 
allantois  as  is  outside  the  body  of  the  fetus  is  east  oil',  tin- 
separation  taking  place  at  the  navel.  See  cut  under  amnion. 
10 


145 

allantotoxicum(a-lan-t6-tok'si-kum),  n.  [<Gr. 
(Mac  (a'A'AavT-),  sausage,  +  roguc&u,  poison :  mt 
toxic.']  Sausage-poison  ;  a  poison  found  in  pu- 
trid sausage  made  id'  blood  and  liver. 

allanturic (al-an-tfi'rik),  a.  KaHantoin  +  uric] 
Obtained  from  allantoin  and  uric  acid:  as,  al- 
lanturic acid. 

alia  prima  (al'la  pre'mii).  [It.,  lit.  according 
to  1  ho  first:  alia,  q.  v.;  prima,  fern,  of  prima, 
first:  see  prime.']  In  painting,  an  expression 
denoting  a  method  in  which  the  pigments  are 
laid  on  the  canvas  in  thick  heavy  masses,  instead 
of  in  washes,  glazes,  or  repeated  coats. 

Paolo  Veronese  painted  generally  alia  prima  with  more 

body  than  Titian  (whose  patience  be  appeared  to  want), 

bo  that  the  finished  picture  was  little  more  than  theab- 

bozzo;  that  is,  lie  painted  up  at  once. 

Mrs.  Merrifield,  Auc.  Practice  of  Painting  (1849),  I.  exxxv. 

allassotonic  (a-las-6-ton'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
dr/nnatn',  vary.  +  rumr,  tension.]  In  hot.,  a 
term  applied  by  De  Vines  to  the  movements 
induced  in  mature  vegetable  organs  by  stimu- 
lation, which  are  not  permanent,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  permanent  or  auxotonic  effects 
of  stimulation  upon  growing  organs.  See  auxo- 
tonic. 

allatratet  (al'a-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  allatratus,  pp. 
of  allatrare,  aiilatrare,  bark  at,  revile,  <  ad,  to. 
+  latrare,  bark:  see  latrate.]  To  bark  out; 
utter  by  barking.     Also  spelled  alatrate. 

Let  Cerberus,  the  dog  of  hel.  alatrate  what  he  li>t  in 
the  contrary.     Stubbes,  Anat.  of  Abuses  (ed.  1880),  p.  158. 

allaudt  (a-lad'),  v.  t.  [<L.  allaudare,  adlaudan , 
<  ov/,  to.  +  laudare,  praise  (see  laud);  a  doublet 
of  allow-,  q.  v.]     To  praise. 

allay1  (a-la'),  0.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay ;  < 
ME.  alayeii,  alcyen,  earlier  aleggen  (pret.  aleydc, 
pp.  aleyd,  alinjd,  alcid),  <  AS.  dlecgan  (pret. 
alegde,  dlede,  pp.  dlegd,  died),  lay  down,  with- 
draw, suppress,  cause  to  eease  (=  OHG.  irlic- 
can,  MHG.  crlcggcn,  G.  erlegen  =  Goth,  uslag- 
jan,  lay  down),  <  a-,  E.  a-1,  +  lecgan,  E.  lag1. 
The  word  should  therefore,  strictly,  be  spelled 
a  lag  (cf.  arise,  abide,  etc.);  the  spelling  all- 
simulates  a  L.  origin.  The  word  was  early 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  several 
other  words  of  L.  origin,  namely,  allay2,  allay-i, 
allege1,  allege*:  see  these  words.  The  senses 
mix  and  cannot  be  entirely  separated.]  I. 
trans.  It.  To  lay  down ;  cause  to  lie ;  lay :  as, 
to  allay  the  dust. —  2f.  To  lay  aside;  setaside; 
suppress;  anmd. 

Codes  lawes  that  were  nleyd. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  144. 

3t.  To  put  down ;  humble ;  overthrow. 

Thy  pride  we  woll  uluiir. 

Rom,  of  Arthur  ami  Merlin,  1.  J14. 

4.  To  put  down;  quiet;  assuage;  pacify,  ap- 
pease, calm,  as  a  commotion  of  the  elements, 
or,  figuratively,  civil  commotions,  mental  ex- 
citement, or  an  agitated  person. 

The  joyous  time  now  nighs  fast, 
That  shall  alegge  this  bitter  blast. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  March. 

If  by  your  art,  my  dearest  father,  you  have 
Put  the  wild  waters  in  this  roar,  allay  them. 

Shale.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

There's  nothing  that  allays  an  angry  mini 
So  soon  as  a  sweet  beauty. 

Fletcher  {ami  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Instead  of  allaying  the  animosity  of  the  two  populations, 
he  inflamed  it  to  a  height  before  unknown. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
Alas,  that  neither  moon  nor  snow  nor  dew 
Nor  all  cold  things  can  purge  me  wholly  through, 
Assuage  me,  nor  allay  me,  nor  appease, 
Till  supreme  sleep  shall  bring  me  bloodless  ease. 

Swinburne,  Anactoria. 

5.  To  abate,  mitigate,  or  subdue;  n-lieve  or 
alleviate :  as,  to  allay  misery  or  pain ;  to  allay 
the  bitterness  of  affliction. 

The  griefs  of  private  men  are  soon  allayed, 

Hut  not  of  kings.  Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  v.  1. 

Vet  leave  me  not!  I  would  aUay  that  grief 
Which  else  might  thy  young  virtue  overpower. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  ii.  :!2. 

=Syn.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitigate,  Assuage,  Allay  (see 
alleviate),  calm,  quiet,  Boothe,  compose,  still,  lull,  tran- 
qnilize.  check,  repress,  soften,  ease,  moderate. 
II, t  intra  us.  To  abate;  subside  ;  grow  calm. 
For  raging  wind  blows  up  incessant  showers, 
Anil  when  the  rage  allays,  tin-  rain  begins. 

Shak.,  :■  Men.  VI.,  i.  -I. 

allay1!  (a-la'),  n.  [<  allay1,  c]  That  which  al- 
lays, lightens,  or  alleviates. 

Vou  are  of  a  high  and  choleric  complexion, 
And  you  must  have  allays. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  1. 

Friendship  is  the  allay  of  our  sorrow.  Jcr.  Taylor. 


allegation 

allay3t  (a-la/),  v.  1.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay; 
<  ME.  aktyen,  <  AT.  aleyer,  alayer,  OF.  aUayer 
1  V.  aloy(  '■),  a  var.  of  alter,  allu  r  1  /  ME.  alii  n, 
E.  ally1),  combine,  alloj  (ef.  Sp.  Pg.  ligar=It. 

ligorc,  allay,  alloy,  whence  tin-  noun,  Sp.  Pg. 

liga  =  It.  lega,  allay,  alloy;  the  Sp.  ah  or.  alloy, 
is  from  the  ( >F.  ,  <  L.  alligan  ,  combine,  join,  < 
oi/,  to,  +  ligare,  bind:  see  o%l  and  alligate. 
Allay-  was  more  or  less  confused  with  allay1, 
and  with  other  similar  forms:  see  allay1.  At 
a  later  period  the  F.  alayer  and  it-,  \.rl.al  sub- 
stantive aloi  were  erroneously  explained  as  de- 
rived from  »/(,/,  to  law,  as  if  meaning  'brought 
to  the  legal  standard':  see  alloy.]  1.  To  mix, 
as  metals;  especially,  to  mix  a  noblerwitb  a 
baser  metal;  alloy.  See  alloy,  v.,  I. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  mix  with  something  interior;  con- 
taminate or  detract  from. 

His  pupils  cannot  speak  of  him  without  something  of 
terror  allaying  their  gratitude.     Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  To  temper;  abate  or  weaken  by  mixture; 
dilute,  as  wine  with  water;  weaken:  diminish. 
allay2!  (a-la'),  ».  [Early  mod.  K.  also  alay ;  < 
ME.  alaye,  aley,  <  AF.  aley,  alay,  (  (F.'alay,  later 
aloy  (F.  aloi),  <  aleyer,  alayer  (F.  aloyt  e),  allay, 
alloy,  mix:  see  allay'2,  v.,  and  alloy.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  alloying;  an  alloy. 

(uins  an-  hanineil  by  tb'  allay. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  ii.  482. 

2.  Figuratively,  admixture,  especially  of  some- 
thing inferior. 

This  comedy  grew  out  of  Congreve  and  Wycherley.  but 
gathered  some  allays  of  the  sentimental  comedy  which 
followed  theirs.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

3.  Mixture;   dilution. 
French  wine  with  an  allay  of  water. 

I;.  Jonson,  Magnetxck  Lady,  iii.  1. 

allay:!t,  <'•  t.  [<  late  ME.  alaye,  aleye,  alley<\<  OF. 
ah  it  r,  ulnii  r,  declare  on  oath.  <  L.  idlegarc, men- 
tion, cite,  adduce:  see  allege1  and  allegation.] 
To  cite;  quote;  allege. 

allay4t,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay :  <  late  ME. 
allay,  <  AF.  'alais,  OF.  cslais,  <  cslaissier,  let 
out,  <  es-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  +  laissier  (F.  laissi  r), 
let,  <  L.  laxare,  relax:  see  lax,  Indus,  and  cf. 
relay.]  In  hunting,  the  act  of  laying  on  the 
hounds;  the  addition  of  fresh  hounds  to  the 
cry. 

allayer1  (a-la'er),  n.  [<  allay1  +  -cr1.]  One 
who  or  that  whieh  allays  or  alleviates. 

Phlegm  and  pure  blood  are  the  repute, I  allayers  of  acri- 
mony. Harvey,  Consumption. 

allayer2t  (a-la'er),  n.     [<  allay2  +  -cr1.]    One 

who  or  that  which  allays  or  alloys. 
allayment  (a-lii'ment),  n.     [<  allay1  +  -ment.] 

The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of  tranquillity  ; 

a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance  ;  abatement ; 

ease. 

Thelike  aUaymenl  could  I  give  my  grief. 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  i. 

all-bet,  eouj.     Same  as  albeit. 

Av.  but  hjs  fear 
Would  ne'er  be  masked,  atlbe  his  vices  wen 

1>.  Jonson,  Si.  janus,  iv,  5. 

allbone  (al'bon),  n.  [<  all  +  bone1;  a  tor.  of 
Gr.  d'Aoarrov,  <  ii/loc,  whole,  +  bariov,  bone.]  An 
English  name  for  the  stitehwort,  Stellaria  Ho- 
losli  a,  from  its  jointed,  skeleton-like  stalks. 

Alle  (al'e),  n.  [NL.  (Linnseus,  1758),  <  Sw. 
idle,  the  ( ireenland  dove.]  A  genus  of  birds  of 
the  auk  family,  containing  the  sea-dove,  dove- 
kie,  or  rotche,  Alca  alle  (Linnseus),  Arctica  alle 
(Gray),  Mergulus  alle  of  authors  in  general,  now 
Alle  nigricans  ( Link).     See  dovt  In  . 

allecret,  ».    See  hallecret. 

allectt  (a-lekt'),  v.  t.  [<L.  altectare,  a, Hectare, 
freq.  of  alliccre,  adliccre,  attract,  draw  to  one's 
self,  <  ad,  to,  +  laccrc,  entice.]     To  entice. 

allectationt  (al-ek-ta'shpn).  n.  [<  L.  allccta- 
tio(n-),  adlcctalio(n-),  <  aileclare.  adleelare :  see 
allcct.]     Enticement;  allurement. 

allectivet  (a-lek'tiv),  a.  and  n.    [< allcct  +  -ire] 
I.  a.  Alluring. 
II.  n.  An  allurement. 

wicM  better  aUective  could  Satan  devise  to  allure  .  .  . 
men  pleasantly  into  damnable  servitude? 

J.  Northbrooke,  Hieing  (1st?.),  p.  117. 

alledget,  ''•  '•     An  old  spelling  of  allcgi . 

allegantt,  «•     An  old  form  of  alicant. 

allegation  (al-e-ga'shon),  n.  [<  late  ME.  allcga- 
cian,  -cioun,  <  OF.  allegation,  <  L.  allcgatio(n-), 
adlegatiti(n-).  <  allegare,  adlegare,  pp.  allegi 
adlegatus :  see  allegi  l.]  1.  The  act  of  alleging; 
affirmation;  declaration:  as,  "erroneous  alle- 
gations of  fact,"  Hallam. —  2.  That  which  is  al- 
leged or  asserted;  that  which  is  offered  as  a 
plea,  an  excuse,  or  a  justification;  an  assertion. 


allegation 


m  if  you  can, 
conclude  mj  words  effectual. 

SAo*.,  2  Urn.  VI. 


iii.  1. 


14(1 

substitution  of  a  personal  dependence  on  the  king  as  lord 
for  the  older  relation  of  the  freeman  to  th<  king  of  his 
rai  e.  •'.  '•'■  Green,  C [.  of  Bng.,  v. 


I  expect  nof  to  be  excused  .  .  .  on  accounl  of  youth, 
want  of  leisure,  or  any  other  idle  o  Pope. 

3.  In  har :  (it)  The  assertion  or  statement  of  a 
party  to  a  suit  or  other  proceeding,  civil  or 
criminal,  which  he  undertakes  to  prove.  (I>) 
The  plaintiff's  first  pleading  in  a  testamentary 
cause,  (c)  [r  eccles.  suits,  any  pleading  subse- 
quent to  the  first.  -Defensive  allegation,  in  Eng- 
land, the  mode  "t  propounding  circumstances  of  defense 
lefendantinthe  spiritual  courts,  the  defendant  is  en- 
titled to  the  plaintiff's  answer  upon  oath  tohiBalli  ;ation, 
and  may  thence  proceed  to  proofs  as  well  as  his  antagonist, 
allege'  (a  lei'  i,  v.  /.:  pret.  and  pp.  alleged,  ppr. 
alleging."  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alleage, 
aUeadge,  <  ME.  aleggen,  alegen,  <  AF.  aleger, 
alegier,  aligier  (<  Law  L.  adlegiart  ),  in  form  = 
OF  esligier  (<  ML.  'cxHtigarc.  clear  at  law,  <  L. 
ex,  out,'+  litigare,  sue  at  law:  see  litigate),  bui 
in  sense  taken  as  =  OF.  alleguer,  F.  alliguer  (a 
restored  form  for  earlier  OF.  aZeiw,  alan  r,  de- 
clare on  oath,  >  ME.  .//<  v,  <///<  vr.  ffltoye:  see 
aMay3)  =  Sp.  alegar  =  Yt.  Pg.  all,yar  =  It.  «/- 
legate,  <  L.  allegare,  adlegare,  send,  depute, 
relate,  mention,  adduce,  <ad,  to,  +  legare,  send: 
see  !efl>ate.]  1.  To  declare  before  a  court; 
plead  at  law;  hence,  in  general,  to  produce  as 
an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse;  cite  or  quote  in 
confirmation:  as,  to  allege  exculpatory  facts; 
to  allege  the  authority  of  a  court. 

He  [Thrasymachus],  amongst  other  arts  which  ha  alleges 
In  evidence  of  his  views,  cites  that  of  government. 

li.  Quincey,  Plato. 

2.  To  pronounce  with  positiveness;  declare; 
affirm:  assert:  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

In  many  alleged  eases,  indeed,  of  haunted  houses  and 
the  like,  a  detailed  revelation  "i  names  and  places  might 
expose  the  narrator  to  legal  action. 

//.  .V.  (ixcntuim.  Short  Studies,  p.  7;:. 
=Svn.  1.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign,  etc.  (see  adduce),  bring 
forward,  aver,  asseverate,  maintain,  say,  insist,  plead,  pro- 
duce,  cite. 

allege'-'t,  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alt  gt . 
<  tj&.alegg<  re,  alegen,i  OF. aUeger,  aleger,  alegier 
=  Pr.  aleujar  =  It.  alleggiare,  <  LL.  aUeviare, 
lighten,  alleviate:  see  alleviate  and  aUeve.  Cf. 
abridge,  abbreviate.  The  sense  and  the  ME. 
forms  mixed  with  those  of  allai/1.]  To  alle- 
viate: lighten;  mitigate;  allay. 

allegeable  (a-lej'a-rjl),  a.  [<  allege*  +  -able.} 
(.'apahle  of  le-ing  alleged  or  affirmed. 

allegeanceH,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge- 
ante,  allegeaunce,  <  ME.  allegiaunce,  <  allegen, 
alegt  n,  cite,  assert  :  see  allegi '  and  -mice]  The 
act  of  alleging;  allegation. 

allegeance-t,  »■  [ME.,  also  allegiance,  alege- 
miiirr.  <  OF.  alegeance,  mod.  alUgeance,  allevia- 
tion, <  alegt  r,  alleviate:  Bee  allege*  and  -ance.] 
Alleviation. 

allegeance:it,  «.    An  old  spelling  of  allegiance 
allegementt  I  a-lej'ment ).  re.  [<  allege*  + 
Assertion;  allegation. 
alleger  (a-h-.i'er),  >i.     One  who  alleges, 


allenarly 

He  allegorizeth  upon  the  Bai  riflces. 

Full.-    Against  Mien,  p.  223. 

Also  spelled  allegorise. 


li  being  a  certain  position  in  law,  that  allegiance  vni  alleeorizer  (al'e-go-rl'zer),  n.  One  who  allp 
protection  are  reciprocal,  the  one  ceasing  when  the  other  „,„.£„.  ,,„....  i ,,',  r,;,,.,i,s  ;„  ..ii,  .„„IT(I,  1,x,llllm,iB 
Is  withdrawn.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  12.     gonzes,onewnospi  ans  in    in  gorj  01  i  xpountis 


Hence  —  2.  Observance  of  obligation  in  gen- 
eral; fidelity  to  any  person  or  thing  ;  devotion. 

That  I  [Bolingbroke]  did  pluck  allegiance  from  men's 
hearts, 

Fond  shouts  anil  salutations  from  their  mouths, 

Keen  ill  tile  picS'-lli'.-  mI  the  crowned  king. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

Love,  all  the  faith  ami  all  the  idlegianci  Hen 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man.  iii.  235. 
=  Syn.  Allegiance,  Loyalty,  Fealty.  Allegiance  is  the  most 
formal  and  official  of  these  words;  it  is  a  matter  of  prin- 
ciple, and  applies  especially  to  c iuct ;  the  <."'A  of  alle- 
giance covers  conduct  only.  Loyaltyiatt  matter  o!  both 
principle  and  sentiment,  conduct  and  feeling;  it  implies 
enthusiasm  and  devotion,  and  hence  is  most  frequently 
chosen  for  figurative  uses:  as.  loyalty  to  a  lover,  husband, 
family,  elan,  friends,  old  traditions,  religion.  Neither  alle- 
giance nor  loyally  is  confined  to  its  original  meaning  ol  the 
obligation  due  from  a  subject  to  a  prince.  Fealty  has 
i  aped  less  completely  from  Ibis  earliest  sense,  but  has 
a  pi  i  missible  use  in  the  sense  of  fidelity  under  obligation 
of  various  kinds. 

>ple  quarrel  with  obedience 


Our  pi 


Swe 
To  I 


allegit 
er  blood, 


1  the  love  of  soul, 
■eign  loyalty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  1. 

A  man  who  could  command  the  unswerving  loyalty  of 

honest  and  impulsive  Dick  Steele  could  not  have  been  a 

coward  or  a  backbiter.       Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  429. 

Nor  did  he  doubt  her  more, 

But  rested  in  her  fealty,  till  lie  crown'd 

A  happy  life  with  a  fair  death.     Tennyson,  Gi  rami 

allegiailt  (a-le'jant),  a.  and  n.  [Assumed 
from  allegiance,  after  analogy  of  adjectives  in 
-ant  having  associated  nouns  in  -ana':  see -ant1 
and  -ance.~\    I.  a.   Loyal. 

For  your  meat  graces 
[leaped  upon  me,  poor  undeserver,  1 
Can  nothing  render  but  allegiant  thanks. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

II.  re.  One  who  owes  or  renders  allegiance; 
a  native. 

Strangers  shall  have  the  same  personal  rights  as  the  al- 
legiants.  N.  A..  Rev.,  CXLII.  125. 

allegoric  (al-e-gor'ik),  a.     Same  as  allegorical. 
allegorical  (al-e-gor'i-kal),  a.     [<  L.  allegoricus  allegretto 

(<  Or.  a?.Ariyopui6i;,  <  akXij) opia,  allegory:  sec  al-     ^ret'to),  a. 

legory)  +  -al.']     Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to 

allegory;  of  the  nature  of  allegory ;  figurative; 

describing  by  resemblances. 
His  strong  allegorical  bent  .   .  .  was  heightened   by 

analysis  of  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  176. 

Allegorical  interpretation,  the  drawing  of  a  spiritual 

or  figurative  meaning  from  what  is  apparently  historical ' 


allegorically.  Also  spelled  aUegoriser 
allegory  (al'e-go-ri),  ».;  pi.  allegories  (-riz). 
[< P. allegoric  =  Sp.  alcgoria  =  Pg.  It.  allegoria, 
<L.  allegoria,  <  Gr.  a'/'/ .,,  op  a,  description  of  one 
thing  under  the  image  of  another,  <  al7.tr/opeiv, 
speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else,  <  a/'/uc, 
other  (see  alio-),  +  ayopevetv,  speak,  <  ayopd,  a 
place  of  assembly,  market -place:  see  agora.  Cf. 
category.]  1.  A  figurative  treatment  of  a  sub 
ject  not  expressly  mentioned,  under  the  guise 
of  another  having  ana  logous  properties  or  cir- 
cumstances; usually,  a  sentence,  discourse,  or 
narrative  ostensibly" relating  to  material  things 
or  circumstances,  but  intended  as  an  exposition 
of  others  of  a  more  spiritual  or  recondite  na- 
ture having  some  perceptible  analogy  or  figura- 
tive resemblance  to  the  former. 

The  moment  our  discourse  rises  above  the  ground  line 
of  familiar  facts,  and  is  influenced  by  passion  or  exalted 
by  thought,  it  clothes  itself  in  images.   .   .   .   Hence,  good 
writing  and  brilliant  discourse  are  perpetual  allegories. 
Emerson,  \l  isc,  p.  ."'J. 

2.  A  method  of  speaking  or  Vi  riting  character- 
ized by  this  kind  of  figurative  treatment. 

Metaphor  asserts  or  supposes  that  one  thing  is  another, 
as  "Judab  is  a  lion's  whelp  ";  but  allegory  never  affirms 
that  one  thing  is  another. 

T.  II.  Borne,  Introd.  to  study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  406, 

3.  In  /minting  and  sculp.,  a  figurative  repre- 
sentation in  which  the  meaning  is  conveyed 
symbolically.  =  Syn. 


8)  gives  an  allegorical  interpre. 


i  of  the  history  of  free-born  Isaac  and  slave  born  Isle   alleCT0    (al-la'gro) 
—Allegorical  pictures,  pictures  representing  alio-     <(  ,'j  ik  . 


al- 


Alleghariy  vine.    Same  as  Adlumia  drrhosa.       tion, 
allegiance  (a-le'jans),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  allegorist  (al 


thus,  st.  Paul  (R 

tation 

mael 

gorical  subjects. 

allegorically  (al-e-gor'i-kal-i),  adr.    In  an 
legorical  manner;  by  way  of  allegory. 
"'•J  allegoricalness    (al-e-gor'i-kal-nes),    ».     The 
quality  of  being  allegorical. 
allegoirisation,  allegorise,  etc.    Seeallegori  »- 


1.  Si  wile.  Metaphor, 
Comparison,  etc.  See 
simUe. 

allegory t  (al'e-go- 
ri),  v.  i.  To  em- 
ploy allegory;  alle- 
gorize. 

I  am  notignorant  that 
some  do  allegory  on  this 
place.  Alt)*.  Whitgyft, 
Defense,  p.  571. 

(al-la- 

and  re. 

[It.,  dim.  of  allegro: 

see  allegro.]  I.  a. 
In  music,  quicker  in 
time  than  andante, 
but  not  so  quick  as 
allegro. 

II.  re.  A  move- 
ment in  such  time. 


Allegory  — The  Church. 

Calhedrai  of  Worms,  i}th   century, 

The  heast  with  four  hea.ls  synitxjlizes 

the    Four    Gospels.     (Viollet-le-Duc's 

"Diet,  dc  1' Architecture.") 

1=  P.    alUgre,  OP.    align; 
<  L.  alacer,  alacris,  brisk, 
sprightly,  cheerful :  see  alacrious  and  alacrity.] 
I.  a.  In  music,  brisk  or  rapid. 

II.  re.  A  brisk  movement :  a  sprightly  part  or 
strain,  the  quickest  excepl  presto, 
alleluia  (al-e-lo'ya),  intcrj.    Same  as  halleluiah. 


spnf 
>E. 


[It.,  brisk, 
htly,  cheerful 
aleger,  q.  v.), 


The  mod!  F'allegeance  in  this  sense'is    what  he  says,  and  nothing  more.  '  w l-sorrel,  Oxalis  Acetosella. 

tr,„„  the  E.  word.  1     1.  The  tieor  obligation  of  '  blsraeh,  Amen. ...  i,t.,  ii.  144.  alleluiatic  (al-e-lo-yat'ik),  a. 

a  subject  or  citizen  to  bis  sovereign  or  govern-  allegorization  (aFf-gor-i-za  shon),  ».    [<aMe-    luwtic. 


Samo  as  lialli- 


:  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government, 
or  state.   Bv<  1 1 1  itia  nov  a  to  the  government 

.mi.]  ' Natural  or  implied  allegiance  is 

.ligation  which  one  owes  to  the  nation  of  which  he  is 
a  natui  al  bom  citizen  or  subject  so  long  as  hi  remainssuch 
and  it  does  / 

that  obligation  whichproceeds  from  an  express 

,i  ].  ..i  fidi  lity.     Local  orfc  mpoi  ary  all*  giance 

\  or  state  undi  i  ... 

in  which  be  residi  -      In  the  '  mi.  .1  -e.t.  -  the  paran I 

,ii,    Eance  of  i  n  decided  to  bi   due  to  the 

eni   and  not  to  the  government  of  the 
in  which  he  i^  domiciled. 

i .  ..I1 ..   i    ii..    bond    thai    I  li  -   anj   man  e,  I  tii  i   '.. 

i,.    undertakes  to  be  Faithful ;  the  b I  ii  created 

bj  ii..  and  i  mbodii  d  in  tl th      Bomage 

II,.     [Ol  n.    that     In.,. I      On      :::      al    I.,    tin      !.,|.|     v,  I an 

.ni   ,t  n  in.ni  In-  holds  the  land  for  h  hlch  be 

ind  With  In-  ban. I  -  III 

Ins  I.e. i    ha    I        Uleg I    the  dutj  h in.  h  i  ach  man 

I.,  tin-   bead  ..I   tin     nation,    v.  In  I 

iwnei   ."    in.n!  

,    :  a      nam    I    a  li  gal  dutj  '-. 
ii,,-  kn  i   nation,  whether  u  be  embodied 

oath  or  not     Km  although  tlm    dl  tincl  In 
the  thi  In  thi  middli  e 

as  regards  the  king  oneeflect.    Stubbs  Con  i   in  i 
The  conque  I    f  thi   Danelaw  was  followed  by  the  earli. 
i  thole  oaths  of  allegiance  which  mark  lie 


i/mi  .i  +  -alum.]     The  act,  of  turning  into  alio-  allemande  (al-e-mond'),  n.     [P.,  prop.  fern,  of 
gory;  allegorical  treatment.     Also  spelled  alle- 
qorisation. 

allegorize  (al'e-go-riz),  «'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alle- 
gorized, ppr.  allegorizing.     [<  OP.  allegoriser, 

i I.  I'.  aUegoriser,  <L.  aUegorizare, < Gr.  bXfai- 

..... ..i',  speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else :  see 

allegory  and  -i.:c]     I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  into 

allegory;    narrate   in  allegory;    (real    allegori- 

eallv  ;  as,  to  allegorize  the  history  "fa  people. — 
2.  to  understand  in  an  allegorical  sense;  in- 
terpret allegorically:  as,  when  a  passage  in  an 
authormay  lie  understood  either  literally  or  fig- 
oral  nely, 'he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  sense  cu- 
lt gori  es  it. 

\n  al,  h.  mi  i  shall  .  .  .  allegorize  the  si  ripture  itself, 
and  the  Bacred  mysteries  thereof,  into  the  philosopher's  alien1    (al'en),   n.     {V..   dial.;  origin   obscure. J 

Grass-land  recently  broken  up  I  Halliwell);  un- 

mclosed   land   thai    has  been  tilh-d  and   left  to 

run  in  teed  i,,r  sheep  i  Moor),    [Prov.  Eng.] 

allen'-'t,  ».     Wee  allan-. 

allenarly  (a-len'ftr-li),  '"/''.  or  a.    [The  recog- 
nized legal  form  of  the  re  reg.  allanerly, 

formerly  also  attain  rla  .  nlani  Hie,  <  ('//  +  anerly, 


Alii  ma  ml,  German:  see  .11  main.  Alt umnnic]  1. 
In  music,  the  first  movement  after  the  prelude 
in  a  suile.  Like  the  prelude,  it  is  sometimes  absent. 
Ii  i>  in  J  lime,  a  rattier  fast  andante,  and  consists  of  two 
strains,  each  repeated,  ami  generally  of  equal  length. 
2.  A  German  dance  in  J  time,  resembling  the 
older  style  of  waltz,  and  often  so  called. — 3.  A 
German  national  dance  in  livelj    ,  time. — 4. 

A  figure  in  dancing. 

Allemannic,  «.  and  n.    See  Alemannic. 

allemontite  (al-e-mon'tit),  re.  |<  Allemont  or 
Alliiiioml.  a  village  of  [sere,  France,  +  -ite2.] 
A  mineral  of  a  tin-while  color  and  metallic 
luster,  containing  arsenic  and  antimony.  Also 
ca  lied  arsenical  antimony. 


stone.  L°eh 

If  we  might  nil.  .m,;  .  it  [the  opera  "Tannh&user"],  we 

should  an  thai  ii  typifli  .1  i h  dial  longing  afti 

an     underlie]  other  name  ol  Charts,  which  represents  the 

r.  lation  in  Which  I bin  should  stand  I.,  am  il 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  224. 
II.  iiitraus.  To  use  allegory:  as,  a  man  may 
allegori  i  to  phase  his  fancy. 


allenarly 

only,  <  one,  one  :  see  anerly.  Cf.  ME.  aU-oneli, 
alle-oucli,  all-anly,  only,  lit.  all  only:  soo  all  ami 
only.]  Only;  solely;  merely:  a  technical  word 
used  in  Scotch  conveyancing.  Thus,  where  lands 
are  conveyed  to  a  father,  '*'  for  his  life-rent  use  allenarly," 
the  force  of  the  expression  is  that  the  father's  right  is  re- 
stricted to  a  mere  life-rent,  or  at  best  to  a  fiduciary  fee, 
even  in  circumstances  where,  but  for  the  word  allenarly, 
the  father  would  have  been  unlimited  ftar. 

aller1  (al'er),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  alio;  <  AS. 
air:  see  alder*.]    Same  as  alder*.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

aller'2t,  a.     See  alilerS. 

aller-float  (al'er-flot),  n.  [<  aller*}  dial,  form 
of  alder*,  +  float.]  A  local  English  name  of 
a  large  trout  of  the  common  species,  given 
from  the  fact  that  it  hides  under  the  roots  of 
the  alder,  or  is  in  season  when  the  alder  is 
budding.    Also  called  aller-trout. 

allerion  (a-le'ri-on),  n.  [More  correctly  alc- 
rion,  <  OF.  alerion,  alciron  (F.  alerion),  <  ML. 
alario(n-),  in  her.  a  little  eagle 
without  beak  or  claws,  in  form  sug- 
gesting L.  alarius,  <  ala,  a  wing 
(see  aisle),  but  prob.  of  other  ori- 
gin; perhaps  nit.  <  MHG.  adelar, 
G. adlcr,  an  eagle.]  hi  her.:  (a)  A 
bearing  representing  an  eagle  or 
Aiierion.  eaglet  displayed  without  feet  or 
beak,  (b)  More  rarely,  an  eagle  heraldically 
represented,  but  complete.     Boutcll. 

aller-trout  (al'er-trout),  n.   Same  as  aller-float. 

allette,  n.     See  alette. 

allevet,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  spelled  aleive ;  <  OF. 
allever,  alever,  <  L.  allevare,  adlevare,  lift  up, 
raise,  lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  levare,  lift 
up,  lighten:  see  alleviate,  and  cf.  relieve.]  To 
alleviate;  relieve.     Murrey. 

allevementt,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  aleavement;  < 
alleve  +  -meat.]  The  act  of  alleviating  or  re- 
lieving; alleviation. 

alleviate  (a-le'vi-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allevi- 
ated, ppr.  alleviating.  [<  LL.  alleviatus,  pp.  of 
alleviare,  adleviare,  for  L.  allevare,  adlevare, 
lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  levare,  lift  up, 
lighten,  <  leris,  light,  not  heavy:  see  levity.  Cf. 
allege2  and  alleve.]  1.  To  make  light,  in  a  fig- 
urative sense ;  remove  in  part ;  lessen,  miti- 
gate, or  make  easier  to  be  endured:  as,  to  al- 
leviate sorrow,  pain,  care,  punishment,  burdens, 
etc. :  opposed  to  aggravate. 

Excellent  medicines  to  alleviate  those  evils  which  we 
bring  upon  ourselves.  Bentley. 

The  darkest  complexion  is  not  a  little  alleviated  by  a 
black  hood.  Addison. 

The  little  apples  which  it  [the  nebbak-tree]  bears  are 
slightly  acid  and  excellent  for  alleviating  thirst. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  tiie  Saracen,  p.  69. 

2.  To  represent  as  less ;  lessen  the  magnitude 
or  heinousness  of;  extenuate:  applied  to  moral 
conduct:  as,  to  alleviate  an  offense.     [Rare.] 

He  alleviates  his  fault  by  an  excuse.  Johnson. 

=  Syn.  Alleviate,  Believe,  Mitigate,  Assuage,  Altai/,  di- 
minish, soften,  abate,  qualify,  reduce.  See  allayl.  Where 
these  words  are  applied  to  pain,  etc.,  alternate  is  to  lighten 
somewhat,  and  especially  in  a  soothing  way;  relieve  and 
altag  go  further  than  alleviate,  removing  in  large  measure 
or  altogether.  Mitigate  is  to  make  mild,  less  severe;  per- 
haps it  stands  midway  between  alleviate  and  relieve.  As- 
suage is  to  calm  down,  and  that  idea  underlies  all  its  uses ; 
allay  conveys  similarly  the  idea  of  putting  to  rest. 

To  alleviate  the  congestion  of  the  optic  nerve  and  retina, 
the  artificial  leech  should  be  applied  several  times  at  in- 
tervals of  a  few  days,  but  should  then  be  desisted  from  if 
no  benefit  results.  J.  S.  Wells,  Dis.  of  Eye,  p.  383. 

It  [electricity]  has  relieved  the  paroxysms  of  angina 
pectoris.  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  430. 

In  the  advance  of  civilisation,  there  is  a  constant  ten- 
dency to  mitigate  the  severity  of  penal  codes. 

Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  337. 
Foment  the  bruises,  and  the  pains  assunge. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  2003. 

alleviation  (a-le-vi-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  allevia- 
tin(n-),  L.  alleratio(n-),  <  allevare,  lighten:  see 
alleviate.]  1.  The  act  of  alleviating.  («)  The  act 
of  removing  in  part,  lessening,  mitigating,  or  making 
easier  to  be  endured  :  as,  the  alleviation  of  taxes,  (b)  The 
act  of  making  less  by  representation ;  extenuation  :  as, 
•■alleviations  ,,f  faults,"  South. 

2.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 
tolerable  :  as,  the  sympathy  of  a  friend  is  an  al- 
leviation of  grief. 

I  have  not  wanted  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friendship 
could  supply.  Johnson. 

His  sister  was  waiting  in  a  state  of  wondering  alarm, 
which  was  not  without  its  alleviations. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  8. 
=Syn.  Mitigation,  palliation,  relief. 
alleviative  (a-le'vi-a-tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  alleviate 
+  -ire.]    I.  a.  Tending  to  alleviate  or  mitigate. 

II.  «.  That  which  alleviates  or  mitigates: 
as,  "some  cheering  alleviative,"  Corah's  Boom 
(1672),  p.  176. 


147 

alleviator  (a-le'vi-a-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  alleviates,  lightens,  or  mitigates. 

alleviatory  (a-le'vi-a-to-ri),  a.  Fitted  to  alle- 
viate ;  having  the  quality  of  alleviating. 

allex  (al'eks),  it.  [L.,  also  hallex,  NL.  hallux: 
see  hallux.]     Same  as  hallux.     [Rare.] 

alley1  (al'i),  n.  [<  ME.  alei,  aley,  <  OP.  alee 
(F.  allee),  a  going,  gallery,  passage,  <  aler,  aller 
(F.  aller),  go,  var.  of  an  earlier  ancr  =  Pr.  amir 
=  Cat.  anar=  Sp.  Pg.  andar  =  It.  anda/re,  dial. 
anare,  go;  of  uncertain  origin:  either  (1)  <  L. 
annare,  aanare,  swim  to,  toward,  or  along;  in 
Ciceroonceusedinsenseof  'come  to,  approach'; 
<  ml,  to,  +  /Hire,  swim  (see  natation);  or  (2) 
ult.  <  ML.  'anditare  for  L.  aditare  (cf.  ML.  ««- 
ditus  for  L.  aditvs,  ami  ML.  renders  for  L.  red- 
dere:  see  adit  and  render),  go  to  or  approach 
often,  freq.  of  adire,  pp.  aditus,  go  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  ire,  go:  see  adit.]  A  passage;  especially,  a 
narrow  passage,  (a)  A  passage  in  a  building,  giving 
access  from  one  pari,  to  another;  also  sometimes  used  for 
aisle,  (b)  A  long,  narrow  inclosure  with  a  smooth  wooden 
floor  for  playing  at  bowls,  skittles,  etc.  <,•)  A  walk,  inclosed 
with  hedges  or  shrubbery,  in  a  garden  ;  as,  "yonder  alleys 
green,"  Milton,  P.  I,.,  iv.  i 

So  long  about  the  aleys  is  he  goen. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1. 1080. 
(</i  A  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  town,  as  distinct  from 
a  public  street,  (c)  In  a  printing-office,  the  space  between 
two  rows  of  composing-stands,  in  which  compositors  work 
at  the  cases  on  the  stands. 

alley3  (al'i),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  eontr.  of  alabas- 
ter, from  which  alleys  are  said  to  have  been 
made.]  A  choice  taw  or  large  playing-marble. 
Also  spelled  ally. 

alleyed  (al'id),  a.  Laid  out  as  an  alley,  or 
with  alleys. 

TJntrimmed,  undressed,  neglected  now 
Was  aliened  walk  and  orchard  bough. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  ii.  17. 

alley-taw  (al'i-ta),  «.  [<  alley2  +  taw2.]  An  al- 
loy; a  large  playing-marble.  Sometimes  writ- 
ten alley-tor,  as  vulgarly  pronounced. 

After  inquiring  whether  he  had  won  any  alley-tors  or 
commoneys  lately,  he  made  use  of  this  expression. 

Dickens,  Pickwick. 

alleyway  (al'i-wa),  n.  A  short  alley;  a  lane 
or  narrow  passage  of  small  extent,  as  between 
two  houses. 

By  substantial  walls  of  adobe,  with  narrow  alleyways 
running  between.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  81. 

All-father  (al'fa"ther),  n.  [<  all,  orig.  gen.  pi., 
+  father;  after  Icel.  Alfodhr.]  The  Father  of 
all:  a  name  originally  of  Odin,  now  sometimes 
applied  to  Jupiter  and  to  God. 

And  I  told  of  the  good  All-father 
Who  cares  for  us  here  below. 

Lowell,  First  Snowfall. 

all-fired  (al-fird'),  a.  [Said  to  be  a  euphemism 
for  hell-fired,  and  hence  defined  as  'infernal,' 
but  prob.  to  be  taken  at  its  face  value :  <  aU  -r 
fire  +  -ed2,  all  intensifying  the  merely  rhetori- 
cal fire.]  Tremendous:  as,  an  all-fired  noise; 
he  was  in  an  all-fired  rage.     [Colloq.] 

all-fours  (al-forz'),  n.  A  game  of  cards  played 
by  from  two  to  six  persons  with  hands  of  six 
cards  each,  dealt  from  a  full  pack,  the  top  one 
of  the  remaining  cards  being  turned  as  the 
trump,  and  the  cards  ranking  as  in  whist.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
for  each  of  which  a  point  is  scored.  These  chances  are  the 
securing  of  high,  or  the  ace  of  trumps  or  next  best  trump 
out;  of  loiv,  or  the  deuce  of  trumps  or  next  lowest  trump 
out;  of  jack,  or  the  knave  of  trumps;  of  game,  or  tricks 
containing  cards  which  will  make  the  largest  sum  when 
added  together,  an  ace  being  counted  as  four,  a  king  as 
three,  a  queen  as  two,  a  jack  as  one,  and  a  ten-spot  as  ten. 
the  other  cards  not  counting.  The  player  who  has  all  these 
is  said  to  have  all/ours.  Also  called  old  sledge,  seven  up, 
ami  high-low-jaclc. 

allgood  (al'gud),  ».  An  old  name  of  the  plant 
Good  Henry,  or  English  mercury,  Chenopodtum 
Bonus-Hen  lie  ut;. 

all-hail  (al-hal'),  v.  t.  [See  hail?,  ».]  To  sa- 
lute or  address  with  the  exclamation  nil  haill 
[Rare.] 

Who  all-hailed  me,  Thane  of  Cawdor. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

All-hallont,  All-hallondt,  etc.  Same  as  AlU 
hallows. 

All-hallow  (al-hal'6),  ».    See  All-hallows. 

Allhallowe'enuil-lial'o-en),  n.  [For  AUhaUow- 
even  :  but  see  Alt-hallows.]  See  All-hallows  and 
Hedlowe'en. 

Allhallowmas  (al-hal'o-mas).  n.  [<  ME.  al- 
halowmesse,  alhahoemesse,  i  AS.  ealra  halgena 
maisse-dmg,  all  saints'  mass-day:  see  All-hal- 
lows.]   Allhallow-tide. 

All-hallownt  (al-hal'6n),  n.  [Also  corruptly 
Allhallon,  -holhn,  -Indian,  -holland,  <  ME.  at 
halowen,  <  AS.  eallc  hdlgan,  all  saints:  see  All- 


alliance 

hallows.]  Same  as  AU-hallows.  -All-hallown  sum- 
mer, formerly  the  name  in  Eni  :  fine 
weather  in  the  late  autumn,  coi  i 
ummer  in  France  and  I,,  Indian  -mum.  r  la  (In    I 
States.     A.  E.  D. 

Farewell,  the  latter  spring !  Farewell,  AU-halloum  mm 
Shak.,  I  Urn.  iv.,  i.  ■>. 

All-hallows,  All-hallow  (al-hal' 6z,  -6),  n. 

[Prop.  AU-mUoWS,  pi.,  I>ut,  in  n|>.  AU-hallOW 

(aa.  day,  eve,  mass,  summer,  tiae)\  Lnearlj  mod.  E. 
and  dial,  also  All-hallown,  -hallon,  -hallan,  -liol- 

Inn,  -liollnn,  -holland, etc. ;  <  ME.alhalowes,  ear- 
lier al  halowen,  <  AS.  mllr  hdlgan,  all  hallows, 
i.  e.,  all  saints  (see  all  and  hallow*,  n.),  usually 
in  gen.  pi.  ealra  halgena,  ME.  aire  (or  all<  )  lm- 
lowene,  halewune,  etc.,  (day,  tide,  feast,  etc.)  of 
all  hallows.  The  term,  -n,  corruptly  -nrf,  thus 
represents  the  AS.  pi.  suffix  -an,  and  in  comp. 
the  gen.  pi.  -ena,  the  latter,  ME.  -ene,  being 
appar.  merged  in  e'en  in  AllhaUotvc'en,  q.  v.] 

1.  All  saints.  It  was  formerly  common  to 
dedicate  a  church  to  All-hallows. —  2.  All  Saints' 
day,  the  1st  of  November:  a  feast  dedicated  to 
all  the  saints  in  general.  See  All  Saints'  dug, 
under  saint. 

Allhallow-tide  (al-hal'6-tid),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  Allhidlown-tiile,  Alhallon-tyd,  Allhollon- 
tide,  etc. :  see  All-hallows,  AU-hallown,  ami  tide.] 
The  time  near  All  Saints'  day,  November  1. 
Also  called  Hallow-tide. 

Apples,  pears,  hawthorn-quicks,  oaks,  set  them  at  All- 
hoUon-tide,  and  command  mem  to  prosper;  set  them  at 
Candlemas,  and  intreat  them  to  grow. 

Ray,  Eng.  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  350. 

allheal  (al'hel),  ».  [<  all  +  heal*.  Cf.  panacea 
and  Panax.]  The  name  of  a  plant,  cat's  vale- 
rian, Valeriana  officinalis.  The  clown's  allheal, 
or  clown's  woundwort,  is  Stachys  palustris. 

alliable  (a-li'a-bl),  a.  [<  ally*  + -able.]  Calla- 
ble of  forming  or  of  entering  into  an  alliance. 

alliaceous  (al-i-a'shius),  a.  [<  L.  allium,  gar- 
lic, 4-  -aceous.  See  Allium.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  properties  of  the  genus  Allium, 
which  includes  the  onion  and  garlic. —  2.  Hav- 
ing the  peculiar  smell  or  taste  of  the  onion: 
applied  specifically  to  minerals  which  contain 
arsenic  and  emit  a  garlic-like  odor  when  heated 
on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe. 

alliance  (a-li'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  alianee,  aliannce, 
<  OF.  alianee', '<  ML.  alligantia,  <  alligare  (OF. 
alier),  ally,  bind  to:  see  ally*  and  -mice.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  allied  or  connected;  the  re- 
lation between  parties  allied  or  connected.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  Marriage,  or  the  relation  or  union  brought 
about  between  families  through  marriage. 
And  great  alliances  but  useless  prove 
To  one  that  comes  herself  from  mighty  Jove. 

Dryden,  Helen  to  Paris,  1.  55. 

(/))  Connection  by  kindred.    [Rare.] 

For  my  father's  sake,  .  .  . 
And  for  alliance'  sake. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  :',. 
('•)  Union  between  nations,  contracted  by  compact,  treaty, 
or  league.  Such  alliance  may  be  defensive,  that  is,  an 
agreement  to  defend  each  other  when  attacked;  or  offen- 
sive, that  is,  an  agreement  to  make  a  combined  attack  on 
another  nation;  or  it  may  lie  both  offensive  and  defensive. 
An  alliance  was  aeinrdinulv  formed  by  Austria  with 
England  and  Holland  against  France. 

Eneye.  Brit.,  III.  126. 
(d)  Any  joining  of  efforts  or  interests  bj  persons,  families, 
Btates,  or  organizations:  as,  an  alliance  between  church 
and  state. 

An  intimate  alliance  was  formed  between  the  Arian 

kings  and  the  Arian  clergy.        Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  ii. 

Lydgate  .  .  .  had  .  .  .  the  conviction  that  the  medical 

profession  .  .  .  offered  tin-  most  direct  alliance  between 

intellectual  conquest  and  the  social  good. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemareh,  I.  159. 

2.  The  compact  or  treaty  which  is  the  instru- 
ment of  allying  or  confederating:  as,  to  dray.- 
up  an  alliance, — 3.  The  aggregate  of  persons  or 
parties  allied. 

Therefore,  let  oui  alliance  lie  combin'd. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

4.  In  hot.,  a  grade  intermediate  between  class 
and  order:  the  equivalent  in  Lindley's  classifi- 
cation of  the  more  recent  term  cohort. —  5.  In 
eobl. ,  a  natural  group  of  related  families ;  a  su- 

perfamily  or  suborder Arms  of  alliance,  in  her., 

arms  which  are  obtained  through  matrimonial  alliances. 
—  Evangelical  Alliance.  Bee  evangelical.— Moly  Alli- 
ance. See  hohi.-^yn.  Alliance.  Leag  leracy, 
Coalition,  relationship,  affinity,  combination,  federation, 
copartnership.  The  first  four  words  have  been  used  with- 
out distinction  to  express  the  union  or  t peration  of 

two  or  more  persons,  organizations,  or  states.    Mint 
the  most  general  term.    Often  a  confederacy  ami  some- 

times  a  league  between   states   mean-  a   1 1 r  onion 

than  an  alliance.  Allianc,  is  rarely  used  ,,f  a  combination 
for  evil;  but  the  other  words  are  of  ten  soused,  confedt  racy 
having  specifically  such  a  meaning  in  law.  Alliance  alone 
is  used  of  the  union  of  families  by  mania-,'.  Coalition  is 
often  used  of  the  temporary  cooperation  of  persons,  par- 
ties, or  states  that  are  ordinarily  opposed. 


148 

in  the  upper  jaw,  into  which  the  long  teeth  of  the  under 
jaw  lit,  and  tee)  much  less  webbed.  Their  habits  are  less 
aquatic.  They  frequent  swamps  and  marshes,  and  may 
be  seen  basking  on  the  dry  ground  .luring  the  day  in  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  The\  are  most  aetive  during  the  night. 
i !,.  largest  of  them  attain  the  length  ol  17  or  18  feet  Chej 
live  on  fish,  and  sometimes  catch  hogs  on  the  shore,  or  dogs 
which  axe  swimming.  In  winter  thej  burrow  in  the  mud  of 
swamps  and  marshes,  lying  torpid  till  spring.  The  female 
lavs  a  great  number  of  eggs,  which  are  deposited  In  the 
and,  and  left  fco  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Ihe 
alligators  are  distributed  over  tropical  America,  but  are 
not  known  to  exist  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.    Among 


alliance 

Alliances,  at  ..nee  offensive  and  defensive,  have  one  of 
the  usual  and  more  important  characteristics  of  confeder- 
ations. Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  103. 

We  must  resolve  to  Incorporate  into  our  plan  the,  i  in 
gradients  which  maybe  considered  as  forming  the  i 
teristic  difference  between  a  '  agui   and  a  government; 
we  must  extend  (lie  authority  ol  the  union  to  the  persons 
of  the  citizens     the  onlj  proper  objects  ol  government. 
.1.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  .No.  IB. 

I  si 1  I'  the  level 

of  a  full  charg'd  con/ed*  racy,  and  give  thanks 
I,,  you  that  chok'd  it.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII..  i.  2, 

The  utility  of  a  .  i    well  to  suppress  faction, 

and  to  guard  the  internal  tranquillity  of  states,  as  to  in- 
crease their  external  force  and  security,  is  in  reality  not  a 
new  ,,!,,,  .1.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  ho.  9. 

The  auditions  of  nearly  all  Europe,  which  resisted  and 
finally  humbled  the  Grand  Monarch,  are  among  the  most 
righteous  examplesof  measures  for  preserving  the  balance 
of  power  which  history  records. 

II  oolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  M. 

alliance  (a-H'ans),  v.  t.  [<  alliance,  «.]'  To 
unite  by  'confederacy;  join  in  alliance;  ally. 
[Hare.] 

It  [sinj  is  allianced  I but  wretched,  forlorn,  and 

apostate  spirits.  Cudworth,  Sermons,  p,  62. 

alliantt  (a-H'ant),  ».  and  a.    [<  F.  alliant,  ( IF. 

aUant,  ppr.  of  alier,  ally:  see  ally!,  ».]    I.  <<• 

An  allv:   as.  "aUiants,  electors,  princes,  and 

slates,1'  Wottm,  Reliquiae,  p.  532. 

II.  a.  Akin;  united;    confederated.     Sir   1. 

More. 
allice,  allis  (al'is),  n.     [Var.  of  earlier  aUowes 

for  alose,  <  F.  alose,  "a  shad  (fish)"  (Cotgrave): 

see  Alosa.]     An  English  name  of  a  species  of 

shall.  Alosa  vulgaris.     See  Alosa. 
allice-shad,  allis-shad  (al'is-shad*),  n. 

as  allice. 

alliciatet,  allicitet  (a-lish'i-at,  a-Us  it),  v.  t. 
[Irreg.  <  L.  allicere,  allure:  see  allect.}  To  at- 
tract ;  allure;  entice. 

alliciency  (a-lish'en-si),  n.   [See allicient. ]   Ihe 
power  of  attracting;  attraction.     [Rare.] 
The  magnetics!  allien  ncy  of  the  earth.    Sir  T.  Browne. 

allicient  (a-lish'ent),  a.  and   n.     [<  L.  alii-  aliig'ator-forceps  (al'i%a-tpr-f6r's'eps),  n.     A 

cien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  attieere,  allure  :  see  allect.]    I.     surgical  forceps  with  short  jaws,  having  teeth 

a    Enticing;  attracting.     [Rare.]  throughout  their  length,  and  one  of  them  work- 

II  t  re.  That  which  attracts.  ing  by  a  double  lever.  It  suggests  an  alligator. 

alligartat,  «•  An  old  form  of  alligator.   B.  Jon-  alligatorid  (al*i-ga-tor'id),  n.    One  of  the  Al- 
son.  ligatorida. 

alligatet  (al'i-gat),  ..  t.     [<  L.  aiiii/atits,  pp.  of  Alligatoridae  (al"i-ga-tor  i-de),  n.  pi. 
alHgare,  adligare,  bind  to,<  adjto,  +  ligare,  hind. 


alliteration 

sembling  a  pear  in  shape.    Also  called  avocado- 
pear.    Sec  avocado. 
alligator-terrapin  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'a-piu  ),  re.   A 

name  ol  the  common  snapping-turtle  ol  Auier- 


e.rrapin  {Chelydra  serpentina). 


ica,  Chelydra  si  rpentina.    So  called  from  the  length 

of  the  neck  and  especially  of  the  tail  in  comparison  with 
the  small,  thin  shell,  into  which  the  members  cannot  be 
completely  retracted,  the  general  appearance  of  a  saurian 

being  thus  suggested.     It  is  found  from  Canada  to  Fl la, 

andwestward  to  Louisiana  and  the  Missouri.  Also  called 
alligator-turtle.    See  Chelydra  and  snapping-turtle. 

alligator-tortoise  (al'i-ga-tor-tdr'tis),  ». 
Same  as  alliiiator-lerrafiin. 

alligator-tree  (al'i-ga-tpr-tre),  n.  Tin-  sweet- 
gum  tree,  IAquidarnbar  Styracifiua,  of  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

alligator-turtle  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'tl),  ».  1.  Same 
as  alligator-terrapin. 

The  elongated  tail  of  the  animal  is  very  characteristic, 
and  has  .  .  .  given  rise  to  the  popular  name,  alliga 

tor-turtle.  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  III.  452. 

2.  A  similar  fresh-water  turtle,  Macroch  iys 
lacertma,  of  the  family  Chi  lydridai,  with  very 


Alligator  {Alligator  mississippiensis). 

the  fossils  of  the  south  of  England,  however,  are  remains 
,.f  a  true  alligator,  A.  hantoniensis,  in  the  Eocene  beds  of 
the  Hampshire  basin.  Leather  made  from  the  skin  of  the 
alligator  is  widely  used. 

3.  A  local  name  of  the  little  brownf ence-lizard, 
Set  toporus  undulatus,  common  in  many  parts  of 
the  United  States.— 4.  A  machine  for  bringing 
the  balls  of  iron  from  a  puddling-furnace  into 
compact  form  so  that  they  can  be  handled;  a 

s— er.-5   A,P^a^™,^™ek^rfrMt    long  tail  and  neck.    It  is  found  in  the  United  states 
alligator-apple  (al  l-ga-tpr-ap^l),  «.     ihe  iruit    tro]6  norfda  h>  .^^  anfl  ap  th(j  Missiasippi  vaUey  to 

Missouri,  in  muddy  ponds,  bayous,  and  lakelets.     It  at- 
tains a  weight  of  50  or  60  pounds  or  more,  is  esteemed  for 

the  table,  and  is  often  seen  ill  the  markets  ol    the  eollli- 

presseXYapering  bod£   about  12   polygonal     tgjMigiMtat^  (ari_gWK>r-wud),  n.    The  wood 


of  Anona  palustris,  a  West  Indian  tree. 
Same  alligator-fish  (al'i-ga-tor-fish),  n.    1.  An  ago- 
noid  fish,  Podothecus  acipensennus,  with  a  corn- 


dorsal  fins,  gill-membranes  united  to  the  isth- 
mus, and.  the  lower  jaw  shutting  within  the  up- 
per. It  is  about  a  foot  in  length,  and  is  common 
from  Puget  Sound  northward.— 2.  Any  ago- 
nid;  a  fish  of  the  family  Agonidee  (which  see). 


Ct' ally1,   ..,  and 
unite  by  some  tie. 


allay-.]     To   bind;   attach; 


Instincts  Migated  to  then'  nature 
Sir  M.  Hub  .  Orij 


of  Mankind,  p.  ;{7.r.. 
God's  wales  are  not  as  mans,  neither  is  he  bound  to 
means,  or  Migated  to  number. 

/;.  p, ,,../,  [acob's  \  owe  (1827),  App.,  p.  14. 

alligation  (al-i-ga'shon),  it.  [<  L.  attigaMo(n-),  a 
binding  to,  a  band,  ialUgare:  see  alligate.]  1. 
The  act  of  binding;  the  state  of  being  bound 
or  united.  [Rare-.]— 2.  The  name  of  several 
rules  or  processes  in  practical  arithmetic  (see 
below)  for  ascertaining  the  relations  between 
the  proportions  and  prices  of  the  ingredients  of 
a  mixture  and  l  he  cost  of  the  mixture  itself  per 
unit  of  weight  or  volume.  Also  called  the  rule 
of  mixtures.  -Alligation  alternate,  an  arithmetical 
as  used  in  ascertaining  the  proportions  oi  ingredients 
of  given  price  which  will  produce  a  mixture  ..i  given  cost. 
The  proposition  is  indeterminate,  and  the  rule  of  alliga- 
tion gives  only  particular  solutions.  — Alligation  me- 
dial the  operation  by  which  the  cos!  ol  a  mixture  is 
found  when  the  prices  and  proportions  of  the  ingredients 
are  given, 
alligator  (al'i-ga-tor),  n.     [A  Latin-looking 

(NL.)  adaptation  of  early  mod.  E.  alligater,  al- 

Ugarta,  aligarto,  alegarto,  alagarto,  also  simply 
lagarto,  <  Sp.  el  lagarto,  lit.  tie  lizard:  el,  the, 
<  L.  ill' .  thai  ;  lagarto,  <  L.  lacertus,  lizard:  see 
lizard.  The  prop.  Bp.  name  is  caiman  or  la- 
..  de  Indias;  IV.  caimfio.    The  E.  form  1ms 

given  rise  to  NL.,  P.,  and  Pg.  alligator,  and  Sp. 

aligador.']     1.   Any  American  member  of  the 
ily  Alligatoridce  or  the  family  Crocodilida  : 
an  American  crocodile;  a  cayman;  a jacare. 
\n  alligator  stuff 'd,  and  other  skins 
Of  lU-shap'd  fishes.  Shot.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  1. 

2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  More  specifically,  a  genus  of 
large  lizard-like  .,r  saurian  reptiles,  the  type  of 
the  family  AUigatoridce,  order  Crocodilia,  for- 
rlyfamily f'n«'w/(7/V/<r, order Saitria.  See  II- 
ligatorida .  < 'rocodilida .  Dhetypi  ofthi  genu  I  I 
.  \  stale-.    The 

genus  formerly  included  thi  cayman  and  the  Jacare,  which 

bare  been  made  types  ol  thi    two  ■ r,,,„„tii  and 

(which  see)      \  '. ue   Imei  li  Croco 

,',/,,    ,,,,,,  | ,.,,,,,,     [on  I   overlooked  or  confounded  « Ith 


Alligator  +  -itla:~\  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles, 
of  the  order  Crocodilia,  related  to  the  family 
Crocodilidce,  and  with  some  authors  forming  only 
a  subfamily  {Alligatorina;)  of  the  latter;  by 
most  naturalists  now  judged  to  be  distinct.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  is  Alligator;  other  genera  an 
Caiman  and  Jacare  (whichsee).    According  to  Huxley  s 


I,  Skull  of  Alligator.    2,  Skull  of  American  Crocodile. 
[Prawn  from  specimens  in  Am.  Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York.) 

analysis  the  Alligatoridcenave  the  head  short  ami  broad  ; 
the  teeth  ^  rj  unequal,  the  first  and  fourth  Ol  the  un*  r 
jaw  biting  into  pits  in  the  upper  jaw;  Ihe  premaxiUo- 
maxillary  suture    straight  or  convex  forward;   the    man 

dibular  symphysis  not  extending  beyond  the  tilth  tooth, 
the  pli  nial  element  not  entering  Into  it ;  and  the  cervl 
eal  scutes  distincl  from  the  tergal.  The  Crocodilutce  have 
the  head  longer;  the  teeth  unequal;  the  first  mandibular 
tooth  biting  into  a  fossa,  the  fourth  nil"  a  groove,  at  the 
i  the  upper  jaw;  the  premaxillo-maxularj  suture 
h  Licni  ..r  convex  backward;  the  mandibular  symphysis 
n.,t  extending  beyond  the  eighth  tooth,  and  not  Involving 

li,,  spli  m..i  elements;  the  cervical  scutes  sometl 

tlnct  from  the  tergal,  sometimes  united  «iib  them.  All 
the  living  AUigatoridce  are  confined  to  dmerii  a.  Ihe  Wo 
codilidce  were  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  old  world 
until  the  recent  discovery  of  a  true  crocodile  In  America. 

i rai  appearai and  economj  the  membersol  the 

two  families  are  sufficiently  similar  to  be  co inded  ni 

popular  language.    Both  families  belong  m  the  Bection  ..t 

ii Crocodilia  in  whii  I.  ti"'  ".eal  bones  enter  Into 

thi  formation  of  the  narial  aperture,  the  contrary  being 
the  case  In  the  section  which  Includes  the  Oangetlc  croco- 


dile or  gavial,  Qavialis  aangeticus. 

the  alligator,  ha     latelj  I.. 111 . 1  In  BToridaand  the   oiiipator-near  (al'i-ga-tor-iiai').   ».  The   fruit 

n     alll    itorsdtfferl the  true  cr < *1«B  atoy  P e* r  y"  ' b      ■■,    ,      ...     .  t. .,,:,.,    lx.. 

having  a  horter  and  flatter  head,  caviHes  or  ]                  '    Persea  grattSSWUl  Of  Uu   W6B1  males,  re 


ea  grandifolia,  of  the 
West  Indies. 
allign,  ».  t.    Sec  aline*. 
alline,  allineate,  etc.    bee  aline*,  etc. 
allis,  n.    See  allice. 
allisiont  (a-lizh'pn),  ».    [<  L.  aUisio(n~),  <  am- 

(It  re,  atlliihrc,  pp.  itllimtn,  adlisus,  strike  against, 
<  ad,  to,  +  hvderc,  strike,  hurt  by  striking: 
see  lesion.  Cf.  collision,  elision.']  A  striking 
against;  beating;  collision.     [Rare.] 

Islands.  .  .  severed  from  it  [the  continent]  by  the  bois- 
terous aUision  of  the  sea.  Woodward. 
alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  allit- 
erated, ppr.  alliterating.  [<  ML.  *alliteratw,  pp. 
of  *aUiterare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  litera,  littera,  let- 
ter: see  literate.]  1.  To  begin  with  the  same 
letter  or  sound,  as  two  or  more  words  in  im- 
mediate or  near  Buocessionj  agree  in  initial 
letter  or  sound;  make  an  alliteration. 

The  "h"  iii  harp  does  not  alliterate  with  the  "h"  in 
honored.  S.  Lanier,  Sei.  of  Eug.  Verse,  p.  809. 

2.  To  use  alliteration. 

The  whole  body  of  alliterating  poets. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  411. 

alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  ».  [<  alliterate,  v.,  in 
allusion  to  literate,  ».]  One  given  to  the  use 
of  alliteration.     [Bare.] 

Even  the  stereotyped  similes  of  these  fortunate  alliter- 
ates [poets  before  Chaucer],  like  "wearj  as  water  in  a 
weir"or"glad  as  grass  is  of  the  rain,"  are  new,  like  na- 
ture, at  the  thousandth  repetition. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  '_•:.,. 

alliteration  (a-lit-e-ra'shpn),  n.  [=  P.  alUUra- 
Uon,<Mli. alliteratio(n-),<*alliterare :  see  allit- 
erate, v.  ]  The  repetition  of  the  same  letter  or 
sound  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  words 
in  close  or  immediate  succession;  the  recur- 
rence of  the  same  initial  sound  in  the  first  ac- 
cented syllables  of  words;  initial  rime:  as, 
many  men,  many  minds. 

.tpi  alliteralion'i  artful  aid. 

Churchill,  Prophecy  of  Famine.  1.288. 

/'lilts    powders,  i.atihes,  Ml  lies,  Mllet-doilX. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  I..,  i.  138. 
v  arse  In  which  alliteration  is  essential,  and  other  rims 

ornamental,  Is  the  pn  i ig  form  in  Anglo-Saxon,  Ice 

inn, le-  old  Savon.  Specimens  are  found  in  Old  High  Get 
man  Alliteration  In  these  languages  i  ven  ran  ml.,  pr.ee. 
i:  .1.  March,  A.-S,  Oram.,  j  608. 
Though  the  word  alliteration  seems  to  have  been  In- 
vented by  Pontanus  in  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Romans 
were  ccrtainlj  aware  that  the  device  was  in  use  among 
themselves.  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  \v.  58. 

UUteratlon  wat  s  characteristic  of  old  Teutonic  poetey 

\,,   lo-Saxoi I  Middle  English,  Old  Savon.  Icelandic, 

etcA  terminal  rime,  as  a  regular  feature,  being  of  later 
i  Romance)  Introduction.    The  lines  wen-  divided  into  two 

.  .  r i . . . l  the  I.. -i  having  regularly  two  alliterating  syl- 
labli  He  second  one;  but  by  license  or  mere  accident 
four  or  more  alliterating  syllables  might  occur,  as  in  the 
last  line  of  the  extract  from  Piers  Plow a.  1  he  alliter- 
ating syllable  was  always  accented,  and  was  not  neces. 
sai -ilv  initial,  as  written  ;  it  might  follow  an  unaccented 
pi.  fix    as  ar-raye  in  the  extract.    The  vowels,  being  all 


alliteration 

more  nr  less  open  ami  easy  of  utterance,  might  alliterate 
with  cine  another.  In  Churchill's  line  "Apt  alliteration's 
artful  aid,"  given  above,  the  initial  vowel-sounds  aredif- 

i,  r,  nt  (a,  :i  or  a,  a,  a),  though  spelled  with  the  Bame  Letter, 
The  following  is  an  example  of  Middle  English  alliteration : 

Hire  robe  was  ful  riche'of  red  scarlei  engreyned, 

With  ribanes  of  red  gold -and  of  riche  stones; 

Hire  arraye  me  ravysshed'such  richesse  saw  I  nevere; 

I  had  utondre  what  she  was'and  whas  Kiyfshe  were. 

Pien  Plourman(B),  ii.  16. 

Chaucer s  verse  is  east  nil  the  Kolnuiice  i lei  with  final 

rime,  hut  he  often  uses  alliteration  as  an  additional  orna- 
ment : 

Ther  scAyveren  scAaftes  upon  gcAeeldes  thykke; 

He  feeleth  thurgh  the  herte-spon  the  prikke. 

1  p  springen  speres  twenty  foot  on  highte  ; 

dut  goon  tlie  swerdes  as  the  silver  brighte. 

The  /lehnes  to-Aewen  ami  to-schrede 

Out  (/rest  the  Wood,  with  nferne  s/reemes  reede, 

With  mighty  maces  the  dimes  thay  to-lirest, 

He  tAurgh  the  tAikkeste  of  the  fArong  gan  fArest  (etc.). 
Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1. 1747. 
Such  alliteration  is  much  affected  by  Spenser  and  his  imi- 
tators, and  occurs  with  more  or  less  frequency^  all  uiml- 
ei'ii  poetry, 
alliterative  (a-lit'c-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  alliterate  + 
-//v.J  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  allitera- 
tion ;  characterized  by  alliteration. 

A  few  verses,  like  the  pleasantly  alliterative  one  in 
which  he  [Dryden]  makes  the  spider,  "from  the  silent 
ambush  of  his  den,"  "feel  far  off  the  trembling  of  his 
thread,"  show  that  he  was  beginning  to  study  the  niceties 
of  verse.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  40. 

alliteratively  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
alliterative  manner  ;  with  alliteration. 

Vowels  were  employed  afflteratively  much  less  often 
than  consonants.  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  64. 

alliterativeness  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv-nes), n.    The 
quality  of  being  alliterative. 
alliterator  (a-lit'e-ra-tor),  n.    One  who  uses 
alliteration. 
We  all  know  Shakspere's  jokes  on  the  alliterators. 

S.  Lanier,  Sci.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  312. 

Allium  (al'i-um),  11.  [L.,  more  correctly  alvum, 
garlic ;  perhaps  related  to  Gr.  aXAac,  sausage : 
see  allantois.}  The  largest  genus  of  plants  of 
the  natural  order Liliacea;  of  about  300  species, 
natives,  with  few  exceptions,  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  They  are  bulbous  plants,  with  a  pe- 
euliar  pungent  odor,  and  bear  their  Mowers  in  an  umbel 
at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Several  species  have  been 
largely  cultivated  for  food  from  very  early  times,  includ- 
ing the  onion  (A.  Cepa),  leek  (A.  Porruui),  shallot  (A.  As- 
ealouieam),  garlic  (A.  sativum),  chives  (A.  Schcenopra- 
sum),  rocambole  (.1.  Scorodoprasum),  etc. 

allmoilth.  (al'mouth),  re.  [<  all  +  month.}  A 
name  of  the  fish  otherwise  known  as  the  com- 
mon angler,  Lophius  piscatorius. 

allness  (al'nes),  re.  [<  all  +  -ncss.}  Totality ; 
entirety;  completeness;  universality. 

The  allness  of  God.  including  his  absolute  spirituality, 
supremacy,  and  eternity.  H.  Turiiluill. 

The  science  of  the  universal,  having  the  ideas  of  oneness 
and  allness  as  its  two  elements. 

Coleridge,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  339.    IN.  E.  D.) 

alio-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  alio-,  combining  form 
of  d/>./loc  =  L.  alius,  other,  another:  see  alias, 
alien,  and  else.}  An  element  in  compound 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meauiug  other,  another. 

Allobrogical  (al-o-broj'i-kal),  a.  An  epithet 
applied  in  the  seventeenth  century  to  Presby- 
terians or  Calvinists,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
Geneva,  the  chief  stronghold  of  the  sect,  was 
anciently  a  town  of  the  Allobroges.    N.  E.  1>. 

allocate  (al'o-kat ),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allocated, 
ppr.  allocating.  [<  ML.  allocatus,  pp.  of  aUo- 
carc,  allot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  locate,  place,  <  locus,  a 
place :  see  locus.  Alloc-ate  is  a  doublet  of  allow1, 
q.  v.]  1.  To  assign  or  allot;  set  apart  for  a 
particular  purpose;  distribute:  as,  to  allocate 
shares  in  a  public  company. 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon  and  allocate,  for 
the  immediate  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children,  any 
sum  not  exceeding  a  third  uf  the  whole  fortune. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 

He  [Wolseley]  can  inspire  his  subordinates,  he  can  allo- 
cate them  to  duties  in  the  fulfilment  of  which  they  earn 
credit  and  contribute  to  the  success  of  him  their  master. 
Arch.  Fuii>e*.  Souvenirs  of  Some  Continents,  p.  112. 

2.  To  fix  the  place  of ;  locate;  localize.   [Rare.] 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  heritors  to  allocate  the  churchyard. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  IV.  537. 

allocation  (al-o-ka'shon),  re.  [<  ML.  alloca- 
tio(n-),  <  allocare:  see  allocate.}  1.  The  act  of 
allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allotment; 
assignment;  apportionment:  as,  the  allocation 
of  shares  in  a  public  company. 

Under  a  juster  allocation  of  his  rank,  as  the  general 

father  of  prose  composition,  Herodotus  is  nearly  related 

to  all  literature  whatsoever,  modern  not  less  than  ancieut. 

Be  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

2*.  An  allowance  made  upon  accounts  in  the 
exchequer. — 3.  The  act  of  locating  or  fixing  in 
place ;  the  state  of  being  located  or  fixed ;  dis- 
position; arrangement. 


From  an  imperial  Roman  bronze 
coin  in  the  British  Museum. 


149 

How  easy  it  is  to  bear  in  mind  01  to  map  BUCh  an  allo- 
cation of  lines,  so  that  when  produced  from  an  unknown 

body  the  existence  of  either  Isodiiini  or  magnesium]  can 
be  detected  by  such  spectral  examination. 

./.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  45. 

allocatur  (al-o-ka'ter),  n.  [ML.,  it  is  allowed, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  pass,  of  allocare :  see 
allocate.}  In  law,  the  allowance  of  something 
by  a  judge  or  court:  commonly  used  to  signify 
the  indorsement  of  a  document,  by  which  the 
judge  ci'i'tilirs  that  it  is  approved  by  him. 
allochiria  (al-o-ki'ri-ii),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a?2oc, 
other,  +  xzHh  liand.]  "  In  pathol.,  the  confusion 
of  sensations  in  the  two  sides  of  the  body,  as 
when  a  patient  with  locomotor  ataxia  locates 
in  the  right  leg  a  touch  on  the  left  leg.  Also 
spelled  alloclieiria. 
allochroic  (al-o-kr5'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  aXX6xpooc,  of 
another  color:  see  allochroous.}  Changeable 
in  color.  ,Si/d.  Soe.  Lex. 
allochroite  (al-o-kro'It),  n.  [<  Gr.  aAMxpoor, 
of  another  color  (see  allochroous),  +  -i7<-.]  A 
massive,  fine-grained  variety  of  iron  garnet. 
This  name  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  it  as  expressive  of 
its  changes  of  color  before  the  blowpipe, 
allochromatic  (aL'o-kro-rnat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aAAog,  other,  +,r/->cJuo(V-),'color.]  Pertaining  to 
change  of  color. 

allochroous  (a-lok'ro-us),  a.  [<Gr.  a'AAdxpoog, 
changed  in  color,  <  aXkoc,  other,  +  ;rpo<d,  ^poa, 
color.]  Of  various  colors:  generally  applied 
to  minerals. 

allocution  (al-o-ku'shon),  re.  [<  L.  allocutio(n-), 
atlloculio(n-),  (alloqui,  adloqui,  pp.  ullocutus,  ad- 
it icn  tus,  speak  to,  <  ad, 
to,  +  loqui,  speak :  see 
location,  lot/uacious.} 
1.  A  speaking  to; 
an  address,  especial- 
ly a  formal  address. 
Also  written  adlocu- 
tina. — 2.  Specifical- 
ly—  (a)  In  Bom.  an- 
tiq.,  a  formal  address 
by  a  general-in-chief 
or  imperator  to  his 
soldiers.  Such  scenes 
were  often  repre- 
sented in  art  on 
medals  and  reliefs,  (It)  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch., 
a  public  address  by  the  pope  to  his  clergy,  or 
to  the  church  generally. 

Scarcely  a  year  of  his  pontificate  passed  without  his 
having  to  pronounce  an  allocution  on  the  oppression  of 
the  church  in  some  country  or  other. 

Card.  Wiseman,  Last  Four  Popes,  Greg.  XVI. 

allod  (al'od),  n.     A  short  form  of  allodium. 

allodgementt  (a-loj'ment),  n.  [Also  written 
alodgement,  and  allogiament  after  ML.  attogia- 
mentum.  (It.  allaggiitmt  nto),  a  lodging,  iallogiarc 
(It.  alloggiare),  lodge,  <  ad,  to,  +  logiare  (It.  log- 
giarc),  lodge,  <  logia  (It.  loggia),  a  lodge:  see 
lodge.}     Lodging;  in  plural,  soldiers'  quarters. 

The  allogianunts  of  the  garrison  are  uniforme. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  .March  23,  1644. 

allodia,  ».     Plural  of  allodium. 

allodial  (a-16'di-al),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Pg.  allodial, 
<  ML.  aUodialis,' <  allodium:  see  allodium.}  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  allodium  or  freehold;  free  of 
rent  or  service;  held  independently  of  a  lord 
paramount :  opposed  to  feudal,  in  the  United  states 

all  lands  are  deemed  allodial  in  the  owner  of  the  fee,  but 
subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  ultimate  ownership  or  domin- 
ion of  the  state.  In  England  there  are  no  allodial  lands, 
all  being  held  of  the  crown. 

The  lands  thus  presented  to  these  [Teutonic]  warriors 
[as  rewards  for  fidelity  and  courage]  were  called  allodial ; 
that  is,  their  tenure  involved  in.  obligation  ol  service 
whatever.  StilU,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  136. 

The  allodial  tenure,  which  is  believed  to  have  been 
originally  the  tenure  of  freemen,  became  in  the  -Middle 
Ages  tlie  tenure  of  serfs. 

Maine,  Early  law  ami  custom,  p.  341. 

II.  n.  1.  Property  held  allodially. 

The  contested  territory  which  lay  between  the  Danube 
and  the  Naab,  with  the  town  of  Neuburg  and  the  allodial*, 
were  adjudged,  etc.  Coxe,  House  of  Austria,  xxii. 

2.  An  allodialist. 

allodialism  (a-16'di-al-izin),  «.  [<  allodial  + 
-ism.}     The  allodial  system.     See  allodial. 

In  order  to  illustrate  and  explain  feudalism,  I  shall  first 
illustrate  its  negation,  allodialism. 

Sir  /•:.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  75. 

allodialist  (a-lo'di-al-ist),  «.  [<  allodial  +  -ist.} 
One  who  owns  land  allodially. 

Insulated  allodialiste  are  of  very  little  importance  .  .  . 
as  compared  with  the  organic  groups  of  agriculturists, 
which  represented  the  primitive  democracy,  but  were  .  .  . 
incorporated  into  the  feudal  state. 

X.  A.  Bev.,  CXXIII.  153. 


allomorphite 

allodiality  (a-lo-di-al'i-ti),  ».  [<  allodial  +  -ity, 
after  I-',  allodiality.}    The  stale  or  quality  of 

being  held  in  allodial  tenure. 

allodially  (a-16'di-nl-i ).  tttlr.  In  an  allodial  man- 
ner: in  allodial  tenure ;  as  a  freeholder. 

allodian  (a-16'di-an),  a.  [<  allodium  +  -an.} 
Allodial.     [Rare.] 

allodiary  (a-16'di-a-ri),  n.;  pi.  allodiaries  i-riz). 
[<  ML.  allodiarius,  \  allodium  :  see  allodium  and 
-aril.}     An  allodialist. 

allodification  (a-lod  i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  allo- 
dium +  -Jieation.}  The  conversion  of  feudal 
into  allodial  or  freehold  tenure. 

allodium (a-16'di-um), n.\  p\. allodia (-&).  [M I... 
also  spelled [alodium,  alodum,  alodis,  alodes,  also 
ol, nullum,  alaudum,  alaudes,  >  It.  Pg.  aUodio  = 
Sp.  alodio  =  Pr.  alodi,  also  aloe,  alo,  =  OP.  oh  ". 
oh  nil,  iilod,  alode,  alodie,  aloud,  alo  a,  alleu,altieu, 
olloi't,  itllneuf  (Roquefort),  F.  alien.  The  origin 
of  ML.  allodium  is  disputed;  prob.  <OIIG.  "alod, 
*allod,  i.  e.,  entire  property,  <  ol.  oil,  all,  +  ml. 
6t,  property,  estate,  wealth  (in  adj.  odag,  otag, 
wealthy,  happy),  =  OS.  6d,  estate,  wealth,  = 
AS.  tod.  wealth,  happiness,  =  Icel.  autlhr. 
wealth.  In  this  view  the  similarity  of  allodium 
in  form  and  sense  to  OHG.  nodal  (=  odal)  = 
OS.  otlltil  =  Icel.  odltal,  a  patrimonial  estate,  is 
accidental.]  Freehold  estate;  land  which  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  owner;  real  estate 
held  in  absolute  independence,  without  being 
subject  to  any  rent,  service,  or  acknowledgment 
to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  opposed  to  feud2.  Some- 
times used,  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  of  land  which  was 
alienable  and  inheritable,  even  though  held  of  a  superior 
lord.    Also  written  allod,  alody. 

The  allod  in  some  form  or  other  is  probably  as  old  as 
the  institution  of  individual  landed  property,  and  we  may 
regard  it  as  equivalent  to  or  directly  descended  from  the 
share  which  each  man  took  in  the  appropriated  portion 
of  the  domain  of  the  group  to  which  he  belonged— tribe, 
joint-family,  village  community,  or  nascent  city. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  339. 

alloeogenesis  (al-e-6-jen'e-sis),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u/Vo/uc,  of  another  sort  (see  allceosis),  +  yevectr, 
generation.]  A  term  used  by  Haeckel  to  de- 
note a  mode  of  reproduction  supposed  to  char- 
acterize the  GeryoniidcB,  but  subsequently  de- 
termined to  be  due  to  an  error  of  observation. 
[Disused.] 

alloeorgan  (al-e-6r'gan),  re.  [<  Gr.  a/.'Aoioc,  of 
another  sort  (see  allceosis),  +  boyavov,  organ.] 
Same  as  alloplast.     Eneyc.  lint..  XVI.  842. 

allceosis  (al-e-6'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXkoiumc,  a 
change,  alteration,  <  cM.oiovv,  change,  <  aXAoioc, 
of  different  kind,  <  a\XAor„  other,  different :  see 
olio-.}     Iii  iiinl.,  a.  constitutional  change. 

alloeotic  (al-f-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/>./4o«jmoV,  fit 
for  changing!  <  oXAolot6c,  changed,  changeable, 
verbal  adj.  of  aAAoiovv:  see  allceosis.}  In  med., 
capable  of  causing  allceosis  or  constitutional 
change. 

allogamy  (a-log'a-mi),  re.  [<Gr.  aHoc,  other,  + 
-ya/ila,  <  yaimr,  marriage.]  Cross-fertilization 
in  plants;  fecundation  of  the  ovules  of  one 
flower  by  pollen  from  another  of  the  same 
species.  Distinguished  from  autogamy t  or  self-fertiliza- 
tion, in  which  the  ovules  are  fecundated  by  pollen  from 
tlie  same  fiower. 

allogeneity  (al'o-je-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  allogeneous 
+  -tttj.}  Difference  of  nature.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

allogeneous  (al-o-je'ne-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  al.Aoyevi/c, 
uf  nuother  kind  or  race,  <  d/./oc,  other,  +  }lvoc, 
kind.]     Of  a  different  kind  or  nature.    [Rare.] 

allogiamentt,  «.    See  allodgement. 

allograph  (al'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  aAAor,  other,  + 
j/xiOf/i',  write.]  In  loir,  a  deed  nut  written  by 
any  of  the  parties  to  its  execution:  opposed 
to  autograph. 

allomef,  ".    An  old  form  of  alum. 

allomerism  (a-lom'e-rizm),  n.  [<  attomerous  + 
-ism.}  In  chem.,  the  property  of  retaining  a 
constant  crystalline  form  while  the  chemical 
constituents  present  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomeroUS(a-lom'e-rus),  a.  [<€fr.  «//oi .  other, 
+  fiipoc,  part.]  In  chem.,  characterized  by  al- 
lomerism. Applied  to  bodies  ;i^  ei  Itain  crystals,  which 
possess  the  property  of  retaining  the  same  form,  though 
tic  constituents  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomorphic  (al-6-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aAAd/iop- 
tpoc,  of  strange  shape  (<  aA'Aoc,  other,  +  ftopim, 
form),  +  -('c]  Pertaining  to  or  possessint;  the 
qualities  of  allomorphism. 

allomorphism  (al-o-m6r'fizm),  n.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -ism.}  The  property  possessed  by  cer- 
tain substances  of  assuming  a  different  form 
while  remaining  unchanged  in  constitution. 

allomorphite  (al-o-mSr'fit),  n.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -ite'".}  In  mineral.,  a  variety  of  barite, 
or  heavy-spar,  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of 
anhydrite. 


all-one 

all-one  (aTwun'),  a.  [<  all  +  one.  Cf.  all  one, 
under  all,  adv.]  Being  all  and  yet  one:  an 
epithet  of  God,     [Bare.  I 

Surely  the  fact  thai  the  motive  principle 
moves  in  a  mysterious  wai  oul  <■><   o     i  insciousne&s,  no 
way  requires  that  tin-  AU-One  Being  should  be  himself  un- 
conscious.   Sully,  Westminster  Etev., new ser.,  XLIX.  161. 

allonget  (a-lunj'),  '■.  i.  [<  F.  allonger,  earlier 
aim  'Xunqier,  lengthen,  =  It.  al- 

longare,  aUungare,  <  Ml,,  ''allongare,  *aMon- 
giare,<  L.  ad,  to,  +  Ml.,  longare,  longiare 
'(>  OF.  longier,  loigner),  make  long,  <  L.  longus, 
>  OF.  long,  lung,  long:  see  long'1  ami  allonge, 
n.]  To  make  a  pass  or  thrust  with  a  rapier; 
lunge. 

allonge  (a-lunj'),  >/.  (<  F.  allonge,  OF.  alonge, 
lengthening,  extension,  (.alonger:  see  allonge,  v., 
ami  abbrev.  lungt .  ]  It.  A  pass  or  thrust  »  ith 
a  sword  orrapier;  a  Lunge. —  2f.  A  long  rein, 
when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the  band.  Bailey. 
— 3.  (Pron.as  P.,  a-ldnzh'.)  A  slip  of  paper  at- 
tached to  a  bill  of  exchange  or  other  negotiable 
note,  tip  receive  indorsements  when  the  back 
of  the  bill  will  hold  no  more ;  a  rider,  in  Great 
Britain,  where  billsof  exchange  must  he  written  on  stamped 
paper,  thi  allonge  is  considered  part  of  the  document,  and 
dut-s  not  require  to  It  stamped.     Allonge  wig,  :i  name 

given  to  tli.'  large  ami  flowing  periwig  of  tin-  tit E 

i     lis  XIV. 

allonym  (al'o-nim),  n.  [=  F.  aUonyme,  <  Gr. 
fi/Uof,  ether,  +  ovo/ia,  JEolic  tnwjia,  name:  see 
iniiim.]  A  name  other  than  the  true  one;  an 
alias:  a  pseudonym.     [Bare.] 

allonymous  (a-lon'i-mus),  a.  [As  allonym  + 
-ous.  Cf.  anonymous.]  Hearing  a  feigned  name: 
as,  an  iilloiiynions  publication.     [Rare.] 

alloot  (a-16')-    An  old  form  of  halloo. 

allopath  (al'6-path), n.  [=F.  allopafhe;  are- 
verse  formation  <  allopathy,  F.  allopathic:  see 
allopathy.]  An  allopathist ;  one  who  favors  or 
practises  allopathy. 

allopathetic  (al  o-pa-thet'ik),  a.  l<  allopathy, 
after  pathetic,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  allopathy. 
[Bare.] 

allopathetically  (al  o-pa-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  Iu 
a  manner  conformable  to  allopathy. 

allopathic  (al-o-path'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  al- 
lopathy.    A  rare  equivalent  is  In  teropathic. 

There  art-  only  three  imaginable  methods  of  employing 
medicines  against  disease,  and  these  are  denominated 
antipathic,  homoeopathic,  and  allopathic. 

/'■  reira,  Materia  Medica. 

allopathist  (a-lop'a-thist),  n.    [<  allopathy  + 
I     One  who  practises  medicine  according 
to  the  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy;  an  al- 
lopath. 

allopathy  (a-lop'a-thi),  n.  [=F.  allopaffiu  = 
(i.  allojiatho  i  Hahnemann),  with  a  forced  mod. 
sense  (in  form  like  Gr.  aMoKcSSeia,  the  state  of 
an  aXXoiratf/jc,  <  o/'/o-aiii/i,  having  influence  on 
another:  in  grammar,  transitive,  non-reflexive), 
<  Gr.  ii//or,  other,  different,  +  KaOoc,  suffering, 
feeling,  condition:  see  pathos.  Cf.  homeopathy.] 
In  mill.,  a  therapeutic  method  characterized  by 
the  use  of  agents  producing  effects  different  from 
tin-  symptoms  of  the  disease  treated.  See  home- 
opathy.    The  name  i-  Incorrectly  applied,  in  distinction 

from  homeopathy,  to  the  traditional  scl 1  (also  called  the 

"regular  "or  "old  "school)  of  medicine,  which  opposes  the 
I leopathic  theory.    Sometimes  called  heteropathy. 

allophanate  (a-lof'a-nat),  n.  [<  allophanic  + 
-nil  '.  ]     A  salt  of  allophanic  acid. 

allophane  (al'o  fan),  n.  (<  <Jr.  ii'/'n^avhe,  ap- 
pearing  otherwise,  <  hXKoc,  otlier,  +  -tpavi/r,  ap- 
pearing, <  faiveodat,  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a 
pale-blue,  and  sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown, 
color.  [|  is  a  hydro8ilicate  of  aluminium,  occurring  in 
amorphous,  botryoidal,  or  reniform  masses,  and  n  1 1  ivi  I 
itanai  ol  Appearance  under  the  blowpipe. 

allophanic  (al-o-fan'ik),  «.     [<  Gr.  «//««n,i  : 
Beeallopham  and   ic]    Pertaining  to  anything 
1     i  its  color  or  appearance:  &s,alla- 

phanie  acid  or  otlier. 

allophyle  (al'o-fil),  n.     [<  L.  allophyl-us,  <  Gr. 
of  another  tribe,  <  ii'/'/m-,  other,  + 
.  tribe:   see  phyle.]    An  alien;  one  of  an- 
<,•  her trib  i 

allophylian  (al-6-fil'i-an),  a.  and  it.     [<  aUo- 

phyle  +  -ian.j    1.  a.  Of  another  race;  foreign; 

strange:  sometimes  specifically  applied  to  those 

"i  Europe  and  Asia  which  are  bob 

Aryan   and  oon-Semitic,  and  are  also  called 

i.i  n. 

bowl   i ■     which 
are  found  developed  in  I 

E.  I  ,   Cultun     1 1 

II.  n.  One  of  anothi  t  tribi 

allophylic  I  al-o-nl'ii  i,  a.     Same  a  -  allophylian. 

Another  Indication  of  a  former  aUophylie  population  in 
that  valley.  Tl,c  Amtnean,  IX.  105. 


150 

allophytoid (a-lof'i-toid), ».   [< Gr. iO/nc. other, 

+  yiT./r.  plant,  +  eldof,  form.]  An  abnormal 
form  of  buds,  with  fleshy  scales  becoming  de- 
tached and  forming  new  plants,  as  the  bnlblets 
of  the  tiger-lily,  offshoots  from  bulbs,  etc.  [Not 
used.  ] 

alloplast  (al'o-plast),  «.    [<Gr.  aXKoc,  other,  + 

irXacrdc,  verbal  adj.  of  Triaoociv,  form,  mold.]  In 
Haeckol's  terminology  of  morphology,  an  idor- 
gan  composed  of  two  or  more  different  tissues: 
the  opposite  of  homoplast  The  alloplasts  im  lude, 
as  sul id i  visions,  idomeres,  antimeres,  and  metameres.  Also 
called  aUoeorgan. 

alloposid  (a-lop'o-sid),  n.  One  of  the  Alloposi- 
dee. 

Alloposidae  (al-o-pos'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Allopo- 
sus  +  -iilw.]  A  family  of  ootopod  cephalopods, 
represented  by  the  genus  Alloposus.  it  is  charac- 
terized by  an  ovoid  Unless  body,  tapering  arms  connected 
by  a  moderate  web,  and  a  mantle  united  directly  to  the 
head,  not  only  by  a  iargedorsal  commissure,  but  also  by 
a  median  ventral  and  two  lateral  longitudinal  commis- 
sures which  run  from  its  inner  surface  to  the  basal  parts 
of  the  siphon. 

Alloposus  (a-lop'ii-sus),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  alios, 
different,  various,  +  tt&toc,  of  a  certain  (indefi- 
nite |  quantity  or  magnitude,  here  equiv.  to  'in- 
definite.'] A  genus  of  cuttlefishes,  typical  of 
the  family  Alloposi  ihc,  in  which  the  body  is  very 
soft,  and  consequently  somewhat  indefinite  or 
variable  in  form. 

alloquial  (a-16'kwi-al),  a.  [As  attoquy  +  -al, 
after  colloquial.]  Of  the  nature  of  address; 
pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the  act  of 
talking  to  others,  as  distinguished  from  con- 
versing with  them.     [Bare.] 

There  are  no  such  people  endured  or  ever  heard  of  in 
Flame  as  aUoquial  wits;  people  who  talk  to,  but  not  with, 
a  circle.  be  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

alloquialism  (a-16'kwi-al-izm),  n.  [(.alloquial 
+  -ism.]  A  phrase  or  manner  of  speech  used 
in  addressing.      N.  E.  I). 

alloquyt  (al'o-kwi),  n.  [<  L.  alloquium,  adlo- 
ijiiiiim,  <  alloqui,  adloqui,  speak  to,  address: 
see  allocution.  Cf.  colloquy,  soliloquy,  and  oh- 
1  in  I  ny.]  The  act  of  speaking  to  another  or 
others;  an  address. 

Allorhina  (al-o-ri'na),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cM,oc. 
other,  +  />ic,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  lanielli- 
eorn  beetles  (Setiriihiriilir).  belonging  to  the 
tribe  Cetoniini,  readily  distinguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  epimera  of  the  mesothorax  are 
visible  from  above  as  a  triaugularpiece between 
the  prothorax  and  the  elytra,  a  character  of 
rare  occurrence  in  Coleoptera.  The  Bcutellum  is 
covered  by  a  prolongation  of  the  base  of  the  prothorax. 
The  best  known  Bpecies  is  A.  nitida  (Linnaeus),  very  com- 

in  the  more  southern  united  states.    It  is  a  green 

velvety  insect,  nearly  an  inch  long,  of  nearly  square  form, 
somewhat  pointed  in  front,  with  the  sides  of  the  thorax 


a,  larva ;  b,  pupa  ;  c.  male  beeue  ;  d,  e,f,g,  mandible,  antenna, 
leg,  and  maxillary  palpus  oi  larva. 

and  elytra  usually  brownish-yellow,    it  feeds  m thi 

sap  of  wounded  trees,  but  in  dry  summers  it  not  rarely 
attacks  cotton-bolls  and  ripe  fruit  of  all  sorts.  thuB  doing 

considerable  damage,     n     larva  Pee.  U] grass-roots, 

and  is  characti  rizi  d  bj  tin  numerous  short  and  stilt  hairs 
with  which  it  e  e.\.  red.  an. I  by  means  of  which  it  is 
able,  Minn  placed  upon  its  back,  to  move  rorward  oi 
backward  «  ith  con  Ldi  i  abli  vi  loci^. 
allot  (a-lof),  »,  /.  ;  |  hi  I .  and  pp.  allotted,  ppr. 
allotting.  \  Early  mod.  E.  also  alot,  <  t  IF.  aloter, 
aUoter  (F.  attom),<.a.  to,  +  loter,  intir,  divide 
by  lot,  <  /ol,  lot,  adopted  from  Tent.:  see  lot] 

1.   To  divide  or  distribute  ns  by  lot  ;  distribute 
or  parcel  out;  apportion:  as,  to  allot  shares  in 


allotropy 

a  public  company. — 2.  To  grant;  assign;  ap- 
propriate: as,  to  allot  a  sum  of  money  for  some 
Specific  purpose. 

I  here  is  an  endless  variety  of  personal  force  and  char- 
acter secured  through  the  proportion  of  powers  which 
creative  wisdom  allots.  Progressive  Orthodoxy,  p.  is. 

one  of  the  largest  wigwams  was  allotted  to  the  Jesuit 
missionaries.  Bancroft,  Hist.  r.  s.,  I.  lsc. 

3.  To  appoint ;  destine ;  set  apart. 

Happier  the  man  whom  favourable  stars 
Allutihi,  for  his  lovely  bedfellow] 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  [v.  6. 
All  iis  allotted  length  of  days 
The  dower  ripens  in  its  place. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song, 

=Svn.  Dispense,  Distribute,  etc    See  dispense . 

allotheism  (al'o-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/.Aoc,  other, 

+  dear,  god,  +  -ism.]     The  worship  of  other  or 

strange  gods.      X.  E.  1>. 

Allotheria   (al-o-the'ri-ii).  ii.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

«>/oc,  other,  +  ti>/pim;  a  wild  beast.]     An  order 

of  American  Jurassic  mammals  proposed  by 

Marsh  in  18S0  for  the  genera  Plagiaulax,  Ctena- 

codon,  and  possibly  some   others,   having  an 

inflected  angle  of  the  lower  jaw,  no  mylohyoid 

groove,  specialized  premolars  and  molars,  no 

canines,  and  teeth  below  the  normal  number: 

contrasted  with  Pantotheria. 

allotherian  (al-o-the'ri-an),  n.    One  of  the  Air 

Intlii  ria. 
allotment  (a-lot'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of  allot- 
ting; distribution  as  by  lot. — 2.  That  which  is 
allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion  granted  or 
distributed;  that  which  is  assigned  by  lot  or  by 
the  act  of  God. 

The  allotments  of  God  and  nature.  L'  Eat  range. 

3.  A  place  or  piece  of  ground  appropriated  by 
lot  or  assignment. 
A  vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.  Brooms. 

Allotment  certificate,  or  letter  of  allotment,  a  docu- 
ment issued  to  an  applicant  for  shares  in  a  company  or 
public  loan,  announcing  the  number  of  shares  allotted  or 
assigned  to  such  applicant,  and  the  amounts  and  due- 
dates  of  the  calls,  or  different  payments  to  be  made  on  the 
same,  etc.— Allotment  note,  or  allotment  ticket,  a 
document  signed  hy  a  seaman  authorizing  his  employers 
to  pay  periodically  a  part  of  Ids  wages  while  on  a  voyage 
to  some  other  person,  as  to  his  wife  or  parents.  Allot- 
ment of  goods,  in  com.,  the  division  of  a  ship's  cargo 
into  several  parts,  which  arc  to  be  purchased  by  different 
persons,  each  person's  share  being  assigned  hy  lot.—  Allot- 
ment of  land,  the  assignment  of  portions  of  ground  to 
claimants  on  the  division  and  inclosure  of  commons  and 
waste  lands.— Allotment  system,  a  practice  sometimes 
followed  in  England  of  dividine  a  field  or  lields  into  lots 
oi  garden-plots,  to  he  let  out  to  agricultural  laborers  and 
other  cottagers  for  cultivation  on  their  own  account. 

allotriophagy  (a-lot-ri-of'a-ji),  n.  [=F.  allo- 
triophagic,  <  Gr.  aXK&rptoc;,  belonging  to  ano- 
ther (see  allotrious),  +  -eiayia,  <  Qayelv,  eat.]  In 
pathol.,  a  depraved  appetite  for  eating  sub- 
stances of  a  non-alimentary  or  noxious  charac- 
ter, as  in  many  anemic  and  hysterical  persons. 

allotrious  (a-lot'ri-us),  a.  [<Gr.  aXk&rptar,  be- 
longing to  another,  <  t)'//ort  other:  see  alio-.] 
Belonging  to  another;  alien.- Allotrious  factor, 
in  matn.,  in  the  algorism  of  common  measure  of  two  alge* 
braie  expressions,  tin'  factor  from  which  a  remainder  or 
quotient  must  he  freed  in  order  to  make  it  an  integral  and 
irreducible  function. 

allotrope  (al'o-trop),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/lorponoc,  in 
another  manner:  see  allotropy.]  One  of  the 
forms  in  which  an  element  having  the  property 
of  allot  ropy  exists:  thus,  the  diamond  is  an  allo- 
trope of  carbon. 

allotropic  (al-o-trop'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  allot  ropy. 

Sulphur  and  phosphorus  (both,  in  small  proportions, 
essential  constituents  of  organic  matter)  have  allotropie 
modifications.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  8  1. 

allotropical  (al-o  trop'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  allo- 
tropic. 
allotropically  (al-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  an 

allotropic  manner;  with  change  of  physical 
proper!  ies.  but  without  change  of  substance. 

allotropicity  (al  o-irv-pis'i-ti),  n.  [iaUotropie 
+  -ily.\  The  quality  or  capacity  of  assuming 
different  physical  properties  while  remaining 

the  same  in  substance.      See  allotropy. 

allotropism(a-lot  'ro-pizm),  ».  [  As  allotropy  + 
-ism.]    Allotropical  variation;  allotropy. 

AUotropism  1  icing  Enterpretableas  Borne  change  of  molec- 
ular arrangement,  this  frequency  of  it icurrence  among 

the  components  of  organic  matter  is  significant  as  imply- 
ing a  further  kind  of  molecular  mobility. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  1. 

allotropize  (a-lot'ro-piz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
allotropized,  ppr.  altotropi  ing.    [As  allotropy  + 

-i   ■  .  |      To  render  allotropic. 

allotropy  (a-lot'ro-pi),  n.    \  =  V.  allotropie,  <Gr. 

n/'/nT/in-ni.  variety,  <  u> > o-,  10 Tor,  iii  another 
way,  <   uaAoc,  other,  +  -ponoc,   way,    manner, 


allotropy 

guise:  see  trope]  The  property  which  certain 
chemical  elements  have  of  existing  in  two  or 
more  distinct  forms,  each  having  certain  char- 
acteristics peculiar  to  itself.  The  element  carbon, 
for  instance,  exists  nearly  pure  in  three  totally  distinct 
forms— the  diamond,  graphite,  and  charcoal. 

allottable  (a-lot'a-bl),  a.  [<  allot  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  allotted. 

allottee  (al-o-te'),  n.  [<  allot  +  -ee1.]  One  to 
whom  something  is  allotted,  as  a  plot  of  ground, 
shares  of  stock,  or  the  like. 

The  allotment  of  gardens,  which  yield  a  partial  support 
to  the  allottee,  is  another  means  of  cheap  Labor.    Mayhew. 

allotter  (a-lot'er),  n.  One  who  allots  or  appor- 
tions,   x.  i:.  a. 

allotteryt  (a-lot'e-ri),  n.  [<  allot  +  -cry,  after 
lottery,  q.  v.]  Allotment;  what  is  allotted  or 
assigned  to  use. 

Give  me  the  poor  aUottery  my  fattier  left  me  hy  testa- 
ment. Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

all-over  (al-6'ver),  n.  [See  all  over,  under  all, 
adv.]  The  trade-name  of  a  gilt  button  washed 
or  plated  on  both  the  upper  and  under  sides, 
as  distinguished  from  a  top,  which  is  plated  or 
washed  on  the  upper  side  only.     De  Colange. 

all-overish  (al-o'Ver-ish),  a.  [<  all  over  +  -ish1.] 
Affecting  the  whole  system;  extending  all  over 
one :  as,  an  all-overish  feeling  of  sickness.  [Col- 
loq.] 

all-overishness  (al-o'ver-ish-nes),  n.  A  perva- 
sive feeling  of  uneasiness  produced  by  appre- 
hension or  indisposition;  general  discomfort; 
malaise.     [Colloq.] 

Our  sense  of  all-overishness  when  our  friend  approaches 
the  edge  of  a  precipice  is  clearly  only  a  step  or  two  re- 
moved from  the  apprehension  or  the  actual  representa- 
tion of  a  fall.  Mind,  IX.  421. 

allow1  (a-lou'),  v.  [<  ME.  alowen,  alouen,<  OF. 
alouer,  dloer,  aluer,  aloier,  assign,  allot,  place 
(mod.  F.  allotter,  assign,  allow,  grant),  <  ML. 
allocate,  assign,  etc.:  see  allocate.  Already  in 
OF.  confused  in  sense  and  form  with  another 
verb,  the  source  of  allow2,  approve,  the  two 
being  regarded  in  E.  as  one  word;  the  separa- 
tion is  merely  formal.]  I.  traits.  1.  To  grant, 
give,  or  yield;  assign;  afford:  as,  to  allow  a 
Eree  passage. 

I  am  told  the  gardner  is  annually  alowed  2000  seudi  for 
the  keeping  of  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  29,  1644. 

Envy  ought,  in  strict  truth,  to  have  uo  place  whatever 
allowed  it  in  the  heart  of  man.  Cotton,  Laeon. 

2.  To  admit;  concede;  confess;  own;  acknow- 
ledge: as,  to  allow  the  right  of  private  judg- 
ment ;  he  allowed  that  he  was  wrong;  he  allowed 
it  might  be  so. 

The  pow'r  of  music  all  our  hearts  allow. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  3S2. 
The  luin'il  spendthrift,  now  no  longer  proud, 
Claimed  kindred  there,  and  had  his  claims  allowed. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil. 
They'll  not  allow  our  friend  Miss  Vermillion  to  be  hand- 
some. Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 
A  bright  morning  so  early  in  the  year,  she  allowed, 
would  generally  turn  to  rain. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  61. 

3.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  take  into  account ;  set 
apart:  as,  to  allow  so  much  for  loss;  to  allow 
a  sum  for  tare  or  leakage. 

The  schedule  of  tares  annexed  is  the  tare  to  be  allowed 
in  all  cases  where  the  invoice  tare  is  not  adopted. 

Circ.  of  Sec.  of  U.  S.  Treasury,  July  14,  1862. 

4.  To  grant  permission  to;  permit:  as,  to  allow 
a  son  to  be  absent. 

No  person  was  allowed  to  open  a  trade  or  to  commence 
a  manufacture  .  .  .  unless  he  had  first  served  his  appren- 
ticeship. Froude,  Sketches,  p.  170. 
Farewell,  for  longer  speech  is  not  allow'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

5f.  To  grant  special  license  or  indulgence  to. 

There  is  no  slander  in  an  allowed  fool.  Shah:,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 
6f.  To  invest;  intrust. 

Thou  shalt  be  met  with  thanks, 
Allow'd  with  absolute  power. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

7.  To  assert,  declare,  say;  or,  of  mental  asser- 
tion, to  mean,  purpose,  intend,  or,  simply,  think : 
the  concessive  sense  presented  assertively. 
[Colloq.,  United  States.] 

He  said  he  allowed  to  work  it  out. 

Howells,  Suburban  Sketches,  p.  58. 

"  I  'low'd  maybe  dat  I  might  ax  yo'  fur  ter  butt  'gin  de 
tree,  and  shake  'em  down,  Sis  Cow,"  sez  Brer  Rabbit, 
Sezee.  J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Remus,  p.  4S. 

Brer  Tarrypin  he  say  wich  he  wern't  gwine  nowhar 
skasely.  Den  Brer  Rabbit  he  low  he  wuz  on  his  way  to 
-Miss  Meadows.  J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Remus,  p.  50. 

=  Syn.  Allow,  Permit,  Consent  to,  Sanction,  Suffer,  Tol- 
erate. Allow  and  perm  it  are  often  used  synonymously;  but 
permit  strictly  denotes  a  formal  or  implied  assent;  allmo, 
the  absence  of  an  intent,  or  even  oidy  of  an  attempt,  to 


151 

hinder.  Consent  to  is  formally  to  permit  that  which  one 
has  tin*  power  ami  generalh  Borne  disposition  to  preveni  , 
it  implies  the  assumption  ox  responsibility  lor  that  which 
is  tims  allowed.  Sanction  has  a  secondary  sense  oi  per 
mitting  with  expressed  or  implied  approbation  :  as,  I  can 
nut  sanction  Buch  a  course.  Suffer  la  still  more  passive 
<>f  reluctant  than  allow,  ami  may  imply  that  one  does  not 
prevent  something,  though  it  is  contrary  to  one's  Feelings, 
judgment,  or  sense  of  right.  T.>  tolerate  is  t<.  hear  with 
something  unpleasant:  as.  I  would  not  tolerate  such  im- 
pertinence. Many  things  are  tolerated  .  .r  snj/ered.  ..reven 
allowed,  that  are  nol  permitted,  and  many  are  permitted 
that  are  nut  really  consented  In,  much  less  sanctioned. 

And  when  the  Queen  petition'd  for  his  leave 
To  see  the  hunt,  allow'd  it  easily. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
For  crimes  are  Imt  permitted,  not  decreed. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  47a. 
Scourge  tlie  had  revolting  stars, 
That  have  consented  onto  Henry's  death  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

Constautine  certainly  sanctioned  what  are  called  pious 

uses.  //.  Binney,  Vidal  versus  City  of  Phila. 

Jesus  answering  said  unto  him.  Suffer  it  to  be  so  now  : 

for  thus  it  becometh  us  to  fullll  all  righteousness. 

Mat.  iii.  15. 
They  cannot  understand  the  complex  feeling  that  finds 
relief  in  sarcasm  and  allegory,  that  tolerates  the  frivolous 
and  the  vain  as  an  ironic  reading  of  the  lesson  of  life. 

Shorthouse,  Little  Schoolmaster  Mark,  p.  49. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  abatement,  conces- 
sion, or  provision :  followed  by  for:  as,  to  al- 
low for  the  tare. 

Allowing  still/or  the  different  B  aj  -  of  making  it. 

Addison. 
2.  To  permit;  admit:  with  of:  as,  "of  this 
allow,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Thou  shalt  hold  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras,  ere  I  will 
allow  o/thy  wits.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

The  Court,  which  is  the  best  and  surest  judge  of  writ- 
ing, has  generally  allowed  of  verse  ;  and  in  the  town  it  has 
found  favourers  of  wit  and  quality. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

allow2t  (a-lou'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  alouen,  alowen,  < 
OF.  alouer,  praise,  later  allouer,  <  L.  allaudare, 
adlaudare,  praise,  <  ail,  to,  +  laudare,  praise: 
see  laud,  v. ;  of.  OF.  loer,  loner,  approve,  <  L. 
laudare.  Early  contused  in  sense  and  form 
with  allow1,  q.  v.  Doublet,  allaud.]  To  praise 
or  commend ;  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  the  deeds  of  your  fathers.  Luke  xi.  48. 

That  same  framing  of  his  stile,  to  an  old  rustick  lan- 
guage, I  dare  not  alowe.    Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

If  your  grace  allow  me  tor  a  preacher,  I  would  desire 
your  grace  to  give  me  leave  to  discharge  my  conscience. 
Latimer,  3d  Serin,  bef.  Edw.  VI. 

allowable1  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  allow1  +  -able, 
after  F.  allouable,  i  ML.  allocabilis,(  allocate: 
see  allocate.']  Proper  to  be  or  capable  of  being 
allowed  or  permitted;  not  forbidden;  legiti- 
mate ;  permissible :  as,  a  certain  degree  of  free- 
dom is  allowable  among  friends. 

In  actions  of  this  sort,  the  light  of  nature  alone  may 
discover  that  which  is  in  the  sight  <»f ' lod  allowable. 

Honker. 

allowable^  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  allowable, 
alowable,  <  alowen,  praise:  see  allow2  and  -able. 
Mixed  with  allowable1.']  Praiseworthy;  lauda- 
ble; worthy  of  sanction  or  approval;  satisfac- 
tory; acceptable. 
Custom  had  made  it  not  only  excusable  hut  allowable. 
Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  Ad.  Mag.,  ii.  5  8.    (X.  E.  D.) 

allowableness  (a-lou'a-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  allowable;  exemption  from  prohibi- 
tion; freedom  from  impropriety;  lawfulness. 

I  cannot  think  myself  engaged  .  .  .  to  discourse  of  lots, 
as  to  their  nature," use,  and  allowableness;  and  that  nut 
oidy  in  matters  of  moment  and  business,  but  also  of  re- 
creation. South,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

allowably  (a-lou'a-bli),  adv.     In  an  allowable 

manner ;  with  propriety. 
allowance1  (a-lou'ans),  n.     [<  ME.  alouanee, 

alowans,  <  OF.   alouanee,  <  alouer:    see  allow1 

and -(Mice.]     1.  Sanction ;  approval ;  tolerance : 

as,  the  allowance  of  slavery. 
See  what  allowance  vice  finds  in  the  respectable  and 

well-conditioned  class.  Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

2.  Admission  or  acceptance;  a  conceding  or 
granting:  as,  the  allowance  of  a  claim. 

Or  what  if  I  were  to  allow  — would  it  not  he  a  singular 

allowance}  —that  our  furniture  should  he  more  c plex 

than  the  Arab's  in  proportion  as  we  are  morally  and  in- 
tellectually his  superior?  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  40. 

3.  Allotment;  apportionment;  a  definite  sum 
or  quantity  set  apart  or  granted,  such  as  ali- 
mony: as,  an  allowance  by  a  husband  to  a  wife; 
an  allowance  of  grog  or  tobacco  to  a  seaman; 
an  allowance  of  pocket-money. 

And  his  (Jehoiachin's)  allowance  was  a  continual  allow. 
ance  given  him  of  the  king,  a  daily  rate  for  every  day.  all 
the  days  of  his  life.  ^  Id.  xxv.  80. 

4.  Specifically,  in  law,  an  extra  sum  awarded 
besides  regular  costs  to  the  successful  party 


alloy 

in  a  difficult  ease.— 5.  A   deduction:   as,  the 

allowaiici.s  made  in  ™ icrce  I'm-  tare,  break- 
ages, etc — 6.  An  ;ii. ;it.  in.  ni  or  addition  on 
account  of  some  extenuating,  qualifying,  en- 
hancing, or  other  circumstance:  as,  to  mako 
allowances  lor  a  person's  youth  or  inexperience; 
allowance  iox  difference  of  time;  allowance  tor 
shrinkage  of  values,  etc. 

Bui  even  these  monstrosities  are  interesting  and  In- 
structive; nay,  many  ..f  them,  if  we  can  l.nt  mak. 
ance  for  different  nays  of  thought  and  language,  contain 
gci  ins  of  truth  and  rays  of  light. 

Mne  Mnller.  India,  p.  106. 
The  saints  ami  demigods  whom  history  worships  we 
are  constrained  to  accept  with  a  grain  of  allowance. 

Emerson,  Bssays,  1st  ser.,  p.  268. 
7.  In  minting,  a  permissible  deviation  in  the 
fineness  and  weight  of  coins,  owing  to  tin-  dif- 
ficulty of  securing  exact  conformity  to  the 
standard  prescribed  by  law.  in  the  United  states 
the  allowance  for  the  fineness  of  gold  coins  is  .mil,  and  for 
weight  a  quarter  of  a  grain  to  each  one-dollar  piece;  in 
silver  coins  the  allowance  for  fineness  is  .003,  and  for  weight 
H  grains  to  each  coin.  In  the  gold  coinage  of  Franc,  the 
allowat...  for  li.ith  fineness  andweightis  .002,  and  ..1  Eng- 
land .002  for  fineness  and  two  grams  in  each  sovereign  for 
weight.  Also  called  remedy  and  tolerance  (which  Bee).— 
Barrack  allowance.  See  barrack.— Compassionate 
allowance.  See  compassionate. 
allowance1  (a-lou'ans),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
lowanced, ppr.  allowancing.  [<  allowance1,  ».] 
To  put  upon  allowance ;  limit  to  a  certain  fixed 
periodic  amount  of  anything:  as,  to  allowance 
a  spendthrift;  distress  compelled  the  captain 
of  the  ship  to  allowance  his  crew. 

You  have  had  as  much  as  you  can  eat,  you're  asked 
if  you  want  any  more,  and  you  answer  "No."  Then  don't 
you  ever  go  and  say  you  were  allowaneed,  mind  that. 

Dickens,  old  curiosity  Shop,  xxxvi. 

allowance2  (a-lou'ans),  n.     [<  ME.  allowauncc, 

<  OF.  alouanee,  <  alouer:  see  allow2  and  -ance. 
Mixed  with  allowance1.]  If.  Praise;  commen- 
dation. 

It  is  not  the  allowance  or  applause  of  men  that  I  seek. 
Bji.  Hull,  Hard  Texts,  p.  259. 

2.  Sanction ;  approbation ;  authorization :  as,  a 
judge's  allowance  of  a  compromise  or  settle- 
ment of  a  case  by  the  parties  interested. 
You  sent  a  large  commission 
To  Gregory  de  Cassalis  to  conclude, 
Without  the  king's  will,  or  the  state's  allowance, 
A  league  between  his  highness  and  Ferrara. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 
3f.  Reputation. 

His  l.arlc  is  stoutly  timher'd,  and  his  pilot 
Of  very  expert  and  appnrt  d  allowance. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

allowedly  (a-lou'ed-li),  adv.     Admittedly. 

Lurd  Lyttleton  is  allowedly  the  author  of  these  dialogues. 
Shenstone,  Works,  III.  cii. 

allower  (a-lou'er),  n.  One  who  allows,  per- 
mits, grants,  or  authorizes. 

alloxan  (a-lok'san),  n.  [<.all(antoin)  +  ox(alic) 
+  -an :  so  named  because  it  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  allantoin  and  oxalic  acid.]  One  of 
the  products  (C4H2N2O4)  of  the  decomposi- 
tion of  uric  acid  by  nitric  acid.  When  treated  with 
alkalis  it  produces  alloxanic  acid.  In  contactwith  am- 
monia it  produces  purpurate  of  ammonia,  identical  with 
murexid.  which  with  various  mordants  produces  reds  and 
purples  on  silk  and  wool.  This  was  much  used  in  1855 
an. I  1856,  but  was  soon  superseded  l.y  aniline  colors. 

alloxanate  (a-lok'sa-nat),  n.  [<  alloxanic  + 
-ate1.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  alloxanic 
acid  and  a  base. 

alloxanic  (al-ok-san'ik),  a.  [<  alloxan  +  4c.] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  alloxan :  as, 
alloxanic  acid.  — Alloxanic  acid,  a  strong  crystalline 
dibasic  acid  produced  hy  the  action  of  alkali-  on  alloxan. 
1  >n  boiling,  its  -alts  decompose  into  urea  an. I  mesoxalates. 

alloxantin  (al-ok-san'tin),  n.  [<  alloxan(t-)  + 
-in-.]  A  white  crystalline  substance  (t'gH^X  ,<  '7 
+  3HoO)  obtained  when  alloxan  is  brought  into 
contactwith  reducing  agents.  Oxidizing  agents 
reconvert  it  into  alloxan.     Also  called  nroxin. 

alloy  (a-loi'),  v.     [<  F.  aloyer,  earlier  allayer, 

<  OF.  dleier,  alier,  <  L.  alligare,  combine:  see 
al/tii/"  (of  which  alloii  is  the  recent  form,  based 
on  mod.  F.)  and  ally1.  The  sons.-  lias  been 
influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology  from  F. 
a  loi :  see  alloy,  it.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  (two 
or  more  metals)  so  as  to  form  a  compound,  with- 
out reference  to  the  relative  value  of  the  metals 
mixed. 

When  we  wish  to  alloy  three  or  more  metals,  we  often 
experience  difficulties,  cither  because  one  ,.1  the  metals  is 
more  oxidisable,  or.  leaser,  or  more  fusible  than  the  others, 
.a-  because  there  is  no  direct  affinity  between  two  of  the 
metals.  I're.  Diet.,  I.  92. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  desired  standard  or  quality  by 
mixing  with  a  less  valuable  metal:  as.  to  alloy 
gold  or  silver  with  copper. — 3.  Figuratively, 
to  ilebase  or  reduce  in  character  or  condition  by 


alloy  152 

admixture:  impair  by  the  intrusion  of  a  base  All-souls  (al'solz),  n.    Same  as  All  Souls?  day 
or  alien    element;    contaminate;    modify:    as.     (which  see,  under  soul). 


exti  rnal  prosperilry  all"!/"!  by  domestic  trials. 

But  to  alloy  much  of  this  [rejoicing],  the  French 
rides  in  our  Channel!  ours  not  daring  t"  interpose. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  24, 1690. 

II.  intrans.  To  entei  into  combination,  as 
one  metal  with  another. 

One  metal  dors  n^t  aUoy  indifferently  with  every  other 
metal,  but  is  governed  in  wis  respect  by  pei  uliar  affinities. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  91. 

Formerly  written  allay. 

alloy  i  a-loi'),  "•     [<  F.  aloi,  earlier  «/oy,  <  OF. 

,,!,,.  A?.  o/,v.  «?«(/,  >  E.  allay*,  n.    The  sense 

has  been  influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology 

from  V.  a  loi,  to  law,  as  if  'that  which  is  Drought 

1.  An  artificial  com 


form  bronze,  or  of  lead  and  antimony,  which  form 
type-metal.  The  alloys  are  numerous,  as  the  brasses, 
bronzes,  solders,  type-,  gun-,  and  bell-metals,  etc.,  and  are 
it  importance  in  the  practical  arts.  There  are  many 
varieties  ot  these  alloys,  the  character  of  each  being  de- 
termined by  the  proportions  of  its  constituents.  An  arti- 
ficial metallic  mixture  containing  quicksilver  is  termed  an 
amalgam  (which  see). 

2.  An  inferior  metal  mixed  with  one  of  greater 
value.  The  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States 
are  of  the  Btandard  fineness  oi  900  parts  of  fine  metal  and 
100  parts  of  i  opper  alloy,  of  which  in  the  case  of  gold  not 
more  than  one  tenth  may  he  silver.  In  the  case  of  silver 
coins  tic  alloy  i-  whollj  of  copper.  Hence  these  coins  are 
said  to  be  900  line.  Sec  alloyage. 
The  British  standard  for  gold  coin  is  22  parts  pure  gold 


allspice  (al'spis),  re.  [<  «"  +  spice:  so  called 
because  supposed  to  combine  the  flavor  of  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  and  cloves.]  The  fruit  of 
Eugenia  Pimento,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies.  Sec 
pimento.  Carolina  allspice  is  the  sweet-shrub,  Calycan- 
thus  fioridiu.  Japan  allspice  is  a  common  name  for  the 
allied"  shrub  of  Japan,  Chimonanthus  fragrant.  Wild 
allspice  is  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  aromatic  Lindera 
/:,  „'.-,„„  of  the  i  nited  states. 

allubescencet,  allubescencyt  (al-u-bes'ens, 
-en-si),  h.  [Also  adlubescen.ee;  <  L.  adluoes- 
cen(t-)s,  aUuoescen(U)s,  ppr.  of  adlubesci  re,  allu- 
bescere,  be  pleasing  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  lubere,  libere, 
please.  Cf.  ad  libitum.']  1.  Pleasantness. — 2. 
Willingness ;  .compliance. 

pret.  and  pp.  alluded,  ppr. 

'ay  with,    .iillr„r  r„-lnr'6r1 
jest,  speak  sportively,  <  ad,  to,  +  ludere,  play.]  a^™^  «*  >' 

I.t  trans.  1.  To  play  with  or  make  game  of. — 
2.  To  compare. 

To  free  myselfe  from  the  imputation  of  partiality,  De 
at  last  allude  her  to  a  waterman.  John  Taylor. 

II.  in  trans.   1.  To  make  an  allusion;   refer 


to  the  legal  standard."] 

pound  of  two  or  more  metals  combined  while  allude  (a-liul  ),  '  ■  •  1 

in  a  state  of  fusion,  as  of  copper  and  tin,  which    alluding.      [<  L.  alludere,  adkidere,  play  with. 


alluvion 

He  sailed  for  England,  taking  with  him  five  of  the  na- 
tives whom  he  had  decoyed.     Bancroft,  Hist.  t'.  s.,  I.  91. 
It  is  not  the  knaverj  oi  the  leaders  so  much  as  the  hon- 

iv  ol  the  followers  they  may  seduce,  thai  iiivcs  them 
power  lor  evil.  Lou/ell,  study  Windows,  p.  109. 

allured  (-i-hu'').  »•    [(allure1,  v.]   Allurement. 

allure-t,  »•     Same  as  aliirc. 

allurement  (a-lnr'ment),«.   [(allure1  +-iihiit.\ 

1.  The  act  of  alluring  or  attracting. 
Adam  by  his  wife's  allurement  fell.  Hilton,  P.  R.,  it  134. 

2.  That  which  allures;  any  real  or  apparent 
good  held  forth  or  operating  as  a  motive  to 
action;  a  temptation;  an  enticement:  as,  the 
allurements  of  pleasure  or  of  honor. 

Let  your  Scholer  be  neuer  afraide,  to  aske  you  any 
dout,  but  vse  discretlie  the  best  allurements  ye  can,  to  en 
<  orage  him  to  the  same.  J.-Wi«i)i,TheScholemaster,p.  28. 

3.  Attractiveness;  fascination;  charm. 
",  n.     One  who  or  that  which 

allures. 

\loii,-\ .  the  sweet  allwer  of  our  hopes, 

Ebbs  out  i leans,  and  conies  in  by  drops. 

Dryden,  ProL  to  Prophetess,  1.  li. 

alluringly  (a-lur'ing-li),  adv.    In  an  alluring 
manner;  enticingly. 


casually  or  indirectly:  with  to  (formerly  also  alluringness  (a-lur'ing-nes),  m.     The  quality  of 


unto  such  luilt- 

Hooker. 


unto). 

These  speeches  ...  do  seem  to  alludi 
isterial  garments  as  were  then  in  use. 

He  alludes  to  enterpiizes  which  he  cannot  reveal  but 
with  the  hazard  of  his  life.         Steele,  Spectator,  No.  610. 

2f.  To  pun;  have  a  punning  reference.  =Syn.  1. 
Advert,  liefer,  Allude,  etc.    See  advert. 


m  is  alloy,  and  for  silver,  222  parts  pure  silver  to  allumt,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  alum. 

18  parts  of  alloy.                                     '"".  Diet.,  I.  96.  aliumette  (al-ti-met'),  n.      [F.,  a  match,  <  «.- 

3f.  Standard;  quality:  fineness.  lamer,  light,  kindle:  see  allumine.]     A  match 

My  Lord  "i  Northumberland,  .  .  .  whose  education  of  for  lighting. 

bis  ionic,  I  heare,  has  ben  ol  another  streine  and  alloy  alluminatet   (a-lu'nii-nat),  V.  t.     [<  ML.    'tdlu- 

then  that  we  have  Nejtioned.          ^  ^^  ^^  -^^         of  *aUuminare  .  See  allumine.]     To 

4.    Figuratively,   admixture,  as  of  good  with     illuminate, ;  as  manuscripts.,  Bajley. 


evil;  a  deleterious  mixture  or  element;  taint: 
as,  no  earthly  happiness  is  without  alloy. 

The  friendship  of  high  and  sanctified  spirits  loses  no- 
thing by  death  but  its  alloy.  It-  nail. 

Formerly  written  allay. 
D'Arcetz's,  'Newton's,  Rose's  fusible  alloy  of  bis- 
muth. s,e  metal.—  Wood's  fusible  aUoy,  an  alloy 
composed  of  15  parts  of  bismuth,  8  of  lead,  4  of  tin,  3  of 
cadmium.  It  has  a  brilliant  luster,  which  does  not  tar- 
nish readily,  and  melts  between  150  and  100  'F.  Work- 
shop li' 

alloyage  (a-loi'aj),   n.     [(  alloy  +  -age.]     The 

practice  or  process  of  alloying  metals;  specifi- 
cally, in  minting,  the  practice  of  adding  to  the 
precious  metals  a  small  proportion  of  a  baser 
one,  to  harden  them,  with  the  object  of  produ- 
cing a  clear  impression  when  the  coins  are 
struck,  and  of  preventing  or  lessening  abrasion 
while  they  are  in  circulation.  See  alloy,  n.,  2. 
alloy-balance  (a-loi'bal'/ans),  ».  A  balance 
for  weighing  metals  which  are  to  be  combined 


nl  ol  susperisi a  movable,  and  Is  adjusted  to  the  allurancet  (a-lur'ans) 

point  at  which  the  arms  of  the  balance  bear  to  one  an-     Aim 

Mi.    proportion  of  the  metals  to  be  weighed,  as  for 
example  li  percent,  of  tin  to  83  of  copper.     The  beam  of 


alluminet  (a-lu'inin),  ».  (.  [<  OF.  allnminer  for 
alumer,  later  aUumer,  lighten,  kindle,  ='Pr.alum- 
nar,  alumenar  =  Sp.  alumbrar  =  Pg.  aluminr. 
allumiar  =  It.  allumare,  alluminare,  <  ML.  "al- 
luminare, set  light  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  luminare, 
light,  <  lumen  (liimin-),  light :  see  luminous,  limn, 
and  ef.  illumine,  illuminate.]  To  illuminate; 
enlighten. 

alluminort  (a-lti'mi-nor),  n.  [ME.  hjmnour,  etc. 
(see  limner),  (XV.  alluminour,  OF.  alummeor, 
later  aUumineur,  <  ML.  as  if  'alluminator,  equiv. 
to  illuminator,  <  * alluminare,  equiv.  to  illumi- 
nate: see  allumine,  illumine.]  An  illuminator 
of  manuscripts. 

Before  the  invention  of  printing,  certain  persons  called 
Alluminors  made  it  a  trade  to  paint  the  initial  letters  of 
manuscript*  in  all  sorts  of  colours,  and  to  gild  them  with 
silver  and  gold.  Barclay,  Diet.  (1823). 

all-ups  (al'ups),  n.  A  mixture  of  all  qualities 
of  coal,  excepting  fine  slack,  raised  from  one 
seam.     Grcsley.     [Leicestershire,  Eng.] 

n.     [<  allure1  +  -anee.] 


allurantt  (a-lur'ant),  a.     [<  allure1  +  -mil1.] 
Alluring;  enticing.     B.  Jonson. 


the  ball th.  n  brought  to  the  position  of  equilibrium  aiiurei  (Vlur'V  v.  t .;  pret.  and  pp.  allured,  ppr 

bj  means  of  a  weight  suspended  from  a  continuation  of  auuii       »i£  'J,_.  .15    t>    -i..*-* -i }  Kit? 


the  Bhorl  arm  of  the  balance  ;  and  when  the  balance  is  so 
adjusted  an)  quantity  ol  copper  put  in  the  short-arm  scab' 
willi.,    .no,  ed  by  the  requisite  proportion  of  tin  in  the 

other  scale,  that  is,  in  thi     apj I  case,  17  percent,  of 

th,-  total  weight  of  the  two. 
allozooid  (al-o-zo'oid),  re.     [<Qt.  HTJmc,  other, 

+  Cuoidz/r.  like  an  animal  :   so.,  raiiiil.  ]      \nzobl., 

an  animal  bud  or  zooid  separated  by  gemma- 
fromthe  organism  bj  which  it  is  produced, 

and  differing  from  it  iii  character:  the  opposite 
of  wo 

all-round  (ftl'round),  a.  [<  all,  adr.,  +  round, 
adv.]  Able  to  do  many  things  well;  many- 
sided;  capable  of  doing  anything;  versatile; 
i,,.t  narrow  :  not  too  specialized, 

I,  i  our  aim  b    as  hithi  rto  toi        a I  all  roundi  du 

.  agencies  of  the  day 
i,i  !,  Oration,  Hai  vard,  .Nov.  8, 1886. 

One  of  the  usual  all-round  men,  wl sidered  thai  he 

.1 >t  thing     -'..'I  vaunted  his  precise  knowledge 

oul  ill.   i.. i  rltoi  i 
W.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  192. 

All-saints  (al'sant  me  as  .III  Saints' 

day  .  under  saint  I. 

allseed  (al'sed),  re.  A  name  given  in  Great 
Britain  to  several  very  different  plants:  (a) 
Polycarpon  U  trapkyllum,  a  small  plant  found  in 
southwest  of]  d;  (6)  the  knot-grass, 

Polygonum  aviculare;  (c)  Chenopodium  poty- 
spermum,  found  in  waste  places;  (d)  Badiola 
M 

all-sorts  (aTsdrts),  re.  A  term  used  in  taverns 
or  beer-shops  todenoti  a  beverage  composed  of 
remnants  of  various  liquors  mixed  together. 


alluring.'  [Early  mod.  E.  alure,  aleirre,  <  ME. 
aluren,<  AF.  alurer,  OF.  alwrer,  aleurrer,  aler- 
rer,  attract,  allui'e,  <  a,  to,  +  hirer,  lure:  see 
lure.]  1.  To  tempt  by  the  offer  of  some  good, 
real  or  apparent ;  invite  by  something  flatter- 
ing or  acceptable ;  draw  or  try  to  draw  by  some 
proposed  pleasure  or  advantage:  as,  rewards 
allure  men  to  brave  danger. 

Allurd  to  brighter  worlds,  and  I.  d  the  way. 

goldsmith,  Des,  \  il.,  1.  170. 

2.  To  al  tract;  fascinate;  charm. 

she  show'd  him  favours  to  allure  bis  eye. 

Shak.,  Pass.  I'ilg.,  iv. 

Sleeking  her  soft  alluring  locks. 

Milton,  e I     I 

=  Syn.  Allure,  Lure,  Entice,  Decoy,  Seduce,  attract,  in 
vile.  ...ax.  engage,  prevail  on.  The  llrst  live  words  im- 
ply lie-  exercise  of  strong  but  subtle  influences  over  the 
mm. I  or  senses.  Allure,  lure,  to  attract  by  a  lure  or  bait, 
to  draw  bj  appealing  to  the  hope  of  gain  or  the  love  of 
,.  .  .i.n.  i  i. in  little ;  the  former,  however,  seems 
t.,  iinph  a  more  definite  object   than  lure,  which  retains 

perhaps  a  little  more  of  the  original  meaning,  tl gh 

ii    i     [ess  often   used      Entice  expresses  most   of  skill. 

subtlety,  flattery,  or  fair  speech.     Decoy  is  to  bad  into 

.    in  in]  r  appearances;  this  word  is  the  oni   most 

,  ..mil u  H  led  in  ii  physical  sense.   Seduce,  to  lead  astray, 

gi  nerallj  from  rectitude,  but  sometimes  from  Interest  or 
truth 

As  danger  could  not  daunt,  so  neither  could  ambition 
allure  him.  Latwner,  Sermons,  Int.,  p,  xli 

So  beauty  lures  the  full  crown  child.        Byron,  (liaonr. 

He  a..., ii.  not  only  show  the  way,  but  giueth  so  bwi  i  te 

a  prospect  into  the  way,  as  will  ml anj  man  to  enter 

Into  it.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrle. 


being  alluring  or  fascinating. 

allusion  (a-lu'zhon),  n.    [<  F.  allusion,  <  L.  allu- 

sio(n-),  adlnsio(n-).  playing  or  sporting  with,  < 

alludere,  pp.  aUusus:  see  allude.]     If.  A  play 

upon  words ;  a  pun. 

The  allusion  holds  in  the  exchange. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

[Said  by  Holofernes  with  reference  to  the  jest  about  the 

m, 's  being  no  more  than  a  month  old  when  Adam  was 

fivescore.] 

2f.  A  symbolical  reference  or  comparison;  a 

metaphor. 

Virtue,  to  borrow  the  Christian  allusion, is  militant  here, 
and  various  untoward  accidents  contribute  to  its  being 
often  overborne.  Butler,  Anal.  Relig.,  i.  67. 

3.  A  passing  or  casual  reference ;  a  slight  or 
incidental  mention  of  something,  either  directly 
or  by  implication;  a  hint  or  reference  used 
by  way  of  illustration,  suggestion,  or  insinu- 
ation: as,  a  classical  allusion;  an  allusion  to 
a  person's  misconduct. 

We  have  here  an  elaborate  treatise  on  Government,  from 
which,  but  for  two  or  three  passing  allusions,  it  would 
not  appear  that  the  author  was  aware  that  any  govern- 
ments actually  existed  among  men. 

Maeaulay,  Mill  on  Government 

The  delicacy  of  touch,  the  circuitous  .illusion,  with  which 
[Sydney]  smith  refers  to  things  commonly  received  as  vul- 
gar, is  a  study  for  all  who  wish  to  master  the  refinements 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Kss.  and  Rev.,  I.  155. 

allusive  (a-lu'siv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *allusivus,  < 
allusus,  pp.  of  alludere:  zee  allude.]  If.  Pun- 
ning.—  2+.  Metaphorical. 

Poetry  is  triply  divided  into  narrative,  representative  or 
dramatic,  and  allusivi  or  parabolical. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  4. 
3.  Having  reference  to  something  not  fully 
expressed;  containing,  full  of,  or  characterized 
by  allusions. 

Theallusive  but  not  inappropriate  pseudonym  of  Cas- 
sandra. W.  li.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  1, 
Allusive  arms,  in  her.    See  arm*. 
allusively  (a-lu'siv-li).  adv.     If.  Symbolically; 
by  way  of  comparison  or  figure. —  2.  In  an  al- 
lusive manner;  by  way  of  allusion;  by  sugges- 
tion, implication,  or  insinuation. 
allusiveness  (a-hi'siv-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  allusive. 
The  multifarious  aHumiisnessoi  the  prophetical  Btyle, 
l/r.  II.  More,  s.v.n  Cliurchi  s,  i\ 

allusory  (a-lu'so-ri),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  "allusorim, 

(.allusus,  pp.  of  alludere:  aeeattude.]   Allusive. 

Expressions  .  .  .  figurative  and  allusory. 

Win/union,  Sermons,  II.  100. 

alluvia,  ».    Plural  of  alluvium. 

alluvial (a-lu'vi-al).  a.  [<L.  alluvius, adluvvus, 
alluvial  (see alluvium), +-al]  Of, pertaining  to, 
or  composed  of  alluvium:  as,  alluvial  deposits; 

nlluriiil  soil.  Alluvial  formations,  in  geol..  recenl 
deposits,  in  valleys  or  In  plains,  of  the  detritus  ol  neigh 
boring  elevations,  brought  down  chiefly  bj  the  actl I 

water.      Most  river  plums,  us  those  of  the  Mississippi,  me 

alluvial,  having  been  deposited  from  the  waters  ol  a  river, 
,  lake,  or  an  arm  of  the  Bea.    Si  e  alluvium. 

The  windings  of  the  stream  in  large  alluvial  Hals  are 
most  numerous  whi  re  the  current  is  exceedinglj  slow. 

Dana,  Geology,  p.  641. 

allUVian  (a-lu'vi-an),  a.  Same  as  alluvial. 
|  Ware.] 

alluvio  (a-lu'vi-6),  n.     [L.]     Same  as  alluvion. 

alluvion (a-lu'vi-on),  «.  [<F.  dilution,  alluvion, 
accretion," <  L.  niiurio(n-).  ailliirio(u-),  an  over- 
lln wing,  inundation,  <  alluere,  adluere,  flow  to, 
wash  upon.  <  ad,  to,  +  tuerc,  wash,  =  (lr.  hum; 
wash:  see  lave2 and  lotion.]    1.  Formerly— (a) 


alluvion 

The  wash  of  the  sea  against,  the  shore,  or  of  a 
river  against  its  banks.  (6)  The  material  de- 
posited by  seas  or  rivers;  alluvium  (which see). 

2.  In  modern  legal  use,  an  increase  of  land 

on  a  shore  or  a  river-hank  by  the  action  of 
water,  as  by  a  current  or  by  waves,  whether 
from  natural  or  from  artificial  causes,  u  the  ad- 
dition has  been  gradual  and  imperceptible,  the  owner  of 
the  land  thus  augmented  has  aright  to  the  alluvial  earth 


153 

especially  in  Egypt,  to  a  girl  whose  occupation 
i>  to  amuse  company  in  the  houses  of  the 
wealthy  or  to  sing  dirges  at  funerals;  a  sing- 
ing girl,  of  a.  higher  class  than  the  ghawazee  Or 
dancing-girls  of  Egypt,  with  whom  the  almas 
an-  sometimes  confounded.  See  iihairaai  and 
ghaziyeh.     Also  spelled  aline  anil  almell. 

almacantart,  almacantaratht,  «.     Same 

almncantar. 
bnfe  if  the  addition  has  been  sudden  and  considerable,  by     .        ,.      ,   .  ■,-/.-•,  ry  x*      i       /•„  /   a- 

ti„  common  law  the  alluv s  the  property  of  the  sov-  almadia  (al-ma-de'a),  n.      [<  I .  almadte,  <  Ar. 


ereign  or  state.  By  the  law  of  Scotland,  however,  it  re- 
in tins  Hi'  i>i .ijH'ity  of  the  person  of  whose  lands  it  origi- 
nally for Ipart.   If  witnesses  could  see  from  time  to  time 

that  progress  hail  been  made,  though  they  could  not  per- 
ceive tla  progress  while  the  process  was  going  on,  the 
change  is  deemed  gradual  within  the  rule. 

alluvious  (a-lu'vi-us),  a.  [<  L.  alluvius,  allu- 
vial: see  atluvium.]    Same  as  alluvial.    [Rare.] 

alluvium  (a-lu'vi-um),  n.;  pi.  alluvia  (-ii).  [L., 
prop.  neut.  of  alluvius,  adluvius,  alluvial,  <  al- 
ia* re,  adluere,  flow  to,  wash  upon:  see  alluvion.'] 
A  deposit,  usually  of  mingled  sand  and  mud, 
resulting  from  the  a  el  ion  of  lluviatile  currents: 
applied  by  geologists  to  the  most  recent  sedi- 
mentary deposits,  especially  such  as  occur  in 
the  valleys  of  large  rivers :  opposed  to  diluvium 
(which  see).  Alluvion  (which  see)  was  formerly  used 
fur  both  marine  and  fresh-water  deposits,  hut  alluvium 
has  taken  its  place,  although  generally  used  only  for  llu- 
viatile deposits. 

allwhere  (ul'hwar),  adr.    [<  ME.  alwlwre;  <  all 
+  where.]     Everywhere.     [Rare.] 
I  fullow  allwhere  for  thy  sake. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

allwhither  (al'hwiTH  Or), adv.  [iall  +  wkitht  r.] 
In  every  direction.  ]>.  Taylor,  Deukalion,  IV. 
iii.  153.     (X.  E.  D.) 

ally1  (a-H')i  "■  >  pret.  and  pp.  allied,  ppr.  allying. 
[(ME.'iilj™,  alien,  <  ( >F.  alier,V.  oilier,  com i due, 
mix,  alloy;  in  another  form  OF.  aleier,  allayer, 
mod.  F.  aloyer,  mix,  alloy  (>  E.  allay-  and  alloy, 
ci.  v.);  <  L.  alligare,  adligare,  bind  to,  (.ad,  to. 
+  ligtirc,  bind.  Cf.  alligate  and  alliance.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  unite  by  marriage,  treaty,  league, 
or  confederacy ;  connect  by  formal  agreement : 
gonerally  used  in  the  passive  or  with  reflexive 
pronouns. 

Salamis  .  .  .  revolted,  and  allied  itself  to  Megara. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  476. 

2.  To  bind  together;  connect,  as  by  resem- 
blance or  friendship. 

Ah,  madam,  true  wit  is  more  nearly  allied  to  good-na- 
ture than  your  ladyship  is  aware  of. 

Sheridan.  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 


No  fossil  form  allit 


d  to  Ainphioxus  is  known . 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert., 


,  p.  10S. 
II.  intrans.  To  join  or  unite;  enter  into  al- 
liance. 

ally1  (a-li',  often  al'i),  ». ;  pi.  allies  (a-liz',  often 
al'i/.)."  [<  ME.  alic,  ally,  esp.  kinsman, <  OF.  alie, 
(alter,  F. oilier,  ally:  seeally1,v.~\  1.  One  united 
or  associated  with  another  by  kinship,  treaty, 
or  league ;  a  confederate ;  more  particularly,  a 
sovereign  or  state  connected  with  another  by 
league  offensive  and  defensive,  or  a  subject  or 
citizen  of  such  sovereign  or  state. 

England  .  .  .  and  France  entered  the  war  as  tiHas. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  limes,  xxvii. 

2.  An  auxiliary ;  an  associate  or  friend. 

What  did  not  a  little  contribute  to  leave  him  thus  with- 
out an  alhj  was,  that  if  there  were  any  one  post  more 
untenable  than  the  rest,  lie  would  be  sure  to  throw  himself 
Into  it.  Stern*',  Tristram  .Shandy. 

3.  In  zool.,  an  animal  more  or  less  closely  re- 
lated to  another  in  respect  to  morphological 
characters,   and  placed  in  the   same  alliance 

(which  See).=Syn.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  etc. 
Bee  associate. 

ally'-t,  b.    A  former  spelling  of  alley1. 

ally:!,  ".     See  alley2. 

allyl  (al'il),  n.  [<  L.  aU(ium),  garlic,  +  -yl,  <  Gr. 
i'/'/,  matter.]  An  organic  radical,  C3H5,  which 
does  not  exist  in  the  free  state.  At  the  moment 
of  its  liberation  two  molecules  combine  to  form  diallyl, 
CqHio,  a  pungent  ethereal  liquid.  Also  spelled  ath/le.— 
Allyl  sulphid,  (C:iIIr,)S,  the  oil  of  garlic,  which  gives  to 
onions  and  garlic  their  peculiar  smell  and  taste. 

allylamine  (a-lil'a-min),  n.  [<  allyl  +  amine.] 
A  mobile  liquid,  isTH2(C3H5),  having  a  sharp, 
burning  taste,  produced  by  the  action  of  potash 
on  allyl  cyanate.     It.  may  be  regarded  as  am- 


al-madiyah,  <  til,  the,  +  ma'diyah,  ferry-boat,  < 
ma'diy,  a  passage,  <  'aday,  pass  or  cross  over.] 

1.  A  river-boat  used  in  India,  shaped  like  a 
shuttle,  about  80  feet  long  and  0  or  7  broad. — 

2.  A  small  African  canoo  made  of  the  bark  of 
tries.  Some  of  the  larger  sipiare-sterned  boats 
id'  the  negroes  are  also  thus  designated. 

Also  written  almadie,  almady. 
Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  n.  [<  ME.  almagest,  al- 
mageste,  <  OF.  and  ML.  almageste,  <  Ar.  al-ma- 
jisti,  <  alt  the  (see  al--),  +  Gr.  ueyiarn,  fern,  of 
uiytaroc,  greatest,  superl.  of  ftiyac,  great:  see 
mega-.]  The  greatest  work  on  astronomy  be- 
fore Copernicus,  written  in  the  second  century 
A.  D.  by  the  Alexandrian  astronomer  Ptole- 
my. Its  proper  title  is  "Mathematical  Composition": 
but  it  was  called  Almagest,  or  the  greatest,  to  distinguish 
it  from  other  books  by  the  same  author. 

Cross,  and  character,  and  talisman, 
And  almagest,  and  altar. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,vi.  17. 

almagra  (al-ma'gra),  n.  [<  Sp.  almagra,  alma- 
gre=  Pg.  almagre, '{  Ar.  al-maghrah, red  ocher.] 

A  fine  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  admixture  of 
purple,  used  in  India,  for  staining  the  person. 
It  is  also  sometimes  used  as  a  paiat,  and  for  polishing  sil- 
ver and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Indian  red. 
Almaint  (al'man),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  Almayn,  Almaigne,  Alman,  and  in  sense  II., 
'_'.  alman,  ii/»/iiihI,<ME.  Almayn,  Alman  11,  n.,  a 
German,  <  OF.  Aleman,  F.  Allemand,  German, 
<  L.  Alcmanni,  Alamanni:  see  Alemannic.]  I. 
a.  German. 

Almoin  litters  with  their  horsemen's  stales. 

Marlon:,-,  Faustus,  i. 
Almoin  stone-ware  vessels. 

Jour.  Archasol.  Ass.,  XXX.  131. 

II.  n.   1.  A  German. 

He  sweats  not  to  overthrow  your  Almain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance. — 3.  A  kind  of  dance-music 
in  slow  time. 
Almain-rivet  (arman-riv"et),  11.     [<  Almain  + 
rivet.]    In  milit.  ttntiq.,  one  of  a  series  of  rivets 
or  short  pieces  of  metal 
sliding  in  slot-holes  form- 
ed in  overlapping  plates 
of  armor,  replacing  the 
common     appliance     of 
riveting  to  straps  of  lea- 
ther or  similar  material : 
first  used  by  the  Germans 

about  1450.  The  term  A!- 
main-rivets  came  afterward  to 
be  applied  to  suits  of  armor 
constructed  in  this  manner. 
Also  spelled  Almayne-rivet,  Al- 
man-rivet. 

alma  mater  (al'mama'- 
ter).  [L.:  alma,  fern,  of  almus,  fostering,  cher- 
ishing, benign,  <  alcre,  nourish,  foster  (see  ali- 
miniiiiu]  alumnus):  mater  =  E. mother.]  Liter- 
ally, fostering  mother:  in  modern  use,  applied 
by  students  to  the  university  or  college  in 
which  they  have  been  trained. 

Benjamin  Woodbridge  was  the  eldest  son  of  our  alma 
mater.  Peirce,  Hist  of  Han.  Univ.,   Ipp.,  p.  57. 

Almant  (al'man),  a.  and  11.     Same  as    llmain. 

almanac  (al'ni'a-nak),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alma- 
nack, almanack,  <  ME.  almenak  =  F.almanach 
=  Sp.  almanac,  almanaque  =  Pg.  almanack,  al- 
manac =  It.  almanacco='D.  almanaJc  =  Gt.  a  I  ma- 
nual, (>  Pol.  almanack)  =  Sic  almanack  =Dan. 
almanaJc;  <  ML.  almanac,  dlmanach  (Roger  Ba- 
con, a.  d.  1207);  appar.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  "ma- 
nakh,  almanaque,  calendario,"  so  given  in  the 
Arabic-Castilian  "  Yocabulista  "  of  Pedro  de 
Alcala  (a.  d.  1505),  who  also  gives  "manak, 
relax  del  SOl,"  i.  e.,  sun-dial.  The  word,  used,  it 
appears,  by  Arabic   astronomers  in  Spain  as 


jS=^, 


Tasset  of  Plates,  Almain-rivet 
Armor,  15th  century. 


monia  in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced    early  as  the  12th  or  13th  century,  is  not  found 


by  allyl. 

aliyle,"».    See  alh/l. 

allylic  (a-lil'ik),  a.  [<  allyl  +  -ic]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  allyl:  as,  an  allylic  sulphid. 

alma,  almah  (al'mS ),  n.  [<  Ar.  'almah,  learned, 
knowing  (with  ref.'to  their  instruction  in  music 
and  dancing),  <  'alamit,  know.  ( 'f.  alim,  ttlcnt.] 
The  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and 


elsewhere  as  Arabic,  and  must  be  of  foreign 
presumptively  of  Greek,  origin  ;  withoul  proof 
from  records,  it  has  been  identified  with  L. 
manaalinsor  manacus,  also  cited  as  Gr.  */<f/vaxoc, 
nnraynr,  a  false  reading  in  Vitruvius  for  L. 
nana  n.i,  a  circle  on  a  sun-dial  showing  the 
months  or  signs  of  the  zodiac,  <  Gr.  /igvaioc, 
monthly,  <  uiji>=zli.  mensis,  month:  see  month.] 


almoin 

A  yearly  calendar  showing  the  correspondence 
between  the  days  of  the  wi  el  and  the  days  of 

the  month,  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  I  he  changes  of  t  lie  moon  and  of  the  tides, 
and  other  astronomical  data,  and   usually  also 

the  ecclesiastical  fasts  andf easts,  chronological 

informal  ion,  etc.      Many  annual  publications 
almanacs  are  largely  extended  by  the  insertion  ol  nistori. 
cal,  political,  statistical,  and  other  i  urrent  information,  as 
supplemental  to  the  calendar.     Nauticalalmanac.au 

almanac  for  the  use  of  navigators  and  astro) iers,  in 

which  are  given  the  ephemeridi  -  ol  all  the  bodies  of  the 
solar  system,  places  01  the  fixed  stars,  predictions  of  as- 
trononiical  phenomena,  and  the  angular  distances  of  the 
moon  from  the  sun,  planets,  and  fixed  stars.  Nautical  al 
manacs  are  published  by  the  governments  of  Great  Britain, 
the  United  states,  and  most  other  maritime  powers, 

almandert  (al-man'der),  ».  [HE.  almander, 
almaunder,(.OF.  almandier,  mod.  amandier  (cf. 
Sp.  almendro,  ML.  amondalarius),  an  almond- 
tree,  <  ahnanilc,  almond  :  see  almond.]  An 
almond-tree.     Chancer;    U'yclif. 

almandin,  almandine  (al'man-din),  n.  [<  F. 
almaniliiic,  <  LL.  alamantlina,  a  corruption  of 
alalninilina  :  see  alalia  inline.]  Precious  or  no- 
ble garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yel- 
low or  blue.  It  is  commonly  translucent,  sometimes 
transparent,  and  usually  crystallizes  in  the  rhombic  dode- 
cahedron.   Also  called  almajtdite.     See  garnet. 

Almaynet,  a.  and  «.     Same  as  Almain. 

alme,  almeh  (al'me),  ».    See  alma. 

almena  (al-me'na),  n.  [Sp.  almena  =  Pg. 
anaia,  a  two-pound  weight,  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  menu,  a  measure,  a  two-pound  weight.]  A 
weight  of  about,  a  kilogram,  or  2';  pounds,  used 
in  the  East  Indies. 

almeriet,  almeryt,  «.    Variant,  forms  of  ambry. 

almesset,  "•     An  old  form  of  alms. 

almicantaratht,  n.    Same  as  almucantar. 

almightt,  «•      [<  ME.  almight,  almyght,  almygl, 
almilit,  <  AS.  mlmiht,  almighty,  <  «/-,  al,  all,  + 
milit,  might.]     Almighty. 
Blessed  be  God,  Father  almight     * 

Primei  lien.  VIII.    (X.  E.  D.) 

almightily  (al-mi'ti-li),  adr.  In  an  almighty 
manner;  with  almighty  power:  sometimes  used 
vulgarly  as  an  expletive:  as,  1  was  almightily 
angry.     [Rare.] 

almightiness  (al-mi'ti-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  almighty;  omnipotence;  infinite  or  bound- 
less power:  as,  "the  force  of  his  almigkUness," 
Jer.  Taylor. 

God  .  .  .  made  them  promises  binding  the  strength  of 
his  Almightiness  with  covenants  sworn  to  everlastingly. 
L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

almighty  (al-mi'ti),  a.  [<  ME.  almighty,  al- 
myijhty,  almigti,  almihli,  <  AS.  ealmihUg,  callmih- 
iii/,  irlmililii/,  (clmeolitti/  (  =  I  iS.  almahVnj.  alamah- 
Hg,  alomahtig  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahfuj),  < 
eal,  eall,  all,  +  mihtiy,  mighty:  see  all,  adr..  and 
mighty.]  1.  Possessing  all  power;  omnipotent; 
of  unlimited  might ;  of  boundless  sufficiency. 
Him  the  Almighty  Power 
Ilurl'd  headlong  naming  from  the  ethereal  sky. 

Milton,  r.  1...  i.  44. 

2.  Great;  extreme;  overpowering.     [Colloq.] 

I' ■  Aroar  can  not  live,  and  can  not  die,—  so  that  he  is 

in  an  almighty  tlx.  He  Quincey. 

Almighty  dollar,  a  phrase  forcibly  expressive  of  the 
power  of  money:  tirst  used  by  Washington  Irving  in  "  \ 
Creole  Village,"  published  in  1837.  — The  Almighty,  the 
omnipotent  Cod. 
By  the  Almighty,  who  shall  bless  thee.        Gen.  xlix.  25. 

almightyship  (al-mi'ti-ship),  n.     [(.almighty  + 

-ship.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  almighty ; 
omnipotence.     Vanity. 

almiqui  (iil-me'ke),  n.  The  native  name  of 
Solenodon  cubanus,  an  insectivorous  mammal 
peculiar  to  Cuba,  belonging  to  the  family  Sole- 
nailaiiliilie.  The  animal  is  about  11  inches  long,  with 
a  tail  7J  inches  in  length.  It  strikingly  resembles  an 
opossum"  in  general  appearance,  though  belonging  to 
an  entirely  different  order  of  mammals.  The  almiqui  is 
the  largest  of  American  Inseetivora,  and  one  of  the  rarest 
of  American  mammals.  It  is  nocturnal  in  habits  and 
lives  under  ground  in  caves.  There  is  a  similar  lla\  tiin 
animal,  Solenodon  paradoxus,  csftieA  agouta (which  sec). 
Sec  Solenodon. 

almirah  (al-me'rii),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind. 
almdri,  <  Pg.  almario, armario,  <  L. armarium,  a 
closet,  chest,  >  E.  ambry,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cup- 
board used  in  India  ;  an  arinoirc  or  wardrobe;  a 
chest  of  drawers.    Also  written  almyra.  til  antra. 

almner,  n.    See  almoner1. 

almoint,  almoignt  (almoin'),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  ttlmonc,  allmane,  ME.  almayn.  alms, 
alms-chest,  <  AF.  *almain,  'almoign,  OF.  at- 
nana-,  alniOSne,  later  annaine :  see  alms,  and 
cf.  almoner^.]  1.  Alms.— 2.  An  alms-chest.— 
Frank  almoin,  literally,  free  alms;  a  perpetual  tenure  bj 
free  gift  of  charity:  usually  written  as  one  word,  frankal- 
moin  (which  see). 


almond 

almond  (a'mond  or  al'mond),  ».     [Early  mod. 
E.   also  amdhd,  <   ME.   almonde,  almunde,  al- 
ndt ,  almaundi ,  almande,  etc.,  s  <  >F.  almandi . 
earlier   aleman  Ire,   alemandle,   also 

antande,  mod.  E  a»Mjnde=Pr.  amandoln  =  Sp. 
almendra=Pg.  ameudoa  =  It.  mandorla,  man- 
dola  (tin-  of-  for  orig.  «-,  in  E.,  OE.,  and  Sp..  be- 
ing due  prob.  to  confusion  with  the  Ar.  art.,  or 
rith  the  word  Almoin,  German)  =  D. 
iimmiili I  =OHG.  mandala,  MHG.  G.  mandel  = 
Dan.  Sw.  mandt  1=  Buss.  mindoKma,  dim.,  <  ML. 
amnndnla.  a  corruption  (through  *amingdala)  of 
L.  amygdala,  <.  Gr.  an  al- 

mond «.]     1.  The  stone  or  kernel 

of  the  fruit  of  1'runus  (Ami/ijdiilus)  communis, 
the  almond-tree  (which  see).  There  are  two  kinds, 
the  sweet  and  the  bitter.  Sweet  almonds  are  :i  favorite 
nut.  They  are  the  source  of  almond-oil,  and  an  emulsion 
from  them  is  used  in  medicine.     The   best,  from 

Malaga,  are  known  at  Jordan  almonds.    Bitter  aln Is 

are  smaller,  and  yield,  besides  almond-oil  and  an  azotized 
Bubstance  called  emulsin  (found  also  in  sweet  ahnonds),  a 
bitter  crystalline  principle  called  amygdalin,  which  when 
mixed  with  emulsin is  decomposed,  producing  hydrocyanic 
ai  1 1  and  bitter-almond  oil. 

2.  Anything  shaped  like  an  almond;  an  orna- 
ment in  the  shape  of  an  almond;  specifically,  a 
piece  of  rock-crystal  used  in  adorning  branched 
candlesticks — African  almonds,  the  seeds  of  the  pro- 
rub  Brabi  ium  stellatifolium,ot  southern  Africa. 
—Almond  of  the  throat,  a  tonsil  or  amygdala.— Coun- 
try almonds,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  fruit  of  the 
East  Indian  tree  Terminalia  Cafoppo.— Java  almonds, 
the  fruit  of  Canarium  commune. 

almond-cake  fa'mond-kak),  n.  The  cake  left 
after  expressing  the  oil  from  almonds.  Its 
powder  is  used  as  soap  in  washing  the  hands. 

almond-eyed  (a'mond-id),  a.  Having  almond- 
shaped  eyes,  as  the  Chinese  and  others  of  the 
Mongolian  race. 

almond-furnace  (al'mpnd-fernas),  x.  [Prob. 
for  Almoin,  or  Alman  furnace;  i  Almoin,  Ger- 
man  (see  Almoin),  +  furnace.']  A  furnace  in 
which  the  slags  of  litharge  left  in  refining  sil- 
ver are  reduced  to  lead  by  being  heated  with 
charcoal. 

almond-oil  (a'rnqnd-oil),  n.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
obtained  from  almonds  by  pressure,  and  used 
in  medicine  as  a  demulcent. -Bitter-almond  oil, 
a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  residual  cake  of  bitter  al- 
monds after  the  almond-oil  has  been  expressed,  and  due 
to  decomposition  "i   the  amygdalin  and  emulsin  of  the 

almond-paste  (a'mond-past),  ».  A  cosmetic 
composed  of  bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose- 
water,  and  rectified  spirit,  used  to  soften  the 
skin  and  prevent  chapping, 
almond-tree  (a'mond-tre),  «.  A  species  of 
Prunus,  I',  communis,  producing  the  almond, 
f'he  leaves  and  flowers 
resemble  those  of  the 
peach,  but  the  fruit  is 
more  >  < impressed,  with 
a  thin,  tough,  and  fi- 
brous deciduous  husk 
when  ripe,  and  the  shell 
thinner  and  more  fra- 
gile. The  tree  is  culti- 
vated for  its  nuts  in  the 
region  bordering  tie 
Mediterranean,  in  t  all 
fornia,  and  to  a  limited 
extent  in  the  southern 
I  nited  Stat*  ■  I 
where  i!    i-  grown  for 

ament,   -hi    account 

of  its  large  early  flow- 

Chi 
ing  almond  is  a  dwarf 
double-flowered  speci 
from  Russia,  /'  nana.    The  tropica]  Terminalia  I'liiiiji/m, 
f  last  [ndii  b,  U  ale ii'  a  almond-tree, 

almoner1,  almner  (al'mon-er,  am'ner),  n. 
[Earl  mod.  E.  almoner,  almener,  almner,  ame- 
ner,  amner,(.  ME.  amoner,  amener,  earlier  au- 
moru  /-,  aunu  in  /-,  1 1 a- a, i  in  r.  etc.,  <  ' '!-'.  aumont  r, 

onier,   almosnier,  i I.    F.  a«w<5»ter=Pr. 

almosnier,   almonier    (Ml.,    reflex    almonarius, 

Sp.  Kmosnero,  almoner,  =  Pg. 

almoner,  csmoleiro,   a  begging  friar, 

=  It.   Hmosiniero,   -iere,   -ario,    <  ML.   eleemo- 

arius,  a  giver  or  distributer,  sometimes  also 

a  receiver,   of  alms    (ef.   of.    almosnere,   al- 

inatore,  <  ME.  eleemosyna- 

tor,  i  of  a  Ims  I,  <  1,1..  <  leemosyna,  aims: 

7  '  of  «  bich  almoner'  is  a  dou- 

'.   and   alms.]    A  dispenser  of 

or  charil  i  Hy,  a  person  cha 

i  tin  distribution  a  a  offlcial  dutj  . 

The  office  ol  almoner  wi  I  ited  b oastenea 

and  other  religious  houses,  which  wi  ed  to  dis- 

usually 

chaplains  were  ail 

lied  to  thi    bousenola     i  feudal  lords, 

i  to  public  ie  1 1'  ution  "i  \  sxious  kinds. 

lull-  th  chap- 

lain.  (Seeaunumt  aim  wae 


"Sr 


Almond  f  Primus  communis). 


154 

regularly  a  cardinal  or  other  high  prelate ;  Blnce  the  Revo- 
lution this  post  has  been  alternate!}  restored  and  abolished. 

In  England  tl is  a  lord  almom  r,  or  (ord  high  almoner, 

an  ecclesiastical  officer,  generally  a  bishop,  who  formerlj 
ha<l  the  forfeiture  of  all  deodands  and  the  goods  ol  ail 
suicides,  which  he  had  to  i list ni m tc  to  the  poor.  He  now 
distributes  twice  a  year  the  sovereign's  bounty,  which  con- 
sii-ts  in  giving  a  silver  pemrj  each  to  as  many  poor  persons 
as  the  sovereign  is  years  of  age.  There  is  also  a  sub-ai- 
t  hereditary  grand  almoner.  The  office  of  the 
latter  is  nov,  almost  a  sinecure. 

almoner2t,  '<•    [<ME.  alner  (for  *almner),  aw- 

mei;  aumeiier,  awmener,  <  OE.  anmoiiiere,  almos- 
niere,  E.  aumdnit  re  (sometimes  used 
in  this  form  iu  E.)  =  Pr.  almosnera 
(ML.  reflex  almonaria,  almoneria) 
=  Pg.  esmolevra,  alms-box,  <  ML. 
eleemosynaria,  an  alms-purse,  alms- 
box,  prop,  adj.  (so.  bursa, purse,  area, 
box),  fern,  of  eleemosynarius :  see  ai 
moner\  and  cf.  almonry,  of  which 
almoner'2  is  a  doublet.]  1.  An  alms- 
purse. —  2.  Iu  general,  a  purse,  es- 
pecially a  large  purse,  or  pouch,  usually  (from 
the  twelfth  century  until  the  fifteenth)  hung 
from  the  girdle.  It  was  closed  either  by  cords  drawn 
through  the  hem,  or  in  a  casing,  or  by  a  clasp.  It  took  to 
a  great  extent  the  place  of  a  pocket. 

almonership  (al'mon-er-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  position  of  almoner. 

almonry  (al'mon-ri),  «.;  pi.  almonries  (-riz). 
[<  late  ME.  almosnerye,  <  OF.  *almosnerie,  au- 
mosnerie,  F.  attmoneric  =  I'r.  almonaria  (ML.  re- 
flex almonaria,  almonarium),  <  ML.  eleemosyna- 
ria, an  almshouse,  the  residence  or  office  of 
an  almoner,  also  an  alms-purse  or  alms-box  (in 
this  sense  the  source  of  almoiu  I '-'  I,  prop.  adj. 
fern,  of  eleemosynarius :  see  almoner1,  almoner-, 
and  eleemosynary.  A  different  word  from  ambry, 
with  which,  through  the  forms  almery,  amber y, 
it  has  been  in  part  confused:  see  ambry.']  The 
place  where  an  almoner  resides  or  where  alms 
are  distributed.  In  monasteries  it  is  situated  near  the 
church  or  at  the  gate-house;  sometimes  it  is  a  separate 
building,  as  the  almonry  at  Canterbury,  and  sometimes 
it  contains  lodgings  for  choristers  attached  to  the  church. 

almost  (al'most),  adv.  [Colloq.  or  dial,  amost, 
'most,  dial,  also  outmost,  omast,  Sc.  amaist, 
'moist,  <  ME.  al must,  almoost,  almeste,  almaste, 
<  AS.  almasst,  ealmwst,  mostly  all,  nearly  all,  < 
id,  i  al,  E.  all,  +  mast,  E.  most,  adv.]  If.  Nearly 
all ;  for  the  most  part ;  mostly.  [In  this  sense 
almost  all  is  now  used.] 

These  giuers  were  almost  Northmen. 

Aseham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  133. 

2.  Very  nearly ;  well-nigh ;  all  but. 

I  almost  wish 
He  be  not  dead,  although  my  wrongs  are  great. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iii.  2. 

Almost  never,  hardly  ever.— Almost  no,  almost  none, 
scarcely  any. 

almoust,  u.  [=  Sc.  awmous,  <  ME.  almouse,  <d- 
moirs,  litmus.  <  [eel.  nlmiisa,  dlmusa  =  Hw.  almosa 
=Dan.  almisse^z  AS.  wlmesse,  E.  alms :  sic  alms, 
of  which  alliums,  Sc.  awmous,  represents  the 
Sea  nd.  form.]     An  old  fomi  of  alms. 

alms  (iiinz),  n.  sin;/.,  sometimes  used  as  pi.  [< 
ME.  almes,  almis,  almesse,  almissi .  i  limes,  elmesse, 
aimrssr,  ii/«ibm',<AS.  almesse,  almysse (in  cornp. 
almes-,  almes-)  =  OS.  alamosna  =  OFries.  iii- 
iihssi  =1>.  aiiliuocs  =  OH(}.ahimuosan,  alamosan, 
Milt;,  aimiiosi  a,  a.  almo8cn=Iael.  almusa,  Si 
miisii  —  Sw.  almosa  =  Dan.  almisse  =  OE.  al- 
mosnr,  aumosue,  E.  aumi'me  (sec  almoin,  alinoigii) 
=  Pr.  almosna  =  Sp.  limosna  =  Pg.  esmola  =  It. 
limosina=OBnlg.  afmuzMno=Honevn..almushna 
=  Pol.  jidiunrjlinti  =  Hung.  iiliiini.:snii,  <  ME.  " id- 
mosina,  elimosina,  El.,  eleemosyna,  alms,  <  Gr. 
i/i  liiinni  c;/,  pily,  compassion,  alms,  <  i'/ii,iiui-, 
pitiful,  merciful,  compassionate,  <  i'/mr,  pity, 
mercy,  compassion.  See  almoner^-,  almoner^, 
and    eleemosynary.]       1.   The   act  of    relieving 

tlie  needy;  charitable  aid;  ministration  to  the 
poor:  as,  to  give  money  in  alms. 

Winn  ii Idest  alma,  let  not  thy  left  hand  know  what 

thy  right  hand  doeth.  Mat.  w. 

2.  That  which  is  given  to  the  poor  or  needy:  a. 

charitable  dole;  anything  bestowed  in  charity. 

BnOCh  set  himself, 

Scorning  an  alms,  to  work  whereby  to  live. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden, 

To  scatter  from  our  abundance  occasional  aim    i    nol 

i  ii'  n  ti  '  'hannin  /,  ^  orks,  I V.  291. 

Reasonable  alms,  in  Eny.  law,  a  part  ,.f  the  estate  oi 

an  intestate  person  allotted  to  the   i Tenure  by 

free  alms,  in  England,an  ecclesiastical  tenuri  ol  find 
io  Mined  ti,.  possessor  was  formerly  hound  to  pray  for 
the  soul  of  the  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive:  trunkal- 
inein  (which   ■  -  i 

alms-bag  (ttmz'bag),  ».  A  bag  of  some  line 
material  used  for  collecting  alms  during  divine 
service. 


almucantar 

alms-basin  (amz'ba'sn),  ».     Abasin  or  dish  of 
metal  used  to  receive  the  alms-bags  to  be  laid 


Alms-basin  de 


nel.  13th  century. 


Upon  the  altar,  .sometimes  the  alms  was  received  di- 
rectly in  the  basin,  without  use  of  the  bag,  See  alms-bag. 
Also  called  alms-dish, 

alms-box  (timz'boks),  11.     Same  as  alms-chest. 

alms-chest  (amz'chest),  n.  A  chest  or  box  fast- 
ened to  the  wall,  as  of  a  church,  to  receive  offer- 
ings for  the  poor  or  for  any  religious  purpose. 

alms-deed  (amz'ded),  n.  [<  ME.  almes-dede, 
almcsse-dcdc,  etc.]  An  act  of  charity ;  a  char- 
itable deed.     Acts  ix.  36. 

alms-dish  (iimz'dish),  n.  [<  ME.  almes-disshe.] 
Same  as  alms-basin. 

alms-drink  (amz'dringk),  ti.     The  leavings  of 
drink,  such  its  might  be  given  away  iu  alms. 
i'i/  Serv.  Lepidus  is  high-coloured. 
ls(  Serv.  They  ltave  made  him  drink  alms-drink. 

Sliak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

alms-fee  (iimz'fe),  n.    [<  AS.  oslmes-feoh,  <  ail- 

messe,  alms,  +  fcoh,  money:  see  fee.]  An  an- 
nual tax  of  one  penny  on  every  hearth,  collected 
in  England  and  Ireland  and  sent  to  Home,  from 
the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century  until  it  was 
abolished  by  Henry  VIII.  Also  called  Borne- 
scot  or  Rome-fee,  and  Peter's  pence. 

He  [Edmund],  toward  the  middle  of  the  tenth  century, 
strictly  commands  payment  of  tithe,  .  .  .  and  alms-fee. 
K.  mble,  Saxons  in  Eng.,  ii.  fo. 

alms-folk  (amz'fok),  «.  pi.  Persons  supported 
by  alms. 

alms-gate  (amz'gat),  ».  That  gateof  religious 
or  great  houses  til  which  alms  were  distributed 
to  the  poor. 

almsgiver  (amz'giv"er),H.   One  who  gives  alms. 

almsgiving  (amz'giv"ing),  «.  The  act  of  giving 
alms. 

almshouse  (iimz'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  almesshowse.  \ 
A  house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  pool 
who  are  supported  by  the  public  or  by  a  rev- 
enue derived  from  private  endowment;  a  poor- 
house.     In  the  1  nited  states  almshouse  and  / rl 

arc  synonymous,  meaning  only  a  house  for  tic  common 
residence  of  the  publicly  supported  paupers  of  a  town  or 
county.  In  Hi  eat  Britain  almshouses  are  generally  a 
number  of  small  dwellings  built  together,  supported  by 
private  endowment,  for  tic  use  of  respectable  persons 
reduced  to  poverty,  buildings  for  public  paupers  being 
called  workhouses  or  poorhouses. 

almsman  (amz'man),  n.;  pi.  almsmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  almesmiiii,  ohm smon,  etc.]  1.  A  person 
supported  by  charity  or  public  provision. 

K\l   11    he,      ,    the    III  lie   tltnlSIII,   II   of   s|7  itIC    lieWefS. 

Keats,  Isabella,  st.  13. 
2.  A  charitable  person;  a  dispenser  of  alms. 
r,i  1  mi.     [Bare.] 
The  almsman  of  other  incus  sympathies. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  7. 

alms-pot  (Smz'pot),  it.  A  sort  of  box  carried 
by  beggars,  and  perhaps  succeeding  the  clack- 
dish  (which  seel  in  point  of  time  p  was  some- 
times a  cylindrical  wooden  pot  with  a  slit  in  the  lid    omi 

times  a  more  carefully  made  vcssclof  pewter.     I'litil  very 

recently  beggars  in  London  carried  such  pots  fastened  to 
their  waist-belts 

almucantar,  almucanter  (al-mu-kan'tar,  -ter), 

n.    [Also  writ  I  on  alma-,  idmicantar.  -er,  formerly 

also almicantarath,  etc.,  ME.  almykanU  en  it  lhav 
eer),  <  E.  almucantaraths,  almucantarat,  almican- 
tnrai  =  Sp.  almicantarat,  almicantaradas=Pe. 
(as  ME.),  <  ML.  almicantarath,  almucantarath, 
<  Ar. al-muqantarat,  <  al,  the,  +  muqantardt, pL 
of  muqantarah,  a  sun-dial,  <  qantarah,  a  bridge, 
an  arch.]      1.    In  astron.,  a  small  circle  of  flic 

sphere  parallel  to  the  horizon ;  a  circle  or  paral- 
lel of  altitude.     When  two  stars  ale  ,,n  lie  same  ahull- 

ealitar  thev  have  the  same  altitude. 

2.  An  astronomical  instrument  (invented  by 
S.  ('.  Chandler)  consisting  of  a  telescope  pro- 
vided vv  ilh  horizontal  wires  and  111011 11  ted  upon 
a  box  floating  upon  mercury.  The  float  is  Bret 
turned  round  so  as  to  pond  the  telescope  cast  of  the  me- 


almucantar 

ridian,  and  the  time  of  rifling  of  a  star  over  the  wires  is 
note. I ;  the  telescope  ia  then  pointed  to  west  of  the  merid- 
ian, ami  the  time  of  descending  of  a  star  Is  noted.  In  this 
way,  if  the  positions  of  the  stars  are  known,  the  correction 
of  a  timepiece  and  the  latitude  may  be  determined;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  these  are  known,  either  the  right  ascen- 
sions or  the  declinations  of  the  stars  may  be  determined. 
The  instrument  is  of  great  value  on  arruunt  of  its  hai  tng 
fewer  instrumental  errors  than  a  meridian  circle. 

almucantar-staff  (al-mu-kan't&r-staf),  n.  An 
instrument  having  an  are  of  15°,  formerly 
used  to  take  observations  of  the  sun  about  the 
time  of  its  rising  or  setting,  to  find  its  ampli- 
tude, and  from  this  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass. 

almucanter,  n.    See  almucantar. 

almuce,  n.     Same  as  a  in  ice2. 

almud,  almude  (al-mod'),  »•  [Sp.  almud,  Pg. 
aliunde,  <  Ar.  al-mudd,  a  dry  measure,  a  'bushel.' 
Cf.  Heb.  mad,  a  measure]  A  variable  measure 
for  liquids  and  grain  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
rangiug  for  liquids  from  3j  to  5i  English  gal- 
lons, and  for  grain  from  3A  to  11  pints. 

almug  (al'mug),  ii.  [Heb.  pi.  'almiiff,  a  var.  of 
«I</Hm  :  see  algum.]  The  wood  of  a  tree  brought 
from  Ophir  by  the  ships  of  Hiram  and  servants 
of  Solomon,  wrought  into  the  ornaments  and 
musical  instruments  of  the  temple,  esteemed 
for  its  beauty  of  grain  or  for  its  agreeable  odor ; 
probably  a  sandal-wood  of  India. 

almund  (al'mund),  ii.     [Cf.  almud?]     A  Turk- 
ish measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.151  imperial 
fallons.    Morgan,  U.  S.  Tariff, 
inura.  n.     See  a  I  mi  rah. 

almuryt  (al'mu-ri),  n.  [ME.,  <  Ar.  al-mu'ri,  <  al, 
the,  +  miir't,  indicator,  <  ra'ay,  see.]  A  pointer 
forming  a  part  of  an  astrolabe. 

Thin  almury  is  cleped  the  denticle  of  Capricorue  or  elles 
the  kalkuler.  Chancer,  Astrolabe,  i.  g  23. 

almutent,  «■  [Corrupt for  almutaz (as  in  OF.), 
<  Ar.  al-nm'ki;,  <  al,  the,  +  mu'tae,  prevailing, 
Cazz,  be  powerful.]  In  astro!.,  the  prevailing 
or  ruling  planet  in  the  horoscope. 

alinyra,  ».    See  almirah. 

alnage  (al'naj),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aulnage,  <  OF. 
aulnage  (F.  etunage),  <  nulncr,  aimer,  measure  by 
the  ell,  <  eilne,  eiiinc,  ell:  see  aune  and  ell.~]  A 
measuring  by  the  ell ;  specifically,  official  in- 
spection and  measurement  of  wToolen  cloth  for 
the  purpose  of  laying  duties  on  it.  Also  spelled 
alenage,  ulnage Alnage  duties,  duties  formerly  paid 

in  England  on  woolen  cloths  at  so  mueh  per  ell. 

The  ditties  of  subsidy  and  alenage  of  all  wollen  manu- 
facto™  for  the  co?  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  54. 

alnager  (al'na-jer),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aulneger,  < 
OF.  aulnegeor,  <  aulnage:  see  alnage.']  A  royal 
officer  who  examined  cloth,  and  affixed  a  seal 
in  guaranty  of  its  quality  or  measure.  The 
office  existed  until  the  reign  of  William  III. 
Also  written  aulnager,  ulnager. 

The  officer  whose  business  it  was  to  examine  into  the 
assize  of  woolen  cloths  was  called  the  alnager. 

Archibald  Brown,  Law  Diet.,  p.  20. 

alnagership  (al'na-jer-ship),  n.  The  office  or 
position  of  alnager. 

Execution  of  the  office  of  deputy  alnagership  by  the  re- 
lators Sowerby  ami  Brooks. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XL  68. 

alnascharism  (al-nas'kar-izm),  n.  [(.Alnaschar 
(see  def.)  +  -ism.]  Conduct  or  an  action  like 
that  of  Alnaschar,  the  hero  of  a  story  in  the 
Arabian  Nights;  anticipation  of  future  gran- 
deur during  a  day-dreain  or  reverie. 

With  maternal  alnascharism  she  had,  in  her  reveries, 
thrown  baek  her  head  with  disdain,  as  she  repulsed  the 
family  advances  of  some  wealthy  but  low-born  heiress. 

Miss  Edgeworth,  Vivian,  i. 

alnightt  (al'nit),  n.  [<al,  all,  +  night]  A 
great  cake  of  wax  with  a  wick  in  the  midst, 
intended  to  burn  all  night.     Bacon. 

Ahms  (al'nus),  n.  [L.,  alder:  see  aider1.]  A 
genus  of  shrubs  and  small  trees,  natural  order 
(-'npiilifene,  growing  in  moist  places  in  northern 
temperate  or  colder  regions.  There  are  about  15 
Bpecies,  of  which  half  are  American.  The  wood  is  light 
and  soft,  lint  close-grained  and  compact,  enduring  long 
under  water,  valuable  for  cabinet-work,  and  making  an 
excellent  charcoal  for  gunpowder.  The  bark  is  used  for 
tanning  and  dyeing,  and  as  a  remedy  in  medicine.  Several 
species  are  cultivated  for  ornament.     See  alderl. 

alodgementt,  «.    Sec  allodgement. 

alody  (al'o-di),  n.  [<  ML.  allodium.]  Same  as 
allodium. 

aloe  (al'o),  n.  [<  ME.  aloe,  also,  and  earlier 
always,  in  pi.  form  aloes,  alowes,  allowes,  ear- 
lier aloeu,  <  AS.  aluiean,  alewan,  alwan,  pi.  of 
unused  sing,  "aluwe,  *alwe  =  D.  aloe  =  G.  aloe 
=  Sw.  fl/oe  =  Dan.  «/oe=F.  aloes,  earlier  written 
aloes,  OF.  afoe=Pr.  aha,  cdoe,  aloes,  aloeu=Sj>. 
Pg.  It.  aloe  =  Russ.  aloe=  Pol.  aloes,  <  L.  aloe, 


155 

ML.  also  aloes,  allies,  alua  (>AS.  "aluire,  'nine, 
above),  <  Gr.  a'A6>/,  the  aloe,  i.e.,  prop.,  a  plani 
id'  the  genus  Aloe,  and  the  drug  prepared  there- 
from, but  used  also,  by  confusion,  in  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  llu-  New  Testament  (and  hence  in 
the  LL.  (Vulgate)  and  mod.  languages)  to  trans- 


Aloe  vulgaris,  with  flower  entire  and  cut  longitudinally. 

late  the  Heb.  aklidlim,  akhdldtlt,  of  which  the 
proper  representative  is  Gr.  ayaTJuoxov,  NL. 
agallochum,  E.  agalloch,  q.  v.,  the  fragrant 
resin  or  wood  which  was  called  in  later  Gr. 
^v'kaloji,  whence  in  NL.  (transposed)  aloexylon, 
and  (translated)  lignum  aloes,  F.  hois  d'aloes, 
lit.  wood  of  the  aloe,  in  E.  wood-aloes  and 
aloes-wood.  The  form  aloes,  as  sing.,  is  due  to 
tin'  ML.  sing,  aloes,  and  in  part,  perhaps,  to  the 
L.  gen.  cdoes  in  lignum  aloes,  E.  lign-aloes,  q.  v. 
In  the  earliest  E.  (AS.)  use  the  reference  is 
usually  to  the  agallochum,  but  it  is  often  diffi- 
cult to  tell  which  meaning  is  intended,  and 
even  in  modern  writers  the  difference  is  often 
ignored.]  The  common  name  of  the  plants  of 
the  genus  Aloe.  They  are  natives  of  warm  climates 
of  the  old  world,  and  are  especially  abundant  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Africa.  Among  the  Mohammedans  the  aloe  is 
a  symbolic  plant,  especially  in  Egypt,  and  every  one  w  ho 
returns  from  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  hangs  it  over  his  street- 
door,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the  journey.  In 
Africa  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  aloe  are  made  into 
ropes,  fishing-lines,  bow-strings,  and  hammocks.  Several 
species  yield  aloes,  the  well-known  bitter  purgative  medi- 
cine. The  American  aloe  is  the  century-plant,  Agave 
Americana,  and  the  falsealoe  is.l.  Virainica.  SeeAgave. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  fur  ornament,  growing  readily 
on  very  dry  soil.    See  aloes. 

Aloe  (al'o-e),  n.  [NL. :  see  aloe.]  A  genus  of 
liliaceous  plants,  including  trees,  shrubs,  and  a 
few  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  fleshy  leaves, 
usually  spinosely  toothed  and  rosulate  at  the 
summit  of  the  caudex.     See  aloe. 

aloedarium  (al"o-f-da'ri-um),  ?i.  [NL.:  see 
below.]     Same  as  aloedary. 

aloedary  (al-o-e'da-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  aloedarium,  < 
Gr.  alor/Sapiov,  <  a'Aotj,  aloe.]  A  compound  pur- 
gative medicine  of  which  aloes  is  a  chief  ingre- 
dient. 

aloes  (al'oz),  n.  sing,  or  /)/.  (pi.  of  aloe,  used  also 
as  sing.).  [See  flfot;.]  1 .  A  drug,  the  inspissated 
juice  of  several  species  of  aloe.  It  is  obtained 
from  the  leaves,  sometimes  by  cutting  them  across,  when 
the  resinous  juice  exudes  and  is  evaporated  into  a  firm 
consistence,  sometimes  by  pressing  the  juice  and  mucilage 
out  together,  and  in  other  cases  by  dissolving  the  juice 
out  of  the  cut  leaves  by  boiling  and  then  evaporating  to  a 
proper  consistency.  Several  kinds  an- known  in  commerce. 
Socotrine  aloes,  also  called  East  Indian  or  Zanzibar  aloes, 

the  prod  tire  mainly  of  varieties  of  A.  Perrui.  com.-s  rhiel!} 

from  Red  Sea  ports  and  Aden.  Barbados  and  Curacoa 
aloes  are  produced  in  the  West  Indies  from  A.  mil 
which  has  been  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean.  Cape 
and  Natal  aloes  are  obtained  probably  from  .1.  ferox,  and 
form  by  far  tin  greater  part  of  the  supply.  The  name 
hepatic  aloes  is  applied  to  any  opaque  and  liver-colored 
variety  of  the  drug.  The  extract  .if  aloes  when  treated 
with  nitric  aeid  uives  rise  to  various  yellow  and  brown  pro- 
ducts, which  by  the  aid  of  mordants  can  he  fixed  to  silk 
ami  wool ;  I, in  they  are  seldom  used  in  dyeing. 
2.  The  fragrant  resin  or  wood  of  the  agallochum ; 
lign-aloes;  aloes-wood;  wood-aloes:  the  usual 
meaning  in  the  Bible.     See  agallochum  —  Fetid, 

caballine,  or  horse  aloes,  a  coarse,  impure  preparation 
of  alurs.     r.  S,  Dispensatory. 

aloes-wood  (al'oz-wud),  n.   Same  as  agallochum. 

aloetic  (al-o-et'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  aloeticus, 
<  L.  aloe :  see  aloe.]  I.  </.  Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  the  aloe  or  aloes ;  partaking  of  the 
qualities,  or  consisting  chiefly,  of  aloes. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  preparation  consisting 
chiefly  of  aloes. 

aloetical  (al-o-et'i-kal),  a.     Same  us  aha  lie. 

aloetin  (a-16'e-tin),  ii.    Same  as  aloin. 

aloe-tree  (al'6-tre),  n.  The  plant  furnishing 
the  drug  aloes  (which  see).     See  aloe. 


alone 

The  bittrenesseof  theafoi  Ire  distroyi  ththi 
of  the  hony.  Earl  /.'<  vers.  Diet      p  '  -     (A    E.  D.) 

aloft  (a-loff),  jiri  p.  phr.  us  adv.  and  prep.  L< 
ME.  aloft,  a  loft,  'i  loft  (ace),  alofte,  »  tbfte,  o 
lofte  (dui.),  in  fuller  form  on  tht  loft,  on  tin 
lofte,  iiiiie  Hie  lofte,  <  Icel.  dlopt(&aa.  of  motion), 
d  lopti  (dat.  of  position),  on  high,  aloft,  lit.  in 
the  air:  «  =  AS.  an,  <.»,  ME.  a,  o,  on,  in,  on, 
to;  lopt (pron.  loft)=  AS.  1,/ft,  Ml-:,  lyft  luft,  lift 

(E.  lift),  the  air.  tin-  sky.  upper  11 -.  loft:  see 

loft  and  lift1,  the  air.]    I.  adv.  1.  On  high;  in 
or  into  the  air;  high  above  the  ground:  ;i 
eagle  soars  aloft. 

Then  will  I  raise  aloft  Un- milk-white  rose 

With  whose  sweet  mh.ii  tin-  air  shall  in-  perfum'd. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI. ,  i.  1. 
2.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  top;  at  the  masthead, 
or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging;  hence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

There's  a  sweet  little  cherub  that  sits  up  aloft, 
To  keep  watch  for  the  life  of  poor  .lack. 

Dibdin,  Poor  Jack. 
Il.t  prep.  On  the  top  or  surface  of;  above. 
Now  I  breathe  again 
Aloft  the  flood.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

Alogi  (al'o-ji),  «.  ///.  [ML. :  see  Ahgian.]  The 
Alogians.     See  Alogian. 

Alogian  (a-16'ji-an)*  n.  [<  ML.  Alogus,  pi.  Alogi, 
<  Gr.  i'i/.ojof,  without  logos:  see  alogi/.]  One  of 
a  sect  which  arose  toward  the  close  of  the  sec- 
ond century,  and  which  denied  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ  as  the  Logos,  or  "Word"  (John  i. 
1),  and  the  authenticity  of  St.  John's  writings, 
which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic  Cerinthus. 

alogic  (a-loj'ik),  a.    Same  as  alogical. 

alogical  (a-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  faryt- 
k6c,  reasonable :  see  alogij  and  logic.]  Without 
logic  or  reason;  illogical. 

There  is  an  immanent  teleology  in  bis  [Julius  Bahnsen's] 
universe;  but  it  is  not  merely  alogical,  but  anti-logical, 
and  even  anti-causal.    G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  4:t. 

al-Ogismt  (al'o-jism),  n.  [<  alogy  +  -ism.]  An 
illogical  or  irrational  statement. 

alogotrophy  (al-o-got'ro-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  akoyoc, 
without  reckoning,  incommensurable  (see  «/.<- 
gij),+  arpoipor,  ill-fed :  see  atrophy.]  Unequal 
nutrition  of  different  parts  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  the  bones. 

alogyt  (al'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alogia,  <  Gr.  d/o;m,  < 
aAoyor,  without  reason,  unreasoning,  unreason- 
able, <  a-  priv.  +  >,6yoe,  speech,  reason,  reckon- 
ing, proportion,  also  Logos,  the  Word:  see  lo- 
gos. ]     Unreasonableness ;  absurdity. 

The  error  .  .  .  and  alogy  in  this  opinion  is  worse  than 
in  the  last.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  108. 

aloill  (al'o-in),  n.  [<«toe  +  -in-.]  A  crystalline 
bitter  principle  obtained  from  aloes  in  pale- 
yellow  prismatic  needles,  grouped  iu  stars,  it 
is  found  to  differ  in  constitution  a. voiding  t.i  the  material 
from  which  it  is  obtained,  Socotrine  aloes  yielding  socahnn 
(C15H10O7),  Cape  aloes  natalo in  (CjeHigO?),  and  Barba 
d.is  aloes  barbaloin  ((.'17H0QO7).  It  is  an  active  cathartic. 
Also  called  aloetin. 

alomancy  (al'o-man-si),  ».   B&menslialomancy. 
Alombrado,  n.    See  Alumbrado. 
alondet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    A  Middle  English 
form  of  aland1. 

alone  (a-16n'),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  alone,  nl 
011,  usually  separated,  "/  one  (=  G.  allein  =  D. 
alhiu  —  Dan.  oh  10):  al,  E.  all,  adv.;  one,  orig. 
a  dissyllable,  <  AS.  ana,  alone,  weak  inflection 
of  an,  one:  see  all  and  one.  The  pronuncia- 
tion given  to  one  in  al-one,  at-one,  on-ly,  is 
strictly  regular;  the  pronunciation  "wuu" 
given  to  the  simple  word  is  a  comparatively 
mod.  corruption.  In  mod.  dial,  or  colloq.  use 
abbrev.  lone,  as  an  attributive.  In  most  in- 
stances alone  maybe  construed  equally  well  as 
adj.  or  adv. ;  no  separation  is  here  made.]  1. 
Apart  from  another  or  others;  single  or  singly ; 
solitary  or  solitarily;  without  the  aid  or  e.rn 
pany  of  another:  applied  to  a  person  or  thing: 
as,  to  be  or  remain  alone;  to  walk  alone. 
It  is  not  good  that  the  man  should  be  atont  I  U  a.  ii.  18. 
He  rode  all  unarmed,  and  he  rode  all  abate. 

.s'.-.i/r.  Voung  Lochinvar. 
Concert  tires  people  to  a  certain  fury  of  performance 
they  can  rarely  reach  .//«/;.■. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 
2.  Only ;  to  the  exclusion  of  other  persons  or 
things;  sole  or  solely:  as,  he  alone  remain.. I. 
In  this  sense  alone  is  sometimes  used  attributively  b 
a  noun. 
Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  atone,  Luke  iv.  4. 

It  is  not  to  rulers  and  statesmen  alone  that  the  science 
of  government  is  important  and  useful.  It  is  equally  in- 
dispensable for  every  American  citizen. 

Story,  Mise.  Writings,  p.  624. 

Even  one  alone  verse  sometimes  makes  a  perfect  poeme. 

B.  Jonson,  Timber. 

The  universal  soul  is  the  alone  creator  of  the  useful  and 

beautiful.  Emerson,  Art. 


alone 
3t.  Without  e  parallel;   above  or  beyond 


others;   unique. 
Io  her  whose  worth  makes  other  worthies  nothin 
Shi  is  alone.  Shak.,  I.  Q,  ol  V.,  ii.  4. 

I  am  alone  the  villain  of  the  earth. 

Shak.,  A.  and  ('.,  iv.  6. 
4f.  Devoid;  destitute. 

Fur  bothe  a  wydowe  was  she  and  alio 

lit  unv  (rend  to  whom  she  dorst  hire  mone. 

I  'haw  >  r,  Troilus,  i.  98. 

To  let  alone.    Seefet.=Syn.  Alone,  Only.    Theattribn- 

tireusi  ..,,.,      is  now  very  rare.   In  the  Bible  and  earner 

Bngll  [ten  used  for  the  adverb  o»ict/,  but  it  is 

now  becoming  restricted  to  its  own  sense  of  solitary,  un- 

mpanied  by  other  persons  or  tilings. 

Who  can  forgive  sins  but  God  a  o  Luke  v.  21. 

v.t   ,    ,     al  Ephesus,  but  almost  throughout  all  Asia. 

Arts  \i\.   'JO. 

In  eacli  of  these  examples  only  would  now  be  considered 
igh  not  alone  for  notonly  is  in  common  use. 

companied:  as,  he  st lalone.  Ontyap- 

i  lii    to  that  of  which  there  is  no  other:  as,  an  only  son ; 

■  bially,  only  this. 

And  1  only  am  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee.         Job  i.  15. 

alonelyt  (a-16n'li),  adv.  and  a.    [<  ME.  alooniy, 

alonly,  usually  separated,  al  only,  all  only,  al 

onli,  alooniy,  etc.:  al,  all,  adv. ;  only,  adv.   Cf. 

al, mi .  nil,  iiiirlii.    In  mod.  use  abbrev.  hnn  hi.  osp. 

as  attrib.  adj.]     I.  od«.  Only;  merely;  singly. 

This  said  spirit  was  not  given  alonely  unto  him,  but 

unto  all  his  heirs  and  posterity.  Latimer. 

Farewell  with  him  [the  medical  attendant]  all  that  made 

sickness  pompous— the  spell  that  hushed  the  household. 

.  .  .  the  sole  and  single  eye  of  distemper  alonely  fixed 

upon  itself.  Lamb,  Elia,  p.  Sll. 

II.  a.  Exclusive;  sole;  only. 

The  alonely  rule  of  the  land  rested  in  the  queen. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1328. 

aloneness  (a-16n'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
alone  or  without  company. 

Watching  over  his  al 

J.  Legge,  Life  of  Confucius,  p.  44. 

along1  (a-16ng')T  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  along, 
,,l, mil,  earlier  anloug,  also  (by  confusion  with 
the  early  forms  of  endlong,  q.  v.)  andelong,  en~ 
,1,1, mil,  encUang,  etc.,  <  AS.  andlang,  along  (= 
OPries.  ondling,  ondlinga,  ondlenge  =  G.  enticing, 
along),  <  and-,  over  against,  away  toward,  + 
html,  long:  see  and-,  n-5,  and  long1.  Orig.  (in 
AS.)  an  adj.,  'stretching  long  or  far  away,' 
applied,  as  found,  only  to  periods  of  time, 'the 
livelong' day  or  night,  but  prob.  also  to  space; 
then  used  adverbially  with  dependent  gen., 
afterward  taken  as  direct  obj.  of  along  as  a 
prep.,  the  prep,  implied  in  the  orig.  gen.  being 
subsequently  expressed  by  on,  upon,  by,  with, 
thus  giving  'along  the  construction  of  an  adv. 
Quite  different  from  along2,  owing  to,  q.  v.]  I. 
prep.  Through  or  by  the  length  of;  from  one 
end  to  or  toward  the  other  of;  lengthwise  or  in 
a  longitudinal  direction  through,  over,  or  by  the 
of:  implying  motion  or  direction:  as,  to 
walk  along  a  river  or  highway. 

And  the  mi  Bsages  that  go  along  my  nerves  do  not  con- 
sist "i  any  continuous  action. 

II".  K.  Clifford,  Lectures    I     58. 
II.  adv.  1.  By  the  length;  lengthwise:  paral- 
lel to  or  in  a  line  with  the  length. 

Some  laid  along. 
And  bound  with  burning  wires,  on  spokes  of  wheels  arc 

Dryden, 

2.  In  ;i  line,  or  with  a  progressive  motion; 
onward:  as,  let  us  walk  along. 

A  he    rand  carried  -  m  i  li  aveth  a  (rain. 

I;,,,;,,!,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  In  company;  together. 

II.  to  i  <•-  land  Bhall  [go]  along  with  you. 

Shak.,  Hamli  t,  HI   3. 

The  queen  took  her  leave  of  Say's  Court,  having  1 ghl 

confusion  along  with  her,  and  leaving  doubt  and  appre. 
[on  behind.  ScoM,  Kenilworth,  1.  xv. 

[Inthl  I  ibsolutely  in  com i  speech 

in  tic    Tinted  Slates:  as,  1  was  not  along.]      All  along. 

alOM2  (a-lflng').  prep.      [Also  abbrev.  hn 


156 

all  alongshore  (a-Idng'shor),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  along1  +  Shore1.']  By  the  shore  or  coast; 
lengthwise  of  the  shore  and  near  it. 

California  quartz-mountains  dumped  down 


1    see 


alp 

II.  «.  One  of  the  alopecoid  or  vulpine  series 
of  canine  quadrupeds:  as,  "alopecoids,  or  vul- 
pine forms,"  II".  //.  Flower,  Encye.  Brit.,  XV. 
438. 


in  Vu  \uik  t'l,.  lepi'lednrcliitecturallyi^oee^o,  from  AlopecUTUS    (al"o-pe-ku'rus),    II.       [NL.,   <(ir 
Canada  to  Cuba,  and  thence  westward  to  California  again. 
Emerson,  Civilization. 

alongshoreman  (a-ldng'shor-man),  n. ;  pi. 
alongshoremen  (-men).  [<  alongshore  +  man.] 
A  laborer  employed  about  docks  or  wharves 
and  in  the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels. 
Commonly  shortened  to  'longshori  man 


Thresher-shark  [Alopias  vulpes). 


aAonriKovpoc,  a  kind  of  grass,  <  d/liinv/s7,  fox.  + 
oiipd,  tail.]  Foxtail-grass,  a  genus  of  grasses, 
natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.      \ 

tensis  is  a  valuable  fodder-grass;  somi In  othersp    i 

are  nol  onlj  worthless,  but  troublesome  as  weeds.    See 
foxtail-grass. 
alopecy  (al'6-pe-si),  ri.     Same  as  iihi/in-in. 
'j„         i  Alopias  (a-lo'pi-as),  n.     [XL.,  shortened  from 
alongside  (a-Wng/sid)  prep.  phr.  a    ifcuj     .,,,*,,,.„„,      V-]    A  genus  „,•  8eiachians,  con- 
prep.    [<  along1  +  side1.]    I.  adv.  Along  or  by         1         '  '      J 
the  side;  at  or  to  the  side  of  anything,  as  a 
ship:  as,  to  be  alongside  of  the  wall. 
Several  large  boats  came  alowtxid,1. 

/;.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  ]s. 

II.  prep.  Beside;  bythesideof:  as.  the  ves- 
sel lay  alongside  the  wharf. 

\\  e  first  tested  this  case  by  laying  it  alongside  the  his- 
toric facts  in  the  case. 

5.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  46, 

alongstt  (a-16ngsf),  prep.  [ME.  alongest,  in 
longesj  <  along1  +  -est.  -st,  after  amongst  from 
among,againsl  from  again,  etc.]  Along;  through 
or  by  the  length  of. 

The  Turks  did  keep  straight  watch  and  ward  in  all  their 
parts  nl,m,jxt  the  sea-coast.  Knolles,  Hist.  Turks. 

aloof  (a-16f),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  aloofe,  aloufe,  a  loofe,  a  luf;  <  a3, 
on,  +  loof,  <  D.  loef,  loot,  luff;  cf.  D.  te  loef,  to 
loof,  i.  el,  to  windward;  loefhouden,  lit.  hold 
loof,  keep  to  the  windward:  cf.  the  E.  phrase 
to  hold  aloof.  See  loof2,  luf2-]  I.  adv.  At  a 
distance,  but  within  view;  intentionally  re- 
maining apart,  literally  or  figuratively ;  with- 
drawn. 

for  if  she  stand 
Sue 


It  is  necessary  the  Queen  join 
there  will  lie  still  suspicions. 

Aloof  he  sits 
And  sullen,  and  has  pitched  his  tents  apart. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Kustiun. 

Thy  smile  and  frown  are  not  aloof 
From  one  another ; 
Each  to  each  is  dearest  brother. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

II.   prep.  At  or  to  a  distance  from;  away  or 
apart  from.     [Rare.] 

The  great  luminary, 
Aloof  the  vulgar  constellations  thick, 
that  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due, 
Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton,  V.  L.,  iii.  577. 

aloofness  (a-liif'nes), 


tabling  the  shark  known  as  the  sea-ape,  sea-fox, 
fox-shark,  or  thresher,  Alopias  vulpes,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  the  family  Alopiidce.  Also  called 
Alopecias. 

The  thresher-shark,  Alopias  vulpes.ie  readily  recognized 
by  its  extraordinarily  long  tail,  which  forms  over  half  the 
length  of  the  whole  animal.  It  is  distributed  in  both  it 
lantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  mi. 

Alopiidffi  (al-5-pi'i-de),  n.  j»?.  [XL.,  shortened 
h-om  Jloji,  eii'die ;  also  written  Alopiada  ;  <  Alo- 
pias +  -hhe,  -iithv.]  A  family  of  anarthrous 
selachians,  represented  by  the  genus  Alopias. 

Alosa  (a-16'sa),  u.  [L.,  a'lso  ala-usa,  >  F.  alose, 
>  E.  allicc,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Clupeidie,  including  the  shad  (which  see). 
Also  written  Ala-usa. 

alose1  (a-16s'),  ii-  A  member  of  the  genus  Alosa. 
"'""■'  alose'-'t,  «'.  '•  [<  OF.  aloser,  <  «-  +  los,  praise :  seo 
■""' ■"•     o-ll  and  lose2.]     To  praise.     Chaucer. 

alouate,  alouatte  (al'6-at),  n.  [Prob.  a  F. 
form  of  a  native  name.]  A  name  given  bj 
French  naturalists,  as  Buffon,  to  the  red  howl- 
ing monkey  of  Guiana,  afterward  known  as  My- 
cetes seniculus  (Illiger);  hence  used  as  a  general 
name,  like  hurhur,  for  the  South  American 
how  lers.     See  cut.  under  howU  r. 

alouatta  (al-8-at'a),  n.    Same  as  alouate. 

alouchi,  aluchi  (a-18'chi),  ».  [Native  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Idea  heterophylla,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar.  It  is  thought  to  have  some  me- 
dicinal properties.     See  acouchi-resm. 


aloof,  or  of  keeping  at  a  distance  ;  indifference. 

Unfaithfulness  and  aloofness  ot  such  as  have  been  great- 
est friends.  D.  Sogers,  Naaman.  p.  9S. 

By  the  wary  independence  and  aloofness  of  his  [the  In- 
dian's! dim  forest  life  he  preserves  his  intercourse  with 
his  native  gods. 

Thoreau,  Concord  and  Merrimac  Elvers,  p.  59. 

alopecia  (al-o-pe'si^a),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  alopecie,  < 
L.  alopecia,  <  Gr.  a'Au-n-eicia,  a  disease  like  the 
mange  of  foxes,  in  which  the  hair  falls  off,  < 
aKvmtjl;  (a/W£7c-),afox,  possibly  akin  to  L.  wipes, 
a  f  ox :  see  J  'ulpes.  ]   Baldness ;  loss  of  hair.  Also 

written  alopt  ijl Alopecia  areata  (NX,  areatus,  hai 

iiiur  areas  or  spots),  a  disease  of  the  hairy  regions  of  tin- skin, 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  one  or  more  bald  spots, 
extending  themselves  with  rounding  outlines,  and  some 
times  by  coalescence  producing;  complete  baldness.  The 
bald  spot  has  a  center  which  is  naked  and  smooth,  sur- 
rounded  by  a  peripheral  zone,  scaly  and  presenting  mi- 
lt is  hy  BO considered  , 111 


The  state  of  being  aloud  (a-loud'), prep.  phr.  &Badv.^   [ME._  ajoml. 


a  loude;  <  a3  "+  loud.     Cf.  alow1,  uhigh.] 
With  a  loud  voice  or  great  noise;  loudly. 

Cry  aloud,  spare  not  Is.  lviii.  1. 

2.  Audibly;  with  the  natural  tone  of  the  voice 
as  distinguished  from  whispering :  as,  he  has  a 
severe  cold  and  can  hardly  speak  nhiiid. 

a  l'outrance  (ii  16-trohs').  See  a  outrance. 
alow1  (a-16'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      [ME.  alow, 
uloire,  tiitmtjh,  nloi/h,  alog ;  <  o3  +  low2.     Cf.  '"- 
low  and  ah'igh.]     In  or  to  a  low  place,  or  a  lower 
part;  below;  down:  opposed  to  aloft. 
Sometimes  aloft  he  layd,  sometimes  alow,  .  .  . 
So  doubtfully,  that  hardly  one  could  know 
Whether  more  wan  were  to  give  or  ward  the  blow. 
Spenser,  F.  I)..  VI.  viii.  13, 
After  doubling  Point    Pinos,  we  bore  up,  set  studding- 
sails  iil,>„-  and  aloft,  and  were  walking  ml  at  the  rale  of 
eight  or  nine  knots. 

It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p 


palls  of  the  skin. characterized  by  a  progl 

in  the  length,  size,  and  number  of  the  hail 
an  abundant  furfuraceous  accumulation  » 
the  Bkln.    Alopecia  unguium  (l..  mono 
oil  of  the  nails, 
alopecian   (al-6-pe'si-an),  ii.      A   shark  of  the 

7,:-?.:-VE.„i„;,„.;io,to,<A*.iiih,„t,<==os.ti,-    family.i/o/iecio/o     */.  Bichmgson. 

,„,eUolli;.oi/o,o/).aii;,..l,el,,,;,1„o;,|,p,,nl,,^  Alopecias   (al-o-pe  seas),    „. 


ei-ous  broken  short  hairs     It  is  hi  bo considered  due  It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  tne  nasi,  p.  a;. 

pityrodes  ( N  b.  pityrodes,  bran-like),  a  disease  of  the  hairj 


luction 
attendi  d  with 
the  surface  of 
a  nail),  tailing 


(with  prep,  on,  on,  or  cet,  at),  lit.  in  line  with, 
in  connection  with,  <  ge-,  generalizing  prefix. 
+  Iniui.  long:  see  i/,-,  rt-C,  and  long1.    Cf.  I" 


:  hint-,  the  thresher-shark,  <  aXdwn/f,  a  fox,  also  a 
kind  of  shark.]      Same  as  .Unpins. 
alopeciid  (al-o-pe'si-id),   n.      A  fox-shark;    a 
shark  of  the  family  Alopeciidce. 


i  'houcer,  Veoman 

I,,  thus  haunted 


1,1 ' '  '■' " ■''"''■  t1,88,  alopecoid  (al-o  pe'koid),  o.  and  ».    [<  Gr. 


am  al  Scott 

i  ■       '!■>  '  ol Ii   i 

in  Quei  i 

\ini  all  along 
in  Philip  larj   ■     !. 

id  by  of,  and  it    us< 
.!.  confined  I lloqu 


7re«0E((%,  contr.  ii'/t.iziht'.iAr/r,  fox-like,  <  it'/.un-i/i, 
fox,  +  eWof,  form.]  I.  a.  Fox-like;  vulpine: 
applied  io  a  group  or  series  of  carnivorous  mam- 
mals of  which  th immon  fox  is  the  type,  as 

distinguished  from  the  thoSid  series,  which  in- 
clude   the  dogs  and  wolves. 


Alire;  in  a  Uame.     [Scotch.] —To  gang  alow,  to 

,  .  or  be  Bl  t  on  lire:    Maze;    I ,r  l.linied. 

That  discreet  man  Cardinal  Beaton  is  e'en  to  gang  alom 
this  blessed  day  if  we  dinna  stop  it.  Tennant. 

alp1  (alp),  n.  [<ME.nl/ti;  In  Norfolk  (Eng- 
land) the  bullfinch  is  called  blood-olph,  and  the 
green  grosbeak  green-olf,  where  olpli,  olf,  maj 
be  the  same  -as'iiIji:  cf.  oiiphe  and  the  other 
forms  of  elf,  q.  v.  Possibly  a  humorous  use, 
with  a  similar  allusion  to  that  in  bullfinch,  01 
ME.  alp,  ill',  <  AS.  elp,  yip,  an  elephant,  <  L. 
1 1,  phas  ■■  see  ( lephant]  An  old  local  name  for 
the  bullfinch,  Pyrrhukt  vulgaris. 

Alves,  finches,  and  wodewales. 

Rom.  oj  the  Rose,  1.  058. 

alp-  (alp),  n.  [Sing,  from  pi.  alps,  <  L.  alpes, 
high  mountains,  specifically  those  of  Switzer- 
land; said  to  be  of  Celtic  origin  :  cf.  Gael,  alp, 
b.ailp,  a  high  mountain;  so  til  Hi.  dlpun,  Alpi, 
Ml  Hi.  G.  Alpen.  i  he  Alps,  Mini,  albe,  O.  (Swiss) 
alpe,  a  mountain  pasture.]  1.  A  high  moun- 
tain; specifically,  any  oi f  the  higher  Swiss 

inlaiiis.  and. 'as  a  proper  name  in  the  plural, 

the  great  mountain-ranges  in  Switzerland  and 


alp 

neighboring  countries,  comprising  the  loftiest 
mountains  in  Europe. 

Nor  breath  of  vernal  air  from  snowy  Alp. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  628. 
llills  peep  o'er  hills,  and  Alps  on  Alps  arise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  232. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  a  pasture  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain. 

alpaca  (al-pak'a),  n.  [Formerly  also  alpaeo,  < 
Sp.  alpaca,  alpaeo,  <  Ar.  at,  the  (see  al-'2),  + 
Peruv.  pucn,  native  name  of  the  animal.]     1. 


Alpaca,  or  Paco  |  Auchenia  pacos). 

A  mammal,  the  Auchenia  pacos,  a  native  of  the 
Andes,  especially  of  the  mountains  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  It  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  llama  that  by  some 
it  is  regarded  rather  as  a  .smaller  variety  than  as  a  distinct 
species.  It  has  been  domesticated,  and  remains  also  in  a 
wild  state.  In  form  and  size  it  approaches  the  sheep,  but 
lias  a  longer  neck.  It  is  valued  chiefly  for  its  long,  soft, 
and  silky  wool,  which  isstraighterthan  that  of  the  sheep, 
and  very  strong.  The  fiber  is  small,  very  soft,  pliable, 
and  elastic,  and  is  woven  into  fabrics  of  great  beauty.  The 
animal's  flesh  is  wholesome. 

2.  A  fabric  manufactured  from  the  hair  or  wool 
of  the  alpaca,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  or  made 
in  imitation  of  this,  used  for  clothing  in  warm 
climates,  for  coat-linings,  and  very  largely  for 
umbrellas.  The  material  sold  under  the  name  of  alpaca 
for  women's  dresses  and  other  clothing  contains  now  little 
if  any  alpaca-wool ;  it  is  a  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  with 
a  ha rd  and  somewhat  shining  surface,  generally,  though 
not  always,  dyed  black. 

alpent  (al'pen),  a.  [For  alpine,  prob.  after  Gr. 
alpen,  as  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alps; 
alpine:  as,  "the  Alpen  snow,"  J.  Fletcher. 

alpenglow  (al'pen-glo),  n.  [<  G.  alpen  (gen. 
pi.  of  alpe:  see  alp2),  of  the  Alps,  +  E.  glow.'] 
The  glow  upon  the  Alps;  a  peculiar  reflection 
of  sunlight  from  their  snowy  heights,  after  the 
sun  has  disappeared  to  the  valleys,  or  just  be- 
fore daybreak;  the  last  or  first  rays  of  the  sun 
among  the  Alps,  casting  a  rich  purple  tint, 
an  effect  sometimes  heightened  by  a  certain 
amount  of  humidity  in  the  atmosphere. 

The  evening  alpen-glow  was  very  fine. 

Tyndall,  Frag,  of  Science,  p.  282. 

alpenhorn  (al'pen-horn),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  horn  =  E.  horn.']  A  long,  power- 
ful horn,  curving  up  and  widening  toward  its 
extremity,  formerly  used  on  the  Alps  to  convey 
signals  and  to  sound  the  charge  in  battle,  but 
now  employed  only  by  cowherds.  Also  called 
alp-horn. 

alpenstock  (al'pen-stok),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  stock,  stick,  =E.  stock,  q.  v.]  A 
long,  stout  staff  pointed  with  iron,  originally 
used  by  the  Alpine  mountaineers,  and  now  gen- 
erally adopted  by  mountain-climbers. 

alpes'trian  (al-pes'tri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
<  L.  alpcs:  see  alp2.]     An  alpine  climber. 

It  has  become  a  proverb  with  alpestrians  that  impracti- 
cable means  unattempted.     Macmillan's  Mag.,  VIII.  393. 


157 

of  two  or  more  isomorous  modifications  of  the 
same  organic  compound,  ns  alpha-iia/ililliol,  in 
disli  iielion  from  In  ta-nnphlhol.  (c)  In  mil.  Ins  I.. 
the  first  subspecies,  etc. 
alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. 
(earlier  expressed  by  a-b-c.  <[.  v.);  =  1).  iilj'n- 
bet  =  G.  alphabet  =  *8w.  Dan.  alfabet  =  F.  al- 
phabet =  Sp.  Pg.  alfabeto,  Pg.  also  alphabeto, 
=  It.  alfabeto  =  Ku'ss.  alfabet  ii  =  Pol.  alfabet, 
etc.,  <  LL.  iil/ilmlii  linn  (earlier  alpha  it  lulu), 
<  Gr.  atyaBnroc,  <  it'/ifd  +  liijva,  the  names  of  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  corre- 
sponding lo  n  and  6  :  see  alpha  and  hrlii.  t'f. 
a-b-c,  abecedarian,  amifuthork.]  1.  The  letters 
of  a  language  arranged  in  the  customary  order; 
the  series  of  letters  or  characters  which  form 
the  elements  of  written  language.  See  the  ar- 
ticles on  the  different  letters,  A,  B,  C,  etc. 

From  the  character  of  the  alphabet  employed,  the  science 
of  Greek  epigraphy  professes  to  lie  able  to  determine  ap- 
proximately theaate  and  the  place  of  origin  of  inscriptions. 
Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  S. 
2.  Any  series  of  characters  intended  to  be  used 
in  writing  instead  of  the  usual  letters,  as  the 
series  of  dashes,  dots,  etc.,  used  in  the  trans- 
mission of  telegraphic,  messages. —  3.  First  ele- 
ments; simplest  rudiments:  as,  not  to  know 
the  alphabet  of  a  science. 

In  the  conditions  of  the  Eternal  life,  this  genius  had 
been  obliged  to  set  itself  to  learning  the  alphabet  of  Spir- 
itual truth.  E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates. 

Alphabet-blocks,  toy  blocks  of  u 1,  having  a  Utter 

or  letters  of  the  alphabet  printed  on  each.— Epistolo- 
gTaphic  alphabet.  See  epistolographic — Morse  alpha- 
bet (from  its  inven- 
tor, Professor  S.  F.  B. 
Morse),  in  teleg..  a  sys- 
tem of  symbols,  con- 
sisting of  dashes  and 
dots,  to  be  used  in 
telegraphic  messages 
where  Morse's  self- 
recording  instrument, 
called  the  indicator,  is 
employed.  (See  indi- 
cator.) The  dash  and 
dotare  combined  indif- 
ferent ways  to  indicate 
the  different  letters : 
thus,  one  dot  (.)  means 
E ;  a  dash  (— ),  T ;  a  dot 
and  a  dash  ( — ),  A  ;  a 
dash  and  three  dots 
( ),  B;  etc.  The  same  system  can  be  used  with  instru- 
ments employing  a  magnetic  needle(see  telegraph),  a  right- 
hand  deflection  of  the  needle  corresponding  to  a  dash  and 
a  left-hand  to  a  dot.  The  international  alphabet,  which 
is  used  in  Europe,  differs  from  the  Morse  in  the  formation 
of  a  few  letters.  Military  signaling  is  often  effected  on  lie 
same  principle  by  long  or  short  wavings  of  a  flag,  or  by 
sun-tlaslus  by  means  of  a  heliostat,  etc.,  the  long  meaning 
a  dash  and  the  short  a  dot. 

alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  v.  t.  [<  alphabet,  ».]  To 
arrange  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet;  mark  by 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

alphabetarian(al"fa-be-ta'ri-an), n.  [<NL. 
alphdbetarius  (see  below)  +  -an."  Cf.  abeceda- 
rian.]    A  learner  of  the  alphabet;  a  beginner. 

alphabetaryt  (al'fa-bet-a-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  al- 
phabetarius, <  LL.  alphabetum  :  see  alphabet 
and-ary.]    Alphabetic;  rudimentary. 

alphabetic  (al-fa-bet'ik),  a.  [<  F.  alphabStigue 
=  Sp.  iil/iihi ■lico  =  Pg.alfabetico,  alphabetic^  = 
It.  alfaoetico,  <  NL.  alphabeticus,  <  LL.  alpha- 
betum: see  alphabet]  Pertaining  to  an  alpha- 
bet; expressed  by  an  alphabet;  in  the  order 
of  the  alphabet,  or  in  the  order  of  the  letters  as 
customarily  arranged. 

Either  of  the  Egyptian  or  of  some  other  analogous  his- 
tory of  alphabetic  development  the  Phenicians  inherited 
the  results,  and  their  alphabet  was  a  simple  scheme  of 
twenty-two  characters,  tie-  names  of  which  .  .  .  began 
respectively  with  (be  sound  which  each  represented. 

Whitney,  Oriental  and  Ling,  studies,  p.  194. 
The  normal  retention  by  the  Greeks  of  the  primitive 
alphabetic  order  .  .  .  renders  easy  the  identification  of 
He  Greek  letters  with  their  Phoenician  prototypes. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  72, 


A 

•  — 

jr 

—  ■ 

B 



0 

■     • 

C 

F 

n 



Q 

. 

£ 

- 

n 

r 



s 

e 



T 

— 

it 

.... 

V 



i 

V 



j 

. 

If 



K 



X 



L 

■ 

Y 

.... 

M 

Morse  A 

z 

Iphal 

jet. 

alpestrine  (al-pes'trin),  a.      [<  ML.  alpestris, 
suitable  for  pasturage,  prop,  pertaining  to  alpcs 

or  mountains:    see  alp2.]      1.   Pertaining  or  alphabetical  (al-fa-bet'i-kal),  a.    Of  the  nature 

peculiar  to  the  Alps,  or  other  mountainous  re-  of  an  alphabet;  similar  to  an  alphabet ;  in  the 

gions:  as,  "alpestrine  diseases,"  Dana.  [Rare.]  order  of  the  alphabet.     See  alphabetic. 

—2.  In  bot,  growing  on  mountains  below  the  According  to  Grimm,  the  alphabetical  arrangement  not 

alpine  region,  that  if,  below  the  limit  of  tree-    <^£^SrS^ '  "'"  ""^^V^ 

a^hT'faTnf'r^I  <Cv  iHa  <  the  Phen  alphabetically  (al-fa-bet'i-kal-i).  adv.  In  an 
aipna  (al  ta),  il.  IU,  <.  (jr.  aAcia,  <.  the  men.  „f.,1,„1„,f;„„,  ,*n„;„0,."„,.  ™v,o,.-  lwtlw  nannf  nn 
name  repr.  by  Heb.  'dlcph  (=  Ar.  'alif ),  name 


of  the  first  letter,  meaning  an  ox:  see  a1.]  1, 
The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet  (A,  a),  an- 
swering to  A.  Hence  —  2.  The  first;  the  begin- 
ning: as  in  the  phrase  "alpha  and  omega,"  the 
beginning  and  the  end,the  first  and  the  last,  ome- 


alphabetieal  manner' or  order;  by  the  use  of  an 
alphabet ;  in  the  customary  order  of  the  letters : 
as,  In  arrange  a  catalogue  aljihabctieiilljl. 

From  the  times  of  the  earliest  known  monuments  the 
hieroglyphic  writers  possessed  a  sufficient  number  of  true 
letters  to  enable  them  to  write  alphabetically. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  OS. 


ga  beingthe  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,    alphabetics  (al-fa-bet'iks),  n.     [PI.  of  alpha- 
I  am  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  and  the  ending,     belie:  see  -ics.]    "The  science  of  the  use  and 
saith  the  Lord,  Rev.  i.  s.     development  of  alphabetic  writing.     Ellis. 

3.  As  a  classifier:   (a)  In  astron.,  the  chief  alphabetism  (al'fa-bet-izm),  n.     [<alphabet  + 
star  of  a  constellation.     (6)  In  chem.,  the  first    -ism.]     The  use  of  an  alphabet  as  a  stage  in 


alpigene 

the  development  of  written  language;  notation 
by  means  of  an  alphabet. 

It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged  that  the  idea  of 

alphabetism  may  not  improbably  have  been  an istedto 

the  Persians  by  their  acquaintance  with  the  Phoenician 
alphabet,  which,  as  early  as  the  8th  century  B.  0.,  was 
ii  i  .1  in  the  valle)  ol  the  Buphi  ates  -  oncurrently  with  the 
cuneiform  writing.        Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  L  50. 

From  this  [ideography]  men  have  passed  to  pho 
writing,  flrat,  apparently,  in  the  form  of  syllabism,  in 
which  each  syllable  of  a  w  rded  asan  indepen- 

dent whole  anil   represented   hva  single  Sign;  then  from 

this  to  alphabetism,  in  which  the  syllable  is  no  Ion 
noted  by  an  indivisible  symbol,  but  is  resolved  into  vowel 
and  consonant,  each  with  Its  own  accepted  sign. 

Brit.,  I.  602. 

alphabetize  (al'fa-bet-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
alphabetized,  ppr.  alphabetizing.     [<  alphabet  + 

-i  e.  |     1.  To  arrange  alphabetically. 

The  volume  is  of  great  value  for  its  carefully  prepar  d 
alphabetized  list  of  scientific  and  technical  periodii 
all  nations.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Set,  3d  ser.,  XXX.  217. 

2.  To  express  by  alphabetic  characters. 

Alpheidae  (al-fe'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Alpheus  + 
-ida:]  In  zool.,  a  family  of  shrimps,  of  which 
the  genus  Alpheus  is  the  type.  Other  genera  "1 
tli  is  family  are  Caridina,  Pontonia,  andAthanas. 

alphenic  (al-fen'ik),  ».     [<F.  alpMnic,  alfinic, 

<  Sp.    alfiiiiipic  =  Pg.    al/enim,  <  Ar.   al-fdnid, 

<  al,  the,  +  fdniil.  <  Pers.  J'dnid,  pdnid,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  >  ML.  penhlium,  F.  penkle,  G. 
peniil-iurli r,  panis-~ia:ker,  Dan.  pandc-snkkcr 
(as  if  from  pnnde,  a  pan).]  In  /we.,.,  white 
barley-sugar.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds'. 

Alpheus (al-fe'us),  u.  [NL..  <  L.  Alpheus,  <  Or. 
'AAeiei&r.  the  chief  river  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
now  Rufia.]  In 
zool.,  a  genus  of 
macrurous  deca- 
podous  crusta- 
ceans, the  typo 
of  the  family  Al- 
pin  iiUv.  A.  ruber 
(the  red  shrimp) 
and  .1.  iiljinis  are 
examples. 

Alphitobius  (al- 
fi-to'bi-us),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a?.ipi- 

rov,  barley-meal,  meal,  +  /3/of,  life.] 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Teucbrioniila: 

The  larvrc  of  Tenebrioand  Alphitobius  have  been  reared 
in  zoological  gardens  as  f I  for  amphibians  and  insectiv- 
orous birds.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist 

alphitomancyt  (al'n-to-man*si),  «.  [<  F.  nl- 
phitomantie  (Ootgrave),  <  Or.  ii'/oir6uaiTir.  one 
who  divines  from  barley-meal,  <  afyiTov,  barley- 
meal  (prob.  related  to  aty6c,  a  dull-white  Lep 
rosy:  see  alphus),  +  fiavric,  a,  diviner,  uavreta, 
divination  :  see  Mantis.]  Divination  by  means 
of  barley-meal. 

alphitomorphous  (aFfi-to-mdr'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a/.cjiTov,  barley-meal,  +  uc(M,  form.]  Appear- 
ing like  barley-meal:  applied  to  some  micro- 
scopic fungi  parasitic  on  plants.   Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

alphonsin  (al-fon'sin),  n.  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  extracting  bullets  from  wounds:  so 
named  in  liV">2  from  its  inventor,  Alphonso 
Ferri  of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three  arms,  which 
close  when  a  ring  encircling  the  haft  is  pushed  forward. 

Alphonsine  (al-fon'sin), «.  [<  NL.  Alphonsinus, 
Alfimsiuiis,  <  ML.  (NL.)  Alphonsus,  Alfonsus  (= 
Sp.  Alfonso,  formerly  also  Alphonso,  =  Pg.  ././- 
finso  =  It.  Alfonso  =  F.  Alphonse),  <  G.  Alfons, 
a  common  personal  name.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso — Al- 
phonsine tables,  astronomical  tables  compiled  under 
the  patronage  of  Alfonso  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile. 
completed  in  the  year  of  his  accession,  1262,  and  first 
printed  in  1 1 33, 

alp-horn  (alp'h&rn),  n.    Same  as  alpenhorn. 

alphost,  n.     Same  as  alphus. 

alphosis  (al-fo'sis).  u.  [<  alphas  +  -axis.] 
In  palhnl..  whiteness,  or  the  process  of  turning 
white,  as  of  the  skin  in  an  albino. 

alphus  (al'fus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a^f>oc,  vitiligo, 
orig.  white,  =  L.  albus,  white:  see  alb1.]  In 
pathol.,  u  inline  formerly  given  to  certain 
forms  of  psoriasis,  leprosy  (lepra  arabum),  and 
vitiligo. 

alpia  (al'pi-a).  ii.     Same  as  alpist. 

alpieut,  «•  [<  F-  alpUm,i  It.  al  piii,  for  the 
more,  for  most:  al,  contr.  of  «  il,  to  the  (a,  <  L. 
ml.  to;  il,  <  L.  illi',  that);  piii,  <  L.  plus,  more.] 
In  the  game  of  bux.irt,  a  mark  put  on  a  card  to 
indicate  that  the  player  doubles  his  stake  after 
winning.     X.  E.  I). 

alpigene  (al'pi-jen),  a.  [<  L.  alpcs,  alps  (see 
nip-).  +  -genus,  produced:  see  -genous.]  Pro- 
duced or  growing  in  alpine  regions.     [Pare.] 


Red  Shrimp  {Alpheus  ruber  ). 

A  genus 

jeen  reared 
id  inseetiv- 
st.,  II.  352. 


alpine 

alpine  (al'pin  or  -pin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  alpin,  < 
L.  alpinus,  <  alpes :  see  ertp2.]  I.  a.  Ot,  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with  the  Alps  (then 
written  with  a  capital),  or  any  lofty  mountain; 
very  high;  elevated.  Specificall)  applied  to  plants 
crowing  and  animals  living  on  mountains  above  the  forest 
Omits,  thai  tn    Line  where  the  climate  becomes 

Id  for  trees  to  grow. 

Alpine  summits  of  great  pain 
l.ieth  thine  Italy.  if.  Terry  Cooh    Beyond. 

II.  n.  A  French  fabric  having  a  silk  warp  and 
merino-wool  filling. 

alpinery  (al'pin-ri),  «.  [<  alpine  +  -ry :  see 
-iii/.  -ry.']  A  place  in  a  garden  or  pleasure- 
ground  specially  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
alpine  plants. 

alpinist  (al'pin-ist),  n.  [=  F.  alpiniste;  <  al- 
j'lnc  +  -ist. )   An  alpine  climber;  an  alpestrian. 

The  disagrei  able  effects  resulting  from  tin'  rarefaction 

of  the  atmosphere  at  great  heights,and  which  overtake 

Switzerland.  The  American,  VII.  75. 

alpist  tal'pist),  a.  [<F.<rfpisie,<Sp.Pg.a?pwfe, 
Pg.  also  alpista  :  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
tie  language  of  tin-  I  ruanches,  the  original  in- 
habitants of  the  Canary  islands.]  1.  The  seed 
of  the  canary-grass,  Phalaris  canariensis,  used 
for  feeding  birds,  especially  canaries;  canary- 
seed. —  2.  The  seed  of  various  species  of  Alo- 
p<  curus,  or  foxtail-grass,  also  used  for  feeding 
birds. 

Also  called  nl/mi. 

alquier  (al'ker),  ».  [F.,  <  Pg.  alqueire,  a  dry 
measure,  <  Ar.  <il.  the.  +  kayl,  a  measure,  hayal, 
a  measurer,  prop,  of  grain.]  A  dry  as  well  as 
liquid  measure  used  in  Portugal,  containing 
from  3  to  4  Winchester  gallons. 

alquifore  (al'ki-for),  n.    Same  as  alquifou. 

alquifou  (al'ki-fo),  n.  [<  Fr.  alquifoux,  arqui- 
foux,  <  Sp.  alquifol,  Cat.  alcofol,  <  Ar.  al-koh'l,  a 
fine  powder:  see  alcohol."]  A  sort  of  lead  ore 
found  in  Cornwall,  England,  used  by  potters  to 
give  a  glazing  to  their  wares,  and  called  pottt  r's 
ore.    Other  forms  are  alquifore,  arquifoux. 

already  (al-red'i),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  ii!  redy :  al, 
adv.,  all,  quite;  red;/,  ready :  see  ready.]  I.t  o. 
1.  [Predicate  adj.  in  phr.  all  ready.]  All  pre- 
pared; quite  ready:  regularly  written  all  ready. 
—  2.  Existing  at  the  specified  time;  present. 
[Rare  attributive  use.] 

Lord  Hobart  and  Lord  Fitzwilliam  are  botli  to  be  earls 

to-morrow;  the  former,  ot  Buckingham,  the  latter  by  his 

title.  Walpole,  Letters  (1746),  1. 150. 

II.  adv.  By  this  (or  that)  time;  previously 
to  or  at  some  specified  time,  or  the  time  pres- 
ent to  thought ;  thus  early ;  even  then,  or  even 
now:  as,  he  has  done  it  already  ;  the  house  is 
full  already. 
I  have  lost  so  much  time  already. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  140. 

The  English  ministers  could  not  wish  t,,  gee  a  war  with 

It'.  11.  iiai  added  to  thai  in  which  they  wen-  iiIk  tutu  m-i-nl 

with  f  i  Macaulay,  Lord  I lii e 

al-root  (al'rot),  n.  [<  o/l  (<  Hind,  al,  a  name 
common  to  several  plants,  Morinda  citrifolia 
ami  allied  species)  +  root*-.]  The  root  of  Mo- 
riiidn  citrifolia,  an  Fast  Indian  plant,  which 
furnish*  -  .-.  permanent  red  dye. 

alruna  (al-rS'nfi,),  ».;  pi.  alrwrue  (-ne).  [ML., 
also  alrauna,  <  (')ll(i.  iilrunit  (MIHi.  ulruuc,  (I. 
(draini,  alritn,  i  tndrake  (alraun-bilder,  man- 
drake images),  =  JJ.  alruin  =  Sw.  alrun,  alruna 
=  Dan.  iilriiui).  mandrake;  appar.,  as  in  popu- 
lar apprehension,  <  al-  (=  E.  all)  +  riina,  Goth. 
runa,  etc.,  mystery,  the  mandrake  being  an  ob- 
ject (if  superstition:  see  rune  and  mandrake.] 
1.  A  prophetess  among  the  ancient  Germans, 
regarded  as  similar  to  the  druidess  among  the 
1  .a  ills. — 2.  A  small  image  carved  from  the  root 
"fa  tree  or  from  mandrakes,  representingrudely 

the  human   figure,  generally  the    female.      Such 

i  i  hold  gods  in  the  at 
religii  northern  peoples,  the  worship  of  them 

featun    of  cet  tain  jupei  ititious  rites. 
i  :  i  .     ,,,,,   ,,,  ,  present  female  magi 

•<nde. 
alst,  adv.  and  conj.     An  old  form  of  also  and  as. 
i    Ma  n  tie  lowly  playne, 

AU  for  th>    flOl  la    and   i' 

Spenst  r,  Shep.  CaX,  July. 
AU  longe  as  owre  lyf  la  e  ti  ij  Ideres. 

Plowman  I  B),  iv.  195. 
Alsace  gum.     Same  as  dextrine. 

Alsatian  (al-sii  ind».    [<WL.AUatia 

t/  v.  dlsaa  >.  <  one.  n,  ,,  .  /■/,.„.  (MHG.  /•:/- 
i  '  ■■  Qr.Elsa  I,  a  province  between  France 
and  i  h  rmanj  ,  lit.  fori  ign  ettli  ment,  <  el-  (= 
AS.  el-,  al  .  Foreign,  related  to  else,  q.  v.;  .ac- 
cording to  another  view,  <  Ell  <Hel,  l'.itn.  Elsiis, 
Also,  Illus),  now  III.  a  rivOT  in  Alsace)  +  sag, 
a  seat,  place,  settlement  (G.  sat:),  ■'.  OlIG.  su- 


158 

gen,  MHG-.  G.  s»fee»  =  E.  sit.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  province  of  Alsace,  taken  from 

Germany    by   Fiance   in    bids,   in   greater   pari 

ceded  to  the  new  German  empire  in  is7i,  and 
now  incorporated  in  the  imperial  territory  of 
Elsass-Lothringen. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Al- 
satia, formerly  a  cant  name  (from  Alsace  being 
a  debatable  ground  or  scene  of  frequent  eon- 
tests)  for  Whitefriars,  a  district  in  London  be- 
tween the  Thames  and  Fleet  street,  and  ad- 
joining the  Temple,  which  possessed  certain 
privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the  con- 
vent of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars,  found- 
ed there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the  resort  of 
Libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose  abuses 
and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  led  in  1697  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  Alsatia  has 
In  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
Stock  Exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings. 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Alsace 
in  Germany. —  2.  Formerly,  an  inhabitant  of 
Alsatia  or  Whitefriars,  a  part  of  London ;  hence, 
a  Bohemian  (in  the  slang  sense)  or  adventurer. 

He  spurr'd  to  London,  and  left  a  thousand  curses  be- 
hind him.  Here  he  struck  up  with  sharpers,  scourers, 
and  Alsatians.  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  4:n. 

al  segno  (iilsii'nyo).  [It.,  to  the  sign:  al  for  ail, 
to  the;  segno,  <  L.  signum,  sign:  see  sign.]  In 
music,  to  the  sign:  a  direction  to  the  performer 
that  he  must  return  to  that  portion  of  the  piece 
marked  with  the  sign  -N,  and  conclude  with 
the  first  double  bar  which  follows,  or  go  on  to 
the  word  Fine,  or  the  pause  «* . 

alsinaceous  (al-si-na'shius),  a.  [<  Alsine,  the 
name  of  a  caryophyllaceous  genus  that  is  now 
combined  with  Areiiaria,  +  -accous.]  Relating 
to  or  resembling  the  chickweed. 

also  (al'so),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  also,  al  so, 
al  swo,  at  swa,  <  AS.  ealswd,  eat  sird,  just  so,  like- 
wise (=G.  also,  thus) :  eat,  adv.,  all,  just,  quite ; 
swa,  so:   see  all  and  so.     Doublet,  as1,  q.  v.] 

1.  adv.  1.  Wholly  so;  quite  so;  so. 

Also  he  eudede  his  lyfe. 

Early  Eng.  Poemstfid.  Furnivall). 

2.  In  like  maimer ;  likewise. 

As  the  blame  of  ill-succeeding  things 
Shall  li^ht  on  you,  so  light  the  harrnes  also. 

Old  Play. 
Thus,  also,  do  authors  beget  authors. 

Irving,  sketch  Book,  p.  100. 

3.  In  addition;  too;  further. 

God  do  so  and  more  also:  for  thou  Shalt  surely  die. 

1  Sam.  xiv.  44. 
In  fact,  Mr.  Emerson  himself,  besides  being  a  poet  and 
a  philosopher,  was  also  a  plain  Concord  citizen. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  iv. 

II.  conj.  As ;  so.     See  as. 

This  ye  knowen  also  we]  as  I. 

Chancer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  780. 
Alsomote  I  thee  [thrive]. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 

Alsophila  (al-sof 'i-lii),  ».  [<  Gr.  a'/noc,  a  grove, 
+  (piAoc,  loving ;  from  the  habitat  of  the  plant.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  arborescent  ferns,  often 
becoming  magnificent  trees,  distinguished  from 
allied  genera  (Cyatlica,  etc.)  by  having  a  single 
naked  sorus  on  each  veinlet.  A.  excelsa  of 
Norfolk  island  rises  to  the  height  of  80  feet. 

Alstonia  bark  (al-sto'ni-S  biirk).  [NL.  Al- 
stonia,  named  after  Dr.  Alston  of  Edinburgh.] 
The  bark  of  an  apocynaeeous  tree,  Alstonia 
scholaris,  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa,  and  Aus- 
tralia, a  powerful  bitter,  recommended  as  a 
valuable  antiperiouic  and  tonic.  Also  called 
dil  a. 

alstonite  (al'ston-It),  n.    Same  as  bromlite. 

alswat,  adv.     A  Middle  English  form  of  also. 

alt  (alt  ),  a.  [<  It.  alio  (see  alto)  =  Sp.  l'g.  alto 
=  I'r.  alt  =  OF.  all.  Imlt,  hunt,  mod.  F.  hunt,  high 
(see  iiuiiijiii,  haughty,  hautboy),  <  I.,  alius,  high, 

deep,  lit.  increased,  grown  (pp.  of  iili  ri .  grow), 
prob.  nit.  =  AS.  aid,  nild,  F.  old:  see  old,  and 
cf.  all.  <T.  Iimiglit.]  In  music,  an  abbreviation 
of  alto,  high;  much  used  in  compound  words, 
as  alt-horn,  alt-clarinet,  in  alt,  said  of  the  notei 
comprised  In  the  first  octave  above  the  tn  ble  Btafi     as 

t;  in  alt,  \  hi  nil.    The  notes re  than  an  octave  above 

tliis  statt  are  said  to  he  in  altissVmo.  -  To  be  in  alt,  to  be 
haughty,  dignified,  etc. 
"Come,  prithee  be  a  little  less  in  alt"  cried  Lionel, 

"and  answer  a  man  when  to   :.|i.  :il,     to  you 

1/-     Burn*  a,  Camilla,  ii.  5. 
alt.    An  abbreviation  of  altitude. 
Altaian  (al-ta'yan),  a.    Same  as  Altaic, 
Altaic  (al-ia'ik>,  a.    [(.Altai,  Buss.  Altai, name 

of  mountains  in  Asia,  perhaps  from  Tatar  a  I  tun, 

gold  (Malm).  Cf.  uliiii.\  Pertaining  to  the  Al- 
tai, a  vast  range  of  mountains  extending  in  an 

easterly  direction  through  a  considerable  por 


altar 

tion  of  Asia,  and  forming  pari  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Hussian  and  Chinese  dominions. 
—Altaic  fanuly  of  languages,  a  family  of  languages 
occupying  portions  of  northern  and  eastern  Europi 
nearly  the  whole  of  northern  and  central  Asia,  together 

with  s other  regions,  ami  divided  into  five  branches, 

tin-  i  Lilian  or  PfnnO'Hungarian,  Sa vol  Tut ki  ib,  Mon- 
golian, and  Tunguse.    Also  called  Scythian,  Ural    • 
Tatarxc,  and  T<  ranian, 

altaite  (al-ta'it),  n.  [<  Altai  (see  Altaic)  + 
-ili-.]  A  mineral  found  originally  in  the  Altai 
mountains,  and  now  also  in  California,  Colo- 
rado, and  Chili;  a  telluride  of  lead. 

altambour  (;il-tain-bor'),  n.  [A  modified  spell- 
ing of  OSp.  atambor,  prob.  for  "aUtambor,  <  Ar. 
((/,  the,  +  tuiiiliur,  tambour:  see  tamlmur  and 
tabor.]      A  large  Spanish  or  Moorish  drum. 

altar  (al'tiir),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  bring  it  nearer  the  L. ;  <  ME.  alter, 
more  commonly  auter,  <  OP.  alter,  also  auter 
(F.  autet),  <  L.  attare,  an  altar,  lit.  a  high 
place,  <  alius,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  An  elevated 
place  or  structure,  a  block  of  stone,  or  any  ob- 
ject of  appropriate  form,  on  which  sacrifices 
are  offered  or  incense  is  burned  to  a  deity. 
The  earliest  altars  were  turf  mounds,  large  ffat-topped 
stones,  or  other  rude  elevations,  natural  or  artificial ;  but 
when  temples  came  to  be  built  altars  were  generalh  made 
of  hewn  stone,  marble,  or  metal,  and  became  more  and 
more  ornate.  Creek  and  Roman  altars  were  round,  trian- 
gular, or  square  in  plan,  often  elaborately  adorned  with 
sculpture,  and  bearing  inscriptions.  Sometimes,  as  at 
Pergamon,  the  altar  was  a  struc- 
ture of  vast  size  and  complex 
plan,  and  was  in  itself  an  art 
monument  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance. In  the  Jewish  worship 
two  altars  were  used:  the  altar 

of  burnt-offering,  which  st I  at 

the  entrance  to  the  tabernacle, 
and  afterward  occupied  a  corre- 
sponding position  in  the  temple, 
and  the  altar  of  incense,  which 
stood  in  the  holy  place.  Both 
were  made  of  shittim  wood,  the 
former  being  overlaid  with  brass, 
the  latter  with  cold. 

2.  In  most  Chris- 
tian churches, 
the  communion- 
table. In  the 
primitive  church  it 
was  of  wood,  sub-  Q 
sequently  of  stone, 
marble,  or  bronze, 

sometimes  with  rich    plorVti  by  the  Archaeological  "institute  of 

architectural    orna-    America  in  1884. 

ineiits,     sculptures, 

and  painting.      In  the  Roman  Catholic  1  Ihurch  the  altar  is 

the  tal  de,  since  the  early  ages  of  the  church  either  of  stone 

or  including  a  block  of  stone  (the  altar-stone),  upon  which 

the  priest  consecrates  the  eucharist  The  altar-stone  is  con- 


Creek  Altar. 
From   the   Street   of  Tombs,   Assos,  ex- 


Ancient  High  Altar  of  Notre  P.ime,  Paris,  13th  century. 
tViouet-lc-lluc's  "  Diet,  dc  rArchitccture.") 

seerated  by  the  bishop  or  a  specially  licensed  abbot,  who 
anoints  it  with  chrism,  and  often  seals  up  certain  relics 
in  a  small  cavity  made  for  the  purpose  :  the  consecration 
remains  in  virtue  until  either  the  stone  or  the  seal  is  broken. 
3.  The  steps  at  the  sides  of  a  graving-dock. — 
Family  altar,  the  practice  or  tin  place  uf  family  worship 
or  devotions.  High  altar,  the  chief  or  principal  altar  in 
a  cathedral  or  other  church  having  more  than  one  altar. 
It  stands  beyond  the  choir  ai  the  end  of  the  sanctuary  or 
chancel  opposite  the  front  or  tin-  main  entrance,  and  usu- 
ally has  behind  it  a  Bcreen,  reredos,  or  dossi  1  so  h  to 
make  it,  even  when  there  is  an  ambulatory  with  chapels 
or  any  other  feature  behind  it.  tin-  duet  object  on  which 
the  eye  tests  on  entering  the  church.  Lesser  or  side  altars 
often  stand  En  chapels  or  against  the  pillars  of  the  nave. 
s.-e  cut  under  .■uiiinhiii.  Privileged. altar, in  the  Aw. 
Cuth.  Ch.,  an  altar  to  which  arc  attached  certain  lndul- 


Altar-bread  Box. 


altar 

genees,  as  the  liberty  of  celebrating  votive  masses  even  on 

feast-days,  the  benefit  of  souls  in  puruatiny,  or  various 
privileges  personal  to  the  individual  visiting  it 

altarage  (al'tSr-aj),  n.  [<  ME.  awterage,  <  OF. 
auterage:  see  altar  ami  -age.']  1.  Offerings 
made  upon  an  altar  or  to  a  church. — 2.  The 
honorarium  or  stipend  received  by  a  priest  from 
offerings  and  gifts  on  account  of  services  at  the 
nlt;ir.  Sometimes  called  small  tithes  and  altar- 
dues. 

All  these  [curates]  lyve  upon  bare  Altarages,  as  tiny 
tearme  them,  which  God  knoweth  are  very  small,  and  were 
uniit  to  lyve  upon  tin-  gayne  of  Masses,  Dirges,  Shryvings, 
ami  senile  lyke  truropi  i  yi 
Sir  II.  Sidney,  State  Papers,  in  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  1. 112. 

3.  In  Scotland,  formerly,  an  endowment  grant  et  1 
for  the  saying  of  masses  for  deceased  friends 
at  a  particular  altar. 

altar-board  (al'tar-bord),  n.  In  the  Coptic 
Cli.,  a  movable  wooden  panel,  carved  with  a 
cross  in  the  center  and  with  sacred  letters  and 
devices  around  it.  It  rests  in  a  recess  on  the  top  of 
tlie  stone  altar,  anil  supports  the  chalice  and  paten  during 
tin-  mass:  a  reversal  of  the  Western  rule,  for  which  see 
altar,  2,  and  altar-dab.  A.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches, 
II.  i.  3-5. 

altar-bread  (al'tar-bred),  it.  Bread  prepared 
for  the  eucharist.  Unleavened  bread  is  required  for 
tins  purpose  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  is  used  in  many  Anglican 
churches,  in  which  either  leavened  or 
unleavened  bread  is  permitted.  In  both 
the  latter  is  made  into  small  thin  disks 
or  wafers,  called  severally  altar-breads, 
usually  stamped  with  some  emblem,  as 
the  cross  or  crucifix,  or  I.  H.  S.  In  the 
former  church,  after  consecration,  the 
altar-bread  is  called  host  (see  host),  and 
the  wafers  are  of  two  sizes,  the  larger  for 
the  priest,  the  smaller  for  the  people. 
The  Greek  church  uses  leavened  bread 
especially  made  for  the  purpose.  See 
oblate,  n.,  1. 

altar-card  (al'tar-kard),  n.  A  printed  copy  of 
certain  portions  of  the  mass,  which  the  priest 
cannot  conveniently  readfrom the  missal.  Altar- 
cards  are  placed  at  the  center  and  at  each  end  of  the  altar. 
They  are  of  modern  introduction,  and  are  not  essential  to 
tin  service. 

altar-carpet  (artiir-kar"pet),?j.  1.  The  carpet 
covering  the  raised  floor  in  front  of  the  altar, 
and  generally  the  altar-steps  as  well. — 2. 
Rarely,  a  covering  for  the  altar. 

altar-cavity  (al'tar-kavi-ti),  n.  A  niche  or 
chamber  in  the  body  of  an  altar,  designed  to 
contain  relics.  This  was  called  sepulchrum  in  the  Latin 
Church,  thalassa  or  thaiassidion  in  the  Greek  Church,  and 
seems  to  have  existed  universally  as  late  as  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  Coptic  churches  of  Egypt  still  have  altar- 
cavities.  .4.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches,  II.  i.  See  con- 
/  ssionary. 

altar-chime  (al'tar-chim),  n.  A  set  of  three 
small  bells  mounted  in  a  stand,  and  used  for 
ringing  by  hand  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church 
service. 

altar-cloth  (al'tar-kloth),  n.  [<  ME.  alter-,  aw- 
ter-cloth  :  see  altar  and  cloth.']  A  cover  for  an 
altar  in  a  Christian  church.  It  is  a  general  term, 
and  includes  the  close  ease  of  linen  which  was  used  in  the 
middle  ages  and  removed  only  for  washing  the  altar, 
the  later  cerecloth  (which  see),  and  the  temporary  cover- 
ings, whether  of  white  linen,  or  of  rich  stuff,  or  of  em- 
broidery. The  different  coverings  for  the  altar  have  differ- 
ent names.    See  antependium,  frontal,  and  superfrontal, 

altar-cross  (al'tar-kros),  n.  A  fixed  or  mova- 
ble cross,  standing  upon  an  altar. 

altar-curtain  (al'tar-ker'tan),  n.  A  hanging 
suspended  from  rods  at  the  sides  of  ancient 
ciboria,  or  altar-canopies,  or  at  the  back  and 
sides  of  an  altar.     See  cut  under  altar,  2. 

altar-cushion  (al'tar-kush'on),  n.  A  small 
cushion  laid  upon  an  altar  to  support  the  ser- 
vi, r-book. 

altar-desk  (al'tiir-desk),  n.  A  small  desk  used 
like  an  altar-eushion. 

altar-dues  (al'tar-duz), 
age,  2. 

altar-fire  (al'tar-fir),  n. 
an  altar. 

altar-frontal  (al'tiir-frun"tal),  n.  The  orna- 
mental front,  usually  movable,  of  the  altar  in 
a  Christian  church.  It  is  sometimes  of  wood,  richly 
carved  and  gilded,  or  with  painted  panels,  or  incrusted 
« i tli  enamels  or  glass.  When  it  is  of  stuff  it  is  called 
antependium,  and  its  color  is  usually  changed  to  corre- 
spond with  the  church  festivals  and  seasons. 

altar-herse  (al'tar-hers),  n.  A  term  sometimes 
used  to  describe  the  frame  on  which  a  tem- 
porary canopy  was  erected  over  an  altar  on 
special  solemnities  and  festivals  of  the  highest 
rank.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altarist  (al'tar-ist ),  «.  [<  altar  +  -1st.]  In  old 
law:  (a)  An  appellation  given  to  the  priest  to 
whom  the  altarage  belonged,  (b)  A  chaplain. 
Also  called  altar-thane. 


n.  pi.     Same  as  altar- 
A  ceremonial  fire  on 


150 

altar-lantern  (al'tar-lan  tern),  >i.  A  term  oc- 
casionally found  in  old  records  describing  tlio 
lanterns  which  were  used  in  lieu  of  simple  m  s 
tapers  for  an  altar,  when  erected  temporarily 
and  out  of  doors.  <>„  the  continent  of  Europe  they 
air  found  in  the  sacristies  of  man)  churches,  and  are 
frequently  us<  -l.  carried  on  either  side  of  tin-  crucifix,  at 
funerals  and  solemn  processions  of  the  blessed  sacrament, 
in  those  divisions  of  the  church  which  practise  reservation 
of  the  holj  eucharist     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-ledge  (al't&r-lej),  n.  A  step  or  ledge  be- 
hind the  altar  of  a  church  and  raised  slightly 
above  it,  to  receive  ceremonial  lights,  flowers, 
or  other  ornaments  or  symbols.  Sometimes  then 
arc  two  or  inure  steps  or  ledges.  In  modern  usage  often 
called  retable,  though  the  retable  is  more  properly  higher, 
and  in  itself  an  important  architectural  or  decorative  tea 
tare,  See  retable.  Also  termed,  but  incorrectly,  super 
altar. 

altar-light  (al'tar-lit),  ii.  A  light  placed  upon 
or  near  an  altar,  and  having  a  symbolical  mean- 
ing. In  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  the  lights  are  often 
set  upon  the  altar  itself;  in  the  Church  of  England  they 
always  stand  on  an  altar-ledge  behind  or  beside  the  altar. 

altarpiece  (al'tar-pes),  re.  A  decorative  screen, 
retable,  or  rereuos  placed  behind  an  altar,  con- 
sidered especially  as  a  work  of  art.  In  churches 
of  the  Renaissance  period  it  is  mure  usually  a  painting  of 
a  sacred  subject,  but  in  those  of  the  early  middle  8 
is  frequently  of  embossed  silver  or  of  rich  gold  and  en- 
ameled work  set  with  jewels,  as  the  famous  Pala  d'Oro  of 
St.  Marks  ill  Venice. 

As  the  altar  stood  free  in  the  choir,  and  the  altai 
was  to  be  seen  from  behind  as  well  as  from  before,  both 
sides  were  to  be  covered  with  painting. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  .Middle  Ages,  p.  142. 

altar-protector    (al'tar-pro-tek^tor),    re.     The 

name  given  to  a  covering  of  green  cloth,  baize, 
or  velvet,  which,  exactly  fitting  the  top  of  the 
altar,  is  placed  on  it  at  all  times  when  the  altar 
is  not  being  used,  to  protect  the  sacred  linen 
from  dust  and  defilement.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-rail  (aTt&r-ral),  re.  A  low  rail  or  barrier 
running  transversely  to  the  main  axis  of  the 
church  and  separating  the  sanctuary  from  those 
portions  of  the  church  that  are  in  front  of  it. 
Also  called  comnvunion-rail,  as  communicants  kneel  at 
this  rail  to  receive  the  eucharist. 

altar-screen  (al'tar-skren),  >t.  In  arch.:  (a) 
A  partition  of  stone,  wood,  or  metal,  in  early 
medieval  usage  represented  by  curtains,  behind 
and  at  the  sides  of  the  high  altar,  and  separat- 
ing the  choir  from  the  east  end  of  the  build- 
ing.    (6)  A  reredos  or  retable. 

altar-side  (al'tar-sid),  it.  That  part  of  an  altar 
which  faces  the  congregation. 

altar-slab  (Al'tar-slab),  it.  The  top,  or  a  por- 
tion of  the  top,  of  a  Christian  altar;  the  altar 
proper,  or  mensa.  It  is  the  consecrated  and  there- 
fore  the  essential  part,  and  is  always  in  Western  churches 
a  single  stone.  In  some  Eastern  churches  the  slab  has  a 
drain  for  water;  a  few  such  instances  are  found  in  west- 
ern Europe,  and  all  are  pn  ibably  traditional  of  an  ancient 
custom  of  washing  the  altar  on  set  occasions. 

altar-stairs  ( al'tar-starz),  n.  pi.  Steps  or  stairs 
leading  up  to  an  altar. 

The  great  world's  altar-stairs, 
That  slope  thro'  darkness  tip  to  God. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lv. 

altar-stole  (al'tiir-stol),  n.  A  medieval  orna- 
ment shaped  like  the  ends  of  a  stole,  hanging 
down  in  front  of  the  altar-cloth.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms. 

altar-stone  (al'tar-ston),  re.  [<  ME.  awterstone : 
see  altar  and  stone.]  An  altar-slab ;  the  con- 
secrated slab  or  block  of  stone  constituting  an 
altar.     See  altar,  2. 

altar-table  (al'tiir-ta  I >1  > .  n.  1.  In  a  Christian 
church,  the  top  or  the  consecrated  portion  of 
an  altar;  the  altar  proper,  or  mensa. —  2.  A 
name  for  one  of  the  wooden  tables  which  were 
substituted  for  the  old  altars  in  England  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  used  for  the  commu- 
nion where  the  old  altars  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  Roundheads.  At  first  this  table  was  placed  bj  the 
reformers  against  the  eastern  wall  in  the  position  "I  the 
old  stone  altar.  This  position  gave  umbrage  to  the  Puri- 
tans, who  held  that  it  was  characteristic  of  the  Church  of 
Rome.  Cromwell  therefor,-  caused  the  altar-table  to  be 
removed  to  the  middle  of  the  chancel,  and  to  he  surrounded 
with  seats  for  the  communicants.  At  the  restoration  it 
was  almost  universally  replaced  in  its  ancient  position. 
When  used  it  is  covered  with  a  white  linen  cloth. 

altar-thane  (al'tar-than),  re.     Same  as  altarist. 

altar-tomb  (al'tilr-tom),  ».  A  raised  tomb,  or 
monument  covering  a  tomb,  of  rectangular 
plan  and  covered  by  a  flat  slab  or  table,  and 
presenting  a  general  resemblance  to  an  altar. 
It  may  be  free  and  exposed  "ii  all  four  sides,  or  applied 
against  or  engaged  in  a  wall;  in  the  latter  case  taere  is 
often  an  architectural  canopy  or  niche  raised  above  it. 
The  top  often  supports  one  or  more  recumbent  figures  in 
sculpture. 

altarwise  (al'tar-wiz),  adv.    [<  altar  +  -wise.] 

In  the  usual  position  of  a  church-altar,  that  is, 


alterage 

with  ends  toward  the  north  and  south  and  front 
toward  the  west. 
u  .1.  our  communion  table  plai  ed  altai 

12,  1678. 

altazimuth  (alt-az'i-muth),  ».     [Contr.  of  al- 
titude-azimuth.]   An  astronomical  instru 
for  determining  tin-  altitudes  and  the  azii 

of  heavenly  bodies.     The  b 

is  eapalde  of  being  moved  horizontally  to  am  | it  of  the 

i ipass,  as  well  as  vertically,  and  then  ..land 

vertical  circles.    A  theodolite  is  a  portable  altazimuth. 


Pijon. 


alter  (al'ter),  v.  [<  ML.  alterare,  make  other, 
<  L.  alter,  other,  <  al-  (seen  in  alius,  other. 
alienus,  of  another,  etc.:  see  alias,  alien,  etc.) 

+  compar.  suffix  -ter=  E.  -tin  r  in  other,  whether, 
etc.,  and  -ter  in  after,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  some  change  in;  make  different  in  some 
particular;  cause  to  vary  in  soniedegree,  with- 
out an  entire  change. 

My  covenant  will  I  not  break,  nor  alter  the  thing  that  is 
gone  out  of  my  lips.  Ps.  lxxxix.  84. 

These  things  are  to  be  regretted,  but  not  to  be  altered 
until  liberality  of  sentiment  is  more  universal. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  44:t. 

There  are  speeches,  some  speeches  of  Demosthenes  par- 
ticularly, in  which  it  would  be  impossible  to  alter  a  word 
without  altering  it  for  the  worse.  Macaulay,  Elistorj 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially;  convert 
into  another  form  or  state:  as,  to  alter  a  cloak 
into  a  coat;  to  alter  an  opinion. 

she  promised  that  no  force, 
Persuasion,  no,  nor  death  could  alter  her. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  castrate,  emasculate,  or  spay,  as  an  ani- 
mal.    [United  States.]  —  4f.  To  exchange. 

She  that  would  att, ,-  .,  rVie.  s  w  it li  thee. 

Sliak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  6. 

5f.  To  agitate:  as,  ''(literal  and  moved  in- 
wardly,'' Hilton,  Areopagitica,  p.  l.  =  Syn.  1  and 
2.  Alter,  Change,  modify,  transform,  transmute.  Ingen- 
eralaZteris  to  change  partially, while  change  is  more  com- 
monly to  substitute  one  thing  for  another,  or  to  make  a 
material  difference  in  a  thing. 

I  WOO  thee  not  with  gifts. 
Sequel  of  guerdon  could  not  alter  me 
To  fairer.  /">  nnyson,  (Enone. 

one  who  brings 
A  mind  not  to  be  changt  d  by  place  or  time. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  different  in  some 
respect ;  vary ;  change. 

The  law  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  which  alteretli  not. 

Dan.  vi.  s. 
Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
Shak.,  Sonnet-,  cxi  i 
To  alter  for  the  better  is  no  shame. 

Di  i/den,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  015. 
In  a  day's  wandering,  you  would  pass  many  a  hill,  w      I 
and  water-course,  each  perpetually  altering  in  aspect  as 
the  sun  shone  out  or  was  overcast 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiii. 
alterability(al  ter-a-biri-ti),  h.    [<  alterable ;  = 
F.  alterabilite.]     The  quality  of  being  alterable ; 
susceptibility  to  change. 

The  degree  of  atterability  of  the  nutritive  liquid  should 
always  lie  taken  into  account  in  experiments. 

,  111.  520. 

alterable  (al'ter-a-bl).  a.     [< alter + -able ;=P. 

alterable.]  Capable  of  being  altered,  varied,  or 
made  different. 

A  diminished  proporti f  caustic  soda  and  sulphides 

is  found  in  the  liquors,  the  total  caustic  lime  being  alter- 
able ut  pleasure.  Ure,  Diet,  IV.     i 

alterableness  (al'ter-a-bl-nes), «.    The  quality 

of  being  alterable  or  of  admitting  alteration; 
variableness. 

alterably  (al'ter-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  alterable 
manner;  so  as  to'be  altered  or  varied. 

alteraget  (al'ter-aj),  n.  [<  L.  altar,  a  foster- 
father  (<  alerc,  nourish:  see  aliment,  ».),  + 
-age.]  The  nourishing  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  ./.  Italics. 


alterant 

alterant  (al'ter-ant  >.  a.  and  ».  [<  ML.  alter- 
an(t-)s,  ppr.  otdlterare,  alter:  Bee  alter."]  I.  a. 
Producing  alteration;  effecting  change. 

Whether  the  bodj  or  altered. 

.  Nat.  Hist..  Int.  to  ix. 

II.  n.  1.  Aii  alterative. —  2.  Specifically,  in 
dyeing,  any  Bubstance  employed  to  modify  or 
l'o  a  color. 

This  last  effect  [of  modification]  may,  however,  be  pro- 
duced bj  a  variety  ol  matters  besides  those  which  are  of 
tin-'  earthy  or  metallic  kinds,  aud  indeed  by  everything 
capable,  not  of  fixing,  inn  of  merely  varying,  the  shades  oi 
adjective  colouring  matters.    Thi  36,  therefore,  I  think  it 

n  proper  to  designate,  not  as  mordants  or  bases,  but  as 
alterants. 

E.  Bancroft,  Philos.  of  Perm.  Colours  (ed.  1813),  In 

alteratet  (al'ter-at),  v.  t.    [<  JIL.  alteratus,  pp. 

of  alterare :  see  alter.']     To  alter. 
alteratet  (al'ter-at),  a.     [<  ML.  alteratus:  see 

the  verb.]     Altered;  changed, 
alteration  (al-te-ra'shon),  n.     [<  ML.  altera- 

tio(n-),  <  alterare,  pp.  alhritins:  see  after.]    1. 

The  act  of  altering;  the  making  of  anjT  change; 

passage  from  one  form  or  state  to  another. 

Appius  Claudius  admitted  to  the  senate  the  sons  of  those 
who  had  beenalaves ;  by  which,  and  succeeding  alterations, 

that  council  degenerate-!  intoa  must  corrupt  body.   Swift. 

2.  A  change  effected ;  achange  of  form  or  state, 
especially  one  which  does  not  affect  the  identity 
of  the  subject. 

Love  is  not  love 
Which  alters  when  it  "It.  ration  tinds. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  i  x\  I. 

3.  In  mineral.,  the  change  by  which  one  mineral 
substance  is  converted  into  another,  either  (1) 
with  or  (2)  without  change  of  chemical  compo- 
sition; as,  for  example,  (1)  the  change  of  the 
oxidof  copper,  cuprite,  to  the  carbonate,  mala- 
chite; or  (12)  of  brookite  to  rutile.  both  being 
forms  of  titanium  dioxid.  See  paramorphism 
and  pseudomorphism. 

alterative  (al'ter-a-tiv),  a.  and  re.  [<  ML.  al- 
terations, <  alteratus,  pp.  of  alterare:  see  alt'  r.] 

1.  a.  Causing  alteration  ;  having  the  power  or 
tendency  to  alter ;  especially,  in  vied.,  having 
the  power  to  restore  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  group  of  medicines  the  physi- 
ological action  of  which  is  somewhat  obscure, 
but  which  seem  to  modify  the  processes  of 
growth  and  repair  in  the  various  tissues.  The 
most  important  are  the  compounds  of  mercury, 
iodine,  and  arsenic. 

altercate  (al'ter-kat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alter- 
cated, ppr.  altercating.  [<  L.  altercatus,  pp.  of 
utti  real  i.  dispute,  <  alter,  another;  from  the 
notion  of  speaking  alternately.]  To  contend 
in  words;  dispute  with  zeal,  heat,  or  anger; 
wrangle. 

altercation  (al-ter-ha'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alter- 
cation, <  OF.  altercation,  <  L.  altereatm(n-),  a 
dispute,  <  dltercari,  pp.  altercatus,  dispute:  see 
altercate.]  1.  The  act  of  altercating;  warm 
contention  in  words;  dispute  carried  on  with 
heat  or  anger;  controversy;  wrangle. 

The  altercation  was  long,  and  was  not  brought  to  a  con- 
clusion satisfactory  to  either  party. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

This  very  uncertainty,  producing  continual  alterc 
and  wars,  produced  gn  af  si  ite  mi  n  and  warriors. 

./.  A.lanri,  Works,  IV.  fe2. 

2.  Iii  Hum.  hui-.  the  method  of  proceeding  on 
the  trial   "f  a  cause  in  eourl    by  question  and 

.  r.   Colquhoun.  =SyxL  Wrangle,  Brawl,etc.  See 

altered  (al'terd),  p.  a.  Changed;  diffen  at.   ip< 

ciflcally-  i"i  In  irphosed:  applied  to  a  rock 

of  whii  h  the  constituent  minerals  have  been  changed  by 
chemical  action  subsequently  to  its  formation  or  depo- 
sition.    Eto  i  endered  harder  and  mo]  e 
n  alteration.    When  softening  of  crystal 
rocks  takes  phi  allj  accompanied  bj  hydra 
tation,orthi  taking  up  of  water.    (6)  In  mineral.,  applied 
to  a  mine]  ha    been  changed  elthi  r 
ir  moleciuariy,  a    a  garnet  altered  to  chlorite 
or  aragoniti  alter*  d  to  calciti      I   M   isti  sted. 

alter  ego  Carter  e'go).  [L. :  alter,  other,  second; 

-10./.-  Bee  uliir  and  ego.]    Second  self ;  an- 
other sell :  counterpart :  double,    s - 

i  as  a  title  to  a  person  who  has  full  powers  to  act  for 
another,  as  in  thecaseol  i  rcl  In 

alter  idem  (al'ter  i'dem).    [L.:  alter,  other 

(sec  nil'  r);  idem,  the  same.]     Another  and  the 
same:  another  precisi  lj  similar, 
alterity  (al-tcr'i-ti  i.  re.     [<  Ml,.  alterita(t-)s,  < 
L.  alter,  other:  ieealtet   I     lie    >  at  cor  quality 
of  being  other  m    '  .     |  Bare.  | 

ib    "'ii i  it.-    feellni    ol  otherni      (alt*  Hty) 

rendered  intuit!  rity  visually  represented. 

Coleridge,  Notes  on  Shakspere,  II.  205. 


160 

altern  (al'tern,  formerly  nl-tern'),  a.     [<  L.  al- 
ii runs,  alternate,  reciprocal.  <  alter,  other:  see 
alter.]     If.  Acting  by  turns;  alternate. 
The  greater  [light]  to  have  rule  by  day. 
The  less  bj  night,  altern.  Milton,  P.  U,  vii.  348. 

2.  In  crystal.,  exhibiting  on  two  parts,  an  up- 
per and  a  lower,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  parts  are 

compared,  correspond  with  each  other Altern 

base,  in  trigon.,  a  term  used  in  distinction  from  the  true 
base.  Thus,  in  oblique  triangles,  the  true  base  is  the  sum 
of  the  sides,  in  which  ease  t lie  difference  of  the  sides  is  the 
altern  base ;  or  Inversely,  when  the  true  base  is  the  differ- 
ence of  the  sides,  the  sum  of  the  sides  is  the  altern  base. 
alternacy  (al-ter'na-si),  n.  [<  alternate:  see 
■aeij.]  Thestate  or  quality  of  being  alternate; 
occurrence  or  performance  by  turns.    [Rare.] 

The  alternacy  of  rhymes  in  a  stanza  gives  a  variety  that 
may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music,  to  a 
greater  length.  M>it..nl. 

Numerous  elisions,  which  prevent  the  softening  alter- 
nacy of  vowels  and  consonants.    Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  649. 

alternalt  (al-ter'nal),  a.    [<  L.  alternus:  see 
altern.]     Alternate. 
alternallyt  (al-ter'nal-i),  adv.    Alternately. 

Their  men  obeyed 
AUernaUy  both  generals'  commands. 

.1/"//,  tr.  of  Luean's  Pharsalia,  iv. 

alternant  (al-ter'nant),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  alter- 

nan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  alternare,  alternate:  see  alter- 
nate, v.]  I.  a.  Alternating;  specifically,  ingeol., 
composed  of  alternate  layers,  as  some  rocks. 

II.  ii.  In  math.,  a  determinant  all  the  ele- 
ments of  each  row  (or  column)  of  which  are 
functions  of  one  variable  different  from  that  of 
any  other  row  (or  column),  while  the  elements 
of  any  one  column  (or  row)  are  like  functions 
of  the  different  variables.  Such,  for  example,  is 

sin  x,  cos  x,  1 

sin  y,  cos  it,  1 

sin  z,  cos  z,  1. 
Double  alternant,  a  determinant  which  is  an  alternant 
witli  respect  to  two  sets  of  variables,  both  running  through 
the  reus  or  through  the  columns. 

Alternanthera  (al-ter-nan'the-rji),  re.  [NL.,  < 
I  j.  alternus,  alternate  (see  altern),  +  ~NL.  an  tin  ra , 
anther.]  A  genus  of  dwarf  tufted  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Amarantaceiv:  so  called  from  the 
stamens  being  alternately  fertile  and  barren. 
They  have  opposite  leaves  and  small  tribracteate  flowi  rs 
arranged  in  heads.  Several  speciesare  grown  in  gardens 
for  the  sake  of  their  richly  colored  foliage. 

alternat  (al-ter-na'),  "•  [F-,  <  L.  alternare :  see 
alternate,  v.]  Rotation  ;  specifically,  in  diplo- 
macy, a  practice  in  accordance  with  which 
several  states,  in  order  to  preserve  the  equality 
between  them,  take  each  in  turn  the  first  place, 
as,  for  example,  in  the  signing  of  treaties. 

By  the  alternat  is  intended  the  practice,  sometimes 
adopted  in  signing  conventions,  of  alternating  in  the  order 
of  priority  of  signature,  according  to  some  fixed  rule,  so 
as  to  cut  off  questions  of  rank. 

Wuolxey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  note  to  §  94. 

alternate  (al'ter-nat,  formerly  al-ter'nat),  v. ; 
pret.  and  pp. alternated,  ppr.  alternating.  [<L. 
alternatus,  pp.  of  alternare,  do  by  turns,  <  alter- 
nus,  alternate, reciprocal:  seealtern.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  or  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession. 

Who,  in  their  course. 
Mi  1 1  id  inns  hymns  about  tlie  sovran  throne 
Alternate  all  night  long.  Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  667. 

2.  To  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  one  another 
in  time  or  place  reciprocally;  interchange  re- 
ciprocally. 

The  most  high  God  .  .  .  alternates  the  disposition  of 

good  and  evil.  0.  Grew,  Ser ns. 

Alternating  worry  with  quiet  qualms, 
Bravado  with  Bubmissiveness. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  63. 

II.  intrans.   1.   To  follow  one  a  mil  her  in  time 

or    place  reciprocally:    generally   followed    by 

iritli:  as,  the  flood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  one 

with  the  other. 

Rage,  shame,  and  grief  <ilt'  mate  in  his  breast. 

J.  Philips,  Blenheim,  v.  889. 
Pale  Want  alternated 
With  Plenty's  golden    mile. 

Whittier,  The  F.xiles. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state,  action,  or  place  to 
a  second,  back  to  the  first,  ami  so  on  indefi- 
nitely :   used  «  itli  In  Urn  re,  and  sometimes  with 

from:  as,  he  alternates  &<  toewhope  anddespair, 

or  from  one  extreme  to  another;    the  country 
nil,  mates  betwei  n  woods  and  open  fields.    Alter- 
nating function,  \nmaih.  a  function  of  Beveral  variables 
which  on  the  Interchange  of  anj  two  of  them  chan       II 
sign,  but  not  iis  absolute  value.    Thus,  (as  —  '/)  is  .in  altei 
nating  function. 

alternate  (al-ter'nat),  a.  and  »,  [<  L.  alterna- 
tus, pp.  of  alterna'rt     see  alternate,  v.]    I.  a. 

1.  Being  by  turns;  following  each  H ther, 

reenrringly,  ill  succession  of  time  or  place; 
hence,  reciprocal. 


Alternate  Leaves. 


Alternate  Angles. 


alternation 

And  bid  nit.  runt*-  passions  fall  and  rise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  376. 
Billows  of  alternate  hope  and  despair. 

/'.  Webster,  Bunker  Hill  M m  nt,  June  17, 18S6. 

Two  detestable  manners,  the  indigenous  and  the  im 
ported,  were  now  in  a  state  ot  alternate  conflict  and  amal- 
gamation. Macaulay,  Drydi  n. 
Specifically,  mbot.:  (a)  Placed  at  unequal  heights  upoi 

a\i>:  as,  alternate  leaves,  which  arc 
solitary  at  the  nodes,  in  distinction 
from  opposite  or  verticitlate.  (b)  Op- 
posite to  the  intervals  between 01 
as,  petals  which  are  "It.  mate  with 
sepals,  or  stamens  w  ith  petals. 

2.  Belonging  to  a  series  be- 
tween the  two  members  of 
every  pair  in  which  a  men 
of  another  series  intervenes; 
having  one  intervening  be- 
tween the  two  of  each  pair; 
every  second:  as,  to  read  only 
the  alternate  lines;  the  odd 
numbers  form  one  series  of 
alternate  numerals,  the  ever,  numbers  anothor. 
— 3.  Consisting  of  alternating  parts  or  mem- 
bers; proceeding  by  alternation:  as,  an  al- 
ternate series;  alternate  riming;  alternate  pro- 
portion.— Alligation  alternate.  See  alligation. — Al- 
ternate angles,  in  geom.,  the  internal  angles  made  by 
two  lines  with  a  third,  on 
opposite  sides  of  it.  If  the 
two  lines  are  parallel,  the 
alternate  angles  arc  equal. 
Thus,  if  the  parallels  AB,  CD 
be  cut  by  the  fine  EF,  the 
anghs  AGH,  GHD  are  al- 
ternate angles,  as  are  also 
the  angles  BGI1  and  GHC. 
—  Alternate  crystalliza- 
tion. Sec  crystallization.— 
Alternate  generation.  (") 
In  zooL,  a  term  first  used  by 
Steenstrup  to  signify  the  pro- 
duction  of  animals  which  are  unlike  their  parents,  but  of 
which  certain  later  generations  alternately  recurring  ex- 
hibit a  likeness  to  those  parents  ;  or,  a  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion in  which  more  than  one  generation,  counted  from  a 
given  progenitor,  must  pass  before  the  appearance  of  dl 
seendants  resein  tiling  that  progenitor.  It  is  defined  by  i  Iwen 
as  consisting  in  a  series  of  individuals  which  seem  to  repre- 
sent two  species  alternately  reproduced.  Huxley  defines  it 
as  an  alternation  of  asexual  with  sexual  generation,  in  which 
tie  products  of  one  process  differ  from  those  of  the  other. 
Aei  aiding  to  All  in  an,  the  intercalation  of  a  proper  sexual 
reproduction  is  necessary  to  constitute  true  alternate 
generation,  (b)  In  cryptogamic  l.<.t  ,  the  passageof  a  plant 
through  a  succession  of  unlike  generations  before  tin  ini- 
tial form  is  reproduced.  Isnally  the  succession  i-  one 
in  which  one  sexually  produced  form  alternates  with  an- 
other produced  asexually.  The  alternation  of  those  sex- 
ually produced  may  lie  with  those  parthenogenetically 
1  nod  need  (heterogenesis  or  /  <<  t<  rogamy,  which  see),  or  with 
those  produced  by  budding  (metagenesis). — Alternate 
numbers,  units  such  that  the  product  of  any  two  ha-  Its 
sign  changed  by  reversal  oi  the  order  of  the  factoi 
mn= — inn.  The  square  of  any  such  number  vanishes. 
— Alternate  proportion,  the  equal  proportion  that  sub- 
sists between  the  alternate  members  of  the  pairs  of  a 
scries  of  proportionals.  Thus,  if  a  :  l> ::  c  :  d,  then  by  alti  i 
natc  proportion  «  :  c  ::  b  :  it.  —  Alternate  quarters,  in 
her.,  quarters  diagonally  opposite  to  each  other,  as  the  Aral 
ami  fourth  quarters,  and  the  second  and  third.  They  have 
usually  the  same  charges. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  happens  by  turns  with 
something  else ;  vicissitude.     [Rare.] 

Etai    l  in  pleasure,  or  repos'd  in  ease, 

Grateful  alternates  vi  sllletantial  peace. 

Prior,  Solomon,  i. 
2.  In  political  conventions  and  some  other  rep- 
resentative bodies,  one  authorized  lo  take  the 
place  of  another  in  his  absence ;  a  substitute. 
[United  Stat.  8.] 
alternately  (al-ter'nat -li),(7rft'.  In  an  alternate 
manner,  (a)  In  reciprocal  succession;  by  turns,  so  that 
each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it  succeeds,  in  tie 
way  as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night. 

There  is  a  sort  of  delight,  which  is  alternately  mixed 
with  terror  and  sorrow-,  in  the  contemplation  of  death. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  i:;:;. 

('')  With  the  omission  or  interventi f  one  hi 

two;  as.  read  the  lines  alternately;  in  I'Ycnch  prosodj 
male  and  female  rimes  occur  iii  couplets  alternately,  (e) 
In  her.,  according  In  altern. id  quarters  (which  sic 
niter  mile).  -  Alternately  pinnate,  in  lmt.,a  term  applied 
to  a  pinnate  leaf  when  the  leaflets  on  one  side  of  the  peti- 
ole arc  not  opposite  to  those  upon  the  other  side. 

altemateneSS  (al-ter'nal-iies),  n.  The  stateor 
i|iiality  ol'  being  alternate,  or  of  preceding  and 
following  by  turns. 

alternation  (al-ter-na'shon),  n.     [<  L.  alU 
tio(n-),  <  alternare,  pp.  alternatus :  see  alternate, 
v.]     1.  The  act  of  alternating,  or  the  sta 

being  alternate;  the   reciprocal   su ss'nui   of 

things  in  lime  or  place,  or  of  states  or  acl ions; 
the  act  of  following  something  and  being  in 
turn  followed  by  it:  as,  the  alternation  of  day 
and  night,  cold  and  heat,  summer  and  winter. 

The  alternation  of  uncultivated  an-l  cultivated  plains, 
with  scattered  villages.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  xL 

I  he  law  ol  nature  is  alternation  for  evermore. 

Emerson,  Friendship. 


alternation 

2.  Passage  back  and  forth;  repeated  transition ; 
the  action  of  going  from  one  stato,  condition, 
orpoint  to  another,  and baekagain, indefinitely: 
as,  alternation  between  states  of  mind  01  be- 
tween places ;  his  alternations  from  one  point 
to  the  other  were  very  frequent. — 3.  In  math. : 
(a)  The  different  changes  or  alterations  of  order 
in  numbers.  More  commonly  called  permuta- 
tion. (6)  Alternate  proportion  (which  see,  un- 
der alternate,  a.). — 4.  In  church  ritual,  the  say- 
ing or  reading  of  parts  of  a  service  by  minister 
and  congregation  alternately — Alternation  of 
generation.  -see  alternate  gene ration,  under  alternate,  a. 
alternative  (al-ter'na-tiv),  a.  and  re.  [=  F. 
alternative,  n.,  alternatif,  -ire,  a.,  <  ML.  alterna- 
ting. <  L.  altcrnarc,  pp.  alternatus:  see  alter- 
nate, v.]  I,  a.  1.  Of  two  things,  such  that  only 
one  can  be  selected  or  only  one  is  possible, 
etc. ;  mutually  exclusive. 

To  arrive  at  the  best  compromise  in  any  case  implies 
correct  conceptions  of  the  alternative  results  of  this  or 
that  course.  H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  108. 

The  conscience  of  mankind,  and  the  voice  alike  of  phi- 
losophy and  of  religion,  reject  with  equal  horror  his  [J.  s. 
.Mills]  alternative  solution  of  the  origin  of  evil,  that  the 
Creator  of  the  world  is  either  the  author  of  evil  or  the 
slave  of  it.  Edinburgh  Jiev. 

2.  Affording  a  choice  between  two  things,  or 
a  possibility  of  one  thing  out  of  two ;  given  or 
offered  for  selection,  as  against  something  else : 
as,  an  alternative  proposition ;  he  presented  an 
alternative  statement. — 3f.  Alternate;  recipro- 
cal. Holland. — 4.  In  bot.,  having  the  parts  of 
the  inner  whorl  alternate  with  the  outer:  ap- 
plied to  the  estivation  or  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  the  perianth  in  the  bud.  —  Alternative 
demand,  a  request  for  either,  but  not  both,  of  two  things. 
—Alternative  judgment  or  inference,  in  logic,  a  judg- 
ment or  inference  which  judges  or  infers  that  one  or  the 
other  of  two  facts  is  true.  Same  as  disjunctive  judgment  or 
inference. 

II.  re.  1.  A  choice  between  two  things;  a 
possibility  of  one  of  two  things. —  2.  One  of 
two  things  of  which  either  is  possible  or  may 
be  chosen.  In  strictness  the  word  cannot  be  applied 
to  more  than  two  things ;  when  one  thing  only  is  possible, 
there  is  said  to  be  no  alternative. 

Between  these  alternatives  there  is  no  middle  ground. 

Cranch. 
The  stages  of  mental  assent  and  dissent  are  almost  in- 
numerable; but  the  alternatives  of  action  proposed  by 
the  Christian  faith  are  two  only. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  142. 

3.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  arrangement  by 
which  the  pope  nominates  to  vacant  benefices 
only  in  alternate  months,  at  other  times  leav- 
ing the  nomination  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
or  to  the  regular  patron.  The  month  counted 
is  that  in  which  the  benefice  becomes  vacant. 

alternatively  (al-ter'na-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  al- 
ternative manner ;  in  a  manner  that  admits  the 
choice  or  possibility  of  one  out  of  two  things. 

alternativeness  (al-ter'na-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  alternative. 

altemityt  (al-ter'ni-ti),  re.     [<  ML.  altemitas, 
<  L.  alternus,  altern:  see  alter n.~\     Succession 
by  turns ;  alternation. 
The  alternity  and  vicissitude  of  rest. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  1. 

alternize  (al'ter-niz),  v.  t.      [<  altern  +  -ire.] 
To    cause    to   follow   alternately;    alternate. 
[Rare.] 
A  tete-a-tete,  alternized  with  a  trio  by  my  son. 

Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  VII.  355. 

Althaea  (al-the'S),  re.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aWaia,  wild 
mallow,  marsh-mallow ;  perhaps  related  to  ak- 
dahciv,  heal,  and  to  Skt.  Nardil,  thrive.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Malva- 
ceae, including  the  hollyhock,  A.  rosea,  and  the 
marsh-mallow,  A.  officinalis. —  2.  [I.e.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  the  Hibiscus  Syriacus,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  Also  called  shrubby  althaea  and 
rose  of  Sharon. 

althein  (al-the'in),  re.  [<  Althaea  +  -i«2.]  A 
white  crystallizable  substance,  formula  C4H8 
N203,  contained  in  the  root  of  the  marsh-mal- 
low, Althaea  officinalis,  and  of  asparagus:  iden- 
tical with  asparagin  (which  see). 

althert,  a.     Same  as  alder3. 

Althing  (al'ting),  re.  [Icel.,  formerly  althingi, 
the  general  assembly,  <  allr,  all,  +  thing, 
court:  see  all  and  tiling.']  The  general  assem- 
bly or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

Althingman  (al'ting-man),  n. :  pi.  Altliingmen 
(-men).  [<  Althing  +  num.]  A  member  of  the 
Althing  or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

alt-horn  (alt'horn),  re.     [<  alt  +  horn:  see  alt.] 
A  musical  instrument  of  the  sax-horn  class, 
often  used  in  place  of  or  with  the  French  horn 
in  military  bands. 
11 


161 

although  (al-THd'),  conj.  [ME.  al  though,  al 
tliali,  etc.;  <  all,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  'even,' 
+  though  :  see  nil.  adv.,  and  though.  Cf.  albe- 
it.] Admitting  that ;  in  spite  of  the  fact  that ; 
notwithstanding  (that) :  though.  =  syn.  Although, 
Though,  Notwithstanding.  Between  although  and  though 
the  choice  ia  of  ten  determined  by  the  rhythm.  Notwith 
standing  [aya  more  stress  than  the  others  upon  the  adver- 
sative idea  implied  in  concessive  clauses. 

Although  I  have  cast  them  far  off  among  the  heathen, 
and  although  I  have  scattered  them  among  the  countries, 
yei  will  1  lie  to  them  as  a  little  sanctuary  in  the  countries 
where  they  shall  come.  Ezek.  xi.  10. 

A  si  parable  spite, 
Which  though  it  alter  not  love's  sole  effect, 
Vet  doth  it  steal  sweet  hours  from  love's  delight. 

Shah.,  Sonnets,  wwi. 
Come,  come,  Sir  Peter,  you  love  her,  notwithstanding 

your  tempers  don't  cxactl.t  agree. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 
(This  use  of  notwithstanding  is  commonly  regarded  as  too 
elliptical ;  it  is,  therefore,  not  so  common  as  formerly. 
See  notwithstanding.] 

Altica  (al'ti-ka),  re.     See  Haltica. 
alticomous  (al'-tik'o-mus),  a.    [<  LL.  alticomus, 

having  leaves  high'up,  or  on  the  top,  <  L.  altus, 

high,  4-  coma,  head  of  hair,  foliage :  see  coma1.] 
•  In  bot.,  having  leaves  on  the  higher  parts  only. 

Slid.  Soc.  Lex. 
altify(al'ti-fi),  v.  t.    [<L.  altus,high,+  -fy.    Cf. 

magnify.]     To  heighten ;  raise  aloft.     [Rare.] 

Every  country  is  given  to  magnify  — not  to  say  altifu  — 
their  own  things  therein.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.'  231. 

altiloctuence  (al-til'o-kwens),  n.  [<altiloquent; 
=  Sp.  altilocuencia==~Pg.aliiloqiiencia.]  Lofty 
speech ;  pompous  language. 

altiloquent  (al-til'o-kwent),  a.  [=  Sp.  altilo- 
cm  ute  =  Pg.  altiloquentc,  <  L.  alius,  high,  +  lo- 
quen(t-)s,  speaking,  ppr.  of  loijui,  speak.  Cf. 
LL.  altiloquus,  in  same  sense.]  High-sound- 
ing ;  pompous  in  language. 

altimeter  (al-tim'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  altimetre,  < 
L.  alius,  high,  -I-  metrum,  <  Gr.  uirpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  altitudes,  as  a 
quadrant,  sextant,  or  theodolite. 

altimetry  (al-tim'e-tri),  re.  [<  altimeter;  =  F. 
altimetric.  ]  The  art  of  ascertaining  altitudes  by 
means  of  an  altimeter,  and  by  trigonometrical 
methods. 

altin  (al'tin),  re.  [F.  altine,  <  Russ.  altuinu,  a 
denomination  of  money.  Cf.  Bulg.  altiin,  Serv. 
allium,  Turk,  altin,  gold.]  A  Russian  money  of 
account,  equal  to  three  copecks. 

Altinares  (al-ti-na'rez),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  altus, 
high,  deep,  +  nares,  nostrils.]  In  Sundevall's 
system  of  ornithology :  («)  A  group  of  birds  cor- 
responding to  the  family  Corrida:  of  authors  in 
general,  and  consisting  of  the  crows,  jays,  and 
nut-crackers.  (6)  One  of  the  two  series  into 
which  he  divides  the  cohort  Coccyges,  the  other 
being  Humilinares.     See  Zygodactyly 

altincar  (al-ting'kar),  re.  [<  Ar.  al-tinkdr,  <  al, 
the,  +  tinkdr,  Pers.  Hind,  tinkdr,  Malay  tingkal, 
<  Skt.  tankana :  see  lineal.]  Crude  borax,  em- 
ployed in  refining  metals ;  tineal  (which  see). 

altiscope  (al'fi-skop),  re.  [<  L.  altus,  high,  + 
Gr.  oncmi'tv,  look  at:  see  scope.]  An  instrument 
consisting  of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  and  mir- 
rors in  a  telescopic  tube,  extensible  vertically, 
by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  look  over  ob- 
jects intervening  between  the  observer  and  the 
Object  to  be  seen.  When  the  sections  of  the  tube  are 
extended,  the  view  is  received  upon  an  upper  mirror  placed 
at  an  angle  of  45*.  and  reflected  thence  down  the  tube  to 
a  lower  mirror,  where  it  is  seen  by  the  observer. 

altisonant  (al-tis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  altus,  high, 
+  Sonan(t-)s,  ppr. of  sonare,  sound:  sic  sound".  | 
High-sounding ;  lofty  or  pompous,  as  language  : 
as,  "altisonant  phrases,"  Evelyn,  Sylva  (To  the 
Reader). 

altisonOUS  (al-tis'o-uus),  a.  [<  L.  iilti.ioiiiis, 
high-sounding,  <  altus,  high,  +  sonare,  sound: 
see  sound".]     Same  as  altisonant. 

altissimo  (al-tis'i-ino),  a.  [It.,  superl.  of  alto, 
high:  see  alt.]  A  musical  term  used  in  the 
phrase  in  altissimo,  literally  in  the  highest,  that 
is,  in  the  second  octave  above  the  treble  staff, 
beginning  with  G.     See  nil. 

altitonant  (al-tit'o-nant),  a.  [<L.  altitonan(t-)s, 
(.altus,  high,  +  tohaii[t-)s,  ppr.  of  tonare,  thun- 
der.] Thundering  from  on  high ;  high-thunder- 
ing.    [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Altitonant, 
Imperial-erowu'd,  and  thunder-armed  Jove. 

Middleton,  World  Tost  at  Tennis. 

altitude  (al'ti-tud),  n.  [<  ME.  altitude,<  L.  alli- 
tudo,  height.  <  altus.  high:  see  alt.]  1.  Space 
extended  upward;  height;  the  degree  or  amount 
of  elevation  of  an  object  above  its  foundation, 
the  ground,  or  a  given  level;  the  amount  or 


Altrices 

distance  by  which  one  object  is  higher  than  an- 
other:  as,  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  or  a  cloud. 
—  2.  Tho  elevation  of  a  point,  star,  or  other 
object  above  the  horizon,  measured  by  the 
arc  of  a  vertical  intercepted  between  such  point 
and  the  horizon.  Altitude  is  eithei  apparent  or  true. 
Apparent  altitude  is  that  which  appears  by  o 
made  at  any  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  tru 
hid.-,  that  which  results  by  correcting  the  apparent  for 
refraction,  parallax,  and  dip  of  the  horizon.  [The  words 
altitude  and  elevation  in  geodesy  are  somewhat  confusi  d 
but  it  is  preferable  to  use  altitude  for  angular  height,  cle- 
vati'iu  for  linear  height.]     Often  abbreviated  to  alt. 

From  henncs  forthward,  I  wol  clepe  the  heyhtc  of  any 
thing  that  is  taken  by  thy  rewle  [an  astrolabe],  tic  alti- 
tude, withowtc  mo  wordes.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

3.  An  elevation  or  height ;  anything  extending 
far  upward. 

The  altitudes  which  are  surmounted  only  for  the  charms 
of  outlook  they  offer.        D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

4.  Highest  point  or  degree ;  full  elevation. 
He  did  it  to  please  his  mother,  and  to  be  partly  proud ; 

which  he  is,  even  to  the  altitude  of  his  virtue. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

5.  Elevation  of  spirit;   haughty  air:   iti  this 
sense  generally  used  in  the  plural.    [Archaic] 

From  the  nature  of  their  conversation,  there  was  no 
room  for  altitudes.     Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe.V.  232. 

If  we  would  see  him  in  his  altitude*,  we  must  go  back 
to  the  House  of  Commons ;  .  .  .  there  he  cuts  ami  slashes 
at  another  rate.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  258. 

Accessible  altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  object  to  the 
base  of  which  one  can  have  access,  so  as  to  measure  the 
distance  between  it  and  the  station  from  which  the  alti- 
tude is  to  be  measured.— Altitude  and  azimuth  circle. 
See  circle.— Altitude  or  elevation  of  the  pole,  the  arc 
of  the  meridian  intercepted  between  the  pole  and  the 
horizon.  It  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place.— Circle 
or  parallel  of  altitude.  See  almucaTUar.— Inacces- 
sible altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  object  whose  base  can- 
not be  approached.  — Meridian  altitude  of  a  star,  an 
arc  of  the  meridian  between  the  horizon  anil  a  star  on  the 
meridian.— Parallax  of  altitude.  See  parallax. — Re- 
fraction of  altitude,  an  arc  of  a  vertical  circle,  by  which 
tic  tine  altitude  of  a  heavenly  body  is  in  appearance  in- 
creased, on  account  of  refraction. 
altitudinal  (al-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.  [<  L.  altitudo 
(altitudin-)  +  -al :  see  altitude.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  height ;  in  not.  hist.,  having  refer- 
ence to  elevation  above  the  sea-level:  as,  an 
altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation.     See  cone. 

Two  ferns,  a  species  of  Gleichenia  and  the  broad-fronded 
Dipteris  horsfleldi— here  at  its  lowest  altitudinal  limit- 
profusely  covered  the  ground. 

//.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  78. 

altitudinarian  (al"ti-tu-di-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  altitudo  (altitudin-),  altitude:  seealtit tide] 
I.  a.  Aspiring.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

II.  u.  One  who  aspires;  one  given  to  lofti- 
ness in  thought  or  speech. 

altivolant  (al-tiv'o-lant),  a.  [<  L.  altivolan(t-)s 
(cf.  equiv.  ultivolns,  high-flying),  <  altus,  high,  + 
volare,  ppr.  volan(t-)s,  fly:  see  volant.]  High- 
flying. 

alto  (al'to),  a.  and  re.  [It.,  high:  see  alt.]  I. 
a.  Literally,  high :  an  element  in  terms  relating 
to  music  and  art:  as,  alto-ripieno,  alto-rilievo. 
—Alto  clef,  alto  fagotto,  alto  viola,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
II.  n.  [So  called  from  being  higher  than  the 
tenor,  to  which  in  old  music  the  melody  was 
assigned.]  In  music:  (a)  Same  as  contralto, 
(b)  The  instrument  called  in  England  the  tenor 
violin,  and  by  the  Italians  the  viola. 

altogether  (al-to-ge5H'er),  adv.    [<  ME.  alto- 
gedere,  altogidere,  etc.,  <  al,  adv.,  all,  +  iot/edere, 
together:  see  all,  adv.,  and  together.]    Wholly; 
entirely;  completely;  quite. 
Every  man  at  his  best  state  is  altogether  vanity. 

Ps.  xxxix.  5. 
He  [Temple]  began  to  make  preparations  for  retiring  al- 
together ir.nn  business.      Macauutg,  sir  William  Temple. 

alto-relievo  (al'to-re-le'vo),  re.  An  Anglicized 
form  of  alto-rilin  o. 

alto-rilievo  (aFto-re-lya'vo),  re.  [It.:  alto, 
high  (see  alt);  rilievo,  relief :  see  relief.]  High 
relief;  in  sculp.,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the 
figures  or  other  objects  represented  stand  out 
very  boldly  from  the  background.  More  or  less 
important  portions  of  the  design  may  even  be  carved  en- 
tirely in  the  round.  An  alto-rilievo,  or  a  work  in  alto- 
riXv  vo,  is  a  relict  sculptured  in  this  form.  Seecuton  next 
page.    See  bas-relief  and  mezzo-rilievo. 

Altrices  (al-tii'sez),  re.  /*/.  [NL.,pl. of  li.altrix, 
fein.  of  altor,  ti  nourisher,  nurse,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish: see  aliment,  n.]  In  omith.,  one  of  the  pri- 
mary divisions  of  the  class  Arcs,  or  birds,  in 
some  systems,  as  that  of  Bonaparte,  it  includes  those  birds 
which  are  hatched  in  a  weak  and  usually  naked  condition, 
and  require  to  lie  fed  for  some  time  in  the  nest  by  the  pa- 
rents :  opposed  to  PrCBCOCes,  or  those  birds  which  run  about 
is  soon  as  tln\  arc  hatched.  Not  in  use  as  the  name  of  a 
-iii. .lass  of  Are..-,  hut  recognized  as  a  collective  term  for 
birds  having  the  above-given  characters,  as  nearly  all  land- 
birds,  and  some  water-birds,  as  the  Herodiones  and  Slegano- 
podes.  .Nearly  equivalent  to  Sundevall's  term  Psilopcedes 
or  Gymnopovdes.    Also  called  Ueterophagi. 


altricial 

altricial  (al-tris'ial),  a.  f<  Altrice$.~\  Being 
one  of  or  belonging  to  the  Altriees;  having  the 
nature  of  Altriees;  heterophagous. 


Alto-rilievo. 
Hermes.  Eurydice,  and  Orpheus :  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 

altropathy  (al-trop'a-thi),  n.  [<  L.  alter,  an- 
other, +  dr.  --adia,  <!  iradoc,  suffering.]  Feel- 
ing for  others ;  sympathy. 

Better  still  to  convey  the  altruistic  conception,  and  in 
more  natural  contrast  with  autopathy,  there  might  in  like 
manner  be  substituted  for  sympathy  the  allied  expression 
altropathy,  which,  to  a  certain  extent,  would  come  to  the 
aid  of  the  Btronger  term  philanthropy. 

L.  F.  Want,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  II.  371. 

altruism  (al'tro-izm),  n.  [<  F.  altruisms,  <  It. 
altrui,  another,  other  people  (=  Pr.  altrui  = 
OF.  altrui,  F.  autrui),  prop,  the  objective  case, 
sing,  and  pi.,  of  altro,  other  (=  OF.  altre,  F. 
autre),  <  L.  alter,  other:  see  alter.  In  the  col- 
loquial Latin  of  later  times,  alter,  like  many 
other  pronominal  words,  was  strengthened  by 
the  addition  of  hie,  this;  hence  dat.  *alteri-huic, 
contr.  to  "altruic,  altrui,  which  became  the  com- 
mon objective  case.]  A  term  first  employed  by 
the  French  philosopher  Comte  to  denote  the 
benevolent  instincts  and  emotions  in  general, 
or  action  prompted  by  them:  the  opposite  of 
egoism. 

If  we  define  nltriiimn  as  being  all  action  which,  in  the 
normal  course  of  things,  benefits  others  instead  of  bene- 
fiting self,  then,  from  the  dawn  of  life,  altruism  has  been 
ii"  Less  essential  than  egoism. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  75. 

altruist  (al'tro-ist ).  n.  [<  F.  altruiste,  as  altru- 
isms, altruism,  +  -iste,  -ist .  ]  One  who  practises 
altruism;  a  person  devoted  to  the  welfare  of 
others:  opposed  to  egoist. 

altruistic  (al-trfci-is'tik),  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating In  altruism;  regardful  of  others;  having 
regard  to  tin-  well-being  or  best  interests  of 
others :  opposed  to  egoistic. 

only  in  tbe  cotiiparath  cly  rare  cases  where  the  anony- 
mous benefaction  i.^  from  one  who  can  ill  afford  the  money 
or  the  labour  re, pond,  does  generosity  rise  to  that  high- 
est form  in  which  altruistic  gratification  out-balance  ego 
istic gratification,         //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  $  528. 

altruistically  (al-tr6-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.      In  an 

altruistic  manner;  for  the  benefit  of  another; 
benevolently;  unselfishly.     H.Spencer. 

alturet (al'tiir),  n.  [<  it."  altura,  height,  <  alto, 
high:  see  aft.]     Height;  altitude.    X  E.  D. 

aluchi,  ".    Si  e  ,,i,,,i,  in. 

Alucita  (a-lu'si  tii),  n.  [NIi.,  <  LL.  (cited  as 
L.)  alucita,  a  gnat.]  A  genus  of  featherwings 
or  pluine-iiiotiis.  family  Pterophoridce,  having 
the  wings  divided  into  six  lobes  or  feathers, 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  ciliated  along  the  edge. 
i.  hexadactylapl  Europe  and  America,  expands 
ahoul  half  an  inch. 

Alucitidae  (nl-u  sit'i-.loi,  u.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Alueila 
+  -ida:~\  Featherwings  or  plume-moths;  a 
family  of  moth  named  from  the  genus  .linn In, 
having  tin-  wings  dissected  into  feathery  lobes. 

Also  ea lie, |  Pterophorida  (which  see).  See  cut 
under  plum*  -moth. 
aluco  (a-lu'ko),  ii.  [NL.  -aid  by  Gesner  to 
have  bet  n  Latdnizi  d  bj  I  iaza  1 176  i  from  It. 
alocho,  to  translate  <  tr.  .'/  ■  ■  b  kind  oi  owl)  in 
Aristotle ;  but  rather  a  variation  (>  Sp.  alucon  i 
of  LL.  alliens,  a  diff.  reading  of  uluous,  said  by 

Ser\  ins  to  lie  :i  popular  nam piiv.  to  alula,  an 

owl.  Hence  (<  LL.  alucus)  appar.  It.  alocco,  "I 
locco,  dial,  oloch,  an  owl,  a  dunce,  dolt ;  cf .  It. 


Alula  (the  shaded  part  in  the  figure 


162 

dial,  locco,  loucch,  a  dunce,  Sp.  loco,  a  madman, 
loco,  adj.,  =  Pg.  touco,  Pr.  locou,  mad.]  1.  The 
specific  name  of  a  kind  of  owl.  Slri.r  or  Si/rniiim 
aluco,  the  European  tawny  owl. —  2.  leap.]  A 
name  of  a  genus  of  owls,  now  usually  applied 
to  the  genus  of  barn-owls  taken  as  typical  of 
tin  family  Aluconidce.  The  common  barn-owl  of 
the  old  world  is  Aluco  Jlanniii  us  ;  that  of  Amer- 
ica is  -i.  pratineola.  See  cut  under  bain-mcl. — 
3.  leap.]  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Link,  1807. 
Aluconidae  (al-u-kon'i-de),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
en(u-)  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  owls,  consisting  of 
those  known  as  barn-owls.  See  barn-owl.  They 
differ  from  all  others  in  having  the  sternum  entire  and 
simply  emarginate  behind,  with  the  finculum  aukylosed 

to  its  keel,  the  middle  claw  somewhat  pectinate,  and  tbe 

facial  disk  complete  and  triangular.  The  family  consists 
of  the  genera  Aluco  and  Phoduus.    See  Strigidos. 

Aluconinae  (al"u-ko-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aiu- 
co(n-)  +  -inic]  The  Alucomdce,  as  a  subfamily 
of  Strigidos. 

aluder(al'u-del),  n.     [<  OF.  aludel,  alutel,  <  Sp. 

aludel,  <  Ar.  al-utlial,  <  al,  the,  +  uthal,  prob. 
for  itltdl,  pi.  of  athla,  utensil,  apparatus.]  In 
chem.,  a  name  given  to  one  of  a  number  of  pear- 
shaped  glasses  or  earthen  pots,  used  in  subli- 
mation, resembling  somewhat  the  ancient  alem- 
bic, and  open  at  both  ends  so  that  they  can  be 
fit  t  ed  together  in  a  series.  The  name  has  also  been 
given  to  any  prolonged  chimney  or  tube  of  glass  or  earth- 
enware consisting  of  mere  than  one  piece. 
aludel-furnace  (al'u-del-fer"nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace for  the  reduction  of  mercurial  ores.  It  con- 
sists of  a  cylindrical  shaft  divided  by  an  arch  into  two 
chambers,  the  lower  serving  as  a  furnace  and  the  upper 
receiving  the  ore.  The  mercurial  vapors  from  the  latter 
pass  through  rows  of  aludels,  in  which  it  is  condensed  and 
w  hence  it  is  delivered  into  a  reservoir, 
alula  (al'u-la),  n.;  pi.  alulec  (-le).  [NL.,  dim.  of 
ala,  wing:  see  aisle.'}    1   In  ornith.,  the  winglet, 

bastard  wing, 
or  ala  spuria 
of  a  bird;  the 
packet  of  small 
feathers  which 
grows  upon 
the  so-called 
thumb  of  a 
bird's  wing. 
The  feathers  are  rather  stiff,  resembling  primaries  to  some 
extent,  but  always  smaller,  and  contribute  to  the  smooth- 
ness and  evenness  of  the  border  of  the  wing. 
2.  In  entom. :  (a)  The  small  membranous  ap- 
pendage or  scale  situated  at  the  base  of  each 
wing  of  many  dipterous  insects,  above  the  hal- 
teres  or  poisers.  (b)  A  similar  appendage  be- 
neath each  elytron  of  some  water-beetles.  Also 
called  alulet  and  cueilleron. 

In  certain  water  beetles  (Dytiscidie)  a  pair  of  alulce,  or 
winglets,  are  developed  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  elytra. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  127. 

alular  (al'u-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
alula. 

alulet  (al'u-let),  ».  [<  alula  +  -et.]  In  extern., 
same  as  alula,  2. 

alum  (al'um),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  often  allum, 
nlriii,  iili/in,  <ME. (7/hjm,  atom,  <OF.  alum, mod.F. 
nluii  =  MHG.  alun,  G.  alaun  (>  Pol.  alun  (barred 
I),  Sloven,  alun =Kuss.  galunit  —  Lith.  alunas), 
<  L.  alumen,  alum;  of  unknown  origin.]  The 
general  name  of  a  class  of  double  sulphates 
formed  by  the  union  of  aluminium,  iron,  chro- 
mium, or  manganese  sulphate  with  the  sul- 
phate of  some  other  metal,  commonly  an  alka- 
line metal  or  ammonium.    Co n  or  potash  alum 

has  the  formula  a.i.so,!:  |  K  ..si  i ,  |  24H20.  It  is  pro- 
duced by  mixing  concentrated  solutions  of  potassium 
sulphate  and  crude  aluminium  sulphate      The  double 

salt  at  once  crystallizes  in  oetabedrons.  Alum  is  soluble 
in  water,  has  a  sweetish-sour  taste,  reddens  litmus,  and 
is  a  powerful  astringent,  in  medicine  it  is  used  inter- 
nally as  an  astringent,  externally  as  a  styptie  applied  to 
severed  blood-vessels.  In  tbe  arts  it  is  used  as  a  mor- 
dant in  dyeing,  and  extensively  in  other  ways.     When 

mixed  in  small  am t  with  inferior  grades  of  Hour,  it  is 

said  to  whiten  them  in  tbe  process  of  bread-making,  but 
its  effect  on  the  system  is  injurious.  Alum  Shale,  an- 
other name  for  iihim  slate,  including  especially  its  more 
shaly  varieties.— Alum  slate,  a  variety  Of  clay  slate  con- 
taining mine  or  ieas  carbonaceous  material  (remains  of 
Beaweeds,  etc),  with  which  is  associated  an  easily  de- 
composed and  frequently 'lining  com] nd  of  sulphur 

and   iron   Onaii. i   id  i  I  he    decomposition    of    this  sub- 

stance gives  rise  to  an  efflorescence  oi  alum,  usually 
potash  alum,  which  is  a  compound  of  potassium  sulphate 

and  aluminium  sulphate.—  Burnt  alum,  alum  fr which 

thewaterol  crystallization  has  been  driven  ofl  by  heat, 
Also  called  dried  alum  alumen  exsiccatum. — Concen- 
trated alum,  normal  aluminium  sulphate,  Al^so,).,, 
which  is  prepared  on  a  large  si  de  by  treating  roa  i<  d  -  in 
with  ,-il  of  vitriol,  and  crystallizing  out  the  sulphate  form- 
ed.   It  is  largely  used  in  dyeing.   Abe  called  filial  alum. 

—  Cubic  alum,  or  basic  alum,  the  mineral  alum  stone. 

—  Earth  of  alum.  Seeeartft,  Roman  alum,  ■■<  variety 
of  potash  alum  prepared  from  the  mineral  alum-stone,  of 
special  value  to  dyers,  since  it  contains  no  soluble  Iron 
salts.     Also  called  ruck-alum  and  rochc-alum. 


aluminium 

alum  (al'um),  r.  t.  [<  alum,  n.]  To  steep  in 
or  impregnate  with  a  solution  of  alum. 

let  silk  dyeing  anotta  is  largely  used,  yielding  bright 
lustrous  shades;  by  aluming  the  silk  is  considered  to  take 
the  dye  better.    O'lveiU,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  67. 

alum-battery  (al'uin-bat"e-ri),  n.  A  galvanic 
battery  employing  a  solution  of  alum  as  the 
exciting  liquid. 

Alumbrado  (a-lBm-hra'do),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly 
iiliiiiihriiiln.  pp.  of  alumbrar,  formerly  alombrar. 
enlighten,  illuminate.  <  ML.  "alluminare:  see 
(illumine,  and  cf.  illuminate,  Illuminati.]  One 
of  a  sect  of  Illuminati,  or  Perfectionists,  which 
existed  in  Spain  in  the  sixteenth  century,  bu' 
was  suppressed  by  the  Inquisition.  Also  spella 
Alombrado. 

alum-earth  (al'tvm-erth),  n.    A  massive  variet; 
of  alum-stone  (which  see). 

alumin,  illumine  (al'u-min),  re.  Same  as  alu- 
mina. 

alumina  (a-lu'ini-na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alumen 
(alumin-):  see  alum?]  The  oxid  of  aluminium, 
AI9O3,  the  most  abundant  of  the  earths,  it  is 
widely  diffused  over  the  globe  in  the  shape  of  clay,  loam, 
and  other  similar  substances;  corundum,  in  its  varieties 
adamantine  spar,  the  ruby,  and  sapphire,  is  alumina  nearly 
pure  and  crystallized.  In  these  forms  alumina  is,  next  to 
the  diamond,  the  hardest  substance  known.  Its  great  value 
in  the  arts  depends  on  its  affinity  for  vegetable  coloring 
matters  and  animal  fiber.  It  forms  the  base  el  the  lakes 
in  dyeing,  and  acts  also  as  a  mordant.  United  with  silica 
it  is  extensively  used  in  tile  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  pot- 
tery and  porcelain-ware,  crucibles,  mortar,  and  cements. 

aluminate  (a-lu'mi-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
illuminated, ppr.  aluminating.  [<  L.  alumiiintiis, 
pp.  adj.,  <  alumen  (alumin-):  see  alum.']  To 
treat  or  impregnate  with  alum ;  specifically,  in 
printing  engravings,  to  wash  (the  paper)  with 
aliun-water  to  prevent  the  running  of  the  lines. 

aluminate  (a-lu'mi-nat ),  ».  [<  alumina  +  -ate1.] 
A  salt  in  which  alumiua  acts  toward  the  stronger 
bases  as  an  acid.  Sodium  aluminate  is  used  as 
a  mordant.  The  mineral  spinel  is  a  magnesium 
aluminate. 

aluminic  (al-ii-min'ik),  a.  [<  aluminium  +  -i'c] 
Relating  to  or  containing  aluminium. 

aluminiferous  (a-lu-mi-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
men (alumin-),  alum,  +  ferrc  =  E.  bear1.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminiform  (al-u-min'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  "lu- 
men, (edumin-),  alum,  +  -formis,  (.forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminite  (a-lu'mi-nit),  n.  [<  alumina  +  -its2.] 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium,  a  mineral  that 
occurs  in  small  roundish  or  reniform  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow-white  or  yellowish-white. 

aluminium  (al-u-miu'i-um),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  alu- 
miiie,  >  E.  alumin),  <  L.  alumen  (-min-),  alum  (see 
alum),  +  -non,  as  in  sodium,  potassium,  etc.;  first 
proposed  by  Sir  H.  Davy,  the  discoverer  of  the 
metal,  in  the  form  alumium  and  then  aluminum.] 
Chemical  symbol  Al;  atomic  weight  27.1.  A 
metal  of  silver-white  color  and  brilliant  luster, 
about  as  hard  as  zinc,  very  malleable  and  duc- 
tile, highly  sonorous,  and  a  good  conductor  of 
heat  and  electricity.  Its  most  remarkable  character 
is  its  low  specific  gravity  (2.56),  which  is  about  one  third 
that  of  iron  and  icss  than  that  of  marble.  It  does  not 
tarnish  in  tbe  air,  and  even  in  a  molten  state  does  not 
oxidize;  its  melting-point  is  somewhat  lower  than  that  of 
silver.  Aluminium  in  combination  with  oxygen  (AI2O3) 
forms  the  common  earth  alumina,  which  exists  in  nature 
as  the  mineral  corundum,  of  which  the  ruby,  sapphire, 
and  emery  are  varieties  ;  tbe  hvdrateil  sesipiioxid  exists  119 
the  minerals  diaspore,  gibbsite,  and  bauxite.     Alumina 

also  enters  into  the  compositi fa  very  large  number  of 

minerals,  the  most  important  of  which  arc  the  feldspars. 
From  the  decomposition  of  these,  clay  (kaolin,  etc.)  is 
produced,  which  is  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alu- 
minium. Among  other  important  minerals  containing 
aluminium  are  the  silicates  andalusite,  cyanite,  nhi 
topaz,  and  all  of  the  zeolites;  tbe  fluoride  of  aluminium 
and  sodium,  cryolite,  from  which  the  metal  is  reduoed; 
tic  oxid  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  spinel;  the  sul- 
phates  aluminite,  alum-stone,  the  alums,  etc. ;  the  phos- 
phates turquoise,  lazulite,  etc.  ;  the  carbonate  dawsonite, 
and  many  others,  ft  is  estimated  that  in  its  variouB com* 
pounds  aluminium  forms  about  one  twelfth  of  the  crust 
of  the  earth.  In  consei|Ueiiec  of  its  very  low  specific 
gravity,  freedom  from  tarnish,  non-poisonous  ((utilities, 
and  ease  ..f  working,  aluminium  is  a  most  valuable  metal. 

and  would  be  extensively  used    if  it  Were  not  for  tin    I  081 

of  separating  it  from  the  combinations  in  which  it  occur! 
in  nature.  It  is  used,  however,  to  a  limited  extent  by 
itself  and  in  alloys  for  physical  apparatus  and  other  arti- 
cles in  which  lightness  and  great  strength  are  ncci 

The  cap  of  the  VVashingt nument,  which  forms  the 

tip  of  its  lightning  rod,  is  a  pyramidal  mass  of  aluminium 
weighing  looouiiees.  Also  written  aluminum. — Alumin- 
ium bronze,  an  alloy  of  i>  parts  of  copper  with  1  of 
aluminium.  It  resembles  gold  in  luster  and  color,  and 
is  ns,d  as  a  cheap  Imitation  "I  tied  metal.  Unlike  gold, 
however,  it  gradually  tarnishes  on  exposure  to  the  air. 
It  is  much  used  in  cheap  jewelry  and  ornamental  work, 
and  also  for  a  great  variety  of  industrial  purposes,  espe- 
cially for  bearings  in  machinery.     Aluminium  silver,  a 


ie 

it 

: 


aluminium 

compound  formed  by  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of 
silver  to  aluminium.  It  is  said  that  :i  per  cent,  of  silver 
is  sufficient  to  give  to  aluminium  the  color  and  brilliancy 
of  pure  silver,  over  which  it  has  the  great  advantage  of 
not  being  tarnished  by  sulphureted  hydrogen.  Alumin- 
ium solder,  an  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  an. I,  for  soft 
solder,  a  little  zinc  :  used  in  soldering  aluminium  bronze. 

aluminose  (a-lu'mi-nos),  a.  Satno  as  alumi- 
nous. 

aluminous  (a-lii'mi-nus),  a.     [<  L.  aluminosus, 

<  alumen  (-min-),  alum:  see  alum.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  having  the  properties  of 
alum  or  alumina:  as,  aluminous  minerals  or 
waters. 

aluminum  (a-lu'mi-num),  n.  Same  as  alumin- 
ium. 

alumish  (al'um-ish),  a.  [<  alum  +  -ish1.]  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  alum;  somewhat  resembling 
alum. 

alumna  (a-lum'na),  n. ;  pi.  alumruc  (-ne).  [L., 
a  foster-daughter,  fem.  of  alumnus:  see  alum- 
nus.'] A  female  pupil  or  graduate  of  any  edu- 
cational institution. 

alumnal  (a-lum'nal),  a.  Belonging  or  pertain- 
ing to  alumni  or  aiumnfe. 

At  the  request  of  the  Alumnal  Association  of  Colleges, 
arrangements  have  been  made  whereby  college  graduates 
can  avail  themselves  of  advanced  courses  of  study. 

Education,  IV.  550. 

alumni,  n.     Plural  of  alumnus. 

alumniate  (a-lum'ni-at),  n.  [Irreg.  <  alumnus 
+  -ate3.]     The  period  of  pupilage.     N.  E.  D. 

alumnus  (a-lum'nus),  n. ;  pi.  alumni  (-ni).  [L. 
alumnus,  nem.  alumna,  a  nursling,  foster-child, 
pupil,  disciple,  orig.  ppr.  pass,  (-uinnus  =  Gr. 
-6/urnr)  of  alere,  nourish,  nurse,  foster:  see 
aliment.  Cf.  alma  mater.']  A  pupil;  one  edu- 
cated at  a  school,  seminary,  college,  or  univer- 
sity ;  specifically,  a  graduate  of  any  such  insti- 
tution. 

alum-rock  (al'um-rok),  n.  Same  as  alum- 
stone. 

alum-root  (arum-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
astringent  root  of  several  plants,  as  Heucliera 
Americana  and  Geranium  maculalnm. 

alum-stone  (al'urn-ston),  n.  The  subsulphate 
of  alumina  and  potash ;  a  mineral  of  a  grayish- 
or  yellowish-white  color,  often  containing  sil- 
ica as  an  impurity,  first  found  at  Tolfa  in  Italy. 
Also  called  alum-rock  and  alunite. 

alunite  (al'u-nlt),  n.  [<  P.  alun,  alum,  +  -ite%.] 
Same  as  alum-stone. 

alunogen  (a-lu'no-jen),  n.  [<  F.  alun,  alum,  4- 
■gen,  producing:  see  -gen.]  Native  aluminium 
sulphate,  occurring  in  tine  capillary  fibers,  and 
consisting  of  36.05  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  15.40 
of  alumina,  and  48.55  of  water,  it  is  found  in  vol- 
canic solfataras,  in  clays,  in  feldspathlc  rocks  containing 
pyrites,  and  as  an  efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  mines  and 
quarries.     Also  called  hair-salt  and  feather-alum. 

aluret  (al'ur),  n.     [<  ME.  alure,  alour,  alur,  aler, 

<  OF.  edcor,  aleoir,  gallery,  passage,  alley  (cf. 
OF.  aleurc,  alure,  mod.  F.  allure,  gait,  pace), 
<aler,  F.  aller,  go:  see  alley1.]  1.  An  alley;  a 
walk. — 2.  A  passage,  gangway,  or  gallery  in  a 
building. 

The  new  alure  between  the  king's  chamber  and  the  said 
chapel.  Brayley,  Houses  of  Pari.,  p.  127. 

3.  A  covered  passage ;  a  cloister. 

The  sides  of  every  street  were  covered  with  fresh  aim;* 
of  marble,  or  cloisters.     T.  Warton,  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  x.xiii. 

4.  In  medieval  milit.  arch.,  a  footway  on  the 
summit  of  a  wall  or  rampart,  behind  the  battle- 
ments; also,  the  passageway  within  the  hoard- 
ing or  brattieing. 

alusia  (a-lu'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr.  a?.vatr, 
distress,  anguish,  <  a'Aieiv  or  d'Avetv,  be  frantic, 
wander:  see  hallucination.]     Hallucination. 

aluta  (a-lu'ta),  n.  [L.  (se.  pellis,  skin),  a  kind 
of  soft  leather,  perhaps  prepared  by  means  of 
alum;  cf.  alumen,  alum:  see  alum.]  A  species 
of  leather-stone,  soft,  pliable,  and  not  lami- 
nated. 

alutaceous  (al-u-ta'shius),  a.  [<  LL.  alutacius, 
<L.  aluta:  see  aluta.]  Having  the  quality  or 
color  of  tawed  leather ;  leathery,  as  the  leaves 
of  I'm n  us  laurocerasus. 

alutationt  (al-u-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aluta,  soft 
leather  (see  aluta),  +  -ation.]  The  tanning  or 
dressing  of  leather. 

alva  marina  (al'vS  ma-ri'na).  [An  error  for  L. 
ulva  marina,  sea-sedge:  «?uo"sedge,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  atl-ol-escere,  grow  (see  adolescent); 
marina,  fem.  of  marinus,  of  or  belonging  to  the 
sea:  see  marine.]  Sea-sedge:  an  article  of  com- 
merce, consisting  of  dried  grass-wrack  (Zostera 
marina),  used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  etc. 

alvearium  (al-ve-a'ri-urn),  n.;  pi.  alvearia  (-a) 
[L.]     Same  as  alveary. 


163 

alveary  (al've-a-ri),  «.;  pi.  alvearies  (-riz). 
[<  L.  alvearium,  a  beehive,  prop,  any  bulging 
vessel,  <  alveus,  a  hollow  vessel,  a  beehive,  etc. : 
see  alveus.]  1.  A  beehive,  or  something  re- 
sembling a  beehive.—  2f.  The  meatus  externus, 
or  external  canal,  of  the  ear.     See  ear. 

alveated  (al've-a-ted),  a.  [<  L.  alvcatus, 
hollowed  out  like  a  trough  or  tray,  <  alveus,  a 
trough,  tray,  a  beehive:  see  alveus,  ami  ef. 
nlr,  ary.]     Formed  or  vaulted  like  a  beehive. 

alvei,  n.    Plural  of  alvi  us. 

alveolar  (al-ve'6-lar  or  al've-o-lar),  a.  [<  L. 
i tin  i,lus.  a  small  hollow  or  cavity,  a  tray,  trough, 
basin,  dim.  of  alveus :  see  alveus.]  Containing 
or  pertaining  to  a  socket,  cell,  or  pit.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  alveolary.—javeolax  arch,  the  arch 
formed  by  the  alveolar  border  of  either  the  upper  or  I  he 
lower  jaw.— Alveolar  artery,  (i)  fttftrior,  the  inferior 
dental,  a  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery  supply- 
ing the  lower  jaw.  (/.)  Superior,  a  branch  of  the  internal 
maxillary  artery  supplying  the  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  anil 
adjacent  structures.— Alveolar  border,  the  border  of 
either  jaw  containing  the  tooth-sockets  (alveoli).— Alveo- 
lar cancer,  either  alveolar  carcinoma  or  alveolar  sarcoma. 
—Alveolar  carcinoma,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
colloid  earrinouiu  (cancer)  in  which  the  colloid  infiltration 
has  rendered  the  alveolar  structure  very  evident  to  the 
naked  eye.— Alveolar  ectasia.  See  emphysema.— Alve- 
olar forceps,  forceps,  of  various  shapes,  for  removing 
parts  of  the  alveolar  process,  or  fragments  of  roots  under 
the  alveolar  ridge.— Alveolar  index.  See  craniometry. 
—Alveolar  membrane,  the  dental  periosteum.— Alve- 
olar nerves,  the  dental  branches  of  the  maxillary  nerves. 

—  Alveolar  passages,  the  passages  into  which  the  respi- 
ratory bronchial  tubes  enlarge.    They  are  thickly  set  with 

air-cells  (alveoli),  and  giv f  and  terminate  in  the  in- 

fundibula  or  air-sacs. — Alveolar  point,  the  point  at  the 
edge  of  the  upper  jaw  between  the  middle  incisors.— Alve- 
olar processes,  the  processes  of  the  maxillary  bones 
containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth.— Alveolar  sarcoma, 
a  sarcoma  (cancer)  in  which  the  cells  approach  in  charac- 
ter epithelial  cells,  and  are  gathered  in  groups  separated 
tiy  connective  tissue.— Alveolar  vein,  a  vein  accompany- 
ing an  alveolar  artery. 

alveolariform  (al-ve-o-lar'i-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
alveolaris  (<  alveolus,  a  cell  in  a  honeycomb: 
see  alveolus)  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb.     N.  E.  D. 

alveolary  (al-ve'o-la-ri  or  al've-o-la-ri),  a. 
Same  as  alveolar. 

alveolate  (al-ve'o-lat  or  al've-o-lat),  <7.  [<  L. 
alveolatus,  hollowed  out  like  a  little  tray,  <  al- 
veolus:  see  alveolus.]     Same  as  alveolated. 

alveolated  (al-ve'o-la-ted  or  al've-o-la-ted),  a. 
[As  alveolate  +  -eii-.]  Deeply  pitted  so  as  to 
resemble  a  honeycomb;  having  angular  cavi- 
ties (alveoli)  separated  by  thin  partitions,  as 
the  receptacle  of  some  compound  flowers. 

The  fibrous  stroma  is  not  so  much  alveolated  as  inter- 
spersed with  small  fusiform  cell-nests. 

Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  §  173. 

alveolation  (al-ve-o-la'shon),  n.     The  state  or 
condition  of  having  sockets  or  pits  ;  a  struc- 
ture resembling  that  of  the  honeycomb.     See 
cut  under  ruminant. 
The  alveolation  is  the  same  in  both  cases. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  370. 

alveole  (al've-61),  n.     Same  as  alveolus. 

alveoli,  ».     Plural  of  alveolus. 

alveoliform  (al-ve'o-li-fortn  or  al-ve-ol'i-form), 
a.  [<  L.  alveolus  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  alveolus,  or  a  small  cell  or  socket. 

Alveolina  (al-ve-o-li'nii),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  alveolus 
(see  alveolus)  -r  -ina.]  The  typical  genus  of 
foraminifers  of  the  subfamily  Alveolininw.  D'Or- 
bigny,  1826. 

Alveolininae  (al-ve"o-li-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveolina  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  imperforate 
foraminifers,  family  Miliolidee,  having  the  test 
globular,  elliptical,  or  fusiform,  the  chamber- 
lets  of  which  in  the  recent  species  are  often 
subdivided. 

alveolite  (al-ve'o-llt),  h.  [<  NL.  Alveolites.]  A 
fossil  poly])  of  the  genus  Alveolitis. 

Alveolites  (al-ve-6-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveo- 
lus, a  small  cavity',  +  -ites :  see  -i.( '-'.]  A  genus 
of  fossil  polyps,  from  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
strata,  founded  by  Lamarck  in  1S06. 

alveolocondylean  (al-ve^o-lo-kon-diPe-an),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  alveolus  and  condyle. 

—  Alveolocondylean  plane.    See  craniometry. 
alveolodental  (al-ve"o-lo-den'ta.l),  a.    Per- 
taining to  the  teeth  and  their  sockets.— Alveo- 
lodental canal,  the  .anal  in  the  upper  and  in  the  lower 
jaw,  through  which  pass  the  dental  vessels  and  nervi 

alveolosubnasal  (al-ve'o-16-sub-na'zal),  a.    In 

cranium.,  pertaining  to  the  alveolar  and  sub- 
nasal  points  of  the  skull.— Alveolosubnasal  prog- 
nathism, the  prognathism  i tsnred  by  the  angle  be- 
tween the  line  Joining  the  alveolar  and  subnasal  points 
and  the  alveolocondylean  plane.  See  these  terms  ami 
craniometry. 
alveolus  (al-ve'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  alveoli  (-li).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  alveolus,  a  small  hollow  or 


Alysia 

cavity,  dim.  ot alveus,  a  fcraj  ,  trough,  basin:  see 
alveus.]    In  general,  any  little  cell.  | 
fossa,  or  socket,  as  one  "i  tin  cells  of  a  hoi 
comb,  etc.    Also  called  alveoli . 

Although  Hi-   .  organs  [of  the  torpedo  and  other  electric 
fishes]  Hitter  greatly  from  one  another  in  position,  .  .  . 
they  all  agree  in  being  composed  ol  alveoli  ofvariou 
which  are  bounded  by  connective    Ussui  i  with 

a  jelly-like  substance. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp,  Anat,  (trans.),  p.  500. 
Specifically,  in  zoo'!.:  (a)  The  socket  "i  a  tooth  ,  the  pit  in 
a  jaw-bone  in  which  a  tooth  is  ins<  to  d. 

Each  alveolus  serves  as  the  socket  of  along  tooth,  some- 
what like  the  incisor  of  a  rodent. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p 
(6)  An  air-cell ;  one  of  the  compartments,  about  one  hun- 
dredth of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  line  the  infundlbula 
and  alveolar  passages  of  the  lanes,  (c)  One  of  the  pits  or 
compartments  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  ,  ,,! 
stomach  of  a  ruminant;  a  cell  of  "honeycomb"  tripe 
See  cut  under  ruminant.  (•/>  a  certain  vacant  Bpace  in 
the  sarcode  of  a  radiolarian,  either  within  or  without  the 
capsule.  Pascoe.  (c)  A  cell  or  pit  in  certain  h.ssils,  as  in 
in  alveolite.  (J)  One  of  the  ultimate  follicles..!  a  rao 
mosegland.  See  acinus,  2  (by.  (g)  One  of  the  five  hollow 
cuneate  calcareous  dentigerous  pieces  which  enter  into 
the  composition  of  the  complex  dentary  apparatus  or  oral 
skeleton  of  a  sea-urchin.  See  lantern  of  Aristotle  (under 
tantern),and  cuts  under  clypeastrid  and'  Echinoid.  a 

Alveopora  (al-ve-o-po'rS),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  alveus, 
belly,  +  porus,  a  pore :  see  alveus  and  pore.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Alveoporina. 

Alveoporinse  (al-ve-6-po-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveopora  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  perforate 
madreporarian  corals,  of  the  family  J'oritiila; 
typified  by  the  genus  Alveopora.     See  I 'or  i  lulu: 

alveus  (al've-us),  )t.;  pi.  alni  (-i).  [L.,  a  hollow 
vessel,  basket,  trough,  hold  of  a  vessel,  beehive, 
bath-tub,  channel  of  a  river,  etc.,  <  alms,  the 
belly,  the  stomach,  bowels,  womb,  etc.]  In 
anat. :  (a)  A  tube  or  canal  through  which  some 
fluid  flows;  especially,  the  larger  part  of  such 
a  tube,  as  the  duet  conveying  the  chyle  to  the 
subclavian  vein.  Specifically  —  (1)  The  utricle 
of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  (2) 
The  combined  utricle  and  saccule  of  the  ear  as 
seen  in  birds,  (b)  The  superficial  ventricular 
layer  of  medullary  substance  in  the  brain  cover- 
ing the  hippocampus  major. 

alvine  (al'vin,  -vin),  a.  [=  F.  alvin,  <  L.  alms, 
the  belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines ; 
relating  to  or  consisting  of  intestinal  excre- 
ments— Alvine  concretion,  a  calculus  formed  in  the 
stomach  or  intestines.— Alvine  dejections,  alvine  evac- 
uations, discharges  from  the  bowels;  fees.  [The  word 
is  now  scarcely  used,  except  in  these  or  similar  phrases.] 

alway  (til'wa),  adv.  [<  ME.  alivay,  altraye,  allc- 
waye,  al  ivey,  alle  wey,  al  ivei,  earlier  aluc  wei,  < 
AS.  ealne  tveg,  sometimes  contr.  to  ealneg,  all 
the  time,  lit.  all  the  way:  ealne,  ace.  of  eal.  mil, 
all;  weg,  ace.  of  ivcg,  way.  Now  superseded 
by  always,  q.  v.  Cf.  algate,  and  It.  tutta  via  = 
Sp.  todas  vias,  always;  from  L.  tota,  fem.  of 
totus,  all,  and  via,  way.]  Same  as  always:  now 
only  used  poetically. 
Mephibosheth  .  .  .  shall  eat  bread  alway  at  mv  table. 

2  Sam.  ix.  10. 
Hard  by  a  poplar  shook  iilnny. 
All  silver-green  with  gnarled  hark. 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 

always  (al'wiiz),  adv.  [<  ME.  alwayes,  aiwaies, 
allctreyis.  nil'  in  is.  idles  in  is.  an  adverbial  gen., 
appar.  orig.  distrib.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
comprehensive  ace.  form,  but  the  distinction 
was  soon  lost:  see  alivay.]  1.  All  the  time; 
throughout  all  time;  uninterruptedly;  continu- 
ally; perpetually;  ever:  as,  God  is  always  the 
same. 

F.v'n  in  heaven  his  [Mammon's]  looks  and  thoughts 

Were  always  downward  bent.         Hilton,  P.  L.  i.  6S1. 

Oncea  poet,  always  a  poet.   0.  ir.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xv. 

2.  Every  time;  at  all  recurring  times;  as  often 

as  occasion  arises:  as,  he  always  comes  home 

on  Saturday. 

You  always  end  ere  you  begin.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  ii.  4. 

Alydina?  (al-i-di'ne).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alydus  + 
-ina.]  A  subfamily  of  Coreicke,  typified  by  the 
genus  Alydus,  containing  insects  of  moderately 
narrow  form,  with  a  somewhat  conical  head 
contracted  behind  the  eyes,  the  last  antennal 
joint  enlarged,  and  the  hind  femora  spinous 
and  thickened  toward  the  end.  Species  ef  such 
genera  as  Alydus,  Tollius,  and  Megalotomus  are  numer- 
ous in  must  parts  of  America.  Also  written  Alydina. 
Coreidce. 

Alydus  (al'i-dus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  fonnlir.  typi- 
cal of  the  subfamily  Alydina;. 

alyiiedt,  p.  a.  [ME.  (occurs  once),  <  L.  allinere, 
aillinerc,  besmear.  <  ad,  to,  +  linere,  smear:  see 
liniment.]     Anointed. 

Alysia  (a-lis'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alvaic,  a  chain, 
prob.  for  "aAvcig,  <  d/luroc,  continuous,  unbroken, 


Alysia 

<  a-  priv.  +  Avroc,  verbal  adj.  of  liciv,  loose.] 

1.  Agenusof  hyuienopterous  insects,  belonging 
to  the  series  Pupivora  or  Sjaculifica.  and  to  the 
family  Braconidiv (the  Ielua  umotu  sadsciti).  The 
species,  as  A.  manducator,  are  parasitic  in  the 
larva?  of  other  insects.  —  2.  A  genus  of  scopeline 
fishes. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

alysm  (al'izm).  n.  [<  Gr.  aAvapdc,  anguish, 
disquiet,  esp.  of  sick  persons,  <  aMiecv  or  tMeiv, 
wander  in  mind,  be  ill  at  ease,  distraught,  weary, 
=  L.  alu-ciuaci.  wander  in  mind:  see  hallucina- 
tion.} In  patlml.,  restlessness  or  disquiet  ex- 
hibited by  a  sick  person. 

alysson  (a-lis'on),  ».  [L. :  see  Alyssim.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Alyssum.  Also  spelled  alison, 
alisson. 

Alyssum  (a-lis'um),  n.  [NL.  alyssum,  L.  alys- 
son (Pliny),  <  Gr.  a'/vaaov,  a  plant  used  to  check 
hiccup:  referred  to  Ai\eiv,  to  hiccup,  or  other- 
wise to  neut.  of  a'Avaaoc,  curing  (canine)  mad- 
ness, <d-  priv.  +  Avcaa,  madness.]  1.  A  genus 
of  plants,  natural  order  Cruciferee,  containing 
several  white-  or  yellow-flowered  species,  much 
employed  for  decorating  rockwork.  a.  mari- 
ti in 'i ut,  known  as  sweet  alyssum,  is  much  cultivated  in 
gardens,  having  white  and  fragrant  honey-scented  flowers, 
of  which  bees  are  very  fond.  The  rock-alyssum  or  gold- 
dust,  A.  saxatile,  has  dense  clusters  of  bright-yellow  flow- 
ers, appearing  in  early  Bpring. 

2.  [/.  ft]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Alytes  (al'i-tez),  n.     [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  akvT-nc, 

a  police  officer  at  the  Olympic  games ;  more 
prob.<  Gr.  a/.vroc,  continuous,  unbroken,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  chain  of  eggs  the  frog  carries  about 


Nurse-frog  (  Alytes  obstetricans'). 

(cf.  aXvrtc,  a  chain):  see  Alysia.']  A  genus  of 
anurous  amphibians,  or  tailless  batrachians, 
of  the  family ISiscoglossidcc,  sometimes  made  the 
type  of  a  family  Alytidce.  A.  obstetricans  is  the 
nurse-frog  or  accoucheur-toad  of  Europe. 

In  Alytes  obstetricans,  the  female  lays  a  chain  of  eggs, 
which  tile  male  twines  round  his  thighs  until  the  young 
leave  the  eggs.  Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  195. 

alytid  (al'i-tid),  n.     One  of  the  Alytidm. 

Alytidae  (a-lit'i-de),  //.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alytes  + 
-ala-.]  An  artificial  family  of  salient  amphi- 
bious, characterized  by  Gunther  as  "Sanina 
with  webbed  toes,  with  the  processes  of  sacral 
vertebrae  dilated,  ami  with  parotoids."  it  con- 
tains genera  of  Viscoglossidosi  Alytes),  Pelobatidce  (Seaphi. 
,  and  Cystignatnidce  (Heleioporus). 

am  (am).  The  first  person  singular,  present 
i(n  e,  indicative  mood  of  the  verb  to  be.    Seefce. 

am-.     Sec  ainhi-. 

A.  M.  An  abbreviation  of  several  Latin  phrases 
in  common  use:  (a)  <  If  aclium  magister,  Master 
of  Arts.  M.  A.,  which  represents  the  English 
rendering,  is  inn  more  usual  in  England,  but  in 
a  purely  Latin  idiom  the  form  A.  M.  is  still  pre- 
ferable. (l>)  Oianno  mundi,  in  the  year  of the 
world:  used  in  some  systems  of  chronology,  (c) 

i  n  ,niii  mi  ruin  111.  before  i □  :  as,  the  party  will 

start  at  10  A.  M.  (also  written  a.  m.  or  a.  m.). 
Frequently  used  a-  synonymous  ■with  morning 
or  forenoon:  as,  [  ai  i  this  A.  M.  (pro- 

i ,  that  is,  this  morning  or  forenoon. 

ama  (a'ma),  re.  (I...  more  correctly  hama,  < 
i ,  p.  "///,.  a  water  Bucket  ■  ■  pail,  /  aam,  q.  v.  | 
In  the  early  Christian  church,  a  large  vessel  in 
which  wine  for  the  cucharisl  was  mixed  before 
consecration  and  kept  when  consecrated  until 
poured  into  the  jsels  for  service  at  the 

altar  or  for  removal.     Sec  ampulla,  2,  and  CTUi  t. 
of   precious   metal   in   the  weall  hii  c 
hi     and  oi   basei  material  In  others.     No  spi 
i    i vn  to  exl  t.     Also  written  ha  m 

amabilityt  (am-a-bil'i-ti),  re.     [=  P.  amabiliU 

'  i|  .  an nihil  i,  i,  <   L.  amabilita(t-)s,  <  amabilis, 

lovely,  lovable,  <  amare,  love:  sec  a  mac.    A  diff. 

word,   etymoloL'ically.   from  amiability,   q.  v.] 

Lovableness ;  amiability. 

Ho  rules  can  make  amabiltiy. 


164 

amacratic  (ara-a-krat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  hama- 
cratic,  <  Gr.  apaj' together  (akin  to  E.  same),  + 
Kparoq,  power,  akin  to  E.  hard.']  Same  as  atna- 
sthenic.     Sic  J.  Herschel. 

amadavat  (am'a-da-vaf),  n.  [An  E.  Ind. 
name,  appearing  in  various  other  forms,  ama- 
ilacail.  amaihiciul  (sometimes  Latinized  as  ama- 
ilacailaa  ),  acadacat,  and  sometimes  amaialahal. 
Orig.  brought  to  Europe  from  Amadabad  in 
Guzerat.  Cf.  Amadiua,  amandava.]  A  small 
conirostral  granivorous  finch-like  bird,  of  the 
order  I'asseres,  suborder  Oseines,  family  Ploa  i- 
dce,  subfamily  Spermcstinw ;  the  Estrilda  aman- 
ilaca,  a  native  of  India,  and  one  of  the  common- 
est exotic  cage-birds,  it  is  imported  into  Europe  and 
the  United  States  in  large  numbers,  and  is  sometimes  called 
strawberry-finch  by  the  dealers.  It  forms  the  type  of  one 
of  the  numerous  subgenera  or  sections  of  the  large  genus 
Estrilda,  which  contains  species  of  small  size  and  gener- 
ally brilliant  or  varied  culms,  belonging  to  the  same  family 
as  the  weavers  and  whidah-birds.  It  is  about  5  inches 
long,  with  a  coral-red  beak,  and  red-and-black  plumage 
spotted  with  pearly  white.  Other  forms  are  avadavat  and 
a  unci  tiritde. 

amadelphous(am-a-del'fus),  a.  [Prop. *hama- 
delphous,  <  Gr.  apa,  together,  +  adeAchdc,  bro- 
ther: see  -adelphia.]  Living  in  society  or  in 
flocks  ;  gregarious.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Amadina  (am-a-di'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  amad(avat) 
+  -ina.]  A  genus  of  small  conirostral  birds,  of 
the  family  Ploeeidw,  subfamily  SpermesUnm.  it 
includes  many  species  of  Asia,  Africa,  etc.  The  species  are 
mostly  of  brighter  variegated  colors,  having  thick  conical 
bills  adapted  to  their  granivorous  habits.  Some  are  com- 
mon cage-birds  and  tine  songsters. 

amadou  (ani'a-do),  n.  [F.,  <  amadoucc,  coax, 
cajole,  a  word  of  disputed  origin;  perhaps < 
Dan.  made,  feed  (=  Icel.  and  Sw.  mata,  feed), 
<  mad,  food,  =  Sw.  mat  =  Icel.  ?«a(r  =  E.  mt  at, 
food.  Cf.  L.  esca,  (1)  food,  (2)  bait,  in  ML.  also 
(3)  tinder,  >  It.  esca,  in  same  senses,  =  Sp.  yesca, 
tinder,  fuel,  incitement,  =  OF.  echc,  esehe,  mod. 
F.  eche,  aielic,  bait;  It.  adeseare, bait,  allure,  en- 
tice, inveigle.  Cf.  also  the  E.  phrase  to  coax  a 
fire  (thatdoesnot  burn  readily).]  Asoftspongy 
substance,  consisting  of  the  more  solid  portion 
of  a  fungus  {Polyporus  fomentarius  and  other 
species  found  growing  on  forest-trees),  steeped 
in  a  solution  of  saltpeter.  Amadou  has  been  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  surgery  as  a  styptic,  and  in  the  form 
of  punk  it  is  used  as  a  port-tire  (which  see).  Also  called 
black-match.  j>i/ri >li  rli n iri it  spiuiiri-,  and  German  tinder. 

amaduvade  (am'a-do-vad'),  n.    Same  as  ama- 

dacat.     P.  L.  Sciatic. 

amafroset,  «•  [<  OF.  amafrose  (Cotgrave)  for 
amavrose  for  amaurose,  <  NL.  amaurosis,  q.  v.] 
An  old  form  of  amaurosis.    Sylvester ;  Bailey. 

amah  (am'ii),  n.  [Anglo-Ind., < Pg.  ama,  anurse. 
In  the  dialects  of  southern  India,  Telugu,  etc., 
amma  means  'mother,'  and  is  affixed  to  the 
names  of  women  in  general,  as  a  respectful 
term  of  address :  see  amma.]  1.  A  nurse ;  espe- 
cially, a  wet-nurse. — 2.  A  lady's-maid ;  a  maid- 
servant. [A  word  in  general  use  among  Euro- 
peans in  India  and  the  East.] 

If  [a  man  setting  up  housekeeping  is]  married,  an  Amah 
or  female  servant  is  required  ill  addition  (to  the  servants 
already  enumerated],  while  an  establishment  including  a 
number  of  children  requires  at  least  two  more. 

W.  F.  Mayers,  Treaty  Ports  of  China  and  Japan,  p.  24. 

amain1  (a-man'),  ]cccp.  jilir.  as  adc.  [<  a$  + 
miiiiA.  force:  see  main1.]  With  force,  strength, 
or  violence;  violently;  furiously;  suddenly;  at 
full  speed;  hastily. 

[lie]  comes  on  amain,  speed  in  his  look. 

Milton,  s.  A.,  1.  1304. 
The  soul  strives  amain  to  live  and  work  through  all 
things.  Emcrxun,  Compensation. 

Smote  aiiiilin  the  hollow  oak-tree. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xvii. 
To  let  go  or  strike  amain  (naut.%  to  lot  fall  or  lower 

quickly  or  suddenly  :  but  see  amain-. 

amain-'t  (a-man'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amayne,  ameyne,  <  OF.  amener,  mod.  P.  amener, 
bring  to,  conduct,  induce  ;  naut.,  haul :  arm  tu  r 
hs  voiles,  strike  sail,  amener  pavilion,  or  simply 
amener,  strike  flag,  surrender;  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to; 
-I-  mi  inc.  lead,  conduct,  <  LL.  minare,  drive,  L. 
do  |  ioi  lent  iii  i  unci,  threaten,  menace :  see  menace. 

Cf.  amenable.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  lead;  luct; 

manage. 
That  his  majesty  may  have  VtitameyninQ  of  the  mutters. 
Quoted  in  Strype,  Ecel.  Mem.,  11.  418.    (A.  ;•:.  D.) 

2.  To  lower  (a  sail),  especially  the  topsail. 

II,  called  to  us  to  a/maine  our  B&iles,  which  we  could 
nol  well  doe.  /.'.  Hawkins,  Voyage  to  smith  Sea. 

When  you  lei  anything  downe  into  the  Howie,  lowering 

ii  bydegreeE  thej   ay,  Amaine;  and  being  downe,  Strike, 

.  .  .  When  you  would  lower  a  yard  so  last  as  you  can, 

they  call  -t  main* 

Jer.  Taylor.  Smith,  Si  aman's  Gram.,  vii.  33,  ix.  40.    (N.  E.  D.) 


amalgamate 

tin  such  use  the  imperative  of  the  verb  would  easily  be 
confused  with  the  imperative  phrase  or  adverb  amain; 
hence,  to  let  go  or  strike  amain.     See  flmatul.] 
3.  To  lower ;  abate. 

II.  intrans.  To  lower  the  topsail  or  one's 
flag,  in  token  of  yielding ;  yield ;  surrender. 

amaist  (a-masf),  adv.  [=  E.  almost,  dial. 
amost.]    "Almost.     [Scotch.] 

amaldar  (am'al-dar),  n.  [<  Hind.  Pers.  amalr 
i/ac.  a  manager,  agent,  governor  of  a  district, 
collector  of  revenue,  <  Ar.  'amal,  work,  busi- 
ness, affairs,  collection  of  revenue,  etc.,  +  Pers. 
ilac.  (in  comp.)  one  who  holds,  possesses,  man- 
ages, etc.]  In  India,  a  governor  of  a  province 
under  the  Mohammedan  ride.  Also  written 
amildar. 

Tippu  had  been  a  merchant  as  well  as  a  prince ;  and 
during  his  reign  be  tilled  his  warehouses  with  a  vast  va- 
riety of  goods,  which  the  Amildars,  or  governors  of  prov- 
inces, were  expected  to  sell  to  the  richer  inhabitants  at 
prices  tar  in  excess  of  their  real  value. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  413. 

Amalfitan  (a-mal'fi-tan),  a.  [<  ML.  Amatftta- 
iius,  <  Amalfi,  in  Italy.]  Pertaining  to  Arualii, 
a  seaport  town  of  Italy.  Also  spelled  Amalphi- 
tan — Amalfitan  code  (ML.  tabula  Amalfitana),  the 
oldest  e\istiiiL.r  code  of  maritime  law,  compiled  about  the 
time  of  the  first  crusade  by  the  authorities  of  Amalfi,  which 
city  then  possessed  considerable  commerce  and  maritime 
power. 

amalgam  (a-mal'gam),  re.     [<  ME.  amalgame, 

malijam  (also  as  ML.),  <  OF.  amalgame,  mod.  F. 
amalgame  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amalgama  =  ML.  amal- 
yama,  sometimes  altjamala,  supposed  to  be  a 
perversion  (perhaps  through  Ar.,  with  Ar.  art. 
al)  of  L.  malagma,  <  Gr.  paAaypa,  an  emollient, 
poultice,  any  soft  mass,  <  paAaocciv,  soften,  < 
paAanos,  soft,  akin  to  L.  mollis,  soft :  see  moll, 
mollify,  emollient,  etc.]  1.  A  compound  of 
mercury  or  quicksilver  with  another  metal; 
any  metallic  alloy  of  which  mercury  forms  an 
essential  constituent  part.  Amalgams  are  used  for 
a  great  variety  of  purposes,  as  for  cold-tinning,  water- 
gilding,  and  water-silvering,  for  coating  the  zinc  plates  of 
a  battery,  and  for  the  protection  of  metals  from  oxidation. 
A  native  amalgam  of  mercury  and  silver  is  found  in  iso- 
metric crystals  in  the  mines  of  Obermoschel  in  Bavaria,  and 
in  Hungary,  Norway,  Sweden,  Chili,  etc. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  mixture  or  compound  of  dif- 
ferent things Amalgam  gilding,  a  method  of  gild- 
ing in  which  the  metal  to  be  coated  is  first  cleaned,  then 
rubbed  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury,  and  covered 
with  a  film  of  an  amalgam  of  1  part  of  gold  with  S  parts 
of  mercury.  Heat  volatilizes  the  mercury  and  leaves  the 
gold  adhering  to  the  surface. — Amalgam  retort,  an  iron 
retort  having  a  convex  lid,  luted  at  the  edges,  and  held 
by  a  key  or  wedge  pressed  between  its  crown  and  the 
bail.— Amalgam  silvering,  a  process  similar  to  that  of 
amalgam  gilding  (which  see),  in  which  is  used  an  amal- 
gam of  1  part  of  silver  with  s  parts  of  mercury.— Amal- 
gam varnish,  an  amalgam  consisting  of  1  part  of  mer- 
cury, 1  of  bismuth,  and  4  of  tin,  mixed  with  white  of  eggs 
or  w  ith  varnish. 
amalgamt  (a-mal'gani),  v.  [<  ME.  amalgamen; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  mix,  as  metals, 
by  amalgamation ;  amalgamate. 

Some  three  ounces  .  .  .  of  Gold,  t'  amalgame  with  some 
six  of  Mercury.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist  (1040),  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  amalgamated. 

Quicksilver  easily  amalgams  with  metals. 

Boyle,  Works,  I.  689 

amalgama  (a-mal'ga-ma),  h.  [ML.:  see  amal- 
gam, n.]     Same  as  amalgam. 

They  have  divided  this  their  amalgama  into  a  number 
of  .  .  .  republics.  Uurkc,  Rev.  in  France. 

amalgamable  (a-mal'ga-ma-bl),  </.  [<  amal- 
gam +  -able]  Capable  of  amalgamating  or 
of  being  amalgamated. 

Silver  modified  by  distilled  water  is  brought  back  again 
to  the  amalgamable  state  by  contact  for  a  short  time  w  ith 

rain  or  spring  water.  /'re,  Diet.,  IV.  802 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
amalgamated,     ppr.     amalgamating.      [<  ML. 


amalgamates,  pp.  of  amalgamare,  <  amalgama, 
amalgam:    sec   amalgam,  re.]       I.   trans.    1.   'I'' 
mix  or  alloy  (a  metal)  with  quicksilver.     Sd 
amalgamation.    The  zinc  plates  used  in  tie-  voltajj 
battery  are  always  amalgamated  by  immersing  them 
mercury,  tor  by  this  means  a  surface  of  pure  zinc  ii 
effei  1  obtained,  and,  when  the  circuit  is  op.  n,  tie 
caused  by  the  local    currents  or   local  action  (due  to  me 
purities  in  the  zinc)  is  prevented. 

2.    In  general,    lo  mix   so  as   to   make  a    com- 
pound; blend;   unite;  combine. 

ingratitude  is  indeed  Heir  four  cardinal  \irtues  com- 
pai  i'  .I  ami  amalgamated  int ic.     Burke,  Kev.  in  France, 

What  would  be  the  effect  on  tie'  intellectual  stab'  "i 
Europe,  at  the  present  day.  were  all  nations  and  ti  l)i 

amalgamated  ml e  vast  empire,  speaking  the  s.mn- 

tongue.'  Everett,  orations,  p  S& 

Amalgamated  societies  or  companies,  two  or  more 
...  e  ties  or  Joint-stock  c panies  united  for  the  promo- 
tion of  their  common  interests  under  one  general  manage- 
ment. , 

II.  intrans.   1.  To  form  an  amalgam;  blend 
with  another  metal,  as  quicksilver.     Hence — 


amalgamate 

2.  To  combine,  unite,  or  coalesce,  generally: 
as,  two  organs  or  parts  amalgamate  as  the  re- 
sult of  growth. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  a.  [<  ML.  amal- 
gamatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  United  or  amal- 
gamated. 

amalgamation  (a-mal-ga-ma'shpn),  n.  [<  amal- 
gamate, v.]  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  com- 
pounding mercury  with  another  metal.  Specifi- 
cally, a  process  by  which  the  precious  metals  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  rock  through  which  they  are  distributed 
in  line  particles,  by  taking  advantage  of  their  affinity  for 
quicksilver.  This  is  done  by  pulverizing  the  rock  and 
bringing  it  in  contact  with  that  metal,  by  the  aid  of  suit- 
able machinery.  The  amalgam  thus  produced  is  after- 
waul  retorted,  the  quicksilver  being  distilled  off  and  the 
precious  metal  left  behind. 

2.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  different  things, 
especially  of  races;  the  resultof  such  mixing  or 
blending;  interfusion,  as  of  diverse  elements. 

Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  the  amalgamation  of 
the  races  was  all  but  complete.     Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

3.  Consolidation;  specifically,  the  union  of  two 
or  more  incorporated  societies  or  joint-stock 
companies  into  one  concern  or  under  one  gen- 
eral direction. 

amalgamative  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiv),  a.  [<  amal- 
gamate + -ive.]  Tending  to  amalgamate;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  amalgamate. 

amalgamatizet  (a-inal'ga-ma-tiz),  v.  t.  [<  ML. 
amalgama(t-)  +  -%ze.]    To  amalgamate.   Bacon. 

amalgamator  (a-mal'ga-ma-tor),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  amalgamates  ;  one  who  performs 
or  promotes  any  process  of  amalgamation.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  takes  part  in  amal- 
gamating or  combining  two  or  more  business  concerns. 
(b)  In  amalgamating  operations,  a  machine  used  to  bring 
the  powdered  ore  into  close  contact  with  the  mercury. 

amalgamet,  n.  and  v.  A  former  spelling  of 
amalgam. 

amalgamist  (a-mal'ga-mist),  it.  [<  amalgam  + 
-ist.~\  One  skilled  in  amalgamating  ores;  an 
amalgamator. 

A  most  famous  mining  expert,  chemist,  and  amalgamist. 
J.  A.  Robinson,  in  Hamilton's  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  G5. 

amalgamizet  (a-mal'ga-iniz),  v.  t.  [<  amalgam 
+  -i~c.]     To  amalgamate. 

Amalphitan,  a.    See  Amalfitan. 

amaltas  (a-mal'tas),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  common 
name  in  India  of  the  tree  Cassia  Fistula,  which 
is  in  general  cultivation  there  for  ornament  and 
shade.     See  cut  under  Cassia. 

Amaltheida?  (am-al-the'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amaltlieus  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  tetrabranchi- 
ate  cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Amal- 
tlieus. The  species  are  extinct,  and  flourished 
during  the  Secondary  epoch. 

Amaltheus  (a-mal'the-us),  re.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  cephalopods,  typical  of  the  family  Amalthe- 
itlic. 

aman  (am'an),  h.  [Name  in  Aleppo.]  A  blue 
cotton  cloth  imported  from  the  Levant,  made 
chiefly  at  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

amandH  (a-mand'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  amandare,  send 
forth  or  away,  remove,  <  a  for  ah,  off,  +  mandate, 
order:  see  mandate.']     To  send  off;  dismiss. 

A  court  of  equity  which  would  rather  aihand  the  plain- 
tiff to  his  remedy  at  common  law. 

Wythe,  Decisions,  p.  86.    (TV.  E.  D.) 

amand2  (a-mand'),  n.  [So.,  <  F.  amende,  a 
fine:  see  amende.']  In  Scats  law,  a  fine  or  pen- 
alty; formerly  also  a  sum  required  from  the  de- 
fender in  a  suit  as  a  security  against  delay  or 
evasion. 

amandava  (a-man'da-va),  n.  [NL.,  <  amadavat, 
q.  v.]  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  the 
amadavat,  Fringilla  amandava  (Linnaaus),  now 
Estrilda  amandava,  used  by  Bonaparte  in  1850 
as  a  generic  name  of  that  section  of  the  genus 
of  which  the  amadavat  is  the  type. 

amandin  (am'an-din),  n.  [<  F.  amande,  al- 
mond (see  almond),  +  -in2.]  i.  Ajj  albuminous 
substance  contained  in  sweet  almonds. — 2.  A 
kind  of  paste  or  cold  cream  for  chapped  hands, 
prepared  from  almonds.  In  this  sense  also 
spelled  amandine. 

amang  (a-inang'),  prep.  Among.  [Scotch  and 
north.  Eng.  dial.] 

amanitin  (a-man'i-tin),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/iavlrai,  pi., 
a  sort  of  fungi,  +  -in2.]  An  organic  base  or 
alkaloid,  one  of  the  poisonous  principles  of 
certain  mushrooms,  as  Agaricus  muscarinic  and 
A.  bulbosus. 

amanuensis  (a-nian-u-en'sis),  n. ;  pi.  amanuen- 
ses (-sez).  [L.  amanuensis  (<  a  manu  +  -ensis  : 
see  -esc),  taking  the  place  of  a  manu  servus,  a 
secretary:  a  for  al>,  from,  of,  often  used,  as  here, 
in  designations  of  office;  manu,  abl.  of  ma  mis, 
hand  (see  manual);  servus,  servant  (see  serf, 


165 

servant).]  A  person  whoso  employment  is  to 
write  what  another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what 
has  been  written  by  another. 

I  had  not  that  happy  leisure  ;  no  amannensi.,1.  no  assist- 
ants. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader). 

Amara  (am'a-rii),  n.  [NL.,  fern.  (of.  Amarus, 
m.,  a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects),  said  to  be  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  -\/  *[iap,  redupl.  jiapuaipuv,  shine.] 


Ground-beetle  (Amara  obesa"). 
a,  larva  :  rf.  under  side  of  one  of  the  middle  joints ;  e,  the  head  be- 
neath ;  /,  lee  ;  £■,  anal  cerci  and  proleg  from  side  ;  *,  pupa  ;  c,  beetle ; 
A,  h,  natural  sizes. 

A  genus  of  Carabida;  or  ground-beetles,  of  the 
subfamily  Harpalincc,  more  readily  distin- 
guished by  their  general  appearance  than  by 
conspicuous  structural  characters.  A  vast  num- 
ber of  species,  mainly  of  the  arctic  and  temperate  zones, 
constitute  this  genus.  They  are  all  of  medium  size,  more 
or  less  oblong-oval  in  form,  and  mostly  hronze-colored, 
rarely  brown  or  black  with  a  greenish  tinge.  They  are  to 
be  found  under  moss,  stones,  clods,  etc.  In  the  imago 
state  they  are  partly  herbivorous,  while  their  larva}  are 
strictly  carnivorous,  those  of  A.  obesa  feeding  on  locusts' 
eggs. 
amaracus  (a-mar'a-kus),  n.  [L.,  also  amara- 
cum  (>ME.  amarac),  <  Gr.  apapanot;,  also  auapa- 
kov,  a  certain  plant.  The  Greek  species  was  prob. 
a  bulbous  plant ;  the  foreign,  called  Persian  or 
Egyptian,  answers  to  marjoram.]     Marjoram. 

And  at  their  feet  the  crocus  brake  like  fire, 

Violet,  amaracus,  and  asphodel, 

Lotos  and  lilies.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

amarant  (am'a-rant),  n.     See  amaranth. 

Amarantaceae  (am"a-ran-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  amarantaceus:  see  amarantaceous.] 
A  natural  order  of  apetalous  herbaceous  weedy 
plants,  with  inconspicuous,  mostly  scarious- 
bracted,  flowers.  They  arc  of  little  or  no  value,  though 
some  species  are  cultivated  on  account  of  the  bright-col- 
ored bracts  of  the  densely  clustered  blooms,  chiefly  of  the 
genera  Amarantus,  Cfomphrena,  Iresine,  and  Alternan- 
them.     Also  written  Amaranthacece. 

amarantaceous  (am"a-ran-ta'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
amarantaceus,  <  L.  amarantus:  see  amaranth 
and  -aecotis.]  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Amarantacea:     Also  written  amaranthaceous. 

In  ISaG  Duuker  described  .  .  .  four  species  from  Blank- 
enburg  .  .  .  which  he  believed  To  belong  to  .  .  .  the 
Po]ygoii;icr:c.  Zenker  had  divined  that  they  might  be 
amarantaceous. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Amer.  Jour.  ScL,  3d  ser.,  XXVII.  294. 

amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  n.  [More  correctly 
amarant,  <ME.  amaraunt,  <  L.  amarantus  (often 
written  amarantlnis,  simulating  Gr.  avdoc,  a 
flower),  <  Gr.  apapavroc,  amarant,  prop,  an 
adj.,  unfading,  <  a-  priv.  +  uapaiveiv,  wither, 
(ado,  akin  to  L.  mori,  Skt.  ■/  mar,  die :  sec  mor- 
tal. Cf.  ambrosia  and  amrita.  The  flower  is  so 
called  because  when  picked  it  does  not  wither.  ] 

1.  An  imaginary  flower  supposed  never  to  fade: 
used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

Im rtal  amarant,  a  flower  which  once 

In  Paradise  fast  by  the  tree  of  life 

Began  to  bloom  ;  hut  soon,  for  man's  offence, 

To  heaven  removed,  where  first  it  grew. 

Milton,  V.  I..,  iii.  353. 

2.  (a)  A  plant  of  the  genus  Amarantus  (which 
see).  (b)  The  globe-amaranth,  Gomphrena  glo- 
bosa,  of  the  same  natural  order. —  3.  A  name 
given  to  mixtures  of  coloring  matters  of  which 
the  chief  constituent  is  magenta  (which  see). 

Amaranthacese  (am"a-ran-tha'se-e),  »,  pi. 
Same  as  Amarantacea;. 


Amaryllis 

amaranthaceous    (am^a-ran-tha'shius),    a. 

Same  as  amarantaceous. 

amaranth-feathers  (am'a-ranth-feTH'ir/.),  ». 

A  name  given  to  llumca  elegans,  an  Australian 
composite    plant,    with   drooping    panicl' 
small  reddish  flowers.     It  is  sometimes  culti- 
\  uli-il. 
amaranthine  (am-a-ran'thin),  a.     [More  cor- 
rectly amarantine,  <  Gr.  apapavrivoc,  K.  apdpavroc, 

ii antli:  see  amaranth.]     1.  Oforperta 

to  the  amaranth;  consisting  of,  containing,  or 
resembling  amaranth. 

Those  happy  souls  who  dwell 
In  yellow  meads  of  Asphodel, 
Or  Amaranthine,  bow'rs. 

Pope,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  70. 

2.  Never-fading,  like  the  amaranth  of  the  poets ; 
imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  flow'r  on  earth 
Is  virtue ;  th'  only  lasting  treasure,  truth. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii. 

3.  Of  a  purplish  color. 
Also  written  amarantine. 

amaranthoid  (am-a-ran'thoid),  a.  [<  amarmi  th 
+  -oid.]    Resembling  or  allied  to  the  amaranth. 

Amaranthus  (am-a-ran'thus),  n.  See  Ama- 
rantus. 

amarantine  (am-a-ran'tin),  a.  See  amaranthine. 

Amarantus  (am-a-ran'tus),  n.  [L. :  see  ama- 
ranth.] A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Ama- 
rantacea;, including  several  long-cultivated  gar- 
den-plants, as  the  cockscomb  (A.  cristatus), 
prince's-feather  (A.  hijpochondriacus),  love-lies- 
bleeding  (J.  caudatus),  etc.  Several  dwarf 
forms  of  A.  mclancholicus,  with  variegated  or 
distinctly  colored  leaves,  are  favorite  bedding- 
plants.     Also  written  Amaranthus. 

amargoso-bark  (a-mar-go'so-bark),  n.  [<  Sp. 
amargoso,  bitter  (<  amargo,  bitter,  <  L.  amartts, 
bitter),  4-  bark2.]  The  bark  of  the  goatbush, 
Castela  crccta,  a  simarubaceous  shrub  of  the 
lower  Rio  Grande  valley  in  Texas  and  of  north- 
ern Mexico.  It  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used  by  the 
Mexicans  as  an  astringent,  a  tonic,  and  a  febrifuge.  The 
plant  is  stiff  and  thorny,  and  is  an  excellent  hedge-plant. 

amarin  (am'a-rin),  ii.  [<  L.  aniarus,  bitter,  + 
-in1-.]  An  organic  base,  C2iH,sN2,  isomeric 
with  hydrobenzamide,  from  which  it  is  pre- 
pared. It  exerts  a  poisonous  effect  on  animals, 
and  forms  salts  with  acids. 

amaritudet  (a-mar'i-tud),  «.    [<  L.  amaritudo, 

bitterness,  <  amartts,  bitter.]     Bitterness. 

What  itmaritude  or  acrimony  is  deprehended  in  choler, 
it  acquires  from  a  commixture  of  melancholy,  or  externa] 
malign  bodies.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

amaryllid  (am-a-ril'id),  it.     In  bot.,  one  of  the 

Amart/lliilaet  ic. 

Amaryllidaceae  (am-a-ril-i-da'sf-e),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amaryllis  (-id-)  +  -aeeec]  A  natural 
order  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  resembling 
the  Liliacew,  but  having  an  inferior  ovary,  it 
includes  many  well-known  ornamental  plants,  the  amaryl- 
lis,  narcissus  (with  the  daffodil  and  jonquil),  Bnowdrop 
(Qalanthus),  pancratium,  agave,  etc.  The  bulbs  of  some 
are  poisonous,  especially  those  of  Ilemanttms  toxicariut 
and  some  allied  species,  in  the  juice  of  which  the  Hotten- 
tots arc  said  to  dip  their  arrow-heads.  The  bulbs  of  Nar- 
cissus i>'>,  den*  and  some  other  species  are  emetic.  Species 
of  agave  are  valuable  as  fiber-plants, 
amaryllidaceous  (am-a-ril-i-da'slyius),  a.  [< 
Amaryllis  (-id-)  +  -accous.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Amaryllidacew. 

amaryllideous  (am-a-ril'i-de-us),  a.  [<  amaryl- 
lid +  -cutis,  <  L.  -cits.]  Relating  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  an  amaryllid,  or  a  plant  of  the  or- 
der AmaryUidaceos ;  amaryllidaceous. 
Amaryllis  (am-a-nl'is),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Amaryl- 
lis, name  of  a  shepherdess  in  Virgil,  <  fir. 
'Apapv"/.?,lc,  the  same 
in  Theocritus,  prob. 
(withfem.  dim.  term. ) 
<  a/iapvaoetv,  sparkle, 
twinkle,  glance,  as 
the  eye  >  ajjapvyfi,  a 
sparkling,  twinkling, 
glancing.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  bulbous  i  da  nl  s, 
natural  order  Aina- 
rylliilaceit;  with  huge, 
bright-colored,  lily- 
shaped  flowers  upon 
a  stout  scape.  The 
belladonna  lily.  .-1.  Bella- 
donna,  from  southern  Af- 
rica, now  regarded  as  the 

only  Species,  is  Well  known 

and  has  long  been  in  cultivation.      Many  s] 

placed  in  this  genus  are  now  referred  to  other  genera,  those 

of  the  old  world  to  I'riin/ni,  Lyeoris,  Brunsvigia,  Nei 

etc.,  the  American  to  Ze&hyranthes  and  Sprekelia. 

2.   [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. —  3.  In  zobl., 

a  genus  of  crustaceans. 


Belladonna  Lily 
{Amaryllis  Hclladonna). 


amass 


amass  (a-mas'),  v.  t.  [<  F.  amasser,  <  ML. 
amassare,  <  L.  <k<,  to,  +  massa,  mass,  heap,  >  t  • 

se.  >  E.  mass2,  q..  v.]  To  collect  into  a  mass 
or  heap;  briug  together  a  great  amount,  quan- 
tity, or  number  of:  as,  to  amass  a  fortune. 

l"„  his  youth  Comtewas  an  insatiable  reader,  and  be- 
fore he  began  the  work  of  constructing  thi  Positive  Phi- 
losophy he  had  amaesedvast  stores  ol  learning  in  a ai 

every  department  of  knowledge. 

'      *  j.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  L  136. 

amasst  fa-mas'),  ».  [<  OF.  amasse,  F.  .«»"•*: 
fro,,,  the  verb.]  An  assemblage,  a  heap,  or 
an  accumulation. 

This  pillar  is  nothing  in  effectbut  a  medley  or  an 
of  all  in--  precedent  ornaments.      ITotton,  Beliquue,  p.  26. 

amassable  (a-mas'a-bl),  «.    [<  amass  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  amassed. 

amasser  (a-mas'er),  «.  One  who  amasses  or 
accumulates.  .   , 

amassette  (am-a-sef),  n.  [F.  (dim.  form),  < 
amasser,  amass,  collect:  see  awoss, v.]  An  in- 
strument, usually  of  horn,  like  a  palette-knife 
or  spatula,  with  which  in  the  preparation  of 
pigments  the  colors  used  in  painting  are  col- 
lected and  scraped  together  on  the  stone  during 
the  process  of  grinding  them  with  the  muller. 
Also  written  amazette. 

amassment  (a-mas'ment),  n.   The  act  of  amass- 
ing; a  heap  collected;  a  great  quantity  or  num- 
ber brought  together;  an  accumulation. 
An  amassment  of  imaginary  conceptions.  ... 

Glanedle,  Seep.  feci.,  ml 

Amasta  (a-mas'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
amastus,  <  Gr.  auaarog,  without  breasts,  <  a- 
priv  +  uaardc,  breast.]  Nippleless  mammals: 
a  term  applied  to  the  monotremes  or  eloacal 
oviparous  mammals,  which,  though  provided 
with  mammary  glands,  have  no  nipples. 
amastheniC  (am-as-then'ik),  a.  [Prop.  *''""'"- 
sthenic,  <  Gr.  aua,  together,  +  cdevoc,  strength..] 
Uniting  the  chemical  rays  of  light  in  a  focus: 
said  of  a  lens.  Also  amacraUe. 
amateH  (a-maf),  v.  t.  [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
mate1,  v.]  "To  accompany;  entertain  as  a  com- 
panion ;  be  a  fellow  or  mate  to. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 

i  ,  lurted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoure, 

Tin-  which  them  did  in  modest  wise  amah: 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  U. 

amate2t  (a-maf),  «•  *■  [<  ME.  amaten  <  OF. 
(imatir,  daunt,  subdue,  enfeeble,  etc.  (=  It.  am- 
mattire),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  math;  mater  (m  same 
senses  as  amaUr),  >  E.  mate,  enfeeble :  see 
»Wte2.]  To  terrify;  perplex;  daunt;  subdue. 
tiioii  the  wall  the  Pagans  old  and  young 
Stood  hush'd  and  still,  amated  and  amazd. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xt.  12. 
My  lord,  hath  love  amaled  him  whose  thoughts 
Have  ever  been  heroical  and  brave? 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

amaterialistiC  (a-ma-te''ri-a-lis'tik)  a.  [<  Gr. 
d-  priv.  (((-18)  +  materialistic.]  Opposed  to 
materialism,  or  to  materialistic  philosophy. 

It  is  intensely  amaterialistic  for  us  to  speak  of  the  ta- 
ble (that  is,  of  any  table)  as  if  it  had  some  objective  exist- 
ence, independent  of  a .cognizing  mind  rYYVt   qq 
J.  Fiske,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  CAAVl.  .«. 

amateur  (am'a-tur  or  am-a-tur',  often  as  F., 
the  word  being  of  recent  introduction  — about 
1  V.st  —  am-a-ter'),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  =  Pr.  amatour 
=  Sp.  Pg.  amador  =  It.  amatore,  a  lover,  an 
amateur,  <  L.  amatorem,  ace.  of  amalor  lover, 
<  amare,  pp.  amatus,  love  ^  see  amor.  J  I.  « 
ie  win 


166 

Thev  said  it  [a  book]  was  amateurish,  that,  it  was  in  a 
falsetto  key.  The  Century,  \w  I  286. 

amateurishness  (am-a-tur'-  or  am-a-ter'ish- 
ues  '    a.     The  qualitv  of  being  amateurish. 

amateurism  (am'a-tur-izm  or  am-a-ter'izm), 
n  [<  amateur  +  -ism.}  The  practice  ot  any 
art,  occupation,  game,  etc.,  as  a  pastime  or  an 
accomplishment,  and  not  as  a  profession;  the 
quality  of  being  an  amateur. 

amateiirship  (am'a-tur-  or  am-a-ter  ship),  ». 
[<  ama  teur  +  -ship.]  The  character  or  position 
of  an  amateur. 

Wearied  with  tlie  frigid  pleasures  (so  he  called  them)  of 
mere  smIi  urship.       l>e  Qmmxy,  Murder  as  a  lone  Art. 

amatito  (am-a-te'to),  n.    [Prop.  "amaUta,  <  It. 

amaUta,  lead' or  chalk  for  pencils,  prop,  hema- 
tite, <  L.  ha-matites,  hematite:  see  hematite.} 
A  pigment  of  a  deep-red  color  prepared  from 
hematite,  and  formerly  much  used  in  fresco- 
painting.     Audsley. 

amative  (am'a-tiv),  a.  [=  It.  amaUvo,  <  L,.  as 
if  "(inmliriis,  <  tun, ire,  pp.  amatns,  love:  see 
amor.']  Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatory;  dis- 
posed or  disposing  to  love. 

amativeness  (amVtiv-nes),  ».  The  propen- 
sity to  love,  or  to  the  gratification  of  the  sex- 
ual passions.     The  term  is  used  byphrenologista  to 

designate  the  supposed  localizati. f  this  propensity  in 

the  hind  part  of  the  brain.    See  cut  undei  phr logy. 

amatorial  (am-a-to'ri-al),  a.    [<  L. amatonus 

(see  amatory)  + -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  love 
or  lovers;  amatory:  as,  amatorial  verses. 

Tales  of  love  and  chivalry,  amatorial: sonnets. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

A  small  quantity  of  passion,  dexterously  meted  out, 
may  be  ample  to  inspire  an  amatorial-  poet 

I.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  35b. 

Amatorial  muscles,  the  oblique  muscles  of  the  eye:  so 
called  from  their  fancied  importance  in  ogling. 
amatorially  (am-a-to'ri-al-i),  adv.     In  an  ama- 
torial manner;  by  way  of  love.  _ 
amatorian  (am-a-to'ri-an),  a.     Pertaining  to 
love;  amatorial.     [Rare.] 
Horace's  lusory  or  amatorian  odes. 

Johnson,  Lives  of  Poets  (Edmund  Smith). 

amatorio  (a-ma-to'ri-6),  n. ;  pi.  amatorii  (-e). 
lit  <  L.  amatonus:  see  amatory.]  A  deco- 
rated vase,  dish,  bowl,  or  plate,  intended  or 
suitable  for  a  love-gift ;  specifically,  a  piece  of 
majolica  painted  with  the  portrait  ol  a  lady 
and  bearing  a  complimentary  inscription. 

amatorioust  (am-a-to'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  amato- 
rius  :  see  amatory.]     Pertaining  to  love 


The  vain,  amatorioV  poem  of  Sir  Philip  Sitoe/a  "  Ar- 

,.     ..  Milton,  Elkonoklasie;,. 


1.  One  who  admires;  an  admirer;  a  lover, 
gh,  remained  an  Impassioned  amateur  of  musical  ge- 
nius in  others.  BowelU,  A  Modem  Instance. 

2.  <  >ne  who  has  an  especial  love  for  any  art, 
study,  or  pursuit,  but  does  not  practise  it.— 3. 
Most  commonly,  one  who  cultivates  any  study 
or  art  from  taste  or  attachment,  withoul  pur- 
suing it  professionally  or  with  a  view  to  gain: 

often  used  of  one  who  pursues  as1u.lv  or  an  art 

In  a  desultory,  unskilful,  or  non-professional 
way  —4.  Specifically,  in  sporting  and  athletics, 
„,,  athlete  who  has  never  competed  in  a.  match 
open  to  all  comers,  or  for  a  stake,  or  Eor  public 
money,  or  for  gate-money,  or  under  a  false 

i  '.  or  with  a  professional   for  a  prize,  and 
has  never  taught  or  pursued  athletic  exercises 

:,.    :,    ,,,,  :i,i,  .,1    -u], port. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  cnan 
of  an  amateur:  as,  am  a  teur  work;  an  amateur 

amateurish  (am-a-tur'ish  or  am-a-ter'ish),  a. 

[<  amateur  +  -isliX.]     Pertaining  to  01  | 
teristic  of  an  amateur:  having  the  faults  or 

deficiencies  of  an  amateur  or  a  non-profes- 
sional. 

A  condescending,  amatcurixh  way. 

A  Uickciui,  Our  Mutual  I  riend 


amatory  (am'a-td-ri),  a.  [<L.  amatonus,  per- 
taining to  love  or  a  lover,  <  amator,  a  lover:  see 
amateur.  Cf.  amorous.]  Pertaining  to,  pro- 
ducing, or  supposed  to  produce  love;  expres- 
sive of  love;  amatorial:  as,  amatory  poems. 
She  could  repay  each  amatory  look  you  lent 
With  interest.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  62. 

=  Syn.   See  amorous. 

amaurosis  (am-a-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/iav- 
paaic,  <  auavP6r,  dim,  dark,  <  «-  intensive  +  fiaypdc, 
dark.]  A  partial  or  total  loss  of  sight  inde- 
pendent of  any  discoverable  lesion  in  the  eye 
itself:  formerly  and  still  sometimes  called gut- 
ta  serena;  by  Milton  "a  drop  serene,"  P.  U, 

amaurotic  (am-a-rot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
affected  with  amaurosis. 

amausite  (a-ma'sit),  n.     Same  as ,,ntrosdcx. 

amayt  (a-ma').  v.  t.  and  i.     [<  ME    amayen,  < 

OF.  amain:  amaer,  forms  parallel  to  the  usual 

OF.  csmaicr,  esmaer  =  Fi:  esmaiar=lt.  smagare, 

<L.  ex,  out  (here  privative),  +  Ml,  'maiiare  < 

OHG.  magan,  have  power,  =  E.   mail.    v.     Ot. 

dismay.]    To  dismay;  confound;  be  dismayed. 

Whereof  he  dradde  and  was  amayed. 

Qawer,  Conf.  Ainanl. 

Counsayllen  the  of  that  limn  art  amayed. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  i.  648. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  o.;  pret.  and  pp.  amazed,  ppr. 

ama.inij.      [<  ME.    ainaseii.    found   only    in   pp. 

amased;  also  bimased,  in  same  sense;  <  a-,  E. 

o-i  (or  hi-,  E.  be-1),  +  masen,  contuse,  perplex, 

i;  maze,a.y.]    I.  trans.  1.  T nfoundwith 

fear,    sudden    surprise,    or    wonder;    confuse; 

perplex. 
They  shall  be  afraid;  .  .  .  they  shall  teamazed  oiieat 

another.  Is;,.  Mil.  8. 

1 1 1  thv  blows,  doubly  redoubled 

i  .I,  [,i,,  ,,„„,  ing  thunder  on  the  casque 

oi  thy  adverse  pernicious  enemy.         ...... 

Shah:.  Rich.  II..  l.  3. 
'I  di  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 

Iter  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  She  fear.l 

in  every  wavering  brake  an  ambuscade. 

Tennyson,  Oeraint 


Amazon 

2.  To  strike  with  astonishment,  surprise,  or 
wonder;  astonish;  surprise:  as,  you  amazevm; 
I  was  amazed  to  find  him  there. 

The  beauty  and  magnificence  of  the  buildings  erected 
bv  the  sovereigns  of    Hindustan  amazed  even  travellei 
Who  had  seen  St.  Peter's.  itacaulay.  Lord  Clive. 

Then  down  into  the  vale  he  gazed, 
And  held  his  breath,  as  if  amazed 
By  all  its  wondrous  loveliness. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  104. 
=Svn. Surprise,  Astonish, etc. (see surprise);  to  confound 
stagger,  stupefy,  dumfound. 
H.t  intrans.   To  wonder;  be  amazed. 

Madam,  amaze  not;  see  his  majesty 
Eeturn'd  with  glory  from  the  Holy  Land. 

Peele,  Edward  I.,  i.  1. 

Amaze  not,  man  of  God,  if  in  the  spirit 
Tliourt  brought  from  Jewry  unto  Nineveh. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Look.  Glass  for  L.  and  E.,  p.  119. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  n.  l< amaze,  v.]  Astonish- 
ment; confusion;  perplexity  arising  from  tear, 
surprise,  or  wonder;  amazement:  used  chiefly 
in  poetry. 

Now  of  my  own  accord  such  other  trial 

I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength,  yet  greater, 

As  with  amaze  shall  strike  all  who :  behold. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1645. 

It  fills  me  with  amaze 
To  see  thee,  Porphyro !  Keats,  Eve  of  St,  Agnes. 

amazedly  (a-ma'zed-li),  adv.  With  amaze- 
ment ;  in  a  manner  that  indicates  astonishment 
or  bewilderment. 

I  speak  amazedly  :  and  it  becomes 

My  marvel,  and  my  message,     bnak.,  W.  1.,  V  1. 

amazedness  (a-ma'zed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  amazed"  or  confounded  with  fear,  sur- 
prise, or  wonder;  astonishment;  great  won- 
der. 

After  a  little  amazedness,  we  were  all  commanded  out 
of  the  chamber.  Shak.,  W.  1.,  v.  -. 

amazefult  (a-maz'ful),  o.  Full  of  amazement ; 
calculated  to  produce  amazement. 

Thy  just  amies 
Shine  with  amazefull  terror. 

Marston,  Sophomsba,  1. 1. 

amazement  (a-maz'ment),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  amazed;  astonishment;  confusion  or  per- 
plexity from  a  sudden  impression  of  surprise, 
or  surprise  mingled  with  alarm. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement  at  tint 
which  had  happened  unto  him.  Acts  '"■ lu- 

His  words  impression  left 
Of  much  nam:,  ment  to  the  infernal  crew       _ 

Milton,  1.  R.,  l.  107. 

2t   Infatuation;  madness.     Webster. 

amazette  (am-a-zef).  n.    Same  as  amassette. 

Amazilia  (am-a-zil'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  amaztK, 
applied  by  the  French  ornithologist  Lesson  y« 
1826  to  a  species  of  humming-bird,  and  in  1M-, 
in  pi.,  to  a  group  of  humming-birds.  Other 
NL  forms  are  amazilius,  amazilicus,  amaziuu, 
amazillia,  amizilis  (a  mere  misprint),  dim.  ama- 
-ienla,  amaziliculus:  all  being  names  of  hum- 
ming-birds. The  name  amazili  is  proh.  oi  », 
Amer  origin,  perhaps  connected  with  the  name 
of  the  Amazon  river;  cf.  amazon*,  2.]  A  genus 
of  humming-birds,  of  the  family  Trochtlida,  em- 
bracing about  24  species,  of  large  size,  found 
from  the  Mexican  border  of  the  United  Mates 
to  Peru,  and  mostly  of  green  and  chestnut 
coloration.  The  bill  is  about 
as  long  as  the  head,  nearly 
straight,  and  broad,  with  lam  1 1- 
shaped  tip;  the  nostrils  are  ex- 
posed and  scaled;  the  wings 
are  long  and  pointed  ;  the  tail  is 
even  or  slightly  forked;  and  the 
tarsi  are  feathered.  1  he  two 
species    found    in    the    I  nit.il 

siates  are  A.  flucocaudata  1 

.1  ,-.  rviniventris.  Seccut  under 
hammin'l-litrd. 

amazingly  (a-ma'zmg-b), 

adv.  In  an  amazing  man- 
ner or  degree ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  excite  astonish- 
ment, or  to  perplex,  con- 
found, or  terrify;  wonder- 
fully; exceedingly. 

If. we  arise  to  the  world  of 
spirits,  our  knowledge  of  them 
must  I"'  amazingly  imperfect 
Watts,  Logic. 

Amazon1  (am'a-zon),  ft. 
[ME.  Amazone's,  Amyso- 
nes,  pi.;  <  L.  Amazon,  < 

(ir. 'A aaUn:  a  foreign  name 


Amazon. 
Statue  In  the  X'-.tlcan.  perj. 

of  unknown  meaning:  ac-   ';;;v-  -i"  "'  *•  '"- 
cording  to  Greek  writers, 
<  a-  priv.,  without,  +  /'«:<if,  a  breast;  a  popu- 
lar etymology,  accompanied  by,  and  doubtless 


Amazon 

originating,  the  statement  that  the  right  breast 
was  removed  in  order  that  it  might  not  interfere 
with  the  use  of  the  bow  and  javelin.]  1.  In 
Gr.  la/end,  one  of  a  race  of  women  who  dwelt 
on  tlie  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Cau- 
casus mountains.  They  formed  ;i  state  from  which 
men  were  excluded,  devoted  themselves  to  war  and  hunt* 
tag,  and  were  often  in  conflict  with  the  Greeks  in  the 
heroie  ace.  The  Amazons  and  their  contests  were  a  fa- 
vorite theme  in  Grecian  art  and  story. 
2.  [cn/i.  or  I.  c]  A  warlike  or  masculine  wo- 
man ;  hence,  a  quarrelsome  woman ;  a  virago. 
Him  |  AIpIh-  I.efeviv],  for  want  of  a  better,  they  suspend 
there:  in  the  pale  morning  light:  over  the  top  of  all 
Paris,  which  swims  in  one's  failing  eyes  :  — a  horrible  end  ! 
Na\.  the  rope  broke,  as  French  ropes  often  did  ;  or  else 
an  amazon  cut  it.  CarUjle,  French  Rev.,  I.  vii.  6. 

amazon-  (am'a-zpn),  n.  [<  NL.  Amazona,  a 
genus  of  birds :  so'  called  from  the  great  river 
Amazon,  Pg.  Bio  das  Amazonas,  Sp.  Ilio  de  Ins 
Amazonas,  F.  Xe  fleuve  des  Amazones,  G.  dcr 
Amazoneufluss,  etc.,  lit.  the  river  of  the  Ama- 
zons, in  allusion  to  the  supposed  female  war- 
riors said  to  have  been  seen  on  its  banks  by  the 
Spaniards.]  1.  A  general  book-name  of  any 
Soutli  American  parrot  of  the  genus  Chrysalis, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  species.  P.  L. 
Sclater. —  2.  A  name  of  sundry  humming-birds : 
as,  the  royal  amazon,  Bcllatrix  regina. 

Amazon-ant  (am'a-zpn-ant),  n.  The  Formica 
rufcscens,  a  species  of  ant  which  robs  the  nests 
of  other  species,  carrying  off  the  neuters  when 
in  the  larva  or  pupa  stage  to  its  own  nests, 
where  they  are  brought  up  along  with  its  own 
larvas  by  neuters  stolen  before. 

Amazonian1  (aui-a-zo'ni-an),  a.     [<  L.  Amazo- 
nius,  <  Gr.  'Afta^ove'log,  'Aua^&vioc,  <  'Afiar6v,  Ama- 
zon.]    1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an  Ama- 
zon :  in  the  following  extract,  beardless. 
Our  then  dictator, 
Whom  with  all  praise  I  point  at,  saw  him  fight, 
When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Bold;  of  masculine  manners;  warlike;  quar- 
relsome :  applied  to  women. 

How  ill-beseeming  is  it  in  thy  sex 
To  triumph,  like  an  Amazonian  trull, 
Upon  their  woes  whom  fortune  captivates  1 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

Amazonian2  (am-a-zo'ni-an),  a.  [=  Pg.  Sp. 
Amazoniano  or  Amazonio ;"(.  Amazon,  the  river; 
in  form  like  Amazonian1."}  Belonging  to  the 
river  Amazon,  in  South  America,  or  to  the 
country  lying  on  that  river — Amazonian  stone, 
or  Amazon  Stone,  a  beautiful  green  feldspar  found  in 
rolled  masses  near  the  Amazon  river ;  also  found  in  Si- 
beria and  Colorado.  It  belongs  to  the  species  microclin 
(which  see). 

amb-.     See  ambi-. 

ambage  (am'baj),  «.;  pi.  ambages  (am'ba-jez, 
or,  as  Latin,  am-ba'jez).  [<  ME.  ambages,  <  OP. 
ambages,  ambagis,  <  L.  ambages  (usually  plur.), 
a  going  around,  circumlocution,  ambiguity,  < 
ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-),  +  agere,  drive,  move : 
see  agent.  Cf.  ambiguous.  In  mod.  use  the 
pi.  is  often  treated  as  mere  L.]  A  winding  or 
roundabout  way ;  hence  —  (a)  Circumlocution; 
equivocation ;  obscurity  or  ambiguity  of  speech. 
With  ambages, 
That  is  to  seyn,  with  dowble  wordes  slye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  8%. 
They  gave  those  complex  ideas  names,  that  they  might 
the  more  easily  record  and  discourse  of  things  they  were 
daily  conversant  in,  without  long  ambages  and  circumlo- 
cution. Locke. 
Lay  by  these  ambages;  what  seeks  the  Moor? 

Lust's  Dominion,  iii.  4. 

(ft)  Circuitous  or  devious  ways ;  secret  acts. 

The  other  cost  me  so  many  strains,  and  traps,  and  am- 
bages to  introduce.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

ambaginous  (am-baj'i-nus),  «.  [<  L.  ambago 
(-agin-),  with  same  sense  and  origin  as  ambages : 
see  ambage.}     Same  as  ambagious. 

ambagious  (arn-ba'jus),  a.  [<  L.  ambagiosus,  < 
ambages:  see  ambage  and  -ous.]  1.  Circumlocu- 
tory; tedious. — 2.  Winding;  devious.    [Rare.] 

ambagitory  (am-baj'i-to-ri),  a.  [Irreg.  <  am- 
bage +  -it-ory.}  Circumlocutory;  roundabout; 
ambagious.     [Rare.] 

Partaking  of  what  scholars  call  the  periphrastic  and  am- 
bagitory.  Scott,  Waverley,  xxiv. 

amban  (am'ban),  n.  [Manehu;  lit.,  governor.] 
The  title  of  the  representatives  of  China  in  Mon- 
golia and  Turkistan. 

In  the  time  of  the  Chinese,  before  Yakub  Beg's  sway, 
Yangi  Shahr  held  a  garrison  of  six  thousand  men,  and  was 
the  residence  uf  the  a  mban  or  governor. 

Eneijc.  Brit.,  XIV.  8. 

ambaree,  n.    See  ambari. 

ambari  (am'ba-ri),  «.     [Also  written  ambarie, 

ambaree,  repr.  Hind,  ambari,  also  amari  =  Pers. 

'amari,  <  Ar.  'amari;  cf.  'amdra,  an  edifice,  < 


167 

'amara.  build,  cultivate.]     In  India,  a  covered 
howdan.     Title  "ml  Burnett. 
ambarvalia  (am-bar-va'li-ii),  n.  pi.     [L.,  neut. 
pi.  of  amharvnlis,  that  goes  around  I  ho  fields, 

<  ambi-,  around,  4-  arruin,  a  cultivated  field.  | 
In  Horn,  antiq,,  a  festival  of  which  the  object 
was  to  invoke  the  favor  of  the  gods  toward  the 
fertility  of  t  lie  fields.  It  was  celebrated  in  Uaj  bj 
the  farmers  Individually,  and  consisted  in  tin-  sacrifice  of 
a  pig.  a  sheep,  and  a  hull,  which  were  first  led  around  the 
growing  crops,  and  in  ceremonial  dancing  and  singing.  U 
was  distinct  From  the  rites  solemnized  at  the  same  time 
bj  the  priests  called  the  Arval  Brothers. 

ambary  (am'ba-ri),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
An  East  Indian  plant,  Hibiscus  cannabinus. 
See  Hibiscus. 

ambash  (atn'bash),  n.  [Appar.  native  name.] 
The  pith-tree  of  the  Nile,  Herminit  ra  Elaphro- 
xylon,  a  leguminous  tree  with  very  light  wood. 

ambassadet  (am-ba-sad' ),  n.    [Also  embassade; 

<  F.  ambassade:  see  ambassador  and  embassy.} 
An  embassy. 

When  you  disgrac'd  me  in  my  ambassade, 
Then  I  degraded  you  from  being  king. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  3. 

ambassador,  embassador  (am-,  em-bas'a-dor), 

n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ambassadoUT,  cmbussa- 
dour,  etc.,  <  ME.  anibassadour,  ambassatour, 
ambassator,  ambaxadour,  etc.,  embassadour, 
etc.,  the  forms  being  very  numerous,  varying 
initially  am-,  cm-,  im-,  en-,  in-,  and  finally -odor, 
-adour,  -ator,  -atour,  -itour,  -etore,  etc.;  <  OF. 
ambassadeur,  also  ambaxadeur,  and  embassadeur 
(mod.  F.  ambassadeur),  <  OSp.  ambaxador,  mod. 
Sp.  embajador  =  Pg.  embaixador  =  It.  amoaseia- 
tore,  -dore  =  I'r.  ambassador  =  OF.  ambasseur, 
ambaseor,  ambaxeur,  <  ML.  "ambaeUator,  am- 
baxiator,  ambasciator,  ambassiator,  ambasiator, 
ambaciator,  ambassator,  ambasator,  ambasitor, 
etc.,  an  ambassador,  <  "ambacUare,  ambaseiari  , 
etc.,  go  on  a  mission:  see  further  under  em- 
bassy?] 1.  A  diplomatic  agent  of  the  highest 
rank,  employed  to  represent  officially  one  prince 
or  state  at  the  court  or  to  the  government  of 
another.  Diplomatic  agents  are  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes:  (1)  ambassadors,  legates,  and  nuncios;  (2)e»- 
voys  and  ministers  plenipotentiary  (including  ministers 
resilient);  (3)  chnrgts  d'affaires.  Ambassadors  represent 
the  person  of  their  sovereigns,  as  well  as  the  state  from 
which  they  come,  and  are  entitled  to  ask  an  audience  at 
any  time  with  the  chief  of  the  state  to  which  they  are  ac- 
credited ;  to  rank  next  to  the  blood  royal;  to  exemption 
from  local  jurisdiction  for  themselves  and  their  house- 
holds ;  to  exemption  from  imposts  and  duties,  immunity 
of  person,  free  exercise  of  religious  worship,  etc.  The 
United  States  sent  and  received  no  ambassadors  till 
1893,  but  only  ministers  of  the  second  rank,  who  were 
often  popularly  called  ambassadors.  The  nuncios  of 
the  pope  who  are  not  cardinals,  aud  the  legati  a  latere 
and  de  latere,  cardinals  in  rank,  represent  the  papal  see 
in  its  ecclesiastical  capacity  mainly,  and  bear  the  rank  of 
ambassadors.  Envoys,  ministers,  and  ministers  plenipo- 
tentiary are  held  to  represent,  not  the  person  of  the  sov- 
ereign, hut  the  state  from  which  they  are  sent,  and  they 
are  accredited  to  the  sovereign  of  the  state  to  which  they 
are  sent.  This  is  the  ordinary  class  of  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives between  less  important  states,  or  between 
greater  and  smaller  states.  Ministers  resident  accredited 
to  the  sovereign  enjoy  a  rank  similar  to  that  of  envoys. 
Charges  d'affaires  are  resident  agents  of  their  govern- 
ments, and  are  provided  with  credentials  to  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  with  which  officer  at  the  present  day, 
however,  both  ambassadors  and  ministers  have  to  deal  al- 
most exclusively  in  their  official  relations.  See  minister. 
Hence — 2.  In  general,  any  diplomatic  agent 
of  high  rank;  an  agent  or  a  representative  of 
another  on  any  mission. —  3.  A  thing  sent  as 
expressive  of  the  sentiments  of  the  sender. 

We  have  receiv'd  your  letters,  full  of  love ; 

Your  favours,  the  embassadors  of  love. 

Shale,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
[The  spelling  embassador  is  less  common,  though  embassy. 
and  not  a  in  bassv,  is  now  always  written.  ]  —Ambassadors' 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1708  (7  Anne,  c.  12,  ss.  S-6),  sug- 
gested by  an  attempted  arrest  of  the  Russian  ambassador. 
It  declares  that  any  process  against  foreign  ambassadors 
or  ministers,  or  their  goods  and  chattels,  shall  be  - ■  1 1 * ' 
gether  void.  The  act  is,  however,  only  declaratory  of  a 
principle  that  has  always  existed  in  international  law. 

ambassadorial  (am-bas-a-do'ri-al),  a.  [<  am- 
bassador ;  =  F.  ambassadorial.}  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  an  ambassador.  Also  written  cmbassa- 
dorial. 

The  foreign  affairs  were  conducted  by  a  separate  de- 
partment, called  the  ambassadorial  office.        Brougham. 

ambassadorship  (am-bas'a-dor-ship),  n.    [< 
ambassador  4-  -snip.]    The  office  of  ambassador. 
His  occupation  uf  the  ambassadorship  has  widened  and 
deepened  and  heightened  its  meaning, 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  April  9,  1S85. 

ambassadress  (am-bas'a-dres),  n.  [<  ambassa- 
dor +  -ess:  with  obsolete  parallel  forms  ambas- 
sadrice,  ambassatrice,  after  F.  ambassadricr,  and 
ambassadrix,  ambassatrix,  after  ML.  ambassiar 
trix,  NL.  amliassalru;  fern,  of  ambassiator.]  1. 
The  wife  of  an  ambassador. —  2.  A  female  am- 
bassador. 


amber 

Well,  my  ambassadress,  what  must  wo  treat  of? 
Come  you  to  menace  Wax,  and  proud  Defiance; 

/.       ,  Fair  Pi  nitent*  L 

Also  written  embossad 
ambassadryt,  »•     [Also  embassadry,  ME.  am- 

bassadrie,  etc.  i  see  ambassador  and  -ry.]   Same 

as  embassy. 
ambassaget  (am'ba-saj),  h.    [Also  embassage; 

a  mollification  of  ambassade,   cmliassndi ,    with 

suilix  -age  for  -ode.]    Same  as  i  niba 

ambassiatet,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  also 
ambassate,  ambasset,  embasset,  etc.,  <  ME.  am- 
bassiata,  ambasiata,  ambasciata,  ambassata,  etc., 
whence  the  doublet  ambassade,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
business  of  an  ambassador. — 2.  An  embassy. 
—  3.  An  ambassador.     N.  E.  D. 

Ambassidae  (am-bas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  //»- 
bassis  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  percoid  fishes:  sy- 
niiiiN  no his  with  Bogodidce. 

Ambassis  (am-bas'is),  n.  [NL.,  erroneously 
for  Amhasis,  <  Gr.  a/ijaair,  poet,  contr.  form  of 
aviifiaair,  ascent :  see  anabasis.]  A  genus  of 
percoid  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family  -Ini- 
bassidce. 

ambassyt,  »•    An  old  form  of  embassy. 

ambe  (am'be),  ii.  [<Ionic  Gr.  a/i,i;;  =  Gr.  o»  l<w, 
ridge,  a  slight  elevation,  akin  to  b/i<pa?.6r,  navel, 
boss:  see  omphalic.]     1.  In  anat.,  a  superficial 

I'liiiiii-m ii  :i   bone. — 2.  In  ,s Hiv/.,  an  old  and 

now  obsolete  mechanical  contrivance  for  re- 
ducing dislocations  of  the  shoulder,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Hippocrates. 
Also  written  ambi. 

amber't  (am'ber),  n.  [Not  used  in  ME.  except 
in  ML.  form  ambra ;  <  AS.  amber,  amboer,  amour, 
ombar,  ombor,  orig.  with  a  long  vowel,  amber, 
(1)  a  vessel  (with  one  handle  ?),  a  pail,  bucket, 
pitcher,  urn;  (2)  a  liquid  measure;  (3)  a  dry 
measure  of  four  bushels  (=OS.  embar,  ember, 
emmar  =  OD.  eemer,  D.  einmer  =  OHG.  einbar, 
einpar,  eimbar,  eimpar,  MHG.  cinber,  eimber,  G. 
( imrr,  a  pail,  a  bucket — orig.  a  vessel  with  one 
handle?);  as  if  <  an  (=OS.  cn  =  ~D.  een  =  G.  ein, 
<  OHG.  ein),  one,  +  -ber,  <  beran,  E.  bear1;  cf. 
OHG.  zwibar,  zubar;  MHG.  zuber,  sober,  G.  ^»- 
bcr,  a  tub  (with  two  handles),  <  OHG.  zwi-  (= AS. 
tici-),  two,  +  -bar  =  AS.  -ber.  But  as  the  AS. 
and  other  forms  are  glossed  by  the  various  Latin 
names  amphora,  lagena,  urceus,  cadus,  batus, 
situla,  hydria,  etc.,  the  sense  'one-handled' does 
not  seem  to  be  original,  and  the  spelling  may 
have  been  corrupted  to  suit  the  popular  etymol- 
ogy, the  real  source  being  then  L.  amphora,  a 
to:o-handled  vessel:  see  amphora.  The  OHG. 
ein-bar,  so  developed  as  'one-handled,'  would 
naturally  be  followed  by  zwi-bar,  'two-han- 
dled.'] 1.  A  vessel  with  one  handle ;  a  pail;  a 
bucket;  a  pitcher. —  2.  An  old  English  measure 
of  4  bushels. 

amber2  (am'ber),  n.  and  a,  [<  ME.  amber,  aum- 
bcr,  ambi/r,  aumbijr,  awmyr,  ambre,  aumbrc,  < 
OF.  ambre,  F.  ambre  =  Pr.  ambra  =  Sp.  Pg. 
amhar,  Pg.  also  ambre,  =  It.  ambra  =D.  amfti  r 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ambra  =  G.  amber,  ambra  =  Russ. 
ambra  =  ML.  ambra,  also  ambre,  ambrum,  am- 
ber, ambar,  <  Ar.  'anbar,  ambergris — the  orig. 
sense,  the  name  being  extended  in  Europe  to 
the  partly  similar  resin  amber,  2.]  I.  ».  It. 
Ambergris  (which  see). 
You  that  smell  of  amber  at  my  charge.      Beau.  a)i>i  Ft 

2.  A  mineralized  pale-yellow,  sometimes  red- 
dish or  brownish,  resin  of  extinct  pine-trees, 
occurring  in  beds  of  lignite  and  in  alluvial  s.iils, 
but  found  in  greatest  abundance  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic,  between  Konigsberg  and  Memel, 
where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea.  it  is  a  hard, 
translucent,  brittle  Bubstance,  having  a  specific  gravity  of 
1.07.  It  is  without  taste  or  smell,  except  win  n  heated  :  it 
then  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  Its  most  remarkable  quality 
is  its  capability  of  becoming  negativel]  electric  bj  fric- 
tion; indeed,  the  word  electricity  is  derived  from  the 
Greek  for  amber,  ijAexTpoc  It  sometimes  contains  remains 
oi  extinct  species  of  insects.  It  yields  by  distillation  all 
einpyreiitiiatic  oil  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons 
and  succinic  acid.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  for  the  mouth- 
pi©  B&  of  pipes  and  tor  beads,  and  in  the  arts  for  amber 
varnish,  fn  mineralogy  it  is  called  succinite.  Artificial 
amber  is  for  the  most  part  colophony. 

3.  In  the  English  versions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Ezek.  i.  4,  27  ;  viii.  2)  used  to  translate 
the  Hebrew  word  chashmal,  a  shining  metal, 
rendered  in  the  Septuagint  elcl'tron,  and  in  the 
Vulgate  elcctrum.  See  eleotrum.—4.  Liquid- 
ambar — Acid  of  amber.  Same  as  succinic  add.— 
Black  amber,  jet.— Fat  amber,  a  valuable  opaqui 

ber,  in  color  resembling  a  lemon.  — Oil  of  amber,  a  vola- 
tile oil  distill,  d  from  amber.  When  purr  it  is  i  colorless 
limpid  liquid  having  a  strong  acid  odor  and  burning 
taste.  It  is  somewhat  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant 
and  antispasmodic  — Sweet  amber,  a  popular  name  of  a 
European  species  of  St.  John's  wort,  Hypericum  Androsov- 
iii  a  hi.  -White  amber,  spermaceti. 


amber 

Ti,  (t.  1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber; 
of  tho  color  of  amber. 

What  time  the  amber  morn 
1'orth  gushes  from  beneath  a  Low-hung  cloud. 

I        yson,  Ode  to  Memory. 

2f.  Having  the  odor  of  ambergris. 

An  amber  scent  ol  od is  perfume 

1 1 .  r  harbinger.  Jfiiton,  3.  A.,  1.  720. 

Amber  bronze,  a  decorative  finish  for  iron  Burfaei 
Amber  cement.  Bee  a  ment.  Amber  varnish,  amber 
heated  with  linseed,  or  nut-oil,  and  thinned,  when  cool, 
with  turpentine,  it  is  verj  Insoluble,  hard,  tough,  and  of 
a  permanent  color,  whii  h  la  -  n<  rallj  too  yellofl  for  work 
in  delicate  tints.  It  dries  very  Slowly,  and  forms  an  ex- 
cellent addition  to  copal  varnishes,  making  them  much 
harder  and  more  durable, 
amber-  (am'ber),  v.  t.  If.  To  seent  or  flavor 
with  amber  or  ambergris. 

Be  sure 
111.  ■  wines  he  lusty,  high,  and  full  of  spirit, 
And  amber'd  all. 

titan.  and  /■'/.,  Custom  of  Country,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  make  amhcr-colorcii.  X.V.I). —  3.  To 
inclose  in  amber.  A'.  E.  I). 
amber-fish  (am'ber-nsh),«.  [(.amber*  +flsh, ) 
A  fish  of  the  family  Carangidie  and  genus  Seri- 
ola.  There  are  several  species.  They  have  a  fusiform 
contour,  but  with  the  snout  more  or  less  decurved,    The 


168 

around,  =  Gr.  Auipi  (see  amphi-)  =  Skt.  ablti 
(for  *<imbhi),  in  comp.  abhitas,  on  both  sides,  = 
AS.  ymbe.  ymb,  cm  be,  nub,  MM.  uinbc,  urn-,  So. 
inn  ,  =  (  >S. '»/»«/  =  OPries.  iimbe=:OD.  D.  om  = 
oIKi.  umpi,  itntbi,  MUG.  iniihi ,  (,.  urn  =  Icel. 
limb,  urn,  around,  on  both  sides  (see  um-);  akin 


ambilevous 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  encompasses  on  all  sides, 
as  a  sphere  or  the  atmosphere.     [Rare.] 

Air  being  a  perpetual  ambient. 

Wotion,  Elem.  Arehit.,  p.  7. 

2t.  A  canvasser,  a  suitor,  or  an  aspirant.    X. 
K.  1). 


to  L.  atubo  =  Gr.   a/itf>u,  both.]     A  prefix  of  ambientes,  n.    Plural  of  ambiens. 


Latin  origin,  meaning  around,  round  about, 
mi  both  sides:  equivalent  to  amphi-,  of  Greek 
origin. 

ambidentate  (am-bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  ambi- 
dens  {-dent-),  having  (as  noun,  a  sheep  having) 
tooth  in  1  Kith  jaws  (<  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides, 
+  ib  us  {ib  nl-)  =  E.  tooth  :  see  dental),  +  -ate.'] 
Having  teeth  in  both  jaws:  applied  by  Dew- 
hurst  to  certain  Cetacca,  as  porpoises  and  dol- 
phins.    [Rare.] 

ambidexter  (am-bi-deks'ter),  a.  and  n.  [ML., 
<  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  +  dexter,  the 
right  hand:  see  dexter.  Cf.  equiv.  Gr.  aptitdel-ioc, 
of  the  same  ultimate  origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Able 
to  use  both  hands  with  equal  ease ;  ambidex- 
trous.—  2.  Double-dealing;  deceitful;  tricky. 
Syn.  1.  Ambidexter,  Amphicmral.    See  amphickiral. 


ambifarious  (am-bi-fa'ri-us),  a.    [<  LL.  ambi 

farius,   having  two   sides  or  meanings,  <  L. 

ambi-,  on  both  sides,  +  -fa-riKS,  <  fori,  speak. 

Cf.  bifiirimis,    multifarious.]     Double,   or  that 

may  be  taken  both  ways.     Blount.     [Rare.] 
ambigen,  ambigene  (am'bi-jen,  -jen).  a.    [< 

XL.  ambigenus,  of  two  kinds,  <  L.  ambi-,  both, 

+  -genus,  -born :  see  -gen,  -genous.]     Same  as 

ambigenal. 
ambigenal  (am-bij'e-nal),  a.     [As  ambigen  + 

-at.]    Of  two  kinds :  used  only  in  the  Newtonian 

phrase  ambigenal  hyperbola,  a  hyperbola  of  the 

third  order,  having  one  of  its 

infinite  legs  falling  within 

an    angle    formed    by    the 

asymptotes,  and  the  other 

without. 


II.  n.  1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  with  ambigenous  (am-bij'e-nus). 


Amber-fish  {Seriola  elorsalii). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

color  is  generally  blackish,  with  dark  or  blackish  bands 
encroaching  upon  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins.  The  spinous 
dorsal  tin  is  well  developed.  Some  of  the  species  are  es- 
teemed  as  food.  They  vary  from  about  a  foot  to  4  or  6 
1,  ,  1  in  length.  Species  an  found  in  almost  all  tropical 
and  warm  waters,  and  at  hast  six  occur  along  the  coasts 
of  the  1  tatted  states. 
ambergris  (arn'ber-gres),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
amber-greeee,  -griese,  -grise,  -grease,  etc.,  and 
transposed  grisambcr,  q.  v. ;  late  ME.  imber- 
gres;  <  F.  ambre  gris,  that  is,  gray  amber  {am- 
ber-, \),  thus  distinguished  from  ambre  jaune, 
yellow  amber  {amber2,  2) :  ambre,  like  E.  amber-, 
brig,  used  with  the  sense  of  'ambergris';  gris, 
gray,  <  OHG.  gris,  G.  greis,  gray.]  A  morbid 
secretion  of  the  liver  or  intestines  of  the  sper- 
maceti whale,  the  Catodon  ( Physeter)  macroceph- 
alus;  a  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inflammable 
substance,  lighter  than  water,  of  a  consistence 
like  that  of  wax,  and  having  when  heated  a 
fragrant  odor.  It  softens  in  the  heat  of  the  hand,  melts 
below  212  F.  into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  highly  solu- 
ble in  alcohol.  It  is  usually  found  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  ocean,  or  cast  upon  the  shore  in  regions  frequented 
by  whales,  as  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bahama  islands,  some- 

i i         of  from  00  to  22r.  pounds  in  weight.    In 

this  substance  arc  I id  the  beaks  of  the  cuttlefish,  on 

which  tic-  whale  is  known  to  feed.  II  is  higlU]  valued  as 
a  material  for  perfumery,  and  was  formerly  used  ill  medi- 
cine as  an  aphrodisiac  and  for  spicing  wines.  .Sometimes 
written amb  rgriseot  ambergrease. 

in   ornaments 
have  a  vast  vartei 
funics,       musk. 

mine,  aloe-w I,  and  extract  of  cinnamon 

I:.  /■'.  Burton,  El  Medinah,  p.  282. 

Ambergris  is  a  sort  of  bezoar,  found  in  the  alimentary 

canal  of  tlii  cachalot  and  seemingly  derived  from  the  fatty 

matter  contained  in  the  I  <  phalopoda  upon  which  the  Ce- 

i:i    an  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  841. 

amber-seed  (am'bor-sod),  «.  The  seed  of  Hi- 
biscus Ibcliii'iseliits,  a  plant  cultivated  in  most 
warm  countries.  Th<  e  seeds  have  a  musky  odor,  and 
iften  used  to  perl umi  pomatum.  The  Arabs  mix  them 
with  their  coffei  .      llsoi  alii  d  mu  I  teed  and  ambrette, 

amber-tree  (am'b6r-tre),  ».    The  English  name 

tor  Aiillnis/ii  riiiinu.  a    genus  of   African   shrubs 

with  evergreen  leaves,  which  when  bruised 
emit  a  fragrant  odor. 

ambes-acet,  ambs-acet  (fimz'as),  n.  [<  ME. 
ambesas,  ambezas,(  OP.  ambesas,  ambi  as  (P. 
ambesas),  <  ambes  (<  L  ambo,  both)  +  as,  ace: 

see  ambi-  and  ace.  |     Tin-  double  ace,  the  lowest 
at  dice;   hence,  ill  luck,  misfortune.     Also 

spelled  arm  -«ce. 

\  our  baggt  bes-as. 

Chaua  i .  Man  ol  Law  s  Tale,  1.  28. 
[had  rathi  c  bi   In  Hus  choice  than  throw  ami 
my  life.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  U   :. 

i. -.in-,  it  seem   I willing,  Just  as  shak  i 

to  risk  the  proaperitj  of  a  versi  upon  a  luckj  throw  ol 
word  upth  ■  hardy  metaphoroi 

the ' eil 

Lowell    \i a' mi  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  192. 

ambi  (am'bi),  n.     Same  as  ambe. 
ambi-.    [<  L.  ambi-,  appearing  also  as  ambe-, 
amb-,  am-,  an-,  in  OL.  also  as  a  prep.,  am,  an, 


■"" ■ '            ,  _.„.,.    ,.  Same  as  ambidexterity, 

its  .  .    .  they     the    women    ol    1.1  Medinah]  w       _   (..,„'),{.,.,,■,  f    „ 

iriety,  .  .  .  and  thi  |  di  li|  hi   in  strung  per-  amDieilS  (am  men/.),  a 

k,  oivi  t.  ambi  rgr\  .  attarot  rose,  oil  of  jas-  elites  (am-bt-en  tez).     L 


equal  facility."  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  A  double- 
dealer  ;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either  side 
in  a  dispute.  Burton. —  3.  In  law,  a  juror  "who 
takes  money  from  both  parties  for  giving  his 
verdict. 

ambidexterity  (am'bi-deks-ter'i-ti),  n.    [<  am- 
bidexter +  -ity,  after  dexterity.]     1.  The  faculty  ambigut  (am'bi-gu) 
of  using  both  hands  with  equal  facility. 

Ignorant  I  was  of  the  human  frame,  and  of  its  latent 
powers,  as  regarded  speed,  force,  and  ambidexterity. 

Dc  Quinci  y. 

2.  Double-dealing ;  duplicity. 
That  intricate  net  of  general  misery,  spun  out  of  his 

own  crafty  ambidexterity. 

i.  D'ltrai  li,  Ameii.  of  Lit.,  I.  412. 

3.  In  law,  the  taking  of  money  by  a  juror  from 
both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

ambidextral  (am-bi-deks'tral),  a.  [<  ambidex- 
ter +  -al.]  Placed  on  either  sido  of  a  given 
thing  indifferently :  as,  "the  ambidextral  adjec- 
tive," Earle.     [Rare.] 

ambidextrous  (am-bi-deks'trus),  a.  [<  ambi- 
dexter +  -ous,  after  dexterous.]  1.  Having  the 
faculty  of  using  both  hands  with  equal  ease 
and  dexterity;  hence,  skilful;  facile. 

Nature  is  prolific  and  ambidextrous. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  420. 

2.  Practising  or  siding  with  both  parties ; 
double-dealing;  deceitful. 

Shuttling  and  ambidextrous  dealings. 

Sir  /.'.  UEstrange. 
Edward  Gosynhyll  .  .  .  mending  his  ambidextrowi  pen 

for  "The  Praise  of  all  Women." 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  30S. 

ambidextrously  (am-bi-deks'trus-li),  adv.  1. 
With  both  hands;  with  the  dexterity  of  one 
who  can  use  both  hands  equally  well. —  2.  In 
a  double-dealing  way ;  cunningly. 

ambidextrousness  (am-bi-deks'trus-nes),  n. 
Same  as  ambidexterity,  1,  '2. 

used  as  n.;  pi.  nmbi- 
[  I,.,  ppr.  of  ambire :  sec 
ambient.]  Iii  uriiilli..  a  muscle  of  the  leg  of  cer- 
tain birds:  so  called  from  the  way  in  which  it 
winds  about,  the  limb  in  passing  from  the  hip 
to  the  foot.  It  is  the  muscle  formerly  known  as  the 
gracilis  muscle  of  birds;  but  its  identity  with  the  mam- 
malian gracilis  Is  questionable.  -Most  birds,  as  the  entire 
order  /'iissors,  have  no  ambiens.  The  presence  or  ab- 
sence oi  the  muscle  has  lab  ly  bee ide  a  basis  of  the 

divi  I  buds  into  i  wo  primary  series  inGarrod's  clas 

siticatioii,  birds  having  it  being  termed  Homalogonatos, 
those  lacking  it  Anomalogonatce,    See  these  words. 

The  ambiens  arises  from  the  pelvis  about  the  acetabu- 
lum, and  passes  along  the  inner  side  of  the  thigh  ;  its  ten 
don  runs  over  the  convexity  of  the  knee  to  the  outer  side, 
and  ends  by  connecting  with  the  flexor  digitorum  perfora 

tus.  .  .  .  Wllenthisarraiigemciil  obtains,  the  result  is  that 
when  a  bird  goes  to  roost,  and  sipiats  on  its  perch,  the 

t tomatieallj  i  lasp  the  perch  by  the  strain  upon  the 

ambiens  that  ensues  as  soon  as  the  leg  la  ben!  hi the 

thigh,  and  the  tarsus  upon  the  leg,  the  weight  of  the  bud 

thus  holding  it  fast  upon  its  perch. 

<,,,,,   ,  b,  v  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  198. 

ambient  (am'bi-ent),  o.  and  ».  [<  L.  ambien{t-)s, 
ppt.  of  ambire,  go  around,  <  amb-,  around 
ambi-),  +  ire,  go,  =  Gr.  that,  go,  =  Skt.  an 
/and  •(/.,  go:  seer/').]     I.  a.   1.   Surrouiidiiu ■: 
enc passing  on  all  sides:  investing:  applied 

I inform  fluids  or  diffusible  substances. 


Ambigenal  Hyperbola. 

a,    a,  hyperbola ;    b,    b, 

asymptotes. 


u  ho  e  pi  mimes  through  the  ambient  air  diffu  ■ 
Such  native  aromatics.  Carew,  Xo  G 


That  candles  and  lights  I'lirn  dim  and  blue  at  the  appa- 
rition "I  spirits  may  be  true,  U  the  ambienl  air  be  full  of 
sulphurous  spirits.  Sir  '/'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.   Moving  round;  circling  about.     N.E.D. 


a.  [<  NL.  ambit/i mis:  see 
ambigen  and  -ous.]  Of  two 
kinds:  in  bot.,  applied  to  a 
calyx  with  several  series  of 
sepals,  of  which  the  inner 
are  more  or  less  petaloid. 

"I    n.     [F., 

<  ambit/it,  ambiguous,  <  L. 
ambigiius:  see  ambiguous.] 
An  entertainment  or  feast 
consisting,  not  of  regular 
courses,  but  of  a  medley  of  dishes  set  on  the 
table  together. 

ambiguity  (am-bi-gu'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  ambiguities 
(-tiz).  [<  ME.  ambiguite  (rare),  <  L.  ambigui- 
ta{t-)s,  <  ambigiius:  see  ambiguous.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  ambiguous;  doubtfulness  or  un- 
certainty, particularly  of  signification. 
The  words  are  of  single  meaning  without  any  ambiguity. 

South. 
If  we  would  keep  our  conclusions  free  from  ambiguityt 
we  must  reserve  the  term  we  employ  to  signify  absolute 
rectitude  solely  for  this  purpose. 

II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  510. 

2.  An  equivocal  or  ambiguous  expression. 

Let  our  author,  therefore,  come  out  of  his  mists  and 
ambiguities,  or  give  us  some  better  authority  for  his  un- 
reasonable doubts.  Vryden,  To  Duchess  of  York. 

ambiguous  (am-big'u-us),  a.     [<  L.  ambiguus. 
going  about,  changeable,  doubtful,  uncertain, 

<  ambigere,  go  about,  wander,  doubt,  <  ambi-, 
around,  +  agcrc,  drive,  move:  see  agent.]  1. 
Of  doubtful  or  uncertain  nature ;  wanting  clear- 
ness or  definiteness;  difficult  to  comprehend  or 
distinguish;  indistinct;  obscure. 

Even  the  most  dextrous  distances  of  the  old  masters 
.  .  .  are  ambiguous.  Ruskin,  Mod.  Painters,  I.  ii.  2. 

Stratified  rocks  of  ambiguous  character. 

i/urcAwon,  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  418.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

2.  Of  doubtful  purport;  open  to  various  inter- 
pretations; having  a  double  meaning;  equivo- 
cal. 

What  have  been  thy  answers,  what  but  dark, 
Ambiguous,  and  with  double  sense  deluding? 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  485, 
He  was  recalled  by  the  Duchess,  whose   letters  had 
been  uniformly  so  ambiguous  that  he  confessed  he  was 
niiiie  unable  to  divine  their  meaning. 

Hotley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  23. 

3.  Wavering!  undecided;  hesitating:  as,  "am- 
biguous in  all  their  doings,"  Milton,  Eikono- 
klastes  (1649),  p.  239.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Th'  ambiguous  god,  who  ruled  her  lab'ring  breast, 
In  these  mysterious  words  his  mind  exprest.     Vryden. 

4.  Using  obscure  or  equivocal  language. 

What  iiiutleiest  thou  with  thine  ambiguous  mouth? 

Swinburne,  Atalanta,  1.  1500. 

=  Syn.  2.  Eguiifoeal,  etc.  (see  06  icwn  v  indeterminate,  iu- 
dctmiic,  indistinct,  not  clear,  not  plain,  amphibolous,  du- 
bious, vague,  enigmatical,  dark,  blind, 
ambiguously  (am-big'u-us-li),  adv.    In  an  am- 
biguous manner;  with  doubtful  moaning. 
Why  pia>  .  .  .  into  the  devil's  hands 
l;>  dealing  so  ambiguously? 

Browning,  Ping  and  Book,  I   821. 
,'J  ambiguousness(am-big'u-ns-nes), ».   The  qual- 
ity of  being  ambiguous;  ambiguity;  obscurity. 
ambilevoust  (am-bi-le'vus),  «.    [<L.  ambi-, on 
both  sides,  +  lavus  (=Gr.  hu6c,  for  */.<uFi>c), 
left.    Cf.  ambidexter.]     Unable  to  use  either 

hand  with  facility:  the  opposite  of  ambidextrous. 
[Rare.  | 
Siinieureasilalen  hath  expressed;  that  is,  ambilevous,  or 

left-handed  On  both  sides;  such  as  with  agility  and  vigour 

hiv  I    riot  the  use  of  either. 

Sir  T.  tiriiune,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  1S9. 


ambilogy 

ambilogyt  (am-bil'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  ambi-,  on 
both  sides,  +  Gr.  -Aoyia,  <  Tiiyeiv,  speak:  see 
-ology.  More  correctly  ampnilogy.]  Words  or 
speech  of  doubtful  meaning. 

ambiloquoust  (am-bil'o-kwus),  a.  [<  ML.  am- 
biloquus,  <  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  + 
loqui,  speak.]     Using  ambiguous  expressions. 

ambiloquyt  (am-bil'o-kwi),  n.  [<  ML.  ambilo- 
quus:  see  above.  Cf.  soliloquy,  colloquy,  etc.] 
Ambiguous  or  doubtful  language. 

ambiparous  (am-bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ambi- 
parus,  <  I  j.  itmlii-,  on  both  sides,  +  parcrc,  pro- 
duce.] In  hot.,  producing  two  kinds,  as  when 
a  bud  contains  the  rudiments  of  both  flowers 
und  leaves. 

ambit  (am'bit),  n.  [<  L.  ambitus,  circuit,  <  am- 
bire,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about:  see  ambient.']  1. 
Compass  or  circuit ;  circumference:  boundary: 
as,  the  ambit  of  a  fortification  or  of  a  country. 

Prodigious  Hailstones  whose  ambit  reaches  five,  six, 
seven  Inches.  Goad,  Celestial  Bodies,  i.  :s. 

Within  the  ambit  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Burgundy. 
Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  I.  240. 
2.  Extent;  sphere;  scope. 

The  ambit  of  words  which  a  language  possesses. 

Saturday  Her.,  Nov.  1:p,  Is.".'.). 

[In  all  senses  technical,  rare,  or  obsolete.] 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  ambition, 
-cioun,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  ambition  =  Sp.  ambicion 
=  Pg.  ambicdo  =  It.  ambizione,  <  L.  ambitio(n-), 
ambition,  a  striving  for  favor,  lit.  a  going 
about,  as  of  a  candidate  soliciting  votes,  <  am- 
bin ,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about,  solicit  votes:  see 
ambient.']  It.  The  act  of  going  about  to  soli- 
cit or  obtain  an  office  or  other  object  of  desire; 

a  canvassing.  .      .,      .,       . . 

I  on  the  other  side 
Used  no  ambition  to  commend  my  deeds. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  247. 

2.  An  eager  or  inordinate  desire  for  some  ob- 
ject that  confers  distinction,  as  preferment, 
political  power,  or  literary  fame ;  desire  to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  from  other  men :  often  used 
in  a  good  sense:  as,  ambition  to  be  good. 
Cromwell,  I  charge  thee,  fling  away  ambition  ; 
By  that  sin  fell  the  angels.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

This  their  inhuman  act  having  successful  and  unsus- 
pected passage,  it  emboldeneth  Sejanus  to  further  and 
more  insolent  projects,  even  the  ambition  of  the  empire. 
B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  Arg. 

I  hope  America  will  come  to  have  its  pride  in  being  a 
nation  of  servants,  and  not  of  the  served.  How  can  men 
have  any  other  ambition  where  the  reason  has  not  Buffered 
a  disastrous  eclipse?  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  422. 

Hence  —  3.    The   object  of  ambitious  desire. 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  v.  t.     [From  the  noun.] 
To  seek  after  ambitiously  or  eagerly ;  aspire  to ; 
be  ambitious  of.     [Rare  or  colloq.] 

Every  noble  youth  who  sighed  for  distinction,  ambi- 
Honed  the  notice  of  the  Lady  Arabella. 

/.  Disraeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  III.  274. 
This  nobleman  [Lord  Chesterfield],  however,  failed  to 
attain  that  place  among  the  most  eminent  statesmen  of 
his  country,  which  he  ambitioned. 

Wingrove  Cooke,  Hist,  of  Party,  II.  160. 

ambitionist  (am-bish'on-ist),  n.     [(.ambition  + 

-ist.]      An  ambitious  person;  one  devoted  to 

self-aggrandizement.     [Rare.] 

Napoleon  .  .  .  became  a  selfish  ambitionist  and  quack. 

Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  146. 

ambitionless  (am-bish'on-les),  a.     [<  ambition 

+  -less.]  Devoid  of  ambition. 
ambitious  (am-bish'us),  a.  [<  ME.  ambitious, 
-cious,  <  OF.  "ambitios,  later  amhiticnx  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ambicioso  =  It.  ambizioso,  <  L.  ambitiosus,  < 
<iuiliitio(n-):  see  ambition  and  -ous.]  1.  Charac- 
terized by  or  possessing  ambition;  eagerly  or 
inordinately  desirous  of  obtaining  power,  su- 
periority, or  distinction. 

No  toil,  no  hardship  can  restrain 
Ambitious  man,  iiiurd  to  pain. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  i.  35. 

2.  Strongly  desirous;  eager:  with  of  (formerly 
for)  ..r  an  infinitive. 

Trajan,  a  prince  ambitious  ../'glory. 

Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins. 
I  am  ambitious  for  a  motley  coat. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Ambitious  to  win 
From  me  some  plume.       Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  160. 

3.  Springing  from  or  indicating  ambition. 
Should  a  President  consent  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third 

election,  I  trust  he  would  be  rejected,  on  this  demonstra- 
tion of  ambitious  views.  Jefferson,  Autnliiog.,  p.  65. 
Hence — 4.  Showy;  pretentious:  as,  an  ambi- 
tious stylo;  ambitious  ornament. 

Hood  an  ass  with  reverend  purple, 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  cars, 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
ambitiously  (am-bish'us-li),  adv.     In  an  am- 
bitious manner. 


169 

ambitiousness  (am-bish'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ambitious;  ambition. 

ambitudet  (am'bi-tud),  u.  [<  Ii.  ambitudo,  < 
ambitus,  agoinground:  see  ambit.]  Circuity; 
compass;  circumference.     [Rare.] 

ambitus  (am'bi-tus),  ».;  pi.  ambitus.  [L. :  see 
ambit]  1.  Agoinground;  a  circuit ;  the  cir- 
cumference,  periphery,  edge,  or  bonier  of  a 
thing,  as  of  a  leaf  or  the  valve  of  a  shell. — 2f. 
In  arch.,  an  ..pin  space  surrounding  a  building 
or  a  monument. — 3.  In  antiq.,  an  open  space 
about  a  house  separating  il  from  adjoining 
dwellings,  and  representing  the  ancient  sacred 
precinct  around  a  family  hearth.  In  Rome  the 
widtli  of  the  ambitus  was  fixed  by  law  at  3J  feet. 
—  4.  In  an. -i.  nt  Rome,  the  act  of  canvassing 
for  public  office  or  honors.  See  ambition,  1. — 
5.  In  logic,  llio  extension  of  a  term. 

amble  (am'bl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ambled,  ppr. 
ambling.  [<  ME.  amblen,  <  OF.  ambler,  go  at  an 
easy  pace,  <  L.  ambulare,  walk:  see  ambulate.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse 
when  it  first  lifts  the  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  the  two  on  the  other;  hence,  to  move 
easily  and  gently,  without  hard  shocks. 

Your  wit  ambles  well ;  it  goes  easily. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 
An  abbot  on  an  ambling  pad. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  ii. 

2.  To  ride  an  ambling  horse ;  ride  at  an  easy 
pace.  A.  E.  D. — 3.  Figuratively,  to  move  af- 
fectedly. 

Frequent  in  park,  with  lady  at  his  side, 
Ambling  and  prattling  scandal  as  he  goes. 

Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

amble  (am'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  amble,  <  OF.  amble  : 
from  the  verb.]  A  peculiar  gait  of  a  horse  or 
like  animal,  in  which  both  legs  on  one  side  are 
moved  at  the  same  time ;  hence,  easy  motion ; 
gentle  pace.     Also  called  pace  (which  see). 

A  mule  well  broken  to  a  pleasant  and  accommodating 
amble.  Scott. 

ambler  (am'bler),  n.  One  who  ambles;  espe- 
cially, a  horse  which  ambles ;  a  pacer. 

Amblicephalus,  n.    See  Amblyccphalus,  1. 

ambligon,  a.    See  amblygon. 

amblingly  (am'bling-li),  adv.  With  an  ambling 
gait. 

Ambloctonidae  (am-blok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ambloctonus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  fossil  car- 
nivorous mammals,  of  the  Eocene  age,  belonging 
to  the  suborder  Creodonta,  typified  by  the  genus 
Ambloctonus,  havingthe  last, upper  molar  longi- 
tudinal, the  lower  molars  with  little-developed 
inner  tubercle,  and  the  last  of  these  carnassial. 

Ambloctonus  (arn-blok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.,  ir- 
reg.  <  (Jr.  apfi'/.vq,  blunt  (toothed),  +  tcrelveiv, 
kill,  slay.]  The  typical  genus  of  Ambloetoni- 
dce,  established  by  Cope  in  1875  upon  remains 
from  the  New  Mexican  Eocene  (Wahsatch  beds) . 
A.  sinosus  was  a  large  stout  carnivore,  of  about 
the  size  of  a  jaguar. 

Amblodon  (am'blo-don),  n.  [NL.  (Rafinesque, 
1820),  <  Gr.  afiftt.vc,  blunt,  +  bSoiic  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  scirenoid  fishes:  synonymous  with 
Haplodinotus  (which  see). 

Amblonyx  (am-blon'iks),  n.  [NL. ;  more  cor- 
rectly "amblyonyx;  <  Gr.  a/ifi%vc,  blunt,  +  owf, 
a  nail:  see  onyx.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  ani- 
mals, named  by  Hitchcock  in  1858,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dino- 
saurian  reptiles,  known  by  their  footprints  in 
the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley. 

Ambloplites  (am-blop-li'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Rafi- 
nesque, 1820), <  Gr.  a/iii/.vr,  dull,  blunt,  +  6-"/.iTnc, 
heavy-armed :  seehoplite.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
of  the  family  Centrarchidw,  having  villiform 
pterygoid  teeth  and  numerous  anal  spines.  A. 
rupe8tris  is  a  species  called  rock-bass,  resembling  the 
black-bass,  but  having  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins  i ■e  de- 
veloped and  the  body  shorter  and  deeper.  Also  written 
Amblyoplites.    See  cut  underrocft  bass. 

amblosis  (am-blo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  (Jr.  &/if}kamc, 
abortion,  <  afiffMecv (in  comp.),  a/i  Wusttem,  cause 
abortion,  <  a/i.i'/.ir,  dull,  blunt,  weak.]  Miscar- 
riage; abortion. 

amblotic  (am-blot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  apB^a- 
T(k6(;,  lit  to  produce  abortion,  <  u/i,J>.uatc,  abor- 
tion: see  amblosis.]  I.  a.  Having  the  power 
to  cause  abortion. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  anything  causing  or  designed 
to  cause  abortion;  an  abortifacient. 

amblyaphia  (ani-bli-a'fi-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  .;«- 
pXvc,  dull,  +  dp!/,  touching,  touch,  <  airretv, 
fasten,  mid.  aitTtadai,  touch.]  In  pathol.,  dull- 
ness of  the  sense  of  touch;  insensibility  of  the 
skin;  physical  apathy. 


Tiger-beetle  [Amt'lychila  cylindri- 
/ormis't,  slightly  magnified. 


Amblyopsidae 
Amblycephalus  (am-bli-sef'a-lus),  n.    [NL.,  < 

I  It.  ""  .'/",  blunt,  +  htrju/ij.  head.  ]     1.  In  /,.  rpt  t., 
lb.-  bin  ii  lb.  a.  Is,  a  genus  of  colubriformsei] 
founded  l>\  K  ulil  in 
1 827,  considered  by 
some  an  aberrant 
form   of    Dipsadi- 

d".     ,|.    /„,„    inhabits 

Java,     Borneo,     ami 
neighboring      lelandi 
Also  written  Amblict 
phalus. 

2.  In  entom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  homopter- 
ous  hemipterous 
insects,  family  f'i  r- 
copidcB:  a  name 
preoccupied  in  her- 
pctology.  A.intcr- 
ruptus,  a  land  of 
hop-frog  or  froth- 
ily, injures  hops. 
Amblychila  (am- 
bli-ki'lii),  n.  [NL., 
<Gr.  a/i'pXic,  blunt, 
obtuse,  +  xri/  be, 
lip.]  A  genus  of 
Cicinili  lnlir,  or  ti- 
ger-beetles, peculiar  to  North  America.  Its  dis- 
tinguishing characters  are  its  small  eyes,  separate  posterior 
coxa;,  and  the  widely  indexed  margin  of  the  wing-covers. 
A  single  species  represents  this  genus,  .1.  cylindriformit 
(Say),  which,  from  its  large  size,  nearly  cylindrical  form, 
and  somber  dark-brown  color,  is  the  most  striking  mem- 
ber of  its  family.  It  occurs  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  >"ew 
Mexico,  and  Arizona.  It  is  nocturnal,  hiding  during  the 
day  in  deep  holes,  generally  on  sloping  ground,  and  is 
known  to  feed  on  locusts.  Also  spelled  Amblycheila. 
Sou.  1S34. 

Amblycorypha  (am-bli-kor'i-fa),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aufiMic,  blunt,  +  Kopvtyrj,  head,  top :  see 
corypheus.]  A  genus  of  katydids,  of  tho  family 
Locustida;  having  oblong  elytra  and  a  curved 
ovipositor.  There  are  several  United  States 
species,  as  A.  rotundifolia,  A.  oblongifolia,  A. 
caudata,  etc. 
amblygon  (am'bli-gon),  a.  andH.  [<  Gr.  a/t.i'/r- 
.'...avur,  obtuse-angled,  <  a/ij3'/.ve,  dull,  obtuse,  + 
yuvia,  angle.]  I.  a.  Obtuse-angled;  amblyg- 
onal.    Also  spelled  ambligon. 

The  Buildings  Ambligon 
May  more  receive  than  Mansions  Oxygon, 
i  Because  th'  acute  and  the  rect-Anglcs  too 
stride  not  so  wide  as  obtuse  Angles  doe). 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (1621),  p.  290. 

II.  n.  In  geom..  an  obtuse-angled  triangle;  a 
triangle  having  one  angle  greater  than  ninety 
degrees. 

amblygonal  (am-blig'o-nal),  a.  [<  amblygon  + 
-a!.]  Obtuse-angled;  having  the  form  of  an 
amblygon. 

amblygonite  (am-blig'o-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  hu.Ov- 
■j  avioc,  obtuse-angled  (see  amblygon),  +  -He-.]  A 
mineral,  generally  massive,  rarely  in  triclinic 
crystals.    It  is  a  phosphate  of  aluminium  and  lithium 

.  ..iii Ing  fluorin,  and  in  color  is  greenish -white,  yellow- 

ish-white,  ..r  ..t  other  light  shade.  It  is  found  in  Europe 
at  Chursdorf,  near  Penig,  Saxony,  in  the  I  nit.. I  states  at 
Hebron,  .Maine,  and  elsewhere. 

amblyocarpOUS  (am"lili-6-k:ir'pus),  )i.  [<  NL. 
amblyocarpus,  <  Gr.  a/i/SMi;,  blunt;  dulled,  faint, 
w-eak,  +  napTTOc,  fruit :  see  carpel.]  hibot.,  hav- 
ing the  seeds  entirely  or  mostly  abortive:  ap- 
plied to  fruit. 

amblyopia  (am-bli-o'pi-ii),  it.  [NL..<  ( Ir.  iu  .  .- 
unia,  dim-sightedness,  <  a/i  •'/..,,-... .  dim-sighted, 

<  .///.I'/i'r,  dull,  dim,  +  Crib  (0177-).  eye.  Bight.  I '(. 
Amblyopsis.]  In  pathol.,  dullness  or  obscurity 
of  vision,  without  any  apparent  defect  of  tho 
organs  of  sight:  the  first  stage  of  amaurosis. 
Also  amblyopy — Amblyopia  ex  anopsia,  amblyopia 
arising  from  not  using  theeyes. 

amblyopic  (am-bli-op'ik).  a.  [<  amblyopia  + 
-tc]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  amblyopia  ;  af- 
flicted  with  amblyopia. 

Amblyopid3e(am-bli-op'i-de), n.pl.  [NL.,irivg. 

<  Amblyopsis  +  -ida:]     Same  as  dmolyopsidai. 
Amblybpina  (am*bli-6-pi'nS),  n.  i>l.    [NL.,  < 

Amblyopus+  -ina.]  The  second  group  of  Gobi- 
idee  in  Giinther's  system  of  classification:  equiv- 
alent to  the  subfamily  Amblyopince. 

Amblyopinae  (am/bb.-6-pi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL..  < 
dmblyopus  +  -ina;.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Amblyopus.  Tbeyhave  the 
two  dorsal  tins  united  in  one,  and  11  abdominal  and  17 
caudal  vertebrae. 

Amblyoplites  (am-bli-op-11'tez),  n.  The  more 
correct  form  of  Ambloplites  (which  see). 

amblyopsid  (am-bli-op'trid),  ».  A  fish  of  the 
family  Amblyopsidce. 

Amblyopsidae  (am-bli-op'si-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopsis  +  -ida:.]    A  family  of  haplomous 


Amblyopsidae 

fishes  in  which  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
entirely  formed  by  the  premaxillaries,  which 
are  scarcely  protractile,  ami  in  which  the  amis 
is  jugular.  Five  species  are  known, generally  arranged 
in  three  genera,  from  the  fresh  waters  ofthe  United  States, 

the  largest  and  best-knovi the  blind-fish  of  the 

Mammoth  and  other  caves.  See  Amblyopsis.  Alsocalled 
Aintilu- 

Amblyopsis  (am-bli-op'sis),  n.      [NL.  (J.  E. 

1  >e  Kay,  1842),  <  Gr.  o/i  i>  i  f,  dull,  faint,  dim,  + 

c,  countenance,  Bight,  related  to  lnj>,  eye:  see 

optic  Ci.  amblyopia.]  1.  A  genus  of  fishes  repre- 


170 

amblystomid  (am-blis'to-mid),  n.  An  arophi- 
liinii  of  tin'  family  Amblystomiace. 

Amblystomidae  (am-blis-tom'i-de),  n.  ]>l. 
[NL.,  <  Amblystoma  +  ■idee.']  A  family  of  am- 
phibians of  which  Amblystoma  is  the  typical 
genus.  They  arc  salamanders  with  the  palatines  not 
prolonged  overthe  parasphenoid  and  bearing  teeth  behind, 
parasphenoid  toothless,  vertebr pisthocoslian.  and  a  pe- 
culiar arrangement  of  the  hyoid  apparatus.  Must  of  the 
species  are  north  American. 

ambo  (arn'bo),  »/.;  pi.  anibos  or  ambones  (am'- 
boz,  am-bo'nez).  [<  ML.  ambo,  <  Gr.  a/i^ur, 
any  slight  elevation,  a  boss,  stage,  pulpit:  see 
ambe.~\  1.  In  early  Christian  churches  and 
basilicas,  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit  from  which  cer- 

ad  or  chanted 


Blind-fish  {Autbiyofsis  spete 

sented  by  the  blind-fish  (A.spelceus)  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  of  Kentucky,  and  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Amblyopsidae. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

amblyopsoid  (am-bli-op'soid),  a.  and  ».   [<  Am- 
blyopsis +  -mil.']     I.  a.  Having  the  characters 
of  the  Amblyopsidce. 
II.  ».  An  amblvopsid. 

Amblyopus  (am-bli-6'pus),  «.  [NL.  (Valen- 
ciennes, 1837),  <  Gr.  un  i/ ru-nr,  dim-sighted: 
see  amblyopia.']  1.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  (iobiida;  typical  of  the  subfamily  Ambly- 
opia:— 2.  A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects. 
Saussure,  1S78. 

amblyopy  (am'bli-o-pi),  re.    Same  as  amblyopia. 

Amblypoda  (ain-blip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Grs 
au.i/.ic,  blunt,  dull,  4-  tto'cc  (Trod-)  =  E.  foot.]  A 
suborder  of  Eocene  mammals  belonging  to  the 
Subungulata,  or  many-toed  hoofed  quadrupeds, 
of  elephantine  proportions  and  structure  of  the 
limbs.  The  fore  feet  were  6-toed  ami  the  hind  feet  4- 
toeil.  The  skull  had  a  remarkably  small  brain-case,  enor- 
mous flaring  processes  in  three  pairs,  no  upper  incisors, 
three  pairs  of  lower  incisors,  and  a  pair  of  huge  upper 
canines,  projecting  alongside  a  flange-like  plate  of  the 
lowei  jaw.  The  molars  were  6  in  number  on  each  side, 
above  and  below.  The  genera  composing  this  group  are 
Ciii'iillii-riiiiii,  lUiK'iii-as.  Tinori'ras,  Ltixaloplioilim,  etc. 
The  term  Dinoeerata  is  nearly  synonymous.  These  huge 
mammals  were  extinct  before  the  Miocene  era,  and  their 
fossil  remains  have  been  found  mostly  in  the  Eocene  beds 
of  North  America. 

Amblypodia  (am-bli-po'di-a),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iiu.i'/.vc,  blunt,  dull,  +  ttovc  (nod-)  z=E.foot,  + 
-ia.]     A  genus  of  lycsenid  butterflies. 

Amblypterus  (ain-blip'te-rus),  u.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apj'/cr,  dull,  blunt,  +  irrepdv,  wing  (>  irrtpv!;, 
wing,  fin),  ^E.  feather.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid 
fishes  with  heterocercal  tail.  The  species  are 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state,  and  are  character- 
istic of  the  coal  formation.  Agassi^!  1833. —  2. 
A  genus  of  birds,  founded  by  Gould  in  1837,  but 
preoccupied  in  ichthyology  by  the  preceding 
genus,  and  therefore  not  in  use.  it  was  based 
upon  a  remarkable  South  American  goatsucker,  of  the  fam- 
ily Viii'i-iiititl'iiihr,  now  known  as  Eieothreptus  anomnlus. 

Amblyrhynchus  (am-bli-ring'kus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  afi3'/.vc,  blunt,  +  p'vyxoe,  snout.]  1.  Agenus 
of  iguanid  lizards  characteristic  of  the  Galapa- 
gos islands :  so  called  from  the  very  blunt  snout. 
There  are  two  remarkable  species,  a  marine  one,  A.  crix- 
tiitii.i.  with  compressed  tail  and  partially  webbed  toes,  and 
A.  dcmarli,  a  laud-lizard,  with  cylindric  tail  and  unwebbed 
toes. 

2.  In  omith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  South  American 
Icterida;  or  blackbirds.  [Not  in  use.]  (6)  A 
genus  of  phalaropes.  Thomas  Nuttall,  1834. 
[Not  in  use.] 

Amblysomus  (am-bli-so'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/ipXvc,  blunt,  dull,  dim,  +  cu/ia,  body.]  A 
genus  of  gold-moles  or  ( 'apo  moles  of  southern 
Africa,  of  the  family  I'lirysochloriilida;  distin- 
guished from  Chrysoehloris  by  having  only  2 
molars  in  each  jaw  instead  of  3.  Chalcochlnris 
of  Mivart  is  a  synonym  moro  frequently  used. 

Amblystoma  (am-hiis'to-mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
k;,  blunt,  dull,  +  ani/ia,  mouth.]  An  ex- 
tensive genus  of  urodolo  or  tailed  batrachians, 
notable  for  the  trail  formations  which  they  un- 
dergo; the  type  of  the  family  Amblystomidos, 
In  th-ir  undeveloped  state  they  represent  the  formerly 

i  nos  >"  i  don  \ b  are  knew  n  as 

it.'  |  belong  to  the  salamandrine  Berles  of  the 
la,  and  are  related  to  the  newts,  efta,  salams 
etc.    Vi  iv  of  ten  written,  by  mistake,  Ambysloma,    See  cut 
under  aaolotl. 

Iheazolotl  is  the  larval  state  of  Amblystoma;  but  it 
sometimes  remains  in  that  state  throughout  life,  and  is 

at  the  same  i I  prolific,  while  those  win-  ],  must  be 

supposed  to  have  attained  a  nighei  I  irni  are  utterl]  Btei 
lie,  the  sexual  organ    i" Lng  apparently  atropbii  d, 

POSCOC,  ZodL  Class.,  p.  19a. 

amblystome  (am'bli-stoin),  n.  Samo  as  am- 
blystomid. 


1.j.irf                                  None. 
-r.-iH   ...... f t>~T 
':_             .A      _  J^l*wn  .yaivJiTio<ur£ts_r_  _WM  J 

I  ■     '   i  ■  I       /Anno  Ambo  \       |V       'f    I 

Ambo. 
Northern  Tribune  of  the  Church  of  S.  Maria  in  Ara  Cceli,  Rome. 

and  sermons  were  preached.  It  was  often  an  ob- 
long inclOBUre  with  steps  at  both  ends,  and  was  generally 
richly  decorated.  It  was  very  common  to  place  two  ambos 
in  a  church,  from  one  of  which  was  read  the  gospel,  and 
from  the  other  the  epistle.  A  tall  ornamented  pillar  for 
holding  the  paschal  candle  is  sometimes  associated  with 
the  ambo. 

From  these  walls  projected  ambones,  or  pulpits  with 
desks,  also  of  marble,  ascended  by  steps. 

Encyc  Brit.,  III.  415. 
2.  In  anat.,  a  circumferential  fibrocartilage ; 
a  fibrocartilaginous  ring  surrounding  an  articu- 
lar cavity,  as  the  glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 
and  the  cotyloid  fossa  of  the  innominate  bone. 
Also  written  ambon. 

ambodextert  (am-bo-deks'ter),  a.  and  re.  Same 
as  ambidexter. 

ambolic (am-bol'ik),  a.  [< Gr.  *a/it3o?uKoc^  contr. 
from  avajiokiKic,  taken  in  lit.  sense  <  avafioXr/ 
(poet,  ap-jioli/),  that  which  is  thrown  up  or 
around:  see  anabole.]  Having  the  power  of 
producing  abortion;  abortifacient. 

ambon  (am'bon),  11.     See  ambo. 

ambosexous  (am-bo-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  ambo, 
both,  +  sexus,  sex.]  Having  both  sexes;  bi- 
sexual; hermaphrodite.     [Bare  or  obsolete.] 

Amboyna  wood.    See  Kiaboooa-wooA. 

Amboynese  (am-boi-nes'  or  -nez'),  n.  sing,  and 
jil.  [<  Amboyna  +  -ese.]  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Amboyna,  the  most  important  of  the 
Moluccas  or  Spice  Islands. 

ambreada  (am-bre-a'dii),  re.  [=  F.  ambrcade, 
<  Pg.  ambreada,  fictitious  amber,  prop.  fern, 
pp.  of  ambrear,  perfume  with  amber,  <  amine, 
usually  ambar,  amber:  see  amber®.]  A  kind 
of  artificial  amber  manufactured  for  the  trade 
with  Africa. 

ambreic  (am-bre'ik),  a.  [<  ambrein  +  -ir.]  In 
cliini.,  formed  by  digesting  ambrein  in  nitric 
acid  :  ns,  ambreic  acid. 

ambrein (am'bir-i ii ),  n.  [(~F.ambr6ine,<.ambre, 
amber:  see  amber®  and  -*»2.]  A  peculiar  fatty 
substance  obtained  from  ambergris  by  digi -sling 
it  in  hot  alcohol.  It  is  crystalline,  is  of  a  bril- 
liant white  color,  and  1ms  an  agreeable  odor. 

ambrette  (am-bref),  n.    [P.,  dim.  of  ombre, 

amber.  |    1.  See  a mbi  r-si  cil.  —  2.  A  kind  of  pear 

with  an  odor  of  ambergris  or  musk.     .V.  /.'.  /'. 

ambrite  (am'brii ),  n.     \  =  0r.amtrit;  <  NL.  om- 

brit,  E.  amber-,  +  -//(-.]  A  fossil  resin  occur- 
ring in  large  masses  in  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 

and   identical  with  the  resin  of  the  Jinmiiiiirn 

niisiriilis,  a  pine  now  growing  abundantly  there, 
ambrology  (am-brol  o-ii  I,   «.     [<  NL.  ambra, 

umber,  -f  Gr.  -Tioyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak:  see  -oliujij.] 
The  natural  history  of  amber.     Xyd.  Hue.  Lex. 


ambrotype 

ambroset  (am'broz),  ».  [<  ME.  ambrose,  in  def. 
2  (UP.  amhrnisi ,  V .  ambroisie,  sometimes  am- 
brosie),  <  L.  ambrosia,  ambrosia,  also  the  name 
of  several  plants :  see  ambrosia.]  1.  Ambrosia. 
[Rare.] 
At  first,  ambrose  itself  was  not  sweeter. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  iii.  l\ 
2.  An  early  English  name  ofthe  Jerusalem  oak, 
( 'hciiopoiliiim  Botrys,  and  also  of  the  wood-sage, 
Tcucriam  Seorodmini. 

ambrosia  (am-bro'ziii),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  iiuppoaia, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  conferring  immortality, 
fern,  of  adj.  upppdawc,  a  lengtliened  form  of 
loroff,  also  afipoToc,  immortal,  <  a-  priv.  + 
"pporog,  jipordc,  older  form  poprdc,  mortal,  akin 
to  L.  mor(t-)s,  death  (L.  iiii-mnrt-id-is  =  Gr. 
u-u.lpoT-oc),  and  mori,  die:  see  mortal.  Cf.  Skt. 
amrita,  immortal,  also  the  drink  of  the  gods 
(see  amrita),  =Gr.  a/ijipoToc.]  1.  In  Gr.  legend, 
a  celestial  substance,  capable  of  imparting  im- 
mortality, commonly  represented  as  tin-  fund 
of  the  gods,  but  sometimes  as  their  drink,  and 
also  as  a  richly  perfumed  unguent ;  hence,  in 
literature,  anything  comparable  in  character 
to  either  of  these  conceptions. 

His  dewy  locks  distill'd  ambrosia.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  57. 
2.  leap.]  A  genus  of  widely  distributed  coarse 
annual  weeds,  of  the  natural  order  ( 'ompositcs, 
chiefly  American,  and  generally  known  as  rug- 
weed.  A.  artemisicefoMa  is  also  called  Roman 
wormwood  or  hog  weed. 

ambrosiac  (am-bro'zi-ak),  a.  [<  L.  ambrosia- 
ciis,  <  ambrosia  :  seo  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia;  per- 
fumed; sweet-smelling:  &s,"  ambrosiac  odours," 
B.  Jonsov,  Poetaster,  iv.  3  (song). 

Shrill  strainVl  art.s-mcn,  whose  omorostoc  quills, 
Whiles  they  desert's  encomions  sweet  rehearse, 
The  world  with  wonder  and  amazement  fills. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

ambrosiaceous  (am-bro-zi-a'shius),  a.  [<  Am- 
brosia +  -aceous.]  In  hot.,  allied  to  the  genus 
Ambrosia. 
ambrosial  (am-bro'zial),  a.  [<  ambrosia  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia;  partaking  of  the 
nature  or  qualities  of  ambrosia;  anointed  or 
fragrant  with  ambrosia;  hence,  delighting  the 
taste  or  smell;  delicious;  fragrant;  sweet- 
smelling:  as,  ambrosial  dews. 

As  the  sunset 
Threw  the  long  shadows  of  trees  o'er  the  broad  ambrosial 
meadows.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

Sweet  after  showers,  ambrosial  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lwwi. 
Thou  too  .  .  .  mayest  become  a  Political  Power:  and 
with  the  shakings  of  thy  horse-hair  wig,  shake  principal- 
ities and  dynasties,  like  a  very  Jove  with  his  ambrosial 
curls.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

ambrosially  (am-bro'zial-i),  adv.     In  an  am- 
brosial manner;  with  an  ambrosial  odor. 
A  fruit  of  pure  Hesperian  gold, 
That  smelt  ainbrosiaUij.        Tennyson,  tEnone. 
ambrosian't  (am-bro'zian),  a.     [iambrosia  + 
-tin.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia ;  fragrant; 
ambrosial.     B.  Jonson. 

Most  am6rosion-lipped  creature. 

Middleton,  lilurt,  Master-Constable,  iv.  2. 

Ambrosian2  (am-bro'zian),  c7.  [<LL.  Ambro- 
siunns,  <  Ambrosius,  Ambrose,  <  Gr.  a/jjipdatoc, 
immortal,  divine:  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of 

Milan  in  the  fourth  century Ambrosian  chant, 

alnode  of  singing  or  chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose 
in  the  cathedral  church  at  Milan  about  3S4.  Little  is 
certainly  known  of  its  nature.— Ambrosian  Library, 
a  famous  library  and  collection  of  antiquities  at  Milan, 
founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  nni'.t.— Ambrosian 
office  or  ritual,  a  formula  of  worship  named  from  St.  Am- 
brose, and  long  used  in  the  church  of  Milan  in  place  of 
Die  Roman  mass. 

ambrosino  (am-bro-ze'no),  re.  [It.,  from  the  fig- 
ure of  St.  Ambrose  on  the  coin  :  see  above.]    A 


Silver  Ambrosino  of  Milan,  British  Museum.     (Size  ofthe  original.) 

silver  coin,  weighing  about  45  grains,  issued  by 
tin-  republic  of  Milan  A.  I),  liitl-lilltl,  and  bear- 
ing the  effigy  of  Ambrose,  the  patron  saint  of 
the  city.  The  name  was  also  applied  to  a  rare 
Milanese  gold  coin  ofthe  same  period, 
ambrotype  (a  m' bro-tip),  n,  [<  Gr.4/i/3/3oToc(see 
ambrosia),  immortal,  +  rtrrof,  impression:  see 
type.]     In  jihotog.,  a  picture  made  by  applying 


ambrotype 

a  dark  backing  to  the  face  of  a  thin  negative 

On  glass.  The  negative,  as  seni  from  behind,  thus  ap- 
pears  as  a  positive  against  the  backing,  the  lights  being 
formed  by  the  opaque  portions,  and  the  shadows  by  tin- 
backing  seen  through  the  more  or  less  transparent  por- 
tions. 

ambry  (am'bri),  ».;  pi.  ambries  (-bnz).  [In 
actual  modern  speech  only  in  north.  E.  dial. 
aumry,  otherwise  only  a  historical  word,  spelled 
prop,  ambry,  but  archaistically  in  various  forma 
of  the  earlier  ambery,  as  ambrey,  aumbry,  aum- 
brie  (with  excrescent  b  as  in  number,  slumber), 
earlier  amine,  aumrye,  aumrie,  aumery,  qwmery. 


171 


amburbial 


tar)  of  orhinoderms.— Ambulacra!  vesicle,  a  sac  situ- 
ated upon  theaboral  face  uf  an  ambulacral  ossicle— Am- 
bulacral  vessels,  t  he  water-vascular  channels  ol  the  am- 
bulacra.   Seecut  underifoAinoidea. 

Another  marked  peculiarity  "f  the  Echinoderm  type  is 
the  general,  if  not  universal,  presence  of  a  system  oi  »>» 

hui, tr,-,it  ixsmls,i sistingoi  a  circular  canal  around  the 

mouth,  whence  canals  usually  arise  and  follow  the  middle 
line  of  each  of  the  ambulacral  metameres. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  54. 

Clrcumoral  ambulacral  vessel,  that  into  which  a  ra- 
dial canal  of  the  ambulacral  system  of  vessels  opens  at 
in  oral  end.-  Radial  ambulacral  vessels,  those  which 

radiate  from  th.  central  or  circular  vessel  which  surrounds  ambulate  (am'bii-lat),  V 
the  gullet 


almery,  almary,  almarie,aAsoarmorie,  <ME.  ame-  Ambulacraria    (am"bu-lak-ra'ri-ii),  «•  i''- 

[NL.,  <  ambulacrum  +  -aria.']  1.  A  branch  or 
subkingdomof  animals,  constitutedbythe  Krlii- 
noderrnata  and  Enteropneusta,  and  divided  into 
Badiata  and  BilateraUa,  the  latter  represented 
by  the  genus  Balanoglossus  alone.  Metschnikoff. 
—  2f.  \l.  c]  The  coronal  ambulacra  of  sea-ur- 
chins. 
Ambulacrata  (am"bu-lak-ra'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  ambulaeratus,  <  ambulacrum.]  A 
term  applied  by  E.  14.  Lankester  to  a  branch  of 
echinoderms  consisting  of  the  Holothuroidea, 


rie,  almarie,  also  armaric,<  OF.  almarie,  arma- 
ria, later  ahuairc,  aumaire,  aumoire,  armaire, 
armoire  =  Pr.  armari  =  Sp.  armario  =  Pg.  al- 
mario  (>  Hind,  almarl,  >  Auglo-Ind.  alminilt,  q. 
v.)  =  It.  armario,  armadio=Gt.  fl.»«r  =  Bohem. 
armara,  aVmara  =  Pol.  almaryja,  olmaryja  = 
Serv.  ormar,  orman  =  Sloven,  almara,  ormar, 
omara,  <  L.  armarium  (ML.  also  corruptly  al- 
marium),  a  closet,  chest,  or  safe  for  food,  cloth- 
ing, money,  implements,  tools,  etc.,  <  arma, 
implements,  tools,  arms:  see  arm-,  arms,  and 
cf.  armory1.  Through  the  form  almery  the  word 
was  confused  with  almonry,  a  place  for  distrlb 


Echinoidea, 
sea-urchins, 


ambulant  (am'bu-lant),  a.  [=  F.  ambulant,  < 
L.  amlml(iii(l-)s.  'ppr.  of.  ambulare,  walk,  go 
about:  see  ambulate.]  1.  Walking;  moving 
from  place  to  place ;  shifting. 

Bold  it  fur  400  francs  to  an  ambulant  picture  d 

The  .1  merican,  vl.  250. 
Ambulant  tobacconists  crying  their  goods. 

It.  F.  Burton,  El  Mcdinah,  p.  259. 

2.  In  her.,  walking:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. — 3.  In  pathol.,  shifting  about  from 

place  to  place;  ambulatory:  :is, ambulant  edema. 

piet.  and  pp.  am- 
bulated, ppr.  ambulating.     [<L.  ambidatus,  pp. 

of  ambulare,  walk,  go  about,  perhaps  for  am 
I  a  bit  lore,  <  "ambibulus,  <  am  hi-,  about  (see  ambi-), 
+  "-hulus.  perhaps  connected  with  bitere,  I"  U  re, 
go:  see  arbiter.  Tho  older  E.  form  is  amble, 
q.  v.]  To  walk  or  move  about,  or  from  place 
to  place. 

Now  Morpheus  .  .  . 

Amused  with  dreams  man's  ambulating  soul. 

Dr.  Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar). 

ambulation  (am-M-la'shon),  n.     [<  L.  ambula- 

tio(n-),  <  ambulare, 'walk:  see  ambulate.]     The 
act  of  ambulating  or  walking  about. 


ambulacrum  +  forma,  form.]     Possessing  the 
form  or  appearance  of  an  ambulacrum, 
ambulacrum  (am-bu-la'krum),  ?!.;  pi.  ambula- 
cra (-krii).     [NL.  use  of  L.  ambulacrum,  a  walk, 

B 


LLi 


Ambry.  Romsey  Church, 
Hampshire,  England. 


id  starfishes,  as  collectively  dis- 
uting  alms,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  that  tinguished  from  the  ermoids  or  Tentaculata 
sense.]    1.  A  place  for  keeping  things;  a  store-     (which  see). 

house,    storeroom,    closet,   pantry,   cupboard,  ambulacriform  (am-bu-lak'ri-form),  a.     [<  L 
press,  safe,  locker,  chest.     Specifically  —  (a)  A 
place  for  keeping  victuals ;  a  pantry,  cupboard, 
or  meat-safe. 

llir.  Will  not  any  tool  take  me  for  a  wise  man  now,  seeing 
me  draw  out  uf  the  pit  of  my  treasury  this  little  god  with 
his  belly  full  of  gold? 

Spun.  And  this,  full  of  the  same  meat,  out  of  my  am- 
bry.1 Massuiger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  3. 

(b)  In  ancient  churches,  a  niche  or  recess, 
fitted  with  a  door,  in  the  wall  near  the  altar,  in 

which  the  sacred  utensils 
were    deposited,    in  the 

larger  churches  and  cathedrals 
ambries  were  very  numerous, 
were    used    for  various   pur- 
<d-  1  rum       fe.     poses,    and    were     sometimes 

'"1  HtffiH  Km  .  - 1  large  enough  to  be  what  we 
.*■  I    ffl||     r^jl  ■/':  should  now  call   closets,   the 

doors    and  other    parts   that 
were  seen  being  usually  richly 
-         carved.  Ambries  are  still  used 
"    ';-^^  in     Koinan    I'atliolir    ehmehes 

"^  |p- ''  as  depositories  for  the  conse- 
crated oils.  They  are  some- 
times made  portable,  in  the 
form  of  a  chest  or  cupboard, 
which  is  hung  near  the  altar. 

(c)  A  place  for  keeping  books;  a  library. —  2. 
Same  as  almonry.     [Erroneous  use :  see  etym.] 

ambs-acet,  »>•     See  ambes-ace. 

ambulacra,  n.     Plural  of  ambulacrum. 

ambulacral  (am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  ambulacrum 
+  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  ambulacrum,  or 
to  the  ambulacra,  of  an  echinoderm Ambula- 
cral face,  ambulacral  aspect,  that  surface  of  an 
echinoderm  which  bears  the  ambulacra;  corresponding  in 
a  starfish  to  the  oral  aspect,  that  upon  which  the  creature 
creeps.— Ambulacral  gTOOVe,  a  furrow  which  marks  the 
course  of  an  ambulacrum. 

[In  a  starfish]  a  deep  furrow,  the  ambulacral  groove, 
occupies  the  middle  of  the  oral  surface  of  each  ray,  and  is 
nearly  filled  by  contractile  sucker-like  pedicels,  .  .  .  ap- 
parently arranged  in  four  longitudinal  series. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  475. 

Ambulacral  metameres,  the  divisions  of  the  body  of 
an  echinoderm  as  marked  or  determined  by  the  ambula- 
cra! system,  as  the  five  fingers  or  rays  of  a  starfish.  See 
extract  under  ambulacral  vessels  and  cut  under  Astrophy- 
ton. —  Ambulacral  nerve,  a  nerve  which  is  in  relation 
with  the  ambulacra. 

When  the  suckers  of  an  ambulacrum  [of  a  starfish]  are 
.  .  .  cut  away,  a  longitudinal  ridge  is  seen  to  lie  at  the 
bottom  of  the  groove  between  their  bases.  This  ridge  is 
the  ambulacral  nerve.  Followed  to  the  apex  of  the  ray,  it 
ends  upon  the  eye  anil  its  tentacle ;  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, it  reaches  the  oral  disk. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  47S. 
Ambulacral  neural  canal,  a  tube  of  which  the  ambu- 
lacral nerve  forms  the  outer  wall.— Ambulacral  ossicle, 
one  of  a  double  row  of  small  hard  pieces  which  come  to- 
gether in  the  ambulacral  groove,  extending  from  its  sides 
to  its  middle  line.  Also  called  vertebral  ossicle.  See  cut 
under  Asteriidce.— Ambulacral  plate,  one  of  those  coro- 
nal plates  of  a  sea-urchin  which  are  perforated  to  form 
partof  an  ambulacrum.     See  cut  under  ambulacrum. 

In  the  ordinary  Echinus  or  sea-urchin  ...  of  these 
plates  there  are  twenty  principal  longitudinal  series,  con- 
stituting the  great  mass  of  the  corona;  and  ten  single 
plates,  which  form  a  ring  around  its  aboral  or  apical  mar- 
gin. The  twenty  series  of  longitudinal  plates  arc  disposed 
in  ten  double  series  — five  ambulacral  and  five  interambu- 
lacral.  .  .  .  Each  ambulacral  plate  is  subdivided  by  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  sutures  .  .  .  into  a  correspond- 
ing number  of  minor  plates,  .  .  .  called  pore  plates. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  486. 
Ambulacral  sac,  in  echinoderms,  that  portion  of  the  ya- 
soperitoneal  sac  of  the  embryo  which  lays  the  foundation 
for  the  whole  system  of  the  ambulacral  vessels.  See  vaso- 
peritonral  and   Holothuroidea.— Ambulacral  system, 


1  Asteroidea,  or  sea-cucumbers,  ambulative  (am'bu-la-tiv),  a.     [<  ambulate  + 


A,  three  ambulacral  plates  of  Echinus  sphara,  showing  sutures 
of  the  pore-plates  of  which  each  ambulacral  plate  is  composed.  B.  a 
portion  of  the  extent  of  the  petaloid  ambulacrum  of  a  clypeastroid. 

alley,  <  ambulare:  see  ambulate.]  In  zool.,  a 
row,  series,  or  other  set  of  perforations  in  the 
shell  of  an  echinoderm,  as  a  sea-urchin  or  star- 
fish, through  which  are  protruded  and  with- 
drawn the  tube-feet  or  pedicels.  Each  such  row 
or  set  of  holes  usually  forms  a  narrow  grooved  line  from 
base  to  apex  of  a  sea-urchin,  and  from  the  center  to  the 
end  of  each  ray  of  a  starfish,  along  the  oral  aspect  of  the 
body.  Each  set  or  radiating  series  of  perforations  is  an 
ambulacrum,  the  several  rows  together  being  the  ambula- 
cra. The  usual  definition  of  ambulacra  as  the  perforated 
spaces  through  which  the  tube-feet  are  protruded  leaves 
a  doubt  whether  an  ambulacrum  is  not  one  such  perforated 
space.  Ambulacra  is  sometimes  used  for  the  tube-feet 
themselves,  collectively  ;  in  which  case  it  properly  signifies 
several  sets  or  series  of  tube-feet,  not  several  tube-feet  of 
any  single  row  or  series. 

The  ambulacra  present  important  variations  in  the  three 
divisions  of  the  Echinidea.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  489. 
ambulance  (am'bu-lans),  n.  [<  F.  ambulance 
(formerly  hopital  ambulant,  walking  hospital), 
(ambulant,  walking,  shifting:  see  ambulant.] 
1 .  A  hospital  establishment  which  accompanies 
an  army  in  its  movements  in  the  field  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  speedy  assistance  to  sol- 
diers wounded  in  battle.— 2.  A  two-  or  four- 


the  water-vascular  system  (which  see,  under  water-vascu- 


United  States  Army  Ambulance. 

wheeled  wagon  constructed  for  conveying  siok  ambulet  (am'bul), 
or  wounded  persons.  Ambulance-wagons  are  con- 
structed to  run  very  easily,  and  are  designed  to  earn  one 
or  two  tiers  of  stretchers.  Some  forms  are  fitted  with 
water-tank,  iiicdiciii.-chcst.  operating-table,  and  other 
conveniences.  City  hospital  ambulances  arc  light  four- 
wheeled  wagons,  furnished  with  one  or  two  beds,  surgical 
appliances,  restoratives,  etc.— Ambulance-cot,  a  folding 
cot  designed  to  be  rallied  in  an  ambulance  and  to  la- 
used  as  a  bed  in  it  hospital.— Ambulance-stretcher,  a 
stretcher  provided  with  casters  and  made  to  fit  into  an 
ambulance. 


ire.]     Having  a  tendency  to  walk  or  advance; 
walking.     [Rare.] 

ambulator  (am'bu-la-tqr),  ».  [L.,  a  walker, 
lounger,  peddler,  <  ambulare,  walk:  see  ambu- 
late.] 1.  One  who  walks  about  .—  2.  An  odom- 
eter (which  see). — 3.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede.  See 
velocipede. 

Ambulatores  (am'hu-lft-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  ambulator:  see  ambulator.]  1.  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  a  group  of 
corvine  birds.  Also  called  Corviformes  and  Coli- 
ni,inri>lt<c.—  2t.  Illiger's  name  (1811)  of  a  group 
of  birds  inexactly  equivalent  to  Insessores,  or 
to  the  Linnean  Passeres. 

ambulatorial  (ain"bu-la-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
bulatorius  +  -al]     Ambulatory. 

ambulatory  (am'bu-la-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ambulatorius,  <  ambulator :  see  ambulator.]  I. 
a.  1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  walking ; 
formed  or  adapted  for  walking:  as,  an  ambula- 
tory animal.  Specifically  — (a)  In  ornith.,  gressorial: 
opposed  to  saltatory,  saltatorial,  or  leaping,  and  applied 
to  the  feet  or  gait  of  certain  birds  or  to  the  birds  them- 
selves;  most  frequently  to  the  mode  "f  progression  by- 
moving  the  feet  one  after  the  other,  instead  of  both  to- 
gether. As  applied  to  the  structure  of  the  feet,  ambula- 
tory is  sometimes  opposed  to  scaiuorial,  that  is,  to  the 
zygodactyl  modification  of  the  feet,  (b)  In  crustaceans, 
insects,  etc.,  performing  the  office  of  locomotion  :  applied 
to  those  legs  or  feet  of  an  animal  by  means  of  which  it 
walks,  as  distinguished  from  those  limbs  which  are  mod- 
ified, as  swimmerets,  chelipeds,  or  maxillipeds.  See  cut 
under  endopodite. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk;  happening  or  ob- 
tained during  a  walk.     [Rare.] 

The  princes  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an  ambulatory 
view  in  his  travels.  "  often. 

3.  Accustomed  to  move  from  place  to  place; 
not  stationary:  as,  an  ambulatory  court. 

The  priesthood  .  .  .  before  was  very  ambulatory,  and 
dispersed  into  all  families.  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  had  been,  I  imagine,  an  ambulatory  quack  doctor, 
for  there  was  no  town  in  England,  nor  any  country  in 
Europe,  of  which  he  could  not  give  a  very  particular  ac- 
count. Iiiinklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  37. 

4.  In  law,  not  fixed;  capable  of  being  al- 
tered :  as,  a  will  is  ambulatory  until  the  death 
of  the  testator;  the  return  of  a  sheriff  is  am- 
bulatory until  it  is  filed. —  5.  In  med. :  (a)  Shift- 
ing; ambulant:  applied  to  certain  morbid  af- 
fections when  they  skip  or  shift  from  one  place 
to  another.  (6)  Permitting  the  patient  to  be 
about :  applied  to  typhoid  fever  when  it  does 
not  compel  the  patient  to  take  to  his  bed. 

II.  «.;  pi.  ambulatories  (-riz).  Any  part  of  a 
building  intended  for  walking,  as  the  aisles  of 
a  church,  particularly  those  surrounding  the 
choir  and  apse,  or  the  cloisters  of  a  monastery  ; 
any  portico  or  corridor. 

The  inscription  upon  Wilson's  gravestone  in  the  eastern 
ambulatory  of  the  little  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey  is 
now  very  much  elfaccd.  -V.  and  <,'.,  6th  set-.,  X.  465. 

A  broad  amlmlatoru  extends  round  the  south  and  east 
ends  of  the  church.    J.  M.  Ncale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  280. 
V.  i.     [<  L.   ambulare :  see 
nnble  and  ambulate.]     To  move  from  place  to 
place, 
ambulomancy   (am'bu-lo-man  si),   «.     [<  L. 

ambulare,  walk  (see  ambulate),  +  Gr.  ftavreia, 
divination.]  Divination  by  walking.  [Rare.] 
amburbial  (am-ber'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  amburbialis, 
only  in  amburhiahs  hostice,  the  victims  for  cer- 
tain sacrifices,  which  were  led  around  the  city 
of  Rome,  <  amb-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-), 


amburbial 

+  nrbs.  city:  see  urban.]  Encompassing  or 
surrounding  a  city.     [Rare.] 

ambury  (am'be-ri),  ».     Same  as  anbury. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
imbuscade  (and,  after  Sp.  or  ft.,  ambuscado, 
emboscata,  imboscata),  <  F.  embuscade,  <  It.  »m- 
boscata  =  Sj>.  Pg.  emboscada = OF.  <  mbm-ine.  ■', 
MTi.  "imboscata,  an  ambush,  prop.  pp.  fern,  of 
imlnisenre,  set  in  ambush :  see  ambush.  ».]  1.  A 
lying  in  wait  and  concealment  for  the  purpose 
of  attacking  1  >y  surprise;  au  ambush. 

To  draw  you  into  the  palpable  uni'm*,;!,!,'  of  his  ready. 
mail. 

;.!,  quot  by  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  317. 
Till  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
it  i  heart,  ana  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambusca* 

Tennyson,  Ccraint. 

2.  A  secret  station  in  which  troops  lie  con- 
cealed with  a  view  to  attacking  suddenly  and 
by  surprise  ;  an  ambush. — 3.  A  body  of  troops 
lying  in  ambush. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
ambuscaded,  ppr.  ambuscading,  [(.ambuscade, 
«.]  I.  trims.  To  attack  from  a  concealed  posi- 
tion. 

II.  intrans.  To  lie  in  ambush:  as,  "ambus- 
cading ways,"  Carlyle,  Sart.  Resart.,  ii.  4. 

ambuscado  (  am-1  ms-ka'do),  n.  [See  ambuscade, 
«.]     An  ambuscade. 

They  were  adroit  in  executing  a  thousand  stratagi  ms, 
ambuscadbes,  and  evolutions.       Irving,  Qranada,  p.  146. 

ambuscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  v.  1.  [<  ambusca- 
do, n.]     To  post  in  ambush.     Sir  T.  Herbert. 

ambush  (am/bush),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
embush,  <  ME.  embusshen,  enbusshen,  enbuschen, 
eribussen  (also  dbuschen,  abussen,  andbyapher- 
esis  busse,  early  mod.  E.  bush),  <  OF.  enbuscher, 
embuscher,  embuissier,  later  embucher  (moil.  F. 
embusquer,  after  Sp.  orIt.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  emboscar 
=  It.  imboscare,  <  ML.  emboscarc,  prop,  imbos- 
care,  set  in  ambush,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  ML.  boscus, 
wood,  bush:  see  bush*-,  and  cf.  ambuscade.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  post  or  place  in  concealment  for 
the  purpose  of  attacking  by  surprise. 

The  subtil  Turk,  having  ambushed  a  thousand  horse, 
.  .  .  charged  the  Persians.    Sir  T.  Herbert,  Trav.,  p.  281. 

It  Beemed  as  if  his  placid  old  face  were  only  a  mask  be- 
hind which  a  merry  Cupid  had  ambushed  himself,  pi  i  ping 
out  all  tile  while.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  85. 

2.  To  ambuscade;  waylay;  attack  unexpected- 
ly and  from  a  hidden  position. 

Tin-  IVkke  warriors  outside,  however,  got  notice  of  the 
intended  visit  and  ambushed  their  Km  him  invaders  bo 
successfully  that  not  a  man  escaped,  sixty  being  killed 
and  forty  made  prisoners.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  \iv. 

II.  intrans.  To  lie  in  wait  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise.      [Rare.] 

The  .  .  .  snake  that  ambush'd  for  his  prey. 

John  Trumbull,  tr.  of  Georgics,  iv. 

ambush  (am'bush),  ».  [<  late  ME.  ambuslu . 
enbusshe,  <  OF.  embusche,  embosche,  F.  embUche; 

from  the  villi.]  1.  The  act  or  state  of  lying 
concealed  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  by  sur- 
prise; a  lying  in  wait;  the  act  of  attacking  un- 
expectedly from  a  concealed  position. 

Bi  ivi  n,  whose  high  walls  fear  no  assault,  or  siege, 
hi  ambu  ft  from  the  deep.  Milton,  P.  I..,  ii.  344. 

\'i  ambh  ft  Es  neither  an  "  attack  "  nor  a  "surprise,"  in 
mill'  '  .  it  is  something  more  sudden  and  un 

expected  than  <  ither.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  j>.  42. 

2.  A  secret  or  i-nnoruli-d  station  where  troops 
lie  in  wait  to  attack  un.-i  •■  ;i  n    . 

The  enemy,  intending  to  draw  the  English  further  Into 
their  ambush,  tin  ned  away  atani         ps 

Sir  J.  Hayward, 

3.  Tin'  troi  din  a  concealed  place  for 

.-it  t : i . - 1 .  ing  bj     urprise.     |  Bare.  | 

And  the  an  quickly  out  of  thi  Ir  plai  e. 

rill.  19. 

ambushment  (am'bush-menl ),  ».  |  Early  mod. 
Ii.    also   embushment   and  imbushment,  <  ME. 

i  mini  -I,,  mi  ni.  enbussement,  <  OF.  embuschement 

(]'.    i  mli, nli,  mi  nl),  <  ML.    I nilioseii  mi  nl  n  m ,   <  jm- 

D08care,yOF.  embuscher,  set  in  ambush:     ee 

ad  -mi  ni.  |  An  ambu  h,  in  any  of  its 
senses;  the  act  or  method  of  forming  an  am- 
bush. 

Bui  Je >  I',,,,  nt  t al t  be 

hind  tin  ni,  2  Chron.  xlii,  i 

For  hi    op]  i  to  skulk,  to  lay  ambu  hmt  nt 

to  k - ■■  i  ►  :i  narrow  bridge  ol  lii  em  In    where  the  cha 

should  passe,  thou  a  it  1  u  b  1 Idle]  nip 

is  but  weakni  [isi   In  thi    ■ i  I  ruth. 

Mitton,  Are  i] 
In  ambu  >>,„■  ni  lie 
In  til  I  come  or  send  for  you  nvj 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 


172 

A  wolf  is  a  beast  that  is  apt  to  hover  about  in  Indian 
ambushment,  craving  the  offals  of  the  deer  tin-  savages 
kill.  Cooper,  Lastofthe  Mohicans,  v. 

ambustiont    (am-bus'tion),   n.     [<  L.  ambus- 

tio(n-),  a  burn,  <  nm/nirere,  pp.  ambustus,  burn, 
consume,  lit.  burn  around,  scorch,  <  amb-,  am- 
bi-.  around  (see  ambi-),+  were,  burn:  sit  ml  hit. 
Cf.  combustion.]     A  bum  or  scald.     Cockeram. 

ameba,  amebean,  etc    Seeamceba,  etc. 

ameer,  amir  (a-mer'),  ».  [Also  written,  as  a 
historical  Saracen  title,  i  niir.  q.  v.;  Pers.  Hind. 
amir,  <  Ar.  amir,  a  commander,  ruler,  chief,  no- 
bleman, prince,  <  amura  =  Chal.  amar  =  Heb. 
dinar,  tell,  order,  command.  The  same  word 
occurs  in  amiral,  now  admiral,  q.  v.]  A  prince, 
lord,  or  nobleman;  a  chief,  governor,  or  one 
having  command;  specifically,  the  title  of  the 
dominant  ruler  of  Afghanistan. 

ameership,  amir/ship  (a-mer'ship),»i.  [(.ameer 
+  ship.]     The  office  or  dignity  of  ameer. 

The  faithful  ally  of  England,  owing  his  amirship  to  her 
armies.  The  Amirii-oii,  IV.  277. 

Ameiva  (a-mi'vH,),  n.  [NL.,  from  a  native 
name.]  A  genus  of  small,  inoffensive  lizards, 
the  type  of  the  family  Ameividat,  order  Laccrti- 
lia.  They  are  rather  pretty  animals,  with  a  long  whip-like 
tail,  and  peculiarly  elongated  toes  on  the  hind  feet.  The 
tail  is  covered  with  a  series  of  seales  arranged  in  rings, 
the  ventral  shields  are  broad  and  smooth,  the  teeth  are 
trilobate  and  compressed,  and  the  feet  are  5-toed.  The 
general  color  is  dark  olive  speckled  with  black  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck;  on  the  sides  are  rows  or  bands  of 
white  spots  edged  with  black.  There  are  many  species, 
incurring  from  l'atagonia  to  California  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  abundant  A.  dorsalis  of  Jamaica  is  a  characteristic 
example. 

Ameividae  (a-mi'vi-de),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ameiva 
+  -iehc]  A  family  of  lizards,  of  the  division 
Tissilinguia  of  the  order  Lacertilia,  named  from 
the  genus  Ameiva,  peculiar  to  America.  The  old 
name  T,id,e,,,v  Ti'iiihr,  is  an  inexact  synonym.  The  prin- 
cipal  genera  are  Teius,  Ameiva,  and  Crocodilurus,  The 
teguexin  monitor,  Teius  teguexin,  is  a  characteristic  and 
well-known  species. 

amelt  (am'el),  n.  [Early  mud.  E.  also  ammel, 
ammell  (rarely esmayle,  after  MF.),<  ME.  ami  II. 
amelte,  aniull,  aumayl,<.  AY,  *amal,  "amail,  OF. 
csmal,  esmail,  later  email,  mod.  F.  email  =  Pr. 
esmaut,  esma.lt  =  Sp.  Pg.  esmalte  =  It.  smalto,  < 
ML.  smaltum,  enamel,  prob.  <  Teut.  'smalt,  any- 
thing melted,  OHG-.  MHG.  smalz,  (1.  scnmals 
=  OD.  smalt,  melted  grease  or  butter,  <  Tout. 
"smeltan,  <  >!!<;.  smelzan,  MHG.  smelaen,  G. 
schmelzen  =  AS.  "smeltan  =  Sw.  smalta  =  Dan. 
smelte,  melt,  dissolve:  see  smelt1.  In  mod.  use 
only  in  comp.  enamel,  q.  v.]  Enamel  (which 
see). 

Heav'ns  richest  diamonds,  Bet  on  ammel  white. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  x. 
Gardens  of  delight 
Whose  ammell  beds  perfume  the  skie. 

If.  Lisle,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  34.    (.V.  E.  Z>.) 

amelt  (am'el),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  um- 
mele,  ammell,  <  ME.  amehii.  amilni;  from  the 
noun.]     To  enamel. 

I  ammell  n<  n  goldesmythe  dothe  his  worke. 

Palsgrave,  p.  42:1.    (.v.  K.  It.) 

amel-corn  (am'el-korn),  n.  [Formerly  also 
amell-eum,  umil-cnrii ;  <  (1.  ameVcorn  (orl).  amel- 
liireii),  <  MHG.  aim  I,  aim  r,  0T3.Gr.  amar,  amel- 
corn  (later  associated,  as  in  (1.  amelmehl,  I). 
ami  I, Ionic,  standi,  with  L.  amylum,  starch:  see 
amyP-),  +  lorn  =  D.  koren  =  E.  corni.]  The 
seeds  of  a  grass.  Tritieiini  dicoecum,  resembling 
spelt,  but  bearing  only  two  grains  in  the  licnl. 
cultivated  in  Switzerland  for  the  manufacture 
of  starch. 

ameledt  (IBn'eld),  ]i.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ammeled,  ammelkd,  <  ME.  ameled,  amiled:  pp. 
Of  inned,  v.]     Enameled. 

Achilles'  arms,  enlightened  all  with  stats, 
t        And  richly  amelVd.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xvl.  128. 

amelett,  ».     [<  <  >F.  ameletu  .  mod.  omek  tte :  sec 

omelet.]     A  fiirtncr  spelling  of  nimli  I. 

ameli,  n.     Plural  of  arm  lus. 
amelia  (a-mel'i-&),  it.     [XL.,  <  <ir.  d-  priv,  + 
in/,":,  a  limb.]     Ju  teratol.,  absence  of  limbs. 

See  aim  Ins. 

ameliorable  (a-me'lyo-ra-bl),  a.  (<  ML.  as  if 
ameliorabilis,  <  ameiior'are :  see  ameliorate.] 
1  lapable  of  being  ameliorated. 

ameliorate  (a-me'lyp-rat),  ».;  pret.  and  pp. 
ameliorated,  ppr.  ameliorating.  [<  ML.  amelio- 
rates, pp.  of  ameliorare  (>  OF.  ameillorer,  l'. 
am&foorer  =  Pr.  amilorar  =  It.  ammigliorare), 

become  better,  improve,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  1,1,.  mi - 
In, run  .  make  better,  meliorate  :  sec  melmruli .  \ 
I.  trans.  To  make  better,  or  more  tolerable, 
satisfactory,  prosperous,  etc. ;  improve;  melio- 
rate. 


amen 

In  every  human  being  there  is  a  wish  to  ameliorate  his 
own  condition.  Macautay,  Hist.  laig..  iii. 

I.et  it  be  sufficient  that  you  have  in  smile  Blight  degree 
ameliorated  mankind,  and  do  nut  think  thai  amelioration 
a  matter  of  small  importance, 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  1.  266. 

=  Syn,  Amend,  I m/, ,;,,-<■.  Better,  etc.    Seeamend. 
II.  intrans.  To  grow  better;  meliorate. 

I  Man]   may   have   tiren   temporarily  driven   nut  of   the 
country  [southern  England]  by  the  returning  cold  periods, 
but  would  find  his  way  back  as  the  climate  ameliorated. 
Geikie,  6eol.  sketches,  p,  45. 

amelioration  (a-me-lyo-ra'shon),  n.  [=  F. 
amelioration;  from  the  verb.]    "l.  The  act  of 

ameliorating,  or  the  state  of  being  ameliorated; 
a  making  or  becoming  better;  improvement; 
melioration. 

Remark  the  unceasing  effort  throughout  nature  at 
somewhat  better  than  the  actual  creatures  :  amelioration 
in  nature,  which  alone  permits  and  authorizes  ameliora. 
turn  in  mankind.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  298. 

The  October  politician  is  so  full  of  charity  and  g 1 

nature,  that  lie  supposes  that  these  very  robbers  and  mur- 
derers themselves  are  in  course  «>f  amelioration. 

Biirk,',  A  Regicide  Peace, 
2.  A  thing  wherein  improvement  is  realized ; 
an  improvement.     X.  E.  D. 

The  buildings,  drains,  enclosures,  and  other  ameliora- 
tums  Which  they  may  either  make  or  maintain. 

Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations  (ed,  1869),  p  .'is. 

ameliorative  (a-me'lyo-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  amelio- 
rate +  -ire.]  Producing,  or  having  a  tendency 
to  produce,  amelioration  or  amendment:  as, 
ameliorative  medicines. 

ameliorator  (a-me'lyo-ra-tor),  n.  [<  amelio- 
rate +  -or.]  One  who  or  that  which  amelio- 
rates. 

Our  indefatigable  naturalist  [Darwin]  says  that  this  de- 
spised earth-worm  is  nothing  less  than  an  ameliorator  on 
the  surface  of  the  globe.  J',,ji.  Sri.  Mo.,  XX.  399. 

amelus  (am'e-lus),  n. ;  pi.  ameli  (-li).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ii- priv.  +  /»><«,  a  limb.  Cf.  amelia.]  In 
teratol.,  a  monster  in  which  the  limbs  are  en- 
tirely wanting,  or  are  replaced  by  wart-like 
stumps. 

amen  (a'men',  in  ritual  speech  often  and  in 
singing  always  ii'men'),  adv.  or  intirj.  and  n. 
[<  ME.  ami  n,  AS.  amen  =  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  amen 
=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  amen  =  It.  amen,  ammenne,  <  LL. 
amen,  I  ir.  am,  r,  <  Heb.  amen,  firm,  true,  faithful ; 
as  a,  noun,  certainty,  truth;  as  an  adv.,  cer- 
tainly, verily,  surely,  in  affirmation  or  approval 
of  what  has  been  said  by  another;  <  dman, 
strengthen,  support,  confirm;  cf.  Ar.  dmin, 
trusted,  confided  in.]  I.  aelv.  or  interj.  1. 
Verily;  truly:  retained  in  the  Bible  from  the 
original. 

All  tb.  promises  of  God  in  him  [Christ]  are  yea,  and  in 
him  Amen.  2  Cor.  i.  20. 

The  reader  may  see  great  reason  why  we  also  say  A  men, 
A  mm,  and  durst  not  translate  it. 

Rheims  X.  T.,  John  viii.  34,  note. 

Amen,  Amen,  I  say  to  thee.  Except  a  man  be  born  again, 

he  cannot  see  the'  kingdom  of  Cod. 

Rheims  .V.  T.,  John  iii.  2. 

2.  It  is  so ;  after  a  prayer  or  wish,  be  it  so :  a 
concluding  formula  used  as  a  solemn  expres- 
sion of  concurrence  in  a  formal  statement  or 
confession  of  faith,  or  in  a  prayer  or  wish. 

I  believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost ;  the  holy  Catholic  church; 
thee munion  of  saints ;  the  forgiveness  of  sins;  the  res- 
urrection of  the  body;  and  the  life  everlasting.     Amen. 

Apostles'  Creed. 

"i lied  "Ci  id  lil  ess  us  !"  anil  "Annn."  the  i. tber.  .  .  . 

But  wherefore  cmilil  not  I  pronounce  amen! 

I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  ami  amen 

Stuck  in  my  throat  Shak.,  Macbeth,  11.  2. 

3.  A  mere  concluding  formula. 

\ii.l  were  continually  in  the  temple,  praising  and  bless- 
ing Cm  1.     Amen.  Luke  xxiv.  63  (end  of  the  1 M. 

II.  ii.  1.  He  who  is  true  ami  faithful:  re- 
l inni  .1  in  the  Bible  from  the  original,  as  a  title 
of  i  'lirist. 

Mn  i  thingl  nth  the  An,, ■„.  the  faithful  and  true  wit- 
ness. j;,.v.  iii.  14. 

2.  An  expression  of  concurrence  or  assent;  an 

assertion  of  belief. 

False  doctrine  strangled  by  its  own  amei%. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Casa  Quldl  Windows,  1.  119. 

3.  The  concluding  word  or  act:  end;  conclu- 
sion. 

i  ii.it  Buch  mi  in  t  as  ibis  should  be  the  amen  of  mj  life 
Bp.  II, ill,  Contemplations,  1 1   96. 

amen  (ii'men'),  t\  t.  [<  amen,  adv.]  1.  To 
ratify  solemnly;  say  amen  to;  approve. 

[s  there  a  bishop  on  the  bench  that  has  not  amen  ,i  the 

humbug  in  bis  lawn  sleeves,  and  called  a  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  pair  of  perjurers?      Thackeray,  Newcomes,  lvii. 


amen 

2.  To  say  the  last  word  to  ;  end ;  finish. 
This  very  evening  have  I  amen'd  the  volume. 

Southey,  Letters  (1812),  If.  281. 
[Rare  in  both  uses.] 
amenability  (a-me-na-bil'i-t-i),  n.      [<  (inn  lia- 
ble: see  -bility.]     Amenableness. 

There  was  about  him  a  high  spirit  and  amenability  to 
the  point  of  honor  which  years  of  a  dog's  life  had  no) 
broken.  It.  II.  liana,  Jr.,  Before  the  .Mast,  p.  23". 

amenable  (a-nie'na-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ameanable,  amainable,  and  corruptly  ames- 
nable,  <  F.  as  if  "amenable,  <  amener,  bring  or 
lead,  fetch  in  or  to:  see  amain'-1  and  -able.']  1. 
Liable  to  make  answer  or  defense ;  answerable ; 
accountable;  responsible:  said  of  persons. 

The  sovereign  of  this  country  is  not  amenable  to  any  form 

of  trial  known  to  the  laws.  Junius.  Pref.  to  Letters. 

We  must  hold  a  man  amenable  to  reason  for  the  choice 

of  his  daily  craft  or  profession.    Emerson,  Spiritual  Laws. 

2.  Under  subjection  or  subordination;  liable 
or  exposed,  as  to  authority,  control,  claim,  or 
application:  said  of  persons  or  things :  as,  per- 
sons or  offenses  amenable  to  the  law ;  amenable 
to  criticism. 

The  same  witness  .  .  .  is  amenable  to  the  same  imputa- 
tion of  uncandid  .  .  .  quotation. 

F.  Mettor,  Priesthood,  p.  312.   (A".  E.  D.) 

3.  Disposed  or  ready  to  answer,  yield,  or  sub- 
mit, as  to  influence  or  advice ;  submissive. 

Sterling  .  .  .  always  was  amenable  enough  to  counsel. 

Carlyle. 

amenableness  (a-uie'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  beiug  amenable;  liability  to  answer;  dispo- 
sition to  respond  to;  tractableness. 

amenably  (a-me'na-bli),  adv.  In  an  amenable 
manner. 

amenaget,  v.  t.  [<  OP.  amenager,  earlier  ames- 
nagier,  govern,  rule,  order,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  + 
menage,  mesnage,  F.  menage,  household:  see 
manage."]  To  bring  into  a  state  of  subordina- 
tion; manage. 

With  her,  whoso  will  raging  Furor  tame, 
.Must  first  begin,  and  well  her  amenuye. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  iv.  11. 

amenancet,  ».  [<  OF.  amenanee,  conducting,  < 
amener,  bring  or  lead  to,  conduct:  see  amenable 
and  amain'-'.]  Mien  or  carriage ;  conduct;  be- 
havior. 

With  grave  speech  and  comely  amenanee. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  xi.  9. 

amend  (a-rnend'),  v.  [<  ME.  amenden,  <  OF. 
amender,' correct,  amend,  better,  recompense, 
make  amends  for,  mod.  F.  amender  =  Pr.  emen- 
dar  =  It.  ammenaare,  <  L.  emendure,  free  from 
fault,  correct,  <  c  for  ex,  out  of,  +  menda  or  men- 
dum,  a  faidt,  defect,  blemish  (in  the  body),  a 
fault,  mistake,  error  (in  writing,  etc.),  =  Skt. 
minda,  a  personal  defect,  prob.  connected  with 
L.  minor,  less:  see  minor,  minish,  etc.  Abbr. 
mend;  doublet,  emend,  directly  from  the  L. :  see 
mi  inl, emend.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  free  from  faults; 
make  better,  or  more  correct  or  proper ;  change 
for  the  better ;  correct;  improve;  reform. 

A  mend  your  ways  and  your  doings,  and  I  will  cause  you 
to  dwell  in  this  place.  Jer.  \  ii.  ;:. 

Thou  hearest  thy  faults  told  thee,  amend  them,  amend 
them.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

It  does  not  require  much  prescience  to  see  that,  whether 
England  does  so  or  not,  the  Americans  will  ere  long  adopt 
an  amended  spelling. 

J.  A.  II.  Hurray,  9th  Ann.  Addr.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  To  make  a  change  or  changes  in  the  form 
of,  as  a  bill  or  motion,  or  a  constitution ; 
properly,  to  improve  in  expression  or  detail, 
but  by  usage  to  alter  either  in  construction, 
purport,  or  principle. — 3.  To  repair;  mend. 
[Now  rare.]  — 4f.  To  heal  or  recover  (the  sick) ; 
cure  (a  disease).  =  Syn.  Amend,  Improve,  Better, 
Emend,  Mend,  Correct,  Rectify,  Reform,  Ameliorate. 
Amend  is  generally  to  bring  into  a  more  perfect  state  by 
the  removal  of  defects:  as,  to  amend'  a  record  or  one's 
manner  of  life.  Improve  ami  better  are  the  only  words 
in  the  list  that  do  not  necessarily  imply  something  previ- 
ously wrong;  they  may  mean  the  heightening  of  excel- 
lence: as,  to  improve  land  or  one's  penmanship.  Better 
is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  Correet  and  rectify 
are,  by  derivation,  to  make  right ;  they  are  the  most  abso- 
lute, as  denoting  the  bringing  of  a  thing  from  an  impi  r- 
feet  state  into  conformity  with  some  standard  or  rule : 
as,  to  correct  proof;  to  rectify  an  error  in  accounts.  To 
mend  is  to  repair  or  restore  that  which  has  become  im- 
paired ;  as,  to  mend  &  shoe,  abridge,  etc.  Applied  to  things 
other  than  physical,  it  may  be  equivalent  to  amend:  as, 
to  mend  one's  manners.  Emend  lias  especially  the  lim- 
ited meaning  of  restoring  or  attempting  to  restore  the 
text  of  1 ks.  Reform  is  to  form  over  again  for  the  bet- 
ter, either  by  returning  the  thing  to  its  previous  state  or 
by  bringing  it  up  to  a  new  one;  or  it  may  be  to  remove 
by  reform :  as,  to  reform  the  laws ;  to  reform  abuses. 
Ameliorate  is  not  commonly  applied  to  persons  and  thing-, 
but  to  condition  and  kindred  abstractions;  it  expresses 
painstaking  effort  followed  by  some  measure  of  success: 
as,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  poor. 


173 

She  begged  him  forthwith  to  amend  his  ways,  for  the 
.sake  of  his  name  and  fame. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  3SC. 
The  weeds  of  a  field,  which  if  destroyed  and  consumed 

upon  the  place  where  they  grow,  enrich  and  impr I 

re  than  ii  none  had  ever  sprung  there.  Swift. 

Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what's  well. 

Slmk..  bear,  i.  f. 
!h-'  villainy  you  t.-a.h  me  I  will  execute,  and  it  shall  go 
hard  but  I  will  better  the  instructions. 

Shale.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
The  text  should  be  emended  so  as  to  read  "tetragonns 
sine  vituperio,"  a  square  without  a  fault,  which  I  have  no 
doubt  may  hi-  found  in  some  Latin  Aristotle. 

.V.  and  (.'.,  7th  ser.,  I.  ().".. 
lb-  that  lacks  time  to  mourn  lacks  time  to  mend 
Eternity  mourns  that. 

Sir  II.  Taylor,  Philip  Van  Artevelde,  I.,  i.  f. 
There  an-  certain  defects  of  taste  which  correct  them- 
selves by  their  own  extravagance. 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  401. 
Reform'd  my  will,  and  rectify'd  my  thought. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Some  men,  from  a  false  persuasion  that  they  cannot  re- 
form, their  lives  and  root  out  their  old  vicious  habits, 
never  so  much  as  attempt,  endeavour,  or  go  about  it. 

Soidh. 
It  is  a  cheering  thought  throughout  life,  that  something 
can  be  i  hi  in-  tii  a  nteli,  irate  the  condition  of  those  who  have 
been  subject  to  the  hard  usages  of  the  world. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  470. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  or  become  better  by 
reformation,  or  by  rectifying  something  wrong 
in  manners  or  morals. 

Anything  that's  mended  is  hut  patched :  virtue  that 
transgresses  is  but  patched  with  sin  ;  and  sin  that  amends 
is  but  patched  with  virtue.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

2.  To  become  better  (in  health) ;  recover  from 
illness. 

Then  enquired  he  of  them  the  hour  when  he  began  to 
amend.  And  they  said  unto  him,  Yesterday  at  the  sev- 
enth hour  the  fever  left  him.  John  iv.  52. 

amend  (a-mend'),  n.  [Sing,  of  amends,  q.  v.] 
Compensation :  generally  used  in  the  plural. 
See  amends. 

And  so  to  Finland's  sorrow 
The  sweet  amend  is  made, 

U'/iittier,  Conquest  of  Finland, 
amendable  (a-inen'da-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amend- 
able, <  OF.  amendable j' <.  L.  emenddbilis,  <  emen- 
dare,  correet:  see  amend,  v.,  and  cf.  emendable.] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected :  as,  an 
amendable  writ  or  error, 
amendatory  (a-men'dsi-to-ri),  a.  [<  amend  + 
-at-orij,  like  emendatori/,  <  LL.  emendatorius, 
corrective.]  Supplying  or  containing  amend- 
ment; corrective. 

I  presume  this  is  an  omission  by  mere  oversight,  and  I 
recommend  that  it  be  supplied  by  an  amendatory  or  sup- 
plemental act.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  184. 

amende  (a-mend';  F.  pron.  a-moiid'),  w.  [F., 
a  fine,  a  penalty,  amends:  see  amends.]  1.  A 
pecuniary  punishment  or  fine. —  2.  A  recanta- 
tion or  reparation — Amende  honorable,  in  am: 
French  laic,  a  public  confession  and  apology  made,  under 
certain  humiliating  conditions,  by  persons  convicted  of 
offenses  against  law,  morality,  or  religion.  It  is  thus  de- 
fined by  Cotgrave  :  "A  most  ignominious  punishment  in- 
flicted upon  an  extream  offender,  who  must  go  through 
the  streets  barefoot  and  bareheaded  (with  a  burning  link 
in  his  hand)  unto  the  seat  of  justice,  or  some  such  publick 
place,  and  there  confess  his  offence,  and  ask  forgiveness  of 
the  party  he  hath  wronged."  It  was  abolished  in  1791,  re- 
introduced in  cases  of  sacrilege  in  ls2(i,  and  finally  abro- 
gated in  1S30.  The  phrase  now  signifies  any  open  apology 
and  reparation  to  an  injured  person  for  improper  language 
or  treatment. 

She  was  condemned  to  make  the  amende  honorable,  that 
is,  to  confess  her  delinquency,  at  the  end  of  a  public  re- 
ligious procession,  with  a  lighted  taper  in  her  hand,  and 
to  be  imprisoned  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Kingof  France. 
Mies  Strickland,  Queens  of  Eng.,  Henrietta  Maria. 

amender  (a-men'der),  n.    One  who  amends. 

We  find  this  digester  of  codes,  amender  of  laws,  .  .  . 
permitting  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  atrocious  acts  of  oppres- 
sion. Brougham. 
amendfult  (a-mend'ful),  a.      [<  amend  +  -Jul.] 
Pull  of  amendment  or  improvement. 

Your  most  amendfvl  ami  unmatched  fortunes. 

Fletcher  (.and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  1. 

amendment  (a-mend'menl. ),  n.    [<  ME.  am  nde- 

naiit,<<.M'.iniii  nil,  in,  n  I.  \  a  hi  i  ii,  It  r:  seen  mend,  v., 
and  -mint.]  1.  The  act  of  freeing  from  faults; 
the  net  of  making  better,  or  of  changing  for  the 
better;  correction:  improvement ;  reformation: 
as,  "ami  nihil,  ni  ni'  life,"  Booker. 

Her  works  are  so  perfect  that  there  is  no  place  for 
am  ndments.  f>'«.«.  Creation. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  better,  or  the  state  of 
having  become  better;  specifically,  recovery 
of  health. 

Sour  li-.n. .tit's  players,  hearing  your  amendment, 
Vr.-  come  t..  play  a  pleasant  comedy. 

Shak.,  I.  of  tl,.-  5.,  Ind.  2. 

3.  la  deliberative  assemblies,  an  alteration  pro- 
posed to  be  made  in  the  draft  of  a  bill,  or  in  the 


ament 

terms  of  a  motion  underdiscussion.  Any  such  al- 
teration Is  termed  an  amendment,  -  iren  vhen  its  effect  is 
entirely  to  reverse  the  sense  of  the  original  hill  or  mo. 
tn. ii. 

4.  An  alteration  of  a  legislative  or  deliberative 
act  or  in  a  constitution;  a  change  made  in  a 
law,  either  l>y  way  of  correction  or  addition. 
Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Stat 

I..-  proposed  by  a  majority  of  two  thirds  of  I..  I 
Congress,  orbya  convention  summoned  1.;.  *  ongn 

tin-  application  of  the   legislatures  of  two  thirds  0] 

States,  and  enacted  by  their  ratification  by  the  i 
tures  of  three  fourths  of  the  states,  or  by  convi  ntioi 
three  fourths  of  them,  as  Congress  may  determine. 

5.  In  lair,  the  correction  of  an  error  in  a  writ, 
record,  or  other  judicial  document. — 6f.  Com- 
pensation; reparation.  '  'haucer,  Reeve's  Tale. 
=  Syn.  1.  Emendation, betterment.  — 2.  Be/orm,etc  See 
reformation. 

amendment-monger  (a  -  mend '  meut  -mung  "- 
ger),  n.  One  who  makes  a  business  of  suggest- 
ing and  urging  constitutional  amendments:  a 
term  especially  applied  in  United  States  history 
to  the  Anti-Federalists. 

amends  (a-mendz'),  n.  pi.  [<  ME.  amendes, 
amendis,  always  in  plural,  <  OF.  amendes,  pi.  of 
amende,  a  penalty,  a  fine,  mulct,  mod.  F.  ami  nde 
(ML.  anienda),  <  amender:  see  amend,  v.]  1. 
Compensation  for  a  loss  or  injury ;  recompense ; 
satisfaction ;  equivalent. 

\"et  thus  far  fortune  maketh  us  amends. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

Finding  amends  for  want  and  obscurity  in  books  and 
thoughts.  Emerson,  Burns. 

2f.  Recovery  of  health;  amendment. 

Now  Lord  be  thanked  for  mv  go.  ..1  amend*' 

Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  2. 

amendsfult  (a-mendz'ful),  a.  [<  amends  +  -fid.] 
Making  amends ;  giving  satisfaction.  Chap- 
man. 

amene  (a-inen'),  a.  [<  ME.  amene,  <  OF.  *amene 
(in  adv.  aminement),  <  L.  amaniis,  pleasant, 
connected  with  amine,  love:  see  amiable.  Ulnar, 
amour.]     Pleasant;  agreeable.     [Rare.] 

The  amene  delta  of  the  lovely  Niger. 

Ii.  F.  Burton,  Abbeokuta,  I.  i. 

amenity  (a-men'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  amenities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  amenite,i  L.  amcenita(t-)s,<.  ameenits,  pleas- 
ant: see  amene.]  1.  The  quality  of  being 
pleasant  or  agreeable  in  situation,  prospect, 
climate,  temper,  disposition,  manners,  etc. ; 
pleasantness;  pleasingness ;  an  affable  manner. 

After  .  .  .  discovering  places  which  were  so  full  of 
amenity  that  melancholy  itself  could  not  but  change  its 
humor  as  it  gazed,  the  followers  of  Calvin  planted  them- 
selves on  the  banks  of  the  river  May. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  s.,  I,  55. 

Roman  childishness  seems  to  me  so  intuitively  connected 
with  Roman  amenity,  urbanity,  and  general  gracefulness, 
that,  for  myself,  I  should  be  sorry  to  lay  a  tax  on  it,  lest 
these  other  commodities  should  also  cease  to  come  to 
market.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  115. 

2.  That  which  is  agreeable  or  pleasing. 

The  suburbs  are  large,  the  prospects  sweete,  with  other 
amenities,  not  omitting  the  flower  gardens. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1071. 

Amenity  damages,  in  Great  Britain,  damages  given  for 
the  defacement  of  grounds,  especially  around  dwelling- 
h.ius.s,  or  for  annoyance  or  loss  of  amenity,  caused  by  the 
buililing  of  a  railway,  construction  of  public  works,  etc. 

amenorrhea,  amenorrhoea  (a-men-o-re'a),  ». 
[NL.  ameitorrhcea,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /np>,  month 
(pi.  fijvec;,  menses),  +  poia,  a  flow,  <  peiv,  flow.] 
A  suppression  of  menses,  especially  from  other 
causes  than  age  or  pregnancy. 

amenorrheal,  amenorrhceal  (a-men-o-re'al). 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  amenorrhea : 
as,  amenorrheal  insanity. 

amenorrheic,  amenorrhoeic   (a-men-6-re'ik), 

a.      [<  amenorrhea.]     Same  as  amenorrheal. 
a  mensa  et  thoro  (:i  men'sfi,  et  tho'ro).    [L. :  a 

(or  ab,  from ;  mensa,  abl.  of  mensa,  table :  et,  and ; 

thorn,  aid.  of  thorns  ("prop. 

tarns),  bed:     see    torus.] 

From  board  and  bed:   in 

taw,  a  phrase  descriptive  i  if 

a  kind  of  divorce  in  which 

the  husband  continues  to 

maintain  the  wife,  and  the 

marriage-bond  is  not  dis- 
solved:   now    supers. 'I.il 

by   a    decree    of   judicial 

separation. 
ament  (am'ent),  n.     [<  L. 

arm  ilium,  a  strap  <t  thong, 

esp.  on  missile  weapons; 

also,  rarely,  a  shoe-string; 

<  OL.  apere,  bind,  fasten, 

>  L.  aptus,  apt:  see  apt.] 

In  bot.,  a  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of 

unisexual  apetalous    flowers  growing  in  the 


Aincnts. 


Willow   (Salt'-v  fragilis>. 
with  separate  flowers,  male 

(upper   figure)    and  female 
low.  r  figure). 


ament 

axils  of  scales  or  bracts  ranged  along  a  stalk 
or  axis  |  a  catkin.  The  true  ament  or  catkin  ia  artic- 
ulated with  the  branch  and  Is  deciduous;  it  is  well  Been 
in  the  Inflorescence  ol  the  birch,  willow,  and  poplar,  and 

in  the  stamina,  inflorescence  ol  the  oak,  walnut,  ami 
hazeL    Also  «  rltten  anu  ntum. 

amenta,  ».    Plural  of  amentum. 

Amentaceae  (am-en-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  L. 
ntum:  see  ament  and  -acea.~\  A  general 
term  for  plants  whose  flowers  are  arranged  in 
an  ament  or  catkin,  formerly  considered,  under 
various  limitations,  as  forming  a  natural  group, 
but  separated  by  later  botanists  into  several  dif- 
ferent orders,  as  Cujiuli/cra;  .Snlieaeeiv,  J'lata- 
nacea,  Myricac  as,  etc. 

amentaceous  (am-en-ta'shius),  a.  [<NL.  amen- 
taceus:  Bee  ament  and  -aceous.]  In  hot.:  (a) 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  tin  ament;  as,  an 
amentaceous  inflorescence,  (b)  Bearing  aments : 
n  -.  anu  ntaa  ous  plants. 

amental  (a-mon'tal), «.  [<  ament  +  -at.']  Per- 
taining to  or  having  aments  or  catkins. 

amentia  (a-men'shia),  n.     [L.}  want  of  reason, 

<  niuen(t-)s,  out  of  one's  mind,  (diovab,  from, + 
■mcn(t-)s,  mind:  see  mental.  Cf.  dementia.']  Im- 
becility of  mind ;  idiocy  or  dotage.  Formerly 
sometimes  called  amenty. 

amentiferous  (am-en-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ami  n- 
tum  (see  anient)  +  J'crre  =  E.  hear1.]  Bearing 
catkins.     X.  E.  /'. 

amentiform  (a-men'ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  amt  nt)  +  forma,  form.]  In  the  form 
of  an  ament  or  catkin. 

amentum  (a-men'tum),  n.;  pi.  amenta  (-tji). 
[Li.:  sec  nmr«(.]  1.  Same  as  amen t, —  2.  Aii- 
eiently,  a  strap  secured  to  the  shaft  of  a  javelin, 
to  aid  the  thrower  in  giving  it  force  and  aim. 

amentyt  (a-men'ti),  ».     See  amentia. 

amenuset,  V.     The  earlier  form  of  aminish. 

amerce  (a-mers'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  amerced, 
ppr.  amercing.  [<  ME.  amercen,  aniereien,  <  A  P. 
aim  re'nr,  fine,  mulct,  first  as  pp.  in  the  phrase 
estre  amercie,  which  is  due  to  the  earlier  phrase 
estre  a  merci,  be  at  the  mercy  of,  i.  e.,  as  to 
the  amount  of  the  fine:  see  mercy.']  1.  To 
punish  by  an  arbitrary  or  discretionary  fine: 
as.  the  court  amerced  the  defendant  in  the  sum 
of  -100. 

But  I'll  amerce  you  with  so  strong  a  fine, 
That  you  shall  all  repent  the  loss  of  mine. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  punish  by  inflicting  a  penalty  of  any 
kind,  as  by  depriving  of  some  right  or  privilege, 
or  entailing  some  loss  upon. 

Millions  of  spirits  for  his  fault  anu  reed 
>f  heaven.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  (309. 

shall  be  by  him  amearst  with  penance  dew. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  l.\x. 

amerceable  ( a-mer'sa-bl),  a.  [<  amerce  +  -abli .  | 
Liable  to  amercement.     Also  written  amercia- 

l.le. 
amercement  ( a-mers 'inent),  n.  [<  ME.  amerce- 
ment, amersen'ient,  ame'reiment,  <  AF.  amerci- 
ni'  nt,  nun  reliiem,  i,t  (>  ML.  amereiiiini  ntum,  >E. 
inn,  re,, mi,  .ti  i,  <  iiinercier,  amerce  :  see  amerce.] 
1.  The  act  of  amercing,  or  the  state  of  being 
amerced. —  2.  In  law,  a  pecuniary  penalty  in- 
flicted on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court.  It  differs  from  n  fine,  in  that  the  latter  is,  or  was 
originally,  a  fixed  ami  certain  sum  prescribed  by  statute 
in  offense,  while  an  amercement  i^  arbitrary.  The 
fixing  int  of  the  amount  of  an  amercement 

They  likewise  laid  amercements  of  seventy,  fifty,   or 
thirty  pou  hi  is  nf  tobacco,  as  tin-  cause  was,  on  every  law 
case  throughout  the  country.      Ilererleii,  Virginia,  i    V'.; 
I  Be]  mute  in  misery,  eyed  my  masters  here 
Motionless  till  the  authoritative  word 

Pronounced  a  m     ■  i t. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Hook,  I.  235. 

Also  written  mm  renin,,  „t. 
Amercement  royal,  in  i'nat  hritiii  i  Imposed 

oflii    c  for  a  misdemeanor  In  hi    oflici 
amercer  fa-mer'ser),  n.    One  who  amerces, 
amerciable (a-mei  \,a.     Sami  aaamerce- 

dble. 
amerciament  (a-mer'si-a-mgnt),  ».    Same  as 

ll,,i,  re,  ,n,  ,,!. 

American  (a-mer'i-kan),  a.  and  k.     [=  !•'. 

[mericain  =  op.  Pg.  It.  Americano =T).  Amcri- 

Icaan,  a.,  Amerikaansch,a.,=Cb.  Amerikancr,  a., 

[merikani  eh,  a.,  -    Dan.  Amt  rikam  r,  a.,  .Inn  ri- 

',  a,,  =s  S'.v.   Ann  filial,  n.,   .Inn  ril.nn   I      , 

<  XL.    At,  o   n.iiiii  -I    from 

Imericus  Vesputius.  Latinized  form  of  tmei  igo 
Vespucci.]    I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  wi 

hemisphere  :  I 'dunging  to  or  situated  in  either 
North  01  Sniiili  America:  as,  the  Amazon  and 
other  Ann  rirun  rivers. —  2.  In  a  more  rest rie ted 
sense,  pertaining  to  the  United  States;  as,  an 


174 

American  citizen — American  alcornoque,  leather, 
organ.ete.  s.itiu  nouns.— American  aloe,  see  Agave. 
—American  bowls.  Sami  as  ninepins. — American  In- 
dians, See  Indian. — American  party,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  a 
political  party  whii  b  rain.-  into  prominence  in  1858.  its 
fundamental  principle  was  that  the  government  of  the 
country  sin  ml. I  be  in  the  hands  of  native  citizens.  At  first 
it  was  organized  as  n  secret*  oath-bound  fraternity;  and 
from  their  professions  of  ignorance  in  regard  to  ii,  as 
members  received  the  name  of  Know-nothings.  Ignor- 
ing tiie  slaver]  question,  it  gained  control  of  the  govern- 
ments of  several  Northern  and  Southern  states  in  is,,i  and 
1855,  ami  nominated  a  presidential  tirket  in  1S56;  but  it 
disappeared  about  1859,  its  Northern  adherents  becoming 
Republicans,  while  most  of  its  southern  members  joined 
the  short  livid  Constitutional  Union  party.  Anantima- 
sonic  party  of  the  sami'  name  appeared  in  ls7:'.,  but  gained 
very  few  vuli's.    See  Satire  American  party,  below. 

It  appeared  in  this,  as  in  most  other  Free  States,  that 
the  decline  or  dissolution  of  the  American,  or  Fillmore, 
i  .niu  inured  mainly  to  the  benefit  of  the  triumphant 
Democracy.  '     //.  Greeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  300. 

American  plan,  the  method  of  hotel  management  com- 
mon in  the  United  States,  which  is  based  upon  the  pay- 
ment by  guests  of  a  fixed  sum  per  diem  covering  all  ordi- 
nary charges  for  room,  food,  and  attendance.  See  Euro- 
pean plan,  under  European. — American  system,  a  name 
originally  used  for  the  principle  of  protection  by  means 
of  high  tariff  duties  in  the  United  States,  as  intended  to 
countervail  the  unfavorable  commercial  regulations  of 
European  countries,  or  to  promote  American  as  agalnsl 
European  interests.— Native  American  party,  in  ('.  ,s\ 
Iff.,  an  organization  based  on  hostility  to  tin-  participa- 
tion of  foreign  immigrants  in  American  polities,  ami  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  ( hurch,  formed  about  1S42.  In  1844 
it  carried  the  city  elections  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  elected  a  number  of  Congressmen.  It  gained 
no  further  successes,  and  disappeared  within  a  few  years, 
after  occasioning  destructive  riots  against  Roman  C'ath- 
olics  in  Philadelphia  and  other  places. 

II.  ».  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  or,  specifically,  of  North  America: 
originally  applied  to  the  aboriginal  races  dis- 
covered by  the  Europeans,  but  now  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Europeans  born  in  America,  and, 
in  the  most  restricted  or  popular  sense,  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Americanism  ( a-mer'i-kan -izm),  n.  [<  Ameri- 
can +  -ism.]  1.  Devotion  to  or  preference  for 
the  United  States  and  their  institutions ;  prefer- 
ence for  whatever  is  American  in  this  sense; 
the  exhibition  of  such  preference. — 2.  The  con- 
dition of  being  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Great-grandfathers  of  those  living  Americans,  whose 
Americanism  did  not  begin  within  the  last  half  century. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  07s. 

3.  A  custom,  trait,  or  thing  peculiar  to  Amer- 
ica or  Americans;  in  general,  any  distinctive 
characteristic  of  American  life,  thought,  litera- 
ture, etc. 

I  hate  this  shallow  Americanism  which  hopes  to  get 
rich  by  credit,  to  get  knowledge  by  raps  on  midnight 
tables,  to  learn  the  economy  of  tile  mind  by  phrenology, 
or  skill  without  study.  Emerson,  Succi  SB. 

4.  A  word,  a  phrase,  or  an  idiom  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  which  is  now  peculiar  to  or  has 
originated  in  the  United  States. 

Many  so-called  Americanisms  are  good  old  English. 

Uarics,  Sup.  Eng.  i  iloss. 

Americanist  (a-mer'i-kan-ist ),  n.    IK.  American 

+  -ist;  =  Y.  Amrricanistc  =  Sp.  Pg.  Amerien- 
nista.]  One  devoted  to  the  study  of  subjects 
specially  relating  to  America . 

As  distinguished  from  an  American,  an  Americanist  [a 
a  person  of  any  nation  who  prominently  interests  himself 
in  the  study  of  subjects  relating  to  America 

The  .1  meriean,  vi I.  6. 

Americanization  (a-mer  1-kan-i-za'shon),  n. 

[<  Americanize  +  -atimi.]  Tlio  act  or  process 
of  Americanizing,  or  of  being  Americanized. 

It  lias  come   In   be   the  eiistotn   to  characterize   as  an 
Americanization  the  dreaded  overgrowth  and  permeation 
by  realism  of  European  civilization,  and  the  rapidlj  gnu* 
ing  preponderance  of  manufacturing  industry. 

Pop.  Sci.  M.k.  XIII.  895. 

Americanize  (a-mer'i-knn-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  Am,  neiini  nl,  ppr.  J  mi  nemi  i :  i  nil .  [(Ameri- 
can +  -fee.]  1.  To  render  American  in  char- 
acter; assimilate  <<>  the  customs  and  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

It  is  notorious  that,  in  the  United  States,  (be  di  so  n 
dants  of  the  immigrant  Irish  lose  t  heir  '  leltic  aap<  ct,  ami 
become  Americanized,        It.  Spencer,  Prin,  of  Biol, 

The  line  of  argument  lias  b.en  adopted  by  the  right 
honourable  gentleman  opposite  with  regard  to  whal  hi 
terms ameru  anizing  the  institutions  of  the  country. 

QlodstOne. 

5.  To  naturalize  in  the  United  States.    [Bare.] 
Americomania  (a  -mer'i-ko-ma  '  ni  -ii ),  ».    |  < 

] >,,,  run  +  nimiitt.}     A  era/."  for  whatever 
American,     |  Rare.] 
Their  Americomania  he  seem    to  consider  a  criminal 
Monthly  Ret  ,  S  \\  11.627.    (A.  /■.'.  '■  I 

ameristic  (am-e-ris'tik),  a.     [<Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

divided,  divisible,  verbal  adj.  of  /»/"- 

f«j>,  divide,  <  /«/««;,  a  part.]     In  zool.,  not  di- 


ametrometer 

vidid  into  parts;  unsegmeiited:  distinguished 
botli  from  eiimeristie  and &y ameristic :  as,  "am- 
eristic dukes,"  E.  11.  Lanlcester,  Encyc.  Brit., 
XII.  555. 

amest,  ».    Same  as  amice. 

ames-acet,  »•    See  ambes-ace. 

ameSSt,  «■      Same  as  mtiiet . 

Ametabola  (am-e-tab'o-lii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u/j-riiei/ or,  unchangeable:  seeametabolous.]  In 
^ni'l.,  insects  which  do  not  undergo  metamor- 
phosis. In  Marleay  s  system  of  classification,  a  term 
iv  ei|  tii  •! 1 1  w  .  E.  Leach  to  designate  a  budi  lass  of  In- 
seeta  by  which  the  myriapodous,  thysanurous,  ami  anopln- 
rous  "insects''  should  be  collectively  contrasted  with  Un- 
true insects,  which  undergo  metamorphosis,  slyriapods 
being  excluded  from  the  class  l-nsecta,  and  lice  being  lo- 
cated with  insects  that  are  not  thoroughly  ametabolous, 
Ametabola  is  by  some  authors  restricted  to  tin-  collem- 
bolous  and  thysanurous  insects.  The  term  is  correlated 
with  Bemimetabola  and  with  M,  tabula. 

M'Leay  has  formed  them  [Myriapoda]  into  tw dels, 

Chilopoda  and  Chilognatha,  raising  them,  together  with 
the  two  other  orders,  Thysanura  and  Anoplura  (or  Para- 
sita,  Latr.i.  and  certain  aniiiilatcil  vermes,  into  a  distinct 
class,  to  which  lie  applied  the  name  of  Ametabola,  which 
Leach  had  proposed  only  for  the  spring-tailed  insects  and 
lice.        J.  0.  Westwood,  in  Cuvier  s  hemic  Annual  (trans.), 

[1849,  p.  483. 

ametabolian  (a-met-a-bo'li-an),  a.  and  n.    I. 
a.  In  zoiil.,  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  Ame- 
tabola. 
II,  n.  One  of  the  Ametabola. 

ametabolic  (a-met-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  auera- 
jio'Aor,  unchangeable  (see  ametabolous) ;  or  <  «-!8 
+  metabolic.]  Not  subject  to  metamorphosis. 
Applied  to  those  insects,  such  as  lice,  which  do  not  pos- 
sess wings  u  le  ii  |ieifect,  and  which  do  not,  therefore,  pass 
through  any  well-marked  metamorphosis. 

ametabolous  (am-e-tab'o-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ic- 
TQ,io/loc,  unchangeable,  <  a-  priv.  +  /lera/SoAoc, 
changeable:  see  Metabola.]  Ametabolic ;  not 
subject  to  metamorphosis. 

In  the  series  of  amet<-it„,1,nts  insects  there  are  some  with 
masticatory,  others  with  suctorial,  mouths. 

Huxley,  Anat  Invert.,  p.  ".65. 

ametallous  (a-mef  al-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  <i-  priv.  + 
iiiTu'/'/.tw,  mine  (taken  as  'metal':  seo  metal), 
+  -ous.]     Non-metallic.     N.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

amethodical  (am-e-thod'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (rt-18)  +  methodical,  q.  v.  Cf.  Gr.  a/ii- 
tiodoc,  without  method.]  Unmethodical ;  irreg- 
ular; without  order.     Bailey.     [Bare.] 

amethodistt  (a-meth'o-dist),  n.  [<  Gr.  o-priv. 
(a-18)  +  mcthodist,  q.  v. ;  or  directly  <  Gr.  a«c- 
Oodog,  without  method  (<  a-  priv.  +  /jitlodor, 
method),  +  -int.]  One,  especially  a  physician, 
who  follows  no  regular  method ;  a  quack :  as, 
"empirieall  amethodists,"  Whitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  89.  _ 

amethyst  (am'e-thist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ame- 
thist,  amiti.<t,  mnutist  (also  annates,  amatitcs),  < 
ME.  amatist,  ametist,  -isle,  <  OF.  amatiste,  mue- 
tiste,  mod.  F.  amethysle  =  Pr.  amethysta  =  Sp. 
amatista,  ametista,  -to  =  Pg.  amethysta,  ame- 
tistn,  -to=  It.  amatista  =  D.  ametist,  -thist,  -thyst 
=  G.  amethyst  =  Sw.  ametist  —  Dan.  ametyst,  < 
L.  ami  tliystus,  <  Gr.  a/ii6vcToe,  the  precious 
stone  amethyst,  also  the  name  of  a  plant,  both 
so  called  because  supposed  to  be  remedial 
against  drunkenness,  <  auidvaroc,  adj . ,  not  drunk- 
en, <  a-  priv.  +  *uedvoToc,  verbal  adj.  of  fiiQvuv, 
be  drunken,  <  /jedv,  strong  drink,  =  E.  mead1,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  violet-blue  or  purple  variety  of  quartz, 
the  color  being  perhaps  due  to  the  presence  of 
poroxid  of  iron.  It  generally  occurs  crystallized  in 
six  sided  prisms  or  pyramids;  also  in  rolled  fragments, 
composed  "!'  imperfect  prismatic  crystals.  Its  fracture  is 
conchoids!  or  splintery.  It  is  wrought  into  various  articles 
ol  jewelry.  The-  Anest amethysts  conic  from  India,  Ceylon, 
and  Brazil. 

2.  In  her.,  the  color  purple  when  described  in 
blazoning  a  nobleman's  escutcheon.  See  tinc- 
lure. —  3.  The  namo  of  a  humming-bird,  Calli- 
phlox  ami  llii/stina.     Oriental  amethyst,  a  rare  vio- 

fet-colored  gem,  a  variety  "i  alumina  or  cor lum,  of  ex- 

traordinary  brilliancy  and  beauty;  amethystine  sapphire. 

amethystine  (am-e-this'tin),  a.    [<  L.  ame- 

thystmus,    <  Gr.    a/jrlli'ijrirne,    <    a/u'tlvrtroe,   ame- 

1  hyst :  see  amethyst.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling amethyst;  of  tho  color  of  amethyst; 
purple;  violet.  Anciently  applied  to  a  garment  of  the 
color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the  Tynan  and 
hyaclnthine  purple. 

Trembling  water-drops, 
That  glimmer  with  an  amethystine  light 

i:.  i/iii,l,    \\  nil.  I    I'ieee. 

2.  Composed  of  amethyst:  as,  an  aim  thystine 

cup. 

ametrometer  (am-e-trom'e-ter),  n.     [<  Gr. 

auxrpoc,  irregular  (<<i-priv.  +  flfapov,  measure), 
4-  /i/r/ior,  measure.]  An  instrument  used  in 
ilio  diagnosis  of  ametropia,  consisting  of  two 
lamps   arranged  upon  a  bar,  and  capable  of 


ametrometer 

adjustment  to  test  the  degree  of  refraction  in 
the  patient's  sight. 

ametropia  (am-e-trd'pi-&),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/ie- 
tpoc,  irregular,  +  tJt/<  (<jjt-),  eye.]  A  condition 
of  the  eye  which  is  abnormal  with  respect  to 
refraction:  the  opposite  of  emmetropia.  It  com- 
prises myopia,  hypermetropia,  presbyopia,  and 
astigmatism.     See  these  words. 

ametropic  (am-e-trop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
produced  by  ametropia. 

ametrous  (a-ine'trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
fiifl>a,  uterus :  see  matrix.]  In  tera tol.,  without 
a  uterus.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

amevet,  *'.     Same  as  amove1. 

amgarn  (azn'gaxn),  n.  [W.  amgarn,  a  ferrule.] 
In  archceol.,  a  kind  of  celt  supposed  to  have 
served  as  the  ferrule  of  a  spear-shaft,  such  .-.  it- 
commonly  have  a  loop  on  one  Bide,  and  in  some  instances 
a  ring  has  been  found  passing  through  the  loop. 

Amharic  (am-har'ik),  n.  [<  Amhara,  the  cen- 
tral division  of  Abyssinia.]  The  modern  culti- 
vated language  of  Abyssinia. 

Amharic  .  .  .  has  been  since  A.  1).  1300  the  language 
of  the  Court  and  Nobles  [of  Abyssinia]. 

Ii.  N.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs,  of  Africa,  p.  SS. 

Amherstia  (am-hers'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Countess  Amherst,  a  zealous  promoter 
of  botany.]  A  leguminous  arboreous  genus  of 
Burmese  plants,  of  a  single  species,  A.  nobilis, 
with  very  large  flowers,  bright  vermilion  spot- 
ted with  yellow,  in  long  pendulous  racemes. 
The  flowers  are  considered  sacred,  and  are  laid  as  an 
ottering  before  the  shrines  of  Buddha 

Amia  (ain'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afiia,  a  kind  of 
tunny  (see  dot'.);  applied  by  Linmeus  to  an 
American  genus.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Amiidce,  Amia  calva  being 
the  only  extant  species.  It  inhabits  the  fresh  waters 
of  North  America,  and  is  known  as  the  bowfln,  dogfish, 
mudfish,  lawyer,  brindle,  grindle,  and  John  A.  Grindle. 
The  fish  known  as  amia  to  the  ancients  was  a  very'  differ- 
ent one.  Also  called  Amiatus.  See  cut  under  Amiidce. 
2.  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes :  synony- 
mous with  Apogon.    Gronovius. 

amiability  (a  mi-a-bil'i-ti),  «.  [<  amiable:  see 
-bility.  Of.  OF.  a'mittblcte.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  amiable ;  excellence  of  disposition;  amia- 
bleness. 

Suetonius  mentions,  as  an  instance  of  the  amiability  of 
Titus,  that  he  was  accustomed  to  jest  with  the  people 
during  the  combats  of  the  gladiators. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  304. 

2.  Lovableness;  amability.     N.  E.  D. 
amiable  (a'nii-a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amiable,  ami/able, 
(mutable,  <  OF.  aimiable,  amiable,  amianh,  ami- 
able, lovely,  friendly,  <  LL.  amieabilis  (>  E. 
amicable),  friendly,  <  L.  amieare,  make  friendly, 

<  amicus,  a  friend,  prop,  an  adj.,  friendly,  loving, 

<  amare,  love:  see  amor,  amour,  etc.  The  sense 
'lovable,  lovely'  is  due  to  a  confusion  with  F. 
aimable,  OF.  amable,  <  L.  amabilis,  lovable,  love- 
ly, <  amare,  as  above.]  1.  Friendly;  kindly; 
amicable. 

Lay  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  this  Ford's  wife. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

That  foreign  eccentricity  to  which  their  nation  is  so 

amiable.  Howells,  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  p.  72. 

2.  Exciting  or  tending  to  excite  love  or  delight; 
lovable;  lovely;  beautiful;  delightful;  pleas- 
ing. 

How  amiable  are  thy  tabernacles,  O  Lord.    Ps.  lxxxiv.  1. 

No  company  can  be  more  amiable  than  that  of  men  of 
sense  who  are  soldiers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  ir.2. 

I  found  my  wife  and  daughter  well,  the  latter  grown 
quite  a  woman,  with  many  amiable  accomplishments  ac- 
quired in  my  absence.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  314. 

3.  Specifically,  possessing  or  exhibiting  agree- 
able moral  qualities,  as  sweetness  of  temper, 
kind-heartedness,  and  the  like;  having  an  ex- 
cellent disposition:  as,  an  awiatVe  girl;  an  ami- 
able disposition. 

This  [word]  and  "lovely"havebeen  sofarditterentiatcd 
that  amiable  never  expresses  now  any  other  than  moral 
loveliness:  which  in  "lovely"  is  seldom  or  never  implied. 

Abp.  Trench. 

He  is  so  amiable  that  you  will  love  him,  if  ever  you  be- 
come acquainted  with  him. 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  II.  353. 

His  [Fox's]  private  friends  .  .  .  maintained  that  ...  if 
he  was  misled,  he  was  misled  by  amiable  feelings,  by  a 
desire  to  serve  his  friends  and  by  anxious  tenderness  for 
his  children.  Macavlay,  Lord  Holland. 

=  Syn.  Engaging,  benignant,  sweet-tempered,  kind-heart- 
ed, lovely  in  character. 

amiableness  (a'mi-a-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  amiable;  loveliness;  amiability. 

amiably  (a'nii-a-bli),  adv.  1.  In  an  amiable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 
—  2f.  Pleasingly;  delightfully.     [Rare.] 

The  palaces  rise  so  amiably. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  12t). 


175 

They  [the  parables]  are  amiably  perspicuous,  vidimus, 
and  bright  Blackmail,  Sacred  Classics,  i 

Amiadae  (a-mi'a-dc),  u.   /■!.      Siliiic  :is  .Imiii/ir. 

amiant,  amianth  (am'i-ant,  -anth),  ».  [Prop. 
amiant,  <  ME.  ami/aunt,  (  OV.  'amiante,  mod. 
F.  amiante,  <  L.  amiantus,  <  Gr.  a/niavroe:  see 
amiantus.]     Saint-  as  amiantUS. 

amiantiform,  amianthiform  (am-i-an'ti-,  -thi- 
tnriii),  a.  [<  Nli,  amiantus,  -tints.  +  L.  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  ami- 
antus. 

amiantine,  amianthine  (am-i-an'tin,  -thin),  a. 
[<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -tnel.]  Relating  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  amiantus. 

amiantoid,  amianthoid  (am-i-an'toid, -thoid), 
a.  [<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -oid.]  Resembling  ami- 
antus in  form. 

amiantoidal,  amianthoidal  (am"i-an-toi'-, 
-thoi'dal),  a.  [(.amiantoid  +  -al.~\  Same  as 
amiantoid. 

amiantus,  amianthus  (am-i-an'tus,  -thus),  n. 
[The  form  amianthus  is  recent  and  erroneous, 
simulating  Gr.  avOoc,  a  flower  (cf.  amaranth); 
L.  amiantus,  <Gr.  a/tiavrog,  undefiled,  unsoiled; 
o  a/iiavror  '/.ithr,  a  greenish  stone  like  asbestos 
(Dioscorides) ;  <a-  priv.  4-  utavrdc,  stained,  de- 
filed, verbal  adj.  of  /uaivciv,  stain,  defile:  see 
miasm.']  1.  Flexible  asbestos,  earth-flax,  or 
mountain-flax ;  a  mineral  somewhat  resem- 
bling flax,  and  usually  grayish-  or  greenish- 
white  in  color.  It  is  composed  of  delicate  filaments, 
very  flexible  and  somewhat  elastic,  often  long  and  resem- 
bling threads  of  silk.  It  is  incombustible,  and  has  been 
wrought  into  cloth  and  paper  with  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is 
afterward  removed  by  a  red  heat.  It  is  also  employed  for 
lamp-wicks  and  for  filling  gas-grates,  the  fibers  remain- 
ing red  hot  without  being  consumed.  It  is  a  finer  form 
of  the  variety  of  hornblende  called  asbestos  (which  see). 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  soft, 
silky,  and  inelastic  form  of  serpentine  called  chrysotile. 

Much  amber  full  of  insects,  and  divers  things  of  woven 
amianthus.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1046. 

Serpentine  .  .  .  also  delicately  fibrous,  and  then  called 
amianthus  or  chrysotile. 

Dana,  Manual  of  Geol.  (ed.  18«2),  p.  61. 

Hence  — 2.  Thread  or  fabrics  made  from  the 
mineral  amiantus. 

Also  sometimes  called  amiant,  amianth. 

AmiatUS  (ain-i-a'tus),  u.     Same  as  Amia,  1. 

amicability  (am"i-ka-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  amicable: 
see  -bility,  and  cf.  amiability.]  The  quality  of 
being  amicable ;  amieableness. 

amicable  (am'i-ka-bl),  a.  [<  L.  amieabilis, 
friendly;  whence  also  OF.  aimiable,  >  E.  ami- 
able, q.  v.]  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting 
friendliness,  peaeeableness,  or  harmony ;  friend- 
ly ;  peaceable ;  harmonious  in  social  or  other 
relations. 

Plato  and  Tully,  it  should  seem,  thought  truth  could 
never  be  examined  with  more  advantage  than  amidst  the 
inn  icable  opposition  of  well-regulated  converse. 

Sir  T.  Fitz-Osborne,  Letters. 

By  amicable  collisions  they  have  worn  down  their  as- 
perities and  sharp  angles. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  54. 

Amicable  action,  in  law,  an  action  commenced  and 
prosecuted  according  to  a  mutual  understanding,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  a  decision  of  the  courts  on  some 
matter  of  law.—  Amicable  compounder.  See  com- 
/...loii/cr.— Amicable  numbers,  in  arith.,  any  pair  of 
numbers  each  of  which  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  ali- 
quot parts  of  the  other,  that  is,  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  all 
the  numbers  which  will  divide  the  other  without  remain- 
der :  as,  2S4  (1+2+4  +  5  +10+11  +  20  +  22+44  +  55  + 110 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  220]  =284)  and  220(1  +  2  +  4+71  +  142 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  284]=  220).  The  next  higher  pair  of 
amicable  numbers  is  17,296  and  18,416. =Syn.  Amicable, 
Friendly,  kind,  neighborly,  cordial,  -i  micable  is  ofti  n  bo 
weak  as  to  be  almost  negative;  friendly  is  positive.  Ami- 
cable simply  notes  freedom  from  hard  brim-,  disagree- 
ment, or  quarrel;  hence  we  speak  of  an  amicable  action 
at  law,  amicable  relations  between  families  and  between 
states.  Friendly  implies  a  degree  "i  active  interest.  All 
nations  should  be  on  amicable  terms:  few  are  enough  alike 
to  be  realty  friendly.  .1  micable  also  implies  close  relation 
or  contact ;  friendly  feelings  may  exist  toward  those  of 
whom  we  have  only  heard. 

Enter  each  mild,  each  amicable  guest 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  abelard,  1.  301. 

It  is  in  the  time  of  trouble  .  .  .  that  the  warmth  of  the 
friendly  heart  and  the  support  of  the  friendly  hand  ac- 
quire increased  value  and  demand  additional  gratitude. 

/,',-.  Mant. 

amieableness  (am'i-ka-bl-nes),  ».  [<  amicabh 
+  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  amicable, 
peaceable,  friendly,  or  disposed  to  peace:  a 
disposition  to  preserve  peace  and  friendship; 
friendliness. 

Give  not  over  your  amieableness  for  that;  their  policie 

is  no  warrant  against  your  dutie. 

J.  Saitmarsh,  Smoke  in  the  Temple  (1646),  p.  54. 

amicably  (am'i-ka-bli),  atlr.     In  an  amicable 

or  friendly  manner;  with  harmony;  without 
controversy. 


,  Amice  around  the  neck. 
,  Auuc-  worn  as  a  hood. 


amid 

I  could  wish  to  Bee  the  disturbances  of  Europe  once 
mith,  i  litizen  of  the  World,  lxxxv. 
amicalt(am'i-kal),  a.    [=F.  amieal,<  L.amicalis 
i  post-classical  >.  friendly,  <  amii 
amiable.]     Friendly;  amicable. 

An  amical  call  to repi 

It'.  Watson,  in  Athen.  Oxon.,  iii. 

amice1  (am'is),  it.    [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amyce, 

(Inns,  dims,  ilinisse,   tliill/s,   tllltl/sst  ,  (lint  ssi  ,  <   ME, 

(iniysc,  an  altered  form  (perhap      l>.  confusion 

witli  amisse,  E.  amice^)  of  earlier  amyt,  E. 
tiling,  <  OF.  amit,  mod.  F.  amict=  Sp.  amito  = 
Pg.  amicto  =  It.  amitto,  ammitto,  amice,  <  L. 
amictus,  amautle,  cloak,  ML.  an  amice,  lit.  that 
which  is  thrown  or  wrapped  around  one,  <  ami- 
arc,  pp.  aniiftiis,  throw  around,  wrap  around, 
(.am-,  ambi-, around,  +jacere,  throw:  see  jet1.] 
If.  A  loose  wrap  or  cloak. 

A  palmer's  a/mice  wrapped  him  round. 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldrick  bound. 

Scott,  I.,  of  tic   L.  M..  ii.  19. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  (It.  and  in  many  Angli- 
can churches,  an  oblong  piece  of  linen,  large 
enough  to  cover  the  shoulders,  worn  with  the 
upper  edge  fastened  round  the  neck,  under  the 
alb,  whenever  the 
latter  vestment  is 
used.  Formerly  it 
was  drawn  over  the 
head  until  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the 
mass  were  reached. 
when  it  was  turned 
down ;  this  custom  is 
still  partially  obst  rved 
by  friars  not  wearing 
the  clerical  cap  "i  bl« 
retta.  It  is  usually 
embroidered  with  a  large  cross,  and  formerly  had  an  ap- 
parel of  orphrey-work,  which  on  being  turned  down  served 
as  an  ornamental  collar.  It  symbolizes  the  helmet  of  sal- 
vation. See  amictus. 
Also  written  amict. 
amice-  (am'is),  n.  [Earlymod.  E.  amice,  atnise, 
dints,  tiincss,  unit's,  tinti/s,  aiims,  n in mtjs,  ammas, 
etc.,  and  (after  ML.,  Sp.,  etc.)  almuce,  <  ME. 
amisse,  <  OF.  aumusse,  mod.  F. 
atnnuce,  aumusse  =  Pr.  tilmussa 
=  Sp.  almucio=T?g.  viursa  =  It. 
(obs.)  moeza,  in  ML.  a/mussa, 
almitssia,  almucia,  almicia,  al- 
mussum,  almutia,  almutium,  ar- 
um tin,  a  cape,  hood,  amice;  cf. 
dim.  Pr.  almueela  =  OPg.  aU 
mucella,  almocella  —  Sp.  almo- 
cela,  OSp.  iilnniftUii,  iilnitieula, 
with  diif.  term.  OF.  aitmiteette 
=  Sp.  muceta  =  It.  mozzetta; 
also  (<  ML.  almutia,  armutia) 
in  Teut. :  OHG.  almus,  iirmuz, 
MHG.  mutze,  miitzc,  G.  miitze, 
OD.  almutsc,  amutse,  mutse,  D. 
muts,  Sc.  mutch,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  mutch.  The  idt.  origin  is 
doubtful;  al-  maybe  the  Ar.  ar- 
ticle. For  the  different  senses, 
cf.  cap1,  cape1,  cope1,  ult.  of  the 
same  origin.]  A  furred  hood 
having  long  ends  hanging  down 
the  front  of  the  dress,  something  like  the  stole, 
worn  by  the  clergy  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
fifteenth  century  for  warmth  when  officiating 
in  the  church  during  inclement  weather,  it  is 
still  carried,  thrown  over  the  left  arm,  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremonial  costume  by  the  canons  of  certain  cathedral 
churches  in  the  north  of  France.  The  hood  has  become  a 
pocket  for  the  breviary.  Also  written  almuce,  aumuce. 
amict  (am'ikt).  ».  Same  as  amice1. 
amictus  (a-mik'tus),  h.;  pi.  amictus.  [L. :  see 
amice1.]  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  anynppergarment, 
such  as  a  mantle  or  cloak:  a  general  term,  in- 
cluding the  toga  and  all  garments  other  than 
those  worn  next  to  the  body. — 2.  Eccles.,  the 
name  given  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and 
sometimes  in  England  to  the  amice.  See  am- 
ice1, '2. — 3.  [cap.]  In  zobl.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. 

amicus  curiae  (a-mi'kus  kfi'ri-e).  [L.,  a  friend 
ul  the  court:  amicus,  a  Mend;  ciirue,  gen.  oi 
curia,  court:  see  amy  ami  curia.]  In  imr,  a 
friend  of  the  court ;  a  person  in  court  who,  as 
a  friend  and  not  in  virtue  of  any  interest  or 
employment  in  the  cause,  informs  the  judge 
of  an  error  he  has  noticed,  or  makes  a  sugges- 
tion in  aid  of  the  duty  of  the  court. 
amid  (a-mid'),  prep.  phr.  as  ado.  aniprep.  [< 
ME.  aiintitir,  amy  dae,  amidden,  earlier  on  «</././<, 
an  midden,  <  AS.  on-middan,  mi  middan:  on,  K. 
a8,  in;  middan,  dat.  (in  tie!',  inflection)  of  middi . 
adj.,  mid,  middle:  see  mid,  adj.;  mid,  prep.,  is 


Priest  wearing  the 
Amice.  { From  a  se- 
pulchral brass.) 


amid 

a  clipped  form  of  amid.']   I.t  adv.  In  the  middle; 
in  the  midst. 
Amid  betweene  the  violent  Bobber  .  .  .  and  themtch- 

iiiL:  Uaeefe  .  .  .  Btandetn  the  craft;  cntpursi 

Lombard.-.  F.ircnarcha,  ii.  J74.     (.V.  F.  />.) 

II.  prep.  In  the  midst  or  middle  of;  sur- 
rounded or  encompassed  by;  mingled  with; 
among.     See  amidst. 

Then  answering  from  the  Bandy  shore. 
Half-drowned  amid  the  breakers  roar, 
\ci  -I  tin  ■  i  horus  rose.    Scott,  Marnnon,  ii.  11. 
=Syn.  Amid,  Among,  etc.    See  an 

amid-,  amido-.  Combining  forms  of  amide 
(which  see). 

Amidae  (am'i-de),  n. pi.  Same  as  Amiida1.  ('. 
I..  Bonaparte. 

amidan  (am'i-dan),  n.  [<  AmidcB  (f or  AmUdrn) 
+  -mi.]  A  fish  <il'  the  family  Amiida :  an  amiid. 
Sir  J.  Richardson. 

amidated(am'i-da-ted),  a.  Containing  an  amide 
group  ipi-  radical:  as,  amidated  fatty  acids. 

amide  (am'id  or  -id),  re.  [<  am(mania)  +  -idc1.] 
A  chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substi- 
tution for  one  ormore  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of 
ammonia  of  an  acid  radical :  as,  acetamide,  CH3 
CO.NHo,  in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  of  am- 
monia, NH3,  has  been  replaced  by  the  acetic 
acid  radical  CH3CO.  Amides  are  primary,  secondary, 
or  tertiary,  according  as  one,  two,  or  three  hydrogen  atoms 
have  been  so  replaced.  They  are  white  crystalline  solids, 
often  capable  of  combining  with  both  acids  and  bases.  See 
amine. 

amidic  (a-mid'ik),  a.  [(.  amide +  -ie.]  Inchon. , 
relating  to  or  derived  from  an  amide  or  amides: 
as,  amidic  acid. 

amidiii,  amidine  (am'i-din),  n.  [<  amide  + 
-i«2.]  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  organic 
bodies  containing  the  group  C.NH.NH2.  The 
amidins  are  mono-acid  bases  which  are  quite 
unstable  in  the  free  state. 

amido-.     See  amid-. 

amido-acid  (atn"i-do-as'id),  n.  An  acid  con- 
taining the  amido-group  NH2,  as  amido-oxalie 
or  oxamie  acid,  NH2C0O2OH. 

amidogen  (a-mid'o-jen),  n.  [<  amide  +  -gen, 
producing:  see  -gen,  -genous.]  A  hypothetical 
radical  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  hydro- 
gen and  one  of  nitrogen,  Nflo.  It  has  not  been  Iso- 
lated, but  may  lie  traced  in  the  compounds  called  amides 
and  amines.  Tims,  acetamide  i>  a  compound  of  the  radi- 
cal acetyl  and  amidogen,  and  potassamine  of  potassium 
and  amidogen. 

amidships  (a-mid'ships),  prep,  phr.  as  adv.  [< 
amid  +  ship",  with  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.]  1.  In  or 
toward  the  middle  of  a  ship,  or  that  part  which 
is  midway  between  the  stem  and  the  stern. 

In  the  whaler,  the  boat-steerers  .  .  .  keep  by  themselves 
in  the  waist,  sleep  amidships,  and  eat  by  themselves. 

Ii.  It.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  37. 

2.  In  the  middle  line  of  a  ship;  over  and  in 
line  with  the  keel:  as,  to  put  the  helm  amid- 
ships. 
amidst  (a-midsf),  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amid'st,  amidest,  amiddest,  an  extended  form 
(with  excrescent  -(  as  in  amongst,  against,  etc.  i 
of  ME.  amiddes,  amyddes,  unmix  (also  imyddes, 
emiddes,  i  myddes,  <u  myddes),  <  amidde,  E.  amid, 
+  adv.  gen.  suffix  -es,  -s:  see  amid.]  In  the 
midst  or  center  of ;  among;  surrounded  by;  in 
the  course  or  progress  of.     See  amul. 

'I  Ii.hi  shalt  ttonrish  in  immortal  youth, 
I  nhurt  amidst  the  warsoi  elements.     Addison,  Cato. 
Mow  oft  amidst 
Thick  clouds  and  dark  doth  heaven's  all-ruling  Sire 

■   i (de.  Mill. .a,  P.  L.,  ii.  268. 

Had  .lames  been  brought  up  amidst  the  adulation  and 
gayety  <>f  a  court  I  never,  in  all  probability, 

have  had  such  a  poem  as  the  Quair. 

/,  ■  ing,  Sketch  Book,  p.  109. 
amidulin   (a-mid'u-lin),  n.     [<   !'.   amidon, 
Btarch,  +  dim.  -«■/<  +  -in-.]     Starch  rendered 
soluble  by  boil 

amidwardt  (a-mid'wSrd),  adv.  .-11111  prep.    [< 
/+  -irnrii.  1     Toward  the  center  or  middle 
line  0  hip. 

amiid  (am'i-id),  «.    A  fish  of  the  famil 

idn 

Ami  id  :e  1 
A  family  of  eycloganoid  fishes,  typified  by  the 

■tn  [fc  ,.„ 

' 


Bowfi  1 '  Imia  ca  Iva ) . 

(From  Report  iu«4.) 

L'f-rnis  Ami".    The  technical  characters  are  an  oblong 
Body,  sh< »i  rioui .  iiiini-  phi-  (10 


176 

ostegal  rays,  the  development  of  a  sublingual  bone  be- 
tween the  "rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  possession  of  cycloid 
a  lull:.'  suit  dorsal  llu.  the  subequal  extent  of  the 
abdominal  and  caudal  parts  of  the  vertebra]  column,  and 
the  absence  of  pseudobranchise.  It  is  an  archaic  type  rep- 
n  s.  ntiil  now  by  a  single  living  species,  Amia  catva.  the 
bowfln  or  mudfish,  Inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  North 
America.     Also  written  Amiadae,  Amides,  Amioides. 

amil-cornt,  «.    See  ameUcorn. 

amildar  (am'il-dar),  ».    See  amaldar. 

amimia  (a-mim'i-ii),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  n-priv.  + 
pi/toc,  a  mimic:  see  mime,  mimic.]  Loss  of  the 
power  of  pantomimic  expression,  due  to  a  cere- 
bral lesion. 

amine  (am'iu),  n.  [<  am(monia)  +  -ine".]  A 
chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  basic  atom  or  radical  for  one  or  more 
of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of  ammonia,  as  potas- 
samine (XHoK),  ethylamine  (C2H5NH2).  The 
amines  are  all  strongly  basic  in  their  character. 
See  amide. 

aminisht,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  amynysshc,  <  ME. 
amynusshen,  amenyshe,  earlier  amenusen,  ame- 
nui/sen,  <  AP.  amenvser,  OF.  amenuisn  1;  ame- 
nuiser,  lessen,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  menuisier, 
lessen:  see  minish,  diminish.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  less;  lessen. 
II.  intrans.  To  grow  less;  decrease. 

amioid  (am'i-okl),  a.  and  n.     [<  Amia  +  -old.] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  the  Amiida:. 
II.  re.  An  amiid. 

Amioidffi  (am-i-oi'de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Amiidat. 

amir,  «.    See  ameer. 

amiralt  (arn'i-ral),  re.  An  old  spelling  of  ad- 
miral. 

amirship,  n.    See  ameership. 

amist,  "■     A  former  spelling  of  amice. 

amiss  (a-niis'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  a.  [< 
ME.  amisse,  amysse,  a  mysse,  a  mys,  0  mys,  also 
on  mys,  of  mys,  earliest  form  a  mis  (=  Icel.  d 
mis,  d  miss):  a,  o,  on,  E.  <i3;  mis,  E.  miss1, 
fault;  cf.  ME.  mis,  adv.,  amiss.  See  miss1  and 
mis-1.]  I.  adv.  Away  from  the  mark;  out  of 
the  way;  out  of  the  proper  course  or  order;  in 
a  faulty  manner ;  wrongly ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  propriety,  truth,  law,  or  morality. 
Ye  ask,  and  receive  not,  because  ye  ask  amiss.  Jas.  iv.  3. 
We  read  amiss,  if  we  imagine  that  the  fiery  persecution 
which  raged  against  Christ  bad  burned  itself  out  in  the 
act  of  the  crucifixion.  De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

II.  a.  Improper;  wrong;  faulty:  used  only 
in  the  predicate :  as,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  ask 
advice. 

There's  somewhat  in  this  world  amiss 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
Much  I  find  amiss, 
Blameworthy,  punishable  in  this  freak 
Of  thine         Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  202. 
There  is  something  amiss  in  "in-  who  has  to  grope  for 
his  therne  and  cannot  adjust  himself  tn  bis  period. 

Sti'dman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  301. 
Not  amiss,  passable  or  suitable;  fair;  not  so  bad  after 
ail :  a  phrase  used  to  express  approval,  but  not  in  a  very 
emphatic  way.     [Colloq.  ] 
She's  a  miss,  she  is;  and  yet  she  ant  amiss     .  h? 

Dickens. 
To  come  amiss,  to  be  unwelcome;  be  not  wanted;  la- 
out  of  the  proper  place  or  time. 
Neyther  Religion  cummeth  amisse. 

Aseham,  The  Scholemaster. 
To  take  amiss,  to  be  offended  at. 

My  brother  was  passionate,  and  had  often  beaten  me, 
which  I  took  extreiin  ly  amiss. 

l-'ranldin,  Autoliio^.,  p.  ;;n. 

amisst  (a-mis'),  n.  [<  late  ME.  amisse.  <  miss1, 
«.,  q.  v.,  by  confusion  with  amiss,  adv.]  Faull : 
wrung:  as,  "some  gri  ;it  amiss,''  Slink.,  Hamlet, 
iv.  5. 

A  woman  laden  with  afflictions, 
Big  with  tnn  Borrow,  and  religious  penitence 
1  or  her  amiss.     Chapman,  Etevengefor  Honour,  v.  2, 

amissibility  (a-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  amissiole  : 
see  -biliti/.]  The  capability  or  possibility  of 
being  lost.      [Kare.J 

Notions  of  popular  rights,  and  the  amissibility  of  sov- 
power  ior  misconduct,  were  broachi  d. 

Eallam,  lii-i.  Lit  i  Ith  ed.),Il   B 10 

amissible  (a-mis'i-bl),  ».    [<  LL.  amissibilis,  < 

omissus,  pp.  id'  nmittire,  lose:    see  tlliiil'-'-.}      Ca- 
pable <>f  being,  or  liable  i<>  i»',  lust.     |  Rare.] 

amissing  (a-rms'ing),  ".  [Prop,  a  pin-..  ■/  miss- 
ing (n'A  ami  missing,  verbal  a.  of  miss)  I ;  as  if  a 
ppr.  of  *amis8,  v.]    Missing:  wanting. 

amissiont  (a-mish'pn),  ».     [<  L.  armssio(n  i, 
amissus, pp. of  amiitere,  lose:  Beeamifi.i   Loss. 

i  mis  Urn  "i  th<  Ir  churi  a  membership. 

Dr.  it .  .1/"" ,  Seven  Churi  hi  b,  111. 

amit't,  "■     An  "Id  form  of  amia1. 
amit'Jt  (a-mif),  v.  t.  or  i.     [<  h.amittere.  lose, 
let  go,  send  away,  <  a  for  ab,  from  (see  ab-),  + 


Ammobium 

miltere,  send.  Cf.  admit,  commit,  permit,  remit, 
etc.]     To  lose :  rarely  with  of. 

We  desire  no  records  of  such  enormities;  sins  should  be 
accounted  new,  that  .so  they  may  be  esteemed  monstrous. 
They  ami(  of  monstrosity,  as  they  fall  from  their  rarity. 

Sir  T.  Brm 

amity  (am'i-ti),   h.       [Early  mod.  E.  amitie,  < 

(  >!•'.  iimilii ,  amistic,  amistiil,  iimistrt  =  Sp.  amis- 

tad='Bg.  amizade  =  It.  amista.  <  ML.  "nmu-i- 

ta(t-)s,  friendship,  <  L.  a  miens,  friendly,  a  friend: 
mo  amiable.]  Friendship,  in  a  general  sense; 
harmony;  good  understanding,  especially  be- 
tween nations;  political  friendship:  as,  a  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce. 

Great  Britain  was  in  league  and  amity  with  all  the 
world.  Sir  J.  Davies,  Ireland. 

These  appearances  and  sounds  which  Imply  amity  or 
enmity  in  those  around,  become  symbolic  of  happiness  and 
misery.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  5-JO. 

I  much  prefer  the  company  of  ploughboys  and  tin-ped- 
dlers to  the  silken  and  perfumed  «»it7;;  which  celebrates 
its  days  of  encounter  by  a  frivolous  display. 

Emerson,  Friendship. 

=  Syn.  Friendliness,  kindness,  good  will,  affection,  har- 
mony. 

Amiurus  (am-i-u'rus),  «.  [XL.,  not  curtailed, 
i.  e.,  with  the  tail  not  notched,  having  the  tail 
even  or  square ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /iciovpoc,  cur- 
tailed, eurtal,  <  peiuv,  less  (compar.  of  fuiipoc, 
little),  +  nhpa,  tail.]  Alarge  genus  of  Silurida; 
containing  many  of  the  commonest  American 
species  of  eatfishes,  horned  pouts  or  bullheads, 
such  as  A.  nebulusus.  There  arc  some  15  species, 
among  them  A.  nigricans,  the  great-lake  cat,  and  A.  pun- 
derosus,  the  Mississippi  cat,  sometimes  weighing  upward 
of  100  pounds.  Also  written  ^meiurus,  as  originally  by 
Raflnesque,  1S20.    See  cut  under  catfish. 

Amizilis  (am-i-zil'is),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  Amazilia.    JR.  P.  Lesson. 

amlett,  "•    An  old  form  of  omelet. 

amma'  (am'ii),  n.  [ML.,  a  spiritual  mother, 
abbess,  <  Gr. "a/i/ia,  also  apuas,  a  mother,  esp.  in 
a  convent,  prob.  <  Syriacama,  a  mother;  in  the 
general  sense  of  'mother'  or  'nurse'  are  found 
ML.  iiiiimn.  Sp.  Pg.  ama  (>  Anglo-Ind.  amah, 
q.  v.),  OHG.  amma,  aunt,  MHG.  G.  amme,  Dan. 
amine,  Sw.  amma,  nurse,  Icel.  amma,  grand- 
mother; supposed  to  be  of  infantile  origin,  like 
mamma,  q.  v.]  In  the  Gr.  and  Syriac  churches, 
an  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

amma-  (am'ii),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  "hamma,  <  Gr. 
a,u/ia,  a  tie,  knot,  <  nrrrm>,  tie,  fasten,  bind.] 
A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  ruptures. 

amman  (am'an),  «.  [<  G.  ammann,  amtmann, 
<  MHG.  amnion,  ambtman,  anibetman,  <  OHG. 
iiniliiilitiiinii  (=  <is.  ambahtman  =  AS.  ambiht- 
mnii,  ONorth.  embilit-,  embeht-man,  -mow).  <  «»'- 
bahti,  ambaht,  MHG.  ambit,  ammet,  G.  amt 
=  Goth.  andbahti,  service,  office  (see  embassy, 
ambassador,  and.  amt),  +  OHG.  MHG.  man,  G. 
mann  =  E.  man.]  In  several  of  the  German 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  an  executive  and  judi- 
cial officer.  This  title  is  given  to  the  chief  official  of 
a  district  or  of  a  commune,  but  is  being  replaced  by 
president.     Also  written  iiinmaiit. 

Ammanite  (am'an-It),  it.  [<  Amman,  a  proper 
name  (seeammah),  +  -ite".]  A  member  of  one 
of  the  two  parties  into  which  1he  Swiss  Men- 
nonites  separate.  1  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
They  were  also  called  Upland  Mennonites.  See 
Mennonite. 

ammeter  (am'e-ter),  n.  [Contr.  of  ampereme- 
ter, <  ampere  +  Gr.  fi&rpov,  a  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  or  estimating  in  am- 
peres the  strength  of  electric  currents;  an  am- 
pere-meter.    See  cut  under  ampere-meter. 

Practically  it  is  generally  preferred  to  use  galvanome- 
ters specially  constructed  for  Oils  purpose,  and  graduated 
beforehand  in  amperes  by  the  maker;  such  galvanometers 
are  called  amperemeters  or  ammeters. 

Quoted  in  '.'.  /.'.  /'resells  liyiinm.  Elect.,  p.  785. 

Ammi  (ami),  n.  [L.,  also  ammium,  <  Gr. 
iiiiin,  an  African  plant,  Cat  urn  Copticum  (Dios- 
corides);  the  name  is  prob.  of  Egypt,  origin.] 
A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  natives  of 
the  Mediterranean  region,  and  liavingthe  habit 
of  the  carrot,  but  with  the  outer  pedals  of  the 
umbel  very  large.  It  is  sometimes  called 
liislinp's-ir,, ./. 

ammiralt,  «•    An  old  spelling  of  admiral. 

ammite  (am'It),   u.      [<<ir.  a/ifilrvc  or  a/i/Srif, 
sandstone,  <  <'</'/"«;,  also  aftuoc,  sand,  related  to 
bfiadoc,    Band,  and  both  prob.  to    t/'"W°f  and' 
doc,  Band.]     An  old  mrneralogical  name  for 

roesti or  oolite,  and  for  all  those  sandstones 

which,  like  oolite,  are  composed  of  rounded  and 
loosely  compacted  grains.  See  oolite.  Also 
written  hammitt . 

Ammobium  (a-mo'bi-um),  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  appoc, 
sand,  +  titoc,  life.]     A  small  genus  of  composite 


Am  niobium 

plants  from  Australia,  frequently  cultivated 
for  the  showy-colored  searious  bracts  that  sur- 
round the  flower-head,  which  become  dry  and 
persistent. 

ammocete,  «.     See  ammocoete. 

ammochryse  fara'o-kris),  n.  [<  L.  ammochry- 
sus,  <  Or.  afi/i6xpvo'o£,  a  precious  stone  resem- 
bling sand  veined  with  gold,  <  a/i/ioe,  sand  (see 
ammite),  +  xpvfc,  gold :  see  chrysolite,  etc.]   A 


177 

generally  about  G  Inches  long ;  they  associate  in  large 
schools, 'chietlv  in  the  northern  seas,  and  are  important 
as  bait  for  other  fishes.  They  are  known  chiefly  ae  Band- 
lances,  or  lances,  1 1  •  -  ■  1 1  their  habit  of  "diving"  into  and  liv- 
inginsandj  beaches  and  ocean  bottoms.    See  sand-lance. 

Ammodytina  (am  'o-di-tS'na),  ».  /,/.  [~SL.,  ( 
Ammodytes,  1,  +  4na.]  In  ('iiinther's  system  of 
classification,  the  sand-lances,  or  AmmodyMda, 
as  the  fourth  subfamily  of  Ophidiidee.  Also 
written  Ammodytince. 


soft  yellow  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting  Ammodytini  fam'6-di-ti'ni),  n.  pi.     Same  as 

of  glossy  yellow  particles.  When  rubbed  or  ground     Ammodytina.     Bonaparte,  1837. 

it  has  been  used  to  strew  over  fresh  writing  to  prevent  ammodytoid    (am-6-di'toid),   a.   and 


blotting. 

ammocoete,  ammocete  (am'o-sel ),  ».    A  fish 

of  the  genus  Ammocoetes. 
Ammocoetes  (am-o-se'tez),   re.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

auuoc,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  /coir;/,  a  bed,  <  sh- 

o8ai,  lie.]    A  generic  name  of  a  myzont  or  lam- 
prey-like fish.      (a)  Tile  young  or  larval  stage  of  the 

petromyzontids,  or  lampreys,  characterized  by  the  want  of 

eyes  and  liy  a  semicircular  mouth.    During  the  period  of 

this  stage  the  animal  lives  in  the  sand  of  river-beds. 
This  simple  lamprey  larva  .  .  .  was  generally  described 

as  a  peculiar  form  of  fish  under  the  name  of  Ammocoetes. 

By  a  further  metamorphosis  this  blind  and  toothless  Ain- 

moccetis  is  transformed  into  the  lamprey  with  eyes  and 

teeth.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  -Man  (trans.),  II.  104. 

(b)  A  genus  of  which  the  Ammocoetes  branehialis  is  the 

young,  which  is  distinguished  from  Petromyzon  by  the 

differentiation  of  the  discal  and  peripheral  teeth  and  the 

crescentdform  dentated  lingual  teeth  of  the  adult, 
ammocoeticl  (am-o-sc'tid),  n.    One  of  the  Am- 

moca  tidal ;  an  ammocoete. 
Ammocoetidae  (am-o-se'ti-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Ammocoetes  +  -idee.']'   The  family  name  applied 

to  the  young  of  the  Petromyzontidce  before  it 

was  ascertained  that  they  represented  only  a 

larval  stage  in  the  growth  of  those  fishes.    See 

Ammocostes. 
ammocoetiform  (am-o-se'ti-fdrm),  a.     [(  NL. 

Ammocoetes  +  L.  forma,  form.]      Having  the  Ammonacea    (am-o-na  - 

form  of  an  ammo'coate ;  having  the  character    se-ii),    n.  pi.      [NL.,    a 


Having" the  character  of  the  Ammodytida. 
II.  «.  An  ammodytid. 
Ammodytoidea  (ain"o-di-toi'do-{i),  re.  pi.    [NL., 

(.Ammodytes,  1,  +  -6idea.~\     The  ammodytids, 

rated  as  a  superfamily  of  fishes. 
Amnion  (am  on),  re.     [L.,  also  Hamilton,  <  Gr. 

%/i/iav  =  Heb.  Anion,  <  Egypt.  Amun,  Amen, 

he  who  is  hidden  or  concealed.]     The  Greek 

and  Roman  conception  of  the  Egyptian  deity 

Amen  (literally,   'hidden'),   called  Amen-Ra, 

the    sun-god,     chief    of 

the  Theban  divine  triad. 

Amen  was  always  represented 

in  human  form,  and  was  of  a 

much  higher  order  than  the 

ram-headed  divinity,  the   god 

of  life,  worshiped  especially  al 

the  famous  oracular  sanctuary 

of  the  Libyan  oasis  of  Amnion 

(now  Siwab).    The  latter  type 

was  confused  by  the  Greeks  :iinl 

Romans  with  that  of  Amen-Ra, 

and  was  adopted  by  them  as 

Zeus-Ammon  or   Jupiter-Am 

mon,  but  in  art  was  generally 

idealized  so  that  only  the  horns. 

sometimes  with  the  ears,  of  the 

ram  were  retained,  springing 

from  a  human  head 


of  a  larval  lamprey, 

ammocoetoid    (ain-o-se'toid),   a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
Having  the  character  of  the  Ammocoetes,  or  lar- 
va? of  the  lamprey  ;  ammocoetiform. 
II.  it.  An  arnrnocoetid. 

Ammocrypta  (arn-o-krip'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap.- 
fioc,  sand,  +  tcpvirrSg,  hidden,  verbal  adj.  of  Kpi  - 
TTTetv,  hide.]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes  known 
as  sand-divers,  of  the  subfamily  Etheostomi- 
noe,  or  darters.  These  fishes  have  a  long  subcylin- 
dric  pellucid  body,  naked  with  the  exception  of  the  caudal 
peduncle  and  the  lateral  line,  which  latter  is  complete;  the 
mouth  huge,  with  vomerine  teeth;  head  scaleless;  anal 
spine  single,  and  high  dorsal  tins  equal  to  the  anal.  A. 
beani  inhabits  the  lower  Mississippi.    Sec  eand-diver. 

Ammodramus  (a-mod'ra-rnus),  n.  Same  as 
Ammodromits.     Swainson,  1827. 

Ammodromus  (a-rnod'ro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  <  lr. 
ait/toe,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  -ripo/zoc,  running 
(cf.  a/j/i66pofioc,  a  sandy  place  for  racing,  <  a/jfiog 
+  ipo/ioc,  a  race),  <  dpa/teiv,  run.]  1.  Agenus  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Fringillidce,  suborder  Osci- 
nes,  order  Passeres,  embracing  such  species  as 
A.  caudaeutus,  the  sharp-tailed  finch,  and  A.  ma- 
HUmuS,  the  seaside  finch.  They  are  small  spotted 
and  streaked  sparrows,  with  rather  slender  bill,  chiefly 
inhabiting  the  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
stati-.s.  Also  frequently  written  Ammodramus,  as  origi- 
nally by  Swainson,  1S-27. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Gurrin, 
1838. 

ammodyte  (am'o-dit),  n.  [(  Ammodytes.']  1. 
One  of  the  Ammodytidee. — 2.  A  name  used  in 
books  for  the  sand-natter,  a  serpent  of  southern 
Europe. 

Ammodytes  (am-o-dl'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  appo- 
ii'TK,  a  sand-burrower,  a  kind  of  serpent,  < 
apuor,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  Sirvc,  a  diver,  < 
Sieev,  dive,  sink  into,  enter.]  1.  A  genus  of 
fishes,  of  the  family  Ammodytidee ;  the  sand-eel 
or  sand-lance  (which  see). — 2.  In  herpet.,  sand- 
natters,  a  genus  of  colubriform  serpents,  usually 
called  Eryx  (which  see).  Bonaparte,  1831. 
ammodytid  (am-o-di'tid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
modytidee. 

Ammodytidae  (am-o-dit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammodytes  +  -idee."]  A  family  of  anacanthine 
teleocephalous  fishes,  with  an  elongated  body 


Ammon. 

[  From  a  late  bronze  in  the 

British  Museum. ) 


ammonification 

rating  copper  and  Bilver  from  Uleii  ores  with  the  aid  of 

aiunioniacal  salts. 

ammoniac  (a-mo'ni-ak),  o.  and  re.    [Early  mod. 
E.  ammoniack,  also  armoniack,  <  ME.  amoi 
ammonyak,  also,  and  earlier,  armonidk,  m 
mini,-,  armonyac,  adj.,  in  sal  or  salt  armonial 

ammoniac;  as  a  noun,  gum  ammoniac  ;<  <  >V. 
ammoniac,  armoniac,  <  C.  ammoniaeus  or  I 
moniacus,  <  Gr.  'Aufiuviaitdc,  belonging  to  Am- 
mon (Libyan,  African),  L.  sal  Ammoniacum  or 
Hammoniaeum.Gv.  nent.  'A/ifunnatcov,  salt  of  Am- 
mon, so  called,  it  is  supposed,  because  origi- 
nally prepared  from  the  dung  of  camels  near 
the  temple  of  Ammon;  L.  ammoniacum  or  ham 
moniacum,  Gr.  appuvtaabv,  gum  ammoniac,  the 
juice  of  a  plant  of  northern  Africa,  tradition- 
ally located  near  (he  temple  of  Ammon;  <  Am- 
mon, (Jr.  "Afl/iuv,  Ammon:  see  Ammon.  The 
ME.  form  armoniak,  OF.  armoniac,  ML.  ar- 
moniacum,  indicates  confusion  with  Gr.  ap- 
povia,  a  fastening  or  joining,  from  the  use  of 
gum  ammoniac  as  a  cement,  or  of  sal  ammo- 
niac in  the  joining  of  metals.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Ammon,  or  to  his  shrine  in  Libya : 
only  in  the  phrases,  or  quasi-compounds,  gum 
ammoniac  and  sal  ammoniac.  See  etymology, 
ami  definitions  below. — 2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
having  the  properties  of  ammonia;  ammoniaeal. 

—  Gum  ammoniac,  or  ammoniac  gum,  a  gum-resin 
composed  of  tears,  internally  white  and  externally  yellow, 
brought  in  large  masses  from  Persia  and  western  India; 
an  exudation  from  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Dorema 
Ammoniacum,  when  punctured  artificially  or  by  ins,  its. 
It  has  a  fetid  smell,  and  a  nauseous  sweet  taste,  followed  1  ly 
a  bitter  one.  It  is  inflammable,  and  soluble  in  water  and 
spirit  of  wine;  and  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant,  and  as  a 
stimulant  in  certain  plasters.  The  so-called  gum  ammoniac 
from  Morocco  (which  is  with  little  doubt  the  ammoniacum 
of  the  ancients)  is  of  uncertain  origin,  but  is  probably  ob- 
tained from  some  species  of  Elceoselinum.  Also  called 
ammoniac  and  ammoniacum— Sal  ammoniac,  ammo- 
nium chlorid,  also  called  muriate  oj  ammonia,  a  salt  of  a 
sharp,  acrid  taste,  much  used  in  the  arts  and  in  pharmacy. 
See  ammonia,  1. 

II.  ii.  Same  as  gum  ammoniac.     See  above, 
ammoniaeal  (am-o-nl'a-kal),  a.     [(  ammoniac 
+  -al.]     Of,  pertaining  to,  or  using  ammonia; 
ammoniac Ammoniaeal  cochineal.  See  cochineal. 

—  Ammoniaeal  engine,  an  engine  in  which  the  motive 
power  is  vapor  of  ammonia,  expanded  by  heat.— Ammonia- 
eal gas,  ammonia  in  its  purest  form,  that  is,  in  the  form 
of  vapor.  — Ammoniaeal  liquor,  or  gas-liquor,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  distillation  of  coal  in  gas-works.  It  contains 
ammonia,  and  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  ammonia- 
eal salts  and  as  a  fertilizer.— Ammoniaeal  salt,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  ammonia  with  an  acid,  without 
the  elimination  of  hydrogen;  differing  in  this  fr metal- 
lic salts,  which  are  formed  by  the  substitution  of  the  metal 
for  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid. 

ammoniaco-.  Combining  form  of  ammoniac  or 
ammoniaeal. 

ammoniacum  (am-o-ni '  a-kum),  re.  Same  as 
gum  ammoniac  (which  see,  under  ammoniac,  a.). 

n.  [<  ammonia 
alitm(iniiim).]  Ammonia  alum;  a  hydrosul- 
phate  of  aluminium  and  ammonia,  found  in  thin 
fibrous  layers  in  brown-coal  at  Tschermig  in 
Bohemia.  In  France  this  salt  is  manufactured  and  used 
in  place  of  potash  alum.     Also  called  tschermigite. 

ammonia-meter  (a-mo'ni-S-me'ter),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus invented  by  (Iritlin  for  ascertaining  the 
percentage  of  ammonia  in  solutions. 

Ammonian  (a-mo'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  *Ammonia- 
nns,  <  Ammonius,  a  proper  name,  (Ammon:  see 
Ammon.']  1.  Pertaining  to  Ammon,  or  to  his 
temple  in  the  oasis  of  Siwah  in  Libya. — 2. 
Relating  to  Ammonius,  surnamed  Saccas,  of 
Alexandria,  who  lived  early  in  the  third  century, 
and  is  often  called  the  founder  of  the  Nco- 
platonie  school  of  philosophy,  his  most  distin- 
guished pupil  being  Plotinus. 

n.  [<  ammonia  + 
-ate1.]  1.  Ammonia  combined  with  a  metallie 
oxid. —  2.  A  trade-name  for  any  organic  nitro- 
genous material  which  may  be  used  as  a  source 
of  ammonia,  particularly  in  fertilizers,  as  dried 
blood,  fish-scrap,  etc. 

ammoniated  (a-mo'ni-a-ted),  a.  [<  ammo- 
niatc]     Combined  with  ammonia. 

ammonic  (a-mon'ik),  ".    [(.ammonia  +  -ic] 

Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ammonia  :  as, 
ammonic  chlorid. 


Sand-lance  ( Ammotfytes  timcricanus). 

shaped  like  a  parallelogram.  Its  technical  charac- 
ters are  a  dorsolateral  line,  conical  head  with  terminal 
mouth  and  protractile  jaws,  postmedian  anus,  narrow 
suborbitals,  enlarged  suboperculum,  widely  cleft  branchial 
apertures,  lainelliform  pseudobranchin;,  a  long  dorsal  tin 
a  long  sub-postmedian  anal  fin  with  articulated  rays,  and 
the  absence  of  ventral  tins.  The  species  are  of  small  size, 
12 


Ammonea  +  -acea.]     De 
Blainville's  name  (1825) 
of    ammonites     as     the 
fourth  family  of  Polythalamacea.  it  included  most 
of  the  tetrabranchiate  cephalopods,  and  is  synonymous 
with  Ammonea  of  Lamarck. 
Ammonea  (am-o-ne'a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
ammoneus,  (  L.  'Ammon,  with  ref.  to  Ammonites, 
q.  v.]     1.    In  Lamarck's  classification  (1812), 
the  seventh  family  of  polythalamous  testaceous 
cephalopods,  including  most  of  the  Tetrabran- 
citiata,  having  an  involute  shell  with  sinuous 
partitions  between  the  chambers.    The  group 

has  been  adopted  with  various  modifications  and  ratings 
in  the  scale  of  classification  under  the  namesjl»i»'«nn- 
cea,  Ammonites,  Ammonitt-a,  Ammoniteae,  AmmonitidcB, 
Ammonitoidea,  Ammonoidea. 

2.  Now,  an  extinct  order  of  the  class  Cephalo- 
poda, including  cephalopods  intermediate  be- 
tween Dibranchiata  and  Tctrabrancliiata.  The  ammonialum  (a-mo-ni-al'um 
animal  was  inclosed  in  the  last  chamber  of  a  multilocular 
shell  protected  by  one  or  two  operculiform  pieces  forming 
an  aptychus  ;  the  shell  had  a  smooth  ovoid  chamber  with- 
out an  external  scar  and  containing  a  siphonal  caecum 
which  did  not  touch  the  internal  wall;  the  sutural  or 
peripheral  contour  of  the  partitions  between  the  cham- 
bers of  the  old  shell  were  more  or  less  sinuous.  The  form 
varied  from  a  straight  cone  to  almost  every  kind  of  con- 
volution. The  species  abounded  in  past  geological  ages, 
but  became  extinct  at  the  end  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch  or 
beginning  of  the  Tertiary  period. 
ammonia  (a-mo'ni-ii),  re.  [NL.  (Bergmann, 
1782),  <  L.  (sal)  ammoniacum:  see  ammoniac.'] 

1 .  The  modern  name  of  the  volatile  alkali,  NH3, 
formerly  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
more  fixed  alkalis.  It  is  a  colorless  gas,  very  sol- 
uble in  water,  having  a  pungent  and  suffocating  smell, 
and  a  transient  alkaline  etfect  on  vegetable  colors.  It  can 
be  liquefied  by  pressure  and  frozen  by  a  mixture  of  solid 
carbonic  acid  and  ether  in  a  vacuum.     Its  density  is  only     t 

about  half  that  of  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  strong  base.  amm0niate  (a-mo'ni-at) 
and  forms  a  great  number  of  salts  which  arc  isomorphous 
with  those  of  potassium  and  exhibit  a  close  analogy  to 
them.  It  is  found  in  minute  quantity  in  air,  and  is  a 
natural  product  of  the  decay  of  animal  substances.  It  is 
procured  artificially  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  ni- 
trogenous organic  matters,  such  as  boms,  hair,  horns,  and 
hoofs,  and  is  largi  ly  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  manu- 
facture of  illuminating  gas  from  coal.  Ammonia  is  used 
very  largely  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  chiefly  in  solution 
in  water  tinder  the  name  of  liquid  ammonia,  a 
ammonia,  or  spirits  <tf  hartshorn.  (See  aqua  ammtmice, 
under  aqua.)  Among  the  more  important  salts  of  am- 
monia is  ammonium  chlorid,  or  sal  ammoniac,  NH4C1, 

which  formerly  was  the  source  from  which  all  ammonium  ammoniemia,  ammoniaemia  (a-mo-ni-e'ini-ii  1, 
salts  were  prepared.  It  is  largely  used  m  dyeing,  and  in 
soldering  and  tinning.  At  present  ammonium  sulphate, 
(NH4)...S04,  is  the  starting  point  for  the  manufacture  of 
ammonium  salts,  being  uncle  in  large  quantity  from  gas- 
liquor.  It  is  also  used  as  a  fertilizer.  Tin  re  arc  several 
ammonium  carbonates.  The  commercial  article,  called 
sal  volatile,  is  a  mixture  of  hydrogen  ammonium  carbonate 
and  ammonium  carbamate.    See  ammonium. 

2.  [cap.]  In  eool.:  (a)  An  old  quasi-generic 
name  of  Spirula.  Breyn,  1732.  i/*)  A  genus  of 
arachnidans.  Koch,  1835 — Ammonia  ore  process, 
a  process,  partly  chemical  and  partly  electrical,  for  sepa- 


n.    [NL.,  <  ammonium  +  Gr.  ai/ia,  blood.]     A 
morbid  condition  characterized  by  (he  presence 
of  ammonium  carbonate  in  the  blood. 
ammonification   (a-mon  i-fi-ka'shon),    ».     [< 

ammonia  +  -fication.]  The  act  of  impregnat- 
ing with  ammonia,  as  for  fertilization,  or  the 
state  of  being  so  impregnated. 

Ammonification  [of  the  soil  of  Japan]  can  be  perform,  d 
only  to  a  depth  of  00  centimeters. 

Sci.  Amer.  Sup.,  XXII.  8789. 


ammonio- 

ammonio-.    Combining  form  of  ammonium. 

ammonite  (am'qn-it),  n.  [<  NL.  Ammonites, 
with  cef.  t"  the  L.  name  cornu  Ammonis,  horn  of 
Amnion:  so  called 
from  theii  resem- 
blance I"  :i  i-uii's 
horn:  see  Amman 
and  -/.<-.]  One  of 
the  fossil  shells  of 
an  extensive  genus 
I  immonites)  of    ex 


178 

from  inroads  of  tin  erves  to  bind  down  the  sand 

long  matted  rhizomes.  H  is  also  manufactured  into 
matsand  il brashes,  andin  the  Hebrides  intoropes, 

mats,  bags,  and  bate. 

2.  Lu  entom.,  a  genus  of  long-bodied  fossoruxl 

aculeate    hymenopterous    in 

called     sand-wasps, 


belonging  to  the 
family  SphegidtC.  A. 
pictipennis  (Walsh) 
is  an  example.  Bee 
digg<  r-wasp. 
tin.-t  cephalopodous  ammophilous       (a- 


mollusks  (cutUe- 
Sshes),  of  the  family 
AmmoniUdce,  coiled 
in  a  plane  spiral,  and 

chambered  within 
like  the  shell  of  the 
existing  nautilus,  to 
which    the     amnion 


niof'i-lus),  (/.    [<NL. 

ammophilus,  <  Gr.  «/'- 
sand  (see  am- 
iinh  i,  +  c, .-.., .  lov- 
ing.] Sand-loying: 
applied  in  sool.  to 
members  of  the  ge- 
nus Ammopliila,  - 


amnion 

amnia,  ».     Plural  of  amnion. 

amnic't  (am'nik),  a.    [<  L.  amnieus,  <  amnis,  ■■ 
river,  akin  to  Skt.  ap,  water.]     Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  river:  lluvial:  fluviatile. 
wets,    commonly  amnic-  (am'nik),  a.     [<  amnion  +  -»C.]     Same 
as  amniotic. 

Amnicola  (am-nik'o-ia),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  amni- 
cola,  that  grows  in  or  by  a  river,  <  amnia,  a 
river,  +  -coin.  <  colere,  dwell.]  A  genus  of 
fresh-water  tonioglossate  molhisks,  of  the 
family  Mssoidat,  or  made  the  type  of  Amnico- 
lulir.  There  are  sevi  ral  spei  les,  of  small  size,  generally 
distributed  throughout  the  I  nited  States. 

amnicolid  (am-nik'o-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Amnicolidat. 

Amnicolidae  (am-ni-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnicola  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  taenioglossate 
gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Amnicola. 
Tin-  distinction  from  Rixsmda  is  not  well  marked,  but 
numerous  small  species  Inhabiting  fresh  and  brackish 
water  have  been  referred  to  this  family. 


tome  [-wing  I  ligger- or  Sand-wasp 
[Ammopkila  fietipennis),  natural 
size. 


hi  lis  have  a  nacre 
..us  lining  and  a  porcelan 
ous  layer  externally .  and 
are  smooth  or  rugose,  tlie 
ridges  straight,  crooked, 
orundulated,  and  in  Borne 
cases  armed  \v  i 1 1 1  project- 
ing spines  or  tubi  rcles. 

The  species  alreadj  described  number  about  S ,an 

from  the  Lias  to  the  Chalk  formations,  inclusive.  They 
vary  in  size  from  mere  spi  cks  to  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter. 
,\1,;,  ....  monite.     Sometimes  called  snah 

amm  id  formerly  mrnix   Ammonis  (Ammon's 

horn). 
Ammonites  (am-o-ni'tez),   ».     [NL. :  see  am- 
monite.']      The   leading  genus   of   ammonites, 
named  iii  this  form  by  l'.reyn  in  1732,  better  es- 
tablished by  Bruguiere  in  1789,  giving  name  to 
the  family  AmmoniUdce.    The  name  has  bei  n  used 
with  m.at 'latitude  of  definition,  but  is  now  much  re- 
stricted.   Some  40  or  more  generic  names  have  been  given 
to  the  cephalopods  which  were  formerly  referred  to  Am- 
monites.    Alsowritten  Hammonites.    See  ammcmife. 
ammonitid.  (a-mon'i-tid),  n.    An  ammonite;  a 
cephalopod  of  the  family  Ammonitidxe. 
Ammonitidae  (am-q-nit'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  ' 


ites      were      allied.  Ammotrypane'(am-6-trip'a-ne). n.    [NL.,<Gr.  Amnicolinae  (ain-nik-6-li'ne),    n.  pi     [NL.,  < 


ami,,: .  sand  (see  ammite),+  rpi  iravov,  borer:  see 
i, ,  /■<(«.]  A  genus  of  cha?topodous  annelids,  of 
the  family  Opheliidm.  Haihke. 
ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  n.  [<  P.  amuni- 
tion,  amoniUon  (10th  century),  a  corruption  of 
munition,  the  prefix  a-  perhaps  arising  out  of  la 
munition  understood  as  VamuniUon:  see  muni- 
tion.] Military  stores  or  provisions  for  attack 
or  defense';  in  modern  usage,  only  the  materials 
which  are  used  in  the  discharge  of  firearms  and 
ordnance  of  all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs, 
various  kinds  of  shot,  etc — Ammunition-bread, 
-shoes, -stockings,  etc.,  Miei  i  as  are  contracted  for  by  the 
government,  and  distributed  to  Boldiers.—  Fixed  ammu- 
nition, ammunition  the  materials..!  which  are  combine 
in  cartridges  or  otherwise  to  facilitate  the  loading  oi  fir 
arms  or  ordnance.  See  cartridge-  Metallic  ammuni- 
tion, fixed  ammunition  for  small  arms,  and  for  machine- 
guns  and  rapid-firing  guns  of  small  caliber,  inclosed  in 
brass  or  copper  cartridge-cases.—  Stand  of  ammunition, 
,  „,j  ,  inn  r  ,r  luad  of  tixed  ammunition  for  a  smooth- 
bore field-piece  or  other  cannon. 

ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  v.  t.    [<  ammuni- 
tion, «.]     To  supply  with  ammunition. 


onites  +  -i<la:]      A  numerous  family  of  ammunition-chest  (am-u-nish'pn-chest),  n.  A 

extinct    tetrabranchiate    cephalopods   (cuttle-  chest  or  box  in  which  the  fixed  ammunition  for 

fishes),  of  which  the:  well-known  ammonite  is  field-cannon  is   packed.    One  ammunition-chest  is 

tl,,.  tvi'.e       v  .,-,-  .hit,  ,-,  ,,i  limits  have  been  assumed  to  carried  on  the  limber  of  the  gun-carriage,  and  three  are 

tee  falu'nV     U  '-I,,,  lu";    ,;:,'"";','";;:-!:;;,;:  "S     carried  on  the  caisson,  ,.,,e  „,,  the  limber  and ,  the 

Ammonites,  ScaphUes,  Hamites,  and  others.   Theyarethe  body.                            _                             r/ c.   A   ^-i^ 

„„,.,                        mollusks  of  the  Secondary  rocks.   See  amnemonic  (am-ne-mon  lk),  a.     [<•-.!.  o- pi  n 


mite. 

ammonitiferous  (am'o-m-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<a«- 
monite  +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear'-.']  Hearing  am- 
monites; containing  the  remains  of  ammou- 
ites :  as,  ammoniUfi  inns  rocks. 

Ammonitoidea  (a-mon-i-toi'df-S),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ammonites+  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  tetra- 
branchiate cephalopods,  including  those  which 
have  an  external  shell  of  two  principal  layers, 
with  an  initial  smooth  chamber  and  the  siphonal 
cavity  extending  forward.  It  includes  most  of 
the  order  Ammonea. 

ammonium  (a-mo'ni-um),  n.  [NL.  (Berzelius, 
1808),  <  ammonia  +  -«»•]  A  name  given  to 
the  hypothetical  base  (XH4)  of  ammonia,  anal- 
ogous to  a  metal,  as  potassium,     it  has  no(  bei  n 


+  /arnfioviKdc,  mnemonic  :  cf.  hfivfifwnt,  forgetful.] 
Not  mnemonic ;  characterized  by  loss  of  mem- 
ory. 

amnesia  (am-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/ivijoui,  < 
./-  jn-iv.  +  //r,'/-/-,  only  in  eomp.,  remembering, 
<  /u/iv//cKeiv,  remind,  in  mid.  and  pass,  remem- 
ber! fivaodat,  remember,  =L.  meminisse,  remem- 
ber :  see  mnemonic,  memory,  remember,  etc.  Cf. 
amnesty.]  1.  In  pathol.,  loss  of  memory;  spe- 
cifically, a  morbid  condition  in  which  the  patient 
is  unable  to  recall  a  word  that  is  wanted,  or, 
perhaps, understand  it  when  spoken:  a  common 
form  of  aphasia  (which  see).— 2.  [«//<.]  In  eool., 
8  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  G.  S.  Horn, 
1876 Amnesia  acustica  (see  acoustic),  Loss  of  mem- 
ory for  spoken  winds;  word-deafness. 


ircurj  at  The  negative  pole  oi  a  galvanic  amnesic  (am-ne'sik),  a.    [<  amnesia  +  -ic]   Per 

placed  in  contact  with  a  solution  of  ammonia     ,    ■  , * — :.._j  v..  „„,„„o;.,  ™.  i«o 


or  ammonium  chlorid,  and  the  circuit  is  i pleted.the 

iweUs  t any  times  its  former  volume,  a 

amalgam  i-  formed  which,  at  the  temperature  oi  i 

,.i  butter,  bul  at  the  freezing- 
point  is  a  firm  and  crystallized  mass.    This  amalgam  is 

■  b]   the  metallic  base  ami im, 

.     ich  to  its  isolation,    On  the  cessa- 

^  the  current  the  amalgam  decomposes  into  mercury, 

ammonia,  and  hydrogen,  the  two  latter  escaping  as  gas  in 

the  proportions  expressed  by  their  atomic  weights,  namely, 

mi.     Ammonium   bases,  compounds  repri 

ng  one  or  more  moleculee  oi  amm uni  hydrate,  in 

a,, im.-  radicals  replace  thewhole 
,,i  pari  "I  tie-  h\  '!  een  in  tetrethyl-ammonium 

ammoniuret  (am-o-ni'u-ret),  n.  \(ammoma  + 
-iiri '.  |  In  clu  in..  ■  of  ci  ri  a  in  supposed  com- 
pound- of  ammonia  a  ad  a  pure  metal,  or  an 
i ,  \  i  1 1  of  a  metal. 

ammoniureted,  ammoniuretted  (am-o-ni'u- 
ret-ed).  a.  (<  ammoniuret.]  Combined  with 
ammonia  or  ammonium. 

ammonoid  (am'o-noid),  n.    One  of  the  Ammo- 
lea. 

Ammonoidea  (am-o-noi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,< 
A  in  in, mi  a  +  -oidea.]  An  ordinal  name  ap- 
plied bj  -nun-  authors  to  the  Ammom  ■>. 

Ammophila'a-mof'i  la),  n.     [NL.,  tem.of  a»t- 
mophiius  :  Bee  ammophilom  .  |     1.  A  small 
of  grasses  growing  on  the  sand}  -linns  of  Eu- 
ropeand  North  America ;  the  sea-reed. 
nineiii    mam 
.  grows  "ii  is 


taining  to  or  characterized  by  amnesia  or  loss 
of  memorv:  as,  amnesic  aphasia. 

amnestic  (am-nes'tdk),  a.  [<  Or.  a/im/orta,  for- 
getfulness:  see  amnesty  and  amm  tia.]  Causing 
amnesia  or  lo>s  of  me ry. 

amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  n.;  pi.  amnesties  (-tiz). 
[<F.  aninrstir,  <  I..  amnesUa.  <Gr.  apntarUi,  for- 
getfulness,  esp.  of  wrong,  <  apvr/OToc,  forgotten, 
forgetful, <  d-priv.  +  iuuvtiokuv,  (tvaoSat,  remem- 
ber: see  amnesia.]  -\  forgetting  or  overlook- 
ing: an  act  of  oblivion;  specifically,  a  general 
pardon  oi nditional  offer  of  pardon  of  Offenses 

or  of  a  class  of  offenses  against  a  government, 
or  the  proclamation  of  such  pardon. 

i,, ,     2  ii,     i-e-    .   .   ,    en    1. 1,  nt    Johnson  .   .    .   W"- 
elaiined  and  declared  ...  a  full  pardon  and  „,„,„  Ity .  .  . 
i,.  all  who  din  ctlj  or  Indirei  tly  participated  in  He    n 
hellion.  Cye.  Polit.  Set.,  1.  :«*. 

All  peace  tmplli    eieee'i/,  or  oblivion  "f  past  sub 
of  dispub  .  whether  the  same  is  expres  K  mentioned  in 
the  terms  "I  the  treaty,  or  not. 

WooUey,  Introd.  tn  Inter.  l.a«      158. 

=  Syn.  Absolution,  i  tc    See  pordon,  n. 
amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  ''.  t. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  am- 
nestied, ppr.  amnestying,    [(amnesty,  «.]    To 
grant  an  amnestj  to;  pardon. 
France  has,  luckily,  little  i"  troubli   lei   beyond  the 

QUI    too    ..1  ,,,,,,,,    !,,,,,■!  tin    I  iiinlnntiists. 

The  Nation,  XM1.  829. 
The  fugitive  manslayer  is  amnestied,  not  on  the  death 
of  the  lone,  I. nt  "ii  He    ili   ilh  of  the  highpl 

Encyc.Brit.,  XVIII  BIO 


Imnieola  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  Rissoidee,  or 
of  Amnicolida,  typified  by  Amnicola.  The  animal 
has  a  flat  foot  without  lateral  sinuses;  the  rachidian  teeth 
have  basal  denticles  mi  the  anterior  surface  behind  the 
lateral  margins;  the  shell  varies  from  a  turreted  to  a 
globular  form;  and  theoperculum  Is  subspiral.  The  snh- 
familj  in.  in. I.  -  main  small  ire-li-u at.  r  species,  "f  which 
a  large  uumber  inhabit  the  streams  and  poolsof  the!  nited 

Mai.  -.. 

amnicoline  (am-nik'o-lin),  «.  and  n.     [<  NL. 
amnicolinus,  <.  Amnicola,  q.  v.]    I.  a.  Inhabit- 
ing rivers,  as  an  amnieoUd;  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aiiinienlinie :  amnieoloid. 
II.  n.  A  gastiopod  of  the  subfamily  Amnico- 

lina  ;  an  amnicolid. 

1  amnicolistt  (am-nik'o-list),  n.    [<  L.  amnicola, 

one  who  dwells  by  a  river  (see  Amnicola),  + 
-ist.]  One  who  dwells  by  a  river  or  upon  its 
banks.     Baih  </. 

amnieoloid  (am-nik'o-loid),  a.  [<  Amnicola  + 
-oid.]  Like  an  amnicolid;  pertaining  or  re- 
lated to  the  Amnicnliilie. 

amnigenoust  (am-nij'e-nns),  a.  [<  L.  amni- 
gena,  born  in  a  river  (as  fish)  or  of  a  river-god, 
'<  amnis,  a  river,  +  -genus,  -born,  <  V  ';/</!,  bear.] 
River-born;  born  on  or  near  a  river.     Bailey. 

amnion  (am'ni-on),  n. ;  pi.  amnia  (-ii).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  6,/iviov,  the  membrane  around  the  fetus  (also 
called  afiveioc  ,r/™i>),  also  the  bowl  in  which  the 
blood  of  victims  was  caught  at  the  sacrifices; 
iduvdc,  a  lamb:  see  agnus.]  1.  In  anal,  and 
vertebrate  eool.,  one  of  the  fetal  appendages; 
the  innermost  one  of  the  membranes  which 
envelop  the  embryo  of  the  higher  vertebrates, 
as  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles;  the  lining 
membrane  of  a  shut  sac,  familiarly  called  the 
"bag  of  waters,  "in  which  the  fetus  iscontait  led. 
An  amnion  is  developed  in  those  vertebrates  onlj  which 
have  a  fully  formed  allantois;  hence  it  is  absent  in  the 
lehthyopsida,  or  fishes  and  amphibians,  but  present  in  all 
Sauropsida,  or  reptiles  and  birds,  and  in  Mammalia. 
Ih,  amnion  is  formi  d,  at  a  very  early  period  in  the  life 
of  the  embryo,  by  a  duplication  of  the  epiblast,  or  external 
blastodermic  membrane,  which,  carrying  with  it  a  layer 
of  uiesoblastfrom  the  somatopleural  division  oi  the  latter, 
no, n  Mdes  ahoiit  the  ciuin\o  the  folded  edges  com- 
ing together  over  the  hack  of  the  embryo,  and  thi  re  coa 
lescing  to  form  a  shut  sac  in  which  the  embryo  is  inclosed. 
i  een  iius  mode  of  growth,  it  is  obvious  that  what  was  the 

oilier  side  of  the  at te     EoldS    I"  'emu.  -   the  iliner  side  ill 

the  Bac  when  ii  has  shut,  so  that  the  epiblastic  layeria  In- 
ternal, the  in.  Boblastic  external :  the  procesB  of  inversion 
being  comparable  t..  that  by  which,  in  the  case  oi  the 
primitive  trace  of  the  embryo,  a  layer  oi  epiblast  is  c.ni- 
vi  ili  .1  Into  the  lining  of  the  spinal  canal,  only  that  fold 
of  membrane  which  is  next  the  body  of  the  embryo  com- 
poses the  amnion  prop 
.- 


Vertebrate  Embryo  (clu,  1.,  5th  dayof 

ii.  ubal .showing  Am,  tin  im  1  sing 

1 .  ..-,  o,  rudiments  "i  anterior 

n,  1  po  I.  0-1   limb  .  ■  1   1 t-buds :   r. 

-■,  1.  lira,  second,  and  third  0  n  bral 

■ 
in,  1.  .  ft,  .v.  1  ft,  vis  1  1 
left   ;   ./>".  allantois,  hangii 
,    portion    of   1 
vesiclo- 


tin   othi  r  oi'  outer 

f.iid  i mtaet  with  the 

eim  loping  primitive 
chorion  iv  itelline  mem- 
ilium  01  yolk  s.n  H  din  1 
disappt  aring  or  taking 

part  In  tin    tollnatiiitiol' 

the  permanent  chorion. 
As  long  as  this  outer 
fold  is  recognizal  li  B 
a  membrane,  it  bean 
the  name  of  false  am- 
nion. The  shut  sac  of 
the  amnion  contains  the 
liquor  amnii,  a  bland, 
albuminous,  serous  fluid 
in  which  the  fetus  is  Im- 
mersed. In  parturition, 
1  upture  oi  tie  sat  i  fol 
low,-,!  by  the  "bursting 
of  the  waters."  Some- 
times a  portion  "f  the 
sae  adheres  to  the  head 
oi  the  child,  fitting  like 

a  :  I, nil  cap;  SUCh  an  in- 
laid is  said,  in  (he  Lan- 
guage of  midwives,who 

...in Ij      Heard     the 

circumstance  as  a  good 
Omen, to  he  "horn  with 

a  caul."    Those  verte 


amnion 

brates  which  possess  an  amnion  are  termed  Amnionata  : 
those  which  do  not.  Anamnionata:  terms  coincident  re- 
spectively with  AUantoidea  and  Anallantoidea. 

2.  In  eiitom..  a  membrane  which  surrounds  the 
larva  of  many  insects,  as  tho  millepeds  i  lulida  l, 
for  some  time  after  they  are  hatched  from  tho 
egg.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  the  analogue 
of  the  amnion  of  a  vertebrate. 

In  many  insects  ami  in  the  higher  vertebrates,  the  em- 
bryo acquires  a  spet  la]  protei  tive  envelope,  the  amnion, 
which  is  thrown  off  at  birth.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  67. 

3.  A  reflected  portion  of  a  membrane,  inaseid- 
ians,  which  lines  the  inner  wall  of  the  ovisac, 
and  forms  a  kind  of  amniotic  investment  of  the 
embryo. 

It  is  the  cavity  left  between  this  amnion  and  the  inner 
hemisphere  of  the  blastoderm  which  becomes  the  parental 
blood-sinus.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  533. 

4.  In  hot.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  embryo  sac. 

Sometimes  erroneously  written  amnios. 
False  amnion,  the  part  of  the  original  amnionic  mem- 
brane left  lining  the  chorion  after  t lie  amnionic  sac  prop)  r 
is  formed  by  a  duplication  and  inversion  of  a  part  of  the 
original  membrane.  It  disappears  cither  by  absorption 
or  by  taking  part  in  the  development  of  the  chorion. 
Also  called  vesieuia  serosa. 
Amnionata  (am/ni-o-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [XL.; 
prop. "Amniata  or  Amniota;  i  amnion  +  -ata.] 
A  name  given  by  Haeckel  to  those  vertebrates 
which  have  an  amnion,  it  corresponds  to  Allan- 
toidea,  and  is  coextensive  with  Mammalia  and  Snni-o/,- 
sida  of  Huxley,  or  mammals,  lards,  and  reptiles,  the  am- 
phibians and  fishes  being  termed  .4  namnionata  (which  see). 
Also  called  Amniota. 

amnionic  (am-ni-on'ik),  a.  [The  proper  form 
would  be  *amniac ;  <  amnion  (amni-on)  +  -ic 
(-ac).]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
an  amnion;  amniotic. 

In  a  number  of  Insects  belonging  to  different  orders  of 
the  class,  an  amnionic  investment  is  developed  from  the 
extra-neural  part  of  the  blastoderm. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert..,  p.  220. 

amnionless  (ani'ni-on-les),  a.  [<  amnion  + 
-less.]     Having  no  amnion  ;  anamniotic. 

amnios  (am'ni-os),  n.  [=  F.  amnios.]  An  er- 
roneous form  for  amnion. 

Amniota  (am-ni-6'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
*amninliis,  <  Gr.  as'  if  *a/uvio>T6r,  <  a/iviov,  am- 
nion.]    Same  as  Amnionata. 

amniotic  (am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Amniota  +  -ic; 
=  Y.  amnion  que.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  amnion ; 
contained  in  the  amnion:  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
—  2.  Possessing  an  amnion;  belonging  to  the 
Amnionata,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or  reptile.  See 
Amnionata. 

Also  ainnic. 
Amniotic  cavity,  the  hollow  of  the  amnion,  containing 
the  amniotic  liquid  and  the  fetus. — Amniotic  folds. 
See  amnion.— Amniotic  liquid,  amniotic  fluid,  or 
liquor  amnii,  the  liquid  in  which  the  fetus  is  suspended 
by  the  umbilical  cord.  See  amnion. — Amniotic  sac.  (n) 
The  amnion,  invested  externally  by  the  chorion  ;  the  lin- 
ing of  the  "bag  of  waters."  (b)  In  hot.,  the  embryo-sac. 
[No  longer  used.] 

amock,  a.  or  adv.     See  amuck. 

amoeba  (a-me'bji),  u.;  pi.  amcebas,  amceba; 
(-btiz,  -be);  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/ioijii],  change,  ex- 
change, <  aat'^iuv,  change,  exchange,  akin  to 
L.  movere,  ?  E.  more,  q.  v.]  1.  [cap.']  A  ge- 
nus of  microscopic  rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of 
which  A.  dilutions,  common  in  all  fresh-water 
ponds  and  ditches,  is  the  type.  It  exists  as  a  mass 
of  protoplasm,  and  moves  about  and  grasps  particles  of 
food,  etc.,  by  means  of  pseudopodia,  or  finger -like  pro- 
cesses, which  it  forms  by  protruding  portions  of  its  body. 
From  thus  continually  altering  its  shape  it  received  its  for- 
mer name  of  protean  animalcule.  Within  the  body  are 
usually  found  a  nucleus  and  nucleolus,  and  certain  clear 
spaces,  termed  contractile  vesicles,  from  their  exhibiting 
rhythmical  movements  of  contraction  and  dilatation! 
There  is  no  distinct  mouth,  and  food  seized  by  means  of 
the  pseudopodia  is  engulfed  within  the  soft  sarcode-body 
and  by  any  portion  of  its 
surface,  the  apertures 
by  which  the  food  is 
taken  in  closing  up  im- 
mediately after  its  re- 
ception. Reproduction 
takes  place  in  several 
ways,  but  chiefly  by  fis- 
sion,  whereby  an  amoeba 
simply  divides  into  two 
portions,  each  of  which 
becomes  a  distinct  ani- 
malcule. Several  other 
species  have  been  described;  but  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  some  of  these,  at  least,  may  be  early  forms  of  other 
and  more  complex  animals,  or  even  of  plants.  Tin-  bun 
appears  to  have  been  first  used  by  J'.hrenberg  in  1830,  as 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  his  Polygastrica. 
2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ama'ba. —  3.  Any 
single  cell  or  corpuscle  of  one  of  the  higher 
animals;  a  cell  regarded  as  itself  an  animal, 
and  an  individual  of  the  morphological  grade 
of  development  of  an  amoeboid  organism. 
[Rare.] 


Amceba;  (much  magnified). 


179 
Amoebae  (a-me'be),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  Amceba.  I 

In  zool.,  the  order  to   which  the  tonus     Iniolm 

belongs. 
Amoebaea  (am-e-be'a),   it.  pi.     [XL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  I  j.  a  mo  hints,  alternate:  see  iimn  In  an1.  ]     The 

name  given  by  Ehreuberg  to  the  amcebiform 
organisms  which  he  placed  in  bis  Polygastrica. 

amcebaeum  (am-o-bo'um),  n. ;  pi.  amcebaia  (-a). 
[L.,  neut.  of  am, i  lm  us,  <  Qr.  a/toi/Haioc,  recipro- 
cal, alternate,  <  ii/ioi  it/,  change,  alternation:  see 
iimidia.]  A  poem  in  which  persons  are  repre- 
sented as  speaking  alternately,  as  in  the  third 
and  seventh  eclogues  of  Virgil. 

amoeba-movement  (a-me'ba-mov*ment),  n.  A 
movement  of  naked  membraneless  protoplasmic 
bodies,  consisting  of  rapid  changes  in  external 
contour,  extension  and  contraction,  and  a  creep- 
ing about  as  if  flowing.  See  amceboid  move- 
mi  iiis,  under  nmii  boid,  a. 

amoeban  (a-me'ban),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
amcebas;  amoebous. 

Amoebea  (am-e-be'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amceba, 
q.  v.]  An  order  of  Rhizopoda,  of  which  the 
genus  Amoeba  is  the  type.     See  Amoeba. 

amoebean1  (am-e-be'an  i,  a.  [<  L.  amoeboeus,K.GT. 
a/ioijialoc:  seeaniirliirum.]    Alternately  answer- 
ing or  responsive;   of  the  nature  of  an  anice- 
bseum  (which  see).    Also  spelled  amebt  an. 
Amo  \   :     3  and  the  custom  of  vying  .  .  .  byturns. 

,/.   li'urton. 
Erelong  the  pastoral  and  town  idyls  of  Theocritus,  with 
their  amoebean  dialogue  and  elegant  occasional  songs,  won 
the  ear  of  both  the  fashionable  and  critical  worlds. 

Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.   107, 

amoebean-  (am-e-be'an),  a.  [<  Amoebea  +  -an.] 
Of  or  relating  to  the  Amoebea. 
Amoebidae  (a-ine'bi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amoeba 
+ -ida:]  The  typical  family  of  the  Amoebae, 
Amoebina,  or  Amceboidea,  mainly  represented 
by  the  genus  Amolni,  as  distinguished  from 
such  amoeboids  as  are  members  of  JDifflugia  and 
.  I  rcella,  or  such  other  rhizopods  as  the  sun-ani- 
malcules, as  Aetinophri/s  sol,  etc. 
amcebiform  (a-me'bi-form),  a.  and  n.  [<  amoe- 
ba +  -form.]  I.  a.  Ameeba-like;  undergoing 
frequent  changes  of  shape,  like  an  amceba;  re- 
lated to  the  amoebas. 

The  corpuscle,  in  fact,  lias  an  inherent  contractility,  like 
one  of  those  low  organisms,  known  as  an  Amceba,  fl  hence 
its  motions  are  frequently  called  amcebiform. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  177. 
II.  n.  An  amceba,  or  an  animal  or  corpuscle 
of  amoeban  character.     See  amceba,  3. 
Other  genera  of  the  amoebiforms. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

Amoebina  (am-e-bi'na),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amoeba 
+  -ina.]     See  Amceboidea. 

amoebodont  (a-me'bo-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  amn.it,; 
change,  alternation,  +  odour  (6doi<--)  —  E.  tooth.] 
A  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of  lophodont  denti- 
tion in  which  the  crests  or  folds  of  the  crowns 
of  the  molar  teeth  are  alternate:  opposed  to 
antiodont. 

amoeboid  (a-me'boid),  a.  and  n.  [<  amoeba  + 
-in, I.]  I,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amceba:  as,  amceboid  masses. 

It  is  not  uncommon  for  portions  of  the  protoplasmic 
substance  to  pass  into  an  amceboid  condition. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  335. 
The  blood-corpuscles  of  Solen  legumen,  .  .  .  besidi 
colorless  amcebtna  forms,  comprise  a  vast  number  of  oval 
ones,  deeply  stained  by  haemoglobin. 

E.  Ii.  Lankester,  Pref.  toGegenbaur'sComp.  Anat,,  p.  10. 
Amceboid  cell.  See  ail.— Amceboid  movements,  con- 
stant  changes  of  shape  of  an  amceba  or  other  single-celled 
organism,  as  an  ovum,  a  cytode,  or  a  formative  cell  of  any 
of  the  higher  animals;  especially,  such  movements  as  are 
exhibited,  for  example,  by  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
Of  man,  the  resemblance  of  such  objects  to  an  amceba  be- 
ing striking,  and  their  morphological  characters  being 
nearly  identical. 

II.  n.  An  amoebiform  organism;  one  of  the 
Amoebidos. 

Amceboidea  (am-e-boi'de-S,),  n.  /•!.  [NL.,  < 
Amceba  +  -oidea.~]  An  order  of  amcebiform 
rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of  which  the  genus  A  mos- 
ba,  of  the  family  Amoiiiiltt;  is  the  type.  This 
order  is  practically  distinguished  from  Xonera  by  the 
presence  of  a  nucleus,  and  from   tic-  Foraminifera  and 

Radiolaria  by  the  absence  of  a  complete  calcareous  or  si 
lieious  shell.    The  terms  Aiuaiiinili'l,  Aimrhiua,  A  nurhira, 

and  Annihifis,:,-  Amoebae)  aic  more  or  Less  im  arly  By y- 

mous;  but  tin-  definition  of  the  groups  of  amcebiform  ani- 
mals varies  with  almost  every  leading  writer.   Seeamceba. 

amoebous  (a-me'bus),  a.  [<  amoeba  +  -ous.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Amoeba;  resem- 
bling an  amoeba  in  structure.     Also  amoeban. 

amoebula  (a-me'bu-lS,),  n.:  pi.  amoebuke  (-le). 
[XL.,  dim.  of  amiii'ni.  ']  A  little  amceba.  E.  Ii. 
Lank-ester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  840. 

amoenomania  (a-me-no-ma'ui-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  L. 
amoemis,  pleasant  (see  amenej,  +  mania,  <  Gr. 


among 

a,  mania. 1     A  form  oi  mania  in  which  the 
iiallucinut  ions  are  of  an  agreeable  nature. 

amoindert,  v.  t.  |  <  I',  amoindrir,  lessen,  <  «,  to, 
+  miiiniln;  <  L.  mm, n\  less.]  To  lessen  or  di- 
minish.    Donne. 

amok  (a-mok'),  a.  or  adv.    Bee  ma  nek. 

amole  (a-mo'le),  n.  [Mex.]   1.  A  Mexican] 

for  the  roots  of  various  sj; ies  of  plants  which 

have  detergenl  properties  and  are  used  as  a 

substitute  tor  soap. —  2.  The  name  of  several 
plants  which  furnish  these  roots.    I,,  \,  u  \i,  , , . ., 

and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico  the  most  ' 

i-  the  lecbuguilla,  Agave  heteracantha.     [n  California  the 
name  is  given  especially  to  Chloroaalum  pomeridianum, 
a  liliaceous  plant  haviug  large  bulbs  coated  with  i 
brown  fibers,  of  which  mattrt  ssesarema  /-/<o  it. 

amolisht,  '••  '.  [<  <  >P.  amoliss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  amolir,  <  L.  amoliri,  remove  with  an 
effort,  <  <(  for  iih.  away,  +  moliri,  exert  one's 
self  upon,  move,  <  moles,  a  heavy  mass:  see 
mill,'-''.  I'f.  demolish.]  To  remove  forcibly;  put 
away  with  tin  effort.     [Ran.] 

amolitiont,  ».  [(.  L.  amolitio(n-),  <  amoliri,  pp. 
amolitus,  remove:  see  amolish.]  A  putting 
away;  removal.     [Hare.] 

amoilisht,  <\  t.  [<  ME.  amolisshen,  <OP.  amo- 
liss-, stem  of  certain  parts  of  amolir,  I'.  amol- 
lir,  soften,  <  a-  (<  L.  ail.  to)  +  molir,  <  L.  m,,l- 
lire,  soften,  <  mollis,  soft:  see  moll,  mollify.] 
To  soften ;  mollify ;  mitigate. 

amollishmentt(a-morish-ment),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten amolishment,  <  F.  iimollissrmiiil :  see  amol- 
lisli  and-nient.]  Softening;  mitigation.  Donne. 
(N.  E.  D.) 

Amomum  (a-mo'mum),  n.  [L.,  also  amonimi,  < 
Gr.  u/iufiov,  applied  to  an  Eastern  spice-plant; 
origin  uncertain.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Scitamineai,  belonging  to  tropical  regions 
of  the  old  world,  and  allied  to  the  ginger-plant. 
They  arc  herbaceous,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  huge 
sheathing  leaves,  and  are  remarkable  tor  the  pungency 
and  aromatic  properties  of  their  seeds.  Several  apecies 
yield  the  cardamoms  and  -rains  of  paradise  of  commerce. 

amonestet, ''.  '.    An  old  form  of  admonish. 

among  (a-mung'),  pnp.  and  adv.,  orig.  prep. 
plir.  [In  early  mod.  E.  in  two  mixed  forms: 
(1)  among,  <  Mil  among,  amonge,  amang, 
in niiiitit;  \  AS.  amino/  (rare  and  late),  contr.  of 
usual onmang,  prep.;  (12)  emong,<.  ME.  emong, 

,  llioniji;  i mum/,  inmnij.  ijniiinil  \i  union,/,  liiinouil). 

<  AS  gemang  (=  (.(Fries,  mong),  prep. ;  both  on- 
manii  and  gemang  are  contractions  of  the  full 
form  ongemang,  prep.,  originally  separated,  on 
gemang  (orig.  followed  by  gen.),  lit.  in  (the) 
crowd  or  company  (of) :  on,  prep.,  on,  in  (see 
ii-'-'');  gemang,  a  crowd,  assembly:  see  mini/  and 
mingle.  Of.  the  extended  form  amongst.]  I. 
prep.  1.  In  or  into  tho  midst  of;  in  association 
or  connection  with,  as,  he  tell  among  thieves; 
one  among  this  people. 
A  practice  there   is  among  as  to  determine  doubtful 

matters  by  the-  opening  of  a  i k, 

Sii  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

I  stood 

Among  them,  but  not  of  them. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  lbs. 
She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways 
Beside  tile  springs  of  Itove.     Wordsiri. ,■(}>.  Lucy. 

2.  In  the  number  of ;  of  or  out  of. 

My  beloved  is  .  .  .  the  chiefest  among  ten  thousand. 

Cant  v.  to. 
Blessed  ait  thou  among  women.  Luke  i.  28. 

The  years  during  which  Bacon  held  the  Great  Seal  were 
nun. in  .  .  .  the  most  shameful  in  English  history.  Every- 
thing at  home  and  abroad  was  mismanaged. 

Macavlay,  Lord  Bacon, 

3.  By  the  joint  action  or  consent  of;  with  the 
common  aid  or  knowledge  of;  as.  settle  it  nmoioj 
yourselves;  the  mischief  was  done  among  you. 

You  have,  among  you,  killed  a  sweet  and  innocent  lady. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  i. 

4.  To  eaeli  of;  by  or  for  distribution  to:  as. 
he  gave  five  dollars  to  be  divided  among  them. 

xv  lot  are  they  [five  loaves  and  two  fishes]  am*  < 
many  .'  John  vi.  :>. 

5f.  In  the  circumstances  of ;  during  the  time 
or  term  of;    in  the  course  of. 

I  never  went  to  anyplace  among  &]]  my  life  .  .  .  which 
I  had  before  .  .  .  thought  of. 
Baxter,  in Tulloch's Eng.  Puritanism,  p.  308.   :.v.  I:.  It) 

Il.t  adv.  1.  Together  (with  something). 

bojttur.  temper  well  tlii  tonge, 

a  \ se  not  iih y  tain-  iinaii>  tales] : 

for  less  vi  ieg  is  [leasings]  wyll  lepe  out  amonge. 
Thai  oftyn  brewis  ballys  [bales,  mischiefs], 
TkeGood  Wyfe  n'ol'i  a  Pylgremage,  1.  85.    (E.  K.  T.  S., 
[extraser.  VIII.,  i.  «.) 
2.  "At  intervals;  here  ami  there. 
They  [the  fowl' s]  sate  a 
i  eon  niv  chambre  roofe  \\  ithoute, 

Upon  the  tvlcs  over  al  aboiite. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  298. 


among 

3.  Between  whiles;  at  intervals:  from  time  to 
time;    now  and   then. — 4.  During  the   time; 
meanwhile.  =Syn.  .lei"',  lull,,-  mid  to/,  Among,  Be- 
:,  Betwixt.    The  midst  is  tin-  middle  place;   hence 
amid  or  in  Uu  midst  ty  should  be  used  where  a  person  or 
thing  is  in  a  position  which  is,  or  ma]  be  imagined  tone, 
.  entral ;  t  hey  are  naturally  the  expressions  between  which 
to  choose  when  tin'  noun  is  in  tin:  singular,  or  a  plural  noun 
ids  fur  tlmt  which  is  virtually  one:  as,  "  1.".  I  Bee  four 
men  Loose,  walking  <'"  if"  midst  '-/tin'  flre"(Dan.  in.  25); 
amid  the  waves.    By  derivation  among  Buggests  a  min- 
gling; it  may  be  properly  used  with  collective  nouns:  as. 
Usappeared  amon?  the  crowd.    Between  is  nearly  equiv- 
alent etymologically  t"  by  twain,  so  applying  only  to  two ; 
rs  tomore  than  two;  it  is  therefore  improper 
to  say  either  among  them  both,  or  between  tin-  three,    Be. 
twixt  is  the  same  as  between. 

Plac'd  far  amid  the  melancholy  main. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  30. 
Where  two  or  three  are  gathered  together  in  my  name, 
there  am  [  in  the  midst  o/them,  Mat.  xviii.  20. 

He  passes  to  he  king  among  tin-  dead. 

V(  nnyson,  Passing  of  Artlmr. 
I  in  question  hath  bin  all  this  while  between  them  two. 
Milton,  Bikonoklastes,  \i 
What  is  there  non  that  can  Btand  betwixt  me  and  fe- 
licity? Beau,  and  /■"'..  Woman-Hati  r,  v.  i 

amongst  (a-mungsf),  prep.  [An  extension 
iwith  excrescent  -t  as  in  against,  amidst,  whilst, 
ete. )  of  ME.  amonges,  an  adverbial  gen.  form  of 
among.'}     .Same  as  anion,/. 

A  SHU,  win-  is  the  theme  of  honour's  tongue ; 
Amongst  a  grove  the  very  Btraightest  plaut. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

amontillado  (a-mon-til-ya,'d6),  ».  A  name 
given  tn  slurry  which  has  little  BW(  etness,  and 
is  light  in  color  and  body  rather  than  dark  and 
rich.     See  sherry. 

amor  (a'mdr),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  amor  (with  ac- 
cent on  first  syllable,  later  accented  and  pron. 
as  F.  amour:  see  amour),  <  ME.  amour,  amur 
(accented  on  first  syllable,  earlier  on  the  sec- 
ond), < OF.  amor.  amur.  amour,  mud.  P.  amour  = 

sp.  Pg.  amor  =  It.  amore,  <  L.  amor.  nee.  amo- 
rem,  love;  personified,  Love,  Cupid,  Eros;  < 
a  mare,  love,  perhaps  orig.  'camare  let',  ranis. 
orig.  "camrus,  loving,  loved,  dear)  =  Skt.  y/l;am, 
love  (of.  lama,  a.,  love).  Cf.  amiable,  amity, 
amour,  etc.]  If.  Love;  affection;  friendship; 
especially,  love  toward  one  of  the  opposite  sex: 
now  only  in  the  form  amour  (which  see). —  2. 
[rap.}  [L.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  god  of  love; 
Cupid. 

amoradot  (arn-o-rii'do),  ».  [<  Sp.  enamorado 
(with  prefix  en-  ignored  in  the  transfer;  ef. 
equiv.  ML.  amoratus)  (=It.  innamorato,  <  ML. 
inamoratu  • :  see  inamorato),  pp.  of  enamorar,  < 
ML.  inamorare,  inspire  love,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  amor, 
Love :  see  amor.}    A  lover. 

Mark  Antony  was  both  a  courageous  soldier  and  apas- 
Bionate  amorado. 

Bar  of  It.  ason,  p.  55. 

amorcet  (a-mdrs'),  n.  [<  F.  amorce,  bait,  prim- 
ing, <  OF.  amors,  pp.  of  amorilrc,  <  L.  admeir- 
<i<  n .  Lite,  gnaw  at.  <  ad,  tn,  +  mordere,  bite: 
see  mordant,  morse,  morsel.  Cf.  E.  bait  as  re- 
lated t,,  bite.}  ['riming;  the  name  commonly 
given  to  the  finer-grained  powder  used  for 
priming  the  musket  or  harquebuse,  ami  which 
was  carried  in  a  separate  horn  (see  morsing- 
horn) ;  also,  the  priming  of  a  single  charge. 

amorean  (am-o-re'an),  n.     [<  Heb.  'amoraim, 

teachers,  expounders.  ]  One  of  the  later  Tal- 
mudic   doctors;    one  of  those  compilers  of  the 

Gtemara  who  Lived  subsequent  to  the  close  of 

tie-  Mi-lnia. 

amorett,  amorettet  (am'o-ret,  am-o-ret'),  n.  [< 
ME.  amorette,  <  OP.  amorete,  amourete,  -ette 
(mod.  i'.  amouretu  i>  E.  amourette),  amour, 
=  It.  amoretto,  a  little  love  or  cupid),  dim.  of 
amor,  1  .  amour  =  It.  an, on.  love:  see  amor 
andnwoHc]  1.  A  sweetheart ;  an  amorous  girl; 
a  paramour. 

When  amorete  no  mere  can  shine, 
And  Stella  own.-  she's  net  divine. 

/'   Wa/rton,  Sappho's  Advice. 

2.  A  love-knot. 

Nought  i  lad  In  -ilk  was  he, 

i.mi  alle  in  i!"iii' s  a-  in  flourettes, 

Painted  alii  h  II  b  i ■  ettt 

'  the  Rose,  1.  892. 

3.  A  love-sonnet  or  love-song. 

Hi  his  pastoi als  and  his 

madia,  'i    i"  hi    I'l.'  ii i  i.  Heywood. 

4.  A  trilling  love-affair;  a  sii  ir. — 5. 
pi.  Looks  Hint  inspire  love;  love-glances. 

Should  .  .  .   t'ii"  t"i      '  "i"  Hi"  -  piercing  amori  I 
i  hat  Daphne  glanced  at  his  deity? 

i  Bacon  and  Friar  Hungay. 

6.  Aetipid:  a  little  love.    See  amoretto. 

Also  written  amourette. 


180 

amoretto  (am-o-ret'to),  ».:  pi.  amoretti  (-ti). 
|lt.:  see  amor'et.}  1.  A  person  enamored;  a 
Lover. 

The  amoretto  was  wont  to  take  his  stand  at  one  place 
where  sat  his  mistress. 

Qayton,  States  en  Don  Quixote,  p.  47. 

2.  A  Little  love;  a  cupid. 

\  painting  in  which  amoretti  are  plentiful. 

./.  ,i.  Symt  nds,  Grei  k  Poets,  p.  ::-".    i.v.  E.  D.) 

amorevoloust  (am-o-rev'o-lus),  a.    [<It.  amo- 

ii  role,  loving,  <  amore,  love:  see  amor.}     Lov- 
ing; kind;  charitable.     [Rare.] 

He  would  leave  it  t"  tlie  Princesse  t"  Bhow  her  cordial 
ami  amort  volous  affection. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Life  of  Ahp.  Williams,  p.  ltd. 

amorino  (am-o-re'no),  ».:  pi.  amorini  (-ni). 
[It.,  dim.  of  amore,  love,  cupid:  see  amor.}  A 
little  love ;  a  cupid.  Applied  to  figures  common  in 
Roman  decorative  art,  and  in  Renaissance  and  modern 
si\  les  which  are  imitative  of  Roman  art ;  also  to  merely 
decorative  representations  of  children  in  works  of  art. 
amorist  (am'o-rist),  n.  [<  amor  +  -ist.}  A 
lover;  a  gallant;  an  inamorato.  Also  written 
amourist. 

Justle  that  skipping  feeble  amorist 
Out  of  your  loves  seat. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  ii.  1. 

Our  gay  amourists  then  could  not  always  compose  if 
they  could  write  their  billets-doux. 

/.  1)' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  lbs. 

a-morningst  (a-mdr'ningz),  prep.  phi;  as  adv. 
[<  «3  +  mornings,  adverbial  gen.  of  morning. 
Cf.  adatjs.}    In  the  morning;  every  morning. 

Such  pleasant  walks  into  the  woods 
A  -tnorniiuis. 

yi.  teher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

amorosa  (arn-o-ro'sii),  n.  [It.,  fern,  of  amoroso: 
see  amoroso.}     An  amorous  or  wanton  woman. 

I  took  them  for  amorosas,  and  violators  of  the  bounds 
of  modesty.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  PH. 

amoroso  (am-o-ro'so),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  <  ML. 
amorosus:  see  amorous.}  I,  a.  In  music,  amo- 
rous; tender:  descriptive  of  passages  to  be  ren- 
dered in  a  manner  expressive  of  love. 

II.  »■;  pi.  amorosi  (-si).  A  man  enamored; 
a  lover;  a  gallant. 

It  is  a  gibe  which  an  heathen  puts  upon  an  amoroso, 
that  wastes  his  whole  tint"  in  dalliance  upon  his  mistress, 
viz.,  that  love  is  an  idle  man's  business. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Life  of  Ahp.  Williams,  p.  125. 

amorous  (am'pr-ns).  a.  [<ME.  amorous,  a  morns, 
amerous,  amerus,  <  OP.  amorous,  amoros,  F. 
amoureux  =  Pr.  amoros  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amoroso, 
<  ML.  amorosus,  full  of  love,  <  L.  amor,  love: 
see  amor  and  amiable.}  1.  Inclined  to  love; 
having  a  propensity  to  love  ;  sexually  attracted; 
loving;  fond:  as,  an  amorous  disposition. 

Our  fine  musician  groweth  amorous. 

Shak.,  T.  "t  Hi"  s.,  iii.  l. 
A  prince  I  was,  blue-eyed,  and  fair  in  face, 
(it  temper  unonoits  as  the  first  of  May. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  In  love;  enamored:   usually  with  of,  for- 
merly sometimes  with  on. 

In  a  gondola  were  seen  together 
Lorenzo  and  his  amorous  Jessica. 

Shak.,  M.  ef  \.,  ii.  s. 
Sure,  my  brother  is  amorous  on  Hero. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
So  amorous  is  Nature  "/  whatever  she  produces. 

Dryden,  tr.  ol  Dufresnoy. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love;  produced  by 
or  indicating  love;  conveying  or  breathing  love. 

The  spirit  of  love  and  amorous  delight. 

Milton,  V.  L..  viii.  477. 
With  tender  billet  <l"ll\  he  lights  the  p]  n 

Ami  breathes  three  amorous  sighs  b-  raise  the  fire. 

Pope,  It.  of  the  L.,  ii.  42. 

=  Syn.  Loving,  tender,  passionate,  ardent,  amatory, 
amorously  (am'or-us-li),  atlr.     In  tin  amorous 
manner;  fondly;  lovingly. 

With  twisted  metal  amorously  impleaoh'd. 

Shak.,  Levers  Complaint,  1.  205. 

amorousness  (am'or-us-nes),  n.    The  quality 

of  being  amorous,  or  inclined  to  love  or  to  sex- 
ual pleasure;   fondness;   lovingness. 

Amorpha  (a-mor'fii),  «.     [NL.,  fern,  of  amor- 

pints,  irregular  :  see  amorphous.]  A  tonus  of 
leguminous  ]. knits  of  the  United  Stnles,  some- 
times known  as  false  indigo  or  lead-plant,  lie 
i  ■  i  i'  are  Bhrubs  "t  moderate  Blze,  having  pinnate  leaves 
ami  long,  dense  "in  t  r  "i  blue  violt  I  flowers,  which  are 
abnormal  from  having  only  the  standard  or  v. Allium,  tic 
aii'  i  foul  petal    i"  in-  wholly  absent  (whence  the  name), 

The  false  indigo,  .t    fruticosa   Is  lonally  cultivated 

for  ornament,     \  coal  te  Borl  of  Indigo  I     aid  i"  have  been 
made  in  no   it   in  < 'aiiilina   in  early  t  urns  ;  hence  it.^  cmii- 
iiiini  name.     AN"  called  bastard  or  "<tu  indigo. 
amorphic  (a-m6r'fik),  a.     Same  as  amorphous. 


amortization 

Mere  sel'leiii  they  I  inorganic  elements]  appear  as  crys- 
tals "i  crystalline  Forms,  or  also  as  amorpmc  masses  in 
lie  '  ell  membrane  or  cell  contents. 

Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  v. 

amorphism  (a-mdr'fizm),  n.  [<  amorphous  + 
■ism.}  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  amor- 
phous or  without  shape;  specifically,  absence 
of  crystallization;  want  of  crystalline  struc- 
t  lire,  even  in  t  he  minutest  particles,  as  in  glass, 
opal,  ete. — 2.  The  anarchic,  communistic  sys- 
tem proposed  by  the  Russian  Bakunin;  univer- 
sal and  absolute  anarohv  ;  nihilism;  extreme 
communism. 

When  we  penetrate  tn  the  lowest  stratum  of  revolu- 
tionary Socialism,  we  meet  Bakunin.  It  is  impossible  to 
go  further,  for  be  is  the  apostle  of  universal  destruction, 
of  absolute  Anarchism ;  or,  as  lie  himself  terms  his  doc 
trine,  of  Amorphism. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye  -  3oi  lallsm,  p.  192. 

amorphotse  (am-6r-fo'te),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ei/ii, lourni',  nol  formed,  <  o-  priv,  +  */wptpu-6[  (ef. 
fiopQoriKdc),  verbal  adj.  of  fiop$6em,  form,  <  /" 
form.]  In  astron.,  stats  not  formed  into  any 
constellation,  and  therefore  not  constituting  a 
portion  of  any  .symmetrical  figure. 
amorphous  (a-m6r'fus),  a.  L<  XL.  amorphus,  < 
( ir.  i/Ho/iijiii ,  without  form,  shapeless,  misshapen, 
<  a-  priv.  +  fopifiT/,  shape,  form.]  1.  Having  no 
determinate  form;  of  irregular  shape. 

He  was  supremely  happy,  perched  like  an  amorphous 
bundle  on  the  high  steiil. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

2.  Having  no  regular  structure;  specifically, 
not  crystallized,  even  in  the  minutest  particles: 
as,  glass  and  opal  are  amorphous. —  3.  Of  no 
particular  land  or  character;  formless;  charac- 
terless; heterogeneous;  unorganized. 

Si  ientifie  treatises  .  .  .  are  net  seldom  rude  and  amor- 
phous in  style.  Hare, 

An  existing  stupendous  political  order  of  things  .  .  .  by 

no  means  to  lie  exchanged  for  any  quantity  of  amorphous 
matter  in  the  form  of  universal  law. 

JR.  Cluiute,  Addresses,  p.  ::ol. 

4.  Characterized   by  amorphism;  founded  on 
the  principles  of  amorphism ;  nihilistic ;  anar- 
chic. 
Also  amorphic. 

amorphously  (a-mor'fus-li),  adv.  In  an  amor- 
phous manner. 

amorphousness  (a-mor'fus-nes),  ».  The  state 
of  being  amorphous;  shapelessness. 

Amorpnozoa  (a-m6r-fo-z6'a),H.^i.  [NL.,<Gr. 
apoptfior,  without  form  (see  amorphous),  +  ^>ov, 
animal.]  De  Blainville's  name  of  the  sponges 
and  their  allies:  so  called  from  the  absence  of 
regular  organic  structure  in  their  parts.  Now 
only  an  inexact  synonym  of  I'roto:oa. 

amorphozoic  (a-m6r-fo-zo'ik),  a.  \iAmorpho- 
eoa.}    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amorphozoa. 

amorphozoous  (a-m6r-fo-z6'us),  a.  Same  as 
amorphozoic. 

amorphy  (a-mor'fi),  n.  [<Gr.  apoptpia,  shapeless- 
ness,  K.  a/iopQoc,  shapeless :  see  amorphous.}  lr- 
regularity  of  form;  shapelessness;  wantofdefi- 
niteness.     [Kare.j 

His  epidemical  diseases  being  fast iiliesity,  amorphy,  and 
escalation.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

amorrowt  (a-mor'6),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
amorowe,  amorewe,  a-morwe,  earlier  on  morwen, 
an  morgen,  <  AS.  oh  morgen,  on  morgenne:  on, 
prep.,  E.  n3 ;  morgen,  morrow.  Cf.  a-mornings.} 
On  the  morrow  ;  to-morrow. 

A-morwe,  whan  the  day  bigan  t"  Bprynge, 
lTpros  our  hoste. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Pro!  toC.  T.,  1.  828. 

amort  (a-morf).  a.  [A  term  due  to  the  phrase 
all  amort  (as  if  from  all,  adv.,  and  amort),  a  cor- 
ruption of  alamort,  <  P.  a  lamort:  see  alamort.} 
Lifeless;  spiritless;  depressed:  usually  in  tho 
phrase  all  amort. 
lieu  tares  my  Kate  ?    w  bat,  sweeting,  all  amort ' 

Shut,.,  'I,  of  the  S.,  iv.  ». 
I  am  nil  onoot.  as  if  1  had  lain 

Three  days  in  my  grave  already. 

Massinger,  Parliament  "f  Love,  iv.  a. 
She  danced  along  with  vague,  regardleBS  eyes, 

.    .    .    till  ilnon  I 

Keats,  Eve  of  st.  Ignes,  st.  s. 

His  sensitiveness  idled,   now    amOrt, 

\li\e  now.  Pirovoino.  Sordello,  vi. 

amortisation,    amortise.     See   amortisation, 

amortize. 

amortization,  amortisation   (a-mor-ti-za'- 

shon),  II.  [<  ML.  amortisntio(u-),  admortiza- 
tion! - 1,  <  a  m  or  1 1  so  ri ,  in  i  m  or  1 1  an  :  Bee  amortize.  ] 
1.  The  act  of  alienating  lands  or  tenements  to 
a  corporation  in  mortmain,  [n  old  French  law,  let- 
ters "f  amortization  could  be  granted  only  by  the  king, 
and  supposed  aii  indemiiiu  or  a  tax  to  be  paid  by  the  cor- 
poration holding  in  mortmain.  The  term  was  often  used 
for  the  tax  ali.i" 


amortization 

2.  Extinction,  as  of  debt,  especially  by  a  sink- 
ing-fund; a  payment  toward  such  extinction. 

Also  admortization,  amortizement. 
amortize,  amortise  (a-mftr'tdz), v. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  amortized,  sed,  ppr.  amortising,  -sing.  [< 
ME.  amortisen,  -eisen,  -esen,  <  AF.  ammh  er, 
-eyser  (=  Sp.  amortizar  =  ML.  amortisare,  ad- 
mortieare),  <  amortiz-,  OF.  amortiss-,  stem  of 
certain  parts  of  amortir,  deaden,  quench,  abol- 
ish, extinguish,  redeem,  or  buy  out,  as  a  rent- 
charge,  alienate  in  mortmain  ;  F.  amortir,  dead- 
en, slacken,  reduce,  redeem,  liquidate,  =  Pr. 
amortir  =  OCat.  amortir=  It.  a  minor  lire,  <  L.  as 
if  "admortirc,  <  n</,  to,  +  mor(t-)s,  death:  see 
mortal.  Cf.  mortmain.']  I.  trims.  If.  To  make 
dead;  deaden;  destroy. 

The  gode  werkes  that  men  don  whit  thei  ben  in  gode 
lyfe  ben  al  amortised  by  slnfolowing. 

Ctiamxr,  Parson's  Tale. 

2.  In  tato,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
convey  to  a  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ec- 
clesiastical or  temporal,  and  their  successors. 
See  mortmain. — 3.  To  extinguish,  as  a  debt,  by 
means  of  a  sinking-fund. 

Il.t   mtrans.  To  droop;  hang  as  dead. 

With  tin.-  rayne  went  tho*a\to  a/mortyssynge  and  hang- 
ing bevy.  Caxton,  Ovid's  Metam.,  xi.  19.    (N.  E.  D.) 

amortizement,    amortisement    (a-m6r'tiz- 
meut),   n.     [<  F.  amortissement,  a  subduing, 

bringing  to  an  end,  in  arch,  a  finishing  (ML. 
amortisaiin  utiim.   admorli-aiuentiim),  <  amortir 


Amortizement  of  Buttress  ( 13th  century),  Apsidal  Chapel, 
Cathedral  of  Amiens. 

(-iss-):  see  amortize  and  -menf]  1.  The  crown- 
ing member  of  an  edifice ;  the  architectural 
ornament  or  feature  that  terminates  a  facade, 
a  ridged  or  pointed  roof,  a  gable,  a  buttress, 
etc.    riollet-le-Duc. — 2.  Same  as  amortization. 

a-morwet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
form  of  amorrow. 

amotion  (a-nio'shon),  n.  [<  L.  amotio(n-),  < 
amovere,  pp.  amotus,  remove:  see  amove&Z]  1. 
Removal ;  ejection ;  ejectment  from  possession 
or  office,  as  of  an  officer  of  a  corporation. 

The  cause  of  his  amotion  is  twice  mentioned  by  the  Ox- 
ford antiquary.        T.  Warton,  Life  ol  Sir  T.  Pope,  p.  251. 

2.  Motion  away  from;  a  moving  away;  re- 
moval. [Rare  in  both  uses.] 
amount  (a-mount'),  v.  [<  ME.  amounten, 
amunten,  mount  up  to,  come  up  to,  signify,  < 
OF.  a/mounter,  amunter,  amonter,  amount  to,  < 
amimt,  ainoitt,  adv.,  uphill,  upward,  prop.  prep, 
phr.  a  mont,  toward  or  to  a  mountain  or  heap 
(cf.  E.  adown),  <  L.  ait  montem  :  ad,  to;  montem, 
ace.  of  mon(t-)s,  mountain:  see  mount,  moun- 
tain. Cf.  avale.]  I.  intrams.  It.  To  go  up; 
rise;  ascend;  mount. 
When  the  larke  doth  fyrst  amownte  on  high. 

Peachum,  Garden  of  Eloquence,  p.  lOo. 
Soup  he  rose,  and  thence  amounted  streight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  54. 

2.  To  reach  or  be  equal  (to)  in  number,  quan- 
tity, or  value;  come  (to)  as  a  whole. 

Thy  substance,  valued  at  the  highest  rate, 
Cannot  amount  unto  a  hundred  marks. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

3.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend,  in  effect,  sub- 
stance, influence,  etc. ;  be  equivalent  or  tanta- 
mount in  force  or  significance  :  as,  his  answer 
amounted  almost  to  a  threat. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business ;  but 
the  errors  of  aged  men  amount  but  to  this,  that  more  might 
have  been  done  or  sooner.  Bacon. 

His  love  of  mischief  and  of  dark  and  crooked  ways 
amounted  almost  to  madness.      Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 


181 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  ascend;   climb;   mount. — 

2.  To  rise  in  number,  quantity,  or  value,  so  as 
to  reach  or  be  equal  to;  come  to. 

lite  Bom  amounted  v  thousand  pounde. 

Caxton,  Chron.  of  Eng.,  <x\    L88.     iS.E.D.) 

3.  To  be  equivalent  to ;  mean;  signify. 

Tell  me,  mayde  chaste, 
What  amounteth  this? 

Lybeaui  Dire.,  1471.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  ;  raise  or  elevate 

line  no  i'apists  were  arraigned  to  amount  a  to  a  Popish 
miracle.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  110.    (.V.  /■:.  /).) 

amount  (a-mount'l.  h.  [Modern;  <  amount,  t\] 
1.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  sums  or  quan- 
tities; the  aggregate:  as,  the  amount  of  7  and  It 
is  16;  the  amount  of  the  day's  sales. — 2.  A 
quantity  or  sum  viewed  as  a  whole. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  single  fault  can  produce  any  vast 
amount  of  evil.  /'.  Quincey,  style,  i. 

3.  The  full  effect,  value,  or  import ;  the  sura  or 
total:  as,  tho  evidence,  in  amount,  comes  to 
this. 

Often  contracted  to  ami. 
amour  (a-mor'),  n.     [<  mod.  F.  amour  (with  F. 
pron.  and  accent),  taking  the  place  of  earlier 
E.  amour,  anna-  (with  accent  on  first  syllable), 

<  ME.  amour,  amur,  <  OF.  amiir,  amour,  love: 
see  amor,  and  cf.  paramour.]  It.  Love;  affec- 
tion; friendship. — 2f.  Love  toward  one  of  the 
opposite  sex. — 3.  A  love-aff ah' ;  love-making; 
especially,  an  illicit  love-affair ;  an  intrigue. — 
Amour  propre  (a-mor  propr), self-esteem ;  self-respect: 
book  tames  us*  d  in  an  unfavoi  able  sense,  meaning  self-love, 
pride,  conceit,  vanity,  egotism :  a  French  phrase  now  in 
common  use. 

Doubtless  in  nearly  every  field  of  inquiry  emotion  is  a 
perturbing  intruder  :  mostly  there  is  some  preconception, 
and  some  amour  •propre  that  resists  disproof  of  it. 

//.  Spenaer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  74. 
These  words  were  uttered  with  so  much  coldness,  that 
Mr,  Effingham's  amour  propre  was  deeply  wounded. 

J .  E.  Coo/.-',  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xii. 

amourettet,  «■    See  amoret. 

amourist,  ».     See  amorist. 

amovability  (a-mo-va-Ml'i-ti),  n.    [<  amovable : 

see  -bility.]     Capability  of  being  removed,  as 

from  an  office.     [Rare.] 

Let  us  retain  amovability  on  the  concurrence  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  branches. 

Jefferson,  Works,  IV.  'iss. 

amovable  (a-mo'va-bl),  a.     [<  anion-  +  -able; 
also  amovible,  after  F.  amorib/i:]     Removable. 
[Rare.] 
amovalt  (a-mo'val),  n.     [<  anion-  +  -al.     Cf. 
removal,  (.remove.]     Total  removal. 
Amoval  of  .  .  .  insufferable  nuisances. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  'M-z. 

amove1!  (a-uiov'),  v,  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  amoore, 

CME.  amoeven,  ameven,  <  OF.  amover,  amouvoir, 

<  L.  admovere,  move  to,  bring  to,  apply,  incite, 
(.ad,  to,  +  morire,  move:  see  a-11  and  move.] 
To  move;  stir;  excite;  affect. 

And  when  she  say  thise  poetical  Muses aprochen  aboute 
my  bed  and  enditynge  wordes  to  my  wepynges,  she  was  a 
lytel  amoved  and  glowede  with  cruwel  eyen. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 
she  nought  ameved 
Neither  in  word,  or  chere.  or  countenance. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  442. 

Atall  these  cries  my  heart  was  sore  amoved, 

i,,; ,  ne,  Poems,  p.  130.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

amove'-'t  (a-in6V),  v,  t;  pret.  and  pp.  amoved, 
ppr.  amoving.  [<  late  ME.  amoven,  <  AF. 
amoever,  <  L.  amor,  re,  remove,  <  a  lovdb,  from, 
+  movere,  move:  see  a-13  and  move."]  To  re- 
move, especially  from  a  post  or  station. 
She  well  pleased  was  thence  to  amove  him  farre. 

Spenser,  ¥.  »;.,  II.  vi.  37. 

i ners  .  .  .  may  be  amoved  tor  reasonable  cause. 

'     Sir M.  Bale,  Hist  Plac.  Cor.,ii.  .". 

amovible  (a-mo'vi-bl),  o.  [F. :  Bee  amovable.] 
Same  as  amovable.     [Rare.] 

ampac  (am'pak),  n.  An  East  Indian  tree,  a 
species  of  Xanthoxylum,  producing  a  highly 
odoriferous  resin.  Its  leaves  are  used  to  medi- 
cate baths. 

amparo  (am-pa/ro),  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  defense, 
protection,  <  Sp.  Pg.  amparar,  defend,  =  Pr. 
amparar  =  F.  emparer,  ren.  seize  upon,  secure, 
=  It.  imparare,  learn,  acquire,  <  ML.  as  if  "im- 
jiararc,  <  L.  in,  into,  toward,  +  parari .  furnish.] 
A  document  protecting  a  claimant  of  land  till 
properly  authorized  papers  caubeissued.  Texas 
I. a  ir  Hi  port. 

ampassy  (am'pa-si),  ».  [A  corruption  of  ami 
perse:  see  ampersand.]  A  form  still  used  for 
ampersand  in  parts  of  England. 

Ampelidse  (am-pel'-i-de),  n. pi.  [XL.,  <  Ampt  lis 
+  -idie.]  In  ornith.,  a  family  name  variously 
used,      (a)  A  family  founded  by  Swainson  in  1831,  having 


ampere 

no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  defined,  but  contafnlnga 

misci  u. i      roup  of  dentfrostral  insessot  la]  birds  from 

various  parte  "i  the  world,  and  ah idi  I  into  the  subl 

lies  Leiotricha7io2    Piprince,  Ampelirux,  Pat  ' 

etc    Co   \  famUy  oi  aeni  b  osti  a  i  / 

he  related  to  thi     hriki  -  and  fiycati  hi  i   .  and  including 

the  subf amilii     D  i 

Ampelina,  Piprince,  I  Pachyc,  phalina 

of  bircbi  restricted  to  the  Ampelince  proper  with  tl 
logonydince,  and  placed  between  Tyrannidee  and  Cotin- 
guUje,     3ee  waxwing,  BombyciUidce. 

Ampelideae  (am-pe-lid'f-e),  n.  pi.     [XL.,  fern. 

pi.  of  ami"  lidi  us  :  see  a  nipt  lidious.]  The  name 
given  by  Kuiith  and  others  to  the  natural  order 

of  plants  called  Fitaceai  (which  see), 
ampelideous  (am-pe-lid'e-us),  a.     [<  X'L.  am- 

prlidi  us,  <  Gr.  a U77I /a;  (-»!-),  a  vine,  dim.  of  hji-e- 
'/<«:  a  vine;  gee  Ampelis.]  In  hoi.,  relating  or 
belonging  to  the  Ampi  tali  a\  or  vim-  family;  re- 
sembling the  vine. 

Ampelinae  (am-pe-li'ne),  n.pl.    [XL.,  <  Ampelis 
+  -ina:]     A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family 
Am  pi  liilu;  or  chatterers.      It  is  sometimes  taken  as 
equivalent  to  A-mpelidoe  (c)  (which  see),  and  sometime,  i. 
strictetl  to  tin-  single  genus  Ampelis. 

Ampelio  (am-pe'li-6),  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  afareMav, 
a  kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  auireMt  :  see 
Ampi  lis.]  A  genus  of  cotingine  birds  of  Smith 
America,  established  by  Cabanis  in  1845,  made 
by  Suudevall  the  type  of  his  family  Ampetio- 
imiir.  A.  no  lanoet phala  is  an  example.  Also 
written  Amp/lion. 

Ampelioninae  (am-pel  i-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.    [XL., 

<  Ampi  lio(u-)  +  -ina:]  In  Sundevall's  classifi- 
cation of  birds,  the  second  family  of  his  fourth 
cohort  {Pycnaspidete)  of  scutelliplantar  oscine 
passeres.  It  contains  such  genera  as  Ampelio,  Phvba- 
lura,  Cotinga,  Phytotoma,Ci  phalopterus,  etc.,  anil  inexact* 
ly  corresponds  to  a  subfamily  Cotinginee  of  some  authors. 

Ampelis  (am'pe-lis),  ».  [XL.,  <_Gr.  apirc'/.iq,  a 
land  of  singing  bird,  also  called  a/nreliuv,  prob. 
from  its  haunting  vines,  <  afiTre'/.og,  a  vine.]  A 
genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  type  of  a  sup- 
posed subfamily  Am  jit  Una;   or   of   an  alleged 

family  Ampelidce.  It  contains  three  species,  the  Caro- 
lina waxwing  (A.  cedrorum),  the  Bohemian  waxwing(.4. 
garrulus),  ami  the  Japanese  waxwing  (.A.  pha  nicoptt  rex) ; 
the  birds  are  also  called  chatterers.  A  synonym  of  Am- 
pelis is  Bombycilla.  The  name  was  formerly  applied,  with 
great  latitude,  to  many  birds  proper!]  belonging  to  vari- 
ous other  families;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  three  here 
named.    See  waxwing. 

ampelite  (am'pe-lit),  n.  [<  L.  ampelitis,  <  Gr. 
a/jmeXiTic  (sa.yij),  a  land  of  bituminous  earth  used 
to  sprinkle  vines  in  order  to  keep  off  insects, 

<  d/iirt/iof,  a  vine.]  A  species  of  black  earth 
abounding  in  pyrites:  so  named  from  having 
been  used  to  kill  insects  on  vines.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  cannel-coal  and  to  some  kinds 
of  schist. 

ampelitic  (am-pe-lit'ik),  a.  [<  ampi  lite  +  -t'c] 
In  mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  ampe- 
lite. 

Ampeloglypter  (am'pe-lo-glip'ter),  ».    [XL., 

<  Gr.  djUircXoc,  a  grape-vine,  +  jvlirzm/p,  a  chisel, 
<  y'Avtpeiv,  carve,  cut.]  A  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  L'ureu- 
liain'da;  established  by  LeC'onte 
for  three  Xorth  American  spe- 
cies formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Baris.  They  live,  in  the  lar- 
val state,  in  tile  young  canes  of  cul- 
tivated  or  wild  grape-vines  and  the 
Virginia  creeper,  causing  swellings 
in  the  shape  of  elongate  knobs.  The 
most  abundant  species,  A.  sesostris 
(Let  lonte),  the  grape-vine  call-beetle,  is 
a  small,  highly  polished,  elongate  in- 
sect of  uniform  liubt  yellowish-brown 

color.  Tin-  elytra  are  gently  undulated  by  broad  trans- 
verse impressions. 

ampelography  (am-pe-log'ra-fi).  n.    [<  Gr. 

d//-f?.oc,  vine,  +  -ypatpia,  <  ypaifeiv,  write.]  The 
scientific   description  of  the  vine.     Sijtl.  Soc. 

I.I  x. 

Ampelopsis  (am-pe-lop'sis),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
a,u7Te'/.oi;,  vine,  +  d</>;f,  appearance :  see  optic. ]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Vitaeea;  scaiveh 
distinguishable  from  J'itis  (and  united  with  it 
by  Bentham  and  Hooker),  except  in  having  no 
conspicuous  disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary,  a. 
qui7iquefolia  is  the  well-known  Virginia  creeper,  sometimes 

called  American  ivy.  ami  err- ously  wouilhine.     It  lias 

digitate  leaves,  climbs  by  clinging  tendrils,  and  is  fre- 
quently cultivated  for  covering  walls  ami  arbors.  The 
Japanese .4.  trieuspidata,  with  simple  leaves,  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

amper  (am'per),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  am- 
por,  <  ME.  *ampre  (not  found),  <  AS.  amprt . 
ompre,  earliest  spelling  amprw,  omprtr,  a 
tumor  or  swilling.]     A  tumor:  Also.  :i  defect. 

amperage  (am-pSr'aj),  ».  The  strength  of  an 
electrical  current  measured  in  amperes. 

ampere  (am-par'),  ».  [A  designation  adopted 
by  the  Electric  Congress  at  Pans  in  L881 ;  F.am- 


Grape-vine  r.al!- 
beetle  {Ampelo- 
glypter sesffsfris). 
Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size. 


ampere 

fire,  <  Impere,  name  of  a  French  electrician 
(Andre  Marie  Ampere,  died  1836).  Cf.  oftw  and 
w»Zt]  'lli.-  unit  employed  in  measuring  the 
strength  of  an  electrical  current,  it  is  the  cur- 
rent which  Bows  througl  ■  whose  resistance  Is 
one  ohm,  and  betv,  een  the  two  ends  of  w  hich  the  unit  dit- 
fen  in  ol  potenl iaJ  on<  v. .it,  is  maintained, 
ampere-meter  (am-par'me  ter),  n.    In  elect. 


182 

muli  ■  arranged  in  lines,  while  from  eitherend  other 
ol  granules  an    irranged  In  a  radial  manner.    The 
n  hole  |iii  -■  ots  an  appi  ai  ant  e  i  lost  h  Bimilar  in  ili.it  i  een 
when  iron  filings  an  -  xposed  m  the  influence  of  ;i  horse- 
shoe magnet,  while  from  its   resemblance  to  two  stars 

Joined  together  it  has  rei  t  i\-  >l  tin  na ampkiaster 

Sin, i,l.  ^,tt.  Hist.,  I.,  Int..  p.  dv. 

amphibala,  n.     Plural  of  amphibalum. 
amphibali,  «.     Plural  ot  amphibaM 


an  instrument  for  measuring  the  strength  of  amphibalum"(am-nh'a-lum),  ».;  pi." amphibala 


an  electric  current  in  am 
s.   Sevi  ral  forms  have  hi  ■  n 
devised,  some  of  w  hich  an 

tially    gah  m  t.  ps    spi  i  iallj 

for  this  purpose. 
Another  form  (sir  t  in  cut  i  con- 
sists of  a  hollow  coil  ol  H 

I  ]i>  thr  current  to  be  mea- 
sured, whioh  ins to  it- 
t'n  draws  within  Itself  n 
core  supporti  ■  !  by  a  spring  and 
having  an  index  attached  t..  it ; 
tin.  scale  i>  si.  gi  a. in. it. si  that  the 
strength  of  the  cnrri  nl 

i  a.   Also  called 

Ampere's     theory.      See 

theory. 
Amperian  an  .". 

Relating  to  Andre  Marie 
Ampere,  or  to  his  theories. 
— Amperian  currents,  in  '.  it., 
the  hypothetical  electrical  cur- 
rents by  which  Ampere  explained 
t!ie  propel  ties  of  a  magni  i .  See 
Ampere's  th.  ory,  under  t) 

amperometeri;uti-]i.  i.iin'- 
e-ter),  n.  [<  (impure  +  -o- 
mi  ter.]     Same  as  amperc- 

nii  ii  r. 

ampersand  (am'per-sand), 
n.  [Also  amperzand,  am- 
pus-and,  amperse-ana,  am- 
passyana,  ampussy-and,  ap- 
persi-and,  ampereed,  etc., 
also  simply  ampassy,  etc.,  various  corruptions 
of  mid  jur  se—and  (that  is,  '&  by  itself  — 
"»'/').]  A  name  formerly  in  use  for  the  char- 
acter  &°  or  &  (also  called  short  ami),  which  is 
formed  by  combining  the  letters  of  the  Latin 
et,  and,  and  which  is  commonly  placed  tit  the 
end  of  the  alphabet  in  primers. 

[<  amper  +  -v1.]     1. 


i -lit  i.    Same  as  amphibalus. 
amphibalus  (am-fib'gr-lus),   «.:    pi.  amphibali 

(-li).     [ML.,  <  (!]•.  tiuiji  )u/i/(',  adj.,  put  .-1111111111 

(el.  "/I  .;"»,  a  cloak),  <  iuupi,  around,  + 

'/in;  throw.]     An  ecclesiastical  vestment,  not 

unlike  the  casula  or  chasuble,  peculiar  to  the 

Gallican  church  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. 
Amphibamus  (am-fib'a-mus),  n.    [NL. ,  irreg.  < 

Gr.  ii/nj>i,  aromul,  +  jSdlveiv,  go;  cf.  deriv.    ;..... 

Dor.  jiaim,  a  step.]    A  genus  of  stegocephalous 

amphibians,  of  stout,  lizard-like  form,  from  Die 

Carboniferous  formations  of  Illinois.      K.  1). 

Cojie.  1865. 

amphibia  (am-fib'i-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  am- 
phibium,  q.  v.  (also  of  amphibion),  neut.  of  am- 
phibius,  <  Gr.  a/x<pij3ioc,  living  a  double  life: 
see  amphibious."]  1.  In  popular  language,  ani- 
mals living  both  on  land  and  in  the  water;  those 
which  voluntarily  and  habitually  enter  that  ele-  amphibiously  (am-fib'i-us-li),  adv.    In 


amphibolid 

one  of  two  subdivisions  (the  other  being  Cor- 
rodentia)  of  the  Pseudoneuroptera.    rhe  Amphi 
hi,, ii,-„  are  composed  "i  tin   May. Hies,  dragon-flies,  ami  n 
latiil  forms,     this  suborder  is,  therefore,  approximately 
equivalent  to  the  Pleeopt  ro  </'•  rlida  I  .1  mathi  i  I 
ndee),  and  Odonata  (Agrionida,  /Eschnidce,  LibelhUidet) 
i.r  other  aiitlniis,  generally  considered  as  suborders  of  a 
conventional  order  Neuroptera, 
amphibious  (am-fib'i-us),  <i.    [<  NL.  amphibius, 
<  dr.  ai„,„  in,,;,    living   a   double    life,  <  u/itj>i,   on 
both  sides,  +   itof,life.    Cf.  amphibia.]    1.  Liv- 
ing both  on  land  and  in  water;  habitually  al- 
ternating between  land  and  water. 

\  diver  for  pearls,  a  youth  who,  by  long  habit  in  Lis 

trade,  was  almost  grow  n  amphil 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  ol  the  World,  lxxxviif. 

2.  of  orpertainingtothe  Amphibia  :  amphibian. 

'the  most  completely  amphibious  animals  ate  these  which 
.hi  n..t  undergo  compli  te  metamorphosis,  or  which  po 
lungs  an. I  -jills  simultaneously,  being  thus  capableoi  both 
aerial  and  aquatic  respiration.  Amphibious  is,however, 
em  in  this  sense,  amphibian  being  the  usual  technical 
term  in  zoology. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature;  partaking  of  two   na- 
tures: as,  tin  amphibious  breed. 

A  floating  island,  an  amphibious  spot 
Unsound,  of  spongy  texture. 

u  ..  dsworth,  Prelude,  iii. 
Not  in  free  and  common  socage,  hut  in  this  amphibious 
subordinate  class  of  villein  socage. 

Hi"  ketone,  '  I II.  \i. 


ment,  though  not  able  to  breathe  under  water, 
such  as  frogs,  turtles,  crocodiles,  seals,  wal- 
ruses, otters,  beavers,  hippopotami,  etc. —  2. 
[cap.]  In  cool.,  a  name  variously  used,   (a)  in  the 


phibioiis  manner. 

amphibiousness  (am-fib'i-us-nes),  ».  The 
quality  of  being  amphibious;  ability  to  live  in 
two  elements ;  participation  in  two  natures. 


?*^!^<^!&*!&^«££*tf^  amphibium  (am-fil,'i-um),  n.;  pi.  amphibia  Mil 

.         ...        ...        r\tr.    /..ics  ...mil ..I.   .....iiLtii.,..    /  i ' .. 


Ampere-meter. 


ampery  (am'per-i),  a. 

Covered  with  pimples.— 2.  Weak;  unhealthy; 

beginning  to  decay.     [Prov.  Eng.j 
amphacanthid  (am-fa-kan'thid),  u.    A  fish  of 

the  family  Amphacanihidee. 
Amphacanthidae  (am-fa-kan'thi-de),  u.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Amphacanihus  +'  -idee.]      In   irhth..   a 

family  name  synonymous  with  Siganida  i  which 

see). 
Amphacanthus  (am-fa-kan'thus),  n.    [XL., 

prop.  ' amphiacanthus,  K  Gr.  a/i<pi,  on  both  sides 

(see  amphi-),  +  anavtia,  spine.]    A  generic  name 

of  fishes  remarkable  lor  the  development  of  a 

spine  along  the  inner  as  well  as  the  .inter  mar- 
gin of  the  ventral  tins:  identical  with  Siganm 

(which  see). 

amphanthium  (am-fan'thi-um),  ». ;  \i[.amphan- 

thin  Hi).      [XL.,'   (ir.  in„„.  aboul  (see  mi/jilii-), 

+  hvdog,  flower.]     In  hoi.,  n  term  |iro]iosed  for  amphibial  (am-fib'i-al),  ffl. 
a  dilated  receptacle  of  inllorescence.  -"'-J     Htime  as  amphibian. 

amphi-.     [E.,  NL.,  etc.,  <Gr.  apM-, prefix,  apebi,  amphibian  (am-fib'i-an) 
prep.,  =  L.  ambi-,  etc.:  see  amb,-.]    \  prefix 
origin,  meaning  on  both  sides,  on  all 

sides,  around,  round  about:  cognate  with  ami 
equivalent  to  ,/,«/;,-  of  Latin  origin. 
AmphiarctOS  (:ini-li-ark'tos),  ».    [XL.]     Same 

tS    //.'/"  iiorrtn 


ingall  li'i'tiliii,  liiitrin-liiit.  and  various 
vertebrates.  It  was  divided  into  three  orders :  tn  reptiles 
furnished  with  feel  and  breathing  by  the  mouth  (Testudo, 
Draco,  Lacerta,  Rana);  (2)  footless  serpents,  als..  breathing 
by  the  mouth  (Crutalii*,  limi.  I'ululirr,  Aieiaix,  Am/,lis- 
boma,  liiriimi:  {■:,)  finned  swimmers  (Nantes  pinnatC), 
breathing  by  lateral  branchlseorgills,  comprising  14  genera 
of  tishes  and  fish-like  vertebrates,  as  the  Marsipobranchio. 
m&Squali.  (6)InCuvier's  system (Kfl.7),  a  tribe  of  carniv- 
orous mammals,  intervening  between  Ca/mariasmA  V 
piata,  containing  the  seals  and  walruses,  orpinniped  Car- 
nirni-ii  ,■  thus  exactly  equivalent  to  the  I'innijuilin  ,4  ni.nl- 
crn  naturalists.  Cuvier  had  earlier  (about  1799)  placed  the 
Amphibia  next  to  the  Ciiunn.  both  comprising  mammals 
with  feet  adapted  for  swimming,  ;is  distinguished  from 
these  with  claws  or  with  hoofs,  (c)  A  class  of  ichthyopsidan 
verti  brates,  o  trresponding  to  the  order  Batrackia  of  Bron- 
gniart  and  Cuvier,  containing  animals  that  breathe  both  in 
the  water  and  in  the  air  at  the  same  or  at  different  periods 
of  their  lives,  and  have  either  permanent  gills  or  gills  later 
i|  ■  i.-eded  by  lungs,  or  gills  and  lungs  simultaneously. 
The  gills  are  usually  external.  Respiration  is  also  usually 
effected  to  some  extent  by  the  skin.  Limbs  arc  either  pics 
i  ni  or  absent,  and  there  are  no  tins  in  the  adult.  The  Am- 
phibia  undergo  metamorphosis,  the  larval  forms  being 
more  or  less  fish-like,  the  adult  developing  limbs.  They 
are   anamniotlc  and    anallantoic,   oviparous,   and  cold- 

I'l led.    The  heart  lias  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle. 

The  skull  is  dicondylian,  with  an  unossifled  basi-occipital 
ami  a  pavaspheu.  .id.  The  Amphibia  have  been  very  gener- 
ally called  Batrachia,  alter  Cuvier;  but  the  latterterm  is 
tew  usually  restricted  to  an  oilier  Batrachia  of  the  class 
Amphibia.    The  Amphibia  include  all  the  animals  com- 

!l  called  frogs,  toads,  newts,  efts,  tritons,  salamanders, 

sirens,  axolotls.  etc.     Byso they  are  divided  into.lee™ 

and  Vrodela,  the  tailless  and  tailed  Amphibia.  A  more 
elaborate  division  is  into  four  orders  :  (1)  Ophiomorpka  or 
liiiiiiiiiipliiinin.  including  only  the  family  Cxciliidce;  ell 
Urodela;  (S)Batrachia;  (4)thefossil  Labyrinthodontia 


phibious  +  -an.]  I. 
phibia  in  any  sense 
tlte  class  Amphibia. 


[As  amphibious  + 

a.  ami  ii.      \  As  om- 
it. ( II'  or  pertaining  In  ani- 

speeifically,  pertaining  t>> 

See  amphibious,  2. 


amphiarthrodial  (am  tt-ar-thro'di-al),  a. 
Gr.  i        -  jointed  (<  apdpov,  a  jo 


II.   n.   An  animal  of  tin'  class  Amphibia. 

imphibichthyidae   (am^fi-bik-thi'i-de),  u.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amphtbiehthys  +  -ida:]  A  family  ofdip- 


[< 

.   jointed  (<  iii M/iin;   ;i.  joint, 

.   form),  +  -ml.  with  rei'.  to  amphiar- 

II"-  to  amphiarthrosis, or 

to  a  joint  exhibiting  that  kind  of  articulation. 

amphiarthrosis  (am  fi-ar-thro'sis),  n.     [NL., 

<Ghr.  owe,  on  both  sides,   I  ,  articular  amphibiolite  (am-fib'i-9-lit),  ». 

tion:  see  arthrosis.  ]     i  ikind of  articu-    |8«T>  amphibious,  +  XlSoc,  a  stoni 


Am 
[X. 

nous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphibich 
thi/s:  synonymous  with  Lepidosirenidw.    Hogg. 

Amphibichthys  (am-fi-bik'this).  u.      |\i... 
Or.  apQifiios,  amphibious,  +  i-\Hn;,  fish.]     The 
typical  genus  of  Amphibichthyidai :  synonymous 
u  it  It  I.,  jiitin sin  a.     Hogg. 

[<  Gr.  ap<pi- 
.0.]     The  fossil 


.  intermediate  between  synarthrosis  and  remains  of  an  amphibian.     Craig,  1847. 

diarthio  1  .  permitting  shghi  motion  byinter-  amphibiolith  (;un-fib'i-o-liihi,  u.    same  as  am- 

;,...i,  phibiolite. 

of  vertebrae  or  in  the  pubic  and  sacro-iliac  artic-  amphibiological  (am-flb'i-o-loj'i-kal),   a.     [< 


illations. 

Amphiaster  (ain'ii  :.    ter),».    [NL.,<Gx. 

in. I,  +  .'"  .  .  1 

lisle  msll  nibl  . 

a  i"  autiful  I'.n [.  .  1      .1  ni 

'li.^i-    ■  it.,11 ,.. . 

2.  [I.e.]    In  embryol.,  a  formation  in  a  matur- 


amphibiology  +  -ical.]    Pertaining  to  amphibi- 

ology. 

amphibiology  (am-fib-i-ol'o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  «,«- 

.  a m pi tibii his,  +  -/..;  m,  <  >;  }m;  speak  :    see 


[NL.  (also  written  amphibion,  <  (ir.  aptfii 
sing,  of  amphibia,  q.  v.]     An  amphibious  ani- 
mal;  one  of  the. tmjihiliia. 

Thus  is  man  that  great  and  true  amphibium,  whose  na- 
ture is  disposed  to  live  not  only  like  other  creatures  in 
divers  elements,  but  in  divided  and  distinguished  worlds, 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici  i.  34. 
He'  children,  each  one  armed  with  the  curved  rib  of 
si. me  big  amphibion,  are  playing  ball  and  bat  among  the 
drifte.  Kane,  See.  Grinn.  Exp.,  11.  188. 

amphiblastic  (am-fi-blas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  apt)i, 
on  both  sides,  +  /JAaoro'c,  a  germ.]  In  emVryol., 
a  term  applied  to  those  holoblastie  eggs  which, 
by  unequal  segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk), 
produce  an  amphigastrula  (which  see)  in  ger- 
minating,    llmiliil. 

amphiblastula  (am-fi-blas'tu-la),  n. ;  pi.  am- 
phiblastuUe(AS).  [XL.,  <  am'ph'i\ei/tiiia)  +  Mas- 
tula.]  In  embryol.,  the  vesicular  morula  or 
mulberry-like  mass  which  is  formed  from  that 
stage  in  the  development  of  a  holoblastie  egg 
of  unequal  segmentation  known  as  an  amphi- 
eytula,  following  upon  the  stage  called  an  am- 
phimorula.  The  human  egg  is  an  example. 
See  iiastrulatioii.      IIiu  el.i  I. 

Amphibola  (am-fib'o-la  \  11.  [XL.,  fern,  of  LL. 
amphibalus:  see  amphibole.]  A  genus  of  jml- 
monate  gastropods  with  an 
operctdum  and  without  ten- 
tacles, constituting  the  fami- 
ly Ampliiliolnbr :  synonymous 
with  Ainpiillaecra. 

Amphibolae  (am-fib'o-le),  ». 
1>I.  [XL.,  fern.  pi.  of  LL.  am- 
phiholns:  see  amphibole.]  In 
Xitzsch's  classification  (1829), 
a  group  of  birds  represented 

by  the    family    M iisiipliiiijiiln . 

(he  plantain-eaters  or  t  tint  eons.    [Not  in  use.  ] 

amphibole  (am'fi-bol).  ».     [<  LL.  amphibolus, 

ambiguous,  <  (Jr.  .  doubtful,  equivocal, 

<  auQtBuJikeiv,  doubt,  be  uncertain,  throw  around, 

<  iiiiOi,  around,  on  both  sides,  +  in'/'/tiv,  throw.] 
A  name  given  by  I  tatty  to  hornblende,  from  its 

resin  1  id  ;n io  augite,  for  which  it  may  readily 

lie  mistaken:  now  used  as  ,-i  general' term  to 
include  all  the  varieties  Of  which  common 
hornblende  is  one.  See  hornblende.-  Amphi- 
bole granite,  same  a-  hornblende  granite  (which  see, 
under  graniti  1 
amphiboli  (am-fib'o-li),  n.  pi.    |  NL.,  pi.  of  LL. 

amphibolus  :  see  amphibole.]      A   general  name 

lor  birds  "f  zygodaetyl  form  with  the  toes  di- 
rected forward  tun I  backward  in  pairs,  that  is, 
two  forward  and  two  backward.  By niigero  113 
considered  as  a  family,  but  nov.  abandoned  as  an  artificial 
group 


■nphibeila  austra- 


ology.  I     A  diseours 'treatiseon  amphibious  amphibolic1  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.     [<  amphiboly  + 


animals;   the   department   of  natural   history 
«  hich  treats  of  the  Amphibia, 


mgovumofa  fusiform  figure  radiated  at  either  amphibion  (am  Sb'i-on),  «.;  pi.  amphibia  (-ii). 

end,  thus  resemblingtwo  starsjoined  together,  |.\h„  =  amphibium,  a.  v.]  Same  as  amphibium. 

ethename.    Bee  extract.  Amphibiotfca  (am'fi-bl-ot'i-ktt),  ».  pi.     [NL., 

In  the  place  when    thi   ren  tin    ol   11 leu    wen  '   '''•   '"""  ' '"'  -  amphibious,  +  term.  -ut-ik-6<;.] 

seen,  there  now  appears  u  spin, 11.     1  el  bod    m Iii  .'"./..  111  1 ..  ei'iil.iinr's  system  of  classification, 


-ir.]     <if  the  nature  of  amphiboly;  amphib 
olous. 
amphibolic-  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.     [<  amphibole  + 

-ic.  I     In  mineral.,  ]iertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
containing  am]ihibole. 

amphibolid  (am-flb'o-lid),  «.    A  gastropod  of 

the  family  Amphiholiihe. 


Amphibolidas 

Amphibolidae  (am-fi-bol'i-de),  ".  />/.  [NL.,  < 
Amphibola  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  basomma- 
tophorous  pulmonale  gastropods.  The  technical 
characters  are  a  Bhort,  thick  Bpiral  Bhell  closed  bj  an 
operculum,  the  whorls  shouldered^  and  gills  present, 
though  rudimentary.  The  species  live  in  marshes  where 
the  water  is  brackish,  and  have  but  partially  aerial  respi 
ration;  they  are  confined  to  New  Zealand.  Also  called 
Ampullaceridai. 

amphiboliferous  (am*n-bo-lif'e-rus),  ".  [<  am- 
phibole  +  -i-f irons.]  Bearing  or  containing 
ainphibolo. 

Amphiboliferous  andesite  ami  dolerite. 

Encyc.  Brit,  XVIII.  74!). 

amphiboline  (am-fib'o-lin),  a.  [< amphibole  + 
-fee1.]     In  mineral.,  resembling  amphibole. 

amphibolite  (am-fib'o-lit),  )t.  [<Or.  ii//(J'  in  „, , 
doubtful  (see  amphibole),  +  -We*.]  A  rook  be- 
longing to  the  class  of  the  crystalline  sebists, 
and  consisting  largely  of  green  hornblende, 
together  with  quartz  or  feldspar,  or  both.  It 
is  always  more  or  less  distinctly  in  beds  like 
gneiss. 

amphibological  (am'fi-bo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [(am- 
phibology.] Of  or  pertaining  to  amphibology; 
of  doubtful  meaning;  ambiguous. 

A  fourth  insinuates  with  a  pleasing  compliment,  a  sweet 
smile,  ingratiates  himself  with  an  amphibological  Bpeech. 

Burton,  Anat.  Of  Mel.,  p.  574. 

amphibologically  (am'n-bo-loj'i-kal-i),  adv. 
With  a  doubtful  meaning. 

amphibologism  (am-fi-bol'o-jizm),  n.  [<  am- 
phibology +  -ism.]  An  amphibolous  construc- 
tion or  phrase.     X.  E.  I). 

amphibology  (am-fi-bol'o-ji),  n.;  pi.  amphi- 
bologies (-jiz).  [<  LL.  amphibologia,  <  LGr. 
*a/upi()ofa)yia,  (  Gr.  ap.fi  jio'Aoc;,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphibole),  +  -Tioyia,  (  Myetv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  1.  The  use  of  ambiguous  phrases 
or  statements. —  2.  In  logic,  a  sentence  which 
is  ambiguous  from  uncertainty  with  regard  to 
its  construction,  but  not  from  uncertainty  with 
regard  to  the  meaning  of  the  words  forming  it. 

Ag 1  example  of  amphibology  is  the  answer  of  the  oracle 

to  P.vrrlius:  "Aio  te  Komanos  vincere  posse."  Here  te 
and  Romanoa  may  either  of  them  be  the  subject  or  object 
of  vincere  /<><.«.■,  and  the  sense  may  be  either,  you  can  eon 
quer  the  Romans,  or,  the  Unmans  can  conquer  you.  The 
English  language  seldom  admits  of  amphibology.  For  an 
English  example,  see  second  extract  under  amphibolous. — 
Fallacy  of  amphibology.    Bee  fallacy. 

amphiboloid  (am-fib'o-loid),  o.  [<  amphibole 
+  -oid.]  In  mineral.,  having  the  appearance 
of  amphibole. 

amphibolostylous  (ain-fib"o-16-strius),  a.  [< 
NL.  amphibolostylus,  <  Gr.  a/ajiifto/.og,  doubtful, 
+  arv'Aoc,  column  (style).  ]  In  bot.,  having  the 
style  not  apparent.     8yd.  Soc.  Lex. 

amphibolous  (am-fib'o-lus),  o.  [<  LL.  amphi- 
bolus,  <  Gr.  t'un.n  vi'/.oc,  ambiguous:  see  amphi- 
bole.] Ambiguous;  equivocal :  now  used  only 
in  logic  as  applied  to  a  sentence  susceptible  of 
two  meanings.     [Rare.] 

Never  [was]  there  such  an  amphibolous  quarrel — both 
parties  declaring  themselves  for  the  king. 

Howell  (?),  England's  Tears. 

An  amphibolous  sentence  is  one  that  is  capable  of  two 
meanings,  not  from  the  double  sense  of  any  of  the  words, 
but  from  its  admitting  a  double  construction;  as,  .  .  . 
"The  duke  yet  lives  that  Henry  shall  depose." 

Whately,  Logic,  iii.  H  10. 

Amphibolura  (am"fi-bo-lu'ra),  n.  [NL.  (Ca- 
banis,  1847),  <  Gr.  apipijio'Aoc,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphiboli  i,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  In  ornith., 
the  corrected  orthography  of  l'liibalura  (which 
see).     [Not  in  use.] 

amphiboly  (am-fib'o-li),  n. ;  pi.  amphibolies 
(-liz).  [<  L.  amphibolia,  <  Gr.  aptytfioAia,  am- 
biguity, <  apipifioAor,  ambiguous :  see  amphibole.] 
1.  The  use  of  ambiguities;  quibbling. — 2.  In 
logic,  ambiguity  in  the  meaning  of  a  proposi- 
tion, arising  either  from  an  uncertain  syntax  or 
from  a  figure  of  speech — Transcendental  amphi- 
boly, in  the  Kantian  philosophy,  the  confusing  of  concep- 
tions which  exist  in  the  understanding  a  priori  (categories) 
with  those  which  are  derived  from  experience. 

amphibrach  (am'fi-brak),  n.  [<  L.amphibrachys, 
sometimes  amphibrachus,  <  Gr.  apipifipaxve:,  short 
on  both  sides,  <  a/ujii,  on  both  sides,  +  >>n", 
short.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the 
middle  one  long,  the  first  and  last  short:  as, 
habere,  in  Latin:  the  opposite  of  amphimacer. 

amphibrachys  (am-fib'ra-kis),  ».  [L. :  see 
above.]     Same  as  amphibrach. 

Amphibrya  (am-fib'ri-a),  ii.pl.  [NL.,  neut.pl. 
of  amphibryus :  see  amphibryous.]  In  bot.,  the 
endogens:  a  term  used  by  Endliclier. 

amphibryous  (arn-fib'ri-us),  a.  [<  NL.  eunplii- 
bryus,  <  Gr.  ap<pi,  around,  +  jipveiv,  swell,  grow.] 
In  bot.,  growing  by  additions  to  all  parts  of  the 
periphery.     A.  Gray. 


183 

amphicarpic  (itm-ti-kiir'pilO,  a.  Same  as  am- 
phicarpous. 

amphicarpous  (am-fi-kar'pus),  a.  |<  NL.  am- 
phicarpus,  with  fruit  of  two  kinds  (el'.  Or. 
mpvoc,  with  fruit  all  round),  <  Gr.  ii//<,e,  on  both 
sides,  around,  +  Kapx6c,  fruit.]  In  bot.,  pro- 
ducing two  classes  of  fruit,  differing  either  in 
form  or  in  l  i of  ripening. 

amphicentric  (am-fi-sen'trik),  a.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/npi,  on  both  sides,  +  tdvrpov,  point,  center.]  In 
anat.,  coming  together,  as  into  it  center,  on  both 
sides:  applied  to  a  bipolar  rote  mirabile,  that 
is,  one  which  is  gathered  again  into  and  gives 
off  a  vessel  similar  to  that  our  which  breaks  up 
to  form  the  rete:  opposed  to  monocentrie. 

Amphicentrum  (am-fl-sen'trum),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  "/"/>',  on  bolh  sides,  +  Rhrpov,  spine:  see 
Ct  nter.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  of  the 
Carboniferous  strata,  without  abdominal  tins. 

amphichiral  (am-fl-ki'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  apfi, 
around,  on  both  sides,  +  t'7',  hand.]  Undis- 
tinguishable  as  to  right  and  left;  transform- 
able into  its  own  perversion.  Also  spelled  tim- 
phicht  irdl.  =  Syn.  Ambid,  xtei .  Amphichiral.    Ambidt  e- 

u  i-  refers  t nial  facility  in  using  the  two  hands;  an>i>)<>- 

chiral  refers  to  the  geometrical  .similarity  of  the  two  sides. 
To  be  amphichiral  does  not  imply  being  symmetrical,  how- 
ever, but  only  the  possibility  of  being  brought  into  two 
forms,  one  of  which  is  the  perversion  or  looking-glass  im- 
age of  the  other. 

amphichroic  (am-fi-kro'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  atubi,  on 
both  sides,  +  %p6a,  complexion,  color.]  Having 
a  double  action  upon  colors  used  as  tests  in 
chemistry.  Erroneously  written  amphicroiUc. 
X.  K.  D. 

amphichromatic  (am'fi-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apfi,  on  both  sides,  +  xp^>pa(r-),  color:  sec  chro- 
matic.'] Reacting  both  as  an  acid  and  as  an 
alkali  upon  colors  used  as  chemical  tests. 

Amphicoelia  (am-fi-se'li-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aptfiKOiAoe,  hollow  all  round:  see  amphiecelous.] 
1.  In  Owen's  classification  of  reptiles,  a  sub- 
order of  Crocodilia,  including  the  extinct  croco- 
diles which  have  amphiecelous  vortebrffi,  as 
members  of  the  genus  Teleosaurus. — 2.  [Used 
as  a  singular.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
James  JIall,  1867. 

amphiccelian  (am-fi-se'li-an),  a.  Amphiece- 
lous; having  amphiecelous  vertebra? ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  Amphicoslia. 

Amphicoelias  (am-fi-se'li-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
tipfinot?.oc,  hollow  all  round:  see  amphiecelous.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  am- 
phiccelian vertebrce.  A.  alius  was  a  huge  species  sup- 
posed to  have  been  able  to  browse  on  tree-tops  30  feet.  high. 
A.  fragUlimus,  another  species,  is  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ceeded A.  altus  in  length.     K.  D.  Cope,  is77. 

amphiecelous  (am-fi-se'lus),  a.    [<  NL.  amphi- 

eielus,(.  Gr.  apAutoikoq,  hollow  all  round,  hollow  at 
both  ends,  <  apipi,  at  both  ends,  +  tto'Ckoc,  hollow : 
see  cccliac.]  In  anat.  and  ;oiJI.,  hollowed  at  both 
ends:  said  of  vertebrae  the  centra  or  bodies  of 

which  are  biconcave.  This  is  the  usual  character  of 
the  vertebrae  of  fishes,  ami  also  of  the  extinct  crocodiles 
(Teleosauridce,  Belodontida2),an(lot8oxae  I  >i  ids  of  the  t  ireta- 
ceous  period,  as  of  the  genus  Ichthyornis (Odontotomies). 

Amphicoma  (am-fik'o-ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 

(,ri,niioc,  with  hair  all  round,  <  aptjti,  around,  + 
adpri,  hair.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of 
the  family  ScarabaHdat.  The  mandibles  in  this  genus 
are  without  teeth  on  the  inner  edge,  the  claveola  of  the 
antennas  are  globular,  ami  the  legs  are  ordinary. 

Amphicondyla  (am-n-kon'di-ia),  v.  pi.  [NL., 
<  fir.  ain;n,  on  both  sides,  +  Kovdv/.or,  a  knuckle, 
mod.  condyle.]  A  name  given  to  the  Mamma- 
lia, with  reference  to  the  pair  of  occipital  con- 
dyles which  vertebrates  of  tliis  class  possess 
in  connection  with  an  ossified  basioccipital : 
opposed  to  Monocondyla  i  which  see). 

Amphictene  (am-fik'te-ne),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
uii'.ii,  around"  +  tcrdc  (ktoi-),  a  comb.]  A  genus 
of  tubicolous  worms,  order  Cephalobranchia, 
class  Annelida,  type  of  the  family  Amphicteni- 
ilie:  equivalent  to  l'eelinaria. 

Amphictenidae  (am-fik-ten'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Amphictene  +  -ida-.]  A  family  of  polychretous 
cephalobranehiate  annelids,  represented  by  the 
genus  Amphictene  or  Pectinaria. 

amphictyon  (am-fik'ti-on),  ».  [<  L.  amphic- 
tiimies,  <  Gr.  hptyticri  uv  ( 1  >cinosthenes),  common- 
ly in  pi.  iifupiKTvovcr;  more  correctly  apipiKTiovcg, 
lit.  dwellers  around,  neighbors,  <  aptjn,  around, 
+  'icrioveg  (only  in  this  word  and  -',"/. '"••" '.'.  of 
same  sense),  pi.  of  'ktiuv,  ppr..<  y/^i.n-.  dwell 
(>  KTi^etv,  people,  establish,  found).  =  Skt.  -i/ 
fcsftj,  dwell,  inhabit.]  In  Gr.  hist,  a  deputy  to 
an  amphictyonic  council,  especially  the  Del- 
phic :  most  commonly  used  in  the  plural  for  the 
council  itself,  or  the  body  of  deputies  (often 
with  a  capital). 


amphidromical 

amphictyonic  (am-fik-ti-on'ik),  a.     [<  Gi 
ktvovikSq,  pertaining  to  the  amphictyons.] 

Pertaining  to  an  amphn  tyony,  particular!     to 

that  id'  Delphi, 
amphictyony  (am-flk'ti-on-i  I,  u. :  pi.  amphicty- 

IIUII'.I    (-iz).         [<  (if.    lilli'filhTnn    <  <   ,'iu- 

o/i,  r/oi  ■■.,  auqiliiel  voiis.  |      In  tie.  Ins/.,  a  league 

of  peoples  inhabiting  neighboring  territorii  ir 
drawn  together  by  community  of  origin  or  in- 
terests, for  mill  mil  protection  ami  the  guardian- 
ship in  common  of  a  central  sanctuary  ami  its 
riles.     There  were  Beveral  Buch  confederations,  but  the 

name  is  specially  appropriated  tothemosi  fa sof  them. 

that  of  Delphi.  This  was  composed  ol  twelve  tribes,  and  its 
deputies  ini'i  twice  i  ach  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and 
at  Thermopylae.  Its  origin  dates  back  to  the  beginnings 
of  Grecian  history,  and  it  survived  the  independence o( 
Greece.  It  exercised  paramount  authority  over  the  famous 
oracular  sanctuarj  of  the  Pythian  Apollo  and  over  thi    in 

ion  m  I  in-  region,  and  conducted  the  Pythian  gj ;s;  ami  it 

constituted,  though  in  an  Imperfect  way,  a  national  con- 
gress of  the  many  c parativelj  small  and  "in  a  opposed 

states  1 1 do  which  Greece  was  divided. 

amphicurtous  (am-fi-ker'tus),  a.  So.-  amphi- 
cyrtous. 

amphicyon  (am-fis'i-pn),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  apeji,  on 
both  sides,  +  k'vuv,  dog,  =  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  A 
large  fossil  carnivorous  quadruped,  whose  teeth 
combine  the  characters  of  those  of  the  dogs 
(Canidie)  and  of  the  bears  ( I  rsidce).  It  occurs 
principally  in  the  Miocene  Tertiary  formation. 

amphicyrtous  (am-fi-ser'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  hji^i- 
Kvp-og,  curved  on  each  side  like  the  moon  in  its 
3d  quarter,  gibbous,  <  aptyi,  on  both  sides,  +  avp- 
rdg,  curved:  see  curve.]  Curved  on  both  sides; 
gibbous.    Also  written  amphicurtous.   X.  E.D. 

amphicytula  (am-fi-sit'u-lii),  n. ;  pi.  amphicy- 
tiiUe  (-le).  [NL.,<«mn/f/-+  cytula,  NL.  dim.  of 
Gr.  kvtoc,  a  hollow.]  In  emoryol.,  the  parent- 
cell  (cytula)  which  results  from  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg  known  its 
an  amphimonerula,  by  the  re-formation  of  a  nu- 
cleus, and  which  passes  by  total  but  unequal 
segmentation  of  thevitellus(yolk)totlie  succes- 
sive stages  known  as  amphimorula,  amphiblas- 
tula,  and  amphigastrula.  See  these  words.  The 
human  egg  is  an  example.  This  is  the  usual  form  of  egg 
in  mammals  and  sundry  other  animals.    See  gastrulation. 

amphidt,amphidet(am'fid,  -fid), a.  [<Gr.d/^>;, 
both,  +  -id-.]  A  term  applied  by  Berzelius  to 
the  salts  of  those  acids  which  contain  oxygen, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  haloid  salts.  The 
amphid  salts  were  regarded  as  compounds  of  twooxids, 
one  electro-positive,  the  other  electro-negative. 

Amphidesma  (am-fi-des'ma),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
e//i,e,  on  both  sides,  +  deapoc,  a  band,  <  Sew, 
bind.]  A  genus  of  lainellibranehiates,  con- 
taining bivalve  mollusks  of  rounded  form  with 
large  siphons,  a  long  tongue-shaped  foot,  and 
a  double  ligament,  one  internal  and  one  exter- 
nal:  a  synonym  of  Xemele.     Lamarck,  1H18. 

amphidesmid  (am-fi-des'mid),  n.  A  bivalve 
mollusk  of  the  family  Amphidesmidee. 

Amphidesmidse  (am-fi-des'ini-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
(.Amphidesma  +  -ida1.]  A  family  of  bivalve 
mollusks,  of  which  the  genus  Amphidesma  is 
the  type:  a  synonym  of  Setm  lida-. 

amphldiarthrodial  (am  ti-di-iir-thro'di-al),  «. 
[<  NL.  amphidiarthrosis,  after  artlinnlial.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphidiarthrosis. 

amphidiarthrosis  (am'fl-di-ar-thro'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a/ifi,  on  both  sides,  +  dtapBpaaic, 
articulation,  diarthrosis.]  In  anat..  a  mode  of 
articulation  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of 
both  diarthrosis  and  amphiarthrosis,  admitting 
of  free  movement  in  several  directions,  a  fa 
miliar  example  is  the  articulation  of  the  lower  jaw  with 
the  rest  of  the  human  skull,  which  permits  an  up-and-down 
motion,  as  in  opening  ami  shutting  tile  mouth,  ami  also  a 
rotatory  motion  from  side  to  side  and  forward  ami  back- 
ward.      Abo  railed  dOUble  Ui!ln<<d,,i. 

amphidisk,  amphidisc  (am'fi-disk),  ».  [<  NL. 
amphidiscus,  <  Gr.  ap<p,,  at  both  ends,  +  Hgkoc, 
a  round  plate:  see  disi.]  In  cool.,  one  of  the 
spicules,  resembling  two  toothed  wheels  united 
by  an  axle,  which  surround  the  reproductive 
gemmules  of  Spongilla.  Also  written  amphi- 
discus. 

amphidromia  (am-fi-dro'mi-ii),  n.  pt.  [<  Gr.  r.ii- 
tj>i6p6fua,  pi.  (see  did'.  I,  <  awpidpopOQ,  mi 
around,  <  aptyi,  around,  +  -Spopoc,  running,  < 
tv,  run:  sec  Dramas,  dromedary,  etc.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  family  festival  in  honor  of 
the  birth  of  a  child,    it  was  held  in  the  evening,  when 

the  chilli  was  about  a  week  old.  The  guests  brought  small 
presents  and  were  entertained  at  a  repast.  The  child  was 
presented  to  the  company  and  carried  about  the  family 
hearth  by  two  women,  and  at  this  time  received  its  name, 
to  which  the  guests  were  witnesses.  The  door  of  tie- 
house  was  decorated  with  olive-branches  for  a  hoy.  and 
with  tufts  of  w  ool  for  a  girl, 

amphidromical  (am-n-drom'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  amphidromia. 


amphidromical 


184 


At  the  amphidromical  feasts 


'.»'-'  [<  ..i    on  the  mil,  daj  after  the  amphigoric  (am-fi-gor'ik),  a.     [<  F.  amphit 
esents  wen   Bent  from  friends,  of  poly-     ,., ...     /    .    ,/■        .-  "         ,■  ,    ',,..■ 


child  was  born,  pre 

puaes  and  cuttlefishes.      Sii  I.  Browne,  Garden'of  Cyrils, 

ampllidura  (ani-fi-du'rii),  n.  A  corruption  of 
amphithyra. 

Amphigaea  (am-fi-je'S),  «.  [XL.,  <  Or.  aufl, 
implying  doubt.  +  yaia,  ;>,,  the  earth,  a  land  or 
country.]     In  & r<  "...  the  Amphigean  realm. 

amphigam  (am'fi-gam),  n.  [=F.  amphigame, 
<NL.  amphigamus:  see  amphigamous.]  In  De 
Candolle'a  classification  of  plants,  one  of  the 
group  of  cryptogams,  including  the  lichens, 
fungi,  and  algaa,  in  which  sexual  organs  were 
unknown. 

amphigamous  (am-tig'a-mus).  </.     [<  NL.  am- 
phigamus, <  Gr.  a/iQi,  implying  doubt,  + 
marriage.]     In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  am- 
phigams :  tliallogenous. 


gou- 
riquc,  <  ampkigomri:  see  ampliigory.]  (if,  re- 
lating to,  or  consisting  of  auipliigory;  absurd: 
nonsensical. 

amphigory  (am'fi-go-ri),  ».:  pi.  amphigories 
(-nz).  [Modified  from  F.  amphigouri,  of  un- 
certain origin;  appar.  a  factitious  word,  based 


amphipodous 

amphioxid  (am-fi-ok'sid),  ».  An  animal  of 
the  family  AmphioxiiUc ;  a  branchiostomid. 

Amphioxidae(am-li-ok'si-dc).  u.  pi.  [NL.,<Am- 
phtoxus  +  ■idee.']  The  only  known  family  of  lep- 
tocardians  or  acranial  vertebrates,  taking  namo 
from  the  genus  Amphioxus:  a  synonym  of 
BroMcMostomidce  (which  see). 


on  Gr.   a/ifl,   on  both  sides.]     A   meaningless  AmphiOXim    (am"fi-ok-si'ni),    n.  pi.       [NL.,  < 


rigmarole,  as  of  nonsense-verses  or  the  like;  a 
nonsensical  parody. 
Amphileptus(ani-ti-lep'tus),  )i.  [XL.,<Gr.  a/ifi, 
on  both  sides,  +  texrde,  small,  fine,  delicate.]  A 
genus  of  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  Tra- 
clielocercida;  having  numerous  contractile  vac- 
uoles in  two  longitudinal  series.  ,4.  qigat,  one  of 
the  largest  known  infusorians,  has  a  lengthened  com- 
pressed form  with  a  long  neck,  and  tin-  mouth  near  tie 
base  "l  the  proboscis. 


pin^ams;   neurogenous.  Dase  01  tne  proDoscis. 

amphigastria  (ain-fi-gas'tri-a),  11.  pi.     [XL.,  <  amphilogism  (am-fiTo-jizm),  n.     [<  amphilogy 
Gr.  ii/ioi.  around,  +  yaa-i/p,  stomach :  see  gas-     +  -ism.']     A  circumlocution.     X.  E.  D. 


trie]  The  peculiar  stipule 
like  accessory  leaves  on  the 
lower  side  id'  the  stem  of  some 
scale-mosses  and  other  Sepa- 
ticw. 
amphigastrula  (am-fi-gas'- 
tro-la),  >i. ;  pi.  amphigastrula? 
(-le).  [XL.,  <  ail/phi-  +  gas- 
trula.]  In  1  mbryol.,  that  form 
of  metagastrula  (which  see) 
which  results  from  unequal 
cleavage  or  segmentation  of 
the  vitellus  (yolk). 

amphigean  (am-fi-je'an),  a. 

[<   Gr.    awfi,    around,   '+    yr,,  T™?^Xl. 
the     earth:      see     geography, 
etc.]     1.  Extending  around' the  earth:  in  Jo?., 
applied  to  genera  or  species  that  are  found 
around  the  globe  in  approximately  the  same  lati 


amphilogy  (am-fil'o-ji),  ».;  pi.  amphilot/ies 
(-jiz).  [<  Gr.  apfiloyia,  doubt,  debate.  <  apQi- 
Xoyog,  uncertain,  <  a/j<pi,  on  both  sides,  +  '/■ • ,  1  iv, 
speak:  see -ulogy.]    Ambiguity;  amphibology. 

amphimacer  (am-fim'a-ser),  n.      [<  L.  amphi- 


Amphioxus  +  -int.  ]     Same  as  Amphioxidw. 

AmphiOXUS  (am-fi-ok'sus),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aufi, 
at  both  ends,  +  6fi>c,  sharp:  see  oxygen.]  The 
lancelets,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family  A m- 
phioxidce,  whose  body  is  compressed  and  tapers 
to  a  point  at  each  end:  a  synonym  of  Brando- 
as/, una  |  which  sec).  See  also  cut  under  liiuei- 
let. 

amphipneust  (am'fip-nust),  n.  {<.  Amphi- 
pneusta.]   One  of  the  Amphipneusta. 

Amphipneusta  (am-fip-nus'ta),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Gr.  ii/'ipi,  in  both  ways,  +  *7Tvcvari'n;,  verbal  adj. 
of  nvciv,  breathe:  see  pneumatic]  A  former 
name  of  a  suborder  of  tailed  Amphibia,  which  re- 
tain their  gills  through  life.  as  constituted  by  Mer- 
rum,  the  group  included,  however,  the  larval  forms  of  some 
amphibians  which  undergo  metamorphosis.    See  tTrodela. 


,„'~„    /  ri_     •    a.-        "      1  i  AT     :,*■   '       ampiuuians  wmen  unaergo  metamorpnosis.    seeurwM 

mam  us,  <  Gr.  a^paxpoc  long  on  both  sides,  <  Amphipneustea  (am-fip-nus'te-a),  n.pl.    [XL 
auQi,  on  both  sides,  +  /laxpdc,  long:  see  macron.     see  Amphipneusta.]   A  name  used  by  Wiegman 
Cf.  amphibrach.]    In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syl-    f01-  the  Onchidiidce  (which  see), 
ables,  the  middle  one_  short  and  the  others  amphipnoid   (am-fip'noid),   n.     A  fish  of  the 


Lower  side  of  branch, 
showing  Amphigastria, 

aves. 


long,  as  in  Latin  edstitas:  the  opposite  of  am 
phibraeh. 
Amphimonadidae  (am"fi-mo-nad'i-de),  11.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Amphimonas  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  na- 
ked, free-swimming  or  sedentary,  biflagellate 
infusorians,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphimonas. 
Winn  sedentary  they  are  attached  by  a  prolongation  of 
the  posterior  extremity  or  by  a  caudal  filament.  The 
two  fiagella  are  terminal  and  of  equal  size;  there  is 
distinct  oral  aperture,  food  being  taken  ' 


family  Amphipnoidoz. 

Amptiipnoidae  (am-fip-noi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphipnous  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  symbran- 
Chiate  fishes.  The  technical  characters  are  a  cranium 
abbreviated  behind,  branchial  apparatus  partly  behind 
the  cranium,  a  scapular  arch  not  directly  connected  » ith 
the  skull,  and  a  double  vascular  lung-like  sac  communi- 
cating with  the  branchial  cavity,  (inly  one  apeciea  Is 
known,  the  euchia  or  Amphipnous  euehia.  It  is  a  com- 
mon East  Indian  tish,  of  a  sluggish  nature,  and  amphibious 
in  its  mode  of  life.    It  has  a  very  long  eel-like  form. 


.__  in  at  any  point  of 

the  periphery  of  the  body, 
tude.— 2.  [cap.]  [<*XL.  Ampkigtea  +  -an.]  In  Amphimonas  (am-fi-mon'as),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Amphipnoina  (am-fip-no-i'na),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
zodgeog.,  a  term  applied  to  the  temperate  South  ","?'»  on  both  sides,  +  jiovac  (fiovaS-),  one,  a  Amphipnous  +  -ina.]  The  Amphipnoidw,  as  a 
American  realm  as  one  of  the  prime  zoologi-  unit:  see  monad.]  The  typical  genus  of  Am-  subfamily  of  Symbranchiidw,  having  the  vent 
cal  divisions  of  the  earth's  land-surface,  with     phimonadida!.  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  skull,  and  the  scap- 

reference  to  its  equivocal  or  ambiguous  zoologi-  amphimonerula  (am  fi-rno-ner'o-la),«.;  pi.  am-    "-lar  arch  not  attached  to  the  skull.    Guntlier. 
cal  character.    Together  with  the  Dendrogean  or  tropi-     phimonerulce  (-le).   [XL.,  <  amphi-  +  monerula.]     Also  written  Amphipnoina;. 

In  embryol.,  the  monerula-stage  of  a  holoblastie  Amphipnous  (am-fip'no-us),  n,    [XL.,<Gr.  ii/upi, 


cal  American  realm,  it  composes  the  Neotropical  region 
of  Sclater, 

amphigen  (am'fi-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  au<pi,  around,  + 
-}»w,  <  V*ye»,  produce:  see  -gen.  Cf.  amphi- 
gene.]  1.  In  but.,  a  tliallogen  :  a  name  applied 
by  Brongniart  to  those  cryptogams  (the  algas, 
fungi,  and  lichens)  which  increase  by  develop- 
ment of  cellular  tissue  in  all  directions,  and  not 


egg  which  undergoes  unequal  segmentation  or 
cleavage  of  the  vitellus  (yolk),  and  becomes 
successively  an  aniphicytula,  amphimorula, 
amphiblastula,  and  amphigastrula  (see  these 
words).  It  is  a  cytode  which  includes  formative  v.. Ik 
atone  pole  and  nutritive  yolk  at  the  other;  the  two  being, 
however,  indistinguishable,  and  ' 


on  both  sides,  +  --rooc,  breathing,  <  nveiv, 
breathe.]  A  genus  of  eel-like  fishes  distin- 
guished by  a  lung-like  respiratory  apparatus 
which  enables  the  fish  to  breathe  air  directly 
as  well  as  through  the  medium  of  water.  It  is 
the  type  of  the  family  Atujilii/iiioidCB. 


its  supposed  cleavage  in  two  directions.]   Same 
as  leueitt . 

amphigenous  (am-fij'e-nus),  a.  [As amphigen  + 
-ous.]     1.  in  bot.,  growing  all  around  an  obiect: 

applied  to  tungi  which  art;  not  restricted  to  any  amphimorphic  (am-fi-mor'fik),  a.  [As  Amph 
particular  part  ot  the  surface  of  the  host.— 2f.  morpluc  +  -ic.]  Having  the  character  of  c 
In  cIiiiii.,  of  the  nature  ot  amphigen. 

Also  written  amphogenous. 
Amphigenous  reaction,' in  chem 


niognathoiis  eai-inate  birds:  so  called  because 
intermediate  between  the  anserine  birds  and  the 
storks.  It  contains  only  the  flamingos,  Phcenicopteridce 
(which  see).  Seecut  under  flamingo.  The  term  is  zoologi- 
cally equivalent  to  Odontorjlossw  of  Nitzsch,  of  prior  date. 


.  a  reaction  which  ex- 
hibits both  ai  Ed  and  alkaline  characters. 

Amphignathodon    (am-fig-nath'o-don),    n. 

[XL.,  <  Gr.  aufi,  on  both  sides,  +  )  valine,  jaw, 
+  oil.,..  (bSovT-)  =  B.  tooth.]  A  peculiar  genus 
of  aroit'orons  anurous  batrachians,  having  teeth 
in  both  jaws,  dilated  processes  of  the  sacrum, 

a  bi l-pouch,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the 

tree-frogs;  the  type  of  a  family  Amphignatho 


pertaining  to  the  Amphimorphee. 
amphimorula  (am-fi-mor'd-lii),  n. ;  pi.  amphi- 
morulm  (-le).  [XL.,  <  ampin-  +  morula.]  In 
embryol.,  the  morula,  or  mulberry-like  mass, 
which  results  from  the  total  but  unequal  seg- 
mentation of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  in  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastie  egg  kuown  as 
an  amphicytula;  a  solid  and  generally  globular 
mass  of  cleavage-celle  which  are  not  all  alike. 
Further  Btagesol  development  are  the  amphiblastula  and 
the  amphigastrula.  The  human  eggisan  example. 


,  .  1    ■      t  \  uit.iiii|jiii^„.,ii  111. 1.      1JICJIUU1BUCUS IO  1*11  CJUMJJJJ1C 

aontida  (which  see).     ./.  guentheri  is  an  arbo-  Amphineura  (am-fi-nu'ra),  n.  pi.    [XL.,  <  Gr. 


real  species  of  the  tropical  Andean  region. 

amphignathodontid(aru-iig-nath-o-don'tid),H. 
One  of  lie-  Amphignathodontidce. 

Amphignathodoritidas  (am-fig-nath-o-don'ti- 
de),n.  /■'.  |N'L..<  a, upli, ,,„, iti,,„i, ,„,:.,'+-,, i, r.  | 
A  laiini'.  of  anurous  batrachians,  typified  bythe 
only  certain!}  known  genus,  Amphignathodon 
(which  see). 

amphigonic  (am-(i-gon'ik  I,  a.  Same  usampliig- 
onous. 

amphigonous  (am-fig'o-nns),  a.    [<  Gr.  as  if 

.  <  am,',  on   both  sides,  +  -youoc  (adj. 

<":),  <  V  */"•  produce.     Cf.  tir 
b.j  a  stepchild,  <oik,,i  +  ydVoc,  offspring.  |   Trans- 
mitting to  offspring  the  characters  of  both  pa- 
rents; pertaining  to  amphigony, 


aufi,  around,  +  veiipov,  sinew,  nerve.]  A  class 
or  phylum  of  renins  constituted  by  the  genera 
Veomenia  and  Chcetoderma,  together  with  the 
Chitonidce,  the  latter  being  removed  from  thi 
Mollusca  and  assoeiate.l  with  tin' genera  named 
on  account  of  tin-  similarity  in  the  nervous 
system.  //.  ™»  Ihering,  1878. 
Amphinome (am-fin'o-me), «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  c ■■■■■■ 

around,  +  ruin;,  :\  feeding,  <  r. i  inniiai,  feed,  pas- 
lure,  act.  |      A    genus   of  ehafopodous  worms, 


reetions :  sic  amphipod.]  In 
zool,,  an  order  of  sessile-eyed 
(edriophthalmous)  crustacean 
arthropods:  sometimes,  as  by 
I  >a  iia,  united  with  lsopoda  in  an 
order  Choristopoda.  The  order  is 
distinguished  from  other  Edriophthal. 
mm  by  ha\ing  the  abdondnal  region 
well  developed,  and  by  effecting  res- 
piration by  means  of  membranous  vesi- 
cles attached  to  the  bases  of  the  tho- 
racic Limbs.  The  bodlesof  the  aniinals 
arc  compressed  laterally  and  curved 
longitudinally;  some  of  the  iei:S  are 
directed  forward,  the  lest  backward 
(whence  the  name).  The  thorax  has  tl 
or  7  M-ni.  tils,  the  al.ilouicn  7.  The 
(ail  is  natatory  or  Baltatorial.  The  4 
anterior  locomotive  limbs  (namely, 
to. 111  flic  second  to  the  fifth  thoracic 
limb  Inclusive)  are  directed  forward, 
posterior  backward.   The  latter 

l    14'tli    se^    arc  called    pereiopoda,   and    are    the  :i 
ments.  '     ambulatory  limbs;  behind  them,  and 

strongly  contrasted  with  them, 
pairs  of  dinged  appendages,  called  pteopods,  which  are  the 

true  swimming-organs.     The  body  ends  behind  in  a  vari- 
ously shaped  telsoii.      The  I  1  es  are  sessile,  and  s etitio  s 

rudimentary.    Ti it.. about:!  families  ..1  the  order,  the 

most  extensive  of  which  lathe  Gammaridce,  are  recognised 
by  different  authors.  The  little  animals  known  as  Band 
hoppers,  sand  fleas,  and  Bhore-jumpers  are  members  of 
this  order,  the  various  forme  ot  which  Inhabit  both  fresh 

n. I  -ill   Mate 


'  in  fit  ithot,   one  of 

tlic  Amphipoda. 

r.  rostrum ;  /,  tcl- 

sc-n  ;  lb,  labniirj .  br, 


1  in    1  mphinomea 


A  family  of  mari 


amphigony  (am-fig'o-ni),  /..     [As  amphigonous  i«„ii«„„ij„  /„., 

opposite  oi  monogony.     \\„-  word  is  chlefl]  u  ed  mil 

referenci  to  those  lower  animals  which  nia)  lugab   oi 

Hi"    ui.  1. .11'      nol  ordinarily  used  of  reproduction 
in  higher  animals. 


Qegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p,  181 

[NL., 

I 


tphipod  :  1. ".'  ..I  1  he  Amphipoi 
amphipodiform  (am-fi-pod'i-fdrm),  a.    |<  nm- 
phipoa  +  -i-fnrm.  I     Resembling  a  Band-hopper 

in  form;  formed  like  an  amphipod.      Kirby  and 

Sprner,    1828. 


locomotory  polychstous  annelids,  of  the  order 

Chcetopoda,  having  several  postoral  segments  amphipodous  (am-fip'o-dus),  n.     [<  amphipod 


included  in  the  head, 


.]      Having  feet  in  both  directions;  spe- 


ainphipodous 

cifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  tho  Amphipoda. 
Equivalent  forms  are  amphipod,  amphipodal, 
amphipodan. 

Amphiporidae  (am-fi-por'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphiporus  +  -i<l<t ■  ]  In  zool.,  a  family  of  rhyn- 
chocoelous  turbellarians  or  nemerteans  having 
tlic  proboscis  armed  with  stylets,  which  are 
wanting  in  the  other Rhynchoc&la.  Also  called 
Enopla. 

Amphiporus (am-fip'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a.p$i, 
on  both  siiles,  +  rcdpoc,  passage,  pore.]  A  genus 
of  ncrnerteans,  typical  of  the  family  Amphi- 
poridce  (which  see).  A.  laetijtorus  is  a  European 
Bpecies,  ■'•  or  4  inches  long,  found  under  stones  from  the 
North  Sea  to  the  .Mediterranean. 

amphiprostylar  (ani'ti-pro-sti'lar),  a.  Same 
as  amphiprostyle. 

amphiprostyle  (ani-fi-pro'stil),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
phiprostylos,  <  Gr.  ap^ncpdarvhoc,  having  a  pro- 
style at  both  ends,  <  autyi,  on  both  sides,  +  Kp6- 
otv?mc ,  prostyle :  eeeprostyle.]  Literally,  haying 
columns  both  in  front  and  behind.    InarcA.,ap- 


Plan  of  Amphiprostyle  Temple. 

plied  to  a  structure  having  the  plan  of  an  ancient  Greek 
or  Roman  rectangular  temple  with  a  portico  at  each  end  or 
in  both  front  and  rear,  but  no  columns  on  the  sides  or  Hanks. 

AmpMpyleae  (am-fi-piro-e),  n.  j>l.    [NL.,<Gr. 

au<pi-v'/.oc,  with  two  entrances,  <  auipi,  on  both 
sides,  +  ttv'A-o,  a  gate,  entrance.]  A  division  of 
1'liaodaria  (which  see),  containing  those  pha?o- 
darians  which  have  pseudopodal  openings  at 
the  opposite  poles  of  the  central  capsule:  dis- 
tinguished from  Monopyleee.    Haeckel. 

amphipylean  (ain'fi-pi-le'an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Amphipylem. 

Amphirhina  (am-fi-ri'nii),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  amphirhinus:  see  amphirliine.]  A  prime  di- 
vision of  the  skulled  vertebrates,  or  Craniota, 
including  all  except  the  Monorhina  (which  see)  ; 
the  double-breathers,  it  is  a  term  expressive  rather 
of  an  evolutionary  series  of  animals  than  of  a  definite  zoo- 
logical division. 

amphirliine  (am'fi-rin),  a.  [<  NL.  amphirhi- 
nus, <  Gr.  a/Mpi,  on  both  sides,  +  pic,  piv,  nose.] 
Double-nostriled:  specifically  said  of  the  Am- 
phtrhina. 

Should  jaws  be  absent,  the  Cephalaspidte  would  approach 
the  Marsipobraiichii  more  nearly  than  any  of  the  other 
amphirliine  fishes  do.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  129. 

amphisarca  (am-fi-siir'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap<j>i, 
on  both  sides,  +  trdpf  (oapn-),  flesh.]  Any  hard- 
rinded  fruit  having  a  succulent  interior  and  a 
erustaeeous  or  woody  exterior,  as  the  gourd. 
[Rare.] 

amphisaurid  (am-fi-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaurian 
reptile  of  the  family  Amjihisauridce. 

Amphisauridae  (am-fi-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphisaurus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  dinosau- 
rian reptiles:  now  superseded  by  Anchisauridce. 

Amphisaurus  (am-fi-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  apcj>i, 
on  both  sides,  -r  aavpoc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dino- 
saurian reptiles  with  amphiccelous  vertebras. 
The  name  is  now  superseded  by  Ancliisa urns, 
and  is  a  synonym  of  Megadactylus  of  Hitchcock. 

amphisbaena  (am-fis-be'iiit),  n.     [Early  mod.  E. 
amphibene,  ME.  corruptly  alphibena,  =OF.  am- 
phisbeine,  mod.  F.  ampliisbene  =  Sp.  anfisbena, 
anfisibena =Pg.  amphisbena  =  It.  anfisbena,  an- 
fesibena,  <  L.  amphisbama,  <  Gr.  autptcijiaiva,  a 
kind  of  serpent  believed  to  move  with  either 
end  foremost,  <  upfii;,   at  both  ends,  a  form 
of  a/ujii  (see  ainphi-),  +  jiahuv,  go,  =  L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  come.']     1.  A  fabulous  venomous 
serpent  supposed  to  have  a  head  at  each  end 
and  to  be  able  to  move  in  either  direction. 
Complicated  monsters  head  and  tail, 
Scorpion,  and  asp,  and  amphisbcena  dire. 
Cerastes  horn'd,  hydras,  and  elops  drear, 
And  dipsas.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  524. 

Two  vipers  of  one  breed  —  an  amphiabceiia, 
Each  end  a  sting.        Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iii.  4. 

2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lizards  distin- 
guished by  the 
obtuseness  of 
the  head  and 
tail,  typical  of 
the  family  Am- 
phisbwnidos.  The 

species,  inhabiting 
tropical  South 
America  and  the 
West    Indies,    are 


185 

sluggish  and  mostly  nocturnal,  of  snake  like  aspect  from 
iii-  absence  oi  limbs,  and  able  to  move  either  backward  or 
forward. 

Amphisbsenia  (am-fis-be'ni-a),  n.   pi.     [NL., 

<  Aiiijiliishu  nil.]  A  supei'family  group  of  lacer- 
tilians:  a  synonym  of  Amphisbamoida. 

amphisbasnian  (am-fls-be'ni-an),  a.  ami  n.     L< 
amphisbaena  +  -Jan.]    I.  a.   Of  or  pertaining 
to  die  amphisbaena,  or  to  the  Ampliisbamoida. 
II.  n.  Same  as  amphisbcena,  1. 

amphisbaenic  (am-fis-be'nik),  a.  [<  amphis- 
luriiit  +  -(<■.]  Like  the  amphisbsena;  moving 
backward  or  forward  with  equal  ease.  An 
equivalent  form  is  amphisbamous. 

\   ik   .I  to  it  by  an  amphisbcenie  snake, 

Shelley,  i'i Unbound,  iii.  4. 

amphisbaenid  (am-fis-be'nid),  n.    A  lizard  of 

tin-  family  Amphisbamidce. 
Amphisbffinidae(am-tis-be'ni-de),  ii.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Amphisbcena  +  -iila:]  The  typical  family  of 
the  group  Ampliisbamoida.  it  embraces  sluggish 
and  mostly  nocturnal  snake-like  lizards,  such  as  those  "i 
the  genus  Amphisbcena,  which  are  limbless,  and  are  thus 
distinguished  from  the  Chirotidce  (which  see). 

Amphisbaenoida  (am* tis-be-noi'da),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampliisbaua  +  -nida.]  One  of  themajor 
divisions  of  existing  Laa  rtilia  (lizards),  differ- 
ing from  all  others  except  tin-  Chamaileonida  in 
the  absence  of  a  columella  and  of  an  interor- 
bital  septum  of  the  skull.  The  position  of  the  quad- 
rate bone  is  peculiar;  the  skull  in  general  resembles  that 
of  an  ophidian ;  the  vertebra?  are  proccelous,  and  have 
neither  zygantrum  nor  zygosphene;  there  is  no  sacrum; 
and  all  hut  one  or  two  of  the  precaudal  vertebra;  bear 
ribs.  The  bodies  of  these  lizards  are  completely  snake- 
like.  All  the  representatives  of  the  group  are  limbless, 
excepting  members  of  the  genus  Chirotes,  which  have  a 
pair  of  small  pectoral  limbs.  The  tail  is  extremely  short, 
so  that  the  vent  is  near  the  end  of  the  body.  The  integu- 
ment is  not  scaly. 

Amphisbaenoidaea  (am"fis-be-noi'de-a),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Amphisbamoida. 

amphisbaenous  (am-fis-be'nus),  a.  Same  as 
amphisbamic. 

amphiscian  (ani-fish'i-an),  n.  One  of  the  am- 
phiscii. 

amphiscii  (am-fish'i-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/j- 
<j>ioiiioc,  pi.  aptpicsiuoi,  throwing  a  shadow  both 
ways,  <  &p<p't,  on  both  sides,  +  cum,  shadow. 
Cf.  autiscii.]  In  geog.,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
intertropical  regions,  whose  shadows  at  noon 
are  cast  in  one  part  of  the  year  to  the  north  and 
in  the  other  part  to  the  south,  according  as  the 
sun  is  in  the  southern  or  the  northern  signs. 

amphisient,  a.  [For  amphiseien  =  E.  amphis- 
cian, as  adj.]  In  her.,  double ;  having  two 
heads. 

Amphisile  (am-fis'i-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap<pi  or 
'»","<'.  around  ;  it  is  uncertain  what  the  last  two 
syllables  were  intended  to  represent.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Amphisilida; 
formerly  referred  to  the  sea-snipes,  Fistidariida 
or  Aulostomida;  and  by  Gunther  to  the  Centris- 
cides. 

amphisilid  (am-fis'i-lid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily AmphisilidoB. 

Amphisilidae  (am-fi-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphisile  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes.  The  body  is  much  compressed,  and  is  armed 
with  bony  plates  connate  with  the  vertebra  and  spinous 
processes;  the  tail  is  deflected  downward  by  the  extension 
of  the  armature  behind.  Fishes  of  this  family  have  an 
elongated  tuoiform  snout,  abdominal  ventrals  with  aspine 


amphitheatrical 

worms,  of  which  Ho-  genus  Amphistomvm  is  the 
type.  <  )ther  genera  are  Diplostomum  and  Gas- 
trodiscus. 

amphistomoid  (am-fis'to-moid),  a.  [<  Amphi- 
shniiiiin  +  -uid.\  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  family 
Amphistomidw :  amphistomous. 

amphistomous  (ain-iis'tii-inus),  u.  [<NX.am- 
phistomus,  <  Gr.  apfyiaropoc,  with  double  mouth, 
<//i/u/,  on  both  sides, +  oro/«z,  mouth:  see  stoma.] 
Saving  a  mouth -like  orifice  at  either  end  of  the 
body,  by  which  tu  adhere  to  the  intestines  of 
animals,  as  some  trematode  parasitic  worms; 
amphistomoid. 

Amphistomum(aiii-iis'ip-mum),m.  [NL.,nout. 
oiamphistomus,  with  double  mouth:  see  amphis- 
tomous. ]  A  genus  of  trematode  parasitic  worms, 

typical  of  ihe  family  .Inijiliistiiinidte. 

amphistylic  (am-fi-sti'lik),  "■  [<  Gr.  aptj>i,  on 
both  sides,  +  nn'/ni ,  a  i pillar:  see  styh  -.  ]  Hav- 
ing pillars  on  both  sides:  applied  in  zool.  to  the 
skulls  of  sharks,  which  have  supports  for  both 
the  upper  and  lower  mandibular  arches.  Huxley. 

amphitheater,  amphitheatre  (am-fi-the'a- 
ter),  ».  [The  latter  spelling  is  now  usual  in 
England,  after  the  F.,  though  formerly  amphi- 
theater; cf.  F.  amphithidtre  =  Pg.  amphifheatro 
=  Sp.  It.  anfiteatro  =  D.  G.  amphitheater  =  Dan. 
amfiteater,  <  L.  amphitlieatrum,  <  Gr.  a/i<pidia- 
rpov,  prop.  neut.  of  a/Mpidiarpoc,  having  a  theater 


riHBHi 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Aries,  France. 

(semicircular  structure)  ou  both  sides,  <  a/i<pif 
around,  +  diar/ivr,  a  place  for  seeing  shows, 
a  theater:  see  amphi-  and  theater.']  1.  In  anc. 
Rom.  arch.,  an  edifice  devoted  to  the  exhibition 
of  gladiatorial  contests  and  the  combats  of  wild 
beasts.  Such  edifices  were  elliptical  in  form,  and  con- 
sisted of  a  central  area  or  arena,  surrounded  by  a  wall, 
from  which,  sloping  upward  and  outward,  were  rows  oi 
seats  for  the  spectators.    The  earliest  amphitheaters  were 


^m»^^i;^;. 


%-^T/ 


Amphisilt  seutata. 

and  several  rays,  ami  a  dorsal  tin  crowded  "tit  of  place  by 
the  extension  of  the  dermal  armature.  It  is  a  most  re- 
markable type,  and  exceptional  among  fishes  on  account 
oi  the  peculiar  development  of  the  skeleton  as  a  sort  of 
shell  around  tlic  I'odv.  The  liody  is  almost  transparent, 
and  the  organs,  especially  the  air-bladder,  can  be  dis 
tinctly  seen  through  it.  The  habits  of  the  family  are  un- 
known.   Several  Bpecies  inhabit  the  high 

amphismela  (am-fis-me'la ),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  ap.- 
tpic,  on  both  sides,  +  pi//>i,  a  surgical  instrument, 
a  probe.]     A  double-edged  surgical  knife. 

amphispermium  (am-n-sper'mi-um), «.;  pl.a»t- 
phispermia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/upi,  on  both  sides, 
+  airippa,  seed.]  In  bat.,  a  term  proposed  Eor  an 
indehiseent one-seeded  pericarp;  an  aehenium. 

amphistome  (am'fi-stom),  n.  [<  NL.  Amphi- 
stomum.']  An  animal  of  the  genus  Amphisto- 
iii  a  in  or  family  Amphistomidce. 

amphistomid  (am-fis'to-mid),  «.  One  of  the 
Amphistomidos. 

Amphistomida?  (ain-fi-stom'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,< 
Amphistomum  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  trematode 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Ntmes.  France. 

made  of  wood;  the  first  built  of  stone  date  from  the  time 
of  Augustus.  The  Colosseum  or  Flavian  amphitheater  at 
Rome  was  tin'  largest  of  all  the  ancient  amphitheaters, 
being  capable  of  containing  from  S0,000  {•>  90,000  persons. 
Those  at  Nimes  and  Verona  are  among  the  best  examples 
remaining.  The  dimensions  of  the  latter  are  ,r.0M  by  4o:i 
feet,  withaheight  of  loo  feet. 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  amphitheater  in 
form,  as  an  oval  or  circular  building  with  seats 
rising  behind  ami  above  each  other  around  a 
central  open  space,  or  a  natural  area  sur- 
rounded by  rising  ground;  in  hurt.,  a  sloping 
arrangement  of  shrubs  and  trees. 

He  surveys  all  the  Wonders  in  this  immense  Amphi. 
theatre  that  lie  between  both  the  Poles  of  n, ,. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Mo 

3.  The  uppermost  gallery  of  a  modern  theater. 
amphitheatral (am-fi-the'a-tral), o.    [<  L.am- 

phiiheatralis,  <  amphifheatrurri,   amphitheater: 

see  amphitheater.]     Same  as  amphitheatrical. 

amphitheatre,  »■    See  amphitheater. 

amphitheatric  (am  ii-the-at'rik),  a.  Same  as 
amphitheatrical. 

amphitheatrical  (am  fi-the-at'ri-kal),  a.  [<  L. 
iimphithi  atricus,  <  amphitlieatrum :  see  amphi- 
theater.'] 1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amphitheater. 

The  first  impression  on  seeing  the  .  .  .  great  amphi- 
theatrical depressions  i>,  that  they  have  been  hollowed 
out,  like  other  valleys,  by  the  action  of  water. 

Darwin,  Voyage  "i  Beagle,  II.  225. 

2.  Taking  place  or  exhibited  in  an  amphithe- 
ater: as,  amphitheatrical  contests. 


amphitheatrically 


186 


amphitheatrically  (am  fi-the-at'ri-kal-i),  adv.  amphitropous  (am-fit'ro-pus),  a.     [<  NL.  am- 


In  an  amphitheatrical  manner  or  form. 
amphithect  uuii'ti-tli.  !vt  i. ,;.    [<  Gi 
sharpened  on  both  sides,  two-edged,  <  dud  ,  on 
both    sides,  +  ,  [  l,;il    adj.     of    ' 

sharpen.]  In  morpkol.,  having  the  fundamen- 
tal form  of  an  irregular  pyramid;  having  a  fig- 
ure whose  base  is  a  polygon  of  unequal  sides. 
Haeckel. 

In  the  highest  and  moat  complicated  group,  the  Hete- 
rostaura,  the  basal  polygon  is  no  longer  regular  but  am- 
phithect.  .  .  .  Ctenophores  furnish  examples  of  eight- 
sided  amphithect  pyramids.  Bncyc.  Brit.,  XVI,  s44. 

amphithere  (am'fi-ther),  ».   A  fossil  animal  of 

thi'  genus  Ampliillu  rnnu. 

Amphitheria  (am-fi-the'ri-a),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  pi. 
.-I  Amphitlierium.]  A  group  of  mammals,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Amphitlierium. 

amphitheriid  (am-fi-the'ri-id),  n.  A  fossil  ani- 
mal of  the  family  Ampln/ln  nolo . 

Amphitheriidaeiam  fi-the-rI'i-de),n.#Z,  [NL., 

<  Amphitlierium  +  -id,,.]'  A  family  of  fossil 
mammals,  containing  the  genus  Amphitherium, 
referred  by  Owen  to  the  Insectivora. 


phitropus,  <<ir 


y.h 

2  3 

ETOpOUS  Seeds. 

section  of 
same.showing  i    I 

!  3,  an  ovule  :  a, 
hiluin  ;  I',  micropyle. 


i  round,  f    rptmoc,  <  ryj<  kciv, 
i  urn.  |       In     hot. : 
(a)     Having    the 
hilum  lateral  8  ad 
intermediate   be- 
tween thechalaza 
and     micropyle; 
half-anatropous : 
heterotropous: 
applied      to      an 
ovule  or  seed.  (6) 
Having  the  embryo  curved  or  coiled,  as  in  all 
campylotropous  seeds:  so  used  by  Richard. 
amphitryon(ain-nt'ri-on),  n.    [<F.amphitryon, 

a  host,  entertainer,  in  ref.  to  Amphitryon  in 
Moliere's  comedy  of  that  name,  who  gives  a 
great  dinner;  <  L.  Amphitryon,  <  (ir.  'a/kju- 
rpvav,  in  myth,  the  husband  of  Alcmena  and 
foster-father  of  Hercules.]  1.  A  host ;  an  en- 
tertainer. 

My  nohle  amphitryon  made  me  sit  down. 

Lady  Herbert,  tr.  of  Hubner's  Sound  the  World,  II.  521. 


Amphitherium  .am-fi-the'ri-nm),  „,     [NL.     ^ea™    [NU]    ^  *<>«■>  a  genus  of  orusta- 

S^i?^*  +  '/,  '""""'  ""  '"l",l',si'Ur  fe'e  amphitype  (am'fi-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^i,  in  both 
implying  doubt),  +  fyptov,  a  wild  beast ,<  M,p  ^  Vrbiros,  impression,  type.]  A  photo- 
?  »'''   '"-'■  =  I-  ''< '  '■■  '1-  v.]     A  genusof  small     „,,{1>hi(.   pl.0l;,:R8    Ascribed  by  Sir  John  Her- 

^t?ctlT0US  ™ ";'N   '■'."»  '  '"  LowerOShte,     |eh£.    by  which' were  produced  pictures  that 

withpolyprotodonl  dentition,  but  ot  uncertain    w,,,.  simultaneously  positive  and  negative. 

wveraiman.  Amphiuma  (am-fi-u'ma),  n.     [NL.,  a  pen 
''""  ™*  "amphipneuma,  <  Gr.  a/ip!  - 


i         !  mis  is  known  only  bj  sever; 

dlbular  rami,  about  mi  inch  long, itaining  16  teecn.  .:   -    * 

Amphithoe  (am-fith'o-e),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a/upi,  on  + 
both  sides,  +  6o6e  (fern.  6on),  active,  quick,  < 
Bieiv,  run.]  A 
genus  of  amphi- 
podous  edrioph- 
thalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the 
family  '  'orophi- 
icUe.  The  body  is 
compressed  and 
I,  and  is  com- 
posed of  15  distinct 
segments  or  bo 
the  head, 
formed  of  7  anterior 
coalesced  segments, 
counting  as  one. 
i  bi  re  are  7  free  i  bo 

racic  segments,  each  with  a  pair  of  appendages,  0  abdomi- 
nal segments,  and  a  small  telson.  The  appendages  o(  thi 
first  3  abdominal  segments  are  many-jointed  bristly  fila- 
ments, while  the  3  posterior  are  styliform  and  serve  as 

when  the  animal  leaps.  The  name  is  sometimes  a  m„l,:„,,  ,„„  ;  ,-,/,.«•,  „, 
written, incorrectly, Ampithoi  orAmphitoe.  Seecutunder  •"•"ipuiura  (.im-n-u  rai.w. 
Amphipoda. 

amphithura  (am-fi-thu'ra ),  n.   Same  as  amphi 

thyra. 
amphithyra  (am-fith'i-ra),  n.    [ML..  <  LGr.  ait- 

r-idvpa,  pi.,   au<j>t6vpov,  sins.,  neut.  of  Gr.  a/i<j>i-  amphiurid  (am-fi-u'rid),  )i 

Bvpoc,  with  a  door  on  both  sides,  in  LGr.  being    '"'"'«'• 

on  both  sides  of  the  door.  <  a/npi,  on  both  sides   Amphiuridae  (am-fi-u'ri-de),  n.pl. 


Amphithal. 

!l    XII',  the  app 
fourteenth  somite  ;  r,  rostrum  . 
OS,  oostegite. 


ver- 

.  on  both  sides, 
-!■;  i  un,  breath.]  A  genus  of  tailed  amphib- 
ians witli  both  gills  and  lungs,  and  therefore 
capable  of  breathing  in  both  air  and  water, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphiumiila:  The  genus  is 
sometimes  placed  in  the  family  Cryptobranchiidce,  with 
Menopoma  and  Sieboldia.  Species  occur  in  North  Amer- 
ica, as  the  Aiiijiliiiiuu,  meant,  which  sometimes  attains  a 
li  Njili  of  '■'•  feet,  and  is  called  Congo  snake. 

amphiumid  (am-fi-u'mid),  ».  One  of  the  Am- 
phiumidce. 

Amphiumidse  (ani-fi-u'mi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphiuma  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  gradient  or 
tailed  Amphibia,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphi- 
iima,  connecting  the  salamanders  with  the  cas- 
cilians.  Thej  have  no  eyelids;  teeth  on  the  outer  an- 
terior margin  of  the  palatines;  no dentigerous  plates  on 
the  parasphenoid ;  a  sphenoid  hone;  consolidated  pre- 
maxillaries;  the  vestibular  wall  ossified  internally;  and 
aniphie.elian  vertebrae.     It  is  a  small  family  of  large  sake 

mander-like  amphibians,  the  type  of  which  is  comn in 

American  waters. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  a/tfi,  on 
both  sides,  +  oiipdj  tail.]  A  genus  of  sand-stars, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphiuridoe.  A.sguamata, 
also  named  Ophiocoma  neglccta,  is  a  common 
British  species. 

One  of  the  imph 


+  Drpa  =  E.  door.]     In  the  (//•.  Ch.,  a  veil  or 
curtain  within  the  iconostasis.  when  drawn 

es  the  opening  left  by  the  dwarl  folding  d -sot' 

ad  i  ntirelj  hides  the  altai  and  the  cele 
branl  fr he  view  oi  anyone  not  in  the  sanctuary.  Sev- 
eral times  during  the  service  the  curtain  Is  drawn  back  to 

allow  i  '  c forward  and  read  certain  nor 

tions  '•'  the  service  while  standing  ' 

Is  was  for  mam  centuries  much 
more  open  in  construction  than  at  present,  thi 

in  i  arlj  times  formed  almost  as  important  a  pari  of 
the  barriei   between   the  sanctuary  and  the  restoi  the 
itself.    Erroneouslj  writtenam- 
pAufura.     Si 

amphitoky  (am-fit'6-ki),  n.     [<  Gr.    appiToiua, 

<   """'.  "ii    both   sides.  +  -rni.nr.  producing,  < 

~  '  ~  produce,  bring  forth.  ]     The  pro- 

duction in  parthenogenesis  of  both  male  and 

female  tonus.    Syd.  Soc.  Lt  v. 
Ampbitrite  (am-fi-tri'te),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  '\ 

tiiiti,,  iii  myth,  the  name  of  a  sea-nymph,  a  Ne 

reid  or  i  >■  i i.  who  was  the  wife  of  Poseidon 

'  Neptune  i;  '  ■  ■,.rh,-)  +  .,,     .  c,.m,  ,,i 

•  =  V..  H,.,ii:  of  obscure  application.    Cf. 

Skt.  Trita,  name  of  a  Vedic  deity,  and  see  i, , 

tOn.  |        1.  II, e    pel  veluet  OIIS    til- 

'  amphogenous(n,u-fo.i 

oiiki     epnau>orancnia.    rhej  in  ea  ilj  i mizedby      ,,hi„im>,i 

their  jjmgenon 

ii  with  the M    -     ; 

larly  ■ al  t :     and,  glui  d  I i ij  mil 

uded  from  thi 

2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.     De  Saan,  1835. 
amphitrocha  (am-fit'ro-ka),  n.  pi.    [Nli.,neut. 

pi.  of  amphitrochu  ,<Glr.  au6i,  on  both  sides,  + 
wheel,  ring.  |    Those  larvae  ol 

chastous  annelids  which  have  both  dorsal  and 

'.  em  ral  rings  of  cilia, 
amphitropal  (am-flfro-pal),  a.    Same  as  am- 

ptitlr  ; 


[NL.,<.lw- 


phiura  +  ■idee.']  A  family  of  "sand-stars  with 
simple  arms.  It  belongs  to  the  order  Ophiuridea  and 
class Stell,  rida,  and  contains,  besides  Amphmra,  such  gi  n 
era  as  Ophiopholis,  Ophiactis,  and  Hemipholis. 

amphivorous  (am-fiv'o-rus),  a.    [<  Gr.  a/ifl,  on 

both  sides,  +  L.  vorar'e,  devour.]  l'.nling  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 

Ill    llellt    el    Ho      InllllnL'        A   «,  —  \.i /  V  ~  I  -  ,  TXTT  /     r,  '        .■ 

ni niies  ninei,  Amphizoa  (am-fi-zo  &),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^i, 
on  both  sides,  +  ffpov,  an  animal.]  A  genus  of 
adephagous  Coleoptera,  or  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Amphizoidai.     Le  Cortte,  1853. 

amphizoid  (am'fi-zoid),  n.  <  toe  of  the  Amphi- 
zoidce. 

Amphizoidaa  (am-fi-zoi'de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Am- 


amphoteric 

=  It.  anfora,  <  L.  amphora:  see  amphora.]    1. 
A  two-handled  vessel:  same  as  amphora,  1. 

This  is  an  amfer,  or  a  vessel  thai  sum  men  clepen  a  tan- 
kard.  WycHf,  Zach.  v.  6(0xf.X 

2.    A  liquid  measure:  same  as  amphora,  2. 
amphora   (am'fo-rS),  «.;   pi.   amphora:  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  »//on/>u  r,  a  short  form  of  earlier  djupt- 


A.mph  .i  ■ 
,  Thasian  type ;  b,  Cnidian  type  I  c,  Rhodii 
form. 


ii  lype;  d,  a  Roman 


'»v;ie,  a  jar  with  two  handles,  <  in, pi,  on  both 
sides,  +  ipopevc,  a  bearer,  <  tjiipeiv,  bear,  carry 
(cf.  Qopebeiv,  (popen;  bear),  =  E.  bear*.  See  avi- 
phor,  and  cf.  amberi.]  1.  Among  the  GreekB 
and  Eomans,  a  vessel,  usually  tall  and  slender. 
having  two  handles  or  ears,  a  narrow  neck,  and 
generally  a  sharp-pointed  base  for  insertion  into 
a  stand  or  into  the  ground:  used  for  holding  wine, 
oil,  honey,  grain,  etc.  Amphoras  were  commonly 
made  of  hard-baked  clay,  unglazed;  hut  Homer  mentions 
amphorae  of  gold;  the  Egyptians  had  them  of  bronze;  and 
vessels  of  this  form  have  been  found  in  marble, alabaster, 
glass,  and  silver.   The  stopper  of  a  nine  tilled  amphora  was 


o,  Italy. 


covered  with  pitch  or  gypsum,  and  among  the  Romans 
the  title  of  the  wine  was  marked  on  the  outside,  the  date 
of  the  vintage  being  indicated  by  the  nanus  of  the  consuls 
then  in  office,  linphoroe  with  painted  decoration,  having 
lids,  and  provided  with  bases  enabling  them  to  stand  in* 

dependently,  served  commonly  as  ornaments  an g  the 

Greeks,  and  were  given  as  prizes  at  some  public  games. 
much  as  cups  are  now  given  as  prizes  in  racing  and  athletic 
s  pel  is.  The  Panathenaic  amphorae  were  large  vases  of  this 
class,  hearing  designs  relating  to  the'  worship  of  Athena, 
and,  Idled  with  oil  from  the  sacred  olives,  were  given  at 
Athens  as  prizes  to  the  vieiors  iii  the  Panathenaic  games. 

2.  A  liquid  measure  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 
The  Greek  amphora  ice  probabVj  i  qual  to  24J  liters,  and 
the  Roman  amphora  to25j  liters  in  earlier  and  to  lit;  liters 

in  later  times. 

3.  In  hot.,  the  permanent  basal  portion  of  a 
pyxidium. — 4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  soo'l.:  in)  A 
genus  of  Polygastrica.  Wirenberg.  (6)  A  genu:. 
of  coleopterous  insects.  Ilul/as/o,,. .  Bacchic 
amphora._  See  Baccliu 

amphoralis,  < 
resembling  an 


phizoa  +  Jdm.]  A  family  of  adephagous  Cofeop-  amphoral  (am'fo-ral),  a.    [<  L. 

'  '"■  '"'  beetle.,  ,,i  aquatic  habits.    n,e  „„,,.,,,      ampltora.]     Of.  pertaining  to.  or 

mini  has  a  very  short  antecoxal  piece;  the  suture  is  indis-      ,  i,,„.„ 

tinct,  and  is  not  prolonged  beyond  the  coxre.  ampnora. 

darch  (am'fo-darlt ),  n.      [<  ( Ir.  a^oidp-  a?JPj?^f>  ,*    f££?*h 
>t  in  Liddell  and  Scott ).  <  l„;„„),n,  :    ncd  af  Phon?  (a.m-tor  ik),  a 

ads  around  a  place  or  biock  of  buildings,      ;-'•'»'■ '1»k1";is",1""1  '" 


prolonged  uey 
amphodarch  (am'fo-dSrk),  n 

\k  (n< 
that  leails  around  a  place  or  lilock  of  Buildings 

hence  a  block  of  buildings,  a  quarter  of  a  town 

(<  itinji,  around.  +  666c,  \x:i\  i,  +  -apxts,  ruler,  < 
.  rule.  |     .\  ruler  over  a  quarter  of  a  town. 

\.  /..  I). 

nus),  a.     Same 


"   Amphomoaa  (am-fo  me'a) 


„.  pi.    [NL.,<Gr. 

a  -.  .  on  I iotli  sides,  +  bpotoi , old  Attic ofioloe,  like. 


See  amphor. 

[<  amphora  +  -ic] 
made  by  blowing  across 

the  mouth  of  a  flask:  up]  died  to  certain  sounds 
obtained  in  auscultation  and  percussion  of  the 
chest :  as,  amphoric  respiral  ion  :  amphoric  reso- 
nance; an  amphoric  voice,  whisper,  Or  cough. 
All  the  son m is  called  amphoric  have  a  more  or  less  musl 
e.d  quality,  and  usually  indicate  a  cavity  filled  with  air. 
amphoricity  (am-fo-ris'i-1  i)?  n.     [  <  amphoric  + 

-Hip]     The  quality  or  condition    Of   being  am- 
phoric. 


like:  see homeo-,  homceo-.]    A  term  applied  by  amphorophony  (am-fo-rof'o-ni),  ».     [<  L. 


E.  I,'.  I, an!. i    ter  to  the  chitons,  considered  as 
"separate  archaic  grade"  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  and  as  such  distinguished  from  Coohlides, 
« liieh  are  i  he  remaining  i  unsymmetrical )  Gas- 
tropoda. 
amphort,  amphoret  (am'for,  -for),  n.     [<  ME. 


amphora,  Gr.  a/iQopefig,  ;\  jar,  +  (puvi/,  voice, 
sound.]  Amphoric  vocal  resonance;  an  abnor- 
mal sound  of  the  voice,  noticed  in  auscultation 
of  the  chest,  marked  by  a  musical  quality,  and 
found  in  connection  with  cavities  in  the  lungs 
or  with  pneumothorax.      See  amphoric. 


iiiiiplmr, .  amjoei,  iimji ,  (also  as  L.  amphora),<  amphoteric (am-fo-ter'ik),  o.     R Gr.  auA&repoc, 
OF.  amphore,    am/ore,  amfourt  =  I'g.  amphora    usually  in  pi.,  a/tQdrepot,  both  of  two  (L.  utcr- 


amphoteric 

qur),  a  compar.  form  of  u/kjuj  =  L.  ambo,  both: 
see  ambi-.]    Partly  the  one  and  partly  the  other; 
neutral.    Smart  (1849).     Amphoteric  reaction,  in 
chem.,  a  reaction  appearing  both  acid  and  alkaline  in  its 
effect  ihi  colors  used  as  tests, 
amphotis  (am-fo'tis),  n. ;   pi.  amphotides  (am- 
fot'i-dez).      [<  Gr.  aft/pang  or  apQuric,  <  a/ifi,  on 
both  sides,+  ore  fur-) z=  E. ear'-. J    1.  In  <;/-.  «»- 
/«/.,  a  covering  of  leather  or  woolen  stuff  worn 
over  the  ears  by  boxers. — 2.  [«(».]    [NL.]    In 
eool.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Ampithoe  (am-pith'6-e),  «.    Sec  AmpMtlioe. 
ample  (am'pl),  a.    [x'late  ME.  ample,  <  P.  cm  pit, 
<  L.  ampins,  prob.  <  an-  for  ambi-,  around  (see 
amln-),  +  -phis  for  "-pnliis,  full,  =  E.  full1:  of. 
L.  plains,  full,  and  see  /h//1  and  plenty.']     1. 
Large  in  dimensions ;  of  great  size,  extent,  ca- 
pacity, or  bulk ;  wide ;  spacious ;  extended. 
All  the  people  in  that  ample  hous 
Did  to  that  image  bowe  tin  ir  humble  knee. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  49. 
Of  deeper  too  and  ampler  floods, 
Which,  as  in  mirrors,  shew'd  the  woods. 

Dryden,  To  Mrs.  Anne  Killigrew,  1.  112. 
Her  waist  is  ampler  than  her  life, 
For  life  is  but  a  span. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  My  Aunt, 

2.  Large  in  kind  or  degree ;  having  full  scope 
orextent;  copious;  unrestricted;  unrestrained: 
as,  an  ample  narrative;  to  give  ample  praise, 
or  do  ample  justice 

Were  I  alone  ti>  pass  the  difficulties, 
And  bad  as  ample  power  as  I  have  will. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  ii.  2. 
The  noble  and  rich  may  diffuse  their  ample  charities. 
Steele,  Guardian,  No.  171. 
To  him  we  grant  our  amplest  powers  to  sit 
Judge  of  all  present,  past,  and  future  wit. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii,  375. 

3.  Fully  sufficient  for  any  purpose,  or  for  the 
purpose  specified;  abundant;  liberal;  plenti- 
ful: as,  ample  provision  for  the  table. 

An  ample  number  of  horses  had  been  purchased  in  Eng- 
land with  the  public  money.        Maeaulaij,  Hist.  Eng.,  XXV. 
Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough 
The  characters  of  Hell  to  trace. 

Gray,  The  Hard,  ii.  1. 
=  Syn.  Ample,  Copious,  Plenteous,  spacious,  roomy,  ex. 
tensive,  extended,  wide,  capacious,  abundant,  sufficient, 
full,  enough,  unrestricted,  plenary,  unstinted.  (See  lists 
under  abundant  and  large.)  Ample,  in  its  more  common 
uses,  has  reference  to  the  sufficiency  of  the  supply  for 
every  need;  copious  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  the  unfail- 
ingness  of  the  source;  while  plenteous  usually  indicates 
largeness  of  quantity  in  actual  possession:  as,  ample 
stores  or  resources ;  a  copious  supply  of  materials ;  a  plen- 
teous harvest. 

By  their  [the  philosophers']  long  career  of  heroic  defeat, 

they  have  furnished  us  with  a  concrete  demonstration, 

almost  superfluously  ample,  of  the  relativity  of  human 

knowledge.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmie  Philos.,  I.  20. 

It  [the  Union]  has  been  to  us  all  a  copious  fountain  of 

national,  social,  and  personal  happiness.  I).  Webster. 

bike  ovcr-ripen'd  corn, 

Hanging  the  head  at  Ceres'  plenteous  1<  iad. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

amplectt  (am-plekf),  ■!'.  t.  [<  L.  amjileeti,  em- 
brace, wind  around,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around 
(see  ambi-),  +  plectere,  weave,  plait,  fold,  akin 
to  plicare,  fold,  =  Gr.  ■xline.iv,  weave :  see  plait 
and  ply.]     To  embrace  ;  clasp. 

amplectant  (am-plek'tant),  a.  [More  correctly 
"ampleetent,  <L.  ampin ■}<  n(t-)s,  ppr.  of  amplecti, 
embrace,  clasp,  wind  around :  see  amplcct.  The 
term,  -ant,  instead  of  -ent  is  prob.  due  to  the  L. 
freq.  form  amplexari,  ppr.  amplexan(t-)s :  see 
amplex.]  Embracing;  clasping;  specifically,  in 
but.,  twining  about  stems  or  clasping  leaf- 
stalks: as,  amplectant  petioles  or  tendrils. 

ampleness  (am'pl-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  ample;  largeness;  sufficiency;  abun- 
dance. 

amplext  (am-pleks'),  0.  t.  [<  L.  amplexus,  pp. 
(or  amplexari,  freq.)  of  amplecti,  embrace:  see 
amplect.~\     To  embrace  ;  clasp. 

amplexationt  (arn-plek-sa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  *amplexalio{n-),  <  amplexari,  pp.  amplexaiiis : 
see  amplex.]    An  embrace. 

An  humble  amplezation  of  those  sacred  feet. 

Bp.  Hall,  The  Resurrection. 

amplexicaudate  (am-plek-si-ka'dat),  a.     [< 

NL.  amplericaudatus,  <  L.  amplexus,  embracing, 

+  cauda,  tail:  see  amplex  and  caudate.]  Having 

the  tail  entirely  enveloped  in 

the  interfemoral    membrane: 

said  of  certain  bats. 
amplexicaul  (am-plek'si-kal), 

ii.      [<  NL.  ample.i  ienulis,  <  L. 

amplexus,  embracing,  +  caulis, 

a  stem :  see  amplex  and  caulis.] 

In  bot.,  nearly  surrounding  or 

embracing  the   stem,    as  the    . 

,  t,  ,  Amplexicaul  Leaves 

base  ot  some  leaves.  {inula  Hrimium). 


187 

amplexifoliate  (am-plek-si-fo'li-at  1,  a.  [<  NL. 
amplexifoliatus,  <  L.  amplexus,  embracing,  + 
folium,  leal':  see  ampler  and  foliate.]      In  I111I., 

having  leaves  which  clasp  the  stem.     -V.  /.'.  It. 
ampliatet  (am'pli-tU  1.  /-.  1.    [<  L.  ampliatus, 

pp.  ot  iiiupliarr.  enlarge,  <  ampins,  ample:  see 
ample]  To  make  greater  or  more  ample;  en- 
large; extend. 

To  maintain  and  ampliate  the  external  possessions  of 
your  empire.  I'datl,  I'ref.  to  the  Kynges  Maicstec. 

ampliate  (am'pli-at),  a.  [<  L.  ampliatus,  pp.: 
see  the  verb.]  Enlarged;  dilated;  in  logic, 
enlarged  in  scope  by  a  modifying  term.  See 
ampliation,  ampliative. 

ampliation  (am-pli-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ampUa- 
tiu(n-),  <  am  plain  :  see  ampliate,  v.]  1.  En- 
largement; amplification.     [Rare.] 

Odious  matters  admit  not  of  an  ampliation,  but  ought  to 
be  restrained  and  interpreted  in  the  mildest  sense. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  157. 

2.  In  Bom.  law,  a  delaying  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision  in  order  to  obtain 
further  evidence. — 3.  In  logic,  such  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  verb  of  a  proposition  as  makes  the 
subject  denote  objects  which  without  suehmodi- 
fication  it  would  not  denote,  especially  things 
existing  in  the  past  and  future.  Thus,  in  the  prop- 
osition, "Some  man  may  be  Antichrist,"  the  modal  auxil- 
iary may  enlarges  tie'  breadth  of  man,  and  makes  it  apply 
to  future  men  as  well  as  to  those  who  now  exist. 

ampliative  (ain'pli-a-tiv),  a.  [<  ampliate  + 
-ire.]  Enlarging;  increasing;  synthetic.  Ap- 
plied— («)  In  logic,  to  a  modal  expression  causing  an  am- 
pliation (see  ampliation,  m);  thus,  the  word  may  in  "  Some 
man  may  be  Antichrist'"  is  an  ampliative  term.  ('>)  In  the 
Kantian  philosophy,  to  a  judgment  whose  predicate  is  not 
contained  in  the  definition  of  the  subject :  more  commonly 
termed  by  Kant  asyntAeh'cjudgment.  ["  Ampliative  judg- 
ment" in  this  sense  is  Archbishop  Thomson's  translati 1 

Kant's  word  Erireit,  rungsurtht  it,  translated  by  Prof.  Max 
Midler  "expanding  judgment."] 

No  subject,  perhaps,  in  modern  speculation  has  excited 
an  intenser  interest  or  more  vehement  controversy  than 
Kant's  famous  distinction  of  analytic  and  synthetic  judg- 
ments, or,  as  I  think  they  mightwith  far  less  of  ambiguity 
be  denominated,  explicative  and  ampliative  judgments. 

Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

amplificatet  (am/pli-fi-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ampli- 
jicatus, pp.  of  iimplijieiire,  amplify:  see  am- 
plify.]    To  enlarge  or  extend ;  amplify-. 

amplification  ( am  pli-fi-ka'shpn),».  [i-lj.amjili- 
ficatio(n-),  <  amplijicare,  pp.  amplijicatus,  am- 
plify: see  amplify.]  1.  The  act  of  amplifying 
or  enlarging  in  dimensions;  enlargement;  ex- 
tension. 
Amplification  of  the  visible  figure  of  a  known  object. 

Ueiil,  Inq.  into  the  Human  Mind, 

Specifically  —  2.  In  rket.,  expansion  for  rhetori- 
cal purposes  of  a  narrative,  description,  argu- 
ment, or  other  discourse;  a  discourse  orpassage 
so  expanded ;  an  addition  made  in  expanding. 

The  first  expression  in  which  he  [Dante]  clothes  his 
thoughts  is  always  so  energetic  and  comprehensive  that 
amplification  would  only  injure  the  effect. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

3.  In  logic,  an  increase  in  the  logical  depth 
(comprehension)  of  a  term  without  any  corre- 
sponding decrease  of  breadth  (extension),  as 
the  expansion  of  "plane  triangle"  into  "plane 
triangle  having  the  sum  of  its  angles  equal  to 
two  right  angles,"  which  is  equivalent  to  it  with 
respect  to  extension. — 4.  In  micros.,  increase 
of  the  visual  area,  as  distinguished  from  magni- 
fication (which  see). 

amplificative  (am'pli-fi-ka-tiv),  a.  [<  amplifi- 
eali  +  -ivc]  Serving  or  tending  to  amplify; 
amplificatory ;  ampliative. 

amplificator  (am'pli-fi-ka-tpr),  n.  [L.,  <  am- 
plijicare, pp.  amplijicatus,  amplify:  see  am- 
plify-] At  amplifier;  one  who  or  that  which 
enlarges  or  makes  more  ample. 

It  [the  microphone]  is  really  an  amplificator  of  mechani- 
cal vibrations  of  weak  intensity  which  it  chances  into  nn 
dulatory  currents.  Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  107. 

amplificatory  (arn'pli-fik-a-to-ri),  a.     [<  ampli- 
Jicatc  +  -orij.]     Serving  to  amplify  or  enlarge ; 
amplificative. 
amplifier  (am'pli-fi-er),  n.  1.  One  who  amplifies 
or  enlarges. 

That  great  eitie  Rome,  whereof  they  [Romulus  and  Kc- 
musj  were  the  first  amplifiers. 

Up.  Hale,  English  Votaries,  ii 

There  are  amplifiers  who  can  extend  half  a  dozen  thin 
thoughts  over  a  whole  folio. 

Art  0/ Si/d'oo  in  l'<»  try,  p.  89. 

2.  A  lens  placed  in  the  tube  of  a  microscope 
between  the  object-glass  and  the  eyepiece. 
See  microscope. 

the  .1  mplifier  is  an  achromatic  concavo-convex  lens  of 
small  diameter.  W.  B.  Carmutcr,  Micros.,  §  82. 


amplitude 

amplify  (am'pli-fi),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  amplified, 
ppr.  amplifying.     [<ME.  amplifyen,  amplifien, 

<  I  >l'\  (ami  i'.)  amplifier—  I'r.  Sp.  Pg.  amplificai 

=  It.  aaipiijiean ,  <  L.  amplificare,  enlarge  (of. 
amplificus,  splendid),  <  ampins,  large,  +  jn, , ,, . 
make;  see  ample  and  -fy.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
nuke  large  or  larger  in  volume,  extent,  capa- 
city, amount,  importance,  etc. ;  enlarge  or  make 
more  ample. 
All  concaves  .  .  .  Aoampltfythe  sound  at  the  coming 

OUt.  'in      II,    I 

"Troilus  and  Cressida"  was  written  bya  Lombard  au- 
thor, i 'nt  in  tub  amplifit  -/  by  our  English  translator, 

Vryden,  1'ivi.  t,,  I  abl 

2.  To  expand  in  statiug  or  describing; 
copiously,  so  as  to  present  in  every  point  of 
view  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

I  would  not  willingly  seem  to  flatter  the  presi  at 
by  amplifying  the  diligence  and  true  judgment  ot  thosi 

servitours  who  have  laboured  in  the  vineyard. 

Sir  .1 .  Ion  ,. 
-Syn.  To  expand,  develop,  extend,  dilate,  in; 

II.  inlrans.  If.  To  grow  or  become  ample  or 
more  ample. 

Strait  was  the  way  at  first,  withoiiteii  light, 
But  further  in  did  further  amplify. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  186. 
2.  To  discourse  more  at  length;  speak  largely 
or  copiously ;  be  diffuse  in  argument  or  descrip- 
tion; expatiate;  dilate:  commonly  with  mi  or 
upon  before  an  object:  as,  to  amplify  on  the 
several  topics  of  discourse. 

Yon  will  find  him 
A  sharp  and  subtle  knave  ;  give  him  but  hints, 
And  he  will  amplify. 

FU  teher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  2. 

When  you  affect  to  amplify  on  the  former  branches  of 

a  discourse,  you  will  often  lay  a  necessity  on  yoursell  of 

contracting  the  latter.  Watts,  bogie. 

Ampligulares  (am"pli-gu-la'rez).  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  amplus,  large,  +  aula,  throat :  see  ample 
and  gula,  gular.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  cohort  of  Anisodaetyli,  of  an  order 
I'nl acres,  composed  of  the  families  Trogonidmox 
trogons,  Caprimulgidw  or  goatsuckers,  and  Cyp- 
seliilie  or  swifts:  synonymous  with  II  inn  lis.  2. 

Amplipalates  (am"pli-pa-la'tez),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  ampins,  large,  +  palatum,  palate:  see  am- 
ple and  palate.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  group  of  fringilline  oscine  Passeres, 
consisting  of  the  grosbeaks  and  typical  finches. 

amplitude  (am'pli-tud),  n.  [<  L.  amplitudo,  < 
ampins,  large:  see  ample  and  -tude.]  1.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  ample  in  size ;  ex- 
tension in  space,  especially  breadth  or  width  ; 
largeness;  extent. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  princes  and  estates  to  add  uoipli- 
tude  and  greatness  to  their  kingdoms. 

/;",,,„,  Essays,  xxxix. 
The  cathedral  of  Lincoln  ...  is  a  magnificent  struc- 
ture, proportionable  to  the  amplitude  ot  the  di e. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Lincolnshire. 

2.  The  state  of  being  ample  in  amount ;  breadth 
in  a  figurative  sense ;  fullness ;  abundance  ; 
copiousness. 

It  is  in  those  things  .  .  .  that  the  amplitude  of  the  Di. 
vine  benignity  is  perceived. 

Paten.  -Nat.  Tbeol.  (ed.  1879),  p.  412.     (.V.  E.  I).) 

3.  Largeness  of  mind;  extent  of  mental  ca- 
pacity or  of  intellectual  power;  breadth  of 
thought. 

If  our  times  are  sterile  in  genius,  we  must  cheer  us  with 
books  of  neb  and  believing  men  who  bad  atmosphere  and 
amplitude  about  them.  I'.nn  rson,  Books. 

4.  In  math. :  (a)  In  algebra,  a  positive  real 
number  multiplied  by  a  root  of  unity.  The 
positive  real  number  is  said  to  be  the  ampli- 
tude ot  the  product.  (6)  In  elliptic  integrals, 
the  limit  of  integration  when  the  integral  is 
expressed  in  the  usual  trigonometric  form. —  5. 
In  astron.,  the  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  east  or  west  point  and  the  center 
of  the  sun  or  of  a  star  at  its  rising  or  setting. 

At  the  rising  of  a  star  its  amplitude  is  caster •  ortive; 

at  the  setting  it  is  western,  oeculuous  or  occasive.  It  is 
also  northern  or  southern  when  north  or  south  of  the 
equator.  The  amplitude  of  a  fixed  star  remains  nearly 
the  same  all  the  year  round.  The  sun  at  the  solstices  is 
at  its  maximum  amplitude,  and  at  the  equinoxes  it  has 
no  amplitude— Amplitude  compass,  an  azimuth  com- 
pass  whose  zeros  of  graduation  are  at  the  east  ami  west 
points,  to  facilitate  the  reading  of  the  amplitudes  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.  — Amplitude  of  a  simple  oscillation  or 
vibration,  properly,  the  distance  from  the  middle  to 
the  extremity  of  an  oscillation;  hut  the  term  is  usually 
applied  to  the  distance  from  one  extremity  of  the  swing 
to  the  other.— Amplitude  of  the  range  of  a  projec- 
tile, the  horizontal  line  subtending  the  path  of  a  oodj 
thrown,  or  the  line  which  measures  the  distance  it  has 
moved;  the  range  —  Hyperbolic  or  Gudermnimian 
amplitude  of  any  quantity  «.  the  ancle  whose  tan- 
gent is  the  hyperbolic  sine  of  «.— Magnetical  ampli- 
tude, the  arc  of  the  horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  star  at 
rising  or  setting  and  the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon, 


amplitude 

as  d<  the  compass.    The  difference  between 

this  and  the  true  amplitude  is  the  declination  oi  the  com- 
pass. 

amply  (am'pli),  adv.  In  an  ample  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  fully;  sufficiently;  copi- 
ously :  abundantly. 

The  details  of  Hit-*  rapid  propagation  of  Western  mon* 
achisin  havi  treated  hj  man*)  historians,  ami 

tlit-  causes  of  its  success  are  sufficiently  manifest 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  194. 

ampollosity,  «.    See  ampullosity. 

ampongue  (am-pong'),  n.  [P.  spelling  of  na- 
tive name.]  A  native  name  of  the  avahi  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar. 

ampult  lam'pul),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 

pulle,  miiimiih,    ampell,  ample,  <  ME.  ampul!,, 

■  mi nolle,  ampole,  partly  <  AS.  ampulla, 

ami"  la,  a  bottle,  flask,  vial  (=OHG. 

i  ilia,  .Mlli  i.  ampullt .  a, up,  /.  i ;.  ampt  /.a  lamp, 

=  Icel.  ampli,   lain/pull,  a  ^j  1 1 ij;- .  =  Dan.  amp,  I,  a 

hanging  flower-pot),  ami  partly <OF.  ampole, 

,ii„r,, nir.  V.  ampoule  =  Sp.  ampoUa,  a  bottle, 

bubble,   blister,  =  Pg.  ampulla,  ampulla,   am- 

npoltia,  a  bubble,  blister,  =  It.  ampoUa, 

<  L.  ampulla,  a  bottle,  ilask,  ete. :  see  ampulla. 
which  has  superseded  the  older  form.]  Same 
as  ampulla,  -  (ft). 

Ampulex  (am'pu-leks),  ■».  [NL.,  <  L.  am-  for 
ami,,-  i .')  +  pulex,  a  flea.]  A  genus  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Sj'hvipilir,  giving  name  to 
the  AmpulicicUe.     A.  sibirica  is  an  example. 

Ampulicidae   (am-pu-lis'i-de),  re.  pi.     [XL.,  < 

Ampul,.,-  1-/1-)  +  -iila.]  A  family  of  fossonal 
hymenopterous  insects,  named  from  the  genus 
Ampult  • . 
ampulla  (am-pul'ii),  n. ;  pi.  ampulla  (-e).  [L., 
a  swelling  vessel  with  two  handles,  prob.  an 
accom.  form  of  'ampholla,  dim.  of  amphora :  see 
amphora."]  1.  In.  Bom.  antiq.,  a  bottle  with  a 
narrow  neck  and  a  body  more  or  less  nearly 
-  ilar  in  shape,  usually  made  of  glass  or 
earthenware,  rarely  of  more  valuable  mate- 
rials, ami  used,  like  the  Greek  aryballos,  bom- 
bylios,  etc,  for  carrying  oil  for  anointing  the 
body  and  for  many  other  purposes. — 2.  Eecles. : 
(a)  In  the  Ham.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  cruet,  regularly 
made  of  transparent  glass,  for  holding  the  wine 
and  water  used  at  the  altar.  See  ama.  Also 
written  amiila.  (ft)  A  vessel  for  holding  the 
consecrated  oil  or  chrism  used  in  various  church 
rites  a  nd  at  the  coronation  of  kings.  Tin  ampulla 
used  at  coronations  in  England  is  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
of  pure  gold,  richly  chased.  The  famous  ampulla  for- 
merly us,.  1  in  France,  kept  at  Rheims,  and  reputed  to  have 
brought  from  heaven  by  a  dove  for  the  baptism  of 
Clovis  [.,  was  broken  at  the  Revolution;  lint  a  portion  of 
its  oil  is  said  to  have  been  preserved  and  to  have  been 
used  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  X.  Formerly  ampul. 
3.   In  the  middle  ages,  a  small  bottle-shaped 


liculata).  South  America. 
o,  operculum  ;  s,  siphon. 


AmpuVt 


Leaden  Ampulla  in  the  Museum  at  York,  England. 
■■■■■  the  "Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Assot  iation.") 

a  of  glass,  of  lead,  used  by 

■  lers,  and  especially  by  pilgrims.  Some- 
times th<  ed  as  pilgrims' signs  (which 
-  e,  and  i  1.  in  anat.:  en  The  di- 

parl  of  the  mem- 
branous semicircular 
canals  in  the  ear.  (ft) 
The  enlargemerj 

I  qphorous   duct 
■  ola  in 
the  human  mammary 
gland.      Also   i 

.  —  5.  In  ftr</.,  a 
small  bladdi  i  oi 
aaped       >rj  a  D      at- 
tach! !  pool 
mm<  !'-•  'I   lei 

cuts,  as  in  riitrnltina  (  which 

in/-  rmes,  a  terminal 

dilatation   or  tin-  efferent  seminal  ducts 
In  Brachiopoda,  one  of  the  contractile  mam- 
milla]        i  i     es  of  the  sinuses  of  the  pallia! 
Lobes,  as  in  Lingula.     (e)  In  certain  ducks,  one 

.mii'Ts  or  dilatations  of  the  bra 
tympanum  or  labyrinth.   See  tympanum.  Thi  re 
may  be  but  one  ampulla,  or  there  may  la  '.no 


with  tit.  "  .  Vrnpullae. 


on  each  side.  [Little  used  in  this  sense.]  (tl) 
In  hydroid  polyps,  the  cavity  of  a  vesicular 
marginal  body  connected  by  a  canal  with  the 
gastrovasoular  system,     (e)  Iu  echinoderms, 

one  of  the  diverticula  of  the  branched  amliula- 

cral  canals;  a  sort  of  Poliarj  vesicle  of  the  am- 
bulacra! suckers.  Ampulla  of  Vater,  in  ama.,  the 
sac-like  space  ni  the  wall  of  tic  duodenum,  into  which 
open  the imon  bile-duct  and  the  pancreatic  duct 

ampullaceous  (am-pu-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
puUaceus,  <  ampulla :  see  ampulla.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  like  an  ampulla;  bottle-shaped; 
inflated.  Ampullaceous  sac,  one  of  the  hollow  cili- 
ated or  monad -lined  chambers  of  many  sponges.  See  u 
under  ciliate  and  Port/era. 

Thus  is  formed  one  of  the  characteristic  ampulla u 

sacs.  W.  £.  Carpenter, 'Micros., 

Ampullacera  (am-pu-las'e-ra  i,  ».  [XL.,  <  L. 
ampulla  (see ampulla)  +  Gr.  Klpac,horn.]  Same 
as  Anvphibola.     Quoy  ami  Gaimard,  1832. 

Ampullaceridae  (am-pul-a-ser'i-de),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampullacera  +  -iila:]  Same  as  Amphi- 
bolida:     Troschel,  1845. 

ampullae,  ».    Plural  of  ampulla. 

ampullar  (am-pul'ar),  a.    Same  as  ampullar y. 

Ampullaria  (am-pu-la'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  am- 
puUarius,  fern,  of  L.  adj. :  sec  ampullary.]  A 
genus  of  shell-bearing  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  family  AmpvMariidce.     Lamarck,  1801. 

Ampullariacea  (am-pu-la-ri-a'se-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampullaria  +  -ana.]  A  family  of  gas- 
tropods: synonymous  with  Aiupullariida. 

ampullariid  (am-pu-lar'i-id),  u.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Ampullariidce. 

Ampullariidae  (am-pul-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -idee.]    A  family  of  ttenioglos- 

sate  gastropods 
having  a  lung- 
like  sac  in  addi- 
tion to  the  gills, 
the  muzzle  pro- 
duced into  two 
long  attenuate 
or  tentacle-like 
processes,  the 
true  tentacles 
elongated,  and 
the  eyes  pedun- 
culated. The  shells  are  subglobular,  conic,  "i  disooidal 
inform,  and  have  entire  apertures  which  are  closed  by  con- 
centric opercula.  Thespeciesare  numerous,  and  are  chiefly 
found  in  the  fresh  waters  of  tropical  and  subtropical  coun- 
tries, many  of  them  being  known  as  apple-shells  and  idol- 
shells.  Also  AmpuUariadce,  Ampullariacea,  and  Ampul- 
laridce. 

Ampullariinifi  (am-pu-la-ri-i'ne),  n. pi.     [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -iua\]  The  AmpuUariidic  rated 
as  a  subfamily.  Also  written  Ampulla i i  „ a . 
Swainson,  1840. 

ampullary  (am'pul-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  ampuUarius, 
n.,  a  flask-maker,  prop,  adj.,  <  ampulla,  a  flask: 
see  ampulla.]  Resembling  an  ampulla;  globu- 
lar.    Also  ampullar. 

ampullate  (am-pul'at),  a.    [<  ML.  ampullatus, 

<  L.  ampulla:  see  ampulla.]  1.  Having  tho 
character  of  an  ampulla;  ampullary. —  2.  Fur- 
nished with  .-in  ampulla. 

ampulliform  (am-puPi-fdrm), «.  [<  L.  ampulla 
+  -i-farm.]  Shaped  like  an  ampulla;  flask- 
shaped;  bulging:  dilated. 

ampulling-cloth  (am-pul'ing-kloth),  «.  [So 
called  because  in  England  the  oil  wasancicn!  ly 
kept  in  an  ampulla;  <  am  jail  +  -ing1  +  doth.] 
In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  cloth  with  which  to 
wipe  away  the  oil  used  in  administering  the 
saerament  of  extreme  unction. 

ampullinula  (ani-pu-lin'u-lii),  «.;  pi.  ampullin- 
ulir  (-le).  [NL.,  <  L.  ampulla  +  -in-a  +  dim. 
-ula.]  A  stage  in  the  evolution  of  the  Carneo- 
spongice  when  tin'  lateral  ampullae  are  first 
formed. 

This  stage  .  .  .  we  propose  to  call  the  Ampullinula,  be- 
cause the  name  protospongi  ,  as  dcllncd  by  llacckcl,  .  .  . 
is  not  applicable  to  such  an  advanced  form  as  this. 

Hyatt,  IT",.  Bost  Soc  Nat.  Hist.,  Will.  88. 

ampullosity  (am-pu-los'i-ti),  n.  [<  It.  ampoU 
losita,  <  ML.  *ampullosiia(t-)8,  turgidity,  bom- 
hast,  <  ampullosus:  see  ampuHous.]  inflated 
language;  bombast;  turgidity.  Sometimes 
written  ampollosity. 

I'i'l-t  ever  t b  such  ampollosity 

-\  s  the  man    own  bubble  [his  speech],  let  alone  its  spited 
Broil  >',,,  I    bile  and  Book,  II.  826, 

ampulloust  (am-pul'us),  «.    [=  It.  ampolloso, 

<  ML.  ampullosuS,  turgid,  inflated,  <  L.  am- 
pulla, a  flask,  fig.  swelling  weirds,  bombast.] 
lioastfiil ;  vainglorious;  inflated  or  turgid  in 
language.     .V.  /v.  1>. 

amputate  (am'pu-tat  I,  r.  1.:  jiret.  and  pp.  am- 
putated, ppr.  amputating,     [<  L.  amputatus,  pp. 


amuck 

otamputare,  cut  off  around,  lop  off,  esp.  plants, 
prune,  tarn-  for  ambi-,  around,  +  putare,  lop, 
prune,  cleanse,  <  putus,  pure,  clean,  akin  to 
purus,  pure:  seejwfeand  pun.]  If.  To  prune, 
as  branches  or  twigs  of  trees  or  vines.  —  2.  To 
cut  off,  as  a  liiiih  or  other  part  of  tin  animal 
body:  cut  away  the  whole  or  a  part  of  (more 
commonly  the  hitter):  as,  to  amputate  the  leg 
below  the  knee. 

amputation  (am-pu-ta'shon),  ».  [<  L.  ampu- 
tatio(u-),  <  amputare,  amputate:  see  amputate.'] 
The  act  of  amputating;  especially,  the  opera- 
lion  of  cutting  off  a  limb  or  other  part  of  tin- 
body,  or  a  portion  of  it. 

amputational  (am-pu-ta'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  caused  by  amputation. 

amputator  (am'pu-ta-tor),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  am- 
putator,  <  amputare:  see  amputate.]  One  who 
amputates. 

ampyx  (am'piks),  n.;  pi.  ampyxes,  ampyces  (-ez, 
-jji-sez).  [<  Gr.  Apruf  (apirvK-),  prob.  connected 
with  n m T-n, me,  avaiTTvxoc,  that  may  be  open- 
ed (folded  back),  <  avanTvaaetv,  fold  back,  un- 
fold, open,  <  ava,  up,  back,  +  -rmnur  (y/  *-ik 
or  *im>x,  found  in  ->;,,:.: ;,.  wrap  up,  cover, 
~~i'\ij,  a  fold),  fold,  wrap:  the  same  element 
occurs  in  diptych  and  policy^."]  1.  In  (Jr.  antiq.; 
(a)  A  general  term  for  a  band  or  fillet  or  other 
female  head-dress  worn  encircling  the  bead, 
particularly  when  made  of  metal,  or  bearing  in 


Examples  of  Greek  Head-dresses  (Ampyxes). 

front  an  ornament  of  metal,  (ft)  A  head-band 
for  horses;  also,  tin  ornamental  plate  of  metal 
covering  the  front  of  a  horse's  head. —  2.  [NL.] 
A  species  of  trilobite  or  fossil  crustacean,  found 
chiefly  in  Lower  Silurian  strata. 

amrita  (am-rit'ii),  n.  [Also  Anglicized  am- 
in  la:  Skt.  amrita  (vowel  »'/)  (=  Gr.  a/ifiporoc 
=  L.  inimort-alis  :  see  ambrosia  and  immortal), 
<  ((-  priv.  +  mrita,  dead,  <  y/  mar,  die.]  In 
Hindu  myth.,  the  ambrosia  of  the  gods ;  the 
beverage  of  immortality,  that  resulted  from  the 
churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  aud  demons. 

amryt,  «•     A  variant  of  ambry. 

amsel,  n.    See  am  •  i. 

amshaspand  (am-shas'pand),  n.  [Pers..  im- 
mortal holy  one.]  In  Zoroastrianism',  one  of 
six  exalted  angelic  beings  forming  the  train 
of  Ahura-mazda,  or  Ormuzd,  the  good  divinity 
of  the  Persians.  Against  them  stand  arrayed 
in  deadly  strife  six  devs  or  malignant  spirits, 
followers  of  Ahriman,  the  spirit  of  evil. 

It  was  easy  to  foresee  that  the  amshaspande  of  the 
Persian  m  stem  would  be  quoted  as  the  nearest  parallel  to 
the  archangels  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Hardurick,  Christ  and  Other  Masters,  p.  562 

Amstel  porcelain,  pottery.  See  porcelain, 
pottery. 

amt  (amt),  n.  [Pan.  Norw.  ami.  an  administra- 
tive district,  <  (i.  ami,  a  district,  county,  juris- 
diction, special  senses  derived  from  the  orig. 
one  of 'service,  office.' =  Dan.  embede,  Sw.  emm  te 
=  Norw.  dial,  emba'tte  =  Icel.  <  n.halh.  service, 
office,  =  Goth,  anilhuhti  =  AS.  ambiht,  ambeht, 
service  :  see  amhassaili .  etc..  and  embassy.]  The 
largest  territorial  administrative  division  of 
Denmark  anil  Norway:  as.  t  lie  ami  of  Akershus. 
Each  of  these  two  countries  is  divided  into  18 
amis. 

amt.     A  contraction  of  amount. 

amtman  (amt'man),  «. ;  pi.  amtmen  (-men). 
[<  Dan.  Norw.  amtmanil,  <  ami  (sec  above)  + 
niaiii!  —  Sw.  man  =  E.  man.]  The  chief  execu- 
t  ivc  officer  of  an  amt, 

amuck  (a-muk')>  "•  ("'  '"''•  ( '  ''^  ,ISI'''  "'  1'tf- 
form,  amoino,  amino,  as  a  noun,  a  frenzied  Ma- 
lay; afterward  amuck,  anmcl:,  amok,  almost  ex- 
clusively in  t  he  phrase  run  a  mud: ;  <  Malay  amnq. 
adj.,  •'engaging  furiously  in  battle,  attacking 
with  desperate  resolution,  rushing  in  a  stale  of 
frenzy  to  I  Im  commission  of  indiscriminate 
murder:  applied  to  any  animal  in  a  state  of 
vicious  tuge"  (Marsden,  .Malay  Diet.).]  Liter- 
ally, in  a  state  of  murderous  frenzy;  indiscrim- 
inately slaughtering  or  killing:  a  term  used  in 
the  Eastern  Archipelago.     In  English  formerly  as  a 

noun,  lull  now  only  as  an  adjective  or  i|Ua-i-ad verb  in  tic 

phrase  to  run  amuck,    M^'^iiUyiiauunlcpunuk, — To  run 


Amulets :  i,  from 
the     Vatican ; 


amuck 

amuck,  (a)  T'>  rush  about  frantically,  attacking  .-ill  who 
come  in  the  way.    See  extract. 
In  Malabar  the  persons  of  Etajas  were  Bacred.  .  .  .  To 

slit'il  the  Mn.ul  mi  a  i;.ga  was  regarded  as  a  heii a  sin, 

.-ma  would  in-  followed  by  a  terrible  revenge.  ...  If  the 
Zamorin  [emperor  of  Calicut]  was  killed,  his  Bubjects 
devoted  three  (lavs  to  revenue  :  they  ran  autak,  as  it  was 
called,  killing  all  they  met  until  they  were  killed  them- 
selves. If  the  Raja  of  Cochin  were  killed,  his  subjects  ran 
amok  tor  the  rest  of  their  lives, 

,/.  /'.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  120. 

Eence  -CO  To  proceed  in  a  blind,  headstrong  manni  r, 
careless  of  consequences,  which  are  most  likely  to  be  dis- 
astrous. 

Satire's  my  weapon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 
To  run  a-mitek,  and  tilt  at  all  I  meet. 

Pops,  lio.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  69. 
[Sometimes  written  in  two  words,  and  treated  as  a  noun 
with  the  indefinite  article. 

And  runs  an  Indian  murk  at  all  he  meets. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  1188.1 
amula  (am'u-la),  n.:  pi.  amnios,  anuria'  (-laz, 
-le).     [ML.,'dini.  of  L.  ama :  see  ama.~\     Same 
as  ampulla,  2  (a). 

The  archdeacon  who  follows  taking  their  amnios  of 
wine  and  pouring  them  into  a  larger  vessel. 

Encye.  Brit.,  XVI.  509. 

amule  (am'ul),  n.    Same  as  amyP. 

amulet  (am'u-let),  n.    [Formerly  also  amtil.  It,, 
late  ML.  amalette,  amlette,  <  F.  amulette  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  amuleto  =  D.  6.  Dan.  Sw. 
amulet = Buss,  amuletu,  etc.,  <L. 
,ini  nit  turn  (in  Pliny),  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.]     Some  object  su- 
perstitiously  worn  as  a  remedy 
for  or  preservative  against  dis- 
ease, bad  luck,  accidents,  witch- 
craft, etc.    Amulets  have  been  used 
from  ancient  times,  and  are  still  worn 
in  many  parts  of  the  world.     They  con- 
sist of  certain  stones,  or  plants,  or  of 
bits  of  metal,  parchment,  or  paper,  with 
or  without  mystic  characters  or  words. 
The  gospels  and  saints'  relies  have  been 
us., i   in  tiiis  way.    The  Mohammedans 
use  diminutive  copies  of  the  Koran  hung 
around  the    neck.     From   the  heathen 
and  the  Jews  the  custom  passed   into 
the  primitive  Christian  church,  where  it    from  a  private  col- 
was  long  maintained  in  spite  of  the  de-    lection, 
crees  of  ecclesiastical  councils  and  the 
protests  of  the  more  intelligent  clergy.     Amulets  of  va- 
rious forms  have  been  found  in  the  catacombs,  many  of 
them  inscribed  with  the  word  ichthys,  fish,  because  this 
represented   the  initials  of   the  Greek  words  for  Jesus 
Christ.  Son  of  God,  Saviour.    (See  ichthys.)   They  were  sus- 
pended from  the  neck  or  affixed  to  some  part  of  the  body. 
See  phylactery,  .'f.  =  Syn.  Amulet,  Talisman.    An  amulet 
is  supposed  to  exert  a  constant  protecting  power,  ward- 
ing off  evil;  a  talisman,  to  produce  under  special  condi- 
tions desired  results  for  the  owner. 

amuletict  (am-u-let'ik),  a.  [<  amulet  +  ■4c.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the  virtues  of  an 
amulet:  as,  amuletic  medicines. 

amun  (am'un),  re.  [Hind,  and  Beng.  dman, 
dm  un,  winter  rice,  sown  in  July  and  August, 
and  reaped  in  December.]     Same  as  aghanee. 

amurcosityt  (am-er-kos'i-ti),  n.  [<  amurcous: 
aee-osity.]  The  quality  of 'being  amurcous.  Ash. 

amurcoust  ( a-mer'kus),a.  [<  L.  amurca,  another 
form  of  amurga,i  Gr.  apdpyn,  usually  a,«<5p)'TC, 
the  watery  part  that  runs  out  when  olives  are 
pressed,  <  apipyeiv,  press,  squeeze,  prob.  akin  to 
tiin/ yeiv,  milk,  =  E.  milk,  q.  v.]  Full  of  dregs 
or  lees;  foul.     Ash. 

amusable  (a-mu'za-bl),  rt.     [< F.  amusable :  see 
amuse  and  -able.']  "  Capable  of  being  amused. 
Trying  to  amuse  a  man  who  was  not  amusable. 

Mrs.  QaskeU,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  v. 
He  was  otherwise  not  a  very  amusable  person,  and  olf 
his  own  ground  he  was  not  conversable. 

Howells,  A  Modern  Instance,  xxii. 

amuse  (a-iniiz'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  amused,  ppr. 
amusing'.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  amuee,  ammuse, 
ammuee;  <  F.  amuser,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  OF. 
muser,  stare,  gaze  fixedly,  >  E.   muse-,  q.  v.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  cause  to  muse;  absorb  or  en- 
gage in  meditation ;  occupy  or  engage  wholly ; 
bewilder ;  puzzle. 

People  stood  amused  between  these  two  forms  of  ser- 
vice. Fuller. 
Amuse  not  thyself  about  the  riddles  of  future  things. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ  Mor.,  iii.  13. 

2.  To  keep  in  expectation,  as  by  flattery,  plau- 
sible pretenses,  and  the  like ;  delude ;  keep  in 
play. 

He  amused  his  followers  with  idle  promises.     Johnson. 
Bishop  Henry  .  .  .  amused  her  with  dubious  answers, 
and  kept  her  in  suspense  for  some  days. 

Swift,  King  Stephen. 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  of  agreeably;  engage 
the  fancy  of;  cause  to  feel  cheerful  or  merry; 
entertain;  divert:  as,  to  am  use  an  audience 
with  anecdotes  or  tricks,  or  children  with  toys. 

A  group  of  mountaineer  children  amuxing  themselves 
with  pushing  stones  from  the  top. 

II'.  Gilpin,  Tour  of  the  Lakes. 


180 


amygdaloid 


It  would  be  amusing  to  make  a  digest  of  the  irrational  amyctic  (a-mik'tik),  a.     [<  Or.  iiuvKTiKor,  lacer- 


laws  which  had  critics  have  framed  tor  the  goi oenl 

Of  poets.  Maeaulatl,  \l v      B) 

Willie  the  nation  groaned  under  oppression  ...[Tern 
pie]  amused  himself  by  writing  memoirs  and  tying  up 

apricots.  Maeaulaii,  Sir  William  Temple. 

-Syn.  3.   Amuse,   Divert,    Entertain,  Beguile,  occupy, 
phase,  enliven.    Amuse  may  imply  merely  the  prevention 

of  the  tedium  of  idleness  en  emptini  IS  of  mind:  as,  I  can 
amuse  myself  by  looking  out  at  the  window  ;  or  it  may 
i  stronger  Interest:  as,  I  was  greatly  amused  by 
their  tricks.  Divert  is  to  turn  the  attention  aside,  and  (in 
the  use  considered  here)  to  something  light  or  mirthful. 
Ent  rtain  is  to  engage  and  sustain  tiic  attention  by  some- 
thing of  a  pleasing  and  perhaps  instructive  character,  as 
conversation;  hence  the  general  name  entertainment  tor 
lectures,  exhibitions,  etc.,  designed  to  interest  in  this  way. 
•■  w  hat  over  amuses  serves  to  kill  time,  to  lull  the  faculties 
and  banish  reflection;  it  may  be  solitary,  sedentary,  and 
lifeless:  whatever  diverts  cause's  mirth  and  provokes 
laughter;  it  will  be  active,  lively,  and  tumultuous:  what- 
ever entertains  acts  on  the  senses  and  awakens  1  lie  under- 
standing; it  must  be  rational  and  is  mostly  social,'"  Crabb. 
Beguile  is,  figuratively,  to  cheat  one  out  of  weariness,  of 
dull  time,  etc.  The  word  is  as  often  thus  applied  to  the 
thing  as  to  the  person:  as,  to  beguile  a  weary  hour;  to  be- 
guilt  one  of  his  cares. 

I  am  careful  .  .  .  to  amuse  vou  by  the  account^  of^all  I 
see. 


atmg,  <  a*,  ;     erate,  scratch,  tour.  | 

dating;  irritating.     V  /.'.  D. 

amyelencephalic  (a-mi  e  Li  u  se-fal'ik  or 

a-lik),  ".    Same  as  amyelencephalous. 
amyelencephalous    (a-mi'e-len-sef'a-lns),    ". 

[<   NL.  amyelencephalus,  without  spinal 

and  brain,  <  Or.   tin,  ,',■•«,  without    marrow,    + 

a/tor,  brain:  seea-18and  myelencephalon.] 
in  ',  ratal.,  lm\  tng  neither  brain  nor  spinal  ■ 

want. in::'  i lie  myelenet  phalon. 

amyeli,  »■      Plural  of  amyelus. 

amyelia  (am-i-el'iS),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aui 
see  amyelous.]    Congenital  absence  of  the  spi- 
nal cord. 

amyelotrophy  (a-ml-e-lol  'ro-fl),  re.     f<  Or. 
aim'/tic,  marrowless  (see  amyelous),  +  -■ 
<  rpitpeiv,  nourish.]    Atrophy  of  the  spinal  cord. 

amyelous  (a-mi'e-lus),  a.  '  [<  NL.  amyelus,  < 
Gr.  uuii'eo'..  marrowless,  <  a-  priv.  +  pvt'A&c, 
marrow:  see  myelon.]  Without  spinal  mar- 
row: in  t<r  tt"l.,  applied  to  a  fetus  which  lacks 


the  spinal  cord. 
Lady  Montagu,  "Letters,  1. 110.    (JV.  E.  D.)  amyelus  (u-niiV-lus  I,  re. ;  pi.  amyeli{Al).   [NL.: 
The  stage  its  ancient  fury  thus  let  fall,  see  ami/.  Ions.]      Ill   teratol.,  8    monster  charac- 

And  comedy  diverted  without  gall.  terized'by  the  absence  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Dryden  Art  of  Poetry,  m  777.  amyencephalous  ,  i.-.m-on-s.  f'a-lus ). ,,.    A  con- 
There  is  so  much  virtue  m  eight  volumes  of  Spectators      .    '.       *..  ,         ,,/,„/,,„, 
.  .  .  that  they  are  not  improper  to  lie  in  parlours  or  sum-     traction  oi  amyewnvepiiuums. 
mer-houses,  to  entertain  our  thoughts  in  any  moments  of  amygdalt  (a-mig  dal),  ».       [<  MXj.  amygOel,  A». 
leisure.                                                            Watts,     amygdal,  an  almond,  <  L.  amygdala  :  see  amyg- 

The  reason  of  idleness  and  of  crime  is  the  deferring  of     dala.]     1.   An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. 
our  hopes.    Whilst  we  are  waiting,  we  beguile  the  time  amve(Jala  I  a-mig'da-lii ),  re. ;  pi.  amygdala  (-le). 
with  jokes,  with  sic,,,,  win,  eating^andnw,|  enmes^     ™*S  ^  .  ^  ••     ,  ^      at   u;„ :        .  ,„ 


Il.t  intrans.  To  muse;  meditate. 
Or  in  some  pathless  wilderness  amusing, 
Pluckine  thi  mossy  bark  of  some  old  tree. 

Lee,  Lucius  Junius  Brutus. 

amusee  (a-mri-ze'),  ».  [<  amuse  +  -ee1.]  The 
person  amused.     Carlyle.     [Rare.] 

amusement  (a-muz'ment ),  «.  [<F. amusement: 
see  amuse  and  -ment]  It.  Absorbing  thought; 
meditation;  musing;  reverie. 

Here  I  .  .  .  fell  into  a  strong  and  deep  amusement,  re- 
volving in  my  mind,  with  great  perplexity,  the  amazing 
change  of  our- affairs.  />'/<.  Fleetwood,  Pref.  to  Lay  Baptism. 


»«»»/.]  1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. —  3.  A 
small  rounded  Lobule  of  the  cerebellum  on  its 
under  side. —  4.  A  small  mass  of  gray  matter  in 
front  of  the  end  of  the  descending  cornu  of  the 
lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  called  the 
amygdaloid  nucleus. —  5.  [cap.]  In  eool.:  (a) 
A  genus  of  eehinoderms.  (b)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks. 

amygdalaceous  (a-mig-da-la'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdalaceus,  similar  to  the  almond-tree,  < 
amygdala,  almond:  see  almond.]  Akin  to  the 
almond:  as,  amygdalaceous  plants. 


2.  The  state  of  being  amused;  mental  enjoy-  amygdalae,  re.     Plural  of  amygdala. 


ment  or  diversion;  moderate  mirth  or  merri- 
ment due  to  an  external  cause. 

Among  the  means  towards  a  higher  civilization,  I  un- 
hesitatingly assert  that  the  deliberate  cultivati f  pub- 
lic amusi  ment  is  a  principal  one. 

Jevons,  Social  Reform,  p.  7. 

3.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or  engages  the 
mind;  pastime;  entertainment:  as,  to  provide 
children  with  amusements. 

During  his  confinement,  his  amusement  was  to  give  poi-  amygdallferOUS  (  a-tmg-da-M  e-rus).  "•      L^ 
son  to  cats  and  dogs,  and  see  them  expire  by  slower  or     amygdala,  almond,  +  Jerre  =  E.  Dear1.]     Fro 


amygdalate  (a-mig'da-lat),  a.  and  re.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  +  -ate1.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  made  of  almonds. 

II.  n.   1.  An   emulsion  made  of    almonds; 
milk' of  almonds.— 2.  A  salt  of  amygdalic  acid. 

amygdalic  (am-ig-dal'ik),  a.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
almond,  + -tc]  Derived  from  almonds — Amyg- 
dalic acid,  an  acid  (C2oH28012)  obtained  from  bitter  al 


Pope. 
Diversion,  etc.  (see  pastime), 


nygda 
ducing  almonds ;  almond-bearing:  sometimes 
used  as  nearly  synonymous  with  amygdaloidal, 
that  is,  of  a  rock  containing  amygdules. 
amygdalin  (a-mig'da-lin),  re.  [<  h.  amygdala, 
almond,  +  -in-.]  A  crystalline  principle  (C2n 
Ho7NOn  +  3H20)  existing  in  bitter  almonds, 
and  in  the  leaves,  etc.,  of  species  of  the  genus 
l'ruuus  and  of  some  of  its  near  allies,  it  was  the 
earliest  known  of  the  numerous  glucoside  bodies  existing 
in  plants.  Its  aqueous  solution,  mixed  with  emulsin,  is  de- 
composed, yielding  hydrocyanicacidand  bitter-almond  oil. 

amusive  (a-mu'ziv),  a.    [<amuse  +  -ive.]   Hav-  amygdaline  (a-mig'da-lin),  a.    [<  L.  amygda- 

ing  power  to  amuse  or  entertain  the  mind;  af-     linus,  <Gr.  auvydaTuvoc.,  <  a/J.vy6a%n,  almond:  see 
fording  amusement  or  entertainment.    [Rare.]     almond.]     1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 

'    A  grave  proficient  in sire  feats  almond.— 2.   Pertaining  to  the  amygdala  ot  the 

Of  puppetry.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  v.     brain. 

amusively  fa-mu'ziv-li),  adv.    In  an  amusive  amygdalitis  (a-mig-da-li'tis)  re.     [NL,  <  ML. 
nriimei  amygdala,  tonsil  (see  amygdala,  2),  +  -»<is.]    In- 

anmsiveneSS  (a-mu'ziv-nes),  ».     The  quality    flammation  of  the  tonsils 
of  being  amusive,  or  of  being  fitted  to  afford  amygdaloid  (a-mig'da-loid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 

ap.vyS6.7ai,  almond  (see  almond),  +  eWoc,  lorni. 


quicker  torments. 

-Syn.   3.    Entertainment 

sport. 
amuser  (a-m&'zer),  n.     One  who  amuses;  one 

who  provides  diversion. 
amusette(am-u-zet'),  ».    [F.  (dim.  of   amusr).  a 

light  gun,  a  toy,  amusement,  <  amuser,  amuse.] 

A  light  field-cannon,  invented  by  Marshal  Saxe, 

designed  for  outpost  service.     Larousse. 
amusingly  (a-niu'zing-li),  adv.     In  an  amusing 

manner. 


amusement. 

amyt,  »•  [<  ME.  amy,  ami,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F. ) 
miii,  m.,  amie,  f..<  L.  amicus,  m.,  ti»nea,  f..  a 
friend:  see  amiable,  amor.  So  the  fern,  per- 
sonal name  Amy,  which  is,  however,  partly 
<  F.  Aimee,  <  L.  itiimla,  fern,  of  amatus,  beloved, 
pp.  of  amare,  love.]     A  friend. 

"Thou  bel  amu.  thou  pardoner,"  he  seyde. 

Cftauo  ,\  Prol.  to  Pardoner  s  Tale,  1.  3-2. 

Amyclsean(am-i-kle'an),  a.  [<L.  Amyclarus,  Gr. 
'Auvulaioe,  <  L.  Amyclce,  Gr.  'AfivtcTiM.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Amyelaa,  an  ancient  towu  of  Laeonia, 
Greece,  or  to  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  La- 
tium,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  either.  Iccordins 
to  one  tradition  the  inhabitants  of  the  former  city,  or  ac- 
cording to  another  those  of  the  latter,  were  so  frequently 
alarmed  by  false  rumors  of  invasion  that  a  law  was  made 
prohibiting  all  mention  of  the  subject.  The  result  was 
that  when  the  invasion  came  no  alarm  was  given,  and  the 
city  was  taken;  hence  the  phrase  Amyeuxan  silence. 
Amyelsean  brothers,  Castor  and  Pollux,  twin  sons  of 
Zeus  and  Leda,  born,  according  to  one  form  ol  the  legend, 
at  Amyclec  in  Lacouia. 


] 
I.  a.  1.  Al- 
mond-shaped. 
— 2.  Pertaining 
to  or  resem- 
bling amygda- 
loid.—3.  "  Per- 
taining to  the 
dalae;  ton- 
sil.ir.  -Amygda- 
loid nucleus. 
s,e  amygdala,  4. 
Amygdaloid  tu- 
bercle, a  promi- 
nence in  the  iooi 
of  the  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  descending  cornu  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  formed  by  the  amygdaloid  nucleus. 

II.  re.  The  name  given  by  geologists  to  igne- 
ous rocks  or  lavas  of  various  composition,  of 
which  the  most  obvious  external  feature  is 
that  they  have  an  amygdaloidal  structure. 

amygdaloidal.)     The  basalts   are  the  rocks  which    are 


An  Amygdaloid    Diabase    withcaldte 
nodules  er  amygdules. 


amygdaloid 

most  liable  to  be  found  possessing  em  Etmygdaloidal  strue 
illy  those  older  basalts  frequently  called 
malaphyr.    Also  called  m  i 

amygdaloidal  (a-mig-da-loi'dal),  a.  Same  aa 
amygdaloid;  specifically,  is  geol.,  having  a 
cellular  or  vesicular  structure:  said  of  lava, 
whether  of  modern  or  ancient  origin,  in  which 
spherical  or  almond-shaped  (whence  the  name) 
cavities  were  formed  by  the  expansion  of  Bteam 
contained  in  the  rocks  at  the  time  of  its  con- 
solidation, and.  which  have  later  become  filled 
with  various  minerals,  especially  quartz,  cal- 
cite,  or  the  zeolites.  Hie  rock  having  this  character  is 
culled  an  amygdaloid,  and  the  cavities  themselves,  as  thus 
iv  the  percolation  of  heated  water  through  the 
k,  are  called  amygdules. 

amygdalotomy  (a-ruig-da-lot'o-mi),  n.     [<  Gr. 
.  an  almond  (tonsil),  -r  tow),  a  cutting, 
<  TCftvecv,  raueh;  cut.]     The  cutting  of  the  ton- 
sils: excision  of  a  portion  of  a  tonsil. 

Amygdalus  (a-mig da-lus),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  amyg- 
dalus,  <  Gr.  a/ivydaXo;,  an  almond-tree:  see 
amygdala.']  A  genus  of  plants,  the  almonds, 
properly  included  in  the  genus  Prunus  (which 
sec  i. 

amygdule  (a-rnig'dul),  n.  [<  amygd(ala)  + 
-»/(.]  One  of  the  crystalline  nodules  found  in 
amygdaloid  (which  see). 

amyl't  (am'il),  n.  [<  L.  amylum,  starch,  <  Gr. 
uin'/.ov  (sc.  aAevpov,  meal:  see  Aleurites),  fine 
meal,  a  cake  of  such  meal,  starch,  prop.  neut. 
of  auvXoc,  not  ground  at  the  mill,  <  a-  priv.  + 
pith),  mill,  =  L.  mola,  mill:  see  milfl  and  meal?.] 
Starch;  fine  flour. 

i  if  wheat  is  made  omul. 
n.  Googe,  be.  of  Heresbach's  Husb.,  p.  27  b.    (.V.  E.  ]>.) 

amyl-  (am'il),  n.     [Formerly  amyle,<  L.  am(y- 
lum),    Gr.    ijifyXov),   starch,  +   -yl,  <  Gr. 
matter.]     A  hypothetical  radical  (CsHjj)  be- 
lieved to  exist  in  many  compoimds,  as  amylic 

alcohol,  etc.  It  cannot  exist  in  the  free  state,  two 
molecules  at  the  moment  of  its  liberation  combining  to 
form  the  substance  decane,  CmlL.-.,  a  double  amy]  mole- 
cule. Auol  compounds  enter  into  the  constitution  of  ar- 
tifii  ial  i  ssences  of  fruits.  They  were  first  obtained  from 
spirit  distilled  after  the  fermentation  of  starchy  materials. 
Also  written  ni/iute.— Hydrate  of  amyl,  same  as  amylic 
alcohol  (which  see,  under  alcohol).— Nitrite  of  amyl, 
r,n  1 1  m>..  an  amber-colored  fluid  with  an  ethereal  fruity 
odor  and  aromatic  taste,     its  principal  physiological  effect 

in  moderate  doses  is  the  paralysis  of  the  vase tornerves 

throughout  the  body,  with  consequent  relaxation  of  the 
arterioles  and  lowering  of  the  pressure  of  the  blood.  Thera- 
peiuii  alh  it  is  us. -d  when  this  effect  seems  desirable,  as  in 
aa  pectoris,  in  the  onset  of  epileptic  attacks,  ischemic 
:  nus,  etc  It  is  generally  inhaled  through  the  nostrils, 
a  to  10  drops  In  iny  applied  to  them  on  a  cloth. 

amylaceous  (am-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  amylum, 
starch,  +  -aceous.]  Composed  of  or  resembling 
standi ;  starchy. 

amylamine  (am-il-am'in),  n.  [<  amyl?  +  am- 
ine.'] An  organic  base  produced  by  treating 
amyl  eyanate  with  caustic  potash.     There  are 

three  amylamines  known,  which  an-  regarded  as  am - 

mas  in  which  1,  2,  and  :i  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  respec- 
tiverj  n  plai  i  d  by  1,2,  and  3  molecules  of  the  radical  amyl. 

The  formulas  of  thesi   lies   therefore,  are  N  ll..n'-,ll  1 1 t, 

MI|C,Hn|._..  and  N(C5Hii)3. 

amylate  (am'i-lat),  u.  [<  amyl1  +  -ate'1.']  A 
compound  "f  starch  with  a  base. 

amyl-com  (am'il-kdrn),  re.  An  erroneous  spill- 
ing of  flu/'  l-rnfn. 

amylet,  «•     Former  spelling  of  amyl-. 

amylene  (am'i-len),  n.  [(  amyl2  +  -me.]  A 
rocarbon  (C5Hi0)  obtained  by  the  dehydra- 
tion of  amylic  alcohol  by  means  of  zinc  chlorid, 
etc.  Amylene  is  a  light,  limpid,  colorless  liquid  having 
a  faint  odor.    At  ordinary  temperatures  it  Bpeedirj  i  vap 

mi  it.         h  p sses anesthetic  properties,  and  has  been 

iiii  tit  ate  for  chloroform,  but  unsuci  -  ssfulh. , 

ivi  d  to  be  extremi  ly  dangi  rou 

amylic  (a-mil'ik),  a.    [<  amyl?  +  -ic]    Pertain- 

ingto  amy] ;  derived  from  the  radical  amyl :  us, 

amylic  ether.    Amylic  alcohol.  See  alcohol.— Amylic 

fermentation,  a  pi  fermentation  in  starch  or 

:  by  n hich  amylic  all  ohol  i ■  pn id 

amyliferous  (am-i-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  I..  amylum, 
Btarch,  +  fern  —  II.  Sear1.]  Starch-hearing; 
producing  Btarch.     .V.  /.'.  1). 

amylin.amylineiani'i-lin).  n.  [<.amyP  +  -in-, 
:,*■-.]    The  insoluble  portion  of  starch  which 

constitutes    the    outer    eovelino    of    tile 

gi'ains ;  -t arch-cellulose. 

amylo-.  Combining  form  of  amyO-,  Latin  amy- 
lum. starch,  i  it  of  a n nil-. 

amylodextrin  < i-16-deks'trin), n.  KL.omy- 

lum,  starch,  +  dextrin.]    An  intermediati   pro 

duet  olitained  in  the  conversion  of  starch  into 
sugar,      [t   is  soluble  in  water  and  colored   ireilon   by 
i ... 1 1 1 1 ■       It     chemical  aaturi     ind  relation    to  ot heT  de- 
lete ot    tarch  are  not  yet  undei  st i. 

amylogen  (a-mil'o-jen).  «.  L<  ,,r-  autAov  (L. 
amylum),  starch,  +  -yevt/c:  see  -gen.]   Thai  part 


190 

of  granulose  which  is  soluble  in  water;  soluble 
standi. 

amylogenic  (a-mil-o-jen'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  composed  of  amylogen:  as,  an  amylogenic 
body.     See  amyloplast. 

amyloid  (am'i4oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  a/ 
(L.  amylum),  starch,  +  eldoc,,  form.]  I.  a.  Re- 
sembling amylum,  or  starch — Amyloid  corpus- 
cles, corpora  amylacea  (which  see,  tinder  corpus),  -Amy- 
loid degeneration  or  infiltration,  in /""o.'.lai'daceous 
disease  (which  Bee,  under  lardaceout).  -Amyloid  sub- 
stance, lardocein  (which  si  i  I 

II.  n.  In  but.,  a  semi-gelatinous  substance, 
analogous  to  starch,  met  with  in  some  seeds, 
and  becoming  yellow  in  water  after  having  been 
colored  blue  by  iodine  (Lindley);  a  member  of 
the  cellulose  group  of  vegetable  organic  com- 
pounds, comprising  cellulose,  starch,  gum,  the 
sugars,  ele. 

amyloidal  (am-i-loi'dal),  a.  Having  the  con- 
stitution of  or  resembling  an  amyloid. 

Whenever  proteid  substances  or  fats,  or  amyloidal  mat- 
ters, at.'  I. einy  converted  into  the  more  highly  oxidated 
waste  products — urea,  carbonic  acid,  and  water — heat  is 
necessarily  evolved. 

Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  157. 

amylolysis  (ani-i-lol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/w- 
Wav,  starch,  +  "Aiatc,  solution,  <  Xveiv,  dissolve.] 
The  digestion  of  starch,  or  its  conversion  into 
sugar. 

amylolytic  (arn"i-lo-lit'ik),  a.  [<  amylolysis, 
after  Gr.  adj.  XvriKhc,  <  Taiea),  dissolve.]  Per- 
taining to  amylolysis;  dissolving  starch:  as. 
the  amylolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreas. 

It  has  been  known  for  the  last  five  years  that  the  main 
product  ..f  the  amylolytic  action  of  saliva  is  maltose. 

Scii  nee,  V.  139. 

amylometer  (am-i-lom'e-ter),  «.  [<  Gr.  a/tv- 
'/.ov,  starch,  +  uirpoi;  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment, for  testing  the  amount  of  starch  in  any 
substance. 

amyloplast  (ain'i-lo-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/iv^ov, 
starch,  +  irTiaoToc,  verbal  adj.  of  n'/.t'mtmv,  form.  ] 
A  starch-forming  corpuscle  or  granule,  found 
within  the  protoplasm  of  vegetable-cells.  These 
granules  are  colorless  or  but  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
and  are  the  points  around  which  starch  accumulates.  They 
are  also  tailed  leucoplastids  or  amyloffenic  bodies. 

amylopsin  (am-i-lop'sin),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/w'/ov,  fine 
meal,  starch,  +  iiptc,  appearance,  +  -in".]  A 
name  which  has  been  given  to  the  amylolytic 
ferment  of  the  pancreas.     See  amylolysis. 

amylose  (am'i-los),  n.  [<  amyp-  +  -osc]  <  hie 
of  the  three  groups  into  which  the  carbohy- 
drates are  divided,  the  others  being  glucose 
and  saccharose.  The  principal  members  of  this  group 
aii-  starch,  dextrin,  cellulose,  and  natural  gum.  They 
have  the  formula  CgHioOs,  or  some  multiple  of  it. 

amylum  (am'i-lum),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  auv'/ov:  see 
amyl1.]     Starch. 

amyosthenia  (a-mi-o-sthe'ni-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
«-  priv.  +  five  («t'o-), muscle,  +  olltvor,  strength.] 
In  pathol.,  a  want  of  muscular  strength,  or  a  de- 
ficiency of  the  power  of  muscular  contraction. 

amyosthenic  (a-mi-o-sthen'ik),  re.  [<  amyosthe- 
nia +  -ic]  In  >ned.,  a  drug  that  lessens  muscu- 
lar action. 

amyotrophic  (a-mi-6-trof'ik),  a.  [<  amyotro- 
phy.] Connected  with  orpertaining  to  muscu- 
lar atrophy — Amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis,  scle- 
rosis of  the  lateral  columns  of  the  spinal  cord,  in  which  the 
degenerative  changes  extend  to  the  nils  of  the  anterior 
cornua,  Involving  degeneration  of  the  motor  nerveB  and 
atroptrj  of  the scles. 

amyotrophy  (am-i-ot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  NL.  *amyo- 
trophia,  <  Gr.  d-priv.  +  five,  (jivo-),  muscle,  + 
-T/ioiiiid,  <  T/i.'i.c/r,  nourish.]    In  pathol.,  atrophy 

of  I  In-  muscles. 

amyous  (am'i-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  i/ivos,  wanting 
muscle,  <  a-  priv.  +  »<!  ("t'o-),  muscle.]  Want- 
ing in  muscle.     A.  A'.  J). 

Amyraldism  (ain-i-ral'dizm),  n.     [<  AmyraU 

dus,  i!  Latinized  form  of  F.Amyrault,  .iiiii/iuiit 
(Moise  dmyraut).]  The  doctrine  of  universal 
grace,  as  explained  by  the  French  Protestant 
theologian  Ainyraldus  or  Amyraul  i  1596   L664  I. 

lie  taught  thai  God  desires  the  bapj.il nss  of  all  men,  and 

th.it  Hon.'  aic  excluded  bj  a  divine  decree,  led  that  

hi  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in  Christ :  that  God  re- 
t ne  the  pow.i  ..I  believing,  though  he  does  not 

grant  to  all  bis  assistance  to  improve  this  power. 

Amyraldist  (am-i-ral'dist),  n.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  Amyraldism,  or  the  doctrine  of  uni- 
versal grace. 

amyrin  (ain'i  rin),  «.    [<  NL.  Amyris,  a  genus 

of  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  yielding  resinous 

products.]    A  crystalline  resin.  CinHggO,  ob- 
tained from  the  gum  cliiui  of  Mexico, 
amy-root  (a'mi-riit  i,  «.    U.amy,  native  name  (t), 

+  roo/l.|  '|'l,e  runt  of  the  Indian  hemp,  ApO- 
ryniim  etinutihiinnii. 


an- 

amyztli(a-mist'li),  ».  [Native  name.]  Aname 
of  one  of  the  large  otaries  or  eared  seals  of  the 
Pacilie  coast  of  North  America,  probably  I'.u- 
metopias  stelleri  or  Zalophus  gillespii  i. 

amzel  (am'zel),  re.    [<  OD.  amst  I  or  t ;.  amsel  = 

E.  <iu.yl,   q.  v.]      1.   A    name    of    the    ouzel   or 

blackbird  of  Europe,  Tardus  merula  or  Merula 
vulgaris.  Montagu. — 2.  A  name  of  the  ring- 
ouzel  of  Europe,  Tardus  torquatus  or  Mi  ruin 
torquata.  Hay. 
Also  spelled  amst  I. 
ail1,  a  (an.  a,  or  an,  a).  KMF.  are,  before  a  vowel, 
occasionally  beforeaconsonant :  </.  before  a  con- 
sonant (see" a2);  <  AS.  «».  an.  with  the  reg.  adj. 
declension  in  sing,  and  pi.  (pi.  one,  some,  cer- 
tain), and  the  same  word  as  an,  one,  its  use  as 
an  indef.  art.  being  comparatively  rare.  When 
soused,  it  was  without  emphasis,  and  became  in 
MK.  short  in  quantity  (hence  E.  short  an,  a), 
while  the  numeral  an,  retaining  ils  emphasis 
and  quantity,  developed  reg.  into  E.  one,  pro- 
nounced on  (as  in  only,  al-mie,  at-inu  ),  in  mod. 
times  corrupted  to  won  and  finally  to  wun:  see 
one.]  The  indefinite  article.  As  between  the  two 
forms  of  this  word,  the  general  rule  is  that  an  be  used 
before  an  initial  vowel-sound  of  the  following  word,  and  it 
before  an  initial  consonant-sound  :  thus,  an  eagle,  an  an- 
swer, also ././  hour  (the  h  being  silent);  and  a  bird,  a  youth, 
a  wonder,  also  a  use,  a  eulogy,  a  one  (these  three  words 
being  pronounced  as  if  they  began  with  y  or  a).  But  an 
is  still  sometimes  used  before  a  consonant-sound,  espe- 
cially before  the  weak  consonant  /. ;  and  in  written  style, 
and  in  more  formal  spoken  style,  an  is  by  man}  (espei  idly 
in  England)  required  before  the  initial  )i  of  a  wholly  un- 
accented syllable,  as  if  such  an  h  were  altogether  silent : 
thus,  an  hotel,  but  a  hostess;  an  historian,  hut  a  history; 
an  hypothesis,  but  a  hypothetical.  In  colloquial  Bpi  l  I  h. 
and  increasingly  in  writing,  a  is  used  in  all  these  cases 
alike.  As  by  its  derivation,  so  also  in  meaning,  an  or  a 
is  a  weaker  or  less  distinct  one.  (1)  In  certain  phrases, 
ami  with  certain  nouns,  it  still  has  nearly  the  value  of 
ee.  thus,  two  of  .1  trade;  they  were  both  ot  a  si..  .  a 
hundred,  a  thousand,  a  million.  (2)  I  siially.as  tin  indefi- 
nite article  proper,  it  points  out,  m  a  loose  way,  an  indi- 
vidual as  one  of  a  class  containing  more  of  the  same  kind  : 
thus,  give  me  a  pint  of  milk  ;  be  ate  an  apple;  they  built 

a  house  ;  we  see  'Milan  ;  the  earth  has  a  mi ;  our  sun  is  a 

lived  star.  (It)  Hence,  before  a  proper  noun,  it  implies  ex- 
tension of  the  name  or  character  of  the  individual  to  a 
class:  thus,  he  is  a  Cicero  in  eloquence;  they  built  up  a 
new  England  in  America  that  is,  a  person  like  Cicero,  a 
e dry    like  England.      (4)  A  is  used,  apparently,  before 

a  plural  noun,  if  ./Vie  or  many  (now  only  great  many,  or 
./...../  many)  stands  between:  thus,  a  few  apples,  a  great 
,itn mi  soldiers ;  i.nt  the  plural  noun  is  here  historically  a 
genitive  partitive  dependent  on  few,many.  (5)  It  is  used 
distributively,  or  with  the  meaning  of  each  or  every,  in 
such  phrases  as  tw..  dollars  a  piece,  three  times  a  day, 

tl\e    cents    ,/n    ollin  e  ;    but    ('    of   flu    is    llclC    llist.  HI.  ;.  1 1  \     i 

preposition.  See  «3.  An  or  a  always  precedes  the  noun 
to  which  it,  belongs,  and  in  general  also  any  other  adjective 
word  qualifying  the  same  noun;  but  what  and  -».7.  come 
before  it:  thus,  what  a  shame !  ffucnabeauty;  and  so  also 
any  adjective  preceded  byAow,  or ....,  ora»,  or  too:  thus, 
lane  great  a  calamity,  so  rare  a  case,  as  good  "  man,  too 
early  a  death.     Many  a  is  a  phrase  of  peculiar  meaning. 

See   nai, 111. 

ail2   (an,  an),  conj.      [A  reduced  form   of  nml, 
existing  from  the  earliest  ME.  period,  and  often 

then  so  written;  but  in  mod.  literature  an  for 
and  copulative  is  admitted  only  in  representa- 
tions of  dialectal  or  'vulgar' speech,  and  is  then 
usually  printed  «»'.  In  conversation,  however, 
though  not  in  formal  speech,  the  <l  is  generally 
dropped,  especially  before  a  word  beginning 
with  a  consonant,  and  the  vowel  may  be  weak- 
ened to  the  point  of  vanishing.  An'  (oiand,  if, 
is  archaic  in  literature,  and  is  generally  printed 
mi,  in  distinction  from  anil  copulative.]  I.  Co- 
ordinate use:  And;  same  as  anil,  A. 

Good  is,  quath  Joseph,  t..  dreme  ot  win  [wine]; 

Heilnesse  an  idisse  is  therin. 

(,. ,,,..,«  nii.i  Exodus,  1.  'Joe?, 

An'  makes  him  quite  forget  his  labor ....  hi-  tod 

Burn  ,  ell,  i  .  Saturday  Night 

II.  Conditional  use:  If;  same  as  and,  B. 
And  invTite  kysse  the  kyng  for  cosyn,  an  she  wolde. 

/',,  n  Plowman  (B),  11    L8& 

An  thou  welt  my  father,  as  thOU  art  but  lay  brother. 

Beau,  nml  I'l.,  Custom  of  the  Country,  i.  1. 

.ic  1  may  hide  my  face,  l.t  me  pin   rhisby  too. 

Shall  .  M    v  !>..  i.  2. 
Why,  .Hi'  you  were  to  go  now  t..  Clod  1 1  nil,  I  am  certain 
tin  ,,i,i  ladj  u. .ni. in  t  know  vou. 

Sfti  ridan,  The  Rivals,  iii  -i 

an:!t,  prep.     IMF.  an,  <  AS.  an,  the  orig.  form  of 

the  usual  AS.,  MK.,  and  mod.  E.  <m  :  as  a  prefix 
mi-,  usually  on-;  in  reduced  form,  a.  prefix  a-: 
sm  iiii,  mi-'1,  a*,  a-2.]    An  earlier  form  of  on,  re 

tained  until  the  last  century  in  certain  phrases. 

as  an  edge,  an  end,  now  only  mi  edge,  on  end;  in 
present  use  only  as  an  unfelt  prefix  an-  or  re- 
duced a-.  See  o/l-1,  ((-'-'. 
ail-1.  [<  ME.  an-,  <  AS.  an-,  orig.  form  of  mi  ; 
in  mod.  F.  reg.  ««-.  or  reduced  a-:  see  o»-l  and 
u-l,  and  of.  ore-2.]    A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori- 


an- 

gin,  the  sauio  as  ore-1  and  «--,  occurring  un- 
felt in  anent,  anon,  anan,  an(n)eafl-,  an(n)eal?, 
etc.,  and  with  accenl  in  anvil  (bul  in  this  and 
some  other  words  perhaps  originally  and 

an-). 

an--.  [<  ME.  an-,  and-,  <  AS. and-:  Beeand-and 
<!-■">,  and  of.  «»-i.]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which  see),  oc- 
ourring  unfelt  in  ansuH  r. 

an-:;.  [<  ME.  and  OP.  a-,  latir  restored  to  an-, 
<  L.  an-,  assimilated  form  of  ad- before  n  ,■  bul  in 
classical  I j.  this  assimilation  was  not  prevalent  - 
In  ME.  and  AF.  an-  often  represents  other  L. 
prefixes,  in-,  ex-,  ob-,  etc.,  also  ad-  unassimi- 
lated:  see  anoint,  annoy,  ancheson  =  encheason, 
etc.]  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin,  usually  an  as- 
similation of  ad-  before  n-,  as  in  annex,  an- 
nul, announce,  etc.,  but  sometimes  represent- 
ing Latin  in-,  as  in  anoint,  annoy. 

an-4.  [<L.  an-,  orig.  ambi-:  see  ambi-.]  A  prefix 
of  Latin  origin,  a  reduced  form  of  ambi-,  oc- 
curring (unfelt  in  English)  in  aneile,  ancipital, 
anfractuous,  etc. 

an-5.  [<  Gr.  av-,  the  fuller  form  of  d-  priv. ,  ]  're- 
served before  a  vowel:  see  a-18.  The  nasal  is 
also  lost  in  the  cognate  Ieel.  u-  for  tin-:  see 
MH-l.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  fuller 
form  of  d-  privative  (fl-18)  preserved  before  a 
vowel,  as  in  anarchy,  anarthrous,  anecdote, 
anomaly,  etc. 

an-G.  [<  Gr.  uj-,  elided  fomi  of  ava-  before  a 
vowel:  see  ana-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin, 
the  form  of  ana-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  anode. 

-an.  [<  ME.  -an,  reg.  -am,  -ein,  -en,  <  OF.  -am, 
-ein,  or  before  i,  -en,  mod.  F.  -ttiit,  -en,  fern,  -nine, 
-ennc,  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  -ano,  fern,  -ana,  <  L.  -anus, 
fern,  -ana,  neut.  -dnuin,  parallel  to  -gnus,  -inus, 
-iuus,  -Onus,  -iinus,  being  -nu-s  (=  Gr.  -vo-c) 
preceded  by  various  vowels ;  =AS.  -en,  E.  -en, 
suffix  of  adjectives  and  pp.  suffix:  see  -en1  and 
-en2,  and  cf.  -hi1,  -ineK  With  an  additional 
vowel,  the  suffix  appears  in  L.  as  -aneus,  in  E. 
aceom.  as  -annuls,  a.  v.,  or  disguised  in/or<  ign, 
q.  v.  The  reg.  ME.  form  of  this  suffix  remains 
in  dozen,  citizen,  etc.,  captain,  chieftain,  chap- 
lain, villain,  etc.,  disguised  in  sovereign  (prop. 
sovcrcn);  but  in  mod.  E.,  in  many  words,  -an 
has  taken  the  place  of  the  older  -a  in,  -<  n,  as  in 
human,  and  is  the  reg.  form  in  words  of  recent 
introduction,  varying  with  -anc  in  some  words, 
chiefly  dissyllables,  as  in  mundane,  usually  dif- 
ferentiated from  forms  iu  -an,  as  in  humane, 
urbane,  etc.,  beside  human,  urban,  etc.]  A  suf- 
fix of  Latin  origin,  forming  adjectives  which 
are  or  may  be  also  used  as  nouns.  It  expresses 
various  adjective  relations,  being  used  especially  with 
proper  names  to  form  local  or  patrial  adjectives  or  nouns, 
asJfoman,  Italian.  Grecian,  American,  Fijian,etc;  terms 
indicating  party,  sect,  or  system,  as  Arian,  Lutheran, 
\\'<  .,/<  nun,  Mohammedan,  Copernican,  hinnean,  etc.,  so  in 
Episcopalian,  Presbyterian,  Cuitariaii.elc.',  and  in  zool- 
ogy, to  form  adjectives  and  nouns  from  names  of  classes  or 
orders,  as  mammalian,  reptilian,  etc.  As  an  English  for- 
mative it  is  confined  chiefly  to  words  which  may  be  made 
to  assume  a  Latin  type,  having  here  also  the  euphonic 
variant  -inn,  especially  in  proper  adjectives,  as  in  Dar- 
winian, Johnsonian,  etc. 
ana1  (an'a  or  a'nii),  n.  pi.     [<  -ana,  q.  v.]     A 


191  anabolic 

Ing-tlsh  of  India,  about  c,  inches  long,  which  is  enabled  by 
tie   peouliar  modifii  itlon  ol  I  hi    bi  am  hial 

live  a  long  tin ut  ol  wat  nice  on 

dry  land,  and  to  climb  trees  for  a  it6or7 

ini      See  climbin 

Anabasidse  ian-;.  i.;<  'i-ie),n.pl.  [NL.,irreg. 
<  Anabas  +  -idw.]    Same  as    biabantidte. 

anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis),  «.;  pi.  anabases  i -sez). 
[Ii.,<  Gr.  ava  tarns,  a  going  up,  an  asci  at, 

,-,  go  up:  see  Xnabas.  <  r.  basis."]  1.  A 
going  up,  especially  a  military  advance:  op- 
posed to  catdbasis.  Specifically,  the  title  of  s  work 
in  which  Xenophou  narrates  the  experiences  ol  tin  I  i 
mercenaries  of  Cyrus  the  Sfonnger  In  his  attempt  in  iOl 
B.O.  to  dethrone  his  brother,  Vrtaxerxes  II.,  kini  ofPei  is 
Hence —  2.  Any  military  expedition:  as,  "the 
anabasis  of  Napoleon,"  />■  Quincey;  "General 
Sherman's  great  anabasis,"  Spectator,  Dee.  31, 
1864. —  3f.  The  course  of  a  disease  from  the 
commencement  to  the  climax.    •/.  Thomas. 

anabasse  (an-a-bas'),  ".  [F.J  A  coarse  kind 
of  blanketing  made  in  Prance  and  the  Nether 
hinds  for  the  African  market. 

anabata(an-ab'a-tii),  n.    [ML.;  in  form  like  I  he. 
ava  «:«■,  verbal  adj.  of  avafiaiveiv,  go  up  (see 
Anabas):  in  sense  like  ML.  'anabola  (corrupt- 
ly auiilaiiust,  anaboladium,  anabolarium,  a  cope 
('see  abulia).]     Eccles.,  a  hooded  cope,  usually 
worn  in  outdoor  processions,  frequently  larger 
and  longer  than  the  closed  cope.     Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms, 
tperior  branchihyals with  Anabates  (an-ab'a-tez),  n.     [NL.,<Gr.  i 
I  thud  developed.    Also     T^  one  wno mounts,  <  avajiaiveiv,  mount,  go  up: 
see  Anabas,  and  cf.  andabata.]   A  genus  of  birds 
established  by  Temminek  in  1820  upon  J.  rufl- 
caudtts,  a  synallaxine  bird  of  South  America. 
The  name  was  subsequently  applied  by  authors  to  i 
birds  of  the  same  group.    Nearly  synonymous  with 
In xi  \  i  which  see). 

Anabatidae1(an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<_hw- 
bates  +  -ifior.]  In  ornitli.,  a  family  of  birds 
named  by  Bonaparte,  1849.  The  name  was  adopted 
by  Gray  for  the  South  American  creepers  commonly  called 
Dendrocolaptidce,  Including  such  hading  genera  as  Fur- 
narius,  Selerurus,  Oxyrhamphus,  Dendrocolaptes,  etc.;  by 
Gray  made  to  cover  also  the  nuthatches.  The  group  so 
composed  is  incapable  of  definition,  and  the  term  is  little 
used. 

Anabatidae2 (an-a-bafi-de),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  irreg.  < 

Anabas  +  -ida\]     In  iclith.,  same  as  Aiiabantiiltr. 


to  a  collection  of  sayings  of  Scaliger,  of  John- 
son, etc..  or  of  anecdotes  or  gosi  i] ruing 

them;   also  sometimes  appended  to  common 

nouns,  as  boxiana  (t ala  of  pugilism);  more 

recently  extended  to  all  the  literature  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  Americana,  Shdksperiana,  etc,     Eenci 
sometimes  used  as  an  independent  word,  ana. 
See  anal. 
anabamous(an-ab'a-iuus).  a.     [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ava, 

upward,  +   )aivccv,  go:  - [nabas,  anabasis.] 

In  ielitlt..  a  term  applied  to  certain  fishes  which 
are  said  to  l>e  able  to  climb  trees  for  a  short 

distance.      See  Attaints. 

anabantid  (an-a-ban'tid),  n.    A  fish  of  the 

family  Aiialiaiitnlir. 

Anabantidae  (an-a-ban'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,< 
Anabas  (-bant-)  +  -i<la\]    A  family  of  acanthop- 

terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anabas, 
to  which  various  limits  have  boon  assigned. 
00  After  the  Cuvierian  system  of  classification,  a  tamifj 
characterized  bj  the  division  of  the  superior  pharyngeals 
into  small  irregular  lamella),  more  or  less  numerous,  and 
intercepting  cells  containing  water,  which  thusflowsupon 
ami  moistens  the  gills  while  the  fish  Is  out  of  water.  It 
includes  the  ophiocephalids  as  well  as  the  anab 
proper,   the    osphromenids,   and   the    helostomids.      (b) 

Among  later  authors,  a  family  characterized  bj   l □ 

pressed  oblong  body,  t Lerate  ctenoid  scales,  and  a  su- 

perbrancbial  organ  in  a  cavit)  accessory  to  the  gill-cham- 
ber.   It  includes  the  osphromenids  and  the  helosl ids 

as  well  as  the  typical  anabantids.  (c)  By  Cope  the  fam- 
ily was  limited  to Labyrinthici  with  the  second  epipha- 
ryngeals  suppressed,  the  first  superior  branchihyals  wit! 
three  lamina?,  and  the  second  and  third  developed.  Also 
written  Anabatzdce,  and  sometimes  Anabasidce.  See  cut 
under  Anabas. 

anabantoid  (an-a-ban'toid),  a.  and  n.     [< 
Anabas  (-bant-)  +  -oid.]    I.  a.  Having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Anabantithe,  or  fishes  with  laby- 
rinthiform  pharyngeals. 
II.  n.   An  anabantid. 

anabaptism  (an-a-bap'tizin),  re.  [<  LL.  aneibap- 
tisniits  (Augustine),  <  LGr.  *avapaima/i6g1  ava- 
fiaTiTtoiia,  rebaptism,  <  Gr.  avafianTi&iv,  dip  re- 
peatedly, LGr.  baptize  again :  see  anabaptize.] 

1.  A  second  baptism;  rebaptism.     N.  E.  D. — 

2.  leap.]  The  doctrine  or  practices  of  the  Ana- 
baptists. 

Anabaptist  (an-a-bap'tist),  re.  [<NL.  anabap- 
tista,  <  Gr.  as  if  "awr/JanTiorfa,  <  avafiairTt&tv,  re- 
baptize:   see  anabaptism.]     One  who  believes  Anabatinae  (an ■a-ba-ti'ne),  «•/<'■     [NL. ,<Ana 


in 'rebaptism;  specifically,  one  of  a  class  of 
Christians  who  hold  baptism  in  infancy  to  be 
invalid,  and  require  adults  who  have  received 
it  to  be  baptized  on  joining  their  communion. 
The  name  is  best  known  historically  as  applied  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Thomas  Miinzer,  a  leader  of  the  peasants' war  in 
ibTiuaiiv.  \\  ho  was  killed  in  battle  in  1525,  and  to  those  of 
John  .Matthias  and  John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden.  who 
committed  great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a 
socialistic  kingdom  of  New  Zioti  or  .Mount  Zion  at  Minister 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  1535,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.   The  name  has  also  been  applied  to 


ball  s  +  -itttc]  A  subfamily  of  birds  named  1 13 
Swainson  in  18:17 :  a  synonym  of  Synallaxince 
(which  see). 

anabiosis    (ana-bl-o'sis).    n.      [XL.,  <  Gr. 
jiiuetv,  come  to  life  again:   see  andbioUc.]     Be- 
animation;  resuscitation;  recovery  after  sus- 
pended animation.     [Rare.] 

anabiotic  (an''a-bi-ot'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  &vaf}t6eiv, 

come  to  life  again,  <  ava,  again,  +   li&eiv,  live  ( > 

k6c,  adj.),  <  ptoc,  life.]     Iu  med.,  reviving; 

acting  as  a  stimulant. 


general  term  for  books  recording  miscellane- 
ous sayings,  anecdotes,  and  gossip  about  a  par- 
ticular person  or  subject ;  the  sayings  and  anec- 
dotes themselves.     See  -ana. 


anabaptistic  (an"a-bap-tis'tik),  a.  ^Anabap- 
tist +  -ic]  Of  of'relating  to  the  Anabaptists 
or  to  their  doctrines. 

anabaptistical  (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  anabaptistic. 

anabaptistically  (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal-i),    adv. 
In  conformity  with  anabaptistic   doctrine  or 
practice. 
ana-      IX  Gr.  avi,  prep.,  at  (so  much  each) :  see  anabaptistryt  (an-a-bap'tis-tri),  n.    \_<Ai,etbetp- 
aua-'.]    A  word  used  in  medical  prescriptions     tint  +  -ry  for  -en,.]     Same  as  anabaptism. 
in  a  distributive   sense,   as   in   Greek,    to  indi-         Anahujitixtni  was  suppressed  in  Minister. 
eate  an  equal  quantity  of  each :  often  written  «  ''"■"'•  Heresiography,  p.  9. 

ad,  earlier  and  more  correctly  da,  where  the  anabaptize  (aira-bap-tiz'1,  r.  t.:  pret.  and  pp. 
mark  above  the  first  a,  according  to  general  anabaptized^vpT-'^nabaptizing.  [<  NL. anabap- 
medieval  practice,  represented  the   omission     tizare,  <  Gr.  avaftoKrl^uv,  dip  repeatedly,  LGr, 


])ies(jr\ea  III  in.iL  '  u.>.     mu  iwnic  uda  rtiw  utui  aj^uvu  ^  o  rvI  . 

bodies  of  very  different  character  in  other  respects,  prob-  Anablepma  (an"a-ble-pi  na),    n.  pi.       [M...  \ 

Anableps  +  -inn.]  In  Gunther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  division  of  carnivorous  oyprino- 
donts  having  all  the  teeth  pointed  and  the 
sexes  differentiated,  the  anal  fin  of  the  male 
being  modified  into  an  iutromittent  organ. 
The  group  includes  the  genus  Anableps  and 
several  other  genera. 
Anableps  (an'a-bleps),   n.      [NL..  <  Gr.  ava- 


ably  always  In  an  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers  in  the 
sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as  re- 
baptism iu  the  case  of  persons  who  had  received  the  rite  in 
infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the  llennoii- 
ites.     See  Mennonite. 

Over  his  bow'd  shoulder 
Scowl'd  that  world-hated  and  world-bating  bi  ast, 
A  haggard  Anabaptist.      Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  ii.  2. 


But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris-wai  and, 

He  Hash  d  bis  random  speeches; 
Ere  days,  that  deal  in  anet,  swarm'd 

His  literary  leeches. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 


/i/l£7TE(v,  look  up,  >  ava,  up,  +  </:-etv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  cyprinodont  fishes  unique  among' 
vertebrates  on  account  of  the  division  of  the 
cornea  into  upper  and  lower  halves  by  a  dark 


of  re.     See  tilde, 

ana3,  ».     See  anna1. 

ana-.  [<  L.  ana-,  <  Gr.  ava-,  prefix,  ava,  prep.,  up, 
upon,  hence  along,  throughout;  distributively, 
at  (so  much  each)  (see  anefi) ;  iu  comp.,  up,  up- 
ward, throughout,  back,  again,  =  Goth,  ana  = 
AS.  an,  on,  E.  ore:  see  are3,  an-1,  on.]  A  pre- 
fix of  Greek  origin,  meaning  up.  upon,  along, 
throughout,  back,  again,  etc.,  as  in  anabasis. 

-ana.  [L.  -area,  neut.  pi.  of  -anus,  a  common 
adj.  suffix,  used,  for  example,  to  form  adjec- 
tives from  proper  names,  as  '  'iceronianus,  Cice- 
ronian, from  Cic.ero(n-),  Cicero:  see  -are.]  A 
suffix  of  Latin  origin,  in  modern  use  with  a  eu- 
phonic variant,  -i-ana,  to  form  collective  plu- 
rals, as  Scaliyvrana,  Johnsoniana,  etc.,  applied 


baptize  again,  <  oi»,  again,  +  .   dip, 

baptize:  see  baptize.]     To  rebaptize;  baptize 
again;  rechristen;  rename. 

Some  called  their  profound  ignorances  new  lights;  they 
were  better  amabaptteed  into  the  appellation  of  extin- 
guishers. Wliitlm-l,.  Manners  ol  Eng.,  p.  160. 

Anabas  (an'a-bas),  re.      [XL.,  <  Gr.  dvo  idc (dwo- 

,jeiv7-),  second  aorist  part,  of  avapaivecv,  go  up, 

mount,  climb,  <  ava,  up,  +  fjaivew,  go,=  L.  renin  , 

come,  =  E.  conn,  q. 

v.]  A  genus  of  aean- 

thopterygian  fishes, 

£':"■•  /■''}'.  9   tjTie  of  the  family 

Aniiluiiitiilii    (•which 

see).    Anabas  scandens 

ciirnbme-iish  i^m«<««»«*ik1.      to  the  celebrated  climb- 


Four-eyes  [Aitableps  tttraofkthalmns  . 

horizontal  stripe  of  the  conjunctiva,  and  the 
development  of  two  pupils  to  each  orbit,  so 
that  the  fish  appears  to  have  four  eyes,  one 
pair  looking  upward  and  the  other  pair  side- 
wise.  There'  are  several  species  o!  the  genus,  the  prin- 
cipal em  being  .1.  tetraophthalmus,  known  as  th 
Inhabiting  the  sandy  shores  of  tropica]  America 

anabole  (an-ab'o-le),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava 
what  is  thrown' up,  <  in-eiAii/'/nr,  throw  up,  < 
avi,  up,  +  jiaMxtv,  throw.]  A  throwing  up : 
specifically,  in  med.,  an  evacuation  upward: 
an  act  by" which  certain  matters  are  ejected 
by  the  mouth,  including  spitting,  expectora- 
tion, regurgitation,  and  vomiting. 

anabolic  (an-a-bol'ik),  a,     [<  Gr. 
throwing  up,  rising  up,  +  -ic.]    Characterized 
by  or  exhibiting  anabolism;  pertaining  to  an- 
abolism  in  general ;  assimilative :  construct  ivc- 
ly  metabolic. 


anabolic 


192 


iect  of  protoplasm  is  of  constantlj  increasing  anacardic  (an-a-ktir'dik),  a.    [<  anacard  +  -ic] 

Pertaining  to  the  shell  of  the  cashew-nut — Ana- 
cardic acid,  6441^407,  an  acid  of  an  aromatic  and  burn- 
ing flavor,  di  rived  from  the  pericarps  of  the  cashew-nut. 
It  Us  white  and  crystalline. 
Anacardium  (an-a-kar'di-um),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
•if, i,  according  to,  hence  resembling,  +  napdia, 
heart:  see  cardiac]  A  genus 
of  shrubs  and  trees,  natural 
order  Anacardiacece,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  bear  a 
kidney-shaped  drupe  at  the  summit  of 
a  fleshy  rei  eptai  le,  the  thickened  disk 
ami  peduncle  <>f  the  flower.  In  the 
cashew-tree,  A.  occidentale,  the  prin- 
cipal species,  this  receptacle  resem- 
bles a  pear  in  shape  and  size,  and  is 
edible,  having;  an  agreeable  acid 
though  somewhat  astringent  flavor. 
Ili,  drupes  are  roasted,  and  the  ker- 
nels, having  their  intense  acridity 
thus  destroyed,  become  the  pleasant 
and  wholesome  cashew-nuts.  The  tree 
yields  a  gum  Inning  qualities  like 
those  of  gum  arabic,  imported  from 
South  America  under  the  name  oi 
acajou. 

anacatharsis  (an "  a-ka  -  thar  '- 

sis),    it.      [NL.,   <  Gr.   dvamdapoig,  a  clearing 

away,  <  avamdaipew,  clear  away,  <  ana,  np,  away, 

+  mdaipeiv,  cleanse:  see  catharsis,  cathartic.] 

Purgation  upward,    (b)   Cough 


importance,  since  for  the  chemist  all  Functions  alik 
only  !"■  viewed  in  terms  ol  those  specific  anabolic  oi  kata- 
bolic  changes  which  to  the  physiologist,  on  the  other 
hand   seem  mere  accompaniments  of  them. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  -  S 

anabolism  (an-ab'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dva.v,///, 
a  throwing  up,  rising  up,  +  -ism.]  Assimila- 
tion: antegrade  metamorphosis;  constructive 
metabolism,  or  ascending  metabolic  processes 
by  which  a  substance  is  transformed  into  an- 
other which  is  more  complex  or  more  highly 
organized  and  more  energetic,    it  is  one  kind  of 

metabolism,  of  which  cataholisin  is  the  other.     The  pro- 
,  led  with  the  absorption  and  storing  up  of  en- 
which  isset  fr r  manifested  in  retrograde  meta- 
morphosis.   The  conversion  of  the  nutritive  elements  of 

the  t 1  into  the  tissues  of  a  living  organism  is  a  familiar 

example. 

Anabrus  (an-ab'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  a  ip&c,  graceful,  pretty,  delicate.]  A  genus 
of  wingless  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Locustida'.  It  contains  several  North  American  species 
known  as  western  crickets  or  stone-crickets,  such  as  .1. 
simplex,  a  large,  dark-colored,  nomadic  species,  sometimes 
appearing  in  vast  numbers  on  the  plains  west  of  the  Mis 
sissippi. 

anacahuite-wood  inn  a-ka-hwe'te-wud),  n. 
[<   anacahuite,    Mex.  name,  +  wood*-.]      The 

w I  of  a  boraginaceous  shrub,  Cordia  Bois- 

sicri.  obtained  from  Tampico,  Mexico.     It  is 


Fruit  of  Anacardi. 
utn  occidentale,  cut 
vertically. 


In  med. :  (a) 
reputed  to  be  a  remedy  for  consumption.  attended  by  expectoration. 

'.L.i™,ic  ,.,„  .,A-,.i;, .'=.•=,   »  •  nl.  „»»«;»,,.  anacathartic  (ana-ka-thar  bk),  a.  and iH.    [< 

Gr.  avaKadapriKor;  promoting  vomiting,  <  avana- 


anacalypsis  (an  a-ka-llfi'sis),  ».;  pi.  anacalyp 

ses  (-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaKajhAhig,  an  uncover- 
ing, <  avaKafanrretv,  uncover,  unveil,  <  avd,  back, 
+  m  .  over.  Cf.  apocalypse.]  An  un- 
veiling; a  revealing;  revelation.  [Rare.] 
anacamptic  (an-a-kamp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaitap- 
th-ov,  bend  back,  <  avd,  back,  +  Kawn-retv,  bend,  > 
nau-TiKor,  liable  to  bend.]  Reflecting  or  re- 
flected.—Anacamptic  sounds,  sounds  produced  by  re- 
flect   as  echoei 


Oaipeiv,  clear  away^  cleanse:  see  anacatharsis.] 
I.  a.  In  mcd.,  throwing  upward;  cleansing  by 
exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth  or  nose,  as 
vomiting,  expectoration,  etc, 

II.  n.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  which  ex- 
cite discharges  by  the  mouth  or  nose,  as  expec- 
torants, emetics,  sternutatories,  and  mastica- 
tories. 


anaconda 

anachronist  (an-ak'ron-ist),  ii.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -ist.]  One  who  commits  an  anachron- 
ism.    He  Quincey. 

anachronistic,  anachronistical  (an-ak-ro-nis'- 
tik,  -ti-kal),  a.  [< anachronist.]  Same  as  a na- 
chronous. 

anachronize  (an-ak'ron-iz),  v.  t. ;  prot.  and  pp. 
anachronized,  ppr.  anachronizing.  [<Gr.  ava- 
\puii.iii .  refer  to  a  wrong  time:  see  anachron- 
ism.] To  refer  to  an  erroneous  date  or  period  ; 
misplace  chronologically. 

anachronous  (aii-ak'ron-us),  a.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -oiis,  as  if  directly  <  Gr.  ava,  back,  + 
xpdvoc ,  time :  see  anachronism.]  Erroneous  in 
date;  containing  an  auaehronism ;  out  of  date. 
Equivalent  forms  are  anachronic,  anachronical, 
anachronistic,  and  anachronistical. 

anachronously  (an-ak'ron-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
anachronous  manner;  without  regard  to  cor- 
rect chronology. 

anaclasiS  (an-ak'la-sis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdnTta- 
me,  a  bending  back,  recurvature,  reflection  of 
light  or  of  sound,  <  dvas/dv,  bend  back,  break 
off,  <  ava,  back,  +  icXav,  break  off,  deflect.]  In 
pros.,  the  substitution  of  a  ditrochee  for  an 
Ionic  a  rnajori,  so  that  the  second  and  third  of 
the  four  syllables  interchange  lengths.  While 
the  constituent  parts  are  otherwise  unaltered,  the  rhyth- 
mic movement  is  by  this  irregularity  partially  deranged 
or  broken  up. 

anaclastic  (an-a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaniao-Toc, 
reflected,  verbal  adj.  of  dvaicMv:  see  anaclasis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  the  refraction 
of  light.— 2.  Bending  back;  refracted.— 3.  In 
pros.,  modified  or  characterized  by  anaclasis. — 
Anaclastic  curves,  the  apparent  curves  at  the  bottom  of 
a  vessel  of  water,  eau-ed  bj  the  refraction  of  light— Ana- 
clastic glass  or  -vial,  a  glass  w ith  a  narrow  mouth  and 
a  wide  convex  bottom  of  such  thinness  that  when  a  little 
air  is  sucked  out  it  springs  inward  with  a  smart  crackling 
sound,  and  when  air  is  blown  in  it  springs  outward  into  its 
former  shape  with  a  like  noise. 


:-**  ^^l^^tl^^S^S^  anaclastics  (an-a-klas'tiks,,  , 


reflection:  as,  echoes  are  sounds  anacamptically 
returned.     [Rare.] 

anacampticst  (an-a-kamp.'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
anacamptic:  see  -*'<».]     1.  That  part  of  optics 

which  treats  of  reflection:  now  called  catoptrics 
(which  see). —  2.  The  theory  of  reflected  sound. 

anacanth  (au'a-kauth),  •«.  [<  Gr.  avamv()oc, 
without  a  spine,  <  av-  priv.  +  iinavda,  spine, 
thorn:  see  acaniha.]  A  fish  of  the  order  or 
suborder  Anacanthini. 

Anacanthi  (an-a-kan'thi),  n.  pi.  Same  :ls  Ana- 
caittliitti. 

anacanthine  (an-a-kan'thin),  a.  [<  NL.  ana- 
canthmus:  see  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  dnacanthini;  anacanthous. 

Anacanthini  (an'a-kan-thi'ni),  >i.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  anacanthinus :  see  anacanth  and  -ini.] 
A  group  of  teleostean  fishes  to  which  various 

limits    have   I n    assigned    by  ichthyologists. 

It  is  now  usually  rated  as  an  order  or  a  Buborder,  char- 
acterized by  the  spineless  vertical  and  ventral  tins,  the 
latter  jugular  or  thoracic  when  present,  and  the  air-blad- 
d,T,  it  developi  1  with  no  pneumatic  duct.  The  group 
contains  many  ediide  lishes  of  the  greati  st  economic  im- 
,  i  haki  .  haddock,  whiting,  cask,  bur- 
bot etc,  among  the  gadoids,  and  the  halibut,  turbot  sole, 
plaici  flounder,  etc.,  among  the  pleuronectids.  It  is  di- 
vided bj  Gunther  into  .1-  pleuronectoidei,  characterized 
by  having  th  two  Id  of  the  head  unsymmetrical,  and 
the   flatfishes   of   the  family    Pleuronecttda 


an  aronment,  <  avd,  up,  +  Kceia/iaidciv,  sum  up,     clastic:  see  -ics.]     Same  as  dioptrics. 

bring  under  heads,  <  ne<j,d'Aaiov,  one  of  the  heads  anaclisis  (an-ak'li-sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaK/ tr,„; 

a  reclining,  <  avcuOJ-veiv,  lean  one  thing  against 
another,  in  pass.  avaxMveadai,  recline,  <  avd,  back, 
+  k'fivav,  lean:  see  clinic  and  Uan\]  In  mcd., 
the  particular  attitude  taken  by  a  sick  person 
in  bed,  which  affords  important  indications  in 
some  cases;  decubitus. 

anacoenosis  (an'a-se-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avanoivaaic,  communication,  <  dvanoivovv,  com- 
municate, make  common,  <  avd,  throughout, 
+  koivovv,  make  common,  <  koivuc,  common :  see 
cenobite.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  consisting  in  ap- 
pealing to  one's  opponent  for  his  opinion  on 
the  point  in  debate. 

anacolutha,  n.  Plural  of  anacoluthon. 
anacoluthia  (an"a-ko-lu'thi-ii),  a.  [NL.,  <  (Jr. 
dvaaoAovtiia,  inconsequence,  <  avaiciMWtoc,  incon- 
sequent: Bee  anacoluthon.]  Want  of  grammat- 
ical sequence  or  coherence;  the  passing  from 
one  construction  to  another  in  the  same  sen- 
tence. For  examples,  see  anacoluthon.  Also 
spelled  analcoluthia  and  anaholouthia. 

•Ivtliin  rei|Uircs  length  or  strength,  length  of  sen- 
strength  of  passion.       Jour,  o)  Philol.,  \  II.  1T5. 


of  a  discourse,  prop.  neut.  of  Ks6&r\mog,  pertain- 
ing to  the  head,  <  Ke<pa/.i/,  the  head :  Beecephalic] 
In.  rhet.,  a  summing  up;  recapitulation  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  discourse ;  recapitulation 
in  general. 

anachorett  (an-ak'o-ret),  n.  The  imcontracted 
form  of  anchoret. 

An  Englishman,  so  madly  devout,  that  he  had  wilfully 
inured  up  himself  as  an  anachoret,  the  worst  of  all  pris- 
oners, t'l'-  itall.  Epistles,  i.  5. 

anachoreticalt  (an-ak-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ava  \u>ii>/7tK<>,:,  disposed  to  retire,  Llir.  pertaining 
to  an  anchoret :  see  anchoret.]  Relating  to  or 
resembling  an  anachoret  or  anchoret. 

anachorism  (a-nak'o-rizm),  ii.  [<  Gr.  avd,  back, 
+  x"l'a,  or  x^P°C,  country,  +  -ism  :  formed  in 
imitation  of  anachronism?]  Something  incon- 
sistent with  or  not  suited  to  the  character  of 
the  country  to  which  it  is  referred.     [Rare] 

There  is  a  sort  of  opinions,  anachronisms  at  one.  and 
anachorisms,  foreign  both  to  the  age  and  the  country, 
that  maintain  a  feeble  and  buzzing  existence,  scarce  to  be 
called  life.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  p.  79. 

anachoritet  (an-ak'5-rit),  «.    An  old  form  of 

anchoret. 


A, Ml,,, 

telle 


I     in.    . 

and  .i    '  •  tot  i  e  navin   the  head  symmetrical.    By  later  anachronic,    anachronical 

writers  it  has  bei  a  restrict!  d  to  the  forms  manifesting  M-       -  ,.   , ,  ri    anachronism  + 

i    | I  Gill  it  has further     :      W>  a-    LA?  « 

limited  to  those  types  which  have  the  hypercoracoid  im- 
ii  'I  the  foramen  between  the  hypercoracoid  and 

the  hyp acoid.     It  thus  includes  the  families  Gadidce 

■  Ice.     Also  Anacanthi. 
anacanthous  (an-a-kan'thus),  a.    [<  Gr.  avd- 
tneless:  Bee  anacanth.]     1.  Spineless. 
— 2.  S] iflcally,  in  ichth.,  having  the  charac- 


(an-a-kron'ik, 

-ic.    Ci.  chronic.] 

Same  as  anachronous. 

[n  our  last  General  Convention  ...  it  happened  once 
that  a  member,  anachronic,  moved  a  resolution  having  the 
old  firebrand  smell  about  it,  the  old  clatter  of  tie  rai  k 
and  chains.  Morgan  Dia,  Am.  Church  Rev.,  \in 
anachronically  (an-a-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
anachronism;  wrongly  with  respect  to  M,te. 


teristics  of  the  anacanths;  pertaining  to  the  anachronism  (an-ak'ron-izm) 


ordei  or    aborder   Inacanthini, 
anacard  (an'a-kard),  n.     [=P.  anacarde,  <NL. 
anacardium:' 'see  dnacardiu/m.]    The  cashew- 
nut;  the  fruit   of  lie  Anacardium  occidentale. 
See  Anacardium.      V.  E.  D. 
Anacardiaceae  di-a'sf-e),  n.pl.  [NL., 

(.Anacardium  +•  -a'cea.]  A  natural  order  of 
polypetalous  disciflorai  plants,  with  alternate 
have,,  small  Sowersin  panicles,  and  the  fruit 
a  one-seed' e  elled  drupe.    They  are  trees  or 

aci id.  resinous,  milky  juice,  na 
ol  tropical  and  warm  regions  of  the  glohi 

r  i"  long  1 1  ■  '    ■  "i  the  spe- 

i  handling  them,  the 

■  Wangift  ra    Tndica),  the    i  B  hi  ^ 

[Anacardium  ,  ,■■,,',  ,,i,>i-  >  the  marking  nul  'Semecarpus 

"i,    i  le    \  :n  iii  h-tree  ol    Uartaban  I  Hi  lanor 

!  id    Japan  lacquer  I  Ri 

anacardiaceous(tin-a-kiir-di-a'shins». ".  |<  NL. 
anacardiai  inacardiacece.  |    In  hot.,  p 

lating  or  belonging  to  the  AnacardiocecB. 


[=  P. 


chronisme,  <  Gr.  dvaxpovurpdc,  <  avaxpovi&tv,  re- 
fer to  a  wrong  time,  only  in  pass.  dvaxpoyi&oOat, 
be  .in  anachronism,  <  oi'ii,  back,  against,  + 
xpdvoc,  time :  see  chnoiic]  An  error  in  respect 
to  dates;  any  error  which  implies  the  mispla- 
cing of  persons  or  events  in  time;  hence;  any- 
thing foreign  to  or  out  of  keeping  with  a  speci- 
fied time.  Thus,  shakspere  makes  Sector  quoti  \,, 
Intl. .  u  ho  lived  many  centuries  after  the  assumed  date  of 
Hi .  tor.  Anachronisms  may  be  made  in  regard  to  mode 
ol  thought,  ityle  ol  writing,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  In 
regard  to  events. 

ti„.  lam. .ii    ana  hreni  m  [of  Virgin  in  making    i  m  a 
and  Did "i aril  Dryden,  Epl    P 

Thus  far  we  abjure,  as  monstrous  moral  anachronism*, 
the  parodies  ami  lampoons  attributed  to  Homer. 

De  Quincey,  Eomer,  iii. 

But  of  what  use  is  il   to  avoid  a  single  anochn 
when  the  whole  plaj  It  one  anachronism,  the  sentiments 
and  phrases  of  Versailles  in  the  camp  of  Aulis  ! 

Macaulay,  Moore  s  Byron. 


ingth  of  passion. 

anacoluthic  (an"a-ko-lu'thik),  a.  [<  anacolu- 
thon +  -ic]  In  ijram.  and  rial.,  wanting  se- 
quence; containing  an  anacoluthon:  as,  an 
anacoluthic  clause  or  sentence.  Also  spelled 
anakoluthic  and  anaholouthic. 

anacoluthically  (an^a-ko-lu'thi-kal-i),  adv. 
[<  anacoluthic  +  -at  +  -hi'2.]  In  an  anacoluthic 
manner.  ,\.  I..  /'.  -Vlso' spelled  aiiakoluthically 
and  anakolouthically. 

anacoluthon  (an*a-ko-lu'thon),  «.;  pi.  anaco- 
lutha  (-thii).  [NL.,"<G"r.  avaK&Xovdov,  neut.  of dva- 
!.,,:<•  i'ii< if,  inconsequent  (the  Gr.  noun  is  dvaxoAou- 
Ilia:  see  anacoluthia),  <  ,iv-  priv.  +  dhu/, wHn, ,  fol- 
lowing, >  E.  acolyte,  q.  v.]  In  i/ram.  and  rht  t, 
an  instance  of  anacoluthia;  a  construction  char- 
acterized bv  a  want  of  grammatical  sequence. 
For  example  :  "  Ind  he  charged  him  to  tell  no  man  :  but 
goand  hew  thyself  to  the  pneBt"  Lukev.14.  "He  that 
curseth  father  or  mother,  let  him  die  the  death."  Mat. 
m     t      As  a  figure  of  speech  It  has  propriety  and  force 

only  so  far  as  it  suggests  that  the  ei ion  of  the  speaker 

is  so  gri  at  i  i"  make  him  forget  hov.  he  began  his  sen- 
I.  n,  i  .  as  in  the  following  examples: 

"If  thou  licesthe—  But  0,  hOWfall'n!  how  changed  !" 

Hilton,  P.  I..,  i.  84. 

"hut  — ah!  — Him  !  the  flrsl  great  Martyr  In  this  great 

cause'  .   .   .  how  shall  I  struggle  with   lie    '' tiniisthat 

stifle  the  utterance  oi  thyname!"  D.  W ebater,  Speech  at 
I'.iini.i  i  Hill 

Also  spelled  anakoluthon  and  anakolouthon. 

anaCOnda  (an-a-kon'dii),  ».  [  In  the  lSth  cen- 
tury  also  spelled   anacondo,  ouoconda;   men- 


anaconda 

tioned  by  Ray  (1693)  in  the  form  anacandaia, 
as  if  the  native  name  in  Ceylon  ;  but  the  word 
has  not  been  traced  in  Singhalese  or  elsewhere.  ] 


l'KS 


anagram 


Science,  VI.  420. 
In  ferns  whose  lowest  secondary  branches  ori- 
ginate (in  the  anterior  side  of  the  pinnsc. 

etc.    See 


rivers. 
(»)  In  tot 


1.  A  very  large  serpent  of  Ceylon  a  kind  of  Anaemaria, '  anaematosis,  anaemia,  el 

python,  variously  identified  as  Python  renew-     inemaria  etc 

latiis,  or  P.  molurus,  or  P.  Hgris;  hence,  some  In-  Anseretes'u-ncr'e-te/.),  n.    [NL.,<  Or.  a 


diaii  species  of  that  genus.  Also  called /n'miem 
and  rock-snake.— 2.  Used  mistakenly  by  Dau- 
din  as  the  specific  name  of  a  large  serpent 
of  South  America,  Boa  murina  (Linnaeus),  B. 
anaconda  (Daudin),  now  generally  known  as 
Eunectes  murium;  hence,  some  largo  South 
American   boa,    python,   or  roek-snake.      In 


American    uuu>,      u  v  liiuh,    01    im.a-ouuMj.        j.±±        -—  _  ,  ,         , 

zodl.  the  name  is  becoming  limited  to  the  Eu-  anaeretlC  (an-e-ret  ik),n.  [<  Gr.  avaiperaaic,  tak- 
nectcs  murimts.-S.  In  popular  language,  any  mg  away,  destructive,  <avatpeTr,c,  a  destroyer: 
enormous  serpent  which  is  not  venomous,  but 


Tho  movements  of  anadromous  fishes  in  our  Atlantic  anaglyptics  (an-a-glip'tiks),  n.     Same  as  ana- 

gli/plias. 

anaglyptograph  (an-a-glip'tp-graf),  ».  [<Gr. 
avayTwmoc,  anaglyptic  (soe  anaglyph),  +  ypd<pcm, 
write,  engrave/]  An  instrument  tor  making  a 
medallion-engraving  of  an  object  in  relief,  as  a 
medal  or  a  cameo.    K.  II.  Knight. 

anaglyptographic  (an-a-glip-to-graf'ik),  a.  [< 
anaglyptograph  +  -if.]  Of  orperiaining  to  ana- 
glyptography —  Anaglyptographic  engraving,  a 
proceBsof  engraving  on  an  etching-ground  winch  gives  to  a 
subject  the  appearance  of  beingraised  from  the  surface  "i 
the  print,  as  if  embossed.  It  is  frequently  employed  in  the 
representation  of  coins,  medals,  lias-reliefs,  etc. 

anaglyptography  (an'a-glip-tog'ra-fi),  n.  [< 
anaglyptograph.]  The  art  of  copying  works  in 
relief;  anaglyptographic  engraving. 


vatptTTic, 
a  destroyer,  murderer,  <  avaipeiv,  take  away,  de- 
stroy, (.am,  up,  +  alpeiv,  take.  Cf.  anareta.]  A 
genus  of  South  American  tyrant  flycatchers, 
of  the  family  Tyrannidw.  One  of  the  species  is  .1.  at- 
bocrietatus,  a  small  bird  Btriped  with  black  and  white,  ami 
having  a  plumicorn  over  each  eye.  Also  less  correctly 
written  Anairetes. 


see  Anicrctcs.]     In  mcd.,  anything  tending  to 


which  envelops  and  crushes  its  prey  in  its  destroy  tissue.-Animal  anseretics,  the  gastric  juice  a'nagiypton> Tan^giYp'Ton  )T»  ^ '  '[<L.  anaglyp 
folds;  any  of  the  numerous  species  of  the  f am-  a^agroWan-I'e-rob), n.  One  of  the  anaerobia.  <«'»>  «ipl.  anrtglypta,  <  Gr.  avayhmrov, vent,  of 
dies  niwheandPytliimidtc;  any  boa  constrictor.  a„„Srn1l;„  c„„  s"„  ro'lii  nl  »  nl  TNL  neut  avaylvxToc  (Plmy):  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as 
Anacondas  are  found  in  the  tropical  countries  of  both  anaerODia  (an  a  e  ro  01  a;,  n.  pi.     L^xjjt  n»uh  / 

pi.  of  anaerobvus:  see  aunt  rubious,     1  irst  used     anuyiypn.  _  ....  r..,      ,  r. 

by  Pasteur,   in  P.  pi.,  anaerobies.]    A  name  anagnorisis  (an-ag-nor  l-sis),    n.      [NL..<|.r. 

avayvup/nic,  recognition,  m  tragedy  recognition 


trop 
hemispheres,  and  are  generally  blotched  with  black, 
brown,  and  yellow.  Some  are  said  to  attain  a  length  of 
upward  of  30  feet,  but  they  are  usually  found  of  a  length 
between  12  and '20  feet.  They  are  not  venomous,  but  possess 
great  constricting  powers,  the  larger  specimens  being  aide 
to  crusli  and  swallow  such  quadrupeds  as  the  tiger  and 
jaguar."  One  of  the  species  found  in  Brazil  is  there  called 
sucuriu  or  sucuriuba.  The  name  has  been  popularly  ap- 
plied to  all  the  larger  and  more  powerful  snakes.  The 
orthography  of  the  word  has  settled  into  anaconda. 


given  to  bacteria  which  live  without  free  oxy- 
gen, in  distinction  from  aerobia  (which  see). 
anaerobian  (an-a-e-ro'bi-an),  a.    Relating  to 
or  characteristic  of  anaerobia;  anaerobious. 
anaerobic  (an-a-e-rob'ik),  a.     Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  anaerobia. 
anacosta(an-a-kos'tii),  n.    [Sp.]   Awoolenfab-  anaeroblOSlS  (an-a'e-ro-bi-o  sis),  «.      [NL.,  < 
ric  made  in  Holland'and  exported  to  Spain.  Or.  av-  pnv.  +  afip  (asp-),  air,  +  Bmaig,  way  ot 

Anacreontic  (an-ak-re-on'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.     life,  <  (itdtuv,  live,  <  ptoc,  Me. 
Anacrconticus,  <  Anacreon,  <  Gr.  'Avanpfuv,  a 

Greek  poet.]     I.  a.  1.   Pertaining  to  or  after    oxygen.  _    _ 

the  manner  of  Anacreon,  a  Greek  poet  of  the  anaerobiotic  (an-a"e-ro-bi-ot  lk),  a. 
sixth  century  B.  c,  whose  odes  and  epigrams  anaerobious. 
were  celebrated  for  their  ease  and  grace.  They  It  is  just  the  anaerobiotie  plants  which  are  most  highly 
were  devoted  to  the  praise  of  love  and  wine.  «*"•*  """  ,he  P"*"*  ot  ""^^SS^ISx  51 
Hence -2.  Pertaining  to  the  praise  of  love  anagrobious  (an-a-e-r6'bi-us),  a.  [<  NL.  anae- 
and  wine;  convivial;  amatory.  rM      <  Gr    a„_  plviv_  +  &f>p  (d£p.);  ^  +  ^ 

Constantinople  had  given  him  a  taste  for  Anacreontic     lif    -.     Capable   of  living  in    an    atmosphere 
singing  and  female  society  of  the  questionable  kind.  —s+x,™*  r,C„„.o„ 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  SS.     without  oxygen. 


as  leading  to  the  denouement,  <  avayvapiQeiv, 
recognize,  esp.  in  tragedy,  <  avci,  again,  + 
yvupi^ctv,  make  known,  gain  knowledge  of,  < 
*yw>poc  (not  nsed,  =  L.  *gnorvs,  in  comp.  igno- 
rar<;  know  not,  ignore;  cf.  gnarus,  knowing),  < 
yiyvaoitetvz='E.  know,  q.  v.]  1.  Recognition. — 
2.  The  unraveling  of  a  plot  in  dramatic  action ; 
Cf.  aer'obiosis.~] 


denouement ;  clearing  up. 


Life  iiTan  atmosphere  which  does' not  contain  anagnost  (an'ag-nost),  n.     [<  L.  anagnostes,  < 

Gr.  avayvua-j]c,  a  reader,  <  avay  q  vmkfiv,  read. 


Same  as 


-i    a      '    i  „  anaerophyte  (an-a'e-ro-fit),  n.    [<Gr.  di 
n.n.p.c]    [=F.anacreo»Uquc.-}   Apoemby  ««*       VJ       ■  ~   ^    ''         L 

Anacreon,  or  composed  in  the  manner  of  Ana- 
creon ;  a  little  poem  in  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  anacreontique. 

To  the  miscellanies  [of  Cowley]  succeed  the  anacreon- 
iiques.  Johnson,  Cowley. 

anacrotic  (an-a-krot'ik),  a.      [<  Gr.  ava,  up,  + 

upoToQ,  striking,  clapping :  cf .  avaKporch;  lift  up 

and  clap  (the  hands).]     Displaying  or  relating 

to  anacrotism. 
anacrotism  (a-nak'ro-tizm),  ».     [(.anacrotic  + 

-ism.']     The  secondary  oscillation  occurring  in 

the  ascending  portion  of  a  sphygtnographic  or 

pulse-recording  tracing.     See  sphygmograph. 
anacrusis  (an-a-kro'sis),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  iwmpov- 


ni'-priv. 
aero- 
phyteJ]  In  hot.,  a  plant  which  does  not  need 
a  direct  supply  of  air.  A.  E.  D. 
anaesthesia  (an-es-the'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaiaffr/aia, 
insensibility,  stupor,  <  avaiaff/jToc,  insensible, 
not  feeling:  see  anesthetic.']  Loss  of  the  sense 
of  touch,  as  from  paralysis  or  extreme  cold; 
diminution  or  loss  of  tho  physical   sense  of 


recognize,  know  again,  <  ava,  again,  +  ;  />  vunauv 
=  E.  know,  q.  v.]  A  reader;  a  prelector;  one 
employed  to  read  aloud ;  the  reader  of  the  les- 
sons in  church.     K.  E.  li. 

anagnostiant  (an-ag-nos'tian),  n.  Same  as 
anagnost. 

anagoge  (an-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avayuyi/, 
in  senses  denned  below,  lit.  a  bringing  up,  < 
avdyeiv,  bring  up,  lead  up,  <  ava,  up,  4-  ayav, 
lead,  drive:  see  agent,  act,  etc.]  1.  In  med., 
an  upward  rejection,  as  the  rejection  of  blood 
from  the  lungs  by  the  mouth;  anabole. —  2t. 
Spiritual  enlightenment;  elevation  to  spirit- 
ual insight.  Phillips.— 3.  The  spiritual  meaning 
or  application  of  words;  especially,  the  appli- 
cation of  the  types  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
to  subjects  of  the  New  Testament.  Also  ana- 
ffogy. 


<«f,  <  avanpobmr,  strike  baek,"push  back,  check  anaesthesis  (an-es-the'sis),  n.     [<  Gr.  av-  priv. 

(in  music,  strike  up,  begin),  <  ava  +  upoietv.     +  aialhjaic,  feeling.     Cf.  ancesthesia.]     Same  as 

strike.]    In  pros.,  an  upward  beat  at  the  begin-    ancesthesia. 

ning  of  a  verse,  consisting  of  either  one  or  two  anaesthetic,  etc.     See  anesthetic,  etc. 

unaccented  syllables,  regarded  as  separate  from  anaetiological  (an  -  e  "  ti-  o  -loj '  i  -  kal),  a.    [<  Gr. 

and  introductory  to  the  remainder  of  the  verse,     di*-  priv.  («-18)  +  (etiological,  q.  v;]      Not  tetiO' 
anacrustic  (an-a-krus'tik),  fl.     [<  Gr.  avaKpov- 

annuc  (fitted  for  checking),  with  ref.  to  anacru- 
sis.]    Characterized  by  anacrusis. 
anacusis  (an-a-ku'sis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 

+  anovair,  hearing,  <  anovciv,  hear:  see  acoustic] 

Deafness  from  nervous  lesion. 
anadem  (an'a-dem),  n.    [<  L.  anadema,  <  Gr.  avd- 


feeling;  specifically,  a  state  of  insensibility,  anagogetical  (an"a-go-jet'i-kal),    a.       [<  ana- 
especially  to  pain,  produced  by  inhaling  an  an-    gogc  +  -et-ical.]    Pertaining  to  anagoge  or  spir- 
esthetic,  as  chloroform  or  ether,  or  by  the  ap-    itual elevation;  mysterious;  anagogieal.  _ 
plication  of  other  anesthetic  agents.     Also  an-  anagogic  (an-a-goj'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<Gr.  avaya- 

esthesia,  ancesthesis,  anesthesis Anaesthesia  do-    yiicic,  mystical, <avayay^:  see  anagoge.]    I.  a. 

lorosa,  a  condition  in  which,  though  the  sense  of  touch     Same  as  anagogieal. 
h  lost,  great  pain  is  still  felt  in  the  affected  part. 


II.  n.  A  mystical  or  spiritual  interpretation, 
especially  of  Scripture. 

The  notes  upon  that  constitution  say,  that  the  Misna 
Torali  was  composed  out  of  the  cabalisties  and  analogies 
of  the  Jews,  or  some  allegorical  interpretations  pretended 
to  be  derived  from  Hoses. 

L.  Addison,  State  of  the  Jews,  p.  248. 

logical;  having  no  known  natural  cause  or  rea-  anagogieal  (an-a-goj'i-kal),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 

son  for  being;  dysteleological.  ingtoanagoge;  mysterious;  elevated;  spiritual. 

nmoprmeii^   I  an-a-ie-ne'sisl    n        TNL  .  <  Gr.      In  the  older  writers  on  BibUcal  interpretation,  appUed  to 

anagennesis  (,au-a  je-ne  sis;,  n.     \_viu.,  \  ui.    one  of  the  four  genses  o(  gcri  taie  the  othere  ljejiif;  thc 

avaytvin/cic,  regeneration,  (.  avayevvav,  regener-     uterai  the  allegorical,  and  the  tropical.     The  anagogieal 

ate,  <  ava,  again,  +  yewav,  generate.]     Repara-     st.nse  is  a  spiritual  sense  relating  to  the  eternal  gloij  of 


tion  or  reproduction  of  tissue 
structure, 


regeneration  of 


diipa,  a  head-band  or  fillet,  <  avaifai,  bind  up,  anaglyph  (an'a-glif ),  n.     [<  L.  an  a  glyph  inn,  < 


wreathe,  crown,  <  ava,  up,  +  o"«n,  bind.  Cf.  dia- 
dem.] A  band,  fillet,  garland,  or  wreath  worn 
on  the  head:  as,  "wreaths  and  aitadems,"  Tenny- 
son, Palace  of  Art.  Also  spelled  anademe:  as, 
"garlands,  anademes,  and  wreaths,"  Drayton, 
Muses'  Elysium,  v.  [Rare.] 
anadiplosis  (an"a-di-plo'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
(SiV/lwtHC,  repetition,  <  avadnr'Aovv,  make  double 


Gr.  6a>&)  '/.vipov,  embossed  work,  neut.  of  avay'hv<j>ar 
(sometimes dvd>/wTrof,  >L.  anaglyptus — Pliny), 
embossed  in  low  relief,  <  ava,  up,  +  y'Av<j>uv,  cut 
out,  hollow  out,  engrave:  see  glyph.]  Any 
carving  or  art-work  in  relief,  as  distinguished 
from  engraved  incised  work,  or  intaglio.  The 
term  is  most  generally  applied  to  works  in  precious  metal  anagOglCally  (an-a-gO,l  l-kal-l)_,  atlr 


the  believer,  up  to  which  its  teachings  are  supposed  to 
lead :  thus,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  anagogieal  sense, 
signilles  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

We  cannot  apply  them  [prophecies]  to  him,  but  by  a 
mystical,  anagogieal  explication. 

South,  Sermons,  VIII.  101. 

The  work  [the  Divina  Commedia]  is  to  be  interpreted  ill 
a  literal,  allegorical,  moral,  and  anagogieal  sense,  a  mode 
then  commonly  employed  with  the  Scriptures. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  34. 

In  an  ana- 


-     »,    "*;-  '.      ,     ,     ,  '.        _i_    r      i    -  Stone,  etc.      Also  called  tnooili/pwn, 

(used  only  m  pass.),  < .ava,  again,  +  At/.oiv    anaglypllic  (an.a-glif  'ik),  a.   [<  anaglyph 
make  double,  <  StwMoc,  double  :  see  diploe  and     Pei%^h     ^  ana|lyphs  or  to  the  art  of  d 


Same  as  ana- 


or  to  gems,  but  it  is  also  applied  to  ordinary  reliefs  in 
stone,  etc.    Also  called  anaglypton._ 

+  -ic] 
<vBlyphs  or  to  the  art  of  decora- 
diploma.]    A  figure  m  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con-      .       .        g^ .        *d  to  diaglyphic.  Also  ana- 
sisting  in  the  repetition  at  the  beginning  of  a     „/,..,^-(, 

line  or  clauso  of  the  last  word  or  words  preced-  anaglvpnical  (an-a-glif 'i-kal),  a 
ing,  as  m  the  following  examples:  glyptic.    Also  andgh/pUcal'. 

"For  the  Lord  thy  God  bringeth  "■ 
a  land  of  brooks  of  water." 

"The  Spirit  itself  beareth  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we 
are  the  children  of  God  :  And  if  children,  then  heirs;  lieirs 
of  God,  and  joint-heirs  with  Christ."    Bom.  viii.  16,  IT. 

anadrom  (an'a-drom),  n.  [<  Gr.  avidpo/ioc,  run- 
ning up,  applied  to  fish  ascending  rivers,  <  dwz- 
itpapciv,  run  up,<  ava,  up,  +  Spapiiv,  run:  see 
dromedary.]  An  anadromous  fish ;  one  which 
ascends  rivers  from  the  sea  to  spawn. 

anadromous  (a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdfipofios : 
see  anadrom.]  Ascending.  Applied— (a) In zoM., 
to  fishes  which  pass  from  the  sea  to  fresh  water  to  spawn. 
13 


■ *■ tlll/pltlC.       A1SO  ««'!'/('//""  "'• 

■ingeth  thee  into  a  good  land,  a'na,elvDhicS  (an-a-glif 'iks),  n.     The  art  of  dec- 
DeUt-  ™;  ?-        ,  ,  *  .  oniting  in  relief. "  Also  anaglyptics. 

"  anaglyphy (an-ag'li-fi),«.  [< anaglyph  +  -y.]  1. 
The  art  of  sculpturing  in  relief,  or  of  carving 
or  embossing  ornaments  in  relief.— 2.  Work 
thus  executed. 

anaglyptic  (an-a-glip'tik),  a.    [<  LL.  anaglyp- 

ticus,  <  Gr.  *avayi\mTM6c,  <  avay'AvnToc,  wrought 

'     see  anaglyph.]     Samo  as  atta- 


in low  relief 
glyphic 

a'naglyptical  (an-a-glip'ti-kal),  o. 
anaglyphical. 


Same  as 


gogical  or  mystical  sense ;  with  religious  eleva- 
tion. 

anagogy  (an'a-go-ji),  h.  [As  anagoge,  with 
suffix  assimilated  to  the  more  common  suffix 
-y.]     Same  as  anagoge. 

anagram  (an'a-gram),  n.  [<  F.  anagramme,  < 
NL.  anagramma,  used,  in  imitation  of  program' 
ma,  E.  program,  etc. ,  for  anagram  ma  lism  us,  <  Gr. 
avaypait/iaTiofiAo,  au  anagram,  <  avaypa/ifiaTifriv, 
transpose  the  letters  of  a  word  so  as  to  form 
another,  <  ova,  hero  used  in  a  distributive  sense, 
+  )pd/ifia(r-),   a  letter:  see  gram-,   grammar.] 

1.  A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word  or 
sentence,  to  form  a  new  word  or  sentence :  thus, 
Galenas  is  an  anagram  of  angelus.  Dr.  Burney's 
anagram  of  Horatio  Nelson  is  one  of  the  happiest,  Honor 
est  a  Xilo  (Honor  is  from  the  Nile). 

2.  A  word  formed  by  reading  the  letters  of  one 
or  more  words  backward ;  a  palindrome :  thus, 
evil  is  an  anagram  of  live. 


anagram 

anagram  (un'a-grami.  r.  ?.  [<  anagram, n.~]  To 
form  into  an  anagram, 

anagrammatic  (an  a-gra-mat'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
anagramma(t-)  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  form- 
ing an  anagram — Anagrammatic  multiplication, 
in  ate.  ili.it  form  ol  multiplication  in  which  the  order 
of  the  letters  i-  Indifferent, 

anagrammatical  (an"a-gra-mat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anagrammatie. 

We  cannot  leave  the  author's  name  in  that  obscurity 
which  tin'  ana  trammatieal  title  seems  intended  to  throw 
over  it  -  .  .  Merlin  is  only  the  rcpivsentativi  ofl>r.  Mil- 
ner.        Southey,  Quarterly  Rev.,  XXXIII.  5.    (.v.  E.  D.) 

anagrammatically  (an"a-gra-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  anagram. 
anagrammatise,  v.    See  anagrammatize. 
anagrammatism  (an-a-gram'a-tizm),  n.    [<  F. 
anagrammatisme,  <  NL.  anaijrainmatismus,  <  Gr. 
avaypa/i/iaTcau6g,   transposition  of  letters:  see 
anagram.]    The  act  or  practice  of  making  ana- 
grams, 
anagrammatist  (an-a-gi'am'a-tist),  ji.     [<  NL. 
aitagramma(t-)  +  -ist.]    A  maker  of  anagrams. 
anagrammatize    (an-a-gram'a-tiz),    v.;    pret. 
and  pp.  anagrammatized,  ppr.  anagrammatizing. 
[=  V  anagrammatiser,  <  Gr.  avaypa/iuari^eivi  see 
anagram.]     I.  trans.  To  transpose,  as  the  let- 
ters of  a  word,  so  as  to  form  an  anagram. 
Within  this  circle  is  Jehovah's  name. 
Forward,  anil  backward,  anagramatis'd. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i.  4. 
Others  anagrammatize  it  from  Eva  (Eve)  into  Vce,  be- 
cause they  say  she  was  the  cause  of  our  woe. 

11'.  Austin,  Haa;  Homo,  p.  182. 

II.  intrants.  To  make  anagrams. 
Also  spelled  anagrammatise. 

anagraphs  (an'a-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaypatyn,  a 
writing  out,  register,  <  ava)pa6eiv,  write  out, 
register,  engrave,  inscribe,  <  ava,  up,  +  ypicjav, 
engrave,  write.]  1.  An  inventory.  Blount. — 
2.  A  prescription  or  recipe.     Syd.  Sac.  Lex. 

anagua  (an-ii'gwa),  n.  [Mex.  Sp.]  A  name 
given  in  Texas  to  a  low  boraginaceous  tree, 
Ehrt  ha  i  lliptica;  the  knockaway.  Also  spelled 
anagua. 

anakan  (an'a-kan),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
small  Brazilian  macaw,  Ara  scrcra,  about  18 
inches  long,  mostly  of  greenish  coloration,  with 
black  bill  and  feet. 

anak-el-ard  (an'ak-el-ard'),  re.  [Ar.  'anfuj  al- 
anlh  {ar:),  the  badger,  lit.  kid  of  the  earth: 
'ami'/,  kid;  at,  the;  ardh (are), Pers.  are, earth, 
land.]     Same  as  earacal. 

anakolouthia,  anakoluthia,  etc.  [In  closer 
imitation  of  the  Greek.]     See  anacoluthia,  etc. 

anal  (a'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  analis,  <  L.  anus: 
seeanus.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anus. 
— 2.  Situated  at  or  near  the  anus;  aboral:  the 
opposite  of  oral. — 3.  Ventral  and  median,  as 
the  fin  of  a  fish,  without  reference  to  its  posi- 
tion with  respect  to  the  anus :  the  opposite  of 
dorsal. 

In  zoology  its  abbreviation  is  a. 
Anal  armature,  an  appendage  in  insects,  the  modified 
and  appendaged  terminal  abdominal  segments,  such  as 
tii  ting,  the  ovipositor,  etc. — Anal  dilator,  in  surg., 
an  Instrument  for  distending  the  sphincter  of  the  anus 
to  permit  an  examination  of  the  rectum. — Anal  fin,  in 
ti  -i  tie  median  ventral  unpaired  tin:  the  opposite  of 
See  'Ht  under  Jin.—  Anal  forceps,  in  insects, 
a  plncer-like  anal  armature.  — Anal  gland.  (a)  In  birds, 
the  uropygial  oil-gland  or  elseodochon.  Oegenbaur.  [Rare.] 
(b)  In  mammals,  any  glandular  organ  situated  near  or  con- 
nected with  the  anus,  such  as  tie.se  existing  in  the  .1/".*- 
telides.  They  reach  their  greatest  development  in  the 
skunk-,  and  thi  lr  -  en  tion  is  the  cause  of  the  fetid  odor 
of  these  animals. —  Anal  legs,  in  entom.,  legs  on  the 
posterior  s.  c<  rtain  insect,  lame,  as  in  mans 

caterpillars.  Anal  orifice,  the  anus.— Anal  plate,  or 
anal  scute,  iu  herpetol.,  the  last  ventral  plate  or  scute, 
h  issltuati  I  immediately  in  front  of  the  anus. — Anal 
pouch,  an  induplication  or  cul-de-sac  above  the  anus  of 
the  badgers,  distinct  from  tie-  anal  glands.  Anal  re- 
gion, any  part  of  tie-  body  Which  gives  exit  to  the  refuse 
of  digestion,  a-  in  protozoans. — Anal  spurs,  in  serpi  al  , 
the  •  l   inii     .,]    i  leiinii  ntai  >    hind  limbs. — 

Anal  stylet  or  feeler,  one  of  the  two  small  pointed  or 
gansfound  on  the  posterior  extremity  of  certain  arthro- 
pod "I  articulate  annuals.  — Anal  supporter,  a  pail,  re- 
sembling a  truss,  fur  supporting  the  anus  in  cases  of  pro- 
lapsus anl 
II.  a.  In  iihth.,  an  anal  fin. 

analasset,  «•    Same  as  anlace. 

analav  (an'a-lav),  n,  |<  Boss.  analavH,  a  breast- 
plate, pectoral  cross.]  A  kerchief  having  on  it 
i  representation  of  the  cross,  the  instruments 
of  the  passion,  or  the  like,  worn  by  nuns  in 
Russia. 

analcim,  analcime  (a-nal'sim),  n.  Same  as 
anali '  U  . 

Analcipus  (a-nal ' si-pus),  «.  [NL.;  less  cor- 
rectly Analciopus ;  <  Or.  avahdn  oiavaMuc  (-/ad-), 
without  strength,  <  av-  priv.  +  aAxSj,  Btrength, 
+  rot'c  (7ro(!-)  =  E.  foot.]    A  genus  of  awallow- 


194 

shrikes,  of  the  family  Artamida;  established  by 
Swainson  in  1831.  ./.  sanguinolentus,  of  Java, 
Sumatra,  ami  Borneo,  is  the  leading  species. 

analcite  (a-nal'sit),  «.  [<  Gr.  avahd/c,  ava/.Ktr, 
witliout  strength,    feeble   (see   Analcipus),  + 

-//<-.]  A  zeolitic  mineral,  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
aluminium  and  sodium,  generally  found  crys- 
tallized in  trapezohedral  crystals,  but  also  mas- 
sive. It  is  of  frequent,  occurrence  in  trap-rocks,  espe- 
cially in  the  cavities  ul  aniygdaloids.  It  melts  under  the 
blowpipe  Into  a  si  mi -transparent  glass.  The  name  has  ref- 
erence to  its  weak  electric  power  when  heated  or  rubbed. 
Also  called  anaXeim,  analcime. 
analect  (an'a-lokt),  n.  [<  NL.  analeetus,  <  Gr. 
avatenTor,  select,  verbal  adj.  of  avaAtyeiv,  gather 
up,  <  ava,  up,  +  Atyew,  pick  up,  =  L.  legere, 
gather,  read:  see  legend,  lection.]  A  small 
piece  selected  from  a  literary  work;  an  extract ; 
a  literary  fragment:  usually  in  plural,  analects 
or  analecta  (which  see) — Analects  of  Confucius, 

a  name  given  to  a  collection  of  such  sayings  of  the  Chinese 
sage  Confucius  as  his  disciples,  long  after  his  death,  could 

recall. 

analecta  (an-a-lek'tii),  ji.  pi.  [NL.,neut.  pi.  of 
analeetus:  see  analect.]  Selected  passages  from 
the  writings  of  an  author  or  of  different  authors ; 
a  title  for  a  collection  of  choice  extracts.  See 
analect. 

analectic  (an-a-lek'tik),  a.  [<  analect  +  -ic] 
Relating  to  analects,  collections,  or  selections; 
made  up  of  selections :  as,  an  analectic  maga- 
zine. 

analemmat  (an-a-lem'S),  n.  [<  L.  analemma, 
a  sun-dial  which  showed  the  latitude  and  meri- 
dian of  a  place,  <  Gr.  avahpipa,  a  sun-dial,  a  sling 
for  a  wounded  aim,  a  wall  for  underpropping, 
any  support,  <  avaAapjiuveiv,  take  up,  <  ava,  up, 
+  Aapftaveiv,  J,ajitiv,  take.  Cf.  lemma,  dilemma.] 
1.  A  form  of  sun-dial,  now  disused. — 2.  In 
geom.,  an  orthographic  projection  of  the  sphere 
on  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  being 
supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon.  Hence 
— 3.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass  on  which  a 
projection  of  this  nature  is  drawn,  formerly  used 
in  solving  astronomical  problems. — 4.  A  tabu- 
lated scale,  usually  drawn  in  the  form  of  the 
figure  8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  zone  on  a 
terrestrial  globe,  to  show  the  sun's  declination 
and  the  equation  of  time  on  any  day  of  the  year. 

analepsia  (an-a-lep'si-8),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
analejisis  and  analepsy. 

analepsis  (an-a-lep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
Arffig,  a  taking  up,  recovery,  <  ava/.apjidvciv,  take 
up,  get  back,  recover  one's  breath:  see  ana- 
lemma.]  Turned.:  (a)  Recovery  of  strength  after 
disease.  (//)  A  kind  of  sympathetic  epilepsy 
from  gastric  disturbance.  Also  called  analepsia 
and  analepsy. 

analepsy  (an'a-lep-si),  n.  [<  NL.  analepsia, 
equiv.  to  analep>sis,  q.  v.]  1.  Same  as  analep- 
sis.—  2.  Reparation  or  amendment. 

The  African,  from  the  absence  of  books  and  teaching, 
had  no  principle  of  analepsy  iu  his  intellectual  furnishing 
by  which  a  wniil,  once  In  come  obscure  from  a  real  or  sup- 
posed less  ,,f  parts  ul-  meaning,  can  be  repaired,  amended, 
or  restored  to  its  original  form. 

Trim*.  Amer.  PhUol.  Ass.,  XVI.,  App.,  p.  xxxii. 

analeptic  (an-a-lep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvaAn-riwc, 
restorative,  <  avdA>?i/"fi  restitution,  recovery: 
see  analepsis.]  Restoring;  invigorating;  giv- 
ing strength  after  disease:  as,  an  analeptic 
medicine. 

Analges  (a-nal'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hvakyfic, 
nut  feeling  pain,  insensible,  <  av-  priv.  +  a/.yoi;, 
pain.]  A  genus  of  mites  founded  by  Nitzsch, 
type  of  the  family  Amtlgida: 

analgesia  (au-al-je'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaX. 
yr/nia,  painlessness,  <  avd'Ayvror,  painless  (cf. 
avaAyi/c,  painless),  <  or-  priv.  +  aXyelv,  feel  pain, 
<  a/'.jof,  pain.]  In  pathol.,  the  incapacity  of 
feeling  pain  in  apart,  although  the  tactile  sense 
may  be  more  or  less  preserved.  Also  called 
analgia, 

analgesic  (au-al-jes'ik),  o.  and  n.  [<  analgesia 
+  -ic ;  according  to  Gr.  analogies,  the  form 
should  hciiiialiji  lie.  q.  v.]     Same  as  analgetic. 

analgetic  (an-al-jet'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<(ir.  avak- 
YtTOC,  painless  (see  analgesia),  +  -ic.  Cf.  an- 
algesic.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  analgesia;  insensible. 

The  skin  [of  a  hypnotized  patient]  la  somewhat  anal- 
with  more  or  less  anssstnesia, 

0.  S,  /lull.  German  Culture,  p.  141. 

II.  n.  In  meet.,  anything  which  removes  pain, 
analgia  (a-iial'ji-ii),   n.     [NL.,  <  iir.  /in;/;/,!, 

painless:  see  analgesia.]     Same  as  analgesia, 

analgid  (a-nal'jid),  n.    A  mite  of  the  family 

Analijidw. 


analogium 

Analgidse  (a-nal'ji-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Analges 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  parasitic  atracheato  a'ca- 
rines,  typified  by  tie  genus  Analges.  The  skeleton 
is  composed  of  scleiites  m  the  soft  skin  ;  the  mandibles 
are  chelate  ;  tin-  lees  arc  8,  each  5-jolnted,  the  first  pair 
being  borne  on  the  anterior  margin  of  tin-  body  The 
speeies  live  on  the  hairs  of  mammals  and  tie  fi  ithersof 

birds. 

anallagmatic  (an"al-ag-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  .u- 
priv.  +  ii//ayia(T-),  that  which  is  given  or  taken 
in  exchange,  <  aMaooeiv,  exchange,  <  uXlor, 
other.]  Having  the  property  of  not  being 
changed  in  form  by  inversion :  applied  to  curves 
ami  to  the  surf  aces  of  solids,  such  as  the  sphere, 
which  have  the  property  of  being  their  own  in- 
verse, AnaUagmatie  curves  and  surfaces  are  quartic 
curves  and  surfaces  which  have 

nudes  oil  the  absolute.     Sir  //,/,-- 

cuhir  quartic. —  Anallagmatic 
checker,  a  square  composed  ol 
equal  squares  in  two  colors,  so 
disposed  that  any  pair  of  columns 
have  like-colored  squares  in  as 
many  rows  as  any  other  pair  of 
air  of  inns  have  the  same  num. 


Anallagmatic  Checkers. 


columns  have,  and  any  i 

her  of  like  squares  in  a  single  column, 

anallantoic  (an-al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dr-priv. 
(0-18)  -f-  allantoic]    Having  no  allantois. 

Anallantoidea(an-al-an-toi'de-a),M. pi.  [NL., 
<Gr.  av- priv.  +  aAXavroeiSfc:  see  allantois,  allan- 
toid.]  Those  vertebrates  which  have  no  allan- 
tois; the  Ichthijopsida,  or  amphibians  and 
fishes:  synonymous  with  Anamnionata,  and  op- 
posed to  Allantoidca. 

anallantoidean  (an-al-an-toi'de-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Anallantoidca  +  -an.]    I.  a.  Having  no  allan- 
tois; of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anallantuidca. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anallantuidca. 

analoga,  n.     Plural  of  analogon. 

analogalt  (an-al'o-gal),  a.  [<  L.  analogus  (see 
analogous)  +  -al.]    Analogous.     Sir  M.  Bale. 

analogia,  re.    Plural  of  analogium,  analogion. 

analogic  (an-a-loj'ik),  a.     Same  as  analogical. 

analogical  (an-a-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  L.  analogicus, 

<  Gr.  dva'Aoyinir,  proportionate,  analogous,  < 
ava'Aoyor :  see  analogous.]  1.  Founded  on  or 
involving  analogy:  as,  an  analogical  argument. 

We  have  words  which  are  proper  and  not  analogical. 

Reid,  Inq.  into  Human  -Mind,  vii. 

2.  Having  analogy,  resemblance,  or  relation; 
analogous. 

There  is  placed  the  minerals  between  the  inanimate  and 
vegetable  provinces,  participating  something  analogical  to 
either.  Sir  .1L  Hale,  Orig.  of  .Mankind. 

3.  In  bio!.,  of  or  pertaining  to  physiological, 
functional,  oradaptative  analogy;  having  phys- 
iological without  morphological  likeness:  dis- 
tinguished from  hotnological. 

analogically  (an-a-lojvi-kal-i),  adv.  1.  By 
analogy ;  from  a  similarity  of  relations. 

A  prince  is  analogically  styled  a  pilot,  being  to  the  state 
as  a  pilot  is  to  the  vessel. 

lip.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  iv.  §  21. 

We  argue  analogically  from  what  is  within  us  to  what 
is  external  to  us.    J.  11.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  63. 

2.  In  bio!.,  functionally  as  distinguished  from 
structurally;  in  a  physiological  as  distinguished 
from  an  anatomical  way  or  manner :  contrasted 
with  liomoiogicallij. 

Birds  .  .  .  are  analogically  related  only  according  to 
the  sum  of  unlike  characters  employed  for  similar  pur- 
poses.  Coins,  Key  tn  \.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

analogicalness(an-a-loj'i-kal-nes), ».  The  qual- 
ity of  being  analogical;  fitness  to  bo  used  by 
way  of  analogy. 

analogion  (an-a-lo'ji-on),  «.;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 
Same  as  analogium. 

analogise,  c.     See  analogize. 

analogismt(a-nal'o-jizm),  «.  [<Gr.  avaAoyiaudc, 
it  course  of  reasoning,  proportional  calculation, 

<  avaAoyiZeoOai,  calculate,  consider;  influenced 
by  avaAo-jor-  (see  analogous), but  rather  directly 

<  Awi,  through,  +  lorrl^eaBai,  count,  reckon,  con- 
sider, <  U)  oc,  count,  reckoning,  ratio,  etc. :  see 
logos,  logic,  etc.]  1.  In  logic,  an  argument 
from  the  cause  to  the  effect;  an  a  priori  argu- 
ment.—  2.  Investigation  ot  things  by  their 
analogies;  reasoning  from  analogy. — 3.  In 
mcfl.,  diagnosis  by  analogy. 

analogist  (a-nal'o-jist),   n.     [<  analogy  +  -tit.] 

<  hie  who  employs  or  argues  from  analogy. 

Man  is  an  analoi/ist,  and  studies  relations  in  all  objects. 
Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  80. 

analogistic  (a-nal-o-jis'tik),  a.     Relating  to  or 

consisting  in  analogy, 
analogium  (an-a-16'ji-um),  n. ;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 

[ML.,  <  MGr,  iivaAdytov,  a  pulpit,  reading-desk, 

<  Gr.  in-ii'/i'.intlni,  read  through,  mid.  of  avaAt- 
yeiv: see  analect,  and  cf.  lectern.']  1.  Ecclis..  a 
reading-desk,  especially  a  movable  one:  some- 


analogium 

times  applied  to  an  umbo  or  a  pulpit. —  2.  The 
inclosure  of  the  tomb  of  a  saint.     l)n  Cange. 

Also  written  analogion. 
analogize  (a-nal'o-jlz),  v.;  pret.  aud  pp.  anal- 
ogized, ppr.  analogizing.  [<  analogy  +  -ize. 
The  Gr.  avaXoyiCeoHat  agrees  in  form,  but  not  in 
sense :  see  analogism.]  I.  trans.  To  explain  by 
analogy;  exhibit  resemblance  between. 

II.  hi  traits.  To  mako  use  of  analogy;  be 
analogous. 

Also  spelled  analogise. 
analogon  (a-nal'o-gon),  ». ;  pi.  arwloga  (-ga). 
[<  Gr.  avoKoyov,  adj.,  neut.  of  avd/ioj-of,  analo- 
gous: see  analogous."]   An  analogue;  something 
analogous.     Coleridge. 

Even  the  other  element  of  the  Jewish  system,  the  cle- 
ment of  prophecy,  is  not  without  its  analogon  among  the 
heathen.  Q.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  i. 

analogous  (a-nal'o-gus),  a.     [<  L.  analogus,  < 

Gr.  ava'/.o) of," according  to  a  due  Ad) of  or  ratio, 
proportionate,  conformable,  analogous,  <  ava, 
throughout,  according  to  (see  ana-),  +  /Wyof, 
ratio,  proportion:  see  10170s  and  logic]  1.  In 
general,  having  analogy;  corresponding  (to 
something  else)  in  some  particular  or  partic- 
ulars, while  differing  in  others;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion  :  sometimes  loosely 
used  for  similar.  Thus,  there  is  something  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  mind  analogous  to  that  of  the  body;  animal 
organs,  as  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  bat,  which  per- 
form the  same  function,  though  different  in  structure,  are 
analogous.     See  4,  below. 

The  effect  of  historical  reading  is  analogous,  in  many 
respects,  to  that  produced  by  foreign  travel. 

Macaulay,  On  History. 

Specifically — 2.  In  client.,  closely  alike,  but  dif- 
fering iu  some  degree  as  to  each  of  the  more 
prominent  characters. — 3.  Iu  hot.,  resembling 
in  form  but  not  in  plan  of  structure.  Thus,  the 
spur  of  a  larkspur  is  analogous  to  one  of  the  five  spurs  of 
a  columbine,  but  they  arc  not  homologous,  for  the  one  is 
a  sepal  and  the  other  a  petal.  A.  Gray. 
4.  In  610/.,  similar  physiologically  but  not  an- 
atomically; like  in  function  but  not  in  struc- 
ture: the  opposite  of  homologous.  See  analog;/, 
5. —  5.  In  logic,  from  Albertus  Magnus  down  to 
modern  writers,  applied  to  terms  which  are  ho- 
monymous or  equivocal  in  a  special  way,  name- 
ly, those  in  which  the  identity  of  sound  is  not 
accidental,  but  is  based  upon  a  trope  or  upon 
some  other  reason. 

A  term  is  analogous  whose  single  signification  applies 
with  equal  propriety  to  more  than  one  object:  as,  the 
leg  of  the  table,  the  leg  of  the  animal.  Whately. 

In  all  senses  used  with  to,  sometimes  with. 
=  Syn.  Correspondent,  similar,  like. 
analogously  (a-nal'o-gus-li),  adv.  In  an  anal- 
ogous manner. 
analogue  (an'a-log),  n.  [<  F.  analogue,  adj.  and 
n.,  <  L.  analogus,  adj.,  analogous:  see  analo- 
gous.'] 1.  In  general,  something  having  anal- 
ogy to  something  else ;  an  object  having  some 
agreement  or  correspondence  in  relations,  func- 
tions, or  structure  with  another  object. 

The  mechanical  law,  that  action  and  reaction  are  equal, 
has  its  moral  analogue.    11.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  253. 

It  [cynicism]  is  the  intellectual  analogue  of  the  truffle; 
and  though  it  may  be  very  well  in  giving  a  relish  to  tH« night 
for  certain  palates,  it  cannot  supply  the  substance  of  it. 
Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  137. 

Specifically — 2.  In  philol.,  a  word  correspond- 
ing with  another;  an  analogous  term. — 3.  In 
zobl.  and  hot.,  an  animal  or  a  plant  corresponding 
in  some  special  and  essential  attributes  or  rela- 
tions to  a  member  of  another  group  or  region, 
so  that  it  is  a  representative  or  counterpart. — 
4.  In  biol.,  an  organ  in  one  species  or  group 
having  the  same  function  as  an  organ  of  differ- 
ent structure  and  origin  in  another  species  or 
group.  The  difference  between  homologue  and  analogue 
may  be  illustrated  by  the  relation  between  the  wing  of  a 
bird  and  that  of  a  butterfly :  as  the  two  differ  totally  in 
anatomical  structure,  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  homo- 
logous, but  they  are  analogues,  since  both  serve  for  flight. 
See  analogy,  5. 
analogy  (a-nal'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  analogies  (-jiz).  [< 
F.  analogic,  <  L'.  analogia,  <  Gr.  hva'koyia,  equal- 
ity of  ratios,  proportion,  analogy,  <  dv<Uo;  of, 
analogous:  see  analogous.']  1.  In  math.,  an 
equation  between  ratios.  This  use  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  a  few  phrases,  as  Napier's  analogies,  which  are  four 
important  formulas  of  spherical  trigonometry. 
2.  An  agreement,  likeness,  or  proportion  be- 
tween the  relations  of  things  to  one  another ; 
hence,  often,  agreement  or  likeness  of  things 
themselves.  Analogy  strictly  denotes  only  a  partial 
similarity,  as  in  some  special  circumstances  or  effects 
predicable  of  two  or  more  things  in  other  respects  essen- 
tially different:  thus,  when  we  say  that  learning  enlightens 
the  mind,  we  recognize  an  analogy  between  learning  and 
light,  the  former  being  to  the  mind  what  the  latter  is  to 
the  eye,  enabling  it  to  discover  things  before  hidden.  [We 


195 

say  that  there  is  an  analogy  between  things,  and  that  one 
Dung  lues  analogy  to  or  with  another.] 

Intuitive  perceptions  in  spiritual  beings  may,  perhaps, 
hold  some  analogy  tint"  vision. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  1;,. 

That  there  is  a  real  analog//  between  an  individual  or- 
ganism and  a  social  organism,  becomes  undeniable  when 
certain  necessities  determining  structure  arc  seen  to  goi 
era  them  in  common.    11.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,p.  330. 

In  philosophy,  analogy  decs  not  consist  in  the  equality 
of  two  quantities,  but  of  two  qualitative  relations. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason (tr.  by  Max  Midler). 

Specifically — 3.  In  logic,  a  form  of  reasoning 
in  which,  from  the  similarity  of  two  or  more 
things  in  certain  particulars,  their  similarity  in 
other  particulars  is  inferred.    Thus,  the  earth  and 

Mars  are  both  planets,  nearly  equidistant  from  the  sun, 
not  differing  greatly  in  density,  having  similar  distribu- 
tions of  seas  and  continents,  alike  in  conditions  of  hu- 
midity, temperature,  seasons,  day  and  night,  etc.;  but  the 
earth  also  supports  organic  life;  hence  Mars  (probably) 
supports  organic  life— is  an  argument  from  analogy.  See 
induction. 

4.  In  gram.,  conformity  to  the  spirit,  structure, 
or  general  rules  of  a  language;  similarity  as 
respects  any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  lan- 
guage, as  derivation,  inflection,  spelling,  pro- 
nunciation, etc. —  5.  In  biol.,  resemblance  with- 
out affinity;  physiological  or  adaptive  likeness 
between  things  morptt<  ilogically  or  structurally 
unlike  :  the  opposite  of  homology.  Thus,  there  is 
an  analogy  between  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  butter- 
fly, both  being  adapted  to  the  same  physiological  purpose 
of  flight,  but  there  is  no  morphological  relation  between 
them.  Analogy  rests  tipon  mere  functional  (that  is, 
physiological)  modifications ;  homology  is  grounded  upon 
structural  (that  is,  morphological)  identity  or  unity.  Anal- 
ogy is  the  correlative  of  physiology,  homology  of  morphol- 
ogy; but  the  two  may  be  coincident,  as  when  structures 
identical  in  morphology  are  used  for  the  same  purposes 
and  are  therefore  physiologically  identical.— Analogy  Of 
faith,  in  theoL,  the  correspondence  of  the  several  parts  of 
revelation  with  one  another. 

analphabet,  analphabete  (an-al'fa-bet,  -bet), 
a.  aud  n.  [<  ML.  analphabetus,  <  Gr.  avatyafii/ror, 
not  knowing  one's  A  B  C,  <  av-  priv.  +  Mtpafji/Tor , 
the  ABC,  alphabet:  see  alphabet.]  I.  a.  Not 
knowing  the  alphabet ;  illiterate. 

II.  n.  One  who  does  not  know  the  alphabet; 
one  who  cannot  read. 

As  late  as  the  census  of  1S01  it  was  found  that  [in  Italy] 
in  a  population  of  21,777,331  there  were  no  less  than  16,- 
999,701  analphabetes,  or  persons  absolutely  destitute  of  in- 
struction, absolutely  unable  to  read. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  460. 

analphabetic  (an-al-fa-bet'ik),  a.  Not  know- 
ing the  alphabet ;  illiterate ;  unable  to  read. 

analysable,  analyse,  etc.    See  analyzable,  etc. 

analyset,  "•  [Also  written  analise,  <  F.  ana- 
lyse, <  ML.  analysis:  see  analysis,  analyze.] 
Analysis. 

The  analyse  of  it  [a  tractate]  may  be  spared,  since  it  is 
in  many  hands,    lip.  liackct,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  104. 

analysis  (a-nal'i-sis),  n.  [Formerly  analyse,  < 
F.  analyse =Pg.  analyse  or  analysis  =  Sp.  anal  1  sis 
=  It.  analisi,  <  ML.  analysis,  <  Gr.  avd'Avaic,  a  dis- 
solving, resolution  of  a  whole  into  its  parts,  so- 
lution of  a  problem,  analysis,  lit.  a  loosing,  < 
avaXvetv,  resolve  into  its  elements,  analyze,  lit. 
loosen,  undo,  <  ava,  back,  +  li>en>,  loosen:  see 
loosen.]  1.  The  resolution  or  separation  of 
anything  which  is  compound,  as  a  conception, 
a  sentence,  a  material  substance,  or  an  event, 
into  its  constituent  elements  or  into  its  causes ; 
decomposition. 

In  the  deductive  syllogism  we  proceed  by  analysis  — 
that  is,  by  decomposing  a  whole  into  its  parts. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

In  the  assoeiationalist  psychology,  the  analysis  of  an 
idea  is  the  discovery  of  the  different  kinds  of  elementary 
sensations  which  are  associated  together  to  produce  the 
idea.  Mill. 

Analysis  is  real,  as  when  a  chemist  separates  two  sub- 
stances. Logical,  as  when  we  consider  the  properties  of 
the  sides  and  angles  of  a  triangle  separately,  though  we 
cannot  think  of  a  triangle  without  sides  and  angles. 

Fleming,  Vocab.  of  Phil. 

The  anah/sis  of  a  material  object  consists  in  breaking  it 
up  into  those  other  material  objects  which  are  its  elements, 
audit  is  only  when  we  know  something  of  the  properties  of 
these  elements  as  they  exist  separately  that  we  regard  an 
analysis  of  the  whole  as  satisfactory.  Mind,  IX.  80. 

2.  The  regressive  scientific  method  of  discov- 
ery; research  into  causes;  induction. —  3.  In 
math. :  (a)  Originally,  and  still  frequently,  a 
regressive  method,  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  Plato,  which  first  assumes  the  conclusion 
and  gradually  leads  back  to  the  premises.  The 
thirteenth  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  has  the  following 
definition,  which  is  not  supposed  to  be  by  Euclid,  but 
which  is  ancient,  and  perhaps  by  Eudoxns  ;  Analysis  is  the 
proceeding  from  the  thing  sought,  as  conceded,  by  conse- 
quences to  some  conceded  truth ;  si/nthesis  is  the  pro- 
ceeding from  the  conceded  by  consequences  to  the  truth 
sought.  According  to  Pappus,  analysis  is  of  two  kinds: 
theoretical,  so  called  because  used  in  research  into  truth, 
and  problematic,  so  called  because  used  in  the  solution  of 
problenrs.    Iu  the  former,  the  proposition  to  be  proved  is 


analytic 

assumed  astruc,  and  consequences  are  drawn  from  it  until 

something  Co ided  is  reached,  which  if  it  is  true  involves 

the  truth  of  the  thing  sought,  the  demonstration  corre- 
sponding to  tic  analysis  ;  01  the  Latter,  the  construction 
sought  is  assumed  as  ahead]  known,  and  co 
arc  deduced  from  it  until  something 
(0)  Algebraical  reasoning,  in  which  unknown 
quantities  are  operated  upon  in  order  to  find 
their  values,  liiiit.  (e)  Tho  treatment  of 
problems  by  a  consideration  of  infinitesimals, 
or  something  equivalent,  especially  by  the  dif- 
ferential calculus  (including  the  integral  cal 
cuius,  the  calculus  of  variations,  etc.):  often 
called  infinitesimal  analysis.  This  is  the  com- 
mon meaning  of  the  word  in  modern  times. 
Hence  —  (d)  The  discussion  of  a  problem  by 
means  of  algebra  (in  the  sense  of  a  system  i>( 
symbols  with  rules  of  transformation),  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  geometrical  discussion  el'  it,  thai  is, 
a  discussion  resting  directly  upon  the  imagina- 
tion of  space:  thus,  analytical  geometry  is  the 
treatment  of  geometrical  problems  by  analy- 
sis.—  4.  A  syllabus  or  synopsis  of  tho  contents 
of  a  book  or  discourse,  or  of  the  principles 

of  a  science.— Analysis  of  a  plant,  an  examina- 
tion of  its  structure  and  characters  as  a  preliminary  to 
its  determination.— Chemical  analysis,  Diophantine 
analysis,  etc.  See  the  adjectives.— Fluxional  analy- 
sis. See  UK  thod  qf  fluxions,  under  fluxion.-  -  Gasomet- 
ric  analysis,  harmonic  analysis,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—  Qualitative  analysis,  in  chem.,  the  detection 
of  the  constituents  of  a  compound  body,  in  distinction 
from  quantitative  analysis,  or  the  determination  of  the 
amounts  and  proportions  of  tie- constituents.— Spectrum 
analysis,  see  spectrum.  -Syn.  Assay,  Analysis.  Seeae- 
say. 

analyst  (an'a-list),  ».  [=  F.  analyste  =  Pg. 
analysta  =  Sp.  It.  analista;  formed  from  the 
verb  analyze,  as  if  from  a  verb  iu  -ize:  see  -ist, 
■ize.]  One  who  analyzes  or  who  is  versed  in 
analysis,  in  any  application  of  that  word. 

The  analyst  has  net  very  many  resources  at  bis  disposal 
for  separating  tin  intimate  mixture  of  several  bodies. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  203. 

analytic,  analytical  (an-a-lit'Ik, -i-kal),  a.  and 
(in  the  first  form)  n.  [<  ML.  analyticus,  <  Gr. 
avalvTiiioc,  analytic,  <  avafarroe,  dissoluble,  verbal 
adj.  of  avoMecv,  dissolve,  resolve,  analyze:  see 
analysis.]  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  or  operating  by  analysis:  opposed  to  syn- 
thetic, synthetical:  as,  an  analytic  mode  of 
thought. 

His  [Webster's]  mind  was  analytical  rather  than  con- 
structive, and  his  restlessness  of  life  was  indicative  of  a 
certain  instability  of  temper. 

11.  K.  Scudder,  Noah  Webster,  iv. 

2.  In  the  Kantian  logic,  explicatory;  involving 
a  mere  analysis  or  explication  of  knowledge, 
and  not  any  material  addition  to  it. 

In  all  judgments  in  which  there  is  a  relation  betwei  a 
subject  and  predicate  (I  speak  of  affirmative  judgments 
only,  the  application  to  negativeones  being  easy),  that  re- 
lation can  be  of  two  kinds.  Either  the  predicate  B  be- 
longs to  the  subject  A  as  something  contained  (though 
covertly)  in  the  concept  A ;  or  B  lies  outside  of  the  sphere 
of  the  concept  A,  though  somehow  connected  with  it.  In  the 
former  case  I  call  the  judgment  analytical :  in  the  latter, 
synthetical.  Analytical  judgments  (affirmative)  are  there- 
fore those  in  which  the  connection  of  the  predicate  with 
the  subject  is  conceived  through  identity,  while  others  in 
which  that  connection  is  conceived  without  identity  may 
be  called  synthetical. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Max  Midler). 

3.  In  philol.,  deficient  in  inflections,  and  em- 
ploying instead  particles  and  auxiliary  words  to 
express  modifications  of  meaning  and  to  show 
the  relations  of  words  in  a  sentence :  as,  an 
analytic  language Analytical  chemistry,  a  meth- 
od of 'physical  research  in  which  compound  substances  are 
resolved  into  their  elements.— Analytical  definition. 
See  definition.— Analytical  geometry,  geometry  treated 
by  means  of  ordinary  algebra,  with  a  reference,  director 
indirect,  to  a  system  of  coordinates.  See  coordinate.  In 
ordinary  rectangular  coordinates,  for  example,  there  ia 
just  one  point  of  space  for  every  set  of  values  of  the  time 
variables,  x,  y,  2.  If,  now,  an  equation  is  assumed  be- 
tween these  variables,  some  of  the  sets  of  otherwise  pos- 
sible values  will  be  excluded,  and  thus  some-  of  the  points 
of  space  w  ill  be  debarred  to  us.  and  we  shall  be  restricted 
to  a  certain  "locus"  or  place;  and  since  the  number  of 
independent  variables  is,  in  consequence  of  the  equation, 
reduced  by  01,0,  the  number  of  dimensions  of  the  locus 
at  any  one  point  will  be  one  less  than  that  of  space,  so 
that  the  locus  will  lie  a  surface.  By  the  use  of  such  equa- 
tions of  loci  every  problem  of  geometry  is  reduced  to  a 
problem  of  algebra,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  geometry 
is  mathematically  identified  with  the  algebra  of  three 
variables.  Thus,  to  discover  that,  when  four  equations 
subsist  between  three  unknown  quantities,  they  can  be 
satisfied  simultaneously,  amounts  to  discovering  that, 
when  a  certain  geometrical  relation  subsists  between  four 
surfaces,  they  meet  itt  a  common  point  Tie-  idea  of  ana- 
lytical g< ctrv  is  exclusively  due  to  the  genius  et  Des- 
cartes 0596  1660),  who  published  his  Qiom&trie,  contain- 
ing illustrations  of  the  new  method,  in  liKin.—  Analyti- 
cal jurisprudence,  a  theory  and  system  of  jurisprudence 
wrought  out  neither  by  inquiring  for  ethical  principles 
or  the  dictates  of  the  sentiment  of  justice,  nor  foi  tl" 
rules  which  may  be  actually  in  force,  but  by  analyzing, 
classifying,  and  comparing  various  legal  conceptions.  The 
best  known  of  the  analytical  jurists  are  Bentham  and 


analytic 

Austin.  — Analytical  key,  in  bot.,  an  arrangement  of  the 
prominent  choi'actera  of  a  group  of  orders,  or  of  genera, 
etc.,  in  such  a  manner  as  t"  facilitate  the  determination 
of  plants.  Analytical  mechanics,  the  scii  ace  ol  mi 
ahanics  treated  bj  the  Infinitesimal  calculus,  Analytic 
function.  See/unction.  Analytic  method,  in '","■■.  a 
n.'  i  10  I  which  proceeds  regressively  or  Inductively  from 
known  particulars  to  the  recognition  of  general  principles, 
in  opposition  to  tin'  synthetic  method,  which  advances 
from  principles  t.>  particulars. 

II.  «.  (only  in  tho  first  form).  1.  One  of  the 
main  divisions  of  logic,  which  treats  of  tho 
criteria  for  distinguishing  good  and  bad  argu- 
ments —  2.  Analysis  in  the  mathematical  sense. 
[h'are.]  —  The  new  analytic  of  logical  forms,  a  logi- 
cal scheme  of  syllogism  by  sir  W.  Hamilton,  based  upon 
the  doctrine  of  the  quantification  of  tho  predicate.  See 
i  itfification. 

analytically  (an-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In  an 
analytical  manner;  by  an  analytic  method;  by 
means  of  analysis. —  2.  To  or  toward  analytic 
methods:  as,  "persons  analytically  inclined," 
//.  Spi 

analytics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n.  jd.  [The  pi.  form 
with  ret*,  to  Aristotle's  treatises  on  logic,  called 
rd  ava/.vTu.  :.  iieut.  pi.  of  avar\vrtn6c,  analytic: 
see  analytic.]  1.  The  name  given  by  Aristotle 
to  the  whole  of  his  logical  investigations  viewed 
as  the  analysis  of  thought ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  two  of  his  logical  treatises,  the  Prior 
and  tho  Posterior  Analytics.ilw  former  of  which 
deals  with  tho  doctrine  of  the  syllogism,  and 
the  latter  with  proof,  definition,  division,  and 
the  knowledge  of  principles. — 2.  Same  as 
analytic,  L'. 

analyzable,  analysable  (an'a-li-za-bl),  a.  [< 
analyse,  analyse,  +  -able]  Capable  of  being 
analyzed. 

analyzableness,  analysableness  (an'a-li-zn,- 
bl-nes),  a.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  analyz- 
able. 

analyzation,  analysation  (an-a-li-za'shon), ». 
[<  analyze,  analyse,  +  -ation.]  The  act  of  ana- 
lyzing. 

analyze,  analyse  (an'a-liz),  v.  1.;  pret.  and 
pp.  analyzed,  analysed,  ppr.  analyzing,  analys- 
ing. [Now  usually  spelled  analyse  in  England, 
but  formerly  there,  as  still  in  the  United  States, 
spelled  regularly  analyze  (as  in  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary), in  the  17th  century  also  analize,  <  F. 
analyser  =  Pr.  Pg.  analysar  =  Sp.  analizar  —  It. 
analizzare,  analyze ;  from  the  noun,  F.  analyse, 
E.  obs.  analyse,  analysis,  the  term,  conform- 
ing to  -ize,  as  also  in  paralyze,  q.  v. :  see  analy- 
sis and  -ize.]  1.  To  take  to  pieces;  resolve 
into  elements;  separate,  as  a  compound  into  its 
parts;  ascertain  the  constituents  or  causes  of; 
ascertain  tho  characters  or  structure  of,  as  a 
plant:  as,  to  analyze  a  mineral,  a  sentence,  or 
an  argument;  to  analyze  light  by  separating  it 
into  its  prismatic  constituents. 

But  lie  what  we  will,  there  remains  in  all  deeply  agree- 
able- impressions  a  charming  something  we  cannot  anat/itc. 
11.  James,  Jr.,  Trans,  sketches,  p.  214. 

The  (inuhizlii'i  prism  is  fitted  into  tin-  body  [of  the  mi- 
croscope] above  the  v/enham  prism,  in  such  a  manner 
that,  wlu-n  its  fitting  is  drawn  out,  ...  it  is  completely 
out  of  tin-  wily  of  the  light-rays. 

II'.  I).  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  08. 

1 1  enei —  2.  To  examine  critically,  so  as  to  bring 
out  the  essential  elements  or  give  the  essence 
of:  as,  to  analyze  a  poem. —  3.  In  math.,  to 
submit  (a  problem)  to  treatment  by  algebra, 
and  especially  by  the  calculus. 
analyzer,  analyser  (an'a-li-zer),  n.  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  analyzes,  or  has  the  power  of 
analyzing. 

Fire  <■  In  the  world,  ami  the  product 

l,u  l.ii.ll,  Sermons  on  Living  Suhjccts. 

By  this  title  [man  ol  science]  we  tin  not  mean  the  mi  re 
calculator  of  dl  ta u  t  compounds,  or  label- 

ler  of  -]i'  '  l<  -.  //.  Sj.rnrrr,   Lilllrati'in,  p.  'X',. 

Specifically — 2.  In. optics,  the  part  of  a  polari- 
seope  which  receives  the  light  after  polari- 
zation ami  exhibits  its  properties:  usually  a 
section  or  prism  cut  from  a  doubly  refracting 
crystal. 

When  two  instruments,  whether  of  the  same  or  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  are  used,  they  are  called  respectively  the 
"polariser"  and  the  "analyser";  ami  the  two  together 
are  included  under  the  general  name  of  '  polariscope 

Spottiswoode,  Polarisation   p  2 

Anamese,  ".  and  n.    See  Annamcse. 

anamesite  (a-nam'e-sit),  n.    [<  Qx.  «e 

intermediate  I  (  di  ■•   a] I   i     ov,  middle),  + 

-it'-.]  The  name  given  "by  litnologists  to  tho  e 
varieties  ni'  basalt  which  are  ol  o  tine  a  tex- 
ture that  the  Beparate  crystals  cannot  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  naked  eye.    See  basalt. 

Anamite  (an'a  mil  I,  ».    Same  as  Annamese. 

anamnesis  (aik-am-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <<'r.  dvd- 
fivrjcic,  a  recalling  to  mind,  <  ctva/Ufiv^aKeiv,  recall 


196 

to  mind,  <  avd,  again,  +  piiivi/annv,  call  to  mind : 
see  mnemonic.    Cf.  amnesia.]     1.  In  psyohol., 

tin  act  or  ]. recess  of  reproduction  in  memory; 
reminiscence. —  2.  In  rh<  I.,  a  figure  which  con- 
sists in  calling  to  remembrance  something  over- 
looked.—  3.  In  Platonic  /'lulus.,  the  vague  rec- 
ollection of  a  state  of  existence  preceding  the 
present  life.  Is,  Taylor. — 4.  In  med.,  the  account 
given  by  a  patient  or  his  friends  of  the  history 
of  his  case  up  to  the  time  when  he  is  placed  un- 
der l  he  care  of  a  physician. 

anamnestic  (an-am-nes'tik),  a.  and  re.  [<  Gr. 
avafii'i/nriK'ir,  aide  to  recall  to  mind,  <  avafivrjori'ic, 
that  may  be  recalled,  <  ava/u/ivf/OKetv:  see  anam- 
nesis.']    I.  a.  Aiding  the  memory. 

II.  re.   Tho   art  of  recollection  or  reminis- 
cence.    Sir  II".  Hamilton. 

Anamnia  (an-am'ni-jj,),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  iiiiaiitniiis,  <  Or.  or-  pi'iv.  +  a/iviov,  amnion.] 
In  sool.,  those  vertebrates,  as  fishes  and  am- 
phibians, which  are  destitute  of  an  amniotic 
sac:  opposed  to  Amnionata  (which  see). 

Anamniata  (an-am-ni-a'ta),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  as 
Anamnia  +  -ata.]  Tho  more  correct  form  of 
Anamnionata. 

Anamnionata  (an-am'ni-o-na'tjl),  n.jd.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  apviov,  amnion,  +  -ata;  more 
correctly  Anamniata.]  Vertebrates  which  havo 
no  amnion,  as  the  Ichthyopsida :  synonymous 
with  Anallantiiiilen,  and  opposed  to  Antnioiiata. 
Also  written  Anamniata. 

anamnionic  (an-am-ni-on'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  auviov,  amnion,  +  -ic;  the  more  correct 
form  would  be  "anamniac]  Same  as  anam- 
niotic. 

Anamniota  (an-am-ni-6'ta),  re.  jd.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
av-  priv.  +  a/iviov,  amnion,  +  -uitui;:  see  -ate.] 
Same  as  Anamnionata. 

anamniotic  (an-am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Anamni- 
ota +  4c]  Without  amnion:  as,  fishes  and 
amphibians  aro  anamniotic  vertebrates.  An 
equivalent  form  is  anamnionic. 

anamorphism  (an-a-mor'nzrn),  n.  [<  anamor- 
phosis +  -ism.]   Same  as  anamorphosis,  U  and  3. 

anamorphoscope  (an-a-m8r 'fo-skop),  re.  [<  Gr. 
avapApQuaiq  (see  anamorphosis)  +  ancmelv,  view.] 
An  optical  toy  consisting  of  a  vertical  cylindri- 


ananthous 


Anamorphoscope. 

cal  mirror  which  gives  a  correct  image  of  a 
distorted  picture  drawn  at  the  base  on  a  plane 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  tho  mirror.  See 
anamorphosis. 

anamorphose  (an-a-mor'fos),  v.  t;  pret.  and 
pp.  anomorphosed,  ppr.  anamorphosing.  [<  ana- 
morphosis.] To  represent  by  anamorphosis; 
distort  into  a  monstrous  projection.     X.  I..  1). 

anamorphosis  (an-a-m8r'fo-sis  or  an"n,-m6r- 
fo'sis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava/idpfuatr,  a  forming 
anew,  <  avafiop<t>6eiv,  form  anew,  transform,  < 
avd,  again,  +  /nipipAFiv,  form,  <  popifi/'/,  a  form :  see 
morphology.]  1.  In  perspee.,  a  method  of  draw- 
ing which  gives  a  distorted  image  of  the  object 
represented  when  it  is  viewed  directly  or  nearly 
so,  but  a  natural  image  when  it  is  viewed  from  a 
certain  point,  is  reflected  by  a  curved  mirror, 
or  is  seen  through  a  polyhedron. —  2.  In  hot.,  an 
anomalous  or  monstrous  development  of  any 
part  ol'a  plant,  owing  to  some  unusual  condition 
a  flee  ting  growth,  so  that  it  presents  an  appear- 
ance altogether  unlike  the  typical  form,  as 
when  the  calyx  of  a  rose  assumes  the  form  of  a 
leaf.    Lichens  arc  so  liable  to  this  change  of  formfrom 

modifications  ol  climate,  soil,  etc.,   thai    varieties 

have  been  placed  in  three  "i  four  different  genera. 
3.  In  :oo'.ainl  Sot,  the  gradual  change  of  form, 
generally  ascending,  traced  in  a  group  of  ani- 
mals or  plants  the  members  of  which  succeed 
each  other  in  point  of  lime.  Thus,  the  earlier  mem- 
I f  anj  group  observed  In  the  lower  geological  forma- 
tions air  by  Mime  said  in  be  of  a  lower  type  than,  ami  in 
point  ni  development  Inferior  to,  their  analogues  in  more 
recent  strata  or  among  living  forms;  hut  this  has  been 
controverted,  especially  by  opponents  of  Darwinism. 
Iu  senses  -  and  3  also  called  anamorphism. 


Anamorphosis. 

anamorphosy  (an-a-m8r'fo-si),  re.  Same  as 
anamorphosis.     Imp.  Diet. 

anamorphous  (an-a-mdr'fus),  a.  [As  anamor- 
phosis 4-  -ous,  after  amorphous.]  Distorted; 
out  of  shape.     N.  E.  D. 

anan  (a-nan'),  ado.  and  interj.,  orig.  prep.  ]>hr. 
[<  ME.  anan,  anan,  originally  with  long  a  (ii), 
anan  ;  also  anon,  anoon,  anone:  see  anon.]  I.t 
adv.  At  once;  immediately;  anon. 

do  to,  little  lilushet,  for  this,  anan, 

Yeu'll  steal  forth  a  laugh  in  the  shade  of  your  fan. 

B.  Jonsmi,  Entertainments. 

II.  interj.  An  interrogative  particle  signify- 
ing that  one  has  not  heard  or  comprehended 
what  has  been  said.     [Eng.] 

Hast.  Well,  what  say  you  to  a  friend  who  would  take  the 
bitter  bargain  off  your  hand? 
Tony.  Anan!        Goldsmith,  She  stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

[In  this  sense  formerly,  ami  still  dialeetally,  much  used  in 
replying  to  questions  nr  commands,  to  gain  a  slight  delay, 
though  originally  implying  "I  will  attend  to  you  at  once": 
hence,  with  an  interrogative  tone,  it  came  to  imply  that 
the  question  or  command  was  not  understood.  It  is  the 
same  word  as  anon.] 

ananat  (an-an'ii),  n.  [See  ananas.]  A  pine- 
apple. 

ananas  (an-an'as),  re.  [Formerly  also  anana  = 
F.  and  It.  ananas,  <  Sp.  ananas,  also  anana,  Pg. 
ananaz,  the  pineapple,  <  Braz.  (Tupi)  ananas, 
anassa,  or  nanus,  first  mentioned  as  Peruv., 
nanas.]  1.  A  native  name  in  tropical  America 
of  the  pineapple,  and  of  other  plants  resem- 
bling it.  The  wild  ananas  of  the  West  Indies  is 
Bromelia  Pinguin. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  small 
genus  of  tropical  plants,  belonging  to  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliaccm.  A.  saliva  produces  the 
pineapple.     Also  called  Ananassa. 

Ananchytes  (an-ang-K'tez),  re.    [NL. ;  forma- 
tion  appar.  irreg.  and  not  obvious.]     A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  petalostiehous  sea-urchins,  of  tho 
family  Spatangi- 
da\  found  in  tho  '  _ _L^ 

Cretaceous    for-       ,r .'-'-'"-  t?i-*&tji- 

mation.     They  are     /<'  .7^t.C\     ,,&kS' 
called   in  the  south     ' 
.it     Lieil.-oiil     "    li<  | 

and  l*^************** 
'•fairy  leaves,'  ami  V.^"V 
arc  especially  char-  ^--*-s 
acterlstic  of  the 
I  pperChalk,  They  r,  A. cm 
havearafsed  helmet 

like  torn i,  simple  ambulacra,  transvi  raed  mouth,  an  oblong 
outlet. 

Ananchytinse  (an-ang-ki-ti'ne),  re.  y>*.  [NL.,  < 
Ananchytes  +  -inte.  \  A  subfamily  of  sea-urchins, 
of  the  family  Spatangidm,  typified  by  the  genua 
Ananchytes,  containing  many  fossil  and  a  few 
surviving  forms. 

anandrous  (an-an'drus),  a.  [<  NL.  anandrue, 
<  Gr.  avavopoc,  without  a  man,  <di>-  priv.  +  dwra 
(av6p-\  a,  man,  a  male,  iu  mod.  but.  a  stamen.] 
In  bot,  without  stamens:  applied  to  female 
flowers.  Also  formerly  applied  to  oryptogamia 
plants,  Ik  cause  they  were  supposed  to  have  no 
male  organs. 

anantherous  (an-an'ther-us),  a.    [<  NL.  anan- 

t turns,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  ML.  antlura,  anther.] 
In  bot.,  destitute  of  anthers. 
ananthous  (an-an'thus),   a.      [<  Gr.  iivavOyc,  < 
«c-  priv.  +  avLbr,  a  llower,  +  -out.]     Destitute 

of  I  lowers. 


tanehytts. 

2,  A.  tubtrculatus. 


anapaest 

anapaest,  anapaestic,  etc.  Same  as  anapest, 
etc.,  with  Latin  (B  retained. 

anapaganize  (an-a-pa'gan-iz),  v.  t.  [<  Gr.  dvd, 
again  (see  ana-),  +  paganise,  q.  v.]  To  make 
pagan  again  ;  repagauizo.     Southey.     [Karo  ] 

anapeiratic  (an'a-pi-rat'ik),  a.  [Prop.  *ana- 
piratic,  <  Gr.  dvah-apdadai,  try  again,  do  again, 
exorcise,  <  dvd,  again,  +  irtipav,  attempt,  try : 
see  pirate,  piratic.']  Arising  from  too  long  or 
too  frequent  exercise :  applied  to  a  kind  of  pa- 
ralysis produced  by  the  habitual  use  of  certain 
muscles  in  the  same  way  for  a  long  time,  such 
as  writers'  palsy,  telegraphers'  paralysis,  etc. 

anapest,  a.  [In  fustian  anapes,  an  apes,  and  apes, 
a  napes,  corrupted  from  of  Naples.]  Of  Naples : 
applied  to  fustian  produced  there. 

anapest,  anapaest  (an'a-pest),  ».  [<  L.  ana- 
pmstus,  <  Gr.  dvd-xaiaroc  prop,  a  verbal  adj., 
struck  back,  rebounding,  because  the  foot  is  the 
reverse  of  a  dactyl  (L.  dactylus  rcpercussus,  an  ti- 
daetylus),  <  avairaieiv,  strike  back  or  again,<  ava, 
back,  +  lraieiv,  strike,  =  L.  pavire,  strike:  see 
pave.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  consisting  of  three 
syllables,  the  first  two  short  or  unaccented, 
the  last  long  or  accented:  the  reverse  of  the 
dactyl. 

anapestic,  anapaestic  (an-a-pes'tik),  a.  and  ». 
[<  anapest,  anapeest,  +  -ic]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  anapest;  consisting 
of  anapests. 

II.  n.  The  anapestic  measure ;  an  anapestic 
verse.  The  following  is  an  example  of  anapes- 
tics: 

"And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea 
Where  the  blue  waves  roll  nightly  o'er  deep  Galilee." 

Byron,  Descent  of  Sennacherib. 

anapestical,  anapaestical  (an-a-pes'ti-kal),  a. 

Same  as  anapestic.     [Karo.] 
anapestically,  anapsestically  (an-a-pes'ti- 

kal-i),  adr.     In  anapestic  rhythm. 
anaphalantiasis  (aii-a-fal-an-ti'a-sis),  11.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ava<j>a>.avriaaii;,  baldness  in  front,  <  ava, 
up,  +  (pd'Aavffor,  *<f>ar\avroc  bald  in  front.]  In 
pathol.,  the  falling  out  of  the  eyebrows. 

anaphora  (an-af'6-ra),  w. ;  pi.  anaphora)  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avafopa,  a  coming  np,  ascension,  a 
bringing  up,  a  reference,  recourse,  an  offering, 

<  avaipepetv,  bring  up,  bring  back,  refer,  pour 
forth,  offer,  etc.,  <  uvd,  up,  back,  +  <pspciv,  carry, 
bear,  =  E.  bear1.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  the  same  word  or 
words  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  succeed- 
ing verses,  clauses,  or  sentences:  as,  "  IVIiere 
is  the  wise  ?  where  is  the  scribe  ?  tcherc  is  the  dis- 
puter  of  this  world?"  ICor.i.  20.— 2.  laastron., 
the  oblique  ascension  of  a  star. —  3.  In  liturgies, 
the  more  solemn  part  of  the  eucharistic  service : 
probably  so  called  from  the  oblation  which  oc- 
curs in  it.  The  anaphora  begins  with  the  Sursum  Corda, 
ami  includes  all  that  follows,  that  is,  the  preface,  conse- 
cration, great  oblation,  communion,  thanksgiving,  etc.  In 
some  of  the  more  ancient  forms  it  is  preceded  by  a  bene- 
diction. 

anaphrodisia  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  avaippodiaia,  <  dvacipdikToc  without  venereal 
desire,  <  av-  priv.  +  'xippoAirn,  Venus.]  The  ab- 
sence of  sexual  power  or  appetite  ;  impotence. 

anaphrodisiac  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  (in- priv.  +  acbpothoiaiidc  venereal :  see  aph- 
rodisiac] I.  a.  Tending  to  diminish  sexual 
desire ;  pertaining  to  anaphrodisia,  or  to  anaph- 
rodisiacs. 

II.  n.  That  which  dulls  or  diminishes  sexual 
appetite,  as  a  drug,  bathing,  etc.;  an  antaph- 
rodisiac. 

anaphroditic  (an-af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
<pput)iTor:  see  anaphrodisia.]  Agamogenetic  ; 
asexually  produced. 

anaphroditous  (an-af-ro-dl'tus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avatppodiroc :  see  anaphrodisia.]  Without  sex- 
ual appetite.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

anaplastic  (an-a-plas'tik),  a.  [As  anaplasty  + 
-ic.  J  Of,  pertaining  to,  performed  by,  or  used 
in  the  operation  of  anaplasty :  as,  an  anaplas- 
tic instrument. 

anaplasty  (an'a-plas-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdir?.acfTor, 
that  may  be  formed  anew,  verbal  adj.  of  ava- 
irAdaaeiv,  form  anew,  remodel,  <  ava,  again,  + 
■x'Adocseiv,  mold,  form :  &66 plastic]  In  surg.,  the 
repairing  of  superficial  lesions,  or  solutions  of 
continuity,  by  the  employment  of  adjacent 
healthy  structure,  as  by  transplanting  a  neigh- 
boring portion  of  skin.  Noses,  etc.,  are  thus 
restored. 

anaplerosis  (an"a-ple-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dva-'/J/puatc.,  <  dvaxAr/povv,  fill  up,  <  ava,  up,  + 
irfaipovv,  fill,  <  ir'/r/ptft,  full,  akin  to  L.  plenus,  full : 
see  plenty.]     The  addition  of  what  is  lacking; 


197 

specifically,  in  mcd.,  the  filling  up  of  adeficiency 
caused  by  loss  of  substance,  as  in  wounds. 

anaplerotic  (an'a-ple-rot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
anapleroticus,  <  Gr.  'avairfa/parucdc,  fit  for  filling 
up,  <.  dvairXi/pom;  fill  up,  restore:  Bee  anaple- 
rosis.'] I.  a.  In  mcd.,  filling  up;  promoting 
granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

II.  n.  A  substance  or  application  which  pro- 
motes the  granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

Anaplotherium,  n.  Erroneous  form  of  Ano- 
plotherium.    Brands. 

anapnograph  (an-ap'no-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
ttvoi/,  respiration  (<  avairvnv,  take  breath,  <  dvd, 
again,  +  -veiv,  breathe).  +  ypdtyuv,  write.]  An 
instrument  for  registering  the  movements  and 
amount  of  expiration  and  inspiration.    N.  E.  I). 

anapnometer  (an-ap-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
ttvui),  respiration  (see  anapnograph),  +  /icrpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
force  of  respiration  ;  a  spirometer.     AT.  E.  D. 

anapodictic  (an-ap-o-dik'tik).  a.  [<  Gr.  avaw6- 
Sziktoc,  not  demonstrable,  <  av-  priv.  +  dirothi- 
kt6c,  demonstrable :  see  apodictic]  Incapable 
of  being  demonstrated  by  argument. 

anapophysial  (an-ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  anapophy- 
sis!] Relating  or  pertaining  to  an  anapophysis. 

anapophysis  (an-a-pof'i-sis), «.;  pi.  amapophyses 
(-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava,  back,  +  aTrochxr/c,  an  off- 
shoot, process  of  a  bone,  <  diroifiveiv,  put  forth, 
in  pass,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  a-6,  from,  off 
(see  apo-),  +  <f>im>,  produce,  in  pass,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  anat.,  a  small  backward  projecting 
process  on  the  neural  arch  of  a  vertebra,  be- 
tween the  prezygapophysis  and  the  diapophy- 
sis.  It  is  developed  especially  in  the  posterior  dorsal  and 
lumbar  regions  of  the  spine.  Also  called  an  accessory 
process.     See  cut  under  lumbar. 

Anaptomorphidae  (an-ap-to-mdr'fi-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Anaptomorphus  +  -idee]  A  family  of 
extinct  Eocene  lemuroid  mammals  of  North 
America,  with  two  premolars  ami  a  dental  for- 
mula like  that  of  the  higher  apes. 

The  most  evident  lemuroids  yet  found  in  North  Amer- 
ica belong  to  the  family  of  the  Anaptonwrphidce. 

Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist  (18S5),  p.  465. 

Ana.ptomorphus  (an-ap-to-mor'fus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  4-  dirreiv,  fasten,  +  /Joptjn'/,  form.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anaptomor- 
phidce,  founded  on  the  jaw  of  a  small  species, 
A.  (cmulus.  A.  homunculus  is  another  species,  found  in 
the  Wahsatch  beds  of  Wyoming.  The  lacrymal  foramen 
is  external,  and  the  symphysis  of  the  jaw  is  unossifled. 

As  far  as  dental  characters  go,  Anaptomorphus  comes 
closer  to  man  than  any  of  the  existing  Primates. 

Statut.  Nat.  Hut.,  V.  493. 

anaptotic  (an-ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvd,  back, 
again,  +  a-Turoc  indeclinable :  see  aptotc]  In 
philol.,  becoming  again  uninflected :  applied  to 
languages  which  have  a  tendency  to  lose  or  have 
already  lost  the  use  of  inflections. 
anaptychus  (an-ap'ti-kus),  «. ;  pi.  anaptychi 
(-ki).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdirTvxoc,  var.  of  <ii>d7rrwn-oc, 
that  may  be  opened,  verbal  adj.  of  dva-KTiacuv, 
open,  unfold,  <  di'd,  back,  +  irTveraav,  fold.]  One 
of  the  heart-shaped  plates  divided  by  a  suture 
found  in  some  fossil  cephalopods,  as  goniatites 
and  ammonites.  See  aptychus. 
anarch  (an'&rk),  n.  [Formed  after  the  analogy 
of  monarch;  <  Gr.  hvapxoc,  without  a  head  or 
chief:  see  anarchy.]  A  promoter  of  anarchy; 
one  who  excites  revolt  against  all  government 
or  authority;  an  anarchist. 

Him  thus  the  anarvh  old, 
With  faltering  speech  and  visage  incomposed, 
Answer'd.  Mitton,  P.  L.,  ii.  988. 

"A  torpedo,"  cried  Zero,  brightening,  "  a  torpedo  in  the 
Thames!  Superb,  dear  fellow  !  I  recognize  in  you  the 
marks  of  an  accomplished  anarch." 

K.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  305. 

anarchal,  anarchial  (a-nfir'kal,  -ki-al),  a.  [< 
Gr.  dvapxoc,  without  a  head  or  chief:  see  an- 
archy.] Ungoverned ;  lawless ;  anarchical. 
[Rare.] 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  calling  those  bodies  of  men  an- 
archal which  are  in  a  state  of  effervescence. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  I.  135. 

anarchic  (a-n;ir'kik),  a.  [<  anarchy  +  -ic]  1. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  dictated 
by  anarchy;  without  rule  or  government;  in 
confusion.  An  equivalent  form  is  anarchical. 
Sir.  Arnold  is  impatient  with  tin  unregulated  and,  as 
In-  thinks,  ./iirrn/oV  M;itr  of  our  societ]  .  and  everywhere 
displays  a  bulging  for  more  administrative  ami  control- 
ling agencies.  //.  Spencer,  Study  of  SocioL,  p.  231. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  theory  of  so- 
ciety called  anarchy ;  founded  on  anarchy  or 
anarchism.     See  anarchy,  2. 

Not  only  is  he  [Bakunin]  the  father  of  Nihilism  in  Rus- 
sia, but  he  has  been  the  apostle  of  International  Anarchic 


Anarhynchus 

Socialism  throughout  tin-  south  of  Europe,and  it  is  tho 
substance  of  his  doctrines  thai  we  meet  in  those  of  the 
Paris  Revolution  of  tin-  18th  of  March. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye'fl  Socialism,  p.  196. 

anarchical  (a-nar'ki-kal),  a.  Samo  aa  anar- 
chic, 1. 

anarchism  (an'ar-kizm),  n.  [<  anarchy  + 
-ism.]  1.  Confusion;  disorder;  anarchy. —  2. 
The  doctrines  of  the  anarchists  ;  the  anarchic 
and  socialistic  scheme  of  society  proposed  by 
Proudhon.    See  anarchy,  -. 

anarchist  (an'Sr-kist),  n.  [<  anarchy  +  -ist;  = 
F.  anarchiste.]  1.  Properly,  one  who  advoi 
anarchy  or  the  absence  of  government  as  a 
political  ideal ;  a  believer  in  an  anarchic  theory 
of  society ;  especially,  an  adherent  of  the  social 
theory  of  Proudhon.  See  anarchy,  2. —  2.  In 
popular  use,  one  who  seeks  to  overturn  by  vio- 
lence all  constituted  forms  and  institutions  of 
society  and  government,  all  law  and  order,  and 
all  rights  of  property,  with  no  purpose  of  es- 
tablishing any  other  system  of  order  in  the 
placo  of  that  destroyed ;  especially,  such  a  per- 
son when  actuated  by  mere  lust  of  plunder. —  3. 
Any  person  who  promotes  disorder  or  excites 
revolt  against  an  established  rule,  law,  or  cus- 
tom.    See  anarch  and  nihilist. 

anarchistic  (an-ar-kis'tik),  a.  [<  anarchist  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to,  having  the  characteristics 
of,  or  advocating  anarchism. 

Secret  conspirators  and  aiuircliistic  agitators. 

Appletoris  Ann.  C;/e.,  1SS4,  p.  357. 

anarchize  (an'ar-kiz),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
archized,  ppr.  dnarchizing.  [<  anarchy  +  -izc] 
To  put  into  a  state  of  anarchy  or  confusion ; 
reduce  to  anarchy  ;  throw  into  confusion. 

anarchy  (an'ar-ki),  «.  [<  F.  anarchic,  <  Gr.  dv- 
apx'ia,  lack  of  a  ruler  or  of  government;  anarchy, 

<  dvapxoc  without  a  ruler  or  chief,  <  av-  priv.  + 
apxk,  a  ruler,  dpxf/,  rule,  government,  <  apxuv, 
rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.  Cf.  monarchy.]  1. 
Absence  or  insufficiency  of  government ;  a  state 
of  society  in  which  there  is  no  capable  supreme 
power,  and  in  which  the  several  functions  of  the 
state  are  performed  badly  or  not  at  all ;  social 
and  political  confusion. 

It  seemed  but  too  likely  that  England  would  fall  under 
the  most  odious  and  degrading  of  all  kinds  of  government, 
.  .  .  uniting  all  the  evils  of  despotism  to  all  the  evils  of 
anarchy.  Macaulay. 

Specifically — 2.  A  social  theory  which  regards 
the  union  of  order  with  the  absence  of  all  direct 
government  of  man  by  man  as  the  political 
ideal ;  absolute  individual  liberty.  The  most  noted 
expounder  of  this  theory  was  Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon 
(1809-1S65),  whose  views  have  been  adopted,  with  various 
modifications,  by  many  agitators. 

Proudhon  .  .  .  said  that  "the  true  form  of  the  state  is 
anarchy,"  .  .  .  meaning  by  anarchy,  of  course,  not  positive 
disorder,  but  the  absence  of  any  supreme  ruler,  whether 
king  or  convention.  Rac,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  141. 

3.  Confusion  in  general. 

The  late  beauteous  prospect  presents  one  scene  of  an- 
archy  and  wild  uproar,  as  though  old  Chaos  had  resumed 
his  reign,  and  was  bulling  back  into  one  vast  turmoil  the 
conflicting  elements  of  nature. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  1S5. 
=  Syn.  Anarchi/,  Chaos.  Anarchy  is  an  absence  of  gov- 
ernment; chaos  is  an  absence  of  order. 

anarcotin,  anarcotine  (a-nar'ko-tin),  n.  [< 
Gr.  a- priv.  («-18)  +  narcotic  +  -in-,  -iw-.]  A 
name  proposed  for  nareotine,  because  of  its 
apparent  freedom  from  narcotic  properties. 

anareta  (an-ar'e-t&),  n.    [ML.,  prop,  "ancereta, 

<  Gr.  dvaipirriq,  destroyer,  murderer:  see  Ana- 
retes.]  In  astrol.,  the  lord  of  the  eighth  house ; 
the  lulling  planet. 

The  length  of  time  which  the  apheta  and  anareta,  as 
posited  in  each  respective  figure  of  a  nativity,  will  be  in 
forming  a  conjunction,  or  coming  together  in  the  same 
point  of  the  heavens,  is  the  precise  length  of  the  nativt  's 
life.  Sibley,  Astrology. 

anaretic  (an-a-ret'ik\  a.  FProp.'anceretic,  <  Gr. 
dvaipCTinor,  destructive,  with  ref.  to  anareta,  q. 
v.]  Inositol., destructive;  killing:  withrefer- 
enco  to  the  anareta. 

The  anaretic  or  killing  places  are  the  places  of  Saturn 
and  Mars,  which  kill  according  to  the  direction  of  the 
hyleg  to  the  succeeding  signs.  Sibley,  Astrology. 

anaretical  (an-a-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  anaretic. 
Sibley. 

Anarhynchus  (an-a-ring'kus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ava,  up,  back,  +  fnryx°C,  snout,  bill.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  plovers,  differing  from  till  other 
birds  in  having  the  end  of  tlie  bill  bent  sidewiso 
and  upward,  but  otherwise  quite  like  ordinary 
plovers.  A.  frontalis,  the  only  species,  is  a  na- 
tive of  New  Zealand.  Also  spelled  Anarrhyn- 
chus.  Quoy  and  Gaimard,  1833.  See  cut  under 
plover. 


Anarnacinse 

Anarnacinae  (an-ar-na-si'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anamacus  +  -hm.]  A  subfamily  of  toothed 
cetaceans,  of  the  Family  Ziphiida).  it  is  distin- 
guished from  Ziphiina  bythe  greatlj  develop  d  incurved 
lateral  crests  <.t  the  maxillary  Bone.     It  contains  tl 

only  referred  t<>  the  genua  Hyperoddon,  which 
is  a  syn.ni)  in  of  Anamacus. 

Anarnacus  (an-ar'na-kus),  re.  [NL.,  <  anarnak, 
given  as  a  oative  name  of  a  kind  of  porpoise.] 
A  genus  of  toothed  cetaceans,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  Anarnacina:  synonymous  with 

Hl/pl  run,  1,1  II. 

anarrhexis  (an-a-rek'sis),  re.  [NL.,  <Gr.  av&p- 
l'i,;i'-.  a  breaking  up,  <  avappnyvvvai,  break  up, 
break  through,  <  in;),  up,  +  jmyvvvat,  break, 
akin  to  E.  break,  q.  v.]  In  surg.,  the  rebreak- 
ing of  a  united  fracture. 

anarrhichadid  (an-a-rik'a-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Anarrhichadidie. 

Anarrhichadidae  (an'a-ri-kad'i-de),  re.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Anarrhichas  (-chad-)  +  -idas.]  A  family 
of  blennioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anar- 
rhichas. 

Anarrhichadini  (an-a-rik-a-di'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anarrhichas  (-dual-)  +  -ini.]  A  subfamily  of 
blennioid  fishes,  same  as  the  family  Anarrhicha- 
diihr.     Bonaparte. 

Anarrhichas  ( an-ar'i-kas),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
pcxaodat,  clamber  up  with  hands  and  feet,  <  ava, 
up,  +  appi  {dodai  (only  in  comp.),  elamber.]  A 
genus  of  blennioid  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 


Wolf-fish  {Anarrhicllas  tllfilts). 

Anarrhichadidie,  containing  A.  lupus,  the  com- 
mon wolf-fish  (which  see),  and  several  closely 
related  species.  Also  written  ^nar/jic/ww,  Anar- 
rhicas,  Anarhicas. 

Anarrhynchus,  re.    See  Anarhynchus. 

anarthria  (an-ar'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
tipia,  lit.  absence  of  joints,  used  only  in  fig.  sense 
want  of  strength,  <  Gr.  avapdpoc,  without  joints, 
not  articulated,  inarticulate:  sec  anarthrous.] 
1.  Absence  of  joints  or  of  jointed  limbs. —  2. 
Inability  to  articulate  distinctly  in  speaking,  de- 
pendent on  a  central  nervous  defect,  but  not  in- 
volving paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  articulation. 

anarthric(an-ar'thrik),  a.  [<  anarthria  +  -4c.] 
Pertaining  to  anarthria;  suffering  from  anar- 
thria. 

Anarthropoda  (an-ar-throp'o-da),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  -ore  (-«!-) 
=E.  foot.  See  Arthrojioda.]  In  zoiil.,  in  some 
systems  of  classification,  one  of  two  prime  di- 
visions (Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the  .!«- 
nvlosa  or  ringed  animals,  namely,  those  which 
have  no  articulated  appendages  or  jointed 
limbs,  such  as  the  Ainu  lain  and  the  Gephyrea. 
It  i-  conterminous  with  these  two  classes,  togetherwith  the 
Chatognatha  (Sagittal  The  term  is  not  now  current,  Ar- 
thropoda being  ranked  as  a  subkingdom,  including  crusta- 
ceans myriapods,  arachnids,  and  insects,  and  all  anar- 
thropodous  ringed  animals  being  contrasted  with  them 
under  the  name  I    i 

anarthropodous  (an-ar-throp'o-dus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anarthropoaa;  hence,  with- 
out articulated  limbs. 

anarthrous  (an-ar'thrus),  a.    [<NL.  anarthrus, 

<Gr.  Sw  <6  oc,  without  joints,  without  articula- 
tion, without  the  article,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  ipBpov, 
a  joint,  in  gram,  the  article:  see  arthritis,  etc.] 
1.  In  ZOOl.:  in)  Without  joints;  not  jointed; 
inarticulated.  (&)  Having  no  articulated  limbs; 
t  liropodous. — 2.  In  gram.,  without  the  arti- 
cle: applied  especially  to  Greek  nouns  so  used 
exceptionally. 

Anas  (a'nas),  n.  [L.  anas  (anat-)  =  Gv.  vf/rra, 
Epic  and  Ionic  vrjooa,  I  'or.  vaaaa,=  Lith.  a  it  lis  = 
OHG.  limit.  ,„,i.  Mini,  ant  (pi.  ente),  ent,  <;. 
ente=zAS.  cned,  Mil.  ened,  ends,  a  duck,  ME. 
deriv.  endrake,  bj  apheresie  drake,  E.  drake: 
see  drake*.]     A  genus  of  palmiped  lamelliros- 

tral  swimming  birds,  typical  of  the  family  Ann- 

ti'l'i  ■      It  was  near]}  terminous  with  Anatida  in  the 

earlj  the  Linnean,  but  hag  bet  n    uco     ivi  I3 

n  "i  .mill.. 1  .  nil  it  has  come  to  bi 

only  to  the  mallard     Ina    boscas, Mi    hm liate  con 

Bpecit  tin    lusky  duck,  A.  obseura,  of  North  America. 

It  was  for  some  tint  ■■  [th  th     ubfamlly  Ana 

Una  includfngthi  ducksac  .li  tm  til  bed  fi 

the  F  iVith  1  11111:1 11    en  :i      j 13 1-  w  ith 

1 .     .  .in  ive  ..t  .'/•  ran     and  contained  thi 

1    tii.  dui  k-.     A  form  .1  na     >    1    also 
found  undei  mallard. 

Anasa  (an'a  sii  1.  «.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  of  the  group  '  'on  inn  ,  containing 


198 

such  species  as  the  common  squash-bug,  A. 
tristis. 

anasarca  (an-a-siir'kii),  re.  [ML.  and  NL.,  < 
Gt.  ava,  up,  through  (see  nun-),  +  capKa,  ace. 
of  oizpf,  flesh.]  1.  In  pallioL,  a  wide-spread 
edema  or  dropsical  affection  of  the  skin  and 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue. — 2.  In  hot., 
the  condition  of  plants  when  the  tissues  be- 
come gorged  with  fluid  in  very  wet  weather. 

anasarcous  (an-a-sar'kus),  n.  [<  anasarca  + 
-mis.]  Belonging  to  or  affected  by  anasarca  or 
dropsy;  dropsical. 

anaseismic  (an-a-sls'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  hvaauapa, 
avaaeimiin;,  a  shaking  up  and  down,  <  avaoekw, 
shake  up  and  down,  <  ava,  up,  +  atieai,  shake,  > 
aetapdc,  a  shaking:  see  nun-  iimlsfwuic]  <  'har- 
acterized  by  upward  movement:  applied  to 
earthquakes,  or  to  earthquake-shocks.  Milne, 
Earthquakes,  p.  11. 

Anaspidea  (an-as-pid'e-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. av- 
priy.  +  aoirig  (aciud-),  a  "shield.]  One  of  three 
divisions  of  the  tectibranchiate  gastropods,  cor- 
related with  Cephalaspidea  and  Notaspidea.  It 
includes  the  families  Aplysiidw  and  Oxynoidw. 

anastaltict  (an-a-stal'tikj,  a.  [<Gr.  avaaraXri- 
k6c,  fitted  for  checking,  <  avarjTik'keiv,  check, 
keep  back,  send  back,  <  ava,  back,  +  c-i'Aleiv, 
send.]    In  wed.,  astringent;  styptic. 

anastate  (an'a-stat),  ».  [<Gr.  araoraroc,  made 
to  rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  avicraoBai,  rise  up,  < 
ava,  up,  +  "urraoOai,  stand.]  The  material  result 
of  anabolism ;  a  substance  resulting  from  or 
characterized  by  anabolic  processes  ;  any  sub- 
stance which  is  evolved  from  one  simpler  than 
itself,  with  absorption  of  energy.  See  anabo- 
lism. 

The  substances  or  mesostates  appearing  in  the  former 
[series  of  anabolic  processes]  we  may  speak  of  as  ana- 
stales,  those  of  the  latter  we  may  call  katastates. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 

anastatic  (an-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKdararoc, 
mado  to  rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  avicracdai,  riso  up 
(see  anastate),  +  -ic;  ef.  static.']  Raised;  consist- 
ing of  or  furnished  with  raised  characters:  as, 
a  im  static  plates.- Anastatic  printing  <  >r  engraving, 
a  mode  of  obtaining  a  facsimile  of  any  printed  page  or  en- 
graving by  moistening  the  print  with  dilute  phosphoric 
acid  and  transferring  the  ink  from  the  impression  to  a 
plate  of  zinc.  The  plate  is  then  subjected  to  the  action  of 
an  acid,  which  etches  or  eats  away  the  surface  in  all  por- 
tions not  protected  by  the  ink,  so  that  the  portions  thus 
protected  are  left  in  relief  and  prints  can  readily  tie  taken 
from  them.    Also  called  zincography. 

Anastatica  (an-a-stat'i-kS),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.ava- 
CTaroi;  made  to  rise  up ;  cf .  avacraatc,  amaking  to 

rise  up,  resur- 
rection: see  ««- 
astatic]  Age- 
nus  of  plants, 
of  the  natural 
order  Crucife- 
roe.  A.Hierochun- 
Una,  the  rose  of 
Jericho,  is  found 
near  the  Dead  Sea 
and  in  the  deserts 
Of  Arabia  PetrEea, 
Egypt,  and  south- 
ern Persia.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the 
power  the  dried 
plant  has  of  ab- 
s.>  1 1. in-  \\  ;itrr  and 
appealing  to  re- 
vive when  placed 


Rose  of  Jericho 

[Anastatft  '  II,'  rochuntina"). 

1,  th..  living  plant;  3,  the  plant  withered; 

3,  the  same  expanded  by  moisture. 


in  it,  whence  the 

common  tun t' 

,;'sun;',-tl,,u  plant.  This  name  has  reference  also  to  the 
popular  belief  that,  the  plant  blooms  at  Christmas  and 

re -  expanded  till  Easter!    Tin-  plants  are  gathered  to 

he  sent  to  Jerusalem,  where  they  are  sold  to  pilgrims. 

Anastomatinae (a-nas"to-ma-ti'nc), ».  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anastomus  (-mat-)  +  -ince.]    A  subfamily  of 

birds,  of  the  family  t'iriniiiiln;  or  storks,  form- 
ed for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Anastomus. 
Bonaparte,  1850. 

anastome  (an'a-stom),  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
Anastomus. 

Anastominae  (a-nas-to-ml'ne),  ».  ///.  [NL.,  < 
Anastomus  +  -inn .}  Same  as  Anastomatince, 
Bonaparte,  1849. 

anastomize  (a-nas'to-miz),  it.  i.\  pret.  and  pp. 

anastomized,  ppr.  anastomizituj.  |  As  a  imstomo.se 
+  -ize.]    Same  as  anastomose.    [Bare.] 

anastomosant  (a-nas-to-mo'zant),  a.  [P.,  ppr. 
of  anastomoser,  anastomose:  see  below.  ]  Anas- 
tomosing; anastomotic.  Slid.  Soc.  I.i>.,  1*71). 
[Rare.] 

anastomose  (a-nas'to-moz),  p.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anastomosed,  ppr.  anastomosing.  [<  V.  anasto- 
moser, <.  anastomose,  anastomosis:  see  anasto- 
mosis.] I.  intrans.  To  communicate  or  unite 
by  anastomosis;  intercommunicate,  inosculate, 


anathema 

or  run  into  one  another:  said  chiefly  of  vessels 
conveying  fluid,  as  blooel  or  lymph,  as  when 
arteries  unite  with  one  another  or  with  veins. 

The  ribbing  of  the  leaf,  and  the  aimsl„in,,..i,i:i  n,t-».iik 
of  its  vessi  Is.  y.s.  Taylor. 

In  smile  species  they  branch  and  nnaxOnn ,,.<,■. 

W.  J!,  i  i,,i„  i,l,  r,  Micros.,  §  500. 

II.  trans.  To  connect  by  anastomosis.  X 
/.'.  I>. 
anastomosis  (a-nas-to-mo'sis),  ».  [NL.  (>F. 
anastomose),  <  Gr.  avaard/itMic,  an  opening,  out- 
let, discharge,  sharpening  of  the  appetite,  <  ava- 
cTofidt/v,  open,  discharge,  as  one  sea  into  an- 
other, furnish  with  a  mouth,  sharpen  the  appe- 
tite, <  ava,  again,  +  aropdetv,  furnish  with  a 
mouth,  <  oroiia,  mouth :  see  Stoma.]  1.  In  zodl. 
and  anat.,  the  union,  intercommunication,  or 
inosculation  of  vessels  of  any  system  with  one 
another,  or  with  vessels  of  another  system,  as 
the  arterieSj  veins,  and  lymphatics.  In  sur- 
gery, after  ligation  of  an  artery,  collateral  cir- 
culation is  established  by  arterial  anastomosis. 
Hence  —  2.  The  interlacing  or  network  of  any 
branched  system,  as  the  veins  of  leaves  or 
thenervures  of  insects'  wings.     See  cut  under 

!!(  notion. 

anastomotic  (a-nas-to-mot'ik),  n.  and  n.   [<  NL. 

anastomoticus,  <  Gr.  avaaropurihor,  lit.  pertaining 
to  opening,  fit  for  sharpening,  <  avanropoeiv, 
open:  see  anastomosis.  In  the  first  sense  for- 
merly also  anastomatic,  after  Gr.  tn-o/Kirwd'c,  per- 
taining to  the  mouth.]  I.  a.  If.  In  m erf.,  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  removing  obstructions,  as 
from  the  blood-vessels. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or 
exhibiting  anastomosis. 

In  the  former  [Sliatainru*],  a  distitirt  nintsh,ini,t!e  trunk 
connects  the  intestinal  vessels  with  the  circular  ambula- 
cra! vessel.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  4!>.ri. 

Il.t  it.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  formerly 
supposed  to  have  the  power  of  opening  the 
mouths  of  blood-vessels  and  promoting  circu- 
lation, such  as  cathartics,  deobstruents,  and  su- 
dorifics. 

Anastomus  (a-nas'to-mus),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iva 
+  GTuiia,  mouth:  see  anastomosis.]  1.  In  or- 
uitli.,  a  genus  of  storks,  of  the  family  Ciconiidm 
and  subfamily Aimstomatinn.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  f, mn  of  tile  beak,  the  mandibles  separating  so  us 
to  leave  an  interval  beween  them,  and  coming  together 
again  or  anastomosing  at  the  tip.  Thru-  are  two  very  dis- 
tinct speeies,  the  East  Indian  A.  OSCulaW  anil  tile  African 
A.  lam.  Ill, i,rnx.  The  former  is  white  with  black  wings 
and  tail,  the  latter  1. lack.  Also  called  Apertirostra,  (i„;i„- 
rhampkus,  Rians,  Uiator,  and  Rhynehochasma. 
2.  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  Salmoniche.  G.  Cuvier, 
1817.     [Not  in  use.] 

anastrophe  (a-nas'tro-fe),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava* 
arpoffi,  a  turning  back,  <  avanrpiipeiv,  turn  back, 

<  ava,  back,  +  arpifeiv,  turn.  Cf.  strophe.]  In 
viol,  anil  prom.,  an  inversion  of  the  usual  or- 
der of  words:  as,  "echoed  the  hills"  for  "the 
hills  echoed." 

anastrous  (a-nas'trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaarpoc, 
without  stars,  <  av-  priv.  +  aarpov,  star.]     Not 

constituting  a  constellation Anastrous  sign,  a 

siuni  of  the  zodiac,  nut  a  constellation  corresponding 'to 
such  a  sign. 

anatase  (an'a-tas),  n.  [So  named  from  the 
length  of  its  crystals;  <  Gr.  tiiiiramf  extension, 

<  avarelvecv,  extend,  <<nid,  back,  +  ren/av,  stretch 
(>  ranic,  tension):  see  tend,  tension.]  One  of 
t  lie  t  hree  forms  of  native  titanium  dioxid ;  octa- 
hedrite.  In  color  it  is  indigo-blue,  reddish-brown,  and 
yellow;  it  is  usually  crystallized  in  acute,  elongated,  pyra- 
midal octahedrons. 

anathemt,  ».    obsolete  form  of  anathema. 

anathema  (a-nath'e-mS),  n.\  pi.  anathemas,  an- 
al lunmta  (-maz,  an-a-theni'a-tii  t.  [LL.  anathe- 
ma, <Gr.  aviith //o(iu  the Septuagint  and  the  New 
Testament  a  ml  hence  in  eccles.  Gr.  andL.),  any- 
thing devoted  toevil,  an  accursed  thing,  a  curse ; 
esp.  of  excommunication,  an  accursed  or  excom- 
municated person;  in  classical  Greek  simply 
'anything  offered  up  or  dedicated,'  being  an- 
other form  of  the  regular  av66if/Jia,  a  votive  offer- 
ing set  up  in  a  temple,  esp.  as  .in  ornament, 
In  in-. •  also  an  ornament,  a  delight  (>  LL.  ana- 
thema, an  offering,  a  gift),  lit.  'that  which  is 
set  up';  < ivaTt8&vai,sei  up, dedicate, offer, < ava, 

up,  +  rilli rui,  put,  place,  set :  see  ana-  .-mil  theme. 
The  forms  of  a  nn  I  to  mo  are  thus  distinguished  : 
anathema,   when  Hie   dedication   is  carried  out, 

by  the  preservation  of  the  object  as  a  pious  of- 
fering (Luke  xxi.  5) :  anathema,  when  it  has  in 
vii-»  the  destruction  of  the  object  as  accursed 

(Josh.  vii.  12).  A  relic  of  the  former  and  origi- 
nal sense  of  the  word  is  found  in  the  nimthe- 
ninta  of  \hr  middle  ages,  which  were  gifts  and 
ornaments  bestowed  upon  the  church  and  con- 


anathema 

secrated  to  the  worsliip  of  God.  Tho  principal 
English  uses,  however,  are  derived  from  the 
form  anathSma.  J  1.  A  person  op  thing  held  to 
be  accursed  or  devoted  to  damnation  or  destruc- 
tion. 

Tin'  Jewish  nation  was  an  anathema  destined  t"  de- 
struction. St.  Paul  .  .  .  says  he  could  wish  to  save  them 
from  it,  ami  to  become  an  anathema,  ami  to  be  destroyed 
himself.  Locke,  Paraphrase  of  Rom.  ix.  ;;. 

It  is  God's  will,  the  Holy  Father's  will, 
And  Philip's  will,  and  mine,  that  he  should  burn. 
He  is  pronounced  anathema. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  curse  or  denunciation  pronounced  with 
religious  solemnity  by  ecclesiastical  author- 
ity, involving  excommunication.  This  species  of 
excomuutnieation  was  practised  in  the  ancient  churches 
against  incorrigible  offenders.  Churches  were  warned  not 
to  receive  them,  magistrates  ami  private  persons  were  ad- 
monished not  to  harbor  or  maintain  them,  and  priests  were 
enjoined  not  to  converse  with  them  or  attend  their  fu- 
nerals. Also  called  judiciary  anathema.  The  formula, 
"which  if  anybody  deny  let  him  be  anathema.,"  is  com- 
monly added  t"  the  derives  of  ecclesiastical  ouncils,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrinal  canons  of  ecumenical  councils. 
It  is  denied  by  some  theologians  that  the  idea  of  a  curse 
properly  belongs  to  the  anathema  as  used  in  the  Christian 
church.     See  excommunication. 

In  pronouncing  anathema  against  wilful  heretics,  the 
Church  does  but  declare  that  they  are  excluded  from  her 
communion,  and  that  they  must,  if  they  continue  obsti- 
nate, perish  eternally.  Cath.  Diet. 

Hence — 3.  Any  imprecation  of  divine  punish- 
ment ;  a  curse ;  an  execration. 
She  fled  to  London,  followed  by  the  anathemas  of  both. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
Drawing  his  falchion  and  uttering  a  thousand  anathe- 
mas, he  strode  down  to  the  scene  of  combat. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  382. 

4.  Anything  devoted  to  religious  uses Abjura- 

tory  anathema,  the  act  of  a  convert  who  anathematizes 
the  heresy  which  he  abjures.  —  Anathema  maranatha 
(mar  ana  tha,  prop.  ma-ran"a-tha).  [I.L.  (Vulgate)  ana- 
thema, Maran  atha,  (  Or.  dvd9tn.a,  napdv  add,  prop,  sepa- 
rated by  a  period,  being  the  end  of  a  sentence,  Gr.  jjtw  aid- 
Be/ia,  LL.  sit  anathema,  let  him  be  anathema,  followed  by 
another  sentence,  Hapdv  add,  <  Syr.  maran'  ethdl,  lit.  the 
Lord  hath  come,  here  used  appar.  as  a  solemn  formula  of 
confirmation,  like  amen,  q.  v.]  A  phrase,  properly  two 
separate  words  (see  etymology),  occurring  in  the  following 
passage,  where  it  is  popularly  regarded  (and  hence  some- 
times elsewhere  used)  as  an  intenser  form  of  anathema. 

If  any  man  love  not  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  let  him  be 
Anathema  Maran-atlia.  [Revised  version,  "let  him  be 
anathema.    Maranatha."]  1  Cor.  xvi.  22. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.     Curse,  Execration,  etc.     See  malediction. 

anathematic  (a-nath-e-mat'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  ana- 
thematicus,  <  LL.  anathema,  a  curse  ;  the  Gr. 
avadeuarttior,  better  dvadnnaT/Koe,  means  only 
'pertaining  to  votive  offerings':  see  anathema.] 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  anath- 
ema. 

anathematical  (a-nath-e-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  anathematic. 

anathematically  (a-nath-e-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  anathema;  as  or  by  means 
of  anathemas. 

anathematisation,  anathematise,  etc.     See 

anathematization,  etc. 
anathematism  (a-nath'e-ma-tizm),  n.  [<  MGr. 
avadefiaTiGfior,  <  Gr.  ava6e/iarLreiv :  see  anathema- 
tize.] The  act  of  anathematizing ;  an  excom- 
municatory  curse  or  denunciation;  hence,  a  de- 
cree of  a  council  ending  with  the  words,  "  let 
him  be  anathema."     See  anathema.     [Rare.] 

We  find  a  law  of  Justinian  forbidding  anathematism*  to 
be  pronounced  against  the  Jewish  Hellenists. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1839),  XIII.  540. 

anathematization  (a-nath"e-mat-i-za'shon),  n. 

[<  ML.  anathcmatizatio(n-),  <  LL.  au/itla  innti- 
zarc,  p\i.*anathematizatus,  anathematize:  see 
anathematise."]  The  act  of  anathematizing  or 
denouncing  as  accursed;  excommunication. 
Also  spelled  anathematisation. 

Prohibiting  the  .  .  .  anathematization  of  persons  de- 
ceased in  the  peace  of  the  church. 

Barrow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anathematize  (a-nath'e-ma-tiz),  v. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  anathematized,  ppr.  anathematizing.  [= 
P.  anathematise};  <  LL.  anathematizare,  <  Gr. 
avaOe/ia-iCeiv,  devote  to  evil,  excommunicate, 
curse,  <  avdOeua:  see  anathema.]  I.  trans.  To 
pronounce  an  anathema  against;  denounce; 
curse. 

The  priests  continued  to  exorcise  the  possessed,  to  prose- 
cute witches,  and  to  anathematize  as  infidels  all  who 
questioned  the  crime.  Lech/,  Rationalism,  I.  115. 

At  length  his  words  found  vent,  and  for  three  days  he 
[William  the  Testy]  kept  up  a  constant  discharge,  anath- 
ematizing the  Yankees,  man,  woman,  and  child. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  222. 

II.  intrans.  To  pronounce  anathemas;  curse. 
Well  may  mankind  shriek,  inarticulately  anathematiz- 
ing as  they  can.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  6. 

Also  spelled  anathematise. 


199 

anathematizer  (a-nath'e-ma-ti-zer),  n.  One 
wlio  anathematizes.    Also  spelled  anathema- 

tis,  r. 

anatheme  (an'a  them),  ».  [<  <>P.  anatlu  me 
(Gotgrave),  <  LL.  anathema  or  anathema:  sec 
anathema.]  Same  as  anathema,  in  tiny  sense. 
[Rare.] 

Your  holy  father  of  Koine  hath  smitten  with  his  thun- 
derbolt of  excommunications  and  anathemeii  .  .  .  most 
of  the  orthodox  churches  of  the  world. 

Sheldon.  Minn  h  -  lie, 101.  p.  129. 

Anatidae  (a-nat'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-),  a  duck,  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  birds 
corresponding  to  the  Linuean  genera  Anas  and 
Mergus,  and  conterminous  with  the  order  Anse- 
resov  Lamellirostres,  exclusive  of  the  flamingos; 
a  family  of  palmiped,  lamellirostral,  natatorial 
birds,  containing  tho  ducks,  geese,  swans,  and 
mergansers;  the  Chenomorphce ol  Huxley.  They 
are  commonly  divided  into  5  subfamilies:  Cygninos,  the 
swans  ;  Anserince,  the  geese  ;  Anatinos,  the  river  or  fresh- 
water ducks  ;  Fuiwuliruje,  the  sea  ducks;  and  Merginat, 
the  mergansers.  There  are  upward  of  17;,  species,  repre- 
senting about  70  modern  gemra  or  subgenera,  of  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  1  ommonrj  called  collectively  wild  /owl 
or  water/owl.  A  distinctive  character  is  the  lamellate  or 
toothed  hill,  invested  with  a  tough  coriaceous  integument 
hardened  at  the  end  into  a  more  or  less  distinct  nail, 
whence  the  Anatidoe  are  sometimes  called  Unguirostres. 
The  technical  characters  are  :  short  legs,  more  or  less  pos- 
terior, buried  beyond  the  knees  in  the  common  integument, 
and  feathered  nearly  or  quite  to  the  sutfrago;  tarsi  scutcl- 
late  or  reticulate,  or  both  ;  feet  palmate  and  4-toed  ;  hallux 
free,  simple  or  lobed ;  desmognathous  palate ;  sessile  oval 
basipterygoid  facets ;  the  angle  of  the  mandible  produced 
and  recurved;  oil-gland  present:  two  carotids;  the  tongue 
large  and  fleshy,  with  a  greatly  developed  glossohyal  bone 
and  lateral  processes  corresponding  to  the  lamellaj  of  the 
bill ;  and  the  trachea  sometimes  folded  in  an  excavation 
of  the  breast-hone. 

Anatifa  (a-nat'i-fa),  n.  [NL.,  eontr.  from  ana- 
tifera,  fern,  of  anatiferus :  see  anatiferous.]  A 
genus  of  thoracic  or  ordinary  eirripeds,  of  the 
family  Lepadidcc,  established  by  Bruguiere ; 
barnacles,  goose-mussels,  or  tree-geese.  The 
name  is  derived  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
Lepas  analifera  to  a  bird,  whence  arose  the  vulgar  error 
that  the  barnacle-goose,  Anas  or  A  user  bernicla,  was  pro- 
duced from  this  cirriped,  which  was  supposed  to  turn  into 
the  bird  when  it  dropped  from  the  tree  upon  which  it 
was  fabled  to  grow.     [Disused.]    See  Lepadidce,  Lepas. 

anatifer  (a-nat'i-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  anatifer,  ana- 
tiferus: see  anatiferous.]  A  barnacle;  a  goose- 
mussel  or  tree-goose ;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Anatifa. 

anatiferous  (an-a-tif 'e-ras),  a.  [<  NL.  anatifer, 
anatiferus,  <  L.  anas  (anat-),  a  duck  (see  Anas), 
+  -fcr,  <  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Producing  geese ; 
that  is,  producing  the  eirripeds  formerly  called 
tree-geese  or  goose-mussels,  which  adhere  to 
submerged  wood  or  stone,  but  were  formerly 
supposed  to  grow  on  trees,  and  then  to  drop  off 
into  tho  water  and  turn  into  geese :  an  epithet 
of  the  barnacle,  Lepas anatif era,  and  of  the  trees 
upon  which  it  was  supposed  to  grow.  See  Ana- 
tifa, Lepas. 

Anatiferous  trees,  whose  corruption  breaks  forth  into 
barnacles.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  p.  133. 

Anatina  (an-a-ti'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  ana- 
tin  us,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  duck:  see  ana  tine.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of  the 
family  Anatinida:    Lamarck,  1809. 

Anatinffi1  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -ina- :  see  Anas.]  A  subfamily  of  ana- 
tine  birds,  of  the  family  Ana tida;  including  tho 
fresh-water  ducks  or  river-ducks,  typified  by  the 
restricted  genus  Anas.  They  are  separated  from  the 
Fuligulince,  orsea-ducks,  by  having  the  hallux  simple,  not 
lobed.  The  name  Anatina1  has  occasionally  been  used  to 
distinguish  the  "ducks,"  collectively,  from  other  Anatidtx, 
as  the  swans,  geese,  and  mergansers ;  in  this  use  it  includes 
the  Fxdigulinee.  The  Anatimr  proper  include  the  mal- 
lard (Anas  boschas),  the  wild  original  of  domestic  ducks, 
and  many  other  species,  as  the  widgeon,  gadwall,  pintail, 
shovcler,  wood-duck,  and  the  various  kinds  of  tea!.  See 
cuts  under  Chaulelasmus,  mallard,  and  wiageon. 

Anatinse-  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.;  of. 
Anatina.]  In" conch.,  a  group  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks related  to  the  clams,  now  restricted  to 
the  family  Anatinida  (which  see).    Lamarck. 

anatine  (an'a-tin),  a.  [<  L.  ana  tin  us,  of  tho 
duck,  <  anas  (anat-),  a  duck:  see  Anas.]  Re- 
sembling a  duck ;  duck-like ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anatina:  or  to  the  Anatidat. 

anatinid  (a-nat'i-nid),  ».  Abivalve  mollusk  of 
tlio  family  Anatinida!. 

Anatinida!  (an-a-tin'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ana- 
tina +  -iila\]  Lantern-shells,  a  family  of  sipho- 
niate  lamellibranch  mollusks,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anatina,  to  which  various  limits  have 
born  assigned.  As  generally  used,  it.  embraces  forms 
which  have  the  mantle-margins  united,  the  long  siphons 
partly  united,  the  gills  shn.de  on  each  side,  and  the  small 
foot  compressed.  The  shell  is  somewhat  ineqnivalve,  thin, 
and  nacreous  inside;  there  is  an  external  ligament  ami 
an  internal  cartilage  fitting  into  the  pit  of  the  hinge,  ami 


anatomize 

generally  an  ossicle  is  developed  (whence  the  family  is 
Bomi  limes  called  1  >,r,  odesmacea  1     Species  are  numerous 

in  the  present  seas,  hot  wi  re    nil  1 to  in  tie  an 1 

lallj  during  the  Jurassic  epoch.     See  cut  undl  I 

laaomyia. 
anatocism  (a-nat'o-sizm),  n.    [<  L.  anatocismus, 

<  (ir.  avaroiuo/idc,  <  ava,  again,  +  ro*    eiv,  lend 
on  interest,  <  tokoc,  interest,  produce,<Tii 
second  aor.  rexelv,  produce,  bear.]     Compound 

interest;  the  taking  of  compound  interest,  or 
the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  si-cured. 
[Rare.] 
Anatoideae  (un-a-toi'de-e),  n.pf.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -oidia:]  A  superfamily  of  birds, 
the  duck  tribe  in  the  broadest  sense,  corre- 
sponding to  tho  Lumcllirastns  ol'  seme  writers, 

the  Anseres,  Unguirostres,  or  Dermorhynchi  ol 
others;  the  ChenomorpluE  of  Huxley. 
Anatolian  (an-a-to'li-an),  a.     [<  Anatolia, <  Gr. 

avaroki],  a  rising,  esp.  of  the  sun,  the  east.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Anatolia,  that  is,  Asia  Miner, 
or  the  greater  part  of  it  on  tho  west  and  north- 
west. 

Bismarck  "would  not  sacrifice  one  Pomeranian  soldier" 
for  the  sake  of  the  Sultan,  or  the  Saltan  one  Anatolian 
Turk  for  Bismarck.  Contemporary  lice.,  XLVIII.  5->7. 
Anatolian  pottery,  pottery  made  in  Anatolia.  The  name 
is  given  by  dealers  and  collectors  to  a  pottery  of  soft  paste 
with  a  white  glaze,  supposed  to  be  from  the  factories  of 
Kutahia  or  Kutayeh,  in  Asia  Minor.  The  pieces  are  gen- 
erally small;  the  decoration  is  in  bright  colors,  similar  to 
Damascus  or  Rhodian  ware,  but  coarser,  and  the  glaze  is 
less  adherent  to  the  surface. 

Anatolic  (an-a-tol'ik),  a.  [<  MGr.  'Awzto/I/kcV, 
pertaining  to  'AvaroMa,  Anatolia  (cf.  Gr.  avaroAt- 
k6c,  eastern),  <  avaro/.y,  the  east:  see  Anatolian.] 
Same  as  Anatolian.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archwol., 
II.  124. 

anatomic  (an-a-tom'ik),  a.  Same  as  anatomi- 
cal. 

anatomical  (an-a-toin'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  anatomi- 
CUS,  <  Gr.  avarofuiidr,  <  dvarouij  =  LGr.  dvarouia, 
anatomy:  see  anatomy.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  anatomy ;  according  to  the  principles  of  anat- 
omy; relating  to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  dis- 
sected or  separated. — 2.  Structural  or  mor- 
phological, as  distinguished  from  functional  or 
physiological :  as,  anatomical  characters. 

anatomically  (an-a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
anatomical  manner;  as  regards  structure;  by 
means  of  anatomy  or  dissection. 

anatomico-physiblogical  (an-a-tom'i-ko-fiz"i- 
o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  both  to  anatomy  and 
to  physiology. 

anatomiet,  ».    A  former  spelling  of  anatomy. 

anatomiless  (a-nat'o-mi-les),  a.  [(anatomy 
+  -less.]  Structureless;  improperly  formed ; 
amorphous,  as  if  anatomically  unnatural,  or 
constructed  without  regard  to  anatomy. 

Ugly  goblins,  and  formless  monsters,  anatomiless  and 
rigid.     Ruskin,  Stones  of  Venice,  II.  vi.  §  14.    (-Y.  E.  It.) 

anatomisation,  anatomise,  etc.  See  anatomi- 
zation, etc. 

anatomism  (a-nat'o-mizm),  «.  [<  F.  anato- 
mism/:: see  anatomy  and  -ism.]  1.  Anatomical 
analysis;  organization  with  reference  to  ana- 
tomical structure ;  exhibition  of  anatomical  de- 
tails or  features,  as  in  painting  or  statuary. — 2. 
Anatomical  structure  regarded  as  a  basis  of  bio- 
logical phenomena;  anatomy  considered  as  the 
foundation  of  the  phenomena  of  life  exhibited 
by  organized  bodies. — 3.  The  doctrine  that 
anatomical  structure  accounts  for  all  manifes- 
tations of  vitality;  anatomical  materialism,  as 
opposed  to  animism. 

anatomist  (a-nat'o-mist),  n.  [f.'F.anatomiste: 
see  anatomy  and  -ist.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
anatomy;  one  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

anatomization  (a-nat"o-mi-za'sbon),  n.     [< 
anatomize  +  -ation.]     1.  Same  as  anatomy,  1. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  analysis ;  minute  examina- 
tion.—  3f.  Anatomical  structure. 
Also  spelled  anatomisation. 

anatomize  (a-nat'o-miz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anatomizctl,  ppr.  anatomizing.  [<F.  anatomiser: 
Bee  anatomy  and  -ise.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  dissect, 
as  a  plant  or  an  animal,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  the  position,  structure,  and  relation 
of  the  parts;  display  the  anatomy  of. — 2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  analyze  or  examine  minutely ;  con- 
sider point  by  point. 

My  purpose  and  endeavour  is,  in  the  following  discourse 
to  anatomize  this  humour  of  melancholy,  through  all  its 
parts  and  species. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader),  p.  7(1. 
In  her  the  painter  had  anatomized 
Time's  ruin.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1450. 

3f.  In  ehem.,  to  mako  an  analysis  of. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  the  art  of  dissection; 
pursue  anatomy  as  an  employment,  a  science, 
or  an  art.     [Rare.] 


anatomize 

He  [Keats]  no  doubt  penned  many  a  stanza  when  he 
should  have  been  anatomy 

Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  30S. 

Also  spelled  anatomise, 
anatomizer  (a-naf  6-mi-z6r),  n.  One  who  dis- 
sects or  anatomizes;  adisseeter;  an  anatomist; 
an  analyst.  Also  spelled  anatomiser. 
anatomy  (a-nat'o-mi),  «.;  pi.  anatomies  (-miz), 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  anatomie,  <  P.  anatomic 
=  Sp.  anatomia  =  Pg.  It.  anatomia,  <  LL.  anato- 
mia,  anatomy,  <  LGr.  avarouia,  in  classical  Gr. 
avaro/i%9Sk  cutting  up,  dissection,  ^avarifivetv,  cut 
up,  cut  open,  <  ava,  up,  +  Teftveiv,  second  aor.  ra- 
ti t  iv,  cut,  >TOfiT},  MGr.  ro//m,  a  cutting, to/wc,  a  cut, 
a  section,  tome :  see  tonic.  Hence,  by  misunder- 
standing, an  atomy,  a  skeleton:  BQG atomy 2.~\  1. 
Dissection;  the  act  or  art  of  dissecting  organ- 
ized bodies  with  reference  to  their  structure ; 
the  practice  of  anatomizing;  anatomization. 
— 2.  That  which  is  learned  from  dissection; 
the  science  of  the  bodily  structure  of  animals 
and  plants;  the  doctrines  of  organization  de- 
rived from  structure.  See  histology,  organ- 
ography, organology,  morphology,  zootomy,  phy- 
totomy,  anthropotomy, — 3.  Anatomical  struc- 
ture or  organization;  the  formation  and  disposi- 
tion of  the  parts  of  an  organized  body.  Hence 
—  4.  The  structure  of  any  inanimate  body,  as 
a  machine;  the  structure  of  a  thing,  with  ref- 
erence to  its  parts.  [Rare.]  —  5.  A  treatise 
on  anatomical  science  or  art ;  anatomical  de- 
scription or  history ;  a  manual  of  dissection. — 
6.  Figuratively,  any  analysis  or  minute  ex- 
amination of  the  parts  or  properties  of  a  thing, 
material,  critical,  or  moral. — 7f.  That  which  is 
dissected  orresults  from  dissection;  adissected 
body,  part,  or  organ. —  8.  A  subject  of  or  for 
dissection ;  that  which  is  or  appears  to  be 
ready  or  fit  for  dissecting:  in  various  obsolete, 
colloquial,  or  figurative  uses.  Specifically— (a)  A 
corpse  procured  or  prepared  for  dissection,  (b)  An  ana- 
tomical model ;  a  model  of  a  dissected  body,  as  in  plaster, 
wax,  or  papier  mache,  displaying  the  structure  and  posi- 
tion of  parts  or  organs;  an  anatomical  east  or  waxwork. 

(c )  The  solid  or  bony  framework  of  a  body ;  a  skelet<  in. 
The  anatomy  ot  a  little  child  ...  is  accounted  a  greater 

rarity  than  the  skeleton  of  a  man  in  full  stature.    Fuller. 

(d)  A  much  emaciated  person  or  other  living  being;  one 
almost  reduced  to  a  skeleton.     [Now  only  jocose.] 

They  brought  one  Pinch,  a  hungry,  lean-fae'd  villain, 
A  mere  anatomy,  a  mountebank.     Shah:,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
Passion  and  the  vows  I  owe  to  you 
Have  changed  me  to  a  lean  anatouuj. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 

(e)  Of  persons,  the  body  or  any  part  of  it ;  the  physique, 
as  if  a  mere  anatomical  structure.  (/)  A  mummy  ;  a 
corpse,  dried  and  shriveled,  (g)  Figuratively,  the  with- 
ered, lifeless  form  of  anything  material  or  immaterial ; 
meaningless  form;  shadow  without  substance. — Anat- 
omy Act,  an  English  statute  of  1832  (2  and  3  Win.  IV.,  c,  75) 
regulating  schools  of  anatomy  and  the  practice  of  dissec- 
tion.—Animal  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  animals  as  dis- 
tinguished From  that  of  plants;  zootomy  and  anthropotomy 
as  distinguished  from  phytotomy.— Artificial  anatomy, 
a  term  sometimes  applied  to  the  art  of  making  anatomical 
models.  —Avian  anatomy,  the  dissection  of  birds;  orni- 
thotomy.—  Clastic  anatomy,  the  art  (invented  by  Au- 
zoux,  1S25)  <>f  making  manikins  or  anatomical  models  in 
papier  in&<  In  representing  the  natural  appearance  of  all 
the  parts  in  separate  pieces,  which  can  be  joined  as  a  whole 
and  taken  apart.—  Comparative  anatomy,  (a)  The  in- 
vestigation or  study  <>f  the  anatomy  of  animals  in  its  spe- 
cial relation  to  human  structure,  or  as  exhibiting  the  rela- 
tion of  the  human  type  to  the  types  of  lower  orders.  (b)  A 
comprehensive  account  of  the  anatomy  of  living  organ- 
isms Lower  than  man,  or  of  any  one  group  alone.  [Obso- 
Li  cent.]  («•)  The  examination  ami  comparison  of  the 
structure  of  all  animals,  including  man,  with  reference  to 
morphology,  organology,  and  taxonomy  ;  anatomy  in  gen- 
eral    Descriptive  anatomy,  an  account  of  pint,  and 

ol  the  Body  with  special  regard  to  their  Btrui  ture, 
position,  or  relations,  but  without  regard  to  their  mor- 
pholo  tii  i     the  opposite  of  comparative  anat- 

omy, it  denoti  pi  i  Mnaiiy  anthropotomy,  in  its  medi- 
cal and  surgical  a  pecta,  r\lso  called  special  anatomy, 
—General  anatomy,  ■'  branch  of  descriptive  anatomy 
which  tii  ni-.  i  specially  of  histology,  or  the  structure  ana 
physical  prop,  rties  of  tin-  tissues  of  the  bodj  « tthout  re- 
gard to  tie'  disposition  ol  the  parts  ami  organs  composed 
of  them.  — Gross  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  parts  and 
organs  discernible  b)  tie-  naked  eye,  ami  ham  I  in  t  without 
special  appliances ;  organology  as  distinguished  from  his- 
tology :  the  opposite  oi  minute  anatomy.—  Minute  anat- 
omy, microscopic  anatomy  ;  tie-  :-tn«iy  of  parte  or  organs 
requiring  the  aid  of  the  microscope;  histological  anato 
my.— Pathological  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  diseased 
parts,  organs,  or  tissues,  or  of  organic  h  stoni  or  maLFor* 
matioua,  the  latfc  r  bi  Ing  more  spe<  [ftcallj  calli  d  terato- 
anatomy.  -Quick  anatomyt,  live  anatomyt, 
vi',  i  ection.  -Special  anatomy,  sann-  as  descriptive  "nut 
<o/o/.  — Surgical  anatomy,  the  anatom\  ol  parts  and  or- 
gans with  reference  to  their  situation  and  relative  p  I 
tion,  in  view  of  surgical  operation  which  M  maj  be  oe 
i  j  to  i"  rform  upon  thi  m—  Textural  anatomy,  a 
description  ol  organs  with  regard  to  their  histological 
structure.  Topographical  anatomy,  the  descriptive 
and  surgical  anatomy  of  any  particular  region  ol  the  body, 
ill. i,  i  he  groin,  the  popliteal  pace,  or  the  tri- 
i  i  ol  tin  neck.  Transcendental  anatomy,  ans 
tomical  inductions,  theories,  ami  hypotheses  wltn  refer- 
i  u'  '■  to  the  type,  model,  or  plan  upon  which  organize  >i 


200 

bodies  are  constructed:  sometimes  used  with  a  shade  of 
criticism,  as  being  "ideal "  rather  than  actual  or  practical 
anatomy. 

anatopism  (a-nat'o-pizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava,  back, 
+  ro-oc,  a  place,  +'  -ism.]  Faulty  or  incongru- 
ous arrangement;  specifically,  in  art,  an  in- 
harmonious grouping  of  objects. 

anatreptic  (an-a-trep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaTpcTTTt- 
n6c,  refuting,  overturning,  <  avaTpiixuv,  refute, 
overturn,  <  av&,  up,  +  rpkireiv,  turn.]  Refuting; 
defeating:  applied  to  certain  dialogues  of  Plato. 

anatripsis  (an-a-trip'sis),  re,    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avd- 

rpiijiic,  rubbing,  <  avarpipetv,  rub,  chafe,  <  ava, 
again,  +  rpt/leiv,  rub.]  In  mod.,  friction  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  for  disease. 

anatripsology  (an"a-trip-sol'6-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avarpiipis, rubbing,  +  -hjyia,  <Ac yctv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  1.  In  med.,  the  science  of  friction  as  a 
remedy. —  2.  A  treatise  on  friction.    Duuglison. 

anatron  (an'a-tron),  re,  [=  F.  anatron,  <  Sp. 
anatron,  <  Ar.  an-natrun,  <  al,  the,  +  natrnn,  na- 
tron: see  natron.]  1.  Glass-gall  or  sandiver, 
a  scum  which  rises  upon  melted  glass  in  the 
furnace.  It  consists  of  fused  salts,  chiefly  sulphates  and 
chlorids  of  the  alkalis,  which  have  not  combined  with 
silica  to  form  glass. 

2.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of 
vaults ;  saltpeter. 

anatropal  (a-nat'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  anatro- 
pous. 

anatropOUS  (a-nat'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  analro- 
pus,  <  Gr.  ava,  up,  +  rpiireiv,  turn:  see  trope.] 
Inverted :  in  hot.,  applied  to  the  reversed  ovule, 


t.  Anatropous  Ovule  of  Magnolia.  2.  Section  of  same.  3,  Section 
of  Seed  of  Magnolia,  a,  raphe  ;  l>.  micropyle  ;  e,  chalaza  ;  ■/,  hilum  ; 
e,  lleshy  coat  of  seed  inclosing  the  raphe  ;  /.  bony  testa ;  ff,  albu* 
men,  inclosing  the  embryo  above.     1  Magnified.) 

having  the  hilum  close  to  the  micropylo,  and 
the  chalaza  at  the  opposite  end.  An  equiva- 
lent  form  is  anatropal. 

anatto  (a-nat'6),  n.     Same  as  amotto. 

Anaxagorean  (an-aks-ag-o-re'an),  a.  and  re, 
[<  L.  Anaxagoras,  Gr.  'Ava^ayopac.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  the  person  or  the  doc- 
trines of  Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  Greek  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Clazomense,  near  Smyrna, 
about  500  B.  C.  Anaxagoras  taught  the  eternity  of 
matter,  ami  ascribed  the  origin  of  the  world  and  the  order 
of  nature  to  the  operation  of  an  eternal  self-existing  prin- 
ciple, which  be  termed  turn.-,-  (eons),  mind  or  intelligence. 
II.  re.  A  follower  of  Anaxagoras. 

Anaxagorizet  (an-aks-ag'o-riz),  r.  i.  [<  .(«- 
axagoras  +  -isse.]  To  favor  the  principles  of 
Anaxagoras.     Cudworth. 

Anaximandrian  (an-aks-i-man'dri-an),  a.  ami 
it.  [<  L.  Anaximander,  Gr.  'Avat-i/iavopog.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Greek  philosopher 
Anaximander  of  Miletus  (sixth  century  B.  c), 
or  to  his  doctrines. 
II.  «.  A  follower  of  Anaximander. 

Anaxonia(an-ak-s6'ni-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
or-  priv.  +  aiuv,  axle,  axis:  see  axle,  axis.]  Or- 
ganic forms,  animal  or  vegetable,  having  no 
axes,  ami  consequently  wholly  irregular  in  fig- 
ure: tlio  opposite  of  Axnuia  (which  see).  See 
cut  under  amoeba. 

Anaxtmta —  forms  destitute  of  axes,  and  consequently 

wholly  irregular  Inform,  e,  <>.,  Uncebaeand  many  Sponges 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  843. 

anazoturia  (an-az-o-tu'ri-S),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dv- 
]niv.  +  azote,  <].  v.,  +  Gr.  ovpov,  urine.]  In 
mill.,  a  condition  of  (he  urine  characterized  by 
marked  diminution  in  its  nitrogenous  constitu- 
ents. 

anbury  (an'ber-i),  re.     [Chiefly  E.  dial.;  also 

written  anbrrrij,  by  assimilation  amburi/,  with 
prosthetic  »,  nanberry,  by  apparent  extension 
uiih ■Intra,  anghbt -rr/i,  in  earliest  recorded  form 
anburie  (Plorio) ;  of  ui rtain  origin,  but  per- 
haps repr.  angberry,  <  AS.  ange,  painful  (as  in 
itiitj-iiitt/i,  E.  'angnail,  agnail,  q.  v.,  and  angst  in, 
a  boil  or  wart),  +  berie,  B.  berry'-,  transferred 
to  pimple  or  tumor.     Hardly  an  extension  of 


ancestrally 

am/per,  q.  v.]  1.  A  swelling,  full  of  blood  and 
soft  to  the  touch,  peculiar  to  horses  and  cattle. 
—  2.  Club-root,  a  sort  of  gall  or  excrescence  in 
some  plants  of  the  natural  order  Cruciferm,  and 
chiefly  in  the  turnip,  produced  by  a  puncture 
made  by  the  ovipositor  of  an  insect  for  the  de- 
position of  its  eggs.     [Eng.] 

-ance.  [<  ME.  -a nee,  -aunce,  <  OF.  -ance,  repr, 
both  L.  -attt-ia  and  -cnt-ia,  forming  nouns  from 
ppr.  adjectives  in  -an(t-)s,  -cn(t-)s:  see  -nnl\ 
-till.  In  later  F.  and  E.  manynouns  in  -ance,  <  L. 
-entiit,  were  changed  to  -ence,  in  nearer  accord 
with  the  L.  Nouns  of  recent  formation  have 
-ance  <  -antia,  and  -ence  <  -rutin.  Extended 
-aitcy,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ant,  or  directly  from 
verbs,  as  significance,  defiance,  purveyance,  etc. ; 
also  used  with  native  English  verbs,  as  in  abid- 
ance, forbearance,  furtherance,  hindrance,  rid- 
tltttiee,  etc. 

Anceidse  (an-se'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Anceus  + 
■idee.]  A  family  of  isopods,  named  from  the 
genus  Anceus.     See  tinuthiidw  and  I'rani-idw. 

Ancerata  (an-ser'a-ta),  ».  jd.  [NL.,  improp. 
for  "act  ratnX  Gr.  av-  (before  a  consonant  prop. 
a-)  priv.,  without,  +  tdpag,  a  horn:  see  Accra.] 
In  Blyth's  classification  of  mammals,  a  term 
proposed  to  distinguish  the  camels  and  llamas 
from  the  other  ruminant  Artiodacti/la.  The  dis- 
tinction is  a  good  one,  and  has  been  recently  insisted  upon, 
as  the  structure  of  these  animals  is  now  better  known.  The 
term  is  precisely  equivalent  to  Tylopoda  or  Phalangigrada 
(which  see),  but  it  is  tiot  in  use. 

ancestor  (an'ses-tor),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
cestor, ancestour,  anecsler,  aunccstor,  etc.,  <ME. 
nun  sire,  aunsestre,  ancessour,  aunccssour,  etc. 
(also,  without  .s,  ancetre,  a  unci  ire,  anceter,  an- 
cetor,  aunsetter,  etc., > mod.  dial,  anceter,  anstcr), 

<  OF.  ancestre,  and  anccsor,  auceisor,  anceisur, 
aucessor,  etc.,  commonly  in  pi.  ancestrcs  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F.  ancetrcs  =  Pr.  ancessor,  <  L. 
antecessor,  a  foregoer,  in  pi.  an  advance-guard, 
in  LL.  a  predecessor  in  office,  a  teacher  or 
professor  of  law,  eceles.  a  forerunner  ( >  E.  an  te- 
ccssor);  <  antccetlere,  pp.  antcccssus,  go  before, 

<  ante,   before,  +  cederc,   go:   see  antecedent.] 

1.  One  from  whom  a  person  is  descended  in 
the  line  of  either  father  or  mother;  a  fore- 
father; aprogenitor. — 2.  Li  Jaw,  one,  whether 
a  progenitor  or  a  collateral  relative,  who  has 
preceded  another  in  the  course  of  inheritance; 
one  from  whom  an  inheritance  is  derived :  the 
correlative  of  hew :  sometimes  used  specifically 
of  the  immediate  progenitor. — 3.  In  biol.,  ac- 
cording to  the  theory  of  evolution,  the  hypo- 
thetical form  or  stock,  of  an  earlier  and  pre- 
sumably lower  type,  from  which  any  organized 
being  is  inferred  to  have  been  directly  or  in- 
directly developed. 

The  first  and  simplest  plants  had  no  ancestors;  they 
arose  by  spontaneous  generation  or  special  creation. 

Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  840. 
Collateral  ancestors.    See  collateral. 

ancestorial  (an-ses-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  ancestor  + 
-ial.]  Ancestral:  as,  "his  ancestorial  seat," 
1 1  rnli;  Hist.  Greece,  I.  xiv.     [Rare.] 

ancestorially  (an-ses-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  an- 
eestorial  manner;  with  regard  to  ancestors. 
Sydney  Smith.     [Rare.] 

ancestor -worship  (an'ses-tor-wer"ship),  n. 
The  worship  of  ancestors. 

Ancettor-worahip,  the  worship  of  father,  grandfather, 
and  great-grandfather,  has  among  the  Hindus  a  most 
elaborate  liturgy  and  ritual,  of  which  the  outlines  are 
given  in  the  law-books,  and  with  special  fulness  in  tie- 
Book  of  Vishnu.         Maim-,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  .ri5. 

ancestral  (an-ses'tral),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ancestrel,  ancestrell,  auncestrell,  <  OP.  ancestrel, 

<  ancestre,  ancestor:  see  ancestor  and  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  ancestors  or  progenitors;  descend- 
ing or  claimed  from  ancestors  :  as,  an  ancestral 
estate;  ancestral  trees;  a  king  on  his  ancestral 
throne. 

Tenure  by  homage  ancestral  was  merely  tenancy  in- 
duct by  immemorial  prescription  in  the  family. 

C,  II.  Pearson,  Early  and  Middle  Ages  of  img.,  xxxiv. 

2.  In  biol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  ancestor; 
being  an  earlier,  and  presumably  lower  or  more 
gi-in-ralizeil,  type  I'r ulio-li  later  more  spe- 
cialized forms  of  organized  beings  are  asserted 
to  have  been  evolved. 

The  common  descent  of  all  the  Chalk  Sponges  from  a 
single  ancestral  form,  theOlynthus,  can  be  proved  with 
certainty.  Hacckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  1.  117. 

Homage  ancestral.   See  homage 
ancestrally  (an-ses'tral-i),   adr.     \Vith  refer- 
ence to  ancestry;  as  regards  descent. 

Ancestrally,  yellow  rattle  is  a  near  relation  of  the  put- 
ty little  blue  veronicas, 

G.  Alien,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  00'. 


ancestrel 

ancestrelt,  a.     See  ancestral. 
ancestress  (an'ses-tres),  n.    [(ancestor  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  ancestor.     [Rare.] 
This  ancestress  is  a  lady,  or  rather  the  ghost  of  a  lady. 
(  'arlyle,  Misc.  Ess.,  IT.  '274. 

ancestrial  (au-ses'tri-al),  a.  Same  as  ancestral. 
A*.  E.  I). 

ancestry  (an'ses-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  ancestry,  un- 
ci xtrie,  auncestrie,  andstry,  etc.,  also,  without  s, 
ancetry,  auncetry,  auncetrie,  aunsetre,K  OF.  an- 
eesi  rie,  aiiccsseric,  <  ancessor,  ancestor:  see  an- 
cestor.} 1.  A  series  or  Hue  of  ancestors  or 
progenitors ;  lineage,  or  those  who  compose  a 
preceding  line  of  natural  descent. 
Headless  statues  of  his  ancestry. 

Maeaulay,  Ilist.  Eng.,  iii. 
That  senior  posterity  which  was  such  for  Homer,  but 
for  us  has  long  ago  become  a  worshipful  anccstra. 

!>.■  < Jin iii-iii.  Homer,  i. 

Hence  —  2.  Descent  from  a  lino  of  houorable 
ancestors;  high  birth. 

Title  and  ancestry  render  a  good  man  more  illustrious, 
but  a  bad  man  more  conspicuous.  Addison. 

3.  In  biol.,  the  series  of  ancestors  or  ancestral 
types  through  which  an  organized  being  may 
have  come  to  be  what  it  is  in  the  process  of 
evolution. 

ancetryt,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  ancestry. 
Chaucer. 

Anceus  (an-se'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  based  by  Risso  in  1816  upon  the  male 
form  of  an  isopod  the  female  of  which  Leach 
called  Praniza  (which  see).  See  Gnathia.  Also 
written  Ancemis. 

anchesont,  n.     An  earlier  form  of  enchesnn. 

Anchilophus  (ang-kil'o-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a)x'i  near,  +  '/6<poc,  crest.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Lophiodontida;  related  to  the  Tapirida:.  Ger- 
vais,  1852. 

anchilops  (ang'ki-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayx'i- 
/tui/>,  a  sore  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye 
(Galenus),  as  if  from  ay%i,  near ;  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption of  a'i}i?M\l',  ffigilops :  see  wgilops.]  In 
pathol.,  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of  the 
eye,  superficial  to  the  lacrymal  sac.  When  such 
an  abscess  opens  at  the  inner  angle  it  is  called 
a-gilops. 

anchippodontid  (ang-kip-o-don'tid),  n.  A 
hoofed  mammal  of  the  family  Anchippodontidai. 

Anehippodontidae  (ang-kip-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  AncMppodus  (-odont-)  +  -idw.]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals. 
It  is  related  to  the  older  forms  of  the  Perlssodactyla,  but 
differs  from  them  in  having  the  incisor  teeth  'in  part 
gliriform,  the  outer  ones  having  persistent  pulps  and 
growing  continuously  in  a  circular  direction,  like  those  of 
rodents. 

Anchippodontoidea  (ang-kip"o-don-toi'de-a), 
7i. pi.  [NL.,  <  AncMppodus  (-odont-)  +  -oidi «.] 
A  superfamily  group  of  perissodactyl  quadru- 
peds, by  which  the  family  Anchippodontidai  is 
singularly  contrasted  with  all  other  perissodac- 
tyls  collectively. 

Anchippodus  (ang-kip'o-dus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Anchippus  +  Gr.  bdoic  (mhvr-)  =  E.  tooth."]  A 
genus  of  fossil  perissodactyls,  the  type  of  the 
family  Anehippodontkl.ee  and  superfamily  An- 
chippodontoidea :  synonymous  with  Troffosus  of 
Leidy. 

Anchippus  (ang-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayxt, 
near,  +  iiriroo,  horse.]  A  genus  of  fossil  horses, 
of  the  family Anchithcriidw  (which  see). 

anchisaurid  (ang-ki-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaur  of 
the  family  Jnchisaurida: 

Anchisauridae  (ang-ki-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anchisaurus  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  theropod 
dinosaurian  reptiles,  represented  by  the  genus 
Anchisaurus.  The  family  includes  several  genera  of  the 
Triassic  period,  the  members  of  which  had  aniphiccelous 
vertebrae,  slender  pubes,  pentadactyl  fore  feet,  and  tri- 
daetyl  hind  feet.     Formerly  called  Amphisauridce. 

Anchisaurus  (ang-ki-sa/rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayxt,  near,  +  oavpoc,  a  lizard.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  the  family  Anchisauridee.  Also  called 
Amphisaurus,  a  name  preoccupied  for  a  differ- 
ent genus. 

anchithere  (ang'ki-ther),  n.  [<  Anchitherium.'] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Anchitherium. 

The  horse  can  even  boast  a  pedigree  in  this  quarter  <>f 
the  world,  in  a  right  line,  through  a  slender  three-toed  an- 
cestry, as  far  back  as  the  anchithere  of  the  eocene  period. 

Edinburgh  Itev. 

anchitheriid  (ang-ki-the'ri-id),  n.  A  hoofed 
mammal  of  the  family  Anehitht  riida: 

Anchitheriid8e(ang"ki-the-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Anchitherium  +  -ithc]  '  A  family  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals,  it  shares  the 
ungulate  characters  of  the  Equidce,  or  horses,  but  differs 


201 

from  them  in  having  the  ulna  complete,  moderately  devel- 
op, d.  and  moreor  less  distinct  from  the  radius ;  the  llhnla 

complete,  though  ankylosed  with  the  tibia;  it hit  of 

the  eye  incomplete  behind;  theupjper  molar  teeth  marked 
by  a  deep  anterior  groove  reentering  from  the  middle  of 
ttie  inner  side  and  ending  in  lateral  branches,  and  a  pus- 
terior  groove  reentering  from  the  posterior  wall ;  and  the 
hover  molars  marked  by  a  V-shaped  groove  reentering 
from  the  outer  wall,  and  two  V-shaped  grooves  reentering 
from  the  inner  wall,  the  crowns  thus  having  W-shaped 
ridges.  Besides  the  typical  genus  Anchitherium.  the  tun 
ily  contains  the  Sypohippus,  Parahippus,  and  Anchippus 
of  Leidy. 

anchitherioid  (ang-ki-the'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Anchi- 
therium  +  -oid.~\  Relating  or  belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  Anchitherium. 

The  only  genus  of  animals  of  which  we  possess  a  satis- 
factory .  .  .  ancestral  history  is  the  genus  Equus,  the  de- 
velopment of  which  in  the  c se  of  the  Tertiary  epoch 

from  an  Anchitherioid  ancestor,  through  the  form  of  Hip- 
pan. in,  appears  to  admit  of  no  doubt. 

Huxley,  F.ncye.  Brit.,  II.  49. 

Anchitherium  (ang-ki-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ayxt>  near,  4-  (Inpiov,  a  wild  beast.]  A  ge- 
nus of  extinct  perissodactyl  or  odd-toed  hoofed 
mammals,  found  in  the  UpperEocene  and  Lower 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  It 
was  a  kind  .. f  horse  about  the  size  of  a  small  pony,  and  had 
three  functionally  developed  toes.  By  some  naturalists 
it  is  referred  to  the  same  family  as  the  modern  horse, 
Equidce;  but  by  others  it  is  placed  with  PaUeotherium  in 
the  family  Palceotheriidce.  It  is  also,  with  greater  exact- 
ness, made  the  type  of  a  distinct  family,  Aiic/iitlnriidie 
(which  see).  _  A  species  is  A.  aurelianense.  Synonymous 
with  llipparithcriain. 

anchor1  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  make  it  look  like  anehora,  a  cor- 
rupt mod.  spelling  of  L.  ancora;  prop,  anker, 
in  early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  also  anchor,  ankor, 
ancour,  etc.,  <  ME.  reg.  anker  (also  ankre,  ancre, 
after  OP.  ancre),  <  AS.  ancor,  ancer,  oncer  =  D. 
anker  =  OHG.  anchor,  MHG.  G.  anker  (>  Pol. 
ankicr)  =  Icel.  akkeri  =  Sw.  ankar  =  Dan.  anJct  r 
=  OF.  and  P.  ancre  =  Sp.  ancla,  dncora  =  Pg. 
ancora  =  It.  ancora,  <  L.  ancora  (in  mod.  spell- 
ing corruptly  anehora,  >  E.  anchor1,  prob.  by 
confusion  with  anker2,  later  anchor2,  where  tho 
"restored"  spelling  has  an  actual  Gr.  basis)  = 
OBulg.  anuki/ura,  anukira=Jiuss.  yakori  =Lith. 
inkoras  =  Lett.  enkuris=  Alban.  ankure,  <  Gr. 
aynvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook,  connected  with  a;  nor, 
a  bend,  ayicb'/.oc,  crooked,  curved,  L.  angulus,  an 
angle,  a  corner:  see  angle1,  angle'*,  anile,  anky- 
lose,  etc.]  1.  A  device  for  securing  a  vessel  to 
the  ground  under  water  by  means  of  a  cable. 
Anchors  are  generally 
made  of  iron,  and  con- 
sist of  a  strong  shank 
a,  at  one  extremity  of 
which  is  the  crown  c, 
from  which  branch  out 
two  arms  b  b,  curved  in- 
ward, and  each  termi- 
nating in  a  broad  palm 
or  fluke  d  d,  the  sharp 
extremity  of  which  is 
the  peak  or  bill.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  shank 
is  the  stock  e  e,  a  trans- 
verse piece,  behind  which  is  a  shackle  or  ring,  to  which  a  ca- 
ble may  be  attached.  The  principal  use  of  the  stock,  which 
in  nearly  all  anchors  is  now  made  of  iron  and  is  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  curved  arms  b  b,  is  to  cause  the  arms  to 
fall  so  that  one  of  the  flukes  shall  enter  the  ground.  Accord- 
ing to  their  various  forms  and  uses,  anchors  are  called  star- 
board-bower, port-bower,  sheet,  spare,  stream,  kedge,  and 
grapnel  or  boat  anchors.  Those  carried  by  men-of-war  are 
the  starboard-  and pnrt- 
bowers,  on  the  starboard 
and  port  bows  respec- 
tively; the  sheet,  on 
either  side  of  the  ship 
further  aft ;  and  the 
spare  anchor,  which  is 
usually  in  the  hold. 
These  are  all  of  equal 
or  nearly  equal  size  and 
weight.  To  these  are 
added  for  various  pur- 
poses the  stream  and 
kedge  anchors,  which 
are'  smaller  and  of  va- 
rious sizes.  Many  im- 
provements and  novelties  in  the  shape  and  construction  of 
anchors  have  been  introduced  in  recent  times.  The  prin- 
cipal names  connected  with  these  alterations  are  those  of 
Lieut.  Rodgers,  who  introduced  the  hoUow-shanked  anchor, 
with  the  view  of  increasing  the  strength  without  adding 
to  the  weight ;  Mr.  Porter,  who  made  the  arms  and  nukes 
movable  by  pivoting  them  to  the  shank  instead  of  fixing 
them  immovably,  causing  the  anchor  to  take  a  readier  and 

firmer  hold,  and 
avoiding  the  danger 
of  fouling  the  ca- 
ble; Mr.  Trotman, 
who  has  further  im- 
proved Porter's  in- 
vention ;  and  M. 
Martin,  whose  an- 
chor is.. f  very  pecu* 
liarform,and  licon- 
structed  so  as  to  be 
self-canting,  the  arms  revolving  through  an  angle  of  30* 
either  way.  and  the  sharp  points  of  the  flukes  being  always 
ready  to  enter  the  grouud.    of  the  many  other  forms,  all 


Common  Anchor. 


Trotman's  Anchor. 


anchor 

(except  Tyzack's  anchor,  whii  h  has  only  one  arm,  pivoted 
on  a  bifurcation  of  theBbank  and  an  i  [ng  be- 

tween tin-  two  parts) :"'  more  or  less  closely  related  to  the 
forms  illustrated.    The  anchor  Is  said  to  when 

n  i-  suspended  vertically  from  the  cathead  ready  to  be  let 
g..;  apeat  when  the  cable  1    drawn  in  so  tight  as  to  bring 
it  directly  under  the  ..hip  ;  atrip  or  tun  ml,  when  it  i^  just 
drawn  out  ••(  the  ground  in  a  perpendl  alai 
and  awash  when  tie'  stock  is  hove  up  to  tin  surface  of  the 

water. 

2.  Any  similardoviee  for  holding  fast  orcheck- 
ing  tlio  motion  of  a  movable  object. 

That  pari  i if  the  apparatus  | in  the  curricle]  which  fell  to 
the  ground  to  assist  in  stopping  i lie  carriage  va  'ill..! 
tiie  anchor.    This  was  made  of  w 1  ami  iron,  .ir  iron 

alone,  fixed  to  the  axle-tree  1 1\  t  w  i .  e.  nip!  [irj<  ,  n  .  ;i<||  - i.ie. 

A'.  .11.  Stratton,  World  mi  win  .  I*,  p.  3G0. 
Specifically— (a)  The  apparatus  at  the  opposite  end  of.the 
field  from  tile  engine  of  a  steam-plow,  to  which  pulleys 

are  fixed,  round  which  tiie  endless  band  or  rope  that iv- 

the  plow  passes,  (b)  The  device  by  which  the  extremities 
of  the  chains  or  wire  ropes  of  a  suspension-bridge  arc  se- 
cured.   See  anchorage1. 

3.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
security;  that  on  which  dependence  is  placed. 

Which  hope  we  have  as  an  aiu-lwr  of  the  soul,  both  sure 
and  stedfast.  licit.  \i.  19. 

4.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  name  for  the  arrow-head  or 

tongue  ornament  used  especially  in  the  so- 
called  egg-and-dart  molding.  (6)  A  metallic 
clamp,  sometimes  of  fanciful  design,  fastened 


Medieval  Tie-ro.l  Anchors. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  l'Architecture.") 

on  the  outside  of  a  wall  to  the  end  of  a  tie-rod 
or  strap  connecting  it  with  an  opposite  wall  to 
prevent  bulging. — 5.  In  :oiil. :  (a)  Some  ap- 
pendage or  arrangement  of  parts  by  which  a 
parasite  fastens  itself  upon  its  host. 

A  powerful  anchor,  by  which  the  parasite  is  moored  to 
its  hapless  prey.    P.  11.  Gosse,  Marine  Zool.  (1855),  1. 114. 

(6)  Something  shaped  like  an  anchor;  an 
ancora.  See  ancora1. —  6.  An  iron  plate  placed 
in  the  back  part  of  a  coke-oven  before  it  is 

charged  with  coal.     See  anchor-oven Anchor 

and  collar,  an  upper  hinge  used  for  heavy  gates.  The 
anchor  is  embedded  in  the  adjacent  masonry,  and  the  col- 
lar is  secured  to  it  by  a  clevis.  Through  the  collar  pasM-s 
the  heel-post  of  the  gate.— Anchor  escapement.  See 
escapement.  -At  single  anchor,  having  only  one  anchor 
down.  -Floating  or  sea  anchor,  an  apparatus  variously 
constructed,  designed  to  be  sunk  below  the  swell  of  the 
sea  where  there  is  no  anchorage,  to  prevent  a  vessel  from 
drifting.— Foul  anchor.  See  foul,  a.— Mooring  an- 
chor, a  large,  heavy  mass,  usually  of  iron,  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  a  harbor  or  roadstead,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing 
a  buoy,  or  of  affording  safe  aud  convenient  anchorage  to 
vessels.  In  the  lat- 
ter case  a  floating 
buoy,  to  which  a 
ship  may  be  easily 
and  speedily  at- 
tached by  a  cable, 
is  fastened  to  it  by 
a  chain.— Mush- 
room anchor,  an 
anchor  with  a  sau- 
cer-shaped head 
on  a  central  shank, 
used  for  mooring. - 

welded  on  tin 


Mushroom  Anchor. 


Martin's   Anchor. 


Nuts  of  an  anchor,  two  projections 
shank  to  secure  tile  stock  in  place.  —  To 
back  an  anchor  (nauc.),  to  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  a  large  one,  the  cable  of  the  small  one  being 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  large  one  to  prevent  it  from 
coming  home.— To  cast  anchor,  to  let  run  the  cathead 
stopper,  thus  releasing  the  anchor  from  the  cathead,  and 
permitting  it  to  sink  to  the  bottom.— To  cat  the  anchor, 
to  draw  the  anchor  perpendicularly  up  to  the  cathead 
by  a  strong  tackle  called  the  cat.-  To  drag  anchor,  to 
draw  ..r  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  loosened,  or  when 
the  anchor  will  not  hold:  said  of  a  ship.— To  fish  the 
anchor,  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  to  the  t..|i  of  the 
gunwale  by  an  appliance  called  a  fish,  in  order  to  stow  it 
after  it  has  been  catted.  — To  lie  at  anchor,  or  ride  at 
anchor,  said  of  a  vessel  when  kept  at  sonic  particular  spot 
by  her  anchor.— To  shoe  an  anchor,  to  secure  t"  the 
flukes  broad,  triangular  pieces  of  plank  to  give  better 
holding  in  soft  bottom. — To  sweep  for  an  anchor.to 
drag  the  bottom  with  the  bight  of  a  rope  to  timl  a  lost 
anchor.— To  weigh  anchor,  to  heave  or  raise  the  anchor 
or  anchors  from  the  ground  ;  free  a  vessel  from  anchorage 
in  preparation  for  sailing, 

anchor1  (ang'kor),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  <i»- 
ker,  <  ME.  ankren,  ancren,  <  AS.  "ancrian  =  1>. 
ankeren  =  G.  ankern  =  Sw.  ankra  =  Dan.  an- 
kre; cf.  F.  anercr  =  Sp.  anclar,  ancorar  =  Vg. 
ancorar  =  It.  ancorare,(  ML.  aneorare;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fix  or  secure  in  a 
particular  place  by  moans  of  an  anchor;  place 
at  anchor:  as,  to  anchor  a  ship. —  2.  Figura- 
tively, to  fix  or  fasten ;  affix  firmly. 


ancnor 

Let  us  anchor  our  hopes  .  .  .  uponhisg luess. 

Sermons,  VUL  141. 

i  he  water  lilj  starts 1  slides 

the  level  in  little  puffs  of  wind, 
.   I  to  the  bottom. 

I':  1:1.  eS8,   iv. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  cast  anchor;  co to  an- 
chor: lie  oi-  ride  at  anchor:  a-,  the  ship  an- 
chor) ,i  outside  the  bar. 

V. .u'  i:. II  an  Ji  ring  bark.        Shut.-..  Dear,  iv.  6. 
2.  Figurativel  hold  or  be  firmly  fixed 

in  any  way. 

.  would  anchor,  but  the  anchorage  is  quick- 

m,  Experience. 

anchor-f  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  make  it  more  like  anchoret,  and 
orig.  'anchor eta  (cf.  anchor1) ;  prop,  anker,  in 
early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  <  ME.  reg.  anker,  an- 
kre,  ancre,  an  anchoret  or  anchoress,  monk  or 
nun.  <  AS.  altera,  also,  rarely,  ann  r,  ancor  (in 
comp.  ancer-,  ancor-,  once  anacor-),  m.,  an  an- 
choret, also  perhaps  "ancre,  I.,  an  anchoress,  = 
OS.  enkoro  =  ORG.  einchoro,  anchoret,  spoil.', I 
as  it  from  (is.  en  =  OHG.  ein,  one  (ef.  monk, 
ult.  <  Gr.  ttovof,  one). but  all  corruptions  of  ML. 
"anchon  ta,  anachorita,  LL.  anachoi  i  to,  whence 
the  later  E.  forms  anchoret  and  anchorite,  q.  v.] 
An  anchoret ;  a  hermit. 

An  ancAor**  cheer  in  prison  be  my  scop*  ' 

siuik.,  Hamlet,  hi.  a 

anchor:!t,  ».     Erroneous  spelling  of  ankers. 
anchorablet  (ang'kor-a-bl),  a.     [<  anchor1  + 
-able.]    Pit  for  anchorage.     [Rare.] 

ii   sea  everywhere  twentj  Leagues  from  land  anchor' 
Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  40. 

Anchoraceracea  (ang^kor-a-se-ra'sf-a),  a.  pi. 
[NLi.,  <  Anclioracera  (<  Li.  ancora,  improp.  an- 

ehora,  anchor  (see  anchor1,  n.),  +  Or. /.,.., 
horn)  +  -acca.]  In  Miluc-Edwards's  system  of 
classification,  a  tribe  of  parasitic  entomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  which  anchor  or  fasten  them- 
selves to  their  host  by  means  of  hooked  lateral 
appendages  of  the  head.  The  name  is  approx- 
imately equivalent  to  one  of  the  divisions  of 
Lerna  oidt  a  (which  see). 

anchorage1  (ang'kor-aj),  n.    [<  anchor1  +  -age; 

suggested  by  F.  ancrdge,  <  ancre.']     1.  Anehor- 

ing-gronnd;  a  place  where  a  ship  anchors  or 

can  anchor;  a  customary  place  for  anchoring. 

The  Beet  returned  to  its  former  ""  I 

Southey,  Life  of  Nelson,  II.  102. 

Early  in  the  morning  we  weighed  anchor  and  steamed 
up  the  bay  to  the  man-of-war  anchorage. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  iv. 

Hence  —  2.  That  to  which  anything  is  fastened: 
as,  the  anchorage  of  the  cables  of  a  suspension- 
bridge. 


202 

anchor-ball  (ang'kor-bal),  ".  A  pyrotechnical 
combustible  attached  to  a  grapnel  for  the  pur- 
pose of  setting   tire  to   ships.      Smyth,  Sailor's 

Word-book, 
anchor-bolt  (ang'kpr-bdlt),  n.    A  bolt  having 

the  end  of   its  shank  bent  or  splayed,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  drawn  out. 

anchor-buoy  (ang'kpr-boi),  n.  Abuoyuscd  to 
mark  the  position  of  an  anchor  when  on  the 
bottom. 


The  one  and  only  assuranci 

souls'  h,  :ill  h 


anchovy 

and  fast  anchor-hold  of  our 
Camden. 

anchor-hoy  (ang'kqr-hoi),  ».  A  small  vessel 
or  lighter  fitted  with  capstans,  etc,  used  for 
handling  ami  transporting  anchors  and  chains 
about  a  harbor.    Also  called  chain-boat. 

anchor-ice  (ang'kor-is),  n.  Ice  that  is  formed 
i  n  and  incrusts  the  bottom  of  a  lake  or  river 
in-shore ;  ground-ice. 

anchorite,  ».    See  anchoret. 


anchor-chock  (ang'kor-chok),  n.    1.  A  piece  anchoritess, n.  [<  anchorite  + -ess.]  Seeancfco»> 

inserted  into  a  wooden  anchor-stock  where  it     ess. 

lias  become  worn  or  defective.— 2.   A  piece  of  anchoritic,  anchoritical,  etc.      See  anchoretic, 

wood  or  iron  on  which  an  anchor  rests  when  it     etc. 


anchorless (ang'kordcs\  a.  [<  anchor1  +  -less.] 
Being  without  an  anchor;  hence,  drifting;  un- 
stable. 


is  stowed. 
anchor-drag  (ang'kor-drag),  n.    Same  as  drag- 

shet  i. 
anchored  (ang'kord),  p.  a.    [Eariymod.  E.  reg. 

ankered,  ankored;  \  anchor1,  tinker1,  +  -e<f-.] 

1.  Held  by  an  anchor.— -2.  Shaped  anchor-lift  (ang'kor-lift),  n 


* 


like  an  anchor; 


Tin- 


fluked  ;  forked. 

Shooting  her  anchored  tongue, 
iatening  her  venomed  teeth. 
II.  More,  Sony:  of  the  Soul,  II.  ii. 


Anchored 
Cross. 


3.  In  her.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 

cross  whose  extremities  aro  turned 

back  like  the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 
Equivalent  forms  are  ancrie,  ancred,  anch/ry. 

Anchorella  (ang-ko-rel'a),  n.    [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  anch0r.oven  "(a'ng''^r-uv'nYn"    A  c'ok 
ancora,  improp.  anchora,  anchor:  sec  anchor1.]     s0  named  lrom  a  wrought-iron  plate  ea 


My  homeless,  anchorless,  unsupported  mind. 

Charlotte  Bronte',  Villette,  vi. 

A  gripping  device 

for  lifting  a  pole  or  pile  which  has  been  driven 
into  the  mud  to  serve  as  an  anchor  for  a  dredge- 
boat, 
anchor-lining  (ang'kor-li*ning),  ».    Sheathing 

fastened  to  the  sides  of  a  vessel,  or  to  stan- 
chions under  the  fore-channel,  to  present  injury 
to  the  vessel  by  the  bill  of  the  anchor  when  it 
is  fished  or  hauled  up.     See  bill-board. 

Ice-oven, 

ailed  an 


A  genus  of  fish-lice,  small  parasitic  crustaceans,  .lnc.}lor  vvhieh  is  placed  at  the  rear  of  the  oven 

of  the  family  Lernaopodidai  and  order  Lernam-  before  it  is  charged  with  coal.     At  the  end  of  the 

dca:  so  called  from  the  appendages  by  which,  heat  the  anchor  is  embedded  in  coke,  and  when  withdrawn 

like  other  lernaeans,  the  animal  fastens  itself  on  by  means  of  a  winch  takes  all  the  coke  with  it. 

its  host.    There  are  several  species,  parasitic  upon  fishes,  anchor-plate    (ang'kor-plat),  K.      1.    A  heavy 

The  semis  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  family  An-  metal  plate  to  which  is  secured  the  extremity 


horeUidat. 

Anchorellidaa  (ang-kq-rel'i-de),  n.  ]>l.  [NL., 
<  Anchorella  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  lerneean 
crustaceans,  or  fish-lice,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anchorella.    Also  spelled  Anehorcllada: 


of  a  cable  of  a  suspension-bridge.  See  cut 
under  anchorage. — 2.  In  zool.,  one  of  the  cal- 
careous plates  to  which  the  anchors  or  ancora 
aro  attached,  as  in  members  of  the  genus  Sy- 
napta.     See  ancora1. 


anchoress,  anchoritess  (ang'kor-es,  -i-tes),  n.  anchor-ring  (ang'kor-ring),  n.    1.  The  ring  or 


Anchorage  of  a  Cable  of  the  East  River  Bridge.  New  York. 
^,  suspension-oil, In  ;  B,  anch  r  pi  it 

3.  The  anchor  and  all  the  necessary  tackle  for 
anchoring.     [Rare.  ] 

Thi  hark,  thai  hath  discharg'd  her  fraught, 

l:.  turns  with  pre lading  to  the  bay 

From  whence  at  first  she  wetgh'd  her  anchorage. 

Shak.,  lit.  And.,  i.  2. 

If  thai  Bupposal  Bhould  fail  as,  all  our  anchorage  were 

loose  and  wi    hould  but  wander  in  a  wild  sea.      Wotton. 

4.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a 

harbor;  anchorage-dues. 

This poration  <  poor  one,  holds  also  the 

rage  In  the  harbour,    li  Car,  < .  Survi  j  ol  0 

anchorage- 1  ang'kor-aj  I,  ».    [<  anchor-  +  -age.] 
The  cell  or  retreat  oi  an  anchoret. 

Anchorastomacea  (ang  kor-a-sto-ma'se-S 
pi.    [NIi.,  <  Lr.  ancora,  improp.  anchora,  an- 
chor, +  I  ■•  i   outh,  +  -act  a.  ]     [n  Milne- 
Edwards's  system  of  classification,  a  tribe  of 
parasitic  entomostracous  cm  ta  •  ans,  or  fish- 

iiee.  represent  in};  a  division  of  the   Lernatoidea 
which  con  J  a  ins  I  he  Chondracunthidos.      i      peci< 

i.i  thi    group  liki  :  ■  ■'  ear    fa  i n  theirhosl 

b3  stout  i ki  u  appt  nd 

anchoratc  (ang'kor-at),  a.    Iu  ;oiil.,  fixed  a    il 
anchored. 


[Early  mod.  E.  reg.  ankress,  ancress,  <  ME. 
ankresse,  ankrisse,  ankres:  see  anchor-,  anker-, 
and  -ess.]     A  female  anchoret. 

Site  is  no  anchoress,  she  dwells  not  alone. 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1540). 
Pesa,  liis  sister,  an  Anchoritess,  led  a  solitary  life. 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  ii.  96. 

anchoret,  anchorite  (ang'ko-ret,  -rit),  n.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  anchori  t,  ->  te,  -it,  usually  -He,  also 
anachoret,  etc.,  <  ME.  ancorite,  <  OF.  anacho- 
retc,  mod.  P.  anachorite,  <  LL.  anachoreta, 
ML.  also  anachorita,  <  Or.  hvax^CFhU 
oluse,  lit.  one  retired,  <  ova  {apelv,  retire, 
back,  +  i ■•'/"' '''■  withdraw,  make  room,  <  X"P°Cj 
room,  space.  The  form  anchoret  has  taken  the 
place  of  the  earlier  anchor",  anker2,  q.  v.]  A 
hermit ;  a  recluse;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the 
temptations  of  the  world  and  to  devote  himself 
to  contemplation  and  religious  exercises.  Also 
amu-hor:  t. 

Macarius,  the  great  Egyptian  anchor,  t. 

Ah, j.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit 
To  an  ordinary  layman  the  life  of  the  anchorite  might 
appear  in  the  highest  degree  opposed  to  that  of  the  Teacher 
who  began  His  mission  in  a  marriage  feast. 

Lecky,  linrop.  Morals,  II.  111. 
=  Syn.  Monk,  Hermit,  Anchoret.  In  the  classification 
of  religious  ascetics,  monks  are  those  who  adopt  s  si 
eluded  habit  of  life,  but  dwell  more  or  less  in  communi- 
ties; hermits,  or  eremites,  those  who  withdraw  to  desert 
places,  but  do  not  deny  themselves  shelter  or  occupat  Ion  , 
and  nnc.horctx,  those  most  excessive  in  their  austerities, 

who  choose  the st  absolute  solitude,  and  subject  them- 

si  Ives  to  the  greatest  pi  ivat  ioiu 

anchoretic  (ang-ko-ret'ik),  a.  [<  anchoret  + 
■4c,  after  anachort  ileal,  a.  v.]  Pertaining  to  an 
anchoret,  or  to  his  mode  of  life.     Equivalent 

forms  are  anchor, Ural,  anrlooitic,  anchoritical. 

anchoretical  (ang-kq-ret'i-kal),  a.     [<  ancho- 
retic.]   Same  as  anchoretic. 
anchoretish  (ang'ko-ret-ish),  a.     [<  anchoret  + 


shackle  of  an  anchor  to  which  the  cable  is  bent . 
—  2.  A  geometrical  surface  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a  circle  about  an  axis  lying  in  its 
plane,  but  exterior  to  it. 
anchor-rocket  (ang'kor-rok'et),  n.    A  rocket 

titled  with  an  anchor-head  consisting  of  two  or 
more  flukes.  With  a  line  attached  to  the  rocket-stick 
it  is  used  for  life-saving  purposes,  and  may  be  tired  either 
over  a  stranded  vessel  orbi  yond  a  baron  which  the  water 
is  breaking.  The  best  rocket  of  this  class  is  the  German 
rocket,  which  lias  an  anchor-head  of  four  palmate  rlukea 
placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

a  .rc"  anchor-shackle  (ang 'kor- shak "  1),  h.  Naut., 
■  the  bow  or  clevis,  with  two  eyes  and  a  screw- 
bolt,  or  bolt  and  key, 
win  h  is  used  for  s 
curing  a  cable  to  the 
riiiK  of  the  anchor. 
Also  used  for  coupling 
lengths  of  chain-cable. 
E.  11.  Knight 

anchor-shot  ung'kor- 
shot),  >i.  A  projectile 
made    with    arms    or 

flukes  and  having  a  rope  or  chain  attached,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  from  a  mortar  in  order  to 
establish  communication  between  the  shore 
and  a  vessel  or  wreck,  or  between  vessels.  It 
is  used  principally  in  the  life-saving  service. 

anchor-Stock  (ang'kqr-stok),  ».  .Xant.,  a  beam 
of  wood  or  iron  placed  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
shank  of  an  anchor  transversely  to  the  plane  of 
the  arms.  (See  cuts  under  anchor.)  its  use  is  to 
cause  the  anchor  when  lei  go  to  lie  on  the  bottom  in  such 
a  position  that  the  peak  or  sharp  point  of  the  arm  will 
penetrate  the  ground  and  take  a  firm  hold.  Anchor- 
stock  fashion,  a  peculiar  way  of  planking  the  outside  of 
a  ship  with  planks  that  are  widest  in  the  middle  and  taper 
toward  tin*  ends,  somewhat  like  an  anchor-stock.-  An- 
chor-stock planking.    See  planking. 

anchor-tripper  (ang'kor-trii.efi,  ».  A  device 
for  tripping  or  casting  loose  a  ship's  anchor. 


I  hi.i-sli.ickles. 


(s/ii.J  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anchoret,  or  to  anchor-watch  (ang'kqr-woch), «.  Naut.,  a  sub- 
division of  the  watch  kept  constantly  on  deck 
during  the  time  a  ship  lies  at  single  anchor,  to 
lie  in  readiness  to  hoist  jib-  or  staysails  in  order 

to  keep  the  ship  (dear  of  her  anchor,  or  to  veer 

mere  cable,  or  to  let  go  a  second  .' horin  case 

she  should  drive  or  part  from  her  first  one.    Also 

called  harbor-watch. 


his  mode  of  life;   anchoretic.     Also  anchoritish. 

Sixty  years  of  religious  reverie  arid  anchoritish  self- 
denial.        DeQuincey,  Autobiographical  Sketches,  I.  i-'i. 

anchoretism  (ang'ko-ret-izm),  ».  [<  anchoret 
+  -ism.  |  The  state  of  being  secluded  from  the 
world;  the  condition  of  an  anchoret.  Also 
written  anchoritism. 


anchor-gate (ang'kqr-gat  i,  n.  A  kind  of  heavy  anchor-well (ang'kqr-wel),n.  ya«fc,acylindri- 
■  aie  used  in  the  leeks  oi'  canals,  having  for  iis  cal  recess  iu  the  forward  end  of  the  overhang- 
upper  bearing  a.  cellar  anchored  in  the  atlja-  ing  deck  of  the  first  monitor  built  vessels,  in 
cent  masonry.  which  the  anchors  were  carried  to  protect  them 

anchor-hold  (ang'kpr-hold  i.  n.     1.  The  hold  of    and  the  chain  fi the  enemy's  shot,  as  well  as 

an  a  he:.,, r  ii], en  the  ground.-  '2.  firm  hold  in  tocause  t  he  vessels  In  rule  more  easily  at  anchor, 
a  figurative  sense;  ground  of  expectation  or  anchovy  (an-cho'vi),  «.;  pi.  anchovies  (-viz). 
trust;  .security.  [Formerly  also  anchora   and    anchora,  earlier 


anchovy 

anchoveye,  anchoveyes,  anckove  =  P.  ansjovis  = 
G.  anschove  =  Sw.  ansjovis  =  Dan.  ansjos  = 
F.  anehois  (>  Rubs.  anchousH  =  Pol.  auc-iis),  < 
It.  dial,  am-tnni.  ancioa,  andua,  anchioa,  It.  ac- 
eiuga,  =  Sp.  anchova,  anehoa  =  IJg.  anchova,  en- 
chova,  anchovy;  of  uncertain  origin;  of.  Basque 
anchova,  anehoa,  anchua,  anchovy,  perhaps  re- 
lated to  Basque  ant:ua,  dry,  hence  lit.  a  dried 
or  pickled  fish,  anchovy.  Diez  refers  the  Rom. 
forms  ult.  to  Gr.  atprq,  commonly  supposed  to  be 
the  anchovy  or  sardine.]    An  abdominal  mal- 


Anchovy  {Stolcphorus  cncrasichclus). 

aeopterygious  fish,  of  the  genus  Stolcphorus  or 
Engraulis,  family  Stolephoridce.  The  species  are 
alt  of  diminutive  size,  anil  inhabitants  of  most  tropical 
and  temperate  seas.  Only  one  species,  S.  encrasicholus, 
is  known  upon  the  European  coasts,  but  fifteen  approach 
those  of  the  United  States.  The  common  anchovy  of  Eu- 
rope, S.  encrasicholus,  esteemed  for  its  rich  and  peculiar 
flavor,  is  not  much  larger  than  the  middle  finger.  It  is 
caught  in  vast  numbers  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  pick- 
led for  exportation.  A  sauce  held  in  much  esteem  is 
made  from  anchovies  by  pounding  them  in  water,  sim- 
mering the  mixture  for  a  short  time,  adding  a  little 
cayenne  pepper,  and  straining  the  whole  through  a  hair 
sieve. —  Anchovy  paste,  a  preparation  of  anchovy  and 
various  clupeids  (sprats,  etc.). 

anchovy-pear  (an-eho'vi-par),  n.  The  fruit  of 
Grias  cauliflora,  a  myrtaeeous  tree  growing  in 
Jamaica.  It  is  large,  and  contains  generally  a  single 
seed  protected  by  a  stony  covering.  It  is  pickled  and 
eaten  like  the  mango. 

anchry  (ang'kri),  a.     [Bad  spelling  of  ancry, 

<  F.  ancree,  <  ancrer,  anchor:  see  anchor1,  v.  and 
«.]     In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

Anchusa  (ang-ku'sft),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  ayxovoa, 
Attic  f  yxovaa,  alkanet.]  A  genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  chiefly  perennial,  of  the  natural  order 
Boraginacew.  There  are  30  species,  rough,  hairy  herbs, 
natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia.  The  more  common 
species  of  Europe  is  the  bugloss  or  common  alkanet,  .1. 
officinalis.  A.  Jtalica  is  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  al- 
hain't  and  Alkanna. 

anchusic  (aug-ku'sik),  a.  [<  anchusin  +  -»c] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  anehusin:  as,  anchusic  acid. 

anchusin  (ang'ku-sin),  n.  [<  Anchusa  +  -in~.~} 
A  red  coloring  matter  obtained  from  Alkanna 
(Anchusa)  tinctoria.  It  is  amorphous,  with  a  resin- 
ous fracture,  and  when  heated  emits  violet  vapors,  which 
are  extremely  suffocating. 

ankyloblepharon,  n.    See  ankyloblepharon. 

anchylose,  anchylosis,  etc.    See  ankylose,  etc. 

Anchylostoma  (ang-ki-los'to-mii),  n.  [NL., 
prop.  Ancylostoma,<.tir.  <i)  Kfj/loc,  crooked,  curved, 
+  cTOfia,  mouth.]     Same  as  Dochmius,  2. 

anciencyt  (an'shen-si),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aunciencic,  etc.,  for  earlier  ancienty,  q.  v.]  An- 
cientness ;  antiquity. 

ancient1  (an'shent),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  antient  (a  spelling  but  recently  obsolete, 
&itev  patient,  etc.,  or  with  ref.  to  the  orig.  L.), 

<  ME.  auncicnt,  auncyent,  aunciant,  etc.  (with 
excrescent  -t,  as  in  tyrant,  etc. :  see  -«»('-),  ear- 
lier auncien,  auncian,  <  OF.  ancien,  mod.  F.  an- 
cien=Pr.  ancian  =  Sp.  anciano  =  Pg.  anciao  = 
It.  anziano,  <  ML.  antianus,  ancianus,  former, 
old,  ancient,  prop.  *antenniis,  with  term,  -anus 
(E.  -an,  -en),  <  L.  ante,  before,  whence  also  an- 
ticus,  antiquus,  former,  ancient,  antique:  see 
antic,  antique,  and  ante-.]  I.  a.  1.  Existent 
or  occurring  in  time  long  past,  usually  in  re- 
mote ages ;  belonging  to  or  associated  with  an- 
tiquity; old,  as  opposed  to  modern  ;  as,  ancient 
authors;  ancient  records.  As  specifically  applied  to 
history,  ancient  usually  refers  to  times  and  events  prior  to 
the  downfall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire,  A.  D.  470,  and 
is  opposed  to  medieval,  which  is  applied  to  the  period  from 
about  the  fifth  century  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth,  when 
modern  history  begins,  and  to  modern,  which  is  sometimes 
used  of  the  whole  period  since  the  fifth  century.  In  other 
uses  it  commonly  has  no  exact  reference  to  time. 

We  lost  a  great  number  of  ancient  authors  by  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt  by  the  Saracens,  which  deprived  Europe 
of  the  use  of  the  papyrus. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  67. 
The  voice  I  hear  this  passing  night  was  heard 
In  ancient  days  by  emperor  and  clown. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

His  [Milton'sl  language  even  has  caught  the  accent  of 

the  ancient  world.       Lowell,  New  Princeton  Ilev.,  I.  104. 

2.  Having  lasted  from  a  remote  period ;  hav- 
ing been  of  long  duration  ;  of  great  age  ;  very 
old:  as,  an  ancient  city;  an  ancient  forest:  gen- 
erally, but  not  always,  applied  to  things. 


203 

I  do  love  these  undent  ruins. 
We  never  tread  upon  them  but  we  set 
Our  foot  upon  some  reverend  history. 

Webtter,  Duchess  of  Malfi,  v.  :i. 
The  Governor  was  an  ancient  gentleman  of  greate  cour- 
age, of  y  order  of  st.  Jago.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  10, 1657. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  of  more  than  20  or  30 
years'  duration:  said  of  anything  whose  con- 
tinued existence  for  such  a  period  is  taken  into 
consideration  in  aid  of  defective  proof  by  rea- 
son of  lapse  of  memory,  or  absence  of  wit- 
nesses, or  loss  of  documentary  evidence:  as, 
an  ancient  boundary. —  4.  Past;  former. 
If  I  longer  stay, 
We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings. 

•  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

Know'st  thou  Amoret? 
Hath  not  some  newer  love  fore'd  thee  forget 
Thy  ancient  faith? 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  4. 

5.  In  her.,  formerly  worn ;  now  out  of  date  or 
obsolete:  thus,  France  ancient  is  azure  semee 
with  fleurs-de-lys  or,  while  France  modern  is 
azure,  3  fleurs-de-lys,  or  2  and  1 Ancient  de- 
mesne. Sec  demesne.  =Syn.  Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  An- 
tiquated, Old-fashioned,  Quaint,  Obsolete,  Obsolescent,  by- 
gone. Ancient  and  old  are  generally  applied  only  to 
things  subject  to  change.  Old  may  apply  to  things  which 
have" long  existed  and  still  exist,  while  ancient  may  apply 
to  things  of  equal  age  which  have  ceased  to  exist:  as,  aid 
laws,  ancient  republics.  Ancient  properly  refers  to  a 
higher  degree  of  age  than  old  :  as,  oof  times,  ancient  times; 
old  institutions,  ancient  institutions.  An  oM-looking  man 
is  one  who  seems  advanced  in  years,  while  an  ancient. 
looking  man  is  one  who  seems  to  have  survived  from  a 
past  age.  Antique  is  applied  either  to  a  thing  which  has 
come  down  from  antiquity  or  to  that  which  is  made  in 
imitation  of  ancient  style:  thus,  ancient  binding  is  binding 
done  by  the  ancients,  while  antique  binding  is  an  imita- 
tion of  the  ancient  style.  Antiquated,  like  antique,  may 
apply  to  a  style  or  fashion,  but  it  properly  means  too  old  ; 
it  is  a  disparaging  word  applied  to  ideas,  laws,  customs, 
dress,  etc.,  which  are  out  of  date  or  outgrown:  as,  auti- 
qauted  laws  should  lie  repealed;  his  head  was  full  of  an- 
tiquated notions.  Old-fashioned  is  a  milder  word,  noting 
that  which  has  gone  out  of  fashion,  hut  may  still  be  thought 
of  as  pleasing.  Quaint  is  old-fashioned  with  a  pleasing 
oddity:  as,  a  quaint  garb,  a  quaint  manner  of  speech,  a 
quaint  f ace.  Obsolete  is  applied  to  that  which  has  gone 
completely  out  of  use:  as,  an  obsolete  word,  idea,  law.  Ob- 
solescent is  applied  to  that  which  is  in  process  of  becoming 
obsolete.  Ancient  and  antique  are  opposed  to  modern; 
old  to  new,  young,  or  fresh ;  antiquated  to  permanent  <>r 
established;  old-fashioned  to  neir-t'usi,ii>ued ;  obsolete  to 
current  or  present.    Aged,  Elderly,  Old,  vie.    See  aged. 

In  these  nooks  the  busy  outsider's  ancient  times  are  only 
old ;  his  old  times  are  still  new. 

T.  Hardy,  far  from  the  Madding  Crowd. 

His  singular  dress  and  obsolete  language  confounded  the 
baker,  to  whom  he  offered  an  ancient  medal  of  liecius  as 
the  current  coin  of  the  empire. 

/.  Disraeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  150. 

He  was  shown  an  old  worm-eaten  coffer,  which  had 
long  held  papers,  untouched  by  the  incurious  generations, 
of  .Montaigne.  /.  D'lsraeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  73. 

While  Beddoes'  language  seems  to  possess  all  the  ele- 
ments of  the  Shaksperian,  there  is  no  trace  of  the  con- 
sciously antique  in  it.        Ainer.  Jour,  of  Philol,  IV.  450. 

I  was  ushered  into  a  little  misshapen  back-room,  having 
at  least  nine  corners.  It  was  lighted  by  a  skylight,  fur- 
nished with  antiquated  leathern  chairs,  and  ornamented 
with  the  portrait  of  a  fat  pig. 

Irving,  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 

Somewhat  hack  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country  seat. 

Louyfetlou;  "Id  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 
We  might  picture  to  ourselves  some  knot  of  speculators, 
debating  with  calculating  brow  over  the  quaint  binding 
and  illuminated  margin  of  an  obsolete  author. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  31. 
Evidence  of  it  [the  disappearance  of  words  from  the  lan- 
guage] is  to  be  seen  in  the  obsolete  and  obsolescent  material 
found  recorded  on  almost  every  page  of  our  dictionaries. 
Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  9S. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  lived  in  former  ages;  a  per- 
son belonging  to  an  early  period  of  the  world's 
history:  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We  meet  with  more  raillery  among  the  modems,  lint 
more  good  sense  among  the  ancient*. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  240. 

2.  A  very  old  man;  hence,  an  elder  or  person 
of  influence ;  a  governor  or  ruler,  political  or 
ecclesiastical. 

Long  since  that  white-haired  ancient  slept. 

Bryant,  Old  Man's  Counsel. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  undents  ,if 
his  people.  Is-  iii-  1». 

3f.  A  senior. 

In  Christianity  they  were  his  ancients.  II., alec. 

4.  In  the  Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery  in  Lon- 
don, one  who  has  a  certain  standing  or  senior- 
ity: thus,  in  Gray's  Inn,  the  society  consists  of 
benchers,  anew  u'ts.  barristers,  ami  students  un- 
der the  liar,  the  ancients  being  the  oldest  bar- 
risters.   Wharton. 

When  he  was  Auncicnt  in  tune  of  Court,-,  certaine  yong 
Ientlemen  were  brought  before  loin,  to  be  corrected  for 
certaine  misorders.  Aecham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  62. 
Ancient  of  days,  the  Supreme  Being,  in  reference  to  his 
existence  from  eternity. 


ancillary 

I  beheld  till  the  throneswen  ca  I  down,  and  the  An. 
dent  •■!  days  did  sit,  whose  garment  was  white  us  -now, 

Dan.  *  II    '. 
Council  of  Ancients,  i  n   /  ,  the  upper  .bam. 

be  1-  ol  the  French  legislature p-   Legislatif)  und 

constil  mi i  795,  C 1  ie      I  01  h  at 

least  forty  j ems  eld.    Set  i  I 

ancient-t  (an'shent),  ».     [Early  mod.  B, 
antient,  ancyent,  auncient,  auntient,  ami  ! 
antesign,  corrupt  forms  of  ensign,  in  simulation 
of  ancituO:  see  ensign.]     1.    A  flag,  banner, 
or  standard  ;  an  ensign;  especially,  the  flag  or 
streamer  of  a  ship. 

Ten  times  more  dishonourable  ragged  than  an  old-fa  i  d 
[that  is,  patched] ancient.  Shak.,  l  Hen.  iv.,  iv.  2. 

I  made  all  the  sail  I  could,  and  in  half  an  hour  she  spie 
me,  then  hung  out  her  ancient,  and  discharged  a  gun. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  i.  8. 

2.  The  bearer  of  a  flag;  a  standard-bearer;  an 
ensign. 

Ancient,  let  your  colours  fly;  but  have  a  great  care  of 
the  butchers' hooks  at  Whitechapel;  they  have  been  the 
death  of  many  a  fair  ancient 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  v.  2. 
This  is  Othello's  ancient,  as  I  take  it. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  i. 

anciently  (an'shent-li),  adv.    1.   In  ancient 

times;  in  times  long  since  past;  of  yore:  as, 
Persia  was  and*  ntly  a  powerful  empire. 

The  colewort  is  not  an  enemy  (though  that  were  an- 
ciently received)  to  the  vine  only;  but  it  is  an  enemy  to 
any  other  plant.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  g  180. 

2.  In  or  from  a  relatively  distant  period:  in 
former  times;  from  of  old;  formerly;  remotely: 
as,  to  maintain  rights  anciently  secured  or  en- 
joyed. 

V\  ith  what  arms 
We  mean  to  hold  what  anciently  we  claim. 

Milt, al.  1'.  L.,  v.  723. 

ancientneSS  (an'shent-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ancient;  antiquity.     Drydt  «. 

High-priest  whose  temple  was  the  woods,  he  felt 
Their  melancholy  grandeur,  and  the  awe 
Their  unci,  ntness  and  solitude  beget. 

Ji.  II.  Stoddard,  Dead  Master. 

ancientry  (an'shent-ri),  n.  [<  ancient1  +  -ry.] 
1.  Aneientness ;' antiquity;  qualities  peculiar 
to  that  which  is  old. —  2f.  Old  people:  as, 
"  wronging  the  ancientry,"  Slink.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 
—  3t.  Ancient  lineage  ;  dignity  of  birth. 

His  father  being  a  gentleman  of  more  ancientry  than 
estate.  Fuller,  Worthies,  Durham. 

4.  Something  belonging  or  relating  to  ancient 
times. 
They  [the  last  lines]  contain  not  one  word  of  ancientry. 
West,  Letter  t,i  Cray. 

ancientyt  (an'shen-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  aun- 
cicutic,  ancientie^K.  ME.   anciente,   aunciente,  < 

AF.  anciente,  OF.  anciennetc  =  Pr.  auciun<  tat  = 
Sp.  ancianidad =It.  anzianitA,  anzianitade,  an- 
zianitate,  on  ML.  type  *antianita(t-)s,  <  antianus; 
ancient:  see  ancien t1  and  -ty.~]  Age;  antiquity; 
aneientness ;  seniority. 

Is  not  the  forenamed  council  oi  ancienty  above  a  thou- 
sand years  ago'.'   I>c.  Martin,  Harriageof  Priests,sig.  I.  2b. 

ancile(an-si'le),  ».;  pi.  ancilia  (an-sil'i-a).  [I.., 
an  oval  shield  having  a  semicircular  notch  at 
each  end;  perhaps <  an-  tovambi-,  on  both  sides 
(cf.  anfractuous  and  see  amhi-),  +  -cilc,  ult.  < 
y  "skal,  *skur,  cut:  see  shear.']  The  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven 
in  the  reign  of  Numa,  and  declared  by  the 
diviners  to  be  the  palladium  of  Rome  so  long  as 
it  should  be  kept  in  the  city.  With  eleven  other 
ancilia.  made  in  imitation  of  the  original,  it  was  given  into 
the  custody  of  the  Salii,  or  priests  of  Mars,  who  carried  it 
annually  in  solemn  procession  through  Koine  durum  the 
festival  of  Mars  in  the  beginning  of  March. 

Ancilia  (an-sirii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ttucillii :  see  ,iu- 
eille.]    A  genus  of  mollusks.     See  Ancillimc. 

ancillary  (an'si-la-ri),  a.  [<L.  aneillaris^K.ait- 
cilla,  a  maid-servant :  see  ancille.~\  Serving  as 
an  aid,  adjunct,  or  accessory;  subservient; 
auxiliary ;  supplementary. 

The  hero  sees  that  the  event  is  audit, icy :  it  must  follow 
him.  l  haracter. 

In  an  ancillary  work,  "The  Study  of  Snciology,"  I  have 
described  the  various  perversions  produced  in  men's  judg- 
ments by  their  emotions. 

//.  St„„eec,  Prill,  of  Sociol.,  §  434. 

Ancillary  administration,  in  law,  a  local  and  subordi. 

nate  adllllllistrati f  such  part  of  the  assets  Of  a  dece- 
dent as  are  found  within  a  state  other  than  licit  of  his 
domicile,  and  which  the  law  of  the  state  where  they  are 
found  requires  to  be  collected  undi  i  its  authority  Inorder 

that  they  may  be  applied    Bret  to  Batisfj  the  claim-  i  I    Us 

own  citizens  instead  of  requiring  the  latter  to  resort  to 

the  jurisdiction  of  principal  administration  to  obi i  ■' 

imnt;  the  surplus  ifter  satisfying  au-h  bairns,  b?  Ing  ; 
mitted  to  the  place  of  principal  administrat .-  Ancil- 
lary letters,  letters  testamentary  or  oi  administration 
for  the  purposes  of  ancillary  administration,  granted  usu- 
ally to  the  executor  or  administrator  who  has  been  ap- 
pointed in  the  place  of  principal  administration. 


ancille 

ancillet,  n.  |ME.  ancille,  mm  lie,  ancile,  <  OF. 
bi  <  -  lit ,  iiiii-i  li ,  <  \j.  1 1 a ril in,  a  maid-servant,  dim. 
of  aiicula,  a  maid-servant,  fern,  of  anculus,  a 
man-servant,  <  0L.  "uncus,  a  servant,  as  is  the 
L.  proper  name  Ancus  Martins;  e£.  aunt*,  ap- 
plied  to  one  with  a  stiff,  crooked  arm:  see 
angle5.}     A  maid-servant.     Chaucer. 

Ancillinae  (an-si-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  AnciUa 
+  -i«ir.]  A  subfamily  of  mollusks,  of  the  fam- 
ily Dliridie,  typified  by  the  genus  AnciUa.  The 
head  is  concealed,  tin-'  eyes  are  absent,  the  tentacles  are 
rudimentary,  and  the  t""t  is  much  enlarged;  the  shell  is 
-■■I  and  tin'  sutures  are  mostly  covered  with  a  cal- 
i  deposit  Between  20and  30  living  species  are  known, 
aril  numerous  fossil  ones.    Also  calli  ii  AncUlarinae. 

ancipital  (an-sip'i-tal),  a.     [As  ancipitous  + 

-ii/.J     1.  Same  as  ancipitous,  1. — 2.  In  nodi. 

and  hot.,  two-edged — Ancipital  stem,  a  compressed 

i   with  two  opposite  thin  or  wing-margined  edges,  as 

in  blue-eyi  Hnchium). 

ancipitate  (an-sip'i-tat),  a.     [As  ancipitous  + 

-ali :]  Same  as  ancipital,  2. 
ancipitous  (an-sip'i-tns),  a.  [<  L.  anceps  (an- 
cipit-),  two-headed,  double,  doubtful  (<  an-  for 
ambi-,  on  both  sides  (seeam&i-),  +  caput,  bead: 
sir  capital),  +  -mis'.]  1.  Doubtful  or  double; 
ambiguous;  double-faced  or  double-formed. — 

2.  Same  as  ancipital,  -, 

Ancistrodon  (au-sis'tro-don),  n.  [NL. :  so 
called  from  the  hooked  fangs ;  <  Gr.  aymaTpov,  a 
fish-hook (< aymc,  a  hook,  bend:  see  angle5),  + 
oiioic  (bdovr-)  =  E.  too th.]  A  genus  of  venomous 
serpents,  with  hooked  fangs,  belonging  to  the 
f .i  iily  Crotalidce  of  the  suborder  Solenogtypha  : 
by  some  authors  placed  under  Trigonocephalus. 
The  genus  contains  the  well-known  copperhead  ol  North 
America,  Ancistro  ton  contortrix,  and  the  water-moccasin, 
A.  piscivorus.  See  cut  under  copperhead.  Also  written 
Ankisl 

ancle,  «.    See  ankle. 

ancomet  (an'kuin),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  uncome 
(cf.  Se.  oncome,  an  attack  of  disease,  income, 
any  bodily  infirmity  not  apparent  ly  proceeding 
from  an  external  cause).  <  ME.  onkome,  a  swell- 
ing, as  on  the  arm,  earlier  ME.  oncome,  oncumt , 
an  unexpected  evil,  <  ancomen,  oncumen,  <  AS. 
iniciiincn,  pp.  of  oncuman,  come  upon,  happen, 
<  on,  on,  +  ciiinan,  come:  see  came,  oncome,  in- 
ciniic.~\  A  small  inflammatory  swelling  arising 
suddenly. 

ancon  (aug'kon),  «.;  pi.  ancones  (ang-ko'nez). 
[<L.  ancon.iiir.  u ;  w,  the  bend  of  the  arm,  akin 
to  aynoc,  a  bend,  ayicvpa,  anchor:  see  anchor*-, 
angle3.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  olecranon;  the  upper 
end  of  the  ulna;  the  elbow.  See  cut  under 
/■hi  arm. —  2.  In  arch.,  any  projection  designed 
to  support  a  cornice  or  other  structural  feature, 
as  a  console  or  a  corbel.  The  projections  cut  upon 
keystones  of  arches  to  support  busts  or  other  ornaments 
are  sometimes  called  ancones.  See  eats  under  cantalivcr, 
console,  and  corbel.  [Bare.] 
Also  written  ancone. 

3.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  breed  of  sheep, 
originated  in  Massachusetts  in  17'J1  from  a  ram 
having  along  body  and  short,  crooked  legs,  and 
therefore  unable  to  leap  fences.  It  was  also 
known  as  the  otter  breed,  and  is  now  extinct. 

anconad  (ang'ko-nad),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -adS.] 
Toward  the  ancon  or  elbow. 

anconal  (ang'ko-nal),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancon  or  elbow. —  2.  Being 
on  the  same  side  of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb  as 
the  elbow:  as,  the  anconal  aspect  of  the  hand, 
that  is,  the  back  of  the  hand:  corresponding  to 

rotular  as  applied  to  the  hind  limb. 
Equivalent  forms  aro  anconeal  and  ancone- 

ous. 

ancone  fang'kon),  n.    Same  as  a  nan,  I  and  2. 
anconeal  (ang-ko'ne-al),  a.    Same  as  anconal. 

-Anconeal  fossa  of  the  humerus,  in  anat.,  the  ol  era 

noid  fossa,  which  receives  the  olecranon  or  headof  the  ulna. 

The  Internal  condyle  is  prominent,  the  anconeal  fossa 
small.  W.  li  Flo  tier,  Osteology,  \v. 

anconei,  n.    Plural  of  aneom  us. 

anconeous  (ang-ko'ne-us),  a.   Same  as  anconal. 

ancones,  n.    Rural oif  ancon. 

anconeus  (ang-ko-ne'us),  n. ;  pi.  anconei  (-i). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ancon :  -see  anion.]  A  name  onee 
given   to  any  of  the   muscles   attached    to    the 

ancon  or  olecranon  :  now  usually  restricted  to 

a  small  muscle  arising  from  the  back   part  of 

the  externa]  condyle  of  the  humeru  .  and  in- 
serted into  the  side  of  the  olecranon  and  upper 

fourth  nl  the  posterior  surface  of  the  ulna. 

anconceus,  «.    Same  as  ancom  u  . 

anconoid  (ang'ko-noid),  a.  [<  Or,  ayKuvoevdfic, 
curved  (elbow  liki  6i>,  a  bend,  curve,  the 

elbow  (see ancon),  +  ;,.'...,  form.]  Elbow-like: 
applied  t.i  the  olecranon  of  the  ulna. 

ancort,  «•    A  former  spelling  of  anchor1; 


A,  young  synapta, 
showing  four  ancora  or 
anchors  la,  a).   Jf,a sin- 


204 

ancora1  (ang'ko-rii),  n.\  pi.  ancora'  (-re).     [L., 
an  anchor:    see   anchor*.]      In  zool.,  one   of 
the  anchor-shaped  calcareous 
spicules   which   are  attached  -A- 

to  and  protrude  from  the  Hat 
perforated  calcareous  plates 
in  the  integument  of  echino- 
derms  of  the  genus  Synapta. 
They  are  used  in  locomotion. 

ancora'-t  (ang-ko'ra),  adv. 
[It.,  =  Y .  encore,  again:  seec»- 
core.]  Again:  formerly  used 
like  < neon  (winch  see). 

ancorae,  n.    Plural  of  ancora. 

ancoral  (ang'ko-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
ancoralis,  <  ancora,  anchor: 
see  anchor^.]  Eelating  to 
or  resembling  an  anchor,  in 
shape  or  use:  in  nodi.,  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  anchors 
or  ancone  of  members  of  the 
genus  Synapta. 

Ancorina  (ang-ko-ri'na),  n. 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  fibrous 
sponges,  typical  of  the  family 
Ancorinidw. 

Ancorinidae    (ang-ko-rin'i- 
de),  «,  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ancorina  I'^^^T^ 
+  -ida:]     A  family  of  Fibro- 
spongice,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancorina. 

ancoristt(ang'ko-rist),  n.  [An erroneous f orm of 
anchoret  or  anchoress  with  accom.  term,  -i.it:  see 
anchor?,  anchoret.]     An  anchoret  or  anchoress. 
A  woman  lately  turned  an  ancorist. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Yorkshire. 

ancree,  ancred  (ang'kra,  ang'kerd),  a.  [F. 
ancrde,  pp.  fern,  of  ancrcr,  anchor:  see  anchor1, 
r.  and  «..]     In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

-ancy.  A  modern  extension  of  -ance,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  original  Latin  -ant-i-a,  and  perhaps 
also  of  -acy :  see  -ance  and  -cy,  and  ef.  -ence, 
-cncji.     The  two  forms  seldom  differ  in  force. 

ancylid  (an'si-lid),  n.  Agastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Ancjilidic. 

AncylidjB  (an-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ancylus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  pulmonato  gastropods, 
typified  bythe  genus  Ancylus,  and  distinguished 
by  their  patelliforni  shell.  The  species  are  in- 
habitants of  the  fresh  waters  of  various  coun- 
tries, and  are  known  as  river-limpets. 

Ancylinas  (an-si-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  i  Ancylus 
+  -inw.]  The  ancylids,  considered  as  a  sub- 
family of  Liinnaiila;  and  characterized  by 
the  flattened  and  limpet-like  instead  of  spiral 
shell. 

Ancyloceras  (an-si-los'e-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayKvAoc,  crooked^  curved,  +  nlpac  (nzpar-),  a 
horn.]     A  genus  of  fossil  tetrabranchiate  eeph- 


alopods,  of  the  family  Ammonitidtr,  or  made 
the  type  of  a  special  family  Ancyloc*  ratidce. 
One  of  these  ammonites,  Ancyloceras  calloiun- 
sis,  occurs  in  the  Kelloway  rocks,  England. 
ancyloceratid  (an'si-16-ser'a-tid),  n.    A  eeph- 

alopod  of  the  family  Anci/loeeraliilie. 

Ancyloceratidaa  (anysi-16-se-rat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ancyloceras  {-rat-)  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
fossil  cephalopeds,  typified  bythe  genus  Anei/- 
loceras. 

ancylomele  (an^si-lo-me'le),  «.;  pi.  ancylome- 
te(-le).  [NL.,  <  tir.a?Kv?iOui/A.7/,  a  curved  probe, 
<  aynbXor  crooked,  +  pijhj,  a  surgical  probe.] 
A  curved  probe  used  by  surgeons.  Also  spelled 
ankylonu  '■ . 

Ancylostoma  (an-si-los'to-mtt),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aymhoc,  crooked,  curved,  +  aro/ia,  mouth.] 
Same  as  Doelinnus,  2. 

ancylotheriidfan  silo  the'ri-id),  n.  An  eden- 
tate mammal  of  the  family  Anci/lolheriida: 

Ancylotheriidae  (an  Bi-16-the-ri'i-de),  b.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Anci/lolln rinm   +   -ida:]     A   family  of 

edentate  mammals,  typified  by  the  genus  Ancy- 

liitln  Hum.    it  is  known  only  fr fragments  ol  e    ki  la 

ton  found  in  Tertiar)  depnsits  in  lairope,  and  is  supposed 

t"  in'  related  t"  the  r I  pan  [olins,  or  Manidida 

Ancylotherium  (an  si  16  the'ri  am),  ra.     [NL., 

<(ir.  iiyiie'/iie,  crooked,  curved,  +  Or/p'iov,  a   wild 

beast.]     A  genus  of  lai'L'e  extinct  edentate 

mammals,  typical  of  the  family  Ancyloth  riola: 


and 

ancylotome,  ancylotomus  (an-sil'6-tom,  an- 
si-lot'o-mus),  ».     Same  as ankylotome. 

Ancylus  (an'si-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aynvlioc, 
crooked,  curved:  see  mn//io.]  1.  A  genus  of 
pulmonato  gastropod-,  typical  of  the  family 
Ana/ltda:  The  species  ale  Unviable,  and  are  called 
river  limpets,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  shell  to  a 
patella  or  limpet.  There  are  upward  of  50  living  species. 
They  live  in  ponds  and  brooks,  adhering  to  stones  ami 
aquatic  plants. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects. 
Ancyrene  (an'si-ren),  a.  [<  L.  Ancyra,  Gr.  "Ay- 
nvpa,  a  town  in  Galatia,  now  Angora  (see  An- 
gora); cf.  Gr.  ayicvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Ancyra,  a  city  of  ancient  Gala- 
tia, where  a  synod  was  held  about  A.  D.  314,  at 
which  the  Ancyrene  canons,  twenty-five  in  num- 
ber, were  passed.  Synods  of  Semi-Ariaus  were 
also  held  there  A.  D.  358  and  375.  Also  written 
Ancyran — Ancyrene  inscription  (commonly  known 
as  the  Monumentum  Ancyranum),  a  highly  important 
document  tor  Human  history,  consisting  of  an  inscription 
in  both  Greek  and  Latin  upon  a  number  of  marble  slabs 
fixed  t'i  the  walls  of  the  temple  of  Augustus  and  the  god- 
dess lloma  (Rome  personified)  at  Ancyra.  The  inscription 
is  a  copy  of  the  statement  of  his  acts  and  policy  prepared 
by  the  Emperor  Augustus  himself,  which  statement  is 
often  called  the  political  testament  of  Augustus.  This 
inscription  w-as  discovered  by  Augier  de  Busbecq  in  1554, 
but  was  first  adequately  copied  by  Georges  l'errot  in  1864. 
ancyroid  (an-si'roid),  a.  [<Gr.  ayicvpoeifyc,  an- 
chor-shaped, <  aynvpa,  anchor,  +  eiMhc,  form.] 
Anchor-shaped;  specifically,  in  <7)t<7(.,  curved 
or  bent  like  the  fluke  of  an  anchor:  applied  (a) 
to  the  coracoid  process  of  the  shoulder-blade 
(see  cut  under  scapula),  and  (h)  to  the  cornua 
of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten ankyroid. 
and  (and,  unaccented  and:  see  an"),  conj. 
[<  ME.  and,  ant,  an,  sometimes  a,  <  AS.  and, 
ond,  rarely  end  (in  AS.  and  MID.  usually  ex- 
pressed by  the  abbrev.  symbol  or  ligature  ~),  later 
&  (mod.  &),  for  L.  et,  and),  =  OS.  endi,  rarely 
en,  =OFries.  anda,  ande,  and,  an,  rarely  ond, 
also  cndi-,  i  nda,  end,  en,  mod.  Fries,  an,  an,  en, 
in,  aula,  inde  =  01).  ondc,  endc,  D.  ch  =  OHG. 
anti,cnti,  inti,  unta,  unti,  endi,  indi,  iindi,  MHG. 
undc,  una,  wit,  G.  und,  and,  =  feel,  enda,  and  if,  in 
case  that,  even,  even  if,  and  then,  and  yet,  and 
so  (appar.  the  same  word,  with  conditional  or 
disjunctive  force;  the  Seam!,  equiv.  to  'and'  is 
Icel.  auk  =  Sw.  och,  oclc  =  Dan.  og  =  AS.  c tic,  E. 
eke;  not  found  as  conj.  in  Goth.,  where  the 
ordinary  copula  is  jah),  conj.,  orig.  a  prep.,  AS. 
ami,  anil  (rare  in  this  form,  but  extremely  com- 
mon in  the  reduced  form  an,  on,  being  thus 
merged  with  orig.  oh,  on:  see  below),  before, 
besides,  with,  =  OS.  ant,  unto,  until,  =  OFries. 
a  nda,  ande,  and,  an,  also  cntla,  t  mle,  mil,  en,  in, on, 
=  OHG.  a«i  =  Goth.  ami,  on,  upon,  unto,  along, 
over,  etc. ;  this  prep,  being  also  common  as  a 
prefix,  AS.  and-,  an-,  and-,  on-  (see  and-),  and  ap- 
pearing also  in  the  reduced  form  an,  on  (merged 
with  orig.  an,  on  =  Goth.  o»o  =  Gr.  av&,  etc.: 
see  on),  and  with  a  close  vowel  in  AS.  olh  (for 
"ontli)  =  OS.  tint  (also  in  eomp.  nn-,  as  in  mite, 
unto,  uuiitei  (=  ME.  and  E.  unto),  and  in  nntnt, 
unthat  for  unt  that)  =  OFries.  und,  ont,  unto, 
=  OHG.  unt  (in  comp.  v  un-e,  nn:),  unto,  =  Icel. 
unz,  unne,  unst,  undz,  until,  =  Goth,  itntt,  unto, 
until,  as  far  as,  up  to  (also  in  comp.  mile,  un- 
til), most  of  these  forms  being  also  used  con- 
junctionally.  The  Teut.  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes containing  a  radical  n  tended  to  melt  into 
one  another  both  as  to  form  and  sense.  There 
appear  to  have  been  orig.  two  forms  of  and, 
namely,  (a)  AS.  and,  and,  OS.  ant,  Goth,  ami, 
anda-,  Teut.  *anda-,  and  (A)  AS.  cml,  OS.  emli, 
etc.,T(  ut.  "audi-,  the  latter  being  =  L.  mile,  be- 
f on  ■,  =  (  Jr.  fii'-i,  against,=  Skt.  an  It,  over  against, 
near,  related  with  anta,  end.  =  Goth,  malt  is  = 
AS.  i  mle,  E.  end:  see  cml,  and  cf.  andiron.  See 
and-,  an--,  an--,  mile-,  anti-,  prefixes  ult.  iden- 
tical. For  the  transition  from  the  prep,  and, 
before,  besides,  will),  to  the  conj.  anil,  cf.  the 
prep,  nilh  in  such  constructions  as  "The  pas- 
sengers, iiilh  all  but  three  of  the  crew,  were 
saved,"  where  and  may  be  substituted  toiwith. 
Prom  the  earliest  ME.  period  and  has  also  ex- 
isted in  the  reduced  form  an:  see  an-.]  A. 
Coordinate  use.     1.  Connective:  A  word  con- 

i ting  a  word,  phrase,  clause,  or  sentence  with 

thai  which  precedes  it:  a  colorless  particle  with- 
out an  exact  synonym  in  English,  but  expressed 
approximately  by  'with,  along  with,  together 
with,  besides,  also,  moreover,'  the  elements 
connected  being  grammatically  coordinate. 

li In  I  iiiNlliil  iimr  of  his  live  wits  went  halting  off, 

and  now  is  the  whole  man  governed  with 

.s7oi/r.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 


and 

We  have  been  up  and  down  t<>  seek  him. 

Shah:,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
His  fame  and  fate  shall  bo 
An  echo  and  a  light  unto  eternity. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  1.  8. 
Along  the  heath  and  near  his  favourite  tree. 

Gray,  Elegy,  1.  110. 
When  many  words,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences  arc  con- 
nected, the  connective  is  now  generally  omitted  before 
;ill  except  the  last,  unless  retained  for  rhetorical  effect. 
The  connected  elements  are  sometimes  identical,  express- 
ing continuous  repetition,  either  definitely,  as,  to  walk 
two  and  two ;  or  Indefinitely,  as,  for  ever  and  ever,  to  wait 
years  and  years. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  ami  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day, 
To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time. 

Shak.t  Macbeth,  v.  5. 
The  repetition  often  implies  a  difference  of  quality  under 
the  same  name:  as,  there  are  deacons  and  deacons  (that 
is,  according  to  the  proverb,  "  There's  odds  in  deacons"); 
there  are  novels  and  novels  (that  is,  all  sorts  of  novels). 
To  make  the  connection  distinctly  inclusive,  the  term  both 
precedes  the  first  member:  as,  both  in  England  and  in 
France.  For  this,  by  a  Latinism,  and  .  .  .  and  has  been 
sometimes  used  in  poetry  (Latin  and  French  et  .  .  .  et). 
Thrones  and  civil  and  divine. 

Sylvester^  tr.  of  Du  Cartas. 

2.  Introductive:  in  continuation  of  a  previous 
sentence  expressed,  implied,  or  understood. 

And  the  Lord  spake  unto  Moses.  Num.  i.  1. 

And  he  said  unto  Moses.  Ex.  xxiv.  1. 

In  this  use,  especially  in  continuation  of  the  statement 
implied  by  assent  to  a  previous  question.  The  continua- 
tion may  mark  surprise,  incredulity,  indignation,  etc. :  as, 
And  shall  I  see  him  again?  And  you  dare  thus  address 
me? 

And  do  you  now  put  on  your  best  attire, 
And  do  you  now  cull  out  a  holiday, 
And  do  you  now  strew  flowers  in  his  way, 

That  comes  in  triumph  over  Pompey's  Id 1? 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Alas!  and  did  my  Saviour  bleed?  Watts, 

3.  Adverbial:  Also;  even.  [Rare;  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Latin  et  in  like  use.] 

He  that  hatith  me,  hatith  and  [also,  Purv.]  my  fadir. 

Wyclif,  John  xv.  23  (Oxf.  ed.). 

Not  oonly  he  brak  the  saboth,  but  and  [hut,  Purv.]  lie 
seide  his  fadir  God.  Wyclif,  John  v.  IS. 

Hence,  but  and,  and  also:  common  in  the  old 
ballads. 

And  they  hae  chased  in  gude  green-wood 
The  buck  but  and  the  rae. 

Rose  the  Red,  and  White  Lilly, 

Child's  Ballads,  III.  ISO. 
She  brought  to  him  her  beauty  and  truth, 
But  ami  broad  earldoms  three. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

B.  Conditional  use.  [In  this  use  not  found 
in  AS.,  but  very  common  in  ME. ;  cf.  Icel.  enda 
and  MHG.  ttnde  in  similar  use:  a  development 
of  the  coordinate  use;  cf.  so,  adv.  conj.,  mark- 
ing continuation,  with  so,  conditional  conj.,  if. 
This  and,  though  identical  "with  the  coordi- 
nate, has  been  looked  upon  as  a  different  word, 
and  in  modern  editions  is  often  artificially 
discriminated  by  being  printed  an;  see  an?.'] 
If;  supposing  that:  as,  and  you  please.  [Com- 
mon in  the  older  literature,  but  in  actual  speech 
now  only  dialectal.] 

For,  and  I  sholde  rekenen  every  vice 
Which  that  she  hath,  ywis  I  were  to  nice. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Squire's  Tale,  1.  15. 

Disadvantage  ys,  that  now  childern  of  gramer-scole  con- 

neth  no  more  Frensch  than  can  here  lift  [their  left]  heele, 

A  that  is  harm  for  ham  [them]  eft  a  [if  they]  scholle  passe 

the  se,  &  trauayle  in  strange  londes. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden,  Polychron.,  I.  lxix. 
And  I  surfer  tills,  may  I  go  graze. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  i.  3. 
Often  with  added  if  (whence  mod.  dial,  an  if, 
nifj  if).     Hence,  but  and  if,  but  if. 

But  and  i/ that  servant  say.  Luke  xii.  45. 

and-.  [<  ME.  and-,  ond-,  an-,  on-,  AS.  and-,  and-, 
often  reduced  to  an-,  on-  =  OS.  ant-  =OFries. 
and-,  ond-,  an-,  oji-  =  D.  o« ?-  =  OHG.  MHG.  ant-, 
cut-,  Gr.  ant-,  ent-  (emp-  before /)  =  Goth,  and-, 
anda-  =  L.  ante-  =  Gr.  avri-,  orig.  meaning  ' be- 
fore* or  'against/  being  the  prep,  and  (AS.  and 
=  Goth.  and,  etc.)  as  prefix:  see  and,  an-%,  ante-, 
anti-.~\  A  prefix  in  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon,  represented  in  modern  English  by  an- 
in  answer,  a-  in  along\  and  (mixed  with  original 
on-)  by  on-  in  onset,  etc. 

andabata,  andabate  (an-daVa-tfi,  an'da-bat), 
«. ;  pi.  andabata',  andabates  (-te,"-bats)"  [L. 
andabata  (see  def.),  appar.  a  corrupt  form  for 
*anabata,  <  Gr.  avafiartjc,  a  rider,  lit.  one  who 
mounts,  <  avaSaivetv,  go  up,  mount :  see  Anabas, 
anabasis.]  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  gladiator  who 
fought  blindfolded  by  wearing  a  helmet  with- 
out openings  for  the  eyes;  hence,  in  modern 
application,  one  who  contends  or  acts  as  if 
blindfolded. 


205 

Willi  what  eyes  do  these  owls  and  blind  andabates  look 
ill the  ll«»ly  Scriptures.  Beeon,  Works,  I.  881. 

andabatismt  (an-dab'a-tizm),  n.  [<  L.  anda- 
bata +  -«w.]     Tlio  practice  of  fighting  blindly 

like  an  andabata;  blind  contention. 

Andalusian  (an-da-lu'zian),  a.  and  n.  [<  An- 
ilnliisin,  sp.  Andaiucia,  <  Sp.  Andaluz,  an  An- 
dalusian. prob.  ult.  <  L.  Vandalii, the  Vandals: 
see  Vandal.]  I.  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
Andalusia,  a  large  division  of  southern  Spain, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  a.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Andalusia  in 
Spain. —  2.  A  variety  of  fowl  of  the  Spanish 
type,  of  medium  size. 

andalusite  (au-da-lu'sit),  n.  [<  Andalusia  + 
-/It-.]  A  mineral  of  a  gray,  green,  bluish,  flesh, 
or  rose-red  color,  consisting  of  anhydrous  sili- 
cate of  aluminium,  sometimes  found  crystal- 
lized in  four-sided  rhombic  prisms.  Its  composi- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  of  cyanite  and  ftbrolite.  It  was 
first  discovered  in  Andalusia.  Chiastolite  (which  see),  or 
made,  is  an  impure  variety,  showing  a  peculiar  tessellated 
appearance  in  the  cross-section. 

Aiidamanese  (an*da-man-es'  or  -ez'),  a.  ami  n. 
[<  Andaman  +  -ese'J]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andaman  islands,  or  to  their  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  sing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives  of 
the  Andaman  islands,  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.  The  Andamanese  are  ro- 
bust and  vigorous,  resembling  negroes,  but  of  small  stature, 
and  are  still  in  a  state  of  savagery. 

andante  (an-dan'te),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  lit.  walk- 
ing, ppr.  of  andare,  walk,  go:  see  alley1.]  I.  a. 
In  music,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even,  grace- 
ful progression. 

II.  n.  A  movement  or  piece  composed  in  an- 
dante time :  as,  the  andante  in  Beethoven's  fifth 
symphony. 

andantino  (an-dan-te'no),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  dim. 
of  andante,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  In  music,  somewhat 
slower  than  andante. 

II.  ii.  Properly,  a  movement  somewhat  slower 
than  andante,  but  more  frequently  a  movement 
not  quite  so  slow  as  andante. 

andarac  (an'da-rak),  n.    Same  as  sandarac. 

andaze  (an'da-ze),  n.  [Turk,  andaze,  endaze,  < 
At.  hincldze,  an  ell.]  A  Turkish  cloth  mea- 
sure equal  to  27  (or  according  to  Redhouse  25) 
inches.     Morgan,  U.  S.  Tariff. 

Andean  (an'df-an),  a.  [<  Andes:  said  to  be 
named  from  Peruv.  anti,  copper,  or  metal  in 
general.]  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  a  great 
system  of  mountains  extending  along  the  Pa- 
cific coast  of  South  America,  and  sometimes  re- 
garded as  including  the  highlands  of  Central 
America  and  Mexico. 

Andersen's  ganglion.    See  ganglion. 

Anderson  battery.    See  battery. 

andesin,  andesine  (an'de-zin),  n.  [<  Andes  + 
-in2.]  A  triclinic  feldspar,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  soda  feldspar  albite  and  the  lime 
feldspar  anorthite,  and  consequently  contain- 
ing both  soda  and  lime.  It  was  originally  obtained 
from  the  Andes,  but  has  since  been  found  in  the  Vosges 
and  other  localities.    See  feldspar. 

andesite  (an'de-zit),  n.  [<  Andes  +  -jfe2.]  A 
volcanic  rock  of  wide-spread  occurrence,  espe- 
cially in  the  Cordilleran  region  of  North  Amer- 
ica. It  consists  essentially  of  a  mixture  of  a  triclinic 
feldspar  with  either  hornblende  or  augite.  Those  varieties 
containing  the  former  are  called  hornblende  andesite,  the 
latter  augite  andesite.  There  are  also  varieties  of  andesite 
which  contain  a  considerable  percentage  of  quartz.  The 
line  of  separation  between  the  basalts  and  rocks  called  by 
many  lithologists  andesite  cannot  be  sharply  drawn.  See 
basalt. 

andesitic  (an-de-zit'ik),  a.  [<  andesite  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  andesite. 

Andigena  (an-dij'e-nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Andes  + 
L.  -genus,  -born:  sec  -gen,  -genous.]  A  genus 
of  toucans,  family  Bhamphastida,  embracing 
several  Andean  species.    J.  Gould,  1850. 

Andine  (an'din  or  -din),  a.  [<  NL.  Andinus,  < 
Andes.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Andes;  Andean. 
Amtine  plants  are  especially  those  of  the  high  alpine 
regions  of  the  Andes. 

Andira  (an-di'ra),  n.  [NL.,  from  native  name.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  trees,  of  about  20  spe- 
cies, natives  of  tropical  America.  They  have  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  beara  profusion  -if  showy  flowers,  followed 
by  fleshy  one-seeded  pods.  The  timber  is  used  for  build- 
ing. A.  inernfds,  the  angelin-  or  cabbage-tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  furnishes  the  worm-bark,  which  has  strong  nar- 
cotic properties  and  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  as  a 
vermifuge. 

andira-guaca  (an-de'rii-gwii  'kli ),  u.  [S.  Amer.] 
The  native  name  in  South  America  id'  the  vam- 
pire-bat, Vampyrus spectrum.  See  Phyllostomi- 
dm,  Vampyrus.    Also  written  andiroi-guacu. 

andiron  (and'i-ern),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  andi- 
ron, andyron,  aundyrou,  aundyern,  andyar  (also 
with   aspirate    handern,    handiron,    handyron, 


Ancient  Andirons,  from  Cobham,  Kent, 
England. 


Andrea  Ferrara 

mod.  E.  liandiron,  simulating  hand;  also  land- 
yron,  after  P.  landier),  <  Ml:,  andyron,  earlier 
aundiren,  aundyrne,  aundyre  (the  termination 
being  popularh  associated  with  ME.  iron,  iren, 
yron,  yrt  n,  yre,  E.  iron  ;  at.  M  E.  brandin  n,  brand 
iron,  brondyre,  <  AS.  brand-isen,  andiron,  =  l>. 
brandijzi  r,  an  andiron,  also  8  brandin)  iron,  lit. 
'hrand-iron' ;  ef,  also  as.  brand-rod,  andiron, 
lit.  'brand-rod'),  <  OF.  andier,  endier,  i 
by  inclusion  of  the  art.  Is,  /',  landier, 
P.  landier,  dial,  andier,  andain,  andi,  in  Ml.. 
with  fluctuating  term,  anderius,  anderia,  an- 
ilini.  andrea,  andeda,  andedus,  andegula,  an- 
gedtila,  more  commonly  ant/run,  andenus,  tho 
fluctuation  showing  that  tho  word  was  of  un- 
known and  hence  prob.  either  of  ( leltic  or  Teut. 
origin,  perhaps  <  Teut.  "dntl/tt-,  (loth,  amli  is  = 
OHG.  enti,  MHG.  G.  ende  =  AS.  ende,E.  end, 
tho  reason  of  the  name  being  reflected  in  tho 
mod.  popular  adaptation  end-iron,  q.  v.  End 
is  prob.  connected  in  ils  origin  with  the  conj. 
and  and  the  prefix  and-,  which  would  thus  be 
brought  into  remote  relation  with  the  first  syl- 
lable of  andiron:  see  and,  and-,  end.  But  aml- 
iron  has  nothing  to  do,  etymologic-ally,  with 
hand  or  brand,  or,  except  very  remotely,  if  at 

all,  with  end.] 
One  of  a  pair  of 
metallic  stands 
used  to  support 
wood  burned 
on  an  open 
hearth.  It  con- 
sists of  a  horizon- 
tal iron  bar  raised 
':.'',  -;, .    ■',-,    t  on  short  legs,  with 

_--J       /  O— "if""-*  [~1  an  upright  stand- 

ard in  front.  1  su- 
allythe  standard  is 
surmounted  by  a 
knob  or  other  de- 
vice, and  it  is  some- 
times elaborately 
ornamented  and 
often  Sheathed 
with  brass-  or  silver- work.  The  standards,  before  the  gen- 
eral adoption  of  grate-tires,  were  often  made  very  high; 
those  for  kitchen  use  had  brackets  for  holding  the  roast- 
ing-spit  and  hooks  upon  which  kettles  could  be  hung  and 
sometimes  flat  or  bracket-shaped  tops  for  holding  dishes ; 
others  were  artistically  forged  in  wrought-iron,  or  had  the 
whole  upright  piece  carved  in  bronze  or  some  other  costly 
material.  Seldom  used  in  the  singular.  Also  called  fire- 
dog. 

Her  andirons 
(I  had  forgot  them)  were  two  winking  Cupids 
Of  silver,  each  on  one  foot  standing,  nicely 
Depending  oti  their  brands.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 
The  brazen  andirons  well  brightened,  so  that  the  cheer- 
ful fire  may  see  its  face  in  them, 

Hawthorne,  old  Manse,  I.  165. 

Andorran  (an-dor'ran),  a.  and  n.  [<  Andorra  + 
-an.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Andorra. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Andorra, 
a  small  republic,  semi-independent  since  Char- 
lemagne, situated  in  the  eastern  Pyrenees,  be- 
tween the  French  department  of  Ariego  and 
the  Spanish  province  of  Lerida.  It  is  under  the 
joint  protection  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel,  in  Cata- 
lonia, Spain. 

andr-.    See  andro-. 

andra  (an'drS),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
A  species  of  gazel  found  in  northern  Africa, 
Gazella  ruflcollis  (the  Antilope  ruflcollis  of 
Smith),  related  to  the  common  Egyptian  spe- 
cies, g.  dorcas. 

andradite  (an'dra-dit),  n.  [After  the  Portu- 
guese mineralogist  d'Andraila.]  A  variety  of 
common  garnet  containing  calcium  and  iron. 
See  gurnet1. 

andranatomy  (an-dra-nat'5-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
iirijji  (owJp-),  a  man,  +  «r<?ro  ./;,  dissection:  see 
iiiiiitmuy.]  The  dissection  of 
the  human  body,  particularly 
that  of  the  male ;  human  anat- 
omy; anthropotomy;  androt- 
omy.  Hooper,  Med.  Diet., 
1811.     [Rare.] 

Andresea  (an  -  dre  -  e  '  ii),  « . 
[NL.,  named  after  G.  K.  ./»- 
ilrca;  a  German  botanist.  Jit- 
drew  was  orig.  gen.  of  LL.  An- 
dreas, Andrew.  See  Andrew.] 
A  genus  of  mosses  constitut- 
ing the  natural  order  Andre- 
inn-iir,  intermediate  between 
the  Sphagnaceir  and  the  Brya- 
eeir,  or  true  mosses.  It  is  distin- 
guished bythelongitudinaldehiso  H 
of  the  capsule  into  four  valves  ;  other- 
wise it  closely  resembles  the  genus 

Grim  mill. 

Andrea  Ferrara  (an'dre-8  fe-rii'ra).  «.  A 
sword  or  sword-blade  of  a  kind   greatly  es- 


dndreaa  alpcstris. 
Fructiferous  branch 
and  dehiscent  capsule 
we),  its  apophysis  .- 
[Fr  01  I.e  Maont  and 
Decaisne's  "T,.utL- 
g£ne>at  de  Bota- 
nique.") 


Andrea  Ferrara 
teemed  in  Scotland  toward  the  mil  of  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.    The  blades  are  commonly 

marked  am>i;i: a 11  Bide  and  FAR  u;  \  or  ri  KARA 

"ii  the  other,  with  ..(her  devices.  The  swords  known  by 
this  name  among  the  Scotch  Highlanders  were  basket- 
hilt.  See  claymore,    it  is  now  asserted  by 

Italian  writers  that  these  were  made  at  Bellunoin  Venetia 
t>\  Cosmo,  Andrea,  and  Qianantonio  Ferara,  and  that  the 

surname  is  not  geographical,  but  derived  fr theoccupa- 

tion.  [Compare  lt.ferrajot  a  cutler,  an  ironmonger^  B. 
farrit        I  ,  a  blacksmith :  see/amer.]   Some 

times  call*  d    i 

Andrena  (an-dre'nfi,),  ».  [NL.:  see  Antlire- 
nus.]  A  genus  of  solitary  bees,  typical  of  the 
family  Andrenidai  (which  sec),  it"  is  of  large  ex- 
tent, including  nearly  y*i  lairopean  species.  Its  members 
burrow  in  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and 
are  allium  the  earliest  insects  abroad  in  the  spring.  A. 
wis  a  characteristic  example.     MelUta  is  a  synonym. 

Andrenetae  (an-dren'e-te),  11.  pi.  [XL.,  as 
Android  +  -et-a:]  In  Latreille's  classification 
of  bees,  the  first  section  of  MelUfera,  or  Antho- 
phila,  corresponding  to  the  modern  family  An- 
drenidw:  opposed  to  Apiarice. 

andrenid  ( an'dre-nid),  n.  A  solitary  bee,  of  the 
family  Andreni  Ub. 

Andrenidae  (an-dren'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
drena +  -idtB.J  A  family  of  aculeate  melliferous 
hymenopterous  insects';  the  sohtary  bees.  The 
men  turn  orchin  is  elongate  and  the  tongue  short,  the  labium 
and  terminal  maxillary  lobes  not  being  lengthened  into  a 
I  proboscis.  The  labium  is  either  hastate  or  cordate,  oil 
which  account  some  authors  divide  the  family  into  two 
groups,  AcutUingues  and  O0tto>iliinnii's.  Tin  -  In  i  v  con- 
sist "i  only  males  ami  females;  the  latter  collect  pollen, 
the  trochanters  ami  femora  of  the  hind  legs  being  usually 
adapted  for  this  purpose.  All  the  species  are  solitary,  anil 
most  of  them  burrow  in  the  ground,  though  some  live  in 
the  interstices  'if  walls.  The  cells  are  provisioned  with 
pollen  or  honey,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  female  deposits 
her  eggs.  The  genera  and  species  of  the  family  are  nu- 
merous. 

Andrenoides  (an-dre-noi'dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amlrciiu  +  -oides.]  In  Latreille's  system  of 
classification,  a  division  of  Apiarice;  a  group 
of  solitary  bees,  including  the  carpenter-bees 
of  the  genus  Xylocopa,  and  corresponding  to  a 
portion  of  the  modern  family Apidce. 

andreolite  (an'dre-o-lit),  ».'  [<  Andreas  (=  E. 
Andrew),  a  mining  locality  in  the  Harz  moun- 
tains, +  -lit",  <  Gr.  XSoe,  a  stone.]  A  name  of 
the  mineral  commonly  called  harmotome  or 
cross-stone.     See  harmotome. 

Andrew  (an'drci),  n.  [<  Andrew,  a  common 
personal  name,  <  ME.  Andreu  =  Bret.  Andn  u, 
Andreo,  <  OF.  Andreu,  mod.  F.  Audrieu,  Andre 
=  Pr.  Andriou,  Andre  =  Hp.  Andres =  Pg.  Andre" 
=  It.  Andrea  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Andreas  =  Sw.  Dan. 
Anders,  <  ~LL.  Andreas,  <.  Gr.  'Avdpiac,  a  personal 
name,  equiv.  to  avdpeioc,  manly,  strong,  cou- 
rageous, <  iivijp  (avdp-),  a  man.  The  name  An- 
drew  is  thus  nearly  equiv.  in  meaning  to 
Charles^]  A  broadsword:  an  English  equiva- 
lent of  Andrea  Ferrara  (which  see).  — St.  An- 
drew's cross.   See  cross. — St.  Andrew's  day.  See  day. 

-andria.    See  -androus. 

andro-.    [L.,  etc.,  andro-,  before  a  vowel  andr-, 

<  Gr.  dvdpo-,  avdp-,  combining  form  of  dvi/p 
(avep-,  *avp-,  avdp-),  a  man,  L.  rir,  as  opposed 
to  a  woman,  to  a  youth,  or  to  a  god  (sometimes, 
esp.  in  later  usage,  equiv.  to,  but  usually  distin- 
guished from,  avdpurroc,  L.  homo,  a  man,  a  hu- 
man being,  a  person);  specifically,  a  husband, 
sometimes  merely  a  male.]  An  element  in 
many  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
in;.'  man,  ami  hence  masculine,  male;  espe- 
cially, in  hut.  (also  terminally,  -androus,  -audi  r, 
-andria),  with  reference  to  the  male  organs  or 
stamens  of  a  flower.     See  -androus. 

androcephalous  (an-dro-sef'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
"",e  (avdp-),  a  man.  +  i.n'ui'/i/,  head.]  Having 
a  human  head:  said  of  a  monster  such  as  a 
sphinx,  an  Assyrian  bull,  etc. 

I   DOB  a  Gaulish  coin,  an  audiiin'/Jwlmts  horse. 

Arckceol,  Ass.,  V.  21. 
androctonid  (an-drok'to-nid),  n.     A  scorpion 
of  the  family  Androctonidce. 
Androctonidas  (an-drok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.    [XL., 

<  Androctonus  +  -id<c]  A  family  of  scorpions, 
i.r  the  order  Scorpioidea,  typified  by  tin-  genus 

Androctonus,  ami  characterized  by  the  triangu- 
lar shape  of  the  sternum. 

Androctonus  laii-iiii.k'i.i-iins),  n.    [NL.,<Gr. 

avSpot         .  man-slaying,  <  avtip  (avdp-),  man,  + 

.  tv,  slay.]    A  genus  of  scorpions,  typical  of 

the  family  Androctunidic.  I'm m urns  is  synony- 
mous. 

androdicecious  (an'dro-di-e'shius),  a.      [<<!r. 

avi/p  [avdp-  i.  male,  +  diarions.]     In  /«</.,  having 

hermaphrodite  Mowers  only  upon •  plant  ami 

male  only  upon  another  of  the  same  species, 
but  no  corresponding  form  with  only  female 
flowers.    Darwin. 


206 

andrcecium  (an-dre'shi-um),  «.  ;  pi.  andrajcia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aviip  (avdp-),  a  man,  male,  + 
oi'koc,  a  house,  =  L.  views,  >  E.  wick,  a  village.] 
In  hot.,  the  male  organs  of  a  flower ;  the  assem- 
blage of  stamens. 

androgynal  (an-droj'i-nal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
drogynous. 

andrbgynally  (an-ilroj'i-nal-i),  udr.  With  the 
sexual  organs  of  both  sexes;  as  a  hermaphro- 
dite.    [Kare.] 

Noreall  or  new  transection,  but  were  androgynaUy  borne. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  17. 

androgyne  (an'dro-jin), n.  [=  F.  androgyne,(."L. 
androgynus,  masc,  androgyne,  fem.,<Gr.  dvdpu- 
yvvoc,  a  man-woman,  a  hermaphrodite,  an  ef- 
feminate man:  see  androgynous.']  1.  A  her- 
maphrodite. 

Plato  .  .  .  tells  a  story  how  that  at  first  there  were 
three  kinds  of  men,  that  is,  male,  female,  and  a  third  mixt 
species  of  the  other  two,  called,  for  that  reason,  andro- 
gynes. Chilmead. 

2.  An  effeminate  man.     [Rare.] 

What  shall  I  say  of  these  vile  ami  stinking  androgynes, 
that  is  to  say,  these  men-women,  with  their  curled  locks, 
their  crisped  and  frizzled  hair?  Harmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  173. 

3.  An  androgynous  plant. — 4.  A  eunuch. 
[Rare.] 

androgyneity (an"dro-gi-ne'i-ti), «.  [As  andro- 
gynous +  -e-'ity.]  Androgyny;  bisexuality;  her- 
maphroditism. 

androgynia  (an-dro-jin'i-ii),  n.  [NL. :  see  an- 
drogyny.]   Same  as  androgyny. 

androgynism  (an-droj'i-nizinj,  n.  [As  andro- 
gynous +  -isiu.~\  In  hot.,  a  monoecious  condi- 
tion in  a  plant,  normally  dioecious. 

androgynos  (an-droj'i-nos),  n.  [Repr.  Gr.  av- 
dpoywoc :  see  androgyne.]  A  hermaphrodite  ; 
an  androgyne. 

An  androgynos  was  born  at  Antiochia  ad  Mieandrum, 
when  Antipater  was  archon  at  Athens. 

Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  '2. 

androgynous  (an-droj'i-nus),  «.  [<  L.  andro- 
gynus,  \  Gr.  avSpoywoc,  both  male  and  female, 
common  to  man  and  woman,  <  aviip  (avdp-),  a 
man,  +  yvvi/,  a  woman,  akin  to  E.  queen,  quean, 
q.  v.  ]  1.  Having  two  sexes ;  being  both  male 
and  female;  of  the  nature  of  a  hermaphrodite; 
hcrmaphroditical. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  vase  is  an  androgynous  fig- 
ure. Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  If.  14s. 
(«)  In  hot. :  (1)  Having  male  and  female  flowers  in  the 
same  inflorescence,  as  in  some  species  of  Carex.  (2)  In 
mosses,  having  antheridia  and  archegonia  in  the  same  in- 
volucre, (b)  In  zunl.,  uniting  the  characters  of  both  sexes  ; 
having  the  parts  of  both  sexes ;  being  of  both  sexes ;  her- 
maphrodite. The  androgynous  condition  is  a  very  com- 
mon one  in  invertebrate  animals.  The  tw-o  sexes  may 
coexist  at  the  same  time  in  one  individual,  which  impreg- 
nates itself,  as  a  snail;  or  two  such  individuals  may  im- 
pregnate each  other,  as  earthworms;  or  one  individual 
may  be  male  and  female  at  different  times,  developing 
first  the  product  of  the  one  sex  and  then  that  of  the  other. 
2.  Having  or  partaking  of  the  mental  charac- 
teristics of  both  sexes. 

The  truth  is,  a  great  mind  must  be  androgynous. 

Coleridge. 
Also  androgynal. 
androgyny  (an-droj'i-ni),  n.  [Erroneously 
written  androgeny  (Pascoe);  <  NL.  androgynia, 
<  L.  androgynus:  see  androgynous."]  The  state 
of  being  androgynous;  union  of  sexes  in  one 
individual;  hermaphroditism. 

Instances  of  androgyny  .  .  .  depend  upon  an  excessive 
development  of  this  structure. 

Toad's  I'm-.  oj  An, a.  and  Phys.,  IV.  U25.    (.V.  E.  1).) 

android,  androides  (an'droid,  an-droi'dez),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avSpoeidqc,  like  a  man,  <  avt'/p  (avdp-),  a 
man,  +  ildoc,  form.]  An  automaton  resembling 
a  human  being  in  shape  and  motions. 

If  the  human  figure  an  t  art  inns  he  represented,  the  au- 
tomaton has  sometimes  been  called  specially  an  iimhoi- 
des.  Encyc.  Brit,,  III.  14"2. 

andromania  (an-dro-ina'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avdpo/iavia,  <  aviip  iav^P-),  man,  +  pavia,  mad- 
ness. ]     Nymphomania  (which  see). 

andromed  (an'dro-med),  «.  [<  Andromeda."]  A 
meteor  which  proceeds,  or  a  system  of  meteors 
which  appears  to  radiate,  from  a  point  in  the 
constellation  Andromeila. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-dB),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  :v- 

ipout&ri.  in  myth,  daughter  of  ('epheus,  king  of 
Ethiopia,  bound  to  a  rock  in  order  to  be  de- 
stroyed by  a  sea-monster,  but  rescued  by  Per- 
seus :  after  denth  placed  as  a  constellation  in 

the  heavens.]    1.    A  northern  constellation, 

surrounded  by  Pegasus.  Cassiopeia,  l'erseus, 
Pisces,  Aries,  etc.,  supposed  to  represent,  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained.  The  constellation 
contains  three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude, 
of  which  the  brightest  is  Alpheratz.— 2.   [NL.] 


Andropogon 

A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Ericacece.  The 
species  are  hardy  shrubs,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America.    They  are  more  or  less  narcotic,  and  sev- 


The  Constellation  Andromeda,  including  its  stars  down  to  5th  magni- 
tude, according  to  Heis ;  the  figure  from  Ptolemy's  description. 

eral  are  known  to  be  poisonous  to  sheep  and  goats,  as  .1. 
Mariana  (the  stagger-bush  of  America),  A.  polijotia,  and  A. 
oval\folia.  A.  fioribunda  and  others  are  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament. 

andromonoecious  (an'dro-mo-ne'shius),  a.  [< 
Gr.  avi/p  (avdp-),  male,  +  monoecious,  q.  v.]  In 
lot.,  having  hermaphrodite  and  male  flowers 
upon  the  same  plant,  but  with  no  female  flow- 
ers.    Darwin. 

andromorphous  (an-dro-mor'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avdp6pop<po$,  of  man's  form  or  figure,  <  aviip 
(avdp-),  a  man,  +  pop<pi/,  form.]  Shaped  like  a 
man;  of  masculine  form  or  aspect:  as,  an  an- 
dromorphous woman. 

andron  (an'dron),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avSpitv,  <  avi/p 
(avdp-),  a  man.]     Same  as  andronitis. 

andronitis  (an-dro-ni'tis),  n.  [Gr.  avdpuvlnc, 
also  avdpuv,  <  avi/p  (avdp-),  man.  Cf.  gynozceum.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  the  portion  of  a  house  appropri- 
ated especially  to  males,  including  dining-room, 
library,  sitting-rooms,  etc. 

andropetalous  (an-dro-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dvi/p  (dvdp-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  + 
■Kha'Aov,  a  leaf,  in  mod.  bot.  a  petal.]  In  hot., 
an  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers  produced 
by  the  conversion  of  stamens  into  petals,  as  in 
the  garden  ranunculus. 

androphagi,  n.    Plural  of  androphagus. 

androphagOUS  (an-drof 'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avSpo- 
(fiayoc,  man-eating,  <  avi/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  0a- 
yeiv,  eat.  Cf.  anthropophagous.]  Man-eating; 
pertaining  to  or  addicted  to  cannibalism;  an- 
thropophagous.    [Rare.] 

androphagus  (an-drof'a-gus),  «.;  pi.  andropha- 
gi (-ji).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvdpoipdyoc:  see  androjilui- 
gous.]     A  man-eater;  a  cannibal.     [Rare] 

androphonomania  (an'dro-fon-o-ma'ni-5,),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpofowc,  man-slaying  (<  avfai 
(avdp-),  man,  +  \v  i  f/r,  kill,  slay),  +  pavia,  mad- 
ness.] A  mania  for  committing  murder ;  homi- 
cidal insanity. 

androphore  (an'dro-for),  ».  [<Gr.  avi/p  (avdp-), 
a  man,  a  male,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  +  -V"5/>oc, 
<  (pipeiv  =  E.  hear1.]  1.  In  liot.,  a  stamineal  col- 
umn, usually  formed  by  a  union  of  the  filaments, 

as  in  the  Malra- 
cew  and  in  many 
genera   of  Legu- 

iuiiinstr,—  2.       In 
soiit.,  the  branch 
of    a    gonoblas- 
tidium   of  a    hy- 
drozoan      which 
bears  male  gono- 
phores ;     a    gen- 
erative     bud     or 
medusiform     zo- 
oid  in  which  tho 
male       elements 
only  are   developed,  as  distinguished  from   a 
gynophore  or  female  gonophore.     See  gyno- 
phori ,  and  cut  under  gonoolastidium. 
androphorous  (an-drof'o-rus),  a.    [<  Gr.  avi/p 
(dvdf>-),  a  man,  +  -tydpoc,  <  tpepew  =  E.  hear*.]    In 
uydrosoa,  hearing  male  elements,  as  an  andro- 
phore; being  mule,  as  a  medusiform  zoiiid. 
Andropogon  (an-dro-po'gon),  n.     [XL.,  <  (ir. 
uri/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  ti.'j;. «.h-,   beard,  the    malo 
Mowers  often  Inning  plumose  beards:  gee  pa- 
gan.]   A  large  genus  of  grasses,  mostly  natives 
of  warm  countries.    Several  species  arc  extensively 
cultivated  in  India,  especially  in  Ceylon  and  Singapore, 
for  their  essential  oils,  which  form  the  mass-oils  of  com- 
merce.    A.  Nardil*  yields  the  eitronella-oil  ;    the  lemon- 
grass,  A.  eitratus,  yields  the  lemon-grass  oil,  also  known 
as  oil  of  verbena  or  Indian  melissaoii.    a  Schotnanthusot 


Tubular  Androphore  and  section  of 
(lower  of  Matva  sylvestris. 


Andropogon 

central  and  northern  [ndia  is  the  source  of  what  is  known 
as  rusa-oil,  or  oil  of  ginger-grass  or  of  geranium.  These 
oils  are  much  esteemed  in  India  for  externa]  application 
in  rheumatism,  but  in  Europe  and  America  they  are  used 
alumst  exclusively  l>y  soap-makers  and  perfumers.  The 
rusa-oii  is  used  in  Turkey  for  the  adulteration  of  attar  of 
roses.  The  cuscus  of  India  is  the  long,  fibrous,  fragrant 
root  of  A.  muricatus,  which  Is  woven  into  screens,  orna- 
mental baskets,  and  other  articles.  There  are  about  "JO 
species  in  the  united  States,  commonly  known  as  broom- 
grass  or  broom-sedge,  mostly  tall  perennial  grasses,  with 
tune;!],  wiry  stems,  of  little  value. 

aiulrosphinx  (an'dro-sfingks),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdp6- 
c6i}i,  a  sphinx  with  tho  bust  of  a  man,  <  avfyp 
(avdp-),  a  man,  +  o-^iyf,  a  sphinx.]  Inane.  Egypt. 

scutj).,  a  man-sphinx ;  a  sphinx  having  the  body 


Androsphinx  of  Thothmes  III.  (15th  century  B.  C), 
Boulak  Museum,  Cairo. 

of  a  lion  witli  a  human  head  and  masculine  at- 
tributes, as  distinguished  from  one  with  the 
head  of  a  ram  (criosphinx),  or  of  a  hawk  (hiera- 
cosphinx).    See  sphinx. 

androspore  (an'dro-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  andro- 
sporns,  <  Gr.  avijp  (avSp-),  a  man,  male,  +  CTvopor, 
seed,  <  a^eipetv,  sow:  see  spore  and  sperm.']  In 
bot.,  the  peculiar  migratory  antheridium  occur- 
ring  in  the  suborder  CEdogonieas  of  Alga;,  which 
attaches  itself  near  or  upon  an  oogonium  and 
becomes  a  miniature  plant,  developing  anther- 
ozoids. 

These  antherozoids  are  not  the  immediate  product  of 
the  sperm-eells  of  the  same  or  of  another  filament,  but  are 
developed  within  a  hody  termed  an  androspore. 

W.  IS.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  255. 

androtomous  (an-drot'6-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
drotomns,  <  Gr.  avi/p  (dvop-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot. 
a  stamen,  +  -ropoc,  <  repveiv,  rapeiv,  out.  Cf.  an- 
drotomij.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  having 
the  stamens  divided  into  two  or  more  parts  by 
chorisis.     Syd.  Hoc.  Lex. 

androtomy  (an-drot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avi/p 
(dvdp-),  a  man,  +  ropi/,  a  cutting,  <  repveiv,  rapeiv, 
cut.  Of.  anatomy.]  Human  anatomy;  anthro- 
potomy  as  distinguished  from  zootomy;  the  dis- 
section of  the  human  body.     [Rare.] 

-androus.  [<  NL.  -andnis,  <  Gr.  -avSpoc,  term, 
of  adjectives  compounded  with  avi/p  (avdp-),  a 
man,  a  male:  see  andro-,~]  In  bot.,  a  termina- 
tion meaning  having  male  organs  or  stamens, 
as  in  monandrous,  diandrous,  triandrous,  poly- 
androus,  etc.,  having  one,  two,  three,  or  many 
stamens,  and  gynandrous,  having  stamens  situ- 
ated on  the  pistil.  The  corresponding  English  noun 
ends  in  -ander,  as  in  monander,  etc.,  and  the  New  Latin 
class  name  in  -andria,  as  in  Monandria,  etc. 

ane  (an),  a.  and  n.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  one. 

-ane.  [<  L.  -amis,  reg.  repr.  by  E.  -oh,  in  older 
words  by  -ain,  -en:  see  -an.]  1.  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  the  same  as  -oh,  as  in  mundane, 
Ultramontane,  etc.  In  some  cases  it  serves,  with  a  dif- 
ference of  accent,  to  differentiate  words  in  -am',  as  ger- 
mane, humane,  urbane,  from  doublets  in  -an,  as  german, 
tinman,  urban. 

2.  In  chem.,  a  termination  denoting  that  tho 
hydrocarbon  the  name  of  which  ends  with  it 
belongs  to  the  paraffin  series  having  the  general 
formula  CuH2n  +  o:  a.s,  methane,  CH4;  ethane, 
CoHi;. 

aneal1  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  The  earlier  and  historically 
correct  form  of  anneal1. 

aneal-t  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
neal, aneel,  <  late  ME.  ancle,  earlier  anelien,  ene- 
licn,  <  AS.  "anelian  or  "onelian  (the  AS.  *onc- 
lan  usually  cited  is  incorrect  in  form  and  un- 
authorized), <  oh,  oh,  on,  +  *elian  (>ME.  elien), 
oil,  <  cle,  oil:  see  oil,  and  cf.  anoil.]  To  anoint  ; 
especially,  to  administer  extreme  unction  to. 
Also  spelled  ancle. 

He  was  housled  and  aneled,  and  had  all  that  a  Christian 
man  ought  to  have.  Morte  W Arthur,  iii.  175. 


207 

anear  (a-ner'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  find  prep.    K 

o4  +  near;  of  fund,  formation,  after  afar.]    I. 
adv.  1.  Neat- tin  place):  opposed  to  afar. 

Dark-brOW'd  sophist,  conic  not  anear. 

Tennyson,  Poet's  Mind. 
2.   Nearly  ;  almost. 
II.  prep.  Near. 

Much  more  js  needed,  so  that  at  last  tlie  measure  of 
misery  anear  us  may  be  correctly  taken.  Is.  Taylor. 

Amur  some  river  s  bank. 

./.  /(.  Long,  .Kneid,  ix.  881).    (A'.  E.  D.) 
[Poetic  in  all  senses.] 
anear  (a-ner'),  0.  t.    [<  anear,  adv.]     To  come 
near;  approach.     Mrs.  Browning.     [Poetical.] 
aneath  (a-neth'),j)rep,  and  adv.    [<o-  +  neath  : 
cf.  beneath,  and  the  analogy  of  afore,  before, 
ahint,  behind.]    Beneath.     [Chiefly  poetical.] 
anecdotage  (an'ek-do-taj),  n.      [<  anecdote  + 
-age.]    1.  Anecdotes  collectively ;  matter  of  the 
nature  of  anecdotes.     [Rare.] 

We  infer  the  increasing  barbarism  of  the  Roman  mind 
from  the  quality  of  the  personal  notices  and  portraitures 
exhibited  throughout  these  biographical  records  [History 
of  the  Csesars].  The  whole  may  be  described  by  one 
woid  -anecdotage.        DeQuincey,  Philos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

2.  [Humorously  taken  as  anecdote  +  age,  with 
a  further  allusion  to  dotage.]  Old  age  charac- 
terized by  senile  garruli  rasness  and  fondness  for 
telling  anecdotes.  [( lolloq.] 
anecdotal  (an'ek-do-tal),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  anecdotes. 

Conversation,  argumentative  or  declamatory,  narrative 
or  anecdotal.  Prof.  Wilson. 

anecdotarian  (an''ek-do-ta'ri-an),  n.      [<  anec- 
dote +  -arian.]     One  who  deals  in  or  retails 
anecdotes;  an  anecdotist.     [Rare.] 
our  ordinary  anecdotarians  make  use  of  libels. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  C44. 

anecdote  (an'ek-dot),  n.  [<  F.  anecdote,  first  in 
pi.  anecdotes,  ML.  anecdota,  <<ir.  avindora,  pi., 
things  unpublished,  applied  by  Procopius  to 
his  memoirs  of  Justinian,  which  consisted 
chiefly  of  gossip  about  the  private  life  of  tlie 
court;  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  aveKdoro;,  unpublished, 
not  given  out,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  t/icSoroc,  given 
out,  verbal  adj.  of  iK.8i66vai,  give  out,  publish,  < 
in,  out  (=  L.  ex:  see  ex-),  +  diSovai,  give,  =  L. 
dare,  give:  see  dose  and  date.]  1.  pi.  Secret 
history;  facts  relating  to  secret  or  private 
affairs,  as  of  governments  or  of  individuals: 
often  used  (commonly  in  the  form  anecdota) 
as  the  title  of  works  treating  of  such  matters. 
—  2.  A  short  narrative  of  a  particular  or  de- 
tached incident  or  occurrence  of  an  interest- 
ing nature;  a  biographical  incident;  a  sin- 
gle passage  of  private  life.  =  Syn.  Anecdote,  Story. 
An  anecdote  is  tile  relation  of  an  interesting  or  amusing 
incident,  generally  of  a  private  nature,  and  is  always  re- 
ported as  true.  A  story  may  lie  true  or  fictitious,  and  gen- 
erally has  reference  to  a  series  of  incidents  so  arranged 
and  related  as  to  he  entertaining. 

anecdotic,  anecdotical  (an-ek-dot'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  anecdotes;  consisting  of  or  of 
the  nature  of  anecdotes ;  anecdotal. 

Anecdotical  traditions,  whose  authority  is  unknown. 

Bolingbroke,  Letter  to  Pope. 

He  has  had  rather  an  anecdotic  history,  .  .  .  lazy  as 

he  is.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

It  is  at  least  no  fallacy  to  say  that  childhood  — or  the 

later  memory  of  childhood  — must  borrow  from  such  a 

background  [the  old  world]  a  kind  of  anecdotical  wealth. 

//.  James.  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  10. 

2.  Given  to  relating  anecdotes. 

He  silenced  him  without  mercy  when  lie  attempted  to 
be  anecdotic  Savage,  K.  Medlicott,  iii.  6. 

anecdotically  (an-ek-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an- 
ecdotes; by  means  of  anecdote. 

anecdotist  (an'ek-do-tist),  n.  [<  anecdote  + 
-ist.]  One  who  tells  or  is  in  the  habit  of  telling 
anecdotes. 

anechinoplacid  (an-e-ki-no-plas'id),  o.  [<  Gr. 
iif-  priv.  (oh-6)  4-  echinoplacid,  q.  v.]  Having 
no  circlet  of  spines  011  the  madreporic  [date,  as 
a  starfish:  opposed  to  echinoplacid.  Often  ab- 
breviated to  o. 

anelacet,  anelast,  »•    See  unlace. 

anelet,  «••  '.    See  aneal?. 

anelectric  (an-e-lek'trik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  av- 
priv.  (oh-5)  +  electric.]  I.  a.  Having  no  elec- 
tric properties;  non-electric. 

II.  h.  1.  A  name  early  given  to  a  substance 
(c.  g.,  a  metal)  which  apparently  does  not  be- 
come electrified  by  friction  when  held  in  the 
hand.  This  was  afterward  proved  to  be  due  to  the  con- 
ductivity of  the  substance,  the  electricity  generated  pass- 
ing otf  immediately  to  the  ground. 
Hence — 2.  A  conductor,  in  distinction  from  a 
non-conductor  or  insulator. 

anelectrode  (an-e-lek'trdd),  n.  [<  Gr.  ova,  up 
(an-6),  +  electrode,  q.  v.    Cf.  anode.]    The  posi- 


anemochord 

tive  pole,  or  anode,  of  a  galvanic  battery.  See 
electrode. 

anelectrotonic  cm  f  lek  tro  ton'ik),  a.     \ 
,  lectrotonus  +  -«■.  J     Pertaining  to  anelectroto- 

1111s. 

anelectrotonns  (an-f-lek-trot'o-nu's), ».  | 

nr-  priv.  +  ;,/i KTfim;  amber  (implying  electric, 
q.  v.),  +  rtivoc,  strain:  see  tone.]     The  peculiar 
condition  of  a  nerve  (or  muscle)  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  anode  of  a  constani  electrii 
rent  passing  through  a  pott  ion  of  it.    n, 
bility  is  diminish!  d,  tie  electrical  potentials  are  Incri 
ami  the  conductivity  for  nervous  impulses  1  -  dimini 
The  wave  of  lowered  potential  which  attends  ;i  n< 
impulse  and  gives  rise  to  currents  of  action  diminishes  in 
going  from  a  region  of  greater  to  one  of  less  anelectroto- 
nns, and  increases  in  going  in  the  opposite  direction.  Tile 
nervous  impulse  itself  presumably  behaves  in  the  same 
way. 
Anelytropidse  (an"e-li-trop'i-de),  h.  pi.     [NL., 
<  Anelytrops  (-trop-)  +  -iila\]    An  African  fam- 
ily   of    anelytropoid    eriglossate    lacertilians, 
typified  by  the  genus  Anelytrops,  having  the 
clavicles  undilated  [iroximaliy,  the  [ireniaxillary 
single,  no  arches,  and  no  osfeodernial  plates. 

anelytropoid  (an-e-lit'ro-poid),  a.    In  zool., 

having  the  characters  of,  or  pertaining  to,  tho 
Anelytropoidea. 

Anelytropoidea  (an-e-lit-ro-poi'df-ii),  n.  ]>i. 
[XL.,  <  Anelytrops  (-trop-)  +'-oideal]  A  super- 
family  of  eriglossate  lacertilians,  represented 
by  the  family  Anelutropidas,  having  the  vertebrae 
concavo-convex,  the  clavicles  undilated  proxi- 
mally,  andnopost  orbital  or  postfrontal  squamo- 
sal arches.     T.  Gill,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1885. 

Anelytrops  (an-el'i-trops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  cAvrpov,  shard  (see  elytrum),  +  uij:  iiy, 
face  (appearance).]  A  genus  of  lizards,  typical 
of  the  family  Aneh/trujuilir. 

anelytrous  (an-el'i-trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avDvrpos, 
unsharded  (of  bees,  wasps,  etc.),  <  av-  priv.  + 
ihrrpov,  shard:  see  elytrum.]  In  entom.,  having 
no  elytra ;  having  all  the  wings  membranous. 

Anemaria,  Anaemaria  (an-e-ma'ri-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  (prop.  Ana'inuriit),  <  Gr.  avaipoc,  bloodless 
(see  anemia),  +  -aria.]  In  Haeckel's  vocabu- 
lary of  phylogeny,  an  evolutionary  series  of  me- 
tazoic  animals  which  have  two  primary  germ- 
layers  and  an  intestinal  cavity,  but  which  are 
bloodless  and  devoid  of  a  developed  coeloma,  or 
body-cavity.  It  is  a  series  of  gastrceads,  of  which  the 
typeisthegastrreaorgastrula-fonn,  including  the  sponges, 
aceelomatous  worms,  and  zoophytes.  It  stands  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protozoa  and  an  evolutionary  se- 
ries which  begins  with  the  ccelomatous  worms  and  ends 
with  the  vertebrates.  See  Ho?mataria,  and  cut  under  ga3- 
trnla. 

anematosis,  anaematosis  (a-ne-ma-to'sis).  it. 
[NL.  (prop,  anamatosis),  <  Gr.  avaiparoc,  blood- 
less (<  av-  priv.  +  a'l/ia,  blood),  +  -osi's.]  In 
pathol. :  (o)  General  anemia,  or  the  morbid 
processes  which  lead  to  it;  the  failure  to  pro- 
duce the  normal  quantity  of  blood,  of  normal 
quality,  (b)  Imperfect  oxidation  of  venous 
into  arterial  blood,     (c)  Idiopathic  anemia. 

anemia,  anaemia  (a-ne'mi-ji),  n.  [NL.  (prop. 
anosmia),  <  fir.  avaipia,  want  of  blood,  <  avaipoc, 
wanting  blood,  <  av-  priv.  +  aipu,  blood :  see 
words  in  hema-.]  In  pathol.,  a  deficiency  of 
blood  in  a  living  body — General  anemia,  either  a 
diminished  quantity  of  blood  (as  immediately  alter  hemor- 
rhages, when  it  is  called  oligemia  ami  is  the  opposite  of 
plethora) or  a  diminution  in  some  important  constituent 
of  the  blood,  especially  hemoglobin.  It  then  presents 
itself  in  the  forms  of  oligocythemia,  achroiocythemia,  mi- 
erocythemia,  ami  hydremia,  simply  or  combined.  See 
these  words.— Idiopathic  anemia,  a  disease  character- 
ized by  anemia  advancing  without  interruption  to  a  fatal 
issue,  without  evident  cause,  and  associated  with  fever 
and  such  symptoms  as  would  result  from  au<  mia  however 
produced,  as  palpitation,  dyspnoea,  fainting  fits,  dropsy, 
etc.  It  is  more  common  in  women  than  in  men.  and  1110'st 
frequent  between  20  and  40  years  of  age.  Also  called.  .  n 
ti'il  malignant  or  febrile  anemia,  progressive  pernicious 
anemia,  and  anematosis. — Local  anemia,  or  ischemia, 

a  diminished  supply  of  blood  111  any  organ.  It  is  con- 
trasted with  liij/iirniiia. 

anemic,  anaemic  (a-nem'ik),  a.  [<  anemia,  ano> 
mia,  +  -/<•.]  Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  ane- 
mia; deficient  in  blood  ;  bloodless:  as,  anemic 
symptoms;  an  anemic  patient. 

anemied,  anaemied  (a-ne'mid),  a.  [<  annum, 
anosmia,  +  -ei/'-'.]    Deprived  of  blood. 

The  structure  itself  is  ancemied.  Copland. 

anemo-.  _  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  avcuo-,  combining 
form  of  avtuoc,  wind:  see  anemone.]  An  ele- 
ment in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing wind. 

anemochord  (a-nem'o-k6rd),  ».  [=  F.  anemo- 
cordc,  <Gr.  nrn/oc,  wind,  +  z°P°Vi  &  string,  chord, 
cord.]  A  species  of  harpsichord  in  which  tlie 
strings  were  moved  by  the  wind;  an  aeolian 
harp.    K.  E.  I). 


Casella's  Anemometer. 


anemocracy 

anemocracy  (an-e-mok'ra-sit.  It.     f<  Gr.  nw/;oc, 
wind.  +  -xparia,  government,  <  Kpareiv,  govern: 
see  -eraey.]     A  government  by  the  wind.    Syd- 
ney Smith.     [Humorous.] 
anemogram  (a-nem'o-gram),  ».    [<Gr.  o 
wind,  +  .  •■inn, i.  :\  writing,  <  ypdtpeiv,  write.]    A 
record  of  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the  wind, 
automatically  marked  by  an  anemograph. 
anemograph  (a-nem'o-graf),  n.     [=F.  ane'mo- 
graphe,  <  Gr.  aveuoc-,  wind,  +  ypdtpnv,  write.] 
An   instrument  for  measuring  and  recording 
either  the  velocity  or  the  direction  of  tho  wind, 
or  both. 

anemographic  (an  e-mo-graf'ik),  a.  [(anemo- 
graph +  -it:]  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  by 
means  of,  an  anemograph, 
anemography  (an-e-mog'ra-fi),  ».  [=  F.  an6- 
mographu  :  see  anemograph.]  1.  A  description 
of  the  winds. — 2.  The  art.  of  measuring  and 
recording  the  direction,  velocity,  and  force  of 
the  wind. 

anemological  (an'e-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  ane- 
mology.~]  Pertaining  to  anemology.  X.  E.  1). 
anemology  (an-e-mol'o-ji),  n.  [=  P.  anemolo- 
gi( ,  <  Gr.  dveuory  wind,  +  -Aoyia,  <  'Aiyeiv,  speak: 
see-ology.]  The  literature  and  science  of  the 
winds. 

anemometer  (an-e-mom'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  anc- 
momitre,  <  Gr.  dvcuor,  wind,  +  pirpov,  measure: 
see  meter.]  An  in- 
strument for  indi- 
cating the  velocity 
or  pressure  of  tho 
wind;  a  wind-gage. 
Casella's  portable  ane- 
mometer, designed  for 
measuring  the  velocity 
of  air-currents  in  mines 
and  ventilating  shafts, 
consists  of  a  wind-wheel 
attached  toa  counting  ar- 
rangement. Anemome- 
ters for  indicating  \  i  ■ 
locity  are  commonly 
formed  of  plane  surfaces 
or  drums  exposed  to  the  wind,  and  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to 
its  pressure  and  indicate  the  amount  by  their  movements. 
Linds's  anemometer  consists  of  a  glass 
tube  bent  into  the  form  of  an  inverted  «v> 
siphon,  graduated,  partly  tilled  with 
water,  and  mounted  as  a  weathercock. 
To  one  of  its  open  ends  a  metallic  cylinder 
of  the  same  bore  as  the  tube  is  attached  at 
right  angles.  The  pressure  of  the  wind 
blowing  into  this  causes  the  water  to  sink 
in  one  arm  of  the  tube  and  to  rise  in  the 
other,  and  the  difference  of  level  of  the  two 
columns  of  water,  which  is  measured  by 
the  amount  of  fall  plus  the  amount  of  rise, 
as  shown  by  the  graduated  scales,  gives  the 
force  or  pressure  of  the  wind.  By  the  use 
of  mechanical  or  electrical  apptiunces  ane- 
mi  >metcrs  may  be  made  to  record  as  well  as 
measure  variations  in  the  velocity  and  pres- 
sure of  the  wind.  When  they  record  the  ve- 
to itv  or  direction,  or  both,  they  are  some- 
times called  anemographs;  when  they  indi- 
cate the  directio ily,  they  are  called  an- 
emoscope*; when  they  automati- 
cally record  velocity,  direction, 
and  pressure,  they  are  called  ane- 
mometrographs  or  anemometro-  Linds's  Anemometer. 
graphic  registers. 

anemometric  (an"e-mo-met'rik),  (i.  [<  anemom- 
etry +  4c.]  Pertaining  to  an  anemometer,  or 
to  anemometry. 

anemometrical  (an'e-mo-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  anemometric. 

anemometrograph  (an"e-mo-met'ro-graf),  n. 

[<Gr.  'in  nee,  wind,  +  pirpov,  measure,  4-  ypdtpuv, 
write.]  An  instrument  designed  lii  measure 
and  record  the  vi  locity,  direction,  and  pressure 
of  the  wind. 

anemometrographic  (an'e-mo-met-ro-graf'ik), 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anemometrograph. 

anemometry  (an-e-mom'e-tri),  n.  [=  F.  ani- 
mom&trie;  as  anemometer  +  -i/.]  The  process 
of  determining  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the 
wind  by  means  of  an  anemometer. 

anemone  (a-nem'6-ne;  as  a  L.  word,  an-e-mo'- 
iif),  n.  [The  E.  pron.  is  that  of  thereg.  K.  form 
a  ,  mony,  pi.  am  monies,  which  is  still  occasion- 
ally used,  hut  the  spelling  now  generally  fol- 
lows the  L.;  <  F.  nut' intuit-  =  Sp.  andmona  = 
Pi  it.  ti,< i  miiiii  —  0.  am  moon  =  <  i.  Dan.  ane- 
mone, <.  I.,  anemone,  <  Gr.  ave/i&vq,  the  wind- 
flower,  <  ivc/ioc,  the  wind  (=  L.  anima,  breath, 
spirit  :  et.  animus,  mind:  see  anima  and  ani- 
mus), +  -uiv/.  fern,  patronymic  suffix.]  1.  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Am  mone.  Also  spelled  anem- 
"ini.  -2.  [cap.]  [NIi.]  A  widely  distributed 
genus  of  herbaceous  perennials,  the  wind-flow- 
ci  ,  natural  order  Ranuncidaeeat.  The  flowers  are 
sliowy,  readily  varying  in  color  and  becoming  double  in 
cultivation.  Several  Bpeciea  are  frequent  in  gardens,as 
the  poppy-anemone  (.A.  Coronaria)  thi     tai  anemone  (.4. 


Common  Wood-Aneinone  (Anemone 
nemorosa). 


208 

hortensis),  the  pasque-flower  (.1.  Pulsatilla),  and  other  still 
more  ornamental  species  from  Japan  and  India.  The 
wood-anemone,  .1.  nemorosa,  is  a  well-known  vernal  flower 

of  the  w Is.    There 

are    about    7"  species, 

mostly  belonging  to 
the  cool  climates  of 
the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. Of  the  16 
North  American  spe- 
cies, about  half  a  doz- 
en are  also  found  in 
the  Andes  or  in  the  old 
world. 

3.  In  soot.,  a  sea- 
anemone  (which 
see).  —  Plumose 
anemone,  in  zoiil., 
Actinoluba    dianthus. 

—  Snake  -  locked 
anemone,  in  zoiil., 
Sagartia  viduata. 

anemonic  (an-e- 
mon'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  ane- 
mones, or  to  tho 
genus  Anemone; 
obtained  from 
anemonin  :  as, 
anemonic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  by  the  action 
of  baryta  upon  anemonin. 

anemonin,  anemonine  (a-nem'o-nin),  n.  [< 
anemone  +  -/«-.]  A  crystalline  "substance  ex- 
tracted from  some  species  of  the  genus  Anemmir. 

anemony  (a-nem'o-ni),  n. ;  pi.  anemonies  (-niz). 
Same  as  anemone,  1. 

anemophilous  (an-e-mof'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  &ve- 
//oc,  wind,  +  cW/oc,  loving.]  Wind-loving :  said 
of  flowers  which  are  dependent  upon  the  wind 
for  conveying  the  pollen  to  the  stigma  in  fer- 
tilization. Anemophilous  flowers,  as  a  rule,  are  small, 
uncolored,  and  inconspicuous,  and  do  not  secrete  honey, 
but  produce  a  great  abundance  of  pollen.  The  flowers  of 
the  grasses,  sedges,  pine-trees,  etc.,  are  examples. 

The  amount  of  pollen  produced  by  anemophilous  plants, 
and  the  distance  to  which  it  is  often  transported  by  the 
wind,  are  both  surprisingly  great. 

Darrein,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  405. 

anemoscope  (a-nem'o-skop),  n.  [=  F.  anemo- 
scope, <  &r.  ai'c/ior,  wind,  +  cm-civ,  view,  ex- 
amine.] Any  device  for  showing  the  direction 
of  the  wind. 

anemosis  (an-e-mo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avtuoc, 
the  wind,  +  -osis.  ]  In  but. .  the  condition  of  be- 
ing wind-shaken  ;  a  condition  of  the  timber  of 
exogenous  trees,  in  which  the  annual  layers 
are  separated  from  one  another  by  the  action, 
it  is  supposed,  of  strong  gales.  Many,  however, 
doubt  that  this  condition  is  due  to  wind,  and  believe  it 
should  lie  referred  rather  to  frost  or  lightning. 

anemotrophy,  ansemotrophy  (an-e-mot'ro-fi), 
it.  [<  Gr.  avaifiog,  without  blood  (see  anemia), 
+  Tpotpq,  nourishment,  <  rpltpciv,  nourish.]  In 
patitol.,  a  deficient  formation  of  blood. 

anencephali,  n.    Plural  of  anencephalus. 

anencephalia  (an-en-se-fa'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
anencephalus,  without  a  brain:  see  anencepha- 
lous.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of  the  brain  or  en- 
cephalon.    Also  anencephaly. 

Quite  recently  LeboderT  has  offered  a  new  explanation 
of  Anencephalia  and  Acrania.  He  thinks  these  are  due  to 
the  production  of  an  abnormally  sharp  cranial  flexure  in 
the  embryo.  Zietjler,  Pathol.  Auat.  (trans.),  i.  §  7. 

anencephalic  (an-en-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik),  a. 
[As  anencephalous  +  -ic.]  Same  as  tmenceph- 
alous. 

anencephaloid  (an-en-sef'a-loid),  a.  [As  anen- 
cephalous +  -aid.]  Partially  or  somewhat  an- 
encephalous.     8yd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anencephalotrophia    (an-en-sef'a-lo-tro'n-ii), 

«.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  eyKttpa'Aoc,  tho  brain, 
+  rpotpij,  nourishment,  <  Tpltpeiv,  nourish.]  At- 
rophy of  the  brain. 

anencephalous  (an-en-sef  'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anencephalus,  <  Gr.  aveyxfyaAog,  without  brain, 
<  av-  priv.  +  cyKiipa'Aoc,  brain:  see  encepkalon.} 
In  teratol.,  having  no  encephalon;  without  a 
brain.     An  equivalent  form  is  anencephalic. 

anencephalus  (an-en-sef'a-lus),  «.;  pi.  anen- 
cephali (-H).  [NL.,  <  (ir.  avr\Kttf>a'/nr,  without 
brain:  see  tiniiiccplinltnia.']  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster which  is  destitute  of  brain. 

anencephaly  (an-en-sef'a-li),  n.  Same  as  an- 
t  m'l  jilittlitt. 

an-end  (an-end').  prep.phr.  as  adv.    [<  ME.  ati~ 

i  mil ,  mi  in  it, .  nl  I  he  end,  tut  he  end:  an.  mi.  E.  mi  ; 

ende,lej.cnd.]    l.Onend;  in  an  upright  posit  ion. 

Make  ,   .   .   cacti  particular  haire  to  stand  an  enit 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  :t  (1623), 
Specifically  (a)  Vaut  .  En  the  position  of  a  mast  win  n  it 
is  perpendicular  t"  the  deck.  The  topmasts  are  said  t<> 
I,,  an.,  ml  when  hoisted  up  to  their  usual  stations.  {It)  In 
mech.,  said  of  anything,  as  a  pile,  that  is  driven  In  the 
direction  of  its  length. 


anerythropsia 

2f.  In  the  end:  at  the  last;  lastly.— 3f.  To 
the  end  ;  straight  on  ;  continuously. 

[  lie  |  would  ride  a  bum  lied  miles  in,  <  ,nl  to  enjoy  it. 

Richards,, i,.  Clarissa,  VII.  220.  (A'.  E.  D.) 
Most  an-endt,  almost  continuously  J  almost  always ; 
mostly. 

Knew  him  !  I  was  a  great  Companion  of  his,  I  was  with 
him  must  mi  end. 

I;,  ,1,1  it  in.  Pilgrim's  Progress  (1678),  ii.  115.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
anent,  anenst  (a-nenf,  a-nenst'),  prep,  and 
adv.,  orig.  prep.  phr.  [<  ME.  anent,  also  annul, 
annul,  mitint,  tiiiontl ;  with  added  adverbial  suf- 
fix -c,  anentc;  with  added  adverbial  gen.  suf- 
fix -cs,  -is,  anentes,  anentis,  anemptis,  etc.,  eontr. 
ttnins,  tincnec ;  with  excrescent  -t,  anenist,  anenst 
(ef.  again,  against,  among,  amongst);  earlier 
ME.  onefent,  onevent  (with  excrescent  -t),  <  AS. 
on-efen,  on-efn,  on-emn  (=OS.  in  ebhan  =  MHG. 
eneben,  ncben,  nebent,  G.  neben),  prep.,  beside, 
prop.  prep,  phr.,  cm  efen,  lit.  '  on  even,'  on  a 
level  (with) :  on,  E.  on  ;  efen,  E.  even1,  q.  v.  Cf. 
afornens,  forenenst.  Formerly  in  reg.  literary 
use,  but  now  chiefly  dialectal.]  I.  prep.  1. 
In  a  line  with;  side  by  side  with;  on  a  level 
with.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2f.  In  front  of ;  fronting; 
before  ;  opposite ;  over  agaiust. 
The  king  lay  into  Galstoun, 
That  is  rycht  ewyn  [even]  anent  Lowdoun. 

Barbour,  Bruce,  vi.  123. 
And  right  anenst  him  a  dog  snarling. 

£.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
3f.  Against;  toward. 

Wylde  Bestes  .  .  .  that  slen  (slay]  and  devonren  alio 
that  eomen  amyntes  hem.    Manderille,  p.  20s.    (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  In  respect  of  or  regard  to ;  as  to ;  concern- 
ing; about:  sometimes  with  as.     [Still  in  use 
in  Scotch  legal  and  ecclesiastical  phraseology, 
whence  also  in  literary  English.] 
He  [Jesus]  was  an  alien,  as  anentis  bis  godhede. 

W/idif,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  I.  33. 
I  cannot  but  pass  you  my  judgment  anent  those  six 
considerations  which  you  ottered  to  invalidate  those  au- 
thorities that  I  so  much  reverence. 

King  Charles  I.,  To  A.  Henderson. 
Some  little  compunction  anent  the  Excise. 

Larltain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  270. 

II.  adv.  On  the  other  side;  in  an  opposite 
place  or  situation.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Anentera  (an-en'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anenterus:  see  ancntcrous.]  A  name  applied 
by  Ehrenberg  to  a  class  of  infusorians  having  no 
intestinal  canal,  though  supposed  to  have  sev- 
eral stomachs  (whence  the  alternative  namo 
Polygastrica). 

anenterous  (an-en'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  anenterus, 
<Gr.  iiv-  priv.  +  hirepa,  intestines:  see  enteric.-] 

1.  Having  noeiiteron  or  alimentary  canal;  not 
enterate:  as,  anenterous  parasites. 

Such  species  have  no  intestines,  no  anus,  and  are  said 
to  be  anenterous.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  p.  24. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anentera. 
-aneous.     [Aceom.  of  L.  -an-e-us,  a  compound 

suffix,  <  -an-  +  -c-us,  as  in  extrdneus,  miscel- 
laneous, subterrdneus,  etc.:  see  -oh  and  -eous. 
This  suffix  occurs  disguised  in  foreign,  <  ML. 
forancus.]  A  compound  adjective  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  contemporaneous,  extraneous, 
miscellaneous,  subterraneous,  etc. 
anepigraphous  (an-e-pig'ra-fus),  n.  [<Gr. 
dveKiypatpor,  without  inscription,  <  av-  priv.  + 
itnypatpj/,  inscription:  see  epigraph."]  Without 
inscription  or  title. 
The  anepigraphous  coins  of  Haliartus  and  Thebes. 

Numis.  Chron.,  3d  ser.,  I.  235. 

anepiploic  (an-ep-i-plo'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av- priv. 
(««-&)  +  epiploon,  q.  v.]  Having  no  epiploon 
or  great  omentum.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anepithymia  (an-ep-i-thim'i-ft),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
av-  priv.  +  iniOvuia,  desire,  <  iniUvprir,  set  one's 
heart  upon  a  thing,  desire,  <  M,  upon,  +  6vfi6r, 
mind.]  In  pathol.,  loss  of  normal  appetite,  as 
for  food  or  drink. 

Anergates  (an-er-ga'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  epydrnr,  a  worker:  see  ergata.]  A  ge- 
nusof  ants,  the  species  of  which  tire  represented 
only  by  males  and  females,  there  being  no  neu- 
ters or  workers,  whence  the  name. 

aneroid  (an'e-roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  anSroide, 
<  tir.  a-  priv.  -f-  iv//ioc,  wet,  liquid  (in  class.  (Jr. 
.<  vnrtv,  flow),-f-  ridor,  form  :  see  -oid.]  I.  a. 
Dispensing  with  fluid;  of  a  barometer,  dispens- 
ing with  a  fluid,  as  quicksilver,  which  is  em- 
ployed  in  an  ordinary  barometer.  Aneroid  ba- 
rometer.   Sec  barometer. 

ii.  a.  An  aneroid  barometer, 
anerythropsia  (an-er-i-throp'ei-a),  n.     [NL., 

<(ir.  in-  priv.  +  ipv6p6g,  red,  +  iifir,  a  view.) 
Inability  to  distinguish  tho  color  red:  a  form 
of  color-blindness. 


anes 

anes  (anz),  adv.  [<  ME.  anes :  see  once.'}  Once. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

anes-errand  (anz'er'and),  adv.  [Also,  cor- 
ruptly, end's-errand,  in  simulation  of  end,  pur- 
pose; <  anes,  here  in  the  sense  of  'only,  sole' 
(see  once  and  onlij),  +  errand,  q,  v.]  Of  set  pur- 
pose; entirely  on  purpose:  expressly.  [Scotch.] 

anesis  (an'e-sis),  it.  [NL.,  <  (Jr.  diwic,  remis- 
sion, <  avtivai,  remit,  send  back,  <  ava,  back,  + 
it  nn,  send.]  1.  In pathol.,  remission  or  abate- 
ment of  the  symptoms  of  a  disease.  Ditnglison. 
—  2.  In  music:  (a)  The  progression  from  a 
high  sound  to  one  lower  in  pitch,  (b)  The  tun- 
ing of  strings  to  a  lower  pitch:  opposed  to 
epitasis.    Stainer  and  Barrett. 

anesthesia,  «.    See  anaesthesia. 

anesthesiant,   anaesthesiant   (an-es-the'si- 
ant),  a.  and  n.     [<  ancesthesia  +  -ant1.}    I.  a. 
Producing  anaesthesia. 
II.  n.  An  anesthetic. 

anesthesis  (an-es-the ' sis),  n.  Same  as  anaes- 
thesia. 

anesthetic,  anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.  and 

n.  [<  Gr.  avaiatii/Toc,  insensible,  not  feeling,  < 
av-  priv.  +  aiaBi/rui,  sensible,  perceptible;  cf. 
aiadririKus,  sensitive,  perceptive :  see  an-5  and  es- 
thetic.} I.  a.  1.  Producing  temporary  loss  or 
impairment  of  feeling  or  sensation ;  producing 
ancesthesia. —  2.  Of  or  belonging  to  anaesthesia ; 
characterized  by  anaesthesia,  or  physical  insen- 
sibility: as,  anesthetic  effects.— Anesthetic  re- 
frigerator, an  apparatus  for  producing  local  ansesthesia 
by  the  application  of  a  narcotic  spray. 

II.  n.  A  substance  capable  of  producing  an- 
sesthesia. The  anesthetics  almost  exclusively  used  for 
the  production  of  general  anaesthesia  are  ether,  chloro- 
form, and  nitrous  oxid  (laughing-gas).  Local  anaesthesia 
is  often  produced  by  freezing  the  part  with  ether  spray, 
or,  in  mucous  membrane,  by  the  application  of  cocaine. 

anesthetically,  anaesthetically  (an-es-thet'i- 
kal-i),  adv.  In  an  anesthetic  manner;  bymeans 
of  anesthetics. 

anesthetisation,  anesthetise.  See  anestheti- 
zation, anesthetize. 

anesthetist,  anaesthetist  (an-es'the-tist),  n. 
[<  anesthetic  +  -ist.~\  One  who  administers  an- 
esthetics. 

The  amvstheti.it  .  .  .  ought  always  to  be  provided  with 
a  pair  of  tongue  forceps.  Therapeutic  Gazette,  IX.  5s. 

anesthetization,  anaesthetization  (an-es- 
thet-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  anesthetize  +  -ntion.] 
The  process  of  rendering  insensible,  especially 
to  pain,  by  means  of  anesthetics;  the  act  or 
operation  of  applying  anesthetics.  Also  spelled 
anesthetisation,  anicsthctisittion. 

All  physiologists,  whenever  it  is  possible,  try  to  anaes- 
thetize their  victim.  .  .  .  When  the  aiicesth>tizaii>>n  is 
completed,  the  animal  does  not  suffer,  and  all  the  ex- 
periments afterward  made  upon  it  are  without  cruelty. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  766. 

anesthetize,  anaesthetize  (an-es'the-tlz),  v.  t; 
pret.  and  pp.  anesthetized,  anaesthetised,  ppr. 
anesthetizing,  anaesthetizing.  [<  anesthetic  + 
-ize.}  To  bring  under  the  influence  of  an  anes- 
thetic agent,  as  chloroform,  a  freezing-mixture, 
etc. ;  render  insensible,  especially  to  pain. 
Also  spelled  anesthetise  and  ancesthetise. 

anett  (an'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annct,  en- 
net,  <  ME.  anete,  <  OF.  anet,  also  aneth,  <  L. 
anethuni,  <  (Jr.  avrflov,  later  Attic  aviaov,  anise, 
dill:  see  anise.}  The  common  dill,  Canon  (or 
Anethuin)  graveolens. 

anethene  (an'e-tlien),  n.  [<  L.  anetliiim,  anise 
(see  anet),  +  -em:}  The  most  volatile  part 
(CjoHie)  °f  ^ie  essence  of  oil  of  dill. 

anethol  (an'e-thol),  n.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise  (see 
anet),  +  -ol.}  The  chief  constituent  (C10H12O) 
of  the  essential  oils  of  anise  and  fennel.  It  exists 
in  two  forms,  one  a  solid  at  ordinary  temperature  (anise- 
camphor  or  solid  anethol),  the  other  a  liquid  (liquid  ane- 
thol). 

anetic  (a-net'ik),  a.  [<  L.  aneticus,  <  Gr.  aveTi- 
/>oc,  fitted  to  relax,  <  averor,  relaxed,  verbal  adj. 
of  avtivat,  relax,  remit,  send 
back,  <  ava,  back,  +  livai,  send.] 
In  med.,  relieving  or  assuaging 
pain ;  anodyne. 

aneuch  (a-nuoh'),  a.,  adv.,  or  n. 
[Alsoeneuch,eneugh=E.enough, 
q.  v.]     Enough.     [Scotch.] 

aneurism  (an'u-rizm),  «.  [The 
term.,  prop,  -ysm,  conforms  to 
the  common  -ism ,'  <  NL.  an- 
eurisma  (for  *aneunjsma),  <  Gr. 
avevpva/ia,  an  aneurism,  <  am  vpl- 
vetv,  widen,  dilate,  <  and,  up, 
+  ebpvvetv,  widen,  <  evpvc,  wide, 
=  Skt.  uru,  large,  wide :  see 
eunj-.}  In  pathol.,  a  localized  dilatation  of  an 
artery,  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  blood  acting 
14 


Carotid    Artery,     a, 
seat  of  the  aneurism. 


209 

on  a  part  weakened  by  accident  or  disease. — 
Arteriovenous  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which  opi  n 
into  a  vein,  Dissecting  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which 
forces  it.-,  way  between  the  middle  and  external  coats  of 
an  artery,  separating  one  from  the  other. 
aneurysmal  (an-u-riz'mal),  a.  [<  aneurism  + 
-ill.}  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  an- 
eurism; affected  with  aneurism :  as,  an  aneuris- 
iiial  tumor. _ Aneurismal  varix,  the  condition  pro- 
duced by  the  formation  ot  an  opening  between  an  artery 

and  a  vein,  so  that  the  arterial  bl I  passes  into  tin  v>  [n 

and  the  latter  is  dilated  into  a  sac. 

aneurismally  (an-u-riz'mal-i),  adv.    In  the 

manner  of  an  aneurism;  like  an  aneurism:  as, 
aneurismally  dilated. 

aneurismatic  (an"u-riz-mat'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
aneiirisinu(t-),  aneurism,  +  -ic.}  Characterized 
or  affected  by  aneurism.     N.  E.  D. 

anew  (a-niV),  prep.  }>hr.  as  adv.  [<  late  ME. 
anewe,  earlier  <>»<«-,  of  «<  w,  of  newe:  of,  E.  o4, 
of;  newe,  new;  cf.  of  old.  Cf.  L.  de  novo, 
contr.  drnim,  anew:  de,  of,  from;  novo,  abl. 
neut.  of  novus  =  E.  new'.  So  afresh.}  Asa  new 
or  a  repeated  act;  by  way  of  renewal;  in  a 
new  form  or  maimer;  over  again;  once  more; 
afresh:  always  implying  some  prior  act  of  the 
same  kind:  as,  to  arm  anew;  to  build  a  house 
anew  from  the  foundation. 

Each  day  the  world  is  born  anew 
For  liiin  who  takes  it  rightly. 

Lowell,  Gold  Egg. 

As  our  case  is  new,  so  we  must  think  anew,  and  act 

anew.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  327. 

anfractt,  n.  [<  L.  anfractus,  a  bending,  turn- 
ing, <  anfractus,  bending,  winding,  crooked,  pp. 
of  an  otherwise  unused  verb  *anfringere,  bend 
around,  <  an-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-  and 
an-*'),  +  fra  nacre,  break:  see  fracture  and  fra- 
gile. Cf . infringe.}  A  winding  or  turning;  sinu- 
osity. 

anfractuose  (an-frak'tu-os),  a.  [<  L.  anfractu- 
osus :  see  anfractuous.}  In  hot.,  twisted  or  sinu- 
ous, as  the  anther  of  a  cucumber. 

anfractuosity  (an-frak-tu-os'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  an- 
fnietiiositics  (-tiz).  [=  F.  anfractuosite :  see 
anfractuous  and  -ity.}  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  anfractuous,  or  full  of  windings  and 
turnings. 
The  anfractuosities  of  his  intellect  and  temper. 

Macaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

2.  In  anat.,  specifically,  one  of  the  sulci  or  fis- 
sures of  the  brain,  separating  the  gyri  or  con- 
volutions.    See  cut  under  cerebral. 

The  principal  anfractuosities  sink  .  .  .  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  hemisphere. 

Tudd's  Cyc.  Anat.  and  Pht/s.,  III.  383.    (jV.  E.  D.) 

anfractuous  (an-frak'tu-us),  a.  [<  F.  anfractu- 
eux,  <  L.  anfractuosus,  round  about,  winding,  <" 
anfractus,  a  bending,  a  winding:  see  anfract.} 
Winding;  full  of  windings  and  turnings ;  sinu- 
ous. 

The  anfractuous  passages  of  the  brain. 

Dr.  John  Smith,  Portrait  of  Old  Age,  p.  217. 

anfractuousness  (an-frak'tu-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  anfractuous. 

anfracturet  (an-frak'tur),  n.  [<  L.  anfractus 
(see  anfract)  +  -lire,  after  fracture,  q.  v.]  A 
mazy  winding.     Bailey. 

angariatet  (ang-ga'ri-at),  v.  t.  [<  LL.  angari- 
atits,  pp.  of  angariarc,  demand  something  as 
angaria,  exact  villeinage,  compel,  constrain, 
ML.  also  give  transportation,  <  angaria,  post- 
service,  transportation-service,  any  service  to 
a  lord,  villeinage,  ML.  fig.  trouble,  <  Gr.  «,  ya- 
peia,  post-service,  <  dj^apof,  a  mounted  courier, 
such  as  were  kept  at  regular  stations  through- 
out Persia  for  carrying  the  royal  despatches; 
an  OPers.  word:  see  angel.}  To  exact  forced 
service  from  ;  impress  to  labor  or  service. 

angariationt  (ang-ga-ri-a'shpn),  it.  [<  ML. 
anttaiiatio(n-),  business,  difficulty,  <  LL.  an- 
gariare  :  see  angariate.}   1.  Labor;  effort ;  toil. 

The  earth  yields  us  fruit,  .  .  .  not  without  much  cost 

and  angariation,  requiring  both  out  labour  ami  patience. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  43. 

2.  The  exaction  of  forced  service ;  impress- 
ment to  labor  or  service.    FarroWfiM.il.  Encyc. 

angeio-.    See  angio-. 

angekok  (an'ge-kok),  n.  [Eskimo.]  A  diviner 
or  sorcerer  among  the  Greenlanders. 

A  fact  of  psychological  interest,  as  it  shows  that  civil- 
ized or  savage  wonder-workers  form  a  single  family,  is  that 
the  angekoks  believe  firmly  in  their  own  powers. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  126. 

angel  (an'iel),  ».  [<  ME.  (a)  angel,  angels,  aun- 
gel,  aungelc,  -cite,  with  soft  or  assibilated  g  (< 
OF.  angelc,  angle,  aingle,  later  abbrev.  a/nge, 
mod.  F.  ange=  Pr.  Sp.  angel  =  Pg.  anjo  =  It.  an- 


angel-bed 

gelo),  mixed  with  [V)  angel,  angle,  engel,  engle, 
a  ngt  I.  amgle,  with  hard  g,  <  AS.  -  ngi  I,  pi.  i  nglas, 
=  OS.  engil  =  O  fries,  angel. '  n  iji  i  --  J).  l.< ,. ,  a. 
gel  =  OBTG.  angil,  engil,  .^llh..  G.  engel  =  [eel. 
i  Hi/ill  =  Sw.  angel,  engel  —  Dan,  engel  =  W.  an- 
gel  =  i iad.  [r.  aingeal;  <  LL.  angeVus  =  Goth. 
aggilus  =  ( >Bulg.  aniuji  hi,  nngi-lii  =  Bohem 
del  =  Pol.  angiol,  anioli  barred  l)=  Buss,  angi  in. 
angel,  <  Gr.  ayyetoe,  in  the  Septuagint,  Now 
Testament,  and  eccles.  writers  an  angel,  in  the 
Septuagint  translating  I  hi,.  maVak,  messenger, 
in  full  ma I'n I;  1  <  Iminili,  messenger  of  Jehovah  ; 
in  class.  Gr.  a  messenger,  one  who  lolls  or 
announces,  connected  with  «;;,//,/r,  bear  a 
message,  bringnews,  announce,  report,  «  hence 
comp.  chayye'koQ,  bringing  good  news, 
a  reward  for  good  news,  good  news,  eccli-s.  the 
gospel,  evangel:  see  evangel.  Cf.  OPers.  (in 
Gr.)a)japoc,  a  post-courier  (seeangariate  \;  Skt. 
angiras,  name  of  a  legendary  superhuman  race.  ] 

1.  In  theol.,  one  of  an  order  of  spiritual  beings, 
attendants  and  messengers  of  God,  usually  spo- 
ken of  as  employed  by  him  in  ordering  the 
affairs  of  the  universe,  and  particularly  of  man- 
kind. They  are  commonly  regarded  as  bodiless  intelli- 
gences, but  in  the  Bible  are  frequently  represent 
appearing  to  sight  in  human  form,  and  speaking  and  act- 
ing as  men. 

Angels  are  bright  still,  though  the  brightest  fell. 

Shak-.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
O  you  that  speak  the  language  of  angels,  and  should  in- 
deed be  angels  amongst  us. 

Deklcer,  Seven  Deadly  sins,  p.  33. 
Hence — (a)  In  a  sense  restricted  by  the  context,  one  of 
the  fallen  or  rebellious  spirits,  the  devil  or  one  of  his  at- 
tendants, said  to  have  been  originally  among  the  angels  of 
God. 

They  had  a  king  over  them,  which  is  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.  );,  v.  ix.  11. 

(/»)  An  attendant  or  guardian  spirit:  a  genius,     (c)  A  per- 
son, especially  a  woman,  having   qualities  such  as  are 
ascribed  to  angels,  as  beauty,  brightness,  innocence,  and 
unusual  graciousness  of  manner  or  kindliness  of  heart. 
Sir,  as  I  have  a  soul  she  is  an  angel. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 
For  beauty  of  body  a  very  angel;   for  endowment  of 
mind  of  incredible  and  rare  hopes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  -Tan.  27,  1668. 

2.  A  human  being  regarded  as  a  messenger 
of  God ;  one  having  a  divine  commission ;  hence, 
in  the  early  Christian  church,  the  pastor  or 
bishop  of  the  church  in  a  particular  city ; 
among  the  Irvingites,  a  bishop. 

Untothenn'/c/of  the  church  in  Smyrna  write.  Rev.  ii.8. 

3.  A  messenger.     [Poetical.] 

The  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring1, 
The  nightingale.    II.  Joitsmt,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 

The  God  who  knew  my  wrongs,  and  made 
(iur  speedy  act  the  angel  of  his  wrath, 
Seems,  and  hut  seems,  to  have  abandoned  us. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  3. 

4.  A  conventional  figure  accepted  as  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  spiritual  beings  called  angels. 

having  a  human  form 
endowed  with  the 
highest  attributes  of 
beauty,  clothed  in 
long  flowing  robes, 
and  furnished  with 
wings  attached  be- 
hind the  shoulders. 
—  5.  [Orig. angel-no- 
hle,  being  a  new  issue 
of  the  noble,  bear- 
ing a  figure  of  the 
archangel  Michael 
defeating  the  dra- 
gon. Cf.  ani/i  Si  I, 
ani/elot.}  An  Eng- 
lish gold  coin,  origi- 
nally of  the  value  of 
6s.  Xd.  sterling,  after- 
ward of  8s.  and  IDs., 
first  struck  by  Ed- 
ward IV.  in  1465,  last 
by  Charles  I.  in  1634. 

llou  dO  VOU,  sir''  I  all  J  ,11 

lend  a  man  aii  angi  I  ' 
I  hear  you  lei  oui  mi  me} 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject, 
[iii.  2. 

There's  half  an  angel  wrong'd  in  your  account ; 
Mcthiiiks  I  am  all  angel,  thai  1  bear  n 
Without  more  niffilng.     Tennyson,  Queen  Mary.  v.  3. 
Destroying  angels,  the  name  given  in  the  early  history 
of  the  .Mormon  Church  to  persons  believed  to  havi   bei 
employed  by  Hie  Mormons  to  assassinate  obnoxious  per- 
sons.    See  I  In  n  Iti-. 

angel-bedt  (an'jel-bed),  n.  [<  angel  (of  indefi- 
nite application)  +  bed.}  An  open  bed  with- 
out bed-posts.     Phillips,  Diet.  (1706). 


Reverse. 
Angel  of  Edward  IV.,  British  Mu- 
seum.    (Size  of  the  original 


angeleen 

angeleen,  »•    Beoangelin. 

angelet  (an'jel-et ),  «'.  [Late  ME.  angelctt,  < 
t IP.  an, i< -l,  t,  ilnn.  oi  angels,  <  LL.  angelus,  angel. 
Cf.  angelot.]  If.  An  English  gold  coin,  first 
issued'  by  Edward  IV.,  of  the  value  of  half  an 


Angel-fish 
{Sguatina  angehts). 


Obverse,  Reverse. 

Angelet  of  Henry  VII.,  British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 

angel.  See  angel,  5,  and  angelot. —  2.  A  little 
angel  or  child  angel.     [Rare.] 

The  angelet  sprang  forth,  Battering  its  rudiments  of 

pinions.  I., nub,  The  Child  Angel. 

angel-fish  (an'jel-fish),  ».  [<  angel  +  fish  ; 
with  allusion  in  sense  1  to  its  wing-like  pec- 
toral fins,  and  in  the  other  senses  to  their 
beauty.]  1.  A  plagiostornous  fish,  Sguatina 
(mill  Iks,  of  the  family  Squati- 
nidw.  It  is  from  6  to  S  feet  long, 
has  a  fiat,  roundish  head,  terminal 
mouth,  and  teeth  broad  at  the  base, 
but  shinier  and  sharp  above.  The 
pectoral  flns  are  verj  large,  extending 
horizontally  forward  from  the  base. 
It  is  found  on  the  southern  coasts 
of  Britain,  and  on  the  coasts  of  the 
United  states  from  Cape  Cod  to 
Florida.  Also  called  monk-fish  and 
fiddle-fish.   See  cut  under  Sguatina. 

2.  A  cha?todontoid  fish,  Po- 
maeanthus  ciliaris,  having  a 
strong  spine  at  the  angle 
of  the  preoperculurn,  14  dor- 
sal spines,  and  a  brownish 
color  with  crescentiform 
lighter  markings  on  each 
scale,  the  chin,  borders,  and 
spines  of  the  operculum  and 
preoperculurn  bright  blue,  and  the  fins  blue 
and  yellow.  It  is  a  beautiful  fish,  common  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  appearing  rarely  along  the  southern  coast  of 
tin   United  States.    Its  flesh  is  very  savory, 

3.  An  ephippioid  fish,  Chattodipterus  faber,  of 
a  greenish  color  with  blackish  vertical  bands, 
and  with  the  third  spine  elongated.  It  is  com- 
mon along  the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States,  where 
it  is  regarded  as  an  excellent  food-fish,  and  is  known 
as  the  porgy,  the  northern  name  of  a  different  fish.  See 
also  cut  under  Chostodipt,  ru. . 

4.  A  general  name  for  any  species  of  fish  of 
the  families  Chwtodontidw  and  EphippUdai. 

angel-goldt  (an'jel-gold),  u.  [<  angel,  5,  + 
gold."]  The  name  of  gold  pieces  presented  by 
English  sovereigns  to  those  whom  they  touched 
for  the  cure  of  king's  evil.  At  first,  the  coin  called 
angel  was  presented  ;  at  a  later  period,  a  gold  medalet  or 
touchpiece.  3i  e  an  / ',  5,  ami  touch-piece. 
The  other  chaplaine  kneeling,  and  having  angel  (fold 

strum:  on  white  ribbon  on  his  mine,  delivers  then i  by 

oni  to  his  tfajestie,  who  puts  them  about  the  necksof 
the  touched  as  they  passe.        Enhni,  liiary,July  (I,  Hir.o. 

angelhood  (an'jel-hud),  ».     [<  angel  +  -hood.] 

The  state  or  condition  of  an  angel ;  the  an- 
gelic nature  or  character.  Airs.  Browning. 
angelic1  (an-jel'ik),  a.  [<  ME.  angelyk,  aun- 
i/'Ii/I.-i,  <  OF.  limit  lii/iii,  F.  iini/i'lit/itc,  <  LL.  an- 
il, I  if  us,  <  Or.  t'i ;  ;t/jknc,  <  i'i-  ;(/(«;,  messenger,  an- 
gel: see  mull  /.]  <  if,  belonging  l<>,  or  like  an  an- 
gel; suit  a  1  ilc  tn  the  nut  ui r  office  of  an  angel. 

Here,  happy  creature,  fair  angelic  Eve. 

Miiton,  P.  L.,  v.  74. 

Angelic  hymn,  the  hymn  sung  by  the  angels  after  the 

announcement  of  the  birth  of  Christ  (Luke  ii.  14),  useil  in 

■  il  i  Iriental  Uturgies  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  service, 

and  in  the  U  ■    I  in  tin   i  ulargi  'I  form  known  as  the  Gloria 

in  Excelsis  (except  hi  Advent  and  Lent)  after  the  introit 
and  kyrie,  ami  before  the  collect,  epistle,  and  gospel  II 
ined  this  position  in  the  first  prayer-book  of  Edward 
VI..  i.ut  it  was  afterward  transferred  t"  the  closing  part 
of  tin-  ..Hi. ,  a  a  ii g  oi  thanksgiving  after  communion ; 
the  Aim  i  n  in  Prayei  Hunk,  however,  allows  the  suiisiitu- 

ti. i  n  hymn  proper  to  the  season.     It  is  also  used  in 

the  Greek  Church  at  lauds  ami  compline.—  Angelic  salu- 
tation.   -  ■ 

angelic-  (an-jel'ik),  a.    [X  angelica."]    or,  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from  the  plant  angelica. 
-Angelic  acid,  a  en  italline  monobasic  mid,  i':iii.ii,, 
having  :i  peculiar  smell  and  taste,  which  i-  found  in  an- 
gt  in  .i  root  (Archangelica  oil  "t  camomile,  and 

other  vegetable  "ii-. 

angelica  (an-jel'i-k5),  n.    [ML.,  bc.  In  rim,  fern. 
oi  \A..  nmii  in  ns,  angelic  (see angelic1) :  vnth al- 
lusion to  the  supposed  magical  virtm     |io    i 
edby  some  of  the  species.]    1.  [cop.]   [\L.]  A 
genus  of  lull  umbelliferous  plants  found  in  the 

northern  temperate  regions  ami  in  New  /en- 
land. —  2.  The  popular  mime  of  the  more  com- 
mon species  belonging  to  the  closely  allied  gen- 


210 

era  Angelica  and  Archangelica.  The  wild  angelica  of 
England  is  Angelica  sylvestris.  The  garden  angelica  of 
Europe  is  Archangelica  officinalis,  a  native  of  the  hanks 
of  rivers  and  wet  ditches  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe, 
where  it  is  also  cultivated  for  its  strong  and  agreeable 
aromatic  odor.  The  tender  stalks  when  candied  form  an 
excellent  sweetmeat.  The  great  angelica  of  the  United 
States  is  Archangelica  atropurpurea. 
3.  [cop.]  The  name  of  a  kind  of  sweet  white 
wine  made  in  California. 
angelical  (an-jel'i-kal),  a.  [=  Sp.  angelical,  < 
XL.  angelicalis:  see  angelic'1  and  -a?.]  Same 
as  angelic1. 

Others  more  mild, 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing 
With  notes  angelical  to  many  a  harp. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  548. 

angelically  (an-jel'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  angelic 
maimer ;  like  an  angel. 

angelicalness  (an-jel'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  angelic  ;  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  angel ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

AngelicalS  (an-jel'i-kalz),  n.  pi.  [<  NL.  aiigcli- 
valis,  pl.,<  tilj.  angelieus, fern. angelica:  seean- 
gelic1,  angelical.]  The  name  adopted  by  an 
order  of  nuns  following  the  rule  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, founded  at  Milan  about  1530  by  Luigia  di 
Torelli,  Countess  of  Guastalla.  Each  nun  prefixes 
to  her  family  name  that  of  a  patron  saint,  and  to  that  the 
word  Angelica,  which  when  uttered  reminds  her  of  the 
purity  of  the  angels. 

Angelican  (an-jel'i-kan),  a.  and  w.  [Ult.  <  LL. 
angelieus  (see  angelic?)  +  -an.  ]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  the  works  of  the  monk  Fra 
Angelico  (Giovanni  da  Fiesole),  a  celebrated 
religious  painter,  who  was  born  in  Tuscany  in 
1387,  and  died  at  Eomo  in  1455. 

If  you  want  to  paint  ...  in  the  Greek  school,  .  .  .  you 

cannot  design  coloured  windows,  nor  Angelican  paradises. 

litmkin,  Lectures  on  Art,  p.  197. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Angelici. 

angelicate  (an-jel'i-kat),».  [<angelic2  +  -ati1.] 
A  salt  of  angelic  acid. 

angelica-tree  (an-jel'i-k8-tre),  n.  [<  angelica 
(with  allusion  to  its  medical  uses)  +  tree.]  1. 
The  American  name  of  Aralia  spinosa,  natural 
order  Araliacea:  It  Is  aprickly,  small,  simple-stemmed 
tree,  from  s  to  12  feet  high.  An  infusion  of  its  berries  in 
wine  or  spirits  is  used  for  relieving  rheumatic  pains  and 
violent  colic.  It  is  common  in  cultivation.  Also  called 
I  !>•  a- ides',  club. 

2.  An  allied  araliaceous  shrub,  Sciadophijllum 
Brownei,  of  Jamaica. 

Angelici  (an-jel'i-sl),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  angeli- 
eus: see  angelic1.]  A  sect  of  the  third  cen- 
tury said  to  have  worshiped  angels. 

angelicize  (an-jel'i-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gelici~ed,  ppr.  angelicizmg.  [<  angelic1  +  -i:c.] 
To  make  angelic  or  like  an  angel.   [Rare.] 

angelico  (an-jel'i-ko),  n.  [Cf.  It.  angelico,  angel- 
ic, Sp.  angelico,  a  little  angel :  see  angelica.  ]  An 
umbelliferous  plant  of  North  America,  Ligusti- 
cum  actceifolium,  resembling  the  lovage.  Also 
called  nondo. 

angelifyt  (an-jel'i-fi),  v.  t.    [<  LL.  angelifieare, 
<  angelus,  angel,  +  L.  -ficare,  <  facerc,  make.] 
To  make  like  an  angel. 
The  soul  .  .  .  refined  and  angelified. 

Farindon,  Sermons  (1G47),  p.  55. 

angelin  (an'je-lin),  n.  [Also  written  angeleen, 
and,  as  Pg.,  angelim,  <  NL.  Angelina  (a  genus 
of  plants),  (  *angelinus,  <  LL.  angelus :  see  an- 
gel.] The  common  name  of  several  timber- 
trees  of  tropical  America  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Andira  (which  see).  The  angelin-tree  of 
Jamaica,  furnishing  worm-bark,  is  A.  inermis. 

angelique  (an-je-leV),  n.  [<  F.  angeliquc:  see 
a  wit  lica.]  1.  The  wood  of  a  leguminous  tree, 
Dicorynea  Paraensis,  exported  from  French 
Guiana.  It  is  hard  and  durable,  and  valuable 
for  ship-timber. —  2f.  A  kind  of  guitar.  Pepys, 
1  liary,  June  23,  1000. 

angeiistt  (an'jel-ist),  n.  [<  angel  +  -ist.]  One 
who  held  heretical  or  peculiar  opinions  con- 
cerning angels,    y.  e.  a. 

angelize  (an'jel-Iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  angel- 
ized,  ppr.  umjt  lizing.  \<.  angel  +  -iee.]   To  make 
an  angel  of;  raise  to  the  state  of  an  angel. 
David  alone,  whom  with  lieav'n  s  love  surpriz'd, 
To  praise  thee  there  thou  now  hast  angch  •!. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  liu  Bartas. 

angel-light  (an'jel-lat),  n.  An  outer  upper 
light  in  a  perpendicular  window,  next  to  the 
springing  of  the  arch  :  probably  a  corruption  of 
angle-light,  as  these  lights  are  triangular  in 
shape,  and  are,  moreover,  in  one  sense,  at  the 
angles  of  the  window.  Encyc.  Brit.  See  cut 
under  baU  ment-light. 

angelolatry  (an-jel-ol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  Ii^caoq 
+  '/.arpcia,  service,  worship,  <  '/ariieveai,  serve, 
worship.]     The  worship  of  angels. 


anger 

angelology  (an-jel-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Gr.  ayyeZoc, 
angel,  +  -'/n}ia,  <  >i;eiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  duet  fine  of  angels;  that  portion  of  theology 
which  treats  of  angelic  beings;  a  discourse  on 
angels. 

The  magic  of  the  Moslem  world  is  in  part  adopted  from 
Jewish  angelology  and  demonology. 

E.  Ii.  Tylor,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  203. 
The  same  vast  mythology  commanded  the  general  con- 
sent ;  the  same  angelology,  demonologv. 

Miliiittn,  Latin  Christianity,  xiv. 
There  was  an  angelology,  and  a  worship  of  angels,  on 
which  the  Apostle  animadverts  with  severity. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  \i. 

angelophany  (an-jel-of'a-ni),  «.;  pi.  angelopha- 
ints  (-niz).  [<  Gr.  dyyeXoc,  angel,  + -0a i™,  < 
ipaiveiv,  show,  daiveoOat,  appear.  Cf.  theophunij, 
epiphany.]  The  visible  manifestation  of  an 
angel  or  angels  to  man. 

If  God  seeks  to  commune  more  fully  with  a  man,  his 
messenger  appears  and  speaks  to  him.  The  narratives  of 
such  angelophomies  vary  in  detail.        Prof.  W.  R.  Smith. 

angelophone  (an'jel-o-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayye^oc, 
angel,  +  </>u>vi/,  voice.]  The  harmonium  or  par- 
lor-organ.    [Eng. ;  rare.] 

angelot  (an'je-lpt;  F.  pron.  ahzh'16),  n.  [< 
OF.  angelot,  a  young  or  little  angel  (=  Sp.  ange- 
lote),  dim.  of  angels,  <  LL.  angelus,  angel.  Cf. 
angelet,  with  diff.  dim.  suffix ,  and  see  angel,  5.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  French  gold  coin,  weighing 
from  97.22  to  87.96  grains,  first  issued  in  1340 
by  Philip  VI.  On  its  obverse  is  an  angel  (whence  the 
name  of  the  coin)  holding  a  cross  and  shield  ;  on  its  re- 
verse a  cross,  ornamented. 

2.  The  name  of  a  gold  coin,  weighing  about  35 
grains,  struck  in  France  by  Henry  VI.  of  Eng- 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Angelot  of  Henry  VI.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original. ) 

land  for  use  in  his  French  dominions.  On  its  ob- 
verse is  an  angel  holding  the  escutcheons  of  England  anc 
France. 

3f.  A  small  rich  sort  of  cheese  made  in  Nor- 
mandy, said  to  have  been  stamped  with  a  figure 
of  the  coin. — 4.  An  instrument  of  music  some- 
what resembling  a  lute. 

angel's-eyes  (an'ielz-Iz),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  speedwell  of  Europe,  Veronica  Cliama-dri/s. 

angel-shot  (an'jel-shot),  n.  [Cf.  F.  ange,  an 
angel,  also  an  angel-shot ;  in  allusion  to  the 
"wings  "  or  segments  as  they  appear  during  the 
flight  of  the  projectile.]  A  kind  of  chain-shot, 
formed  of  the  two  halves  or  four  quarters  of  a 
hollow  ball,  which  are  attached  by  chains  to  a 
central  disk  inside  the  ball,  and,  when  fired, 
spread  apart.     See  chain -shut. 

angel' s-trumpets  (an'jelz-trum"pets),  n.  pi. 
The  large  trumpet-shaped  flowers  of  the  Datura 
siiiirrnltiis,  a  shrubby  solanaeeous  plant  from 
South  America. 

angelus  ( an'je-lus),  n.  [NL.,  from  the  opening 
words,  "Angelus  Domini  nuntiavit  Mariee"; 
LL.  angelus,  angel:  see  angel.]  In  the  Bom. 
Cath.  Ch. :  (a)  A  devotion  in  memory  of  the  an- 
nunciation to  the  Virgin  Mary,  by  the  angel 
Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God. 
It  consists  of  thine  scriptural  texts  describing  the  mys- 
tery,recited  alternately  with  the  angelic  salutation,  "Hail 
\l;uy!"  (Ave  Maria),  and  followed  by  a  versiele  and  re- 
sponse with  prayer.  (/,)  The  bell  tolled  in  the  morn- 
ing, at  noon,  and  in  the  evening,  to  indicate  to 
the  faithful  the  time  when  the  angelus  is  to  be 
recited. 

\non  from  tin'  helfry 

Softly  tlm  Angelus  sounded. 

Umgfellow,  Evangeline,  i. 

angel-watert  (an'jel-wa'ter),  «.    [(.angel  (for 

angelica,  q.  v.)  +  watt  r.\  A  mixture  originally 
containing  angelica  as  its  principal  ingredient, 
afterward  made  of  rose-water,  orange-flower 
water,  myrtle-water,  musk,  ambergris,  and  va- 
rious spices,  used  as  a  perfume  and  cosmetic  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 
1  tint  tin-  prettiest  creature  in  New  spring  Garden  I .  .  . 

angel  icttt>:r  was  the  Worst  snnllt  about  her. 

Sediey,  Bellamira,  i.  1. 
angely-wood,  ».    See  angili-toood. 

anger1  I  ang'ger),  n.  f<  ME.  anger,  grief,  pain, 
trouble,  affliction,  vexation,  sorrow,  also  wrath, 
<  led.  niit/r,  masc,  now  neut.  (cf.  ongiir,  fem. 
pi.),  grief,  sorrow,  straits,  anxiety,  =  Sw.  &n- 


anger 


211 


ger  —  Dan.  anger,  compunction,  penitence,  re- 
gret; cf.  OFries.  angst,  ongost  =  OHG.  an- 
gust,  MHQ-.  angest,  <;.'  angst,  anxiety,  anguish, 
fear,  used  adjectively,  anxious,  afraid  (>  Dan. 
angst,  n.,  fear;  adj.,  anxious,  afraid;  the  Ioel. 

angUt,  anguish,  occurring  csp.   in  theological  .  }  .  <  ME_  „„ 

writers,  and  resting  on  the  ult.  related  L.  an-  ™p 
gustia,  >  E.  anguish,  q.  v.),  with  different  for 


He's  rush,  anil  very  sudden  in  choler,  and  haply  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

For  blind  with  rage  she  miss'd  the  plank,  and  roll'd 
in  the  liver.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Iteware  the  /"/''/  "f  a  patient  man. 

lirgden,  Abs.  and  Ai  hit.,  i.  1005. 


pain,  troulile,  vex,  <  Ieel.  ungra  =  Sw.  dngra  = 
Dan.  align;  in  similar  sense;  from  the  nouu.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  grieve ;  trouble ;  distress;  afflict. 
—  2f.  To  make  painful;  cause  to  smart;  in- 
flame ;  irritate :  as,  to  anger  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 
— 3.  To  excite  to  anger  or  wrath;  rouse  resent- 
ment in. 

There  were  some  late  taxes  and  impositions  introduced, 
which  rather  angered  than  grieved  the  people. 

Clarendon. 

The  lips  of  young  oranga  and  chimpanzees  are  protrud- 
ed, sometimes  to  a  wonderful  degree.  .  .  .  They  act  thus, 
not  only  when  slightly  anffered,  sulky,  or  disappointed, 
but  when  alarmed  at  anything. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  140. 

=  Sjrn.  To  irritate,  chafe,  provoke,  vex,  enrage,  exasperate, 
infuriate. 

II,  intrans.  To  become  angry.     [Bare.] 
"When  neebors  anger  at  a  plea, 
And  just  as  wud  as  wild  can  be, 
How  easy  can  the  barley  bree 
Cement  the  quarrel ! 

Burns,  Scotch  Drink. 

anger2t,  n.     An  occasional  spelling  of  angor. 


inative  from  the  same  root  which  appears  in 
Icel.  iingr,  narrow,  strait,  =  AS.  ange,  ongc, 
reg.  with  umlaut  amge,  enge,  narrow,  strait, 
also  anxious,  troubled  (cf.  in  eomp.  angsiuu. 
narrow,  strait,  anxious,  angsumnes,  and  unguis. 
anxiety;  and  cf.  angna-gl,  E.  agnail,  q.  v.),  = 
OS.  eugi  =  OHG.  angi,  engi,  MUG.  enge,  G.  eng 
=  Goth.  aggwus,  narrow,  strait,  =  Gr.  £) ;  lie,  also 
d),Y/,  adv.,  near,  close,  =  Skt.  anhu,  narrow, 
strait,  •/  a»li,  be  narrow  or  distressing,  the  root 
appearing  also  in  Gr.  ayxeev  =  L.  angere,  com- 
press, strangle,  choke  (>  L.  angina,  compres- 
sion, anxiety,  angor,  anguish,  anxiety,  angustus, 
narrow,  strait,  anxius.  anxious,  etc,. :  see  angor 
=  anger2,  august,  anguish,  anxious,  etc.),  and  be- 
ing widely  extended  in  Slavic:  OBulg.  aneuTcu, 
narrow,  Kuss.  ttzt,  narrow,  uzina,  a  strait,  defile, 
etc.,  OBulg.  ren;ati  =  Bohem.  vaeaU  =  Kuss. 
t-ya^ati,  etc.,  bind,  tie.]  If.  Grief;  trouble; 
distress;  anguish. 

For  the  deth  of  whiche  childe  the  anger  and  sorow  was  angerly  (ang'ger-li),  a.     [C  anger1    +  -hi1;  = 
muche  the  more.  Carton,  Jason,  76b.    (.V.  E.  D.)     Tce,_    angrligr,   &a.e\.     The  adv. 'is  much  older: 

2.  A  revengeful  passion  or  emotion  directed     see  angerly,  adv.]     Inclined  to  anger.     Byron. 
against  one  who  inflicts  a  real  or  supposed     [Now  poetic] 

wrong;  "uneasiness  or  discomposure  of  mind  angerly  (ang'ger-li),  adv.      [<  ME.  angerUehe, 
upon  the  receipt  of  any  injury,  with  a  present     angerly,  angrely,  <  anger  4-  -liche,  -\\".    Cf.  mi 


purpose  of  revenge,"  Locke;  wrath;  ire. 

While  therefore  the  true  end  of  sudden  anger  is  self- 
defence,  the  true  end  of  resentment  is  the  execution  of 
justice  against  offenders. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  40. 
The  war-storm  shakes  the  solid  hills 
Beneath  its  tread  of  anger.      Wliittier,  Our  River. 

3.  An  individual  fit  of  anger;  an  expression  of 

anger,  as  a  threat :  in  this  sense  it  may  be  used  angernesst  (fj^_S™£*!?I !! 


grily.]     In  an  angry  manner;  angrily.     [Now 
poetic] 

Nay,  do  not  look  angerly. 

B.  Jonstm,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

If  my  lips  should  dare  to  kiss 
Thy  taper  ringers  amorously, 
Again  thou  Mustiest  angerly. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 


in  the  plural. 

Thro'  light  and  shadow  thou  dost  range, 
Sudden  glances,  sweet  and  strange, 
Delicious  spites  and  darling  angers, 
And  airy  forms  of  Hitting  change. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

4.  Pain  or  smart,  as  of  a  sore  or  swelling.  This 
sense  is  still  retained  by  the  adjective.  See  angry,  8. 
[Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

I  made  the  experiment,  setting  the  moxa  where  the 
first  violence  of  my  pain  began,  and  where  the  greatest 
anger  and  soreness  still  continued.  Sir  \V.  Temple, 

=  Syn.  Anger,  Vexation,  Indignation,  Resentment,  Wrath, 
Ire,  Choler,  Rage,  Fury,  passion,  displeasure,  dudgeon, 
irritation,  gall,  bile,  spleen.  Vexation  is  the  least  forcible 
of  these  words,  expressing  the  annoyance  and  impatient 
chafing  of  one  whose  mood  has  been  crossed,  whose  expec- 
tations have  not  been  realized,  etc.  Indignation  may  be 
the  most  high-minded  and  unselfish  ;  it  is  intense  feeling 
in  view  of  grossly  unworthy  conduct,  whether  toward 
one's  self  or  toward  others.  The  other  words  denote  al- 
most exclusively  feeling  excited  by  the  sense  of  personal 
injury.  Anger  is  a  sudden  violent  feeling  of  displeasure 
over  injury,  disobedience,  etc.,  accompanied  by  a  retalia- 
tory impulse ;  it  easily  becomes  excessive,  and  its  manifes- 
tation is  generally  accompanied  by  a  loss  of  self-control. 
Resentment  is  the  broadest  in  its  meaning,  denoting  tl 
stinctive  and  proper  recoil  of  feeling  when  one  is  i 

and  often  a  deep  and  bitter  I  ir lingoverpastwr 

a  consequent  hatred  and  settled  desire  for  vengeance;  it 
is,  in  the  latter  sense,  the  coolest  and  most  permanent  of 
these  feelings.  Wrath  and  ire  express  sudden  feeling  of 
great  power,  and  are  often  associated  with  the  notion  of 
the  superiority  of  the  person :  as,  the  wrath  of  Jove,  the 
ire  of  Achilles.  They  are  often  the  result  of  wounded 
pride.  Ire  is  poetic.  Wrath  has  also  an  exalted  sense, 
expressive  of  a  lofty  indignation  visiting  justice  upon 
wrong-doing.  Rage  is  an  outburst  of  anger,  with  little 
or  no  self-control ;  fury  is  even  more  violent  than  rage, 
rising  almost  to  madness.    The  chief  characteristic  of 


[ME. ;  cf.  augri- 
ness.]     The  state  of  being  angry. 
Hail,  innocent  of  angerness. 
MS.  cited  by  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

Angevin,  Angevine  (an'je-vin,  -vin),  a.  [P. 
(cf.  ML.  Andecavensis),  <  Anjou,  <  L.  Aiidecari,  a 
Gallic  tribe,  also  called  Andes.]  Pertaining  to 
Anjou,  a  former  western  province  of  France : 
specifically  applied  (a)  to  the  royal  family  of 
England  reigning  from  1154  to  1485,  the  Plan- 
tagenets,  descendants  of  Geoffrey  V.,  Count  of 
Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England ;  (6)  to  the  period  of  English  history 
from  1154  to  the  death  of  Richard  II.  in  1399,  or, 
according  to  others,  to  the  loss  of  Normandy, 
Anjou,  Maine,  etc.,  in  1204.  The  contending 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  were  both  of  the 
Angevin  race — Angevin  architecture,  the  architec- 
ture of  Anjou ;  specifically,  the  school  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture developed  in  the  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  charac- 
terized especially  by  the  system  of  vaulting  in  which  the 
vault  over  each  bay  is  so  much  raised  in  the  middle  as 
practically  to  constitute  a  low  dome. 
angica-WOOd  (an-je'kii-wud),  n.  Same  as  can- 
jieil-liood. 
njured,  angiectasia  (an"ji-ek-ta'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
1  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  +  licraatc,  extension,  <  hreiveiv 
=  L.  exfeu-d-cre,  extend :  see  extend.']  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  capillaries  and  other  small  blood- 
vessels of  some  portions  of  the  body, 
angiectasis  (an-ji-ek'ta-sis),  n.  Same  as  an- 
giectasia. 

a'ngienchyma  (an-ji-eng'ki-nia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayyeiov,  vessel,  +  iyxwai  infusion:  see  paren- 
chyma.]    In  hot.,  vascular  tissue  in  general. 


nsins;  almost  to  madness,     i  lie  einet  characteristic  oi         ■'..   .  J  ..  -/4_\     -       i~mt      (  CW    nvw/nu    n 

choler  is  quickness  to  rise;  it  is  irascibility,  easily  break-  angiitis  (an-ji-l  tis),   M.      [JNLi.,  )  «*.    a< ;/"<»'>    a 

vessel,  4-  -itis.  ]  Intlamination  of  a  blood-vessel. 
angili-WOOd  (an'ji-li-wiid),  n.  [<  Tamil  angili 
+  E.  wood1.]  The  timber  of  a  large  evergreen 
tree  of  southern  India,  Artocarpus hirsute,  which 
is  considered  nearly  equal  to  teak  in  ship-build- 
ing and  for  other  purposes.  Also  spelled  au- 
gely-toood.  See  Artocarpus. 
1,'ngina  (an-ji'nS,  or,  more  con 
[NL.,  <  L.  angina,  quinsy,  lit.  strangling,  chok- 
ing (cf.  Gr.  a;, row/,  strangling),  <  angere  (  =  Gr. 
ayxeiv),  strangle,  choke:  see  anger1  and  angor.] 
1.  Inpathol.,  any  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
throat  or  fauces,  as  quinsy,  severe  sore  throat, 
croup,  mumps,  etc.— 2.  Angina  pectoris  (which 
see,  below) — Angina  Ludovici,  acute  suppurative  in- 
flammation of  the  connective  tissue  about  the  submaxil- 
lary gland  :  so  called  from  a  German  physician  named 
Luilwig  (Latin  hudtnieus),  who  first  fullj  described  it 
Angina  maligna  (malignant  angina),  primary  gangrene 
of  the  pharyngeal  mucous  membrane,  originating  inde- 
pendently of  any  other  disease,  such  as  diphtheria  or  scar- 
let fever.     Also  called  angina  gangrenosa,  cynanche  ma- 


ing  into  a  high  degree  of  resentful  feeling. 

White  was  her  cheek ;  sharp  breaths  of  anger  puff  d 

Her  fairy  nostril  out.      .  Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

One  who  fails  in  some  simple  mechanical  action  feels 
vexation  at  his  own  inability  —  a  rexation  arising  quite 
apart  from  auy  importance  of  the  end  missed. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 

Burning  with  indignation,  and  rendered  sullen  by  de-     ■/<"»-« 
spair,  .  .  .  they  refused  to  ask  their  lives  at  the  hands  of  angina  (an-ji'na,  or,  more  correctly,  an  u-na),». 
an  insulting  foe,  and  preferred  death  to  submission. 

Irving,  Indian  Character. 

When  the  injury  he  resented  was  a  personal  one,  he 
apologized  frankly  for  his  anger,  if  it  had  transgressed  the 
bounds  of  Christian  indignation  ;  but,  when  he  was  indig- 
nant with  falsehood,  injustice,  or  cowardly  wrong  done  to 
another,  it  was  terrible  to  see  his  whole  face  knit  itself  to- 
gether  with  wrath.      S.  A.  Brooke,  F.  W.  Robertson,  II.  ii. 

To  be  angry  about  trifles  is  mean  and  childish;  to  rage 
and  be  furious  is  brutish;  and  to  maintain  perpetual 
wrath  is  akin  to  the  practice  and  temper  of  devils  ;  hut  to 
prevent  and  suppress  rising  resentment  is  wise  and  glori- 
ous, is  manly  and  divine.  Watts, 


Mad  ire,  and  wrathful  fum.  makes  me  weep. 

Shak.,  1  Heu.  VI.,  iv.  3. 


angioscope 

lignn,  and  putrid  sore  tl<  r<>,tt.  —  Angina  pectoris  (spasm 
,i  til.  1 1..   1 1.  a  dl  ease  characterized  by  paroxysms  of  ex 

tremely  am! nstrictinc  pain,  fi  H  generally  En  tie-  lower 

part  "i  ( lie  sternum  ana  extent] 

down  lie  ann.    The  pathology  is  obscure,  but  in   i  I 

Dumber  of  eases  there  seems  to  be  lomi  foi f  wi  akuess 

of  the  heart,  combined  with  a  liability  t"  attacks  of  gen- 
eral arterial  spasm. 

anginal  (an'ji-nal),  o-.     Pertaining  to  angina. 
anginoid  (an'ji-noid),  a.    [<  angina  +  -oid.] 

Resembling  angina. 
anginose  (an'ji-nos),  «.     [<  angina  +  -ose.] 
Pertaining  to  angina,  or  to  angina  pectoris. — 
Anginose  scarlatina,  scarlatina  in  which  the  inflamma- 
tion of  the  throat  la  sevi  re 
anginoUS  (an'ji-nus),  a.     Same  as  angii 
angio-.     [NL.  angio-,  <  Gr.  ayyeio-,  combining 
form  of  ayyeiov,  :i  case,  a  capsule,  ;i   vessel  of 
the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind,  iayyoc,  a  vessel.] 
An  element  of  many  scientific  compound  words, 
signifying  vessel,  usually  with  reference  to  the 
vessels  of  the  body.    Less  properly  angi  io-. 
angiocarpian  (an"ji-o-kar'pi-an),  n.   [As  angio- 
earpous  +  -ian.]     An  angiocarpous  plant. 
angiocarpous  (an'ji-o-kiir'pus),  a.     [<XL.  nii- 
giocarpus,  <  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  capsule,  a  case,  a 
vessel  of  the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind  (<«,,'». 
a  vessel  of  any  kind),  -I-  /capn-dc,  fruit.]    In  hot.  . 
(a)  Having  a  fruit  inclosed  within  a  distinct 
covering,  as  the  filbert  within  its  husk.     (6) 
Having  the  receptacle  closed,  as  in  gastromy- 
cetous  fungi,  or  opening  only  by  a  pore,  as  in 
pyrenomycetous  fungi  and  some  lichens. 
angiocholitis  (an  "ji-o-ko-li'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  +  x°'AV,  gal'j  +  -His.]     Inflam- 
mation of  the  gall-ducts. 
angiography  (an'ji-o-graf),  n.      [<  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a 
vessel,  4-  -ypaipoc,  (}pacietv,  write.]    A  form  of 
sphygmograph  devised  by  Laudois. 
angiography  (an-ji-og'ra-fi),  ».     [<  Gr.  a; , 
a  vessel,  4-  -ypaeiia,  <  ypacbetv,  write,  describe.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  description  of  the  blood-vessels 
and  lymphatics. —  2.  A  description  of  the  im- 
plements, vessels,  weights,  measures,  etc.,  in 
use  in  any  country.     [Rare.] 
angioleucitis  (an'ji-o-lu-si'tas),  ».    [XL.,  <Gr. 
ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  -r  ?.evntic,  white,  4-  -itis.]     In- 
flammation of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 
angiology   (an-ji-ol'o-ji),   n.     [<  Gr.    ayyeiov,    a 
vessel,  t  -'/oyia,  <  Tiiyetv,    speak:    see    -ologg.] 
Thrt   portion    of    anatomy    and    physiology 
which  deals  with  the  blood-vessels  and  lym- 
phatics. 

angioma (an-ji-6'mii i,  ».;  pl.angiomata(-ma-i&). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  h) ,  i  iov,"a  vessel,  4-  -oma.]  Atfumor 
produced  by  the  enlargement  or  now  formation 
of  blood-vessels. 

angiomatous  (an-ji-om'a-tus),  a.  [<iangioma(t-) 
+  -mis.]  Characterized  by  or  pertaining  to  an- 
gioma. 

angiomonospermous  (an  j i  -  r>  -  mon  - o  -  sper  '- 
mus),  a.  [\  NL.  angiomonospermus,  <  Gr.  ay- 
yeiov, a  vessel,  4-  ft6voc,  alone  (see  mono-),  4- 
otrepua,  seed:  see  sperm.]  In  tot.,  producing 
one  seed  only  in  a  pod.  X.  E.  D. 
angioneurosis  (an'ji-o-nti-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  h))siov,  a  vessel,  4-  vevpov,  a  nerve,  4-  -osis.] 
In  pathol.,  morbid  vaso-rnotor  action,  brought 
mi  independently  of  any  perceptible  lesion, 
whether  this  involves  an  abnormal  temporary 
or  lasting  contraction  of  the  vessels  of  the  pari 
(angiospasm)  or  a   relaxation   (angioparesis). 

The  term  is  not  always  restricted  to  functi il  affections, 

hut  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  cases  in  which  there  is  a 
gross  or  evident  lesion  of  the  nerves, spinal  cord,  or  brain, 
which  produces  these  vaso-motor  disturbances, 
angioneurotic  (an"ji-o-nu-rot'ik),  a.     [See  o«- 
gioneurosis.]    Dependent  on  or  pertaining  to 
the  innervation  of  the  blood-vessels. 
angioparalysis  (an'ji-o-pa-ral'i-sis),  n.    [NL., 
<  Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  4-  nap&Xvaic,  paralysis. ! 
Paralysis  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the  blood- 
vessels. 
angioparesis  (an'ji-o-par'e-sis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  4-  wapeaic,  paralysis:  see  pare- 
sis.]    Partial  paralysis  of  the  muscular  layer 
of  the  walls  of  blood-vessels. 
angiosarcoma  (an  ji-o-sar-ko'mii),  ».;  pi-  ""- 
giosarcomata(-ma-ta).'  [NL.,<Gr. ayyeiov,  aves- 
sel,  4-  capnuua,  sarcoma.]    Asarcoma,  or  tumor, 
in  which  the  blood-vessels  assume  importance 
from  their  number,  size,  and  relation  to  the 

structure  of  the  tumor Angiosarcoma  myxoma- 

todes,  a  sarcoma,  or  tumor,  in  which  the  walls  oi  the 
vessels  and  the  tissue  immediately  surrounding  them  un 
dergo  mucous  degeneration.    To  this  form  the  name 
droma  is  often  applied. 

angioscope  (an'ji-o-skop),  ».     [<  Gr, 
vessel,  + oitoireiv,  view,  examine.]     An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels  of  ani- 
mals and  plants. 


angiosis 

angiosis  (an-ji-o'sis),  n.  [NXi.,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
TOBSel,  +  -""is.  ]     An\  disease  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiospasm  (an'ji-o-spazm),  n.    [<Gr.  a] 
a  vessel,  +  airao  if,  spasm.]     Spasm  of 

I  he  muscular  wall  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiosperm  (an'ji-o-sperm),  u.  [<  NL.  angio- 
spermus,  <  Or.  ayye'tov,  a  vessel,  +  airippa,  seed. 
Cf.  Gr.  kvayyetocnreppoc;,  also  evayyeiooirep/iaTog, 
angiospermous  (<  <V,  in,  etc.)-]  A  plant  whose 
ds  are  contained  in  a  protecting  seed-vessel. 
The  i.  i  ma  i-  applied  t.   the  larger  of  tin'  two 

divisions  "I  exogeus,  in  distinction  from  tin-  gymttoxpi  rms 
r  etc.),  thv  Bmaller division,  in  which 
Hi,'  o\  nlrs  and  seeds  are  naked, 

angiospermal  (an"ji-o-sper'mal),  a.  Same  as 
angiospt  rmous. 

angiospermatous  (atfji-o-spei-'ma-tus),  a. 
Same  as  angiospermous. 

Angiospermia  (an"ji-o-sper'nii-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  angiospermus :  set'  angiosperm.']  In  bot.,  the 
second  order  of  the  Linuean  class  Didynamia, 
having  numerous  seeds  inclosed  in  an  obvious 
seed-vessel,  as  in  Digitalis.  The  corresponding  Gym- 
nospermia  of  tin'  same  class  included  genera  with  ache- 
nium-like  divisions  of  tin-  pericarp,  as  in  the  Labiate, 
which  were  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

angiospermous  (an'ji-o-sper'mus),  a.    [<  NL. 

angiosperm  us :  see  angiosperm.']  Having  seeds 
inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel,  as  the  poppy,  the  rose, 
and  most  dowering  plants:  opposed  to  gymno- 
spermous,  or  naked-seeded.  Equivalent  forms 
are  angiospt  rmal  and  angiospermatous. 
angiosporous  (an"ji-os'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  angio- 
sporus,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a  vessel,  +  enripoe,  a  seed: 
see  spore.]  In  bot.,  having  the  spores  inclosed 
in  a  hollow  receptacle :  applied  to  such  fungi 
as  Lycopt  rilon. 

Angiostomata(an"ji-o-st6'ma-t:j),  n.pl.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  angiostomdtus :  see  angiostomatotis.] 
1 .  -V  suborder  of  ophidians,  comprising  serpents 
in  which  the  mouth  is  not  dilatable,  and  which 
are  provided  with  anal  spurs.  There  are  two 
families.  CylindrophidcB  and  UropelUdce. —  2.  In 
conch.,  an  artificial  group  of  univalve  gastro- 
pods whose  shell  has  a  narrow  or  contracted 
aperture,  as  cassidids,  strombids,  conids,  oli- 
vhls.  cyprreids,  and  others.  Also  written,  cor- 
ruptly, Angystomata,  and  originally  Angyosto- 
mataby  De  Blainville,  1818. 

angiostomatoUS  (an"ji-o-st6'ma-tus),  a.  [< NL. 
angiostomatus,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a  vessel,  jar  (but 
L.  angere,  compress,  is  appar.  intended),  + 
o--o//a(V-),  mouth.]  1.  Having  a  narrow,  that 
is.  not  dilatable,  mouth:  said  specifically  of 
serpents  of  the  suborder  Angiostomata. —  2.  In 
conch.,  having  a  narrow  mouth  or  opening,  as 
the  shell  in  Oliva  and  Con  us. 

angiostomous  (an"ji-os'to-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
giostomus,  equiv.  to  angiostomatus:  see  angio- 
stomatous.]     Same  as  angiostomatous. 

angiotomy  (an-ji-ot'o-mi),  ».  [< Gr.  ayyelav,  a 
vessel,  +  -ojii),  a  cutting,  <  rtpveiv,  ra/jein,  cut.  Cf. 
anatomy.]  In  omit.,  dissection  of  the  lym- 
phatics and  blood-vessels. 

angle1  (ang'gl),  «.  [<ME.  angle,  angel,  angil,  < 
AS.angi  I,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  fish-hook (=  OS. 
angul  =  OT>.  angel,  anghil,  a  hook,  fish-hook, 
sling,  awn,  beard  (of  grain),  1).  angel  =  LG. 
angel,  a  hook,  =  OHG.  angul,  MHG.  G.  angel,  a 
hook,  fish-hook,  sting,  point,  hinge  (cf.OD.  han- 
gel.  Iiiiugliel,  liengel,  a   hook,  a  hinge,  I),  hengcl, 

an  angling-rod,  (1.  dial,  hangel,  a  hook,  ear, 

joint,  these  forms  iinil  senses  being  in  part  those 
"I  .'  different  word,  cognate  with  E.  hinge :  see 
lunge,  hang), = Ieel.  ongutt,  a  hook,  =Dan.  Sw. 
angel,  a  hook),  with  formative  -»'.  -»'.  <  anga, 

onga  (r:i re,  and  only  in  glosses),  a  sting,  =  (>H<i. 
a, i,n,.  a  sting,  binge,  MHG.  ange,  a  fish-hook, 
hinge,  =  [eel.  angi,  a  sting,  spine,  prickle,  = 
Norw.  ange,  angje,  a  prong,  jag.  tooth.  The  ear- 
lii  -i  notion  seems  to  have  been  'pointed,'  but 
tie-  word  also  involved  the  notion  of  'bent.'per- 

haps  from  a  different    S0U1 ;  of.  Gr.  aytcmog-, 

bent,  crocked,  curved,  =L,  angulus  for  'anculus, 
a  corner,  angle;  Gr.  byitac,  a  hook,  barb,  angle, 

=  L.   inti'iK,  a    hook:    bent,  curved  :    see  Ainjlt-, 

angle*,  ankylo  is,  uncon  .|  1.  A  fishing-hook: 
often  in  later  use  extended  to  include  the  line 
or  tackle,  and  even  the  rod.     [Xow  rare.] 

Give  mi  nniM  angle,     we'll  t"  tin*  rh  i  i 

Shale.  A.  ami  C,  ii.  5. 

2f.   One  who  or  that    which   catches  by  strata- 
gem or  deceit. 
A  woman  I    bytterei  than  death,  .  .  .  forshe  is  a  verj 

„„.,/,     1:„    1,  Com  rdVMl     ti     "1  I.'  '  I'  -    vli.  26, 

3f.  [From  the  verb.]    The  act  of  angling. 
angle1  (ang'gl),  v.\  pret.  and  pp.  angled,  ppr. 

angling.    [<  late  M  K.  angle,  ( ID,  angelen,  D,  Iten- 


212 

gelen  =  G.  angrln  =  Dan.  angle :  from  the  noun.] 

1.  inlrans.  1.  To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with 
hook  and  line. 

When  the  weather 
Serves  to  angle  in  the  brook, 
I  will  bring  a  silver  hook. 

Fielder,  faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2. 
The  lawyer  in  the  pauses  of  the  storm 
Went  angling  down  the  Saco. 

Wliini.e.  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  try  by  artful  means  to  catch  or  win  over 
a  person' or  thing,  or  to  elicit  an  opinion:  com- 
monly with  for. 

By  this  face, 
This  seeming  brow  of  justice,  did  he  win 
The  hearts  of  all  that  he  did  angle  for. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  fish  (a  stream).— 2f.  To  fish 
for  or  try  to  catch,  as  with  an  angle  or  hook. 

He  angled  the  people's  hearts.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3f.  To  lure  or  entice,  as  with  bait. 

You  have  angled  me  on  with  much  pleasure  to  the 
thatch 'd  house.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i. 

Angle2  (ang'gl),  n.  [In  mod.  use  only  as  a  his- 
torical term;  <  L.  Anglus,  usually  in  pi.  Angli 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  form  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  Jingle,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
comp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel,  An- 
gol,  Angul.  Ongul  (=Icel.  Onguit),  a  district  of 
"what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be  so 
named  from  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  in  ref. 
to  its  shape:  see  angle1.  Hence  Anglo-,  Anglo- 
Saxon,  English,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  Teutonic  tribe 
which  in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  his- 
tory dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  fifth  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons,  Jutes, 
and  Frisians,  crossed  over  to  Britain  and  colo- 
nized the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  EastAnglia,  Mercia,  and  Xorthumbria.  From 
them  the  entire  country  derived  its  name  England,  the 
"land  of  the  Angles."  See  Anglian,  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
English. 

angle3  (ang'gl),  ».  [<  ME.  angle,  aungt  I,  some- 
times angule,  <  OP.  angle  —  Pr.  angle  =  Sp.  Pg. 
angulo,  It.  angolo,  <  L.  angulus,  a  corner,  an 
angle,  prob.  orig.  *anculus  (cf.  ancus,  bent, 
crooked)  =  Gr.  aj/aV.or,  bent,  crooked,  curved, 
connected  with  ayn&v,  the  bend  of  the  arm, 
the  elbow  (see  ancon),  u)koc,  a  glen,  dell  (prop, 
a  bend,  hollow),  o^koc,  a  hook,  barb,  angle,  = 
L.  uncus,  bent,  curved,  a  hook  (see  uneous); 
all  appar.  <  v'  *ank,  bend  (appearing  also  in 
Gr.  ayicupa,  >  L.  ancora,  >  E.  anker1,  anchor1), 
Skt.  •/  anch,  bend,  and  prob.  connected  with  the 
Teut.  group  represented  by  angle1 :  see  angle1.] 
1.  The  difference  in  direction  of  two  intersect- 
ing lines ;  the  space  included  between  two  in- 
tersecting lines ;  the  figure  or  projection  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  two  lines ;  a  corner,  in  geom., 
a  plane  angle  is  one  formed  by  two  lines,  straight  or  curved, 
which  meet  in  a  plane;  a  rectilinear  angle,  one  formed  by 
two  straight  lines.  The  point  where  the  lines  meet  is 
called  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  or  the  angular  point,  and 
the  lines  which  contain  the  angle  arc  called  its  sides  or 
legs.  The  magnitude  of  the  angle  does  not  depend  upon 
the  length  of  the  lines  which  form  it,  but  merely  on  their 
relative  positions.  It  is  measured  by  the  length  of  a  circu- 
lar are  of  unit  radius  having  for  its  center  the  vertex  of 


%~ 


XT 

Fig.  2. 


the  angle,  or  point  of  intersection  of  the  sides.  Thus,  the 
angle  PEA,  iig.  l,  is  measured  by  82  degrees  of  the  cir- 
cunifcii  a. ii .  "i  ii,,  arc  Ar.  Angular  magnitudes  are  al  o 
expre  sed  in  quadrants  ,,t  fourto  the  circumference,  in 
hours  of  six  to  tie-  quadrant,  in  sexagesimal  degrees  or  90 
to  the  quadrant,  (raieh  I  wicentesimal  deorc,  «of  loot"  tie 
quadrant,  etc.  Tic  arc  whose  Length  Is  equal  m  the  ra- 
il  Mi  id  ,  i:  iin.i.  "i  i  i ,  ii  '.8  nearly.  Theoreti- 
cally, thi  lie  i  no  .I  in  nil,  Is  the  logarithm  of  the  an  Inn 
moliic  latin  made  by  the  two  sides  with  the  two  tangents 
I,,  id,-  absolute  Intersecting  at  the  vertex  Angles  receive 
different  names,  according  to  then'  magnitude,  their  con- 
struction, their  position,  etc.     W  hen  one  straight  line  in- 


angle 

tersects  another  so  as  to  make  the  four  angles  so  formed 
equal,  these  angles  arc  called  right  angles,  and  each  is 
measured  by  an  are  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  circumfer- 
ence, or  90  degrees.  Thus,  Ml',  flg.  2,  is  a  right  angle. 
An  angle  which  is  less  than  a  right 
angle  is  acute,  as  Hi-  An  ,,/,- 
tuse  angle  is  one  win,  Ii  Is  gri  atei 
than  a  right  angle,  as  K(  IB.  Acuti 
and  obtuse  angles  are  both  called 
oblique,  in  opposition  to  right  an* 
gles,  A  ,'"  rvili  m  <n  angle  is  formed 
by  the  meeting  "i  the  tangents  to 

two  curved  lilies  at  their  point  of 
intersection.  .1,//o,vn'  or  ,;,/itl>ne 
ova  angles  are  Buch  as  have  one  leg 
common  to  both  angles,  both  to- 
gether being  equal   to  two  right   angles.      Thus,  in  lig.  2, 

ACE  and  ECU  are  adjacent  angles.  Conjugati  angles  are 
two  angles  having  a  common  vertex  and  common  legs, 
one  being  concave,  the  other  convex.  A  straight  angle  is 
an  angle  of  lso  .  A  reflex  angle  is  the  same  as  a  convex 
angle.  (See  conjugate  angles,  above.)  A.'.,  terior,  external,  or 
entirard  angles  are  the  angles  of  any  rectilinear  figure  with- 
out it,  made  by  producing  one  of  the  sides  at  each  vertex, 
the  angles  formed  within  the  figure  being  called  interior 
aneles.  When  one  line  intersects  a  pair  of  hues  in  a  plane, 
of  the  eight  angles  so  formed,  those  which  are  between 
the  pair  are  called  interim-,  those  without  exterior.  Of 
the  interior  angles,  a  pair  for  different  sides  of  the  inter- 
secting line,  and  at  different  intersected  lines,  are  called 
alternate  (which  see).  See  radian. 
Hence  —  2.  An  angular  projection  ;  a  project- 
ing corner :  as,  the  angles  of  a  1  milding. —  3.  In 
astrol.,  the  1st,  4th,  7th,  or 
10th  house. —  4.  In  anat.,  same 
as  angulus. —  5.  In  In  r.,  a  charge 
representing  a  narrow  band 
or  ribbon   bent  in  an  angle. 

[Rare.]— Angle  of  action,  in  gear- 
iiia.  the  angle  of  revolution  during 
which  a  tooth  remains  in  contact. — 
Angle  of  commutation.  See  com- 
mutation.— Angle  of 

Two  Angles  saltire-    contact.       See    con- 
wise     interlaced,     at    („,r.  _  Angle  Of  the 
each  end  an  annulet.    „„„  j.T,„„    w        ... 
(From  Berry's  "Diet.    Condyles.  Sec  ,',  am- 
of  Heraldry.")  tnn.lrn.  —  Angle    01 

crushing,  mphysics, 
the  angle  which  the  fractured  sulfa,,  ,,[ 
a  crushed  pillar  makes  with  the  axis  of 
the  pillar.  It  is  constant  for  any  given 
material.— Angle  of  curvature,  the 
angle  which  measures  the  rate  of  diver-  _.,_  Ct  /?,  Angle  of 
genee  of  a  curve  from  a  tangent  to  it  at  '  CruLhing. 
a  given  point.  It  is  the  angle  included 
between  the  tangent  and  an  infinitesimal  portion  of  the 
curve.— Angle  of  defense,  in  .tort.,  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  of  the  line  of  defense  with  the  line  of  t  be  think ; 
the  angle  formed  by  producing  the  faces  of  the  bastion.— 
Angle  of  departure,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a  line 
passing  through  the  siehts  of  a  gun  and  the  target  makes 
with  the  tangent  t"  the  trajecton  oi  the  projectile  as  it 
leaves  the  gun.  This  angle  differs  from  tic  angle  of  eleva- 
tion in  consequence  of  the  muzzle  being  thrown  up  when 
the  gun  is  discharged,  and.  when  there  is  windage,  because 
of  the  rebound  of  the  shot  from  the  sides  of  the  bore  near 
the  muzzle.  — Angle  of  depression.  See  depression.— 
Angle  Of  descent,  in  ordnance,  tile  angle  which  a  tangent 
to  the  trajectory  of  the  projectile  makes  with  the  horizontal 
plane  passing  through  the  point  of  first  graze  or  the  point 
of  impart.  — Angle  of  direction,  in  ntecA.,  an  angle  con- 
tained by  the  lines  of  direction  of  two  conspiring  forces.— 
Angle  of  divergence,  in  bat.,  the  angle  between  two 
sue,  e.-she  l,a\cs  en  the  same  stem.  It  is  expressed  as  a 
fraction  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  circle.  — Angle  of  draft,  for  vehicles  or 

heavy  bodies,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  direction  of  the 

pulling  force  makes  with  the  plane  over  which  the  body  is 
drawn.  Angle  of  elevation,  incidence,  inclination, 
polarization,  position,  reflection,  and  refraction. 
Sec  elevation,  etc  -Angle  of  repose,  the  greatest  angle 
of  ohliquity  "f  pressure  between  two  planes  which  is  con- 
sistent with  stability,  as  of  a  weight  upon  an  inclined 
plane:  ii-  tangent  is  the  coefficient  of  friction.  Some- 
times called  the  angle  of  friction.  Specifically,  in  aide, 
tb,  angle  at  which  the  voussoirs  Of  an  arch  cease  to  have 
any  tendency  to  slip,  or  to  exert  any  thrust  on  the  abut- 
ment. Kondelet's  experiments  with  well-wrought  sur- 
faces give  angles  ranging  from  28"  to  86°.-  Angles  of 
Segond.  Sec  craniometry.-  Angle  of  sight,  in  ord- 
nance, the  angle  between  a  line  drawn  through  the  axis  of 
the  bore  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  real  of  the  base  ring 
to  the  swell  of  the  muzzle   or  to   the  top  of  the  sight.— 

Angle  of  the  jaw,  in  anat.,  the  point  at  which  the  verti- 
caFhinder  edge  of  the  ramus  meets  the  horizontal  inferior 
bonier.— Angle  of  weather,  the  angle  at  which  the  sail 
ot  a  windmill  is  set.— Basilar  angle.  See  craniometry. — 
Carpal  angle,  see  carpal.—  Characteristic  angle  of 
a  curve,  s.,-  ,/mm./,  ,/.*o,\—  Chord  of  an  angle.  3ee 
cbeed.  clearance  angle,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a 
straight  line,  passing  through  the  topsof  the  tangent-scale, 
dispart  sight,  and  muzzle-notch,  makes  with  a  line  I'lual- 
lcl  to  the  axis  nf  Hie  piece,      ft  Varies  with  the  position  of 

the  dis], art-sight  and  the  taper  of  ilicgun.  Coracoscap- 
ular  angle.  See  coraeoscapvZar.-  Coronofacial  angle 
of  Gratiolet.  Sec  craniometry. — Cranial  angle.  Sec 
craniometry.  Critical  angle,  in  optics,  the  limiting 
angle  nt  incidence  which  separates  the  totally  reflected 
rays  from  those  which  (at  bast  partially)  escape  into  air. 
Fait  Light,  s  117.  Dead  angle,  the  space  between  a 
fortification  and  the  nearest  Mint  which  can  be  reached 
by  the  fire  of  its  defenders,  within  thl  Bpace  an  assail- 
ant is  -ale.  as  lb,-  missiles  from  the  fortification  pass  over 

his  bead,  uso  c.iiicd  ,/.,.'/  space.  Dihedral  angle. 
See  dihedral,  Eccentric  angle.  See  eccentric.-  Facial 
angle,  frontal  angle.  See  craniometry.  Genal  angle. 
Sec  genal.  Hour  angle,  in  asinue,  the  angle  between  the 
meridian  of  a  star  and  the  meridian  of  the  zenith,  mea- 
sured from  the  latter  toward  the  west,  and  usually  express- 
ed in  in, urs  and  tractions  of  an  I •.     Metafacial  angle, 

nasobasal  angle,  occipital  angle,  parietal  angle.  See 


angle 


Spherical  Angle. 


craniometry.— Olfactory  angle.  Sec  olfactory.— Optic 
angle.  See  optic.  Position  angle,  In  nitron.,  the  in 
clinatiun  of  anj  short  line,  as  the  line  between  the  two 
components  of  a  double  star  t->  the  meridian.  Reenter- 
ing "i-  reentrant  angle,  an  angle  of  which  the  apes  re 
cedes  with  reference  to  the  point  ol  view  from  which  il  is 
considered;  in  a  polygon,  an  angle  the  sides  of  which,  if 
produced,  would  cut  tin'  polygon.— Solid  angle,  fin  angle 
which  is  made  by  more  than  tun  plane  angles  meeting 
in  one  pi. int.  and  not  lying  in  tin'  same  plan.',  as  the  an- 
gle of  a  cube.  A  suii.l  angle  of  a  cone  is  measured  by  tin' 
area  of  the  segment  cut  off  by  the  cone  on  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  of  unit  ratlins,  having 
its  center  at  the  vertex  <>t  the  cone. 
—  Sphenoidal  angle.  Seecnmwme- 
try.— Spherical  angle,  an  angle  on 
the  surface  of  a  sphere  contained  be 
tween  the  ares  of  two  great  circles. 
Thus,  if  AE  and  »'E  be  ares  of  great 
circles  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
point  E,  the  angle  AEC  is  the  spherical 
angle  which  they  make  one  with  the 
other,  and  it  is  equal  to  the  angle  of 
inclination  form.. I  by  the  planes  of  the  great  circles  AB 
and  CD.  The  angle  is  measured  by  the  angle  formed  by 
the  tangents  of  the  two  arcs  at  their  point  of  intersection. 
— Trisection  of  the  angle.  See  trisection.— Vertical 
angle.    See  vertical. 

angle-bar  (ang'gl-biir),  re.  1.  In  carp.,  a  verti- 
cal bar  placed  at  the  angles  or  lines  of  intersec- 
tion of  the  faces  of  a  polygonal  window  or  bay- 
window. — 2.  Same  as  angle-iron. 

angle-bead  (ang'gl-bed),  re.  A  round  angle- 
staff;  a  plaster-bead  or  staff-bead. 

angle-beam  (ang'gl-bem),  «.  A  beam,  usually 
of  iron,  of  which  a  portion  or  flange  is  set  at  an 
angle  with  the  main  portion. 

angle-bevel  (ang'gl-bev"el),  n.  Same  as  bevel- 
square. 

angle-block  (ang'gl-blok),  re.  1.  In  bridge-  and 
roof-building,  a  block,  generally  of  metal,  placed 
at  the  junction  of  a  brace  or  strut  with  a  chord 
or  beam,  when  the  two  are  inclined  to  each 
other.  It  forms  an  abutment  for  the  end  of  the  brace 
or  strut,  and  the  tension-rods  usually  pass  through  it. 
2.  A  swivel  dock-block,  used  to  change  the  di- 
rection of  a  rope  when  hoisting,  etc. 

angle-brace  (ang'gl-bras),  re.  In  carp.:  (a)  A 
piece  of  timber  having  its  two  ends  fixed  to 
the  two  pieces  forming  adja- 
cent members  in  a  system  of 
framing,  and  subtending  the 
angle  formed  by  their  junction. 
When  it  is  fixed  between  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  quadrangular  frame,  it  is 
called  a  <!U<>f'ti>i(  brace  or  diagonal 
tic,  ami  when  placed  near  a  corner 
(a),  an  angle  tie.  (/,)  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  rectangu- 
lar crank-frame,  like  the  car- 
penter's brace  (see  brace*),  but  usually  much 
stronger,  carrying  a  parallel  tool-spindle  which 
ends  in  a  pad  (a)  or  bit-socket  of  the  ordinary 
form,  and  carries  a  small  bevel-wheel  gearing 
into  a  second  wheel  on  the  axis  of  a  winch- 


// 

//       /, 

V/a         // 

"- 

/A 

// 

.. 

// 

Diagn 


I  I... 


Boring  Angle-brace. 

handle,  by  which  motion  is  communicated  to 
the  drill.  This  tool  is  chiefly  used  for  boring  holes  in 
positions,  as  corners,  where  the  ordinal  \  brace  cannot  be 
conveniently  applied.  For  heavy  work  it  is  usually  mount- 
ed in  an  ordinary  drill-frame.    Also  called  corner-drill. 

angle-bracket  (ang'gl-brak*et),  n.  A  bracket 
placed  at  the  vertex  of  an  interior  or  exterior 
angle,  and  not  at  right  angles  to  the  sides. 

angle-brick  (ang'gl-brik),  re.  A  brick  molded 
to  fit  any  angle  other  than  a  right  angle,  or  used 
to  ornament  a  quoin. 

angle-capital  (ang'gl-kap''i-tal),ii.  1.  In  Gre- 
cian Ionic  arch.,  a  capital  on  the  corner  column 


Plan  of  an  Angle-Capital. 


213 
of  a  portico,  having  volutes  on  both  front  and 

Hank,  with  tile  volutes  which  would  coin.'  to- 
got  her  nt  the  angle  of  the  entablature  combined 
and  turned  outward  on 
llio  lino  of  I  ho  diagonal 
between  the  pianos  of 
the  frieze  on  front  and 
flank. —  2.  In  'Roman  and 
modern   Tonic  arch.,  the 

capital  of  a  similarly  sit- 
uated column,  having 
four  volutes,  of  which 
each  is  on  a  diagonal  of 
I  lie  abacus  of  the  capital. 

angle-chuck  (ang'gl- 
chuk),  re.  An  L-shapod  casting,  or  a  short  length 
of  angle-iron,  having  its  outer  face  planed,  and 
both  sides  provided  with  slots  for  bolts.  One  v- 
face  is  bolted  to  the  face-plate  of  a  lathe  or  to  the  table 
of  a  drilling-  or  planing-machine,  and  to  the  other  is  fas- 
tened the  piece  of  work  which  is  to  be  drilled  or  shaped. 
.See  eli  nek*. 

angled  (ang'gld),  a.  [<  angle*  +  -cd*.]  Hav- 
ing angles.     Specifically,  in  her.,  broken  in  an  angular 

direction:  said  of  the  boundary  iff  an  ordinary  or  of  any 
other  line  usually  straight.     Sec  beveled. 

angle-float  (ang'gl-flot),  re.  A  float  or  plaster- 
er's trowel  made  to  fit  any  internal  angle  in 
the  walls  of  a  room. 

angle-iron  (ang'gl-i"ern),  n.  Arolledorwroughi 
bar  of  iron  in  the  form  of  an  angle,  used  in  iron 
constructions.  Angle-irons  are  made  with  sections  in 
the  form  of  right  angles,  with  equal  or  unequal  sides  ;  in 
the  shape  of  double  angles,  when  they  are  called  channel- 
irons ;  and  in  the  form  of  the  letters  T,  I,  and  Z,  from 
which  they  take  the  names  of  T-.  1 '-,  and  Z-irons.  They 
are  used  for  joining  piece  to  piece  in  every  kind  of  iron- 
work, as  well  as  for  forming  component  parts  and  principal 
members  (as  the  ribs  of  ships,  the  V-girders  of  bridges  and 
floors)  in  all  iron  structures.     Also  called  angle-bar. 

angle-meter  (ang'gl-me"ter),  n.  [<  angled  + 
meter2,  q.  v.  See  angulometer.']  Any  instru- 
ment used  for  measuring  angles;  particularly, 
an  instrument  employed  by  geologists  for  mea- 
suring the  dip  of  strata ;  a  clinometer. 

angle-modillion  (ang^l-mo-diFyon),  n.  [< 
angle's  +  modillion.']  A  modillion  or  carved 
bracket  placed  beneath  an  angle  of  a  cornice  in 
the  direction  of  its  diagonal,  or  of  the  line  of 
its  mitering. 

angle-plane  (ang'gl-plan),  n.  In  car}).,  a  plane 
whose  bit  reaches  into  a  reentering  angle. 

angle-pod  (ang'gl-pod),  n.  The  name  of  an 
asclepiadaceous  vine,  Gonolobus  Icevis,  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

angler  (ang'gler), «.  [=  OD.  angheler  (D.  henge- 
htar)  =  (i.  angler  =  Dan.  angler;  <  angle1,  v.,  + 
-er1.]     1.  One  who  angles;  a  fisher  with  rod 


Angle-Capital,  north  porch  of  the  Erechtheum,  Athens, 
z,  internal  angle  ,  a,  external  angle. 


Angler  ( Lophius piscatorius). 

and  line. —  2.  The  fish  Lophius  piseatorius,  the 
typical  representative  of  the  family  Lophiidtc 
(which  see).  The  name  was  introduced  by  Pennant  in 
place  of  the  earlier  a&me8jtihing-frog<9XiAJrogfi8h,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  attracting  small  fish,  which  arc  its  prey,  by  the 
movement  of  certain  filaments  attached  to  the  head  and 
mouth.     It  is  found  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  America. 

angle-rafter  (ang'gl-raf"ter),  n.  A  rafter  placed 
at  the  junction  of  the  inclined  planes  forming 
a  hipped  roof.  Also  called  h  ip-rafter,  and  some- 
times piend-rafter.     See  hip1,  4. 

angler-fish  (ang'gler-fish),  k.  A  fish  with  ce- 
phalic spines  mollified  for  attracting  other 
fishes,  or  resembling  a  fishing-pole  and  line  with 
bait;  any  fish  of  the  order  1'cdicidati. 

Angles,  it.  pi.    See  Angle*. 

angle-shades  (ang'gl-shadz),  ».  A  British 
moth,  the  Phlogophora  meticulosa. 

anglesite  (ang'gle-sit),  n.  _[<  Angli  sea.  Anglesey, 
<AS.  Angleseq  (=  Icel.  (fngulsey),  lit.  Angle's 
island,  so  called  after  it  was  conquered  by  the 
Angles;  formerly  called  Mona;<  Angles,  gen. 
of  Angel  (see  .Ingle-).  +  eg,  Ig,  island:  see  ait, 
etfi,  and  island,]  A  sulphate  of  lead  occurring 
in  prismatic  crystals,  commonly  transparent 
and  colorless,  with  brilliant  adamantine  luster 
and  light  shades  of  yellow,  green,  blue,  and 
gray.  It  occurs  also  iii  massive  forms  with  granular 
structure.  The  crystals  are  often  found  in  cavities  of  the 
lead  sulphid  galena,  from  the  decomposition  of  which  they 
have  been  formed. 

angle-splice  (ang'gl-splia),  n.  A  splice  in  the 
angle  of  a  rail-head  or  -foot. 


Anglicize 

angle-staff  (ang'gl-staf),  ».  In  building,  a  ver- 
tical woo<len  strip  placed  at   a  projecting  or 

salient  angle  in  an  interior,  to  pre  sen  i 

corner,  anil  to  serve  as  a  gui.le  l,v  u  hii-li  to  float 
the  plaster  when  Hush  with  it.  '  When  prominent 
it  is  generally  made  ornamental,  and  when  rounded  it 
i   called  an  angle-bead  or  stajf-bt  ad. 

anglett,  »■    Erroneous  Eonn  of  agU  t. 
angle-tie  (ang'gl-ti),  m.    SeeangU  brace(ci). 
angletwitch  (ang'gl-twich),  «.'  [E.  dial.,  also 
corruptly  angletouch,  <  ME.  angletwitche, 

lira, 'in',  <  AS.  angeltwicca,  -twecca,  -twacca, 
-twicce,  <  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  +  twieca,  <  twic- 
cian,  twitch,  tweak:  see  angle1  ami  twitch, 
tweak.  Cf.  E.  dial,  twachel,  a  dew-worm  ;  an 
gledog,  a  large  earthworm.]  An  angleworm; 
an  earthworm.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

anglewise ( ang'gl-wiz), adv.  [< angle*  +  wist -.] 
After  t  he  manner  of  an  angle  ;  angularly. 

angleworm  (ang'gl-werm),  n.  [<  angle1  + 
worm.]  A  worm  used  for  bait  in  angling:  an 
earthworm. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Anglia, 
the  region  inhabited  by  the  Angles,  in  a  wider 
sense  England  (<  L.  Angli,  Angles:  see  Angle2), 
+  -are.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Angles, 
or  to  East  Anglia. 

II.   n.   A  member  of  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglic (ang'glik),  o.  [<ML. Angttcus,<h. Angli, 
the  Angles:  see  Angle2.']  Same  as  Anglian. 
[Rare.] 

Anglican  (ang'eli-kan),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  An- 
glicanus,  <  Anglicus,  pertaining  to  the  Angles 
or  to  England:  see  Anglic.]  I.  a.  English. 
Specifically — (a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  England 
ecclesiastically;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  Church  of  England. 

Many  members  of  the  Papal  communion  have  main- 
tained the  validity  of  Anglican  orders. 

Gladstone,  Church  Principles,  p.  228.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

(b)  High-church ;  pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  the  high-church  party  of  the  Church  of 

England. -Anglican  Church.  (a)  The  Church  of  Eng- 
land, especially  as  maintaining  a  Catholic  character  in  in- 
dependence of  the  pope  :  usually  applied,  therefore,  to  the 
Church  of  England  since  the  Reformation.  This  designa- 
tion occurs,  however,  in  a  provision  of  Magna  Charts, 
"  that  the  Anglican  Church  be  free  "(quod  Anytieana  eccle- 
si  a  libera  sit). 

The  sober  Principles  and  old  establishment  of  the  An- 
glicans Church. 

Fell,  Hammond's  Life,  in  his  Works,  I.  12.     (X.  E.  D.) 

(li)  In  a  more  comprehensive  sense,  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  churches  in  other  countries  in  full  accord  with  it 
as  to  doctrine  and  church  organization  ;  that  is,theChurch 
of  Ireland  (disestablished  1869),  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Scotland,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  churches  founded  by  the  church  of  England 
in  the  British  colonies  or  elsewhere.    See  episcopal, 

II.  re.  1 .  A  member  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, or  of  a  church  in  full  agreement  with  it. 
—  2.  One  who  upholds  the  system  or  teachings 
of  the  Church  of  England ;  especially,  one  who 
emphasizes  the  autliority  of  that  church;  a 
high-churchman. 

Anglicanism  (ang'gli-kan-izm),  n.  [<  Angli- 
can +  -ism.]  The  principles  of  the  Anglican 
Church  or  of  Anglicans. 

Anglice  (ang'gli-se),  adv.  [ML.,  adv.,  <  Angli- 
cus,  English  :  see  Anglic.']  In  English  ;  in  the 
English  language. 

Anglicifyt  (ang-glis'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -ft/,  <  L.  -ficarc,  <  facere,  make.] 
To  make  English  ;  Anglicize.     [Rare.] 

Anglicisation,  Anglicise.  See  Anglicieation, 
Anglicize. 

Anglicism  (ang'gli-sizm),  n.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -ism.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  English  ;  that  which  is  peculiar  to 
England  in  speech,  manner,  or  principle. 

If  Addison's  language  had  been  less  idiomatical  it 
would  have  lost  something  of  its  genuine  Anglicism. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

She  [England]  has  a  conviction  that  w  hat  ever  good  there 
is  in  us  is  wholly  English,  when  the  truth  is  that  we  are 
worth  nothing  except  so  far  as  we  have  disinfected  our- 
selves of  AngUcism.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  80. 

2.  An  idiom  of  the  English  language. — 3.  A 
word  or  an  expression  used  particularly  in  Eng- 
land, and  not  in  use,  or  in  good  use,  in  the 
United  States. 

Anglicization  (ang/gli-si-za'shon),  n.  [<  An- 
glicize +  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  making 
English  in  form  or  character,  or  of  becoming 
Anglicized.     Also  spelled  Anglicisation. 

Anglicize  (ang'gli-siz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Anglicized,  ppr.  Anglicizing.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  4-  -ise.~\  To  make  English;  render 
conformable  to  English  modes  or  usages.  Also 
spelled  Anglicise.     [Often  without  a  capital.] 


Anglicize 

The  last  persona  who  bear  any  likeness  to  the  lasa- 
gnone  are  the  Germans,  with  their  honest,  heavy  faces 
comically  anglicized  by  leg-of-mutton  whiskers. 

HoweUs,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Anglification  (aaig'gH-fi-ka'shpn),  re.  [<  An- 
glify:  see  -JicaUon.]  The  act  of  making  Eng- 
lish, or  of  bringing  into  conformity  with  English 
modes  and  ideas. 

Angliform  (ang'gli-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  AngV, 
Angles,  English  (see  Angle'),  +  forma,  form.] 
Resembling  English  in  form:  as,  "the  Angli- 
form dialeets  of  the  Continent/' ./.  .1.  II.  Mur- 
ray, Encyo.  Brit.,  VIII.  391. 

Anglify  (ang'gli-fi),  ».  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  Angli- 
fied,  ppr.  Anglifging.  [<  L.  Anglus,  sing,  of 
Ami!'  sir  A,njh~),  +  -fij,  <  L.  -ficare,  (.facere, 
make.]  To  make  English;  Anglicize;  espe- 
cially, to  adopt  into  the  English  language  and 
make  a  part  of  it :  as,  to  Anglify  French  words, 
that  is,  to  give  them  an  English  form  in  orthog- 
raphy, inflection,  or  pronunciation.     [Rare.] 

The  shops  [in  Mauritius]  were  all  French;  indeed,  I 
should  think  that  Calais  or  Boulogne  was  lillleh  more 
Anglijied.  Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  JI.  282. 

angling  (ang'gling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  angled,  v.] 
The  art  or  art  of.  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line; 
rod-fishing. 

We  may  say  of  angling  as  Dr.  Boteler  sai>i  of  strawber- 
ries :  "  Doubtless  '  rod  could  have  made  a  better  berry,  but 
doubtless  God  never  <li<i:'  ami  so,  if  I  might  be  judge, 
God  never  did  make  a  more  calm,  quiet,  innocent  recrea- 
tion than  an  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  5. 

Anglish  (ang'glish),  a.  and  n.  [<  Angle*  + 
-tsfe1.  Tie-  AS.  Englisc,  orig.  *Anglisc,  having 
become  E.  English  with  much  altered  meaning, 
the  term  Anglish  lias  been  occasionally  used  by 
recent  writers  in  the  original  sense  of  'English': 
see  English."]  I.  a.  Anglian;  Anglo-Saxon; 
English. 

II.  n.  The  Anglo-Saxon  or  earliest  English 
language.    Haldeman. 

Anglo-.  [First  in  ML.  Aitglo-Saxoncs  (see  Anglo- 
Saxon);  the  combining  form  of  L.  Anglus,  pi. 
Angli,  the  Angles,  the  'English,'  extended  to 
include  the  modern  English :  see  Angle2.]  An 
element  in  many  compound  words,  meaning 
Angles  or  English,  connected  with  England: 
as,  -jHjz/o-American ;  J«;//o-Indian. 

Anglo-American  (ang''gl6-a-rner'i-kan),  a.  and 
re.  I.  a.  1 .  Belonging  or  relating  to,  or  connect- 
ed with,  England  and  America  or  the  United 
States,  or  with  the  people  of  both:  as,  Anglo- 
American  commerce ;  Anglo-American  relations. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who  have  settled 
in  America,  especially  in  the  United  States,  or 
have  become  American  citizens:  as,  the  Anglo- 
American  population  of  New  York. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  descendant  of  a  native  of 
England  who  lias  settled  in  America  or  has  be- 
come an  American  (United  States)  citizen. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang-glo-kath'p-lik),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  1.  Catholic  according  to  the  teachings  of 
the  Church  of  England.  The  Church  of  England 
maintains  that  it  isCatbolie  in  the  same  sense  and  on  the 
same  grounds  as  those  on  which  the  Greek  Church  claims 
to  be  Catholic,  namely:  (l)  as  having  retained  its  organ- 
ization hi  continuous  succession  from  the  earliest  Christian 
ci  nturies  in  accordance  with  primitive  canons;  (2)  as  re- 
ceiving the  doctrinal  decisions  of  the  councils  aeknow- 

ecumenical  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church;  and  (3)  as  having  canonical  jurisdiction  in  the 
countries  in  which  it  exists. 

2.  Laying  especial  stress  on  the  Catholic  ehar- 
acter  of  the  Church  of  England;  high-church. 
Applied  t..  that  party  in  the  Anglican  Church  which  in 
doctrine  and  a  remonies  most  closely  approximates  to  the 
i:  .  hi  Ca  1 1 ioii  Church,  sometimes  called  the  ritualistic, 
high,  hi  /'"-'  yUt  section  of  the  church. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  England, 
or  of  any  Anglican  church  ;  especially,  one  who 
inn i nt ai us  the  Catholic  character  of  the  Angli- 
can Church,  lb  in  r  the  term  has  been  applied  espe- 
cially to  the  bigh-churchmen  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
such  as  Laud,  Andrews,  Cosin,  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  in 

the  present  centurj  to  the  adh<  rents  of  the  Oxford  1 1  - 

meat      Hi  h        fto  e,  William   Palmer,  ■'.  II.  Newman.  Im 
ble,  anil  Posey,  anil  later  to  tie  rei  tvera  oi  ancient  ritual, 

knOVi  n  a-  III 

Anglo-Catholicism  (ang*gl5-ka-thol'i-sizm),  n. 
The  principles  of  the  Anglican  < Ihurch  regarded 
as  catholic:  the  principles  of  Anglo-Catholics. 

Anglo-Danish  (ang-glo-da'nish),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the   English  Danes,  or  the   Danes  who 

■  1  in  England. 
Anglo-French  (ang-glo-french'),  a.  and  «.    I. 

tt.  English  ami  French;  pertaining  to  the  lan- 
guage so  called, 

iL  it.  That  form  of  Old  French  brought  into 
England  h\  I  lie  Normans  and  later  comers  from 

France,  and  there  separately  developed;  Anglo- 
Norman. 


214 

Anglogaea  (ang-glo-je'ii),  n.  [NL.,<  Anglo-  + 
Or.  )uia,  earth,  country.]  In  :obgeog.,  the  Au- 
glogtean  realm;  Nearctic  America  or  Arcta- 
merica.    QUI. 

Anglogaean  (ang-glo-je'an),  a.  In  zobgcog.,  a 
term  applied  by  Gill  to  one  of  the  nine  realms  or 
prime  divisions  of  the  earth's  land-surface,  in- 
cluding North  America  as  far  southward  as 
about  to  the  present  Mexican  boundary  in  the 
lowlands,  and  to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  in 
the  highlands:  synonymous  with  Arctameriean 
or  Nearctic. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang-glo-in'di-an),  a.  and  ».  I. 
a.  1.  Connected  with  both  England  and  India; 
combining  English  and  Indian  characteristics : 
as,  Anglo-Indian  trade;  Anglo-Indian  words. — 
2.  Relating  to  or  connected  with  those  parts 
of  India  which  belong  to  Great  Britain  or  are 
under  British  protection:  as,  the  Anglo-Indian 
empire. —  3.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
glo-Indians: as,  Anglo-Indian  housekeeping. 

II.  re.  One  of  the  English  race  born  or  resi- 
dent in  the  East  Indies. 

Anglo-Irish  (ang-glo-i'rish),  «.  and  w.  I.  a.  1. 
Connected  with  both  England  and  Ireland  ;  re- 
lating to  both  these  countries  or  to  their  in- 
habitants.—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who 
have  settled  in  Ireland,  or  to  their  descendants. 
—  3.  Of  English  parentage  on  one  side  and  of 
Irish  on  the  other. 

II.  n.  pi.  1.  English  people  born  or  resident 
in  Ireland. —  2.  Descendants  of  parents  Eng- 
lish on  one  side  and  Irish  on  the  other. 

Anglomant  (ang'glo-inan).  «. ;  pi.  Anglomen 
(-men).  [<  E.  anglomane,  \  anglomanie,  Anglo- 
mania; in  Jeff erson's  use  (def.  2)  as  if  <  Anglo- 
+  man.]  1.  An  Anglomaniac. —  2.  A  partizan 
of  English  interests  in  America. 

It  will  be  of  great  consequence  to  France  and  England 

to  have  America  governed  by  aGalloman  or  an  A  mil"  i  mm 

Jefferson,  Works  (1859),  II.  317.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Anglomania  (ang-glo-ma'ni-ii),  n.  [=  F.  an- 
glomanie; <  Anglo-  +  Gr.  fiavia,  madness:  see 
mania.]  An  excessive  or  undue  attachment 
to,  respect  for,  or  imitation  of  that  which  is 
English  or  peculiar  to  England,  as  English  in- 
stitutions, manners,  and  customs. 

Anglomaniac  ( ang-glo-ma'ni-ak),  re.  [<  Anglo- 
+  maniac,  after  Anglomania.]  One  who  is  pos- 
sessed by  a  mania  for  all  that  is  English. 

Anglo-Norman  (ang-glo-ndr'man),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  both  England  and  Nor- 
mandy, or  to  their  inhabitants. — 2.  Pertaining 
to  the  Normans  who  settled  in  England  after 
the  conquest  in  1066.— 3.  Of  both  English  and 
Norman  descent. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  Normans  who  settled  in 
England  after  its  conquest  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy in  1066,  or  one  of  the  descendants  of 
such  a  settler.  The  term  is  seldom  applied  to  any 
descendants  of  the  Normans  of  a  time  later  than  the 
twelfth  century;  after  that  time  they  are  called  English. 

2.  The  Norman  dialect  of  Old  French  as  spo- 
ken and  separately  developed  in  England. 

Anglophobe  (ang"'gl6-f6b),  n.  [<  F.  anglo- 
phobe,  <  Anglo-,  English,  +  Gr.  tt>o,3eiv,  fear.] 
One  who  hates  or  fears  England  or  the  English. 
Also  called  Anglophobist. 

Anglophobia  (ang-glo-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  -tpo/iia,  fear:  see  -pholria.]  An  intense 
hatred  or  fear  of  England,  or  of  whatever  is 
English. 

Anglophobic  (ang-glo-fo'bik),  a.  [<  Anglo- 
phobia +  -tc]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  Anglophobia. 

Anglophobist  (ang'glo-fo-bist),  n.  [<  Anglo- 
phobe  +  -int.]  Same  as  Anglophobe:  as,  "a 
bitter  Anglophobist,"  H.  Cabot  Lodge,  Webster, 
p.  267. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-glo-eak'spn),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Anglo-Saxones,  more  correctly  ■written  An- 
glosaxones,  pi.,  also  Angli  Saxones  or  Angli  el 
Saxones,  rarely  Saxones  Angli.  The  term  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  charters  of  Alfred  and 
his  successors  (chiefly  in  the  gen.  pi.  with  rex) 
as  the  general  name  of  their  people,  all  the 
Teutonic  tribes  in  England;  but  it  is  sometimes 
confined  to  the  people  south  of  the  Dumber. 
The  same  term  is  used  by  foreign  chroniclers 
and  writers  in  Latin  from  the  Slh  to  Ihe  12th 
century,  inthe  same  meaning  as  by  Alfred.  In 
the  Latin  charters  the  gen.  pi.  varies  from  An- 
glosaxonum  (besides  Anglorum   Saxonum   and 

Anglornin   it    Siuiiiiiiin)   through   the   half  AS. 

[ngulsaxonum  to  the  wholly  AS.  Angulsaxna, 
the  AS.  forms  (in  the  Anglo-Saxon  charters) 
being. tngnlsaxna,  -saxona,  -si  a.riia,  -sir.rna,  -sex- 
na,  and  Ongulsaxna,  gen.  pi.  of  "Angulscaxan 


Anglo-Saxon 

(corresponding   to    WesUseaxan,    Edst-seaxan, 
Suth-seaxan,  -seaxe,  Middel-seaxe,  Eald-seaxan, 

West-.  East-,  South-,  Middle-,  Old-Saxons), 
<  Angiil,  Ongol,  orig.  the  name  of  the  district 
from  which  the  Angles  came,  in  comp.  the  com- 
bining form  of  Angli1,  Engle,  pi.,  the  Angles  (so 
also  in  Angel-,  OngeV,  Ongot-cynn,  also  Angel- 
tlndd.  Anget-folc,  the  Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  peo- 
ple, Angel-cyning,  their  king.  AngeUcyrice,  the 
Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  church,  Angel-the&io,  a 
man's  name,  lit.  Angle-servant),-!-  Seaxan,  Sax- 
ons: see  Angle2  and  Saxon.  In  the  Latin  charters 
the  country  is  sometimes  called  Anglosaxonia  or 
Angiilsiixniiia,  as  wellasiSa-roHirt.  The  ML.  An- 
glosaxones  is  a  true  compound,  following  such 
forms  as  L.  Syrophaenix,  <  Gr.  ^.vpotpoinS,  a  Syro- 
phenieian,  i.  e.,  a  Syrian  Phenician;  L.  Indo- 
scythus,  <  Gr.  'Ivddaxwoc,  an  Indian  Scythian;  L. 
Indoscijtliia,  <  Gr.  'IvdoanxBia,  Indoscythia;  L. 
Gallogrceci,  the  Gallic  or  Galatiau  Greeks,  GaU 
loliispani,  the  Gallic  Hispanians,  the  Gauls  of 
Spain,  etc.,  the  form  in  -o-  being  the  crude  form 
or  stem  of  the  first  element,  which  stands  in  a 
quasi-adjective  relation  to  the  second:  see  -o-. 
Cf.  D.  Aitgelsakscr,  n.,  -saksiscli,  a.,  Sw.AngeU 
sachsarc,  n.,  Angetsacltsisk,  a.,  Dan.  Angelsach- 
scr,  n.,  Angelsachsisk,  a.,  based  on  the  G.  Angel- 
sachse,  pi.  -en,  n.,  Aitgelsdchsisvh,  a.;  all  mod.] 
I.  n.  1.  («)  Literally,  one  of  the  Angle  or  'Eng- 
lish' Saxons;  sometimes  restricted  to  the  Sax- 
ons who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  southern  districts 
(Wessex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middlesex — names 
which  contain  a  form  of  Saxon  —  and  Kent)  of 
the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindred  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla 
land,  now  England,  but  usually  extended  to  the 
whole  people  or  nation  formed  by  the  aggre- 
gation of  the  Angles,  Saxons,  and  other  early 
Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the  whole  people 
of  England  before  the  conquest,  (b)  pi.  The 
English  race ;  all  persons  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their  de- 
pendencies, who  belong,  actually  or  nominally, 
nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock  of 
Eugland;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English-speak- 
ing or  English-appearing  people. —  2.  [The  adj. 
used  absolutely.]  The  language  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons;  Saxon;  the  earliest  form  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  constituting,  with  Old  Saxon, 
Old  Friesic,  and  other  dialects,  the  Old  Low 
German  group,  belongingto  the  so-called  West 
Germanic  division  of  the  Teutonic  speech.  The 
first  Anglo-Saxon  dialect  to  receive  literary  cultivation 
was  that  of  the  Angles  (Anglo-Saxon  A'.niile,  Engle):  hence 
the  name  ASnglisc,  Englisc,  that  is,  Anglish,  was  after- 
ward applied  to  all  the  dialects,  ami  particularly  to  the 
prevailing  one.  West  Saxon  ;  it  is  the  origin  of  the  name 
English  as  applied  to  the  modern  mixed  language.  (See 
Anglish  and  English.)  A  Middle  Latin  name  for  the  lan- 
guage was  lingua  Saxonica,  or  Ungua  Saxonum  or  Anglo- 
saxonum.  The  Anglo-Saxon  language,  in  the  widest  use  of 
the  name, consisted  of  several  dialects:  the  Northern  or 
Anglian  group,  including  tin  Old  Northumbrian  and  the 
Midland  or  Mercian  dialects,  and  the  Southern  or  Saxon 
group,  including  the  West  Saxon  and  the  Kentish.  Ihe 
Kentish  remains  are  scanty,  the  Mercian  scantier  still  and 
doubtful,  while  the  old  Northumbrian  remains  are  con- 
siderable. The  great  bulk  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  literature 
is  West  Saxon,  the  two  terms  being  practically  synony- 
mous except  when  expressly  distinguished  as  generic  and 
specific.  In  the  Old  or  Middle  English  period  the  Mid- 
land  dialect  became  conspicuous,  and  it  is  to  it  that  the 

form  of  i 1,  in  English  is  chiefly  due.    In  this  dictionary 

Anglo-Saxon  (abbreviated  AS.)  includes  the  whole  lan- 
guage (hut  chiefly  West  Saxon,  the  Old  Northumbrian  and 
Kentish  being  discriminated  when  necessary)  from  the 
middle  of  thenfth  century,  or  rather  from  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, when  the  first  contemporary  records  begin,  to  the 
middle  or  end  of  the  twelfth  century  ;  the  language  from 
the  conquest  (1060)  to  the  end  of  this  period  being  'late 
Anglo-Saxon.'    See  English. 

Several  of  the  English  scholars  who  are  most  active  in 
the  study  of  early  English  wage  war  on  Anglo-Saxon. 
They  attack  the  word.  .  .  .  They  are  still  more  hostile  to 
the  suggestion  which  goes  with  the  word,  that  the  speech 
called  Anglo-Saxon  is  different  from  modern  English,  so  as 
lo  ih  serve  a  separate  name.  They  Bay  there  has  been  but 
.me  Bpeech  spoken  in  England  by  the  Teutonic  tribes  and 
their  descendants  from  Csedmon  to  Tennyson.  .  .  .  This 
classic  Ainil'iSfixnu  ililfers  from  our  English  in  phonology, 
...  in  vocabulary,  .  .  .  [in]  inflections,  ...  in  the  den. 
ration  of  words,  .  .  .  [injsyntax,  .  .  .  [in]  versification  (see 
alliteration],  .  .  .  [and  in]  the  modes  of  thought.  .  .  .  The 
former  is  a  synthetic  (Jerman  speech,  with  its  own  periods 
uf  early  irregular  idiom,  classic  cultivation,  decline  and  fall 
into  dialects  ;  the  latter  an  analytic  mixed  speech  ol  &0 
manic  cultivation,  with  other  periods  of  growth,  and  classic 
regularity  ami  progress.  And  a  chaos  separates  the  two 
language's.  It  is  only  when  attention  is  directed  to  the 
history  of  etymological  forms  that  unity  can  be  plausibly 
claimed  for  them  .  .  .  But  while  the  importance  of  these 
forms  in  tracing  the  descent  of  languages  is  probably  not 
overrated,  their  weight  in  establishing  identity  or  simi- 
larity may  easily  be.  .  .  .  The  proposed  use  of  OldEnglish 
|in  place  of  Anglo-Saxon]  docs  not  distinguish,  but  con- 
founds all  the  periods  of  Anglo-Saxon  ami  the  two  early 
periods  of  English.  .  .  .  The  reasons  urged  for  this  no- 
menclature are  in  great  part  sentimental.  It  is  thought 
to  magnify  the  English    language  and  race  to  represent 


Anglo-Saxon 

them  as  Low  German,  having  on  unbroken  history  parallel 
with  that  of  the  High  German,  and  reaching  through  a 
more  famous  career  to  a  more  venerable  antiquity.  But 
Americana  are  taught  to  believe  in  mixed  vans,  and  it 
magnifies  the  English  most  in  our  eyes  to  represenl  it  m 
the  old  fashion,  as  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  great 
Languages,  the  bearers  of  the  hest  cultivation  of  the  Teu- 
tonic and  Romanic  races. 

F.  A.  March,  in  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  IV.  97-105. 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons: &s,the  Anglo-Saxon  kings;  the  Anglo-Saxon 
language. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  language 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons;  belonging  to,  derived 
from,  or  haying  the  form  or  spirit  of  that  lan- 
guage: as,  the  Anglo-Saxon  elements  of  mod- 
ern English;  the  proportion  of  Anglo-Saxon 
words  in  the  Bible  or  Shakspere;  an  A nglo- 
Saxon  style,  as  contrasted  with  a  Latin  style. — 
3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  Anglo- 
Saxons,  or  the  English-speaking  race:  as,  An- 
glo-Saxon enterprise;  the  political  genius  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 

Anglo-Saxondom  (ang-glo-sak'son-dum),  n. 
[<  Anglo-Saxon  +  -dom.]  The  Anglo-Saxon 
domain;  the  whole  body  of  Anglo-Saxons,  in 
sense  1  (b). 

Anglo-Saxonic  (ang"glo-sak-son'ik),  a.  [< 
ML.  Anglosaxonious,  <  Anglosaxones :  see  Anglo- 
Saxon.']  Of  Anglo-Saxon  character  or  quality ; 
Anglo-Saxon  in  origin  or  seeming. 

Anglo-Saxonism  (ang-glo-sak'son-izm),  n. 
[<  Anglo-Saxon  +  -ism.]  1.  A  characteristic  or 
peculiarity  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. —  2.  A 
word,  phrase,  idiom,  or  peculiarity  of  speech 
belonging  to  Anglo-Saxon,  or  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin  or  type. — 3.  The  state  of  being  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  the  widest  sense ;  that  which  consti- 
tutes the  Anglo-Saxon  or  English  character  in 
the  aggregate  ;  the  feeling  of  pride  in  being 
Anglo-Saxon. 

angnailt,  n.  The  more  correct  form  of  agnail. 
See  agnail  and  hangnail. 

angola  (ang-go'lii),  n.  A  common  but  corrupt 
form  of  angora. 

Angola  cat,  pea,  seed,  weed.    See  the  nouns. 

angon  (ang  gon),  n.  [ML.  ango,  <  MGr.  hyyuv.] 
The  heavy  barbed  javelin  of  the  Franks.  It  is 
described  as  being  not  very  long,  but  heavy,  and  used  as 
much  to  drag  down  the  enemy's  shield,  when  fixed  in  it 
by  its  barbs,  as  to  inflict  wounds;  in  this  respect  resem- 
bling the  pilum  (which  see).  It  was  also  used  as  a  pike 
or  lance  in  close  combat. 

angor  (ang'gor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ««- 
gonr  and   (by  confusion  with   anger1)   anger, 

<  late  ME.  angure,  <  OF.  angor,  angonr,  <  L. 
angor,  ace.  angorcm,  anguish,  trouble,  lit.  a 
strangling,  <  angere  (=  Gr.  ayx^iv),  compress, 
throttle,  strangle,  stifle,  distress,  torment, 
trouble:  see  anguish,  august,  and  anger'1-.  In 
the  medical  sense  angor  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  the  kindred  angina.]  If.  Anguish;  intense 
bodily  or  mental  pain. 

For  man  is  laden  with  ten  thousand  languors; 
All  other  creatures  onely  feele  the  angors 
Of  few  diseases. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas(ed.  Grosart),  The  Furies,  1. 607. 
Whose  voices,  angers,  and  terrors,  and  sometimes  bowl- 
ings, he  said  he  often  heard, 

Alrp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  175. 

2.  In  med.,  extreme  anxiety,  accompanied  with 
painful  constriction  at  the  epigastrium,  and 
often  with  palpitation  and  oppression.  Dungli- 
son. 
angora  (ang-go'i'ii),  n.  [<  Angora  (Turk.  An- 
ghiir),  mod.  form  of  Gr.  "V)  nvpa,  L.  Aneyra,  a  town 
in  Asia  Minor,  giving  name  to  the  eat  and  the 
goat  so  called:  see  also  Ancyrene.  The  name 
coincides  with  Gr.  ayxvpa.  L.  ancora,  a  hook,  an 
anchor:  see  anchor1.']  A  light  cloth  made  of 
Angora  wool,  and  used  for  coats  and  cloaks. 
Tlie  angora  of  commerce  does  not  now  contain  Angora 
wool,  but  is  made  of  mohair  and  silk.  Erroneously  but 
commonly  written  angola. 

Angora  cat,  goat,  wool.    See  the  nouns. 

Angostura  bark.  [<  Angostura,  a  town  in  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  Orinoco ;  lit.  a  narrow  pass ;  < 
Sp.  angostura  (=  Pg.  angustura),  narrowmess,  a 
narrow  pass,  <  angosto  (=  Pg.  angusto),  narrow, 

<  L.  angustus,  narrow:  see  august  and  anguish.] 
See  bail.-. 

angrily  (ang'gri-li),  adv.    [ME.  angrily,  angryly, 
-liche ;  (. angry  +  -utfi.    Cf. angerly, adv.]    [nan 
angry  manner;  with  indications  of  resentment. 
Rashly  and  angrily  I  promised ;  but  cunningly  and  pa- 
tiently will  I  perform.  C.  Kingsley,  The  Heroes. 

angriness  (ang'gri-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  angry. 

Such  an  angriness  of  humour  that  we  take  fire  at  every, 
thing.  Dr.  H.  More,  Whole  Duty  of  .Man,  §  22. 

2.  Inflammation  and  pain  of  a  sore  or  swell- 
ing.    [Obsolescent.] 


216 

angry  (ang'gri),  a.  [ME.  angry,  earlier  an- 
gerich;  <  anger*  +  -y1.]     It.  t'ausing  grief  or 

trouble;  troublesome;   vexatious;  trying. 

God  lent  provided  a  severe  and  angry  education  to 
chasten  the  xrov/ardneBS  of  a  young  spirit. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  III.  107. 

2f.  Feeling  grief  or  trouble ;  grieved;  troubled; 
vexed. — 3.  Feeling  or  showing  anger  or  re- 
sentment {with  or  at  a  person,  at  or  about  a 
thing) :  said  of  persons. 

God  is  angry  with  the  wicked  every  day.         i's.  vii.  11. 

[lather  beglad  to  amend  your  ill  living  than  to  be  angry 
when  you  arc  warned  or  told  of  your  fault. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

HOW  be  fell 

From  heaven  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  Jove 
Sheer  o'er  the  crystal  battlements. 

Milton,  V.  I.  ,  i.  741. 

4.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  anger ; 
wrathful:  as,  an  angry  look  or  mood;  angry 
words  ;  an  angry  reply. 

Often  a  mans  own  angry  pride 
Is  cap  and  bells  for  a  fool. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 

5.  Bearing  the  marks  of  anger;  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  in  anger ;  frowning ;  fierce : 
as,  an  angry  countenance  ;  angry  billows. 

And  with  my  knife  scratch  out  the  angry  eyes 
Of  all  the  Greeks  that  are  thine  enemies. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1469. 

From  the  far  corner  of  the  building,  near  the  ground, 

unary  puffs  of  steam  shone  snow-white  in  the  moon  ami 

vanished.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  54. 

6.  Having  the  color  of  the  face  of  one  who  is 
in  anger;  red.     [Rare.] 

Sweet  rose,  whose  hue  angry  and  brave. 

Herbert,  Virtue. 

7.  Sharp;  keen;  vigorous.     [Bare.] 

I  never  ate  with  angrier  appetite. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

8.  In  med.,  inflamed,  as  a  sore;  exhibiting  in- 
flammation. 

This  serum,  being  accompanied  by  the  thinner  parts  of 
the  blood,  grows  red  and  angry.  Wiseman,  Surgery. 

=  Syn.  3,  4,  5.  Indignant,  incensed,  passionate,  resent- 
ful, irritated,  wrathful,  irate,  hot,  raging,  furious,  stormy, 
choleric,  inflamed,  tumultuous. 

anguiculae  (ang-gwik'u-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern, 
pi. ;  cf.  L.  anguiculus,  in.,  a  small  serpent,  dim. 
of  anguis,  a  serpent:  888  Anguis.]  An  old  name 
of  the  small  nematoid  worms,  as  those  of  the 
family  Anguillulida;  found  in  sour  paste,  vine- 
gar, etc.,  and  commonly  called  vinegar-eels.  It 
was  not  used  as  a  zoological  name. 

anguicular  (ang-gwik'u-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anguiculEe. 

anguid  (ang'gwid),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Align  ida. 

AngUidse  (ang'gwi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anguis  + 
-iila.]  A  family  of  lacertilians,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anguis.  It  is  closely  related  to  the  SciTicidoe, 
and  contains  a  number  of  feeble,  fragile,  and  harmless  apo- 
dal and  snake-like  lizards,  living  in  holes  or  under  stones, 
and  feeding  on  insects  or  worms.  The  technical  charac- 
ters are:  an  esquamate  tongue  whose  anterior  portion  is 
retractile,  clavicles  undilated  proximally,  postorbital  and 
postfrontal  arches  present,  and  temporal  fossa)  roofed  over, 
and  the  body  furnished  with  osteodermal  plates  having 
irregularly  brandling  or  radiating  channels. 

Anguifer  (ang'gwi-fer),  n.  [L.,  serpent-bear- 
ing, <  anguis,  a  serpent  (see  Anguis),  +  fern-  = 
E.  bear1.]  In  astron.,  a  northern  constellation 
pictured  by  a  man  holding  a  serpent;  Serpen- 
tarius,  or  Ophiuchus.    See  cut  under  OphiuSws. 

anguiform  (ang'gwi-form),  a.  [<  NL.  angui- 
furniis,  <  L.  anguis.  a  snake  (see  Anguis),  +  for- 
ma, form.]  Snaky;  serpentine;  like  a  snake: 
said  both  of  shape  and  of  movement:  as,  an 
anguiform  motion;  an  anguiform  myriapod; 
"1he  anguiform  Chilognathans,"  Kirby,  Habits 
of  Animals  (1835),  p.  68. 

Anguiformes  (ang-gwi-ffir'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  anguiformis:  see  anguiform.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  group  of 
chilognath  myriapods,  corresponding  to  the 
family  Iulidce  of  Westwood. 

Angllilla  (ang-gwil'a),  n.  [L„  an  eel  (cf.  Gr. 
eyxtAvc,  an  eel),  dim.  of  anguis,  a  serpent:  see 


Common  Eel  lAHguUIa  ■ 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Co 


Anguis.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Anguilliilir :  a  name  sometimes  given  com- 
prehensively to  the  apodal  fishes  with  pectoral 


anguish 

fins,  but  by  roe,  nt  authors  restricted  to  the 

e in lei,  .1.  vulgaris,  mid  closely  related 

species.    1(-    i',  i  i      ii.  very  diversely  estimati  *i 
authors  recognizing  about  r,u,  othersonlj  i  the  Irct 
.1.  mtlgari t,  tin   Indian    I    marmorata  and   t 
the  i  tceanic  A.  megalo  toma. 
anguillid  (an«  gwil'id),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

Anguilliilir,  us  tin  eel. 

Anguillidae  (ang-gwil'i-de),  »./)'.    [NL.,<  An- 
giiiiin  +  -niii.\    A  family  of  apodal  fishes,  e 
plified  by  the  genus  AnguiUa  :  the  typical  eels. 

\  ;n  [ous  limits  have  I n  assigned  t.i  it  bj  ichthyol. 

As  now  restricted,  the  Anguilh  Ice  ■!  by 

tlie  presence  of  pectoral  tins,  remott  nes  ol  tin  dorsal  tin 
from  tic  head,  confluenci  of  tic  dorsal  ami  anal  fine  with 
the  caudal,  presence  of  small  elliptical  obliquely  sel  Bcales, 
discrete  lateral  nostril-,  tongue  free  En  front,  Blendi 

duced  pterygoid  b b,  elongated  jaws,  and  moderately 

broad  ethmovomerine  region,  in  this  sense  the  family 
contains  only  the  genus  Anguilla. 

anguilliform  (ang-gwil'i-fdrm),  «.     [<  NL.  an- 

guilliformis,  <  L.  aiiguilla,  an  eel,  +  forma, 
form.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a 
serpent ;  resembling  an  eel  or  a  serpent.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  In  irlilh.,  having  the  zoological 
character  of  an  eel;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
guilliformes. 

Anguilliformes  (ang-gwil-i-f5r'mez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  angiiilliforuiis :  see  anguilliform.] 
In  Cuvier's  classification  of  fishes,  the  only 
recognized  family  of  Malacopterygii  apodes,  in- 
cluding fishes  with  an  elongated  form,  a  thick 
and  soft  skin,  few  bones,  no  ca?ca,  and  in  most 
cases  a  swim-bladder  which  is  often  of  singu- 
lar shape.  It  has  been  disintegrated  into  many 
families,  and  even  different  orders. 

Anguillina  (ang-gwi-li'nii),  n.  ///.  [NL.,  < 
AnguiUa  +  -ina.]  In  Giinther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  group  of  Muramidte platyehista,  with 
the  gill-openings  separated  by  an  interspace, 
pectoral  fins  present,  nostrils  superior  or  lat- 
eral, tongue  free,  and  the  end  of  the  tail  sur- 
rounded by  the  fin. 

anguillous  (ang-gwil'us),  a.  [<  L.  anguilla,  an 
eel,  +-0U8.]  Like  an  eel;  anguilliform.   [Rare.] 

Anguillula  (ang-gwil'u-la),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
L.  anguilla,  an  eel.]  A  genus  of  nematoid 
worms  or  nemathelminths,  typical  of  the  family 
Anguillulida}  (which  see).  The  common  vinegar-eel 
is  A.  aceti ;  that  of  sour  paste,  A.  glutinosa;  that  of 
blighted  wheat,  A.  tritici.    Sec  cut  under  A<  matoidea. 

anguillule  (ang-gwil'ul),  ».  [<  Anguillula,  q.  v.] 
One  of  the  anguicuke  or  Anguillulida!;  any  simi- 
lar eel-like  creature  of  small  size. 

Anguillulidae  (ang-gwi-lu'li-de),  ii.  /il.  [NL.,  < 
Anguillula  +  -iihe.]  A  family  of  free,  that  is,  not 
parasitic,  nematoid  worms,  including  the  minute 
creatures  known  as  vinegar-eels.  The  family  is  re- 
lated to  the  GordUdce,  or  horsehair  worms,  and  contains 
many  genera,  of  which  the  best  known  is  Anguillula. 

AngUin»  (ang-gwi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Anguis 
+  -ina.]  The  slow-worms,  or  Anguidie,  rated  as 
a  subfamily  of  Scincidw. 

anguine  (ang'gwin),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus,  <  un- 
guis, a  snake:  see  Anguis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  snake;  snake-like:  as.  "the  on- 
guine  or  snake-like  reptiles,"  Owt  «,  Comp.  Anat. 
—  Anguine  lizard,  a  snake-lizard  of  Soutn  Africa,  Cha- 
mcesaura  anguina.    See  Chamcesaura. 

anguineal  (ang-gwin'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus 
(see  anguine)  +  -al.]  Resembling  or  pertaining 
to  a  snake  or  snakes — Anguineal  hyperbola,  a 
term  applied  by  Newton  to  a  hyperbolic  curve  of  the  third 
order  having  one  asymptote  and  three  inflections. 

anguineous  (ang-gwin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  angui- 
iii us:  see  anguine.]     Same  as  anguineal. 

Anguinidae  (ang-gwin'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anguis  +  -in-  +  -iilir.]     Same  as  Anguidee. 

ang'uiped,  anguipede  (ang'gwi-ped,  -ped),  a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  anguipes,  <  anguis  (see  Anguis),  a 
serpent,  +  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing feet  or  legs  in  the  form  of  serpents:  ap- 
plied to  such  conceptions  as  the  serpent -footed 
giants  of  Greek  mythology. 

A  winged  anguipede  giant. 

J.  S.  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  IT.  805,  note. 

II.  u.  An  individual  fabled  to  have  serpents' 
bodies  and  heads  in  the  place  of  legs. 
Anguis  (ang'gwis),  n.     [L.,  a  serpent,  :t  snake, 
lit.  a  throttler,  a  constrictor  (see  constrictor).  < 
angere,  throttle,  choke:  see  auger1  and  angor.] 
A  genus  of  scincoid  lizards,  typical  of  the  family 
Anguidee,  represented  by  the  slow-worm  or  blind- 
worm  of  Europe,  Anguis  frugilis,  us  flu-  best- 
known  species.    These  lizards  am  pi  rfectlj  harmless, 
though  popularly  thought  t"  be  dangerous.     Thej  have 
been  supposed  to  be  blind,  from  tic  smallnessof  ti. 
The  body  is  very  brittle,  and  tin-  tail  readily  breaks  off. 
There  are  apparently  no  limbs,  so  that  tlie  animal 
hies  a  small  snake  or  worm. 

anguish  (ang'gwish),  «.     [<  ME.  anguish,  an- 

guyshc,  angwishe,  angwischc,   etc.,  earlier  an- 


anguish 

guise,  anguis,  anguisse,  angoise,  angus,  etc.,  < 
OF.  anguisse,  angoisse,  mod.  V.  angoisse  =  Pr. 
angoissa  =  OSp.  angoxa  (Sp.  Pg.  angustia)  = 
It.  angoseia,  anguish.,  <  L.  angustia,  straitness, 

narrowness,  in  class.  ],.  usually  in  pi.  angus- 
tin,  a  defile,  strait,  fig.  straits,  distress,  diffi- 
culty, scarcity,  want,  poverty,<  angustus,  strait, 
narrow,  difficult  (cf.  Goth,  aggirus  =  AS.  ange, 
i  ngi .  etc.,  strait,  narrow),  <  itugi  re=  I  ir.  dy;reH', 
choke,  strangle,  stifle:  see  angust,  angor,  and 
arer/cr1.]  1.  Excruciating  or  agonizing  pain  of 
either  body  or  mind ;  acute  suffering  or  distress. 

I'.ut  they  hearkened  not  unto  Moses  for  anguish  of  spirit, 
and  for  cruel  bondage.  Ex.  vi.  9. 

"When  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  thou.     Scull,  Marmion,  vi.  30. 

In  the  sternest  of  his  [Achilles's]  acts,  we  read  only  the 
anguish  of  his  grief.  De  Quincey,  Homer,  iii. 

2.  An  overwhelming  emotion.     [Rare.] 
He  cried  in  an  anguish  of  delight  and  gratitude. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
=Syn.  Agony,  Anguish,  Pang,  etc.  Seea^ong  and  grief. 
anguish  (ang'gwish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  anguyschen, 
angw-ishen,  earlier  anguisen,  anguissen,  <  OF. 
angoisser,  anguisser =Pr.  angoissar=Sp.  Pg.  an- 
gii.itiar  =  It.  angosciare;  from  the  noun.]  To 
distress  with  excruciating  pain  or  grief. 

I  wish  thou  hadst  not  alighted  so  hastily  and  roughly: 
it  hath  shaken  down  a  sheaf  of  thy  hair;  take  heed  thou 
sit  not  upon  it,  lest  it  anguish  thee. 

Landor,  Leofric  and  Godiva,  p.  61. 

anguished  (ang'gwisht),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  anguisht,  <  ME.  ant/icislied.]  Affected  by 
anguish;  expressing  or  caused  by  anguish. 

On  thy  cold  forehead  starts  the  anguished  dew. 

Coleridge,  Death  of  rhatterton. 

anguishoust,  "•  [Early  mod.  E.,  and  mod.  dial., 
<  ME.  anguishous,  angirisshons,  earlier  anguys- 
sous,  angwisous,  anguisuse,  angussus,  <  OF.  an- 
guissus,  angussus,  later  angoissi  ».;■  (( 'ot grave)  = 
Pr.  angoissos  =  Sp.  Pg.  angustioso  =  It.  angosei- 
oso,  <  ML.  angusUosus,(.  L.  angustia ;  see  anguish 
and -oka.]  Full  of  anguish;  attended  with  an- 
guish.    Chaucer. 

angular  (ang'gu-lSr),  a.  [<  L.  annularis,  <  an- 
gulus,  an  angle:  see  angle3.}  1.  Having  an 
angle  or  angles ;  having  corners;  pointed:  as, 
an  angular  figure;  an  angular  piece  of  rock; 
angular  writing  (that  is,  with  the  turns  sharply 
pointed  instead  of  curved). — 2.  Consisting  of 
an  angle;  forming  an  angle:  as,  an  angular 
point. —  3.  Measured  by  an  angle;  subtending 
an  angle ;  having  a  divergence  expressed  in  de- 
grees, minutes,  and  seconds:  as,  angular  dis- 
tance; angular  velocity. — 4.  Of  persons:  (a) 
Having  or  exhibiting  protuberances  of  joint  or 
limb;  acting  or  moving  awkwardly  or  as  if  in 
angles. 

He  is  annular  in  his  movements,  and  rather  tall. 

F.  M.  Crawford,  Paul  Patoff,  viii. 

(b)  Stiff  in  manner;  cranky;  crotchety;  un- 
bending.—Angular  advance  of  an  eccentric,  the 
angle  which  measures  the  are  described  l>y  the  center  of 
the  eccentric  in  moving  from  its  position  at  a  half  stroke 
to  that  which  it  occupies  at  the  commencement  of  the 
stick,  of  the  piston.  -Angular  aperture  of  lenses. 
v'  e  apt  rture.  Angular  artery,  in  anat.,  the  facial  ar- 
tery which  passes  near  the  angle  of  tlie  jaw,  and  finally 
near  the  inner  angle  of  the  eye ;  especially,  this  latter  por- 
tion ot  it,  course.  -Angular  belting,  belting  having  a 
trapezoidal  section  and  used  with  a  grooved  pulley.  It  is 
employed,  because  of  its  great  adhesion,  where  a  narrow 

belt  or  considerable  tract is  desired.    The  heavier  belts 

of  this  class  are  made  by  fastening  blocks  of  leather  or 
other  suitable  mati  rial,  shaped  like  truncated  pyramids, 
to  tic  inner  fa*  e  ol  a  itrong  carrier-belt.— Angular  bone, 
a  hoi,,-  Bituated  at  or  near  the  angle  of  the  mandible  of 
lower  iih  hi  i,i,  3.—  Angular  capital,  an  incorrect  term 
for  angle  capital.  Angular  chain-belt,  a  chain  fitted  to 
run  over  ■<  ^  shaped  pulley.  In  some  forms  flat  links 
are  covered  with  leather,  which  bears  against  the  sides  of 

the  groove;  in  others  there  are  ion-  links  with  u len 

blocks  wedged  Into  them,  whose  ends  form  the  bearing 

iIm'  links  al- 
ternate with  -hort'  r  oms 
which  '  i  ;■  ii. '  rely  as 
connections.  —  Angular 
distance. 
—  Angular  gearing,  in 

much.,  toothed  wheels  of 
irregular  outline,  used  in 
1 1  in  mining  variable  mi i 
twh  Angular  gyrus. 
9 "■"•■  Angular  in- 
tervals, i"  -i  the  equator  which 
are  Intercepted   between  circles  ol  declination  passing 

through  the  object  j  observed,     i  hi  j    ai tired   by 

means  of  tin-  transit  instrument  and  clocfc  Angular 
motion,  in  phy  <<■  the  motion  oi  am  bodj  which  moves 
■  I  mi  relatively  fixed  point  :  as,  the  angular 
motion  ol  :i  pendulum  or  ;i  planet ;  so  called 
motion  i^  measured  by  the  angle  contained  between  tint  i 
drawn  hiDm  the  fixed  point  to  the  successive  positions  ol 
iii-  moving  body.  Angular  oscillation,  see  oscUla 
>>■  n      Angular  perspective,  in  dravdng%  that  kind  <>f 

perspective  in  whli  I thi  r  oi  the  Bide   ol  the  pr pal 

object  Is  parallel  to  the  plane  ol  the  picture,  andtneri  ton 


216 

in  the  representation,  the  horizontal  lines  of  both  con- 
verge to  vanishing-points.  Also  called  oblique  pcrspcrl  i rr. 
Angular  processes,  in  anat.,  the  orbital  processes  of 
the  frontal  bone  mar  the  angles  of  the  eye.  The  external 
angular  process  is  sometimes  called  the  jugal  process.  See 
cui  under  skull.  Angular  sections,  that  pari  of  mathe- 
matics which  treats  of  the  division  of  angles  into  equal 
parts.— Angular  vein,  in  anat.,  the  part  of  the  facial 
veiit  which  accompanies  the  angular  artery.  — Angular 
velocity,  in  mech.,  the  angle  which  a  line  perpendicular 
to  the  AXIS  of  rol;, lion  sweeps  through  in  a  given  unit  of 
time  ;  the  speed  or  rate  of  revolution  of  a  revolving  body: 
usually  expressed  in  circular  measure  (which  see,  under 
measure). 
angularity  (ang-gu-lar'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  angularities 
(-tiz).  [C angular  +  -ity'.]  The  quality  of  being 
angular  in  any  sense;  an  angular  detail  or 
characteristic. 

No  doubt  there  are  a  few  men  who  can  look  beyond  the 
husk  or  shell  of  a  fellow-being— his  angularities,  awk- 
wardness, or  eccentricity  —  to  the  hidden  qualities  within. 
If.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  142. 

angularly  (ang'gu-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  angular 
manner;  with  angles  or  corners. 

angulamess  (ang'gu-ljir-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  angular. 

angulate  (ang'gti-lat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gulated,  ppr.  angulaUng.  [<  L.  angulatus,  made 
angular  (cf.  LL.  angularc,  make  angular),  <  an- 
il ul  us,  angle:  see  angle3.']  To  make  angular  or 
angulate. 

angulate  (ang'gu-lat),  a.  [<  L.  angulatus :  see 
the  verb.]  Formed  with  angles  or  corners ;  of 
an  angular  form;  angled;  cornered:  as,  ungu- 
late stems,  leaves,  petioles,  etc. 

angulated  (ang'gu-la-ted),  p.  a.  Same  as  an- 
gulate, a.:  as,  ''angulated  fore-wings,"  H.  0. 
Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  274. 

angulately  (ang'gu-lat-li),  adv.  In  an  angtdate 
manner;  with  angles  or  corners. 

angulation  (ang-gu-la'shon),  n.  [<  angulate.'] 
A  formation  of  angles ;  the  state  of  being  an- 
gulated. 

angulato-gibbous  (ang-gu-la-to-gib'us),  a.  [< 
L.  angulatus,  angulate,  +  LL.  gibbosus,  gib- 
bous.] Gibbous  with  an  angulate  tendency. 
X  E.  I). 

angulato-sinuous  (ang-gu-la-to-sin'u-us),  a. 
[<L.  angulatus,  angulate,  +  sinuosus,  sinuous.] 
Sinuous  or  winding  with  the  curves  angled. 
N.  E.  I). 

anguli,  n.     Plural  of  angulus. 

anguliferous  (ang-gu-lif  'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  angu- 
lus, an  angle,  +  ferre=tl.  bear1.]  In  conch., 
having  the  last  whorl  angulated.     Craig,  1847. 

angulinerved  (ang'gu-li-nervd),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
gulus, an  angle,  +  nervum,  nerve,  +  -cd2.]  In 
bat.,  having  nerves  which  diverge  at  an  angle 
from  the  midnerve,  often  branching  repeatedly 
by  subdivision,  as  in  most  exogenous  plants; 
feather- veined:  applied  to  leaves. 

Angulirostres  (ang"gu-li-ros'trez),  re.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  L.  angulus,  an  angle,  +  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  Blyth's  classification  of  birds  (1849),  a 
superfamily  group  of  his  Haleyoides,  including 
the  todies  and  jacamars,  or  the  two  families 
TodidiE  and  Galbulida: 

angulo-dentate  (ang"gu-lo-den'tat),  a.  [<  L. 
angulus,  angle,  +  dentatus,  toothed:  see  den- 
tate.']    Angularly  toothed. 

angulometer  (ang-gu-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
gulus, angle,  +  Gr.  fifrpov,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  external  angles ;  a 
goniometer.  It  has  various  forms.  See  cut 
under  goniometer. 

angulose  (ang'gu-los),  a.  [<  L.  angulosus,  < 
angulus,  ait  angle.]  Full  of  angles;  angu- 
lotts. 

angulosity  (ang-gu-los'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  angulositii  s 
(-tiz).  [<  angulose  +  -ity.]  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  angulous  or  angular;  angularity. 

anguloso-gibbous  (ang-gu-lo-so-gib'us),  a. 
Same  as  angulato-giblaois. 

angulous  (ang'gu-lus),  a.  [=F.  anguleux,  for- 
merly angli  ii.r,  =  It.  angiilosa,  <  L.  angulosus, 
full  of  angles:  see  angulose.]  Angular;  hav- 
ing corners;  hooked;  forming  an  angle. 

Held  together  hy  hooks  and  angulous  involutions. 

Qlanvilk ,  Seep.  Sci.,  vii.  ;;?. 

angulus  (ang'gu-lus ),  ».;  pi.  anguli  (-h).  [L.  : 
see  iingh'-'.]  1.  In  limit.,  an  angle:  used  in 
phrases  like  angulus  oris,  the  corner  oi  the 
mouth;    angulus   uniuililnilir,    the    angle  <<(   tin 

mandibl 'lower jaw-bone;  angulus  costw,  the 

angle  of  a  rib. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
mollusks. 
angustt  (ang-gusl').  a.  [<  F.  anguste  (Cotgrave), 
<  L.  angustus,  strait,  narrow,  contracted,  small, 
<angerc,  compress,  strangle:  sec  anguish,  angor, 
and  anger1.]     Narrow ;  strait.     Burton. 


anhidrosis 

angustatet  (ang-gus'tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
angustalnl,  ppr.  iingustating.  [<L.  angustatus, 
pp.  of  angiistari ,  straiten,  narrow,  <  angustus, 
narrow:  see  august.]  To  make  narrow  ;  strait- 
en; contract. 

angustate  (ang-gus'tat),  a.  [<  L.  angustatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb. ]     Narrowed;  straitened. 

angustation  (ang-gus-ta'shon),  ».  [<  angus- 
tate.] The  act  id'  making  angustate  or  narrow; 
a  straitening  or  narrowing  down. 

angusticlave  (ang-gus'ti-klav),  n.  [<  L.  o«- 
giisltrlarius,  adj.,  wearing  a  narrow  purple 
stripe,  <  angustus,  narrow,  +  clavus,  a  nail,  a 
knob,  a  purple  stripe  on  the  tunic:  see  clarus.] 
A  narrow  purple  stripe  or  band  reaching  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  bottom  of  the  tunic  on  each 
side,  worn  regularly  by  members  of  the  Roman 
equestrian  order,  and  sometimes  by  those  of  in- 
ferior rank  who  had  the  means  to  provide  it. 
It  was  woven  in  the  fabric,  and  is  rarely  indi- 
cated in  sculpture. 

angustifoliate  (ang-gus-ti-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
angustifoliatus,  <  h.angustus,  narrow,  +foliatus, 
leaved,  <  folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  In  bot.,  nar- 
row-leaved. 

angustirostrate  (ang-gus-ti-ros'trat),  a.  [<  NL. 
augiisliroslralns,  <  L.  augusliis,  naiTOW,  +  ros- 
Iruliis,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.]  In  zobl.,  hav- 
ing a  narrow,  slender,  or  (especially)  eom- 
pressed  beak:  opposed  to  latirostrate. 

Angustura  bark.  See  Angostura  bark,  under 
baric*. 

angwantibo  (ang-gwan-te'bo),  n.  [Native 
name.]  The  slow  lemur  of  Old  Calabar,  Arc- 
tocebus  calabiirensis,  of  the  subfamily  Xyctice- 
liiuu;  related  to  the  potto,  and  by  some  referred 
to  the  genus  Perodicticus.  The  tail  is  rudimentary ; 
the  inner  digits  of  both  feet  are  opposable  as  thumbs,  the 
index  digit  is  rudimentary,  and  the  second  digit  of  the 
hind  foot  terminates  iti  a  claw,  the  rest  of  the  digits  hav- 
ing flat  nails.  The  pelage  is  thick  and  woolly,  of  a  brown- 
ish color,  paler  or  whitish  below. 

anhangt  (an-hang'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  anhangen, 
anliongen,  no  pret.,  pp.  anhanged,  a  weak  verb; 
mixed  with  anhon,  pret.  anheng,  anhong,  an- 
liungc,  pp.  anliungcn,  anhonge,  a  strong  verb ;  < 
AS.  "anhon,  *onhon  (Bosworth),  perhaps  for  d- 
lion,  a  strong  verb,  hang,  <  an,  on,  on  (or  a-),  + 
lion,  hang:  see  hang.]    To  hang. 

He  bad  to  take  him,  and  anhang  him  fast. 

Chancer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  259. 

.inharmonic  (an-har-mon'ik),  a.  [=F.  anhar- 
inonique ;  <  Gr.  dv-priv.  (an-5)  +  harmonic,  q.  v.] 
Not  harmonic;  in  geom.,  a  term  applied  by 
t'hasles  to  an  important  kind  of  ratio  introduced 
into  geometry  by  Mobius.  Ua.x.  a,  h  are  four  values 
of  a  unidimensional  variable  (for  instance,  the  positions 
of  four  points  on  a  line),  then  [(x — a):{x — b)]  x  [(»/  '»): 
('/ — a)]  is  called  the  anJiarmonic  ratio  of  the  four  values. 
The  intersections  of  a  plane  penciloi  tour  lines  with  atrans- 
versal  have  tin-  same  anharmonic  ratio,  however  the  trans, 
versa]  may  lie  situated  ;  and  this  ratio  is  called  the  anhar- 
monic ratio  of  the  pencil.  Anharmonic  ratios  are  always 
preserved  in  orthographic  projections.  Bymeansof  these 
ratios,  metrical  properties  are  denned  as  projective  prop- 
ertiesof  the  absolute,  or  conie  at  infinity,  Seeabsolute,  a. .-. 
If  from  the  intersection  of  two  lines  tangents  arc  drawn  to 
the  absolute,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio  of  the 
pencil  so  formed  multiplied  by  '  j  2  is  the  angle  of  the 
first  two  lines.  So,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio 
of  two  points  together  with  the  intersect  ions  of  their  con- 
necting line  with  the  absolute,  when  multiplied  hy  a  con- 
sfant.  gives  the  distance  of  these  points.— Anharmonic 
property,  in  geom.,  a  property  that  is  connected  with  an 
anharmonic  ratio. 

anhelation  (an-he-la'shon),  re,  [=  F.  aula  lo- 
tion, <  L.  iiulirlalio(u-),  a  difficulty  of  breathing, 
panting,  asthma, \ anlielare,  pp.  auhilatus:  see 
iinhtle.]  1.  Shortness  of  breath;  a  panting; 
difficult  respiration  ;  asthma. —  2.  Eager  desire 
or  aspiration.     [Rare  in  both  senses.] 

These  .  .  .  anhelations  of  divine  souls  after  the  adora- 
ble object  of  their  love.  QUmviUe,  Sermons,  p.  313. 

anhelet,  V.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  anheale,  <  ME. 
anhelen,  anelen,  <  OF.  aneler,  anheler,  =  Pr. 

ant  lor  —  Sp.  Pg.  anhelar=  It.  anelare,  <  L.  un- 
lnlarr,  breathe  with  difficulty,  pant,  fig.  pant 
lor,  pursue  eagerly;  <  an-  for  ambi-,  around, 
on  both  sides,  +  -lielarr,  in  comp.,  for  ha/are, 
breathe.  Cf.  exhale  and  inhale.]  To  pant,  espe- 
cially with  eager  desire  and  anxiety. 

With  most  fervent  desire  they  anheale  .  .  .  forthefruit 

of  oiii'  con  vocation  Latimer,  2d  Sermon  before  Conv. 

anheloset  (an-ne'16s),  a.  [As  anhclous  +  -ose.] 
Same  us  anhelous. 

anheloust  (an-he'lus).  o.  [<  L.  anhelus,  pant- 
ing, out  of  breath,  <  anhelare,  pant:  see  an- 
ln  l< .]  Out  of  breath  ;  panting ;  breathing  with 
difficulty. 

anhidrosis  (an-hi-dro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avl- 
ii/a.»:,  without  perspiration  (<  av-  priv.  +  iSp6g, 
sweat,  akin  to  E.xinul),  +  -osis.]    Deficiency  or 


anhidrosis 

absence  of  perspiration.      Also  written  ani- 
drosis, 

anhidrotic  (an-hi-drot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  anhi- 
drosis :  see  -otic.  ]  I.  '(.  Tending  or  fitted  to 
cheek  perspiration. 

II.   n.    Any  medicinal   agent   which   checks 
perspiration. 

anhima  (an'hi-mli),  ».  [Braz. ;  Sp.anhina.  Cf. 
aniuma.~\  1.  A  Brazilian  name  of  the  kamichi 
or  horned  screamer,  Palamedi  a  eornuta.  See 
Pdlamedea. — 2.  [o</).]  [NL.]  The  typical  ge 
nus  of  the  family  Anhimidce.     Brisson,  17iio. 

Anhimidae  (an-him'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  An- 
Ilium  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds,  the  horned 
screamers:  synonymous  with  Ptdamedeida). 

Anhimoideae  (an-hi-moi'de-e),  n.  pi,  [NL.,  < 
Anhima  +  -oidew.]  A  group  of  birds,  referred 
by  some  as  a  superfamily  to  the  order  Cheno- 
morpliir.  by  others  considered  as  forming  an 
order  by  itself.  It  is  conterminous  with  the 
family  Anhimidce.    See  Palamedeidce. 

anhinga  (an-hing'ga),  «.  [S.  Amer.  name.] 
1.  The  American  snake-bird,  darter,  or  water- 
turkey,  Plotus  anhinga;  a  totipalmate  natato- 


217 

anhydro-.  In  chem.,  the  combining  form  of  an- 
hydrous. 

anhydrous  (an-hi'drus),  rr.  K Gt. iwdpog ,  with- 
out water,  <  av-  priv.  +  Soup  ("*/'-)•  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  in  chem.,  des- 
titute of  the  water  of  crystallization  (which 
see,  under  water):  &s, anhydrous  salts. 

ani  (a'ne),  n.  [Bra/.,  name:  "Ani  Brasilicn- 
sium,"  Man-grave,  Johnston,  Willughby  and 
Kay.]     A  bird  of  the  genus   Crotophaga,  sub- 


American  Snake-bird  (Plotus  anhinga). 

rial  bird,  of  the  family  Plotidai  and  order  Ste- 

ganopodes.    It  is  related  tu  the  cormorants,  and  inhabits 

swamps  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  from  the  South 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  the  United  States.    See  darter, 

Plotus. 

2.   [cap.]  [NL.]   A  genus  of  birds :  a  synonym 

of  Plotus.     Brisson,  17G0. 

anhistous  (an-his'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
Jo-roc,  a  web,  mod.  tissue.]  In  anat.,  having 
no  recognizable  structure ;  plasmic  or  sarco- 
dous,  as  the  sarcode  of  a  cell  or  the  plasma  of 
the  blood. 

anhungeredt  (an-hung'gerd),  a.  Same  as  ahun- 
gered. 

anhydrate  (an-hi'drat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
hydrated,  ppr.  anhydrating.      [<  anhydrous  + 

-ate2.]     To  remove  water  from,  cs] hilly  from 

a  substance  naturally  containing  it ;  dehydrate. 

It  [glycerin]  is  used  like  alcohol  as  an  anhydrating  me- 
dium in  the  study  of  protoplasm. 

Paulsen,  Bot.  Micro-chem.  (trans.),  p.  27. 

anhydration  (an-bl-dra'shon),  n.  [<  anhy- 
drate.'] Removal  of  water  from  anything; 
dehydration. 

anhydremia,  anhydraemia  (an-hi-dre'mi-a), «. 
[NL.,  prop,  anhydrwinia,  <  Gr.  avvdpoc,  without 
water  (<  av-  priv.  +  bdup  (ydp-),  water),  4-  aii/u, 
blood.]  A  concentrated  state  of  the  blood,  due 
to  loss  of  water. 

anhydrid,  anhydride  (an-hl'drid,  -drid  or 

-drid),  «.  [<  Gr.  avvdpoc,  without  water,  +  -id, 
-ide.]  One  of  a  class  of  chemical  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  made  up  of  one  or 
more  molecules  of  water  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  negative  or  acid 
radicals  (which  may  themselves  contain  hydro- 
gen). The  corresponding  acids  represent  one  or  more 
molecules  of  water  in  which  the  same  radicals  replace  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen.  Thus,  water  being  HoO, sulphuric  an- 
hydrid is  SO*  (or  S020),  representing  Had  in  which  H2  is 
replaced  by  the  bivalent  radical  Si  >.. ;  while  sulphuric  acid 
is  H0SO4  (or  H2S0202),  representing  2H20  in  which  two 
hydrogen  atoms  are  replaced  by  SOg  and  two  remain. 
They  are  more  precisely  called  acifl  anhvdrids.  The  ba- 
sic anhydrids,  in  which  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  posi- 
tive or  basic  radicals,  are  commonly  called  metallic  oxidx. 

anhydrite  (an-hi'diit),  «.    [<NL.  anhydrites,  < 

Gr.  avvdpoc,  without  water  (see  anhydrous),  + 
-ites :  see  -tie2.]  Anhydrous  sulphate  of  cal- 
cium. It  is  found  in  the  salt-mines  of  Austria-Hungary, 
and  in  the  Harz  mountains,  also  in  geodes  in  limestone  at 
Lockport,  N.  V.!  and  in  extensive  beds  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is 
usually  granular  in  structure,  sometimes  crystalline  with 
cleavage  in  three  rectangular  directions.  Its  color  is  white 
or  grayish-white,  Bometimes  with  a  tinge  of  blue ;  also  red. 
The  vulpinite  of  Italy  is  the  only  variety  used  in  the  arts. 


Groove-billed  Ani  (Crotophaga  sulcirostris). 

family  Crotophaginee,  and  family  Cuculidm,  in- 
habiting the  warmer  parts  of  America.  There 
are  several  species,  two  of  them  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  The  black  ani.  Crotophaga  ani,  is  about  a  foot 
long,  entirely  black,  with  violet,  steel-blue,  and  bronze  re- 
flections;  the  iris  is  brown;  the  Feathers  of  the  head  and 
nick  are  lanceolate  ;  the  crest  of  the  bill  is  smooth  or  with 
few  wrinkles;  and  the  culmen  is  regularly  curved.  It  is 
called  in  the  West  Indies  the  black  witch  and  savanna 
blackbird,  and  is  known  to  the  French  of  Cayenne  as  bout- 
de-setun.  It  occurs  from  Florida  southward.  Another 
species,  C.  sulcirostris,  the  groove-billed  ani,  is  found  in 
tropical  America  and  northward  to  Texas.  Its  bill  has 
three  distinct  grooves,  parallel  with  the  curved  culmen. 
All  are  gregarious  in  habit,  and  nest  in  bushes,  several 

individuals  sometimes  using  one  large  nest  in  com a  ; 

they  lay  plain  greenish  eggs,  covered  with  a  white  chalky 
substance.    See  Crotophaga. 

anicut,  n.    See  annicut. 

anidiomatic,  anidiomatical  (an-id"i-o-mat'ik, 

-i-kal),  a.      [<  Gr.  or-  priv.  (an-&)  +  idiomatic, 

-al.]     Contrary  to  the  idiom  or  analogies  of  a 

language;  not  idiomatic.     [Rare.] 

You  would  not  say  "  two  times  "  :  it  is  anitlituuatirnl. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  II.  278. 

anidrosis  (an-i-dro'sis),  n.    Same  as  anhidrosis. 

Amelia  (an-i-el'a),  n.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray).]  A 
genus  of  lizards, typical  of  the  family  Ani<  llidee. 
Its  distinguishing  features  are  a  body  without  limbs,  and  a 
nasal  shield  entering  into  the  labial  margin.  .1.  pulchra 
is  an  elegant  Californian  spei  i>-. 

aniellid  (an-i-el'id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Aim  llidee. 

Aniellidse  (an-i-el'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  iAnieUa 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  eriglossate  lizards,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Aniella. 

anielloid  ( an-i-el'oid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Anielloidea. 

Anielloidea  (an/;,i-e-loi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Aniella  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  eriglos- 
sate lacertilians  (lizards),  represented  by  the 
single  family  Anielliila;  having  concavo-convex 
vertebrae,  clavicles  not  dilated  posteriorly,  no 
postorbital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches,  no 
interorbital  septum,  and  no  cranial  columella. 

anientt,  ».  t.  [<ME.  anienten  (more  commonly 
aiiii'iitishcn,  etc.:  see  anientish),  <  OP.  anienter, 
anaienter,  anientir,  aneanter  (P.  aneanH/r  =  Pr. 
uniriitar  =  lt.  annientare),  destroy,  reduce  to 
nothing,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  +  nient,  neant,  F.  nettut 
=  Pr.  lieu  n,  nun  =  It.  neente,  niente,  nothing,  < 
ML.  *ncen(t-)s  or  *necen(t-)s,  lit.  not  being,  < 
nc,  not,  or  ncc,  not,  nor,  +  en(t-)s,  being:  see 
ens,  entity.]  1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  or  no- 
thingness; bring  to  naught;  frustrate.  Piers 
Plowman. —  2.  In  law,  to  abrogate;  make  null. 
Bouvier. 

anientisht,  v.  t.  [i.y[E.anienUshen,anenUschen) 
anuentiselieu,  etc..  earlier  anientisen,  anyentisen, 

<  OF.  anien  Uss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  anien  Hr, 
anienter:  sec  anient  and  -islt-.]  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  annihilate. 

Ire,  coveitise,  and  hastifness,  .  .  .  which  three  things 
yehan  nat  anientissed  [var.  anentysched]  or  destroyed. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

anigh  (a-ni'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [Mod., 

<  a-*  +'  nigh,  after  anear,  afar,  etc.]  I.  adv. 
Nigh;  near;  close  by. 

II.  prep.  Nigh;  near. 
anightt  (a-nif),  prep.    phr.  as   adr.    [<  ME. 
a n nali  1,  a  nyght,  <  AS.  on  niht:  seo«3and  night.] 
At  night:  in  the  night-time;  by  night. 

I  broke  my  sword  upon  a  stone,  and  bid  him  take  that, 
for  cnuiing  anight  to  Jane  smile. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 


anima 

anightst  (a-mts'),  adv.  [Equiv.  to  anight,  but 
with  adv.  gen.  si  \s.  nihtes,  !■:'.  m 

adv.:  see  nights.    Similarly,  o>  nights,  of  ni 
when-  in  popular  apprehension  nights  is  plural.] 
By  night;  niglitK  :  used  of  repeated  or  habitual 
acts. 

The  turnkey  now  his  flock  returning 
Duly  let  out  anights  to  steal  foj  1 

Swift,  Moi 

anil (an'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anile,  mull,  am  le, 
<  F.anil,<.  Pg.  ainl  =  S\K  ailil  (formerly  also 
aim •),  <  Ar.  an-iiii,  <.nl.  the,  +  nil,  Pers.  Hind. 
nil,  <  Skt.  niii,  indigo,  indigo-plant, (  nila,  dark 
blue.  Ci.  lilac]  1.  A  somewhat  woody  legu- 
minous plant,  Indigofera  Anil,  from  whose 
leaves  and   stalks  the  West  Indian   indigo  is 

made.    It  is  .,  c n  Bpecies  in  Mexico  and  tropical 

America,  and  is  a  larger  plant  than  the  Asiatic  J.  tinctoria, 
which  is  the  species  ordinarily  cultivated  for  the  produc- 
tion of  indigo. 
2.   Indigo.     [In  this  sense  nearly  obsolete.] 

anile  (an'il  or  -il),  a.  [<  L.  auilis,  <  anus,  an  old 
woman.]  Old-womanish;  imbecile:  as.  "puerile 
or  anile  ideas,"  Walpole,  Catalogue  of  Engrav- 
ers. 

A  general  revolt  against  authority,  even  in  matters  of 
opinion,  is  &  childish  or  anile  superstition,  not  to  be  ex- 
cused by  the  pretext  that  it  is  only  due  to  the  love  of  free- 
dom cherished  in  excess. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  IDS. 

anilia  (a-nil'i-a),  n.  [<</«/(  +  -in.]  Same  as 
aniline. 

anilic  (a-nil'ik),  «.  [_<  anil  +  4c.]  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  anil:  a*,  anilic  acid. 

anilide  (an'i-lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  anil(ine)  +  -ide.] 
Same  as  phenylamide. 

aniline  (an'i-lin),  n.  and  a.  [<  anil  (with  refer- 
ence to  the  brilliant  violet  and  indigo  dyes 
which,  with  others,  are  prepared  from  aniline) 
+  -ine-.]  I.  n.  Amidobenzol,  CgHgNH2,  a 
substance  which  furnishes  a  number  of  bril- 
liant dyes.  It  was  discovered  in  1826  by  I  nverdorben, 
as  a  product  of  the  distillation  of  indigo,  and  called  by 
him  fi-tisttiUi  it.  It  did  not  acquire  commercial  importance 
until  1856,  when  the  purple  dye  mauve  was  prepared  from 
it  by  I'erkin.  It  is  found  in  small  quantities  in  coal-tar, 
but  the  aniline  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  benzol, 
another  product  of  coal-tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  CgHg.  Benzol  when  acted  on  by  nitric  acid 
produces  nitrobenzol ;  and  this  latter  substance  when 
treated  with  nasei  nt  hydrogi  11  usually  generated  by  the 
action  of  acetic  acid  upon  iron  filings  or  scraps,  produces 
aniline,  which  is  an  oily  liquid,  colorless  when  pure,  some- 
what heavier  than  water,  having  a  peculiar  vinous  smell 
and  a  burning  taste.  It  is  a  strong  base,  and  yields  well- 
characterized  salts.  When  acted  on  by  arsenic  acid, 
potassium  bichromate,  stanuio  chlorid,  etc.,  aniline  pro- 
duces a  great  variety  of  compounds  of  very  beautiful  col- 
ors, known  by  the  names  of  aniline  purple,  aniline  green, 
violet,  magenta,  etc.    Also  called  anilia. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  aniline: 
as,  aniline  colors — Aniline  oil,  a  by-product  of  the 
manufacture  of  aniline,  containing  aniline,  toluidine,  ami 
a  number  of  other  organic  bases  of  the  aromatic  scries  It 
is  used  as  a  solvent  for  rubber,  copal,  etc. —  Aniline  pen- 
cil, a  mixture  of  aniline,  graphite,  and  kaolin,  used  for 
copying,  marking  in  permanent  color,  and  transferring 
writing  or  designs, 

anility  (a-niri-ti),  n.  [<  L.  anilita{t-)s,  <  anilis : 
see  anile.'],  The  state  of  being  anile;  the  old 
age  of  a  woman ;  womanish  dotage  :  as,  "marks 
of  anility,"  Sterne,  Sermons,  xxi. 

anilia  (a-nil'S),  ft.  [<  anil,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mercial term  for  West  Indian  indigo,  derived 
from  the  name  of  the  plant  from  which  it  is 
prepared.     See  anil. 

anima  (an'i-ma),  n.;  pi.  aniline  (-me).  [L..  a 
current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the  vital  prin- 
ciple, life,  soul:  sometimes  equiv.  to  animus, 
mind  (see  animus,  and  cf.  Gr.  aveuog,  wind)  ; 
both  from  root  seen  in  Skt.  -^ an,  breathe,  repr. 
in  Tent,  by  Goth,  usanan,  breathe  out,  expire ; 
cf.  Icel.  anda  =  Sw.  andas  =  Dan.  aande, 
breathe,  Icel.ond,  breath,  life,  soul,  =  Sw.  aittlu. 
until  =  Dan.  aande,  breath  (>  Sc.  aund,  aind, 
aynd,  breath,  breathe) ;  also  Icel.  audi,  breath, 
spirit,  a  spirit,  =  Dan.  uuntl.  spirit,  soul,  a  spirit, 
ghost,  =  OHG. aiitn  =()S.  ando=AS.  inula,  zeal, 
indignation,  anger,  envy:  for  the  change  of 
sense,  cf.  animus  and  animosity.]  Soul;  vital 
principle;  the  intelligent  principle  supposed  to 
preside  over  vital  actions:  anciently  applied 
to  the  active  principle  of  a  drug,  as  if  this  were 
its  soul.  — Anima  bruta,  the  sold  of  brutes;  tin-  soul 
of  animals  other  than  man;  the  principle  of  brute  in- 
telligence and  vitality.— Anima  numana,  the  human 
soul  ;  the  principle  of'  human  intelligence  and  vitality. — 
Anima  mundi,  the  soul  of  the  world  ;  an  ethereal  essence 
or  spirit  supposed  to  be  diffused  through  the  univei 
ganizing  and  acting  throughout  the  whole  and  in  all  its 
different  parts. 

The  doctrine  of  the  anima  >ii><n>li.  as  held  bj  tie-  stoics 
and  stratonicians.  is  closerj  Allied  to  pantheism;  while 
according  to  others  this  soul  of  (he  universe  is  altogether 
intermediate  between  the  Creator  and  his  works. 

Flt'.miny. 


animability 

animability  (an  i-ma-bil'i-ti ).  ii.  [<  animahlc : 
see  -bilitg.]  Capacity  of  animation;  capability 
of  being  animated. 

An  animability  of  body  is  acquired  (if  wo  may  coin  a 
word).     W.  Ta  ilor,  Uonthlj  Rev.,  I  S  \l\    393.  (-V.  A'.  D.) 

animablet  (an'i-ma-bl),  a.    [<  L.  animabilis  (a 
doubtful  reading),    o»M»aret  animate :  see  ami- 
mate,  i .  |    Susceptible  of  animation, 
animadversalt  (an  i-mad-ver'sal),   ».     [<  L. 
animadvi  rsus ipp. of  mii madvcrtm  :  seeanimad- 
+  -al.J    That  which  has  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving; a  percipient.     [Rare.] 
That  lively  inward  animadversal:  it  U  tin-  soul  itself: 

for  I  ci o(  i  onceive  the  body  doth  animadvert. 

Dr.  11.  More,  Song  of  tin-  Soul,  p.  422,  note. 

animadversion  (an'i-mad-ver'shon),  n.    [<  L. 

animadversio{n-),  the  perception  of  an  object, 
consideration,  attention,  reproaeh,punishment, 
<  animadvertere,  pp.  animadversus :  see  animad- 
vert.} It.  The  act  or  faculty  of  observing  or 
noticing;  observation;  perception. 

The  soul  is  the  sole  percipient  which  hath  animadver- 
sion and  sense.  CHanvttle,  Seep.  Set 
2.  The  act  of  criticizing;  criticism;  censure; 
reproof. 

lie  dismissed  their  commissioners  with  severe  and  sharp 
animadversions.  Clarendon. 

wr  must  answer  it,  .  .  .  with  such  animadversion  on 
its  doctrines  as  they  deserve. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

=  Syn.  2.  Remark,  comment,  reprobation,  reprehension. 
animadversive  (an"i-mad-ver'siv),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  animadversus,  pp.  of  animadvertere:  see 
animadvert.]  I.  a.  Having  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving; percipient:  as,  "the  animadversive 
faculty,"  Coleridge. 

II.  n.  A  percipient  agent.  JtV.  E.  D. 
animadversiveness  (an'i-mad-ver'siv-nes),  n. 
The  power  of  animadverting.  Bailey. 
animadvert  (an"i-mad-vert'),  v.  i.  [<  L.  ani- 
madvertere, regard,  observe,  notice,  apprehend, 
censure,  punish;  by  crasis  for  oh iiiiii hi  advevtcre, 
in  same  senses,  lit.  turn  the  mind  to :  atamum, 
ace.  of  animus,  the  mind  (see  animus) ;  advertere, 
turn  to:  see  advert.']  It.  To  take  cognizance 
or  notice. —  2.  To  comment  critically;  make 
remarks  by  way  of  criticism  or  censure ;  pass 
strictures  or  criticisms. 

A  man  of  a  most  animadverting  humour; 
Who,  to  endear  himself  unto  his  lord, 
Will  tell  him,  you  and  I,  or  any  of  us, 
That  here  are  met,  are  all  pernicious  spirits, 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

I  wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favour  to  animadvert 
frequently  upon  the  false  taste  the  town  is  in.         Steele. 

The  gentleman  from  Lowell  animadverted  somewhat, 
last  evening,  on  the  delays  attending  the  publication  of 
the  reports  of  decisions.  Ii.  Choat'e,  Addresses,  p.  374. 
=  Syn.  2.  Of  animadvert  upon:  To  comment  upon,  criti- 
cize, disapprove,  reprehend,  blame,  censure. 
animadverter  (an"i-mad-ver'ter),  h.  One  who 
animadverts  or  makes  remarks  by  way  of  cen- 
sure. 
animae,  «.  Plural  of  an i ma. 
animal  (an'i-mal),  a.  and  ».  [First  in  16th  cen- 
tury; (in  animal  {anymal,  animall)  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg."  animal  =  11.  animals,  adj.,  <  L.  animalis, 
animate,  living  (also  aerial,  consisting  of  air), 
<  anima,  a  current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the 
vital  principle,  life,  soul:  see  anima:  (b)  ani- 
mal, n.,  =  F.  animal  =  Sp.  Pg.  animal  —  It. 
animate,  <  I-.  animal,  rarely  animals,  a  living 
beinj.'.  an  animal  iii  the  widest  sense,  but  some- 
times restricted  to  a  brute  or  beast;  hence,  in 
contempt,  a  human  being;  orig.  neut.  of  ani- 
malis, adj.,  as  above.  In  mod.  use  animal,  a., 
'living,  animate/  is  inseparably  mixed  with  ani- 
mal, ii..  used  attributively  in  the  senso  of  'per- 
taining to  animals.']  I.  a.  If.  Pertaining  to 
sensation.  See  animal  spirits,  in-low. — 2f.  Hav- 
Lnglife;  living;  animate. — 8.  Pertaining  to  the 
merely  sentient   pari  of  a  living  being,  as  dis- 

tinguished  ft i  the  intellectual,  rational,  or 

spiritual  part;  of  man,  pertaining  to  I  hose  parts 
of  his  nature  which  he  shares  wit  h  inferior  ani- 
mals. 

Good  hum.. or,  frankness,  generosity,  active  

sanguine  eni  rgy.  buoyancj  ..I  temper,  are  the  usual  and 
appropriate  accompaniment*  ..i  a  vigorous  animal  tern 
perami  at  Lectin,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  182, 

Faith  in  God  is  th ceol  aUpower.     Before  a  soul 

Inspired  bj  this  faith  the  ".. "»"'  strength  ..t  a  Napoleon 
or  a  Jackson  is  only  weakness. 

./.  /■'.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  :!77. 

4.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  animals. 

It  ma)  I..-  reasonably  doubted  whether  any  form  "i  "». 
a,, a  lit  remains  to  be  dun  overed  which  will  no(  i"  round 

to  accord  with  one  or  other  of  the  ...nun. .a  plan!  now 
known.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  50. 


218 

Animal  anseretics.  See  anamtie.— Animal  charcoal. 
Same  as  bone-Mack.  -Animal  economy,  the  physiological 
course  of  events  in  the  life  of  an  animal ;  the  Bequence  of 
cause  and  effect  observed  in  the  vital  activities  of  animals; 

the  order  of  animated  nature.  Animal  electricity,  elec- 
tricity generated  in  animal  bodies,  as,  in  large  quantities,  in 
the  electric  eel,  the  torpedo,  and  Mafapterurus,  or,  in  small 
quantities,  in  nervous,  muscular,  and  other  tissues. —  Ani- 
mal food,  flesh  or  any  other  part  of  an  animal  which  is 
eaten.— Animal  force.  See  force.  -Animal  function, 
am  vital  activity  or  physiological  process  performed  in  ani- 
mal economy ;  any  organic  property  or  character  of  animals. 
Such  functions  may  be  grouped  in  a  few  broad  classes :  (1) 
Mentality,  including  all  activities  of  the  mind  as  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  body,  such  as  instinct,  reason, 
intellection,  ideation,  etc.  (2)  Sensibility,  or  feeling;  the 
capal  lility  of  responding  automatically  to  external  stimuli ; 
irritability ;  innervation :  common  to  all  animals  in  a  high 
degree  as  compared  with  plants.  (.-;>  Locomotion,  usual  in 
animals,  but  unusual  in  plants.  (4)  Nutrition,  involving  in- 
terstitial growth  and  waste  and  repair:  common  to  plants 
and  animals,  but  usually  differently  effected  in  the  two, 
and  with  different  material.  (5)  Reproduction,  or  genera- 
tion, a  process  whereby  growth  is  devoted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  separate  individuals.  Functions  shared  by  all  or- 
ganized beings  are  called  organic  or  vegetative  functions; 
no  functions  are  peculiar  to  animals  except  those  of  men- 
tality. Other  lesser  categories  of  functions  are  sometimes 
named:  as,  the  digestive  function;  the  sexual  function; 
the  function  of  circulation,  of  respiration;  the  function 
of  the  liver,  or  of  any  part  or  organ,  that  is,  the  special  part 
which  it  takes  in  the  animal  economy. — Animal  heat,  the 
temperature  maintained  during  life  in  an  animal  body,  and 
requisite  for  its  physiological  functions.  It  varies  from 
a  degree  not  appreciably  different  from  that  of  the  ele- 
ment in  which  the  animal  lives  to  one  much  higher,  the 
latter  being  the  case  with  the  higher  animals.  Difference 
in  degree  of  animal  heat  is  the  ground  of  a  division  of  the 
higher  animals  into  warm-blooded  and  cold-blooded,  or 
Hamatotherma  anil  Hcematocrya.  In  the  former  a  very 
sensibly  elevated  temperature  is  maintained.  It  is  highest 
in  birds,  mounting  sometimes  to  112°  F.  In  mammals  a 
usual  range  is  from  96°  to  104°  F.  In  man  the  mean 
normal  temperature  is  about  99",  any  considerable  devia- 
tion from  which  is  inconsistent  with  health.  Animal 
heat  is  simply  a  case  of  chemical  combustion  ;  an  analo- 
gous process  goes  on  in  plants.     It  is  an  index  of  the 


Animalia 

animals.  Any  criteria  which  may  be  diagnostic  in  most 
instances  fail  of  applicability  to  the  lowest  forms  of  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life  ;  and  no  definition  which  has  been 
attempted  has  been  entirely  successful.  Most  animals  are 
locomotory  as  well  as  motile  ;  most  plants  are  fixed.  Most 
animals  exhibit  distinct  active  and  apparently  conscious 
or  voluntary  movements  in  response  to  irritation,  me- 
chanical or  other;  most  plants  do  not.  Most  animals 
feed  upon  other  animals  or  upon  plants,  that  is  to  say, 
upon  organic  matter:  most  plants,  upon  Inorganic  sub- 
stances. Most  animals  have  no  cellulose  in  their  compo- 
sition, nitrogenous  compounds  prevailing  ;  while  cellulose 
is  highly  characteristic  ..I  plants.  Most  animals  inhale 
oxygen  and  exhale  carbon  dioxid,  the  reverse  of  the 
usual  process  in  plants;  and  few  animals  have  chlorophyl, 
whi.h  is  so  generally  present  in  plants.  Animals  have  usu- 
ally a  digestive  cavity  and  a  nervous  system,  and  are  capa- 
ble of  certain  manifestati.. ns  of  consciousness,  selltieney, 
and  volition,  which  can  be  attributed  to  plants  only  by 
great  latitude  in  the  use  of  the  terms.    See  also  extract. 

Ordinary  animals  .  .  .  not  only  possess  conspicuous  lo- 
comotive activity,  but  their  parts  readily  alter  their  form 
or  position  when  irritated.  Their  nutriment,  consisting 
of  other  animals  and  of  plants,  is  taken  in  the  solid  form 
into  a  digestive  cavity.  .  .  .  Traced  down  to  their  lowest 
terms,  the  series  of  plant  forms  gradually  lose  more  and 
more  of  their  distinctive  vegetable  features,  while  the 
series  of  animal  forms  part  with  more  and  more  of  their 
distinctive  animal  characters,  and  the  two  scries  converge 
to  a  common  term.  .  .  .  The  most  characteristic  morpho- 
logical peculiarity  of  the  animal  is  the  absence  of  any 
such  cellulose  investment  [of  the  cells  as  plants  possess]. 
The  most  characteristic  physiological  peculiarity  ol  the 
animalia  its  want  of  power  to  manufacture  protein  out  of 
simpler  compounds.         Huxley,  Anat.  Invert,,  pp.  43-47. 

2.  An  inferior  or  irrational  sentient  being,  in 
contradistinction  to  man;  a  brute;  a  beast:  as, 
men  and  animals. —  3.  A  contemptuous  term  for 
a  human  being  in  whom  the  animal  nature  has 
the  ascendancy . —Aggregate  animals.  See  aggre- 
gate.— Animals'  Protection  Acts,  EngliBh  statutes  of 
1849  (12  and  13  Vict.,  c.  112),  1S.~>4  (17  and  is  Vict.,  c.  60), 
and  lstil  (24  and  25  Viet.,  e.  97.  sections  Jo,  41),  for  pre- 
venting  cruelty  to  animals.—  Compound  animals.  Sec 
compound!. 


molecular  motion  of  the  body,  and  a .measure  of  the  work  animal-clutch  (an'i-mal-kluch),    It.     A  device 

for  gripping  animals  by  the  leg  while  slaugh- 
tering them. 

animalcula  (an-i-mal'ku-la),  n.  pi.  [XL. :  see 
animaleulum.]  1.  Plural  of  animaleulum. —  2. 
[_cap.'\  A  loose  synonym  of  Infusoria. 
-ationot  animalculae  (an-i-mal'ku-le),  n.  pi.  An  incor- 
rect form  of  animalcula,  of  which  it  is  assumed 
to  be  the  plural.  See  animaleulum  and  ani- 
malcule. 

animalcular  (an-f-mal'ku-lar),  a.     [<  animal- 
cule +  -ar.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  animal- 
cules.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  physiologi- 
cal doctrine  of  animalculism. 
An  equivalent  form  is  animalcuUne. 

animalcule  (an-i-mal'kul),  n.  [  =  F.  animalcule, 
<  XL.  animaleulum,  q.  v.]  It.  Any  little  animal, 
as  a  mouse,  insect,  etc. — 2.  A  minute  or  micro- 
scopic animal,  nearly  or  quite  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  as  an  infusorian  or  rotifer;  an  ani- 
maleulum: as,  the  hcW-aniinalcitlc,  a  ciliate  in- 
fusorian of  the  family  loiticcllida :  wheel-ani- 
malculc,  a  rotifer;  bear-animalcule,  a  minute 
arachnidan  of  the  order  Arctisca.  See  cuts  un- 
der Arctisca,  Rotifera,  and  Vorticella.—VroteuB 
animalcule,  a  former  name  of  amoeba.— Seminal  ani- 
malcule, a  spermatozoon  (which  see). 

animalculine  (an-i-mal'ku-lin),  a.  Same  as 
animalcular. 

animalculism  (an-i-mal'ku-lizm),  n.  [<  ani- 
malcule +  -ism.]  1.  The  theory  that  animal- 
cules cause  disease. —  2.  The  doctrine  or  theory 
of  incasement  in  the  male;  spermism;  sper- 
matism.  See  incasement. 
Also  called  animalism. 

animalculist  (an-i-mal'ku-list),  ».  [<  animal- 
cule +  -ist.]  1.  A  special  student  of  animal- 
cules; one  versed  in  the  study  of  animalcules. 
—  2.  An  adherent  of  animalculism  or  the  physi- 
ological theory  of  incasement  iu  the  male;  a 
spermist.     See  incasement. 


done  by  an  animal  in  its  vital  activities.— Animal  king- 
dom, all  animals  collectively;  Animalia;  one  of  the  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  realm  of  nature  (imperium  natural), 
the  othertwocomprising  plants  and  minerals  respectively. 
For  scientific  purposes  it  has  been  divided  into  classes,  or 
ders,  families,  genera,  species,  and  groups  (with  interme- 
diate divisions  often  formed  by  prefixing  sub-  or  super-  to_ 
these  words),  whereby  the  classification  and  re 
animals  are  facilitated.  Examples  of  the  primary  divisions 
are  the  following :  (1)  The  Linnean  system  (1700)  divided 
animals  into  6  classes:  I.  Mammalia;  II.  Ave* ;  III.  Am- 
phibia;  IV.  Pisres;  V.  Insecta;  VI.  Vermes.  (2)  The  sys- 
tem of  Cuvier(lS17)proposed  4  subkingdoms  and  ZOclasses: 
I.  Vertehrata  (Mammalia,  Aves,  Reptilia,  Pisces);!!.  Mol- 
lusea  (Cephalopoda,  Pteropoda.  Gasteropoda,  Acephala, 
Brachiopoda,  Cirrhopoda);  III.  Articvlata  (Annelides, 
Crustacea,  Trilnbita,  Arachnida,  Insecta);  IV.  Badiata 
'Echinodermata,  Entozoa,  Acalepha,  Polypi,  Infusoria). 
(3)  The  system  of  Owen  (I860)  separated  the  Protozoa  from 
Animalia  proper  as  a  separate  kingdom,  the  latter  being 
then  divided  into  subkingdom  I.,  Invcrtcbrata,  with  3 
provinces,  Radiata,  Artieulata,  Mollusca ;  and  Bubkingdom 
II.,  Vertebrata.  (4)  In  1869  Huxley  arranged  the  animal 
kingdom  in  the  8  primary  groups  Vertebrata,  Mollusca, 
MoUuscoida,  Caelenterata,  Annulosa,  Annul,,,, ta,  Infu- 
soria, Protozoa.  No  two  authorities  agree  upon  the  lead- 
ing divisions  of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  a  system  like 
the  following  is  now  quite  generally  accepted:  Subking- 
dom A  (with  one  phylum),  Protozoa:  class  I.,  Rhizopoda; 
class  II.,  Oregarmida;  class  III.,  Infusoria.  Subking- 
dom B,  Metazoa.  Phylum  1,  Caelenterata:  class  IV., 
Spongiozoa;  class  V,,  Hydrozoa ;  class  VI.,  Actio 
class  VII.,  Ctenozoa.  Phylum  2,  Echinodermata: 
VIII..  Crinnidca  ;  class  IX.,  Astcroidea  ;  class  X.,  Pennine 
dea;  class  XL,  Holothwroidea.  Phylum  3,  Vermes:  class 
XII.,  Plathelminthes ;  class  XIII.,  Nematlu-lniinthes ; 
class  XIV.,  Gephyrea;  class  XV.,  Annelida;  class  XVL, 
Rotifera.  Phylum  4,  Arthropoda:  classXVIL.  frusta  era  . 
class  XVIII.,  Arachnida;  class  XIX.,  Myriapoda;  class 
XX.,  Insn-ta.  Phylum 5,  Mottuscoidea:  class XXI.,  Poly- 
zoa;  class  XXIL,  Brachiopoda.  Phylum  6,  Mollusca: 
class  XXIII.,  Acephala;  class  XXIV.,  Pterojioda  :  class 
X.W.,  Gasteropoda;  class XXVL,  Cephalopoda.  Phylum 
7,  Vertebrata:  class  XXV1L,  Tunicata;  class  XXVIII., 
Leptocardia;  class  XXIX.,  Marsipuhranchi,  ,  class  XXX., 
Elasmobranchii;  class  XXXI.,  Pisces;  class  XXXII. , 
Amphibia;  classXXXIIL,  Reptilia;  class  XXX1N  ..Ares; 
.lass  XXXV.,  Mammalia.  Three  remarkable  genera,  Di- 
eyema,  Sagitta,  and  Balanmlossus,  are  severally  regarded 
by  many  authors  as  types  of  classes.— Animal  magnet- 


class 


ism,  mechanics,  etc.   See  the  nouns.- Animal  power,  animalculum  (tin-i-mal'ku-lum),  ».;  pl.antmol- 
thc  unit  of  power  in  men  and  animals,  as  man-power,   "'"■^f";^  "^A      „  i;„i„  „-„;„,„i   ,i;,'/ „f  t.  „«i. 


horse-power,  etc.  Usually  expressed  in  foot-pounds,  see 
Imrse  power.  -Animal  Spirits.  («)  According  to  the.  loe- 
trine  of  Galen,  modified  by  Descartes,  subtil,  and  almost 
incorporeal  parts  of  the  living  body,  which  penetrate  the 
pores  of  the  nerves  and  pass  between  the  brain  and  the 
periphery,  acting  ns  the  agents  of  volition  and  sensation. 
Also  in  the  singular,  animal  spirit,  equivalent  to  nervoua 
force  or  action.  (M  In  modern  use,  exuberance  of  health 
and  Hie;  natural  buoyancy ;  cheerfulness,  animation,  gai- 
ety, and  good  humor, 

Animal  spirits  constitute  the  powerof  the  present,  and 
their  feats  are  like  the  structure  of  a  pyramid. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

II.  ii.  1.  A  sentient  livingbeing;  anindividu- 


eula  (-lii).  [XL.,  a  little  animal,  dim.  of  L.  ani- 
mal, an  animal:  Bee  animal:']    An  animalcule. 

animal-flower  (an'i-mal-flou'er),  »•  A  zoo- 
phyte or  phytozoon;  a  radiated  animal  resem- 
bling or  likened  to  a  flower,  as  many  of  the 
Aelinti-tia:  a  term  especially  applied  to  sea- 
anemones,  but,  also  extended  to  various  other 
zoophytes  which  at  one  end  are  fixed  as  if 
rooted",  and  at  the  other  are  expanded  like  a 
flower. 

animalhood  (an'i-mal-hud),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-hiuul.]     The  state  or  condition  of  any  annual 


al,"rg^zed,aninial  ed",  and  sentient  portion  of     other  "than  man;    animality  as  distinguished 
matter;  meool.,  one  01  the  Animalia;  a  mem-    from  humanity,     [ltare.j 

A  creature  almost  lapsed  from  humanity  into  animal 
hood.  Reader.  Nov..  1883,  p.  587.     (->"•  E.  D.) 

Animalia  (an-i-ma'li-ft),  n.  pi.     [  I j-.  pi.  of  ani- 
mal: sec  animal.]    Animals  as  a  grand  division 


ber  of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  distinguished 
from  a  vegetable  or  a  mineral.  The  distinction 
from  the  latter  is  sufficient,  consisting  in  organization, 
interstitial  nutrition, vitality, and  animation:  but  it  la  Im- 
possible to  draw  any  line  between  all  vegetables  and  all 


Animalia 

of  nature;  the    animal   kingdom  (which  sec, 
nnilcr  animal). 

animalic  (an-i-mal'ik),  a.  [<  animal  +  -n\\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  animals.     [Kare.] 

animaliculture  (an-i-mal-i-kul'tur),  h.  [<  L. 
animal,  animal,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  rais 
ing  and  care  of  animals  as  a  branch  of  indus- 
try ;  stock-raising.     [Rare.] 

animalisation,  animalise.    See  animalutaUon, 

animalia. 

animalisht  (an'i-mal-ish),  a.  [<  animal  +  -ish1.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  an  animal,  especially 
an  irrational  animal;  brutish.     [Rare.] 

The  world  hath  no  Mood  nor  brains,  nor  any  anxmalish 
or  humane  form.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System. 

animalism  (an'i-mal-izni),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-ism.]  1.  Tho  state  of  a  mere  animal;  the 
state  of  being  actuated  by  sensual  appetites 
only,  and  not  by  intellectual  or  moral  forces ; 
sensuality. —  2.  The  exercise  of  animal  facul- 
ties; animal  activity. — 3.  A  mere  animal;  spe- 
cifically, a  human  being  dominated  by  animal 
qualities  and  passions.     [Rare.] 

Girls,  Hetairai,  curious  in  their  art, 
Hired  animalisms,  vile  as  those  that  made 
The  mulberry-faced  Dictator's  orgies  worse 
Than  aught  they  fable  of  the  quiet  Gods. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

4.  In  physiol.,  same  as  animalculism 


219 

5.  Population  by  animals;  the  number  and 
kind  of  animals  in  a  given  place  or  region. 

What  the  French  call  the  animalization  of  the  depart- 
ments. Jour.  lvnj.  Agrio.  Soc,  1.  ill.    (A.  E.  D.) 

Also  spelled  animalisation. 
animalize  (au'i-mal-iz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  ani- 
malized,  ppr.  annualizing.  [=  F.  anvmaUser; 
<  animal  +  -fee.]  1.  To  make  into  an  animal ; 
endow  with  the  attributes  of  an  animal ;  repre- 
sent in  animal  form:  as,  the  Egyptians  ani- 
malized  their  deities.— 2.  To  give  an  animal 
character  or  appearance  to;  especially,  to  ren- 
der animal  in  nature  or  habits ;  brutalize  ;  sen- 
sualize ;  excite  the  animal  passions  of. 

If  a  man  lives  for  the  table,  .  .  .  the  eye  grows  dull, 

the  gait  heavy,  the  voice  takes  :i  coarse  animalized  sound. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  176. 

3.  To  convert  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation ;  assimilate,  as  food. 

Something  secreted  in  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  which 
.  .  .  animalizes  the  food,  or  assimilates  it. 

J.  Hunter,  in  Philos.  Trans.,  LXII.  4..4.    (AT.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  give,  as  to  vegetable  fiber,  soma  of  the 
characteristics  of  animal  fiber,  as  when  cot- 
ton is  so  treated  with  albumin  or  casein,  or  a 
strong  solution  of  caustic  soda,  that  the  fiber 
shrinks,  becomes  stronger,  and  is  made  capa- 
ble of  absorbing  aniline  dyes. 

Also  spelled  animalise. 


animalist  (an'i-mal-ist),  «.     [_<  animal  + -ist.]  animally  (an'i-mal-i),  wir.      If.  Psychically; 
1.  A  sensualist.— 2.  In  physiol.,  an  animal-     in  the  manner  of  the  anima ;  with  respect  to  the 


culist. — 3.  In  art,  an  artist'who  devotes  his 
chief  energies  to  the  representation  of  animals, 
as  distinguished  from  one  who  represents  the 
human  figure,  landscapes,  etc. ;  an  animal- 
painter  or  animal-sculptor. 


anima  brut  a,  or  to  animal  spirits.    Cudworth.- 
2.  Physically,  corporeally,  bodily,  as  opposed 
to  mentally  or  intellectually. 
animalness   (an'i-nial-nes),   n.     The   state  of 
being  an  animal ;  animality. 


Fifty  years  ago  he  [Barye]  brought  envy  and  malice  on  animantt  (an'i-mant),  a.  [<  L.  animan(t-)s,  ppr. 
his  head  through  the  erection  in  the  Avenue  des  Feml-  ,  .  '  v  •  "(  . ','  animate  r  1  Possess- 
ions in  the  Tuilleries  gardens  of  his  colossal  bronze  lion  ?t  animate,  animate .  set  annual,.  ]  1  ossess 
and  serpent.  It  was  then  the  sneer  of  nmmalist  began.  ing  or  conferring  the  properties  ot  life  and  soul, 
The  Century,  XXXI.  4S4.  quickening.  Cudworth.  [Rare.] 
animalistic  (an"i-ina-lis'tik),  a.  [<  animalist  animaryt  (an'i-ma-ri),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
+  -ic]     Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  ani-  the  soul ;  psychical. 


malism;  sensual. 
animality  (an-i-mal'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  animalite; 
<  animal  +  -ity.]  1.  The  state  of  being  an  ani- 
mal; animal  existence  or  nature  in  man;  the 
animal  as  opposed  to  the  spiritual  side  of  hu- 
man nature. 

Another  condition  which  tends  to  produce  social  pro- 
gress is  the  perpetual  struggle  between  the  essential  at- 
tributes of  humanity  and  those  of  mere  animality. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynani.  Socio].,  I.  132. 

2.  In  physiol.,  the  aggregate  of  those  vital  phe- 
nomena which  characterize  animals.  See  vege- 
tality. 

We  find  it  convenient  to  treat  of  the  laws  of  Animality 
in  the  abstract,  expecting  to  find  these  ideals  realized 
(within  due  limits)  in  every  particular  organism. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Miud,  II.  iv.  §  42. 

Animalivora  (an//i-ma-liv'o-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  animalivorus :  see  animalirorous.] 
In  zool..  a  name  given  to  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  bats,  as  distinguished  from  the 
frugivorous  species.  The  term,  in  its  application  to 
bats,  or  Chiroptera,  is  an  alternative  synonym  of  Insccti- 
vara,  which  is  preoccupied  in,  and  oftener  employed  for, 
another  group  of  mammals. 

animalivorous  (an'i-ma-liv'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
animalivorus,  <  L.  animal,  animal,  +  vorare, 
devour.]  Animal-eating ;  carnivorous ;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Animalivora. 

animalization  (an-i-mal-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  ani- 
malize +  -ation.]  1.  The  act  of  making  into 
an  animal,  or  of  endowing  with  animal  attri- 
butes ;  the  act  of  representing  (a  higher  being) 
under  the  form  of  an  animal,  as  bearing  its 
characteristic  part,  or  as  having  its  lower  in- 
stincts and  tastes. 

In  the  theology  of  both  the  Babylonians  and  Egyptians 
there  is  abundant  evidence  .  .  .  of  .  .  .  the  deification  of 
animals,  and  the  converse  animalisation  of  Gods. 

Huxley,  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  493. 

2.  The  process  of  rendering  or  of  becoming  ani- 
mal or  degraded  in  life  or  habits  ;  the  state  of 
being  under  the  influenco  of  animal  instincts 
and  passions ;  brutalization ;  sensualization. 

The  illusion  of  the  greatest-happiness  principle  would 
eventually  lead  the  world  back  to  animalization. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  182. 

3.  Conversion  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation. 

The  alimentary  canal,  in  which  the  conversion  and  ani- 
malization of  the  food  takes  place.       Owen,  Coiup.  Anat. 

4.  The  process  of  giving  to  vegetable  fiber  the 
appearance  and  quality  of  animal  fiber.  See 
animalise. 

The  present  view  of  animalization  is,  that  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  animalize  a  fabric  in  any  other  way  than  by  actu- 
ally depositing  upon  it  the  animal  matter  in  question. 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  60. 


'Tis  brought  to  a  right  animary  temper  and  harmony. 
Bp.  Parker,  Platoniek  Philos,,  p.  44. 

animastic  (an-i-mas'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  ML. 
auimasticus,  <  L.  anima,  soul,  breath,  life:  see 
anima.]  I.t  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  soul;  psy- 
chology. 

The  other  schoolmen  .  .  .  carefully  explained  that  these 
operations  were  not  in  their  own  nature  proposed  to  the 
logician  ;  for,  as  such,  they  belonged  to  Animastie,  as  they 
called  it,  or  Psychology. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  I.  ii. 

II.  a.  Psychic;  spiritual;  relating  to  soul: 
the  opposite  of  material  or  materialistic. 

animasticalt  (an-i-inas'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
animastic. 

animate  (an'i-uiat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  animated, 
ppr.  animating.  [<  L.  animatus,  pp.  of  animare, 
fill  with  breath,  quicken,  encourage,  animate, 
<.anima,  breath:  see  anima.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
give  natural  life  to ;  quicken ;  make  alive :  as, 
the  soul  animates  the  bod}-. 

Communicating  male  and  female  light; 
Which  two  great  sexesanimate  the  world. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  151. 

But  it  was  as  impossible  to  put  life  into  the  old  institu- 
tions as  to  animate  the  skeletons  which  are  imbedded  in 
the  depths  of  primeval  strata. 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

2.  To  affect  with  an  appearance  of  life;  in- 
spire or  actuate  as  if  with  life ;  bring  into  ac- 
tion or  movement. 

But  none,  ah,  none  can  animate  the  lyre, 
And  the  mute  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  move  or  actuate  the  mind  of ;  incite  to 
mental  action  ;  prompt. 

This  view  .  .  .  animates  me  to  create  my  own  world 
through  the  purification  of  my  soul.       Emerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor  to ;  infuse  courage, 
joy,  or  other  enlivening  passion  into ;  stimulate : 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

The  perfectibility  ot  the  human  mind,  the  animating 
theory  of  the  eloquent  He  stael,  consists  in  the  mass  of 
our  ideas.     /.  D'Israeli,  Lit.  char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  315. 

Animated  by  this  unlooked-for  victory,  our  valiant  he- 
roes sprang  ashore  in  triumph,  [and]  took  possession  of 
the  soil  as  conquerors.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  97. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  vivify.— 3.  To  revive,  invigorate.— 4.  To  en- 
liven, stimulate,  inspirit,  exhilarate,  cheer,  gladden,  im- 
pel, urge  on,  prompt,  incite. 

II.  in  trans.  To  become  enlivened  or  exhila- 
rated;  rouse  one's  self .     [Rare.] 

Mr.  Arnott,  animating  at  this  speech,  glided  behind  her 

chair.  Mi™  Bumey,  Cecilia,  i.  6. 

animate  (an'i-mat),  a.    [<  L.  animatus,  pp.:  see 

the  verb.]     1.   Alive;  possessing  animal  life: 

as,  "creatures  animate,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  is.  112. 


animation 

No  animate  creature  is  bo  far  down  in  the  scab-  that  it 
docs  not  ulustrab  I   ">"i  which  has  a  bear- 

ing upon  the  problem  of  high 

■    Kb.,  XXV.  287. 
Siseyi  eat  ore,  and  whole  frame  animate  with 

tie  h\ 1 1 1 u  1 1- I  hearl -fell  rell 

Bancroft,  Hi  t.  V.  8    1.  290. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  life;  resembling 
that  which  is  alive  ;  lively. 

After  inarching  for  about  two  miles  at  a  very  sh.u  rate, 
the  enemy's  flags,  whirl,  had  been  visibli  ng  the 

geriba,  Buddenrj   became  animate,  and  a  large  force  "i 

Arabs,  distant  wme  i t"  Too  yards,  Bprang  op.  and  ad 

vanced  as  if  to  attack  the  left  leading  corner  of  tni   square. 
\  ineteenth  I  'entury,  \  1  a 

3.  Pertaining  to  living  things:    us,   "animate 
diseases,"  Kirbyand  sp,  nee,  Kntomol.    [Bare.  I 

animated (an'i-ma-ted),  p.  a.  1.  Endowed  with 
animal  life:  as,  the  various  classes  of  animated 
beings. 

"  Infancy,"  said  Coleridge,  "presents  body  and  spirit  in 
unity:  the  body  is  all  animated."  Emerson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  Lively;  vigorous;  full  of  life,  action,  spirit ; 
indicating  or  representing  animation:  as,  an 
animated  discourse;  an  animated  picture. 
On  the  report  there  was  an  animated  debate. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiv. 
Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 
Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 

Gray,  Elegy. 

animatedly  (an'i-ma-ted-li),  adr.     In  an  ani- 
mated way;  with  animation, 
animateness  (an'i-mat-nes),  u.    The  state  of 
being  animate  or  animated. 
animater  (an'i-ma-ter),  n.    One  who  animates 
or  gives  life. 
animatingly  (an'i-ma-ting-li),  adv.     So  as  to 

animate  or  excite  feeling, 
animation (an-i-nia'shon),H.  [<."L.animalio(n-), 
a  quickening,  animating,  <  animare:  see  ani- 
mate, v.]  The  act  of  animating  or  the  state  of 
being  animated.  («)  The  act  of  infusing  animal  life, 
or  the  state  of  being  animated  or  having  life. 

Wherein,  although  they  attaine  not  the  indubitable 
requisites  of  Animation,  yet  they  have  neere  affinity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err,  ii.  1. 
Scarce  has  the  gray  dawn  streaked  the  sky,  and   the 
earliest  cock  crowed  from  the   cottages  of  the  hillside, 
when  the  suburbs  give  signs  of  reviving  animation. 

I,  no'/,  Alliambra,  p.  137. 
(It)  Liveliness;  briskness;  the  state  of  being  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor:  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  animation. 
Fox  in  conversation  never  flagged;  his  animation  and 
variety  were  inexhaustible.  A.  If.  Chamber*. 

The  veteran  warrior,  with  nearly  a  century  ot  years 
upon  his  head,  had  all  the  tire  and  animation  of  youth  at 
the  prospects  of  a  foray.  Irring,  Granada,  p.  los. 

(c)  The  appearance  of  activity  or  life:  as,  the  animation 
of  a  picture  or  statue,    (d)  Attribution  of  life  to. 

Any  general  theory  of  life  must,  if  logically  pursued, 
lead  to  the  animation  of  all  forms  of  matter. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  351. 
Suspended  animation,  a  temporary  cessation  ot  ani- 
mation ;  especially,  asphyxia.  =  Syn.  (a)  Life,  existence,  vi- 
tality. V')  Animation,  Life,  Liveliness,  Vivacity,  Spirit, 
Sprighttiness,  Gaiety,  buoyancy,  cheerfulness,  energy, 
ardor.  The  first  tour  words  indicate,  by  derivation,  a 
full  possession  of  the  faculties  of  life  ;  therefore  tiny  are 
the  opposite  of  deadness  or  of  any  semblance  of  lifeless- 
ness.  The  same  idea  appears  in  the  next  two  under  the 
notion  of  the  possession  of  the  breath  of  life.  Animation 
applies  broadly  to  manner,  looks,  and  language:  as,  ani- 
mation of  countenance  ;  he  spoke  with  animation  ;  it  im- 
plies, perhaps,  more  warmth  of  feeling  than  the  others. 
Life  is  not  expressive  of  feeling,  but  of  full  vital  force  and 
any  form  of  its  manifestation  :  as,  his  words  were  instinct 
with  Ii  his  delivery  la.ked  is  1  ir-hness  \..  crirnvrily 
suegestivc  of  the  energetic  exercise  of  the  powers  of  life  in 
alertness  of  mind,  freshness  of  interest,  etc.  Vivw 
plies  especially  to  conversation,  but  is  used  also  of  manner 
and  looks;  it  belongs  mostly  t"  externals.  Spirit  is  vari- 
ously compounded  of  courage,  vigor,  flxmness,  enthusiasm, 
and  zeal,  according  to  the  connection ;  it  implies  the  best 
qualities  of  the  manly  man  in  action.  Sprighttiness  is 
vivacity  with  mirth  or  gaiety;  it  is  lighter  than  spirit. 
Ciinln  is  the  overflow  of  animal  spiiitsin  talk  and  laugh- 
ter promoted  by  social  intercourse,  festivity,  dancing,  etc. 
Si '  mirth,  hilarity,  gladness,  happiness. 

At  the  very  mention  of  such  a  study,  the  eyes  of  the 
prince  sparkled  with  animation 

Irving,  Alhambra,  p.  239. 

The  king's  a  bawcock,  ami  a  heart  of  gold, 

A  lad  of  life,  an  imp  "f  fame.    Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  1. 

His  [Steele's]  personages  arc  drawn  with  dramatic  .pint. 

and  with  a  liveliness  and  airy  facility  that  blind  the  leader 

to  his  defects  of  style.     Chambers's  Cyc.  Eng.  Lit.,  1.  621. 

The  delight  of  opening  a  new  pursuit,  or  a  new  course 

of  reading,  Imparts  the  vivacity  anil  novelty  of  youth  even 

to  old  age.      /.  If  Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  316. 
I  will  attend  her  here, 
And  woo  her  with  some  spirit  when  she  comes. 

Shak.,  T.  of  tie-  s.,  ii.  1. 
Perhaps  no  kind  of  superiority  is  more  flattering  or  al- 
luring than  that  which  is  conferred  by  the  powers  "1  con- 
versation, by  extemporaneous  sprightliness  of  fancy,  co- 
piousness uf  language,  and  fertility  of  sentiment. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  101. 

Like  our   Touchstone,  but   infinitely  richer,  this   new 

ideal  personage  [Mascarille]  still  d. -lights  by  the  fertility 

of  his  expedients  and  his  perpetual  ami  vigorous  gaiety. 

1.  I)  Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  410. 


animative 

animative  (an'i-ma-tiv),  «.   [<  animate  +  -iir.J 

Saying  the  power  of  giving  life  or  spirit. 
animator  (an'i-ma-tqr),  n.  [L.,  <  animare :  see 
animate,  ».]  One  who  or  thai  which  animates 
or  gives  life;  one  who  enlivens  or  inspires.  Sir 
'/'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
anime  (an'i-me),  ».  [Sometimes  accented  like 
equiv.  F.  anime",  on  the  fancy  that  it  is  so  called 
because  often  "anime'"  (<L.  animatus:  see  ani- 
mate, rt.)  or  "alive"  with  insects;  but  B.  prop. 
anime  =  F.  QBiffH  (Cotgrave),  now  anime,  Sp. 
Pg.  aninu  (  XL.  rj/i/w^r,  animi,  also  nuijiuum),  ap- 
plied in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  and 
prob.  earlier,  to  a  gum  brought  from  the  East 
liy  the  Portuguese;  afterward  applied  to  a 
similar  product  from  the  West  Indies.  The 
word,  which  has  not  been  found  native  in  the 
East  or  elsewhere,  is  said  by  Ray  and  others 
to  be  a  Portuguese  corruption  oi  amincea,  Gt. 
a/uvaia  (Dioscorides),  a  resinous  gum,  this  name 
being  appar.  an  adj.  (sc.  a/tipva,  myrrh),  re- 
ferring to  a  people  of -Arabia  bordering  on  the 
Bed  Sea,  from  whom  the  gum  was  obtained. 
Eh  mi  is  a  different  word.]  1.  The  name  of 
various  resins,  also  known  in  pharmacy  as  elemi 
(which  see). —  2.  A  kind  of  copal,  the  produce 
principally  of  a  leguminous  tree,  Traehylobium 
Horn*  mannianum.  of  Zanzibar.  The  best  is  that 
dug  from  the  ground  at  the  base  of  the  trees,  or  that 
found  in  a  semi-fossil  state  in  localities  where  the  tree  is 
now  extinct. 

3.  The  produce  of  a  very  nearly  allied  tree  of 
tropical  America,  Bymencea  Cowbaril,  known 
in  the  West  Indies  as  the  locust-tree.  It  makes 
a  flue  varnish,  and,  as  it  burns  with  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
is  used  in  scenting  pastilles. 

4.  Indian  copal,  produced  by  Vateria  Lidica. 
See  Valeria. 

Sometimes  called  gum  anime. 

animin,  animine  (an'i-min),  n.  [<  anim(al)  + 
-in2.]  In  client.,  an  organic  base  obtained  from 
bone-oil.     Watts. 

animism  ( an'i-niizrn),  ».  [=F.  animisme;  <  L. 
anima,  soul  (see  anima),  +  -ism.']  1.  The  hy- 
pothesis,  original  with  Pythagoras  and  Plato, 
of  a  force  (annua  mitndi,  or  soul  of  the  world) 
immaterial  but  inseparable  from  matter,  and 
giving  to  matter  its  form  and  movements. — 2. 
The  theory  of  vital  action  and  of  disease  pro- 
pounded by  the  German  chemist  G.  E.  Stahl 
(1660-1734);  the  theory  that  the  soul  (anima) 
is  the  vital  principle,  the  source  of  both  tho 
normal  and  the  abnormal  phenomena  of  life. 
In  Stahl's  theory  the  soul  is  regarded  as  the  principle  of 
life,  and,  in  its  normal  action,  of  health;  the  body  being 
supposed  to  be  incapable  of  sell-movement,  and  not  only 
originally  forme. 1  by  the  soul,  but  also  set  in  motion  and 
governed  by  it.  Hence  it  was  interred  that  the  source  of 
disease  is  in  some  hindrance  to  the  full  and  free  activity 
of  the  soul,  and  that  medical  treatment  should  be  confined 
to  an  attempt  to  remove  such  hindrances  from  it.  • 
3.  The  general  conception  of  or  the  belief  in 
souls  and  other  spiritual  beings;  the  explana- 
tion of  all  the  phenomena  iu  nature  not  due  to 
Obvious  material  causes  by  attributing  them  to 
spiritual  agency.  Among  the  beliefs  most  eharai  teris 
tic  of  animism  is  that  of  a  human  apparitioiial  soul,  that 
is,  of  a  vital  and  animating  principle  residing  in  the  body, 
but  distinct  from  it,  bearing  its  form  and  appearance,  but 
wanting  it-  material  and  solid  substance.  At  an  early  stage 
in  the  development  of  philosophy  and  religion  events  are 
frequently  ascribed  to  agencies  analogous  to  human  souls, 
or  to  thi  spirits  of  the  deceased. 

Spiritual  philosophy  has  influenced  every  province  of 
human  thought;  and  the  history  of  animism,  once  clearly 
traced,  would  record  the  development,  not  of  religion 
only,  but  of  philosophy,  scieme,  and  literature. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  II.  57. 

'the  theory  of  Animism  divides  into  two  great  dof 

forming  parts  of  one  consistent  doctrine;  first,  concern 

il-  of  individual  en  atures,  i  apable  of  continut  d  <  \ 

r  the  death  or  ,1,  -tin.  ten  of  the  body;  Bei  ond 

•  "'i'  en  pirits,  upward  to  tie   rank  of  powerful 

deities.  /■:.  /;.  Tyler,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  885. 

animist  (an'i-misl  I,  «.  [<  L.  anima,  soul  (see 
amma).  +  -ist.\  One  who  maintains  animism 
in  any  of  its  senses. 

animistic  (an-i-mis'tik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
embracing,  or  founded  on  animism  in  any  sense. 

animodart,  "•  [Origin  obscure;  perhaps  repr. 
Ar.  aUtnoaar,  <  al,  the,  +  moddr,  pivot,  tropic, 
the  axis  of  the  fundament  ;  cf.  modawwar,  mu- 
dau  war,  round,  dawwir,  turn  round:  see  mudir.] 
In  a  '"■/.,  a  method  of  correcting  the  supposed 

nativity   or    time  of    birth  of  a  person.     Also 

written  animocU  i .  amnimodar. 

animose'an'i-mos),  a.  L=  P.  an/hnt  ux(t  lotgrave) 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  animoso,  <  I.,  animosus,  lull  of  cour- 
age, bold,  spirited,  proud,  <  animus,  courage. 
spirit,  mind:  see  animus.]  Full  of  spirit ;  hot: 
vehement.     Bailey. 

animosity  (an-i-mos'i-ti),  ».;  pi.  animosities 
(-tiz).      [<  ME.  animosite,  <  UP.   ammonite,  P, 


220 

animo.tite,  animosity,  =  Pr.  animositat  =  H\>.  ani- 
mosidad,  valor,  =  Pg.  animosidade  =  It.  aiii- 
mosita,  animositade,  animositate,  courage,  ani- 
mosity, <  L.  animo8ita(t-)s,  courage,  spirit,  ve- 
hemence, in  eccles.  L.  also  wrath,  enmity,  <  ani- 
mosus: see  animose.]  If.  Animation;  courage; 
spiritedness. 

t'ato,  before  he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent  part 
of  the  night  in  reading  the  Immortality  of  Plato,  thereby 
coiilirioin-  his  wavering  band  unto  the  animosity  ol  that 
attempt.  Sir  '/'.  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  iv. 

2.  Active  enmity ;  hatred  or  ill-will  which  man- 
ifests itself  in  active  opposition. 

No  sooner  did  the  duke  receive  this  appeal  from  the 
wife  of  his  enemy,  than  he  generously  forgot  all  feeling 
of  animosity,  aid  determined  to  ^i,  in  person  to  his  sic 
cor.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  4s. 

Supposing  no  animosity  is  felt,  the  hurting  another  by 
accident  arouses  a  genuine  feeling  of  regret  in  all  adults 
save  the  very  brutal.  11.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  529. 
=  Syn.  2.  Animosity,  Ill-will,  Enmity,  Malice,  Hostility, 
Untied,  Hate,  Malevolence,  Malignity,  Rancor,  Orudge, 
Spite.  These  words  differ  from  those  described  under 
acrimony,  angt  r,  and  antipathy  (which  see)  in  that  they 
represent  deeper  feelings  or  more  permanent  passions. 
Ill-will  may  represent  the  minimum  of  feeling,  being  a 
willing  or  wishing  of  ill  to  another,  generally  without 
disposition  to  be  active  in  bringing  the  evil  about.  En- 
m  it  it  is  a  somewhat  stronger  feeling,  and  it  often  gratifies 
itself  in  trilling  and  cowardly  ways.  Animosity  is  more 
intense  than  enmity;  it  is  avowed  and  active,  and  what 
it  does  is  more  serious  than  the  covert  attacks  of  minify 
or  the  hasty  attacks  of  spite.  Malice  is  pure  badness  of 
heart,  delighting  in  harm  to  others  for  its  own  sake.  Hos- 
tUxty  is  less  passionate  than  animosity,  lint  not  less  avowed 
or  active,  being  a  state  of  mind  inclining  one  to  aggressive 
warfare.  Hatred  and  hate  are  the  general  words  to  cover 
all  these  feelings ;  they  may  also  be  ultimate,  expressing 
the  concentration  of  the  whole  nature  in  an  intense  ill- 
will.  Malevolence  is  more  casual  and  temporary  than  mal- 
ice, arising  upon  occasion  furnished,  and  characterized 
by  a  wish  that  evil  may  befall  another  rather  than  by  an 
intention  to  injure.  Malignity  is  malice  intensified ;  it  is 
hatred  in  its  aspect  of  destructiveness  or  desire  to  strike 
at  the  most  vital  interests  of  another.  Rancor  is  hatred 
or  malice  turned  sour  or  bitter;  it  is  implacable  in  its 
vindictiveness.  A  grudge  is  a  feeling  of  sullen  ill-will  or 
enmity,  caused  by  a  trilling  wrong,  and  likely  to  be  ap- 
peased when  it  has  spent  itself  in  a  similar  return  against 
the  offender.  Spite  is  sudden,  resentful,  and  generally 
quite  as  well  pleased  to  mortify  as  to  damage  another;  it 
may  be  as  strong  as  malice  or  as  weak  as  pique. 

The  personal  animosity  of  a  most  ingenious  man  was 
the  real  cause  of  the  utter  destruction  of  Warborton's 
critical  reputation.  /.  V Israeli,  Lit.  Quar.,  p.  397. 

That  thereby  he  may  gather 
The  ground  of  your  iti-ieitt,  and  so  remove  it. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
No  place  is  so  propitious  to  the  formation  either  of 
close  friendships  or  of  deadly  enmities  as  an  Indiaman. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 
And  malice  in  all  critics  reigns  so  high, 
That  for  -mall  errors  they  whole  plays  decry. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Tyrannic  Love,  1.  3. 
As  long  as  truth  in  the  statement  of  fact,  and  logic  in 
the  inference  from  observed  fact,  are  respected,  there  need 
be  no  hostility  between  evolutionist  and  theologian, 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Degeneration,  p.  69. 
Tempt  not  too  much  the  hatred  of  my  spirit, 
For  I  am  sick  when  I  do  look  on  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  -\.  D.,  ii.  2. 
For  thou  art  so  possess'd  with  murderous  hate, 
That  'gainst  thyself  thou  stick'st  not  to  conspire. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  x. 

The  deadly  energy  [of  magic  verses]  existing  solely  in 

the  words  of  the  imprecation  and  the  malevolence  of  the 

reciter,  which  was  supposed  to  render  them  effectual  at 

any  distance. 

T.  F.  Thiselton  Dyer,  Folk-lore  of  Shak.,  p.  508. 
The  political  reigns  of  terror  have  been  reigns  of  mad- 
ness and  nialninitif.—  il  total   perversion  of  opinion;  soci- 
ety is  upside  down,  and  its  best  men  are  thought  too  bail 
to  live.  Emerson,  Courage. 

He  who  has  sunk  deepest  in  treason  is  generally  pos- 
sessed by  a  double  measure  of  rancor  against  the  loyal  and 
the  faithful.  lie  tjaineey,  Essencs,  ii. 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  nrudae  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3. 
Below  me,  there,  is  the  village,  and  looks  how  quiet  and 

small  1 
And  yet  bubbles  o'er  like  a  city,  with  gossip,  scandal,  and 
spite.  Tennyson,  .Maud,  iv.  2. 

animus  (an'i-mus),  n.  [L.,  the  mind,  in  a  great 
variety  of  meanings:  the  rational  soul  in  man, 
intellect,  consciousness,  will,  intention,  cour- 
age, spirit,  sensibility,  feeling,  passion,  pride, 
vehemence,  wrath,  etc.,  the  breath,  life,  soul 

(cf.  Or.  ure/wr,  wind:  see  anemone),  closely  re- 
lated to  anima,  which  is  a  [em.  form:  see  ani- 
ma.] Intention;  purpose:  spirit;  temper;  es- 
pecially, hostile  spirit  or  angry  temper;  ani- 
mosity: as,  the  animus  with  which  a  book  is 
written. 

Willi  the  animus  and  no  doubt  with  the  fiendish  looks 
of  a  murderer.  In    1,1mm;  11.  Murder  as  a  Fine  Art 

That  article,  as  was  to  be  expected,  is  severely  hostile  to 
the  new  version  ;  but  its  peculiar  animus  is  such  as  goes 
far  to  deprive  ii  of  value  as  a  critical  Judgment. 

Nineteenth  Century,  NX   01. 

anion  (an'i-onj,  n.  [<  Gr.  avidv,  neut.  of  avtuv, 
goiug  up,  ppr.  of  avtivat,  go  up,  <  tird,  up  (see 


Anisobranchia 

ana-),  +  that,  go,  =  L.  ire  =  Skt.  1/  i,  go:  see 
itirati  and  go.]  In  elect.,  a  term  applied  by 
Faraday  to  that  element  of  an  electrolyte  which 
in  electrochemical  decompositions  appears  at 
the  positive  pole,  Or  anode,  as  oxygen  or  chlo- 
rine, it  is  usually  termed  the  elei  Iron,  gative  ingredient 
ot  a  compound.    See  anode,  cation. 

aniridia  (an-i-rid'i-S),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  ipte  (</»&-),  iris.]  In  pathol.,  absence  of  the 
iris  of  the  eye,  or  an  imperfection  of  the  iris 
a anting  to  a  loss  of  function. 

anisandrous  (an-i-san'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avtaoe, 
unequal  (see  aniso-),  +  avf/p (avdp-),  male:  see 
-anilnnts.]    Same  as  anisostemonous. 

anisanthous  (au-I-san'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avtaoc, 
unequal  (see  aniso-),  +  avdoe,  flower.]  In  hot., 
having  perianths  of  different  forms.  Syd.  Soc. 
l.e.r. 

anisate  (an'i-sat),  a.  [<  anise  +  -ate1.]  Re- 
sembling anise. 

anise  (an'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ants,  an- 
nis,  <  ME.  anys,  aneys,  annes,  <  OF.  (and  mod. 
F. )  fl«/s  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ««('«  =  D.  ««//s  =  Dan.  Sw. 
anis  =  MHG.  ants,  enis,  G.  anis  (>  Serv.  aui.li. 
am  :lt,  Sloven,  janeeh),  <  L.  anisum,  also  spelled 
anesum  and  anethum  (>  F.  aneth,  >  E.  anet,  q. 
v.),  =  Russ.  anisii  =  Bulg.  Serv.  anason  =  Ar. 
Turk,  anisnn,  anise,  <  Gr.  hvrfiov  or  avvifiov,  Ion. 
aimaov  or  avvnrjov,  later  Attic  aviaov  or  6.WW0V, 
anise,  dill.]  An  annual  umbelliferous  plant, 
Pimpinella  Anisum.  It  is  indigenous  in  Egypt,  and  is 
cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence  the  seed  is  exported. 


Anise  {Pimpinella  Anisum). 
a,  base,  and  i,  top  of  plant ;  c,  fruit ;  <i.  section  of  a  carpel. 

Anise-seeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm 
taste;  they  an     largely    employed  in  the  manufacture  of 

cordials.  When  distilled  with  water  they  yield  a  volatile, 
fragrant,  syrupy  oil,  which  separates  when  cooled  into  two 
portions,  a  light  oil  and  a  solid  camphor.— Star-anise,  or 
Chinese  anise,  Illicium  nm^ntmn.  -Wild  anise-tree 

of  Florida.  Illieiiiui  Flnridnniim.     See  Illicium. 

anise-camphor  (an'is-kam*fqr),  n.  A  liquid  or 
crystalline  substance,  C10H'j2O,  found  iu  tho 
oils  of  anise,  fennel,  star-anise,  and  tarragon. 
Also  called  ancthol. 

aniseed,  anise-seed  (an'i-sed,  an'is-sed),  n. 
[The  first  form  eontr.  from  the  second.]  1.  The 
seed  of  the  anise.    See  anise. —  2.  See  anisette. 

anise-tree  (an'is-tre),  «.   See  anise  and  Illicium. 

anisette  (an-i-sef),  «.  [F.,  (.anis,  anise,  +  dim. 
■ette.]  A  cordial  or  liqueur  prepared  from  the 
seed  of  the  anise.     Sometimes  called  aniseed. 

It  often  happens  that  a  class  of  water,  flavored  with  a 
little  anisette,  is  the  order  over  which  be  [the  lasagnone] 
sits  a  whole  evening,  HoweUs,  Venetian  bite,  \.\. 

anisic  (a-nis'ii),  a.  [<L.  anisum.  anise,  +  -i<:\ 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  anise.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  anisoic.— Anisic  acid,  CsH?03,  an 

acid  obtained  from  aniseed  by  the  action  of  oxidizing  sub- 
stances. It  [s  cry  stalb/able  and  volatile,  and  forms  salts 
which  crystallize  readily. 

aniso-.  [The  combining  form  of  Gr.  avtrme,  un- 
equal, <  av-  priv.  +  inne,  equal.]  An  element. 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  signifying 
unequal, 

Anisobranchia  (a-ni-so-brahg'ki-a,),  n.  pZ. 

I  \L.,<  (Jr.  hvwoe,  unequal.  +  ■ipeiyxia,  gills.]  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  a  super- 
family  of  gastropods,  of  the  series  '  'hiastoni  una, 
including  a   number  of  forms  collectively  dis- 

tinguishedfrom  the  Zeugobranchia  (which  see). 
Leading  genera  of  the  Am  tobranchia  are  Patella,  Trochus, 
Littmiini,  Cyclostoma,  Rissoa,  Paludina,  and  Tnrritella. 

In  the  Anisobranchia  the  bit  uill  is  smaller,  ami  the 
right  one  more  largely  developed 

Ctegenbaur,  Comp,  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  337. 


Anisobranchiata 

Anisobranchiata  (a-ni  so-brang-ki-ii'ta), n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neat.  pi.  of  anisobranchiabus :  see  aniso- 
branchiata.]   Same  as  Anisobranclitu. 

anisobranchiate  (a-ni-so-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
NL.  anisobranchiatus,  as  Anisobranchia  +  -atus.] 
Having  unequal  gills;  specifically, of  or  portain- 
ing  to  the  Anisobranchia. 

anisobryous  (an-i-sob'ri-us),  a.  [<  Or.  ivtaoc, 
unequal,  +  ftpbov,  lit.  a  growth,  <  ppvuv,  swell, 
grow.]     Same  as  anisodynamous. 

anisocercal  (a-nl-so-ser'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  dwo-or, 
unequal,  +  idpnot;,  tail:  see  an--'  ami  isocercal.] 
Not  isocercal. 

anisodactyl,  anisodactyle  (a-nl-so-dak'til),  n. 
and  re.  [<  NL.  anisodactylus,  uuequal-toed,<  Gr. 
ai'Kiof,  unequal,  +  rWrr'n, ,  a  linger  or  toe:  see 
aniso-  and  dactyl.]  I.  a.  Same  as  anisodactylous. 
II.  «.  1.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  in  the 
classification  of  Temminck,  including  those 
insessorial  species  the  toes  of  which  are  of 
unequal  length,  as  the  nuthatch. — 2.  One  of 
the  Anisodactyla. 

Anisodactyla  (a-ni-so-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  anisodactylus:  see  anisodactyl.]  In 
the  zoological  system  of  Cuvier,  one  of  four 
divisions  of  pachydermatous  quadrupeds,  in- 
eluding  those  which  have  several  unsymmetri- 
cal  hoofs.  The  term  is  loosely  synonymous  with  Pe- 
rissodactyla,  but  as  originally  intended  it  excluded  the 
solidungulate  perissodactyls,  as  the  horse,  and  included 
some  Artiodactyla,  as  the  hippopotamus,  as  well  as  all  the 
Proboscidea,  or  elephants,  mastodons,  and  mammoths. 
It  is  an  artificial  group,  not  now  in  use. 

anisodactyle,  »•  and  n.     See  anisodactyl. 

Anisodactyli  (a-ni-so-dak'ti-li),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  anisodactylus :  see  anisodactyl.]  In  Sun- 
devall's  classification  of  birds,  the  second  series 
of  an  order  Volucres,  consisting  of  the  five  co- 
horts Camomorphw,  Ampligulares,  LongiUngues, 
or  MellisugcB,  Syndactyly,  and  Peristeroidece.  See 
these  words.  By  Sclater,  in  1S80,  the  term  is  used  as  a 
suborder  of  Picarice,  including  twelve  families,  the  Colli- 
da?,  Alcedinidce,  Bucerotidce,  Upupidce,  Irrisoridae,  Meropi- 
dee,  Momotidoe,  Todxdts,  Coraciidae,  Leptosomidce,  Podar- 
gidce,  and  Steatornithtdce. 

ailisodactylic  (a-nT'so-dak-til'Ik),  a.  [<  aniso- 
dactyl +  -ic.]     Same  as  anisodactylous. 

anisodactylous  (a-nl-so-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anisodactylus:  see  anisodactyl.']  Unequal-toed; 
having  the  toes  unlike,  (a)  In  mammals,  of  or  per- 
tainingto  the  Anisodactyla;  perissodactyl ;  pachyderma- 
tous. Seecut  under  yr/.sxH,;,,,/!//.  (/,)  InomuA.,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  anisodactyls,  or  Anisodactyli.  Equivalent 
forms  are  anisodactyl,  anisodactyle,  and  anisodactylic. 

anisodont  (a-ni'so-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc,  un- 
equal, +  o6oi>c  (biovr-)  =  E.  tootli.~\  In  herjn  tol., 
having  teeth  of  unequal  size:  applied  to  the 
dentition  of  those  serpents  in  which  the  teeth 
are  unequal  in  length  and  irregular  in  set,  with 
wide  interspaces,  especially  in  the  lower  jaw. 

anisodynamous  (a-ni-so-di'na-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avtooc,  unequal,  +  duvaptg,  power:  see  dynamic] 
In  hut.,  a  term  suggested  by  Cassini  as  a  sub- 
stitute for monocotyledonous,  on  the  supposition 
that  the  single  cotyledon  results  from  unequal 
development  on  the  two  sides  of  the  axis  of  the 
embryo.  An  equivalent  form  suggested  by  him 
was  anisobryous,  but  neither  term  was  ever 
adopted. 

anisognathous  (an-i-sog'nii-thus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avtoog,  unequal,  +  jKaftoc,  jaw.]  In  pool.,  hav- 
ing the  molar  teeth  unlike  in  the  two  jaws  :  op- 
posed to  isognathmts. 

anisogynous  (an-i-soj'i-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal,  +  ;  it;),  a  female.]  In  bot.,  having  the 
carpels  not  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 
JV.  E.  D. 

anisoic  (au-i-so'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  equiv.  of  anisic] 
Same  as  anisic. 

anisomeric  (a-iri-so-mer'ik),  a.  [As  anisomc- 
rous  +  -ic]  In  cJiem.,  not  composed  of  the 
same  proportions  of  the  same  elements. 

anisomerous  (an-I-soin'e-rus),  a.  [<NL.  ani- 
somerus,  <  Gr.  dwo-or,  unequal,  +  fiipoc  part.] 

1.  In  hot.,  unsymmetrical:  applied  to  flowers 
which  have  not  the  same  number  of  parts  in 
each  circle. 

[When]  the  number  of  parts  in  each  whorl  is  .  .  .  un- 
equal, as  in  Rue,  .  .  .  the  flower  is  anisomerous. 

li.  Bentley,  Botany,  p.  343. 

2.  In  odontoq.,  having  the  transverse  ridges  of 
successive  molar  teeth  increasing  in  number  by 
more  than  one,  as  in  the  mastodons. 

anisometric  (a-nl-so-met'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal,  +  pirpov,  measure.]  Of  unequal  mea- 
surement: a  term  applied  to  crystals  which 
are  developed  dissimilarly  in  the  three  axial 
directions. 

anisometropia  (a-m"sd-ine-tr6'pi-ij),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avi<juc,  unequal,  +  pirpov,  measure,  +  wi/'i 


221 

eyo.]  Inequality  of  the  eyes  with  respect  to  re- 
fract ivo  power. 

anisometropic  (a-ni"s6-me-trop'ik),  a.  [<  am- 
siiinctropia  +  -ic]  Unequally  refractive;  af- 
fected with  anisometropia. 

Anisonema  (a-ni-so-ne'inti),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avtaoc,  unequal,  +  vij/ta,  a  thread,  <  vieiv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  thecamonadine  infusorians,  typical 
of  the  family  Autstiurmnltr. 

Anisonemidae  (a-ni-so-nein'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anisonema  +  -itla.]  A  family  ot  ovate  or 
elongate  infusorians  inhabiting  salt  and  fresh 
water.  They  are  free-swimming  or  temporarily  adher- 
ent animalcules  with  two  nageUa,  the  anterior  one  of 
which  is  locomotory  or  vibratileand  railed  the tractellum, 
the  posterior  one.  .riled  the  gubernactUum,  being  trailed 
inactively  or  used  for  steering.  The  oral  aperture  is  dis- 
tinct, in  most  cases  associated  with  a  tubular  pharynx. 
Thecndoplasmistranspaieiit  ami  granular.    Sueille  Kent. 

anisopetalous  (a-nl-so-pet'a-lus),  a.     [<  Gr. 

dwaor,  unequal,  +  ircraXav,  leaf,  mod.  petal.] 
In  bot.,  having  unequal  petals. 

anisophyllous  (a-ui-so-fiTus),  a.  [<  NL.  aniso- 
phyltus,  <  Gr.  dwo-of,  unequal,  +  ebvXlov  =  L. 
folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  In  bot.,  having  the 
leaves  of  a  pair  unequal. 

Anisopleura  (a-ni-so-plS'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  dwo-of,  unequal,  +  tt\ivpd,  the  side.]  A 
prime  division  of  gastropods,  containing  those 
which  are  not  bilaterally  symmetrical,  as  are 
all  Gastropoda  excepting  the  chitons,  etc. :  con- 
trasted with  Isopleura. 

The  twisted  or  straight  character  of  the  visceral  nervous 
loop  gives  a  foundation  for  a  division  of  the  Anisopleura 
into  two  groups,  to  which  the  names  Streptoneura  and 
Euthyneura  have  been  applied.  To  the  former  belong  the 
great  majority  of  the  aquatic  and  some  of  the  terrestrial 
species,  while  the  latter  contains  only  the  opisthobranchs 
and  puimonifers.  Stand,  Nat  Hist.,  I.  294. 

anisopleural  (a-ni-so-pld  'ral),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
plcura  +  -al.]  Unequal-sided;  having  bilateral 
asymmetry ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Anisopleura. 

anisopleurous  (a-ni-so-plo'rus),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura +  -ous.]     Same  as  anisopleural. 

Euthyneurous  anisopleiieous  (lastropoda,  probably  de- 
rived from  ancestral  forms  similar  to  the  palliate  Opistho- 
braiiehia  by  adaptation  to  a  terrestrial  life. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  660. 

anisopogonous  (a-ni-so-pog'o-nus),  a-  [<  Gr. 
aviaoc,  unequal,  +  nuyuv,  beard.]  In  ornith., 
unequally  webbed:  said  of  feathers  one  web 
or  vane  of  which  is  markedly  different  from 
the  other  in  size  or  shape,  or  both:  opposed  to 
isopogonous. 

Anisops  (a-ni'sops),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aviaoc  un- 
equal, +  ofjuf,  face  (appearance).]  A  genus 
of  aquatic  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Notoncctidce,  or  back-swimmers,  having  a  slen- 
der form  and  the  fourth  joint  of  the  antennas 
longer  than  the  third,  -i.  platycucmis  is  a  com- 
mon North  American  species. 

anisopterous  (an-i-sop'te-rus),  fl.  [<Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal,  +  wrepdv,  a  wing.]  With  unequal 
wings:  applied  to  flowers,  fruits,  etc. 

Anisopteryx  (au-i-sop'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dwirof,-  unequal,  +  rrripv^,  wing.]  A  genus  of 
geometrid  moths,  the  larvro  of  which  are  known 
as  canker-worms.  Two  well-known  species  are  A. 
vernata,  the  spring  canker-worm,  and  A.  pometaria,  the 
fall  canker-worm,  both  of  which  occur  in  greater  or  less 
abundance  from  Maine  to  Texas;  they  feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  elm,  linden,  and  many 
other  trees.    See  cut  under  canker-worm, 

Anisorhamphus  (a-ni-so-ram'fus),  re.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  artnos,  unequal,  +  pdpi/ios,  beak,  bill.]  Same 
as  Khynchops. 


Green-striped  Maple-worm  [Anisota  ntbicunda). 
a,  larva;  b,  pupa;  c,  female  moth.    (All  natural  size.) 


ankle 

anlsostemonous  (a-ni-so-stem'o-nns),  a.    [< 
(Jr.  aviaoc  unequal,  +  trriiuvn),  e  thread  (c 
;i  stamen:  see  stamen).']     In  bot,  having  the 

stamens  fewer  in    number   than  Hie   petals  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla:  applied  to  flowers,  as  in 
the  order  I.aliiata.     An  equivalent  word  i 
sandrous.  • 

anisosthenic  (a-ni-so-sthen'ik),  <i.  [<  Gr.  avt- 
aoadevi/ci  aviaoc  unequal,  +  ovivos,  strength.] 
Of  unequal  strength.    A.  ]■:.  I). 

Anisota  (an-i-sd'tfi,),  «.     [NL.,  <  (Jr.  5v«roc,  un- 
equal, +  ore  (<jr-)=E.  fo-ri.J    A  genus  of  moths, 
family   BornbycidtB,  established  by  Httbni 
1816.    The  lana-  feed  commonly  upon  the  oak,  but  .1 
rul'irunda  ( 1'abriciiis)  is  often  injurious  tn  the  sofl  mapli 
They  undergo  transformation  below  tin-  Burface  of  tie 
ground  to  naked  pup.'e.    See  cut  in  preci  ding  column. 

anisotropal  (an-i-sot'ro-pal),  a.    Same  as  ani- 
sotropic. 
anisotrope  (a-ni'so-trop),  a.      [<  Gr.  avtaoc, 

unequal,  +  rpo-oi;,  a  turning,  <  rpirrtiv,  turn.] 
Same  as  anisotropic. 
anisotropic  (a-ni-so-trop'ik),  a.  [As  anisotropi 
+ -ic]  1.  Not  having  the  same  prnperi  io-  in 
all  directions;  not,  isotropic;  reolotropic.  All 
crystals  except  those  of  the  isometric  system 
are  anisotropic  with  respect  to  light. 

Starch  grains  behave  like  double  refracting  crystals,  and 
we  assume,  therefore,  that  they  consist  ot .  .  .  anisotropic 
substances.       Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  p.  360. 

2.  In  bot,  a  term  applied  by  Sachs  to  organs 
which  respond  differently  or  unequally  to  ex- 
ternal influences. 

Equivalent  forms  are  anisotropal,  anisotrope, 
and  anisotropous. 

anisotropous  (an-i-sot'ro-pus),  a.  Same  as 
anisotropic—  Anisotropous  disk,  act:  striated  muscle, 
under  striated. 

anisotropy  (an-i-sot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avtaoc,  un- 
equal, +  -rpo-ia,  <  -piiruv,  turn.]  The  quality 
of  being  anisotropic. 

anitrogenous  (an-i-troj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  («-18)  +  nitrogenous,  q.  v.]  Not  containing 
or  supplying  nitrogen  ;  not  nitrogenous. 

aniuma(an-i-u'ma),  h.  [Seearihima.]  Aname 
of  the  horned  screamer,  I'alainrdca  cornuta. 

anjeela  (an-je'la),  n.  [A  native  name  in  Cey- 
lon.] A  sort  of  floating  house,  supported  upon 
two  large  canoes,  connected  by  planks.  It  is 
used  by  the  Singhalese  both  as  a  dwelling  and  as  a  means 
of  transportation. 

Anjou  (oh-zho'),  n.  [P.,  <  Anjou,  a  province  of 
France:  see  Angevin.]  A  slightly  sparkling 
wine  of  western  France,  manufactured  in  a 
region  of  which  Chalonnes-sur-Loire,  near  An- 
gers, is  the  center. 

anker't,  ».    A  former  spelling  of  anchor1. 

anker-t,  «•     A  former  spelling  of  anchor2. 

anker3  (ang'ker),  n.  [=  F.  ancre  =  Russ.  an- 
Iccru,  ankerok,  <  D.  G.  Dan.  anker  =  Sw.  ankare, 
a  liquid  measure,  prob.  orig.  a  vat  or  keg;  ef. 
ML.  anceria,  ancheria,  a  small  vat  or  keo; 
origin  obscure.]  A  liquid  measure  formerly 
used  in  England,  and  still  common  throughout 
Germany,  Russia,  and  Denmark,  having  a  ca- 
pacity varying  in  different  places  from !)  to  1C% 
gallons.  In  Scotland  it  was  equal  to  20  Scotch 
pints.     Also  spelled  anchor. 

ankerite  (ang'ker-it),  n.  [After Prof.  Anker,  of 
Griitz,  +  -ite%.]  A  crystallized  variety  of  dolo- 
mite containing  much  iron.  It  consists  of  carbon- 
ates ef  calcium,  iron,  magnesium,  and  manganese,  and  is 
much  prized  as  an  ere  of  iron  for  smelting  and  as  a  flux. 
It  occurs  with  carbonate  of  iron  at  the  Styrian  mines  and 
elsewhere. 

ankh  (ank),  n.  [Egypt.,  life  or  soul.]  In  Egyp- 
tian art,  the  emblem  of  enduring  life,  or  sym- 
bol of  generation,  generally  represented  as  held 
in  the  hand  of  a  deity,  and  often 
conferred  upon  royal  favorites.  It 
is  the  crux  ansata  (which  see,  under 
crux). 

ankle  (ang'kl),  ».  [(a)  Also  writ- 
ten ancle,  <  ME.  ankle,  ancle,  ankcl, 
ankil,  ankyl  (a  corresponding  AS. 
form  not  recorded)  =  OFries.  «h- 
W=D.raW=OHG.  anchal,  t  nchil, 
in.,  anchala,  enchilti,  t'.,  MHG.  ti. 
enkel  =  Iee>\.  iikkla,  o'/,7/  =  Sw.  Dan. 
ankel;  (?»)  also  with  added  term.  E. 
dial,  anclcf  anclitl',  ancley,  <  ME.  an- 
ch  i ,  anclowe,  <  AS.  ancleow,  oncicow, 
anclco  =  OFries.  onklef=  I  HD.  at  nklauwe,  D.  an- 
klaautr,  enklaauw  =  OHXJ.  anchlao  (rare)  i  tin- 
term,  being  due,  perhaps,  to  a  simulation  of  AS. 
clco,  usually  clawu  =  OFries.  klcrc  =  T>.  klaauw, 
a  claw);  with  formative  -/,  -el,  from  a  simple 
base  preserved  in  OHG.  encha,  einka,  leg.  ankle, 
MHG.  ankc,  ankle  (>  F.  hanche,  E.  haunch,  q. 


Ankh.  carried 
by  Egyptian 
Koils.  From  a 
bas-relief.] 


ankle 

v.) ;  prob.  related  to  L.  anguhis,  an  angle,  and 

Gr.  ayKtihoc,  bent:  see  angle1,  angle3,  and  an- 

kylosi .]     1.   The  joint  which  connects  the  foot 

with  the  leg.— 2.  By  extension,  the  slender  part 

of  the  leg  between  the  calf  and  the  ankle-joint. 
Also  spelled  ancle. 
ankle-bone   (ang'kl-bon),  «.     The  bone  of  the 

ankle;  the  astragalus  or  huckle-bone. 
ankle-boot  (ang'kl-bot),  n.     1.  A  covering  f or 

the  ankle  of  a  horse,  designed  to  prevent  inter- 
fering.    See  interfere. — 2.  A  boot  reaching  a 

little  above  a  person's  ankle, 
ankle-clonus   (ang'kl-klo'nus).  n.     The  clonic 

spasm  of  the    ealf-nmseles  evoked  in  certain 

cases  by  a  sudden  bending  of  the  foot  upward 

toward  the  ankle,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render 

the  tendon  of  Achilles  very  tense, 
ankled  (ang'kld),  «.  [(.ankle  +  -erf2.]    Having 

ankles:  used  in  composition:  as,  weil-ankled. 
ankle-deep  (ang'kl-dep),  a.     1.  Sunk  in  water, 

mud,  or  the  like,  up  to  the  ankles. — 2.  Of  a 

depth  sufficient  to  reach  or  come  up  to  the  top 

of  the  ankle. 
ankle-jack  (ang'kl-jak),  n.    A  kind  of  boot 

reaching  above  the  ankle. 
He  [Captain  Cuttle]  put  on  an  unparalleled  pair  of  an- 

kle-jacks.  Dickens,  Donibey  and  Son,  .xv. 

ankle-jerk  (ang'kl-jerk),  n.  The  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  calf  caused  by  striking  the 
tendon  of  Achilles  just  above  the  heel  or  sud- 
denly stretching  it.    Also  called  ankle-reih  x. 

ankle-joint  (ang'kl -joint),  n.  1.  In  ordinary 
language,  same  as  ankle,  1. —  2.  In  eool.  and 
anat.,  the  tarsal  joint,  (a)  In  mammals,  the 
tibiotarsal  articulation.       (l>)  In  other  verte-  anlacet,  anelacet  (an  las,  -e-las),  n 


222 

ayKOf,  a  bend),  =  L.  anguhis,  angle  (cf.  ancus, 
bent);  closely  related  to  E.  angle1:  see  angle1 
and  ankle.]  1.  In  anat.  and  eool.,  the  consoli- 
dation or  fusion  of  two  or  more  bones  in  one, 
or  the  union  of  the  different  parts  of  a  bone ; 
bony  union;  synosteosis :  as,  the  ankylosis  of 
the  cranial  bones  one  with  another;  the  anky- 
losis of  the  different  elements  of  the  temporal 
bone;  the  ankylosis  of  an  epiphysis  witli  the 
shaft  of  a  bone. — 2.  In  pathol.,  stiffness  and 
immovability  of  a  joint;  morbid  adhesion  of 
the  articular  ends  of  contiguous  bones. 

He  moves  along  stittlv  ...  as  the  man  who,  as  we  are 
told  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  was  afflicted  with 
an  universal  anchylosis.  Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 

Improperly  spelled  anchylosis. 
ankylotic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.     [<  ankylosis:  see 

-otic.]     Pertaining  to  ankylosis.     Improperly 

spelled  anchylotic. 
ankylotome  (ang-kil'o-tom),  n.     [<  NL.  anky- 

lotomus,  <  Gr.  ayavloq,  crooked  (see  ankylosis), 

+  rofiij,  a  cutting,  <  rkfiveiv,  rafiEiv,  cut:  see  tome.] 

1 .  A  surgical  instrument  for  oper- 
ating on  adhesions  or  contractions, 

especially  of  the  tongue. —  2.   A 

curved  knife  or  bistoury. 
Equivalent  forms  are  ancylotomc, 

ankylotomus,  ancylotomiis. 
ankylotomus    (ang-ki-lot'o-mus), 

n. ;    pi.   ankylotomi   (-mi).     [NL.] 

Same  as  ankylotome.   Also  written 

ancylotomiis. 
ankyroid  (an-ld'roid),  a.     Same  as 

inieyronl. 


brates,  the  mediotarsal  articulation.      See  tar- 
sal, tarsus. 

ankle-reflex  (ang'kl-re','fleks),  n.  Same  as  an- 
kle-jerk. 

anklet  (ang'klet),  h.  [<  anUe  +  dim.  -et.]  1.  A 
little  ankle. —  2.  An  ornament  for  the  ankle, 
corresponding  to  the  bracelet  for  the  wrist  or 
forearm. — 3.  A  support  or  brace  for  the  leg,  in- 
tended to  stiffen  the  ankle-joint  and  prevent  the 
ankle  from  turning  to  one  side. — 4.  An  exten- 
sion of  the  top  of  a  boot  or  shoe,  designed  some- 
times for  protection  to  a  weak  ankle,  some- 
times merely  for  ornament. —  5.  A  fetter  or 
shackle  for  the  ankles. 

To  every  bench,  a,  a  fixture,  there  was  a  ehain  with 
heavy  anklets.  L.  WaUaee,  Een-Hur,  p.  152. 

ankle-tie  (ang'kl-ti),  ».  A  kind  of  slipper  with 
straps  buttoning  around  the  ankle. 

ankus,  ankush  (ang'kus,  -kush),  n.  [Hind. 
aniens,  Pers.  anguzh,  <  Skt.  anknea.]  In  India, 
an  elephant-goad  combining  a  sharp  hook  and 
a  straight  point  or  spike.  Such  goads  are  often 
elaborately  omami  nb  id;  they  are  a  favorite  subject  for  the 
rich  enamel  of  .ley  pore,  and  are  sometimes  set  with  precious 
stones.  "It  forms  part  of  the  khillat  or  cdress  of  honor' 
riven  by  the  Maharaja  of  Jeypore."  Jacobs  tin, i  Hendley, 
.lev  pore  Enamels. 

ankyloblepharon  (ang'ki-ld-blef'a-ron),  u. 
[NL.,<Gr.  aynv/.oi;   crooked  (see  ankylosis),  + 
fi'Mtyapov,  eyelid.]     In  pathol.,  union,  moreor 
less  extensive,  of  the  edges  of  the  eyelids, 
properly  spelled  ankyloblepharon 


Anlace. 

(From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet, 
du  Mobilier 

francais.") 


[<  ME.  aulas,  analasse,  anlace,  ane- 
lace,  in  Latinized  form  anelaiius, 
urn  latins,  OW.  anglas;  of  uncer- 
tain origin.]     A  dagger  or  short 
sword,  very  broad  and  thin  at  the 
hilt  and  tapering  to  a  point,  used 
from  the  twelfth  to  the  fifteenth 
century.    Also  spelled  anelas. 
An  aulas  and  a  liipser  al  of  silk 
Heng  at  his  girdel. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  357. 
His  harp  in  silken  scarf  was  slung, 
And  by  his  side  an  anlare  hung. 

Scott,  Rokehy,  v.  15. 

anlaut  (an'lont),  n.     [G.,  <  an,  on  (=  E.  on, 
q.  v.),  marking  the  beginning,  4-  hint,  a  sound, 

<  laid,  adj.,  loud,  =  E.  loud,  q.  v.  Cf.  auslaut, 
inlaid,  and  umlaut.']  In  philol.,  the  initial 
sound  of  a  word. 

anlet  (an'let),  n.     [<  OF.  anelet,  dim.  of  and,  a 

ring:  see  annulet.]     In  her.,  same  as  annulet. 

Also  written  andlet,  aunlet. 
annt,  >'•     [For  aunat,  annct,  appar.  with  direct 

ref.  to  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  anuat,  annate.] 

Same  as  an  nut. 
anna1  (an'a),  n.    [Anglo-Iud.,  also  spelled  ana, 

<  Hind,  ana.]  In  India,  the  sixteenth  part  of  a 
rupee,  or  about  3  cents.  Under  Queen  Victoria, 
coins  of  the  value  of  2  annas  (silver),  worth  2gd.,  half  an 


annealing 

annnalis,  >  E.  annual,  q.  v.),  <  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  hence  a  year,  prob.  orig. 
*acnus  (cf.  Umbrian  pereknem  =  L.  ;»  rennem  : 
see  perennial),  and  identical  with  anus  (orig. 
'acnus),  a  ring  Qdnulus,  also  written  annulus, 
a  ring:  see  annulus),  perhaps  <  •)/  *ac,  bend, 
nasalized  *ane  in  ani/ulus  (for  "anculus),  angle, 
etc.  :  see  angle3.]  1.  A  history  or  relation  of 
events  recorded  year  by  year,  or  connected  by 
the  order  of  their  occurrence.  Hence  —  2.  Any 
formal  account  of  events,  discoveries,  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies,  etc. —  3.  Historical 
records  generally. 

The  Tour  de  Constance  [at  Aigues-Mortes]  .  .  .  served 
for  years  as  a  prison,  .  .  .  and  the  annals  of  these  dread- 
ful chambers  during  the  first  half  of  the  last  century  were 
written  in  tears  of  blood. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  177. 

=  Syn.  History,  Chronicle,  etc.  See  history,  also  list  un- 
der chronicle. 

Annamese  (an-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  ».  [< 
Annam  (said  to  be  <  Chinese  an,  peace,  peace- 
ful, +  nam,  south)  +  -esc.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Annam,  its  people,  or  its  language. 
II.  n.  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Annam ;  an  inhabitant  or  the  inhabitants  of 
Annam,  a  feudatory  dependency  of  China  till 
1883,  when  France  established  a  protectorate 
over  it.  Annam  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  having  China  proper  on  the  north 
and  Siam  on  the  west. 

2.  The  language  spoken  in  Annam.    it  is  mono- 
syllabic, and  allied  to  the  Chinese.    Annamese  literature 
is  written  in  Chinese  characters,  used  phonetically. 
Also  spelled  Anamese. 

Annamite  (an'a-mit),  a.  and  n.  [<  Annam  + 
-ite-.]  Same  as  Annamese.  Also  spelled  Ana- 
mite. 

annat,  annate  (an'at,  an'at),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  annat,  annct,  usually  in  pi.,  <  F.  annate,  < 
ML.  annata,  neut.  pi.  of  annatus,  a  year  old,  < 
L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annals.]  1.  pi.  The  fust 
fruits,  consisting  of  a  year's  revenue,  or  a 
specified  portion  of  a  year's  revenue,  paid  to 
the  pope  by  a  bishop,  an  abbot,  or  other  ec- 
clesiastic, on  his  appointment  to  a  new  see  or 
benefice.  The  place  of  aunats  is  now  supplied,  in  the 
main,  by  "Peter's  pence."  In  England,  in  1534,  they 
were  vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 
they  were  restored  to  the  church,  and  appropriated  to  the 
augmentation  of  poor  livings  of  the  Church  of  England, 
forming  what  is  known  as  "Queen  Anne's  bounty." 

Next  year  the  annates  or  first-fruits  of  benefices,  a  con- 
stant source  of  discord  between  the  nations  of  Run  ipe  anil 
their  spiritual  ehief,  were  taken  away  by  aet  of  Parlia- 
ment. Ilallam. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  portion  of  stipend  payable 
for  the  half  year  after  the  death  of  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  to  which  his 
family  or  nearest  of  kin  have  right. 

The  annat  due  to  the  executors  of  deceased  ministers  is 
declared  to  be  half  a  year's  rent  over  what  is  due  to  the 
defunct  for  his  incumbency,  to  wit:  if  he  survive  W  hit- 
Bunday,  the  half  of  that  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  and 
the  other  half  for  the  annat;  and  if  he  survive  Michael- 
mas, the  whole  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  and  the 
half  of  the  next  year  for  the  annat,  and  the  executors  need 
not  to  confirm  it.  Pari.,  2d  Sess.,  iii.,  18th  an.  Car.  11. 


anna  (copper),  etc.,  have  been  issued 
Im-  anna2  (an'a),  n.    [S.  Amer.]    The  Indian  name  annatto  (a-nat'6),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

of  a  South  American  skunk.     De  la  Vega.  anneal1  (a-neV),  v.  t.     [Now  spelled  in  imita- 


ahkylose  [ang'M-los)^  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anky-  annabergite  (an'a-berg-It),  n.  [<  Anmberg, 
losed,  ppr.  ankylosing.  [<  ankylosis,  q.  v.]  I.  a  town  in  Saxony,  +  -ite2.]  A  hydrous  ar- 
Iriuis.  To  lix  immovably,  as  a  joint ;  stiffen.  seniate  of  nickel,  a  massive  or  earthy  mineral 
II.  intrans.  In  osteol.,  to  become  consolidated,  of  an  apple-green  color,  often  resulting  from 
its  one  bone  with  another  or  a  tooth  with  a  jaw ;  the  alteration  of  arsenides  of  nickel.  _ 
become  firmly  united  bone  to  bone;  grow  to-  annal  (an'al),  n.  [In  sense  1,  a  sing,  made 
gether,  as  two  or  more  bones;  effect  bony  union     from  pi.  annals,  q.  v.    In  sense  2,  <  ML.  anna- 

lis  (so.  missa),  also  neut.  annals,  a  mass,  <  L. 
annalis,  yearly.    Cf.  annual.]    1.  A  register  or 
record  of  the  events  of  a  year:  chiefly  used  in 
the  plural.     See  annals. 
A  last  year's  armal. 

Warburton,  Causes  of  Prodigies,  p.  59. 

2.  Same  as  annual,  n.,  1. 
annalist  (an'al-ist),  ».    [<  annul  +  -ist;  =F.  an- 
naliste.]     A  writer  of  annals. 

The  monks  .  .  .  were  tip    onlj  annalists  during  those 
,,,,,.*.  Hume,  Mist,  Eng.,  i. 

Gregory  of  Tours  was  succeeded  as  an  annalist  h\  tin 
still  feebler  Fredegarius.       Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  24. 

annalistic  (un-a-lis'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
Characteristic  of  an  annalist. 
Written  iii  M  stilt  annalistic  method, 

Sir  U.  r.  r.cwis,  Credibility  of  Early  Kolll.  Hist.,  I.  50. 


or  ankylosis. 
In  thr  Sirenia  the  pelvis  is  extremely  rudimentary,  be- 


ing composed,  in  the  bugong,  of  two  Blender,  elongated 


on     each     side, 

pla 1    end    to   en 

commonly  ankylosing  i" 
gether. 

W.  II.  Fhnill  r,  Osteology, 

IP- 
The  lower  incisors  of 
some  apet  Je    ol   Bhrewa 

.      .      ,      hi   .'MUM       tllll'l/o    <    / 

to  the  jaw. 

If   //.  Flower,  Encyc. 
Brit.,  X.V.S49, t  note, 

Improperly  spell- 
ed  anchylose. 
ankylosis  (ang- ki- 
lo '  sis),  n.  [Im- 
properly anchylosis, 
strictly  Uincylosis,  < 
Gr.  ii) Ki'/i.inr,  a  stiff- 
ening of  the  joints, 

<    aymiMeiv,    c I  • 

bend,      <      « 
crooked,   bent    (cf. 


tion  of  L.  words  in  ann-;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod. 
E.,  aneal,  <  ME.  anelen,  onelen,  inflame,  heat, 
melt,  burn,  <  AS.  analan,  ona-lan,  burn,  <  on, 
mi,  on,  +  ielan,  burn,  set  on  fire,  <  dl,  also  eel, 
fire,  a  burning  (a  rare  word ;  cf.  alfet);  of .  deled, 
fire,  =  OS.  eld=  Icel.  eldr  =  Sw.  eld  =  Dan.  il,l, 
fire  (the  vowel  short,  though  orig.  long).  The 
particular  sense  'enamel' may  have  been  de- 
rived in  part  from  OF.  neilrr.  nieler,  later  mi- 
ll r.  varnish,  enamel,  orig.  paint  in  black  upon 
gold  or  silver,  <  ML.  nii/cllare,  blacken,  enamel 
in  black,  <  nigellum,  a  black  enamel  ()E.  niello, 
q.  v.),  <  LL.  nigellus,  blackish,  dim.  of  L.  niger, 
black:  see  negro.]  It.  Originally,  to  set  on 
fire;  kindle.— 2f.  To  heat,  fire,  bake,  or  fuse, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  ores,  etc. —  3.  To  heal, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  or  metals,  in  order  to  lix 
colors;  enamel. — 4.  To  treat,  as  glass,  earthen- 
ware, or  metals,  by  heating  and  gradually  cool- 
ing, so  as  to  toughen  them  and  remove  their 
bnttleness. 

anneal'-t,  <'■  '•    Same  as  aneal2. 

annealer  (a-ne'ler),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 
anneals. 
annalizet  (an'al-Iz),  v.  t.     [<  annal  + -i:e.]     lo  annealing  (a-ne'ling),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 


Extensive   Ankylosis    of    cervical 

.i  i  rreenland  rl 

Balana    mysttcetus.     1-7,  the  first 

seven  vcrtcbr.-e  united  ll 

..  arti  ularsurfai  eof  auasfortx    ipi 

vie  j  a  epfphysli body 

of  seventh  cervical ;  sti,  foramen  in 
ir,  h  .,f  atlas  fijr  puMge  of  front 
spinal  nerve. 


record  in  annals,  or  as  in  annals.     [Karo.] 
The  miracle,  deserving  a  Baronlus  to  annalizt  it, 

Sheldon,  Mirai  i>   .  p  SS  ! 

annals  (an'al/.),  »•  pi.  [Formerly  annates,  <  F. 
annates,  pi.,  <  L.  annates  (sc.  libri,  books),  a 
yearly  record,  pi.  olanualis,  yearly  (in  EL.  also 


anealing;  verbal  n.  of  anneal1.]  1.  The  pro- 
cess or  art  of  treating  substances  by  means  of 
heat,  so  as  to  remove  their  brittleness  ami  at 
the  same  time  render  them  tough  and  more  or 
less  elastic.  In  general,  these  results  are  obtained  by 
heating  to  a  high  temperature  and  then  cooling  very  gradu- 


annealing 


ally.  All  glassware,  china,  etc.,  which  is  to  he  subjected 
tn  great  changes  of  temperature  should  be  thus  treated. 
The  working  of  iron  anil  steel  by  hammering,  bending, 
rolling,  thawing,  etc.,  tends  to  harden  them  and  make 
them  brittle,  and  the  original  properties  are  restored  by 
annealing.  Steel  plates  and  dies  for  hank-note  printing 
and  the  like  are  annealed  in  a  close  box  with  iron  filings  or 
turnings,  lime,  or  other  substances,  and  are  thus  freed 
from  carbon  and  reduced  to  pure  soft  iron,  in  which  state 
they  will  readily  take,  under  pressure,  the  finest  engrav- 
ing from  a  hardened  plate  or  die.  They  are  then  hardened 
again  to  the  degree  necessary  for  their  use  in  printing. 
Steel  for  engraving  dies  is  commonly  annealed  by  beating 
it  to  a  bright  cherry-red  color,  and  cooling  it  gradually  in 
a  bed  of  charcoal. 

2.  Same  as  tcnipe ring. — 3.  A  founders' term  for 
the  slow  treatment  of  the  elay  or  loam  cores  for 
castings,  which,  after  having  been  dried,  are 
burned  or  baked,  and  then  are  slowly  cooled. 

annealing-arch  (a-ne'ling-ai'ch),  n.  The  oven 
in  which  glassware  is  annealed:  called  in  some 
cases  a  leer.  In  plate-glass  manufacture,  the  anneal- 
ing-arch is  called  a  carquaise ;  the  front  door,  the  throat ; 
the  hack  door,  the  gueulette  (little  throat);  the  heating- 
furnace,  a  timr. 

annealing-box  (a-ne'ling-boks),  n.  A  box  in 
which  articles  are  placed  in  order  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  the  annealing-oven  or 
-furnace. 

annealing-color  (a-ne'ling-kul''pr),  n.     The 
•  color  acquired  by  steel  in  the  process  of  tem- 
pering or  exposure  to  progressive  heat. 

annealing-furnace  (a-ne'ling-fer''nas),  n.  A 
furnace  in  which  articles  to  be  annealed  are 
heated. 

annealing-oven  (a-ne'ling-uv"n),  n.  An  an- 
nealing-arch. 

annealing-pot  (a-ne'ling-pot),  n.  A  closed  pot 
in  which  are  placed  articles  to  be  annealed  or 
subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  furnace.  They  are 
thus  inclosed  to  prevent  the  formation  of  an 
oxid  upon  their  surfaces. 

annectt  (a-nekf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  annectere,  adnec- 
tere,  tie  or  bend  to  :  see  annex,  ».]  To  connect 
or  join.     Sir  T.  Elyot. 

It  is  united  to  it  by  golden  rings  at  every  corner,  the 
like  rings  being  annected  to  the  ephod. 

Whiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  III.  7. 

annectent  (a-nek'tent),  a.  [<  L.  annecten{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  annectere:  see  annex,  v.~]  Annexing; 
connecting  or  joining  one  thing  with  another. 
Chiefly  a  zoological  term,  applied  to  those  animals  or 
groups  of  animals  "which  link  two  or  more  varieties,  fami- 
lies, classes,  etc.,  together. 

It  appears  probable  that  they  [Gasterotricha]  form  an 

annectent  group  between  the  Rotifera  and  the  Turbellaria. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  171. 

Annectent  gyrus.    See  gyrus. 

Annelata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Annel- 
lata. 

annelid,  annelide  (an'e-lid), n.  and  a.  I.  n.  One 
of  the  Annelida  or  Annelides.    Also  anneloid. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Annelida  or 
Annelides. 
Also  annelidan,  annelidian. 

Annelida  (a-nel'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (with  single 
l  after  F.  anneles,  pp.  pi.,  ringed),  prop.  Anncl- 
lida,  <  L.  annelhts,  more  correctly  dueling,  dim. 
of  dnulus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ida.]  1.  The 
annelids  or  Annelides,  a  class  of  invertebrate 
animals,  of  the  phylum  Vermes,  sometimes  called 
the  class  of  red-blooded  worms.  The  body  is  com- 
posed  of  numerous  (up  to  some  400)  segments,  somites, 
or  metameres,  and  limbs  are  wanting,  or,  if  present,  are 
rudimentary  and  consist  of  the  cilia  or  seta?  known  as  para- 
podia.  A  vascular  system  with  red  blood  is  usually  pres- 
ent ;  the  integument  is  soft,  and  composed  of  many  layers, 
the  surface  being  mostly  ciliate  or  setose  ;  the  head  is 
wanting  or  rudimentary,  and  in  the  latter  case  consists 
of  a  prostomium  which  may  be  eirriferous  or  tenta- 
culiferous.  The  Annelida  are  the  "worms,"  properly  so 
called,  of  which  the  common  earthworm,  lobworm,  and 
leech  are  characteristic  examples.  Most  of  the  species 
are  aquatic  and  marine.  The  class  is  differently  limited 
by  different  authors,  the  principal  variation  among  later 
writers,  however,  being  in  excluding  or  including  the  Ge- 
phyrea.  Excluding  these,  as  is  done  by  the  above  defini- 
tion, the  Annelida  have  been  divided  into  four  orders : 
(1)  Sirudinea,  Discophora,  or  Suctoria,  the  leeches;  (2) 
Oligoehieta,  Abranchia,  Terricoloe,  etc.,  the  earthworms 
and  their  immediate  allies ;  (3)  Chcetopoda,  Polychceta, 
Errantia,  etc.,  the  free  sea-worms;  and  (4)  Cephalo- 
branchiu,  Tubicolce,  etc.,  tile  tubicolous  sea-worms.  An- 
other scheme  divides  Annelida  into  four  subclasses;  (1) 
Archtiinnelida.  composed  of  the  genus  Polygordius  and  its 
allies;  (2)  Chcetopoda,  including  (2),  (3).  and  (4)  of  the  forego- 
ing schedule  ;  (:i) HirudineaoT  Discophora  ;  and  (4)  Entero- 
pneusta,  eonsistingof  the  genus  Balanoglossus,  which  some 
authorities  class  with  the  ascidians  or  Cb.oria.ta. 
2.  In  Huxley's  system  (1877),  a  superordinal 
division  including  the  Polychceta,  Oligochceta,  Ui- 
rudinea,  and  Qephyrea,  with  the  Myzostomata 
doubtfully  added  thereto:  a  group  the  mem- 
bers of  which  resemble  one  another  generally 
in  the  segmentation  of  the  body  indicated  at 
least  by  the  serially  multiganglionate  nervous 
centers  (wanting  in   most  Gephyrea),  in  the 


223 

presence  of  cilia  and  segmental  organs,  and  in 
the  nature  of  the  larvre,  which  are  set  free  when 
the  embryos  hatch. 

annelidan  (a-nel'i-dan),  n.  and  a.  [<  Annelida 
+  -an.]     Same  as  annelid. 

annelide,  n.  and  a.     See  annelid. 

Annelides  (a-nel'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (F.  pi.): 
see  Annelida.']  1.  Red-blooded  worms.  La- 
marck. —  2.  Invertebrate  animals  that  have  red 
blood;  the  first  class  of  articulated  animals, 
divided  into  Tubicolee,  Vorsibranchiata,  and 
Abranchia.  Cuvier,  1817. — 3.  In  Milne-Ed- 
wards's  classification,  a  similar  group  of  worms, 
divided  into  Suctoria,  Terricolai,  Tubicolce,  and 
Errantes. — 4.  In  Gegenbaur's  system,  a  prime 
division  of  Annulata  (itself  a  class  of  Vermes), 
composed  of  two  groups,  Oligoehieta  and  Chasto- 
poda. —  5.  A  synonym,  more  or  less  exact,  of 
Annelida  (which  see). 

annelidian  (an-e-lid'i-an),  n.  and  a.  Same  as 
annelid. 

annelidous  (a-nel'i-dus),  a.  [<  Annelida  + 
-oms.]  Relating  to  or  resembling  an  annelid. 
Also  anneloid. 

The  mud  in  many  places  was  thrown  up  by  numbers  of 
some  kind  of  worm,  or  annelidous  animal. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  84. 

annelism  (an'e-lizm),  n.  [As  annel(id)  +  -ism.] 
In  zodl.,  annelidan  or  ringed  structure  or  con- 
dition. 

The  great  band-worm  is  ...  of  this  low  type  of  annel- 
ism.  Hartwig,  The  Sea,  xii. 

Annellata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annellatus,  <  L.  anncllus,  anellus,  dim.  of  an- 
nus, anus,  a  ring:  see  annulus."]  A  synonym  of 
the  Annelides  of  Cuvier  (see  Annelides,  2).  Owen, 
1843.    Also  written  Annelata. 

anneloid  (an'e-loid),  a.  and  n.     [As  annel(id) 
+  -old.]     I.  a.  Same  as  annelidous. 
II.  n.  Same  as  annelid. 

annet1  (an'et),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  an- 
nett;  origin  uncertain.]  The  kittiwake  gull, 
Lams  tridaetijlus  or  Eissa  tridactyla.  See  kitti- 
wake.    [Local  British.] 

annet2t,  ».     Same  as  annat. 

annex  (a-neks'),  i).  t;  pret.  and  pp.  annexed 
(also  annex t),  ppr.  annexing.  [<  ME.  annexen, 
anexen,  <  F.  annexer,  <  ML.  annexare,  freq.  form 
of  L.  annectere.  adnectere,  pp.  annexus,  adnexus, 
tie  or  bind  to,  join,  <  ad,  to,  +  nectere,  bind,  akin 
to  Skt.  ij  nah,  bind.  Gt.  connect.]  1.  To  attach 
at  the  end ;  subjoin ;  affix :  as,  to  annex  a  codicil 
to  a  will.  In  law,  it  implies  physical  connection,  which, 
however,  is  often  dispensed  with  when  not  reasonably 
practicable. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater; 
join;  make  an  integral  part  of:  as,  to  annex  a 
conquered  province  to  a  kingdom. 

It  is  an  invariable  maxim,  that  every  acquisition  of  for- 
eign territory  is  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  the  king;  and 
unless  he  annex  it  to  the  realm,  it  is  no  part  of  it. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  65. 

For  next  to  Death  is  Sleepe  to  be  compared  ; 
Therefore  his  house  is  unto  his  annext. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  25. 

3.  To.  attach,  especially  as  an  attribute,  a  con- 
dition, or  a  consequence :  as,  to  annex  a  penalty 
to  a  prohibition. 

Next  to  sorrow  still  I  may  annex  such  accidents  as  pro- 
cure fear.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  221. 

Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits  and  the 
richest  rewards.  Barroio,  Sermons,  III.  xviii. 

I  desire  no  stronger  proof  that  an  opinion  must  be  false, 
than  to  find  very  great  absurdities  annexed  to  it. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 
The  Book  Annexed,  an  edition  of  the  American  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,  containing  alterations  proposed  by  a 
committee  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  appointed  in  lsso  and  reporting  in  1883. 
This  edition  was  described  as  the  "book  which  is  annexed 
as  a  schedule "  to  the  report.  Some  of  the  changes  pro- 
posed became  part  of  the  Prayer-Book  in  18S6 ;  others  re- 
mained for  further  consideration  or  ratification  in  1889. 
=  Syn.  Add,  Affix,  Attach.  See  add  and  list  under  affix. 
annex  (a-neks'  or  an'eks),  n.  [<  F.  annexe, 
something  added,  esp.  a  subsidiary  build- 
ing, particularly  to  a  church,  <  ML.  annexa  (sc. 
ecclesia),  fern,  of  L.  annexus:  see  annex,  v.] 
Something  annexed;  specifically,  a  subsidiary 
building  connected  with  an  industrial  exhibi- 
tion; hence,  any  similar  arrangement  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  additional  accommoda- 
tion, or  for  carrying  out  some  object  subordi- 
nate to  the  main  and  original  object.  Also 
spelled  annexe. 

To  which  I  add  these  two  annexes. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons. 

annexaryt  (an'eks-a-ri),  n.  [<  annex  +  -ary.] 
An  addition;  a  supernumerary.    Sir E.  Sandys. 

annexation  (an-eks-a'shon),  ».    [<  ML.  annex- 

atio(n-),  <  annexare,  pp.  annexatus,  annex:  see 


annihilationism 
annex,  r.]    1.  The  act  of  annexing  or  uniting 

at  the  end;  the  not  of  adding,  as  a  smaller  thing 
to  a  greater;   the  act  of  connecting;  nm 
tion ;  addition  ;  as,  the  anm  cation  of  'I''  -.:i  -  to 
tho  United  Slates. — 2.  That  which  is  anni  sed 
or  added. 

Pre-eminent  among  them  [Roman  c [W   i      t  md  the 

annexations  of  Pompeiua  in  Syria,  "i  the  eldei  Caesar  in 
Gaul,  of  the  younger  Cffisar  in  Egypt. 

E.  A.  /■'/' eman,  Amer,  1 1 

3.  In  law:  (a)  The  attachment  of  chattels  to  a 
freehold,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  them  the 
character  of  fixtures,  (fc)  In  Scots  law,  the  i|, 
propriating  of  church  lands  to  the  crown,  or 
the  union  of  lands  lying  at  a  distance  from  the 
kirk  to  which  they  belong  to  the  kirk  which  is 
nearest  to  them. 

annexational  (an-eks-a'shon-al),  a.    [<  annet 
ation  +  -al.]     Relating  to  annexation ;  in  favor 
of  annexation. 

The  strong  annexational  fever  which  now  rages. 

The  Nation,  April  8,  1868,  p.  287. 

annexationist  (an-eks-a'shon-ist),  n.  [<  an- 
nexation +  -ist.]  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  ad- 
vocates annexation,  especially  of  territory ;  one 
who  aids  the  policy  of  annexing,  or  of  being 
annexed. 

The  unconditional  annexationists  .  .  .  now  urged  im- 
mediate appeal  to  the  people. 

Westminster  Rev.,  XIX.  346. 
annexe,  n.    See  annex. 

annexion  (a-nek'shon),  n.  [Formerly  also 
annection,  adnexion  ;  =  F.  annexion,  <  L.  annex- 
io(n-),  adnexio(n-),  a  binding  to,  <  annietin, 
adnectere,  bind  to:  see  annex,  v.]  The  act  of 
annexing,  or  the  thing  annexed;  annexation; 
addition.     [Rare.] 

The  Kentish  kingdome  became  a  prey  to  many  usurpers, 
and  gave  occasion  to  Ceadwalla,  the  West  Saxon,  to  seeke 
the  annexion  thereof  to  his  own  kingdome. 

Speed,  Hist.  Great  Brit.,  VII.  210. 

annexionist  (a-nek'shon-ist),  ».  [<  annum,, 
+  -ist.']     An  annexationist.     Sumner.     [Rare.] 

annexment  (a-neks'ment),  w.  The  act  of  an- 
nexing, or  that  which  is  annexed:  as,  "each 
small  annexment,"  Shah.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3.   [Rare.] 

annicut  (an'i-kut),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Ca- 
narese  anekattii,  Tamil  anaikattu  (cerebral  t), 
dam-building,  <  Canarese  anc,  Tamil  anai,  a 
dam,  dike,  +  kattu  (cerebral  t),  a  binding,  bond, 
etc.:  see  catamaran.']  In  the  Mailras  Presi- 
dency, a  dam.     Also  spelled  anient. 

annihilable(a-m'hi-la-bl),fl.   [=¥.annihilalle, 

<  LL.  as  if  "aniiiliiliibilis,  <  anniliilare,  annihi- 
late: see  annihilate.]     Capable  of  being  anni- 
hilated. 
Matter  annihilable  by  the  power  of  God. 

Clarke,  Nat.  and  Rev.  Religion,  Pret 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nihilated, ppr.  annihilating.     [<  LL.  anniiiiliitiis, 
pp.  of  annihilate,  adnihilare,  bring  to  nothing 
(a  word  first  used  by  Jerome),  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
nihil,  nothing:   see   nihil.]     1.   To  reduce  to 
nothing;  deprive  of  existence;  cause  to  cease 
to  be. 
It  is  impossible  for  any  body  to  be  utterly  annihilated. 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  100. 
In  every  moment  of  joy,  pain  is  annihilated . 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  10th  Cent.,  p.  185. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  distinctive 
properties  of,  so  that  the  specific  thing  no 
longer  exists:  as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cut- 
ting and  carrying  away  the  trees ;  to  annihilate 
an  army;  to  annihilate  a  house  by  demolishing 
the  structure ;  also,  to  destroy  or  eradicate,  as  a 
property  or  an  attribute  of  a  thing.  =  syn.  Annul, 

Nullify,  etc.     See  neutralize. 
annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  a.     [<  LL.  annihiliilu.s, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]     Annihilated.     [Rare.] 
Can  these  also  be  wholly  anmhQatt  ' 

Sirift,  Talc  nf  a  Tub,  Ded. 

annihilation  (a-ni-hi-la'shon),  h.  [=  F.  anni- 
hilation; from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of  anni- 
hilating or  of  reducing  to  nothing  or  non-exist- 
ence, or  the  state  of  being  reduced  to  nothing. 
He  tells  us  that  our  souls  are  naturally  mortal,  -I  mii- 
hUation  is  the  fate  of  the  greater  part  of  mankind. 

Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  \iv. 
I  cannot  imagine  my  own  annihilation,  but  I  can  con- 
ceive it,  and  many  persons  in  England  now  affirm  their 
belief  in  their  own  future  annihilation. 

Mieart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  is. 

2.  The  act  of  destroying  the  form  of  a  thing  or 
the  combination  of  parts  which  constitute  it,  or 
the  state  of  being  so  destroyed:  as,  the  annihi- 
lation of  a  corporation. 

annihilationism  (a-ni-hi-la'shpn-izm),  ».  [< 
annihilation  +  -ism.]  1.  The  denial  of  exist- 
ence after  death ;  the  denial  of  immortality. — 


annihilationism 

2.  In  thcoh,  the  doctrine  thai  tor  the  incor- 
rigibly wicked  future  punishment  will  end  in 
annihilation.     See  annihilationist. 

annihilationist  (a-nl-hi-la'shon-ist),  n.  [<  an- 
nihilation  +  -is!.]  1.  One  who  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  the  soul  after  death ;  one  who  denies 
immortality.  Specifically  —  2.  In  theol.,  one 
who  believes  thai  annihilation  is  the  final  doom 
of  the  incorrigibly  wicked.  Annihilatinnist.s  .in  iii 
two  classes:  those  who  believe  that  annihilation  will  be 
inflicted  bj  God  as  a  peculiar  doom  upon  the  wicked,  ami 
who  believe  that  immortality  is  not  a  natural  attri- 
bute of  man,  but  is  conferred  by  God  on  those  who  through 
faith  bee '■  partakers  of  the  divine  nature. 

annihilative  ia-ni'hi-la-tiv),  a.  [<  annihilaU 
+  -ire]     Tending  to  annihilate;  destructive. 

annihilator  (a-niTii-la-tor), n.    [(annihilate,®.'] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  annihilates. —  2. 
In  math.,  an  operator  which  reduces  a  given 

kind  of  expression  to  zero Fire-annihilator,  a 

tiii  extinguisher. 

annihilatory  (a-ni'hi-la-to-ri),  a.  Annihilat- 
ing; tending  to  annihilate  or  destroy. 

annite  lan'it  i.  h.  [<  Cape  Ann  + -i7f2.]  A  va- 
riety of  the  iron  mica  lepidomelane,  occurring 
in  the  granite  of  (.'ape  Ann,  Massachusetts. 

anniversarily  (an-i-ver'sa-ri-li),  adv.  In  an 
anniversary  manner ;  at  recurring  annual  peri- 
ods.   [Bare.] 

anniversary  (an-i-ver'sa-ri),  a.  and  n.   [<  L.  an- 
niversarius,  returning  yearly,  <  annus,  a  year 
,ini, nisi.  +  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.]     1.  a. 
Returning  with  the  revolution  of  the  year;  an- 
nual; yearly:  as,  an  anniversary  feast. 

The  heaven  whirled  about  with  admirable  celerity,  most 
constantly  finishing  its  anniversary  vicissitudes.  Ray. 
Anniversary  day.  (<t)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  day  on 
which  an  nthee  is  yearly  performed  for  the  soul  of  a  de- 
ceased person,  or  on  which  the  martyrdom  of  a  saint  is 
yearly  celebrated.  (i>)  In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
commemoration-day,  an  occasion  upon  which  degrees  are 
conferred  since  the  disuse  of  the  acts.    See  act,  n.,  5. 

II.  >i.:  pi.  anniversaries (-riz).  [<  ME.  auni- 
versarie,  <  ML.  anniversariim,  neut.  n.,  also  an- 
niversaria,  fern,  n.,  prop.  adj.,<  L.  annioersarius : 
see  the  adj.]  1.  The  annually  recurring  date 
of  some  past  event;  more  generally,  a  day  set 
apart  in  each  year  for  some  commemorative  ob- 
servance; a  day  for  the  annual  celebration  of 
some  notable  event,  public  or  private. 

The  primitive  Christians  met  at  the  place  of  their  [the 
early  martyrs']  martyrdom,  .  .  .  to  observe  the  anniver- 
sary of  their  sufferings.  StUlingfieet. 

2.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  yearly  commem- 
oration of  the  day  of  a  person's  death,  by  a 
mass  offered  for  his  soul,  or  such  commemo- 
ration of  his  death  daily  for  a  year. 

Anniversary  is  an  office  in  the  Romish  Church,  cele- 
brated nut  ■  -uly  mice  a  year,  but  which  ought  to  be  said 
daily  through  the  year  fur  the  soul  ni  the  deceased. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

3.  The  act  of  celebrating  a  day  on  its  annual  re- 
currence; a  yearly  commemoration,  or  (rarely) 
something  done  or  prepared  for  such  commem- 
oration. 

Donne  had  never  seen  Mrs.  Drury,  whom  he  has  made 
immortal  in  his  admirable  unniversaries.  Dryden. 

anniverse  (an'i-vers),  n.  [Shoitior  anniversary, 

:i-  if  <  1..  mini  versus,  the  turning  of  the  year; 
but  tiii--  phrase  does  not  occur  in  use,  and  ver- 
sus is  not  used  in  the  lit.  sense  'a  turning.'] 
Same  as  anniversary. 

Andon  their  [the  Trinity  s|  sacred  anniverse  decreed 
To  stamp  their  image  on  the  promis'd  seed 

Itri/ihi,    ['.in  inula  Rediviva,  1.  *29. 

annodated  (an'o-da-ted),  a.   [<  ML.  annodatus, 

pp.  of  a  n  a  oi In r, ,  form  into  a  knot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 

nOdUS    =    E.    knnl:    see     «o</e.J       In 

her.,  curved  in  the  form  of  an  S,  or 
twisted  or  wrapped  around  any- 
thing, as  a  serpent  around  a  staff. 
Generally  used  as  synonymous 
with  bowed-enibowed,  inwrapped, 
and  turned. 

anno  Domini  (an '6  dom'i-ni).  a  serpent  an. 
[ML;  L.anno,M.  of  annus,  year  " 

(See  annals);    1. 1,.    Domini,  gen.  Of    surmounted  by  a 


Dominus,  the    Lord,    I,,   dominn  "'  Ka- 

ter:    see   dominant,  dominu  .  | 

In  the  year  of   flu-    Lord:    in   the  year  of  the 

Christian  era.  Commonly  abbreviated  I.  /'. : 
as,  tie  l, nttir  ,,i  Bunkt  i  Hill  was  fought  A.  D. 
i in     .  n. i  1775. 

anno  hejirae  (an'6  hep'i-re).     [ML.]     in  the 
year  of  the  heiira,  or  flight  of  Mohammed  from 

Mecca      L  D.  >',--),  from   which   the   Mohammo- 

dans  reckon  their  time.  Commonly  abbreviated 

A.   II.       See  in jif,l. 

annoisancet  (a-noi'sans),  «.     [A  mod.  spell 

of  older  anoisance,  anoi  aunce,  <  ME.  noi 


224 

nuisance;  prob.  confused  with  MK.  attaint,  an- 
noy: see  nuisance.]  In  lau;  a  nuisance;  any 
injury  done  to  a  place  by  encroachment,  or  by 
putting  anything  thereon  that  may  breed  in- 
fect loll. 
annominate(a-nom'i-nat),  ».  t.  [Another form 
of  agnominate,  <|.  v.]  To  name;  especially, 
give  a  punning  or  alliterative  name  to.    [Bare.  ] 

How  then  shall  these  chapters  I"'  ,' ,,  11,'ni, nuteit  f 

Si'iiili,  it,  Doctor,  viii.  §  l. 

annomination  (a-nom-i-na'shou),  n.    [<L.  an- 

namittatio(n-),  adnotuiiiatio(u-),  for  "adgnomi- 
natiolu-),  usually  agnoniinatio{  it-);  sec  agnomi- 
nation.] 1.  The  use  in  juxtaposition  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  but  of  different  mean- 
ings; a  paronomasia. — 2.  Alliteration,  or  the 
use  of  two  or  more  words  in  succession  begin- 
ning with  the  same  letter  or  sound.  See  agnom- 
ination. 

Geraldus  Cambrensis  speaks  of  annomination,  which  he 
describes  to  he  what  we  call  alliteration,  as  the  favourite 
rhetorical  figure  both  of  the  Welsh  and  English  in  his 
time.  Tyrwhitt,  Chaucer,  in.  ?  l.  note. 

Annomination  plays  an  important  role  in  their  sen- 
tence-relation fparasynthetic  compounds],  especially  in  the 
first  stage  of  transfer  to  a  simple  active  signification. 

Amur.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  II.  198. 

anno  mundi  (an'6  mun'di).     [L. :  anno,  abl. 

of  annus,  year  (see  annals) ;  mundi,  gen.  of  muu- 
ilits.  world:  see  mundane]  In  the  year  of  the 
world :  used  in  dating  events  when  reckoned 
from  the  estimated  era  of  the  creation,  as  nar- 
rated in  Genesis  i.  Usually  abbreviated  A.  M. : 
as,  the  Noachian  deluge  is  said  to  have  oc- 
curred A.  M.  (or  A.  M. )  1656  (Archbishop  Usher's 
chronology). 

annotate  (an'o-tiit),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anno- 
tated, ppr.  annotating.  [<  L.  annotates,  pp.  of 
annotate,  adnotare,  put  a  note  to,  write  down, 
<  ad,  to,  +  notare,  note,  mark,  <  nota,  a  note : 
see  note,  v.]  I.  trans.  To  comment  upon ;  re- 
mark upon  in  notes:  as,  to  annotate  the  works 
of  Bacon. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  as  an  annotator ;  make 
annotations  or  notes. 
Give  me  leave  to  annotate  on  the  words  thus. 

J.  llive,  Orations,  p.  26. 

annotation  (an-6-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  annota- 
tin{ii-),  ailiiotatioln-),  <  annotare,  adnotare:  see 
annotate.]  1.  The  act  of  annotating  or  of  mak- 
ing notes. —  2.  A  remark,  note,  or  comment 
on  some  passage  of  a  book  or  other  writing: 
as,  annotations  on  the  Scriptures. —  3f.  The  first 
symptoms  of  the  approach  of  a  febrile  paroxysm 
in  intermittent  fever.  =  Syn.  Comment,  etc.  Sec  re- 
mark, 71. 

annotationistt  (an-o-ta'shon-ist),  re.  [<  anno- 
tation +  -ist.]     An  annotator.  * 

annotator  (an'o-ta-tor),  n.  [<  L.  annotator, 
adnotator,  <  annotare,  adnotare  :  see  annotate.] 
A  writer  of  annotations  or  notes ;  a  commen- 
tator ;  a  scholiast. 

flic  observation  of  faults  and  beauties  is  one  of  the  du- 
ties of  an  annotator,  which  some  of  Shakspere's  editors 
have  attempted.     Johnson,  Prop,  for  Printing  Shakspere. 

annotatory  (a-no'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *au- 
notatorius,  <  annotator:  see  annotator.]  Relat- 
ing to  or  containing  annotations. 

annotine  (an'o-tdn).  a.  and  n.    [<  h.  annotinus : 

see  auiiotiuoiis.]  J.  a.  In  ornitlt.,  one  year  old. 
II.  it.  A  bird  which  is  one  year  old,  or  which 
has  molted  ouce. 

annotinous  (a-not'i-nus),  «.  [<  L.  miiiotiuiis, 
of  last  year,  <  annus,  a  year:  see  annals.]  In 
hot.,  one  year  old,  as  branches  of  tho  last  year. 

annotto  (a-not'6),  n.    Same  as  arnotto. 

announce  (a-nouns'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nounced, ppr.  announcing.  [<  late  ME.  anottnee, 
<<)F.  anoiicii;  anon, nt;  a  mincu  i;  mod.   F.  an- 

noncer  =  Pr.  Pg.  annunoiar  =  Sp.  anunciar  = 

It.  aniiitn.:ian;  <  L.  annunciate,  prop,  aiiuitii- 
tiare,  adnuntiare,  make  known,  proclaim,  an- 
nounce, <  ad,  to,  +  nuiician;  prop.  nunMare, 
report, give  a  message,  <  nuntius,  a  messenger: 
see  nuncio.  Cf.  denounce,  enounce,  pronounce, 
renounce.]  1.  To  make  known  formally ;  pro- 
claim or  make  public ;  publish;  give  noti f : 

as,  the  birth  of  Christ  was  announced  by  an  an- 
gel.—  2.  To  state  or  intimate  the  approach,  ar- 
rival, or  presence  of. 
I  beg  your  pardon,  sir,  l.ut  1  thought  you  would  not 

il    I'.  I.  i    1 ■  up  wit  limit  ,i ,, , ,,,, in,',, i, I  him. 

Sheridan,  School  [or  Scandal,  iv.  :>. 
Announced  by  all  the  trumpets  of  the  iky, 

\ i  m\ .    Hi.  )■:,„,  rson.  Snow  storm. 

3.  To  make  known,  indicate,  or  make  manifest 
to  the  mind  or  senses. — 4.  To  pronounce  ;  de- 
clare by  judicial  sentence. 


annoy 

Who  mode!  nations,  publish  laws,  announce 
iir  life  in-  death  Prior,  Hymn  nt  Callimachus. 

Syn.  1.  Declare,  Announce,  Proclaim,  Publish,  PromuU 
gate;  m  make  known,  communicate,  advertise,  report. 

iodeclan  ist ake  clear,  so  that  there  will  be  no  mis- 

take,  tn  many  or  to  fevi  i  as,  in  declare  war.  To  announa 
is  to  make  known,  in  a  formal  or  official  way,  tomaio  or 
to  few  ;  it  is  tin-  only  "in-  ni  these  words  thai  sometimes 
has  the  meaning  of  making  known  the  approach  or  future 
appearance  of :  as,  to  announce  a  new  hi, ok.    To  yr* 

i-  to  announce  tn  all.  with  an  endeavor  to   Iii..     i!  ii|hiii 

general  know hdgc :  when  war  has  been  declared,  i!  isoi 
ten  proclaimed;  so,  also,  it  is  usual  to  /,!■,„■/, ,i,n  a  block- 
ade. To  /ni tills/,  is  to  make  public  :  as,  tn  publish  the  bans, 
It  may  he  orally  or  in  print,  or  it  may  he  tn  satisfy  a  legal 
requirement:  as,  to  publish  a  law.  To  promulgate  ia  in 
publish  what  is  of  concern  to  many,  hut  hitherto  has  been 
known  to  few  :  as,  to  promulgate  an  opinion,  to  promul. 
gat,:  the  gospel,  or  officially  to  promulgate  a  law-  or  edict, 
'this,  then,  is  the  message  which  we  have  heard  of  him, 
and  declare  unto  you.  1  John  i.  ... 

A  heated  pulpiteer, 
Not  preaching  simple  Christ  tn  simple  nun, 
Announced  the  coming  doom.    Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

The  heralds  blew 
Proclaiming  his  the  prize,  who  wore  the  sleeve 
Of  scarlet.  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Tell  it  not  in  Cath.  publish  it  not  in  the  streets  of  Aske- 
lon.  2  Sam.  i.  20. 

A  formula  for  instituting  a  combined  gnvcrninent  of 
these  States  had  been  promulgated. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  189. 
announcement  (a-nouns'ment),  n.  [<  announce 
+  -nieiit,  after  !■'.  aiiiioiirrnn  nt.]  Tho  act  of 
announcing  or  giving  notice;  that  which  is  an- 
nounced or  made  known;  proclamation;  pub- 
lication; notification. 
announcer  ( a-noun'ser),  re.  One  who  announces 
or  gives  notice ;  a  proelaimer. 
anno  urbis  conditae  (an'6  er'bis  kon'di-te). 
[L. ;  lit.,  in  the  year  of  the  city  founded:  anno, 
abl.  of  annus,  a  year  (see  annals);  urbis,  gen. 
of  urbs,  a  city  (see  urban ) :  conditie,  gen.  of  con- 
dita,  fern,  of  conditus,  pp.  of  condere,  set  tip, 
establish,  found.]  In  the  year  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city,  that  is,  of  Rome,  in  753  B.  c. 
according  to  the  usually  adopted  chronology: 
used  with  some  ordinal  number  to  indicate  a 
Latin  date.  Abbreviated  A.  U.  C. 
annoy  (a-noi'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anotj,  anoye, 
also  ennoy  and  abbr.  notj,  <  ME.  anoye,  anuy, 
anui/t;  mini,  discomfort,  vexation,  weariness, 
ennui,  <  OF.  anoi,  anui,  enoi,  entti,  later  ennui/, 
annoy,  vexation,  grief,  tediousness,  mod.  F. 
ennui  (>  E.  ennui,  q.  v.)  =  I'r.  enoi,  enuoi  =  Sp. 
enojo  =  Pg.  anojo,  nojo  =  It.  annoja,  noja  =OIt 
uojo.  orig.  (Milanese  dial.)  inodio,  <  L.  in  odio, 
lit.  in  hatred,  a  phrase  used  in  certain  common 
idiomatic  expressions,  as  in  odio  esse,  be  hate- 
ful (est  milii  in  odio,  it  is  offensive  to  me),  in  odio 
renin;  liecome  hateful:  in  =E.  in;  odio,  abl.  of 
odium,  hatred:  see  in  and  odium.]  1.  A  dis- 
turbed state  of  feeling  arising  from  displeasing 
acts  or  unpleasant  circumstances;  discomfort; 
vexation;  trouble;  annoyance. 

Worse  than  Tantalus  is  her  annoy, 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  599. 
As  thou  wert  constant  in  our  ills,  he  joyous  in  our  joy ; 
For  cold,  and  stiff,  and  -still  are  they,  who  wrought  thy 
walls  annoy.  Macaulay,  Ivry. 

2.  A  thing  or  circumstance  that  causes  dis- 
comfort; an  annoyance. 

Good  angels  guard  thee  from  the  boar's  annov. 

.Slink-.,  Rich.  HI.,  v.  3. 

[  Now  chiefly  poetic ;  the  common  word  in  prose  is  annoy- 
once.] 

annoy  (a-noi'),  v.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  anoy, 
anoye,  dnoie,  <   MK.  anoyen,  anoien,   anuyen, 

anuii  ii.  miiiiii.  mini  n,  <  OF.  mmirr.  einiiet;  tinn- 
ier, eituiii;  Inter  eunui/ei;  annoy,  vex,  weary, 
irk,  mod.  F.  ennuyer  (see  ennuye)  =  Pr.  enoiar, 
enuiar  =  Sp.  Pg.  enojar,  Pg.  also  anojar  =  It. 
nojmi;  annojare,  <  »lt.  inodian  ;  from  the  noun.  | 
I.t  intrans.  1.  To  be  hateful  or  troublesome: 
followed  by  to. — 2.  [By  omission  of  retlexivo 
pronoun.]    To  be  troubled,  disquieted,  vexed. 

If  that  thou  niiiiir  nat  or  tni'lln  tike  nat  of  al  thi  fortune. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  4. 
II.    trans.   To  be  hateful,  troublesome,  or 

vexatious  to;  trouble,  disquiet,  disturb,  vex, 
molest,  harass,  plague;  irk,  weary,  bore,  espe- 
cially by  repealed  acts:  as,  to  annoy  n  person 
by  perpetual  questioning;  to  annoy  (he  enemy 
ii\  raids:  in  the  passive,  followed  by  atorabout, 
formerly  by  of. 

It  higan  tn  an tin'  puple  "/  Cm  weie  and  trauel. 

\l ii,1,i.  Num.  xxl.  I  (I'urv.). 
Against  the  Capitol  1  met  a  lime 
Win  clar'il  upon  mi',  and  wenl  surly  by 
Without  annoying  me.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  :t. 

He  determined  not  yet  t<>  dismiss  them,  bul  merely  to 
humble  and  annoy  them  Macaulay,  Hist.  ling.,  iv. 

Syn.  Molest,  Plague,  etc.  (see  tease),  trouble,  disturb, 
disquiet,  vex,  irritate,  fret,  embarrass,  perplex. 


annoyance 

annoyance  (a-noi'ans),  ».    [<  ME.  anoyance 
(raiv),<  OF.  imokmoe,  anuiance,  (.anoit  r,  anuier, 
annoy:  see  annoy,  v.,  ami  -ance.]     1.  The  aei 
of  annoying;  vexation;  molestation. 
Formidable  means  of  annoyance. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const,  Hist. 

2.  The  state  of  being  annoyed;  a  feeling  of 
trouble,  vexation,  or  anger,  occasioned  by  un- 
welcome or  injurious  acts  or  events. 

A  careless  step  leading  to  accident,  or  some  bunglinj 
manipulation,  causes  self-condemnation  with  its 

panying  feeling  ol  annoyance  though  11 i  Is  by. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  <<i  Psychol.,  §  617. 

3.  That  which  annoys,  troubles,  or  molests. 

A  grain,  a  dust,  a  gnat,  a  wandering  hair, 
Any  annoyance  in  that  precious  sens,- ' 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
The.  .  .  exercise  of  industry  .  .  .  tempereth  all  annoy- 
ances. Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xix. 
Jury  of  annoyance,  a  jury  appointed  to  report  upon 
public  nuisances.  X.E.D.  [Eng.]=Syn.  1.  Molestation, 
vexation.  —  2.  Discomfort,  plague. 
annoyancer  (a-noi'an-ser),  «.     An  annoyer. 

Lamb.     [Rare.] 
annoyer  (a-noi'er),  n.     One  who  annoys. 
annoyfult  (a-noi'ful),  a.     [<  ME.   anoyful,  < 
anoye:  Bee  annoy,  n.]    Giving  trouble ;  incom- 
moding; molesting. 

annoyingly  (a-noi'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  annoy- 
ing manner. 
The  Time*  and  other  papers  commented  annoyingly  on 

"Dog  Tear  em,"  as  Mr. lias  been  long  nicknamed 

from  his  satirical  temper  and  speech. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  133. 

annoyingness  (a-noi'ing-nes),  ».  [<  annoying 
+  -ness.J  The  quality  of  being  annoying ;  vexa- 
tiousness. 

annoyment  (a-noi'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  annoy- 
mriit,  <  OF.  dhokmen'i :  see  annoy  and  -ment.~\ 
Annoyance. 

annoyoust  (a-noi'us),  a.  [<  ME.  anoyous,  anoi- 
ous,  annoy  us,  annuyous,  etc.,  <  OF.  anoious, 
anoios,  anuit  us,  enuius,  mod.  F.  ennuyeux  =  Pr. 
enoios  =  Sp.  Pg.  enojoso  =  It.  annojoso:  see  <im- 
noy,  n.,  and  -ousJ]     Troublesome;  annoying. 

annoyouslyt(a-noi'us-li),rtrfc  [ME. anoyously; 
<.  annoyous  + -ly2.]  Annoyingly;  vexatiously. 
Chaucer,  Boethius. 

annuaire(an-u-ar'), «•  [F.]  Sameasannuary,l. 

annual  (an'u-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  annual,  usu- 
ally annuel,  <  OF.  anuel,  annuel,  F.  annuel  =  Pr. 
Pg.  annual— Sx>.  anual=\i.  annuale,K  ML.  annu- 
alis,  yearly,  LL.  a  year  old,  the  regular  L.  adj. 
being  annalis,  <  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annul-..  | 

1.  a.  1 .  Of,  for,  or  pertaining  to  a  year ;  year- 
ly: as,  the  animal  growth  of  a  tree;  annual 
profits;  the  annual  motion  of  the  earth. 

A  thousand  pound  a  year,  annual  support. 

Out  of  his  grace  lie  adds.     Shah.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

2.  Relating  to  a  year,  or  to  the  events  or  trans- 
actions of  a  year:  as,  an  annual  report. — 3. 
Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year,  or  one 
season  of  the  year ;  coming  to  an  end  individu- 
ally within  the  year:  as,  annual  plants  or  in- 
sects. 

An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root 
and  all,  after  ripening  its  seed. 

A.  Gray,  Botany  (ed.  1S70),  p.  21. 

4.  Occurring  or  returning  once  a  year ;  hap- 
pening or  coming  at  yearly  intervals:  as,  an 
annual  feast  or  celebration. 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  447. 
Annual  assay,  conference,  epact,  etc  See  the  nouns. 
— Annual  income,  the  sum  of  annual  receipts.— Annual 
rent,  In  Scots  law,  a  yearly  profit  due  to  a  creditor  by  way 
of  interest  for  a  given  stun  of  money ;  interest :  so  called  be- 
cause when,  before  the  Reformation,  it  was  illegal  to  lend 
money  at  interest,  the  illegality  was  evaded  by  a  stipula- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  lender  for  a  certain  rent  yearly  from 
land.  — Annual  value  of  a  piece  of  property,  that  which 
it  is  worth  for  a  year's  use.  It  includes  what  ought  to 
be  received,  whether  it  is  actually  received  or  not,  and 
amounts  to  the  excess  thereof  above  deducted  costs  or  ex- 
penses. 

II.  a.  1.  [<ME.  annuel,  n.,<OF.  annuel,  <WL. 
annuale,  prop.  neut.  of  annualis.  a, :  see  above, 
and  cf.  annueler.~\  A  mass  said  for  a  deceased 
person,  either  daily  during  a  year  from  the  day 
of  his  death,  or  on  the  recurrence  of  the  day  for 
a  number  of  years;  an  anniversary  mass;  also 
the  fee  paid  for  it.  Also  called  annal. — 2.  A 
yearly  payment  or  allowance;  specifically,  in 
Scotland,  quit-rent;  ground-rent.  Also  called 
ground-annual. — 3.  A  plant  or  an  animal  whose 
natural  term  of  life  is  one  year  or  one  season ; 
especially,  any  plant  which  grows  from  seed, 
blooms,  perfects  its  fruit,  and  dies  in  the  course 
of  the  same  year.  Annuals,  however,  may  be  carried 
over  two  or  more  years  by  preventing  them  from  fruiting, 
as  is  frequently  done  with  the  mignonette.  Many  species 
that  are  perennials  in  warm  climates  are  only  annuals 
15 


225 

where  the  winters  are  severe.     Winter  annuals,  frequent 

in  warm  regions  with  dry  summers,  germinate  fi the 

seed  under  the  rains  of  autumn,  grow  through  tin-  winter, 
and  die  after  perfecting  Beed  in  the  spring. 
4.  A  literary  production  published  annually; 
especially,  an  illustrated  work  issued  near 
CnristmaB  of  each  year.  The  name  is  more  espe- 
cially applied  to  certain  publications  handsomely  bound, 
illustrated  With  plates,  and  containing  prose  tales,  poems, 
etc.,  which  were  formerly  very  popular,  but  arc  now  no 
longerissued.  The  first  one  published  in  London  appeared 
in  1822,  and  the  last  in  1866. 

annualist(an'u-:il-ist),H.    l< annual,  n..+  -isi.\ 

An  edit,, i'  of,  in'  a  writer  for,  an  annual,  or  a 
publication  issued  annually.  Lamb. 
annually  (an'u-al-i),  mlr.  Yearly;  each  year; 
returning  every  year;  year  by  year, 
annuary  (an'u-a-ri),  a.  and  ».  [=  P.  annuaire, 
<  ML.  annudrius  (neut.  annuarium,  an  anni- 
versary), <  L.  annus,  a  year.  See  annual.']  I.t 
a.  Annual. 

Supply  anew 
With  (tinman/  cloaks  the  wandering  Jew. 

John  Hull,  Poems,  I.  111. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  annuaries  (-riz).  1.  An  annual 
publication. 

That  standard  [of  the  French  meter)  is  declared,  in  the 
Annuary  ot  the  Bureau  des  Longitudes,  to  be  equal  to 
39.37C79  British  imperial  standard  inches. 

Sir  -I .  Rerschel,  Pop.  Lects.,  p.  440. 

2f.  A  priest  who  says  annual  masses;  an  an- 
nueler. 
annuelert,  ».     [ME.  annueler,  <  ML.  annuala- 

rius,<.  annual) ,  an  anniversary  mass:  see  an- 
nual, n.]  A  priest  employed  in  saying  annuals 
for  the  dead.     Chaucer. 

annuent  (an'u-ent),  a.  [<  L.  annuen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  annucre,  adnuere,  nod  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  mare 
(only  in  comp.),  nod,  =  Gr.  veveiv,  nod.]  1. 
Nodding,  as  if  with  the  purpose  of  signifying 
assent  or  consent.  Smart  (1849).  [Rare.]  —  2. 
Serving  to  bend  the  head  forward:  specifically 
applied  to  the  muscles  used  in  nodding. 

annuitant  (a-nu'i-tant),  n.  [<  annuity  +  -ant.] 
One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuity. 

annuity  (a-nu'i-ti),  ».;  pi.  annuities  (-tiz).  [< 
ME.  annmtee,  annuyte,  <  OF.  annuite,  mod.  F. 
annuity,  <  ML.  aiiuuila(l-)s,  an  annuity  (cf.  L. 
annua,  an  annuity,  neut.  pi.  ),<L.<mmuus,  yearly, 
(.annus,  ayear.  Seeaunual.]  A  periodical  pay- 
ment of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed  sum  in  each 
year,  the  moneys  paid  being  either  a  gift  or  in 
consideration  of  a  gross  sum  received.  When  the 
payment  is  continued  for  a  certain  period,  as  10,  20,  or  100 
years,  it  is  called  a  certain  annuity;  when  it  continues 
for  an  uncertain  period,  a  contingent  annuity;  when  the 
period  is  determined  by  the  duration  of  one  or  more  lives, 
a  life  annuitt/.  A  deferred  or  reversionary  annuity  is  one 
that  does  not  begin  till  after  a  certain  period  or  number  of 
years,  or  till  the  decease  of  a  person,  or  some  other  future 
event.  An  annuity  in  jrasiwimi  is  one  which  has  already 
begun.  Governments  often  raise  money  upon  annuities; 
that  is,  for  a  certain  sum  advanced,  the  government  con- 
tracts to  pay  a  specific  sum  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of  years. 
—  Annuity  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1813  (53  Geo.  III., 
c.  141)  which  required  the  registration  of  all  instruments 
granting  annuities,  and  regulated  such  grants.  To  grant 
an  annuity,  to  make  a  formal  contractor  testamentary 
provision  to  pay  an  annuity. 

annul  (a-nul'),  »•  '•;  pret.  and  pp.  annulled, 
ppr.  annulling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  adnul,  < 
ME.  annullen,  anullen,  adnullen,  <  OF.  anuller, 
adnullcr,  mod.  F.  aunuler  =  Pr.  Pg.  anniillar 
=  Sp.  (iindar  =  It.  aunullart ,  <  L.  aituidlarc, 
adnullare,  bring  to  nothing,  <  ad,  to,  +  nulVus, 
none,  nullum,  nothing:  see  null.]  1.  To  re- 
duce to  nothing  ;  annihilate  ;  obliterate. 
Light,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct, 
And  all  her  various  objects  of  delight 

Annulld.  Milton,  S.  A..  1.  72. 

2.  To  make  void  or  nidi ;  nullify  ;  abrogate  ; 
abolish;  do  away  with:  used  especially  of  laws, 
decrees,  edicts,  decisions  of  courts,  or  other 
established  rules,  usages,  and  the  like. 

Do  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  into  ques- 
tion .  .  .  that  great  body  of  our  statute  law?  .  .  .  toan- 
tud  laws  of  inestimable  value  to  our  liberties? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

The  burgesses  now  annulled  the  former  election  of  gov- 
ernor and  council.  Bancroft,  Hist.  I  .  s.,  1.  17;;. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abolish,  Repeal,  etc.  (see  abolish);  Nullify, 
Annihilate,  etc.  (see  neutralize);  retract,  declare  null  and 
void,  supersede. 

annular  (an'u-lSr),  a.  [=F.  annulatre  =  Pg. 
annullar  =  Sp.  dnular  =  It.  anulare,  <  L.  annu- 
laris, prop,  dnularis,  relating  to  a  ring.  <  an- 
nulus,  prop,  diuilus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring;  pertaining  to  a 
ring. —  2.  In  SOOl.  and  anal.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  ringed  or  ring-like  structure  or  form;  annu- 
late ;  annuloid ;  annulose.  Annular  auger,  an 
auger  used  for  cutting  an  annular  channel.  The  simplest 
form  is  a  tube  with  a  serrated  edge,  which  is  kept  centered 
by  a  point  projecting  from  a  movable  plug  within,  and  of 


annulatlon 

the  size  of.  the  bore  of  the  tube,     Annular  bit,  a  boring- 
hit  which  cuts  an  annular  channel  without  removing  the 
untouched  centei      n  la  used  in  cutting  large  holes,  and 
in  the  formation  of  circular  blanks,  as  for  wad 
etc.     Annular  borer,  a  tube  which 
earth-boring  tool,  making  an  annular  i  lifting,  aid  leaving 

a  column  of  rock  or  earth  in  n Idle,     i 

armed  at  the  boring  extremity  withdia ml      Sei  dm 

mond  drill,  under  drill.  Annular  duct,  or  annular 
vessel,  in  '»''..  a  cylindrical  tube  ol  delicate  vascular 
tissue,  strengthened  at  Intervals  on  the  inner  side  by  a 
deposit  of  material  in  tie-  form  of  rings,  i 
markings.  Annular  eclipse,  in  ,/  tron.  aneclipsi  oftne 
sun  in  which  a  puri  inn  ol  Its  surfai  e  is  visible  in  the  form 

of  a  ring  surrounding  the  dark  bodyof  tie-  n n      This 

mi  uis  when  the  moon  is  too  remote  from  tin   earth  to 
cover  the  sun  completely,  and  at  the  moment  when  tic 
centers  of  Ik, th  sun  and  moon  ale  nearly  in  a  line  w  ith  the 
point  on  the  earth's  Burface  where  tic  observei  atonds. 
Annular  engine,  or  annular-cylinder  engine,  a  .1  n  cct- 
action  marine  engine,  having  two  concentric  cylinders ;  the 
annular  space  between  them  is  fitted  with  a  piston,  which 
Is  attached  to  aT-shaped  cross-head  by  two  piston-rods. 
The  cross  head  is  formed  by  two  plates,  with  a  space  be- 
tween them  in  which  the  connecting  rod  vibrateB,  and  its 
lower  end  slides  within  the  inner  cylinder  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  crank.— Annular  finger,  the  ring-finger. 
Then  calling  for  a  Bason  and  a  Pin 
He  pricks  his  annular  finger,  and  lets  fall 
Three  drops  of  bio,,,).  *./.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  50. 

Annular  gear-wheel,  a  gearwheel  in  which  the  teeth 
ale  on  tie  insiilc  of  an  alinulus  or  ring,  while  its  pinion 
works  within  its  pitch-circle,  turning  in 
the  same  direction.— Annular  liga- 
ment, in  anal.  :  (a)  The  general  liga- 
mentous envelop  whirl!  surrounds  the 
wrist  or  ankle,  and  is  perforated  for  tin- 
passage  of  tendons,  vessels,  and  nerves. 
(6)  The  orbicular  ligament  which  holds 
the  upper  end  of  the  radius  in  the  sig- 
moid   cavity    of    the    ulna.— Annular 

wheeh""'       markings.     See  annular  duct,  above. 

Annular  micrometer,  a  circular  mi- 
crometer, or  ring-micrometer.  See  (uterometer.-  Annu- 
lar pan,  the  horizontal  ring-shaped  pan  of  certain  forms 
of  amalgamators  and  ore-crushers.—  Annular  process  or 

protuberance  of  the  brain,  an  old  name  of  the  pons 
Varolii :  still  m  use  in  the  form  tuber  annulare.—  Annular 
saw,  a  cutting-tool  formed  of  a  tube  with  a  serrated  end. 
It  is  used  for  cutting  button-blanks.— Annular  vault,  in 
arch.,  a  barrel  vault  covering  a  space  of  which  the  plan  is 
formed  by  two  concentric  circles,  or  any  portion  of  such 
a  space.— Annular  vessel.    See  annular  duct,  above. 

annularity  (an-u-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  annular  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  annular,  or 
ring-shaped. 

annularly  (an'u-lar-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  or 
form  of  a  ring. 

annulary  (an'u-la-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  annula- 
Hus,  more  correctly  dnularius,  pertaining  to  a 
ring,  <  dunliis,  a  ring:  see  aitnulus.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Because  continual  respiration  is  necessary,  the  wind- 
pipe is  made  with  annulary  cartilages,  that  the  sides  of  it 
may  not  flag  and  fall  together. 

Ray.  nn  tin-  Creation,  p.  ^70. 

2.  Bearing  a  ring:  specifically  said  of  the  ring- 
finger. 

II.  n.\  pi.  annularies  (-riz).  The  fourth  fin- 
ger, or  ring-finger. 

The  thumb  and  oiiinihtni  crossed. 
Labarte,  Arts  of  Mid.  Ages  (trans.),  p.  144.    (X.  E.  n.) 

Annulata  (an-u-la'tii),  n.  pi.  [NIi.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  aunulatus:  see  annulate.]  1.  A  synonym 
of  Annelides,  Annelida,  Aniiellata,  Annulosa,  and 
Amphisieenoida. — 2.  In  GegenbauFs  system  of 
classification,  a  prime  division  of  Vermes,  di- 
vided into  two  main  groups,  Hirudinea  (leeches ) 
and  Annelides,  the  latter  comprising  the  two 
groups  of  the  OUt/in-hata  ami  the  Cliwtopoda. 

annulate  (an'u-lat),  ».  [<  L.  annulatus,  prop. 
diiulatus,  ringed,  '<  diuilus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.] 

1.  Furnished  with  rings,  or  circles  like  rings; 
having  belts.  Specifically  —  2.  Ln  hot., provided 
with  an  annulus  or  with  annuli :  applied  to  a 
capsule,  stem,  or  root  encircled  by  elevated 
rings  or  bands.  See  cut  under  annulus. —  3.  In 
her.,  applied  to  any  bearing,  such  as  a  cross, 
whose  extremities  end  in  annulets  or  rinus.  or 
which  is  fretted  or  interlaced  witli  an  annulet. 
See  cut  under  angle,  5.  Equivalent  forms  are 
auiiulettee,  annulctty.  —  4.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Annulata  in  either  sense  of  that  word. —  5. 
In  entom.,  having  rings  or  encircling  bands  of 
color,  or  having  raised  rings. 

annulated  (an'u-la-ted),  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
rings;  annulate!  Specifically— -2.  In  cooY., hav- 
ing or  consisting  of  a  ring  or  rings;  composed 
of  a  series  of  ringed  segments,  as  a  worm  ;  an- 
nelid; annuloid. — 3.  In  arch.,  furnished  with 
a  projecting  annular  band  or  bands.  Annu- 
lated columns,  columns  standing  fro-  or  grouped  in 
clusters  and  surrouinl.  ,1  in  on.-  or  more  places  with  pro- 
jecting rings  or  hands  :  a  form  usual  in  sonic  styles  of 
Pointed  architecture. 

annulation  (au-u-la'shon\  n.  [<  annulate  + 
-inn.]    1.  A  circular  or  ring-like  formation. — 

2.  The  act  of  forming  rings ;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing a  ring. 


annulation 

A  sketch  of  the  life  of  a  nebula  not  thus  broken  up,  of 
ii-  rotation,  atmufation,  and  final  spneratlon  Into  a  nebu- 
lous orb.  'il"  American,  VII,  L62. 

3.   Tin-  stato  of  l>oiii£  annulate  or  aimulateu. 
annulet  (an'u-let),  ».     [Formerly  also  annvr 

•  limb  t  ymm\  <i>iht,<(.)V.  amah  I,  aialtt,  dim. 

oianelfi  L.  matin*,  dim.),  <  L.  annulus.  prop. 

dnulus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  ~tt.\     A  little 

ring. 

Pluck'd  the  grass 
There  growing  longest  by  the-  meadow's  edge, 
And  into  many  a  listless  annu&t, 
Mow  over,  now  beneath  her  marriage  ring, 
Wove  and  unwove  it.  T-'iuuisuu,  (ieniint. 

Specifically-— (a)  In  arch,,  a  small  projecting  member, 

Circular  in  plan  and  usually  sqiuuv  or  angular  in  section; 


Annulets  of  the  Doric  Capital. 
A,  A,  annulets,  shown  enlarged  in  lower  figure. 

especially,  one  of  the  fillets  or  bands  which  encircle 
the  lower  part  of  the  Doric  capital  above  the  necking: 
but  annulet  is  often  indiscriminately  used  as  synonymous 
with  list,  listel,  cincture,  fillet,  tenia,  etc.  (b)  In  her.,  a  ring 
borne  as  a  charge.  It  is  also  the  mark  of  cadency  which 
the  fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  bear  on  his  coat  of 
arms.  Also  called  unlet.  See  cadency. 
(c)  In  decorative  art,  a  name  given  to 
a  band  encircling  a  vase  or  a  similar 
object,  whether  solidly  painted,  or  in 
engobe,  or  composed  of  simple  figures 
placed  close  to  each  other.  Compare 
friezei. 

annulettee,  annuletty  (an*u- 

let-a',  an'u-let-i),  a.  [<  F. 
*annuhtir,  <  *annulette:  see  an- 
nulet.] Iu  her.,  same  as  annu- 
late   3.  Heraldic  Annulet. 

annuli,  re.    Plural  of  annulus.     (FTHI£3££-?lct 

annulism  (an'u-lizm),  n.   [<  L. 
annulus,  a  ring  (sec  annulus),  +  -ism."]     The 
quality  of  being  annulated,  annulose,  or  anneli- 
dan;  ringed  structure :  specifically  said  in  zool. 
of  an  annelid,  annulate,  or  annulose  animal. 

II,  n-  [among  SipunculicUe]  radiism  sets  and  annulism 
appears.  E.  Forbes,  Hist.  Brit.  Starfish  (1841),  p.  243. 

annullable  (a-nul'a-bl),  a.     [<  annul  +  -able.'] 

(.'npa  I >lc  of  being  all II idled.    t'ob  ridge.     [  1  > : 1 1  < ■ .  j 

annulment  (a-nul'ment),  ii.  [<  late  ME. 
mnillt  an  nt,  <  OF.  *aniiili  mi  lit :  see  annul  and 
-im  nt.]  The  act  of  annulling;  specifically,  the 
act  of  making  void  retrospectively  as  well  as 
prospectively:  as,  the  annulment  of  a  marriage 
(as  distinguished  from  the  granting  of  a  divorce). 

annuloid  (an'u-loid),  a.  and  n.  f<  L.  annulus, 
a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -oid.]  I.  a.  1.  Ring- 
like —  SJ.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the 
Aiiiiiilmilii.-  Annuloid  series,  a  term  applied  by  Hux- 
ley  to  a  gradation  ol  annual  forma  presented  by  the  Tri- 
chiiHi-idU-v*  and  Auuelidn  n  the.se  are  denned  tiy  tlie  same 
author. 

II.    n.    One  of  the  An iilllnidii . 

Annuloida  (an-u-loi'dS),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  an- 
niiins.  more  correctly  anulus,  a  nng  (see  annu- 

+  Oida  I  \  name  applied  by  Huxley 
(1869)  to  a  subMngdom  of  animals,  consisting 
of  the  Scolecida  and  /  i-iiiimiii  rniniii,  an  associa- 
tion subsequently  modified  by  the  same  author. 

Also  called  Echinozoa.     [Disused.] 
Annulosa  (an  5  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  an  miliums :  see  nnniilnm  .]  1.  In  some  sys- 
tems of  zoological  classification,  a  term  applied 

to  invertebrate  animals  which  exhibit  annel- 
ism  or  annulism:  approximately  synonymous 
with  the  Cuviei  i;m  Crticu/ata,  or  the  modern 
Vermes  together  with  Arthropoda,  but  used 
with  great  and  varying  latitude  of  significa- 
tion.—  2.  A  name  given  by  Huxley  (1869)  to 
a  subkingdom  of  animals  consisting  of  the 
<  ru  faced,   Iradhnida,  Myriapoda,  Tnseota,  due- 

tognatha,  and  Annelida,  or  crustaceans,  spiders, 
centipede,  true  insects,  true  worms,  and   some 
other  I  .  I  mi   .     Excepting   thi    vi  rmlform  mi  m 
this  group,  it  i-  conterminous  with  Arthropoda  (which 

annulosan  (an-u-16'san),  ii.  [<  Annulosa  + 
-(111.]     One  of  the  Annulosa. 


226 

annulose  (an'ii-16s),  a.    [<  NL.  (mmilosus,  <  L. 

annulus,  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  Fur- 
nished with  rings;  composed  of  rings:  as,  an- 
nulose animals. 

annulus  (an'u-lus),  ».;  pi.  annuli  (-11).  [L., 
prop,  dnulus,  a  ring,  esp.  a  finger-ring,  a  signet- 
ring,  ill  form  dim.  of  the  rare  anus,  a  ring,  prob. 
orig.  *acnus  and  identical  with  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  a  year:  see  annals.]  1.  A 
ring-like  space  or  area  contained  between  the 
circumferences  of  two  concentric  circles. — 2. 
In  anat.,  a  ring-like  part,  opening,  etc.:  used 
in  Latin  phrases.  (See  below.)  —  3.  In  hot. :  (a) 
The  elastic  ring  which  surrounds  the  spore- 
case  of  most  ferns.  (6)  In  mosses,  an  elastic 
ring  of  cells  lying  between  the  lid  and  the 
base  of  the  peristome  or  orifice  of  the  capsule. 


Annuli. 
a,  sporangia  of  a  fern,  showing  the  annulus  closed  and  open  ;  fr, 
detached  annulus  of  a  moss  (Bryum  azspititium  ) ;  c,  a  fungus  l,Aga. 
rims)  with  annulus,  a' .    [a  and  b  greatly  magnified,  j 

(c)  In  fungi,  the  slender  membrane  surround- 
ing the  stem  in  some  agarics  after  the  cap  has 
expanded. — 4.  In  zool. :  (a)  A  thin  ehitinous 
ring  which  encircles  the  mantle  in  the  Tetra- 
branchiata,  connecting  ehitinous  patches  of  the 
mantle  into  which  the  shell-muscles  are  in- 
serted, (b)  In  entotn.,  a  narrow  encircling  band, 
generally  of  color ;  sometimes  a  raised  ring. 
—  5.  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  about 
the  edge  of  the  moon  in  an  annular  eclipse  of 
the  sun.     See  annular  eclipse,  under  annular. 

The  sun  [at  the  time  of  an  annular  eclipse]  w  ill  present 
the  appearance  of  an  annulus  or  ring  of  light  around  the 
moon.  Xi'irannb  anil  Iluldeii,  Astron.,  p.  173. 

Annulus  abdominalis  or  inguinalis,  in  anal.,  the  ab- 
dominal ring.  See  abdominal. — Annulus  et  baculum, 
the  ring  and  pastoral  stall,  emblems  of  episcopal  authority, 
the  delivery  of  which  by  a  prince  or  by  the  pope  was  the 
ancient  mode  of  investiture  with  bishopries.  —  Annulus 
ciliarls,  the  ciliary  muscle.— Annulus  cruralis  inter- 
nus  (internal  crural  ring),  in  anat.,  the  weak  spot  below 
Poupart's  ligament,  between  the  femoral  vessels  and  Gim- 
liernat's  ligament,  through  which  a  femoral  hernia  forces 
its  way.— Annulus  duplex,  in  Horn,  antiq.,  a  double  ring 
given  to  a  soldier  for  bravery.  Double  gold  rings  of  the 
Roman  epoch  exist  in  collections,  some  of  them  engraved 
with  tokens  of  victory. —  Annulus  ovalis,  in  human 
anat.,  the  raised  rim  or  margin  of  the  fossa  oralis  of  the 
heart. — Annulus  piscatoris,  eccles.,  same  as  fisherman's 
ring  (which  see,  under  fisherman). — Annulus  tendino- 
sus,  in  anat.,  the  fibrous  ring  around  the  edge  of  the  tym- 
panum.— Annulus  tympanicus.  in  aunt.,  the  ring-like 
ossification  from  which  is  formed  the  tympanic  portion 
of  the  temporal  hone. 

annumeratet  (a-mVme-rat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  annume- 

ratus,  pp.  of  aitnttmi  rare, aduitmt  rare,  count  to, 
add  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  numerarc,  count,  number: 
see  numerate  and  number,  v.]  To  add,  as  to  a 
number  previously  given;  unite,  as  to  some- 
thing before  mentioned.     [Rare.] 

There  are  omissions  of  other  kinds  which  will  deserve  to 
lie  annwmeratcd  to  these.      Wallas/on,  Itelig.  of  Nat.,  §  i. 

annumerationt  (a-nu-me-ra'shon),  n.    [<  L.  an~ 

iiitmeruliii(u-),    adiiiimeratio(n-),  <  nuiiuun  run  : 
sic   iinuuuiirale.]     The  act  of  annumerating ; 
addition.     [Rare.] 
Annunciadetci-mm 'si-ad),  n.  [AlsoAnunciada, 

Auiiunliiidr,  Aiiuiinriiide  (after  F.  Aniiiiiiriuilc, 
formerly  Anonciade,  Sp.  Anunciada),  also  An- 
nunciata.  (prop.  E.  form  * Auuuurinlt  ),  <  It.  an- 
nunziata,  formerly  auniiuliata  (<  ML.  annun- 
rmtii),  the  annunciation  to  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  hence  a  name  of  the  Virgin  herself;  prop. 
fern.  pp.  of  annunziare,  <  \j.  anuiiutiari ,  an- 
nounce: s&o  announce.]  Literally,  the  Annun- 
ciate, that  is,  the  Virgin  Mary  as  receiver  of 
the  annunciation;  also,  the  annunciation  to 
the  Virgin:  used  as  a  designation  of  various 

orders.       Sec  iiuuuiientliiiu. 

annunciate  (a-nun'gi-at),  '■.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
annunciated,  ppr,  annunciating.    [(  MK.  »»»- 

c/o/,  iiuuneial,  pp.,  <  L.  anniineiatiis,  prop.  OW- 
uuiilinliis,   pp.    of   iinnunliarc :    see    announce.] 
To  bring  tidings  of ;  announce.     [Bare.] 
Let  my  deatli  be  thus  annuncioU  >t 

f.ji.  iinii.  Corruptions  of  Ch.  of  Home. 
They  do  not  so  properly  affirm,  as  annunciate  it. 

Lamb,  imperfect  Sympathies 

annunciatet  (a-nun'gi-at),  pp.  or  a.    [See  the 
verb.]     Announced;  declared  (beforehand). 


anocathartic 

annunciation  (a-nun-gi-a'shpn),  ».    [<  ME.  an- 

niinciiiciun,  -ciniin,  tmnoncyaoyon, (.  OF.  annon- 

cniliiin,  <  L.  aunuuciutio(n-),  prop,  annuutia- 
tiu(n-),  iiduuntialio(n-),  <  anuuulinrr,  announce: 
see  annunciate,  announce.]  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nouncing; proclamation;  promulgation:  as, 
the  annunciation  of  a  peace;  "the  annunciation 
of  the  gospel,"  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  ol\i. 

witli  the  complete  establishment  of  the  new  religion 
[Christianity]  ana  the  annunciation  of  her  circle  of  dog. 
mas  arises  an  activity,  great  and  intense,  u  ithin  the  strict 
limits  she  has  set.  Jour.  Spec.  Philos.,  XIX.  49. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  announcement  to  Mary, 
by  the  angel  Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ. —  3.  leap.]  Eccles.,  the  festival  insti- 
tuted by  the  church  in  memory  of  the  announce- 
ment to  Mary  that  she  should  bring  forth  a  son 
who  should  be  the  Messiah.  It  is  solemnized 
on  the  25th  of  March.  — Order  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion. (")  Tlie  highest  order  of  knighthood  (Ordine supremo 
dell'  Annuwiata  .  see  Annunciade)  of  the  ducal  house  of 
Savoy,  now  the  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  under  its  pres- 
ent name  from  151S,  when  it  superseded  the  Order  of  the 
Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count  Amadeus  VI. 
of  Savoy  in  1362,  but  probably  older.  The  medal  of  the 
order  bears  a  representation  of  the  annunciation;  its  col- 
lar is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots  and  enameled 
roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  letters  /'.  E.  R.  T.,  making 
the  Latin  word  fert  (he  bears),  an  ancient  motto  of  the 
house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  interpreted.  The 
king  is  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  See  knot  of  Savoy. 
under  knot,  (b)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about  1500  at 
Bourges,  France,  by  Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois,  after  her  di- 
vorce  from  Louis  XII.  (c)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about 
1604  at  Genoa,  Italy,  by  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari. 

annunciative  (a-nun'si-a-tiv),  a.  [(.annunciate 
+  -ivc]  Having  the  character  of  an  annuncia- 
tion ;  making  an  announcement. 

An  annunciative  but  an  exhortatory  style. 

Gentleman's  Calling,  v.  §  13. 

annunciator  (a-nun'si-a-tor),  )?.  [L.,  prop,  an- 
il un tiator,  adn un tiator,<  ann un tiare :  see  ann ini- 
tiate, v.,  announce.]  One  who  or  that  which  an- 
nounces; an  announcer.  Specifically— (o)  An  offi- 
cer of  the  Greek  Church  whose  duty  it  was  to  inform  the 
people  of  the  festivals  which  were  to  be  celebrated,  (ty  A 
mechanical,  hydraulic,  pneumatic,  or  electrical  signaling 
apparatus ;  an  indicator ;  a  call.  In  the  mechanical  an- 
nunciators the  pulling  of  a  wire  causes  a  bell  to  ring  and 
a  word  or  number  to  be  displayed  which  indicates  whence 
the  signal  comes.  In  the  hydraulic  systems  a  column  of 
water  is  used  to  convey  an  impulse  which  gives  the  signal 
In  pneumatic  annunciators  pressure  on  a  bulb  or  button 
sends  through  a  pipe  a  puff  of  air  by  which  a  bell  is  rung 
and  a  number  displayed.  In  tlie  electrical  systems  the 
signals  are  given  by  closing  an  electrical  circuit  by  some 
Buitable  means.  See  cut  under  indicator,  (c)  The  dial  or 
board  on  which  the  signals  are  displayed. 

annunciatory  (a-nun'si-a-to-ri),  a.  Making 
known;  giving  public  notice. 

annus  deliberandi  (an'us  de-lib-e-ran'dl).  [L., 
year  of  deliberating:  minus,  year  (see  annals); 
deliberandi,  gen.  gerund  of  deliherare :  see  delib- 
erate.] In  Scots  lair,  a  year  allowed  for  the  heir 
to  deliberate  as  to  entering  upon  the  estate. 

annus  mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-lis).  [L. :  an- 
nus, year  (see  annals)  ;  mirabilis,  wonderful:  see 
marvel,  mirabilis.]  A  wonderful  year.  Specifi- 
cally applied  in  English  history,  as  in  Iirydeiis  poem  of 
this  title,  to  the  year  1666,  which  is  memorable  for  the 
great  fire  of  London,  for  a  victory  of  the  British  arms  over 
the  Dutch,  etc. 

ano-.  [<  Gr.  avu,  upward,  <  ova,  up,  etc. :  see 
ana-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  signifying  up- 
Wiinl. 

Anoa  (an'o-ii),  n.  [Native  name.]  1,  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  bovine  ruminant  quadrupeds  of 
Celebes,  originally  taken  for  antelopes  (see 
anniiie),  represented  by  the  sapi-outan  or  "cow 
of  the  woods,"  Anna  de/iri  ssienrnis,  which  is  a 
kind  of  small  wild  buffalo,  having  straight  low 
horns,  thick  at  the  base  and  set  in  line  with  the 
forehead.  Ham.  Smith.— 2.  [..  c]  The  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  same  animal.     P.  L.  Sclater. 

Anubiiila:  (an-o-bi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anobium 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  beetles,  mimed  from  tho 
genus  Anobium.     See  l'tiniilee. 

Anobium  (a-nd'bi-um),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  iva,  up- 
ward (but  here  with  I  he  sense  of  its  original,  ava, 
up,  in  comp.  back,  again:  see  ana-),  +  lime,  life: 
see  biology.]  A  genus  of  pentamerous  coleop- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  Ptinida,  having  an 
elongate  subcylindric  form,  11  -jointed  antenna; 
inserted  just  before  the  eyes,  and  deeply  exca- 
vated  metasternum.  The  genus  contains  the  small 
dark-colored  beetles,  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch  long,  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  "death  -watch  "from  tlie  tick- 
ing noise  they  make.    Sec  death  watch. 

anocarpous  (an-o-k&r'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anocar- 
jins,<,  (Jr.  u-i'i.i,  upward,  +  mi/it™;,  fruit.]  In  lint., 
fructifying  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  frond: 
said  of  terns. 

anocathartic  (an"d-ka-thiir'tik),  «.  [<Gr.  ava, 
upward,  +  Kutliii>TtKuc,  purging:  see  cathartic] 
Emetic.    A'.  E.  I). 


anococcygeal 

anococcygeal  (a"n6-kok-sij'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  ami.': 
+  NL.  coccyx  (coccyg-)  +  -e-al.]  Pertaining  to 
the  anus  and  to  the  coccyx:  in  anal.,  Bpecifi 
cally  applied  to  a  ligameni  connecting  the  tip 
of  tiic  cocoys  with  the  external  sphincter  of  the 
anus. 

anodal  (an'o-dal),  a.  l<  anotlt:  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  anode  or  positive  polo  of  a 
voltaic  current. 

Instead  ol  cathodal  opening  contractions  twins;  the  last 
of  all  to  appear,  tney  may  precede  the  anodal  opening 
contractions.  Fagge,  Medicine,  I.  SS5, 

anode  (an'od),  n.  [<  Gr.  dvoifof,  a  way  up,  <  ava, 
up,  +  dtnic,  way.  Cf.  cathode]  Tho  positive 
pole  of  a  voltaic  current;  that  pole  at  which 
the  current  enters  an  electrolytic  cell :  opposed 
tn  cathailc,  the  point  at  which  it  departs.  J'ara- 
,la,,,  1832. 

anodic1  (a-nod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  oiwioo,a  wayup(see 

anode), +  -ic]   Proceeding  upward;  ascending. 

An  anodic  course  of  nervous  influence.        Dr.  M.  Hall, 

anodic2  (a-nod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  diwlor,  having  no 
way,  impassable  (<  ov-priv.  +  666$,  way),  +  -ic] 
Styptic ;  anastaltic :  applied  to  medicines. 

Anodon  (an'o-don),  ii.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *avdduv, 
for  the  usual  hv6SovTOC or  avdoovc  (gen.  uKotWroc), 
without  teeth,  <  di>-  priv.  +  ocJorc  (ocWr-)  =  E. 
tooth,  q.  v.]  1.  Same  as  Anodonta.  Often,  1815. 
—  2.  In  licrpct.,  a  genus  of  African  serpents,  of 
thef&mily  I  las/ip,  I  tit  l,r  nv  Itlia, hi, ii  Ion  fitta;  which 
have  no  grooved  maxillary  teeth.  Sir  Andrew 
Smith,  LSI!!).  Also  called  Diodon,  Eltaehiodon, 
stn&Dasypcltis.—3.  Inentom.,  a  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects. — 4.  [/.<'.]  [< anodont.]  Afresh- 
watcr  mussel  of  the  genus  Anodonta  (which 
see). —  5.  p.  c]  A  snake  of  the  genus  Dasypcl- 
tis :  as,  the  rough  anodon,  Dasypcttis  scabra. 

anodont  (an'o-dont),  h.  [<  Anodonta.']  A  mus- 
sel of  the  genus  Anodonta;  an  anodon. 

Anodonta  (an-o-don'tii),  v.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avddov- 
7oc,  without  teeth:  see  Anodon.']  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamellibranchiate  mollusks,  or  bi- 


River-raussel  ( Anodonta fragilis).  North  Carolina. 

valves,  of  the  family  Unionidce,  in  which  the 
hinge-teeth  are  rudimentary  or  null.  The  species 
are  very  numerous,  and  are  among  those  called  fresh-water 
mussels  or  river-mussels.  Many  species  are  found  in  the 
United  states;  A.  cygnea,  the  swan-mussel,  is  a  common 
British  species.  Also  called  Anodon  and  Anodontes, 
Anodontidae  (an-o-dou'ti-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnion,  'J,  +  -ida:]'  A  family  of  serpents,  named 
by  Sir  Andrew  Smith  from  the  genus  Anodon,  12. 
See  Dasypeltidm. 
anodyne  (an'o-diu),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  anodin,  anodiiic,  <  F.  anodin,  aiiodi/n  =  Pg. 
anodyno  =  op.  It.  anodino,  <  L.  anodynus,  ano- 
dynos,  a.,  anodynon,  n.,  <  Gr.  avudwoc,  freeing 
from  pain  (ijidp/iaKou  avudwov,  L.  medicameiitiim 
anodynum,  a  drug  to  relieve  pain),  <  av-priv.  + 
bShv/j,  dial.  cAhn/,  pain.]  I.  a.  Having  power  to 
relieve  pain ;  hence,  soothing  to  the  feelings. 

[Itl  is,  of  any  outward  application  I  would  venture  to 
recommend,  the  most  anodyne  and  safe. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  28. 
The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.  Burke. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  drug  which  relieves  pain, 
as  an  opiate  or  a  narcotic  ;  hence,  figuratively, 
anything  that  allays  mental  pain  or  distress. 
Mirth  and  opium,  ratafia  and  tears, 
Tin1  daily  anodyne,  and  nightly  draught, 
To  kill  those  foes  to  fair  ones,  time  and  thought. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  ii.  111. 

His  quiet  animal  nature  acted  as  a  pleasing  anodyne  to 

my  .  .  .  anxiety.      O.  11'.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  43. 

anodynous  (a-nod'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  anodynus: 

see  anodyne  and  -ous.]  Having  the  qualities  of 
an  anodyne. 

Anoeae  (a-no'e-e),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anoiis  +  -cw.] 
A  term  used  by  Coues  (18C2)  to  distinguish  the 
noddies  as  a  group  of  terns,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anoiis,  from  the  other  terns,  or  Sterneat.  See 
cut  under  Anoiis. 

anoema  (an-o-e'mii),  n.  [NL.,  >  F.  anoeme;  cf. 
Gr.  aivi/iiuv,  without  understanding,  <  u-priv.  + 
v&rjfia,  perception,  understanding,  <  voe.lv,  per- 
ceive, think,  <  vooc,  perception,  mind:  see  noiis.] 


227 

A  name  of  the  Cobaia  aperea,  the  guinea-pig  or 
domestic  cavy:  originally,  with  F.  Cuvier,  a 
generic  namo  of  the  cavies,  and  a  synonym  of 
('ana. 

anoetic  (an-o-ot'ik).  a.  [<  Gr.  aiw/roc,  incon- 
ceivable (<  d-priv.  +  vonrdc,  perceptible),  +  -ic : 
see  a-iH ami  noetic]  Unthinkable;  inconceiv- 
able: opposed  t"  noetic  (which  see).     I'iriiir. 

anogenic  (an-o-jen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ivu,  upward, 
+  -yevi/c,  produced  (seo  -gen),  +  -ic.]  In  hot., 
growing  upward  or  inward. 

anoiet,  anoifult,  anoioust.    Former  spellings 

of  iiiin, iij.  etc. 
anoilt  (a-noil'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annail, 
anoylejenoil,  <  ME.  anoylen  (with  an-  for  en-  as 
in  the  notionally  associated  anoint,  perhaps 
influenced  by  the  native  verb  ami,,  aural",  q. 
v.),  enoylen,  <  t  IF.  enuiler,  later  enhuiler,  to  oil, 

<  ML.  mull  ,ir,',  anoint  with  oil,  <  L.  in,  on.  + 
oleum,  oil :  Bee  oil,  and  cf.  anealK]  To  anoint 
with  oil;  specifically,  to  administer  extreme 
unction  to. 

Children  were  also  christened  and  men  houseled  mid 
annoiled.  Holinshed,  Chxon.,  11.  302.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Pope  [nnocentius  I.,  in  his  Epistle  i.,  eh.  S.  saith  that 
not  only  priests,  but  laymen  in  cases  "f  their  own  and 
others' necessities,  may  an&Ue.    Bp.  Hall,  Works,  IX,  89. 

anoine  (an'o-in),  a.  and  n.     [<  Anoa  +  -im'1.] 

1.  a.  In  zool.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Aima,  formerly  regarded  as  a  division  of  the 
genus  AnUlope,  and  called  the  anoine  group. 

II.  ».  pi.  The  name  given  by  Hamilton  Smith 
to  a  group  of  so-called  antelopes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anoa  (which  see). 
anoint  (a-noinf),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
noint,  anoynte,enoynt,  alsoabbrev.  woireJ(andin 
simple  form  aint,  q.  v.),  <  ME.  anoynten,  enoyn- 
ten  (present  forms  due  to  the  pp.  and  pret. 
anoijiit,  enoynt,  from  the  OF.  pp.),  present  also 
enoyne,  <  OF.  enoindre,  enuingdre,  pp.  enoint,  <  L. 
inungere, prop,  inunguere,  pp.  inuiictus,  anoint,< 
in,  on,  +  unguere,  ungere,  smear:  see  militant, 
unction,  oint,  and  ointment.]  1.  To  pour  oil 
upon ;  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil  or  any  unctu- 
ous substance;  hence,  to  smear  with  any  liquid. 

My  head  with  oil  thou  didst  not  anoint.      Luke  vii.  40. 

The  bees  do  anoint  their  hives  with  the  juice  of  the  bit- 
terest weeds,  against  the  greediness  of  other  beasts. 

Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

2.  To  consecrate,  especially  a  king,  priest,  or 
prophet,  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  shalt  anoint  it  [the  altar]  to  sanctify  it. 

Ex.  rrix.  36. 
I  would  not  see  .  .  .  thy  fierce  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  boarish  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

3f.  To  serve  as  an  ointment  for ;  lubricate. 
And  fragrant  oils  the  stiffened  limbs  anoint. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil. 

anointt.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  anoint '. 
Chaucer. 

anointed  (a-noin'ted),  n.  A  consecrated  one. — 
The  Lord's  anointed,  BDeeifleally,  the  Messiah;  by  ex- 
tension, a  king,  or  one  ruling  by  divine  right. 

anointer  (a-noin'ter),  re.     One  who  anoints. 

anointment  (a-noint'nient),  re.  [<  anoint  + 
-incut.]  The  act  of  anointing,  or  the  state  of 
being  anointed ;  consecration. 

That  sovran  lord,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  holy 
anointment  from  God  the  Father,  which  made  him  su- 
preme bishop  of  our  souls,  was  so  humble  as  to  say,  Who 
made  me  a  judge  or  a  divider  over  you? 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humble  Eemonst. 

anole  (an'61),  re.    Same  as  anoli. 

anoli  (an'o-li),  re.     A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis 

(which  see). 
anolian  (a-no'li-an),  a.  and  re.     [See  Anoiis.] 

I.  a.  Belonging  to  the  group  of  lizards  typified 

by  the  genus  A  in ,1  in. 
II.  n.  A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis. 
Anoliidae  (an-6-li'i-de),  re.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Anoiis, 

Anolius,  +  -id'a:]     A  family  of  lizards,  named 

from  the  genus  Anoiis  or  Anolius. 
Anoiis  (an'o-lis),  n.     [Formerly  also  annolis :  as 

an  individual   name,  now  usually  anoli;  NL. 

Anoiis,  also    Inolius  (Cuvier),  after  F.  anoiis, 

<  anoli,  anaalli,  native  name  in  the  Antilles.] 

1.  A  genus  of  pleurodont  laeertilians,  usually 
referred  to  the  family  Iguanidm,  consisting  of 
small  American  lizards  which  have  palatal  as 
well  as  maxillary  teeth,  toes  somewhat  like 
those  of  the  gecko,  an  inflatable  throat,  ami 
colors  changeable  as  in  the  chameleon,  which 
in  some  respects  they  represent  in  America. 
The  green  anoli,  Atiolis  ■principalis,  inhabits  the  southern 
United  States,  and  others  are  found  in  the  wanner  parts 
of  America. 

2.  [1.  c]  Alizardof  the  genus  Anoiis:  an  anoli. 
Anolius  (a-no'li-us),  re.     [NL.]     Same  as  Jno- 

lis,  1.     Cuvier,  1817. 


Anomaliped  Foot 
of  Kingfisher. 


Anomalops 

anomal  (a-nS'mal),  «.  [<  OP.  an, anal  (Cot- 
grave),  <  1. 1.,  aittiiifiiit-  :  -ft-  anomalous.]  In 
lira  in. ,  an  anomalous  verb  or  word.     [Rare.] 

Anomala  (a-nom'a-ljt),  ».    [SIj.,  (1,  -: 
sing.,  (3)  milt.  pi.  of  LL.  anomalus :  see  anom- 
alous.]    1.  A  genus  of  lainilliroi  n   beetles,  of 
the  family  Searabcnda;,  having  9  inten- 

nie  and  margined  elj  tra.    I  h  n 
such  as  the  European  A.  oitU  and  the  Amei  icai 
cola,  in (uriou  i  to  thi  grape. 

2.  A  genus  ol'  bivalve  mollusks.  of  the  family 
Corbiculidm:  synonymous  with  Egeta. — 3. 
[  1  -id  as  a  plural.]  A  group  of  decapod  crus- 
taceans, including  the  lli\tfntltr  ami  Pagurida  : 
an  inexact  synonym  of  Anonnini. 

Anomalae  (a-nom'a-le),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  LL.  anomalus :  see  anomalous.]  inornith., 
in  (iloger's  arrangement  of  birds  (1*34),  a  sub- 
order of  passerine  birds,  embracing  those  which 
are  devoid  of  an  apparatus  for  song.  It  in- 
cluded what  later  writers  have  called  I'irana. 

anomali,  n.     Plural  of  anomalus. 

Anomalidae  (an-o-mal'i-de),  n.  jd.  [NL.,<  Ano- 
mala, I,  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, named  from  the  genus  Anomala. 

anomaliflorous  (a-nom  a-li-tld'rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
aiitimalijlants,  <  LL.  anomalus.  irregular,  +  L. 
flos  (Jlor-),  flower.]  In  bot.,  having  irregular 
flowers. 

anomaliped  (a-nom'a-li-ped),  a.  and  re.  [<  LL. 
anomalus  (see  anomalous)  +  L.  j;es  (]ied-)  =  E. 
foot.]  Inornith.:  I.  a.  Syndactylous ;  having 
the  middle  toe  united  to  the 
exterior  by  three  phalanges, 
and  to  the  interior  by  one  only. 
The  kingfisher  is  an  example. 
II.  n.  A  syndactylous  bird  ; 
a  bird  whose  middle  toe  is 
united  to  the  exterior  by  three 
phalanges,  and  to  the  interior 
by  one  only. 

ariomalipod  (a-nom'a-li-pod), 
a.  and  it.  [<  LL.  anomalus  +  Gr.  iroiif  (irod-) 
=  E.  foot.  Cf.  anomaliped.]  Same  as  anoma- 
liped. 

anomalism  (a-nom'a-lizm),  re.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ism.]  An  anomaly;  a  deviation  from  rule; 
an  irregularity,  or  instance  of  departure  from 
usual  and  correct  order.     [Rare.] 

The  automatisms  in  words  have  been  so  many  that  some 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  allow  no  analogy  either  in  the 
Greek  or  Latin  tongue.  Hooker,  Eecles.  Polity,  p.  30. 

anomalist  (a-nom'a-list),  n.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ist.]  In  Gr.  philot.,  one  who  believes  in  the 
conventional  or  arbitrary  origin  of  language : 
opposed  to  analogist,  or  one  who  argues  for  its 
natural  origin.     Farrar. 

anomalistic  (a-nom-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  anomalist 
+ -ic]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anomaly,  or 
to  the  anomalists. —  2.  In  astron.,  pertaining  to 
the  anomaly  or  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion.— Anomalistic  month.  See  month.— 
Anomalistic  revolution,  the  period  in  which  a  planet 
or  satellite  goes  through  the  complete  cycles  of  its  changes 
i>l  anomaly,  or  from  any  point  in  its  elliptic  orbit  to  tin- 
same  again.-  Anomalistic  year,  the  time  (365  days,  6 
hours,  13  minutes,  and  48  seconds)  in  which  the  earth 
passes  through  her  orbit,  which,  on  account  "f  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  is  25  minutes  and  2.3 seconds  longer 
than  the  tropical  year. 

anomalistical  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anomalistic. 

anomalistically  (a-nom-a.-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  anomalistic  manner. 

anomalocephalus  (a-nom"a-16-sef'a-lus),  re.; 
pi.  anomal, iciphali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  <ir<Jua/toc, 
irregular  (see  anomalous),  +  ncipa/i/,  head.]  One 
w  aose  head  is  deformed. 

Anomalogonatae  (a-nom"a-16-gon'a-te),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  anomalogonatus :  seeanomalo- 
gonatous.]  In  Garrod's  system  of  classification, 
a  primary  division  of  birds  containing  those 
which  have  no  ambiens.     See  Bomalogonata. 

anOmalogOnatOUS  (a-nom  a-16-gon'a-tus).  a. 
[<  NL.  anomtiloi/onatiis.  <  Gr.  avuuaXoc,  irregular 
(see  anomalous).  +  ybvv  =  E.  Knee.]  Abnor- 
mally kneed;  having  no  ambiens  muscle  :  spe- 
cifically, pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Ano- 
tiitiintitiititttf.     Garrod. 

anomalopid  (a-nom-a-lop'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Anomdlopidct). 

Anom'alopidae  (a-nom-a-lop'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anomalops  +  -idtr.]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygiau  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anomalops. 

(iiilv species,  represented' on  the  next  pagi    is  known; 

it  inhabits  rather  deep  water  in  the  Pacific  oci  an, 

Anomalops  (a-nom'a-lops),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.^wi- 

ini't,!,;,  irregular  (sec  aitomaloits),  +  wt/'  (""-), 
eye.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Anomalopida- :  so  called  from  the  remarkable 


Anomalops 

structure  manifested  by  a  glandular  phospho- 
rescent organ  below  tin  eye.     liner,  1868. 


anomalous  (a-nom'a-lus),  o.  [<  IjTj.  anomalus, 
>malos,  <  &r.  av$«i«loc,  irregular,  uneven,  < 
(ir-  priv.  +  wi«/..,  even,  <  o,uof,  same,  common, 
=  E.  same:  see  homo-  and  same."]  Deviating 
from  a  general  rule,  method,  or  analogy;  irreg- 
ular; abnormal:  as,  an  anomalous  character; 
an  anomalous  pronunciation. 

Though  in  Sparta  kingship  had  survived  irnderananoma- 
Zous  i.. mi,  yet  the  joint  representatives  of  the  primitive 
king  .  .  .  had  become  little  more  than  members  of  the 
governing  i  Ligari  by.      //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  SocioL,  §485. 

The  Quran  attaches  much  importance  to  prayer,  a  fact 
which  is  somewhat  anomalous  in  :i  system  of  religion  so 
essentially  fatalistic.  Faiths  if  the  World,  p.  321. 

Anomalous  chords,  in  music,  chords  which  contain  ex- 
treme  sharp  or  extreme  flat  intervals.  —  Syn.  Unusual, 
singular,  peculiar,  odd,  exceptional,  unaccountable.  See 
irregular. 
anomalously  (a-nom'a-lus-li),  adr.  In  an 
anomalous  manner;  irregularly;  in  a  manner 
different  from  the  common  rule,  method,  or 
analogy. 

Yet,  somewhat  anomalously,  as  it  seems,  habitual  ve- 
racity generally  goes  with  inclination  to  doubt  evidence. 
11.  Spencer,  Study  of  SocioL,  p.  117. 

anomalousness  (a-nom'a-lus-nes),  n.  [<  anoma- 
lous +  -ness.]  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
anomalous. 

One  special  sympathy  worth  noting  because  of  its  anom- 
alomness,  is  sympathy  in  yawning. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  511. 

anomalure  (a-nom'a-lur),  n.    [<  Anomalwrus.] 

An  animal  of  th>'  genus  Anomahirus. 

anomalurid  (a-noin-a-lu'rid),  n.  A  rodent 
mammal  of  the  family  Anomahiritla: 

Anomaluridae  (a-nom-a-lu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anomahirus  +  -id<B.~]  A  remarkable  family 
of  flying  rodents  of  Africa;  the  scale-tailed 
Squirrels.  They  have  a  parachute  like  that  of  the  true 
flying  squirrels,  hut  less  extensive,  and  the  under  side 
of  the  tail  is  provided  with  a  series  of  imbricated  scales. 
They  have  no  postorhital  processes,  a  large  anteorbital 


Scale-tailed  Squirrel  {Auomalurusfutpens). 

foramen,  the  molaraand  premolars  together  4  on  each  side 
of  each  jaw,  and  16  ribs,  that  is,  8  or  A  more  than  are  found 
in  Sciuridee.  '1  he  animals  bear  some  resemblance  to  mem 
hers  of  tin-  genus  Oaieopitheeus,  but  have  a  long  hairy  tail 

free  n the  lnt<  rfemoral  membrane.  Several  spi  cie  an 

tibed,as  A.fraseri  from  Fernando  Po,sn&A.fulgens 

from  the  Gab i :  the  latter  is  al I  it  inches  in  Length, 

v\itti  the  tail  at... at  half  a  much  more,  and  of  a  bright- 
i.  ddish  color. 

The  curious  creatures  known  as  Scale-tailed  Squirrels, 
which  form  the  family  Anomaluridcc,  may  be  <t 
as  flyii  «itli  climbing-irons;— the  underside 

of  th..  tail  being  furnished  .  .  .  with  a  series  of  large 
horny  seal.-,  which,  when  pressed  against  the  trunk  oi  a 
it..    ..."    put  no  ii  as  th..  -  Instrumt  at 

with  which  a n  climbs  up  a  telegraph  pole. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hi  [.,  V.  131. 
Anomalurus  (a-nom-a-lu'rus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Or. 
.....  irregular  (see  anomalous),  + 

tail.]     'I'lm  t.\  pica]  ami  only  genus  of  the  f'am- 

ily  Aiioiniihiriihr.     Waterhouse,  L842. 

anomalus  (a-nom'a  lus),  u.;  pi.  anomali  (-li). 
[NL.,  <  LL,  anomalus:  see  anomalous.]  In 
anat.,  a  muscular  slip,  an  inch  in  length,  fre- 
quently found  Lying  beneath  the  muscle  that 
lifts  tin-  upper  lip  and  the  wing  of  the  nose 
(levator  labii  Buperioris  absque  nasi). 

anomaly  (a-nom'a-li^  ».;  pi.  anomalies  (-liz). 
[<  L.  anomalia,  <  &r,  ava/taAia,  irregularity,  mi- 
evenness,  (  ava/taXoc,  uneven:  see  anomalous."] 

1.  Deviation  from  the  common  rule  or  analogy  ; 
something  abnormal  or  irregular. 


228 

There  are  in  human  nature,  and  more  especially  in  the 
exercise  of  th.-  benevolent  affections,  inequalities,  incon* 
sistencies,  ami  anomalies,  of  which  theorists  do  not  always 
takeaccount.  Leaky,  Europ,  Morals,  I.  505. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  angular  quantity  defining  the 
position  of  a  point  in  a  planetary  orbit,  taken  to 
increase  in  the  direction  of  planetary  motion. 
In  ancientastronomy  it  was  reckoned  from  apogee;  in  early 
modern  astronomy,  from  aphelion,  except  in  cometary  or- 
bits; hut  since  Gauss,  from  perihelion. 

3.  In  music,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect 
interval  in  tuning  instruments  with  fixed  notes; 
a  temperament — Eccentric  anomaly  (a  nomalia  cc- 

ccntri,  Kepler),  the  arc  between  the  major  axis  and  the 
perpendicular  to  it  through  the  planet  on  the  circle  cir- 
cumscribing the  orbit;  now  usually  defined  by  the  .qua 
tinii  id  -  it  —  c  sin  u,  where  w  is  the  mean,  u  the  eccen- 
trfc  anomaly,  and  e  the  eccentricity, — Mean  anomaly, 
the  angular  quantity  whose  ratio  to  300'  is  as  the  lime 
since  the  planet  left  perihelion  to  the  period  of  revo- 
lution.—Optical  anomaly,  in  crystal.,  a  term  applied 
to  those  optical  phenomena,  observed  in  many  crystals, 
which  are  at  variance  with  what  would  be  expected 
from  the  geometrical  form  of  the  crystals:  for  exam- 
ple, the  double  refraction  occasionally  observed  in  the 
diamond,  which,  like  all  isometric  crystals,  should  he 
isotropic— Thermic  anomaly,  a  name  given  by  Dove  to 
the  difference  between  the  mean  temperature  of  a  place 
on  the  earth's  surface  and  the  normal  temperature  of  its 
parallel.  — True  anomaly,  (a)  In  anc.  astron.,  the  arc 
of  the  zodiac  between  the  apparent  place  of  the  center  of 
the  epicycle  and  that  of  apogee.  (&)  In  mod .  astron. ,  the 
angle  at  the  sun  between  perihelion  and  the  place  of  a 
planet. 

Anomean,  Anomeanism.    See  Anomcean,  Ano- 

lUO'taiisnt. 

anomeomery  (an-o-me-om'e-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  as 
if  *avopoiopipeia,  <  avopoiopepyc,  consisting  of  un- 
like parts,  not  homogeneous,  <  av-  priv.  +  6/toi- 
opepqr,  consisting  of  like  parts:  see  an-5  and 
homt  ono  rip]  In  the  hist,  of  phiL,  the  Italic 
form  of  the  doctrine  of  atoms,  which  rejected 
the  Anaximandrian  principle  of  homeomery 
(which  see). 

Anemia,  (a-no'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
avopotoc,  unlike,  dissimilar,  <  av-  priv.  +  bpoior, 
similar:  see  homoo-Jitimeo-.]  If.  Same  as  Tere- 
bratula. —  2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Anomiidw,  found  attached  to 
oysters  and  other  shells.  The  shape  of  its  species 
depends  more  or  less  upon  the  surface  to  which  they  are 
affixed.  The  saddle-shell,  Anomia  ephijmiuiii,  is  well 
known.  There  are  numerous  species,  both  fossil  and  re- 
cent, the  former  going  back  to  the  ( IBllte,  the  latter  found 
in  every  sea. 

anomiid  (an-o-mi'id),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family Anomiida; 

Anomiidse (an-o-mi'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Anomia 
+  -idle.]  A  family  of  asiphonate  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollusks,  typified 
by  the  genus  Anomia.    The 

typical  -peeies  have  thin,  un- 
equal, irregular  valves,  the  flat- 
test of  which  is  deeply  notched 
fur  the  passaec  of  a  muscle  to  a 
calcareous  or  chitinous  plate  by 
which  the  shell  adheres  to  other 
shells. 

anomite  (an'o-imt),  n.  [< 
fir.  avo/ioc,  without  law 
(see  ananio-),  +  -ite2.]  1. 
A  subspecies  of  the  mica 
called  biotite  (which  see), 
distinguished  by  certain  optical  properties. — 
2.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  .-Intimites;  an  extinct 
species  of  the  AnomMdoe  or  some  similar  shell. 

anomo-.  [Combining  fonn  of  Greek  avopoc,  < 
a-  priv,  +  v6/wc,  law :  see  nome.]  An  element 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning 
irregular,  unusual. 

Anomobranchiata  (an'o-ino-brang-ki-a'tii),  ii. 
jil.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  anomobraiiehialus:  see 
aiioiiifibraiichiatc.]  A  group  of  crustaceans: 
synonymous   with   Stomatopoda   (which   see). 

It  includes  Mysidce,  StiuiUitla1,  the  opossum-shrimps, 
mantis  shrimps,  etc.    See  cut  under  SquUlidce. 

anomobranchiate  (an"o-mo-brang'ki-at),  a. 
[<Nh.ant>m<ihraiicliiatus,'<.  Gr.  avopor,  irregular, 
+  jipayxia,  gills.]  Having  the  branchiae  anom- 
alous or  irregular;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anomobranchiata. 

anomocarpous  (an"o-ino-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anomocarpus,  <  Gr.  dvo/tog,  irregular,  +  nap7r6c, 
fruit.]    In  tot,  bearing  unusual  fruit.   X.  E.  l>. 

anomodont  (an'o-mo-dont),  a.  and  n.    [<  Ano- 
modontia.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  AnomodonUa. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anomodonlia. 

Anomodontia  (an"o-mo-don'shi-a),  ii.  jil.  [NL., 
<  i  ir.  ivofioc, irregular, •i-b6oic(6dovT-)=E.  tooth.] 

1.  In  < ) wen's  system  of  classification  ( 1  Slid ),  an 
order  of  fossil  reptiles,  it- technical charai  1. 1  in 
biconcave  vertebra?,  off  urcate  anterior  trunk-ribs,  continu. 

iliopubic  vmphysis,  fixed  tympanic  pedicle,  a  fora- 
men parit  til.    a  1 1. 1  th..  teeth  i  [ther  wanting  or  limited  to 

ol    real  tii^ks.    Tli iter  Includes  the  two  groups 

Dxcynodontia  and CryptodontAa,  the  former  containing  the 


Anomia  achans. 
p,  /,  muscular  impressions. 


anon 

genus  Dicynodon,  and  the  latter  the  genera  Rhynchotaurut 
and  Oudenodon. 

2.  In  < 'opo's  system,  a  division  of  theromorphous 
reptiles  (see  Theromorpha),  containing  those 
which  have  several  sacral  vertebra;,  and  the 
vertebrae  not  notoehordal:  contrasted  with 
Pelyoosauria  (which  see). 

Anomcean,  Anomean  (an-6-me'an),  n.  [<Gr. 
av6fioioc,  unlike,  <  av-  priv.  +  b/ioioc,  like:  see 
homceo-,  laiiniti-.]  One  of  an  extreme  sect  of 
Arians  in  the  fourth  century,  who  held  that 
the  Son  is  of  an  essence  not  even  similar  to  that 
of  the  Father  (whence  their  name),  while  the 
more  moderate  Arians  held  that  the  essence  of 
the  Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Father,  though 
not  identical  with  it.  Also  called  Artian,  Eit- 
doxian,  and  Eunomian. 

Anomoeanism,  Anomeanism  (an  -o  -me'  an  - 
izm),  n.  [<  Anomatan  +  -ism.]  The  doctrines 
of  the  Anomceans. 

Denying  alike  the  homoousian  and  the  homoiousian 
theory,  he  [Eunomius]  was  dialectieully  proliably  the 
ablest  and  most  consistent  defender  of  Anomceanifm,  or 
the  doctrine  according  to  which  the  Sou  is  essentially  or 
substantially  different  from  the  Father. 

Kiiciic.  Brit.,  VIII.  007. 

anomorhomboid  (an"o-mo-rom'boid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ivofioc,  irregular,  4-  rhomboid,  q.  v.]  An  irregu- 
lar rhomboidal  mass,  as  some  crystals. 

anomorhomboidal  (an'o-mo-ro"m-boi'dal),  a. 
[<  anomorhomboid  +  -al.]  Resembling  an  ano- 
morhomboid; consisting  of  irregular  rhom- 
boids. 

Anomoura,  anomoural,  etc.  See  Anomura,  etc. 

anomphalous  (a-nom'fa-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv- 
priv.  +  6//(la?,(Sf,  navel.]  Having  no  navel; 
without  an  umbilicus. 

Anomura  (an-o-mii'ia),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anomurus  :  see  anomurous.]  A  suborder  of 
podophthalmous  decapodous  crustaceans,  inter- 
mediate between  the  macrurous  arid  the  bra- 
chyurous  groups,  and  embracing  forms,  such 
as  the  hermit-crabs,  which  have  the  tail  soft 
and  unfitted  for  swimming  or  otherwise  anom- 
alous. The  section  is  purely  artificial,  and  authors  are 
not  agreed  upon  its  limitation.  Families  usually  ranged 
under  it  an-  such  as  Paguridos,  Bippidce,  Raninidai,  Do- 
rippidce,  etc. ;  the  first  of  these  includes  the  well-known 
hermit-crabs.     Also  spelled  Anommo-a. 

anomural  (an-o-mu'ral),  a.  [As  anomurous  + 
-td.~\  Irregular  in  the  character  of  the  tail  or 
abdomen;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anomura: 
as,  anomural  crustaceans.  Equivalent  forms 
are  anomoural,  anomuran,  anomouran,  anomu- 
rous, anomourous. 

anomuran  (an-o-mu'ran),  a.  and  n.  [As  ano- 
murous +  -an.]     I.  a.  Same  as  anom ural. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Anomura;  an  anomurous 
crab,  as  a  hermit-crab. 
Also  spelled  anomouran. 

anomurous  (an-5-mu.'rus),  a.  _  [<  NL.  anonni- 
rus,  <  Gr.  avojioc  irregular,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  Same 
as  anomural.     Also  spelled  anomourous. 

On  the  same  island  is  found  another  most  remarkable 
and  very  large  terrestrial  Anomourous  Crustacean, 

Encyc.  licit.,  VI.  642. 

anomyt  (an'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avopia,  lawlessness, 
itwopoc,  lawless:  see  anomo-.]  A  violation  of 
law,  especially  of  divine  law;  lawlessness. 

Tin-  delights  of  the  body  betray  us.  through  our  over- 
indulgence to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to  anomy  and  dis- 
obedience.  Qlanville. 

anon  (a-non'),  adr.  and  inter).,  orig.  prep.  j>hr. 
[<  ME.  anon,  a/noon,  onon,  onoon,  also  aiian,  onan, 
and  with  dat.  term,  anom;  onane,  etc  (cf.  equiv. 
ME.  in  oon,  in  a»  =  OHG.  MHG.  in  cin),  <  AS. 
on  an  (ace),  on  due  (dat.),  in  one,  together, 
straightway:  oh,  F..  on;  an,  E.  one.  Cf.  a  nan, 
a  mod.  dial,  form  of  anon.]  If.  In  one  and  the 
same  direction;  straight  on. — 2.  Straightway; 
forthwith  ;  on  the  instant;  immediately. 

'the  same  is  he  that  licanth  the  word,  and  anon  with 
joy  rcccivcth  it.  Mat.  xiii.  '_'(). 

Hence,  like  other  words  of  the  same  literal 
meaning,  passing  into — 3.  Quickly;  soon;  in 
a  short  time  ;  by  and  by. 

Such  guild  men  as  he  which  is  anon  to  In-  interred. 

C.Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  iv.  7 

4.  At,  another  time  ;  again;  now  again. 

Sometimes  he  trots,  .  .  .  onon  he  rears  upright 

Shaft. ,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  27ft. 

The  varying  lights  and  shadows  "f  her  temper,  now  so 
mirthful,  an.l  anon  so  sad  with  mysterious  gloom. 

Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  ix. 

5.  As  a  response,  same  as  anan Ever  and  anon, 

Ir I  one  to  time;  now  and  then  ;  time  after  time. 

A  piiunect-bdx,  which  ever  ami  anon 
lie  gave  his  nose,  and  took't  away  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  a 


229 


anormal 


The  Sour-sop  {.-In 
eulaf'i. 


anon.     An  abbreviation  of  anonymous. 
Anona   (a -no 'mi),  n.     [NL.,  said  to  bo  from 
minima,  the  Malay  name.]     Agoutis  of  trees  or 
shrubs,  type   of   the 
natural  order  Anona- 
cen;  of  about  50  spe- 
cies, which  are,  with 
two  or  three  excep- 
tions, natives  of  tropi- 
cal America.    A.  squa- 
mosa (sweet  sop)  grows  In 
the  west  Indian  islands, 
and  yields  an  edible  fruit 
1i;l\  ing  a  thick,  sweet,  lus- 
cious pulp.     A.  muncata 
(sour-sop)  is  cultivated  in 
(in  WestandEast  Indies; 
it  produces  ;i  large  pear- 
shaped  fruit,  oi  a  greenish 
color,  eotitainingan  agree- 
able   slightly  acid    pulp. 
The  genus  produces  other 
edible  fruits,  aa  the  com- 
mon custard  apple  or  bul- 
lock's-heart,  from  A.  reti- 
id  the  cherimoyer  <>f  Peru,  from  A.  Cherimolia. 
Anonaceae  (an-o-na'se-e),  re. pi.     [NL.,  (.Anona 
+  -acece.]     A  natural  order  of  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical trees  and  bushes,  with  trimerous  flow- 
ers, indefinite  stamens,  and  numerous  carpels, 
allied  to  the  magnolias,  and  sometimes  abound- 
ing in  a  powerful  aromatic  secretion.    The  Ethi- 
opian pepper,  sour-sop,  sweet-sop,  and  custard-apple  are 
yielded  by  these  trees.      The  wood  in  some  genera  is  ex- 
tremely elastic  and  occasionally  intensely  hitter.    Asimina 
is  almost  the  only  genus  representing  the  order  in  the 
United  states. 
anonaceous  (an-o-na'shius),  a.     [<  NL.  anona- 
ceits :  seo  Anona  and  -aceous.]     Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anonacece. 
anonad  (an'o-nad),  n.     A  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Anonacece.    Lindley. 
anon-rightt,   adv.     [ME.  anon  right,  etc.,   also 
right  anon  :  see  anon  and  right,  adv.]     Imme- 
diately; at  once.    Chaucer. 
anonychia  (an-o-nik'i-ii),  re.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  6ri>f  (oit\-),  nail:  see  onyx.']     In  tera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  nails. 
anonym  (an'o-niin),  n.     [<  F.  anonymc,  <  NL. 
anonynvus  (L.   anonymos,  as  designation  of  a 
certain  plant),  <  Gr.  avuvv/xoc,  nameless,  anony- 
mous :  see  anonymous,  and  cf.  onym,  pseudonym, 
synonym.']     1.  An  assumed  or  false  name. — 2. 
An  anonymous  person. 

The  Origin  of  Species  .  .  .  makes  an  epoch,  as  the  ex- 
pression of  his  [Darwin's]  thorough  adhesion  ...  to  the 
doctrine  of  Development  —  and  not  the  adhesion  of  an 
anonym  like  the  author  of  the  "Vestiges." 

George  Eliot,  in  Cross's  Life,  II.  ix. 

3.  In  -o67.,  a  mere  name ;  a  name  resting  upon 
no  diagnosis  or  other  recognized  basis.  Coues, 
The  Auk,  I.  321.  [Rare.] 
Also  spelled  anonymc. 
anonyma  (a-non'i-mS),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  anony- 
mus :  see  anonymous.]  In  anat.,  the  innominate 
artery. 

The  arteries  arise  from  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  as  in  man, 
hy  an  anonyma,  a  left  carotid,  and  left  subclavian. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  380. 

anonymal    (a-non'i-mal),    a.      Anonymous. 
[Rare.] 
anonyme,  ».    See  anonym. 

anonymity  (an-o-nini'i-ti),  re.  [As  anonym  + 
-ity.  J  The  state'  or  quality  of  being  anonymous 
or  without  a  name,  or  of  not  declaring  one's 
name ;  anonymousness. 

A  doughty  antagonist  in  a  work  of  anonymity,  who 
proved  to  be  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Harper's  May.,  LXIX.  47-1. 

If  atuunniiiUi  adds  to  the  importance  of  journalism, 
secrecy  does  so  still  more,  for  it  is  more  impressive  to  the 
Imagination.  Roe,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  268. 

anonymosity  (a-non-i-mos'i-ti),  n.  [Iinprop. 
<  anonymous:  see  -osity.]  The  state  of  being 
anonymous.     [Rare.] 

anonymous  (a-non'i-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anony- 
mus,  <  Gr.  iwuvvuoc,  nameless,  <  or-  priv.  + 
bvoya,  ^olic  ovvua,  name :  see  onym.]  1.  Want- 
ing a  name ;  not  named  and  determined,  as  an 
animal  not  assigned  to  any  species.  [Rare  or 
technical.] 

These  animalcules  serve  also  for  food  to  another  anony- 
mous insect  of  the  waters.  Ray. 

2.  Without  any  name  acknowledged,  as  that 
of  author,  contributor,  or  the  like :  as,  an  anony- 
mous pamphlet;  an  anonymous  subscription. 

Among  the  manuscripts  of  the  English  State  Paper  Of- 
fice are  three  anonymous  tracts  relating  to  the  sane  pe- 
riod as  that  covered  by  the  American  writings  of  Captain 
John  Smith  and  of  Qeorge  Percy. 

M.  C.  Tiller,  Hist.  Ainer.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

3.  Of  unknown  name ;  whose  name  is  withheld : 
as,  an  anonymous  author. 


That  anonymous  person  who  is  always  saying  the  wisest  anoplotheriid  (an-op-16-the'ri-id),  ».     A  rnmi- 


aml  most  delightful  things  just  as  you  an the  point 

saving  t hem > on,. elf,      Aldrich,  Ponkapogto  IVsth,  p.  268. 
Often  abbreviated  to  anon. 
anonymously  (a-non'i-mus-li),  adv.    In  an 
anonymous  manner ;  without  a  name. 

I  would  know  whether  the  edition  is  to  come  out  anony 
mously.  Siriit. 

anonymousness  (a-non'i-mus-nes),  «.    The 

stiit, ■  or  quality  of  being  anonymous. 


mint  mammal  of  the  family  InoplotherUdee. 
Anoplotheriidae  (an-op  lo-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XI..,  <  Anoplotlu  Hum  +  -iaa .  |  A  family  of  wa 
sil  ruminant  quadrupeds,  of  the  ordei  Irtiodao- 
tyla,  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  genus 
Anoplotherium,  to  which  Eurytherium  has  bei  n 
added  by  Gervais.  Excluding  Dichobun  b  n 
of  a  different  family,  the  Anoplotht  Hides  are  characterized 
ii\  the  comparative  uniformity  of  the  teeth  and  thepropor* 

t ate  lengths  ol  the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  thi  latti  ■  hi  Ing 

like  those  of  ordinary  walking  quadrupeds. 


■  anonymousness  of  newspaper  writing. 

Sir  ','.  r.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ix. 

anonymuncule  (a-non-i-mun'kul),  re.    [<  NL.  anoplotherioid  (an-op-lo-the  n-oid),  a.  and  n. 

[<  Anojiiotiii  riiim  +  -mil.  J  I.  n.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Anoplotheriidce;  resembling  the  an- 
oplothere. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Anoplotheriidce,  or  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  anoplotlu  re. 
Anoplotherioidea  (an-op"lo-the-ri-oi'de-a),  re. 
///.   [NL.,  <  Anoplotherium  +  -oid-ea.  ]  A  super- 
family  group  of  fossil  ruminants,  by  which  the 
Anoji'lothi  riiiliv  and    Dichobunidce  are  together 
contrasted  with  the  Oreodontidce,  being  distin- 
guished by  having  the  teeth  of  both  jaws  near- 
ly or  quite  continuous  and  uniform  in  size.   Gill. 
m  (an-op-lo-the'ri-um),  re.    [NL., 
unarmed,  +  Oripiov,  wild  beast.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anoplotheriidce, 
containing  the  anoplothere,  A.  commune,  dis- 
covered in  the  Middle  Eocene  formation  of  the 
Paris  basin.     The  animal  was  about  4!  bet  long,  with 
a  tail  of  about  the  same  length.    It  has  also  been  found 
in  the  corresponding  burn,;  strata  of  (ireat  Lritain.     It 
was  named  by  Ciivier  from  the  fact  that  its  horns  never 
Erroneously  written  Auaplotlieeitiiii. 


anonymus  +  dim.  -nn-cu/us:    sec    anonym    and 
•uncle.]     A  petty  anonymous  writer. 

Anonyx  (an  o-mks),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
fvuf,  nail:  see  onyx.]  1.  In  mammal.,  same  as 
Aonyx. — 2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Krdyer, 
is:is. 

anophthalmi,  ».    Plural  of  anophthalmus,  1. 

anophthalmia  (an-of-thal'mi-H,),  re.  [NL.:  see 
anophthalmus.]  In  teratol.,  congenital  absence 
of  the  eyeball. 

anophthalmus  (an-of-thal'mus),  re. ;  pi.  anoph- 


thiilnti  (-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hvb^SaXpoc,  without  '•'  "l  '<""'' '''.""  " 
eves,  <  av-  priv.,  without,  +  ocittefyof,  eye:  see  Anoplotnerium 
ophthalmia.]    1.  Apersonexhibitinganophthal-     i,,'1';  '"\'-/0'-<  u] 


ophthalmia.]  1.  Apersonexhibitinganophthal 
mia  on  one  or  both  sides.  —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  adephagous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabida  , 
so  named  from  being  eyeless.  It  contains  about 
50  species  of  blind  cave-beetles,  mostly  European,  though 
Beveral  are  found  in  the  caves  of  the  Ohio  valley,  such  as 
A.  tellkampfi  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky. 
Anophyta  (an-o-fi'ta),  re.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  avu, 


upward  (<  ova.  up),  4-  $m&»,  a  plant,  <  fbeiv,  pro-  Anoplura  (an-o-plo'ra),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  ad- 
duce, pass,  <peeatiai,  grow.]     In  Lndheher's  sys-     k7m?  lmarm(.,i    +  0{,pa   tail.]     An  aberrant  or- 
tem  of  classification,  a  section  ol  cryptogamic 
plants,  comprising  the   Hepaticce  (liverworts) 
and  Alusci  (mosses). 

anophyte  (an'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the  Ano- 
phyta. 

anopia  (an-6'pi-ii),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
iji/j  (oct-),  eye.]  In  teratol.,  absence  or  a  rudi- 
mentary condition  of  the  eyes,  attendant  on 
arrested  development  of  the  craniofacial  axis. 

Anopia  (an-op'la),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoirhic, 
unarmed,  <  av-  priv.  +  bir'/xiv,  a  shield,  pi.  bir'Xa, 
anns.]    A  division  of  nemertean  worms  having 


der  of  degraded  parasitic  hemipterous  insects, 
or  lice :  synonymous  with  Mallophaga  and  l'i  <li- 
culiua  in  some  uses  of  these  terms.  They  are  p 
tennis  and  atnetabolous,  with  a  mandibulateorhaustellate 
mouth.  Asa  major  group,  Anoplura  is  divisible  into  two 
.suborders:  (1)  the  Haustellata,  which  have  the  mouth  pro- 
duced into  a  fleshy  sucking  proboscis  armed  with  hooks, 
within  which  are  two  sharp  stylets  inclosed  in  a  chitdnous 
sheath ;  and  (2)  Mantlibutata,  in  which  the  mouth  is  pro- 
vided with  mandibles.  The  former  includes  the  lice 
proper,  as  those  which  are  parasitic  on  man,  Pediculus 
capitis,  /'.  mstimenti,  and  Pnthirius pubis;  the  latter  are 
chiefly  bird-lice,  living  among  feathers.  See  louse,  Pedi- 
euliiia,  and  Mallophaga. 


the  proboscis  unarmed,  whence  the  name:  con-  anopluriform  (an-o-plo'ri-form),  a.    [<  Anoplu- 
trasted  with  Enopla  (which  see).    The  Anopia  in-     ra  +  -form.]    Like  or  related  to  the  Anoplura  : 
elude  most  of  the  larger  and  better-known  nemerteans.         louse-like. 
The  presence  or  absence  of  this  stylet  [of  the  proboscis]  anODSvH  (an'op-si),  re.     [<  NL.  anopsia,  <  Gr.  av- 

raa.  t.\   .listit.ioiisli    tlie   two   eitlii-ltisses    into    which    this  .  *^    J,      .    :  .*-,    ,  .  ■      -,        ttt  .-       -     i   . 

priv.  +  oipic,  sight:  see  optic]     Want  of  sight. 


serves  to  distinguish  the  two  subclasses  into  which  this 
group  of  worms  [Nemertea]  is  divided :  for  the  Enopla 
are  furnished  with  a  stylet,  while  the  Anopl a  .  .  .  are  with- 
out one.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  216. 
Anoplognathidae  (an-op-log-nath'i-de),  re.  /•/. 
[NL.,  <  Anoplognathus  +  -ida\]  In  Macleay's  anopsy 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  searabaaoid 
lamellicorn  beetles,  forming  together  with  Me- 

lolonthidw  the  Latreillean  group  Phyllophaga.  anorchism  (an-6r'kizm),  re 
The  clypeus  is  thickened  in  front,  and  constitutes,  either     -ism.]      Absence  of  testes, 
alone  or  with  the  labrum,  a  vertical  triangular  surface,  an0rch0US  (an-6r'kus),   a.      [<  Gr, 

*l...    »....»**    .  .V    i*-l.*..l,    £,.    Anhli.,.1    4-rt   ±Kri   **-*.iti  t  »i»-ii  ^  _  '  '  .         L. 


the  point  of  which  is  applied  to  the  mentum. 

Anoplognathus  (an-op-log'na-thus),  re.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avoTr'Aoc,  unarmed,  +  }  j»ator,  jaw.]  A  genus 
of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Scaraha- 
idir,  sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Ano- 
plognathidce.  It  comprises  large  bronzed  bee- 
tles of  Australia. 

anoplonemertean  (an-op"lo-ne-mer'te-an),  a. 

Pertaining  to  the  Anojilonemertiui. 
Anoplonemertini(an-op'To-nem-ei'-ti'ni),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iivott'Aoc,  unarmed,  +  NL.  NemerUni, 
q.  v.]  A  division  of  Nemertea,  containing  those 
nemertean  worms  which  have  the  proboscis 
unarmed  and  the  mouth  behind  the  ganglia: 


Aristotle,  who  eomputeth  the  time  of  their  anopsy  or 
in\  i-i  in  bv  tliat  of  their  gestation. 

SirT.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  174. 

(an'op-si),  re.  [<  Gr.  avd,  upward,  + 
bipic,  sight :  see  optic]  In  pathol.,  upward  stra- 
bismus. 

[As  anorchous  + 

v-  priv.  + 


bp%ic,  tcslis.]     Having  no  testes. 

anorectOUS  (an-o-rek'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avbpeKToc, 
without  appetite,  <  av-  priv.  +  bpeKruc,  verbal 
adj.  of  bpfyeiv,  long  for,  desire:  see  orexis.] 
Without  appetite. 

anorexia  (an-6-rek'si-a),  re.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avopel-ia, 
want  of  appetite,  <  <n  oof /.roc;,  without  appetite: 
see  anorectous.]    Want  of  appetite. 

anorftxy  (an'6-rek-si),  n.    Same  as  anorexia. 

anorgana  (an-6r'ga-na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av6p- 
jaroe,  without  instruments,  <  nv-  priv.  +  o,.;«- 
vov,  instrument,  organ.]     Inorganic  objects  or 


bodies, 
unarmeu  aim  rue  mourn  ue.imu  tne  gangr^.  {    (an-or-gan'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  bv-  priv. 

d.stm^hriUvomHopIonrmertim      The  group         J        „  ,]     Not  0?ganieL.  hl         „  r. 

is  divided  into  Schuonemertmi  ami  I  alaxm  me,  -  ^0T^nism\..nJ1.>^_sl[zm\  „.    t<  Gt%,.  priv. 

AnoPlopoma(an-op-lo-p6'ma),».     [NL.,<Gr.     ^V.t,;."'"""6'"0     ^  in°tffadC  °T  imUli' 
av„-/or,  unarmed,  + -una,  a  lid,  operculum.]    A    mati.  oouy. 

genus  of  fishes,  representing  the  family  Anopl,,.        The  ch^ter^c  phenomena  observed  ,n  o, 
pomidce,  dillenng  from  most  of  its  relatives  in  . 

the  absence  of  opercular  spines,  whence  the  anorganognosy  (an-or-ga-nog  no-si),  n.     [< 
name.     It  contains  the  species  known  as  the     NL.  anorgana,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  yvaai 


specie! 
candle-fish  or  beshow.     See  candle-fish,  2. 

anoplopomid  (an-op-lo-pom'id),  re.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Anoplopomidce. 

Anoplopdmidae  (an-op-lo-pom'i-de),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  short  for  "Anoplqpomatidce,  <  Anoplopo- 
ma(t-)  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  aeanthopterygian 
fishes,  containing  only  the  genus  Anoplopoma, 
and  related  to  the  Ghiridce.  The  only  known 
species  is  the  Anoplopoma  gimbria,  of  the  west 
coast  of  North  America. 

anoplothere  (an-op'16-ther),  n.     An  animal  of 


Scientific  knowledge  or  study  of  anorgauisms 
or  inorganic  objects. 

anorganography  (an-6r-ga-nog'ra-fi),  re.    [< 
NL.  anorgana,  q.  v..  +  Gr.  -ypaQia,  <  yp 
write.]     A   description  of  anorgauisms  or  in- 
organic bodies;   a  treatise  on  any  phenomena 
of  inorganic  nature. 

anorganology  (an-8r-ga-nol'o-ji),  ».  [<  NL. 
a  nor  gnu  a.  a.  v.,  +  Gr.  -Miyla,  (.  Xiyetv,  speak :  see 
-ology.]  The  science  of  inorganic  bodies,  in- 
cluding geology,  mineralogy,  meteorology,  etc. 


tin* genus  Anoplotherium  or  family  Anoplotlu  ri-  anormal  (a-nor'mal).  a.  [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  I'g-  anor- 
idic.~  cervine  anoplothere,  the  Dichobune  cervinum,  '»"'•  <  JIL-  anornialus.  also  an.irmalis,  a  perver- 
See  Diehobune.  sion  (taken  as  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  L.  norma,  rule; 


230 

Another  always  Implies  a  series  of  I" ■  more,  starting 

with  one,  which  is  often  necessarily  expressed:  as,  he  tried 

one,  and  then  another;  he  went  one  way,  and  I  went  an- 

•• . .,     thej  went  out  one  after  onotAer. 

'Ha  one  thing  for  a  soldier  to  gather  Iannis,     and  'tis 

anotht  rtosi  atter  cj  press.    Sfc  i m ,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  32. 

The  public  mind  was  then  reposing  from  om  great  effort 

and  collecting  strength  for  another. 

Maeaulay,  Lord  Bacon.] 

One  another,  originally  a  mere  collocation  of  one  (as 
subject)  with  another  (as  object),  now  regarded  as  a  com' 
pound  pronoun. 

I  i.,   bishop  and  the  Duke  of  Gloster'8  men  .  .  . 

Do  I-  ii  so  fast  at  one  another's  pate 

That  many  have  their  giddy  brains  knocked  nut. 

Sfto*.,  2  Hi  ii.  \  I.,  iii.  1. 
This  is  my  commandment,  that  ye  love  om  anotlu  r. 

John  KV.  12. 

Bear  ye  one  another's  burdens.  GaL  vi.  2. 

That  is:  Hear  ye  (each  one  of  you)  another's  burdens.    So 
each  other  (which  see,  under  eocA). 
~bpB6c,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  inp  (inr-),  another-gainest,   a.      Same   as  another-gates. 

Sir  I'.  Sidney. 

another-gat'est(a-miTH'er-gats),«.  [Orig.gen., 
'of  another  gate,'  of  another  way  or  fashion: 
sec  another  and  gate2,  and  gait.    The  last  s\  lhi 


anormal 

of.  abnormal)  of  LL.  anornalus,  <  Or.  av&jiakoc, 
irregular:  sec  anomalous.']  Noi  according  to 
rule:  abnormal;  aberrant;  anomalous;  mon- 
strous. 

anorthic  (an-6r'thik),   a.     [<   Gr.   av-  priv.   + 

,  straight,  right  (see  ortho-),  +  -tc.J      1. 

Without  right  angles.— 2.  In  mineral,  having 

unequal  oblique  axes;   trielinic:   as,  anorthic 

feldspar. 

anorthite  (an-6r'thit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-  pnv.  + 
opdoc,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  -it<  -'.J  A  trielinic 
lime  feldspar,  found  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals on  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  existing  also  as  a 
constituent  of  some  rocks.     See  feldspar. 

anorthitic  (an-6r-thit'ik),  a.  [<  anorthite  + 
-ir.j  Pertaining  to  or  containing  anorthite: 
as,  anorthitic  lavas. 

anorthopia  (an-6r-th6'pi-;i),  n.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  ay- 
priv.  +  opflof,  straight  (see  or, 
eve,    face.]      In  pathol.,   obliquity  of  vision 
squinting.     N.  /.'.  K. 

anorthoscope  (an-6r'tho-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  6/jtfoc,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  ano  etv, 
view.]  An  instrument  for  producing  a  peculiar 
kind  of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  rapidly  one  behind  the  other.  The  pos- 
:  disk  is  transparent,  and  has  certain  distorted  figures 
painted  upon  it;  the  anterior  is  opaque,  but  pierced  with 
a  number  of  narrow  slits,  through  which  the  flguri  on 
the  posterior  disk  are  viewed.  The  effect  depends  on 
the  persistence  of  impressions  on  the  retina,  the  instru- 
ment being  in  principle  the  same  as  the  zoetrope. 

Anorthuraian-or-thu'ra).  n.  [XL.,<<ir. '"",«". 
erect  (<uni,  up,  +  bpQoc,  right),  +  ovpa,  tail.]    A 


answer 

cord  which  sometimes  pass  in  front  of  and  form  loops 
around  the  subclavian  artery.  Ansa  hypoglossi,  m 
anat.,  a  l""i>  formed  from  the  descendenB  hypoglossi  and 
a  communicans  nerve  derived  from  the  second  and  third 
cervical  nerves.  Ansa  lenticularis,  in  mint.,  a  fa  cicu 
in  "i  white  nerve  tissue  which  passes  from  the  median 
part  of  the  crusta  of  the  brain  under  the  thalamus  to  reach 
tin-  lenticular  nucleus. 

ansar,  ansarian  (an'sar,  an-sa'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Ar.  an-ndcir,  <  id,  the.  +  naoir.  auxiliary.]  A 
helper:  an  auxiliary;  specifically,  one  of  those 
inhabitants  of  Medina  who  befriended  Moham- 
med when  he  lied  thither  from  Mecca,  A.  D. 
622. 

As  for  those  who  led  the  way,  the  first  of  the  Mohadjers 
and  the  Ansars,  .  .  .  God  Is  well  pleased  with  them :  .  .  . 
He  hath  made  ready  for  them  gardens  .  .  .  to  abide  in 
for  aye.        Rodwell,  tr.  of  the  Koran,  sura  ix.,  verse  101. 

ansate,  ansated  (an'sat,  -sa-ted),  a.  [<  '-  ""- 
satus,  furnished  with  a  handle  (<  ansa,  a  handle), 
+  -erf2.]  Having  a  handle  or  handles,  or  some- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  handle. 

ansation  (an-sa'shon),  n.  [<  ansate  +  -ion.] 
The  art  of  making  handles,  or  of  fitting  them 
to  utensils.     Jour.  Brit.  Archaol.  Ass.,  XV.  69. 


'''■■^^ 


tract  from  Landor)  another-guise.   The  isolated  Anser  (an'_ser),  «.     [L.,  a  goose,  ong. 
,  if  not  a  misprint  for  another 


1'iirm  aunther-gaines, 

gaites,  shows  confusion  with  anotlu  r-kins,  q.  v.] 
Of  another  kind;  of  a  different  sort:  as,  uan- 
other-gates  adventure,"  S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I. 
iii.  428. 

nuTH'er-ges),  a.     [A  corrup- 
q.  v.]     Same  as  another 

gates. 

The  truth  out  is,  she's  anotherghess  Morsel  than  old 
Bromia.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  m 


erect  (xuia,  up,  -r  opuw,  rrguc;,  t  „.„..,  ia^.j    ^  annt,hpr-eue<ssr  (a-nu9 

genus  of  very  short-tailed  wrens,  of  the  family  another  guess tt> nu 

Vroglodytidas:  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 

tor  Troglodytes  (which  see). 
anosmia  (an-os'mi-a),  n.      [XL.,  <  Gr.  avoa/ioc, 

also  arniW,  without  smell,  <  av-  priv.  +  o<7p/, 

older  form  06/iv,  smell,  <  b:ctv,  to  smell,  akin  to 

L.  odor,  smell:  see  odor.]     In  pathol.,  a  loss  of 

the  sense  of  smell, 
anosphresy  (un-os'fre-si),  n.    [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 

baippvaig,   smell,  <   batppaivecBai,  to  smell,   catch 

scent  of.]     Same  as  anosmia. 
Anostoma  (an-os'to-ma),  ■«.   [XL.,<  Gr.  avu,  up, 

4-  oroua,  mouth.]     A  genus  of  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, of  the  family Selicidce,  having  the  last 

whorl  of  the  shell  turned  up  toward  the  spire. 

The  type  is  4.rin<7ens(Linn8BUs).    Fischer,  1807. 
Anostomatinae   (an-os"to-ma-ta'ne),  11.   pi. 

[XL.,  irreg.  <   Anostomus  {-mat-)  (the  typical  anotta,  anotto  (a-not'a 

genus)  +  -hue.]    A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the  Anoura,  anouran,  etc. 

family  Characinidce. 


The  technical  characters  are  an 
adipose  tin,  teeth  in  both  jaws  well  developed,  dorsal  tin 
short    -ill  openings   rather  narrow  (the  gill-membranes 

Lttai  hed  to  the  isthmus),  and  nasal  openit 
mote  from  each  other.  They  are  mostly  small  species 
from  Brazil  and  Guiana.  Also  written  Anostominoe. 
another  (a-mWH'er),  a.  and  prim.  [<  ME. 
another,  usually  written  an  other;  ong.  and 
still  prop,  two -words,  an  other,  not  differing 
in  grammatical  status  from  the  definite  cor- 
relative the  other;  in  AS.  simply  other:  see 
««i  and  other1.  The  uses  are  simply  those  of 
other  with  an  preceding.  The  pronominal  uses 
are  noi  divided  from  the  adjective  uses.]  1. 
A  second,  a  further,  an  additional;  one  more, 
one  further:  with  a  noun  expressed  or  under- 
stood,    (a)  Of  the  same  series. 

Another  yet?—  A  seventh';  — I'll  see  no  more. 

slink. ,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
["The  vulgar  tn  quoque,  'you're  another,'  winch  is  part 
,,i  11,,  slangoi  the  streets,  is,  as  might  bi  expected,  not 
ni,„ii  i  ii.      Da\  "  .  3up.  Eng.  Gloss. 

Ii  r.    If  it  were  an  other  but  thou,  it  were  a  knaui 
jj    1/  1  ther  your  selfe,  sir,  the  lorde  us 

tjdalt,  Roister  Doister;  iii.  ,r>. 

"  Vnll  mistake  me,  friend.  "  iri'S    Partridge  :    "  1  did  not 

cloth  ;  I  only  said  youi  1  (inclusion  was 
a  una  Bequitur." 

•■  Von  are  •  ' """' '" 

that;  no  more  a  Bequitur  than  youi 

ng,  Tom  Jones,  i\.  6.] 

(6)  Of    the    same    kind,   nature,   or   character, 

though  different  in  Bubstance  :  used  by  way  of 
comparison. 

And  like  another  Helen,  fir'd  anothi  •   1 

tandi  1     Feast,  1. 1  !6. 

2.  A  different,  distinct  (witha  noun  expressed  or 
understood  1;  especially,  of  persons,  a  diffi  n  a1 

,  i  ■  ■ ■  ■   one  else,     (a)  Di 

tinet  in  place,  time,  or  personality,  or  non- 
identical  individually. 

11,   ••.inks  and  tiiim  his  lips  anothi  r  way. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  90. 
11,,   1,  ro  could  not  have  done  the  feat  at  another  1 

111  a  1  El 

Uj  glory  will  1  not  give  to  anothi  1  1   >   sill.  s 

(/1)  Of  a  diil'erciit  kind,  nature,  or  character, 
though  the  same  in  substance:  used  by  way  of 
contrast :  as.  lie  has  become  another  man. 


No   no  another-miess  lover  than  I:  there  he  stands. 

Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  ii. 

Burke  uses  the  word  another-guess,  in  which  expression 
,11 ,  both  vulgarity  and  ignorance.  The  real  term  Ututntlier- 
guise;  there  is  nothing  of  guessing.  Landar. 

(See  ct .vmologv,  above.] 
another'-guiset'(a-nuTH'er-giz),  0.   [Anerrone- 
ous  "correction"  of  aiiathcr-tiuess,  assumed  to 

be  f  or  another  +  gi«ise,but  really  a  corruption  of  Anseres  (an'se-rez),  n.  pi 

anotlier-gates,  q.  v.]     Same  as  another-gates. 

another-kins,  a.    [Orig.gen.,  'of  another  kind': 

sec  another  and  land,  and  cf.  another-gates.]    Of 

nut  her  kind;  of  a  different  sort.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

"   -6),  n.  Same  as  arnotto. 

See  Aniirii,  etc. 

Anous  (an'6-us),  n.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  hvooc,  contr. 

avove,  silly,  without  understanding,  <  u-  priv.  + 

voor ,  contr.  voi>£,  mind,  understanding:  see  nous.] 

A  genus  of  longipennine 


hanser, 
=  G.  gans= AS.  ejos,  E.  'goose,  q.  v.]  1.  A  genus 
of  lamellirostral  palmiped  birds  ;  the  geese. 
The  name  is  used  with  varying  latitude,  sometimes  as 
conterminous  with  the  modern  subfamily  AmerinoB,  but 
oftenerof  late  restricted  to  the  typical  species  rcM-niLling 
the  domestic  goose,  such  as  the  Anser  dm  n  us  or  Attn  r 
albifrons  of  Europe.  See  goose. 
2.  In  astron.,  a  small  star  in  the  Milky  Way, 
between  the  Swan  and  the  Eagle. 
Anseranas  (an-ser-a'nas),  n.  [XL.  (Lesson, 
1828),  <  L.  anser,  goose,  +  anas,  duck:  sec  la- 
ser and  Anas.]  A  genus  of  geese,  having  the 
feet  semipahnate.  There  is  but  one  species, 
the  Australian  swan-goose,  Anseranas  melano- 

Irnea. 

anserated  (an'se-ra-ted),  a.  In  her.,  having 
the  extremities  divided  and  finished  with  the 
heads  of  lions,  eagles,  serpents,  etc. : 
applied  to  crosses.     Also  gringoli. 

[XL.,  pi. 
of  L.  anser:  see  Anser.]  1.  In  the 
Linnean  system  (17(56),  the  third  or- 
der of  birds,  including  all  "water- 
birds,"  or  palmipeds,  and  equivalent 
to  the  series  Natatores  of  modern  naturalists. 
—  2.  An  order  or  suborder  of  birds  correspond- 
ing to  the  Lamellirostres  of  Cuvier,  or  to  the 

ChenomorphcEoi  Huxley:  in  this  sense  of  nearly 

the  same  extent  as  the  family  AnaticUe,  or  lamel- 

tial  birds  exclusive  of  the  flamingos. 


lir__. 

natatorial  birds,  the  nod-  Anseridae  (an-ser'i-de),   n.   jil.       [XL.,  <  Anser 

dyterns  or  noddies,  of  the     + -ida:.]    The  geese;  the  subfamily  Anserinm 

subfamily    Slirniiite    and     raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 

Laridie:    synonymous  with  Anseriformes  (an  se-ri-f 6r'mez), to.  ft.     [XL., 

It  is  the  type  of  a  group  Anoea,      <  ]j.  anser,  goose,  +  jnrnm,  shape.]     In  tbirrod's 

distinguished  fromother  terns  in  having  tlie     (.l:ISsi|iration,  a  series  of  birds  approximately 

nti^rte^efb^n^'eTarnpHiM     equivalent  to  the  Linnean  Anseres.      See  An- 

other  characters.    There  are  several  species,      seres,  1. 

found  upon  all  warm  and  tropical  seas,  They  Anserinae  (au-se-ri  ne),  n.  pi. 


family 

t'.iuui. 


Noddy  Tem 

/  '!,'.iS  stoli- 

areof  a*sooty-bro\vn  or  blackish  color,  with 
while  mi  the  top  of  the  head.  The  best-known  species  is 
A.  stolidus.    See  noddy. 

anoxemia,  anoxaemia (an-ok-se'mi-a),  n.  [XL., 
strict  Iv  anoxemia,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  ox(ygen)  + 
Gr.  ai/ai,  blood.]  Deficiency  of  oxygen  in  the 
blood.     Also  anoxyhemia,  anoxi/hamia. 

anoxyhemia,  anoxyhaemia  (an-ok-si-he'mi-S ), 
n.    Same  as  anoxemia. 

ans.     An  abbreviation  of  anstnr.  11. 

ansa  (an'sa),  »•:  pi.  ansa  (-se).  [L.]  1.  In 
arehieol.,  a'handlc,  as  of  a  vase.  Bronze  and  terra 
cotta  vase-handles  are  often  found  curiously  oraami  nti  d, 
01  bearing  Inscriptions  or 
tamps,  «  hile  the  objects 
to  which  they  belonged, 

being   of   thinner  01   less 

durable  substance,  have 
pi  rished. 

2.  ;;/.  In  astron., the 
parts  of  Saturn's  ring 
which  arc  lo  be  ecu 
011  each  side  of  the 
planet  when  viewed 
through  a  telescope: 
so  called  because 
1  in  j  appear  like  han- 
dli  to  the  bodj  of 
the  planet. — 3.  In 
anat.,  a  looped  nerve 
or  loop-like  nerv- 
ous structure.  Ansae 
Vleussensi,    In     anat, 

•  vi  ral       niall     trail, U  nf 
the  cervical  sympathetic 


Bronze  Ans.i,  m  Hindi,  ,1    •      • 
.    imftn  work  froa 


-inir.\  1.  A  group  of  lamellirostral  palmipcil 
birds,  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent  to  An- 
seres, 2.-2.  A  subfamily  of  the  family  Anuli- 
tlir,  including  the  geese  as  distinguished  from 
ducks,  swans,  or  mergansers. 
anserine  (an'se-rin),  a.  [<  L.  anserinus,  <  anser, 
a  goose :  see  Anser.]  1 .  Relating  to  or  resem- 
bling a  goose,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose:  sometimes 
applied  to  the  skin  when  roughened  by  cold 
or  disease  (goose-flesh). 

No  anserine  skin  would  rise  thereat, 
It  s  the  cold  that  makes  him  shivi  r. 

Hood,  The  Forge. 

Hence— 2.  Stupid  as  a  goose;  foolish;  silly. — 
3.  Specifically,  in  ornith.,  resembling  a  goose 
or  duck  so  closely  as  to  be  included  in  the  fam- 
ily Anatidee;  being  one  of  the  Analidu.     i 
anserine  birds,  technically,  are  not  only  geese  and  goi 
like  species,  but  swans,  dink-,  mergansers,  etc. 

anserous  (an'se-rus),  a.  [<  L.  anser,  a  goose, 
+  -mis.]  Same  as  anserine,  1  and  2.  Sydney 
Smith. 

anslaightt  (an'slat),  n.  An  incorrect  form  (per- 
b.aps  a  misprint  )  of  onslaught.  It  occurs  only 
in  the  passage  quoted. 

1  do  remember  vet  that  anelaight;  thou  wast  beaten 
And  llcdst  before  the  butler. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  1. 

answer  (an'ser),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
sweare,  <  ME.  answer,  ansutar.  answere,  answare, 
andswere,  andsware,  etc.,  <  AS.  andswaru,  ona- 
snnrii,  f.  (=  OS.  antswor,  m.,  =  OFries.  ondser, 


answer 

f.,  answer,  =Ieel.  andsvar,  annsvar,  neut.,  an- 
swer, response,  decision,  =  Sw.  Dan.  ansvar, 
responsibility,  formerly  answer),  (and-,  against, 
in  reply,  +  *swaru,  f.  (=  Ieel.  svar,  usually 
in  pi.  svor,  neut.,  answer,  =  8w.  Dan.  svar, 
answer),  <  'swaran  (only  in  weak  present  sin- 
rutii),  prot.  swot;  swear,  =  Ieel.  svara,  answer, 
respond,  =  Sw.  svara  =  Dan.  snare,  answer,  re- 
spond, =  Goth,  swaran,  swear,  prob.  orig.  'af- 
firm, assert,'  with  the  subsequent  implication, 
lost,  in  the  verb  except  in  Seand.,  of  'assert  in 
reply ':  see  and-,  are-2,  and  swear.  Hence  answer, 
v.]  1.  A  reply,  response,  or  rejoinder,  spoken  or 
written,  to  a  question  (expressed  or  implied), 
request,  appeal,  prayer,  call,  petition,  demand, 
challenge,  objection,  argument,  address,  letter, 
or  to  anything  said  or  written. 
A  soft  answer  turneth  away  wrath.  Prov.  xv.  1. 

I  called  him,  but  he  gave  nie  no  answer.  Cant.  v.  6. 
Bacon  returned  a  shuttling  answer  to  the  Earl's  question. 
Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
In  particular —  (a)  A  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation ; 
a  statement  made  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's  self, 
with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation ;  a  defense ;  spe- 
cifically, in  law,  a  pleading  on  the  part  of  the  defendant, 
responding  to  the  plaintiff's  claim  on  questions  of  fact: 
correlative  to  d  em  u  rrer,  which  raises  only  questions  of  law. 
The  word  as  used  in  equity  nearly,  and  as  used  in  recent 
codes  of  procedure  closely,  corresponds  to  the  common- 
law  plea,  (b)  The  solution  of  a  problem  ;  the  resutt  of  a 
mathematical  operation ;  a  statement  made  in  response  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  implying  correctness,  un- 
less qualified. 

2.  A  reply  or  response  in  act ;  an  act  or  motion 
in  return  or  in  consequence,  either  as  a  mere 
result  due  to  obedience,  consent,  or  sympathy, 
or  as  a  hostile  procedure  in  retaliation  or  re- 
prisal. 

If  your  father's  highness 

Do  not 

Sweeten  the  bitter  mock  you  sent  his  majesty, 
He'll  call  you  to  so  hot  an  answer  of  it, 
That  caves  and  womby  vaultages  of  France 
Shall  chide  your  trespass,  and  return  your  mock 
In  second  accent  of  his  ordnance. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4. 
And  so  extort  from  us  that 
Which  we  have  done,  whose  answer  would  be  death 
Drawn  on  with  torture.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  4. 

Specifically —(a)  In  fencing,  the  return  hit. 

I  had  a  pass  with  him,  rapier,  scabbard,  and  all,  .  .  . 
and  on  the  answer,  he  pays  you  as  surely  as  your  feet  hit 
the  ground.  Shale,  T.  N.,  Hi.  4. 

(6)  hifugue-music,  the  enunciation  of  the  subject  or  theme 
by  the  second  voice. 

Often  abbreviated  to  ans.  and  a. 
=  Syn.  Reply,  rejoinder,  replication,  response,  retort,  de- 
fense. 
answer  (an'ser),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ansxoeare, 
annswer,  <  ME.  answeren,  answaren,  andsweren, 
andswaren,  onsweren,  onswaren,  ondsweren,  ond- 
swaren,  <  AS.  andswarian,  andswerian,  ondswa- 
rian,  ondswerian  (pret.  andswarode)  =  OFries. 
ondswera,  ohswera,  onsera  =  Ieel.  andsvara,  ann- 
svara,  mod.  an~a  =  Sw.  ansvara  =  Dan.  ansvare, 
answer,  account  for;  fromthenoun.]  i.intrans. 

1 .  To  make  answer ;  speak  or  write  in  reply  to  a 
question  (expressed  or  implied),  request,  ap- 
peal, petition,  prayer,  call,  demand,  challenge, 
address,  argument,  letter,  or  anything  said  or 
written;  reply;  respond:  used  with  to,  or  ab- 
solutely. 

Is  thy  news  good,  or  bad?    Answer  to  that. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  ii.  5. 
Lives  he? 
Wilt  thou  not  answer,  man? 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
In  particular — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusa- 
tion ;  make  a  statement  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's 
self,  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation  ;  specifically, 
in  law,  to  interpose  a  pleading  responsive  to  plaintiff's 
allegations  of  fact:  sometimes  used  to  include  also  the 
interposing  of  a  demurrer :  formerly  sometimes  with  with. 
Well  hast  thou  answered  with  him,  Radogan. 

Greene, 
(b)  To  give  a  solution  of  a  problem ;  find  the  result ;  give 
an  answer,  as  to  a  question  set  for  examination :  as,  he 
answered  correctly  in  most  instances. 

2.  To  reply  or  respond  in  act;  act  or  move  in 
response ;  do  something  in  return  for  or  in  con- 
sequence of  some  speech,  act,  or  movement 
from  another  source. 

Now  play  him  me,  Patroclus, 
Arming  to  answer  in  a  night  alarm. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
Oct.  Mark  Antony,  shall  we  give  sign  of  battle? 
Ant.  No,  Caisar,  we  will  answer  on  their  charge. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1. 
Those  who  till  a  spot  of  earth  scarcely  longer  than  is 
wanted  for  a  grave,  have  deserved  that  the  sun  should 
shine  upon  its  sod  till  violets  answer. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  17. 
Do  the  strings  answer  to  thy  noble  hand?  Dri/den. 

3.  To  speak  in  behalf  of  another ;  declare  one's 
self  responsible  or  accountable,  or  give  assur- 
ance or  guaranty,  for  another ;  be  responsible  or 


231 

accountable:  used  with  for,  rarely  absolutely: 
as,  1  will  answer  for  his  safely;  I  am  satisfied, 

but  I  cannot  answer  for  my  partner. 

<a.  with  my  friend  Moses,  and  represent  Premium,  and 
then,  I'll  answer  for  it,  you'll  see  your  nephew  in  all  his 
glory.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  l. 

4.  To  act  or  suffer  inconsequence  of  responsi- 
bility; meet  the  consequences:  with/"/',  rarelj 
absolutely. 

Lei  his  in  i  k  answer  fur  it,  if  there  is  anv  martial  law. 
Shak.,  lien.  V.,  iv.  s. 

Every  faculty  which  is  a  receiver  of  pleasure  has  an 
equal  penalty  put  on  its  abuse.  It  is  to  answer  for  its 
moderation  with  its  life.  Kmerson,  t'oiupi-nsatioii. 

5.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements;  be  of  service: 
with  for :  absolutely,  to  serve  the  purpose ; 
attain  the  end ;  suit ;  serve  or  do  (well  or  ill, 
etc.). 

Long  metre  answers/or  a  common  song, 
But  common  metre  does  not  answer  long. 

it.  W.  Holmes,  A  Modest  Request. 

6.  To  conform,  correspond :  be  similar,  equiva- 
lent, proportionate,  or  correlative  in  character, 
quality,  or  condition:  with  I". 

As  in  water  face  answereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of  man 
to  man.  Prov.  xxvii.  19. 

Sizar,  a  word  still  used  in  ( 'ambridge,  answers  to  a  servi- 
tor in  Oxford.  Swift. 
In  thoughts  which  answer  to  my  own.   Whittier,  Follen. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  make  answer  to;  speak  or 
write  in  reply  to;  reply  or  respond  to. 

So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain ;  .  .  . 
And  him  thus  answer'd  soon  his  bold  compeer. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  i.  125. 
In  particular — («)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation 
by;  make  a  statement  to,  or  in  reply  to,  in  defense  or 
justification  of  one's  self  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  ac- 
cusation. 

I  will  .  .  . 
Send  him  to  answer  thee,  or  any  man, 
For  anything  he  shall  be  cnarg'd  withal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
(6)  To  solve;  find  the  result  of;  give  an  answer  to,  as  to 
a  question  set  for  examination  :  as,  he  answered  every 
question. 

2.  To  say  or  offer  in  reply,  or  in  reply  to ;  ut- 
ter, or  enunciate  to,  by  way  of  response. 

I  will  .  .  .  watch  to  see  what  he  will  say  unto  me,  and 
what  I  shall  answer  when  I  am  reproved.  Hat),  ii.  1. 

That  ye  may  have  somewhat  to  answer  them  which 
glory  in  appearance.  2  Cor.  v.  12. 

3.  To  reply  or  respond  to  in  act;  act  or  move 
in  response  to  or  in  consequence  of:  either  as  a 
mere  result,  in  obedience  to  or  sympathy  with, 
or  as  a  hostile  act  in  retaliation  or  reprisal 
against:  as,  to  answer  prayer;  to  answer  a  sum- 
mons; to  answer  a  signal,  as  a  ring  at  the  door: 
hence,  to  answer  Hie  bell,  or  the  door;  to  answer 
the  helm  (said  of  a  ship  when  she  obeys  her 
rudder) . 

Blood  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  answer'd 
blows.  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 

The  woman  had  left  us  to  answer  the  bell. 

W.  Collins,  Armadale,  III.  205. 

4f.  To  be  responsible  for;  be  accountable  for. 
Answer  my  life  my  judgment, 
Thy  youngest  daughter  does  not  love  thee  least. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

5.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  respon- 
sibility for;  meet  the  consequences  of;  atone 
for;  make  amends  for;  make  satisfaction  for. 

And  do  him  right,  that,  answering  one  foul  wrong, 
Lives  not  to  act  another.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  2. 

If  it  were  so,  it  was  a  grievous  fault, 

And  grievously  hath  Csesar  answer'd  it  [orig.  answered  for 
it].  Shak.,  J.  C. ,  iii.  2. 

6.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements  with  regard  to; 
satisfy  (a  claim);  repay  (an  expense);  serve 
(the  purpose) ;  accomplish  (the  end) ;  serve ; 
suit. 

This  proud  king ;  who  studies,  day  and  night, 
To  answer  all  the  debt  he  owes  unto  you. 

Shak.,  men.  IV.,  i.  3. 

My  returns  will  be  sufficient  to  answer  my  expense  and 

hazard.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

But,  come,  get  to  your  pulpit,  Mr.  Auctioneer;  here's 

an  old  gouty  chair  of  my  father's  will  answer  the  purpose. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

7.  To  conform  to;  correspond  to;  be  similar, 
equivalent,  proportionate,  or  correlative  to  in 
quality,  attributes,  position,  etc. 

y/our  mind's  pureness  answers 
Your  outward  beauties. 

Massinger,  The  Renegade,  iv.  3. 
The  windows  avsweriiei  each  other,  we  could  just  dis- 
cern the  glowing  horizon  through  them, 

H    Gilpin,  Tour  to  Lakes. 

8.  To  meet  or  confront.     [Rare.] 

Thou  wert  better  in  a  grave,  than  to  answer  with  thy 
uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


ant 

answerable  (an'ser-a-bl),  a.  [<  answer  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  answered;  admitting  of  a 
satisfactory  reply, 

Unanswerable  is  a  i^astiul  word.     lie  bi  st  reasons  are 
answerable;  his  worst  are  not  worthy  of  being  answi 
Jeremy  Colli*  r,  Moral  Sul 

2.  Liable  to  give  an  account  or  t.,  be  called  I" 
account;  responsible";  amenable:  as,  an  agent 
is  answerable  to  his  principal. 

Will  any  man  argue  thai  .  .  .  he  cannot  lie  justly  pun- 
ished,  but  is  answerable  only  to  God? 

She's  to  be  answerable  fur  its  forthcoming. 

QoldsmUh,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iv. 

3.  Correspondent;  similar;  agreeing;  in  con- 
formity; suitable;  proportionate;  correlative; 
equal.     [Obsolescent.] 

It  was  but  such  a  likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass  doth 
give  —  answerable  enough  in  some  features,  but  erring  in 
others.  Sir  J'.  Sidnt  y. 

A  faire  dining-roome,  and  the  rest  of  y°  lodgings  anew*  r 
able,  with  a  pretty  chapped.    Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31,  1654. 

This  revelation  .  .  .  was  answerable  to  that  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Thessalonians.  Milton. 

His  Sentiments  are  every  v&y  answerable  to  his  charac- 
ter. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  303. 
answerableness  (an'ser-a-bl-nes),  ».  1.  Capa- 
bility of  being  answered. — 2.  The  quality  of 
being  answerable  or  responsible ;  liability  to 
be  called  to  account;  responsibility. — 3.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable  or  conformable; 
adaptability;  agreement. 

The  correspondency  and  answerableness  which  is  be- 
tween  this  bridegroom  and  his  spouse, 

Harmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  196. 

answerably  (an'ser-a-bii),   adv.    In  due  pro- 
portion, correspondence,  or  conformity;  pro- 
portionately ;  suitably. 
Continents  have  rivers  answerably  larger  than  islands. 

Brerewood. 

answerer  (an'ser-er),  n.  One  who  answers; 
in  school  disputations,  the  respondent,  that  is, 
one  who  takes  the  initiative  by  propounding 
a  thesis  which  he  undertakes  to  maintain  and 
defend  against  the  objections  of  the  opponents. 
See  respondent. 

The  Answerer  is  of  opinion,  there  is  nothing  to  be  done, 
no  satisfaction  to  be  had  in  matters  of  religion,  without 
dispute ;  that  is  his  only  receipt,  his  nostrum  for  attain- 
ing a  true  belief.    Dryden,  Def.  of  Duchess  of  York's  Paper. 

answeringly  (an'ser-ing-li),  adv.    So  as  to  an- 
swer; correspondingly. 
answer-jobbert  (an  ser-joVer),  n.     One  who 

makes  a  business  of  writing  answers.    [Rare.] 
What  disgusts  me  from  having  anything  todo  with  this 
race  of  answer-jobbers,  is,  that  they  have  no  sort  of  con- 
science in  their  dealing.  Swift,  Barrier  Treaty. 

answerless  (an'ser-les),  a.  [<  answer  +  -less.] 
1.  Without  an  answer;  having  no  answer  to 
give. — 2.  Unanswered:  as,  answerless  prayers. 
—  3.  Containing  no  sufficient  or  satisfactory 
answer;  offering  no  substantial  reply,  while 
professing  to  do  so. 

Here  is  an  answerless  answer,  without  confessing  or  de- 
nying either  proposition.  Abp.  BramhaU,  II.  627. 

4.  Incapable  of  being  answered;  unanswer- 
able: as,  an  answerless  question,  argument,  etc. 

answerlessly  (an'ser-les-li),  adv.     In  an  an- 
swerless manner;  with  an  insufficient  answer. 
Answered  indeed ;  but,  as  he  said,  .  .  .  answerlessly. 

Bp.  Hall,  Married  Clergy. 

ant1  (ant),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ante,  antpte,  <  ME. 
unite,  aniele,  <  AS.  irinete,  aim  tie  (also  'einele,  > 
ME.  emete,  inn  tie,  emet,  E.  emmet,  q.  v.)  =  OHGr. 
ameiza,  MUG.  ameize,  (1.  ameise  (MHG-.  also 
emeze,  G.  cmse),  ant.  Of  uncertain  origin ;  per- 
haps <  AS.  a-,  E.  a-1  (also  found  accented  in 
AS.  d-citmha,  E.  oakum),  +  "ma'tan  (in  deriv. 
mettan,  (cut,  engrave,  hence)  paint,  depict;  ef. 
nielere,  a  stone-cutter,  and  G.  stein-metz,  a  stone- 
cutter) =  OHG.  meisan,  MHG.  meizen,  =  Ieel. 
mi  ila,  cut.  The  lit.  sense  would  then  be  'the 
cutter  or  biter  off';  unless  the  term  be  taken 
passively,  in  a  sense  like  that  of  Gr.  ev-o/jov  or 
L.  insecium,  insect,  lit.  'cut  in.'  The  G.  form 
is  eommonly  referred  (through  MHG.  eme.:e,  U. 
emse)  to  G.  emsig,  MHG.  emzic,  OHG.  emizzig,' 
emazsig,  industrious,  assiduous,  which  agrees 
formally,  but  not  in  sense,  with  AS.  cemetig, 
emtiij,  E.  empty,  q.  v.  See  mire2  and  pismire.] 
An  emmet ;  a  hymenopterous  insect  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicidce  and  the  Linnean  genus  Formica, 
now  divided  into  several  genera.  Ants  live  in 
communities,  and  the  internal  economy  of  their  nest  or 
hillock  presents  an  extraordinary  example  of  the  results 
of  combined  industry.  Each  community  comprises  males 
with  four  wings,  females  much  larger  than  the  males 
and  possessing  wings  during  the  pairing  season  only,  and 
barren  females,  called  neuters,  workers,  or  nurses,  desti- 
tute of  wings.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  in  parcels  of 
six  or  more.  The  males  and  females  desert  the  nest  and 
copulate  soon  after  becoming  perfect ;  but  the  latter  are 


ant 

brought  back  by  the  workers,  or  else  found  new  colonies, 
with  or  without  help,  The  male,  like  the  drone-bee,  be 
comes  11a  less  after  Impregnating  the  female.    The  grubs 

spin  a  coi n,  and  become  pupee,  which  resemble  barh  j 

i,  and  are  popularly  taken  for  eggs.  I  nderthenames 
of  ant*  brood,  ants'  eggs,  thej  are  an  article  of  import  in 
Borne  northern  countries  for  making  formic  acid ;  asolu* 
tion  <<f  them  in  water  is  used  for  vinegarin  Norway.  The 
young  grubs  are  fed  bj  thefi  milts  ami  bj  tlirour.srs.uiiu 
also  construct  the  streets  and  galleries  of  the  colony, 

and  in  general  perform  all  the  work  ol  the  com nity. 

There  are  many  kinds  ol  ants,  called  from  tin-  operations 
they  perform  minings-ants,  carpenters,  masons,  etc.  The 
favorite  food  of  ants  is  bom  y,  particularly  the  honey-dew 
excreted  byaphids;  Out  they  also  live  mi  fruits,  insects 
and  their  larvse,  ami  dead  birds  and  mammals.  Thej  are 
torpid  in  winter.  Those  "i  tie-  same  or  different  Bpecies 
engage  in  pitched  battles,  and  capture  slaves  or  take  larva; 

from  other  nr>ts.    s tspecies  have  Btings,  others  squirt 

out  an  irritant  fluid  (formic  acid).  See  cut  under  Attn. 
The  name  ant,  or  niut,  nut ,  is  also  given  to  insects  of  the 
neuropterous genus  Vermes     Seetermite, 

ant'-'t,  conj.     An  old  form  of  and. 

ant3t,  n-    A  former  spelling  of  aunt. 

an't1  (ant  or  ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
are  n't,  arc  not,  and  of  am  not,  and  with  greater 
license  also  of  in  not.  In  the  second  pronun- 
ciation also  written  ain't  or  aiiil. 

an't-  (ant).  A  dialectal  reduction  of  ha'n't,  a 
contraction  of  have  not  and  has  not.  Also  writ- 
ten ain't,  aint,  like  hain't,  haint. 

an't3t  (ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of  an  it, 
if  it.     See  an2,  ami. 

ant-.  The  form  of  anti-  before  vowels  in 
words  taken  from  or  formed  according  to  the 
Greek,  as  in  antagonist.  In  words  formed  in 
English,  anti-  usually  remains  unchanged  be- 
fore a  vowel,  as  in  anti-episcopal,  etc. 

-ant1.  [<  ME.  -ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  -ant,  repr.  both 
L.  -an(t-)s  and  -cn(t-)s,  ace.  -ant-em,  -ent-em, 
suffix  of  ppr.  (=AS.  -ende,  ME.  -end,  -and,  -ant, 


later  and  mod.  E.  -ing'2,  by  confusion  with  -mg'-, 
suffix  of  verbal  nouns),  as  in  E.  affiant,  <  ME. 
afia(u)nt,  <  OF.  afiant,  <  ML.  affidan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  affiddrc;  E.  tenant,  <  ME.  tena{u)nt,  <  OF. 
tenant,  <  L.  tenen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere.  In  later 
F.  and  E.  many  words  in  -ant,  <  L.  -en(t-)s, 
were  changed  to  -ent,  to  accord  with  the  L., 
as  in  apparant,  now  apparent,  after  L.  appa- 
rcn(t-)s;  some  waver  between  the  -ant  and  -cnt, 
as  dependant,  dependent,  q.  v.  Words  of  re- 
cent introduction  have  -ant,  <  L.  -an(t-)s,  and 
-ent,  <  L.  -en{t-)s.  With  adjectives  in  -ant,  -ent, 
go  nouns  in  -ance,  -enee,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  ad- 
jectives, and  of  nouns  originally  adjectives, 
primarily  (in  the  original  Latin)  a  present  par- 
ticiple suffix,  cognate  with  the  original  form 
(AS.  -ende)  of  English  -ing%,  as  in  dominant, 
ruling,  regnant,  reigning,  radiant,  beaming,  etc. 
See  -ent. 

-ant2.  [-««  +  excrescent  -t,  the  -nt  arising  from 
■nd,  a  dissimilated  gemination  of  ».]  A  cor- 
ruption of  -an,  of  various  origin,  as  in  pageant, 
peasant,  pheasant,  truant,  tyrant.  See  these 
words. 

anta1  (an'tit),  ».;  pi.  anta?  (-te).  [L.,  a  termi- 
nal pilaster,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-.}  inarch., 
a  pilaster,  es- 
pecially a  pi- 
laster in  cer- 
tain positions, 
as  one  of  a  pair 
on  either  side 
of  a  doorway, 
or  one  standing 
Opposite  a  pil- 
lar; specifical- 
ly, the  pila    tl  r 

aged  in  Greek 
and  Roman  ar- 
chitecture to 
terminate  one 
of  the  side 
walls  of  a 
building  when 
these  are  pro- 
longed beyond 
the  face  of  the 
end  wall.  A  por 
tie.,  in  antU  (1 hat 

is,  between   . 

formed  when   the 

Bide  walls  are  thus 

prolonged  and  col- 
limns     itand     be 

mile. 

anta-  (an'ta),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  anta,  <  Braz.  anta.  I 
The  native  Brazilian  name  of  the  common  or 
American  tapir,   Tapiru    arm  ricanus. 

antacid  (ant-as'id),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  against  (see  anti-),  +  acid.}  I.  <..  In 
therap.,  an  alkali  used  as  a  remedy  for  acidity 
in  the  stomach. 


Anta. 
Eli-vatinn   and   Plan  rf  Portico  in  Antis, 

I  rhemii, Rh&mnus.    A,  A,  ant..-; 

,.  ,i.  .me-    opDOSiti    pillar,  ;    H,  pji  . 


232 

II.  a.  Counteracting  acidity. 

Also  written  anti-acid. 

antacrid  (ant-ak'rid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  +  acrid.}  Having  power  to 
correct  tin  acrid  condition  of  the  secretions. 

antadiform  (unt-ad'i-forin),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  opposite  (see  anil-),  +  L.  ad,  toward,  + 
forma,  form.]  In  icltth.,  having  an  inversely 
similar  contour  of  the  dorsal  and  inferior  out- 
lines, so  that  if  the  body,  exclusive  of  the  head, 
could  be  simply  folded  lengthwise,  the  two  mar- 
gins would  be  found  to  be  nearly  coincident: 
exemplified  in  the  black-bass,  wrasses,  and 
many  other  species.     Gill. 

antae,  n.     Plural  of  anta1. 

antagoget  (ant-a-go'je),  ».  A  short  form  of  an- 
tanagoge, 

antagonisation,  antagonise.  See  antagoniza- 
tion,  antagonist . 

antagonism  (an-tag'o-nizm),  ti.  [<  Gr.  avrayu- 
viapa,  <  avrayuvi^eaBai,  antagonize:  see  antago- 
nize.} 1.  The  state  of  being  mutually  op- 
posed ;  mutual  resistance  or  opposition  of  two 
forces  in  action ;  contrariety  of  things  or  prin- 
ciples. 

Among  inferior  types  of  creatures  antagonism  habitu- 
ally implies  combat,  with  all  its  struggles  and  pains. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  498. 

2.  The  act  of  antagonizing;  opposition. 
Ami,  toppling  over  all  antagonism, 
So  wax'd  in  pride,  that  I  believed  myself 
Unconquerable.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

antagonist  (an-tag'o-nist),  n.  and  a.  [<  LL. 
antagonista,  <  Gr.  avTayuvidTi/i;,  an  opponent, 
competitor,  <  avrayavi£co6ai,  struggle  against, 
antagonize:  see  antagonize.}  I.  n.  1.  One  who 
contends  with  another  in  combat  or  in  argu- 
ment ;  an  opponent ;  a  competitor  ;  an  adver- 
sary. 

Antagonist  of  heaven's  Almighty  King. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  387. 

Where  you  find  your  antagonist  beginning  to  grow  warm, 
put  an  end  to  the  dispute  by  some  genteel  badinage. 

Chesterfield,  Letters. 

Trade,  as  all  men  know,  is  the  antagonist  of  war. 

Emerson,  War. 
2.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  :  as,  a  flexor,  which  bends  a  part,  is 
the  antagonist  of  an  extensor,  which  extends  it. 
=  Syn.  1.  Adversary,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  etc.  (see  ad- 
versary), opposer.  rival,  assailant. 

II.  a.  Counteracting;  opposing;  combating: 
as,  antagonist  forces;  an  antagonist  muscle. 
Tin-  flexors  and  extensors  of  a  limb,  as  also  the  abductors 
and  adductors,  have  to  each  other  the  relation  of  antago- 
nist muscles. 

We  find  a  decisive  struggle  beginning  between  the  an- 
tagonist tendem  ies  which  hail  grown  up  in  the  midst  of 
this  [Aryan]  civilization.  J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Polit.  Ideas,  p.  126. 

antagonistic  (an-tag-o-nis'tik),  a.  and  n.    [<  an- 
tagonist+  -it:}    I.  a.  Contending  against ;  act- 
ing in  opposition;  mutually  opposing;  opposite. 
Their  valours  are  not  yet  so  combatant, 
Or  truly  antagonistic,  as  to  fight. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 
Those  who  exercise  power  and  those  subject  to  its  exer- 
cise,—  the  rulers  and  the  ruled,  — stand  in  aiawionistie  re- 
lations to  each  other.  Calhoun,  Works,  1. 12. 
II.  n.  Something  that  acts  in  an  antagonis- 
tic manner;  specifically,  a  muscle  whose  ac- 
tion counteracts  that  of  another. 

In  anatomy  those  muscles  are  termed  antninnii^ties  which 
are  opposed  to  others  in  their  action,  as  the  extensors  to 
the  flexors,  etc.  Brandt  and  <'>>>•. 

antagonistical  (an-tag-5-nis'ti-kal),  a.    Same 

as  antagonistic. 

antagonistically (an-tag-6-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  antagonistic  manner;  as  an  antagonist. 
antagonization(an-tag"6-ni-za'shpn),  n.  [(.an- 
tagonize + -ation .}    Antagonism.    Also  spelled 
antagonisation. 

This  question  of  antagonisation  could  be  settled  in  a 
manner  absolutely  final. 

Howells,  Undiscovered  Country,  p.  280. 

antagonize  (an-tag'o-niz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
antagonised,  ppr.  antagonising.  [<  Or.  avraya- 
vi&odai,  struggle  against,  <  avri,  against,  +  hya- 
v'u\ecdai,  struggle  :  see  agonise.}  I.  irons.  To 
act  in  opposition  to;  oppose;  counteract;  hin- 
der. 

Concave  and  convex  lenses  antagonize,  and,  if  of  equal 
refractive  power,  neutralize  each  other. 

/.,  Conte,  Sight,  p. S3. 

In  the  rabbit  a  fatal  -lose  of  strychnia  might  be  so  on- 

tii'lun,-.  >/  li>  a  dosr  o!  chloral  as  to  save  life. 

Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  f>6. 
II.  intrans.  To  act  antagonistically  or  in  op- 
position.    [Rare.] 

Also  spelled  antagonist . 
antagonyt  (an-tag'o-ni),  n.    [<  Gr.  avrar, 
adversity,  opposition,  <  avri,  against,  +  iiyuvia, 


Antarctalian 

a  struggle :  see  agony.}    Antagonism  ;   oppo- 
sition. 

The  incommunicable  ontogeny  that  is  between  Christ 
and  Belial.  Stilton,  Divorce,  i.  8. 

antal  (an'tal),  n.  [=  F.  G.  antal,  <  Russ.  an- 
talU,  Little  Kuss.  and  Pol.  antal,  Pol.  also 
antalck  (barred  /),  <  Hung,  antalag.}  A  wine- 
meastu-e  used  in  the  Tokay  district  of  Hungary . 
equal  to  14.3  gallons. 

antalgic  (an-tal'jik),  «.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  against  (see  anti-),  +  a>)oc,  pain.]  I.  a. 
Alleviating  pain;  anodyne.     [Rare.] 

II.  it.  A  medicine  oi' an  application  fitted  or 
tending  to  alleviate  pain;  an  anodyne. 

antalkali  (ant-al'ka-li  or  -li),  it.;  pi.  antalkalis 
or  antalkalies  (-liz  or  -liz).  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  +  alkali,  q.  v.]  A  sub- 
stance which  neutralizes  an  alkali,  and  is  used 
medicinally  to  counteract  an  alkaline  tendency 
in  the  system. 

antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  and  n.    [< 
antalkali  +  -inc1.}     I.  a.  Having  the  property 
of  neutralizing  alkalis. 
II.  n.  Same  as  antalkali. 

antambulacral  (ant-am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avr-  for  avri,  against  (see  anti-),  +  ambulacral, 
q.  v.]  In  echinoderms,  situated  opposite  the 
ambulacral  surface,  or  away  from  the  ambu- 
lacra: opposed  to  ambulacral:  as.  an  antam- 
bulacral row  of  spines.  See  cut  under  Asteri- 
ida>. 

antanaclasis  (ant-an-ak'la-sis),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
avravas'Aaair,  reflection  of  light  or  sound,  use 
of  a  word  in  an  altered  sense,  lit.  a  bending 
back  against,  <  avravaiO.av,  bend  back  against, 
reflect,  <  avri,  against,  +  avaKkav,  bend  back: 
see  anaclasis.}  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  con- 
sists in  repeating  the  same  word  in  a  different 
sense:  as,  while  we  Woe,  let  us  live;  learn  some 
craft  when  young,  that  when  old  you  may  live 
without  craft. — 2.  In  gram.,  a  repetition,  after 
a  long  parenthesis,  of  a  word  or  words  preced- 
ing it:  as,  shall  that  heart  (which  has  been 
thought  to  be  the  seat  of  emotion,  and  which  is 
the  center  of  the  body's  life),  shall  that  heart, 
etc. 

antanagoget  (ant  an-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avr- for  avri,  against,  +  avayu))),  a  taking  up: 
see  anagoge.}  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  consists 
in  replying  to  an  adversary  by  recrimination,  as 
when,  the  accusation  made  by  one  party  being 
unanswerable,  the  accused  person  charges  his 
accuser  with  the  same  or  some  other  crime. 
Sometimes  shortened  to  antagoge. 

antaphrodisiac  (ant  "af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  uf r-  for  avri,  against,  +  atppodtatandc,  vene- 
real: see  aphrodisiac.}  I.  a.  Having  the  prop- 
erty of  extinguishing  or  lessening  the  sexual 
appetite;  anaphrodisiac ;  antivenereal. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  an  application  that  ex- 
tinguishes or  lessens  the  sexual  appetite;  an 
anaphrodisiac. 
Also  written  anti-aphrodisiac. 

antaphroditic  (ant 'af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  avr-  for  avri,  against,  +  'AtypofiiTn,  Venus: 
see  Ajihrodite.}   I.  a.  1.  Having  power  to  miti- 

§ate  or  cure  venereal  disease,  as  a  drug. — 2. 
ame  as  antaphrodisiac 

II.  n.  1.  A  drug  which  mitigates  or  cures 
venereal  disease. —  2.  Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antapoplectic  (ant"ap-o-plek'tik),  o.  [<  Gr. 
avr-  for  avri,  against,  +  aTrowTir/KTiKdc:,  apoplec- 
tic :  see  apoplectic.}  Efficacious  against  apo- 
plexy. 

antarchism  (amt'ar-Mzm),  ».  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  against,  +  apxv,  government,  +  -ism.  Cf. 
anarchism.}  Opposition  to  all  government  or 
restraint  of  individuals  by  law.     [Rare.] 

antarchist  (ant'ar-kist),  n.  [<  antarchism  + 
-ist.}  One  who  opposes  all  social  government 
or  control  of  individuals  by  law.     [Rare.] 

antarchistic  (anl  -ar-kia'tik),  a.  [<  antarchism.} 

i  Apposed  to  all  government.     [Rare.] 
antarchistical  (ant-ar-Ms'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 

antarchistic. 
Antarctalia  (ant-ark-ta'li-S),  n.    [NL.,  <  LL. 

aiitarclicns,  antarctic,  +  (ir.  ti/./o,  an  assem- 
blage (with  an  intended  allusion  to  u?ic,  sea). 
Cf.  Irrtalia.}  In  zoiigeng.,  the  antarctic  marine 
realm;  that  zoological  division  of  the  southern 
Haters  of  the  globe  which  corresponds  to  tho 
northern  division  called  Arctalia,  and  covers 
Hie  antipodal  ocean  up  to  the  isocryme  of  44°. 

otn. 

Antarctalian  (ant-ark-ta'li-an),  a.  [<Antarc- 
talia  +  -an.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  Antarctalia : 
as,  the  Antarctalian  fauna.     Gxtt. 


antarctic 

antarctic  (ant  -iirk'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
uniartic,  <  ME.  antartik,  <  OF.  antartique  =  It. 
antnrlini,  <  LL.  antarcticus,  southern, <  Or.  av- 
rapKTiKui;,  southern,  <  avr-  for  avri,  against,  oppo- 
site to,  4-  d/wcrweof,  northern,  arctic:  see  arcUc.] 
Opposite  to  t lie  north  or  arctic  pole;  relating 
to  the  south  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it :  as, 
the  antarctic  pole,  current,  or  ocean Antarc- 
tic circle,  a  circle  parallel  to  the  equator  and  distant 

from  the  south  polo  23°  28\  which  is  the  a nit  of  the 

obliquity  of  the  ecliptic.  This  circle  separates  the  south 
temperate  from  the  south  frigid  or  antarctic  /one,  and 
forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  region  within  which 
the  sun  is  always  above  the  horizon  at  noon  ami  below 
it  at  midnight,  or  would  be  so  were  it  not  for  refraction, 
parallax,  ami  the  apparent  magnitude  of  the  sun's  disk. 

Antares  ( an-ta'rez ),  n.  [<  Or.  'Avrdptjr (Ptolemy), 
<  avri,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  + 
"Ap'K,  Ares,  Mars:  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.  See  .Ins.] 
A  red  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the  middle 
one  of  three  in  the  body  of  the  Scorpion ;  a  Scor- 
pii.     See  cut  under  Scorpius. 

antarthritic  (ant-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Or. 
avr-  for  avri,  against,  +  apBpiracdc,  gouty:   see 
arthritic.']    I.  a.  Curing  or  alleviating  gout. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  the  gout. 
Also  written  anti-arthritic. 

antasthmatic (ant-ast-mat'ik), a. andn.    [< Gr. 
avr-  for  avri,  against,  +  acdpiaTiKuc,  asthmatic  : 
see  asthmatic]     I,  a.  Having  the  property  of 
relieving  asthma,  as  a  medicine. 
II.  h.  A  remedy  for  asthma. 
Also  written  anti-asthmatic. 

antatrophic  ( ant-a-trof 'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr- 
for  iivTi,  against,  +  arpo<pia,  atrophy:  see  atrophy.] 
I.  a.  Efficacious  against  atrophy  or  wasting. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  used  for  the  cure  of  atro- 
phy or  wasting. 

ant-bear  (ant'bar),  n.  1.  The  great  or  maned 
ant-eater  of    South    America,   Myrmecophaga 


Ant-bear  [Atyrmecophaga  jubata). 

jubata;  the  tamanoir. —  2.  The  aardvark, 
ground-pig,  or  Cape  ant-eater  of  Africa,  Oryc- 
tiropus  capensis.    See  ant-cater,  (a)  (2). 

ant-bird  (ant'berd),  «.  1.  An  ant-thrush  (which 
see) or  ant-eater;  an  ant-catcher. —  2.  pi.  Spe- 
cifically, the  American  ant-thrushes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicariidce. 

ant-catcher  (ant'kach"er),  n.  A  name  of  the 
ant-bird  or  ant-thrush  of  both  hemispheres ;  any 
ant-bird.   See  ant-thrush,  Pittidce,  Formicariidce. 

ant-COW  (ant'kou),  n.  An  aphid,  plant-louse, 
or  some  similar  insect,  kept  and  tended  by  ants 
for  the  sake  of  the  sweet  fluid  which  is  secreted 
in  its  body  and  used  as  food  by  the  ants. 

ante1  (an'te),  n.  [Appar.  <  L.  ante,  before,  the 
ante  being  put  before  the  players.]  In  the 
game  of  poker,  the  stake  or  bet  deposited  in 
the  pool  by  each  player  before  drawing  new 
cards ;  also,  the  receptacle  for  the  stakes. 

ante1  (an'te),  v.  L;  pret.  and  pp.  anteed,  ppr. 
anteing.  [See  ante1,  «.]  In  the  game  of  poker, 
to  deposit  stakes  in  the  pool  or  common  recep- 
tacle for  them :  commonly  used  in  the  phrase 
to  ante  up. 

ante2  (an'te),  «.  [<  F.  ente,  pp.  of  enter,  in- 
graft, <  ML.  impotare,  ingraft,  imp.]  In  her., 
ingrafted:  said  of  one  color  or  metal  broken 
into  another  by  means  of  dovetailed,  nebule, 
embattled,  or  ragul6  edges.     Also  ente'. 

ante-.  [<  L.  ante-,  OL.  antid-,  prefix,  L.  ante,  OL. 
anti,  prep,  and  adv.,  before,  in  place  or  time, 
=  Gr.  aim-,  avri,  against,  opposite  to,  etc.,  = 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc., 
and-:  see  and,  and-,  and  anti-.]  A  prefix  of 
Latin  origin,  originally  only  in  compounds  or 
derivatives  taken  from  the  Latin  or  formed 
from  Latin  elements,  as  in  antecessor,  unit  pin  ul- 
timate, antemeridian,  etc.,  but  now  a  familiar 
English  formative,  meaning  before,  either  in 
place  orin  time.  Itforms— (a)  compound  nouns,  with 
the  accent  on  the  prefix,  in  which  ante-  has  the  attributive 
force  of  fore,  anterior,  as  in  antechamber,  anteroom,  ante- 
date,  eta.;  0)  compound  adjectives,  with  the  accent  on  the 
radical  element,  in  which  ante-  retains  its  original  prepo- 


233 

sitional  force,  before,  governing  the  noun  expressed  or 

understood,  as  in  antemundane,  antediluvian,  ant n 

dian,  etc.  Such  compounds,  whether  bavin-  an  adjective 
termination,  as  in  the  examples  just  cited,  or  lacking  it. 
as  in  ants-war,  are  ui  fact  prepositional  phrases  liki  the 
Latin  ante  beltum,  an!:'  mortem  (which  are  also  used  as 
English  adjectives).    Compare  anti-. 

ante-act  (an'te-akt),  n.  [<  ante-  +  act.]  A 
preceding  act. '  Bailey. 

anteal  (an'te-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before:  sec 
ante-.]    Being'hef ore  or  in  front.    [Rare.] 

ant-eater  (ant'e'ter),  n.  An  animal  that 
feeds  upon  ants:  a  name  applied  to  several 
mammals  and  birds.  Specifically— (a)  In  Mammalia: 
in  id.  The  South  Imeriean  edentate  quadrupeds  of  the 
suborder  Vermilinguia  and  family  Myrmecophagidce,  of 
which  there  are  three  gem  i.i  and  Beveral  species,  having 
a  slender  elongated  head,  perfectly  toothless  jaws,  and  a 
very  Ions  extensile  tongue,  which  is  covered  with  viscid 
saliva,  by  means  of  which  the  insects  are  caught.  The 
principal  species  are  tic  ant  bear  or  tamanoir,  or  the  great 
or  maned  ant-eater,  Myrmecophaga  jubata;  the  collared 
ant-eater  or  tamandu,  Myrmecophaga  tanumdua  or  Ta- 
mandua  bivittataortetradactyla;  and  the  little  or  two-toi  d 
ant-eater,  Cyclothurus  didactylus,  an  arboreal  species  with 
a  prehensile  tail.  ('.;)  'the  African  aardvark,  ground-pig, 
or  ant-bear,  Orycteropus  capensis,  with  probaol]  another 
species,  0.  osthiopicus,  of  the  family  Orycteropodidos  and 
suborder Fodientia.  Both  are  also'  known  as  (ape  ant- 
eaters.  See  cut  under  aardvark.  (3)  pi.  The  pangolins 
or  scaly  ant-eaters,  of  the  family  Manidee  and  suborder 
Squamata,  including  some  six  or  eight  species  of  Asia  ami 
Africa,  of  the  genera  Manis,  Pholidotus,  undShnutsia.  See 
cut  under  pannnlin.  (4)  [d.  The  Australian  marsupials 
of  thegenus  Myrmecobius,  as  M.fasdatus.  (.">)  The  mono 
trematous  mammal  Echidna  hystria,  known  as  the  acu- 
leated  or  porcupine  ant-eater,  ami  other  spc,  ies  of  the 
genus  Echidna.  See  cut  under  Echidnidce.  (/j)  In  ornith., 
an  ant-bird,  ant-catcher,  or  ant-thrush.  See  ant-thrash. — 
King  Of  the  ant-eaters,  a  South  American  bird  of  the 
family  Formwariidce  and  genus  Qrallaria;  the  Grrallaria 
rexorG.  raria,  formerly  Tardus  rex. 

ante  bellum  (an'te  bel'um).  [L. :  ante,  before ; 
helium,  ace.  of  helium,  war:  see  ante-  and  bet- 
licose.]  Before  the  war:  often  used  (joined  by 
a  hyphen)  attributively. 

antebrachia,  n.     Plural  of  antebrachium. 

antebrachial  (an-te-bra'ki-al),  a.  [<  antebrachi- 
um +  -al.~\  1.  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
forearm. —  2.  In  Chirqptera,  situated  in  front 
of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb:  applied  to  the 
volar  membrane  which  extends  from  the  head 
to  the  wrist  and  forms  a  small  part  of  the 
general  expansion  of  the  wing.  W.  H.  Flower. 
Usually,  but  less  correctly,  written  antebra- 
chial. 

antebrachium  (an-te-bra'ki-um),  n. ;  pi.  ante- 
brachia  (-it).  [NL.,  x'L.  ante, before  (see  anti  -). 
+  brachium,  the  arm:  see  brachial.]  The  fore- 
arm, from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist.  Less  cor- 
rectly written  anlilirachiuiit. 

antecedaneous  (uii'te-so-da'ne-us),  a.  l<\ ante- 
cede  +  -ancous,  after  succcdaneous,  q.  v.]  An- 
tecedent; having  priority  in  time.     [Rare.] 

Capable  of  antecedaneous  proof. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  II.  xxix. 

antecede  (an-te-sed'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  ante- 
ceded,  ppr.  anteceding.  [<  L.  antecedere,  go  bo- 
fore,  precede,  in  space  or  time,  <  ante,  before 
(see  ante-),  +  eedere,  go :  see  cede.]  To  go  be- 
fore in  time,  and  sometimes  in  place,  rank,  or 
logical  order;  precede. 

It  seems  consonant  to  reason  that  the  fabric  of  the 
world  did  not  long  antecede  its  motion. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  i.  82. 

Primarily  certain  individual  claims,  and  secondarily  the 

social  welfare  furthered  by  enforcing  such  claims,  furnish 

a  warrant  for  law,  anteceding  political  authority  ami  iis 

enactments.  H.  Spencer,  Frin.  of  Soeiol.,  §  534. 

antecedence  (an-te-se'dens),  n.  [=F.  anUci- 
dence,<.anl('crtlt  itt :'  see  antecedent]  1.  The  act 
of  going  before,  or  state  of  being  before,  in 
time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  precedence. 

Meanwhile,  if  we  are  really  to  think  of  freedom  as  abso- 
lute and  perfect  in  man  —  a  perfect  freedom  from  the  neces- 
sity of  any  antecedence  —  we  ought  logically  to  think  of  it 
as  free  from  all  influence  of  God  or  Devil,  as  Will,  that  is, 
in  which  the  Omnipresent  is  not  present  ami  the  Omnipo- 
tent has  no  power.  Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  7. 
2.  In  astran.,  an  apparent  motion  of  a  planet 
from  east  to  west,  or  contrary  to  the  order  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  =  Syn.  1.  Precedence,  etc. 
See  priority. 

antecedency  (an-te-se'den-si),  n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  antecedent. 

Unity  is  before  any  multiplied  number.    Which  antece. 

dency  of  unity .  .  .  he  [Dionyaiusjappliethunto  the  Deity. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p   308. 

There  is  always  and  everywhere  an  antecedency  of  the 
conception  to  the  expression. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growthof  Lang.,  p.  187. 

antecedent  (an-te-se'dent),  a.  and  w.  [=  F. 
antrei'tlcnt,  <  L.  antecedeh(t-)s,  ppr.  of  antecedere, 

go  before:  see  antecede.]  I.  a.  Being  before 
in  time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  prior;  an- 
terior: as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the  deluge. 


antecessor 

There  is  a  sens,-  of  right  and  wrong  iii  our  nature,  ante- 
era,  at  to  and  iinli  pendent  <>i  experii  uci  -  "t  utility. 
.1.  /;.  II  allaee,  Nat.  Selei 

Antecedent  signs,  in  patliol.,  the  precursor}  symptoms 
ol  a  disease.     Antecedent  cause,  in  palhol.,  tie, 
causi  ol  i  ii  Antecedent  probability, tin- proba- 

bility of  a --apposition  <,r  hypothesis  drawn  from  reason- 
ing or  analogy,  previous  to  any  observation  or  evidence 
u  lie  1 1  is  considered  as  giving  it  a  posteriori  probability. 
See  antecedently,  :..  Antecedent  will,  in  metaph.,  the 
will  to  do  something  on  condition  that  something  else  is 
done.  =  Syn.  See  previous 

II.  n.  1.  One  wlio  or  that  which  goes  before 
in  time  or  place. 

He's  everything  indeed,  .  .  . 

M\  antecedent  or  mi  gentleman-usher. 

We     ingt  r,  <  itv  Madam,  ii.  2. 

Variations  in  the  functional  conditions  Of  the  parents 
are  the  antecedents  "i  those  greater  unlikenesses  which 
their  brothers  and  -islets  exhibit 

//.  Spencer,  Prim  of  Biol 
2.  In  gram.:  (a)  The  noun  to  which  a  relative 
pronoun  refers:  .-is,  Solomon  was  the  prince  who 
built  the  temple,  where  the  word  prince  is  the 
antecedent  of  who.  (/»)  Formerly,  the  noun  to 
which  a  following  pronoun  refers,  and  whose 
repetition  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  the  pronoun. 
— 3.  In  logic :  (a)  That  member  of  a  conditional 
proposition  of  the  form,  "If  A  is,  then  B  is," 
which  states,  as  a  hypothesis,  the  condition  of 
the  truth  of  what  is  expressed  in  the  other  mem- 
ber, termed  the  consequent:  in  the  proposition 
given  the  antecedent  is  "if  A  is."  The  whole 
proposition  amounts  to  the  statement  that  all  possible 
cases  of  the  truth  of  the  antecedent  are  included  among 
the  possible  cases  of"  the  truth  of  the  consequent,  (b) 
The  premise  of  a  consequence,  or  syllogism 
in  the  first  figure  with  the  major  premise  sup- 
pressed. Thus,  the  argument,  "A  syllogism  has  never 
existed  in  sensu,  therefore  it  does  not  exist  in  vntellectu" 
is  a  consequence,  its  premise- is  the  antecedent,  and  its  con- 
clusion the  consequent,  (c)  An  event  upon  which 
another  event  follows.  So  used  particularly  by 
nominalists.  An  invariable  antecedent,  with  J.  s.  Mill,  is 
an  event  upon  which  another  follows  according  to  an  in- 
variable rule  or  uniformity  of  nature.  Jt  does  not,  there- 
fore, mean  (as  might  be  supposed)  an  event  of  a  kind 
which  anteeedes  every  occurrence  of  another  kind  of 
event.  Thus,  lightning  is  not  an  invariable  antecedent  of 
thunder,  for  thunder  does  not  always  follow  it;  and  this 
although  lightning  anteeedes  thunder  whenever  thunder 
is  heard. 

4.  In  math.,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Thus, 
if  the  ratio  is  that  of  2  to  3,  or  of  a  to  b,  2  or  a 
is  the  antecedent. —  5.  In  music,  a  passage  pro- 
posed to  be  answered  as  the  subject  of  a  fugue. 
— 6.  pi.  The  earlier  events  or  circumstances 
of  one's  life ;  one's  origin,  previous  course,  asso- 
ciations,  conduct,  or  avowed  principles. 

We  have  learned  lately  to  speak  of  men's  antecedents : 
the  phrase  is  newly  come  Up;  and  it  is  common  to  say,  "if 
we  would  know  what  a  man  really  now  is.  we  must  know- 
ing antecedents,"  that  is,  what  he  has  been  in  past  time. 

Abp.   'I'd  in  h. 

antecedental  (an"te-se-den'tal),  a.  Relating  to 
what  is  antecedent  or  goes  before Anteceden- 
tal method,  a  branch  of  general  geometrical  proportion, 
or  universal  comparison  of  ratios. 

antecedently  (an-te-se'dent-li),  adv.  1.  Pre- 
viously; at  a  time  preceding. 

We  consider  him  antecedently  to  bis  creation,  while  he 
yet  lay  in  the  barren  womb  of  nothing,  and  only  in  the 
number  of  possibilities.  South. 

2.  In  advance  of  any  observation  of  the  effects 
of  a  given  hypothesis ;  on  a  priori  grounds. 

We  are  clearly  proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  there 
is  some  fixed  relation  of  causeand  effect,  in  virtueof  which 
the  means  we  ado] it  may  he  antecedently  expected  to  firing 
about  the  end  we  are  in  pursuit  of. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  81. 

The  known  facts  as  to  the  periodicity  of  sun-spots,  and 
the  sympathy  between  them  and  the  prominences,  make 
it  antecedently  probable  that  a  corresponding  variation 
will  be  found  in  the  corona.    C.  A.  Young,  'the  Sun,  p.  230. 

antecessive  (an-te-ses'iy  I,  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ante- 
cessivus,i  antea ssus,  pp.  of  antecedere:  see  an- 
tecede.]    Antecedent.     [Rare.] 

antecessor  (an-te-ses'or),  n.  [< ME. anteces- 
snur.  <  L.  antecessor,  foregoer,  teacher  or  pro- 
fessor of  law,  predecessor  in  office  (the  original 
of  ancestor,  q.  v.),  <  antecedere,  go  before,  pp. 
aiileei ssus :  see  antecede.]  1.  One  who  goes 
before;  a  predecessor.     [Now  rare.] 

A  venerable  regard  not  inferior  to  any  of  his  aTltecessors. 
Wood,  Athcii.  Oxon. 

Much  higher  than  any  of  its  antecessors. 
2.  A  title  given  among  the  Romans  —  (a)  to 
the  soldiers  who  preceded  an  army  and  made 
all  necessary  arrangements  as  to  camping,  sup- 
plies, the  scouting  service,  etc.;  (b)  under  I  he 
later  empire,  to  professors  of  civil  law  in  the 
public  schools. —  3t.  In  law,  an  ancestor;  a 
predecessor;  one  who  possessed  certain  land 
before  the  present  possessor  or  holder. 


antecessor 

The  antect  ssor  was  most  commonly  he  that  possessed  the 
lands  in  King  Edward's  time  before  tin  Conquest 

Brady,  Glossary. 
The  Kinu's  most  noble  progenitors,  and  the  antecessors 
of  tlie  nobles  of  this  realm. 

li.  W.  THxon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii.,  note. 

The  places  [in  Domesday]  which  speak  of  the  antecessor 

and  of  tlir  rights  derived  from  him  to  the  present  owner 

are  endless.        /-.'.  .1.  Freeman.  Norman  <  ompiest,  V.  11. 

antechamber  (an'to-i'liambor),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
chamber.']  A  chamber  oran  apartment  through 
which  access  is  had  to  a  principal  apartment, 
ami  in  which  persons  wait  for  audience.  For- 
merly also  spelled  antichamber. 

They  both  were  east  into  the  dungeon's  gloom, 
'that  dismal  antechamber  of  the  tomb. 

Longfellow,  Torquemada. 

antechapel  (an'te-ehap'el),  n.  [(.ante-  +  chap- 
el.'] An  apartment,  vestibule,  porch,  orthe  like, 
before  the  entrance  to  a  chapel;  the  uarthex  of 
a  chapel. 

Antechinomys  (an-te-ki'no-mis),  n.  [NL. 
(Krefft),  <  ant-  for  anti-  +  Echinomys,  q,  v.]  A 
genus  of  very  small  insectivorous  marsupials, 
of  tin:1  family  Dasyuridee.  a.  lanigera,  inhabiting 
central  portions  of  Australia,  is  about  3  inches  long  and  of 
a  mouse-gray  color  above  and  white  below.  Its  tail  is 
about  5  inches  long,  and  tufted  at  the  tip.  A  naked  space 
surrounds  the  teat,.  I. ut  there  is  no  distinct  pouch. 

antechoir  (an'te-kwir),  ».  [<  ante-  +  choir.] 
In  arch.,  a  space,  more  or  less  inclosed,  in  front 
of  the  choir  of  a  church;  a  portion  of  the  nave 
adjoining  the  choir-screen  and  separated  from 
the  rest  of  tho  nave  by  a  railing.  Also  called 
fon  -choir.    Audsley. 

antechurch  (an'te-cherch),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
church.]     Same  as  uarthex. 

antecians,  antcecians  (an-te'shianz),  n.  pi.  [< 
NL.  antaeci,  pi.  of  antcecus,  <  Gr.  avroawg,  living 
on  the  corresponding  parallel  of  latitude  in  the 
opposite  hemisphere,  <  av-i,  opposite,  +  olnoc  a 
dwelling.]  In  geog.,  persons  or  communities 
living  on  corresponding  parallels  of  latitude,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  equator,  and  on  the  same 
meridian.  Rarely  used  in  the  singular.  Also 
called  antceci. 

antecommunion  (an//te-kp-inun'yon),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  Before  communion:    as,  the  antecommu- 
nion service. 

II.  h.  That  part  of  the  communion  office  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  which  precedes 
the  communion  service  proper,  and  is  said  on 
Sundays  and  other  holy  days  though  there  be  no 
communion.  According  to  the  English  rubric,  it  ex- 
tends  to  the  end  of  the prayerfor Christ  s  church  militant; 
according  to  the  American,  to  the  end  of  the  gospel;  the 
service  concluding  in  either  ease  with  the  blessing. 

antecoxal  (an-te-kok'sal),  a.  [<  L. ante,  before, 
+  NL.  coxa,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  situated  in  front 
of  a  coxa :  applied  to  a  piece  of  the  metaster- 
num.     See  '  icindelidce. 

antecursor  (an-te-ker'sor),  n.  [L.,  a  forerun- 
ner, <  antecurrere,  run  before,  (.ante,  before,  + 
currere,  pp.  cursus,  run:  see  current  and  course. 
Cf.  precursor.]  One  who  runs  before;  a  fore- 
runner; a  harbinger.   Blount;  Bailey;  Jolt  axon. 

antecurvature  (an-te-ker'va-tur),  n.  [<  ante- 
+  curvature.  ]  A  bending  forward ;  specifically, 
in  patliol.,  a  slight  antefiection  of  the  uterus. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  m.  [<  ante-  +  date\  n.]  1. 
A  prior.  Into :  a  date  antecedent  to  another,  or  to 
the  true  or  actual  date  of  a  document  or  event. 
—  2f.  Anticipation. 

Why  hath  led  my  soul  these  apprehensions,  these   pre- 

tl     i    changes,  those  antedates,  those   jealousies, 

ili.  i  suspicions  "t  a  sin,  as  well  as  my  body  of  a  sickness? 

Donne,  Devotion,  \. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aiitc- 
dati  'i.  ppr.  anii  dating.  [<  ante-  +  date'-,  v.]  1. 
To  date  before  the  true  time;  give  an  earlier 
date  to  than  the  real  one:  thus,  to  antedate  :i 
deed  or  bond  is  to  jim  to  it  a  date  anterior  to 
the  true  time  of  its  execution. 
[TheTwei  [Ring  bad.,  caused. ..  warrants  to  be  an- 
order  that  Interest  might  bi  chargi  -i  from  such 
date  to  the  time  of  payment.         \ .  .1   /..  <    CXXIII.  381. 

2.  To  be  of  older  date  than  ;  precede  in  time. 
With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  ot  the  later  prophi  I 

tie  Old  Ti   tament  antedated  all  written  history  known  at 
ginning  of  the  present  century. 

//,.  Independi »'  I  H<  «  ^  ork),  Nov.  lb,  1883. 

3.  To  anticipate ;  realize  or  give  effect  to  <  some- 
thing) in  advance  of  its  actual  or  proper  time. 

v.  man  can  antedaU  hi^  experienci .  or  guess  what  fac- 
ulty oi  feeling  \m  object  anal]  unlock,  anj  more  than 

hi  c traw  to  day  the  face  ot  a  p        iwhomhi  shall  see 

to-morron  for  the  first  time.  I  mt  rson    B 

antediluvial  (nn*te-di-lu'vi-al),  a.     Same  as 

null  ililll  riil/i. 

antediluvian  (an  tf-di-lu'vi-an),  a.  and n.  [< 
L.  ante,  before,  +  diluvium,  deluge:   see  dilu- 


234 

vium  and  deluge.]  I.  a.  1.  Existing  before  the 
flood  (the  Noachian  deluge)  recorded  in  Gene- 
sis ;  relating  to  the  times  or  events  before  the 
Noachian  deluge:  as,  the  antediluvian  patri- 
archs: by  extension,  applied  to  the  time  pre- 
ceding any  great  flood  or  inundation,  as  that 
which  is  said  to  have  occurred  in  China  in  the 
time  of  Yao.  2298  B.  c. — 2.  Belonging  to  very 
ancient  times;  antiquated;  primitive;  rude; 
simple:  as,  antediluvian  ideas. 

The  whole  system  of  travelling  accommodations  was  bar- 
barous  and  antediluvian.        DeQuincey,  Works,  II.  163. 

II.  n.   1.  One  who  lived  before  the  deluge. 

The  longevity  of  the  antediluvians.  Bentley. 

Hence,  humorously  —  2.  One  who  is  very  old 

or  very  antiquated  in  manners  or  notions ;  an 

old  fogy. 

antedorsal  (an-te-dor'sal),  a.  [<  ante-  +  dor- 
sal.] In  ichth.,  situated  in  front  of  the  dorsal 
tin:  as,  an  antedorsal  plate, 
antefactt  (an'te-fakt),  n  [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
factum,  a  thing  done :  see  fact.]  An  act,  espe- 
cially a  rite  or  ceremony,  which  precedes  or 
prefigures  an  event:  opposed  to  post/act. 

There  is  a  proper  sacrifice  in  the  Lord's  supper,  to  ex- 
hibit Christ's  death  in  the  post-fact,  as  there  was  a  sacri- 
fice to  prefigure,  in  the  old  law,  the  ante-fact. 

Copie  of  the  ProeeetHntjs  nf  xunie  1ft  clues  (1U41).  p.  2. 

antefix  (an'te-fiks),  n. ;  pi.  antefixes,  L.  antefixa 
(-fik-sez,  au-te-fik'sa).  [<  L.  antefitcum,  in  pi. 
antefixa,  neut.  of  antefixus,  fastened  before,  < 


Upper  figure,  from  the  Parthenon,  partly  restored :  A,  antefix  ;  B, 
false  antefix;  C.  acroterium  pedestal;  D,  imbrices  protecting  the 
joints.     Lower  figure  ;  £'.  antefix  in  terra  cotta,  Berlin  Museum. 

ante,  before,  +  fixus,  pp.  of  figere,  fasten:  see 
fix.]  In  class,  arch.,  an  upright  ornament, 
generally  of  marble  or  terra  cotta,  placed  at 
the  eaves  of  a  tiled  roof,  at  the  end  of  the  last 
imbrex  or  tile  of  each  ridge  of  tiling,  to  conceal 
the  joining  of  the  tiles.  Antefixes  were  also  often 
placed  at  the  junction  of  the  imbrices  along  the  ridge  of  a 
roof,  forming  a  cresting.  In  some  Roman  examples  the 
antefixes  were  so  disposed  and  combined  with  water-chan- 
nels as  to  serve  as  gargoyles. 

anteflected  (an-te-flek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  flectere,  bend,  +  -ed2.]  Same  as  ante- 
lit,  n  tl. 

antefiection  (an-te-flek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  ficxio(n-),  bending,  flection:  see  flcc- 
lititt.]  A  bending  forward,  as  of  any  organ  of 
the  body.  The  term  is  specially  used  in  relation  to  the 
uterus,  when  this  organ  is  bent  forward  at  the  line  of 
junction  of  its  body  and  cervix.    Quain,  Med.  Diet. 

anteflexed  (an'te-flekst),  a.  [<L.  ante,  before, 
+  Jlexus,  bent,  ■+■  -eel2.]  Bent  forward ;  exhibit- 
ing antefiection :  said  of  the  uterus.  An  equiva- 
lcnt.  form  is  aitlt'jlt  tied. 

antefurca  (an-te-fer'ka),  ji.;  pi.  antefurcm (-se). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  furca,  >  AS.  fore,  B. 
fork,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  the  anterior  forked  or 
double  apodema  which  projects  from  the  ster- 
nal wall  into  the  cavity  of  a  thoracic  somite  of 
an  insect. 

ant-egg  (ant'eg),  n.  1.  The  egg  of  an  ant.— 2. 
In  popular  language,  the  larva  or  pupa  of  an 
ant;  one  of  I  ho  elongated  whitish  bodies  which 
ants   when   disturbed    may   bo    seen    carrying 

about,    such  larv '  ant-eggs  are  a  favorite  food  of 

many  wild  birds,  ami  arc  extensively  used  in  Europe  for 
feeding  young  Doultrj  ami  game-birds,  and  also  for  mak- 
ing formic  acid.  Also  called  ant  worm,  ani  wart,  and 
ant's  brood 

antegrade  (an'tf-grad),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  gradus,  step;  cf.  antegredi,  go  before,  pre- 
cede.]    Progressive  :  opposed  to  retrograde. 

antejuramentum  (an  te-j8-ra.-men'tum),  n.; 
pi.  a  a  it  i  a  in  an it  in  i  -la  i.  |  ML.,  <  L.  ante,  before, 
+  jurniut  ilium,  an  bath,  (  jurare,  swear:  see 
jury.  I  Iii  lair,  an  oath  taken  in  ancient  times 
by  hot  li  1  he  accuser  and  t  lie  accused  before  any 
trial  or  purgation.     The  accuser  swore  that  he  would 


ante  mortem 

prosecute,  and  the  accused  had  to  swear  on  the  day  of 
ordeal  that  be  was  innocent     Wharton. 

antelocation  (an"te-lo-ka'shpn),  «.  In  patliol. , 
a  displacement  forward :  applied  to  displace- 
ments of  the  uterus  when  the  whole  organ  is 
earned  forward,  as  by  distention  of  the  rectum 
or  a  post-uterine  hematocele. 

antelope  (an'te-lop),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
antilope,  antalope,  anteloppe,(  ME.  antelope, 
antyllqpe,  antlop,  (  OF.  antelop,  also  antelu, 
mod.  1\  antilope  =  Sp.  antilope  =  Pg.  antilope 
=  D.  antilope  =  Dan.  antilope  =  (i.  antilope  (NL. 
antilope,  Pallas,  c.  1775),  an  antelope,  <  ML.  an- 
talopus,  oitthttlopus  (also  talopus,  calopus,  and 
tatula),  (  LGr.  avBoXotj)  (-or:-),  a  word  of  Gt,  ap- 
pearance but  prob.  of  foreign  origin,  applied 
to  a  half-mythical  animal  located,  in  the  early 
accounts,  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates,  and 
described  as  very  savage  and  fleet,  and  having 
long  saw-like  horns  with  which  it  could  cut 
down  trees.  This  is  the  animal  that  figures  in 
the  peculiar  fauna  of  heraldry;  the  present 
zoological  application  is  recent.  See  gazel:] 
1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Antilope  or  sub- 
family Antilopinai;  especially,  the  sasin  or 
common  Indian  antelope,  Antilope  cervicapra. 
See  Antilope,  Antilopince,  and  cut  under  sasin. 
—  2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  saiga,  and 
to  the  cabrit  or  pronghorn.  See  these  words; 
also  Antilocapra  and  Antilocapridee. —  3.  [cap.] 
(Pron.  an-tel '  o-pe.)    Sometimes  incorrectly 

used  for  Antilope Blue  antelope.   Same  as  blauw- 

link.—  Goitered  antelope.    Same  as  dzeren. 

antelopian  (an-te-lo'pi-an),  a.  Same  as  ante- 
lopine. 

AntelopideE  (an-tf-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Autilopidtt'. 

Antelopinse,  ».  /»/.    Same  as  Antilopinai. 

antelopine  (an 'te- 16 -pin),  a.  [<  antelope  + 
-ine1.]  Pertaining  to  the  antelope.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  antelopian. 

antelucan  (an-te-lu'kan),  a.  [<  L.  antelucanus, 
(ante,  before,  4-  lux  (luc-),  light:  see  lucid.] 
Occurring  before  daylight;  preceding  the  dawn. 
Specifically  applied  to  assemblies  of  christians  held  in  an- 
cient times  before  daylight,  at  first  to  escape  persecution, 
and  afterward  from  motives  of  devotion  or  convenience. 

This  practice  of  .  .  .  antelucan  worship,  possibly  hav- 
ing reference  to  the  ineffable  mystery  of  the  resurrection. 
De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

ante  lucem  (an'te  lu'sem).  [L. :  ante,  before; 
Incem,  ace.  of  lux,  light:  see  ante-  and  lucid.] 
Before  the  light,  that  is,  before  daybreak. 

antemeridian  (an"te-me-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  «»- 
temeridianus,  before  midday,  <  ante,  before,  + 
meridies,  midday:  see  ante-  and  meridian.]  Pre- 
ceding noon ;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

ante  meridiem  (an'te  me-rid'i-em).  [L. :  see 
antemeridian.]  Before  midday:  applied  to  the 
time  between  midnight  and  the  following  noon. 
Regularly  abbreviated  to  A.  M. 

antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Or.  avrt, 
against,  +  tperiKdc,  emetic :  see  emetic]     I.  a. 
Restraining  or  allaying  vomiting. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  which  checks  vomiting. 
Also  written  anti-emetic. 

ante  mortem  (an'te  mor'tem).  [L. :  ante,  be- 
fore; mortem,  ace.  of  mors,  death:  see  aw fr- and 
mortal.  Cf. post  mortem.]  Before  death:  often 
used  attributively  (with  a  hyphen )  in  the  sense  of 
existing  or  occurring  before  or  just  before  death : 
as,  an  ante-mortem  statement  or  confession. 


Antcrmiral.Coiicy-lc-Cli.'Ueau,  Aisne,  France.   (From  Viollet-le-Duc's 

"  Diet,  do  1'Architccture.") 

A,  outer  court,  or  esplanade  ;    ft,  castle  ;  C,  town  ;    D,  castle-moat  ; 

li,  antemurai. 


antemundane 

antemundane  (an-te-mun'dan),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  mundus,  the  world:  sec  ante-  and 
mundane.]  Existing  or  occurring  before  the 
creation  of  the  world. 

The  supreme,  great,  antemundane  Father  1 

young,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  93. 

antemural  (an-te-mu'ral),  n.     [<  L.  antemuralt . 

an  outwork,  <  ante,  before,  +  in  urns,  a  wall: 
see  ante-  and  mural."]  In  nn  dievalfortj  an  ad- 
vanced work  defending  the  approach  to  a  for- 
tified place;  a  barbacan  (which  see).  The  term 
is  sometimes  applied  to  an  exterior  wall  of  a 
castle  or  fortress.     See  rut  on  preceding  page. 

antenarial  (an-te-na'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  !»•'- 
fore,  +  nares,  nostrils.]  Situated  hi  front  of 
the  nostrils.      W.  II.  Flower. 

antenatal  (an-te-na'tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  int talis,  pertaining  to  birth:  set-  ante- and  na- 
tal.'] Happening  or  being  before  birth;  per- 
taining or  relating  to  times,  occurrences,  or 
conditions  previous  to  birth. 

And  many  an  antenatal  tomb 
Where  butterflies  dream  of  the  life  to  come, 

Shelley,  Sensitive  riant,  ii. 
Some  said  that  he  was  mad ;  others  believed 
That  memories  of  an  antenatal  life 
Made  this  where  now  he  dwelt  a  penal  hi  11. 

Shelley,  Prince  Athanase. 
There  has  been  plenty  of  theorising  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  life  to  come,  but  the  possibility  of  an  anti  natal  exist- 
ence gets  far  less  attention  and  far  less  credit. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  340. 

antenatedf  (an'te-na-ted),  a.  [<  h.ante  natus 
(see  antr-tatti)  +  -ef?2.]  Born  or  in  existence 
before  the  time  spoken  of. 

Something  of  the  Evangelical  relish  was  in  them,  ante- 
nated,  and  in  being,  before  the  Gospels  were  written. 

Bp.  Racket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  48.    (.v.  E.  D.) 

ante-nati(an-te-na'ti),  ii.  pi.  [ML.,  in  L.  prop, 
written  apart,  ante  nati:  ante,  before;  natij  pi. 
of  natus,  born,  pp.  of  nasci,  be  born:  see  ante-, 
natal,  and  nascent]  Those  born  before  a  cer- 
tain time:  specifically,  in  Eng.  law,  applied  to 
Scotsmen  born  before  the  accession  of  James 
I.  to  the  English  throne  (1603),  "who  on  this  ac- 
count were  considered  aliens.  The  post-nati,  or 
those  born  after  the  accession,  elairaed  the  rights  of  na- 
tives of  England.  In  the  United  States  the  term  is  ap- 
plied to  those  born  in  the  colonies  prior  to  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

antenave  (an'te-nav),  n.  [<  ante-  +  nave.]  In 
arch.,  same  as  narthex. 

ante-Nicene  (an-te-ni'sen),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  NiceBnus,  N  ieene,  <  Niccea,  <  Or.  Kituzia, 
Nice,  a  city  of  Bithynia  in  Asia  Minor.]  An- 
terior to  the  first  general  council  held  at  Nice 
i  NiesBa),  in  the  year  325 ;  as,  ante-Nicene  faith. 
See  Nicene— Ante-Nicene  fathers.    See  father. 

antenna  (an-ten'a),  n. ;  pi.  antenna'  (-e).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  ant'  unit,  also  antemna,  a  sail- 
yard;  possibly  a  corruption,  through  nautical 
use,  of  a  form  (cf .  the  perf .  part.  pass.  avaTera^t- 
voc,  spread  out)  of  Gr.  avareiveiv,  poet.  avrelvetv, 
stretch  out,  spread  out,  <  ava,  back,  +  retveiVj 
stretch.]  1.  One  of  the  lateral  articulated  ap- 
pendages occurring  in  pairs  on  that  segment  of 
the  head  of  an  arthropod  animal,  as  an  insect, 
which  immediately  precedes  the  mouth  or  man- 
dibular segment;  a  feeler  or  'horn.'  They  vary 
greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  function.  The  appendages  of 
the  head,  proceeding  forward  from  the  mouth-parts,  are: 
(1)  antenna;,  (2)  antennulae,  (3)  ophthalmitis  or  eye-stalks. 
(a)  pi.  In  Crustacea:  (1)  Properly,  the  posterior  one  of  the 
two  pairs  of  feelers  or  burns  borne  upon  the  head  of  most 
crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  lobsters,  as  distinguished  from  the 
anterior  pair,  or  antennuhc.  From  their  relative  size  they 
are  known  as  the  long  feelers,  in  distinction  from  the  an- 
tennula?, or  short  feelers.  When  fully  developed,  the  an- 
tenna: consist  of  a  number  of  parts,  which,  beginning  with 
the  base,  are  named  the  basicerite,  the  scaphocerite,  the 
ischiocerite,  the  merocerite,  the  carpocerite,  and  the  (ter- 
minal) procerite.  The  last  may  consist  of  a  long  filament 
with  many  articu- 
lations, sometimes 
exceeding  the 

whole  length  of 
the  animal's  body. 
See  cuts  under 
C>/pri$,Cythererda;, 
and  Limnetis.  (2) 
Loosely,  either  one 
of  the  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  feelers, 
that  is,  either  the 
antenna;  proper  or 
the  antennuhc.  (->) 
In  Arachnida,  or 
spiders,  scorpions, 
etc.,  a  chelicere ; 
one  of  the  pair  of 
chelate  or  subche- 
late  appendages  of 
the  head,  situated 
between  and  mor- 
phologically in 
front  of  the  large 
hooked  or  pincer- 


235 

like  appendages  known  as  pedipalpe.  They  are  adapted 
for  seizing  and  tearing,  and  sometimes  convej  a  poison- 
duct.    They  are   I ologoue  with  the  feelers  ol  cm     ■ 

rcans  and  insi  i  ts   and  an    supposed    in   some  cases  at 

least,  to  n  present  ante lire  as  well  as  antennae  proper. 

See  cuts  under  ehelxeera  and  scorpion,  (c)  in  In  »  ata  and 
Myriapoda,  a  horn  or  feelei  ;  one  of  the  pair  of  jointed 
flexible  sensitive  appendages  of  the  head,  morphologically 
Bituated  between  the  mouth  parts  and  the  eyes,  though 
generally  appearing  m  the  adult  between  or  before  th< 
ey<  ■.  Chese  charactej  i  itii  organs  are  usually  filamentous 
with  many  articulations,  aud  an  vera  diverse  in  form; 
some  of  the  terms  used  in  describing  their  shapes  are  fili- 
form, denticulate,  bipinnate,  clavate,  geniculate.  In  <'■■■ 
leoptera,  divisions  have  been  founded  upon  the  shapes 
of  the  antennas,  as  lamellicorn,  clavicorn,  longicom,  etc. 
These  organs  are  almosl  universally  present  in  some  form 
or  other,  though  occasionally  rudimentary  and  inconspicu 
oui  in  which  cases  the  insects  are  termed  acetous,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  dicerous.  The  parts  of  a  well-formed 
antenna  usually  recognized  are  the  pedicel,  scape,  and 
flagellum  or  claveola,  the  last  usually  composing  most  of 
the  length  of  the  organ.  See  Hymenoptera,  Tnsecta, 
2.  An  analogous  organ  on  the  heads  of  other 
animals,  as  a  feeler  or  tentacle,  like  the  eye- 
stalk  of  a  snail. — 3.  pi.  Projecting  horns  of  iron 
or  bronze  found  on  some  ancient  helmets,  per- 
haps  serving  only  as  ornaments,  or  as  badges,  or 
in  some  eases  to  stop  a  blow  from  glancing  down- 
ward ami  striking  the  shoulder Decussate,  de- 
flexed,  deformed,  etc.,  antennae.    See  the  adjectives. 

antennal  (an-ten'al),  a.  [<  antenna  +  -ah]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  anteinue;  bearing  antenna?; 
antennary. 

antennariid  (an-te-na'ri-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Antennariidai. 


Antenna, 
i,  i.  filiform  antenna  of  cucujo  firefly  of 
Brazil  \Pyrophorus  /umittosus) ',  2,  den- 
ticulate antenna;  3,  bipinnate;  4.  lamelli- 
corn; 5, clavate;  6,  geniculate;  7,  antenna 
and  antennula  of  a  crustacean. 


%  '■■  -V 
o  ,„/♦/ 

•■■•■■ 

Antennarius  pictus. 

Antennariidae  (an-ten-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Antennarius  4-  -idee.]  A  family  of  pedieulate 
fishes  with  elongate  geniculate  false  arms  or 
pseudobrachia,  provided  with  three  distinct 
bones  (aetinosts),  typified  by  the  genus  AnU  u- 
uarius.  They  have  a  compressed  but  tumid  body;  the 
mouth  opens  upward ;  the  branchial  apertures  open  in  the 
lower  axils  of  the  pectoral  fins;  there  are  no  pseudo- 
branchiee;  and  the  dorsal  lins  are  represented  by  (1)  at 
least  one  frontal  or  superior  rostral  spine  or  filament,  and 
(2)  an  oblong  soft  dorsal.  The  pectoral  members  are  dis- 
tinctly geniculated  or  provided  with  an  elbow-like  joint. 
They  are  chiefly  inhabitants  of  tropica]  seas,  and  the  typi- 
cal species  are  often  called  frog-  or  toad-fishes. 

Antennariinae  (an-ten"a-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Antennarius  +  -iiuc]  A  subfamily  of  pedieu- 
late fishes,  of  the  family  Antennariidce,  with  the 
head  compressed,  a  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  as 
well  as  two  other  robust  spines,  and  a  well- 
developed  soft  dorsal  tin.  Four  genera  are  known, 
the  chief  of  which  is  Antennarius.  The  typical  species 
are  mostly  found  in  coral-groves,  where  they  lurk  partially 
concealed,  but  one  of  the  best  known,  Pterophryne  histrio, 
inhabits  the  sargassum-weed  of  the  open  seas,  and  makes 
in  it  a  nest  for  its  young. 

antennariine  (an-te-na'ri-in),  a.  and  ».    I.  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  AntennariinoB. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  AntennarHnes. 

antennarioid  (an-te-na'ri-oid),  n.  and  a.  [< 
Ant,  ii  mi  nus  +  -oid.~\  I.  ».  A  fish  of  the  family 
Antennariidce;  an  antennariid. 

II.  rt.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Antennariidce. 

Antennarius  (an-te-na'ri-us),  n.  [XL.,  <  anten- 
na, q.  v.,  in  allusion  to  the  antenna-like  foremost 
dorsal  spine.]  A  genus  of  pedieulate  fishes,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Antennariidce,  used  with  various 
limits,  but  primarily  embracing  numerous  trop- 
ical species. 

antennary  (an-ten'a-ri  or  an'te-na-ri),  a.  [< 
NL.  antennarius, < antenna,  q. v.]  1.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an  antenna:  as,  an««- 
tennary  nerve.  Specifically — 2.  In  entom.,  Deal- 
ing antennae :  applied  to  that  segment  of  the 
head  of  insects  which  bears  the  antenna? An- 
tennary somite,  the  segment  of  the  head  of  an  arthropod 
which  hears  the  antenna',  —  Antennary  sternum,  the 
median  inferior  piece  of  tin  antennary  somite.  Anten- 
nary sternite,  in  crustaceans,  the  eplstoma  (which  sec). 
See  ruts  under  Brachyura  and  Cyclops. 

Antennata  (an-te-na'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  antennatus :  see  antennate."]  A  group  of 
annelids,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
order  Cluetupuda  (which  see). 


antependium 

antennate  (an-ten'at)^  ".    [<  NL.  antennatus, 

<  antenna,  q.  v.]     Having  antenna?, 
antenniferous  (an-te-nif'e-rus),  ».    [<  NL.  an- 
tenna +  \..j'  in  =\'..  in  hi1  .\    Bearing  miiennse; 
antennary,  as  a  segment  of  the  head. 

antenniformiuii-toii'i-ii.riii),  a.  [<NL.  antenna 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  an  antenna; 
resembling  an  antenna  in  any  way. 

Tiie  cement  ducts  can  be  trier. i  to  the  dl  i  tol  the  an- 
i,  i, mi, ,1-n,  organs.  Huxley.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  269. 

antennula  (an-ten'u-lii),  ».;  pi.  null ■  iinulir  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  antenna,  q.  v. J  1.  A  little  an 
tenna. —  2.  A  filiform  appendage  of  an  anten- 
na, as  in  some  crustaceans. —  3.  The  appendage 
of  the  segment  or  somite  of  the  head  of  an  ar- 
thropod in  advance  of  that  bearing  the  anten- 
na? proper;  one  of  the  anterior  of  the  two  pairs 
of  feelers  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean.  Com- 
monly called  the  short  fuU-r.  !See  cuts  under 
Copepoda,  Cyclops,  and  Cythereidce. 

Also  lintrillllllr. 

antennulary  (an-ten'u-la-ri),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  antennula;  bearing antennulce :  as,  the 
null  iiiinlnrij  somite  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean. 

antennule  (itn-ten'ul),  n.  [<  antennula,  q.  v.] 
Same  .-is  antennula. 

antenumber (an'te-num-ber),  n.  [< cmte-+  num- 
ber.] A  number  one  less  than  a  given  number: 
used,  in  the  case  of  objects  arranged  in  periods 
(as,  for  example,  days  are  in  weeks),  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  objects  in  a  period 
is  one  less  than  the  number  which,  in  counting 
the  objects,  falls  upon  an  object  corresponding 
to  the  first:  thus,  7  is  the  nuti  numbi  r  of  the  oc- 
tave.    [Rare.] 

It  is  to  be  considered,  that  whatsoever  virtue  is  in  num- 
bers for  conducing  to  consent  of  notes,  is  rather  to  be  as- 
cribed  to  the  ante-number  than  to  the  entire  number;  as 
namely,  that  the  sound  retumeth after  si\  oraftf  r  twelve 
[i.  i-'..  tones  or  scmitonesj;  so  that  the  seventh  orthe  thir- 
teenth is  not  the  matter,  but  the  sixth  or  the  twelfth  :  and 
the  seventh  and  thirteenth  are  but  the  limits  and  boun- 
daries of  the  return.  Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvanum,  §  106. 

antenuptial (an-tf-nup'shal), a.  [< LL.  antenup- 
tialis,  <  L.  ante,  bet'oiv.  +  iiiijitialis,  nuptial:  see 
ante- and  nuptialJ]  Occurring,  existing,  or  done 
before  marriage ;  coming  before  marriage ;  pre- 
ceding marriage  :  as,  an  antenuptial  agreement; 
antenuptial  children. 

anteocular  (an-te-ok'u-lar)>  a.  In  entom.,  in 
front  of  the  eyes. 

anteoperculum  (an^te-o-per'ku-lum),  n.    [NL., 

<  ii.ante,  before.  +  operculum  :  see  operculum.] 
Tn  iehth.,  same  as preoperculum.    [Rare.] 

anteorbital  (an-te-6r'bi-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  orbit,  q.  v.]  Situated  in  front  of  the 
eyes.  Also  antorbital — Anteorbital  foramen,  in 
ma  in  in,ii  I,,,,  anat.,  an  orifice  in  the  cheek-bone,  in  front 
of  the  orbit,  transmitting  the  superior  maxillary  division 
of  the  trifacial  nerve,  and  in  some  cases,  as  among  ro- 
dents, the  masseter  muscle.  Itcorresponds  to  the  suborbi- 
tal foramen  of  human  anatomy.  It  i-  frequently  a  forma- 
tion so  huge  and  variable  as  to  atlnnl  zoological  charai  ters, 
as  is  the  case  in  the  Rodentia.-  Anteorbital  process,  in 
mammalian  anat.,  a  spur  of  the  frontal  hone  on  the  an- 
terior and  upper  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  orbit. 

antepagment  (an-le-pag'ment),  «.  [<  L.  ante- 
jiai/iiieiituin,  also  anUpagmentum,  anything  ap- 
plied for  ornament,  <  ante  (anU),  before,  +  pag- 
meiitiim,  anything  joined  or  fastened,  (,pang<  n  . 
older  form  pagere,  fasten:  see  pact.]  A  term 
used  by  Vitru vius  to  designate  decorative  mold- 
ings enriching  the  jambs  and  head  of  a  doorway 
or  window.  To  such  a  feature  the  term  arehi- 
t,  in  ,  is  now  commonly  applied. 

antepagmentum  (an'tf-pag-men'tum),  h.;  pi. 
auti  jiaijmenta  (-til).     Same  as  antepagment. 

antepaschal  (an-te-pas'kal), a.  [\ante-  +  pas- 
chal?] Pertaining  to  the  time  preceding  the 
Jewish  Passover,  or  preceding  Easter. 

The  dispute  was  very  early  in  the  church  concerning 
the  observation  of  Easter;  one  point  whereof  was,  con- 
cerning the  ending  of  the  antepaschal  fast. 

R.  Nelson,  Festivals  and  Fasts,  p.  445. 

antepastt  (an'te-past ),  n.  [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
pastus,iood,<.  pasa  r<  ,feed:  see  ante-  and  pasU  I. 
pastor,  pasture.]  A  foretaste;  something  taken 
before  a  meal  to  stimulate  the  appetite.  [Rare.] 

Were  we  to  expect  our  bliss  only  in  the  satiating  our 
appetites,  it  might  lie  reasonable,  liy  frequent  untepasts, 
to  excite  our  ^ust  fur  that  profuse  perpetual  meal. 

Deciui  of  Christ.  Piety. 

antepectus  (an-tf-pek'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  an  te, 
before,  +  pectus,  breast.]  In  entom.,  the  fore- 
breast  ;  the  under  side  of  the  prothorax. 

antependium  (an-te-pen'di-um),  ».;  pi.  ante- 

piutlia  (-a).  [ML.,' <  L.  ante,  before.  +  pem- 
di  n.  hang:  see  ante-  and  pendant.]  The  hang- 
ing by  which  the  front  of  an  altar  is  covered  ; 
one  of  the  kinds  of  frontal,  it  is  frequently  made 
of  silk  or  velvet,  and  ornamented  with  embroidery. 


antependium 

I  saw  the  antependium  of  the  altar  designed  foi  the 

,  hapi  i  ol  St  Lorenzo.      SmoUett,  Travels,  sxvlii. 

A  young  woman  who  would  get  up  at  five  o'clock  in  the 

morning  to  embroider  an  antependium,  and  neglect  the 

housekeeping.    Miss  Braddm    H  Fortune,  p.  S. 

antepenult   (an  te-pe-nult'),  »■    A  shortened 

and  very  common  form  of  antepenultima. 

antepen'ultima  (an  tf-pe-nul'ti-ma),  n.     [L., 

also  spelled  o»tep««  «'/('»«( (se.  syllaha,  syllable), 

tli.-  syllable  before  the  penult,  <  onfe,  before,  + 

ncenultima.  penult:  see  onte-and  penult.]    The 

hist  syllable  but  two  of  a  word,  as  syl  m  mono- 

syUdoU 


236 


syllable.  before  an  object.] =syn.  2.  See  previous, 

antepenultimate  (an'te-pe-nul'ti-mat),  o.  and  anteriority  (an-te-ri-or'i-ti),  n.    [<  ML. 

b.     [< antepenultima  +  -ate\    ft  ultimate.]    I.  orita{t-)s,  <  L.  anterior:    see   anterior, 

a.  1.  Immediately  preceding  that  one  of  a  se-  state  0f  bemg  anterior,  in  advance,  or  in 

vies  which  is  next  to  the  last  one;  being  the  tl     stiate  „*•  beins  before  in  time  or  sit 


ries  which  is  next  to  the  last  one;  being  the 
third  from  the  last  of  a  series:  as,  the  ante- 
penultimati  punt  of  a  limb.— 2.  Pertaining  to 
the  last  syllable  but  two. 

II.  n.  The  antepenultima. 
antephialtic  (ant-ef-i-al'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  kajiahrne,  nightmare:   see  anti- 
and   ephialtes.]     I.    a.    Tending    to    prevent 
nightmare. 

II.  n.  That  which  prevents  or  is  a  remedy 
for  nightmare. 

Also  written  anti-ephidltic. 
antepileptic  (ant-ep-i-lep'tik),  a.  and  u.    [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  £jrtXj?ffracdc,  epileptic:  see  auli- 
and  epileptic.']     I.    a.    Alleviating   or  curing 
epilepsy. 
II.  "■  A  remedy  for  epilepsy. 
Also  written  anti-epileptic. 
antepileptical(ant-ep-i-lep'ti-k;il>,  a.   Same  as 
antepileptic. 

anteponet  (an-te-pon'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  (iiitipinii'iT, 
set  before,  <  ante,  before,  +  ponere,  set,  place: 
see  ante-  and  position.]    To  set  before.    Bailey. 
anteport  (an'tf-port),  n.    [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
porta,  agate.]  '  1.  An  outer  gate  or  door. —  2.  A 
hanging  "before  a  door. 
Also  written  antiport. 
anteportico  (an'te-por'ti-ko),  n.    [<  ante-  + 
portico,    q.  v.]      An   outer   porch   or   portico. 
[Hare.] 
anteposition(au"te-po-zish'oii),  n.    [<  ante-  + 
position.     Cf.  antepone.]     1.  In  ijram.,  the  pla- 
cing of  a  w<  'id  1  iefi  »re  another  word  which,  by  or- 
dinary rules,  it  ought  to  follow.— 2.  In  hot.,  the 
non-alternation  of  the  members  of  contiguous 
circles  in  a  flower,  the  corresponding  parts  be- 
ing opposite  to  each  other:  otherwise  called 
superposition. 
anteprandial  (an-te-pran'di-al),  a. 


todorsal;  hemal,  as  opposed  to  neural :  as,  the 
antmor  pillara  of  the  pharynx;  the  anterior 
walls  of  the  belly;  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

The  two  parts  into  which  the  iris  divides  the  eye  are 
called  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers. 

Brewster,  Optics,  p.  288.    (.V  h.  l>.) 

5  In  hot.,  in  axillary  inflorescence,  noting  the 
side  most  distant  from  the  axis  and  nearest 
the  subtending  leaf  or  bract:  as,  the  anterior 
side  of  a  flower:  otherwise  called  interior  or 
lom  r.  [In  all  its  senses  usually  followed  by  to 
before  an  object.]  =Syn.  2.  See  previous. 

":  anteri- 
,]     The 

S title  Ul    Ut'iiig  oiiuci  iui|  ■»»   ">v».  «,^.^^7  „.    Ill  1IU         j 

the  state  of  being  before  in  time  or  situation ; 
priority. 

Our  port  could  not  have  seen  the  prophecy  oi  Isaiah, 
because  lie  live,!  WO  or  150  years  before  that  prophet;  anil 
this  anteriority  of  time  makes  this  passage  the  more  ob- 
servable. Pope,  Iliad,  xix.  IM,  note. 

anteriorly  (an-te'ri-pr-li),  adv.    In  an  anterior 

manner;  before,  in  time  or  place;  previously, 
in  time;  in  front,  in  place.     See  anterior. 

The  hemispheres  [of  the  brain-cavity  of  a  species  of  Co- 
rvvhodon]  contract  anteriorly  into  the  very  stout  pedun- 
cles of  the  olfactory  lobes.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XII.  124. 

anterolateral  (an'te-ro-lat'e-ral),  a.     [<  L. 

'anteriis  (see  anterior)  +  Intern/is,  lateral:  see 
lateral]  Situated  or  directed  anteriorly  and 
to  the  side.  Huxley — Anterolateral  groove,  a 
name  sometimes  applied  to  the  line  alone  the  spinal  cord 
where  the  anterior  roots  of  the  spinal  nerves  emerge. 

anteroom  (an'te-rom),  n.  [<  ante-  +  room.]  _  A. 
smaller  room  before  a  chief  apartment,  to  which 
access  is  had  through  it ;  especially,  a  waiting- 
room  used  for  the  temporary  reception  of  visi- 
tors, etc. ;  an  antechamber. 

His  ante-rooms  were  thronged  with  clients  of  all  sorts. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (1876),  VI.  239. 

anteroparietal  (an"te-ro-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  L. 
'anterus  (see  anterior)  +  LL.  pari, vtalis,  parie- 
tal: see  parietal.]  Anterior  parietal:  applied 
to  one  of  the  gyri  of  the  brain.     See  gyms. 

anteroposterior  (an"te-ro-pos-te'ri-or),  a.  [< 
L.  'anterus  (see  anterior)  +  posterior,  behind: 
see  posterior.]  Relating  to  the  direction  from 
front  to  back  or  from  head  to  tail;  cephalocau- 

dal Anteroposterior  symmetry,  in  zool.,  the  view 

that  the  anterior  and  posterior  limbs  of  vertebrates  arc 
reversed  or  symmetrical  repetitions  of  each  other,  like 
right  and  left  limbs,  and  therefore  not  serially  homolo- 
gous or  parts  of  a  series  facing  all  in  one  direction, 
but  antitvpical  homologies  or  antitypes ;  antitropy  as  op- 
posed to  syntropy,  in  viewing  intermembral  homologies. 
See  intermembral 


anthemion 

ante,  before,  +  entire  =  *h:  ,iuivriv  =  'E.  come.] 
Preceding;  coming  before.     Lamb. 
anteversion  (an-tf-ver'shon),  n.    [<  L.  antercr- 
sn.[,,-).  a  putting  before,  <  antevertere,  pp.  ante- 

r,  rsus:  gee  aiiterert.]  A  turning  forward;  spe- 
cifically, in  pathol..;i  displacement  of  the  uterus 
in  which  the  fundus,  or  broad  upper  portion,  is 
turned  toward  the  pubes,  while  the  cervix  or 
neck  is  tilted  up  toward  the  sacrum :  opposed 
to  retroversion. 

antevert  (an-te-vert').  »■  '•  [<  L-  antevertere, 
precede,  anticipate,  place  before,  <  ante,  before, 
+  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.]  If.  To  prevent; 
avert. 

To  antenert  some  great  danger  to  the  public,  .  we 
may  and  must  disclose  our  knowledge  of  a  close  wicked- 
ness. Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience  (1654),  p.  421. 
2.  To  tip  or  turn  forward;  displace  in  a  forward 
direction,  as  the  uterus. 

anteverted  (an-te-ver'ted),  p.  a.  Tipped  for- 
ward; exhibiting  anteversion:  said  of  the 
uterus.  , 

anth-  [<  Gr.  and-,  assimilated  form  of  avr-  tor 
aim-  before  the  aspirate.]  The  form  of  the 
prefix  ant-  before  the  aspirate  /;  in  words  taken 
from  or  formed  according  to  the  Greek.  In 
words  formed  in  English  anti-  usually  remains 
unchanged  before  the  aspirate,  as  in  antihyp- 
notic,  antihysteric,  etc. 

anthela  (an-the'la),  n. ;  pi.  antliehc  f-le).  [NL., 
<Gr.  ui'tii/y/,  the  downy  plume  of  the  reed  (L. 
panicula),  <  andeiv,  bloom:  see  anther.]  In  hot, 
a  form  of  cymose  inflorescence,  either  unilateral 
and  sickle-shaped  or  bilateral  and  fan-shaped, 
the  lateral  axes  overtopping  the  central,  as  in 
Junciis  tenuis. 

anthelia,  n.    Plural  of  anthelion. 
anthelices,  ».    Plural  of  anthelix. 
anthelicine  (ant-heP-  or  an-thel  l-sin),  a.    [< 
anthelix  (-»•-)  +  -tree1.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
antihelix  of  the  ear:  as,  the  nulla  heme  tossa. 


inteprandial(an-te-pran  m-ai;,  a.     |>^-"""-     Se termemorai.  .....        .  ,     „„,„ 

before    +  prandium,  a  late  breakfast,  a  meal  antesolarium  (an'te-so-la  n-um),  «.;  pi.  (  <<"  - 

taken  early  in  the.  lav:  see  ante-  ami  prandial.]  solaria  (-ii).     [ML.,  <  L. .ante, before,  +  solan- 

Relating  to  the  time  before  dinner;  occurring  urn:    see   solarium.]     A  portico,  veranda,   or 

before  dinner.  other  projecting  structure  in  front  of  the  solars 

antepredicament  (aii''te-pre-dik'a-nient),  m.   [<  or  apartments  of  a  medieval  dwelling-house. 

ML.  antepreedicamentum,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  Audsley. 

LL  prmdieamentum,  category.]    In  logic,  a  doc-  antestaturet  (an'tf-stat-ur),  n.     [<  it .  aniesta- 

fcrine  subservient  to  knowledge  of  the  predica-  («rc  =  Sp.  autestatiira,  <  L.  ante,  betore,  -r  sta- 

„..  ut  3.     Th.    AMi  predica U  is  a  title  given  by  Al-  tura,  a  standing:  see  stature.]    In  Jort.,  a  small 

bertu     Mi andall  later  logicians  to  the  doctrine  of  intrenchment  or  work  tormeel  nastily  ol   pau- 

tpartol   tristotli     k  on  the  Categories.    These  saijes  or  saeks  of  earth,  for  the  defense  of  a  post , 

:i;;,,;:;u;:-^1;i;,,::;;;:l,:'r::r^u!v:::  °r°f™-k8partoftfic^^ 

,,i     onivoealt    and  denominatives.    The  divisions  arc  ol  antestemum    (an   te-ster-num),   n 

into  terms  and  propositions  and  the   eight 
modes  of  inherence.    The  rules  are  the  dictum  i    omm 


st,  ma  (-nii).  [NL.,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  NL. 
sternum:  see  sternum.]  In  entom.,  the  center 
of  the  antepeetus;  the  fore  part  of  the  middle 
of  the  breastplate  of  insects, 
antestomach  (an'te-stum-ak),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
stomach.]  In  birds,  some  distensible  portion 
of  thegullel  (not  a  proper  crop)  in -which  food 
is  first  lodged. 

In  birds  there  is  no  mastication  or  comminution  "f  the 
meat  in  the  mouth,  but  it  is  immediately  swallowi  d  into 
a  kind  of  antestomach,  which  I  have  observed  in  piscivorous 

)State  (aii-te-pros'tat),  a.     L<  '"'"-  l,i,,ls-  ,  ..      .      ,    '""' 

prostate.]     Lying  iii  front  of  the  prostate  gland.   ante-SUppert  (an'te-sup-cr),  ».      L<""''-+  s"/'; 
anteprostatic  -te-pros-tat'ik),  "•      Wiimc  as      ,„•;-.]      A  course  displayed  but  not  partaken  ol, 

anteprostate.  in  anticipation  of  supper.    N.E.J). 

anterior  (an-te'ri-or),  a.    [L.,eomp&r.adj.,  as  if  antetemple  (an'te-tem-pl),  m. 
from    anterus,  <  ante,  before.    Cf. posterior,  ex-    pie.]    Tne  porch  or  vestibule 

, ...i .■    .„,.,,■,,.,•    hit',  nor   I     1     (If  Tilace  :      or  Jerusalem.      'I'he  term  has  be 


moaea  oi  uoiei.iee.     uic  iui«  wg  «."^ 

,i  nulla  (see  dictum),  and  that  which  affirms  that  the  air 
ten  n-  -  b  oi  diffi  n  ct  genera  are  in:  rent  The  word  had 
o,  eii  previously  applied,  in  the  plural,  as  a  name  for  Por- 
,,i .....  ]   introduction   to    Vristotle's  Categories  and  the 

doi  ti i  tie  predicates  therein  contained. 

antepretonic  (an  te-pre-ton'ik),  a.  [<  ante-  + 
pretouie.)  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
syllable  before  the  pretonic  syllable. 

The  ant  <■>-■  I,-,,,,-  opi  u  syllable  may  have  either  a  heavy 

,„  alight  vowel  Amer.Jow.  PhUol.,  v. 489. 

anteprostate  (an-te-pros'tat),  ».     L<  ante-  j 


i  before  the  temple 

),',■,',',',-  interior,  ■></<■  nor,  inferior.]    1.  Of  place:     at  Jerusalem.     The  term  has  been  used  to  designate 

tore;    fdtuated   mor..   to  th-   t I:    the  opposite  the  nartb.A  .„■  ye.lil.ule  o,  early  <•br.st.ani Omrches    and 

01   po  / '.-2.   Of  tin,..:  gotng   before;   pre-  X™X%^^ZZS&^<SSS%& 

ceding:   antecedent;   prior:  earlier.  ]Ki],.     [tg  use  as  designating  the  pronaos  of  a  classical  tern- 

InteUect  Is  the  simple  power  anterior  to  all  acttonor  pie  is  not  to  be  commended. 

£ i  p  antetype  (an'te-tip), ».  [As i£  ante- +  type;  \>v.i 

3.  In  2067.  and  soot.,  ..oarer  the  head,  us  op-  prop,  antitype, q.  v.]  A  P10.^^?"^^ 
posed  to  posterior;  cephalal,  as  opposed  to  cau-  or  early  type  whence  some  later  form  has  been 
Sal;  oral,  as  opposed  to  aboral:  thus,  the  head    derived.   See  antitype. 

is  anterior  to  t¥e  neck,  which  is  itself  anterior       Th, istjomincttl .rous  toe^ftte  modernW  ng 

to  the  trunk  and  tail. — 4.  bihumananat.,  situ-    '',al'  .  °  "    T  "' 

,i(ll  i„  front,  with  respect  lo  that  side  of  the  antevenient  (an-te-ve  nient),  a.  [<  L.  anle- 
bodj  on  Whici  is  the  face;  ventral,  as  opposed     venien(t-)s,  ppr.   oi  anlevemre,  come  before,  < 


aiinneiix  Ol  me  fill  .   o^.  me  ,.»<,.,,, ......^  *v . 

anthelion  (ant-he'-  or an-the'li-on), ». ;  pi.  ant- 
helia (-ii).  [XL.,  <  Gr.  avdr/Tuov,  neut.  of  av&j- 
?ior  (with  avr-  changed  to  av6-  before  the  rough 
breathing),  later  form  of  avH/Aior,  opposite  to 
the  sun,  <  avr-  for  avri,  opposite  to,  +  i/Aioc., 
the  sun:  see  helio-.  Cf.  aphelion  and  perihe- 
lion.] A  solar  phenomenon  consisting  of  one 
or  more  faint  luminous  rings  around  the  shadow 
of  the  head  of  an  observer  when  projected  at 
no  great  distance  bv  the  sun  when  it  is  near 
the  horizon  on  a  cloud,  fog-bank,  grass  covered 
with  dew,  or  other  moist  surface.  It  is  some- 
times observed  in  alpine  and  polar  regions,  and 
is  due  to  diffraction  of  light, 
anthelix  (ant'he-  or  an'the-liks),  ».;  ^..anthel- 
ices (ant-heP- or  an-thel'i-sez).  f< .  Gr.  avBiTuZ, 
the  inner  curvature  of  the  ear,  <  avd-,  avr-  for 
avri,  opposite  to,  +  e"A(f,  helix:  see  helix.]  Same 
as  antihelix. 
anthelmintic    (an-thel-min'thik),  a.  and  n. 

Same  as  anthelmintic. 

anthelmintic  (an-thel-min'tik),  o.  and  n.  [< 
XL.  anthelminticum,  <  Gr.  avti-,  avr-  for  avn, 
against,  +  ifyuvc  (i'/uirO-),  a  worm,  esp.a  tape- 
worm, a  maw-worm;  of  uncertain  origin.]  I. 
a.  In  meet.,  destroying  or  expelling  intestinal 
worms. 

II.  n.  A  vermifuge;  a  drug  used  for  destroy- 
ing and  expelling  intestinal  worms. 

anthem  (an'them),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
thi/m  ;  occasionally  spelled  anihymne  (simulat- 
ing hymn),  also  anth,  me,  antemne;  <  ME.  ein- 
tem,  niitiiu.  niiii/ui,  auhine.  a utempiie,  antephne, 

antefne,<  AS.  antefen,  <  ML.  antifona,  anti- 
phono,  an  anthem,  an  antdphon:  see  anti- 
phon.]  Originally,  a  hymn  sung  in  alternate 
parte;  in  modern  usage,  n  piece  of  sacred  music 
set  to  words  usually  taken  from  the  Psalms  or 
other  parts  of  the  Scriptures;  a  developed  mo- 
tet. There  are  four  kinds:  (a)  anthems  for  a  douM,  choir, 
in  which  the  choirs  sing  antiphonally ;  ('<).'""  anthems, 
which  consist  of  achorus  only,  or  ol  a  chorus  and  verses, 
in  which  the  chorus  oc.  uples  the  principal  place,  and  the 
i  ,  i  (usually  set  to  music  in  four  parts  and  sung  by  a 
part.  o.  the  choir)  are  subordinate;  \c)verse  anthems,  in 
which  solos  .liiets.aiidiriosareihepronu.ie.it  features, 
the  chorus  being  subordinate;  and  (d)  solo  anthems,  In 
which  a  single  voice  is  the  prominent  feature.  The  an- 
them may  or  may  not  have  an  accompaniment  for  the  or- 

g, r  for  any  number  of  instruments.     It  has  reached  its 

i  development  in  England. 
anthem  (an't  hem ),  r.  /.    [<  anthem,),.]    To  cele- 
brate or  salute  with  an  ant  hem  or  song.      [Used 
only  in  poetry.] 

Sweet  birds  antheming  the  morn. 

(Teats,  Fancy. 

anthemion  (aii-the'mi-on),».;  pl.anthemia(-p. 
[<  Gr.  hvdkiuov,  a  flower,  a  flower  ornament,  < 
dvtlo,;  flower :  see  anther.]    In  art  and  archwol.: 


anthemion 

(a)  A  characteristic  palmetto  or  honeysuckle  or- 
nament, varying  in  detail,  but  constant  in  type, 
of  very  frequent  occurrence  both  in  single  ex- 
amples and  in  series,  in  vase-painting,  in  archi- 
tectural sculpt  ore,  in  jewelry  anil  dress-fabrics, 
and  in  all  other  decorative  work  of  Greek  origin 
from  very  early  times,  and  later  in  ornament  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.  This  ornament  in  its  original 
shape  was  borrowed  by  Greek  artists  from  theOrient,  and 
was  probably  Brst  adopted  by  the  lonians.  It  was  much 
used  upon  antenxes,  both  sculptured  ami  interra-cotta,and 
in  the  composition  of  acroteria,  particularly  thusc  of  the 
tall  ami  slender  Greek  Funeral  slabs.  (/>)  Any  con- 
ventionalized flower  or  foliage  ornament,  as 
those  common  in  Oriental  embroidery  or  Per- 
sian porcelain. 


237 


anthoclinium 


a,  from  a  Greek  vase ;  p 


Anthemia. 

from  the  acroterium  of  £ 


anthemion-frieze(an-the'mi-on-frez),  n.  Same 
as  anthemion-molding. 
anthemion-molding   (an-the'mi-pn-m61"ding), 
n.     In  Gr.  art,  a  molding  or  frieze  ornamented  antheriferous  (an 
with  a  series  of  anthemia,  usually  in  graceful    ^^rjJ'eHras)  a.  [< 

NL\  ariihera  +  L. 
ferre  =  E.  bear1.'] 
In  hot.:  (a)  Pro- 
ducing anthers. 
(6)  Supporting  an- 
thers, as  the  fila- 
ments. 

antheriform  (an'- 
thcr-i-fdrm),  a.     [< 


<  Gr.  avdtjp6c,  flowery,  blooming,  <  avdeiv,  bloom, 

<  avdoc,  a  blossom,'  a  flower,  =  Skt.  andhas, 
herb.]  Inhot.,  the  essentia]  polliniferous  pari 
ul  ;i  stamen,  generally  raised  upon  the  extremi- 
ty of  a  filament,  it  is  usually  a  double  sac  tormi  d  bj 
two  simple  or  bilocellate  cells,  Idled  with  pollen,  ami  each 
cell  opening  at  maturity  by  a  slit,  pore,  or  valve.  The  an- 
ther is  variously  attached  to  the  summit  of  a  filament,  or 
may  he  sessile'.  Theoretically  it  is  homologous  tn  the 
blade  of  a  leaf,  the  two  halves  of  which  are  represented 
by  the  cells,  the  mid-vein  by  the  connective,  and  the  pa- 
renchyma by 
anther,  etc.    See  tin-  adji 

antheral  (an'ther-al),  a.  [<  anther  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  an  anther  or  to  anthers. 

anther-dust  (an'ther-dust),  n.  The  dust  or  pol- 
len of  an  anther. 

antherid  (an'ther-id),  n.  Same  as  antheridium. 

antheridia,  n.     Plural  of  antheridium. 

antheridial  (an-the-rid'i-al),  a.  [<  antheridium 
+  -a/.]  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  anthe- 
ridium. 

The  Antheridiu!  ili.sk  springing  from  the  leaf  form. 

S.  /;.  Herrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  96. 

antheridian  (an-the-rid'i-an),  a.  Same  as  an- 
theridial. 

antheridium  (an-the-rid'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  anthe- 
ridia (-iii.  [NL.,  <  anthera,  anther,  +  Gr.  dim. 
-idiov.]  In  Jot.,  the 
organ  in  crypto- 
gamie  plants  which 
answers  to  the  an- 
ther in  the  phaner- 
ogamic series,  it 
assumes  various  forms 
and  positions  in  the 
different  groups.  Also 
lied  antherid. 


Antheridia. 
A,  branch  of  Fuctts,  with  antheridia, 
one  separated  and  antherozoids  escap- 
ing1; b,  antheridia  of  a  rm>s  ,  snrnumd'.-d 
by  paraphyses.  (Both  highly  magni- 
fied.) 


Anthemion-molding.— Frieze  of  the  Erechfheum. 

alternation  of  two  forms.      Sometimes  the  effect  is 
diversified  by  the  introduction  of  flowers  or  tendrils  more 

literally  expressed,  and  occasionally  hirds  are  represented 
perching  on  the  tendrils,  as  in  examples  at  Athens  and  Ar- 
gos.  The  most  elegant  examples  of  anthemion-molding  are 
those  beneath  the  capitals  of  the  north  porch  columns,  and 
forming  one  of  the  friezes,  of  the  Erechtheuin  at  Athens. 
Anthemis  (an'the-mis),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.avde/iic,  a 
flower,  also  an  herb  like  our  camomile  (Dios- 
corides),  (.avBoc,  a  flower:  see  anther.]  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Composite,  tribe 
Anthemideai.  A.  Cotula  is  the  mayweed  or  stinking 
camomile  ;  A.  nobilis  is  the  common  camomile  of  Europe 
and  of  gardens  elsewhere.  The  flowers  contain  a  hitter 
principle,  which  has  tonic  properties,  and  yield  an  essen- 
tial oil  having  an  aromatic  fragrance.  They  are  conse- 
quently much  used  as  a  light  tonic,  and  also  as  a  fomen- 
tation or  poultice. 

anthemorrhagic  (ant*hem-6-raj'ik),  a.     [<  Gr. 

avd-,  i'ivt-  for  iivri,  against,  +  aipoppayixdc,  hemor- 
rhagic: see  hemorrhagic]  Tending  to  check 
hemorrhage ;  hemastatic.  Also  anthcemorrhagic 
and  antihemorrhagic. 
anthemwise  (an'tkem-wiz),  adv.  [<  anthem 
+  wise2.]  In  the  manner  of  an  antiphonal 
anthem ;  alter 
nately.  -J&.      ,-.  * 

Several  quires, 
placed  one  over 
against  another,  and 
taking  the  voice  by 
catches,  anthem- 
wise,  give  great 
pleasure. 

Bacon,  Masques. 

anthemy  (an'- 
the-mi),  n.;  pi. 
anthcmies(-miz). 
[<  Gr.  avdifiwv, 
equivalent  to 
avdoc,  a  flower : 
see  anther.]  In 
hot.,  a  term  pro- 
posed for  any 
form  of  flower- 
cluster. 

anther  (an'- 
ther),  h.  [<  NL. 
anthera,  anther, 


Anthers. 
a,  anther  of  Aquilegia,  opening;  *. 
same,  expanded  ;  c,  versatile  anther  of 
Liliunt  ;  .V.  anther  of  Bcrberis,  opening 
by  valves ;  e,  anther  of  Solatium,  opening 
by  terminal  pores ;  /,  sigmoid  anther  of 
Ecbalium.     ^  All  magnified.) 


of  the  thorax  ;  perfect  tarsi,  with  distinct  claws;  normal 
v,      the  prothorax  at  base  narrowi  r  than  the  elytra  ;  and 
the  hind  coxa  nol  promlni  nt.     Chey  are  bee!  li     mo  1 1 
of  small  size,  generally  found  on  flowei  (thou  hi  ome  spe- 
cies lnhabil  sand}  places  near  water. 
Anthicus  (an'thi-kus),  n.     [XL.,<  Gr.  av6 
like  a  flower,  <  avlhc,  a  flower:  see  anther.]     A 
genus  of  lieteromeroiis  beetles,  typical   of  the 

family  Anthicidat,  having  the  thorax  unarmed. 
li  contains  Anthicus  fuseus  and  many  other  mi- 
nute species. 
tie    pollen.- Adnata  anther,  cruciate  Anthidae  (an'thi-do),  n.  pi.     [XL.,  <  Anthus  + 

-„la.\     The  Anthime  (which  see),  rated  as  a 
family. 
ant-hill  (ant'hil),  ».     [<  ME.  amete-hutt,  <  AS. 

lean  t-hyll,  n  mi  tt-lnjll :  See  ant1,  emmet,  nnd/o//l.  ] 
A  mound  or  hillock  of  earth,  leaves,  I  wigs,  and 
oilier  substances,  formed  Ivy  a  colony  of  ants 
for  or  in  the  process  of  constructing  their  habi- 
tation. The  ant-hills  erected  by  the  termites,  or  white 
ants,  an  among  the  most  extraordinary  examples  oi  in  eci 
architecture.  They  arc  in  the  form  of  pyramids  in 
of  earth,  sometimes  10  or  12  feet  high,  baked  in  the  sun  to 
i.i table  hardness  and  consistency.  See  termite. — Ant- 
hill grass,  a  name  given  to  a  species  oi  fescue-grass,  /'W- 
tuea  sylvatica,  from  its  frequent  occurrence  on  ant-hills. 

ant-hillock  (ant'lnT'ok),  n.     Same  as  ant-hill. 

Anthinffi  (an-thi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Antlm.s  + 
-ina\]  A  subfamily  of  oscine  passerine  birds; 
one  of  two  divisions  of  the  family  Motacillieke, 
orwagtails:  sometimes  made  a  family  Inthitke. 
Tin-  group  consists  of  the  pipits,  or  titlarks,  chiefly  oi  the 
genus  Anthus,  with  which  the  subfamily  is  nearly  con- 
terminous. AnthincB  differ  from  other  MotaciUidas  in  hav- 
ing the  tail  shorter  than  the  wing,  with  broader  feathers, 
the  tarsi  relatively  shorter,  the  lateral  toes  longer,  and 
the  hind  claw  lengthened  and  straightened.  Four  or  live 
primaries  usually  compose  the  point  of  the  wing,  and  the 
coloration  is  streaky.  There  are  about  50 species,  found  in 
most  parte  of  the  world.    See  Anthus. 

anthine1  (an'thin),  a.    [<  L.  anthmus,  <  Gr.  hv- 

ttieue,  pertaining  to  a  flower,  <  avdoc,  a  flower.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flower. 

anthine-  (an'thin),  a.  [<  Anthince.]  In  ornith., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Antltina;  or  pipits. 

anthobian  (an-tho'bi-an),  n.  [<  NL.  Anthdbii 
+  -an.]  A  beetle  of  the  group  Anthdbii  (which 
see) :  so  called  from  living  on  flowers  autl  leaves. 

Anthobii  (an-tho'bi-I),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  an- 
thobius,  a.,  <  Gr.  avdoc,  a  flower,  +  jiioc,  life.]  In 
some  systems  of  classification  (as  Latreille's),  a 
group  of  scarabffioid  lamellicom  beetles,  closely 
related  to  the  Soplides,  but  having  the  two  di- 
visions of  the  labium  produced  beyond  the 
nientum,  the  elytra  with  rounded  tips  divaricat- 
ing from  each  other,  and  the  antenna;  9-  or  10- 
jointed,  the  last  3  joints  constituting  the  clave- 
ola.  There  are  several  genera  and  many  species,  chiefly  of 
warm  countries,  living  upon  flowers  and  leaves. 

Anthobranchia  (an-tho-brang'ki-ii),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avtioc,  a  flower,  +  ,v";  I'",  gills.]  A 
suborder  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods,  with 
the  branchife  arranged  in  a  rosette  about  the 
anus,  whence  the  name.  It  includes  the  family 
DorUUdee.  and  related  forms.  Also  called  I'ij- 
gobranehia. 

anthobranchiate(an-tho-brang'ki-at),  a.  andn. 
[<  Anthobranchia  +  -ateAj  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Anthobranchia. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  suborder  Antho- 
branchia. 

anthocarpous  (an-tho-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
thocarpus,  <  Gr.  avdoe,  a  flower,  +  Kapirde,  fruit: 
see  carpel.]  In  hot.,  characterized  by  thickened 
floral  envelops:  applied  to  certain  fruits,  in- 
stances of  anthocarpous  fruits  are  the  checkerberry  with 
a  fleshy  calyx,  the  berry  of  the  yew  with  a  cup  like  disk, 
and  the  strawberry  witii  fleshy  torus.  The  epithet  is  also 
applied  to  such  multiple  fruits  as  the  mulberry  and  pine- 
apple, which  are  dense  forms  of  mfiorescenci  with  the 
llcsliy  floral  envelops  matted  together  about  the  ovaries, 
and  to  the  lig,  the  cone  of  the  pine,  etc, 

Anthochaera  (an-tho-ke'ra),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  < 
Gr.  avtioc,  a  flower,  +  xa'P£"'i  delight.]  A  ge- 
nus of  honey-birds,  of  the  family  Meliphagiace 
and  subfamily  .!/•  Uphagina;  based  upon  the 
mottled  honey-eater  or  brush  wattle-bird  of 
Australia  (A.  caru/nculata  or  A.  mellivora),  de- 
scribed as  specially  fond  of  the  banksias,  upon 
the  blossoms  of  which  it  feeds.  It  has  a  peculiar  cry, 
resembling  the  syl- 
lables ,!ni>:iiniiu,'k, 
its  native  name. 
Vi<i"i<  inn!  Bors- 
i.iit.  L826,  Formerly 
also  called  Creadion. 

anthoclinium 

(an  -  tho  -  klin '  i- 
um),  ».';  pi.  an- 
thoclinia  (-&). 
[NL.,<Gr.ai.eof, 
a  flower.  +  /,/nv/, 
abed:  Bee  clinic,  section  of  Head  of  suniio»cr. 

etc.]       In    bat.,    a  a,  receptacle,  or  anthoclinium. 


NL.  anthera  +  L.  forma, 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  an  anther. 

antherogenOUS  (an-the-roi'e-nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
antherogenus,  <  anthera  +  L.  -genus,  producing: 
see  -genoits.]  In  hot.,  resulting  from  the  trans- 
formation of  anthers,  as  the  additional  petals  in 
many  double  flowers  :  also  applied  to  a  double 
flower  resulting  from  such  transformation. 

antheroid  (an'ther-oid),  a.  [<  anther  +  -oid.] 
Resembling  an  anther. 

antherozoid  (an*ther-6-zo'id),  n.  [<  NL.  an- 
thera, anther,  +  zooide's,  zooid:  see  anther  and 
zooid.]  In  hot.,  the  minute  body  produced  in 
the  antheridium  of  cryptogams  by  which  the 
female  organs  are  fertilized.  The  antherozoids 
are  slender  spiral  threads,  with  a  somewhat  thickened 
apex,  which  arc  produced  m  the  antheridial  cells;  when 
mature  they  hurst  the  cell  and  move  freely  about.  See 
cut  under  antheridium. 

anthesiS  (an-the'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avBr/aie,  the 
full  bloom  of  a  flower,  <  avdeiv,  bloom:  see 
anther.]  The  period  or  act  of  expansion  in 
flowers. 

T  thereupon  carefully  inspected  both  these  trees  [gink- 
go], and  found  that  anthesis  was  so  nearly  synchronous  in 
the  two  se.x'es  that  I  was  able  on  the  5th  to  pronounce 
them  ready  for  fertilization.  .SViVmv,  V.  las. 

Anthesteria  (an-thes-te'ri-a),  n.  pi.    [Gr.  'AvBe- 

ari/pta,  the  feast  of  flowers,  in  the  month  of  'Ai>- 
duanipiuv:  see  Anthesterion.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  the 
festival  of  flowers,  the  third  in  order  of  the 
Attic  feasts  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  The  observance 

lasted  for  three  davs,  about  the  middle  of  the  month  of 
Anthesterion  (or  toward  the  1st  of  our  March),  and  cele- 
brated the  opening  of  spring  and  the  ripening  of  the  «  ine 
of  the  prox  ious  season.  The  people  wore  garlands  of  the 
brilliant  anemones  which  deck  the  Attic  plain  at  thai  sea- 
son, and  certain  mystic  ceremonies  and  sacrifices  were 
perfor 1  by  priestesses  in  the  guise  of  bacchantes. 

Anthesterion  (an-thes-te'ri-on),  n.  [Gr.  'kv- 
OeaTi/piui;  the  time  of  flowers,  <  ai'&ir  (stem  avde-, 
orig.  avoea-),  a  flower,  +  term,  -rt/pi-uv.]  The 
eighth  month  of  the  ancient  Attic  year,  con- 
taining twenty-nine  days,  and  corresponding 
to  the  last  part  of  February  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

anthicid  (an'thi-sid),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  family 

,  tilthieiilie. 

Anthicidse  (an-this'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthi- 
cus +  -ida:]  A  family  of  heteromerous  beetles, 
corresponding  to  the  Anthicides  of  Latreille  or 
the  old  genus  Notoxus.    They  have  the  anterior  coxal 

cavities  open  behind;  the  head  strongly  constricted  at 
base,  and  suddenly  narrowed  behind  ;  no  lateral  suture 


anthoclinium 
name  for  a  receptacle  of  inflorescence,  such  as 
thai  of  '  '■ompositee. 

A^thocorinse  iau-thok-o-ri'ne),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anthocoris  +  -urn.]  A  subfamily  of  bugs,  of 
the  family  Cimicidee,  containing  chiefly  minute, 
narrowly"  oval,  ami  narrow-headed  species  of 
a  shining-black  or  dull-brown  color,  marked 
with  white. 

Anthocoris  (an-thok'6-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
Bog, a  flower,  +  k6>c,  a  bug.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Lyg&idce,  or 
giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Anthocorinm  of  the 
family  Cimicidee,  having  the  antenna)  filiform. 
It  contains  small  black  bugs  with  reddish  and 
white  marks.  See  cut  under  flower-bug. 
anthocyan  (an-tho-si'an),  n.  Same  as  antho- 
<■ /inn  i  ii. 

anthocyanin,  anthocyanine  (an-tho-si  a-nin), 
».  [<  Gr.  av&oc,  a  lower,  +  itvavoe,  blue,  +  -'«-• 
Cf.  cyanin.]  The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in 
blue  flowers. 

anthodium  (an-tho'di-um),  n. ;  pi.  anthodia  (-a). 
[NL.,<Gr.  avBudq;:  see  anthoid.]  Thehead,or 
so-ealled  compound  flower,  of  Composites. 
anthogenesis  (an-tho-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avBoi;,  a  flower,  +  yhieaic,  production.]  A  mode 
of  reproduction  occurring  in  sonic  of  the  plant- 
lice,  or  Phytoph  thiria.  in  which  there  intervenes 
a  form  furnishing  male  and  female  pupte  from 
which  sexual  individuals  arise.  Paseoe,  Zool. 
Class.,  p.  2G4. 

antigraphy  (an-thog'ra-fi),  ».  [<  Gr.  av0oC, 
a  flower,  +  -ypaQia,  <  ypfajieiv,  write.]  that 
branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  flowers;  a 
description  of  flowers. 

anthoid  (an'thoid),  a.  [<  Gr.  *av8oeidfc,  contr. 
avOudnr,  like  a  flower,  <  avBus,  a  flower,  +  cMor, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  flower ;  resem- 
bling a  flower. 

antholeuein,  antholeucine  (an-tho-lu  an),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avBog,  a  flower,  +  tewcof,  white,  +  -mz.] 
The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in  white  flowers. 
antholite  (an'tho-lit),  ».     [<  Gr.  avdoc,  a  flower, 
+  7jBoq.  a  stone.]     In  grot.,  an  impression  on 
rocks,  as  on  the  shales  of  the  coal-measures, 
resembling,  or  supposed  to  resemble,  a  flower. 
anthological1  (an-tho-loj'i-kal),  a. 
c///i.]     Pertaiuing  to  an  anthology; 
of  beautiful  extracts,  especi 
anthological-t  (an-tho-loj'i 
ogi/-.]     Treating  of  flowers, 
anthologist  (an-thol'o-jist),  n.      [<  anthology1 

+  4st]  The  compiler  of  an  anthology. 
anthology1  (an-thol'6-ji),  n.  ;  pi.  anthologies 
f-jiz).  [<  Gr.  avBo'Aoyia,  LGr.  also  avth'Adyiov,  a 
flower-gathering,  and  hence  a  collection  of  small 
poems,  <  avBoMyoc,  gathering  flowers,  <  avdoc,  a 
flower,  +  Uyeiv  =  L.  legere,  gather,  read:  see 
lection,  legend,  etc.,  and  cf.  anthology2.]  1.  A 
collection  of   flowers;    a  garland.     [Rare.]  — 

2.  A  collection  of  poems,  epigrams,  and  fugitive 
pieces  by  various  authors.  The  name  was  . n-iui- 
nally  given  to  Greek  collections  of  this  nature,  and  is 
hew-,  applied  to  any  literary  collection  similarly  made. 

3.  In  the  Gr.  i'Ii.,  a  selection  from  several  of 
the  official  service-books  of  such  parts  of  the 
services  as  are  most  needed  by  the  laity. 

anthology2t  (an-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avBoq,  a 
flower,  +  -'/■iyin,  <  TJtyta,  speak:  see  -ology.]  A 
treatise  on  flowers. 

antholysis  (an-thol'i-sis),  n.     [NL..  <  Gr.  avBog, 

a  flower,  +  '/inn;,  a  breaking  up,  a  loosening,  < 

D,loosen.]     In  bot.,  a  retrograde  metamor- 

phosis  of  the  organs  of  a  flower,  as  of  carpels 

into  stamens,  stamens  into  petals,  etc. 

anthomania  (an-tho-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
& i  'i  ic,  a  flower,  +  pavla,  mania :  see  mania.']  An 
extravagant  fondness  fur  flowers. 

Anthomedusa  (an  tho-mf-du'sa),  «.  [NL.,  < 
(,r.  ivdoc,  a  flower,  +  NL.  medusa,  q.  v.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Anthomedusidm. 

anthomedusid  (an*th6-mf-du'sid),  n.  An 
acaleph  of  the  family    tntlwmedusida. 

Anthomedusidae  (a.rtho-me-du'si-de),  h.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anthomedusa  +  -ida.]  In  zool.,  a  fam- 
ily of  Ifydroinnliisina-  (whirl,  sec)  uliu-e  me- 
dusss  become  free.  Thej  are  without  otoliths,  with 
,,i  the  tent*  li  -.  gonads  on  the  outer 
wall  of  the   gastral   cavity,  and  mostly  I  radial  canals. 

<  cm  which  these  medusae  bud  i tain 

alimentary  zooida  which  are  not  Invested  by  chitinous 
cups.  The  medusa;  bud  mostly  on  the  ordinarj  alimen 
tury  polyps,  but  exceptionall]  directly  trom  the  hydro- 

rtli/.:i. 

Anthomorphidse  (an-tho-m6r'n-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  'Anthomorpha  (?)  (<  Gr.  hvBoc,  a  flower, 
+  wopff),  form)  + -iilir.)    A  family  of  Hexac 


238 


anthotaxis 


any  circular  muscles,  the  tentacles  being  con-    1.  In  entom.,  flower-loving,  as  a  bee.—  2.  Of  or 
seoucntlv  non-retractile,     ^productive  organs  are     pertaining  to  the  Anthophila. 
present  on  all  the  numerous  complete  septa;  accessory  Anthophora  (an-thof  o-ra),  n.    [JNL.,  tem.  sing. 
tentacles  are  wanting.  (in  sense  2  neut.  pi.)  of  anthophorus :  see  antho- 

Anthomyia  (an-tho-mi'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Meigen, 
1826;  improp.  Anthomya,  Desvoidy,  1830,  earlier 
in  a  perverted  form,  Anthomyza,  Fallen,  1810), 
<  Gr.  avBog,  a  flower,  +  fivla,  a  fly,  akin  to  L.  mus- 
ca,  a  fly:  see  Musca.]   A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 


Turnip-Hy  (Anthomyia  radicum).     (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 
,  larva;  b,  pupa,  natural  size;  c.  pupa,  enlarged.    (After  Curtis.) 


sects,  typical  of  the  family  Anthomyidas:  less 
commonly  in  the  perverted  form  Anthomyza.  it 
includes  numerous  species;  the  larvte  of  some  feed  upon 
garden  vegetables.  A.  brassica  is  the  caobage-fly  ;  .1.  tn- 
maculata  and  .1.  radicum  are  turnip-flies;  .1.  tuberom at- 
tacks potatoes. 

Anthomyidae  (an-tho-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL,.,  <: 
Anthomyia  +  4dm;  also  in  the  perverted  form 
Anihomysidce  (Anthomyzides,  Latreille).]  In 
some  systems  of  classification,  a  family  of 
dipterous  insects,  corresponding  more  or  less 
exactly  to  the  Anthomyzides  of  Latreille:  some- 
times merged  in  Museidat. 

Anthomyza  (an-tho-mi'zS),  re.     [NL.,  a  per- 
verted form  for  Anthomyia.]     1.  Tnentom.:  (a)  „„.■■.„..,.  ,         ,of/5 
Same  as  Anthuniyu,.    Fallen,  1810.    (6)  A  genus  anthophorous  (a   -  1 
of  lepidopterous  insects,     kvainson,  1833.-  2.     ™). ■*     ^^6o- 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  meliphagine  birds,  whose     '  «*. 
type  is    A,   cceruleocephala  of  New  Zealand, 
named  by  Swainson  in  1837.    The  name,  being     P 


Mason-bee  {Anthophora  sponsa),  and  tube  constructed  by  the  bee. 

phore.]  1.  Agenusof  bees,  of  the  family  Apidm; 
one  of  several  genera  which  collect  pollen  by 
means  of  the  hind  tibias,  and  which  are  known 
as  mason-bees.  A.  sponsa  is  an  example.  See 
mason-bee. — 2.  [i.e.]  Plural  of  anthophorum. 
anthophore  (an'tho-for),  re.  [<  NL.  anthopho- 
rum. prop.  neut.  of  'anthophorus,  <  Gr.  avtiotyopot;, 
bearing  flowers,  <  &v8oc,  a  flower,  +  -<j>6poi;  bear- 
ing, <  ipepeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  In  hot.,  a  form  of  floral 
stipe,  produced  by  the 
elongation  of  the  inter- 
node  between  the  calyx 
and  the  corolla,  and  bear- 
ing the  corolla,  stamens, 
and  pistil,  as  in  the  catch- 
fly  (Silene).  Also  called 
anthophorum. 


mg   flowers:    see    antho- 
phore  and  -ous.]    Bearing 
owers. 


p^ocrl,dedinentomok,gy^aschangedtoJ»-  ^phorum  (an-thof'o- 


Anthomyzid; 
<  Anthomyza.  1,  +  -uhv.'] 


Same  as  Anthomyidce. 


(-rii).    [NL.] 
thophore. 


Anthophore.  (From  Gray's 
"  Genera  of  Plants  of  the 
United  States." ) 

Section  of  the  flower  of 
Silene  PettnsylvaHica,  en- 
larged,  showing  the  antho- 
phore (.71  within  the  calyx, 
bearing  the  petals,  stamens, 
and  ovary. 

lusiou  to  the  color),  <  Gr. 
uhv.     It  is  composed  of  species  having  the  appearance  flower,  +  di'vUoi/,  leaf,  =  L.  folium  :  see 

of  I'ommon  flies  with  4-iointed   abdomen.  ii(ni-viliratile     uvt/wi,,  *t  uuwci,       V""'"    \  )~     '       i  -i    i         i    „« 
winTShort^ntenn^enaing  in  a  long  or  linear  joint,     folio.]    A  mmeral,  allied  to  amplnbole  or  horn- 
with  the  seta  mostly  plumose.  blende,  occurring  m  radiating  columnar  aggre- 

Anthonomus  (an-thon'o-mus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.     gates.     It  is  orthorhombic  in  crystallization. 
*av0m>6uoc,  feeding  on  flowers  (found  in  passive  anthophyllitic  (an"tho-fi-lit'ik),  a.      [iantho- 
sense   av86vo/ioc   (proparoxytone),    having    its     pkylUte  +  -ic.]    Pertaining  to  anthophyllite,  or 
flowers  fed  on) ;  cf.  avBovofieiv,  feed  on  flowers.     eontaining  it. 

<  avfhc,  a  flower,  +  viauv,  mid.  veueotiai,  feed,  Anthophysa  (aii-tho-fi'za),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
gi-aze.]  A  genus  of  Ciiiriilinnidir,  or  snout-  gofj  a ffower,  +  fvaa. "a breath, tubhle.]  A  genus 
beetles,  comprising  numerous  species  of  rather    0f  pantostomatous  lnfusorians,  of  the  group  Di- 


small  size,  distributed  over  all  parts  of  the 
globe  except  the  arctic  regions.  A  few  live  in  the 
larval  state  in  the  yaUs  made  by  homopterous,  dipterous, 


Applc-curculio  [vlnthouomHS  qttadrigibbus}. 
a,  natural  size;  b,  lateral  view;  c,  dorsal  view. 

or  hymenopteroua  insects;  others  live  between  the  un- 
opened  leaves  of  various  trees;  while  the  majority  Infest 
the  fruit  or  seed-pods  of  plants.  The  apple-curcuuo,  A. 
quadrigibbus  (Say),  is  a  familiar  example,  and  is  distin- 
guished by  the  four  somewhat  pron int  tubi  rcles  on  its 

i  [ytra  and  bj  n    bidentate  anti  rlor  femora.   The  larvasof 

Anthonomu  aren arched  doraally  than  most  other  cur- 

culionid  larva-;  they  undergo  transformation  within  the 
unit  orplanl  they  Infest;  and  they  do  not  enter  the  ground. 

Anthophila (an-thof'i-ia),  n.  pi  [NL., neut. pi. 
of anthophUva:  aeeanthbphilous.]  In Latrei lie's 
system  of  classification,  the  melliferous  acu- 
|c'.;ite  liviiieno|iterons  insects;  the  bees:  a  svn 
onym  of  Mcllifera  (which  sec).  It  is  commonly 
divided  into  the  two  families  Apidm  and  Andre- 
nidce 


tiniee  with 
and  long; 


i'th  slightly  developed  muscular  system  anthophilous  (an-thof'i-lus),  a.      [<  NL.  an- 

ig,  slightly  contractile  tentacles  without     (hophilns,  <  (ir.  urilw;,  a  flower,  +  <,»/o,,  loving.  ] 


mastiga,  containing  biflagellate  monads  which 

are  united  in  colonies  of  several  zociids. 

Anthoptilidae  (an-thop-tdl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<Anth<ij)tilnn  +  -iilir.]  A  family  of  spicateous 
pennatuloid  polyps  without  rachial  pinnules, 
with  polyps  sessile  on  both  sides  of  the  rachis 
in  distinct  rows,  and  without  cells. 

Anthoptilon  (an-thop'ti-lon),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
6.v8oc,  flower,  +  kt'iXov,  feather,  wing.]  A  genus 
of  polyps,  representing  the  family  Anthoptilidts. 

anthorism  (an'tho-rizm),  n.  [<  NL.  anthoris- 
mus,<Gr.  av0opia/i6c,  counter-definition ,<avBo- 
,i:  i  cv,  make  a  counter-definition,  <  avd-,  avr-  for 
iir-i,  against,  counter  to,  +6piC,tiv,  limit,  bound, 
define':  see  horizon.]  In  rhet,  a  description  or 
definition  contrary  to  that  which  has  been  given 
by  one's  opponent . 

arithorismus  (an-tho-riz'mus),  n.  Same  as  an- 
thorism. 

anthosiderite  (an-tho-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  m>Boc, 
a  flower,  +  aiSfipirnc,  of  iron:  see  siderite.]  A 
native  silicate  of  iron,  of  an  ocherous-yellow 
color,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown,  and  Inning 
;i  flbrous  radiated  structure,  found  in  Brazil. 

Anthosoma  (an-tho-so'mH »,  ».  [NL.,<  Gr.  ivflof, 
a  flower,  +  oaua,  a  body.]  A  genus  of  sipho- 
nostomous  parasitic  crustaceans,  giving  name 
to  a  family  Anthosomidce.  A  species,  A.  smithi, 
is  found  upon  sharks. 

Anthosomidae  (an-tho-so'ml-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anthosoma  +  -iila.)  A  family  of  siphonostc- 
mous  parasitic  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Anthosoma. 

anthotaxis (an-tho-tak'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.avBot, 
a  flower,  +  ruin;,  order,  <  raaauv, arrange,  order: 


anthotaxis 

see  tactic.']  In  hot.,  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
on  the  axis  of  growth:  same  as  inflorescence. 

anthotaxy  (an'tho-tak-si),  n.  Same  as  antho- 
taxis. 

anthoxanthin,  anthoxanthine  (an-tho-zan'- 

thin),  n.  [<  Gr.  avtior,  a  flower,  +  tavOot;,  yellow 
(see  xaiithin),  +  -in2.]  The  yellow  or  orange 
coloring  matter  of  yellow  flowers  and  fruit,  a 
modification  of  chlorophyl. 

Anthozoa  (an-tho-zo'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avtior,  a  flower,  +  iyov,  pi.  f£a,  an  animal:  see 
Boon.']  The  flower-animals,  or  animal-flowers ; 
a  former  class  or  largo  group  of  zoophytes,  in- 
exactly equivalent  to  the  modern  class  Acti- 
nozoa  (which  see).  By  some,  who  have  included  the 
Potuzoa  under  zoophytes,  Anthozoa  has  been  made  the 
other  and  prime  division  of  zoophytes,  and  has  been  di- 
vided into  Hydroida,  Asteroidn,  and  Helianthoida.  The 
Anthozoa  have  also  been  divided  into  Actmiidce,  Zoom- 
thidca,  Xeniidos,  Alcyoniidoj,  Pennatulidoj,  Tnbiporido?, 
CatyophyllidoB,  and  worffoniidoe. 

anthozoan  (an-tho-zo'an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Antho- 
zoa +  -an.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anthozoa;  anthozoic. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anthozoa;  an  anthozoon. 

anthozoic  (an-tho-zo'ik),  a.  [<  Anthozoa  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anthozoa ;  zoophytic. 

anthozooid  (an-tho-zd'oid),  n.  [<  AnthoBoa  + 
-oid.  Cf.  zoditt.]  An  individual  polj^i  of  a 
polypidom;  an  actinozoon  of  the  compound  Ac- 
tinozoa,  formed  by  budding  in  a  zoanthodeme ; 


Anthozooids. 
End  of  a  branch  of  red  coral  of  commerce,  Corallium  rubmm, 
with  three  anthozooids,  A,  B,  C,  in  different  degrees  of  expansion: 
kt  mouth  ;  a,  that  part  of  the  ccenosarc  which  rises  into  a  cup  around 
the  base  of  each  anthozooid. 

one  of  the  individual  zooids  borne  upon  the 
ccenosarc  of  the  compound  Zoantharia.  Thus,  in 
a  piece  of  coral  each  of  the  numerous  little  animals  which 
build  up  the  coral  mass  is  an  anthozooid. 

anthozoon  (an-tho-zo'on),  h.;  pi.  anthozoa  (-a). 
[NL.,  sing,  of  Anthozoa.]  One  of  the  Anthozoa. 

anthracene  (an'thra-sen),  n.  [<  anthrax  (un- 
til rac-),  coal,  +  -ene.]  A  hydrocarbon  (Ci^Hjq) 
found  in  coal-tar,  and  extracted  from  the  last 
portion  of  the  distillate  from  this  substance 
by  chilling  and  pressure,  it  is  purified  by  redis- 
tillation, and  forms  white  crystalline  laminee  which  melt 
at  415°  F.  It  is  of  great  commercial  value,  being  the  base 
from  which  artificial  alizarin  is  prepared.  See  alizarin. 
Also  written  anthracin. 

anthraceniferous  (an"thra,-sf-nif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  anthracene  +  -i-ferous.]  Containing  or  yield- 
ing anthracene. 

By  whatever  means  the  crude  anthraceniferous  mass 
has  been  obtained,  it  must  be  submitted  to  a  process  of 
purification.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  72. 

anthraces,  n.     Plural  of  anthrax. 

anthracic  (an-thras'ik),  a.  [< anthrax  (anthrac-) 
+  -ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  disease  anthrax. 

AnthracidrB  (an-thras'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
fhrax  (Anthrac-)  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  dipterous 
insects,  of  the  old  group  Tanystomata,  contain- 
ing the  genera  Anthrax,  Lomatia,  Bombylius, 
etc. :  now  called  Bombyliidce  (which  see). 

anthraciferous  (an-thra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avtipai;  (avtipaa-)  for  anthracite',  q.  v.,  +  L.  ferre 
=  E.  bear1.]  Yielding  anthracite:  applied  to 
geological  strata. 

anthracin  (an'thra-sin),  n.  [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-) +  -ire3.]    Same  as  anthracene. 

anthracite  (an'thra-sit),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
HpaKiTi/c,  a  kind  of  precious  stone,  fern.  avtipanirir, 
a  kind  of  coal;  prop,  adj.,  coal-like;  <  avdpa£ 
(dvtipan-),  a  (burning)  eoal,  charcoal,  stone-coal: 
see  anthrax.]  I,  n.  A  variety  of  mineral  coal 
(see  coal)  containing  but  little  hydrogen,  and 
therefore  burning  almost  without  flame,  it  is 
nearly  pure  carbon,  containing  usually  over  90  and  some- 
times as  much  as  95  per  cent,  of  that  substance.  It  is 
hardfhence  often  called  hard  coal  in  distinction  from  soft 
or  bituminous  coal),  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture, 
and  lias  a  deep-black  color  and  brilliant  luster.  It  occurs 
in  large  quantity  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  ex- 
tensively mined,  and  is  almost  the  exclusive  fuel  used  in 
the  large  cities  and  manufactories  of  New  York  and  New 
England.  It  also  occurs  in  the  South  Wales  coal-fields 
in  large  quantities,  and  in  many  other  localities,  but  is 


239 

nowhere  of  so  much  practical  importance  as  in  the  eastern 
United  States, 

II.  a.  Coal-black:   as,  the  anthracite  hawk, 
Urubitinga  amthracina. 
anthracitic   (an-thra-sit'ik),  a.       [<  anthracite 
+  -ic]     Pertaining  to,  having  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling  anthracite. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  these  ligneous)  rocks  the  coal 
ha    been  altered  into  an  anthracitic  material, 

llo.ih  a,  Physiography,  xiv. 

anthracitous  (an'thra-si-tus),  a.  [<  anthracite 
+  -ows.]  Containing  or  characterized  by  an- 
thracite.    A.  Ii.  IK 

anthracnose  (an-thrak'nos),  n.    [F.,  prop.  *an- 

thraconosc,  <  Gr.  artlpai,  a  carbuncle  (sec  an- 
thrax), +  vdaoc,  disease.]  A  disease  of  grape- 
vines which  affects  the  leaves,  the  young  stems, 
and  the  green  berries,  and  is  caused  by  a  fun- 
gus, Sphacelomii  ampelinum. 

anthracoid  (an'thra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  av6pa£ 
(avBpaK-)  (see  anthrax)  +  cldog,  form.]  1.  Re- 
sembling  or  of  the  nature  of  anthrax. — 2.  Re- 
sembling the  precious  stone  carbuncle. 

anthracqkali  (an  thra-ko-kii'li),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
avflpai;  (avBpaK-),  coal,  +  NL.  call,  kali :  see 
hali,  alkali.]  A  pharmaceutical  preparation 
made  by  adding  porphyrized  anthracite  to  a 
boiling  solution  of  caustic  potash.  Sulphur  is 
sometimes  added  with  the  coal.  It  is  used  both  internally 
and  externally  in  cases  of  scrofula,  rheumatism,  ami  cer- 
tain herpetic  affections. 

anthracolite  (an-thrak'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avBpa£ 
(avBpaK-),  coal,  +  7u6oc,  stone.  Cf.  anthracite] 
Same  as  anthraconiti . 

anthracomancy  (an'tkra-ko-nian'si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avtipai;  (avHpah-),  a  coal,  +  /lavrcia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  burning  coals. 

anthracqmeter  (an-thra-kom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avBpat;  (avBpaK-),  charcoal  (carbon),  +  pirpov, 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  present  in  any  gaseous 
mixture. 

anthracometric  (an  ''thra-ko-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  anthracometer,  or  to  its  use. 

anthraconite  (an-thrak'o-nit),  re.  [<  Gr.  av- 
Opaauv,  a  heap  of  charcoal,  hot  embers  (<  avdpa^, 
charcoal),  +  -itc-.]  The  name  given  to  varie- 
ties of  calcareous  spar  (calcite),  darkly  colored 
by  tlio  presence  of  carbonaceous  matter. 

Anthracosaurus  (an"thra-ko-sa'rus),  re.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avdpa£  (avBpaK-),  coal,  +  aavpoc,  a  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  amphibians, 
of  the  order  Labyrinthodonta,  discovered  in  the 
Carboniferous  strata  of  Scotland.  The  head 
measured  18  inches  in  length.     Huxley,  1863. 

anthracosis  (an-thra-ko'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dn- 
(f/jaf  (avBpaK-),  eoal,  +  -osis.  ]  A  pulmonary  affec- 
tion produced  by  the  inhalation  of  coal-dust, 
as  by  colliers.  The  particles,  taken  into  the  tissues  of 
the  lungs,  are  apt  to  produce  more  or  less  inflammation 
in  the  form  of  bronchitis  or  diffuse  pneumonitis. 

anthracothere  (an'thra-ko-ther),  n.  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Anthracotlii  rinin  and  family 
Anthracothcriida: 

anthracotheriid  (an'thra-ko-the'ri-id),  n.  A 
hoofed  mammal  of  the  family  A itthracothcri ida: 

Anthracotheriidae  (an'thra-ko-the-ri'i-de),  ». 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Antliracotlicriiiin  +  -idee.]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  omnivorous  artiodactyl  mammals, 
related  to  the  existent  pigs  and  peccaries.  It 
contains  two  subfamilies,  Ilijoputaminos  and 
Anthracotlii •  riinic  (which  see). 

Anthracotheriinae  (an'thra-ko-the-ri-i'ne),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,<  Anthracotherinni  +  -ina.]  The  typi- 
cal subfamily  of  the  Anthracotlicriidic.  Ii  differs 
from  the  other  subfamily Hyopotamince  in  having  the  four 
upper  premolars  all  differentiated  from  the  true  molars, 
and  each  with  a  conical  crown  ami  a  small  inner  lobe.  It 
contains  the.  genera  A-Kthracotherium  (Cuvier)  and  Elo- 
thervum  (Pomel),  ami  perhaps  others. 

Anthracotherioidea  (an"thra  -  ko  -  the  -ri  -  oi'- 
de-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Anthracotherinni  +  -oideu.] 
A  superfamily  group  founded  by  Gill,  1872,  for 
the  reception  of  the  family  Anthracotheriidce. 

Anthracotherium  (an  thra-ko-the'ri-um),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpai  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  0>/piov,  a  wild 
beast,  <  ffr/p,  a  wild  beast.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  Anthracutln ri'uuv  and  Anthracotheriidce 
(which  see):  so  called  from  having  been  found 
in  the  Miocene  anthracite  or  lignite  of  Tuscany. 

The  extinct  .  .  .  Anthi-aadlnriinn  .  .  .  had  the  typical 
dental  formula  [of  artiodactyls],  ami  this  is  preserved  in 
the  existing  representative  of  the  non-ruminant  artiodac- 
tyles,  the  hog.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  III.  343. 

anthraquinone  (an"thra-kwi-non'),  n.  [<  an- 
thruiccne)  +  quinone.]  A  product  (CjallgOo) 
obtained  from  anthracene  by  the  action  of  oxi- 
dizing agents.    From  it  alizarin  is  prepared. 

anthrax  (an'thraks),  n. ;  pi.  anthraces  (an'thra- 
sez).     [<  L.  anthrax,  a  virulent  ulcer,  cai-bun- 


Anthrmus. 

Beetle  and  pupa,  magnified. 


anthropogenic 

cle,  also  cinnabar,  <  ( !r.  bvBpag,  a  (burning)  coal, 
a  precious  stone,  a  virulent  ulcer:  origin  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  pathol.,  a  carbuncle  'if  any  sort. 
Bee  phrases  below. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  dipterous  insects,  giving  name  to  a  family 
dnthracidoe  (which  see):  now  placed  m  Bomby- 
liidce. —  3.  Ldthanthrax,  or  pit-  or  stone-coal.— 
Malignant  anthrax,  a  destructive  infei  n 
brutes,  and  Bometimeaol  man,  h  in,  h  i  assoi  iat  d  « ith  and 
ii  in-  in  depend  upon  the  presence  in  the  blood  and  I  i 
of  a  minute  organism,  Bacillus  anthraciv.  Also  called  tple. 
niefever,  carbuncular fever,  carbuncle,  malicmant  pw  tule, 
wool-sorters' disease,  eharbon,  milzbrand.  Symptomatic 
anthrax,  an  infectious  and  usually  fatal  disease,  not  un- 

< i n  in  cattle,     it  is  characterized  by  he rrhagefnto 

the  Bobcataneoos  and  intermuscular  areolar  tissuesof  the 
Limbs,  ami   exhibits  a 
bacillus  distinct  from 
the  BaciUui  anthracin. 
Also    called    quarter. 
evil,  quarter-Ul,  black 
leg,  black  Quarter,  black 
spool  bloody  murrain, 
raunchbi  ana. 
Anthrenus      (an- 
thre'nus),/).  [NL., 
<    Gr.    avdpijvn,    a 
hornet,  wasp;   cf. 
avdpr/th'or,  a  hornet, 
Tev0p'tr>/,  TcvQprji&tv. 
a  hornet,  orig.  any  buzzing  insect;  cf.  drone. 
See  Andrenida:]     A  notable  genus  of  beetles, 
of  the  family  Dermestidos,  certain  species  of 
which  are  well  known  as  museum  pests.    Such 
are  .4.  varius  (Fabricius)  and  A.  musceoruw,  small  gray 
species  spotted  with  brown,  which  do  great  injury  to  col- 
lections of  natural  history.    A.  scrophularuje,  a  larger  spe- 
cies, black,  red.  and  white,  is  known  as  the  carpet-beetle 
and  buffalo-bug,  and  is  very  destructive  to  carpets  and 
other  woolen  fabrics.    S< ut  under  carpet  beetle. 

anthribid  (an'thri-bid),  n.  A  beetle  of  tho 
family  Anthribidce. 

Anthribidae  (an-thrib'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thrilnis  +  -iila:]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Colcoptcra,  typified  by  the  genus  Anfhribus. 
These  snout-beetles  have  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  elytron,  the  pygidium  in  both  sexes  undivided  and 
normal,  the  last  spiracle  uncovered,  the  tibiae  not  serrate, 
and  the  straight  antenna1  with  10  or  11  joints. 

Anthribus  (an'thri-bus),  n.  [NL.  (Geoffroy, 
1764),  also  Anthribidus  and  Anthotribidus,  appar. 
<  Gr.  avSor,  a  flower;  the  second  element  is  not 
clear.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous  beetles, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Antliribidw. 

anthropic  (an-throp'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avBpu-txdr, 
of  man,  human,  <  avdpwtror,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing; perhaps  for  *av8puTroc,  lit.  having  a  human 
face  or  appearance,  <  avi/p  (avSp-),  a  man,  +  utj> 
(<j--),  face,  countenance,  eye:  see  andro-  and 
optic]  Belonging  to  man;  manlike;  sprung 
from  man ;  human. 

If  we  leave  the  region  of  formulas  and  go  back  to  the 
practical  effect  of  religion  on  human  conduct,  we  must 
be  driven  to  the  conclusion  that  the  future  of  religion  is 
to  be,  not  only  what  every  real  religion  has  ever"  been, 
anthropomorphic,  but  frankly  anthropic. 

Pop.  s,-i.  Mo.,  XXV.  151. 

anthropical  (an-throp'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
thrqpic. 

Anthropida  (an-throp'i-dii),  n.pl.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Anthropoidea. 

Anthropidae  (an-throp'i-de),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
avdpuTTos,  a  man,  a  human  being,  +  -idee.]  The 
human  race,  zoologically  rated  as  a  family  of 
the  superfamily  Anthropoidea:  the  Hominidce 
(which  see).  The  family  contains  the  single 
genus  and  species  man  ( Homo  sapiens). 

anthropo-.  [<Gr.  avBpcmos,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing: see  anthropic]  The  first  element  of  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  man. 

anthropobiology  (an"thro-p6-bi-ol'o-ji),  «. 
[<  Gr.  uittpu-or,  man,  +  biology.]  Anthropol- 
ogy; the  biology  of  man;  the  life-history  of 
man,  in  a  broad  sense. 

To  this  extensive  study,  the  old  anthropology,  ...  we 

may  apply  the  term  Anthropo-biology,  or  the  biology  of 
man.  Smithsonian  Hep.,  18S1,  p.  499. 

anthropocentric  (an"thro-po-sen'trik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  ai'dpurror,  man,  +  xhrpov,  center,  +  -«'.] 
Regarding  man  as  the  centra]  fact  of  creation ; 
assuming  man  to  be  the  final  aim  and  end  of 
creation. 

anthropogenesis  (an'thro-po-jen'e-sis),  ». 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avOpurroc,  man,  +  yiveaig,  genera- 
tion.] The  genesis,  origination,  or  evolution  of 
man :  applied  both  to  the  development  of  the 
individual  (ontogenesis)  and  the  development 
of  the  race  (phylogenesis).  Also  called  anthro- 
poqony,  anthropogeny. 

anthropogenetic  (aii'thro-po-je-net'ik),  a.  [< 
anthropogenesis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthro- 
pogenesis. 

anthropogenic  (an"thro-po-jen'ik),  a.  [<  an- 
thropogeny.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  anthropogeny. 


anthropogenist 

anthropogenist  (aii-thro-poj'e-nist),  re.  [<  an- 
thropogeny +  -ist.]  An  adherent  of  modern 
biological  doctrines  respecting  anthropogeny. 

anthropogeny  (an  thro  poj'e-ni),  ».  [As  if 
<(Jr.  *av6pi  <  avdpwiroyevtjc,  born  of  man, 

<  4fi0p6H.OC,  man,  +  yhoc,  liirth.]  1.  Same  as 
anthropogenesis.—Z.  The  mum  of  human  know- 
Ledge  concerning  the  development  of  man. 
Also  called  anthropogony. 

In  this  might}   '  war  of  culture,"  affecting  as  it.  does 
the  wl  ol  the  World,  and  in  which  wemaj  well 

deem  it  an  honour  to  take  part,  no  better  ally  than  Anthro 

,.„  can,  it  seemstome,  be  brought  to  the  assistance  of  anthropologic  (an"thro-p6-loi 'ik),  a. 

struggling  truth.  ...        -  ■  m    '    *•' ' — - — ' 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  Pref.,  p.  win. 

anthropoglot  (an'thro-po-glot),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avOpairoyXuTTOS,  avBpumdyXuaaog,  having  man's 
tongue,  <  avOputror,  man,  +  y'/uaaa  =  Attic  y'AuTja, 


240 

anthropolite  fan-throp'o-llt),  ».  [=F.anthro- 
polithe,  <  tir.  avBpomoc.,  man,  +  litioc,  a  stone.] 
A  petrifaction  of  the  human  body  or  skeleton, 
or  of  parts  of  the  body,  produced  by  the  in- 
erusting  action  of  calcareous  waters,  and  there- 
fore not  a  true  fossil. 

anthropolithic  (an*thrp-po-lith'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  anthropolites ;  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  petrified  human  remains. 

This  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  the  true  develop- 
ment of  human  culture  dates  only  from  the  Anthropo- 
lithic  Epoch.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  16. 

[<  an- 
thropology +  -i<-:  =F.  anitiropologique.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  anthropology;  of  the  nature  of 
anthropology. 

Such  subtle  anthropologic  wisdom  as  the  Ode  on  the  In- 
timations of  Immortality.  Kingsley,  Misc.,  I.  219. 


the  tongue:  see  flrfe»M,flrto«fe.]  An  animal  which  antnropologicai  (annhr6-p6-loj'i-kal),  a.    Per 
has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of  man,  as  the  *UV",.    ' --  ?-. _*?.>_  * ii,\.: i ,.'... 


i""'  ■"  ,       .,    -         /-     •%  r/  r-,.  ural  nistorv  or  man : 

mthropogony   (an-thro-pog  <>-m),   h.      [<Gi  Anthropological  i 

avdptmoyovia,  the  begettmgoi  men,  the  origin  ol  „-tnronolo'p.is1-  ,.,„., 

men,  <d^^,,nan,  +  -;,,,»■,  <  v")-,  produce.  t%Tl]0 
Cf.  tteoj/ony.]    1.  Same  as  anthropogenem.         SZopology. 

Theword  anthropogony,  um  -.1  tirst  by  Josephus,  means  anthroTJoloev"'(an-thro-por6-ii),  TO.       =  F. 

nnlv  " the  generation  of  man.  .  i.ii»iiivfviv6j  .r-       .. »  /j  •■- , 


taming  or  relating  to  anthropology,  or  the  nat- 
ural history  of  man:  as,  anthropological  facts; 
the  Anthropological  Society. 

thro-pol'o-jist),  «.      [<  o»- 
One  who  studies  or  is  versed 


'  the  generation  of  man. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II 


2.  Same  as  anthropogeny,  2. 

anthropography  (an-thro-pog'ra-fi),  re.  [=  F. 
anthropograpnie,  <  Gr.  avdpvmoc,  +  -ypafla,  <  ypa- 
0e<v,  write,  describe.  Cf.  Gr.  avdpuiroypaipog,_  a 
painter  of  men,  a  portrait-painter.]  A  descrip- 
tion of  man  or  of  the  hitman  race;  more  par- 
ticularly, that  branch  of  anthropology  which 
treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the  varieties 
of  the  human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical 
character,  institutions,  and  customs,  including 
language.     See  ethnography. 

anthropoid  (an'thro-poid),  a.  and  re.  [<  Gr. 
andpuKoeiMiQ,  like  a 'man,  in  human  shape,  < 
avtifiu-oc,  a  man,  +  clior,  form,  shape.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  superfamily  Anthro- 
poidea;  man-like;  human  or  simian  in  a  zoo- 


logical sense :  applied  to  all  monkeys  as  well  as 

to  man,  as  distinguished  from  the  lemuroid  or  antnropomancy  (an'thro-po-man"si),  n 
jsimian  Primates. —  2.  More  specifically,  re-     anthropomancie,  <  Gr.  avflpuTror,  man,  + 


prosimian  _ 

sembling  man,  or  man-like,  as  one  of  the  higher 
monkeys  or  apes,  as  distinguished  from  lower 
monkeys:  applied  to  the  apes  of  the  family 
Simiidm,  as  restricted  to  include  only  the  go- 
rilla, chimpanzee,  orang,  and  gibbon,  these  be- 
ing commonly  known  as  the  anthropoid  apes. 

The  gorilla  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  most  human 
of  the  anthropoid  apes.  //•  A.  Nicholson. 

II.  ».  An  anthropoid  animal;  one  of  the 
higher  monkeys;  an  ape. 

chronologically  this  [called  by  French  archaeologists  the 
Epoch  of  Robenhausen]  is  regarded  as  the  first  epoch  of 
the  appearance  of  man  en  the  glohc.  the  previous  imple- 
ment-using animals  being  probably  anthropoids. 

Science,  IV.  438. 

anthropoidal  (an-thro-poi'dal),  a.  Of  anthro- 
poid nature  or  structure.     N.  E.  D. 

Anthropoidea  (an-thro-poi'de-a),  re.  pi.    [NL. : 
see  anthropoid.}       In  eool.,  one  of  two   sub- 
orders, the  other  being  Lemuroidea,  into  which 
the  order  Primates  lias  been  divided.    Tl 
contains  man  and  monkeys,  as  distinguished 
lemurs.    Their  zoological  characters  are  :  a  cerebr 
it-  posterior  lobe  much  developed  and  wholly 
covering  the  cerebellum;  a  lacrymal  foramen  within  the 

oi  I'll :  an  orbit  pleted  by  suture  oi  the  malar  and  alt 

sphenoid  bones;  earsrounded,  with  a  distinct  lobule:  and. 
In  the  female,  trictl}  pei  toral  r  at  .  undivided  uterus, 
and  an  imperforate  clitoris.     Also  written  Anthropida. 

Anthropoides  ;m  tliro-poi'dezi,  ».  (NL.,<<ir. 
avdpuJroetdTJCi  l'ke  ;l  man:  see  anthropoid.]  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  cranes,  of  the  family 
Gruidce,  based  by  Vieillot  in  L816upon  the  Nu- 
midian  crane  or  demoiselle,  A.  virgo.    it  is  some- 

tixni  -  restricted  to  this  species;  time  extended  to 

tanlej  crane,  A.  I  tetrapti  ryx)  paradiseus  or  stanli  « 

anm  ,  and    omi  I  Irai     madi  to  covi  i  the  crown-ci oi 

.  ii us  Bal  oh  tea  (which  see).    The  synonyms  of  An 
Ihropoides  propel  art      "•     •  Bai  Fere,  15  IB),  Scops  (Moeh 
Bijta  (Leach,  about  1818),  and  Philorchemon 
fGloger,  1842)  . 

2.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  In  -mil.,  a  name  given  by 
Haeckel  to  the  anthropoid  apes:  synonymous 
with  Anthropoid* a. 

anthropolatry  fan-thro -pol'a-tri),  re.  [=  F. 
anthropoldtrie,  <  <<r.  avBp  a,  man-wor- 

ship, <  avdpcmoc,  man,  +  farpeta,  worship,  ser- 
vice: see  latria.  Cf.  idolatry.']  The  worship  of 
man;  the  paying  of  divine  honors  to  a  human 

being.    II  n  the 

ps    in.,  and  by  them,  in  return,  charged  upon  thi  I  luris 
worship  of  Christ.    The  nerd,  how- 
ever, i    bi  tter  i.ii..v,  n  from  it    •  mployment  by  the  ipolli- 

ii. against  the  orthodox  i  in  Istians  ol  the  fourth  and 

fifth  ci  iiinii.  who  held  the  doctrine  of  the  perfect  hu- 
man nature  oi  Christ. 


ihropotogie,  <f  Gr.  as  if  *avtipun-oh>yia,  a  speaking 
of  man,  <  avSpuiro'16-j  oc,  speaking  of  man,  <  avflpu- 
rroc,  man,  +  teyetv,  speak:  see  -ology."]  1.  The 
science  of  man  or  of  mankind.  It  includes  the 
study  of  man's  agreement  with  and  divergence  from  other 
animals;  of  his  physical  structure  and  intellectual  nature; 
of  the  various  tribes  of  men  with  reference  to  their  origin, 
customs,  etc. ;  and  of  the  general  physical  and  mental 
development  of  the  human  race.  Anthropology  thus  in- 
cludes physiology,  psychology,  sociology,  ethnology,  etc., 
putting  under  contribution  all  sciences  which  have  man 
for  their  object.  By  some  it  has  been  divided  into  — (n) 
:iu,b,<iiml  anthropology,  which  investigates  man's  relations 
tothebmtecTemon;(b)descriptiveanthropology,orethnol- 
ogy,  which  describes  the  divisions  and  groups  of  mankind  ; 
(c)  <ienenil  tnttltnijnilnriii,  or,  as  M.  Broca  calls  it,  "the  biol- 
ogy of  the  human  race."  As  a  department  of  systematic 
theology,  anthropology  deals  with  questions  relating  to 
the  origin,  nature,  original  condition,  and  fall  of  man,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrines  of  sin  and  free  agency. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  science  of  man. — 3f.  An- 
thropomorphism (which  see) 

[=F. 
pavreia 


divination.      Cf.  necromancy.]     Divination  by 
inspecting  the  entrails  of  a  human  being. 

anthropometer  (an-thro-pom'e-ter),  n.  [<  an- 
thropometry. Cf .  geometer.']  One  who  studies 
or  practises  anthropometry. 

As  he  stands  before  us  now,  man  is  an  animal  ...  ex- 
hibiting in  his  adult  form  those  characteristics  which  en- 
gage the  attention  of  the  anatomist,  the  physiologist,  and 
the  anthropometer.  Smithsonian  Rep.,  lssl,  p.  4»'J. 

anthropometric  (an"thrS-po-met'rik),  a.    [< 
anthropometry  +  -ic.]      Pertaining  or  relating  atlthronol 
to  the  proportions  of  the  human  body ;  relating  "giggggSggS 
to  anthropometry. 

Over  a  hundred  anthropometric  observations  were  taken 
on  individuals  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes.    Science,  III.  168. 


anthropomorphous 

The  treatment  lie  has  received  --either  from  bis  fellow- 

beings a  power  which  he  is  prone  to  think  of  an- 

thropomorphically.       II.  Spencer,  1'iin.  of  Psychol.,  §  518. 

anthropomorphism  (an"thro-po-mor'fizm),  n. 
[As  anthropomorphous  +  -ism.]  1.  The  ascrip- 
tion of  human  attributes  to  supernatural  or 
divine  beings;  in  iheol.,  the  conception  or  rep- 
resentation of  God  with  human  qualities  and 
affections,  or  in  a  human  shape.  Anthropomor- 
phism is  founded  in  man's  inability  to  conceive  beings 
above  himself  otherwise  than  in  his  own  likeness.  It  de- 
termines thcgro«  th  and  form  of  all  human  religions,  from 
the  lowest  up  to  the  highest :  as  where  the  Si  ripturesspeak 
of  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  tin- hand  of  God,  of  his  seeing  and 
hearing,  of  his  remembering  and  forgetting,  of  his  making 
man  in  his  own  image,  etc. 

Although  Milton  was  undoubtedly  a  high  Arian  in  his 
mature  life,  he  does,  in  the  necessity  of  poetry,  give  a 
greater  objectivity  to  the  Father  and  the  Son  than  he 
would  have  justified  in  argument.  He  was  wise  in  adopt- 
in"  the  stron-  anthrniiiiiitiirpliixiii  of  tile  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures at  once.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  293. 

2.  The  conception  of  animals,  plants,  or  nature 
in  general,  by  analogy  with  man:  commonly 
implying  an  unscientific  use  of  such  analogy. 

Descartes  .  .  .  deserted  the  old  moderate  view  which 
affirmed  that  between  the  highest  psychical  powers  of  man 
and  brutes  there  is  a  certain  natural  likeness  and  analogy, 
and  gave  rise  to  the  notion  that  animals  are  nothing  but 
wonderfully  complex  machines  — an  error  naturally  re- 
sulting in  the  opposite  one  now  so  prevalent  —  the  error, 
namely,  that  there  is  a  substantial  identity  between  the 
brute  soul  and  the  soul  of  man  — biological  anthropomor- 
phism. Mivart. 

anthropomorphist  (an"thro-po-m6r'flst),  n. 
[As  anthropomorphous  +  -<■>'.]  One  who  attrib- 
utes human  form  or  qualities  to  beings  other 
than  man;  especially,  one  who  in  thought  or 
speech  invests  the  Deity  with  human  form  and 
attributes;  an  anthropomorphite. 

What  anthropomorphists  we  are  in  this,  that  we  cannot 
let  moral  distinctions  be,  but  must  mould  them  into  human 
shape !  Emerson,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  414. 

anthropomorphite  (an  'thro-po-mdr'fit),  n.  and 
a.  [<  LL.  anthropomorphitce,  pi.,  <  Gr.  *av6pu7ro- 
popijiiTai,  pi.,  heretics  who  believed  in  a  God 
of  human  form,  <  iu-Opu-opopqjoc,  anthropomor- 
phous: see  anthropomorphous.]  I.  n.  One  who 
believes  that  the  Supreme  Being  exists  in  hu- 
man form,  with  human  attributes  and  passions ; 
an  anthropomorphist;  specifically,  one  of  an 
ancient  religious  sect  who  held  such  views.  See 
Audio  n. 


Though  few  profess  themselves  anthropomorphizes,  yet 
we  may  find  many  amongst  the  ignorant  of  that  opinion. 

Locke. 


II. 


=  Syn.  Anthropomorphite,  Anthropomorphist     The  for- 
mer is  properly  one  who  attributes  a  human  body  to  God, 
the  latter  one  who  attributes  to  him  human  passions. 
(t.  Anthropomorphitic. 

anthropomorphitical 
(an"thi'6-po-mor-fit'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  LL.  anthro- 
pomorp%iticus,  <  antltropomtirphiUr,  iintliropo- 
morphites:  see  anthropomorphite.]  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  anthropomorphism, 
anthropometrical  (an"thro-po-met  n-kal),  a.  anthropomorpiiitism  (anUhro-p6-m6r'fl- 
[<  anthropometric  +  -«/.]     Same  as  anthropo-  ^l£ffim™P™th^omo\phite  +  -ism.]     The 

""'''"'■  ,,     ,      ,,,,    -     -  „  ./  •  i    i  -\      doctrines  of  anthropomorphites ;  anthropomor- 

anthropometrically  (an'thro-po-met  n-kal-i), 


pirpov,  measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
human  body;  the  department  of  the  science  of 
anthropology  which  relates  to  the  proportions 
of  the  human  body,  either  in  individuals  or  in 
tribes  and  races. 

Anthropomorpha  (an*thro-po-m6r'fa),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  anthropomorphus :  see  anthro- 
pomorphous.] A  group  of  anthropoid  apes,  the 
simians,  equivalent  to  the  family  Simii<l,r.     See  anthropomorphology  (an    thro-po-mor-fol 


The  Pelasgian  Zeus  became  the  head  of  the  new  Olym- 
pus  .ind  a  ■  ompleti  1\  antliropiimorphized  god. 

The  Nation,  Sept.  it,  1809,  p.  255. 

Even  with  Homer  the  age  of  Creation  has  ceased,  the 
age  of  criticism  and  scepticism  has  begun.    At  any  rate, 

ib. Is  have  strayed  far  away  from  the  region  to  which 

by  nature  they  belong.    They  have  become  anthropomor- 
j.i,,  ,,i  Keary,  Prim.  BeUef,  p.  155. 


"/" ,  3. 

anthropomorphic  (an  "thro-po-mor'fik),  a.  [As 
anthropomorphous  +  -ic]  1.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropomorphism:  as,  an- 
thropomorphic  conceptions  of  Deity. 

We  everywhere  sec  fading  away  the  anthropomorphic 
conception  of  the  Unknown  Cause. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  sill, 
■flu-  curiously anthroimmnrjihic  idea  of  stones  licina  hus- 
bands and  wives,  and  even  having  children,  is  familiar  to 
the  Fiiians  as  it.  is  to  the  Peruvians  and  the  Lapps. 

/■:.  /.'.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  1 19. 

2.   Resembling  man;  approachingman  in  type; 

anthropoid;  as.  anthropomorphic  apes, 
anthropomorphical  (an'thro-po-mdr'fl-kal), 

a.  Of  anthropomorphic  character  or  tendency. 

[Bare  I 
anthropomorphically     (an   thro-po-mor  n 

kal-i),   adv.      In   an  ant  hropomorphic   uiamirr; 
in  or  as  of  the  human  form. 


6-ji),  n.     L<  Gr.  avtlpundpopaioc,  of  human  form 
(see  anthropomorphous),    +    -%o}ia,    <    ?J)etv, 
speak:  see  -ology.]     The  use  of  anthropomor- 
phic language.     .V.  /-.'.  /'. 
anthropomorphosis  (an'thro-po-m6r-f6'sis  or 

-mdr'fo-sis),  tl. ;  pi.  anthniiioiiKirplinsts  (-sez). 
[<  Gr.  as  if  *avi)p<j-o!wiif<.ini<,  <  awpuirofioperfeiv, 
elothe  in  human  form,  <  av6pojr6ftopc)oc,  in  human 
form:  see  anthropomorphous.]  Transformation 
into  human  shape.  Baring-Gould. 
anthropomorphotheist  ( an  "thro  -  po  -  m6r-fo- 

the'ist),   ».       [<  Or.    mtV"-"""/""  •    "•'    human 
form,  +  ihnr,  (bnl,  +  -isi :  Bee  anthropomorphous 

and  lliiisl.]     One  who  conceives  God  as  having 

human  attributes.    Coues,  Buddhist  Catechism, 
p.  fiti. 
anthropomorphous    (an'thro-po-mfir'fus),    a. 
[<  NL.  anthropomorphus,  <  tir.  avBptmd/iopQoc,  of 
human  form,  <  avdpuxoc,  man,  +  popi/ij,  form.] 


anthropomorphous 

Anthropomorphic;  anthropoid  in  form:  as,  an 
anthropomorphous  ape.     Huxley. 

anthroponomical  (an "  thro  -  po  -  nom '  i  -  kal),  a. 
[<  anthroponomy  +  -ical.]  Concerned  with  the 
laws  which  regulate  human  action.     A.  E.  1). 

anthroponomy  (an-thro-pon'o-mi),  n.  [=  F. 
anthroponomic,(.(jv.  artipu-or,  man,  +  vopor,  law: 
see  name-.]  The  science  of  the  laws  which  gov- 
ern human  action. 

anthropopathic  (an'/thro-po-path'ik),  o.  [< 
anthropopathy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
popathy;  possessing  or  subject  to  human  pas- 
sions. 

anthropopathical  (an*thro-po-path'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anthropopathic. 

anthropopathically  (an*thro-po-path.'i-kal-i), 
adr.  In  an  anthropopathic  manner;  as  "pos- 
sessing human  passions. 

anthropopathism  (an-thro-pop'a-thizm), «.  [< 
anthropopathy  +  -ism.]  i.  The  ascription  of 
human  passions  to  supernatural  beings,  espe- 
cially to  the  Supreme  Being.  Also  called  an- 
thropopathy.—  2.  An  expression  containing  or 
implying  such  ascription. 

Like  the  Chaldee  paraphrasts,  he  [Abu  Said]  resolvesan- 
thropopathisms,  employs  euphemisms,  and  makes  several 
minor  alterations. 

T.  11.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  79. 

anthropopathite  (an-thro-pop'a-thit),  n.  [<«»- 
thropopathy  +  -ite*.]  A  believer  in  anthropop- 
athism; one  who  ascribes  human  passions  to 
the  Deity. 

Man  so  habitually  ascribes  to  his  deities  human  shape, 
human  passions,  human  nature,  that  we  may  declare  liim 
an  Anthropomorphite,  an  Anthropopathite,  and  (to  com- 
plete the  series)  an  Anthropophysite. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  224. 

anthropopathy  (an-thro-pop'a-thi),  ».    [=  F. 

anthropopathic,  <  Gr.  avvputroitdBcta,  humanity, 

<  avdpu-oiradiir,  with  human  feelings,  <  avBpuTroc, 
man,  +  -dBor,  feeling,  affection,  suffering:  see 
pathos.']     Same  as  anthropopathism,  1. 

In  its  recoil  from  the  gross  anthropopathy  of  the  vulgar 
notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute  apathy.  Hare. 

anthropophagi,  u.    Plural  of  anthropophagus. 

anthropophagic  (an"thro-po-faj'ik),  a.     [<  Gr. 

* dvtlpuTrotpayiKoc,  (implied  in  adv.  dvBpuirotjiayiKoi;), 

<  avilpu-o(j>i'r,or:  see  anthropophagus.]  Relating 
to  or  practising  cannibalism. 

anthropophagical  (an  "  thro  -  po  -  f  aj '  i  -  kal),  a . 
Same  as  anthropophagic. 

anthropophaginian  (an-thro-pof-a-jin'i-an),  n. 
[<  anthropophagus,  q.  v.,  +  -in-idk.]  A"  man- 
eater;  a  cannibal.     [Humorous.] 

He'll  speak  like  an  AnthropophaainUtn  unto  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 

anthropophagism  (an-thro-pof  'a-jizm),  n.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -ism.']  The  practice  or 
custom  of  eating  human  flesh;  cannibalism. 
A".  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

anthropophagist  (an-thro-pof'a-jist),  n.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -ist.]  One  who  eats  human 
flesh;  a  cannibal.     A.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

anthropophagistic  (an-thro-pof-a-jis'tik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  anthro- 
pophagi; cannibalistic.     Southey. 

Evidences  of  [the  prehistoric  cave-men's]  occasional  lit- 
tle anthropophagistic  failings,  in  the  shape  of  scraped  and 
chipped  human  bones,  .  .  .  are  not  infrequent. 

l'np.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXVI.  205. 

anthropophagite  (an-thro-pof 'a-jit),  n.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -4te%.]  Amaii-eater;  a  can- 
nibal. 

I  should  naturally  have  killed  my  lion,  tempted  the  ap- 
petite Of  tin  anthropophagite,  and  brought  home  a  little 
negro  boy.  T.  IS.  Ahlriel,,  I'onkapog  to  I'esth,  p.  ITS. 

anthropophagizet  (an-thro-pof'a-jiz),  v.  %.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -i~c]  To  feed  on  human 
flesh;  practise  cannibalism.  Cockeram; Blount. 
[Rare.] 

anthropophagous  (an-thro-pof  'a-gus),  a.  [< 
L.  anthropophagus,  <  Gr.  avdpanoamyoc,  man-eat- 
ing: see  anthropophagus.]  Man-eating;  homi- 
nivorous;  feeding  on  huruan  flesh. 

anthropophagus  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  «. ;  pi.  an- 
thropophagi (-ji).  [L.,  <  Gr.  avbpuTTo^d^oc,  man- 
eating,  <  avdpvTror;,  man,  +  tjiayeiv,  eat.]  A  man- 
eater  ;  a  cannibal ;  a  person  who  eats  human 
flesh.     Commonly  in  the  plural. 

The  Cannibals  that  each  other  eat, 
The  Anthropophagi.  Slink..  Othello,  i.  3. 

anthropophagy  (an-thro-pof  'a-ji),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropophagic,  <  Gr.  dvBpuirotpayia,  <  drBputro- 
<t>aync,  man-eating:  see  anthropophagus.]  The 
eating  of  men;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh;  cannibalism. 
The  anthropophagy  of  Diomedes  bis  horses. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
16 


241 

The  extent  to  which  anthropophagy  has  been  carried 
among  some  nations  is,  tio  doubt,  mainly  due  to  tbe  in- 
dulgence of  tin-  appetite  once  aroused. 

Encye.  Brit.,  IV.  808. 

anthropophobia  (an'thro-po-fo'bi-B ),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpamoe,  man,  +  -6of3ia,  ....  ;«.  fear,]  Aver- 
sion to  man ;  dread  of  meeting  persons. 

Me  has  anthropophobia,  being  afraid  to  meet  any  one 

about  tbe  hOUSe.  .1/..  n.  mill  IfeUTOl.,  \  I.    Ill 

anthropophuism  (an-thro-pof'u-izm),  n. 
[Prop,  "anthropophuism,  <  Gr.  avSpomotyvnc,  of 
man's  nature  (<  avdpcnroc,  man,  +  tfvft,  nature,  < 
tjwetv,  produce,  in  pass,  grow),  +  -ism,.]  That 
conception  of  the  gods  which  attributes  to  t  hem 
the  possession  of  functions  and  desires  similar 
to  those  of  human  beings. 

The  Jupiter  of  Homer  is  to  be  regarded  .  .  .  asthere- 
ceptacleand  butt  of  the  principal  parts  of  such  earthly, 
sensual,  and  appetitive  elements  as,  at  the  time  of  Homer, 
anthropophuism  had  obtruded  into  the  sphere  of  deity. 

Gladstone,  studies  in  Homer,  II.  174. 

anthropophuistic  (an-thro-pof-u-is'tik),  a. 
[As  anthropophuism  +  -ist-ic]  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropophuism. 

That  introduction  of  the  female  principle  into  the 
sphere  of  deity,  which  the  Greeks  seem  to  have  adopted, 
after  their  anthropophuistic  manner,  with  a  view  to  the 

family  order  an g  the  Immortals. 

Gladstone,  studies  in  Homer,  II.  51. 

anthropophysite  (an-thro-pof'i-slt),  «.  [<  Gr. 
avdpoiroc,  man,  +  tphatr,  nature,  +  -ite?.]  One 
who  ascribes  a  human  nature  to  the  gods. 
E.  B.  Tylor. 

Anthropopithecus  (an'thro-po-pi-the'kus),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpuiToz,  man,  +  iriro/xoc,  ape:  see 
I'ithecus.]  A  genus  of  anthropoid  apes,  of  the 
family  SimUdat  and  subfamily  Simiina;,  con- 
taining only  the  chimpanzee :  proposed  by  De 
Blainville  as  a  substitute  for  Troglodytes  (Geof- 
froy),  preoccupied  in  ornithology.  Both  these 
names  are  antedated  by  Mimetes  (Leach,  1S19). 

anthroposcopy  (an-thro-pos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpoiroc,  man,  +  -anoxia,  <  aao-uv,  view.]  The 
art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  character,  pas- 
sions, and  inclinations  from  the  lineaments  of 
the  body.     Craig. 

anthroposophist  (an"thi'o-pos'o-fist),  n.  [< 
anthroposopny  +  -ist.]  One  furnished  with  the 
wisdom  of  men.     Kingsley.     (A.  E.  D.) 

anthroposophy  (an  -  thro  -  pos '  o  -  fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpoiroc:,  man,  -r  aotjtia,  wisdom,  <  cro^dc,  wise. 
Cf.  theosophy.]  Knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
man;  acquaintance  with  man's  structure  and 
functions,  comprehending  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology. 

anthropotomical  (an//thro-po-torn'i-kal),  a. 
[As  anthropotomy  +  -ic-al.]  Pertaining  to 
anthropotomy,  or  the  dissection  of  the  human 
body. 

anthropotomist  (an-thro-pot'o-mist),  re.  [As 
anthropotomy  +  -ist.]  An  anatomist  of  the 
human  body.     Owen. 

anthropotomy  (an-thio-pot'o-mi),  n.    [<Gr. 

dvBpomoc,  a  man,  +  ropi/,  a  cutting,  <  rrpvuv, 
rapeiv,  cut.  .  Cf.  anatomy.]  The  anatomy  or 
dissection  of  the  human  body ;  human  anatomy. 

The  os  innominatum  is  represented  throughout  life  in 
most  reptiles  by  three  distinct  bones,  answering  to  the 
iliac,  ischial,  and  pubic  portions  in  anihrojiuUimy. 

Owen,  rump.  Anat. 

anthropurgic  (an-thro-per'jik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvBpo- 
TTovpydg,  making  men,  <  avdpuno^,  man,  +  Ipyov 
=  E.  work,  «.]  Pertaining  to  or  influenced  by 
the  exercise  of  human  power;  operated  on  by 
man:  opposed  to  physiurgic  (which  see) An- 
thropurgic somatology,  "the  science  of  bodies,  som- 
as man  ...  is  able  to  operate  upon  them."  Quoted  in 
Bentham's  Works,  Int.,  p.  16. 

Anthura  (an-thu'ra),  u.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvdoc,  a 
flower,  +  ovpu,  tail.]  A  genus  of  isopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Anthuridat.     Leach,  isi:i. 

Anthuridse  (an-thu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thura +  -itltc.  ]  A  family  of  isopods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Anthura,  in  which  the  body  is  slen- 
der and  vermiform,  the  antenna?  are  short  and 
4-juinted,  and  the  plates  of  the  swimmeret  form 
a  kind  of  capsule. 

Anthurium  (an-thu'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  01- 
0oc,  a  flower,  +  obpa,  a  tail.]  A  large  genus  of 
tropical  American  plants,  natural  order  Ara- 
cea;,  growing  epiphytically  on  forest-trees.  The 
flowers  an-  arranged  on  a  fleshy  spike,  rising  out  of  a  green 
or  often  richly  colored  spathe.  Its  species  are  extensively 
cultivated  as  ornamental  plants  in  greenhouses. 

Anthus  (an'thus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  <zi*oc,  masc.,  a 
small  bird,  prob.  the  yellow  wagtail  (tr.  floras  by 
Gaza),  apparXdvflof,  neut..  a  flower.]  A  genus  of 
oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Motacilliihc 
and  subfamily  Anthincc ;  the  pipits  or  titlarks. 


antiaditis 

There  arc  numerous  species,  much  resembling  one  an- 
other,  all  being  small,  brown,  spotted  and  Btri  aked  birds, 

with  slender  bill  anil  lengthened  bind  claw,  and  the  i t 

of  the  "in-  formed,  In  the  tj  pical  spi  eii  -   bj  the  in  -i  four 
primaries.    Thej  are  ol  tern  -m.il  habit 
.11 -i"  -  i    n   ■  en. in.  best  known  Euro- 

pean species  are  .1.  pratensis,  the  meadow.pipit;  A.  ar- 


Pi|tit,  or  Titlark  (Anthlu  Itidvvicianus). 

boreus,  the  tree-pipit ;  A.  aquaticus,  the  rock  pipit  :  and  .1 
richardi.  The  most  abundant  N..rtb  American  pipit  is 
.1.  hnliH-ieiiniifs,  very  generally  distributed  througbnut  tin 
eastern  portions  of  the  continent.  The  Missouri  pipit, also 
called  skylark,  is  .!.  spraguei,  common  on  the  western 
prairies,  especially  in  Dakota,  and  belongs  to  a  subgenus 
Neocorys.  There  are  several  South  American  species,  of 
the  subgenera  Notiocorys  and  Pediocorys. 

anthypnotic  (ant-hip-  or  an-thip-not'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  as  if  "dvBvnvoTiKdt;.  See  antihypnotic] 
Same  as  antihypnotic. 

anthypochondriac  (anfhip-  or  an-thip-6-kon'- 
dri-ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  * dvOtmoxov&pimtiq.  See 
antihypochondriac.]  Same  as  antihypoclion- 
driac. 

anthypophora  (ant-hi-  or  an-thi-pof'o-ra),  ». 
[L.,  <  Gr.  dvOvTioriopa,  <  avB-,  avr- for  avri,  against, 
+  viTocbopd,  a  putting  forward  by  way  of  excuse, 
an  objection,  <  vtro<j>epciv,  hold  out,  bring  under, 
<  vtto,  under,  +  (pipeiv,  bear,  carry,  =  E.  hear1.] 
In  rhct.,  a  figure  which  consists  in  anticipating 
and  refuting  objections  which  might  be  ad- 
vanced by  an  opponent.  Also  written  antihij- 
pophora. 

anthysteric  (ant-his-  or  an-this-ter'ik),  a.  and 
u.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *avBvcjTepai6c.  See  antihysteric.] 
Same  as  antihysteric. 

anti-.  [<  L.,  etc.,  anti-,  <  Gr.  avri-,  prefix,  avri, 
prep.,  over  against,  opposite  to,  against,  op- 
posed to,  answering  to,  counter,  equal  to,  = 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =L.  ante,  in  comp.  an  t,  -. 
rarely  anti-,  before,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc.,  and-: 
see  further  underrt«te-and«Hd-.  In  a  few  words 
anti-  represents  L.  ante,  anti-,  as  in  anticipate, 
antibrachial.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin:  origi- 
nally only  in  compounds  or  derivatives  taken 
from  the  Greek  or  formed  of  Greek  elements, 
as  in  antipathy,  antinomy,  etc.  (the  earliest  ex- 
ample in  English  being  antichrist,  which  see), 
but  now  a  familiar  English  formative,  meaning 
primarily  against,  opposed  to.  it  forms  -  <i)  Com- 
pound nouns(with  the  accent  on  the  prefix),  in  which  anti. 
has  the  attributive  force  of  opposed  to,  opponent,  oppo- 
site, counter,  as  in  antichrist,  antipope,  antichorus,  an- 
ticyclone, antipole,  etc.  (2)  Compound  adjectives  (with 
the  accent  on  the  radical  element),  in  which  anti-  retains 
its  original  prepositional  force,  against,  opposed  to, 
governing  the  noun  expressed  or  implied,  as  in  anti- 
ehrittinn,  nntipnpitl,  anticlerical,  etc.  Such  compound 
adjectives  adopt  an  adjective  termination,  as  in  the  ex- 
amples just  cited,  or  omit  it,  as  in  autiehureh,  ant, shi- 
very, antijini/iibiliun,  antirrnt,  when  it  does  not  exist  or  is 
not  readily  formed.  This  mixture  of  adjective  and  sub- 
stantive forms  makes  easy  the  development,  from  the 
compound  adjectives,  of  abstract  nouns  like  antislavery, 
antiprohibition,  etc.  In  form  these  compound  adj<  ctives, 
like  antiehristian,  anticlerical,  anti-Socinian,  are  thus, 
strictly,  made  up  of  anti-  with  a  noun  and  an  adjective 
termination,  as  anti-  4-  Christ  -]  -tan,  anti-  +  cleric  -f  -al, 
anti-  (-  Soein(-us)  f  -ian,  etc.;  but  in  effect  they  are  often 
equivalent  to,  and  for  brevity  they  may  be  marked  as, 
anti-  +  Christian,  anti-  -f-  clerical,  etc.  These  compounds 
are  especially  applied  to  persons  or  parties  opposed  in 
opinion  or  practice  to  other  persons  or  parties,  or  to 
things;  in  medicine,  to  remedies  producing  or  intended  to 
produce  an  effect  or  condition  opposite  to  or  in  correction 
or  prevention  of  that  implied  in  tbe  simple  word,  as  ontv- 
corrosive,  antipyretic,  aiitij'at,  etc.  In  the  etymologies 
following,  anti-  is  treated' as  a  mere  English  formative, 
and  is  not  referred  to  the  Greek,  except  when  obviously 
taken,  in  connection  with  the  radical  element,  directly 
from  tbe  Greek. 

anti-acid  (an-ti-as'id),  n.  and  a.  Same  as  ant- 
acid. 

antiadest  (an-ta'a-dez),  «.  pi.  [<  Gr.  mmaSec,  pi. 
id'  avnSu;,  a  tonsil,  esp.  when  swelled,  <  avrioc, 
opposite,  <  avri,  against:  see  anti-.]  The  ton- 
sils. 

antiaditist  (an-tl-a-di'tis),  ».      [NL.,  <  Gr 

r/./.Ve,  tonsils  (see  above),  +  -itis.]     Inflamma- 
tion of  the  tonsils;  tousilitis. 


AntiiE.    c,  culmen. 


antiae 

antise  (an'ti-e),  it.  ]<h  [XL..  <  T,L.  antice,  the 
hair  growing  on.  the  forehead,  forelock,  <  L.  ante, 

before:  see  ante-.'] 
In  ornith.,  exten- 
sions of  the  feathers 
on  the  upper  mandi- 
ble on  either  side  of 
the  base  of  the  cul- 
men. Also  called 
frontal  points. 

anti-albumose(an  - 
td-al-bu'mos),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  album(eri)  +  -use.]  A  product  of  the 
digestive  action  of  trypsin  on  an  albuminoid. 
Further  digestion  converts  it  into  antipeptone. 

anti-anarchic  (an  ti-a-niir'kik),  a.  [Z  anti- + 
anarchic]  Opposed  to  anarchy  or  confusion: 
as,  "your  antianarchic  Girondins,"  Carlyle, 
French  Rev.,  111.  iv.  2.     [Rare.] 

anti-aphrodisiac  (an'ti-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and 
n.     Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antiar, antjar (an'ti-iir), n.  [Javanese.]  l.The 
upas-tree  of  Java. — 2.  One  of  the  arrow-poi- 
sons of  Java  and  the  adjacent  islands,  it  is 
called  in  full  npas-antiar,  and  the  active  ingredient  seems 
to  be  a  gum  resin  exuding  from  incisions  made  in  tin  <Lnti 
aris  toxica  i- ut.  Introduced  through the  stomach  or  through 
a  wound,  it  is  a  violent  poison,  producing  great  prostration, 
convulsive  movements,  cardiac  paralysis,  and  death. 

antiarin,  antiarine  (an'ti-a-rin),  «.  [<  antiar 
+  -in-.]  The  active  principle  (C14H00O5  + 
2H20)  of  antiar,  the  upas-poison.  Also  writ- 
ten anthiarine. 

Antiaris  (an-ti-a'ris),  ».  [NL.,  <  antiar,  q.  v.] 
An  arboreous  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 


Flowering  branch  of  the  Upas-tree  lAntiarisJoxicaria). 

Urticacea,  suborder  Artocarpece,  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  Malayan  archipelago.  It  includes  the 
famous  upas-tree,  A.  tozicaria,  one  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  forests  of  .lava,  the  poisonous  qualities  of  which  have 
been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  is  harmless  except  when  it 
has  been  recently  felled  or  when  the  bark  has  been  ex- 
tensively wounded,  in  which  cases  the  effluvium  causes  a 
severe  cutaneous  eruption.  Sacks  are  made  of  the  bark  of 
.1  innoxia  by  soaking  and  beating  the  trunk  till  the  bark 
1-  1"m -<■ I  aiid  can  be  removed  win.], 

anti-arthritic  (an'ti-Sr-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  antarthritic. 

anti-asthmatic  (an'ti-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
•Same  as  antasthmatic. 

anti-attrition  (an"ti-a-trish'on),  a.  Same  as 
antifriction. 

antibabylonianism  (an"ti-bab-i-16'ni-an-izm), 
n.     [<  anli-  +  Babylonian  +  -ism.]     Denuncia- 
tion of  the  Church  of  Rome  as  being  the  Babylon 
of  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xvii. ).     [Rare.] 
our  Boanerges  with  Ins  threats  of  doom, 
And  lead  luii^d  aniibabylonianiSTns. 

Tennyson,  Sea  breams. 

antibacchic  (an-ti-bak'ik),  a.    [<  antibacchius 

+ -ii:]     Consisting  of  or  of  the   nature  of  an 
antibaeehius.     A.  /.'.  /'. 
antibacchiusfan'ti-bii-ki'iis).  «. ;  pi. antibacchi 1 
,-i).     [L.,<Gr.  "avTt.iiiKxt'toc,  <  cmn,  against,  op- 
posed to,  +  fiaK.xniir,  :i  baoehiiis:  see  hiireliiiis.] 

hxpros.,  afoot  of  three  syllables,  the  firs!  two 
long  and  the  lasi  000  short.  The  metrical  Ictu  1 
"ii  tin  in  t  long  syllable,  us  in  dmbire  in  1. at  in,  or  grdnd- 
fdttu  r  in  English.  Opposed  to  the  bacchiu  in  which  the 
ile  is  Bhori  and  the  last  two  are  long,  but  also 
sometimes  interchanging  meanings  w  itli  it, 

antibacterial (an'ti-bak-te'ri-al), a.  [<  aiiti-  + 
bacteria  + -al.]  Opposed  to  the  theory  that 
certain  disease    tire  caused  by  the  presence  of 

bacteria. 

antibasilican  (an'ti-ba-zil'i-kan),  a.  [<  (ir. 
avri,  against,  +  (laoC/Moc,  royal,  <  fiaaMvc,  a 


242 

king:  see  basilica.']     Opposed  to  royal  state  ami 
power. 

antibilious  (an-ti-bil'yus),  a.  [<  anti-  +  bil- 
ious. I  Counteractive  of  bilious  complaints:  as. 
antibilious  pills, 

antibiotic  (tm  "ti-bi-ot'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  dvri,  against, 
+  liturmuc,  of  or  pertaining  to  life.  <  limn-,  live, 
<  pioc,  life.]  Opposed  to  a  belief  in  the  pres- 
enoe  or  possibility  of  life.    A.  K.  I>. 

antibracnial,  antibrachium.  See  antebrachial, 
antebrackium. 

Antiburgher  (an'ti-ber-ger),  ».  [<  anti-  + 
Burglit  r,  i\.  v.,  in  the  special  sense  of  u  sceeder 
who  approved  of  the  burgess  oath.]  A  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which 
the  Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747, 
by  a  controversy  on  the  lawfulness  of  accept- 
ing a  clause  in  the  oath  required  to  be  taken 
by  burgesses  declaratory  of  "their  profession 
and  allowance  of  the  true  religion  professed 
within  the  realm  and  authorized  by  the  laws 
thereof."  The  Antiburghers  denied  that  this  oath  could 
be  taken  consistently  with  the  principles  of  the  church, 
while  the  Burghers  affirmed  its  compatibility.  The  result 
was  that  the  church  was  rent  in  two,  eatdi  section  estab- 
lishing a  communion  of  its  own,  known  respectively  as  the 
General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiburghers,  and  the  Asso- 
ciate Synod,  or  Burghers.  They  were  reunited  in  1820, 
after  seventy-three  years  of  separation,  thus  constituting 
the  United  Secession  Church. 

antic  (an'tik),  a.  and  n.  [Introduced  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  spelled  anUck,  anticke,  un- 
til,,■■,  antyke,  and  later  antique  (with  accent  on 
the  first  syllable),  <  F.  antique,  ancient,  stale, 
=  Pr.  antic  =  8p.  antiguo  =  Pg.  antigo  =  It. 
antico,  ancient,  old,  <  L.  antiquus,  former,  ear- 
lier, ancient,  old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and 
cf.  ancient?-.  In  the  17th  century  the  spell- 
ing antique,  which  then  first  became  common, 
was  gradually  restricted  to  the  literal  sense, 
with  the  accent  and  pronunciation  changed  in 
immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  while  antick, 
antic  was  retained  in  the  deflected  sense:  see 
antique.]  I.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  former  times; 
ancient;  antique. 

The  famous  warriors  of  the  anticke  world 
Us'd  trophees  to  erect  in  stately  wlze. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  l\i\. 
2f.  Having  existed  for  a  long  time ;  old;  aged. 
—  3f.  Proper  to  former  times;  antiquated;  old- 
fashioned. 
Virtue  is  thought  an  antick  piece  of  formality. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Rochester,  p.  170.     (A*.  E.  D.) 

4.  Fantastic,  grotesque,  odd,  strange,  or  ludi- 
crous, in  form,  dress,  gesture,  or  posture. 

Grottesca,  a  kind  of  rugged  unpolished  painters  worke, 
anticke  worke.  Florio. 

How  strange  or  odd  soe'er  I  bear  myself, 
As  I,  perchance,  hereafter  shall  think  meet 
To  put  an  antic  disposition  on.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 
The  antic  postures  of  a  merry -andrew.  Addison. 

A  fourth  [Indian]  would  fondly  kiss  and  paw  his  com- 
panions, and  snear  in  their  faces,  with  a  countenance 
more  antic  than  any  in  a  Dutch  dull. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  H  IS. 

'the  antic  and  spiry  pinnactes  that  closed  the  strait  were 

all  of  white  marble.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXXII.  9S3. 

II.  n.  If.  Arnanof  ancienttimes;  an  ancient ; 
in  plural,  the  ancients. 

The  soles  were  tied  to  the  upper  parte  with  latchets,  as 
is  painted  of  the  Aiitikes. 

T.  N.,  tr.  of  Conquest  W.  India,  p.  170.     (.V.  E.  !).) 

Shall  there  be  gallows  standing  in  England  when  thou 
art  king,  and  resolution  thus  fnlilied,  as  it  is,  with  the  net  v 
curb  of  old  Father  Antick  the  law?   sink.,  1  Hen.  IV..  i.  2. 

2.  In  art,  antic  work;  a  composition  consisting 
of   fantastic  figures   of 

men,  animals,  foliage, 
and  flowers  incongru- 
ously combined  or  run 
together;  a  fantastic, 
grotesque,  or  fanciful 
figure.  The  term  is  applied 
to  certain  .ancient  sculptures, 
etc.,  and  to  such  figures  as  Ra< 
phai  Is  arabesques  ;  and  in 
architecture  to  figures  of  grif- 
fins, sphinxes,  centaurs,  etc., 
introduced  as  ornaments, 
A  worke  "f  rich  entaj  le  and 

curious  mould, 
Woven  with  anticke* and  wyld 

ymagery. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  4. 

3.  A  grotesque,  fantas- 
tic, odd,  strange,  or  lu- 

ilierous  gesture  or  pos- 
ture; a  fantastic  trick; 
a  piece  of  buffoonery; 
a  caper. 

Two  sits  df  manners  could  tin'  Youth  put  on  ; 

And  fraught  with  unties  as  the  Indian  bird 
That  writhes  and  chatters  in  her  wiry  cage. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion 


antichrist 

4.  A  grotesque  pageant;  apiece  of  mummery; 
:i  rein -ill. .us  interlude;  a  mask. 

Not  long  since 
1  saw  iii  Brussels,  at  my  being  there, 
The  Duke  of  Brauanl  welcome  the  trchbishop 
01  Mentz  with  rare  conceit,  even  on  a  sudden, 
Performed  by  knights  and  ladies  of  his  court, 
In  nature  of  an  untie.       Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  2. 

\\  1  '  annot  feast  your  eyes  with  masks  ami  revels 
Or  courtly  antics.  Beau,  and  l'l..  Law  sot  Candy,  iii.l. 

5.  A  buffoon;  a  clown;  a  merry -andrew. 

And  point  like  antics  at  his  triple  crown. 

Marlow  .  Faustus,  iii.  1. 

Fear  not,  my  lord  ;  we  can  contain  ourselves, 
Were  he  tin  veriest  antic  in  the  world. 

Shak,  T.  ot  theS.,  lnd.,  i. 

antict  (an'tik),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anticked,  ppr. 
anlieking.  [(.antic, a.]  I,  trans.  To  make  an- 
tic or  grotesque. 


Tin    wild  disguise  hath  almost 
Antick', t  us  all.  Slaik..  A.  and  C, 


ii.  7. 


Anttc,  Ann-  us  Cathedral,  iith 
century.  (From  Vinlletli  -1  lui  ' 
"  Diet,  dc  l'Architccliie 


II.  intrans.  To  perform  antics;  play  tricks; 
cut  capers. 

antica,  n.     Plural  of  mitieuni. 

anticachectic  (an'ti-ka-kek'tik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
anti-  +  cachectic]      I.   a.   Efficacious  against 
cachexia,  or  a  disordered  bodily  condition. 
II.  ».  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  cachexia. 

antical  (an-ti'kal),  n.    Same  as  anUcous. 

anticardiac  (an-ti-kar'di-ak),  a.  [<  anticardi- 
iiin.  Cf.  cardiac.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
anticardium. 

anticardium  (an-ti-kar'di-um),  ». ;  pi.  anticar- 
ilin  (-ii).  [NE.,  <  Gr.  avTitcapoiov,  <  dvrl,  over 
against,  +  mpdia,  heart :  see  cardiac.']  The  hol- 
low at  the  bottom  of  the  sternum;  the  epigas- 
trium: also  called  scrobiculus  cordis,  or,  more 
commonly,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

anticarnivorous  (an^ti-kar-niv'o-rus),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  carnivorous.]  Opposed  to  feeding  on 
flesh;  vegetarian. 

anticatarrhal  (an'ti-ka-tar'al),  a.  [<  anii-  + 
catarrhal.]     Efficacious  against  catarrh. 

anticausodic  (an''ti-ka-sod'ik),  a.  Same  as 
anticausotic. 

anticausotic  (an"ti-ka-sot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  *KawuTLic6cl  <  navcitaGai,  be  in  a  burn- 
ing fever  (E.  also  an  ant  usodic,  <  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  nava&dric,  feverish,  <  navooc  +  elSoc,  form),  < 
Kavaoc,  a  (burning)  bilious  fever,  <  naieiv,  burn : 
see  caustic]  Efficacious  against  an  inflamma- 
tory fever. 

anticaUStiC  (an-ti-kas'tik).  u.  [<  anti-  +  eniis- 
tie.]  A  caustic  curve  produced  by  refraction; 
a  diacaustic. 

antichambert,  »•    An  old  form  of  antechambi  r. 

anticheir  (an'ti-kir),  it.  [Prop,  'antichir,  <  Gr. 
avTtxeip  (sc.  SciktvIoc,  finger),  the  thumb,  <  inn, 
over  against,  +  xc'l',  the  hand.]  The  thumb, 
as  opposed  to  the  rest  of  the  hand.     [Karo.] 

antichlor  (an'ti-klor),  n.  [<  anti-  +  eh/or(ine), 
q.  v.]  In  bleaching,  any  substance  or  means 
employed  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  injurious 
effects  of  the  free  chlorine  left  in  cotton,  linen, 
or  paper  which  has  been  bleached  by  means  of 
alkaline  hypochlorites,  as  chlorid  of  lime,  etc. 
The  neutral  and  acid  sodium  sulphites  were  first  used,  lint 
they  are  now  superseded  by  sodium  hyposulphite  or  thio- 
sulphite,  which  is  both  cheaper  and  more  efficacious.  This 
antichlor  forms,  with  the  chlorine  in  the  cloth,  etc..  soili 
tun  sulphate  and  chlorate,  which  are  easily  removed  by 
u  ashing. 

antichloristic  (an"ti-klo-ris'tik),  a.  [<  anti- 
chlor.]    <  )f  or  pertaining  to  an  antichlor. 

antichresis  (an-ti-kre'sis),  «.  [MB.,  <  MGr. 
am  i/ii/to ■,  reciprocal  usage,  <  cirri,  against,  in 
return,  +  xPValSi  usage,  <  xi"la®ali  use.]  In  civil 
lair,  an  agreement  b\  which  the  debtor  gives 
his  creditor  the  use  of  land  or  (formerly)  slaves, 
in  order  thereby  to  pay  the  i uteres!  ami  princi- 
pal of  his  did  it. 

antichrist  (an'ti-krlst),  n.  [The  spelling  lias 
been  altered  to  bring  it  nearer  the  Latin  form  ; 

<  ME.  anticrist,  antecristx  sometimes  contr.  an- 
crist,  <  AS.  antecrist,  <  LL.  antichristus,  <  Gr. 
avri  (pioroc,  antichrist,  <  hvrl,  against,  +  X/wartir, 

<  'litis! :  see  anti-  and  <  iin.st.  \  An  opponent  of 
t  Ihrist;  .a  person  or  power  antagonistic  to  Christ. 
[Most  commonly  with  a  capital.] 

As  ye  have  heard  that  antichrist  shall  come,  even  now 
are  there  nuurj  antichrists.  .  .  .  He  is  antichrist,  that  de* 
nicth  the  Father  ami  the  Son.  l  John  ii.  18,  22. 

The  word  occurs  in  the  Scriptures  only  in  the  Epistles  of 

John  ;  hut,  the  same  person  or  power  is  elsewhere  referred 
e.  i  !  ihe  n  i  12;  i  inn.  iv.  i  :;;  'j  pet.  ii.  i).  Inter- 
preters of  Scripture  differ  in  their  understanding  of  these 
references.  Some  Buppose  them  to  relate  to  a  law  less  hut 
impersonal  power,  a  spirit  opposed  to  Christianity ;  some 
to  a  historic  personage  or  potentate,  as  Caligula,  Titus,  the 
pope,  or  Luther;  sonic  to  a  great  power  lor  evil  yet  to  bo 


antichrist 

manifested  and  gathered  about  a  central  personal  agency. 
Roman  Catholic  writers  commonly  interpret  the  word  ge« 
nerically  of  :mv  ad\n--ary  of  Christ  and  of  the  authority 
of  tlie  church,  but  specifically  as  the  last  and  greatest  per- 
secutor of  the  Christian  church  at  the  end  of  the  world. 
The  name  lets  also  been  applied  to  the  pretenders  to  the 

messiahship,    e>r  false  ChristS   (Mat.    wiv.    24),    who    have 

arisen  at  various  periods,  as  being  antagonistic  to  the 
tine  Christ.  Oi  these  as  many  as  sixty-four  have  hern 
reckoned,  Including  some  of  little  importance,  and  also 
some,  as  Mohammed,  who  cannot  propeih  It  ela  ..1 
among  them. 
antichristian  (an-ti-kris'tian),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
antichristianus,  <  LGr.  avri'xpumavdc,  <  am  rpus- 
tuc:  see  antichrist.  Cf.  Christian.]  I.  a.  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Antichrist. 

They  are  equally  mad  who  say  Bishops  are  so  Jure  Divino 
that  they  must  he  continued,  and  they  who  say  they  are  so 
Antichristian  that  they  must  he  put  away. 

.sVM.a,  Table-Talk,  p.  28. 

2.  Antagonistic  to  or  opposing  the  Christian 
religion. 

Babel  and  Babylon  its  successor  remain  in  the  subse- 
quent Biblical  literature  as  types  of  the  God-defying  and 
antich  rist in n  systems  that  have  succeeded  each  other  from 
the  time  of  Nimrod  to  this  day. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  2til3. 

II.  n.  One  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion. 
antichristianism  (an-ti-kris'tian-izm),  n.      [< 
antichristian  +  -ism.]    Opposition  to  Christian- 
ity; conduct  or  belief  opposed  to  Christianity. 

Have  we  not  seen  many  whose  opinions  have  fastened 
upon  one  another  the  brand  of  antichristianism  ? 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

antichristianityt(an"ti-kris-ti-an'i-ti),  n.  Same 
as  antichristianism. 
antichristianize  (an-ti-kris'tian-iz),  v.  i.    [< 

antichristian  +  -ize.]  To  antagonize  Christian- 
ity.    [Bare.] 

antichronical  (an-ti-kron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  ami, 
against,  instead  of,  +  XP°V°S>  time  (see  chronic), 
+  -al.  Cf.  Gr.  aiTtxpovia,  the  use  of  one  tense 
for  another:  see  antichronism.]  Deviating  from 
the  proper  order  of  time;  erroneously  dated. 
[Rare.] 

antichronically  (an-ti-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antichronical  manner.     [Bare.] 

antichronism  (an-tik'ro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrt- 
Xpovta/iuc,  the  use  of  one  tense  for  another,  < 
avri,  against,  instead  of,  +  xp6v°S,  time,  tense  : 
see  chronic]  Deviation  from  the  true  order 
of  time;  anachronism.      [Rare.] 

Our  chronologies  are,  by  transcribing,  interpolation,  mis- 
printing,  and  creeping  in  of  antichromsms,  now  and  then 
strangely  disordered.        Selden,  Drayton's  Polyolbion,  iv. 

antichthon  (an-tik'thon),  n. ;  pi.  antichthones 
(-tho-nez).  [<  L.  antichthones,  pi.,  <  Gr.  av- 
rixBovec,  pi.,  the  people  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere, <  avrlxfkni,  sing.,  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere :  in  the  Pythagorean  system  of  the  uni- 
verse, avripfium  (so.  yy),  an  opposite  or  counter 
earth;  <  avri,  against,  opposite  to,  +  xOty  the 
ground,  the  earth :  see  chthonic.  Cf.  autochthon.] 

1.  In  Pythagorean  astronomy,  an  imaginary  in- 
visible planet  continually  opposing  the  earth 
and  eclipsing  the  central  fire,  round  which  it 
was  supposed  to  revolve,  in  common  with  the 
earth,  moon,  sun,  certain  planets,  and  the  fixed 
stars. 

Of  the  sacred  fire,  the  hearth  of  the  universe,  with  suns 
and  planets  and  the  earth's  double  antichthon  revolving 
round  it,  the  whole  enclosed  in  a  crystal  globe  with  no- 
thing outside,  ...  we  find  no  mention  in  these  verses  [of 
Hierocles].  IF.  K.  Cliford,  Lectures,  II.  2(j8. 

2.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere. 

anticipant  (an-tis'i-pant),  a.  [<  L.  antici- 
pan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  anlicipare,  anticipate:  see  an- 
ticipate.] Anticipating;  anticipative :  in  pa- 
thol.,  applied  to  periodic  diseases  whose  at- 
tacks occur  at  decreasing  intervals. 

The  first  pangs 
Of  wakening  guilt,  anticipant  of  hell. 

Southey,  The  Rose. 

anticipate  (an-tis'i-pat),  o. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
ticipated, ppr.  anticipating.  [<  L.  anticipatus, 
pp.  of  anticipare,  take  in  advance  or  before  the 
time,  anticipate,  <  anti,  an  old  form  of  ante, 
before  (see  ante-),  +  -cipare,  <  capere,  take;  cf. 
antecapere,  take  before,  anticipate,  <  ante  + 
capere."]  I.  trans.  1*.  To  seize  or  take  before- 
hand.—  2.  To  bo  before  in  doing  something; 
take  action  in  advance  of;  precede,  prevent, 
or  preclude  by  prior  action. 

Here  art  Ihoii  in  appointment  fresh  and  fair. 
Anticipating  time.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  a. 

Time,  thou  anticipat'st  my  dread  exploits. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  Iv.  i 

1  was  determined  ...  to  anticipate  their  fury,  by  first 
falling  into  a  passion  mysell.  t,,,/, /south.  Vicar,  xiv. 


243 

3.  To  take,  do,  use,  etc..  before  the  proper  time; 

precipitate,  as  an  action  or  event:  as,  the  ad- 
vocate lias  anticipated  that  part  of  his  argu- 
ment. 
Th.-  revenues  of  the  next  year  had  been  antieipat  ' 

Uacavlay,  Nugent's  Hampden. 

4.  To  realize  beforehand ;  foretaste  or  foresee ; 
have  a  \io\v  or  impression  of  beforehand;  look 

forward  to ;  ex] fc:  as,  1  never  anticipated  such 

:i  disaster;  to  anticipate  the  pleasures  of  an 
entertainment. 

I  would  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  any  happiness,  nor 

feel  the  weight  of  any  mis. ii,  la  I  r    it  etually  urives. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

\  reign  of  terror  began,  of  terror  heightened  bymys- 

I    m  :  for  even  that  winch  was  endured  was  less  horrible 

than  that  which  was  anticipated. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

5f.  To  occupy  the  attention  of  before  the 
proper  time. 

I  shall  not  anticipate  the  reader  with  farther  descrip- 
tions of  this  kind.  Swift. 
-Syn.  2.  To  get  the  start  of,  forestall. — 4.  To  forecast, 
count  upon,  prepare  one's  self  for,  i  alculate  upon. 

II.  intrans.  To  treat  of  something,  as  in  a 
narrative,  before  the  proper  time. 
anticipatedlyt,  anticipatelyt  (an-tis'i-pa-ted- 
li,  -pat-li),  adv.     By  anticipation. 

It  may  well  be  deemed  a  singular  mark  of  favor  that  our 
Lord  did  intend  to  bestow  upon  all  pastors,  that  he  did 
anticipately  promise  to  Peter. 

Ba  crow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anticipation  (an-tis-i-pa'shpn),  w.  [<L.  antici- 
pation-), a  preconception,  anticipation/  antici- 
pare,  anticipate :  sua  anticipate]  1.  Theactof 
being  before  another  in  doing  something;  the 
act  of  taking  up.  placing,  or  considering  some- 
thing beforehand,  before  the  proper  time,  or 
out  of  the  natural  order;  prior  action. —  2. 
Foretaste ;  realization  in  advance ;  previous 
view  or  impression  of  what  is  to  happen  after- 
ward; expectation ;  hope:  as,  the  anticipation 
of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

The  remembrance  of  past,  or  the  anticipation  of  future 
good  or  evil,  could  give  me  neither  pleasure  nor  pain, 

Beattie,  Truth.  1.  ii.  5  •". 

3.  Previous  notion ;  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known ; 
slight  previous  impression;  forecast. 

What  nation  is  there,  that  without  any  teaching,  have 
not  a  kind  of  anticipation,  or  preconceived  notion  of  a 
Deity?  D' i-ha oi. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipations 
of  their  minds.       Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  25. 

4.  In  logic,  the  term  used  since  Cicero  (Latin  an- 
ticipatio)  to  translate  the  "prolepsis"  (Trpol^i/vc) 
of  the  Epicureans  and  Stoics.  It  denotes  any  general 
notion  considered  as  resulting  from  the  action  of  memory 
upon  experiences  more  or  less  similar.  Such  a  notion  is 
ealhd  an  anticipation  because,  once  possessed,  it  is  called 
up  in  its  entirety  by  a  mere  suggestion.  It  thus  acquaints 
us  with  what  has  not  yet  been  perceived,  by  a  reference 
to  past  perceptions.  Hence,  with  later  philosophers,  the 
word  denotes  knowledge  drawn  from  the  mind,  indepen- 
dently of  experience;  the  knowledge  of  axioms  or  first 
principles.  With  Bacon  an  anticipation  of  nature  is  a 
hasty  generalization  or  hypothesis:  opposed  to  an  inter- 
pretation of  nature.  In  Kant's  philosophy,  anticipation 
is  the  a  priori  knowledge  that  every  sensation  must  have 
degrees  of  intensive  quantity. 

5.  In  meet.,  the  occurrence  in  the  human  body 
of  any  phenomenon,  morbid  or  natural,  before 
the  usual  time. — 6.  In  music,  the  introduction 
into  a  chord  of  one  or  more  of  the  component 
notes  of  the  chord  which  follows,  producing  a 
passing  discord.— 7.  In  rhet.,  prolepsis.  =  Syn. 
2.  Antepast,  preconception,  expectation,  prevision,  fore- 
sight, presentiment. 

anticipative  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
"unticijiatirtts :  see  anticipate  and -we.]  Antici- 
pating or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing  an- 
ticipation. 

anticipatively  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv-li),  adv.  By  an- 
ticipation. 

The  name  of  his  Majesty  defamed,  the  honour  of  Parlia- 
ment depraved,  the  writings  of  both  depravedly,  antici- 
patively, counterfeitly  imprinted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  Pref. 

anticipator  (an-tis'i-pa-tor),  «.  [<  L.  as  if 
"anticipator :  see  anticipate  and  -or.]  One  who 
anticipates. 

anticipatory  (an-tis'i-pa-to-ri),  a.    [<  antici- 
pate +  -ory.]     Pertaining  to,  manifesting,  or 
expressing'  anticipation ;  anticipative. 
Prophecy  being  an  anticipatory  history. 

Dr.  11.  More,  Seven  Churches,  Pref, 

It  is  very  true  that  the  anticipatory  conditional  has  to 
do  with  practical  matters  chiefly. 

Amer.  .i<>or  Philol.,  I\  .  4*27,  foot-note. 

anticivism  (an-ti-siv'izm),  n.  [<  F.  anticivisme 
see  anti-  and  civism.]    Opposition  or  hostility 
to  the  state  or  condition  of  citizenship,  or  to 
republicanism;  bad  citizenship.     [Rare.] 


anticonvulsive 

Woe    to    him  \\lio  is  guilty    of   plotting,    of  autieiwam, 

royalism,  etc.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  [I,  hi    \ 

anticlastic  (an-ti-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *<iv- 
7-(K/Wmor,  <  avTiiMv,  bend  back,  (.avri,  back,  + 
tihav,  break  (verbal  adj.  ttlaorde).]  An  epitl  el 
descriptive  of  the  curvature  of  a  Burfaee,  such 

as  thai   of  a  saddle  or  the  inner  surface  of  an 

anchor-ring,  which  intersects  its  tangent-plane 

at  the  point  of  contact,  and  bends  away  from 
it,  partly  on  one  side  of  it  and  partly  on  the 
Other,  and  has  thus  in  some  of  its  normal  sec- 
tions curvatures  oppositely  directed  to  those  in 
others,  opposed  tosynclastic  surfaces,  which  air  illu- 
trated  by  the  surface  of  a  sphere  or  of  the  outer  portion 
oi  i  he  anchor-ring. 

An  interesting  case  of  equilibrium  is  suggested  by  what 
are  called  rocking  stones,  where  .  .  .  the  lower  surfaci     ' 
a  loose  mass  of  rock  is  worn  into  a  convex  or  concave,  or 
anticlastic  form,  while  the  bed  of  rock  on  which  it  n 
equilibrium  may  be  convex  or  concave,  or  of  anontt 
form.  Thomson  and  Tail,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  \  566. 

Anticlastic  stress,  two  simple  bending  stresses  of  equal 
amounts  in  opposite  directions  round  two  sets  of  parallel 
straight  lines  perpendicular  to  one  another  in  the  plane  of 
the  plate:  its  effect  would  be  uniform  anticlastic  curvature. 
Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  638. 

anticlimax  (an'ti-kli-maks),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  op- 
posite to,  +  tOiiuai-,  a  climax :  see  climax.]  A 
figure  or  fault  of  style,  consisting  in  an  abrupt 
descent  from  stronger  to  weaker  expressions,  or 
from  the  mention  of  more  important  to  that  of 
less  important  things:  opposed  to  climax. 

anticlinal  (an-ti-kli'nal i.  (i.aiiil«.  [As anticline 
+  -al.]  I.  a.  Inclining  in  opposite  directions 
from  a  central  axis :  applied  to  stratified  rocks 
when  they  incline  or  dip  from  a  central  un- 
stratified  mass,   or  when   in  consequence   of 


jLris 


Section  of  Anticlinal  Fold. 

crust-movements  they  have  been  folded  or 
pressed  together  so  that  they  dip  each  way  from 
a  central  plane,  which  indicates  the  line  parallel 
to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place :  opposed  to 
synclinal.     Occasionally  anticlinic  and  onticliu- 

■ical — Anticlinal  line,  or  anticlinal  axis,  in  geol.,  the 
ridge  of  a  wave-like  curve  from  which  the  strata  dip  on 
either  side,  as  from  the  ridge  of  a  bouse. 

II.  ».  In  geol.,  an  anticlinal  line  or  axis,  or 
an  anticlinal  fold;  an  anticlinal  arrangement 
of  strata:  opposed  to  synclinal. 

Among  the  old  rocks  of  Wales  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Britain,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the  beds  thrown 
into  a  succession  of  sharp  anticlinal*  and  synclinals. 

Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  214. 

anticline (an'ti-klin), n.  [<  Gr. avri, opposite,  + 
h'/irur,  incline.  Cf.  Gr.  avriiMvav,  bend  again.] 
Same  as  anticlinal.     [Rare.] 

anticlinic,  anticlinical  (an-ti-klin'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  anticlinal.     [Rare.] 
anticly  (an'tik-li),  adv.     In  an  antic  manner; 
with   odd   postures   and   gesticulations;    gro- 
tesquely.    [Rare.] 

Seamhling,  out-facing,  fashion-monging  hoys, 
That  lie,  and  cog,  and  flout,  deprave  and  slander, 
Go  anticly,  and  show  outward  hideonsness. 

Shak..  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

antic-mask  (an'tik-mask), «.  A  mask  of  antics ; 
an  antimask  (which  see). 

Our  request  is,  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a  mask, 
for  -,\n  antic-mask.  B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Augurs. 

anticnemion   (an-tik-ne'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  antic- 

ncntia  (-a).  [<  Gr.  avriKvi/utov,  the  shin.  <  acn, 
opposite  to,  +  nviiyij,  the  part  of  the  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  ankle,  by  medical  writers  eon 
fined  to  the  tibia.]  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
tibia;  the  shin.  [Rare.] 
anticness  (an'tik-nes),  n.  [<  antic  +  -ncss.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  antic;  gro- 
tesqueness;  oddness,  as  of  appearance. 

A  port  of  humorous  antieiu  ss  in  carriage. 

Ford,  Fam  te     i\ 

anticonstitutional  (an'ti-kon-sti-tu'shon-al), 
a.  [<  anti-  +  constitution  +  -al.]  Opposed  to 
or  conflicting  with  the  constitution,  as  of  a 
state;  unconstitutional.     [Rare.] 

Anticonstitutional  dependency  of  the  two  houses  of  par- 
liament on  the  crown.  Bolingbroke,  On  Parties,  xix. 

anticontagious  (an"ti-kon-ta'jus),  a.  [<  ttnti- 
+  contagious.]  Counteracting  or  destroying 
contagion. 

anticonvulsive  (an  ti-kon-vul'siv),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  convulsive.]    Efficacious  against  convulsions. 


Anticous  Anthers. 
Flowerof  the  grape-vine  : 
a,    a,    anthers,    turned    to- 
ward tile  pistil,  b. 


anticorrosive 

anticorrosive  (an  ti-ko-ro'siv),  n.     [<  anti-  + 
corrosive.']     Something  used  to  prevent  or  rem- 
edy corrosion. 
zinc  has  been  shown  .  .  .  to  be  an  excellent  anti-cor- 
decomposed  greast    01  fatty  acid,  is  the 
destroying  agent,  ,2dser.,  p.  w. 

anticosmetic  (an'ti-koz-rnot'ik).  a.  [<  anti-  + 
cosmetic.]  Acting  against  or  counteracting  the 
effects  of  cosmetics. 

I  would  have  him  apply  his  anticosmetie  wash  to  the 
painted  face  o!  female  beauty. 

Lord  byttelton,  Misc.  Works,  II.  123. 

anticourt  (an'ti-kort),  a.  [<o»W-  +  court.]  Op- 
posed to  the  court:  as.  "the  anticourt  party," 
Sir  J.  Ueresby,  Memoirs,  p.  153.    [Rare.] 

anticourtier  (an'ti-kor-tier),  n.    [<  anti-  +  eour- 

tit  r.]    One  who  opposes  tie-  court,  or  the  acts  of 

a  monarch.     [Bare.] 
anticous  (:m-ii  kus),  a.     [<  L.  anticus,  that  is  in 

front,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and  cf.  antic,  nn- 

tique.]     In bot. :  (a) Facing 

anteriorly,  away  from   the 

axis  of  the  plant.   (/')  Turn- 
ed inward  ami   facing  the 

axis  of  the  flower:  applied 

to  anthers,  ami  equivalent 

to  introrse.     Also  antical. 
anticreator  (an'ti-kre-aV 

tor),  n.    [<  anti-+  creator.  ] 

A  creator  of  something  of 

no  value.     [Rare.] 
Let  him  ask  the  author  of  those  toothless  satires  who 

was  the  maker,  or  rather  the  anticreator,  of  that  universal 

foolery.  Milton,  Apol.  for  Smectymnuus. 

anticum  (an-tl'kum),  «. ;  pi.  antica  (-kti).  [L., 
neut.  of  anticus,  that  is  in  front :  see  anticous.] 
In  arch.,  an  unnecessary  name  for  the  front  of 
a  building,  as  distinguished  from  posticum,  the 
rear  of  a  building,  etc.  Tin  name  has  heen  pro- 
posed, but  without  justification,  fur  the  pronaos  or  for  a 
front  porch.    [Rare.] 

anticyclone  (an'ta-sl-klon),  n.  [<  anti-  +  cy- 
clone.] A  meteorological  phenomenon  present- 
ing some  features  which  are  the  opposites  of 
those  of  a  cyclone.  It  consists  of  a  high  barometric 
pressure  over  a  limited  region,  the  pressure  being  highest 
in  the  center,  with  light  winds  flowing  outward  from  the 
tenter,  and  not  inward  as  in  the  cyclone,  accompanied 
with  great  cold  in  winter  and  with  great  heat  in  summer. 
See  cyclone. 

Anticyclones  .  .  .  are  now  known,  by  numerous  statisti- 
cal averages,  to  be  characterized  by  clear  weather,  ci  ild  in 
winter,  warm  in  summer,  with  weak  outflowing  right- 
handed  spiral  winds  at  the  surface. 

An"1!-.  Meteor.  Jour.,  III.  117. 

The  cyclone  ami  the  anticyclone  are  properly  to  he  re- 
garded as  counterparts,  belonging  to  one  ami  the  same 
meat  atmospheric  disturbance.  Encyc  li.it..  III.  34. 

anticyclonic  (an"ti-si-klon'ik),  ...  [<  anticy- 
clone +  -ic.]  In  meteorol.,  of,  pertaining  to,  or  of 
the  nature  of  an  anticyclone;  characterized  by 
high  barometric  pressure  and  an  outward  flow 
of  light  winds  from  a  center. 

Any  region  of  relatively  low  pressure  is  called  cyclonic, 
and  any  region  of  relatively  high  pressure,  anticyclonic. 

Ure,  Diet,  IV.  !i4G. 

ailticyclonically  (an"ti-si-klon'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  anticyclonic  manner;  as  an  anticyclone. 

To  circulate  anticyclonically  around  the  axis  of  maxi- 
mum pressure.  Nature,  XXX.  46. 

antidactyl  (an'ti-dak-til),  n.  [<  L.  antidacty- 
lus,  <  l  if.  avriSanTvTiOC,  <  avri,  opposite  to,  +  Sax- 
-:/.',:.  dactyl:  see  dactyl.]  A  dactyl  reversed; 
an  anapi'ft  ;  a  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables  followed  by  a  long  one,  as  the 
Latin  dc&los.     Sn-  anapest. 

antidemocratic  (an"ti-dem-o-krat'ik),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  democratic]  1.  Opposing  democracy 
or  popular  government.  —  2.  In  the  United 
states,  opposed  or  contrary  to  the  principles  of 
tin-  Democratic  party. 

antidemocratical  (an*ti-dem-o-krat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  us  antidemocratic. 

Antidicomarianitefnii  ti-dik-o-ma'ri-an-It),  n. 
[<  LL.  Antidicomarianitaf,  <  Or.  avridiKoc,  oppo- 
nent (<  "-it/,  against,  +  S'uai,  suit  or  action, 
right ),  +  i&apia  i,  VLap'ia,  L.  Maria,  Mary.]  '  toe 
of  u  Christian  sect  which  originated  in  Arabia 
in  the  hit  tor  part  of  the  fourth  century,  who  de- 
nied the  perpetual  virginity  of  Mary,  holding 
that  she  was  the  real  wife  of  Joseph,  and  had 
children  by  him  after  the  birth  of  Jesus.  Also 
called  Antimarian. 

Antidorcas (an-ti-ddr'kas),  n.   I  NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
corresponding  to,  like  (see  anti-),  +  So 
gazol.j      A  generic  term  applied  by  Sundi  vail 
to  the  springbok,  a  kind  of  gazel  of  Africa,  Ga- 
zella  i  or  Antidoi  cat  I  i  uchort . 

antidoron  (an-ti-dd'ron),  n.     [MGr.  avridu 
Gr.  ami,  against.  +  Supov,  a  gift.  |    In  the  Gr.  Cfl., 


244 

breatl  forming  part  of  the  holy  loaf,  blessed  in 
the  prothesis,  but  not  sacramentally  consecrat- 
ed, and  distributed  at  the  (dose  of  the  service 
to  those  who  have  not  communicated.    A  similar 

practice  has  prevailed  at  times  ill  the  Western  Church,  the 

bread  bearing  the  name  ol  blessed  bread.    See  eulogia. 
antidotal  (an'ti-do-tal),  a.     [<  antidote  +  -at.] 
Pertaining  to  antidotes;  having  the  quality  of 
tin  antidote  ;  proof  against  poison  or  anything 
hurtful. 

Animals  that  can  innoxiously  tligest  these  poisons  be- 
cuiiii  ,niti,lnin/  to  the  poison  digested. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
Snake  poison  and  antidotal  remedies. 

The  American,  VI.  205. 

antidotally  (an'ti-do-tal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  antidote;  by  way  of  antidote. 

antidotarium  (an"ti-cio-ta'ri-um),  ?t. ;  pi.  anti- 
dotaria  (-a).  [ML.,  neut.  (also  maso.  antidota- 
rius (sc.  liber,  book),  a  treatise  on  antidotes) 
of  antidotarius,  <  L.antidotum:  see  antidote.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  antidotes ;  a  pharmacopoeia. — 

2.  A  place  where  medicines  are  prepared ;  a  dis- 
pensatory.   Also  called  antidotary. 

antidotary  (an-ti-do'ta-ri),  a.  and  u.  [<  ML. 
antidotarius :  see  antidotarhim.]  I,t  a.  Same 
as  antidotal. 

II.  «•;  id.  antidotaries  (-riz).  Same  as  «n/i- 
dotarium,  2. 

antidote  (an'ti-dot),  u.  [<  P.  antidote,  <  L.anti- 
dotuin,  also  antidotus,  <  Gr.  avriSorov  (sc.  tpdp/ia- 
kov,  drug),  neut.,  also  avridoroc  (sc.  (Some,  dose), 
Iota.,  tin  antidote,  prop,  an  adj.,  <  avri,  against, 
+  (Ionic,  given,  verbal  adj.  of  dtdovai,  give,  =  L. 
(/((/(.give:  see  date.]  1.  A  medicine  adapted 
to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison  or  an  at- 
tack of  disease. 

Trust  not  the  physician  ; 
His  antidotes  are  poison.  Skate.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Whatever  prevents  or  tends  to  prevent  or 
counteract  injurious  influences  or  effects, 
whether  physical  or  mental;  a  counteracting 
power  or  influence  of  any  kind. 

My  death  and  life, 
My  bane  and  antidote,  are  both  before  me : 
This  in  a  moment  brings  me  to  an  end  ; 
But  this  informs  nie  I  shall  never  die. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 
One  passionate  belief  is  an  antidote  to  another. 

Frotide,  Sketches,  p.  86. 
-  Syn.  Remedy,  cure,  counteractive,  corrective. 

antidote  (an'ti-dot),  v.  t.     [<  antidote,  n.]    To 

furnish  with  preservatives;  preserve  by  anti- 
dotes; serve  as  an  antidote  to;  counteract. 
[Rare.] 

Fill  us  with  great  ideas,  full  of  heaven, 
And  antidote  the  pestilential  earth. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix. 

antidotical  (an-ti-dot'i-kal),  a.  [<  antidote] 
Serving  as  an  antidote;  antidotal.     [Rare.] 

antidotically  (an-ti-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
of  antidote;  antidotally.     [Rare.] 

antidotism  (an'ti-do-tizrn),  n.  [<  antidote  + 
-ism.]     The  giving  of  antidotes. 

antidromal  (an-tid'ro-mal),  a.  In  bot.,  charac- 
terized by  antidromy. 

antidromous  (an-tid'ro-nius),  a.  [<  NL.  anti- 
dromus,  <  Gr.  as  if  "iivridpo/ioc  (cf.  avridpopeiv, 
run  in  a  contrary  direction),  <  avri,  against,  + 
Spaueiv,  run.]     Same  as  antidromal. 

antidromy  (an-tid'ro-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *av- 
TiSpopia,  <  "avridpoftoi; :  see  an  tidromous.  ]  In  hot., 
a  change  in  the  direction  of  the  spiral  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  leaves  upon  the  branches 
of  a  stem,  or  on  the  successive  axes  of  a  sym- 
podial  stem.    Also  called  heterodromy. 

antidysenteric  (an"ti-dis-en-ter'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  +  dysenteric.]      I.  a.  Of  use  against 
dysentery. 
II.  )i.  A  remedy  for  dysentery. 

antidysuric  (an'ti-di-su'rik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
dyswic]  Useful  in  relieving  or  counteracting 
dysury. 

anti-emetic  (an"ti-e-met'ik),  a.  and  Jt.  Same 
:is  antemetic. 

antientt,  antientryt,  etc.  Former  spellings  of 
ancient,  ancientry,  etc 

anti-enthusiastic  (an"ti-eu-thu-zi-as'tik),  a. 
[<  anti-  +  cntlittsiaxtic.]  Opposed  to  enthusi- 
asm:  :is.  "I  lie  until  iil/i  itsiastie  poet's  method," 

Shaftesbury. 
anti-ephialtic  (an"ti-ef-i-al'tik),   (/.   and   n. 

Same  as  antephialtic. 
anti-epileptic  (an^ti-ep-i-lep'tik),  a.  and  «. 

Sa me  as  antepilt ptic. 
anti-episcopal  (an'ti-f-pis'ko-pal),  a.    [<nnti- 

+  episcopal.]    Opposed  to  episcopacy. 

Mad  I  gratified  their  antiepiscopal  faction  at  first,  .  .  . 
I  believe  they  would  then  have  found  no  colourable  ne- 
cessity of  raising  an  army,  Eikon  Iiasilike,  ix. 


Antigaster 

anti-evangelical  (an'ti-e-van-jel'i-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  evangelical.]  Opposed  to  evangelical 
principles. 

antiface  (an'ti-fas),  ».  [<  Or.  avri,  opposite,  + 
face.]  An  opposite  face;  a  face  of  a  totally 
different  kind.     /;.  Jonson. 

antifat  (an'ti-fat),  a.  and  n.     [<  anti-  +  fat.] 
I.  a.  Useful  in  preventing  or  counteracting  the 
formation  of  fat,  or  in  lessening  the  amount  of  it. 
II.  n.  Any  substance  which  prevents  or  re- 
duces fatness. 

antifebrile  (an-ti-feVril  or  -fe'bril),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  +  febrile.']  I.  a.  Having  the  property 
of  abating  fever;  opposing  or  tending  to  cure 
lover;  antipyretic. 

II.  u.  An  antipyretic  (which  see). 

antifederal,  Anti-Federal  (an-ti-fed'e-ral),  a. 

[<  anti-  +  ft  ili  nil.  |      <  tpposed  to  federalism,  or 

to  a  federal  constitution  or  party Anti-Federal 

party,  in  ''.  S.  hist.,  the  party  which  opposed  the  adop- 
tion and  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
ami  which,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  the  strict  con- 
struction nf  the  Constitution.  Its  fundamental  principle 
wits  opposition  to  tin*  strengthening  of  the  national  gov- 
ernment at  the  expense  of  tic  state-.  Vfter  the  close  of 
Washington's  first  administration  (1793)  the  name  Anti- 
Federal  soon  went  out  of  use,  Republican,  and  afterward 
Democratic  Republican  (now  usually  Democratic  alone), 
taking  its  place.     Also  called  Anti-Federalist  party. 

antifederalism,  Anti-Federalism  (an-ti-fed'- 
e-ral-izm),  u.  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ism.]  <  >]>- 
position  to  federalism;  specifically,  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Anti-Federal  party. 

antifederalist,  Anti-Federalist  (an-ti-fed'e- 
ral-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ist.]  One  op- 
posed to  federalism;  a  member  of  the  Anti- 
Federal  party.     See  anliti  ilrral. 

In  the  course  of  this  discussion  the  Anti-Federalists 
urged  the  following  as  their  chief  objections  to  adopting 

the  new  Constitution  :  States  would  he  consolidated,  and 
their  sovereignty  crushed  ;  personal  liberty  would  be  en- 
dangered, since  no  security  was  furnished  for  freedom  of 
speech  and  the  liberty  of  the  press,  nor  assurance  adequate 
against  arbitrary  arrest  or  forcible  seizure  and  the  dental 
of  jury  trials  in  civil  cases;  standing  armies,  too,  were 
placed  under  too  little  restraint.  Making  the  President 
re-eligible  indefinitely  was  too  much  like  givinga  life  ten- 
ure to  the  executive  office.        SchouXer,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  55. 

Anti-Federalist  party.  Same  as  Anti-Federal  party 
(which  see,  under  antifederal). 

antiferment   (an-ti-fer'ment),  n.      [<  anti-  + 

ft  inicnt.]  A  substance  or  agent  having  the 
property  of  preventing  or  counteracting  fer- 
mentation. 

antifermentative  (an"ti-fer-men'ta-tiv),  a.  and 

n.    [<  anti-  +  fermentative.]    I.  a.  Preventing 

or  fitted  to  prevent  fermentation. 

II.  n.  Same  as  antiferment. 

The  speaker  gate  in  these  cases  [dyspepsia],  as  an  anti- 

fermentative,  glycerine.  -V.  1'.  Med.  Jour.,  XI..  682. 

antifouling  (an-ti-foul'ing),  a.  [<  anti-  +  find- 
ing.] Adapted  to  prevent  or  counteract  fouling. 
Applied  to  any  preparation  or  contrivance  intended  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  or  accumulation  of  extraneous  matter, 
as  barnacles,  seaweed,  etc.,  on  the  immersed  portion  of 
ships,  or  fitted  for  removing  such  formations,  or  the  scales 
from  the  interior  of  steam-boilers,  powder  from  the  bores 
of  guns,  etc. 

antifriction  (an-ti-frik'shon),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
+  friction.]  I.  a.  Preventing  friction;  spe- 
cifically, in  inecii.,  overcoming  or  reducing  that 
resistance  to  motion  which  arises  from  friction. 
—Antifriction  bearing,  a  bearing  in  which  rolling  fric- 
tion is  substituted  for  that  of  sliding  contact;  any  form  of 
bearing  specially  designed  to  reduce  friction.— Antifric- 
tion block,  a  pulley-block  with  antifriction  wheels  or 
roller  hearings.  —  Antifriction  box,  the  box  which  con- 
tains the  rollers  or  halls  of  an  antifriction  hearing. — Anti- 
friction compositions,  lubricating  compounds  of  oils, 
fats,  or  greases,  usually  combined,  where  the  pressure  is 
■_ie.it,  with  certain  metallic  or  mineral  substances,  as 
plumbago,  sulphur,  talc,  steatite,  etc. —  Antifriction 
metals,  alleys  which  oiler  little  frictional  resistance  to 
hi  .dies  sliding,  oar  them,  and  which  ale  used  in  machinery 
let  bearings.  They  arc  principally  compounds  of  copper, 
antimony,  and  tin  ;  zinc  or  lead,  iir  both,  are  sometimes 
added,  and  less  frequently,  or  in  smaller  quantities,  vari- 
ous other  substances. 

II.    n.    Anything  that  prevents  friction;  a 
lubricant. 

antigalactic  (an-ti-ga-lak'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  }d/.<z  (ya^anT-),  milk:  see  galac- 
tic] I.  o\  In  Aim..,  opposed  to  the  secretion  of 
milk,  or  to  diseases  caused  by  the  milk,  liitn- 
glison. 

II.  n.  Anything  tending  to  diminish  the  se- 
■  ril  inn  of  milk. 

anti-Gallican  (an-ti-gal'i-kan),  a.  and  u.  [< 
nnii-+  Gallican,  French:  see  Gallican.]  I.  a. 
Hostile  to  France  or  i ho  French,  or  to  anything 
French;  specifically,  opposed  to  the  Gallican 
church.     See  (irdlican. 

II.   ii.  One  wlio  is  hostile  to  the  French,  or  to 
tin  i lallican  church. 

Antigaster  (an't L-gas-t er ),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 

against,  +  )aari/p,  stomach.]     A  genorie  name 


K.ityiliJ-egg  Parasite  \Atttigaster 

mirabilis). 

si,  male;  B.  female.     (Verticil  line  and 

cross  show  natural  sizes.) 


Antigaster 

proposed  by  Walsh  for  certain  parasitic  By- 
menoptera,  of  the  family  '  'halcidida;  w  liieh  bend 
the  abdomen  back  over  the  linn-ax.  .1.  mirabUis 
(Walsh)  is  parasitic  in  the  eggsof  one  of  the  katydids,  Mi- 
erocentrum  retineroin.  Synonymous  with  Eupelmus  (which 
see). 

antigeny     (an- 

tij'e-ui),  n.  L< 
Gr.  avri,  against, 
opposite,  +  yi- 
voc,  race,  stock, 
sex.]  Sexual  di- 
morphism. /'«.<- 
coe. 

Antignana  (&11- 
te-nyii'nii),  11. 
A  white  and  a 
red  wine,  made 
in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Tri- 
este. 

antigorite   (an- 

tig'o-rit),  11.  [< 
Antigoriu  (see 
def.)  +  -i«e2.] 
A  variety  of  ser- 
pentine, of  a 
green  color  and 
a  thin  lamellar 
structure,  found 
in  the  Antigorio 
valley  in  Pied- 
mont. 

antigraph  (au'- 
ti-graf),  11.  [< 
ML.  antigra- 
pliitm,  <Gr.  avri- 
ypa<j>ov,  a  transcript,  copy,  counterpart,  neut. 
of  avri-}  piKprn;,  copied  in  duplicate,  <  avri,  corre- 
sponding to,  counter,  +  ■)pu<f-nv,  write.]  Acopy 
or  counterpart  of  a  writing,  as  of  a  deed. 

antigraphy  (an-tig'ra-fl),  ?(.    [For  *antigraphe, 

<  Gr.  avriypcufli,  a  defendant's  answer;  also 
equiv.  to  avriypatyov,  a  copy:  see  antigraphy 
The  making  of  antigraphs;  copying. 

antigropelos  (an-ti-grop'e-los,  -loz),  11.  sing,  or 
pi.   [Orig.  a  proprietary  name,  formed,  it  issaid, 

<  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  bypoc,  moist  (see  lii/gro-),  + 
mft.dc,  clay,  mud ;  ai.Jj.palits,  a  marsh:  see  pahv- 
dal.~]  Spatterdashes ;  long  riding-  or  walking- 
boots  for  wet  weather. 

Her  brother  had  on  his  antigropeliis,  the  utmost  ap- 
proach he  possessed  to  a  hunting  equipment. 

George  El<"t,  Daniel  Deronda,  I.  vii. 

antiguggler  (an-ti-gug'ler),  v.  [<  anti-  +  gug- 
gle.'] A  small  tube  inserted  into  the  mouth  of 
a  bottle  or  carboy  to  admit  air  while  the  liquid 
is  running  out,  and  thereby  prevent  guggling 
or  splashing  of  corrosive  liquid.     E.  H.  Knight. 

antihelix(an'ti-he-liks),  11.;  pi.  aiitihelices  (an-ti- 
hel'i-sez).  [<  anti-  +  helix.  See  anthelix,  which 
is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.] 
The  inner  curved  ridge  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear. 
Also  anthclix.     See  cut  under  car. 

antihemorrhagic(an"ti-hem-o-raj'ik),  a.  Same 
as  anthemorrhagic. 

antihyloist  (an-ti-hi'lo-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  hylo- 
ist.]  One  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  hylo- 
ists.    See  hyloist. 

antihypnotic  (an"ti-hip-not'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  hypnotic.  See  <ni  thypnotic,  which  is  the  same 
word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  Counter- 
acting sleep ;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  leth- 
argv.    Also  anthypnotic. 

antihypochondriac  (an"ti-kip-o-kou'dri-ak),  a. 
[<  anti-+  hypochondriac.  See  aiitliypocliomlriar, 
which  is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek 
fashion.]  Counteracting  or  tending  to  cure 
hypochondriac  affections  and  depression  of 
spirits.    Also  anthypochondriac. 

antihypophora  (an"ti-hi-pof'o-ra),  ».  [<  anti- 
+  L.  hypophora,  <  Gr.  vnoipopu,"  an  objection. 
See  anthypqphora,  which  is  the  same  word 
compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  In  rhct.,  same 
as  anthypophora. 

antihysteric   (aii'-'ti-liis-ter'ik),  a.   and  n.     [< 
anti-  +  hysteric.     See  anthysteric,  which  is  the 
same  word   compounded  in   Greek  fashion.] 
I.  a.  Preventing  or  curing  hysteria. 
II.  11.  A  remedy  for  hysteria. 
Also  anthysteric. 

anti-icteric  (an"ti-ik-ter'ik),  11.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  lierepiKdc,  <  licrepoc,  the  jaundice.]  In 
inn/.,  a  remedy  for  jaundice.     Dunglison. 

anti-incrustator  (an-ti-in'krus-ta-tor),  n.  A 
mechanical,  chemical,  or  electrical  appliance 
for  preventing  the  formation  of  scales  in  steam- 
boilers. 


245 

anti-induction  (an'ti-in-duk'shpn),  a.  Pre- 
venting or  counteracting  electrical  induction: 
as,  anti-induction  devices  in  telephony. 

anti-Jacobin,  Anti-Jacobin  (an-ti-jak'S-bin), 
a.  and  re.  ( Apposed  to,  or  one  who  is  opposed  to, 
t  ho  Jacobins.    Sec  Jacobin. 

anti-Jacobinism  (an-ti-jak'o-bin-izm),  n.    The 

principles  anil  practices  of  the  anti-Jacobins. 

anti-Lecompton  (an^ti-lf-komp'ton),  a.  In  U.S. 
hist.,  opposed  to  the  admission  of  Kansas  under 
the  proslavery  constitution  framed  by  the  terri- 
torial convention  held  at  Lecoinjiton  in  1857: 
applied  to  B  minority  of  the  Democratic  party. 

antllegomena(an"ti-le-gom'e-na),  n.pi.  [<Gr. 
;•«!«,  things  spoken  against,  neut.  pi. 
of  avTi'Aeyd/icvoc;,  ppr.  pass,  of  avrOjyeiv,  speak 
against,  dispute:  see  antilogy.']  Literally,  tilings 
spoken  against;  specifically,  those  books  of  the 
New  Testament  whose  inspiration  was  not  uni- 
versally acknowledged  by  the  early  church,  al- 
though they  were  ultimately  admitted  into  the 
canon.  These  are  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  the  Epis- 
tles  of  James  and  Jude,  the  Second  Epistle  of  Peter,  the 
Second  anil  Third  Epistles  i.f  .Mm,  ami  the  Revelation. 

They  are  classed  by  R an  Catholic  theologians  as  deu- 

terocanoit&cal  (which  see), 

antilibration  (an'ti-li-bra'skon),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  lihration,  q.  v.]  The  act  of  counterbalancing, 
or  the  state  of  being  counterbalanced,  as  two 
members  of  a  sentence;  equipoise. 

Having  enjoyed  his  artful  antithesis  and  solemn  until;. 
oration  of  cadi  m  1  7v  QuiTuey,  Whiggism. 

antilithic  (an-ti-lith'ik),  a.  and  re.  [<Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  TuBckui-,  of  stone,  <  "AiBoc,  stone.]  I. 
a.  In  med.,  tending  to  prevent  the  formation 
of  urinary  calculus,  or  stone  in  the  bladder. 

II.  11.   A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  urinary  calculi. 

Antillean  (an-ti-le'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Antilles,  a  name  usually  given  to  all  the 
islands  of  the  West  Indies,  the  Bahamas  ex- 
cepted. 

antilobium  (an-ti-16'bi-um),  ». ;  pi.  antilobia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <Gr.  avrt'Aufliov,  <  avri,  opposite  to, 
+  '/oiiog,  the  lobe  of  the  ear:  see  lobe.']  In 
Great.,  the  tragus,  or  that  part  of  the  external  ear 
which  is  opposite  the  lobe.     See  cut  under  car. 

Antilocapra  (an'ti-lo-ka'pra),  re.  [NL.,  contr. 
for  *aiitiliipocaprii.  <  antUope,  antelope,  +  L.  co- 
pra, a  goat.]  A  genus  of  ruminants  peculiar 
to  North  America,  constituting  the  family  An- 
Ulocapridce,  and  containing  only  the  cabrit, 
pronghorn,  or  so-called  American  antelope, 
Antilocapra americana.  See Antilocaprida:  The 
members  of  this  genus  have  no  larmiers,  or  metatarsal 
glands,  as  in  Cervidce,  but  have  a  system  uf  eleven  odor- 


Pronghorn  (Antilocapra  americana). 

iferous  sebaceous  cutaneous  glands.  They  have  Bmall 
hoofs,  no  false  hoofs,  slender  limits,  :i  comparatively  short 
and  stout  neck,  erect,  pointed  ears,  large  liquid  eyes  bH 
uated  directly  beneath  the  base  of  the  horns,  extremi  Ij 
short  tail,  and  a  harsh,  stilt,  brittle  pelage  devoid  of  felting 
quality.    See  prongkorn, 

antilocaprid(an//ti-lo-kap'rid),  n.  An  antelope 
of  the  family  Antilocapritke. 

AntilocapridseCan'ti-lo-kap'ri-do), »■]>?-  [NL., 
(Antilocapra  +  -,./".]  A  family  of  ruminant 
quadrupeds  framed  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Antilocapra,  coutaiuing  the  so-called 
American  antelope.  It  is  characterized  by  forked 
hollow  boms  supported  upon  a  long  bony  core  or  osseous 
process  of  the  frontal  bone,  as  in  the  cattle  or  true  hollow- 
horned  ruminants,  yet  deciduous,  being  periodically  shed 
and  renewed  like  the  antlers  of  deer.  Thi  Be  Blngular 
burns  arc  composed  of  agglutinated  hairs  hardening  into 
solid  corneous  tissue,  and  when  sprouting  resemble  the 
Bkin-covered  knobs  upon  the  head  of  the  giraffe.  There 
are  Beveral  remarkable  osteological  peculiarities  of  the 
skull,  among  them  the  Enclosure  of  the  styloid  process  of 


Antilopinae 

the  temporal  bone  in  a  sheath  formed  by  an  exU  n  Ion  of 
the  external  audltoi  j  mi  al  u 

antiloemictiiii-ii-le'iniu l, n.   [< Gr. avrf,agfl 
+  >o//i(k<>rf    pestilential,  <   Aoifi6ct    pestilence, 
plague.]    A  remedy  used  in  the  prevention  and 
cure  i)C  fche  plague.     Sometimi     pmtten  anti- 
loimic, 

antilogarithm  (an-td-log'arrithm),  n.  [<  mti- 
+  logarithm.]  In  math.:  [a)  Tho  complement 
of  I  ho  logarithm  «»('  any  sine,  tangent,  or  secanl 
up  to  that  of  !"»  degrees.  [Hare.]  (/>)  As  com- 
monly used,  the  number  corresponding  to  any 

logarithm.      Thus,   :u>  nclm-   in    tin    1. .mi system, 

LOO  is  the  antilogarithm  of  2,  because  2  Is  the  logarithm  of 
100;  it  is  denoted  thus:  log.  ' 2,  log.  la,  which  maj  be  read  : 
"The  number  t>>  the  log.  2,"  "the  number  to  the  \<>v..  a." 

antilogarithmic  (an-ti-log-a-rith'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  antilogarithms.  Antilogarithmic 
table,  <>nn  in  which,  the  logarithm  ol  a  number  being 
entered  as  an  argument,  the  number  itself  is  found  In  the 
body  of  the  table. 

antilogous  (an-til'o-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrfooyoe, 
contradictory:  see  antilogy.']  Jn  elect,  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  that  pole  of  a  crystal  which  is 
negative  while  being  electrified  by  heat,  and 
afterward,  while  cooling,  is  positive.  See  pyro- 
( lectricity. 

antilogy  (an-til'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  antilogies  (-ji/>).  [< 
Gr.  ai>T(2oy/a}  contradiction,  <  avrtAoyoc,  contra- 
dictory, <  avrilkyetVy  contradict,  speak  against, 
(avri,  against,  +  "kkyziv^  speak,  say.]  Self- 
contradiction;  contradiction  or  inconsistency 
between  din'ereut  statements  by  the  same  per- 
son or  different  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

Philosophy  was  thus  again  reconciled  « ith  nature ;  con- 
sciousness was  not  a  bundle  of  antilogies;  certainty  and 
knowledge  were  not  evicted  from  man.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
In  these  antilogies  and  apologies,  however,  a  different  e 
might  I"-  perceived  :  and  some  of  the  advocates  of  Henry 
appeared  less  anxious  to  attack  Rome  than  to  defend 
their  prince.  Ji.  W.  Dixon,  Hist  Church  of  Eng.,  vi 

Antilope  (an-til'o-pe),  n.  [NL.:  Bee  antelope."} 
1.  A  genus  of  Antilorrince  (which  see).  The  t.  rm 
has  been  used  with  such  Latitude  in  its  application  to  the 
whole  of  the  group  AntUopinos,  and,  when  restricted,  has 
been  employed  in  so  many  different  Benses,  that  it  has  lost 
whatever  exact  meaning  it  may  have  possessed  i  riginally, 
and  lias  heeeme  a  loose,  fluctuating  synonym  of  the  sub- 
family name  AntUopinos,  Even  in  early  usage  it  appears 
to  have  been  applied  to  several  different  small  gazel-like 
antelopes.  It  is  now  commonly  restricted  to  the  Basin  or 
Indian  antelope,  A  ntUope  cerweapra.  See  cut  under sasin. 
2f  (an'ti-lop).  [I.  c]  Obsolete  (English)  spell- 
ing of  antelope. 

Antilopidse  (an-ti-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope +  -idce.~\  A  family  of  ruminants;  the 
antelopes:  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  of 
Antilopino3.    Also  written  Antelopida. 

Antilopinae  (anyti-lo-pi'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope t  -//.f/'.]  A  subfamily  of  old-world  and 
chiefly  African  ruminants,  the  antelopes,  a 
jrroup  belonging  to  the  family  Bovida>.  They  dif- 
fer n  "in  cattle  in  their  smaller  size,  inure  lithe  and  grace- 
ful form,  slenderer  legs,  which  are  comparatively  longer 
in  the  shank,  and  longer  neck,  with  slenderer  vertebra;, 
uplifting  the  head.  The  AntUopinos  shade  directly  into 
the  slice] »  and  gnats  (Oviiue  and  Cajiriiuv),  being  separable 
from  them  by  no  technical  character;  but  the  horns  usu- 
ally differ  from  the  forms  presented  by  gnats  and  sheep, 
though  tlu-y  are  so  diverse  as  to  be  definable  by  no  com- 
mon character.  AntUopinos  are  specially  numerous  in 
species  and  individuals  in  Africa,  of  which  continent  they 
arc  the  most  characteristic  animals.  Upward  of  50  Afri- 
can species  have  been  described;  there  are  many  others 
in  Asia,  and  a  few  in  Europe.  Some  75  species  are  recog- 
nized by  naturalists,  hut  probably  the  number  of  genuine 
species  is  less  than  this.  Several  hundred  different  names, 
generic,  specific,  and  vernacular,  have  been  applied  to 
llusc  animals;  and  no  authors  except  mere  compilers  are 
agreed  upon  the  division  of  the  group.  The  antelopes 
present  tlie  utmost  diversity  of  stature,  form,  and  general 
appearance,  ranging  from  the  smallest  and  most  delicate 
gazels,  steinboks,  and  springboks  to  the  bulky  eland,  nyl- 
ghau, or  hartheest,  as  large  as  a  cow,  horse,  or  stag,  and 
Include  the  singularly  misshapen  gnu  (Connochittrs  gnu). 
The  Rocky  Mountain  goat.  Haploci  tub  montanus,  related 
to  the  Alpine  chamois,  Rupxcapra  tragus,  and  thegoral,  AV- 
morhedus  goral,  another  goat-like  anti  lope,  axe  also  placed 
in  this  subfamily.  The  buballne  or  bovine  antelopes  in- 
clude, the  hartheest  (Alrslaphm  cacema),  blesbok  (X  albi- 
frons),  and  bontebok  (.4.  pygargus).  Four-horned  ante- 
lopes belong  to  the  genus  Tetraceros.  The  philantomba 
ami  coquetoon  antelopes,  the  blauwbok,  duyker,  etc., are 
placed  in  the  genus  Cepkolophus.  Tlie  steinboks  are  spe- 
cies  of  Neotragus ;  the  singeing,  kobus.leche,  bohor,  etc., 
are  of  the  genera  Cerweapra,  Kobus,an6  their  immediate 
allies.  The  gazels  are  a  large  group,  constituting  the  genus 
GfazeUa  (or  Dorcas) and  others ;  they  include  the  Bpringbok 
(Antidorcast  itchore),  and  are  Indian,  Arabian,  and  Syrian, 
as  well  as  African.  The  sable  or  equine  antelopes  constitute 
the  genus  Hippotragus.  The  addax  is  Addax  nasomacula~ 
tus.  There  are  several  Bpecies  of  Oryx,  as  0.  leucoryx.  The 
nylghau  is  Boselaphus  tragoca/melus.  The  harnessed  ante- 
lopes (so  called  from  the  stripes  on  thesides),  or  the  bOSCh- 
boks,  are  species  of  Tragi  lapkus,  as  T.  bci  iptus.  T.  sylvati- 
eua.  The  koodoo  is  a  huge  antelope  with  twisted  horns 
{Strepsiceros  kudu).     The  eland  i  no.     The  so- 

called  saiga  antelope  is  the  type  Ol  a  different  family, 
SoigidcB  (which  see);  the  American  antelope  also  belongs 
to  a  different  family,  A  ntxlocapridee  (which  sen.  See  cuts 
under  addax,  Bland,  gazel,  gnu,  and  ilaplucervs.  Also 
written  Antelopirux. 


antilopine 

antilopine  (an-til'r>-pim,  a.  [<  Nh.  antilo- 
pinus;  see  Antilopina.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  genus  Antilopi .  or  to  the  group  Antilapmm; 
pertaining  or  related  to  an  antelope,  specifically 
applied  bj  some  writers  to  a  particular  croup  of  antelopes 
represented  by  the  sasin  (Ant\  y  ra\  as  distin- 

guished from  other  divisions  <■!  intUopina  (which  see), 

antiloquistt  (an-til'o-kwist),  ».  [<  antiloquyi 
+  -isl.]     A  contradictor. 

antiloquyH  (an-til'o-kwi),  it.;  pi.  antiloquies 
f-kwiz).  [<  LL.  antildquium,  contradiction,  <  Grr. 
avri,  against.  +  li.hu/iii,  speak.  Cf.nntiloquy2.] 
Contradiction. 

antiloquy'-t  (an-til'o-kwi),  m.j  pi.  antiloquies 
(-kwiz).  [<LL.  antiloquium,  L.  anteloquium,  the 
right  of  speaking  before  another,  also  a  proem, 
preface,  <  ante,  before,  +  loqui,  speak.]  1.  A 
preface;  a  proem.  Boucher. —  2.  A  stage-play- 
er's cue.     '  <"■/' ""». 

antiluetic  (an  ti-lu-et'ik),  a.  [<  anft-  +  lues, 
q.  v.,  +  -e£-»e.]     Same  as  antisyphilitic. 

antilyssic  (an-ti-lis'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvri,  against, 
+  Xvaaa,  rabies,  +  -ic]  Tending  to  prevent, 
alleviate,  or  cure  rabies. 

antilytic  (an-ti-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  AVTUidc,  <  >  rriii,  verbal  adj.  of  '/ reiv,  loose. 
(_'f.  /iiii-tili/tic]     Same  as  antijiaralytic,  (b). 

antimacassar  (an  ti-ma-kas'iir),  re.  [<  a»W- 
+  macassar,  for  Macassar  oil.  See  <n7.]  An 
ornamental  covering  for  the  backs  and  arms 
of  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  etc.,  to  keep  them 
from  being  soiled  by  oil  from  the  hair ;  a  tidy. 

anti-machine  (an"ti-ma-shen'),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  machine.]  In  V.  S.  politics,  opposed  to  the 
exclusive  management  of  party  polities  by  an 
organized  body  of  irresponsible  politicians;  in- 
dependent.    See  machine. 

antimagistraticalt  (an"ti-maj-is-trat'i-kal),  u. 
Same  as  antimagistrical. 

antimagistricalt  ( an"ti-ma-jis'tri-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  L.  magister,  a  ruler:  see  magistrate.] 
Opposed  to  the  office  of  magistrate.    South. 

antimaniacal  (au'ti-ma-ni'a-kal),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  maniacal.]     Effective  against  mania. 

With  respect  to  vomits,  it  may  seem  almost  heretical  to 
impeach  their  antimaniacal  virtues.  liattie.  Madness. 

Antimarian  (an-ti-ma'ri-an),  ».  Same  as  An- 
tidicomarianite. 

antimask  (an'ti-mask),  n.  [<  anti-  +  mask.] 
A  secondary  or  lesser  mask,  of  a  ludicrous  char- 
acter, introduced  between  the  acts  of  a  serious 
mask  by  way  of  lightening  it;  a  ludicrous  in- 
terlude.   Also  antic-mask  and  antmasqui . 

Let  antinuuika  not  be  long;  they  have  been  commonly 
of  fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antiques,  beasts,  spir- 
its, witches,  Ethiops,  pigmies,  turquets,  nymphs,  rustics, 
cupids,  statues  moving,  and  the  like.  As  for  angels,  it 
is  not  comical  enough  to  put  them  in  antvnuuks. 

Bacon,  Masques  and  Triumphs. 

On  the  Scene  he  thrusts  out  first  an  AnUmaxque  of  two 
bugbears,  Novelty  and  Perturbation. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xx. 

Antimason  (an-ti-nia'sn),  ii.  [<  anti-  +  mason, 
tor  freemason,  q.  v.]  One  hostile  to  masonry 
or  freemasonry ;  specifically,  a  member  of  the 
Antimasonie  party. 

Antimasonic  (an  ti-ma-son'ik),  a.  [<  Antima- 
son +  -ic.]  Opposed  to  freemasonry .  —Antima- 
sonic party,  In  u,  s.  hist.,  a  political  party  which  origi- 
nated in  New  York  State  about  ls-27,  in  the  excitement 
caused  bj  tic  supposed  hiili'lir  of  William  Morgan,  uf 
Batavia,  New  York,  in  1826,  by  freemasons,  to  prevent  a 
threatened  put. In-  disclosure  of  th,  secrets  of  their  order. 
Tin-  movement  spread  to  some  other  States,  and  a  national 

party  was  organized,  but  within  al t  ten  years  it  disap- 

bhe  \  f  i  t  i  j  i , : .  ons  becoming  Whigs.  Its 
characteristic  tenet  was  that  freemasons  ought  to  be  ex- 
cluded from  public  office,  because  they  would  nece  arito 
regard  their  obligations  to  the  society  more  than  their  obli- 
gations to  tli-'  state.  It^  principles  were  revived  in  a  so- 
,[|[-ii      Imerii  in  party'  organized  in  1875. 

antimasonry  (an-ti-ma'sn-ri),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
masonry,  tea  freemasonry,  q.  v.]  Opposition  to 
freemasonry;  in  particular,  the  principles  and 
polieyofthe  Antimasonic  party.  See  Antima- 
sonic. 

antimasque,  «-    See  antimask. 

antimensium  (an-ti-men'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  anti- 
mi  nsia  ■  -ii  I.  [  M  I..  '  Mi  rr.  avrcftlvoiov),  <  Gr.  avri, 
in  place  6f  (see  anti-),  +  1..  mensa,  t ;ible,  in  the 
special  ML.  Bfnse  <>f  ' communion-table.']  In 
tin  tlr.  I'll.,  a  consecrated  cloth  on  which  the 
eucharist  is  consecrated  in  places  where  there  is 
no  consecrated  altar,  it  takes  the  place  of  the  port- 
able altar  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  term  is  Bometimes  ex- 
tendi d  in  the  Syrian  churches  to  s  thin  slab  ol  w i  con 

ited  for  a  like  purpose.      \i bo  written  nTUimin  ton 

antimere  (an'ii-mer),  ».     [<  Or.  avri,  against, 

+  litpoc,  apart.]  In  l>n>l..  a  segment  or  division 
of  the  body  in  the  direction  .,1  one  of  the  secon- 
dary or  transverse  axes,  till  of  which  are  at  right 
angles  to   the   primary   or  longitudinal  axis. 


246 

When  these  axes  are  not  differentiated  In  any  way,  all 
antimeres  are  alike,  and  are  parts  arranged  around  the 
Inn-  prime  axis  like  the  spokes  and  fellies  of  a  wheel 
around  the  axis  oi  the  hull :  a  disposition  preserved  w  1th 
much  accuracy  in  tnanj  ol  tic  Raaiata,  among  which,  for 
example,  the  arms  oi  a  starfish,  the  tentacles  of  a  sea- 

ane ne  or  coral  animalcule,  or  the  rows  of  ambulacra  of 

a  si  :i  urchin  ale  antimeres.  Oltcner,  however,  the  trans- 
\.  i  i  axes  an-  differentiated,  some  being  Bhorter,  others 
longer,  giving  use  to  siilcs,  as  right  and  left,  in  the  di- 
rect!  f  the  longer  transverse  axes,  in  which  case  right 

ami  left  parts  are  antimercs.  This  constitutes  bilateral 
By] try.     Parts  which  may  he  perceived  to  correspond 

at   Opposite  poles  Oi    the  other  (shorter)  trausvi irse   a\es, 

constituting  dorsabdominal  symmetry,  are  also  antimeres ; 
but  this  condition  is  obscure.  Likewise,  again,  parts  along 
the  primary  longitudinal  axis,  or  at  its  poles,  which  ma] 
he  observed  or  he  conceived  to  constitute  anteroposterior 
symmetry,  are  essentially  antimeric;  but  this  condition, 
like  dorsabdominal  symmetry,  is  ohscttre,  while  the  serial 
succession  of  like  parts  along  the  prime  axis,  as  the  rings 

of  a  worm,  crustacean,  or  insect,  ami  the  .Inutile  rings  of 

a  vertebrate,  is  so  marked  that  antimeres  of  this  kino  are 
not  called  antimeres,  but  metameres;  such  are  the  ordi- 
nary segments,  .somites,  arthromeres,  or  diarthromeres  of 
any  articulate  or  vertebrate  animal.  Antimere  is  there- 
fore practically  restricted  to  such  radiating  and  bilateral 
parts  as  are  more  or  less  symmetrical  with  one  another. 
See  eudiplem-al. 

antimeria  (an-ti-me'ri-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  opposite,  +  fiipoc,  a  part.]  In  gram., 
a  form  of  enallage  in  which  one  part  of  speech 
is  substituted  for  another.     F.  A.  March. 

antimeric  (an-ti-mer'ik),  a.  [<  antimere  +  -tc] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antimere  or  to  antimer- 
ism  ;  situated  in  any  transverse  axis  of  a  body 
and  symmetrical  with  something  else  in  the 
other  half  of  the  same  axis.     See  antimere. 

antimerism  (an-tim'e-rizm),  n.  [<  antimere  + 
-ism.]  The  antimeric  condition  ;  the  state  of 
an  antimere ;  the  quality  of  being  antimeric. 
See  antimere. 

antimesmerist  (an-ti-mez'me-rist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  mesmerism  +  -ist.~\  One  who  is  opposed  to 
or  does  not  believe  in  mesmerism.  Proc.  Soc. 
Psy.  Pes. 

antimetabole  (an"ti-me-tab'o-le),  n.  [L.,  <  Grr. 
avTi/ttTajJoA)/,  <  (ii'W,  against,  counter,  +  /leTa/foh'/, 
mutation:  see  nietabola.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  in 
which  the  same  words  or  ideas  are  repeated  in 
inverse  order.  The  following  are  examples:  "A  wit 
with  dunces,  and  a  dunce  with  wits,"  Pope;  "Be  wisely 
worldly,  but  not  worldly  wise,"  Quaries. 

antimetathesis  (an//ti-me-tath'e-sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avrifiCT&deaii;,  counter-transposition,  <  avri, 
against,  counter,  +  ficraBeaig,  transposition: 
see  metathesis.']  A  rhetorical  figure  resulting 
from  a  reverted  arrangement  in  the  last  clause 
of  a  sentence  of  the  two  principal  words  of  the 
clause  preceding;  inversion  of  the  members  of 
an  antithesis:  as,  "A  poem  is  a  speaking  pic- 
ture ;  a  picture  a  mute  poem,"  Crabbe. 

antimeter  (an-tim'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  fifrpov,  a  measure.]  An  optical  instrument 
for  measuring  small  angles.     [Not  now  used.] 

antiminsion  (an-ti-min'si-on),  n. ;  pi.  antimin- 
siffl(-ii).  [<MGr.  avTi/iivotov:  see  antimensium.] 
Same  as  antimensinm. 

antimnemonic  (an"ti-ne-mon'ik),  <t.  and  n.  [< 
null-  +  mnemonic.]  I.  a.  Injurious  to  the  mem- 
ory ;  tending  to  impair  memory. 

Ii.  n.  Whatever  is  hurtful  to  or  weakens  the 
memory.     Coleridge. 

antimonarchic  (an"ti-mo-nar'kik),  a.  [<.anti- 
+  monarchic;  =F.  antiinonarchiquc]  Same  as 
tiiitiiiioiiurchiriil.     Pp.  Penson. 

antimonarchical  (an"ti-mo-niir'ki-kal).  a.  [< 
nnti-+  monarchical.]  Opposed  to  monarchy  or 
kingly  government. 

antimonarchist  (an-ti-mon'ar-kist),  n.  [<  an- 
ti- +  monarchist.]     An  opponent  of  monarchy. 

Monday,  a  terrible  raging  wind  happened,  which  did 
in  mil  hurt,  Dennis  Bond,  a  great  Olivcrian  ami  avtim/m 
arehist,  died  on  that  day;  and  then  the  devil  took  bond 
for  Oliver's  appearance.         I.ijc  of  A.  FTood  (1848),  p.  82. 

antimonate  (an'ti-mo-nat),  n.  [<  antimony  + 
-nliK]     Same  as  antimoniate. 

antimonial  (an-ti-mo'ni-al),  u.  and  n.  [<.anti- 
mony  +  -al.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  antimony,  or 
partaking  of  its  qualities;  composed  of  anti- 
mony, or  containing  antimony  as  a  principal 
ingredient.  Antimonial  silver.  See  silver,  Anti- 
monial wine,  in  rned.,  a  solution  of  tartar  emetic  in 
sherry  wine. 

II.  n.  A  preparation  of  antimony;  a  medi- 
cine in  which  tm tiraony  is  a  principal  ingri alio nt. 

antimoniate  (:in-ti-mo'ni-at),  «.  [ianthnony  + 
-ate1.]   A.  salt  of  antimonic  acid.    Also  written 

no  InononU  . 

antimoniated(an-ti-m6'ni-a-ted),o.  Combined 

oi    impregnated  with  antimony;  mixed  or  pre- 

pared  with  antimony:  as.  anHmoniated  tartar. 

antimonic  (an-ti-mon'ik),  a.     [<  antimony  + 

-ic]     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  antimony. 


antimony 

Antimonic  acid,  HSbOg  I  ".'ll  ■",  a  white  powder  for- 
merly used  in  medicine, 
antimonide  (an'ti-mo-nid  or  -nidi.  ».     [<««//- 

nioiii/  +  -((/<.]  A  compound  of  antimons  and 
a  more  positive  element  or  metal.  Also  called 
iliililnoiiiiiiil. 

antimoniferous  (an*ti-mo-nif 'e-rus),  a.    [<  an- 
timony +  L.  ferre  =  K.  l>curl.\    Containiu 
supplying  antimony:  us.  antimoniferous  ores. 

antimonious  (an-ti-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  antimony 
+  -mis. J  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of ,  or  con- 
taining antimony.  Antimonous  is  a  variant. 
-  Antimonious  acid,  2HSb0o  i  3H2O,  a  weak  acid,ol 
which onlj  tin-  soda  salt  has  bei  □  obtained  in  a  crystalline 
condition. 

antimonite  (an'ti-m5-nit),  ».  [<  antimony^- 
-iii  -.  ]    A  native  sulphid  of  antimony;  stibnite. 

antimoniuret  (an-ta-mo-ni'u-ret),  «.  [<  anti- 
iniini(iiin)  +  -wet.]    Same  as  antimonide. 

antimoniureted,  antimoniuretted  (an-ti-mo- 
ni'u-ret-ed),  n.  [<  antimoniuret+  -eil-.]  Com- 
bined with  antimony:  as,  antimoniureU  i/liydro- 
gen. 

antimonopolist  (an"ti-mo-nop'o-list),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  monopoly  +  -isl.]  One  who  is  opposed 
to  monopolies;  one  who  desires  to  restrict  the 
power  and  influence  of  great  corporations,  as 
tending  to  monopoly. 

antimonopoly  (an"ti-mo-nop'o-li),  a.  and  11. 
Opposed  to  monopolies ;  the  principle  of  op- 
position to  monopoly. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  anti-monopoly  movement  is  to 
resist  public  corruption  and  corporate  aggression. 

A    .1,  Rev.,  CXUII.  87. 

antimonous  (an'ti-mo-nus),  a.  [<  antimony  + 
-ons.]     Same  as  antimonious. 

antimony  (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.  [<  late  ME.  anti- 
mony =  OF.  antimonic,  mod.  F.  nnliinoine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  antimonio  =  Sw.  Dan.  G.  iiiitinioniiini  = 
Russ.  antimoniya  =  Pol.  antymonium,  etc.,  < 
ML.  antimonium,  antimony,  a  word  of  unknown 
origin,  simulating  a  Gr.  appearance,  perhaps  a 
perversion,  through  such  simulation  (milinm- 
niinn,  <  *atimonium,  <  "atimoilium,  <  "athimo- 
ilium  ?),  of  the  Ar.  name  (with  art.  al-  ?)  ethmnd, 
Othmod,  tithmiiil,  earlier  ithinid.  antimony,  which 
is  in  turn  perhaps  an  accommodation  (through 
"isthvmmid t)  of  Gr.  ort/i/ufi-,  one  of  the  stems  of 
mum  (cTifi/ji-,  ort/ifie-,  oTi/ifiid-),  also  arlfii  and 
r^n  it  (*OT/;Si?),  >  Ii.  stimuli,  slihi,  and  stibium, 
antimony,  the  Gr.  name  itself  being  appar.  of 
foreign  or  Eastern  origin:  see  stibium.  False 
etymologies  formerly  current  are :  (1)  <  F.  tin li- 
uioiue,  <  Gr.  dvri,  against,  +  moine,  a  monk, 
as  if  'monk's  bane';  (2)  <  Gr.  avri,  against,  + 
/i6voq,  alone,  as  if  never  found  alone;  (3)  <  Gr. 
avri,  instead  of,  +  L.  minium,  red  lead,  "be- 
cause women  used  it  instead  of  red  lead''  as 
an  eye-paint.]  Chemical  symbol,  Sb  (Latin 
stibium);  atomic  weight,  120.  A  metal  of  a 
white  color  and  bright  luster  which  does  not 
readily  tarnish,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  6.7, 
crystallizing  in  the  rltombohedral  system,  and 
in  the  mass  ordinarily  showing  a  crystalline 
structure  and  highly  perfect  cleavage.  It  con- 
ducts both  heat  and  electricity  with  some  readiness,  but 
less  perfectly  than  the  true  m.tals,  and  differs  from  them 
also  in  being  I  nit  tie  like  arsenic.  It  melts  at  4;;o  C,  (806* 
1  1.  ami  volatilizes  slowly  at  a  red  heat  ;  when  melted  in 
the  air  it  oxidizes  readily,  forming  antimony  trioxid.  SD2O3. 

Antimony  occurs  uncombined  ature  to  a  limited  ex 

tent,  usually  in  granular  or  foliated  masses,  often  with  a 
lintryniilal  or  reiiiform  surface.  Many  compounds  of  anti- 
mony are  found  in  nature,  the  most  important  of  tin  in 
licing  the  sulphid,  sli,_.s:;,  called  gray  antimony,  antimony- 
glance,  or  stibnite.  Dyscrasite  is  a  compound  of  antimony 
ami  silver.  There  are  also  a  number  oi  minerals  contain- 
ing antimony,  sulphur,  ami  had  (like  jameBonite),  or  anti- 
mony, sul ] ih ur,  and  silver  (like  pyrargyrite  or  rub]  Bllvi  n. 
or  antimony,  sulphur,  and  copper  (like  tetrahediite),    The 

oxisulphid    kel  lilisite  or    led  ant  ilnoiiy  and  the  o\  i. 

vantite  and  stiiiiconitc  (antimony  ocher)  are  also  impor- 
tant minerals.  Antimony  has  few  uses  in  the  arts;  it 
enters,  however,  into  a  number  of  very  valuable  alloys,  as 
type  metal,  pewter,  Britannia  metal,  ami  Babbitt  metal, 
ami  is  used  in  medicine.  Tartar  emetic  i-  the  tartrate  oi 
antimony  and  potassium.      James's  powder  is  a  mixture 

ofoxid  of  anti ny  and  phosphate  01  lime.     Antimony 

vermilion,  a  sulphid  of  antii y  suggested  but  never 

used  as  a  pigment.  -Argentine  flowers  of  antimony, 
tin  tetroxid  of  antimony.-  Arsenical  antimony.  See 
aUemontite.-  Black  antimony,  antimonious  sulphid  — 
Butter  of  antimony.  See  hitteri.  Ceruse  of  anti- 
mony, see  <v,-».fc  — Diaphoretic  antimony,  a  prepa- 
ration chiefly  consisting  01  potassium  antii ate,  made 

i,\  exposing  tin  neutral  antimoniate  to  the  actit f  car- 
bonic-acid gas.  or  la  deflagrating  pure  antimony  with 
potassium  nitrate.  It  is  used  in  tic  manufacture  of 
enamels,  and  was  formerly  administered  as  a  medicine.— 
Glass  of  antimony.  SeeotaM.  Red  antimony  ore, 
an  oxisulphid  of  antimony.  Same  as  kermeirite.-  White 
antimony,  01  antimony  white,  native  antimony  trioxid, 
sh.j).,.  —  Yellow  antimony,  or  antimony  yellow,  a 

preparation  of  tl \i'i-  "f  lead  ami  antimony,  of  a  d.  ep- 

y-lliiw  color,  used  in  enamel  and  porcelain-painting.  It 
is  of  various  lints,  ami  the  Inilliancy  of  the  brighter  lines 
1   not  affected  by  foul  air. 


antimony-blende 

antimony-blende    ( an '  ti  -  mo  -ni  -blend"),    n. 
Same  as  fa  rmesiU . 
antimony-bloom  (an'ti-mo-ni-bliiiii  ),n.  Same 

as  ndi  ntniite. 

antimony-glance  (an'ti-mo-ui-glaiis"),  "•  Same 
as  stibnite. 

antimoralist  (an-ti-mor'al-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
moralist. ]  An  enemy  to  or  opponent  of  moral- 
ity.    />'/'•  Warburton. 

antimycotic  (an-ti-mi-kot'ik).  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  «">'/'/,  a  fungus.  +  -oi-ie.)  Destruc- 
tive in  microscopic  vegetable  organisms,  or  pre- 
venting their  development,  as  carbolic  acid. 

antinatural   (an-ti-nat'ur-al),  a.     [<  anti-  + 
mi  t unil. ]     Opposed  to  nature  or  to  common 
sense;  non-natural. 
This  happy  and  antinatural  way  of  thinking. 

Martinus  Scriblerus,  v. 

anti-Nebraska  (an*ti-ne-bras'ka),  <i.  In  V.  S. 
Ins/.,  opposed  to  the  act  of  1854  for  the  or- 
ganization of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  terri- 
tories, because  of  its  abrogation  of  the  law 
of  1820  (the  Missouri  compromise)  prohibiting 
slavery  in  new  territories  formed  in  that  re- 
gion— Anti-Nebraska  men,  the  members  of  the  coali- 
tion of  Whigs,  Democrats,  and  Freesoilera  opposed  to  the 
above-mentioned  bill:  afterward  merged  in  the  Repub- 
lican  party. 

antinephritic  (an  ti-nef-rit'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
nephritic.']  In  rued.,  counteracting  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys. 

antinial  (an-tin'i-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  Iviov,  the  nape  of  the  neck:  see  inion.]  In 
Hunt.,  opposite  the  occiput:  applied  to  the 
space  between  the  eyebrows. 

antinode  (an'ti-nod).  ».  [<  anti-  +  node.']  A 
point  of  a  vibrating  string  where  the  amplitude 
of  vibration  is  greatest,  it  is  at  the  middle  of  a 
lo,,p  or  ventral  Begmeut,  and  half-way  between  two  adja- 
cent  nodes.    See  node. 

antinomian  (an-ti-no'mi-an),  n.andn.  [<  ML. 
anUnomi,  antinomiaus,  <  Gr.  as  if  'avrivo/wg, 
against  tie  law:  see  antinomy.]  1.  a.  1.  Deny- 
ing the  obligatoriness  of  the  moral  law,  as  if 
emancipated  from  it  by  the  gospel. — 2.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  antinomiaus. 

II.  it.  In  theol.,  one  who  maintains  that  Chris- 
tians are  freed  from  the  moral  law  as  set 
forth  in  the  Old  Testament  by  the  new  dispen- 
sation of  grace  as  set  forth  in  the  gospel ;  an 
opponent  of  legalism  in  morals.  Antinomianism 
has  existed  in  three  forms  :  in  the  early  church,  asaspecii  B 
of  Gnosticism,  in  the  doctrine  that  sin  is  an  incident  of  the 
body,  and  that  a  regenerate  soul  cannot  sin  ;  later,  in  the 
Reformation,  as  a  reaction  against  the  doctrine  of  good 
works  in  the  Unman  catholic  Church,  in  the  antagonistic 
doctrine  that  man  is  saved  by  faith  alone,  regardless  of  his 
obedience  to  or  disobedience  of  the  moral  law  as  a  rule  of 
life  ;  finally,  as  a  phase  of  extreme  Calvinism,  in  English 
Puritan  theology,  in  the  doctrine  that  the  sins  of  the  elect 
are  so  transferred  to  Christ  that  they  become  his  trans- 
gressions and  cease  to  be  the  transgressions  of  the  actual 
sinner.  The  chief  exponent  of  the  second  form  of  anti- 
nomianism was  John  Agricola  (Germany,  1492-1566);  the 
chief  exponent  of  the  third,  Tobias  Crisp,  I).  D.  (England, 
1600-1642).    [( if  ten  with  a  capital.] 

antinomianism  (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm),  v.  [<  an- 
tinomian +  -ism.]  The  tenets  of  the  antino- 
mians.     See  antinomian,  n. 

antinomic  (an-ti-nom'ik),  a.  If.  Antinomian. 
—  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an- 
tinomy; containing  antinomies;  involving  a 
conflict  of  laws. 

antinomical  (an-ti-nom'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tinomic. 

Kant  holds  that  reason  is  in  itself  antinomical. 

Caird,  Philos.  Kant,  p.  590. 

antinomist  (an-tin'o-mist),  n.     [(antinomy  + 

-ist.]     An  autinomian. 

Great  offenders  this  way  are  the  libertines  and  antino- 
mists,  who  quite  cancel  the  whole  law  of  God  under  the 
pretence  of  Christian  liberty. 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons  ad  Pop.  (1674),  p.  29S. 

antinomy  (an-tin'o-mi),«.;  pi.  antinomies (-miz). 

[<  L.  antino  in  ia,  a,  contradiction  between  laws, 
<  Gr.  avTLvofiia,  an  ambiguity  in  the  law,  <  *arri- 
vo/joc,  against  the  law  (cf.  ML.  antinomi :  see 
antinomian),  <  avri,  against,  +  vo/ioc,  law:  see 
nnniv.]  1.  The  opposition  of  one  law,  rule,  or 
principle  to  another. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  Westminster  Confession 
expressly  teaches  the  freedom  of  will  as  well  as  foreord illa- 
tion, and  leaves  the  solution  of  the  apparent  antinomy  to 
scientific  theology.    Schajf,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  162. 

2.  Any  law,  rule,  or  principle  opposed  to  an- 
other. 

If  God  once  willed  adultery  should  tie  sinful,  all  his 
omnipotence  will  not  allow  him  to  will  the  allowance  that 
his  holiest  people  iniejit,  by  his  own  antinomy orcounter- 
statute,  live  unreproved.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  3. 

Humility,  poverty,  meanness,  and  wretchedness  are  di- 
rect antinomies  to  the  lusts  of  the  tlesb. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  i.  §  4. 


247 

3.  In  metaph.,  according  to  Kant,  an  unavoid- 
able contradiction  into  which  reason  falls  when 
it  applies  to  the  transcendent  ami  absolute  the 
a  priori  conceptions  of  the  understanding  (cat- 
egories: sic  category,  1),  which  arc  valid  only 

within  the  limits  of  possible  experiei There 

I 'antinomies  of  the  pure  n  ason,  oc ling  to  Cant, 

relating  (1)  to  the  limits  of  the  universe  in  space  and  time, 

(2)  to  the  existence  of  at tor  the  infinite  divisibility  of 

matter,  (3)  to  freedom,  and  (4)  to  the  cosmologies!  argu- 
ment for  a  God. 
Antiochian  (an-ti-6'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Antiochius, 
also  Antiocheus,  <  Gr.  'kvrUxeuK,  pertaining  to 
"\  17/n  1 1 .. .  I,.  Antioehus,  the  name  of  a  philoso- 
pher and  of  several  Syrian  kings,  or  to  'Avnoxeia, 
L.  Antiochia,  also  Antiochea,  tin-  name  of  sev- 
eral cities,  particularly  Antioch  in  Syria  (now 
called  Antakia),  founded  by  Seleucus  Nicator, 
301  it.  c,  ami  named  after  his  father  Antioclms. 
The  name  'Ain'o,roi;  means  •resistant,  holding 
out  against,' <  hvrixetv,  resist,  hold  out  against, < 
avri,  against,  +  ixtlv,  hold,  >  d^df,  holding.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  Ant  inch  us  of  Ascalon  (died  about 
68  B.  a),  the  founder  of  a  sect  of  eclectic  phi- 
losophers who  sought  to  unite  the  philosophy  of 
Plato  with  many  of  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle 
and  the  Stoics. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city 

of  Antioch.— Antiochian  epoch,  the  name  given  to 
two  chronological  eras  employed  in  Syria:  (a)  The  Cesa- 
rean era  of  Antioch,  commemorating  tin-  victory  of  I'har- 
salia.  tixed  by  the  Greeks  in  the  autumn  of  40  B.  C  and 
h>  Me  Syrians  in  the  autumn  of  48  B.  c.  (6)  The  mundane 
eraof  Antioch,  September,  5493  B.C.,  employed  by  theSyrian 
Christians  as  the  date  of  the  creation  of  the  world. 

Antiochianism  (an-ti-6'ld-an-izm),  n.  [<  An- 
tiochian +  -ism.]  The  name  given  to  a  school 
of  theology  which  existed  in  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries:  so  called  because  propagated 
chiefly  by  the  church  at  Antioch,  and  also  to 
distinguish  it  from  Alexandrianism.  it  aimed  at 
a  middle  course  between  the  rigorously  literal  and  the  al- 
legorical interpretation  of  the  Scriptures. 

antiodont  (an'ti-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  oppo- 
site to,  +  oaoec  (driovr-)  =  E.  tooth.]  Having 
a  kind  of  lophodont  dentition  in  which  the  folds 
or  ridges  of  the  molar  crowns  are  opposite:  op- 
posed to  amcebodont. 

antiopelmous  (an  'ti-o-pel'inus;,  a.  [<  Gr. 
avrloc,  set  against,  +  iri'Ajia,  the  sole.]  In 
ornith.,  having  an  arrangement  of  the  flexor 
tendons  of  the  toes  by  which  the  flexor  per- 
forans  supplies  the  third  toe  only,  while  the 
flexor  hallucis  splits  into  three  tendons,  pass- 
ing to  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  toes. 

The  synpelmous,  the  heteropeltnous,  and  the  antiopel- 
mous  arrangements  are  entirely  peculiar  to  the  present 
order  [Picarke].  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  369. 

anti-orgastic  (an"ti-6r-gas'tik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  orgastic.']  Tending  to  allay  excitement  or 
venereal  desire. 

antipapal  (an-ti-pa'pal),  a.  [<  anti-  +  papal] 
Opposed  to  the  pope  or  to  popery. 

He  charges  strictly  his  son  after  him  to  persevere  in  that 
antipapal  schism.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii. 

antipapistical  (an"ti-pa-pis'ti-kal),  a.    [<anti- 

+  papistical.]  Antipapal.  Jorttn. 
antiparabema  (au-ti-par-a-be'ina),  ».;  pi.  anti- 
jntritlieniata(-ma-VA).  [MUr.  *di>-«rapd/%«2 :  see 
mi  ti-  and  parabema.]  One  of  two  chapels  at  the 
angles  of  the  west  front  of  some  Byzantine 
churches,  found  especially  in  Armenian  ex- 
amples, and  corresponding  to  the  parabemata 
of  the  apsidal  end.  ./.  M.  Stale. 
antiparallel  (an-ti-par'a-lel),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  parallel.]  I.  a.  Running  parallel  but 
in  a  contrary  direction.     Hammond. 

II.  n.  In  geom.,  one  of   two  or  more  lines 
which  make  equal  angles  with  two  other  lines, 
A  but  in  contrary  order. 

Thus,  supposing  AB  and 
AC  any  two  lines,  and  PC 
and  FE  two  other  lines 
cutting  tlie  first  so  as  to 
make  flu-  angle  ABC  equal 
to  the  angle  AEF,  and  the 
angle  ACB  equal  to  the  angle  ADE;  then  VI'  and  FE  are 
antiparallels  with  respect  to  AB  and  AC  ;  also  these  latter 
arc  antiparallels  with  respect  to  the  two  former. 
antiparalytiC  (au*ti-par-a-lit'ik),  a.  and  B.  [< 
anti- +  paralytic.]  I.".  In  mid.:  (a)  Effective 
against  paralysis.  [Hare.]  (b)  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  secretion  of  the  submaxillary 
gland  on  one  side  when  the  chorda  tympani  on 
the  other  side  has  been  cut  so  as  to  produce  a 
paralytic  secretion  on  that  side.  In  this  sense 
also  called  analytic. 

II.  n.  In  mi  il.,'n  remedy  for  paralysis.   [Rare.] 
antiparalytical  (an"ti-par-a-lit'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antiparalytiC. 

antipart  (au'ti-piirt),  «.  [<  anti-  +  part.]  The 
counterpart.     [Rare.] 


antipathy 

Turn  now  to  the  reverse  of  the  medal,  and  there  we  shall 
find  lb.-  antipart  "i  this  divine  truth. 

Bp.  Warbu\  U 

Antipasch  (an'ti-pask),  ».    [K.anti-+  pasch.] 

1,mu   Sun. lay;   the  Sunday  after  Easter  day. 

Antipathacea  (an"ti-|ia-t!ia  si  &),n.pl.   |\'L., 

<  Antipathes  +  -men.  ]  a  suborder  of  Actiniaria, 

composed  ni'  the  families  Antijinlluda  and  '.<- 
mrdiiilie,  having  the  polyps  connected  by  a 
ccenenchyma  secretins  a  solid  sclerobase  or 
horny  skeletal  axis,  ami  their  tentacle.-,  simple, 

conical,  and  6  to  ill  in  number. 

Antipatharia  (an'ti-pa-tha'ri-a),  n.  pi.     [XL., 

<  Antipathes  +  -aria.]  A  synonym  of  Seleroba- 
sien,  as  an  order  of  sclerobasic  corals  having  the 
corallum  external  and  not  calcareous. 

antipatharian  (an'ti-pa-tha'ri-an), a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Antipa- 
tharia. 

Antipathes  (an-tip'a-thez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hvri- 
iradr/c,  of  opposite  feelings  or  properties:  see 
antipathy.]  A  genus  of  corals,  typical  of  the 
family  Antipathidiv  (which  see).  The  species 
are  known  as  sea-whips.  A.  columnaris  is  an 
example. 

antipathetic  (an' ti-pa-thet'ik),  n.     [<  antipa- 

thy,  on  type  of  pathetic,  q.  v.]  Having  a  nat- 
ural antipathy,  contrariety,  or  constitutional 
aversion:  with  to. 

Hence  I  think  its  [Greek  speculation's]  influence  on  the 
whole  was  dogmatic,  and  antipathetic  to  Skepticism. 

./.  Owen,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  1.  282. 

antipathetical  (an'ti-pa-thet'i-kal),  a.  Op- 
posed in  nature  or  disposition:  with  to. 

The   soil  is  .   .   .  anlipatlo  lical   In  all   veiminous   rr,-;i- 
tures.  lloinll.  Vocal  Forest. 

antipathic  (an-ti-path'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  antipathi- 
ctts:  see  antipathy  and  -ic]  1.  Relating  to  an- 
tipathy; opposite;  unlike;  adverse. —  2.  Excit- 
ing antipathy.     [Rare.] 

Every  one  seems  to  have  his  antipathic  animal. 

Kingsley,  Life,  p.  41. 

Antipathidae  (an-ti-path'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Antipathes  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  sclerobasic 
corals ;  the  black  corals,  corresponding  to  the 
old  genus  Antipathes.  They  have  a  branched  fibrous 
axis  and  a  soft  friable  ccenenchyma,  which  peels  off  after 
death,  leaving  the  axial  ccenosarc  looking  like  a  dry  stick. 

antipathise,  v.    See  antipathize. 
antipathist  (an-tip'a-thist),  ».    [<  antipathy  + 
-int.]    A  person  or  thing  having  an  antipathy 
to  another,  or  being  the  direct  opposite  of  an- 
other.    [Rare.] 

Sole  positive  of  night ! 
Antipathist  of  light. 

Coleridge,  sibylline  Leaves,  II.  281. 

antipathize  (an-tip'a-thlz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
antipathized,  ppr.  antipathizing.  [<  antipathy 
+ -ize.]  1.  intrans.  To  feel  antipathy  or  aver- 
sion ;  entertain  or  show  a  feeling,  disposition, 
or  opinion  characterized  by  opposition  or  con- 
trariety: the  opposite  of  sympathize.     [Rare.] 

I  must  say  I  sympathise  with  Milverton  and  antipa- 
thise .  .  .  with  Lord  Lytton. 

A.  Helps,  Casimir  Maremma,  p.  39. 

II.  trans.  To  affect  with  antipathy  or  hostil- 
ity of  feeling ;  render  antipathetic.     [Rare.] 

Also  spelled  antipathise. 
antipathoust  (an-tip'a-thus),  a.     [<  Gr.  dvrnra- 
8 ..' .  of  opposite  feeling  (see  antipathy),  +  -oils.] 
Having  a  natural  contrariety;  antipathetic. 

Still  she  extends  her  hand, 
As  if  she  saw  something  anlipathnus 
Unto  her  virtuous  life. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii    2. 

antipathy  (an-tip'a-thi),  ».;  pi.  antipathies 

(-thiz).  [=  P.  antipathic,  <  Gr.  avrm&Bcia,  <  dr- 
Tnradijc,  of  opposite  feeling,  <  avri,  against,  + 
trdOoc,  feeling,  <  nadelv,  suffer,  feel.]  1.  Natu- 
ral aversion;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  pres- 
ence or  thought  of  a  jiarticular  object ;  (list  aste ; 
disgust;  repugnance. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 

Than  I  and  such  a  knave.  .shut,.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

Their  natural  antipathy  of  temperament  made  resent- 
ment an  easy  passage  to  hatred. 

Georoc  Eliot.  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

A  rival  is  the  bitterest  enemy,  as  antipathy  is  rather  be- 
tween likes  than  unlikes. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  122. 

2f.  A  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  affections 
of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water.  Bacon. — 3.  An 
object  of  natural  aversion  or  settled  dislike. 

Let  him  be  to  thee  an  antipathy, 

A  thing  thy  nature  sweats  at  and  turns  backward. 

/;.  on.  ami  Ft..  Thierry  and  Theodore!,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  Hatred,  DisWcs,  Antipathy,  Disgust,  Aversion,  Re- 
luctance, Repugnance.     Hatred  is  the  deepest  and  most 


antipathy 

permanent  of  these  feelings;  it  israrelyused  except  of  per 
sons.  Dislike  is  the  most  general  word,  and  depends  upon 
the  connection  for  its  strength;  It  is  opposed  to  liking  01 
...vs.  Antipathy  expresses  most  of  constitutional 
feeling  and  least  of  volition  :  thetnrkej  cockhasanantip- 
athy  to  the  color  red;  manypeople  have  an  Intense  anttpa- 
thy  to  snakes,  rats,  toads  &  Bgurativi  use,  antipathy  is  a 
dislike  that  Beems  constitutional  toward  persons,  things, 
conduct,  etc  :  hence  ii  Involves  a  dislike  for  which  some- 
times  no  good  reason  can  be  given.  Antipathy  is  opposed 
primarily  tosympathy,  but  often  to  mere  liking.  Disgust 
is  tin-  loathing,  flrat  of  physical  taste,  then  of  esthetic 
taste,  then  ol  spiritual  taste  or  moral  feeling.  Aversion  is 
a  fixed  disposition  to  avoid  something  which  displeases, 
disturbs,  or  annoys:  as,  quiet  people  have  an  am  rsum  to 
noise,  tt  is  a  dislike,  settled  and  generally  strong.  Be 
luctance  and  repujjnance  by  derivation  imply  a  natural 
struggle,  as  of  hesitation  or  recoil;  with  reluctance  it  is 
simply  tin-  will  holding  back  in  dislike  of  some  proposed 
act,  while  with  repugnance  it  is  a  greater  resistance  cl- 
one accompanied  with  greater  feeling,  and  generally  in 
regard  to  an  act.  curs,-,  idea,  etc.,  rarely  to  persons  or 
things.    See  animosity, 

v>  lulc  with  perfidious  hatred  they  pursued 

The  sojourners  of  liosheu.  Miltun,  1".  L.,  i.  303. 

The  hint  malevolent,  the  look  oblique, 

The  obvious  satire,  or  implied  dislike. 

Hannah  More,  Sensibility. 

Sir  Lancelot  leant,  in  half  disgust 
At  love,  life,  all  things,  on  the  window  ledge. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Cowper  speaks  of  some  one  having  "much  the  same 
aversion  to  a  Papist  that  some  people  have  to  a  cat,— 
rather  an  antipathy  than  a  reasonable  dislike." 

F.  Unit.  Mod.  Eng.,p.  99. 

Reluctance  against  God  and  his  just  yoke, 

Laid  on  our  necks.  Milton,   P.  L.,  x.  1045. 

It  is  no  argument  against  death  that  life  in  full  energy 
has  a  repugnance  to  it.     Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  323. 

antipatriarch  (an-ti-pa'tri-ark),  re.     [<  anM-  + 

patriarch.']  Eccles.,  one  who  claims  the  office 
and  exercises  the  functions  of  patriarch  in  op- 
position to  the  canonical  occupant  of  the  see. 

The  Patriarch  resides  at  Damascus,  the  Latin  Antipatri- 
arch at  Aleppo.  J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  125. 

antipatriotic  (an"ti-pa-tri-  or  -pat-ri-ot'ik),  a. 
[<  ititti-  +  patriotic]  Antagonistic  to  patriots 
or  patriotism,  or  to  one's  country. 

These  antipatriotic  prejudices  are  the  abortions  of  folly 
impregnated  by  faction. 

Johnson,  Taxation  no  Tyranny,  p.  157. 

antipeduncular  (an"ti-pe-dung'ku-liir),  a.     [< 

(t)iti-  +  peduncular.'}     In  bot.,  opposite  to  or 

away  from  a  peduncle. 

The  antipeduncular  pole  of  the  ovary.  7.  Gill. 

antipeptone  (an-ti-pep'ton),  n.     [<  anti-  +  pep- 
tone.']    One  of  the  products  of  the  digestion  of 
proteids  by  the  pancreatic  fluid;   one  of  the 
peptones  into  which  an  albuminoid  body  is  re 
solved  by  the  action  of  pepsin  or  tripsin. 

antiperiodic  (an"ti-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.  and  n. 
anti- +  periodic]     I.   «.   In  med.,  curative  o 


Section  of  Antipet- 
alous  Flower  of  the 
Buckthorn,    a,  a,  a, 

stamens ;  t>,  b,  b,  pet- 
als, inserted  upon  the 
throat  of  the  calyx. 


248 

antipetalous  (an-ti-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ami, 
against,  +  trtrafov,  leaf,  mod.  petal.]  In  /«//., 
a  term  descriptive  of  stamens  a     a 

which  stand  opposite  to  petals. 

antiphlogistian  (an'ti-flo-jis'- 
fcian),  re.  [<  anti-  +  phlogis- 
tian.]  An  opponent  oi  the  old 
chemical  theory  as  to  the  ex- 
istence of  a  substance  called 
phlogiston. 

antiphlogistic  (an  ti-flo-jis'- 
tik),  a.  and  >i.  [< anti-  +  phlo- 
gistic] I.  a.  1.  In  chem.,  op- 
posed to  the  theory  of  phlogis- 
ton (which  see):  as,  the  anti- 
phlogistic system. —  2.  In  med.,  counteracting 
inflammation  or  a  feverish  state  of  the  system: 
as,  antiphlogistic  remedies  or  treatment.  — Anti- 
phlogistic theory,  a  theory  of  combustion  first  ad- 
vanced by  Lavoisier,  who  held  that  in  combustion,  in- 
stead of  phlogiston  escaping,  according  to  the  theory  of 
stahl.  there  was  a  combination  with  oxygen.  The  anti- 
phlogistic theory  of  combustion,  modified  and  enlarged,  is 
the  one  now  universally  accepted. 

II.   re.   Any  medicine  or  application  which 
tends  to  check  or  allay  inflammation. 

antiphon,  antiphone  (an'ti-fon  or  -fon),  n. 
[The  earlier  E.  forms  produced  mod.  anthem, 
q.  v. ;  <  ML.  antiphona  (fem.  sing.),  <  Gr.  avri- 
^uii'o  (tieut.  pi.),  usually  avriipuvov  (sing.),  an- 
them, prop.  neut.  of  avrityuvoc,  sounding  in  an- 
swer, <  avri,  in  return,  +  tpuvi),  voice:  see  pho- 
netic, and  cf.  anthem.]     1.  A  psalm,  hymn,  or 


antipode 

a  nt  l  pin  hi  ic  (an-ti-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *avTtQaviKtic 
(found  only  in  adv.  avrithaviicac),  <  avritpuvor :  see 
antiphon.]'  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  an- 
tdphony. 

antiphbnical  (an-ti-fon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tiphonie. 

antiphonon  (an-tif'o-non),  «.;  pi.  antiphona 
(-nii).    [Or. :  see  antiphon.]    Same  as  antiphon. 

In  the  Basilian  and  Chrysostomic  Liturgies,  the  Introit 
is  divided  into  three  antiphona. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  364. 

antiphonytan-tif'o ni),  n.j -pi.  antiphonies  (-inz). 
[An  extended  form  of  antiphon,  <  Gr.  as  if  "avrt- 
0uira.  Cf .  symphony.]  1 .  Alternate  or  respon- 
sive singing,  in  which  a  choir  is  divided  into 
two,  each  part  singing  alternate  verses  of  the 
psalm  or  anthem:  opposed  to  homophony,  -. 
In  responsorial  singing,  on  the  contrary,  one  singer  alter- 
nates with  the  whole  choir,  as  in  the  chanting  of  respon- 

sories.      Sec  ecxjioitxoril. 

2.  A  psalm  or  an  anthem  so  chanted. 

These  are  the  pretty  responsories,  these  are  the  dear  an- 
tiphonirs  that  so  bewitched  of  late  our  prelates  and  their 
chaplains  with  the  goodly  echo  they  made. 

Milton.  Areopagitica. 

3.  A  composition  of  several  verses  taken  from 
different  psalms  and  set  to  music. 

antiphotogenic  (an'ti-fo-to -jen'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  photogenic]  Preventing  the  chemical  action 
of  light,  as  in  photography;  rendering  light 
non-actinic  by  excluding  the  chemical  rays. 

I  do  not  fix  the  telescope  to  the  objective,  but  merely 
unite  the  two  by  means  of  an  antiphotogenic  tube  of  red 
loth.  ,sw.  Amcr.  Supj,.,  .Will,  iili.'.i. 


from  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
either  in  their  original  sequence  or  combined 
from  various  passages,  sung  as  a  prelude  or 
conclusion  to  some  part  of  the  service.  It  is 
sometimes  especially  limited  to  the  verse  sung  before  or 
after  the  psalms  of  the  office,  the  tones  of  which  are  deter- 
mined by  the  musical  mode,  according  to  the  Gregorian 
chant,  of  their  respective  antiphons.  (See  chant  and  mode.) 
Liturgiologists  retain  a  more  extended  use  of  the  word, 
making  it  include  various  brief  responsories  as  well  as 
longer  chants. 

3 

sung  as  an 


oppos 

meaning,  or  when  its  opposite  should  have 
been  used;  irony,  used  either  in  sarcasm  or  in 
humor. 

You  now  find  no  cause  to  repent  that  you  never  dipt 
your  hands  in  the  bloody  high  courts  of  justice,  so  called 
only  by  antiphrasis.  South. 

antiphrastic  (an-ti-fras'tik),  a.      [<  Gr.  *avn- 
<j>pacTtK6c  (in  adv.  avTuppao-TiKUC),  <  avTitppa&n:  ex- 
press by  antithesis:   see  antiphrasis.]     Of  or 
to  antiphrasis. 


.  „i„r'    _„* f,„;„.  „„  „„+i,Qm A      antiphrastic. 


4      antipi 


In 


diseases  exhibiting  periodicity,  especially  of 
intermittent  fever. 

II.  ».  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  periodic  diseases, 
especially  for  intermittent  fever. 

antiperistalsis  (an"ti-per-i-stal'sis),  n.     [>TL., 
<  anti-  +  peristalsis.]     Inverted  peristaltic  ac-  .^jjS^ZTi"!"    ,„..  t:f-0  nai_ii    a 
tion  of  the  intestines  by  which  their  contents  "ffiSffiJg^Si^ 
are  earned  upward.  ts«t.«^-»  c.„_«W_^a^  »     S 

antiperistaltic  (an"ti-per-i-stal'tik),  a.    [<a« 


set  to  more  elaborate  music  ;  an  anthem. 
An  echo  or  a  response.     [Rare.] 

The  great  synod  .  .  .  that  is  to  meet  at  Hamborough 
to  me  sounds  like  an  antiphone  to  the  other  malign  eon- 
junction  at  Colen.  Sir  II.  Wotton,  Reliquias,  p.  370. 
To  double  an  antiphon.    See  double. 
antiphona,  n.     Plural  of  antiphonon. 

'"-nal),  a.  and   n.     [<   anti 

"ning  to  or  marked  by  auuit    . 
ringing;  antiphonary.     ^J^G *-(»22Fto  nature ;  unnatural. 

antiphysic",  antipnysical2  (an-ti-fiz'ik,  -i-kal), 


antiphrastically  (an-ti-fras'ti-kal-i),  adv. 

the  manner  of  antiphrasis;  by  antiphrasis. 
antiphthisic  (an-ti-tiz'ik),  a.  and  n.      [<  anti- 

+  phthisic.]     I.  a.  Tending  to  cheek  phthisis 

or  consumption. 
II.  re.  A  medicine  intended  to  check  phthisis. 

g  ^S^if&^X^i^tj  a^hyW1,antiphysicali(an-ti-fiz'ik.-i-kan, 

01     '  ,«1™  «;„L-  n.ntir,honarv.     a.      [<  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  <piatc,  nature  (adj. 


He  [Calvin]  thought .  .  .  that  the  practice  of  antiphonal 
chanting  was  superstitious. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eug.  Poetry,  III.  164. 

II.  n.  A  book  of  antiphons  or  anthems ;  an 
antiphonary. 

adv.    In  an  an- 


or  exhibiting  antiperistalsis.  „i.  „*•  „.. 

antiperistasis  (an'ti-pe-ris'ta-sis),  n 


[NL., 
<  Gr.  avTi-cpiaraair,  a  suiTounding  so  as  to  com- 
press, a  reciprocal  replacement,  <  avrnrepitara- 
niiai,  surround,  compass,  <  avri,  against,  +  irepu- 
aramou,  nepunfjvai,  stand  around  (>  -nipiaTaair,  a 
Standing  around), <  rtepl,  around,  +  "wraaQai,  ari'/- 
vai,  stand. J  1.  Antagonism  of  natural  qualities, 
as  of  light  and  darkness,  heat  and  cold;  specifi- 
cally, oppo  i  ...ii  of  contrary  qualities  by  which 
one  or  both  are  intensified,  or  the  intensifica- 
tion   SO   produced.     Thus,  sensible  heat  is  excited   ill 


[<  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  cbhrm,  breath,  wind  in 
the  stomach.]  In  mid.,  relieving  flatulence; 
carminative. 

antiplastic  (an-ti-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  irfaumKOC,  <  tr'AaoTor,  verbal  adj.  of 
■n-'/.aaaetv,  mold,  form.]  1.  Diminishing  plasti- 
city.—  2.  In  med.,  unfavorable  to  healing;  pre- 
venting or  checking  the  process  of  granulation. 
— 3.  Impoverishing  the  blood. 
[.  „  •  pi.  antiphonams  f-riz).    A~book 'of  an"-  antipodt,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  antipode. 

d  by  Pope  Gregory  the  antipodal  (an-tip'o-dal),  a.    [<  antipodi  +  -a!.] 


antiphonal'  (an-tif'o-nar),  n 
nary. 


Same  as  antipho- 


tiphons.     As  originally  compile 

Creat.it  contained  whatever  was  sung  antiphonally  in  the 
mass  and  offices  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  liturgical  an- 
tiphons, however,  that  is,  those  proper  to  the  mass,  havi 

long  been  published  in  a  separate  I k  called  ttie gradual. 

The  responsories  of  the  office  were  also  anciently  published 
by  themselves  in  the  responsorial.  but  now,  along  with  the 
antiphons  proper,  that  is,  those  associated  with  the  psalms 
of  the  office,  make  up  the  present  antiphonary. 

II.  a.  Antiphonal. 

Great  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to  the  ontipAo- 
nary  songs.  A.  W.  Ward,  Lug.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  21. 


quicklime  bj  imnii  r  ling  it  in  cold  water,  and  cold  applied  antiphone,  re.     See  antiphon. 


t.,  the  iiNiii.ii.  bodj  may,  i.\  reaction,  increase  its  heal 

All  that  I  fear  is  Cynthia's  presence,   which,  with  the 

cold  of  herd  ich  an  antiperistasis  about 

the  place,  that  no  heat  of  thine  will  tai  i  j  w  Ith  thi  pat  i<  nt 

/;.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Levels,  v.  :j. 

2.  In  rhet,  a  figure  consisting  in  granting  what 
an  opponent  states  as  fact,  but  denying  his  in- 
ference therefrom. 
antiperistatic  (an  "ti-per-i-stat'ik),  a.  [<anti- 
peristasis;  formed  after  LJr.  -ipiaraTCKd^,  peri- 
statie.  1     Pertaining  to  antiperistasis. 

antipestilential   (an'ti-pes-ti-len'shal),   a. 

[<  anti-  +  pestilential.]     Efficacious  against  the 

plague  or  other  epidemic,  or  against  infection. 

Antipestilential  unguents  to  anoint  the  nostrils  with. 
Harvey,  the  plague. 


antiphonert(aii-tit"o-iier),«.  [<ME. antiphonen 
(also  anfenare,  amfenan  >,  <  ML. antiphonarium  : 
see  antiphonary.]  A  book  of  anthems  or  anti- 
plions;  an  antiphonary. 

II,   Alma  K.demptoris  herde  synge, 
As  children  lerned  her  antiphonere. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  (17. 

antiphonetic  (an'ti-fo-net'ik),  a.    [<Gr.  as  if 

' t'nTnf>uv7/TtKt>c,  <  avrte)aveivt  correspond  in  sound, 
<dvr^<JT0f, corresponding  or  answering  in  sound: 
aeeantiphon,  anti-,  and  phonetic.]  Correspond- 
ing in  sound;  homophonous:  applied  to  words 
which  rime. 

Moore  and  Tom  Campbell  themselves  admit  "spinach" 
Is  perfectly  antipnom  tic  to  "Greenwich." 

Ilarham,  Inguldsby  Legends,  I.  111. 


1.   Pertaining  or 'relating  to  the   antipodes: 
situated  on  or  belonging  to  opposite  sides  of 
the  globe. 
The  mingling  of  antipodal  races. 

0.  P.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  104. 

Hence— 2.  At  the  opposite  end  or  extreme; 
diametrically  opposite. 

\  place  BO  antipoihil  to  New  England  ways  and  idea    B 
was  vicksburg  in  that  day.         The  Century,  XXIII.  163. 

A  horseman  clatters  over  the  loose  planka  of  the  bridge, 
while  Ins  antipodal  shadow  glides  silently  over  the  mir- 
rored bridge  below.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  19. 

Also  antipodie,  antipodical. 
Antipodal  cells,  In  bot.,  the  two  cells  which  arc  formed 
by  the  nuclei  at  the  base  of  the  embryonal  sac  and  op 

-it,  to  the  nuclei  which,  after  fertilization,  bei  ome  the 

oospore.    Antipodal  heresy,  the  heresy  of  the  antipo- 

.lists.       See  Oolipotlist. 

The  positive  assertion,  wilh  indignant  comment,  thai 
Virgil  [Bishop  of  Salzburg]  was  deposed  for  antipodal 
heresy.        Prof.  De  Morgan,  V  and  Q  .  6th  ser.,  MI.  68. 

antipode  (an'ti-pod),  ».;  pi.  antipodes  (-podz)i 
usually  as  Latin  o«*tpo(tes  (an-tip  o-dez).  [For- 
merly also  antipod,  rarely  antipos  ;  i  L.  antipodes, 

pi.:  see  antipodi s.\  1.  One  Of  the  antipodes, 
or  those  who  dwell  On  opposite  sides  of  the 
globe.— 2.  One  who  or  thai  which  is  in  opposi- 
tion to  or  over  against  another. 


antipode 

lu  tale  or  history  your  beggar  is  ever  the  Just  antipode 
to  your  king.  Lamb,  Decay  oi  Beggars 

Balance-loving  Nature 
Blade  all  things  in  pairs, 
To  every  foot  its  antipode. 

Emerson,  Merlin,  ii. 

antipodean  (an-tip-o-de'an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  antipodes;  antipodal. 

antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [B.  (in  ME.  as 
L.)i  i  Or-  aurijrooef,  pi.  of  avriirovs,  with  feet  op- 
posite, <  avrl,  opposite,  +  7roif,  pi.  rides,  =  E. 
foot.]  1.  Persons  living  at  diametrically  op- 
posite points  of  the  globe,  so  that  their  feet  are 
directed  toward  each  other;  persons  who  live 
on  the  side  of  the  globe  opposite  to  others. 

^  our  Antipodes  are  a  good  rascally  sort  oi  topsie  turvy 
Fellows— If  Ihad  a  Bumper  I'd  stand  upon  my  Head  and 
drink  a  Health  to 'em.    Congreve,  Way  olthe  world,  iv.  10. 

2.  Two  places  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  dia- 


249 

antiptosis  (an-tip-to'sis),  n.  \\j..  <  Or.  avri- 
KTuatc,  <  avri,  against,  +  moots,  falling,  case, 
(  wra»,  fall.]  In  gram.,  the  use  of  one  case 
for  another. 

antiputrefactive  (an"ti-pu-tre-fakHiv),  a. 


antiquity 

2.  Advanced  in  years;  rendered  incapable  by 
age ;  superannuated. 

Old  Janet,  for  bo  he  und<  rstood  his  antiquated  atten- 
dant was  de uinafc  d  Scott,  v,  averley,  II.  1. 

-Syn.  Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  etc.    See  ancient*. 

' '  an- 


venting  putrefaction;  antise] 
antiputrescent  (an'ti-pu-tres'ent),  a.    L<  anti- 

+  putrescent.']    Same  as  antiputrefactive. 
antipyic  (an-ti-pi'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 

+  mm',  pus,  +  -ic]    Preventing  or  restraining 

suppuration. 
antipyretic  (aii'ti-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
dvn,  against,  +  KVperde,  fever:  sit  pyretic.]  I. 
a.  In  mril..  serving  as  a  preventive  of  or  rem- 
edy for  pyrexia  or  lever;  depressing  an  abnor- 
mally high  temperature:  as,  the  new  antipij- 
n  tic  alkaloid. 

II.  ii.  A  remedy  for  fever;  an  antifebrile. 
metrically  opposite  to  each  other;  the  country  antipyrin    antipyrine   (an-ti-pi'rin),    „.     [As 
or  region  on  the  opposite  side  ol  the  globe.-  ^tipyr{eiic)  +  4n*,  -<„<-.]      The   commercial 
3.  Figuratively,  things  opposed  to  each  other:     mn'w  <<(  dim,,u,vlo.xv.,luiuizini  CnHioN20,  a 
as  a  singular,  anything  diametrically  adverse     0        lex  bod   belonging  to  the  aromatic  series, 
or  opposed  to  another  thing  belonging  to  tne     It  L.ryst;lUizL.s  in  Lriuunit.  scales,  which  dissolve  readily  in 
same  general  order ;  a  contrary.     In  the  latter     water.    It  is  a  valuable  antipyretic. 
sense  sometimes  used  in  the  singular  form  an-  antiquaria,  «.     Plural  of  antiquarium. 
tipode  (which  see).  antiquarian  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Can  there  be  a  greater  contrariety  unto  Christ's  judg-     antiquarius  (see  antiquary)  +  -an.]      I.  a.  1. 
tueiit,  a  mere  perfect  antipodes  to  all  that  hath  hitherto     Pertaining  to  antiquaries  or  to  antiquarianism ; 


r  putrefactive.]    Counteracting  or  pre-  antlquatedness  (an'ti-kwa-ted-nes),  n.    [<  an 
|(l^(    (jl.  liquated  +  -ness.]     Che  state  or  qualitj  ol  be 


Lien  gospel?  Hammond,  Sermons, 

Minds,  the  antipodes  ot  each  other  in  temper  and  endow- 
ment, alike  feci  the  force  of  his  [Dante's]  attraction. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  39. 

antipodic  (an-ti-pod'ik),  a.    Same  as  antipodal 

Ilu.ikin. 
antipodical  (an-ti-pod'i-kal),  <t.    [<  antipode  + 
-ic-al.]     Same  as  antipodal. 

Nor  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Antipodical  Paradise 
less  worthy  of  onr  admiration. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  602. 

antipodism  (an-tip'6-dizm),  n.  [<  antipode  + 
-ism.]     The  state  of  being  antipodal. 

antipodist  (an-tip'o-dist),  n.  [<  antipode  + 
-is?.]  A  believer  in  the  antipodes,  at  the  time 
when  such  belief  was  heresy,  on  account  of  the 
orthodox  supposition  that  the  whole  surface  of 
the  earth  was  a  flat  expanse. 

Some  have  maintained  that  the  antipodist  ( Virgil,  bishop 
of  Salzburg]  was  a  different  person  from  the  canonized 
bishop.  Prof.  De  Morgan,  N.  andQ.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  S3. 

antipoint  (an'ti-point),  B.  [<  anti-  +  point.] 
One  of  a  pair  of  foci,  real  or  imaginary,  to  a 
plane  curve,  so  related  to  another  pair  that  if 


connected  with  the  study  of  antiquities,  particu- 
larly of  such  as  are  comparatively  modern,  and 
of  such  as  have  interest  rather  as  curiosities 
than  for  their  inherent  or  archaeological  impor- 
tance: as,  an  antiquarian  museum. 

The  question  whether  ( Ireece  did  or  did  not  borrow  from 
this  or  that  barbarian  people  some  rude  germs  of  art  which 
in  Greece  alone  were  taught  to  grow  into  flowers  and  fruit 
has  little  more  than  an  antiquarian  interest. 

E.  A.  Freeman.  Amer,  Lects.,  p.  259. 

2.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  size  of  drawing- 
paper,  53  X  31  or  52  X  29  inches. 

II.  n.  Same  as  antiquary,  1  and  2. 
antiquarianism  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an-izm),  re.      [< 
antiquarian   +  4sm.]      1.    The  character  or 
tastes  of  an  antiquary. 
I  have  the  seeds  of  antiquarianism  in  me. 

Bp.  Hurd,  Letter  to  Warburton. 

2.  Antiquarian  research,  it  includes  the  study  of 
the  past  through  relics  of  all  kinds,  but  denotes  especially 
the  study  of  times  which  are  neither  very  ancient  nor  of 
great  general  interest,  and  the  collection  of  bric-a-brac 
and  mere  curiosities.  It  implies  taste  for  old  things 
merely  because  they  are  old,  independently  of  any  artis- 
tic or  historic  value  that  they  may  possess.  =  Syn.  A  rchoz- 
ology,  Antiquarianism.    See  archaeology.^ 


a  quadrilateral  be  drawn  having  the  two  foci  of  antiquarium  (an-ti-kwa'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  anti- 

each  pair  at  opposite  angles,  the  opposite  sides  quaria  (-a).     [NE.,neut.  of  L.  antiquarius:  see 

will  meet  at  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  and  antiquary.    Cf.  aquarium.]   A  repository  of  an- 

conseqnently  be  tangent  to  the  curve.  tiquities.     A.  E.  D. 

antipoison  (an'ti-poi-zn),  ».    [<  anti- + poison.]  antiquary  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  a.  and  n.     [<  E.  anti- 

An  antidote  for  a  poison;  a  counter-poison:  quarius,  pertaining  to  antiquity,  an ^ntaquary, 


as,  "poisons  afford  antipoisons." Mr  T.  Browne, 
Christ.  Mor.,  xxviii.  1. 

antipole  (an'ti-pol),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pole2.]  The 
opposite  pole ;  anything  diametrically  opposed 
to  another. 

That  antipole  of  all  enthusiasm,  called  "a  man  of  the 
world."  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xl. 

antipope  (an'ti-pop),  ».  [<  anti-  +  pope.]  One 
who  usurps  or  is  elected  to  the  papal  office  in 
opposition  to  a  pope  held  to  be  canonically 
chosen.  Time  have  been  about  thirty  antipopes,  the 
last  of  whom  was  Felix  V.  (Duke  Aniadeus  VIII.  of  Savoy), 
elected  by  the  Council  of  Basle  in  1439. 

antiport,  ».    See  anteport. 

antiprimer  (an-ti-pri'mer),  re.  [<  anti-  +  pri- 
mer".] An  apparatus  designed  to  prevent  the 
priming  or  foaming  of  steam  in  a  boiler,  that  is, 
the  escape  of  spray  or  water  with  the  steam. 

antiprism  (an'ti-prizm),  re.  [<  anti-  +  prism.] 
An  auxiliary  prism;  part  of  a  compound  prism 
placed  with" its  refractive  edge  in  a  reversed  po- 
sition. A  prism  of  carbon  disulphid  is  sometimes  used 
in  spectrum  analysis,  consisting  of  a  glass  core  with  sides 
made  of  two  antiprisras. 

antiprostate  (an-ti-pros'tat),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
prostate,  n.]  One  of  the  two  small  glands 
(Gowper's  glands)  situated  before  the  prostate 
gland  in  man  and  many  other  mammals.  See 
prostate. 

antiprostatic  (an'ti-pros-tat'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
prostate  +  -a-.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anti- 
prostates. 

antipruritic  (an'ti-pro-rit'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
pruritic.]     Tending  to  relieve  itching. 

antipsoric  (an-tip-sor'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
<N7i,  against,  +  t/"J/'";of>  pertaining  to  the  itch, 
<  il>6pa,  the  itch.]  I.  a.  Efficacious  in  curing 
the  itch. 

II.  n.  A  remedy  for  the  itch. 


ML.  also  a  copier  of  old  books,  <  antiquus, 

antique,  ancient:  see  antique  and  -ary.]    I.  a. 

Pertaining  to  antiquity;  ancient;  antiquarian. 

Instructed  by  the  antiquary  times, 

He  must,  he  is,  he  cannot  but  be  wise. 

Sltak.,T.  and  C.,  ii.  3. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  antiquaries  (-riz).     1.  One  versed 

in  the  knowledge  of  ancient  things;  a  student 

or  collector  of  antiquities:  sometimes  used  in 

the  sense  of  archaeologist.     See  antiquarianism. 

With  sharpen'd  sight  pale  antiquaries  pore, 

Th'  inscription  value,  but  the  rust  adore. 

Pope,  Up.  to  Addison,  1.  35. 

The  simple  antiquary  is  not  a  historian,  but  it  is  always 
a  gain  when  the  historian  is  an  antiquary. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  20S. 

2.  A  dealer  in  old  books,  coins,  objects  of  art, 
and  similar  articles.  In  this  and  the  preceding 
sense  also  antiquarian. — 3f.  An  official  custo- 
dian of  antiquities.  This  title  was  bestowed  by  Henry 
VIII  upon  Lelaud,  his  chaplain  and  librarian,  1533. 
antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
tiquated, ppr.  antiquating.  [<  L.  antiquatus,  pp. 
of  antiquare,  restore  to  its  ancient  condition,  m 
LL.  make  old,  <  antiquus,  ancient :  see  antique] 


ing  antiquated,  obsolete,  or  old-fashioned, 
antiquatenesst  (an'ti-kwat-nes),  n.     [<  anti- 

quati  +  -ness.]     The  Btate  or  quality  of  being 

antiquated  or  obsolete. 
antiquation(an-ti-kwa'slion),  re.    [<  L.  antiqua- 

titiin-i,  <  iiiiliqimn  :  see  antiquate,  r.]  1.  The 
act  of  antiquating,  or  the  state  of  being  anti- 
quated. 

Which  must  no  change  nor  antiquation  know, 

,/   Bcaumon !    Psychi    cv.  164. 

2.   In  Roman  lair,  repeal,  as  of  a  law  ;  abro 
tinn. 

antique  ( an-tek' ).  a.  and  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
til:e,  antyke,  anticke,  antick,  later  antique,  with 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  17th  century 
the  forms  were  gradually  discriminated,  antick. 
untie  being  restricted  to  the  sense  of  '  fantas- 
tic,' etc.  (see  antic),  while  antique,  with  accent 
shifted  in  immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  was 
restricted  to  the  lit.  sense;  <  F.antiqw  .  ancient, 
old,  <  Ii.  antiquus.  initials,  former,  earlier,  an- 
cient, old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-  and  antic] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  existed  in  ancient  times ;  be- 
longing to  or  having  come  down  from  antiquity ; 
ancient:  often  specifically  referring  to  Greece 
and  Rome:  as,  an  antique  statue. 

The  seals  .  .  .  which  we  know  to  be  antique.     Dryden. 
My  copper-lamps,  at  any  rate. 
For  being  true  antique,  I  bought. 

7V",; ,  Alma  in 

2.  Belonging  to  former  times,  as  contrasted 
with  modern ;  having  the  form  and  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  day  ;  of  old  fashion :  as,  an 
antique  robe. 

o  good  old  man  ;  how  well  in  thee  appears 
The  constant  servici  ol  the  antique  world, 
When  service  sweat  for  duty,  not  for  nerd  ! 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
All  the  antique  fashions  of  the  street  were  dear  to  him  ; 
even  such  as  were  characterized  by  a  rudeness  that  would 
naturally  have  annoyed  his  fastidious  senses. 

Hawthorne,  seven  Gables,  \i 

3f.  Fantastic;  fanciful;  odd;  wild;  antic.  See 

antic,  4. 

What  fashion'd  hats,  or  ruffs,  or  suits  next  year 
Our  giddy-headed  antique  youth  will  wear.       Donne. 

4.  In  bookbinding,  embossed  without  gold. — 
Antique  crown,  in  ner.,a  bearing  representing  a  simple 
crown  composed  of  a  circular  band  with   rays   simply 
pointed  and  of  indefinite  number.   It 

is  always  or,  that   is,  of   gold.      Also 
called     Eastern     crmi-n.     Antique 

type.   Sec  II.,  3.  =Syn.  Ancient,  Old, 

Antique,  etc.     See  aneit  nt. 

II.  ii.  1.  The  style  or  man- 
ner of  ancient   times,   specifi- 
cally of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquity: used  especially  of  art. 
In  this  sense  used  oidy  in  the  singular,  and  preceded  by 
the  definite  article  :  as,  fond  of  the  antique:  copied  from 

tin    antique. 

2.  Any  relic  of  antiquity;  specifically,  an  ex- 
ample of  Greek  or  Roman  art,  especially  in 
sculpture. 

To  collect  books  and  antiques,  to  found  professorships, 
to  patronize  men  of  learning,  became  almost  universal 
fashions  among  the  great.  Dtacaulay,  Machiavelli. 

3.  The  name  given  by  American  type-founders 
to  a  style  of  type  of  thick  and  bold  face,  of  the 
regular  Roman  model,  in  which  all  lines  are  of 
equal  or  nearly  equal  thickness :  called  Egyp- 
tian by  British  type-founders.  The  type  used  tor 
title-words  in  this  dicti iry  is  condensed  antique. 

antiqued  (an-tekf),  a.  In  bookbinding,  finished 
iii  antique  style. 

antiquely  (an-tek'li),  adv.  In  an  antique  man- 
ner. 

antiqueness  (an-tek'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  antique,  or  of  appearing  to  be  of  ancient 
origin  and  workmanship. 


(From  Berry's  "  Diet, 
of  Heraldry." ) 


To  make  old  or  obsolete;  make  old  and  useless  antiqUist  (an-te'kist  or  an'ti-kwist),  n.     [<  an 
by  substituting  something  newer  and  better. 

The  growth  of  Christianity  .  .  .  might  reasonably  in- 
troduce new  laws  and  antiquate  oi  abrogate  some  old 
ones.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

llu"e  charts  which  subsequent  discoveries  have  anti- 
quated. Lamb,  Elia,  p.  9. 
antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  a.  Same  as  antiquated, 
p.  a. 
antiquated  (an'ti-kwa-ted).  p.  a.  1.  Grown 
old;  obsolete  or  obsolescent;  ill  adapted  to 
present  use;  old-fashioned:  said  of  things :  as, 
an  antiquated  law. 

Is  it  possible  that  the  present  age  can  be  pleased  with 
that  antiquated  dialect? 


tiqitr  (or  L.  antiquus)  +  -ist.]  1.  An  anti- 
quary: as,  "theoretic  antiquists,"  Pinkerton. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  A  collector  of  antiques. 
antiquitarian  (an-tik-wi-ta'ri-an),  n.  [(.an- 
tiquity +  -Hi-inn.]  An  admirer  of  antiquity; 
an  antiquary.     [Rare.] 

I  shall  distinguish  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  hinderers 
of  reformation  into  three  sorts:  — 1,  Autiquitariam  (for 
so  I  had  rather  call  them  than  antiquaries,  whose  labours 
are  useful  and  laudable) ;  2,  Libertines;  3,  Politicians. 

Milton,  Reformation,  i. 

antiquity  (an-tak'wi-ti),  «.;  pi.  antiquities  (-tiz). 

i<  ME.  antiquitln  .  dntiquiU ,  <  « »F.  antiquite,  an- 

Goldsmith, fyear, xvliL     tiquiteit,  mod.  F.  antiquite  =  Pr.    antiquitat  = 


antiquity 

Sp.  antiguedad=  Pg.  antiguidade  =  It.  antichita, 

<  L.  antiquitat '-  is,  <  antiquus:  see  antique]  1. 
The  quality  of  being  ancient;  ancientness; 
great  age:  as,  a  family  of  great  antiquity. 

This  ring  is  valuable  for  its  antiquity.  Johnson. 

Is  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  short?  .  .  .  and 
every  pari  about  you  blasted  with  antiquity? 

Shak..  -1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  Ancient  times;  former  ages;  times  long 
siiicr  past:  as,  Demosthenes  was  the  most  elo- 
quent orator  of  antiquity. 

Nor  even  so  remotely  among  the  mossy  centuries  did  it 

pause,  but    strayed  onward  into  that  gray  antiquity  of 

which  there  is  no  token  left  save  its  cavernous  tombs,  etc. 

Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun. 

3.  The  ancients  collectively;  tho  people  of  an- 
cient times. 

He  lives  with  antiquity  and  posterity;  with  antiquity, 
in  the  sweet  communion  of  studious  retirement ;  and  with 
posterity,  in  the  generous  aspirings  alter  future  renown. 

Ireiuy,  Sketch -Hook,  p.  'J!>. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth  all  antiquity  has 
avov  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

4.  An  old  person.     [Humorous.] 

You  are  a  shrew. 1  antiquity,  neighbour  Clench. 

B.  Jonson. 

5.  That  which  is  ancient,  or  belongs  to  old  or 
ancient  times;  something  left  by  or  peculiar 
to  the  ancients:  generally  in  the  plural:  as, 
Greek  or  Egyptian  antiquities. 

The  lectures  » ill  have  for  a  common  object  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  the  country.     Everett,  Orations,  II.  111. 

antirabic  (an-ti-rab'ik),  a.  [<  itnti-  +  rabies.] 
Pertaining  to  the  prevention  of  rabies  or  hy- 
drophobia. 

The  Russian  antirabic  inoculation  institution  (in  Odessa  |. 

Science,  IX.  ist>. 

antiracer  (an-ti-ra'ser),  n.  [<  anti-  +  race1  + 
-er1.]  A  device  for  preventing  the  racing  of 
the  screw  of  a  marine  propeller  when  the  vessel 
pitches  so  as  to  throw  it  out  of  the  water. 

antirachitic  (an"ti-ra-kit'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
rachitic.]     Tending  to  cure  rachitis  or  rickets. 

antiremonstrant  (an'/ti-re-nion'strant),  u.  [< 
anti-  +  remonstrant.]  One  opposed  to  remon- 
strance or  to  those  who  remonstrate.  Specifi- 
cally (with  a  capital),  one  of  that  party  in  the  Dutch  Cal 
vinistic  church  which  opposed  the  Remonstrants  or  Ar- 
menians.    They  are  also  called  Cuunter-reiuanstrants.    See 

■runt. 

antirent  (an-ti-rent'),  a.  [<  anti-  +  rent.]  Op- 
posed to  the  payment  of  rent;  opposed,  on 
theoretical  grounds,  to  the  exaction  of  rent 
for  land.  etc. :  as,  antirent  doctrines Antirent 

party,  a  social  and  political  organization  which  resisted 
(1839  to  about  1849)  the  collection  of  rent  on  certain  great 
manorial  estates  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

antirenter  (an-ti-ren'ter),  n.  [<  antirent  +  -er1.] 
A  ]. erson  opposed  to  the  payment  of  rent;  spe- 
cifically, a  member  of  the  Antirent  party. 

Antirrhinum  (an-ti-ri'mim),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avri,  corresponding  to,  like,  +  pic,  piv,  nose.] 
A  genus  of  herbs,  natural  order  Scropliulariaei  a . 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  old  world  and 
North  America.  The  Bowers  ol  most  of  the  species 
b  a  resemblance  to  an  animal's  snout;  hencethename. 
The  snapdragon,  .1.  man's,  is  a  familiar  garden-plant, 
wilb  showy  Bowers,  from  the  Mediterranean.  The  Mexi- 
can .1.  maurandimdes  is  also  frequently  cultivated. 

antisabbatarian  (an'ti-sab-a-ta'ri-an),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  Sabbatarian."]  One  who  denies  the  per- 
petual obligation  of  the  sabbath  law,  maintain- 
ing thai  it  was  part  of  the  ceremonial,  not  of  the 
moral  law,  and  was  abolished  by  Christ;  hence, 
one  who  opposes  strictness  in  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath:  the  opposite  of  Sabbatarian. 
See  Sabbatarian,  sabbath. 

antiscian  (an-tish'ian),  n.  [<  L.  antiscii,  <  Gr. 
avriatuot,  pi.  of  uv-ini.mr,  with  opposite  shadows, 

<  ami,  opposite,  +  aua,  shadow.  Cf.  amphis- 
rtun.  |  A  person  whose  shadow  at  noon  is  cast 
in  ;i  direction  contrary  to  that  of  an  inhabitant 
of  the  other  side  of  the  equator  living  upon  the 
.sane-  meridian.    See  antecians. 

antiscii  I  an-tiah'i-I),  n.  pi.  [L. :  see  antiscian.  ] 
Antiscians. 

antiscolic  (an-ti-skol'ik),  a.  \(  Gr.  iwri,  against, 
+  <t(,m,v,..  a  worm  :  see  Scolex.  I  Anthelmintic. 
8yd.  Soc.  l.'.i. 

antiscorbutic  (an  ti-skor-bu'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  scorbutic.]  I.  ".  Iii  nail.,  counteracting 
scurvy. 

II.  it.  A  remedy  for  scurvy,  as  lemon-juice, 
ripe  fruit  -.  etc. 

antiscorbutical  (an'ti-skor -im  i  i  kal),a.  Same 
Hscorbutic. 

antiscriptural  (an-ti-skrip'jur-al),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  scripture  +  -ai.\  Antagonistic  to  the  prin- 
eiph  -  "i  doctrines  of  Scripture,  or  to  tie  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Scriptures  as  inspired. 


250 

antiscripturism  (an-ti-skrip'tur-izm),  n.      [< 

anti-  +  scripture  +  -ism.]     Opposition  to  the 
Scriptures.      [Kare.] 

Antiscripturism  grows  .  .   .  rife  and  spreads  fa>t. 

Boyle,  Style  of  Holy  Scriptures,  p.  146. 

antiscripturlst  (an-ti-skrip'tur-ist),  n.    [<  anti- 

+  scripture  +  -ist.]     One  who  denies  the  truth 
of  Scripture ;  one  who  does  not  accept  revela- 
tion: as,  "atheists  and  antiscripturists,"  Boyle, 
Style  of  Holy  Scriptures,  p.  4.     [Rare.] 
antisepalous  (an-ti-sep'a-lus),  a.    [<  anti-  + 


Antisepalous  Flower  of  Alchemilla  Z'ulgarts. 

a,  stamens,  alternating  with  the  petals  a>)  and  opposite 

to  the  sepals  ic). 

si  pa!  +  -oits.]     In   bot.,  standing  opposite  to 
sepals:  applied  to  stamens. 

antisepsis  (an-ti-sep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ami, 
against,  +  aijfir,  putrefaction:  see  septic]  The 
more  or  less  complete  exclusion  of  living  micro- 
organisms from  those  bodies  or  substances  in 
which  they  produce  disease,  putrefaction,  or 
fermentation.  Such  organisms  may  be  destroyed,  as 
by  heat  or  germicides,  or  excluded,  as  by  coverings  or  clean- 
liness, or  their  activity  and  multiplication  may  be  restricted, 
as  by  the  application  of  antiseptic  substances  or  of  cold. 

antiseptic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  a.  and  re.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  cji/tttikoc  septic:  see  septic]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antisepsis ;  inimical  to  the  growth 
and  activity  of  the  micro-organisms  of  disease, 
putrefaction,  or  fermentation Antiseptic  var- 
nish, in  painting,  a  glazing  used  to  protect  such  vegetable 
or  animal  colors  as  are  likely  to  fade  by  exposure  to  the  air. 
II.  n.  Anything  which  destroys  the  micro- 
organisms of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermen- 
tation, or  which  restricts  their  growth  and  mul- 
tiplication. Substances  used  for  this  purpose  arc  cor- 
rosive sublimate,  chlorinated  lime,  carbolic  acid,  sulphur- 
ous acid,  etc.     sec  disinfectant  and  germicide. 

antiseptically  (an-ti-sep'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antiseptic  manner;  by  the  application  of  anti- 
septics. 

Lister  has  operated  aiitUeptically. 

T.  Bryant,  Surgery,  p.  757. 

antisepticise,  v.  t.    See  antisepticize. 

antisepticist  (an-ti-sep'ti-sist),  n.  [<  antiseptic 
+  -ist.]     A  believer  in  antiseptic  treatment. 

antisepticize  (an-ti-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  antisepticized,  ppr.  antiseptieizing.  [<  anti- 
septic +  -ize.]  To  treat  with  antiseptic  agents ; 
apply  antiseptics  to.     Also  spelled  an  tisepticise. 

I  recently  sewed  up  a  bad  cut  on  a  boy's  hand  with  one 
of  the  three  strands  of  ordinary  surgeon's  silk,  unwaged 
and  not  antisepticised.  N.  1'.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  617. 

antiseption  (au-ti-sep'shon),  n.  [Irrog.  <  anti- 
septic +  -ion.]    Antisepsis. 

antislavery  (an-ti-sla've-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  anti- 
+  slavery.]  I.  a.  Opposed  to  slavery:  as,  an 
antislavery  man;  the  antislavery  agitation. 

Mr.  Clay,  .  .  .  though  likewise  Anti-Slavery  in  princi- 
ple, was  a  zealous  and  most  efficient  adversary  of  Restric- 
tion. //.  Qreeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  75. 

II.  )i.  Opposition  to  slavery. 

antislaveryism  (an-ti-sla've-ri-izm),  n.  [<  an- 
tislavery  +  -ism.]  Opposition  to  slavery;  the 
doctrines  of  the  antislavery  party.     [Rare.] 

antisocial  (an-ti-so'shal),  a.  [<  anti-  +  social.  \ 
1.  Averse  or  antagonistic  to  sociality  or  social 
intercourse. —  2.  Opposed  to  social  order,  or 
the  principles  on  which  society  is  constituted. 

antisocialist  ( an-ti-so'shal-ist),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
socialist.]  Opposed  to  the  doctrines  and  prac- 
tices of  socialism. 

The  Vitality  of  these  associations  must  indeed  be  great 
to  have  enabled  about  twenty  of  them  tosurvive  the  anti- 

socialist  reaction.  ./.  N.  Mill. 

antispadix  (an-ti-spa'diks),  n.  [<  anti-  +  sjia- 
tli.r.\  A  specialized  group  of  four  tentacles  on 
the  right  side  of  some  male  cephalopods,  as  flic 
nautilus,  three  of  them  having  their  sheaths 
united  and  I  he  fourth  standing  alone.  The 
structure  is  opposite  to  tho  spadix;  hence  the 
name. 

These  four  tentacles  may  be  called  the  anti  spadix. 

E.  li.  Lankestcr,  Encyc.  Brit.,  Ml.  urt. 

antispasis  (an-tis'pa-sis),  «.  [<  Gr.  avrumaaie. 
<  avrumav,  draw  in  the  contrary  direction,  (.am, 
contrary,  +  airav,  draw.]  In  pathol.,  a  revul- 
sion of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  an- 
other.    [Rare.] 

antispasmodic  (an'ti-Bpaz-mod'ik),  a.  and  n. 

li  anti-  +  spasmodic]     I.   a.   In  med..  curative 
of  spasm;  checking  or  curing  convulsions. 


antitheist 

II.  n.  In  mod.,  a  remedy  for  spasm  or  convul- 
sions, as  ether,  chloroform,  the  bromides,  etc. 

antispast  (an'ti-spast  I.  //.  [<  Ii.  antispastus,  < 
Or.  avrusiraoToc,  verbal  adj.  of  avriairav,  draw  in 
the  contrary  direction  ;  see  antispasis.]  In  anc 
pros.,  a  tetrasyllable  foot,  in  which  the  first  and 
last  syllables  are  short  anil  the  middle  syllables 
long,  as  <  'li/li  uincstrd.  It  is  a  combination  of 
an  iambus  and  a  trochee. 

antispastic  (an-ti-spas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr. 
dvTioTiaGTiKur,  able  to  draw  back,  <  aeriCTa-aoroc: 
see  antispast.]  I,  a.  1.  In  »;«/.:  (of)  Causing  a 
revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors.  (6)  Counteract- 
ing spasm;  antispasmodic. —  2.  Containing  or 
consisting  of  antispasts:  as,  an  antispasticveise. 
II.  n.  In  med. :  (a\)  A  medicine  supposed  to 
act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors,  (b) 
A  remedy  that  counteracts  spasm;  an  antispas- 
modic. 

antispastust  (an-ti-spas'tus),  n.  [L.]  Same 
as  antispast.     [Rare.] 

antisplenetic  (an'ti-sple-net'ik),  a.  [_<  anti- 
+  splenetic.]  Acting  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  spleen. 

antistasis  (an-tis'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvri- 
craaic,  a  eounter-plea,  set-off,  opposition,  <  avBi- 
craadai,  avricrfpmi,  withstand,  (avri,  against,  + 
iaraadat,  crf/vai,  stand.]  In  rhct.,  the  justifica- 
tion of  an  action  by  the  argument  that  if  it 
had  been  omitted  something  worse  would  have 
happened. 

antistes  (an-tis'tez),  n. ;  pi.  antistites  (-ti-tez). 
[L.,  an  overseer,  a  high  priest;  prop,  adj.,  stand- 
ing before;  <  antistarc,  also  ant,  stare,  stand  be- 
fore,  <  ante,  before  (see  ante-},  +  stare,  stand.] 
A  chief  priest  or  prelate.     [Rare.] 

Unless  they  had  as  many  antistites  as  presbyters. 

Milton.  Frelatical  Episcopacy. 

antistrophal  (an-tis'tro-fal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  antistrophe. 

antistrophe  (an-tis'tro-fe),  re.  [L.,  <  Gr.  dvrt- 
OTpoeii/,  lit.  a  turning  about,  <  avTicTpitytiv,  turn 
about,  <  avri,  against,  +  crpityciv,  turn.  Cf. 
strophe]  1.  A  part  of  an  ancient  Greek  choral 
ode  corresponding  to  the  strophe,  which  im- 
mediately precedes  it,  and  identical  with  it  in 
meter.  It  was  sung  by  the  chorus  when  returning  from 
left  to  right,  they  having  previously  sung  the  strophe 
when  moving  from  right  to  left.  Theatrophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode  (the  last  sung  by  the  chorus  standing  still),  in 
this  sequence,  were  the  three  divisions  of  a  larger  choral 
passage,  which  in  its  turn  was  treated  as  a  unit  and  might 
be  used  once  or  repeated  a  number  of  times.  This  struc- 
ture was  occasionally  imitated  in  Latin,  and  has  sometimes 
been  used  in  modern  poetry. 

2.  In  rhct. :  (a)  The  reciprocal  conversion  of  the 
same  words  in  consecutive  clauses  or  sentences : 
as,  the  master  of  the  servant,  the  servant  of 
the  master,  (h)  The  turning  of  an  adversary's 
plea  against  him:  as,  had  I  killed  him  as  you 
report,  I  had  not  stayed  to  bury  him. 

antistrophic  (an-ti-strof'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avn- 
orpotpiicdr-,  <  dvTtrtTpotpi/:  see  antistrophe.]  Relat- 
ing to  antistrophe. 

antistrophically  (an-td-strof'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
inverse  order;  by  antistrophe. 

antistrophon  (an-tds'tro-fon),  v.  [<  Gr.  avri- 
oTputpoc  (neut.  -ov),  turned  opposite  ways,  < 
dvTiijTpl<pav.  see  antistrophe.]  In  rhet.,  the  turn- 
ing of  an  argument  against  the  one  who  ad- 
vanced it. 

antistrumatic  (an"ti-strb-inat'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  slrumatic]     Same  as  antistrwmous. 

antistrumous  (an-ti-stro'mus),  a.  [<  auti- 
+  strumous.]  In  med.,  useful  as  a  remedy  for 
scrofulous  disorders. 

antisyphilitic  (an  ti-sif-i-lit'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  syphilitic]  In  imtl..  efficacious  against  syphi- 
lis, or  venereal  poison.     Also  called  antiluetie. 

Antitactes(an-ti-tak'tezl,  n.;  pl.Antitactee(-te). 
[Gr.  avTirdsTr/c,  a  heretic  (see  del'.),  <  dvTtTacartv, 
oppose,  resist,  <  avri,  against,  +  Ti'waetv,  set  in 
order,  range,  arrange:  see  anti-  and  tactic] 
One  of  those  ( in. .si  ies  who  professed  to  oppose 
the  will  and  commands  of  the  Creator,  Demi- 
urge, or  second  Maker  (the  evil  one),  and, 
assuming  that  it  was  the  latter  who  gave  the 
decalogue,  held  that  the  moral  law  was  not  obli- 
gatory, and  showed  their  contempt  for  it  by 
purposely  transgressing  its  commandments:  a 
name  given  by  ('lenient  of  Alexandria. 

anti tha Han  lan-ti-tha'  li-an),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
I' lial hi,  the  muse  of  comedy  :  see  Thalia.]  Op- 
posed  to  fun  or  festivity.   X.E.I).     [Rare.] 

antitheism  (an'ti-the-izm),  «.  [<anti-+  the- 
ism.]   Opposition  to  theism.     [Rare.] 

antitheist  (an'ti-the-ist),  ».  [<  anti-  +  thcist.] 
An  opponent  of  I  lieism  :  one  who  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  a  personal  God.     [Raro.] 


antltheist 

The  verdict  of  tin;  atheist  on  the  doctrine  of  a  (lod  is 
only  that  it  is  not  proven,  tt  is  nut  that  it  [a  disprovi  a 
EEe  is  but  an  atheist.    He  is  not  an  antithi  1st. 

Chalmers,  Nat.  Theol.,  I.  58. 
antitheistic  (an*ti-the-is'tik),  a.     [<  antitheist 
+  -/<-. J     Antagonistic  to  theism.     [Bare.] 
That  Btrange  burst  of  antitheistic  frenzy. 

!'■<,,.  Set.  .V....  XX.  766. 

antitheistical  (an'ti-thf-is'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as 
antitheistic.     [Bare.] 
antitheistically  (an  ti-the-is'ti-kitl-i),  adv.    In 

:m  antitheistic  manner.     [Rare.] 

antithenar  (an-tith'e-niir),  n.  [NL..  <  tit-,  hit/, 
opposite  to,  -+-  Btvap,  the  pari  of  the  hand  be- 
tween the  thunfband  forefinger.]  In  anat.:  (a) 
A  mnsele  which  extends  the  thumb,  or  opposes 
it  to  the  hand,  (b)  The  adductor  muscle  of  the 
great  toe. 

antithesis  (an-tith'e-sis),  «. ;  pi.  antitheses 
(-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  avr'SeaiQ,  opposition  (cf.  avri- 
octos,  opposed,  antithetic),  <  uvriTitiivai,  oppose, 
set  against, <  avri,  against,  +  rSevai,  place,  sot, 
>0«uc:  see  anti-  and  thesis.'}  1.  Opposition; 
contrast. 

The  opposition  of  ideas  and  sensations  is  exhibited  to 
us  in  tlie  antithesis  of  theory  and  fact. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  I.  4. 
2.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrasted,  as  one 
of  two  opposite  judgments  or  propositions:  in 
this  sense  opposed  to  thesis  (which  see).  Spe- 
cifically—  3.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  consisting  in 
bringing  contrary  ideas  or  terms  into  close  op- 
position; a  contrast  or  an  opposition  of  words 
orsentiments:  as,  "When  our  vices  leave  us,  we 
flatter  ourselves  we  leave  them  " ;  "  The  prodigal 
robs  his  heir,  the- miser  robs  himself";  "Excess 
of  ceremony  shows  want  of  breeding." 

antithet  (an'ti-thet),  It.  [<  Gr.  avrfflerov,  an  an- 
tithesis, neut.  of  awtderoc,  opposed,  antithetic : 
see  antithesis.}  An  antithetical  statement  or 
expression  ;  an  instance  of  antithesis.  [Rare.] 
It  is  sometimes  true  .  .  .  tiiat  sunshine  comes  after 
storm,  .  .  .  but  not  always;  not  even  often.  Equally 
true  is  the  popular  antithet,  that  misfortunes  never  conic 
single.  Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xxvi. 

antithetic  (an-ti-thet'ik),  a.  and  re.  [=F.  an- 
tithetiepie,  <  Gr.  avriBerucdc,  contrasting,  anti- 
thetic, <  avrideroc,  opposed,  <  avrtTtOevat:  see  an- 
tithesis.']    I.  a.  Same  as  antithetical. 

II.  n.  1.  A  direct  opposite. — 2.  pi.  The 
doctrine  of  contrasts.     N.  E.  I). 

antithetical  (an-ti-thet'i-kal),  a.  [As  antithetic 
+  -al.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
antithesis;  directly  opposed  or  contrasted:  as, 
these  conceptions  are  antithetical. 

The  two  great  and  antithetical  intellects  which  New 
England  produced  in  the  eighteenth  century  were  Jona- 
than Edwards  and  Benjamin  Franklin. 

Cf.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles,  I.  6. 
2.  Containing  or  abounding  in  antithesis ;  char- 
acterized by  or  making  use  of  antithesis. 

His  [Macaulay's]  works  overflow  with  antithetical  forms 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev..  I.  29. 

antithetically  (an-ti-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an 

antithetical  manner;  by  means  of  antithesis. 

antitoxin  (an"ti-toks'in),  n.  [<  anti-  +  toxin.] 
A  substance  which  neutralizes  the  action  of 
a  toxin  or  poisonous  ptomaine ;  specifically,  a 
substance  developed  in  the  body  of  an  animal 
by  inoculation  with  the  germs  of  diphtheria, 
which  enables  it  to  tolerate  this  poison. 

anti-trade  (an'ti-trad),  n.  [<  anti-  +  trade 
(wind).]  A  name  given  to  any  of  the  upper 
tropical  winds  which  move  northward  or  south- 
ward in  the  same  manner  as  the  trade-winds, 
but  above  them  and  in  the  opposite  direction. 
These  great  aerial  currents  descend  to  the  surface,  after 
they  have  passed  the  limits  of  the  trade-winds,  and  form 
the  southwest  or  west-southwest  winds  of  the  north  tem- 
perate, and  the  northwest  or  west-northwest  winds  of  the 
south  temperate  zone. 

antitragi,  ».    Plural  of  antitragus. 

antitragic  (an-td-traj'ik),  a.  ['<  NL.  antitragi- 
cus,  q.  v.]     Pertaining  to  the  antitragus. 

antitragicus  (an-ti-traj'i-kus),  n. ;  pi.  antilrn- 
gici  (-si).  [NL.,  <  antitragus,  q.  v.]  In  aunt., 
a  muscle  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear,  situated  upon 
the  antitragus. 

antitragus  (an-tit'ra-gus),  n. ;  pi.  antitragi  (-ji). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avTtTpayoc,  <  avri,  opposite  to,  + 
Tpayoc,  tragus:  see  tragus.]  In  anat.,  the  pro- 
cess of  the  external  ear,  opposite  to  the  tragus, 
and  behind  the  ear-passage.    See  cut  under  ear. 

antitrinitarian  (an"ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  re. 
[<  anti-  +  triuilarian.]  I.  a.  Opposingthe  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. 

II.  re.   One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  or  the  existence  of  three  persons  in 
tho  Godhead. 
Also  written  Antitrinitarian,  Anti-Trinitarian. 


251 
antitrinitarianism   (an'ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm), 

n.  [<  antitrinitarian  +  -ism.]  Denial  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  Also  written  Anlilrini- 
tarianism,  dnti-Trinitarianism. 
antitrochanter  (an'ti-tro-kan'ter),  n.  [<anti- 
+  trochanter.']  In  anat.,  an  articular  facet  on 
the  ilium  againsl  which  the  trochanter  major 
of  the  femur  abuts,  and  with  which  it  forms  a 

joint,  ;is  in  birds.    See  eu1  under  saerarium. 
antitrochanteric  (an'ti-tro-kan-ter'ik),  a.    Of 

or  pertaining  to  the  antitrochanter. 
antitropal  (an-tit'ro-pal),  a.     Same  as  nnlitro- 

pous. 
antitrope  (an'ti-trop),  n.     [=1''.  antilfope,  < 
NL.  antitropus,  <  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  -Tpoirog,  < 
rptiretv,  turn.]    A  part  or  an  organ  of  the  body 

set,  over  against  another,  as  one  of  a  pair;  a. 
symmetrical  antimere:  thus,  the  right  and  left 
hands  are  an  tit  ropes  to  each  other.     Also  called 

antitype. 
antitropic  (an-ti-trop'ik),  a.    [As  antitrope  + 

-it'.]  Of.  or  pertaining  to  an  antitrope.  or  to 
antitropy;  symmetrically  related  in  position; 
reversely  repeated,  so  as  to  form 'a  pair. 

antitropous  (an-tit'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  antitro- 
pus:  see  antitrope."]  In  hot.,  having  the  radicle 
pointing  directly  away  from  the  hilum  of  Un- 
seed, as  in  all  orthotropous  seeds:  applied  to 
embryos.     An  equivalent  form  is  antitropal. 

antitropy  (an-tit'ro-pi),  n.  [<  antitrope  +  -y-i.] 
The  character  of  an  antitrope;  the  state,  qual- 
ity, or  condition  of  being  antitropic;  reversed 
repetition  of  a  part  or  an  organ. 

antitypal  (an'ti-ti-pal),  a.  [<  antitype  + -at] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  antitype. 

How  am  I  to  extricate  my  antitypal  characters,  when 
their  living  types  have  not  jet  extricated  themselves? 

Killij.ili/il,  Yeast,  F.pil. 

We  still  see  remaining  an  antitypal  sketch  of  a  wing 
adapted  for  flight  in  the  scalv  flapper  of  the  penguin. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  24. 

antitype  (an'ti-tip),  re.  [<  Gr.  avThv-ov,  neut. 
of  avrirvKoc,  corresponding,  as  the  stamp  to  the 
die,  <  avri,  against,  corresponding  to,  +  ri>-or,  a 
model,  type:  see  type.]  1.  That  which  is  pre- 
figured or  represented  by  a  type,  and  there- 
fore is  correlative  withit ;  particularly,  in  theol., 
that  which  in  the  gospel  is  foreshadowed  by  and 
answers  to  some  person,  character,  action,  in- 
stitution, or  event  in  the  Old  Testament. 

It  is  this  previous  design,  and  this  preordained  connec- 
tion (together,  of  course,  with  the  resemblance),  which  con- 
stitute the  relation  of  type  and  antitype. 

Fairbairn.  Typology,  I.  46. 
He  [Melchizedek]  brought  forth  bread  and  wine,  .  .  . 
imitating  the  antitype,  or  the  substance,  Christ  himself. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
2.  In  biol.,  same  as  antitrope. 
antitypic  (an-ti-tip'ik),  a.    Same  as  antitypieal. 
A  series  of  antitypic  groups.  Cope. 

antitypieal  (an-ti-tip'i-kal),  a.  [<  antitype  + 
-ical.  Cf.  typical.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  antitype. 

The  writer  [of  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews]  recognizes  the 
typical,  or  rather  antitypieal,  character  of  the  Tabernacle 
and  its  services,  as  reflecting  the  archetype  seen  by  Moses 
in  the  Mount.  Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  5  Ion. 

antitypically  (an-ti-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
of  antitype ;  as  an  antitype. 

antitypoust  (an-tit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avririmog, 
resisting:  see  antitypy.]  Characterized  by  an- 
titypy;  resisting  force;  solid. 

antitypy  (an-tit'i-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  iwrtrvTria,  the 
resistance  of  a  hard  body,  <  avrlroKoc,  resisting, 
<  avri,  against,  +  -nnroc,  <  rfarreai,  strike.  Cf. 
antitype.]  In  metaph.,  the  absolute  impenetra- 
bility of  matter. 

antivaccinationist  (an'ti-vak-si-na'shpn-ist), 
n.  One  who  is  opposed  to  the  practice  of  vac- 
cination ;  specifically,  a  member  or  an  adher- 
ent of  the  Anti-Vaccination  Society  of  Great 
Britain. 

antivaccinist  (an-ti-vak'sin-ist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  vaccinist.]  One  who  is  opposed  to  vaccina- 
tion.    Imp.  Diet. 

antivariolOUS  (an'ti-va-ri'o-lus),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  variolous.]  Preventing  the  contagion  of 
smallpox. 

antivela,  «.     Plural  of  antivelum. 

antivelar  (an-ti-ve'lar),  a.  [<  antivi  lam  +  -ar.] 
Pertaining  to  the  antivelum. 

antivelum  (an-ti-ve'lum),  ».;  pi.  antivela  (-110. 
[NL.,  <  anti-  +  velum.]  The  pedal  velum  "of 
cephalopods.     See  extract. 

Since,  then,  in  the  gastropods  the  intestine  turns  to  the 
cerebral  side,  we  have  the  velum  formed  on  that  side  ; 
whereas,  in  the  cephalopods,  the  flexure  being  on  the  op 
posite  sitle,  we  have  what  we  may  call  the  antii'eliim  on 
tiie  pedal  side. 

J.  F.  Blake,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  5th  ser.,  IV. 


antler-moth 

antivenereal  (an  u  ■  it,  a.     [<  anti 

+  venereal.]    Counteracting  ifi  oison; 

useful  as  a  remedy  i"  venereal  disease. 

antizymic  (an-ti-zim'ik),  a.  [<  anti- +  gymic] 
Tending  to  prevent  fermentation  or  putrefac- 

I  ion  ;    anl  i/viiml  id  ;    ;intise]it  ie, 

antizymotic(an   ti-zi-mot'ik  t.     [< 

anti-  +  zymotic]    I.  a.  Preventing  oi   i 
ing  fermentation  or  zymosis;  antizymic. 

II.  n.  That  which  prevents  fermentation,  as 
in  brewing;  a,  preventive  of  or  rim,  dv  lor  zy- 
motic disease. 

antjar,  ".      See  miliar. 

ant-king  dint 'king),  n.  A  name  of  the  South 
American  ant-thrushes  of  the  genus  tiral- 
laria. 

antler  (ant'ler),  n.  [Formerly  auntler,  «" 
corruptly  ankler  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  auntelere, 
hauntelere,  <  OP.  antoillier,  later  andoiller  (and 
andouiZler,  endouiUer),  prob.  <  ML.  antocula- 
ris  (so.  ramus),  the  branch  or  tine  of  a  stag's 
horn  before  the  eye,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  oeulus, 
eye:  see  anti '  -and  i>en la c,  and  cf.  a n tocular.]  1 . 
<  Iriginally,  the  first,  tine  or  branch  of  the  horns 
of  a  deer. —  2.  Any  of  the  principal  tines  or 
branches  of  a  doer's  horns:  with  a  descriptive 
prefix  or  epithet.  (Seebelow.)  —  3.  Now,  when 
used  absolutely,  one  of  the  solid  deciduous 
horns  of  the  CervidtB,  or  deer  family,  which 
are  periodically  shed  and  renewed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  permanent  hollow  horns 
of  other  ruminants.  Antlers  are  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  from  the  short  simple  spikes  of  some  species  to  the 
enormous  branched  or  palmate  antlers  of  the  stag,  elk, 
or  moose.  They  are  secondary  sexual  organs,  developed 
in  connection  with  the  rut,  and  generally  only  in  the 
male  sex;  in  some  Cervidoe,  as  reindeer,  in  both  sexes. 
They  consist  ofa  i miration  of  true  bone,  ami  are  there- 
fore radically  different  from  the  cuticular  or  epidermal 
struetures(horns)of  other  ruminants.  During  growth  they 
are  covered  with  a  modified  periosteal  and  epidermal  tis- 
sue, abounding  in  blood-vessels,  and  furry  outside  ;  tins  is 


Stag's  Antler  in  successive  years. 
,  brow-antler  ;  t>,  bez-antler  ;  i ,  antler  royal ;  d.  sur-royat,  or  crown. 


the  velvet,  affording  a  copious  supply  of  blood  to  the  rapidly 
enlarging  osseous  tissue.  When  the  antlers  are  full-grown 
the  vascular  activity  of  the  velvet  ceases,  a  result  mechan- 
ically facilitated  by  the  development  of  the  boss  or  bur  at 
the  root  of  the  beam,  which  to  some  extent  strangulates 
the  I dood- vessels.  The  velvet  then  withers  and  shrivels, 
and  peels  off  in  shreds,  or  is  rubbed  off  by  the  animal. 
The  horns  of  the  American  prongbuck  are  antlers,  inas- 
much as  they  are  deciduous  and  grow  in  the  manner  just 
described ;  but  they  are  cuticular  structures,  and  otherwise 
like  the  horns  of  cattle.  In  forestry,  the  tines  of  much- 
branched  antlers,  as  those  of  the  stag,  have  special  names. 
In  the  first  year  the  stag  has  only  frontal  protuberances, 
called  bossets;  in  the  second,  a  simple  shin  or  snag,  railed 
*l'iki'  in  the  case  of  American  deer;  in  the  third,  a  longer 
stem  with  one  branch,  the  brow-antler;  in  the  fourth, 
the  bez-,  bes-,  or  bay-antler;  in  the  fifth,  the  antler  roytU 
is  acquired;  after  which  the  ends  of  the  stag's  horns 
become  more  or  less  palmate,  developing  the  crown  or 
sur-royal,  whence  more  or  fewer  points  diverge  in  sub- 
sequent  years.  The  total  number  of  'points.'  counting  all 
the  tines,  may  be  ten.  The  main  stem  of  a  branched  ant- 
leris  the  beam  ;  the  branches,  exclusiveof  the  mere  points 
of  the  palmated  part,  are  the  tines.  'I  he  order  of  branch- 
ing is  different  in  different  Bpecies;  in  some  the  division 
is  dichotomous  throughout,  as  in  the  mule-deer  of  Amer- 
ica. In  general,  the  tines  are  offsets  of  a  main  beam.  The 
reindeer  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  brow- 
antler,  which  is  also  usually  much  larger  on  one  side  than 
on  the  other.  The  most  palmate  antlers  are  those  of  the 
European  elk  and  of  the  American  moose. 
4.  Same  as  antl<  r-iunth. 

antlered  (aat'lerd),  a.  1.  Having  antlers; 
solid-hornedV  as,  the  antlered  ruminants,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  horned  runiinants. — 2. 
Decorated  witli  antlers. 

one,,  more  the  nicrn  voices  sound 
Within  the  antlered  hall. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Island  Hunting-Song. 

antler-moth  (ant'ler-m6th),  ».  A  European 
Bpecies  of  noctuid  moth,  Charceas  (or  Cerapte- 
ryx)  praminis.  Tin-  larva-  are  very  destructive,  some- 
times destroying  the  herbage  of  whole  meadows.  Also 
called  antler. 


antlia 

antlia  (ant'li-ii),  ». ;  pi.  antlia (-§).     [L.,ama- 

ehine  to  draw  iip water,  a  pump,  <  Qr.  in-T/m,  the 

hold  of  a  ship,  bilge-water.  <  orr/oc,  the  hold  of  a 

ship,  bilge-water,  abucket,  <avd,  up,  +  *t 

bold,  lift,  =  L. '//</-  iu  pp.  coa-iii.s,  /«/«.>■.  associated 

with  ferre,  bear:  seea&taiwe.]  Tin-spiral  tongue 

or  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects,  by  which 

they  pump  up  the  juices  of  plants,    it.  consists  of 

ii,    gii  i-i.   elongated  maxillte, which  form  a  long  bipar- 
tite suctorial  tube.     When  coiled  up  it  forms  a  Bat  spiral, 

like  tlif  spring  of  a  watch.    See  cut  under  hausteUum. 

Antlia  Pneuinatica,  in  oafron.,  the  Air-pump,  a  con- 
stellation in  tin-  southern  hemisphere,  situated  between 

Hydra  and  Axgo  Navis. 
Antliata  (ant-li-iVtii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

antliatus:  see  antUaie.]    A  synonym  of  Diptt  ra: 

a  name  given  by  Fabricius  to  tin-  dipterous  in- 
sects, from  their  feeding,  like  the  common  fly, 

by  means  of  a  sucker  or  antlia.    The  name  is  no 

longer  in  use,  the  term  antlia  being  now  applied  exclusively 

to  the  spiral  haustellate  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects, 
antliate  (ant'li-at),  a.     [<  NL.  antliatus,  <  L. 

ant/in.]     Furnished  with  an  antlia. 
ant-lion  (.ant'li  on),  n.     A  neuropterous  insect  antrorsely  (an-trors'li),  adv. 

of  the  section  Planipennia,  family  Myrmeleon-    forward  direction ;  anteriorly 

tutu .  and  genus   Myrmeleon,  as,  for  example, 

M.  formicarius.      The  name  is  specifically  given  to  the 

larva,  which  has  attracted  more  notice  than  the  perfect 

insect,  on  account  of  the  ingenuity  displayed  by  it  in 


252  anuria 

antral  (an'tral),  o.     [<  antrum  +  -al]    Of  or  ant-shrike  (ant'shrik),  ,».    A  passerine  bird  of 

pertaining  to" an  antrum  or  sinus;  cavernous. 


as  a  bone 

antret  (an'ter),  «.  [Prop,  anter  ( orig.  printed 
antar  in  first  extract),  <  P.  antre,  <  L.  antrum,  < 
(Jr.  avrpov,  a  cave.  Cf.  antrum.}  A  cavern;  a 
cave. 

Attires  vast,  and  deserts  idle.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

A  vein  of  gold,  .  .  . 
With  all  its  lines  abrupt  and  angular, 

(lut-sl tine  sometimes,  like  a  meteor-star. 

Through  a  vast  antre,  K<<,t.<,  Endymion,  it 

antritis  (an-tri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  antrum  (see 
del )  +  -itis.  ]  In  pa  thol.,  inflammation  of  the  an- 
trum t>f  the  upper  maxillary  bone.    See  antrum. 

antrorse  (an-trors'),  «•  ['<  NL.  antrorsus,  <  L. 
*antero-  (appar.  base  of  anterior,  <  ante,  be- 
fore) +  versus,  turned,  <  vertere,  turn.  Cf.  in- 
trorse,  retrorse,  etc.]  In  hot.  and  zool,  bent 
or  directed  forward  or  upward:  especially,  in 
ornith.,  applied  to  the  bristly  feathers  which  fill 
the  nasal  fossa?  of  such  birds  as  crows  and  jays. 

Forward:  in  a 


antrorsiform  (an-trdr'si-fdrm),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
trorsus, forward,  +  L.  forma,  form.]  In  icltth., 
having  that  form  which  results  from  a  regular 
increase  in  the  height  of  the  body  forward  to 
the  head,  as  in  the  gurnard,  toad-fish,  etc.  T. 
GtiU,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  (1884),  p.  357.  See 
cut  under  toad-ftsh. 

Antrostomus  (an-tros'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  avrpov,  a  cavern,  +  aro/ia,  mouth.]  A  genus 
of  fissirostral  and  setirostral  non-passerine  in- 
sessorial    birds,  of  the  family  Caprimulgida, 


Ant-lion  |  Myrmtleon  fo 


rius).    Perfect  insect  and  larva. 


preparing  a  kind  of  pitfall  tortile  destruction  of  insects 
(chiefly  ants).  It  dies  a  funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  driest 
and  finest  sand  it  can  Hud,  working  inside  the  hole  and 
throwing  up  the  particles  of  sand  with  its  head.  When 
the  pit  is  deep  enough,  and  the  sides  are  quite  smooth  and 
sloping,  the  ant-lion  buries  itself  at  the  bottom  with 
only  its  formidable  mandibles  projecting,  and  waits  for 
its  prey.  The  moment  a  victim  falls  in,  the  larva  seizes 
it  within  mandibles  and  sucks  its  juices. 

antocular  (ant-ok'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  oculus,  eye.  Cf.'  antler.']  Situated  in  front 
of  the  eye;  anteocular. 

antoeci  (an-te'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ovtoikoi, 
pi.  of  ai'ToiKoc:  see  anteeians.]  Same  as  ante- 
cians. 

antoecians,  n.  pi.    See  anteeians. 

antonomasia  (an-ton-o-ma'zia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
avTopoiiaoia,  <  kvTOVoua%uv,  call  by  another  name, 
<  avri,  instead  of,  +  bvo/ia&iv,  name,  <  bvo/ia, 
name,  =  L.  nomen  =  E.  name.']  In  rhet,  the 
substitution  of  an  epithet,  or  of  the  appellative 
of  some  office,  dignity,  profession,  science,  or 
trade,  for  the  true  name  of  a  person,  as  when 
his  majesty  is  used  for  a  king,  his  lordship  for  a 
nobleman,  or  the  philosopher  for  Aristotle ;  con- 
versely, the  use  of  a  proper  noun  in  the  place  of 
a  common  noun:  as,  a  Cato  for  a  man  of  severe 
gravity,  or  a  Solomon  for  a  wise  man. 

antonomastic  (an-ton-o-mas'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
tonomasia, after  Gr.  bm'uaoTW&s.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  marked  by  antonomasia. 

antonomastical  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antonomasUe. 

antonomastically  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
By  means  or  in  the  manner  of  the  figure  an- 
tonomasia. 

antonym  (an'to-nim),  n.  [<Gr.  *avruvv/ioc  (cf. 
avTomifua,  a  pronoun),  <  avri,  against,  +  bvofia, 
dial,  livvfia  =  E.  name:  see  onym.]  A  counter- 
terin  ;  an  opposite;  an  antithetical  word:  the 
opposite  of  synonym  :  as.  life  is  the  antonym  of 
death. 

antorbital  l  ant-6r'bi-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  orbita,  orbit.]     Same  as  ante-orbital. 

The   antorbital,   or   lateral  ethmoidal,  processes  of  the 
primordial  cranium.  ■,  Anal.  Vert,  p.  133. 

Antosiandrian  (an-to-si-an'dri-an),  n.  [<  «»/- 
tor  anti-  +  Osiandrian.]  A  name  applied  to  the 
orthodox  Lutherans  who  opposed  tie  doctrines 
of  Osiander.    See  Osiandrian. 

antozone  (an-to'zon),  ».  [<  ant-  for  anti-  + 
ozone.]    A  substance,  formerly  believed  to  be 

i liflcation  of  oxygen,  whose  chief  peculiar 

it v  i-  thai  it  e. mil, me-  u  in,  ozone  and  reduci  a 
it  to  ordii  i  n.     It  has  been  proved  to 

be  hydrogen  dioxid,  II0O2. 

antozoniteiaii-to'/,,-nif),7/.  [<antozone  +  -ite*.] 

A    variety   of   lluorlto  or  fluor-spar,    found   at 

WoUendorf.  Bavaria,    it  emits  a  Btrong  odor,  .,1  one 

tj„„    uppo     it,   bi  due  to  antozone,  but  since  shown  to 

.  fn  ■  fiuoxin. 

antra,  n.     Plural  of  antrum. 


Chuck-will's-widow  {Antrostomus  carolincitsis). 

named  from  the  cavernous  mouth,  garnished 
with  long  rictal  vibrissas.  The  nostrils  are  oval  with 
a  raised  rim,  but  not  tubular ;  the  wings  are  short  ami 
rounded ;  the  tail  is  long  and  rounded  ;  the  tarsus  is  short 
and  feathered,  the  middle  claw  pectinate  ;  the  plumage  is 
very  lax  and  mottled;  and  the  eggs  are  usually  marbled. 
The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  Carolinian  chuck-will's-widow 
(A.  carolinensis),  and  the  genus  is  usually  made  to  include 
all  the  true  night-jars  or  goatsuckers  of  America,  such  as 
the  whippoorwill  (A.  vociferus),  the  poor-will  (.1.  nut- 
talli)  and  others  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America  related 
to  and  resembling  the  old-world  species  of  Caprimulgus 
proper.     John  Gould,  1838  . 

Antrozous  (an-tro-zo'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  far.  av- 
rpov, a  cave,  cavern,  +  C<ioi',  animal:  seezobn.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  bats,  of  the  family  Ves- 
perMMmidw  and  subfamily  l'lccotina:    They  have 

separate  ears,  a  rudimentary  nose-leaf,  and  the  incisors 
and  premolars  both  only  one  on  each  side  above  and  two 

on  each  side  below.    A.  paillidus,  the  only  species,  isac 

mon  bat  of  California  and  Arizona.    Harrison  Allen,  1862. 

antrum  (an'trum),  ».;  pi.  antra  (-trS).  [NL., 
<  L.  antrum,  <  Gr.  avrpov,  a  cave.]  A  name  of 
various  cavities  in  the  body,  but  when  used 
alone  signifying  the  antrum  Highmorianum 
(cavity  of  Highmore,  also  called  sinus  um.nl- 
laris),s>  cavity  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone, 
lined  with  mucous  membrane  and  communi- 
cating with  the  middle  meatus  of  the  nose. — 
Antrum  bUCCinosum,  the  cochlea  of  the  ear:  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  whelk,  a  shell  of  the  genus 
Buccinum.— Antrum  pylori,  a  small  dilatation  of  the 
stomach  at  its  pyloric  cud.    Also  called  leeser  cul-de-sac. 

antrustion  (an-trus'ti-pn),  n.  [P.,  <  ML.  an- 
trustio(n-),  prob.  <  OHGr.  an,  on,  in,  +  trost, 
protection,  help,  also  a  protector,  =  E.  trust, 
q.  v.]     One  of  certain  vassals  who,  early  111  the 

seventh  century,  enjoyed  the  protection  of  the 
liankisli  kings  and  became  their  companions 
in  the  palace  and  in  the  field.  The  antrustions cor- 
responded to  the  Anglo-Saxon  royal  thanes,  and  formed 

1  the  ■ :,,  lii   tela    1    "ii"  "eh  nobility. 

The  military  service  of  the  |Frankish|  chief.,  was  paid 
for  by  them  [the  kings]  in  giants  of  land.  .  .  .  These 
grantees  (usually  the  companions  of  the  King,  under  the 
name  of  Antrustions)  .  .  .  became  possessed  ol  vast  do- 
mains and  corresponding  power.  

StilU,  Stud.  Sled.  Hist.,  hi. 

antrustionship    (an-trus'ti-on-ship>.    n.    The 

office  or  stale  of  an  a  nl  rust  ion  :  as,  ''the  Frank 

antrustionship,"  Enoyc.  Brit.,  IX.  121. 


the  family  FormicarUdee  (which  see)  and  sub- 
family Th'amnophiliuw;  a  South  American  bush- 
shrike. 

ant's-WOOdl  ant /.' wild),  «.     AWestlndiannanie 

of  a  sapotaceous  shrub,  Bumelia  citneata. 
ant-thrush  (ant'thrush),  n.  1.  A  South  Ameri- 
can passerine  bird,  or  ant-bird,  of  the  family 
Formicariidce,  or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  of 
the  subfamily  FormicarUnai  (which  see). —  2. 
A  breve;  an 'East  Indian  bird  of  the  family 
Pittidce,  having  little  relation  with  the  fore- 
going; in  the  plural,  the  breves  or  pittas.  See 
Fittida!.—3.  Originally,  as  used  by  the  transla- 
tors of  Cuvier,  a  species  of  either  of  the  fore- 
going families,  and  also  of  others ;  any  bird  of 
the  indeterminate  genus  Mi/othera  of  Illiger. 
Hence  the  name  has  usually  had  no  more  exact  significa- 
tion than  ant-bird,  or  aitt-naelier,  or  ant-eater,  as  applied 
to  a  bird. 

ant-tree  (ant'tre),  n.  A  name  given  to  species 
of  THplaris,  a  polygonaeeous  genus  of  trees 
of  tropical  America,  the  fistulous  branches  of 
which  serve  for  the  habitation  of  ants. 

ant-wart  (ant'wart),  n.     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-worm  (ant'werm),  n.     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-wren  (ant'ren),  n.  A  South  American  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Formicariida!  (which 
see)  and  subfamily  Formicivorinai.  See  cut  un- 
der Formicivora. 

Anubis  (a-nu'bis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Xvovjiic,  < 
Egypt.  Anepu  or  Anup,  Coptic  Anob  or  Anoub.] 

1.  An  Egyptian  deity,  represented  with  the 
head  of  a  dog  or  jaekal,  and  identified  by  the 
later  Greeks  and  Romans  with  their  Hermes  or 
Mercury.—  2.  In  zool. :  (a)  A  generic  name  of 
the  fennec  of  Bruce,  Anubis  zerda,  a  kind  of  fox, 
the  Canis  zerda  of  Gmelin,  the  Fennecus  zoaren- 
sis  of  some  authors,  supposed  to  be  the  animal 
taken  for  a  jaekal  in  certain  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphs. (6)  [?.  c]  The  specific  name  of  a  very 
large  kind  of  baboon,  the  Cynocephalus  anubis 
of  western  Africa. 

Anura1  (a-nu'ra),  n.  [NL.,  fern.  sing,  of  anu- 
rus,  tailless:  ee'eanurous.]  1.  Agenusof  very 
short-tailed  wren-like  birds  of  India,  generally 
referred  to  the  genus  Tesia.     Hodgson,  1841.— 

2.  A  genus  of  leaf-nosed  bats,  of  the  family 
Phyllos  torn  a  tidce. 

Also  written  Annum. 
Anura2   (a-nu'r;i),   it.  pi-     [NL.,  neut.   pi.    of 
auurtts,  tailless':'  see  anurous.]     An   order  of 
Amphibia,  the   Ba- 


trachia  salientia,  or 
batraehians  prop- 
er, as  frogs  and 
toads;  salient  ovip- 
arous amphibi- 
ans, tailless  when 
adult,  provided 
with  well-devel- 
oped legs,  breath- 
ing air  by  lungs, 
and  undergoing 
complete  metamor- 
phosis from  the 
tadpole  state,  in 
which  they  are 
tailed  and  limbless, 
and  breathe  water 

bygills.  Tailed. Iioim 

in  distinction  from  C  n< 
it'  fa,  and  Theriomorpha 

in  contrast  to  Ichthya- 
morpha.  Thevertebreo 
are  diversiform  ami 
from  7  to  in  in  number. 
The  A nura  have  a  well- 
formed  sternum,  and  a 
pectoral  and  a  pelvic 
arch.  The  skin  is  naked, 
and  serves  to  some  ex- 
tent, as  an  organ  of  res- 
piration; it  is  shed  as 
in  serpents.  Small  vari- 
ously disposed  teeth  are 
usually  present;  the 
tongue  is  present  (in 
Pkaneroglossa),  or  apparently  absent  (in  Aglossa).  There 
,-,r,  upward  of  600  species  of  ibis  very  homogeneous  group, 

lor  which  some  l.SO  genera   and  from  E  to  'J,r,  families  are 

adopted  by  different  authors.  The  typical  frogs  are  pi  the 
family  Ranidm ;  the  tire-frogs  are  Bylidoe;  the  loads, 
Bufonidce  ■  and  the  aclos^il  Surinam  toad  is  the  type  ,,1  a 
family  PipidoS.  Also  written  .l««ian.  See  cuts  under 
omostornum,  Rano,  and  temporomastoul. 

anuran  (a-nu'ran),  it.  [<  Anura*  +  -an.]  One 
of  the  Anura.     Also  written  anoiiran. 

anuresis(an-u-re'sis),».   [NL.]  Same  as anuriti. 

anuria  (a-nu'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  fir.  dv-  priv.  + 
o/vor,  urine.]  Absence  of  micturition,  whether 
from  suppression  or  from  retention  of  urine. 
Also  called  anuresis,  unury. 


vm 


Skull  of  Frog  (Raua  esculenta). 
A,  from  above  ;  B,  from  below ;  x,  the 
prtiMSphenoid  ;  y,  the  nirdle-lione  oros- 
en-ceinlurc;  2".  the  temporomastoid ; 
/,  V,  VIII,  exits  of  olfactory,  trigemi- 
nal, and  vagus  nerves;  1:0, exoc.  Ipitalj 
i  ■'»■  Pa,  frontal  and  parietal;  Ntt,  na- 
sal; Mx,  maxilla;  PI,  palatal;  /V..v. 
pri  maxilla;  Pt,  pterygoid;  Pro,  pro- 
'./.  quadratojugal ;  Vot  one  of 
the  vomers. 


Anurida 


253 


Armor.  anvilVd  in  the  shop 
Of  passive  fortitude. 

Fletcher  (and  Ha    ingei    I,  Lover'B  Progress,  iv. 


Anurida  (a-nu'ri-dii),  «.     [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  ovpd,  tail,  -r-'-tda.]     A  genus  of  Collem- 

bola,  typical  of  tin-  family  Anurididce.     A.  mnri- 

tima  is  a  species  found  under  stones  onthesoa-  anvil-block  (an'vd-blok),  n.      =  I),  aanbeelds- 

ooast_  blok=Ftem.acnihc<lilblok.]     The  molal   block 

Anurididse  (an-u-rid'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  J»»- 

riilu  +  -idee.]     A  family  of  apterous  ametabo- 

lous  oollambolous  insects,  typified  by  the  genus 

dnurida,  related  to  Poduridce  and  often  merged 

in  that  family. 
Anurosorex  (an"u-ro-so'reks),  n.     [NL..  <  "««- 

nts,  tailless,  +  L.  sorex,  shrew:  see  anurous  and 

.s«n./.]     A  genus  of  terrestrial  shrews,  of  the 

family  Soricidtt},  with  26  white  teeth,  very  small  anxietude  (ang-zi  c-tud),  n. 


en'  :m\il  upon  which  a  steam-hammer  falls. 
anvil-cupper  (an'vil-kup'er),  n.  A  machine  for 

making  the  inner  eu]i  or  case  of  a  cartridge, 

which  contains  the  fulminate, 
anvil-dross  (an'vil-dros),  ».    Protoxid  of  iron. 
anvil-vise  (an  '  vil-visl,  n.     A  compound  tool 

(•.insisting  of  a  vise  of  which  one  jaw  forms  an 


ears,  and  rudimentary  tail.    It  contains  a  mole- 
like  species  from  Tibet,  .1.  squamipes. 

anurous  (a-nu'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  anurus,  tailless, 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  ovpa,  a  tail.]  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Anura.  Also  writ- 
ten anourous. 

anury  (au'u-ri),  n.     Same  as  anuria. 

anus  (a'nus),  n.  [L.,  prob.  orig.  the  same  as 
anus,  annus,  a  ring:  see  anmilus.]  The  termina- 
tion of  the  digestive  tube  or  alimentary  canal ; 
the  end  of  the  enteron  of  any  animal ;  the  ori- 
fice through  which  the  refuse  of  digestion  is 
voided.  The  anus  is  usually  on  a  part  of  the  body  away 
from  the  mouth,  but  it  is  sometimes  coincident  with  the 
latter.  It  is  usually  a  circular  orifice,  provided  with  a 
sphincterial  arrangement  by  which  it  may  be  shut;  but  it 
is  sometimes  a  eleft  or  ehink,  the  direction  of  the  axis  of 
which  distinguishes  zoological  groups:  thus,  it  is  longi- 
tudinal in  turtles,  and  transverse  in  lizards  and  snakes. 
In  many  vertebrates  and  other  animals  the  anus  serves 
for  the  discharge  of  the  excretion  of  the  kidneys  and  of 
the  products  of  the  generative  organs,  as  well  as  of  the 
refuse  of  digestion.    See  mini. 

-anus.  [L.,  a  common  adj.  suffix,  whence  E. 
-an  :  see  -an.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  adjectives  and 
nouns  thence  derived :  common  in  New  Latin 
names,  especially  specific  names. 

anvil  (an'vil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anvil,  anvill, 
(dn-ili .  anvild,  andvile,  anvelde,  anfeeld,  andfelde, 
etc.,  <  ME.  andvell,  anvylde,  anveld,  anvylt,  an- 
velt,  anfeld,  anfelt,  anefeld,  anefelt,  etc.,  <  AS. 
anfilt,  anfilte,  onfilte,  earliest  form  onfilti,  =  OD. 
(dial.)  aenvilte  =  OHG.  anafalz,  these,  the  ap- 
par. orig.  forms,  appearing  with  variations  in 
OD.  aeribilt,  eiiubilt  (OFlem.  also  aenbilckt),  aen- 
belt,  aenbeld,  aenbeeld,  aembeld,  mod.  D.  aau- 
beeld,  aambcld  =  Flem.  aenbeela,  aembeeld  (ap- 
par. simulating  D.  Flem.  beeldcn,  form)  =  LG. 
anebelte,  anebolte,  ambult,  ambolt  (>  Dan.  am- 
bolt)  =  OHG.  anabolz  (appar.  simulating  the 
synonymous  OHG.  anal>6~,  MHG.  uMcfior,  G.  am- 
boss,  an  anvil,  a  different  word,  <  OHG.  ana-, 
G.  an-  (=  AS.  an-,  on-,  E.  on),  +  bozan  =  AS. 
bedtan,  E.  beat),  an  anvil;  perhaps  <  AS.  an-, 
on-,  E.  on,  +  -fill,  -filte,  -filti,  reduced  from  an 
orig.  type  *-f<ildithi,  with  formative  *-thi,  -tli,  < 


anvil 

[<  LL.  anxietudo, 
equiv.  to  the  usual  (nun  ins :  see  imrii ty.]  Anx- 
iety. [Rare.] 
anxiety. (ang-zi'e-ti),  ». ;  pi.  anxieties  (-tiz).  [< 
F.  anxiete  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  anxieta(t-)s,  <  anxius, 
anxious:  see  anxious.]  1.  The  apprehension 
caused  by  danger,  misfortune,  or  error ;  concern 
or  solicitude  respecting  some  event,  future  or 
uncertain;  disturbance,  uneasiness  of  mind,  or 
care,  occasioned  by  trouble. 

To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains  and 
diseases  of  the   body,    DUi    from  anxiety  and    vexation  of 

spirit.  TUloteon. 

2.  In  pathol.,  a  state  of  restlessness  and  agita- 
tion, with  general  indisposition,  and  a  distress- 
ing sense  of  oppression  at  the  epigastrium.  =  Syn. 

1.  Care,  Concern,  Solicitude,  etc.  (s< are),  foreboding, 

uneasiness,  disquiet,  inquietude,  restlessness,  apprehen- 
sion, fear,  misgiving,  worry. 

anxious  (angk'shus),  a.  [<  L.  anxius,  anxious, 
solicitous,  distressed,  troubled,  <  angere,  dis- 
tress, trouble,  choke:  see  anguish,  angor,  and  an- 
ger1.) 1.  Full  of  anxiety  or  solicitude;  greatly 
troubled  or  solicitous,  especially  about  some- 
thing future  or  unknown ;  being  in  painful  sus- 
pense :  applied  to  persons. 

Eternal  troubles  haunt  thy  anxious  mind, 
Whose  cause  and  cure  thou  never  hop'st  to  find. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucian,  iii.  268. 

Anxious  and  trembling  for  the  birth  of  Fate. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  14-2. 

2.  Attended  with,  proceeding  from,  or  mani- 
festing solicitude  or  uneasiness :  applied  to 
things:  as,  anxious  forebodings;  anxious  labor. 

.    His  pensive  cheek  upon  his  hand  reclin'd, 
And  anxious  thoughts  revolving  in  bis  mind. 

Dryden. 

A  small,  neat  volume  of  only  eighty-seven  pages,  .  .  . 
with  a  modest  and  somewhat  anxious  dedication. 

Ticknor,  Spaa.  Lit.,  III.  35. 

3.  Earnestly  desirous  or  solicitous:  as,  anxious 
to  please  ;  anxious  to  do  right.  A  nxious  is  followed 
by  for  or  about  before  the  object  of  solicitude.  The  for- 
mer is  generally  used  when  the  thing  is  something  desired 
to  happen  or  be  done ;  the  latter  of  a  person,  creature,  or 
situation:  as,  anxious  for  his  release:  anxious  about  his 
health  or  about  him.  =Syn.  1.  Careful,  uneasy,  unquiet, 
restless,  troubled,  disturbed,  apprehensive. 

an  anxious 


'fdldan,   fealdan,  =  Goth,  faltlmn  =  OHG.  fal-     restless,  troubled,  disturbed  apprehensive. 

dan,  fallan,  MHG.  G.  fatten,  fold  (with  a  secon-  anxiously  (angk  shus-h)   adv.      In 

darv  form  in  OHG.  falzen,  MHG.  G.falzen,  fold,     manner ;  solicitously;  with  painful  uncertainty , 

groove,   join;    ef.   G.  fdlz-amboss,   a    copper-    carefully ;  with  solicitude. 

smith's  anvill  •  beirLr  thus  lit    that  on  which  anxiousness  (angk'shus-nes),  n,     [<  anxious  + 

Swb  abided  ^ent   or  welded  under  the     -*««;]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 

hammer:  see  an-1,  on-1,  and  fold1.     A  similar    great  solicitude;  anxiety. 

reduction  of  form  occurs  in  AS.  fult.  <  feal-        She  returns  [to  her  cards]  with  no  little  anmoumess. 

deth,  foldeth,  hylt,  Melt,  hilt,  <  healdeK  holdeth,  Stwfe,  Spectator,  No.  ,. . 

and  also  in  AS.  felt,  E.  felt1,  and  AS.  hilt,  E.  any  (en'i),  a.  aaipron.    [The  pron.  is  that  of  the 

hilt,  if,  as  is  supposed,  they  are  derived  respec-     early  mod.  E.  eny ;  <  ME.  any,  ante,  ani,  eny 


tively  from  fealdan,  fold,  and  healdan, .hold;  so 
AS.  gesynto,<.  "gasunditha,  health,  inwit  =  Goth. 
inwindhha,  wickedness.]  1.  An  iron  block 
with  a  smooth  face,  usually  of  steel,  on  which 
metals  are  hammered  and  shaped.  The  black- 
smiths anvil  commonly  has  a  conical  or  pointed  horizontal 
projection  called  a  beak  or  horn,  for  working  curved  or 
annular  pieces,  and  holes  for  the  insertion  of  different 
sizes  and  shapes  of  cutters,  swages,  etc.  The  gold-beater's 
anvil  is  for  the  tirst  hammering  a  simple  block  of  steel,  and 
for  the  second  a  block  of  marble.  Anvils  for  steam-ham- 
mers are  called  anvil-blocks,  and  are  of  iron  faced  with 
steel,  and  supported  on  wooden  piling. 

2.  Figuratively,  anything  on  which  blows  are 
struck. 

The  anvil  of  my  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

3.  In  anat,  one  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear, 
the  incus  (which  see).  See  cuts  under  car1  and 
tympanic. — 4.  In  firearms,  the  resisting  cone, 
plate,  or  bar  against  which  the  fulminate  in  a 
metallic  cartridge  is  exploded.  U'illicliu,  Mil. 
Diet. —  5.  Alilit.,  a  small  pennon  on  the  end  of  a 
lance.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc— To  be  on  the  anvil, 
to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion,  formation,  or  preparation, 
as  when  ascheme  or  measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured. 

Several  members,  .  .  .  knowingwhat  wason  theanvU, 

went  to  the  clergy  and  desired  their  judgment.         Swift. 

anvil  (an'vil),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anviled for an- 

rillnl,  ppr.  ((iwiliiifi  or  anvilling.     [<  anvil,  «.] 

To  form  or  shape  on  an  anvil.     [Rare.] 


enie,  eni  (also  con'tr.  ei,  eie,  eei,  ceie),  <  AS.  anig, 
modified  form  of  *dnig  (which  reappears  in 
ME.  onif,  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  ony,  =  OS.  enig, 
enag  =OFries. enig,  enieh,  ienig,  mo.  una,  any, 
=  D.  ecnig,  any,  only,  sole,  =  OHG.  cinay,  MHG. 
cinec, 


-at 


eineg,  G.  einig,  one,  only,  sole),  <  ««,  one, 
',  E.  -y1:  see  one  and  -ij1.  Any  is  thus  an 
adj.  deriv.  of  one,  or  rather  of  its  weakened 
form  an,  a,  in  an  indeterminate  unitary  or. 
in  plural,  partitive  use.  The  emphatic  sense 
'only'  coexists  in  D.  with  the  indeterminate, 
and  "is  the  only  sense  in  G.]  I.  a.  In  the  sin- 
gular, one,  a  or  an,  some;  in  the  plural,  some: 
indeterminately  distributed,  implying  unlim- 
ited choice  as  to  the  particular  unit,  number, 
or  quantity,  and  hence  suliordinately  as  to  qual- 
ity, whichever,  of  whatever  quantity  or  kind  ; 
an  indeterminate  unit  or  number  of  units  out 
of  many  or  all.  The  indeterminate  sense  grows  outof 
its  use  in  interrogative  and  conditional  sentences  :  as,  has 
he  any  friend  to  speak  for  him!  is  there  any  prool  oi 
that!  if  you  have  any  witnesses,  produce  them. 

Who  will  shew  us  any  good  ?  Ps.  iv.  6. 

If  there  be  any  in  this  assembly,  any  dear  friend  of 
Caesar's  to  him  I  say,  that  Brutus'  love  to  Ceesai  was  no 

less  than  bis.  Shak.,.\.  ('..iii.  2. 

In  affirmative  sentences,  nioi,  being  indeterminate  in  ap- 
plication, iu  effect  has  reference  to  every  unit  of  the  sort 
mentioned,  and  thus  may  bo  nearly  equivalent  to  every: 


anything 

as,  any  schoolboy  would  know  that  any  atti  mpl  to  evade 
the  law  will  he  resisted :  so  in  anybody,  anyone,  anything, 
etc 

It  suffices  me  to  say,  in  general,  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as 
elsewhere,  are  Indispoi  i  d  to  innovation   and 

antiquity,  any  liver}   i luctive  of  case  or 

profit,  to  tin   inn .  of  thought. 

Cthlcs. 

When  any  Is  preceded  by  a  negativi 

the  two  are  together  equivalent  to  an  emphatii    n   native, 

1  n a1  nil.  'no!  even  ont      a     there  hat  nevi  r  bei  n  uny 

doubt  about  that. 

Neither  knowi  th  "»'/  man  the  father,  save  tin 

M:.t    \i.  27. 

It  cannot  in  any  sense  he  called  a  form  oi  lolar  energy. 
Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  180.] 

II.  pron.  [By  omission  of  the  noun,  which  is 
usually  expressed  in  an  adjacent  clause,  or  is 
implied  in  tin-  context.]  In  the  singular,  one, 
some;  in  the  plural,  some:  indeterminutely 
distributed  in  the  same  uses  as  the  adjective, 
ami  \t-o>\  absolutely  or  followed  by  of  va  parti- 
tive construction:  with  reference  to  persons, 
: 1 1 1 \  one,  anybody;  in  the  plural,  any  per- 
sons. 

Who  is  here  so  rude,  that  would  not  be  a  Roman?  If 
ami,  speak  ;  for  him  have  I  offended.    Shak.,  J.  C,  iii. '-'. 

I  have  not  seen  you  lately  at  "/"/  of  the  places  I  \  isit 
Sta  !■ .  Spei  tutor,  .No.  :;i- 

|ln  this  sense  it  might  formerly  have  a  possessive. 

Yet  the  brave  Courtier  .  .  . 

Doth  loath  such  base  condition,  to  backbite 

Anies  good  name  for  envie  or  despite. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale.) 

any  (en'i),  adv.  [<  ME.  any,  eny,  ony :  prop,  the 
instr.  case  of  the  adj.]  In  any  degree;  to  any 
extent;  at  all:  especially  used  with  compara- 
tives, as  any  better,  any  worse,  mni  more,  any 
less,  any  sooner,  any  later,  any  longer,  etc. 

A  patrician  could  not  he  tribune  at  Rome,  any  more 
than  a  peer  can  be  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  England. 
E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  801. 
Also,  in  negative  and  interrogative  sentences,  used  abso- 
lutely :  as,  it  didn't  rain  any  here;  did  it  hurt  him  any? 
[Colloq.j 

anybody  (en'i-bod"i),  pron.  [<  any  +  body, 
person.]  1.  Any  person ;  any  one :  as.hasany- 
body  been  here  ?  I  have  not  seen  anybody :  any- 
body can  do  that.  — 2.  Anyone  in  general;  a 
person  of  any  sort;  an  ordinary  person,  as 
opposed  in  slight  contempt  to  a  somebody:  in 
this  use  with  a  plural:  as.  two  or  three  any- 
bodies.—  3.  Any  one  in  particular ;  a  person  of 
some  consequence  or  importance,  as  opposed 
to  a  nobody:  in  direct  or  indirect  interroga- 
tions: as,  is  he  anybody?  everybody  who  is 
anybody  was  present. 

anyhow  (en'i-hou),  ailr.  [<  any,  adv.,  +  lime,  in 
indef.  sense.  Cf.  somehow,  nohow.']  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner  whatever;  howsoi\  er. 

They  form  an  endless  throng  of  laws,  connecting  every 
one  substance  in  creation  with  every  other,  and  different 
from  each  pair  ani/hinc  taken.  Whewett. 

2.  [Continuatively,  as  a  eonj.]  In  any  case;  at 
any  rate;  at  all  events;  however  that  may  be; 
however:  as,  anyhow,  lie  failed  to  appear;  any- 
how, I  don't  believe  it  can  be  done. 
anything  (en'i-thing),  pron.  [<  ME.  anything, 
eny  thing,  anything,  usually  written  apart,  ana 
thing,  eny  thing,  <  AS.  cenig  thing:  see  any  and 
thing.  In  mod.  use  st  ill  written  apart  when  the 
stress  is  on  thing.]  A  thing,  indefinitely ;  some- 
thing or  other,  no  matter  what:  opposed  to 
nothing:  as,  have  you  anything  to  eat?  I  do  not 
see  aiiytlun.i ;  give  me  anything. 

It  is  the  proper  thing  to  say  any  thing,  when  men  have  all 
things  in  their  power.  '    Dryden,  Ded.  of  the  Medal. 

[From  its  indeterminate  signification,  anything  is  often 

used  colloquially  in  comparisons,  as  emphatically  com- 
prehensive of  whatever  simile  may  suggest  itsell  01  be 
appropriate,  especially  in  the  comparative  phrases  its... 
as  anything,  like  anything,  equivalent  to  'exceedingly,' 
'greatly. 

ll  my  dear  father  ami  mother,  1  fear  your  girl  will  grow 
as  proud  us  anything,  Richardson,  Pamela,  II.  67. 

His  bosom  tbrobh'd  with  agony,  he  cried  lit 

Barham,  [ngoldsb]  Legends,  II.  135.] 

anything  (en'i-thing),  mlr.  [<  ME.  anything, 
eny  thing,  anything,  onythynge,  <  AS.  amige  thinga, 

earliest  form  asngi  thinga.  lit.  by  any  oi  things: 
amige,  instr.  of  iTuiij,  any:  thinga,  gen.  pi.  of 
thing,  thing,  tic  noun  being  taken  later  as  instr. 
or  ace.  with  agreeing  adj.]  Any  whit;  in  any 
degree;  to  any  extent;  tit  all. 

Will  the  ladies  he  anything  familiar  with  me,  think  you! 
B.  Junson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1. 

If  anything,  if  in  anj  degree;  if  at  all;  if  there  is  any 
difference  i  as,  0  anything,  he  is  a  little  better  to  daj 

If  anything,  we  were  i iparativelj  dell. lent  in  these 

respects.  II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  4JD. 


anythingarian 

anythingarian  (en  i-thing-a'ri-an),  n.  [<<wty- 
thimj  +  -arum,  q.  v.  C£.  nothingarian.]  One 
who  is  'anything'  in  belief;  our  who  professes 
no  particular  creed;  an  mdifferentist,  espe- 
cially in  religious  doctrine. 

anythingarianism  (en  i-thing-a'ri-an-izm),  n. 
[<  anythingarian  +  -ism.]  The  holding  and  ad- 
vocacy of  no  particular  creed;  Indifferentism. 

anyway  icn'i-w:ii,  i«/r.  [<  any  +  way.']  1.  In 
any  way  or  manner;  anyhow. 

i  tieae  foure  are  all  thai  any  way  deale  in  thai  consider- 
ation of  mens  manners.    Sir  /'.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

How  should  I  soothe  you  anyway, 
Who  miss  the  brother  of  your  youth? 

y.  nnyson,  To  ■'.  s. 

2.  [Continuativoly,  as  a  conj.]  In  any  case; 
at  any  rate;  at  all  events;  anyhow. 

I  think  Bhe  was  a  little  frightened  at  first;  but  anyway, 
I  get  to  know  who  Bhe  is.     W.  Black,  White  Heathe^  idv. 

anyways  (en'i-waz),  a<lr.  [<  any  +  ways,  adv. 
gen.  ot  way,  as  in  always,  lint  prob.  suggested 
hymn/wise.  Cf.  noways  and  nowise.']  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner;  anyhow. —  2.  [Continuatively. 
as  a  conj.]  In  any  case;  at  any  rate;  at  all 
events;  anyhow.     [Colloq.  in  both  senses.] 

anywhatt,  pron.  [<  any  +  what,  indef.  Cf. 
somewhat.]     Anything. 

anywhen  (en'i-hwen),  adv.     [<  any  +  when. 
Ct.  anywhere,   anyhow.]     At  any  time;  ever: 
as,  "anywhere  or  anywhen"  De  Quincey.    [Dia- 
lectal or  rare.] 
There  if  anywhere,  and  new  if  anywhen. 

li.  Bosworth  Smithy  Carthage,  p.  333. 

anywhere  (en'i-hwar),  adv.     [<  any  +  where. 

('(_.  .<o  mi  nil,  re,  a  mi' In  n  .]    In,  at,  or  to  any  place: 
as,  to  be  or  to  go  anywhere. 
anywhither    (en'i-hwiTH  er),   adv.     [<  any  + 
whither.     CI.  anywhere.]    In  any  direction ;  to 
any  place. 
Inveigle  .  .  .  men  anywhither.  Barrow,  Works,  I. 

anywise  (en'i-wiz),  a<ir.    [<ME.  anywise,  anige 

wise,  in  full  form  in  or  an  any  wise,  <  AS.  mi 
anige  wisan,  in  any  manner:  see  on,  any,  and 
wise2,  and  cf.  otherwise,  nowise]  In  any  way 
or  manner ;  to  any  degree. 

Cft  ither  eati  a  man  lie  a  tine  friend,  era  good  neighbor, 

or  anywist  a  g I  relative,  without  industry. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xix. 

Aonian  (a-o'ni-an),  a.  [<L.  Aonius,  <  Aonia,  < 
Gr.  'Aovia,  a  name  for  Bceotia  in  Greece.]  Per- 
taining to  Aonia,  an  ancient  mythological  and 
poetical  name  of  Bceotia,  or  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  supposed  to  dwell  there ;  hence,  pertain- 
ing to  the  Muses;  poetical.  — Aonian  fount,  the 
fountain  Aganippe,  on  a  slope  of  Mount  Helicon,  tin 
"Aonian  mount,"  sacred  to  the  Muses,  hence  caller!  the 
"Aonian  maids." 

Aonyx(a-on'iks),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson,  1827),  prop. 
Anonyx,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  omtfj,  nail,  claw.]  A 
genus  of  otters,  including  species  with  the  claws 
rudimentary  or  obsolete,  and  the  digits  much 
webbei).  .1.  laiandi  is  an  African  species;  A.  leptonyx 
(sometimes  made  type  of  a  genus  Leptonyx)  inhabits  Java, 
Borneo,  and  Sumatra;  .1.  indioitata  is  found  in  India. 
Also  written  Anonyx. 

aor.     An  abbreviation  of  aorist. 

aorist  (a'o-rist),  h.  and  a.  [<Gr.  aopwroc  (sc. 
Xpovoc,  time,  tense),  the  aorist  tense,  <  adpiaror, 
indefinite,  unbounded,  <  a-  priv.  +  bpiaroc,  de- 
finable, verbal  adj.  of  ipi^eai,  bound,  define  :  see 
horizon.]  I.  n.  In  gram.,  a  tense  of  the  Greek 
verb  expressing  action  (in  the  indicative,  past 
action)  without  further  limitation  or  implica- 
tion; hence,  also,  a  tense  of  like  form  or  like 
signification  in  other  languages,  as  the  Sanskrit. 

There  are  in  Greek  tw ists,  usually  called  the  tirst  and 

sec I ;  they  differ  in  form,  but  not  in  meaning. 

II.  a.  1.  Indefinite  with  reaped  i"  time. —  2. 
Pertaining  or  similar  to  the  aorist. 

The  English  active  present,  or  rather  nori.it,  participle 
in  -fng  is  not  an  Anglo-Saxon,  but  a  modern  form. 

6.  /'   Marsh,  Lectures  on  laig.  Lang.,  p.  649. 

aoristic  (a-o-ris'tik),  a.     [<  Gr.  aopiorucSc,  < 

«»,"'""  :  Bee  aorist.]  Pertaining  to  an  aorist 
or  indefinite  tense;  indeterminate  as  to  time. 

aoristicalt  (a-O-ris  ti-kal),  a.     Same  its  aoristic. 

aoristically  (a-o-ris'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  aorist. 

In  most  languages,  verbs  have  form-  which  exeln.l.   the 

joti f  time,  .  .  .  and  even  tin-  forms  grammatically 

:  eral  propositions,  em]         I 

aoi  >  tiealty,  or  w  [thoui  an]  refer i  ■   time. 

G.  V.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  300. 

aorta  a  or'tjl),  «.;  pi.  aortte  (-te).     |NL.,<Gr. 
hoprrlj,  aorta.,  <  aeipeiv,  raise,  lilt,  pass,  help 
rise.     Cf.  artery.]     In  anat.,  the  main  trunk  of 
the  arterial  system,  issuing'  from  the  lefl  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  conveying  arterialized  bl I 

to  all  parts  of  the  body  except  'lie  lungs,  and 


[<  aorta  +  -al.]     Same  as 


254 

giving  rise,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  all  the  ar- 
teries  of  the  body  except  Hie  pulmonary.  The 
name  is  chiefly  given  to  such  an^rtrry  in  those  higher  ver- 
tebrates which  have  a  completely  four-chambered  heart. 
Tin  aorta  eommonlygives oft  immediately  the  great  vessels 
of  tin.'  head,  neck,  and  anterior  limits,  and  ends  by  forking 
to  supply  the  posterior  limbs.  In  the  embryo  ii  communi- 
cates with  the  pulmonary  artery  by  a  duct  (ductus  arte- 
riosus), which  is  normally  closed  at  birth.  In  man  the 
aorta  is  divided  into  ascending,  transverse,  and  descending 
portions.  The  ascending  aorta  rises  ami  then  curves  ovi  r 
to  the  left,  forming  tin-  transverse  portion  or  arch  ■■'  the 
aorta,  v,  hence  spring  the  innominate  and  left  carotid  and 
left  siile  i;i\  [an  arteries  ;  it  then  descends  upon  and  a  tittle 
to  the  left  of  the  bodies  of  the  vertebree,fonmng  the  descend- 
ing aorta,  divided  into  the  thoracic  aorta  above  the  dia- 
phragm and  the  abdominal  aorta  below  it;  it  ends  usualTj 
opposite  tin  fourth  lumbar  vertebra  by  bifurcating  into  the 
right  and  left  conn  non  iliac  arteries.  The  thoracic  branches 
are  numerous,  but  small  and  chiefly  intercostal ;  the  abdom- 
inal branches  are  the  coeliac,  superior  and  inferior  mesen- 
teric, renal,  suprarenal,  spermatic,  and  others.  The  aorta 
is  provided  at  its  beginning  with  three  semilunar  valves, 

which  prevent  regurgitation  of  bl I  into  the  heart.    See 

aortic,  and  cuts  under  circulation,  embryo,  heart,  thorax. 

—  Cardiac  aorta.  See  extract  below.— Definitive  aor- 
ta, the  aorta  as  defined  above.— Primitive  aortse,  the 
tirst  and  paired  main  arteries  of  the  embryo,  connected 
with  the  omphalomesenteric  vessels.    See  extract. 

The  heart  of  the  vertebrate  embryo  is  at  first  a  simple 
tube,  the  anterior  end  of  which  passes  into  a  cardiac  aor- 
tic trunk,  while  the  posterior  end  is  continuous  with  the 
great  veins  which  bring  back  blood  from  the  umbilical 
vesicle.  The  cardiac  aorta  immediately  divides  into  two 
branches,  each  of  which  ascends,  in  the  first  visceral  arch, 
in  the  form  of  a  forwardly  convex  aortic  arch,  to  the  under 
side  of  the  rudimentary  spinal  column,  and  then  runs 
parallel  with  its  fellow  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  as 
Si.  primitive  suhvertebral  aorta.  The  two  prim  it  in-  aortce 
soon  coalesce,  in  the  greater  part  of  their  length,  into  one 
trunk,  the  definitive  suhvertebral  aorta,  but  the  aortic 
arches,  separated  by  the  alimentary  tract,  remain  distinct. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  90. 

aortal  (a-6r'tal),  a. 
aortic.     [Rare.] 

aortic  (a-or'tik),  a.  [<  aorta  +  -ic]  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  aorta Aortic  arch.  («) 

The  permanent  arch  of  the  aorta.  See  aorta,  (b)  One  of 
the  five  or  more  pairs  of  arterial  arches  of  the  embryo  of 
a  vertebrate,  formed  by  forkings  of  the  primitive  cardiac 
aorta,  and  reuniting  to  form  the  primitive  and  finally  tin 
definitive  suhvertebral  aorta,  or  aorta  proper.  There  is  a 
pair  of  such  aortic  arches  to  each  pair  of  visceral  arches  of 
the  neck.  In  the  higher  vertebrates  the  two  anterior  pairs 
disappear;  the  third  pair  is  modified  into  the  carotid  ar- 
teries supplying  the  head;  the  fourth  pair  becomes  the 
arteries  supplying  the  anterior  limbs  and  the  permanent 
arch  of  the  aorta  — in  man,  the  innominate  and  right  sub- 
clavian on  the  right  side,  and  the  left  subclavian  and 
arch  of  the  aorta  on  the  left;  in  the  fifth  pair  in  man 
the  right  side  is  obliterated,  and  the  left  forms  the  per- 
manent pulmonary  artery,  the  descending  aorta,  and  the 
ductus  arteriosus,  which  is  the 
communication  between  the  fifth 
and  the  fourth  arches.  In  branchi- 
ate vertebrates  most  of  these 
arches  are  permanent,  becoming 
the  blood-vessels  of  the  gills. — 
Aortic  bulb,  the  enlargement  at 
t  he  beginning  of  the  cardiac  aorta. 

—  Aortic  compressor,  in  surg.. 
an  instrument,  used  in  cases  of 
amputation  at  the  hip-joint,  for 
compressing  the  aorta,  in  order  to 
limit  the  flow  of  blood  from  it  to 
the  divided  femoral  artery. — Aor- 
tic orifice,  aortic  aperture,  of 
the  diaphragm,  the  lade  of  the 
diaphragm,  between  its  right  and 
left  pillars,  through  which  the  aor- 
ta passes  from  the  thorax  into  the 
abdomen;  it  also  gives  transit  to 
the  thoracic  duct,  and  usually  loan 
azygous  vein. —Aortic  valves,  the 
three  semilunar  valves  at  the  ori- 
gin of  the  aorta  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  guarding  the 
orifice  and  preventing  regurgita- 
tion into  the  ventricle. —  Aortic 
vestibule,  the  part  of  the  left  ventricle  adjoining  the 
root  of  the  aorta. 

aortitis  (a-6r-ti'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  aorta  +  -His.] 
In  med.,  inflammation  of  the  aorta. 

aoudad  (S'8-dad),  n.  [Also  audad  (the  spelling 
aoudad  being  F.),  repr.  the  Moorish  name  ali- 
dad.]    The  wild  sheep  of  Barbary ;  a  ruminant 


Apanteles 

of  the  subfamily  Oritur  and  family  Bovidai,  in- 
habiting northern  Africa.  It  is  of  a  light-brownish 
color,  with  very  large  horns  curving  outward  and  back- 
ward, and  a  profusion  of  long  hair  hanging  from  the  throat 
and  breast  and  almost  reaching  the  ground  between  the 
tore  legs.  A  full-grown  individual  stands  about  ;:  let  t 
high  at  the  withers,  and  its  horns  sometimes  attain  a 
length  of  2  feet.  The  animal  is  common,  is  often  kept  in 
confinement,  and  readily  breeds  in  that  state.  The  aou- 
dad is  also  known  as  the  ham/,, I  argali  ami  ruffed  mow 
jinn  ;  itiatihekebsh  of  the  Arabs,  the  nvouJUm  ■•  manchettes 
of  the  French,  and  the  Ocs  tragelaphus  (Desmarest)  or 
Ammotragus  tragelaphus  of  naturalists, 
aoul  (ii'iil),  n.  [Russ.  aula,  a  village  (of  the 
Caucasians).]  Among  the  people  of  the  Cau- 
casus, a  village  or  a  village  community ;  hence, 
a  Tatar  camp  or  encampment. 

The  aoul  consisted  of  about  twenty  tents,  all  constructed 
on  the  same  model,  and  scattered  about  in  sporadic  fash- 
ion without  the  least  regard  to  svinmi  tr\. 

/».  .1/'.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  330. 

a  entrance  (ii  o-troiis').  [F. :  see  outrage.] 
To  excess  or  to  the  utmost ;  with  extreme  ve- 
hemence; without  limitation  or  reserve:  as, 
to  fight  a  outranc .  <  tften,  incorrectly,  a  Vou- 
trance. 

ap(ap),  n.  [W.  fl«,<<>\\'.  inn ji,  niml.  W.  inilh,  son, 
orig.  "maqui  =  Ir.  nine,  son:  see  mac]  Son:  a 
word  occurring  in  Welsh  pedigrees  and  as  a  pre- 
fix in  surnames,  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with 
J/oe  (which  see),  as  in  Welsh  Gruffuddap  Own  in, 
Griffith,  son  of  Owen,  Aprhys,  Apthomas,  etc. : 
in  the  Anglicized  forms  of  Welsh  names  often 
reduced  to  /'-  or  />'-,  as  in  Prcccc,  Price  (Ap- 
Rhys,  Ap-Riee),  Powell  (Ap-Howell),  Bevan 
(Ap-Evan),  Bowen  (Ap-Owen),  etc. 

ap-l.  Assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  p,  as  in  approbation,  appellate,  etc. ;  in 
older  English  words  a  "restored"  form  of  Mid- 
dle English  and  Old  French  a-,  the  regular  re- 
duced form  of  Latin  op-,  as  in  appeal,  appear, 
approve,  etc. 

ap-2.  The  form  of  apo-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  ap- 
agoge,  apanthropy,  etc. 

apace  (a-pas'),  jif p.  /'In-,  as  adv.  [ME.  apace, 
,i joins,  apas,  a  /nts,  lit.  at  pace;  in  pregnant 
sense,  at  a  good  pace,  with  a  quick  pace;  <  «3 
+  pace.]     If.  At  a  footpace;  leisurely. 

Vp  ryseth  fresshe  Canacee  hirselue, 

As  rody  and  bryght  as  doth  the  yonge  Sonne.  .  .  . 

And  forth  she  walketh  esily  a  pas, 

Arrayed  after  the  lusty  seson  sote  [sweet] 

Lyghtly,  for  to  pleye  and  walke  on  fote. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  L  388. 


with   speed;   quickly; 


DiagTam  of  primitive 
Aortic  Arches  in  mam- 
mals, birds,  and  reptiles. 

it,  common  trunk  of 
primitive  aorta,  dividing 
into  two  branches,  t>,  t>, 
which  give  off  tile  .irehes 
1-5  on  each  side,  ending 
in  c,  <-.  two  vessels  uniting 
to  form  d,  the  descending 
or  dorsal  aorta. 


Aoudad  {Ammotro^Ns  tra£elaphui). 


2.    At    a  quick    pace; 
swiftly;  speedily;  fast. 
He  cometh  to  hyin  apaas.         Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  465. 
Great  weeds  do  grow  apace.         Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  it.  4. 
Within  tile  twilight  chamber  spreads  apace 
The  shadow  of  white  Death.       Shelley,  Adonais,  viii. 

Apache-plume  (a-pach'e-plom"),  n.  A  namo 
given  in  New  Mexico  to  the  Falweia  paradoxa, 
a  low  rosaceous  shrub  with  long  plumose  car- 
pels. 

a  paesi  (a  pa-a'ze).  [It.:  a,  to,  with, <  L.  ad, 
t..;  ion  si,  pi.  oipaese,  country,  land:  see  pais, 
peasant.]  With  landscapes:  applied  to  tapes- 
tries, especially  of  Italian  make,  majolica,  and 
other  objects  decorated  with  landscapes. 

apagoge  (ap-a-go'je),  it.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  bmayayi), 
a  leading  away,  <  air&yew,  lead  away,  <  ii-n, 
away,  +  ayew,  drive,  lead:  see  act,  n.)  1.  In 
logic:  (/i\)  Abduction  (which  see).  (6)  The 
demonstration  of  a  proposition  hythe  refutation 
of  its  opposite  (from  Aristotle's  i)  fir  rd  ddi  vnrnr 
.  ec  v.  reduction  to  the  impossible):  com- 
monly called  indirect  proof. —  2.  In  math.,  a 
progress  or  passage  from  one  proposition  to 
another,  when  the  first,  having  been  demon- 
si  ruled,  is  employed  in  proving  the  next. 

apagogic  (ap-a-goj'ik),  a.  [<  apagoge  +  -ic] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apagoge.  (a) 
Proving  indirectly,  by  showing  the  absurdity 
or  impossibility  of  the  contrary:  as,  an  apa- 
gogic  demonstration,  (b)  Using  mathematical 
apagoge. 

The  ojianoni.  geometry  of  the  tin  ek 

line  or.  lint-.   \  V.  629. 

apagogical  (ap-a-goj'i-Kal),  a.    Same  as  opo- 

gogic. 
apagynous  (a-paj'i-nus),  o.     [Trreg.  <  Gr.  arraf, 

once,  +  }  it//,  woman.]     In  hot.,  same  as  mono- 

nil  pints.      [Not  used.] 

Apalachian,  «•    See  Appalachian. 
Apaloderma  (ap'a-16-dor'mii),  n.    See  Hapalo- 
derma. 

apanage,  »-    See  appanage. 
Apanteles  (a-pan'te-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  a- priv. 

+  TravTr'/i/c,  all  complete,  perfect,  <  -in;,  -dv,  all, 


Apanteles 

+  rtloc, end,  completion,  <  tiahv,  complete  :  see 
teleology.]  A  genus  of  parasitic  Symenoptera, 
family  BraconidcE,  separated  by  Ffirster  from 


ApanteUs  aletitr,  much  enlarged. 

a,  male  fiy;  i,  head  of  larva  ;  c,  jaw  of  larva  ;  rf,  cocoon  ;  e,  section 

of  antenna. 

Mierogaster  (Latreille).  Its  species  infest  various 
lepidopterous  larva?,  anil  form  egg-like  cocoons,  either 
singly  or  in  masses,  attached  to  the  bodies  of  their  vic- 
tims.    A,  "!' '"'  (Riley)  preys  on  the  cotton-worm. 

apanthropy  (a-pan'thro-pi),  ».  [<  Gr.  an-av- 
Spanr'ia,  <  dwavSpuiroq,  unsocial,  <  otto,  from,  + 
di'O/KjTor,  man:  see  anthropic.]  An  aversion  to 
the  compauy  of  men;  a  love  of  solitude;  in 
morbid  psychoh,  a  species  of  melancholy  mark- 
ed by  a  dislike  of  society. 

apar,  apara  (ap'iir,  ap_'a-r&),  re.  [S.  Amer.]  The 
mataeo ;  the  tolypeutine  or  three-banded  arrna- 


-'    I:.-     ri 


Apar,  or  three-banded  Armadillo  (  Tolypeutes  tricittctus). 

dillo  of  South  America  (Dasypus  or  Tolypeutes 
tricinctus),  a  small  species  capable  of  rolling  it- 
self up  into  a  complete  ball.  It  is  also  notable  for 
walking  on  the  tips  of  the  fore  claws,  the  two  outer  toes 
being  much  reduced,  while  the  third  is  greatly  developed. 
There  are  other  species  of  Tolypeutes  (which  see). 

aparejo  (a-pii-ra'ho),  re.  [Sp.,  a  pack-saddle ;  a 
particular  use  of  aparejo,  preparation,  harness, 
gear,  tackle,  pi.  aparejos,  apparatus:  see  ap- 
parel.] A  kind  of  Mexican  saddle  formed  of 
leather  cushions  stuffed  with  hay,  used  in  the 
western  United  States. 

aparithmesis  (ap-ar-ith-ine'sis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aTrapid/iTiair,  <  atvapiB/ieiv,  count  off,  count  over, 
<  aird,  off,  +  apifffieiv,  count,  <  apiSpdc,  number : 
see  arithmetic]  1.  In  rhet.,  enumeration  of 
parts  or  particulars. — 2.  In  loyic,  division  by 
parts. 

apart1  (a-parf),  adr.  or  a.  [<  ME.  apart,  <  OF. 
a  part,  mod.  P.  a  part  =  Pr.  a  part  =  Sp.  Pg. 
aparte  =  It.  a  parte,  <  L.  ad  partem :  ad,  to,  at ; 
partem,  ace.  of  par(t-)s,  part,  side.  Apart  is 
thus  orig.  a  prep.  phr.  like  E.  aside,  ahead,  etc., 
and  may  like  these  have  a  quasi-adj.  construc- 
tion. Cf.  apart2.]  1.  To  or  at  one  side;  aside; 
separately;  by  itself;  in  distinction  (from);  in- 
dependently (of);  adjectively,  separate,  (a)  In 
place,  motion,  or  position. 

Lay  thy  bow  of  pearl  apart. 
And  thy  crystal  shining  quiver. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
Artabasus  .  .  .   went  amongst   the   Persians  in  their 
lodgings,    admonishing  and    exhorting    thera,  sometime 
aparts,  and  otherwhile  altogether^. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 
Death  walks  apart  from  Fear  to-day  ! 

Whittier,  Summer  by  the  Lakeside. 
Thou  livest  still, 
Apart  from  every  earthly  fear  and  ill. 

William  Morris:,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

(b)  In  purpose,  use,  character,  etc. :  as,  to  set 
apart,  or  lay  apart,  for  a  special  purpose. 

The  Lord  hath  set  apart  him  that  is  godly  for  himself. 

Ps.  iv.  3. 

(c)  Iii  thought ;  in  mental  analysis:  as,  to  con- 
sider one  statement  apart  from  others;  apart 
from  a  slight  error,  the  answer  is  right. 


255 

The  determination  of  social  morality  is  apart  from  the 
assignment  of  motives  for  individual  morality,  ami  leaves 
untouched  the  cultivation  of  individual  perfection. 

P.  Pollock,  Introd.  to  W.  K.  Clifford's  Lectures. 

((/)  Absolutely:  as,  jesting  apart,  what  do  you 
think  of  it?  —  2.  In  pieces,  or  to  pieces;  asun- 
der: as,  to  take  a  watch  apart. 

As  if  a  strong  band  rent  apart 

The  veils  of  sense  from  soul  ami  heart. 

Whittier,  Tlie  Preacher. 

apartty  (a-part'),  «.  <■  [<  apart\  adv.]  1.  To 
put  apart;    set  aside. —  2.    To    depart   from; 

quit. 
apart'-'t  (a-parf),   prip.   phr.    as   adr.      [Early 
mod.  E.  a  parte,  ME.   in  fuller  form  aparty, 
apartie  ;  <  o8  +  part  or  party.     Cf.  aparfi-.] 
In  part ;  partly. 

That  eatiseth  me  n  fort.   t<>  lie  hevj  in  my  hcrte. 

Caxton,  Reynard  (Albert  p.  26.    (A.  / '.  /'  ) 

a  parte  ante  (A  par'te  an'te).  [ML. :  L.  a  for 
ab,  from;  parte,  abl.  of  par(t-)s,  part;  ante, 
before:  see  ante-.]  Literally,  from  the  part 
before :  used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all) 
time  which,  at,  a  given  instant,  has  elapsed. 

a  parte  post  (a  par'te  post).  [ML. :  L.  a  for 
ab,  from;  parte,  abl.  otpar(t-)s,  part;  post,  af- 
ter: see  post-.]  Literally,  from  the  part  after: 
used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all)  time 
which  follows  a  given  instant. 

aparthrodial  (ap-ar-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  apar- 
tlirosis.  Cf.  arihrodial.]  Of  "or  pertaining  to 
aparthrosis. 

aparthrosis  (ap-ih'-thro'sis),  ».;  pi.  aparthroses 
(-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av6,  from,  4-  apBpoaic,  ar- 
ticulation^ aptfpoi',  a  joint.]  1.  In  surg.,  dis- 
articulation.—  2.  In  ana t.,  diarthrosis. 

apartment  (a-piirt'ment),  n.  [<  F.  apparte- 
iiirnt,  <  It.  appartamento,  a  room,  an  apart- 
ment, <  appartare,  also  spelled  apartare,  sepa- 
rate, withdraw,  <  a  parte,  apart :  see  apart.]  1. 
A  room  in  a  building;  a  division  in  a  house 
separated  from  others  by  partitions. —  2.  pi.  A 
suite  or  set  of  rooms;  specifically,  a  suite  of 
rooms  assigned  to  the  use  of  a  particular  per- 
son, party,  or  family. — 3.  A  flat  (which  see). 
—  4f.  A  compartment. 

apartmental  (a-part-nien'tal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  apartment  or  to  apartments. 

apartment-house  (a-part '  ment-hous),  n.  A 
building  divided  into  separate  suites  of  rooms, 
intended  for  residence,  but  commonly  without 
facilities  for  cooking,  and  in  this  respect  dif- 
ferent from  a  flat,  though  the  two  words  are 
often  used  interchangeably  (see  flat") :  also 
distinguished  from  tenement-house  (which  see). 

apartness  (a-part'nes),  re.  The  state  of  being 
apart ;  aloofness. 

apartyt  (a-par'ti),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  Same  as 
apart?. 

apasst,  t>.  i.  [ME.  apassen,  <  OF.  apasser,  <  a- 
(<  L.  ad,  to)  +  passer,  pass.]  To  pass  on;  pass 
by ;  pass  away.     Chaucer. 

apastron  (ap-as'tron),  re. ;  pi.  apastra  (-tra). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  otto,  from,  +  aarpov,  star:  see  as- 
ter1.] In  astron.,  that  part  in  the  orbit  of  a 
double  star  where  it  is  furthest  from  its  pri- 
mary. 

Apatela  (ap-a-te'18,),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  awar?i?,6c, 
guileful,  wily,  <  dirart/,  guile,  deceit.]  A  genus 
of  noctuid  moths,  containing  such  species  as  the 
North  American  A.  oblinita.  This  moth  expands 
about  1^  inches,  and  has  gray  fore  wings  dotted  with 
blackish,  and  white  hind  wings  with  small  dark  spots. 
The  caterpillar  is  about  1J  inches  long,  black,  marked 
with  red  and  yellow ;  it  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple, 
peach,  raspberry,  strawberry,  grape,  willow,  and  other 
vegetation. 

Apatelae  (ap-a-te'le),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  Apa- 
tela.]    A  group  of  moths,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Apatela. 
apatelite  (a-pat'e-lit),  re.      [<  Gr.  ait-art/'/ <ie,  il- 
lusive, deceitful   (see  Apatela).   +  -ite2.]     A 
hydrous   sulphate   of  Iron,  found   in  clay,  in 
small  friable  yellow  nodules,  at  Auteuil,  Paris, 
apathetic  (ap-a-thet'ik),  a.     [<  apathy,  after 
pathetic]      Characterized  by  apathy;  having 
or  exhibiting  little  or  no  emotion;  devoid  of 
strong  feeling  or  passion ;  insensible. 
Better  the  narrow  brain,  the  stony  heart. 
The  staring  eye  glazed  o'er  with  sapless  days, 
The  long  mechanic  pacings  to  and  fro, 
The  set  gray  life,  and  apathetic  end. 

Tennyson,  Love  and  Duty. 

=  Syn.  Passionless,  unmoved,  unfeeling,  indifferent. 

apathetical  (ap-a-thet'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  apa- 

Mstic. 
apathetically  (ap-a-thet'i-kal-i),  adr.     In  an 

apathetic  manner, 
apathist  (ap'a-thist),  «.    [<  apathy  +  -iat.]   One 

affected  with  apathy ;  one  who  is  destitute  of 


Apatornis 

or  does  not  exhibit  feeling;  specifically,  an  ad- 
licivnl  id'  tin-  morn]  philosophy  of  the  Stoics. 
Sec  stoieism.      [  Hare.  | 

\ietiimk-  it  bei  omt  n"t  a  dull  Apothi  '  to  obji  ct  that 
we  should  be  disquiet*  d  with  perpetual  feares  it  any  par- 
eel  of  our  happiness Bhould  not  be  Lock'd  upwithinour 
own  Breasts.  tip.  Parker,  Platonick  Philos.,  p.  13, 

apathistical  (ap-a-tbis'ti-kal),  ".  L<  apathisl  + 
-ie-al.]    Like  an  apathisl ;  apathetic.     [Bare.] 

r'niitciielle  \, ,  ,„,,]  humored  and  apathistical  dis- 
position. II'.  Seward,  Anecd 
apathy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [<L.  apathkt,( Gr.  d-d- 
oeta,  insensibility,  <  djraftfa,  insensible,  impas- 
sive, <  a-  priv.  +  irdflof,  suffering,  sensation,  < 
■koBuv,  suffer,  feel.  J  Want  of  feeling;  absence 
or  suppression  of  passion,  emotion,  or  excite- 
ment; insensibility;  indifference. 

As  the  passions  are  the  springs  of  most  of  our  acl 
a  state  of  apathy  has  come  to  signify  a  sort  of  moral  iner- 
tia—  the  absence  of  all  activity  or  energy.  I'leoting. 

Blessed,  thrice  and  nine  times  blessed  be  the  g I  St. 

Nicholas,  if  I  have  indeed  escaped  thai  apathy  which 
chills  the  sympathies  of  age  and  paralyzes  ever]  glon  ol 
enthusiasm.  Irvaig,  Knickerbocker,  p.  294. 

=  Syn.  I  ml  i (le  re  nee,  Insensibility,  Impassibility,  Apathy, 

.SVe/t'/.s/x,   t'lienttrero,   1'lde^io,  i '(dimes*,  torpur,  I'oldneSS, 

coolness,  unfeelingness,  lethargy,  immobility.  (See  list 
under  indifference.  >  Indifference  denotes  absence  of  feel- 
ing, passion,  or  desire  toward  a  particular  object  :  as,  tn- 

tlijieeenee  to  pain  or  ridicule.     Apathy  i  em nl\    implies 

a  general  want  of  feeling,  a  complete  indifference  in  regard 
to  anything,  due  to  want  of  interest  or  attention,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  repressed  or  sluggish  intellect,  or  of  extreme  ill- 
ness or  affliction.  InsenjnoUity  and  impassibility  BUggest 
(In-  lack  of  capacity  for  feeling,  or  an  absence  of  suscepti- 
bility, being  qualities  rather  than  states  of  mind.  Indif- 
ference arising  from  impassibility  relates  more  particu- 
larly to  internal,  that  arising  from  inxeie.il, ility  to  external, 
impressions;  the  former  is,  moreover,  more  profound  and 
radical  than  the  latter.  Indifference  may  be  an  entirely 
proper  state  under  the  circumstances;  insensibility  and 
impassibility  are  always  at  least  to  be-  pitied;  unconcern 
is  always  ami  indifference  sometimes  blameworthy,  as  cold 
and  selfish.  Stoieism  is  a  studied  suppression  of  feeling, 
or  the  concealment  especially  of  painful  feeling  by  force 
of  will.  Unconcern  is  absence  of  solicitude.  (See  care.) 
Phlegm  is  most  suggestive  of  physical  temperament :  it  is 
a  constitutional  dullness  or  sluggishness,  an  incapability 
<if  being  aroused  by  anything.  Calmness  is  a  tranquillity 
resulting  from  the  mastery  of  the  will  over  passions  and 
feelings  that  perhaps  are  strong  and  keen,  and  hence  is 
always  commendable. 

With  the  instinct  of  long  habit  be  turned  ami  faced  the 
battery  of  eyes  with  the  satue  cold  indifference  with  which 
he  had  let-  years  encountered  the  half-hidden  sneers  of 
man.  Bret  Sarte,  Argonauts,  p.  126. 

Unbelief  might  result  from  the  insensibility  engendered 
by  a  profligate  life. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  139. 

I  threw  myself  on  my  bed,  .  .  .  resisting  no  longer,  but 
awaiting  my  fate  with  the  apathy  of  despair. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  14(>. 

The  victors  set  Are  to  the  wigwams  and  the  fort.  .  .  . 
This  last  outrage  overcame  even  the  stoicism  of  the  sav- 
age,  Irving,  sketch-Book,  p.  370. 

Still  less  respectable  appears  this  extreme  concern  for 
those  of  our  own  blood  which  goes  along  with  the  uncon- 
cern for  those  of  other  blood,  when  we  observe  its  meth- 
ods. //.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 

One  likes  in  a  companion  a  phlegm  which  it  is  a  triumph 
to  disturb.  Emerson,  Clubs, 

sir,  'tis  tit 
You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all  s  in  anger. 

Shak:,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 

apatite  (ap'a-tit),  «.  [<  Gr.  a-dTT/,  illusion, 
deceit,  +  -ite2,  apatite  having  been  often  mis- 
taken for  other  minerals.]  Native  calcium 
phosphate  with  calcium  fluorid  or  chlorid,  gen- 
erally crystallized  in  hexagonal  prisms,  which 
are  sometimes  low  or  even  tabular,  some- 
times elongated,  and  occasionally  of  great  size. 
It  varies  in  color  from  white  to  green  or  blue,  rarely  to  yel- 
low or  reddish.  Apatite  occurs  in  metalliferous  veins  and 
in  metamorphic  and  granitic  rocks.  '  In  Canada  and  in 
Norway  extensive  deposits  of  it  are  mined  for  the  sake  ol 
its  phosphates,  which  are  useful  as  fertilizers. 

Apatornis  (ap-a-t6r'nis),  ».  [NL..  <  Gr.  d-arrj, 
deceit,  +  opne,  bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Cre- 
taceous birds  found  in  western  Kansas.  As  de- 
scribed by  Marsh  (1878),  they  are  related  t,,  Ichthyornis,  to 
which  they  were  first  referred.  .1.  ceh  r,  the  typical  spe- 
cies, was  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon. 


Eyed  Emperor(^//.r/«ro  lyca&n,  Fabricius). 

A,  larva,  dorsal  view;  c,  pupa,  dorsal  view;  e,  male  butterfly,  with 

partial  outline  of  female.    (Natural  size.)    [See  page  256.  j 


Apatura 

Apatura  (ap-a-tfi'ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'AtraTovpr/ 
(also  'A.7r&Tovpoc,  -Tovpta),  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite, 
as  presiding  at  the  festival  called  Apaturia.] 
A  genus  of  diurnal  lepidopterons  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Nymphalidce,  containing 
manylieautiful  butterflies,  remarkable  for  their 
iridescent  colors.  The  purple  emperor,  .1  iris,  is  a 
g  irgeous  British Bpecles,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the 
tribe,  with  dark  win  -  glancing  [n  certain  lights  into  rich 
purplish-blue.  It  is  also  called  the  purple  high  Bier  from 
its  habit  of  mounting  to  great  eleval s.    [See  cut,  p.  265.] 

Apaturia  (ap-a-tu'ri-:i),  n.  pi.  [L1j.,<  Gr.  'A-n- 
rovpta  (see  def.);  the  origin  was  unknown  to  an- 
cient writers,  the  word  being  crudely  explained 
from  ii-.i-i,.  deeeit,  with  a  story  to  suit  ;  prob. 
<  d-  copulative  t"-19)  +  tj>parpia  (see  vhratria) 
in  some  form  assimilated  to  ira-i/p  =  E.  father, 
or  perhaps  +  irarfjp  (in  eomp.  -irdrup)  itself.] 
In  Gr.  hist.,  an  annual  festival  held  in  states 
of  Ionian  origin.  At  Athens  it  was  celebrated  in  the 
month  of  Pyanepsion  (November  December),  and  was  a 
reunion  of  the  phratriee  or  elans,  or  of  all  of  the  same  kin, 
in  which  matters  of  common  interest  were  settled,  ami 
children  horn  within  the  year  were  formally  received  and 
registered.  The  festival  lasted  three  days,  and  was  ob- 
served by  feasting,  sacrifices,  ami  other  formalities. 

apaumee,  «.    See  appaumie. 

apayt,  appayt  (a-pa'),  v-  t.  [<  ME.  apayen, 
apaien,  etc.,  <  OF.  apaier,  apayer,  apaer  =  Pr. 
apagar,  apaiar,  appease,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  pacare, 
pacify.  <  pax  {puc-),  peace:  see  a-11  and  pay, 
and  of.  appt  owe.]     1.  To  pay;  satisfy;  content. 

Sin  ne'er  gives  a  fee ; 
He  gratis  comes,  and  thou  art  vteXX-appan  d. 
As  well  to  hear  as  grant  what  he  hath  said. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  914. 

2.  To  requite;  repay. 

Appay  his  wrong  with  timely  vengeance.  Quarles. 

ape  (ap),  «.  [<  ME.  ape,  <  AS.  apa  =  Fries,  apa 
=  D.  nap  (pi.  <i)Kii )  =LG.  ape  =  OH(  1.  ajj'o,  Mill  i. 
affe,  G.  a  if  1  =Icel.  api  =  Sw.  if/w=Dan.  abe,  ape; 
not  a  native  Teut.  word,  but  prob.  (like  Ir.  Gael. 
ap,  apa,  W.  ab,  epa,  OBohem.  op,  mod.  Bohem. 
opice,  Sloven,  opica,  Upper  Sorbian  vopica, 
ORuss.  opica,  Russ.  obe-iyana)  borrowed  in  very 
early  times  (appar.  with  loss  of  orig.  initial  A) 
from  the  East ;  cf .  Gr.  Ktj-or,  also  nfpioq,  kcJttoc 
(see  Cebus),  Skt.  leapt,  ape.  The  Skt.  name  is 
usually  referred  to  Skt.  \/  "l;ap,  I:ainp,  tremble.] 
1.  A  monkey;  a  quadrumanous  animal;  some 
animal  of  the  old  order  iiitatlrutuana  ;  a  member 
of  one  of  the  modern  families  Simiidai,  Cynopi- 
thecidee,  and  Cebidee,  especially  one  which  at- 
tracts attention  by  mimicking  man. —  2.  More 
specifically,  a  tailless  monkey ;  a  monkey  with 
a  very  short  tail;  amagot,  macaque,  orpig-tailed 
baboon:  as,  the  Barbary  apr  (Inwus  ecaudatus) ; 
the  Celebes  black  ape  (Ci/nopithecus  niger). — 

3.  Technically,  a  man-like  monkey;  a  simian 
proper,  or  a  member  of  the  modern  family 
SimiidcB,  forming  a  kind  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween man  and  the  lower  animals,  and  hence 
termed  anthropoid  (which  see).  These  apes  are 
catarrhine  simians  without  cheek-pouches  or  developed 
tail,  and  having  a  dental  formula  identical  with  thai  of 
man.  The  species  arc  few,  being  only  the  gorilla,  chim- 
panzee, orangs,  and  gibbons. 

4.  An  imitator;  a  mimic. 

0  sleep,  thou  ape  of  death.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 

If  he  be  glad,  she  triumphs  ;  if  he  stir, 
she  moves  his  way,  in  all  things  his  sweet  ape ;  .  .  . 
Himself  divinely  varied  without  change. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  mischievous  or  silly  mimic ;  hence,  a  fool ; 
a  dupe. 

Thus  she  maketh  Absolon  hir  ape. 

Chain;,-.  Millers  Tale,  1-  208. 

Boys,  apes,  braggarts,  Jacks,  milksops  '. 

Shak.,  Milch  Ado,  v.  1. 

Barbary  ape,  the  tailless  ape  or  magot  of  Barbary,  Maca. 
cut  inuus,  now  Inuus  ecaudatus,  a  member  of  the  family 
i  ynopitht ddce  and  Bubfamily  ' 'ynopitht  cince.  Though  be- 
longing to  the  same  division  of  the  catarrhine  monkeys 


Darbary  tatut). 

as  the  baboons,  this  ape   is   notable  for  its  intelligence 
and  docility,  ana  has  been  th.  "  jhow  i 'sape'  from  time 

i n mi.  ii i     i  1 1  ,in  tie-  circumstance  that  it  inhabits  the 

Kock  of  Gibraltar  it  acquires  additional  interest  us  the  only 


256 

living  representative  of  its  trihe  within  European  limits. 

—  To  lead  apes  in  hell,  the  employment  jocularly  as- 
signed to  obi  maids  in  tile  next  world. 

I  must  dance  barefoot  on  her  wedding-day, 

And.  lor  Your  love  to  her,  lead  npes  in  hell 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
To  put  an  ape  In  one's  hoodt,  to  play  a  trick  upon 
one  ;  dupe  one.  Chaucer.  -  To  say  an  ape's  paternos- 
ter*, to  chatter  with  cold, 
ape  (ap),  !'.  /.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  aped,  ppr.  aping. 
[\  ape.  «.]  To  imitate  servilely;  mimic,  as  an 
ape  imitates  human  actions. 

Curse  on  the  Btriplingl     How  he  apes  his  sire! 
Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison,  Cato,  i  2. 

I  regret 
That  1  should  ape  the  ways  of  pride. 

Bryant,  The  Yellow  Violet. 

-  Syn.   Mimic,  etc.    Seeintitate. 

apeak  (a-pek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [For- 
merly also  apt  1 1: :  <  0s  +  peak,  a  point ;  after  F. 
a  pic,  vertically.]  Naut.,  in  a  nearly  vertical 
position  or  relation ;  pointing  upward,  or  in  an 
up-and-down  direction.  An  anchor  is  said  to  be 
apeak,  and  a  ship  to  be  hove  apeak,  when  the  cable  and 
ship  are  brought,  by  the  tightening  of  the  former,  as  nearly 
into  a  perpendicular  line  with  the  anchor  as  may  he  with- 
out breaking  it  from  the  ground.  A  yard  or  gatf  is  apeak 
when  it  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast.  Oars  are  ajicak  when 
their  blades  are  held  obliquely  upward,  as  in  a  boat  with 
an  awning,  while  the  crew  are  awaiting  the  order  to 
"give  waj . 

ape-babooil  (ap'ba-bon"),  «•  A  macaque 
(which  see).     W.  Swainson. 

ape-bearer  (ap'bar'er),  n.    A  strolling  buffoon 
with  an  ape.     [Rare.] 
I  know  this  man  well :  he  hath  been  since  an  ape-hearer. 

Slink.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Apedicellata  (a-pedl-se-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  «-  priv.  +  NL.  pedicellus,  pedicel.  +  -ata.] 
An  order  of  echinoderms  in  Cuvier's  system  of 
classification.     See  Gephyrea. 

apedom  (ap'dum),  n.  [<  ape  +  -dom.~\  The 
state  of  being  an  ape,  or  of  being  apish. 

This  early  condition  of  apedom. 

De  Quincey,  Works,  XIV.  85. 

apehood  (ap'hiid),  n.  [<  ape  +  -hood.']  Same 
as  apedom. 

•    There's  a  dog-faced  dwarf 
That  gets  to  godship  somehow,  yet  retains 
His  apehood.  Browning. 

apeiret,  »'•    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  appair. 

apelet  (ap'let),  ».  [<  ape  +  -let.']  A  young  or 
little  ape:  as,  "her  apelet  playing  about  her," 
Spectator.     [Rare.] 

apellous  (a-pel'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  L. 
pellis,  a  skin.]     Destitute  of  skin. 

ape-man  (ap'man),  ».  A  name  given  to  a  hy- 
pothetical ape-like  man,  or  speechless  primi- 
tive man,  intermediate  in  character  between 
the  highest  anthropoid  apes  and  human  beings, 
and  conjectured  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  the  human  race.     See  Alalus. 

Apennine  (ap'c-nin),  a.  [<  L.  Apenninus,  also 
Appenninvs,  Apeninus  (sc.  mons,  mountain),  an 
adj.  formed,  perhaps,  from  a  Celtic  word  seen 
in  Bret.  pe««  =  W.  pen  =  Ir.  6ewi=Gael.  In  inn, 
a  head,  height,  mountain:  see  ben:K]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extends  throughout  Italy  from  the  Mari- 
time Alps  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  pe- 
ninsula. 

apepsia  (a-pep'siii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aireiftia,  < 
urn Trrof,  undigested,  <  a- priv.  +  ■kctztoc,  digested, 
cooked,  <  -Ki-KTtw,  digest,  cook:  see  peptic.] 
Defective  digestion;  indigestion;  dyspepsia. 

apepsy  (a-pep'si),  n.    Same  as  apepsia. 

aper  (a'per),  n.    One  who  apes. 

apercu  (a-per-su'),  n.  [P.,  glance,  sketch,  out- 
line, <  apercu,  pp.  of  apereevoir,  perceive,  de- 
scry, discover:  see  appcrceive.]  1.  A  first  view ; 
a  hasty  glance;  a  rapid  survey. —  2.  A  sum- 
mary exposition  ;  a  brief  outline;  a  sketch. 

Twenty  pages  suffice  to  impart  the  elements  of  Chinese 
writing  ;  and  a  short  apercu  of  the  literary  history  of  the 
country  is  added  to  tic  volume.  Science,  III.  760. 

3.  A  detached  view;  an  isolated  perception  of 

or  insight  into  a  subject,  as  into  a  system  of 
philosophy. 

At  best  Hegelian)  can  he  apprehended  only  by  apereus, 
and  those  who  try  to  explain  its  bottom  secrets  have  not 
got  it.  G.  S.  Hall.  German  Culture,  p.  167. 

aperea  (ap-e-re'ft),  «.  [NL.]  A  name  of  tho 
restless  envy,  Cairia  aperea. 

aperient  (a-pe'ri-ent),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  apm- 
cn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  aperire,  open,  uncover  (opposed 
to  opervre,  close,  cover,  in  comp.  co-operire, 
cover,  >  ult.  E.  rarer,  q.  v.),  <  a  for  ah,  oil', 
away  (operire,  <  o-  for  oo,  to),  +  -pirin,  prob. 

identical  with  -pi -rire  in  eamprrire.  ascertain,  re- 
pi  iiri,  find,  being  the  form  in  eomp.  of  parere, 
parire,  get,  produce,  bring  forth:  see  parent. 


aperture 

Cf.  apcrt.~]    I.  a.  In   med..  gently  purgative; 

having  the  quality  of  opening  the  bowels;  lax- 

ative;  deobstruent. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  which  gently  opens  the 

bowels ;  a  laxative. 

Also  apt  rilne. 
aperiodic  ( a-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18) 

+  periodic.']     Without  periodicity. 

An  intermediate  stage  called  the  njuriudir  state  is  pass- 
ed through.  Eneyc.  lira..  X.  GO. 

Aperiodic  galvanometer.    See  galvanometer. 
aperispermic  (a-per-i-sper'mik),  a.      [<  Gr.  d- 

priv.  (of-18)  +  perisperm  +  -ic]    In  hot.,  a  form 

descriptive  of  a  seed  that  contains  no  albumen 

(perisperm) ;  exalbuminous. 
aperispermous  (a-per-i-sper'mus),  a.    [<  Gr.  d- 

priv.  (a-18)  +  perisperm  +  -ous.]    In  bot.,  same 

as  aperispermic. 
aperitive  (a-per'i-tiv),  a.  and  ».    [Formerly  also 

appi -ritirr.  operative,  after  P.  aperitif  =  It.  aperi- 

tiro,  <  ML.  "aperitirus:  fuller  form  of  apertii-e, 

q.  v.]     Same  as  aper  it  nt. 
A  per  set.    [L. ;  cf.  cf-  per  sc :  see  ampersand.'] 

1.  A  by  itself;  a  as  a  letter  or  word. —  2.  A 
person  or  thing  of  preeminent,  excellence;  Al. 
Chaucer. 

Behold  me,  Baldwin,  A  per  se  of  my  age, 

Lord  Richard  Nevill,  earle  by  marriage 

Of  Warwick.  Mir.for  Mans.,  p.  371. 

apertt  (a-perf),  a.  [<  ME.  aiurt,  apcrtc,  <  OF. 
apert,  <  L.  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire,  open:  see 
aperient.]  Open;  evident;  undisguised:  as, 
"apert  confessions,"  Fotherbi/,  Atheomastix.  p. 
358. 

The  proceedings  may  he  a}>ert,  and  ingenuous,  and  can- 
did, andavowable.  Domic,  Devotions. 

apertt  (a-perf),  adv.   [<  ME.  aperte,  apert;  from 

the  adj.]     Openly.     Chaucer. 
apertiont  (a-per'shon).  n.     [<  L.  apertio(n-),  < 

apt  rire,  pp.  aptrtus.  open  :    see   aperient.]     1. 

The  act  of  opening ;  the  state  of  being  opened. 

[Rare.] 
Either  by  ruption  or  apertion.  Wiseman,  Surgery. 

2.  An  opening;  a  gap;  an  aperture  ;  a  pas- 
sage. 

Apertions,  under  which  term  I  do  comprehend  doors, 
windows,  staircases  —  in  short,  all  inlets  or  outlets. 

Sir  H.  Wotttm,  Remains,  p.  88. 

Apertirostra  (a-per-ti-ros'tra),  n.  [NL.,<  L. 
apertus,  open  (see  apert),  +  rostrum,  beak.] 
Same  as  Anastomw,  1.    Vand  de  Patte. 

apertivet  (a-per'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  apertif,  <  ML. 
"aperUvus,  <  L.  apertus.  pp.  of  aperire :  see  apert 
and -.re.]     1.   Open;  manifest. —  2.   Aperient. 

apertlyt  (a-pert'B.),  adv.    Openly. 

In  all  their  discourses  of  him  [Richard  III.]  they  never 
directly  nor  indirectly,  covertly  or  aperUy,  insinuate  this 
deformity.  Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  79. 

apertnesst  (a-pert'nes),  n.  Openness;  frank- 
ness. 

apertometer  (ap-er-tom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ap- 
ert(urc)  +  Gr.  pirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment used  to  measure  the  angular  aperture  of 
the  object-glass  of  a  microscope. 

Prof.  Abbe  has  also  made  an  important  contribution  to 
the  practical  part  of  this  inquiry  by  the  invention  of  an 
apertometer.       H'.  /,'.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  Appendix,  p.S50. 

apertort  (a-per'tor),  n.  [L.,  an  opener,  a  be- 
ginner, <  aperire,  pp.  apertus,  open:  see  aperi- 
ent.] In  anat..  that  which  opens;  specifically, 
a  muscle  that  raises  the  upper  eyelid. 
apertural  (ap'er-tur-al),  a.  [<  aperture  +  -al.] 
<  If,  pertaining  to,  or  containing  apertures. 
[Rare.] 
The  inferior  or  apertural  side. 

/-:,  ;;.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  M7. 

aperture  (ap'er-Jur),  ».  [<  L.  apertura,  an  open- 
ing, <  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire.  open:  see  aprii 
and  aperient]  It.  The  act  of  opening  out  or 
unfolding. 

Made  .  .  .  difficult  by  the  aperture  ami  dissolution  of 
distinctions. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  Int..  p.  s. 

2.  An  opening;  a  hole,  orifice,  gap,  cleft,  or 
chasm ;  a  passage  or  perforation ;  any  direct 
way  for  ingress  or  egress. 

All  aperture  helUceli   tile  llloll  ntllillS. 

ir.  tiilpin.  Tour  to  Lakes, 

3.  In  tpinii..  the  space  between  two  intersect- 
ing right  lines.  —  4.  In  optics,  the  diameter  of 
the  exposed  part  of  tho  object-glass  in  a  tele- 
scope or  other  optica]  instrument.  The  aper- 
ture of  a  microscope  is  often  expressed  in  degrees ;  ami  in 

Mil,   case   it   is  called  the  annular  aperture,   that    I      thl 

angular  breadth  of  the  pencil  of  light  which  the  instru- 
ment transmits  from  ti hjeet  or  point   viewed:  as.  a 

microscope  of  loo  aperture.  Abdominal  apertures. 
s,-,.  abdomen,  I.  Aperture-sight  (as  of  a  rifle),  another 
name  for  the  ."«»,  bead-eight.— Branchial  aperture. 
See  branchial. 


apertured 

apertured  (ap'er-jurd),  a.    [<  aperture  +  -e(R] 

Provided  with  an  aperture ;  perforated.  [Rare.] 

Each  half  of  the  coupling  is  apt  rtured  aear  its  free  end 
Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  X  I  \  III     l- 

apery  (a'po-ri),  it.  ;  pi.  aperies  (-riz).  [<  ope  + 
-ery.j  1.  A  collection  of  apes;  a  place  where 
apes  are  kept. — 2.  Tho  qualities  or  tricks  of 
apes;  the  practice  of  aping ;  imitation. 

I  saw  there  many  women,  dressed  without  regard  to  the 
season  or  the  demands  of  the  place,  in  apery,  or,  as  it 
looked,  in  mockery,  of  European  fashions. 

Main.  Fuller,  Woman  in  10th  Cent.,  p.  US. 

apes-on-horseback  (aps'on-hors'bak),  re.  The 
name  of  a  variety  of  the  common  European 
daisy,  Bellis  peri  urns. 

Apetalae  (a-pet'a-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (so.  planta), 
fern.  pi.  of  apetalus,  without  petals:  seo  apeta- 
lous.] Plants  destitute  of  petals  ;  in  the  natu- 
ral system  of  botany,  a  division  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants  in  which  the  corolla,  and  often 
the  calyx  as  well,  is  absent.  They  are  also  called 
Incompletes,  and  are  divided  into  the  Monochlamydeee,  in 
which  the  corolla  alone  is  absent,  as  in  the  elm,  nettle,  etc., 
and  the  Achlamydepe,  in  which  the  calyx  and  the  corolla 
are  both  absent,  as  in  the  willow,  oak,  etc. 

apetalous  (a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apetalus, 
without  petals,  <  Or.  a-  priv.  +  Tthalov,  a  leaf, 


257  apheretic 

ioTff  °,l  £SR  i1,nn  ""'  ,,:is''',,M"1  Part  .of  the  soheosta,  aphasiac  (a-fS'zi-ak),  n.    [<  aphasia  +  -ae.1    A 

anil  the  frontal  lobes  are  absent  or  are  not  separated  from     .,,„.,.,,„  .,iT„,.f„.l  ,.,;n         i  i  J 

thovertex.  person  aileotod  with  aphasia;  an  aphasic. 

Aphanapteryx  (af-a-nap'te-riks),  re.  [NL.,  <  aphasic  (u-fu'/.ik),  o.  and  n  [<  aphasic 
(Jr.  •n;,urilr.  unseen,  obscure  (see  aphanite),  + 
--■70s,  a  wing.]  A  genus  of  recently  extinct 
birds  which  formerly  inhabited  Mauritius.  They 
weri  of  ralline  affinities,  long  billed,  Incapable  of  Bight, 
and  otherwise  abnormal.  Ihe  tibia  was  about  5  inches 
long,  the  bin  nearl]  as  long,  and  the  tarsus  8  Inches.    A 


! ,tfen°di!£  " ^anddees^be4and "y  °'  *"" "  aphelexia  (af-e-lek'si-S),  re.    [NL.,  <  Gr 


liav 


aphanasia  (af-a-na'si-a),  n.    [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 

oeioiv/.;,  unseen,  "oliscure  (see  aphanite),  +  -asia, 
as  in  aphasia,  etc.]  Obscurement,  as  of  know- 
ledge ;  a  state  of  obscuration.     [Rare.] 

Apollonius  of  Tyana  forcsau  even  the  great  aphanasia, 
the  fifteen  lnindreil  years' eclipse  of  common  sense  and 
reason.  j;,p,  get.  Mo.,  XMl.  ,;,, 

Aphaneri  (a-fan'e-ri),  a.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «-  priv. 
+  0avepdf,  manifest:  see  Phaneri.]  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Maggi  to  some  exceedingly  minute  or- 
ganisms found  in  water,  and  made  visible  under 
the  microscope  only  by  the  use  of  various  hard- 
ening and  coloring  reagents:  contrasted  with 
Phaneri,  such  as  bacteria. 

The  Aphaneri  are  thought  to  be  harmless. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1SS1,  p.  418. 

n.    [Irreg.  <  Gr.  li^owif, 

Cf.  aphanite.']   A  min- 

au  arseniate  of  copper,  so  named  from 


aphasic  (a-fa'zii  i,  o.  and  n.    ( <  aphasia  +  -ic.] 

I.  a.  Of.  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  aphasia; 
suffering  from  aphasia. 
II.  n.  A  person  affected  with,  aphasia. 

He  [the  lecturer]  spoke  next  of  the  frequent  refa  ntionof 
some  recurring  utterance  by  aphasia,  such  a 

Pop.  Set.   I/-.,  XW .  L76, 
atjte'/r'/r, 

even,  smooth,  plain  (see  Aphelinus),+  e(ic,  con- 
dition, habit:  see  hectic]  Absence  of  mind; 
reverie. 

aphelia,  «.    Plural  of  aphelion, 

aphelian  (a-fe'li-an),  a.  [<  apheli(on)  +  -an.  | 
Pertaining  to  the  aphelion;  furthest,  from  tho 
sun. 

Aphelinus  (af-e-li'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  (Jr.  a<pc/i/r, 
smooth,  simple,  plain,  also  lit.  not  stony,  <  <i- 


priv. 
in  mod.  bot.  a  petal:  see  petal.']     In  hot.,  hav- 
ing no  petals  or  corolla;    pertaining  to   the  apnanesite  (a-fan  e-sit) 
Apetalw.  unseen,  obscure,  +  -ite%. 

apetalousness  (a-pet'a-lus-nes),  re.  [<  apeta- 
lous +  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
apetalous. 

apex  (a'peks),  n. ;  pi.  apices  (ap'i-sez)  or  apexes  Aphaniptera    (af-a-nip'te-rS), 
(a'pek-sez).    [<  L.  apex  (apic-),  point,  tip,  sum-    ' 
mit,  perhaps  <  apcre,  fit  to,  fasten  to  :  see  op*.] 
The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything.  («)  in 
(1)  The  end  furthest  from  the  point  of  attachment  or 


1. 

bot.: 

base  of  an  organ.    (2)  An  early  name  for  an  anther,    (o) 
The  nucleus,  or  first  whorl,  of  a  univalve  shell,     (c)  In 
geam.,  the  angular  point  of  a  cone  or  conic  section;  the 
angular  point  of  a  triangle  opposite  the  base. 
The  stars  are  the  apexes  of  what  wonderful  triangles ! 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  13. 
(el)  In  tjeol,  the  top  of  an  anticlinal  fold  of  strata.  [Penn- 
sylvania coal-mines.]  [This  term  as  used  in  the  U.  S.  Re- 
vise,! statutes  has  been  the  occasion  of  much  litigation. 
It  is  supposed  to  mean  something  nearly  equivalent  to 
outcrop  (whirl,  see);  but  precisely  in  what  it  differs  from 
outcrop  has  not  been,  neither  does  it  seem  capable  of  be- 
ing, distinctly  made  .ait.J  (e)  In  mining,  the  landing- 
point  at_the  top  of  a  slope.   [Pennsylvania"  coal-mines.] 


eral, 

the  difficulty  of  recognizing  it  by  its  crystals 

same  as  clinoclase. 

..  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aphanipterus :  see  aphanipterous.] 
An  aberrant  order  of  dipterous  insects,  the 
fleas  and  chigoes,  degraded  by  parasitism.  The 
abdomen  is  not  distinct  from  the  thorax  (which  is  pro- 
vided with  abortive  wings  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  mi- 
nute scales);  the  mouth  is  haustellate,  consisting  of  two 
long  mandibles,  a  slender  labrum,  sheathing  labial  palps, 
and  two  long  maxillary  palps ;  the  antennas  are  small;  the 
hinder  legs  are  saltatorial ;  the  larva;  arc  worm-like;  and 
the  pup;e  are  inactive.  The  order  is  coextensive  with  the 
single  family  Pulicidce,  or  fleas  and  chigoes.  See  Pulicidce 
and  cut  under  chigoe.  Also  called  Aphanoptera,  Suctoria, 
and  Siphonaptera. 
aphanipterous  (af-a-nip'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
aphanipterus,  <  Gr.  aepavijc,  indistinct,  obscure 
(see  aphanite),  +  irrepov,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather, 
q.  v.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphaniptera; 
characterized  by  indistinct  or  abortive  wings. 


2.   In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  symbolic  ornament  which  aphanistic  (af-a-nis'tik),  a.       [<  Gr.  aebavhr,  m 


the  flameus  and  some  other  priests  were  re 
quired  by  law  to  wear.  It  consisted  of  a  small  cone 
of  olive-wood  surrounded  with  a  lock  of  wool,  and  was  se- 
cured on  the  head  by  fillets  or  adjusted  to  a  cap.— Apex 
Of  the  heart,  the  lower  pointed  portion  of  the  heart. 

apex-beat  (a'peks-bet),  re.  The  pulsation  of 
the  chest-walls  over  the  apex  of  the  heart. 

aph-.  [Gr.  dtp-,  assimilation  of  air-  for  diro-  be- 
fore the  aspirate.]  Assimilation  of  ap-  for  apo- 
before  the  aspirate,  as  in  apkeresis,  aphelion, 
etc. 

aphacia  (a-fa'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
<paKog,  lentil,  taken  for  'lens':  see  lens.]  In  tera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  crystalline  lens  from  the 
eye.     Also  written  aphakia. 

aphacic  (a-fas'ik),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  aphacia ;  lacking  the  crystalline  lens. 
Also  written  aphakic. 

aphacous  (a-fa'kus),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  aphacic.    Also  written  aphahous. 

aphaeresis,  aphaeretic,  etc.    See  apheresis,  etc. 

aphaereton  (a-fer'e-ton),  n.  [<  Gr.  atpatperdv, 
neut.  of  eupaiperoc,  taken  away,  verbal  adj.  of 


distinct  (see  aphanite),  +  -ist-ic]     In  mineral. 
indistinct :  as,  aphanistic  crystallization. 

aphanite  (af'a-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aQavhc,  indistinct, 
unseen,  obscure  (<  <i-  priv.  +  ^ai'df,  apparent, 
conspicuous,  <  <j>aiveiv,  show,  qjaiveahai,  appear : 
see  fancy),  +  -ite2.  See  aphanesite.]  A  very 
fine-grained  variety  of  diorite  (which  see),  or 
one  in  which  the  component  minerals,  chiefly 
triclinic  feldspar  and  hornblende,  cannot  be 
distinguished  with  the  naked  eye. 

aphanitic  (af-a-nit'ik),  a.  [<  aphanite  + -ic]  Of 
the  nature  of  aphanite. 

aphanitism  (a-fan'i-tizm),  n.  [<  aphanite  + 
-ism.]  The  condition  of  being  aphanitic;  cryp- 
tocrystallization. 

Aphanoptera  (af-a-nop'te-rfi),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Aphaniptera. 

aphanozygOUS  (af-a-noz'i-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  <i(ta- 
vijq,  indistinct  (see  aphanite),  +  &y6v  (=L.jiti/um 
=  E.  yoke)  for  ^byupa,  cheek-bone.]  Having  the 
cheek-bones  invisible  when  the  skull  is  viewed 
from  above.     N.  E.  I). 


a<j>aipeiv,  take  away:  see  apheresis.]    A  part  of  Apharyngea  (af-a-rin'ie-ii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


a  matrix  or  square  array  of  symbols,  compris- 
ing the  whole  of  certain  rows  and  certain  col- 
umns and  omitting  the  rest.     See  matrix. 


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aphagia  (a-fa'ji-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


-  priv.  + 
Liability 


-d/a-jia,  <  -tpayoc;,  <<j>a)eiv,  eat,  devoiu-.] 

to  swallow. 
aphakia,  aphakic,  etc.     See  aphacia,  etc. 
Aphalara  (a-fal'a-rii),  re.     [<  Gr.  a-  jiriv.  +  tpa- 

z.apov,  part  of  a  helmet.]     The  typical  genus  of 

Aphalarinee.    Feirstcr,  1848. 
Aphalarinae  (a-fal-a-ri'ne),  ».  pi.      [NL.,  < 

Aphalara  +  -ina\]      "A  subfamily  of  phytoph- 

thirian  insects,  of  the  family  Psyllidw,  typified 

by  the  genus  Aphalara.     The  petiolus  cubiti  is  as 
17 


a- priv.  +  ipdpv^i,  throat  (pharynx).]  A  divi 
sion  of  planarians  or  rhabdocoelous  turbella- 
rians,  containing  such  as  have  no  pharynx,  and 
are  thus  distinguished  from  the  Pharyngi  a. 

apharyngeal  (af-a-rin'je-al),  a.  Having  no 
pharynx:  specifically  said  of  the  Apharyngea. 

aphasia  (a-fa'ziii), «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iupaaia,  speech- 
lessness, <  a/faroc,  not  uttered,  <  a-  priv.  + 
0orof,  uttered,  spoken,  verbal  adj.  of  <j>dvai  = 
L.  fari,  speak,  say:  see  fable,  fate,  euphemism, 
etc.]  In  pathol.,  the  impairment  or  abolition 
of  the  faculty  of  using  and  understanding  writ- 
ten and  spoken  language,  independently  of  any 
failure  of  the  intellectual  processes  or  any  dis- 
ease or  paralysis  of  the  vocal  organs.  Ataxic 
aphasia,  when  uncomplicated,  is  inability  to  express 
one's  ideas  in  spoken  words,  while  the  patient  understands 
perfectly  what  is  said  to  him,  and  reads  and  writes,  The 
name  amnesic  aphasia  has  been  applied  to  cases  where 
the  patient  is  unable  to  recall  the  word  which  he  wants, 
though  able  to  speak  it  when  found.  Sensory  aphasia  is 
where  the  patient  fails  to  comprehend  spoken  or  written 
words;  it  comprises  word-deafness  and  word-blindness. 
Aphasia,  especially  ataxic  aphasia,  seems  to  depend  in 
most  cases  on  a  lesion  of  the  inferior  frontal  convolution, 
almost  always  on  the  left  side  of  the  brain.  See  agraphia, 
alalia,  alexia,  anarthria,  and  aphonia. 


Aphetinus  rnytilaspidis.    ( Cross  shows  natural  size. ) 

priv.  +  (peteevs,  stony  ground.]  A  genus  of 
minute  parasitic  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Chalcidiila:  Its  species  infest  either  plant- 
lice  or  bark-lice,  particularly  the  scale-bearing  species 
(Diaspince).  A.  mytUaspidit  tl.e  Baron)  infests  the  com- 
mon mussel-shell  bark-louse  of  the  apple-tree. 

aphelion  (a-fe'li-on),  «. ;  pi.  aphelia  (-a).  [For- 
merly also  aphcKum,  <  NL.  aphelion,  earlier 
and  more  prop,  aphelium,  formed  by  Kepler 
after  apogatum,  apogewm  (see  apogee),  <  Gr.  as 
if  "aept/Amv,  <  arrd,  from,  +  ifnar,  the  sun.]  That 
point  of  a  planet's  or  of  a  comet's  orbit  which 
is  most  distant  from  the  sun :  opposed  to  peri- 
helion. 

apheliotropic  (a-fe"li-o-trop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  af- 
f or  inr-  for  a-u,  from,  +  yhoc,  sun  (see  aphelion), 
+  -rpoTWidr,  <  Tpiizuv,  turn.]  In  hot.,  turning 
away  from  the  light :  applied  to  shoots  or  other 
parts  of  plants:  opposed  to  heliotropic. 

Apheliotropic  movements  are  comparatively  rare  in  a 
well-marked  degree,  excepting  the  sub-aerial  roots. 

Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  564. 

apheliotropically  (a-fe  li-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  direction  away  from  the  sun. 
apheliotropism  (a-fe-li-ot'ro-pizm),  n.   [<  opfte- 
Uotropic  +  -ism.]     In  bot.,  a  tendency  to  turn 
away  from  the  sun  or  the  light :  opposed  to 
heliofropism  (which  see).     Darwin. 
Apheliscus  (af-e-lis'kus),   ».     [NL.,  appar.  < 
(Jr.  «w;,/,e,  even,  smooth,  simple  (see  Apheli- 
nus), +  dim.  -iscus.]     A  genus  of  extinct  lemu- 
roid  or  insectivorous  mammals,  having  quadri- 
tubereulate    lower   molars,  the   fourth   lower 
molar  without  internal  cusp,  and  the   cusps 
opposite.     A.  insidiosus,  the  type-species,   is 
from  the  Wahsatch  beds  cf  New  'Mexico.     Cope, 
1875. 
aphemia  (a-fe'mi-a),  u.     [NL..  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
tr-q/tn,  a  voice,  speech,  fame  (=  L.  fama,  >  E. 
fame,  q.  v.),  <  Q&vai,  speak.    Cf.  aphasia.]    In 
pathol.,  aphasia,  in  its  general  sense;  specifi- 
cally— (a)  ataxic  aphasia;  (ft)  anarthria.    See 
aphasia  and  anarthria,  2. 
aphemic  (a-fem'ik),  o.    [<  aphemia  +  -ic]   Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  aphemia  ;  character- 
ized by  or  suffering  from  aphemia. 
aphengescope(a-fen'jes-kop),  h.   [<Gr.  a<pt , 
without  light,  obscure  (<  a-  priv.  4-  <piy)o(,  light, 
akin  to  i^aoc,  0aic,  light),   +  aiameiv,  view.]     A 
modification  of  the  magic  lantern  forexhibiting 
opaque  objects. 

apheresis,  apha?resis  (a-fer'e-sis),  n.  [<  L. 
apha  rests,  <  Gr.  aepaiprmc,  a  taking  away,  <  a<pai- 
peiv,  take  away,  <  Aird,  away,  +  aipuc,  take.]  1. 
In  gram.,  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  an  unac- 
cented syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a  word. 
Examples  in  English  are  round,  adv.,  for  art  >>,  *'.  vantage 
for  advantage,  squire  for  esquire,  'mid  for  amid,  'pom  for 
upon,  etc.  The  most  common  form  of  apheresis  is  that 
called  aphrsis  (which  see). 

2f.   In  med. :  (a)  The  removal  of  anything  nox- 
ious,     (h)  Large  and  injurious  extraction  of 
blood. — 3f.  Insurg.,  amputation, 
apheretic,  aphseretic  (af-e-ret'ik),  a.    [<  Gr. 

a<patpertK6(,  <  dtpaipcTOt;,  verbal  adj.  of  atpatptiv: 
see  apheresis.]  In  pram.,  characterized  by 
apheresis;  shortened  by  the  omission  of  the 
first  syllable:  thus,  vantage  is  the  apheretie 
form  of  advantage. 


apheretically 

apheretically  (af-e-ret'i-kal-i),  adv:  After  the 
manner  of  an  apheresis;  by  omitting  the  fii'st 
syllable.    Also  spelled  aphcen  tically. 

aphesis  (af'e-sis).  n.  [XL.,  <  Or.  apneas,  a  let- 
ting go,  lit  go,  lei  loose,  (afytirm,  let  go,  send 
off.  r  thai,  send,]     The  gradual  and 

unintentional  removal  of  a  short  unaccented 
vowel  at  the  beginning  of  a  word;  a  special 
form  of  apheresis,  as  in  squiretoi  esquire,  down 
for  adovm,  etc.     J.  A.  LI.  Murray.     (N.  E.  D.) 

apheta  (af'e-ta),  n.  [ML.,  <  (jr.  adfnpc,  one  who 
lets  go.  hence  one  who  lets  go  a  military  engine, 
and,  according  to  Du  Gauge,  one  who  starts 
the  chariots  in  a  race  (cf.  afernpia,  the  starting- 
place,  MGr.  ""  •-/%,  one  who  opened 
the  barriers  to  start  the  racing-chariots),  hence 
in  astrology  the  planet  which  starts  a  human 
being  in  his  career,  <  dci<Toc,  let  off,  let  loose, 
verbal  adj.  of  aQtevai,  let  off:  see  aphesis.]  In 
astrol.,  the  planet  dominating  the  life  of  the 
native ;  the  planet  which  is  lord  of  the  house 
that  rules  the  matter  inquired  after;  the  proro- 
gator,  signifieator,  or  hyleg. 

The  aphetic  place  is  the  situation  of  the  Apheta,  Hyleg, 
prorogator,  signifieator,  or  giver  of  life,  for  they  all  have 
the  >ame  meaning.  Sibley,  Astrology,  p.  433. 

apheter  (af'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^crf/p,  equiv.  to 
'«.>  ri/<:,  one  who  lets  off  a  military  engine:  see 
apheta.']  That  which  loosens  or  sets  free. 
[Rare.] 

This  katastate  is,  as  it  were,  the  fuse  or  trigger  whose 
action  tires  the  massive  charge  of  the  muscular  gun,  and 
might  receive  the  name  of  apheter. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  20. 

aphetic1  ia-fet'ik).  a.  [<  Gr.  (KpertKOc,  <  dcieroc, 
let  loose,  set  free:  see  aphesis  and  apheta.'] 
Produced  by  or  resulting  from  aphesis. 

aphetic'2  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  apheta  +  -ic]  Same 
as  apheticat. 

aphetical  (a-fet'i-kal),  a.  [<  aphetic2  +  -al.] 
In  astrol.,  pertaining  to  the  apheta,  or  planet 
significative  of  life. -Aphetical  places  (translation 
of  Greek  tottoi  a<£eTecoi),  the  places  in  which  the  apheta 
may  he  found.  The  rules  given  in  Ptolemy's  "  Tetrabiblos  " 
(iii.  10)  are  intricate  and  vague. 

aphetically1  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  aphetic 
manner. 

aphetically2  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the  manner 
or  position  of  the  apheta. 

aphetism  (af'e-tizm),  n.  [<  aphetic1  +  -ism.] 
An  aphetized  form  of  a  word ;  a  form  resulting 
from  the  loss  of  a  weak  initial  vowel,  as  down 
for  adovm. 

aphetize  (af'e-tiz),  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  aphetized, 
ppr.  apheUzing.  [<  aphetic!  +  -ize.]  To  render 
aphetic;  shorten  by  aphesis. 

aphid  (af'id),  n.  [<  aphis  (aphid-).]  An  aphid- 
ian ;  a  plant-louse ;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Aphis  or  family  Aphididce  (which  see).  In  the 
plural,  the  plant-lice :  a  general  or  indetermi- 
nate term  for  the  members  (a)  of  the  genus 
Aphis,  I  b)  of  the  family  Aphhlidee,  or  (c)  of  the 
suborder  Phytophthiria. 

Aphides  (af'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Aphis, 
ij.  v.]     Same  as  Aphididce. 

aphidian(a-fid'i-an),  ».anda.  [(.Aphis (Aphid-) 
+  -ian.]  I.  n.  An  insect  of  the  family  Aphidi- 
dce; an  aphid;  a  plant-louse. 

II.  «.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Aphis  or  to 
the  family  Aphididce. 

aphidid  (af'i-did), ».  One  of  the  Aphididce;  an 
aphis. 

Ih.   Fenesica  larva  actually  feeds  upon  the  aphidids. 

Science,  VII.  394. 

Aphididae  (a-fid'i-dg),  n.  pi.  [NIL.,  <  Aphis 
(Aphid-)  +  4dat.]  A  family  of  hemipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  Buborder  Phytophthiria;  the  true 
plant-lice,  as  tj  pined  l>y  the  genus  J/i/i«,anil  as 
distinguished  from  the  false  plant-lice,  or  I'syl- 

h'lir.    and    other   phytophthiriait   insects.    They 

ill  injurious  t<>  vegetation,  living  en  the  juices  of 

plants,  which  they  suck,  and  also  producing  a  great  \a 

of  galls.     Almost  every  plant  has  lire  peculiar  to 

ii   i tense  numbi  rs  i  I  whii  ii  live  upon  it.    The  genera 

are  very  numerous.  See  cute  under  Aphis.  Also  called 
Aph 
Aphidii  (a-fid'i-I),  «.  pi.  [XI,.,  pi.  of  aphidius 
(also  used  to  designate  a  genus  of  hymenopter- 
ous  insects),  <  Aphi  \phid  I,  q.  v. J  In  La- 
treiile's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  homqpterous  hemipterous  insects, 
commonly  called  plant-lice,  inexactly  equiva- 
lent to  the  modern  family  Aphididce,  including 

the   thysanurous  gi  mis   ThripS,  etc.,  as  »,  II  as 

the  Psyllida  01  false  plant-lire,  and  excluding 
the  Coccidce  or  scale  insects.     [Nol  in  use.] 
aphidious  (a-fid'i-us),  a.     [<  aphid  + 

Pertaining  to  or  of  tho  nature  of  aphids. 
Aphidiphaga  (af-i-dif'a-g&),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 

pi.    of   aphiilijiltaijus :    see    aphiiliphmjons.]     A 


258 

group  of  insects  more  or  less  exactly  corre- 
sponding to  Lai  reille's  Aphidiphagi  (which  see). 
They  are  small  beetles  with  rounded  bodies,  Btrong  wings, 
hard  elytra,  securiform  maxillary  palps,  and  clavate  un- 
tennse.    See  CoccinellidoB. 

Aphidiphagi  (af -i-dif' a-ji),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  pi. 
of '  aphtdiphagus :  see  aphidiphagous.]  in  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  trimerous  Coleoptera,  consisting  of  the 
old  genus  '  'oceinella,  and  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  ( 'occint  llida- ;  the  lady-birds; 
Bmall  beetles  which  habituallyfeed  upon  aphids. 
[  Not  in  use.] 

aphidiphagous  (ai-i-dif'a-gus),  a.  [<  XL.  aphi- 
aiphagus,  (Aphis  (Aphid-)  4-  Gr.  -(payor,  <  fayeiv, 
eat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphidiphaga; 
hence,  preying  upon  or  devouring  aphids. 

aphidivordus  (ati-div'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  Aphis 
(Aphid-)  +  L.  vorare,  devour.]  Same  as  aphi- 
diphagous. 

aphilanthropy  (af-i-lan '  thro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a<pi?.av8pGj—o<;,  not  loving  man,  <  a-  priv.  +  . 
BpuTvoc,  loving  man :  see  philanthropy .]  l.Want 
of  philanthropy ;  lack  of  benevolence.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  Inpathol.,  preference  of  solitude  to  soci- 
ety, the  first  stage  of  melancholia. 

Aphis  (a'fis),  n.  [XL.  (Linnajus),  the  sing,  per- 
haps from  the  pi.  aphides  (see  -id2),  which  may 
have  been  taken  (if  so,  prop,  aphides,  but  now 
treated  as  aphides)  from   Gr.   d^Eidric,   pi.  of 


Geranium  Plant-louse  [Aphis  pelargonii):  the  apterous  agamoge- 
netic  form,  magnified  ;  appendages  of  only  one  side  shown. 

uipciSi/i,  unsparing,  lavish  (as  if  in  allusion  to 
their  extreme  prolificness  or  voracity),  <  a-  priv. 
+  fcideadai,  spare.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  plant- 
sucking  insects,  of  the  family  Apli  idiiUr  and  or- 
der Homoptera.  They  multiply  by  parthenogenesis  and 
very  rapidly.  From  a  pair  of  honey-tubes,  near  the  end  of 
the  abdomen,  they  emit  a  saccharine  fluid,  known  as  honey- 


Apple-tree  Plant-louse  [.Aphis  mail).    (Cross  and  small  figure  show 
natural  sizes.  J 

dew  and  aphis-sugar,  which  is  greedily  devoured  by  ants. 
They  are  very  destructive  to  tender  plants,  upon  which 
they  congregate  in  enormous  numbers. 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant-louse.  [In  this  sense  the 
plural  aphides  (af'i-dez)  is  used.]  —Woolly  aphis. 
See  Erioa >. 

aphis-lion  (a'fis-li'on),  n.  A  name  for  the  larva 
of  a  lace-winged  tly  of  the  family  Ilvini  rohiida: 

aphis-SUgar  (a'ns-shug"'ar),  n.  Honey-dew,  a 
secretion  peculiar  to  insects  of  the  genus  Aph  is, 
voided  from  their  anal  siphuncles. 

aphlaston  (a-ilas'ton),  n.  [Gr.  a<plaaTov.]  Same 
as  aplustre. 

aphlogistic  (af-lo-jis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aspMytoroc, 
not  inflammable,  <  »-  priv.  +  ifkoyiaroc,  inflam- 
mable: see  phlogiston.]   Plameless Aphlogistic 

lamp,  a  lamp  En  which  a  coil  of  platinum  wire  extending 
above  the  wick  is  kept  constantly  red-hot  by  the  slew  com- 
bustion of  alcohol-vapor,  heated  ftrsl  by  the  Qame  of  the 
wick,  but  after  this  is  extinguished  by  the  Incandi  b<  i  nl 
wire. 

aphnology  (af-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a<pvos,  usu- 
ally lioi  cor,  revenue,  riches,  wealth,  abundance 
(cf.  Skt.  apnas,  income,  property;  akin  to  L. 
opes,  wealth,  copia,  plenty,  etc.),  +  -Xoyia,  < 
Aeyetv,  sjieak:  see  -ology.]  The  science  of 
wealth:  a  treatise  on  the  science  of  wealth; 
plutology.  [Rare.] 
The  title  ought  to  have  been  Aphnotogy.    Aphnos,  or 

aphetlos,  expresses  wraltll  ill   till'  largest  sense  nf  general 

abundance  and  well  being.  Sir  J.  Bergchel. 

Aphodiidae  (af-o-di'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Apho- 

dius  +  -idee.  |  A  family  of  beetles,  named  by 
Macleay  in  1819  from  the  genus  Aphodius. 


aphorism 

Aphodius  (a-fo'di-us),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  d^odoc, 
excrement,  evacuation,  and  lit.  departure,  < 
dtrd,  from,  away,  +  dddc,  way.]  A  genus  of 
scarabaeoid  lamellicorn  beetles,  related  to  the 
dung-beetles  of  the  genus  Geotrupes,  sometimes 
giving  name  to  a  family  Aphodiidm.  Its  species 
are  mostly  small,  having  striate  elytra,  concealed  meta- 
thoracic  epimera,  toothed  front  tibiae  and  spurred  hind 
tibiffl,  and  9-jciinteil  antenna?.  Overall  .North  American 
species  are  described,  including  several  introduced  from 
Europe,  such  as  the  comparatively  large  black  A.fossor. 

Aphododeridae  (af  o-do-der'i-de),  n.  pi.  See 
Aphndodt  ritlti . 

Aphododerus  (af-o-dod'e-rus),  n.  See  Aphre- 
doderus. 

aphonia  (a-fo'ni-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  a^wia, 
speechlessness,  <  aipuvo^,  speechless,  voiceless: 
see  aphonous.]  In  pathol.,  loss  of  voice  through 
a  morbid  condition  of  the  larynx  or  its  immedi- 
ate innervation;  dumbness:  speechlessness. 
It  is  a  condition  in  which  one  wants  tn  speak  and  knows 
how  to  do  so,  but  cannot  produce  a  vocal  sound,  though 
In  may  whisper.    Also  aphony. 

aphonic  (a-fon'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  aphonia  +  -ic] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  apho- 
nia; speechless;  dumb. 

II.  a.  A  person  affected  with  aphonia. 

aphonous  (af'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aijwvoc,  voice- 
less, <  d-priv.  +  fuvi/,  voice:  see  phonic.]  Des- 
titute of  voice ;  voiceless. 

aphony  (af'd-iu),  «.     Same  as  aphonia. 

aphoria  (a-fo'ri-ii),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  hoopla,  ste- 
rility, dearth,  <  aipopoc,  not  bearing,  <  u-  priv.  + 
<j>op6(,  bearing,  <  ipipeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  Sterility; 
unfruitfulness. 

aphorism  (af'o-rizm),  ».  [=  F.  aphorisme,  < 
Gr.  atpopiopds.  a  definition,  a  short  pithy  sen- 
tence, <  aijiopiCetv,  define,  mark  off,  <  a7rd,  off,  + 
bpi&iv,  divide,  bound,  <  upoc,  a  boundary:  see 
horizon.]  1.  A  definition  or  concise  statement 
of  a  principle. 

The  aphorism  .  .  .  formulated  by  LinnsBUS  in  regard 
to  plants.  QiMtrefages,  Human  Species  (trans.),  p.  50. 

2.  A  precept  or  rule  expressed  in  few  words;  a 
detached  sentence  containing  some  important 
truth :  as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or  of 
the  civil  law. 

The  three  ancient  commentators  on  Hippocrates  .  .  . 
have  given  the  same  definition  of  an  aphorism,  i.  <*.,  "a 
succinct  saying,  comprehending  a  complete  statement," 
or  a  saying  poor  in  expression,  but  rich  in  sentiment. 

Fleming. 
=  Syn.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Precept,  Dictum,  Apo- 
thegm, Saying,  Adage,  Proverb,  Truism,  Byword,  Saw,  all 
concur  in  expressing  a  pithy  general  proposition,  usually  in 
one  short  sentence;  hut  the  longer  the  form  the  less  ap- 
plicable do  these  names  become.  An  aphorism  is  a  truth, 
pointedly  set  forth,  relating  rather  to  speculative  princi- 
ples, ethics,  or  science  than  to  practical  matters,  and  funn- 
ing a  brief  and  excellent  statement  of  a  doctrine:  thus, 
"Moderation  is  the  silken  string  running  through  the 
pearl-chain  of  all  virtues,"  and  "  Maladies  are  cured  by 
nature,  not  by  remedies,"  are  aphorisms.  "  Life  is  short, 
and  art  is  long,"  is  from  the  first  aphorism  of  Hippocrates. 
An  axiom  is  a  self-evident  truth,  and  is  therefore  used  as  a 
basis  for  reasoning.  "A  straight  line  is  the  shortest  dis- 
tance between  two  points  "  is  one  of  the  axioms  of  mathe- 
matics; "  The  greater  good  is  to  he  e]i<>s,n  Ufore  the  less" 
is  an  axiom  of  morals.  The  number  of  axioms  is  neces- 
sarily limited;  of  aphorisms,  maxims,  etc.,  unlimited.  A 
maxim  is  a  truth  which,  while  not  so  definite  and  neces- 
sarily true  as  an  axiom,  yet  equally  acceptable  to  the 
mind,  refers  rather  to  practical  than  to  abstract  truth, 
Btating  one  of  the  fundamental  rules  of  conduct,  civil 
government,  business  policy,  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  a  sound 
maxim  that  one  should  risk  in  speculation  no  mere  than 
he  can  afford  to  lose.  It  BUggests  a  lesson  more  pointedly 
and  directly  than  aphorism^  ami  , litters  from  precept  in 
that  a  precept  is  a  direct  injunction,  whereas  a  maxim  is 
a  mere  statement  of  a  truth  from  which  a  precept  may  be 
deduced.  It  would  tie  a  iinre/.t  to  say,  "In  speculation 
risk  no  more  than  you  can  ntford  tn  lose."  A  diitnm  is 
not  a  precept,  but  an  opinion  given  with  authority,  as 
from  superior  knowledge:  as,  a  liii-lnm  of  the  critics  ;  a  die- 
tumot  Carlyle's.  An  apothegm,  in  common  matters  what 
an  aphorism  is  in  higher,  is  essentially  a  terse  proposition 
that  makes  a  vivid  impression  on  the  mind:  thus,  "  in  the 
adversity  of  our  I, est  friends  we  always  llnd  something 
that  doth  not  displease  us " ;  this  is  railed  by  Dean  Swift, 
a  maxim,  but  is  more  properly  an  apothegm,  "Heaven 
helps  those  that  help  themselves,"  and 

"He  who  fights  and  runs  away 
May  live  to  fight  another  day" 

(tlnltlsiiiilh,  Art  of  Poetry), 

areapothegms.   ksayingiB*  lower  grade  of  apothegm;  each 

i>  likely  to  befound  associated  with  the  ni :  of  the  author: 

as,  the  apothegms  of  Socrates;  tksayingot  Poor  Richard. 
Each  is  a  felicitous  expression  current  for  its  own  sake, 
but  deriving  additional  popularity  from  the  celebrity oi 
its  an tt tor.  •■  Serein  is  that  ^>i>mi<t  true, One  Boweth,  and 
another  reapeth,"  John  iv.  ::; ;  "The  little  ami  short  say- 
ingsol  wise  and  excellent  men  are  of  great  value,  like  the 
dust  nf  gold  or  the  least  sparks  .it  the  diamond,"  Tillotson. 
.{>/><</,  and  proverb  arc  habitual  sayings,  generally  of  long 
standing,  embodying  tin-  common  sense  of  mankind  on 
ordinary  subjects.  The  adage  is  often  the  more  vener- 
able by  age  and  the  more  dignified  in  its  character:  as, 
"Necessity  knows  no  law."  A  saying  may  easily  become 
an  adage.  Proverb  as  used  in  the  Bible  h  often  a  saying: 
as,  "  Physician,  heal  thyself,  "Luke  iv.  23;  but  in  the  mod- 


aphorism 

ern  sense  proverb  often  appears  in  some  concrete  figura- 
tive and  homely  form:  as,  "Too  many  cooks  spoil  the 
broth";  "Every  tub  muBt  stand  on  its  own  bottom."  A 
truism  is  a  truth  too  obvioas  to  need  explanation  or  proof; 
it  is  a  word  of  relative  :i].j »li.-:tt i<m ;  what  would  lie  a  tru- 
ism to  "in-  might  I"'  an  wxAom  or  an  aphorism  t<>  another. 
A  bijii'nnl  in  .1  cant  term  or  phrase,  in  every  one's  mouth 
like'a  proverb,  hut  applied  in  disparagement.  Sa 
contemptuous  term  for  an  expression  that  is  more  com- 
mon than  wise,  or  for  a  trite  or  foolish  Baying  reiterated 
to  wcarisonleliess. 

aphorismt  (af'o-rizm),  v.  i.     [<  aphorism,  n.] 
Same  as  aphorize.     [Bare.] 

There  is  no  art  that  bath  been  more  cankered  in  her 
principles  more  soiled  and  Blubbered  with  apherisming  Aptrizinse  (af-ri-zf'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Aphriza 

ntry,  than  the  art  of  policy.  jf  _.__"       i  .  .i,r -i  .'-*■£    - 

Milfoil,  Ref.  in  England,  p.  33. 


259 

Aphriza  (af'ri-zii),  «.  [NL.  (Audubon,  1839), 
:i  false  formation',  <  Gr.  aippiic,  foam,  +  Jtfejv,  C,ijv, 
live.]  A  genua  of  plover-like  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily .  Iphrisnda,  related  to  the  oyster-catchers  aud 
turnstoues,  having  foot  with  four  toes  like  tin 
latter,  and  the  general  appearance  and  changes 
of  plumage  of  tho  sandpipers.  It  contains 
only  the  surf-bird,  A.  rinjata.     See  surf-hint. 

Aphrizidae  (af-ri/.'i-de),  «.  pi.    [Nh.,<.Aphri  a 

-£  -ida:]     A  family  of  birds,  intermediate  be- 
tween  Cliarailriiiltc  nnd   Ha niatopocUdce.     Tho 

typical  genus  is  Aphriza.    Cones,  1884. 


pedantry,  than  I 


aphorismatic  (af '6-riz-inat'ik),  a.  [<  apho- 
rism +  -otic]     Same  as  aphorismio. 

aphorismer  (af'o-riz-mer),  n.  One  who  ex- 
presses himself  in  aphorisms.     [Rare.] 

The  tribe  of  aphorismers  and  politicasters. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  England,  p.  66. 

aphorismic  (af-o-riz'uiik),  a.  [<  aphorism  + 
-i'c]  Relating  to  aphorisms;  having  the  form 
of  an  aphorism;  containing  aphorisms.  An 
equivalent  form  is  aphorismatic, 


+  -ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  containing  tho 
genus  Aphriza;  the  surf-birds. 

aphrizite  (af'ri-zit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a6plreiv,  team, 
be  foamy  (<  aippor,  foam),  +  -ifeZ.]  A  variety 
of  black  tourmalin. 

Aphrodisia  (af-ro-diz'i-a),  n.  pi.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
'AQpod'ujia,  neut.  pi.  of  'AQpoSiotoc,  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <  'At/tpoSirn:  gee  Aphrodite.']  A  festi- 
val in  honor  of  Aphrodite  or  Venus  periodical- 
ly celebrated  in  various  localities  of  ancient 
Greece.  Those  of  Paphos  in  Cyprus,  of  Cyth- 
era,  and  of  Corinth  were  the  most  famous. 


The  style  of  Junius  is  a  sort  of  metre,  the  law  of  which  aphrodisiac  (af-ro-diz'i-ak),   a.  and  ».      [<  Gr. 

.    Whenhegets     SttpoStaiaKdr,  venereal,  <  '\  .,     ' 


out  of  this  aphoriimic  metre  into  a  sentence  of  five  or  six 
lines  long,  nothing  can  exceed  the  slovenliness  of  the  Eng- 
lish. Coleridge,  'table-Talk,  p.  264. 

aphorist  (af'o-rist),  n.  [<  aphor-ism  +  -ist]  A 
writer  of  aphorisms. 

He  took  this  occasion  of  farther  clearing  and  justifying 
what  lie  had  written  against  the  aphorists. 

~R.  Nelson,  Life  of  Bp.  Bull,  p.  246. 

aphoristic  (af-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a<popioTtK6c, 
fit  for  defining,  sententious,  <  atpopi&iv :  eeeaplto- 
rtsm.]  Having  the  character  of  aphorisms ;  re- 
sombling  aphorisms ;  in  the  form  of  an  apho- 
rism ;  stated  in  short,  unconnected  sentences ; 
abounding  in  aphorisms.  An  aphoristic  stale  is  one 
which  is  fragmentary  in  its  outward  form,  but  methodical 
in  its  reasoning. 
The  method  of  the  hook  is  aphoristic.  De  Quincey. 

The  Sanscrit  law-books  are  sometimes  in  aphoristic  prose, 
sometimes  in  verse,  sometimes  in  a  mixture  of  both. 

Maine,  Kai  ly  Law  and  '  'ustom,  ;>.   In. 

aphoristical  (af-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  apho- 
ristic. 

aphoristically  (af-o-ris'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  or  by 
aphorisms;  briefly  and  pithily. 

These  being  carried  down,  seldom  miss  a  cure,  as  Hip- 
pocrates doth  likewise  aphoristically  tell  us.  Barvey. 

aphorize  (af 'o-riz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apho- 
rized, ppr.  aphorizing.  [<  Gr.  aQoplQeev:  see 
aphorism.]  To  utter  aphorisms;  write  or  speak 
in  aphorisms;  especially,  make  an  excessive 
use  of  aphorisms.     Coleridge. 

aphract  I  af 'rakt),  a.  [<  Gr.  abpaKToc,  old  Attic 
aipapKTog,  unf enced,  unfortified,  <  a-  priv.  +  etpan- 
t6c,  verbal  adj.  of  tppaooetv,  fence  in,  fortify.] 
Open;  undefended  or  unguarded.    [Rare.] 

We  find  the  war  galley  of  the  Phoenicians  represented 
on  the  walls  of  the  palaces  unearthed  by  Layard  and  his 
followers  in  Assyrian  discovery.  .  .  .  The  vessel  repre- 
sented is  a  bireme  war  galley  which  is  aphract,  that  is  to 
say,  lias  the  upper  tier  of  rowers  unprotected  and  exposed 
to  view.  Eneife.  Brit.,  XXI.  805. 

aphredoderid  (af-re-dod'e-rid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Aphredoderidcs. 

Aphredoderidffi(af  re-do-der'i-de), n.pl.  [NL.. 
<  Aphredoderus  +  -Ida .]  A  family  of  teleoceph- 
alous  fishes  having  the  vent  in  the  neck  or 
breast,  the  ventral  fins  post-thoracic  and  with 
about  7  rays,  but  without  spines,  and  a  short 
dorsal  fin  of  3  or  4  spines  in  front.  In  Gunther's 
system  of  classification,  the  family  represents  a  primary 
group  of  AcaiMioptcriiiiii,  characterized  by  the  developed 
dorsal  and  anal  tins  ami  the  position  "f  the  vent  in  front 

of  the  ventrals.    Two  species,  called  pirat ' pi rate-perch, 

are  known  to  inhabit  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America. 
Also  Aphododeridce. 

Aphredoderus  (af-re-dod'e-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Le- 
sueur,  in  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  1833);  a 
corrupt  form,  afterward  given  as  Aphrodi  d<  rus 

(Agassiz),  as  if  <  Gr.  aQpufyc,  foamy  (<  atf>p6c, 
foam,  +  dSoc,  form),  +  Sipri,  neck,  throat,  later 
as  Aphododerus  (Jor " 
position  of  the  vent 


apiary 

bearing  hoppers ;  a  subfamily  or  other  division 
of  tho  great  family  '  ercopidee,  represented  by 
\pliniplKnii,  I '.cpyronia, Ptyelus, and 
ma  iiy  others,  ami  containing  ■■<  great  many  spe- 
cies of  medium  or  su 
distributed  ever  the  world,  and  esj 
fecting  pines  and  willows. 

aphrosiderite  (af-ro-sid'e-rii ).  n.  [<  Gr.  iuhpdc, 
loam.  +  aiSnpoQ,  iron,  +  -iir".  |  A  ferruginous 
ciiloritic  mineral  oeeiirring  in  soft  dark-green 
scales. 

aphtha (af'thii),/'.;  pi.  ophite  (-the).  [NL.,<L. 
aphtha,  pi.,  <  Gfr.  «</'"'■  pi.  id'  u>,,uu,  an  eruption, 

ulceration,  <  airruv,  set  on  fire,  inflame.]  In 
paiftoL,  an  eruption;  an  ulceration:  used  espe- 
cially in  the  plural  to  denoto  small  round  uleers, 
sometimes beeomingeonlluei 1 1 .  ami  said  in  seme 

cases  to  be  preceded  by  vesicles  which  br<  ak. 

They  occur  upon  the  tongui    g s,  inside  of  the  lip 

palate.    When Mycoderma  vint (Oidium alb 
in  these  ulcers,  thediseasi  is  called  thrush,  "i  milk-thrush, 
vi  oaptha.     Aphthae  epizobticse,  foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease (which  see,  under  foot). 

aphthalose(anhn-los).  „.    [As aphth(it)al(iU  I 

+  -ose.]     Same  as  aphthitaliic. 
Aphthartodocetae  (af-thiir  to-do-se'te),  n.  pi. 

[<  LGr.  "A^aprodoicyrai.  <  Gr.  aipOapros,  uncor- 
rupted,  incorruptible  (<a-rjriv.  +  -  .".■■-„. .  verbal 
adj.  of  ifdcipeiv,  destroy,  ruin,  corrupt),  +  SokeIv, 
think.  Cf.  Doecta:]  A  Monophy site  sect  which 
existed  from  tho  sixth  to  the  ninth  century,  or 

later.  They  held  that  the  bodyof  Christ  wash rupHble 

even  before  the  resurrection,  and  that  he  Buffered  death 
only  in  a  phantasmal  appearance.  From  this  they  are 
sometimes  called  Phantasiasts,  a  name  more  properly  be 
longing  to  the  Docetffi  (which  Bee),  "L"  denied  even  the 
realitj  of  Chris!     ''-■<' 


oiot;,  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <  'Xtppodirrj,  Venus:  see  Aphrodite.] 
I.  a.  Exciting  venereal  desire ;  increasing  tho 
appetite  for  sexual  pleasures ;  hence,  erotic ; 
sensual. 

II.  ii.   Any  drug  or  preparation  which  ex- 
cites sexual  desire. 

aphrodisiacalt  (af"ro-di-zi'a-kal),  a.     Same  as 
aphrodisiac. 

aphrodisian  (af-ro-diz'i-an),  a.    [<  Gr.  'A<f,Podi-  Aphthartodocetism(af-thar  to-do-se  tizm),  n 

*■  i  -.  f     -  -i  i  i  fill.  ^     JnnJ.«^«  An     ^-P   +1.  n      A   ■..!!  tlifi  i>+<-vi-l  r\stni-m 


dan,  18/  / )  in  allusion  to  the         h       hora  (af.rof  6-ra),  n. 

<a<pfo,  departure,  evacu-  ^0!iu;un.b'earing,  '<  4'p6e, 

Lr5' Lf5 .J 1?W>73Zl\±     LS=E.  bearL]     A  genus, 


ation,  excrement  (<  <""■«,  on,  -t-  oooc,  way;, ,  -r  ■/  e^_E-  bearii  "A  genus  of  homopterous  in 
iepn,  neck,  throat  ]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes  ^t  of  tfae  femil  ( .  ,,.,,„. .  S( , ,.., ,  |,.(l  because 
of  the  family  Aphredodendce.    Also  Aphodode-    the  ^rva  ig  envelopea  in  the  frothy  or  foamy 

rY?\  ..     ,   ,,  ...  r/ ,-,      .  .    ,    ,„„„   f„„fll     ,      substance  known  as  cuckoo-spit.     The  genus  is 

aphnte  (af  nt),  n.    [<  Gr.  iuhpk,  foam  froth,  +     eloseI    relat,e(i  to  Ptip-lns,  and  species  were  for- 
-»te2.]     A  subvanety  of  calcium  carbonate  or    meri/plaoed  in  Pt,felus  or  /,  ttigoma. 
oalcite,  popularly  known  as/oa«,  «artft-/oam,  or  ^fcrop'horjda  (af-ro-for'i-dii), '».  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Iphrophora  +  -i<la.]     Same" 'as  Aphrophoriiur. 


foam-spar,  oecuiTing  in  small  masses,  solid,  or 


The  doctrines  of  the  Aphthartodocetae. 

Justinian  himself  lapsed  into  heresy,  by  accepting  the 
doctrine  that  the  earthly  bodj  of  Christ  was  incorruptible, 
insensible  to  tlie  weaknesses  of  the  flesh,  a  doctrine  winch 
had  been  advanced  by  Julian,  bishop  of  Halicarnassus, 
and  went  by  the  name  of  Aphthartodocetism. 

Em  •«■.  Brit.,  XIII.  796. 

aphthitalite  (af-thit'a-lit),  «.  [<_Gr.  a^ftrof, 
unchanging,  unehangcablo  (<  it-  priv.  +  tpBirdc;, 
verbal  adj.  of  tpBietv,  commonly  (pvivetv,  destroy, 
change),  +  a?,c,  salt,  +  TuBoq,  a  stone.]  A  na- 
tive potassium  sulphate  found  on  Mount  Ve- 
suvius in  delicate  crystallizations.  Also  called 
,    aphthalose  and  Vesuvius-salt. 

her^S^eTtnfprnidlm'As1  aphthoid  (af'thnid  ».  „.     [< aphtha  +  -oid.]     Re- 
sembling  an  aphtha  or  apntnss. 
aphthong  (af'thong),  n.     [<  Gr.  &<p0oy}-or,  voice- 
less, <  a-  priv.  +    i ■■■.,  ,  a, .  voice,  sound,  <  ^Btfye- 
cdai,  sound.]    A  letter  or  combination  of  let- 
ters which  in  the  customary  pronunciation  of  a 
word  has  no  sound.     [Kan.] 
aphthous  (af'thus),  o.     [=  P.  aphthcii.r,  <  NL. 
aphthosus,  <  aphtha,  q.  v.]    1.   Inpathot.,  of  the 
nature  of  or  characterized  by  aphtha?. — 2.  In 
hot.,  appearing  as  if  covered  with  aphtha. 
Aphyllae  (a-fll'e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  fem.  pi.  (sc. 
plantm)  of  aphyUus,  leafless:  see  aphyllous.]    A 
section  of  cryptogamic  plants  without  leaves, 
comprising  lichens,  fungi,  and  algae.     Same  as 
thallogens.     [Not  used.] 
aphyliose  (a-fil'6s),  a.    Same  as  aphyllous. 
aphyllous  (a-iil'iis),  a.     [<  NL.  aphyUus,  <  Gr. 
(luv'/'/iic,  leafless,  <  a-  priv.  +  ft  >/or  =  L.  folium, 
a  leaf.]     In  hot.,  destitute  of  leaves:  applied 
to  flowering  plants  that   are  naturally  leafless, 
as  most  Cactacece,  aud  to  thallogenous  crypto- 
gams. 

aphylly  (a-fil'i),  ».  [<  NL.  *aphyllia,  <  Gr.  as  if 
*ntpvXAia,  (atpv'/jnc,  leafless:  see  aphyllous.]  In 
hot.,  the  state  of  being  aphyllous;  an  entire 
suppression  of  leaves,  as  ordinarily  occurs  in 
most  I'lii-tiiccic,  etc. 
odous  annelids,  of  which  the  genus. -iphrodi te  is  apian  (a'pi-an),  a.  [<  L.  apianus,  of  bees,  < 
the  type.  There  are  numerous  other  geuera.  apis,  a  bee:"  see  Apis\]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Also  Aphroditacea,  Aphrodila.  bees. 

Another  type  altogether  isshown  bj  the  scale-bearing  Apiarise  (a-pi-a'ri-e).  n.  pi.     [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of 
annelids.  Aphroditidm ,  the  upper  pars lia,  or  false  feet,      \t    ,,pii,rli's  :  see  apiarian.]     In  Latreille's  sys- 

earry  large  scales,  which  lie  ,.ver  the  back  ot    the  animal       f  ,  ,f  ,.1:ls>i|i,..,t  j(  ,„,   .,    ,i,x  i-i...   of    melliferous 

and  form  an  iinbricated  covering,  seiwng  the  ciouott  pur-  

aculeate  hymenopterous  insects:    opposed  to 
Andrciirtic.  and    corresponding  to  the  modern 
family  Apicke  (which 
foam, '+  -tp6poc}  <  apiarian  (a-pi-a'ri-anl.  a.  and  ii.     [<  L. 

rius,  relating  to  bees  .  per,  tapis,  abee: 

see    lois1.]     I.  "■  Relating  to  bees,  or  to  bee- 
keeping. 

II.  ».  A  bee-keeper;  an  apiarist. 
apiarist  (a'pi-a-rist ),  h.    [<  apiary  +  -ist]    One 
who  keeps  an  apiary;  one  who  keeps  bees,  or 
studies  the  nature  of  !  ee-keeperorbee- 


mof:    see   aphrodisiac]      Given  up  to  sexual 
pleasures;  devoted  to  sensual  love. 

They  showed  me  the  state  nursery  for  the  children  of 
those  aphrodisian  dames,  their  favourites. 

C.  Reade,  Cloister  and  Hearth,  hi. 

Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te),  n.    [<  Gr.  'Atppo6ir^}  the 

goddess  of  love,  Venus;   traditionally  said  to 
mean  '  foam-born,'  <  a<ppoc,  foam,  the  second  ele- 
ment -04TJ?  being  unexplained.]     1.  The  Greek 
goddess  of  love  and  beauty,  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  their  Venus,  who  was  originally 
a  deity  of  much  less  importance.    By  one  legend 
she  is  fabled  (as  Aphrodite  Anadyormme)  to  have  sprung 
from  the  foam  of  the  sea. 
female  grace,  and  from 
tarte,  represented  the  re- 
productive and  germinal 
powers  of  nature. 

2.  [NL.]  kxzooL:  (a) 
A  genus  of  chretopo- 
dous  annelids,  typi- 
cal of  the  f  amily  Aph- 
roditida;(whiah  see). 
The  species  are  known  as 
sea-mice;  the  common 
sea-mouse  is  .1.  aculeata. 
Also  written  Aphrodita. 
See  sea-mouse,  (h)  A 
genus  of  lopidoptor- 
ous  insects.  Uuhner, 
1816.  (<•)  A  genus 
of  bivalve  mollusks. 
Also  written  Aphro- 
dita.    Isaac  Lea. — 

3.  \l.  c]  A  variety 
of  meerschaum.  It 
is  a  hydrous  silicate 
of  magnesium. 

Aphroditidse  (af-ro- 
dit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
(.Aphrodite,  2  (</),+ 
-iilic]  A  family  of 
free  marine  chrotop 


Aphrodite. 

Copy  of  the  Cnidian  Statue  hy 

Praxiteles,  Vatican  Museum. 


pose  of  protection  and  respiration. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist. 


[NL. 


I.  230. 
<  Gr.  atppo- 


master, 
tender   and  friable.    It  is  composed  of  lamella  or   Anhronhorinae  (nf  ro-fo-vi'ne),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  apiary  (a'pi-a-ri),  n.  :  pi.  apiaries  i-riz).     [<  L. 
?n»^iWvainT„aarLSe'  '""'  ""  V1"''et'e3  IShoTa  +   -noc]    '  In    cntom.,    the  froth-     apiarium,  a  bee-house,  beehive,  neut.  of  opta- 


insensibly  into  argentine. 


apiary 

rius,  relating  (o  bees:  see  apiarian.']  A  place 
where  bees  are  kept ;  a  stand  or  shed  for  bees; 
abee-house  containing  a  number  of  beehives. 

apiaster  (a'pi-as-ter),  ».  [NL.,  <  LL.  apiastra, 
the  bee-eater,  a  bird  commonly  oalled  lnerops; 
(.apis, a  bee.  +  -aster.]  In  ornith.,&n  "Id  name 
of  the  bee-eater;  in  1760  made  by  Brisson  a 
generic  name  for  the  bee-eaters;  novi  the  spe- 
cific name  of  the  European  bee-eater,  Merops 
apiaster.    See  cut  under  bee-eater. 

apical (ap'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  apex  (apic-),  apex,  + 
-«(.]  Relating  to  the  apex  or  top;  belonging 
to  the  pointed  end  of  a  cone-shaped  body. — 
Apical  cell.  («>  hi  hot.,  the  single  cell  which  in  most 
of  the  higher  cryptogams  constitutes  the  growing-poinl 
i  M  In  zobl.,  a  cell  at  the  apex  of 
the  segmented  ovum  of  Borne  embryos,  as  sponges:  the 
opposite  of  basal  cell. 

apically  (ap'i-kal-i),  adv.    At  the  apex  or  tip. 
apicated  (ap'i-ka-ted),  a.    [<  NL.  apicatus  (cf. 

L.  apicatus,  adorned  with  an  apex  or  priest's 
cap),  <  apex  (apic-):  see  apex  and  -ate1.]  Hav- 
ing a  conspicuous  apex. 

apices,  ».     Plural  of  apex. 

Apician  (a-pig'ian),  a.  [<  L.  Apioianus,  <  Api- 
eitis.]  Referring  to  or  resembling  Apicius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  epicure  in  the  time  of  Tibe- 
rius ;  hence,  relating  to  the  skilful  preparation 
of  delicate  viands;  dainty  in  regard  to  food. 

apiciflxed  (ap'i-si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  apex  {apic-), 
apex,  +  fixus,  fixed,  +  -eiP.]  In  hot.,  attached 
by  the  apex,  as  an  anther  (in  some  cases)  to  the 
filament. 

apicillary  (ap-i-sil'a-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  *api- 
eillus,  dim.  of  L.  apex  (apic-),  apex,  +  -ary.] 
Situated  at  or  near  the  apex. 

apickabackt,  apickbackt,  adv.  Same  as  pick- 
aback. 

apiculate  (a-pik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  apiculatus, 
<  apiculus,  q.  v.]  In  hot.,  tipped  with  a  short 
and  abrupt  point:  applied  to  a  leaf  or  any 
other  part  which  is  suddenly  terminated  by  a 
distinct  point  or  apiculus. 

apiculated  (a-pik'u-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  apicu- 
late. 

apiculi,  ».     Plural  of  apiculus. 

apiculture  (a'pi-kul-tiir),  n.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee, 
+  cultura,  cultave.  Ci.  agriculture.]  The  rear- 
ing of  bees. 

apiculturist  (a'pi-kul-tnr-ist),  u.  [<  apiculture 
+  -ist.]  One  who  engages  in  apiculture,  or  the 
breeding,  care,  and  improvement  of  bees. 

apiculus  (a-pik'u-lus),  u.;  pi.  apiculi  (-11).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  apex  (apic-),  a  point :  see  apex.]  In 
liul.,  a  small  point  formed  by  the  projection  of 
the  midrib  beyond  its  leaf. 

Apidae1  (ap'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apis*-  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  acu- 
leate hymenopterous  insects;  the  typical  bees, 


Honey-Bce  {Apis  mellijica),  typical  of  Apida. 
I,  queen  ;  z,  neuter  worker;  3,  drone.     [Slightly  reduced.) 

with   the   mouth-parts  short   ami  stout,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  tin-  otlier  bees,  or  Ainli'inuln; 
which  have  8  long  trunk.    The  family  contain^    lot 
(the  in  ■■■  1-1  iln   hunililehees),  mill  ninny  other 

genera  of  social  beet   besidesa  numberoi  solitary  ones,  as 
.   etc.     See  '"'•',  Apisi,  and 
A  nthophora  and  carpenter-bee. 

Apidae-  (ap'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aptis  +  -idee.] 
Same  as  Apodia 

apiece  (a-peV  i,  prep.  pin-,  as  adv.  [Earlymod. 
E.  also  apeece,  apece,  a  piece,  a  piece,  a  peec, 
<  MB.  a  pece:  ».  K.  «:!;  pin-,  piece;  the  pre]  >.  (u-U 
being  merged  in  popular  apprehension  with  the 
article  in-)  in  1. 1  the  noun  extended  in  meaning: 
see  a'f,  a",  and  pirn.]  For  each  piece,  article, 
thing,  or  person;  for  each;  to  each;  each:  as, 
they  cost  a  dollar  apiea  :  there  is  an  orange 
apiece. 

Neither  have  two  coats  apiece.  Luke  ix.  3. 

In  earni  -t   pray,  how  man]  mi 

II  B 

Broken  Heart,  i.  2. 
apiecest  (a-pe'sez),  rtr/i'.    [<  <fi+ pieces.]    In  or 
to  pieces. 

Yield  up  my  sword?   Thai    Hebrew; 

I'll  tlr  i  ii  am 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  ii.  l. 

apiin  (a'pi-in),  n.     [<  L.  apium,  parsley,  +  -in-.] 

A  gi  in-'-  obtained  from  common 


260 

parsley  by  boiling  it  in  water.     The  filtered 
solution,  mi  .lulling,  deposits  apiin. 
apikedt,  "•     [M  E.,  <  a-  +  piked,  pyked,  trimmed, 
lit.  picked:  see  a-1  &nd pike, pick.]     Trimmed; 
cleaned  from  dirt. 

Ful  freash  and  news  here  gere  apiked  was. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  toC.  T.,  1.  305. 

apilary  (a-pil'a-ri),  a.    [<  Gr.  <i-  priv.  + 

a  cap,  H-  -aril.}  Characterized  by  abnormal 
suppression  of  the  galea  or  upper  lip:  applied 
by  Morren  to  the  flowers  of  certain  bilabiate 
plants,  as  ( 'alceolaria. 

apinoid.  (ap'i-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  ianvrjQ,  without 
dirt  (<&-  priv.  +  tow;,  dirt),  +  done,  form:  see 
-oid.]  Free  from  dirt:  sometimes  applied  to 
scirrhous  cancer,  from  the  cleanliness  of  the 
surface  of  a  section. 

Apiocrinidae  (ap'i-o-kriii'i-de),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apiocrinus  +  -idee.]  The  pear-encrinites,  con- 
sidered as  a  family  of  erinoids,  typified  by  the 
genus  Apiocrinus.  The  same  or  a  similar  group 
is  variously  called  Apiocrinidea,  Apiocrinitidea, 
and  Apiocrinoidea. 

apiocrinite  (ap-i-ok'ri-nlt),  n.  [<  Apiocrinus 
+ -ite-.]  A  pear-enerinite;  a  member  of  the 
genus  Apiocrinus. 

Apiocrinus  (ap-i-ok'ri-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  forc- 
oi',  a  pear,  +  xpivov,  a  lily:  see  crinoid.]  A 
genus  of  brachiate  fossil  erinoids,  or  eneri- 
nites;  the  pear-enerinit.es,  or  pyriform  stone- 
lilies,  of  the  family  Encrinidee  and  order  Cri- 
noidea.  Oneof  thespeciesisA  rotandtts.  They 
occur  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Oolite  formations. 
Originally  written  Apiocrmites. 

apioid  (ap'i-oid),  it.  [<  Gr.  d-/o«d%,  pear- 
shaped,  <  airiov,  a  pear.  +  eZdoc,  form.]  A  plane 
curve  so  drawn  that  the  distance  of  any  point 
in  it  from  a  given  fixed  point,  increased  by  a 
constant,  positive,  and  proper  fraction  of  its 
distance  from  another  given  fixed  point,  gives 
a  positive  constant.  It  is  that  one  of  a  pair 
of  Cartesian  ovals  which  is  within  the  other. 
See  Cartesian. 

apiol  (ap'i-ol).  n.  [<  L.  apium,  parsley,  +  -ol.] 
An  organic  substance,  forming  long,  white, 
brittle,  needle-like  crystals,  extracted  by  distill- 
ing parsley-seeds  with  water.  It  melts  at  86° 
F.,  and  boils  at  about  572°  F.  It  is  used  as  an 
emmenagogue.    Also  called  parsley-camphor. 

apiologist  (a-pi-ol'o-jist),  n.  One  versed  in 
apiology. 

apiology  (a-pi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee  (see 
4ptsl),  +  Gr.  -loyia,(.  leyuv,  speak:  see-oloyi/.] 
A  systematic  or  scientific  study  of  bees. 

Apiomerinae  (ap"i-o-me-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apiomerus  +  -inee.]  A  subfamily  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  of  the  family  EeduvUdce,  typified 
by  the  genus  Apiomerus.  It  is  a  large  group  in 
America,  with  several  species  peculiar  to  the 
United  States. 

Apiomerus  (ap"i-o-me'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-wv,  a  pear,  +  pr/p6c,  thigh.]  A  genus  of 
heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Beduvndee, 
typical  of  a  subfamily  Apiome- 
rinw.  A.  crassipes  (Uhler)  is 
a  species  widely  distributed 
in  the  United  States. 

Apion  (ap'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-iov,  a  pear.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  of  the  family  Curcu- 
I  ion  iila;  the  larva'  of  which  are 
specially  injurious  to  clover. 

Apioninaeinp  i-o-ni'ne)  n.pl. 

[ML.,  <  Apiun  +  -iiiii;]  In  en- 
tom,,  a  subfamily  of  rhynchophorous  bent  Irs,  of 
the  family  Curculidnidee  or  weevils,  typified  by 
the  genus  Apion,  and  characterized  by  straight 
antennas,  a  lateral  fold  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  elytra,  a  horizontal  pygidium,  and  an  abdo- 
men alike  in  both  sexes.  Thespecies  an'  most- 
ly very  small. 

Apios  (ap'i-os),  n.  [NL.,  so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  tubers ;  <  Gr.  hirioc,  a  pear,  also  a 
pear-tree;  cf.  aiuov,  a  pear,  aireoc,  a  kind  of 
euphorbia,  perhaps  the  Bun-spurge.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  leguminous  climbing  plants, 

producing  edible  tubers  on  underground  si is. 

The  only  species,  A.  tuberoea,  is  n  native  of  the  Atlantic 
stairs,  ami  is  called  ground-nut  or  wild  •'•■  <n> .  Its  I  libers, 
Hi.  lugn  numerous,  an-  small. 

Apis1  (a'pis),  ii.  [L.,  a  bee;  perhaps  =  Gr. 
I '."  ".  a  gmit  ;  cf.  I  UK!,  imlii,  iiii/h.  a.  swarm  of 
bees.  MlHi.  inili,  imiiii,  (i.  iiuni'.  a  bee.]  A 
genus  of  melliferous  or  anthophilons  aculeate 

hymenopterous  ins. its,  the  type  of  the  family 
dpidee  and  of  the  suborder  Mcllifira  or  An- 
ihnplii/ii  ;  the  hive-bees.  The  genus  was  formerly 
coextensive  with  these  groups,  but  is  now  by  successive 


aplanogamete 

detachments  of  other  genera  limited  to  the  hive-bee  (Apis 

meUijica)  and  its  immediate  relatives,    .See  bee,  and  cut 

under  ApidoBl. 
Apis2  (a'pis),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  'Atic,  <  Egypt.  Bapi, 

lit.  'hidden.']     The  sacred  bull  of  the  ancient 

Egyptians,  to  which 

divine    honors   were 

paid.     Die  bull   sought 

out  bj  the  priests  for  this 

purpose  was  required  to 

be  black  with  a  triangular 

white  spot   on  the  fore- 
head, and  with  numerous 

other   marks    whirh    ile- 

noted  the  true  Apis. 
apish  (a'pish),  a.     [< 

ape  +  -tsfl1.]  Having 


Apis. 


the    qualities     of    an    Mummy  in  the  collection  of  the  New 
1.       , .        i    .       .  \  ork  Historical  Society. 

ape;  inclined  to  im- 
itate in  a  servile  manner;  hence,  foolishly  fop- 
pish, affected,  or  trifling  :  as,  apish  manners. 

A  kinde  of  birds  as  it  were  of  an  apUh  kinile,  ready  to 
imitate  what  they  see  done. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden's  Britannia  (Kio7),  p.  .r»43. 

apishamore  (a-pish'a-mor),  n.  [Origin  not  as- 
certained.] In  the  western  United  States,  asad- 
dle-blanket  made  of  the  skin  of  a  buffalo-calf. 

apishly  (a'pish-li),  adv.  In  an  apish  manner  ; 
with  silly  imitation;  foppishly. 

sin  is  so  apishly  crafty,  as  to  hide  itself  under  the  col- 
ours and  masks  of  goodness  and  honesty. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  15. 

apishness  (a'pish-nes),  n.     [<  apish  +  -ness.] 

The  quality  of  being  apish;  mimicry;  foppery  ; 
as,  "the  apishness  of  foreign  manners,"  IVar- 
liiiiinii,  Sermons. 

We  were  not  born  to  revel  in  the  apUhnesi  "f  ridiculous 
expense  of  time.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

Apistes  (a-pis'tez),  n.  [NL.,  also  Apistus,  < 
Gr.  airtGTog,  not  to  be  trusted,  incredible,  <  d- 
priv.  +  men-do,  to  be  trusted,  verbal  adj.  of 
TTtiBuv,  prevail  upon,  in  pass,  rreideadai,  believe.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Apis- 
tinee. 

Apistinae  (ap-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apistes 
+  -ina;]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the  family 
Scorpeenidee,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Apistes, 
having  the  vertebra?  typical  in  number  (10  ab- 
dominal and  14  caudal),  and  the  dorsal  fin  com- 
mencing on  the  nape  or  head.  The}'  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  Iudo-Paeific  region. 

apitpatt  (a-pit'pat),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  o3 
+  pitpat.  "Cf.  pit-a-pat.]  With  quick  beating 
or  palpitation ;  pit-a-pat. 

Welcome,  my  bully,  my  buck  :   agad,  my  heart  is  gone 
apitpat  for  you.  Congreve,  Old  Batchelor,  ii.  2. 

apivorous(a-piv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee,  + 
i  iiriiri;  devour.]    Bee-eating;  feeding  on  bees. 

aplacental  (ap-la-sen'tal),  a.  [<  NL.  aplaa  »- 
Mis,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  («-18)  +  placenta,  q.  v.]  Hav- 
ing no  placenta ;  implaecntal :  applied  to  those 
mammals  in  which  no  placenta  is  developed  dur- 
ing gestation.  The  aplacental  mammals  comprise  the 
Monotrernata  ami  Mareupialia,  the  two  lowest  orders  of 
mammals,  including  the  duck-mole,  porcupine  ant  eater, 
kangaroo,  etc.  Tin-  yonng  are  born  at  a  much  more  innna- 
fcure  stage  of  fetal  development  than  in  the  placental  mam- 
mals, and  are  so  helpless  that  they  are  unable  even  to  suck, 
and  in  most  eases  have  to  tie  fixed  by  the  mother  herself 
upon  the  teats,  while  the  milk  is  forced  into  their  mouths 
bya  muscle  which  is  spread  over  the  mammary  gland. 

Aplacentalia  (ap  la-sen-ta'li-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
m  ut.  pi.  of  aplacentalis  :  sic  aplacental.]  Same 
as  Implacentalia. 

Aplacentaria  (ap  la-sen-ta'ri-a),  n.  pi  [NL., 
neut.  jil.  of  apiun  iilni'iiis,  <  Gr.  .)-  priv.  (u-18) 
+  placenta,  q.  v.  Ci.  aplacental.]  Same  as  Im- 
placentalia. 

aplanatic  (ap-la-nat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  apium  tic, 
<  Gr.  (i-/di'7/7oe,  not  wandering.  <  <i-  priv.  + 
jr/law/roY,  wandering:  B66  planet.]  Without, 
aberration  :  in  n/ilies,  applied  to  a  lens  or  com- 
bination of  lenses,  as  in  a  telescope,  which 
brings  parallel  rays  to  a  focus  without  spherical 
or  chromatic  aberration — Aplanatic  line,  a  Car- 
tesian oval :  so  called  because  it  is  the  seetinn  of  a  stir- 
fin,  refracting  light  from  one  focus  to  another  without 
aberration. 

aplanatically  (ap-l;i-nat'i-kal-i),  aili;  In  an 
aplanatic  manner;  as  regards  aplanatism,  or 
iho  absence  of  spherical  aberration. 

aplanatism  (a-j ilan'a-iizn i  ),n.    [<  aplanaMc  + 

-ism.]      In   optics,  the   condition   of  being  free 

from  spherical  aberrai  ion, 
aplanetic  (ap-la-ne1  'ik).  ".    Same  as  aplanatio. 

aplanogamete  tap' la-no-gaiu'o-to),  ».   [<Gr.d- 
priv.  +  -/or.K,  wandering,  roaming,  +  ;. 
a  wife:    see  or-18  and  planogamt  l<:]      In    hot.,  a, 

conjugating  cell  of  the  Conjugates,  in  distinction 
from  the  pianogamete  (the  ciliated  and  mobile 
zoSspore)  of  the  Zoosporew.    See  gamete. 


aplasia 

aplasia  (a-pla'si-ti),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
-Auair,  formation,  (-hinntir,  form,  mold. J  De- 
fective or  arrested  development  in  a  tissue  or 
an  organ. 

aplastic  (a-plas'tik),  a.     [<_  Gr.  _  air  Aaoror,  not  Apneumona    (ap-nu'mo-nS,), 


261 

portions  of  the  lungs,  especially  that  condition 
of  Lobular  distribution  which  results  from  bron- 
chitis. II  isehieflyeonfinetlto  infancy  and  early 
childhood. 


capable  of  being  molded  (<  d-  priv.  +  -/aordc, 

molded),  +   -ie :    see    k-1s   and   plastic.]     Not 

plastic;  not  easily  molded. 
aplatisseur  (a-pla-te-ser'),  ».     [P.,  <  aplatir 

faplatiss-),   crush,   flatten,  <  i'i  (L.   ad)  +  pint. 

Hat.]     A  mill  for  crushing  grain  to  "be  used  as 

food  for  cattle. 
Apleuri  (a-pl8'ri),  re.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  oiapUwrus,  Apneumones  (ap-nu'mo-nez),  u.  pi.    Same  as 


pi.      [NL., 
neut.  pi.  ot  apneumon:  see  apneumonous.]    An 

order  of  holothuriaus;  one  of  two  orders  into 
which  the  class  Holothuroidea  is  divisible  (the 
other  being  Dipneumona  or  Pnewnonophora). 

I  he  ij  have  no  organs  of  respiration,  aor  Cuvieria gans. 

The  order  contains  those  ndlothurians  which  are  hermaph- 
roditi  '  Synapta,  li  is  divisible  Into  two  families,  Sy- 
naptida  and  Oncindabida.    s<r  cut  under  Synapta, 


<~Gr.  d-  priv.  +  xfavpi,  rib.]     A  name  proposed 
by  Owen  for  a  suborder  of  ribless  pleetogna- 
tlious  fishes,  consisting  of  the  families  Ostra- 
ciontidw  ami  GymnocbmUckB. 
aplite, ».    See  naplite. 

aplo-.  Improper  form  of  haplo-,  adopted  in  some 
zoological  and  botanical  names.     See  haplo-. 

Aplodes,  >i.    See  Haplodes. 

aplomb  (a-ploii'),  n.  [F.,  self-possession,  assur- 
ance, lit.  perpendicularity,  <  a  plonib,  perpen- 
dicular, plumb:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to;  plonib,  plumb, 
plummet:  see  plumb.']  Self-possession  spring- 
ing from  perfect  confidence  in  one's  self;  as- 
surance. 

The  staple  figure  in  novels  is  the  man  of  aplomb,  who 
sits  among  the  young  aspirants  and  desperates,  quite 
sure  ami  compact,  and,  never  sharing  their  affections  or 
debilities,  hurls  his  wind  like  a  bullet  when  occasion  re- 
quires, knows  his  way,  and  rallies  his  points. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims,  p.  72. 

aplome,  re.     See  haplome. 
Aplopappus,  ».    See  Haplopappus. 
aplostemonous,  a.    See  haplostemonous. 
aplotomy,  ».    See  ftaplotomy, 


aplustre  (ap-lus'tre), 


Aplustre  of  an  ancient  Greek  Ship. 


Cf.         acrostolium.] 

The  ornament  rising 
above  the  stern  of 
ancient  ships.  Though 
varying  much  in  design, 
these  ornaments  were 
often  very  graceful,  par- 
ticularly iu  Greek  ex- 
amples. A  usual  form 
was  a  sheaf  or  plume  of 
volutes,  variously  com- 
bined. The  aplustre  rose 
immediately  behind  the 

steersman,  and  is  often  represented  as  supporting  a  flag. 

As  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  ship,  it  was  often  removed  as 

a  trophy  by  captors.     Also  called  aphlaston. 
About  two  hours  later  Arrius  stood  under  the  aplustre 

of  the  galley.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  141. 

Aplysia  (ap-lis'i-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  ef.  L.  aplysim, 
pi.,  <  Gr.  airAvoiai',  dL,  prop.  gen.  sing.,  airAv- 
alac  aTToyyoc, 
a  sponge,  so 
named  from 
its  dirty-gray 
color,  <  Gr. 
atrXvaia,  filttii- 
ness,  <  air'Av- 
toc,  unwash- 
ed, <  li-  priv.  +        Depilatory  Sea-hare  i^lffyua  dtfilans). 

jr/turdc,  verbal 

adj.  of  irVvvuv,  wash.]  A  genus  of  gastropodous 
mollusks,  the  sea-hares,  having  an  oval  oblong 
form  with  four  tentacles,  and  somewhat  resem- 
bling slugs.  Its  numerous  species  are  remarkable  for 
the  function  of  secreting  a  fluid  of  violet  color  (due  to  the 
presence  of  iodine),  which  they  discharge  when  molested. 
One  of  the  best  known  is  .1.  aepilans,  the  depilatory  sea- 
hare,  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  that  the  fluid  it 
discharged  was  capable  of  removing  hair  or  preventingits 
growth.  Also  written  Laplysia,  by  an  original  mistake 
(Linmeus,  1707),  followed  by  many  writers. 

aplysiid.  ( ap-lis'i-id),  re.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aplysiidee. 

Aplys'iidae'(ap-li-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apla- 
sia +  -idee.']  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas- 
tropods, of  which  the  genus  Aplysia  is  the  type, 
having  the  shell  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Be- 
sides Aplysia,  there  are  several  other  genera,  as  Dolabella 
and  Notarchus,  and  the  species  are  numerous.  Also  incor- 
rectly written  Aplysiadce  and  Aplysidce,  The  same  group 
is  also  named  Aphmacea,  Aplimana,  and  A[di/siano?.. 

apneumatic  (ap-nu-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-n-vev- 
paruc,  not  blown  through  (<  d-  priv.  +  irveii- 
^a(-r-),  breath,  blowing),  +  -ic :  see  a-18  and 
pneumatic]  Uninflated;  collapsed:  applied 
to  the  lungs. 

apneumatosis  (ap-nu-ma-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  anvevparoc,  not  blown  through  (see  n/ntt  u- 
matic),  +  -osis.]     An  uninflated  condition  of 


.  Ipiu  H/I/O/UI. 

apneumonous  (ap-nu'mo-nus),  a.  [<  NL.  <ip- 
iii  Hiin'i!,:.  Gr.  •)  :r>  rp<,,r,  without  lungs  (breath), 
<  d-  priv.  +  -vei'/iuv,  lung  (xvevpa,  breath).] 
Having  no  respiratory  organs;  specifically, 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  tin'  Apneumona. 

Apneusta  (ap-nus'ta),  u.  pi.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
apneustiis,  <  Gr.  a-veva-or,  without  breath,  <  d- 
priv.  +  *-r.' co-roc,  verbal  adj.  of  irveiv,  breathe.  ] 
A  suborder  of  opisthobranehiate  gastropods: 
a  synonym  of  Abranchia  or  J>i  rmatopnoa  t  which 
see).     See  also  Sacoglossa. 

apncea  (ap-ne'&),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airvoia,  want 
of  wind,  <  imvooQ,  without  wind,  breathless,  <  d- 
priv.  +  Kvelv,  blow,  breathe.]  In  pat  hoi.,  par- 
tial privation  or  suspension  of  respiration  ;  want 
of  breath.  Specifically,  it  denotes  the  inhibition  of  res- 
piration by  the  presence  of  an  abnormally  great  quantity 
of  oxygen  in  the  blood.  It  is  also  improperly  used  bysome 
to  denote  tt pposite  condition,  that  of  asphyxia. 

apneeal  (ap-ne'al),  a.    Characterized  by  apnoea. 

apnoeic  (ap-ne'ik),  a.     Same  as  apneeal. 

apo-.  [L.,  etc.,  apo-,  <  Gr.  d-o-,  prefix,  a~6,  prep., 
=  L.  ab  =  Skt.  apa  =  AS.  of,  E.  of,  off,  etc. :  see 
ab-  and  of,  off.  Before  a  vowel  the  prefix  be- 
comes ap-,  Gr.  a~-\  before  the  rough  breathing, 
aph-,  Gr.  ii<?-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing off,  from,  away  from  (in  respect  to  place, 
time  or  origin), 
teristicornamen  sot  apobates  (a_p0b'a-tez),  re.;  pi.  apobatce  (-te). 
asnip.  r0r_  aTTOfttnic,  lit.  one  who  dismounts,  <  d-o- 
fiaivuv,  step  off  from,  dismount,  <  d;ro,  off,  + 
paivuv,  verbal  adj.  rjordo,  step,  go.]  In  Gr. 
aiiUi/.,  a  warrior  who  rode  into  action  on  a 
chariot,  standing  beside  the  charioteer,  and 
leaped  off  and  on,  according  to  the  exigencies 
of  the  fight,  while  the  chariot  was  in  motion. 
This  method  of  fight- 
ing was  a  tradition  in 
Greece  from  the  heroic 
age,  but  in  historic 
times  the  practice  was 
preserved  only  in  tueo- 
tia  and  in  Athens,  par- 
ticularly as  a  feature  of 
the  Panathenaic  pro- 
cession in  the  latter 
state. 


apocar- 
In  bot., 


[L.,  also  aplustrum, 
chiefly  in  pi.  ajilus- 
tria  or  aplustra;  LL. 

also  amplustrc ;  <  Gr. 
a<p?.aoTov,  the  charac- 


Apocarpous  Fruit 
(achenia)  of  Tkalic- 
tritnt  atltmotiouics 
(rue-anemone). 

( Gray's  "  Genera  of 
Plants  of  U.S.") 


Apobates. —  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon, 
British  Museum. 


In  the  Theseion 
[frieze]  .  .  .  there  are 
figures  to  be  found  re- 
sembling in  form,  atti- 
tude, armour,  and  dress 
the  apobatce,  who  leap 
on  to  their  chariots  in 
the  Parthenon  frieze. 

A.  S.  Miuraii,  Greek 
[Sculpture,  t.244. 

apoblast  (ap'o- 
blast),  n.  [<  Gr. 
and,  off,  +  fllaaTOc,, 
germ.]  In  biol.,  a  so-called  directive  corpuscle ; 
a  small  temporary  body  formed  in  an  unirn- 
pregnated  ovum  as  a  result  of  cell-division. 
See  extract. 

Resting  on  the  dividing  upper  sphere  are  the  eight- 
shaped  "directive  corpuscles,"  better  called  "  prasseminal 
outcast  cells  or  apoblasts,"  since  they  arc  the  result  of  a 
cell-division  which  affects  the  egg-cell  before  it  is  impreg- 
nated, and  arc  mere  refuse  destined  to  disappear. 

E.  li.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  X\  I.  8S7. 

apocalypse  (a-pok'a-lips),  re.  [<  ME.  apoedUpse, 
-lyps,   etc.,   'abbr.  "poealyps,  <   L.   apocalypsis, 

<  Gr.  d-o«//!'i/xc,  an  uncovering,  revelation,  < 
a-ona?.i-Teiv,  uncover,  reveal,  <  ii-ii,  from,  + 
KaMnrren), cover.]  Revelation:  discovery;  dis- 
closure; specificallv  (with  s  capital  letter),  a 
title  of  the  last  book  of  the  New  Testament, 
usually  called  the  book  of  Revelation,  and  in 
the  English  version  the  Revelation  of  St.  John 
the  Divine. 

apocalypt  (a-pok'a-lipt),  «.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *djra><z- 
Avttti/c,  a  rovealor,  <  (moKaAvirretv,  reveal :  see 
apocalypse,  and  cf.  apoeali/plist]  The  author 
of  the  Apocalypse.     Coleriilpe.     [Rare.] 

apocalyptic  (a-pok-a-lip'tik),  a.  and  ».  [<  Gr. 
dTOMx/.im-™<Jc,  <  ii-oKa'/.v-Tsti':  see  apocalypse.] 
I.  a.  1.  Containing  or  pertaining  to  an  apoca- 
lypse or  revelation;  specifically,  relating  to  or 


apocopate 

simulating  the  book  of  Revelation  in  the  New 
Testament. —  2.  Given  to  the  explanation  or 
application  of  prophecy. 

As  if  (forsooth)  there  could  not  bi        much  a 
housesflred,  .  .  .  but  that  some  apocalyptic  hj 
other  must  presently  lill,]-  and  picK  if  i 
marl) red  prophi  cy  of  Bzekief   Daniel  or  th    B       lation. 
So""  .  .">7. 

Apocalyptic  number,  the  number  666,  spoken  of  in  Etei 

xiii.  is. 

II.   ii.   Same  as  npneuliiptisl. 

The  divine  apocalyptic  1  p.  107. 

apocalyptical  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-k:il),  ».      S;n 

apocalyptic. 

apocalyptically  (a-pok-a-li]i'ti-kal-i).  adv.  In 
an  apocalyptic  manner:  in.  or  in  relation  to, 
the  Apocalypse;  by  revelation. 

apocalypticism  (a-pok-a-lip'fci-sizm),  n.  [< 
apocalyptic  +  -ism.]  1.  VLtheol.,  the  doctrine  of 
the  second  coming  and  personal  reign  of  ( 
upon  the  earth:  "so  called  from  its  supposed 
justification  in  the  Apocalypse  or  Revelation 
of  St.  John.     See  millciiariani.im. 

The  old  christian  eschatology  is  Bet  aside;  noon,  lias 
dealt  such  deadly  blows  to  (  Inliasni  and  Christian  apoca 
liipticixm  wOrigen.  Encyc  Brit.,  XVII.  342. 

2.  Excessive  fondness  for  interpreting  the 
prophecies  of  the  Apocalypse;  tendency  to 
theorize  over-confidently  as  to  the  events  of  the 
last  days,  on  the  ground  of  a  favorite  individual 
or  polemical  explanation  of  the  Apocalypse. 

apocalyptist  (a-pok-a-lip'tast),  «.    [As  apoca- 
lypt +  -ist]     1.  The  writer  of  the  Apocalypse. 
—  2.  An  interpreter  of  the  Apocalypse. 
Also  apocalyptic. 

apocarpous  (ap-o-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
pus,  <  Gr.  and,  from,  +  napTrdc,  fruit.] 
having  the  carpels  of  the  gy- 
noecium  separate.  Applied  to  an 
ovary  or  a  fruit  composed  of  one  or 
more  simple  and  distinct  pistils,  as 
in  the  Hanaiuulaetie  and  many  Bo- 
sac*  ><■. 

apocatastasis  (ap"o-ka-tas'ta- 
sis),  re.  [<  Gr.  ajro<arrd<rrao"(f, 
the  period  of  a  star,  return, 
restoration,  <  airoKadiGTavet.  re- 
store, return,  reestablish,  < 
d;nJ,  from,  +  nadioravai,  estab- 
lish,< Kord,  down,  +  ioravat,  set, 
cause  to  stand,  =  L.  stare,  stand.]  Reestablish- 
rnent;  full  restoration ;  final  restitution.  Used 
specifically  to  denote — (« I)  In  astron.,  the  periodic  circu- 
lation of  a  planet,  as  bringing  it  back  to  the  point  from 
which  it  had  set  out.  (/»)  In  med.,  the  restoration  which 
is  indicated  by  the  cessation  or  subsiding  of  an  abscess  or  a 
tumor,  (c)  In  theol.,  the  final  restitution  of  all  tilings,  in 
which  all  the  wicked  of  all  time  will  be  fully  restored  to  the 
favor  of  God.  The  doctrine  of  such  a  restitution,  founded 
on  Acts  iii.  21  and  other  pa  --a- ,  -  oi  Scripture,  has  appeared 
in  the  Christian  church  a!  different  times  during  the  past 
seventeen  centuries,  and  form-  an  important  feature  of 
the  creed  of  modern  1'niversalists.  Sec  restitution.  Also 
spelled  apokatastasis, 

apocatharsis  (ap"o-ka-thar'sis),  re.     [NL.,  < 

Gr.  axoiidtlapcsic,  that  which  is  cleared  off,  <  d;ro- 
aadaipctv,  clear  off,  cleanse,  <  d-d,  off,  +  aadai- 
pnv,  cleanse:  see  cathartic]  In  mcd.,  same  as 
catharsis.    Dunglison. 

apocathartic  (ap'o-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
Gr.  d-OKadapTiKoc,  clearing  off,  cleansing,  <  d-o- 
Kadaipuv,  dear  off:  see   apocatharsis.]    I.  n. 
Same  as  cathartic,  1. 
II.  ii.   A  cathartic. 

apochromatic  (ap"o-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
axd,  from,  +  xP"lm(.T-),  color,  +  -ic]  An  epi- 
thet descriptive  of  an  improved  form  of  lens 
devised  by  Professor  Abbe  of  Jena,  constructed 
of  new  kinds  of  glass  which  allow  of  a  more 
perfect  correction  of  chromatic  and  spherical 
aberration  than  has  hitherto  been  possible.  The 
kinds  of  glass  employed  are  chiefly  remarkable  in  that 
their  dispersion  for  different  parts  of  the  spectrum  is  near- 
ly proportional ;  hence  a  lens  constructed  of  them  is  not 
subject  to  the  limitation  of  an  ordinary  achromatic  lens  of 
being  strictly  achromatic  for  two  colors  only.  Another  de- 
fect of  ordinary  lenses,  that  their  spherical  aberration  is 
not  corrected  for  all  rays,  is  also  largely  overcome. 

The  elimination  of  these  errors  realizes  an  achromatism 
of  higher  order  than  has  hitherto  been  attained.  The  ob- 
jectives of  this  system  maybe  therefore  distinguished  from 
achromatic  lenses  in  the  old  sense  of  the  word  by  the  term 
apochromatism,  and  maybe  called  apochrmnatic  objectives. 
Jour.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  Feb.,  1SS7,  p.  23. 

apochromatism  (ap-o-kro'ma-tizm),  «.  [<  apo- 
chromat-ic  +  -ism.]  The  condition  of  being 
apochromatic.     See  above. 

apocopate  (a-pok'o-pat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apocopated,  ppr.  apocopating,  [<  apocope  + 
-nle-.]  In  gram.,  to  cut  off  or  drop  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of  (a  word ). 

apocopate,  apocopated  (a-pok'o-pat,  -pa-ted), 
p.  a.  Cut  off:  applied  —  («)  in  gram.,  to  a  word 
from  which  the  last  letter  or  syllable  has  been 


apocopate 

cut  off,  or  to  the  part  thus  removed ;  (b)  in 
math.,  to  a  series  of  quotients  constituting  a 
continuant,  when  the  first  or  last  member  of  the 
is  out  off. 

apocope  (a-pok'o-pe),  n.    [L.,  <Gr. 
cutting  off,  <  a  .   out   off,  <  a   6,   off,  + 

K&ima>,  cut.]  1.  In  gram.,  the  cutting  on  or 
omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word, 
as  in' M' for  the,  i'  for  in. —  2.  in  surg.,  a  wound 
with  loss  of  substance;  ablation;  amputation, 
— 3.  [can.']  [XL.]  In  eool.,  a  genus  of  plee- 
tospondylous  fishes,  of  the  family  Cyprinidm. 
It  contains  several  species  of  western  North 
America,  such  as  . I.  couesi.     /.'.  /'.  Cope,  1871. 

apocrenic  (ap-o-kren'ik),  a.  [<  6r.  a-6,  from, 
+  *pfp"l,  a  spring,  +  -ic.]  Obtained  from 
springs:  used  only  in  the  following  phrase. 
— Apocrenic  acid,  an  uncrystallizable  brown  gummy 
acid,  soluble  in  water,  existing  in  certain  mineral  springs, 
and  in  the  vegetable  moid  of  soil  together  with  crenic 
acid,  from  which  it  is  formed  by  oxidation. 

Apocreos  (a-pok're-os),  n.  [LGr.  dn-oiepeuc,  a 
season  of  fasting;  ef.  hnoKp  ovv,  abstain  from 
flesh,  <  Gr.  air-6,  from,  +  upcac,  flesh.]  In  the  Gr. 
Cli.:  (a)  Sexagesima  Sunday:  so  called  be- 
cause abstinence  from  flesh  begins  from  that 
day.  (b)  The  week  preceding  Sexagesima,  in 
some  respects  analogous  to  the  carnival  of 
western  Europe. 

apocrisary  (a-pok'ri-sa-ri),  ».;  pi.  apocrisaries 
(-rizb     Same  as  apoerisiary. 

apoerisiary  (ap-o-kris'i-a-ri),  ». ;  pi.  apocrisia- 
ries  (-riz).  [<  LL.  apocrisiariits,  also  apocrisa- 
rius,  <  Gr.  a-uapicnc,  an  answer,  <  a-oKpiveodat, 
answer,  mid.  of  arvoKpivew,  separate,  distin- 
guish, <  a-6,  from,  +  Kplveai,  separate,  dis- 
tinguish, =  L.  cernere,  separate,  distinguish : 
see  critic  and  crisis.']  Formerly,  the  title  of  va- 
rious diplomatic  or  ministerial  officers;  espe- 
cially—  (a)  of  the  representatives  of  the  see  of 
Rome  and  other  chief  sees  at  Constantinople ; 
(6)  of  the  papal  representatives  at  the  court  of 
Charlemagne  and  his  successors,  until  the  title 
was  given  to  an  imperial  officer,  after  which 
the  former  were  called  legates  or  nuncios. 

apocrustict  (ap-o-krus'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
aironpovoTiKde,  able  to  drive  off,  repellent,  <  d-n-d- 
Kpovcror,  driven  off,  verbal  adj.  of  a-onpoueiv, 
beat  off,  drive  off,  <  u^6,  off,  +  upoeeiv,  beat, 
strike.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  repelling;  astringent. 
II.  «.  An  astringent  and  repellent  medicine. 

apocrypha  (a-pok'ii-fa),  n.  pi.,  also  used  as  simj. 
[In  ME.  as  a  quasi-adj*.,  in  lit.  sense ;  <  LL.  apo- 
arwfeo, neut.  pi.  (so.  scripta)  of  apocryphus,<  Gr. 

airbKpvipm;  (neut.  pi.  air6npva)a,  se.  ypappara  or 
BifSXia),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand:  in  eccles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nonical,  spurious,  pseudo-;  <  a^oKpv-reiv  hide 
away,  conceal,  obscure,  <  and,  away,  +  Kpvnreiv, 
hide,  conceal :  see  apo-  and  crypt.]  1.  A  writ- 
ing or  statement  of  doubtful  authorship  or  au- 
thenticity :  formerly  used,  in  the  predicate,  as  a 
quasi-adjective. 

The  writynge  is  Apoaripha  whanne  the  auctor  therof  is 
unknown. 

■i,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychron.,  V.  105.    (A".  B.  D.) 

That.  .  .  Kings  enjoy'd  their  Crowns  by  Right  descend- 
ing to  them  from  Ldam^thatwe  tliinknot  only  Apocrypha, 
hut  also  utterly  impossible. 

Locke,  Government,  II.  i.  11.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Specifically  —  2.  Eccles.:  (a)  A  name  given  in 
the  early  church  to  various  writings  of  uncer- 
tain origin  and  authority,  regarded  by  some 
as  inspired,  but  rejected  by  most  authorities  or 
believers.    Such  books  were  either  works  acknov,  I 

ami  edifying,  hut  .nut  established  as  cat al, 

"i  •  I  ii  hi  ri  tical  writings  absolutely  rejected  by  the  church. 
('')  [cap.]  A  collection  of  fourteen  books  sub- 
joined to  the  canonical  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  1 1  ed  version  of  the  Bible,  as 

originally   issued,   but   now  generally  omitted. 

ii  xist  iii  the  Hebn  w  Bible,  but  are  found  with 

others  ol  Wi  .  ,  1 1 .  red  through  the  Sep- 

th    Old  1 1   i.iui.  hi      1 1  . 
thi  rwise  i  hird  and  Fourth 

.  mi. ih  ii-  Se 1  Ezra  or 

1     ■       ■   ■  I  I  idith,  Hi.  I:  stofE  the]  H  led 

ui  Sol  I  ItoJen  iniiiiii. 

I'.n  i  ol  D  ii. i  I  .I,  i.i.  i  ..i  ..I  iii,  1 1,,, ,  i  i , 1 1 , i , ,  I,  th, 
Hi  i..n  m  -ii   ,,i,,,i  ih,   n,  i  Beland  the  Dragon) 

thi   Prayer  of  Man .  I  .  •. 

ii. ..in   <   linn  li 

as  follj  .  am  ol  thai  i  huri  h  often 

distinguish  ih'  in  ii    n.  ..I  rid  thai 

their  place  In  the  i  anon  u i  d  later  than  thai  oi  thi 

other  honks.  Limiting  the  name  Apocrypha  to  tl 
(last)  n  ■  .!.    ..i   i    .ii,,    and  the  Prayer  ol   UCanasses,  and 
other  books  not  in  tin   above  collection    namely.  Third 
and  Fourth  Haccabei  -.  a  boob  oi  Enoch  an  additii 
lstst  Psalm  of  David,  and  eighteen  Psalms  ol  Solomon. 
With  these  sometimes  are   included    certain  pseudepi 


262 

graphic  hooks,  such  as  the  Apocalypse  of  Baruch  and  the 

Assumption  of  Muses,      the  name  Apocrypha  Isals ,  ,n 

sionally  made  to  embrace  the  Antilegomena  <•!  the  New 
'Pest  ai  nuiit.  The  Greek  Church  makesnodistinction  among 
the  books  contained  in  the  Septuagint.  In  the  Anglican 
and  Lutheran  churches,  the  Apocrypha  are  read  for  ex- 
ample of  life  ami  instruction  oi  manners,  but  not  for  the 
establishing  oi  any  doctrine.  See  antilegomena  and  iii  » 
terocan 
apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
apocryphalis,K  LL.  apocrypha:  see  apocrypha.] 
I.  a.  1.  Of  doubtful  authorship,  authenticity, 
or  inspiration;  spurious;  fictitious;  false. 

The  apocryphal  relics  of  saints  and  apostles  which  then 
burdened  the  shrines  of  Greek  churches. 

Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  185. 

Specifically— 2.  Eccles.:  («)  Of  doubtful  sanc- 
tion; uncanonical;  having  no  ecclesiastical 
authority. 

Jerome  .  .  .  saitli  that  all  writings  not  canonical  are 
apocryphal.  Booker. 

(b)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha:  as,  "the 
Apocryphal  writers,"  Addison. 

II.  ».  A  writing  not.  canonical;  a  book  or 
passage  of  uncertain  source,  authority,  or 
credit.     [Rare.] 

Nicephorus  and  Anastasius,  .  .  .  because  they  were 
interpolated  and  corrupted,  did  rank  these  epistles  in  the 
number  of  apocryphal*.     Hammer,  Eccles.  Antiq.,  p.  419. 

apocryphalist  (a-pok'ri-fal-ist),  n.  [<  apocry- 
phal +  -ist.]  An  advocate  of  the  canonicity  of 
the  Apocrypha. 

apocryphally  (a-pok'ri-fal-i),  adv.  In  an  apoc- 
ryphal manner ;  uncertainly ;  equivocally ; 
doubtfully. 

apocryphalness(a-pok'ri-fal-nes),  «.  [<  apoc- 
ryphal +  -ness.]  The  state"  or  quality  of  being 
apocryphal  or  of  uncertain  authenticity. 

apocryphicalt  (ap-o-krif'i-kal),  a.  [<  apocry- 
pha +  -ic-al.]  Apocryphal.'  Bp.  Bull,  Cor.  of 
Ch.  of  Rome. 

Apocynaceae  (a-pos-i-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apocynum  +  -acea'.]  A  natural  order  of  dicoty- 
ledonous plants,  having  for  its  type  the  genus 
Apocynum,  or  dogbane.  It  is  very  nearly  allied  to 
the  order  Asclepiadaceos,  from  which,  however,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  fact  that  its  stamens  are  free  from  the 
style  and  stigma,  and  its  anthers  contain  granular  pollen. 
The  species  are  largely  tropical,  and  have  a  milky  juice 
that  is  often  acrid  and  sometimes  very  poisonous.  In- 
dia-rubber is  obtained  from  several  species  in  Africa,  India, 
and  South  America.  The  order  furnishes  woods  that  are 
used  for  carving  and  furniture,  several  fiber-plants,  harks 
valuable  in  medicine,  and  some  edible  fruits.  It  includes 
the  ordeal-tree  of  Madagascar  (Cerbera  Tanghin),  the 
milk-tree  of  Demerara,  the  cream-fruit  of  Sierra  Leone, 
and  the  periwinkle  (Vinca),  oleander  (Nerium  Oleander), 
Cape  jasmine  (Wiynchosperrrium),  and  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus  Allamanda  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens  and  green- 
houses. 

apocynaceous  (a-pos-i-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
apocynaceits :  see  Apocynacea?.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Apocynacea;. 

apocyneous  (ap-6-sin'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  apocy- 
neus,  <  Apocynum,  q.  v.]  Same  as  apocynaceous. 
Hooker. 

apocynin(a-pos'i-nin),  n.  [<  Apocynum  +  -iifi.] 
A  bitter  principle  derived  from  dogbane,  Apocy- 
num cannabinum. 

Apocynum  (a-pos'i-num),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  apoey- 
non,  dogbane  (Aconitum  lycoctonum,  Lmna3us), 
<  Gr.  a-Kimivov,  a  plant,  ( 'yaiimhns  /rectus,  < inxd, 
from,  away,  +  icvuv  (kvv-),  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.] 
Dogbane,  a  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  type 
of  the  natural  order  Apocynacea  (which  see), 
and  including  three  species,  of  which  two,  A. 
(indroswmifoUum  and  A.  cannabirmm,  are  North 
American.  The  common  name  of  the  latter  is  Indian 
hemp,  from  the  use  of  Its  fibrous  and  extremely  tough  hark 
by  the  American  Indians  for  making  nets,  etc. 

apod,  apode  (ap'od,  -6d),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
apus  (apod-),  <  Gr.  d7rot>c  (a7rori-),  footless,  <  n- 
jiriv.  +  -ore  (-o(S-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  a.  Footless: 
apodal. 

II.  n.  An  apodal  or  apodous  animal ;  an  ani- 
mal without  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  nono ;  a 
member  of  one  of  the  several  groups  called 
Apoda  or  Apodes. 

Apoda  (ap'o-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  opus 
(apod-), <  Gr.  ii Tonf  (uToii-),  footless:  see  apod.] 
In  eool.,  a  name  given  to  various  groups  of  aui- 
mals.  (a)  A-s  used  by  Aristotle,  the  third  division  oi 
ZoStoka,  or  ail  breathing  animals  which  bring  forth  their 
youngalive.  It  Included  the  whales.  This  probably  origi 
mil  use  of  the  word  still  lingers  in  some  systems.     See  (b) 

f6)  i  hose  placenta]  imals  which  have  no  feet,  as  dis- 

iiii-iu  bed   ii the   Pedota  (which  sec).    («)  In  ichth., 

same  as  Apqdee.    (d)  [n  Cuvier*s  system  of  classification, 

the  second  order  of  echl lerms,  i trusted  with  /',,//- 

ceUata,     it   n  .,  heterogeneous  group,  consisting  «>f  the 

i.  [low  in-  - ii :  Molpddia,  Minyas,  Priapulua,  Lithoder- 

iphunculut,  Bonellia,  Thalaatonvi;  the  first  a  holo- 

'I tin    second  a  coBlenterate,  the  rest  gephyreans, 

i.  i  w  itii  \  an  dm-  Hoeven,  an  order  ol  ecbinoaenns.  See 
Qtphyrea.    (/)  In  claus's  arrangement,  an  order  of  holo- 


apodictic 

thurians,  containing  the  families  Synaptida  and  Hot- 
padiidas,  the  last  oi  which  constitutes  his  suborder  Pneu- 
monophora.  i/i  In  Mmlinys  system  of  classification,  a 
division  of  Ann, -lido,  including  those  which  have  no  feet 
or  distinct  head  ;  opposed  to  Polypoda.    It  is  divided  into 

three  groups,  the  Ltnnlnirina,  AY,/..  ,ti,ni,  ninl  ft  iymiinea, 

or  the  earthworms,  nemerteans,  and  leeches,  (ft)  An  order 
of  Amphibia,  same  as  Qymnophiona  or  Ophiomorpha,  con- 
stituted by  the  family  Caiciliidce  alone,    (t)  A  group  of 

degraded  parasitic  cirripeds,  haviirj  a  verniifnrm  body, 
a  suctorial  mouth,  no  thoracic  or  abdominal  limbs  (and 
consequently  no  cirri),  ami  a  rudimentary  peduncle  repre- 
sented by  two  separate  threads  bearing  the  characteristic 
antenniform  organs.  There  i-  I  ml  one  genus,  Proteole- 
I'"*  (which  see). 

apodal  (ap'o-dal),  a.  [iapod  or  Apoda  + -al.] 
Having  no  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none ;  foot- 
less: applied  specifically  in  eool.  to  members 
of  the  several  groups  called  Apoda  or  Apodes, 
especially  to  the  fishes  so  called. 

apodan  (ap'o-dan),  n.  [<  Apoda.]  One  of  the 
Apoda  or  Apodes. 

apodeictic,  etc.    See  apodictic,  etc. 

apodeipnon  (ap-6-dip'non),  n.  [<  Gr.  airoSei- 
wvov,  tlie  after-supper  service,  <  otto,  off,  +  Sei- 
-vov,  the  evening  meal.]     See  complin. 

apodema  (a-pod  e-mS,),  ».;  pi.  apodemata  (ap- 
o-dem'a-tii).  [NL.,  x'Gr.  a-6,  from,  off,  +  dipac, 
body,  frame.]  A  name  given  to  the  plates  of 
chitm  which  jjass  inwanl  from  the  integuments 
of  crustaceans,  and  divide  as  well  as  support 
their  internal  organs.     Also  apodeme. 

apodemal  (a-pod'e-mal),  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apoderna:  as,  an  apodemal  parti- 
tion; an  apodemal  chamber.  Also  apodema- 
tous. 

apodemata,  ».     Plural  of  apodema. 

apodematous  (ap-o-dem'a-tus),  a.  Same  as 
apodemal. 

apodeme  (ap'o-dem),  ».     Same  as  apodema. 

apoderm  (ap'o-derm),  n.  [<  NL.  apoderma,  < 
Gr.  air66tppa,  a  hide  stripped  off,  <  airodepeiv, 
skin,  flay,  <  a-6,  =  E.  off,  +  depeiv,  skin,  flay,  = 
E.  tear1.  Cf.  derm.]  One  of  the  egg-membranes 
of  the  mites  called  trombidiids,  developed  only 
under  special  conditions. 

apoderma  (ap-o-der'ma),  n.  ;  pi.  apodcrmata 
(-ma-tii).     [NL.]     Same  as  apoderm. 

Apodes  (ap'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  masc.  pi.  of 
apus  (apod-):  see  apod.]  1.  An  order  of  fashes 
to  which  very  different  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  classification  of  Linnaeus  (1758),  a 
group  of  osseous  tisbes  without  ventral  fins  and  com- 
prising a  heterogeneous  assemblage  of  representatives  of 
various  modern  orders,  (b)  In  Bloch  and  Schneider's  sys- 
tem (1S01),  some  one  of  several  orders  of  fishes,  the  name 
being  repeated  under  several  so-called  classes  whinh  wen- 
distinguished  by  the  number  of  tins.  As  thus  nsed,  the 
word  wis  a  descriptive  rather  than  a  distinctive  term, 
(c)  In  Cuvier's  system,  a  seetiun  of  the  malacopterygiana, 
the  name  being  applied  adjectively  to  such  furms  as  are 
destitute  of  ventral  fins.  The  true  eels,  Bymbranchiate 
eels,  Gynvnonoti,  typical  Ophidioidea,  and  Ammodytoidea 
were  referred  to  this  group.  (,/)  By  various  later  writers 
the  name  was  used  as  a  distinctive  ordinal  name.  By  T. 
Miiller  the  Ophidioidea  and  Ammodytoidea  were  elimi- 
nated. By  Gill,  in  lstil.  the  order  was  restricted  to  the 
typical  and  Bymbranchiate  eels,  and  later  (ls.M)  to  the 
true  eels,  or  teleost  fishes  with  the  intermaxillaries  atro- 
phied or  lost,  the  supermaxillaries  lateral,  and  the  body 
anguilliform  and  destitute  of  ventral  fins.  These  char- 
acters are  correlated  with  various  others  which  justify 
the  isolation.  The  principal  families  are  the  Angv/UUdas, 
Ojihiehtln/idir,  and  Murcenidce. 

2.  In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  his  Entomosoaria ;  the  apodal,  as 
distinguished  from  the  chostopod,  entomozoans. 
It  includes  the  leeches,  and  is  approximately  equivalent 
to  the  Sirudineaot  modern  naturalists,  but  contains  many 
Intestinal  worms. 

Apodia  (a-pod'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^oiic 
(airoc!-),  without  feet:  see  apod.]  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
divisions  of  Holothnroitla  (the  other  being  Eu- 
podia),  established  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Synapta  and  allied  forms. 

apodictic,  apodeictic  (ap-o-dik'tik,  -ilik'tik),a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  apodicticus,  <  tlr.  aTToSeucTindg,  de- 
monstrative, domonstrat  ing,  <  d7r(J(5E(/cToc,  demon- 
strated, verbal  adj.  olairodeucvbvai,  demonstrate, 
point  out,  show,  <  (in-o,  from,  +  Seucvvvat,  point 
out,  show,  =  L.  dicere,  say:  see  diction.]    I.  a. 

1.  Demonstrative;  incontestable  because  de- 
monstrated or  demonstrable ;  of  the  nature  of 
necessary  proof. 

'the  arguineiitatinii  is  hum  n  similitude,  therefore  not 
apodiciicfr,  or  of  evident  demonstration. 

Dr.  J.  Robinson,  Eudoxa  (1668),  p.  23. 

There  is  one  character  which  will  In-  considered  deci- 
sive, mid  that  is  the  apodictic  certainty  belonging  to 
ii ia I  In  unit  ieal  conclusions. 

67.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Lite  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  202. 

2.  In  logic,  a  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of 
judgment  in  which  the  coniioHion  of  subject 
and  predicate  is  asserted  to  be  necessary;  as- 
serting  its  own   necessity.     Thus,  "Two  spheres 


apodictic 

whose  centers  are  distant  from  each  other  by  less  than  the 
sum  of  their  radii  must  Intersect "  would  bean  apodictic 
Judgment.  Such  judgments  may  be  false,  'this  used'  the 
word  appears  t<>  1  i;i \ < ■  originated  with  Kant. 


263 

which  may  lie  considered  .  .  .  to  be  homologous  with  apOJOVe  (ap'o-j6v), 

Hi, is,   which  are  actually  sexuallj  produi  ed 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  431 


n^appeara  to  have  originated  with  Kant.  apogamy  (a-pog'a-mi),  it.     [<  NL.  apogamia,  < 

y-jJ*?.^  6       dem0nstrat10"     w™  :  see  apogamous.]    In  Iml. :  ( ,,)  ( iener- 

idly,  the  absence  of  sexual  reproductive  power, 


and  of  science 

Apodictic,  we  may  assume,  is  in  like  manner  the  formal 
study  of  what  constitutes  knowledge  strictly  bo  call,, I. 
the  nature  of  the  principles  on  which  knowledge  rests, 
the  special  marks  distinguishing  it,  and  the  method  by 
which  knowledge  is  framed. 

/,'.  .{damson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  785. 


the  plant  perpetuating  itself  only  by  vegetative 
means,  as  bulls,  bulbs,  etc.  (Ii)  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  the  immediate  development  ol  I  lie 
perfect  plant  from  the  prothallus  without  tho 
usual  intervention  of  sexual  organs, 
apogeal  (ap-o-je'al),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -ol.]  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  apogee;  in  apogee;  be- 
ing furthest  from  the  earth. 


apodictical,   apodeictical  (ap-9-dik'ti-kal, 

-dlk'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as  apntlictie,  apodeiclie. 
apodictically,  apodeictically  (ap-o-dik'ti- 
kal-i,  -dik'ti-kal-i),  adv.     1.  Demonstratively; 
so  as  to  be  evident  beyond  contradiction. 

Kant's  marvellous  acuteness  did  not  prevent  his  tran- 
scendental from  being  apodeictically  resolved  into  absolute  apogean  (ap-o-je'an),  «.      [As  apogee  +  -an.'] 
idealism.  Sir  W.  Hamilton.     pert  aiiiin  j^  to  or  7-,, i  nor  te,  I    with   tin'  apogee: 


Simultaneously  the  apogeal  side  [of  the  moon)  was  turn- 
,1  from  the  influence  ol  both  bodies  [earth  and  sun]. 

Winch,  11,  World-Life,  p.  381. 


Apodictically,  we  should  say,  if  a  is  the  cause  of  0,  then 
all  A  which  possesses  a  possesses  (3  ;  thus  reasoning  from 
cause  to  causation.    Ii.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  7 

2.  By,  or  in  the  manner  of,  an 
ment.    See  apodictic,  2. 

apodid  (a-pod'id),  n.  A  member  of  the  family 
ApodidoB. 

Apodidae  (a-pod'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apus 
(Apod-)  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  phyllopod crusta- 
ceans, constituted  by  the  genera  Apus,  Lepidu- 
rus,  etc.  Sometimes  called  Apidw,  Apitsitlir. 
See  cut  under  Apus. 

apodioxist  (aj/o-di-ok'sis),  it.  [NL.,  <  LGr. 
airoihu^tr,  expulsion,  <  cnro&iuKeiv,  chase  away,  i 
aird,  away,  +  ihunriv,  chase,  pursue.]  In  rltet., 
rejection  of  an  argument,  with  professed  scorn 
or  impatience,  as  irrelevant. 

apodixis,  apodeixis  (ap-o-dik'sis,  -dik'sis),  «. 
[<  L.  apodixis,  <  Gr.  airdoei^ic,  demonstration, 
proof,  <  airoSeticvbvai,  demonstrate:  see  apodic- 
tic.']   Full  demonstration ;  absolute  proof. 

This  might  taste  of  a  desperate  will,  if  he  had  not  after- 
wards given  an  apodixis,  in  the  battle,  upon  what  platform 
he  had  projected  and  raised  that  hope. 

Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  60. 

apodon  (ap'o-don),  n.     An  improper  form  of 

apoilttit. 
apodosis  (a-pod'o-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  dirddooic.,  a 
giving  back,  return,  answering  clause,  <  a7roc5i- 
Sovai,  give  back,  <  and,  from,  away,  +  SiSdvat, 
give,  =  L.  dare,  give.  Cf.  dose.]  1.  In  gram., 
the  concluding  part  of  a  conditional  sentence ; 
the  consequent  which  results  from  or  is  depen- 
dent on  the  protasis,  or  condition ;  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  in  the  sentence,  If  it  rains,  I  shall  not  go,  the 
first  clause  is  the  protasis,  the  second  the  apodosis.    When 


'ertaining  to  or  connected  with  the  apogee 
as,  apogean  (neap )  tides,  which  occur  when  the 
moon  has  passed  her  apogee.  Also  apogeic, 
anodictic  iude-  apogee  (ap'o-je),  ft.  [<  ML.  NL.  apogaum,apo- 
geum,  apogeeon,  apogeon,  <  Gr.  andyatov,  andyeiov 
(so.  diaoTTifia,  distance),  a  planet's  greatest  dis- 
tance from  the  earth,  neut.  of  dndyatoc.,  inrdyeioc, 
from  the  land,  from  the  earth  (>  L.  apogeus,  from 
the  land),  <  d-d,  from,  +  j  ii,  poet,  yaia,  earth, 
land:  see  geography,  etc.]  1.  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  other  heavenly  body  which 
is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth ;  espe- 
cially, that  particular  point  of  the  moon's  orbit. 
The  ancients 
the  universe, . 

planets,  an  apogee ;  but  now  that  the  sun  is  recognized  as 
the  center  of  our  system,  the  terms  perihelion  and  aphelion 


Apollo 

[=  P.  apojove,  <  NL. 
apojowum,  <  Gr.  airi,  from,  +  L.  .lor-,  Jovis, 
Jove,  Jupiter:  see  Jove.]  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  satellite  of  Jnpiter  which  is  furthest 
from  the  planet .    Airy. 

apokatastasis, ».    Bee  apocata, 

apolar  (a-po'l&r),  a.  [<  Or.  d-  priv.  (aA&)  +  po- 
lar.] Having  no  pole:  in  mint.,  applied  to  those 
nerve-cells  which  are  not  known  to  have,  or  are 
supposed  not  to  have,  any  radiating  process. 

Etesult  i  ol  observation  po  itivi  ly  prove  thi  ■ 
two  fibres  in  thecasi   ol  cells  which  had  previou 
regarded  as  unipolar  and  apolar.      Brule,  Bioplasm,  S  248. 

apolaustic  (ap-o-las'tik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr.  ano- 

/urnriknr,  agreeable,  <  dnu'/aivrdr,  enjoyable,  < 
airoTtaveiv,  enjoy,  appar.  <  and,  off,  +  *Aaiietv,  a 
vorb  not  used!]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  taste  or 
enjoyment ;  agreeable. 

Perhaps  for  brevity  and  distinctness'  sake  we  ma]  i  all 
the  first  its  apolaustic  and  the  second  its  dynamic  chai 
.,,.,,,-.  Mind,  XII.  63. 

II.  n.  The  philosophy  of  taste.  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton. 

Apolemia  (ap-o-le'mi-a),  n.  [NL. ;  formation 
uncertain.]  A' genus  of  physophorous  siplm- 
nophora,  or  oceanic  hydroids,  founded  by  Esch- 
scholtz  in  1829.  It  is  sometimes  referred  to  the  family 
Agalmidce,  sometimes  made  type  of  a  family  Apolt  mini, p. 
A.  uvaria  is  a  dioecious  species  inhabiting  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Apolemiadee  (ap"o-le-mi'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Apolemiidce. 


regarded  the  earth  as  fixed  in  the  center  of    * '    iX™.-;j™"V.w/;i  \k  »;>;  ,151    .  TNT.     ( 

and  accordingly  assigned  to  the  sun,  with  the  Apolemildae  (ap''o-le-tm  l-cle),   it.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Apolemia  + -idee.]     A  family  of  physophorous 
siphonophores,  typified  by  the  genus  Apolemia. 
are  employed  to  denote  the  least  and  greatest  distance  of    Anoli+pq  (aD-o-li'tezI    n        [NL.,  appar.  <    Gr. 
the  planets  from  that  orb.     Strictly,  therefore,  the  sun  is  ^^""uco  ^    t    -..''''       L-,        ,    '■'  ■         , 

in  ife  apogee  when  the  earth  is  in  its  aphelion.  In  the  anohu/c,  a  non-citizen,  exile,  <  a-  priv.  -t- 
Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  mean  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is  nohrj/c,  a  citizen:  see  politic.]  1.  same  as 
the  point  of  the  epicycle  furthest  from  the  center  of  the  Pitanqus.  Stinilrriill,  1830. — 2.  A  genus  of 
enuant;  the  true  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is  that  point  of  it     Cnlr-nntern       Tmnirtr 

furthest  from  the  earth;  and  the  .fared  apogee  of  the  epi       '  "",.'."  "{"       , , '      ,  ;'  „=/_;  „„-,   „    „„,i  „     r<T  T 
cycle  is  that  point  of  it  furthest  from  the  center  of  the  Apollinanan  (a-pol-i-na  ri-ran),  a.  and  n.    [^ 


cycle  is  that  point  i 

eccentric. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  highest  or  most  distant 

point ;  climax ;  culmination. 

It  [Bruges]  had  by  no  means  reached  its  apogee,  but  was 
to  culminate  with  Venice.    Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  37. 

apogeic  (ap-6-je'ik),  a.     [As  apogee  +  -ic] 

Same  as  apogean. 
apogeotropic  (ap"o-je-o-trop'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
apogceotropicus,  <  Gr.  imd^awr,  air6yeior,  from  the 
earth,  +  -Tpomnor,  turning:  see  apogee  and 
tropic.]  In  hot.,  characterized  by  apogeotro- 
pism ;  shooting  upward ;  inclined  to  turn  away 
from  the  ground. 

The  sheath-like  cotyledons,  whilst  young,  are  strongly 
apoyeotropic.  Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  499. 

[As 


the  protasis  is  introduced  by  such  conditional  conjunctions 
as  notwithstanding,  thouyh,  although,  the  apodosis  predi- 
cates something  opposite  to  what  might  have  been  looked  apOgeotropiSDl  (ap  "6-  je-ot '  ro-pizm),  n. 
for :  as,  Although  we  were  few  in  numbers  (protasis),  we 
overthrew  the  enemy  (apodosis).  By  some  grammarians 
the  term  is  not  restricted  to  conditional  sentences,  but  is 
extended  to  others  similarly  constructed :  thus,  in  a  simile 
the  apodosis  is  the  application  or  latter  part. 
2.  In  the  Gr.  CIi.,  the  last  day  of  a  church  festi- 


Apollinaris,  <  Apollo,  q.  v.]  I.  n.  Appellative 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  votive  games  instituted 
at  Rome  in  honor  of  Apollo,  212  B.  c,  in  order 
to  conciliate  his  favor  in  the  war  against  the 
Carthaginians,  and  to  obtain  from  him  protec- 
tion for  the  republic. 

II.  «.  One  of  a  religious  sect  deriving  their 
name  from  Apollinaris  the  Younger,  bishop  of 
Laodieea,  in  the  fourth  century.  Apollinaris  de- 
nied the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  attributine  t,,  him  a 
human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or  vital  principle,  but 
teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or  Logos,  took  in  him  the 

plai  e  which  in  man  is  pied  by  the  rational  principle. 

Later  the  sect  maintained  that  even  the  body  of  Christ 
was  of  one  substance  with  his  divinity,  that  he  was  in- 
carnate from  eternity,  and  that  his  divinity  Buffered  on 
the  cross.  After  breaking  up  into  different  sects,  the 
ApolUnarians  were  finally  merged  in  the  Monophysites. 

'apo^oJi7+-isml "  ■  A  tendency  to  turn  or  ^Y^arilS^a-pol-i-na'ri-an-izrn),  n.  [< 
bend  m  opposition  to  gravity,  or  upward  and  AJ°" ™fi .)  "+  ■  „•  1,  The  doctl.ilies  'of  the 
away  from  the  earth  as  opposed  to  gvotroptsm    ^J'^na1Uans. 


(which  see):   said  of  stems  or  other  parts  of 
plants.     Darwin. 


val  when  prolonged  throughout  several  days.   apogiatura(a-poj-a-tb'rii),«.   Seeappoi/i/iatura. 
ent  with  or  later  than  the  octave,   ^p,Jg0n   (a-po'gon),    «.  "     [NL.,  <    Gr.  iiiruyuv, 


[<  apod  +  -ous.]    Foot- 


but  generally  earlier. 

apodous  (ap'o-dus),  a 
less ;  apodal. 
apodyterium  (ap"o-di-te'ri-um),  n.\  pi.  apody- 

teria  (-a).  [L. ,  <  Gr.  airoSvrijpiov,  i  airodvt odai, 
undress  one's  self,  mid.  of  airodvetv,  strip,  un- 
dress, <  and  +  6'i'itv,  get  into,  put  on.]  An 
apartment  in  Greek  and  Roman  baths,  or  in 
the  palaestra,  etc.,  where  the  bathers  or  those 
taking  part  in  gymnastic  exercises  undressed 
and  dressed. 

apogaeumt,  apogeumt,  apogaeont,  apogeont 
(ap-o-je'um,  -on),  «.  [ML.,  NL. :  see  apogee.] 
Original  forms  of  apogee. 

Thy  sun  in  his  apoynvon  placed. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  ii.  67. 

It  is  not  yet  agreed  in  what  time,  precisely,  the  apoyeum 

absolveth  one  degree.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

Same 


as  apoga- 


apogamic  (ap-6-gam'ik),  a, 

mo  us. 

The  author  could  not  detect  any  act  of  impregnation  [in 
a  parasite  on  the  olive),  and  believes  that  reproduction  is 
apogamic.  Jour.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI.  298. 

apogamous   (a-pog'a-mus),  a.    [<  NL.  apoga- 

m us,  <  Gr.  and,  away  from,  +  yd/ioe,  marriage.] 
In  bot.,  of  the  nature  of  or  characterized  by 
apogamy. 

De  Bary  thinks  that  in  forms  where  obgonia  are  found 
without  male  pollinodia  they  must  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting a  distinct  apoyamous  species. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p. 

apogamously  (a-pog'a-mus-li),  adv 
apogamous  manner ;  by  apogamy. 


403. 


beardless,  <  d-  priv.  +  xiiyuv,  beard.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  acanthoptervgian  fishes,  typical  of  the 
Apogonina.  Lacipede,  1802.  Also  called  Amia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.     Holiday. 

apogonicf  (ap-o-gon'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Apogonidce;  a  chilodipterid. 

Apogonidse  (ap-6-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apo- 
rpm  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes:  same  as  ChUodipterida and  Apogonina. 

Apogonina  (ap'o-go-nrnji),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Apo- 
i/on  +  -ina.]  In  (iiinther's  classification  of 
fishes,  the  fifth  group  of  Perctdce,  having  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique  or  approaching  the 
vertical  line,  and  two  dorsal  tins,  it  contains  fishes 
which  inhabit  the  sea  or  fresh  waters  and  possess  decidu- 
ous scales  which  are  generally  of  large  size. 

apograph  (ap'o-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  aizuypaijmc,  also 
neut.  airoypaaiov,  a  copy,  <  drrtijyia^ioc,  copied,  < 
anoypaipeiv,  copy,  transcribe,  write  off,  <  a-6,  off, 
+  ypdQetv,  write.]     A  copy  or  transcript. 

These  [Hebrew  manuscripts]  have  been  divided  into  two 
classes,  autographs  and  apographs.  The  former,  written 
by  the  original  authors  themselves,  have  long  ago  pen.-h.-d. 
The  latter,  taken  from  the  autographs  and  multiplied  by 
repeated  transcription,  exist  in  considerable  numbers. 
T.  II.  Horn,-,  Introd.  to  study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  88. 

apohyal  (ap-6-hI'al),  n.  [<  Gr.  M,  from,  +  liy- 
(oid)  +  -at']  Iii  ornitli.,  an  element  of  the 
hyoidean  arch,  borne  upon  the  basihyal  and 
bearing  the  ceratohyal:  now  usually  called  the 

rrrnttihrmii-liiiil. 

without 


In  an  apoioUS   (a-poi'us),   a.      [<  Gr.  d;ro<oc, 

quality  or  attribute,  <  d-  priv.  +  jroioc,  of  what 

,„„,,„     nature  or  sort.]     Having  no  active  qualities ; 
Those  [sporesl  which  are  formed  probably  or  actually      •»»«•"•«»»"   »         J  t      "tV 

without  a  Bexual  process  — in  a  word,  apoyamously  —  but     neutral,  as  watei  or  siaicu. 


licfele  himself  ...  is  compelled  to  admit  that  Xesto- 
rius  accurately  held  the  duality  of  the  two  natures  and  the 
integrity  of  each,  [and]  was  equally  explicitly  opposed  to 
Arianism  and  Apollinarianism.     Encyc.  Brit.,  W  II.  356. 

Apollinarist  (a-pol-i-na'rist),  n.  [<  ML.  Apol- 
linnristii,<Apoi'linuris :  see Apollinmimi.]  Same 
as  Apollinarian. 

Apollineia-pol'iio,  a.  [<  L.  ApolUneus,  <  Apol- 
lo (Apolliu-) :  see  Apollo.]  Related  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  myths  or  cultus  of  Apollo. 

Even  in  Apolline  oracles,  such  as  the  Delphic,  the  artifi- 
cial method  was  employed  along  with  that  by  inspiration. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  808. 

Apollinic  (ap-o-lin'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apolline: 
as,  "ApoUmic  (Delphic) religion," Encyc.  Brit., 
XX.  360. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no),  ft.  [It.]  A  statue  of 
Apollo  in  the  Tribuua  at  Florence,  in  which  the 
god  is  represented  as  a  youth  at  rest  in  an  easy 
and  graceful  leaning  attitude,  with  t  he  right  arm 
thrown  over  the  head.  It  is  a  copj  ol  an  original  of 
the  fourth  century  B.C.,  and  is  the  type  of  a  series  of  such 
representations. 

Apollo  (a-pol'6),  ».  [L.,<  Gr.  :\to//.ui>,  Apollo ; 
a  name  derived  by  the  Greeks  from  d;ro/>i'ro/. 
destroy  (see  Apolh/on)  ;  but  the  origin  is  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  Gr.  and  later  in  Bom.  myth.,  one 
of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  representing  the 
light-  and  life-giving  influence,  as  well  as  the 
deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often  identified 
with  the  sun-god,  Helios.  He  was  the  trader  of  the 
Muses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and  patron  "f 
these  arts;  a  might]  protector  from  evil,  all-seeing,  and 
hence  the  master  of  prophecy;  also  the  destroyer  of  the 
unjust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence.  In  art  he 
was  represented  in  the  lull  majestj  of  youthful  manhood, 
in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but  lightly  draped, 
and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and  arrows,  the  lau- 
rel, the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  serpent,  or  the  dol- 


Apollo 

phin.  lie  was  the  father  of  ASsculapi 
grunted  his  art  *if  healing.  Apollo  was 
locally  anil  generally,  under  many  special 
each  hail  its  particular  type  in  art  and  literature 


us.  to  whom  he  apologist  (a-pol'6-jist),  «.      [= 

s  honored,  both     ,y)()/(„yv.]    "l.  Oiie  who  speak: 

1  fense  of  anything ;  one  who  champions  a  per- 
son or  a  cause,  whether  in  public  address  or  by 
literary  means;  one  who  makes  an  apology  or 
defense. 

There  is  one  difficult  duty  of  an  historian,  which  is  too 
often  passed  over  hy  the  party-writer ;  it  is  to  pause  when- 
ever he  feels  himself  warming  with  the  passions  of  the 
multitude,  or  becoming  the  blind  apologist  of  arbitrary 
power.  /.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  3'JO. 

Specifically  —  2.  Eccles.,  a  defender  of  Chris- 
tianity ;  in  particular,  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
early  Christian  apologies, 


264  apophyge 

[=  F.  apologists:  <  apomecometer  (ap'o-mf-kom'e-ter),  «.    [<  Gr. 

ks  or  writes  in  de-     a-rrd,  from,  away,  +  pvkoc,  length,  a  long  dis- 


tance^ //£rpoi>,  measure.]  An  instrument  used 
in  measuring  heights,  constructed  on  the  same 
principle  as  the  sextant. 

apomecometry  (ap"o-me-kom'e-tri),«.  [As 
apomecometer  +  -;/.]  '  The  art  of  measuring  ele- 
vations and  distances. 

apomorphine  (ap-o-mor'fin),  n.  [<  Gr.  and, 
from,  +  morphia  +'-tne2.]  An  artificial  alka- 
loid, C17H17N02,  prepared  from  morphine. 
The  hydrochlorate  ts  used  ill  medicine  as  a  powerful 
emetic.  It  is  usually  administered  hypodermically.  Also 
New  Latin)  a/'Oiimrohiita.  aooooo-ohia.  rutetomorphia. 

[<Gr. 


apologize  (a-pol'6-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  apolo-  aponeurography  (ap''6-nu-rog'ra-fi),  n.     [<( 

gized,  ppr.  apologizing.     [<  apology  +  -ize.]    I.  aKovEvpuatc,  aponeurosis,  +  -ypatyia,  <  ypatpuv, 

intrans.     1.  To  make  an  apology  or  defense;  write,   describe.]     A  description  of  aponeu- 

speak  or  write  in  favor  of  some   person  or  roses. 

thing;  offer  defensive  arguments. —2.  To  make  aponeurology  (ap'o-nii-rol'o-ji),  n.     [<Gr.  ajro- 

an  apology  or  excuse ;  acknowledge  or  express  vebpacic,  aponeurosis,  +  -toyia,  <  Tiiyuv,  speak: 

regret  for  a  fault:  followed  by  for:  as,  he  apolo-  see  -ology.]     1.  Tin-  anatomy  of  aponeuroses. 

gized  for  his  delay  in  replying.  —2.  A  treatise  on  aponeuroses. 

Il.t  trans.  To  make  or  write  an  apology  for ;  aponeurosis  (ap'o-nii-ro'sis),   n.;    pi.  aponeu- 


.  .  were  apolo- 
Dr.  G.  Benson. 


Central  figure  of  the  western  pediment  of  the  Temple  of  Zeus 
at  Olympia ;  5th  century  B.C. 

Apollo  Citharcedus  (Apollo  who  sings  to  tin-  accompani- 
ment of  the  lyre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  Husagetes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses;  Apollo  Sa/uroctonos  (the  Lizard- 
siller),  etc.— Apollo  Belvedere,  a  celebrated  antique 
Btatue  of  Apollo  now  preserved  in  the  Belvedere  gallery  of 
the  Vatican  palace  at  Rome,  and  esteemed  one  of  the 
noblest  artistic  representations  of  the  human  form.  It 
was  discovered  at  Porto  d'Anzio,  Italy,  among  the  ruins 
of  ancient  Antrum,  near  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

—  Delian  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  the  central  Hellenic 
sanctuary  of  Delos.  The  statue  held  a  bow  in  one  hand, 
and  figures  of  the  three  Graces  in  the  other.  — Delphinian 
Apollo,  Apollo  of  the  dolphin  ;  Apollo  as  the  protector  of 
sailors,  navigation,  and  the  marine:  identified  with  the 
Delphian  Apollo,  or  Apollo  of  Delphi  (Pythian  Apollo).— 
Phoebus  Apollo,  Apollo  as  the  god  of  radiant  light.— 
Pythian  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  Delphi,  or  the  Pythian 
sanctuary;  Apollo  as  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Python, 
whom  he  supplanted  on  Parnassus. 
2.   [/.  0.]    In  cntom..  a  butterfly,  Papilio  ajiollo. 

Apollonian  (ap-o-16'ni-an),  a.  [<Gr.  'AttoVau- 
woc,  adj.,  also  proper  name,  <  'AjtiM/Iuu,  Apollo.] 
1.  Possessing  the  traits  or  attributes  of  Apollo. 

—  2.  Devised  by  or  named  after  Apollonius  of 
Perga,  an  ancient  Greek  geometer,  celebrated 
for  his  original  investigations  in  conic  sections. 
He  flourished  under  Ptolemy  Philopator,  222- 
205  B.  c.  -Apollonian  parabola,  hyperbola,  ellipse, 
the  ordinary  conic  sections,  whose  three  names  are  due  to 
Apollonius. 

Apollonic  (ap-o-lon'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apollo- 
man,  1. 

Apollonius's  problem.    See  problem. 

Apollyon  (a-pol'ion),  n.  [LL.,<  Gr.  'AttoXavuv, 
prop.  adj.  ii-0/J.iwv,  destroying,  ppr.  of  arroX- 
Avetv,  usually  atroAlvvat,  destroy  utterly,  <  awd, 
from,  +  o/'/.i'vai.  destroy.]  The  destroyer:  a 
name  given  (only  in  Rev.  ix.  11)  to  the  angel  of 
the  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
Abaddon. 

apologetic  (a-pol-o-jet'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
apologeticus,  <  Gr.  a-o'Aoyrrnn6c,  fit  for  a  defense, 
<  axoAoyelodai,  speak  in  defense,  <  into,  from, 
away,  +  *Aoydat)at,  speak,  <  Aoyoc,  speech,  < 
>/;e<i',  speak:  see  apology.']  I.  a.  1.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  containing  a  defense;  defend- 
ing by  words  or  arguments;  said  or  written  in 
defense :  as,  an  apologetic  essay. — 2.  Making 
apology  or  excuse ;  manifesting  regret  for  or 
excusing  some  fault,  failure,  deficiency,  imper- 
fection, etc.,  in  one's  own  conduct  or  that  of 
another:  as,  an  apologetic  reply;  an  apologetic 
manner. —  Apologetic  fathers.  Sinn  father. 
II.  a.  An  apology;  a  defense.     [Rare.] 

It  look^  us  it  he  wrote  an  apoloqetie  to  the  mob  on  be- 
half of  the  prisoner.  linger  'Svrth,  r.xamen,  p.  305. 

apologetical  (a-pol-o-jot'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
apologt  in1. 

apologetically  (a-pol-o-jet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
apologetic  manner;  by  way  of  defense  or  ex- 
cuse. 

apologetics  (a-i>ol-v'-joi'iks),ji.  [PI.  ol  apologet- 
ic, after  LL. " apoldgeUca,  neut.  pi.  of  apologe- 
ticus: sec  apologetic.']  That  branch  of  demon- 
strative or  argumentative  theology  which  is 
concerned  with  the  grounds  and  defense  of 
Christian  belief  anil  hope. 

Apologetics  defends  and  vindicates  Christianity,  as  the 
perfect  religion  ol  God  for  all  mankind,  against  the  at- 
tacks of  infidelity.      Sehaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  4. 

apologise,  apologiser. 
gizer. 


defend. 

Therefore  the  christians,  in  his  time, 
gized  by  Plinie  the  second. 

Also  spelled  apologise. 

apologizer  (a-pol'o-ji-zer),  n.  One  who  apolo- 
gizes; one  who  makes  apologies  or  excuses. 
Also  spelled  apologiser. 

apologue  (ap'o-log),  n.  [<  F.  apologue,  <  L. 
apoloqus,  <  Gr.  anolwyoc,  a  story,  tale,  fable,  < 
a-6,  from,  +  "Ai)eiv,  speak,  'Aoyoc,  speech.]  A 
story  or  relation  of  fictitious  events  intended 
to  convey  useful  truths  ;  a  moral  fable  ;  an  alle- 
gory. An  apologue  differs  from  a  parable  in  that  the 
latter  is  drawn  from  events  which  occur  among  man- 
kind, and  is  therefore  supported  by  probability,  while  the 


roses  (-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airovevpuaa;  (Galen), 
the  end  of  a  muscle  where  it  becomes  tendon,  < 
airovcvpovatiai,  become  a  tendon,  <  otto,  from,  + 
vevpov  =  L.  nermts,  sinew,  tendon,  nerve:  see 
nerve&n&neuralgia.]  InanaL,  any  fascia  or  fas- 
cial structure ;  especially,  the  tendon  of  a  mus- 
cle when  broad,  thin,  flat,  and  of  a  glistening 
whitish  color,  or  the  expansion  of  a  tendon  cov- 
ering more  or  less  of  the  muscle,  or  a  broad,  thin, 
whitish  ligament.  The  name  was  given  to  these  struc- 
tures when  they  were  supposed  to  he  expansions  of  nerves, 
any  hard  whitish  tissue  being  then  considered  nervous. 
In  present  usage  aponeurosis  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
fascia,  hut  is  oftener  applied  to  the  fascia-like  tendons  of 
muscles:  as,  the  aponeurosis  of  the  oblique  muscle  of  the 
ahtlome) 


'''':;e.efordoesan"tn«qfuireUtoSbe  a'poneurosy  (ap-6-nu'ro-si), .«. ;  pi.  aponeurosies 


requm 
fables  are  good  exam- 


inanimate  things,  and  tin 
supported  by  probability.    .Esop' 
pies  of  apologues. 

apologuert  (ap'6-log-er),  n.  [<  apologue  +  -crL] 
One  who  writes  apologues ;  a  fabler.     Burton. 

apology  (a-pol'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  apologies  (-jiz).  [= 
F.  apolorjie,  <  LL.  apologia,  <  Gr.  airoMryia,  a 
speech  in  defense,  <  airoAoyuadai.,  speak  in  de- 
fense: see  apologetic,  and  cf.  apologue.']  1. 
Something  said  or  written  in  defense,  vindica- 
tion, or  excuse ;  specifically,  a  defense  or  justi- 
fication of  a  doctrine,  system,  course  of  con- 
duet,  etc.,  against  objections  or  criticisms. 

I  shall  neither  trouble  the  reader  nor  myself  with  any 

apology  for  publishing  these  sermons.  Tillotson. 

Bishop  Watson's  "Apoloqy  for  the  Bible"  is  a  good  book 

with  a  bad  title.  K.  Hall. 

2.  An  excuse,  usually  accompanied  by  an  ex- 
pression of  regret,  for  some  fault. 

Apoloqus  only  account  for  what  they  do  not  alter. 
r  I.  D ■Israeli. 

3.  That  which  imperfectly  serves  a  given  pur- 
pose ;  a  temporary  substitute ;  a  makeshift. 

He  wears  a  wisp  of  black  silk  round  his  neck,  without 
any  stiffener,  as  an  apology  for  a  neckerchief.  Dickens. 
4f.  An  apologue. 

A  pretty  apology  of  a  league  that  was  made  betwixt  the 
wolves  and  the  sheep. 

TopseU,  Four-Footed  Beasts,  p.  578.  (It.  E.  D.) 
-=Syn.  2.  Apology,  Excuse,  Plea.  Apology  has  in  this 
sense  the  force  of  an  admission  that  one  has  been,  at  least 
seemingly,  in  the  wrong;  it  therefore  pleads  any  extenu- 
ating circumstances,  or,  more  often,  offers  a  frank  acknow- 
ledgment as  the  best  that  can  be  done  toward  making 
matters  right.  Excuse  may  mean  a  defense,  or  an  expla- 
nation simply :  as,  his  excuse  was  quite  sufficient;  or  It  may 
be  a  mere  attempt  at  justification :  as,  it  was  only  an  ex- 
cuse; or  it  may  be  a  begging  to  be  released  from  a  claim: 
as,  "they  all  with  one  consent  began  to  make  .  reuse" 
Luke  xiv.  18.  A  plea  consists,  according  to  the  occasion, 
of  an  appeal  for  leniency,  or  of  justificatory  or  exculpatory 
argument  or  persuasion. 

Our  English  Martyrologer  counted  it  a  sufficient  apology 
for  what  meanness  might  be  found  in  the  first  edition  of 
his  "Acts  and  Monuments,"  that  it  was  "hastily  rushed 
up  in  about  fourteen  months." 

('.  Mather,  Introd.  to  Mag.  Chris. 
Weakness  is  thy  excuse, 
And  I  believe  it.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  S29. 

Hellenic  art  and  philosophy  were  and  remain  an  uncon- 
.  .us  pica .fur  humanity  in  its  own  right. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p,  801. 

apolytikion  (ap'o-li-tik'i-pn),  ».}  pi. apolylil.iii 

(■».).      [MUr.   airnAvriKitw,  <  Gr.  atro'Avrui6c,  dis- 


(-siz).     Same  as  aponeurosi, 

aponeurotic  (ap"o-nu-rot'ik),  a.  [<  aponeuro- 
sis :  see  -otic]  Having  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
neurosis; relating  to  the  thin  and  expansive 
sheath  of  a  muscle  ;  fascial;  tendinous. 

aponeurotomy  (ap'o-nu-rot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aTfoveipuaic,  aponeurosis,  +  to///),  a  cutting,  < 
Tifoiuv,  ra/ieiv,  cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  1.  In  anat., 
dissection  of  the  aponeuroses. — 2.  In  surg., 
section  of  aponeuroses. 

apoop  (a-pop' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
poop.]    On  the  poop;  astern. 

She  .  .  .  could  get  along  very  nearly  as  fast  with  the 
wind  ahead,  as  when  it  was  a-poop. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  96. 

apopemptic  (ap-o-pemp'tik),  </.  [<  Gr.  arroireji- 
■KTtKue,  valedictory,  <  a-o-iy-tiv,  send  off,  dis- 
miss, <  otto,  off,  +  -ip-av.  send.]     Valedictory. 

apopetalous  (ap-o-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apo- 
petalus,  <  Gr.  a-6,  froru,  +  itctoaov,  leaf,  in  mod. 
bot.  petal.]  In  hot.,  having  the  corolla  com- 
posed of  several  distinct  petals  :  equivalent  to 
the  more  common  term  polypetalous. 

apophantic  (ap-o-fan'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-ociavTi- 
hvr,  declaratory,  <  a-otpaivetv,  declare.  Cf.  apo- 
physis.] Containing  or  consisting  of  a  declara- 
tion, statement,  or  proposition ;  declaratory. 

apophasis  (a-pof'a-sis),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  cnrdipamc, 
a  negation,  denial,  <  axotpavat,  deny,  <  ii-o,  from, 
off,  +  cjavat  =  L.  fori,  say.]  In  rhet.,  denial 
of  an  intention  to  speak  'of  something  which 
is  at  the  same  time  hinted  or  insinuated; 
paralipsis  (which  see). 

apophlegmatict  (ap"o-fleg-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  iiiro<pAe}fiaTt>i6<;  (Galen) ;  cf.  aTTo<p'Ae}paTt^eiv, 
promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm  or  mucus:  see 
apophleqmatism.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  having  the 
quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm  or  mu- 
cus from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 

II.    n.    Anything  which  promotes   the  dis- 
oharge  of  phlegm  or  mucus;  au  expectorant. 

apophlegmatismt  (ap-o-fleg'ma-tizm),  n.  [< 
LL.  apopMegmat ism iw,  <  Gr.  u-no/i}/iaTtaiiAc,  < 
airoeAeypaTiCetv,  promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm 
or  mucus,  <  ok6,  from,  +  <p/,y//a,  phlegm,  mu- 
cus.] 1.  Something  which  excites  discharges 
of  phlegm.— 2.  The  action  of  apophlegmatic 
medicine! 


posed  to  acquit,  <  arrdAvToc,  loosed,  free,  verbal  apophthegm,  apophthegmatic,  etc.    bee  apo 

adj.  of  airo'A.vew,  loose  from,  let  go,  dismiss,  <     thegm,  etc. 

and,  from,  +  Xveiv,  loose.]    In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  apophyge   (a-pof'i-je) 

dismissal  hymn. 


See  apologize,  apolo- 


Apomatostoma  (a-po-ma-tos'to-ma),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  7r<J['m(T-),  a  lid,  +  ar6pa, 
mouth.]  A  suborder  of  pectinibranchiate  or 
ctenobranchiate  mollusks,  composed  of  the 
families  Involuta,  lHlutacea,  and  Corotiata. 
.Mi  nice,  1830.  Also  written  Apomastoma.  Fi- 
rusxac,  1819. 


[NL.  (cf.  F.  apo- 
phyge", <  L.  a/iiipltjigis),  <  Gr.  airapvyi/,  lit.  an  es- 
cape, <  (motfievyuv,  Ueo  away,  escape,  <  otto,  from, 
away,  +  ipehyew,  flee.]     In  arch. :  (a)  That  part 

of  a 'coin '  of  one  of  the  more  ornate  orders 

which  is  molded  into  a  concave  sweep  where 
the  shaft  springs  from  the  base  or  terminates 
in  the  capital.  Sometimes  called  the  scape  or 
spring  of  the  column.    See  order.    (6)  The  hoi- 


apophyge 

low  or  sootia  beneath  tho  echinus  of  the  Doric 
capital,  occurring  in  some  archaic  examples, 
anil  relinquished  as  tho  stylo  advanced.  Also 
called  apophysis  and  conge. 
apophyllite  (a-pof'i-lat  or  ap-o-fil'it),  «.  [So 
named  because  of  its  tendency  to  exfoliate  (cf. 
Gr.  aTvo<j>vMiieiv,  strip  of  its  leaves),  <  Gr.  dird, 
off,  from,  4-  tpb'lhiv  (=~L.  folium,  a  leaf)  +  -ife2.] 
A  mineral  allied  to  the  zeolites,  occurring  in 
laminated  masses  or  in  tetragonal  crystals,  and 
having  a  strong  pearly  luster  on  the  surface  of 
perfect  cleavage,  parallel  to  which  it  separates 
readily  into  thin  laruinse.  It  exfoliates  also  under 
the  blowpipe.  From  its  peculiar  luster  it  is  sometimes 
called  ichtnyophthalmite,  that  is,  fish-eye  stone.  It  is  a 
hydrated  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  containing  also 
some  tluorin. 

apophyllous  (ap-o-fil'us),  «.  [<  Gr.  air6,  off, 
from,  +  <f>A'Aov  =  L'.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing distinct  leaves ;  eleutherophyllous:  applied 
to  a  perianth  with  distinct  sepals  and  petals : 
opposed  to  gamophyllous. 

apophysary  (a-pof  i-sa-ri),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-on/.]  Having  the  character  of  an  apophysis 
or  outgrowth ;  apophysial. 

In  Magas  the  apophysary  system  is  composed  of  an 
elevated  longitudinal  septum  reaching  from  one  valve  to 
the  other.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  190. 

apophysate  (a-pof'i-sat),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-ah  !.]     In  hot.,  having  an  apophysis. 

apophyses,  n.     Plural  of  apophysis. 

apophysial  (ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-oJ.J  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
physis ;  growing  out  from,  as  an  apophysis. 

apophysis  (a-pof  'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  apoj)hyses  (-sez). 
[<  fir.  cnrdtpvoic,  an  offshoot,  the  process  of  a  bone, 
<  airotpieodai,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  d-d,  off,  from, 
+  <j>ho8ai,  grow,  >  Qbaic,  growth:  see  physic.'] 
1.  In  aiiat.:  (a)  Any  process  of  bone ;  an  out- 
growth of  bone ;  a  mere  projection  or  protuber- 
ance, which  has  no  independent  ossiiic  center, 
and  is  thus  distinguished  from  an  epiphysis 
(which  see);  specifically,  any  process  of  a  ver- 
tebra, whether  it  has  such  a  center,  and  thus  is 
epiphysial  in  nature,  or  not :  in  the  former  case, 
a  vertebral  apophysis  is  called  autogenous  or 
endogenous ;  in  the  latter,  exogenous.  The  princi- 
pal vertebral  apophyses  are  distinguished  as  anapophysis, 
aiapophysis,  epapophysis,  hemapophysis,  hypapophysis, 
metapopnysis,  neurapophysis,  parapophysis,  pleurapophy- 
sis,  and  zygapopkysis.  See  these  words.  (M  A  process 
or  outgrowth  of  some  organ  of  the  body,  as  the 
brain:  as,  apophysis  cerebri,  the  pituitary  body. 
See  cut  under  brain,  (c)  In  chitons,  a  process 
of  one  of  the  plates,  inserted  into  the  mantle. 
—  2.  In  hot.,  a  swelling  under  the  base  of  the 
theca  or  spore-case  of  some  mosses,  as  in  species 
of  Splachnum.  See  cut  under  Anarecea. — 3.  In 
geoh,  a  term  applied  to  the  arms  which  often 
extend  outward,  in  a  horizontal  direction  from 
the  main  mass  or  dike  of  an  intrusive  igneous 

rock. — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as  apophyge Arthro- 

dial  apophysis.    See  arthrodial. 

apoplectic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  apo- 
plceticus,  <  Gr.  a^orr?.^K-iK6r,  apoplectic,  <  a~6- 
Tr/it/KTor,  disabled  by  a  stroke :  see  apoplexy.'] 
I.  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apo- 
plexy ;  affected  with  apoplexy :  as,  an  apo- 
j/lrrtic  fit;  an  apoplectic  patient. —  2.  Predis- 
posed or  tending  to  apoplexy  :  as,  an  apoplectic 
person;  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. — 3f.  Serv- 
ing to  cure  apoplexy:  as,  "apoplectic  balsam," 
Addison,  Travels,  Italy. 

II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  or  predisposed 
to  apoplexy. 

apoplectical  (ap-o-plek'ti-kal),  «.  Same  as 
apoplectic. 

apoplectiform  (ap-o-plek'ti-forni),  a.  [<  L.  apo- 
plectus,  apoplecticus  (see  ajiophctic),  +  forma, 
form.]  Resembling  apoplexy;  of  the  nature  of 
apoplexy. 

In  the  gravest  forms  of  specific  cerebral  disease,  an  apo- 
plfftilunu  seizure  followed  by  fatal  coma  may  usher  in 
the  attack  with  no  premonitory  symptoms. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  63. 

apoplext  (ap'o-pleks),  n.  [<  L.  apoplcxis,  <  Gr. 
airuKAyiir,  var.  of  axowAr/gia :  see  apoplexy.] 
Apoplexy. 

Repletions,  apoplex,  intestate  death. 

Dryden,  Juvenal,  Sat.  i. 

How  does  his  apoplex? 
Is  that  strong  on  him  still  ? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 

apoplexedt  (ap'6-plekst),  a.  [<  apoplex  +  -ed2.] 
Affected  with  apoplexy  or  paralysis. 

Sense,  sure,  you  have, 
Else  could  you  not  have  motion  ;  but,  sure,  that  sense 
Is  apoplex'd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 


265 

apoplexiousf  (ap-o-plek'shue);  a.    [<  apoplexy 

+  -oils.  ]    ( '.insisting  in  or  having  the  character 
of  apoplexy:  as,  "  ajiojilr.rioiis  and  other  con- 
generous diseases, "  Arbuthnot. 
apoplexy  (ap'9-plek-si),  ».    [<  ME.  apoplemi 

(and  ablirov.  popli.ru  ),  <  P.  iipojilexic,  <  L.  apo- 
jilixia,  <  (lr.  u~imAt/^ia,  apoplexy,  <  awoKAi/kTor, 
disabled  by  a  stroke,  stricken  with  apoplexy, 
verbal  adj.  of  airon'Aiiaauv,  disable  by  a  stroke, 

<  drrd,  off,  from,  +  irXfyoeeu),  strike.]  In  pathol., 
a  sudden  loss  or  impairment  of  consciousness 
and  voluntary  motion,  caused  by  the  rupture 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  brain,  an  embolism, 
or  other  cerebral  shock.  [Sometimes  incor- 
rectly used  to  denote  hemorrhage  into  the  tis- 
sues of  any  organ.] 

apora,  n.     Plural  of  aporon. 

aporeme  (ap'o-rem),  11.  [<  Gr.  an6pnya,  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt  (also  with  Aristotle  a  dialectical 
syllogism  of  contradiction),  <  aizopdv,  be  in 
doubt:  see  aporetic.j  An  argument  to  show 
that  a  question  presents  a  doubt  or  difficulty. 

aporetic  (ap-6-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
aporctiquc,  <  P.  aporetique  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr. 
airopriTiixoi;,  inclined  to  doubt,  <  airopeiv,  be  in 
doubt,  <  hiropoc,  in  doubt,  at  a  loss:  see  aporia.] 
I.t  a.  Inclined  to  doubt  or  to  raise  objections. 
II.  n.  A  skeptic ;  one  who  believes  that  per- 
fect certainty  is  unattainable,  and  finds  in 
every  object  of  thought  insoluble  difficulties. 

aporetical  (ap-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  apart  He. 

aporia  (a-po'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  aporia;  (-e).  [LL.,  < 
Gr.  airopia,  difficulty,  doubt,  puzzle,  <  arropor,  in 
doubt,  doubtful,  at  a  loss,  lit.  impassable,  with- 
out passage,  <  a-  priv.  +  iropog,  way,  passage : 
see  pore-.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  professed  doubt  where 
to  begin  or  what  to  say  on  account  of  the  va- 
riety of  matter. —  2.  An  equality  of  reasons 
for  and  against  a  given  proposition. — 3.  In 
pathol.,  febrile  anxiety  ;  uneasiness. 
Also  apory. 

aporimet,  aporimt  (ap'o-rim),  n.  [<  Gr.  d- priv. 
+  nSpi/wg,  finding  a  way,  able  to  provide,  < 
~6poQ,  way,  passage:  see  j>ore2,  and  cf.  aporia.] 
Same  as  aporon. 

Aporobranchia  (ap"o-ro-brang' ki- a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  airopur,  without  passage  (see  apo- 
ria), +  jipayxia,  gills.]  1.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  Araclinida  having 
no  apparent  respiratory  apparatus,  by  which 
the  l'ycnogonidw  alone  were  distinguished  from 
other  arachnidans:  synonymous  with  Podoso- 
matii  of  Leach's  system. — 2.  In  De  Blainville's 
system  of  classification,  an  order  of  his  Para- 
ccphalopliora,  containing  the  pteropods,  which 
are  divided  into  the  Thecosomata  and  Gymno- 
somata.    Also  Aporobranchiata. 

aporobranchian  (ap'o-ro-brang'M-an),  a.  and 
n.     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Aporobranchia. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Aporobranchia. 

Aporobranchiata (ap"o-ro-brang-ki-a't;i),  n. pi. 
[NL.,  as  Aporobranchia  +  -ata.]  Same  as  Apo- 
robranchia, 2. 

aporobranchiate  (ap "  o  -  ro  -  brang '  ki  -  at),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Aporobranchiata. 

aporont  (ap'o-ron),  n. ;  pi.  apora  (-ra).     [NL., 

<  Gr.  atropov,  neut.  of  a-opoc,  doubtful,  difficult: 
see  aporia.]  A  very  difficult  or  insoluble 
problem.     Also  called  aporime. 

Aporopoda  (ap-o-rop'o-da),  ».  pi.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
awopog,  without  passage  (see  aporia),  +  ttoi'c 
(n-ot!-)  =  E.foot.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  prime  division  of  his  Vondylopa,  by 
which  the  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  and  myria- 
pods  are  collectively  contrasted  with  Hexapoda, 
or  insects  proper.  It  was  defined  as  "insects"  with 
more  than  six  feet  and  destitute  of  wings.  Savigny  also 
uses  the  name.  It  is  synonymous  with  the  Hyp&rhexapoda 
of  Westwood. 

Aporosa  (ap-o-ro's:i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apo- 
rosns,  not  porous  (see  aporose);  cf.  Gr.  hoopoe, 
without  passage :  see  aporia .]  A  group  of  corals 
of  the  sclerodermic  section,  having  the  coral- 
bim  or  calcareous  cup  solid,  and  not  perforated 
with  minute  apertures.  Edwards  and  Huime, 
1850. 

aporose  (ap'o-ros),  a.  [<  NL.  aporosus,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  NL. porosus,  porous,  <  L.  poms,  pore: 
see  j)ore-.]  1.  Not  porous. —  2.  Belonging  to 
the  group  of  corals  called  Aporosa ;  eporose. 

In  the  simple  aporose  corals  the  calcification  of  the  base 

and  side  walls  of  the  body  gives  rise  to  the  cup,  or  theca. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  146. 

aporrhaid  (ap-6-ra'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aporrhuidcc. 


ill     Afoi 
r/iais  pes-peiicani). 


apostasy 

Aporrhaidae  (ap-o-ra'i-de),  n.  /</.  |.\1...  <Ap- 
orrhais  +  -idte.]  A  family  of  entobranchiate 
tsenioglossate  gastropods,  oi 
which  there  are  few  living  spe- 
cies, lis  nieiniici  :uv  characterized 
by  a  ttat  foot ,  :l  broad  muzzle,  elongate 
tentacles,  <  \  \  on  the  outer  Idi  ol  the 
I'tit.M'les,  teeth  in  seven  longitudinal 
rows,  a  torreted  shell  with  the  aper- 
ture more  or  less  produced  in  front, 
ami  an  alate  outer  lip. 

Aporrhais (ap-o-ra'is), ».  [NL., 

in  form  <  Or.  airoppalc,  a  vari- 
ous reading  for  aipoppotq,  a  kind 
of  shell-fish:  see  hemorrhoid.] 
A  genus  of  gastropods  with 
effuse  channel-like  lip-spines, 
represented  by  the  pebcan's- 
foot  or  spout-shell  (which  see) 
of  northern  Europe,  and  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Aporrhaidal. 
aport(a-port'),  pri  p.  phr.  as  adv.  [<a'J  +  port*.] 
Jfaut.,  to  or  on  the  port  side  of  a  ship,  as  in  the 
phrase  hard  apart.  Bard  apart!  as  a  command,  in- 
structs the  helmsman  to  turn  the  tiller  to  the  left  or  port 
side  of  the  ship,  thus  causing  the  ship  to  swerve  to  the 
right  in-  starboard. 

apory  (ap'o-ri),  ii.  [<  LL.  aporia :  see  aporia.] 
Same  as  <ij>orin. 

aposatum  (ap'o-sat-em),  n.  [Also,  as  NL., 
aposiitiiriiiiiiii,  <  Gr.  diro,  from,  +  L.  Saturuus, 
Saturn.  Cf.  apojorc.]  The  point  in  the  orbit 
of  any  one  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  most  re- 
mote from  the  planet.     Airy. 

aposepalous  (ap-o-sep'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apo- 
scpalus,  <  Gr.  a-u,  from,  +  NL.  sepatum,  sepal.] 
In  hot.,  having  a  calyx  composed  of  distinct 
sepals ;  polysepalous. 

aposepidin  (ap-o-sep'i-din),  n.  [<  Gr.  ano,  away, 
+  aij-ELv,  make  rotten  (see  septic),  +  -id  +  -in2.] 
Same  as  leucin. 

aposiopesis  (ap"o-si-o-pe'sis),  «.  [L.,<  Or. 
ii-iinalj7zi/(jtc,  <  d7roo76j:rdi;,  become  silent,  <  and, 
off,  from,  +  ciamav,  be  silent.]  In  rltet.,  sud- 
den reticence ;  the  suppression  by  a  speaker  or 
writer  of  something  which  he  seemed  to  be 
about  to  say;  the  sudden  termination  of  a  dis- 
course before  it  is  really  finished.  The  word  is 
also  applied  to  the  art  of  speaking  of  a  thing  while  pre- 
tending1 to  say  nothing  about  it,  or  of  aggravating  what 
one  pretends  to  conceal  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  lie  understood:  as,  his  character  is  such  —  but 
it  is  better  I  should  not  speak  of  that. 

aposiopestic  (ap*o-si-o-pes'tik),  a.  [For  apo- 
siopetic,  in  irreg.  imitation  of  aposiopesis.] 
Same  as  aposiopctic.     [Rare.] 

That  interjection  of  surprise  .  .  .  with  the  aposiopestic 

break  after  it,  marked  thus,  7. ds. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

aposiopetic  (ap"o-si-o-pet'ik),  a.  [<  aposiope- 
sis (-pet-)  +  -if,  after  LGr.  clu-ktitikoc,  taciturn.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aposiopesis. 

apositia  (ap-o-sit'i-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a-oama, 
ZairuciToc,  abstaining  from  food,  <  d-o,  away, 
from,  +  anor,  food.]  A  loathing  of  food.  Dun- 
glison. 

aposporous  (a-pos'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  aposporus, 

<  Gr.  atri,  from,  away,  +  r.-opoc,  seed:  see  spore.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  apospory. 

In  the  aposporous  Ferns  ami  Mosses  and  intheChara- 

cea-  the  oophore  is  developed  as  a  bud  from  the  sporo- 
phore.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  431. 

apospory  (a-pos'po-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  *aposporia,  < 
aposporus:  see  ujuisporous.]  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  the  production  of  the  prothallus 
immediately  from  the  sporangium  without  the 
ordinary  intervention  of  spores,  or  from  the 
leaf  itself,  without  either  sporangium  or  spore. 

apostacy,  ».    See  apostasy. 

apostasis  (a-pos'ta-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  d-daraatc, 
in  med.  a  suppurative  inflammation,  a  transi- 
tion from  one  disease  to  another,  lit.  a  stand- 
ing away  from:  see  apostasy .]  1.  laoldmed.: 
(a)  The  termination  or  crisis  of  a  disease  by 
some  secretion  or  critical  discharge,  in  opposi- 
tion to  metastasis,  or  the  termination  by  trans- 
fer to  some  other  part,  (b)  An  apostem  or 
abscess,  (c)  The  throwing  off  or  separation  of 
exfoliated  or  fractured  bones. —  2.  In  hot.,  a 
term  proposed  by  Engelmann  for  the  separa- 
tion of  flora]  whorls  or  of  parts  from  each  other 
by  the  unusual  elongation  of  the  internodes. 

apostasy  (a-pos'ta-si),  ii.  ;  pi.  apostasies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  apostasii  ,<  F.  apostasie,  <  LL.  apostasia, 

<  Gr.  dirooTama,  late  form  for  a-uaraatc,  a  stand- 
ing away  from,  a  defection,  revolt,  departure, 
distance,  etc.,  in  med.  a  suppurative  inflam- 
mation (see  apostasis),  <  aoiaraatlai,  anoarijvai, 
stand  away  from,  <  cm6,  away,  off,  +  iaraaQai, 
arfp/ai,  stand:  Bee  stasis.]    1.  An  abandonment 


apostasy 


266 


of  what  one  has  professed;  a  total  desertion  a  posteriori  (5  pos-te-n-6  n).  [ML.:  L. a  for 
of,  or  departure  from,  one's  faith,  principles,  ah,  from;  posteriori,  abl.  of  posterior,  neut.pos- 
or  party.— 2.  In  thcol.,  a  total  abandonment  of  teriiis,  compar.  of  posterns,  after,  subsequent: 
the  Christian  faith.  see  posterior.]     Literally,  from  the  latter  or 

It  is  a  mistake  ...  to  brand  as  apost,,,-,,  an>  kind  of    subsequent ;    hence,   in  logic,    from   a   conse- 
heresy  or  schism,  however  criminal  or  absurd,  which  still 
assumes  to  itself  the  Christian  name.  Cath.  Diet. 

3.  In  Bom.  Cath.  eccles.  law:  (a)  A  persistent 
rejection  of  ecclesiastical  authority  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  church,  (b)  An  abandonment  with- 
out permission  of  the  religious  order  of  which 
one  is  a  member,  (c)  A  renunciation  of  the 
clerical  profession  by  one  who  has  received 
major  orders. — 4.  lamed.,  same  as  apostasis. 

Also  spelled  apostaey. 
apostate  (a-pos'tat),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  apostate 
(also,  asiriAS.,  apostata,  <  LL.),  <  OF. apostate, 
F.  apostat,  <  LL.  apostata,  <  Gr.  airoor&riic,,  a  de- 
serter, rebel,  apostate,  <  dtpityraaBai,  airoorqvac, 
stand  off,  desert :  see  apostasy.']    I.  ».    1.  One 


perfect  demonstration.  The  phrase  is  also  used  ad- 
iectively  :  as,  a  posteriori  reasoning.  As  applied  by  Kant 
and  all  modern  writers  to  knowledge,  it  is  equivalent  to 
from  experience,  or  empirical ;  and  it  is  opposed  by  him 
to  a  priori,  that  is,  from  the  intellect  independently  of  all 
experience.    See  apriori. 

Inversely,  the  elaborate  Homeric  use  of  Cretan  tradi- 
tional fables  furnishes  an  a  posteriori  argument  that  Ho- 
mer did  seek  tins  island.  De  Quincey,  Homer,  L 

aposterioristic  (a-pos-te"ri-6-ris'tik),  a.  [<  a 
posteriori  +  -ist-ic]  1.  Empirical;  inductive. 
—  2.  Having  a  somewhat  empirical  or  induc- 
tive character.     [Rare.] 


who  is  guilty  of  apostasy ;  one  who  has  forsaken  aposthumet,  »•     A  corrupt  form  of  apostem. 
the  church,  sect,  party,  profession,  or  opinion  apostil,  apostille  (a-pos'til),  n.    [    F. apostille: 
to  which  he  before  adhered  (used  in  reproach) 


a  renegade ;  a  pervert 

He  [the  Earl  of  Strafford]  .  .  .  felt  towards  those  whom 
he  had  deserted  that  peculiar  malignity  which  has,  in  all 
ages,  been  characteristic  of  apostates. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  who,  without 
obtaining  a  formal  dispensation,  forsakes  a 
religious  order  of  which  he  has  made  profession. 
=  Syn  Neophyte,  i  'onvert,  Proselyte,  etc.  See  convert,  and 
list  under  rem  gads. 

II.  a.  Unfaithful  to  religious  creed,  or  to 
moral  or  political  principle ;  traitorous  to  alle- 
giance; false;  renegade:  as,  "the  aposteite 
lords,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
apostatet  (a-pos'tat),  v.  i.  [<  apostate,  «.]  To 
apostatize. 

Had  Peter  been  truly  inspired  by  God,  ...  he  would 
not  have  apostated  from  his  purpose.  Fuller. 

apostatical  (ap-os-tat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  airoaran- 
koc,  rebellious,  <  aitoo-Tornc :  see  apostate.]  Apos- 
tate ;  guilty  of  or  characterized  by  apostasy. 

An  hereticall  and  apostaticall  church.  Bp.  Hall. 

An  assembly  of  prelates,  convened  by  Archbishop  Usher 
in  1626,  declared  that  the  religion  of  Papists  is  supersti- 
tious and  idolatrous;  their  faith  and  doctrines  erroneous 
and  heretical;  their  Church,  in  respect  to  both,  apostati- 
cal. Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  vi. 

apostatize  (a-pos'ta-tiz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostatised,  ppr.  apostatizing.  [<  ML.  aposta- 
tizare,  <  LL.  apostata,  apostate :  see  apostate 
and  -ize.]  To  abandon  one's  profession  or 
church ;  forsake  one's  principles ;  retrograde 
from  one's  faith;  withdraw  from  one's  party. 
Also  spelled  apostatise. 

He  apostatized  from  his  old  faith  in  facts,  took  to  believ- 
ing in  seniblanees.  Carlyle. 

The  English  certainly  were  not  converted  to  Christian- 
ity: did  the  Britons  apostatize  to  heathendom? 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  131. 

apqstaxis  (ap-os-tak'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  airoara^ic, 
<  a-oardCen;  drip,  distil,  <  otto,  away,  from,  + 
trraluv,  drip.]  1.  In  med.,  the  defluxion  of  any 
fluid,  as  of  blood  from  the  nose. — 2.  In  hot.,  an 
abnormal  discharge  of  the  juices  of  plants,  as 
the  gumming  of  the  plum. 

apostemt,  apostemet  (ap'os-tem,  -tern),  n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  apostom  and  apostume 
(whence  by  further  corruption  imposiiune,  im- 
post&ume,  after '  >!•'.  <  mpostume),<ME.  aposteme, 
apostym,  <  t  >F.  aposteme  and  apostume,  <  L.  apo- 
stema,  <  Gr.  aTroGri/ua,  distance,  interval,  an  ab- 
scess, <  ae)imar>8ai,  hitoc!Ti]vai,  stand  off,  <  air6,  off, 
+  'io-Taadai,  arr'/rni,  stand:  see  stasis.]  An  ab- 
scess; a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  matter. 
Also  apostemate,  and, corruptly,  apostume,  apos- 
tliume.  impostume,  imposthume. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te-mat),  v.  i.  [OIL.  *apo- 
ste, until,,  pp.  of  iiposirmari,  <  L.  apostema  :  see 
apostem.]  To  form  into  an  abscess;  swell  and 
fill  with  pus. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te  mat),  a.  and  ».  [<  ML. 
'apostematus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Formed 
into  an  apostem;  festering. 

II.  11.    Same  as  apostem. 

Have  you  1 avulsions   pricking  aches,  sir, 

Ruptures,  or  apostt  matt 

ton  {and  other  I  The  «  Idow,  iv.  2. 

apostemationt  (a^pos-te-ma'shon),  ».    [<  OF. 

op, ,st,  milium,  <  ML.  <l posit uialite  n-),  <  'OPOSte- 
miiii.  \,]i.  'apostt  Hiatus  :  see  apostt  -mate, v.]  The 
format  ii  it i  of  an  apostem ;  the  process  of  gather- 
ingiato  an  abscess.  Also,  corruptly,  imposthu- 
tnation. 

apostematoust  (ap-o-stem'a-tus),  a.  r<L.  apo- 
stemii(i-).  apostem,  4-  -oiis.]  Pertaining  to  an 
abscess;  having  the  nature  of  an  apostem. 

apostemet,  n.      See  njioslein. 


see  po'stiL]     A  marginal  note  or  annotation 
a  comment. 

He  scrawled  apostilles  on  the  margins  to  prove  that  lie 
had  read  with  attention.     Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  249. 

apostil  (a-pos'til),  r.  *. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apostded, 
apostilled,  ppr.  aposUlmg,  apostilling.  [<  F. 
aposUller;  from  the  noun.]  To  annotate  by 
marginal  observations  or  comments. 

apostille,  ».     See  apostil. 

apostle  (a-pos'l),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
apheresis postle,  <  ME.  apostle,  apostel,  aposteU, 
aposUll,  etc.,  and  by  apheresis  postle,  postel,  < 
AS.  apostol  =  OFries.  apostol,  apostel  =  D.  G. 
Sw.  Dan.  apostel,  the  ME.  form  being  mixed 
with  OF.  apostle,  later  apostre,  mod.  F.  apStre, 
=  Pr.  apotro  —  Sp.  apostol  =  Pg.  It.  apostolo,  < 
LL.  apostolus,  an  apostle,  also  a  notice  sent  to 
a  higher  tribunal  or  judge  (def.  4),  =  Goth. 
apaiistaidas,  apatistidus  =  Russ.  apostolic  =  Pol. 
apostol  (barred  0,  etc.,  an  apostle,  <  Gr.  into- 
oto'}joc,  a  messenger,  ambassador,  envoy,  eccles. 
an  apostle,  a  book  of  lessons  from  the  apostolic 
epistles  (def.  3),  lit.  one  who  is  sent  away,  < 
ifKoariXkuv,  send  away,  send  off,  esp.  on  a  mis- 
sion, <  (ik6,  off,  away,  +  ariXAzw,  send.]  1.  A 
person  sent  to  execute  some  important  business : 
among  the  Jews  of  the  Christian  epoch,  a  title 
borne  by  persons  sent  on  foreign  missions,  espe- 
cially by  those  commissioned  to  collect  the 
temple  tribute ;  specifically  adopted  by  Christ 
as  the  official  title  of  twelve  of  his  disciples 
chosen  and  sent  forth  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  world  (Luke  vi.  13) ;  afterward  applied  in 
the  New  Testament  to_  others  who  performed 
apostolic  function 
once  to  Christ  him 


apostolic 

dients  (resins,  gums,  wax,  oil,  vinegar,  verdigris,  etc.),  cor- 
responding  in  number  to  the  apostles. 
apostle-mug  (a-pos'1-mug),  n.  A  mug  deco- 
rated with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles,  usu- 
ally in  relief,  sometimes  in  high  relief,  each 
figure  occupying  a  niche  or  compartment. 

silt    + 

apostle, 
apostle. 

Apostleship  of  prayer,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  de- 
vout union  for  the  promotion  of  piety  and  good  works 
among  the  faithful,  and  the  furtherance  of  the  general  in- 
terests of  the  church,  by  means  of  prayer,  especially  by  de- 
votion to  the  Heart  of  Jesus.  It  was  founded  in  the  Jesuit 
house  of  studies  at  Valo,  diocese  of  Le  Puy,  in  France,  in 
1S44,  and  was  approved  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  in  lsoti,  and  again 
finally  by  Leo  XIII.  in  1879.  It  numbers  many  millions 
of  associates  of  every  condition  of  life  throughout  the 
world. 
apostle-spoon  (a-pos'1-spon),  n.  A  spoon  hav- 
ing on  its  handle,  usually  at  the  end,  the  figure 
of  one  of  the  apostles. 
A  set  of  twelve  of  these 
spoons,  or  sometimes  a  small- 
er number,  often  formed  a 
christening  gift  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies. The  old  apostle- 
spoons  which  still  exist  are 
generally  of  silver  gilt. 
Now,  by  my  faith,  a  fair  high 

standing-cup 
And  two  great  'postle-spoons, 

one  of  them  gilt. 
Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  Hi.  2. 

apostolate   (a-pos' to- 
fat),  it.    [<  LL.  aposto- 

latus,  office  of  an  apos- 
tle/ apostolus,  apostle.] 
1.  The  dignity  or  office 
of  an  apostle. 

That  the  apostolate  might 
be  successive  and  perpetual, 
Christ  gave  them  [the  apos- 
tles] a  power  of  ordination. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Episcopacy 
[Asserted,  §  3. 
The  ministry  originally  co- 
incided with  the  apostolate. 
Sehaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church, 
[I.  60. 

Specifically  — 2.  The  dignity  or  office  of  the 
pope ;  the  holder  of  the  apostolic  see :  used  as  a 
title  in  the  early  middle  ages,  as  the  title  Holi- 
ness is  employed  at  the  present  time — CathoUc 
Apostolate,  a  name  adopted  by  ail  ecclesiastical  congre- 
gation and  certain  pious  societies  founded  by  Vincent 
Pallotti,  a  Eoman  priest,  in  1835.  Such  societies  com- 
prise communities  of  secular  priests,  with  lay  brothers 
attached,  devoted  to  the  work  of  missions;  communities 
of  religious  women,  occupied  with  the  instruction  and 
care  of  poor  girls;  and  associations  of  devoted  lay  men 
or  women  of  any  condition,  who  by  their  alms  and  prayers 
share  in  the  above-mentioned  and  other  good  works. 


Apostle-Spoons. 


Church  this  title  isgiven  "notonlyU/.u»  ^...w-, -—-  -   — 

the  Seventy  Disciples,  and  to  other  Apostolic  men  who  ApOStolian  (ap-os-to  ll-an),  n.     Une  01  a  sect, 

were  the  companions  of  the  Apostles  properly  so  called."  0f  Mennonites  in  the  Netherlands,  founded  in 

(J.  M.  Scale.)    In  later  usage  the  title  has  been  given  to  .,      seventeenth  century  by  Samuel  Apostool, 

the  first  Christian  missionaries  in  any  part  of  the  world,  '""fV'T         ,  Am„rprflnm    -Also  Jnostooliau. 

and  to  the  pioneers  of  any  great  moral  reform:  as,  St.  a  ministei  ot  Amsti  ld.iin.     Also  ^posiooitaii 

iugustine,  the  apostle  of  the  English;  St.  Boniface,  the  apostolic  (ap-os-tol  lk),  «■  and  n. 


apostle  of  Germany  ;  St.  Francis  Xavier,  the  apostle  of  the 
Indies;  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians;  Theobald 
Mathew,  the  apostle  of  temperance. 

2.  In  the  Mormon  Ch.,  the  title  of  an  official 
whose  duty  it  is  to  be  a  special  witness  of  the 
name  of  Christ,  to  build  up  and  preside  over  the 
church,  and  to  administer  in  all  its  ordinances. 
There  are  twelve  of  these  officials,  who  rank  next  after  the 
president  and  his  two  assistants,  and  constitute  a  Presul- 
;„,.  High  council!  barged  with  the  penal  regulation  01  the 
alfairs  of  the  church  and  the  settlement  of  important 
matters.  . 

3.  In  the  liturgy  of  the  early  church,  and  in 
the  modern  Greek  Church,  the  lesson  from  the 
epistles,  usually  taken  from  the  writings  of 
St.  Paul;  also,  a  book  containing  these  lessons, 
printed  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be 
rea(l. — 4.  Iu  law,  a  brief  statement  of  a  case 
sent  by  a  court  whence  an  appeal  has  been 
taken  to  a  Superior  court.     This  sense  belonged  to 

the  Latin  apostolus  a ng  the  Roman  jurists,  and  was 

commonly  used  until  a  late  date  in  the  tribunals  of  the 
B an  Catholic  Church. 

5.  Xaut.,  a  knighthead  or  bollard-timber  where 
hawsers  and  heavy  ropes  are  belayed.  -Acts  of 
the  Apostles.  See  art.  —  Apostles'  Creed,  an  early  con- 
fession of  faith,  of  universal  acceptance  in  the  Christian 
church  preserved  In  substantially  its  present  form  from 
the  close  of  tie  fuurih  century,  but  in  its  precise  wording 
from  about  \.  D.  600  Apostles' gems,  in  christian  sym- 
bolism, various  gems  assigned  to  the  twelve  apostles  ac- 
cordingto  the  twelve  foundations  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
i  !:■  i  \\i.  M,  19,  2(i).  Thus,  to  St.  Peter  was  assigned  jas 
per;  to  St.  Andrew,  sapphire ;  and  so  on  according  to  the 
order  nf  their  lulling  (Mat.  x.  2,  3,  4),  except  that  St. 
Tin, mas  an. 1  -t    Matthew  int.  reliance,  and  Matthias  takes 

the  place  <,f  .hulas.-  Apostles'  ointment,  an  ointment 
formerly  used  which  was  supposed  to  derive  its  virtues 
chiefly  from  the  fact  that  it  was  composed  of  twelve  ingre- 


lique,  <  LL.  apostolicus  (ML.  also  apostolical  is), 
<LGr.  d7roo-ToA«o(:,<Gr.  a7rooro?.oc:  see  apostle.] 
I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  or  character- 
istic of  an  apostle,  or  more  especially  of  the 
twelve  apostles;  of  the  apostles  or  an  apostle: 
as,  the  apostolic  age.—  2.  According  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  apostles  ;  delivered  or  taught  by 
the  apostles:  as,  apostolic  faith  or  practice. 
—3.  An  epithet  of  the  Christian  church,  sig- 
nifying her  identity  with  the  primitive  church 
of  the  apostles.  See  apostoilicity. — 4.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  conferred  by  the  pope:  as,  apostolic 
privileges  ;  apostolic  benediction.  — Apostolic 
benediction.  See  benediction.-  Apostolic  Brethren. 
See  II.,  1  (.-),  and  Apostoline.—  Apostolic  canons,  certain 
ordinances  and  regulations  belonging  to  the  first  cen- 
turies of  the  Christian  church,  and  incorrectly  ascribed 
to  the  apostles.  A  collection  of  them,  containing  fifty 
canons  translated  from  the  Greek  by  Dionysius  Exiguus, 
appeared  in  Latin  about  the  year  r,00,  and  about  fifty 
Mars  later  the  Greek  text,  with  thirty-five  additional 
canons,  making  the  whole  number  eighty-five,  was  pub- 
lished by  John  of  Antioi  h  ;  they  are  all  commonly  printed 
at  the  end  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions.  — Apostolic 
church  Sec  «;>..,Mi,-  s.. .- Apostolic  Constitutions, 
a  collection  of  diffuse  instructions,  relating  to  the  duties 
of  clergy  and  laity,  to  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and  to.  .  i. 
monies,  divided  into  eight  books.  1'nlike  tin  apostolic 
canons,  they  seem  to  have  been  practically  unknown  in 
the  West  until  their  publication  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
though  existing  in  ancient  MSS.  in  some  libraries;  like 
the  canons,  thev  profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles, 
written  down  by  Clement  of  Rome.  Controversy  has  ex- 
iste.l  with  regard  to  their  precise  age,  composition,  anil 
authoritative  character.  They  are  now  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  considerably  later  than  the  time  of  the  apos- 
tles but  to  have  been  In  existence,  in  the  main,  by  the 
end  of  the  third  and  the  beginning  ol  the  fourth  cen- 
tury.  — Apostolic  council.   See  council.—  Apostolic  fa- 


apostolic 

therB.  See  father.—  Apostolic  king,  a  title  granted  by 
the  pope  to  the  kind's  of  Hungary,  first  conferred  on  St. 
Stephen  (A.  i>.  1000),  the  founder  of  the  royal  line  'if  Hun- 
gary, for  what  he  accomplished  in  the  spreading  of  Chris 
tianity.  The  title  was  renewed  byClement  XIII.  in  17f>s, 
in  favor  of  the  Austro- Hungarian  royal  house,  and  was 
abolished  in  1S4S,  hut  was  reassuraed  as  apostolic  muj,  sty 
in  1 351,  and  restricted  to  the  emperor  in  his  character  of 
king  of  Hungary  in  L868.  Apostolic  see,  a  name  origi- 
nally applied  to  certain  churches,  particularly  to  those  at 
Antioch,  Rome,  and  Elphesus,  because  founded  M  apos 
tlr- ;  iiiiw  ,  however,  specially  appropriated  by  tin  ( Ihurch 
,,f  Rome,  ""  the  ground  that  it  was  founded  by  St  Peter 
and  that  its  popes  are  his  successors.-  Apostolic  suc- 
cession, an  uninterrupted   Buccessi f  bishops,  ami 

through  them  of  priests  and  deacons  (these  three  orders  of 
ministers  being  called  the  apostolic  orders),  in  the  church. 
by  regular  ordination  from  the  first  apostles  down  to  the 
present  day,  maintained  by  the  Roman  Catholic,  Greek, 
Oriental,  and  Anglican  churches  to  be  historical  and  to 
be  essential  to  the  transmission  of  valid  orders.— Catho- 
lic Apostolic  Church,  a  name  adopted  by  the  sect  popu- 
larly known  as  Trvingites.    See  Irvingite. 

II.  ».  [cap.']  1.  A  member  of  one  of  various 
sects  (also  called  Apostolicals  or  Apostoliri) 
which  professed  to  revive  the  doctrine  and 
practice  of  the  apostles,  (a)  One  of  a  sect  which  in 
the  third  and  fourth  centuries  condemned  marriage  and 
individual  ownership  of  property.  (4)  A  member  of  an 
anti-sacerdotal  sect  of  the  twelfth  century,  in  Germany 
and  France,  which  denounced  the  corruption  of  the  papal 
hierarchy,  and  rejected  many  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Ro- 
man Church,  (c)  One  of  the  Apostolic  Brethren  of  north- 
ern Italy,  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  who 
assumed  a  vow  of  poverty,  denounced  the  papacy,  and 
foretold  its  destruction  and  the  inauguration  of  a  new  age 
under  the  dispensation  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Their  first 
leader,  Sagarelli.  was  put  to  death  in  1300 ;  their  second, 
Dolcino,  who  made  war  against  the  papacy,  in  1307. 

2.  A  title  of  bishops  in  early  times,  afterward 
limited  to  primates,  and  finally  to  the  pope, 


207 


apothem 


one  of  the  worshipful  '  ompaniesof  London,  incorporated 
by  royal  charter  in  1617.  It  Is  empowered  to  grant  a  li- 
cense  to  practise  medicine.  Apothecaries'  Hall,  tin 
hall  of  the  corporation  oi  apoth  I   I  mdon,  where 

medicines  are  prepared  ami  sold  under  their  direction.-  - 

Apothecaries'  weight,  tb        I  weights  formerly 

in  Great  Britain,  ana  still  in  the  1  nitedStat 

in  dispensing  drugs,  differing  nil      ibdi  visions  from 

troy  weight    The  table  is  as  follows ; 


tcr  or  letters  regularly  sounded  and  written,  and  omitted 
only  in  poetical  or  colloquial  speech,  as  in  o'er  for  over, 
don't  for ./"  not,  etc. ;  or(c)  of  a  letter  regularly  sounded 

1. ut  not  written,  as  in  tin-  possessives  ,  -h  u  nh s,  fur's,. )t  mes'i v, 
etc.,  and  so  formerly  often  in  similar  plurals  now  written 
in  full,  as  churches,  foxes,  Joneses.  The  apostrophe  is  now 
extended  to  all  possessives  (exceptof  pronouns)  as  a  mere 
sign  of  the  case,  as  boys,  lion's,  etc..  also  when  the  sultix 
is  omitted,  as  in  conscience'  sake,  and  in  plural  possessives, 
asboys',  Hems';  and  it  is  still  used  in  some  unusual  or  pe- 
culiar plurals,  as  many  U.  D.'s  and  LL.  D.'s,  a  succession 
oi  a    .  four  9's,  etc. 

3.  The  sign  (')  used  for  other  purposes,  espe- 
cially, single  or  double,  as  a  concluding  mark 
of  quotation,  as  in  "'  Well  done,'  said  he."  See  apothecia,".     Plural  of  apothecium. 
quotation-murk.  apothecial  (ap-6-the'sial),  a.     [<  apothecium  + 

apostrophic1  (ap-o-strof'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe  .„/.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  apothecium. 
+  -/<•.]  In  rhet.,  pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  ApothecUU  reactions  for  the  most  pari  take  place  either 
of  the  nature  of  an  apostrophe.  externally  on  the  epithecium  or  internally  on  the  hyme- 

apostrophic2  (ap-6-strof'ik),  a.     [<  apostrophe*     nial  gelatin.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  659. 

•   pi.  apothecia 
see 


Ounces.         Dram*.         * 

IcraplM. 

Gr.ini. 

[  pound(tt)   =  12    =     96     - 

288     = 

5760 

1  ounce  (5)                  =      8     = 

24     = 

480 

]  -Irani  (3) 

3     = 

60 

1  scruple  (3) 

= 

20 

+  -ic]    In  gram.,  pertaining  to  the  apostrophe,  apothecium  (ap-o-the'§ium),  ». ;   pi.  apotl 
apostrophize1  (a-pos'trr.-fiz i.  v.;  pret.  andpp.     (-sin).    [NL..<  Gr.  -<-«»,'>/.  a  storehouse: 


apostrophized,  bpf.  apostrophizing.  [<  apostro- 
phe1 +  -isc.  Of.  ML.  apostrophare,  >  F.  apos- 
tropher.]  I.  trans.  In  rhet.,  to  address  by  apos- 
trophe. 

There  is  a  peculiarity  in  Homer's  maimer  of  apostro- 
pkizing  EumaHis,  and  speaking  of  him  in  the  second  per- 
son. Pope,  Odyssey,  xiv.  41,  note. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  apostrophe  or  short 
digressive  address  in  speaking;  speak  in  the 
manner  of  an  apostrophe. 

Also  spelled  apostrophise. 
apostrophize'2  (a-pos'tro-fiz),  v.  i.    [<  apostro- 
phe* +  -we.]     lii  gram.:  (a)  To  omit  a  letter 
or  letters,    (b)  To  mark  such  omission  with 

apostolical  (ap-os-tol'i-kal),  a.  and  n.   "Same  apostrophyt,  »■    See  apostrophe1. 

as  «»osto<<c.-Apostolical  notary.    See  notary.  apostumet,  ».     A  corrupt  form  of  apostem. 

apostolically  (ap-os-tol  1-ka.l-i),  adv.    In  an  Apotactic  (ap-6-tak'tik),  n.   Same  as  Apotactite. 

apostolic  manner.  ..,.,,        .  _,     Apotactite  (ap'-6-tak'tit), «,  [<  ML.  Apotactita; 

apostolicalness  (ap-os-tol  l-kal-nes),  ».      Ihe       ^    <  LGr.  'ArroraicTlTai,  pi.,  <  Gr.  airoTaicroc,  set 


apoihec.]  In  hot.,  the  fruit  of  lichens,  usually 
an  open,  rounded,  shield-  or  dish-shaped  body 
attached  to  the  surface,  as  in  gymnocarpous 
lichens,  or  globular  and  immersed  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  thallus,  as  in  the  angiocarpous 
series  of  genera.  An  apothecium  consists  of  an  ex- 
eiple  and  the  included  hymenium.  The  exciple  is  com- 
posed of  a  layei  oi  -  ells (hypothecium) with  or  without  an 


apart  for  a  special  use,  specially  appointed, 
verbal  adj.  of  airoTaaaeiv,  set  apart,  assign  spe- 
cially, <  aird,  from,  +  Taaaeiv,  arrange,  ordain :  see 
tactic]  One  of  a  community  of  ancient  Chris- 
tians who,  in  imitation  of  the  recorded  acts  of 
certain  of  the  first  followers  of  Christ,  added  to 
the  ascetic  vows  of  the  Encratites,  of  whom  they 
were  a  branch,  a  renunciation  of  all  personal 
property:  probably  the  same  as  the  early  Apos- 
tolies.  See  Apostolic,  n.,  1  (a). 
apotelesmt  (a-pot'e-lezm),  n.  [<  Gr.  airoriXea/ui, 
result,  effect,  event,  the  result  of  certain  posi- 
tions of  the  stars  on  human  destiny,  <  airore teiv, 
complete,  accomplish,  <  ai,6,  from,  +  retelv, 
<  teAoc,  end.]  1.  The  result;  the  sum  and 
substance.  N.  E.  D.—2.  In  moil,  the  result  or 
termination  of  a  disease. —  3.  In  astrol.,  the 
calculation  of  a  nativity.  Bailey. 
1  .(<•)■)  apotelesmatict  (ap"o-tel-ez-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
n-oTe'/.cafiaTiKor,  <  atTOTe'Aea/ia :  see  apotelesm.] 
Relating  to  astrology;  pertainin; 


quality  of  being  apostolic,  or  of  being  in  accor- 
dance with  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles. 

apostolicism  (ap-os-tol'i-sizm),  «.  [<  apostolic 
+  -ism.]  The  quality  of  being  apostolic ;  pro- 
fession of  apostolic  principles  or  practices. 

apostolicity  (a-pos-to-lis'i-ti),  n.  [<  apostolic 
+  -itij;  formed  like  publicity,  catholicity,  etc.] 
The  quality  of  being  apostolic ;  one  of  the  four 
qualities  of  the  true  church  as  given  in  the 
Coiistantinopolitan  Creed,  A.  D.  381,  namely, 
unity,  sanctity,  catholicity,  apostolicity. 

Apostoline  (a-pos'to-lin),  ».  [<  ML.  Aposto- 
linus,<  LL.  apostolus,  apostle.]  A  member  of 
a  religious  congregation  of  men  established 
in  Milan  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  follow- 
ing the  rule  of  the  Hermits  of  St.  Augustine. 
They  were  also  called  Ambrosians,  from  the  church  of 
St.  Ambrose  at  their  mother  house,  and  Apostolic  Breth- 
ren of  the  Poor  Life,  whence  they  have  been  sometimes 
confounded  with  the  Apostolics.  (See  Apostolic,  n.,  1  (c).'. 
They  were  for  a  time  merged  with  the  order  of  Barnabites, 
anil  were  finally  suppressed  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

Apostoolian  (ap-os-to'li-an),  n.  See  Apostolian. 

apostrophe!  (a-pos'tro-fe),  It.     [Formerly  also     or.  Horoscopes. 

Sp.  apostrofe  —  Pg.  apostrophe  =  It.  apostrofe, 
apostrofa,  <  L.  apostrophe, <Grr.  inroaTpoffi,  a  turn- 
ing away,  <  djroorptctov,  turn  away,  <  iio,  away, 
+  o-Tpitpew,  turn.  Cf.  strophe]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  di- 
gressive address;  the  interruption  of  the  course 
of  a  speech  or  writing,  in  order  to  address  brief- 
ly a  person  or  persons  (present  or  absent,  real 
or  imaginary)  individually  or  separately ;  hence, 
any  abrupt  interjectional  speech.  Originally 
the  term  was  applied  only  to  such  an  address 
made  to  one  present. 

At  the  close  of  his  argument,  he  turned  to  his  client,  in 
an  affecting  apostrophe.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  277. 

2.  In  bot.,  the  arrangement  of  chlorophyl-gran- 
ules  under  the  action  of  direct  sunlight  (Jight- 
apostrophc),  and  in  darkness  (dark-apostrophe) : 
in  the  first  case  upon  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
cells,  so  that  their  edges  are  presented  to  the 
light ;  in  the  latter,  upon  the  lateral  and  basal 
cell-walls:  used  in  distinction  from  epistrophe 
(which  see). 
apostrophe2  (a-pos'tro-fe),  «.  [In  form  and 
pron.  confused  with  apostrophe1;  prop.  *apo- 
stroph  =  G.  apostroph  =  Sw.  Dan.  apostrof=  F. 
apostrophe  =  Sp.  apostrofo  =  Pg.  apostropho  = 
It.  apostrofo,  in  E.  first  in  LL.  form  apostrophus, 
<  LL.  apostrophus,  apostrophos,  <  Gr.  fnr6aTpo<pog, 
the  apostrophe,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  -poouiu'a,  accent), 
of  turning  away  (elision),  <  airoarpetyetv,  turn 
away:  see  apostrophe1.]  1.  In  gram.,  the  omis- 
sion of  one  or  more  letters  in  a  word. —  2.  In 
writing  and  printing,  the  sign  (')  used  to  indicate 
such  omission.  The  omission  may  be  («)  of  a  letter  or 
letters  regularly  written  but  not  sounded,  as  in  tho'  for 
thowjh,  liv'd  for  Hoed,  aim'd  for  aimed,  etc. ;  (6)  of  a  let- 


Apothecia. 


of  horoscopes. 

0 

apothecke,  and  corruptly  apothect,  opjpatheke, 


[Early  mod.  E.  also 


etc.,  <  OF.  apotheque,  apoteque,  displaced  in 
later  F.  by  the  borrowed  boutique,  a  shop,  <  Pr. 
botica,  later  boutiga,  a  shop,  =  Sp.  Pg.  botica, 
apothecary's  shop,  Sp.  also  bodega,  a  wine-cel- 
lar, shop,  grocery,  Pg.  bodega,  a  public  house, 
eating-house,  =it.  bottega,  dial,  potega,  putiga, 
a  shop,  =  D.  apotheek  =  G.  apotheke  =  Dan.  Sw. 
apoihek,  an  apothecary's  shop,  <  L.  apofheca,  a 
repository,  storehouse,  warehouse,  ML.  a  shop, 
store,  <  Gr.  awoSiimj,  a  repository,  storehouse,  < 
airoTiBivai,  put  away,  <  air6,  away,  +  Tidevat,  put, 
>  6V)/ct/,  a  case,  box,  chest :  see  apo-  and  theca.] 
A  shop ;  especially,  a  drug-shop, 
apothecary  (a-poth'e-ka-n),  n. ;  pi.  apotheca- 
ries (-riz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by  apheresis 
pothecary,  poUeary,  etc.,  <  ME.  apotliecarie, 
apothicarie,  etc.,  by  apheresis  potecarie,  poti- 
carie,  etc.,  <  OF.  apotecaire,  ajooticaire,  mod.  F. 
apothicaire,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boticario,  apothecary,  = 
It.  bottegajo,  a  shopkeeper,  =  D.  G.  Dan.  apo- 
thcker  =  Svr.  apothekare,  <  LL.  apothecarius,  a 
warehouseman,  ML.  a  shopkeeper,  apothecary, 
<  L.  apotheca :  see  apothec]     One  who  prac 


( From  Sachs's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Botanik." ) 
A,  vertical  section  of  apothecium  of  Anaptyckia  ciliaris  |  much  en- 
larged )  i  r.  cortex  ;  s,  conidia  ;  tn,  medullary  layer  ;  A,  hymenium  ;  y, 
SUDhymenial  layer  and  exciple.     B,  Vsnea  barbata,  and  C,  Slicta 

pltlownacea,  with  apothecia,  17. 

additional  subhymenial  layer.  The  hymenium  consists 
of  asci  (otherwise  theca;  or  thekes),  which  are  the  spore- 
bearing  organs,  usually  intermingled  with  slender  erect 
filaments  (parapbvses). 

to  the  caTtina  apothegm  (ap'o-them),  n.     [First  in  E.  as  apo- 
to  tne  casunB     g^^  but  ]ater  algo  written  „,„,,,/,,;„,„„,  _  p. 

apophtht gme=Sp.  apotegma  =  Pg.  apophtegma, 
apotegma=It.  apotegma,  avoftegma,  <  ML.  *apo- 
thegma,  *apophthegma,  <  Gr.  air6e)6eyua,  a  terse, 
pointed  saying,  <  avoifak)  j  caOat,  speak  out  plain- 
ly, <  d-ti,  from,  +  tpdi-j-jccOat,  cry  out,  utter.]  A 
short,  pithy,  instructive  saying;  a  terse  remark, 
conveying  some  important  truth;  a  sententious 
precept  or  maxim.     Also  spelled  apophthegm. 

Of  [Sir  Richard]  Blackmore's  attainments  in  the  ancient 
tongues,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that  in  his  prose  he 
has  confound. si  an  aphorism  with  an  apophthegm. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
-Syn.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.    See  aphorism. 

apothegmatic   (ap'o-theg-mat'ik),  a.      [<  Gr. 
a-a<':tk)iiarikn,;,    sententious.    <    ■  apo- 

thegm.]    1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apothegm;  containing  an  apothegm 
or  apothegms  ;  sententious. —  2.  Given  to  the 
use  of  apothegms. 
Also  spelled  apophthegmatic. 

apothegmaticallap  6-theg-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  apothegmatic.  Also  spelleiapophihegmatical. 

apothegmatist  (ap-o-t&eg'ma-tist),  n.    [<  Gr. 

a-o</>fe; fia(r-),  apothegm,  +  -ist.]  A  collector 
or  maker  of  apothegms.  Also  spelled  apoph- 
thegmaUst. 


tises  pharmacy;  a  skilled  person  who  prepares  apothegmatize  (ap-o-theg  ma-tiz),  v.  i.\  prel 
drugs  for  medicinal  uses  and  keeps  them  for  and  pp.  apothegmaUzed,  ppr.  apothegmaUztng 
sale;    a  pharmacist.    In  England  and  Ireland  the     [_<Gv.a-6<t>6e}pa(T-),  apothegm,  +  -;-«.]  Touttei 


sale ;    a  pharmaci: 

term  is  now  specifically  applied  to  a  member  of  an  inferior 


apothegms. 


utter 
Also  spelled  apbphthegmatize. 


branch  of  the' medical  profession,  licensed,  after  examina-   apothem,  apOtheme"(ap'o-thi'in,  -them),  )i.    [= 

tic,  by  the  -M.vt'i«.'™^^m^!Lt°o,':s':!M.,','ri!^II''     F.  apothem,.  <  XL.  appthema,  <  Gr.  as  if  », 


as  well  as  to  sell  and  dispense  drugs.  In  Scotland,  how- 
ever, as  in  the  United  States,  an  apothecary  is  simply  a 
pharmacist  qualified  by  examination  and  license  to  com- 
pound, sell,  and  dispense  medicines.  See  druggist.— 
Apothecaries'  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1815  (55  Geo. 
III.,  c.  194)  regulating  the  business  of  apothecaries,  the 
examination  of  drugs,  etc.— Apothecaries'  Company, 


6eua~<  axoTi6tvai,aet  off , put  aside,  deposit:  see 
apothesis.]     1.   In  geom.,  a  perpendicular  let 

fall  from  the  center  of  a  regular  polygon  upon 
one  of  its  sides. — 2.  "in. pharmaceutics,  the  more 
or  less  completely  insoluble  brownish  substance 


apothem 

deposited  when  vegetable  infusions,  decoctions, 
tinctures,  etc,  are  subjected  to  prolonged  evap- 
oration by  heat  with  access  of  air.  The  sub- 
stance or  substances  out  of  which  it  is  in  this 
way  formed  constitute  the  so-called  extractive. 

apothema  (a-poth'e-m&),  «.  [ML.:  see  apo- 
them.]     Same  as  apothem. 

apotheme,  «•    See  apothem. 

apotheosis  (ap-o-the'6-sis  or  ap'o-the-6'sis), 
», ;  pi.  apotheoses  (-sez).  [LL.,  <  (jr.  airoD 
a  deification,  <  airoOeit  v,  aTrodeovv,  deify,  <  aw6, 
from,  +  tkoc,  a  god.]  1.  Deification;  conse- 
cration: specifically,  under  the  Roman  empire, 
the  forma]  attribution  of  divine  honors  to  a  de- 
ceased emperor  or  other  member  of  the  imperial 
family. 

A  regular  custom  was  introduced,  that  on  the  decease 
of  every  emperor  who  had  neither  lived  nor  died  like  a  ty- 
rant, the  Benate,  by  a  solemn  decree,  should  place  him  in 
the  number  of  the  gods ;  and  the  ceremonies  of  his  apo- 
ih,  osit  were  blended  with  those  of  his  funeral.  Gibbon. 
In  order  to  invest  themselves  with  a  sacred  character, 
the  empert  irs  adopted  the  religious  device  of  an  apotheosis. 
Leclaj,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  272. 

2.  Figuratively,  excessive  honor  paid  to  any 
great  or  distinguished  person;  the  ascription 
of  extraordinary  virtues  or  superhuman  quali- 
ties to  a  human  being. 

Exerting  himself  in  laudation,  almost  in  apotheosis,  of 
tile  republican  heroes  and  martyrs. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  399. 

3.  The  personification  and  undue  exaltation  of 
a  virtue,  a  sentiment,  or  an  idea. 

The  apotheosis  of  chivalry,  in  the  person  of  their  apos- 
tle and  patron.  St.  James.      Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa..  Int. 

apotheosize  (ap-o-the'6-siz  or  ap'o-the-6'siz), 
r.  I. :  pret.  and  pp.  apotheosized,  ppr.  apotiieosi:- 
ing.  [<  apotheosis  +  -ize.]  1.  To  consecrate 
or  exalt  to  the  dignity  of  a  deity;  deify. — 2. 
To  pay  excessive  honor  or  ascribe  superhuman 
qualities  to ;  glorify ;  exalt. 

apothesis  (a-poth'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  arch., 
the  same  as  apophyge),  (.  Gr.  ait-ffleais,  a  laying 
up,  a  putting  back  or  away,  a  storing  up,  a  set- 
ting or  disposition  of  a  dislocated  or  fractured 
limb,  also  the  same  as  apodyterium,  q.  v.,  < 
n-.-ttllvat,  put  back  or  away,  <  axo,  away,  + 
Tidevai,  put,  set,  place:  see  apo-  and  thesis.} 
Insure/.:  (a)  The  reduction  of  a  dislocation  or 
fracture.  Hooper,  (b)  The  disposition  proper 
to  be  given  to  a  fractured  limb  after  reduction. 
Dunglison. 

apotome  (a-pot'o-me),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dtroro/4, 
a  cutting  off,  a  piece,  the  larger  segment  of  a 
tone,  <  airorifweai,  cut  off,  <  a-n-6,  off,  +  rjuvecv, 
raueiv,  cut.]  1.  In  math.,  a  term  used  by  Euclid 
to  denote  a  straight  line  which  is  the  difference 
between  two  straight  lines  that  are  rational  (in 
Euclid's  sense,  that  is,  are  either  commensur- 
able with  the  unit  line,  or  have  their  squares 
commensurable  with  the  square  on  the  unit 
line)  and  that  are  commensurable  in  power 
only  (that  is,  have  their  squares  commensur- 
able, but  are  themselves  incommensurable). 
Apotomea  are  of  six  incommensurable  classes.  To  define 
these,  let  o  denote  the  length  of  the  minuend  line,  called 
by  Euclid  the  whole,  and  let  tt  denote  the  length  of  the 
subtrahend  line,  called  by  Euclid  the  adapted  line  (7rpocr- 
apti6£ou(ra).  'Hit- apotome  is  o— n.  It  is  a  first  apotome  if 
oand  /o2— it2  are  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It 
is  a  second  apoloaie  if  t'o-'-n-  is  commensurable  with  o 
and  jt  is  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  lined 
i  o2— jr2  is  commensurable  with  o.bul  neither 

o ■  n  is  commensurable  with  the  unitline.  Itisa/ourth 

apot*  ommensur&blewith  j/o2— w2,  hut  is  com- 

mensurable with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  fifth  apotome  it 
|/o-  — ir-  is  incommensurable  but  tt  commensurable  with 
thermit  lite-  It  i-  a  sixth  "p°'<>n,w  it"  neither  i'o-— n-, 
o,  nor*  is  commensurable  with  unity.  The  Jlrst  apotome 
...  dial  lint  i^  the  difference  of  two  medial  lines,  com- 
mensurable in  power  only,  whose  rectangle  is  a  rational 
area  ill'  Kcond  apotomt  ■  i  a  medial  line  is  the  difference 
of  two  medial  Inns,  commensurable  in. power  only,  whose 

Li  i  i  a  media]  area. 
2.    In    tin-    Pythagorean    musical   system,  the 
greater  of  the  two  half  steps  or  semitones  into 
which  the  whole  step  or  whole  tone  is  divided. 
Its  \  ibral  ion  rat  io  i 

apotomy  ia-pot'o-mi),  «•    Same  as  apotome. 

apotrepsis  (ap-o-trep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  &w6- 
Tpnjiir,  aversion,  a  turning  away,  <  imorpi  ecv, 
turn  away:  see  apotropous.  ]  In  med.,  t  he  reso- 
lution of  an  inflammatory  tumor.     [Rare.] 

apotropaia,  n.    Plural  of  apotropaion. 

apotropaic  (ap'o-tro-pa'ik),  a.  [<  apotropaion 
+  -ic.J  Possessing  the  property  of  an  apotro 
paioti;  having  the  reputed  power  of  averting 
evil  influences. 

I  be  sacrifice  [to  Mars]  of  the  "October  hone,"  in  the 
Campus  Martius,  .  .  .  had  also  a  naturalistic  and  apotro- 
paic character.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  070. 


268 

apotropaion  (ap'o-tro-pa'yon),  n. ;  pi.  apotro- 
paia (-yii).  [NL'.  prop,  "apotropceum,  -aeon, 
repr.  Gr.  a^orpdnatov,  neut.  of  airoTpdiraioc,  avert- 
ing evil,  <  airoTpoir?/,  a  turning  away,  averting, 

<  airoTpeiretv,  turn  away,  avert:  see  apolropons.  \ 
In  Or.  antiq.,  any  sign,  symbol,  or  amulet  re- 
puted to  have  the  power  of  averting  the  evil 
eye  or  of  serving  in  any  way  as  a  charm  against 
bad  luck.  In  art,  the  representation  of  an  eye,  as  on 
painted  vases,  was  often  introduced  in  this  character;  and 
figurines  of  comic,  indecent,  or  terrifying  subjects  and  cari- 
catures of  any  other  nature  also  did  duty  as  apotropaia. 

apotropous  (a-pot'ro-pus),  a.    [<  NL.  apotropus, 

<  Gr.  inrorpoTTOc,  turned  away,  <  airorpMrnv,  turn 
away,  <  <i-o,  away,  +  rpercav,  turn.]  In  hot., 
turned  it  way:  applied  by  Agardh  to  an  anat- 
ropous  ovule  which  when  erect  or  ascending 
has  its  raphe  toward  the  placenta,  or  averse 
from  it  when  pendulous:  opposed  to  epitropous 
(which  see). 

Apoust,  <<•     See  Apvs. 

apoxyomenos  (a-pok-si-om'e-nos),  «.;  pi.  apoxy- 
om<  not  (-noi).  [Gr.  airotjvd/ievoc,  ppr.  mid.  of 
a-rro^vctv.  scrape  off,  <  aird,  off,  +  fern',  scrape.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  using  the  strigil;  one  scrap- 
ing dust  and  perspiration  from  his  body,  as  a 
bather  or  an  athlete.  Famous  representations 
in  art  are  a  statue  by  Polycletus  and  one  by 
Lysippus. 

My  own  impression  of  tile  relief  tat  Athens]  of  Apoxy- 

omenoi  is  that  the  style  had  been  influenced  by  Praxiteles. 

A.  S.  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  334,  note. 

apozem  (ap'o-zern),  h.  [<  L.  apoeema,  <  Gr.  d-n-6- 
Ctua,  a  decoction,  <  airoCeiv,  boil  till  the  scum  is 
thrown  off,  <  a-6,  from,  +  gov,  boil.]  In  med., 
a  decoction  or  aqueous  infusion  of  one  or  more 
medicinal  substances  to  which  other  medica- 
ments are  added,  such  as  salts  or  svrups. 
[Rare.] 

apozemical  (ap-o-zein'i-kal),  a.  [<  apozem  + 
-iial.']  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of 
an  apozem.     [Rare.] 

appairt  (a-par'),  v.  [<  ME.  apairen,  apayren, 
npi  iren,ajaiire>i,andhya,phevesisj)airen,peiren, 
reduced  from  ampairen,  anpairen,  more  cor- 
rectly empeiren,  whence  later  empetir,  mod.  im- 
pair, q.v?j  I.  trans.  To  deface;  damage;  make 
worse;  impair;  bring  into  discredit ;  ruin. 
It  is  a  synue  and  eek  a  gret  folye 
To  apeyren  any  man  or  hym  defame. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  1.  39. 

II.  intrans.  To  degenerate ;  become  weaker ; 
grow  worse;  deteriorate;  go  to  ruin. 
It  shulde  not  apaire.  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  756. 
appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
palled, ppr.  appalling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ap- 
paule,  apawl,  <  JIE.  appaUen,  apallen,  <  OF. 
apallir,  appallir,  to  grow  pale,  also  apalir,  a]>- 
palir  (whence,  or  according  to  which,  the  later- 
appearing  E.  appale,  q.  v.),  =  It.  appall  idin; 
grow  pale,  <  L.  ad  (>  It.  a,  F.  a),  to,  +  pallidas, 
>  It.  pallido,  OF.  pale,  patle,  mod.  F.  pdlc,  pale : 
see  peill2  and  pale2.']  I.t  intrans.  1.  To  grow 
pale  or  become  dim. 

Hir  liste  uat  appalled  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  357. 

2.  To  become  weak  in  quality,  or  faint  in 
strength;  fade;  fail;  decay. 

Therewith  her  wrathful  courage  gan  appall. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  26. 
Like  the  Fire,  whose  heat  doth  soon  appale. 

To/te,  Alba,  ii.,  Pref.    (A.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  become  faint-hearted;  lose  courage  or 
resolution;  become  dismayed. — 4.  To  become 
weak,  flat,  stale,  and  insipid ;  lose  flavor  or  taste, 
as  fermented  liquor. 

I  appaUe,  as  drinke  dothe  or  wyne,  when  it  leaith  Ins 
colour,  or  ale  whan  it  hath  stande  longe.  Palsgrave, 

II.  trans.  If.  To  make  pale;  cause  to  grow 
pale;  blanch. 

The  answer  that  ye  made  to  me,  my  dear,  .  .  . 
Hath  so  ajipallcd  my  countenance. 

W'aatt,  To  his  I.ovc 

2f.  To  cause  to  become  weak  or  to  fail;  weaken; 
reduce. 

lint  it  were  for  an  olde  appalled  [var.  palled]  wight, 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  102. 

All  other  thirst  appaU'd.  Thomson,  Seasons. 

Severus,  being  appalled  with  age,  .  .  .  was  constrained 
to  keep  his  chamber.  Stow,  Chron.,  The  Bomaynes, 

3.  To  deprive  of  courage  or  strength  through 
tear:  cause  to  shrink  with  fear;  confound  with 
fear;  dismay;  terrify:  as,  the  sight  appalled 
the  stoutest  heart. 

F.vcry  iioie  appah:  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

Does  neither  rage  Inflame  nor  fear  appal > 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  llor.,  II.  ii.  308. 

4f.  To  cause  to  become  weak,  flat,  or  stale,  or 
to  lose  flavor  or  taste,  as  fermented  liquor. 


apparatus 

Wine  of  its  own  nature  will  not  congeal  and  freeze; 
only  it  will  lose  the  strength  and  become  appalled  in  ex- 
tremity of  cold.  Holland,  tr.  oi  Pliny. 

appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  »■    [<  appal,  appall,  ».] 

A  state  of  terror ;  affright;  dismay;  consterna- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Him  [Ajax]  viewed  the  Greeks  exulting,  with  appal 
The  Trojans.  Cowper,  Iliad,  vi. 

Appalachian  (ap-a-laeh'i-an  or  -la'ehi-an),  a. 
[Named  from  the  jppalaelies,  an  Indian  tribe.] 
Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  system  of 
mountains  in  eastern  North  America,  extending 
from  Cape  Gaspe.,  in  the  province  of  0,ie^eei 
to  northern  Alabama,  anil  divided  into  many 
ranges  bearing  separate  names.  The  whole  system 
has  also  been  called  the  Alleghaniea,  after  its  most  exten- 
sive division.  The  name  Appalachian  waa  lirst  applied  by 
the  Spaniards  to  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  system. 
Also  sometimes  spelled  Apalachian,  after  the  Spanish 
orthography.— Appalachian  tea, the  American  name  for 
the  leaves  of  two  plants,  Viburnum  cassinoides  and  Hex 
Cassine,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  Chinese  tea. 

appalet  (a-pal'),  v.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  apale, 

<  OF.  appalir,  apalir ;  being  the  same  as  appall, 

<  OF.  apallir,  appallir,  in  closer  association 
with  pale:  see  appal,  pale2,  v.,  and  pall2.]  An 
old  spelling  of  appal. 

appalementt,  «•    [<  appale  +  -merit.]    An  old 
form  of  appalment. 
appall,  c  and  «.    See  appal. 
appalling  (a-pa'ling),  p.  a.     Causing  or  fitted 
to  cause  dismay  or  horror:   as,  an  appalling 
accident;  an  appalling  sight. 

All  the  avenues  of  enquiry  were  painted  with  images  of 
ajipalling  suffering,  and  of  malicious  damions. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  243. 

appallingly  (a-pa'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
appal  or  transfix  with  fright ;  shockingly. 

appalment  (a-pal'ment),  n.  [<  appal  +  -ment.] 
The  state  of  being  appalled;  depression  occa- 
sioned by  fear;  discouragement  through  fear. 
Also  spelled  appallment,  and  formerly  appale- 
ment.     [Rare.] 

The  furious  slaughter  of  them  was  a  great  discourage- 
ment and  appale a/e at  to  the  rest    Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  35. 

appanage  (ap'a-naj),  ».    [<  F.  appanage,  appe- 

nage  (Cotgrave),  apanage,  now  only  apanage  (> 
E.  also  apanage),  <  OF.  apaner  =  Pr.  apanar,< 
ML.  "appanare,  apanare,  furnish  with  bread,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  panis  (>  F.  pain),  bread.]  1.  Origi- 
nally, in  the  feudal  law  of  France,  that  which 
was  granted  to  the  sons  of  the  sovereign  for  their 
support,  as  lands  and  privileges,  and  which  re- 
verted to  the  crown  on  the  failure  of  male  heirs. 
In  Scotland,  at  a  later  dale,  appanage  waa  the  patrimony 
of  the  king's  eldest  son,  upon  whose  death  or  succession 
to  the  throne  it  reverted  to  the  crown.  In  England,  the 
duchy  of  Corn  wall  is  sometimes  regarded  as  an  appanage  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales ;  in  addition,  he  and  other  members 
of  the  royal  family  receive  from  Parliament  allowances 
amounting  to  e.l.",i',,onn  out  of  the  annual  income  derived 
from  the  hereditary  crown  lands  surrendered  to  Parliament 
in  tiie  time  of  William  IV. 

France  could  little  afford  to  see  Normandy  separated 
from  its  body,  even  though  it  was  to  form  an  <ijiaaa<ie  of 
one  of  its  own  princes. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  III.  78. 

2.  Whatever  belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  one's 
rank  or  station  in  life. 

"I  prefer  respect  to  admiration,"  said  Flora;  "tint  I  fear 
that  respect  is  not  the  appanage  of  such  as  I  am." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iv.  8. 

3.  A  natural  or  necessary  accompaniment;  an 
endowment  or  attribute. 

Where,  save  the  rugged  road,  we  find 
No  appanage  of  human  kind. 

Wordsworth,  Pass  of  Kirkstonc. 

4.  A  dependent  territory;  a  detached  part  of 
t  he  dominions  of  a  crown  or  government :  as, 
India  is  now  only  an  appanag<  of  Great  Britain. 

Also  written  apanage,  and  sometimes  appe- 

nage. 
appanagistt  (ap'a-na-jist),  n.    [<  F.  apanagiste  : 

see  appanage  and  -i.it.]     A  prince  Io  whom  an 

appanage  was  granted.     Penny  Oye.,  II.  144. 
apparaget,  »•    [<  OF.  aparage,  <  aparer,  <a,  to, 

+  par,  equal.     Cf .  mod.  F.  parage,  rank,  and  E. 

peerage.]     Noble  extraction;  nobility;   rank; 

quality.     A.  E.  D. 
apparailet,  "•  and  v.     A  Middlo  English  form 

ox  apparel. 

apparatet  (ap'a-rat),  ».     Same  as  apparatus. 
Such  apparate  and  order  for  public  sacrifices. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  271. 

apparatus  (ap-a-ra'tus),  »•  sing,  and  /'/.;  pi.  also 
rarely  apparatuses  (-ez).  [L.,  pi.  apparatus, 
preparation,  equipment,  gear,  <  apparatus,  pp. 
of  apparart ,  aaparan ,  prepare, <  '"'.  to,  +  pura- 
re,  make  ready, prepare ;  see  pare  and  prepare.  \ 
An  equipment  of  things  provided  and  adapted 
as  means  to  some  end ;  especially,  a  collection, 
combination,  or  set  of  machinery,  tools,  instru- 


apparatus 


269 


ments,  utensils,   appliances,  or  materials   in-  apparencet,  apparencyt  (a-par'ens,  -en-si),  n. 

tended,  adapted,  and  necessary  for  the  i om-      |  M  E.    apparence,    apparens,    aparcitcc,"    attner 

plishruent  of  some  purpose,  such  as  mechani-  also  appareneie,  <  OF.  aparence,  aparance,  F. 
cal  work,  experimentme,  etc.:  as,  chemical,  apparence  =  Pr.  appareneia,  aparensa  =  Sp. 
philosophical,  or  surgical  apparatus.  apariencia  =  Pg.  appareneia  =  It.  apparmea,  , 

The  whole  military  apparatus  of  the  archduke  was  put  L.  appamitai.  appearance,  in  ML.  also  simula- 
ln motion.  Pre*cott,  Kerd.  and  isa.,  i:      ,    tion,<opj)or«w(*->,  apparent:  seeapparent.  Cf. 

appearance]     1.   Preparation;  making  ready. 

—  2.  Superficial  seeming  ;  external  semblance; 

appearance:  as,  "  vain  and  gaudy  apparencies," 

Jip.  Wren. 

Outward  apparance  is  no  authentic  instance  of  the  in- 
ward desires.  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  i.  :'. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  apparent  to  the  senses 
or  to  tho  mind;  apparentness. — 4.  The  posi- 
tion of  being  an  heir  apparent.     N.  E.  I). 
apparel  (a-par'el),  v.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  appareled  apparent  (a-par'ent),  a.  and  «.     [<  ME.  appa- 


Specitirally  —  (a)  In  physiol.,  a  collection  of  organs  which, 

tl gh  differing  In  Btructure,  all  minister  to  the  same  func* 

tlon  :  as,  the  respiratory  apparatus  ;  the  digestive  appa. 
ratus.  (o)  A  collection  of  materials  for  any  literary  work  : 
as,  critical  apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  Qreek  text  of  the 
\.  u  Testament.— Apparatus  belli  (Latin),  materials  of 
war;  ammunition;  military  stores.  -Apparatus  Sculp- 
toristXew  Latin),  the  Sculptor's  Workshop.a  constella- 
tion situated  in  that  region  of  the  heavens  which  lies  im- 
mediately to  the  east  of  the  large  star  Fomalhaut,  or  a 
Piscis  Australis.  It  barely  rises  above  the  horizon  in  the 
northern  hemisphcri 


or  apparelled,  ppr,  appareling  or  apparelling, 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  aparel,  aparrell,  etc.,  <  ME. 
aparaUen,  apparailen,  -aylen,  -eilen,  -eylen,  etc., 
and  by  apheresis  parailen,  <  OF.  aparailler, 
apareiller,  F.  appareiller,  dress,  prepare,  =  Pr. 
aparelhar  =  Sp.  aparejar =Pg.  apparelhar =  It. 
appareechiare,  <  L.  as  if  "aaparieulare,  make 
equal  or  fit,  <  ad,  to,  +  *pariculus  ( >  It.  parecch  io 
=  Pg.  parelho  =  Sp.  parejo  =  Pr.  parelh  =  F. 
pared,  equal,  like),  dim.  of  par,  equal:  see  par.] 
It.  To  make  ready;  prepare;  fit  out;  put  in 
proper  order. 

For  ther  he  wolde  hire  weddying  apparaiZe. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  -21~x 

2.  To  dress  or  clothe;  adorn  or  set  off;  deck 
with  ornaments. 

Behold,  they  which  are  gorgeously  apparelled,  and  live 
delicately,  are  in  kings'  courts.  Luke  vii.  25. 

It  is  no  greater  charity  to  clothe  his  body,  than  apparel 
the  nakedness  of  his  soul. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  preciousness 
of  her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  may  have  trees  apparelled  with  flowers  by  boring 
holes  in  them,  putting  into  them  earth,  and  setting  seeds 
of  violets.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  504. 

3.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus;  equip: 
as,  ships  appareled  for  sea. 

apparel  (a-par'el),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aparel,  aparrel,  etc.,  and  parel,  parrell,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aparel,  apparail,  apareil,  and  by  apheresis 
pare!,  <  OF.  a/parail,  apareil,  aparel,  preparation, 
equipment,  F.  appareil,  preparation,  provision, 
=  Pr.  apeirclk  =  Sp.  aparejo  =  Pg.  apparelho 
=  It.  apparecchio;  from  the  verb.]  If.  Prepa- 
ration ;  the  work  of  preparing  or  providing. — 

2.  Things  prepared  or  provided ;  articles  or 
materials  to  be  used  for  a  given  purpose  ;  ap- 
paratus; equipment.  Specifically—  (at)  The  furni- 
ture, appendages,  or  attachments  of  a  house,  (b)  Naut., 
the  furnishings  or  equipment  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  rigging, 
anchors,  guns,  etc. 

The  carpenters  were  building  their  magazines  of  oares, 
masts,  &c.,  for  an  hundred  gallys  and  ships,  which  have  all 
their  apareil  and  furniture  neere  them. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1G45. 

3.  A  person's  outer  clothing  or  vesture;  rai- 
ment ;  external  array ;  hence,  figuratively,  as- 
pect; guise. 

Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 

But  not  expressed  in  fancy  ;  rich,  not  gaudy  : 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man. 

Shafc.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

At  pubiick  devotion  his  resigned  carriage  made  religion 

appear  in  the  natural  apparel  of  simplicity.  Tatler. 

4.  Ecctes.,  an  ornament  of  the  alb  and  amiee, 
found  as  a  simple  fringe  or  colored  stripe  earlier 
than  the  tenth  century, 
most  extensively  em- 
ployed and  elaborate  in 
workmanship  during  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  and  still  used 
in  the  form  of  pieces  of 
lace  sewed  upon  silk.  The 
apparels  of  the  alb  are  either 
oblong  quadrangular  patches 
on  the  wrists  and  on  the  skirt 
before  and  behind,  or  bands 
completely  encircling  the  skirt 
and  wrists.  The  apparel  of  the 
amice  is  on  the  outside  part, 
which  is  turned  down  like  a 
collar.  It  was  often  inorphrey- 
work  adorned  with  precious 
stones  so  disposed  as  to  form 
sarred  emblems.  =Syn.  3.  Rai- 
ment, costume,  attire,  clothes, 
garb,  habiliments. 

apparelmentt,  n.  [<  ME.  apparaillement,  apa- 
raylment,  <  OF.  apareiUement=Pt.  aparelhamen, 
aparellamen  =  OSp.  aparejamiento  =  Pg.  appa- 
relhamento  =  It.  apparecchiamento  ;  see  apparel 
and-ment.]  Equipment;  clothing;  adornment. 
Chaucer,  Boethius. 


rant,  -aunt,  aparant,  also  by  apheresis  parent, 
<  OF.  aparant,  -ent,  V.  apparent  =  Pr.  appa- 
rent =  Sp.  aparente  =  Pg.  It.  apparente,  <  L. 
apparen(t-)8,  ppr.  of  apparere,  adparere,  come  in 

sight,  appear :  see  appear  and  -««/!.]  I.  a.  1. 
Exposed  to  the  sense  of  sight ;  open  to  view ; 
capable  of  being  seen,  or  easily  seen ;  visible  to 
the  eye ;  within  the  range  of  vision. 

By  some  apparent  sign 
Let  us  have  knowledge  at  the  court  of  guard. 

SAat.,lHen.  VI.,  ii.  i. 
As  we  rapidly  approached  the  land  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  became  more  fully  apparent. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 

2.  Capable  of  being  clearly  perceived  or  un- 
derstood; obvious;  plain  or  clear ;  evident:  as, 
the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his 
works. 

At  that  time  Cicero  had  vehement  suspicions  of  Cresar, 
but  no  apparent  proof  to  convince  him.  North. 

3.  Having  the  character  of  a  mere  seeming  or 
appearance,  in  distinction  from  what  is  true  or 
real:  as,  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun;  his 
anger  was  only  apparent. 

For  the  powers  of  nature,  notwithstanding  their  appa- 
rent magnitude,  are  limited  and  stationary. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I,  46. 

Culture  inverts  the  vulgar  view  of  nature,  and  brings  the 
mind  to  call  that  apparent  which  it  uses  to  call  real,  and 
that  real  which  it  uses  to  call  visionary.   Emerson,  Nature. 

4f.  Probable;  likely:  as,  "the  three  apparent 
candidates,"  H.  Walpole.-A-pva.rent  day,  the  real 
or  true  solar  day,  as  distinguished  from  the  mean  day. 
See  day.— Apparent  declination,  the  declination  of  the 
apparent  place  of  a  star.— Apparent  diameter  of  a 
heavenly  body,  the  angle  which  its  diameter  subtends 
at  the  eye,  that  is,  the  angle  made  by  lines  drawn  from 
the  extremities  of  its  diameter  to  the  eye.— Apparent 


Part  of  the  Apparel  of  the 
Alb  of  Recket,  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  France.  (From 
Viollet-lL--I)uc's"Dict.  duMo- 
bilier  Francais.") 


double  point,  in  math.,  a  point  on  a  curve  In  space 
which  appears  to  be  double  to  an  eye  placed  at  a  given 
point.— Apparent  easement.  See  easement.— Appa- 
rent or  Intentional  ens.  See  ens.— Apparent  figure, 
the  figure  or  shape  under  which  an  object  appears  when 
seen  at  a  distance.— Apparent  horizon.  Same  as  visible 
horizon  (which  see,  under  horizon).— Apparent  magni- 
tude. See  magnitude.— Apparent  noon,  the  instant  at 
which  the  center  of  the  sun  crosses  the  meridian. — Ap- 
parent place  of  a  Star,  etc.,  the  place  on  the  celestial 
sphere  where  it  would  appear  but  for  refraction;  .some 
times  the  place  where  it  does  appear.— Apparent  posi- 
tion, in  optics,  the  position  in  which  an  object  appears  to 
be  when  seen  through  glass,  water,  or  any  other  diffract- 
ing medium,  as  distinguished  from  its  true  position.  See 
refraction.— Apparent  light  ascension,  the  light  as- 
cension of  the  apparent  place  of  a  star.— Apparent  time, 
the  hour-angle  of  the  sun.— Heir  apparent.  See  heir. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Clear,  distinct,  manifest,  patent,  unmis- 
takable.—  3.  Ostensible. 
H.t  "•  An  heir  apparent. 

K.  lien.  Draw  thy  Bword  in  right,  .  .  . 

Prince.    I'll  draw  it  as  apparent  to  the  crown, 
And  in  that  quarrel  use  it  to  the  death. 

SAo*.,  3Hen.  YI.,ii.  2. 

apparently  (a-par'ent-ti),  adr.     1.  Openly; 
evidently  to  the  senses  or  the  intellect. 
I  would  not  spare  my  brother  in  this  case, 
If  he  should  scorn  me  so  apparently. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Seemingly;  in  appearance,  whether  in  real- 
ity or  not ;  as  far  as  one  can  judge :  as,  he  is 
apparently  well;  only  apparently  friendly. 

The  motions  of  a  watch,  apparently  uncaused  by  any- 
thing external,  seem  spontaneous. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  65. 

apparentness  (a-par'ent-nes),  ».  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apparent;  plainness  to  the 
eye  or  to  the  mind;  visibleness;  obviousness. 

apparisht  (a-par'ish),  r.  t.  [Late  ME.  appa- 
rysshe,  <  OF.  apariss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
aparir,  aparer,  <  L.  apparere,  appear:  see  ap- 
pear.']    To  appear.     Caxton,  Golden  Legend. 

(\.  e.  n.) 

apparition  (ap-a-rish'on),  n.     [<  F.  apparition, 

<  ML.  apparitio(ii-),  an  appearance,  epiphany, 
also  attendants,  L.  only  in  sense  of  attendance, 
attendants,  <  apparere,  adparere,  pp.  apparitus, 


appeachment 

adparitus,  appear,  attend,  wait  upon,  serve:  see 
appear,  apparent,  and  iippurilnr.]  1.  The  act 
of  appearing  or  coming  into  sight ;  appearance; 
the  state  of  being  visible;  visibility. 

Whi  ii  the  holy  churchman  Joln'd I 

our  vows  were  real  then  ;  the  ceremony 
Was  not  in  apparition,  bul  in  act 

Ford,  ivrkii)  Warbcck,  v.  3. 
The  sudden  apparition  of  the  Spaniards  /'       ott 

Louis  XIV.  appeared  ial  Chambord]  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  the  apparition  uas  characteristlcallj  brilliant 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p,  89. 
2.  That  which  appears  or  becomes  visible ;  an 
appearance,  especially  of  a  remarkable  or  phe- 
nomenal kind. 

Let  us  interrogate  the  great  apparition  that  shines  so 
peacefully  around  us.  Emerson,  Nature. 

Miss  Edgeworth  taught  a  contempt  of  falsehood,  no 
less  in  its  most  graceful  than  in  its  meanest  appariti 

Marg,  Fuller,  Woman  In  19th  Cent.,  p.  131. 
Specifically — 3.  A  ghostly  appearance ;  a  spec- 
ter or  phantom :  no  w  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 
Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  impressions  of 
goblins,  spectres,  apparitions,  wherewith  maids  fright 
them  into  compliance.  Locke. 

4.  In  astrnn.,  the  first  appearance  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary  after  having  been  obscured: 
opposed  to  occultation — circle  of  apparition,  or 
of  perpetual  apparition,  the  bounding  circle  of  that 
part  of  the  heavens  which  is  always  visible;  that  circle 
of  declination  which  is  tangent  to  the  horizon.  =  Syn.  3. 
Specter,  Phantom,  etc.  See  ghost. 
apparitional  (ap-a-rish'pn-al),  a.  [<  appari- 
tion +  -al.~\  1.  Resembling  an  apparition ;  hav- 
ing the  nature  of  a  phantom;  spectral. — 2. 
Capable  of  appearing;  endowed  with  material- 
izing qualities. -Apparitional  soul,  a  thin,  unsub- 
stantial human  image  conceived,  in  certain  phases  of 
primitive  thought,  as  the  cause  of  life  and  mind,  capable 
of  (putting  the  body  for  a  time  or  altogether,  and  so  leav- 
ing it  insensible  or  dead,  and  when  thus  absent  from  it 
appearing  to  other  individuals  asleep  or  awake. 

Closely  allied  .  .  .  to  the  primitive  notion  of  the  appa- 
ritional soul,  is  the  belief  in  the  soul's  existence  after 
death.  Eneye.  Brit.,  II,  56. 

That  the  apparitional  human  soul  bears  the  likeness  of 
its  fleshly  body,  is  the  principle  implicitly  accepted  by  all 
who  believe  it  really  and  objectively  present  in  dream  or 
vision.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  406. 

apparitor  (a-par'i-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  servant,  esp. 
a  public  servant  (li'etor,  scribe,  military  aide, 
priest,  etc.),  <  apparere,  adparere,  attend,  serve : 
see  apparition.]  1.  In  Bom.  antig.,  any  officer 
who  attended  magistrates  and  judges  to  execute 
their  orders.— 2.  Any  officer  of  a  civil  court, 
or  his  servant  or  attendant. —  3.  Any  one  who 
puts  in  an  appearance;  an  appearer.     [Rare.] 

The  Higher  Court  ...  in  which  .  .  .  every  Human 
Soul  is  an  apparitor.        Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  211. 

4.  Eccles.,  a  messenger  or  an  officer  who  serves 
the  process  of  a  spiritual  court;  the  lowest 
officer  of  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal. 

He  swallowed  all  the  Roman  hierarchy,  from  the  pope 
to  the  apparitor.  Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

When  my  great-grandfather  wished  to  read  the  Bible  to 
his  family,  .  .  .  oneof  the  children  stood  at  the  door  to  give 
notice  if  he  saw  the  apparitor  coming,  who  was  an  officer 
of  the  spiritual  court.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  pp.  8,  9. 

5.  The  beadle  in  a  university,  who  carries  the 
mace. 

appaumee  (a-po-ma'),  a.  [F.,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to) 
+  paume,  the  palm  of  the  hand:  see  palm.]  In 
her.,  open  and  extended  so  as  to  show 
the  palm  with  thumb  and  fingers  at 
full  length :  said  of  the  human  hand. 
Also  spelled  apaume'e. 
appayt,  v.  t.  See  apay. 
appeacht  (a-pech'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apeacli,  <  ME.  appechen,  ape- 
ehen  (and  by  apheresis  peclicn,  >mod. 
E.  jieacli2,  q.  v.),  reduced  from  earlier  empechen, 
whence  the  usual  mod.  form  impeach,  q.  v.  Cf. 
appair,  impair.]     1.  To  impeach. 

He  did,  amongst  many  others,  appeaeh  Sir  William  Stan- 
ley, the  lord  chamberlain.  Bacon,  Hen.  VII. 
Nor  .  an'st,  nor  dar'st  thou,  traitor,  on  the  plain 
Appeaeh  my  honour,  or  thine  own  maintain. 

Dryd,  n,  Pal,  and  Arc,  1.  300. 
2.  To  censure;  reproach;  accuse;  give  accu- 
satory evidence. 

And  oft  of  error  did  himself,-  appi  aeh, 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  xi.  40. 

appeachert  (a-pe'eher),  ».  [<  ME.  apechou-re 
(Prompt.  Parv.),  <  AF.  enpechour,  OF.  etnpe- 
cheor:  see  appeaeh  and  -er.]    An  accuser. 

appeachmentt  (a-pech'ment),  n.  [<  appeaeh 
+ -ment.  Cf.  impeachment.]  Accusation ;  im- 
peachment; charge. 

The  duke's  answers  to  his  appeaehments,  in  number  thir- 
teen, I  find  very  diligently  and  civilly  couched. 

Sir  H.  Wotton. 


A  Right  Hand 
Appaumee. 


appeal 

appeal  (a-pel'),  o.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apeal,  and 
appell,  apell,  <  ME.  appelen,  apelen,  <  OF.  apeler, 
F.  appcler  =  Pr.  appelar  =  Sp.  apelar  =  Pg.  «><- 
pellar  =  It.  appellate,  <  L.  appellate,  adpellare, 
address,  appeal  to.  summon,  accuse,  accost  by 
name,  a  secondary  form  of  appellere,  adpellere, 
bring  to.  drive  to,  bring  to  land,  <  ad,  to,  +  pel- 
lerc,  drive.  Cf.  expel,  impel,  propel,  repel,  and 
see  repeal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  call;  summon; 
challenge.     [Rare.] 

Man  to  man  will  I  in  /■. al  the  Norman  to  the  lists. 

Scott. 

2.  In  law:  (a)  To  remove,  as  a  cause,  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  judge  or  court.  .See  appeal, 
«,,  2  (6). 

Causes  of  any  importance  were  appealed  from  the  Scul- 
dasco  to  the  Gastaldo.  Brougham. 

(b)  Formerly,  to  charge  with  a  crime  before  a 
tribunal;  accuse;  institute  a  criminal  prosecu- 
tion against  for  some  heinous  offense :  with  of 
before  the  offense  charged :  as,  to  appeal  a  per- 
son of  felony. 

I  appeal  yon  of  murder.  B.  Jonson. 

In  November,  1817,  William  Ashford  appealed  Abraham 
Thornton,  to  answer  for  the  alleged  murder  of  appellant's 
sister.  -\ .  and  ','.,  6th  sir..  XI.  25a 

If  a  Frenchman  appealed  an  Englishman,  the  English- 
man had  the  choice  of  either  mode  of  trial. 

R  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  IV.  423. 

3f.  To  address ;  offer  up,  as  an  appeal. 
They  both  uprose  and  tooke  their  ready  way 
Unto  the  church,  their  praiers  to  appele. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  48. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  call  for  aid,  mercy,  sym- 
pathy, or  the  like;  make  an  earnest  ontreaty, 
or  have  the  effect  of  an  entreaty. 

Against  their  merit  if  this  age  rebel, 
To  future  times  for  justice  they  appeal. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  755. 

The  deepening  expression  of  pain  on  Philip's  face  .  .  . 
made  the  deformity  appeal  more  strongly  to  her  pity. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  1. 

2.  In  law,  to  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court 
for  the  decision  of  a  cause  depending  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  refer  a  decision  of  a  lower  court  or 
judge  to  a  higher  one,  for  reexamination  and 
revisal. 

I  appeal  unto  Ctesar.  Acts  xxv.  11. 

3.  To  refer  to  another  person  or  authority  for 
the  decision  of  a  question  controverted,  or  for 
the  corroboration  of  testimony  or  facts ;  in  gen- 
eral, to  refer  to  some  tribunal  explicitly  men- 
tioned or  implied. 

I  appeal  to  the  Scriptures  in  the  original. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  I.  i. 
I  appeal  from  your  customs.    I  must  be  myself. 

Emerson,  Sclf-Kcliance. 

4.  To  have  recourse ;  resort  for  proof,  decision, 
or  settlement :  as,  to  appeal  to  force. 

Not  prevailing  by  dispute,  lie  appeals  to  a  miracle,  re- 
storing to  sight  a  blind  man  whom  the  Britons  could  not 
cure.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

[In  all  senses,  with  to  or  unto  before  the  tribunal  whose 
judgment  i-  asked,  ami  from  before  that  whose  decision  is 
rejected.] 
appeal  (a-pel'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  appel, 
appell,  apell;  <  ME.  aped,  apel,  apele  (and  by 
apheresis  pele,  >  mod.  E.  peal,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apt  I, 
P.  appeZ,  appeal ;  from  the  verb. ]  1.  An  address 
or  invocation ;  a  call  for  sympathy,  mercy, 
aid,  or  the  like;  a  supplication;  an  entreaty: 
as,  an  appeal  for  help;  an  appeal  for  mercy. 
Whenever  vet  was  your  appeal  denied  ? 

Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  proceeding  taken  to  reverse  a  decision 
by  submitting  it  to  the  review  of  a  higher  au- 
thority :  as,  an  appeal  to  the  house  from  a  de- 
cision of  the  chair.  In  law:  (a)  Sometimes 
used  in  the  above  general  meaning,  so  as  to 
include  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  etc.  (b) 
Strictly,  the  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  tribunal,  in  order  that  the  lat- 
ter in  ami.  if  it  seems  needful,  reverse 
or  amend,  the  decision  of  the  former,  in  modern 
I'll  Implies  lot  in.  rely  a  preliminarj  objet 

tion.  bat  a  pr teding  for  re\  lew  after  a  decision  ha   been 

LI   i    a  proceeding  derived  from 

tii '    of  equity.     The  mode  of  review  at  com nlaw 

v.a   Formerly  noi  t"  re ve  the  cau  e,  bul  onlj  in  bring 

up  specific  point  orqm  Uons  by  write  of  error.  This  was 
changed  in  England  by  th<  .   and 

there  is  now  one  Court  ol   Appeal  for  all  ca  e      in  -mi  land 

tbi  highest  appi  Mat*  <  om  i  i-  tin  i i  oi  Session,    'the 

judgments  ol   boththes c-  maj  bi    appealed  tothe 

Blouse  ol  l.i  iri Is.  In  tie  i  nited  Statec  the  appeal  ha  bei  □ 
to  a  greal  extent  ubstituted  for  the  writ  "i  error.  The 
highest  appellate  court    are  foi 

in  '  itin  r  i.  a.  ral  Hi'  Stal I     thi    i  mini  stal 

preme  Court  ;   foi  other  q tfons,  tin    mpreme  courts, 

I'nlirt  ■  in    ;.|i]i.  :il,  in    i it-  Hi    i  i  I'.i    ill    tin     v  ai  Ion 

the  practice  being  whollj  n  filiated  bystatutes.   (c)  The 


270 

mode  of  procedure  by  which  such  removal  is 
effected,  (d)  The  right  of  removal  to  a  higher 
court,  (c)  Formerly,  a  vindictive  action  at  the 
suit  of  a  party  injured  when  the  supposed  crimi- 
nal had  been  previously  acquitted  on  an  indict- 
ment or  pardoned.  The  appellant  raised  an  action 
(which  had  to  be  brought  within  a  year)  and  demanded 
the  punishment  of  the  accused,  who  had  to  submit  to  a 
fresh  trial  by  jury,  or  demand  a  trial  by  wager  of  battle. 

He  was  threatened  with  an  appeal  of  murder  by  the 
widow  of  a  Protestant  clergyman. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  wix. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge;  a  chal- 
lenge. 

\,ir  shall  the  sacred  character  of  king 

Be  urged  to  shield  me  from  thy  bold  appeal. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  call  to  another  to  sanction  or  witness ;  a 
reference  to  another  for  proof  or  decision :  as, 
in  an  oath  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the 
Deity  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. — 5.  Re- 
sort or  recourse  for  decision. 

Every  milder  method  is  to  he  tried  before  a  nation  makes 
an  appeal  to  arms.  Kent. 

In  the  community  of  nations,  the  first  appeal  is  to  physi- 
cal force.     Maeaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

Commission  of  Appeals.    See  commission!.  =  Syn.  1. 

Petition,  Soil,  etc.  (see prayer),  solicitation,  application. 

appealable  (a-pe'la-bl),  a.     [<  appeal  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  appealed;  admitting  of 
appeal ;  removable  to  a  higher  tribunal  for  de- 
cision. 

Pressure  on  the  bench  to  make  as  many  decisions  as 
possible  in  a  given  time  tends  .  .  .  to  engender  appealable 
decisions  and  prolong  litigation.     The  Century,  XXX.  330. 

2.  Liable  to  be  accused  or  called  to  answer 
by  appeal:  applied  to  persons:  as,  appealable 
for  manslaughter. —  3.  That  may  be  appealed 
(to).     N.  E.  I). 

appealantt  (a-pe'lant),  ».  [<  appeal  +  -anti. 
Cf.  appelleini.~\  One  who  appeals;  an  appel- 
lant. 

appealer  (a-pe'ler),  n.     [<  appeal  +  -eri.    Cf. 

appellor.'}     1.  One  who  appeals,  or  carries  his 

cause  to  a  higher  court. —  2.  An  appellor;  an 

accuser  or  informer. 

I  should  become  an  appealer,  or  every  bishop's  espie. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs  (Thorpe). 
appealingly  (a-pe'ling-li),  adv.     In  an  appeal- 
ing or  entreating  manner;  beseechingly. 
appealingness  (a-pe'ling-nes),  n.     The  quality 
of  being  appealing,  or  of  awakening  sympathy, 
pity,  or  the  like. 

Ready  sympathy  .  .  .  made  him  alive  to  a  certain  ap. 
pealingnes8  in  her  behaviour  towards  him. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

appear  (a-per'),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apear, 
appeer  (and  by  apheresis  pear,  >mod.  dial,  pear), 

<  ME.  apceren,  aperen,  appieren,  <  OF.  aperer, 
apperer  (Roquefort),  aparir,  reg.  inf.  apareir, 
aparovr  =  Pr.  aparer  =  It.  apparire,  apparere,  < 
L.  apparere,  adparere,  appear,  <  ad,  to,  +  pa- 
rere,  appear,  come  in  sight  (a  secondary  form 
of  parere,  produce):  see  apparent  and  parent."] 

1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight;  become  visible  by 
approach  or  by  emerging  from  concealment ;  be 
exposed  to  view. 

And  God  said,  .  .  .  Let  the  dry  land  appear.     Gen.  i.  9. 
The  angel  of  the  Lord  appeared  unto  him  in  a  flame  of 
fire  out  of  the  midst  of  a  bush.  Ex.  iii.  2. 

In  each  cheek  appears  a  pretty  dimple. 

Shale.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  242. 

2.  To  stand  in  presence,  as  parties  or  advocates 
before  a  court;  make  appearance. 

We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgment  seat  of  Christ. 

2  Cor.  v.  10. 

3.  To  come  or  be  placed  before  the  public ; 
come  to  the  notice  of  the  public :  as,  the  actor 
a  PI  oitred  only  once  a  week ;  his  history  appeared 
in  1880. —  4.  To  be  obvious;  be  known,  as  a 
subject  of  observation  or  comprehension;  be 
clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence. 

It  ilutb  tmt  yd  appear  what  we  shall  be.     1  John  iii.  2. 

5.  To  seem;  have  a  certain  semblance  or  ap- 
pearance; look:  as,  lie  appeared  to  lie  wise;  it 
appears  to  me  that  this  is  unsafe;  lie  appears 
very  old. 

They  disfigure  their  faces,  that  they  may  appear  unto 
men  to  fast.  Mat.  \  i.  in. 

Months  to  the  old  man  appear  no  longer  than  weeks  to 
the  young  man.  //.  Sjnoeer,  1'ria.  of  Psychol.,  §  ol. 

6f.  To  bo  understood;  be  intelligible:  as,  "Do 
I  now  appear;'"  <  'iitijrnri .  Appearing  gratis,  in 
chancery  practice,  the  ait  of  a  defendant  in  causing  bis  ap- 
pearance to  be  entered  to  defend  a  suit  without  waiting 
ii.in  served  with  a  process.  -Syn.  5.  Look,  etc.  Se&seem 
appear*  (a-per'),  «.    [< appear, v.]  Appearance. 

lb  iv  will  I  wash  it  in  the  morning's  dew, 
u  huh  she  mi  every  little  grass  doth  strew 
In  silver  drops  against  the  sun's  appeal. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  shepherdess,  v.  4. 


appease 

appearance  (a-per'ans),  »,  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
appeerance,  <  ME.  apperaunce,  -ens;  the  same 
as  apparenee  (q.  v.),  conformed  to  appear.]  1. 
The  act  of  coming  into  sight;  tho  act  of  becom- 
ing visible  to  the  eye:  as,  the  appearance  of  the 
sun  above  the  horizon. —  2f.  The  state  of  be- 
ing in  sight;  visibility.    [Rare.] 

He's  built  a  bower,  made  it  secure, 

Wi'  carbuncle  and  stane  : 
Tho'  travellers  were  never  sae  nigh, 

Appearance  it  had  nane. 

Young  Akin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  1.180. 

3.  A  corning  into  presence ;  the  act  of  present- 
ing one's  self:  as,  his  sudden  appearance  sur- 
prised me. 

The  duke  does  greet  you.  general ; 
And  he  requires  your  haste-post-haste  appearance, 
Even  on  the  instant.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 

4.  An  object  as  seen  or  perceived ;  a  phenom- 
enon ;  the  immediate  object  of  experience. 

The  term  appearance  is  used  to  denote  not  only  that 
which  reveals  itself  to  our  observation  as  existent,  but 
also  to  signify  that  which  only  seems  to  be,  in  contrast  to 
that  which  truly  is.  Sir  IT.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  ix. 

Surely.it  must  he  a  miraculously  active  principle  that 
can  snatch  up  from  transitorincss  and  oblivion  the  varie- 
gated play  of  fleeting  and  fading  appearances,  and  con- 
struct therefrom  the  world  of  steady  experience  of  winch 
we  have  knowledge.  Mind,  IX.  350. 

5.  Something  believed  to  have  a  supernatural 
character;  an  apparition  :  as,  an  appearance  in 
the  sky. —  6.  That  which  appears  or  is  obvious ; 
outward  show  or  seeming;  semblance  as  apart 
from  reality  or  substance :  as,  there  is  an  ap- 
pearance of  trouble  yonder;  appearances  are 
against  him. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.        John  vii.  24. 
Men  are  governed  by  opinion :  this  opinion  is  as  much 
influenced  by  nppcaraneis  as  by  realities. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  1. 168. 

7.  Outward  look  or  aspect ;  mien ;  build  and 
carriage;  figure :  as,  a  man  of  noble  appear- 
ance. 

Much  have  I  heard,  .  .  . 
And  now  am  come  to  see  of  whom  such  noise 
Hath  walk'd  about,  and  each  limb  to  survey, 
If  thy  appearance  answer  loud  report. 

Milton,  S.  A.,1.  1090. 

8.  pi.  Indications;  look. 

My  master  heard  me  with  m-eat  appearnnees  of  uneasi- 
ness in  bis  countenance.       Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  3. 

9.  The  act  of  coming  before  the  public ;  the 
act  of  coming  into  public  notice:  as,  he  made 
his  appearance  as  a.  historian;  the  appearance 
of  a  book. —  10f.  Seeming;  probability;  likeli- 
hood. 

There  is  that  which  hath  no  appearance.  Bacon. 

1 1 .  In  laic :  (a )  The  coming  into  court  of  either 
of  the  parties  to  a  suit ;  the  being  present  in 
court  as  a  party  to  a  pending  proceeding ;  the 
coming  into  court  of  a  party  summoned  in  a 
process,  either  in  person  or  by  his  attorney, 
usually  expressed  by  a  formal  entry  by  the 
proper  officer  to  that  effect ;  the  act  or  proceed- 
ing by  which  a  party  proceeded  against  places 
himself  before  the  court  and  submits  to  its  juris- 
diction, (b)  In  Scots  law,  the  stating  of  a  de- 
fense in  a  cause.  Wherea  defender  in  writing,  or  by 
counsel  at  the  bar,  states  a  defense,  he  is  said  to  have  ap- 
peared.— To  put  In  an  appearance,  to  appear  in  per- 
son. =  Syn.  3.  Arrival,  presence  — 6.  tiuise,  show,  pre- 
tense, pretext,  color. —  7.  Air,  look,  manner,  demeanor, 
appearer  (a-per'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  appears,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
[Rare.] 

Owls  and  ravens  arc  ominous  appearers,  and  prcsignify 
unlucky  events.  Sir  T.  Browne,  vulg.  Err.,  v.  21. 

S| ifically — 2.  In  law,  one  who  formally  ap- 
pears (in  court,  etc.). 

appearingly  (grper'ing-li),  adr.  Apparently; 
seemingly;  according  to  all  outward  signs. 
[Rare.] 

A  nourishing  branch  shall  grow  out  ol  his  appearingly 
sereand  sapless  root.  Bp.  Hall,  Paraph,  of  Isaiah. 

appeasable (a-i'e'za-bl),  a.  [<  appease  +  -able.'] 
i  lapable  of  being  appeased,  quieted,  calmed,  or 
pacified;  placable. 

The  tumult  of  a  mob.  aji/irasalili only  by  .   .  .  bloodshed. 

I.     /'     /.ift/i,i7i,   -|.aiieh    \  I    t.i  -    |i.  .III. 

appeasableness  (a-pe'za-bl-nes),  ».  The  qual- 
ity of  being  appeasable. 

appease  (a-pc/.'),  r.  I.:  pret.  and  pp.  appeased, 
ppr.  appeasimj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apease, 
iijiinee  (conformed  to  peace),  apaise  (and  by 
apheresis  pease),i  ME.  <(/»««,  apeisen,  apaisen, 
<  OF.  apeser,  apeisier,  apaisier  (JtT.  apaiser  =  Pr. 
apaziar),  pacify,  bring  to  peace,  <  a,  to,  +  pais, 
peis,pes,  mod.  F.  paix,  peace:  see  peace,  andef. 
apuy,  appay,  of  whicli  appease  is  thus  a  doublet.] 


appease 

1.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  peace;  pacify;  quiet 
by  allaying  anger,  indignation,  strife,  etc. 

o  <ii.il !  if  my  deep  prayers  cannot  appease  thee, 
But  thou  wilt  be  iiveug'd  un  my  misdeeds, 
Yet  execute  tliv  wrath  on  me  alone. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  allay ;  calm,  as  an  excited  state  of  feel- 
ing; remove,  as  a  passion  or  violent  emotion. 

tlu'  signori  .  .  .  earnestly  exhorted  the  principal  citi- 
zen* tn  use  their  good  offices  to  soothe  the  people  and  «/'- 
pease  the  general  indignation.     J.  Adams,  Works,  V.  70. 

The  function  of  official  priests  was  to  appease  the  wrath 
of  God  or  purchase  his  favor. 

Theodore  Parker,  Sermons,  Int. 

3.  To  assuage  or  soothe,  as  bodily  pain ;  satisfy, 
as  an  appetite  or  desire:  as,  to  appease  the 
smart  of  a  wound,  or  one's  hunger.=Syn.  Xo  sat- 
isfy, hush,  quell  (see  list  under  allayi) ;  propitiate,  concil- 
iate. 

appeasement  (a-pez'rnent),  n.  [<  appease  + 
-mi  u(.  Of.  OF."(and  F.)  apaiscmciit,  >  ML.  ap- 
peisameutum.]  The  act  of  appeasing,  or  the 
state  of  being  appeased,  or  in  peace  ;  pacifica- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

For  its  appeasement  and  mitigation. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  223. 

Being  neither  in  number  nor  in  courage  great,  partly  by 
authority,  partly  by  entreaty,  they  were  reduced  to  some 
good  appeasement.  Sir  J.  Hayward,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  54. 

appeaser  (a-pe'zer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
appeases  or  pacifies. 

appeasive  (a-pe'ziv),  a.  [<  appease  +  -ive.] 
Serving  or  tending  to  appease  ;  mitigating ; 
quieting. 

appel  (a-pel'),  ii.  [F. :  see  appeal,  n.]  hxfen- 
Cing,  a  smart  stroke  with  the  blade  on  the  sword 
of  an  antagonist  on  the  opposite  side  to  that 
which  he  engaged,  generally  accompanied  with 
a  stamp  of  the  foot,  used  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  an  opening.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet.  See 
feint. 

appellability  (a-pel-a-biTi-ti),  n.  [<  appella- 
hli  :  see  -bility. J  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
appealable. 

appellable  (a-pel'a-bl),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *appella- 
bilis,  <  appellare,  appeal:  see  appeal.  Cf.  appeal- 
uhli .]    Capable  of  being  appealed  ;  appealable. 

appellancy  (a-pel'an-si),  n.  [<  appellant:  see 
-cy.]     Appeal;  capability  of  appeal.     Todd. 

appellant  (a-pel' ant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  appelant, 
<  L.  appellan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  appellare,  appeal:  see 
appeal,  and  ef.  appealant.]  I.  a.  Appealing; 
relating  to  appeals ;  appellate. 

The  first  having  an  appellant  jurisdiction  over  the  sec- 
ond. Hallain. 

II.  it.  1.  In  lam  :  (a)  One  who  appeals  or  re- 
moves a  cause  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  tribu- 
nal. (b\)  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a 
crime,  such  as  felony  or  treason. — 2.  One  who 
looks  to  any  tribunal  for  corroboration  or  vin- 
dication.—  3f.  One  who  challenges  or  summons 
another  to  single  combat. 

This  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat ; 
And  ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
Answer  thy  appellant,  .  .  . 
Who  now  defies  thee  thrice  to  single  fight. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1220. 

4.  Eccles.,  one  of  the  French  clergy  who,  in 
the  Jansenist  controversy,  rejected  the  bull 
Unigenitus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement 
XI.  against  Quesnel's  "  Reflexions  morales  sur 
le  Nonveau  Testament,"  and  appealed  to  the 
pope  "better  informed,"  or  to  a  general  coun- 
cil.—  5.  One  who  appeals  or  presents  a  request. 

Each  of  them  is  now  a  humble  and  earnest  appellant 
for  the  laurel.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Epist.  Ded. 

appellate  (ap'e-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  appel- 
lateil,  ppr.  appellating.  [<  L.  appellatus,  pp. 
of  appellare,  address,  appeal  to,  sue,  accuse, 
accost,  name:  see  appeal.]  To  call  by  a  name ; 
call;  name;  entitle.     [Rare.] 

The  vast  Pacific  Ocean,  commonly  .  .  .  appeUated  (as  the 
aaying  is)  and  annominated  the  South-sea. 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature  (1765),  I.  465.    (X.  E.  D.) 

appellate  (a-pel'at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  appellatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  appeals; 
having  cognizance  of  appeals  :  as,  an  appellate 
court. 

Appellate  stands  in  contradistinction  to  original  juris- 
diction, and  as  the  latter  implies  that  the  case  must  com- 
mence in  the  Supreme  Court,  so  the  former  implies  that 
the  case  must  commence  in  an  inferior  court,  not  having 
final  jurisdiction  ;  and.  therefore,  liable  to  be  carried  up 
to  a  higher,  for  final  decision.        Calhoun,  Works,  I.  321. 

Il.t  n.  A  person  appealed  or  prosecuted  for 
a  crime ;  an  appellee. 

appellation  (ap-e-la'shon),  n.  [=  F.  appella- 
tion,^ L.  appellatio{n-),  an  accosting,  an  appeal, 


271 

a  naming,  <  appellare,  accost,  appeal  to,  name : 
see  appellate,  v.,  and  appeal.]  If.  The  act  of 
appealing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  court  or 
authority;  appeal. 

There  is  such  a  noise  i'  the  court  .  .  .  with  their  several 
voices  of  citations,  appellations,  allegations,  certificates, 
etc.  B.  Jonson,  Epicoene. 

2f.  The  act  of  appealing  for  aid,  sympathy,  etc.; 
entreaty. — 3.  The  act  of  naming;  nomencla- 
ture— 4.  The  word  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  called  and  known ;  name;  title. — 5.  In  logic, 
the  acceptation  of  a  term  to  denote  an  existing 
thing.— Formal  appellation.    See  formal.  =Syn.  4. 

Designation,  etc.  (sic  mime,  //.),  cognomen,  epithet. 

appellative  (a-pel' a-tiv),  a.  and  «.  [=F.  ap- 
pellatif,  <  L.  appellativus,  <  appellare,  name, 
call:  see  appeal  and  appellation.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  the  character  of  an  appellation ;  serving 
to  name  or  mark  out ;  serving  as  a  distinctive 
denomination;  denominative:  as,  hydrochloric 
is  a  term  appellative  of  a  certain  acid. —  2.  In 
gram.,  common,  as  applied  to  a  noun;  general; 
denominative  of  a  class :  opposed  to  proper. 

Nor  is  it  likely  he  [St.  Paul]  would  give  the  common  ap- 
pellative name  of  "Books"  to  the  divinely  inspired  writ- 
ings, without  any  other  note  of  distinction. 

Bp.  Bull,  Works,  II.  401. 

II.  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  common  name  in  dis- 
tinction from  a  proper  name ;  a  name  standing 
for  a  whole  class :  thus,  the  word  man  is  the 
appellative  of  the  whole  human  race,  fowl  of  all 
winged  animals,  tree  of  all  plants  of  a  particu- 
lar class,  etc. — 2.  Title;  appellation;  nick- 
name. 

There  [in  the  rosary]  also  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary,  after 
many  glorious  appellatives,  is  prayed  to  in  these  words. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  p.  218. 

appellatively  (a-pel'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ap- 
pellative manner;  in  gram.,  according  to  the 
manner  of  appellative  nouns ;  in  a  manner  to 
express  whole  classes  or  species :  as,  the  name 
Hercules  is  sometimes  used  appellatively,  that 
is,  as  a  common  name  to  signify  a  strong  man. 

appellativeness  (a-pel' a-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appellative.     Fuller. 

appellatory  (a-pel'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  appellato- 
rius,  <  appellator,  an  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp. 
appellatus,  appeal:  see  appeal.]  Containing  an 
appeal. 

An  appellatory  libel  ought  to  contain  the  name  of  the 
party  appellant.  Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

appellee  (ap-e-le'),  n.  [<  F.  appele  (<  L.  appel- 
latus), pp.  of  appeler :  seeapjiealaniajijiellate.] 
In  law,  the  person  against  whom  an  appeal  is 
brought ;  the  respondent  in  an  appeal. 

appellor  (a-pel'pr),  n.  [ME.  apelour,  and  by 
apheresis  pelour'li  OF.  apelour,  appelant;  ape- 
tcur,  earlier  apeleor,  apelor,  <  L.  appellator,  aec. 
appeUatorem,  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp.  appel- 
latus, appeal:  see  appeal.]  In  law:  (a)  The 
person  who  institutes  au  appeal,  or  prosecutes 
another  for  crime.  [This  term  is  not  now  tip- 
plied  to  the  plaintiff  in  appeal  from  a  lower 
court,  he  being  called  the  appellant]  (b)  One 
who  confesses  a  felony,  and  turns  Icing's  or 
state's  evidence  against  his  associates.  Whar- 
ton,  (c)  One  who  challenges  a  jury.    Wharton. 

appenage,  n.     See  appanage. 

append  (a-pend'),  v.  [The  intrans.  use  is  the 
earlier, <  Nk.appenden,  apenden,  appenten,  apen- 
ten,  and  by  apneresis penden,penten,i  OF.  apen- 
dre,  appendre,  hang  up,  hang  by,  depend  on,  ap- 
pertain or  belong  to;  in  trans,  use  mod.,<  F. 
appendre,  <  ML.  appendere,  intrans.,  LL.  trans., 
hang,  L.  appendere,  adpendere,appendere,yreigh, 
consider,  <  ad,  to,  +  pendere,  intrans.,  hang, 
pendere,  trans.,  hang,  weigh :  see  pendant,  poise, 
and  cf.  depend,  dispend,  expend,  spend,  perpend, 
suspend.]     I.t  intrans.  To  belong;  pertain. 

Holy  orisoun  .  .  .  appendith  specially  to  penitence 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  hang  or  attach  as  a  proper 
part,  possession,  or  accompaniment,  as  a  pen- 
dant; suspend:  as,  a  seal  appended  to  a  record. 

If  amulets  do  work  .  .  .  upon  those  parts  whereunto 
they  ale  appended.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 

Conceive  .  .  .  apig'stail  .  .  .  appended  to  the  back  of 
the  head.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii. 

2.  To   add,  as  an  accessory  to  the  principal 
thing;  subjoin;  annex. 

One  hundred  passages  from  the  fathers  appended  in  the 
notes.    ■/.  //.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Dock,  p.  22. 

To  hunt  out  mediocrity  and  feebleness,  and  append  cor- 
rect dates  to  their  forgotten  effusions,  is  an  exercise  of 
philanthropy  which  is  likely  to  be  little  appreciated. 

Whipple,  Ess,  and  Rev.,  I.  33. 


Appendages. 


.,  anther  of  Inula  ;  2,  flower 
of  borage;  3,  stamen  of  Alys- 
m:  a,  a,  a,  appendages. 


=  Syn.  To  join,  superadd,  affix. 


Appendicularla 

appendage  (a-pen'daj),  n.     [<  append  +  -age.] 

1.  That  which  is  appended  to  something  as  a 
proper  part  of  it  ;  a  sub- 
ordinate attachedpart  of 
anything.  S],,,  in, ally 
(a)  In  aunt,  and  :-'■"/.,  any 
limb,  member,  or  peripheral 
part  uf  the  body  diverging 
from  the  axial  trunk  ;  an  ap- 
pended or  appendicular  part. 
See  cut  under  Appendicu- 
laria.  0>)  In  /»■.'..  any  sub- 
sidiary part  superadded  to 
another  part,  as  hairs  and 
glands  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or 
nectaries  and  corona  to  the 
corolla  :  applied  especially  to 
processes  of  any  kind,  (c) 
Naut.,  a  small  portion  of  a 
vessel  extending  beyond  the 
general  form,  as  shown  by 
the  cross-sections  and  the 
water-sections. 

2.  Something  added  to 
a  principal  or  greater 
thing,  though  not  neces- 
sary to  it,  as  a  portico 
to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  the  apj^endaye 
of  sobriety,  and  is  to  chastity,  to  temperance,  and  to  hu- 
mility, as  the  fringes  are  to  a  garment. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

In  case  of  a  union,  the  smaller  kingdom  would  lie  con- 
sidered only  as  an  appendaye,  and  sacrificed  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  larger.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 
=  Syn.  Adjunct,  attachment,  appurtenance,  addition,  con- 
enioitant. 

appendance,  appendence  (a-pen'dans,  -dens), 

n.  [<  F.  appendance,  <  appendre:  see  append, 
appendant,  and  -ahcc]  1.  The  condition  of 
being  appendant.  [Rare.]  —  2f.  Something  an- 
nexed; an  appendage. 

High  titles,  rich  coats,  long  pedigrees,  large  revenues, 
.  .  .  the  just  .  .  .  appendances  of  civil  greatness. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  29. 

appendancyt,    appendencyt    (a-pen' dan-si, 

-den-si),  11.     [<  appendant,  -ent:  kee-cy.]     The 

condition  of  being  appendant. 

Abraham  bought  the  whole  field,  and  by  right  of  appen- 
dency  had  the  cave  with  it.    Spelman,  De  Sepultura,  p.  176. 

appendant,  appendent  (a-pen'dant,  -dent),  a. 
and  n.  [<  F.  appendant,  ppr.  of  appendre :  see 
append.]  I.  a.  1.  Hanging  to;  annexed;  at- 
tached; concomitant:  as,  a  seal  appendant  to 
a  paper. — 2.  In  law,  appended  to  something  by 
prescription :  applied  to  a  right  or  privilege 
attached  to  a  principal  inheritance :  thus,  in 
England,  an  advowson,  that  is,  the  right  of  pa- 
tronage or  presentation,  is  said  to  be  appen- 
dant or  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  manor. 
—Appendant  advowson.  See  advowson,  2. — Common 
appendant.    See  common,  ».,  4. 

II.  n.  That  which  belongs  to  another  thing, 
as  incidental  or  subordinate  to  it;  an  adjunct; 
a  dependency. 

appendical  (a-pen'di-kal),  a.  [<  appendix  {-die-) 
+  -at.]    Of  the  nature  of  an  appendix.  X.  E.  D. 

appendicatet  (a-pen'di-kat),  c.  t.  [<  appendix 
(-die-)  + -ate2.]  To  append;  add  to:  as,"divers 
things  appendiealed,"  Sir  .1/.  Hale. 

appendicationt  (a-pen-di-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  ap- 
pendicate  +  -ion.]  An  appendage  or  adjunct. 
Sir  M.  Hah. 

appendicatory  (a-pen'di-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  ap- 
pendicate  +  -org.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  tho  na- 
ture of  an  appendix.     W.  Taylor. 

appendices,  »■     Plural  of  appendix. 

appendicitis  (a-pen"di-si'tis),  n.  [<  L.  ap- 
pendix (-die-)  +  -itis.]  In  pathol.,  inflamma- 
t  ii  mof  the  vermiformappendix  (which  see,  under 
appendix). 

appendicle  (a-pen'di-kl),  n.  [<  I.,  appt  ndicula, 
dim.  id'  appendix:  see  appendix.]  A  small  ap- 
pendage. 

appendicular  (ap-en-dik'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
pendicularius,  <  L.appendicula:  see  appendicle.] 
Having  tho  character  of  an  appendicle;  appen- 
diculate:  specifically,  in  anat.,  opposed  to  axial : 
thus,  tho  whole  skeleton  of  a  vertebrate  is  di- 
vided into  the  axial  and  the  appendicular  skele- 
tons.tho  latter  being  that  of  the  limbs  or  appen- 
dages. 

Appendicularia  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
fern,  of  iippendienloiiiis  :  see  appendicular.]  1. 
Thctvnioal  genus  of  the  family  App<  ■ndieulariida: 
A.  flafeUum  K  about  one  fifth  of  in  inch  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail,  with  an  oval  or  flask-shaped  body,  and  has  the 
power  of  rapidly  secreting  a  mucilaginous  cuticular  in- 
vestment in  which  it  becomes  incased. 
2.  [/.  <■.;  pi.  appendicularias  (-§).]  A  member 
of  the  above  genus. 

The  simplest  members  of  the  [aseidian]  group,  and  those 
the  structure  of  which  is  most  readily  comprehensible, 
are  the  Appendieiilarice  ;  minute  pelagic  organisms,  which 


Appendicularia 

are  found  in  all  latitudes,  and  are  propelled,  like  tadpoles, 
bv  the  flapping  of  a  long  caudal  append 

Huxley,   \nat.  Invert.,  p.  510. 


Appendicular!,!  Jlabcllum,  magnified. 

I,  the  entire  animal,  with  the  caudal  appendage  forward  in   its 

natural  position  ;  II,  side  view  of  body,  the  appendage  forcibly  bent 

backward:  A,  body;  B,  appendage ;  a,  mouth;  b,  pharynx;  c.  an 

atrial  opening;  d,  the  corresponding  stigma  with  its  cilia;  e,  anus; 

f,  rectum  ;  g,  esophagus ;  It,  i,  stomach  ;  k,  testis ;  /,  urochord  ;  in, 
cellular  patch  at  side  of  oral  end  of  body  ;  n,  cndostyle;  /.ganglion; 

g,  ciliated  sac;  r,  otocyst;  s,  posterior  nerve,  with  t,  its  ganglia;  en, 
endoderm ;  ec,  ectoderm. 

Appendicularise  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 
Name  as  Appendiculariidai. 

appendicularian  (ap-en-dik-fi-la'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Appendicularia  +  -an.']  An  animal  of  the  genus 
Appendicularia  ;  one  of  the  Appendiculariidas. 

appendiculariid  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-id),  «.  A 
tunicate,  or  ascidiau,  of  the  family  Appendicu- 
laniila . 

Appendiculariidse  (ap-en-dik//u-la-ri'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <Appendieuiaria  +  -id<B.]  A  family  of 
tuuicates,  or  ascidians,  of  a  low  grade  of  organi- 
zation, permanently  retaining  a  form  and  struc- 
ture which  characterize  only  the  embryonic  or 
larval  stage  of  other  ascidians.  They  are  named 
from  their  tadpole-like  shape  and  long  tail  or  appendage, 
by  the  vibration  of  which  they  move  about.  The  family 
corresponds  to  a  suborder  Copelala  of  some  naturalists,  as 
distinguished  from  Acopa. 

Appendiculata  (ap-en-dik-u-la'tii),  ii.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  appendiculatus :  see  appendic- 
ulate.]  A  name  given  by  E.  R.  Lankester  to 
a  phylum  or  prime  group  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, including  those  forms  which  have  lateral 
locomotive  appendages  and  usually  a  segment- 
ed body.  It  is  a  loose  and  inexact  synonym  of 
Arthropoda,  together  with  liotifera  and  Chccto- 
poda.     See  Arthropoda. 

appendiculate  ( ap-en-dik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
pendiculatus, <  L.  appendictda  :  see  appendicle.] 

1.  Provided  with  appendages;  having  the 
character  of  a  n  appendage  or  appendages ;  form- 
ing an  appeudiele.  I  -.  d  especially  in  botany,  being 
applied,  for  instance,  t<.  haves,  or  t<.  organs  appended 
to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc.:  thus,  the  pitcher-like  appen- 
daL'e  "i  tic  lcai  id  the  Nepenthes  distUlatoria,  or  pitcher- 
plant,  is  -aid  to  In  appendiculate.  See  cuts  under  ap- 
pendagi  and  a  tcidi 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of 
the  Appi  ndiculata. 

Appendirostres  (a-pen-di-ros'trez),  n.  pi. 
[  X I. .,  eon tr.  tut  'appi  hdicirostres.t  L.  appendix, 
appendix,  +  rostrum,  a  beak.]  In  Blyth's  sys- 
tem of  classification  (1849),  a  group  of  birds, 
the  hombills,  lam  ratidie,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Arculirosircs,  the  hoopoes  oi  '  pupidw. 

appendix  (a-pen'diks),  ".;  pi.  appendixes  or 
appendices  '(-dik-ses  or  -di-sez).  [<  L.  ap- 
pendix, rarely  ampendix,  an  appendage,  appen- 
dix, addition'.  <  appendere,  hang:  Bee  append.'] 
1.  Something  appended  or  added;  an  adjunct, 
concomitant,  appendage,  or  accessory. 
Normandy  became  an  appendix  t"  England. 

Sir  H.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

Specifically  —  2.   An  addition  appended  to  a 

(loi-iimeiit  it  1 k  relating  to  tin-  main  work, 

usually  consisting  of  explanatory  or  statistical 
matter  adding  t<>  its  value,  but  not  essential  to 
its  completeness,  ami  thus  differing  from  a 
supplement,  which  properly  is  intended  t<>  sup- 
ply deficiencies  and  correcl  inaccuracies. — 3. 

[As  a  Latin  word;  pi.  appendices.]  In  anal., 
a  process,  prolongation,  or  projection.  Set;  the 
phrases  following.  Appendices  epiplolcse  (appen- 
ploon),  -mall  fi .1.1  -  el  in  ritoneum  cov- 
inn    I,,,  i  and  containing  fat.     Appendix 

auriculae,  I  ige  "f  the  auricle  ..i  the  heart,  an 

ear-like  projection,  from  which,  in  1 nat y,  the 

auricle  Itself  derivi  II  nam  Appendix  caeci,  in ''««», 
the  vermiform  appendix.  Appendix  ensiformis,  th. 
ensiform  appendage  ol  the  bri  asl  bone  ;  the  xiphoid  cat 
tilage  or  appendix.  See  cut  'unlet'  skeleton,  Appen- 
dix vennlformls,  or  vermiform  appendix,  a  Blind 


272 

process  given  off  from  the  ctecum,  varying  in  man  from 
3  to  6  ini  ins  in  length.  See  cut  under  intestine. — Ap- 
pendix vesicae  (appendage  nt  the  bladder),  a  hernia  uf 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder  through  the  muscu- 
lar coat.  =  Syn.  2.  Appendix,  Supplement.   Seesrijiphnicnt. 

appendixious  (ap-en-dik'shus),  a.    [<  appendix 

+  -i-ous.    Cf.  Mli.  appi  ndicius,  supplementary.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix; 
appendicatory.     Bcntham.     [Rare.] 
appense  (a-pens'),  a.    [<  L.  appensus,  pp.  of 

appendere :  see  append.]  Hanging  from  above ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  pendulous  :  applied  to 
ovules  attached  to  the  sides  or  angles  of  the 
ovary,  and  drooping.  [Rare.] 
appehset  (a-pens'),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  appenser,  ap- 
pend (a  seal),  <  L.  as  if  *appensare,  freq.  of 
appendere,  pp.  appensus,  append:  see  append.] 
To  append  (a  seal). 

We  haue  caused  .  .  .  our  seale  thereunto  to  be  ap- 
pended. Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  158.    (A.  E.  Z>.) 

appentt,  ».  i-     An  old  form  of  append. 
appentice  (a-pen'tis),  n.    [<  ME.  "apentice  (by 

apheresis  »eH,,.v,  pentiee,  whence,  by  corruption, 
penthouse,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apentis,  F.  appenUs, < ML. 
appi  niliciuin,  appenditium,  appentice,  <  LL.  ap- 
pendieium,  an  appendage,  <  appendere,  append: 
see  append,  appendix.]     In  arch.,  any  lean-to 


Appentice. 
Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral  of  Meaux,  France. 

roof ;  especially,  a  kind  of  open  shed  of  a  sin- 
gle slope  supported  on  posts  or  columns,  or  on 
brackets  let  into  a  wall,  or  otherwise,  to  afford 
protection  from  the  weather  to  a  door,  window, 
flight  of  steps,  etc.,  over  which  it  projects  or 
forms  a  hood. 

apperceive  (ap-er-seV),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
appereeived,  ppr.  apperceirinej.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apperceave,  apparceire,  <  ME.  aperei  i- 
ven,  aparceiren,  apareercn,  <  OF.  apcreereir, 
aperceroir,  aparcevoir,  T?.apercevoi/r=  Sp.  aper- 
cibir  =  Pg.  aperceber,  <  LL.  *apperciperc,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  pereipere,  perceive :  see  perceive.]  To  be 
conscious  of  perceiving;  comprehend  (what  is 
perceived) ;  loosely,  to  perceive ;  notice :  used 
specifically  of  internal  perception  or  self-con- 
sciousness.   See  apperception-. 

apperceivingt  (ap-er-se'ving),  n.  [ME.  ajier- 
ceyvynge;  verbal  n.  of  apperceive.]  Percep- 
tion.   Chaucer. 

apperception  (ap-er-sep'shqn),  n.  [<  NL. 
appereeptia(u-)  (Leibnitz),  <  LL.  *appercipere, 
j>l>.*apperceptus :  see  apperceive  and  perception.] 
1.  That  act  of  the  mind  by  which  it  becomes 
conscious  of  its  ideas  as  its  own;  perception 
(which  see)  with  the  added  consciousness  that 
it  is  "  I "  who  perceive. 

It  is  well  to  make  a  distinction  between  perception, 
which  is  the  inner  state  of  the  monad,  representing  exter- 
nal things,  and  apperception,  which  is  consciousness,  or 
the  reflexive  knowledge  of  this  interior  state,  which  is  not 
given  to  all  souls,  nor  always  to  the  same  soul, 

Leibnitz,  Nature  and  Grace,  tr.  by  N.  Porter,  §  4. 

The  Leibnitzo-Wolfflans  distinguished  three  acts  in  the 
pinecssof  representative  cognition:  (1)  The  act  of  repre- 
senting a  (mediate)  object  to  the  mind  ;  (2)  the  represi  ota 
tiini,  or,  to  speak  more  properly,  representamen,  itselt  as 
an  (immediate  or  vicarious)  object  exhibited  to  the  mind  ; 
(:i)  the  act  by  which  the  mind  is  conscious  immediately  of 
Hie  representative  object,  and  through  it  mediately  of 
the  rcniidc  object  represented.  They  called  the  tlrst  per- 
ception; the  last,  apperception;  the  .second,  idea. 

Sir  w.  Hamilton,  Eteid,  p.  s"7.  note. 

Hence,  by  a  slight  modification  —  2.  With  Kant 
and  most  English  writers,  an  act  of  voluntary 
consciousness,  accompanied  with  self-con- 
sciousness: especially  ill  the  phrase  pure  ap- 
perception. 
My  theory,  like  Kant's,  lays  apperception,  anglice  re- 
Ion,  at  the  basis  of  philosophy. 

Ilod:ison,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  I.  224. 

3.  In  the  psychology  of  Herbart  (1776-1841), 
the  coalescence  of  the'  remainder  of  a  new 
isolated  idea  with  an  older  one,  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  one  or  the  other. — 4.  Apprehension; 
recognition. 


appetence 

The  recognition  or  apperception  of  these  truths  by  men. 
Maurice.    'N.  E.  D.) 

Active  apperception.  See  active.— Pure  appercep- 
tion, in  the  Kantian  phUos.,  the  bare  consciousness  of 
self,  the  mere  "I"  or  "I  think."  See  self-consciousness. 
—  Unity  of  apperception,  that  unity  of  consciousness 
by  virtue  of  which  its  contents  (perceptions,  thoughts, 
etc.)  coexist  for  it;  the  pure  self  or  "I"  to  which  the 
contents  of  one  and  the  same  mind  must  be  referred. 

apperceptive  (ap-er-sep'tiv),  a.  [<  appercep- 
tion, after  perceptive.]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  apperception. 

It  is  after  all  nothing  but  our  apperceptive  faculties, 
potentially  idealized,  that  arc  made  to  serve  for  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  universal  subject.  Mind,  IX.  381. 
Apperceptive  union,  the  uniting  of  one  idea  with  an- 
other by  a  voluntary  act  of  consciousness. 
apperilt  (a-per'il),  »..  [<  apA  +  peril.]  Peril; 
danger;  risk. 

Let  me  stay  at  thiue  apperil.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 

Is  there  no  law  for  a  woman  that  will  run  upon  a  man 
at  her  own  apperil  f       Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  i.  1. 

appersi-andt  (ap'er-si-and'),  «.  Same  as  am- 
persand. 

A  shrivelled  cadaverous  piece  of  deformity  in  the  shape 
of  an  izzard  or  an  appereuxnd. 

Macklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 

appertain  (ap-er-tan'),  o.  i.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  appertane,  apertain,  <  ME.  appcrteinen, 
aperteinen,  apcrtenen,  <  OF.  apartenir,  F.  appar- 
tenir,  <  LL.  appcrtiucrc,  belong  to,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  pertinere,  belong,  pertain :  eee pertain.]  To 
belong  or  pertain,  as  a  part  (to  the  whole),  a 
member  (to  a  class),  a  possession,  or  an  attri- 
bute ;  belong  by  association  or  normal  relation. 
Hang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 
That  appertain  unto  a  burial. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 
The  Father,  to  whom  in  heaven  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  aud  glory  appertains. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  vi.  815. 
In  giving  him  to  another,  it  [love]  still  more  gives  him 
to  himself.  ...  He  does  not  longer  appertain  to  his  fam- 
ily and  society ;  he  is  somewhat ;  he  is  a  person. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  161. 
I  am  much  inclined  to  suspect  that  the  fossil  upon  which 
the  genus  Ornithopterus  has  been  founded  appertains  to 
a  true  Bird.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  232. 

=  Syn.  Seepertain. 
appertainance  (ap-er-ta'nans), n.  [(appertain 
+  -ance.  Cf.  appertenance&nd  appurtenance.]  1. 
The  quality  or  state  of  appertaining.  [Rare.] 
The  noblest  elevations  of  the  human  mind  have  in  ap- 
pertainance their  sands  ami  swamps. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  thing  which  appertains;  an  appurtenance. 
appertainment  (ap-er-tan'ment),  n.  [<  apper- 
tain +  -ment.]  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs ;  an  appurtenance  ;  an  external  or  adven- 
titious attribute.     [Rare.] 

We  lay  by 
Our  appcrtainments.         Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

appertenancet,      appertenencet,      apperti- 

nencet,  ».     Old  forms  of  appurtenance. 
appertinentt  (a-per'ti-nent),  a.  and  n.     [Same 
as  appurtenant,  after  the  L.  appertinen(t-)s :  see 
appurtenant.]    I.  a.  Belonging;  properly  relat- 
ing; appurtenant. 

All  the  other  gifts  appertinent  to  man. 

Sl,,ik.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

II.  n.  That  which  appropriately  belongs  to 
something  else ;  an  appurtenance. 

You  know  how  apt  our  love  was,  to  accord 

'I'.,  furnish  him  with  all  appertinents 

Belonging  to  his  honour.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2. 

appetet,  v.  t.  [ME.  appeten,  <  OF.  appeter,  < 
]j.  appetere,  adpetere,  strive  after,  try  to  get,  < 
ad,  to,  +  petere,  seek,  aim  at:  see  jutitinn.] 
To  crave  or  long  for ;  covet;  desire.  Chaucer. 
appetence,  appetency  (ap'e-tens,  -ten-si),  n. 
[=  F.  appCtence,  <  L.  appetentia,  <  appeten(t-)s, 
ailprh  n(i-)s :  see appetent.]  1.  The  act  of  seek- 
ing or  craving  after  that  which  satisfies  the 
affections,  passions,  or  tastes ;  desire ;  inclina- 
tion; propensity. 

I  know  not  to  what  else  we  can  better  liken  the  strong 
a/>pitcucc  uf  the  mind  for  improvement,  than  to  a  hunger 
ami  thirst  after  knowledge  and  truth. 

/  "  reft,  orations,  II.  277. 

They  had  a  strong  appetency  for  reading.  Mcrivale. 

Specifically  —  2.  Strong  natural  craving  for 
thai  which  gratifies  the  senses;  appetite;  ani- 
mal desire:  as,  "lustful  appetence,  Milton,  P. 
L.,  xi.  619. 

The  innate  aversion  to  any  poison  known  to  modern 
chemistry  can,  by  persistent  disregard,  be  turned  into  a 
morbid  appetency,  vehement  and  persistent  in  proportion 
ti.  the  virulence  of  the  poison. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  518. 

3.  A  mental  tendency  toward  an  end;  a  voli- 
tion or  desire. 

I  shall  occasionally  employ  the  term  appetency  in  the 
rig.. rons  signification,  as  a  genus  comprehending  under  it 
both  desires  and  volitions.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 


appetence 

4.  Instinctive  inclination  or  natural  tendency. 
These  Lacteals  have  i iths,  and  by  animal  selection  or 

appetency  they  absorb  surd  part  oi  the  Hunt  as  is  agreeable 
to  their  palate.  i-'.  Darwin, 

The  present  example  .  .  .  precisely  i tradicts  t in- 

opinion  that  the  parts  of  animals  may  have  been  allformed 
by  what  is  called  appetency,  i.  >..  endeavour  perpetuated, 
and  imperceptibly  working  its  effect  through  an  [ncal< 
culable  series  of  generations.  Paleyt  Nat.  Theol.,  i.\. 

5.  In  inanimate  things,  material  or  chemical 
attraction  or  affinity.  =  syn.  See  appetite. 

appetent  (ap'e-tent),  a.    [<  L.  appeten(t-)s,  ppr. 
olappetere,  aapetere,  strive  after,  try  to  gel :  see 
appete;  cf.  appetite.]     1.  Desiring;  very  desir- 
ous; eagerly  longing. 
Thirsty  and  appetent  after  glory, 

Nir  G.  Back,  Hist,  Eich.  III.,  p.  CO. 

2.  Pertaining  to  desire  or  volition.  Sir  IV. 
Hamilton. 

appetibility  (ap^e-ti-bil'i-ti),  n.    [=F.  appe"ti- 

bilite,  <  appetible :  see  appetible and -bility.]   The 
quality  of  exciting  appetite  or  desire;  attrac- 
tiveness.    [Rare.] 
The  appetibility  oi  the  object.  BramhaU. 

appetible  (ap'e-ti-bl),  a.  [=  F.  appetible,  <  L. 
appetibilis,  desirable,  <  appetere:  see  nppeieand 
-iWe.]  Exciting  the  appetite ;  worthy  of  being 
sought  for;  desirable.     [Rare.] 

Power  both  to  slight  the  most  appetible  objects,  ami  to 
controul  the  most  unruly  passions. 

BramhaU,  Against  Hobbes. 

appetite  (ap'e-tit),  n.  [<  ME.  appetit,  apetite, 
<OF.  appetit  {V.  app&At),  <  L,  appetitus,  desire 
for,  <  appetere,  aapetere,  pp.  appetitus,  long  for, 
desire:  see  appete,  appetent.']  1.  An  innate  or 
acquired  demand  or  propensity  to  satisfy  a 
want;  desire,  especially  strong  desire ;  inclina- 
tion; wish  to  attain  some  object  or  purpose: 
with  for  (formerly  with  of,  to,  or  an  infinitive) 
or  absolutely. 
She  dyd  it  not  for  appetite  of  vengeaunce. 

Latimer,  Sermon  before  Edward  VI. 

If  God  had  given  to  eagles  an  appetite  to  swim. 

Jcr.  Taylor. 

As  it  is  best  to  preserve  our  natural  appetites  in  that 
tone  and  degree  of  strength  which  nature  gives  them,  so 
we  ought  to  beware  of  acquiring  appetites  which  nature 
never  gave.  Reid,  Active  Towers,  p.  128. 

It  is  the  glory  of  God,  indeed,  to  conceal  a  thing,  but 

not  absolutely,  or  for  the  sake  of  concealment.     He  does 

it  only  till  a  mind  and  appetite  for  the  truth  is  prepared. 

BushneU,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  158. 

Specifically — 2.  A  desire  to  supply  a  bodily 
want  or  craving ;  a  desire  for  food  or  drink. 
Fairest  fruit,  that  hung  to  the  eye 
Tempting,  stirr'd  in  me  sudden  appetite 
To  pluck  and  eat.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  308. 

Instinct  enables  a  spider  to  entrap  his  prey,  while  appe- 
tite only  leads  him  to  devour  it  when  in  his  possession. 

Bowen. 

3.  Relish  for  food;  the  capacity  of  taking  food 
with  pleasure. 

With  hounds  and  horns  go  hunt  an  appetite. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  vi.  114. 

4.  Preference ;  taste ;  liking :  as,  to  or  accord- 
ing to  one's  appetite,  that  is,  as  one  pleases. 
[Rare.]  —  5.  A  thing  desired.     [Archaic] 

Power  being  the  natural  appetite  of  princes.  Swift. 

The  mountains,  and  the  deep  and  gloomy  wood, 
Their  colours  and  their  forms, 
Were  then  to  me  an  appetite.  Wordsworth. 

6.  A  tendency  of  an  inanimate  thing  analogous 
to  a  desire. 

The  air  of  itself  hath  little  or  no  appetite  oi  ascending. 
Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvarum. 

Canine  appetite.    See  canine.  =  Syn.  Appetence,  appe- 
tency, craving,  longing,  relish,  zest,  passion,  hunger,  thirst, 
lust. 
appetitet  (ap'e-tit),  v.  t.     [<  appetite,  «.]     1. 
To  desire  ;  long  for ;  deeply  want. 

A  man  in  his  natural  perfection  is  fierce,  .  .  .  appetit. 
ing  by  generation  to  bring  forth  his  semblable. 

Sir  T.  Eiyot,  The  Governour,  p.  70. 

2.  To  satisfy  the  appetite  or  desire  of. 
appetitiont  (ap-e-tish'on),  n.     [=  F.  appdtition, 
<T  L.  appeUtio{rtr-),   <  appetere:   see  appetite] 
An  act  of  appetite  ;  desire  ;  craving. 

We  find  in  animals  an  estimative  or  judicial  faculty,  an 
appelition  or  aversation.  SirM,  hale. 

The  monad  is  a  simple  substance  exercising  perceptive 
and  appetitive  powers,  a  conscious  and  active  existent. 
The  "  simple  substance  "  represents  the  objective  aspect, 
and  becomes  the  condition  of  the  perceptions  and  appe. 
titions  which  represent  the  subjective  aspect. 

Hodgson,  Phil,  of  .Reflection,  ii.  27. 

appetitioust  (ap-e-tish'us),  a.     [<  appeUUon  + 

-oud.]  Pertaining  or  agreeable  to  appetite ;  ap- 
petitive; appetizing:  as,  etppetitious liking. 

Appelitious,  passable,  and  toothsome. 

Brief  Deter,  of  Fanaticks,  p.  17. 

appetitive  (a-pet'i-tiv  or  ap'e-ti-tiv),  a.    [=F. 

appetitif,  <  L.  as  if  *appeUtivus,  <  appetere:  see 
18 


273 

appetite  and  -ire.]  1.  Characterized  by  or  of 
i  lie  nul  ni f  appct  ilc 

The  will  is  not  a  bare  appetitive  power  as  that  of  the 
sen  iial  appetite.  Svr  M.  Hal,,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

Pure  spontaneity  lias  no  alternatives  of  Lmperativi  and 
appetitive.  Bickok,  Science  oi  Mind.  p.  278. 

2.  Appetizing—The  appetitive  faculty,  the  sum 
of  all  our  tendencies  inward  ends. 

appetize  (ap'e-tiz),  ..  '. :  pret.  and  pp.  appe- 
tized,  mr.  appetizing.  [iappet( ite)  +  -i-e  ;  sug 
gested  by  K.  appiUssant,  appetizing.]  To  give 
an  appetite  to;  awaken  a  craving  in ;  increase 
or  wind  Hi,  appetite  of:  as,  to  appetize  one  for 
his  food,     [liare.] 

appetizer  (ap'f-ti-zer),  u.  That  which  excites 
or  whets  the  appetite,  as  a  walk  ;  anything  that 
gives  a  relish  for  food. 

A  glass  of  vodka,  together  with  caviar,  raw  salt  herring, 
pickled  mushrooms,  "i  some  Mich  viand  as  an  appetizer 
before  dinner.  I>.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  150. 

appetizing  (ap'e-ti-zing),  p.  a.  1.  Exciting  an 
appetite ;  giving  a  relish  for  food:  as,  "  it  could 
not  be  very  appi  Using,"  \frs.  Gashell.  Hence  — 
2.  Stimulating  or  awakening  any  desire ;  ex- 
citing interest  or  curiosity. 

Men  forget  that  lie,  too  [Tennyson],  was  once  new,  un- 
hackneyed, appetizing.  Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  155. 

Appiail  (ap'i-an),  «.  [<  L.  Apjiianus,  <  Appius, 
a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to  the  Appii,  an 
ancient  Roman  gens,  or  to  one  of  its  members 
(Appius) — Appian  Way  (Latin  Via  Appia),  a  cele- 
brated road  running  from  Rome  south  through  Capua  to 
Brundusium  (Brindisi),  begun  by  the  censor  Appius  Clau- 
dius Caicus,  312  B.  C  It  was  about  350  miles  in  length,  fri  >m 
14  to  Is  feet  in  breadth,  and,  like  other  Roman  roads,  was 
paved  with  hard  stone  in  irregular  blocks,  closely  fitted  to- 
gether and  resting  on  a  firm  substructure.  It  was  made 
with  great  care,  and  exists  in  part  at  the  present  time. 

applanate  (ap'la-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  applanatus, 
<  L.  ad,  to,  +  planus,  flat,  TJL.planare,  flatten.] 
In  bot.,  flattened  out  or  horizontally  expanded. 


*& 


Applanate  thallus  of  Marchantia  polymorpha.    a,  a,  andrcecia. 

applaud  (a-plad'),  v.  [=  F.  applaudir,  OF. 
aplaudir  =  Sp.  aplaudw  =  Pg.  applaudir  =  It. 
apjilaudirc,  applaudcre,  <  L.  applaudcrc,  LL. 
also  applodere,  clap  the  hands  together,  ap- 
plaud, <  ad,  to.  +  plaitdcre,  strike,  clap.  Cf. 
explode.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  praise  or  show  ap- 
proval of  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
other  significant  sign. — 2.  To  praise  in  anyway, 
as  by  words  or  actions ;  commend ;  approve. 
By  the  gods,  I  do  applaud  his  courage. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  5. 
Can  I  do  him  all  the  mischief  imaginable,  and  that  easily, 
safely,  and  successfully,  and  so  applaud  myself  in  my 
power,  my  wit,  and  my  subtle  contrivances  ? 

South,  Sermons,  III.  113. 
We  applaud  a  sensitive  honesty  which  shudders  at  any- 
thing underhand  or  dishonourable. 

W.  E.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  129. 
Extol,  etc.  (see  praise,  v.),  cheer,  cry  up,  magnify. 
intrans.  1.  To  express  approval  by  clap- 
ping the  hands  or  by  other  similar  means. — 2. 
To  give  praise  ;  express  approval. 

And  there  he  kept  the  justice  of  the  King 
So  vigorously,  yet  mildly,  that  all  hearts 
Applauded.  Tennyson,  Geraint, 

applauder  (a-pla'der),  n.    One  who  applauds, 
praises,  or  commends. 

Two  hundred  and  eighty  applauders  at  three  shillings  a 
day.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  v. 

applause  (a-plaz'),  n.  [=  Sp.  aplauso =Pg.  It. 
applauso,  <"£.  as  if  "applausus,  n.,  <  applausus, 
pp.  of  applaudere,  applaud;  cf.  plausits,  ap- 
plause, <  plaudere,  applaud.]  1.  A  manifesta- 
tion of  approval  by  sound ;  enthusiastic  appro- 
bation expressed  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, huzzas,  or  other  means  of  demon- 
stration; popular  laudation. —  2.  Any  expres- 
sion of  approbation,  appreciation,  or  delight; 
commendation;  encouragement;  approval. 
I  humbly  am  content  with  human  praise; 
A  goddess  -  applause  would  envy  raise. 

Dryden,  Helen  to  Paris,  1. 126. 
Shall  he  for  whose  applause  I  strove  — 
I  had  such  reverence  for  his  blame  — 
See  with  clear  eve  some  hidden  shame, 
And  I  be  lesscn'd  in  his  love  ? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  li. 
3t.  An  object  of  approval.     Ii.  Jonson. 
applause!  (a-plaz'),  t>.  <.    [<  applause,  n.]    To 
applaud ;  approve. 


apple 

And  with  a  general  voice  applaused  in   death 

As  lor  a  special  good  to  Christendom, 

Chapman,  Uphon  u 

applausefult  (a-plaz 'ful),  a.    [<  applause  -t- 
-jul.]   Abounding  in  plaudits ;  laudatory;  raan- 

ifest  in^  applause.      |  liare  ] 

All  France  and  Britain  ring  with  acclamation, 
And  with  applauseful  thanks  they  do  rejoice. 

John  1 

applausiont  (a-pla'zhon),  «.    Applause. 

applausive  (a-pla'siv),  a.  [<  .ML.  applausivus, 
propitious,  favorable,  <  1..  applauden  :  Bee  ap 
phniit.  ana.  oi.  applause  and plattsive.]  1.  Ap- 
plauding; containing  applause;  of  Ho'  nature 
of  applause. 

The  soldiers,  as  you  heard,  my  lord, 
Did  fill  the  air  with  their  applausive  shouts. 
T)ekkerand  Webster i  1),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  v.  1. 

Greet  her  with  applaumvc  breath. 

I ,  nnyson,  Vision  ,,f  sin. 

2f.  Worthy  of  applause.  Chapman. 
apple  (ap'I),  n.  [<  ME.  apple,  aple,  epple,  ap- 
pel,  eppel,  appil,  -id,  -yl,  <  AS.  ceppel,  in  comp. 
apptl-,  apel-,  appel-,  in  inflection  ajipl-,  apt-, 
appl-,apl~,  once  eapJ-,=OFries.  appt  J  (in comp.), 
NFries.  aplv,  aeple,  north.  Fries,  apel,  =  D.  ap- 
ji(I  =  UH((.  a/ilial,  npliot,  aphid,  ajj'nl,  atfnl,  ajful, 
npjiil.  pi.  1  pjili,  MHG.  apj'el,  pi.  epfel,  opfel,  G. 
apfel,  pi.  dpfel,  =  Icel.  epli  =  Norw.  dial,  epic 
=  OSw.  cepl,  Kw.  aple,  applt  (in  eomp.  S/ppeU) 
=  Dan.  aible  (Goth,  not  recorded),  apple ;  used 
also,  in  connection  with  eye  (in  <J.  also  abso- 
lutely), for  the  pupil  of  the  eye ;  in  AS.  also 
poet,  for  ball  (irenum  aplum,  with  iron  balls); 
in  southern  Norway  also  absolutely  for  jora*  pie 
=  earth-apph,  potato:  a  common  Teut.  word, 
foimd  also  in  Celtic  (Ir.  ah/ml.  nldial  =  Gael. 
ubhall  =  W.  a/a?,  OW.  abal  =  Corn.  Bret,  aval 
=  Manx  mail)  and  in  Slavic  (OBulg.  abluko, 
yabluko,  Bulg.  ahlidca,  ijahlid;a  =  Sloven,  yabel- 
fco,  yabolka  =  Serv.  yabuka  =  Bohem.  jablo, 
jabll-o  =  Pol.  jablko  (barred  1)  =  Russ.  yablolco 
=  White  Russ.  ydtiko),  and  further  in  OPruss. 
woblc =Lith.  obulas  =  Lett.  «/>.<(.s.  apple;  but  in 
all  these  languages  regarded  as  of  foreign  origin. 
The  common  source  of  all  the  forms  has  been 
sought  in  L.  Abella  (It.  Avella),  a  town  in  Cam- 
pania abounding  in  fruit-trees  and  nuts  (and 
hence  called  malifera,  apple-bearing,  by  Virgil), 
whence  nux  Abellana,  a  albert  or  hazel-nut  (see 
avellane),  and,  it  is  supposed,  *  malum  Abellanum, 
the  apple  in  particular;  cf.  L.  malum  Persicum, 
the  Persian  apple,  the  peach  (whence  E.  pcaeh^, 
q.  v.).  In  this  view  apple,  like  pear,  peach, 
plum,  quince,  apricot,  cherry,  is  of  L.  (all  but 
apple  and  pear  being  ult.  of  Gr.)  origin.]  1. 
The  fruit  of  a  rosaceous  tree,  1'i/rus  Mains,  a 
native  probably  of  central  Asia.  The  tree  is  now 
cultivated  in  nearly  all  temperate  regions,  in  numerous 
varieties,  and  its  fruit  is  in  universal  use.  It  was  intro- 
duced into  America  from  England  in  1629,  by  the  governor 
of  .Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  scarcely  known  in  its  wild 
state,  but  as  an  escape  from  cultivation  its  fruit  becomes 
small,  acid,  and  harsh,  and  is  know  n  as  the  crab.  The  cul- 
tivated crab-apple  is  the  fruit  of  other  species  of  Pyrus. 
See  crab2. 

2.  The  tree  itself,  Pyrus  Malus. — 3.  A  name 
popularly  given  to  various  fruits  or  trees  hav- 
ing little  or  nothing  in  common  with  the  ap- 
ple. Among  them  are:  Adam's  apple  (the  lime,  a  va- 
riety of  Citrus  medica,  and  the  plantain,  Musa  parodist- 
aca);  the  alligator-apple.  Anona  palustris;  the  balsam- 
apple,  Momordica  Balsamina;  the  wild  balsam-apple, 
Echinocystis  lobata ;  the  beef-  or  bull-apple,  Sideroxylon 
rugosum;  the  bitter  apple  or  colocynth,  Cttru/lus  Colo- 
cynthis;  the  apple  of  Cain.  Arbutus  Unedo ;  the  cedar- 
apple,  an  excrescence  upon  the  juniper  caused  by  a  fungus 
(Gymnosporangium  macropus)',  the  custard-apple,  spei  ies 
of^lnona,  especially,  in  the  West  Indies,  A.  re£tcuZtzta,and, 
in  the  East  Indies. .!.  squamosa  ;  the  devil's  or  mandrake 
apple.  M'lu'l rii'im-it  lUlieinali s  ;  the  egg-apple,  or  Jew's  or 
mad  apple, Sotanum  ssculentum;  the  elephant-  or  wood- 
apple,  Feronia  elephantum;  tin- golden  apple  of  Bengal, 
./•.'oo' Maniotiis:  the  kangaroo-apple, Solanum  luciiiiatiiin; 
the  Kei  apple,  Aberia  Caffra;  the  love-apple  or  tomato, 
Lycopersicum  esculentum;  the  mammee-apple,  Vammea 
Americana;  the  Mayor  Indian  apple,  Podophyllum  pet. 
talttui;  the  monkey-apple,  CXusia  jlum :  the  Otaheite 
apple,  Spnudins  dvlcis;  the  apple  of  Peru,  Nicandra 
physaLoides ;  the  Persian  apple  (an  early  name  for  the 
peach);  the  pineapple,  Ananas  sativa;  the  pond-apple, 
Anona  lauryolia  ;  the  prairie-apple,  the  root  of  Psoralea 
esculenta;  the  rose-apple,  speciesol  Eugenia,  especially 
E.  Jambos ;  the  seven-year  apple,  Genipa  clusia\folia; 
the  star-apple,  Chrysophyllum  Cainito;  the  sugar  apple, 
Anona  reticulata;  the  thorn-apple,  Datura  Stramonium 
and  other  species.  The  wild  apples  of  Queensland  are 
the  drupaceous  fruit  of  a  Bpecies  of  iinenia.— Adam's 

apple.  See  above,  and  Adam Apple  of  discord,  a  cause 

of  envy  and  contention:  in  allusion  In  the  story  in  Greek 
mythology  of  a  golden  apple  thrown  into  an  assembly  of 
the  gods  by  (he  goddess  of  discord  (Eris),  bearing  the  in- 
scription, "For  the  fairest."  Aphrodite  (Venus),  Hera 
(Juno),  and  l'allas  (Minerva)  became  competitors  for  it, 
and  its  adjudication  to  the  first  by  Paris  ,-t  Troy,  selected 
by  Zeus  as  umpire,  so  inflamed  the  jealousy  of  Hera 
and  her  hatred  toward  all  the  Trojan  race  that  she  did  not 


apple 


274 


cease  her  machinations  till  Trov  was  destroyed. — Apple 
of  Sodom,  or  Dead  Sea  apple,  to)  A  (rait  said  to  grow 
on  or  near  the  site  ol  the  Biblical  Sodom,  described  by 
.1  .  pirns  ami  other  old  writers  as  externally  oi  fair  ap- 
pearance, hut  turning  to  smoke  and  ashes  when  plucked. 
Many  unsatisfactory  attempts  have  been  made  to  account 
for  the  tradition  (M  Figuratively,  some  fruitless  thin 
something  which  disappoints 
.■ii.  a  desires.— Apple  of  the  eye.    (/>)  The  pupil. 

Dull  people  turn  up  the  palms  of  their  hands  and  the 
appii  s  of  t&  ir  i  ues,  on  beholding  prose  by  a  poet, 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  374. 
Hence— (o)  Something  very  important,  precious,  or  dear. 

He  kept  him  as  the  apple  of  his  eye.         Dent,  xxxii.  10. 

Poor  Richard  was  to  me  as  an  eldest  son,  the  apple  of 
„,„(,,/e.  SeoM,  Old  Mortality,  a. 

Winter  apple,  an  apple  that  keeps  «  ell  in  winter,  or  does 
not  ripen  till  winter, 
apple  (ap'l),  r.  [<  AS.  *a?pplian,  used  only  m 
pp.  a-ppled,  appled,  formed  like  an  apple;  < 
ceppel,  an  apple:  see  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To 
give  the  form  of  art  apple  to 

H.  intrant.    1 
apple. 

The  cabbage  turnip  is  of  two  kinds;  one  apples  above 
ground,  the  other  in  it.  C.  Marshall,  Gardening. 

2.  To  gather  apples.     [Rare  in  all  uses.] 

apple-berry  (ap'l-ber'i),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Australia  to  the  pleasant  subacid  fruit  of  a 
twining  shrub,  BiUardiera  scandens,  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Pittosporete. 

apple-butter  (ap'1-but'er),  n.  A  sauce  made 
of  apples  stewed  in  eider. 

apple-corer  (ap'1-koVer),  n.  Any  device  for 
removing  the  cores  from  apples. 

apple-curculio  (ap'l-ker -ku"li-6),  n.  A  kind  of 
we"evil  which  infests  the  apple.  See  cut  under 
Anthonomus. 

apple-green  (ap'1-gren),  ».  The  light-green 
color  of  certain  apples,  as  the  greening. 

apple-headed  (ap'l-hed"ed),  a.    Having  a  head 


.ppie-neitueu v"lJ  '™u  >"*""     """"e."- — - 

that  is  round  on  top,  between  the  ears,  instead 

of  flat:  said  of  dogs.  appliantt  (a-pli'ant),  a.   1.  Favorably  inclint 

apple-jack  (ap'l- iak),  ».     [< apple  +  jack,  used     docile;  pliant.— 2.   Applicable:  with  to. 

vaguely:  seejack?,  and  of .  appl&john.]  Aliquor  applicability  (ap'li-ka-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  applica- 
ble: see  -bility.]  The  quality  of  being  appli- 
cable, or  fit  to  be  applied;  capability  of  being 
applied  or  used ;  pertinence. 


distilled  from  cider. 
apple-john  (ap'l-jon),  u.  [<  apple  +  John,  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  it  is  ripe  about  St. 
John's  day.  Cf.  jenneting.']  A  kind  of  apple, 
considered  to  be  in  perfection  when  shriveled 
and  withered. 

I  am  withered  like  an  old  apple- John. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ui.  3. 

apple-mint  (ap'1-mint),  n.     A  European  plant, 

a  species  of  Mentha,  M.  rotundifolia. 
apple-mose  (ap'l-mos),  n.    A  dish  made  with 

the  pulp  of  stewed  apples  and  other  ingredients. 

A".  B.  I).     [Bare.] 
apple-moth  (ap'l-moth),  n.     The  Tortnx pomo- 

nana.  a  lepidopterous  insect,  the  larvas  of  which 

live  in  apples. 
apple-parer  (ap'1-paVer),  n.    A  machine  for 

paring  apples. 
apple-pie  (ap'l-pi')>  "•    1-  A  pie  made  of  apples 

variously  prepared,  inclosed  in  or  covered  with 

paste,  and  baked.— 2.  An_Englisk  name  for 

a  species  of  willow-herb, 

—Apple-pie  bed,  a  bed  made    . 

with  one  of  the  shei  ts  doubled  upwar 


applique" 

The  rest  [physicians]  have  worn  me  out 
With  several  applications.        Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  2. 

3.  Tho  act  of  making  request  or  of  soliciting; 
the  request  so  made:  as,  he  made  application 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

One  Sidney  gave  his  patronage  to  the  applications  of  a 

poet :  the  other  offered  it  unasked. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

4.  The  act  of  putting  to  a  special  use  or  pur- 
pose ;  adaptation  to  a  specific  end. 

What  we  buy  in  a  broom,  a  mat,  a  wagon,  a  knife,  is 
some  a prl n:it i>m  of  good  sense  to  a  common  want. 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  on  something; 
close  attention ;  devotion,  as  to  a  pursuit;  as- 
siduous effort. 

The  curate  surprised  to  find  such  instances  of  industry 
and  application  in  a  young  man  who  had  never  met  with 
the  leaBtencouragement,  asked  him  if  hedid  not  extremely 
regret  the  want  of  a  liberal  education. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

6.  The  act  of  applying  a  general  principle, 
law,  or  theory  to  a  particular  case;  the  demon- 
stration of  the  relation  of  a  general  principle 
to  an  actual  state  of  things ;  the  testing  of  some- 
thing theoretical  by  applying  it  in  practice. 

He  laid  down  with  clearness  and  accuracy  the  principles 
by  which  the  question  is  to  be  decided,  but  he  did  not  pur- 
sue them  into  their  detailed  o/v'""'"'"  „,  .     _, 
Sir  G.  C.  Leu-is.  ('red.  of  Early  Roman  Hist.,  I.  5. 

7.  In  law,  appropriation;  the  act  of  allotting 
among  several  debts  a  payment  inadequate  to 
satisfy  all.  See  appropriation,  4  {!>).— 8.  In  as- 
tro!., the  approach  of  a  planet  to  any  aspect. 
=  Syn  3  Bequest,  solicitation,  appeal,  petition.— 5.  In- 
dustry, Assiduity,  Application,  etc.    See  assiduity. 

applicationert  (ap-li-ka'skon-er),  n.  [<  op-pft- 
cation  +  -erl.]  One  who  makes  an  application 
or  appeal.     Ar.  E.  1). 

applicative  (ap'li-ka-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  apphcattf, 
<  L.  applicare:  see  apply,  appUcate,  and  -ive.\ 
Applying;  applicatory ;  practical.   Bramhall. 

applicator  (ap'li-ka-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  apph- 
care,  pp.  applicatus :  see  apply.]  It.  One  who 
applies.— 2.  A  surgical  instrument  for  apply- 
ing anything,  as  caustic  or  a  tent,  to  a  deep- 
seated  part.    E.  H.  Knight. 

He  who  has  read  his  Aristotle  will  be  apt  to  think  that  applicatory  WW**$>  &S£&.  in  Tit 
observation  has  on  most  points  of  general  applicability  cute,  v.  :  see  -my.]  1.  O.  1.  consisting  in  oi  ni 
?f!?S?K2 i  Lowell,  Democracy,     ted  for  application  ;  serving  for  application  ; 

ii 1  .    -„     it  „„„7,>/,/„e»     information."    Bl). 


MHO.  apfaltrr,  apfolter,  affaltcr  =  Ieel.  apahlr 
=  Norw.  dial,  apald,  a  pall,  apal,  aple  =  Sw.  apel 
=  Dan.  abUd,  an  apple-tree  ;  a  word  still  exist- 
ing in  the  E.  place-name  Appledore  (<  AS. 
Apulder,  Apolder).  The  same  termination  oc- 
curs in  AS.  mapiMer,  mapuUor,  maptMur, 
mapuldern,  a  maple-tree:  see  maple-tree.]  A 
tree  (Pyrus  Mains)  bearing  apples.  Its  wood  is 
hard  durable  and  fine-grained,  and  much  used  in  turni  i  s 
Apple-trees  are  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  grafting,  and 
budding.  _. 

appliablet  (a-pli'a-bl),  «.  [<  apply  +  -able.  Cf. 
applicable.]  1 .  Capable  of  beingapplied ;  appli- 
cable; pertinent;  suitable. 

All  that  I  have  said  of  .  .  .  heathen  idolatry  is  applia- 
ble to  .  .  .  idolatry  of  another  sort.  Soutfl. 
2.  Willing  to  apply  one's  self;  compliant;  dis- 
posed to  listen. 

Ante  by  goodnes  of  witte,  and  appliable  by  readines  of 
will  to  learning.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  38. 

Toag?owTnto  the  form  of  an  appliance  (a-pli'ans),  n,      [<  apply  +  -an*  ] 

1.  The  act  of  applying,  putting  to  use,  or  car- 
rying into  practice. 

The  attention  to  fashion,  the  tasteful  appliance  of  orna- 
ment in  each  portion  of  her  dress,  were  quite  in  place  with 
ner.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xvi. 

2.  Something  applied  as  a  means  to  an  end, 
either  independently  or  subordinate^- ;  that 
which  is  adapted  to  the  accomplishment  of  a 
purpose ;  an  instrumental  means,  aid,  or  ap- 
purtenance: as,  the  appliances  of  civilization, 
or  of  a  trade ;  mechanical,  chemical,  or  medi- 
cal appliances  (tools,  machinery,  apparatus, 
remedies,  etc.);  an  engine  with  its  appliances. 

Diseases,  desperate  grown. 
By  desperate  appliance  are  reliev'd. 
'  S/mib.,  Hamlet,  iv.  3. 

Material  appliances  have  been  lavishly  used;  arts,  in- 
ventions, and  machines  introduced  from  abroad,  manu- 
factures set  up,  communications  opened,  roads  made, 
canals  dug,  mines  worked,  harbours  formed. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  1. 1. 

inclined ; 


said  its  last  word. 

Why  need  I  speak  of  steam,  the  enemy  of  space  and 
time  with  its  enormous  strength  and  delicate  apphca- 
lulit'i-  Emerson,  Works  and  Hays. 

applicable  (ap'li-ka-bl),  a.  [=  F.  applicable  = 
It.  applicabile,  <  L.  applicare:  see  apply,  and  cf. 
appliable.]  Capable  of  being  applied ;  fit  to  be 
applied;  having  relevance;  suitable;  appro- 
priate ;  pertinent :  as,  this  observation  is  appli- 
cable to  the  case  under  consideration. 

The  use  of  logic,  although  potentially  applicable  to  every 
matter,  is  always  actually  manifested  by  special  reference 
to  some  one.  Sir  W.  Haw  ilton,  Logic,  m. 

applicableness  (ap'li-ka-bl-nes),  n.    The  qual- 
ity of  being  applicable;  fitness  to  be  applied, 
ap'plicably  (apTi-ka-bli),  adv.      In  an  applica- 
nt i»i     file  manner;  fittingly. 
Epilobiwm  hirsutum.  appliCancyt  (ap'li -kan-si),  n.     [<  applicant,  in 
up,  as  a  practical  joke,      *%  .,  'annlvine':  se> 

ipward  in  the  middle,  so     ong .sense     app  lying      ,.  e 


si;,   n.      \_\  w,^  .™».,  •- 
see  apply  and  -ancy.] 
Tbo  ctnto  of  bpinp*  aTVDlicable.     Is.  Tai/lor. 

,h  ,,    „!„!,  tin-  bed  appears  as  usual  from  the  outside,  it      1  He  State  OI  IJ    111„  appiici  ,.„„,  M« 

Iting  his  lees  down  :  so  called  from   applicant  (ap'll-kallt ),  ».  ,  L.appluumi  )S, 

ih     ipple  hniie..   i.  a  kind  nf  pie  in  which  the  crust  is     ppr_  0f  apiiliearc,  applj 

oi   i  ildi  d  ever  so  as  to  inclose  the  apples.— Ap- 
~i„  .xin  m.Ab.1.   .,,,  anrnnwinn  osid    in   familiar  col 


turni  ii  or  iouiea  over  so  as  eo  ineiosc  un-  ..py-.'.  m*- 
ple-pie  order,  an  expression  u  ed  in  familial  conversa- 
tion denoting  perfect  order:  as,  everything  in  the  house 
was  In  "ler. 


ppr.  of  applicart  ■  apply :  se.:  apply?]    •  toe  who 
applies;  one  who  makes  request;  a  petitioner; 

a  candidate. 


i  in  the  order  which  some  folks— though  why 
1  am  sun:  1  can't  tell  you— would  call  apple-me. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  III.  OS. 

apple-scoop  (ap'1-skBp),  ».  A  scoop-shaped 
instrument  formerly  u-i-d  in  eating  apples. 

apple-shell  (ap'1-shel),  «.    A  snail-shell  of  tl. 
genus  Jmpiiiiiiii".    Also  called  idol-shell.    Se 

cut  under  Aiiipnlliirn'lir. 

apple-snail  (ap'1-snal),  n.  The  snail  which  has 
un  apple-shell;  one  of  the  Ampullariidce. 

apple-squiret  (ap'1-skwir),  ».  [Cf.  apron- 
squire.]  1.  A  pimp;  a  kept,  gallant;  a  page 
who  waited  on  loose  women 


The  avvlicanl  for  a  cup  of  water  declares  himself  to  be 

the  Messias 


Of  pages,   -.mi  i H  pagi  ■  others  ordinarj  gallants 

third  apph    qui*  >  ... 

MarsUm,  "  hat  ^  ou  u  ill,  in.  1. 

2.  Awittol. 

apple-tree  (ap'l-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  appeltre,  appil- 
in .  appultre,  <  AS.  apeltredw,  later  eontr.  aple- 
i,,  |  „/(/„//, ,,,,..  appeltredw nol  authenticated) 
=  Norw.  dial,  epletre =Dan.  cebletra;  not,  as 
usually  regarded,  a  "corruption"  of  AS.  apulr 
do;  a )< ui- im.  apuldre  (the  alleged  "appelder, 
(Bppeldor,  'apelder,  etc.,  not  authenticated) 
=  OHG.  aphaltra,  apholtra,  affoltra,  affultra, 


applicatet  (ap'li-kat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  appUca  tus,  pp. 
of  applirin-t,  apply:  see  apply.]    To  apply. 
The  act  of  faith  is  applicated  to  the  object, 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  lx. 

the  applicate  (ap'U-kat),  a.  and  ».    [<  L.  appUcatuf, 

See     pp. :   see  the  verb.]     I.  a.  Applied  or  put  to 
somouso;  practical;  concrete.     [Rare.] 
Those  implicate  sciences  which  extend  the  power  of  man 

,,,e,    llleelemelils,  &■     ^lOT. 

Appllcate  number,  a  number  applied  in  a  com  rati 

ease     lliittmi.    IKai .-.  I  -  AppUcate  ordmate,  in  math., 

Hght  line  applied  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  any 

conii    eel and  bounded  by  the  curve.    [Kare.1 

II.  it.   [<  L.  itpplirata  (sc.  linca,  line),  lorn, 
of  applicatus :  see  above.]    An  ordinate  to  a 
conic  scci  inn.    [Bare.] 
application  (ap-li-ka'shon),  ».    [=F.  apphca- 

Uon,  <  L.  applieatiti(n-),  a  joining  or  altacliing 

uiie's  self'  to,  <  applicare,  pp.  applicatus:  Bee 
apply.]  1.  The  act  of  applying  or  putting  to : 
the  act  of  laying  on:   as,  the  application  ol 

emollients  to  a  diseased  limb.— 2.  The  thing 
oi  remedy  applied:  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  appUcation. 


practical ': "as,  ''applicatory  information,"  Bp. 
IVtlkins,  Eeclesiastes.     [Rare.] 

He  therein  [the  Bible)  morning  and  evening  read  a 
chapter,  with  a  little  applicatory  exposition,  before  and 
after  which  he  made  a  prayer.  ... 

C.  Mather.  Mag.  Chris.,  ill.  1. 

This  applicator!)  portion  of  a  sermon,  wherever  it  oc- 
curs, is  strikingly  indicative  of  the  intensity  of  preaching. 
A.  Phelps,  Theory  of  Preaching,  mu 

2+.  Making  application,  appeal,  or  request. 
A.  E.  D. 

II. t  "•  That  which  applies;  a  means  of  put- 
ting to  use. 

Faith  is  the  inward  applicatory  [of  Christ's  death],  and 
if  there  be  any  outward,  it  must  be  the  sacraments. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  i.  §  4. 

applied  (a-plid'),  ;<•  «■    l<  apply +-e&.]    Put 

on ;  put  to ;  directed  ;  employed  :  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  science  when  its  laws  are  employed 
and  exemplified  in  dealing  with  concrete  phe- 
nomena, and  in  this  use  distinguished  from 
abstract  or  theore tieah-  Applied  chemistry,  logic, 
mathematics,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Applied  work. 
see  appliaw I.  _  .  ,. 

appliedly  (a-pll'ed-li),  adv.  By  or  in  appUca- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

All  superstition  whatsoever  retleeteth  upon  religion.  It 
is  not  but  in  such  acts  as  he  of  themselves,  or  appliedly, 
acts  of  religion  and  piety. 

Bp.  Mountagu,  Appeal  to  Caisar,  p.  267. 

applier  (a-pli'er),  n.    1.  One  who  applies.— 2. 
A  dental" instrument  for  placing  a  piece  of  floss- 
silk  between  teeth. 
applimentt,  "•    Same  as  appltjnintt 
applique  (ap-li-ka'),  a.     [<  F.  apphqut,  pp.  of 
dppliquer,  put  on,  <  L.  applicare:  sw  apply.] 

1  In  modern  dress  and  upholstery,  applied  or 
sowed  on,  or  produced  in  this  way.  Tims,  the 
'„,,„,,  ,„■  pattern  of  soiled  or  injured  lace  maybe  sewed 

uiiiiiaiieuen.iuid.iire.nliroi.leredlliiueisii.iolieseeured 

to  new  silk  ;  in  such  a  case  the  pattern  or  ornament  is 
said  t"  be  applique,  and  the  whole  is  appliqut  work. 

2  More  generally,  said  of  one  material,  usmet- 
i,.l  lixeil  upon  another,  in  ornamental  work:  as, 
an  enameled  disk  applique  upon  a  surtacc  ot  fili- 
gree, no  ivorv  figure  applique  upon  »  Japanese 
lacquer,  and  the  like.  [  In  both  senses  also  used 
as  n  noun.]  -  Point  applique,  polnt-lacein  which  the 
5  ,  ,M  ,,,, ,.  having  been  separately  made,  has  been  ap- 
,,,„., |  r,,  the  net  which  forms  the  foundation. 


applot 
applott  (a-plof),  '••  t.     [X  d/i-1  +  plofi-,  v.    Cf. 

all<it.~\  1.  Literally,  to  divide  into  plots  or 
plats  ;  plot  out. — 2.  To  allot  or  apportion. 

applotmentt  (a-plot'ment),  n.  [<  applot  + 
-incut.  Cf.  allotment.']  A  division  into  plots; 
apportionment. 

applumbaturet  (a-plum'ba-Jur),  »■  [<  ML.  ap- 
plumbatura,  <  L.  apphmbaAs,  pp.  of  applumbari  . 
solder  with  lead,  <  ad,  to,  +  plumbarc  (pp.  plum- 
hiiiiis.  >  plumbatura,  a  soldering),  <  plumbum, 
lead:  see  plumb.]  A  joining  or  soldering  with 
lead.     Blount. 

apply  (a-pli'),  i\;  pret.  and  pp.  applied,  ppr. 
applying.  [<  ME.  apptyen,  applit n,  aplyen, 
aplien,  <  OF.  ajilicr,  mod.  F.  appliqucr  =  Pr.  Sp. 
apKcar  =  Pg.  applicar =It.  appttcare,  <  L.  op- 
plicare,  attach  to,  apply,  <  «tf,  to,  +  plicarc,  fold 
or  lay  together:  see  ply,  plicate.]  I.  <;•««.<.  1. 
To  lay  on;  bring  into  physical  proximity  or  con- 
tact: as,  to  apply  the  hand  to  the  breast;  to 
«y;/>ty  medicaments  to  a  diseased  part  of  the 
body ;  to  apply  a  match  to  powder. 
'Beseech  you,  tenderly  apply  to  her 
Some  remedies  for  life.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

In  the  gardens  of  the  old  Marques  Spinola  I  saw  huge 
citrons  hanging  oil  the  trees,  apply'd  like  our  apricots  to 
the  walls.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1644. 

2.  To  bring  into  contact  with  particulars  or 
with  a  particular  case,  as  a  principle,  law,  or 
rule;  bring  to  bear  upon;  put  into  practical 
operation. 

Quintilian  applied  to  general  literature  the  same  prin- 
ciples by  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  judge  of  the 
declamations  of  his  pupils.    Maauday,  Athenian  Orators. 

3.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  case,  or 
devote  to  a  particular  purpose :  as,  to  apply  a 
sum  of  money  to  the  payment  of  a  debt. 

Craft  against  vice  I  must  apply, 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  connect  or  associate  with,  or  refer  to, 
some  person  or  thing  as  applicable  or  perti- 
nent ;  use  as  suitable  or  relative  to  some  per- 
son or  thing:  as,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the 
case. 

Great  Agamemnon,  Nestor  shall  apply 
Thy  latest  words.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

I  repeated  the  verses  which  I  formerly  applied  to  him. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

5f.  To  attribute;  refer;  ascribe. — 6.  To  give 
with  earnestness  or  assiduity;  employ  with 
attention;  devote:  as,  " apply  thine  heart  unto 
instruction,"  Prov.  xxiii.  12. 

Like  Isaac,  with  a  mind  applied 
To  serious  thought  at  ev'ningtide. 

Cowper,  The  Moralizer  Corrected. 

Every  man  is  conscious  to  himself  that  he  thinks,  and 
that  which  his  mind  is  applied  about,  whilst  thinking,  is 
the  ideas  that  are  there.  Locke. 

7f.  To  address  or  direct. 

Sacred  vows  and  mystic  song  applied 

To  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.  Pope. 

8t.  To  be  busy  about;  devote  one's  self  with  dili- 
gent vigor  to ;  ply  (which  see). 

He  is  ever  applying  Iris  business. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Hough. 
Whose  flying  feet  so  fast  their  way  applyde, 
That  round  about  a  cloud  of  dust  did  Hy. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 

9t.  To  bend  (the  mind);  reflexively,  to  com- 
ply; conform;  be  subservient  to. 

Apply 
Yourself  to  me  and  the  consul,  and  be  wise. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  2. 
10f.  To  visit. 

He  applied  each  place  so  fast. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xi.  61. 

To  apply  one's  self,  (a)  To  give  the  chief  part  of  one's 
time  and  attention ;  dedicate  or  devote  one's  self  (to  a 
thing) :  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  the  study  of  botany.  (6t) 
To  make  an  application  or  appeal ;  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest ;  address  one's  self  (to  a  person). 

I  applied  myself  to  him  for  help.  Johnson. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  place  (on).— 3.  To  appropriate  (to).— 4.  To 
turn,  bend,  direct.— 6.  Addict,  Derate,  Apply.  See  ad- 
dict. 

II.  intrans.   if.  To  be  in  close  contiguity. — 

2.  To  have  application;  be  applicable;  have 
some  connection,  agreement,  analogy,  or  refer- 
ence :  as,  this  argument  applies  well  to  the  case ; 
the  remarks  were  not  meant  to  apply  to  you. 

Of  the  puzzles  of  the  Academy,  there  is  not  one  which 
does  not  (tpplit  as  strongly  to  Deism  as  to  Christianity, 
and  to  Atheism  as  to  Deism. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

3.  To  make  application  or  request ;  ask;  have 
recourse  with  a  view  to  gain  something :  as,  to 
apply  for  an  office,  information,  etc. — 4.  To 
give  attention ;  turn  the  mind. 

I  have  been  too  ill  and  too  dispirited  to  apply  to  any- 
thing for  some  weeks  past.       ilfi»«  ( barter,  Letters,  II.  60. 

[In  all  senses  used  with  to."] 


275  apportion 

appointable  (a-poin'ta-bl),  a.  [<  appoint  + 
-able]  Capable  of  being  appointed  or  consti- 
tuted; subject  to  appointment  or  decision. 

That  external  ceremonies  w,n  imi ,     .  ^ligion, 

mm tablt  bj    upei  ioi  powi  i 

/;.  II'.  Dixon,  Hist  Church  of  En 

appointe  (a-poin-ta'),  a.  [As  if  F.,  in  lit. 
sense  'pointed':  see  appointee.']  In  Tier., same 
as  aiguisG. 
(>  it.  poggio=~P.  pui,  pni/):  s&eappu^podium.]  appointee  (a-poin-te').  ».  [<  appoint  +  -.<'. 
In  music,  literally,  supported;  marking  notes  aiterF.  appoints,  pp.  of  appointer:  see  appoint] 
which  are  to  be  performed  so  that  they  shall  i,  A  person  appointed. — 2.  In  Jaw,  the  person 
insensibly  glide  and  melt  into  one  another  who  benefits  by  the  execution  of  a  power  of  ap- 
without  any  perceptible  break.  pointment.     See  appoint,  5. 

appoggiatura  (ap-poj-a-to'rS),  n.    [It.,  <  appog-  appointer  (a-poin'tcr),  n.    <  toe  who  nominates, 
giare,  prop,  lean:  see  appoggiuto.]     In  musir,     appoints,  ordains,  or  settles.     See  appointor. 
small  additional  note  of  embellishment,  pre-  appointive  (a-poin'tiv),  a.     [<  appoint  +  -ire.] 


applymentt  (a-pli'ment), n.  [<  apply  +  -meat.  ] 
Application.  "Also  appliment. 

\ri  there  are  a  sort  of  discontented  creatures  that  hear 
astlngless  envyto  great  ones,  and  these  will  wrest  thi  do 
ings  of  any  man  to  their  base,  malicious  appliment. 

Welister,  hid.  to  Malcontent. 

appoggiatoup-po-jil'to),  a.  [It.,  supported,  pp, 
of  appoggiare  (=  F.  appuyer),  <  ML.  appodiari , 
support,  prop,  <  L.  ad,  to.  +  podium,  a  balcony 


ceding  the  note  with  which  it  is  connected,  and 
taking  away  from  that  note  a  portion  of  its 
time.    It  is  of  two  kinds:  (<0  short,  which  is  played  as 


(a)  Written. 


Played. 


i 


(6)  Written. 


Played. 


r 


-\- 


-t- 


I."  Of  or  pertaining  to  appointment;  appoint- 
ing: as,  the  appointive  power  of  the  President. 
—  2.  Dependent  upon  the  exercise  of  the 
power  or  right  to  appoint;  filled  by  appoint- 
ment: opposed  to  eleetirr:  as,  appointive  offices. 
In  1873,  the  question  whether  the  entire  judiciary  should 
be  appointive  or  elective  was  again  submitted  t"  popular 
vote  -V.  A.  Avr.cXLIII.  203. 

appointment  (a-point'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  apoyn  t- 
ment,  and  by  aiph-eieaispoyntnu  nt,  <  OF.  opomte- 
ment,  F.  appointement,  decree,  order,  in  pi. 
salary,  <  appointer :  see  appoint]  1.  The  act 
of  appointing,  designating,  or  placing  in  office: 
as,  he  erred  by  the  appoiittntmt  of  unsuitable 
men. — 2.  An  office  held  by  a  person  appointed: 
as,  a  high  appointment  in  the  civil  service. — 

3.  Stipulation;  engagement;  assignation;  the 
act  of  fixing  by  mutual  agreement:  as,  an  ap- 
pointment to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

I  shall  be  with  her  ...  by  her  m  n  appointment. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \\\,  ii.  2. 

4.  Anything  fixed  or  established ;  established 
order  or  constitution;  decree;  ordinance;  di- 
rection; order;  command:  as,  it  is  our  duty  to 
submit  to  the  divine  appointments. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  accordingto  theoppointmenf 
of  the  priests.  Ezravi.  9. 

Do  you  not  think  it  was  a  merciful  appointment  that 
our  fathers  did  not  come  to  the  possession  of  independence, 
...  as  to  agreat  prize  drawn  in  a  lottery? 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  67. 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  outfit,  as  for  a  ship, 
an  army,  a  soldier,  etc. ;  whatever  is  appointed 
for  use  and  management;  accoutrements:  in 
this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We'll  set  forth, 
In  best  appointment,  all  our  regiments. 

K.  John,  ii.  1. 

The  cavaliers  emulated  their  chief  in  the  richness  of 

their  appointments.  Prescott. 

6.  The  act  of  preparing;  preparation.     [Rare.] 
Your  best  appointment  make  with  speed; 

To-morrow  you  set  on.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

7t.  An  allowance  to  a  person;  a  salary  or  pen- 
sion, as  of  a  public  officer:  properly  used  only 
in  the  plural. 

An  expense  proportioned  to  his  appointments  and  for- 
tune is  necessary.  Chesterfield,  Maxims. 
8.  In  law,  the  act  of  appointing  or  designating 
the  beneficiary  who  is  to  take  the  use  of  an 
estate  created  under  a  preceding  deed  or  will. 

See  appoint,  5 Council  of  Appointment,  in  the 

government  of  the  State  of  New  York,  from  1777  to  1821, 
a  council,  consisting  of  the  governor  and  four  senators 
chosen  by  the  Assembly,  in  whom  was  vested  the  right  of 
appointment  to  State  offices  and  of  removal  from  them.— 
Midnight  appointments,  in  U.  S.  politics,  appoint- 
ments made  during  the  last  hours  of  an  administration; 
specifically,  those  so  made  bj  President  John  Adams, 
conferring  on  the  appointor  the  power  so  to  do.  appointor  (a-poin'tor),  n.  [<  appoint  +  -or.] 
Thus,  a  testator  may  give  a  fund  to  a  child  for  life,  with  ff  ,  „_."_i.n  ),„'„  official  or  lea-al  oower  of 
power  to  appoint  the  land  to  one  or  more  grandchildren.  ^  '«."  >  one  who  has  omuil  01  legal  power  oi 
The  donee  of  the  power  is  the  appointor,  and  those  desig-  appointment.  See  appoint  o. 
nated  by  the  appointor  to  enjoy  the  fund  are  termed  the  apportt  (a-porf),  V.  t.      [<  1* .  ap  porter,  <  I,,  ap- 

appointees.  _  __  . portare,  bring  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  portare,  carry: 

seepori3.]     To  bring;  carry;  produce, 
apportert  (a-por'ter),  «.    Abringer  in ;  one  who 
imports  anything  into  a  country ;  an  introducer 
or  procurer. 

This  makes  only  the  apporters  themselves,  their  aiders, 
abettors,  and  assistants,  traitors. 

Sir  M.  Uitle,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.,  xv 

apportion  (a-por'shon),  ».  /.  [<  F.  apportion 
ner  (Ootgrave),  <  ML.  apportionare,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  portio{n-),  portion,  part:  Bee  portion.]  To 
divide  and  assign  in  just  proportion  or  accord- 
ing to  some  rule  ;  distribute  proportionally; 
allot:  as,  to  apportion  undivided  rights;  to  ap- 
portion time  among  various  employments. 
Money  was  raised  by  a  forced  loan,  which  was  uj 

Honed  among  the  i pie  a<  cording  to  the  rate  at  which 

they  had  been  respectively  assessed  to  the  last  subsidy. 

Macaulay,  Nugent's  Hampden. 

=Syn.  Dispense,  Distribute,  etc.    See  dispense. 


quickly  as  possible,  and  (6)  long,  which  is  given  its  proper 
length,  the  principal  note  being  shortened  accordingly. 
The  long  appoggiatura  was  especially  used  by  earlier 
pianoforte  composers  to  avoid  the  display  of  passing  notes 
and  suspensions.  See  acciaccatura.  Sometimes  spelled 
apogiatura. 
appoint  (a-poinf),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
apheresis");(»N<;  <  ME.  appomten,  apomten,<, 
OF.  apoimter,  prepare,  settle,  fix,  F.  appointer, 
refer  a  cause,  put  on  a  salary  (cf.  OF.  a  point, 
to  the  point),  =  Pr.  apointar,  apontar  =  Sp. 
apuntar  =  It.  appuntare,  <  ML.  appunetare,  re- 
pair, appoint,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML. pimetare,  mark 
by  a  point,  <  L.  puneta,  usually  punctata,  a 
point:  see  point.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  make  fast 
or  firm;  found;  establish;  secure. 

When  he  appointed  the  foundations  of  the  earth. 

Prov.  viii.  29. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,_  or- 
der, or  decision ;  decree  ;  command ;  prescribe. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatsoever  my  lord  the 
king  shall  appoint.  2  Sam.  xv.  15. 

Unto  him  thou  gavest  commandment  to  love  thy  way : 
which  he  transgressed,  and  immediately  thou  appointedst 
death  in  him  and  in  his  generations.  2  Esd.  iii.  7. 

There  be  six  wayes  appointed  by  the  best  learned  men.  f.  ir 
the  learning  of  tonges.   Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  92. 

3.  To  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate ;  nominate 
or  authoritatively  assign,  as  for  a  use,  or  to  a 
post  or  office. 

These  were  the  cities  appointed  for  all  the  children  of 
Israel.  Josh-  xx-  °- 

A  ship  was  appointed  them,  which  ship  they  began  im- 
mediately to  tit  up,  and  supply  plentifully  with  all  man- 
ner of  stores  for  a  long  stay.        Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  U  6. 

The  ancient  [Hindu]  law  allowed  the  father  who  had  no 
prospect  of  having  legitimate  sons  to  appointor  nominate 
a  daughter  who  should  bear  a  son  to  himself  and  not  to 
her  own  husband.     Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  91. 

4.  To  settle;  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  au- 
thority or  upon  agreement:  as,  they  appointed 
a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting. —  5.  In  law, 
to  fix  the  destination  of  (property)  by  desig- 
nating a  person  or  persons  to  take  the  use  of 
an  estate  created  by  a  preceding  deed  or  will 


6t.  To  point  at  by  way  of  censure;  arraign: 
as,  "appoint  not  heavenly  disposition,"  Milton, 
To  provide  with  what  is  re- 


'appm 

S.  A.,  1.  373 
quisite;  equip, 

You  may  be  armed  and  appointed  well. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And 


iv.  2. 


Six  hundred  cavalry,  and  three  thousand  musketeers, 
all  perfectly  appointed,  entered  Antwerp  at  once. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  566. 

8+.    To  agree   upon;    decide  upon  or  settle 

definitely. 

She  sat  allone  and  gan  to  caste 
Whereon  she  woldc  aipoynt  hire  at  the  lasts. 

Chain,  r.  Ti'oilus,  ii.  691. 

=Syn.  2.  To  prescribe,  establish,  direct.— 3.  To  assign, 
destine,  constitute,  create.     7.  To  furnish,  supply. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  ordain;  resolve;  determine. 

The  Lord  had  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  counsel  of 
Ahithophel,  -  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

2.  In  law,  to  exercise  a  power  of  appointment. 


apportionate 

apportionatet  (a-por'shpn-at),   v.  t.     [<  ML. 

apporUonatus,  pp.  of  apportionare :  aw  appor- 
tion.]   To  apportion. 

apportionatenesst  (a-por'shpn-at-nes),  n.  [< 
apportionate,  a.,  +  -"<«.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  adapted ;  just  proportion. 

The  apportionateness  of  it  to  the  eml  for  which  it  was 
designed!        Hammond,  Pref.  to  View  of  New  Directory. 

apportioner  (a-por'shon-er),  n.  One  who  ap- 
portions. 

apportionment  (a-por'shon-ment),  n.  [<  ap- 
portion +  -incut ;  after  P.  appor'tionm  nu  nt,  ML. 
apportionamentum.]  1.  The  acl  of  apportion- 
ing; a  dividing  into  portions  or  shares;  a  di- 
viding and  assigning  of  a  just  and  equitable 
portion  to  each  person  interested  or  entitled  to 
participate  in  any  claim,  right,  property,  or 
charge. —  2.  In  the  United  States  :  (a)  The  dis- 
tribution of  representation  in  the  federal  House 
of  Representatives,  and  in  the  houses  of  the  dif- 
ferent State  legislatures.  In  the  formercase  afresh 
apportionment  is  made  by  Congress  every  ten  .wars,  short- 
lyaftertlie  completion  of  the  decennial  census  returns,  ami 
in  the  latter  generally  after  stated  enumerations  made  at 
different  dates  in  different  States,  or  after  the  federal  cen- 
sus. In  the  federal  apportionment,  Congress  determines 
the  proportion  of  representatives  to  population  (one  to 
173,901  of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  under 
the  census  of  1SS10,  or  350  in  all),  and  the  State  legislatures 
fix  the  boundaries  of  the  elective  districts  accordingly. 
[The  principle  of  legislative  apportionment  according  to 
population  has  been  more  recently  adopted  in  the  other 
American  and  most  European  states,  though  in  some  it  is 
not  yet  very  strictly  applied.]  (J)  The  allotment  of 
direct  taxes  on  the  basis  of  population :  a  Con- 
gressional power  rarely  exercised. 

apposable  (a-po'za-bl ),  a.  [<  apposed  +  -ahie.] 
Capable  of  being  apposed  or  brought  together. 

appose1  (a-poz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  apposed, 
ppr.  apposing.  [<  F.  apposci;  to  lay,  put,  or  add 
to,  destinate,  appoint,  repr.  L.  apponere,  ad- 
ponere,  pp.  appositus,  adpositus  (cf.  apposite), 
put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  by,  apply  to,  add,  <  ml. 
to,  +  ponere,  pp.  positus,  put,  place,  confused 
in  ML.  and  Rom.  with  pausare,  F.  poser,  etc.: 
see  pose2,  and  cf.  compose,  depose,  expose,  im- 
pose, propose,  npose.~\  1.  To  put  or  apply 
(one  thing)  to  or  near  to  (another). 

Atrides  .  .  .  food  sufficient 
Appos'd  before  them,  and  the  peers  appos'd  their  hands 
to  it.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ix.  45. 

His  power  having  wrought 
The  kin-  alread]  to  appose  his  hand. 
Chapman  and  Shirley,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  i. 

2.  To  bring  near  or  next,  as  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  put  side  by  side ;  arrange  in  juxtaposi- 
tion. 

See  you  how  the  people  stand  in  heaps, 
Each  man  sad  looking  on  his  appos'd  object? 

Dekker  and  Wi  '  <"■('.'),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  37. 

appose2t  (a-poz'), «'.  '•  [<  ME.  apposen,  aposen, 
OF.  ajioser,  apposer,  with  unaccented  prefix  a- 
for  o-,  prop.  ME.  opost  n.  opposen,  <  OF.  opposer; 
ME.  also  by  apheresis  posen,  mod.  E.  pose3:  see 
oppose  and  poseS,  which  are  now  discriminated. 
Appose*,  though  orig.  a  mere  variation  of  opposi . 
seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  depending  on 
L.  apponere,  E.  appose1,  in  ref.  to  'putting' 
questions  'to'  one :  see  appose1.]  1.  To  oppose 
in  discussion;  bring  objections  or  difficulties 
before  one  to  be  answered;  examine;  ques- 
tion; pose;  puzzle. 

The  piv-t  and  Perkyn  apposed  eytherother, 

And  I  thorw  here  wordes  awoke,  and  waited  aboute. 

Pit  i    Plowman  (B),  \h.  138. 

Tho  tin-  people hym  apposed  with  a  peny  in  the  temple, 

Whet  h,  i  ih.  i  shulde  thenvith  worschipthe  kyng  Sesar. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  i-  47. 

Christ  was  found  sitting  in  the  temple,  not  to  gaze  on 
the  outward  glory  of  the  house,  .  .  .  but  to  hear  and  ap- 
pose the  do  Bp.  Sail,  Contemplations. 

Sp>  .-iii";!  i|i,  2,  'I'.,  examine  (a  sheriff)  with 
reference  to  (his)  accounts.     See  appost  r. 

apposert  (a-po'zer),  n.  [<  appose*  +  -er1.]  An 
examiner;  one  whose  dutj  it  is  to  put  ques- 
tions ;  specifically,  in  England,  a  former  officer 
of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  who  examined  the 
sheriff's  accounts.  Tho  office  was  abolished  in 
Is:;:;. 

apposite  (ap'6-zit),  a.  [<  L.  appositus,  adpo- 
situs, placed  near  to,  fit,  suitable,  pp.  01  appo- 
nere,  adponere,  put  or   lay  at,   near,  or  by, 

put  to,  annex,    add,  <  oil,  to,  +  pom  re,    place: 

see  oppose1  and  position.]  1.  Placed  near  to; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  lying  side  by  side,  in  con- 
tact, or  partly  united.  Henci — 2.  Suitable; 
fit;  appropriate;  applicable;  well  adapted: 
followed  bj  to.  as,  this  argument  is  very  opjjo- 
site  to  the  case;  "readj  and  opposite  answers," 
Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  120. 


276 

The  common  church  office  was  us'd  for  the  King  without 
naming  the  person,  with  some  other,  apposite  to  the  neces- 
sity and  circumstances  of  the  time. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  Whitsunday,  1093. 
What  influence,  I  say,  would  these  prayers  have,  were 
thc\  delivered  with  a  due  emphasis,  and  apposite  rising 
and  variation  of  voice?  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  147. 

3f.  Apt  :  ready  in  speech  or  answer:  said  of 
persons. 

appositely  (ap'o-zit-li),  adr.  In  an  apposite 
manner;  suitably;  fitly;  appropriately;  perti- 
nently. 

appositeness  (ap'o-zit-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apposite;  fitness;  propriety; 
suitableness. 

A  knowledge  of  the  primitive  sense  of  a  word  very  often 
enables  us  to  discover  a  force  and  fitness  in  its  modern 
applications  which  we  had  never  suspected  before,  and 
accordingly  to  employ  it  with  greater  propriety  and  appo- 
siteness.  0.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  106. 

apposition  (ap-o-zish'on),  n.  [=  F.  apposition  = 
Pr.  appozicio  ='Sp.  aposicion= Pg.  apposicao=z 
It.  apposi:ione,i  LL.  appositio(n~),  adpositio(n-), 
aplaeingby  or  near,  setting  before,  application, 
<  L.  apponere,  pp.  appositus:  nee  appose1,  ap- 
posite.] 1.  The  act  of  adding  to  or  together; 
a  setting  to;  application;  a  placing  together; 
juxtaposition. 
The  apposition  of  new  matter. 

Arbuthnot,  Choice  of  Aliments. 
Placing  in  apposition  the  two  ends  of  a  divided  nerve 
does  not  re-establish  nervous  communication. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  25. 
2.  In  ijram. :  (a)  The  relation  to  a  noun  (or 
pronoun)  of  another  noun,  or  in  some  cases 
of  an  adjective  or  a  clause,  that  is  added  to  it 
by  way  of  explanation  or  characterization. 
Thus,  "  Cicero,  the  famous  orator,  lived  in  the  first  century 
before  Christ";  "On  him,  their  second  Providence,  they 
hung."  In  languages  that  distinguish  cases,  the  noun  in 
apposition  is  in  the  same  case  as  the  word  to  which  it  is 
apposed.  The  same  term  is  also  used  of  an  adjective  that 
stands  to  the  noun  (or  pronoun)  to  which  it  refers  in  a 
less  close  relation  than  the  proper  attributive,  being 
added  rather  parenthetically,  or  by  way  of  substitute  for 
a  qualifying  clause.  Thus,  "They  sang  Darius,  great  anil 
good  ";  "Truth,  crushed  to  earth,  shall  rise  again."  Rare- 
ly, it  is  applied  to  a  clause,  whether  substantive  or  adjec- 
tive, that  qualifies  a  noun  (or  pronoun)  in  an  equivalent 
manner.    Compare  attributive  and  predicative.     (£,)  The 

relation  of  two  or  more  nouns  (or  a  noun  and 
pronoun)  in  the  same  construction,  under  the 
above  conditions.  Knights  Templars,  lords  justices, 
Paul  the  apostle,  my  son  John's  book  (where  son  is  also 
possessive,  the  sign  of  the  possessive  case  being  required 
only  with  the  final  term),  are  examples  of  nouns  in  appo- 
sition ;  "  /  Jesus  have  sent  mine  angel "  (Rev.  xxii.  10)  is 
an  example  of  a  pronoun  and  noun  in  apposition. 
3t.  In  rliet.,  the  addition  of  a  parallel  word  or 
phrase  by  way  of  explanation  or  illustration  of 
another.  N.  E.  D —  Growth  by  apposition,  in  bot, 
growth  in  thickness  by  the  repeated  formation  of  laminte, 
as  of  cellulose  in  the  thickening  of  cell-walls  and  of  starch 
in  the  increase  of  starch-granules. 

appositional  (ap-o-zish'on-al),  a.  [<  apposition 
+ -at]  1.  Pertaining  to  apposition,  especially 
grammatical  apposition. —  2.  In  hot.,  lying  to- 
gether and  partly  uniting  so  as  to  appear  like 
a  compound  branch:  applied  to  the  branches 
of  algas. 

appositionally  (ap-o-zish'on-al-i),  adv.  In  ap- 
position ;  in  an  appositional  way. 

appositive  (a-poz'i-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  ap- 
jiositif,  <  L.  as  if  *apposiUvus,  <  appositus:  see 
apposite.]  I.  a.  1.  Apposite;  applicable. —  2. 
In  gram.,  placed  in  apposition;  standing  over 
against  its  subject  in  the  construction  of  the 
sentence. 
AppKsitiri'  t«,  the  words  going  immediately  before. 

KnatchbuU,  Animad.  in  Libros  Novi  Test.,  p.  42. 
II.  "■  In  grain.,  a  word  in  apposition. 

appositorium  (a-poz-i-Wri-um),  •«.;  pi.  appo- 
sitoria  (-»).  [NL.,  <  L.  appositus,  pp.  of  appo- 
nere,  adponere,  put  near  or  by:  see  apposite.]  A 
conical  vessel  of  glass  or  earthenware,  tho  nar- 
row end  of  which  is  placed  in  a  receiver  while 
the  larger  end  receives  the  neck  of  a  retort: 
used  as  a  precaution  against  tho  breakage  of 
the  receiver  by  contact  with  tho  hot  neck  of  a 
retort  during  distillation. 
appostt,  v.  t.  [<  F.  apposter  (Cotgrave),  <  It. 
appostare,  <  LL.  appositare,  <  L.  appositus:  see 
appositt .  ]     To  place  or  arrange  with  a  purpose. 

8 '.  /•:.  D. 

appraisal  (a-pra'zal),  n.  [<  appraise  +  -at.] 
The  act  of  appraising ;  valuation ;  appraise- 
ment or  estimation  of  value  or  worth. 

appraise  (a-praz'  i.  r.  t.;  pret. and  pp. appraised, 
ppr.  appraising.  [<  ME.  apragsen,  "apreiscn, 
also  uprisen  (>inod.  apprise-,  apprize2,  q.  v.), 
and  also  simply  praisi  n, /im'.WH, praise,appraise, 
<  OF.  apreiser.  apri  in  r,  aprisu  r,  apriser,  price, 
value,  praise,  <  LL.  appertain ,  value,  estimate, 
appraise,  purchase,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  pretium  (> 


appreciate 

OF.  preis,  pris),  price :  see  price  andpraise,  and 
cf.  apprize-  and  appreciate.']  It.  To  value; 
prize. 

Hur  cnparel  was  apraysut  with  prynces  of  mygte. 

An! ins  of  Arth.,  st.  29. 

2.  To  value  in  current  money;  officially  set  a 
price  upon;  estimate  the  value  of :  used  espe- 
cially of  the  action  of  a  person  or  persons  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of  law 
or  by  agreement  of  persons  interested:  as,  to 
appraise  the  goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son, or  goods  taken  under  a  distress  for  rent. 
[See  note  under  appraiser.] — 3.  To  estimate 
generally,  in  regard  to  quality,  service,  size, 
weight,  etc. 

Greek  and  Latin  literature  we  shall  examine  only  for  the 
sake  of  appraising  or  deducing  the  sort  of  ideas  which 
they  had  upon  the  subject  of  style.    De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 

To  get  at  the  full  worth  of  Emerson,  .  .  .  we  must  ap- 
praise him  for  his  new  and  fundamental  quality  of  genius, 
not  for  his  mere  literary  accomplishments,  great  as  these 
were.  Tin  Century,  XXVII.  927. 

The  sickly  babe,  .  .  . 
Whom  Enoch  took,  and  handled  all  his  limbs, 
Appraised  his  weight,  and  fondled  father-like. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

appraisement  (a-praz'ment),  n.  [<  appraise  + 
-mint.]  1.  Theact  of  setting  a  value  upon,  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment;  appraisal. 
It  generally  implies  resort  to  the  judgment  of  a 
disinterested  person. — 2.  The  rate  at  which  a 
thing  is  valued  ;  the  value  fixed,  or  valuation ; 
estimation  generally. 

appraiser  (a-pra'zer),  n.  One  who  appraises, 
or  estimates  worth  of  any  kind,  intellectual, 
moral,  or  material ;  specifically,  a  person  li- 
censed and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the  value 
of  goods  or  estate.  [Appraise,  appraiser,  appraise- 
ment, are  now  generally  used,  instead  of  apprize,  apprizer, 
apprizeiuent,  although  the  latter  were  formerly  used  by 
good  English  authors,  as  Bacon  and  Bishop  Hall,  and  are 
still  frequently  used  in  the  United  States.] 

apprecationt  (ap-re-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*ajijireeatio(n-),  <  a'ppreca/ri,  adpreeari,  pp.  ap- 
precatus,  pray  to,  adore,  <  ad,  to,  +  precari, 
pray :  see  pray.]  Invocation  of  blessing ; 
prayer:  as,  "fervent  apprecations,"  Bp.  Hall, 
Remains,  p.  404. 

apprecatoryt  (ap're-ka-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 
'appreeatio'ius,  <  apjireeari :  see  apprecation.] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  containing  a  prayer. 
Not  so  much  apprecatory  as  declaratory. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iii.  9. 

appreciable  (a-pre'shi-a-bl),  a.  [=F.  apprecia- 
ble, <  L.  as  if  "appretiabilis,  <  appretiare:  see 
appreciate.]  Capable  of  being  appreciated,  esti- 
mated, or  perceived ;  neither  too  small  nor  too 
great  to  be  capable  of  estimation  or  recogni- 
tion; perceptible. 

A  twelfth  part  of  the  labour  of  making  a  plough  is  an 
appreciable  quantity.  J.  S.  Mill. 

An  odour  which  has  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  man  has  a  very  marked  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  dog.      //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  79. 

appreciably  (a-pre'shi-a-bli),  adv.  To  a  degree 
that  may  be  appreciated  or  estimated ;  percep- 
tibly; by  a  difference  that  maybe  remarked; 
noticeably:  as,  he  is  appreciably  better. 

The  puffs  of  an  approaching  goods-engine  seem  appre- 
ciably more  numerous  to  the  car  than  those  of  a  receding 
one.  .1.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  418. 

appreciant  (a-pre'shi-ant),  a.  [<  L.  appre- 
tian(t-)s,  ppr.  of  appretiare:  see  appreciate.] 
Appreciative.     [Rare.] 

Such  was  the  man  whom  Henry,  of  desert 
Appreciant  alway,  chose  for  highest  trust. 

Soltthey,  Ded.  of  Colloquies. 

appreciate  (a-pre'shi-at),  i>. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
preciated, ppr.  appn  noting.  [<  L.  apprctiatu-s, 
pp.  of  apprt  Hare,  value  or  estimate  at  a  price 
[>  It.  appregiare,  appressare =Pg.  aprecar  =  Sp. 
Pr.  apreciar=  V.  appricxer),  <  ad,  to,  +  pretium, 
price:  see  price,  and  cf.  appraise,  apprize*.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  value;  set  a  price  or  value  on; 
estimate  the  commercial  worth  of. —  2.  To  es- 
teem duly;  place  a  sufficiently  high  estimate 
on ;  recognize  the  quality  or  worth  of :  as,  his 
great  ability  was  not  appreciated. 

The  sectaries  of  a  persecuted  religion  arc  seldom  in  a 
proper  temper  ,,f  mind  calmly  tn  investigate  or  candidly 
to  appreciate  the  motives  of  their  enemies.  ov/^e/,. 

I  pronounce  that  young  man  happy  who  is  content  with 
having  acquired  the  skill  which  he  had  aimed  at,  and 
•/.  ats  villin  .ly  wh-  n  the  ::; ;  iscii  of  making  it  appret  ::ii-d 
shall  arrive,  knowing  «eii  licit  it  will  not  loiter. 

Emerson,  Success. 

3.  To  bo  fully  conscious  of;  be  aware  of;  de- 
tect; perceive  the  nature  or  effect  of. 

The  i  y,  u niireriiiteii  tin.  r  differences  than  art  can  expose. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  inserts  appreciate  sounds 

of  extreme  delicacy.         A.  It   Wallace,  Nat.  Selcc,  p.  202. 


appreciate 

Without  study  of  his  (onus  .if  metre  or  his  scheme  of 
colours  we  shall  certainly  (ail  to  appreciate  or  even  t"  ap- 
prehend the  gist  or  the  worth  01  a  painter's  or  a  poets 
design.  Swinburne,  Shakespeari    i 

4.  To  raise  in  value;  advance  the  exchange, 
quotation,  or  price  of:  opposed  to  dcjireciutc. 

Lest  a  sudden  peace  should  appreciate  the  money. 

Q.  Ramsay, 

=  Syn.    Value,    Prize,    Esteem,    Estimate,    Appreciate. 

Value  and  estimate  comn ly  imply  a  comparison  with  a 

standard  of  commercial  worth:  as,  to  value  a  picture  at 
BO  much;  to  estimate  its  value  al  '  much.  To  prize  is  to 
value  highly,  general!)  fur  other  tliau  pecuniary  reasons, 
and  suggesting  the  notion   of  reluctance  to  lose.     Thus, 

we   pme  a  I k  for   its  contents  or  associations;    we 

miie  a  friend  for  his  affection  for  us.  To  esteem  is  some 
times  simply  to  think:  as,  I  esteem  him  a  scoundrel; 
sometimes  to  value:  as,  1  esteem  it  lightly;  sometimes 
to  have  a  high  opinion  of  or  set  a  high  value  on:  as, 
I  esteem  him  for  his  own  sake  ;  in  its  highest  sense  it  im- 
plies moral  approbation.  Estimating  is  an  act  of  compu- 
tation or  judgment,  and  wholly  without  feeling  or  moral 
approbation :  as,  to  estimate  the  size  of  a  room,  the  weight 
of  a  stone,  the  literary  excellence  of  a  book,  the  character 
of  a  person.  (See  esteem,  n.,  for  comparison  of  corre- 
sponding nouns.)  Appreciate  is  to  set  a  just  value  on; 
it  implies  the  use  of  wise  judgment  or  delicate  percep- 
tion: as,  he  appreciated  the  quality  of  the  work.  With 
this  perception  naturally  goes  a  corresponding  intellectual 
valuation  and  moral  esteem  :  as,  they  knew  how  to  appri 
date  his  worth.  Appreciate  often  implies  also  that  the 
thing  appreciated  is  likely  to  he  overlooked  or  underesti- 
mated. It  is  commonly  used  of  good  things:  as,  I  under- 
stood his  wickedness;  I  realized  or  recognized  his  folly;  I 
appreciated  his  virtue  or  wisdom.  Compare  such  phrases 
as  an  appreciative  audience,  a  few  appreciative  words,  ap- 
preciation of  merit. 

The  pearls  after  removal  from  the  dead  oysters  are 
"classed"  bypassing  through  a  number  of  small  brass 
cullenders.  .  .  .  Having  been  sized  in  this  way,  they  are 
sorted  as  to  colour,  weighed,  and  valued. 

Encijc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  447. 

For  so  it  falls  out, 
That  what  wc  have  we  prize  not  to  the  worth. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 

Though  men  esteem  thee  low  of  parentage. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  235. 

The  truth  is,  we  think  lightly  of  Nature's  penny  shows, 
and  estimate  what  we  see  by  the  cost  of  the  ticket. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  90. 

It  will  he  soon  enough  to  forget  them  [the  ancients] 
when  we  have  the  learning  and  the  genius  which  will  en- 
able us  to  attend  to  aud  appreciate  them. 

Thoreau,  Waldcn,  p.  113. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  value;  become  of  more 
value:  as,  public  securities  appreciated  when 
the  debt  was  funded. 
appreciation  (a-pre-shi-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  appri  - 
ciation;  from  the  verb:  see  appreciate.']  1. 
The  act  of  setting  a  price  or  money  value  on 
real,  personal,  or  mercantile  effects. — 2.  The 
act  of  estimating  the  qualities  of  things  and 
giving  them  their  due  value ;  clear  perception 
or  recognition  of  the  quality  or  worth  of  any- 
thing; sympathetic  understanding. 

What  sort  of  theory  is  that  which  is  not  based  upon  a 
competent  appreciation  of  well-observed  facts  and  their 
relations?     '  Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  205. 

Those  who  aim  to  be  Christian  teachers  should  be  fully 
armed  to  contend  for  the  truth,  and  should  have  a  clear 
and  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  weapons  and  tactics 
which  may  be  employed  against  it. 

Daivson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  15. 

3.  A  rising  in  value  ;  increase  of  value. 

The  appreciation  of  the  metal  which  is  our  single  stand- 
ard, and  the  consequent  decline  in  prices,  is  one  of  the 
causes  of  [the]  .  .  .  depression  of  trade. 

Fortnightly  Iter.,  XL.  4S1. 

4.  In  Scots  Inn',  the  appraisement  or  valuing  of 
poinded  or  distrained  goods. 

appreciative  (a-pre'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appreciate 
+  -ive;  =  F.  apprecialif,  relating  to  valuation.] 
Capable  of  appreciating;  manifesting  due  ap- 
preciation: as,  an  appreciative  audience. 

A  ride  in  the  Southern  summer  moonlight  being  an  ever- 
enjoyable  romance  to  an  appreciative  nature. 

A.  W.  Tourgie,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  132. 

appreciator  (a-pre'shi-a-tor),  n.  [<  appreciate 
+  -or;  =  F.  appreciateur.]  1.  One  who  appre- 
ciates. 

A  discovery  for  which  there  was  no  permanent  appreci- 
ator. De  Qttinccir.  Herodotus. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  determining  the  amount 
of  gluten  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 
flour. 

appreciatory  (a-pre'shi-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  appre- 
ciate +  -on/.]  Expressive  of  admiration;  ap- 
preciative: as,  apprecia  tori/  words. 

appredicate  (a-pred'i-kat),  n.  [<  NL.  appradi- 
catum  (tr.  of  Gr.  7fpoaKaT?i}opovfievov),  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  ML.  prwdicatum,  predicate.]  The  copnla  in 
a  proposition.     See  copida. 

With  Aristotle,  the  predicate  includes  the  copula;  and, 
from  a  hint  by  him,  the  latter  lias,  by  subsequent  Greek 
logicians,  been  styled  the  appredicate. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  I.  228. 


277 

apprehend (ap-re-licnd').r.  [< OF. apprehendre, 
mod.  I'',  apprihender,  apprehend,  =  Pr.  appre- 
hendar  =  Sp.  aprehender  =  Pg.  apprehender, 
the  older  Bom.  forms  being  contracted,  OF. 
aprendre,  apprendre,  mod.  I'.  apprendre,  learn, 
con  (>  E.  apprend,  obs.),  =  Pr.  aprendre  =  Sp. 
aprender  =  Pg.  aprender  =  It.  apprendere,  <  1j. 
apprehendere,  adprehendere,  pp.  apprehensus, 
adprehensus,  contr.  apprendere,  adprehdere,  pp. 
apprensus,  adprensus,  lay  hold  upon,  seize,  un- 
derstand, comprehend,  <  ad,  to,  +  prehenaere, 
contr.  prendere,  seize:  see preh -ml,  prise1,  ap- 
prentice, and  apprise1,  and  cf.  comprehend,  rep- 
rehend.] I.  trans.  If.  To  lay  1 1 < >lil  of;  seize 
upon;  take  possession  of. 

That  I  may  apprehend  that  for  which  also  I  am  appre- 
hended of  Christ . I eMi  Phil.  iii.  12. 

Appri  hend  your  places,  he  shall  be  [ready]  soon,  and  at 
all  points.  /;.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  levels,  v.  -J. 

There  is  nothing  Out  hath  a  double  handle,  or,  at  least, 
we  have  two  hands  to  apprehend  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  6. 

2.  To  take  into  custody ;  make  prisoner ;  arrest 
by  legal  warrant  or  authority. 

The  robber  .  .  .  was  apprehended  selling  his  plunder. 
rnilh,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

Hancock  and  Adams,  though  removed  by  their  friends 
from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  force  sent  to  apprehi  ml 
them,  were  apprised,  too  faithfully,  that  the  work  of  death 
was  begun.  Everett,  Orations,  p.  88. 

3.  To  take  into  the  mind;  seize  or  grasp  men- 
tally; take  cognizance  of.  (a)  To  perceive;  learn 
by  the  senses,  (b)  To  learn  the  character  or  quality  of; 
become  acquainted  or  familiar  with. 

He  seems  to  hear  a  Heavenly  Friend, 
And  thro'  thick  veils  to  apprehend 
A  labour  working  to  an  end. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

(c)  To  imagine,  especially  an  object  of  desire  or  dread; 
form  a  concrete  conception  of:  frequently  opposed  to 
comprehend  or  attend. 

He  apprehends  a  world  of  figures  here, 
But  not  the  form  of  what  he  should  attend. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

(d)  To  understand  ;  take  an  intelligent  view  of. 
This  yet  I  apprehend  not ;  why  to  those 
Among  whom  God  will  deign  to  dwell  on  earth 
So  many  and  so  various  laws  arc  given, 

I/.//",.,  P.  L.,  xii.  280. 

4.  To  anticipate  ;  expect;  especially,  to  enter- 
tain suspicion  or  fear  of. 

All  things  apprehending,  nothing  understanding. 

i>.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

O,  let  my  lady  apprehend  no  fear. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  2. 

A  man  that  apqo-ehends  death  no  more  dreadfully,  but 
as  a  drunken  sleep.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2. 

5.  To  hold  in  opinion ;  be  of  opinion  concern- 
ing.    See  extract. 

When  we  would  express  our  opinion  modestly,  instead 
of  saying,  "This  is  my  opinion,"  or  "This  is  my  judg- 
ment," which  has  the  air  of  dogmaticalness,  we  say,  "I 
conceive  it  to  be  thus  — I  imagine  or  apprehend  it  to  be 
thus. "  Bsid,  Intellectual  Powers,  p.  19. 

=  Syn.  2.  Tocatch, arrest, capture.— 3.  Apprehend.  Com- 
prehend; to  conceive,  perceive,  see,  know.  "Weoppri  - 
hend  many  truths  which  we  do  not  comprehend.  The  great 
mystery,  for  instance,  of  the  Holy  Trinity  — we  lay  hold 
upon  it  (ad  prehendo),  we  hang  upon  it,  our  souls  live  by 
it;  but  we  do  not  take  it  all  in,  we  do  not  comprehend  it. 
It  belongs  to  the  idea  of  God  that  he  may  be  apprehended 
though  not  comprehended  by  his  reasonable  creatures;  he 
lias  made  them  to  know  him,  though  not  to  know  him  all, 
to  apprehend  though  not  to  compry  hend  him."  Trench.— 
4.  To  fear,  dread,  anticipate  (with  fear). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  imagine;  form  a  concrete 
conception  of  anything ;  have  intellectual  per- 
ception ;  catch  the  idea  or  meaning. 

You  apprehend  passing  shrewdly. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

Put  it  into  his  hand  ;  'tis  only  there 
He  apprehends:  he  has  his  feeling  left. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i,  !. 

Men  that  are  in  fault 
Can  subtly  apprehend  when  others  aim 
At  what  they  do  amiss. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  2. 

To  apprehend  notionallyis  to  have  breadth  of  mind,  but 
to  be  shallow  ;  to  apprehi  nd  really  is  to  be  deep,  bin  to  bi 
narrow-minded.     J.  11.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  82. 

2.  To  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but  without 
positive  certainty :  used  as  a  modest  way  of  in- 
troducing an  opinion:  as,  all  this  is  true,  but 
we  apprehend  it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

This,  we  apprehend,  is  a  mistake. 

Goldsmith,  Versification. 

There  are  sentiments  on  some  subjects  which  I  appre- 
hend might  be  displeasing  to  the  country. 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  437. 

3.  To  be  apprehensive ;  be  in  fear  of  a  future 
evil. 

It  is  worse  to  apprehend  than  to  sutler.  Howe. 


apprehensive 

apprehender  (ap-re-hen'der),  n.  1.  One  who 
seizes  "i'  arrests.  —2.  One  who  di  corns  or  rec- 
ognizes mentally. 

apprehensibility  (ap-rf-hen-si-bil'i-ti),  n.  [< 
apprehensiblt  :  ><■•■  -bility.]  The  capability  of 
being  understood,  or  the  quality  of  being  ap- 
prehensible. 

simplicity  and  popular  apprehensibility  will  be  every- 
where aimed  at.     Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  6. 

apprehensible  (ap-re-hen'si-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  ap- 
prehensihilis,  <  1j.  apprehensus,  pp.  of  apprehen- 
dere, apprehend:  see  apprehend?]    Capable  of 

being  apprehended  or  undcrsl 1;  possible  to 

be  conceived  by  the  human  intellect. 

It  [Greek  philosophy]  so  educated  the  intellect  and  con- 
science as  to  lender  the  Go-pel  apprehensible,  and,  in 
many  cases,  congenial  to  tic-  mind. 

','  /'.  /■'/  her,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  140. 
apprehension  (ap-re-lien'shnn  >,  n.  [=  F.  appre- 
hension, <  1..  apprehi  nsio(n-),  <  apprehendere,  pp. 
apprehensus:  see  apprehend.]  1.  The  act  of 
seizing  or  taking  hold  of;  prehension:  as,  the 
hand  is  the  organ  of  apprehension.  [Rare.]  — 2. 
The  act  of  arresting  or  seizing  by  legal  process ; 
arrest;  seizure:  as,  the  thief,  after  Ids  appre- 
hension, escaped. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  apprehensions  for  drunk- 
enness. Roe,  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  345. 

3.  A  laying  hold  by  the  mind ;  mental  grasp ; 
the  act  or  faculty  (a)  of  perceiving  anything  by 
the  senses ;  (h)  of  learning  or  becoming  familiar 
with  anything;  (c)  of  forming  an  image  in  the 
imagination  (the  common  meaning  in  English 
for  three  centuries,  and  the  technical  meaning 
in  the  Kantian  theory  of  cognition);  (d)  of 
catching  the  meaning  of  anything  said  or  writ- 
ten; (e)  of  simple  apprehension  (which  see, 
below) ;  (/)  of  attention  to  something  present 
to  the  imagination. 

In  apprehension,  how  like  a  god  !      Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii. 2. 
They  have  happy  wits  and  excellent  apprehensions. 

Barton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  233. 

To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one  in  respect 
of  men  who  act,  not  according  to  truth,  but  appri  h 

South. 
Apprehension  then  is  simply  an  understanding  of  the 
idea  or  fact  which  a  proposition  enunciates. 

J.  11.  'Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  18. 
The  proper  administration  of  outward  things  will  always 
rest  on  a  just  apprehension  of  their  cause  and  origin. 

Em*  /•."„,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 

Whatever  makes  a  large  impression  upon  the  senses  is, 

other  things  being  equal,  easy  of  apprehension,  <\  on  when 

not  of  comprehension.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo..  XXVIII.  352. 

4.  Anticipation  of  adversity ;  dread  or  fear  of 
coming  evil;  distrust  of  the  future. 

The  sense  of  death  is  most  in  apprehension. 

eihiik.,  M,  for  M  ,  iii,  1. 

As  he  was  possessed  of  integrity  and  honour,  I  was  under 
noapi  r  i ,  .in  throwing  him  naked  into  the  am- 

phitheatre of  life.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Let  a  man  front  the  object  of  his  worst  apprehension, 
and  his  stoutness  will  commonly  make  his  fear  groundless. 
Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 
Simple  apprehension  (ML.,  simplex  apprehensio,  first 
used  by  Jean  Buridan,  in  the  fourteenth  century),  in  nomi- 
nalistic  logic,  conception  without  judgment;  the  thinking 
of  a  name  as  distinguished  from  the  thinking  of  a  propo- 
sition: called  simple  because  a  term  is  simple  compared 
with  a  proposition.—  Synthesis  of  apprehension,  in  the 
Kantian  philosophy,  that  operation  of  the  mind  by  which 
the  manifold  of  intuition  is  collected  into  definite  images. 
It  is  called  pore  when  the  manifold  operated  upon  is  that 
of  pure  space  and  tinie.  =  Syn.  3.  Comprehension,  under- 
standing, idea,  notion. — 4.  Alarm,  Apprehension.  Fright, 
etc.  (see  alarm),  disquiet,  dread,  anxiety,  misgiving,  solici- 
tude, nervousness,  tearfulness, 
apprehensive  (ap-re-hen'siv),  a.  [=  F.  appri- 
hensif,  anxious,  <  L.  apprehi  nsus,  pp.  of  appre- 
hendere: sen  apprehend.]  If.  In  the  habit  of 
seizing;  ready  to  catch  or  seize ;  desirous  to  lay 
hold  of:  used  literally  and  figuratively. 

I  shall  be  very  apprehensive  of  any  occasions  wherein  I 
may  do  any  kind  offices.        Lord  Strafford,  Letters,  II.  390. 

2.  Quick  to  learn  or  understand  ;  quick  of  ap- 
prehension. 

A  good  sherris-sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the  brain ; .  .  . 
makes  it  apprehensive,  quick,  forgetive,  full  of  nimble, 
fiery,  and  delectable  shapes.  Shak.,  i  Hen.  IV..  iv.  3. 

All  understanding  dull 'd  by  th'  infelicity 
of  constant  sorrow  is  not  apprehensive 
In  pregnant  novelty.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iv.  1. 

Is  there  a  surer  way  of  achieving  the  boast  of  Thetuisto- 
eles,  that  he  knew  how  to  make  a  small  state  a  great  one, 
than  by  making  it  wise,  bright,  knowing,  apprehensive, 
quick-witted,  ingenious,  thoughtful! 

Ii.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  ill. 

3.  Realizing;  conscious;  cognizant.     [Rare.] 
A  man  that  has  spent  his  younger  years  in  vanity  and 

folly,  and  is,  by  the  grace  of  God  trj  <  <<  hensive  of  it. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

4.  In  a  state  of  apprehension  or  fear;  feeling 
alarm ;  fearful. 

The  leading  reformers  .  .  .  began  to  in  .appri  In  nsicetor 
their  lives.  Gladstone,  Church  and  State,  viL 


apprehensive 

5.  Inclined  to  believe  or  suspect;  suspicious: 
as,  I  am  apprehensive  that  he  does  not  under- 
stand me. 

He  [the  king]  became  apprehensive  that  his  motives  were 
misconstrued,  even  by  his  friends.  Hallam. 

6.  Perceptive;  feeling;  sensitive. 

Thoughts,  my  tormentors,  arm'd  with  deadly  stings, 
Mangle  my  appn  hi  nsive  tenderest  parts. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.624. 

7.  In  metaph.,  relating  to  simple  apprehension. 

It  yields  as  a  corollary  that  judgment,  that  comparison, 
that  the  cognition  oi  relativity  is  implied  in  every  appre- 
hensive act.  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 

Apprehensive  concept,  a  concept  without  judgment. — 
Apprehensive  knowledge,  the  mere  understanding  of  a 
proposition  without  assent  or  dissent :  opposed  to  adhesive 
knowledge, 

apprehensively  (ap-re-hen'siv-li),  adv.     In  an 

apprehensive  manner;  with  apprehension. 

apprehensiveness  (ap-re-hen  siv-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  apprehensive,  (a) 
Readiness  to  understand,     (b)  Fearfulness. 

apprendt,  v.  t.  [<  F.  apprendre,  <  L.  apprendt  n . 
lay  hold  of:  see  apprt  lu  nd.]  To  lay  hold  of ; 
apprehend. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apprentise,  <"  ME.  apprentice,  aprentis  (and  by 
apheresis  often  shortened  to  prentice,  2»'entis, 
mod.  E. prentice,  q.  v.),<  OF.  apprentis,  aprentis, 
apron  f ice  (Rouehi  dial,  apprentiche  =  Pr.  oj>- 
prentiz  =  Sp.  Pg.  aprendiz,  ML.  apprenUdus ; 
mod.  F.  apprenti,  as  if  sing,  of  apprentis  as 
pi.),  orig.  nom.  of  aprentif,  apprentif,  a  learner 
of  a  trade,  <  appn  ndre,  aprendre,  learn,  <  L. 
apprendere,  contr.  from  apprehenaere,  lay  hold 
of,  understand,  in  ML.  and  Rom.  also  learn :  see 
apprehend.']  1.  One  who  is  bound  by  indenture 
to  serve  some  particular  individual  or  company 
for  a  specified  time,  in  order  to  learn  some  art, 
trade,  profession,  manufacture,  etc.,  in  which 
his  master  or  masters  become  bound  to  instruct 
him.  Hence  —  2.  A  learner  in  any  depart- 
ment ;  one  only  slightly  versed  in  a  subject ; 
a  novice. —  3.  In  old  English  law,  a  barrister  of 
less  than  sixteen  years'  standing.  After  this 
period  he  might  be  called  to  the  rank  of  Ser- 
jeant—  Parish,  town,  etc. ,  apprentice,  a  person  hound 
out  by  the  proper  authorities  of  a  parish,  town,  etc.,  to 
prevent  his  becoming  a  public  charge. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
prenticed, ppr.  apprenticing.  [<  apprentice,  ».] 
To  bind  to  or  put  under  the  care  of  a  master, 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  some  art, 
trade,  or  profession ;  indenture. 

apprenticeaget  (a-pren'tis-aj), ».  [Also  spelled 
apprentis(s)age,  K  F.  apprentisage,  now  appren- 
tissage,  <  OF.  apprentis:  see  apprentice,  «.,  and 
-age.']    Same  as  apprenticeship. 

apprentice-box  (a-pren'tis-boks),  n.  Same  as 
1hrift-ln  ix. 

appfenticehoodt  ( a-pren'tis-hnd), «.  [<  appren- 
tice +  -hood.]     Apprenticeship. 

Must  I  not  serve  a  long  apprenticehood 
To  foreign  passages?  Sltak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

apprenticeship  (a-pren'tis-ship),  n.  [<  appren- 
tice  +  -ship.]  1.  The  service  or  legal  condi- 
tion of  an  apprentice  ;  the  method  or  process 
of  gaining  knowledge  of  some  trade,  art,  orpro- 
fession  from  the  instruction  of  a  master. —  2. 
The  term  during  which  one  is  an  apprentice. 

appressed  (a-prest ' ),  a.  [<  L.  appressus,  adpres- 
sus  (pp.  of  apprimere,  press  to,  X  ad,  to,  +  pre- 
mere,  press)  + -ed-.]  Pressed  closely  against ; 
fitting  closely  to ;  apposed.  A  term  used  in  botany 
and  zoology,  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  geology:  as,  the 
spikclets  of  a  grass  may  lie  closely  appressed  to  the  mehis. 
So  also  hairs  or  feathers  when  closely  apposed  are  said  to 
be  appri  seed.  Flexures  of  strata  are  said  to  be  appressed 
when  the  anticlinals  or  synclinals  are  closely  folded  to- 
gether, so  that  tin    iipjinsite  corresponding  portions  are 

Drought  in  - tact  with  each  other,     in  botany,  also  writ- 

t.-u  adpri  seed  (which    ee). 

apprestt  (a-prest'),  ».  [<  OF.  apreste,  apprest, 
mod.  appn't,  preparation,  <  aprester,  appresier 
(mod.  appreter),  make  ready,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
prastnrt;  make  ready :  see  prist2, and  ct.press*, 
impress-.]  Preparation  or  provision,  especially 
for  war,  by  enlisting  soldiers. 

Vespasian  laie  at  Tbrke  making  his  apprestS  ...  to  go 
against  the  Scuts  and  1'irts. 

Uolini  lf:l,  Chron.,  Scotland  (1586),  p.  48. 

appreteur  (a-pra-ter'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a  preparer, 
(  appnti  r,  prepare:  see  apprest.]  A  rubber 
used  in  giving  a  gloss  to  skins. 

apprisal  i,  ».    Same  as  appraisal. 

apprised,  apprized  (a-priz'),  n.  [<  ML.  ap- 
prise, uprise,  <  OF.  uprise,  apprise,  instruction, 
prop.  fem.  of  apris,  appris,  pp.  of  aprendre,  F. 
apprendre,  teach,  learn,  inform,<  L.  apprendere, 


278 

apprehendere .'  see  apprehend.]  Learning;  in- 
struction; information;  lore. 
apprise1,  apprize1  (a-priz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  apprist  a,  apprised,  ppr.  apprising,  apprising. 
[<  F.  appris,  apprise  (<  L.  apprensus),  pp.  of  ap- 
prendre (<  L.  apprendere),  teach,  inform,  leam: 
seeappristl.  ,i,]  To  give  notice,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to;  inform;  advise:  followed  by  q/' before 
that  of  which  notice  is  given :  as,  we  will  ap- 
prise the  general  of  an  intended  attack;  he 
apprised  his  father  of  what  he  had  done. 

He  had  been  repeatedly  apprised  that  some  of  his 
friends  in  England  meditated  a  deed  of  blood. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

We  now  and  then  detect  in  nature  slight  dislocations, 
which  apprize  us  that  this  surface  on  which  we  now  stand 
is  not  fixed,  but  sliding.    Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  285. 

=  Syn.  Nidify,  acquaint,  warn,  tell,  mention  to. 
apprise2,  v.  t.    See  apprize*. 
apprize1,  n.  and  v.     See  apprise'1. 

apprize'2,  apprise2  (a-priz'), v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apprized,  apprised,  ppr.  apprizing,  apprising. 
[<  ME.  aprisen,  <  OF.  apriser,  aprisier  (ME.  also 
apraysen,  "apreisen,  mod.  E.  appraise,  <  OF. 
*apreiser,  apretier),  <  LL.  appretiare,  value,  es- 
timate: see  appreciate,  appraise,  and  of.  prize*, 

price,  praise.]    Same  as  appraise To  apprize  a 

heritage,  in  Scots  law,  to  invest  a  creditor  with  the  herit- 

alilc  estate  of  his  debtor. 

apprizement  (a-priz'ment),  n.  [<  apprise?  + 
-ment.  Cf.  appraisement.]  Same  as  appraise- 
ment. 

apprizer  (a-pri 'zer),  n.  [<  apprise2  +  -er1.] 
Same  as  appraiser. 

approach  (a-proeh'),  v.  [<  ME.  aprochen,  ap- 
prochen,  <  OF.  aprochier,  F.  approcher  =  Pr. 
apropchar = It.  approcciare,  <  ML.  appropiare, 
come  near  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  propius  (>  Pr.  pro- 
pi  =  F.  proche:  see prochain),  nearer,  coinpar. 
oiprope,  near.    Cf.  approximate.]     I.  intrans. 

1 .  To  come  or  go  near  in  place  or  time ;  draw 
near;  advance  nearer ;  come  into  presence. 

He  was  expected  then. 
But  not  approach'd.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 

lie  .  .  .  made  signs  for  Rip  to  approach  and  assist  him 
with  the  load.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  draw  near ;  approximate ; 
come  near  in  degree :  with  to :  as,  he  approaches 
to  the  character  of  an  able  statesman. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  bring  near;  advance:  as,  he 
approached  his  hand  to  the  cup. 

I  .  .  .  approached  my  chair  by  sly  degrees  to  the  fire. 
Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vi. 

Even  as  a  resolved  general  approaches  his  camp  ...  as 
nearly  as  he  can  to  the  besieged  city.  Scott. 

2.  To  come  or  draw  near  to :  as,  to  approach 
the  gate. — 3.  Figuratively,  to  come  near  to  in 
quality,  character,  or  condition ;  nearly  equal : 
as,  modern  sculpture  does  not  approach  that  of 
the  Greeks. 

Such  and  so  extraordinary  was  the  embrodery,  that  I 
never  saw  anything  approaching  it. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  17, 1684. 

He  was  an  admirable  poet,  and  thought  even  to  have 
approached  Homer.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

In  proportion  as  mankind  approach  complete  adjust- 
ment of  their  natures  to  social  needs,  there  must  be  fewer 
and  smaller  opportunities  for  giving  aid. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

approach  (a-proeh'), n.     [<  ME.  approche=zF. 
approche;   from  the  verb.]       1.   The  act  of 
drawing  near ;  a  coming  or  advancing  near. 
Does  my  approach  displease  his  grace  ?  are  m>  <  \> 
So  hateful  to  him?        Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

2.  Access;  opportunity  or  liberty  of  drawing 
near;  nearness:  as,  "the  approach  to  kings," 
Bacon. —  3.  Nearness  or  close  approximation 
in  quality,  likeness,  or  character. 

Absolute  purity  of  blood,  I  repeat,  will  lie  found  no- 
where; but  the  nearest  approaches  to  it  must  be  looked 
fur  among  those  nations  which  have  played  the  least  liguiv 
initiatory.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,p.  88. 

We  can  none  the  less  restore  or  reconstruct  individual 
old  Aryan  words  with  a  f air  approach  toaccuracy. 

J.  Piske,  Evolutionist,  p.  126. 

4.  A  passage  or  avenue  by  which  anything  is 
approached;  any  means  of  access  or  approxi- 
mation. 

The  approaches  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  from  the 
eastern  quarter  also,  will  require  to  be  examined,  and 
more  effectually  guarded.         Jefferson,  Works,  VIII.  64. 

The  approach  by  rail  is  through  the  marshes  and  lagoons 
which  lie  on  either  side  of  the  Rhone. 

C.  J).  Warmer,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  46. 

5.  pi.  In  fort.,  the  works  thrown  up  by  be- 
siegers to  protect  themselves  in  their  advances 
toward  a  fortress.  Compare  Imi/aii.  -Counter 
approaches,  in  ./'"*'-,  works  carried  on  by  the  besieged 
against  those  ol  the  besiegers.— Curve  of  equal  ap- 
proach, in  math.,  a  curve  along  which  a  body  descending 


approbation 

by  the  force  of  gravity  makes  equal  approaches  to  the 
horizon  in  equal  portions  of  time.— Method  of  ap- 
proaches, in  itbh'fua,  a  method  of  resolving  certain  prob- 
lems by  assigning  limits  and  making  gradual  approxima- 
tions to  the  correct  answer.—  To  graft  by  approach,  in 
hort.,  to  inarch.  Syn.  1.  Approximation,  advent. — 2.  Ad- 
mittance. 

approachability  (a-pro-cha-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  ap- 
proachable: see  -oility.]  Approachableness ; 
affability.     Uuslcvil. 

approachable  (a-prd'eha-bl),  a.  [<  approach 
+  -able.]  Capable  of  being  approached;  acces- 
sible. 

approachableness  (a-pro'cha-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  approachable;  affa- 
bility; friendliness. 

approacher  (a-pro'eher),  n.  One  who  ap- 
proaches or  draws  near. 

approaching  (a-pro'ching),  n.  In  hort.,  the  act 
of  ingrafting  ii  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into 
another  without  cutting  it  from  the  parent 
stock.  Also  called  inarching  and  grafting  by 
approach. 

approachless  (a-proch'les),  a.  [<  approach  + 
-less.]  Without  approach;  unable  to  be  ap- 
proached; inaccessible;  forbidding. 

approachmentia-proeh'ment),  n.  [<  approach 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  approaching;  approach; 
affinity;  resemblance  in  trait  or  character. 
[Rare.] 

Ice  will  not  concrete,  but  in  the  approaehment  of  the 
air.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  a.  [<  L.  approbates,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  It.  Approved.  Sir  T.  Elyot. — 2. 
In  Scots  law,  accepted.     See  the  verb. 

approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
probated, ppr.  approbating.  [<  L.  approbutns, 
pp.  of  approbare,  assent  to  as  good,  favor,  ap- 
prove: see  approve^.]  1.  To  express  approba- 
tion of ;  manifest  a  liking  for  or  degree  of  satis- 
faction in ;  express  approbation  of  officially,  as 
of  a  person's  fitness  for  a  public  office  or  em- 
ployment ;  approve ;  pass. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and  appro- 
bate. Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  6. 
Mr.  Hutchinson  approbated  the  choice.  J.  Eliot. 

2.  To  license:  as,  to  approbate  a  person  to 
preach;  to  approbate  a  man  to  keep  a  hotel 
or  other  public  house.      [United   States.]  — 

3.  In  Scots  law,  to  approve  or  assent  to  as 
valid:  chiefly  in  the  following  phrase Appro- 
bate and  reprobate,  in  Scots  law,  to  attempt  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  one  part  of  a  deed  while  rejecting  the  rest :  as, 
for  example,  where  a  disposition  on  a  death-bed  revokes  a 
previous  liege-poustie  conveyance  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
heir  at  law,  but  still  gives  the  estate  past  the  heir.  The 
heir  who  abides  by  the  deed  in  so  far  as  it  revokes  the 
liege-poustie  deed  to  his  prejudice,  while  he  challenges  it 
on  the  head  of  death-bed,  in  so  far  as  it  defeats  his  interest 
in  the  estate,  is  said  to  approbate  and  reprobate  the  deed. 
This,  however,  is  contrary  to  law,  and  cannot  be  done  -,  he 
must  elect  between  the  two  alternatives :  hence  in  English 
law  the  act  is  called  election. 

This  is  not  an  ordinary  case  of  election,  but  I  consider 
that  it  is  not  open  to  her  both  to  approbate  and  reprobate 
—  to  take  benefits  under  the  settlement,  and  by  her  will 
to  dispose  of  property  which  is  comprised  therein  in  a 
manner  not  in  accordance  with  its  provisions. 

Weekly  Reporter,  XXXII.  581. 

approbation  (ap-ro-ba'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  appro- 
bation, proof,  <  L.  approbatio(n-),  <  approbare, 
pp.  approbatus :  see  approve1.]     1.  The  act  of 

approving  or  commending;  the  giving  of  assent 
to  something  as  proper  or  praiseworthy ;  sanc- 
tion ;  approval ;  commendation. 

The  silent  approbation  of  one's  own  breast. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny's  Letters,  i.  8. 

Both  managers  and  authors  of  the  least  merit  laugh  at 
your  pretensions.  The  public  is  their  critic  —  without 
whose  fair  approbation  they  know  no  play  can  rest  on  the 
stage.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

If  the  approbation  of  good  men  be  an  object  fit  to  be 
pursued,  it  is  fit  to  be  enjoyed. 

I).  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  27,  1834. 

2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  official  judg- 
ment of  a  bishop  or  his  representative  approv- 
ing the  fitness  of  a  priest  for  hearing  confes- 
sion. It  is  distinct  from  the  conferring  of  Jurisdiction 
or  power  of  absolving,  though,  except  in  ease  of  danger 
of  death,  necessary  to  the  valid  exercise  of  the  latter. 
8e&  jurisdictioTi. 

3.  An  official  sanction  or  license  formerly  re- 
quired in  England,  France,  etc.,  for  the  publi- 
cation of  a  book  or  other  writing. — 4f.  Con- 
clusive ovidenee;  proof.  Shah: — 5t.  Proba- 
tion; trial;  novitiate. 

This  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter, 
And  there  receive  her  approbation. 

Shak,  M.  for  M.,  i.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  Aji]irnbation,  Approval,  liking,  c mcndatlon: 

sanction,  consent,  concurrence.  Approbation  wn&approval 
are  becoming  separated  in  meaning,  iijiprulinlioii  being 
used  more  for  the  inward  feeling,  and  approval  more  for 
the  formal  act. 


approbative 


279 


approbative  (ap'ro-ba-tiv),  a.     [=  P.  appro- 

btilif,  <  L.  as  if  'approbativus :  see  approbate 
and  -ivc.]  Approving;  expressing,  implying,  or 
of  tho  nature  of  approbation. 

approbativeness  (ap'ro-ba-tiv-nes),  n.  In 
phren.,  ambition;  love  of  praise  or  desire  for 
fame ;  pride  of  character ;  sensitiveness  to  the 
opinions  of  others.    Fowler  and  Wells. 

approbator(ap'ro-ba-tor),  n.  [L.,  an  approver, 
<  approbarc,  pp. 'approbatus,  approve:  sec  ap- 
prove1.] One  who  approves  formally:  as, 
' '  judges  and  approba  tors,"  Evelyn ,  Letter  ( 1669) . 
[Rare.] 

approbatory  (ap'ro-ba-to-ri),  a.    [<  ML.  avpro- 
batorius,<'L.approbator:  seeapprobator.]   Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  sanction ;  containing  or  ex- 
pressing approbation. 
Letters  .  .  .  confirmatory  and  approbatory. 

Ilakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  457. 

approclivityt  (ap-ro-Hiv'i-ti),  «.  [<  np-1  +  pro- 
clivity.']    Proclivity ;  inclination ;  tendency. 

appromptH  (a-prompt'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
promptus,  prompt:  see  prompt.]  To  prompt; 
stimulate;  encourage:  as,  "to apprompt  our  in- 
vention," Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  n. 

apprompt3t,  v.  t.  [<  AF.  aprompter,  apromter, 
OF.  enpromter,  F.  emprunter  =  Walloon  epron- 
ter  =  It.  improntare,  borrow,  =  Wallaeh.  inpru- 
muta,  give  or  take  in  pledge,  <  LL.  *inpromu- 
tuare,  <  in promuiuum,  in  advance  (>  Wallaeh. 
inprumkt,  a  pledge):  L.  in,  in,  for;  promutmm, 
an  advance,  neut.  of  promutnms,  paid  before- 
hand, advanced,  < pro,  beforehand,  +  mittuits, 
lent:  Bee  mutual.]     To  borrow. 

approoft  (a-prof ),  n.  [The  mod.  form  is  re- 
lated to  approve  as  proof  to  prove;  ME.  ap- 
preffe,  apref,  <  OF.  aprove,  apreuve,  proof,  trial, 
<  aprover,  prove:  see  approve1,  and  ef.  proof] 
1.  The  act  of  proving;  trial;  test.— 2.  Ap- 
proval or  approbation. 

He  was  pleased  a  marriage  feast  to  crown 
With  liis  great  presence,  and  approof  of  it. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  x.  23. 

approperatet  (a-prop'e-rat),  »>.  *.  [<  L.  ap- 
properatus,  pp.  of  approperare,  adproperare,  <. 
ad,  to,  +  properarc,  hasten,  <  properus,  quick, 
speedy,  <  pro,  forward,  +  *-parus,  <  parare, 
make,  prepare :  see  pare,  prepare.]  To  hasten. 
Cockeram;  Johnson. 
appropinquate*  (ap-ro-ping'kwat),  v.  [<  L. 
appropinquatus,  pp.  of  appropinguare,  aapro- 
pinquare,  <  ad,  to,  +  propinquare,  bring  near,  < 
propinquus,  near:  see  propinquity.]  I.intrans. 
To  draw  near ;  approach. 

II.  trans.   To  bring  near. 
appropinquationt  (ap'ro-ping-kwa'shon),  n. 
[<  L.  appropinqiiatio(n-),  <  appropmquare :  see 
appropinquate.]      1.  The  act  of  coming  into 
near  relation  or  proximity ;  a  drawing  nigh. 
There  are  many  ways  of  our  appropiruruatum  to  God. 
Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  remote  things  near, 
appropinquet  (ap-ro-pingk'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  appro- 
pinguare: see  appropinquate.]     To  approach; 
get  nearer  to.     [Bare.] 

The  clotted  blood  within  my  hose  .  .  . 

With  mortal  crisis  doth  portend 

My  days  to  appropingue  an  end.  ... 

S.  Butler,  Hudlhras,  I.  in.  500. 

appropinquity  (ap-ro-ping'kwi-ti),  n.  [<  ft/'-1 
+  propinquity,  q.  v.  Of.  appropinquate.]  The 
state  of  being  near;  propinquity.  [Rare.] 
appropret,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aproprcn,  approprcn.  < 
OF.  aproprier,  F.  approprier  =  Pr.  apropnar  = 
Sp.  apropiar=¥g.  apropriar=It.  appropnare, 
(.lAj.appropriare,  appropriate:  see  appropriate, 
v.]  1.  To  appropriate;  set  apart  for  a  special 
purpose;  assign;  take  possession  of.  Specifi- 
cally—2.  Eccles.,  to  annex  to  a  religious  cor- 
poration. 
appropriable  (a-pro'pri-a-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  as  it 
•appropriabilis,  <  appropriare :  see  appropriate.] 
Capable  of  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  se- 
questered, or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  par- 
ticular use. 

appropriamentt  (a-pro'pri-a-ment),  n.  L<  L.L,. 
appropriare :  see  appropriate  and  -ment.]  Any- 
thing properly  or  peculiarly  one's  own ;  a  char- 
acteristic. 

It  you  can  neglect 
Your  own  appropnaments,  but  praising  that 
In  others  wherein  you  excel  yourself, 
You  shall  be  much  beloved  here.  . 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  l.  1. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  v.  t;  pret  and  pp. 
appropriated,  ppr.  appropriating.  [<  LL,.  appio- 
priatus,  pp.  of  appropriare,  adpropriare,  make 
one's  own,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  proprius,  one's  own : 
see  proper.]     1.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclu- 


sion of  others;  claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive 
right:  as,  let  no  man  appropriate  the  use  oi  a 
common  benefit. 

To  themselves  appropriating 
The  Spirit.  of  God.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xn.  518. 
A  man  is  a  knave  who  falsely,  but  in  the  panic  of  turn- 
ing all  suspicion  fv himself,  charges  you  or  me  with 

having  appropriated  another  man's  jewel. 

lie  V" »<••«.  Secret  Sociel  i.  -.  u. 
The  estate  1  bo  admired  and  envied  is  rnj  own.     It  is 
the  nature  of  the  soul  to  appropriate  all  thin 

Enu  rson,  Compensation. 

2.  In  general,  to  take  for  any  use ;  put  to  use. 
In  solar  light  the  leaves  of  plants  decompose  both  car- 
bonic anhydride  and  water,  appropriatingVaa  carbon  ami 
the  hydrogen  of  each  for  their  own  growth  and  nutrition. 

II*.  .1.  Witter,  Klein,  of  eh.  in.,  §351. 

3.  To  set  apart  for  or  assign  to  a  particular 
purpose  or  use,  in  exclusion  of  all  other  pur- 
poses or  uses:  as,  Congress  appropriated  more 
money  than  was  needed;  to  appropriate  a  spot 
of  ground  for  a  garden. 

The  profits  of  that  establishment  [the  Post-office]  had 
been  appropriated  by  Parliament  to  the  Dukeoi  \  ok. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  in. 

4.  In  rcrhs.  hue,  to  annex,  as  a  benefice,  to  an 
ecclesiastical  corporation,  for  its  perpetual  use. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  ap- 
propriatiis,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  bet  apart 
for  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  hence,  belonging 
peculiarly;  suitable;  fit;  befitting;  proper. 

It  might  be  thought  to  be  rather  a  matter  of  dignity 
thau  any  matter  of  diffidence  appropriate  to  his  own  case. 

More  appropriate  instances  abound. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  124. 
A  warlike,  a  refined,  an  industrial  society,  each  evokes 
and  requires  its  specific  qualities  and  produces  its  appro- 
priate type.  hecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  105. 
=Syn.  Apt,  becoming,  in  keeping,  felicitous. 

II. t   »•    Peculiar   characteristic;   attribute; 
proper  function ;  property. 

The   Bible's   appropriate  being  ...  to  enlighten  the 
eyes  and  make  wise  the  simple. 

Boyle ,  Style  of  Holy  Scripture,  p.  44. 

appropriately  ( a-pro'pri-at-li),  adv.  In  an  ap- 
propriate or  proper  manner;  fittingly;  suitably. 

appropriateness  (a  -  pro '  pri  -  at  -  nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appropriate  or  suitable;  ap- 
plicability. 

A  hunting-box,  a  park -lodge,  may  have  a  forest  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  appropriateness.     Dc  Quimey,  style,  1. 

appropriation  (a-pro-i-iri-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  ap- 
propriation, <  LL.  appropriation-),  <  appropn- 
are: see  appropriate.]  1.  The  act  of  appropri- 
ating, setting  apart,  or  assigning  to  a  particu- 
lar use  or  person  in  exclusion  of  all  others ;  ap- 
plication to  a  special  use  or  purpose ;  specifical- 
ly an  act  of  a  legislature  authorizing  money  to 
be  paid  from  the  treasury  for  a  special  use.— 
2.  Anything  appropriated  or  set  apart  for  a 
special  purpose,  as  money. 

The  specific  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  the 
mints  and  assay  offices  of  the  United  Sates  during :  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1888,  amounted  to  OgUMMI. 
Report  of  Sec.  of  the  Treasury,  1880, 1.  157. 

3f.  Acquisition;  addition. 

He  doth  nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse;  and  he  makes  it 
a  great  appropriation  to  his  own  ■**"to™ 
shoe  him  himself.  a""*-  M-  01  v.,  l.  a 

4  In  law:  (a)  The  annexing  or  setting  apart 
of  a  benefice  to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual 
corporation,  (b)  The  determining  to  which  of 
several  debts  a  sum  of  money  paid  shall  be  ap- 
plied. If  the  debtor  does  not  designate  the  appropria- 
tion, the  creditor  may;  if  neither  has  done  s,^  am  litiga  Uo  n 
arises,  the  court  may  do  it- Appropriation  bill,  a  egis- 
lative  bill  proposing  appropriations  of  money  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose,  as  for  carrying  on  some  department  of  gov- 

appropriative  (a-pro'pri-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appro- 
priate+-ive.]  Appropriating;  making  appro- 
priation; having  the  power,  tendency,  or  capa- 
bility of  appropriating. 

appropriator  (a^pro'pri-a-tor),  n.     [<  LL  as  it 

Kwpropriator,  <  appropnare,  appropriate.]    1. 

One  who  appropriates  or  takes  to  his  own  use. 

He  knew  very  well  that  he  was  the  .  .  -  appropriator  of 

£ilF;s "SEgftsSfsx 

2  In  eccles.  law,  one  who  is  possessed  of  an 
appropriated  benefice.     See  appropriate,  v.,  4. 

approprietaryt  (ap-ro-pri'e-ta-n),  ».  [Irreg.  < 
appropriate,  after  proprietary.]  Same  as  ap- 
propriator, 2.  , 

approvable  (a-pr5'va-bl),  a.  [<  approve1  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  approved;  meriting 
approbation. 

approvableness  (a-pro'va-bl-nes),  «.  [<  ap- 
provable +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
provable. 


approve 

approval  (a-pr8'val),  n.    [<  approve1  +  -al] 
The  act  of  approving;  approbation;  commen- 


dation  ;  Banefaon  ;  ratification 

A  censor         .  without  v.  1 m  roval  HO  capital  sen- 

!,,,,,    .  :,,.    I ■■  Mvub-d      >'.,-  II      I -■«<■■       lb  >    "     '■  oi'" 

He  was  tender.  Insinuating,  anxious  for  her  approval, 
eager  to  unfold  himself  to  her. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Hester,  mi. 

=  Syn    Approbation,  Approval  (see  approbation),  accept- 
ance, consent,  authorization.  ,.,.._,  - 
approvance  ( a-prS'vans),  n.  [<  <  >1< .  aprovance,  < 
'aprover:  see  approve1  and  -anee.]    The  act  of 
approving;  approbation.     [Archaic] 
The  people  standing  all  about, 
As  in  apliroettna;  dor  thereto  applaud. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion, 

approve1  (a-prov'),  »•!  l'fet.  and  pp.  approved 
(rarely  pp. "approven,  after  proven),  ppr.  approv- 
ing. '[Early  mod.  E.  also  approove,  <  ME.  apro- 
rni,  a  ppr,  arm,  aprrren,  iipprer,  it,  <  OF.  aprover, 
approver,  approvmr,  appreuver,  approber,  etc., 
F. appro,, ,;r  =  l'r.  Sp.  aprobar=Pg.  approvar  = 
It.  appro,;,,;,  <  L.  approbare,  adprobare,  assent 
to  as  good,  approve,  also  show  to  be  good,  con- 
firm, <  ad,  to,  +  probarc,  <  jirobus,  good:  see 
prove.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mako  good;  show  to 
be  real  or  true;  prove;  confirm;  attest;  cor- 
roborate. 

\\  hat  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text?         ... 

Shale.,  M.  of  V.,  in.  2. 

Wbuldst  thou  approve  thy  constancy?    Approve 
First  thy  obedience.  Mdi„„,  P.  L.,  ix.  367. 

The  Guardian  Angels  of  Paradise  are  described  as  re- 
turning to  Heaven  upon  the  Fall  of  Man,  in  order  to  ap- 
prove their  Vigilance.  Addison,  spectator,  No.  357. 

2.  To  show;  prove  to  be;  demonstrate. 
In  all  things  ye  have  approved  yourselves  to  he  clear  in 

this  matter.  2  Cor-  ™-  u" 

'Tis  an  old  lesson;  Time  approves  it  true.       . 

Byron,  t  bible  Harold,  u.  35. 

3.  To  sanction  officially;  ratify  authoritatively : 
as,  the  decision  of  the  court  martial  was  ap- 
proved. 

And  by  thy  coming  certainly  approve 

The  pledge  of  peace.    Ford,  Honour  Triumphant. 

4.  To  pronounce  good;  think  or  judge  well  of; 
admit  the  propriety  or  excellence  of ;  be  pleased 
with;  commend:  as,  on  trial  the  goods  were 
approved;  to  approve  the  policy  of  the  admin- 
istration. 

Yet  their  posterity  approve  their  sayings.      Ps.  xlix.  13. 
The  deed  which  closed  the  mortal  course  of  these  sove- 
reigns, I  shall  neither  approve  nor  condemn. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  82. 

She  wore  the  colours  I  approved. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

5.  To  manifest  as  worthy  of  approval;  com- 
mend :  used  reflexively. 

The  miracles  of  Christianity,  so  far  from  shocking  me, 

opproiie  themselves  at  once  to  my  intellect  and  my  heart. 

rc  Chanmng,  Perfect  Life,  p.  248. 

6.  To  put  to  the  test;  prove  by  trial;  try. 
Nav,  task  me  to  my  word;  approve  me,  lord. 

"  Shak.,  1  Hen.  1%.,  IV.  1. 

A  hundred  knights  with  Palamon  there  came, 
Awrov'd  in  light,  and  men  of  mighty  name. 
1F  Dryden,  Pal.  ami  Arc.,  1.  1299. 

Hence  —  7t.  To  convict  upon  trial  or  by  proof. 

He  that  is  approv'd  in  this  offence. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Approved  hUl  or  note,  in  com.,  a  bill  or  note  drawn  by  a 
solvent,  trustworthy  party,  and  to  which  therefore  no  rea- 
sonable objection  can  lie  made. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  show  itself  to  be;  prove  or 
turn  out.— 2.  To  think  or  judge  well  or  favor- 
ably ;  be  pleased :  usually  with  of. 

I  showed  you  a  piece  of  black  and  white  stuff,  just  sent 
from  the  dyer ;  which  you  were  pleased  to  approve  of  and 
be  my  customer  for.  Butyl. 

approve-  (a-prov'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
proved, ppr.  approving.  [The  form  approve 
(NL.  approbare,  approvare),  confused  with  ap- 
prove1, is  a  mod.  error,  due  to  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  earlier  forms;  prop.  approw,< 
late  ME.  approwe,  aprowe,  apron,.  <  OF.  aproer, 
approer,  apj,rou,r,  apprower  (>  ML.  approare, 
appruare,  and  later  appruvare,  approvare,  as 
above),  profit,  benefit,  improve,  <  a  (L.  ad),  to, 
+  pro,  prn,  prow,  preu,  earliest  form  prodQME. 
prow),  benefit,  advantage,  profit:  seejproJfA  and 
prowess.  By  a  change  of  prefix,  approve-  has 
become  improve,  q.  v.  Cf.  appair,  impair.]  In 
law,  to  turn  to  one's  own  profit;  augment  the 
value  or  profits  of,  as  of  waste  land,  by  inclos- 
ing and  cultivating;  improve. 

As  Ion"  iil'o  as  the  thirteenth  century  the  statute  of 
Merton  had  authorized  the  lords  of  manors  to  approve, 
that  is,  inclose  for  their  own  profit,  as  much  of  the  waste 
land  as  would  leave  enough  uninclosed  for  the  use  of  the 
commoners  F-  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  173. 


approvedly 

approvedly  (a-pr8'ved-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  gain  approval ;  to  an  approved  degree. 

approvement1  (a-pr8v'ment),  n.     [<  approve* 
+  -ment.]    It.  She  act  of  approving;  approba- 
tion; an  expression  of  assent  or  preference. 
I  did  nothing  without  3  nent.        Sayward. 

I  am  not  bound 

To  fancy  your  approvements,  i>ut  my  own. 

i\  Lover's  Melancholy,  i.  3. 

2.  In  laic,  the  act  nf  becoming  an  approver  or 
informer;  the  act  of  a  prisoner  who  confesses, 
and  arouses  his  accomplices;  the  act  of  turn- 
ing king's  or  state's  evidence. 

approvement-  (a-pr8v'ment),  n.  [Prop,  ap- 
provement (see  approve2),  '<  late  ME.  approwe- 
ment,  approment,  aprowement,  aproument,(.OF. 
aproement,  aprouement,  aprowt  rm  nt  (ML.  appro- 
vamenta,  appruviamenta,  approfiamenta,  pi.),  < 
aproer,  1  to.,  profit,  benefit,  improve:  see  ap- 
prove^ ;nu\-iurnt.  Now  improvement, q. v.]  In 
old  English  law:  (a)  The  improvement  by  the 
lord  of  a  manor  of  common  or  waste  lands  by 
inclosing  and  converting  them  to  his  own  use. 
(6)  The  profits  of  such  lands. 

approver1  (a-pro'ver),  n.  [ME.  *approvowr,  usu- 
ally provour,  only  in  def.  1;  <  approve1  +  -er1.] 

1.  One  who  approves  or  commends.  —  2.  One 
who  proves  or  offers  to  prove ;  specifically,  in 
law,  one  who  confesses  a  felony,  and  gives  evi- 
dence against  his  accomplice  or  accomplices; 
an  informer  and  accuser;  one  who  turns  king's 
or  state's  evidence. 

In  the  22  Edw.  III.  a  commission  was  issued  to  inquire 
into  (lie  practice  of  torturing  men  by  gaolers  to  compel 
them  to  become  approvers: 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  288,  note. 

approver'-^  (a-pro'ver),  n.  [Prop,  apprower 
(see  approve*),  <  ME.  apprower,  approwour,  ap- 
prouour,  <  AF.  aprouour,  OF.*aproeor  (ML.  ap- 
prouator,  appruator,  NL.  approbator),  <  aproer, 

etc.,  profit,  benefit :  see  approve2  and  -er.]  One 
who  manages  a  landed  estate  for  the  owner; 
a  bailiff  or  steward  nf  a  manor;  an  agent. 

approvingly  (a-pr8'ving-li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
mendatory manner;  in  such  a  way  as  to  imply 
approval. 

approximal  (a-prok'si-mal),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximus,  next,+  -al.  Cf.  approximate.']  Close- 
ly joined:  in  anat.,  used  with  reference  to  the 
contiguous  surfaces  of  adjoining  teeth. 

approximant  (a-prok'si-mant),  a.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proximan(t-)s,p^v.  of  approximate :  aeeapproxi- 
mate.]  Approaching  in  character;  approximat- 
ing.    [Rare.] 

Approximant  and  conformant  to  the  apostolical  and 
pure  primitive  church.        Sir  E.  Derinff,  Speeches,  p.  74. 

approximate  (a-prok'st-mat),  0. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
approximated,  ppr.  approximating.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proximatus,  pp.  of  approximate,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximarc,  come  near,  <  proximus  (for  * propsi- 
mus),  superl.  of  propc,  near:  see  proximate,  and 
cf.  approach.]  I.  trans.  To  carry  or  bring  near; 
advance  closely  upon;  cause  to  approach  in 
position,  quality,  character,  condition,  etc. 

To  approximate  the  inequality  of  riches  to  the  level  of 
nature.  Burke. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  near;  approach  closely; 
figuratively,  to  stand  in  intimate  relation;  be 
remarkably  similar. 

Itia  thetendency  of  every  dominant  system  .  .  .  toforce 
its  opponents  into  the  most  hostile  and  jealous  attitude, 
from  the  apprehension  which  they  naturally  feel,  lest,  in 
thosi  points  in  which  thej  approximate  towards  it,  they 
should  be  misinterpreted  and  overborne  by  its  authority. 
J.H.\  D  pelopment  of  Christ.  Doctrine,  Int. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mnt),  a.  [< LL. apjproxi- 

)K"tus,pp.:  see  the  verb.]  1.  Near  in  position; 
near  to;  close  together,    specifically  —  (a)  Inanat., 

applied  to  tei  Mi  irranged  in  the  jaw  that  there  is  no 

vacancy  between  them,  as  the  teeth  of  man.  (6)  In  t»d., 
said  of  leaves  or  other  organ    thai    tand  near  together. 

2.  Near  in  character;  very  similar:  as,  a  state- 
ment closely  approximati  to  a  falsehood. — 3. 

Nearly  approaching  accuracy  or  correctness; 
nearly  precise,  perfect,  or  complete:  as,  an  ap- 
proximate result ;  approximate  values. 

TheEngli  ink  among  the  more  mixed 

nations  ;    we  cannot   claim   tni  nate  purity  of 

Basques  and  Albanians.  1     1   Pn   man,  i Lects.tp.8S. 

Approximate  value  or  formula,  in  math.,  one  whl  h 
is  very  ni  arlj    bul  nof  exactly,  true. 

approximately  (ji-pi-ok'si-iiiftt-li),  ailr.     In  nn 
approximate  manner;  by  approximation  ;  aeai 
ly;  closely. 

approximation  (a-prok-si-ma'shon),  u.  [=F. 
appr  ,<LIj.  approxvmare :  Bee  approxi- 

mate, v.]  1.  The  act  of  approximating;  adraw- 
ing,  moving,  or  advancing  near  in  space,  posi- 
tion, degree,  or  relation;  approach;  proximity. 


280 

The  largest  capacity  and  the  most  noble  dispositions  are 
bul  aii  approximation  to  the  proper  .standard  and  true 
symmetry  of  human  nature.  Is.  Taylor. 

Not  directly,  but  b\  suet  essive  rtj>proximntit>ns,  do  man- 

kind  ie:i  1 :  conclusions. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  147. 

2.  In  math,  anclphys. :  (a)  A  continual  approach 
to  a  true  result ;  the  process  by  which  the  value 
of  a  quantity  is  calculated  with  continually  in- 
creasing exactness  without  ever  being  actually 
ascertained.  (/»)  A  result  so  obtained;  a  result 
which  is  not  rigorously  exact,  but  is  so  near  the 
truth  as  to  be  sufficient  for  a  given  purpose. — 
Horner's  method  of  approximation  (named  for  its 
inventor,  W\  Gr.  Homer,  died  1837),  a  method  of  solving  nu- 
merical equations,  tile  most  salient  features  of  which  are 
that  each  approximate  value  is  obtained  from  the  last  by 
Taylor's  theorem,  and  that  the  coefficients  of  the  devel- 
opment are  calculated  by  a  certain  systematic  procedure. 

approximative  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv),  a.  [=F. 
approximate/,  <  LL.  as  if  *approximatimis,  <  ap- 
proximare :  see  approximate.']  Approaching; 
coming  near,  as  to  some  state  or  result. 

approximatively  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  approximative  manner;  approximately. 

appui,  appuy  (ap-we'),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
puied,  appuyed,  ppr.  appuy  ing.  [<  F.  appuy  er, 
OF.  apuyer,  apouier,  apoier,  =  It.  appoggiare 
(see  appoggiato),  <  ML.  appodiarc,  support, 
prop,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  support,  a  bal- 
cony, etc.,  >  F.  pui,  puy,  a  hill  {appuye,  a  bal- 
cony), =  It.  poggio,  a  hill,  bluff,  formerly  also  a 
horse-block,  etc.:  see  podium.]  To  support; 
unlit.,  to  post,  as  troops,  at  a  point  of  support. 

appui  (ap-we'),  11.  [F.,  a  support,  prop,  <  ap- 
puyer,  support:  see  appui,  v.]  It.  A  support, 
stay,  or  prop. 

If  a  vine  be  to  climb  trees  that  are  of  any  great  height, 
there  would  be  stays  and  appuiee  set  to  it. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  I.  538. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  reciprocal  action  between 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  hand  of  the 
rider,  the  bit  and  rein  forming  the  line  of  com- 
munication: thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitive 
mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  rider  if  his  hand 
is  good. — Point  d'appui  (pwan  dap-we'),  point  of  sup- 
port; basis;  milit.,  a  fixed  point  at  which  troops  form,  and 
on  which  operations  are  based. 

appulse  (ap'uls  or  a-puls'),  n.  [<  L.  appulsus, 
adpulsus,  driving  to,  a  landing,  approach,  <  ap- 
pulsus. adpulsus,  pp.  of  appellere,  adpellere, 
drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  pellerc,  drive :  see  pulse,  and 
cf.  impulse,  repulse.]  1.  The  act  of  striking 
against  or  driving  upon  something;  active  or 
energetic  approach.  [Rare.] 
In  all  consonants  there  is  an  appulse  of  the  organs. 

Holder. 

2.  In  astron.,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
conjunction  with  the  sun  or  a  star. —  3f.  A 
coming  to  land,  as  of  a  vessel :  as,  "the  appulse 
of  the  ark,"  J.  Bryant,  Mythol.,  II.  412. 

appulsion  (a-pul'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *appul- 
sio(n-),  <  appulsus:  see  appulse.]  The  act  of 
striking  against;  collision;  concussion;  shock. 

appulsive  (a-pul'siv),  a.  [<  L.  appulsus:  see 
appulse  and  -ive.]  Striking  against;  impin- 
ging: as,  the  appulsive  influence  of  the  planets. 

appulsively  (a-pul'siv-li),  adv.     By  appulsion. 

appurtenance  (a-per'te-nans),  «.  [Also,  less 
commonly,  appertenance,  apperUnence,  and, 
with  immediate  dependence  on  the  verb,  ap- 
pertainance,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  appertenaunee,  ap- 
partenaunee,  but  earlier  and  usually  appur- 
tenaunee,  ajijuirtennuuce,  ajittrtenattnee,  apor- 
tenaunce,  <  AF.  apurtenanee,  OF.  apertenanee, 
apartenance  =  Pr.  apartenensa  =  It.  upparte- 
nema,  <  ML.  appertenentia,  <  LL.  appertinere, 
belong  to,  appertain:  see  appertain,  appurte- 
nant, and  -auce.]  1.  The  act,  state,  or  fact  of 
appertaining. — 2.  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs to  something  else;  something  belonging 
to  another  thing  as  principal;  an  adjunct  :  an 
appendage;  an  accessory:  as,  ••appurtenances 
of  majesty,"  Barrow,  Sermons,  HI.  xiv. 
The  Pope  with  ids  appertinences  the  Prelates. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  42. 
Revolutions  upon  revolutions,  each  al  tended  by  its  ap- 

purtenam t  proscriptions,  and  persecutions,  and  tests. 

Maeaulay,  Sallam's Const.  Hist. 

3.  Specifically,  in  tout,  a  right,  privilege,  or  im- 
provement belonging  to  a  principal  property, 
as  a  right  of  pasture  in  a  common  attached 
in  nn  estate,  outhouses,  gardens,  etc.,  attached 
to  a  mansion,  and  the  like. 

appurtenancet  (a-per'te-nans),  v.  t.  [<  appur- 
tinauee.  ».]  To  furnish  with  by  way  of  appur- 
tenance; supply  or  equip. 

The  buildings  are  antient,  large,  strong,  and  fair,  and 
appertenanceit  with  the  necessaries  of  w 1,  water,  fish- 
ing, parks,  and  mills.           1{.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 


apricot 

appurtenant  (a-per'te-nant),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
written,  less  commonly,  appertinent;  <  ME. 
a/ipertenaiit,  a  pertinent,  appniieiiaunt,  apurte- 
iiant,  etc.,  <  Oi\  apertenant,  apartenant,X  LL. 
ajipi  rlineii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  appertinere,  belong  to, 
appertain:  see  appertain  and  -</»/',  and  cf.  ap- 
purti  iiaiiec.]  I,  a.  Appertaining  or  belonging; 
pertaining ;  incident  or  relating  to,  as  a  legal 
right,  interest,  or  property  subsidiary  to  one 
more  valuable  or  important. 

Right  of  way  .  .  .  appurtenant  to  land. 

Blackstone,  Commentaries,  ii.  3. 

A  part  [of  land  common  to  a  tribe]  is  allotted  in  a  spe- 
cial way  to  the  chief,  as  appurtenant  to  Ins  office,  and 
descends  from  chief  to  chief  according  to  a  special  rule  of 
succession.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

Common  appurtenant.    See  common,  n. 

II.  n.  A  thing  appertaining  to  another  more 

important  thing ;  an  appurtenance ;  a  belonging. 

appuy,  v.  t.     See  appui. 

aprankt  (a-prank'J,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [< 

03  +  prank.]     In  ostentatious  or  impertinent 

fashion. 

To  set  the  arms  a-gambo  and  a-prank. 

J.  llutu-er,  Chironomia  (1644),  p.  104. 

apraxia  (a-prak'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-n-paijia, 
not  doing,  non-action,  <  anpaKroe,  not  doing, 
not  to  be  done,  <  a-  priv.  +  irpaKTdr,  verbal  adj. 
of  Trpdaueiv,  do :  see  practice, praxis.]  In  pathol., 
loss  of  the  knowledge  of  the  uses  of  things. 

apresst,  v.  t.    An  old  form  of  ojyress.    Chaucer. 

apricate  (ap'ri-kat),  v.  [<  L.  aprieatus,  pp.  of 
apricari,  bask  in  the  sun,  <  apricus,  open  to  the 
sun,  sunny,  prob.  <  *aperieus,  <  aperire,  open : 
see  aperient,  and  cf.  April.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bask  in  the  sim.     Boyle.     [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  expose  to  sunlight.  De  Quincey. 
[Rare.] 

aprication  (ap-ri-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ~L.  aprica- 
tin(u-),  <  apricari:  see  apricate.]  The  act  of 
basking  in  the  sim;  exposure  to  sunlight. 
Cockeram.     [Rare.] 

The  luxury  and  benefit  of  aprication,  or  immersion  in 
the  sunshine  bath.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  209. 

apricityt  (a-pris'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  apricitas,  <  apri- 
cus, sunny:  see  apricate.]  The  warmness  of 
the  sim  in  winter.     Cockeram. 

apricockt,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  apricot. 

apricot  (a'pri-kot  or  ap'ri-kot),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  aprieote,  aprecott,  abricot,  ahricote,  abri- 
coct,  etc.,  with  term,  after  F.  abricot,  also,  and 
earlier,  apricuck,  aprccuek,  aprieok,  abrecock, 
abrecok,  etc.  (cf.  D.  abrikuos,  I)an.  abrikos,  Sw. 
aprikos,  G.  aprikose),  <  Pg.  albricoque  =  Sp.  al- 
baricoquc,  OSp.  albarcoque,  albercoque,  etc.,  = 
It.  tdbercocca,  albicocca  (the  forms  in  apr-,  as 
in  E.,  G.,  etc.,  being  due  perhaps  to  a  fancied 
connection  with  L.  apricus,  sunny  (so  ex- 
plained by  Minsheu:  "  q[uasi]  in  aprico  coc- 
tus,"  ripened  in  a  sunny  place) :  see  apricate),  < 
Ar.  al-birquq,  al-burqiiq,  apricot,  <  al,  the,  and 
burtptq,  <  Gr.  irpaiKOKtov,  pi.  ivpatkdKia  (Dioscori- 
des),  later  n-penotuaa,  fJepacdiuaa  (whence formerly 
in  It.  berricocche.  pi. — Minsheu),  <  "L.  pmeoqua, 
apricots,  neut.  pi.  of  preeeoguus,  a  form  of  pne- 
cox,  early  ripe,  precocious,  <  pra;  beforehand, 
+  coqucre,  cook :  see  precocious  and  cook1.  The 
vernacular  Ar.  name  is  mishmish,  nmshmush,  > 
Pers.  mishmish;  Hind,  kliiibdui.]     A  roundish, 


Apricot  i  Prunui  A 


pubescent,  orange-colored  fruit,  of  a  rich  aro- 
matic flavor,  tho  produce  of  a  tree  of  the  plum 
kind,  I'runus  Armeuiaea,  natural  order  Rosacea:. 
Its  specific  name  is  due  to  the  belief  that  it  is  a  native  of 
Armenia,  but  it  is  now  supposed  to  be  of  Chinese  origin. 


It  grows  wild  in  tin 

Inees  of  India,  where  its  fruit  is  gathered  in  great  quant) 
ties,  it  was  introduced  into  England  in  1524lby  the  garden- 
er of  Henry  \  III.  The  tree  rises  to  the  height  or  from  16 
to  20  and  even  80  » *-*•  t ,  ami  its  fiowers  appear  before  its 
leaves.  Ill  cultivation  it  is  often  propagated  by  budding 
upon  plum-stocks.  There  is  a  considerable  number  of  va 
rictics,  some  of  them  with  sweet  kernels  which  may  l>e 
eaten  like  almonds.  The  wild  apricot  of  the  West  [ndies 
is  tin'  Vammea  Americana;  that  of  Guiana,  the  Courov 
/,it«  Qutanensis,     Formerly  also  spelled  apricock. 

April  (a'pril),  ».  [<  ME.  April,-,  Aprille,  etc. 
(AS.  rarely  Aprelis),  also  and  earlier  Aoeril, 
Avcrel,  Avcnjlle,  <  OF.  Avrill,  F.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Vg.  Abril  =  It.  Aprils  =  D.  April  =  MHG. 
Aprille,  Abrille,  Abrclle,  Aprill,  <«.  April  =  Dan. 
Sw.  April,  <  L.  Aprilis  (so.  mensis,  month), 
April;  usually,  but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if 
<  "aperilix,  <  aperire,  open,  as  the  month  when 
the  earth  'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits:  see 
aperient.]  The  fourth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
taining thirty  days.  With  poets,  April  is  the  type  of 
inconstancy,  from  the  changcablcness  of  its  weather.— 
April  fool.    See/ooH. 

a  priori  (a  pii-6'ri).  [L.,  from  something  prior 
or  going  "before:  a  for  ah,  from;  priori,  abl.  of 
prior,  neut.  prius,  preceding:  see  prior,  a.] 
From  the  former;  from  that  which  precedes; 
hence,  from  antecedent  to  consequent,  from  con- 
dition to  conditioned,  or  from  cause  to  effect. 
Since  the  fourteenth  century,  the  phrase  demonstratio  o 
priori  (first  found  in  Albert  of  Saxony,  died  loUU)  has 
been  commonly  employed,  instead  of  the  earlier  expres- 
sion demonstratio  propter  quid,  to  mean  proof  proceeding 
from  causes  or  first  principles:  opposed  to  demonstratio 
a  posteriori,  ovdeinoustnitio  quia,  which  proceeds  from  ef- 
fect to  cause,  and  simply  proves  the  fact  without  show- 
ing why  it  must  he  as  it  is.  In  the  eighteenth  century  de- 
monstratio a  priori  was  applied  to  reasoning  from  a  given 
notion  to  the  conditions  which  such  notion  involves.  But 
since  Kant,  a  prion,  used  as  an  adjective  and  frequently 
placed  before  the  noun,  has  been  applied  to  cognitions 
which,  though  they  may  come  to  us  in  experience,  have 
their  origin  in  the  nature  of  the  mind,  and  are  independent 
of  experience. 

Demonstration  is  perfect,  when  it  proceedeth  from  the 
proper  cause  to  the  effect,  called  of  the  scholemen,  d 
priore.  BlundevUle,  Arte  of  Logicke  (1599),  vi.  19. 


apse-chapel 

II.  "•    Opportune:    seasonable;    to  the  pur- 


apricot  281 

Himalayas  and  Northwestern  Prov-  apron  (a'prun or  a'pern),  n.    [Early mod. E.  also 

apern,  apurn,  earlier  napron,  whence,  by  jnisdi- 
viding  "  napron  as  on  apron,  the  loss  of  initial 
a,  ;isin  Hilling  niii/rr,  orange,  (inch,  umpire,  etc., 
<  ME.  iiii/irnii.  naprvm,  naprotme,  naperonn,  < 
OF.  naperon  (F.  napperori),  <  nape,  nappe  (F. 
nappe,  a  cloth,  table-cloth),  <  L.  mappa,  a 
cloth:  see  napery,  napkin,  and  mop.]  1.  A 
piece  of  apparel  made  in  various  ways  for  cov- 
ering the  front  of  the  person  more  or  less  com- 
pletely. It  is  ordinarily  used  while  at  work  to  keep  the  • Pnanmia  uti-to-ho'to-SI  h  TNL  <  Gr 
clothes  clean  or  protect  them  from  injury,  for  which  pur-  aprosopia  U]  a;;  n.     \_au.,\\ 

cotton  or  linen,  or  for  blacksmiths, 


pose;  pertinent;  happy:  as,  an  apropos  remark. 

III.  "■  Pertinency.     |  Bare,  | 
Aprosmictus  (ap-ros-mik'tus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

u -/ion////, roe,  not  associating,  isolated,  <  «-  priv. 
+  *Trpoo/uicroc,  verbal  adj.  of  poi  yvvvat,  mingle 
with,  associate,  <  -///«,  by,  with,  +  uiyvbvai, 
mingle,  mix:  seo  mix.]  A  genus  of  parra- 
keets.  It  includes  i  -  rythroptt  rus,  the  red-winged  par- 
rakeet  of  Australia,  anil  .1.  ScaptdatUS,  tile  kinu  parralo  1 
i.\  some  the  name  is  giv<  n  to  a  subgenus  of  Platycercus. 


pose  it  is  made  of 

shoemakers,  etc.,  of  leather.  Aprons  of  silk  or  other  fine 
material  are  sometimes  worn  by  ladies  asanarticleof  dress 
or  for  ornament.  An  apron  is  also  part  of  certain  official 
costumes,  as  that  of  an  English  bishop,  ami  thai  of  free- 
masons and  of  members  of  other  secret  or  friendly  societies. 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  apron  in  shape  or 
use.  (o)  The  leather  covering  used  to  protect  the  lower 
part  of  the  person  while  riding  in  an  open  carriage,  (b)  A 
rectangular  sheet  of  lead  with  a  em ij.al  projection  on  the 
under  side,  used  to  cover  the  vent  in  heavy  guns  and  field- 
pieces.  Also  called  cap.  (c)  A  platform  or  flooring  of 
plank  at  the  entrance  of  a  dock;  the' sill.  (</)  In  carp., 
the  sill  or  lower  part  of  a  window.  (.  i  A  strip  el  lead 
which  directs  the  drip  of  a  wall  into  a  gutter.  (/I  A  piece 
of  leather  or  boarding  Used  (,,  em  id  net  I mo\  ing  mate- 
rial past  an  opening,  as  grain  iti  a  separator,  (/  Sheets 
of  lead,  or  flashing,  placed  about  skylights  and  at  the  in- 
tersection of  dormer  windows  with  the  roof.  (//)  The  fat 
skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose.  [Provincial.!  (0  lit 
zool.,  the  abdomen  of  the  brachyurous  or  short-tailed 
decapod  crustaceans,  as  crabs:  so  called  because  it  is 
folded  under  ami  closely  applied  to  the  thorax.  Its  width 
and  general  shape  often  distinguish  the  sexes. 

3.  In  ship-carp.,  a  piece  of  curved  timber 
placed  in  a  ship  just  above  the  foremost  end 
of  the  keel,  to  join  together  the  several  pieces 
of  the  stem.  Also  called  stomach-piece.  See 
cut  under  stem. —  4.  In  mech.,  the  piece  that 
holds  the  cutting-tool  of  a  plane. —  5.  Any 
device  for  protecting  a  surface  of  earth  from 
the  action  of  moving  water.  Examples  of  such 
devices  are:  (a)  a  mattress  of  brushwood  and  logs  an- 
chored with  stones,  to  protect  river-banks  from  the  action 
of  the  current ;  (u)  the  planking  or  logs  placed  at  the  base 
of  a  sea-wall,  to  protect  it  from  the  scour  of  the  waves ; 
(c)  the  platform  which  receives  the  water  that  falls  over 
a  dam  or  through  a  sluice. 

t.     [<  apron,  ».] 


o-wttoc,  without  a  face,  <  a-  priv.  +  Trporsuirov, 
face.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of  tho  greater  part 
of  the  face,  duo  to  arrested  development  of  the 
mandibular  arch. 

aproterodont  (ap-ro-ter'o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  jrpoVepoc,  in  front,  +  bSom  [oSovt-]  =E. 
tooth.]  In  herpet,  having  no  front  teeth:  ap- 
plied to  I  he  dentition  of  serpents  whose  inter- 
maxillaries  are  toothless. 

aps  (aps),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  asp1,  q.  v.]  A 
common  name  for  white-poplar  wood,  used  for 
toys,  etc.     [Eng.] 

apse  (aps),  n.  [<  L.  apsis,  in  tho  architectural 
sense,  as  in  definition:  see  apsis.]  1.  In  arch.: 
(a)  Strictly,  any  recess,  or  the  termination 
of  a  building,  of  semicircular  plan,  covered 
by  a  semicircular  vault  or  semi-dome;  hence, 
a  similar  feature  of  polygonal  plan,  (b)  In 
ordinary  use,  the  termination  of  the  choir  or 


Thus  when  we  argue  from  the  ideas  we  have  of  immeu- 
sity,  eternity,  necessary  existence,  and  the  like,  that  such 
perfections  can  reside  but  in  one  being  and  thence  con-  apron  "(Vprim  or"  a'pern),  r. 

elude  that  there  can  be  but  one  supreme  God,  .  .  .  tlnsis     £„".<-__ .    f„.„,;„i 

an  argument  a  priori,  Clarke. 

General  truths,  which  at  the  same  time  bear  the  charac- 
ter of  an  inward  necessity,  must  lie  independent  of  experi- 
ence—  clear  and  certain  by  themselves.  They  are  there- 
fore called  a  priori,  while  that  which  is  simply  taken  from 
experience  is  said  to  be,  in  ordinary  parlance,  known  a 
posteriori  or  empirically  only. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  tr.  by  Max  Midler. 

As  used  in  a  psychological  sense,  knowledge  a  posteriori 
is  a  synonym  for  knowledge  empirical,  or  from  experience ; 
and,  consequently,  is  adventitious  to  the  mind,  as  subse- 
quent to,  and  in  consequence  of,  the  exercise  of  its  facul- 
ties of  observation.  Knowledge  a  priori,  on  the  contrary, 
called  likewise  native,  pure,  or  transcendental  knowledge, 
embraces  those  principles  which,  as  the  condition  of  the 
exercise  of  its  faculties  of  observation  and  thought,  are, 
consequently,  not  the  result  of  that  exercise.  True  it  is 
that,  chronologically  considered,  our  a  priori  is  not  ante- 
cedent to  our  a  posteriori  knowledge ;  for  the  internal  con 


To  put  an  apron  on ;   furnish  with  an  apron ; 
cover  as  witn  an  apron. 

The  cobbler  aproned  and  the  parson  gowned. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  197. 

aproneert  (a-prun-er'),  n.  [<  apron  +  -eer.] 
One  who  wears  an  apron;  a  tradesman  or  shop- 
man; a  mechanic:  as,  "some  surly  ajironeer," 
Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  I'::*. 

apron-lining  (a'prun-li"ning),  n.     In  joinery, 

the  piece  of  boarding  which  covers  the  rough  Apse.-DuomoofPisa.iuiy. 

apron-piece  of  a  staircase.  ,        ,  .     ,     .     .„  .. 

apron-man  (a'prun-man),  n.    A  man  who  wears     sanctuary  of  any church, _  particularly_ii_it_pre- 
an  apron;    a  laboring   man   or  workman;   a 


waiter  or  bar-tender. 

You  have  made  good  work, 
You,  and  your  apron-men.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

ditions  of  experience  can  only  operate  when  an  object  of  arjron-piece  (a'prun-pes),  n.     In  joinery,  a  piece 
experience  has  been  presented.  Sir  W.  Hamilton.     *J  tini£ei.  nxed  into  a  wall  and  projecting  hori- 

zontally, to   support  the   carriage-pieces  and 
joistings  in  the  half-spaces  or  landing-places 


Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

A  priori  philosopher,  a  philosopher  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  priori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense  of  the 
term ;  an  apriorist. 

apriorism  (a-pri-o'rizm),  n.    [<  a  priori,  as  adj. 


of  a  staircase.    Also  called pitching-piece. 


IU1UMU1U  v^-Mn  e>   iiiuiy,  lb.      i  \  it  ///  ii//  (,  art  cm  i. ,        —  _,.  -     T  7  „„11 

*  -ism.]     1.  A  principle  assumed  as  if  known  apron-roll    (a  prun-rol),  n.     In  much.,  a  roll 


.    .    .   pure  unproved   as 
The  American,  VIII.  ion. 


which  gives   motion  to  or  which  supports  a 
traveling  apron. 

The  upward  movement  of  the  drum  prevents  the  skin 
from  being  carried  around  the  inner  apron-roll. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  315. 

apron-squiret,  »•   Same  as  apple-squire.  Nashe. 
(X.  E.  V.) 
15?J!1  apron-String  (a'prun-string),  )(.     A  string  by 


a  priori:  used  in  a  depreciatory  sense 

Unwarrantable  a-priorisiiis, 
sumptions. 

2.  A  priori  reasoning,  as  characteristic  of  a 
phase  of  thought  or  of  a  thinker. 

apriorist  (a-pri-6'rist),  n.  [<  a  priori,  as  adj., 
t  -ist.  ]  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of 
a  priori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense 

term.     See  a  priori.  Apron-string  hold,  in  ?«//'.  a  tenure  of  property  through 

This  will  be  disputed  by  the  apriorists.  one's  wife,  or  during  her  lifetime  alone.— To  be  tied  to  a 

G.  H.  Lewes,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  182.  woman's  apron-strings,  to  be  bound  to  her  as  a  child 

.      .....       _-     .   ,,.,  .  n       .  is  bound  to  its  mother ;  be  unable  to  break  away  from  her 

apnoriStlC  (a-pn-o-ns  tli),  a.     1.  A  priori. —  control  or  influence ;  be  kept  subservient  to  her  caprice. 
2.  Having  something  of  an  a  priori  character:  apropos  (ap-ro-po'),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.    [<  F.  a  pro- 
as, aprioristic  reasoning  or  tendencies.    [Rare.]  r,og)  to  the  purpose :   a,  to,  with  reference  to, 

apriority  (5-prI-or'i-ti),  n.    [<  a  priori  +  -ity.]  <  l.  ad,  to;  propos,  purpose,  <  L.  propositum, 

In  philos.,  the  character  of  being  underived  from  a  thing  proposed:   see  purpose  and  propose.] 

experience,  or  of  being  a  priori.  j_  adv.  1.  To  the  purpose;  opportunely;  sea- 


sents  a  superficial  resemblance  to  an  apse  in 
the  stricter  sense,  in  that  it  is  at  least  axiproxi- 
mately  semicircular  in  plan,  and  vaulted  :  com- 
monly equivalent  to  chevet,  and  applied  to  the 
altar  "extremity  of  a  church,  even  if  of  rectan- 
gular plan  and  not  vaulted,  and  including  the 
apse-aisles,  chapels,  and  any  other  adjunct  to 
the  ritual  east  end  of  a  church.  The  apse  in  its 
origin  was  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  ancient  Roman 
basilica,  in  which  it  formed  the  raised  tribune  for  the  court 
magistrates.   The  throne  of  the  queestor  or  presiding  judge 

si I  in  the  center  of  the  chord  of  the  are  of  the  apse. 

When  the  basilicas  became  Christian  churches,  the  throne 
was  replaced  by  the  high  altar,  which  still  occupies  this 
position  in  Latin  churches  of  the  strict  basilica  type,  and 
has  regularly  kept  it  in  Oriental  churches.  Some  types  of 
church  regularly  have  secondary  apses  in  other  positions 
than  at  the  eastern  end.  as  at  the  western  end,  at  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  transepts  or  of  aisles,  etc.  See  cuts  under 
basilica  and  bema.  Also  apsis. 
2.  In  astron.,  same  as  apsis. 


which  an  apron  is  attached  to  the  person. —  apse-aisle  (aps'il),  n.     An  aisle  which  extends 

around  an  apse,  continuing  the  lateral  aisles 
of  the  choir,  or  choir-aisles. 


Aprocta  (a-prok'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
iipnictus:  see  aproctous. J  One  of  two  divisions 
of  the  Turbellaria,  in  which  the  digestive  cavity 
is  crecal,  having  no  anal  aperture  :  contrasted 
with  Procliicliii.    See  cut  under  Vcndroemla. 

aproctous  (a-prok'tus),  a.  [<  NL.  aproetus,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  jr/wj/erof,  anus.]  Having  no  anus; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  Aprocta. 

The  aproctous  condition,  which  persists  in  most  of  the 
Platyhelminthes,  is  passed  through  by  these  forms  at  an 
early  stage  in  development. 

Oegenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  162. 


sonably.— 2.  With  reference  or  regard;  in  re- 
spect: followed  by  /;/'. 

Suddenly,  and  .'/  propos  •<(  nothing,  asking  him  how  it 
was  possible  for  a  man  to  have  three  godmothers. 

H\  Black,  Shandon  Bells,  xxxiii. 

3.  With  reference  to  that  (a  tiling  just  men- 
tioned);  by  the  way:  used  absolutely,  to  intro- 
duce an  incidental  observation. 

Mr.  Brown  is  now  busy  upon  his  work.  Apropos,  I 
heard  very  lately  that  my  friend  was  the  author  of  that 
fine  little  pamphlet  that  has  so  irretrievably  spoiled  the 

credit  and  sale  of  that  vain  simple  1 k  of  Weston's. 

Warburton,  To  llurd,  Letter  xvii. 


Apse-aisie.—  Original  plan  of  Notre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paris. 

apse-chapel  (aps'chap'el),  ».    A  chapel  open- 
ing upon  an  apse  or  apse-aisle. 


apselaphesis 

apselaphesis  (ap-sel-a-fe'sis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  .    fooling,  <  fi/'/.wpiii;  fool, 

grope,  touch,  connected  with  ijiipr,  touch,  rub.] 
In  pathol.,  diminution  or  loss  of  tactile  sensi- 
bility. 

apsidal  (ap'si-dal),  a.  [<  apsis  (apsid-)  +  -al.~] 
1.  In  aft roii.,  pertaining  to  the  apsides.  See 
apsis. —  2.  In  arch.,  of  or  relating  to  an  apse; 
of  the  nature  or  form  of  an  apse  :  terminating 
in  an  apse. 

The  pr.it lu-sis  and  diaconicon  [in  Armenian  churches]  are 

never  apsidal  mi  the  outside,  and  seldom  sunn  tiie  inside. 

J.  M.  Scale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  174. 

Apsidal  chapel,  (a)  A  chapel  terminating  in  an  apse. 
(I,)  An  apse-chapel.— Apsidal  surface,  in  mafA.,  a  sur- 
face related  to  anv  other  sin  fare  and  to  any  point  as  Fres- 
nel's  wave-surface  is  related  to  the  quadric  surface  and 
to  its  center;  that  is  to  say,  mi  each  plane  section  of  an 
original  surface  through  a  certain  fixed  point  the  radii 
from  that  point  which  cut  the  section  orthogonally  are 
taken,  and  distances  equal  to  these  radii  are  measured  oft 
from  the  fixed  point  on  the  perpendicular  to  the  section  ; 
then  the  locus  oi  the  extremities  of  these  lines  so  mea- 
sured is  the  apsidal  surface. 
apsidally  (ap'si-dal-i),  arte.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  an  apse  ;  -with  an  apse. 

In  this  difficulty  the  architect  hit  upon  the  happy  ex- 
pedient of  finishing  the  roof  westwards  apsidally. 

Dean  Bowson,  Handbook  of  Chester  Cathedral,  p.  40. 

apsides,".    Plural  of  apsis. 
apsidiole  (ap-sid'i-61),  «.     [P.,  commonly  eibsi- 
diole,  <  NL.  *apsidiola,  dim.  of  L.  apsis  (apsid-), 

apse.]  A  small  apse  ;  a  secondary  apse,  as  one 
of  the  apses  on  either  side  of  the  central  or 


I  r 


:iss=_  ■    j- 


(M>  ''p-M 


■ 


Apteryx    * 

irfreaBai,  irrijvai,  fly),  +  Svrnc,  diver,  <  ovuv, 
dive,  sink.]  A  genus  of  penguins,  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family  Sphenistidce,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Aptenodytidce,  but  now 
usually  restricted  to  two  large  species,  the  em- 
peror and  lung  penguins,  A.  imperator  and  A. 
rex,  oiA.forsteri  and  .1.  pennanti,  distinguished 
from  all  others  by  their  great  size  and  long, 
slender,  somewhat  curved  bill.  Both  were  for- 
merly called  the  great  or  Patagonia  penguin, 
A.  patachonica.  Also  Aptenodyta  and  Aptero- 
dyta. 

Aptenodytidae  (ap"te-no-dit'i-de),  n.pl.   [NL., 
<  Aptenodytes  +  -ida'.]    A  family  of  birds,  the 


penguins,  named  from  the  genus  Aptenodytes: 
able;T^efy7a^neat  on~moistlan<fis"ap«    synonymous  with  Sphentecidaii which  see), 
5  blast  or  be  winter-killed.  Aptera   (ap  te-ra,),  n.  pi.  _  [NL.  «  &r.  an 


282 

The  hands  that  havi  grasped  dominion  and  held  it  have 
been  large  and  lend:  those  from  which  it  has  slipped, 
delicate,  and  apt  for  the  lyre  and  the  pencil. 

Lowell,  fireside  Travels,  p.  251. 

2.  Suited  to  its  purpose ;  apposite;  pertinent; 
appropriate;  becoming:  as,  an  apt  metaphor. 

Such  apt  and  gracious  words. 
That  aged  ears  plaj  truani  ai  his  tales, 
Ami  younger  hearings  arc  quite  ravished. 

Shak.,  I..  L.  I..,  ii.  1. 
Expert 
In  fitting  aptest  words  to  things. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lxxv. 
Ludicrous  yet  apt  citations 
Of  barbarous  law  Latin. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

3.  Having  a  tendency ;  naturally  susceptible ; 
Ii    " 
to 

It  [the  harbor]  is  gay  with  hundreds  of  small  boats,  .  .  . 
apt  to  be  painted  green  and  adorned  with  pictures. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  1S5. 

4.  Inclined;  predisposed;  disposed  customa- 
rily; prone;  ready :  as,  one  who  is  too  apt  to 
slander  others. 

'Tis  time  my  liard-mouth'd  coursers  to  control, 
Apt  to  run  riot,  and  transgress  the  goal. 

Dryden,  Pythag.  Philos.,  1.  CO!). 
What  makes  you  thoughtless  in  your  conduct,  and  apt  to 
run  into  a  thousand  little  imprudences? 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

5.  Beady;  prompt;  quick;  unusually  intelli- 
gent; expert;  facile:  as,  a  pupil  apt  to  learn; 
an  apt  wit. 

Strong,  supple,  sinew-corded,  apt  at  arms. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 
An  apt  taster  knows  which  wine  has  the  novel  flavor. 
Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  2S9. 

6.  Prepared;  ready;  willing. 

Live  a  thousand  years, 
I  shall  not  find  myself  so  apt  to  die. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  1. 

The  paymaster  and  the  attorney  stood  at  hand  apt  with 

suggestions.  C.  J.  Bellamy,  The  Breton  Mills,  xiv. 

7\.  Capable  of  easy  explanation;  natural; 
credible. 

That  Cassio  loves  her,  I  do  well  believe  it ; 

That  she  loves  him,  'tis  apt,  and  of  great  credit. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
=  Svn   1.  Apt,  Fit.     "The  words  apt  and  fit  might  be  apteria,  »■     Plural  of  ap terium. 
thought  to  dirter  only  in  this,  that  the  former  is  of  Latin   apterial   (ap-te'ri-al),  a.       [<   apterium  +  -al.] 
derivation;  but  apt  has  an  active  sense,  and  fit  a  passive      f  n      nprf,,  initio-  to  an  ariterimn    or  to  an- 

sense  -a  distinction  clearly  shown  by  Shakspere,  when     *u  oimtli.,  pertaining  to  an  aptenuiu,  oi  to  ap 
the  poisoner  in  the  play  in  Hamlet  says,  'hands  apt,  drugs     teria.  ...... 

fit,'  and  by  Wordsworth :'  Our  hearts  more  apt  to  sympa-  apterium    (ap-te  n-um).    II. ;    pi.    apteria   (-a), 
thize  with  heaven,  our  souls  more  fit ;for  future  glory."'    11.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aizrepoc,  without  feathers:  see  ap 


airrepa, 
animals  without  wings,  airrepov,  the  class  of 
such  animals — Aristotle),  neut.  pi.  of  apterits, 
<  Gr.  avTcpoc,  wingless :  see  apterous."}  In  sobl., 
a  group  to  which  various  limits  have  been  .as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the 
seventh  and  last  order  of  Insecta,  including  "  insects"  with- 
out wings,  that  is,  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  myriapods, 
etc.  In  1795  it  was  divided  by  Latreille  into  seven  or- 
ders: Suctoria,  Thyswnura,  Parasita,  Acephala,  Entomoi- 
traca,  Crustacea,  aiid  Mi/riiipvda.  (/.)  In  Latreille's system 
of  classification  (1817),  the  fourth  of  nine  orders  of  Insecta, 
including  "wingless  forms  without  gnathites,"  and  con- 
taining only  the  fleas  ;  the  Suctoria  of  De  Geer,  the  Sipho- 
naptera  of  Latreille,  the  Aphaniptera  of  Kirby  and  modern 
writers.  Used  in  this  sense  also  by  Macleay  and  others, 
(c)  Loosely  applied  to  sundry  groups  of  wingless  insects 
besides  fleas,  as  to  the  haustellate  and  mandibular*  lice, 
the  thysanurous  insects,  etc.  (d)  InGegenbaur'ssystemof 
classification,  one  of  the  two  prime  divisions  of  Hexapoda 
or  Insecta  (the  other  being  Pterygota),  consisting  of  the 
two  orders  Collembola  and  Thysanura,  containing  all  ap- 
terous ametabolous  insects  of  such  forms  as  Podura  and 
Lipura,  Campodea  and  Lepis-ma,  etc.  The  name  is  practi- 
cally synonymous  with  Ametabola  (which  see). 
apteral  (ap'te-ral),  a.  [As  apterous  +  -al.~\  1. 
Destitute  of  "wings. —  2.  In  arch.,  applied  to  a 
temple  or  other  building  which  has  no  columns 
on  the  flanks,  but  may  have  a  portico  at  one  or 
at  each  end :  opposed  to  peripteral,  surrounded 
by  columns.  See  prostyle  and  amphiprostyle. 
ap'teran  (ap'te-ran),  ft,  [As  apterous  +  -an.} 
A  wingless  insect;  one  of  the  Aptera. 


Apsidioles.—  St.  Semin,  Toulouse,  12th  century. 

main  apse  in  a  church  of  triapsidal  plan,  or  one 
of  the  apse-chapels  when  these  project  on  the 
exterior  of  the  church,  particularly  if  the  pro- 
jection resembles  an  apse  in  shape.  Also  writ- 
ten absidiole. 

apsis  (ap'sis),  11.;  pi.  apsides  (ap'si-dez).  [L. 
(pi.  apsides),  also  absis  (pi.  dbsides)  and  absida 
(pi.  dbsidm),  a  round  arch  or  vault,  the  circle 
which  a  star  describes  in  its  orbit,  a  bowl,  <  Gr. 
afic  (pi.  diplSer),  a  loop,  wheel,  orbit,  etc.,  <  air- 
reiv,  fasten,  bind:  see  apt.']  1.  In  astron.,  a 
point  in  the  eccentric  orbit  of  a  planet  in  which 
it  is  either  furthest  from  or  nearest  to  the  body 
about  which  it  revolves.  The  higher  apsis  is  the 
point  furthest  from,  and  tile  lower  apsis  the  point  nearest 
to,  the  central  body.  The  line  of  apsides  is  the  line  join- 
ing the  apsides.  These  terms  were  originally  applied  to 
circular  orbits,  but  are  now  extended  to  ellipses.  Also 
apse. 

2.  In  arch.,  same  as  apse. —  3.  A  reliquary  or 
case  in  which  the  relics  of  saints  are  kept, 
especially  one  of  a  form  imitating  the  curves 
of  a  dome  or  vault. 

Sometimes  written  absis. 
apsychical  (ap-si'M-kal),  a.     [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
i/'c,,/m«;,  of  the  i  tl :  see  «-18  andj«;/<7"- 

enl.\     1.   Not  j.-\chie;il  ;  not  mental  or  spirit- 
ual.—  2.    Not  involving  conscious  mental  ac- 
tion; not  controlled  by  the  mind. 
apt  (apt),  a.    [<  P.  apte=  Pr.  apte  =  Sp.  Pg. 
onto  -  It.  otto,  <  L.  aptus,  fit,  fitted,  prop.  pp. 

of  obs.  apere,  fasten,  join  (whence  the  incep- 
tive apisci,  pp.  aptus,  reach  after,  try  to  seize  i, 
=  Gt.  airruv,  fasten,  bind.]  1.  Possessing  the 
qualities  necessary  or  proper  for  a  certain  pur- 
pose or  end;  fit;  suited;  adapted;  suitable. 

All  the  mi  ii  of  might,  .  .  .  strong  and  apl  for  war. 

2  Ki.  xxiv.  10, 

In  woode  and  stone,  not  the  softest,  but  hardi  '   to  al 
waies  aptest,  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  85. 

No  man  that  putt,  t b  hlshandto  the  plough,  and  looketh 

back,  inapt  fur  the  kingd f  God 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 


Reed,  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  106.— 2.  Meet,  fitting,  germane,  appro- 
priate.—3  and  4.  Apt,  Likely,  Limbic,  Subject,  prone. 
Apt,  when  used  in  this  sense  of  persons,  indicates  physical 
tendency  or  inward  inclination :  as,  apt  to  catch  cold ;  apt 
to  neglect  work ;  when  used  of  things,  it  similarly  indi- 
cates natural  tendency :  as,  apt  to  mold.  Likely  may  sug- 
gest the  same  idea:  as,  he  is  likely  to  do  it;  it  is  likely  to 
rust;   or  it  may  express  mere  external  probability  or  apterOUS  (ap  te-rus),  a.  XL.  apteius,  <  Ijr, 


ierous.1  In  ortiith.,  a  tract  or  space  on  the 
skin  of  a  bird  where  no  feathers  grow;  an  un- 
feathered  tract,  in  distinction  from  a  feather- 
tract  or  ptervla  (which  see).  Nitesch;  Sunde- 
vall. 


chance  :  as,  he  i's  likely  to  come  at  any  moment.  Liable 
in  this  connection  is  properly  used  only  of  exposure  to 
evil,  being  practically  equivalent  to  exposed,  or  exposed 
to  the  danger  of:  as,  liable  to  accident;  liable  to  be  hurt, 
that  is,  exposed  to  the  danger  of  being  hurt ;  liable  to 


aKTepoe,  wingless,  without  feathers,  <  d-  priv. 
+  wrepdv,  a  wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.']  1 .  In 
zool. :  (a)  Wingless;  having  no  wings:  applied 
both  to  wingless  insects  belonging  to  winged 
.'ensure  \m  such  use  it  does  not  express  probability  or  groups,  and  to  the  wingless  stage  of  winged 
tendency,  but  merely  the  possibility  of  exposure  or  risk.  ;n<,pets  (\,\  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
Subject  expresses  what  is  likely  to  happen  to  a  person  or  JJ™™,„Vji  ;  p1  Tl.  hlli  '  'wtitute  of  membra- 
thing,  and  occasionally  does  happen.  Liable  to  disease  the  Apte>a.—  2.  In  hot  destitute  Ot  memDrar 
and  subject  to  disease  thus  convey  different  ideas.  The  nous  expansions,  as  a  stem  or  petiole .  opposed 
things  to  which  we  are  liable  are  determined  more  by     ^0  alate. 

accident  or  circumstance;  the  things  to  which  we  are  Arjtervees  (ap-ter'i-iez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
subject  are  determined  by  nature  and  constitution.  Apt  ^P"'^  \  j  '  ,,fn:L;,  ''J,,  Timle  livNew- 
to  be  suddenly  ill ;  liable,  but  not  likely,  to  die  before  the     Apteryx.]     A  supeitamily  gioup,  made  Dy  JMew 


physician  arrives  ;  subject  to  attacks  of  epilepsy. 
How  apt  the  poor  are  to  be  proud ! 

Shak.,  T.  N 


iii.  1. 


It  is  the  duty  of  practical  good  sense  to  bear  in  mind 
that  a  certain  result,  though  not  certain  to  happen,  is 
likely  to  happen,  and  that  no  wise  man  will  put  that  likeli- 
hood out  of  sight.      E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  212. 
Till  that  hour 
Not  liable  to  fear,  or  flight,  or  pain. 

Hilton,  P.  I..,  vi.  397. 
All  human  things  are  subject  to  decay, 
And  when  fate  summons,  inonarchs  must  obey. 

Dryden,  Mac  Fleeknoc,  I.  1. 
5.  Clever,  bright,  dexterous. 


ton  an  order,  of  ratite  birds,  based  upon  and  in- 
cluding only  the  family  Apterygidce  (which  see). 

Apterygia  (ap-te-rij'i-fi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  TTTtpbytov,  a  wing;  fin:  see  Pterygia.] 
A  group  of  mollusks,  containing  all  gastropods 
with  an  intromittent  male  organ,  and  contrast- 
ing with  the  Pterygia,  composed  of  the  cephalo- 
piiils  and  pteropods.     Latreille,  1825. 

apterygian  (ap-te-rij'i-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  cmjtpvyoc, 
wingless  (see  Apteryx),  +  -ian.]  1.  Wingless; 
apterous.— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Apteryx, 
or  to  the  family  Apterygidce. 


aptt  (apt),  v.  I.     [<  L.  aptare,  fit,  adapt,  accom-  Apterygidse  (ap-te'-rij'Y-de),  ii.  pi.     [NL.,  <  .l/i- 
modate,  adjust, < aptus,  lit, etc.:  seeopfi  a.  \   To     i,r,lx  [Apteryg-)  +  -Wir.l     A  family  of  ratite  or 


prepare  for  a  definite  service;  lit  ;  suit  for  an- 
ticipated circumstances;  adapt. 

If  he  be  mine,  he  shall  follow  and  observe  what  1  will 
apt  him  to.  />'.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

That  our  speech  be  opted  to  necessary  edification. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

He  takes  his  topsail  down  in  such  rough  storms, 
And  0/<t.«  his  saiN  to  airs  more  temperate. 
Chapman  ami  Shirley,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France  i 

aptablet  (ap'ta-bl),  a.    [<  LL.  aptabilis,  <  L 


struthious  birds,  of  the  subclass  llntita  and 
suborder  or  superfamily  Apteryges,  constituted 
by  the  singlo  genus  Apteryx.  It  is  characterized  by 
the  rudimentary  condition  of  the  wings  and  tail,  4-toed 
feet  ferj  long  slender  bill  with  terminal  nostrils,  and  many 
anatomical  peculiarities,  among  them  a  better  develop- 
ment of  the  diaphragm  than  In  anj  other  bird. 
Apteryginae  (ap*te-ri-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ap- 
teryx (.Ipliryg-)  +  -ina:]  The  only  subfamily 
Of  the  family  Ai>tnip/iil<r.     G.  It.  Cray,  1840. 


aptare,  adapt  :"see  apl,  r..  and  -able.]     Capable  Apteryx  (ap'te-riks), p n.     [NL.  (of.  Gr.  dirrf 


of  being  fitted  or  adapted.     Sherwood, 


}ac,  wingless),  <  Gr.d- priv.  +  n-Tf/nf  (irrepvy-), 


aptatet  (ap'tat),  v.  t.     [<  L.  aptatus.  pp.  of  ap-  a  wing,  <  irrepdv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather.]    1.  A 

jare,  adapt:  see  apt,  v.]     To  make  fit.  genus  of  ratite   birds,  eonstituting  the  family 

Aptenodytes  (ap'te-no-di'tez),  n.     [NL.,  <  <!r.  Aptenpiida:    iii.iv  arc  several  species  "i  varieties,  all 

u7rr//v,  wingless  (<  d-  priv,  +  TtTrjvoc,  winged,  <  inhabiflng  New  Zealand,  of  which  A.  austrcdis  has  been 


Apteryx 

longest  and  best  known  ;   .1.   manteUi  InhabitB  Stewart 
Island,  and  .1.  oweni  tin-  South  Island      \ll  an-  known  as 
kiwis,      kiwi-kiwis, 
or   kivi-kivis,   from 
their  cry.    Also,  im- 
properly, Apternyx 
and  Apternix. 
2.  [J.C.]   A  bird 
of  this   genus; 
a    kiwi    (which 
see), 
aptha    (ap'thS), 

n.      See  aphtha. 

aptitude  (ap'ti- 
tud),  ».  [=  P. 
aptitude,  <  ML. 
(ijiiitudo,  <  L. 
ajitits,  apt,  fit: 
see  apt,  a.  Cf. 
attitude,  which 
is  a  doublet  of 
aptitude.']  1. 
The  state  or 
quality  of  being 
apt  or  fit  for  or  suited  to  a  purpose,  place,  or 
situation;  fitness;  suitableness. 
Aptitude  .  .  .  for  the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

2.  A  natural  tendency  or  acquired  inclination ; 
both  capacity  and  propensity  for  a  certain 
course:  as,  oil  has  an  aptitude  to  burn;  men 
acquire  an  aptitude  to  particular  vices. 

He  that  is  ahont  children  should  learn  their  nature  and 
aptitudes.  Locke. 

The  Americans  have  at  all  times  shown  a  remarkahle 
aptitude  for  the  sea-faring  lite,  and  they  did  not  wait,  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  to  take  measures  for  the 
construction  of  an  independent  navy. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  16th  Cent.,  xiv. 

3.  Readiness  in  learning ;  teachableness ; 
quickness  to  understand  and  acquire;  intelli- 
gence; talent. 

He  was  a  boy  of  remarkable  aptitude.  Macaulay. 

=  Svn.   Faculty,  Capacity,  etc.     See  genius. 

aptltudinal  (ap-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.     [<  ML.  apti- 
tudo  (aptitudin-)  +  -al:  see  aptitude.']     1.  Re- 
lating to  an  aptitude  or  aptitudes. — 2.  Existing 
in  possibility  or  capacity  merely.     [Rare.]  — 
Aptitudinal  relation,  a  relation  which  docs  not  require 
the  correlate  to  exist  actually,  but  only  potentially ;  as,  for 
example,  the  relation  of  a  desire  to  its  object. 
aptitudinally   (ap-ti-tu'di-nal-i),   adv.     In  an 
aptitudinal  manner;   in  a  way  which  reveals 
aptitude. 
aptly  (apt'li),  adv.     In  an  apt  or  suitable  man- 
ner,  {a)  With  exact  correspondence ;  with  fitness;  justly. 
I  have  forgot  your  name  ;  but,  sure,  that  part 
Was  aptly  fitted,  and  naturally  perform'd. 

Shale,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
(6)  Suitably  :  appropriately :  of  language,  pertinently,  ap- 
positely, or  significantly. 
Irenseus  very  aptly  remarks.  Addison. 

Words  aptly  cull'd  and  meanings  well  express'd 
Can  calm  the  sorrows  of  a  wounded  breast. 

Crabbe,  The  Village, 
(c)  Readily  ;  quickly  ;  cleverly  :  as,  to  learn  aptly. 
aptness  (apt'nes),  it.     The  state  or  quality  of 
being  apt,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
The  aptness  of  things  to  their  end.  Hooker. 

What  should  lie  the  aptness  of  birds,  in  comparison  of 
beasts,  to  imitate  speech  may  be  inquired.  Bacon. 

At  his  first  aptness,  the  maternal  love 
Those  rudiments  of  reason  did  improve. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  218. 

Aptornis  (ap-t&r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  short  for  *ap- 
terornis,  <  Gr.  dirrepoc,  wingless  (see  apterous), 
+  bpvtc,  a  bird:  see  ornithology.]  A  genus  of 
recently  extinct  ralliform  birds,  probably  of 
the  family  Kallidw,  related  to  the  extant  genus 
Ocydroinus.  Its  remains  are  found  in  New  Zealand  with 
those  of  the  moa.  A.  defossor  and  .1.  otidi/oriuis  arc  two 
species  described  by  Owen  in  1871. 

aptosochromatism  (ap-t6"s6-kro'ma-tizm),  ». 
[<  Gr.  dnraic  (dirrar-),  not  falling  off  (cf.  air-unia, 
stability,  firmness :  see  aptote),  +  Chromatis  in.] 
In  ornith.,  change  of  color  of  the  plumage  with- 
out loss  or  gain  of  any  feathers.    Coues. 

aptote  (ap'tot),  n.  [<  LL.  aptotum,  only  in  pi. 
aptota,  <  Gr.  uktutov,  neut.  of  utttutoc,  without 
case,  undeclined,  also  as  otttuc  (utttot-),  not  fall- 
ing, <  d-  priv.  +  ktutoc,  verbal  adj.  of  iriirreiv, 
fall,  whence  also  nTuaic,  case,  inflection.]  In 
gram.,  a  noun  which  has  no  distinction  of  cases ; 
an  indeclinable  noun. 

aptotic  (ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  aptote  +  -ie.]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  aptote ;  having  no  declen- 
sion.—  2.  Uninfleeted;  having  no  grammatical 
inflections:  said  of  certain  languages. 

aptychus  (ap'ti-kus),  ». ;  pi.  aptychi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  ktvx'i,  a  fold,  <  irriiaauv, 
fold.]  In  Cephalopoda,  a  plate  formed  of  a 
shelly  substance,  found  in  the  terminal  chani- 


Apiis  glacialh. — A,  lateral  view, 
the  right  half  of  the  carapace  cut 
away;  B,  dorsal  view;  x,  shell-gland  ; 
y,  caudal  filaments ;  lb,  lab-rum  ;  cs, 
cephalostegite,  separated  at  st  from 
the  rest  of  the  carapace,  or  omoste- 
gite  ;  21  to  26,  the  six  simple  somites 
preceded  by  twenty  pedigerous  so- 
mites bearing  the  foliaceous  swim- 
ming-feet ;    I,  eye  ;    //,  antennule  ; 


283 

ber  of  certain  fossil  mollusks,  as  ammonites, 
and  regarded  by  some  as  an  operculum,     it  was 

formerly  considered  to  be  oi f  the  parts  ol  different 

animals  called  trigonellites,  lepadites,  etc. 

The  Aptychi  .  .  .  occupy  (In-  middle  of  the  posterior 
wall  of  the  terminal  'haudn-r  of  tin.  Ammonite,  and  have 
their  liases  towards  its  mouth.  Nothing  i-  certainly 
known  as  to  the  nature  of  tin-  Aptychi  or  Anaptychi. 

Huxley,  Anat.  limit.,  p.  400. 

Apulian  (a-pu'li-an),  a.  [<  L.  Apulia,  Appulia, 
+  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  region  called 
Apulia,  in  southern  Italy,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 
In  Roman  times  Apulia  included  the  region  between  the 
Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the  Krentani  and 
east  of  Samnlum,  and  later  also  the  Mcssapian  peninsula. 
Modern  Apulia  comprises  the  provinces  loggia,  Bari,  and 
Lei  ce. 
A  hill  in  the  midst  of  tin   Apulian  plain. 

Enoye.  licit.  XV.  39. 
Apulian  pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  Italo-Greek  pot- 
tery found  in  Apulia  and  southeastern   Italy  generally, 

especially  to  the  vases  with  led  tieures lustrous  black 

ground,  someof  tin-  most  import  ant  examples  of  which  are 
from  this  region. 

ApUS  (a'pus),  n.  [XL.,  <Gr.  a-ovc,  without  feet: 
see  apod,  Apoda,  eta.]  1.  One  of  the  southern 
constellations  form-  A 

ed  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  probably 
by  Petrus  Theodori ; 
the  Bird  of  Paradise. 
It  is  situated  south  of  the 
Triangulum  Australe, 
and  its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

2.  A  genus  of  bran- 
chiopodous  or  phyl- 
lopodous  entornos- 
tracous  crustace- 
ans, typical  of  the 
family  Apodidw  or 
Apusida':  named  (in 
the  form  Apous)  by 
Frisch  in  1732.  Like 
nearly  all  animals  which 
have  been  miscalled  Apo- 
da or  Apodes  (footless), 
they  have  feet,  these 
organs  in  the  phyllo- 
potis  ranging  from  11  to 
60  pairs.  The  genus  is 
characterized  by  a  large 
shield-like  carapace,  or 
cephalothorax  in  one  jy(oxib),  labruin. 
piece,  covering  most  of 
the  animal.  A.  canenformis,  called  the  crab-shelled 
shrimp,  is  2  or  3  inches  long,  and  is  noted  for  its  repeated 
molts  (it  sheds  its  skin  twenty  times  in  two  or  three 
months),  and  for  the  vast  numerical  preponderance  of  the 
females,  the  males  having  been  only  recently  discovered. 

3.  In  ornitli.:  (a)  A  genus  of  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Cypselidce,  established  by  Scopoli  in  1777 : 
equivalent  to  Cypselus  of  Illiger,  1811.  (6)  [/.  c] 
The  specific  name  of  the  common  swift  of  Eu- 
rope, Cypselus  apus. — 4.  [I.  c.;  pi.  apt  (a/ pi).] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  posterior 
limbs,  while  the  anterior  are  well  formed. 

Apusidae  (a-pu'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Apus 
+  -Idas:  so  formed  to  make  literal  distinction 
from  Apodidce.]     Same  as  Apodidce. 

Apygia  (a-pij'i-a),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «-  priv. 
+  ixvyi'i,  buttock.]  An  order  of  Brachiopoda: 
a  synonym  of  Arthropomata  (which  see). 

Apyrenaemata  (a-pi-re-ne'ma-ta),  u.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  apyrenamatus :  see  apyrenematous.] 
A  division  of  animals  including  those  in  which 
the  blood-corpuscles  are  not  nucleated;  those 
animals  which  have  blood-disks  as  distinguished 
from  nucleated  cells  of  the  blood.  The  term  is 
practically  the  same  in  application  as  Mammalia,  though 
nuclei  have  been  discovered  in  the  form-elements  of  the 
blood  of  a  few  mammals. 

apyrenematous  (a-pi-re-nem'a-tus),  a.  [<  NL. 
apyrenccmatus,  <  Gr.  d-  priv."+  pyrencematus : 
see  a-18  and  pyrenematous.]  Not  pyrenema- 
tous;  having  blood  which  contains  disks,  or 
non-nucleated  corpuscles,  as  a  mammal. 

apyretic  (ap-i-ret'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-ipcro?,  with- 
out fever,  <  d-  priv.  +  xvpeToz,  fever.  Cf.  apy- 
rexia.] Without  pyrexia  or  fever:  specifically, 
in  pathol.,  applied  to  those  days  in  which  the 
intermission  of  fever  occurs  in  agues,  and  also 
to  local  affections  which  are  not  accompanied 
with  fever. 

apyrexia  (ap-i-rek'si-a),  u.  [NL.,<  Gr.  drrnptf/a, 
absence  of  fever.  <  airbpeicroc,  without  fever,  <  d- 
priv.  +  "n-apenrSg,  verbal  adj.  of  irvphaeiv,  be  in 
a  fever,  <  jruperdc,  fever:  sec  pyretic,  and  cf. 
apyretic.]  The  absence  or  intermission  of  py- 
rexia or  fever;  the  interval  between  the  parox- 
ysms in  intermittent  fevers.     Also  apyrexy. 

apyrexial  (ap-i-rek'si-al).  a.  [<  apyrexia  +  -al.] 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  apyrexia;  apy- 
retic. 

apyrexy  (ap'i-rek-si),  «.    Same  as  apyrexia. 


aquage 

apyrotype  (a-pl'ro-tip), «.  [<  Gr.  airvpoc}  with- 
out tire  (sec  apyrous),  +  type,  a.  v.  |  Prmting- 
type  |  hi  ii  I  in 'oil  without  heat,  as  by  means  of  dies 
and  pressure,  instead  "i  by  casting  in  molds. 

apyrous  (a-pi'rus),  ».  [<<ir.  «  upoc,  without 
lire,  <d-priv.+  trip,  fire,  =  K.  fire :  see./treand 
pyre,]  Incombustible,  or  capable  of  sustain- 
ing a  strong  heat  without  alteration  of  form  or 
properties,  its  asbestos,  mica,  ami  talc     \, 

liodiesiliittT  from  refractor} -  in  remaining uncha 

even  under  extreme  heal,  while  the  latter  may  he  altered 
even  though  not  tuse.l  by  lire. 

aq.    In  plmr.,  an  abbreviation  of  aqua. 

aqua  (a'kwS,),  u.     [L.  (>  It.  acqua  =  Sp.  Pg. 

aqua  =  K.  can),  =  Goth,  altiru,  river,  =  OHG. 
cilia,  MHGr.  ahe  (G.  Ait,  the  name  of  several 
rivers)  =  OS.  aha  =  AS.  ed  (for  *eah  :  sec  ey, 
island),  water,  river,  =  OFries.  a,  e  =  Icel.  a, 
water,  river,  =  S\v.  a  =  Dan.  aa,  a  brook.]  1. 
Water:  a  word  much  used  in  medical  pre- 
scriptions written  in  Latin,  and  in  pharmacy 
generally,  also  in  old  chemistry,  to  denote  a 
solution,  or  menstruum  of  water. — 2.  In  anat., 
sunn'  wut en  lluid  or  humor.  Aqua  ammonias,  a 
solution  of  ammonia  gas  in  water,  having  the  chemical 
properties  of  an  alkali  hydrate.— Aquas  ductus  et  aquas 
haustus  (conducting  of  water  and  drawing  of  water),  in 
Scots  law,  two  servitudes,  tin-  former  consisting  iii  a  right 
of  carrying  a  watercourse  through  the  grounds  of  another, 
and  the  latter  of  watering  cattle  at  a  river,  well,  or  pond 
in  the  ground  of  another.  — Aqua  fortis (strong  water),  a 
name  given  to  weak  and  impure  nitric  acid.  Double  "'/"a 
fartia  contains  twice  as  much  acid  as  single  aqua  fortis. 
-Aqua  labyrinth!,  the  fluid  of  the  labyrinth  of  the 
ear;  the  perilymph,  aqitula  aeiistica,  or  liquor  Cotunnii. — 
Aqua  marina.  See  aquamarine.— Aqua,  mirabilis 
(wonderful  water),  (a)  A  preparation  of  cloves,  galangals, 
cubebs,  mace,  cardamoms,  nutmegs,  ginger,  and  spirit  of 
wine,  digested  twenty-four  hours,  then  distilled.  Johnson. 
(l>)  A  carminative  cordial  prepared  from  oil  of  pimento 
(allspice):  also  called  spiritus  pimentos.  Dunylison. — 
Aqua  Morgagni.  Same  as  liquor  M orgagni  (which  see, 
under  liquor).— Aqua  regia  or  aqua  regalis  (royal  wa- 
ter), a  name  given  to  a  mixture  of  one  part  of  nitric  acid 
and  three  to  four  parts  of  hydrochloric  acid,  from  its  power 
.of  dissolving  gold.— Aqua  Tofana,  a  puis,  mous  fluid  made 
about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  by  a  woman  of 
Palermo  named  Tofana  or  Toffana,  who  confessed  that  no 
fewer  than  tioo  persons  had  been  killed  with  it.  It  con- 
sisted chiefly,  it  is  supposed,  of  a  strong  solution  of  arsenic 
oh!  aincil  by  a  long  boiling  of  itsoxid.    Also  called  aquetta. 

—  Aqua  vitas  (water  of  life),  an  old  name  for  alcohol, 
now  familiarly  applied  to  native  distilled  spirits. 

aquaeductus(a-kwe-duk'tus),  v.  [L. :  see  aque- 
duct.] In  anat.,  a  canal  or  channel  conveying 
a  fluid,  or  supposed  to  do  so.    Also  aqueductus. 

—  Aquasductus  cochleas,  the  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea, 
a  minute  venous  channel  in  the  temporal  bone,  running 
from  the  scalatympani  of  the  cochlea  to  a  point  just  below 
the  internal  auditory  meatus.  —  Aquasductus  Fallopii, 
the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,  a  channel  through  the  temporal 
bone,  leading  from  the  internal  auditory  meatus  and  end- 
ing at  the  stylomastoid  foramen,  transmitting  the  facial 
nerve.— Aquasductus  Sylvii,  the  aqueductof  Sylvius,  the 
channel  of  communication  between  the  third  and  fourth 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Also  called  iter  <<  tertio  ad  quar- 
tern r,  'nt  rictil  ma.  —  Aquasductus  vestibuli,  a. small  canal 
running  from  the  vestibule  of  the  ear  to  the  posterior  sur- 
fi of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  trans- 
mits the  ductus  enilolyniphatieus. 

aquasmanale  (a'kwe-ma-na'le),  «.;  pi.  aquce- 
manalia  (-li-a).  [ML.,  also  aquinianilc,  aquimi- 
nalc,  aguiminile,  LL.  aquimiualc.  L.  aquanni- 
nalis,  LL.  also  aquiniinuriuin,  <  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  manale,  a  ewer,  neut.  of  manatis,  flowing, 

<  manure,  flow, 
trickle,  drip.]  1. 
In  Rom.  aiiliq.,  a 
pitcher  or  vessel 
for  pouring  out 
water,  used  espe- 
eially  for  pour- 
ing water  over 
the  hands  into  a 
basin  during  and 
after  meals. — 2. 
The  basin  in 
which,  accord- 
ing to  an  an- 
cient church  cer- 

lanaleof  copper,  14th  century.  It  eillOny,  the  priest 
is  titled  by  an  opening  at  the  top  of  the  „.  ,  - 1  *  i  l,;^  1,  ~„j„ 
head ;  the  tail  forms  aTiandle.  WhsIiedhlS  hands 

before  celebrat- 
ing mass. — 3.  A  kind  of  water-ewer  formerly 
used  in  private  houses,  and  frequently  made  in 
grotesque  forms.  The  term  is  now  used  spe- 
cilically  in  this  sense. 

aquafortis  (a-kwa-for'tis),  n.  See  aqua  fortis, 
under  aqua. 

aquafortist  (a-kwa-for'tist),  n.  [<  aqua  fords 
+  -ist.]  One  who  etches  by  means  of  aqua 
fortis.     X  E.  1). 

aquage  (a'kwaj),  n.  [<  LL.  aquagium,  aque- 
duct, <  L.  aqua,  water,  +  mien, lend  :  sec  agent.] 
In  leveling :  (a)  The  course  of  a  mill-stream  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  pond  formed  by  a  dam.  (6) 
Any  watercourse. 


Il'll'e 


Aquapult. 


aquamarine 

aquamarine  (a  kwa-ma-ren'),  ".  [<  L.  aqua 
marina,  sea-water:  see  aqua,  marine,  and  aigue- 

niarinr.]  1.  A  transparent  va- 
riety of  beryl  of  a  bluish  or  sea- 
green  tint,  used  as  a  gem.  Henee 
— 2.  A 'bluish-green  eolorresem- 
bling  that  of  the  finest  beryl. 

aqua-meter  (a'kwa-me  tor),  n.  [< 
L.  aqua,  water,  +  meter.]  Same 
as  pulsomi  U  r. 

aquapult  (a'kwa-pult),  n.  [<  L. 
aqua,  water,  +  -putt,  as  in  cata- 
pult.] A  small  portable  force- 
pump. 

aquapuncture  ( a  -  kwa  -  pungk  '- 
tur),  n.  [<  U  aqua,  water,  +  LL. 
punctura,  puncture.]  A  form  of 
counter-irritation  consisting  in  the  forcible  pro- 
jection of  a  very  fine  stream  of  water  against 
the  skin.  The  stream,  which  comes  from  a  powerful 
force-pump,  reddens  ami  blisters  the  part  to  which  it  is 
applied.  It  is  used  especially  in  neuralgia  and  affections 
of  the  spinal  cord.     Also  called  douche  filiforme. 

aquarelle  (ak-wa-rel'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  acquerella, 
water-color,  light  rain,  aequereUo,  water-color, 
thin  wine,  dim.  of  acqua  (=  F.  can),  <  L.  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]  Water-color  painting,  or  a 
painting  in  water-colors. 

They  [Frenchmen]  despised  it  [water-color]  when  it  was 
called  aquarelle ;  they  bowed  down  to  it  when  it  was  called 
peirtture  A  lafrt  sque,        Humcrton,  Graphic  Arts,  p.  340. 

aquarellist  (ak-wa-rel'ist),  n.  [<  aquarelle  + 
-ist.]  An  artist  who  works  in  water-colors;  a 
water-color  painter. 

aquaria,  n.     Plural  of  aquarium. 

aquarian  (a-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  ~L.aquarins, 
pertaining  to  water  (see  Aquarius),  +  -an.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  aquarium.  [Rare.] 
N.  E.  1>. 

II.  u.  {cap.]  [<  ML.  Aquarii,  pi.,  the  Aqua- 
rians^ L.  aquarius :  see  Aquarius.']  One  who 
used  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  eucharist:  a 
term  applied  to  certain  Christians  in  Africa 
about  the  middle  of  the  third  century,  who,  while 
it  was  still  customary  to  celebrate  the  Lord's 
supper  twice  a  day,  though  employing  wine  at 
the  evening  eucharist,  substituted  water  for  it 
in  the  morning  in  order  that  the  odor  of  wine 
might  not  betray  them  during  the  day.  They  are 
often  confounded  with  earlier  followers  of  the  ascetic 
Tatian  in  Syria,  called  Hydroparastatse,  or  Water-drink- 
ers, and  reckoned  among  the  Encratites,  who  used  water  in 
place  of  wine  at  [lie  ,  1 1 ■  harist.  because  they  held  the  latter 
to  be  sinful,  regarding  it  as  the  evil  principle  or  blood  of 
the  devil. 

aquariculture  (a''kwa-ri-kul'tur),  n.  [<  L. 
aquarium  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  culture  of 
aquatic  plants  in  aquariums ;  the  management 
of  an  aquarium. 

aquarium  (a-kwa'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  aquariums, 
miliaria  (-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  watering-place  for 
cattle,  neut.  of  aquarius:  see  Aquarius.]  1. 
An  artificial  pond,  cistern,  or  place  in  a  garden 
or  elsewhere  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants. — 
2.  A  vessel  or  series  of  vessels,  constructed 
chiefly  of  glass,  filled  with  either  fresh  or  salt 
water,  and  supplied  with  plants,  rocks,  etc., 
in  which  living  aquatic  animals  are  kept.  Many 
aquariums  on  a  large  scale  are  maintained  in  connection 
with  public  parks  or  gardens,  or  as  distinct  institutions. 
Also  called  aquavivai  iwm 


Aquarius. 


Aquarius  (a-kwa'ri-us),  >i.    [L.,  a  water-bearer, 
one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  (Gr.  vipoxtioc,  i.  e., 


284 

water-pourer) ;  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  water, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  1.  A  zodiacal  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  a  man  stand- 
ing with  his  left  hand  extended  upward,  and 
with  his  right  pouring  out  of  a  vase  a  stream 
of  water  which  flows  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Southern  Fish.  It  contains  no  star  brighter 
than  the  third  magnitude. — 2.  The  Water- 
bearer;  the  eleventh  sign  (marked  rz)  of  the 
zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of 
January:  so  called  from  the  constellation. 

aquarter  (a-kwdr'ter),  prep,  pin:  as  adv.  [<  «3 
•(■quarter.']  Xaut.,  on  the  quarter;  45°  abaft 
the  beam. 

a  quartieri  (ii  kwar-te-a'ri).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad), 
to,  with;  quartieri,  pi.  of  quartiere,  a  quarter, 
compartment:  see  quarter?]  In  ceram.,  (deco- 
rated) in  compartments :  said  especially  of  any- 
thing circular,  such  as  a  shield,  the  rim  of  a 
round  dish,  or  the  like,  which  is  divided  into 
panels  or  compartments  by  radiating  lines. 

aquatic  (a-kwat'ik),  a.  anil  n.     [<  L.  aquaticus, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing  to  water;  watery. —  2.  Living  in  or  fre- 
quenting water:  as,  aquatic  animals;  aquatic 
plants. — 3.  Practised  on  or  in  water:  as,  aquatic 
sports. — Aquatic  birds,  in  ornith.,  specifically,  Aves 
aguaticcB,  the  members  of  the  old  orders  Grallatores  and 
Natatores;  tiie  wading  and  swimming  birds,  taken  to- 
gether.—Aquatic  box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope, 
generally  in  the  form  of  a  glass  cell,  in  which  algte  or  ani- 
malcules arc  placed  for  observation. 

II.  11.  1.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water. — 2. 
l^l.  Sports  or  exercises  practised  on  or  in  water, 
as  rowing  or  swimming. 

aquatical  (a-kwat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aquatic. 
[Bare.] 

aquatilet  (ak'wa-til),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  aquutili , 
\  L.  aquatilis,  living  or  growing  in  or  near  wa- 
ter, <  aqua,  water :  see  aqua.]    I.  a.  Inhabiting 
water. 
The  aquatile  or  water  frog.       Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  En-. 
II.  ».  An  aquatic  animal  or  plant. 

Aquatilia  (ak-wa-til'i-ii),  n.pl.  [NL.,neut.  pi. 
of  L.  aquatilis,  living  in  the  water:  see  aquatile.] 
In  Fieberis  system  of  classification,  a  subsec- 
tion of  heteropterous  insects,  including  genuine 
aquatic  species  with  concealed  antenna1,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  of  the  section  IAtoralia. 

aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  n.  and  a.     [=  F.  aqua- 
tiiitr,  aqua-UMa" (.  It.  acqua  tiuta,  lit.  dyed  wa- 
ter: acqua,  water  (see  aqua);  tiuta,  fern,  of  Unto 
(<  L.  tiuctus),  pp.  of  tingere,  tignt  re,  <  L.  tingere, 
tint,  tinge:  see  tint,  tinge.]     I.  n.  1.  An  etch- 
ing process  by  which  prints  imitating  the  1  in  iad 
flat  tints  of  India  ink,  bister,  or  sepia  drawings 
are  produced.    It  was  practised  by  the  Abbe  St.  Ndn 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was  perfected  by  .lean  Bap- 
tiste  Le  Prince  (1733-1781).    In  the  aquatint  process  spaces 
are  bitten,  instead  of  lines  as  in  etching  (which  see). 
2.  An  engraving  executed  by  the  aquatint  pro- 
cess. 
Also  aquatinta. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  this  method  of  etching. 

aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  v.  t.  [<  aquatint,  ii.]  To 
etch  in  aquatint. 

aquatinta  (a/kwa-tin'ta),  n.    Same  as  aquatint. 

aquatinter  (a'kwa-tin"ter),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises the  art  of  aquatinting. 

aquatinting  (a'kwn-tin'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  aquatint.]  The  art  or  process  of  etching 
in  the  aquatint  method.     See  aquatint. 

aquavivarium  (a"kwa-vi-va'ri-um),  n.  ;  pi. 
aquavwaria  (-a).  [<  L.  aqua,  water,  +  viva- 
Hum,  q.  v.]     Same  as  aquarium,  2. 

aqueduct  (ak'we-dukt),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aquceduct;  =  F.'aqueduc,  OF.  aqueduct,  <  L. 
aquaductus,  prop,  separated,  aqua  ductus,  a 
conveyance  of  water:  aqua;  gen.  of  aqua,  wa- 
ter: ductus,  conveyance,  pipe,  canal,  \  duet  re, 
lead,  convey:  see  aqua  and  duct.]  1.  A  con- 
duit or  channel  for  conducting  water  from  one 
place  to  another.  More  particularly  applied  to  strut, 
tines  oi  masonry  and  tunneling  for  the  conducting  of 
water  from  distant  sources  to  large  cities  through  tubular 
conduits.  Aqueducts  were  extensively  used  in  the  Roman 
empire,  and  many  of  these  ancient  structures  still  remain. 
They  were  constructed  of  stone  or  wood,  sometimes  tun- 
neled through  hills  and  carried  over  valleys  ami  rivers  on 
arches,  much  of  the  labor  upon  them  being  uselessly  ex- 
im  aded,  from  a  mistaken  idea  of  the  necessityol  b  pi  r 

teeth    level    eoinse.       'file    aqllodllct    of    Scgnvia,   originally 

built  by  the  B one i,  has  169  arches,  is  in  some  parts  built 

in  two  tiers  100  feet  or  more  in  height,  and  Is  an  admirable 
monument  <>f  ancienl  engineering  One  of  the  ^t  re- 
markable aqueducts  of  modern  times  is  that  of  Marseilles, 
to  which  city  it  conveys  the  waters  of  the  river  Durance 
from  a  distance  of  about  58  miles,  of  which  L0  miles  con- 
sists of  tunnels,  and  a  considerable  portion  is  traversed  by 
means  of  viaducts  ,.t  great  let- 1  it  ami  length.  This  aque- 
duct was  built  between  is:;1.)  and  is47,  ami  supplies  water 
in  such  abundance  that  the  environs  of  .Marseilles,  formerly 


Aquila 


Aqueduct  of  Segovia,  Spain. 

extremely  arid,  have  become  a  garden  from  the  plentiful 
irrigation  which  is  now  possible. 
2.  In  anat.,  same  as  aquaductus. 
aqueductus  (ak-we-duk'tus), «.  [NL.]  In  anat, 
same  as  aquccductus. 

aqueityt(a-kwe'i-ti),  n.  [<.aque-ous  + -ity.]  The 
essential  principle  or  quality  of  water ;  wateri- 
ness;  aqueousness. 

The  aqueity, 
Terreity,  and  sulphureity 
Shall  run  together  again,  and  all  be  annulled. 

/;.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

aqueous  (a/kwe-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *aqueus,  < 
aqua,  water  :  see  aqua.]  Of  the  nature  of  wa- 
ter; abounding  with  water;  formed  by  water  ; 

watery:  as,  an  aqueous  solution Aqueous  or 

watery  fusion.  See  /union.—  Aqueous  humor  (of  the 
eye),  the  limpid  watery  fluid  which  tills  the  space  be- 
tween  the  cornea  and  the  crystalline  lens  in  the  eye. 
See  eye. — Aqueous  rocks,  in  geot,  mechanically  formed 
rocks,  composed  of  matter  deposited  by  water.  Also 
called  sedimentary  or  stratified  rocks. — Aqueous  tint, 
in  painting,  a  nearly  colorless  tint.— Aqueous  tissue, 
in  hot.,  epidermal  or  subepidermal  layers  oi  cells  filled 
with  clear  sap,  as  in  most  succulent  plants.— Aqueous 
vapor,  the  invisible  vapor  which,  taken  from  the  surface 
of  water  by  evaporation  and  rising  into  the  atmosphere, 
returns  to  the  earth  in  the  form  of  rain,  dew,  and  snow. 

aqueousness  (a'kwe-us-nes),  n.  [<  aqueous  + 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  aqueous 
or  watery ;  wateriness. 

aquetta  (a-kwet'tii),  n.  [It.,  prop,  acquetta, 
dim.  of  acqua,  water :  see  aqua.]  A  celebrated 
Italian  poison,  more  commonly  called  aqua  To- 
finiii  (which  see,  under  aqua). 

aquicultural  (a-kwe-kul'tur-al),  a.  [<  aquicul- 
ture  +  -al.]     Pertaining  to  aquiculture. 

By  the  republication  of  these  foreign  papers  the  [Fish 
Commission]  Bulletin  becomes  a  guide  to  the  knowledge 
of  what  is  being  done  in  aquicultural  enterprise  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Nature,  XXXIII.  38. 

aquiculture  (a'kwe-kul-tur),  n.  [=  F.  aquicul- 
ture, <  L.  aqua,  water,  +  cultura,  culture.] 
Culture  of  the  natural  inhabitants  of  water; 
fish-breeding ;  pisciculture. 

aquiferous  (a-kwif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Conveying  water Aquife- 
rous canals,  the  channels  which  traverse  the  foot  or 
other  part  of  many  mollusks,  as  lamcllibranchs  and  odon- 
tophores,  opening  upon  the  surface  by  one  end,  and  at  the 
other  end,  in  some  cases,  emptying  into  blood-sinuses,  thus 
establishing  communication  between  the  blood  and  the 
surrounding  water. 

These  aquiferous  canals,  as  they  have  been  termed,  ap- 
pear, in  many  cases,  to  open  by  their  inner  ends  into  the 
blood  sinuses.  lhixh-y,  Anat,  Invert.,  p.  491. 

aquiform  (a'kwi-form),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  forma,  form.]     In  the  form  of  water ;  liquid. 

Aquila  (ak'wi-la),  n.  [L.,  an  eagle,  hence  the 
legionary  standard;  prob.  fern,  of  the  rare  adj. 

/ 


The  Constellation  Aquila. 

aquilus,   dark-colored,   dun,   swarthy;   cf.  Or. 
d^Wc,  a  mist,  darkness.]    1.  la  ornith.,  a  genus 


Aquila 

of  birds  established  by  Rrissmi  in  17<i0,  but  hav- 
ing no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  exactly 
defined.  The  name  has  been  loosely  applied  to  eagles 
and  other  large  diurnal  raptorial  birds  which  have  no  tooth 
of  the  beak.  It  is  now  restricted  and  somewhat  definitely 
applied  to  eagles  having  booted  tarsi,  that  is,  having  the 
Shank  more  or  less  completely  feathered.  Such  are  the 
golden  eagle,  .1.  chrysaetus,  of  Europe  and  North  America  ; 
the  spotted  eagle,  -I.  ncevia,  of  Asia  an. 1  Europe;  tin-  im- 
perial eagle,  .1.  luiiara,  of  the  same  region  ;  the  Russian 

eagle,  .1.  liwjilnift,  etc.      See  cut  under  eagle. 

2.  A  northern  constellation  situated  in  the 
Milky  Way.  nearly  south  of  Lyra,  and  contain- 
ing the  bright  star  Altair.  It  has  for  its  outline  the 
figure  of  a  flying  eagle  carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  An- 
tinous,  the  page  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.    See  cut. 

3.  [/.  o. ;  pi.  aquila'  (-le).]  A  reading-desk  in 
the  form  of  an  eagle. 

aquilatedt  (ak'wi-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  aquilatus, 
adorned  with  eagles'  heads,  <  L.  aquila,  an 
eagle:  see  Aquila.']  In  her.,  adorned  with  the 
heads  of  eagles:  as,  a  cross  aquila  ted. 

Aquilegia  (ak-wi-le'ji-ii ),  u.  [NL.  (ML.  aquile- 
gia, aquileia),  said  to  be  <  L.  aquila,  an  eagle, 
whose  claws  the  spurs  of  the  petals  are  sup- 
posed to  resemble.  Cf.  L.  Aquileia,  Gr.  'Ajcv- 
Ar/ia,  Aquileia,  a  town  of  Austria  near  the  Adri- 
atic]     A  genus  of   acrid  plants,  natural  or- 


Inflorescence  of  AquiUgia  imlgaris  (garden  columbine). 
a,  flower  ;  b,  same,  cut  vertically  ;  c,  pistils. 

der  Ranunculaceec,  widely  distributed  over  the 
temperate  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
The  flowers  have  live  flat,  elliptical,  colored  sepals,  alter- 
nating with  as  many  spurred  petals ;  the  fruit  consists  of 
five  follicles  with  numerous  seeds.  The  spurred  petals 
with  incurved  heads  have  been  compared  to  five  pigeons, 
the  sepals  representing  the  wings,  and  to  this  the  English 
name  columbine  refers  (from  Latin  columba,  a  pigeon). 
Several  species  are  common  in  cultivation,  and,  as  they  are 
prone  to  sport  aud  hybridize,  the  varieties  of  form  and 
color  are  numerous.  There  are  10  North  American  spe- 
cies, in  some  of  which,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Mexico,  the  spurs  are  several  inches  in  length. 

Aquilinae  (ak-wi-11'ne),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Aquila  + 
-inec.  Cf.  aquiline.']  A  conventional  subfamily 
of  Falconidir,  containing  eagles.  It  has  no  as- 
signable technical  characters.     See  Aquila,  1. 

aquiline  (ak'wi-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [=  P.  aquilin,  < 
L.  aquilinus,  pertaining  to  an  eagle,  <  aquila, 
an  eagle  :  see  Aquila.']  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  eagle. 

When  mortals  lived 
Of  stronger  wing,  of  aquiline  ascent. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  967. 

2.  Resembling  an  eagle ;  having  the  character- 
istics of  an  eagle ;   especially,  resembling  an 
eagle's  beak  ;  curving ;  hooked  ;  prominent. 
Terribly  arched  and  aquiline  his  nose. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii. 
Even  before  objection  was  made  to  his  presence  in  the 
Board  .  .  .  the  aquiline  suggestions  of  Mr.  Oakhurst's 
mien  and  countenance  not  only  prematurely  fluttered  the 
pigeons,  but  absolutely  occasioned  much  uneasiness  among 
the  fish-hawks.  Bret  Harte,  Argonauts,  p.  130. 

aquilont  (ak'wi-lon),  n.  [<  F.  aquilon,  <  L.  aqui- 
lo(n-),  the  north  wind,  Boreas;  prob.  <  aquilus, 
dark-colored,  dun,  swarthy  (ef.  Aquila),  with 
allusion  to  the  dark,  stormy  weather  accom- 
panying the  north  wind.]  The  north  wind. 
[Rare.] 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  puff'd  Aquilon. 

Shalt.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

aquiminale,  aquimanile  (a'kwi-mi-na'le,  -ma- 

ni'le),  w.      See  aquamianale. 

aquiminarium  (a"kwi-mi-na'ri-um),  n.;  pi. 
aquiminaria  (-ii).     Same  as  aquamianale. 

Aquitanian  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aquila- 
nia,  said  to  be<  Celtic  Aqui,  name  of  a  people, 
+  tan,  country.]  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  the  great  divisions  of  ancient  Gaul.  Accord- 
ing to  Caesar,  it  was  bounded  by  the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees, 


285 

and  the  ocean.  Augustus  extended  it  as  a  Roman  province 
northward  to  the  Loire,  It  afterward  became  the  Prankish 
and  French  duch}  (and  for  some  time  kingdom)  of  Aqui- 
taine  (held  as  an  appanage  of  tin-  English  crow  □  through 
intermarriage  for  about  300  yearBbi  inn-  L46S),  and  finally, 
greatly  reduced,  th  I h  province  of  Quienne(a  medie- 
val corruption  of  Aquitaine), 

aquitet,  v.  t.    An  old  form  of  acquit.    Chaucer. 

Aquitelse  (ak-wi-te'le),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  aqua, 
water,  +  tela,  web.  ]  A  subdivision  of  spiders,  of 
the  family  Araneidce,  corresponding  to  the  old 
gemisArgyroneta  ami  to  the  Nayades ofWaleke- 
naer  or  thb  aquatic  Tubitelw  of  Latreille.  It  con- 
tains siR-h  species  as  the  diving  water-spider,  Argyroneta 
aquatica.  s,,  called  because  they  spin  their  webs  in  the 
water.    See  cut  under  Argyroneta. 

aquocapsulitis  (a"kw6-cap-su-l!'tis),  n.    [NL., 

<  L.  aqua,  water,  fluid,  +  eapsula,  box,  +  -itis: 
see  aqua  and  capsule.]  Inflammation  of  the  lin- 
ings of  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers  of 
the  eye. 

aquometer  (a-kwom'e-tcr),  n.  [The  analogical 
L.  form  would  be  *aquim<  ter,  <  aqua,  water,  + 
nietrum,  measure.  Cf.  aquameter.]  A  steam- 
pump  which  acts  both  by  direct  steam-pressure 
and  by  vacuum.  It  has  two  working  chambers,  into 
whichsteam  is  alternately  admitted.  Bythe  condensation 
of  the  steam  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed,  to  fill  which  water 
rushes  in.  When  tin  chamber  is  full  of  water  a  valve 
opens,  and  steam  enters  and  forces  the  water  out  into  a 
pressure-  or  delivery-chamber.  The  steam  condenses  as 
before,  causing  the  Inflow  of  a  further  supply  of  water, 
i  hie  chamber  is  filling  while  its  companion  is  discharging, 
thus  keeping  up  a  continuous  delivery.  See  pulsometer 
and  vacuum-pump. 

aquose  (a'kwos),  a.    [=  F.  aqueux  =  Pg.  aquoso, 

<  L.  aquosus,  <  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  Wa- 
tery; abounding  in  water.     [Rare.] 

aquosity  (a-kwos'i-ti),  re.  [=  F.  aqua-site"  =  Pg. 
aquosidade,  <  LL.  aquositas,  moistness,  <  L. 
aquosus:  see  aquose.]  1.  The  abstract  essen- 
tial qualities  of  water;  wateriness  as  a  quality. 

We  do  not  assume  that  a  something  called  aquosity 
entered  into  and  took  possession  of  the  oxide  of  hydrogen 
as  soon  as  it  was  formed,  and  then  guided  the  aqueous 
particles  to  their  places  in  the  facets  of  the  crystal,  or 
among  the  leaflets  of  the  hoar-frost. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  136. 

Life  is  thus  only  an  abstraction  from  the  properties  of 
living  things,  just  as  aquosity  would  be  an  abstraction 
from  the  properties  of  water.     New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  71. 

2.  The  state  of  being  aquose  or  watery ;  moist- 
ure. 

aquula  (ak'wo-la),  n.  [L.,  also  aquola,  acuta, 
a  little  water,  a  little  stream,  dim.  of  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]  In  anat.,  a  small  collection 
of  watery  fluid — Aquula  acustica,  the  auditory  fluid, 
the  endolymph  or  perilymph  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

ar1  (ar),  n.     [<  ME.  ar,  pi.  aires,  <  AS.  er,  <  L. 

er,  the  name  of  the  letter  r ;  <  c,  the  usual  as- 
sistant vowel,  +  r :  see  r.]  The  name  of  the 
letter  S.    Also  formerly  spelled  arre. 

There  was  an  V.  and  thre  aires  togydre  in  a  sute 
With  letters  other,  of  whichc  I  shal  reherse. 

Pol.  Poem  in  Archceologia,  XXIX.  .SI.    (SaUiwell.) 


The  Constellation  Ara. 


arabesque 

Ara1  (a'rii),  ».      [\j.,  an  altar.]     One  of  the  15 
ain-icnl  southern  constellations;  the  Altar.     It 
is  situated  south  of   the 
Scorpion.    Its  two  bright. 
esi  stars  are  ul  the  third  # 

magnitude.  y       t 

Ara-  (a'rii),  n.    [NL.  /  , 

(Brisson) ;    appar.    a  ° 

native  Braz.  name ; 
•  e  def.,  at  end.]  A 
genus  of  American 
birds,  of  the  family 
I'.iitlaciibv,  the  ma- 
caws, of  large  size  and 
gorgeous  coloration, 
with  very  long  cune- 
ate  tail  and  more  or 
less  naked  face;  some- 
times made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  Arince, 
containing  the  wedge- 
tailed  American  par- 
rots. Leading  species  are  .1.  maeao,  the  red  and  blue 
macaw  ;  .1.  ararauna,  the  blue  ami  yellow  macaw  ;  and  A. 
hyacinthina,  the  hyacinthine  macaw.  It  is  a  synonym  of 
Macrocercus  fVieUlot,  1816)  and  Sittace  (Wagler,  1830) 
The  related  forms,  arm,  arras,  nrnruinia,  nraracanga, 
ararauna.  and  arara,  are  severally  used  for  species  or 
sections  of  the  genus  Ara. 

Arab  (ar'ab),  ».  and  a.  [<  L.  Arabs,  pi.  Arabes 
(also  Arabus,  pi.  Arabi),  <  Gr.  "Apa-uj,  pi.  "ApaSec, 
=  Turk.  Arab,  <  Ar.  Arab.]  I.  n.  1.  A  native 
of  Arabia,  or  a  member  of  the  Arabic  race  (now 
widely  spread  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  formerly 
in  southern  Europe);  an  Arabian,  whether  a 
civilized  inhabitant  of  a  city  or  a  dweller  in 
the  desert,  commonly  known  as  a  Bedawi  (see 
Bedouin)  or  nomadic  Ishmaelite. —  2.  A  neg- 
lected outcast  of  the  streets,  particularly  an 
outcast  boy  or  girl,  often  styled  a  street  Arab, 
in  allusion  to  the  wandering  Arabs. 

When  he  read  about  the  stn  >  (  Arabs,  and  of  the  doings 

of  the  young  fry  of  thieves,  he  .  .  .  wiped  his  eyes,  and 

said,  "  God  bless  me  ! "  Mrs.  RiadeU. 

II.  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arabs  or  to 

Arabia  ;  Arabic ;  Arabian :  as,  an  Arab  steed. 

The  delicate  Arab  arch  of  her  feet. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xvi.  1. 

araba1,  arba  (a-rii'ba,  iir'ba),  n.  [Also  aroba, 
=  Bulg.  araba,  Russ.  arba,  <  Hind.  Pers.  araba, 


ar2,  n.    See  arr1. 

ar3t,  ar4t,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of  are1,  ere,  or, 
ore,  etc. 

ar-.  The  assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  arf- 
before  r;  in  older  English  words  a  restored 
form  of  Middle  English  and  Old  French  a-,  the 
regular  reduced  form  of  Latin  ar-,  as  in  array, 
arrange,  etc. 

-ar1.  [ME.  -ar,  occasional  spelling  of  -er1,  -ere.] 
A  suffix  of  nouns  denoting  an  agent;  a  variant 
of  -er1,  as  in  beggar,  liar,  formerly  and  properly 
begger,  etc. 

-ar2.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier.  -air,  mod.  F. 
-ier,  -aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ario  =  It.  -ario,  -ajo,  <  L.  -dr- 
ills, fern,  -dr-ia,  neut.  -dr-iu-m,  a  common  adj. 
and  noun  suffix,  =  Goth,  -ur-ei-s  =  OHG.  -art, 
-art,  MHG.  -aire,  -er,  G.  -er  =  AS.  -ere,  E.  -er, 
suffix  of  nouns  of  agent :  see-er1.  The  reg.  OF. 
form  was  -er,  -ier.  >  ME.  -er,  now  restored  to  -ar. 
The  usual  mod.  F.  form  is  -aire.  In  E.  -or2  as 
an  adj.  suffix  appears  as  -fen/1,  q.  v.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  some  nouns,  as  in 
bursar,  medlar,  mortar,  ricar,  etc. 

-ar3.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  mod.  F.  -ter, 
-aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ar  =  It.  -are,  <  L.  -aris,  neut. 
-are,  equiv.  to  -Wis  (E.  -al),  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes:  see  -al.  In  E.  -or3  also  ap- 
pears as  -ar;i",  q.  v.]  A  suffix,  of  Latin  origin, 
(1)  of  adjectives  (and  of  nouns  thence  derived), 
being  equivalent  to  -al,  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes,  as  in  alar,  polar,  regular,  lin- 
gular, etc.  (see  -al,  and  compare  -ar*);  (2)  of 
nouns,  as  in  altar,  collar,  pillar,  scholar,  etc. 
In  these  nouns  and  other  old  words  -,/,-  is  an  alteration 
(to  suit  the  Latin)  of  the  Middle  English  -o\  from  Old 
French,  or  (as  in  scholar)  from  Anglo-Saxon. 

ar.     In  her.,  a  common  abbreviation  of  argent. 


Araba. 
(From  Lewis's  "  Constantincijl 

Turk.  Ar.  'arabah,  a  cart,  wheeled  vehicle.]  A 
heavy,  springless  wagon,  usually  covered  with  a 
screen  as  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  drawn 
by  oxen  or  cows,  and  used  throughout  north- 
western and  central  Asia,  India,  Turkey,  and 
Russia,  wherever  Tatars  have  settled. 

Not  a  single  waggon  is  to  be  found  in  the  district,  and 
the  wooden  arba  is  not  even  known  there. 

Encye.  lint.,  XII.  3. 

araba2  (ar'a-ba),  re.     [S.  Amer. ;  cf.  guariba, 

guareba,  aud  araguato,  names  applied  to  a  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  same  genus.]  A  howling 
monkey  of  the  South  American  genus  Myc<  />  s, 
M.  stramineus.  See  holder. 
arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),  a.  and  n.  [Also arabesk, 
<  F.  arabesque,  <  It.  arabesco  (=  Sp.  Pg.  ara- 


besco),  <  Arabo,  Arab  (see  Arab),  +  -esco :  see 
-egg  ue.    The  arabesque  style  is  so  called  because 


286 

styles  of  architecture,  but  applied  especially  to  Egyptian 
and  Oriental  examples.  This  architecture  shows  in  its 
systems  of  construction  and  ornament  the  profound  m- 
fluence  of  Persian  and  Byzantine  models,  though,  as  a 
rule,  in  architectural  science  it  falls  far  behind  the  work 
of  the  Byzantine  masters.  The  ovoidoconical  dome  sup- 
ported  on  pendenttves  is  a  characteristic  feature;  the 
buildings  are  usually  square  or  polygonal  in  plan,  seldom 
circular;  tin-  roofs  art  in  general  Hat, and  supported  by 
arches  resting  on  columns  forming  long  parallel  aisles, 
and  often  surrounding  a  central  court.  The  arches  are 
verj  commonly  of  the  horseshoe  shape  developed  In 
Pi  reia,  and  from  the  beginning  show  the  pointed  form, 
though  it  is  clear  that  neither  form  was  adopted  for  con- 
structive reasons,  and  that  neither  influenced  the  meth- 
ods of  building,  much  less  revolutionized  the  entire  ail  of 
architecture,  as  did  the  adoption  of  the  pointed  arch  in 
western  Europe.  Walls,  particularly  interior  walls,  ceil- 
ings, domes,  spandrels,  etc.,  are  commonly  covered  with 
an  Intricate  laeow..rk  of  arabesques,  usually  executed  in 
relief  on  stucco,  and  often  colored  with  at  once  great 
brilliancy  and  great  delicacy.  The  most  noteworthy  ex- 
amples of  the  style  exist  in  Cairo.— Arabic  figures  or 
Characters,  the  numeral  characters  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7.  8,  9, 
0,  so  called  as  having  been  introduced  into  European  from 
Aral)  use.  They  were  so  introduced  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  the  work  of  Leonardo  of  Pisa,  published  in  1202,  con- 
tributed much  to  their  dissemination.  They  were  taken 
from  the  Arabic  work  of  Al-Khowarazmi  (see  algorism), 
who  obtained  them  in  India  or  Afghanistan.  The  system 
in  its  complete  form  (with  the  cipher)  certainly  originated 
in  India;  but  what  the  ultimate  origin  of  the  characters 
was,  whether  they  had  been  previously  known  in  Europe 
w  1 1  hout  the  cipher,  and  their  history  among  the  Arabians, 
are  matters  still  in  dispute. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Arabians ;  aSemitic 
(liale'ct,  belonging  (along  with  the  Himyaritic 
and  Abyssinian  languages)  to  the  southern 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family,  and  generally  re- 
garded as  exhibiting  more  ancient  features  than 
any  other  Semitic  tongue.  It  is  the  language  of  the 
Koran,  the  sacred  language  of  Islam,  and  possesses  an  im- 
mense literature,  almost  wholly  Moslem  and  later  than  the 
time  of  Mohammed.  Many  other  languages  have  borrow,  d 
largely  of  its  material,  from  the  Persian,  Turkish,  Hindu- 
stani and  Malay  on  the  east  to  the  Spanish  on  the  west. 

Arabicalt  (a-rab'i-kal),  a.    [<  Arabic  +  -ah] 
Arabian ;  Arabic,     piare.] 
besqucd,  ppr.  arabesquing.       [<  arabesque,  it.]  Arabicallyt  (a-rab'i-kal-i),  adv.     According  to 
To  enrich  with  ornament  in  arabesque.  Arabic  usage ;  in  Arabic.     N.  E.  D. 

With  its  vermilioned  initial  letters,  so  prettily  am-  Arabici  (a-rab'i-si),  n.  pi.     See  Arabian,  ».,  2. 
besqued.  Eclectic  Rev.  Arabicize  (a-rab'i-siz),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  Arabi- 

Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  Arabitts,    cieed,  ppr,  Arabicmng.    [<  Arabic  +  -fee.]     To 
<  Gr  'Apd9iog,<  "Apaf:  see  Arab.]      I.  a.  Per-    render  conformable  to  Arabic  usage, 
taming  to  Arabia,  or  to  the  Arabs:  as,  Arabian  arability  (ar-a-bil'i-ti),  n.     .<  arabh:  see 
science  or  philosophy — Arabian  bird,  the  phenix 


arabesque 
Arabian  artists  brought  it  to  high  perfection, 
and  were  a1  one  time  supposed  to  be  its  origi- 
nators.] I.  a.  Arabian  or  resembling  the  Ara- 
bian in  style;  specifically,  in  art,  relating  to  or 
exhibiting  the  variety  of  ornament  known  as 
arabesque.     See  II. 

Some  cushions  disposed  in  the  Moorish  fashion,  and  or- 
ueedle-work,  supplied  the  place 
of  chairs  in  this  apartment  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  vi. 

II.  ».  1.  A  kind  of  ornament  of  a  capricious 
and  fanciful  character,  consisting  of  lines, 
geometrical  figures,  fruits,  dowers,  foliage, 
etc.,  variously  combined  and 
grouped,  and  painted,  inlaid, 
or  wrought  in  low  relief:  used 
especially  for  the  decoration 
of  walls 'and  ceilings,  but  also 
for  the  decoration  of  objects 
of  any  nature,  in  the  arabesques 
of  the  Mohammedans  animal  forms 
ii,  i.  rigidly  excluded,  in  accordance 
with  tiie  requirements  of  their  re- 
ligions law;  but  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, and  the  Renaissance  artists, 
among  them  Raphael  and  his  scholars, 
to  whom  are  due  the  rich  arabesque 
decorations  of  the  loggie  of  the  Vati- 
can, laid  all  the  kingdoms  of  nature 
under  contribution.  The  Greeks  un- 
doubtedly derived  the  idea  of  pictorial 
or  plastic  ornament  of  this  kind  from 
the  Oriental  stuffs,  painted,  woven,  or 
embroidered  with  natural  or  fabulous 
forms  of  plants  and  animals,  which 
were  brought  to  them  by  Phenician 
traders  from  a  very  early  period. 
2.  In  bookbinding,  a  term  used 
in  England  for  impressed  or- 
namental work  on  the  side  of  the  binding,  pro- 
duced by  the  pressure  of  hot  plates  or  rollers 
upon  which  the  pattern  is  engraved. 

Also  spelled  arabesk. 
arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),.»-  *-j  F.et-  and  pp.  ara- 


Araceae 

aracanga  (ar-a-kang'gii), ».  [Braz.:  see.4ra2.] 
A  kind  of  macaw.  Psittacus  mocao  (Linnwus), 
P.  aracanga  (Gmelin),  now  Am  macao ;  the  red 
and  blue  macaw.     Also  uritniriiiiiin. 

aracari  (ar-a-ka'ri),  n.  [=  Pg.  aracari  (NL. 
Aracariu8),  from  a  native  name.]  1.  A  toucan 
of  tho  genus  Pteroglossus,  differing  from  the 


Cinque-cento  Ara- 
besque, from  tomb  in 
Church  of  S.  Pietro- 
in-Vinculo,  Rome. 


-biliti/.]   Capability  of'being  cultivated ;  fitness 
for  cultivation. 


A  Domesday  hide,  which  one  of  our  latest  archaeologists 
with  good  reason  maintains  is  variable  according  to  tile 
arability  or  pasturability  of  the  land. 

J  The  Nation,  Aug.  7, 1879,  p.  96. 


(which  see) ;  hence  used,  like  that,  for  auy  unique  or  singu- 
larly excellent  person. 

She  [Imogen]  is  alone  the  Arabian  bird  ;  and  I 

Have  lost  the  wager.  Sliah:,  Cymbeline,  i.  7. 

II    it.  1.  A  native  of  Arabia;    an  Arab. — 
2.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  of  the  third  century  arabin,  arabine  (ar'a-bin),  n.    [<  arab-ic  (gum) 
(commonly  called  Ardbici)  which  sprang  up  in     +  _,-H2.]    A  variety  of  gum,  (C6H10O5)2+H2O, 
Perea,  beyond  the  Jordan,  a  region  often  in-    soluble  in  cold  water;  arable  acid,    itistheprin- 

eluded  in  Arabia.     According  to  Eusebitls,  its  mem-      cipal  constituent  of  gum  arabic,  which  consists  of  salts  ..I 
be,       ,  ierted  that  the  human  soul,  as  long  as  the  present      arabin,  and  is  also  contained  m  other  similar ;  substances      „„„,.,.    ,.    , 
Btate  of  the  world  existed  perished  with  the  body,  but  that  arabmose  (ar'a-bi-nos),  n.      [<  arabin  +  -ose.j  arace  .,".'._, 
it  would  be  raised  again  with  the  body  at  the  time  of  the    A  crystallizable  sugar,  C?H1306,  prepared  by  Araceae   (a-ra  se-ej 

the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  arabin.  -acea:]     A  ni 


resurrection."  The  point  was  discussed  with  them  by 
i  ii  igen,  at  a  council,  with  so  much  force  that  they  were  led 
to  change  their  opinions. 
Arabic  (ar'a-bik),  a.  and  n.  [ME.  Arabil;  n. ;  < 
OF.  ArabicX  L.  Arabicus,  <  Or.  'Apa,3tK6c,  <  "Apaip, 
Arab:  see  Arab.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  Arabia, 
or  to  the  Arabian  race  or  language.— 2.  [7.  c] 
Derived  from  certain  species  of  acacia  growing 


hitecture.—  Tombs  of  the  Califs,  I     l! 


in  Arabia  and  other  eastern  countries:  .as,  gum 
arabic  (which  see,  under  gum'*);  arabic  acid. 
See  arabin — Arabic  architecture,  a  general  term  for 
the  Mohammedan  or  .Mussulman,   Moorish,  01 


arabinosic  (ar"a-bi-no'sik),  a.  [<  arabinose  + 
-it:]     Of  or  pertaining  to  arabinose. 

Arabis  (ar'a-bis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'Apa/Mc,  Ara- 
bian, <  'Apaiiia,  Arabia,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant species  are  natives.]  A  large  genus  of 
plants,  of  the  order  Crucifera r;  wall-  or  rock- 
cress.  The  species  are  mostly  of  little  interest  or  im- 
portance ;  a  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament  ill  rockwork 
and  flower-borders. 

Arabism  (ar'a-bizm),  n.     [=  F.  arabtme;  < 

Arab  +  -ism;  cf.  Gr.  'Apafi&tv,  take  part  with 
the  Arabs.]  An  idiom  or  a  peculiarity  of  the 
Arabic  language. 

Arabist  (ar'a-bist),  n.  [=  F.  arabiste;  <  Arab 
+  -ist.  CI.  Arabism.']  One  versed  in  the  Arabic 
language,  or  in  Arabian  literature  or  science. 

Arabize  ctr'a-biz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  Arabi  i  d, 
ppr.  Arabizing.     [<  Arab  +  -fee.    Cf.  Gr.  'Apa  Ii 
luv,  take  part  with  the  Arabs,  <  "Apaftec,  Arabs: 
see   Arab.]      To  render  Arabic  in  character; 
especially,  to  tinge  with  Arabisms. 

These  Arabs  Of  the  Sudan  are  not  true  Arabs,  but  to  a 
great  extent  merelj  Arabi  ><t  negroes.      Science,  l\    531. 

arable  (ar'a-bl),  a.  L<  P.  arable,  <  L.  arabilis, 
that  can  be  plowed,  <  ararc,  plow,  =  <ir.  «/""''' 
=  Goth,  arjan  =  Icel.  erja  =  AS.  critut,  >  E.  ear, 
plow:  see  cai-s.]  Fit  for  plowing  or  tillage. 
—  Arable  land,  land  whii  h  Is  cultivable  by  means  ol  the 
plow, as  distinguished  from  grass-land,  wood  laud,  com 
in  <i  pasture,  and  waste. 

Aracanese  I  ar-a-ka-nes'  or  -nez  ),  o.  and  n.  [< 
Aracan  +  -<«.']  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  Aracan  or  to  its  inhabitants, 

II.  n.  1.  simg.orpl.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Aracan,  a  division  of  Burma.— 2.  The  lan- 
guage spoken  bj  the  inhabitants  of  Aracan,  a 
dialect  of  Burmese. 

Also  spelled  . Irttl.it nest : 


Pteroglossus  araca 

true  toucan  in  being  smaller  in  size,  with  a  less 
developed  beak,  and  in  having  more  brilliant 
and  variegated  plumage.  See  Pteroglossus  and 
Plittntpltastos.  The  aracaris  breed  in  the  hollows  of 
decayed  trees,  which  they  enlarge  by  means  of  their  beak. 
The  prevailing  color  of  their  plumage  is  green,  often  varied 
with  spaces  or  bands  of  black,  or  of  brilliant  red  and  yel- 
low. They  are  natives  of  the  warm  parts  of  South  America. 
2.  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  one  of  the 
aracaris,  Pteroglossus  aracari.  It  was  made  a 
generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1828,  and  was  Latin- 
ized as  Aracaritts  by  Kafiuesque  in  1815. 

Also  spelled  aricari. 
arace't,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aracen,  arascn,  also  ara- 
elteti,  <  AF.  (tracer,  OF.  aracier,  arachier  (as  if  < 
L.  *abradicare),  mixed  with  erachier,  esrachier 
(mod.  F.  tirriitlat)  =  Pr.  araizar,  <  L.  exradU 
care,  eradicare,  uproot,  eradicate:  see  eradi- 
cate] To  pull  up  by  the  roots;  pull  away  by 
force ;  tear  violently  away. 

The  children  from  her  arm  they  gonne  arace. 

Chancer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1047. 

Same  as  arose*-. 

,  tt.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
A  natural  order  of  monocotyledonous 
plants,  of  which  the  genus  Arum  is  the  type. 
The  species  are  her- 
baceous  perennials, 
mostly  aeaulesietit 
from  tuberous  or 
creeping  loots,  but 
in  the  tropics  often 
tall  rooting  climb- 
ers. The  inconspic- 
uous flowers,  usual- 
ly monoecious  or  di- 
oecious, are  crowd- 
ed upon  a  spadix 
surrounded  by  a 
Bpathe,  w  ith  which 
it  is  sometimes  con- 
fluent. The  order 
includes  98  genera 
and  about  1,000 
species,  abundant 
within  the  tropics, 
but  comparatively 
ran-  in  temperate 
regions.  The  larger 

I a   arc    Anil'" 

Hum,       PhUoden- 

,/,-,,„  Arieatma,  and  Po(*o».  In  temperate  North  Am.r- 
ica  there  arc  lo  Bpecies,  belonging  to  8  genera,  of  which 
tin-  most  ,.. nun. m  is  the  .lack  ill  the-pulplt,  or  Indian  tur- 
nip   Yristxma  triphyllum.     The  skunk-cabbage,  Symplo- 

cariaisfirtiilns.  aniltheswcrt   Hag.  ACOTUH cittiltiiltx,  are alSO 

wi  II  known  representatives  of  the  order.    The  tuberous 

, ts  of  many  species  abound   in  starch,  and  furnish  n 

wholesome  food  whe ked.  or  after  the  acridity  has 

been  removed  by  washing,  as  in  the  tarn,  Colocama  ant 


Icoo-pint,  or  Wuke-rotiin 
{Armn  maculatum). 

a, spadix  ;  b,  b.  stamens,  or  male  flowers; 
c,  c,  ovaries,  or  female  flowers;  d,  spathe ; 
e,  conn. 


quorum,  whe  h  fa  extensively  cultivated  in  tropn  d  coun- 
tries     I'.ritish  or  Portland  arrowroot  is  manufactured 

from  the  roots  ..f  Arum  maculatum  (the  wake  robin  or 

,  j,  I pint),  fhe  species  of  whil  b  an-  natives  chiefly  of 

tropical  countries.       \  principle  of  acridity  generally  per- 
vades the  AraceCB,  existing  in  so  strong  a  degree  ill  sonic 
as  to  render  them  dangerous  poisons,  as  THeffenoachia 
,uma  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  winch 

i,  ci  ne  ifs  popular  nai htmb-cane  fr the  fact  that 

when  it  is  chewed  the  tongue  bee is  swelled  by  the  acrid 

juice,  and  the  power  of  speech  iB  destroyed.     Many  species 
arc  cultivated  in  greenhouses,  chiefly  as  foliage  plants,  and 


Araceae 

the  calla,  llicharrfiit  Mthiopica,  is  a  very  common  house- 
plant.     Alsn  called  Aroideos. 

araceous  (a-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  araeetts:  see 
Aracece.']  Pertaining  to  the  natural  order  of 
plants  Aracem. 

arachidic  (ar-a-Md'ik),  a.  [<  Arachis  (Arachid-) 
4-  -tc.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  the  earth- 
nut,  Arachis  kypogwa  ;  as,  arachidic  acid. 

Arachis(ar'a-kis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxog,  apanor, 
dpajuc,  some  leguminous  plant.]  A  small  genus 
of  leguminous  plants,  natives  of  Brazil.  The 
genus  is  remarkable  in  the  order  for  its  elongated  pedi- 
cel-like calyx-tube,  and  for  the  manner  in  which  the 
pruning  stipe  of  the  ovary  bends  downward  and,  attain- 
ing a  length  of  2  or  3  inches,  pushes  the  ovary  into  the 
ground,  where  it  begins  to  enlarge  and  ripen.  The  best- 
known  species  is  A.  hijpogcva,  the  common  peanut  or 
groundnut,  which  is  now  cultivated  in  most  warm  cli- 
mates, and  is  esteemed  a  valuable  article  of  food.  Its  pod 
when  mature  is  oblong,  often  contracted  in  the  middle, 
wrinkled,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  and  contains  two  seeds  of 
the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  sweet  in  flavor,  especially  when 


^*7 


S/,^ 


Two        Arachnidial 
Mammillae,  or  Spinncr- 


Coromon  Peanut  {Arachis  hypogaa). 

a,  a,  flowers ;  b,  b,  ovaries  on  lengthened  stipes ;  c,  c,  forming  fro  it ; 

d,  ripe  pod  ;  e,  pod  opened,  showing  seeds. 

roasted,  and  yielding  when  pressed  an  oil  not  inferior  to 
that  of  olives.  The  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  1  or  2  feet. 
— AracMs-oil,  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Arachis 
hypogcBa,  the  flue  limpid  nut-oil  of  commerce,  used  as  a 
substitute  for  olive-oil,  and  largely  in  soap-making. 

arachnactis  <ar-ak-nak'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ap&xvTjj  a  spider,  +  aicrig,  a  ray.]  A  name  given 
to  the  free-swimming  young  of  the  genus  Ed- 
wardsia  (which  see).  The  term  was  used  as  a  genus 
name  before  the  nature  of  these  organisms  was  deter- 
mined. 

arachnid  (a-rak'nid),  n.  One  of  the  Arachnida ; 
an  araehnidan. 

Arachnida  (a-rak'ni-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apaxvTjj  a  spider  (see  Aranea),  +  -ida.~\  In  zool., 
a  class  name  used  with  varying  signification, 
(a)  In  Lamarck's  and  Latreille's  systems  of  classification, 
one  of  three  classes  into  which  the  Linnean  Insecta  were 
divided,  the  other  two  being  Crustacea  and  Imecta;  pri- 
marily divided  into  Pulmonaria  and  Trachearia,  (M  In 
Latreilles  system,  the  second  class  of  articulated  animals 
with  articulated  legs,  apterous  and  ametabolous.  It  was 
divided  into  two  orders,  Pulmonaria  and  Trachearia,  the 
former  containing  the  spiders  and  scorpions,  the  latter  the 
false  scorpions,  harvestmen,  and  mites,  (c)  A  class  of  the 
phylum  Arthropoda,  including  the  spiders,  scorpions,  false 
scorpions,  harvestmen,  and  mites,  with  or  without  the 
bear-animalcules  and  the  Pycnogonida  and  Pentastomida. 
They  are  apterous,  ametabolous,  articulate  animals,  with 
articulated  legs.  They  are  deeephalized  by  the  blending 
of  the  head  with  the  thorax  as  a  cephalothorax,  normally 
bearing  8  legs,  and  never  more ;  the  antennae  are  trans- 
formed into  chela?  when  present;  the  abdomen  is  usually 
distinct  but  not  segmented,  or  if  segmented  is  not  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  cephalothorax,  and  does  not 
bear  limbs,  the  appendages  being  in  the  higher  forms 
transformed  into  spinnerets ;  the  eyes  are  simple  and  gen- 
erally mure  than  two  in  number  ;  the  respiratory  appara- 
tus is  pulmonary  or  tracheal,  or  compounded  of  these  two 
forms;  and  their  mode  of  progression  is  digitigrade.  There 
are  about  4,500  species,  some  of  which  are  fossils  occurring 
in  the  Silurian  and  Carboniferous.  They  are  now  divided 
into  from  six  to  nine  orders.  Huxley  makes  six :  Arthrogas- 
tra,  Araneina,  Acarina,  Arctisca,  Pycnogonida,  Pentasto- 
mida. Pascoe  makes  nine  :  Scorpiodea,  <  'heliferidea,  Acari- 
dea,  Araneidea,  Phalangidea,  Phrynuba,  Si'dinnndea,  Arc- 
tisca,  PentoJttomulea (without  Pyctwgonidit).  Synonymous 
with  Acphala,  3,  and  Accra,  2. 

araehnidan  (a-rak'ni-dan),  a.  and  >..  [<  Arach- 
nida +  -an.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Arachnida. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Arachnida. 

arachnidia,  ».    Plural  of  araehnidium. 

arachnidial  (ar-ak-nid'i-al),  (/.  [<  araehnidium 
+  -«/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  araehnidium. 
—  Arachnidial  mammilla,  one  of  the  processes  Lnto 
which  the  ducts  of  the  araehnidium  enter;  a  spinneret. 


287 

Their  [the  glands']  ducts  ultimately  enter  the  six  promi- 
nent arachnidial  mammilla. 

Huxley,  Anat,  Divert.,  p 

Arachnidial  papula,  a  minute  ori- 
flee  through  which  the  Becretion  of 
an  araehnidium  is  poured  out. 

araehnidium    ( ar  -  ak  -  nid '  i  - 

um),  n. ;  pi.  arachnidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxvhhov,  a  cob- 
web, <  apaxvn,  a  spider,  +  dim. 
-Idiov.']  The  characteristic  or- 
gan of  the  Araneida,  or  true 
spiders;  the  glandular  ap- 
paratus by  which  the  silky 
threads  forming  cobweb  are  eteWi,jyajofaSpi 
secreted  and  spun  out.  Num-  ?£#*"*  """* 
berless  minute  glands,  provided  with 
separate  ducts,  seen  te  the  viscid  material  which  hardens 
into  silk  when  eroosed  to  the  air,  The  glands  have  been 
divided  into  five  kinds :  aciniform,  ampullate,  aggregati  , 
tubulifonn,  and  tuberous.  Their  ducts  enter  the  arach- 
nidial mammilla-,  and  discharge  through  orifices  in  the 
arachnidial  papilla-. 

arachnitis  (ar-ak-ni'tis),  n.  A  shortened  form 
of  arachnoiditis. 

arachnoid  (a-rak'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  apax- 
voetdqc,  like  a  cobweb,  <  apaxy),  a  spider's  web, 
a  spider,  +  tUoc,  form.]  I.  a.  1.  ( >f  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Arachnida :  araehnidan. — 2.  Like 
or  likened  to  a  cobweb:  applied,  in  aunt. —  (a) 
to  the  arachnoid  of  the  brain  (see  II.);  (V)  to 
the  hyaloid  membrane  or  arachnoid  of  the  eye 
(see  II.) — Arachnoid  canal,  cavity,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Arachnoid  membrane.  Same  as  II.,  2.— 
Arachnoid  tunic.    Same  as  II.,  3. 

II.  n.  1„  A  kind  of  fossil  madrepore. —  2.  In 
anat.,  the  serous  membrane  enveloping  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord;  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  cerebrospinal  meninges,  between  the 
dura  mater  and  the  pia  mater.  It  was  formerly  re- 
garded as  consisting  of  two  layers,  a  visceral  layer  invest- 
ing the  pia  mater  and  a  reflected  parietal  layer  lining  the 
dura  mater,  the  two  constituting  a  shut  sac,  like  other 
serous  membranes,  inclosing  a  cavity  called  the  arachnoid 
cavity,  containing  a  serous  fluid,  the  arachnoid  fluid;  but 
the  more  modern  view  regards  the  arachnoid  membrane 
as  a  single  sheet  external  to  the  pia  mater  and  attached  to 
it,  1  mt  not  following  it  into  the  sulci  and  other  depres- 
sions of  the  brain.  What  was  formerly  called  the  cavity 
of  the  arachnoid  is  now  termed  the  subdural  space.  The 
arachnoid  is  by  some  regarded  as  simply  the  outermost 
layer  of  the  pia  mater.  Also  called  aracliiwid  membra  in', 
araehnoidm,  arachnoid*:*,  and  araneous  vwmbrntie. 
3.  An  old  and  disused  name  of  the  hyaline  or 
hyaloid  membrane  within  the  eyeball,  especially 
of  that  portion  of  it  which  contributes  to  form 
the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

arachnoidal  (ar-ak-noi'dal),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  the  arachnoid,  in  any  sense 
of  the  word ;  arachnoid. 

arachnoidea,  arachnoides  (ar-ak-noi'df-a, 
-dez),  it.    [NL.]     Same  as  arachnoid,  n.,  2. 

arachnoiditis  (a-rak-noi-dl'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
arachnoidea  +  -Ms.']  Inflammation  of  the  arach- 
noid membrane. 

arachnological  (a-rak-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arachnology. 

arachnologist  (ar-ak-nol'o-jist),  ».  [<  arach- 
nology +  -ist.]     One  versed  in  arachnology. 

arachnology  (ar-ak-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apaxyn, 
a  spider,  +  -loyia,  <  Ityetv,  speak:  see  -ologij.] 
The  study  of  the  Arachnida. 

Arachnopoda  (ar-ak-nop'o-dji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ap&xvi],  a  spider,  +  Trove  (irorf-)  =  E.  foot.~\  In 
Dana's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of  his 
suborder  Cormostomata  of  Entmnostraca.  The 
term  corresponds  with  Aranciformia  or  Pijcno- 
qonida  (which  see). 

Arachnothera  (a-rak-no-the'ra), ».  [NL.,<  Gr. 
apaxv'i,  a  spider,  +  dnpa  v,  hunt,  j  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  birds  of  the  subfamily  Aracltnothcrimr. 
There  are  numerous  species,  inhabiting  the  Indo-Malayan 
region,  such  as  -I.  Itmgirostris.    Also  Arachnatheres. 

Arachnotherinae  (a-rak"no-tke-ri'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Arachnothera  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of 
NectariniUhe,  containing  numerous  species, 
chiefly  East  Indian  and  Oceanic,  sometimes 
called  spider-catchers,  having  long  slender 
curved  beaks  like  the  sun-birds  of  the  genera 
Drepanis,  Cinnyris,  etc. 

arack,  n.    See  arrack. 

aracouchini-resin  (ar'a-ko-she'ni-rez"in),  b. 
Same  as  acouchi-resin. 

aracuan  (ar-a-kw;in'),  h.  [Of  S.  Amer.  origin.] 
A  name  of  one  of  the  guans,  Ortulis  aracuan. 
Also  written  araucuan. 

arad  (ar'ad),  n.  [<  Arum  +  -ad1.]  A  plant  of 
the  natural  order  Araccw.     Lindley. 

Aradidse  (a-rad'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aradus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
characterized  by  their  extremely  depressed 
form  and  brown  or  fuscous  coloration,  and  di- 
vided into  Aradinw  and  Braclti/rhi/nchina: 


Araliaceae 

The  family  A  radidir,  which  contains  the  most  depressed 
Heteroptera  in  existence.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  288. 

Aradinae  (ar-a-di'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Aradus  + 
-ina.]     ,\  subfamily  of  .Irailida;  living  a  com- 
paratively long  rostrum,  the  sternum  grooved, 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  with  a  thin  cleft  and 
loliate   margin,  and  the  head  with  an  an 
process  exterior  to  the   antenna',     it  is  a 
group,  generally  distributed  in  America  from  the 
i '    Ions  t"  the  tropics. 

Aradus  (ar'a-dns),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  apaSoc, 
a  rumbling  (rattling),  var.  of  apafioc,  a  gnash- 
ing, chattering  (rattling);  of.  apapelv,  rattle, 
ring,  as  armor:  in  allusion  to  the  loose-armor.  •  I 
appearance  of  the  insects  oi  this  genus.]  A 
genus  of  heteropterous  insects,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Aradina:  A.  crenatus  is  a  large  spe- 
cies of  the  United  States,  half  an  inch  long. 

araeometer,  etc.    See  an  onu  U  r,  etc. 

araeostyle,  a.    See  areosiyle. 

araeosystyle,  a.    See  areosystyle. 

araeotict,  a.  and  n.    See  areotic. 

Aragonese  (ar"a-gp-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Sp.  Aragones,  <  Aragon.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  Aragon  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  a.  sing,  or  jd.  An  inhabitant  or  the  in- 
habitants of  Aragon,  one  of  the  great  divisions 
(formerly  a  kingdom)  of  Spain,  in  the  north- 
eastern part. 

Sometimes  spelled  A rragonese. 

aragonite  (ar'a-go-nit),  n.  [<  Aragon,  a  divi- 
sion of  Spain,  +  -iie".]  Calcium  carbonate  crys- 
tallizing in  the  orthorhombie  system,  it  is  iden- 
tical with  calcite  in  chemical  composition,  but  differs  from 
it  in  crystalline  form  and  in  some  of  its  physical  proper- 
ties ;  for  example,  its  specific  gravity  is  2.9,  while  that  of 
calcite  is  2.7.  It  occurs  often  in  transparent  acicular  crys- 
tals, and  also  as  a  deposit  from  waters  carrying  lime.  *  A 
white  variety,  having  a  delicate  coralloid  form,  is  called 
fiosferri  (flower  of  iron),  from  the  fact  of  its  occurrence 
with  iron  ores. 

aragu  (ar'a-go),  n.  [Canarese  aragu,  Telugn 
arakku,  ult.  <  Skt.  lakshd,  lac:  see  toe1.]  Crude 
sticklae.     See  sticklac. 

araguato  (ar-a-gwii'to),  n.  [S.Amer. ;  cf .  ara- 
ba-.]  A  kind  of  howling  monkey  of  South 
America,  of  the  genus  Mijcctes,  M.  ursimis,  or 
the  ursine  howler.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  new-world 
monkeys  hitherto  noticed,  its  length  being  nearly  3  feet, 
while  the  tail  reaches  to  even  a  greater  length.  Like 
all  other  members  of  the  family,  it  is  characterized  by 
its  discordant  and  dismal  yells,  which  can  be  heard  at  the 
distance  of  a  mile.  See  cut  under  howler.  Also  called 
guareba,  guariba. 

araignee  (a-ra-nya'),  ?i.  [F.  araignee,  a  spider, 
formerly  also  a  spider's  web,  <  LL.  *araneata, 
a  spider's  web,  <  L.  aranea,  spider:  seeAranea.] 
In  fort.,  a  kind  of  underground  work  consisting 
of  several  branches  or  galleries  starting  from 
one  point,  like  a  spider's  web. 

araint,  «•  [Mod.  only  dial.,  also arran,  arrand, 
<  ME.  arain,  arein,  arayne,  etc.,  irniu,  erayne, 
etc.,  <  OF.  araiguc,  aragne,  iraigne,  iragne  = 
Pr.  aranha,  eranha=Bp.arafia='Pg.  aranha= 
It.  aragna,  a  spider,  <  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  a 
spider's  web:  see  Aranea.']    A  spider. 

Arainae  (ar-a-i'ne),  n.jd.  [NL.,  <  Ara2  +  -inn.] 
Same  as  Annas. 

araiset  (a-raz'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  araisen,  areisen, 
raise  up,  <  a-  (<  AS.  a-)  +  raisen,  reisen,  raise: 
see  a-1  and  raise.]     Same  as  raise. 

[A  medicine]  whose  simple  touch 
Is  powerful  to  araise  King  Pepin. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 
arak,  ».     See  arrack. 
Arakanese,  ".  and  ».    See  Araeanese. 
arake  (a-rak'); prep.  jihr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3  + 
rake.]     Xauf.,  on  the  rake;  inclined  from  the 
perpendicular. 

araki  (ar'a-ki),  h.  [Cf.  arM;  see  arrack.]  An 
Egyptian  intoxicating  drink  prepared  from  the 
dibs  or  honey  of  dates ;  a  kind  of  arrack. 

My  guardians  and  attendants  .  .  .  used  to  fetch  araH 
in  a  clear  glass  bottle,  without  even  the  decency  of  a  cloth, 
and  the  messenger  twice  returned  from  these  errands  de- 
cidedly drunk.  S.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  4s7. 

Aralia  (a-ra'li-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  origin  unknown.] 
A  genus  of  plants  with  small  flowers  arranged 
in  umbels,  and  succulent  berries,  the  type  of  the 
natural  order  Araliacece. 

Araliaceae  (a-ra-li-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ara- 
lia +  -acccc]  A  natural  order  of  plants  nearly 
related  to  the  Umbt  Uiferce,  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  chiefly  by  their  three-  or  more 
celled  fruit,  simple  epigynous  disk,  usually 
valvate  corolla,  and  more  shrubby  habit.  The 
order  is  mosi  largely  represented  in  warm  and  tropical 
countries,  and  to  it  belongs  the  Ivy,  Sedera  Helix.  Gin- 
seng, which  is  hiuhly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  as  a  stimu- 
lant, is  produced  by  /'<'/ /"<■  Schinseng,  a  plant  found  in 
northern  Asia.  The  L-iiismig  oi  North  America,  Aralia 
<luin<iiit("Ha ,  is  less  valued.  A  species  of  Aralia,  A.  nudi- 
•■nidi*.  is  used  ni  North  America  as  a  substitute  for  sarsa- 


Arallaceae 

parilla.  The  true  rice-paper  of  the  Chinese,  obtained  only 
from  the  island  of  Formosa,  is  made  from  the  pith  of 
another  araliaceous  plan  I  Theorderis 

represented  in  temperate  North  America  only  by  the  genus 
Aralia,  of  which  ti  jht  species,  and  by  a  single 

araliaceous  (a-ra-li-a'shins),  «.  [<  XL.  ara- 
liaceus.]  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Ara- 
liact  a  . 

Aramaean,  n.    S  eon. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik),  a.  and  ».  [<  LL.  as  if 
'Aramaieus,  <  Gr.  'Apa/iaia,  LL.  Amman,  prop- 
erly fern,  of  'Apa/idioc,  L.  Aramatus,  adj.,  formed 
on'Heb.  Aram,  the  name  given  to  the  districts 
comprehended  in  Mesopotamia,  northern  Syria, 
the  region  of  Damascus,  and  eastern  Palestine 
southward  to  Arabia  Petnea.]     Same  as  Ara- 

The  Aramaic  speech  began  to  extend  itself  beyond  its 
original  liml  Thi   Alphabet,  L  283. 

Aramean,  Aramaean  (ar-a-me'an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  LL.  Amma-us,  <  Gr.  'Apa)  :  see  Aramaic."] 
I.  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  northern 
division  of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages  and 
peoples,  containing  the  Mesopotamia^  the 
Syrian  (extending  over  Palestine  prior  to  the 
istian  era),  and  the  Nabatean;  Chaldean; 
Chaldaic  :  Syrian:  in  distinction  from  the  west- 
ern or  middle  Semitic  (Phenician  and  Hebrew) 
and  the  south  Semitic  (Arabic  and  Ethiopic). 

The  Aramean  alphabet  attained  an  even  wider  exten- 
sion than  the  Aramaic  speech,  and  ai  length  extirpated 
all  the  Independent  North  Semitic  scripts. 

Ima  Che  Alphabet,  I.  283. 

II.  «.  1.  The  language  of  the  northwestern 
Semites,  preserved  in  the  Biblical  books  of 
Ezra  and  Daniel,  in  the  Targums,  and  in  the 
Peshito  version  of  the  Scriptures,  together 
with  the  Christian  Syriac  literature. —  2.  An 
inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Aramsea  or  Syria. 

The  Aramcsaru  also  .  .  .  have  the  form  "mata." 

N.  A.  ft  v.,  CXXVTL  523. 

Arameanism  (ar-a-rne'an-izru),  n.  [<  Aramean 
+  -inn.]     Same  as  Aramism. 

Aramidae  (a-rani'i-de),  n.  jil.  [XL.,  <  Aramus 
+  -ida?.]  A  family  of  grallatorial  birds,  con- 
fined to  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  form- 
ing a  connecting  link  between  the  cranes  and 
the  rails,  or  the  gruiform  and  ralliform  birds. 
The  principal  osteological  and  pterylographic  characters 
are  those  of  the  cranes,  while  the  digestive  system  and 
general  habits  and  appearance  are  those  of  the  rails. 
There  are  a  pair  of  caeca,  a  pair  of  carotid  arteries,  and  a 
pair  of  syringeal  muscles.  The  family  consists  of  the  single 
genus  Aramus  (which  see). 

Aramides  (a-rain'i-dez), ».  [XL..  <  Aramus  + 
-ides.]  A  genus  of  American  ralliform  birds,  of 
the  family  Rafflda  and  subfamily  Ilallinw;  the 
American  crakes,  or  small  rails  with  short  bills. 
The  genus  contains  about  20  species,  chiefly  of  Central  and 
South  America  ;  it  t.  I  to  one  groupof 

these,  other  names,  as  Porzana,  Coturnicops,  and  Ore 
i  used  for  the  i 

Aramism  (ar'a-mizrn),  n.  [<  Aram-  (in  Ara- 
maic, etc.)  +  -Ism.]  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean 
or Chaldee  language;  aChaldaism.     Also  Ara- 

AramUS(ar'a-mus),  n.    [XL.;  etvni. unknown.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Ara- 
lez,  containing  the  courlans,  cantos,  or  crying- 
birds.     I:  et  long,  of  chocolate-brown 
color  streaked  with  whit-,  with  Bhort  and  rounded  wings, 
a  falcate  first  prim  tail  of  12  feathers,  and  cleft 
toes.    The  hinder  1  i,  and  the  tarsus  is  scutel- 
late  anteriorly,  and  as  Ion-  a-  the  lull.     The  bill  is  twice 
asl"h                  id,  Blender  but  Btrong,  compressed,  con- 
tie  linear  nostrils,  grooved  about  half  its 
length,an  [enlarged  and  decurved  in  the  terminal  portion. 
!    i     i  [da,  where  it  is  knownasthe 
linipkin  ;  anotnei  pad  t»,  the  scolo] 
courlan,  is  found  in  the  wanner  parts  of  America.     See 
courlan. 

Aranea  ia-ru'ne-ii),  n.  [L.,  a  spider,  a  spider's 
web  (>E.  «/'",». '.|.  v.);  also  a  mm  us,  m.,aspidi  r: 
cf.  Gr.  apaxinKi  A''  poet,  ap&xvoc,  a 

spider,  perhaps  connect'  \kvc,  a  net.] 

1.  An  old  genus  ol  spiders,  more  or  less  exactly 
eqnivalent  to  I  i  \  Arum  ida. 
i .      .  luced  to  the  val I 

pldei     and  has 

ems.     .!  ran*  << 

donu  I     i  pider,  is  now  Tegenaria  da 

2.  [XL.,  iM-ut.pl.]  A  former  group  of  spiders, 
intermediate  between  a  modern  order  ami  a 
modern  g< 

araneal  fa-ra'ne-al),  a.  [<  L.  aranea,  a  spider, 
+  -ai.]    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  spider. 

araneid  (a-ra'ne-id  .  n      -  iraneidan. 

Araneida  ar-a-ne'i-dft),  ".  /''.  [XI...  <  Aranea 
+  -iila.]  A  superfarnily  and  subgroup  of  the 
class  Arachnida,  now  usually  called  an  order, 
containing  the  spiders  as  distinguished  from 
the  mites,  scorpions,  and  other  arachnidans: 


12/J 


Mygale  camentaria,  typical  of  Araneida. 
A,  female,  natural  size:  At,  chelicerse; 
11'  ,  pedipalpi :  /'.  I'J  ,  maxillary  feet; 
17/  .  I  'III  .  thoracic  feet  ;  Cth,  cephalotho- 
rax.  B,  last  joint  of  pedipalpus  of  male, 
much  magnified.    See  cut  under  clielicera. 


288 

practically  synonymous  and  conterminous  with 
Dim,  or  Pulmotrachearia.     The  spiders 

breathe  by  tw ■  more  pulmonary  sacs,  combined  or  not 

with  trachea'.  The  abdomen  is  no!  segmented,  and  Is  dis- 
tlnctlj  separated  from  the  cephalothorax ;  they  have  no 
antenna   as  such,  but  a  pair  of  palps  .  they  have  from  2  to 

s  simple  eyes,  and 
8  legs  "f  7  joints 
each.  The  abdomi- 
nal appendages  are 
modified  into  an 
arachnidium  or 
spinneret,  the  ap- 
paratus by  which 
cobweb,  gossamer, 
and  other  kinds 
of  spider-silk  are 
spun  from  a  se- 
cretion of  glandu- 
lar organs.  There 
ate  also  always 
poison-glands  con- 
nected with  the 
mouth-parts.  The 
division  of  the 
group  varies  with 
every  leading  wri- 
ter as  to  number 
of  suborders  or 
families  and  their 
arrangement,  some 
admitting  but  two 
or  three  families,  others  several  suborders  and  upward  of 
twenty  families,  while  the  diversities  of  detail  are  endless. 
A  prime  division  is  into  Dipneumones,  those  having  two 
pulmonary  sacs  (the  great  bulk  of  the  order),  and  Tetra- 
pnt  umonee,  with  four;  or  according  to  the  number  of  stig- 
mata, those  having  two  pairs  (Tetrasticta)  or  only  one  pair 
(Tn'<ticta);  or  according  to  the  number  of  eyes,  whether 
2.  4,  f>,  or  S ;  or,  finally,  according  to  the  way  in  which  they 
move  about  and  spin  their  webs.  Some  authors  adopt 
three  families :  Araneidce,  Lycosido?,  and  Nyyalidce.  Also 
Araneidt ",  Araneina. 

Araneidae  (ar-a-ne'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Aranea 
+  -iihe.]  The  spiders,  considered  as  a  family; 
the  spinning  spiders.  The  group  approaches  more  or 
less  nearly  in  extent  the  order  Araneida.  In  some  systems 
the  term  disappears,  being  conterminous  with  the  order. 
which  then  is  divided  into  numerous  families  of  other 
names. 
araneidan  (ar-a-ne'i-dan),  ».  [<  Araneida  + 
-an.]  One  of  the  Araneida  ;  any  spider.  Also 
araneid. 
Araneidea  (ar-a-ne-i-de'a),  n.  pi.  [XL.]  Same 
as  Araneida. 
araneiform  (a-ra'ne-i-forcn),  a.  [<  XL.  aranei- 
formis,  <  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  + forma,  form.] 
1 .  Spider-like  in  form ;  resembling  a  spider ; 
belonging  to  the  Araneida,  as  distinguished 
from  other  arachnidans. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Amm  iformia. 

Araneiformes (a-ra/ne-i-for'mez), n. pi.    [XL., 
pi.  of  araneiformis :  see  araneiform.]   Same  as 
Araneiform  in. 
Araneiformia(a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mi-ii),  n.  pi.   [XL., 
neut.  pi.  of  araneiformis:  see  araneiform.]    A 
group  of  spider-like  marine  animals:  synony- 
mous with  Pijcnogonida  (which  see).     They  are 
si 'iin-ti nies  placed  with  the  Cruslava  in  an  order  or  a  sub- 
class called  Podosornata,  sometimes  in  Arachnida,  some- 
times combined  with  the  Atxtixcu  in  a  subclass  /' 
rachna,  and  sometimes  otherwise  disposed  of.    They  have 
a  rudimentary  unsegmented  abdomen,  a  suctorial  month, 
ami  1  pairs  of  long,  jointed  legs,  but  are  destitute  of  re- 
spiratory organs.    Some  are  parasitic. 
Araneina  (a-ra-ne-I'nii),  n.  pi.     [XL.,  <  Aranea 

+  -ina.]    Same  as  Araneida. 
araneologist  (a-ra-ne-ol'6-jist),  ■».      [<  arane- 

ology  +  -int.]     One  skilled  in  araneology. 
araneology  (a-ra-ne-ol'o-ji),  ».     [<  L.  aranea, 
a  spider,  +  Gr.  -'/oyia,<.  '/.h,  av,  speak :  see -ology.  ] 
That  department  of  entomology  which  relates 
to  spiders. 


Araucaria 

nomical  importance  as  a  food-fish. — 2.  [cap.] 
[XL.]  A  genus  of  malacopterygian  abdominal 
fishes,  id'  the  family  Osteoglossiaee,  remarkable 
for  their  size  and  the  mosaic  work  of  their  hard 
bony  compound  scales.    A.  gigas  is  tin  example. 

araphorostic,  araphostic,  a.   See arrhaphosUe. 

arapunga  (ar-a-pung'gfi.),  ».  [S.  Amer.  native 
name.]  A  South  American  oscine  passerine 
bird  of  the  family  Cotingidw  and  subfamily 
Gymnoderina ;  the  bell-bird,  eampanero,  or 
averano,  Chtisrnorhynchus  niveus;  one  of  the 
fruit-crows,  with  a  long  erectile  tubular  process 
on  the  head,  rising  sometimes  to  the  height  of 
several  inches,  it  is  remarkable  for  its  dear,  far- 
sounding  notesof  a  peculiarly  resonant  or  bell-like  quality, 
continued  tbrongb  the  heat  of  the  day,  when  most  birds 
are  silent,  and  therefore  readily  heard  at  a  great  distance. 


The  facts  . 


win-  new  to  the  field  of  American  ara- 
Science,  IV.  24. 


araneose  (a-ra'ne-6s),  a.     [<  L.  araneosus,  full 

of  or  like  spiders'  webs,  <  aranea,  a  spider's 

■  .  also  a  spider:  see  Aranea.]    Covered  with 

hairs  crossing  one  another,  like  the  rays  in  a 

spider's  web;  arachnoid. 

araneOUS  (u-ra'ne-us),  a.  [As  araneose,  or  after 
L.  amm  us,  pertaining  to  a  spider  or  to  a  spi- 
der's web,  <  aranea,  a  spider,  spider's  web:  see 
araneose.]  It.  Full  of  cobwebs.— 2.  Resem- 
bling a  cobweb;  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
like  spider's  silk  or  gossamer;  covered  with 
delicate  tangled  hairs  like  cobweb;  arachnoid. 
— Araneous  membrane.  <  "  .  2. 

arango  (a-rang'go),  n.    [A  native  name.]    A 

kind  of  bead  made  of  rough earnelian,  generally 

of  a  cylindrical  shape.     Suchbeads  imported  from 

bay,  constituted  an  article  of  traffic  with  Africa  pre- 

tin  abolition  ol  the  davt  trade. 

arapaima  (ar-a-pi'mS),  «.     [8.  Amer.  native 

name.]     1.   Trio   name   of  the   largest    known 

h  -water  ii>ii.   Irapaitna  ,</».</"*,  an  inhabitant 

mil  (luiana.  said  to  attain  a  length  of 

i     I  a  weight  of  400  pounds.    Itisofcco- 


Arapunffa,  or  Campanero  {Cliasmorhyttchns  niveus). 

The  bird  is  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon,  and  the  plumage 
of  the  adult  is  pure  white.  The  native  name  was  made  a 
generic  term  by  Lesson  in  1831.  The  bird  is  nearly  related 
to  the  umbrella-birds,  Cephalopterus. 

arara  (a-rii'ra),  n.  [Braz.  Cf.  Ara-.]  A  land 
of  macaw,  Ara  maracana. 

araracanga  (a-ra-ni-kang'ga),  n.  Same  as 
aracanga. 

araramboya  (ar'a-ram-bo'ya).  ii.  [Braz.]  A 
name  of  the  bojobi  or  dog-headed  boa  of  Brazil, 
Xiphosoma  eaninuin. 

ararauna  (ar-a-ra'na),  n.  [Braz.]  The  blue 
and  yellow  macaw, "Psittacus  ararauna  (Lin- 
njeus),  now  Ara  ararauna. 

araroba  (ar-a-ro'ba),  ».     Same  as  chrysarobin. 

arar-tree  (ar'ar-tre),  «.  The  sandarac-tree  of 
Morocco,  Calliiris  quadrivalvis.  See  sandarae- 
tn  e. 

araseM  (a-ras'),  p.  t.  [Also  written  arace,  <OF. 
araser,  raze,  demolish,  <  a,  to,  +  ras,  level: 
see  o-11  and  rase,  rase,  ami  cf.  erase.]  1.  To 
raze;  level  with  the  ground. —  2.  To  erase. 

arase-t,  v.  t.     Same  as  arace1. 

arasene,  n.    Same  as  arrasene. 

arastra  (a-ras'trS),  n.    Same  as  arrastre. 

aration(a-ra'shon),  n.  [<h.aratio(n-),  <arare, 
pp.  aratiis,  plow:  see  arable.]  Plowing;  til- 
lage.    [Rare.] 

It  would  suffice  to  teach  these  four  parts  of  agriculture ; 
first  aration,  and  till  things  belonging  t"  it. 

Cowley,  Works  (ed.  1710),  II.  710. 

aratory  (ar'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aratorius,  <  L. 
orator,  plower,  <  arare,  pp.  aratus,  plow:  see 
arable.]    Relating  or  contributing  to  tillage. 

aratrum  terrae  (a-ra'trum  ter'e).  [ML.,  a 
plowgate  of  land:  aratrum.  a  portion  of  land 
as  much  as  coukl  be  plowed  with  one  plow  (a 
special  use  of  L.  aratrum.  plow,  <  arare,  plow: 
see  arable);  terrec,  gen.  of  L.  terra,  land.]  In 
Scots  law,  a  plowgate  of  land,  consisting  of 
eight  oxgates,  because  anciently  the  plow  was 
drawn  by  eight  oxen. 

Araucan  (a-ra'kan),  ».     Same  as  Araueanian. 

Araucanian  (ar-a-ka'ni-an), ».  and  n.  [<  Arau- 
eania,  <  Araucanos,  the  Araucanians,  a  tribe  of 
Indians  inhabiting  the  southern  parts  of  Chili.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Araucania,  a  territory 
in  the  southern  part  of  Chili,  mainly  comprised 
in  the  modern  provinces  of  Arauooand  Valdivia. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arau- 
cania. The  aboriginal  Araucanians  are  a  partially  civil- 
ized race  who  have  never  been  c [uered  bj  Buropeans; 

but  in  18S8  the  portion  "f  them  living  on  the  mainland 
voluntarily  submitted  to  the  Chilian  government. 

Araucaria  (ai'-a-ka'ri-ii),  ii.    |NL.,<  A  mini  ii  iiia) 

+  -aria.]  A  genus  of  "Conifera,  the  representa- 
tive of  the  pine  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 

found  in  South  America,  Australia,  andsomeof 
'he  islands  of  the  Pacific.  The  species  arc  large  ever- 
green trees  with  verticulate  spreading  branches  covered 
with  -tin,  narrow  pointed  leaves,  and  bearing  large 
each  scale  having  a  single  largi  seed.  The  specii  t»  I 
known  In  cultivation  is  A.  inunicata  (the  Chill  plni  oi 
monkey-puzzle),  which  is  quite  hardy,  it  is  a  native  ol 
the  mountains  "f  southern  Chill,  where  it  forme  vast  for- 
ests,  ami  yields  a  hard,  durable  » I.     Its  seeds  are  eaten 


Araucaria 

wliuii  roasted.  The  Sloreton  Bay  pine  of  Australia,  .1. 
Cunningkamii,  Buppllea  a  valuable  timber  used  in  making 
furniture,  in  house-  and  boat-building,  ami  in  othi  i  cai 
pentar-work.  A  species,  A.  excelsa,  abounds  "ii  Son',. Ik 
Island,  attaining  a  height  of  -200  feet.  See  Xor/M  Island 
Vine,  under  pine. 


Arba  lister. 
( From  Viollct-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran- 
cais.") 


I.  Norfolk  Island  Pine  i  A  raucaria  excelsa ).    a.  Cone  of 
Araucaria  Cookii. 

araucarian  (ar-a-ka'ri-an).  a.  and  ».  [<  Aran- 
caria  +  -««.]  I.  a.  Related  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
II.  ii.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
The  plants  of  which  our  coal-seams  are  composed  speak 
tons  of  lands  covered  with  luxuriant  growths  oi  tree-ferns 
and  araucarians.  Geikie,  fee  Age,  p.  94. 

araucarite  (a-ra'ka-rit),  ».     [<  Araucaria  + 

-ill '-'.]  The  name  given  to  fragments  of  plants 
found  fossilized  in  strata  of  different  ages,  and 
believed  to  be  related  to  plants  of  the  living 
genus  Araucaria.  Trunks  occur  in  the  coal-measures 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Edinburgh  which  have  belonged 
to  immense  coniferous  trees,  referred,  though  with  some 
doubt,  to  this  genus.  The  fruits  and  foliage  found  in  the 
Secondary  rocks  are  certainly  closely  related  to  the  Aus- 
tralian araucarians. 

araughtt.     Preterit  of  areaclt. 

arauha  (a-ra'6-ii),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
gigantic  spider  of  the  genus  Mygale,  found  on 
the  Abrolhos  islands,  Brazil,  it  preys  on  lizards, 
and  even  no  young  chickens.  It  is  probably  the  bird- 
spider,  Mygale  {Avicularia)  avicularia,  or  a  related  spe- 
cies. 

arba,  «.    See  araba1. 

arbaccio  (ar-baeh'id),  «.     [It.  dial.]    A  coarse 

cloth  made  in  Sardinia  from  the  wool  of  an 

inferior  breed  of  sheep  called  the  Nuoro.   E.  H. 

Knight. 
Arbacia  (ar-ba'si-ji),  n.      [NL.]      The  typical 

genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family  Arbaeiulu . 

A.  punctulata  and  .1.  nigra  are  two  species,  occurring 

respectively  on  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  North 

America. 

arbaciid  (ar-bas'i-id),  w.  A  sea-urchin  of  the 
family  Arbadidee. 

Arbaciidae  (ar-ba-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arba- 
cia +  -idee.)  A  family  of  desmostichous  or 
endocyclical  eehinoids,  or  regular  sea-urchins, 
intermediate  in  its  general  characters  between 
(ulnrielee  and  Echinidat,  and  having  median 
ambulacral  spaces  appearing  as  bare  bands. 
The  family  is  typified  by  the  genus  Arbacia  : 
another  genus  is  Cailopleurus. 

arbalest,  arbalester.    See  arbalist,  arbalister. 

arbalete  (ar-ba-laf),  «.  [P.,  <  OP.  arbaleste: 
see  arbalist.']     Same  as  arbalist,  2. 

arbalist,  arbalest  Uir'ba-list.  -lest),  n.  [<  ME. 
arbelaste,  arblast,  arblesi,  etc.  (also  arweblast, 
arowblaste,  as  if  connected  with  aroic,  arrow),  < 
OF.  arbaleste,  arbeleste,  arbalestre,  P.  arbalete  = 
Pr.  arbalesta,  albalcsta,  <  LL.  arcitbalista,  arcu- 
ballista  :  see  areubalist.]  1.  A  crossbow  used  in 
Europe  in  the  chase  and  in  war  throughout  the 
middle  ages.  The  bow  was  made  of  steel,  horn,  or  other 
material,  and  was  of  sorb  great  strength  and  stitfness  that 
some  mechanical  appliance  was  used  to  bend  it  and  adjust 
the  string  to  the  notch.  The  lighter  arbalists,  used  in  the 
chase,  and  generally  by  horsemen,  required  a  double  hook, 
winch  the  arbalister  carried  at  Ins  girdle.  Heavier  ones 
required  a  kind  of  lever,  or  a  windlass,  or  a  revolving  winch 
with  a  ratchet  and  long  handle,  to  draw  them  ;  these  ap- 
pliances were  separate  from  the  arbalist,  and  were  carried 
slung  from  the  shoulder  or  at  the  belt.  The  short  and 
heavy  arrow  of  the  arbalist  was  called  a  quarrel,  from  its 
square  head,  or  more  commonly  a  bolt,  as  distinguished 
from  the  shaft  discharged  by  tie-  longbow.  Sometimes 
stones  (see  stone-bow)  and  leaden  balls  were  used.  The  mis- 
sile of  the  arbalist  was  discharged  with  such  force  as  to 
penetrate  ordinary  armor,  and  the  weapon  was  considered 
so  deadly  as  to  be  prohibited  by  a  councQ  of  the  church 
except  in  warfare  against  infidels.  It  could,  however,  be 
discharged  only  tw-ice  a  minute.  It  was  nsed  especially  in 
the  attack  and  defense  of  fortified  places.  For  similar 
weapons  of  other  periods  than  the  European  middle  ages, 
see  crossbow.  Also  areubalist,  and  formerly  arblast. 
2.  In  her.,  a  crossbow  used  as  a  bearing. 
19 


289 

arbalister,  arbalester  (arta-lis-ter,  -les-ter)j 
n.  [<  ME.  arbalester,  arbalaster,  arblast*  r,  etc., 
<  OF.  arbalestier,  <  ML.  arcubalistarius :  seear- 
eubalister.]  One  armed  with 
tlio  arbalist;  a  crosshownian; 
especially,  a  soldier  carrying 
the  arbalist  of  war.  Also 
arcubalister. 

arbiter  (ar'bi-ter),  n.  [=  F. 
arbitre,  <  L.  arbiter,  a  wil  ness, 
judge,  lit.  one  who  goes  to 
see,  <  ar-  for  ad,  to,  +  in  ten , 
bitere,  come.]  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  the  parties  in  a  con- 
troversy to  decide  their  differ- 
ences ;  one  who  decides  points 
at  issue ;  an  arbitrator ;  a  ref- 
eree ;  an  umpire. 

The  civilians  make  a  diffe] 
tween  arbiter  and  arbitrator,  the 
former  being  obliged  to  judge  ac- 
cording 1"  the  customs  of  the  law; 
whereas  the  latter  is  at  liberty  to  use 
his  own  discretion,  and  accommo- 
date the  difference  in  that  manner  which  appears  most  just 
ami  equitable.  Wharton. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  has  the 
power  of  judging  and  determining  absolutely  ac- 
cording to  his  own  pleasure ;  one  whose  power 
of  deciding  and  governing  is  not  limited;  one 
who  has  a  matter  under  his  sole  authority  for 
adjudication. 

Our  plan  best,  I  believe,  combines  wisdom  and  practica- 
bility, by  providing  a  plurality  of  Counsellors,  but  a  single 
arbiter  for  ultimate  decision.    Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  44. 

The  final  arbiter  of  institutions  is  always  the  conception 
of  right  prevailing  at  the  time. 

Rae,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  17i>. 
Arbiter elegantiarum  (el-f-gan-shi-a'rum).  [L.]  A  judge 
of  the  elegancies;  an  authority  in  matters  of  taste.  =  Syn. 
Arbitrator,  umpire,  referee,  judge  ;  absolute  ruler,  control- 
ler, governor. 
arbitert  (ar'bi-ter),  r.  t.  [< arbiter,  n.]  To  act 
as  arbiter  between  ;  judge.  Hall. 
arbitrablet  (ar'bi-tra-bl),  a.  [<  Sp.  arbitrable 
=  Pg.  arbitrarel,  <  L.  as  if  *arbitrabilis,  <  urbi- 
trarl,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.]  1.  Arbitrary; 
depending  on  the  will.  Spelman. —  2.  Subject 
to  arbitration ;  subject  to  the  decision  of  an 
arbiter,  court,  judge,  or  other  appointed  author- 
ity; discretionary. 

The  value  of  moneys  is  arbitrable  according  to  the  use 
of  several  kingdoms,      lip.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  i.  1. 

arbitrage  (ar'bi-traj),  ».  [<  F.  arbitrage,  <  ar- 
bitrer,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.]  1.  Arbitra- 
tion. B.Cobden.  [Rare.] — 2.  The  calculation 
of  the  relative  value  at  the  same  time,  at  two  or 
more  places,  of  stocks,  bonds,  or  funds  of  any 
sort,  including  exchange,  with  a  -view  to  taking 
advantage  of  favorable  circumstances  or  differ- 
ences in  payments  or  other  transactions ;  arbi- 
tration of  exchange. 

Arbitrage  proper  is  a  separate,  distinct,  and  well-defined 
business,  with  three  main  branches.  Two  of  these,  viz., 
arbitrage  or  arbitration  in  bullion  and  coins,  and  arbitra- 
tion in  bills,  also  called  the  arbitration  of  exchanges,  fall 
within  the  businesses  of  bullion  dealing  and  banking  respec- 
tively. The  third,  arbitrage  in  stocks  and  shares,  is  arbi- 
trage properly  so  called,  and  so  understood,  whenever  the 
word  is  mentioned  without  qualification  among  business 
men,  and  it  is  strictly  a  Stock  Exchange 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

3.  The  business  of  bankers  which  is  founded 
on  calculations  of  the  temporary  differences  in 
the  price  of  securities,  and  is  carried  on  through 
a  simultaneous  purchase  in  the  cheaper  anil 
sale  in  the  dearer  market. 

arbitrager  (ar'bi-tra-jer),  n.  A  banker  or  a 
broker  who  engages  in  arbitrage  operations. 

arbitrageur  (ar-bi-tra-zher'),  h.  [P.]  Same  as 
arbitrager. 

As  a  rule,  the  arbitrage  properly  known  as  such  is  the 
business  of  an  arbitrageur,  who  is  almost  always  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Stock  Exchange  or  "  Bourse."  ami  Ins  arbitrations 
with  very  few  exceptions  are  neither  in  bullion  nor  in  bills, 
but  in  Government  and  other  stocks  and  shares. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

arbitral  (ar'bi-tral),  a.    [<  LL.  arbitraUs,<  L. 

arbiter,  arbiter.]  "Relating  to  arbitration ;  sub- 
ject to  review  and  adjudication.- Decree  arbi- 
tral.   See  dt  eree. 

arbitrament  (ar-bit'ra-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  arbi- 
trament, arbitrament,  <  OF.  arbitraments  Pr.  ar- 
bitration =  Sp.  arbitramiento  =  Pg.  arbitramento, 
<  ML.  arbitramentum,  <  L.  arbitrari,  arbitrate: 
see  arbitrate.]  1.  The  power  or  right  to  decide 
for  one's  self  or  for  others ;  the  power  of  abso- 
lute and  final  decision. 

Liberty,  and  Life,  and  Death  would  soon  .  .  . 

Lie  in  tb,  arbitri  ment  of  those  who  ruled 

The  capital  City.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  x. 

2.  The  act  of  deciding  a  dispute  as  an  arbiter 
or  arbitrator;  the  act  of  settling  a  claim  or  dis- 


arbitrate 
pute  which  has  been  referred  to  arbitration; 
the  absolute  and  authoritative  settlement  of 
any  matter. 
Wain  -  im  to  put  it  to 

Massinger,  New  Wayto  Paj  Old  Debts   ii,  L. 
This  lax  was  p  gulated  b)  a  law  made  on  purpose,  and 
not  left  to  the  arbitrament  of  partial  oi 

./.  Adams,  Work-,  V.  ::i. 

3.  The  decision  or  sentence  pronounced  by  an 
arbiter.  [In  this  sense  award  is  now  more 
common  in  legal  use.] 

To  discover  the  grounds  on  which  .  .  .  usage  baa  -  its 
arbitraments,  baffles,  not  seldom,  our  utmost  ingenuity  of 
speculation.  F.  II  •  p.  31. 

Sometimes  spelled  arbitri  m< »'. 
arbitrarily  (ar'bi-tra-ri-li),  adv.    In  an  arbi- 
trary manner;   at  will;  capriciously;   without 
sufficient  reason;   in  an  irresponsible  or  des- 
potic way. 

The  Bishop  of  Dunkeld,  who  .  .  .  hail  opposed  the  gov- 
ernment, was  arbitrarily  ejected  from  his  see.  and  a  suc- 
cessor was  appointed.  Maemday,  Bist  Eng.,  vi. 

arbitrariness  (ar'bi-tra-ri-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  arbitrary. 

Consciousness  is  an  entangled  plexus  which  cannot  be 
cut  into  parts  without  more  or  less  «>'   ' 

H.  Spencer,  Prim  of  Psychol.,  §  4S0. 

arbitrarioust  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  arbitra- 
ting: see  arbitrary.]     Arbitrary.     Norris. 

arbitrariouslyt  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us-li),  adr.     Arbi- 
trarily.    Barrow. 

arbitrary  (ar'bi-tora-ri),  a.  [=  F.  arbitraire  = 
Pr.  arbitrari  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. arbitrario,<~L.  arbitra- 
riits,  of  arbitration,  hence  uncertain,  depending 
on  the  will,  <  arbiter,  arbiter,  umpire:  see  arbi- 
ter.] 1.  Not  regulated  by  fixed  rule  or  law; 
determinable  as  occasion  arises;  subject  to  in- 
dividual  will  or  judgment;  discretionary. 
Indifferent  things  are  left  arbitrary  to  us. 

Bp.  Ball,  Remains,  p.  j::. 

2.  In  law,  properly  determinable  by  the  choice 
or  pleasure  of  a  tribunal,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  should  be  determined  according  to 
settled  rules  or  the  relative  rights  or  equities 
of  the  parties.  Thus,  whether  the  judge  will  take  and 
state  an  account  himself,  or  refer  it  to  an  auditor,  is  a 
question  restingin  his  arbitrary  discretion  ;  whether,  also, 
a  particular  person  is  qualified  to  act  as  auditor  is  a  ques- 
tion involving  judicial  or  legal  discretion. 

3.  Uncontrolled  by  law;  using  or  abusing  un- 
limited power ;  despotic;  tyrannical. 

For  sure,  if  Dulness  sees  a  grateful  day, 
'Tis  iu  the  shade  of  arbitrary  sway. 

Pope,  Duneiad,  iv.  182. 
Could  I  prevail  upon  my  little  tyrant  here  to  be  less  ar- 
bitrary, I  should  be  the  happiest  man  alive. 

Goldsmith,  she  Stoops  to  Conquer,  v. 
Arbitrary  power  is  most  easily  established  on  the  ruins 
of  liberty  abused  to  licentiousness.  II  '  ' 

4.  Not  characterized  by  or  manifesting  any 
overruling  principle ;  fixed,  determined,  or  per- 
formed at  will;  independent  of  rule  or  control. 

A  great  number  of  arbitrary  signs,  various  and  opposite, 
do  constitute  a  language.  It  such  arbitrary  connection  be 
instituted  by  men.  it  is  an  artificial  language;  if  by  the 
Author  of  Nature,  it  is  a  natural  langus 

They  perpetually  sacrifice  nature  and  re; 
trary  canons  of  taste.  sulay,  Dryden. 

By  an  arbitrari/  proceeding,  I  mean  oneconducted  by 
the  private  opinions  or  feelings  of  the  man  who  attempts 
to  regulate.  Burke. 

5.  Ungoverned  by  reason;  hence,  capricious: 
uncertain:  unreasonable;  varying;  changeful: 
as,  an  arbitrary  character. 

My  disappointments,  as  a  genera]  thing,  .  .  .  had  too 
often  been  the  consequence  of  arbitrary  preconceptions. 

II.  James,  Jr..  Little Toul 
Arbitrary  constant,  in  math.,  a  quantity  which  by  a  dif- 
ferential equation  is  required  to  have  the  same  value  for 
all  values  of  the  variable,  while  this  constant  value  re- 
mains indeterminate.— Arbitrary  discretion.  See  <K»- 
c-^/o/i.— Arbitrary  function,  in  math.,  a  quantity  which 
is  required  bya  partial  differential  equation  to  remain  un- 
changed a-s  long  ascertain  variables  remain  unchanged, 
but  which  may  Vary  in  any  manner  with  thi 
subject  only  to  the  condition  of  having  differential  coeffi- 
cients with  respect  to  them.— Arbitrary  homonyms. 
Sec  ln>uimi!im.=Sjyn.  Capricious, unlimited,  irresponsible, 
uncontrolled,  tyrannical,  domim 
arbitrate  (ar'bi-trat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arbi- 
tral d,  ppr.  arbitrating.  [<  L.  arbitratus,  pp.  of 
arbitrari  (>  It.  arbitrare  =  Pg.  Sp.  Pr.  arbitral- 
=  F.  arhitn  r\.  be  a  witness,  act  as  umpire.  < 
arbiter,  umpire:  see  arbiter.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
act  as  an  arbitrator,  or  formal  umpire  between 
contestants;  mediate. 

In  the  disputes  of  kings,  the  weaki  rpartj  often  ippealed 
to  the  Tope,  and  thus  gave  him  an  opportunitj 
or  command.  n   olsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  I  av< 

2.  To  decide:  determine;  settle  a  question  or 
rule  otherwise  indeterminate. 

S [words   bee iquivocal  by  changing  tb 

nitlcation,  and  some  fall  obsolete,  one  cannot  tell  why, 
for  custom  or  caprice  arbitrate^],  guided  b\  i> 

1.  D  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  172. 


arbitrate 

II.  trim.*.  1.  To  give  :iM  authoritative  deci- 
sion in  regard  to  as  arbitrator;  decide  or  deter- 
mine. 

rhoughta  speculative  their  unsure  hopes  relate ; 
But  certain  issue  strokes  must  arbitrate. 

Shah:,  Macbeth,  v,  i. 
Tilings  must  be  compared  to  and  arbitrated  by  her  [wis- 
dom's] standard,  or  else  fchej  will  contain  something  of 
monstrous  enormity.  ,  Works,  I    \i. 

But  thou.  Sir  Lancelot,  sitting  in  my  place 
Enchair'd  to-morrow,  arbitrate  the  Held. 

T>nit!isiiit,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2.  To  submit  to  arbitration ;  settle  by  arbitra- 
tion :  ns,  to  arbitrati  a  dispute  regarding  wages, 
arbitrated  (ar'bi-tra-ted),  p.  a.  Ascertained  or 
determined  by  arbitrage:  as,  arbitrated  rates; 
arbitrated  par  of  exchange. 

Business  men  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  enabled  to  utilize  all  the 
advantages  of  cross  and  arbitrated  exchanges 

Mines  of  I'.  S.,  p.  444. 

arbitration  (Sr-bi-tra'shon ),  ».    [<  -ME.  arbitra- 
tion, <  OF.  arbitration  =  Pr.  arbitracio,  <  L. 

arbitrtitio(n-),  <  arbitrati,  arbitrate,  judge:  see 
arbitrate.]  The  hearing  and  determining  of  a 
cause  between  parties  in  controversy  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  or  agreed  to  by  the  par- 
ties. This  may  be  done  by  one  person,  but  it  is  usual  to 
choose  more  than  one.  Frequently  two  are  nominated, 
one  by  each  party,  the  two  being  authorized  in  turn  to 
agree  upon  a  third,  who  is  called  the  umpire  (or,  in  Scot- 
land, sometimes  the  oversman),  and  who  either  acts  with 
them  or  is  ealhd  on  to  decide  in  case  the  primary  arbitra- 
tors dilfer.  The  determination  of  arbitrators  or  umpires 
is  called  an  award.  By  the  common  law  an  award  prop- 
erly made  is  binding;  but  the  arbitrators'  authority  may 
be  revoked  before  afl  ard  at  the  will  of  either  party.  Per- 
manent boards  of  arbitration  are  sometimes  constituted 
by  legislative  or  corporate  authority,  but  the  submission  of 
cases  to  their  decision  is  always  voluntary. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  arbitration  and  concilia- 
tion will  he  the  means  adopted  alike  by  nations  and  by 
individuals,  to  adjust  all  dilferences. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  613. 
Arbitration,  in  International  Law,  is  one  of  the  recog- 
nized modes  of  terminating  disputes  between  indepen- 
dent nations.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  313. 
Arbitration  bond,  a  bond  by  which  a  party  to  a  dispute 
engages  to  abide  by  the  award  of  arbitrators. — Arbitra- 
tion Of  exchange.  See  arbitrage,  2,  —  Geneva  arbitra- 
tion, the  settlement  by  arbitration  of  the  dispute  between 
the  governments  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
concerning  the  Alabama  claims:  so  called  because  the 
board  of  arbitrators  held  their  sessions  at  Geneva  in 
Switzerland.  See  Alabama  claims,  under  claim. 
arbitrational  (ar-bi-tra'shon-al),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  involving  arbi- 
tration :  as,  arbitrational  methods  of  settling 
disputes. — 2.  Resulting  from  arbitration  or  a 
reference  to  arbitrators. 

Arbitrational  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

A.  Hayward,  Ethics  of  Peace. 

arbitrative  (aVbi-tra-tiv),  a.  [<  arbitrate  + 
-ive.]  Of  the  nature  of  arbitration  ;  relating  to 
arbitration;  having  power  to  arbitrate :  as,  "he 
urged  arbitratire  tribunals,"  It.  J.  Binton,  Eng. 
Radical  Leaders,  p.  117. 
arbitrator  (ar'bi-tra-tpr),  re.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  arbitratour,  <  ME.  arbitrator,  <  OF.  arbi- 
tratour, -cur  (earlier  arbitrour,  arbitreor:  see 
arbitrer),  <  LL.  arbitrator,  <  arbitrari,  pp.  arbi- 
tn  tins,  arbitrate:  see  a  tint  rati:']  1.  A  person 
who  decides  some  point  at  issue  between  others ; 
one  who  formally  hears  and  decides  a  disputed 
cause  submitted  by  common  consent  of  the  par- 
ties to  arbitration. — 2.  One  who  has  the  power 
of  deciding  or  prescribing  according  to  his  own 
absolute  pleasure;  an  absolute  governor,  presi- 
dent, autocrat,  or  arbiter.  See  arbiter. 
Though  heaven  be  shut, 
And  heaven's  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure. 

Milton,  P.  I..,  ii.  869. 
The  end  crowns  all ; 
And  that  old  common  arbitrator.  Time, 
Will  one  day  end  it.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

=Syn.  1.  Umpire,  Referee,  etc    Bee  fudge,  n, 
arbitratorship  (ar'bi-tra-tor -sup),  ».    The 

office  or  [unci  ioe  of  a  a  arbitrator, 
arbitratrix  (Sr'bi-tra-triks),  n. ;  pi.  arbitratricea 

mi   i.i-i in  tri'se/. ).  |  I.I,.,  i 'e in.  of  arbitrator :  see 

arbitrator.]     A  female  arbitrator, 
arbitret,  »■    See  arbitry. 
arbitret,  v.  t.    See  arbiter. 
arbitrament,  n.    See  arbitrament. 
arbitrert  (to'bi-trerl  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

arbitror,  arbitrour,  <  ME.  arbitrour,  <  <>F.  arbi 

trow,  arbitn iim;  arbitreor,  <    LL,   arbitrator: 

see  arbitrator.]     An  arbiter  or  arbitrator. 
The  arbitrer  of  her  own  <i<   1 1  nj  Southey. 

arbitress  f&r'bi-tres),  »•    [ME.  arbitres;  <arbi- 

ter  +  -ess.]    A  female  arbiter:  as,  an  arbitress 

of  fashion. 

lie  aspired  to 
ii i  native  Pisa  queen  and  arbi 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 


290 

arbitrort,  ».    See  arbitrer. 

arbitryt,  »•     [ME.    arbitrie  (earlier  arbitrr,< 

OP.  arbitre),  X  E.  arbitrium,  will,  judgment,  < 

arbiter,  arbiter:   see  arbiter.]     1.    Free  will; 

discretion. —  2.    Arbitration. —  3.    Judgment; 

award. 

arblastt,  »•    Same  as  arbalist. 
arblastert,  »•     Same  as  arbalister. 

Arbogast's  method.  See  method. 
arbor1  (Sx'bor),  n.  [In  the  derived  sense  for- 
merly arber,  arbre,  <  F.  arbre,  OF.  arbre,  aubre 
=  Pr.  aubre  =  Sp.  arbol  =  Pg.  arvore,  formerly 
arbor  =  It.  albore,  albero,  arbero,  poet,  arbore, 
a  tree,  beam,  mast,  etc.,  <  L.  arbor  (ace.  ar- 
borem),  earlier  arbos,  a  tree,  and  hence  also  a 
beam,  bar,  mast,  shaft,  oar,  etc.  Cf.  the  simi- 
lar development  of  beam  and  tree.]  1.  Liter- 
ally, a  tree :  used  in  this  sense  chiefly  in  botan- 
ical names. —  2.  In  mech. :  {a)  The  main  support 
or  beam  of  a  machine.  (It)  The  principal  spin- 
dle or  axis  of  a  wheel  or  pinion  communicating 

motion  to  the  other  moving  parts Arbor  Dianse 

(tree  of  Diana,  that  is,  of  silver:  see  Diana),  in  ehem.,  a 
beautiful  arborescent  precipitate  produced  by  silver  in 
mercury.— Arbor  Judse,  in  bot.,  the  Judas-tree  (which 
see).— Arbor  Saturn!  (tree  of  Saturn,  that  is,  of  lead: 
see  Saturn),  in  ehem.,  an  arborescent  precipitate  formed 
when  a  piece  of  zinc  is  put  into  a  solution  of  acetate  of 
lead.  — Arbor  vttse.  See  arbor-mtox—  Expanding  ar- 
bor, in  mrrh.,  a  mandrel  in  a  lathe  provided  with  taper 
keys  or  other  devices  for  securing  a  firm  hold,  by  varying 
the  diameter  of  the  parts  or  surfaces  of  the  mandrel  which 
bear  against  the  sides  of  the  hollow  or  the  central  hole  of 
the  object  which  is  to  be  operated  upon. 
arbor2,  arbour  (iir'bor),  n.  [In  England  the 
second  form  is  usual.  Early  mod.  E.  arbor,  ar- 
bour, arber,  harbor,  harbour,  harber,  herber, 
herbor,  etc.,  <  ME.  erber,  erbere,  herber,  herbere, 
<  AF.  erber,  herber,  OF.  crbier,  herbier,  a  place 
covered  with  grass  or  herbage,  a  garden  of 
herbs,  <  ML.  herbarium  in  same  sense,  earlier, 
in  LL.,  a  collection  of  dried  herbs  :  see  herba- 
rium, of  which  arbor2  is  thus  a  doublet;  and 
cf.  arli,  yarb,  dial,  forms  of  herb.  The  sense  of 
'  orchard,'  and  hence  '  a  bower  of  trees,'  though 
naturally  developed  from  that  of  'a  grass-plot' 
(so  orchard  itself,  AS.  wyrt-tjeard,  i.  e.,  wort- 
or  herb-yard  ;  cf.  F.  verger,  an  orchard,  <  L. 
viridarium,  a  garden,  lit.  a  'greenery'),  led  to 
an  association  of  the  word  on  the  one  hand 
with  harbor,  ME.  herbere,  herberwe,  etc.,  a  shel- 
ter, and  on  the  other  with  L.  arbor,  a  tree. 
Cf.  arboref-  and  It.  arborata,  an  arbor  (Florio).] 
It.  A  grass-plot;  a  lawn;  a  green.  [Only  in 
Middle  English.]  —  2t.  A  garden  of  herbs  or  of 
flowering  plants ;  a  flower-bed  or  flower-garden. 
—  3f.  A  collection  of  fruit-trees  ;  an  orchard. 
In  the  garden,  as  I  weue, 
Was  an  arber  fayre  and  grene, 
And  in  the  arber  was  a  tre. 

Squire  of  Lowe  Degre,  1.  28. 

4.  A  bower  formed  by  trees,  shrubs,  or  vines 
intertwined,  or  trained  over  a  latticework,  so 
as  to  make  a  leafy  roof,  and  usually  provided 
with  seats;  formerly,  any  shaded  walk. 

Those  hollies  of  themselves  a  shape 
As  of  an  arbour  took. 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves,  iv.  24. 

arboraceous  (iir-bo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  arbo- 
raeeus,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  tree  or  trees. — 2.  Living 
on  or  among  trees ;  living  in  the  forests ;  per- 
taining to  such  a  life. 

Not  like  Papuas  or  Bushmen,  with  arboraceous  habits 
and  half-animal  clicks.       Max  MuUer,  India,  etc.,  p.  133. 

arboral(ar'bp-ral),  a.  [<  arbor1  +  -at]  Relat- 
ing to  trees;  arboreal.     [Rare.] 

arboraryt  (iir'bp-ra-ri),  a.  [<  L.  arborarius,  < 
arbor,  a  tree.  ]     Belonging  to  trees.     Bailey. 

arboratort  (sir'bp-ra-tor),  «.  [L.,  a  pruncr  of 
trees,  <  "arborare,  pp.  *arboratus,  i  arbor,  a 
tree.]     One  who  plants  or  prunes  trees. 

arbor-chuck  (ar'bor-chuk),  n.    See  chuck*. 

arbor-day  (ar'bpr-da),  n.  [<  arbor1  +  day1.] 
In  some  of  the  United  States,  a  day  of  each 
year  set  apart  by  law  for  the  general  planting 
of  trees  wherever  they  are  needed. 

the    Arb0T<lay    idea  .    .    .    has    been    formally    adopted 
already  by  seventeen  ol  our  Slates. 

Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XX VIII.  091. 

arboreal  (iir-bo'ro-al),  a.  [<  E.  arborrus  (see 
arboreous)  +  -al.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  trees. —  2.  Living  on  or  among  trees; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  forests. 

arbored1  (ar'bord),  a.  [<  arbor1  +  -ed*.]  Fur- 
nished with  an  arbor  or  axis. 

arbored2  (ar'bord),  a.  [<  arbor-  +  -ed?.]  Fur- 
nished with  an  arbor  or  bower. 

arboreous  (ar-bd're-Tis  i,  ".  [  <  E.  arboreus,  per- 
taining to  trees,  <  arbor,  a  tree.]     1.  Pertaining 


Arborescent  Structure  in 
native  copper. 


arborize 

or  belonging  to  trees ;  living  on  or  among  trees; 
frequenting  forests ;  arboraceous. — 2.  Having 
the  form,  constitution,  and  habits  of  a  tree; 
having  more  or  less  the  character  of  a  tree;  ar- 
borescent.— 3.  Abounding  in  trees;  wooded. 

arboresce  (Rr-bo-res'),  r.  i. ;  prot.  and  pp.  ar- 
boresced,  ppr.  arbor esoing.  [<  L.  arborescere, 
become  a  tree,<«r6or,  a  tree: 
see  arbor1  and  -esce.]  To 
become  a  tree  or  like  a  tree; 
put  forth  branches. 

arborescence  (ar-bp-res'ens), 
n.  K arborescent :  see-eJice.j 
1 .  The  state  of  being  arbor- 
escent.—  2.  Something,  as  a 
mineral  or  a  group  of  crystals, 
having  the  figure  of  a  tree. 

arborescent  (ar-bo-res'ent), 
a.  [<L.  arboresccu(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  arborescere:  see  arhon  see.  ] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  tree-like 
in  growth,  size,  or  appearance;  baring  the  na- 
ture and  habits  of  a  tree ;  branching  like  a  t  ree ; 
dendritic. 

A  vegetation  of  simple  structure,  if  arborescent  in  its 
habit,  might  be  held  sufficiently  to  correspond  with  the 
statement  as  to  the  plants  of  the  third  day. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  107. 

By  the  extension   of   the  division  down   the  pedicels 

themselves,  composite  arborescent  fabrics,  like  those  of 

Zoophytes,  are  produced.     II'.  Ii.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  424. 

arboret1  (iir'bo-ret),  n.     [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree  (see 
arbor1),  +  -et."  Cf.  F.  arbret  =  It.  ulberetto,  tor- 
merly  alboretto,  a  dwarf  tree.]     A  little  tree ;  a 
shrub. 
No  arborett  with  painted  blossomes  drest 
And  smelling  sweete,  but  there  it  might  be  fownd 
To  bud  out  faire,  and  throwe  her  sweete  smels  al  arowud. 
Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  vi.  12. 

arboret2t  (ar'bp-ret),  n.  [=  It.  arboreto,  air 
bereto,  formerly  alboreto,  <  L.  arboretum  (see 
arboretum);  or  perhaps  regarded  as  a  dim.  of 
arbor2,  a  bower.]  A  place  planted  with  trees 
or  shrubs ;  a  small  grove ;  an  arbor. 

Among  thick-woven  arborets  and  flowers. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  437. 

arboretum  (ilr-bp-re'tum),  «. ;  pi.  arboretiims, 
arboreta  (-tumz,  -ta).  [L.,  a  plantation  of  trees, 
<  arbor,  a  tree,  +  -etum,  denoting  place.]  A 
place  in  which  trees  and  shrubs,  especially  rare 
ones,  are  cultivated  for  scientific  or  other  pur- 
poses ;  a  botanical  tree-garden. 

arboricalt  (Sr-bor'i-kal),  </.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree, 
+  -ic-al.]     Relating  to  trees.     Smart. 

arboricole  (ar-bor'i-kol),  a.  [=  F.  arboricole,  < 
NL.  arboricola,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  colcre.  in- 
habit, dwell.]  In  sool.,  living  in  trees;  of  ar- 
boreal habits. 

arboricoline  (iir-bo-rik'o-lin),  a.    In  bot. 
ing  upon  trees :  applied  to  lichens,  etc. 

arboricolous  (ar-bp-rik'o-lus),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
boricole. 

arboricultural  (ar*bo-ri-kul'tur-al),  a.  [<  ar- 
boriculture +  -al.]      Relating  to  arboriculture. 

arboriculture  (ar'bp-ri-kul"tiu-),  n.  [=F.  arbo- 
riculture, <  E.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  cultura,  cultiva- 
tion: see  culture.]  Tho  cultivation  of  trees; 
the  art  of  planting,  training,  priming,  and  cul- 
tivating trees  and  shrubs. 

arboriculturist  (arfbq-ri-kul'Jup-ist),  ».  [<  ar- 
boriculture +  -ist.]  One  who  practises  arbori- 
culture. 

arboriform  (ar'bo-ri-form),  a.  [=  F.  arlmri- 
furme,  <  E.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  forma,  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tree. 

arborise  (ar>bor-e-za ' ),  ".  [F.,  pp.  of  arboriser : 
see  arborise.]  Marked  with  ramifying  lines, 
veins,  or  cloudings,  like  the  branching  of  trees  : 
said  of  agates  and  other  semi-precious  stones, 
and  of  certain  porcelains,  lacquers,  enamels,  etc. 

arboristt  (iir'bo-rist),  ii.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-ist:  =  F.  arlinriste.  Cf.  arborize.  In  earlier 
use  associated  v/ith  arbor-,  herber,  a  garden  of 
herbs;  cf.  lierborist.]  A  cultivator  of  trees;  one 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  trees:  as,  "  our  cun- 
ning iirhorists,"  Evelyn,  Sylva,  xxviii. 

arborization  (fir^bq-ri-za  shon),  n.  [=  P.  ar- 
borisittion :  <  arborise  +  -aUon.]  1.  A  growth 
or  an  appearance  resembling  the  figure  of  a 
tree  or  plant,  as  in  certain  minerals  or  fossils. 

—  2.  In  palhol.,  the  ramificatii £  capillary 

vessels  or  veinlets  rendered  conspicuous  by 
distention  and  injection. 

arborize  (ar'bo-riz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp  arbor- 
ised, ppr.  arborising.  [<  E.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
i  e;  =  F.  arboriser,  only  in  pp.;  formerly, 
"to  study  the  nature,  to  observe  the  properties 

of  trees"  (< 'otgrave).  Cf.  herborise,  botanize.] 
To  give  a  tree-like  appearance  to:  as,  "an  ar- 


grow- 


arborize 


291 


arc-cosecant 


borieed  or  inoss-agato,"   Wright 
arborise. 

arborolatry  (Br-bo-rol'a-tri),  ».  [<  L.  arbor,  a 
tree,  +  Or.  larptia,  worship.]     Tree-worship. 

Few  species  of  worship  have  been  more  common  than 
arborolatry.  S.  Hardy,  Eastern  ofonachism,  p.  216. 

arborous  (iir'bo-rus),  n.  [(arbor1  +  -ous.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  pertaining  to  I  ices. 

From  under  shady  arborouS  roof, 

Milton,?.  L,  V.  187. 

arbor-vine  (ar'bor-vin),  n.  [<  arbor1  +  vine.'] 
A  speeies  of  biiidweea.  The  Spanish  arbor- 
vine  of  Jamaica  is  an  ornamental  speeies  of 
Ipomcea,  I.  tubcrosa. 

arbor-vitae  (ar*bor-vi'te).  re.  [L.,  tree  of  life: 
see  arbor1  and  vital.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  common 
name  of  certain  speeies  of  Thuja,  a  genus  be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  <  'oniferai.  Thuja  oc- 
cidentahs  is  the  American  or  common  arbor-Yitee,  exten- 
sively planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges. 
2.  In  anat.,  the  arborescent  or  foliaceous  ap- 
pearance of  a  section  of  the  cerebellum  of  the 
higher  vertebrates,  due  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  white  and  gray  nerve-tissue  and  their  con- 
trast in  color.  See  cut  under  corpus Arbor- 
vita}  uterinus.  an  arborescent  appearance  presented  by 
the  walls  of  the  canal  of  the  neck  of  the  human  uterus,  be- 
coming indistinct  or  disappearing  after  the  first  gestation. 

arbour,  ».    See  arbor*. 

arbrier  (ar'bri-er),  re.  [OF.,  also  arbreau,  <tr- 
bret,  arbriet,  <  arbre,  a  tree,  beam:  see  arbor1.] 

The  staff  or  stock  of  the  crossbow. 

arbuscle  (ar'bus-1),  «.  [<  L.  arbuscula,  a  little 
tree,  dim.  of  arbor,  a  tree.]  A  dwarf  tree,  in 
size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree.     Bradley. 

arbuscular  (ar-bus'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  arbuscula  : 
see  arbuscule.]  Resembling  an  arbuscule; 
tufted. 

arbuscule  (ar-bus'kul),  ».  [<  L.  arbuscula,  a 
little  tree :  see  arbuscle.]  In  zool.,  a  tuft  of 
something  like  an  arbuscle,  as  the  tufted  bran- 
chiae of  an  annelid;  a  tuft  of  cilia. 

arbusta,  ».     Plural  of  arbustum. 

arbustivet  (ar-bus'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  arbustivus,  < 
arbustum,  a  plantation  of  trees:  see  arbustum.] 
Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs ;  covered 
with  shrubs ;  shrubby. 

arbustum  (ar-bus'tum),  ». ;  pi.  arbustums,  ar- 
busta (-tumz,  -ta).  [L.,  <  arbos,  arbor,  a  tree: 
see  arbor1.]  A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees;  an 
orchard  or  arboretum. 

arbute  (iir'but),  re.  [Formerly  also  arbut,  <  L. 
arbutus:  see  arbutus.]  The  strawberry-tree. 
See  arbutus,  3. 

arbutean  (ar-bu'te-an),  a.  [<  L.  arbuteus,  per- 
taining to  the  arbutus,  <  arbutus:  see  arbutus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  arbute  or  strawberry-tree. 

arbutin  (ar'bu- 
tin),  n.  [<  arbu- 
tus +  -in2.]  A 
glucoside  (C24 
H32Ou  +  H20) 
obtained  from 
the  bearberry 
(Arctostaphylos 
Uva-ursi)  and 
other  plants  of 
the  heath  fami- 
ly. It  forms  tufts 
of  colorless  acicular 
crystals  soluble  in 
water  and  having  a 
bitter  taste. 

arbutus  (com- 
monly ar-bu'tus; 
as  a  Latin  word,  ar'bu-tus),  re.  [Formerly  also 
arbute,  arbut  =  F.  arbute  =  It.  arbuto,  <  L.  arbu- 
tus, the  wild  strawberry-tree ;  prob.  akin  to  ar- 
bor, arbos,  a  tree.]  1 .  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ar- 
butus.—2.  The  trailing  arbutus  (see  below). — 
3.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  evergreen  shrubs  or  small 
trees  of  southern  Europe  and  western  North 
America,  natural  order  Ericacece,  character- 
ized by  a  free  calyx  and  a  many-seeded  berry. 
The  European  A.  Uncdn  is  called  the  strawberry-tree  from 
its  bright-scarlet  berries,  and  is  cultivated  for  ornament. 
A.  Memiesii  is  the  picturesque  and  striking  madrono-tree 
of  Oregon  and  California,  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of 
SOfeetor  more.— Trailing  arbutus,  the  Epigaa  repem,  a 
fragrant  ericaceous  creeper  of  the  Tinted  States,  blooming 
in  tlie  spring,  and  also  known  as  May-Jurwer  (which  see). 
arc1  (ark),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ark;  <  ME. 
ark,  arke,  <  OF.  (and F.)  arc  =  Pr.  arc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  arco,  <  L.  areas,  arquus,  a  bow,  arc,  arch, 
akin  to  AS.  earh,  >  E.  arrow,  q.  v.  Doublet, 
arch1.]  1.  In  geom.,  any  part  of 
a  curved  line,  as  of  a  circle,  espe- 
cially one  which  does  not  include 
a  point  of  inflection  or  cusp.  It  is  by  means  of  arcs 
of  a  circle  that  all  angles  are  measured,  the  arc  being  de- 
scribed from  the  angular  point  as  a  center.    Iu  the  higher 


Also  spelled     mathematics  the  word  arc  is  used  to  denote  any  angular  Arcadian  (iir-ka'di-an ),  a.  and 

■  n.allla       ........     ...1.....       ........  t  ..—      »l..ltl       1       tl'lll.L-      f-irf'll>"       :■-!        11  1 1  J  .'  .  .  I I  .'      .       /     .'..         '.         Jti~.      "I  T 


Strawberry-tree  (.Arbutus  Unedo). 


quantity, even  when  greater  than  a  whole  circle: 
arc  ■>!  See  angled, 

2.  In  astrou.,  a  part,  of  a  circle  traversed  by 
the  sun  or  other  heavenly  body  ;  especially,  the 
part  passed  over  by  a  star  between  its  rising 

and  setting. 

The  bright e  sonne 
The  ark-  of  his  artificial  day  hath  loniie 
The  fourthe  part. 

Chaucer,  l'rol.  to  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  2. 

3.  In  arch.,  an  arch.     [Rare.] 

Turn  arcs  of  triumph  to  a  garden-gate. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  30. 

Arc  boutant  (F.),  a  flying  buttress.— Arc  doubleau 
(V.),  in  arch.,  the  main  rib  or  arch-band  which  crosses  a 
vault  at  right  angles  ami  separates  adjoining  bays  from 
each  other.— Arc  formeret  (F.),  the  arch  which  re- 
ceives the  vaulting 
at  the  side  oi  a 
vaulted  bay.  — Arc 
Ogive  (F.),  one  of 
the  transverse  or 
diagonal  ribs  of 
a  vaulted  bay. — 
Complement  of 
an  arc.  See  com- 
plement. —  Con- 
centric arcs,  arcs 
which  belong  to 
circles  having  the 
same  center. —  Di- 
urnal arc,  the 
apparent  arc  de- 
scribed by  the  sun 
from  its  rising  to 
its  setting :  some- 
times used  of  stars. 
—Elevating  arc, 
in  gun.,  a  brass 
scale  divided  into 
degrees  and  frac- 
tions of  a  degree, 
and  fastened  to  the 
breech  of  a  heavy 
gun  for  the  pur- 
pose of  regulating 
the  elevation  of  the 
piece  ;  or  it  is 
sometimes  fixed 
to  the  carriage  un- 
der the  trunnions. 
When  secured  to 
the  gun  itself,  a 
pointer  is  attached 
to  a  ratchet-post  in 
the  rear  of  the 
piece,  and  indi- 
cates zero  when  the 


[<  L.  Area- 
1.  Of  orper- 


Court  of  Lions.  Alhambra,  Spain. 


Arcs  in  vaulting,  perspective  and  plan. 
[From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  I'Archi- 
tecture.") 

A  B.  C  D,  arcs  doubleaux ;  A  D.  C  B, 
arcs  ogives;  A  C,  B  D,  arcs  formerets. 


..un  is  horizontal. — 
the  arc  described  by  the  sun,  or  other  heav 
the  night.—  Similar  arcs,  of  unequal  c 
contain  the  same  number  of  degrees,  or  are  the  like  i 
or  parts  of  their  respective  circles. — Supplemental  arcs. 
See  supplemental— Voltaic  arc,  in  elect.,  a  brilliant  band 
of  light,  having  the  shape  of  an  arc,  formed  by  the  passage 
of  a  powerful  electrical  current  between  two  carbon-points. 
Its  length  varies  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  two  inches, 
or  even  more,  according  to  the  strength  of  the  current. 
Its  heat  is  intense,  and  on  this  account  it  is  used  for  fusing 
very  refractory  substances.     It  is  also  used  for  illuminat- 
ing purposes.     See  electric  light,  under  electric. 

arc2r,  "■     Obsolete  form  of  ark2. 

area  (ar'kii),  n.     [L.,  a  chest,   box,  safe;   in 
eccles.  writers,  the  ark:  see  ark2.]      1.  In  the 
early  church:  (a)  A  chest  for  receiving  offer- 
ings of  money,    (b)  A  box  or  casket  in  which  the 
eucharist  was  earned,    (c)  A  name  given  by  St. 
Gregory  of  Tours  to  an  altar  composed  of  three 
marble  tablets,  one  resting  horizontally  on  the 
other     two,      which 
stand  upright  on  the 
floor.  Walcott,  Sacred 
Archseol. —  2.    [cap.] 
[NL.]    A    genus    of 
asiphonate      lamelli- 
branchmollusks,typ-    t 
ical  of  the  family  Ar- 
cidas  (which  see) ;  the  ark-shells  proper. 

arcabucero  (Sp.  pron.  ar"ka-bo-tha'ro),    re 
[Sp.,  =  harquebusier.]   A  musketeer;  a  harque 
busier. 
Here  in  front  you  can  see  the  very  dint  of  the  bullet 
Fired  point-blank  at  my  heart  by  a  Spanisl 
Longfellow,  Mill 

Arcadse  (ar'ka-de),  re.  pi.    See  Arcidw. 

arcade  (iir-kad'),  ».  [<  F.  arcade,  <  It.  areata 
=  Sp.  Pg.  arcada,  <  ML.  areata,  an  arcade,  <  L. 
arcus,  arc,  bow:  see  are1,  arch1,  ».]  1.  Prop- 
erly, a  series  of  arches  supported  on  piers  or 
pillars.  The  arcade  is  used  especially  as  a  screen  and  as 
a  support  for  a  wall  or  roof,  but  in  all  architecture  since 
the  Roman  it  is  also  commonly  used  as  an  ornamental 
dressing  to  a  wall.  In  this  form  it  is  known  as  a  blind 
arcade  or  an  arcature,  and  is  also  called  wall-arcade. 
2.  A  simple  arched  opening  in  a  wall.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  A  vault  or  vaulted  place.  [Rare.] — 4. 
Specifically,  in  some  cities,  a  long  arched  pas- 
sageway ;  a  covered  avenue,  especially  one  that 
is  lined  with  shops. 

arcaded  (ar-ka'ded),  a. 
cade- 


dins,  Arcadia, <  (ir.  'A.pnafii 
taining  to  Ar- 
cadia, a  moun- 
tainous district 
of  Greece  in 
the    heart    of 

the  Peloponne- 
sus, or  to  ils  in- 
habitants, who 
were  a  simple 
pastoral  peo- 
ple, fond  of  mu- 
sic and  danc- 
ing. Hence  — 
2.  Pastoral ; 
rustic;  simple; 
innocent.  —  3. 
Pertaining  to 
or  characteris- 
tic of  the  Acad- 
emy of  the  Ar- 
cadians, an 
Italian  poetical 
(now  also  sci- 
entific) society 
founded  at 

Rome  in   1690, 
the  aim  of  the  members  of  which  was  origi- 
nally to  imitate  classic  simplicity. 
Sometimes  written  Arcadic. 
II.  re.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arca- 
dia.—  2.  A  member  of  the  Academy  of  the  Ar- 
cadians.    See  I. 

Arcadianism  (iir-ka'di-an-izm),  «<  [(Arcadian 
+  -ism.]  Rustic  or  pastoral  simplicity,  espe- 
cially as  affected  in  literature ;  specifically,  in 
Italian  literature  about  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  the  affectation  of  classic  sim- 
plicity. 

Arcadic  (ar-ka'dik),  a.    [<  L.  Arcadicus,  <  Gr. 

'ApKadmdr.]    Same  as  Arcadian Arcadic  poetry, 

pastoral  poetry. 

arcana,  ».     Plural  of  area  num. 

arcane  (iir-kan'),  a.  [<  L.  arcanus,  hidden,  < 
arcere,  shut  up,  area,  a  chest.  Cf.  arcanum.] 
Hidden ;  secret.     [Rare.] 

The  luminous  genius  who  had  illustrated  the  demonstra- 
tions of  Euclid  was  penetrating  into  the  arcane  caverns  of 
the  cabalists.  /.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  294. 

n. ;  pi.  arcana  (-na). 
[L.,  neut.  of  arcanus,  hidden,  closed,  secret: 
see  arcane.]  1.  A  secret;  a  mystery:  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural:  as,  the  arcana,  of  nature. 

The  very  Arcanum  of  pretending  Religion  in  all  Wars 
is,  That  something  may  be  found  out  in  which  all  men 
may  have  interest.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  105. 

Inquiries  into  the  arcana  of  the  Godhead.     Warburton. 

The  Arabs,  with  their  usual  activity,  penetrated  into 
these  arcana  of  wealth.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  8. 

2.  In  alchemy,  a  supposed  great  secret  of  na- 
ture, which  was  to  be  discovered  by  alchemi- 
cal means;  the  secret  virtue  of  anything. 
Hence  —  3.  A  secret  remedy  reputed  to  be  very 
efficacious;  a  marvelous  elixir The  great  ar- 
canum, the  supposed  art  of  transmuting  metals. 

He  told  us  stories  of  a  Genoese  jeweller,  who  had  the 
greats  arcanum,  and  had  made  projection  before  him  sev- 
eral! times.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  -2,  1652. 

arcature  (iir'ka-tur),  re.  [<  ML.  "arcatura,  < 
areata:  see  arcade.]  Inarch.:  (a)  An  arcade 
of  small  dimensions,  such  as  a  balustrade, 
formed  by  a  series  of  little  arches.  In  some  me- 
dieval churches  open  areatures  were  introduced  beneath 
the  cornices  of  the  external  walls,  not  only  as  an  ornament, 
but  to  admit  light  above  the  vaulting  to  the  roof-timbers. 


Nocturnal  arc, 
enly  body,  during 
irc-les,  arcs  which 

the  like  part  arcanum    (ar-ka'num), 


•cabucero. 
i  Standish.  i 


Arcature.  —  Cathedral  of  Peterborough,  England. 

(b)  A  blind  arcade,  used  rather  to  decorate  a 
wall-space,  as  beneath  a  rowof  windows  ora  cor- 
nice, than  to  meet  a  necessity  of  construction. 
Furnished  with  an  ar-  arc-cosecant  (ark-ko-se'kant  j,  n.  Inmath.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cosecant. 


arc-cosine 

arc-COSine  (iirk-ko'sint.  «.  In  ninth.,  an  angle 
regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cosine. 

arc-cotangent  (ark-ko-tan'jent),  ».  In  ninth., 
an  angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cotangent. 

Arcella  (ar-sel'S),  ».  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  arm,  a 
box:  si'i'umi,  <»•£'-.]  A  genus  of  amoeboid  pro- 
tozoan organisms  having  a  kiml  of  carapace  or 

shell,  the  type  Of  a  family  Arc,  Hutu . 

Arcellidae  (ar-sel'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  ArceUa  + 
-i 'in .  ]  A  family  of  Protozoa,  of  the  order  Anus- 
boidt  a,,  containing  the  geneva  Arcella,  Difflugia, 
rir..  the  members  of  which  are  inclosed  in  a 
kiml  of  test. 

arch1  (arch),  n.  [(ME.  arch,  arche, <OT.  arche 
(>  ML.  archiu),  mod.  F.  archi,  an  arch,  fern, 
form  (prob.  by  confusion  with  OP.  and  F. 
arche,  ark,  <  L.  area:  see  arch-\  of  OF.  and 
F.  arc.i  L.  areas:  see  are1.]  If.  In  gcom., 
any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  or 
other  curve;  an  arc.  See  ore1, 1. — 2.  Inarch., 
a  structure  built  of  separate  and  inelastic 
blocks,  assembled  on  a  curved  line  in  such  a 
\\a\  as  to  retain  their  position  when  the  struc- 
ture is  supported  extraneously  only  at  its  two 
extremities,  n,  separate  blocks  which  composethe 
archare  called  mussoirs  or arch^tones.  The  extreme  or 
lowest  vonssoirs  are  termed  spi  ingi  rs,  and  the  nppermost 
or  centra]  one,  when  a  single  stone  occupies  this  position, 
is  called  the  keystone.    The  under  or  concave  face  of  the 


292 

pant.    Foil  arches  arc  arch*  a  whose  Intrados  oatlinea  form 
a  si-rits  of  subordinate  arcs  called/otto,  tin  points  of  which 


Extra  dosed  Arch. 
a,  abutments ;    v,  voussoirs;   s,  springers;   i,  imposts;   /«,  intrados; 
/,  piers;  *,  keystone;  Ex,  extrados. 

assembled  voussoirs  is  called  the  intrados,  and  the  upper 
orconvt-\  face  the  extrados,  ol  the  arch,  when  the  eurves 
of  tin-  intnulos  and  extrados  are  concentric  or  parallel, 
tli-  arch  is  said  to  be  extradosed.  The  supports  which 
afford  resting  :l1"1  resisting  points  to  the  arch  are  piers  or 
piUars,  which  receive  tin-  vertical  pressure  of  the  arch, 
and  -thutuf  it's,  which  resist  its  lateral  thrust,  and  which 
are  properly  nnrtimis  of  the  wall  ur  other  structure  above 
tin-  springing  and  abreast  of  the  shoulder  of  the  arch. 
Tin  upper  part  of  tin-  pier  upon  which  the  arch  rests 
(technically,  the  point  from  which  it  springs)  is  tin  (m- 
i  pan  "f  an  arch  is  the  distance  between  its 
opposite  imposts.  The  rise  of  an  arch  is  the  height  of 
tin  highest  point  of  its  intrados  above  the  line  of  the 
imposts;  this  point  is  sometimes  called  the  under  side  of 
tt"  crown,  the  highest  point  of  the  extrados  being  the 
I  h.  thrust  of  an  arch  is  the  pressure  which  it 
exerts  outward.  This  pressure  is  practically  collected,  so 
far  as  it  is  manifested  as  an  active  force,  at  a  point  which 
cannot  be  exactly  determined 
jn3£?-K  theoretically,  but  is  at  about 

!:         one  third  of  the  height  of  the 
rise  of  the  arch.     The  thrust 
j     must  be  counteracted  by  abut- 
ments or  buttresses.      Arches 
I       are  designated  in  two  ways: 
Skew  Arch.  First,    in    a   general  manner, 

according  to  their  prop-  n.-. 
th>-ir  uses,  their  position  in  a  building,  or  their  exclusive 
employment  in  a  particular  style  of  architecture.     Thus, 


Segmental  Arch. 


Scmicircul  o  An  h. 


ther»    in  arch*    of  equilibration.  <  guipollent  arches,  arches 

■     .  ■  arch*  r,  Roman,  Point*  d, 

and  So  cond,  they  are  named  specifically, 

according  to  the  curve  the  intrados  assumes,  when  that 

tie  get  'metrical  Bolid  .  as 

tfar,  cycloidal,  elliptical,  parabolical, 


Cycloidal  Arch. 


Elliptical  Arch. 


hyperbolical  or  catenarian  arch*  or  from  the  resem- 
blance oi  the  whole  contou  ■  to  some  familiar 
object    a-  lancet  arch  and  ho  seshot   arch;  or  from  th< 


Lancet  Arch. 


oc  Arch. 


Ogee  Arch. 


Equilateral  Arch. 


r~i,         ,.' ■■;■';;: 

Arch  of  Discharge. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet. 

de  1' Architecture.") 


are  termed  cas/ut.  \  numeral  is  usually  employed  to  desig- 
nate the  number  of  foils,  as  a  trefoil  arch,  a  cinquefoil 
<i,  eh,  etc. 

3.  Any  place  covered  with  au  arch  or  a  vault 
like  an  arch:  as,  to  pass  through  the  arch  of  a 
bridge. — 4.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an 
arch:  as,  the  arch  of  the  aorta;  the  arch  of  an 
eyebrow,  of  the  foot,  of  the  heavens,  etc. 
Whereon  a  sapphire  throne,  inlaid  with  pure 
Amber,  and  colours  of  the  showery  arch. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  759. 
5.  In  wining,  a  portion  of  a  lode  left  standing, 
either  as  being  too  poor  for  profitable  working 
or  because  it  is  needed  to  support  the  adjacent 
rock. —  6.  The  roofing  of  the  lire-chamber  of 
a  furnace,  as  a  reverberatoiy  or  a  glass-fur- 
nace ;  hence,  sometimes,  the  fire-chamber  itself. 
Alveolar  arch,  aortic  arch.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Arch  of  discharge,  an  extradosed  arch  built  in  the  ma- 
sonry of  a  wall,  over  a  doorway  or  any  other  open  or  weak 
place,  to  transfer  pressure  from 
above  to  points  of  assured  sta- 
bility on  either  side.  An  arch 
of  discharge  is  generally  distin- 
guishable to  the  eye  from  the 
wall  in  which  it  is  built  mere- 
ly by  the  position  of  its  stones, 
or  at  most  by  a  slight  projec- 
tion beyond  the  wall-surface. — 
Arch  of  the  fauces.  See 
fawn  s.  -  Axillary  arches. 
See  axillary.  -  Back  of  an  arch.  See  tacfci.— Backing 
of  an  arch.  See  bucking.— Basket-handle  arch,  an  eh 
liptical  arch.oiathi'ee-cente  red  low-crowned  arch.  —  Blind 
arch,  an  arch  of  which  the  opening  is  walled  up,  often  used 
as  an  arch  of  discharge.  See  cut  under  areata  re.—  Bran- 
chial arch,  see ///v^„'/i/(/^— clustered  arch,  a  number 
of  arched  nhs  springing  from  one  impost,  a  form  usual  in 
medieval  pointed  vaulting.  See  cut  under  (clustered)  col- 
umn. —Court  of  Arches.  See  court.— Crural  or  in- 
guinal arch.  See  crural.  —  Flat  arch,  an  arch  of  which 
the  intrados  is  straight,  the  voussoirs  being 
wedge-shaped  and  assembled  in  a  horizon- 
tal line:  used  especially  in  brickwork, 
where  the  charge  to  support  is  not  great.— 
Hemal  arch,  hydrostatic  arch.  See  the 
adjectives.-  Laminated  arch,  a  beam  in 
tlie  form  of  an  arch,  constructed  of  several 
thicknesses  of  planking  bent  to  shape  and 
bolted  together:  a  form  of  arched  beam.— Mandibular 
arch,  mural  arch,  neural  arch,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Oblique  arch.  Same  as  skew  arch  (which  see, 
below).  — Pectoral  arch.  Same  &z  pectoral  girdle  (wh'ch 
see,  under  girdle).  —  Pelvic  arch.  Same  as  pelvic  gircUe 
(which  see',  under  girdle).— Preoral  arches  postoral 
arches.  See  the  adjectives.— Recessed  arch,  one  arch 
within  another.  Such  arches  are  sometimes  called  double, 
triple,  etc,  arches,  and  sometimes  compound  arches.  —  Re- 
versed arch,  an  inverted  arch.-  Ribbed  arch,  an  arch 
composed  of  parallel  ribs  springing  from  piers  or  imposts. 
—  Rough  arch,  anarch  formed  of  bricks  or  stones  roughly 
dressed  tothewedge  form.  -Round  arch,  a  semicircular 
arch.— Skeletal  arches.  See  visceral  arches,  under  vis- 
ceral. -Skew  arch,  an  arch  of  which  the  axis  is  not  per- 
pendicular to  its  abutments.  Stilted  arch,  an  arch  of 
which  the  true  impost  is  higher  than  the  apparent  im- 


M 


Stilted  Arches.  — Modem  Romanesque. 

post,  or  of  which  the  piers  are  in  fact  continued  above 
the  apparent  impost,  so  that.  a  portion  of  the  intrados  on 
either  Bide  is  vertical.  Surmounted  arch,  s  stilted 
sirmriiviii.il  arch;  a  semicircular  arch  of  which  the  rise 
is  greater  than  the  radius.  — Triumphal  arch,  a  monu- 
mental arch  in  honor  of  an  individual,  or  in  commemo* 
ration  of  an  event.    Such  arches  were  first  erected  under 


method  used  in  describing  the  curve,  a  three- 

-■  <>>■  red   fow  ■>  >>'•  red  '•  hi  n  i h  Eia    on< 

of  its  impost*  higher  than  the  other,  it  is  said  to  bt 


Triumphal  Arch.— Arch  of  Constantino,  Rome. 


archaean 

the  Roman  emperors,  and  were  originally  temporary 
structures,  festooned  and  otherwise  decorated,  Btanding 
at  tlie  entrance  ol  a  city,  or  in  a  Btreet,  thai  a  victorious 
general  and  his  army  might  pass  under  them  in  triumph. 
At  a  later  period  the  triumphal  arch  became  a  richly 
sculptured,  massive,  and  permanent  structure,  having  an 
archway  paB&ing  through  it.  and  often  a  smaller  areli  on 
either  side.    The  name  is  at  the  present  da\  often  given 

to  an  arch,  generally  of  « I  decorated  with   flowers, 

evergreens,  banners,  etc.,  erected  on  the  occasi i  some 

pukus  celebration  or  rijeiang.  thegr  .1  irehinachurch 
which  gives  access  to  tin-  choir  the  chancel  arch  1^ 
sometimes  so  called,  in  early  Christian  churches,  a  rep. 
resentatlon  of  the  Glory  or  Triumph  of  Christ  sometimes 
occupied  a  wall-space  above  tins  arch. 

Statues,  and  trophies,  and  him,, f,h<il  ,m-s, 
Gardens,  and  groves,  presented  to  in   ... , 

Milton,  l:  1;.,  iv.  37. 
Twyer  arch,  an  arched  opening  in  a  Bmelting-furnace  to 
admit  tlie  blast-pipes.— Tymp  arch,  the  arch  above  the 
tymp  in  a  blast-furnace.  See  tymp. —  Vascular  arches. 
See  visceral  arches,  tinder  visceral. — Visceral  arches. 
See  visceral. 

arch1  (iirch),  v.  [<  arch\  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
cover  with  a  vault,  or  Bpan  with  an  arch. 

The  proud  river  .  .  .  is  arched  over  with  .  .  .  acurious 

pile  of  stones. 

No  bridge  arched  thy  waters  save  that  where  the  trees 
Stretehed  their  long  arms  above  thee  and  kissed  in  the 
breeze.  Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  throw  into  the  shape  of  an  arch  or  vault ; 
curve :  as,  the  horse  arches  his  neck. 
Fine  devicesof  arching  water  without  spilling. 

Bacon,  Gardens. 
Beneath  our  keel  the  great  sky  arched 
Its  liquid  light  ami  azure. 

//.  /'.  Spofford,  Poems,  p.  11. 
II,  intrnns.  To  form  an  arch  or  arches:  as, 
the  sky  arches  overhead. 

The  nations  of  the  field  and  wood  .  .  . 
Build  on  the  wave,  or  arch  beneath  the  sand. 

/'eye.  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  102. 

arch2t  (arch),  n.  [<  ME.  arche,  in  Scriptural 
senses,  assibilated  form  of  arc,  ark,  <  AS.  arc, 
earc,  ere  (see  ark2),  merged  with  the  identical 
( )V.  11  rein ,iiirchc,<  L.  ttrcn,  a  box,  chest:  see  arc-, 
(i)7.-.]     1.  A  box  or  chest;  in  plural,  archives. 

The  civile  law  .  .  .  was  laid  tip  in  their  arches. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  IX.  xlvi.  349.    {N.  E.  D.) 

2.  The  ark  of  Noah.  [The  common  form  in 
Middle  English.]— 3.  The  ark  of  the  covenant. 
arch3  (arch),  a.  and  n.  [A  separate  use  of  the 
prefix  arch-,  chief,  which  in  many  compounds 
lias  acquired,  from  the  second  member  of  the 
compound,  or  from  tho  intention  of  the  user, 
a  more  or  less  derogatory  implication.]     I.  a. 

1.  Chief;  principal;  preeminent.     See  arch-. 

The  tyrannous  and  M h  art  is  done; 

The  most  arch  Awn  of  piteous  massacre 
That  ever  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of. 

Shah.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  3. 

Died  that  arch  rebel!  Oliver  Cromwell,  call'd  Protector. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  :i,  1668. 

2.  Cunning;  sly;  shrewd;  waggish;  mischiev- 
ous for  sport;  roguish:  now  commonly  used  of 
facial  expression:  as,  "so  nrch  a  leer,"  Tatler, 
No.  193. 

He  had  the  reputation  of  an  arch  lad  at  school.     Swift. 
So  innocent-are/',  so  eiinninu  simple 
From  beneath  her  gather'd  wimple 
Glancing  with  black-beaded  eyes. 

Tennyson,  Lilian. 
The  archest  chin 
Mockery  ever  ambush'd  in  ! 

M.  Arnold,  Switzerland. 
II. t  «•  A  chief;  a  leader.     [Rare.] 

The  noble  dnke  my  master. 
My  worthy  arch  and  patron,  comes  to-night. 

Shah.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 
arch-.  [<  ME.  arch-,  arche-,  etc.,  <  AS.  arce-, 
also  erce-  and  <erce-,  =  D.  oorfe-=OHG.  em-, 
MHO.  G.  cr:-  =  S\\.  arke-,  erke-  =  Dan.  write-, 
erke-  =  Bohem.  ard-,  archi-  =  Pol.  arcu-,  nrchi- 
=  Euss.  arlchi-  (ME.  arche-  also  partly  <  OF. 
arce-,  arche-,  mod.  E.  arch-.  archi-  =  Vr.  Sp.  Pg. 
arce-  (Sp.  sometimes  areo-)  =It.  arce-,  nrci-),  < 
L.  arc  At- (=  Goth,  ark- in  arkaggihis,  archangel), 
i.  Or.  apxi-,  apx->  combining  form  of  apxic,  chief, 
<  ii/i  \i  iv,  lie  first,  begin,  Lead,  rule,  =  Skt.  -y/  nrh, 
bo  worthy.]  Chief;  principal:  a  prefix  much 
used  in  compost! ion  with  words  botli  of  native 
and  of  foreign  origin.      See  nrelfi. 

archabbot  (iirch  ab'ot),  «.  [<  arch-  +  abbot."] 
A  chief  abbot:  applied  as  a  specific  title  to  tho 
head  of  certain  monasteries. 

archaealt  (ar-ke'al),  a.  [<  archaeus  +  -at]  1. 
Pertaining  to  tlieareliteus,orsupposod  internal 
cause  of  all  vital  phenomena. — 2.  Caused  by 
tin-  arclueiis:  .-is,  archaal diseases.  Seearchams. 

archaean  (ar-ke'an),  a.     [<  Gr.  apxaioc,  ancient : 

see  nrchicn-.)  Of  or  relating  to  the  oldest 
period  of  geological  time:  a  name  proposed 
by  •'.  I>.  Dana,  and  now  generally  adopted,  for 
a  series  of  crystalline  schists  and  massive 
rocks  lying  underneath  the  most  ancient  fos- 


archaean 

silif  erous  stratified  formations.  This  series  is  still 
called  by  some  writers  azoic,  because  thus  far  it  has  n<>t 
been  found  to  contain  any  tract's  of  life.  It  also  includes 
an  undetermined  portion  of  the  rocks  formerly  designated 
as  primitive,  ami  by  Borne  writt  rs  is  vaguely  used  to  imli- 
rale  crj  stalune  rocks  of  uncertain  ami  often  quite  recent 
age.    See  azoic  ami  primitive. 

archaei,  «.    Plural  of  arehceus. 

Archaelurus  (ar-ke-lu'rus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx-, 
primitive,  +  aZfoupoc,  a  cat.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
cats  from  the  Miocene  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing 4  upper  premolars,  3  Lower  premolars,  ami 
L'  lower  molars.  A.  debilis  was  about  as  large 
as  the  puma.     E.  /'.  Cope,  1879. 

archaeo-.  [  <  NIj.  archceo-,  <  Gr.  apxaio-,  stem  of 
hpxaioc,  ancient,  primeval,  <  apxb,  beginning,  < 
iij'\:n;  be  first,  begin,  had,  rule.  Cf.  arch-.] 
Ancient;  primeval:  the  first  part  of  a  number 
of  compound  scientific  words.  Also  written 
(irrlici)-,  and,  rarely,  archaio-. 

Archaeoceti  (lir'ke-o-se'ti),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apxaioe,  ancient,  H-  h'/roc,  whale.]  A  suborder 
of  cetaceans,  framed  to  include  all  the  fossil 
forms  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Zeuglodon 
(or  Basilosaurus):  equivalent  to  Zeuglodnntia 
of  some  naturalists.  The  dentition  is,  3  incisors,  1 
canine,  and  5  grinders  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  =  3(i,  like 
that  of  some  seals.  The  skull  is  elongated  and  depressed, 
and  the  cervical  vertebras  are  free. 

Archaeocidaris  (ar'ke-6-sid'a-ris),  n.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  apxaioq,  ancient,  4-  NL.  Cidaris,  a  genus  of 
sea-urchins:  see  Cidaris.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
sea-urchins  or  cidarids,  from  Carboniferous  and 
Permian  strata,  having  small  hexagonal  plates 
and  long  spines,  either  smooth  or  notched  and 
denticulated. 

archaeographical  (ar''ke-6-graf'i-kal),  a.  Re- 
lating  or  pertaining  to  arckaeograpliy. 

archaeography  (ar-ke-og'ra-fl),  n.  "[<Gr.  ap- 
Xatoypa<por,  writing  of  antiquity,  <  apxaio;,  an- 
cient, 4-  ypd<j>nr,  write,  describe.]  A  treatise 
on  antiquity;  a  description  of  antiquities  in 
general,  or  of  any  particular  branch  or  series. 

archaeologian,  archeologian  (iir  ke-o-16'ji-an), 
n.     [<  archceology  +  -ttn.~\     An  archaeologist. 

archaeologic,  archeologic  (ar"kf-o-loj'ik),  a. 
Same  as  archaeological. 

archaeological,  archeological  (5r*kf -o-loj'i- 
kal),  a.  [vUr.  ap  \u/i)'/o-)iKui;7  (.apxaiokoyla,  archae- 
ology.] Pertaining  to  arclwology:  as,  archa- 
ological  researches — Archaeological  ages  or  pe- 
riods.   Sec  age. 

archaeologically,  archeologically  (ar'ke-p- 

loj'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  an  archaeological  way;  in 

accordance  with  archaeology. 
archaeologist,  archeologist  (ar-ke-ol'o-jist),  n. 

A  student  of  ancient  monuments;  one  skilled 

in  archaeology. 
archaeologue,"  archeolqgue  (iir'ke-o-log),  n. 

[=F.  arclteologuc,  <  Gr.  tip r/uo/ldyoc :  see  archceol- 
ogy.] An  archaeologist.  The  Nation,  Dec.  7, 1876. 
archaeology,  archeology  (ar-ke-ol'o-ji),  n.  [< 
Gr.  apxatoXoyia,  antiquarian  lore,  ancient  le- 
gends or  history,  <  apxaio/.dyoc,  antiquarian,  lit. 
speaking  of  ancient  things,  <  apxaiog,  ancient, 
+  'Aiyetv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  The  science  of  an- 
tiquities ;  that  branch  of  knowledge  which  takes 
cognizance  of  past  civilizations,  and  investi- 
gates their  history  in  all  fields,  by  means  of  the 
remains  of  art,  architecture,  monuments,  in- 
scriptions, literature,  language,  implements, 
customs,  and  all  other  examples  which  have  sur- 
vived. Archaeology  is  sometimes  taken  specifically  in  Un- 
restricted sense  of  the  science  of  ancient  art,  including 
architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  ceramics,  and  decora- 
tion, together  with  whatever  records  may  accompany  ami 
serve  to  identify  them.— Classical  archaeology,  the 
archaeology  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome,—  Medieval  ar- 
chaeology, the  axclueology  of  the  middle  ages.  =  Syn.  A r- 
chceology,  Antiquarianism.  AntiouarianisTn  deals  with 
relics  of  the  past  rather  as  objects  of  mere  curiosity  or  as 
interesting  merely  on  account  of  their  antiquity;  archce- 
ology studies  them  as  means  to  a  scientific  knowledge  of 
the  past.     See  •paleontology. 

archaeonomous  (ar-ke-on'o-mus),  a.     [<  Gr. 

apx<u6vopo(,  old-fashioned,  <  apxaioq,  ancient, 
old,  +  vduoc,  law,  custom.]  Retaining,  or  de- 
viating little  from,  a  primitive  condition  ;  old- 
fashioned:  especially  applied  by  S.  Loven  to 
echinoids  of  the  family  Cli/prastridw.     [Rare.] 

Archaeopterygidae  (ar-ke-op-te-rij'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Archceopteryx  (,-pteryg-)  +  -i<t<c]  A 
family  of  fossil  birds,  containing  the  genus 
Archceopteryx,  the  only  known  representative 
of  the  subclass  NauriiMe  (which  see). 

Archaeopteryx  (ar-kf-op'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  dpxaioc,  ancient,  4-  irrepvt;,  a  wing,  a  bird, 
<  TTTepov,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather."]  A  genus  of 
fossil  reptilian  Mesozoic.  birds  discovered  by 
Andreas  Wagner,  in  1861,  in  the  lithographic 
slates  of  Solenhofen  in  Bavaria.  It  is  of  Jurassic 
age,  and  is  notable  as  the  oldest  known  avian  type,  and 


293 

»b  combining  some  characters  of  a  lizard  with  those  of  a 
bird.  The  original  fossil  consisted  only  of  the  impression 
of  a  silicic  feather,  upon  which  the  na Archaopteryx 


archaist 

Horse's  Soul  that  Is  dead,  but  several  distinct  Archei  that 
do  as  natural  I. \  joyn  with  the  Matter  of  his  body,  so  putri- 
ilcd  and  prepared,  as  the  Crowei  come  to  eat  hi-  dean. 

Dr.  it.  More,  Antidote  against  atheism,  app.  xi. 

archaic  (ar-ka'ik),  a.     [=  P.  archaique,  <  Gr. 
apxaiKdg,  antique,  primitive,  \  -  old,  an- 


Archaoplcryx.    ( From  slab  in  British  Museu 


lithographica  was  imposed  by  Von  Meyer.  A  second  speci- 
men from  the  same  formation  and  locality  was  named 
A.  mocrura  by  Owen.  The  specific  identity  of  the  two  can 
be  neither  affirmed  nor  denied,  and  their  generic  identity- 
is  only  presumptive.  A  third  and  still  more  characteristic 
specimen  is  identical  with  the  second,  and  has  furnished 
many  additional  characters.  Members  of  this  genus  had 
teeth,  a  long,  lizard-like  tail  formed  of  many  vertebrre,  and 
separate  metacarpal  bones,  in  combination  with  a  cari- 
nate  sternum  and  other  features  of  modern  birds.  It  is 
thus  a  unique  type  of  ornithic  structure,  and  represents 
a  distinct  subclass  of  Avett,    See  Saururce. 

archaeostoma  (ar-ke-os'to-ina),  n. ;  pi.  archceo- 
srow«(<(  (ar"ke-o-std'ma-ta).  [NL.,<Gr.  apxaioc, 
ancient,  +  ardfia,  mouth.]  In  biol.,  a  primitive 
blastopore;  a  primitive  unmodified  enteric  ori- 
fice, both  oral  and  anal :  opposed  to  deuteros- 
toma.     Also  written  archceostome. 

Archaeostomata  (ar"ke-6-st6'rua-ta),  v.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  arclia'ostoiiiatns :  see  urchicastoiita- 
tous.]  A  group  of  animals  retaining  or  sup- 
posed to  retain  an  unaltered  oral  orifice  or 
archaeostoma  throughout  life;  in  some  sys- 
tems, a  prime  division  of  the  great  phylum 
Vermes,  including  the  Botifera,  Gephyrea,  Ne- 
mathelminthes,  and  Platyhelminthes  excepting 
Cestoidea :  distinguished  from  Deuterostomata. 

archaeostomatous  (ar"ke-6-sto'ma-tus),  a.  [< 
NL.  archceostomatus,  <  Gr.  apxaioq,  ancient,  + 
OTiJfia(T-),  mouth.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Archaostnwata. — 2. 
In  biol.,  having  a  primitive  blastopore  or 
original  orifice  of  invagination  of  a  blasto- 
sphere  which  has  undergone  gastrulation ;  re- 
taining an  archenteric  aperture,  as  distin- 
guished from  any  other  which  may  be  acquired 
by  a  deuterostomatous  gastrula:  it  is  the  usual 
state  of  those  gastrulae  which  are  formed  by 
emboly. 

In  the  former  [process  of  gastrulation  by  emboly]  the 
blastopore  would  be  left  as  the  aperture  of  communica- 
tion of  the  emloderm  with  the  exterior ;  and  the  result 
would  be  the  formation  of  an  archceostomatous  gastrula. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  5S5. 

archaeostome  (iir'ke-o-stoin),  n.  Same  as  ar- 
chceostoma. 

archaesthetic,  archaesthetism,  etc.  See  arch- 
esthetic,  etc. 

archaeus  (ar-ke'us),  n. ;  pi.  archeei  (-i).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iipxaior,  ancient,  primitive,  <  apx'l,  begin- 
ning, <  apxuv,  be  first:  see  archceo-.]  In  the 
philosophy  of  Paracelsus  and  other  spagyries, 
mystics,  and  theosophists,  a  spirit,  or  invisible 
man  or  animal  of  ethereal  substance,  the  coun- 
terpart of  the  visible  body,  within  which  it  re- 
sides and  to  which  it  imparts  life,  strength,  and 
the  power  of  assimilating  food.  The  word  is  said 
to  have  been  used  by  llasil  Valentine,  a  Herman  chemist 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  t.  ■  denote  the  solar  beat  as  the 
source  of  the  life  of  plants.  Paracelsus  uses  it  with  the 
above  meaning.  It  is  frequent  in  the  writings  of  Van  Hel- 
mont,  who  explains  it.  as  a  material  preexistence  of  the 
human  or  animal  form  in  pome.  He  regards  the  art-hams 
as  a  fluid,  that  is,  as  a  semi-material  substance,  like  air, 
and  seems  to  consider  it  a  chemical  constituent  of  the 
blood.  Paracelsus  had  particularly  made  use  of  the  hy- 
pothesis of  the  archa?us  to  explain  the  assimilation  of 
food.  This  function  of  the  archaeus  became  prominent  in 
medicine.  Van  Helmont  calls  it  the  door-keeper  of  the 
stomach  (janitor  atomachi).  There  arc  further  divarica- 
tions of  meaning.     Also  spelled  archcus. 

As  for  the  many  pretended  intricacies  in  the  instance  of 
the  efformation  of  Wasps  out  of  the  Carcase  of  a  Horse,  I 
say,  the  Archei  that  formed  them  are  no  parts  of  the 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 

Funeral  Relief,  illustrating 
the  careful  but  angular  ana 
"  fluted  "  treatment  of  drapery. 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 

Discobolus,  Athens,  illustrating  the  archaic  smile  and  the 

incorrect  placing  of  the  eye  in  profile. 

tique:  see  archceo-.]  Marked  by  the  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  period;  characterized  by  ar- 
chaism; primitive;  old- 
fashioned;  antiquated: 
as,  an  archaic  word  or 
phrase. 

A  person  familiar  with  the 
dialect  of  certain  portions  of 
Massachusetts  will  not  fail 
to  recognize,  in  ordinary  dis- 
course, many  words  now 
noted  in  English  vocabularies 
as  archaic,  the  greater  part  of 
which  were  in  common  use 
about  the  time  of  tin-  King 
.lames  translation  of  the  Bible. 
Shakspere  stands  less  in  need 
of  a  glossary  to  most  New 
Englanders  than  to  many  a 
native  of  the  old  Country. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  Int. 

There  is  in  the  best  archaic 
coin  work  [of  the  Greeks] .  .  . 
a  strength  and  a  delicacy 
which  are  often  wanting  in 
the  fully  developed  art  of  a 
later  age. 

Head,  Historia  Numorum, 
[Int.,  lx. 

The  archaic,  in  art,  not  sim- 
ply the  quality  of  rudeness  or 
of  being  primitive,  but  a  rude- 
ness and  imperfection  imply- 
ing the  promise  of  future  ad- 
vance. Work  that  is  merely 
barbarous  is  not  properly  ar- 
chaic. The  archaic  style,  in  an  art  of  sufficient  force  to 
have  any  development,  succeeds  the  first  rude  attempts  of 
a  people  to  arrive  :it  graphic  representation,  and  exhibits 
a  manifest  sincerity  ami  striving  to  attain  truth,  until 
finally  the  archaic  quality  disappears  little  by  little  as 
truth  is  reached  in  the  great  art  schools,  such  as  those  of 
Greece  and  of  the  Renaissance  painters,  or  as  art  sinks  into 
lifeless  conventionalism  before  reaching  truth,  as  in  the 
sculpture  of  Egypt  and  Mesopotamia. 

archaical  (iir-ka'i-kal),  a.  [<  archaic  +  -al.] 
Relative  to  an  early  period  or  to  a  fashion  long 
out  of  date;  primitive;  antiquated;  archaic. 

archaically  (ar-ka'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  archaio 
manner. 

archaicism  (ar-ka'i-sizm),  «.  [< archaic  +  -ism.] 
Ancient  style  or  quality ;  archaism.     A.  E.  D. 

archaio-.    Same  as  archceo-. 

archaism  (ar'ka-izm),  n.  [=  F.  archcasme,  < 
Gr.  apxairjfior;  an  antiquated  phrase  or  style, 
<  apxai&iv,  copy  the  ancients,  <  tip^aioc,  old,  an- 
cient: see  archceo-.]  1.  The  adoption  or  imi- 
tation of  that  which  is  antiquated  or  out  of  use; 
especially,  the  use  of  archaic  words  or  forms 
of  speech. —  2.  The  quality  of  being  archaic; 
antiquity  of  style,  manner,  or  use,  as  in  art  or 
literature ;  especially,  in  art,  the  appearance  of 
traces  of  the  imperfect  conception  or  unskilful 
handling  of  tools  and  material  belonging  to  an 
art  before  the  time  of  its  highest  development. 
See  the  archaic,  under  archaic. 

A  select  vocabulary  corresponding  (in  point  of  archaism 
and  remoteness  from  ordinary  use)  to  our  Scriptural  vo- 
cabulary. Dc  Qyxncey. 

3.  That  which  is  archaic;  especially,  an  anti- 
quated or  obsolete  word,  expression,  pronunci- 
ation, or  itliom. 

A  permissible  archaism  is  a  word  or  phrase  that  has 
I  "-en  supplanted  by  something  less  apt,  but  has  not  become 
unintelligible.      Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  195. 

Doubtless  the  too  free  use  of  archaism*  is  an  abuse. 

(.'.  /'.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  176. 

archaist  (ar'ka-ist),  n.  [As  archa-ism  +  -ist.] 
1.  An  antiquary;  an  archaeologist.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  One  who  makes  use  of  archaisms  in  art 
or  in  literary  expression.    Mrs.  Browning. 


Archaistic  Bronze 

Statuette  from  Verona, 
in  the  British  Museum, 
in  imitation  of  Greek 
work  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury B.  C. 


archaistic 

archaistic  (iir-ka-is'tik),  a.  [<  archaist  +  -»&] 
Imitating  that  which  is  archaic;  exhibiting  the 
attempt  to  reproduce  the 
characteristics  of  the  archa- 
ic ;  affeetiug  archaism. 

In  spite  of  the  archaistic  efforts 
of  many  writers,  lioth  in  forms  and 
in  vocabulary,  the  language  [Swed 
lstij  nevertheless  underwent  rapid 
changes  during  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries.     Bneyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  S72, 

archaize (iir'ka-iz),  r. ,.;  pret. 
and  pp.  archaised,  ppr.  ar- 
chaising. [(Ghr. apxcu(ecv:  see 

archaism.}  To  use  or  imitate 
what  is  archaic  ;  imitate  an 
olden  style ;  especially,  to 
make  use  of  archaisms  in 
speech. 
archaizer  (ar'ka-i-zer),  n. 
( >ni'  who  archaizes  :  one  «  ho 
affects  an  archaic  style. 

But  it  may  lie  remembered  that 
Varro  was  himself  something  of  an 
an-tuiizir.      Eiu-i/r.  thir.,  XIV.  332. 

archallt,  "•    An  old  form  of 
archil. 
archamceba     (ar-ka-me'ba), 

ii.  [<  Gr.  apx-,  apxi-,  first, 
primitive,  +  NL.  amoeba.]  A 
hypothetical  primitive  sim- 
ple amoeba  supposed  by 
Haeckel  to  have  made  its  appearance  in  the 
earliest  geologic  period,  and  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  all  other  arnoeboe  and  also  of  all 
higher  forms  of  life. 

archamphiaster  (ar-kam-fi-as'ter),  n.  [Also 
archiamphiaster,<.  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  auaii,  around, 
+  iwTtjp,  star.  See  amphiasli r.]  In  embryol., 
one  of  the  nuclear  cleavage  figures  developed 
from  the  germinative  vesicle  or  primordial  nu- 
cleus at  the  time  the  polar  cells  or  globules  are 
expelled  from  an  ovum,  at  or  before  the  begin- 
ning of  development. 

The  history  of  the  early  stages  of  the  spindle  and  the 
archamphtu.it? rx  show*  their  agamic  origin. 

Hyatt,  I'roc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  (1884),  p.  55. 

archangel  (ark'iin'jel),  a.  [<  ME.  archangel, 
archaungel,  etc.  (in  AS.  hedh-angel,  lit.  high  an- 
gel), <  OF.  archangel,  archangels,  mod.  F.  arch- 
angc = Pr.  a  rcha  ngi  =  Sp.  a  rcdngel = Pg.  area  njo, 
archanjo  =  It.  arcangelo  =  1  •.  aartsengel  =  G.  ere- 
engel  =  Sw.  erkeangel  =  Dan,  erkeengel;  <  LL. 
archangelus  (=  Russ.  ankhangelu  =  Goth,  arkag- 
gilus),  <  Gr.  apxayytXoc,  archangel,  chief  angel, 
<  apx-,  apxi-,  chief,  +  ayytboc,  angel:  see  arch- 
and  angel.]  1.  An  angel  of  the  highest  order; 
a  chief  angel.  The  word  occurs  in  two  passages  of  the 
Bible,  1  Thes.  iv.  It;,  and  Jude  y.  Michael,  mentioned  in 
the  latter  as  an  archangel,  also  in  Daniel  as  the  spiritual 
prince  <>f  the  .lews,  ami  in  Rev.  xii.  7  as  the  leader  of  the 
heavenly  hosts  against  the  dragon  and  his  angels,  is  the 
st  Michael  of  the  church  calendar.  Coining  after  him  in 
-I  unity,  three  others  are  especially  known  by  name  asarch- 
angels  :  Gabriel,  the  heavenly  interpreter  and  annunciator 
or  herald  (Dan.  viii.  16,  ix.  21 ;  Luke  i.  10) ;  Raphael,  the 
guardian  angel  commemorated  in  the  hook  of  Tobit;  and 
Uriel  (2  Ksii.  iv.  1),  tlie  lire  or  light  of  God,  often  men- 
tioned, lik.  tin  ..tin  is,  in  Milton's  "Paradise  Lust."  Three 
other  names  am  added  by  tradition  to  make  the  number 
:  it.. int  \ii  I..,  Rev.  viii.  '.:,  where  the  angels  nien- 
tioned  ari  taken  as  archangels),  ChamueL,  Jbphiel  or  Zo- 
phiel,  anil  Zadkiel ;  ami  still  others  are  spoken  of. 

For  a  'ire   the  first  and  must  glorious  of  the 

whole  ri.ation:  they  were  the  morning  work  of  God,  and 
had  the  first  impressions  of  his  image. 

Dryden,  licit,  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  but  one  of  the  nine 
orders  of  angels  composing  the  "celestial 
hierarchy"  of  Dionysius  the  psoudo-Areopa- 
gite,  whose  classification  was  adopted  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  limit,  and  is  generally  accepted 
li\    tin     theologians    of    the    Roman   Catholic 

Church,      in,    i, orders  are:   seraphim,  cherubim, 

thrones,  dominations,  virtues,  powers,  principalities, 
archangj  I     ingel 

3.  [ML.  archangelus,  arehangelica.]  In  hot.: 
(a)  The  name  of  several  labiate  plants,  us 
Stachys  sulvatica  and  species  of  Lamium.  (It) 
An  ii n i in  llifcrotts  plant,  .IrchunipUca  officinalis. 
Bee  angelica. — 4.  A  slim-liodieil,  tit in-i'aeed  va- 
riety of  domestic  pigeon,  of  rather  small  size, 

with  long  head  I   I"  ak,  n   pi  aked  crest,  and 

rich  metallic  lustrous  plumage,  black  on  the 
shoulders  and  tail,  but  coppery  elsewhere.  The 
origin  "I  the  breed  is  unknown:  it  wa  introduced  Into 
England  from  Ghent  The  name  I  supposed  to  allude  to 
the  brilliancy  of  tin  plumage,  Thi  bird  breeds  very  true, 
the  chief  points  being  th<  pi  tked  crest  and  the  luster. 

archangelic  (iirk-an-jel'iki,  a.    |<  ML,  archan- 

geliCUS,  <   LGr.   (i/j X"} ;<<■»><"',  <   dr.    apx&y, 
archangel.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  archangels: 
as,  "archangelic  pomps,"  Mrs.  Browning. 


294 

arch-apostate  (areh'a-pos'tat),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
apostate.]    A  chief  apostate. 

arch-apostle  (arch'a-pos'l), ».  [<  arch-  4-  apos- 
tle.   Ct.  ML.  archidpostolus.]    A  chief  apostle. 

Axcharchitect  (areh'ar'ki-tekt),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
architect.]  The  supreme  Architect;  the  Creator. 

I'll  ne'er  believe  that  the  ArcharchiU  ct 

W  it ti  all  these  tires  tile  heavenly  arches  decked 
only  for  show.  Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

arch-band  (arch'band),  n.  A  name  given  by 
artisans  to  that  portion  of  an  arch  or  rib  which 
is  seen  below  the  general  surface  of  vaulting. 

arch-bar  (arch'b&r),  ».  1.  Any  metallic  bar  of 
arched  shape,  as  the  iron  bar  taking  the  place 
of  a  brick  arch  over  the  ash-pit  door  of  some 
furnaces. —  2.  The  upper  member  of  a  curved 
truss. —  3.  A  wrought-iron  bar  extending  from 
the  bolster  of  a  car-truck  each  way  to  the  top  of 
the  journal-boxes.  It  forms  the  compression-member 
of  the  trnsswork  which  transmits  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  from  the  truck-bolster  to  the  car-axles. 

archbishop  (areh'bish'up),  n.  [<  ME.  archbis- 
shop,  archebiscop,  ete.,<  AS.  arce-,  o?rce-,  crcebis- 
cop  (also  liedh-biscop,  lit.  high  bishop)  =OFries. 
areebiskop  =  F>.  aartsbisschop  =  OHG.  erzibiscof, 
G.  er:biseliof=  Icel.  erkibiskup  =  Dan.  Sw.  erl.i ■■- 
biskop  =  F.  archeveque  =  Sp.  areobispo  =  Pg. 
arcebispo  =  It.  a  rein  scorn,  <  LL.  archiepiscopus, 

<  LGr.  iipxieir'asKoiroc,  chief  bishop,  <  Gr.  apxi-, 
chief,  +  in-irjKOToc,  bishop:  see  arch-  and  bishop.'] 
A  title  used  in  the  Christian  church  as  early  as 
the  fourth  century,  and  regularly  given  in  that 
and  the  next  four  centuries  to  the  bishops  of  the 
highest  rank,  afterward  known  as  patriarchs. 
It  was  also  occasionally  applied  in  the  East  to  exarchs  and 
metropolitans  of  sees  of  exceptional  antiquity  or  dignity, 
and  was  sometimes  extended  in  later  times  to  others 
of  the  same  rank  as  a  special  distinction.  In  the  West, 
from  the  eighth  or  ninth  century,  the  title  was  given  to 
metropolitans  of  every  class,  and  this  is  still  the  use  of  the 
Roman  t  'atholic  Church.  Archbishops  have  certain  rights 
of  honor  and  jurisdiction  over  their  suffragan  bishops 
(that  is,  the  bishops  of  the  dioceses  making  up  their  eccle- 
siastical province),  such  as  those  of  calling  and  presiding 
over  provincial  councils,  receiving  appeals  in  certain  cases, 
etc.;  but  these  rights,  formerly  very  considerable,  are  now 
comparatively  limited.  At  present  the  archbishop  is  not 
always  a  metropolitan,  since  there  have  long  been  a  few 
archbishoprics  without  suffragans,  ami  oftener  still  the 
title  is  purely  honorary.  See  primate.  The  insigniaof  an 
archbishop  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  are  the  woolen 
pallium,  before  receiving  which  from  the  pope  he  cannot 
exercise  the  functions  of  his  office,  and  the  double  cross 
borne  proeessionally  before  him.  In  the  Anglican  Church 
there  are  four  archbishops,  two  in  the  Church  of  England 
(those  of  Canterbury  and  York,  the  former  of  whom  is 
metropolitan  of  all  England),  and  two  in  the  Church  of 
Ireland  (those  of  Armagh  and  Dublin,  the  former  of  whom 
is  primate).  The  Church  of  Sweden  has  one  archbishop, 
whose  st  e  is  at  Upsala.     Abbreviated  to  abp. 

archbishopess  (arch'bish'up-es),  u.  [<  arch- 
bishop  +  -ess.]  The  wife  of  an  English  arch- 
bishop.    Miss  Burney.     [Rare.] 

archbishopric  (arch  bish'up-rik),  n.  [<  ME. 
archebischopricne,  -ryk,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcehiscoprice, 

<  arcebiscoji,  archbishop,  +  rice,  jurisdiction. 
Cf.  bishopric]  The  titular  see  or  diocese  of 
an  archbishop ;  the  province  over  which  an 
archbishop  exercises  authority. 

arch-board  (arch'bord),  «.  In  ship-building,  a 
plank  placed  across  a  ship's  stern,  immediately 
uniler  the  knuckles  of  the  stern-timbers.  On 
this  board  the  ship's  name  is  sometimes 
painted. 

arch-brick  (iirch'brik),  n.  1.  A  wedge-shaped 
brick  used  in  arched  work.  See  compass-brick. 
—  2.  A  hard  and  partly  vitrified  brick,  taken 
from  one  of  the  arches  of  a  brick-kiln  in  which 
the  fire  is  made. 

archbutler  (arch'but'ler),  n.  [<  arch-  +  butler. 
The  G.  equiv.  is  erzschenke,  'arch-skinker.'] 
A  chief  butler.  Formerly  it  was  the  title  of  an  official 
rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire,  one  of  the  imperial 
court-offices  connected  with  the  electoral  dignity,  and  held 
by  the  King  or  Elector  of  Bohemia. 

arch-buttress  (iirch'but"res),  n.  Same  asjlying 
buttress  (which  see,  under  buttress). 

archchamberlain  (axch'cham'ber-lan),  «.  [< 
urch-  +  chamberlain,  Cf.  ML.  arehicamerarius, 
>G.  erzkdmmerer,  'arch-chamberer':  see  elm m- 
berer.]    A  chief  chamberlain,    ii  was  formerly  the 

title  of  an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire, 
in  hi  by  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg, 
archchancellor  (iireh'chan'sel-pr),  n.     [<  nrch- 
+  chancellor,  alter  F.  archiehancelier  =  Gh  erz- 

liiii  :tcr,<.Vi\,.iircliicniici  lUirius,  archchancellor.] 
A  chief  chancellor;  formerly  —  (if)  The  title 
i.l  an  office  in  111.-  Roman-!  lerman  empire,  held 
by  the  electoral  archbishop  of  Mainz,  who  was 
actual  chancellor  of  the  empire,  (h)  An  hon- 
orary ollieial  rank  held  by  the  electoral  arch- 
bishops of  Cologne  and  Treves,  the  former 
nominally  for  Italy  and  the  latter  for  Burgundy 
(Gaul  and  the  kingdom  of  Aries). 


archduchess 

archchantert  (arch'ohan'ter),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
chanter.  Cf.  ML.  archicantor,  chief  singer.] 
The  chief  chanter  or  president  of  the  chanters 
of  a  church ;  a  choir-leader  or  precentor. 

archchaplain  (arch'chap'lan).  n.  [<  arch-  + 
chaplain,  after  ML.  arehicapellanus.]  In  the 
early  French  monarchy,  the  court  chaplain, 
often  the  same  as  the  papal,  or  later  the  im- 
perial, apocrisiary,  and  identical  with  the  grand 
almoner  and  archchancellor.  The  title  became  ex- 
tinet  with  the  Carolingian,  or  Becond  race  of  kings,  before 
A.  1).  1000. 

archchemic  (arch'kem'ik),  a.  [<  arch-  + 
eliemic]  Of  supreme  chemical  powers:  as, 
"the  arch-ehemic  sun,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  (i09. 
[Bare.] 

arch-confratemity  (arch'kon"fra-ter'ni-ti),  n. 
Iii  the  Jtom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  chief  confraternity 
having  affiliated  societies  and  endowed  with 
special  privileges:  rarely  called  arch-sodality. 
See  confraternity. 

archcount  (arch'kount'),  n.  [<  arch-+  count-, 
after  ML.  archicomes,  archcount.]  A  chief 
count:  a  title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of 
Flanders  in  consequence  of  his  great  riches  and 
power. 

archdapifer  (iirch'dap'i-fer),  ».  [Modified 
(with  E.  arch-  for  L.  arclii-)  from  ML.  archidapi- 
fer,  <  L.  arehi-  +  dapij'tr,  a  food-bearer,  <  daps, 
food,  feast,  +  ferrc  =  E.  bear1.]  The  title  of 
an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire, 
held  by  the  Elector  of  the  Palatinate;  the 
seneschal. 

archdeacon  (arch'de'kn),  n.  [<  ME.  archede- 
ken,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcediacun,  ercediacon  =  D. 
aartsdeken  =  Icel.  erkidjdkn  =  Dan.  erkedegn  = 
F.  archidiacre  =  Sp.  arcediano  =  Pg.  ara  aiago 
=  It.  archidiacono,  <  LL.  archidiaeonus,  <  LGr. 
apxtSfoKmiog,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  chief,  +  diaitovoc,  dea- 
con.] A  chief  deacon;  strictly,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  has  charge  of  the  temporal  and  external 
administration  of  a  diocese,  with  jurisdiction 
delegated  from  the  bishop.  The  word  is  found  as 
the  title  of  an  ecclesiastical  dignitary  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. In  the  East  it  is  last  found  as  applied  to  an  eccle- 
siastical officer  of  the  court  of  Constantinople  under  the 
late  Byzantine  empire.  In  the  West,  from  the  eighth 
century,  dioceses  began  to  be  divided  into  separate  terri- 
tories, over  which  rural  archdeacons  were  placed,  having 
under  them  deans  or  rural  archpriests,  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  the  parish  priests  of  their  respective  dis- 
tricts ;  over  these  was  the  general  or  grand  archdeacon  of 
the  whole  diocese,  who  took  precedence  of  the  archpriest 
(which  see),  and  held  his  own  court  with  its  officials,  dis- 
tinct from  that  of  the  bishop,  so  that  appeals  were  taken 
from  the  former  to  the  latter.  The  rural  archdeacons 
were  often  priests,  having  a  cure  of  souls,  as  was  also  the 
grand  archdeacon  from  the  twelfth  century.  The  powers 
and  privileges  of  this  office  were  gradually  restricted,  and 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  since  the  Council  of  Trent, 
its  place  is  for  the  most  part  supplied  by  the  bisln  ip's  vicar- 
general,  between  whom  and  the  parish  priests  are  some- 
times found  the  vicars  forane,  or  present  rural  deans; 
while  the  archdeacon  of  the  present  day,  where  the  office 
survives,  holds  a  dignity  of  honor.  In  the  church  of  Eng- 
land each  bishop  has  the  assistance  of  two  or  more  arch- 
deacons, who  as  his  deputies  inspect  ami  manage  the  affairs 
of  the  diocese,  and  perform  a  variety  of  duties  partly  secll- 
lar  and  partly  ecclesiastical.  In  two  dioceses  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  of  America  the  title  archdeacon 
has  been  introduced.—  Archdeacon's  court.     See  amrl. 

archdeaconate  (areh'de'kn-at),  n.  [<  arch- 
deacon  +  -ate&,  after  ML.  archidiacouatus,  arch- 
deacon's office.]  The  district  over  which  an 
archdeacon  has  jurisdiction ;  an  archdeaconry. 

archdeaconry  (areh'de'kn-ri),  n. ;  pi.  archdea- 
conries (-riz).  [<  archdeacon  +  -ry.]  The  of- 
fice, rank,  jurisdiction,  or  residence  of  an  arch- 
deacon. In  the  Church  of  England  every  diocese  lias 
one  or  more  archdeaconries;  every  archdeaconry  is  di- 
vided into  rural  deaneries,  and  every  rural  deanery  into 
parishes. 

archdeaconship  (arch'de'kn-ship),  n.  [<  arch- 
deacon +  -ship.]     The  office  of  an  archdeacon. 

archdean  (iirch'den'),  ii.  [<  arch-  +  dean.  Cf. 
D. aartsdiaken,  arohdean.]  A  chief  dean;  a  su- 
perior over  other  deans.  [Sometimes  used  by 
Se. .1 1  ish  writers  for  archdeacon.] 

archdeanery  (arch'de'ne-ri),  it. ;  pi.  archdeanc- 
nis  (-riz).  [<  archdean  +  -cry.]  The  office  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archdean. 

archdiocese  (iirch'di'o-ses),  »i.  [<  arch-  +  dio- 
cese, after  ML.  orchidia  ci  sis.]  The  see  or  dio- 
cese of  an  archbishop. 

archdruid  (arch'drS'id),  ».  [<  arch-  +  druid.] 
A  chief  druid. 

archducal  (arch'du'kal),  a.  [<  archduke;  = 
F.  archniiical :  see  ducat.]  Pertaining  to  an 
archduke  or  an  archdu.liv . 

In  the  Austrian  assemblj  of  states  Vienna  has  as  many 

ton  s  as  all  the  other  archducal  towns  together. 

Brougham. 

archduchess  (iirch'duch'es).  «.  [<  arcli-  + 
ducliess,  after  F.  archiduehesse.    The  G.  word  is 


archduchess 

crzherzogin.]  The  wife  of  an  archduke;  aprin- 
eess  of  the  reigning  family  of  Austria. 

archduchy  (firoh'dueh'i),  ».;  pi.  archduchies 
(-iz).  [Formerly  also  urchdutchy,  <  OF.  arch- 
duche,  mod.  F.  tireliitlitehe,  <  MIj.  *arehiducatus: 
see  rtrc/i-  and  duchy.']  The  territory  or  rank 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

archduke  (iiroh'duk')>  n.  [<  arch-  +  duke;  = 
OF.  archeduc,  mod.  F.  archiduc,<.  ML.  archniiu- 
(-due-),  <  L.  arclii-,  chief,  +  rf«J  (due-),  duke: 
see  arch-  and  duke.  The  Gr.  word  is  erzhcrzog.] 
A  title  formerly  borne  by  some  of  the  sovereign 
princes  of  Austrasia,  Lorraine,  and  Brabant, 
but  for  several  centuries  held  exclusively  by  the 
ruler  of  the  archduchy  of  Austria  (afterward 
emperor  of  Austria,  and  now  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary) ;  now  only  a  titular  dignity  of  the  princes 
of  the  house  of  Austria,  as  archduchess  is  of  the 
princesses — Archduke's  crown.   See  crown. 

archdukedom  (arch'duk'dum),  n.    [<  archduke 
+  -dom.]     The  territory  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
duke or  archduchess;  au  archduchy. 
arched,  »•     Obsolete  form  of  arch1. 
arche'-t,  »•     See  urclfi. 

arche  (ar-sha'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  pp.  of  'archer: 
see  arch1,  v.]  Same  as  arched,  2. 
archebiosis  (ar"ke-bi-6'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxij, 
beginning  (see  arch-),  +  jSiuaic,  way  of  life,  < 
fitovv,  pass  one's  life,  <  fiioe,  life.]  The  origina- 
tion of  living  from  non-living  matter;  abio- 
genesis  (which  see). 

However  the  question  may  eventually  be  decided  as  to 
the  possibility  of  archebiosis  occurring  at  the  present  day 
amid  tlie  artificial  circumstances  of  the  laboratory,  it  can 
not  be  denied  that  arehehinsis,  or  the  origination  of  living 
matter  in  accordance  with  natural  laws,  must  have  oc- 
curred at  some  epoeli  of  the  past. 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  430. 

arched  (iircht).  ;i.  K.     [<  arch1  +  -ed.~\     l.Made 

with  an  arch  or  curve ;  covered  or  spanned  with 

an  arch ;  having  the  form  of  an  arch ;  composed 

of  an  arch  or  arches. 

'Twas  pretty,  though  a  plague, 
To  see  him  every  hour;  to  sit  and  draw 
His  arched  brows,  his  hawking  eye,  his  curls, 
In  our  heart's  table.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

All  born  of  our  house  have  that  arched  instep  under 
which  water  can  flow.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

Specifically — 2.  In  her.,  applied  to  an  ordinary 
both  sides  of  which  are  bowed  alike  in  the  form 
of  an  arch.  Also  arch;/,  arche,  archy-flccted,  and 
concaved.— Arched  beam,  a  beam  cut,  bent,  or  built  in 


Arched  Bean 


the  form  of  an  arch,  usually  to  secure  greater  resistance 
or  provide  for  a  longer  span  than  a  straight  beam  would 
afford.  The  most  important  type  of  arched  beam  is  that 
which  is  built  up,  often  called  a  compound  arched  beam. 
Such  beams  are  made  in  many  forms,  especially  in  those 
of  several  thicknesses  of  timber  or  planks  laid  upon  or 
alongside  of  one  another  and  bolted  together,  and  of  a 
truss  construction  in  iron.  The  arched-beam  roof  of  the 
St.  Pancras  railway-station,  London,  has  a  span,  in  the 
clear,  of  240  feet ;  that  of  the  Grand  Central  station,  New 
York,  has  a  span  of  199  feet  2  inches. — Arched-beam 
bridge,  etc.,  a  bridge,  etc..  in  which  one  or  more  of  the 
principal  members  is  a  compound  arched  beam.  See 
bridge.—  Arched  double,  having  two  arches  or  bends. 

archediacret,  >'•  [ME.,  <  OF.  arcediacre,  arche- 
d-lucre, mod.  F.  archidiacre,  <  L.  archidiaconus, 
archdeacon:  see  archdeacon.]  An  archdeacon. 
Chaucer's  Dream. 

archegayt,  «.    See  assagai. 

archegone  (iir'ke-gon),  re.  English  form  of 
archegonium. 

archegonia,  ".    Plural  of  archegonium. 

archegonia!  (iir-ke-go'ni-al),  u.  [<  archegonium 
+  -al.]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  an  archego- 
nium. 

The  flattened  fronds  .  .  .  bearing  upon  tiny  stalks  which 
rose  from  the  middle  vein  of  the  leaf,  the  female  portion 
of  the  plant  —  the  archegonial  disks. 

S.  B.  Uerrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  89. 


295 

archegoniate  (ar-kf-go'ni-at),  a.     [<  archego- 
nium +  -ate1.]     Having  archegonia. 
A  female  (archegoniate)  prothullium. 

Kunie.  Brit.,  XX.  429. 

archegonium  (tir-ke-go'ni-um),  «.;  pi.  arche- 
gonia (-a).  [NL.,  <^  Gr.  apxeyovor,  first  of  a 
race,  original,  <  apxe-,  apx1:  first  (see  archi-),  + 
ydvor,  race:  see -yon y.]  The  pistillidium  or  fe- 
male organ  of  the  higher  cryptogams,  having 
the  same  function  as  the  pistil  in  flowering 
plants.  It  is  a  cellular  sac,  containing  at  the  bottom  a 
cell,  analogous  to  the  embryo-sac  of  pharaogamous  plants, 
which  is  impregnated  by  spermatozooids  from  the  iiki ].- 
organ  (antheridium).  From  this,  after  fertilization,  the 
new  plant  is  produced  directly,  as  in  the  ferns  and  their 
allies,  or  a  spore-case  is  developed,  as  in  the  mosses,  when 
new  plants  follow  upon  the  germination  of  the  spores. 

archegony  (ar-keg'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *apxe- 
yovla,  <  apxiyovoc,  first  of  a  race:  see  archegoni- 
um.] The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life  ;  spe- 
cifically, the  doctrine  of  spontaneous  genera- 
tion ;  archebiosis ;  abiogenesis. 

He  [Haeckel]  considers  that,  though  the  doctrine  of 
spontaneous  generation  (or  archegony)  lias  not  been 
proved.it  is  quite  possible,  and  even  probable,  the  argu- 
ments against  it  resting  on  merely  negative  results. 

The  Scotsman  (newspaper). 

Archegosauria  (ar"ke-go-sa'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  Arehegosaurus.]  A  suborder  or  other  group 
of  extinct  labyrinthodont  amphibians,  typified 
by  the  genus  Arehegosaurus.  The  name  is  a 
loose  synonym  of  Labyrinthodontia. 

Arehegosaurus  (arTte-go-sfi/rus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxT/6c,  beginning,  originating  (<  apx>i,  the 
beginning,  +  >}■; ciadat,  lead),  +  aavpor,  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  reptiles  re- 
lated to  Lubyrinthodon  (which  see),  supposed 
by  some  to  be  a  larval  form  of  another  animal. 

Archelminthes  (iir-kel-min'thez),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  apx-,  apx'-,  first,  +  iXfuvdec,  pi.  of  iXptvc, 
worm.]  A  hypothetical  group  of  primitive 
worms,  the  supposed  progenitors  of  the  Acce- 
loml;  primitive  acoelomatous  worms,  of  which 
a  prothelmis  is  the  conjectured  parent  form. 
They  are  supposed  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  evolved  in 
the  primordial  geologic  epoch  in  the  direct  line  of  descent 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  human  race.  Their  nearest  living 
relatives  are  considered  by  him  to  be  the  Turbellaria. 

archelogy  (ar-kel'o-ji),  ii.  [<  Gr.  apxn,  begin- 
ning, first  principle,  +  -Tioyia,  <  Tikyciv,  speak : 
see  -ology.]  The  science  of,  or  a  treatise  on, 
first  principles. 

Archelogy  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  archaeology,  which  treats  of  antiquities. 

Fleming. 

archemastryt,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME., 
also  archimustry;  <  archi-  +  mastery ;  perhaps 
confused  with  alchemistry.]  Supreme  skill; 
mastery  of  applied  science  or  applied  mathe- 
matics.    N.  E.  D. 

archemyt  (ar'ke-mi),  n.     A  variant  of  alchemy. 

Archencephala  (iir-ken-sef  a-lii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apx-,  first,  +  i}K£<pa'Aoc,  brain:  see  enceph- 
alon.]  A  name  proposed  by  Owen,  in  1857,  for 
the  highest  one  of  four  subclasses  into  which 
he  divided  the  class  Mammalia  according  to 
the  character  of  the  brain.  In  this  subclass  the 
brain  attains  its  maximum  development  in  complexity, 
and  especially  in  the  relative  size  of  the  cerebrum,  which 
is  deeply  convoluted,  largely  overlaps  both  the  olfacti ny 
lobes  and  the  cerebellum,  and  has  a  wen-marked  hippo- 
campus minor.  It  includes  man  alone,  and  is  conterminous 
with  the  order  Bimaita  of  some,  or  the  family  Iluininidov 
or  Anthropidce  of  others.  All  the  cerebral  characters  ad- 
duced are  shared  by  the  anthropoid  apes,  and  the  term  is 
not  in  use,  except  as  a  synonym  of  a  group  of  the  zoologi- 
cal value  of  a  modern  family. 

archencephalic  (Urken-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik), 
a.  [<  Archencephala  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Archencephala ;  hence,  characteristic  of 
the  human  brain  alone. 

arch-enemy  (arch'en'e-mi),  n.  [<  urch-  +  en- 
emy.] A  chief  enemy';  specifically,  Satan,  the 
devil. 

archenteric  (ar-ken-ter'ik),  a.     [<  archenteron 
+  -ic]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an 
archenteron;  having  a  primitive   unmodified 
enteron. 
The  periaxial  portion  of  the  archenteric  space. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc  Brit.,  XII.  548. 

archenteron  (iir-ken'te-ron),  n.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
first,  primitive,  +  ivrepov,  intestine:  see  ente- 
ron.] The  enteron  (which  see)  in  its  original 
or  primitive  undifferentiated  state :  opposed  to 
metenteron. 

The  hollow,  which  we  have  mentioned  above  as  form- 
ing primarily  the  digestive  cavity,  is  known  as  the  archen. 
teron  or  primitive  stomach. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.,  Int.,  p.  xi. 

archeo-.    See  archceo-. 

archer  (ar'cher),  n.  [<  ME.  archer,  archere, 
urchicr,  <  OF.  archer,  archier,  F.  archer =Pr.  ar- 
quier,  archier  =  Sp.  arquero  =  Pg.  arqueiro  =  It. 


archesthetism 

arciere,  <  .MI,,  ureurins,  also  arcttarius,  a  bow- 
man, <  L.  areas,  a  bow :  see  arch1  and  are1.]    1. 

One  who  uses  a  bow:  a  bowman;  specifically,  in 
medieval  Europe,  one  who  shot  with  the  long- 
bow (which  see)  and  shaft,  as  distinguished 
from  an  arbalister  or  erossbowman.  in  Greek  art 
the  archer  is  generally  represented  in  Oriental  dr< 
armor,  and  the  use  of  the  bow  by  a  native  Greek  in  war  is 
rarely  mentioned  ;  but  one  of  the  two  bowmen  of  the  ASgina 

temple  is  dnssid  :unl  armed  as  a  Greek,  anil  i    I 

Catah  vase  at  Naples  ( lleydcmaiin,  No.  922),  Of  g 1  Greek 

work,  a  painting  represents  three  youths,  evidently  Greeks, 

BhOOting  with  bOWS   and  arrows  at  a  cock  on  a  column. 

Among  the  Romans  archers  are  rarely  mentioned. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  archers  formed  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  armies  of  Europe;  but,  as  they  were 
drawn  wholly  from  the  peasants  ami  townspeople,  the 
nobility  and  their  retainers  were  often  suspicious  of  them, 
and  the  free  use  of  the  bow  anions  the  common  people 
was  often  discouraged.  In  some  countries,  too,  the  arba- 
list  was  so  much  preferred  that  the  longbow  came  little 
into  use.  In  England  large  bodies  of  archers  were  fur- 
nished by  towns  and  counties  to  the  royal  armies,  and 
were  armed  with  some  degree  of  uniformity  with  tie  ateel 
cap,  the  gambeson  or  hauberk,  and  a  short  double-edged 
sword,  besides  bow  and  quiver.  There  is  no  record  of 
mounted  archers  in  the  English  armies,  but  they  were 
common  on  the  continent;  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  main- 
tained large  bodies  of  them,  and  King  Charles  VII.  of 
France  had  a  body-guard  of  mounted  men  armed  with 
brigantine  or  gambeson,  and  carrying  a  longbow.  From 
this  last  organization  the  name  archers  came  to  be  applied 
to  the  body-guard  of  one  of  the  later  kings  of  France,  w  hose 
weapon  was  the  harquebuse,  which  replaced  the  bow  and 
shafts,  and  (until  the  Revolution)  to  the  watchmen  or 
guards  of  the  French  cities. 

2.  Same  as  archer-fish. —  3.  [cap.]  The  con- 
stellation Sagittarius. 

archeress  (ar'cher-es),  n.  [<  archer  +  -ess.]  A 
female  archer.     [Rare.] 

She,  therefore,  glorious  archeress  of  heaven. 

Cowper,  Iliad,  ix. 

archer-fish  (ar'cher-fish),  n.  A  name  given  to 
three  species  of  the  genus  Toxotes  and  family 
Toxotida:  (which  see),  occurring  in  the  East  In- 
dian and  Polynesian  seas.     To  this  flsh  has  been 


Archer-fish  {Toxotes  chatareus). 


ascribed  the  power  of  shouting  drops  of  water  to  the  dis 
tance  of  3  or  4  feet,  with  sure  aim,  at  insects,  causing  them 
to  fall  into  the  water,  when  it  seizes  and  devours  them. 
This  power  has  been  doubted  or  denied  by  several  ichthy- 
ologists.   Also  called  archer  and  darter-fish. 

archeriat  (ar-ke'ri-a),  n.  [ML.,  <  OF.  arehiere, 
<  archier,  an  archer.  Cf.  archery.]  In  medieval 
fort.,  an  aperture  through  which  archers  or 
longbowmen  might  discharge  their  arrows. 
See  loophole,  and  compare  balistraria. 

archership  (ar'cher-ship),  >t.  Skill  as  an  archer. 

archery  (ar'cher-i),  n.  [<  ME.  archerie,  <  OF. 
archerie,  i  archer,  archier,  bowman.]  1.  The 
use  of  the  bow  and  arrow ;  the  practice,  art,  or 
skill  of  archers ;  the  art  of  shooting  with  a  bow 
and  arrow. —  2.  Archers  collectively. 

That  venison  free,  and  Bordeaux  wine, 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  .line. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  25. 

3.  In  old  lam,  a  service  of  keeping  a  bow  for 
the  lord's  defense. 

archespore  (ar'ke-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  archespo- 
rium,  <  Gr.  apxe-,  first,  +  air6poc  a  seed.]  In 
bot.,  a  layer  of  small  cells  within  the  anther, 
giving  rise  to  the  mother-cells  of  the  pollen  and 
to  the  very  delicate  lining  of  the  anther-cell. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  a  similar  structure  in  some  of 
the  vascular  cryptogams.     Also  called  archesporium, 

archesthetic  (jir-kes-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
apX'-,  first,  +  aloOijrdc,  verbal  adj.  of  awdavtcsDat, 
perceive:  see  esthetic]  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  archesthetism.  Also  spelled  arch- 
a-sthetic 

archestheticism  (ar-kes-tket'i-sizm),  n.  [< 
archesthetic  +  -ism.]     Same  as  archesthetism. 

The  hypothesis  of  arehtestheticism,  then,  maintains  that 
consciousness  as  well  as  life  preceded  organism,  and  has 
been  the  primuin  mobile  in  the  creation  of  organic  struc- 
ture. Science,  IV.  241. 

archesthetism  (iir-kes'the-tizm),  n.  [<  nrch- 
esthetlc  +  -ism.]  The  hypothesis  of  the  primi- 
tive creative  function  of  consciousness;  the  hy- 
pothesis that  consciousness,  considered  as  an 
attribute  of  matter,  is  primitive  and  a  cause  of 


archesthetism 

evolution:  opposed  \o  mi  testhetism  (which  see). 
Also  aeiho stlu  tism,  Urdu  stln  ticisin,  tirchiesthi  ti- 

Cislll . 

Che  place  of  the  doctrine  "f  archoBsthetism,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  opposing  view  of  meteesthetigm,  which  is 
held  i>y  many  monists. 

E.  D,  Cop  ,  Ann  r.  Naturalist,  XVI.  p.  469. 

archetto  (fii-ket'd),  n.  [It..  :|  small  arch,  an 
arched  stick,  fiddlestick,  <  arco,  an  arch,  bow: 
mi  urelA.]  An  implement,  consisting  of  a  wire 
Stretched  across  a  forked  or  bent  stick,  used  for 
cutting  away  clay  from  a  molded  piece  of  pot- 
tery. 

archetypal  (ar'ke-tl-pal),  a.  [<  archetype  + 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archetype;  eon- 
stitutinga  model  or  pat  tern:  original:  as,  "one 
archetypal  mind,"  Cudworth.  Also  archetypic, 
archetypical. 

Glorified  eyes  must  see  by  the  archetypal  Sun,  or  the 
light  ol  God.  Sii  V.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  15. 

Archetypal  idea,  a  Platonic  idea.  — Archetypal  world, 

an  immaterial  world  supposed  by  some  I'latonists  to  have 

been  first  created  as  a  pattern,  according  to  which  the 

sensible  world  was  constructed:  opposed  to  ectypal  world. 

archetype  (ar'ke-tip),  n.     [Formerly  also  archi- 

type;  —  V.  archetype,<,  h.archetypum,<Gr.apxi- 

.    a    pattern,    model,   neut.  of  ap^iTrtroc, 

first-molded,  as  an  exemplar  or  model,  <  apxe-, 

-,  first,  +  rinrreiv  (y   ~.e-\.  beat,  stamp,  > 

riTiif.  stamp,  mold,  pattern,  type:  see  type.'] 

1.  A  model  or  first  form;  the  original  pattern 
or  model  after  which  a  thing  is  made;  espe- 
cially, a  Platonic  idea,  or  immaterial  preexist- 
ing exemplar  of  a  natural  form. 

Among  tin  ancients,  the  co-existence  of  the  Epicurean 
and  Stoical  scl Is,  which  offered  to  the  world  two  en- 
tirety different  archetypes  of  virtue,  secured  in  a  very  re- 
markable manner  the  recognition  of  different  kinds  of 
excellence.  I   cky,  Europ.  Morals,  1. 166. 

Man  i-  the  archetype  of  the  animal  creation,  the  highest 
manifestation  of  life.    Dawson,  Nat  and  tin   Bible,  p.  39. 

2.  In  coining,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted  :  now  called  the  prototype. 
—  3.  In  compar.  mutt.,  a  primitive  generalized 
plan  of  structure  assumed  to  have  been  subse- 
quently modified  or  lost  by  differentiation  and 
specialization:  as,  the  vertebrate  archetype. — 
4.  The  original  form  from  which  a  class  of  re- 
lated forms  in  plants  or  animals  may  be  sup- 
posed  to  1  in  \  e  descended.     Darwin. 

archetypic  ( ar-ke-tip'ik),  a.  [<  archetype  +  -ic.~\ 

S;i  mi-  as  nrrlii  typed. 
archetypical  (ar-ke-tip'i-kal).  a.     [<  archetype. 

Cf.  Gr.  a p  1 1  -i-thui;.  adv.]     Same  as  archetypal. 
archetypically  (ar-kf-tip'i-kal-i),  adr.    In  an 

archetypal  manner;  utter  the  mode  or  plan  of 

an  archetype. 
archetypist  (ar'ke-ti-pist),  n.     [<  archetype  + 

-ist.]    One  who  studies  early  typography.    N. 

/■:.  n. 
archeus,  ».    See  archattts. 
arch-fiend  (arch'fend'),  n.    [<  arch-  +  fiend ;  = 

(1.  irrfiind.]      A  chief  fiend;  specifically,  the 

devil. 
archi-.     [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  apxe-,  first,  chief: 

see  arch-,  the  naturalized  ]■].  form  of  the  same 

prefix.]     A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  original 

form  of  inch-,  first,  chief.    See  arch-. 
archiamphiaster  (ar '  ki-am-fi-as'ter),  ?;.    Same 

as  ar chain phiaster. 
archiannelid  (ar-M-an'e-lid),  a.  and  «.    I.  a. 

( it  or  pertaining  to  the  Arch  mum  lida. 

II.   n.  <  fin-  of  (lie  Areliianni  lula.  as  an  annelid 

of  the  genus  Polygordius.    Also archiannelidan. 

Archiannelidan!  ki-a-nil'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,< 
(Jr.  ui|i-.  first,  +  NL.  Annelida.]    A  subclass 

or  other  leading  divisi if  annelids,  supposed 

to  be  the  nearest  living  representatives  of  the 
arehetj  pal  segmented  h  orms.  The  best-known 
genus  is  Polygordius  (which  set 

archiannelidan  (ar  ki-a-nel'i-dan),  a.  and  ». 
La.   Pertaining  to  the    trchiannelida. 
II.  n.  Same  a  -  archiannelid. 

archiater  (ar-ki-a'ter),  n.  [=  Buss.  arhMya- 
tnii  =  OHG.  in  at,  Mih..  at  et,  Gr.  arzt  =  D. 
arts,  etc.,  a  physician,'  ML.  archiater}<  L. 
mil,  in  tens.  <  &r.  apxtarpdc,  <  apxt-,  chief,  + 
\arp6c,  physician.]  A  chief  physician:  a  title 
first  giv.-n  by  the  Etonian  emperors  to  their 
chief  ph.vsici.in~.  .mil  now  applied  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Kurope  to  the  first  or  body  physician  of 
a  prince,  ana  to  the  first  physician  of  some 
eiti.-s;  sp.ciiically.  in  Kussia,  the  firsl  imperial 
physician. 

archiblast  (ar'M-'blast),  «.  [<  fir.  ipxt-,  first, 
primitive,  +      aardc,  germ.]     In  embryol.:  (a) 

Theformativi  ■■  ■  ,  an  egg;  that  which  com- 
poses the  germ,  and  in  germination  becomes  the 

embryo,  as  distinguished  from  the  food-yolk  or 


2  or, 

parablast.     Wilhelm   JUs.     (b)  A  name  given 
b>  His  in  the  epiblast. 

archiblastic  (ar-ki-blas'tik),  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing in.  or  derived  from  the  archiblast:  applied 
in  those  holoblastic  eggs  which,  by  equal  or 
palingenetie  as  well  as  total  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  (vitellus),  produce  an  archigastrula  in 
germinating. 

archiblastula  (ar-ki-blas'tfi-la),  n. ;  pi.  archi- 
blastuUe  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr"  'apxt-,  chief,  +  NL. 
blastula.]  In  embryol.,  a  hollow  and  usually 
globular  vesicle,  the  walls  of  which  consist  of  a 
single  layer  of  similar  cells,  and  which  by  in- 
vagination develops  an  archigastrula. 

Yelk-division  is  complete  and  regular,  and  gives  rise  to 
a  vesicular  morula  (.archiblastula  of  Baeckel),  each  cell  of 
which  is  provided  with  a  flagellate  ciliuni. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  553. 

Archibuteo  (ar-ki-bu'te-d),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  archi-, 
first,  +  buteo,  buzzard.]  A  genus  of  buzzards, 
of  the  family  Falconidce,  having  booted  tarsi. 


Rough-legged  Buzzard  I  Archibuteo  lagfif": 

A.  lagopus,  the  rough-legged  buzzard  of  Europe  and 
America,  is  the  best-known  species.  A.  sancti-johannis  is 
the  black  buzzard  of  America,  and  A.  ferrugineus  the  west- 
ern rough-leg  orCalifomian  squirrel-hawk. 
archicalt  (ar'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxtnie,  pertain- 
ing to  rule,  <  apxv,  rule,  first  place,  beginning, 

<  apxciv,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.]  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  government ;  ruling. —  2.  Chief;  pri- 
mary; primordial. 

archicarp  (ar'M-karp),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxt-,  first,  + 
mpTroi;,  fruit.]     In  bid.,  same  as  ascoijoniunt. 

archicercal  (ar-ki-ser'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxt-, 
chief,  +  txipKoc,  tail,  +  -«/.]  Having  a  worm- 
like tail  without  fin-folds,  as  a  fish ;  exhibiting 
archieercy,  as  a  fish's  tail. 

archicercy  (ar'ki-ser-si),  n.  [See  archicercal.] 
The  state  of  being  archicercal ;  the  primitive 
condition  of  a  fish's  tail  when  it  is  archicercal. 
.7.  A.  Ryder. 

archicytula  (ar-ki-sit'u-la),  n.;  pi.  archicytulce 
(-le).  [NL-i  <  Gr.  apx'i-,  chief,  +  NL.  cyiiila.] 
In  embryol.,  the  parent  cell  or  cytula  which  re- 
sults  from  an  archhnonerula  by  the  re-forma- 
tion of  a  nucleus,  and  which  proceeds,  by  total 
and  equal  or  palingenetie  segmentation,  to  de- 
velop in  succession  an  archimorula,  archiblas- 
tula. and  archigastrula. 

Archidesmidse  (ar-ki-des'mi-de),  n.  ]d.     [NL., 

<  Archidesma  (<  Gr.  ipxt-,  chief,  +  diapa,  baud), 
the  typical  genus,  +  -idic.]  A  family  of  paheo- 
zoic  fossil  myriapods  of  the  arehipolypodous 

type. 
archidiaconal  (:ir    ki-di-ak'pn-al),  a.     [<  L. 
archidiiiciiiiiis,    archdeacon:    see   archdeacon.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archdeaeon  or  to  his  office: 
as,  an  archidiaconal  visitation. 

'this  Prelate  calls  himself  Exarch,  and  claims  Archi- 
diaconal rights  in  the  whole  Dkecese. 

./.  M.  Niale,  Eastern  church,  i.  93. 

archidiaconate  (iir  ki-di-ak'on-at),  it.  [<ML. 
aechtilinrniiiitiis,  <  L.  arohidiaconus ;  see  arch- 
deacon and  -ate*.]  Tho  office  or  order  of  arch- 
deacons. 

archiepiscopacy  (ai'"ki-e-pis'ko-pa-si),  n.  [As 
archiepiscop-ate  +  -acy.  Cf.  episcopacy.]  The 
state  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

archiepiscopai  (ar'ki-e-pis'ko-pal),  a.  [<  L. 
archil iiisciijiiis.  archbishop:  see  archbishop.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archbishop  or  to  his  office:  as, 
i  lanterbury  is  an  archiepiscopai  see. 

A  Franciscan  friar  rode  before  him.  bearing  aloft  the 

the  archiepiscopai  Btandardof  Toledo. 

Prescoti    1  crd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

archiepiscopality  (iir'ki-e-pis-Uo-pal'i-ti),  n. 
[(archiepiscopai  +  -it//.]  the  dignity  or  state 
of  an  archbishop;  archiepiscopacy,    Fuller. 


Archil  i  Roneltn  tinctoria). 


archimandritate 

archiepiscopate (iir  ki-e-pis'ko-pat), ".   [< ML. 

'archiejnscopaiiis,  <  archi-  +  episcohatus:  see 
archi-  and  tpisenpate]   The  office  or  jurisdiction 
of  an  archbishop;  an  archbishopric, 
archierey  (iir-ki'e-ri),  n.     [<  Russ.  arkhierii, 

<  Gr.  apxiepehc,  a  high  priest,  <  apx-,  «/M'-, 
chief,  first,  +  'npi'rc  (>  Russ.  icrct),  a  priest,  < 
ispdc,  holy,  sacred.]  The  prelacy  :  a  collective 
term  for  the  higher  orders  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Russian  Church,  including  metropolitans, 
archbishops,  and  bishops.     1'inkcrton. 

archigastrula  (ar-ki-gas'tro-la),  n.;  pi.  archi- 
gastrula (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  +  NL. 
gastrula.]  In  embryol.,  a  bell-gastrula;  a  gas- 
trula  which  is  bell-shaped  or  lias  the  form  of  a 
deep  cup,  resulting  from  that  method  of  egg- 
cleavage  and  gastrulation  supposed  to  be  prim- 
itive or  palingenetie.  it  occurs  in  various  animals, 
from  sponges  up  to  the  lowest  vertebrates.  See  metagas. 
trula,  and  cut  under  gastrulation. 

archigraphert  (ar-kig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  LL.  archi- 
graph  us,  <  Gr.  apx'-,  chief,  +  ypatyeiv,  write.  Cf . 
Gr.  apxtypap/MTEig,  of  same  sense  and  same  ulti- 
mate origin.]     A  chief  secretary.     Blount. 

archil  (ar'kil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  archall, 
archel,  etc.,  corrupt  forms  of  orchil  (q.  v.),  < 
ME.  orchell,  <  OF.  orchel,  orchid,  orseil,  mod. 
F.  orseille,  <  It.  orcclla.  oricello  =  <  iSp.  orchillo, 
mod.  orchiUa  =  Pg.  orzella;  origin  undeter- 
mined.] 1.  A  rich  violet, 
mauve,  or  purple  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  cer- 
tain lichens,  especially 
the  Boecellu  tinctoria  and 
It.  fuciformis. —  2.  The 
lichen  from  which  the  dye 
is  obtained.  See  Roccella. 
It  is  bruised  between  stones, 
moistened  with  putrid  urine, 
and  mixed  with  quicklime  or 
other  alkaline  liquor.  It  first 
becomes  purplish-red  in  color, 
and  then  turns  to  violet.  In 
the  first  state  it  is  called  archil, 
and  in  the  second  litmus.  Dyers 
rarely  use  archil  by  itself,  on 
account  of  its  dearness  and  the 
perishableness  of  its  beauty. 
They  employ  it  to  give  a  bloom 
to  oilier  colors,  as  pinks,  blues, 
and  blacks;  but  this  bloom  soon  decays.  Archil  is  used 
for  tinting  the  fluid  employed  in  spirit-thermometers, 
while  litmus  is  employed  by  chemists  as  a  test  for  acidity 
or  alkalinity. 

Also  written  orchil,  and  formerly  archall,  or- 
dhal,  orchel,  orchidia. 

Archilochian  (ar-ki-lo'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Archi- 
lochius,  K. Gt.  'Ap\i'/i'\eii«\  pertaining  toft/H"'"- 
Xoc,  L.  Arehilochus,  a  poet  and  satirist  of  Paros, 
who  lived  about  700  B.C.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
Arehilochus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Paros,  noted  for 
the  bitterness  aud  severity  of  his  satire. 
Hence  —  2.  Severe;  ill-natured:  as,  Archilo- 
chian bitterness. — 3.  In  out:  pros.,  noting  four 
stanzas  —  (1)  A  dactylic  hexameter  alternating 
with  a  penthemim  (called  a  lesser  Archilochian) 
or  (2)  with  an  iambelegus.  (3)  An  iambic 
trimeter  alternating  with  an  elegianibus.  (4) 
A  verse  consisting  of  four  dactyls  and  three 
trochees  (called  a  i/rutti  r  Archilochian)  alternat- 
ing with  an  iambic  trimeter  catalectic. 

archilowe  (ar'ehi-lou),  n.  [Be.,  also  archilogh 
and  arcliilaijli,  a  corrupt  word;  according  to  the 
Imp.  Diet.,  <  D.  her-,  again,  +  gelag  (OI>.  ghe- 
laegh),  share  of  expense  at  an  inn,  =  So.  laugh, 
lauch,  also  lutein,  tawing,  tavern-shot,  reckon- 
ing: see  lairing  and  tote1.]  The  return  which 
one  who  has  been  treated  in  an  inn  or  tavern 
sometimes  reckons  himself  bound  in  honor  to 
make  to  the  company:  when  he  calls  for  his 
bottle  he  is  said  to  give  his  arch  do  ice.    [.Scotch.] 

f   propose   that    this  g I  little  gentleman   that   -inns 

sair  forfoughten,  as  1  ma]  say,  in  this  tuilyie,  shall  send 
for  a  tass  of  brandy,  and  I'll  pay  for  another  by  way  of 
archilowe.  Scott,  Rob  [toy,  xxviii. 

archilute  (ar'ki-lut),  m.    [<  archi-  +  lute*-.   See 

arcldtttc]     Same  as  urchin  It . 
archimage  (aVki-maj),  n.    [Formerly  also,  as 

if  It.,  archimai/o,  and  as  NL.  archi  magus,  q.  v.] 
A  chief  magician  or  enchanter;  a  wizard. 

The  character  ol  sage I  archimage  had  fully  imprinted 

itself  on  his  countenance.  Encyc.  Brit,  XIV.  oil'. 

archimagus  (iir-ki-ma'gus),  n.:  pi.  archimagi 

(-ji).     [NL.,  <  dr.  apxi/tayoc,  chief  of  the  magi, 

<  apxi-,  chief.  +  payor,  one  of  the  magi:  see 
magi.  |  1.  The  high  priest  of  the  Persian  magi, 
or  worshipers  of  tire. — 2.  A  chief  magician; 
an  archimage. 

archimandritate  (ar-ki-man'dri-tat),  n.  [<  ar- 
chimandrite +  -ate3.]  The  dignity,  office,  or 
province  of  an  archimandrite. 


archimandrite 


297 


archimandrite  (ar-ki-man'drit),  ».    [<ML.  or-  archinephric  (to-ki-nef'rik),  a.    [<  arehineph 

ron  +  -ic]     Pertaining  to  an  archinephron  or 
primitive  kidney:  as,  the  archinephric  duet. 

archinephron  (iir-ki-uef'ron),  ».;  pi.  archi- 
nephra  (-rii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  veeipoc, 
kidney.]  In  embryol.,  the  primitive  or  rudi- 
mentary, as  distinguished  from  the  final  defin- 
itive, renal  excretory  organ  of  an  animal ;  the 
primitive  kidney. 

arching  (ar'ching),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  arch1.] 
Arched  work  or  formation ;  the  arched  portion 
of  a  structure. 

archipelagian  (;ir"ki-pf-la'ji-an),  a.    Same  as 


chimandrita,  <  LGr.  dpxwavdplnic  (Epiphanius), 
chief  of  a  monastery,  <  Gr. 
apxi-,  chief,  +  pavapa,  a 
foid,  inclosure,  eecles.  a 
monastery.]  In  the  East- 
ern Church,  an  abbot-gen- 
eral, having  other  abbots 
(hegoumenoi)  with  their 
monasteries  under  his  su- 
perintendence; also  some- 
times, especially  among 
the  Greeks,  the  abbot  of 
a  single  large  monastery. 
In  Russia  tlie  bishops  are  se- 
lected from  among  the  archi- 
mandrites. The  title  lias  been 
retained  among  those  who  sep- 
arated from  the  Eastern  Church 
ami  submitted  to  the  pope 
-while  still  observing  the  Greek 
rite  (the  so-called  United 
Greeks),  ami  their  monasteries 
are  now  subject  to  one  proto-  Greek  Archimandrite. 

archimandrite.    A  congregation 

of  Basilian  monks  existing  in  Sicily  before  the  eleventh 
century  has  been  under  the  care  of  an  archimandrite  ap- 
parently from  that  time.  Its  head  abbey  is  that  of  San 
Salvatore  in  Messina,  ami  it  forms  an  exempt  archiman- 
dritate  immediately  dependent  on  the  pope.  In  the  early 
church,  and  sometimes  during  the  middle  ages  in  the 
Western  Church,  the  word  was  used  vaguely  as  equivalent 
to  prelate. 
Archimedean  (ar''ki-rue'de-an  or  -me-de'an), 
a.  [<  L.  Archimedeus,  <  Or.  'Apxtp^Seioi,  <  'Apxl- 
pi/d>K,  L.  Archimedes.]  Pertaining  to  Archi- 
medes, a  celebrated  mathematician,  born  at 
Syracuse  in  the  third  century  B.  c,  or  to  his 
mechanical  inventions.— Archimedean  drill.  See 
drill— Archimedean  principle,  or  principle  of  Ar- 
chimedes, (a)  The  principle  of  the  equilibrium  of  the 
lever ;  namely,  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two  weights,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum,  is  in  equilibrium  when  the 
weights  are  inversely  proportional  to  the  length  of  the 
arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  ami  that  the  pressure  on 
the  fulcrum  of  the  lever  is  then  exactly  equal  to  the  sum 
of  the  two  weights,  (b)  The  hydrostatics!  principle,  also 
discovered  by  Archimedes,  that  a  body  immersed  in  a  fluid 
loses  an  amount  of  weight  equal  to  that  of  the  fluid  it  dis- 
places.—Archimedean  propeller,  a  propeller  consisting 
of  a  continuous  spiral  vane  on  a  hollow  core  running 
lengthwise  of  the  vessel.  It  is  an  amplification  and  ex- 
tension of  the  screw.— Archimedean  railway,  a  form  of 
railway  in  which  a  continuous  shaft  rotates  on  pillars  be- 
tween the  lines  of  rails,  ami  propels  the  ear  by  means  of  a 
screw  which  engages  in  a  pedestal  attached  to  the  car. — 
Archimedean  screw,  a  device  for  raising  water,  said  to 


archipelagic. 

archipelagic  (ar'ki-pe-laj'ik),  a.     [<  archipel- 
ago +  -»&]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archipelago,  architective  (ar'M-tek-tw),  a 


architecture 

architect  (ar'M-tekt),  n.     [=F.  arehitccte  =  lt. 
architetto,  <  L.  architectus,  also  architt  cton,  <  Gr. 

apxiTtKTciv,  chief  builder,  chief  artificer,  <  <ipxi-, 
chief,  +  tIktuv,  a  worker,  esp.  in  wood,  a  car- 
penter,   joiner,    builder:    see    It  clonic.']      1.    A 

person  skilled  in  tin-  art  of  building;  one  who 
understands  architecture,  or  whose  profession 
it  is  to  form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings  and 
superintend  the  execution  of  them.  Hence  — 
2.  One  who  plans,  designs,  or  consummates  any 
complex  filing:  as,  the  supreme  Architect  of 
the  universe  ;  he  is  the  architect  of  his  own  for- 
tunes.— 3.  One  who  eonf  rives,  devises,  or  plots. 

Chief  architect  and  plotter  of  these  « 

Shak.,  Tit.  Ami.,  v.  3. 

[<  architect  + 


The  archipelagic  fring 


have  been  invented  by  Archimedes.  It  is  made  by  forming 
a  spiral  tube  within,  or  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  spirally 
about,  a  cylinder.  When  the  cylinder  is  placed  in  an  in- 
clined position,  and  the  lower  end  is  immersed  in  water, 
its  revolution  will  cause  the  water  to  move  upward  through 
the  spiral  chambers.  Whatever  quantity  of  water  Hist  en- 
ters the  screw  immediately  descends  by  its  own  weight  to 
the  lowest  point  of  the  spiral;  hut  this  point  being  always 
shifted  higher  up  by  the  revolution  of  the  screw,  the  water 
may  thus  he  raised  to  a  considerable  height.  Also  called 
water-screw  and  spiral  pump.—  Archimedean  solid,  one 
of  the  thirteen  solids  described  by  Archimedes,  which, 
without  being  regular,  have  all  their  solid  angles  alike,  all 
their  faces  regular,  and  not  less  than  four  faces  of  anj  one 
kind :  sometimes  incorrectly  called  semi-regular  solids. 
They  are  the  truncated  tetrahedron,  the  cuboctahedron,  the 
truncated  octahedron,  the  truncated  cube,  the  rhoudiicubuc- 
tuhedron,  the  truncated  cuboctahedron,  the  icosidodeea- 
loilcon,  tile  truncated  icosatw  droll,  the  truncated  dodeeu- 
heilcon.  the  snub-cube,  the  rhombicosidodecahedcon,  the 
tcuncatcd  icosidodecahcdcon,  and  the  snub-dodecahedron. 
Bee  these  terms. 
archimonerula  (ar''ki-mo-ner'o-la),  n. ;  pi.  ar- 
cliimoneruke  (-le).  [NL.,<  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  4-  XL. 
monerula.]  In  embryol.,  a  term  invented  by 
Haeckel  and  defined  by  him  as  a  cytod  in  which 
the  formative  and  the  nutritive  yolk  are  not  dis- 
tinct. It  is  a  special  name  for  the  monerula  stage  of  a 
holoblastic  egg  which  undergoes  palingenetic  or  primitive 
as  well  as  total  cleavage,  and  the  several  succeeding  stages 
of  which  are  an  archicytula,  archiraorula,  archiblastul.i 
ami  archigastrula. 
archimorula  (ar-ki-mor'o-lii),  n. ;  pi.  archimoru- 
lir  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  NL.  morula.  1 
In  embryol.,  the  morula  or  mulberry-mass  which 
results  from  the  total  and  equal  segmentation 
of  the  vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  archicytula ;  a  sol- 
id, generally  globular,  mass  of  cleavage-cells 
which  proceed  to  develop  an  archiblastula  and 
archigastrula. 
archinephra,  re.     Plural  of  archinephron. 


of  coast  line. 
Fortnightly  Her.,  XXXIX.  :.T. 

archipelago  (tir-ki-pel'a-go),  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  archpelago,  also  archtpelage  emdarchipeiagus 
(andabbr. archipt  /  =  1).  Gr.arehipel,  <  F.  arehipel 
=  Pr.  arehipel;  of.  curly  mod.  P.  archipelague) 
=  OSp.  arcipielago,  Sp.  archipielago  =  OPg.  ar- 
cepelago,  Pg.  archipelago  (cf.  Dan.  arkipclag, 
arkipelagus,  Russ.  arkhipelagu,  NGr.  apxi^cAa- 
yoc,  ML.  archipelagus),  <  It.  arcipt  lago,  orig.  the 
.<Egean  sea,  lit.  the  chief  gulf  or  sea  (in  dis- 
tinction from  minor  bodies  of  water  to  which 
the  term  pelago,  ML.  yelagus,  was  applied), < 
arci-  (L.,  etc.,  archi-),  chief,  principal,  -rpelago 
(=  Sp.  pielago  —  Pg.  pelago,  pego  =  Pr.  peleg), 
gulf,  abyss,  pool,  sea,  <  ML.  L.  pelagus,  <  Gr. 
■wiXayoc,  sea:  see  pelagic]  1.  [cap.]  Originally 
and  specifically,  the  sea  which  separates  Greece 
from  Asia  Minor,  otherwise  called  the  JEgean 
sea,  studded  with  a  number  of  small  islands. 
Hence,  generally — 2.  Any  body  of  water 
abounding  with  islands,  or  the  islands  them- 
selves collectively. 

Archipolypoda  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-da), »(.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  Polypoda,  pi.  of  Polypus, 
([.  v.]  A  group  of  fossil  myriapods  from  the 
Carboniferous  formation  of  Illinois  and  Great 
Britain,  related  to  the  Chilognatha,  but  having 
the  tergites  small  and  armed  with  large  spines, 
the  sternites  proportionally  large  and  bearing 
crateriform  cups,  supposed  to  be  possibly  gill- 
supports.  The  Archipolypoda  had  two  legs  to  each  seg- 
ment, as  in  the  extant  Diplopoda,  and  appear  to  have  lie- 
come  extinct  in  the  Paleozoic  epoch.  Three  families  have 
been  recognized,  Archidesmidce,  Eiq>h,a-beriidtv,  and  Ar- 
chiulida;. 

Mr.  Scudder  has  proposed  the  name  Archipolypoda  for 
a  group  of  fossil  myriapods  which,  while  closely  related  to 
the  Chilognatha,  show  several  important  points  of  differ- 
ence. Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  II.  128. 

archipolypodan  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-dan), 
of  the  Archipolypoda. 

archipolypodous  (ar*ki-po-lip'o-dus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Archi 
polypoda. 

archippUS  (iir-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  in  form  as  Gr, 
"ApX'~toc,,  a  proper  name.]    A  butterfly,  Da 


re]  I'scd  in  building;  proper  for  building. 
architectonic  (ar"ki-tek-ton'ik),  a.  and  n.  [= 
P.  architectonique,  <  L.  architectonic/us,  <  fir. 
apxirenTovinoc,  pertaining  to  architecture,  fern. 
apxiTCKTovaJ/,  n.,  architecture,  <  apxirenTuv,  chief 
workman:  see  architect.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  architecture;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating 
to  construction  or  design  of  any  kind. 

The  Archaeologist  cannot  fail  to  remark  lew  severe,  in 
a  true  age  of  art,  is  the  observance  of  this  great  Architec- 
tonic law  —how  its  influence  pervades  all  design-  how  the 
pictures  on  Greek  vases,  or  the  richly  embossed  and  chased 
work  of  tin-  mediaeval  goldsmiths,  are  all  adjusted  to  the 
form  and  surface  allotted  to  them  by  an  external  necessity. 
C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archaeol.,  p.  34. 

2.  Skilled  in  architecture;  expert  in  designing 
or  constructing. — 3.  Relating  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  complete  and  scientifically  arranged 
theory  or  system  of  doctrine. — 4.  Having  the 
same  relation  to  something  as  that  of  an  archi- 
tect to  his  work;  designing;  controlling;  gov- 
erning; directive. 

In  the  language  of  Aristotle,  which  of  these  two  [Culture 
and  Religion]  is  the  architectonic  or  master-art  which  pre- 
scribes to  all  the  other  arts  and  occupations  of  life  their 
functions,  as  the  master-builder  prescribes  their  duties  to 
his  workmen'.'  J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  28. 
Architectonic  idea.  See  idea.— Architectonic  unity, 
the  unity  or  union  of  the  parts  of  a  theory  or  system  which 
springs  from  the  principles  upon  which  the  theory  or  sys- 
tem depends. 

II.  n.  1.  The  science  of  architecture.  Also 
architectonics. —  2.  hi  logic,  the  art  of  construct- 
ing systems. 

By  architectonic  I  understand  the  art  of  constructing  sys- 
tems.   Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Max  MuTler). 

Of  these  two  sciences,  .  .  .  that  which  treats  of  those 
conditions  of  knowledge  which  lie  in  the  nature,  not  of 
thought  itself,  hut  of  that  which  we  think  about,  .  .  .  has 
been  called  .  .  .  architectonic,  in  so  far  as  it  treats  of  the 
method  of  building  up  our  observations  into  system. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  App.  No.  I.  (1866),  II.  230. 

One  architectonical  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal),  a.    Same 
as  architectonic. 
Geometrical  and  architectonical  artists. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Misc.  Tracts,  p.  6. 

architectonically  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal-i),  adv. 
Iu  an  architectonic  manner;  according  to  true 
structural  principles  or  fitness. 


nuns  archippus :  the   technical  specific  name  architectonics  (ar  ki-tek-ton'iks ),  n.pl.    Same 


1  ■  Ml 


used  as  an  English  word. 

Archiptera  (Sr-kip'te-ra),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apX'-,  first,  +  irrepdv,  wing.]  In  Haeckel's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  an  order  of  hexapodous 
metabolous  winged  insects,  equivalent  to  the 
Pseudoneuroptera  of  other  authors. 

ar chipter ygium  ( iir "  kip  - 1  e  -  ri  j '  i  -  um ) ,  h  . ;  pi. 
archipterygia  (-&).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  first,  chief, 
+  TZTcp'vyiov,  dim.  of  nripuf,  a 
wing,  <  iTTcpdv,  a  wing,  =  E. 
f<  ather.]  The  archetypal  form 
or  primitive  type  of  the  skele- 
ton of  the  limbs  of  vertebrates. 
It  was  supposed  by  Gegenbaur  to  In- 
most nearly  approximated  in  nature 
by  the  pectoral  member  or  tin  of  the 
ceratodontids,  but  this  view  has  not 
been  generally  accepted;  by  others 
the  pectoral  member  of  a  primitive 
selachian  is  believed  to  approximate- 
ly realize  the  idea. 

I  have  given  the  name  of  Archipte- 
rggium  to  the  ground-form  of  the  skel- 
eton, which  extends  from  the  limb 
beat  Inggirdle  into  the  free  appendage. 
Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (tr.),  p.  47:t. 

archistome  (ar'ki-stom),  re.   [< 

Gr.  apxi-,  first,  +  ardpa,  mouth.] 
In  zool.,  the  primitive  elongat- 
ed blastopore  of  Bilateralia. 

The  primitively  elongated  mouth  of 
the  larva;  of  Bilateralia,  with  an  ex- 
tended body-axis,  or  any  derived  form 
of  the  latter,  or  wherever  there  is  formed  a  well-defined, 
unpaired  median  neural  plate,  or  where  a  pair  of  parallel 
neural  plates  or  cords  are  developed,  I  would  call  the  whole 
area  thus  embraced  an  archistome. 

J.  A.  Kyder,  Amer.  Naturalist,  1885,  p.  1117, 


Cartilaginous  skel- 
et  :i  I  i  limb(archip- 
terygium )  of  Cera- 
totius  /orstcri,  the 
large  upper  piece  ar- 
ticulating with  the 
limb*  root. 


as  architectonic,  it.,  1. 

architectort  (ar'ki-tek-tor),  n.  [ML.,  for  L. 
architectus,  architecton:  see  architect.]  1.  An 
architect. —  2.  A  superintendent. 

architectress  (ar'ki-tek-tres),  n.  [<  architcctor 
+  -ess.]  A  female  architect.  Sir  H.  Wotton, 
Reliquiae.     [Rare.] 

architectural  (ar-M-tek'tur-al),  a.  [=  F.  ar- 
chitectural; <  architecture  +  -«/.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  architecture  or  the  art  of  building; 
according  to  the  principles  of  architecture. — 
Architectural  notation.    See  notation. 

architecturalist  (ar-ki-tek'tfir-al-ist),  n.  [< 
architectural  +  -ist.]  A  professed  student  of, 
or  connoisseur  in,  architecture.    Ar.  E.  D. 

architecturally  (aar-ki-tek'tur-al-i),  adv.  In  an 
architectural  manner;  with  regard  to  architec- 
tural principles;  from  an  architectural  point 
of  view. 

architecture  (ar'ki-tek-tur),  n.  [=  F.  archi- 
tecture =  It.  architettura,  ?L.  architectura,  <ar- 
chitectus,  architect:  see  architect.  The  Gr.  word 
is  iipxiretiTovia,  <  apxiri ktuv  ;  also  6,pxtreicrovuch: 
see  architectonic]  1.  The  art  of  building,  spe- 
cifically of  fine  or  beautiful  building.  An  hitec- 
ture  includes,  in  the  widest  sense,  (1)  the  principles  of 
design  and  of  ornament  as  applied  to  building;  (2)  the 
science  of  construction,  including  the  properties  of  ma- 
terials ami  the  methods  of  combining  them;  and  (3)  the 
practice  of  construction,  including  estimates  of  cost  and 
the  directing  of  builders  ami  workmen.  The  practice  oi 
this  art  requires  skill  in  design,  which  is  the  special  prov- 
ince of  the  architect,  and  skill  in  execution,  which  is  the 
special  province  of  the  workmen  whom  the  architect 
employs  ami  directs.  It  is  the  function  of  skill  in  archi- 
tectural design  to  combine  in  a  harmonious  scheme  the 
independent  ami  often  hostile  requirements  (1)  of  use 


architecture 

and  convenience  as  dictated  by  the  conditions  of  the  prob- 
lem in  hand;  (2)  oi  constructive  necessit3  and  Atness  as 
determined  either  by  practical  experience  or  by  scientific 
theory :  and  (8)  <>f  artistic  i  xci  Hence  both  in  tin-  propor- 
tions of  the  parts  and  in  the  decorative  treatment  of  de- 
tails, in  accordance  with  either  the  genera]  principles  and 
can. his  of  good  taste  or  the  prescriptions  of  custom  or 
tradition.  It  is  the  function  of  skill  in  execution  practi- 
cally to  carry  out  the  scheme  so  designed ;  and  this  skill 
is  exercised  by  draftsmen,  surveyors,  mechanics,  arti- 
sans, and  artists,  each  in  his  place.  Architecture  i>  prop- 
erly distinguished  from  mere  building  by  tin-  presence  of 
the  decorative  or  artistic  clement,  the  most  important 
styles  in  the  history  of  architecture  are  the  Bgyntian,  As- 
sy nan.  Hellenic,  Roman,  Byzantine,  Medieval  (including 
Romanesque  and  Pointed),  Renaissance,  and  Axabb  -  (See 
these  and  other  adjectives  characterizing  architectural 
styles.)  The  various  later  medieval  styles  are  commonly 
included  under  tin-  vague  and  misleading  term  Gothic 
(which  see). 

Architecturt  .  the  art  of  building,  includes  two  elements, 
theory  and  practice.  The  former  comprehends  the  fine- 
art  side  proper,  the  body  of  general  rules  inspired  by 
taste  and  hased  on  tradition,  and  the  science,  which  ad- 
mits or  dei istration  by  means  of  invariable  and  abso- 
lute formulas.  Practice  is  the  application  of  theory  to 
particular  needs  :  it  is  practice  which  causes  the  art  and 
the  science  to  conform  to  the  nature  of  materials,  to 
climate,  to  the  customs  of  a  period,  or  to  the  necessities 
of  the  occasion. 

Viollet-le-Duc,  Diet,  de  l'Architecture  (trans.),  1. 116. 

We  must  consider  Architecture  as  the  great  law  which 
has  in  all  time  regulated  the  growth  and  affected  tic 
form  of  painting  and  sculpture,  till  they  attain  to  a  certain 
period  in  their  development,  and  free  themselves  from  its 
iutluence.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archeeol.,  p.  2a. 

Architecture  and  eloquence  are  mixed  arts,  whose  end 
is  sometimes  beauty  and  sometimes  use.  Emerson. 

2.  The  buildings  or  other  objects  produced  by 
architecture  as  defined  above. — 3.  The  char- 
acter or  style  of  building :  as,  the  architecture 
of  Paris. — 4.  Construction  and  formative  de- 
sign of  any  kind. 

The  formation  of  the  first  earth  being  a  piece  of  divine 
architecture,  ascribed  to  a  particular  providence. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 
Civil  architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  having 
to  dei  with  buildings  for  the  purposes  of  civil  life.— Mili- 
tary architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  which  has 
to  do  with  buildings  for  military  purposes :  to  some  extent 
coextensive  with  military  engineering. — Naval  archi- 
tecture, tlie  science  and  practice  of  the  designing  and  con- 
struction of  ships  and  of  then-  engines  and  appurtenances. 

architecture  (iir'ki-tek-tur),  v.  t.    [<  architec- 
ture, n.]     To  construct;  build.     [Rare.] 
This  was  architectur'd  thus 
By  the  great  Oceanus.        Keats,  Fingal's  Cave. 

Architeuthis  (iir-ki-tu'this),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
«/>V'-,  first,  chief,  +  revdic,  squid.]  A  genus  of 
monster  cephalopods,  or  giant 
squids,  of  the  family  Omma- 
strephiiltr,  and  related  to  Om- 
mastrephes  except  in  size. 
Several  species  are  described,  as  A. 
prineeps,  .1.  harveyi,  and  A,  meaap- 
tera.  Some-  specimens  are  said  to 
attain  a  total  length  of  upward  of  50 
feet.  These  animals  furnish  the 
basis  of  fact  for  the  fabulous  mon- 
sters known  as  devil-fishes. 

One  of  the  giant  squids,  belonging, 
doubtless,  to  the  genus  Architeu- 
this, The  whalers  have  long  had  ac- 
counts of  tiie  sperm  whale  eating 
giant  squid,  portions  of  the  arms 
being  vomited  by  these  animals  in 
their  death  flurry,  but  science  has 
recognized  the  existence  of  these  huge 
monsters  for  only  a  few  years. 

Stand.  -V.it.  Hist,  I.  377. 

ar  chitonnerre      ( iir  -  ski  -  to  -   r«u*a  „?,","i. l '  From 

ner')  n     fP    <Gr  aari-  chief     r,p°"  of  u-  s-  F,bl1 

til   I     ;,  II.     l^r  .,S  UT.  lipp  ,  tlUCl,      Commission,  1884.) 

+  i.  Umnerre,  thunder,  thun- 
derbolt, chamber  (of  a  gun,  etc.),  <  L.  tonitrus, 
thunder. J  A  form  of  steam-gun  described  by- 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  supposed  to  have  been 
devised  by  Archimedes,  which  discharged  iron 
balls  with  great  noise. 
architrave  (ar'ki-trav),  n.  [=F.  architrar,  .  < 
It.  architrave,  <  L.  archi-  (see  archi-),  chief,  + 

It.  trOVe,  <  L.  Iralieni,  aee.  of  trails,  a  lieuin.  j 
1.  In  arch. :  (a)  Tlie  lower  division  of  an  entab- 
lature; that  member  which  rests  immediately 
on  tlie  column  ami  supports  those  portions  o'f 
the  structure  which  are  above  it.  See  cut 
under  entablature.  (ft)  The  ornamental  mold- 
ing running  round  tin-  extrados  of  an  arch. 
Also  called  arch  in/It.  HM  Sometimes,  less  prop- 
erly, the  molded  enrichments  on  the  faces  of 
the  jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door,  window,  or  other 
opening.  Also  called  aniepagment — 2.  In 
fort.,  the  master-beam,  or  chief  supporter,  in 
any  pari  of  a  subterranean  fort  ili  en  I  ion.  Archi- 
trave cornice,  an  entablature  In  which  the  cornice  rests 
directly  on  the  architrave,  the  frieze  being  omitted, 
architroch  (iir'ki-trok),  ».  [<Gr.  apxt-,  first, 
+  r^jovw;,  a  disk,  wheel,  hoop:  see  troche.] 
In  soi'il.,  the  specialized  ciliated  girdle  or  band 
surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  pianola  in  many 
invertebrate  embryos.     E.  It.  Lanhester. 


•Jits 

It  [the  oral  ciliated  hand]  was  probably  primitively  a 
mouth-organ  of  the  ancestral  gastruluted  uerhilroeh.  simi- 
lar to  the  circlet  Of  Cilia  in  the  Protozoa  eiliata. 

Iluatt,  I'loc.  Host.  S.ic  N.  II.,  1SS4,  p.  87. 

architypographer  (ar"ki-tl-pog'ra-fer),  n. 
[<  archi-  +  typographer.]  The  chief  university 
printer  tit  Oxford,  an  office  established  in  1636. 
He  is  the  direct  or  of  the  Oxford  press.  By  Laud's  statutes, 
■  II.  is  I.,  be  a  person  well  instructed  in  Creek  and  Latin 
hi.  ratine,  and  of  great  experience  in  philological  pur- 
suits ;  and  it  will  be  his  duty  to  preside  over  the  opera 
i ems  of  printing  in  the  university  printing  office,  and  to 
take  care  that  the  printing  materials  and  furniture  are  all 
of  the  choicest  in  their  several  kinds.  In  works  issuing 
from  the  public  press  of  the  university,  he  is  to  prescribe 
the  scale  of  the  types,  the  quality  of  the  paper,  and  the 
size  of  the  margins,  and  to  set  right  tlie  errata  of  the 
correctors,  and  to  take'  diligent  care  in  all  other  particu- 
lars which  concern  the  ornament  and  perfection  of  the 
\\ .  irk."    He  is  also  ex  officio  upper  bedel  in  civil  law. 

Archiulidse  (ar-ki-u'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
chiulus  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  fossil  archi- 
polypodous  rnyriapods.    Scudder,  1868. 

Archiulus  (ar'-ki-rVlus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxt-, 
first,  +  NL.  lulus,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Arcliiulklm. 

archivat  (ar-kl'vii),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  archivum  : 
see  archive.]     Archives. 

The  Christians  were  able  to  make  good  what  they  as- 
serted by  appealing  to  those  records  kept  in  the  Roman 
archi va.  Dr.  II.  More,  Godliness. 

archival  (ar-ki'va]  or  ar'ki-val),  a.  [<  archive.'] 
Pertaining  to  archives  or  records;  contained 
in  records. 

archive  (ar'Mv  or  -kiv),  «.    [<  F.  archives,  pi., 

<  L.  archivum,  also  archium.  (pi.  archira),  a 
place  where  records  are  kept,  the  records  them- 
selves, <  Gr.  apxciov,  a  public  building,  hence  pi. 
ra  apxeia,  the  publie  records  there  kept,  prop, 
neuter  of  *apxFioc,  adj.,  pertaining  to  office,  < 
"■PXV,  office,  government,  rule,  <  apxeiv,  rule,  be 
first :  see  arch-.  ]  1 .  A  place  where  public  records 
or  other  historical  documents  are  kept :  no  w  only 
in  the  plural. — 2.  A  record  or  document  pre- 
served in  evidence  of  something ;  in  the  plural, 
documents  or  records  relating  to  the  rights, 
privileges,  claims,  treaties,  constitutions,  etc., 
of  a  family,  corporation,  community,  or  nation. 

A  most  uupleasaut  archive  or  register. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  116. 
God  hath  now 
Sponged  and  made  blank  of  erimeful  record  all 
My  mortal  archives.      Tennyson,  St.  Simeon  Stylites. 
The  social  conditions  represented  in  the  Homeric  poems 
cannot  he  mere  figments.    By  the  Greeks  they  were  always 
regarded  as  perfectly  real,  as  archives,  so  to  speak,  from 
which  very  definite  claims  and  prerogatives  were  derived. 
Von  liauke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  121. 
-  Syn.  1.  Record-office,  registry. — 2.  Registers,  chroni- 
cles, annals,  muniments. 
archivist  (ar'ki-  or  iir'ki-vist),  n.     [=F.  archi- 
vists =  S]i.  It.  archivista,  <  ML.  archwista :  see 
archive  and  -ist.]     A  keeper  of  archives  or  rec- 
ords. 

The  learned  archivist  of  the  Vatican,  whose  researches 
have  led  to  striking  results  in  reference  to  the  foundation 
of  the  University  of  Paris.      Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  490. 

archivolt  (ar'ki-volt  or -volt),  n.  [=P.  archi- 
volte,<.It.  archivolto  (cf.  ML.  archivoltum),  appar. 

<  archi-,  chief,  +  volto,  volta,  vault,  arch:  see 
archi-  and  vault,  and  cf.  architrave  ;  but  It.  arco- 
volto  is  based  on  arco,  arch,  +  volta,  volta,  vault, 
arch.]  An  ornamental  molding  or  band  of  mold- 
ings on  the  face  of  an  arch  following  the  contour 
of  the  extrados;  an  arch-molding.  Also  called 
architrave.  Archivolt  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for 
soffit.    The  term  is  applied  specifically  to  the  arches  of 

"  arched  construction,  upon  which,  as  upon  the  archi- 
trave in  columnar  construction,  rests  the  weight  of  the 
superimposed  portion  of  the  edifice.  Viollet-te-Duc. — 
Archivolt  of  a  bridge,  the  curved  line  formed  by  the 
exterior  upper  edges  of  the  arch-stones  in  the  face  of  the 
work. 

archlute  (areh'lut),  n.  [<  arch-  +  lute1.]  A 
large  bass  lute,. double-necked  like  the  theorbo 
and  chitarrone,  and  differing  from  them  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  longer  strings.  Also  writ- 
ten archilute. 
archly  (iireh'li),  adv.  In  an  arch  maimer; 
coyly. 

II.   bOW'd,  and  arehli/  smiled  at  what  he  said, 
Civil  hut  sly.  Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

And  the  glances  of  the  Creole 
\\ .  i .  still  as  archly  deep. 

WhitHer,  The  slave  Ships. 

archmagician  (iirch-ma-jish'an),  u.  [<  arch- 
+  magician.  Cf.  archimage.]  A  chief  magician; 
a  great  wizard. 

archmarshal  (arch-mttr'shal),  n.     [<  arch-  + 

marshal;  =(i.  i ciuarscliali.]  The  grand  mar- 
shal of  the  old  German  empire,  a  dignity  which 
belonged  to  the  Elector  of  Saxony, 
arch-mockt  (iirch-mok'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  mud,-.] 
Extreme  mockery  or  bitterest  jest;  deepest 
scorn. 


Archoplites 

O,  'tis  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend's  arch  mock  ' 

Shak.,  Othello,  Iv.  1. 

arch-moldillg  (areli'inoPding),  n.  [<  archfl  + 
molding.']  Same  as  archivolt:  used  especially 
of  medieval  architect  nre. 

archness  (arch'nes),  ».  [<  archs  +  -ness.]  The 
quality  of  being  arch;  slyness  without  malice; 
cunning;  waggislmess :  roguishness;  pleasing 
coyness :  as, ' '  dryness  and  archness  of  humour," 
J.  Warton,  Pope,  p.  68. 

There  was  a  mixture  of  sweetness  and  archness  in  her 
manner  which  made  it  difficult  for  her  to  affront  anybody. 

June  AUSten,   Pride  and   Prejudice,  p.  44. 

archology  (ar-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxfl,  begin- 
ning, origin,  rule,  government  (see  arch-),  + 
-loyia,  <  Atyeiv,  speak  :  see  -ology.]  1.  The  doc- 
trine of  the  origin  of  things.  X.E.I).  —  2.  The 
science  of  government.  N.  E.  D. — 3.  The  the- 
ory of  first  principles  of  knowledge. 

archon  (ar'kon),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apxav,  a  ruler, 
orig.  ppr.  of  ipxvtv,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.] 

1 .  A  chief  magistrate  of  some  states  in  ancient 
Greece,  and  particularly  Athens.  After  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  title  of  king  in  Attica  there  was  chosen  a  single 
archon,  who  exercised  for  life  essentially  royal  preroga- 
tives. The  term  of  office  was  afterward  reduced  to  ten 
years,  and  in  683  B.  C.  it  was  made  annual,  and  the  duties 
of  the  archonship  were  distributed  among  nine  persons. 
The  first  "was  the  archon  eponymos  (name-giving  archon), 
wln.se  functions  were  executive  and  judicial,  and  whose 
name  was  given  in  official  acts,  etc.,  to  the  year  of  his  ser- 
vice ;  the  second  was  the  archon.  basileus  (archon  king), 
whose  duties  were  chiefly  religious  and  ceremonial;  the 
third  was  the  archon  polemarchos  (archon  generalissimo), 
who  was,  first  in  fact  and  then  nominally,  commander  of 
the  military  power ;  and  the  remaining  six  were  the  thes- 
niothetce,  or  administrators  of  justice,  whose  most  impor- 
tant duty  it  was  to  pass  carefully  in  review,  each  year,  the 
whole  body  of  laws  of  the  state,  in  order  to  make  sure  that 
no  errors  or  contradictions  had  crept  in,  that  repealed  laws 
had  been  duly  canceled,  and  that  repetition  was  avoided. 
It  rested  with  the  thesmothetee,  also,  to  see  that  all  the 
laws  of  the  republic  that  were  in  vigor  were  strictly  en- 
forced, and  to  bring  to  trial  any  public  official  who  had 
failed  in  his  trust.  At  the  end  of  their  year  of  office,  all  the 
urchons,  unless  they  were  found  guilty  of  malfeasance,  by 
virtue  of  their  office  entered  the  council  of  the  Areopagus. 

2.  In  the  Byzantine  empire :  (a)  One  of  a 
number  of  great  court  officers,  (ft)  A  title  as- 
sumed by  the  Frankish  barons  who  established 
themselves  in  Greece  after  the  fourth  crusade, 
in  the  thirteenth  century. — 3.  In  modern 
Greece,  a  person  in  authority,  as  a  magistrate, 
a  presiding  officer  of  somo  societies,  etc. — 4. 
Any  ruler  or  governor. —  5.  In  various  Gnostic 
systems,  one  of  several  spiritual  powers  su- 
perior to  angels,  believed  to  be  the  rulers  of 
the  several  heavens.  According  to  Basilides,  the 
gnat  archon  is  the  highest  cosmical  power  and  the  creator 
of  the  ogdoad  or  ethereal  world,  having  below  him  the 
archon  who  created  and  rules  the  hebdomad  or  lower 
planetary  heaven.  See  archontie,  hebdomad,  and  ogdoad. 
6.  [NL.]  In  zoiil.,  the  human  animal;  man,  as 
a  member  of  the  group  Arclionlia. —  7.  [cop.] 
[NL.]  Incntom.:  (a)  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Hiibner,  1822.  (ft)  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.     Kirby,  1826. 

archonship  (ar'kon-snip),  n.  [<  archon  +  -ship.] 
The  office  or  the  term  of  office  of  an  archon. 

i  in  the  expiration  of  the  archonship  of  F.rvxias,  it  was 
resolved  that  the  office  should  he  annual,  and  that  there 
should  lie  nine  persons  to  execute  it. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  47a. 

archont  (ar'kont),  n.  [<  NL.  archon(t-),  sing. 
oi  Irclioiitia,  q.  v.]  A  member  of  the  zoologi- 
cal group  Archon  tia;  a  man. 

archontate  (iir'kon-tat),  n.  [<  archon{t-)  + 
-ates.]  The  officeof  an  archon,  or  the  term  for 
which  an  archon  was  elected.     A7.  E.  D. 

Archontia  (iir-kon'ti-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,neut.  pi. 
of  archon,  <  Gr.  apxuv,  ruling:  see  archon.]  In 
some  zoological  systems,  a  prime  division  of 
mammals,  represented  by  man  alone,  it  is  con- 
terminous with  the  orders  Archencephala  oi  Owen,  Bi- 
mana  of  Blumenbach  and  Cuvier,  and  Dipoda  of  others, 
and  with  the  family  HominidoS  and  genus  Homo. 

Archontie  (ar-kon'tik),  ».  [<  LL.  archonticus, 
<  Or.  apxovTtKdc,  pertaining  to  archons  (>  l.tir. 
oi  'ApxovriKoi,  Archontics),  <  apxuv,  ruler:  sec 
archon.]  One  of  a  sect  of  the  fourth  century, 
originating  in  Palestine,  apparently  an  offshoot 
ol'  Hie  Ophites:  so  called  from  their  belief,  in 
common  with  other  Gnostic  sects,  in  archons  or 
rulers  of  the  several  heavens.  They  rejected  bap- 
tism and  the  eucharfst,  identified  the  God  of  the  Jews  with 
the  devil,  and  w^-a  to  sprinkle  their  dead  with  water  and 
oil  to  make  then i  Invisible  and  pill  t hem  lieyond  1  he  reach 
of  the  heavenly  powers. 

Archoplites  (iir-kop-li'tez).  ii.  [XL..  <  Gr.  iip- 
(6c,  a  leader,  +  im/.'nip,  heavy-armed:  seohop- 
hif.\  Agenus  of  poreoid  fishes.  A  single  species, 
A.  inttrruptus,  occurs  on  the  Pacific  -slope  of  North 
America.  It  resembles  the  rock-bass,  has  7  branchioste* 
gal  rays,  and  attains  a  length  of  a  foot  or  more.  Gill, 
1861. 


archpillar 

archpillar  (Broh'pil'Sir),  n.     [<  arch- + pillar.} 

A  main  or  principal  pillar;  a  chief  support. 

Archpillar  and  foundation  of  human  society. 

Sarmar,  tr.  of  Beza'a  Sermons,  p.  2114. 

archpoet  (iirch'po'et),  n.     [<  arch-  +  poet;  tr. 
of  NL.  archipocta.]     1.  A  chief  or  preeminent 
poet. — 2f.  A  poet  laureate ;  an  official  poet. 
The  title  of  archipoetaor  arch-poet. 

Pope,  The  Poet  Laureate. 

archpolitician  (arcb'pol-i-tisb'an).  a.  [iarch- 
+  politician.']  A  chief  or  leading  politiciau; 
a  great  political  leader.     Bacon. 

archprelate  (arch'prel'at),  n.  [<  arch- +  prel- 
ate.]    A  chief  prelate.     Hooker. 

archpresbyter  (arch'pres'bi-ter),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  presbyter.  Cf.  archpriest  and  LL.  archipres- 
bytcr.]     A  chief  presbyter.     Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

archpresbytery  (arch'pres'bi-te-ri),  n.  [<areh- 
+  presbytery .]  The  absolute  dominion  of  pres- 
bytery ;  presbytery  as  exercising  supreme  or 
sovereign  authority.     [Rare.] 

Arch-presbytery  .  .  .  claiming  to  itself  a  lordly  power 
and  superintendency,  hoth  over  flocks  and  pastors,  over 
persons  and  congregations  no  way  their  own. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  §  13. 

archpriest  (arch'presf),  n.  [<  late  ME.  arche- 
prest,  <  OF.  archeprestre,  mod.  F.  archiprctre 
(cf.  G.  erzpriester),  <  LL.  a  rehi  presbyter  (Je- 
rome), <  LGr.  apxnrpeajlvTepoc  (Sozomen) :  see 
archi-  and  presbyter.  Cf.  Gr.  apxtepevc,  arch- 
priest, chief  priest,  in  N.  T.  high  priest:  see 
archierey.]  Eccles.,  the  chief  among  the  priests, 
called  by  the  Greeks  protopresbyter,  and  later 
protopope.  As  a  title  it  dates  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, and  was  originally  given  to  the  senior  by  ordina- 
tion in  a  diocese,  a  rule  long  strictly  observed  in  the 
West.  The  archpriest  or  dean  of  the  cathedral  assisted 
the  bishop  in  solemn  functions  and  in  his  spiritual  ad- 
ministration, though  without  ordinary  jurisdiction ;  the 
rural  archpriest  or  dean  had  a  limited  superintendence 
over  the  parish  priests  of  his  deanery  or  district  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  formed  with  them  the  rural  chapter,  as  the  bishop 
with  his  canons  formed  the  cathedral  chapter.  For  rela- 
tions with  other  officials,  see  archdeacon.  At  present,  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  archpriest  is,  for  the  most 
part,  a  title  of  honor  oldy,  the  former  duties  of  the  office 
being  performed  by  the  auxiliary  bishop  or  the  dean  of 
the  cathedral  chapter.  The  duties  of  the  rural  archpriests, 
since  the  Council  of  Trent,  have  commonly  devolved  on 
the  vicars  forane,  still  sometimes  called  rural  deans,  or 
directly  on  the  bishop's  vicar-general.  In  the  rare  case 
when  rural  archpriests  and  vicars  forane  are  found  in  the 
same  diocese,  the  latter  have  the  precedence. 

archprimate  (aroh'pri'rnat),  n.  [<  arcli-  +  pri- 
mate.]    A  chief  primate. 

One  arch-primate  or  Protestant  pope. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i.  6. 

archprophet  (arch' prof 'et),  n.  [<  arch-  -f 
prophet.  Cf.  Gr.  apxnrpoipiiTr/(,  chief  prophet.] 
A  chief  prophet ;  a  great  prophet.  T.  Warton. 
archprotestant  (arch'prot'es-tant),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  Frotestaitt.]  A  leading  or  eminent  Protes- 
tant. 

These  archprotestants  and  master  ministers  of  Germany. 
Stapleton,  Fortress  of  Faith,  p.  9. 

archprotopope  (areh'pro'to-pop),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  protopope.]  The  chief  of  the  archpriests  or 
protopopes. 

The  archprotopope  of  Susa.where  the  royal  residence  was. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  715. 

arch-see  (arch'se'),  n.  [<  arch- +  see'2.]  The 
see  of  an  archbishop.     Drayton. 

arch-sodality  (arch'so-dal'i-ti),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
sodality.]     An  arch-confraternity  (which  see). 

arch-stone  (iirch'ston),  n.  [<  arch1  +  stone.] 
1.  A  wedge-shaped  stone  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  an  arch;  a  voussoir.  See  cut  under 
arch. —  2.  A  flat  stone  by  which  the  opening 
into  the  chamber  of  some  furnaces  is  covered. 

archtraitor  (arch'tra'tor),  n.  [<  arch-  +  trai- 
tor.] A  chief  traitor:  sometimes  applied  spe- 
cifically to  the  devil.     Hakewill. 

archtreasurer  (arch'trez'ur-er),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
treasurer.  The  G.  word  is  erzschatemeister.] 
The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire,  a 
dignity  held  by  the  restored  electorate  of  the 
Rhine  Palatinate  from  1648  to  1777,  and  later 
by  the  Elector  of  Hanover. 

archtype  (arch'tip),  ».  [<  arch-  +  type;  sug- 
gested by  archetype,  q.  v.]  An  archetype. 
Carttorignt. 

archvillain  (arch'vil'an),  n.  [<  arch-  +  villain.] 
A  desperate,  confirmed  villain. 

An  arch-villain  keeps  him  company. 

Shale.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  i. 

archvillainy  (arch'vil'a-ni),  ».    [<  arch-  +  ril- 

lainy.]     Atrocious  villainy.     Beau,  and  Fl. 
archway  (iireh'wa),  ».      [<  arch1  +  way.]     An 

entrance  or  a  passage  under  an  arch  or  vault ; 

an  opening  that  is  closed  in  or  covered  by  an 

arch. 


299 

Through  the  piers  ran  archways  in  both  directions,  so 
as  to  open  a  narrow  aisle  on  each  side  of  the  nave  and 
transept. 

('.  I-:.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  63. 

Compound  archway.    See  compound1. 
archwifet  (arch'wlf),  n.     [<  arch-  +  wife.]    A 
woman  of  strong,  masculine  physique ;  a  hardy, 
masculine  woman  disposed  to  rule  her  husband. 

Ye  archewyves,  stondeth  at  defence, 

Sin  ye  be  strong  as  is  a  greet  camallle  [camel] ; 

Ne  suffereth  nat  that  men  yow  don  offence. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1129. 

archwise  (arch'wiz),  adv.  [<  arch1  +  wise2.] 
In  the  form  or  manner  of  an  arch. 

In  the  fashion  of  a  bow  bent  archwise. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

archy1  (ilr'chi),  a.  [<  arch1  +  -ij1.]  Resembling 
anarch;  having  arches;  arching.     [Rare.] 

Beneatli  the  black  and  archy  brows  shined  forth  the 
bright  lamps  of  her  eyes.      Partheneia  Sacra  (1633),  Pref. 

archy2  (ar'chi),  «.  [<  F.  as  if  'archc,  arched, 
pp.  of  *archer,  v.:  see  arch1,  v.]  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

archy-flected  (ar'chi-nek-ted),  a.  In  her.,  same 
as  archnl.  '1. 

arcid  (ar'sid),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the  fam- 
ily Arciilte. 

Arcidae  (Sr'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Area  +  -idee] 
A  family  of  asiphonate  acephalous  bivalves, 
or  lamellibranch  mollusks,  having  equivalve 
shells  with  a  long  row  of  transverse  teeth.  The 
family  is  a  large  one  of  world-wide  distribution  at  the 
present  day,  and  dates  hack  in  geologic  time  to  the  Lower 
Silurian.  Its  leading  genera  are  Area,  Axiiuea  (or  Pectun- 
culus),  Anomalocardia.  CueaUa-a.  etc.;  but  the  limits  of 
tin-  family  vary.  The  species  are  very  numerous.  See  cut 
under  Area.     Sometimes  wrongly  spelled  Arcades. 

arcifer  (iir'si-fer),  »!.  [<  NL.  arcifer:  see  Ar- 
cifera.]    An  amphibian  of  the  group  Arcifera. 

Arcifera  (ar-sif'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
arcifer  (cf.  ML.  arcifer,  an  archer),  <  L.  areas, 
a  bow  (see  arc1),  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  A  sec- 
tion of  phaneroglossate  salient  amphibians, 
with  coracoids  and  precoracoids  connected  by 
an  arched  cartilage  (the  epicoracoid),  that  of 
the  one  side  overlapping  that  of  the  other.  It 
includes  the  true  toads  (Bitfonidw),  the  tree- 
toads  (Hylidce),  and  others. 

arciferous  (ar-sif'e-rus),  a.  [As  Arcifera  + 
-ous.]  lnzoiil.,  pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  the  Arcifera.     Also  arcigerous. 

arcifinious  (ar-si-fin'i-us),  a.  [<  LL.  arcifinius 
(also  arcifinalis),  <  L.  arx  (arci-),  a  citadel,  de- 
fense, +  finis,  pi.  fines,  boundary.]  1.  Serving 
both  as  a  boundary  and  a  defense :  applied  to 
rivers,  mountains,  the  sea,  etc.  Wor.  Diet. — 
2.  Having  a  frontier  which  forms  a  natural 
defense:  as,  "arcifinious  states,"  Twiss,  Law  of 
Nations,  II.  215.     N.  E.  D. 

arciform  (ar'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  areas,  a  bow, 
+  forma,  form.]  Bow-shaped;  curved;  arched. 
—Arciform  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  arcuate  nerve-libers, 
especially  the  superficial  ones,  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  medulla  oblongata. 

arcigerous  (ar-sij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  arcus,  a  bow, 
+  yererc,  carry.]     Same  as  arciferous. 

arcitenentt  (ar-sit'e-nent),  a.  [<  L.  arcite- 
nen(t-)s,  holding  a  bow,  <  arcus,  a  bow,  + 
tenen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere,  hold:  see  arc  and  ten- 
ant.]    Holding  or  carrying  a  bow.     Blount. 

arc-light  (ark'lit),  n.  An  electric  light  pro- 
duced by  the  voltaic  arc ;  the  electric  current 
passing  between  a  pair  of  carbon-points  slight- 
ly separated.     See  electric  and  voltaic  arc. 

arcograph  (ar'ko-graf),  «.  [<  L.  arcus,  arc, 
+  Gr.  ipdtpetv,  describe.]  An  instrument  for 
drawing  an  arc  without  the  use  of  a  central 
point.  It  consists  of  a  thin  and  pliable  strip  of  wood  or 
metal,  the  ends  of  which  are  attached  to  a  straight  bar, 
which  can  be  shortened  or  lengthened  b  i  form  a  chord  of 
the  required  arc.    It  is  used  as  a  templet. 

arcosolium  (ar-ko-sd'li-um),  n. ;  pi.  arcosolia 
(-ii).  [ML.,  <  L.  arcus,  an  arch,  +  solium,  a  seat, 
throne.]  A  name  given  to  certain  recesses  for 
dead  bodies  in  the  Roman  catacombs,  consisting 
of  a  deep  niche  cut  in  the  rocky  wall  and  arched 
above,  a  sarcophagus  being  hewn  from  the  rock 
under  the  arch.  The  Hat  cover  of  the  sarcophagus  may 
sometimes  have  been  used  as  an  altar.  Such  tombs  were 
often  richly  ornamented. 

arc-piece  (ark'pes),  n.  In  mech.,  a  piece  serving 
to  adjust  the  angle  of  elevation  of  a  cutting-tool. 

arc-secant  (ark'se"kant),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle 
regarded  as  a  function  of  its  secant. 

arc-sine  (Hik'sin),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle  re- 
garded as  a  function  of  its  sine. 

arctt  (iirkt),  v.  t.    See  a/rlP. 

Arctalia  (iirk-ta'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  arctic  +  Gr. 
alia,  assemblage  (with  an  intended  allusion  to 
aXc,  sea).]  In  eoogeog.,  a  primary  marine  realm 
or  zoological  division  of  the  waters  of  the  globe, 


Arctiidse 

embracing  the  seas  of  the  noil  hern  hemisphere 
as  far  to  the  south  as   floating    ice   descends. 

Gill. 
Arctalian  (ark-ta'li-an),  «.    [<  Arctalia.]    Of 

or  pertaining  to  Arctalia. 
Arctamerican  (ftrk-ta-mer'i-kan),  a.    [<  Arctic 

+  American.]  lnzoogeoi/.,  saineas  .1  injliiijaan  : 
as,  "Anglog;e;m  or  Arctium  rienn  realm,"  Hill. 

arc-tangent  (ark'tan"jent),  n.  In  math.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  tangent. 

arctation  (ark-ta'shpn),  n.  [<  F.  arctation,  < 
L.  as  if  *arctatio(n-),  <  arcturc,  prop,  artare,  pp. 
tirelatiis,  arlittits,  draw  close,  tighten,  <  arctus, 
prop,  artus,  close,  tight :  see  ml'-'-,  article,  arni\, 
etc.]  Narrowness  or  constriction  in  any  sense ; 
mpathol.,  unnatural  contraction  of  any  natural 
opening,  as  of  the  anus;  constipation  from  in- 
flammation.    Also  called  arctitude. 

Arctia  (ark'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dp/cror,  a  bear 
(in  ref.  to  the  furriness  of  the  caterpillars:  see 
Arctiidce).]  A  genus  of  moths,  typical  of  the 
family  Arctiidce.  A.  (or  Euprepia)  caja  is  the 
common  tiger-moth.     See  cut  under  Euprepia. 

arctian  (ark'ti-an), n.  [<  Arctia  +  -an.]  A  moth 
of  the  family  Arctiidce. 

arctic  (ark'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arlic, 
article,  etc.,  <  ME.  artik,  <  OF.  artique,  mod.  F. 
arctique  =  Pr.  artic,  =  Sp.  Pg.  arctico  =  It. 
artico,  <  LL.  arcticus,  northern,  <  Gr.  apxriKdc, 
northern,  lit.  pertaining  to  the  Bear,  <  Uptime,  a 
bear,  specifically  the  constellation  Ursa  Major; 
sometimes  spelled  apme,  =  Skt.  rikshas  (for  *ark- 
shas)  =L.  ursus  (for  *urcsus)  =  Ir.  art,  a  bear: 
see  ursus.]  1.  Pertaining  or  related  to  the 
northern  constellations  called  the  Great'  and 
Little  Bears;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating  to 
the  north  pole  or  the  northern  polar  regions; 
northern:  as,  the  arctic  circle,  region,  or  sea. 
Hence  —  2.  Cold;  frigid. 

I  warn  the  traveller  who  goes  to  see  the  lovely  Madon- 
nas of  Bellini  to  beware  how  he  trusts  himself  in  winter 
to  the  gusty,  arctic  magnificence  of  the  Church  of  the 
Kedentore.  Howetls,  Venetian  Life,  iii. 

Arctic  circle,  a  small  circle,  parallel  to  the  equator,  dis- 
tant from  the  north  pole  by  an  angular  quantity  equal  to 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  or  23°  28' J.  This  and  the  "«! 
arctic  circle  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and  within  these 
lie  the  frigid  zones,  at  every  point  within  which  the 
sun,  theoretically,  on  at  least  one  day  in  summer,  passes 
through  the  north  point  without  setting,  and  on  at  least 
one  day  in  winter  does  ii"t  rise;  practically,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  the  semidiameter  and  horizontal  re- 
fraction of  the  sun.— Arctic  fox,  a  small  species  of  fox, 
Vltlpes  lagopus,  of  the  family  Caitidte,  celebrated  for  the 


:L  -  u 


.  k' 


y 


Arctic  Fox  I  Vulpcs  lagopits). 


beauty  and  fineness  of  its  fur,  which  is  a  valuable  article 
of  commerce.  It  is  2  feet  in  length,  and  its  tail  is  1  foot 
long.  It  is  bluish-  or  brownish-gray  in  summer  and  white 
in  winter.  =Syn.  See  polar. 
arctic-bird  (ark'tik-berd),  n.  A  name  origi- 
nally given  by  Edwards  to  a  species  of  jaeger 
figured  and  described  by  him.  it  has  been  applied 
to  two  species  of  Lestris  or  Stercororius,  but  is  identified 
as  the  long-tailed  jaeger  or  Button's  skua,  L.  or  S.  longi. 
Cauda  of  some,  5.  buji'oni  or  S.  partis/liens  of  others. 

arctician  (ark-tish'an),  n.  [<  arctic  +  -ian.] 
One  who  has  investigated  matters  relating  to 
the  arctic  regions;  an  arctic  explorer.  A.  /•.'.  D. 

Arctictidinae  (ark-tik-ti-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aretieti(il-)s  +  -imc]  A  subfamily  of  carnivo- 
rous quadrupeds,  of  the  family  I'iri  iridic,  con- 
taining the  binturongs,  characterized  by  the 
prehensile  tail. 

Arctictis  (iirk-tik'tis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apaToc,  a 
bear,  +  licng,  the  yellow-breasted  marten.]  The 
typical  and  only  genus  of  the  subfamily  Arcticti- 
dince:  synonymous  with  Ictitlcs.    See  binturong. 

arctiid (ark'ti-id),  a.  and  n.    1.  a.  Pertaiuingto 
the  Arctiidce :  as,  an  arctiid  moth. 
II.  k.  One  of  the  Arctiiilic;  an  arctian. 

Arctiidae  (ark-ti'i-de"),  n-  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arctia  + 
•idee.]  A  family  of  lepidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  section  Hetcrocera ;  the  tiger- 
moths.  The  types  of  the  family  are  distinguished  by 
the  fact  that  their  larva?  arc  very  thickly  clothed  with  long 
hairs,  whence  they  have  obtained  the  name  of  woolly  bears. 
They  feed  upon  the  external  parts  of  plants,  and  inclose 
themselves  in  cocoons  when  about  to  undergo  their  trans- 
formations.    See  cut  under  Euprepia. 


A  Water-bear,  or  Bear-animalcule 
{Macrobiotus  schullzei),  one  of 
theArcttsca  or  Tardigrada,  much 
magnified. 

i.  2.  3,  4>  the  limbs  ;  a,  mouth  with 
six  oral  papilla; ;  *,  pullet,  calcined 
stylets  :  c,  salivary  glands  ;  d,  mus- 
cular pharynx  :  e,  ovary  ;  /,  vcsicula 
seminalis ;  p.  testis. 


Arctipalatales 

Arctipalatales  (ark   ti - jcil - u-ta, ' lez),  »,  pi. 

[X1..1    Same  ;is  Arctipalates. 
Arctipalates  (ark#ti-pa-la'tez),  n.  /-/.    [NL., 

<  L.arctus,  prop,  artus,  compressed  tseeari3),-!- 
palatum,  palate.]  In  Sundevall's  system  of 
elassifieation,  a  group  of  fringillino  and  tana- 
grine  oscine  passerine  birds,  embracing  six 
families  of  buntings, 
crossbills,  rice-birds, 
and  various  other  eo- 
nirostral  Passeres. 

Arctisca  (ark-tis'kfi,), 
)i.  pi.  [NIi.,  dim.  of 
Gr.  apKToc,  a  bear.] 
The  water-bears, 
or  bear-animalcules, 
otherwise  known  as 
the  Tardigrada,  Ma- 
crobiotida,  or  Colpo- 
1I11.  a  group  of  uncer- 
tain value  and  posi- 
tion, formerly  associ- 
ated with  therol  Iters, 
but  now  usually  con- 
sidered an  order  of 
Arachnida,  and  lo- 
cated in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Acarida.  They 
are  microscopic  aquatic 
creatures,  living  in  moss 
and  wet  Band,  often  in 
company  with  rotifers. 
I'l  1 1  >  have  a  vermiform 
body,  with  four  pail's  of 
very  short  feet  terminat- 
ed by  hooked  claws,  nodis* 
Unction  of  cephalothorax 
and  abdomen,  and  a  suc- 
torial   1 ittl     Willi     two 

stylets,  resembling  that  of  a  tick  or  mite.  The  young  usu- 
ally have  the  same  number  of  legs  as  the  adult.  The 
Arctisca  arc  mostly  hermaphrodite,  and  are  oviparous. 
They  are  represented  by  a  Bingle  family,  Macrobiotidtr,  of 
which  Wacrobiotus  is  the  leading  genus. 

Arctiscon (ark-tis'kon), re.  [NL. : see^rctoca.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Arctisconida. 

arctisconid  (iirk-tis-kon'id),  n.  An  acarid  of 
tie-  family  Arctisconidce. 

Arctisconidae  (Hxk-tis-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arctiscon  +  -ida:]  Afamilyof  atracheate  aca- 
rids  with  all  8  legs  developed,  legs  of  3  joints, 
and  without  caudal  prolongations. 

arctitude  (iirk'ti-tud),  re.  [<  F. arctiiude,  equiv. 
in  iiri-liilimi.  <■[.  v.]     Same  as  arctation. 

Arctocebus  (itrk-to-se'bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aptsroc,  a  bear,  +  hi,  he,  an  ape:  see  ape  and  Ce- 
bus.]  A  remarkable  genus  of  lemurs,  having  a 
very  short  tail,  small  fore  and  hind  feet,  the 
digits  partly  webbed,  and  the  index  finger  rudi- 
mentary. A.  caldbarensis,  the  typical  species, 
inhabits  Old  ( lalabar  in  Africa. 

Arctocephalus  (ark-to-sef'a-lus),  re.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apKTor,  a  bear,  +  ne<pu'/it,  head.]  A  genus 
of  eared  seals,  of  the  family  Otariidce,  suborder 
Pinnipedia.  The  name  is  used  in  various  senses  by  dif- 
ferent authors;  it  formerly  included  the  northern  as  well 
a-  the  southern  fur-seals,  but  is  now  properly  restricted 
to  the  hitter.    The  species  are  commonly  known  as  sea- 

Arctocyon  (ark-tos'i-on),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^/croc, 
a  bear,  +kvuv, adog,  =E.  hound.']  Thetypical 
genus  of  the  family  Arctocyonidce  of  Cenozoic 
time,  having  all  the  molars  tuberculate.  A.  pri- 
us,  from  the  Eocene  of  France,  is  the  oldest 
known  Tertiary  mammal. 

arctocyonid  (ark-to-si'o-nid),  n.  A  carnivo- 
roua  mammal  of  the  family  Arctocyonidce. 

Arctocyonidse  (ark*to-si-on'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Arctoeyon  +  idee."]    A  family  of  fossil  carniv- 

quadrupeds,  having  44  teeth,  the  last  up- 

|m  i  pi-i  molar  1 1  iliiliereulate,  and  all  the  molars 
tuberculate,  containing  the  genus  Arctoeyon 
and  its  allies,  placed  by  (.'ope  in  a  suborder  ( 'n  - 
odonta  1  which  see  1. 

Arctogsa  (ark-tp-je'ft),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  <fy«ror, 

the  north      1  +•  yala,  land.]   inzoogeog., 

ical  division  of  the  earth's  laud 

surface,  comprising  the  Eurasian,  Indian,  and 
Ethiopian  regions:  opposed  to  Notogcea. 

Arctogaeal  (ink  lo-je'ali,  o.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  zoogeographicalarea  known  as  ArcUnjaa. 

in  Europe,  North  America  and    I  ia,  the  Aretogatal 

provta  d)  1 [j  ,  1 , :  1 1 . 1 ,  t .  rizi  d  11,  the  VII 

and  probably  in  the  Eocene  epoch,  aa  ii  is  at  present 

//"  ■'■  y,  Anat,  Invert.,  p,  70. 

Arctogaean  (ark-to-je'an),  a.  Same  as  Arcto- 
gceoX. 

arctoid  (ark'toid),  a.  \i  Gr.  apKroetSfc,  bear- 
like^  api  ro  a  bear,  f  Mdof,  form.]  Bear-like; 
ursine;  specifically,  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Arctoidca. 


300 

Arctoidea  (ark-toi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. :  see  <irc- 
toid.]   One  of  tl  irei  •  superfamilies  of  the  fissiped 

or  terrestrial  carnivorous  mammals  (the  others 
being  JSluroidea  and  Oynoidea),  including  the 
bears  and  their  relatives,  as  distinguished  from 
the  feline  and  canine  members  of  the  Fera  Jis- 
siptdia.  They  have  the  following  characters  in  emu 
riiim,  as  contrasted  with  ASluroidea  a  skull  with  the  par- 
occipital  process  not  closely  applied  to  the  auditory  bulla  ; 
the  mastoid  process  prominent,  projecting  behind  the  ex- 
ternal auditory  meatus  ;  the  carotid  canal  distinct  and  in 
advance  of  the  foramen  lacerum  posterius,  which  is  distinct 
from  the  condyloid  foramen;  the  glenoid  foramen  gen- 
erally well  defined  ;  a  large  os  penis ;  Cow  per's  elands  not 
developed;  prostate  gland  not  salient;  and  no  intestinal 
ccecum.— Arctoidea  musteliformia,  the  family  Mus- 
telida  alone  Arctoidea  typica,  the  family  Ursida 
alone.—  Arctoidea  procyomformia,  the  racoon-like  se- 
ries, including  the  families  ASluridcB,  Cercoleptidce,  Pro. 
eyonidee,  and  Bassarididtt.    See  these  names, 

Arctomyinae  (ark"ta-mi-i'ne),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arctomys  +  -ineeJ]  One  of  two  subfamilies  into 
which  the  squirrel  family,  Sciuridce,  is  divisi- 
ble, containing  the  terrestrial  as  distinguished 
from  the  arboreal  members  of  the  family,  as  the 
marmots  or  woodehueks,  the  prairie-dogs,  the 
susliks,  the  ground-squirrels  or  spermophiles, 
etc.  They  are  generally  distinguished  by  larger  size, 
stouter  form,  shorter  and  less  bushy  tail,  and  terrestrial 
and  fossorial  habits,  but  offer  a  very  easy  transition 
through  some  forms  into  the  true  squirrels.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Arctomys,  Spermophilus,  and  Tamias  . 
their  species  are  numerous,  and  are  very  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  northern  hemisphere.  Also  called  .trcco- 
iniiui.  Arctomydima,  and  Arctomyina. 

Arctomys  (ark'to-mis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/j/iroc, 
a  bear,  +  pic  =  L.  mus  =  E.  mouse,  q.  v.]     The 


Woodchuck  {Arctomys  monax). 

typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Arctomyince,  con- 
taining the  marmots  proper  or  woodehueks. 
They  have  the  largest  size,  stoutest  form,  shortest  tail,  and 
most  completely  terrestrial  and  fossorial  habits  of  any  .  .1" 
the  members  of  the  subfamily.  The  leading  old-world 
species  are  A.  marmuttn,  the  marmot  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  A.  bobac,  of  Russia.  The  American  forms  are  known 
as  woodehueks,  and  are  A.  monax,  of  the  Eastern  states, 
and  A.  flaviventris  and  ^1.  pruinosus,  of  the  Western  and 
Northern  states, 

Arctopithecini  (ark"to-pith-e-si'm),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Arctopithecits  +  -ini.]  A  synonym  of 
Alididw,  used  by  some  as  a  family  name  of  the 
marmosets  of  South  America. 

The  Arctopithecini  .  .  .  are  small,  thickly  furred,  long- 
tailed,  habitually  quadrupedal,  Squirrel-like  animals, 
which  are  found  oidy  in  South  America. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  89  !. 

Arctopithecus   (ark"to-pi-the'kus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  apKTog,  a  bear,  +  iz'iB7jkoc,  an  ape.]  A 
genus  of  marmosets,  giving  name  to  the  Jrcl»- 
pithecini. 

Arctostaphylos  (ark-to-staf'i-los),  re.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  dp/troe,  a  bear,  +  oratpvh't,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  A  genus  of  evergreen  ericaceous 
shrubs,  nearly  related  to  Arbutus,  and  mostly 
natives  of  California  and  Mexico,  where  tho 
larger  species  are  known  as  manzanita,  and 
are  sometimes  from  10  to  20  feet  high.  The  bear- 
berry,  A.  Uva-tnvi,  is  a  trailing  plant,  found  in  the  arctic 
and  mountainous  regions  of  the  old  and  new  worlds,  ami 
valuable  as  furnishing  an  astringent  tonic,  used  chiefly  In 
affections  of  the  bladder.  It  is  the  kinnikinic  of  the  In- 
dians of  western  America. 

Arctotherium  (ark-to-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  < 
(lr.  dp/croc,  a  bear,  +  Onpiov,  a  wild  beast.]  A 
genus  of  I'ossil  boar-like  quadrupeds  from   the 

bone-caves  of  South  America,  representing  a 
generalized  ursine  type. 

arcturid  (ark-tfi'rid),  n.  An  isopod  of  the  fam- 
ily Archtnilti . 

Arcturida?  (Srk-tu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  \  NL.,  <  Aniu- 
rus  +  -idir.'i  Afamilyof  isopod  crust aocans, 
represented  by  the  genera  Ariiiinis,  Idotea,  and 
others:  synonymous  with  Idoteida  (which  see). 

In  Arcturida  they  [the  young]  arc  carried  for  some  time 
clinging  on  to  the  antenna  of  the  mother. 

PtUCOe,  Zool.  I 'lass.,  p.  S4. 

Arcturus  (ftrk-tu'rus),  re.  [L.  (>MK.  Ardour, 
Arture,  Arthurus),  <  llr.  'Apuroipo;,  Arcturus,  lit. 

bear-ward,  <  u/ii, 70. ,  ;i   bear,  the  Ureal    Bear,  + 

oc/ioe,  ward,  guard,  keeper,  akin  to  E.  voare\ 
ward,  guard,  etc.]      1.  A  yellow  star  in   tho 


arcus 

northern  hemisphere,  the  fourth  in  order  of 
brightness  in  the  entire  heavens.  It  is  situated 
between  the  thighs  of  Bootes,  behind  the  Great  Hear,  and 
is  easily  found  by  following  out  the  curve  of  the  bear's 
tail.  In  the  southern  hemisphere  it  may  be  recognized 
by  its  forming  a  nearly  equilateral  triangle  with  gpica 
and  Denebola.  It  is  called  by  astronomers  a  {alpha)  BoottB. 
See  cut  under  Bootes. 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  of  the 
family  Iiliittiila  or  Arcluridte.     Latreille,  1829. 

arcual  (ar'kn-al),  a.  [<  L.  arcus  (see  arc1)  + 
-«?.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arc. 

Arcuata  (Sr-ku-a'tfi,),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  mriiatus :  see  arcuate.']  A  group  of  crabs, 
including  those  of  the  typical  genus  Cancer. 

arcuate  (ar'ku-at),  «.  [<  L.  arcuatus,  pp.  of 
arcuare,  bend  like  a  bow,  <  arcus,  bow:  see 
arc1,  arch1.]  Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
bow;  arched:  as,  "oblique  and  arcuate  lines," 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  1224. -Arcuate  fasciculus,  in 
anat. :  (a)  The  longitudinal  libers  of  thegyrus  fornicatus, 
connecting  the  frontal  and  temporosphenoidal  convolu- 
tions of  the  brain  as  well  as  intermediate  points.  Meynert. 
(b)  The  uncinate  fasciculus  of  Meynert,  passing  across  the 
bottom  of  the  Sylvian  fissure  to  connect  the  frontal  and 
temporosphenoidal  convolutions  of  the  brain.  Quain. — 
Arcuate  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  horizontal  arching  fibers  of 
the  medulla  oblongata,  pons  Varolii,  and  tegmentum,  espe- 
cially those  seeming  to  originate  in  the  raphe. — Arcu- 
ate ligament,  in  anat.,  the  tendinous  arch  which  passes 
<ni  either  side  of  the  baek-bone  over  the  psoas  magnus  and 
quadrat  us  lumborum  muscles,  and  to  which  the  diaphragm 
is  attached. 

arcuated  (ar'ku-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  arcuate. 

The  inferior  edges  of  the  mesenteries  are  free,  and  ami- 
ated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  a  central  common  cham- 
ber. Huxley,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  129. 

arcuately  (ar'ku-at-li),  adv.  In  an  arcuate 
manner. 

arcuatilet  (iir'ku-a-til),  a.  [<  LL.  arcuatiUs, 
bow-shaped,  <  ar&tare,  bend  like  a  bow:  see 
arcuate.]    Bent  or  curved. 

arcuation  (ar-ku-ii'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  arcua- 
tio(n-),  an  arch,  iit.  act  of  bending  like  a  bow,  < 
arcuare:  see  arcuate]  1.  The  act  of  bending; 
incurvation;  the  state  of  being  bent;  curved- 
ness;  crookedness. —  2.  A  method  of  propagat- 
ing plants  by  bending  branches  to  the  ground 
and  covering  portions  of  them  with  earth  ;  lay- 
ering (which  see). —  3.  The  employment  of 
arches  in  architectural  work ;  arched  work. — 
Epistylar  arcuation.    See  epistylar. 

arcuaturet  (ar'ku-a-tur),  ?i.  [<  L.  as  if  *arcu- 
atura,  <  arcuare:  see  arcuate.]  Tho  curvature 
of  an  arch.     Bailey. 

arcubalist  (ar'ku-ba-list).  n.  [<  LL.  arcubalista, 
more  correctly  areuballista,  a  ballista  furnished 
with  a  bow,  <  L.  arcus,  bow,  +  ballista,  a  military 
engine  for  hurling  projectiles:  see  ballista. 
Contr.  forms  are  arbalist,  arblast,  etc.:  seo  ar- 
hiilist.]    Same  as  arbalist. 

Richard  was  killed  by  the  French  from  the  shot  of  an 
arcubalist.  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  15s. 

arcubalister  (ar'ku-ba-lis'ter),  n.  [<  arcubalist 
+  -crl:  suggested  by  LL.  arcuballistarius,  one 
who  used  an  arcubalist,  <  areuballista :  see  ar- 
cubalist,  and  of.  arbalist,  arblaster.']  Same  as 
arbalister. 

King  John  was  espied  by  a  very  good  arcubalister,  who 
said  that  he  would  soon  despatch  the  duel  tyrant. 

Camden,  Ueniains,  p.  202. 

arcubust,  ».     One   of  the   numerous  variants 
(simulating  Latin  arcus,  a  bow)  of  harquebuse. 
arcula,  n.    Plural  of  arculum. 
Arculirostres  (ar'ku-li-ros'trez),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  L.  "arCUl/US,  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow  (cf.  arcuhini), 
+  rostrum,  a  beak.]  InBlyth's  syslem  of  classi- 
fication (184'J),  a  group  of  birds,  tho  hoopoes, 
l'l>upida;  as  distinguished  from  tho  Apjiendi- 
n  is  ins  or  Bucerotidce,  the  hornbills. 

arculum  (ar'ku-liim ),  ». ;  pi.  arcula  (-IS).  [L., 
neut.  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow.]  A  small  circular 
cushion  used  in  antiquity  by  persons  bearing 
weights  on  their  heads,  to  interpose  between 
the  head  and  the  burden.  Similar  cushions  are 
si  ill  in  use. 

arcus  (ar'kus),  n. ;  pi.  arcus.  [L.,  a  bow,  an 
ui  i'h,  >  E.  arc1,  arl, ',  arch1,  q.  v.]  In  aunt.,  an 
arch,  bow,  or  ring.  Arcus  adiposus,  the  anus 
senilis.     Arcus  bicipitalis,  the  bicipital  arch;  the  ten- 

di is  arch  through  which  the  long  head  of  the  biceps 

muscle  passes.  Arcus  neuralis,  the  neural  arch.  See 
neural.  Arcus  occipitalis,  a  cerebral  gyrus  bounded 
above  M  the  occipital  portion  of  the  Entraparietal  fissure, 
and  embracing  what  may  lie  regarded  as  the  upper  end 

of  tin  second  temporal  fissure.    Arcus  palatoglossus, 

the  anterior  pillar  of  the  fauces,   in   front  of  the  tonsil, 

formed  by  the  palatoglossus  muscle  and  the  mucous 
membrane  covering  it.  Also  called  arcus  palaUntu  <m- 
< trior.  -Arcus  palatopharyngeus,  the  posterior  pil- 
lar of  tin-  fauces,  behind  the  tonsil,  formed  by  the  pala- 
topharyngeus muse],-  and  the  niiieons  membrane  covering 
it     Usocalled  arcus  palatinus  posterior,     Arcus  senilis, 

the  bow  of  old  age;  all  opacity  Occurring  In  advanced  age 
around  the  margin  of  the  cornea.  —  Arcus  superclliaris. 


arcus 

a  horizontal  ridge  on  the  frontal  bone,  on  either  Bide,  pi  -t 
above  the  mini.  —  Arcus  volaris,  the  superficial  palmar 

arch. 

Arcyidae  (Br-si'i-de),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arcys  + 
■idee."]    A  family  of  orbit  elarian  spiders. 

Arcys  (ar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKvc,  a  net,  a 
hunter's  net,  a  hair-net:  see  drain,  Aranea.] 
The  typical  genus  of  spiders  of  tho  family  .(;•- 
cyidm.     Also  spelled  Arkys. 

-a'rd.  [<  P.  -ard.  <  OHG.  (MHG.  G.)  -hart  (fre- 
quently as  a  sutlix  in  proper  names  (later  also 
in  common  nouns),  as  in  Bcgirihart,  >  OF.  n 
guard,  F.  renard,  >  E.  reynard,q.Y.'),  <  hart=~E. 
hard."]  A  suffix  in  nouns  of  French  origin  or 
of  a  French  type,  in  personal  nouns  it  usuallj  has  a 
sinister  implication,  as  in  bastard,  coward,  dotard,  dullard, 
drunkard,  wizard,  etc.  In  other  nouns  its  force,  origi- 
nally intensive,  isnowscarcely  felt,  as  in  billiard,  bombard, 
placard,  standard,  tankard,  etc  In  ln-an<iard  (also  hnvi- 
gart)  and  standard  (tree)  it  has  taken  the  place  of  -arl  = 
-</'i ;  mcockade,  originally  cockard,  and  in  costard,  custard, 
originally  as  if  costate,  crustate,  the  suthxes  -ard  and  -atei 
(  in/fi)  have  changed  ])laees. 

ardash  (ar'dash),  n.  [Formerly  also  ardas,  ar- 
dass,  <  F.  ardasse  =  Sp.  arddsas,  arddses,  <  I  'ers. 
ardan,  raw  silk.]  The  European  or  Levantine 
name  for  Persian  raw  silk  of  inferior  quality. 
It  is  called  shirwan  in  Persia.  Benjamin,  Persia 
and  the  Persians. 

ardassine  (ar-da-sen'),  n.  [F.,  pi.  ardassines 
(=Sp.  ardasinas,  ardazinas,  pi.),  the  finer  sort  of 
Persian  silk,  prop,  adj.,  <.ardas.se:  sen  ardash.] 
The  name  under  which  the  finest  Persian  silk 
for  weaving  is  imported  into  France.  It  is 
popularly  called  ablaijue.     Larousse. 

Ardea  (ar'de-a),  n.  [L.,  a  heron;  cf.  Gr.  hpo- 
cWf,  a  heron.]    The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


Great  Blue  Heron  [Ardea  licrorfias). 

Ardeidw,  and  formerly  coextensive  with  it.  It 
is  variously  restricted  to  exclude  the  bitterns  (Botaurus) 
and  night-herons  iX net  tardea),  or  to  include  only  the  large 
species  intimately  related  to  the  common  heron  of  Europe, 
A.  einerea,  BUch  as  .1.  goliath  of  Africa ;  A.  hsrodias,  the 
great  blue  heron  of  North  America;  A.  occidentalis,  the 
great  white  heron  of  Florida ;  A.  cocoi,  the  large  blue  heron 
of  South  America,  etc.  The  egrets  are  sometimes  referred 
to  this  genus,  and  sometimes  made  types  of  several  others. 
ardeb  (iir'deb),  n.  [Ar.  irdab,  urdab  (Mahn).] 
The  principal  Egyptian  measure  of  capacity 
(not  used  for  liquids),  legally  containing  40J 
imperial  gallons,  or  f>.2  United  States  (Win- 
chester) bushels,  orl83.2  liters.  But  other  ardebs 
are  in  use,  ranging  from  little  more  than  half  the  above 
up  to  284  liters;  this,  the  ardeb  of  Rosetta,  was  at  one 
time  the  commonest.    See  artaba. 

Ardeidae  (ar-de'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-iila:]  A  family  of  grallatorial  altricial  birds,  of 
the  order  ELerodiones  and  suborder  Herodii ;  the 
herons.  They  have  a  comparatively  small  thin  body, 
very  long  legs  and  neck,  long  straight  acute  bill,  ample 
wings,  short  broad  tail,  naked  lores,  pectinate  middle 
claws,  the  hind  toe  not  elevated,  linear  pervious  nostrils, 
and  2,  3,  or  4  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts  or  pnlviplumes. 
The  family  includes  several  genera  and  about  7 f>  species,  of 
most  parts  of  the  world,  inhabiting  seas,  lakes,  marshes, 
and  rivers,  nesting  usually  in  communities  in  trees  and 
bushes,  where  they  perch  with  ease  by  means  of  their  in- 
sessorial  feet,  laying  greenish  whole-colored  eggs,  and 
rearing  their  young  In  the  nest.  The  species  present  a 
wide  range  of  difference  in  stature  and  coloration,  but 
comparatively  little  in  form  or  structure,  the  family  being 
a  homogeneous  one.  They  are  most  nearly  related  to  the 
storks,  ibises,  and  other  altricial  grallatores,  but  only  dis- 
tantly to  the  cranes.  They  are  divisible  into  three  sub- 
families: Ardeinos,  the  true  herons;  Botaurince,  the  bit- 
terns; and  Cancromince,  the  boatbills.  The  last-named, 
however,  is  often  considered  a  family  apart.  See  cuts  un- 
der Ardea,  bittern,  and  boatbiU. 

Ardeinae  (iir-de-1'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-inw.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Ardeidw,  con- 
taining the  herons  proper,  egrets,  etc.,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  bitterns  and  boatbills. 
They  have  12  tail-feathers,  3  pairs  of  powder-down  feathers 
or  pulviplumes,  the  tibiae  nol  feathered  to  the  suffrago,  the 
outer  toe  not  shorter  than  the  inner,  and  moderately  curved 
claws.  The  species  are  numerous,  inhabiting  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world,  but  especially  warm  countries.     Lead- 


301 

ing  genera,  besides  Ardea,  are  Herodias,  Qarz$tta,  Demi- 
egretta,  Ardeola,  Butorides,  and  Nyctiardea. 

ardeine  (ftr'de-in),  a.    [<  NL.  ardeinus,<  .Intra, 

q.  v.]  Heron-like;  having  the  characters  of 
the  Ardeidw,  or  herons. 

ardeliot,  ardeliont,  »•  [<  L-  ardeUo,  a  busy- 
body,  meddler,  <  arderc,  be  on  fire,  burn,  be 
eager.     Cf.  ardent']     A  busybody;  a  meddler. 

striving  to  get  that  which  we  had  better  be  without,  ar- 
delios,  busybodies  as  we  are. 

Burton,  Annt.  of  Mel.,  i.  2.     (.V.  E.  />.) 

ardency  (ar'den-si),  n.  [<  ardent:  see  -cy.]  1. 
Intense  heat:  as,  "the  ardency  of  the  sun,"  Sir 
T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  27.  Hence  —  2.  Warmth 
of  passion  or  feeling;  ardor;  eagerness:  as,  the 
ardency  of  love  or  zeal. — 3.  Naut.,  a  tendency  of 
some  ships  to  come  quickly  to  the  wind.    [Rare.] 

ardennite  (ar-den'it),  re.  [<  Ardennes,  a  high 
v,  i  loded  region  of  France  and  Belgium,  +  -ite*.] 
A  silicate  of  manganese  and  aluminium  with  9 
per  cent,  of  vanadium  pentoxid,  found  in  or- 
thorhombic  crystals  of  a  yellow-brown  color 
near  (  Htroz,  in  the  Ardennes. 

ardent  (ar'dent),  a.  [<  ME,  ardent,  ardant, 
ardaunt,  <  <>i'.  ardant,  burning  (ppr.  of  order, 
ardnir,  qrdre,  burn),  <  L.  arden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ar- 
dere,  burn,  be  eager.]  1.  Hot;  burning;  red- 
hot;  hence,  figuratively,  causing  a  sensation 
of  burning:  as,  an  ardent  lever. —  2.  Inflam- 
mable; combustible:  only  in  the  phrase  ardent 
spirits  (which  see,  below). —  3.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance or  quality  of  fire ;  flashing;  fierce. 

With  flashing  flames  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria. 

4.  Having  glowing  or  fiery  passions  or  affec- 
tions :  as  applietl  to  the  emotions  themselves, 
showing  vehemence ;  passionate;  affectionate; 
zealous  :  as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 
Not  ardent  lovers  robb'd  of  all  their  bliss, 
Not  ancient  ladies  when  refused  a  kiss,  .  .  . 
E'er  felt  such  rage,  resentment,  and  despair 
As  thou,  sad  virgin  !  for  thy  ravish'd  hair. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  5. 

His  form  accorded  with  a  mind 
Lively  and  ardent,  frank  and  kind. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  25. 

5f.  Naut.,  having  a  tendency  to  gripe  or  come 
quickly  to  the  wind:  said  of  certain  ships. — 
Ardent  spirits,  distilled  alcoholic  liquors,  as  brandy, 
whisky,  gin,  rum,  etc.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  fermented  vegetable  juices  containing  sugar. 
-  Syn.  3  and  4.  Fiery,  intense,  eager,  keen,  fervid,  fervent, 
impassioned,  glowing. 

ardently  (ar'dent-li),  adv.  [ME.  ardontUche; 
<  ardent  +  -ly™.]  In  an  ardent  manner ;  with 
warmth ;  affectionately  ;  passionately. 

ardentness  (Sr'dent-nes),  «.    [<  ME.  ardent- 

nesse.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ardent; 
ardency. 

Ardeoideae  (iir-de-oi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
dea +  -aidea:]  A  superfamily  group  of  hero- 
dionine  birds. 

Ardeola  (ar-de'o-la),  n.  [L.,  a  little  heron,  dim. 
of  ardea,  a  heron.]  A  genus  of  small  and  some- 
what rail-like  herons,  the  squaeco  herons,  of 
the  subfamily  Ardeina:  The  type  is  A.  eomata  or 
A.  raUoides,  of  Europe;  but  there  are  several  other  spe- 
cies.    J.  F.  Bole,  1822. 

ardert  (ar'der),  n.  [E.  dial,  (formerly  also  writ- 
ten ardor,  ardour,  ardure,  as  if  of  Latin  origin), 
prob.  <  Icel.  ardnr,  a  plow.  Cf.  L.  aratrum,  a 
plow  (see  aratrum  terra);  Corn,  (dial.)  ardar, 
a  plow,  ardur,  a  plowman,  W.  arad,  a  plow, 
Gael.  It.  arach,  a  plowshare;  all  ult.  from  the 
same  root.  See  arable  and  car^.]  1 .  The  plow- 
ing or  fallowing  of  ground. 

Arders  ;  fallowings  or  plowings  of  ground.     This  is  the 
explanation  in  the  Diet.  Rust.,  1726,  in  v. 

HaUiweU,  Prov.  Diet. 

2.  The  state  of  being  plowed. — 3.  Land  plowed 
and  left  fallow. 
Ardetta  (ar-det'a),  «.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Ardea, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  diminutive  herons,  of  the 
family  Ardeidw  and  subfamily  Botaurinaj ;  the 
dwarf  bitterns.  They  are  scarcely  a  foot  long,  have 
variegated  plumage  dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes,  inhabit 
re)  dj  swamps  and  marshes,  and  somewhat  resemble  rails 
in  appearance  and  mode  of  life.  There  are  several  species, 
as  the  dwarf  bittern  of  Europe,  A.  minuta,  and  the  least 
bittern  of  America,  A.  exilis.     G.  11.  Gray,  1842. 

ardish  (ar'dish),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  style  of  East 
Indian  decoration  for  interior  walls  and  ceilings. 
It  is  made  at  Jeypore,  British  India,  and  elsewhere,  by 
embedding  pieces  of  glass  in  plaster,  and  cutting  away  the 
plaster  over  the  glass  in  ornamental  patterns.  The  effect 
resembles  a  blending  of  white  marble  and  polished  silver. 
Arnold. 

ardluke  (ard'luk),  «.  [Said  to  be  Eskimo.]  A 
name  of  the  grampus,  Orca  gladiator. 

ardmaer  (iird-mer  ),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardmhaor, 
a  chief  magistrate,  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  ard,  high,  + 
moor,  a  bailiff,   steward,  officer.]      The  high 


area 

bailiff  or  steward  under  the  ardrigh  or  chief 

king  of  ancient  Scotland. 
ardor,  ardour  (ftr'dor),  re.  [Second  form  preva- 
lent in  England  ;  early  mod,  E.  ardnr,  ardour,  < 
ME.  ardure,  ardeur,  <  OF.  ardour,  ardor,  ardar, 
mod.  F. ardeur  =  Pr.  S|>.  Pg.  ardor  =  It.  ardore, 
<  L.  ardor,  a  burning,  lire,  heat,  eagerness,  < 
ardere,  be  on  fire,  burn,  be  eager.     ( 'f.  ardi  ut.  \ 

1.  Intense  heat:  as,  the  ardor  of  the  sun's  rays. 
—  2.  In  pathol.,  a  feeling  of  heat  or  burning. — 
3f.  A  bright  or  effulgent  spirit.     |  Poetical.] 

The  winged  saint  .  .  .  from  an 
Thousand  celestial  ardours,  where  he  Btood 
Veil'd  with  his  gorgeous  wings,  up  springing  light, 
Flew  through  the  midst  of  heaven.    Milton,  1'.  I..,  v.  249. 

4.  Warmth  or  heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  af- 
fections; eagerness;  intensity. 
The  wicked  enchaufing  or  ardure  of  this  sinne. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 
In  the  heart's  attachment  a  woman  never  likes  a  man 
with  ardour  till  she  has  suffered  for  hi 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

The  ardour  of  Dunstan's  temper  was  sen  in  tin  eager- 
ness with  which  he  plunged  into  the  study  of  letters. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  271. 
=  Syn.  4.  Fervor,  fervency,  vehemence,  intensity,  impetu- 
osity. 

ardrigh  (ar-dre'),  n.    [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardrigh,  < 

ard,  high,  +  rii/Ii,  a  king,  =  L.  re.r  (re//-),  a  king: 
see  rex.]  In  the  early  history  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  a  chief  monarch  or  king. 
arduityt  (ar-du'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  arduitas,  steep- 
ness,^ arduus,  steep:  see  arduous.]  Steepness; 
difficulty;  arduousness.  Cockeram. 
arduous  (iir'dti-us),  a.  [<  L.  arduus,  lofty, 
high,  steep,  hard  to  reach,  difficult,  laborious, 
=  Gael.  Ir.  Corn.  Manx  ard,  high.]  1.  Steep, 
and  therefore  difficult  of  ascent ;  hard  to 
climb. 

High  on  Parnassus'  top  her  sous  she  show'd, 
And  pointed  out  those  arduous  paths  they  trod. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  95. 

2.  Attended  with  great  labor,  like  the  ascent 
of  acclivities ;  difficult. 

In  every  arduous  enterprise  we  consider  what  we  are 
to  lose,  as  well  as  what  we  are  to  gain. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

Hence  —  3.  Energetic;  laborious:  said  of  per- 
sons or  actions:  as,  an  arduous  student;  ardu- 
ous struggles.  =  Syn.  2.  Difficult,  Hard,  Ardmais,  la- 
borious, toilsome,  herculean,  severe.  Dijjieult  means  not 
easy,  attended  with  obstacles,  requiring  work,  but  possible 
by  faithful  effort  and  perseverance:  as,  ^difficult  problem, 
question,  task,  or  case  in  surgery.  Hard  suggests  work, 
like  that  of  digging  up  hard  ground,  or  breaking  through 
hard  rock ;  it  is  stronger  than  difficult.  It  may  also  apply 
to  passive  suffering:  as,  a  hard  fate.  What  is  arduous 
requires  more  energy  and  endurance,  and  is  less  within 
the  reach  of  common  powers,  than  what  is  hard.  Its  primi- 
tive meaning  of  steep  climbing  is  still  felt  in  it,  and  makes 
it  suggestive  of  severe  and  protracted  effort. 

To  explore  the  history  of  any  language  is  a  task  pecu- 
liarly difficult  at  this  period  of  the  world,  in  which  we  are 
so  remote  from  the  era  of  its  construction. 

S.  Turner,  Hist.  Anglo-Saxons. 

The  hard  causes  they  brought  unto  Moses,  but  every 
small  matter  they  judged  themselves.  Ex.  xviii.  20. 

F'aithful  friends  are  hard  to  find. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  1.  403. 

Such  an  enterprise  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  ar- 
duous and  hazardous.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  control  our  feelings  ;  it  is  still 
harder  to  subdue  our  will ;  but  it  is  an  arduous  undertak- 
ing to  control  the  contending  will  of  others. 

Crabb,  English  Synonymes,  p.  498. 

arduously  (iir'du-us-li),  a<tr.  In  an  arduous 
manner ;  with  laboriousness. 

arduousness  (ar'du-us-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  arduous ;  difficulty  of  execu- 
tion or  performance. 

arduret,  n.     An  old  form  of  ardor. 

ardurOUS  (ar'du-rus),  a.  [<  ardure  for  ardor 
+ -ok*.]     Burning;  ardent.     [Rare.] 

Lol  further  on. 

Where  Haines  th'  ardurous  spirit  of  Isidore. 

Cart/,  tr.  of  Dante's  Paradise,  x.  248. 

are1  (ar).  The  present  indicative  plural  of  the 
substantive  verb  to  be.     See  be. 

are2  (ar  or  ar),  n.  [F.,  <  L.  area,  a  piece  of 
level  ground :  see  area.]  In  the  metric  system,  a 
unit  of  superficial  or  square  measure,  contain- 
ing 100  square  meters,  or  119.0  square  yards. 
Its  abbreviation  is  a. 

a-re  (a'ra').  [It.:  see  gamut.]  The  note  im- 
mediately above  the  tonic,  ut,  in  the  grave 
hexachord  of  Guido  d'Arezzo's  musical  scale. 

area  (a're-a),  «.;  pi.  areas,  arece  (-Sz,  -e).  [L., 
a  piece  of  level  ground,  a  vacant  space.  :i  court, 
yard,  field,  threshing-floor;  perhaps  allied  to 
arere,  be  dry;  cf.  arid.  In  dial,  and  vulgar 
pron.  a'ri :  see  airifi,  and  cf.  airy-  =  aerij-.]  1. 
Any  plane  surface  within  boundaries ;  the  super- 


area 

ficies  of  an  inclosed  or  defined  surface-space; 
the  superficial  contents  of  any  figure  or  Burfaoe; 
superficial  extent.  Bene* — 2.  Any  particular 
extent  of  Burface;  region;  tract:  as,  the  set- 
tled area  of  the  Unite. I  States. — 3.  The  space 
or  site  on  which  a  building  stands;  the  yard  at- 
tached to  or  surrounding  a  house;  specifical- 
ly, a  sunken  space  or  inclosurc  before  win- 
dows or  a  door  of  a  basement  story. —  4.  A 
bald  place  on  the  head;  a  disease  of  the  hair 
whicheausesittofalloff  and  leave  bald  patches. 
A.  E.  Jh  —Area  Celsi,  alopecia  areata  (which see,  under 
alopecia).  Area  cruralis,  In  anat.,  the  crura]  area:  ;i 
term  applied  to  that  part  oi  the  surface  of  the  base  of  thi 
brain  which  is  bounded  bylines  projected  laterally  from 
the  pons  Varolii  and  optic  chiasm,     li  ignized 

for  convenience,  bnl   has  no  anatomical  Bigniflcai - 

Area  elliptica,  in  anat.,  the  elliptical  area;  fchesurface 
of  the  olivary  body  of  the  medulla  oblongata.  -  Area  em- 
bryonalis,  in  embryol.,  the  embryonic  area;  the  centra] 
thickened  portion  of  that  pari  of  the  blastodermic  vesicle 
of  mammalian  embryos  wlii.-h  is  lined  with  hypoblast. 
From  this  the  main  body  of  the  animal  is  developed,  while 
the  rest  oi  the  blastodermic  vesicle  goes  to  form  the  um- 
bilical vesicle— Area  germinativa,  in  cinbciiol. .  the  ger- 
minal area;  the  spot  where  the  first  rudiments  of  an  em- 
bryo appear  as  a  Little  heap  of  blastospheres;  the  germinal 
disk.—  Area  intercruralis,  in  anat.,  the  intererural  area; 
thespace  between  the  crura  orpedunclesof  t  lie  brain.  Also 
called  tie-  area  interpt  luncularis.  Area  of  a  contour, 
tlie  area  of  it*  maximum  orthogonal  project  ion  on  a  plane. 
—  Area  ovalis.  in  anat.,  the  oval  area;  an  elevated  space 
on  the  Inferolateral  surface  of  the  cerebellum,  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  area  elliptica  —  Area  pellucida,  in  einbriivL, 
the  clear  9paee  ;  the  fluid  interior  of  a  hlastula ;  a  kind  of 
blastoccele.  —  Area  postpontUis,  in  anat.,  the  area  of  the 
ventral  aspect  "i  the  brain  behind  the  pons  Varolii,  being 
the  ventral  aspect  of  the  metencephaton,  including  the 
area  elliptica  and  area  ovalis.— Area  prsechiasmatica, 
in  anat.,  the  surface  of  the  base  of  the  brain  in  front  of 
the  optic  chiasm.  Area  septalis,  in  anat.,  the  septal 
area  ;  the  mesa]  surface  of  each  half  of  the  septum  lllcidum. 
— Areas  of  Cohnheim,  in  anat,  the  polygonal  areas  into 
which  tlie  cross  -secti f  a  muscle-fiber  is  seen  to  be  di- 
vided. Also  called  fields  of  Cohnheim.  —  Area  vasculosa, 
in  embryol.,  the  vascular  area  about  the  clear  space  when 
blood-vessels  are  developed  in  flic  mesoblast.  —  Area 
vitellina,  in  embryol.,  the  yolk-area  beyond  tlie  vascular 
area  in  meroblastic  eggs. — Blind  area,  fauna!  area, 
etc.  See  the  adjectives. 
areacht,  ''■  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arcche,  ar- 
reach,  aretch  (pret.  draught,  arraughf),  Sc. 
areik,  etc..  <  ME.  arechen,  <  AS.  drmcan  (= 
OHG.  arreichon,  MUG.  G.  erreichen),  reach, 
reach  to,  get  at,  <  a-  +  rceean,  reach:  see  a-1 
and  reach.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  reach;  get  at; 
get;  obtain. —  2.  To  reach,  hand,  or  deliver  (a 
thing  to  a  person). 

To  whom  V  schal  areche  a  sop  of  breed. 

Wyclif,  John  xiii.  20. 

II.  iutnins.  To  reach;  stretch;  extend. 
areadt,  aredet  (a-red'),  v.  t.  [In  mod.  use  ar- 
chaic, and  of  unsettled  orthography ;  also  writ- 
ten arced,  arreed;  <  ME.  areden,  <  AS.  areedan, 
dredan  (weak  verb,  pret.  drieddc,  pp.  draded, 
dried,  but  orig.  strong),  determine,  decree,  ex- 
plain, interpret,  read  (=  OHG.  arratan,  MI  in. 
erraten,  G.  errathen,  guess,  conjecture),  <  a- 
+  riedan,  determine,  counsel,  read:  see  a-1 
and  rend,  ride.]  1.  Todeolaro;  tell;  interpret; 
explain. 
Arede  luy  dremes.       Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  289. 

Arede,  good  gentle  swaine, 

If  in  Tie-  dale  below,  or  on  yon  plaine, 

Or  is  the  village  .situate  in  a  grove. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  3. 

Arced  my  counsel  aright,  and  1  will  warrant  thee  for 
the  nonce.  Barham,  Ingoklsby  Legends,  I.  13C. 

2.  To  counsel;  advise;  direct;  teach. 

But  mark  what  1  arreed  thee  now;  Avaunt. 

Wilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  902. 

3.  To  guess;  conjecture. 

aril  this  Idol,   wal  l"  I"  nred, 

Thai     1'  1   .lllnell  hel-.  lie   ill    I'll    III'  IE  9  V'W 

she  seem'd  to  passe.        Spenser,  V.  U-,  TV.  v.  la. 

4.  To  read. 

Her  hardly  open'd  book,  which  to  oread  i-  easie. 

./..///i  Hall,  Poems,  p.  01. 

areadt,  aredet,  »•  [<  amid,  v.]  Advice;  dis- 
course; narration. 

of  tydiliL'es  straiin  I '.  Q     1,  i\.  'Js. 

areae,  »■    Plural  of  a ren  in  its  anatomical  senses. 

areal  (ii're-al),  n.  [<  L.  arealis,  of  a  threshing- 
floor  (of.  ML.  arealis,  areale,n.,an  area),  <  area, 
an  open  space,  threshing-floor,  etc.:  see  area.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  tlie  mil  nro  of  an  area:  as, 
areal  interstices. 

rapid  Study  Of  tie  of  the  country,  in- 

cluding the  outline      -I  i 

nee,  IV.  362. 
Area]  coordinates.    See  eoiirdinat 
areality' a-ro-al'i-ti  >,  ».    [<  areal  +  -ity.]    The 
condition  or'relation  of  anything  in  respect  to 
area.     .V.  /•.'.  I).     [Rare.] 


302 

arearM  (a-rer'),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also areare, 

and  erroneously  iirrenr,  <  ME.  an  ren,  <  AS. 
drd-ran,  <  it-  +  raran,  raise,  rear:  see  a-1  and 
nor1.]  1.  To  raise;  erect;  build;  rear. — 2. 
To  lift  up;  exalt. — 3.  To  arouse;  start;  ex- 
cite; stir  up. 

arear'-'(a-ier'),  prep,  pin:  asatfo.  [<«s  +  rear2; 
practically  equiv.  to  arnnr-,  adv.]  In  the 
rear:  to  the  rear.     [Rare.] 

arear-t,  adv.  and  n.     See  arnnr-. 

area-sneak  (a're-a-snek),  n.  A  person  who  lurks 
about  the  areas  of  dwelling-houses  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stealing;  a  sneak-thief. 

areasont,  "•  '■     [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraison, 

<  ME.  araisonen,  aresonen,  aresunen,  <  OF.  are- 
suner,  arcsoncr,  araisoncr  (mod.  F.  arraisonner 
=  Pr.  arrazonar  =  Pg.  arraeoar),<  ML.  arra- 
liniiare,  reason  with,  call  to  account,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rationare,  discourse,  reason: 
see  reason,  and  of.  arraign}-,  a  doublet  of  area- 
son.']     To  question;  call  to  account;  arraign. 

Love  hyin  aresoneth.  Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  6224. 

areea  (ar'e-kii),  n.  [Formerly  also  areka,  areeha, 
arregua,  erecca,  also  arte,  arak,  areek,  aregue, 
<Pg.  Sp.  areea,  <  Malayalam  aaehJca,  Canarese 
ddike,  ddili,  Tamil  ddaihdy,  <  adai,  denoting 
(dose  arrangement  of  the  (duster,  +  kdy,  nut, 
fruit  (Bishop  Caldwell,  in  X.  E.  I).).  The  first 
consonant  is  cerebral  d,  variable  to  r.]  1.  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Areea  and  its  fruit  (betel-nut). 
See  next  definition,  and  areca-nut. —  2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  palms,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  solid,  fibrous-coated  nuts.  There  are 
about  20  species,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  piuang 
or  betel-palm,  -4.  Catechu,  which  furnishes  the  well-known 
betel-nut.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  palms  of  India,  its 
slender  trunk  rising  to  a  height  of  80  feet. 

areca-nut  (ar'e-kiL-nut),  n.  The  betel-nut;  the 
fruit  of  an  East  Indian  palm,  Areea  Catechu. 
The  nut  has  long  been  used  by  tlie  Asiatics  as  a  mastica- 
tory, ami  is  largely  cultivated  for  this  purpose,  the  exports 
from  Ceylon  to  India  alone  amounting  to  nearly  4,000  tons 
annually.  The  fruit  of  the  palm  is  of  the  shape  and  size 
of  a  hen's  egg.  consisting  of  a  thick  fibrous  rind  inclosing 
a  nut  like  a  nutmeg,  with  hard  white  albumen.  This  is 
used  cither  when  young  and  tender  or  after  boiling  in 
water,  and  is  chewed  with  a  little  lime  in  a  leaf  of  the 
betel-pepper,  Chamca  r.ctle.  It  is  supposed  to  Bweeten 
the  breath,  strengthen  the  gums,  and  promote  digestion. 
The  powder  of  the  nut  is  used  in  pharmacy  as  a  vermifuge 

aredet,  areedt,  ''■  and  n.     See  arcad. 

areek  (a-rek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a3  + 
reek1.]    In  a  reeking  condition. 
A  messenger  comes  all  areek.     S/cift,  T  >  Peterborough. 

arefactiont  (ar-e-fak'shon),  n.  [=  F.  aref action, 

<  L.  as  if  *iirij'aetiii(-n-),  <  arefacere,  pp.  arefac- 
tus,  make  dry,  <  arere,  bo  dry,  +  facere,  make.] 
The  act  of  drying;  the  state  of  being  dry. 

arefyt  (ar'f-fi),  v.  t.  or  i.     [<  L.  arefacere,  but 
with  second  element  modified:  see  are/action 
and  -fij.]     To  make  or  become  dry. 
So  doth  time  or  age  arefy.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  294. 

areiset,  v.  t.     [See  araise.]    Same  as  raise. 

arena1  (a-re'nii),  n.  [L.,  sand,  a  sandy  place, 
beach,  arena;  more  correctly  harena,  OL.  Iia- 
sena,  asena  =  Sabine  fascial,  sand;  not  related 
to  arere,  be  dry.]  1.  The  inclosed  space  in 
the  central  part  of  the  Roman  amphitheaters, 
in  which  the  combats  of  gladiators  or  wild 
beasts  took  place.  It  was  usually  covered  with  sand 
or  sawdust,  to  prevent  the  gladiators  from  slipping  and 
to  absorb  the  blood,  and,  for  the  protection  of  the  specta- 
tors from  the  beasts,  was  surrounded  by  a  high  wall, 
which  was  often  surmounted  by  a  strong  grating. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  scene  or  theater  of  exer- 
tion or  contest  of  any  kind:  as,  the  arena  of 
war  or  of  debate. 

Kival  politicians  contending  in  the  open  arena  of  pub- 
lic life. 

Sir  Q.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ix. 

3.  In  patlint.,  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. — 4. 
In  arch.,  tin  main  urea  of  a  temple,  church,  or 
other  building.     [Rare  and  incorrect.] 

arena-  (iir'nii).  [=  E.  are  no,  i.  e.,  arc  not; 
na  =  E.  mAj  q.  v.]     Aro  not.     [Scotch.  | 

'filings  .  .  .  arena  keepit  in  mind  ...  as  they  used 
to  be.  .s're//,  Antiquary,  wiv. 

arenaceocalcareous  (ar-f  -na^shio-kal - ka're- 

iis),  a.  (<  mi ■nacciius  +  calcareous.]  (  If  tin-  na 
ture  of,  or  consisting  of,  a  mixture  of  sand  and 
carbonate  of  lime. 

Near  Nice,  in    places  wheie  the  great  cylindrical   Cast 
ings  .  .  .  abound,  the  .soil  consists  of  very  fine  ari 
calcareous  loam.  Darwin,  Veg.  Mould,  p,  276 

arenaceous  (ar-e-na'shins),  a.    [<  L.  arenaceus, 

liarcnnci  us,  sandy,  <  arena,  lain  no,  sand:  see 
arena1.]  1.  Bandy;  abounding  in  sand;  having 
the  properties  of  sand. —  2.  Figuratively,  dry  ; 
arid. 


Arenicoli 

An  arenaceous  quality  in  the  style,  which  makes  progress 
w .  ai  i sonic.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  239, 

3.  Composed  largely  of  sand  or  sandy  par- 
ticles. (,')  1"  geol.,  applied  to  rock-  ..  arenaceous 
limestone.  A  rock  is  said  to  be  arenaceous  when  it  con 
tains  a  considerable  amount  of  ipiartz-sand,  or  is  largely 
made  up  of  sandy  particles. 

A  reddish,  sottish,  somewhat  arenoceowa  marly  rock. 

than        '       .creations,  ii.  U1C. 

(l>)  In  zoiil.,  specifically  applied  to  those  Foramxnifera 
whose  membranous  case  becomes  hardened  by  the  attach- 
ment of  foreign  substances,  as  particles  of  sand  or  shelly 

matters. 

Arenaria  (ar-e-na'ri-S),  «.     [NL.,  fern.  sing,  of 

h.an  unriiis,  linn  nanus:  *<-rannarinus.]  1.  In 
orniih. :  (a)  [I.e.]  A  disused  specific  name  of 
several  shore-birds  or  limicoline  species  of 
Seotopacidic,  as  the  redshank,  Totanus  calnlris. 
(li)  A  generic  name  of  the  turnstone.  Strepsilas 
interpres.  Jirisson,  1760.  (c)  A  generic  name  of 
the  sanderling,  Calidris  armaria.  Meyer,  1810. 
(rf)  [I.e.]  The  specific  name  of  the  same.  I-in- 
nniis,  1758,  and  most  modern  writers. —  2.  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family  Tel- 
linidie:  synonymous  with  Scrotncularia.  iliilil- 
flil,  1811. — 3.  In  hot.,  an  unimportant  genus 
of  low  herbs,  of  the  natural  order  Varyojdnjl- 
laceie,  allied  to  tlie  duckweeds;  the  sandworts. 

Arenariinae  (ar-e-na-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arenaria,  1  (b),  -(-  -inw.]  The  turnstones,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Charadriidee,  taking  name  from 
the  genus  Arenaria.  See  Arenaria,  1  (i),  and 
Strepsilas. 

arenarious  (ar-e-na'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  arenarius, 
harenarius,  sandy,  <  arena,  luircna,  sand:  see 
arena1.]  Sandy ;  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
sand:  as,  arenarious  soil. 

arenated  (ar'e-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  nrcnatus,  prop. 
Inircnatiis,  <  arena,  lion  nil.  sand  :  see  arena1.] 
Reduced  or  ground  into  sand;  mixed  with  sand. 

arenation  (ar-e-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  areiuttio(n-), 
tiiirenatio(n-),  a  plastering  with  sand,  <  an  na- 
tus,  harenatus,  sanded,  mixed  with  sand,  < 
arena,  harcna,  sand:  see  arena1.]  In  med.,  a 
sand-bath  ;  the  application  of  hot  sand  to  the 
body  of  a  diseased  person  as  a  remedy. 

The  practice  of  arenation  or  of  burying  the  body  in  the 
sand  of  the  sea-shore  ...  is  very  ancient,  as  also  that  of 
applying  heated  sand  to  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  439. 

arendalite  (a-ren'da-lit),  ».  [<  Arcndal  +  -itc".] 
A  lime  and  iron  epidote  from  Arendal  in  Nor- 
way, consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  iron  peroxid, 
and  lime.    Also  called  acanticone.    See  epidote. 

arendator,  «•    See  arrendator. 

areng,  arenga  (a-reng',  -gii),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A 

valuable  sago-palm  of  the  Indian  archipelago, 
Arenga  saccharifera.  It  yields  a  black  bristly  fiber 
resembling  horsehair,  which  makes  excellent  cordage,  and 


-""'"-"?>-> 


•  iVti^: 

Arenfa  saccharifera,  with  fruit  entire  nnd  in  section. 

is  known  as  ffomuto  or gomuti  fiber,  'the  trunk  affords  a 
considerable  amount  of  sago 'of  good  quality,  ami  the 
abundant  saccharine  juice  from  the  flower  sheath.-,  la  col- 
lected for  the  sake  of  its  sugar  and  for  fermentation. 

Arenicola  (ar-f-nik'o-ia),  ».    [NL..  <  L.  arena, 

harena,  sand,  '+  colerc,  inhabit,  dwell.]  The 
typical  and  principal  genus  of  the  family . lreni- 
colidce  (which  see);  the  lobworms  or  lugworms, 
which  live  in  tho  sand  of  sea-coasts.  A.  pisca 
torum,  a  common  European  specie-.,  much  used  by  fish- 
ermen for  bait,  burrows  a  fool  or  two  deep  in  the  sand,  is 
s  or  10  inches  long,  with  an  eyeless  head,  and  arbnseular 

gills  upon  the  segments  of  the  middle  part  of  the  body. 
Arenicoli   (ar-e-nik'o-li),  n.  pi.      [NL.,  pi.  of 
'arenicolus,   as  Arenicola,  q.  v.]     A   group  of 
scarabaxud  beetles,  corresponding  to  the  fami- 
lies Geotrypidai  and  Troyidn  of  Macleay. 


arenicolid 


303 


A  worm  of  the  areolation  (ar'e-o-la'shon),  n.     [<  areolate  + 

-ion.]  1.  The  state  of  being  areolate  in  charac- 
ter, <>r  ol  having  an  areola,  or  of  division  into 
areohe ;  the  arrangement  and  form  el'  areola-, 
as  in  the  leaves  of  mosses. — 2.  A  set  of  areolae 
taken  together  as  making  something  areolate. 
[=  F.  areole,  <  L.  areola.] 


arenicolid  (ar-f-nik'o-lid),  ». 

family  Anuicolulu  ■ 

Arenicolida  (ar'e-ni-kol'i-da),  n. pi.    [NL.,  < 

Arcuicola  +  -ida,  q.  v.]     Same  as  Arenicolida;. 
Arenicolidae  (ar  e-ni-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Arcnicola  +  -ida:]     A  family  of  free  marine 

polychastous  or  chaatopodous  and  notobranchi-  areole  (ar'e-ol),  n. 

ate' annelids,  of  which  the  genus  Arenieola  is  Same  as  areola. 

the  type.     Also  Arenicolida,  Arcnocolida:  areolet  (ar'e-o-let),  ».     [<  areole  +  -ct.]     1.  A 

arenicolite  (ar-e-nik'o-lit),  n.     [<  Arenieola  +  small  areola'. — 2.  Same  as  areola,  1. 

-itc-.]    The  name  given  by  some  paleontologists  areology  (a-rf-ol'6-ji),  n.     [<  "Api/c,  Mars  (the 

to  peculiar  markings  observed  on  various  rocks  planet),  + -/ojm,  <   Aeyeiv,  speak:   see  -ology.] 

in  Wales  and  Newfoundland,  and  supposed  to  The  scientific  investigation  of  the  substance  of 

be  burrows  of  annelids,  or  something  similar.  Mars. 

Tin  y  have  recently  been  carefully  examined  by  various  areometer  (ar-e-om'e-ter),  «.     [=  F.  an'omi-tn-, 

<  Gr.  apai6gt  thin,  not  dense,  +  pirpov,  a  mea- 


exar 
geologists  and  paleontologists,   and    are  considered   by 
them  as  not  being  of  organic  origin,  but  simply  markings 
made  by  the  spray  or  by  water  in  some  other  form. 

arenicolous  (ar-e-nik'o-lus),  o.  [<  NL.  *amii- 
eolus :  see  Arcnicola  and  -ous.]  In  sool.,  inhab- 
iting sand,  as  certain  worms.     See  Arenieola. 

arenilitict  (a-ren-i-lit'ik),  a.    [<  "arenilite,  <  L. 

arena,  harena,  sand  (see  arena*),  +  Gr.  Vvog,  a 

stoue.]     Pertaining  to  sandstone  ;   consisting 

of  sandstone :  as.  arenilitio  mountains, 
arenose  (ar'e-nos),  a.     [<  L.  arenosus,  hareno- 

sus,   full  of  sand,  <  arena,  harena,  sand:   see 

arena1.]     Full  of  sand  ;  sandy. 
arenous  (ar'e-nus),  a.      [As  arenose.]     Sandy  ; 

saml-like. 
arenuloust  (a-ren'n-ms),  a.     [<  L.  arenuhi,  ha- 

rcnula,  fine  sand,  dim.  of  arena,  harena,  sand: 


see  arena 


!.]     Like  or  full  of  fine  sand. 


areocentric  (a"rf-6-sen'trik),  a.    [<  Gr.  'ApK, 
Mars  (the  planet),  +  KivTpov,  center,  +  -ic] 
Having  Mars  as  a  center :  as,  areocen  trie  longi- 
tude. 
areographic  (a-re-o-graf'ik),  a.     [<  areography 
+  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  areography. 
The  areographic  longitude  of  the  center  of  the  Oculus. 
Nature,  XXXIII.  42. 

areography  (a-re-og'ra-fi),  «.;  pi.  areographies 

(-fiz).  [<  Gr.  "Apr'/r,  Mars  (the  planet),  +  -yi>a<pia, 
<  ypaQew,  write.]  A  treatise  on  or  description 
of  the  planet  Mars. 

The  areoi/raj'hies  agree  very  well  with  each  other  in  re- 
spect to  the  planet's  LMars's]  most  important  features. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  55. 

areola  (a-re'o-la),  n. ;  pi.  areola:  (-le).  [L.,  a 
small  open  place,  dim.  of  area:  see  area.]  1. 
In  cntom.,  a  small,  generally  angular,  inclosed 
space  on  a  surface,  as  the  spaces  between  the 
veinlets  in  the  wing  of  a  dragon-fly,  or  pale 
spaces  between  dark  lines  which  form  a  net- 
work. Also  areolet. —  2.  In  hot.,  a  term  some- 
times used  to  designate  the  meshes  of  cellular 
tissue  or  little  distinct  angular  spaces  on  a  sur- 
face.—  3.  Inanat:  (a)  Any  little  cell,  area,  or 
space ;  especially,  one  of  the  small  interstices 
in  the  meshes  of  areolar  tissue  and  the  like,  or 
among  minute  interlacing  vessels,  as  capillaries. 
(6)  The  colored  circle  or  halo  about  the  nipple 
of  the  human  mammary  gland,  pink  in  virgins, 
and  brown  of  various  shades  in  women  who 
have  borne  children,  (c)  The  red  ring  of  in- 
flamed tissue  surrounding  a  pustule.  Hence, 
figuratively  — 4.  An  aureole. 

In  some  legends  of  saints  we  find  that  they  were  born 

with  a  lambent  circle  or  golden  areola  about  their  heads. 

De  Quincey,  Works,  XV.  39. 

5.  In  decorative  art  and  manufacture,  any 
plate,  tile,  or  flat  panel.  («)  A  tile  of  earthenware, 
or  a  plate  of  marble  or  stone  forming  part  of  a  pavement. 
(6)  One  of  the  eight  plates,  rectangular,  with  arched  tops, 
and  richly  jeweled  and  enameled,  which  make  up  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  imperial  crown  of  the  Byzantine  empire  and 
that  of  Charlemagne.  See  crown. 
Also  areole. 
areolar  (a-re'o-lar),  a.  [<  areola  +  -ar.]  Per- 
taining to  an  areola  or  to  areola? ;  resembling 
an  areola ;  consisting  of  or  containing  areola? ; 
full  of  interstices — Areolar  tissue,  in  anat.,  the 
light  fleecy  or  flocculent  kind  of  ordinary  connective  tis- 
sue, such  as  that  usually  found  beneath  the  skin,  consist- 
ing of  a  tine  network  of  white  or  yellow  fibrous  tissue  so 
interlaced  as  to  include  numberless  areola?  in  its  meshes. 
Also  called  cellular  tissue. 
The  cellular  or  areolar  tissue  is  so  called  because  its 


sure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  liquids;  a  hydrometer.  Also 
spelled  araeometer. 

areometric  (ar"e-o-met'rik),  a.  [As  areometer 
+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  the  areometer,  or  to  are- 
ometry.     Also  spelled  araomctric 

areometrical  (ar"e-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same  as 
areometric     Also  spelled  aratometrieal. 

areometry  (ar-e-om'e-tri),  n.  [As  areometer  + 
-(/.]  The  measurement  of  the  specific  gravity 
of  fluids  by  means  of  an  areometer.  Also 
spelled  ar&ometry. 

Areopagist  (ar-e-op'a-gist),  n.  [As  Areopa- 
gitc  +  -ist.]      Same  as  Areojiagitc. 

Areopagite  (ar-e-op'a-git),  n.  [<  L.  Arcopa- 
gites,  <  Gr.  'Aptoirayirriq,  later  'Apeio~a)iri/i;,  < 
'Apetdirayor :  see  Areopagus.]  A  member  of  the 
council  of  the  Areopagus.     Acts  xvii.  34. 

areopagitic  (ar-e-op-a-git'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Areo- 
pagiUcus,  <  Gr.  'ApeoO-ayiTiKdr;  see  Areopagus.'] 
Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 

Areopagus  (ar-e-op'a-gus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apao- 
irayoc  not  in  good  use  (but  cf .  ApeoTrayirr/r,  Are- 
opagite), a  contr.  of  'Apcior  irdyoc,  Mars's  Hill : 
"Apeiog,  belonging  to  "Apnc,  Mars  (cf.  ArianX,  and 
see  Ares);  irayoc,  a  hill.]  1.  A  rocky  hill  in 
Athens,  situated  immediately  to  the  west  of 
the  Acropolis ;  hence,  the  sovereign  tribunal  or 
council  of  elders  which  held  its  sittings  on  this 
hill  from  unrecorded  antiquity.  Though  modifier] 
several  times  in  its  constitution,  notably  by  Solon  ami 
Ephialtes,  the  Areopagus  always  retained  the  highest 
reputation  for  dignity,  justice,  and  wisdom.  Its  functions 
were  at  once  religious,  political,  and  judicial;  the  Bcope  "I 
its  action  was  thus  much  wider  than  that  of  a  supreme 
court  of  the  present  day,  extending  not  only  to  jurisdiction 
in  cases  of  homicide  and  some  others  in  which  religion 
was  concerned,  and  to  a  general  censorship  of  all  affaire  of 
state,  but  even  to  the  supervision  of  education,  and  to  cer- 


a  reticelli 
areosystyle,   araeosystyle    (a-re-o-sis'ffl),  a. 

[<  Gr.  apaioc,  thin,  not  dense,  +  oboTVAOC,  with 
columns  standing  together,  <  avv,  together,  + 
orii/lof,  column:  see  sti/lt-.]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  coupled  or  placed  in  pairs,  with  an  in- 
terval generally  of  one  diameter  and  a  hall'  be- 
tween the  centers  of  the  coupled  columns,  and 
of  more  than  three  diameters  between  the  ex- 
ternal columns  of  the  pairs,  measured  from 
center  to  center.     See  cut  under  systyle. 

areotict,  araeotict  (ar-e-ot'ik),  ".and  a.  [<Gr. 
apaturrin6c,  of  or  for  rarefying,  <  apatovv,  rarefy, 
<  ufiittoc  rare,  thin,  not  dense.]  I.  a.  In  mid., 
attenuating  the  humors ;  efficacious  in  opening 
the  pores. 

II.  n .  A  medicine  supposed  to  attenuate  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  open  the  pores,  and  increase 
perspiration ;  an  attenuant. 

areret,  »■  '■     See  arear*. 

Ares  (a'rez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Api)c  the  god  of 
war;  perhaps  allied  to  (pa;,  strife,  quarrel,  dis- 
cord, personified  "Ep;r,  L.  Kris,  a  goddess  who 
excites  to  war,  sister  and  companion  of  Ares.] 


The  Areup.,^. 


.  th._  Hill  of  the  Nymphs;  the 
ckground. 


meshes  are  easily  distended  and  thus  separated  into  cells 

or  spaces  which  all  open  freely  into  one  another,  and  are 

consequently  easily  blown  up  with  air,  or  permeated  by 

fluid.    Such  spaces,  however,  do  not  exist  in  the  natural  areODaffVt  (ar-e-op'a-gi) 

condition  of  the  body,  but  the  whole  [areolar]  tissue  forms      \  „„„' ^,,«  nP  tribunal 

one  unbroken  membrane  composed  of  interlacing  fibres. 


tain  police  and  sumptuary  regulations.  In  historic  times 
the  Areopagus  was  constituted  of  all  archons,  after  their 
year  of  office,  who  had  successfully  proved  themselves 
guiltless  of  malfeasance,  in  accordance  with  the  pn  >\  iBions 
of  law. 

The  Areopagus,  a  primeval  tribunal,  hallowed  by  mythic 
associations,  where  trials  were  held  under  primitive  forms, 
secured  to  them  (the  great  families]  a  privileged  authority 
under  the  sanction  of  religion. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.)  p.  13S. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  body,  company,  or  tribunal  of 
which  the  decisions,  opinions,  or  criticisms  are 
final  or  carry  great  weight :  as,  the  Areopagus 
of  public  opinion. 

The  Emperor,  instead  of  drawing  the  sword  for  Luxem- 
burg, submitted  his  case  to  the  Areopagus  of  Europe. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  43G. 

«.    [< Areopagus.]   An 
Areopagus  or  tribunal. 


areolate  (a-re'o-lat),  a.     [< 
Characterized  by  areolae ;  exhibiting  areola?,  as 
the  reticulated  leaves  of  plants  or  the  wings  of 
a  dragon-fly. 

areolated  (a-re'o-la-ted),  a.  [<  areolate  +  -ed^.] 
Marked  by  or  consisting  of  areola? ;  divided 
into  small  spaces  by  intersecting  lines. 


//.  Gray,  Anat.         The  .  .  .  Areopagy  of  hell.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

areola  +  -ate1.]  areostyle,  araeostyle  (a-re'6-stil),  a.     [<  L. 


armosiylos,  <  Gr.  apaioo-Tv/.oc,  with  columns  far 
apart,  <  apaidc  thin,  not  dense,  +  ori-Xof,  a 
column,  pillar:  see  stifle2.]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  placed  four  diameters,  or  more  than 
three  diameters,  apart,  from  center  to  center 
of  the  columns. 


Ares. —  Statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome. 

In  Gr.  myth.,  the  god  of  war,  typical  particu- 
larly of  the  violence,  brutality,  confusion,  and 
destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  corresponding 
Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

aresont,  v.  t.    Seeareason. 

arestt,  v.  and  n.    An  old  form  of  arrest1. 

arett,  arettet,  ».  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arret, 
urn  Hi;  urn  it.  <  ME.  arctten,  <  OF.  areter,  aret- 
tir,  <a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  ntir,<L.  reputare,  count: 
see  repute.']  1.  To  reckon;  assign;  ascribe: 
with  to. 

The  charge  which  God  doth  unto  me  arrctt. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  8. 

2.  To  charge  ;  impute :  with  to  or  upon. 

He  that  aretteth  upon  God,  or  blameth  God  of  thyng  of 
which  he  is  hym  self  gilty.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

aretaics  (ar-e-ta'iks),  n.     [<  Gr.  as  if  *apeTain6c, 

<  apery,  virtue.]  In  ethics,  same  as  aretology. 
Grote. 

arete  (a-raf),  »■  [F.,  a  ridge,  sharp  edge,  <  OF. 
iin  stc.i.  L.  arista,  ear  of  corn,  spine :  see  arrest2 
and  arista.]  A  sharp  ridge  or  rocky  spur  of  a 
mountain. 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thu'sa), )(.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apidovaa, 
the  name  of  several  fountains,  the  most  famous 
being  that  in  the  island  of  Ortygia  at  Syracuse ; 
fabled  to  have  been  a  nymph  of  Arcadia,  who, 
being  pursued  by  the  river-god  Alpheus,  and 
changed  into  a  stream  by  Artemis,  disappeared 
under  ground,  passed  beneath  the  Ionian  sea, 
and  reappeared  in  Ortygia;  lit.,  the  Waterer; 
fern.  ppr.  of  *ap£6eiv  for  apdeiv,  to  water.]  1 .  In 
hot.,  a  genus  of  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single 
species,  A.  hulbosa,  a  small  swamp-plant  of 
North  America,  with  a  handsome  rosy-purple 
sweet-scented  flower  terminating  a  sheathed 
scape. — 2.  In  :odl.:  (a)  A  genus  of  acalephs. 
(6)  A  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort, ,1808.  (c) 
A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dunu'ril  and  Bibron,  1840. 
(d)  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

a  reticelli  (a  ra-te-chel'le).  [It.:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  reticelli,  pi.  of  riticcUn,  mast-.,  more  com- 
monly reticella,  fem.,  a  small  net,  dim.  of  rete, 

<  L.  rete,  net:  see  rete.]  With  reticulations: 
applied  to  glassware  decorated  with  fine  lines  of 
opaque  white  buried  in  the  transparent  paste 
and  forming  net-like  designs.  The  decoration  is 
obtained  by  making  the  body  of  the  object  of  two  thick- 
nesses of  glass  in  such  a  manner  that  the  spiral  lines  in 
one  form  au  angle  with  those  in  the  other. 


Aretine 

Aretine  (ar'e-tin),  a.   [<  L.Aretinus,  <  Aretium, 

the  ancient  name  of  Arezzo  in  Tuscany.]  1. 
Of  or  relating  to  the  town  of  Arezzo  in  Tuscan y, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. —  2.  Same  as  Aretinian. — 
Aretine  ware,  a  kind  of  ware  of  which  the  paste  la  ol 
a  red  coralline  color,  pale  when  broken,  and  does  not  be 
come  redder  when  subject  to  a  red  heat,  but  falls,  when 
ground,  into  an  orange-red  calx.  Vases  in  this  ware  are 
coated  with  a  rerj  light  daze,  which  Is  Levigated  and  is 
usually  of  a  red-coral  color;  occasionally  it  is  black,  vary- 
ing toward  azure,  and  sometimes  iron-gray,  or  with  ;i 
bright  metallic  luster.  Birch,  Ancient  Pottery. 
Aretinian  (ar-e-tin'i-an),  a.  [Sec  An  tine.  | 
Pertaining  to  or  originated  by  Guido  Aretiuo 
(Guido  d'Arezzo),  a  noted  Italian  musician  of 
the  eleventh  century.  Aretinian  syllables,  the 
syllables  lit,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la  (the  initial  syllables  of  the 
In  us  of  a  Latin  hymn  to  St.  John  the  Baptist  which  begins 
"Utqueanthutis"),  chosen  by  Guido  d'Arezzo  to  name  the 
notes  of  the  hexachord,  C,  i>,  E,  F,  G,  A,  because  in  the 
Gregorian  melodyforthe  hymn  they  fall  upon  these  notes 
respectively.  The.\  are  still  used,  especially  in  France,  as 
tin  common  names  ol  these  -i\  Dotes.  Since  the  intervals 
between  these  notes  are  the  same  as  those  between  the  first 
six  tones  of  the  modern  major  scale,  the  syllables  have 
also  been  used  extensively  as  names  for  those  tones  and 
as  eui.les  in  studying  their  relations.  This  application 
is  call  When   thus  used,  ut  is  generally 

changed  t  >"  and  the  syllable  ei  (tonic  sol-fa,  tS)  is  added 
for  the  seventh  tone. 

Aretinist  (ar'e-tin-ist),  7i.  [<  Aretino  +  -ist.] 
A  profligate  of  the  stamp  of  Pietro  Aretino,  an 
Italian  poet  (1492-1557),  noted  for  his  impu- 
dence and  profligacy,  and  for  the  virulence  of 
his  satire. 

aretology  (ar-e-tol'o-ji),  re.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *ape- 
ToTuiyia  (ef.  apcra2.oyia,  discussion  or  praise  of 
virtue,  otherwise  jesting,  <  aperaUyog,  a  jester, 
lit.  one  who  talks  about  virtue),  <  aperi/,  virtue, 
+  ->o;  m.  <  > f ;  en;  speak:  see  -ology.]  That  part 
of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  its 
nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  it.  Also 
called  aretaics.     [Rare.] 

arettet,  <'•  t.    See  aret. 

arewt,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    An  old  form  of  arow. 

arfvedsonite  (ar'ved-son-it ),  a.  [Named  from 
J.  E.  Arfvedson,  a  Swedish  chemist.]  A  min- 
eral related  to  hornblende,  composed  of  silicates 
of  iron  and  soda  with  a  little  alumina  and  lime, 

arg.     In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  argent. 

argal1  (ar'gal),  re.     See  argoU. 

argal'-'t  (ar'gal),  adv.  A  ludicrous  corruption  of 
Latin  ergo,  therefore. 

He  drowns  not  himself :  argal,  he  .   .  .   shortens  not 
his  nun  life.  Shdk.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

argala  (ar'ga-la),  n.  [Auglo-Ind.,  also  argee- 
lah,  formerly  also  argali,  argill,  hargill,  repr. 
Hind.  Inn-gild.]  In  ornith.:  (a)  The  adjutant- 
bird,  .If/' a  argala  (Latham),  now  LeptopUlus 
argala,  of  India,  (»)  A  similar  bird  of  Africa, 
Leptoptilus  eruminiferus.  Temminek.  Properly 
called  marabou,  (c)  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  generic 
name  of  both  these  birds.  Hodgson,  1838.  See 
adjutant-bird,  marabou. 

argali  (iir'ga-li),  n.  [F.,  Russ.,  NL.,  etc.,  after 
the  Mongolian  and  Tungusian  name.]  1.  The 
large  wild  sheep  of  Asia,  Oris  ammon  (Linna?us), 
now  Caprovis  argali,  supposed  to  be  the  origi- 
nal stock  of  the  domestic  sheep.  It  stands  about 
4  teil  in- 1 1  at  the  wit  hers,  and  is  of  a  very  stout  build,  with 
enormously  thick 
and  long  spiral- 
horns, 
win.  b  aie  about 
in  cir- 
cumference at  the 

upward  of 
;.  feel  w  [i  ngth 
measured  along 
tie     convexity    of 

the    curve.      Tin. 
horns   rise  boldly 
from  tie  1-  i 
and    curve    back* 

ward  and  outward, 
then      down 

v^\,  and  for- 
ward, coining  to  a 

■  d       point ; 

and       they      taper 

gently   from 

to  ti)..     'the  animal  is  gregarious,  living  in  small  flocks, 

elm  fly  in  mountau  i  on  high 

plateaus. 

lb  nee  —  2.  Some  other  similar  wild  sheep,  as 

the  following— American  argali,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep  or  bighorn,  Ovis  montana.     See  bighorn. 

Bearded  argali,  1 1     Barbara  wild    bee] ioudad,.4m- 

motra  Jet  aoudad. 

Argand  gas-burner,  lamp.  See  gas-burner, 
lamp. 

Argantidae  (ar-gan'ti-de),  n.  />/.  Same  as  Ar- 
gasidce. 

argan-tree  (ar'gan-tre),  «.  [Ar.  (Morocco)  ar- 
gdn,  prop.  arjdn.]  A  sapotaceous  tree  of  Mo- 
root irgania   Sideroxylon,  the  only  specie! 

of  the  genus  Argnuin.     the  nut-  furnish  an  oil, stmi- 


l 


304 

lax  to  olive-oil,  which  is  an  Important  article  of  food  for 
the  inhabitants.    Its  wood  is  remarkable  for  hardness  and 

durability. 

Argas  (iir'gas),  n.    [NL.,  prob.  <  Gr.  apyde,  eontr. 

not  working,  idle  ;  cf.  o,>; i,m ,  Doric 
apyifc,  bright,  shining.]  A  genus  of  mites,  of 
the  family  Ixodidu;  having  no  eyes.    The  best- 

known  speeu  i  a  parasite  eif  birds,  especially 

doves,  and  known  as  the  dOW-tick.     Other  species  are  A. 

persicus  and  A.  nigra. 

Argasidae  (ar-gas'i-de),  re.  pi,  [NL.,  <  Argas  + 
-voce.]  A  family  of  ticks,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Argas.     Also  Argnutidce. 

Argean  (iir-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Argeus,  pertaining 
totheArgo:  see  Argo.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
ship  Argo,  or  to  the  constellation  of  that  name. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  Argeia  (Argolis  or  the  dis- 
trict of  Argos)  in  Greece,  or  to  the  Argives,  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Argos. 

argel,  arghel  (iir'gel),  h.  [Syrian.]  The  leaves 
of  the  asclepiadaeeous  plant  Solennstemma  Ar- 
gel, used  in  Egypt  for  the  adulteration  of  senna. 
Also  written  arguel. 

argema  (ar'je-ma),  n. ;  pi.  argemata  (iir-jem'a- 
ta).  [NL.,<  Gr.  apye/ta,  apyepov,  a  small  white 
speck  or  nicer,  <  apyog,  white.  Cf.  agrimony.]  1. 
A  small  white  ulcer  on  the  cornea. — 2.  [cap.  ] 
In  zobl.,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

Argemone  (iir-je-mo'ne),  re.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apyepuvn, 
a  kind  of  poppy,  named  from  its  supposed 
medicinal  qualities ;  <  apyepov  or  apyepa,  a  small 
white  speck  in  the  eye:  see  argema.]  A  small 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papareraeeee. 
The  species  are  all  ornamental,  and  natives  of  America, 
but  are  widely  naturalized.  From  the  seeds  of  A.  Mrxi- 
ratia  tin  Mexicans  obtain  an  oil  very  useful  to  painters. 
Both  yellow  and  white  varieties  of  this  species  are  often 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  the  horned  or  prickly 
poppy. 

argent  (ar'jent),  re.  and  a.  [<  F.  argent,  <  L.  ar- 
gentum,  silver,  money,  =  Oscan  aragetom  =  Skt. 
rajata,  white,  silver;  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  airgiod,  sil- 
ver, money,  connected  with  Ir.  Gael,  arg,  white, 
Gr.  ap) or,  white,  bright,  shining;  cf.  Gr.  apyvpog, 
silver  (with  different  suffix);  Skt.  arjuna,  sil- 
ver-white, <  •/  rij,  shine,  rafij,  color,  be  red.  ]  I. 
n.  1.  Silver,  or  something  resembling  it;  for- 
merly, in  a  more  general  sense,  money. 

She  shall  haue  the  first  day  a  whole  pecke  of  argent. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 
With  that  she  tore  her  robe  apart,  and  half 
The  polish'd  argent  of  her  breast  to  sight 
Laid  bare.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  the  metal  silver:  represented  con- 
ventionally in  uncolored  drawing  or  engraving 
by  a  plain  white  surface. 

Often  abbreviated  to  a.,  ar.,  or  arg. 
Argent  comptantt,  ready  money. 

II.   a.   Made   of  silver;   resembling  silver; 
bright  like  silver;  silvery- white. 

Pardon  me,  airy  planet,  that  I  prize 

One  thought  beyond  thine  argent  luxuries ! 

Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

argental  (ar-jen'tal),  a.  [=F.  argental,  <  L. 
argentum, silver.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling silver — Argental  mercury,  a  native  amalgam  of 
silver. 

argentan  (iir'jen-tan),  n.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -an.]  1.  An  alloy  of  varying  proportions 
of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc;  one  of  the  names 
given  as  a  trade-mark  to  German  silver  (which 
see,  under  silver). — 2.  A  species  of  French 
point-lace. 

argentate  (ar'jen-tat),  a.  and  re.      [<  L.  argen- 
tatus,  silvered,°<C  argentum,  silver.]    I.  a.  Sil- 
very, or  of  a  shining  white  color  with  a  tinge  of 
gray.    A.  Gray. 
II.  »■  In  ehem.,  a  salt  of  argentic  acid. 

argentation  (ar-jen-ta'shon),  n.    [<  L.  argen- 

tatUS,  overlaid  with  silver:  see  argentate.]  An 
overlaying  with  silver. 

argentea  (ar-jen'tf-ft),  «.;  pi.  argentex  (-e). 
[NL.,  fem.  of  L.  argenteus,  silvery:  see  ar- 
genteous.]  A  membrane  which  enters  into  the 
formation  of  the  eyeball  of  some  animals,  as 
('<  jiliiiliipiiiln  :  so  called  from  its  silvery  color. 
There  maybe  two  Buch  membranes,  in  which  ease  they 
are  known  as  the  argentea  externa  and  argentea  interna, 

argentei,  «•    Plural  of  argenteus. 

argenteous  (ar-jen'te-us),  a.  [<  L.  argenteus, 
silvery,  <  argentum,  silver.]     Silvery.     [Rare.] 

argentert,  ".  [Also  writ  ten  argciitit  r,  <  <  IF.  ar- 
gi  utii r,<  \,.  argentari/us,  a  money-changer,  bank- 
er. Id j.  a  silversmith,  prop.  adj..  <  argentum,  sil- 
ver,money.]  1.  Amoney-changer;  a  banker, — 
2.  A  silversmith,    A,  Wilson,  Hist.  James  I. 

argenteus  (ar-jen'te-us),  ».;  pi.  argentei  (-i). 

I  \j.  ise.  nummus),  of  silver:  see  argenteous.]  A 
Koman  silver  coin,  weighing  about  80  grains, 
introduced  by  the  emperor  ( 'aracalla,  and  worth 
a  denarius  and  a  half,    it  gradually  supplanted  the 


argentometer 

denarius,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  having 

the  bead   of  the   emperor   radiate.       \lli  la  short  tune  it 

became  only  a  copper  coin  washed  with  sih  ,i . 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Argenteus  of  Caracalla,  British  Museum.      ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

argentic  (Sr-jen'tik),  «.     [<  NL.  argentieus,  < 

L.  argentum,  silver.]  Containing  silver  in 
chemical  combination.     See  argentous. 

argentiert,  ».    Same  as  argenter. 

argentiferous  (ar-jen-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  +  Jerre  =  F.  bear1.]  Producing 
or    containing    silver:    as,   argentiferous   ore, 

veins,  etO. 

argentifict  (ar-jen-tif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  argentum, 
silver,  +  -ficus,  <  facere,  make:  see  -fie.]  Pro- 
ducing silver.     [Rare.] 

argentifyt  (iir-jen'ti-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -ficare,  make :  see-fg.]  To  turn  into  silver. 

argentilla  (ar-jen-til'a),  n.  [It.,  formed  as  a 
dim.  of  argento,  <  L.  argentum,  silver.]  A 
Genoese  lace,  much  like  point  d'Alencon. 

Argentina  (ar-jen-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
*argentinus,  pertaining  to  silver:  see  argen- 
tine.] 1.  A  genus  of  malacopterygian  fisnes, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Argentinidw :  so 
called  from  their  silvery  scales.  A.  sphyrama, 
of  European  waters,  is  the  type. —  2.  [1.  c]  A 
name  given  to  unglazed  porcelain,  coated  with 
gold,  silver,  or  copper  by  a  process  similar  to 
that  of  electroplating. 

argentine  (ar'jen-tin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  argen- 
tin,  <  L.  *argentinus,  pertaining  to  silver  (as 
noun,  LL.  Argentiuus,  the  god  of  silver  money), 
<  argentum,  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  silver;  silvery;  argent. 

Celestial  Diau,  goddess  argentine. 

Shale.,  r-ericles,  v.  2. 

2.  [ea/i.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  (Sp.  ji/ata,  silver),  the  estuary  of  the 
rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay  in  South  America, 
or  the  country  called  from  it  the  Argentine 
Republic  or  Confederation,  or  Argentina. — 
Argentine  flowers  of  antimony.  See  antimony.— 
Argentine  glass,  an  ornamental  glassware  having  the 
sheen  of  silver.  It  is  generally  formed  by  inclosing  deli- 
cate wdiite  silvery  incrustations  of  dry  porcelain  clay  in 
solid  and  transparent  glass. 

II.  it.  1.  A  silvery-white  slaty  variety  of 
calcite,  containing  a  little  silica  with  laminte 
usually  undulated,  found  in  primitive  rocks  and 
frequently  in  metallic  veins. —  2.  The  tetroxid 
or  antimoniate  of  antimony. —  3.  The  silvery 
coloring  matter  of  the  scales  of  fishes. — 4.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Seopelidee  or  Maurolieida: — 
5.  White  metal  coated  with  silver. — 6.  [cop.] 
A  citizen  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. —  sheppey  argentine,  Scopelw  pennanti,  a  fish 
of  the  family  ScopelidcB,  commonly  called  the  pearUside. 

argentinid  (iir-jen'ti-nid),  re.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Argentinida;  as  a  eaplin  or  eulaehon. 

Argeritinids  (ar-jen-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argentina  +  4dee. }  A  family  of  malacoptery- 
gian fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Argentina.  The 
body  is  fusiform,  covered  with  moderate  or  large  scales; 
the  branchiostegal  rays  are  tew,  and  p\  I.  a  te  i  icca  are  tew 
or  wanting.  The  speeieswere  universally  referred  to  the 
family  SoanonidcB  by  the  older  authors,  and  are  still  re- 
tained in  it  by  many,  but  tiny  differ  in  the  characters 
specified  and  other  anatomical  peculiarities,  the  chief 
representatives  are  the  genera  Argentina,  Osmerua  (in- 
cluding the  smelts),  MaUotua  (eaplin),  ami  Hypomesue, 
They  are  chiefly  inhabitants  of  COld  or  tempi  rate  seas,  but 
some,  as  the  smelts,  enter  and  live  in  flesh  water. 

Argentininae  (ar-jen-ti-ni'ne),  b.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Argentina  +  -ina\]    A  subfamily  of  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Argentina,  referred  to  the  fam- 
ily Siilinimiilie :  same  its  Argentinidee. 
argentinoid  (iir-jen'ti-noid),  a.     Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Argi  iitiuidie. 

argentite  (ai-'jen-lit ),  «.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -He-.]  Silver  sulphid,  a  blackish  lead- 
gray  mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  in  crusts, 
and  massive,  it  is  a  valuable  ore  of  silver,  found  in 
the  crystalline  rocks  of  many  countries.    Also  called  ar. 

inn  iii'.  ni-'tiirii*'-. 

argentobismutite  (ar-jen-t6-biz'mu-tit),  «. 

[<  argentum  +  bismut'h)  +  -Hi.]  A  native  sul.- 
phid  of  bismuth  and  silver.     Sometimes  called 

iiismutli  silver. 
argentometer  (ar-jen-tom'e-tto),  n.    [<  L.  ar- 

gintum,  silver,  +  (Ir.  girpov,  a  measure.]  A 
graduated  glass  tube  used  in  ascertaining  the 


argentometer 


305 


quantity  of  silver  in  a  solution  by  the  admission  argint,  arginet,  n.     [<  It.  arginc,  perhaps  <  L. 
of  chlorid  of  sodium.  aggerem,  ace.  of  agger,  a  mound:   sec  agger."] 

By  means  of  an  argentometer  the  strength  of  the  hath     An  embankment  or'rampart  in  front  of  a  fort. 

Argive  (ar'giv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Jrgivus,  <  Gr. 
'A^j rioc,  pertaining  to '!ip>oc,  Argos.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  Argos,  the  historic  capital  of  Argo- 
lis  or  Argeia  in  Greece,  or  to  its  inhabitants,  or 
to  Argolis,  the  territory  of  Argos.  The  Argive 
race  is  represented  in  Homer  as  the  most  powerful  in 
Greece,  and  hence  Argive  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to 
Grecian  »v  QreeJc. 

II.   ».   A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Argos 
or  of  Argolis;  a  Greek. 

argle-bargle  (iir'gl-bar'gl),  V.  i.  [Also  argie- 
bargie,  argle-bargin,  etc.;  a  varied  reduplica- 
tion of  argue.]  To  argue  obstinately;  bandy 
words;  haggle.     [Scotch.] 

ArgO  (iir'go),  h.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apya,  name  of  Ja- 
son's ship,  lit.  the  swift  :  also  n  constellation 
named  after  this  ship ;  <  apyor,  swift,  glancing, 
bright,  white:  see  argent.]  1.  In  Gr.mytli., 
the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  Jason  and  his 
fifty-four  companions  sailed  to  Colchis  in  quest 
of  the  golden  fleece. — 2.  An  ancient  southern 
constellation,  the  largest  in  the   heavens.    It 


can  easily  lie  maintained  at  a  given  point. 

Silver  Simbeam,  p.  196. 

argentous  (8r-jen'tus),  a.  [<  L.  argentosus,  < 
argentum,  silver.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
silver:  appliod  to  a  compound  which  contains 
a  larger  proportion  of  silver  than  the  corre- 
sponding argentic  compound:  as,  argentous 
oxid,  Ag40;  argentic  oxid,  Ag20. 

argentry  (ar'jon-tri),  n.    [<  F.  argenterie,  plate, 
silver  plate,  Cargent,  silver:  see  argent]     It. 
Articles  formed  of  silver ;  silver  plate, 
fawning  his 


argosy 

lloncc  —2.  pi.  Those  who  emigrated  to  Cali- 
fornia about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
there:  as,  the  Argonauts  of  '49. 

Numbers  of  small  parties  from  Oregon  arrived  before 
Julj  (1848),  but  the  vast  body  of  gold  eekers  known  alter- 
wards  as  the  Argonauts  did  not  reach  the  Pacific  Coast 
until  early  in  1849.      C.  11.  Shinn,  Mining  Camps,  p.  109. 


argentry  and  jewels. 

HoweU.  Letters, 


i.  2. 


2. 


Silvery  appearance.     [Rare.] 

And  there  the  guttering  argentry 
Ripples  and  glances  on  the  confluent  streams. 

Southey. 

argentum  (iir-jen'tum),  n.  [L. :  see  argent] 
Silver.  In  chem.,  abbreviated  Ag — Argentum 
mosaicum,  an  amalgam  of  tin,  bismuth,  and  mercury, 
used  for  coloring  images  of  plaster  of  Paris.    E.  11.  Knight. 

Arges  (ar'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dpyr/c,  bright, 
glancing,  apy6r,  bright,  white.]  1.  A  genus 
of  South  American  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Argidee. — 2.  A  genus  of  trilobites. 

arghel,  n.    See  argel. 

arghool  (ar-gbT),  n.  An  Egyptian  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  two  tubes,  with  a  mouth- 
piece furnished  with  reeds.  Sometimes  both  tubes 
are  pierced  with  holes,  sometimes  oidy  one,  the  other  be- 
ing used  as  a  drone. 

argid  (iir'jid),  n.     A  fish  of  the  family  Argidee. 

Argidae  (ar'ji-de),  n.  pt.  [NL.,  <  Arges  +  -ides.  ] 
A  family  of  nematognathous  fishes,  typified  by 
the  genus  Arges,  related  to  the  Loricariida;  but 
having  a  naked  body  and  only  maxillary  bar- 
bels. There  are  about  10  known  species,  of  small  size, 
inhabiting  the  upper  Andean  streams  and  derivatives 
therefrom. 

argil  (ar'jil),  n.  [<  F.  argile,  <  L.  argilla,  white 
clay,  <  Gr.  ipyMa  or  apyda,  usually  apyMor  or 
apyi'Aoc,  white  clay,  <  apy6(,  white:  see  argent.] 
Potters'  clay.  This  word  has  been  used  in  different 
senses,  and  was  proposed  as  a  name  for  alumina  when  its 
nature  was  tirst  discovered.  It  is  now  used  by  technical 
writers  as  a  distinctive  term  for  clay  which  is  fit  for  pot- 
ters' use. 

argillaceous  (iir-ji-la'shius),  «.  [<  L.  argilla- 
ceus,  <  argilla,  white  clay:  see  argil.]  1.  Of 
the  nature  of  or  resembling  clay. —  2.  Contain- 
ing a  considerable  amount  of  clayey  matter :  as, 
argillaceous  earth.— Argillaceous  rocks,  rocks  of 
sedimentary  origin,  soft  in  texture,  deposited  for  the  most 
part  in  thin'  layers.  Clay  forms  the  basis,  but  with  it  other 
substances  may  be  associated,  as  vegetable  matter  (car- 
bonaceous shale),  iron  (clayband  ironstone),  lime  (marl), 
etc.  When  the  shale  is  tolerably  pure  it  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  the  peculiar  odor,  termed  argillaceous,  which 
it  emits  when  breathed  on. — ArglUaceous  slate  or 
schist,  clay  slate,  a  metamorphic  rock  which  in  Scotland 
is  characteristic  of  the  Silurian  formation. 

argilliferous  (iir-ji-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  argilla, 
white  clay  (see  argil)',  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.] 
Producing  or  containing  clay  or  argil. 

argillite  (ar'ji-lit),  n.     [<  L.  argilla,  white  clay 


Canopus, 


Argfm. iu[     .  t  >   ■    >::..'>    "  .■  '   .  r ■  ■  r n . 1 1 .- 

3.  [I.e.]  A  cephalopod  mollusk,  known  also 
as  the  paver-na/uMlus  and  'paper-sailor.  The  com- 
mon Mediterranean  species,  Argonauta  argo,  was  fabled 
to  carry  its  velamentous  arms  erect  as  sails,  and  tlen-hy 
to  be  wafted  by  the  winds.  The  arms  are  in  fact  com- 
monly carried  appressed  to  the  shell,  and  progression  is 
effected  chiefly  backward,  as  with  other  cuttlefishes,  by 
the  ejection  of  water  through  the  siphon. 

Argonauta  (ar-go-na'ta),  n.  [L.,  an  Argonaut : 
see  Argonaut.]  A  genus  of  cephalopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Argouautida. 

Argonautic  (iir-go-na'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Argonau- 
ticus,  <  Argonauta,  Argonaut.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Argonauts,  or  relating  to  their  voy- 
age to  Colchis:  as,  the  Argonautic  story.  See 
Argonaut,  1. 

argonautid  (iir-go-na'tid),  n.  A  cephalopod  of 
the  family  Argonautidce. 

Argonautidae  (ar-go-na'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argonauta  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  octopod  cepha- 


The  Constellation  Argo. 


contains  Canopus,  after  sirius  the  brightest  of  the  fixed 
stars.  By  modern  astronomers  it  is  commonly  divided 
into  four  parts  by  adding  the  distinctive  words  uavix, 
carina,  puppis,  and  velum,  or  hull,  keel,  stern,  and  sail. 
3.  [I.  c.j  In  :obl.,  the  technical  specific  name 
of  the  paper-nautilus,  Argonauta  argo. —  4.  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods: 
synonymous  with  Doris.  Bohadsch. 
argol1  (iir'gol),  «.  [<  ME.  argoil,  argoyleK  AF. 
argoil;  origin  unknown;  appar.  ult.  <  Gr.  dp)  or, 
white.]  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar;  a  hard 
crust,  consist  ing  of  potassium  bi  tartrate,  formed 
on  the  sides  of  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been 
fermented.  It  is  purple  or  white  according  to  the  color 
of  the  wine.  Argol  is  used  by  dyers  to  dispose  the  stuffs 
to  take  their  colors ;  and  the  purified  bitartrate,  called 
cream  of  tartar,  is  used  in  medicine,  cooking,  ami  lie 
processes  of  tinning  and  silvering.  It  is  also  a  constitu- 
ent of  most  baking-powders.  Also  written  argal,  argoil, 
argall,  orgal. 


(see  argii),+~-ite2'.]  Ai'gillaceousschistorslate;  argol2  (iir'gol),  n.     [Mongol.]    A  cake  of  dried 
clay  slate  (which  see,  under  clay).  camel's  dung,  used  by  the  Mongols  as  fuel. 

argillitic  (iir-ji-lit'ik),  a.      [<  argillite  +  -ic]  argolett,  argoulett,  »•     [OF.  argoulet 


obscure.]  A  member  of  a  French  corps  of  light 
cavalry  instituted  by  Louis  XII.,  similar  to  the 
estradiots,  and  probably  armed  and  drilled  in 
partial  imitation  of  that  corps. 


Take  a  cornet  of  our  horse, 
As  many  argolets,  and  armed  pikes, 
And  with  our  carriage  march  away  before. 

Peele,  Battle  of  Alcazar. 


Pertaining  to  argillite. 
argillo  (iLr-jil'o),  n.     [<  L.  argilla,  <  Gr.  apyMor, 

white  clay:    see  argil.]     A  name  given  to  a 

vitreous  compound  of  which  tiles,  table-tops, 

door-knobs,  etc.,  are  made, 
argilloarenaceous    (iir-jil"6-ar-e-na'shius),  a. 

[<  argillous  +  arenaceous.]     Consisting  of  clay 

and  sand, 
argillocalcareous  (iir-.iil"6-kal-ka're-us),  a.  argoletiert,  "•     [OF.]     Same  as  argolet. 

[<  argillous  +  calcareous.]     Consisting'  of  clay  Argolic  (ar-gol'ik),  a.     [<  L.  Argolicus,  <  Gr. 

and  calcareous  earth.  'ApyohKor,  pertaining  to  'Ap)o?.ic,  Argolis.     See 

argillocalcite  (iir-jil-6-kal'sit),  n.     [<  argillous     Argive.]     Belonging  to  Argolis,  the   territory 

+  calcite.]     A  species  of  calcareous  earth  with     of  Argos,  a  district  of  <  Jreeee,  in  Peloponnesus, 

a  large  proportion  of  clay;  marl.  between  Arcadia  and  the  ^Egean  sea  :   as,  the 

argilloferruginous  (iir-jil  *6-fe-r6'ji-nus),  a.     Argolic  Gulf. 

[\  aritillous  + 


Argonauta  argo  (male),  with  hectocotylized  arm  attached.    (Sev- 
eral times  smaller  than  the  female,  though  shown  larger.) 

lopods,  represented  by  the  genus  Argonauta, 
with  an  ovoid  finless  body  and  the  two  upper- 
most arms  (in  the  female)  expanded  terminally 


[< 


■ferruginous.]      Containing  clay  argon  (iir'gon),  n.     [<  Gr.  apydc,  lazy,  inert.) 

A  name  given  by  Lord  Rayleigh  and  Professor 
William  Ramsay  to  a  new  constituent  of  the 
atmosphere  discovered  by  them  in  1894.  It  is 
an  inodorous  gas,  singularly  inert  chemically. 
Argonaut  (iir'go-nat),  n.  [<  L.  Argonauta,  < 
Gr.  'Apyovavn/r,  'one  who  sailed  in  the  Argo, 
<  'Apyto,  Argo,  +  vavrijc.  (=  L.  nauta),  a  sailor,  < 
vavc,  a  ship:  see  nave2,  nautical.]  1.  One  of 
the  heroes  who,  according  to  the  ancient  Hel- 
lenic myth,  sailed  with  Jason  in  the  ship 
Argo  to  Colchis  on  the  Euxine  sea  in  quest  of 
the  golden  fleece.  This  they  secured,  and  Jason  also 
bore  back  with  him  and  his  comrades  to  Iolcus,  amid  won- 
derful adventures,  the  Colehian  king's  daughter  Medea, 
the  enchantress. 


and  iron,  as  a  mineral. 

argilloid  (iir-jil'oid),  a.  [<  L.  argilla  (see  argil) 
+  -oid.]  Having  an  argillaceous  or  clayey  ap- 
pearance ;  like  argil  or  clay. 

Argillomis  (iir-ji-lor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ar- 
gilla, white  clay  (see  argil),  +  Gr.  bpvir,  bird.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  birds  from  the  London  clay  of 
Sheppey.  A .  longipennis  (Owen),  of  uncertain  affinities, 
is  the  typical  species.  The  fossil  remains  indicate  a  long- 
winged  bird  larger  than  an  albatross.     R.  Owen,  1878. 

argillous  (ar-jil'us),  a.  [<ME.  argillous,  <  OF. 
argillos,  argillus,  mod.  F.  argileux,  <  L.  argil- 
losus,  abounding  in  clay,  <  argilla,  white  clay : 
see  argil.]  Consisting  of  or  belonging  to  clay; 
clavey. 
20 


Argonauta  argo  (female),  swimming  in  the  direction  of  the  large 
arrow  —  the  smaller  showing  the  current  from  the  siphon. 

into  broad  flatfish  velamenta,  which  secrete  a 
papery,  spiral,  single-chambered,  involute  shell. 
The  family  is  peculiar  in  the  development  of  the  shell. 
The  only  known  genus  is  Anionauta.  The  shells,  popularly 
known  as  the  argonaut,  paper^nautilus,  and  paper^ailor, 
and  common  as  curiosities,  are  peculiar  to  the  female,  are 
secreted  by  the  velamentous  arms,  and  are  charged  with 
the  eggs  in  the  breeding  season. 
argosy  (ar'go-si),  n. ;  pi.  argosies  (-siz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  argosie,  argosey,  argozee,  argosea, 
also  argose,  arguze,  and  ragosie,  rhaguse,  and 
first  in'  the  forin  ragusye  (see  first  quot.),  <  It. 
Ragusca,  pi.  Ragusee,  lit.  a  vessel  of  Eagusa  (in 
early  mod.  E.  also  Aragouse,  Arragosa),  a  port 
in  Dalmatia  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic 
sea,  noted  for  its  commerce.]  Alarge  merchant 
vessel,  especially  one  cai'i-ying  a  rich  freight. 

Furthermore,  how  acceptable  a  thing  this  may  be  to 
the  Ragusyes,  Hulks.   Caravels,  and  other   foreign   rich 


306 

dispute  about  an  award.  It  often  means  the  alternate  giv- 
ing ,,i  reasons  especially  Ijv  two  persons.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  mere  bickering,  ami  is  in  general  less  dignified 
than  the  other  words.  To  debate  is  to  interchange  argu- 
ments in  a  somen  hat  formal  manner,  as  in  debating  soci- 
,  n  and  legislative  bodies.  To  discuss  is.  by  derivation, 
to  shake  or  knock  a  subject  to  pieces  in  order  to  find  the 
truth,  or  the  best  thing  to  be  dune.  A  debate,  therefore, 
may  be  viewed  as  a  discussion,  or  a  discussion  as  a  debate. 
Strictly  a  discussion  is  an  amicable  presentation  of  opin- 
ions, not  limited,  like  the  others,  to  affirmative  and  nega- 
tive sides  of  a  proposition,  and  with  the  expectation  ou  the 
partofallthat  the  conclusion  will  be  the  adoption  of  no  one 
person's  opinion  or  plan  unmodified.  To  argue  a  point,  to 
dieputi  a  position,  u<  dispute  willi  a  neighbor,  to  debate  a 
motion,  to  diseuss  a  subject  or  a  plan. 

Stubbornly  be  did  repugn  the  truth 
About  a  certain  question  in  the  law, 
Argu'd  betwixt  the  duke  of  York  ami  him. 

Shtik.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iy.  1. 
We  might  diseuss  the  Northern  sin 
Which  made  a  selfish  war  begin  ; 
Dispute  the  claims,  arrange  the  chances  ; 
Emperor,  Ottoman,  which  shall  win. 

Teungson,  To  Maurice. 

They  [lawyers]  found  time  to  debate  fully  all  the  points 
of  interest  raised  by  a  rase,  whether  the  solution  of  them 
was  necessary  for  the  actual  decision  or  not. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  106. 
The  archbishop  was  on  his  way  to  a  synod  where  the 
great  question  was  to  be  discussed  whether  gas  might  be 
used  at  the  altar  instead  of  candles. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  43. 

arguel,  ».     Same  as  argel. 
arguer  (ar'gu-er),  n.     [ME.  arguere;  <  argue  + 
-erl.]     One  who  argues;    a  reasoner;  a  dis- 
puter. 
[<   argue  +  -able.-]  argufler  («#&&«>   n.     One  who  argues  or 
argufies.     [Colloq.] 

I  have  noticed  that  your  people  who  are  pretty  well 
agreed  are  always  the  fiercest  argufiers. 

II'.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  i. 

argufy  (ar'gu-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  argufied, 
ppr.  argufying.  [Improp.  <  argue  +  -/;/.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  argue,  commonly  in  a  pertina- 
cious manner,  or  for  the  sake  of  controversy ; 
wrangle. 

It  ain't  no  use  to  argerfg  ner  try  to  cut  up  frisky. 

Luwell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  p.  15. 
2.  To  have  weight  as  an  argument;  import; 
signify. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  contend  about;  worry  with 
argument.— 2.  To  signify;  mean. 

But  what  argufies  all  this  festivity?  'Tis  all  vanity  and 
vexation  of  spirit.  Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vi.  41. 

[In  all  uses  colloquial  or  dialectal.] 
arguitive  (iir-gu'i-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  *arguitus,  pp. 
of  arguere,  argue  (see  argue),  +  -we. J  Having 
the  character  or  form  of  an  argument.  [Bare.] 
—  Arguitive  descent.  See  descent,  13. 
argulid  (ar'gu-lid),  n.  A  fish-louse  of  the  fami- 
ly Argulidw. 

2.  To  contend  in  argument;  dispute:  as,  you  Argulldse  (ar-gu'li-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Argulus 
may  arquc  with  your  friend  a  week  without     +.,,;„..]   A  family  of  siphonostomous  entomos- 

tracan  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Argu- 
lus. These  fish-lice  have  a  flat  shield-like  body,  the  ce- 
phalnthorav  coalesced  with  the  abdomen,  ami  the  post- 
abdomen  rudimentary  and  bearing  two  tail-fins.  They  are 
parasitic  on  various  fishes,  especially  fresh-yvater  species, 
ami  sometimes  attack  young  fishes  in  such  numbers  as  to 
cause  their  death.  The  family  with  some  authors  consti- 
tutes a  suborder  Branchiura. 


argosy 

laden  ships  passing  within  or  by  any  of  the  sea-limits  of 
Her  M.  -  royalty.  „    ,,  , 

Dr  John  Dee,  Petty  Navy  Royal,  in  Arbcrs  English 
[Garner,  II.  07. 
There,  where  your  argosies  with  portly  sail, 
Like  signiors  and  rich  burghers  on  the  Hood,  .  .  . 
Do  overpeer  the  petty  traffickers.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 
By  the  Venetian  law,  no  slave  might  cuter  a  Venetian 
ship,  and  to  tread  the  deck  oi  an  argosy  oi  \  enlce  became 
the  privilege  and  the  evidence  of  freedom. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  I  .  S.,  1. 129. 

argot  (ar'go  or  ar'got),  ».  [F.;  origin  obscure.] 
The  conventional  slang  of  a  class,  originally 
that  of  thieves  and  vagabonds,  devised  for 
purposes  of  disguise  and  concealment;  cant; 
slang. 

Argot  is  formed  .  .  .  by  the  adoption  of  foreign  words, 
by  the  absolute  suppression  of  grammar,  bj  grotesque 
tropes,  wild  cataehresis,  and  allegorical  metonymy. 

Farrar. 

Words  or  expressions  in  an  ancient  language,  if  they 
happen  to  coincide  with  some  modern  argot  or  vulgarism, 
take  on  a  grotesque  association  which  is  not  due  at  all  to 
the  phrase  itself,  but  which  makes  the  phrase  seem  much 
bolder  than  it  really  is.  Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXII.  17.. 

argoulett,  »•     See  argoUt. 

Argozoum  (ar-go-zd'um),  n.  [NL-.  appar.<  Ur. 
ii, r  tje,  Doric  dp)  ac,  a  kind  of  serpent  (cf.  apyr/c, 
bright,  etc.,  <  apyde,  white),  +  C<?01'>  animal.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  animals,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dinosaurian  rep- 
tiles, known  by  their  footprints  in  the  Triassie 
formation  of  the  Connecticut  valley.  Hitchcock, 
1848. 

arguable   (ar'gu-a-bl),   a 
Capable  of  being  argued ;  admitting  argument. 
When  men  say  "mere philosophy,"  theymean  something 
arguable,  something  deniable. 

J.  It.  Seeley,  Natural  Religion,  p.  1S4. 

argue  (iir'gu),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  argued,  ppr. 
arguing.  [<  ME.  arguen,  arguwen,  <  OF.  (and 
mod.  F.)  arguer,  <  L.  arguere,  declare,  show, 
prove,  make  clear,  reprove,  accuse ;  prob.  con- 
nected with  Gr.  apyoq ,  white,  bright,  etc. :  see 
argent,  and  ef.  declare,  lit.  make  clear.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  bring  forward  reasons  to  support 
or  to  overthrow  a  proposition,  an  opinion,  or  a 
measure;  use  arguments;  reason:  as,  A  argues 
in  favor  of  a  measure,  B  argues  against  it. 
With  what  cunning 
This  woman  argues  for  her  own  damnation! 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iii.  3. 
Yet  I  argue  not 
Against  Heaven's  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a  jot 
Of  heart  or  hope.  Milton,  Sonnets,  xvii. 

Paul  argues  that  human  reason  so  seeking  for  God  can 
discover  his  power  and  his  divinity,  and  holds  that  the 
true  God  is  not  far  from  every  one  of  us. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  206. 


convincing  him. 

For  e'en  though  vanquished,  lie  could  argue  still. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  212. 
How  finely  we  argue  upon  mistaken  facts  ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  debate  or  diseuss ;  treat  by 
reasoning;  state  the  reasons  for  or  against:  as, 


argumentable 

2.  The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism.  [See  pre- 
ceding note.] 

Argument  is  the  bare  proof  or  mean  term  which  is  in- 
vented by  him  that  disputeth,  to  prove  the  truth  of  the 
question  ;  but  argumentation  is  the  whole  reasoning  itself, 
of  what  form  soever  it  be,  comprehending  both  the  ques- 
tion and  also  the  proof  thereof.  Blundeville,  1619. 

Argument  again,  argumentum, — what  is  assumed  in 
order  to  argue  something,— is  properly  the  middle  notion 
in  a  reasoning  — that  through  which  the  conclusion  is  es- 
tablished. Sir  "'•  Barmlton. 

3.  A  reasoning ;  the  process  by  which  the  eon- 
nection  between  that  which  is  or  is  supposed 
to  be  admitted  and  that  which  is  doubted  or 
supposed  to  need  confirmation  is  traced  or 
tested. 

In  matters  of  wrong  arguments  do  confound  sense,  when 
in  explanation  of  right  they  do  sensibly  approve  it. 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  ii. 

The  probability  which  she  easily  perceives  in  things 
thus  in  their  native  state  would  be  quite  lost  if  this  argu- 
ment were  managed  learnedly  and  proposed  in  mood  and 
figure.  Locke- 

We  do  not  know  God  by  argument,  by  reading  books  of 
evidences  or  books  of  theology  :  we  know  liiul  just  as  we 
know  the  external  world,—  by  experience. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  162. 

4.  An  address  or  composition  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  belief  or  conviction  by  rea- 
soning or  persuasion. —  5.  A  series  of  argumen- 
tations for  and  against  a  proposition ;  a  debate. 
—  6.  The  subject-matter  or  groundwork  of  a 
discourse  or  writing;  specifically,  an  abstract 
or  summary  of  the  chief  points  in  a  book  or 
section  of  a  book:  as,  the  arguments  prefixed 
to  the  several  books  of  "Paradise  Lost"  were 
an  afterthought. 

That  the  yvhole  argument  fall  within  compass  of  a  day's 
business.  ...    TT 

B.  Jonsou,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

The  abstract  or  argument  of  the  piece  is  shortly  as  fol- 
lows. Jeffrey. 
7t.  Matter  of  contention,  controversy,  or  con- 
versation. 


Ami  sheath'd  their  swords  for  lack  of  argument. 
Slink.,  Hen.  V., 


iii.  1. 


the  counsel  argued  the  cause  before  the  Supreme  ArgUliua  (ar-gu-li'na),  „..  pi     [NX,.,  <  Argulus 

/"I t     .        4-1-,^      n.n  non     TITO  Cf     ll'dll       /I  fft  11  oA  .      **     .  -.  mi  I V?  Jt i  _  J rt       rn.^fnini  lir 


Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

I  must  submit 
To  the  divine  decree,  not  argue  it ; 
And  cheerfully  I  welcome  it. 
Fletchi  e  (and  MastingerT),  Lover's  Progress,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  evince;  render  inferable  or  dedueible ; 
show  :  imply :  as.  the  order  visible  in  the  uni- 
verse argues  a  divine  cause. 

Not  to  know  me  argues  yourselves  unknown. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  iv.  830. 

These  were  Wolds, 

As  meted  by  his  measure  of  himself, 
boundli      forbearance. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  affect  in  any  way  by  argument;  induce 
a  change  in  the  mind  uf,  in-  in  regard  to,  by 
persuasion  or  reasoning:  us.  In  argue  one  out 
uf  his  purpose;  to  argue  away  a  false  impres- 
sion. 

It  is  a  sort  of  poetical  logic  which  I  would  make  use  of 
:    I  ou  ml,,  ,  |,,  otectlon  of  this  play. 

I     i  rreue,  Ded.  of  Old  Batchelor. 

4t.  To  accuse  or  charge;  iinpeach  or  convict: 

used  Willi  (if. 

lie  doth  implore, 

\  ,,u  «,,iiM  ii, ,t  argue  hi »  arrogance. 

/;  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Poetaster. 

I  have  pleaded  guilty  to  all  .  .  .  expressions  of  mini 

which  i"l Ii  "I'.  «/•</«'  d  ol  oli  ,  i  nit}  ....    and  retract 

them.  Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fable 

=Syn.  Argue,  Dispute,  Vebai     I"    "       pit  id   expostu 

late,  remonstrate.    To  argue  Is  to  defend pii 

to  exhibit  reasons  or  proofs  in  favor  "i  some  assert!  n 
.,r  principle  ;  it  implies  a  process  oi  detailed  proof  by 

ol   more  |„r, on,.      TO  dispute    may  lie   to  call   in  question 

the  statements  or  arguments  of  an  opposing  party  :  as,  to 


+'4na.]    The  ArgutidtB,  rated  as  a  subfamily. 

arguline  (itr'gu-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Argulina. 

Argulus  (ar'gu-Tos),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr 
apyoc,  contr.  of  aepydc,  living  without  labor,  <. 
a-  priv.  +  tpyov  =  E.  work.]  A  genus  of  fish- 
lice,  or  epizoie  entomostraeans,  the  type  of  the 

family  An/uUiUr.    It  is  one  of  the  most  singular  i li- 

fications  of  these  parasitic  entomostracous  crustaceans, 
and  is  a  common  parasite  upon  the  stickleback  and  vari- 
ous other  fishes. 

argument  (iir'gu-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  argument, 
<  OF.  argument  (V.  argument),  <  L.  argumentum. 
proof,  evidence,  token,  subject,  contents,  <  ar- 
guere, prove,  argue:  see  argue.]  1.  A  state- 
ment or  fact  tending  to  produce  belief  con- 
cerning a  matter  in  doubt ;  a  premise  or  prem- 
ises set  forth  in  order  to  prove  an  assumption 
or  conclusion. 

It  is  all  uruument  tile  times  are  sore, 
When  virtue  cannot  safely  be  advanced. 

/;.  Jon/son,  Sejanus,  iii.  l. 

Thicker  111. in  ueuumeilts,  temptations  throng. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  7.">. 
The  only  argument  available  with  an  east  wind  is  to  put 

on  your  overcoat  Lowell,  Dei r*  I 

Mo  the  familiar  meaning  of  the  word,  probabll  ori 
mited  in  Roman  law-courts,  The  usual  definition  given  by 
Cicero  ami  almost  all  authorities  is  ratio  rei  dvMosfacwns 
ed,-,u  ;i  reason  causing  belief  of  a  doubtful  matter.  Boe 
iiu  i ■  place  defines  it  as  a  medium  proving  a  con- 
clusion. The  word  medium  here  means  a  premise,  or 
according  to  all  the  commentators.     iPctrut 

II,    ,       Ii     i  .  .id  iilit.)      But  since  medium  usually  n i    thl 

middle  term  ,,i  a  Byllogism,  a logli  ems  have  been  led 

i.,  give  argument  this  signification.! 


It  would  lie  argument  for  a  week,  laughter  for  a  month, 
and  a  good  jest  forever.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

The  remembrance  of  this  small  vexation 
Will  be  an  argument  of  mirth  for  ever. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 

8.  In  math.:  (a)  Of  an  imaginary  quantity, 
the  coefficient  of  the  imaginary  unit  in  its  log- 
arithm, (b)  The  angle  or  quantity  on  which 
a  series  of  numbers  in  a  numerical  table  de- 
pends and  with  which  the  table  is  entered.  If 
for  example,  a  table  of  the  sun's  declination  were  formed 
corresponding  to  every  degree,  etc.,  of  longitude,  so  that, 
the  longitude  being  known,  the  declination  might  be  found 
opposite  to  it,  then  the  longitude  would  be  called  the 
arqument  of  the  table.  Tables  of  double  entry  have  two 
arguments.  In  the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  argument. 
without  qualification,  is  the  angular  distance  on  the  epi- 
cycle of  a  planet  from  the  true  apogee  ol  the  epicycle  ;  and 
the  equation  of  the  aniument  is  the  angular  distance,  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  of  a  planet  from  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle, the  correction  to  the  second  inequality.  See  evira- 
tion.—Argument  from  enumeration,  a  rude  kind  of 
induction  in  which  the  inference  is  made  that  something 
is  true  of  a  whole  class,  because  it  is  tine  of  certain  mem- 
bers of  that  class.—  Argument  from  example.  See  ex. 
um pie.- Argument  from  exclusion,  an  argument  in 
which,  after  showing  that  all  causes  but  one  are  insuffi- 
cient to  account  for  a  phenomenon,  it  is  urged  that  the 
one  remaining  cause  must  be  the  true  one.— Argument 
of  the  latitude,  the  arc  of  the  orbit  reckoned  from  the 
ascending  node.— Artificial  argument,  contentious 
argument,  cumulative  argument.  See  the  adjec 
tives.-DUemmatlc  argument,  one  winch  purports  to 
show  that  a  whole  class  has  a  certain  character  by  dli  iding 
it.  into  parts,  and  showing  that  every  part  has  that  char 
aeter.  Disjunctive  argument,  a  reasoning  of  the  form: 
Sis  either  Port);  it  is  not  P;  hence  it  must  bet).— Dissen- 
taneous argument,  extrinsic  argument,  etc.  See 
the  adjectives.—  Hypothetical  argument,  an  argument 

,„ i  whose  premises  is  a  hypothetical  or  conditional 

proposition.  It  is  not  identical  with  hypothetw  mfi  rence. 
see  hypothetic.—  Inductive  argument,  an  argument 
founded  on  an  induction.-  Negative  argument,  an  ar- 
gument  which  eon,  ludes  the  m-n  existi  ni  e  of  a  phenome- 
non from  its  not  having  been  observed,  (t'orotberpbriises, 
see  argumentum,  place,  proo/.)  =  Syn.  3.  Plea,  Argument. 
"  /■/.■,!  should  be  used  of  the  pleadings  or  of  the  arraign- 
ment before  the  trial,  not  Of  the  uruument  at.  the  trial. 
\  plea  is  always  addressed  to  the  court ;  an  argument  may 
Ii,  addressed  cither  to  the  court  or  to  the  jury.'  A.  S. 
Hill,  Rhetoric,  p.  53. 
argumentt  (ar'gu-ment),  v.  [<  ME.  argumen- 
ts, <  L.  argumentan,  adduce  proof,  <  argumen- 
tum: see  argument,  tl.]  I.  intrans.  To  argue; 
debate;  bring  forward  reasons.     Chaucer. 

II.  trans.  To  make  the  subject  of  an  argu- 
ment or  debate      .V.  K.  It. 

argumenta.  «.    Plural  of  argumentum. 

argumentablet  (iir-gu-men'ta-bl),  a.  L<  LI- 
arguiuentabilis,  that  may  be  proved,  <  L.  argu- 
mentari.  adduce  us  proof :  sen  argument,  /..  and 
-able.]  Admitting  of  argument ;  capable  of  be- 
ing argued. 


argumental 

argumental  (iir-gu-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  anjii- 
mentalis,  <  argumentum  :  see  argument.]  Be- 
longing to  or  consisting  in  argument. 

Thus  they  dispute,  guilding  their  tongues'  report 
With  instances  and  argumentall  sawes. 

G.  Markham,  Sir  it.  Grinuile  (Arb.  reprint),  p.  49. 

I  am  at  length  recovered  from  my  (tegumental  delirium. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  ;»f». 

argumentation  (ar'gu-men-ta'shon),  «.  [= 
P.  argumentation,  <  L.  argumentation-),  <  unjn- 
mentari,  pp.  argumentatus,  adduce  as  proof :  seo 
argument,  ».]  1 .  The  setting  forth  of  reasons 
together  with  the  conclusion  drawn  from  them ; 
also,  the  premises  and  conclusion  so  set  forth. 

Those  scholastic  forms  of  discourse  are  not  less  liable  to 
fallacies  than  the  plainer  ways  of  argumentation.     Locke. 

Argumentation  or  reasoning  is  that  operation  of  the 
mind  whereby  we  infer  one  thing,  that  is,  one  proposition, 
from  two  or  more  propositions  premised.    Watts,  Logic,  Int. 

2.  A  course  of  reasoning;  discussion;  debate. 

The  relation  of  his  meaning  to  science  is  essential,  but, 
in  orderly  argumentation,  subsequent. 

Pop.  Set  Mo.,  XXVIII.  619. 
-Syn.  See  reasoning. 
argumentative  (ftr-gu-men'ta-tiv),  a,  [<  F. 
argumentatif,  <  L.  as  if  *  argumentalivus,  <  argu- 
mentatus: see  argumentation.']  1.  Consisting 
in  argument;  containing  a  process  of  reason- 
ing; controversial:  as,  an  argumentative  dis- 
course. 

We  are  not  to  dwell  upon  the  mental  processes  which 
composed  the  proof,  upon  the  argumentative  part  of  re- 
ligion ;  but  upon  the  tilings  proved. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  237. 

2.  Showing  reasons  for.     [Rare.] 
Another  thing  argumentative  of  Providence  is,  etc. 

Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument ;  disputatious :  as,  an 
argumentative  writer;  he  is  very  argumentative. 

argumentatively  (ur-gu-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  argumentative  manner ;  with  respect  to  rea- 
soning or  arguments. 

Bowles,  in  losing  his  temper,  lost  also  what  little  logic 
he  had,  and  though  in  a  vague  way  jesthetically  right, 
contrived  always  to  be  argumentativelg  wrong. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  430. 

argumentativeness  (iir-gu-men'ta-tiv-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  argumentative. 

Thus  was  the  young,  vacant  mind  furnished  with  much 
talk  about  Progress  of  the  Species,  Dark  Ages,  Prejudice, 
and  the  like,  so  that  all  were  quickly  enough  blown  out 
into  a  state  of  windy  argumentativeness. 

Carlisle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  78. 

argumentator  (ar'gu-men-ta''tor),  n.  [LL.,  < 
L.  argumentatus :  see  argumentation.']  One  who 
conducts  an  argument ;  a  reasoner.     N.  E.  D. 

argumentizet  (Sr'gu-men-tiz),  v.  i.  [<  argu- 
ment +  -ize.]  To  argue;  debate;  reason: 
as,  " argumentiemg  philosophy,"  Mannyngham, 
Discourses,  p.  34. 

argumentum  (ar-gu-nien'tuin),  n. ;  pi.  argu- 
ment)! (-ta,).  [L. :  see  argument.]  An  argument. 
—Argumentum  ad  crumenam,  an  argument  appealing 
tothe  purse,  or  to  one's  desire  to  save  money.  —  Argumen- 
tum ad  hominem.  See  ad  kominem.— Argumentum 
ad  ignorantiam,  an  argument  based  upon  an  adversary's 
ignorance  of  the  matter  in  dispute.— Argumentum  ad 
invidiam,  an  argument  appealing  to  one's  hatreds  or 
prejudices.  — Argumentum  ad  judicium,  an  argument 
addressed  to  the  judgment  ;  a  proof  drawn  from  any  of 
the  foundations  of  knowledge  or  probability. — Argumen- 
tum ad  verecundiam  (literally,  an  appeal  to  one's  mod- 
esty), an  argument  from  the  opinions  of  men  whose  views 
are  commonly  accepted  as  authoritative.  Also  called  ar- 
gument from  authority.— Argumentum  baculinum,  an 
appeal  to  force;  club-  or  lyneh-law.— Argumentum  ex 
concesso,  an  argument  based  on  some  previous  admis- 
sion. 

ArgUS  (ar'gus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Apyog,  <  apySg, 
bright.]  1.  In  Grecian  legend,  a  giant  of  vast 
strength,  held  in  early  times  to  have  four  eyes, 
and  later  to  have  eyes  without  number.  Hera 
set  him  to  guard  the  heifer  Io,  and  after  he  was 
slain  by  Hermes  transferred  his  eyes  to  the  tail 
of  the  peacock.  Hence  —  2.  Any  observant  or 
sharp-sighted  person:  as,  he  is  a  very  Argus  in 
watchfulness. — 3.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of 
gallinaceous  birds,  of  the  order  Gallium  and 
family  Phasianidm,  characterized  by  the  enor- 
mous development  of  the  secondary  feathers  of 
the  wings  and  middle  feathers  of  the  tail,  the 
former  being  adorned  with  numerous  ocelli,  lik- 
ened to  the  many  eyes  of  Argus.  The  type  is  the 
argus-pheasant  (Phasiunus  argus,  or  Argus  giganteus  or 
pavoninus)  of  the  Malay  archipelago.  Other  species  or 
varieties  are  the  Argus  grayi  of  Elliot,  from  Borneo,  the 
Argus  ocellatus  of  Verreaux,  and  the  Argus  bipunctatus. 
Other  forms  of  the  word,  as  a  genus  name,  are  Argusanus 
and  Argusianm.  (h)  [/.  c.]  Any  species  "of  the 
genus  Argus;  an  argus-pheasant.  The  common 
species  has  a  body  only  about  as  large  as  that  of  a  barn- 
yard hen,  but  sometimes  measures  5  or  C  feet  in  total 
length,  owing  to  the  extraordinary  development  of  the 
tail-feathers.  The  inner  feathers  of  the  wing  are  2  or  3 
feet  long,  and  beautifully  ocellated  with  metallic  iridescent 


307 

spots.     The  general  plumage  is  brown,  variegated  with 
lighter  and  darker  tracery.    The  female  is  a  plain  bird, 


lacking  the  extraordinary  de- 
velopment of  the  wing-  and 
tail-feathers. 

4.   A  genus  of   gastro- 
pods.    Boliadsch,   1761. 
—  5.   A  genus  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects.     Sco- 
poli,  1777. —  6.  A  genus 
of  araehnidans.   Walker, 
1837.— 7.  |7.c]  A  name 
of     certain     euryalean 
ophiurians,  or  sand-stars  with 
branching  arms — Shetland  ar- 
gus, the  Astrophyton  (or  Euryale) 
seutatum,  or  gorgon's-head,  a  kind 
of  basket-fish,  basket-urchin,  or  sea- 
basket,  sometimes  measuring  a  foot 
across.    The  ultimate  ramifications 
of  its  rays  are  estimated  to  be  some 
80,000  in  number.     See  Astrophyton 
and  basket-fish. 

Argus-eyed  (ar'gus -id),  a. 
Vigilant;  watchful;  extreme- 
ly observant.     See  Argus,  1. 

argus-pheasant  (ar'gus-fez"- 
ant),  n.     See  Argus,  3. 

argus-shell  (iir'gus-shel),  u.  [< 
argus  (with  allusion  to  the  pea- 
cock's tail)  +  shell.]  A  gastro- 
pod of  the  family  Cypratidce,  or 
porcelain-shells,  Cyprma  argus, 
beautifully  variegated  with  ocel- 
lated spots.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

argutationt  (ar-gu-ta'shou),  n.  [<  argute,  q.  v. 
Cf.  L.  argutatio(n-),  a  creaking,  <  argutari,  pp. 
argutatus,  creak,  make  a  noise,  <  argutus,  clear, 
sharp,  shrill:  see  argute.]  Cavil ;  over-refine- 
ment in  arguing  ;  quibble;  subtlety:  as,  "friv- 
olous argutations,"  Bp.  Hall,  Myst.  of  Godli- 
ness, 8. 

argute  (iir-gut'),  a.  [<  L.  arautus,  clear,  bright, 
sharp,  sagacious,  formally  pp.  of  arguere,  make 
clear:  see  argue.]  1.  Sharp,  as  a  taste ;  shrill, 
as  a  sound. —  2.  Subtle;  ingenious;  sagacious; 
shrewd;  keen. 

I  will  have  him,  continued  my  father,  .  .  .  vigilant, 
acute,  argute,  inventive.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

The  active  preacher,  the  restless  missionary,  the  argute 
schoolman.  Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  x. 

argutely  (iir-gut'li),  adv.  1.  Shrilly. —  2.  In  a 
sharp orsubtle manner;  sagaciously;  shrewdly. 
Sterne. 

arguteness(ar-gut'nes),  n.  1.  Shrillness. —  2. 
Acuteness;  wittiness;  sagacity;  shrewdness. 

This  [Seneca]  tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  arguteness, 
that  [Plutarch]  pleases  you  for  continuance  with  his  pro- 
priety. Dryilen,  Plutarch,  p.  lis. 

Argynnis  (ar-jin'is),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  orig.  a 
misprint  for  *arayrius  or  *argyreus,  <  Gr.  dpyii- 

proc,  silvery,  (.  apyvpog,  silver.]  A  genus  of  but- 
terflies, of  the  family  NymphaMdes,  commonly 
called  fritillaries,  the  several  species  of  which 
have  the  under  side  of  the  wings  marked  with 
silvery  spots.  A.  paphia,  the  silver-washed 
fritillary,  is  a  typical  example. 
argyranthemous  (ar-ji-ran  the-mus),ffl.  [<  Gr. 
Spj  vpog,  silver,  +  avdeuov,  a  flower.]  In  hot., 
having  silvery-white  flowers.     Craig,  1847. 


aria 

argyranthous  (ar-ji-ran'thue),  a.  [<  Gr.  ap- 
yvpog, silver,  +  itriin, ,  g  flower.]  Iii  luii.,  samo 
as  argyranthemous. 

argyraspid  (ar-ji-ras'pid),  n.  [<Gr.  apyvpaoirb- 
Ssg,  pi.,  lit.  the  silver-shielded,  <  apyvpog, silver, 
+  dorri?  (aovraJ-),  a  shield.]  A  soldier  of  a  chosen 
body  in  the  army  of  Alexander  the  Great,  distin- 
guished by  carrying  shields  plated  with  silver, 
as  ;i   mark  of  honor.    The  name  was  retained  after 

the  time  of  Ale\ lei  for  Boldiers  ol  similar  chosen  bodies 

in  other  Macedonian  an. I  Greek  armies. 

argyria  (iir-jir'i-ji),  //.  [NL.,<  Gr.  apjiyjor,  sil- 
ver, +  -ia.]    Same  as  argyrism. 

argyriasis  (ax-ji-ri'a-sis),  n.  [NL..  <Gr. ap)  vpog, 
silver,  +  -iasis.]    Same  as  argyrism. 

argyric  (iir-jir'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  tip)  vpw6g,  of  silver, 

<  apyvpog,  silver,  silver  money:  cf.  1..  equiv.  ar- 
gentum:  see  argent.]  In  eliein.,  of  silver:  same 
as  argentic. 

argyrism  (iir'ji-rizm),  n.  [(For  form,  cf.  Gr. 
ip;  upicr/idg,  a  getting  money,  <  apyvp'u*,eodai,  gel 
money)  <  Gr.  apyvpt&iv,  be  of  a  silver  color,  < 
a.p)  vpog,  silver,  money.]  A  discoloration  of  the 
skin  and  other  parts  of  the  body  due  to  the 
medicinal  use  for  a  considerable  time  of  prep- 
arations of  silver.  It  is  caused  by  the  deposition  of 
silver  or  its  compounds  in  a  state  of  minute  subdivision  in 
certain  tissues.    Also  argyria,,  argyriasis. 

argyrite  (ar'ji-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  apyvping,  silver 
ore,  fern,  of  apyvpirvg,  of  silver.  <  apyvpog,  sil- 
ver.]   In  mineral.,  sumo  as  argenUte. 

argyrized  (ar'ji-rizd),  a.  [<  Gr.  apyvpog,  silver, 
+  -i-e  +  -it!-.]     Exhibiting  argyrism. 

argyrodite  (ar-jir'o-dit),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyy- 
puoijg,  like  silver,  rich  in  silver  (<  apyvpog,  sil- 
ver, +  cMof,  form),  +  -itc2.]  A  mineral  con- 
taining silver,  sulphur,  and  the  new  element 
germanium.  It  occurs  in  steel-gray  crystalline 
aggregates  at  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

Argyroneta  (ar'ji-ro-ne'ta),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ap-t  vpog, silver,  +  i'/r«i',  verbal  adj.  of  velv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  aquatic  spi- 
ders, of  the  family 
Agalenida;  (or  Aram  idee 
in  a  strict  sense).  The 
type  of  the  genus  is  the  well- 
known  water-spider  or  div- 
ing-spider, A.  aquatica,ot  Eu- 
rope, which  spins  a  tubular 
web  under  water,  like  i  div- 
ing-bell, mouth  downward, 
which  is  then  inflated  with 
air  carried  down  in  bubbles 
upon  the  spider's  body  and 
set  free  beneath  the  bell. 

Argyropelecinae  (iir"ji- 
ro-pel-e-si'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Argyropelecus  + 
■ince.]  A  subfamily  of 
Stemoptycliicke,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus 
Argyropelecus,  with  the 
abdominal  outlino  ab- 
ruptly contracted  in  ad- 
vance of  the  anal  fin, 
several  produced  neural 
spines  constituting  a 
serriform  ridge  in  advance  of  the  dorsal 
and  about  nine  branchiostegal  rays. 

Argyropelecus  (ar'ji-ro-pere-kus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  apyvpog,  silver,  +  ->>u,rr.  hatchet.]  The 
typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Argy- 
ropelecdnw:  so  called  from  the  silvery  color  and 
somewhat  hatchet-like  shape. 

argyrose  (iir'ji-ros),  ».  [F.,  <  Gr.  apyvpog:  see 
argent.]    In  mineral.,  same  .-in  argenUte. 

arh-,  in  words  of  Greek  origin.     See  arrlt-. 

Arhan  (ar'han),  u.    Same  as  Arhat. 

arhapedan  (ar-hap'e-dan),  ;/.  A  Syrian  mea- 
sure of  land,  a  square  of  100  feet  on  the  side. 

Arhat  (ar'hat),  ».  [<  Skt.  arhant,  deserving, 
worthy,  fit,  ppr.  of  -\/  arh,  deserve,  be  worthy.] 
The  highest  rank  of  Buddhist  saintship;  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  original  five  hundred  disci- 
ples of  Gautama  Buddha.  Also  Arahat,  Eahat, 
and  Arhan,  Italian. 

arhatship  (ar'hat-ship),  «.  [<  Arhat  +  -ship.] 
The  state  of  an  Arhat.    Also  arahatship. 

The  central  point  of  primitive  Buddhism  was  the  doc- 
trine of  Arahatship,  a  M'stcm  of  ethical  and  mental  self- 
culture,  in  which  deliverance  was  found  from  all  the  mys- 
teries and  sorrows  of  life  in  a  change  of  heart  to  he  reached 
hereon  earth.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  —ti. 

arhizal,  arhizous,  «.  More  common  but  less 
correct  forms  of  arrhieal,  arrhizous. 

aria  (a'ri-ii  or  a'ri-a),  ».  [It.,  <  L.  tier,  air:  see 
oir3,  also  "air1.]  in  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical 
and  metrical  melody  or  tune  for  a  single  voice 
(rarely  for  a  monophonous  instrument),  having 
a  vocal  or  instrumental  accompaniment:  dis- 


Water-spider 
{Argyronet.t  utjtiatica). 


fin, 


aria 

tinguished  from  a  song  by  being  less  simple 
and  less  purely  lyrical.  The  aria  grande  is  the 
next  most  elaborate  species  of  solo  vocal  music 
to  the  scena  (which  see).  (6)  A  distinct  form 
of  solo  vocal  music,  distinguished  by  a  clear 
division  into  three  parts,  namely,  a  principal 
section,  a  subordinate  section,  and  a  repeti- 
tion, with  or  without  alterations,  of  the  first 
section  :  otherwise  known  as  the  da  capo  form, 
(e)  A  solo  movement,  whether  in  strict  aria 
form  or  not,  in  an  extended  vocal  work,  like  an 
opera  or  an  oratorio:  as,  the  soprano  aria  "I 
know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth.''    See  air$,  1. 

Arian1  (a'ri-an),  a.  and  ».  [Formerly  also  Ar- 
ritin  (AS.  Ar'rianisc);  =  F.  Arien,  <  LL.  Arianus 
(<  LGr.  'Apetavoc;),  <  Arius,  Arias  (improp.  Ar- 
rius),  <  Or.  "Apcioc,  a  man's  name,  prop,  adj., 
martial,  warlike,  of  Ares  or  Mars,  <  "Apnc,  Ares, 
Mars:  see -ires. ]  I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  doctrines  of  Arius.  See  II. 
—  2.  Adhering  to  Arius  or  his  doctrines. 

II.  it.  In  theol.,  one  who  adheres  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Arius  and  his  school.  Alius  was  a  pres- 
byter  ol  the  church  of  Alexandria  in  the  fourth  century. 
Beheld  that  the  Son  was  begotten  of  the  Father,  and  there- 
fore notcoeternal  nor  consubstantial  with  the  Father,  but 
created  by  and  subordinate  to  the  Father,  though  pos- 
sessing a  similar  nature.  The  name  Arian  is  given  in  the- 
ology not  only  to  all  those  who  adopt  this  particular 
view  of  the  nature  of  Christ,  but  also  to  all  those  who, 
holding  to  the  divine  nature  of  Christ,  yet  maintain  his 
dependence  upon  and  subordination  to  the  Father  in  the 
Godhead.  As  a  class  the  Arians  accept  the  Scriptures  as 
a  divinely  inspired  and  authoritative  book,  and  declare 
their  doctrines  to  be  sustained  by  its  teachings.  The  doc- 
trine of  Arius  was  authoritatively  condemned  by  the 
Council  of  Nice  A.  D.  .'i'Ja,  which  decreed  that  Jesus 
Christ  was  "very  God  of  very  God;  begotten,  not  made ;  of 
one  substance  with  the  Father." 

Arian'2,  a.  and  n.     See  Aryan. 

-arian.  [<  L.  -dri-us  (E.  -ary\  -or2)  +  -dn-us, 
E.  -an.']  A  compound  suffix  of  Latin  origin, 
forming  adjectives,  and  thence  nouns,  from  or 
instead  of  adjectives  or  nouns  in  -ary1.  Words 
so  formed  refer  sometimes  to  things,  as  agrarian,  but 
chiefly  to  persons,  either  in  regard  to  pursuit  or  occupa- 
tion, as  antiquarian,  or  tu  age,  as  sexagenarian,  octoge- 
narian, centenarian,  etc.,  or  to  religious  or  social  belief 
and  practice,  as  Aquarian,  MUlenarian,  necessarian,  Su- 
pralapsarian,  Unitarian,  humanitarian,  utilitarian,  etc. 
In  the  last  use  the  termination  is  extended  to  words  of 
non-Latin  origin,  as  anythingarian,  nothingarian. 

Arianism  (a'ri-an-izm),  n.  [=F.  Arianisme,  < 
Gr.  'Aptiavia/i6r,  <  Apeiavi&iv,  Arianize.]  The 
doctrines  of  the  Arians.     See  Arian1,  n. 

Arianize  (ii'ri-an-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Arianized, 
ppr.  Arianizing.  [<  LGr.  'Apciavi(av,  bean  Arian, 
<  'Apctavoc,  Arian:  see^nawl.]  1.  trans.  To  ren- 
der conformable  to  Arianism;  convert  to  Ari- 
anism. 

II.  intrans.  To  favor  or  admit  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians;  tend  toward  Arianism:  as,  an 
Arianizing  sect  of  Christians. 

Arianizer  (a'ri-an-1-zer),  n.  One  who  favors, 
tends  toward,  or  converts  others  to  Arianism. 

Arica  hark.      Sec  bark". 

aricari  (ar-i-ka'ri),  n.    See  aracari. 

Aricia  (a-rish  i-S),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  L.  Aricia, 
a  town  in  Latitim,  now  (It.)  La  Riccia.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Ariciidit: 

Ariciidae  (ar-i-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aricia  + 
-ilia.]  A  family  of  free  marine  annelids,  of  the 
order  Chartopoda. 

aricin  (ar'i-sin),  n.  [<  .  I rica,  the  name  of  a  place 
(formerly  in  Peru,  now  in  Chili)  whence  the  bark 
is  exported,  +  -;'h2.]  An  alkaloid  found  in  the 
bark  of  some  species  of  Cinchona.     See  Imrl,-. 

arid  (ar'id),  a.  [<  L.  aridus,  dry,  <  arerc,  be 
dry.]  Dry;  without  moisture:  parched  with 
heat;  hence,  figuratively,  uninteresting,  life- 
less, dull,  pithless,  etc. 

The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded 
by  the  fauciful  visions  ol  the  occult  philosophers. 

/.  VIsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  285. 
As  ariil  as  a  tuft  thing  whose  life  is  in  the 

shade,  thi  rain,  or  the  mountain  dew)  crumbling  in  the 
sunshine,  after  Long  expectance  of  a  shower. 

Hawthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  id 

I  be  capital  defect  of  cold,  arid  natures  is  the  want  of 

animal  spirits.  Emerson,  Society  ami  Solitude. 

aridas  (ar'i-das),  ».     [Native  name.]    A  kind 

of  taffeta,  or  plain  smooth  silk  stuff  without 
pattern,  from  the  Kasl   Indies. 

aridge  (a-rij').  /"'</>.  phr.  us  adv.  [<  a?  +  ridge.  ] 
In  a  ridge;  in  <>r  into  n  ridge-like  position. 

ITou're  oilers  nulclf  to  set  your  back  at  id  < 
Thought  Baits  a  tom-cat  more'n  a  sober  bridge. 

Lowell,  Monument  to  the  Bridge. 

aridity  (a-rid'i-ti  ),  ». :  pi.  aridities  (-tiz).  [=F. 
ariiliii,  <  I.,  ahditas,  dryness,  <  aridus,  dry:  see 

ariil.)  1.  The  State  of  being  arid;  dryness; 
want  of  moisture. —  2.  Figuratively,  want  of 
interest;  dryness;  lifelessness. 


308 

The  harsh  ascetic  mode  of  treating  philosophy  by  the 
schoolmen  generated  a  corresponding  barrenness,  aridity 
and  repulsiveness,  in  the  rigid  forms  of  their  technical 
language.  /'•  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

I  have  often  been  reproached  with  the  aridity  of  my 
genius.  Poe,  Tales,  1. 146. 

3.   Dullness  of  mind  or  situation ;  depression; 
tedium. 

Strike  my  soul  with  lively  apprehensions  of  thy  excel- 
lences, to  hear  up  my  spirit  under  the  greatest  aridities 
and  dejections.  Norris. 

aridness  (ar'id-nes),  n.    Same  as  aridity. 

Around  ami  between  the  ruined  cities,  and  reaching  far 
and  wide  to  the  north  and  east,  were  blank  aridness  and 
desolation.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  \\. 

-arieae.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  of  -arieus,  <  L.  -dri-us  + 
-c-us:  see  -ary1  and  -eons.]  In  hot.,  an  ordinal 
termination,  used  by  some  authors  in  a  very 
few  cases  instead  of  the  more  common  -acete. 

Ariel1  (a'ri-el),  n.  [In  def.  1,  <  LL.  arid,  <  Gr. 
apir/A,  <  Heb.  ariel,  in  the  passage  cited  of  un- 
certain meaning,  perhaps  'fire-altar  of  God' 
(Gesenius) ;  elsewhere  in  the  Old  Testament  as 
a  man's  name  and  as  an  appellation  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  it  is  taken  as  '  lion  of  God.'  Hence, 
in  T.  Heywood  and  Milton,  the  name  of  an 
angel,  and  in  Shakspere  of  an  '  airy  spirit ' 
(N.  E.  I).).  There  is  an  allusion  in  the  poets' 
use  to  aerial,  airy1 ;  hence  the  application  to  a 
heavenly  body  and  to  birds.]  If.  [I.  c]  An 
altar.     See  etymology  and  quotation. 

Forsothe  the  ylk  arid  or  auter  [thilke  arid,  that  is  the 
higere  part  of  the  auter,  Purv.]  of  foure  cubitis,  and  fro 
ariel  [the  auter,  Purv.]  vn  to  above,  foure  corners. 

Wyclif,  Ezek.,  xliii.  15, 16(0xf.  ed.). 

2.  The  innermost  of  the  satellites  of  Uranus, 
discovered  by  Lassell  in  1851.  It  revolves 
about  its  primary  in  2|  days. — 3.  [/.  c]  In 
ornitli.,  applied  to  sundry  birds  of  buoyant  airy 
flight:  as,  the  ariel  swallow,  C'helidon  ariel;  the 
ariel  petrel,  Procellaria  ariel;  the  ariel  toucan, 
Bhamphastos  ariel. 
ariel2  (a'ri-el),  n.  [<  Ar.  aryil,  var.  of  ai/yil,  a 
stag,  applied  in  Syria  to  the  gazel  (Dozy) ;  cf. 
Ar.  also  iydl,  a  stag.]  In  zooh,  an  Arabian 
gazel,  Gasella  dama. 

They  are  dainty  little  antelopes,  these  gazelles  and 
oriels  of  the  Soudan.  Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  854. 

arierbant,  "■     See  arriere-ban. 

Aries  (a'ri-ez),  n.  [<  L.  aries  (ariet-),  OL.  ares 
=  Ir.  and  Gael,  rcith,  a  ram.]  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. —  2.  The  first  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  f),  which  the  sun  enters 


Arimaspian 

She  hastened  to  beseech  their  attention  unto  a  military 
arietta.  Scott. 

aright  (a-rif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  aright, 
arigt,  ariht,  etc.,  <  AS.  driht,  earlier  on  riht, 
aright:  on,  E.  a3;  riht,  E.  right:  see  right,  n. 
The  second  sense  is  modern.]  1.  Rightly;  in 
a  right  way  or  form  ;  without  error  or  fault. 

Nor  can  a  man  of  passions  judge  aright, 
Except  his  lniml  lie  from  ail  passions  fire. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  iv. 

These  mingled  seeds  thy  hand  shall  set  aright, 
All  laid  in  heaps,  each  after  its  own  kind. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  264. 

2.  To  or  toward  the  right  hand.     [Rare.] 

The  affrighted  foemen  scatter  from  his  spear,  aright,  alcft. 
Southey,  Joan  of  Are,  vi.  308. 

Ariina  (ar-i-i'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -ina.] 
In  Gtinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  group  of 
Sihiriilie  proteroptera;  with  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  and  without 
nasal  barbels:  synonymous  with  Ariina'. 

Ariinae  (ar-i-i'ne),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -ina:] 
In  ichth.,  a  subfamily  of  siluroid  fishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Arius.  They  have  a  form  resembling 
that  of  the  North  American  catfishes,  but  the  anterior 
nostrils  are  close  to  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  have  no 
barbels.  Most  species  have  a  bony  occipital  shield,  be- 
tween which  and  the  dorsal  fin  is  a  smaller  antedorsal 
shield  ;  the  dentition  is  variable,  but  palatine  teeth  are 


The  Constellation  Aries. 

at  the  vernal  equinox,  March  21st,  and  leaves 

April  20th.     Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes, 

the  constellation  Aries  has  moved  completely  out  of  the 

sign  of  the  same  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 

constellation  Pisees. 

3.   [NL.]    In  cool.,  a  genus  of  mammals.   Storr, 

1870. 

arietatet,  ».  «•  [<  L.  arietatus,  pp.  of  arietare, 
butt,  as  a  ram,  <  aries  {ariet-),  a  ram :  see  Aries.] 
To  push  or  butt  like  a  ram.     Bailey. 

arietationt  (ar'i-e-ta-shon),  n.  [<  L.  arii  ta- 
im(ii-),i  arii  lure,  butt:  see  arictate.]  1.  The  act 
of  butting  like  a  ram. —  2.  The  act  of  battering 
with  a  battering-ram. 

Ordnance  do  exceed  all  arietations  and  ancient  inven- 
tions. Bacon,  Essays,  No.  58. 

3.  The  act  of  collidingor  conflicting.    Glanrillr. 
arietiform  (ar-i-et'i-fdrm),  a.     [<  L.  Aries 

(Arii/-).  a  sign  of  the  zodiac   (see  Aries),  + 

forma,  form.]    Having  the  shape  of  the  symbol 

of  the  zodiacal  sign  Aries  (T)- 
arietine  (ar'i-e-tin),  a.     [<  L.  arietinus,  <  aries 

(unit-),  aram:  see  Aries.]   Butting;  pertaining 

to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  ram. 

The  gap  in  the  fence  discovered  by  their  arietine  leader. 

Literary  World,  June,  1871. 

arietta  (a-ri-et'ta),  ».     [It.,  dim.  of  aria,  q.  v.] 

\     hoii  song:  an  air,  or  a  little  air. 
ariette  (a-ri-ef),  ».     [F.,  <  It.  arietta,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  arietta. 


Salt-water  Catfish  (Arius  /elis}. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

usually  present.  About  100  species  are  known,  most  of 
which  are  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  or  warm  seas.  The 
males  of  many  species  carry  the  eggs,  which  are  of  large 
size,  in  their  mouth,  and  there  hatch  them.  A  few  reach 
a  length  of  nearly  5  feet. 

aril  (ar'il).  11.  [=  F.  arillc  =  Sp.  arilla  =  Pg. 
It.  arillo,  <  NL.  arillus,  <  ML.  ariUi  (pi.),  dried 
grapes,  <  L.  aridus,  dry :  see  arid.]  In  bot.,  a 
term  variously  applied  to  the  accessory  cover- 
ings or  appendages  of  seeds.  It  is  sometimes  used 
in  a  general  sense,  without  regard  to  form  or  place  of  ori- 
gin, and  includes  the  strophiole,  caruncle,  and  arillode  (see 
these  words) ;  but  it  is  usually  limited  to  a  more  or  less 
nearly  complete  seed-covering  which  originates  from  the 
funiculus  near  the  hilutn,  or  from  the  placenta  when  there 
is  no  funiculus.    Also  arillus. 

ariled  (ar'ild),  a.     Same  as  arillate. 

arillate  (ar'i-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  arillatus,  <  arillus: 
see  aril.]  Furnished  with  an  aril,  as  the  fruit  of 
the  spindle-tree. 

arillated  (ar'i-la-ted),  a.    Same  as  arillate. 

arilli,  «■     Plural  of  arillus. 

arilliform  (a-ril'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  arillus,  aril, 
+  L.  forma,  form.]     Having  the  form  of  an  aril. 

arillode  (ar'i-lod),  n.  [<  NL.  "arillodittm,  <  aril- 
lus, aril,  +  Gr.  eldog,  form.]  Ln  bot.,  a  false  aril: 
sometimes  applied  to 
a  form  of  aril  which 
originates  from  the 
mieropyle  or  raphe 
instead  of  at  or  be- 
low the  hilum,  as  in 
the  nutmeg.  Also 
spelled  arilode. 

arillus  (a-ril'us),  n. ; 
pi.  arilli  (-i).  [NL.] 
Same  as  aril. 

Arilus  (ar'i-lus),  n. 
[NL.]  Agenusof  het- 
eropterous  hemip- 
terous  insects,  of  the 
(:(\m\y  Itedii  r  iitla;for- 
merly  including  the 
species  of  Prionidus, 
as  the  wheel-bug. 

Arimasp  ( ar '  i-masp) , 
>i.  [<  L.  Arimaspi,  < 
Gr.  'Apipaoiroi,  pi.,  a 
'  Scythian'  word,  said 
to  mean  'one-eyed';  according  to  Herodotus, 
'Scythian,'  <  «/"'"".  ""*'<  +  n'<"  ■  <'>'"•  according 
to  Eustathius,  <  apt,  one,  +  iiacz*,,,  eye.]  Ono 
of  the  Arimaspi,  a- mythical  tribe  of  Scythians, 
believed  in  antiquity  to  have  carried  off  aboard 
of  gold  which  was  under  the  guardianship  of 

griftins.  Figures  of  Arimasps  occur  a itimes  in  Greek 

art.  represented  in  Oriental  dress  ami  lighting  griffins. 

Arimaspian  (ar-i-mas'])i-an),  n.  Same  as  Ari- 
masp. 


Arilloctcs. 
a,  b,  seed  of  Ricinus  communis; 
c,  seed  of  Chrlidoniutn  may  us;  d.e, 
seed  "f  Myristica  frazrans,  nut- 
meg and  mace;  /,  arillode.  (a.  b, 
.ui.l  .    iii.i^nitie.l. 


Arimaspian 

As  when  :i  gryphon  through  the  wilderness  .  .  . 
Pursues  the  Arvmaqpian,  who  by  stealth 
Had  from  his  wakeful  custody  purloind 
The  guarded  gold.  MUton,  P.  L.,  ii.  945. 

Goat  or  griffin,  Christian  or  Cockney,  Miser  or  Arimas- 
pian. Blackwood  n  Mag.,  XXI.  780. 

Arin8e(a-ri'iie),  n.pl.  [<  Ara?  +  Ana.]  A  sub- 
family of  birds,  of  the  family  I'sittacida;  includ- 
ing the  wedge-tailed  maeaws  and  parrakeeta  of 
America.  See  Ara?  and  Conurus.  Also  written 
Araiiue. 

ariolation  (ar  i-o-la'shon),  re.    See  luiriolation. 

Arion  (a-ri'pn),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Arion,  <  Gr.  'ApU 
uv,  a  celebrated  cithara-player,  said  to  have 
been  rescued  from  drowning  by  a  dolphin.]  A 
genus  of  pulmonale  gastropods,  by  some  refer- 
red to  the  family  lAmacidos  and  subfamily  Ario- 
nimv,  but  now  generally  considered  as  the  type 
of  a  family  Arionidm,  including  several  species 
of  slugs,  of  which  A.  ater,  the  black  slug,  is  a 
characteristic  example. 

In  the  principal  genus,  Arion,  there  is  a  triangular  pore 
at  the  upper  posterior  part  of  the  body,  which  readilysep- 
arates  it  from  Limax.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist,  I.  319. 

arionid  (a-ri'pn-id),  re.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Aritiniilir. 

Arionidse  (ar-i-on'i-de),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion  + 
-ida?.]  A  family  of  geophilous  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, resembling  the  Limacida;  and  repre- 
sented by  such  genera  as  Arion  and  Ariolimax. 
Its  technical  characters  are  a  shell  reduced  to  a  small  Hat 
plate  or  granules,  a  small  and  shield-like  anterior  mantle, 
the  jaw  entire  and  transversely  ribbed,  and  teeth  of  three 
kinds,  the  laterals  especially  differing  from  those  of  the 
Limacida;  by  their  low,  wide,  and  quadrate  form.  They 
are  confounded  with  the  limacids  under  the  general  name 
of  slugs. 

Arioninse  (ar'i-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion 
+  -incc.]  The  siugs  of  the  genus  Arion  and  re- 
lated genera,  such  as  Ariolimax,  regarded  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  Limacidee. 

The  Limacid;e  are  divisible  into  three  subfamilies.  In 
the  Arionince  the  shell  may  be  present,  though  concealed 
by  the  mantle,  or  it  may  be  represented  by  a  number  of 
calcareous  grains  scattered  through  the  corresponding 
portion  of  the  mantle.  Stand.  Nat.  IIi.it.,  I.  318. 

ariose  (ar-i-6s').  a.  [<  It.  arioso,  q.  v.]  Charac- 
terized by  melody,  as  distinguished  from  har- 
mony.    [Rare.] 

Mendelssohn  wants  the  ario.se  beauty  of  Handel;  vocal 

melody  is  not  his  forte  ;  the  interest  of  his  airs  is  harmonic. 

Foreign  Quarterly  Rev. 

arioso  (a-re-6'so),  a.  [It.,  <  aria,  air:  see  aria 
and  «/;'3.]  In  music,  like  an  air,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  recitative.  The  word  is  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  recitative  passages  which  are 
treated  more  in  the  smooth  and  melodious  style  of  airs 
than  in  the  ordinary  style  of  recitatives.  In  instrumental 
music  it  indicates  a  flowing  vocal  style.  Prefixed  to  an 
air,  it  denotes  a  sustained  elaborate  style,  appropriate  to 
the  great  airs  of  an  opera. 

-arioUS.  [Aceom.  of  L.  -ariits:  see  -on/1  and 
-ous.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -ary1,  but  used  only  in  adjectives,  as  in  ad- 
versarious,  arenarious,  calcarious  (now  errone- 
ously calcareous),  gregarious,  vicarious,  etc. 

arisadt,  arisardt,  »■  [Origin  obscure.]  Along 
robe  or  tunic  girded  at  the  waist,  worn  by 
women  in  Scotland  as  late  as  1740.  PlancM. 
Also  airisad,  airisard. 

arise  (a-riz'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  arose,  pp.  arisen,  ppr. 
arising.  [<  ME.  arisen.  <  AS.  drisan  (=  ONorth. 
nrrisa  =  OS.  arisan  =  OHG.  ar-,  ir-,  ur-risan  = 
Goth,  urreisan,  arise),  <  a-  +  risan,  rise :  see  a-1 
and  rise*-.]  1.  To  get  np  from  sitting,  lying, 
or  kneeling,  or  from  a  posture  or  state  of  re- 
pose, as  from  sleep  or  the  grave :  as,  the  audi- 
ence arose  and  remained  standing. 
I  will  arise,  and  go  to  my  father.  Luke  xv.  18. 

The  king  arose  very  early  in  the  morning.      Dan.  vi.  19. 
Arise  from  the  dead,  and  Christ  shall  give  thee  light. 

Eph.  v.  14. 

Many  bodies  of  the  saints  which  slept  arose. 

Mat.  xxvii.  52. 

Arise,  he  said,  to  conquering  Athens  go, 
There  fate  appoints  an  end  of  all  thy  woe. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  633. 
I  dub  thee  knight. 
Arise,  Sir  Ralph,  De  Wilton's  heir. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  12. 

2.  To  get  up  from  a  sitting  or  session,  as  of  a 
court ;  suspend  sittings  for  a  time  ;  adjourn : 
as,  the  court  arose  at  4  o'clock.  [Archaic:  see 
rise.] — 3.  To  spring  up  from,  or  as  from,  the 
ground  ;  ascend ;  mount  or  move  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  place  :  as,  vapors  arise  from  humid 
ground. 

The  forests  were  filled  with  birds  :  and,  at  the  discharge 
of  an  arquebuse,  whole  flocks  would  arise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  70. 

From  right  to  left  about  the  Hashing  mass 
Arose  a  spiral  stair,  the  tower  ringing. 

C.  De  Kail,  Vision  of  Nimrod,  v. 


309 

4.  To  come  into  view,  as  from  a  hiding-place  ; 
specifically,  to  appear,  as  the  sun  or  ;i  star, 
above  the  horizon :  hence,  to  begin,  or  be  ush- 
ered  in,  as  the  day. 

Arise,  lair  sun,  and  kill  the  envious  m 

ShaJc.,  It.  and  .1.,  ii.  2. 

While  day  arises,  that  sweet  hour  of  prime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  170. 

5.  To  come  into  being  or  action;  come  into 
existence  or   play;   start  into  prominence  or 

activity;  appear:  come  upon  the  scene  :  as,  a 
false  prophel  has  arisen;  a  great  wind  arose; 
a  cry  arose. 

N  ow  there  arose  up  a  new  king  over  Egypt,  which  knew 
not  Joseph.  Ex.  i.  8. 

Whence  heavy  persecution  shall  arise 
On  all,  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  spirit  and  truth.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii,  531. 

For  the  mighty  wind  arises,  roaring  seaward,  and  I  go. 
Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 
The  idea  of  a  universal  and  beneficent  Creator  of  the 
universe  does  not  seem  to  arise  in  the  mind  of  man  until 
he  has  been  elevated  by  long-continued  culture. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  II.  377. 

6.  To  have  a  beginning  or  origin ;  originate, 
(rt)  To  have  or  take  its  rise,  as  a  river  ;  rise,  as  from  a 
source.  {!>)  To  result  or  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  ;  as,  most 
of  these  appalling  accidents  arise  from  carelessness. 

All  the  powers  and  capacities  of  man,  being  the  work  of 
God,  must  have  their  proper  place  in  his  designs ;  and  the 
evil  in  the  world  arises  not  from  their  use,  but  from  their 
misuse.  Gladstone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  110. 

7.  To  come  or  spring  up  incidentally,  as  any- 
thing requiring  attention :  as,  other  cases  can 
be  attended  to  as  they  arise. 

Fortunately,  the  contingency  to  which  I  allude  [the  ne- 
cessity of  a  coup  d'etat]  never  arose. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  124. 

8.  To  rise  in  hostility;  rebel:  with  against; 
as,  the  men  arose  against  their  officers. 

When  he  arose  against  me,  I  caught  him  by  his  beard. 

1  Sam.  xvii.  35. 

[In  senses  1-4,  6  (a),  and  8,  rise  is  now  more 
common. ]  =  Syn.  Arise,  Rise.  The  choice  between  these 
words  was  primarily,  and  still  often  is,  a  matter  of  rhythm. 
The  literal  meanings,  however,  or  those  which  seem  literal, 
have  become  more  associated  with  rise,  and  the  consciously 
figurative  with  a  rise:  as,  he  rose  from  his  chair ;  the  sun  rose; 
the  provinces  ruse  in  revolt ;  t  von  Mi-  an.s  ;  "  Music  arose 
with  its  voluptuous  swell,"  Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
ariset  (a-riz'),  n.  [<  arise,  v.  i.]  Rising. 
Upon  the  arise  or  descent  of  the  stars. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  3. 

arish  (ar'ish),  n.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  linear 
measure,  equal  to  38.364  English  inches. 

aristt,  «•  [ME.,  <  AS.  cerist,  erist,  erest(=Goth. 
urrists),  arising,  <  drisan,  arise,  +  -t,  a  common 
noun  formative.]  A  rising,  as  from  a  seat,  a 
bed,  or  the  ground,  or  from  below  the  horizon : 
as,  "at  the  sonne  ariste,"  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

aristt.     A  shortened  form  of  ariseth.     Chaucer. 

arista  (a-ris'tii),  n. ;  pi.  arista:  (-te).  [L.,  the 
awn  or  beard  of  grain.  Cf.  arrest2.]  1.  In 
hot.,  an  awn  (which  see). —  2.  In  zool.,  an  awn 
or  tactile  filament  at  the  end  of  the  antenna  of 
an  insect,  as  in  some  Diptera. 

Tire  antenme  .  .  .  may  ...  be  very  short  and  com- 
posed of  three  joints,  frequently  bearing  a  tactile  hair  at 
the  extremity  'arista).  Claus,  Zobl.  (trans.),  I.  573. 

aristarch  (ar'is-tiirk),  n.  [<  L.  Aristarchus,  < 
Gr.  'Apiorapxoe,  a  critic  of  Alexandria,  noted  for 
his  severity,  especially  in  regard  to  the  Homeric 
poems.]  A  severe  critic:  as,  "the  aristarch 
Johnson,"  Scott,  Abbot,  Int. 

Aristarchian  (ar-is-tar'ki-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  'Api- 
arapxeioe,  <  Wpiarapxoc;  or  <  Aristarchus  +  -ian.] 
Like  the  ancient  critic  Aristarchus ;  severely 
critical. 

aristarchy1  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n. ;  pi.  aristarchies 
(-kiz).  [<  LGr.  apiarapxia,  <  Gr.  apiarapxoc,  best- 
ruling,  <  apiaror,  best,  +  apxeev,  rule.  Cf.  aris- 
tocracy.] Government  by  the  best  men ;  a  body 
of  worthy  men  constituting  a  government. 

aristarchy2t  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n.  [<  Aristarchus.'] 
Severe  criticism  like  that  of  the  ancient  critic 
Aristarchus.     [Rare.] 

Howbeit,  the  ground  on  which  I  would  build  his  chief 
praise  (to  some  of  the  Aristarchy  and  sour  censures  of 
these  days)  requires,  first,  an  apology. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  Brief  View  of  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  153. 

aristate  (a-ris'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  aristatus,  <  L. 
arista,  awn  or  beard  of  grain.]  Awned;  hav- 
ing a  pointed,  beard-like  process,  like  that  of 
barley.     See  cut  under  barley. 

aristocracy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  re. ;  pi.  aristocra- 
cies (-siz).    [<  OF.  aristocrade,  F.  aristocratie, 

<  ML.  "aristocratia,  <  Gr.  apiaroKparai,  the  rule 
of  the  best  (cf.  aptcrroKpaTeiadai,  be  governed  by 
the  best-born),  <  apiaroc,  best,   +  -Kparia,  rule, 

<  apaTciv,  be  strong,  rule.]  If.  Government  by 
the  best  men  in  the  state ;  a  governing  body 
composed  of  the  best  men  in  the  state. 


Aristolochia 

ne  [Periander]  reckoned  that  popular  estate  ,  .  best 
which  came  nearest  unto  an  aristocracy  or  regiment  of 
wise  ami  noble  senate.       Holland,  ti   of  Plutarch,  p.  27(5. 

2.  A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  exercised  by  those  members  of  the 
state  who  are  distinguished  li\  their  rank  and 
opulence.     When  the  ruling  power  is  exercised  by  a 

\i  i\  few  of  this  class  to  tin   excluBi i  all  others,  the 

government  becomes  an  oligarchy. 

The  aristocracy  of  Venice  hath  admitted    ■ 13  abuses 

.  .  .  that  the  period  of  its  duration  seems  to  approach. 

Su  ift. 
Take  away  the  standing  armies,  and  leave  tin  nobles  to 
themselves,  and  in  a  tew  years  they  would  overturn  every 
monarchy  in  Europe,  and  erect  aristoei  a  ie 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  288. 

3.  A  body  of  persons  holding  exceptional  pre- 
scriptive rank  or  privileges ;  specifically,  a 
class  of  hereditary  nobility;  the  nobles  of  a 
country  and  those  nearly  related  to  them. 

Between  the  aristocracy  and  the  working  people  bad 
sprung  up  a  middle  class,  agricultural  ami  commercial. 

Macavlay. 

4.  Persons  noted  for  superiority  in  any  charac- 
ter or  quality,  taken  collectively:  as,  the  aris- 
tocracy of  wealth  or  of  culture. 

aristocrat  (ar'is-to-krat  or  a-ris'to-krat),  re.  [< 
P.  aristocrate,  a  reverse  formation  from  the 
adj.  aristocrutique :  see  aristocratic]  1.  A 
member  of  the  aristocracy  or  men  of  rank  in  a 
community ;  hence,  a  person  having  the  traits 
supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  an  aristocracy : 
as,  "a  born  aristocrat,"  Mrs.  Browning. — 2. 
One  who  favors  an  aristocracy ;  one  who  is  an 
advocate  of  an  aristocratie  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

aristocratic  (ar  is-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  F.  aristo- 
cratique, <  Gr.  apiOTOKpaTinor,  pertaining  to  aris- 
tocracy, <  apioToxparia :  see  aristocracy.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  aristocracy  or  a  ruling  oligarchy; 
consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  the  rule  of  a 
privileged  class;  oligarchic:  as,  an  aristocratie 
constitution  ;  an  aristocratic  government. 

The  Areopagus  was  a  body  of  aristocratic  tendencies, 
consisting  of  those  who  had  served  the  office  of  archon ; 
its  function  was  to  maintain  the  laws  in  their  integrity. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  144. 
2.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  befitting  the 
nobility  or  men  of  rank;  resembling  in  man- 
ners or  character  the  aristocracy  or  higher 
classes  in  a  community:  as,  aristocratic  pride; 
aristocratic  in  sentiment. —  3.  Belonging  to  an 
aristocracy. 

aristocratical  (ar  is-to-krat'i-kal),  «.  Same  as 
aristocratic 

aristocratically  (ar'is-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  aristocratic  manner. 

aristocraticalness  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal-nes),  «. 
The  quality  of  being  aristocratic. 

aristocratism  (ar'is-to-krat-izni  or  ar-is-tok'ra- 
tizm),  re.  [<  aristocrat  +  -ism.]  Aristocratic  rant, 
privilege,  or  character;  the  state  or  condition 
of  being  aristocratie  in  rank  or  feeling;  mem- 
bership of  or  adherence  to  a  privileged  class. 

Aristocratism  rolls  in  its  carriage,  while  patriotism  can- 
not trail  its  cannon.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  2. 

aristocratize  (ar-is-tok'ra-tlz),  ». ;  pret.  and 
pp.  aristocratized,  ppr.  aristoeratizing.  [<  F. 
aristocratiser,  <  aristocrate;  see  aristocrat  and 
-i:e.]     I.  trans.  To  render  aristocratic. 

II.  intrans.  To  favor  or  support  aristocraev. 
[Rare.] 
aristocratyt  (ar-is-tok'ra-ti),  n.    Same  as  aris- 
tocracy.   Burton. 

aristodemocracy(aris-t6-de-mok'ra-si),  H.  [< 
aristo(cracy)  +  democracy.]  Government  by  no- 
bles and  the  commonalty;  a  government  com- 
posed of  aristocratic  and  democratic  elements 
combined.  Imp.  Diet. 
Aristolochia  (ar  is-to-lo'ki-a),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr. 
upicTo'fj)X'a>  also  apiaro/ox? ia,  an  herb  promoting 
child-birth,  <  apasTor,  best, 
+  'Aox?ia,  child-birth :  see 
lochia.]  A  large  genus 
of  apetalous  exogenous 
plants,  the  type  and  prin- 
cipal genus  of  the  natu- 
ral order  dristolochiaceos, 
chiefly  woody  climbers, 
and  very  widely  distrib- 
uted. There  are  about  180 
species,  of  which  7  are  found 
in  the  United  States.  They  are 
remarkable  for  their  curious 
flowers,  which  vary  greatly  in 
form  and  size,  but  are  all  so 
constructed  as  to  imprison  in 
some  way  the  insects  which  visit  them.  The  relative 
position  of  the  anthers  and  stigmas  prevents  fertilization 
without  the  agency  of  insects,  and  self-fertilization  even 
by  their  aid  is,  at  least  in  some  cases,  made  Impossible  by 
proterogyny.    The  flowers  are  usually  of  a  dingy  hue. 


Dutchman's-Pipe 
1  Aristolochia  Sifho  . 


Aristolochia 

.-J.  Qoktieana,  of  Calabar,  baa  the  largest  that  are  yet 
know  ii,  the  blade  of  h  bich  is  nearly  i  feet  in  breadth.  In 
A.  Ctematttis  Insects  bringing  pollen  to  the  early  ma- 
tured stigma  are  imprisoned  by  impeding  hairs  which 
wither  after  the  fresh  pollen  is  shed.  This  and  some 
other  European  species  had  formerly  a  reputation  as  em- 
menagogues  and  as  facilitating  parturition.  Various 
species  have  had  a  popular  reputation  as  remedies  for 
snake-bites,  as  anthelmintics,  etc  and  the  Virginia  snake- 
root,  or  serpentary-root,  A.  Serpt  ntaria,  is  employed  as  a 
stimulating  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  The  pipe-vine,  or 
Dutchman's-pipe,  A,  Sipho,  a  native  of  the  AJleghaniea, 
with  very  large  cordati  Leaves,  is  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental climber. 

Aristolochiaceae  (ar  is-to-16-ki-a'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Aristolochia  4-  -acece.']  A  natural  order 
of  apetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  character- 
ized by  an  inferior  capsular  many-seeded  fruit , 
epigynous  stamens,  and  a  colored,  usually  irreg- 
ular, calyx.    The  principal  genera  are  Aristolochia  and 

.!  sarum,  with  about  200  species,  herbs  or  w ly  climbers, 

widely  distributed  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
and  possessing  hitter  and  acrid  properties,  See  Aristolo- 
chia, and  cut  under  Asarwm, 

aristolochiaceous  (ar  is-to-16-ki-a'shius),  (/. 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Aristolochiacece. 

aristological  (ar  is-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  aristology.     N.  B.  D. 

aristologist  (ar-is-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<  aristology 
+  4sf]     One  skilled  in  aristology.     N.  E.  D. 

aristology  (ar-is-tol'6-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aptarov, 
breakfast,  +  -/.o;/<7,  <  /ij-f/r,  speak:  see-ology.'] 
The  science  of  dining.     T.  Walker.     [Rare.] 

Aristonetta  (ar*is-t6-net'a)?  it.  [NL.,<  Gr.  api- 
orog,  best,+  vfrtray  a  cluck,  ==  h.anas:  see  Anas.  J 
A  genus  of  sea-ducks,  subfamily  FuUgulinee, 
family  Anatidce:  named  from  the  excellence  of 
the  flesh.  The  type  and  only  species  is  the  can- 
vasback,  A.  vallisneria.  S.  F.  Bawd,  1858.  See 
cut  under  canvashack. 

Aristophanic  (ar  is-to-fan'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Aristophanicus,  <  Aristophanes,  <  Gr.  'Apioro(pdv7jct 
Aristophanes.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  "writ- 
ings or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the  great  comic 
poet  of  Athens;  shrewd;  witty. 

II.  )t.  [?.  c]  Inane. pros.,  BSjne&s first Phere- 
cratic.     Wee  Pherecratic. 

Aristotelean  (ar-is-tot-o-le'an),  a.  Same  as 
Aristotelian. 

Aristotelian  (ar^is-to-te'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Aristotelms,  -leys,  <  Gr.  7Aptdrori2£iog,  pertaining 
to  'ApioToriAqg,  L.  Aristoteles,  Aristotle.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Aristotle  (born  at  Stagira  in 
Macedonia,  384  B.  c,  died  322  b.  a),  the  father 
of  logic  and  the  most  influential  of  all  philoso- 

Ehers,  or  to  his  works,  school,  or  philosophy. 
ee  peripatetic — Aristotelian  logic.  (.")  The  logic  of 
Aristotle,  especially  in  the  modified  form  taught  in  the 
middle  ages,  (b)  Formal  logic,  based  on  the  four  propo- 
Bitiona]  forms  :  All  S  is  P  ;  No  S  is  P  ;  Some  S  is  P ;  Some 
S  is  not  P.— Aristotelian  sorites,  a  progressive  chain  of 
reasoning  like  the  following:  He  who  is  prudent  is  temper- 
ate ;  he  who  is  temperate  is  constant ;  he  who  is  constant 
is  unperturbed  ;  he  who  is  unperturbed  is  without  sorrow; 
he  who  is  without  Borrow  is  happy ;  therefore,  the  prudent 
man  is  happy. 

The  progressive  sorites  has  been  called  the  common  or 
Ariiitotsliiin.  This  latt.r  denomination  is  an  error,  for 
Aristotle,  though  certainly  not  ignorant  of  the  process  of 
reasoning  now  called  sorites,  does  not  enter  upon  its  con- 
sideration. Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

II,  n.  A  follower  of  Aristotle.  See  peripatetic. 
Aristotelianism  (ar^is-to-te'li-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Aristotelian  +  4sm.']  The  philosophy  of  Aris- 
totle, or  any  later  modification  of  it.  Aristo- 
telianism  is  a  kind  of  metaphysical  evolutionism.  Its 
central  idea  is  the  distinction  "i  act  and  power  (actuality 
and  potentiality).    The  nature  of  the  world  as  a  whole,  as 

well  as  even  part  of  it,  j  be  illustrated  by  the  analogy 

of  the  growth  of  a  tree  from  a  seed.  The  tree  has  a  sort 
oi  being  in  the  seed  a  potential  being:  it  exists  in  it  in 
power  only.  That  which  is  actualized  in  the  perfected  de- 
velopment from  the  seed  —the  tree  — exists  in  act  or  ac- 
tuality. This  perfected  development— the  entelechy  — 
is  the  characteristic  nature  of  the  thing  which  places  it  in 
some  natural  species,  and  "Inch  is  its  form,  or  that  ele* 
meni  ol  thi  thing  which  makes  it  to  be  the  kind  of  thing 
that  it  is.  The  other  element,  which  merely  makes  the 
thing  to  be,  is  ii  matter,  which,  as  unformed,  is  identified 
by  Aristotle  with  the  power  or  potentiality  of  a  germ. 
Every  event  to  an  acl  oi  development.  Most,  events  take 
place  under  the  influence  of  an  external  efficient  cause, 
and  their  character  is  determined  by  an  end.  Matter, 
form,  efficient  cause,  and  end  are  the  four  Aristotelian 
can  esoi  principles,  But  not  all  events  are  brought  about 
b]  i  eternal  i  fflcienl  cau  i  om<  happen  i>.\  fortuitous 
bpoutaiH  it\   and  are  nol  detei  min  d  ty  ai  ■  cau  es  what- 

Other  events  comi    to  j aturally,  thai  is.  i»>  & 

self-drt'  rmined  growth.  Besides  that  which  is  moved  but 
does  nol  «  ause  motion,  and  that  which  is  both  moved  and 
•  au  es  motion,  there  must  needs  be  a  tertium  quid,  w  bii  b 
U  not  moved,  ye\  causes  motion;  and  this  is  uocLor  pure 
act  (actuality)  without  undeveloped  potentiality.  The  soul 
is  the  entelechy,  or  perfa  t  Rower,  of  the  body,     it  has 

three  parte,  the  vegetatii merely  vital),  the  sensible, 

and  the  rational.  The  n  ason  is  not  a  mere  belonging  «>f 
the  Individual ;  it  exists  before  the  body,  and,  as  the  ac- 
tive u-a  -. lN   i    i .  .in in. -ii  to  ail  persons  u] the  tablets  of 

whos    ■  ison  it  writes  its  dicta.    Space  and  time 

are  mere  logical  elements  ol  motion.  Iristotle  is  justly 
called  the  father  of  logic,  although  there  were  some  vague 


310 

logical  doctrines  before  him,  and  although  his  system  is 
now  largely  superseded.  He  holds  the  only  excellent  rea- 
soning to  lie  syllogism,  and  all  other  kinds  of  reasoning  to 
be  imperfect  approximations  to  syllogism.  Particular 
facts  are  first  and  best  known  to  us,  hut  general  truths 
are  first  and  best  known  in  themselves.  Science  must  set 
out  with  certain  fixed  first  principles,  which  are  defini- 
tions. Knowledge  is  a  development  from  impressions  of 
sense,  to  the  formation  of  which  reason  and  experience 
both  contribute.  Things  are  of  ten  classes,  substances, 
relations,  quantities,  qualities,  etc.  See  cati-mrti.  Differ- 
ent genera  are  subdivided  upon  different  principles,  so 
that  there  are  no  cross-divisions  in  the  real  classification 
of  natures.  It  is  possible  to  so  collate  passages  from  Aris- 
totle as  to  make  him  appear  as  an  inductive  logician;  but 
the  whole  cast  of  his  mind  was  such  as  to  lead  him  to 
underrate  the  importance  of  induction.  He  lays  much 
stress  on  the  principle  of  excluded  middle,  which  he  treats 
as  a  corollary  of  the  principle  of  contradiction;  and  he 
lias  a  general  leaning  to  hard  and  rather  wooden  distinc- 
tions. The  most  important  of  his  ethical  doctrines  are 
that  happiness  lies  in  the  working  out  of  one's  inward- 
ness, and  that  every  virtue  is  a  golden  mean  between  two 
vices. 

Aristotelic  (ar*is-to-tel'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aristo- 
telicus,  <  Gr.  ApioTOTet.uiur^  <  'ApioroTiWric,  Aris- 
totle.] Pertaining  to  Aristotle  or  to  his  phi- 
losophy. 

Aristotle's  lantern.    See  lantern. 

aristulate  (a-ris'tu-lat),  a.  [<NL.  aristiclatus, 
<  aristula,  dim.  of  L.  arista,  awn  or  beard  of 
grain.]  In  hot.,  having  a  short  beard  or  awn. 
A.  dray. 

arithmancy  (ar'ith-man-si),  n.  [=  Sp.  writ- 
mancia  =  Pg.  arithmancia ;  eontr.  of  arithmo- 
inaitcif,  q.  v.]     Same  as  arithmomauey. 

arithmantical  (ar-ith-man'ti-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arithmancy.     N.  E.  D. 

arithmetic  (a-rith'me-tik;  as  adjective,  ar-ith- 
met'ik),  n.  and  a.  [The  ME.  forms  are  cor- 
rupt:  arsmetike,  arsmetrilc,  ars  metrike,  etc.,  in 
simulation  of  L.  ars  metrica,  the  metric  art; 
later  ME.  arismetrik  (early  mod.  E.  arithme- 
trickc,  ariihmetick,  after  mod.  F.  and  L.),  <  OF. 
arismetique,  mod.  F.  arithmetique  =  Pr.  aris- 
meUca  =  Sp.  arismStica,  now  usually  aritmctica 
=  Pg.  aritfimetica  =  It. aritmetica=(3t.  Sw.Dan. 
arithmetic,  <  L.  arithmetical,  <  Gr.  apidfiyrudj  (sc. 
r,  vi ;/),  the  science  of  reckoning,  fern,  of  aptd- 
{irjTtKGc,  of  or  for  reckoning,  <  apcOfieiv,  reckon, 
number,  count,  <  aptdfioc.,  number.]  I.  n.  1. 
The  theory  of  numbers  ;  the  study  of  the  divisi- 
bility of  whole  numbers,  the  remainders  after 
division,  etc.  Also  called  theoretical  or  higher 
arithmetic. — 2.  The  art  of  computation:  the  most 
elementary  branch  of  mathematics.  This  use  of 
the  word  appears  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  art 
of  using  Arabic  numerals  was  first  called  in  English  algo- 
rism (which  see)  or  augrim,  then  practical  arithmetic, 
lastly  arithmetic  simply,  or  elementary  arithmetic.  Ab- 
stract arithmetic  teaches  systems  of  notation  for  numbers, 
the  three  rules  of  direct  computation,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, and  multiplication,  and  various  rules  of  indirect  com- 
putation, or  computation  by  successive  approximation, 
such  as  division,  extraction  of  the  square  and  cube  roots, 
double  position,  etc.  Practical  arithmetic  teaches  the 
various  kinds  of  computation  employed  in  trade. 
3t  (pron.  ar-jth-rnet'ik).  An  arithmetician. 
—Binary  (or  dyadic)  arithmetic,  decimal  arithme- 
tic, duodecimal  arithmetic,  etc.  See  the  adjectives. 
—  Literal  or  universal  arithmetic,  algebra.— Mental 
arithmetic,  the  simpler  branches  of  arithmetic  adapted 
for  mental  training,  through  the  performance  of  the  opera- 
tions in  the  mind,  without  writing  the  figures.—  Political 
arithmetic,  the  application  of  arithmetic  to  politics ;  sta- 
tistics. 
II.  a.  A  less  common  form  of  arithmetical. 

arithmetical  (ar-ith-met'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arith- 
mSUque,  <  L.  arithmeticus,  <  Gr.  apidfirjriKocx  see 
arithmetic.]  Pertaining  to  arithmetic;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  methods  of  arithmetic. — 
Arithmetical  complement,  the  sum  which  a  number 
lacks  of  10  or  of  the  next  higher  power  of  10:  3,  for  ex- 
ample, is  the  arithmetical  complement  of  7;  56  of  44. — 
Arithmetical  complement  of  a  logarithm,  the  sum  or 
number  which  a  logarithm  lacks  of  10.— Arithmetical 
mean.  See  mean.  Arithmetical  progression,  a  se- 
ries of  quantities  or  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing  by 
a  common  difference,  as  1,  3,  5,  7,  etc.  See  series.— 
Arithmetical  proportion,  the  equality  of  two  arith- 
metical ratios  or  differences,  as  in  the  numbers  12,  9,  6, 
where  12  — 9=9— 6.— Arithmetical  ratio,  the  differ- 
ence between  any  two  adjacent  terms  in  arithmetical 
progression.  — Arithmetical  signs,  the  arbitrary  sym- 
bols used  to  denote  the  operations  performed  on  numbers 
or  the  relations  BubaiBting  between  them:  as,+,— ,  =, 
etc.— Arithmetical  triangle,  the  triangle  formed  bj 

the  orderly  anairjiinrnt  of  binomial  eoeilicieuts  ;  thus  ; 

1 

1  1 

1        2        1 

l       3      :s      l 

14         0        4         1 

1         5         10         10        G        1 

1         G        If.         20         15        6         1 

1        7        21        85  21        7        1 

etc,  etc. 

arithmetically  (ar-ith-met'i-kal-i),  aefo.  Ac- 
cording to  the  rules,  principles,  or  method  of 
arithmetic 


ark 

arithmetician  (a-rith-me-tish'an),  n,    [<  F. 

arithmetieicn,  <  L.  arithmeticus :  see  arithm<ti- 
OoZ.1     One  skilled  in  arithmetic. 

arithmetico-geometrical  ( a  r-it  h-met  /'i-ko-je- 
o-met'ri-kal),  a.  Arithmetical  and  geometri- 
cal: a  term  descriptive  of  a  kind  of  mean  be- 
tween two  quantities  obtained  by  taking  both 
the  arithmetical  and  the  geometrical  means  of 
the  quantities,  then  the  means  of  these  means, 
and  so  on,  until  the  two  results  become  iden- 
tical. Thus,  starting  with  2  and  3,  we  obtain  successive- 
ly the  following  pairs  of  means  : 


Arithmetical. 

Geometrical. 

First  pair, 

2.5 

2.449490 

Second  " 

2.474745 

2.474615 

Third    " 

2.474080 

2.474680 

The  numbers  of  the  last  pair  being  sensibly  equal,  2.474680 
is  the  arithmetico-geometrical  mean  of  2  and  3.  This  pro- 
cess, invented  by  Gauss,  is  useful  in  calculating  elliptic  in- 
tegrals. 

arithmocracy  (ar-ith-mok'ra-si),  re.     [<  Gr. 

apid/mg,  number,  +  -Kparla,  rule :  see  -cracy,  and 
at.  democracy.']  Eule  or  government  by  a  ma- 
jority.    [Rare.] 

A  democracy  of  mere  numbers  is  no  democracy,  but  a 
mere  brute  arithmocracy- 

Kni'isletf,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  18f>4),  Pref. 

arithmocratic  (a-ritk-mo-krat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apiBfidc,  number,  +  -upariKOc,  <  Kpdroc,  rule.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arithmoc- 
racy or  rule  of  numbers.     [Rare.] 

American  democracy,  being  merely  arithmocratic,  pro- 
vides no  representation  whatsoever  for  the  more  educated 
and  more  experienced  minority. 

Kingsley,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  1862),  Tref. 

arithmograph  (a-rith'mo-graf),  re.  [<  Gr.  aptB- 
poc,  number,  +  ypafyuv,  write.]  A  kind  of  com- 
puting-machine. 

arithmomancy  (a-rith'mo-man-si),  n.  [Also 
eontr.  arithmancy,  q.  v.,  <  NL.  ariihmomanUa, 
<  Gr.  apiBpoc,  a  number,  +  fiavreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  numbers.    Also  arithmancy. 

arithmometer  (ar-ith-mom'e-ter),  n.  [=  F. 
aritlinioiitetrc,  <  Gr.  apidpdc,  number,  +  jiirpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  performing 
multiplication  and  division.  The  multiplicand  is 
made  to  appear  in  one  place  by  setting  certain  stops  or 
wheels.  A  handle  is  then  turned,  and  other  motions  are 
made,  so  as  to  cause  the  multiplier  to  appear  in  another 
place.  Then  the  product  will  be  found  in  a  third  place. 
Division  and  subtraction  can  be  performed  in  a  some- 
what similar  way.  The  best-known  of  these  machines  is 
by  Thomas  of  C'olmar ;  the  best  is  by  Grant. 

arithmo-planimeter(a-rith"mo-pla-nim'e-ter), 
n.  [<  Gr.  apitiiidg,  number,  +  planimeter.']  A 
foi-m  of  planimeter  invented  by  M.  Lalanne. 

a  ritorte  (ii  re-tor'te).  [Itx  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  ritorte,  pi.  of  ritorta,  band,  tie,  sprig; 
cf.  retort.']  With  bands:  said  of  glassware 
decorated  by  means  of  rods  of  white  or  colored 
glass,  generally  spiral,  sunk  in  a  body  of  trans- 
parent glass,  so  as  to  form  one  mass  with  it. 

-arium.  [L.  -tiriuni.  neut.  of  -tirius  (see  -aryl, 
-ery),  denoting  a  thing  connected  with,  chiefly 
a  piace  for,  something,  as  in  L.  aquarium,  a 
place  for  watering  cattle,  vivarium,  a  place  for 
live  fish,  etc.,  LL.  herbarium,  a  collection  of 
dried  plants,  etc.,  such  words  being  transferred 
to  E.  unchanged,  or  with  adapted  suffix  -ary, 
;ts  aviary,  estuary,  salary,  etc.]  A  suffix,  the 
original  Latin  neuter  form  of  -ary1,  usually  in 
words  denoting  a  place  set  apart  for  something, 
as  aquarium,  vivarium,  herbarium,  also  (as  Latin 
words)  Jrigidarium,  caldarium;  but  sometimes 
used  differently,  as  in  honorarium. 

Arius  (a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  apuoc, 
martial,  warlike,  <  "Apt/r,  Mars:  see  JWov/1.] 
A  genus  of  marine  cat  fishes,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  Ariinai:  synonymous  with  Gale- 
ichtliys  (which  see).     See  cut  under  Ariinai. 

-arius.  [L. :  see  -arium,  -ary1.]  A  Latin  ter- 
mination  frequent  in  zoological  and  botanical 
terms:  sometimes  used  unchanged  in  English. 

arkH,  »•     An  old  spelling  of  are1,  a  bow,  arch. 

ark'J  (ark),  u.  [<  ME.  ark,  arke,  <  AS.  earc,  ere, 
</(■(•  =  (  (North. arc,  arc=  OPries.  erke=T).ark=: 
( >H(i.  arka,  archa,  JUKI.  G.  arelie  =  Icel.  ork  = 
Dan.  Sw.  ark  =  Goth,  arka  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  area  = 
I  V.  urcha  =  OP.  arelie  (>  ME.  arelie :  see  arch-), 
mod.  P.  arelie  =  Gael.  Ir.  aire  =  W.  arch ;  <  L. 
area,  a  chest,  box,  coffer  (in  Vulgate  of  Noah's 
ark  and  the  ark  of  the  covenant ),  <  arccre,  keep, 
=  Gr.  apKuv,  keep  off,  suffice.]  1.  A  chest,  box, 
coffer,  or  other  close  receptacle;  a  bin  or 
hutch:  as,  a  meal-«rt\  [Obsolete,  poetical,  or 
dialectal.] 

Then  first  of  all  forth  came  sir  Satyranc, 
Bearing  that  precious  relicke  in  an  arke. 

Spenser,  !■'.  <?..  IV.  iv.  15. 
Rich  arke  with  priceless  bones  of  martyrdom 

Tennyson,  Balm  and  lialan. 


ark 

2.  In  Scrip.;  (a)  The  repository  of  the  covenant 
or  tables  of  the  law.  The  ark  was  made  of  Bhittim- 
wood,  overlaiil  within  ami  wit  limit  with  gold.  It  was  about 
33  feet  long  by  -1  feet  high  and  broad,  and  over  it  were 
placed  the  golden  covering  ormercy-seat  and  the  two  cheru- 
bim. The  same  name  is  given  in  modem  Jewish  synagogues 
to  a  repository  for  the  rolls  or  in  inks  used  in  divine  si  rvice. 

(b)  The  large  floating  vessel  in  which,  according 
to  the  account  in  the  Old  Testament,  Noah  and 
his  family  were  preserved  during  the  deluge. 

(c)  The  vessel  of  bulrushes  in  which  the  infant 
Moses  was  laid. — 3.  In  the  Ethiopia  Ch,,  a  sa- 
cred chest,  called  the  tabout,  serving  as  an  altar. 

I  must  here  speak  of  that  extraordinary  appurtenance 
of  the  Ethiopic  Church,  the  tabout,  or  ark.  It  is  the  be- 
lief of  that  Church  that  the  original  ark  is  preserved  in 
the  cathedral  of  Axum,  and,  in  imitation  of  that,  every 
parish  church  is  also  furnished  with  an  ark,  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  Banctuary,  and  forms  the  principal  object  in 
ecclesiastical  processions. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  185. 

4.  A  large  boat  used  on  western  American 
rivers  to  transport  produce  to  market. —  5.  In 
zool.,  a  name  common  to  the  bivalve  mollusks 
of  the  family  Arcidw;  an  ark-shell. —  6.  An  Ara- 
bian measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  the  Spanish 
fanega,  or  58  quarts;  also,  a  measure  of  three 
fourths  of  this  capacity,  or  43  quarts. 

ark2t(a>k\  >".  t.   [<arlc2jii.]  To  inclose  in  an  ark. 

Arkansas  stone.    See  stone. 

arkansite  (ar'kan-sit  or  ar-kan'sit),  n,  [<  Ar- 
kansas (one  of  the  United  States)  +  -ite2.]  A  va- 
riety of  brookite  from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

arki  (iir'ki),  ra.  [Ar.  'arqiy :  see  arrack.'}  Same 
as  arrack. 

arkite  (iir'klt),  n.  and  a.  [<  arl-%  +  -ife2.]  I, 
n.  One  of  the  persons  who  were  preserved  in 
Noah's  ark.     J.  Bryant.     [Rare.] 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  Noah's  ark.  J.  Bryant. 
[Rare.] 

arkose(ar-kos'),  n.  [F.]  Feldspathic sandstone; 
a  rock  consisting  essentially  of  more  or  less 
consolidated  quartzose  sand  with  grains  or 
particles  of  orthoclase  disseminated  through  it, 
and  frequently  containing  also  some  mica  and 
kaolin.  The  feldspar  seems,  in  some  eases,  to  have 
been  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  rock  containing 
that  mineral ;  in  others,  to  have  resulted  from  the  meta- 
morplusm  of  sandstone  containing  argillaceous  material. 
The  rock  to  which  the  name  arkose  has  Ik-cm  given  occurs 
chiefly  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  Carboniferous,  and  Triassic 
formations. 

ark-shell  (ark'shel),  n.  [<  ark*  +  shea.]  The 
shell  of  a  mollusk  belonging  to  the  family  Ar- 
cidw  (which  see). 

arksutite  (ark'su-tit),  n.  [<  ArTcsut  (see  def.)  + 
-ite2.]  A  fluorid  of  aluminium,  calcium,  and 
sodium,  occurring  with  cryolite  in  the  Arksut 
fiord,  Greenland. 

Arkys  (iir'kis),  n.     Same  as  Arcys. 

arle-penny,  arles-penny  (arl'-,  arlz'pen^i),  n. 
[<  arte,  arks  +  penny,']     Same  as  arles. 
Here  tak'  this  gowd  and  never  want 
Enough  to  gar  you  drink  and  rant, 
And  this  is  but  an  arle  penny 
To  what  I  afterwards  design  ye.     Allan  Ramsay. 

arles  (arlz),  n.  [North,  and  Sc,  Sc.  also  arlis, 
crlis,  <  ME.   erles,    appar.   <   OF.   *erle,   *arle, 

<  L.  as  if  *arrhula,  dim.  (cf.  OF.  erre,  arre,  pi. 
erres,  arres,  mod.  F.  arrhes),  <  L.  arrha,  arm, 
earnest:  see  arrha.]  1.  Earnest-money  given 
in  confirmation  of  a  bargain,  contract,  or  agree- 
ment: a  practice  chiefly  connected  with  the 
hiring  of  servants  and  with  sales  of  goods  where 
there  is  no  writing  and  delivery  is  postponed. 
[Scotch  and  north  of  England.]  —  2.  An  ear- 
nest or  foretaste. 

This  ure  lauerd  [Lord]  giueth  ham  [them]  as  on  erles  of 

the  eche  mede  [eternal  reward]  that  schal  cume  thrafter. 

Hail  Meidenhed  (ed.  Cockayne),  p.  7. 

arlienanse  (ar'-li-a-niin'sa),  n.    [Sp.]   A  kind  of 

Spanish  linen.     E.  H.  Knight. 
arlingt  (ar'ling),  n.    [E.  dial.  (ME.  not  found), 

<  AS.  wrthling,  irthling,  eorthling,  a  name  for 
this  bird,  lit.  a  *  'fieldling,'  'earthling'  (cf. 
clodbird,  fallow -smiter) ;  the  name  also  means 
a  'farmer':  see  earthling.]  A  species  of  bird; 
the  wheatear. 

Arling,  a  bird  that  appeareth  not  in  winter;  a  clot- 
byrde;  a  smatch.  Hunt,  Alvearie.    {X.  E.  D.) 

arm1  (arm),  n.  [<  ME.  arm,  <  AS.  ean»  =  ONorth. 
arm  =  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  erm,  arm,  Fries,  arm  = 
OD.  aerm,  D.  arm  =  OHG.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm, 
arm,  =  Icel.  armr  =  Sw.  Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms, 
arm,  =  L.  arm  its,  shoulder  (usually  of  a  brute), 
=  Gfr.  <W<Sc,  joint,  shoulder,  allied  to  apQpov, 
joint,  L.  artus,  limb,  joint ;  all  <  sf  *ar,  fit,  join. 
See  arm2,  and  cf.  art*,  art*,  article,  etc.]  1.  In 
ordinary  language:  (a)  The  upper  limb  of  the 
human  body,  extending  from  the  shoulder  to  the 
hand,  and  including  the  latter.    (6)  The  same, 


311 

exclusive  of  the  hand;  the  upper  lima  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  wrist.  It  is  divided  into  upper 
arm,  or  arm  proper,  from  the  shoulder  to  the  el- 
bow, and  lower  arm,  or  forearm,  from  the  elbow 
to  the  wrist. —  2.  In  human  anal.,  the  anterior 
extremity  from  the  shoulder-joint  to  the  elbow- 
joint,  represented  by  the  extent  of  the  humerus ; 
the  braehium,  as  distinguished  from  theforeami 
or  antebrachium. — 3.  In  camp.  anat.  and  zool.x 
{a)  The  fore  limb  of  any  vertebrate,  especially 
when  terminating  in  a  prehensile  extremity 
like  a  hand,  more  or  less  removed  from  the 
office  of  locomotion;  the  pectoral  or  thoracic 
limb;  the  diverging  appendage  of  the  scapular 
arch  or  shoulder-girdle;  a  fore  leg,  wing,  pec- 
toral fin,  etc.  (b)  Some  diverging  or  radiating 
part  or  organ  like  or  likened  to  an  arm,  as  the 
arm  of  a  cephalopod,  the  wing  of  a  pteropod, 
the  braehium  of  a  brachiopod,  and  the  ray  of  a 
starfish,  sand-star,  or  crinoid. — 4.  Anything 
formed  on  the  typo  of  the  arm,  or  resembling  an 
arm  in  shape,  position,  or  function,  (a)  Any  pro- 
jecting part  from  a  main  body,  trunk,  axis,  etc.:  as,  the 
arm.  of  a  lever  or  of  the  yard  of  a  ship ;  an  arm  of  the  sea ; 
the  arm  of  an  anchor,  (b)  A  rail  or  projecting  support  at 
the  sides  of  a  chair,  sofa,  etc. 

5.  Figuratively,  power;  might;  strength;  au- 
thority: as,  the  secular  arm,  [In  this  sense  the 
word  is  often  used  in  the  Scriptures.] 

To  whom  is  the  arm  of  the  Lord  revealed?  Is.  liii.  1. 
Hence — 6.  That  on  which  one  relies  for  support 
or  assistance;  a  prop;  a  stay.— Ann  in  arm, 
properly  arm-ami -arm,  with  arms  interlinked. 

I  saw  my  companions  passing  arm-in-arm  across  the 
end  of  one  of  the  long-drawn  vistas. 

U.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  140. 
Arm  of  a  force,  arm  of  a  couple,  in  mech.  Sec  mo- 
ment '[fa  force,  under  moment.—  Babe  in  arms,  a  child 
so  young  that  it  has  to  he  carried  in  the  arms.  —  Better 
arrn+,  the  right  arm.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1050.  — Oral 
arms,  in  acalephs.  See  oral.—  To  dagger  or  stab 
armst,  a  practice  once  ohserved  among  gallants  of  pier- 
cing their  arms  with  daggers  so  as  to  draw  blood,  which 
they  mixed  with  wine  and  drank  to  the  health  of  their 
mistresses.    Hares. 

Have  I  not  .  .  .  stabb'd  arms,  and  done  all  the  offices 
of  protested  gallantry  for  your  sake?  Marston. 

Trailing  arm,  in  maeh.,  an  arm  which  follows  the  piece 
to  which  it  is  attached. 

In  adapting  this  wheel  to  multiplex  telegraphy,  a  trail- 
iit>i  arm  is  attached  to  the  revolving  wheel. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  313. 
With  open  arms,  cordially ;  with  eager  welcome. 
Even  mitred  Rochester  would  nod  the  head, 
And  St.  John's  self  (great  Dry  den's  friends  before) 
With  open  arms  received  one  poet  more. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  142. 

arm1!  (arm),  v.  t.     [<  arm1,  n.]     To  take  by  the 
arm;  also,  to  seize  or  hold  in  the  arms. 
Arm  your  prize ; 
I  know  you  will  not  lose  her. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  3. 
And  make  him  with  our  pikes  and  partisans 
A  grave.   Come,  arm  him.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

arm2  (arm),  n.  [<  pi.  arms,  <  ME.  amies,  <  OP. 
amies,  pi.  (sing,  armc),  =  Pr.  armas  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armas  (sing,  arma)  =  It.  armi  (sing,  arme,  some- 
times arma),  <  L.  arma  (neut.  pi.,  in  ML.  some- 
times used  as  fern,  sing.),  arms,  weapons,  prop, 
fittings,  equipments;  from  same  source  as 
annus,  shoulder,  etc. :  see  arm1.  Hence  alarm, 
q.  v.]  1.  Milit.:  (a)  A  weapon,  in  this  sense 
most  commonly  used  in  the  plural,  and  when  used  in  the 
singular  for  the  most  part  referring  rather  to  a  particular 
kind  of  weapon  than  to  an  individual  piece. 

If  the  citadel  of  poverty  and  ignorance  and  vice  is  to  be 
taken  at  all,  it  must  be  besieged  from  every  point  of  the 
compass,  .  .  .  and  no  kind  of  arm  must  be  neglected 
which  will  tend  to  secure  the  ultimate  victory  of  morality 
and  culture.  Jevon.s,  Social  Reform,  p.  2. 

(b)  pi.  Armor;  coverings  for  the  body  intended 
as  defenses  against  weapons  of  war. 

Look,  a  prize ! 
Three  horses  and  three  goodly  suits  of  arms, 
And  all  in  charge  of  whom?  a  girl :  set  on. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

(c)  A  branch  of  the  military  service,  as  cavalry 
or  artillery:  as,  the  enemy  was  strong  in  artil- 
lery, but  we  were  weak  in  that  arm. 

The  inland  Britons  being  accustomed  to  rely  upon  their 
infantrj',  and  the  Continental  Gauls  being  fonder  of  the 
cavalry  arm.  C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  118. 

Hence  —  2.  pi.  The  use  of  weapons;  military 

occupations ;  war. 

By  sea.  by  land,  thy  matchless  worth  was  known, 
Arms  thy  delight,  and  war  was  all  thy  own. 

Dryden,  Aba.  and  Achit.,  1.  S41. 

3.  pi.  Deeds  or  exploits  of  war. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden,  MneMX,  i.  1. 

The  women  crowded  to  the  doors  to  gaze  upon  him  as 
he  passed,  so  much  does  prowess  in  arms  delight  the  gen- 
tle sex.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  418. 

4.  In  law,  anything  which  a  man  takes  in  his 
hand  in  anger  to  strike  or  assault  another. —  5. 


]>!.  Tn  hot,,  anything  thai  serves  as  a  defense  to 
a  plant,  as  prickles,  thorns,  or  spines. —  6.  pi. 
In  falconry,  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the  thigh  to 
ill-'  loot. — 7.  ]>l.  The  heraldic  bearings  of  an  in- 
dividual or  a  community,  consisting  of  some  de- 
vice in  heraldic  tinctures  (see  tincture)  borne  on 
a  shield,  generally  with  the  addition  of  a  crest 
and  sometimes  with  supporters.  A  description  in 
heraldic  terms  of  shield,  crest,  etc.,  i*  called  blazoning 
(which  sec).  The  righi  to  bear  the  arms  of  the  father  is 
inherited  by  the  sons,  but  in  strictness  each  of  the  younger 
sons  should  add  to  the  paternal  shield  a  label  as  8  mark 
of  cadency  ;  the  Bame  right  descends  to  a  daughter  only  if 
Bhe  j-  her  father's  heiress.  A  person  tain  riting  an  1  state 
other  than  the  paternal  one  often  assumes  the  aims  of  the 
former  possessor,  but  should  in  strictness  apply  to  the 
proper  authorities,  See  Hng-at-arms,  herald,  and  he\ 
college.  Arms  not  paternal  may  be  classed  as  follows:  (a) 
Arms  of  dominion,  or  the  national  arms  borne  by  the 
sovereign,  in  which  generally  the  bearings  inherited  by 
the  prince  as  an  individual  have  come  to  have  a  certain 
national  character.  (6)  Arms  of  community,  as  of  a  cor- 
poration, an  episcopal  see.  or  the  like.  Anns  assumed  l<\  a 
republic,  as  by  the  United  states  or  by  one  of  the  states, 
partake  of  the  nature  of  botli  the  preceding,  (c)  Arms  of 
pretension,  as,  specifically,  those  assumed  by  a  sovereign 
in  assertion  of  Ida  claim  to  a  realm  not  actually  under  his 
authority,  like  the  fleurs-dedys  of  Fiance,  which  were 
borne  by  English  sovereigns  until  180L  (d)  Arms  oj  suc- 
cession, denoting  inheritance  of  an  estate,  as  mentioned 
above,  (e)  Arms  of  assumption,  or  assumptive  arms,  bear- 
ings assumed  or  granted  in  consequence  of  an  exploit,  as 
the  three  feathers  with  the  motto  leh  (lien  taken  from  the 
slain  King  John  of  Bohemia  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
at  the  battle  of  Crecy  (1340),  and  now  borne  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  (/)  Arms  of  alliance,  as  where  one 
spouse  impales  the  arms  of  the  other  on  his  or  her  shield. 
(g)  Arms  of  office,  arms  which  are  the  perquisite  or  ap- 
pendage of  some  public  position.  In  all  the  above  cases 
except  (a)  and  (b),  a  private  individual  having  a  right 
to  such  arms  charges  them  with  the  paternal  arras, 
whether  by  quartering  or  otherwise.  For  the  origin  and 
history  of  arms,  see  heraldry.  —  Abated  arms.  See  abate. 
—Adoptive  arms.  See  adoptive— Allusive  arms,  in 
her.,  a  bearing  or  bearings  having  immediate  reference  to 
the  wearer's  name- :  thus,  the  arms  of  a  person  named  Lamb 
or  Herring  would  be  termed  allusive,  if  they  included 
as  a  bearing  a  figure  of  the  animal  so  named.  In  this 
way  the  name  De  Loupe  may  have  been  given  to  the  first 
earls  of  Chester  because  of  their  bearing  a  wolf's  head,  or 
the  name  Arundel  may  be  derived  from  swallows  (French 
kirondelles)  borne  on  the  shield.  The  arms  of  Bolton  are  a 
crossbow  bolt  driven  through  a  tun.  Castile  and  Leon  had 
for  their  chief  bearings  a  castle  and  a  lion  respectively. 
There  are  many  such  cases.  Also  called  allusive  heraldry, 
canting  heraldry,  rebus,  and  armes  j'-nlantes.—  Arms- 
carrying  Act.  See  Bill  of  Rights,  under  bill.— Arms  of 
precision,  firearms  rifled,  furnished  with  graded  sights, 
accurately  prepared  bullets,  and  appliances  calculated 
to  enable  them  to  act  with  precision  and  rapidity,  and 
at  much  greater  distances  than  ordinary  weapons.  The 
Armstrong  gun  and  the  Springfield  and  Martini-Henry 
rifles  are  examples.— Assize  of  arms.  See  assize.— As- 
sumptive arms.  See  above,  7  (•),  and  ussa-mpti'ir.-  Coat 
of  arms.  See  coat.— Places  of  arms,  in  fort.,  parts  of 
the  covered  way  opposite  the  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles of  the  counterscarp. —  Repeating  arms,  arms  that 
can  be  discharged  a  number  of  times  without  being  re- 
loaded.—Rifled  small  arms,  rifles,  muskets,  carbines, 
pistols,  or  revolvers,  the  bores  of  which  are  cut  with  spi- 
ral grooves  or  "  ri ties. "—Small  arms,  all  weapons  not 
requiring  carriages,  as  opposed  to  artillery,  and  includ- 
ing rifles,  muskets,  bayonets,  pistols,  revolvers,  sabers,  and 
swords ;  also,  sporting  weapons.—  Stand  of  arms,  a  com- 
plete set  of  arras  for  one  soldier,  consisting  of  a  musket, 
bayonet,  cartridge-box,  and  belt,  with  or  without  a  sword. 
—  To  arms!  a  warning  equivalent  to  "arm !  take  to  your 
arms;  make  ready  for  battle."  (Compare  alarm.) — To 
bear  arms,  to  do  military  service ;  serve  as  a  soldier. 

You  have  been  a  soldier,  De  Vitry,  and  borne  arms. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  2. 
To  be  in  arms,  to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  of  readi- 
ness for  war. 

Sir  Edward  Courtenay  and  the  haughty  prelate,  .  .  . 

With  many  more  confederates,  are  in  arms. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 
To  be  under  arms,  to  be  armed  and  in  a  state  of  readi- 
ness for  fighting.— To  carry,  order,  present,  etc.,  arms. 
See  the  verbs.— To  take  (or  take  up)  arms,  to  arm  for 
attack  or  defense,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Ye  will  find  it  a  far  easier  field  to  wage  war  against  all 
the  armies  that  ever  were  or  will  be  on  earth,  and  all  the 
angels  of  heaven,  than  to  take  up  arms  against  any  truth 
of  God.  Xathaniel  Ward,   Simple  Cooler. 

=  Syn.  1.  (a)  Ann,  Weapon.  Arm  is  especially  applied  to 
those  things  winch  are  designed  for  fighting  and  recognized 
as  such;  it  includes  means  of  defense  as  well  as  of  offense. 
Weapon  applies  to  any  means  of  offense  made  for  the  pur- 
pose or  (as  a  scythe,  chisel,  or  hammer)  used  for  the  nonce. 
arm2  (iirm),  w.  [<  ME.  armen,  <  OF.  armcr(F. 
armer)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  armor  =  It.  armare,  <  L. 
armarCj  arm,  furnish  with  "weapons,  <  arma, 
arms:  see  an»2,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  furnish 
or  equip  with  weapons  for  offense  or  defense: 
as,  to  arm  the  militia. 

On  our  return  to  Souhag  we  met  a  party  of  men  on  foot, 
who  were  annul  with  spears,  shields,  and  daggers,  and 
one  or  two  with  guns. 

jR.  Curzon,  Monast,  in  the  Levant,  p.  119. 

2.  To  cover  or  provide  with  whatever  will  add 
strength,  force,  or  security:  as,  to  arm  the  hilt 
of  a  sword;  to  arm  a  man-of-war  with  armor- 
plates. — 3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defense; 
prepare  for  resistance ;  fortify. 

Arm  yourselves  likewise  with  the  same  mind. 

1  Pet.  iv.  1. 


312 


Armenian 


There  is  no  terror,  Ca&sius,  in  your  threats; 
Fur  I  ;uu  amid  so  Btrong  in  honesty, 
That  they  pass  bj  me  as  the  idle  wind. 

Shak.,  I.C.,  iv.  3. 

I  am  arming  myself  against  her  favours  with  all  my 
philosophy.  Sfc  i  U  .  Tatter,  No.  124. 

4.  To  provide  with  the  requisite  appliances  or 
authority  for  any  work  or  undertaking:  as,  arm- 
ed with  axes  and  alpenstocks,  we  started  out; 
armed,  with  a  warrant. —  5.  To  fit  or  prepare  (a 
thing)  for  any  specific  purpose  or  effective  use: 
as.  to  arm  a  hook  in  angling ;  to  arm  a  dressing 
in  surger}'.— To  arm  a  lead,  to  apply  soap  or  grease  to 
the  socket  *iu  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead,  so  that  a 
specimen  of  the  bottom  may  he  brought  up.  — To  arm  a 
magnet,  to  lit  it  with  an  armature.  See  armature,  t>.— 
To  arm  a  shot,  to  roll  rope-yarns  about  a  cross-bar  shot 
in  order  to  facilitate  ramming  it  home,  and  also  to  pre- 
vent the  ends  from  catching  any  accidental  inequalities 
in  the  bore.  Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet.  [For  other  phrases,  see 
armed.] 

II.  intra ns.  To  provide  one's  self  with  arms, 
weapons,  or  means  of  attack  or  resistance ; 
take  arms  :  as.  the  nations  arm  for  war. 

Now  is  it  time  to  arm. 


Armadillo,  or  Peludo  {Dasyfiis  villosus). 


Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  Belgic  tribes,  alarmed  at  the  approaching  danger, 
arm  against  the  universal  tyrant. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  11. 

armada  (ar-uia'dii),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
erroneously  armado  (also  sometimes  as  It.,  ar- 
mat/i) ;  <  Sp.  armada  =  Pr.  Pg.  armada  =  It.  ar- 
mata  =  F.  armee  (>  E.  army-,  q.  v.),  lit.  an 
armed  force,  army,  navy.  <  ML.  armata,  an 
armed  force,  an  army,  prop.  fern,  of  L.  ar- 
matus,  pp.  of  armare,  arm:  see  arm?,  v.,  and 
also  army,  which  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  fleet  of 
war-ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  Spanish  or  Invincible 
Armenia,  which  consisted  oi  130  large  ships,  was  sent  by 
Philip  II.  against  England  in  1588,  during  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  but  was  repulsed,  and  afterward  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  storms  off  the  Orkney  islands  and  on 
the  western  coast  of  Ireland. 

A  whole  armado  of  convicted  sail.  Shak.,  K.John,  iii. 4. 
2f.  A  single  war-ship. —  3.  Any  armed  force  ; 
an  army. 

Nor  was  the  naval  unworthy  of  the  land  armada. 

Dulu-er,  Athens,  II.  121.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

armadillo  (ar-ma-dil'6),  n.  [Formerly  also  ar- 
madillio,  armadillo,  armadile;  <  Sp.  armadillo 
(=  Pg.  arrna- 
dilho),  dim.  of 
armado,  arm- 
ed, with  ref- 
erence to  its 
bony  shell. 
Cf.  ML.  arma- 
dillus,  a  kind 
of     sea-fish.] 

1.  An  Ameri- 
can edentate 
quadruped,  of  the  order  Bruta  (or  Edentata)  and 
suborder  Loricata,  and  of  the  extant  families 
Tatusiidw,  Dasypodidce,  and  Chlamydophoridat, 
or  of  the  extinct  family  (Hyjitodouiiihe.  having 
a  hard  shell  or  carapace  like  a  coat  of  mail, 
resulting  from  a  peculiar  ossification  of  the 
integument  and  the  confluence  of  numerous 
small  scutes.  In  the  glyptodons  the  carapace  was  en- 
tire and  fixed,  and  even  in  some  eases  covered  the  belly 
as  well  as  the  hack ;  but  in  all  the  living  armadillos  the 
shell  is  divided  into  an  anterior,  a  posterior,  and  an  en- 
tire or  variously  divided  middle  part.  When  the  division 
of  the  middle  part  is  complete,  the  animal  can  roll  itself 
into  a  ball.  The  teeth  are  numerous,  hut  vary  in  number 
ami  other  characteristics  with  the  several  genera;  in  the 
genus  Prionodontes  they  are  a  hundred  in  number.  The 
peba  is  an  armadillo  of  the  family  Tatusiidce,  the  Tatusia 
novtmcincta,  tic-  only  one  of  the  group  found  as  far  north 
a-  tic-  I  nited  Mat.s'  There  are  other  species.  The  en- 
coubi  rti  are  the  typical  armadillos  of  the  family  Dasypo- 
didce, the  peludo  is  DaSypUS  rillosus.  'tile  kahassoiis 
constitute   the  genus  .Vownn.      The  kabalassou  is  l'riu- 

dontt  gigas.  The  aparsare  the  three-banded  armadillos, 
of  the  genus  Tolypeutes.  The  pichlciagos  constitute  the 
family!  pkoridoe;  they  are  the  smallest  and  most 
peculiar  ronrj  being  less  than  a  foot  long,  while  the  ka- 
balassou is  three  feet  long  without  the  tail.  All  these 
animal-  are  mild,  timid,  and  inoffensive,  subsisting  on 
root-,  leaves,  aiel  fruit-,  sometimes  on  insects  or  flesh. 
They  are  able  to  dig  into  the  ground  with  great  rapidity, 
and  escape  from  their  i  in  mies  in  this  waj  aa  well  as  by 
rolling  Up  in  a  hall.    The  llesh  i-eon-idered  - I  1  or  I  Mod 

2.  Iii  Crustacea:  la)  [rap.]  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  id'  the  family  Onisdda},  including  the  pill- 
bugs,  which  can  roll  themselves  into  a  ball 
like  iii.-  mammals  called  armadillos,  (b)  A 
species  of  this  gen  us  ;  a  pill-bug  or  sow-bug ;  a 
kind  of  wood-louse. —  3.  A  name  given  to  an 
electric  battery  composed  of  copper  ami  zinc 
elements  riveted  together,  ami  ilesigned  to  be 
worn  ns  a  remedy  in  certain  diseases. 

armadot,  «.     An  erroneous  form  of  armada. 

armament  (ar'ma-ment),  «.  [<  L.  armamentum, 
usually  in  pi.  armamenta,  implements,  esp, 
tackle  of  a  ship.  <  armare,  arm,  equip:  see  am*, 


p.]  1.  A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  war:  arm-band  (arm'band),  n.  A  piece  of  crooked 
used  of  a  land  or  naval  force.  iron  attached  to  a  rail  or  to  a  stone  block  fixed 

The  wliole  united  armament  of  Greece.  <;'"'.,.     against   the   walls  in  barrack-rooms,  to  retain 

It  was  necessary  for  him  .  .  .  to  proceed  with  his  twenty     the  soldiers' muskets  when  not  in  use. 
men-of-war  to  the  Mediterranean,  while  his  superiors,  with  arm-board    (arm'bord),   n.     A   graining-board 
tin-  rest  of  the  armament,  returned  to  the  channel.  use(j  m  leather-working,  made  of  the  outer  bark 

Macaula,,,  Hist.  Eng.   xx.      Qf  th(?  eork.oak,  without  grooves. 
2.  Munitions  ot  war;   especial  y,  the  number  arm_h,orie  (arm'bon),  n.     A  bone  of  the  arm  or 
and  weight  of  all  the  guns  which  a  ship  ot     fore  limb.  especially,  the  bone  of  the  upper 
war  carries.      Within  a  comparatively  short  period  re-     arm  .  tjje  humerus. 

markable  changes  have  occurred  in  the  size  and  weight  of  nhoir  fnrm'ph'nri    ■«      A  diiir  with  arms  to 

the  armament  of  war-vessels.  In  the  United  States,  be-  arm-cnaTT  (aim  cliai),  n.  A  cnan  witu  amis  to 
fore  the  civil  war,  the  usual  armament  for  both  forts  and     Support  the  elbows. 

vessels  consisted  of  32-pounders.  The  war  led  to  the  eon-  arm-chest  (arm'ehest), )!.  1.  Naval,  a  box  placed 
struction  and  use  of  15-inch  smooth-bore  guns,  weighing  on  tue  upper  deck,  or  in  the  tops,  to  contain  a 
50,000pounds,andatterwardof'20-inehguns, weighing  100,-  ,      BrrVvV,lv  of   rnfles     nistols     or  cutlasses  — 

000  pounds.    Rifled  cannon,  which  had  been  introduced  in     ready  supply  01  lines,  pistols,  ot  cut  lasses.— 
1859,  were  also  increased  in  size  up  to  the  10-inch-bore  Par-     2.  A  similar  box  or  chest  used  m  the  military 
rott  gun  throwing  a  300-pound  projectile.    Of  other  coun-     service  for  the  transportation  of  small  arms, 
tries,  the  armament  of  the  British  navy  may  be  taken  as  armefl  (jirmd),  p.  a.     [<  arm?  +  -«,2.]     1.  Bear- 

,lth  ing  arms  ;  furnished  with  means  of  offense  and 
defense:  as,  an  a  rmed  force  or  ship;  "the  armed 
rhinoceros,"  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. —  2.  Sup- 
ported by  arms ;  carried  on  or  maintained  by 
force  or  readiness  for  military  action:  as,  an 
armed  inroad;  armed  peace  or  neutrality. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  collect  the  duties  and  imposts  by 
any  armed  invasion  of  any  part  of  the  country. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  132. 

3.  In  her.,  having  the  beaks,  talons,  horns,  or 
teeth,  or,  of  an  arrow  or  lance,  having  the  head, 
of  the  color  specified :  as,  a  lion  gules  armed  or. 
The  word  is  not  used  for  the  horns  of  a  hart  or 
buck.  See  attired. —  4.  In  phys.,  furnished  with 
an  armature  or  a  piece  of  iron  so  as  to  connect 
the  poles,  as  a  horseshoe  magnet. —  5.  In  hot,, 
having  prickles  or  thorns — Armed  at  all  points, 
(rt)  Completely  equipped  with  offensive  and  defensive 
arms,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  time  :  equivalent  to 
the  French  arm>  ite  pied  en  cap.  See  cuts  under  armor. 
(o)  In  her.,  dressed  in  complete  plate-armor,  but  having 
the  vizor  open:  said  of  a  warrior  used  as  a  hearing  or 
supporter.— Armed  in  flute.  See  flute*.—  Armed  neu- 
trality, the  maintenance  by  a  nation  of  an  armed  force 
held  ready  to  repel  any  aggression  on  the  part  of  belli- 
gerent nations  between  which  it  is  neutral. —Armed 
peace,  the  condition  of  a  country  which  in  time  of  peace 
maintains  its  military  establishments  on  a  war  footing,  so 
as  to  be  ready  for  war  at  any  moment.  — Armed  ship, 
a  merchant  ship  taken  into  the  service  of  a  government 
for  a  particular  occasion,  and  armed  like  a  ship  of  war. — 
Armed  to  the  teeth,  very  fully  or  completely  armed. 

On  the  ramparts  of  the  fort  stood  Nicholas  Koorn, 
armed  to  the  teeth,  flourishing  a  brass  hilted  sword. 

Irriria,  Knickerbocker,  p.  261. 

Armenian  (ar-nie'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ar- 
menvas,  <  Gr.  'kpiihioc,  <  'Ap/ievta,  Armenia.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Armenia,  a  former  kingdom 
of  Asia  lying  between  the  Black  and  Caspian 
seas,  northeast  of  Asia  Minor,  now  included  in 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Asiatic  Russia,  or  to  its 
inhabitants.  — Armenian  architecture,  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  form  of  Byzantine  church  arehitec- 


,  [He 

43-ton  guns ;  but  since  then  the  weight  of  metal  lee  been 
successively  increased  up  to  the  80-ton  guns  of  the  "In- 
flexible" and  the  110-ton  guns  of  the  barbette  ship  "  I'am- 
perdown."  In  Europe  preference  is  given  to  the  piercing 
power  of  elongated  projectiles  moving  at  a  great  velocity 
and  fired  from  rilled  guns.  In  the  United  states  reliance 
has  until  recently  been  placed  upon  the  smashing  effect 
of  heavy  spherical  projectiles  tired  at  a  low  velocity  from 
smooth-bore  guns.    .See  gun. 

armamentarium  (ar'/ma-men-ta'ri-um),  it.; 

pi.  armamentaria  (-8,).     [L.]    An  armamentary. 

The  physiological  investigation  of  new  remedies  for  the 

purpose  of  enriching  the  armamentarium  of  the  physician. 

Therapeutic  Gazette,  IX.  24. 

armamentary  (ar-nia-men'ta-ri),  n.;  pi.  arma- 
mentaries  (-nz).  [<  L.  armamentarium,  an  ar- 
senal, armory,  <  armamenta,  equipments:  see 
armament.]  An  armory;  a  magazine  or  an  ar- 
senal.    Bailey. 

armarian  (ar-ina'ri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  armarins,  < 
armarium,  a  bookcase,  library:  see  armory.']  A 
librarian.     See  extract.     [Rare.] 

Armarian,  an  officer  in  the  monastic  libraries  who  had 
charge  of  the  books  to  prevent  them  from  being  injured  by 
insects,  and  especially  to  look  after  bindings.  He  had  also 
to  keep  a  correct  catalogue. 

Chambers's  Journal,  No.  276,  p.  239.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

armaryt,  »•  [<  ME.  armaric  (Wyclif),  <  L.  ar- 
marium, a  chest,  safe,  or  closet,  a  repository, 
in  ML.  esp.  a  bookcase,  library,  lit.  a  place  for 
arms  or  tools.  Cf.  armorifi,  and  armory1,  a  dif- 
ferent word,  of  the  same  ult.  origin,  with  which 
armary  was  confused.]  1.  A  library:  used  by 
Wyclif  in  the  plural  for  books,  writings. 

Thou  shalt  find  write  in  armories  [Vulgate,  in  com/men- 
tariis],  Wyclif,  Ezra  iv.  15. 

2.  An  armory.  Leland,  Itin.,  IV.  54.    (iV.  E.  D.) 
armata1!  (ar-ma'tii),  n.    Obsolete  form  of  ar- 
mada. 

Armata2  (iir-tna'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  armatus,  armed:  see  armada.']  A  group  of 
gephyreans  having  sette  and  a  double  blood- 
vascular  system:  synonymous  with  Cltirlijcra. 
It  consists'  of  the  families  Echiuridw  and  Ster- 
naspielce. 

armature  (Sr'ma-tur),  n.  [=  F.  armature  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  armadura~=  It.  armadura,  armatura,  < 
L.  armatura,  armor,  equipment,  armed  troops, 
<  armatus,  pp.  of  armare,  arm:  see  arm2,  v. 
Doublet,  armor,  q.  v.]  If.  Military  equipment; 
especially,  defensive  armor. — 2.  In  eool.  and 
a  mi  f. :  (a)  Any  part  or  organ  of  an  animal  serv- 
ing as  a  means  of  defense  or  offense. 

Others  armed  with  hard  shells;  others  with  prickles; 
others  having  no  such  armature.  Ray,  On  Creation. 

It  is  remarkable  that  man,  who  is  endowed  with  rea- 
son, is  born  without  armature 

Derham,  Physico-Theology.  iv.  14. 

(/i)  Any  apparatus  or  set  of  organs  without 
reference  In  defense;  an  equipment;  an  appa- 
nage: as,  the  genital  or  the  anal  armature. 
All  the  crayfishes  have  a  complete  gastric  armature. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  255. 

3.  In  bot.,  the  hairs,  prickles,  etc.,  covering  an 
organ. — 4f.  A  body  of  armed  troops. 

i. round  fit  for  the  archers  and  light  armature. 

Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World,  v.  (I. 

5.  In  arch.,  any  system  of  bracing  in  timber  or 
metal,  as  the  iron  rods  used  to  sustain  slender 
columns,  to  hold  up  canopies,  etc.  The  term  is 
applied  especially  to  the  iron  framework  by  which  lead- 
lights  are  secured  in  medieval  windows. 

6.  A  piece  of  soft  iron  applied  simply  by  con- 
tact to  the  two  poles  of  a  magnet  or  electro- 
magnet as  a  means  of  maintaining  the  mag- 
iii  I  ie  power  undiminished.  In  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  sec,  under  eleet rie)  the  armature  is  a  bar  Hi- 
ring ol  soft   Iron,  around  which  coils  of  insulated   copper 

wire  have  been  wound.  This  armature  is  rotated  rapid  I  \ 
in  the  Held  ot  the  adjacent  electromagnet-  in  the  Holtz 
electric  machine  the  armature  is  a  strip  of  varnished  paper 
attached  to  the  edge  of  the  openings  or  windows  of  the 
fixed  plate.  Also  called  armor. 
armazine,  «•    See  armozeen. 


Armenian  Architecture. 
Typical  Church  Flail,  St.  H'ropsioiah,  near  Etchmiadzin. 
AD,  hema,  or  sanctuary;  11,   B  ,  purabemata;    B,  prothesis 


eil  occupying  the  place  of 
//,  nave;    /,   /,   antipar.il'C- 


dialconikon ;    C,  altar;   D,  apse.    /-/-, 

the  iconostasis  :    G,  dome  and  cheir ; 

niata;  K,  chief  entrance  ;  L,  north  door;  /.,  south  door. 

ture  usual  in  Armenia.  The  typical  plan  of  such  churches 
maintains  a  strict  symmetry  between  the  apsidal  and 
western  cuds,  having  antiparabemata  to  correspond  with 
the  parabemata,  and  omitting  tin-  narthex.  The  centra] 
dome  is  often  represented  by  a  lofty  tower  Armenian 
blue.  Sec  Wwc- Armenian  bole.  See  Mr-'.  Arme- 
nian cement,  a  cementmade  by  soaking  isinglass  in  water 
until  it  becomes  soft,  and  then  mixing  it  with  spirit  in 
which  a  little  gum  mastic  anil  alilllioniaiuni  have  been  dis- 
solved. It  is  used  to  unite  pieces  of  broken  glass,  to  re- 
pair precious  stones,  and  to  cement  them  to  watch  eases 
and  other  ornaments.-  -Armenian  Church,  the  an.  i.  nt 
national  church  of  Armenia.  It  maintains  that  it  was 
founded  as  early  as  A.  P.  :« ;  but  while  traces  of  Christian- 
ity arc  found  previously  to  the  fourth  century,  the  eon- 
version  of  the  country  as  a  whole  was  the  work  of  St. 
Gregory  the  Illuminator,  who  began  his  evangelistic  la- 
bors about  the  year  801 ;  and  from  his  name  it  is  sometimes 
known  also  as  the  Gregorian  Church.  The  Armenian 
Church  has  for  the  most  part  remained  estranged  from 
the  orthodox  Greek  Church  since  the  latter  part  of  the 
tilth  century,  when  it  rejected  the  decrees  of  the  Council 
of  Chalcedon  (A.  P.  461).     It  has  therefore  been  credited 


Armenian 

with  holding  Monophysite  or  Eutychian  doctrine,  but 
many  authorities  hold  that  the  differences  arose  from 
misunderstandings  occasioned  by  the  Incapacity  of  the 
Armenian  language  to  express  the  finer  distinctions  «>f 
Greek  terminology.  The  Armenian  Church  accepts  all 
the  first  seven  ecumenical  councils,  » Ith  the  exception  of 
that  ot  Chalcedon,  the  doctrines  of  which  they  seem,  how- 
ever, to  hold  under  a  different  phraseology.  Their  doc- 
trines and  usages  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Greek 
Church,  with  the  exception  of  their  use  of  unleavened 
bread  and  of  an  unmixed  chalice  in  the  eucharist.  The 
priesthood  is  hereditary.  The  bishops  are  governed  by 
four  patriarchs,  the  primate  being  the  catholicos,  who 
resides  in  the  monastery  of  Etcnmiadzin,  a  short  distance 
north  of  Mount  Ararat.  Since  the  fifteenth  century  a 
large  number  of  the  Armenians  have  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  and  are  known  as  United  Armenians, 
A  separate  Armenian  Protestant  Church  has  also  recently 
been  formed. -Armenian  era,  liturgy,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.  -Armenian  stone,  a  soft  blue  carbonate  of  cop- 
per; also,  a  commercial  name  for  lapis  lazuli. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Armenia. —  2.  Eccles., 
an  adherent  of  the  Armenian  Church. — 3.  The 
Armenian  language. 

Armeno-Turkish  (ar-me^no-tei-'kish),  n.  The 
Turkish  language  as  written  by  Armenians  in 
Turkey,  with  letters  of  the  Armenian  alphabet. 

armentalt  (ar-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  armentalis, 
<  armentum,  old  form  armenta,  cattle  for  plow- 
ing, collectively  a  herd,  drove;  prob.  contr. 
from  *arimentumi  <  araret  plow:  see  arable.'] 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  drove  or  herd.     Bailey. 

armentinet,  ".  I  (  Ij.  armentum,  a  herd  (see  ar- 
mental),  +  -ine%.]     Same  as  armenta}.     Bailey* 

armentoset  (ar-men'tos),  a.  [<  L.  armentosus, 
abounding  in  herds,  <  armentum,  herd:  see  ar- 
mental.]  Full  of  great  cattle;  abounding  with 
herds  or  beasts.     Bailey. 

armer  (ar'mer),  n.     [<  arm"  +  -cr1.]     One  who 
arms  or  supplies  with  arms;  one  who  equips. 
Builders  and  armer*  of  vessels  [of  war], 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  160. 

armet  (ar'inet),  n.  [F.,  OF.  also  armette,  ar- 
meret,  dim.  of  armes,  armor.]  The  most  com- 
plete and  perfect 
defensive  head-cov- 
ering of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  introduced 
about  1450,  and  re- 
maining in  use  until 
the  abandonment  of 
the  closed  headpiece, 
more  than  a  century 
later.  It  was  lighter 
than  the  heaume  and  even 
the  basinet,  and  was  a 
better  protection  than  the 
sallet.  (See  these  words.) 
It  fitted  the  head  well, 
allowed  of  some  move- 
ment, and  had  openings 
for  sight  and  breathing. 
It  was  forged  in  many 
parts,  which  fitted  togeth- 
er accurately  and  were  se- 
cured by  hinges,  hooks, 
and  the  like,  and  when 
closed  was  very  rigid  and 
firm. 

armful  (arm'ful),  n. 
[<  arm*  +  full]    As 

much  as  the  arms  can 
hold;  what  one  holds  in  one's  arms  or  embrace, 
"lis  not  the  wealth  of  l'lutus,  nor  the  gold 
Lock'd  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  armful  from  me.     Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 
I  stood  where  Love  in  brimming  armfuls  bore 
Slight  wanton  flowers  and  foolish  toys  of  fruit. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

arm-gauntt,  a.      [An   isolated  form,  appar.  < 
armX  (or  arm1*,  arms)  +  gaunt,  as  if  'with  gaunt 
limbs,'  or '  worn  with  military  service ' ;  in  either 
case  a  violent  formation.     Perhaps  merely  a 
scribe's  or  printer's  sophistication  of  some  word 
which  must  be  left  to  conjecture.]     An  epithet 
of  disputed  meaning,  applied  by  Shakspere  to  a 
horse,  and  in  some  editions  changed  to  arrogant. 
So  he  nodded, 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  arm-gaunt  steed, 
Who  neigh'd  so  high,  that  what  I  would  have  spoke 
Was  heastly  dumb  d  by  him.  Shah:,  A.  and  C,  i.  5. 

arm-greatt,  a.   [ME.  arm-gret;  <  arm1  +  great] 

As  thick  as  a  man's  arm. 

A  wrethe  of  gold,  arm-aret,  of  huge  wighte, 
Upon  his  heed.         Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1287. 

arm-guards  (ann'gardz),  n.  pi.  A  general  name 
of  plate-armor  for  the  defense  of  the  arms. 
It  corresponds  to  brassart  (which  see)  and  to  the  French 
garde-bras.    See  also  bracelet,  vambrace,  and  rercbrace. 

armhole  (arm'hol),  u.  [<  ME.  armhole,  corrupt- 
ly harmole;  <  arm1  +  hole.]  1.  The  cavity  under 
the  shoulder;  the  armpit.     [Now  rare.] 

Tickling  is  most  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and  under  the 
armholes,  and  on  the  sides.  The  cause  is  the  thinness  of 
the  skin  in  these  parts,  joined  with  the  rareness  of  being 
touched  there.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist, 

2.  A  hole  in  a  garment  for  the  arm. 


Steel  Armet,  about  A. 


.  I45°- 


A,  calotte  or  cap;  a,  neck-guard 
riveted  to  A,  and  having  a  prolon- 
gation upward  to  the  crown ;  B,  up- 
per vizor,  or  umbril,  with  sight-  or 
eye-hole;  C,  vizor  with  opening 
for  breathing  ;  D,  aventailc,  opening 
sidewise  on  hinges ;  E,  rim  of  the 
gorgerin  I  it  has  a  groove  between 
two  ridges,  which  groove  receives 
the  lower  edge  of  the  armet  proper) ; 
F,  one  of  two  upright  pins  upon 
which  the  pauldrons  are  adjusted. 
The  gorgerin  is  of  three  pieces, 
movable  upon  one  another,  and  all 
riveted  to  a  leather  band  beneath. 


313 

armiak  (iir'myak),  n.  [<  Unas,  arnn/tilii,  of 
Tatar  origin.]  1.  A  stuff  woven  of  camel's 
hair  by  the  Tatars. — 2.  In  Russia,  a  plain  caf- 
tan* or  outer  garment,  made  of  armiak  or  a 
similar  material,  worn  by  the  peasantry. 

armiferous  (iir-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armifer,  < 
arma,  arms,  +  ferrc  =  ¥•.  bear1.']  Bearing  arius. 
Blount 

armiger  (iir'mi-jer),  re.  [L.,  armor-bearer,  < 
anna,  arms,  +  gerere,  bear,  carry.]  1.  An  ar- 
mor-bearer to  a  knight;  a  squire;  the  second 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  chivalry  or  knight- 
hood.—  2.  One  who  has  a  right  to  armorial  bear- 
ings: formerly  used  after  the  proper  name  by 
a  person  possessing  such  right,  but  no  higher 
title:  thus,  "John  Bolton,  armiger,"  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  ''John  Bolton,  gentleman."  In 
Shakspere,  armigero. 

A  gentleman  born,  master  parson ;  who  writes  himself 
armigero;  in  any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  or  obligation, 
armigero.  Slink.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

This  young  armiger  most  be  the  too  attractive  cyno- 
sure to  our  poor  little  maiden. 

li.  D.  Blaekmore,  Lorna  Doone,  li. 

armigeral  (ar-mij'e-ral),  a.  [<  armiger  +  -al.] 
Of  the  class  of  squires;  genteel. 

I  am  exempted  at  present  from  residence,  as  preacher 
to  the  Foundling  Hospital ;  had  it  been  otherwise,  I  could, 
1  think,  have  lived  very  happily  in  the  country,  in  armi- 
hi  ml,  priestly,  and  swine-feeding  society. 

Sydney  Smith,  to  Francis  Jeffrey. 

armigero  (ar-mij'e-ro),  re.  [=  Sp.  armigt  ro,  a 
squire,  =  Pg.  armigero,  a  page,  <  L.  armiger: 
see  armiger?]     Same  as  armiger,  2. 

armigerous  (ar-mij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armiger 
(later,  but  rarely,  drmigerus),  bearing  arms: 
see  armiger.']     Entitled  to  bear  heraldic  arms. 

They  belonged  to  the  armwerous  part  of  the  popula- 
tion. /'<  Quincey,  Works,  VII.  45. 

armil  (ar'inil),  re.  [<  late  ME.  armille,  <  OF.  ar- 
mille,  <  L.  arntilla,  a  bracelet,  armlet,  hoop, 
ring,  dim.  prob.  of  annus,  shoulder,  upper  arm: 
see  fi rail.]  i.  An  ancient  astronomical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  ring  fixed  in  the  plane  of 
the  equator,  sometimes  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  another  riug  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the  me- 
ridian. In  the  first  case  it  was  an  equinoctial  armil,  in 
the  second  a  solstitial  armil.  Also  called  armilla.  See 
armillary. 

With  the  advance  of  geometrical  conceptions  there  came 
the  hemisphere  of  Berosus,  the  equinoctial  armil,  the  sol- 
stitial armil,  and  the  quadrant  of  Ptolemy — all  of  them 
employing  shadows  as  indices  of  the  sun's  position,  but  in 
combination  with  angular  divisions. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  172. 

2.  Same  as  armilla,  1. 

The  armil,  or  bracelet,  was  looked  upon  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  as  one  among  the  badges  of  royalty. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  436,  note. 

armilausa  (ar-mi-la'sii),  n. ;  pi.  armilausw  (-se). 
[LL. ;  origin  uncertain ;  said  by  Isidore  to  be  a 
contr.  of  *armiclausa,  <  annus,  shoulder,  +  clau- 
sus,  pp.  of  claudere,  shut  in :  see  armi,  clause, 
and  dose]  1.  Aland  of  Roman  military  tunic. 
—  2.  A  garment  worn  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  during  the  middle  ages,  probably 
differing  in  shape  at  different  times.  Meyrick 
describes  it  as  "a  body  garment  the  prototype  of  the  sur- 
coat";  but  it  seems  always  to  have  been  an  outer  garment, 
and  even  worn  over  the  armor. 
armilla  (iir-niil'a),  «.;  pi.  armillte  (-e).  [L. :  see 
armil.']  1.  In  aii-lia oh,  a  bracelet  or  armlet:  as, 
a  Roman  or  Prankish  armilla.  Also  called  ar- 
mil.—  2.  In  mack.,  an  iron  ring,  hoop,  or  brace, 
in  which  the  gudgeons  of  a  wheel  move. — 3.  In 
anat.,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist  which 
binds  together  the  tendons  of  the  hand. — 4. 
Same  as  armil,  1. —  5.  In  ornith.,  a  colored  ring 
encircling  the  tibia  of  a  bird  just  above  the 
heel-joint.  [Little  used.] 
armillary  (ar'mi-la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  armilla,  an 
armlet,  ring,  etc. :  see  armil.]     Resembling  a 

bracelet  or  armil- 
la; consisting  of 
rings  or  circles. — 
Armillary  sphere, 
a'»  arrangement  of 
rums,  all  circles  of 
a  single  sphere,  in- 
truded to  show  the 
relative  positions  of 
the  principal  celes- 
tial circles.  The 
whole  revolves  upon 
its  axis  within  a  hori- 
zon divided  into  de- 
grees and  movable  in 
every  direction  upon 
a  brass  supporter. 
There  are  two  kinds 
of  armillary  sphere. 


llary  Sphere. 


one  with  the  earth 
and  one  with  the  sun 
in  the  center,  called 


Arminian 

respectively  the  sphere  ol  Ptolemy  and  the  sphere  of  Co- 
pernicus. Since  the  main  ubi  ol  rivanceiBto 
give  an  accurate  repri  Bentation  "i  the  apparent  motions  ol 

the  solar  system,  the  former  Is  the  one st  used,  Hie  utt 

ter  having  little  practical  value. 
armillate  (ar'mi-la1 ),  a.    [<  h.armillatus,  <  ar- 
milla,  bracelet:  see  armil. ]    Wearing  a  d 

let.      Ash. 

armillated  (ar'mi-la-ted),  a.  Wearing  brace- 
lets.    I  ih-I.i  rum. 

armillett  (ar'mi-let),  n.  [<  <  >!•'.  armillrt,  dim.  of 
armille:  see  armil,  armilla.']  A  small  armilla 
or  armlet.    Sit  armilla. 

armint,  »'•  [Cf.  armil,  armilla.]  A  kind  of 
ornament  for  the  pike,  it  appears  t"  have  been  a 
piece  of  stud  sewed  around  the  statt,  perhaps  to  afford  a 
firm  bold  for  the  hand. 

armine't,  »•  [Perhaps  for  "arming  (of  which, 
however,  no  record  is  found  for  400  years  pre- 
ceding), <  early  ME.  erming,  <  AS.  earming,  a 
wretched  person,  <  earm,  wretched,  miserable, 
poor,  =08.  arm  =  OFries.  erm,  arm  =  1).  arm, 
OHGr.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm  =  Icel.  armr=  Sw. 
Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms,  wretched,  miserable. 
See  yearn?.]  A  beggar;  a  mendicant. 
Luce.  So  young  an  armine! 

Flow.  Armine,  sweetheart,  I  know  not  what 

You  mean  by  that,  but  I  am  almost  a  beggar. 

London  Prodigal  (1605). 

armine'-t,  arminedt.    Obsolete  forms  of  ermine, 

ennnit  il. 
arming  (iir'ming),  n.    [<  ME.  arm y ii (i ;  verbal  n. 
of  arm?,  v.]     1.  The  act  of  taking  amis  or  fur- 
nishing with  arms:  as,  an  extensive  arming  of 
the  people. — 2f.  In  her.,  a  coat  of  arms. 
When  the  Lord  Beaumont,  who  their  armings  knew, 
Their  present  peril  to  brave  Suffolk  shews.       Drayton, 

3.  Naut.:  (a)  A  piece  of  tallow  placed  in  a 
cavity  at  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead  to 
bring  up  a  sample  of  the  sand,  mud,  etc.,  of  the 
sea-bottom. 

On  the  arming  from  an  eight-fathom  cast  there  was  a 
perfect  impression  of  an  Astra?a,  apparently  alive. 

Darwin,  Coral  Reefs,  p.  11. 

(b)  pi.  A  kind  of  boarding-nettings,  (e)  pi. 
Red  dress-cloths  formerly  hung  fore  and  aft 
outside  the  upper  works  on  holidays :  still  used 
by  some  nations.  Smyth. 
arming-bucklet  (ar'ming-buk  1),  re.  1.  Abuckle 
used  in  defensive  armor. — 2.  In  her.,  such  a 
buckle,  generally  having  the 
shape  of  a  lozenge,  used  as  a 
bearing. 

arming-doublett  i  iir'ming-dub"- 
let),  n.  A  doublet  used  in  mili- 
tary dress,  forming  an  essential 
part  of  the  harness  of  a  light- 
armed  foot-soldier  in  the  middle 
ages  and  later.  It  is  probable  that 
it  was  a  very  elose-fittiiiu  garment  worn  under  the  corse- 
let. The  general  use  of  it  seems  to  have  suggested  a  style 
or  cut  in  elegant  costume,  as  we  read  of  arming-doublets 
of  costly  material. 

That  every  man  have  an  arming-doublet  of  fustian  or 
canvas.  Duke  of  Norfolk's  Orders,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  3(i. 

An  arming-doublet  of  crimson  and  yellow  satin  .  .  . 
with  threads  of  Venice  gold. 

Inventory  Henri,  V III.,  1542,  quoted  by  Planehe. 

arming-pointt  (ar'ming- point),  «.  A  point 
used  in  fastening  together  parts  of  a  suit  of 
armor. 

arming-press  ( ar'mrng-pres),  ».  A  small  hand- 
power  stamping-press  used  by  bookbinders. 
Its  earliest  employment  was  in  stamping  heraldic  arms 
on  the  sides  of  books,  whence  its  name.  In  the  United 
states  this  form  of  press  is  known  as  a  stamping-press 
or  embossing-press, 

arming-speart  (Sr'niing-sper),  ».  A  spear  used 
in  war. 

arming-swordt  (ar'ming-sord),  n.  A  sword 
made  especially  for  use  in  battle,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  worn  as  a  part  of  military 
dress  or  uniform  in  time  of  peace,  and  from 
that  used  in  tourneys  or  the  like. 

A  helmett  of  proofe  shee  strait  did  pr«.\  ide, 
A  strong  arming-sword  shee  girt  by  her  side. 

Percy's  Beliquet. 

Arminian  (iir-min'i-an),  re.  and  a.  [<  NL.  Ar- 
niiiiianits,  <  Arminius, ^Latinized  from  the  name 
of  Harniense  u.]  I.  re.  1.  Oneof  a  Christian  sect 
named  from  James  Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmen- 
sen),  a  Protestant  divine  of  Leyden,  Nether- 
lands (15G0-1G09).  Its  members  were  alsn  calli  d  Re- 
iiiinistruiits,  from  a  statement  of  their  views  in  the  form  of 
a  remonstrance  presented  to  the  States-General  in  1610. 
They  separated  from  the  Calvinista,  objecting  to  their 
doctrine  of  predestination.  The  sect  as  a  distinct  organ- 
ization is  ehieily  confined  to  the  Netherlands,  where  it 
numbers  only  about  twenty  congregations  and  a  few  thou- 
sand adherents. 

2.  A  believer  in  the  Arminian  doctrines.  These 
doctrines  are:  (1)  Conditional  election  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestination  as  taught  by 


Four  Varieties  of 
Heraldic  Arming- 
Buckles. 


Arminian 

Calvin.  (-2)  T'tiiversal  lvdi'inptinn,  or  that  the  atonement 
was  made  by  Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  none  but  be- 
lievera  can  be  partakers  "t  it-  benefits.  (3)  That  man,  in 
order  t"  exercise  true  faith,  must  be  regi  aerated  and  re- 
newed  by  the  operation  of  the  Holy  spirit,  which  is  the 
gift  of  God.  (4)  That  this  grace  i*  not  irresistible.  (5)  That 
believers  are  able  by  the  aid  of  the  Holy  spirit  to  resist 
sin,  but  that  there  is  always  in  this  lite  the  possibility  of 
a  fall  from  ^nor.  in  opposition  to  the  Calvinistic  doctrine 
of  the  perseverance  of  the  saints.  Protestants  in  general 
shared  in  the  controversy  excited  by  the  promulgation  of 
these  doctrines,  and  :ill  opponents  of  Calvinism  are  ^t ill 
often  characterized  as  Arnunians.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land Arminianism  was  especially  favored  by  the  High 
Church  party.  The  Methodist  denomination  was  divided 
on  the  subject,  the  followers  of  Wesley  being  Arminians, 
and  those  of  Whitefield  t'alvinists. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  Arminius  or  to  his  doc- 
trines. 

Arminianism  (ai-min'i-an-izm), n.    [(.Armini- 
an +  -ism ;  =  F.  arminianisme.]     The  peculiar 
doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 
Arminianize  (ar-min'i-an-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Arminianized,  ppr.  Armihianizing.    [<  Arminian 
+  -i~c]     I.  trans.   To  make  Arminian;  tinge 
or  permeate  with  Arminian  doctrines. 
II.  iiitrnns.  To  teach  Arminianism. 
armipotence  (ar-mip'o-tens),  n.  [<  LL.  armipo- 
tentia,(,  L.  armipoten(i-)s :  eeearmipotent.]  Puis- 
sance at  arms.     Bailey. 
armipotent  (ar-niip'o-tent),  a.    [<  ME.  armypo- 
tent,  <  L.  armipoten(t-)s,  powerful  in  arms,  < 
anna,  arms,  +  poten(t-)s,  powerful:   see  po- 
tent.]    Powerful  in  arms;   mighty  in  battle. 
[Rare.] 

The  temple  of  Marz  armypotente. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1124. 
The  manifold  linguist  and  the  armipotent  soldier. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  iv.  3. 

Who  dost  pluek 
With  hand  armipotent  from  forth  blue  elouds 
The  mason'd  turrets. 

Fletcher  {and  another'),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  1. 

armisonantt  (ar-mis'6-nant),  a.  [<  L.  anna, 
arms,  +  sonan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonarc,  sound  (see 
sonant);  suggested. by  armisonous,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  armisonous.    Ash. 

armisonoust  (;ir-mis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  anniso- 
nus,  <  arma,  arms,  +  sonare,  sound:  see  sound5, 
and  of.  armisonant.]  Sounding  or  rustling  with 
arms  or  armor.     Bailey. 

armistice  (iir'mis-tis),  n.  [<  F.  armistice  =  Sp. 
Pg.  armisticio=  It.  armistizio,  <  XL.  armistitium, 
a  cessation  of  hostilities,  <  arma,  arms,  +  -sti- 
tnini,  <  status,  a  standing,  pp.  of  sistere,  cause 
to  stand,  fix,  reduplicated  from  stare,  stand : 
see  state,  stand.  Cf.  solstice,  interstice.'}  A 
temporary  suspension  of  hostilities  hy  conven- 
tion or  agreement  of  the  parties;  a  truce. 

But,  while  an  armistice  is  an  interval  in  war  and  supposes 
a  return  to  it,  a  peace  is  a  return  to  a  state  of  amity  and 
intercourse,  implying  no  intention  to  recommence  hostili- 
ties. An  armistice  again  leaves  the  questions  of  the  war 
unsettled,  but  a  peace  implies  in  its  terms  that  redress  of 
wrongs  has  been  obtained,  or  that  the  intention  is  re- 
nounced of  seeking  to  obtain  it. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  150. 

armless1  (arm'les),  a.  [ME.  armies;  <  arm1  + 
-less.]  Without  arms.  In  tool.,  specifically  applied 
to  the  I/ipobrachia,  or  those  echinoderms,  as  sea-urchins 
and  sea-cucumbers,  which  have  no  distinct  rays  or  arms. 

armless2  (iirm'les),  a.     [<  arm?  +  -less.]     Des- 
titute of  weapons ;  defenseless. 
Spain  lying  armless  and  open.  Howell,  Letters,  i.  3. 

armlet  (arm'let),  n.  [<  arm1  + -let,  dim.  suf- 
by  armillet,  q.  v.  Cf. 
bracelet.]  1. 
A  little  arm: 
as,  an  armlet 
of  the  sea. —  2. 
An  ornament 
for  the  arm ; 
specifically,  a 
metal  band  or 
ring  worn  up- 
on the  upper  arm.  —  3.  That  part  of  a  dress 
where  the  sleeve  joins  the  shoulder. 
armoire  (iir-mwor'),  n.  [F. :  see  ambry.]  An 
ambry.  :i  largo  wardrobe  or  movable  cupboard, 
with  doors  and  shelves;  especially,  one  which 
is  inclosed  or  shut  in  with  doors  from  base  to 

cornice,  and  is  simple  and  roomy  in  design. 

armoiriet  (ar'mor-i),  «.    [P.]    in  old  form  of 

iinmirxfi. 

Their  great  aim  was  to  i  levat  tlii  ir  Bubject  by  tracing 
back  tin  use  of  armoirie*  i"  the  patriarchs  and  heroes  of 
Jewish  ami  pagan  antiquity.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  712. 

armoniact,  ".     An  old  conniption  of  ammoniac. 

i  hour'  r. 

armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  n.  [Second  form  now 
usual m England;  (.WE. armour,  armowre,  earlier 
and  more  commonly armure,  armor(often  in  pi. 


fix;    suggested  prob. 


Egyptian. 


armures,  armnrs,  anncrta,  <tniicrcs,  weapons),  < 
OF.  armure,  armeUre.  F.  armure=  Sp.  Pg.  arma- 
dura =It.  armadura>armatura}  armor,  <L.ama- 
tura,  armor:  see  ur  mature.']  1.  Defensive  arms; 
any  covering  worn  to  protect  the  person  against 
Offensive  weapons.  All  available  materials  that  offer 
some  resistance  to  edge  or  point  have,  at  various  epochs 
and  among  various  peoples,  been  put  to  use  for  this  pur- 


Complete  Armor  of  1195-  Armor  and  Equipment  for  man  and 

1205.  horse,  about  1290. 

1.  Conical  helmet  set  2.  A  heaume  or  large  helmet, 
upon  the  hood.  A,  hood  of  worn  over  a  steel  cap  (mortier  or 
leather;  B,  camailof  chain-  secret).  It  had  no  vizor  nor  avent- 
mail  secured  to  the  hood.  aile,  but  was  worn  only  in  fight,  and 
This  is  here  separate  from  rested  directly  upon  the  armor  of  the 
the  hauberk,  though  it  was  neck.  A,  ailette  (one  on  each  shoul- 
often  a  part  of  it.  The  der) ;  B,  rerebrace;  C,  cubitiere,  or  el- 
hauberk  of  mail  reaches  to  bow-guard  ;  D,  genouilliere,  or  knee- 
the  knees  and  is  divided  be-  guard  ;  I-,  greave,  or  bainberg  ;  F, 
fore  and  behind;  the  gam-  surcoat  of  stuff  worn  over  the  armor; 
beson  has  a  long  skirt,  and  is  M,  barbs  of  the  same  make  as  the 
worn  under  the  nauberk  and  body-armor  of  the  rider;  A',  cham- 
divided  in  the  same  way ;  fron  of  hammered  iron ;  0,  housings 
the  belt  is  only  a  leather  of  stuff  affording  considerable  pro- 
strap  with  buckle  ;  the  tection.  The  armor  of  the  body  and 
shield  is  triangular  and  very  limbs  of  the  rider  is  of  the  fashion 
much  rounded  or  bowed  called  banded  mail ;  that  for  the  body, 
sidewise,  and  straight  therefore,  is  not  properly  a  hauberk, 
lengthwise;  the  hose,  or  perhaps  a  broigne. 
chausses,  are  of  mail,  and 

the  shoes  of  leather.  The  broigne  was  often  worn  instead  of  the  hau- 
berk ;  the  closed  helmet,  rarely.  The  chausses  often  covered  the  feet, 
replacing  the  shoes. 

pose,  as  thick  skins,  garments  of  linen  or  of  silk,  Btuffed 
with  vegetable  fiber,  or  made  of  many  thicknesses  of  ma- 
terial, thin  plates  of  horn  or  metal,  sewed  to  some  textile 
fabric  and  lapping  over  one  another  like  scales,  etc.  Usu- 
ally the  headpiece  was  the  first  piece  of  armor  to  be  made 
in  solid  metal.  (See  helmet.)  The  Greeks  had  a  solid  cui- 
rass from  a  very  early  period.  (See  cuirass  and  thorax.) 
This,  with  the  helmet  and  the  greaves  (see  greave),  con- 
stituted the  whole  armorof  the  heavy-armed  Greek  warrior 
of  historic  times.  The  Roman  legionary  was  in  general 
similarly  armed,  sometimes  wearing  only  one  greave. 
Chain-mail  was  introduced  in  the  armor  of  the  Roman 
soldiery.  The  Norman  invaders  of  England  in  1066  wore 
a  conical  helmet  with  a  nasal  or  strong  projecting  piece  of 
iron  coming  down  over  the  nose,  and  long  gowns  of  stuff  to 


Complete  Armor,  about  1395.  Complete  suit  of  Plate-Armor, 
3.  A,  basinet  with  vizor;  B  now  in  Pa"S,  date  about  1440  — 
large  camail  of  chain-mail;  C.  the  epoch  of  greatest  perfection 
corselet  of  separate  plates  of  of  defensive  arms. 
Iron  or  steel,  each  one  riveted  to  4.  At  armet ;  B,  gorget  of  three 
an  inner  doublet  or  jacket  of  plates  or  splints  sliding  one  over 
linen,  silk,  or  leather  (this  corse-  the  other,  the  lowermost  on*  1 
let  comes  no  higher  than  the  arm-  ing  beneath  the  plastron;  C,  <_, 
pits,  and  corresponds  exactly  to  pauldrons,  each  of  three  sliding 
the  later  pansiiTei;  /J,  complete  plates,  the  right-hand  pauldron 
brassart  ;  E,  1  ubltlere.  which  smaller  than  the  left,  and  its  low- 
is,  however,  included  in  D ;  F,  est  plate  capable  of  being  lifted 
gauntlet  of  leather  with  bracelet  to  allow  the  lance  to  be  put  in 
or  wrist-guard  of  steel,  and  back  rest ;  D,  adjustable  lance-rest ;  E, 
of  nana  covered  with  a  steel  plastron,  or  upper  part  of  corse- 
plate;  G,  skirt  of  six  laces  or  let;  F,  pansiere,  or  lower  part  of 
tassets  sliding  one  over  another  corselet  (these  two  pieces  slide 
like  the  shell  of  a  lobster's  tail  one  upon  the  other  50  that  the 
(each  tasset  is  riveted  to  a  series  body  can  bend  forward,  and  the 
of  verticalstrapsof  stuff  orleath-  pansiere  is  so  cut  away  over  the 
er) ;  H,  military  belt  secured  to  nips  that  the  body  can  bend  side- 
the  lowest  tasset  (the  sword  is  not  wise);  G,  skirt  of  races  or  tas- 
secured  to  the  belt,  buttoahook  sets;  Ht  other  tassets  forming 
or  staple  riveted  to  the  cuishc);  thigh-guards  (the  large  lowest 
/.cuishe,  or  thigh-piece,  in  two  splint  is  often  called  the  tuille);  /, 
parte  connectea  by  hinges  and  complete  brassart  in  many  pie<  es 
1  I  v  !i  ■  1  ■  /,  lamb, or  perfectly  articulated  and  funning 
leg-piece,  in  two  parte  like  the  a  connected  sleeve,  composed  of 
cuishe;  A",  genouilliere,  or  knee-  rerebrace,  vambrace,  and  cubi- 
guard  I  Z.,  soil  ret  of  1  m  dl  plates  tierc;  %  gauntlet  having  no  brace- 
Sliding  one  over  another,  let,  but  secured  to  vambrace  of 
brassart;  A',  cuishe  ;  /.j.nnb;  .1/. 
genouilliere,  having  two  sliding  splints  above  the  main  knee-guard; 
JV,  sollcret,  with  the  terminal  splint  removable  when  the  wearer  dis- 
mounted. 


armorer 

which  were  sewed  rings  or  plates  (if  metal,  and  the  leaders 
had  leg-coverings  of  .similar  make.  A  century  later  chain- 
mail  was  in  common  use.  The  knights  of  the  time  of 
Richard  I.  of  England  (Cceur  de  Lion,  11*9-1199)  wore  a 
long  hauberk  of  chain-mail,  reaching  to  the  knee  or  below, 
with  lung  sleeves  elided  at  the  ends  s«»  as  to  form  gloves, 
and  with  openings  in  the  sides  through  which  the  hands 
could  be  passed,  leaving  the  gloves  hanging  down  from 
the  wrist ;  hose  of  the  same  make,  either  covering  the  feet 
or  worn  with  shoes  of  strong  leather ;  or  sometimes  long 
hose  of  leather  laced  or  buckled  like  modern  long  gaiters. 
A  hood,  called  the  camail,  sometimes  of  chain-mail,  some- 
times  of  leather,  covered  the  head  and  descended  to  the 
shoulders,  and  upon  this  rested  the  iron  helmet,  either  of 
conical  form  or  rounded  or  acorn-shaped,  without  vizor, 
pressing  on  the  head  at  its  lower  edge,  where  it  was  often 
secured  to  the  camail,  and  rising  above  the  crown  of  the 
head.  Very  rarely  in  this  reign  a  closed  helmet  was  used, 
as  seen  on  a  seal  of  King  Richard  I.;  helmets  of  this  form 
became  common  early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  (1*216- 
1272).  By  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  ti:.'.i:i  I  11::)  and  his  inva- 
sion of  France  (1411),  the  knight  was  completely  clothed 
in  armor  of  plates,  chain-mail  being  used  at  the  junction 
of  the  limbs  with  the  body,  at  the  elbow-  and  knee-joints, 
and  for  a  hood  covering  the  top  of  the  corselet.  Finally, 
under  Henry  VI.  (142*2-1461),  at  about  the  time  thai  the 
English  were  driven  out  of  France  (1453),  the  suit  of  armor 
reached  its  complete  development,  being  forged  of  thin 
steel  to  fit  the  body  and  limbs,  weighing  not  over  60  or  70 
pounds  in  all,  and  allowing  of  free  movi  ment  This,  how- 
ever, was  extremely  costly.  The  armor  worn  in  jousts  and 
tournaments  was  very  different  after  the  twelfth  century 
from  that  worn  in  war,  being  heavier,  and  neither  allow  ing 
the  knight  to  dismount  without  assistance  nor  affording 
him  adequate  protection  if  dismounted.  For  war,  in  spite 
of  the  general  adoption  of  firearms,  armor,  though  not  in- 
vesting the  whole  body,  continued  to  be  worn  by  officers 
and  mounted  men  until  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 's  reign,  and,  indeed,  sur- 
vives to  this  day  in  the  helmets  and  cuirasses  of  certain 
corps  of  cavalry.  (The  cuts  are  from  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  fraucais.") 

2.  The  metallic  sheathing,  intended  as  a  pro- 
tection against  projectiles,  for  a  ship  of  war  or 
the  exposed  face  of  a  fortification.— 3.  Figura- 
tively, a  defensive  covering  of  any  kind ;  that 
which  serves  as  a  protection  or  safeguard;  a 
bulwark:  used  in  zool.  and  hot.  of  the  protec- 
tive envelop  or  cover  of  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
as  the  scales  of  a  fish  or  the  plates  of  a  croco- 
dile. 

There  is  no  armor  against  fate.  Shirley. 

In  one  species  [hornbills]  the  hill  armor  resembles  some- 
what the  great  recurved  horn  of  the  rhinoceros. 

Set.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  73. 
In  Europe  the  cables  contain  from  five  to  seven  wires, 
each  insulated  with  gutta-percha,  and  the  whole  protected 
with  an  armor  of  iron  wires  or  iron  pipe. 

Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  lt'.2. 

4.  In  magnetism,  same  as  armature,  (5.  [Rare.] 
—  Mascled  armor,  see  muscled.—  Submarine  armor, 
a  water-tight  covering  worn  by  a  diver;  a  diving-dress. 
The  essential  part  of  the  armor  is  a  metal  helmet,  large 
enough  to  permit  free  movement  of  the  head  within,  pro- 
vided with  windows  for  outlook,  and  connected  with  a 
breastplate  which  prevents  any  compression  of  the  bums. 
The  remainder  of  the  suit  is  of  india-rubber.  Pure  air  is 
pumped  through  a  tube  opening  into  the  helmet  and  is 
projected  against  the  windows,  removing  the  moisture 
which  condenses  upon  them  ;  it  then  becomes  diffused  and 
is  breathed,  the  impure  air  passing  oul  through  a  similar 
tube.  Weights  are  attached  to  the  waist,  and  leaden  soles 
to  the  shoes.  A  signal-line  affords  communication  with 
attendants  above. 

armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  v.  t.     [<  armor,  ».] 

To  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate. 

The  trees  were  yet  growing  and  the  iron  unmined  with 
which  a  navy  was  to  be  built  and  armored. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  152. 

armor-bearer  (Sr'mor-bar'er),  ».  In  ancient 
and  feudal  times,  one  who  carried  the  armor  or 
weapons  of  another. 

armored,  armoured  (ar'mord),  p.  a.    [<  armor 

+  -rY72.]  1.  Equipped  with  arms  or  armor. — 
2.  Covered  with  armor,  as  a  ship  or  the  face  of 
a  fortification ;  armor-plated. 

The  "Stonewall"  was  a  ram  with  armored  sides. 

J.  Ii.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  221. 

Fishes  [Oephalaspidce]  whose  peculiar  armoured  forms 
indicate  a  low  stage  of  organization. 

Clatts,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  177. 

armorer,  armourer  (ar'mor-er),  n.  [Second 
form  now  usual  in  England ;  <  ME.  armorer,  ar- 
mera\  armwrer,  <  AV.  armwrer,  OF.  armurier  (F. 
armwrier),  <  armure,  armor:  see  armor  and  -er.] 

1.  Formerly,  a  maker  of  or  an  expert  in  armor; 
hence,  one  who  had  the  care  of  the  arms  and 
armor  of  a  knight  or  man-at-arms,  and  equipped 
him  for  action. 

The  armourere,  accomplishing  the  knights, 
With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up, 
Give  dreadful  note  of  preparation. 

Shak.,  Men.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Riding  further  past  an  armorer's, 
Who,  with  back  turn'd,  and  bow'd  above  his  work, 
Sat  riveting  a  helmet  on  his  knee.     Tciniuson.  Ceraint. 

2.  Tn  modern  use,  a  manufacturer  or  custodian 
of  military  arms  j  specifically,  one  who  has  the 
supervision  of  any  collection  or  equipment  of 
arms.    The  armorer  of  a  Bhip  has  charge  of  the  arms, 


armorer 

and  sees  that  they  are  kept  in  a  condition  lit  for  service.    In 
the  British  army  an  armorer  i s  attached  to  each  troop  of 

cavalry  ami  to  each  company  of  infantry,  to  clean  the  anus. 

armor-grating  (ar'mpr-gra''ting),  n.  Iu  many 
wax-ships,  especially  in  ironclads,  one  of  sev- 
eral deep  iron  gratings  which  are  fitted  around 
the  bottom  of  the  funnel  ami  across  its  throat, 
to  protect  the  boilers  and  uptakes  from  shot 
and  shell  during  an  engagement. 
armorial  (Sr-mo'ri-al),  o.  and  n.  [=F.  armo- 
rial; <  armory*  +  -ah]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  her- 
aldry, or  to  heraldic  bearings. 
Armorial  signs  <-i  race  ami  birth.  Wordsworth. 

Attendant  on  a  King-at-arms, 
Whose  hand  the  armorial  truncheon  held. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  6. 
Armorial  bearings.    See  arm?,  7. 

He  was  surrounded  by  his  courtiers,  with  their  stately 
retinues,  glittering  in  gorgeous  panoply,  and  proudly  dis- 
playing the  armorial  bearings  of  their  ancient  houses. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  lsa.,  i.  IT.. 

II.  n.  A  book  containing  heraldic  bearings 
and  devices;  a  dictionary  of  the  arms  rightly 
borne  by  the  persons  named  in  it. 

Armoric  (ar-rnor'ik),  a.  and«.  [<  L.  Armoriece, 
pi.,  later  Armorica,  sing.,  said  to  be  <  Celtic  ar 
(W.  ar  =  Ir.  ar  =  (iael.  air),  on,  upon,  +  mor 
(W.  mor  =  Ir.  and  Gael,  muir),  the  sea,  =L. 
marc,  sea,  =  E.  mere,  lake :  see  mere1.']  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  ancient  Armorica,  the  region  iu 
the  western  extremity  of  France  now  called 
Bretagne  or  Brittany.     See  Breton. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  inhabitants  of 
lower  Brittany,  one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which 
have  remained  to  the  present  time.  It  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cymric  group,  of  which  the  closely  allied  Welsh 
is  the  only  other  living  member. 

Armorican   (ar-mor'i-kan),   a.    and   n.    I.   a. 
Same  as  Armoric. 
II.  ra.  A  native  of  Armorica  or  Brittany. 

armoried  (ar'mgr-id),  a.  [<  armory2  +  -ed2.] 
Decked  with  armorial  bearings. 

armorist  (ar'mor-ist),  n.  [<  F.  armoriste,  <  ar- 
moiries,  coat  of  arms:  see  armory'2  and  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  armory  or  heraldic  arms. 

armor-plate  (ar'mor-plat),  n.  A  metallic  plate, 
usually  of  iron  or  steel,  intended  to  be  attached 
to  the  side  of  a  ship  or  the  outer  wall  of  a  fort, 
with  the  view  of  rendering  it  shot-proof.  A  pro- 
tection of  iron  for  ships  was  proposed  iu  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  hut  the  first  practical  application  of 
it  was  probably  to  the  French  floating  batteries  used  in 
the  Crimean  war.  The  suceess  of  these  led  the  French  to 
construct  "  La  Gloire,"  the  first  of  the  so-ealled  ironclads, 
completed  in  1861.  This  vessel,  which  had  4-inch  wr.  night- 
iron  plates  over  a  backing  of  about  3  feet  in  thickness, 
was  speedily  followed  in  1801  by  the  "  Warrior"  and  other 
ships  of  the  same  class  built  by  the  British  government, 
with  4?-inch  plates  over  IS  inches  of  teak  backing.  The 
thickness  of  the  armor  has  been  increased  as  more  power- 
ful ordnance  has  been  contrived,  the  plates  of  the  "Belle- 
rophon"  of  the  British  navy  ranging  from  1(1  to  24  inches. 
The  armor-plate  of  the  United  states  monitors  varies 
from  5  to  10  inches,  and  the  backing  from  2s  to  4s  inches. 
See  ironclad. — Armor-plate  cradle,  a  device  used  for 
bending  armor-plate.  It  is  placed  near  the  furnace,  and 
the  plate  is  laid  within  it  while  hot.  The  bed  is  formed 
by  numerous  cross-bars  of  iron,  so  placed  that  their  upper 
edges  correspond  to  the  curve  desired  in  the  finished 
plate.  Bars  are  similarly  placed  above  the  plate,  and  the 
bending  is  effected  by  driving  wedges  between  the  upper 
bars  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  plate,  which  is  thus 
forced  down  upon  the  bed-bars. —  Compound  steel- 
faced  armor-plate,  armor-plate  made  of  iron  faced  with 
steel.  It  is  made  up  to  24  inches  in  thickness,  and  the 
largest  plates  weigh  about  50  tons.  The  steel  face  is 
ordinarily  about  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the  whole 
plate.  The  two  metals  are  welded  together  by  heavy 
rolls,  through  which  they  are  passed  while  hot,  and  tints 
make  a  solid  plate. 

armor-plated  (ar'inor-pla"ted),  a.  Covered  or 
protected  by  iron  plates,  as  a  vessel  for  naval 
warfare;  iron-clad. 

armor-shelf  (ar'tnor-shelf),  «.  An  iron  shelf 
or  ledge  projecting  from  the  sides  of  an  armored 
war-vessel,  and  forming  a  support  upon  which 
the  armor-plate  and  armor-backing  rest. 

armory1  (ar'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled  armoury ;  early  mod. 
E.  armory,  armoury,  armcry,  sometimes  urinary, 
<  ME.  armoryc,  armerie,  armurie,  <  armure,  ar- 
mor (see  armor  and  -y),  but  practically  equiv. 
to  and  later  often  written  as  if  arm  +  -ery,  a 
place  for  arms,  arms  collectively:  see  arm2  and 
-ery.  Cf.  OF.  armeurerie,  armoirie,  mod.  F. 
armurerie,  an  armory,  arsenal.  The  word  has 
been  confused  to  some  extent  with  armory2.] 
1.  Arms  or  armor  collectively;  a  collection  of 
arms  or  armor. 

Blue-eyed  maid,  thy  spear  ; 
Thy  club,  Alcides :  all  the  armoury 
Of  heaven  is  too  little  !         B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 
Celestial  armoury,  shields,  helms,  and  spears. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  550. 

What  a  range  of  abstract  thought,  what  an  armory  of 

dialectic  weapons,  .  .  .  do  the  epistles  of  the  learned  l'aul 

exhibit !  G.  P.  Marsh,  Leets.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  227. 


315 

2.  A  place  where  arms  and  instruments  of 
war  are  kept,  in  tin-  tinted  stabs  the  State  militia 
are  usually  provided  with  armories,  which  include  also  of- 
fices, drill  looms,  etc. 

3.  A  place  where  arms  and  armor  are  made; 
an  armorer's  shop;  an  arsenal.  [U.  S.]  —  4. 
The  craft  of  an  armorer. 

armory-  (ar'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled  armoury ;  early  mod.  E. 
armory,  armoury,  armcry,  <  late  ME.  armoryc, 
armoirie,  <  OF.  armoirie,  armoierie,  in  pi.  ar- 
moiries,  arms,  cognizances,  scutcheons,  <  ar- 
moier,  armoyer.  armoieor,  armoirer,  one  who 
blazons  arms,  <  armoier,  armoyer  (mod.  F.  ar- 
morier  =  It.  armeggiare),  blazon  arms,  <  armes, 
arms :  see  arm2.  Cf.  armory1.]  1.  The  science 
of  blazoning  arms ;  the  knowledge  of  coat- 
armor;  heraldry. —  2.  An  armorial  ensign;  a 
crest  or  heraldic  emblem ;  arms. 

Henry  VII.  united,  by  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  of 
York,  the  white  rose  and  the  red,  the  armories  of  two 
very  powerful  families. 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Panegyric  of  Charles  I. 

3f.  Ensigns  of  war ;  colors. 

armory3t,  '<•  [After  armory1  and  F.  armoirc 
(see  armoirc),  ult.  <  L.  armarium,  whence  indi- 
rectly ambry  and  directly  armary:  see  ambry 
and  armary,  and  cf.  armory1.]  A  cupboard; 
an  ambry. 

armosiet,  '<•     A  variant  of  armozeen. 

armour,  armoured,  etc.    See  armor,  etc. 

armozeen,  armozine  (ar-mo-zen'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armaaine,  armesine,  <  OF.  arme- 
sin,  F.  armoisin  =  It.  ermesino,  <  ML.  ermesi- 
nus;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of  taffeta  or 
plain  silk,  used  for  women's  and  also  for  men's 
wear  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  earlier. 

armpit  (arm'pit),  h.  [<  ME.  armepytt ;  (arm1 
+  pit1.]  The  hollow  place  or  cavity  under  the 
shoulder ;  the  axilla. 

arm-rack  (arm'rak),  n.  A  frame  or  fitting  for 
the  stowage  of  arms. 

arm-rest  (iirm'rest),  n.  Something  designed 
as  a  rest  for  the  arm ;  specifically,  that  portion 
of  a  choir-stall  which  is  designed  to  support  the 
arms  of  the  occupant  when  he  is  in  either  a 
leaning  or  a  standing  posture ;  also,  the  carved 
end  of  a  bench,  as  in  a  church-pew. 

arm-saw  (arm'sa),  n.  Same  as  liand-saw.  See 
saw. 

arm-scye  (arni'si),  n.     Same  as  scye. 

arm's-endt  (iirmz'end),  n.  The. end  of  the  arm; 
a  good  distance  off.     Dryileu. 

arm's-length  (armz'length),  n.  A  space  equal 
to  the  length  of  the  arm To  keep  at  arm's- 
length,  figuratively,  to  keep  off  or  at  a  distance  ;  not  to 
allow  to  come  into  close  contact  or  familiarity.—  To  work 
at  arm's-length,  to  work  disadvantageous])'  or  awk- 
wardly. 

arm-sling  (arm'sling),  n.  A  sling  of  linen  or 
other  fabric  for  supporting  the  forearm  when 
fractured  or  otherwise  injured. 

arm-span  (arm'span),  n.  The  span  or  reach  of 
one's  arm ;  an  arm's-length. 

Not  too  wide  for  the  armspan  of  the  silverer. 

Workshop  Receipts,  I.  313. 

arm's-reach  (amiz'rech),  n.  The  reach  of  the 
arm ;  the  distance  to  which  the  arm  can  reach : 
as,  to  be  within  arm's-reach. 

armstrong  (iirm'strong),  n.  [<  arm1  +  strong.] 
A  local  English  name  of  the  common  knot- 
grass, Polygonum  aviculare. 

Armstrong  gun.    See  gun. 

arm-sweep  (iirtn'swep),  «.  The  length  of  reach 
or  sweep  of  an  arm.     Browning.     [Poetical.] 

armulett  (ar'mu-let),  n.  A  form  of  armillct  or 
of  armlet.     [Rare.] 

armure  (ar'mur),  n.  It-  The  regular  Middle 
English  form  of  armor.  Chaucer. — 2.  A  woolen 
or  silk  fabric  woven  with  a  surface-ridge  form- 
ing a  small  pattern,  as  a  diamond,  etc. 

army1  (ar'mi),  «.  \<arm1,n.,  +  -y1.]  Consist- 
ing of  or  abounding  in  arms  or  branches; 
branching;  spreading.     [Rare.] 

Though  large  the  forest's  monarch  throws 

His  .1,0,0  shade.  Bums. 

army2  (ar'mi),  ».;  pi.  armies  (-miz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armic,  <  ME.  armye,  armeye, 
armee,  <  OF.  armce,  mod.  F.  armce  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armada  =  It.  armata,  <  ML.  armata,  an  armed 
force,  army,  prop.  fern,  of  L.  armatus,  pp.  of 
armare,  arm,  <  anna,  arms:  see  arm2,  and  cf. 
armada,  armata,  doublets  of  army.]  If.  An 
armed  expedition. 

In  the  Grete  See 
At  many  a  noble  onto  <•  hadde  he  be. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  59. 

2.  A  large  body  of  men  trained  and  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battalions, 


arnee 

regiments,  brigades,  or  similar  divisions,  under 
proper  officers,  in  general, an  army  in  modern  times 
consists  ol  infantry  and  cavalry,  with  artillery,  although 

the  inn I   tie'  three  is  not  essential  to  its  constitution, 

the  two  latter  being  adjunct    to  the  infantry,     A are 

designated,  according  to  their  ol   ■  fieldof  oper- 

ations, etc.,  as  offensivt  or  defensivt    covering,  bl 
besieging,  standing  or  regular,  army  ol  obsti  uclion,  army  of 
observation,  army  of  invasion,  army  of  occupation,  army  ol 
re  ervt    etc.     Che  tbrci    employed  in  tl  ir-fleeta 

of  former  tines  were  called  naval  armies. 

The  essential  characteristics  of  an  army,  by  which  it  is 
distinguished  from  other  assemblages  of  armed  men,  are- 
its  national  character  —  that  is,  its  representing  mc 

less  the  will  and  the  power  of  the  nation  or  its  rulers- 
audits  organization.  Encyc.  lira.,  11.559. 

3.  A  great  number;  a  vast  multitude. 

The  locust,  .  .  .  the  cankerworm,  and  the  caterpillar, 
and  the  palmerworm,  my  great  army  whit  h  1  sent  among 
you.  Joel  ii.  25. 

The  noble  army  of  martyrs.      Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Army  Acts,  a  series  of  English  statutes  passed  each  year 
to  provide  for  thearmy.— Army  Regulations,  the  title  of 
a  work  issued  by  the  United  states  government,  containing 
the  acts  of  Congress  and  the  rules  of  the  commander-in- 
chief  for  the  management  of  the  army  both  in  peace  and 
in  war.— Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  See  republic. 
—  Salvation  Army.  See  salvation.— Standing  army, 
a  permanently  organized  military  force  kept  up  by  a 
country. 

army-cloth  (ur'mi-kloth),  n.  Cloth  from  which 
soldiers'  uniforms  are  made. 

army-COrps  (ar'mi-kor),  n.  [<  army2  +  corps  ; 
a  translation  of  F.  corps  d'arnntc]  A  corps 
which  is  made  up  of  several  divisions,  and  em- 
braces every  arm  of  the  service,  thus  forming 
an  army  complete  in  itself,  and  placed  under 
the  command  of  a  general  officer  of  higher  rank 
than  a  divisional  officer.  In  the  British  army 
three  divisions  make  an  army-corps.  Some- 
times abbreviated  A.  C.     See  division. 

army-list  (ar'mi-list),  «.  1.  An  English  pub- 
lication (as  title,  Army  List),  issued  periodi- 
cally, containing  a  list  of  the  officers  in  the 
army,  the  stations  of  regiments,  etc.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  a  similar  list,  called  the 
Army  Register. —  2.  Figuratively,  the  officers 
whose  names  are  recorded  in  the  list. 

They  ride  and  walk  with  half  the  army-list,  .  .  .  and  yet 
the  Miss  O'Gradys  are  Miss  O'Gradys  still. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliii. 

army-worm  (ar'mi-werm),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  larva  of  Lcucania  unipuncta  (Harris)  on 
account  of  the  immense  numbers  in  which  it 


Army-worm  {Leucania  unipuncta  ,  about  natural  size. 

a,  male  moth;  A,  abdomen  of  female;   c,  eye;  d,  pupa;  e,  cater- 
pillar. 

sometimes  marches  over  a  country,  completely 
stripping  it  of  all  the  grasses  and  young  grain 
in  its  way.  It  undergoes  transformation  in  the  ground. 
The  parent  moth  has  a  conspicuous  white  dot  on  the  disk 
id  the  front  wings. 

arn  (am),  n.  [Sc,  perhaps  a  reduction  of 
allcrn,  aldern,  of  alder;  or  else  of  Gael,  fearn, 
alder,  =  Ir.  fearn,  alder,  =  W.  givcm,  alder- 
trees.]     The  alder,  Alnus  glutinosa. 

arna  (ar'nii),  n.  [Hind,  amd,  fern,  ami.]  A 
name  of  the  wild  Indian  buffalo,  Bos  bubalus 
or  Bubalus  ami,  notable  for  its  size  and  the 
length  of  its  horns.     Also  arnee,  ami. 

arnatto  (ar-nat'd),  n.     Same  as  aruotto. 

Arnaut  (ar-nonf),  n.  [Also  as  F.,  Amaout  — 
Or.  Arnaut  =  Serv.  Arnaut.  Amautin,  Bulg.  Ar- 
nautin,  <  Turk.  Arnaut,  <  NGr.  'Apvaf}injc,  trans- 
posed from  'Ap:iavin/r  for  "A/ ..iiirirr/i;,  <  ML. 
Albanus,  an  Albanian,  +  -irnr,  E.  -ite2.]  A  na- 
tive of  Albania;  an  Albanian. 

amee,  ami  (ar'ne),  n.     Same  as  arna. 


arnica 


arnica  (iir'ni-ka),  n.  [NL.,  origin  unknown; 
perhaps  a  perversiou  of  Ptarmica,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  plant  <>f  the  genus  Arnica. —  2.  [cap.]  A 
genus  of  perennial  herbs,  natural  order  Com- 
posites, natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and 


Mmintain-tf.b.ic:-.-,    Africa  rwita.ia  . 

arctic  zones,  with  showy  yellow  flowers  and 
opposite  leaves.  The  most  important  species,  A.  mon- 
tana,  the  mountain-tobacco  of  central  Europe,  lias  long 
been  a  popular  remedy  in  Germany.  A.  alpina  is  found 
in  high  northern  regions  in  all  parts  of  the  world;  one 
Bpeciea  is  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  a  dozen 
Othi  i>  are  natives  of  western  North  America. 
3.  A  tincture  of  the  roots  or  flowers  of  A.  Mon- 
tana, much  used  as  an  external  application  in 
wounds  and  bruises,  and  internally  as  a  stimu- 
lant in  debilitated  states. 

arnicin,  arnicine  (iir'ni-sin),  n.  [<  arnica  + 
-in-.]  An  acrid  bitter  principle  in  the  flowers 
and  roots  of  Arnica  man  tana. 

Arnoldist  (ar'nold-ist),  n.  [<  Arnold  +  -ist.~\ 
A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Breseia,  who  in  Italy  in 
the  twelfth  century  preached  against  the  am- 
bition and  luxury  of  ecclesiastics,  not  sparing 
the  pope  himself.  He  maintained  the  subordination 
of  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  temporal  power,  and  proclaimed 
the  necessity  of  both  a  civil  and  an  ecclesiastical  revolu- 
tion In  1146  lie  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  temporarily 
successful  insurrection  against  the  temporal  power  of  the 
pope.    ll<-  was  put  to  death  in  1155. 

Arnold's  ganglion,  nerve.    See  the  nouns. 

arnot,  arnott,  ><■    See  arnut. 

arnotto  (ar-not'o),  ».  [In  various  other  forms, 
arniitto.  anatto,  anotto,  anotta,  annatto,  annotto, 
annotta ;  prob.  a  native  Amer.  name.]    1.  liixa 


Arnotto  ( Bixa  OretlaHa ). 

Orellana,  a  small  tree,  natural  order  Bixacew,  a 
native  of  tropical  America.  It  i- .  xtremelj  common 
in  Jamaica  and  other  parte  "!  the  West  Indies,  and  has 
been  introduced  into  tropica]  regions  of  the  old  world. 
2.  T1m-  dye  or  coloring  matter  obtained  from 
the  seeds  of  this  plant.    The  seed  an  covered  with 

areddi  I 'eddish-yellon  waxy  pulp,  which  is  dissolved 

in  water,  thi  n  dried  to  the  i  onsistency   •!  putty,  and  made 
up  in  rolls  or  folded  in  ieaveB,  "i  dried  still  mon    and 


316 

made  into  cakes.  It  is  employed  as  a  dye  for  silken,  woolen, 
or  cotton  stuibs,  as  an  auxiliary  in  giving  a  deeper  shade 
to  .sin 1 1 ilc  yellows,  and  also  as  a  colurinmnm.-diciit  for  but- 
ter, cheese,  and  chocolate,  and  for  varnishes  and  lacquers. 

arnut,  arnot  (ar'nut,  -not),  n.  [E.  dial.,  = 
earthnut,  q.  v.  Cf.  arling  for  earthling.]  The 
earthnut  (which  see).     Also  spelled  arnott. 

aroeira  (ar-o-a'ra),  n.  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  a  small  anacardiaceous  tree  of  Brazil, 
Schinus  terebinthifolius,  the  resin  obtained  from 
which,  and  also  the  bark  and  leaves,  are  used  as 
a  remedy  for  rheumatism  and  other  complaints. 

aroid  (ar'oid),  «.  [<  Arum  +  -oid.~]  One  of  the 
Aroideoe  or  Aracew. 

Aroideae  (a-roi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
-null »'.]     Same  as  Aract  ee. 

aroint,  aroynt  (a-roinf),  ».  [Found  onlyin  the 
expression  "Aroint  thee,  witch!"  in  two  pas- 
sages of  Shakspere,  and  in  modern  imitations, 
beingprob.  Shakspere's  own  adaptation  (aroynt, 
after  around  (see  below),  or  with  an  unoriginal 
introductory  syllable  due  perhaps  to  forcible 
utterance,  or  perhaps  merely  metrical,  for 
"rotjiit,  rynl,  the  diphthong  oij,  oi  being  then 
and  still  dial,  often  equiv.  to  y,  i)  of  an  E.  dial. 
(Cheshire)  proverb,  '"Bynt  you,  witch,'  quoth 
Bessie  Locket  to  her  mother,"  so  recorded  by 
Ray  in  1693,  but  prob.  in  use  in  Shakspere's 
time.  (If  original  with  him,  it  could  not  have 
passed  into  popular  speech  so  early  as  1G93.) 
The  proverb,  which  bears  the  marks  of  local 
origin,  from  some  incident  long  forgotten,  eon- 
tains  a  particular  use  of  the  same  verb  that 
occurs  in  E.  dial,  ryntye  (given  by  Ray  in  con- 
nection with  the  proverb),  rtjndta  (Thoresby, 
1703),  ryiit  tine,  an  expression  ':used  by  milk- 
maids in  Cheshire  to  a  cow  when  she  has  been 
milked,  to  bid  her  get  out  of  the  way"  (Clark 
and  Wright,  ed.  Shak.,1.  e.,note),  that  is,  round 
ye,  round  thee,  move  round,  turn  about;  rynd, 
rynt,  being  a  dial,  form  of  round:  see  round-.] 
I.  intrans.  An  interjectional  imperative,  equiv- 
alent, in  the  passages  quoted,  to  avaunt!  be- 
gone !    See  etymology. 

"Aroint  thee,  witch!"  the  rump-fed  ronyon  cries. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
He  met  the  night-mare  and  her  nine-fold ; 
Bid  her  alight, 
And  her  troth  plight, 
And  aroint  thee,  witch,  aroint  thee  ! 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
II.  trans.  To  say  "aroint"  to;  bid  begone. 

Whiskered  cats,  arointed,  flee. 

Mrs.  Brouming,  To  Flush,  xviii. 
That  Humbug,  whom  thy  soul  aroints. 

Broirniioi,  Tun  I'octs. 

arolium  (a-ro'li-um),  «.;  pi.  arotia  (-a).  [NL.] 

An  appendage  of  the  tarsus  of  some  insects,  as 

the  Trichoptera,  or  caddis-flies. 

A  short  cushion  [plantula]  and  two  membranous  arolia. 

Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  120. 

arolia  (a-rol'8),  w.    The  Swiss  stone-pine,  Pinus 

t\  inlira. 
aroma  (a-ro'ina),  it.;  pi.  aromas  (-maz),  some- 
times arouiata  (-uia-ta).  [Early  mod.  E.  ani- 
mate, <  ME.  aromat,  <  OF.  aromat,  mod.  F.  aro- 
nmtv;  mod.  E.  directly  <  L.  aroma,  <  Gt.  apujut 
(apupar-),  any  spice  orsweet  herb;  perhaps  orig. 
the  smell  of  a  plowed  field,  and  so  identical  with 
apupa,  aplowed  field,  arable  land,  <  apoetv,  plow  . 
=  L.  arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  If.  Spice: 
usually  in  the  plural,  spices.  N.  E.D. —  2.  An 
odor  arising  from  spices,  plants,  or  other  sub- 
stances, more  especially  an  agreeable  odor; 
fragrance ;  spicy  perfume. 

The  air  had  the  true  northern  aroma. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  27<>. 
3.  Figuratively,  a  characteristic  but  subtle 
quality;  a  pervasive  charm  or  flavor. 

The  subtle  aroma  of  genius.  Saturday  Rev. 

A  happy  surprise  awaits  those  who  come  to  the  study  i  if 
tin  early  literature  of  New  England  with  the  expectation 
ui  finding  it  altogether  arid  in  sentiment,  or  void  of  the 
spirit  and  aroma  of  poetry. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  1.  264. 
=  Syn.  2.   Perfume,  Fraijranee.  etc.     Sec  swell,  n. 

aromatic  (ar-o-mat'ik),  a.  and  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  aromatic/:,  -yqitc,  <  ME.  aromatyl:,  <  OF.  aro- 
miititjuc,  <  LL.  tiioiiKilicus,  <  Gr.  apapanxSc,  < 
apu/ia,  spiee,  sweet  herb:   see  aroma.]     I.   a. 

1.  Giving  out  an  aroma;  fragrant;  sweet- 
seonti'il :   odoriferous  ;  of  spicy  lla\  or. 

Gtreat  blueberry  i>ushes  hanging  thick  with  misty  blue 
spheres,  aromatic  and  sweet  with  a  sweetness  no  tropic 
suns  can  give,    R.  T  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  291, 

2.  Caused  by  an  aroma  or  fragrant  odor. 

Die  of  a  rose  in  atromalic  pain, 

Pope,  Essay  "n  Man,  1.  200. 

3.  In  client.,  an  epithet  formerly  applied  to  a 
small  group  of  organic  bodies,  of  vegetable 


around 

origin,  which  had  an  aromatic-  smell  and  taste; 
now  applied  to  all  those  compounds  which  are 
derived  from  the  hydrocarbon  benzene,  CgHg. 
They  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  fatty  series  by 
not 'being  derived  from  methane,  I'll ,,  and  by  tile  fact  that 
hydrogen  in  the  aromatic  hydrocarbons  is  easily  directly 
replaced  by  another  univalent  element  or  radical,  while 
in  compounds  of  the  fatty  series  it  is  not.  They  generally 
contain  more  carbon,  also,  than  the  compounds  of  the 
fatty  scries.  — Aromatic  vinegar,  a  volatile  anil  power- 
ful perfume  made  by  adding  the  essential  oils  of  lavender, 
cloves,  etc.,  and  often  camphor,  to  strong  acetic  acid.  It 
is  an  excitant  in  fainting,  languor,  and  headache. 

II.  n.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine  which 
yields  a  fragrant  smell,  as  sage,  certain  spices 
and  oils,  etc. 

aromatical  (ar-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aro- 
ma lie. 

aromatically  (ar-o-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  With  an 
aromatic  or  agreeable  odor  or  taste;  fragrantly. 

aromatite  (a-ro'rua-tit),  n.  [<  L.  aromatttes,  a 
precious  stone  of  the  smell  and  color  of  myrrh, 
aromatic  wine,  <  Gr.  aputiaThnc,  aromatic,  < 
apufia,  spice:  see  aroma.]  1.  A  bituminous 
stone,  in  smell  and  color  resembling  ruyrrh. —  2. 
A  factitious  wine,  containing  various  aromatics. 

aromatization  (a-ro  "ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  [<  aro- 
matize +  -ation.]  The  act  of  rendering  aro- 
matic; aromatic  flavoriug. 

aromatize  (a-ro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aromatized,  ppr.  aromatizing.  [Oate  ME.  aro- 
matysen,  <  OF.  aromatiser,  <  LL.  aromatisare,  < 
Gr.  apojpari^etv,  spice,  <  apofia,  spice,  sweet 
herb:  see  aroma.]  To  render  aromatic  or  fra- 
grant; give  a  spicy  flavor  to;  perfume. 

aromatizer   (a-ro'ma-ti-zor),   n.     One  who  or 
that  which  aromatizes ;  that  which  communi- 
cates an  aromatic  quality. 
Arotnatizers  to  enrich  our  sallets.     Eeebjn,  Acetaria,  vi. 

aromatous  (a-ro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  aroma(t-)  + 
-ous.]  Containing  an  aromatic  principle ;  aro- 
matic. 

Aromochelyina  (ar-o-mok"e-li-i'na),  it.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aromoeltelys  +  -ina.]"  A  subfamily  of 
turtles  (the  stinkpots),  typified  by  the  genus 
Aromoeltelys,  referred  by  Gray  to  his  family  '  'he- 
lydradw.  They  have  a  cruciform  plastron  of  11 
shields,  of  which  the  gular  pair  is  united  and 
linear.  A.  odorata  is  the  common  stinkpot  of 
the  United  States. 

Aromochelys  (ar-6-mok'e-lis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apupa,  in  mod.  sense  '  sweet  smell,'  +  x^-vc,  a 
tortoise.]  A  genus  of  terrapins,  including  the 
stinkpot  of  North  America,  A.  odorata,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Aromochelyina. 

arondie,  arondy,  a.    Variants  of  arrondi. 

Aronhold's  theorems.    See  theorem. 

aroomt,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  aroum, 
a  rouiiie,  on  rum:  a,  on,  E.  a3,  to  or  at;  roiim, 
rum,  space,  E.  room:  see  a3  and  room.]  To  or 
at  a  distance;  abroad;  apart. 

I  arouinc  was  in  the  felde. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  540. 

aroph  (ar'of),  h.  [Said  to  be  <  ML.  aro(ma) 
}>li(ilosopliorum),  aroma  of  the  philosophers.] 
1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  saffron. —  2.  A 
chemical  preparation  concocted  by  Paracelsus, 
used  as  a  remedy  for  urinary  calculus. 

arose  (a-roz').    Preterit  oi  arise. 

a  rotelle  (a  ro-tel'le).  [It.:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  rotelle,  pi.  of  rotclht,  a  small  wheel,  disk, 
dim.  of  rota,  a  wheel:  see  rota.]  With  disks, 
roundels,  or  rosettes:  used  in  works  on  de<  .na- 
tive art  in  describing  objects  so  ornamented: 
as,  "an  amphora  with  handles"  rotelle"  (Ilirclt), 
that  is,  having  handles  which,  rising  above  the 
lip  of  the  vase,  form  a  circular  ornament,  often 
filled  with  a  mask. 

around  (a-round'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[ME.  around,  aronde,  a  round;  <  c3  +  round-, 
n.     Hence  by  aphcresis >'«»«i/'-',  adv.  and  prep.] 

1.  adv.  1.  In  a  circle  or  sphere :  roundabout; 
on  every  side:  as,  a  dense  mist  lay  around. 

The  gods  of  greater  nations  dwell  around, 
Anil  nn  the  rielit  and  left  the  palace  bound. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Hetamorph.,  i.  223. 
And  naught  above,  below,  around, 
Of  life  or  death,  of  Bighi  or  sound. 

Wliittirr,  New-England  Legend. 

2.  From  place  to  place ;  here  and  there ;  about : 
as,  to  travel  around  from  city  to  city.  [U.  S.] 
—  3.  About;  near:  as,  he  waited  around  till 
the  fight  was  over.     [U.  S.] 

II.  prep.  1.  About;  onallsides;  encircling; 
encompassing. 

A  lambent  flame  arose,  which  gently  spread 
drounti  his  brows.  Oryden,  .Kneid. 

Around  us  i  ver  lies  the  enchanted  land, 
In  marvels  rich  to  thine  own  sons  displayed. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  52. 


around 

2.  From  placoto  place:  a1  random:  as,  to  roam 

around  the  country.     [U.  S.] 
aroura,  n.     See  antra. 

arousal  (a-rou'zal),  n.  [<  arouse  +  -al.]  The 
act  of  arousing  or  awakening;  the  state  of  being 
aroused  or  awakened. 
The  arousal  and  activity  of  mir  better  nature.  Hare. 
Cognition  of  these  relations  [between  the  organism  and 
some  noxious  agent]  will  determine  the  arousal  of  some 
antagonistic  feeling.  Mind,  IX.  342. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  aroused, 
ppr.  arousing.     [<«-!  +  rouse1,  after  arise,  rise, 

etc.]  To  excite  iuto  action;  stir  or  put  in  mo- 
tion or  exertion;  awaken:  as,  to  arouse  atten- 
tion; to  arouse  one  from  sleep;  to  arouse  dor- 
mant faculties. 

Crying  with  full  voice, 
"Traitor,  come  out,  ye  are  trapt  at  last."  amused 
Lancelot.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

They  [the  women  of  Goethe]  satisfy  for  the  present,  yet 
arouse  an  infinite  expectation. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  129. 
=  Syn.  To  rouse,  wake  up,  awaken,  animate,  incite,  stimu- 
late, kindle,  warm. 
arouse  (a-rouz'),  n.  [<  arouse,  v.]  The  act  of 
arousing;  an  alarm.  [Rare.]  N.  E.  D. 
arouser  (a-rou'zer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
arouses. 

arow  (a-ro'),  prep,  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.  arowe, 
a-roiee,  o  rowe,  arawe  (early  mod.  E.  also  an  w, 
<  ME.  i(rc«i ,  ((i7  (((i7  );  <  ((3  -f  row2.']  In  a  row; 
one  after  the  other. 

Her  teeth  areiv. 
And  all  her  hones  might  through  her  cheekes  be  red. 

Spenser,  F.  lj.,  V.  xii.  29. 
And  twenty,  rank  in  rank,  they  rode  arowe. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  249. 

arpeggiation  (ar-pej-i-a'shon),  n.  Playing  in 
arpeggios. 

arpeggio  (ar-pej'o),  n.  [It.,  lit.  harping,  <  ar- 
peggiare,  play  on  the  harp,  <  arpa,  harp,  <  ML. 
arpa,  also  harpa,  harp:  see  harp.]  1.  The 
sounding  of  the  notes  of  an  instrumental  chord 
in  rapid  succession,  either  upward  or  (rarely) 
downward,  as  in  harp-playing,  instead  of  si- 
multaneously.—  2.  A  chord  thus  sounded;  a 
broken  chord. 

Played. 


Arpeggio. 


Sometimes  written  harpeggio. 

arpent  (ar'pen),  ».    Same  as  arpent. 

arpennust  (Si-pen'us),  n. ;  pi.  arpermi  (-1). 
[ML.,  also  arpennum,  -a,  -is,  etc.:  see  arpent.] 
Same  as  arpent.     Bouvier. 

arpent  (ar'pent;  F.  pron.  iir-poh'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  arpen,  orpine ;  <  F.  arpent  =  Pr. 
arpen,  aripin  =  Sp.  arapende,  <  ML.  arpennus, 
arpenna,  arpendus,  arpendium,  etc.,  <  LL.  ara- 
pennis,  L.  arepennis,  a  word  of  Celtic  origin. 
Columella  (5,  1,  6)  says:  "tialli  .  .  .  semi- 
jugerum  quoque  arepennem  vocant."  The  setni- 
jugeruiu  was  equal  to  14,-iOO  square  feet.]  An 
old  French  measure  for  land.  By  a  royal  edict  of 
KiOt),  it  must  contain  100  perches  of  22  feet  each  (linearly), 
or  48,400  square  feet.  This  was  called  the  arpent  royal, 
arpent  d'ordonnance,  or  arpent  des  emu-  et  fonts.  The 
common  arpent  had  40,000  square  feet,  the  arpent  of  Paris 
32,400,  these  being  based  on  perches  of  20  and  18  feet.  The 
following  are  the  areas  in  ares:  arpent  of  Paris,  34.1887; 
common  arpent,  42.2083 ;  royal  arpent,  51.0720  ;  English 
acre,  40.4678.  The  arpent  is  still  used  in  Louisiana  and 
in  the  pruvince  of  Quebec.    Formerly  also  arpen,  arpine. 

If  he  be  master 
Of  poor  ten  arpines  of  land  forty  hours  longer, 
Let  the  world  repute  me  an  honest  woman. 

Webster,  Devil's  Law-Case,  iii.  ::. 

arpentatort  (Sr'pen-ta-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  ML.  ar- 
pentum,  one  of  the  numerous  variants  of  L.  are- 
pennis: see  arpent.]  A  measurer  or  surveyor 
of  land.     Bouvier. 

arpinet  (iir'piu),  n.     Same  as  arpent. 

arquata  (ar-kwa'tS),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  arcuata, 
fern,  of  L.  arcuatus :  see  arcuate.]  An  old  name 
of  the  curlew,  Numenius arquatus,  from  its  long 
arcuate  bill.     Also  written  arcuata. 

arquated  (itr'kwa-ted),  ((.  [For  arcuated  :  see 
arcuate.]   Shaped  like  a  bow;  arcuate.  [Rare.] 

arquebus,  arquebuse,  arquebusier.  See  har- 
quebus, harquebusier. 


317 

arquerite  (ttr'ke-rit),  n.  [<  Arqueros,  near 
Coquimbo,  a  seaport  town  of  Chili,  +  -(7c-.]  A 
mineral  silver  amalgam,  occurring  in  small 
octahedrons  and  in  arborescent  forms,  it  con- 
tains 86  per  cent,  of  silver,  and  is  the  chief  ore  of  the  rich 
silver-mines  of  Arqueros. 

arquifoux  (ar'ki-fo),  n.    Same  its  alqwifou. 

arr1  (iir),  ».  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  aire,  erre,  <  Ieel. 
on;  <»=Sw.  «;•)•=  Dan.  ar,  a  scar.]  A  sear. 
Also  spelled  ar.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

arr'2t,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  arren  =  LG.  arrcn,  vex,  < 
arre  =  AS.  ierrc,  yrrc,  corre,  anger,  as  adj.  an- 
gry; ef.  Dan.  arrig,  angry,  which,  however,  is 
commonly  associated  with  Dan.  Norw.  Sw. 
arg,  wicked,  bad,  =  G.  arg  =  AS.  earg,  timid, 
cowardly.]  To  anger;  vex;  worry. 
He  arred  both  the  clergy  and  the  laity. 

N.  Bacon,  Hist.  Discourse,  \iv.  216.    IN.  E.  D.) 

arr3t,  v.  i.     [<  late  ME,  arrt  ;  of.  E.  dial,  narr, 

nurr,  imitative;  cf.  "It  is  the  dog's  letter,  and 
hurroth  in  the  sound"  (B.  Jonson):  see  liurr.] 
To  snarl  as  a  dog. 

A  dog  is  .  .  .  fell  and  quarrelsome,  given  to  arre  and 
war  upon  a  very  small  occasion. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  726. 

arrat,  n.     See  arrha. 

arracacha  (ar-a-kach'ii),  n.  [<  Sp.  aracacha 
(>  NL.  Arracaeia),  of  S.  Amer.  origin.]  A  name 
given  by  the  natives  of  western  South  America 
to  several  kinds  of  plants  with  tuberous  roots, 
and  especially  to  a  species  of  the  umbelliferous 
genus  Arracaeia,  A.  esculenta,  which  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  Andes,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  Jamaica.  The  roots  are  divided  into 
several  lobes  of  the  size  of  a  carrot,  which  when  boiled 
have  a  Savor  between  that  of  the  parsnip  and  that  of  the 
chestnut.  It  is  said  to  be  more  proline  and  nutritious  than 
the  potato.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  tuber-bearing 
species  of  the  Oxalis,  O.  erenata. 

arraceH,  v.  t.    See  arace1,  arose1. 

arrace'-t,  »•    See  arras1. 

arracht,  »■    See  orach. 

arrachet,  v.  t.    See  arace1. 

arrache  (ar-a-sha'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  arracher, 
uproot:  see  arace1.]  In  her.,  torn  up  by  the 
roots :  applied  to  plants  used  as  bearings,  and 
to  whatever  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
severed  by  violence.  Erased  is  now  in  more 
general  use. 

arrack  (ar'ak),  it.  [Better  spelled  arack,  for- 
merly oral;  arac;  now  commonly  shortened  to 
rack  ;  =  F.  arack =  Sp.  «rac  =  Pg.  araca,  araque, 

<  Hind,  oral;  Tamil  araku,  arttki,  <  Ar.  'araq, 
sweat,  spirit,  juice,  essence,  distilled  spirits, 
'arqitj,  arrack,  brandy ;  <  'araqa,  sweat,  perspire. 
The  forms  arak,  arki  (Tatar),  and  araki  (Egyp- 
tian) are  from  the  same  source,. the  name  being 
applicable  to  any  spirituous  liquor.]  Originally 
the  name  of  a  strong  liquor  made  in  southern 
Asia  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  date,  but 
used  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  eastern  Africa 
for  strong  liquors  of  different  kinds,  it  is  made 
in  Uoa  from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa-palm,  and  in  Batavia 
from  rice  ;  and  the  arrack  of  eastern  and  northern  India 
is  a  sort  of  rum  distilled  from  molasses.    See  raid. 

A  servant  brought  in  a  silver  tray,  upon  which  were 
large  glasses  of  the  abominable  spirit  called  arrack,  each 
of  which  was  supposed  to  be  emptied  at  a  draught. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  \i. 

Arragonese,  «.  and  a.     See  Aragonese. 
arrah  (ar'ii),  interj.    A  common  Anglo-L-ish  ex- 
pletive, expressing  excitement,  surprise,  etc. 
arraign1  (a-ran  ),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  araynen,  arenen, 

<  AF.  araincr,  areitur,  arener,  <  OF.  aranier, 
earlier araisnier,  areisnier  (later  araisoner,  nni- 
soncr,  aresoner,  etc.,  >  ME.  aresonen  :  see  area- 
son),  <  ML.  arrationare,  call  to  account,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rattonare,  reason:  see  reason 
and  ratio.  Cf.  deraign1.]  1.  In  law,  to  call  to  or 
set  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  in  order  to  plead  guilty 
or  not  guilty  to  the  matter  charged  in  an  indict  - 
ment  or  information.  This  term  is  unknown  in  the  law 
of  Scotland,  except  in  trials  for  high  treason,  in  which  the 
forms  of  procedure  in  England  and  Scotland  are  the  same. 
Hence  —  2.  To  call  in  question  for  faults,  before 
any  tribunal ;  call  before  the  bar  of  reason  or  of 
taste ;  accuse  or  charge  in  general. 

They  arraign'd  shall  sink 
Beneath  thy  sentence.  Milton,  P.  L..  iii.  331. 

Is  there  not  something  in  the  pleading  eye 
Of  the  poor  brute  that  sutlers,  which  arraigns 
The  law  that  bids  it  suffer?      O.  W.  Holmes,  Rights. 
=  Syn.  Accuse,  Charge,  Tndict.    See  acewse. 
arraign1  (a-ran'),  n.    [<  arraign1,  o.]    Arraign- 
ment :  as,  the  elerk  of  the  arraigns.    Blackstone. 
arraign2t  (a-ran'),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arraine,  araine,  <  AF.arraigner,  araincr.  the  lat- 
ter tin  error  for  aramcr  (>  ML.  arramare),  OF. 
aramier,  aramir  =  Pr.  ttramir  =  OCat.  aremir,  < 
ML.  adramirt ,  adhramire,  adchramire,  agramire, 
arramire,  etc.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  "It  ram  in  ,  pmb.  orig. 


arrangement 

with  a  sense  subsequently  lust  in  the  technical 
use,  <  Goth,  hramjan,  us-hramjan,  crucify,  lit. 

hang  (cf.  OlKi.  nana,  Mllti.  rami;  ram,  <j.  rah- 
(((( ((  -It.  raam  =Dan.  rammt  =  Sw.  ram,  frame, 
support),  =  Gr.  untjiav,  Kpe/jawbvat,  hang.]  In 
old  Inn;  to  appeal  to;  claim;  demand:  in  the 
phrase  to  arraign  an  assize,  t '(demand,  and  hence 
tn  institute  or  prepare,  a  trial  or  an  action, 
arraigner  (a-ra'ner),  n.  [<  arraign1  +  -er1.] 
One  who  arraigns  or  accuses. 

Tho  ordinary  name  for  the  Iconoclasts  Is  the  arratgnert 
of  Christianity.  Milman,  Latin  Christianity, 

arraignment  (a-ran'ment),  n.  [<  arraign1  + 
-mint.]  1.  In  law,  the  act  of  arraigning;  the 
act  of  calling  and  setting  a  prisoner  before  a 
court  to  answer  to  an  accusation.  The  form  usu- 
ally includes  calling  the  prisoner',  sometimes  requiring 
him  to  stand  or  hold  up  his  hand  by  way  of  identification, 
reading  the  indictment  to  him,  and  asking  him  whether 
he  pleads  guilty  or  not  guilty. 

2.  Accusation  before  any  tribunal,  as  that  of 
reason,  taste,  etc. ;  a  calling  in  question  for 
faults;  accusation. 

But  this  secret  arraignmt  nt  of  the  king  did  noi  content 
the  unquiet  prelate.     Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  viii.  8. 

The  sixth  satire  .  .  .  seems  only  an  arraignment  of  the 
whole  sex.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  -Eneid. 

=  Syn.  1.  Prosecution,  impeachment,  indictment. 

arrameurt,  n.  [AF.,  <  arramer,  aramer,  <  OF. 
arr  amir,  aramir  =  Pr.  aramir,  <  ML.  arramire, 

adhramire,  etc.,  pledge,  promise,  appoint:  see 
arraign2.]  A  port-officer  who  superintended 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels. 

arran  (ar'an),  ».  [E.  dial. :  see  drain.]  A  spi- 
der.    Also  called  ttrrnnd.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

arrandH,  u.    An  old  form  of  errand. 

arrand2t,  ".  An  old  form  of  arrant. 
arrand3  (ar'and),  n.  Same  as  arran.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 
arra,nge  (a-ranj'),  v.:  pret.  and  pp.  arranged, 
ppr.  arranging.  [<  ME.  arayngen,  arengen,  < 
OF.  arangier,  arengier,  F.  arranger,  put  into  a 
rank,  arrange,  <  «-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rangier,  ren- 
gier,  range,  put  into  a  rank,  <  rang,  reng,  renc, 
F.  rang,  a  rank:  see  rank2  and  range.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  put  in  proper  order;  dispose  or 
set  out  conformably  to  a  plan  or  purpose ;  give 
a  certain  collocation  to;  marshal:  as,  to  ar- 
range troops  for  battle. 

Arrange  the  board  and  brim  the  glass. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cvii. 
When  we  come  to  arrange  our  shapes  and  our  measure- 
ments [in  biological  investigations],  we  find  a  certain  num- 
ber of  identities,  and  a  certain  number  of  variations. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  296. 

2.  To  adjust ;  settle ;  come  to  an  agreement  or 
understanding  regarding:  as,  to  arrange  the 
terms  of  a  bargain. 

Matters,  therefore,  were  happily  arranged.  The  baron 
pardoned  the  young  couple  on  the  Bpot. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  209. 

3.  In  music,  to  adapt  or  alter  so  as  to  fit  for 
performance  by  other  voices  or  instruments 
than  those  designed  by  the  composer:  as,  to 
arrange  an  opera  for  the  piano.  =Syn.  1.  To  array, 
classify,  group,  dispose,  sort.— 2.  To  fix  upon,  determine) 
agree  upon,  draw  up ;  to  devise,  organize,  construct,  con- 
coct. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  preparations;  carry 
out  beforehand  such  negotiations  or  make  such 
disposition  in  regard  to  some  matter  as  may  be 
necessary:  as,  to  arrange  about  a  passport,  or 
for  supplies;  arrange  with  a  publisher. —  2.  To 
come  to  an  agreement  or  understanding  in  re- 
gard to  something ;  make  a  settlement. 

We  cannot  arrange  with  our  enemy  in  this  conjuncture, 
without  abandoning  the  interest  of  mankind. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

arrangeable  (a-ran 'ja-bl),  a.  [<  arrange  + 
-nhlt .]     Capable  of  being  arranged. 

Fishes  have  crania  made  up  of  bones  that  are  no  more 
clearly  arrangeable  into  segments  like  vertebra?  than  are 
the  cranial  bones  of  the  highest  mammal. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  210. 
arrangement  (a-ranj'ment),  n.  [<  F.  arrange- 
ment: see  arrange  and  -ment.]  1.  The  act  of 
arranging  or  putting  in  proper  order;  the  state 
of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in  suitable 
form.  Specifically,  in  the  fine  arts,  the  combining  of 
parts  in  a  manner  conformable  to  the  character  and  aim 
of  the  design;  composition. 

'tic-  freedom  of  syntactical  arrangement  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  irrecoverably  gone. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Origin  of  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  111. 

2.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order;  a  system 
of  parts  disposed  in  due  order;  any  combina- 
tion of  parts  or  materials. 

The  interest  of  that  portion  of  social  arrangement  is  in 
the  hands  of  all  those  who  compose  it.  Burke. 

3.  The  style  or  mode  in  which  things  are  ar- 
ranged. 


arrangement 

The  clouds  passed  slowly  through  several  arrangements. 
It,_  Quincey,  Confessions  (ed,  L862),  p,  :>7. 

4.  Preparatory  measure  or  negotiation;  pre- 
vious disposition  or  plan;  preparation:  com- 
monly in  the  plural:  as,  we  have  made  arrange- 
mi  ut.i  for  a  journey. 

Previous  to  liis  departure  he  made  all  due  arrangements 
with  the  holy  fraternity  of  the  convent  for  the  funeral 
solemnities  of  his  friend.         Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  IDS. 

An  elaborate  arrangement  was  entered  into  at  the  same 
time  by  the  Allied  Powers,  to  provide  for  a  succession  to 
Parma  in  the  event  of  the  sovereign  dying  childless. 

/'.'.  Dicey,  victor  Emmanuel,  p.  74. 

5.  Pinal  settlement:  adjustment  by  agreement: 
as,  the  arrangement  of  a  dispute. — 6.  In  music: 

(a)  The  adaptation  of  a  composition  to  voices 
or  instruments,  or  to  a  purpose,  for  which  it 
was  not  originally  designed,  (b)  A  piece  so 
adapted;  a  transcription :  as,  an  orchestral  ar- 
rangement of  a  soug,  an  opera,  or  the  like.  =Syn. 
1.  classification,  distribution. — 2.  Structure,  form. 

arranger  (a-ran'jer),  ».  One  who  arranges  or 
puts  in  order. 

arrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ami  mi  t, 
arrand,  a  variant  spelling  of  errant,  erraunt, 
errand,  roving,  wandering,  which,  from  its  com- 
mon use  in  the  term  arrant  or  errant  thief, 
that  is,  a  roving  robber,  one  outlawed,  pro- 
claimed and  notorious  as  such,  came  to  be 
used  apart  from  its  lit.  sense  as  an  opprobrious 
intensive  with  terms  of  abuse,  as  rogue,  knave, 
traitor,  fool,  etc.,  but  often  also  without  oppro- 
brious force.  See  errant.']  If.  Wandering; 
itinerant ;  vagrant ;  errant :  as,  a  knight  arrant; 
an  arrant  preacher:  especially  in  thief  arrant 
or  arrant  thief,  a  roving,  outlawed  robber;  a 
highwayman.  Now  written  errant. —  2.  Noto- 
rious ;  manifest ;  unmitigated ;  downright :  in 
a  bad  sense  (derived  from  the  noun  qualified): 
as,  an  arrant  rogue;  an  arrant  coward;  arrant 
nonsense. 

I  discover  an  arrant  laziness  in  my  soul.  Fuller. 

As  arrant  a  "Screw" 
In  money  transactions  as  ever  you  knew. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  46. 

It  was  easy  to  see  through  all  his  piety  that  he  was  an 
arrant  author  at  the  bottom. 

SmoUett,  Gil  Bias,  VIII.  iii.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

3.  Thorough;  downright;  genuine:  in  a  good 
sense. 

An  arrant  honest  woman.     Burton,  Anat.  Mel.,  p.  617. 
~Syn.  2.  Utter,  rank,  consummate,  perfect. 
arrantly  (ar'ant-li),  adv.     In  an  arrant  man- 
ner ;  notoriously ;  impudently :  in  a  bad  sense. 

Funeral  tears  are  as  arrantly  hired  out  as  mourning 
clokes.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

arras1  (ar'as),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrace, 
arrasse,  <  ME.  arras,  orig.  cloth  (or  cloths)  of 
Arras  (F.  drops  cPArras)  (=It.  araezo='Pi.raz), 
<  F.  Arras,  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  in  the  north  of  France,  where  this 
article  was  manufactured.  The  name  Arras  is 
corrupted  from  the  name  of  the  Atrebates  (L.),  a 
people  of  Belgic  Gaul.]  Tapestry;  specifically, 
that  used  for  hangings  covering  the  walls  of  a 
room.  The  original  expression  cloth  of  Arras  was  prob- 
ably used  with  more  accuracy  to  distinguish  arras  tapes 
try  from  other  sorts.    Sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 

I'll  not  spe;tU  another  word  for  a  King's  ransom  unless 
the  ground  be  perfumed,  and  covered  with  cloth  of  arras. 
Marlowe,  Faust  us,  ii.  2. 
I  have  of  yore  made  many  a  scrambling  meal, 
In  corners,  behind  arrases,  on  stairs. 

/;.  ail,  and  i'l..  Woman  Hater,  iii.  4. 

Arras  wis  used  precisely  as  a  curtain  ;  it  hung  (on  tenters 

or  lines)  from  the  rafters,  or  from  some  temporary  stay, 

and  was  opened,  held  up,  or  drawn  aside,  as  occasion  re- 

quired.       Dyce,  Note  to  Ford's  hovers  Melancholy,  ii.  2. 

In  Arthur's  arras  hall  at  Camelot. 

Tennyson,  Berlin  and  Vivien. 

arras2t,  «•  [Prob.  a  form  of  orris,  q.  v.]  A  kind 
of  powder,  probably  made  of  the  root  of  the 

orris.      Iliilhinll. 

arrased  (ar'ast),  a.  [<  arras1  +  -erf2.]  Hung 
wiih  arras,     i Chapman. 

arrasene  (ar'a-sen),  n.  [<  arras1  +  -ene.]  A 
sort  of  cord  made  with  a  central  thread  and  a 
thick  velvet-like  pile  of  wool  or  silk.  It  is  used 
in  raised  embroidery.     Also  spelled  arascne. 

arrastra  (a-ras'trii),  u.     Same  as  arrant  re. 

arrastre  (a-ras'tre),  ft.  [Sp.,  lit.  the  act  of 
dragging,  <  arrastrar,  drag  along  the  ground, 
creep,  crawl,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  rastrar  (obs.), 
drag,  <  rastro,  a  rah.  rack.  =  Fg.  rastO, 

rastro,i  L. rostrum,  a  rake,  mattock,  <  radere, 
pp.  ra.sus,  scrape,  scratch.]  A  rude  apparatus 
used  in  Mexico,  and  to. some  extent  in  the  United 

Slates,  for  grinding  and  at  the  same  time  amal- 
gamating ores  containing  free  gold  or  Silver. 
It  has  a  vertical  axis  with  horizontal  arms  attached  to  it. 


318 

To  these  arms  masses  of  rock  are  fastened  by  chains  and 
dragged  over  the  ore,  which  is  placed  on  a  bed  of  tlat  stones 
laid  within  a  circular  inclosure,  usually  about  12  feet  in 
diameter.    Also  written  arrastra,  arastra. 


(From  Pepper's  "  Play-Book  of  Metals.") 

arraswise  (ar'as-wiz),  adv.  Erroneous  form  of 
arriswise. 

arratel  (ar-ra'tel),  n.  [Pg. :  see  arret.']  The 
Portuguese  pound.  It  exceeds  the  pound  avoirdu- 
pois by  about  one  per  cent.  The  following  arc  the  values 
in  grams  :  Pound  avoirdupois,  45:1.593  ;  arratel,  in  Lisbon, 
459 ;  in  Funchal,  458.547  ;  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  458.75. 

arraughtt.    For  araugli  t,  preterit  of  areach. 

array  (a-ra'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aray,  ar- 
raie,  <  SlE.  arayen,  araien,  areyen,  <  AF.  arayer, 
araier,  OF.  areyer,  areier,  areer,  later  aroyer,  ar- 
roi/er  =  Pr.  aredar  =  Sp.  arrear  (obs.)  =  Pg.  ar- 
reiar  =  It.  arredare,  <  ML.  arredare,  put  in  order, 
order,  array,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  "reduiu  (>  OF. 
rei,  rai,  roi),  preparation,  order,  of  Teut.  origin; 
cf.  AS.  geriede,  gerede,  preparation,  equipment 
(Icel.  reidlii,  rigging,  harness,  reidha,  imple- 
ments, outfit ;  Sw.  reda  =  Dan.  rede,  order),  < 
gereede  =  OFries.  rede,  red  =  Goth,  garaids, 
ready,  prepared :  see  ready.  Cf.  curry1.]  1.  To 
place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops  for  battle ; 
marshal ;  draw  up  in  hostile  order :  often  used 
figuratively. 

They  were  more  ignorant  in  ranging  and  arraying  their 
battles.  Bacon,  Vicissitude  of  Things. 

The  stronger  our  conviction  that  reason  and  Scripture 
were  decidedly  on  the  side  of  Protestantism,  the  greater 
is  the  reluctant  admiration  with  which  we  regard  that 
system  of  tactics  against  which  reason  and  Scripture  were 
arrayed  in  vain.  WaeavXay,  Ranke's  Hist,  of  Popes. 

2.  To  deck  or  chess ;  adorn  with  dress,  especially 
with  dress  of  an  ornamental  kind. 

Array  thyself  with  glory  and  beauty.  Job  xl.  10. 

Morn  by  morn,  arraying  her  sweet  self 
In  that  wherein  she  dcein'd  she  look'd  her  best. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
And  there  the  fallen  chief  is  laid, 
In  tasselled  garbs  of  skins  arrayed, 
And  girded  with  his  wampum-braid. 

Whittier,  Funeral  Tree  of  Sokokis, 

3.  In  law,  to  set  (a  jury)  in  order  for  the  trial  of 
a  cause;  to  call  (the  jury)  man  by  man. — 4. 
To  envelop ;  wrap.     [Rare.] 

In  gelid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed. 

Judge  Trumbull. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  arrange,  range,  marshal,  draw  up, —  2.  Adorn, 
Ornament,  Decorate,  etc.  (see  adorn) :  clothe,  invest. 
array  (a-ra'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aray, 
arraie,  K  ME.  aray,  aria,  untie,  <  AF.  arai,  arrai, 
OF.  arret,  later  aroi,  F.  arroi  =  Pr.  arrei  =  Sp. 
arreo  =  Pg. arreio  =  It.  a rredo ;  cf .  ML.  arret! i inn, 
equipment,  furniture;  from  the  verb:  see  ar- 
ray, v.]  1.  Regular  order  or  arrangement; 
disposition  in  regular  lines;  specifically,  dispo- 
sition of  a  body  of  men  for  attack  or  defense  : 
as,  troops  in  battle  array. —  2.  An  orderly  col- 
lection or  assemblage  ;  especially,  a  body  of 
men  in  order  of  battle  or  prepared  for  battle  ; 
hence,  military  force ;  soldiery ;  troops. 

A  gallant  array  of  nobles  and  cavaliers.  1'n  srerr. 

What  was  that  mighty  array  which  Elizabeth  reviewed 
at  Tilbury?  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

3.  A  display ;  an  imposing  series  of  things  ex- 
hibited. 

Nothing  could  well  be  lovelier  than  this  array  of  Doric 
temples  and  ruins  of  temples. 

CD.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  95. 

4.  Press;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  tho 
person;  raiment  or  apparel. 

Emily  ere  day 
Arose  and  dress'd  herself  in  rich  array.      1>>  ydt  n, 

5f.  Preparation;  special  arrangemont  of  things. 

He  had  maad  al  this  array. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Talc,  1,  444. 

6f.  Situation;  circumstances;  position;  plight. 

Thou  stondest  yet  (quod  sche)  in  Bwiche  array, 
That  of  thy  lyf  hastow  no  sewerte. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1,  46. 

7.  Inlaw:  (a)  The  body  of  persons  summoned  to 
serve  upon  a  jury,  (ti)  The  act  of  impaneling 
a  jury;  that  is,  lire  act  of  the  proper  officer  set- 


arrect 

ting  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause,  or 
calling  it  man  by  man.  (c)  The  jury  impaneled. 
Challenges  are  of  two  kinds  ;  first,  to  the  array,  when 
exception  is  taken  to  the  whole  number  impaneled  ;  and 
secondly,  to  the  polls,  when  individual  jurymen  are  ob- 
jected to.    -1.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  iiow  we  are  Governed,  xviL 

8.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  muster  of  a  coun- 
ty for  military  purposes;  the  men  so  mustered: 
as,  a  commission  of  array.     See  commission. 

Y"  Parliament  had  extreamely  worried  him  for  attempt- 
ing to  put  in  execution  y"  commission  of  aray,  and  for 
which  the  rest  of  his  collcgues  were  hanged  by  y  rebells. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1646. 

Previous  to  the  reign  of,  Henry  VIII.,  in  order  to  protect 
the  kingdom  from  domestic  insurrections  or  the  prospects 
of  foreign  invasions,  it  was  usual  from  time  to  time  for 
our  princes  to  issue  commissions  of  array.  Wharton. 

9.  In  math.,  a  collection  of  quantities  arranged 

in  a  rectangular  block;  a  matrix Challenge  to 

the  array.    See  chctUi  nge. 

arrayal  (a-ra'al),  n.  [<  array  +  -al.]  The 
process  of  arraying;  muster  of  a  force;  array. 
N.  E.  D. 

arrayer  (a-ra'er),  n.  [<  ME.  araier,  arraiour,  < 
OF.  araieor,  areeor,  <  areer,  araier,  array:  see 
array,  v.]  1.  One  who  arrays. —  2.  In  Eng. 
hist.,  an  officer  who  had  a  commission  of  array 
to  put  the  soldiers  of  a  county  in  a  condition 
for  military  service. 

arrayment  (a-ra'ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arraiment,  drayment,  <  ME.  aravment,  <  AF. 
araiement,  OF.  arcement,  <  araier,  etc.,  array: 
see  array  and  -inent,  and  the  abbr.  form  rai- 
ment.] 1.  The  act  of  arraying. —  2f.  That  in 
which  one  is  arrayed;  raiment. 
Sheep  clothed  in  soft  arrayment.  Quarles. 

arre1,  ».    See  ar\ 

arre'4,  v.  »'.    See  air3. 

arreacht,  v.    See  areach. 

arrears,  v.    See  arear1. 

arrear2t  (a-rer'),  adr.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  arear, 
arrere,  <  ME.  arere,  a  rere,  <  OF.  arere,  ariere, 
mod.  F.  arrierc  =  Pr.  areire,  arreire,  <  ML.  ad 
retro:  L.  arf,  to;  retro  (>  OF.  Here),  backward: 
see  retro-  and  rear3.]  Backward;  into  or  to- 
ward the  rear;  back;  behind. 

Forst  him  back  recoyle  and  reele  area  re. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  5. 

arrear2  (a-rer'),  »•  [ME.  only  in  phr.  in  ariere, 
in  time  past;  <  arrear2,  adv.  The  older  noun 
is  arrearage,  q.  v.]  1.  The  state  of  being  be- 
hind or  behindhand:  as,  his  work  is  in  arrear. 

Spain,  though  at  least  a  generation  inarrcaroi  England, 
was  after  our  own  the  first  modern  European  country  to 
attain  to  ...  a  national  dramatic  literature. 

A,  II'.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  Int.,  xxvii. 
2f.  The  rear. 

The  arrear  consisting  of  between  three  and  four  thou- 
sand foot.  Ilcijlin,  Hist.  Reformation,  p.  92. 
3.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment ;  a  debt 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due :  generally 
used  in  the  plural  and  implying  that  a  part  of 
the  money  is  already  paid:  as,  arrears  of  rent, 
wages,  or  taxes. 

For  much  I  dread  due  payment  by  the  Greeks 
Of  yesterday's  arrear.  Cowper,  Iliad,  iii. 

My  approval  is  given  in  order  that  every  possible  facility 
may  be  afforded  for  the  prompt  discharge  of  all  arrears  of 
pay  due  to  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  332. 

arrearage  (a-rer'aj),  ».  [<  ME.  arerage,  arrc- 
rage,  <  OF.  an wage,  arrerage,  arrierage,  mod.  F. 
arrerages,  pi.,  <  <>F.  arere,  ariere,  back:  see 
arrear2,  adv.,  and  -age,  and  cf.  advantage.]  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  behindhand  or 
in  arrears. 

I  have  employment  for  thee,  such  a  one 
As  shall  not  only  pay  my  services, 
But  leave  me  in  arrearage. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  i.  2. 
2.  Arrears;  amount  or  amounts  outstanding  or 
overdue ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid 
after  previous  payment  of  a  part. 
The  old  arrearages  .  .  .  being  defrayed. 

lloicell,  Vocal  Forest, 
out  pleasure  is,  that  all  arrearages 
Be  paid  unto  the  captains. 

Massimger,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 
arrearancet  (a-rer'ans),  n.   [<  arrear2  +  -ance.] 
Same  as  arrearage. 
arrectt  (a-rekt'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  arrectus,  pp.  of  arri- 

gere,  setup,  raise,  ei t,  <  ml,  to,  +  regere,  keep 

straight,  direct.]     1.  To  raise  or  lift  up;  make 
erect. 
Having  large  cars  perpetually  exposed  and  arrected. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  xl. 

2.  To  direct. 

A  erecting  my  sight  towards  the  zodiake. 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  9. 

3.  To  impute. 

Therefore  lie  arreeteth  no  blame  ...  to  them. 

Sir  T.  More.  Works,  fol.  271. 


arrect 

arrect,  arrected  ta-rokt',  a-rek'ted),  a.  [<  L. 
arrectus:  see  the  verb.]     If.  Erect;  erected. 

— 2f.  Attentive,  as  a  person  listening. 
Eager  fur  the  event, 
Around  the  beldame  all  urreet  they  hang. 

Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  269. 

3.  In  hot.,  pointing  upward;  brought  into  an 
upright  position.     A.  Unit/. 
arrectaryt  (a-rek'ta-ri),  n.      [<  L.  arrectarius, 

perpendicular,  neut.  pi.  arrecturiii,  the  upright 
posts  of  a  wall,  <  arrectus,  erect :  see  arrect."] 
A  beam  or  post  standing  upright,  as  opposed 
to  one  which  is  horizontal. 

The  arrectary  or  beam  of  his  cross. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  278. 

arrector  (a-rek'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrigere,  pp. 
arrectus,  setup  erect:  see  arrect, v.]  Thatwhieh 
arreets;  an  erector.  —  Arrector  pili,  in  mint.,  the 
erector  of  the  hair,  a  small  strip  of  uustriated  muscle  run- 
ning from  the  lower  part  of  the  liair-folliele  toward  the 
surface  of  the  skin,  and  by  contraction,  under  the  influence 
of  fright  or  cold,  causing  the  hair  to  stand  straight  up  or 
"on  end."  at  the  same  time  so  raising  the  surface  just 
around  the  orifice  as  to  occasion  goose-flesh  or  horripila- 
tion. 

arreedt,  ''■  t.    See  arcad. 

arrel  (ar'el),  n.  [Sp.,  also  amide  (>  Basque 
arralaea,  a.  weight  of  10  pounds);  Sp.  arrate, 
Pg.  arratel,  a  weight  of  10  ounces  (see  arratel) ; 

<  Ar.  al,  the,  +  rati,  a  weight  of  12  ounces.]  A 
weight  of  4  pounds,  used  in  Spain. 

Arremon,  ».    See  Arrhemon. 
arrendation  (ar-en-da'shon),  n.    Same  as  ar- 
nutation. 
arrendator  (ar'en-da-tor),  n.    [Also  arendator, 

<  Russ.  arendatoru,  <  ML.  arrendator,  arendator, 
a  farmer  of  the  revenue,  <  arrendare,  arendare, 
arrentare,  let  for  a  rent,  farm  the  revenue:  see 
arrent.]  One  who  farms  the  revenues  in  certain 
Russian  governments. 

arrenotokous,  a.    See  arrhenotokous. 

arrent  (a-renf),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  arrenter,  arentir 
(ML.  arrentare,  arrendare,  arendare),  <  a  (L.  ad, 
to)  4-  rente,  rent:  see  arrendator  and  rent.]  To 
let  for  a  rent;  especially,  in  old  I'mj.  law,  to 
let  out  for  inelosure,  as  land  in  a  forest.  See 
arrentation. 

arrentation  (ar-en-ta'shon),  n.  [Also  arren- 
dation, <  ML.  arrenlalio(n-),  arrendalio.  <  arren- 
tare, arrendare :  see  arrent.']  In  old  Eny.  laic, 
the  action  or  privilege  of  arrenting ;  the  giving 
of  permission  by  the  lord  of  the  msjuor  to  the 
tenant  of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a 
small  ditch  and  low  hedge,  in  consideration  of 
a  yearly  rent.    Also  written  arrendation. 

arreptibnt  (a-rep'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  arrcptus,  pp. 
of  arripere,  snatch,  seize  to  one's  self,  <  ad,  to, 
+  rapere,  snatch,  seizo:  see  rapacious,  rapture.] 
The  act  of  taking  away. 

'ibis  arrepHon  was  sudden,  yet  Elisha  sees  both  the 
chariot  and  the  horses,  and  the  ascent. 

Bp.  Hall,  Rapture  of  Elijah. 

arreptitiousH  (ar-ep-tish'iis),  a.  [<  LL.  arrepti- 

cius,  arreptitius,  seized  in  mind,  inspired,  deliri- 
ous, <  L.  arrcptus,  pp.  of  arripere,  snatch,  seize: 
see  arreption.]  Snatched  away;  hence,  seized 
or  possessed ;  frantic ;  crack-brained ;  mad. 

Odd,  arreptitious,  frantick  extravagances. 

Howell,  Letters  (1650),  I.  475. 

arreptitious2t  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.    [As  if  <  L. 

arrcptus,  pp.  of  arrepere,  creep  toward,  steal 
softly  to  (<  ad,  to,  +  repere,  creep:  see  reptile), 
+  -itiotis;  but  appar.  a  mistaken  def.  of  pre- 
ceding.] Creeping  or  having  crept  in  privily. 
Blount;  Bailey. 

arrest1  (a-resf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aresten,  arresten 
(also  by  apheresis  resten,  >  mod.  dial,  rest),  < 
OF.  arcster,  F.  arreter  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  arrestor  = 
It.  arrestare,  <  ML.  arrestare,  stop,  restrain,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  restore,  stay  back :  see  res/2.]  1.  To 
stop  forcibly ;  cheek  or  hinder  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion of :  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to 
arrest  the  course  of  justice. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprieties  hath 
arrested  and  laid  asleep  all  true  inquiry.  Bacon. 

With  the  progress  of  adaptation  each  [human  being]  be- 
comes so  constituted  that  he  cannot  be  helped  without  in 
some  way  arresting  a  pleasurable  activity. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  a 
legal  warrant  or  official  authority;  take  into 
custody:  as,  to  arrest  one  for  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor. [Shakspere  most  commonly  construes 
this  verb  with  of,  like  accuse:  as,  "of  capital 
treason  we  arrest  you  here,"  Rich.  LI.,  iv.  1.] 

According  to  law  no  Englishman  could  be  arrested  and 
detained  in  confinement  merely  by  the  mandate  of  the 
sovereign.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  engage ;  secure  ;  catch ; 
take :  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes  or  the  attention. 


319 

King.  H  you  prove  it,  I'll  repay  it  back, 

<  »r  yield  up  Aquitain. 
piin.  We  arrest  your  word. 

Shah.,  1..  I..  L.,  ii.  1. 

The  appearance  of  such  a  person  in  the  world,  and  at 

-in  b  a  period,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideration  of  every 

thinking  mind.  Buckmimter. 

4t.  To  rest  or  fix. 
We  may  arrest  our  thoughts  upon  the  divine  mercies. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  In  Scots  and  admiralty  law,  to  seize  (prop- 
erty) for  debt  or  the  satisfaction  of  a  claim ; 
attach  or  levy  upon.  =  Syn.  1.  To  stay,  interrupt, 
delay,  detain.  — 2.  To  capture,  lay  bold  of,  take  up,  take 
prisoner. 

arrest1  (a-resf),  «.    [<  ME.  arest,  <  OF.  arest, 

stoppage  delay,  restraint;  from  the  verb :  see 
arrest1,  i\]  1 .  The  act  of  stopping,  or  the  state 
of  being  stopped  ;  suspension  of  movement  or 
action:  as,  an  arrest  of  the  vital  functions; 
•'the  stop  and  arrest  of  the  air,"  Bacon. —  2t. 
Self-restraint ;  self-command. 

In  noble  corage  oughte  ben  areste, 
And  weyen  everything  by  equytee. 

Chaiieer,  ImhkI  Women,  1.  ::'»;. 

3.  Any  seizure  or  taking  by  force,  physical 
or  moral ;  hindrance ;  interruption ;  stoppage  ; 
restraint. 

To  the  rich  man  who  had  promised  himself  ease  for 
many  years,  it  was  a  sad  arrest  that  his  soul  was  surprised 
the  first  night.  Jer.  Taylor. 

I  could  .  .  .  mingle  my  teares  with  you,  .  .  .  but  when 
I  consider  the  necessity  of  submitting  to  the  divine  arests, 
I  am  ready  to  dry  them  againe,  and  be  silent. 

Evelyn,  To  his  Brother,  G.  Evelyn. 

4.  In  mach.,  any  contrivance  which  stops  or  re- 
tards motion. 

The  arrest  consists  of  a  fly  vane,  or  escapement  with 
wings,  mounted  on  one  of  the  arbors  of  the  clock-work 
acting  on  the  wheel.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8974. 

5.  In  law,  the  taking  of  a  person  into  custody 
of  the  law,  usually  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from 
authority.  An  arrest  is  made  by  seizing  or  touching  the 
body  or  otherwise  taking  possession  of  it.  By  the  law  of 
some  jurisdictions,  arrest  is  allowed  in  civil  cases  for  the 
purpose  of  enforcing  the  payment  of  debts  or  preventing 
a  defendant  from  eluding  an  obligation.  In  criminal  or 
penal  cases  arrest  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  compelling 
the  person  charged  with  a  crime  or  an  offense  to  appear 
and  submit  to  justice.  In  civil  cases  it  cannot  be  legally 
effected  except  by  virtue  of  a  precept  or  writ  issued  out 
of  some  court,  but  this  is  often  dispensed  with  in  criminal 
cases.  Arrest  in  civil  cases  is  of  two  kinds,  viz.,  that  which 
takes  place  before  trial,  and  is  called  arrest  >>n  mesne  pro- 
cess, and  thatwhieh  takes  place  after  trial  and  judgment, 
and  is  called  arrest  on  final  process,  or  arrest  in  execution. 

6.  In  admiralty  lain,  the  taking  of  a  ship  into 
custody  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from  a  court. — 

7.  In  Scots  law,  attachment;  seizure  of  prop- 
erty, funds,  etc.,  by  legal  process,  as  for  debt  or 

the  satisfaction  of  a  claim Arrest  of  judgment, 

in  law,  the  staying  or  stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict, 
for  causes  assigned.  Courts  have  at  common  law  power 
to  arrest  judgment  for  intrinsic  causes  appearing  upon 
the  face  of  the  record,  as  when  the  declaration  varies  from 
the  original  writ,  when  the  verdict  differs  materially  from 
the  pleadings,  or  when  the  case  laid  in  the  declaration  is 
not  sufficient  in  point  of  law  to  found  an  action  upon.  The 
motion  for  this  purpose  is  called  amotion  in  arrest  of  judg- 
ment. Modern  practice  largely  supersedes  these  motions 
by  requiring  such  defects  to  be  objected  to  before  judg- 
ment. —  Breach  of  arrest.    See  breach. 

arrest2  (a-resf),  n.  [<  OF.  arreste,  areste,  mod. 
F.  nrefc,"  awn,  beard,  fishbone,  arrest,  <  L.  ari- 
sta :  see  arista  and  arris.]  A  mangy  tumor  on 
the  back  part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  horse.  Also 
called  rat-tail. 

arrestable  (a-res'ta-bl),  a.  [<  arrest1  +  -able.] 
1.  Liable  to  be  arrested  or  apprehended. —  2. 
In  Scots  law,  attachable;  subject  to  seizure  at 
the  suit  of  a  creditor  of  the  owner,  by  a  process 
in  the  nature  of  attachment  or  garnishment: 
applied  to  property,  funds,  etc. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiar  position  of 
tniug  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable;  they  are  there- 
fore  bad  security.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

arrestation  (ar-es-ta'shon),  n.  [=  F.  arresta- 
tion,  <  ML.  arrestatio(n-),  <  arrestare,  arrest: 
see  arrest1,  v.]  The  act  of  arresting ;  an  arrest 
or  seizure.     [Rare.] 

The  arrestation  of  the  English  residing  in  France  was 
decreed  by  the  National  Convention. 

//.  M.  Williams,  Letters  on  France,  I.  i. 

arrestee  (a-rest-e'),  «.    [<  arrest  +  -ee\]    In 

Scots  law,  the  person  in  whose  hands  an  arrest- 
ment is  laid. 

arrester,  arrestor  (a-res'ter,  -tor),  «.  [ME. 
ouster ;  < arrest1 +  -er1, -or.  Cf. ML. arrestator.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  arrests. —  2.  In  Scots 
law,  the  person  at  whose  instance  an  arrest  is 
made.  See  arrest, ».,  7.  [Arrestor  is  the  form 
usual  in  legal  documents.] 

arrestive  (a-res'tiv),  a.  [=OF.  arresHf;  <  ar- 
rest1 +  -ire.]  1.  Serving  or  tending  to  arrest. 
—  2.  Ingram,,  marking  an  arrest,  restriction, 


arrhizous 

or  qualification  of  thought :  applied  to  conjunc- 
tions like  ion,  yet,  however,  etc.    Bam,  Eng. 

Grammar. 


arrestment   (a-resfment), 


[<  OF.  areste- 


ttietii,  <  ar  ester,  arrest :  sec  arrest1,  v.,  and 
-iiteut.]  1.  The  act  of  arresting  or  stopping; 
obstruction;  stoppage. 

The  first  effect  is  arrestment  of  the  functions  of  the 
spinal  cord.  .sir  J;.  CkrisHson,  Poisons,  I.  i.  $2. 

The  fall  of  man  wotdd  produce  an  arrestment  in  the 
progress  of  the  earth  in  that  last  great  revolution  winch 
would  have  converted  it  into  an  Eden, 

Dan  on,  I  Irigin  of  World,  p.  239. 

2.  In  Scots  lair:  (a)  A  process  by  which  a 
creditor  may  attach  money  or  movable  proper- 
ty which  a  third  person  holds  for  behoof  of  his 
debtor.  It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to 
foreign  attachment  by  the  custom  of  London. 
See  attachment,  (b)  The  arrest  or  detention  of 
acriminal  till  he  finds  caution  or  surety  to  stand 
trial,  or  the  securing  of  a  debtor  until  he  pays 
the  debt  or  gives  security  for  its  payment. — 
Breach  of  arrestment.    See  breach. 

arrestor,  n.     See  arrester. 

arretH,  ».  '•    See  aret. 

arret2t  (a-ra'  or  a-ret'),  n.  [<  F.  arret,  <  OF. 
arest,  arrest :  see  arrest1,  n.]  The  decision  of  a 
court,  tribunal,  or  council ;  a  decree  published ; 
the  edict  of  a  sovereign  prince :  applied  to  the 
judgments  and  decisions  of  courts  and  tribu- 
nals in  France. 

arrha  (ar'a),  n.;  pi.  arrhw  (-§).  [L.,  also  ar- 
rhabo,  and  later  arra,  arrabo,  <  Gr.  appafiuv, 
earnest-money.  Cf.  arlcs.]  Earnest-money 
paid  to  bind  a  bargain  or  contract;  a  pledge. 
Formerly  also  spelled  arra. 

arrhal  (ar'al),  a.  [<  arrha  +  -al.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  earnest-money;  given  as  a  pledge. 

arrhaphostic  (ar-a-fos'tik),  a.     [Badly  formed 

<  Gr.  appaipoc,  seamless,  <  a-  priv.  +  patpi/,  a 
seam,  <  paixruv,  sew.]  Seamless.  Clarke.  Also 
written  araphostic,  araphorostic.     [Rare.] 

Arrhemon  (a-re'inon),  it.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  appfiymi, 
without  speech,  silent,  <  a-  priv.  +  pf/ya,  a 
word,  <  peiv,  speak.]  A  genus  of  Central  and 
South  American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Tanatp-ithi;  including  a  group  of  several 
species  of  tanagers  with  stout  bills,  like  A. 
silens,  the  type.     Also  Arremon,  Buarremon. 

Arrhemoninae  (a-re-mo-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arrhemon  +  -inir.]  A  group  of  tanagrine  birds, 
named  by  Lafresnaye  from  the  genus  Arrhe- 
mon. 

arrhenotokous  (ar-e-not'6-kus),  a.  [Better 
*arrhenotocous,  <  Gr.  appevorSKor,  bearing  male 
children,  <  appi/v  (appevo-),  male,  +  t'ikteiv,  re- 
Keiv,  bear.]  Producing  males  only:  applied 
by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  those  parthe- 
nogenetic  female  insects  which  produce  male 
progeny:  opposed  to  thelytohous.  Also  spelled 
arrenotokous. 

The  terms  arrenotokous  and  thelytokous  have  been  pro- 
posed by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  denote  those  par- 
thenogenetic  females  which  produce  male  and  female 
young  respectively.  Huadey,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  384. 

arrhenotoky  (ar-e-not'o-ki),  «.  [As  arrhenoto- 
kous +  -y.]  The  producing  of  males  only:  a 
form  of  parthenogenesis.     See  arrhenotokous. 

arrhephore  (ar'e-for),  ii.  [<  Gr.  'App7i<j>6pog,  com- 
monly in  pi.,  'AppT/ipopoi  (see  def.);  of  uncertain 
origin.]  One  of  four  young  girls  of  noble  birth 
who  were  chosen  annually  in  ancient  Athens  to 
dwell  on  the  Acropolis  and  attend  the  priestess 
of  Athena  Polias.  They  played  a  ceremonial  part  in 
the  festival  of  the  Arrhephoria,  on  the  night  before  which 
they  bore  baskets  or  vases  of  unknown  contents  from  the 
Acropolis  to  an  underground  sanctuary  near  the  peribolos 
of  Aphrodite  in  the  Gardens. 

Arrhephoria (ar-e-f 6 'ri-a),  n./il.  [Gr.'Appritpdpia: 
see  arrhephore.]  An  ancient  Athenian  festival 
celebrated  in  the  month  of  Skirophorion  (June). 
It  was  connected  with  the  Panathenaic  festival,  and  was 
the  occasion  of  the  ceremonial  induction  into  their  annual 
office,  with  a  splendid  procession  to  the  Acropolis,  of  the 
four  young  priestesses  of  Athena  called  arrephores. 

arrhinencephalia(ar-in-en-se-fa'li-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  appic  (iippiv-),  without  power  of  scenting 
(<  a-  priv.  +  pic,  piv,  nose),  +  eyKlipaZoc,  the 
brain:  see  encejihalon.]  In  teratol.,  congenital 
absence  of  one  or  (usually)  both  sides  of  the 
olfactory  lobe  (rhinencephalon),  accompanied 
with  more  or  less  dwarfing  or  absence  of  adja- 
cent structures.    Also  spelled  arhinencephalia. 

arrhizal  (a-ri'zal),  a.  [As  arrhizous  +  -al.] 
Same  as  arrhizous. 

arrhizous  (a-ri'zus),  a.  [<  NL.  arrliisus,  <  Gr. 
apptCor,  without  roots,  <  a-  priv.  +  pi^a,  a  root.] 
Having  no  root :  applied  to  parasitical  plants 
which  have  no  root,  but  adhere  to  other  plants 


arrhizous 

by  any  part  of  their  surface,  and  derive  their 
nourishment  from  them;  also  to  mosses  and 
Hejiutieu  which  arc  destitute  of  rhizoids.  Also 
arhi:al,  arhi-uus. 

Arrhynchia (a-ring'ki-8.),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  neut.pl. 
of  arrhynchitts,  <  dr.  a-  priv,  +  ,'" ;  toe,  snout.] 
A  group  of  the  lowest  prootuchous  Turbellaria, 
having  no  frontal  proboscis,  but  provided  with 
an  anus,  and  presenting  distinct  sexes.  Also 
spelled  Arhynchia. 

arrhythmia  (a-rith'mi-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  b> 
pvdfua,  want  of  rhythm,  <  appvdpoc,  without 
rhythm:  see  arrhythmous.]  In  pathol.,  irregu- 
larity. Also  spelled  urh  yth  mil  (.-Arrhythmia 
cordis,  irregularity  of  pulse. 

arrhythmic  (a-rith'mik),  a.  [As  arrhythmous 
+  -ic :  see  «-18  and  rhythmic.']  Not  rhythmic; 
wanting  rhythm  or  regularity:  used  specifical- 
ly, in  pathol.,  of  the  pulse.  Also  spelled  arhyth- 
mie.    -V.  E.  J>. 

arrhythmical  (a-rith'mi-kal),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
rhythmic.    Also  spelled  arhythmical. 

arrhythmically  (a-rith'mi-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
style  without  rhythm.  Also  spelled  arhythmi- 
cally. 

arrhythmous  (a-rith'mus),  a.    [<  Gr.  appvBpoc, 

without  rhythm,  out  of  time,  <  <i-  priv.  +  pvdpdc, 
rhythm.]  Same  as  arrhythmic.  Also  spelled 
arhythmous. 

arrhythmy  (a-rith'mi),  «.  [<  XL.  arrhythmia, 
q.  v.]  Want  of  rhvthin.  Also  spelled  ark i/t]i my. 
[Rare.] 

arriage  (ar'aj),  n.  [Sc,  a  contr.  of  average1, 
q.  v.]  In  Scuts  law,  an  indefinite  service  per- 
formed by  horses,  formerly  required  from  ten- 
ants, but  now  abolished.  Used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  carriage  and  arriage. 

It  [the  monastery]  is  said  t.>  have  possessed  nearly  two 
thousand  pounds  in  yearly  money-rent,  .  .  .  capons  and 
poultry,  butter,  salt,  carriage  and  arriage,  peats  and  kain, 
wool  and  ale.  s,<ai.  Monastery,  Int. 

arridet  (a-rid'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arr'nled,  ppr. 
articling.     [<  L.  arridere,  please,  be  favorable 
to,  smile  at  or  upon,  <  ad,  to.  +  ridere,  laugh : 
Bee  ridicule.}     To  please;  gratify. 
Fast.  'Fore  heavens,  hiBhumour  arridi  ■  me  exceedingly. 
Car.   Arrides  you  ! 
Fast.   Ay,  pleases  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

Tlie  flattering  sycophant  is  the  fawning  spaniel,  that 
hath  only  learned  to  fetch  and  cany,  to  spring  the  covey 
of  his  master's  lusts,  ami  to  arridi'  and  deride  him. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  HI.  119. 

Above  all  thy  rarities,  old  (Keufi.rd,  what  do  most  ar- 
ride  and  solace  me  are  thy  repositories  of  mouldering 
learning.  La, ah,  Oxford  in  Vacation. 

arridentt  (a-ri'dent),  a.    [<  L.  arriden{t-)s,  ppr. 

of  arridere:  see  arride.]  Pleasing;  gratify- 
ing. 

arriere  (a-rer';  F.  pron.  ar-iar'),  n.  [P.,  <  OF. 
hi  a  re,  arere,  >  ML.  arere,  mod.  L.  urreur-.  Ar- 
riire  is  thus  the  mod.  F.  form  of  arrear^,  re- 
stored in  E.  from  the  earlier  form,  or  adopted 
afresh,  in  special  phrases:  see  arrear?  and 
reorS.j  Arrear  or  rear.  [Now  rarely  used  except  in 
composition,  as  in  arrier,  fief,  -pensie,  etc.    (See 

tin-,-  words,  below.)    In  arriere-ban,  as  shown,  it  is  his- 
torically a  different  word.] 
An  int.  i  id  arriere  of  such  storms,  such  wrecks. 

II'.  Whitman, m  Academy,  Nov.  is,  iss2,  (.v.  ]■:.  n.) 
Volant  en  arriere,  in  her.,  said  ol  a  bird  represented  as 
flj  Ing  npu ard  ami  awaj  fn mi  the    pi  ctator. 

arriere-ban  (a-rer'ban;  F.  pron.  ar-iar-boh'), 
n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrier-,  arrear-,  arere- 
lani  (also  arrear-,  rere-band,  arrier-van,  simu- 
lating  band?  and  run-),  <  F.  arriere-ban,  OF. 
ariere-ban,  a  corruption  (due  to  a  supposed 
connection  with  ariere,  mod.  arriere.  rear,  be- 
hind) ot  iii-'.     ariban,     heriban,  <  ML.  hari-, 

In  ,  I-.  uri-.  iin-,  urn-.  In  rt  laianaia.  etc.,  <  OHG. 
hariban,  in  ,  iban  <  M  1  Ii  i.  herban,  ('•.  he,  rbann), 
the  summoning  of  an  army,  <  hari.  Inn  (Mini. 
her,  ii.  hecr  =  As.  here),  army,  +  /»<»,  a  public 
call,  order,  decree:  see  hue-, 'hurra,  and  ban1.] 
1.  uitheearij  feudal  state,  the  summons  of  the 
sovereign  to  all  freemen,  calling  them  to  the 
field  with  their  \assals.  equipment,  ami  three 
months'  provisions.  Neglect  to  obey  the  sum- 
mons  brought  line-  or  ev<  d  loss  of  the  fief. 
Bence— 2.  The  military  force  thus  liable  to 
be  called  out.  Formerly  written  arierban.  [The 
[i  in.  nt  i  ■     1 1\ tnology)  led 

to  thi  n.  of  ban  et  ar ban    English  ban  (or  van)  and 

.....    ban    ..    van)    ■  ith  in  arl  tflclal  distinction  i  In  ban 
lupp  .  ed  to  n  ti  r  to  tin  immediate  feudatories  of 

ti oven  Egn,  and  tin  ■  <.t  the 

latter,  or  the  fioldei 
arriere-bras  (ar-iar'brii' ).  «.    Same  as  rerehruei -. 

arriere-fee  (a-rer'fe),  «.  A  fee  or  fief  de- 
pendent on  a  superior  fee,  or  a  fee  held  of  a 

feudatory. 


Arri^re-Voussure. 


320 

arriere-fief  (a-rSr'fef),  >i.    Same  as  arriere-fee. 

arriere-pensee  ( ar-iar 'poh-sa'),  "•  IF.,  <  ar- 
i  u  re,  rear,  behind,  +  pensie,  t  nought :  see  pen- 
sin  .]  A  thought  kept  back  or  dissembled;  a 
mental  reservation. 

arriere-vassal  (a-rer' vas'al),  n.  An  under-vas- 
sal; the  vassal  of  a  vassal. 

arriere-voussure  (ar-iar1  vo-sur'),  n.  A  rear 
vault ;  an  arch  or  a  vault  placed  within  the 
opening  of  a  wiu- 
dow  or  door,  and 
differing  from  it 
in  form,  to  in- 
crease the  size 
of  the  aperture 
internally,  to  re- 
ceive a  charge 
from  above,  or 
to  form  an  ar- 
chitectural junc- 
tion between  in- 
terior and  exte- 
rior forms. 

arriero  (ar-e-a'- 
ro),  >i.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrieiro),  a 
muleteer,  <  arre 
(>  Pr.  urri  =  It.  am),  OSp.  farre,  a  cry  used 
to  mules  and  horses;  prob.  of  Ar.  origin.]  A 
muleteer. 

arris  (ar'is),  n.  [Also  written  oris,  formerly 
arriss,  E.  dial.  (North.)  arriage,  the  edge  of 
anything  that  is  liable  to  hurt  (Halliwell);  < 
OF.  areste  (F.  arete),<.  L.  arista,  an  ear  or  beard 
of  grain,  in  ML.  also  a  bone  of  a  fish,  exterior 
angle  of  a  house:  see  arista  and  arrest?.]  1. 
A  sharp  edge,  as  of  a  squared  stone  or  piece  of 
wood.  Specifically — 2.  In  arch.,  the  line,  edge, 
or  hip  in  which  the  two  straight  or  curved  sur- 
faces of  a  body,  forming  an  exterior  angle, 
meet;  especially,  the  sharp  ridge  between  two 
adjoining  channels  of  a  Doric  column. 

arris-fillet  (ar'is-fil"et),  n.  A  triangular  piece 
of  wood  used  to  raise  the  slates  of  a  roof  against 
the  shaft  of  a  chimney  or  a  wall,  to  tlirow  off 
the  rain  more  effectually.  Also  called  tilting- 
fillet. 

arris-gutter  (ar'is-gut"er),  n.  A  wooden  gut- 
ter of  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  fixed  to  the  eaves 
of  a  building.     Gwilt. 

arrish,  arisn  (ar'ish),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  ersh,  dial, 
form  of  eddish,  q.  v.]  A  corn-  or  wheat-field 
which  has  been  harvested ;  stubble ;  eddish. 
[Devonshire,  Eng.] 

arrisiont  (a-rizh'on),  n.  [<  L.  arrisio(n-),  <  ar- 
risus,  pp.  of  arridere,  smile  upon:  see  arride.] 
The  act  of  smiling  upon  or  at.     Blount. 

arris-piece  (ar'is-pes),  n.  In  ship-carp.,  one  of 
the  portions  of  a  built  mast  beneath  the  hoops. 

arris-rail  (ar'is-ral),  n.  In  car]).,  a  rail  of  tri- 
angular section,  generally  formed  by  slitting 
diagonally  a  strip  of  square  section.  The 
broadest  surface  forms  the  base. 

arriswise  (ar'is-wiz),  adv.  [<  arris  +  -wise.] 
1.  Diagonally:  said  of  an  ar- 
rangement, of  tiles  or  slates  so 
that,  one  angle  points  downward. 
—  2.  In  her.,  with  one  angle  pro- 
jecting toward  the  spectator: 
said  of  any  bearing  of  a  rectan- 
gular form  so  placed  that  one 
corner  is  in  front,  and  the  top 
and  two  of  the  sides  are  shown. 
Erroneously  written  arrasviise. 

arrivaget  (a-ri'vaj),  n.    [ME.  arryvage,  anjrnge, 

<  OF.  uriru,/, ,  mod.  F.  urrirage  =  Sp.  urribuj, .  < 
ML.  arribatieum,  arripaUcum,<.  'arripare  (>OF. 
urirer),  come  to  shore,  arrive :  see  arrive  and 
■age.]  1.  Landing:  arrival.  Chaucer. — 2.  That 
which  happens  or  befalls  one;  lot.  or  fat.. 

arrival  (a-ri'val),  ».    [<  ME.  aryvaile,  arrivaile, 

<  AF.  arrivaitte  =  Pr.  arritialh,  amhuilh,  arri- 
val: see  arrive  and  -al.]    1.  The  act  of  arriving, 

as  in  coming  to  land  or  to  the  end  of  a  journey  ; 
a  reaching  or  coming  to  a  destination,  or  some 
definite  place. 

I'ri i  thenne  he  goth  toward  Itaile 
By  Bhip,  and  there  Ins  arrivaile 
Math  take,  and  shope  him  for  to  ride. 

Qower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  person  or  thing  which  arrives :  as,  a 
long  list,  of  arrivals. 

I.,  .i.o  Hie  l.ady  Psyche  will  harangue 

The  fresh  arrivals.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  The  reaching  or  attainment  of  any  object 
or  state  by  effort,  or  in  natural  course:  as, 
arrival  at  a  just  conclusion. 


' 


An  Alt.ir  Arris- 
wise. 


arrogance 

arrivancet  (a-ri'vans),  ».     [<  arrive  +  -ance.] 

1 .  The  act  or  fact  of  arriving ;  arrival. 

Its  [an  animal's]  sudden  arrivance  Into  growth  and 
maturitic.  sir  /'.  Browne,  \  nig.  Err.,  iii.  ti. 

2.  Persons  who  arrive ;  arrivals  collectively. 

For  every  minute  is  expectancy 
of  more  arrivance  [arrivancie  in  early  eds.]. 

Shak.  (ed.  Leopold),  Othello,  ii.  1. 

arrive  (a-riv'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arrived,  ppr. 
arriving'.'  [<  ML.  arwen,  aryven,  <  OF.  driver, 
arrirer,  F.  urrin  r  =  Pr.  unliur,  linear  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arribar=  It.  arrivare,  arrive,  arripare,  come  to 
shore,  <  ML.  "arribare,  *arripare,  reach,  come 
to  shore,  earlier  adripare.  bring  to  shore,  <  L. 
ad.  to,  +  ripa,  shore,  bank.]  f.t  trans.  1.  To 
bring  (a  ship  or  its  passengers)  to  shore;  land. 

Some  points  of  wind  .  .  .  may  as  soon  Overturn  as  Ar- 
rive the  ship. 

II .  Brough,  Sacr.  Trine.  (1659),  p.  480.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

When  Fortune  .  .  .  had  arrived  me  in  the  most  joyful 
port.  a  Cavendish. 

2.  To  reach. 

Ere  he  arrive  the  happy  isle.  Mile, a,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

3.  To  come  to  ;  happen  to. 

Lest  a  worse  woe  arrive  him.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  come  to  or  reach  a  cer- 
tain point  in  the  course  of  travel:  with  at:  as, 
we  arrived  at  Havre-de-Grace. 

When  at  Collatium  this  false  lord  arrived, 
Well  was  he  welcomed  by  the  Roman  dame. 

shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  50. 

2.  To  reach  a  point  or  stage  by  progressive 
advance ;  attain  to  a  certain  result  or  state : 
with  a  t,  formerly  sometimes  with  to :  as,  to  ar- 
rive at  an  unusual  degree  of  excellence;  to  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion. 

The  Greek  language  was  arrived  t>>  its  full  per-fection. 
Dryden,  Pref.  to  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

They  arrive  at  a  theory  from  looking  at  some  of  the 
phenomena ;  and  the  remaining  phenomena  they  strain  or 
curtail  to  suit  the  theory.  Macaulay,  On  History. 

3.  To  happen  or  occur :  with  to. 

Happy  !  to  whom  this  glorious  death  arrives.       tfaf^r. 

The  lot  of  humanity  is  on  these  children.  Danger,  sor- 
row, and  pain  arrive  to  them,  as  to  all. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  168. 

arrivet  (a-riv'),  n.     [<  arrive,  v.]    Arrival. 
How  should  I  joy  of  thy  arrive  to  hear  ! 

Drayton,  Brandon  to  Mary. 

Wonder  at  the  safe  a  rrive 
Of  this  small  vessel,  which  all  weathers  drive. 

MiddUton,  Triumphs  of  Truth. 

arroba  (a-ro'bil),  «.  [Formerly  also  aroba, 
arobe,  arob,  <  Sp.  Pg.  arroba,  <  Ar.  ar-rob',  <  al, 
the,  4-  rob',  fourth  part  (of  a  hundred-weight), 
a  quarter,  <  arba'a,  four.]  1.  A  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  unit  of  weight.  The  following  table 
shows  tlie  number  of  avoirdupois  and  local  pounds  it  eon- 
tains  and  its  equivalent  in  kilograms  : 

""«■  PoSS's.     P„lVds.         Kilos. 

Sarasossa 36        27.:i90        12.424 

Lisbon,  Rio  de  Janeiro 32        32.381        14.688 

Barcelona 26       22.DS5       10.426 

Valencia  36        28.272        12.824 

Paraguay 25       27.410       12.433 

Castile,  Buenos  AyreB, >         .,.       „,  „,-       n  ,„. 

Chili,  Mexico,  etc.        f   5         -5'317        n'4S4 

Alicante 24  and  36        2S.254        12,816 

There  was  also  formerly  in  use  in  Valencia  a  small  arroba 
nt  10.68?  kilograms. 

2.  A  measure  for  wine,  spirits,  and  oil  in  Span- 
ish countries,  arising  from  the  Moorish  prac- 
tice of  weighing  those  liquids;  the  cantata. 
There  are  two  measures  of  this  name.  The  commoner,  the 
arroba  mayor,  contains  in  liters  :  in  Castile,  I'adiz,  16.137; 
in  Bolivia,  16.073 ;  in  Malaga,  15.85;  in  Havana,  If.. 44  ;  in 
Alicante,  11.550;  in  Valencia,  11. 482,  The  arroba  menor, 
in  Madrid,  is  equivalent  to  27. '-'a  pounds  of  water  or  12,564 
liters;  it  was  divided  into  25  lil'ias.  Wine  was  sold  liy  a 
weight  of  32  pounds  to  tlie  arroha. 

arrodet  (a-rod'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  arrodere,  gnaw  at, 
<  ad,  to,  at,  +  rodere,  gnaw:  see  rodent,  and  cf. 
corrode,  nude.]    To  gnaw  or  nibble  at.    Bailey. 

arrogance  (ar'o-gans),  n.  [<  ME.  arrogance, 
arrogaunce,  <  OF.  arrogance,  <  L.  arrogantia,  < 
arrogan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  arrogare:  see  arrogate.] 
The'condition  or  quality  of  being  arrogant;  a 
manifest  feeling  of  personal  superiority  in 
rank,  power,  dignity,  or  estimation  ;  the  exalt- 
ing of  one's  own  worth  or  importance  to  an 
undue  degree;  pride  with  contempt  of  others; 
presumption. 

Pride  hath  no  other  glass 
To  show  itself.  Imt  pride  ;  for  supple  knees 
Feed  arrogance,  and  are  the  proud  man's  fees. 

Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  iii.  3. 
=  Syn.  Pri,lc,  Arrogance,  Presumption,  Assumption, 
Haughtiness,  Disdain,  Loftiness,  Superciliousness,  /"■«'- 
lence,  lordliness,  Bell-Importance,  Imperlousness,  Bwagger. 
(See  pride.)  Pride  and  disdain  ar..  the  only  words  in  the 
list  that  may  have  a  food  meaning  when  applied  to  per- 


arrogance 

eons :  aa,  pride  in  one's  country ;  disdain  of  a  base  sugges- 
tion. Pride  primarily  respects  the  temper  <»f  the  mind,  not 

liciu^  necessarily  manifested  or  directed  toward  others  ;  it 

is  the  general  term  for  an  unreasonable  estimate  "i  a 

own  superiority  in  any  respect.  As  it  conies  into  relation 
and  action,  it  may  receive  other  titles.  Thus,  arrogance  is, 
at  its  simplest,  pride  with  contempt  of  others,  and  i>  cv 
sentially  the  same  as  disdain.  In  action,  arrogance  is  the 
assertion  of  exorbitant  claims  to  rank,  dignity,  estimation, 
homage,  power,  etc.  Presumption  is  often  used  for  arrO' 
ganoe,  but  more  properly  expresses  a  self-conceited  and 
self-important  forwardness  to  run  risks,  take  liberties, 
and  crowd  in  where  one  does  not  deserve  to  be.  Pre- 
sumptwn  helps  itself  to  what  it  wants,  while  arrogance 
claims  from  others,  and  feds  its  pride  by  seeing  them 
yield.  Presumption  is  less  selfish  than  arrogance,  but 
more  conceited  and  headstrong.  Assumption  has  added 
to  its  other  meanings  a  bad  sense,  kindred  topresumption  , 
it  means  a  disposition  to  do  what  does  not  belong  to  one 
to  do,  and  .sometimes  to  claim  to  be  more  than  one  is. 
Haughtiness,  like  disdain  and  loftiness,  dwells  upon  the 
inferiority  of  others  quite  as  much  as  upon  its  own  eleva- 
tion ;  it  is  equally  applicable  to  spirit  and  to  manner. 
Disdain  is  a  mingling  of  lofty  contempt  with  aversion, 
abhorrence,  or  indignation.  S'upe>r>l>"u<ness,  as  bents  its 
derivation,  is  chiefly  applied  to  manner ;  it  is  a  manifested 
haughtiness.  Insolence  is  exhibited  not  only  in  manner, 
but  in  conduct  and  language  ;  it  is  pride  or  haughtiness, 
shown  in  contemptuous  or  overbearing  treatment  of  oth- 
ers, especially  by  words;  from  an  equal  or  an  inferior  it 
is  an  outrageous  kind  of  impertinence.  See  impudence, 
egotism,  and  scorn. 

I  know  you  proud  to  bear  your  name, 
Your  pride  is  yet  no  mate  for  mine, 
Too  proud  to  care  from  whence  1  came. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

Turbulent,  discontented  men  of  quality,  in  proportion 

as  they  are  putted  up  with  personal  pride  ami  arrogance, 

generally  despise  their  own  order.    Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

But  most  it  is  presumption  in  us,  when 

The  help  of  Heaven  we  count  the  act  of  men. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  1. 
His  usual  air  of  haughty  assumption. 

Scott,  Waverley,  xlix. 

I  own  that  there  is  ^haughtiness  and  fierceness  in  human 
nature  which  will  cause  innumerable  broils,  place  men  in 
what  situation  you  please.  Burke. 

Good  nature  produces  a  disdain  of  all  baseness,  vice, 
and  folly.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 

The  loftiness  of  man  shall  be  bowed  down.       Isa.  ii.  17. 

Sometimes,  it  is  true,  the  giraffe  stoops  to  mammalian 
levels;  but  there  is  something  so  lofty  even  in  its  conde- 
scension that  the  very  act  of  bending  enhances  the  ha  ";//'- 
tinees  of  its  erect  posture,  and  suggests  that  it  does  it  from 
policy.  To  be  always  keeping  state,  and  forever  in  the 
clouds,  might  make  shorter  animals  accuse  it  of  acting 
superciliously.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sim,  p.  182. 

The  insolence  of  the  aggressor  is  usually  proportioned  to 
the  tameness  of  the  sufferer.  Ames,  Works,  II.  96. 

arrogancy   (ar'o-gan-si),  n.     [See  arrogance.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  arrogant;  arrogance: 
as,  "presumptuous  arrogancy,"  North,  tr.  of 
Plutarch,  p.  77. 

His  arrogancy  and  his  impudence,  in  commending  his 
own  things.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  piece  of  arrogance ;  an  arrogant  act. 

That  most  odious  of  all  repulsive  arrogandes  —  Pharl- 
seeism.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  472. 

arrogant  (ar'o-gant),  a.  [<ME.  arrogant,  arro- 
gaunt,  <  OF.  arrogant,  <  L.  arrogan(t-)s,  assum- 
ing, arrogant,  insolent,  ppr.  of  arrogare,  assume, 
etc.:  see  arrogate.]  1.  Making  or  having  the 
disposition  to  make  unwarrantable  claims  of 
rank  or  estimation;  giving  one's  self  an  undue 
degree  of  importance  ;  aggressively  haughty ; 
full  of  assumption :  applied  to  persons. 

Arrogant  Winchester?  that  haughty  prelate? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

2.  Characterized  by  arrogance;  proceeding 
from  an  overestimate  of  one's  importance  or 
superiority  to  others:  applied  to  things:  as, 
arrogant  claims. 

The  speech  of  Themistoeles,  the  Athenian,  which  was 
haughty  and  arrogant,  in  taking  so  much  to  himself,  had 
been  a  grave  and  wise  observation  and  censure,  applied  at 
large  to  others.  Bacon,  True  Greatness. 

Surely  etiquette  was  never  maintained  in  a  more  arro. 
gant  manner  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  268. 

His  [Lord  Clarendon's]  temper  was  sour,  arrogant,  and 
impatient  of  opposition.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

=  Syn.  Authoritative,  Magisterial,  Dogmatic,  etc.  (see  vts- 
gisterial),  proud,  assuming,  overbearing,  presumptuous, 
supercilious,  lordly,  cavalier,  important,  swelling,  bluster- 
ing, grand,  disdainful,  overweening. 
arrogantly  (ar'o-gant-li),  adv.  In  an  arrogant 
manner ;  with  undue  pride  and  contempt  of 
others;  with  haughty  presumption. 

Godwin  and  his  Sons  bore  themselves  arrogantly  and 
proudly  towards  the  King,  usurping  to  themselves  equal 
share  in  the  Government.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

arrogantness  (ar'o-gant-nes),  n.     Arrogance. 

arrogate  (ar'o-gatj,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arro- 
gated, ppr.  arrogating.  [<  L.  arrogatus,  adro- 
gatms,  pp.  of  arrogare,  adrogarc,  ask  of,  adopt, 
appropriate,  assume,  <.  ad,  to,  +  rogare,  ask:  see 
rogation.  The  form  adrogate  is  confined  to  the 
21 


321 

legal  sense.]  1.  To  claim  or  demand  unduly 
or  presumptuously;  lay  claim  to  in  an  over- 
bearing mniiner:  as,  to  arrogate  power  or  dig- 
nity to  one's  self. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 
Will  wrrogcUe  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  xii.  27. 

A  man  possessed  of  such  warm  imagination  commands 
all  nature,  ami  arrogates  possessions  of  which  the  owner 
has  a  blunter  relish.    Goldsmith,  Tenants  ol  the  Leasowes. 

Even  the  spiritual  supremacy  arrogated  by  the  Pope  was, 

in  the  dark  ages,  productive  of  far  mere  good  than  evil. 
Xacaulay,  Hist.  Eng,,  i. 

2.  To  lay  claim  to  on  behalf  of  another:  as, 
to  arrogate  to  the  crown  the  privilege  of  issu- 
ing writs. 

To  antiquity  we  arrogate  many  things,  to  ourselves  no- 
thing. Coleridge,  The  Friend,  I.  12.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  adrogate. 
arrogation   (ar-o-ga'shpn),    «.      [<  L.  arroga- 

tin(ii-),  a  taking  to  one's  self,  <  arrogare,  take 
to  one's  self:  see  arrogate,  and  cf.  adrogation.] 

1.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  making  unjust  or 
unwarrantable  claims  or  demands;  the  act  of 
taking  more  than  one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

Where  selfness  is  extinguished,  all  manner  of  arrogation 
must  of  necessity  be  extinct. 

Dr.  11.  J/er.-.  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  372,  note. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  adrogation. 
arrogative  (ar'o-ga-tiv),  a.    [< arrogate  +  -in.] 

Making  undue  claims  and  pretensions;  arro- 
gant.   Dr.  H.  More. 

arrollo  (a-ro'lyo),  n.    Same  as  arroyo. 

arrondi,  arrondee  (a-ron'di,  -de),  a.  [<  F.  ar- 
rondi (fem.  arrondie),  rounded,  pp.  of  arrondir, 
make  round,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rond,  round: 
see  round2.]  In  her.,  rounded  off:  applied  to  a 
bearing,  especially  a  cross,  the  extremities  of 
which  are  rounded.  Also  written  arondie,  aron- 
dy.  —  Battled  arrondi.  See  battled?.—  Bend  arrondi, 
fesse  arrondi,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

arrondissement  (a-roii-des'mon),  re.  [F.,  lit.  a 
rounding,  <  arrondiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
arrondir,  make  round:  see  arrondi.]  In  France, 
the  largest  administrative  division  of  a  depart- 
ment. The  S7  departments  are  divided  into  362  arron- 
dissements.  Each  arrondissement  is  divided  into  cantons, 
and  each  of  the  latter  into  communes. 

arrope  (a-rop';  Sp.  pron.  ii-ro'pa),  n.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrobc),  <  arropar  (—  Pg.  arrobar),  mix  wine 
in  a  state  of  fermentation  with  boiled  wine,  lit. 
clothe,  <  in-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  4-  ropa  =  Pg.  rowpa, 
OPg.  rouba,  clothing,  robe:  see  robe.]  A  sort 
of  liquor  used  for  increasing  the  body  and  dark- 
ening the  color  of  sherry,  made  by  boiling  down 
must  to  one  fifth  or  one  sixth  of  its  original 
quantity. 

arroset  (a-roz'),  v.  t.  [<  F.  arroser,  sprinkle, 
water,  ult.  <  LL.  adrorare,  bedew,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
rorare,  distil  dew,  <  ros  (ror-),  dew.]  To  be- 
dew; sprinkle;  wet;  drench. 

The  blissful  dew  of  heaven  does  arrose  you. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

arrosiont  (a-ro'zhpn),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *arro- 
sto(re-),  <  arrodere,  pp.  arrosus,  gnaw  at:  see  ar- 
rode.]    A  gnawing  at.     [Rare.] 

This  arrosion  of  the  nailes,  .  .  .  the  property  of  men  in- 
raged  with  choler.  J.  Bulwer,  Chirologia,  p.  160.   (iV.  E.  D. ) 

arrow  (ar'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrowe, 
arowc,  <  ME.  arow,  aro,  aru,  arm,  aruwe,  arewe, 
arwe,  <  AS.  (1)  arwe,  fem.,  (2)  earh,  neut.,  = 
Icel.  or  (gen.  drvar),  an  arrow,  =  Goth,  deriv. 
arhwa:na,  a  dart  (Or.  jii'loc),  prob.  orig.  'that 
which  belongs  to  the  bow'  (a  'bow-dart'  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  missile  thrown  by  hand?),  < 
*arhw  =  L.  arguus,  arcus,  a  bow,  whence  E. 
arc1,  arch1,  and  deriv.  archer,  q.  v.]  1.  A  slen- 
der, generally  pointed,  missile  weapon  made  to 


European  I  i-tli  cen- 
tury} Arrow. 
It  is  2  feet  4 
inches  long,  and 
has  three  leathers. 
(From  Viollet-le- 
Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  francais.") 


-**«3D 


Ha>< 


Arrows. 

i-5.  from  New  Ireland  and  the  Solomon  group  of  islands.  The 
lon^ust  is  4  feet  ii  inches,  the  shortest  4  feet  1  inch.  There  are  no 
feathers.  In  3  the  barbs  are  of  thin  shaved  blades  of  bone  ;  in  4.  of 
ratan  ;  in  1  and  2  the  barbs  are  made  *of  thorns ;  in  5  the  head  is  a 
small  piece  of  bamlwo.     6-10  are  Japanese  arrows  of  a  late  epoch. 

be  shot  from  a  bow.    Arrows  have  nearly  universally 
been  made  with  a  light,  straight  shaft  of  wood,  fitted 


arrow-shaped 

with  feathers  at  the  nock  end  to  steady  the  (light,  and 

wiiii  a  pointed  head  of  various  forms,  often  barbed  so  as 

to  remain  Axed  in  the  objei  I  pli  reed 

Those  used  in  the  middle  ages  rarelj 

had  barbed  heads ;  sometimes  the  head 

was  flat,  sometimes  conical,  and  fit- 

ted  i"  th<-  shaft  like  the  ferrule  ol  a 

walking  stick.    The  arrow-heads  of  the 

North  American  Indians  wen-  of  flint, 

obsidian,  or  other  hard  stone,  or  of 

bone,  as  well  as  of   metal,  ami  were 

often  bai  bi  d.    They  n  ere  secured  to 

the  shaft  by  lashings  of  hide  or  sinew. 

Arrow-heads  intended  to  be  pole d, 

as  among  South  American  Indians,  are 
said   to  lie    fastened    lightly,  so   as   to 
Leave    the   shaft    and    remain    in    the 
wound.   The  feathers  at  the  butt  of  the 
shaft  seem  to  have  been  generally  used 
in  all  ages,  and  are  so  set,  or  are  of  such 
a  form,  as  to  give  to  the  arrow  a  rotary 
movement,  like  that  of  a  rifle-ball.  The 
arrow  of  the  crossbow  is  called  a  bolt  or 
quarrel  (which  see). 
2.  Anything  resembling  an  ar- 
row,    (it)  In  sitrv.,  a  small   pointed 
iron  rod,  or  a  stick    shod  with  iron, 
stuck  into  the  ground  to  mark  a  chains 
length,    (b)  In  fort.,  a  work  placed  at 
the  salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  communi- 
cating with  the  covert  way.     (c)  A  fig- 
ure used  in  maps,  architectural  draw- 
ings, etc.,  to  indicate  direction,  as  of 
winds,  currents,  rivers.     In  maps,  an 
arrow  or  half-arrow,  pointing  north,  serves  to  fix  the  points 
of  the  compass,    (rf)  An  arrow-shaped  ornament,  as  foV  the 
hair.— Broad  arrow.    See  broad. 
arrow  (ar'6),  v.  i.     [<  arrow,  ».]     1.  To  grow 
up  into  a  long  pointed  stalk  like  an  arrow. 

The  West  Indian  planter  must  prevent  his  sugar-canes 
from  arrowing.  Simmonds,  Colonial  Mag. 

2.  To  move  swiftly,  as  an  arrow.     [Rare.] 

About  an  hour  ago  did  we  .  .  .  see  that  identical  sal- 
mon .  .  .  arrowing  up  the  Tay. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  446. 

arrow-grass  (ar'6-gras),  n.    A  common  name 

of  plants  of  the  genus  Triglochin,  especially 

of  the  common  T.  palustre.    it  is  also  sometimes 

applied  generally  to  the  memhers  of  the  tribe  Juncagi- 

nece,  to  which  Triglochin  helongs,  now  usually  included  in 

the  natural  order  Naiadaceee. 

arrow-head  (ar'6-hed),  n.  and  a.    I.  ».   1.   The 

head  of  an  arrow. —  2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the 

genus  Sagittaria:  so  called  from  the  shape  of 

the  leaves.     See  Sagittaria. — 3.  A  belemnite. 

II,  a.  Written  with  arrow-headed  characters: 

as,  an  arrow-head  inscription. 

arrow-headed   (ar'o-hed'ed),  a.     Shaped  like 

_^   the    head    of 

an  arrow. — 
Arrow-headed 
characters,  al- 
phabetical, syl- 
labic, and  ideo- 
graphic combi- 
nations of  a  tri- 
angular, arrow- 
head -  like,  or 
wedge  -  like  fig- 
ure; hence,  also 
called  cuneiform 
(wedge-shaped)  and  nail-headed  characters.  See  cunei- 
form. 
arrowleaf  (ar'6-lef),  n.  A  South  American 
aquatic  plant,  the  Sagittaria  ulfontevidensia,  with 
large,  arrow-shaped  leaves. 
arrowlet  (ar'6-let),  n.  [<  arrow  +  -let.]  A 
little  arrow.  Tennyson.  [Poetic] 
arrowroot  (ar'6-rot),  n.  [<  arrow  +  root*; 
from  the  use  of  the  fresh  roots  or  tubers  to 
absorb  poison  from 
wounds  inflicted  by 
poisoned  arrows.]  A 
starch  obtained  from 
the  horizontal  rhi- 
zomes of  several  spe- 
cies of  Marania.    it  is 

much  used  as  food  and  for 
other  purposes,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  the  West  In- 
dies. The  species  from 
which  arrowroot  is  most 
commonly  made  is  M. 
arundinacea,  hence  called 
ttie  arrowroot-plant.  Other 
starches  than  that  of  Ma- 
ranta  are  occasionally  sold 
under  the  name  of  arrow- 
root. Brazilian  arrowroot, 
or  tapioca-meal,  more  usu- 
ally known  as  cassava,  is 
obtained  from  the  lleshy  root  of  Manihot  utUissima,  after 
the  poisonous  juice  has  heen  removed;  East  Indian  ar- 
rotoroot,  from  the  large  root-stocks  of  Curcuma  angusti' 
folia;  Chinese  arrvwr-uit,  from  the  creeping  rhizomes  of 
Welumbium  specioswm  ;  English  arrowroot,  from  the  po- 
tato; Pm-thind  tirrmcrnof,  from  the  conns  of  Arum  macu- 
latum;  and  Oswego  arrowroot,  from  Indian  corn, 
arrow-shaped  (ar'6-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like 
an  arrow;  sagittate:  applied  in  botany  to  au- 
riculate  lanceolate  leaves  which  have  the  basal 
lobes  elongated,  acute,  and  turned  downward. 


m-  th£  *.  i 


■VA. 

A. 


^^4    B? 


Assyrian  Arrow-headed  Characters. 


Arrowroot-Plant  [Maranta 
arutufmacea  ■ 
a,  a,  rhizomes. 


arrow-stone 

arrow-Stone  (ar'6-ston),  n.    A  belemnite. 
arrow-tie  (ar'6-ti),  «•     [<  arrow  (in  allusion  to 
the  shape  of  the  fastening)  +  tie.']    A  tie  of 
hoop-iron  used  in  baling  cotton. 
arrow-wood  (ar'6-wiid),  n.    A  name  given  in 
the  United  States  to  several  species  of  shrubs 
or  small  trees  used  by  the  Indians  for  making 
their   arrows,   as    Viburnum    dentatum    and    V. 
acerifolium,   Euonymus  atropurpureus,  Cornus 
florida,  and  in  the  western  territories  Tessaria 
borealis.     See  cut  under  Cornus. 
arrow-worm  (ar'd-werm),  ».    An  animal  of  the 
genus  Sagitta  (which  see). 

arrowy  (ar'6-i),  a.     [  <  arrow  +  -y1.]     Resem- 
bling an  arrow  or  arrows,  as  in  shape  or  in  ra- 
pidity  and  directness  of  motion. 
Iron  sleet  of  arrowy  shower 

Hurtles  in  the  darkened  air.         tiruu.  latal  sisters. 
The  lambent  homage  of  his  arrowy  tongue. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  782. 
The  carrier-bird  released 
Points  to  one  cherished  spot  his  arrowy  Sight. 

J.  Baillic. 

arroyo  (a-roi'6),  «.  [Sp.,  OSp.  arrogio,  =  Pg. 
arrow,  <  ML.  arrogium  :  cf.  ML.  rogiuni,  ro- 
qia,  a  stream  for  irrigation  (Diez) ;  origin  un- 
known.] A  watercourse ;  a  rivulet.  [South- 
western United  States.]  Also  arrollo. 
Down  the  arroyo,  out  across  the  mead, 
By  heath  and  hollow,  sped  the  flying  maid. 

Bret  Barte. 

Arsacid,  Arsacidan  (ar-sas'id,  -i-dan),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Arsacidse,  rulers  of  Parthia 
from  about  250  B.  c,  and  afterward  of  the  Par- 
thian empire  (see  Parthian),  till  a.  d.  226.  The 
Arsacid  dynast;  was  founded  by  a  chief  named  Arsaces, 
win.  revolted  from  Autiochus  II.  of  Syria  ;  and  all  his  suc- 
cessors, about  thirty,  added  his  name  to  their  own.  A 
branch  of  the  Arsacida-  reigned  in  Armenia  from  about 

1 19  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  128. 

arschin,  "■    See  arshin. 

arse  (Sore),  ».  [<  ME.  ars,  ers,  <  AS.  ears,  ars 
=  OFries.  ers  =  D.  aars,  naars  =  OHG.  MHG. 
ars,  G.  arsch  =  Icel.  ars,  also  rass  =  Sw.  ars  = 
Dan.  ars,  arts  =  Gr.  oppoc  for  *6paoc,  the  rump.] 
The  buttocks  or  hind  part  of  an  animal.  [Now 
only  in  vulgar  use.] 

arse-foott  (ars'fut),  n.  [<  arse  +  foot,  from 
the  position  of  the  feet  in  birds  of  the  grebe 
family,  which  seem  to  be  inserted  opposite  the 
anus.  Once  used  by  writers  of  repute,  as  by 
Willughby  and  Ray,  1678.]  An  early  British 
name  of  the  great  crested  grebe,  Podieeps  or 
Podicipes  crista  tits,  and  of  other  birds  of  the 
same  genus.     Also  spelled  arsfoot. 

arsenal  (ar'se-nal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ar- 
cenal,  arsinal,  afeinal,  arsenate,  archinale,  etc., 
from  It.  and  F. ;  cf.  F.  arsenal,  formerly  arcc- 
nal  =  It.  arsenate,  arm  note,  arzanaU  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arsenal  (MGr.  apar/va/.r/c),  with  suffix  -at,  -ale,  a 
simpler  form  appearing  in  ML.  arsena,  It.  ar- 
zena,  arzana,  F.  (16th  cent.)  arsena,  arsenac, 
arsenal,  dockyard;  cf.  It.  darsena,  dial.  tirzana  = 
Sp.  darsena  =  Pg.  taracena,  tarazena,  lercena  = 
F.  darse,  darsine,  a  dock;  also  Sp.  atarazana, 
also  atarazanal,  an  arsenal,  rope-walk,  dock- 
yard ;  <  Ar.  ddr-ac-cind'ah,  lit.  house  of  construc- 
tion/ ddr,  house,  +  at,  the,+  cind'ah,  art,  trade, 
industry,  <  cana'a,  make,  fabricate.]  1.  A  re- 
pository or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores  of  all  kinds,  whether  for  land  or  naval 
establishment    where 


322  arson 

nick  arsnick,  <  ME.  arsenik,  arsnek,<  OF.  arse-  arseniferous  (ar-scntfe-rus),  a.     [<  arsenic) 

„/,.,, l.Y.arsenic-Sp.  arsenicozzzPg.lt.  arse-     +  -i-ferous.]     Bearing  or  containing  arsenic: 

mat  <L  arsmieum,arren%eum,arrhenicv,m,<Q!t.    as,  arseniferous  substances;  arseniferous  zwa. 

ai,n,'riKur,  vcllow  arsenic,  orpinient,  lit.  'maseu-  arsenillo  (ar-se-nil'6),  n.  [A  quasi-Sp.  torm,  < 
line  '  being  neut.  of  apocvindc,  uppeva<6c,  mascu-  arst  nico,  arsenic,  +  dim.  -illo.\  The  commer- 
line|<  hparp>,  appip>,  male,  also'strong.  =  Zend  ar-  cial  name  of  a  granular  form  of  atacamite  from 
s/kwi,  a  man,  male,     The  name  is  said  to  refer    Chili.  _  ,.  •,■    ■         n 

to  the  powerful  qualities  of  arsenic]  I.  n.  If.  arsenious (iir-se  m-us),  a.  [<  «rse»(tc)  +  -i-ous.\ 
A  vellow  mineral,  called  specifically  yellow  ar-  Pertaining  to  or  containing  arsenic. -Arsenious 
sJic;  the  tnsuiphid  of  the  element  to  which    -^xia.  arseni^ 

it  has  given  its  name}  orpiment.     [The  ongi-    [^ygenandarsenic  having  a  smaller  proport ofoxygen 

nal    use.]— 2.    Chemical    symbol,  As;    atom-     than  arsenic  oxid.     Also  called  white  arsenic,  and  often 
ie  weight,  75.    A  chemical  element  having  a    improperly  arsenious  acid.    See  arsenic. 
grayish-white  color,  a  metallic  luster,  and  a  arsenite  (iir'se-nit),  n.    l<arsen(ic)  +  -itc- .]    A 
specific  gravity  of  5.727.    Under  ordinary  pressure  it     salt  formed  1  >y  t  he  union  of  arsenious  oxid  with 
does  not  melt,  but  at  356'  F.  it  passes  from  the  solid  state     a  base. 

into  vapor  of  a  lemon-yeUow  color.  It  tarnishes  rapidly  arseniuret,  arsenuret  (ai'-se'niu-ret,  sir-sen  - 
in  moist  air  at  ordinary  temperature,  and  heated  in  air  is  .-,.,<-*  „  T<  arsendc)  +  -tact.]  Same  as  or- 
oxidized  to  arsenic  trioxid,  As..o:t.  Arsenic  occurs  in  nature      •.¥>"'      Lx  """"•V'W  J 

uncombined,  but  much  more  i unonly  in  combination,     senate. 

The  chief  ores  are  the  two  sulphids,  realgar  (AsgSo)  and  arSeniUTeted,   arsemuretteo.    (ai 


-se'niu-ret  - 


orpinient  (AsoS:!),  arsenical  pyrites  or  mispickel  (FeSAs), 
and  arsenides  of  iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt.  Most  of  the 
arsenic  of  commerce  is  prepared  in  Bohemia  and  Saxony 
or  in  England.  Arsenic  itself  is  little  used  in  the  arts.  Its 
salts,  however,  have  great  commercial  importance.  With 
oxygen  arsenic  forms  two  compounds,  the  more  important 
of  which  is  arsenic  trioxid  (As2(i:1),  a  violent  poison,  the 
ratsbane,  white  arsenic,  or  simple  arsenic  of  the  shops.  It 
is  prepared  by  a  process  of  sublimation  from  arsenical 
ores,  and  is  sold  as  a  white  crystalline  powder  or  in  glassy 
translucent  masses,  which  are  odorless,  nearly  tasteless, 


ed),  a.  [<  arseniuret  +  -ed'2.]  Combined  with 
arsenic  so  as  to  form  an  arseniuret — Arseniu- 
reted  hydrogen  (AsHg),  also  called  arsine,  a  gas  gener- 
ated by  fusing  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  of  granulated 
zinc  and  decomposing  the  alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric 
acid  It  is  colorless,  has  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  garlic, 
and  is  exceedingly  poisonous  when  breathed.  The  hydro- 
gen of  this  compound  may  he  replaced  wholly  or  ill  part 
by  organic  radicals  forming  bodies  analogous  to  amines 
and  phosphines.  as  trimethyl  arsine,  (CH3):i, 


;.As. 


ly  soluble  in  water.    The  most  reliable  antidote  arsenoblast  (Sir-sen  6-blast),  «.      [<  Gr.  apaijv, 

is  freshly  prepared  hydrated  sesquioxid  of  iron,  which  male,  +   paarac,  germ.]     In  biol.,  a  male  ge- 

should  be  given  in  considerable  quantity  after  the  stomach  vl     t       #,„,»,    proc.  Bost.   Soc.  Nat.    Hist., 

has  been  freed  from  the  poison  as.  ompletely  as  possible  by  "        '  '',.-•' 

an  emetic  given  with  bland  liquids,  such  as  milk,  Hour  and  1HU4,  p.  i4/.            ._,.,.           r,            ,.,.    .    ,..    -, 

water,  or  white  of  egg  and  water,  which  serve  to  envelop  arsenollte  (ar-sen'o-llt), )!.     [<  arseil{IC)  +  -lite.} 

the  poison  and  effect  its  complete  ejection  from  the  stem-  Native  arsenic  trioxid,  crystallizing  in  isomet- 


ach."  In  the  absence  of  hydrated  sesquioxid  of  iron,  large 
quantities  of  a  paste  made  of  chalk  or  magnesia  and  cas- 
tor-oil may  be  used.  Arsenic  trioxid  is  used  in  medicine, 
especially  in  the  treatment  of  certain  nervous  and  skin 
diseases,  and  in  the  arts  as  the  basis  for  preparing  arseni- 
cal salts  and  certain  pigments,  and  largely  in  the  manu- 
facture of  glass.  Arsenic  has  two  oxygen  acids,  whose 
salts  are  the  arseniates  and  arsenites.  Free  arsenious  acid 
is  not  known.  Arsenic  acid  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  thick 
acid  liquid,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ani- 
line red,  and  sodium  arseniate  is  much  used  in  calico- 
printing.  Arsenic  disulphid  (As2So)  occurs  native  as  re- 
algar (see  realgar),  and  is  made  artificially  under  the  name 
of  rubii  sulphur.  Both  the  native  and  the  artificially  pre- 
pared sulphids  are  used  as  pigments,  as  is  also  arsenic  tri- 
sulphid  (AS2S3),  or  orpinient,  also  called  king's  yellow. 
3.  The  popular  name  of  arsenic  trioxid  (As2Og), 
the  preparation  of  arsenic  usually  retailed  in 
trade.     See  above. 

II.  a.  Containing  arsenic ;  specifically,  con- 
taining arsenic  in  smaller  proportion  than 
arsenious  compounds.  See  arsenious — Arsenic 
acid  (H-iAsd.|),  an  acid  formed  from  arsenic  oxid.— Ar- 
senic oxid,  arsenic  pentoxid  (As2o5),  a  compo 1  of 

oxygen  and  arsenic  having  a  larger  proportion  of  oxygen 
than  of  arsenious  oxid.    Often  improperly  called  or*  «" 

arsenical  (iir-sen'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arsenical;  < 
arsenic  +  -al]  Of  or  pertaining  to  arsenic; 
containing  arsenic — Arsenical  antimony.  See  al- 
lemontite.— Arsenical  minerals,  a  family  or  class  of  min- 
erals in  which  arsenic  acts  the  part  of  the  elect  1  mircatn  e 
element.— Arsenical  pyrites.  See  arsenopyrite  and  lol- 
h,  1. lit,-.  —  Arsenical  silver,  an  ore  of  silver  containing 
arsenic. 

arsenicalize  (ar-sen'i-kal-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicalized,  ppr.  arscnicalizing.  [<  arsenical 
+  -ize.~]  To  give  an  arsenical  character  to; 
treat  with  arsenic ;  arsenieate. 

The  preceding  Ijiitch]  arsenicalized. 

y  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXH.  8803. 


pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicated,  ppr.  arsenieating.  [<  arsenic  + 
-ate'2.]  To  combine  with  arsenic ;  treat  with 
arsenic.    Also  arsenicize,  arsenicise. 

arsenic-black  (ar'se-nik-blak),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce  to  a  mixture  of  powdered 
arsenic,  charcoal,  iron-filings,  and  lime. 

arsenic-furnace  (ar'se-nik-fer'nas),  ».  A  fur- 
nace for  decomposing  arsenical  pyrites  by  heat 
and  condensing  the  fumes :  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  white  arsenic. 

arsenic-glass  (ar'se-nik-glas),  n.    Glass  color 


service. — 2.    A  public 

naval  and  military  engines  or  warlike  equip-  arsenicate   (iir-sen'i-kat),  v.  t. 
ments  are  manufactured.    Hence— 3.  lucra- 
tively, a  repository  of  any  kind  of  equipment. 
We  can  find  no  weapon  In  the  whole  rich  arsenal  of 

Comparative  Anat y  which  defends  the  truth  of  the 

Theorj  ol  Descent  more  powerfully  than  the  comparison 
of  the  internal  skeletons  ol  the  various  Vertebrates. 

Haeekel,  EvoL  ol  Man  (trans.),  II.  276. 

arsenate,  ».     See  arseniate. 

Arsenian  (iir-se'ni-an),  ».     One  of  a  party  in 

the  Greek  Church,  in  the   thirteenth  century, 

named  from  its  lender  Arsenius,  patriarch  of 

1  onstantinople,  who  excommunicated  the  nn- 

pemr  Mieliii. -1   I'aheologus  for  putting  out  the 

eyes  of  John  Lascaris,  a  minor  and  heir  to  the 

throne.    The  banisl ml  ol  Arsenius,  the  appointment 

nt  a  new  patriarch,  and  the  conforming  ol  the  emperor  to 

thi   Latin  Church  at  the  second  council  of  Lyons  gave  rise 

to  a  schism  between  the  patriarchates  of  Constantinople 

and  Alexandria  which  continued  more  than  half  a  century. 
arseniasis  (ar-se-ni'a  Bis),  ».    [NL.,  <  arsenijr 

cum)  +  -iasis.]    In  pdthol.,  the  morbid  state  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  arsenic.   Also  called  arseni- 

rism. 

arseniate,  arsenate  (ar-se'ni-at,  ar'se-nat),  n. 

[<  arsen(ic)  +  -i-atc.]     A  salt   formed   by  the 
combination  of  arsenic  acid  with  any  base. 
arsenic  (as  a  noun,  ar'se-nik;  as  an  adjective, 
iir-sen'ik),  n,  and  a,    [Early  mod.  E.  also  arse- 


ne  octahedrons, 
arsenopyrite  (iir  se-no-pi'rit),  ».  [< arsen{ic)  + 
pijriti-.]  A  mineral  containing  arsenic,  sulphur, 
and  iron.  Its  color  is  tin-white,  ami  it  commonly  occurs 
in  a  massive,  though  sometimes  ill  a  crystallized,  form. 
The  ordinary  white  arsenic  is  mostly  obtained  by  masting 
this  ore.  It  is  common  in  Cornwall,  Saxony,  and  Silesia, 
and  is  also  found  in  Canada,  Also  called  arsenical  pyrites 
and  mispickel. 

arsenuret,  n.    See  arsenide. 

arse-smart  (ars'smart),  ».    [<  arse  +  smart,  ». 

See  smartweed.]     A  plant,  Polygonum  Hydro- 
piper,  also  called  smartweed  (which  see), 
arsfoott,  "•     See  arse-foot. 
arsheen,  n.    See  arshin. 
arshin,  arshine  (ar-shen'),  »•     [Also  spelled 
arsheen.  Buss,  arshinii,  Bulg.  Serv.  arshin,  repr. 
Turk.  Pers.  arshin  ;  of  Tatar  origin.]     A  mea- 
sure of  length  in  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  for- 
merly in  Russia.    The  Turkish  arshin  was  equal  to 
70.865  centimeters,  but  thename is  now  given  in  Constanti- 
nople to  the  meter(100  centimeters  =  39.37  inches),  through 
the  influence  of  the  Persian  arshin  of  104  centimeters.    The 
Russian  arshin  was  equal  to  71.119  centimeters,  or  about 
28  inches, 
arsine  ( iir'sin ),  ».     [<  ars(enic)  + -inc-.]    Arse- 
niureted  hydrogen  (which  see,  under  arseniu- 
reted). 

arsis  (Sr'sis),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apaic,  a  raising,  ele- 
vation, <  alpmv,  raise,  lift  up.]  1.  In  pros. :  (fl) 
Originally,  the  metrically  uuaccented  part  of  a 
foot,  as  opposed  to  the  thesis  or  part  which  re- 
ceives the  ictusof  metrical  stress.  (6)  biprev 
alent  modern  usage,  that  part  of  a  foot  which 
bears  the  ictus  or  metrical  accent,  as  opposed 
to  the  metrically  unaccented  part,  called  the 
thesis.  According  to  the  original  Greek  usage,  arsis  de- 
noted the  raising  of  the  foot,  in  dancing,  or  of  the  hand  In 
beating  time,  and  therefore  the  unaccented  part  ol  the 
metrical  foot,  and  thesis  the  fall  of  the  foot  or  ol  the 
band  in  dancing  or  beating  time,  and  therefore  the  ac- 
cented part  of  the  prosodial  foot.  Latin  writers  show 
great  confusion  in  the  application  ol  these  terms,  some- 
times employing  them  in  conformity  with  Greek  usage, 
s itimes  interchanging  their  meaning,  Bometimes  assign- 
ing still  other  meanings  to  them.     Some  1 lern  writers 

have  employed  them  with  their  original  Greek  significa- 
tions, as  given  above  under  (a);  but  the  meanings  given 
under  ,1,,.  and  believed  to  lie  supported  by  the  Latin  writ- 
ers, are  those  generally  adopted  at  the  present  time. 
2.  In  jilu/sii)/.  acoustics,  a  periodical  increase  in 
the  intensity  of  a  sound,  producing  a  rhythmical 
effect. 


+ 


ed  with  arsenic.   It  is  usually  semi-opaque,  and  arsmetrikt,  >'■   A  Middle  English  form  of  arith- 
metic.   Chaucer. 

arson1  (ar'son),  «.*  l<  OP.  arson,  arsoun,  arsun 
(usii'<  L.  *"arsU>,  "arsionA,  a  burning,  <  arder, 
ardovr  (pp.  ars),  burn,  <  L.  ardere  (pp.  arsus), 
bum:  see  ardent.]  In  tow,  the  malicious  burn- 
ing  nf  ;i  dwelling  lomsc  or  outhouse  of  another. 
By  the  common  law  it  is  a  felony,  and  if  any  person  be  In 
the  building  at  the  moment  ol  tiring  it  is  a  capital  offense. 

By  statui.     the  de tion  lias  been  extended  bo  as  to  111 

elude  the  burning  ol  other  property  beBides  that  above 

specified,  or  le's  own  property.    In  Scotland  called 

wilful  ,,<-'  raising, 

arson-t  (iir'son).  n.    [<  ME.  arsoun,  arsun,  <  OX. 

arcun,  ai-zonl'archoii,  mod.  F.  argon  =  Sp.  ar  on 
=  Pg.  aiylo  =  It.  arcione,  <  ML.  areio(n-),  also 


of  an  opaline-white  color. 

arsenicise,  ».  t.    Same  as  arsenicate. 

arsenicism   (ar-sen'i-sizm),  n.     [<  arsenic 
-ism.]     Same  as  arseniasis. 

arsenicize  (iir-sen'i-siz),  r.  '• ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicized,  ppr.  arsenicmng.  [iarst  nic  +-ise.] 
Same  as  arsenicate :  as,  "  arsenidsing  agents," 
I  ,, .  Diet.,  I.  2(15.     Also  spelled  arsenicise. 

arsenicophagy  (ar-sen-i-kof'a-ii),  «.  [<  Gr. 
apai  vik&v,  for  mod.  arsenic, +-^ayta,  <  Qayav,  eat.] 
The  practi if  eating  arsenic. 

arsenide  (ar'se-nid  or  -uid),  ».  [<  arsen(ic)  + 
-nil-.]  A  compound  of  arsenic  and  «  metallic 
base.    Also  called  ar-cniun  1,  arsenuret, 


arson 

arco(n-),  and  corruptly  arctio(n-),  a  saddlo-bow, 
<  L.  arcus,  a  bow:  see  arc1,  arch1.']  A  saddle- 
bow ;  sometimes,  a  saddle. 

arstt,  adv.  A  Middle  English  form  of  erst. 
Chaucer. 

arsy-versyt  (ar'se-ver-si),  arir.  [Also  arsc- 
vcrsy,  arsie-rcrsie,  arsy-rarsy,  a  humorous  rim- 
ing compound  of  E.  arse  +  L.  versus,  turned. 
Cf.  topsy-turvy,  etc.]  In  a  reverse  manner  or 
way;  backward;  in  a  preposterous  position; 
upside  down;  topsy-turvy:  as,  "the  world  goes 
arsie-versie,"  Bcnvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 
I  took  the  pen  first  of  the  lawyer,  and  turning  it  arsy- 
oersy,  like  no  instrument  for  a  ploughman,  our  youngster 
and  tlie  rest  of  the  faction  burst  into  laughter  at  the  sim- 
plicity of  my  lingering. 

Hfiddleton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

art1  (art),  o.  [<  ME.  art,  ert,  <AS.eart=ONorth. 
art,  arth  :  see  ftp.]  The  second  person  singular, 
indicative  mood,  present  tense,  of  the  verb  be 
(which  see). 

art2  (art),  n.  [<  ME.  art,  arte,  <  OF.  art,  F.  art 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arte,  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  ace.  artcm,  skill, 
prob.  orlg.  skill  in  fitting  or  joining;  akin  to 
artus,  a  joint,  arma,  arms,  annus,  shoulder- 
joint,  etc.,  <  V  *ar<  j°in:  spe  article,  arm1, 
«n»a.]  1.  The  combination  or  modification  of 
things  to  adapt  them  to  a  given  end;  the  em- 
ployment of  given  means  to  effect  a  purpose. 
With  each  gift  of  nature  and  of  art. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  192. 
Mr.  Mill  says,  "Art  is  but  the  employment  of  the  powers 
of  nature  for  an  end."  Yes;  but  the  employment  is  theory 
That  use  or  employment  of  the  natural  elements  is  pre- 
cisely the  function  of  the  intelligence  and  the  will,  which 
differs  from  nature,  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  active  dif- 
fers from  the  passive.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

2.  Skill;  dexterity;  an  especial  facility  in  per- 
forming any  operation,  intellectual  or  physical, 
acquired  by  experience  or  study ;  knack. 

There  is  art  in  roasting  eggs.  Old  adage. 

Russell  had  the  art  of  writing  letters  that  exploded  like 
bomb-shells  in  the  midst  of  some  controversy. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xx. 

3.  Artfulness;  cunning. 

She  hath  no  faults,  who  hath  the  art  to  hide  them. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  v.  2. 
Queen.    More  matter,  with  less  art. 
Pol.   Madam,  I  swear,  I  use  no  art  at  all. 

Shah.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  system  of  rules  and  traditional  methods 
for  facilitating  the  performance  of  certain  ac- 
tions; acquaintance  with  such  rules  or  skill 
in  applying  them,  as  in  any  manual  trade  or 
handicraft,  technical  profession,  or  physical 
accomplishment:  as,  the  art  of  building  or  of 
engraving;  the  healing  art;  the  art  of  music 
or  of  dancing ;  the  practical  or  the  elegant  arts: 
in  this  sense  opposed  to  science. 

The  object  of  science  is  knowledge ;  the  objects  of  art 
are  works.  In  art,  truth  is  the  means  to  an  end ;  in  sci- 
ence, it  is  only  the  end.  Hence  the  practical  arts  are  not 
to  be  classed  among  the  sciences.  Whewell. 

Theorists,  by  an  observation  of  particulars  and  by  gener- 
alizing on  them,  attempt  to  construct  a  system  of  scientific 
propositions  with  respect  to  a  certain  subject;  upon  which 
system  a  set  of  rules  intended  for  the  guidance  of  practice 
may  be  founded.     These  rules  form  an  art. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

5.  [It.  arte.]  An  organized  body  of  men  prac- 
tising a  given  trade,  and  carrying  out  an  estab- 
lished system  of  rules  and  traditions;  a  guild. 

The  city  [Florence]  was  first  divided  into  arts,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  1.  .  .  .  These  arts  or  companies  .  .  . 
were  at  first  but  twelve,  but  afterwards  they  were  in- 
creased to  twenty-one,  and  arrived  at  such  power  and 
authority  that  in  a  few  years  they  wholly  engrossed  the 
government  of  the  city.  .  .  .  Seven  of  them  were  called 
the  greater  arte,  and  fourteen  the  less. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  V.  54. 
A  portion  of  the  taxes  was  assigned  to  the  work  [build- 
•    ing  the  Duomo,  1331],  and  the  charge  of  it  was  committed 
to  the  Art  of  Wool ;  mat  is.  to  the  corporation  of  the  deal- 
ers in  wool,  the  richest  and  most  powerful  of  the  Arts  of 
Florence. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  211. 

6.  A  branch  of  learning  regarded  as  an  instru- 
ment of  thought,  or  as  something  the  knowledge 
of  which  is  to  be  acquired  in  order  to  be  applied 
or  practised:  chiefly  in  the  plural,  and  in  such 
phrases  as  master  of  arts,  facidty  of  arts,  etc. 
Formerly  in  the  universities  the  seven  liberal  arts  were 
the  Roman  trivium,  grammar,  logic,  and  rhetoric,  and  the 
Pythagoreanquadrivium,  arithmetic,  music,  geometry,  and 
astronomy.  But  by  art,  in  the  middle  ages,  was  usually 
meant  logic,  that  being  the  principal  study  in  the  faculty 
of  arts. 

7.  Esthetics ;  the  science  and  theory  of  beauty 
in  perception  and  expression. 

A  rt  is  simply  the  harmonic  expression  of  human  emo- 
tion, yew  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  29. 

8.  Artistic  or  esthetic  quality;  the  exhibition 
of  the  power  of  perceiving  the  beautiful  and  of 
expressing  it  in  artistic  forms :  as,  a  picture 


323 

skilfully  painted,  but  devoid  of  art. — 9.  The 
actual  production  or  construction  of  objects 
beautiful  in  form,  color,  or  sound ;  the  practi- 
cal application  of  esthetic  principles,  as  in  the 
departments  of  production  specifically  called 
tin'  fun'  mis  (which  see,  below);  especially, 
painting  and  sculpture. 

Nothing  is  better  ((Minded  than  the  famous  aphorism  of 
rhetoricians,  that  the  perfection  of  art  consists  in  con- 
cealing ,iri.  Campbell. 
Art  and  part,  in  Sets  la  w,  instigation ;  abetment 

By  art  is  undent 1  the  mandate,  instigation,  or  advii  e 

that  may  have  been  given  towards  committing  the  crime  ; 
part  expresses  the  share  that  one  takes  to  himself  in  it  bj 
the  aid  or  assistance  which  he  gives  the  criminal  In  the 

execution  of  it.  Erskinc. 

Bachelor  Of  Arts.  See  Inn-helm:  —  Black  art,  necro- 
mancy ;  sorcery  ;  the  fancied  powerof  performing  wonder- 
ful feats  by  preternatural  means,  especially  means  derived 
from  the  assistance  of  the  powers  of  evil :  opposed  to  white 
art  or  white  magic,  that  is,  innocent  magic.  [Black  art  is 
a  kind  of  translation  of  Middle  Latin  ninroiniintin,  magic, 
a  corruption,  due  to  confusion  with  Latin  niger,  black  (see 
jit'im),  of  necromantia,  from  the  Greek  ccsponavrtla.,  nec- 
romancy.  The  confusion  was  assisted  by  the  common 
practice  of  painting  the  devil  black.]— Decorative  art, 
that  branch  of  art  which  has  for  its  primary  object  merely 
the  pleasure  of  the  eye,  especially  in  decoration  which  is 
subservient  to  architectural  features  or  to  form,  as  in 
ceramics. —  Faculty  of  arts,  the  lowest  and  fundamental 
faculty  of  the  four  in  the  old  universities;  the  facidty  of 
philosophy,  which  had  charge  of  students  upon  their  first 
entrance  and  until  they  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts. 
When  a  boy  could  read,  write,  and  had  mastered  the  ele- 
ments of  Latin  grammar,  he  was  considered  ready  to  begin 
his  studies  in  logic  at  the  university.  The  instruction  in 
the  faculty  of  arts  was  sharply  separated  from  the  tests 
preliminary  to  the  conferring  of  degrees.  In  the  middle 
ages  the  subjects  of  the  ordinary  lectures  were  Priscian's 
grammar,  the  fsagoge  of  Porphyry,  Aristotle's  Organon, 
and  the  De  Divisione  and  three  books  of  the  Topics  of 
Boetius,  while  the  extraordinary  lectures  related  to  rhet- 
oric, ethics,  and  a  little  geometry  and  astronomy.  Fre- 
quent disputations  constituted  the  only  exercises  for  the 
scholars ;  and  the  masters  disputed  in  public  once  a  week. 
The  degrees  conferred  at  the  recommendation  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  arts  were  those  of  bachelor  and  master.  In  Paris 
the  degree  of  licentiate  was  a  distinct  one  intermediate 
between  the  others.  The  baccalaureate  or  determinancy 
was  not  originally  a  degree.  Upon  the  reform  of  the  uni- 
versities in  the  sixteenth  century  logic  gave  place  to  the 
humanities,  and  during  the  present  century  natural  science 
has  had  a  more  considerable  place  in  the  instruction.— 
Fine  arts,  those  arts  which  seek  expression  through 
beautiful  modes;  specifically,  architecture,  sculpture, 
painting,  and  engraving.— Hermetic  art.  fee  hermetic 
—Master  of  Arts.  See  master.— Military  art.  Seemii- 
itary,  a.— Plastic  art  or  arts,  sculpture,  including  all 
subordinate  or  related  arts  by  which  objects  are  repre- 
sented in  the  round  or  in  relief.  — Work  of  art,  anything 
in  the  formation  or  into  the  accomplishment  of  which  art 
in  any  sense  has  entered ;  specifically,  a  production  of 
any  i  me  of  the  tine  arts,  but  especially  of  one  of  the  imi- 
tative members  of  the  group,  as  a  statue  or  a  painting. 
That  is  best  which  lieth  nearest ; 
Shape  from  that  thy  work  of  art. 

Longfellow,  Caspar  Becerra. 
-Syn.  2.  Aptitude,  readiness,  address,  tact,  adroitness, 
contrivance.— 3.  Shrewdness,  subtlety,  cunning,  artifice, 
deceit,  duplicity. — 4.  Art,  Science.  The  essential  differ- 
ence between  an  art  and  a  science  is  in  aim.  "Science 
and  art  may  be  said  to  be  investigations  of  truth,  hut 
science  inquires  for  the  sake  of  knowledge,  art  for  the  sake 
of  production."  (Karslake.)  Hence,  they  differ  somewhat  in 
that  with  which  they  are  concerned.  "An  art  directly  and 
immediately  concerns  itself  with  a  faculty.  .  .  .  It  fastens 
upon  that,  and  keeps  it  ever  in  its  view  as  it  teaches  how 
that  may  be  developed,  trained,  and  guided.  A  science, 
on  the  other  hand,  regards  rather  the  productof  [a]  faculty, 
and,  keeping  its  view  directly  upon  that,  proceeds  to  unfold 
its  nature  and  proper  characteristics."  (//.  -V.  Day,  Art  of 
Discourse,  §  1.)  Incidental  to  this  difference  is  a  differ- 
ence in  method,  science  being  analytic  and  critical,  while 
art  is  synthetic  and  constructive.  In  the  matter  which 
makes  up  the  body  of  the  two.  an  art  involves  the  means 
of  discipline  in  the  use  of  the  knowledge  which  may  line 
been  furnished  by  a  corresponding  science.  The  same 
branch  of  knowledge  may  be  regarded  as  either  a  science 

or  an  art.    It  may  be  viewed  tl rctically,  as  seeking, 

coordinating,  arranging,  and  systematizing  knowledge, 
and  by  observation,  comparison,  abstraction,  and  genual 
izatioii  deducing  laws;  or  as,  with  more  or  less  reference 
to  such  preparatory  work,  framing  rules  which  arc  the 
lessons  of  experience,  and  are  designed  to  facilitate  work 
or  give  it  superior  excellence.  The  more  complete  the 
scientific  basis  of  an  art,  the  more  perfect  the  art.  There  is 
a  secondary  use  of  the  word  science  by  which  it  standstill" 
an  art  that  thus  rests  upon  a  science,  as  in  the  following: 
The  fundamental  conception  of  the  occupation  of  the 
architect  embraces  the  two  ideas  of  science  and  art.  Ar- 
chitecture as  an  art  is  the  work  of  the  skilled  hand  :  as  a 
science,  it  is  that  of  the  informed  and  cultivated  brain. 

Edinburgh  iter. 

art3t,  i:  t.  [ME.  arten,  erten,  <  OP.  arter  =  Sp. 
artar  (obs.)  =  Pg.  arctar  =  It.  artare,  <  L.  ar- 
tare,  ML.  often  erroneously  arcteirc,  compress, 
contract,  draw  close,  <  artus,  drawn  close,  prop, 
fitted;  pp.  of  'arere,  •/  *ar,  fit,  join:  see  «//'-', 
article,  anii",  etc.]  1.  To  force;  compel;  con- 
strain. 

Love  arted  me  to  do  my  observaunce 

To  his  estate.  Court  of  Love,  1.  46. 

2.  To  induce;  incite. 

What  to  arten  hire  to  love  he  sought. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  3S8. 

Also  written  arct. 


Artemisia 

-art.    A  suffix,  anot lier  form  of  -ard,  as  in  brag- 
gart. 
artaba  (ar'ta-bS,),  «.    [  IjIj.,  <  Qr.  d/jra/J?.]    A 

measure  of  capacity  which  appears  to  have 
originated  in  ligypt,  where  it  had  under  the 
l'haraiihs  ;i  capacity  of  36.176  liters.      A  Persian 
measure  of  the  same  name  had,  according  to  Herod 
al i  the  same  capacity.    The  I; ins  reduced  n- vol- 
ume to  :'7.1:i-  librs  (ariordinu  to  -.cur,  c,    -i   -:;,.■ 
hi.  I-).    The  Arabic  and  modern  Persian  measures  have 
evidently    been  doubled,  having  respectively  oo.o'.n;  and 
65.238  lit  i  - 
Artamia  (iir-ta'mi-a),  n.     [NL.]     Same  as  Ar- 
tanius,  1. 

Artamidae  (ar-tam'i-de), ».  pi.    [NL.,<  Artamus 

+  -.(/«.]  A  family  of  oseine  passerine  birds, 
the  swallow-shrikes  or  wood-swallows,  closely 
related  to  the  Dicrurida;  and  by  some  combined 
with  that  family.  The  species  an-  chiefly  East  Indian 
and  Polynesian,  'beading  forms,  besides  Artamus,  arc 
Oriolid,  Pseudochelidon,  and  Analcipu 
artamockest,  »'•  The  mocking-bird,  Mimus 
polyglotfais. 

Artamockes,  the  linguist,  a  bird  that  imitateth  and  useth 
the  sounds  ami  tones  of  almost  all  the  birds  in  the  coun- 
trie.  Harriott,  Virginia  (1588). 

Artamus  (Sr'ta-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aprafioc, 
a  butcher,  a  cook.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of 
the  famih  Artamida;  and  nearh  conterminous 
therewith.  Vieillot,  1816.  Also  called  Artamia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  araelinidaiis.  Koch,  1837. 
artedt  (ar'ted),  a.  [<  art"  +  -c<P.]  Skilled. 
Those  that  are  thoroughly  arted  in  navigation. 

Fcltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  xiL 
It  hath  been  counted  ill  for  great  ones  to  sing,  or  play, 
like  an  arted  musician. 

Fcltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  lxxxviii. 

artefact,  ".  and  a.     See  artifact. 

artefactum  (ar-te-fak'tum),  n.  Same  as  arti- 
fact. 

artelriet,  »■  A  Middle  English  form  of  artillery. 
Chaucer. 

Artemia  (ar-te'nii-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  aprt/pa, 
that  which  hangs,  as  an  ear-ring,  etc.,  <  ap-av, 
hang  upon,  fasten  to.]  A  genus  of  phyllopod 
or  branchiopodentomostracous  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  Branchipudidic.  The  animals  are  notable 
as  inhabiting  saline  waters,  the  other  forms  of  the  group 
being  found  in  fresh  water.  A.  salina,  a  common  British 
species,  is  known  as  the  brine-shrimp  or  brine-worm. 

Artemis  (ar'te-rnis),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  "Apre/itr.  The 
origin  of  the  name  is  undetermined.]  1.  In 
Gr.  myth.,  one  of  the  great  Olympian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She  may  be  regarded  as 
a  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  witli  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  danger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 


Artemis  (  Diana )  the  Huntress.—  Louvre  Museum. 


authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular 
ly  to  her  kinswomen  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  art.  Artemis 
is  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  quiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinity. 
2.  [NL.]  In  Bool. :  (a)  A  genus  of  siphonate 
lamellibranch  bivalves,  of  the  family  Vencrida; 
having  the  pallial  margin  sinuous,  (b)  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects.  Mulsant,  1851 — Ephe- 
sian  Artemis.     See  Diana. 

Artemisia  (ar-te-miz'i-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apre- 
/tirtia,  an  herb  like  worihwood ;  prob.  <  'Aprcpi- 
tsior,  pertaining  to  "Apre/itc.:  see  Artemis.]  A 
very  large  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Composites,  abundant  in  dry  regions,  and  mostly 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.    The  genus  is  allied  to 


Artemisia 


324 


,1,,   ,  ms3  (Taiuunstwm).  and  consists  of  low  shrubs  and  arteriocapillary  (ar-te'ri-6-kap'i-la-ri) 


[<  arterial  +  capillar)/.]  Pertaining  to  arteries 
and  capillaries — Arteriocapillary  fibrosis,  the  in- 
crease of  connective  tissue  In  the  walls  of  arteries  and 
capillaries.  ...... 

arteriococcygeal  (ar-te*n-o-kok-sij  e-al),  a. 
[<  arterial  +  coccipjeal.]  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  arteries  and  to  the  coccyx:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  glomerulus  arteriococcygeus,  or 
Luschka's  gland.     See  gland  and  glomerulus. 

arteriogram  (ar-te'ri-o-gram),  n.  [<  Gr.  apr?/- 
pia,  arterv,  +  ipappa,  a  writing.]  A  sphygnio- 
graphic  tracing  or  pulse-curve  from  an  artery ; 
a  sphygmogram  taken  from  an  artery. 

arteriography  (ar-te-ri-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aprr,- 
pia,  artery,  +  -ypaibia,  <  yptyuv,  write,  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  arterial  system. 

arteriola  (ar-te-ri'6-la),  «.;  pi.  arteriole  (-le). 

[XL.]     In  aiaii.,  a  little  artery;  an  arteriole.— 

Arteriolae  rectse.  Bmall  straight  arteries  supplying  the 

pyramids  of  the  kidneys. 


'ri-61),  it.     [= 


herbs  » ith  small  discoid,  often  pendulous,  heads  panii  u 
lately  arranged,  and  all  bitter  aromatics.  There  are  oyer 
40  species  in  the  United  States,  mostly  confined  to  the 

regions  wesi  of  the  Mississippi.   Of  the  for<  ign  s] les,  the 

common  wormwood,  A.  Absinthium,  was  formerly  much 

in  j  anthelminthic,  and  furnishes  a  volatile  oil  thatis 

the  peculiar  ingredient  in  the  French  liqueur  absinthe.   A. 

,      ,„.!  .1.  mutetlimt  "f  the  Alps  ale  used  111  the  mull 

ufacture  of  a  similar  liqueur,  genepi.  «  ormseed  or  san- 
tonica  consists  of  the  small  unexpanded  Bower-buds  of  A. 
,  itensivelj  collected  on  the  steppes  o1  Drrkes- 
tan  and  employed  as  an  anthelminthic.  The  southernwood 
,,,  n  ,m  ub  .1  Abrotanum,  and  the  tarragon,  A.  Dracun 
cuius  have  a  fragrant  aromatic  odor.  Of  the  numerous 
North  \im  in  .in  species,  the  best  known  are  A.  tndentala 
and  A.  cana,  which  are  the  sage-brush  of  the  western 
plains  the  first  especially  covering  large  anas  in  the  val- 
leys of  the  Great  Basin.    See  cut  under  Absinthium. 

artemod  (ar'te-mod),  n.    [<  Artemis,  as  goddess 

of  the  moon,  '+  od,  q.  v.]     Lunar  od;  the  odic 

force  of  the  moon.     Baron  von  Beichenbach. 
artert  (ar'ter),  n.    [<  OF.  artre,  a  moth ;  artre 

grist    dt    hois,  a  wood-louse   (Cotgrave) ;    also 

arU ,  mid  artiron,  artison,  artuison,  mod.  F.  ar-  arteriole  (iir-te 

tison,  a  wood-worm.     Cf.  art-worm.']    A  wood- 
worm.   Also  called  arPiBorm. 
arteria  (ar-te'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  arterite  (-e).    [L. :  see 

artery.]    In  anal,  an  artery:  now  mostly  super- 
seded by  the  English  form  of  the  word.    Some  of 

the  principal  arteries  in  the  names  of  which  the  Latin  form 

is  still  used  are:  Arteria  anastomotica,  .me  of  the  branches 

of  the  brachial  or  femoral  artery,  forming  anastomoses 

about  the  ell.ow  or  knee;  arteria  centralis   moawta  or 

retina,  the  central  proper  artery  of  the  cochlea  or  of  the 

reti,,;,     „,t.  n  I  colica  dextra,  media,  sinistra,  the  artery 

of  the  ascending,  transverse,  and  descending  colon  respec- 

tiveh     an  /la  .".lies,  a  companion  artery  of  a  nerve,  as 

the  phrenic  and  sciatic;  arteria  coronaria  ventricuh,  II"' 

pr. 

dorsa 

ie,  penis,  foot,  thumb,  and  shoulder-blade  respectiv, 
h  ■  arteria  gastro-duodenalis,  arteria  gastro-epiploica,  two 

arteries  of  the  stomach  and  associate  parts;  arteria  in- 
nominata,  innominate  artery,  or  anonynia,  the  first  great 
arterial  branch  of  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  on  the  right  side  ; 
arteria  pancreatica  maqna,  parva,  arteria'  pancreatieo- 
■  ,  superior  el  interior,  large  and  small  pancreatic 
arteries,  mid  the  superior  and  inferior  arteries  of  the  pan- 
creas and  duodenum;  arteria  princeps  ceroid*,  polluas, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  occipital  artery  for  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  the  principal  artery  of  the  thumb,  respec- 
tively ;  arteria  profunda  humeri,  tupcriar  et  i„,ierior,cervi- 
ci's,  femoris,  the  superior  and  inferior  deep  branches  of  the 
brachial  artery,  the  deep  cervical  branch  of  the  first  inter- 
costal arterv.  and  the  deep  branch  of  the  femoral  artery, 
respectively;  arteria  sacra  media,  the  middle  sacral  ar- 
tery the  continuation  of  the  abdominal  aorta  after  giving      | 

off  the  iliac  arteries;  arteria  superfidalis   wlas  a  small   arteritis  (ar-te-ri'tis),  n 
arterv  of  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  a  branch  of  the  radial,   *1™"WB,  v  ,,.._••-,     T_ai„. 

ilv  continuous  with  the  superficial  palmar  arch,  ar- 
teria t'ra usee rsali-i  colli,  a  branch  of  the  thyroid  axis  which 
traverses  the  root  of  the  neck  and  ends  in  the  posterior 
scapular  artery.— Arteria  aspera,  the  asper  or  rough 
artery,  that  is,  the  windpipe  or  trachea. 

arteriact  (ar-te'ri-ak),  a.  and».  [<  Gr.  aprnpia- 
koc,  pertaining  to  the  windpipe,  fern,  y  aprnpian//, 
a  medicine  therefor,  <  apn/pia,  windpipe:  see 
artery.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  wind- 


F.  arteriole,  <  NL. 
artery.]    A  small 


arthrocacology 

Oreat  rivers  that  arleried  every  state  ...,.,.,    .„, 

.\.  A.  Rev.,  CXX\  I.  41)1. 

Artesian  (ar-te'zian),  a.  [<  F.  artesien,  prop- 
erly pertaining  to  Artois,  OF.  Arteis,  anciently 
Artesium,  in  Franc..]     Pertaining  to  Artois, 

an  uncient  prov- 
ince of  northern 
France,  corre- 
sponding to  the 
modern  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  —  Arte- 
sian well,  a  name 
(usually  without  a 
capital  letter)given 
in"  peculiar  kind  of 
bored  well  from  its 
long  use  in  Artois. 
In  an  artesian  well 
proper  the  water  rises  to  the  surface  and  overflows.  The 
geological  conditions  permitting  this  arc  not  general,  Bince 
it  is  necessary  that  the  region  should  have  a  more  or  less 
.  omplete  basin-structure,  and  that  there  should  be  a  scries 
of  permeable  covered  by  impermeable  beds.  In  the  United 
States  anj  deep  bored  well  is  called  artesian,  even  if  the 
water  has  to  he  pumped  from  a  considerable  depth.  Ar- 
tesian wells  vary  in  depth  fr.  mi  less  than  ion  to  nearly  4,nuo 
feet    sol I  the  dee]. est  borings  being  for  petroleum. 

artful  (art'ful),  a.     [<  art?  +  -Jul.]     1.  Done 

with  or  characterized  by  art  or  skill.     [Kare.] 

Our  psalms  with  artful  terms  inscribed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  335. 

N te  thinks  when  he  looks  at  a  plant,  what  restless 

activity  is  at  work  within  it,  for  the  cells  perform  their 
artful  labor  in  stillness.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  . 


Artesian  Well. 
n,  a,  fault  filled  with  clay  and  impervious 
t.:.  water  :   b,  b,  impermeable  strata  ;  c,  per- 
meable strata  ;  rf,  artesian  boring  and  well. 


arteriola,  dim.  of  L.  arteria 
artery. 

The  minute  arteries,  the  arterioles  of  some  distant  organ 
like  the  brain,     B.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  407. 

arteriology  (ar-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  «/'-'//««. 
artery,  +  -Aoyla,<Myeiv, speak:  see-ology.]  lhe 
science  of  or  a  treatise  on  the  arteries. 

arteriosclerosis  (ar-te'ri-o-skle-ro'sis),  n. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  apn/pia,  artery,  +  aiiMipamc,  harden- 
ing: see  sclerosis.]     The  increase  of  connective     g  "  ^j.(-;n(jial  as  opposed  to  natural;  produced 
tissue  in  the  walls  of  arteries,  especially  m  the     or'pl.0(iut.jH,.  by  art :  as,  "  too  artful  a  writer," 


r r  gastric  artery,  a  branch  of  the  celiac  avis ;  arteria  arteriotome   (tir-te'ri-o-tom),  n. 

hallucU,  indicts,  Ungues,  perns,  pedis,  pollms,     ;,^""„ ,_,- ,nr .    „„„   arteriotomu  1 
,    the  dorsal  artery  of  the  great  toe,  index  finger,       aprvptOTduog.   see   anenovomy.j 


•produ.- 
Drydt  »,  Life  of  Virgil.— 3.  Skilful,  (a)  Of  per- 
sons, skilful  in  adapting  means  to  ends;  adroit. 
(b)  Of  things,  skilfully  adapted:  ingenious; 
clever.  Hence  — 4.  Cunning;  crafty;  practis- 
ing or  characterized  by  art  or  stratagem:  as, 
"the  Artful  Dodger,"  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 
Fair  to  no  purpose,  artful  to  no  end. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  116. 
=  Syn.  4.  Cunning,  Artful,  Sly,  etc.  (see  cunning),  deceit- 
ful, politic,  shifty.'  insidious. 
of  lettino-  blood.— 2. "That  part  of  the'scienee  artfully  (art'ful-i),  adv.     In  an  artful  manner. 

-■"  (a)  With  art  or  skill :  as,  colors  artfully  distributed  on  the 
canvas.  [Kare.]  (/.)  With  cunning  or  craft ;  craftily  ;  cun- 
ningly. 

Whether  this  motion  was  honestly  made  by  the  Oppo- 
sition .  .  .  or  artfully  made  by  the  courtiers,  ...  it  is 
now  impossible  to  .lis.  ,.v.r.         Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng..  vi. 
artfulness  (art'ful-nes),  n.     The  quality  of  be- 
ing artful;  craft;  cunning;  address. 
arthent  (ai'tken),  a.    An  old  form  of  earthen. 
arthra,  n.    Plural  of  arihron. 


pipe. 

II.  /t.  A  medicine  prescribed  in  diseases  of 

the  windpipe.     Dunglison. 

arteriae,  ».    Plural  of  arteria. 

arterial  (ar-te'ri-al),  a.     [=F.  arteriel,<  XL. 

arterialis,  <  L.  arteria,  artery:  see  artery.]     1. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  an  artery  or  to  the  arteries : 

as,  arterial  action.— 2.  Contained  in  an  artery: 

as.  urn  rial  blood.— 3.  Having  a  main  channel 

a  in  I  many  branches  or  ramifications,  like  the 

arteries:  as,  arterial  drainage — Arterial  blood, 

,    a  passes  through  Hie  arteries  after  having  been 

lated  in  the  lungs.     It  Is  distinguished  from  venous 

[..in.  iilarly  bv  its  lighter  florid-red  color,  due  to  the 

..  -Arterial  cone,  (a)  The  upper  lef  I 

ilporti f  the  right  ventricle,  from  which  the  pul- 

iry  artery  leads.  Also  called  it\fundibulum.  Vo  In 
ichth.,  the  elongated  conical  ventricle  of  the  heart,  which 
itil IS  with  the  luilbus  arteriosus,  and  is  distin- 
guished therefrom  by  the  presence  ol  valves  between  the 
two.  Arterial  duct  (ductus  arteriosus),  the  portion  of 
au\  primitive  aortic  arch  which  serves  to  connect  and 
furnish  communication  between  a  branchial  artery  and  a 
branchial  vein.     Arterial  navigation,  navigation  by 

i,"  hi.  .t.  .1  or  branching  channels  of  inland  water, 

i  Btri  :.i"  .  ana  i . ni.il-. 

arterialisation,  arterialise.  See  arterializa- 
imii,  in  f  riali  i . 

arterialization  (ar-te'ri-al-i-za'shpn),  ».  [< 
arii  null  <  +  -ation.]  The  processor  making 
arterial ;  the  com  i  rsion  of  venous  into  arterial 
blood,  .luring  iis  passage  through  the  lungs,  by 

tin-  elimination  of  carbon   ilioxid   and  the  ab- 
sorption of  oxygon  from  the  air.     Also  spilled 
nil'  iiiilisiilimi. 
arterialize   (ar-t.'n  al  i/.l.  r.  .. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arii  naiiyil,  ppr.  ar'ierializing.     [<  arterial  + 

i  ,   ■     -   I''.   u,it  iiulisrr.]      To    convert    (venous 

blood)  into  arterial  blood  by  the  action  of  oxy- 
gon in  I  ho  lungs.     Also  spell''. 1  arU  i  ml, -■ . 
arterially  (ar-te'ri-al-i),  adv.    In  the  manner 
of  an  artery;  by  means  of  arteries. 


intirna. 

[<  Gr.  as  if 
In  surg.,  an 

instrument  for  opening  an  artery. 
arteriotomy  (Sr-te-ri-ot'o-mi),  n.     [<  LL.  arte- 

riotomia,  <  Gr.  aprnpioTO/iia,  the  cutting  of  ar 

artery  (cf.  aprr/pioTo/ie'tv,  cut  an  artery),  <  apri/pia, 

artery,  +  ro^k,  verbal  adj.  of  ripiuv,  raptiv, 

cut.]     1.  In  Surg.,  the  opening  of  an  artery  by 

the  lancet  or  other  instrument,  for  the  purpose 

of  letting  blood.— 2.  That  part  of  the  science 

of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dissection  of 

the  arteries. 

arteriovenous  (ar-te"ri-6-ve'nus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
teria, artery,  +  vena,  vein:  see  venous.]  Per- 
taining to  an  artery  and  a  vein — Arteriovenous 
aneurism.    See  aneurism. 

'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aprnpia, 
irtery,  +'-i.('s'.']  Inflammation  of  an  artery  or 
of  the  arteries.  t 

artery  (ar'te-ri),  n. ;  pi.  arteries  (-riz).  [<  ME.  arthral  (iir'thral),  o.  [<  arthron  +  -al.]  Of  or 
arterie  (early  mod.  E.  also  arter,  artere,  artier,  pel.taining  to  an  arthron  or  articulation;  ar- 
artiire,  etc.,  <  OF.  artere,  mod.  F.nrtere  =  Pr.  Sp.  tjeuiar:  aS)  "the  arthral  surface  of  the  ilium," 
Pg.  It.  arteria),  <  L.  arteria,  the  windpipe,  an  ar-     jynllrr  ,„„/  ,;,„,,■. 

tery,  <  Gr.  aprnpia,  an  artery  as  distinct  from  a  arthralgia(ar-thr;il'ji-ii).  it.    [XL.,  <  Gr.  ap8pov, 
vein;  but  commonly  the  arteries  were  regarded    j0jnt)  +  nf-tnc,  pain.]     Pain  in  a,  joint ;  specifi- 
as  air-ducts  (the  name  being  supposed  to  come     cavtyi  neuralgia  in  a  joint, 
from    ai/p,  air),    because    found   empty   after  arth'ralgic  (iir-thral'jik),  a.    Pertaining  to  ar- 
death,  and  seem  to  have  been  conceived  as     t ln-:i ljjriti . 

ramifications  of  the  windpipe;  orig.  the  wind-  arthrembolus  (ar-thrcm'bo-lus),  n.  [XL.,  < 
1'ipe;  perhaps  <  aipeiv,  acipeiv,  raise,  lift  up;  cf.  <-;,,_  ;tpi,IKi,.ioiov,  an  instrument  for  setting  limbs, 
aorta,  from  the  same  source.]    If.  The  trachea 


or  windpipe  is   the  month  of  the 
Sir  It.  Italia  ml. 


or  windpipe. 

Under  the  artery 
stomach. 

2.  One  of  a  system  of  cylindrical,  membranous, 
elastic,  and  muscular  vessels  or  tubes,  which 
convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of 
the  body  by  ramifications  which  as  they  pro- 
ceed diminish  in  size  and  increase  in  number, 
and  terminate  in  minute  capillaries  which  unite 
the  ends  of  the  arteries  with  the  beginnings  of 
the  veins.  There  are  two  principal  arteries :  the  aorta, 
which  rises  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart  and  rami- 
fies through  the  whole  body,  and  the  pulmonary  artery, 
which  conveys  venous  blood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the 
lutes  to  undergo  arterialization.  Most  arteries  are  com 
posed  of  three  euats:  an  outer  or  fibrous,  ol  conden  i  d 
connective  tissue  well  supplied  with  bloodvessels  and 
nerves'  a  middle  or  elastic,  consisting  chiefly  ol  circular, 
non-striated,  muscular  fibers;  and  an  inner,  thin,  smooth, 
and  dense,  c posed,  from  without  inward,  of  an  clastic 


a  Lining  of 
odoi  ui,tui : 

(t,,ii,e„)i„t 

have  n  ceiv. 


II, .■  arteries  in  the  human  body  which 
,1   special   names  ale   about  850  in   number. 


<  ap6pov,ix  joint,  +  iuflolii,  a  putting  m  place, 
the  setting  of  a  limb,  <  hpfialluv,  thrust  in :  see 
embolus.]  In  surg.,  an  instrument  formerly  used 
in  the  reduction  of  dislocations.     Dunglison. 

arthria,  ».    Plural  of  arthrium. 

arthritic  (ar-thrit'ik),  a.  [(ME.  arteuke,  <  OF. 
arteUque)  <  L.  arthriUeus,  <  Gr.  apdptriKAc,  of 
the  joints,  gouty,  <  a/iOp'mc:  see  arthritis.]  Per- 
taining to  the  joints,  or  to  arthritis,  or  specifi- 
cally to  the  gout;  affecting  the  joints. 
Pangs  arthritic,  that  infest  tie  toe 
of  libertine  excess,  c,arr.  r,  The  Task,  i. 

arthritical  (ar-thrit'i-kal),  o.    Same  as  ar- 

arthritis  (ar-thri'tis),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  apBpins 
(so.  I'oo-oc,  disease),  joint-disease,  gout,  prop, 
fern,  adj.,  of  the  joints,  <  ap6povi  a  joint:  see 
arthron.]  Inflammation  of  a  joint.-  Arthritis 
deformans,  rheumatoid  arthritis  In  which  considerable 
deformity  is  produced.     See  rheumatoid. 

-um,; 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  "apfipiov,  dim.  of  apBpov,  a  joint .  ] 
In  enlom.,  the  minute  penultimate  tarsal  joint 
of  many  Coleoptt  ra. 


11  %S8^ttS*2^*$Z3%  ar«irium''(iivMhri-u,n),_,.;  pi.  < 

the  middle, the  (tunica)  media;  the  inner, the 


terici'l  piidi.   arterv,  supplying  the  bulb  of  the  urctliri 
Axillary  artery,  coronary  artery,  nutrient  artery, 
radial  artery,  etc.    Sec  the  adjeci  Ives, 
artery  (ar'te-ri),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arleried. 
ppr.  urn np ii'if     [<  artery,  n.]    To  supply  with 
arteries;  figuratively,  to  traverso  like  arteries. 


Opov,  a  joint,  +  K&tai,  badness,  vice,  <  /sonde,  bad.] 
Caries  of  a  joint.     Billroth. 
arthrocacology  (iir"thro-ka-kol'o-ji),  ».    [<<«■- 
throcace  +  -ology,  q.  v.l    The  sum  of  human 

knowledge  concerning  diseases  of  tin-  joints, 


arthroderm 

arthroderm  (ar'thro-derm),  n.  [<  Gr.  apBpov, 
a  joint,  +  Skpfia,  skin.]     The  crust  or  body-wall 

c>!'  an  articulate  animal,  as  the  shell  of  a  crab 
or  the  integument  of  an  insect.  A.  8.  Packard. 
arthrodia  (iir-thro'di-a),  n. ;  pi.  arthrodite  (-§). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aptipudia,  a  particular  kind  of  artic- 
ulation, <  dptipudyr,  articulated,  <  apBpov,  a  joint, 
+  etdoc,  form.]  A  gliding  joint;  a  movable  ar- 
tii'iilalinii  formed  I ■  v  plane  or  nearly  piano  sur- 
faces which  slide  upon  each  other  to  some  ex- 
tent, as  in  the  articulations  of  the  carpus:  a 
form  of  diarthrosis.  Also  called  a/lartieidation. 
—  Double  arthrodia.     Sa as  ituiphhliiirthroxi.-!. 

arthrodial  (ar-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  arthrodia  + 
-a  I.]  1.  Pertaining  to"  or  characterized  by  an 
arthrodia. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  arthrosis; 
concerned  in  the  jointing  or  articulation  of 
pails,  especially  of  limbs — Arthrodial  apophy- 
sis, in  Crustacea,  that  process  of  an  endosternite  or  endo- 
pleurite  which  enters  into  the  formation  of  an  articular 
cavity  of  a  limb. 

The  endopleurite  .  .  .  divides  into  three  apophyses, 
one  descending  or  arthrodial,  and  two  which  pass  nearly 
horizontally  inward.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  209. 

arthrodic  (iir-throd'ik),  a.    Same  as  arthrodial. 

arthrodynia  (ar-thro-din'i-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dptipov,  a  joint,  +  bdivi/,  pain.]  Pain  in  a  joint; 
arthralgia. 

arthrodynic  (ar-thro-din'ik),  a.  [<  arthrodynia 
+  -ic]  Relating  to  arthrodynia,  or  pain  in  a 
joint;  arthralgia. 

Arthrogastra  (ar-thro-gas'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  yaorhp,  belly.]  A  division 
of  the  class  Arachnida,  including  the  scorpions 
and  their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  spiders 
and  mites.      See  cut  under  Scorpionidce. 

The  Arthrogastra,  or  scorpions  and  pseudo-scorpions, 
exhibit,  in  many  respects,  extraordinanh  dnse  resem- 
blances to  the  Merostomata  among  the  Crustacea. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  320. 

Arthrogastres  (ar-thro-gas'trez),  n.pl.  [NL., 
as  Arthrogastra.']     Same  as  Arthrogastra. 

arthrography  (ar-throg'ra-fi),  n.  ['<  Gr.  aptipov, 
a  joint,  +  -} patpia,  <  ypdtpeiv,  write,  describe.]  In 
anat.,  a  description  of  the  joints. 

arthrology  (ai-throl'6-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aptipov,  a 
joint,  +  -fo)ia,  <  ?.i)etv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  1. 
The  knowledge  of  the  joints  ;  that  part  of  anat- 
omy which  relates  to  the  joints. —  2f.  Finger- 
speech  for  the  deaf  and  dumb;  dactylology. 

arthromere  (ar'thro-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  aptipov,  a 
member,  joint,  +  pepor,  a  part.]  In  ~ool.,  the 
ideal  single  ring  of  a  series  of  which  any  artic- 
ulate animal  is  composed;  a  zoonule,  zoonite, 
or  somite  of  an  articulated  invertebrate  animal. 
The  typical  arthromere  consists  of  a  tergite,  a  pair  of 
pleurites,  and  a  sternite,  or  an  upper  piece,  two  lateral 
pieces,  and  an  under  piece. 

arthron  (ar'thron),  n. ;  pi.  arthra  (-thra).    [NL., 

<  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint  (of  the  body) ;  in  grammar, 
the  article;  akin  to  equiv.  L.  artus:  see  artiis 
and  article.]  In  anat.,  a  joint  or  an  articula- 
tion of  any  kind. 

arthroneuralgia (ar'thro-mi-ral'ji-ii),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  NL.  neuralgia.]  Neu- 
ralgia of  a  joint. 

arthropathy  (iir-throp'a-thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aptipov, 
a  joint,  +  -dtior,  suffering.]     Disease  of  a  joint. 

arthrophragm  (ar'thro-frain),  n.  [<Gr.  aptipov, 
a  joint,  +  fpdy/ia,  a  fence,  screen,  <  (ppaoociv, 
fence  in,  stop  up.  Cf.  diaphragm.]  An  articu- 
lar diaphragm ;  a  septum  or  partition  between 
certain  articulations,  as  in  the  crawfish.  See 
extract. 

All  four  apodemes  lie  in  the  ventral  half  of  the  somite 
and  form  a  single  transverse  series;  consequently  there 
are  two  nearer  the  middle  line,  which  are  termed  the  en- 
dostemites,  and  two  further  off,  which  are  the  endopleu- 
rites.  The  former  lie  at  the  inner,  and  the  latter  at  the 
outer  ends  of  the  partitions  or  arthrophra^ms  .  .  .  be- 
tween the  articular  cavities  for  the  basal  joints  of  the 
limbs,  and  they  spring  partly  from  the  latter  and  partly 
fn  >m  the  sternum  and  the  epimera  respectively. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  158. 

arthropleura  (iir-thro-plo'rii),  n. ;  pi.  artiiro- 
plewne  (-re).     [NL.]     Same  as  arthropleure. 

arthropleure  (ar'thro-plor),  n.  [<  NL.  arthro- 
pleura, <  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  xfcvpa,  side.] 
The  pleural,  lateral,  or  limb-bearing  portion 
of  the  arthroderm  of  articulated  animals;  the 
portion  of  any  arthromere  between  the  tergite 
and  the  sternite. 

arthropod  (iir'thro-pod),  n.  and«.  [<  NL.  arthro- 
2>tis  (-pod-),  pi.  arthropoda,  q.  v.,  <  Gr.  aptipov, 
a  joint,  +  Kobe  (-od-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  n.  A 
jointed  invertebrate  animal  with  jointed  legs; 
one  of  the  A  rth  ropoda. 

II.  a.  Arthropodous ;  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropoda. 

Among  the  Crustacea  the  simplest  stage  of  the  Arthro- 
pod body  is  seen  in  the  Xauplius-fonn. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp,  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  234. 


325 

Arthropoda  (ar-throp'o-dS),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  arthropus  (-pod-):  sec  arthropod.']  1.  One 
of  two  prune  divisions  (  Anarthropoda  being  the 
oilier)  into  which  a  subkingdom  Annulosa  has 
been  divided.  It  contains  bilateral  segmented  ani- 
mals with  articulated  legs,  and  approximately  corresp Is 

to  the  "articulated  animals  with  articulated  legs"  of  Cu- 
rier,  as  contrasted  with  his  other  division  (Annelides)  of 
Articulata,  or  with  the  Condylopoda  of  Latreille,  or  with 
the  fluatlu>i>i»la  or  .1  rtl<n>:<«i  of  some  other  naturalists. 
2.  In  more  modern  and  exact  usage,  one  of 
the  phyla,  subkingdoms,  or  main  types  of  the 
Metazoa,  containing  the  articulated,  inverte- 
brate, non-ciliated  animals  with  articulated 
limbs,  a  ganglionic  nervous  system,  oviparous 
reproduction,  and  generally  separate  sexes. 
The  phylum  is  divided  by  nearly  common  consent  into  the 
four  great  classes  Insecta,  Myriapoda,  Arachnida,  and 
Crustacea,  and  contains  the  vast  majority  (about  four 
fifths)  of  the  animal  kingdom,  in  numbers  both  of  species 
and  of  individuals. 

The  Arthropoda,  with  more  than  200.000  species,  vary 
to  such  an  extent  that  little  can  be  said  applicable  to  the 
whole  group.  Of  all  Invertebrata  they  are  the  most  ad- 
vanced in  the  development  of  the  organs  peculiar  to  ani- 
mal life,  manifested  in  the  powers  of  locomotion,  and  in 
the  instincts  which  are  so  varied  and  so  wonderful  in  the 
insect  class.  Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  70. 

arthropodan  (ar-throp'o-dan),  a.  [<  arthro- 
pod +  -an.]     Same  as  arthropodous. 

arthropodous  (ar-throp'6-dus),  a.  [(.arthropod 
+  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arthropoda  ; 
having  jointed  legs  (among  invertebrates);  con- 
dylopodous;  arthrozoic.     Also  gnathopodous. 

Arthropomata(iir-thro-p6'ma-ta),  u.  /d.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  ivupa,  pi.  irupa-a,  a  lid.] 
One  of  two  orders  into  which  the  class  Brachio- 
poda  is  generally  divided,  the  other  being  Lyo- 
pomata:  synonymous  with  Apygia  and  Articu- 
lata  (h). 

arthropomatous  (iir-thro-po'ma-tus),  a.  [< 
Arthropomata  +  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropomata. 

Arthropteridae  (ur-throp-ter'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Arthropterus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  chiefly  of  the  Orient,  Africa, 
and  the  Pacific  islands,  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  flat  wide  forms,  mostly  of  a  polished 
black  color  variously  marked  with  yellow. 

arthropterous  (iir-throp'te-rus),  a.  [<NL.  ar- 
thropterus,  adj.,  <  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  trrepov,  a 
wing,  fin.]  Having  jointed  rays,  as  a  fin  of  a  fish. 

Arthropterus  (iir-throp'te-rus),  ».  [NL.:  see 
arthropterous.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Arthropteridce.  Macleay,  18119. — 2.  A 
genus  of  fishes.     Agassi~,  1843. 

arthroses,  n.     Plural  of  arthrosis. 

arthrosia  (ar-thro'zi-a),  n.    [NL.  (cf.  arthrosis), 

<  Gr.  aptipov,  a  joint.]     Arthritis, 
arthrosis  (iii'-thro'sis),  ?!.;  pi.  arthroses  (-sez). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  dptipuaic,  a  jointing,  <  dptipoeiv,  aptipobv, 
fasten  by  a  joint,  <  aptipov,  a  joint.]  In  anat.: 
(a)  A  suture;  an  articulation;  a  joining  or 
jointing  of  bones  or  cartilages  otherwise  than 
by  ankylosis.  Arthrosis  is  divisible  into  three  principal 
categories:  (1)  Synarthrosis;  (2)  amphiarthrosis  ;  (3)  diar- 
throsis. See  these  words.  ( j)  The  result  of  articu- 
lation; a  joint ;  an  arthron;  anode. 

arthrospore  (ar'thro-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  dptipov,  a 
joint,  +  orropoc,  seed'.]  In  hot.,  one  of  a  number 
of  spores  united  together  in  the  form  of  a  string 
of  beads,  formed  by  fission,  and  characteristic 
of  various  low  fungi  and  alga?. 

arthrosporic  (iir-thro-spor'ik),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
(hrosporous. 

arthrosporous  (iir-thros'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ar- 
throsporus  :  see  arthrospore  and  -on*.]  Produ- 
cing arthrospores. 

arthrosterigma  (ar"thro-ste-rig'mii),  n. ;  pi. 
arthrostcrigmata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dptipov, 
a  joint,  +  oTi/ptym,  a  support,  <  aTt/pi^cm,  set 
fast,  support,  prop,  <  •/  *cra,  stand.]  In  hot, 
the  jointed  stcrigma  which  occurs  in  the  sper- 
magonium  of  many  lichens. 

Arthrostraca  (ar-thros'tra-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  dptipov,  a  joint,  +  boTpanov,  a  shell.]  1.  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
prime  divisions  of  malacostraeous  crustaceans 
(the  other  being  Thoracostraca),  corresponding 
approximately  to  the  edriophthalmous  or  ses- 
sile-eyed crustaceans  of  other  authors,  and  di- 
vided into  the  three  orders  Amphipoda,  La- 
modipoda,  and  Isopoda. —  2.  In  Burmeister's 
system  of  classification,  one  of  three  orders  of 
Crustacea  (the  other  two  being  Aspidostraca 
and  Thoracostraca),  divided  into  nine  lesser 
groups. 

arthrostracous  (ar-thros'tra-kus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Arthros- 
traca. 


artichoke 

arthrotome  (ax'thro-tom),  «.  [<  Gr.  dptipov,  a 
joint,  +  Topic,  cutting :  see.  anatomy.]  A  car- 
tilage-knife; a  strong  scalpel,  two-edged  for  a 
part  of  its  cutting  length,  and  having  a  rough- 
ened steel  handle  continuous  with  the  blade. 
It  is  used  in  dissection  for  cutting  cartilage,  disarticulating 
joints,  and  other  rough  work. 

Any  thick-bladed  scalpel  may  lie  ground  into  a  tolerable 
arthrotome.  Wudcrarid  Ghtge,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  68. 

arthrotomy  (ar-throt'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aptipov,  a 
joint,  +  ropij,  a  cutting:  see  anatomy.]  In 
sure/.,  incision  into  a  joint. 

Arthrozoa  (ar-thro-zo'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dptipov,  a  joint,  +  Zyov,  an  animal.]  One  of  six 
series  of  animals  into  which  the  Metazoa  have 
been  divided:  equivalent  to  Arthropoda  to- 
gether with  Nematoscolices  and  probably  Clur- 
tognatha. 

arthrozoic  (ar-thro-zo'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Arthrozoa.— Arthro- 
zoic series,  a  gradation  of  animals  represented  by-the 
Ifemato8colice8  and  Arthropoda,  from  the  lowest  neniatoids 
to  the  highest  arthropods.     Huxley. 

Arthurian  (ar-thii'ri-an),  a.  [<  Arthur,  ML. 
form  Arthurus,  representing  W.  Artur.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  King  Arthur,  one  of  the  last  Cel- 
tic chiefs  of  Britain  (the  hero  of  a  great  litera- 
ture of  poetic  fable,  and  whose  actual  existence 
has  been  questioned),  or  to  the  legends  con- 
nected with  him  and  his  knights  of  the  Round 
Table. 

Arthurian  legend  is  not,  and  never  has  been,  to  the  Eng- 
lish national  mind  what  the  myths  which  supplied  the  sub- 
jects of  Attic  tragedy  were  to  the  Greek. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  122. 

artiad  (iir'ti-ad),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  dpnoc,  even, 
+  -ad1.]  I.  n.  1.  In  chem.,  an  atom  whose 
quautivalence  is  expressed  by  an  even  number, 
as  the  atoms  of  sulphur,  oxygen,  etc.  See  pe- 
rissad. — 2.  In  zool.,  an  even-toed  ungulate 
quadruped;  a  cloven-footed  ruminant  animal ; 
one  of  the  Artiodactyla :  opposed  to  perissad. 
See  cut  under  Artiodactyla. 

II.  a.  In  chem.,  having  the  nature  of  an  ar- 
tiad: as,  oxygen  is  an  artiad  element. 
artichoke  (iir'ti-ehok),  n.  [Introduced  in  the 
16th  century,  the  two  normal  forms  (after  the 
It.)  artichocke,  ar- 
chichock,  mixing 
with  arUchou,  ar- 
tichowe,  artichau, 
artichault,  etc., 
after  the  F.,  in 
numerous  forms, 
varying  initially 
oris-,  arte-,  ario-, 
harti-,  harte-,  ar- 
chi-,  archy-,  arch-, 
and  terminal- 
ly -chok,  -choke. 
-chock,  -choak, 
-chough,  -chooke, 
etc.  (simulating 
E.  heart,  L.  hortus, 
garden,  E.  choke, 
as  if  that  which 
'  chokes  '  the  gar- 
den or  the  heart); 
cf.  D.  artisjok, 
Dan.  artiskok,  Xw. 
iirtskoeka,  G.  ar- 
tisehocke,  Russ.  artishoku,  Bohem.  arUchok,  ar- 
tychok,  Pol.  karczock,  with  F.  artichaut  (formerly 
also  artichau,  -chault,  -ehaud.  -rhou,  etc.),  ML. 
artieoccus,  articoctus,  articactus,  all  from  Sp.  or 
It.;  <  It.  (north,  dial.)  artieiocco,  arciciocco,  ar- 
chiciocco,  arcioeco,  also  arcicioffo,  archieioffo,  for 
"alearcioffo ;  also  simply  carciocco,  carcioffo, 
mod.  It.  carcioffo,  carciofo,  Sp.  alcarchofa,  now 
alcachofa,  aicachofera,  Pg.  aicachofra,  <  Sp.  Ar. 
at-kltarshofa  (Pedro  do  Alcala),  al-kharsltiif 
(Bocthor),  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  kharshofa,  kharshuf 
(with  initial  khd,  7th  letter),  also  harshuf  (in 
Bagdad — Newman),  harshaf  (Freytag;  Pers. 
harshaf — Richardson)  (with  initial  lid,  6th  let- 
ter), an  artichoke.  The  Ar.  ardishauki  (Diez), 
erdushauke  (in  Aleppo  —  Newman),  Pers.  anht- 
shdhi,  Hind,  hdlhi  ehak,  are  adaptations  of  the 
European  forms  (appar.  simulating  Ar.  ardli, 
erdh,  Pers.  ard,  ar~,  ground,  earth,  Ar.  shauk, 
thorn,  Pers.  shah,  king,  Hind,  hdthi,  an  ele- 
phant).] The  Cynara  Scolymus,  a  plant  of  the 
natural  order  Composite,  somewhat  resembling 
a  thistle,  with  large  divided  prickly  leaves.  The 
erect  flower-stem  terminates  in  a  large  round  head  of  nu- 
merous imbricated  ova]  spiny  scales  which  surround  the 
flowers.  The  fleshy  bases  of  the  scales  with  the  large  recep- 
tacle are  used  as  food.     Artichokes  were  introduced  into 


Artichoke  (Cynara  Scolymus). 
a,  top  of  plant ;  b,  flowering  head. 


artichoke 

Europe  early  in  the  sixteenth  century. — Jerusalem  arti- 
choke [corruption  o£  It.  girasole  articiocco,  sunflower-ar- 
tichoke], the  nelianthus  tuberomus,  :i  Bpecies  of  Bunflower, 

native  of  Canada  ami  the  upper  Mississippi  valley.  It  was 
cultivated  by  the  aborigines  for  its  sweet  and  farinaceous 
tuberous  roots,  and  was  introduced  at  an  early  date  into 
Europe,  where  it  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities  as 
an  article  of  food.  The  plant  was  long  believed  to  be  a 
native  of  Brazil,  and  it  is  only  recently  that  its  trui 
has  been  ascertained. 
article  (iir'ti-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  article,  <  OF.  arti- 
cle, F.  article  =  Up.  articulo  =  Pg.  articido  (in 
anat.  and  Dot.),  artigo  =  It.  articolo,  articido,  < 
L.  articulus,  a  joint,  limb,  member,  part,  divi- 
sion, the  article  in  grammar,  a  point  of  time; 
prop.  dim.  of  artus,  a  joint,  akin  to  Gr.  apOpov,  a 
joint,  article,  <  V*"r>  fit,  join:  see  arm1,  arm", 
art2,  etc.]  If.  A  joint  connecting  two  parts 
of  the  body. —  2.  One  of  the  parts  thus  con- 
nected; a  jointed  segment  or  part. 

The  first  pair  of  legs  [of  the  whip-scorpion]  is  the  long- 
est, and  the  tarsal  joint  is  broken  up  into  a  long  series  of 
articles.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  122. 

3.  In  bot.,  the  name  formerly  given  to  that 
part  of  a  stalk  or  stem  which  is  between  two 
joints.  Hence — 4.  A  separate  member  or  por- 
tion of  anything.  In  particular — (a)  A  clause, 
item,  point,  or  particular  in  a  contract,  treaty, 
or  other  formal  agreement ;  a  condition  or  stip- 
ulation in  a  contract  or  bargain:  as,  articles  of 
association;  articles  of  apprenticeship. 

'Tis  direct 
Against  our  articles. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

(6)  A  distinct  proposition  in  a  connected  series ; 
one  of  the  particulars  constituting  a  system: 
as,  the  Thirty-nine  Articles;  the  articles  of  re- 
ligion. 

A  Minister  should  preach  according  to  the  Articles  of 
Religion  Established  in  the  Church  where  he  is. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  72. 

Cried  amen  to  my  creed's  one  article. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  256. 

(c)  A  separate  clause  or  provision  of  a  statute : 
as,  the  act  of  the  six  articles  (see  below).  ((?) 
A  distinct  charge  or  count:  as,  articles  of  im- 
peachment, (e)  A  distinct  item  in  an  accouut 
or  a  list.  (/)  One  of  a  series  of  regulations :  as, 
the  articles  of  war. —  5.  A  literary  composition 
on  a  specific  topic,  forming  an  independent  por- 
tion of  a  book  or  literary  publication,  especially 
of  a  newspaper,  magazine,  review,  or  other 
periodical:  as,  an  article  on  war,  or  on  earth- 
quakes and  their  causes. —  6.  A  material  thing 
as  part  of  a  class,  or,  absolutely,  a  particular 
substance  or  commodity :  as,  an  article  of 
merchandise;  an  article  of  clothing;  salt  is  a 
necessary  article. —  7.  A  particular  immaterial 
thing ;  a  matter. 

Where  nature  has  bestowed  a  show  of  nice  attention  in 
the  features  of  a  man,  he  should  laugh  at  it  as  misplaced. 
I  have  seen  men,  who  in  this  vain  article,  perhaps  might 
rank  above  you.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  2. 

8f.  A  concern;  a  piece  of  business;  a  subject. 
—  9.  A  point  or  nick  of  time  joining  two  suc- 
cessive periods ;  a  juncture  ;  a  moment ;  the 
moment  or  very  moment.  [Now  rare  or  obso- 
lete except  in  the  phrase  in  the  article  of  death 
(which  see,  below).] 

Could  my  breath 
Now  execute  'em,  they  should  not  enjoy 
An  article  of  time.  Jl.  Joruon,  Catiline,  v.  6. 

This  fatal  uewes  coming  to  Hick's  Hall  upon  the  article 
of  my  Lord  Russets  trial  was  said  to  have  had  no  little  in- 
fluence on  the  jury  and  all  the  bench  to  his  prejudice. 

Evelyn. 
An  infirm  building  just  in  the  article  of  falling. 

Wollaston,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  v.  99. 

10f.  The  number  10,  or  any  number  ending  in 
a  cipher. — 11.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  attribu- 
tively to  limit  the  application  of  a  noun  to 
one  individual  or  set  of  individuals,  and  also 
to  indicate  whether  the  noun  used  signifies 
indefinitely  one  or  any  one  of  the  class  which 
it  names,  or  definitely  a  specific  object  of 
thought.  'Flu;  two  articles  are  regarded  as  a  distinct 
part  of  Bpeech.  They  are  in  English  an  (before  conso- 
nant-sound- a)  and  //"•.  .1  n  was  originally  the  same  word 
as  one,  and  In  meaning  is  an  unemphatic  any;  it  Bingles 
out  an   individual   as  an   example  of  a  class,  any  -ith.  i 

member  of  the  class  being  capable  of  serving  as  example 
equally  well.  A  or  an  is  accordingly  called  the  indefinite 
article.  Tin-  was  originally  a  demonstrative  pronoun, 
and  in  meaning  is  an  unemphatic  this  or  that;  it  points 
out  a  particular  individual  or  set  of  individuals,  and 
is  consequently  known  as  the  definitt  article.  Articles 
may  therefore  be  regarded  as  a  specialized  and  segregated 
class  of  pron-. mis.  Some  languages,  as  Latin,  have  no 
articles;  others,  as  Hebrew  and  Greek,  nave  the  definite 
article  only.  The  indefinite  article  is  always  of  later  for- 
mation than  the  definite.  (The  name  article  is  a  trans- 
lation of  tin-  word  ap0pov,  Joint,  which  was  applied  by 
tlie  lireek  grammarians  to  the  one  artich  "i  ibid  Ian 
guagc  (the  definite),  on  account  of  its  frequent  use  after 
the  manner  of  a  relative  to  join  an  adjective  to  a  noun: 


326 

as,  avyp  6  ayaf?6-r,  literally,  man  the  pood,  for  (the)  man 
who  (is)  pood,  that  is,  the  pood  num.]  Articles  of  as- 
sociation, or  articles  of  incorporation,  the  certifi- 
cate filed,  in  conformity  with  a  general  law,  by  persona 
who  desire  to  become  a  corporation,  and  setting  forth  the 
rules  and  conditions  upon  which  the  association  or  cor- 
poration is  founded.  —  Articles  of  Confederation,  see 
confederation.— AxtidBB  of  faith,  the  main  or  essential 
points  of  religions  belief :  specifically,  an  authoritative  and 
binding  statement  of  such  points  as  held  by  a  particular 
church  or  denomination;  a  doctrinal  creed.— Articles 
Of  impeachment,  the  accusations  in  writing  which  form 
the  basis  of  an  impeachment  trial.  They  take  the  place 
of  the  indictment  in  ordinary  criminal,  and  of  the  declara- 
tion or  complaint  in  civil,  actions. — Articles  of  Perth, 
five  articles  agreed  upon  at  a  General  Assembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  convened  by  James  VI.  in  1618,  en- 
joining certain  episcopal  observances,  such  as  the  observ- 
ance of  feast-days,  kneeling  at  the  Lord's  supper,  etc. 
They  were  ratified  by  the  Scotch  Parliament  in  1621,  and 
became  a  subject  of  bitter  controversy  between  the  king 
and  the  people.— Articles  of  the  peace,  an  obligation 
to  keep  the  peace  for  a  certain  time,  under  a  penalty,  and 
with  or  without  sureties,  imposed  upon  an  individual 
against  whom  some  one  has  exhibited  a  complaint  that 
there  is  just  cause  to  fear  that  the  party  complained  of 
will  burn  the  complainant's  house  or  do  him  some  bodily 
harm,  or  procure  a  third  person  to  do  it.— Articles  of 
Schmalkald,  articles  of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by 
Luther,  and  submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes, 
and  states  at  Schmalkald  (or  Schmalkalden),  Germany, 
in  1537,  designed  to  show  how  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with  Rome. 
— Articles  Of  war,  a  code  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment and  discipline  of  the  army  and  navy.  In  Great 
Britain  they  are  embodied  in  the  Mutiny  Act,  which  is 
passed  every  year.  The  articles  of  war  of  the  United 
States  are  128  in  number ;  anything  relating  to  the  army 
not  comprehended  therein  is  published  in  general  orders 
or  in  established  regulations,  issued  from  time  to  time 
by  the  War  Department,  copies  of  which  are  furnished 
and  read  to  the  troops.— City  article.  See  city. — In  the 
article  Of,  in  the  matter  of;  as  regards. 

As  he  [T.  L.  K.  Oliphant]  views  matters,  we  have  been 
steadily  going  down  hill,  in  the  article  of  our  mother- 
tongue.  /<'.  Hall,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXIX.  321. 
In  the  article  of  death  (Latin,  in  articulo  mortis),  at 
the  moment  of  death ;  in  the  last  struggle  or  agony. 

In  the  article  of  death,  I  give  you  my  thanks,  and  pray 
for  you.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  82. 

Lords  of  the  Articles.  See  lord.—  Marriage  articles. 
See  marriage. — Memorandum  articles.  See  memo- 
randum.—The  Five  Articles  and  the  Five  Points, 
statements  of  the  distinctive  doctrines  of  the  Arminians 
and  Calvinists  respectively,  the  former  promulgated  in 
1610  in  opposition  to  the  restrictive  principles  of  the 
latter,  which  were  sustained  by  the  Synod  of  Dort  in 
1619,  and  are  the  following :  particular  predestination, 
limited  atonement,  natural  inability,  irresistible  grace, 
and  the  perseverance  of  saints.  The  discussion  of  these 
differences  at  that  time  is  sometimes  called  the  guin- 
quarticular  controversy. —  The  Lambeth  Articles,  nine 
articles  drawn  up  in  1595  at  Lambeth,  England,  intended 
to  embody  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  respecting  predes- 
tination, justification,  etc.  They  were  never  approved  by 
the  church  in  any  regular  synod,  and  therefore  pos- 
sess no  ecclesiastical  authority.— The  Six  Articles, 
sometimes  called  the  "whip  with  six  strings,"  articles 
imposed  by  a  statute  (often  called  the  Bloody  Statute) 
passed  in  1539,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  de- 
creed the  acknowledgment  of  transubstantiation,  the 
sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind,  the  obligation  of 
vows  of  chastity,  the  propriety  of  private  masses,  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergy,  and  auricular  confession.  Acceptance 
of  these  six  doctrines  was  made  obligatory  on  all  persons 
under  the  severest  penalties.  The  act,  however,  was 
relaxed  in  1544,  and  repealed  by  the  Parliament  of  1549. 
—  The  Thirty-nine  Articles,  a  statement  of  the  par- 
ticular points  of  doctrine,  thirty-nine  in  number,  main- 
tained by  the  Church  of  England,  first  framed  by  an  ec- 
clesiastical commission  in  forty-two  articles  (1552),  and 
revised  and  promulgated  in  thirty-nine  articles  by  a  con- 
vocation held  in  London  in  1562-63.  With  some  altera- 
tions they  were  adopted  by  the  Church  of  Ireland  in 
1635,  and  by  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church  in  1804,  and. 
with  certain  modifications,  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  United  States  in  1801.— The  Twenty-five 
Articles,  the  doctrinal  basis  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  substantially  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  Church 
of  England,  with  the  omission  of  the  3d,  8th,  13th,  15th, 
17th,  18th,  20th,  21st,  23d,  26th,  29th,  33.1,  34th,  and  87th. 
They  were  originally  framed  by  John  Wesley,  and,  with 
some  modification,  were  adopted,  substantially  as  now 
held,  in  1784. 
article  (iir'ti-kl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  articled,  ppr. 
articling.  [<  article,  ».]  I.  trans,  1.  To  state 
in  detail ;  particularize;  specify.     [Rare.] 

If  all  his  errors  and  follies  were  articled  against  him. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living  (ed.  1727),  p.  92. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  by  an  exhibition  of 
articles  or  accusations.     [Rare.] 

What  I  have  articled  against  this  fellow 

I  justify  for  truth.     Mxddleton,  Spanish  Gipsy,  V.  1. 

3.  To  bind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipula- 
tion :  as,  to  article  an  apprentice. 

II. t  intrans.  To  agree  by  articles;  stipulate. 
Came  Sir  John  Kiviet  to  article  with  me  about  his  brick- 
work. Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1607. 

They  have  so  articled  with  us. 

Massingcr,  The  City  Madam,  ii.  .'{. 

Then  he  articled  with  her  that  he  should  go  away  when 
he  pleased.  Selden,  Table-Talk, 

articular  (ar-tik'u-lftr),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  articu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  the  joints,  <  articulus,  a 
joint:  see  article.']  I.  (/.  1.  Belonging  to  or 
affecting  an  articulation  or  joint;  entering  into 


articulate 

the  composition  of  an  articulation :  as,  the  ar- 
ticular surface  of  a  bone ;  an  articular  cartilage ; 
an  articular  disease. — 2.  In  zoo!.,  articulate; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Articulata. 
[Rare.]— Articular  bone.  Same  as  articulare.— Ax- 
ticular  eminence  of  the  temporal  bone,  the  cylindri- 
cal elevation  forming  the  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma  in 
front  of  the  glenoid  fossa;  the  preglenoid  process. —  Ar- 
ticular process  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  process  which 
is  capped  by  the  condyle.  Also  called  condyloid  process. 
II.  n.  Same  as  articulare. 

articulare  (ar-tik-u-la're),  n.;  pi.  arUcularia 
(-ri-ii).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  articularis  :  see  articu- 
lar.'] A  bone  of  the  lower  jaw  of  vertebrates 
below  mammals,  by  means  of  which  the  jaw  or 
mandible  articulates  with  its  suspensorium. 
See  cuts  under  acrodont,  Cyclodus,  and  Gal- 
linw. 

articularly  (ar-tik'u-lar-li),  adv.  1,  In  an  ar- 
ticular manner. —  2,  Articulately;  article  by 
article;  in  detail.     Huloet. 

articulary  (ar-tik'u-la-ri),  a.     Articular. 

Articulated  by  a  double  articulary  head  with  the  mas 
toid  and  posterior  frontal.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XII.  64J. 

Articulata  (ar-tik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  L.  articulatus,  jointed :  see  articulate.]  In 
zool.,  a  name  variously  applied,  (a)  in  Cuviers 
system  of  classification,  the  third  prime  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  all  segmented  invertebrates 
in  which  the  body  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  rings  (meta- 
meres),  is  endowed  with  a  ganglionated  nervous  system, 
and  possesses  distinct  respiratory  organs.  It  is  divided 
into  five  classes,  Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Insecta,  Myria- 
poda,  and  Annelides.  This  division  corresponds  to  the 
Annulosa  of  some  zoologists,  but  neither  of  these  terms 
is  now  recognized  by  leading  naturalists.  Cuvier's  first 
four  classes  of  Articulata  are  now  made  the  phylum  Ar- 
thropoda,  while  his  Annelides  are  referred  to  another  phy- 
lum, Vermes.  (6)  One  of  two  orders  of  Brachiopoda,  some- 
times styled  the  Arthropomata  (which  see),  the  other  order 
being  called  Inarticulata.  It  corresponds  to  the  arthro- 
pomatous  Brachiopoda,  containing  those  brachiopods  in 
which  the  shell  is  hinged,  the  mantle-lobes  are  not  entirely 
free,  and  the  intestine  is  ceecal.  (c)  One  of  two  divisions 
of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  containing  the  families  Soli- 
cornariida:  and  Cellidariidce :  opposed  to  Inarticulata.  (d) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  repre- 
sented by  the  family  Crisiidce.  Also  called  Radicata.  (e) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  crinoids,  the  other  being  Tesucl- 
lata. 

articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 
ticulated, ppr.  articulating.  [<  L.  articulatus, 
pp.  of  articulare,  divide  into  joints  or  members, 
utter  distinctly,  articulate,  <  articulus,  a  joint, 
article,  etc. :  see  article.']  I,  trans.  1.  To  joint; 
unite  by  means  of  a  joint :  as,  two  pieces  loose- 
ly articulated  together.     See  articulation,  2. 

Plants  .  .  .  have  many  ways  of  articulating  their  pat  ts 
with  one  another.  II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  215. 

The  delieate  skeleton  of  admirably  articulated  and  re- 
lated parts  which  underlies  and  sustains  every  true  work 
of  art,  and  keeps  it  from  sinking  on  itself  a  shapeless  heap, 
he  [Carlyle]  would  crush  remorselessly  to  come  at  the  mar- 
row of  meaning.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  123. 

2.  To  utter  articulately;  produce  after  the 
manner  of  human  speech. 

The  dogmatist  knows  not  by  what  art  he  directs  his 
tongue  in  articidating  sounds  into  voices. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Bci. 

3,  To  utter  in  distinct  syllables  or  words. — 4f. 
To  formulate  or  set  forth  in  articles;  draw  up 
or  state  under  separate  heads. 

These  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated, 
Proclaim'd  at  market-crosses,  read  in  churches. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Pronounce,  Enunciate,  etc.  (see  utter); 
speak. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  an  articulation 
(with);  connect  (with):  as,  the  ulna  articu- 
lates with  the  humerus. — 2.  To  utter  articulate 
sounds  ;  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words :  as, 
to  articulate  distinctly. 

It  was  the  eager,  inarticulate,  uninstructed  mind  of  the 
whole  Norse  people,  longing  only  to  become  articulate,  to 
go  on  articulating  ever  farther.  Carlyle. 

3f.  To  enter  into  negotiations;  treat;  come  to 

or  make  terms. 

Send  us  to  Rome 
The  best,  with  whom  we  may  articulate. 
For  their  own  good,  and  ours.      Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9. 

articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ar- 
tn-ttlutus,  jointed,  distinct  (applied  particularly 
to  utterance),  pp.  of  articulare :  see  articulate, 
v.]  I.  a.  1.  Jointed;  segmented;  articulated: 
as,  an  articulate  limb;  an  articulate  animal. — 
2.  Specifically,  having  the  character  of  the  Ar- 
ticulata.—  3.  Jointed  by  syllabic  division;  di- 
vided into  distinct  successive  parts,  like  joints, 
by  the  alternation  of  opener  and  closer  sounds, 
or  the  intervention  of  consonantal  utterances 
(sometimes  also  of  pause  or  hiatus)  between 
vowel  sounds:  said  of  human  speech-utteranrr. 
us  distinguished  from  other  sounds  made  by 


articulate 

human  organs,  and  from  the  sounds  mad'-  by 
the  lower  animals.  The  terms  articulate,  articula 
(ton,  etc.,  as  applied  i"  human  utterance,  are  not  seldom 
misunderstood  and  wrongly  used  as  if  1 1 1 < ■  "jointing"  in- 
tended were  that  "f  the  physical  organs  of  utterance,  a 
narrowing  or  closing  of  the  organs  at  some  point  or  points. 
Such  action,  however,  belongs  to  all  utterance,  articulate 
or  inarticulate,  whether  of  man  or  of  the  other  animals. 
Sec  eiiiistniitnt,  si/l/ilhle.   roirel. 

Hence — 4.  Clear;  distinct. 

La  Fosseuse's  voice  was  naturally  soft  ami  low,  yet  'twas 
an  articulate  voice.  Stem,;  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  1. 

The  sentiment  of  Right,  once  very  low  ami  indistini  I 
hut  ever  more  articulate,  because  it  is  the  voice  of  the 
universe,  pronounces  Freedom. 

Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation,  p.  17.",. 

5.  Formulated  or  expressed  in  articles,  or  in 
separate  particulars.     [Rare.] 

Total  changes  of  party  and  articulate  opinion.  Carlyle. 
6t.  Consisting  of  tens:  as,  articulate  numbers. 
—Articulate  adjudication.    See  adjudication. 

II.  h.  One  of  the  ArUculata. 
articulately  (ar-tik'u-lat-li),  «</('.    1.  In  a  joint- 
ed manner;  by  joints:  as,  parts  of  a  body  ar- 
ticulately unite'd.— 2.  In  an  articulate  manner; 
with  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 

Is  it  for  nothing  the  wind  sounds  almost  articulately 

sometimes— sings  as  I  have  lately  heard  it  sing  at  night? 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv, 

3.  Article  by  article ;  in  detail. 
I  had  articulately  set  down  in  writing  our  points. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  110. 

articulateness  (ar-tik'u-lat-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  condition  of  being  articulate. 
articulation  (ar-tik-u-la'shon),  «.  [<  L.  articu- 
l<ttiii(n-),  a  putting  forth  of  new  joints,  as  a  vine, 
a  disease  of  the  vine  at  the  joints,  lit.  a  joint- 
ing, <  articulare,  joint,  articulate:  see  articu- 
late. ]  1 .  The  act  of  articulating,  or  the  state  of 
being  articulated,  (a)  The  act  of  putting  to- 
gether so  as  to  form  a  joint  or  joints,  (ft)  The 
uttering  of  articulate  sounds. —  2.  In  a  con- 
crete sense :  (a)  In  anat.,  a  joint,  as  the  join- 
ing or  juncture  of  bones  or  of  the  movable  seg- 
ments of  an  arthropod.  The  articulations  of  bones 
are  of  three  kinds  :  (1)  Diarthrosis,  or  a  movable  connec- 
tion with  a  synovial  cavity,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the 
ball-and-socket  joint ;  arthrodia,  or  the  gliding  joint ;  gin- 
glymus,  or  the  hinge-joint;  the  trochoid,  or  the  wheel-and- 
axle  joint,  otherwise  called  diarthrosis  rotatorius;  and  the 
condyloid,  or  saddle-joint.  (2)  Synarthrosis,  immovable 
connection,  including  suture,  gomphosis,  and  symphisis 
(see  these  words).  (3)  Amphiarthrosw,  an  articulation  with 
slight  but  not  free  motion,  as  between  the  vertebral  cen- 
tra, (ft)  In  bot.:  (1)  A  joint;  a  place  where 
separation  takes  place  spontaneously,  as  at  the 
point  of  attachment  of  a  deciduous  organ,  such 
as  a  leaf  or  the  pedicel  of  a  flower,  or  easily,  as 
at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  of  the  horsetail.  (2) 
A  node  :  applied  either  to  the  thickened  joint- 
like part  of  the  stem  where  a  leaf  is  placed  or 
to  the  space  between  two  such  points,  (e)  In 
gram.,  an  articulate  sound  or  utterance  ;  espe- 
cially, a  consonant,  as  ordinarily  affecting  and 
marking  syllabic  division.  —  Acromioclavicular 
articulation.  See  acromioclavicular.-  Articulation 
of  a  science,  the  system  upon  which  its  parts  are  put  to- 
gether—Articulation school  or  class,  a  school  or  class 
in  which  the  deaf  and  dumb  are  taught  to  speak. —  Cla- 
vate  articulation.  See  clacate.—  Harmonic  articu- 
lation.   See  harmonic. 

articulative  (ar-tik'u-la-tiv),  a.    [<  articulate 
+  -ire.']     Pertaining  or  relating  to  articulation. 
articulator  (ar-tik'u-la-tor),  n.      [<  articulate, 
v.  t.,  +  -or.']     1.  One  who  articulates,  (a)  One 
who  utters  or  pronounces  words,    (ft)  One  who 
articulates  bones  or  mounts  skeletons. —  2.  An 
apparatus  for  obtaining  the  correct  articulation 
of  artificial  sets  of  teeth. —  3.  A  contrivance 
for  preventing  or  curing  stammering. — 4.  An 
attachment  to  the  telephone,  producing  regu- 
larity of  vibrations  ancl  smoothness  of  tone. 
articiilatory  (iir-tik'u-la-to-ri),  a.     [<  articu- 
late +  -ory.]    Pertaining  to  the  articulation  of 
speech. 
articulus   (ar-tik'u-lus),    n. ;   pi.  articidi   (-li). 
[L.,  a  joint:  Bee  article.]   A  joint ;  specifically, 
one  of  the  joints  of  the  stem  of  a  crinoid. 
artiert,  «•    An  old  form  of  artery.    Marlowe. 
artifact   (iir'ti-fakt),  n.  and  a.     [<  L.  ar(t-)$, 
art,  +  f actus,  made:  see  fact.]    I.  n.  1.  Any- 
thing made  by  art;  an  artificial  product. —  2. 
A  natural  object  modified  by  human  art. 
Also  arte/actum. 

II.  a.  Not  natural,  but  produced  by  manipu- 
lation, as  some  microscopic  feature  in  a  hard- 
ened tissue. 

Also  spelled  artefact.     [Rare  in  all  senses.] 
artifex  (ar'ti-feks),  ».    [L. :  see  artifice.]    An 
artificer.     [Rare.] 

artifice  (ar'ti-fis),  n.     [<  F.  artifice,  skill,  cun- 
ning, <  L.  artificium,  a  craft,  employment,  art, 


327 

cunning  (of.  arUfex  (artific-),  artist,  master  in 
any  occupation),  <  ar(t-)s,  art,  skill,  +  facere, 
make.]     If.  The  art  of  making. 
Strabo  affirmeth  tie-  Britons  wen-  so  simple,  that  though 

they  abounded  in  milk,  they  had  not  the  urtifi f  cheese. 

Nic  /'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  312. 

2f.  An  ingenious  or  skilfully  contrived  work. 
The  material  universe,  which  is  the  artifice  of  God,  the 

inline,   of  the  best  mechanist. 

Cudworth,  Morality,  iv.  2,  §  13. 

Morality  is  not  the  artifice  of  ecclesiastics  orpoliticians. 

Ilihliothcea  Sacra,  XLIII.  53S. 

3.  Skill  in  designing  and  employing  expedi- 
ents; artful  contrivance ;  address;  trickery. 

His  [Congreve's]  plots  are  constructed  without  mucharti- 
fice.  Craik,  Hist,  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  257. 

4.  A  crafty  device ;  an  ingenious  expedient ; 
trick;  shift;  piece  of  finesse. 

'those  who  were  conscious  of  guilt  employed  numerous 
artifices  for  the  purpose  of  averting  inquiry. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
=  Syn.  Artifice,  Manceuver,  Stratagem,  Wile,  Trick,  Ruse, 
Finesse,  device,  contrivance,  cunning,  craft,  deception, 
cheat,  fraud,  guile,  imposition,  dodge,  subterfuge,  double- 
dealing.  These  words  generally  imply  a  careful  endeavor 
to  compass  an  end  by  deceiving  others,  not  necessarily, 
however,  with  evil  intent.  They  all  imply  management 
and  address.  An  artifice  is  prepared  with  art  or  care  ;  it 
is  craftily  devised.  Manceuver  suggests  something  more 
elaborate  or  intricate,  a  carefully  contrived  movement  or 
course  of  action  for  a  definite  purpose  ;  it  is  the  quiet  or 
secret  marshaling  of  one's  intellectual  or  other  resources 
to  carry  a  point.  Stratagem  is,  like  manceuver,  a  figura- 
tive term  drawn  from  war;  it  is  upon  a  larger  scale  what 
wile  is  upon  a  smaller,  a  device  to  deceive  one  who  is 
the  object  of  an  imagined  warfare,  so  that  we  may  catch 
him  at  a  disadvantage  and  discomfit  him,  or,  more  gener- 
ally, a  carefully  prepared  plan  to  carry  one's  point  with 
another— to  capture  it  or  him,  so  to  speak.  A  utile  may- 
be peculiarly  coaxing  or  insinuating.  Trick  is  the  lowest 
and  most  dishonorable  of  these  words ;  it  may  be  a  low 
or  underhand  act,  in  violation  of  honor  or  propriety,  bli- 
the purpose  of  cheating,  or  something  as  bad.  A  ruse  is 
a  deception  of  some  elaborateness,  intended  to  cover  one's 
intentions,  help  one  to  escape  from  a  predicament,  etc.; 
it  is  a  plausible  way  of  bringing  about  what  we  desire 
to  happen,  without  apparent  interference  on  our  part. 
Finesse  is  subtlety  in  action  ;  it  is  a  more  delicate  sort  of 
artifice.     See  artful,  evasion,  and /mm/. 

A  favorite  artifice  [with  Venetian  beggars]  is  to  ap- 
proach Charity  with  a  slice  of  polenta  in  one  hand,  and, 
with  the  other  extended,  implore  a  soldo  to  buy  cheese 
to  eat  with  the  polenta.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Pope  completely  succeeded  [in  startling  the  public]  by 
the  most  subtile  manoeuvres  imaginable. 

/.  If  Israeli,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  II.  100. 

This  gold  must  coin  a  stratagem, 
Which,  cunningly  effected,  will  beget 
A  very  excellent  piece  of  villainy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 
"Who  can  describe 
Women's  hypocrisies !  their  subtle  wiles. 
Betraying  smiles,  feigned  tears,  inconstancies ! 

Otway,  Orpheus, 
But,  Valentine  being  gone,  I'll  quickly  cross, 
By  some  sly  trie*,  blunt  Thurio's  dull  proceeding. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 
The  departure  of  the  Mahrattas  was  a  ruse.  .  .  .  Their 
object  in  leaving  the  Carnatic  was  to  blind  Chunder 
Sahib,  and  in  this  they  fully  succeeded. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  237. 

[Montluc]  was  not  provided  with  the  usual  means  which 
are  considered  most  efficient  in  elections,  nor  possessed  the 
interest  nor  the  splendor  of  his  powerful  competitors ;  he 
was  to  derive  all  his  resources  from  diplomatic  finesse. 

I.  D'lsraeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  261. 

artificer  (ar-tif'i-ser),  n.  [<  ME.  artificer  (cf. 
mod.  F.  artificier,  maker  of  fireworks,  <  ML. 
artificiarius,  artist,  artisan),  <  L.  artificium : 
see  artifice  and  -cA.]  1.  A  maker;  a  construc- 
tor ;  a  skilful  or  artistic  worker ;  a  handicrafts- 
man ;  a  mechanic. 

But  till  some  genius  as  universal  as  Aristotle  shall 
arise,  who  can  penetrate  into  all  arts  and  sciences  without 
the  practice  of  them,  I  shall  think  it  reasonable  that  the 
judgmentof  an  artificer  in  his  own  art  should  be  preferable 
to  the  opinion  of  another  man,  at  least  when  he  is  not 
bribed  by  interest,  or  prejudiced  by  malice. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  All  for  Love. 

Horrible  ant-heaps,  thick  with  their  artificers. 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  251. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  devises;  an  inventor; 
especially,  au  inventor  of  crafty  or  fraudulent 
artifices:  as,  ''artificer  of  fraud,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
iv.  121;  "artificer  of  lies,"  Dryden;  "let  you 
alone,  cunning  artificer,"  B.  Jonson. — 3.  Milit., 
a  soldier-mechanic  attached  to  the  artillery 
and  engineer  service,  whose  duty  it  is  to  con- 
struct and  repair  military  materials. — 4f.  One 
who  uses  artifice;  an  artful  or  wily  person. 
—Artificers'  knot,  a  knot  consisting  of  two  half-hitches 
that  jam  tiebt  when  pulled.  See  knot. 
artificial  (ar-ti-nsh'al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  arti- 
ficial, <  L.  artifieialis,  of  or  belonging  to  art,  < 
artificium,  art,'  skill,  theory,  system,  etc. :  see 
artifice.]  I.  a.  If.  Of  or  pertaining  to  art ;  in 
accordance  with  flic  rubs  of  art  ;  technical. — 
2.  Contrived  with  skill  or  art ;  artistically  done 
or  represented ;  elaborate. 


artificially 

It  [a  picture]  tutors  nature    <w  lificial  strife 
Lives  in  these  touches,  livelier  than  life. 

Shak.,  T,  of  v.,  i.  1. 

Some  birds  build  highly  artificial  nests. 

3.  Made  or  contrived  by  art,  or  by  human 
skill  and  labor:  opposed  to  natural:  as,  arti- 
ficial heat  or  light ;  an  artificial  magnet. 

That  is  the  pattern  of  his  father's  glory  : 
Dwell  but  amongst  us,  industry  shall  strive 
To  make  another  artificial  nature, 
And  change  all  other  seasons  Into  ours. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iv.  1. 
All  artificial  .sources  of  light  depend  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  light  during  incandescence,     l.ouunel,  bight,  p.  '_'. 

4.  Made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a  substitute  for 
that  which  is  natural  or  real :  as,  artificial  pearls 
or  diamonds;  artificial  flowers. —  5.  Feigned; 
fictitious  ;  assumed;  affected;  constrained;  not 
genuine  or  natural :  said  of  things. 

I  ran  .  .  . 
Wet  my  cheeks  with  artificial  tears, 
And  frame  my  face  to  all"  occasions, 

Shak.,  ::  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

O  let  them  [the  linnets)  ne'er  with  artificial  note, 
To  pleasea  tyrant,  strain  the  little  bill, 
But  sing  what  Heaven  inspires,  and  wander  where  they  will. 

Beattie. 

The  whole  artificial  dialect  of  books  has  come  into  play 
as  the  dialect  of  ordinary  life.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

6.  Full  of  affectation;  not  natural:  said  of  per- 
sons. 

Cities  force  growth,  and  make  men  talkative  and  enter- 
taining, but  they  make  them  artificial.  Emerson,  Farming. 

7f.  Artful;  subtle;  crafty;  ingenious. 

We,  Hermia,  like  two  artificial  gods, 

Have,  with  our  needles,  created  both  one  flower. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 
Artificial  argument,  in  rhet.,  an  argument  invented  by 
the  speaker,  in  distinction  from  laws,  authorities,  etc., 
which  are  called  inartificial  arguments  or  proofs.  — Arti- 
ficial caoutchouc.  See  caoutchouc.  —  Artificial  cinna- 
bar. See  cinnabar.—  Artificial  classification,  in  not. 
hut.,  a  method  of  arrangement  by  a  few  prominent  points 
of  resemblance  or  difference,  without  reference  to  natu- 
ral affinities,  the  chief  object  being  convenience  and 
facility  of  determination.— Artificial  day.  See  day.— 
Artificial  gems,  imitations  of  gems,  made  of  a  kind  of 
glass  called  paste  or  strass,  mixed  with  metallic  oxids 
capable  of  producing  the  desired  color.—  Artificial  har- 
mony. See  harmony.—  Artificial  horizon,  see  hori- 
zon.— Artificial  light,  any  light  except  what  proceeds 
from  the  heavenly  bodies.  — Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector 
or  scale,  lines  so  contrived  as  to  represent  the  logarith- 
mic sines  and  tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of 
numbers,  solve  with  tolerable  exactness  questions  in 
trigonometry,  navigation,  etc.— Artificial  marble.  See 
marble.—  Artificial  meerschaum.  See  meerschaum.— 
Artificial  mineral,  a  mineral  made  in  the  lain  u-atory,  not 
by  processes  of  nature  alone.—  Artificial  mother.  See 
brooder.— Artificial  numbers,  logarithms.— Artificial 
person.  See  person.— Artificial  printing,  a  method 
of  printing  from  an  etched  plate  in  which  the  print  owes 
more  or  less  of  its  tone  to  the  way  in  which  the  ink  has 
been  spread  over  the  plate,  whether  by  playing  over  the 
surface  with  a  soft  muslin  rag  rolled  together,  by  tinting 
with  a  stiff  rag,  or  by  wiping  with  the  rag  only.  In  arti- 
ficial printing  difference  of  tone  is  also  obtained  by  in- 
creasing or  diminishing  the  pressure,  and  by  variety  of 
texture  in  the  muslin  rags  used.  Also  called  artistic  print- 
ing.—  Artificial  sines,  tangents,  etc,  the  logarithms  of 
the  natural  sines,  tangents,  etc.  =  Syn.  3.  Manufactured. 
— 4  and  5.  Sham,  pretended,  spurious.— 4-6.  Unnatural, 
etc.    See  factitious. 

II.  n.  1.  A  production  of  art.  Sir  W.  Petty. 
[Rare.]  —  2f.  An  artificer;  an  artisan. 

No,  sir,  ye  are  deceived,  I  am  no  peasant ;  I  am  Bunch 

the  botcher  :  peasants  he  ploughmen  ;  I  am  an  artificial. 

Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goetli  to  the  Wall,  iii.  6. 

artificiality  (iir-ti-fish-i-al'i-ti),  ».;  pi.  artifi- 
cialities (-tiz).  [<  artificial  +  -ity.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  artificial;  appearance  of  art; 
insincerity. 

It  is  a  curious  commentary  on  the  artificiality  of  our 
lives,  that  men  must  be  disguised  and  masked  before  they 
will  venture  into  the  obscure  corners  of  their  individu- 
ality, and  display  the  true  features  of  their  nature. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  55. 

2.  That  which  is  artificial ;  an  artificial  thing 
or  characteristic. 

artificialize  (ar-ti-nsh'al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
artificialized,  ppr.  arUficializing.     [<  artificial 
+  -i;e.]     To  render  artificial.     [Rare.] 
It  has  artificialized  large  portions  of  mankind. 

J.  S.  Mill.  Pol.  Econ.,  ii.  12. 

artificially  (iir-ti-fish'al-i),  adv.  1.  In  an  arti- 
ficial manner  ;  by  art  or  human  skill  and  con- 
trivance. 

The  entire  spot,  church,  mansion,  cottages,  and  people, 
form  a  piece  of  ancient  England  artificially  preserved 
from  the  intrusion  of  modern  ways. 

Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  233. 

2f.  With  good  contrivance  ;  with  skill  or  inge- 
nuity. 

A  grove  of  stately  trees,  amongst  which   are  shei  pi 
shepherds  and  wild  beasts,  cut  very  artificially  in  a  grey 
stone.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct,  17, 1644. 

The  spider's  wet),  finely  and  artificially  wrought 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xv. 


artificially 

3.  Artfully;  craftily.     [Rare.] 

There  was  not,  perhaps,  in  all  England  a  person  who 
understood  more  artificially  to  dis-uise  Iu-r  passions  than 
the  late  queen.  Sunjl,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

artificialness  (ar-ti-fish'al-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  artificial. 

artificioust  (iir-ti-fish'us).  a.  [<  F.  artificieux,  < 
L.  artificiosus,  made  with  art,  artificial,  <  arU- 
Jieiiim,  art,  etc.:  see  artifice.]  Same  as  arti- 
ficial. 

artilizet  (ar'ti-liz),  v.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  artilieed, 
ppr.  artili-imj.  [<  OF.  artialiser,  make  artificial 
(Cotgrave),  as  if  <  *artial,  adj..  <  art  +  -ial: 
see  art,  -al,  -ize,  and  ef.  natur-al-ize.  Cf.  also 
OF.  ar tiller,  fortify,  equip,  also  prepare  or  do 
with  art:  see  artiUerJ]  To  give  an  appearance 
of  art  to;  render  artificial.     [Bare.] 

If  I  was  a  philosopher,  says  Montaigne,!  would  natural- 
ize art,  instead  of  artilizing  nature.  The  expression  is 
odd,  but  the  sense  is  good.  Bolingbroke,  To  Pope. 

artillert,  ».  [ME.,  also  arteller,  <  OF.  artiller, 
artillier,  arteiller  (also  arttculii  r,  after  the  ML.) 
=  Sp.  artiUero  =  I'g.  artilheiro  =  It.  arUgliere 
(ML.  reflex  artiUerus,  etc.),  <  ML.  *articulari- 

us  (cf.  OF.  artillcr,  artillier,  fortify,  equip,  pro- 
vide with  artillery,  also  prepare  or  do  with  art, 
=  Sp.  artillar  =  Pg.  artilhar  =  It.  artigliare, 
provide  with  artillery,  <  ML.  *articulare),  < 
ML.  articula,  art,  arHculum,  art,  artifice,  skill, 
dim.  of  L.  ar(t-)s,  art.  Cf.  engine  and  gin*,  ult. 
<  L.  ingenium,  genius,  skill.  The  word  has 
also  been  referred  to  L.  articidus  (>  OF.  arteil, 
artoil),  a  joint,  dim.  of  L.  artus,  a  joint,  which 
is  closely  related.]  A  maker  of  implements  of 
war,  especially,  a  bowyer. 
artillerist  (ar-til'e-rist),  ».    [<  artillery  +  -is*.] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  designing  and  construct- 
ing artillery. 

Our  artillerists  have  paid  more  attention  ...  to  the  de- 
Btructive  properties  ...  of  cannon  than  to  .  .  .  range. 
R.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  256. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  artillery;  a  gun- 
ner ;  an  artilleryman. 

artillery  (ar-til'e-ri),  n.  [<  ME.  artylerye,  ar- 
tylrie,  arUlrie,  artelrie,  etc.,  <  OF.  artillerie, 
arteillerie  =  Pr.  artilheria  =  Sp.  artilh  rin  =  Pg. 
artiUtaria  =  It.  artiglieria  (ML.  reflex  artilla- 
ria,  nrtilleria),  <  ML.  as  if  "articularia,  fem.  ab- 
stract to  *nitieu/ariits :  see  artiller  and  -cry.] 
If.  Implements  of  war :  in  this  sense  formerly 
with  a  plural. 

With  toures  suche  as  have  castiles  and  other  maner  edi- 
fices, and  armure,  and  artilries. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 
In  particular — 2f.  Engines  fordischarging  mis- 
siles, as  catapults,  bows,  crossbows,  slings,  etc. 

And  Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  his  lad,  and  said 
unto  hiiu,  Go,  carry  them  to  the  city.  1  Sam.  xx.  40. 

The  Parthians,  having  all  their  hope  in  artillery,  over- 
came the  Romans  oftener  than  the  Romans  them.  A  seha  in. 

3.  In  modern  use,  properly,  all  firearms  dis- 
charged from  carriages,  in  contradistinction  to 
small  arms,  which  are  discharged  from  the 
hand;  cannon;  ordnance.  Guns,  howitzers,  and 
mortars  are  the  three  kinds  of  artillery  employed  in  the 
land  service  of  the  United  States.  They  are  classified  as 
light  and  heavy  artillery,  according  t<>  their  character,  and 
as  field.  si. ye,  and  tea-coast  artillery,  according  to  their 
principal  use.    See  phrases  below. 

Hence — 4.  The  particular  troops  employed  in 
the  service  of  such  firearms. —  5.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  use  and  management  of  ord- 
nance—  Artillery  fire.  See  fire—  Field-artillery. 
Same  as  Tight  artillery,  but  often  used  specifically  tor/oot- 
artillery,  the  heaviest  class  of  field-artillery.  —  Flying  ar- 
tillery, artillery  designed  for  very  rapid  evolutions,  the 
gunners  being  either  all  mounted  or  accustomed  to  ride  up- 
on the  ammunition-chests  when  the  pieces  are  to  be  dragged 
from  one  part  of  the  field  to  another. —  Foot-artillery, 
field-artillery  which  is  served  by  artillerymen  on  foot,  as 
distinguished  from  horse-artillery.  It  is  used  in  connec- 
tion wit],  infantry.  -Heavy  artillery,  all  artillery  not 
formed  into  batteries  or  equipped  lor  field  evolutions;  it 
is  divided  Into  siege  and  tea-coast  artillery.  —  Horse-ar- 
tillery, light  field-  or  machine-guns,  of  which  the  can- 
noneers in  maneuvering  or  marching  an-  mounted  on 
horseback.  It  generally  accompanies  cavalry,  Light 
artillery, artillery  tor  service  in  the  field.  It  1b organized 
into  batteries,  and  is  armed  with  guns  of  different  cali- 
b  re  according  to  its  special  function,  ami  with  machine- 
guns,  ami  includes  Hying  artilli  rj  toot-  oi  fit  id  artillery, 
hoi  .-artillery,  and  mountain  artillery.  Also  railed  field- 
artillery.-  Mountain-artillery,  light  artillery  of  small 
caliber,  used  in  mountain  warfare,  and  moulded  either  on 
light  carriages  or  on  park  animals  lor  transportation.— 
Park  of  artillery.  See  park.  Royal  regiment  of  ar- 
tillery, a  collective  name  lor  the  whole  ol  the  artillery 
belonging  to  the  Itritish  arm)  I  In  force  i-  divided  into 
a  number  ol  brigades,  which  in  respect  ol  size  would  -  oi 

res], oml  with  the  ivL'i tits  into  which  the  other  I 

arc  divided. -Sea-coast  artillery,  artilh  irj tlngot 

gun   "'  th,  heaviest  caliber,  used  forthearmai t  of  pel 

inaiient  works,  chiefly  on  the  sea-coast.    Their  carriagi    do 

notsubservi  th<   purposi  oftran  portatlon     t 'distinct 

systems  of  mounting  are  used  with  such  artillery,  name- 
ly, the  su-ye-,  the  casemat  ,  the  barbette-,  and  tic:'  mortar- 


328 

Carriage.—  Siege-artillery,  artillery  used  in  attacking 
fortified  places,  and.  when  it  accompanies  armies  in  their 
operations  in  war.  mounted  on  carriages  for  transporta- 
tion ;  when  employed  in  the  defense  of  field-works  it  is 
sometimes  called  garrison-artillery. — Train  of  artillery, 
a  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance,  mounted  on  carriages, 
with  all  their  furniture,  and  ready  for  marching. 

artillery-carriage  (;ir-til'e-ri-kar"aj),  n.  See 
gun-carriage. 

artillery-level  (ar-til'e-ri-lev'el),  n.  An  in- 
strument for  indicating  the  angle  of  elevation 
which  it  is  desired  to  give  to  a  piece  of  artillery 
m  arming.  It  is  made  to  stand  on  the  piece,  and 
marks,  by  means  of  a  pendulous  pointer,  the  angle  made 
by  the  axis  of  the  piece  with  the  horizon. 

artilleryman  (iir-til'e-ri-man),  n.;  pi.  artillery- 
mi  n  (-men).  [<  artillery  '+  man.]  One  who 
serves  a  piece  of  artillery  or  cannon ;  a  soldier 
in  the  artillery  corps. 

artillery-plant  (ar-tdl'e-ri-plant),  n.  A  name 
given  to  some  cultivated  species  of  Pilea,  as  P. 
serpyllifolia  and  P.  museosa,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America.  The  name  has  allusion  to  the  forcible 
discharge  of  the  pollen  from  the  anthers  by  the  sudden 
straightening  of  the  elastic  filaments. 

artimorantico  (ar-ti-ro6r-an-te'ko),?i.  An  alloy 
imitating  old  gold,  composed  of  tin,  bismuth, 
sulphur,  and  copper. 

artiodactyl,  artiodactyle  (iir'ti-o-dak'til),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  artiodactylus,  <  Gr.  aprioc,  even  in 
number,  complete,  perfect;  exact  (<  apri,  just, 
exactly,  just  now,  <  \f  *ap,  join,  fit,  reclupl. 
pres.  apaptanetv:  see  or/3,  arm2,  etc.),  +  6aKTv7j>c, 
a  finger,  toe :  see  dactyl.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Artiodactyla ;  cloven-footed;  even- 
toed.  Also  artiodactylous. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Artiodactyla. 

Artiodactyla  (iir"ti-o-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  artiodactylus :  Bee  artiodactyl.]  An 
order  or  a  suborder  of  ungulate  or  hoofed  mam- 
mals which  are  cloven-footed  or  even-toed  and 
have  hoofs  in  pairs  (either  two  or  four),  as  all 
ruminants  (Bovidm,  Cervidce,  etc.)  and  hog-like 
ungulates  (Hippopotamidce,  Suidce,  etc.):  op- 
posed to  odd-toed  ungulates  or  Perissodactyla, 
as  the  horse,  rhinoceros,  tapir,  etc.  The  charac- 
ter indicated  in  the  name  is  only  one  expression  of  a  wide 
difference  which  exists  between  all  the  living  ungulates  of 
the  two  series  named,  though  various  extinct  forms  go  far 
toward  bridging  over  the  gap  between  them.  The  func- 
tional digits  of  the  Artiodactyla  are  the  third  ami  fourth 
of  the  typical  pentadactyl  foot,  forming  the  pair  of  large 
true  hoofs,  in  addition  to  which  there  may  be  present  a 
pair  (second  and  fifth)  of  smaller  hoofed  digits,  the  false 
hoofs.  The  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  are  correspond- 
ingly modified,  in  typical  cases  by  the  reduction  of  the  lat- 
eral ones  (second  and  fifth)  and  the  ankylosis  of  the  en- 
larged third  and  fourth  into  a  stout  single  canon-bone. 


ABC 

Artiodactyl  Feet. 

A,  Yak  (Bos  gruiiniens).  B,  Moose  {Aires  malchis).  C,  Peccary 
(DicotyUs  torquatus).  Left  fore  foot  of  each,  s,  scaphoid;  /,  lu- 
nar ;  c.  cuneiform ;  /,  trapezoid ;  m,  inagnum  :  It,  unciform  ;  p, 
pisiform;  //,  ///,  /K,  /',  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  digits;  I, 
proximal  phalanx  :  2,  median  phalanx  ;  t,  ultimate  phalanx.  The 
fifth  digit  of  moose  is  moved  outward  to  show  its  length.  In  Bos  and 
Alcts  metacarpals  ///  and  /Kare  fused  in  a  single  canon-bone. 

There  are  also  modifications  of  the  carpal  and  tarsal  bones. 
The  femur  has  a  third  trochanter.  The  dorsolumbar  ver- 
tebra- are,  in  general,  lit:  dorsal  12-15,  lumbar  7-4.  The 
premaxillary  bones  are  more  or  less  flattened  toward  their 
ends,  and  ill  the  ruminants  bear  no  teeth.  The  stomach 
is  more  or  less  subdivided  and  complex.  This  group  in- 
cludes all  the  ungulate  (not  the  solidungulate.  however) 
animals  domesticated  from  time  immemorial .  as  the  rumi- 
nants and  the  pigs,  all  the  wild  ruminants,  as  the  deer  and 
antelopes,  and  the  peccaries  and  hippopotamuses. 

artiodactyle,  ».  and  n.     See  artiodactyl. 

artiodactylous  Oii'"ti-o-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [Asar- 
tiodactyl  +  -««.«.]    Same  as  artiodactyl. 

artisan  (iir'ti-zan,  in  England  often  iir-li-zan'), 
ii.  [Also  artiz'an  ;  <  F.  artisan,  earlier  arUsien, 
artist,  =  Sp.  urtesano  =  Pg.  artisan  =  It.  arti- 
iiiiino  (ML.  reflex  artesanus),  <  ML.  *artitianus, 

<  L  iirlilns.  skilled,  pp.  of  arlire,  instruct  in 
arts,  <  ar(t-)s,  art,  skill:   see  art-.]      1.    One 


artless 

skilled  in  any  art,  mystery,  or  trade ;  a  handi- 
craftsman; a  mechanic. 

The  painter  who  is  content  with  the  praise  of  the  world 
in  respect  to  what  does  not  satisfy  himself,  is  not  an  artist, 
but  an  artisan.  .1  llston. 

The  soldier  was  on  a  sudden  converted  into  an  artisan, 
and,  instead  of  war,  the  camp  echoed  with  the  sounds  of 
peaceful  labor.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  lsa.,  1. 15. 

2t.  One  skilled  in  a  fine  art ;  an  artist. 
Best  and  happiest  artisan, 
Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

artist  (ar'tist),  n.  [<  F.  artiste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  ar- 
tista,  <  ML.  artista,  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  art:  see  art2  and 
-ist.]  If.  A  person  of  especial  skill  or  ability 
in  any  field  ;  one  who  is  highly  accomplished ; 
especially,  one  versed  in  the  liberal  arts. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.3. 
Some  will  make  me  the  pattern  of  ignorance  for  mak- 
ing this  Scaliger  [Julius  Caesar]  the  pattern  of  the  general 
artist,  whose  own  son  Joseph  might  have  been  his  father 
in  many  arts.  Fuller. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  trade ;  one  who  is  master 
of  a  manual  art ;  a  good  workman  in  any  trade : 
as,  a  tonsorial  artist.  [Obsolete,  colloquial,  or 
vulgar.  ] 

When  I  made  this  an  artist  undertook  to  imitate  it,  but 
using  another  way,  fell  much  short.  .\eirton. 

"You  shall  have  no  cause  to  rue  the  delay,"  said  the 
smith,  "  for  your  horse  shall  be  better  fed  in  the  mean- 
time than  he  hath  been  this  morning,  and  made  titter  for 
travel."  With  that  the  artist  left  the  vault,  and  returned 
after  a  few  minutes  interval.         Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 

3.  One  who  practises  any  one,  or  any  branch, 
of  the  fine  arts ;  specifically,  a  painter  or  a 
sculptor. 

Miss  Sharp's  father  was  an  artist,  and  in  that  quality  had 
given  lessons  of  drawing  in  Miss  P.'s  school. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  ii. 
Love,  unperceived, 
A  more  ideal  artist  he  than  all, 
Came,  drew  your  pencil  from  you. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

4.  A  member  of  one  of  the  histrionic  profes- 
sions, as  an  actor,  a  tenor,  or  a  dancer. —  5.  In 
universities,  a  student  in  the  faculty  of  arts. 

—  6f.  One  who  practises  artifice;  a  trickster, 
artiste  (tir-test'),  v.    [F.,  an  artist:  see  artist.] 

One  who  is  peculiarly  dexterous  or  skilful  in 
the  practice  of  some  art  not  one  of  the  fine 
arts;  one  who  makes  an  art  of  his  employ- 
ment, as  a  dancer,  a  hair-dresser,  or  a  cook : 
same  as  artist,  2  and  4. 
artistic  (ar-tis'tik),  a.  [<  F.  artistiquc,  <  artiste : 
see  artist  and  -ic]  Pertaining  to  art  in  any 
sense,  or  to  artists  ;  characterized  by  or  in  con- 
formity with  art  or  with  an  art ;  displaying  per- 
fection of  design  or  conception  and  execution  ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
art  in  the  esthetic  sense ;  pertaining  to  one  of 
the  fine  arts. 

To  be  artistic,  that  is,  to  excite  the  feeling  of  beauty 
effectually,  the  notes  [of  a  song]  must  not  be  all  forte  or 
all  piano ;  and  the  execution  is  the  finer  the  more  numer- 
ous the  gTadations  —  supposing  these  are  such  as  to  satisfy 
other  requirements.    H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  537. 

Artistic  printing,  in  etching,  same  as  artificial  print- 
ing (which  see,  under  artificial.), 
artistical  (Sr-tis'ti-kal),  a.    1.  Same  as  artistic. 

—  2f.  Produced  by  art ;  artificial. 
artistically  (Sr-tis'ti-kal-i),  ado.    In  an  artistic 

manner. 
artist-like  (iir'tist-lik),  a.     1.  Befitting  an  ar- 
tist.—  2.  Executed  in  the  manner  of  an  artist ; 
conformahle  to  the  rules  of  art. 

To  this  day,  though  we  have  more  finished  drawings,  we 
have  no  designs  that  are  more  artist-like. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  xvii.  2. 

artistry  (iir'tis-tri),  n.   [<  artist+  -ry :  see  -cry.] 

1.  Artistic  pursuits  collectively.     Browning. — 

2.  Artistic  workmanship  or  effect;  artistic 
quality. 

'the  scene  overbowered  by  these  heavenly  frescoes, 
moldering  there  in  their  airy  artistry  ' 

II.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  203. 

Artium  Baccalaureus  (iir'ti-um  bak-a-la're- 
us).  [ML.,  NL.]  Bachelor  of  Arts.  SeeSacftetof. 

Artium  Magister  (ar'ti-um  ma-jis'ter).   [ML., 
NL.]     Master  of  Arts.     See  master. 

artizet  (iir'tiz),  v.   [<  art"  +  -fee.]    I.  trans.  To 
form  by  art. 

II.  in  trans.  To  live  by  or  exercise  an  art. 
riorin. 

artless  (ftrt'les),  ".      [<  art-  +  -less.]      1.   Un- 
skilful; wanting  art,  knowledge,  or  skill. 

The  high-shocd  plowman,  should  he  quit  the  land,  .  .  . 
Artless  of  stars,  and  of  the  moving  sand. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ivrsius,  Satires,  v.  149. 

In  early  times  very  little  that  resembles  modern  joinery 
was  known  ;  every  part  was  rude,  and  joined  in  the  most 
artiest  manner.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  485. 


artless 

2.  Without  knowledge  of  art;  ignorant  of  the 
fine  arts.     [Rare.] 

And  as  for  Mr.  Elusion's  world  of  art  being  :i  place 
where  he  mas  t : i  k < ■  life  easily,  woe  t.i  the  luckless  mortal 
who  enters  it  with  any  such  disposition.  .  .  .  The  poor 
wanderer  soon  begins  to  look  ba<  k  with  infinite  longing 
to  tile  lost  paradise  uf  the  artless. 

11.  Ja/me8,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  68. 

3.  Showing  no  artistic  skill ;  inartistic  ;  rude. 
[Rare.] 

Had  it  been  .1  practice  <>f  the  Saxons  to  set  up  these 
assemblages  of  artless  and  massy  pillars,  more  specimens 
would  have  remained.      T.  Warttm,  Hist,  of  Kiadington. 

4.  Free  from  guile,  craft,  or  stratagem ;  simple ; 
sincere;  unaffected;  undesigning;  unsophisti- 
cated :  as,  an  artless  mind. 

The  little  artless  Rosey  warbled  on  her  pretty  ditties. 
Thackeray,  The  Newcomes,  II.  58. 
=  Syn,  4.  Guileless,  open,  candid,  frank,  natural,  unaf- 
fected, ingenuous,  simple-minded,  naive,  honest. 
artlessly  (Srt'les-U),  adv.  In  an  artless  man- 
ner, (o)  Without  art  or  skill.  [Rare.]  (ft)  With- 
out guile ;  naturally ;  sincerely  ;  unaffectedly. 

Some  buds  she  arranged  with  a  vast  deal  of  care, 
To  look  as  if  artlessly  twined  in  her  hair. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

artlessness  (iirt'les-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  artless  ;  simplicity  ;  sincerity  ;  unaffect- 
cdness. 

artlyt  (art'li),  a.  [<  ar&  +  4yl.]  Artistic; 
skilful;  artful.     [Rare.] 

Their  artly  and  pleasing  relation. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  ix.  212. 

artocarpad  (ar-to-kiir'pad),  n.  A  member  of 
the  tribe  Artocarpea:     IAndley. 

Artocarpeae  (ar-to-kar'pe-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
tocarpus,  q.  v.]  '  A  tribe  of  trees  or  shrubs 
under  the  natural  order  Urticacece,  but  by  some 
botanists  retained  as  a  distinct  order,  charac- 
terized generally  by  a  milky  juice,  small  uni- 
sexual flowers  numerous  upon  a  fleshy  recep- 
tacle, erect  anthers,  and  pendulous  ovules. 
There  are  about  25  genera,  including  the  fig  (Ficus),  the 
cow- tree (Brosivwm),  the  upas (Antiaris),  the  india-rubber 
tree  of  Central  America  'Castilloa),  and  the  breadfruit 
(Artocarpus).  The  tribe  is  mostly  tropical,  and  is  repre- 
sented in  the  United  States  only  by  a  few  species  of  Ficus 
in  southern  Florida. 

artocarpous,  artocarpeous  (ar-to-kiir'pus, 
-pe-us),  a.  [<  NL.  Artocarpus  +  -ons,  -cons,  q.  v.] 
Relating  to  the  Artocarpea;,  or  to  the  breadfruit- 
tree. 

Artocarpus  (ar-to-kiir'pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apror,  bread  (of  unknown  origin),  +  napnor, 
fruit.]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees,  natural  order 
Urticacece,  tribe  Artocarpea.  Many  species  are 
known,  some  of  which  in  the  forests  of  Bengal  and  Mala- 
bar yield  valuable  timber,  called  angU&wood.  The  most 
important  species  is  A.  incisa,  the  breadfruit-tree  of  the 
South  Sea  islands.  See  breadfruit-tree.  The  jaca-tree  or 
jack-tree,  ,1.  inteyrifolia,  is  the  breadfruit  of  tropical  Asia, 
where  it  is  extensively  used  for  food.    See  jaelcfruit. 

artolatert,  «■•  [<  Gr.  apTor,  bread,  +  -"Aarpnc, 
worship.   Bee  artolatry.]   A  worshiper  of  bread. 

artolatryt  (ar-tol'a-tri),  it.  [<  Gr.  aoroc,  bread, 
+  htrpela,  worship.]  The  worship  of  bread, 
especially  in  the  mass  or  eueharist. 

artole  (ar'to-le),  n.  An  East  Indian  weight, 
equal  to  90  grains  troy. 

artophorion  (ar-td-fo'ri-on),  n. ;  pi.  artophoria 
(-a).  [Gr.  aprcnpSpiov,  a  pyx,  a  bread-basket 
(cf.  aproipdpnr,  holding  bread),  <  apror,  bread,  + 
-(popor,  <  (pipew  =  E.  far1.]  In  the  Or.  Clt.,  a 
pyx.     J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i. 

artotype  (ar'to-tlp),  n.  [Irreg.  <  art'2  +  type.] 
A  form  of  photolithograph  printed  in  ink  from 
a  photographic  plate  in  bichromated  gelatin. 

artotypy  (ar'to-tl-pi),  n.  The  art  or  process 
of  making  artotypes. 

Artotyrite  (ar-to-fi'iit),  n.  [<  LL.  Artotyritw, 
pi.,  <  Gr.  apro-i'poc,  bread  and  cheese,  <  apror, 
bread,  +  rvpor,  cheese.  Cf.  butter.']  One  of  a 
sect  in  the  primitive  church  who  used  bread 
and  cheese  in  the  eueharist,  alleging  that  the 
first  oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the 
earth  and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They 
admitted  women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

artsman  (iirts'man),  n. ;  pi.  artsmen  (-men). 
[<  art's,  poss.  of  art2,  +  man.  Cf.  craftsman.] 
A  man  skilled  in  an  art  or  in  the  arts ;  espe- 
cially, a  learned  man;  a  scholar.     [Archaic] 

The  pith  of  all  sciences  which  maketh  the  artsman  differ 
from  the  inexpert  is  in  the  middle  proposition. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  xiii.  §  2. 
The  triumphs  of  an  artsman 
O'er  all  infirmities. 

Massinger,  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  4. 
No  artsman  is  literally  without  conscious  and  systema- 
tized, selected  knowledge,  w  hjch  is  science ;  and  no  scien- 
tific man  can  remain  absolutely  inoperative. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  ad  ser.,  p.  195. 


I     Hi  11 

Wake-robin  {Arum  maeulatum). 


f!29 
art-union  (art'u-nypn),  n.    An  association  or 

society  the  object  of  which  is  to  cultivate  nil, 

to  aid  is  extending  the  knowledge  of  and  love 
ft  >r  t  lie  arts  of  design,  or  to  give  encouragement 
and  aid  to  artists.  The  method  employed  by  associa- 
tions called  art  unions  has  been  usually  the  distribution 
of  works  of  art  by  lot  among  subscribers  to  their  funds, 
this  distribution  being  the  chief  inducement  for  subscrip- 
tion. Such  art-unions  were  at  one  time  numerous  in  the 
I'nited  States,  but  they  were  generally  declared  by  the 
courts  to  be  of  the  nature  of  lotteries,  and  therefore  illegal. 

artus  (ar'tus),  v.;  pi.  artus.  [L.,  a  joint,  a 
limb:  see  article.]  Inanat.,  a  limb;  a  member; 
an  extremity — Artus  abdominalis,  artus  pelvt- 
CUS,  artus  posticus,  the  abdominal,  pelvic,  or  hind  limb. 
—Artus  anticus,  axtus  pectoralis,  the  fore  limb,  or 
pectoral  limb. 
art-wormt,  »•     [As  art(er)  +  worm.]     Same  as 

arter. 
Arum  (ii'runi),  n.  [L.,  also  (iron,  <  Gr.  apov, 
the  wake-robin.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Aracece,  na- 
tives of  Europe 
and  of  regions 
bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean. 
The  only  British  spe- 
i  ies  i>  A.  maeulatum 
(wake-robin,  cuckoo- 
pint,  or  lords-and- 
ladii  s),  the  root  of 
which  yields  a  starch 
known  as  Portland 
sago  or  arrowroot. 
See  also  cut  under 
A  racecR. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  name 
given  in  the 
United  States  to 
plants  belonging 
to  the  order  Aracece,  but  not  to  the  genus 
Arum  (although  some  of  them  were  formerly  so 
classed),  as  the  arrow-arum  (Peltandra  Virgini- 
ca),  the  dragon-arum  (Arisa-ma  Dracontium), 
and  the  water-arum  (Calla  pahistris). 
Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  Earl  of  Arundel,  particularly  to  Thomas  How- 
ard, Earl  of  Arundel  and  of  Norfolk  (1592-1646). 
—  Arundelian  or  Arundel  marbles.  See  marble. 
arundiferous  (ar-un-dif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aritu- 
difer,  barundifer,  cane-bearing,  <  Itarttndo, reed, 
cane,  +ferre  =  'E.  bear1.]  Producing  reeds  or 
canes. 

arundinaceous  (a-run-di-na'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
arundinaeeus,  harundinaeeus,  like  a  reed,  <  ba- 
rundo  (-din-),  a  reed,  cane.]  Pertaining  to  a 
reed;  resembling  a  reed  or  cane. 
Arundinaria  (a-run-ili-na/ri-a),  m.  [NL.,  < 
Arttudo  (Aritndin-)  +  -aria.]  A  genus  of  tall 
woody  grasses,  allied  to  the  bamboo,  includ- 
ing about  25  species  of  America  and  Asia. 
A.  macrosperma,  the  cane  of  the  southern  I'nited  states, 
and  A.  tecta,  the  small  or  switch  cane,  are  the  only  bain- 
busaeeous  species  that  are  found  in  North  America  north 
of  Mexico.  The  cane  ranges  from  Texas  to  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  occupying  rich  river-bottoms  and  forming  dense 
cane-brakes.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  from  10  to  40  feet, 
rarely  producing  seed.  It  is  used  for  fishing-rods  and  va- 
rious other  purposes,  and  cattle  and  hogs  are  fond  of  the 
young  plants  and  the  seeds. 
arundineoUS  (ar-un-din'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  arundi- 
neus,  barundineus,  reedy,  like  a  reed,  <  bar-undo 
(-din-),  a  reed.]  Resembling  a  reed;  reedy. 
Arundinicola  (a-run-di-nik'o-lii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
L.  arundo,  barttndo  (-din-),  reed,  +  colerc,  in- 
habit.] A  genus  of  South  American  clama- 
torial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  TyrannUke. 
A.  leucocepbala  and  A.  dontinicana  are  two  Bra- 
zilian species.  Lafresnaye,  1839. 
arundinose  (a-run'di-nos),  a.  [<  L.  arundino- 
stts.  better  Karundinosus,  abounding  in  reeds,  < 
barundo  (-din-),  a  reed.]  Abounding  iu  reeds. 
Arundo  (a-run'dd),  n.  [L.  arundo,  better  ba- 
nt udo,  a  reed.]  A  genus  of  tall  reedy  grasses, 
with  large,  dense  flowering  panicles.  There  are 
6  or  7  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  of  which 
A.  Donax  is  the  most  common,  a  native  of  the  south  of 
Kurope.  Egypt,  and  tin'  I'.ast,  anil  also  found  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  America.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated, 
and  attains  a  height  of  9  or  10  feet,  or  even  more,  with 
broad  anil  long  h  aves.  Its  canes  or  stems  are  imported 
from  Spain  and  Portugal  for  the  use  of  weavers  and  for 
fishing-rods. 
arura  (a-ro'rii),  n.  [<  Gr.  apovpa,  tilled  or  arable 
land,  ground,  a  measure  of  land  in  Egypt,  < 
apdeiv,  plow,  =  L.  ararc,  plow:  see  arable.]  An 
ancient  Egyptian  measure  of  surface,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus  the  square  of  100  cubits, 
which  would  be  27.35  ares,  or  0.676  of  an  Eng- 
lish acre.  Under  Roman  rule  in  Egypt  another  arura 
was  established,  equal  to  2  jugera,  which  was  *$■  of  the 
old  arura.    Also  spelled  aroura. 

aruspex,  aruspice  (a-rus'peks,  -pis),  it. ;  pi. 
aruspices  (-pi-sez).     See  barus)><  x. 
aruspicy  (a-rus'pi-si),  n.    See  haruspicy. 


ary 

arval1,  arvel  (ar'val,  -vol),  ».  and  a.  [Now 
only  dial.,  also  arvil&ndi  averill,  formerly  arvaU, 
limit,  <  ME.  am  it  fef.  equiv.  W.  arwyt,  appar. 
adapted  from  the  E. ),  appar. <Iccl.  erfiol=\  tSw. 
arriil  =  Dan.  arreiil,  n  wake,  a  funeral  least  (of. 
Icel.  errand  erfdba-iitdr,  the  sunn  i,  /  lcel.  arfr 
(=  Sw.  arf=  Dan.  arv  =  AS.  erfe,  yrfe),  inheri- 
tance, +  ci7,  an  ale,  a  feast:  see  ale,  and  ef. 
bridal.]  I.  n.  A  funeral  feast;  awake. 
II.  a.  Connected  with  or  relating  to  funeral 

celcbral  ions. 

The  marriage  and  arval  gatherings  after  tic   mer 

Encyc.  Brit..  Ml.  620. 

arval2  (ar'val),  a.  [<  L.  arvalis,  <  arrant,  a  field, 
prop.  neut.  of  anus,  that  has  been  plowed,  < 
arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  arable  or  plowed  land — Arval  Brethren  or 
Brothers  (Latin,  Fratres  Arvales),  a  college  nominally  of 
twelve  priests  in  ancient  Home,  who  offered  sacrifices, 
with  a  fixed  ceremonial,  to  the  rural  goddess  Ilia.  The 
lists  of  them  never  give  more  than  nine  names,  but  the 
college  was  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  by  Romulus 
with  twelve  members,  consisting  of  himself  and  his  eleven 
foster-brothers,  sons  of  his  nurse  Acca  Laurentia.  One  of 
their  principal  duties  was  the  annual  performance  of  the 
public  ambarvalia  on  the  borders  of  the  country,  at  the 

same  time  with  the  private es.     See  aiubanaUu.     The 

college  existed  till  about  A.  1>.  400. 

arvel,  n.  and  a.    See  anal1. 

Arvicola  (ar-vik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrttm,  a 
field,  arable  land  (see  arvafi),  +  colerc,  inhabit.] 
The  central  and  typical  genus  of  the  subfam- 
ily Arvicolince,  containing  the  great  bulk  of  the 
species  which  have  perennial  prismatic  molars, 


Meadow-mouse  [Ai-vicola  riparius). 

ungrooved  incisors,  and  no  special  peculiarity 
of  the  tail  or  claws.  The  best-known  species  are  the 
water-vole  and  field-vole  of  Europe,  A.  wmphiMus  and 
A.  ayrestis,  and  several  meadow-mice  of  .North  America, 
as  A.  riparius,  A.  austents,  and  A.  pitietorum. 

arvicolid  (iir-vik'o-lid),  n.     Same  as  arvicoline. 

Arvicolidae  (ar-vi-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
vicola +  -idiv.]  The  Arvicolince,  rated  as  a  fam- 
ily.    Waterhouse,  1840. 

Arvicolinas  (ar-vik-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Arvicola  +  -intr.]  One  of  several  subfamilies 
into  which  the  family  MuridcB  is  divided,  it 
contains  those  murine  rodents  which  (except  Ecotomys) 
have  the  following  characters :  perennially  growing, 
prismatic,  rootless  molars,  with  flat  crowns  and  serrate 
periphery;  incisors  usually  broader  transversely  than  in 
the  opposite  direction  ;  the  root  of  the  under  incisor  some- 
times causing  a  protuberance  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
mandibular  ramus  between  the  condyloid  process  and 
the  strong  liamulate  angle  of  the  mandible,  which  latter 
attains  the  level  of  the  molar  crowns:  the  zygomata  high 
and  wide,  not  dipping  to  the  level  of  the  arched  palate, 
and  the  nasal  bones  not  produced  beyond  the  premaxil- 
laries ;  and  the  dental  formula  of  16  teeth,  there  being  1 
incisor  and  3  molars  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  without 
any  canines  or  premolars.  The  Arvicolinee  are  specially 
characteristic  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  are  very 
abundant  in  high  latitudes.  They  include  all  kinds  of 
voles  or  field-mice  properly  so  called,  the  water-rat  of 
Europe,  the  meadow-mice  of  America,  the  lemmings,  the 
muskrat,  etc.  The  leading  genera  are :  BootamyB  (Coues), 
Arvicola  (Lacepede)  with  its  several  subdivisions,  Synap- 
tomys  (Baird),  Myotics  (Pallas),  Cunicuhis  (Wagler),  and 
Fiber  (t'uvier).    The  species  are  very  numerous. 

arvicoline  (ar-vik'o-lin),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  ar- 
vicolinus:  see  Arvicolina:]  I.  a.  1.  Inhabiting 
fields. — 2.  In  zodl.,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Arricoliiiw. 

II.  n.  A  rodent  of  the  subfamily  Ariieolina: 
Also  called  arvicolid. 

arvicolous  (ar-vik'6-lus),  a.  Same  as  arvico- 
line, 1. 

arwet,  »•  A  Middle  English  form  of  arrow. 
Chaucer. 

ary  (ar'i  or  er'i),  a.  [Formerly  also  eri/,  a  modi- 
fication of  e'er  a  for  erer  a  (with  erer  in  a  gen- 
eralizing sense)  toward  any,  of  which  ary  is 
now  regarded  as  a  dial.  form.  Cf.  the  negative 
nary.]  Any:  as.  I  haven't  seen  ary  one  of 
them.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 


-ary 

-ary1.  [L.  -drius  (fern,  -aria,  neut.  -driiini),  >  It. 
-ano,  -ajo,  Sp.  Pg.  -ario,  OF.  rcg.  -air,  usually 
■ier,  -cr  (>  ME.  -cr,  E.  -cr,  q.  v.;  in  some  cases 
-«r2,  q.  v.),  later  partly  restored  -arte,  mod.  F. 
-aire.  Cf.  -ary2.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc- 
curring (1)  in  adjectives,  as  in  arbitrary,  con- 
trary, 'primary,  secondary,  sumptuary,  etc.,  and 
(2)  in  nouns  denoting  either  (a)  persons,  as 
antiquary,  apothecary,  notary,  secretary,  etc., 
or  (b)  things,  as  hooks,  writings,  etc.,  as  in  dic- 
tionary, glossary,  breviary,  diary,  vocabulary, 
formulary,  etc.,  or  (<•)  places,  repositories,  etc., 
as  in  apiary,  granary,  piscary,  library,  reli- 
quary, sanctuary,  etc. 

-ary2.  [L.  -oris  (neut.  -are),  >  It.  -arc,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ar.OF.reg.  -er,-ter(>  ME,  -er,  mod.  E. restored 
-ar3,  q.  v.),  later  -aire,  mixed  with  -aire,  E. 
-an/1.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -ar3,  occurring  in  adjectives,  as  auxiliary, 
capillary,  exemplary,  military,  salutary,  etc., 
some  of  which  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  auxili- 
ary, capillary,  military,  etc. 

Arya  (ar'y&),  n.  [Skt.  Arya:  see  Aryan.']  Same 
as  Aryan. 

But  besides  these  An/as  there  were  also  the  Dasyus, 
of  whom  we  learn  little  'but  that  they  were  dark  in  com- 
plexion and  constantly  at  war  with  the  Aryas. 

J.  Robson,  Hinduism,  p.  13. 

Aryan  (ar'yan  or  ar'ian),  a.  and  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten Aria  n,  after  L.  Aria  mis,  belonging  to  Ariana 
or  Aria,  Gr.  'Apeia,  'Apia,  <>r  "Apia,  the  eastern  part 
of  ancient  Persia,  <  Skt.  Arya,  the  name  by  which 
the  Sanskrit-speaking  immigrants  into  India 
called  themselves,  in  distinction  from  the  abo- 
rigines of  the  country,  whom  they  called  Dasyu, 
iSiidra,  etc.  The  ancient  Persians  gave  them- 
selves the  same  title  (OPers.  Ariya,  Zend  Ai- 
rya) ;  and  it  appears  in  the  name  of  their  coun- 
try, Airyana or  Iran :  see  Iranic.  There  are  no 
traces  of  the  word  to  be  found  outside  of  these 
two  races.  Its  origin  is  obscure  and  disputed ; 
there  is  no  probability  that  it  has  anything  to 
do  with  a  root  *ar,  plow.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Aryans  or  to  their  speech.     See  II. 

Our  faith,  our  customs,  our  language,  were  all  but  frag- 
ments of  the  primitive  Aryan  stock  common  to  Rome  and 
Germany,  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  118. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  eastern  or  Asiatic 
division  of  the  Indo-European  family,  occupy- 
ing the  territories  between  Mesopotamia  and 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the  two  subdivisions  of 
Persia,  cr  Iran,  and  India.  [This  is  the  older,more 
scientific,  and  still  widely  current  use  of  the  word.  More 
recent,  but  increasingly  popular,  is  the  second  use.] 
2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite ;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  L'ani- 
ans  (Persians)  as  its  eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  "He  original  tongue, .v  spoken  in  a  limited 

locality  by  a  single  community,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

Many  words  still  live  in  India  and  England  that  have 
witnessed  the  first  separation  of  the  northern  and  south- 
ern Aryans,  and  these  are  witnesses  not  to  be  shaken  by 
:>!i',  cross  examination.  The  terms  for  God,  for  house,  for 
father,  mother,  sen,  daughter,  for  dog  and  cow,  for  heart 
and  tears,  for  axe  and  tree,  identical  in  all  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean idioms,  are  like  the  watchwords  of  soldiers.  We 
challenge  the  seeming  stranger;  and  whether  he  answer 
with  tlie  li| i-  of  a  Greek,  ;i  German,  or  an  Indian,  we  rec- 
o-ni/i  him  as  one  ol  ourselves.  There  was  a  time  when 
the  ancestors  of  the  Celts,  the  Germans,  the  Slavonians, 
the  Greeks  and  Italians,  tlie  Persians  and  Hindus,  were 
living  together  beneath  tlie  same  roof,  separate  from  the 
ancestors  of  the  Semitic  and  Turanian  races.    Max  MilUer. 

Aryandic  (ar-yan'dik),  a.  Originating  with 
Aryandes,  Persian  satrap  of  Egypt,  condemned 
to  den  Hi  by  Darius  for  coining  silver  finer  than 
that  of  the  great  king  himself.  Aryandic  coin, 
a  coin  b1  i'ii  k  io   \i  >  andi  -. 

Aryanize  (ar'yan-iz  or  ar'ian-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  Aryanized,  ppr.  Arydnizing.  [<  Aryan 
+  -ize.]  To  render  Aryan  in  character  or 
appearance;  impart  Aryan  peculiarities  to. 
[Bare.] 

Euro]  i  livi  'I  among  the  African 

race  sometimes  try  their  hands  at  a  pretty  ingress,  but 
they 

(,'.  mi.  n  Physiol.  Esthi  tics,  p.  241. 
aryballus  (ar-i-bal'us),  n.\  pi.  aryballi  i-i).  [< 
Gr.  api  :i<i/  /nr,  a  bag  or  purse  made  so  as  to  draw 
close,  a  vessel  so  shaped.]  In 
archeeol..  a  form  of '  rreek  vase. 
Probably  in  ancient  tine  -  this  name 
was  applied  to  a  large  vase  « ith  b 
small  ii  el,  n  i  .1  [on  arrying  waterto 

the    hath.       Ill   modi  ill    : 

nomenclature,  it  generally  denou 

t  i  e    haped  like  a  ball,  with  a         ^ 

Short   neck   and    a    small  orifice   BUT-       Archaic  Arybullas. 


330 

rounded  by  a  broad  flat  rim,  used  like  the  alabastrum  in 
anointing  the  body  with  oil. 

aryepiglottic  (ar*i-ep-i-glot'ik),  a.     [<  aryte- 
noid) +  epiglottic.]    Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 
Folds  of  mucous  membrane,  extending  from  the  epi- 
glottis to  the  arytenoid  cartilages,  are  the  aryepiglottic 
ligaments.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  9S. 

aryepiglottidean  (ar-i-ep"i-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 

Same  as  aryli  iio-epiylottic. 
aryteno-epiglottic  (ar-i-te''no-ep-i-glot'ik),  a. 
[<  aryteno(iil)  +  epiglottic.']  In  anal.,  pertain- 
ing to  the  arytenoid  cartilages  and  the  epiglot- 
tis— Aryteno-epiglottic  fold,  one  of  two  folds  of  mu- 
cous membrane  passing  from  the  tips  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilages  and  the  cornieula  laryngis  to  tlie  lateral  margins 
of  the  epiglottis. 

aryteno-epiglottidean  ( ar  -  i  - 1  e "  n  o  -  ep *  i  -  glo- 
tid'e-an),  a.  [<  aryteno-epiglottideus  +  -an.] 
Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

aryteno-epiglottideus(ar-i-te"n6-ep"i-glo-tid'- 
e-us),  n. ;  pi.  aryteno-epiglottidei  (-i).  [NL.]  The 
name  of  one  of  two  pairs  of  small  muscles  of  the 
larynx  extending  from  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
to  or  toward  the  epiglottis.— Aryteno-epiglotti- 
deus inferior,  muscular  fibers  arising  from  the  arytenoid 
cartilages  and  spreading  out.  upon  tlie  laryngeal  pouch, 
which  is  compressed  by  the  action  of  the  muscle.  Also 
called  compressor  saceuli  laryngis. — Aryteno-epiglotti- 
deus  superior,  a  few  muscular  fibers  extending  from  the 
apex  of  the  arytenoid  cartilages  to  the  aryteno-epiglot- 
tidean fold  of  mucous  membrane. 

arytenoglottidean  (ar-i-te"no-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 
Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

arytenoid  (ar-i-te'noid),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  ary- 
ta'noides,  <  Gr.  apvraivoudj/cA  apvraiva,  fern,  form 
of  apvri/p,  a  ladle  or  cup  (<  apvuv,  draw  water),  + 
elSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Ladle-  or  cup-shaped:  in 
anat.,  applied  to  two  small  cartilages  at  the  top 
of  the  larynx,  and  also  to  the  muscles  connect- 
ed with  these  cartilages — Arytenoid  cartilages. 
See  cartilarje.— Arytenoid  gland.  See  aland.—  Aryte- 
noid muscle.  Same  as  arijtenuideus. 
II.  n.  An  arytenoid  cartilage. 

arytenoidal  (ar"i-te-noi'dal),  a.  Same  as  ary- 
tenoid. 

arytenoideus  (arl-te-noi'de-us),  n.;  pi.  aryte- 
noidei  (-i).  [NL.:  see  arytenoid.]  The  aryte- 
noid muscle,  a  muscle  of  the  larynx  passing 
transversely  behind  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
from  one  to  the  other — Arytenoideus  major,  the 
arytenoideus.— Arytenoideus  minor.  Same  as  a/ryte- 
noideus  obliquus. —  Arytenoideus  obliquus,  two  small 
oblique  bundles  of  muscular  fibers  crossing  behind  the 
arytenoid  cartilages,  regarded  as  parts  of  the  aryteno-epi- 
glottidean muscles. — Arytenoideus  transversus,  the 
arytenoideus. 

as1  (az),  adv.,  conj.,  and  pron.  [<  ME.  as,  ase, 
als,  alse,  also,  aim,  alswa,  al  so,  al  swa,  \  AS. 
alsird,  ealswd,  eal  swa,  (=  OS.  also  =  OFries. 
as,  ase,  asa,  als,  alse,  alsa  =  D.  als  =  OHG. 
also,  MHG.  also,  alse,  G.  also,  als),  lit.  '  all  so,' 
wholly  so,  quite  so,  just  so,  being  the  demon- 
strative adv.  80,  qualified  by  the  intensive  adv. 
all.  As  a  demonstrative,  the  word  retains  its 
full  fonn  (see  also) ;  as  a  relative  or  correlative, 
the  word,  through  weakening  of  force  and  ac- 
cent, has  been  reduced  to  as.  As  is  thus  his- 
torically so  with  an  absorbed  intensive,  whose 
force  has  disappeared ;  and  it-  has  all  the  rela- 
tional  uses  of  so,  the  differences  being  only  idio- 
matical.  The  peculiar  form  and  uses  of  as  have 
arisen  out  of  the  correlation  so  ...  so  (AS.  swa 
.  .  .  swa,  or,  without  separation,  swa  swa),  in 
which  both  terms  were  orig.  demonstrative. 
The  second  term  passed  into  the  relative  use, 
and  the  first,  remaining  demonstrative,  was 
strengthened  by  the  adv.  all  (AS.  eal  swa  .  .  . 
swa).  The  second  term,  as  a  relative,  became 
weak  in  accent,  and,  after  assuming  the  prefix 
all  in  conformity  to  the  first,  was  gradually  re- 
duced, through  also,  alse,  als,  ase,  to  as,  to  which, 
in  turn,  the  first  term  in  many  constructions 
conformed.  The  resulting  correlations  so  .  .  . 
so,  so  .  .  .  as,  as  .  .  .  so,  as  .  .  .  as,  through 
involution  of  uses,  transposition  of  clauses,  and 
ellipsis  of  one  or  the  other  term,  extending  often 
to  the  whole  clause,  present  in  mod.  E.  a  com- 
plication of  constructions  which  cannot  be  fully 
exhibited  except  at  great  length,  and  in  con- 
nection with  the  earlier  uses.  They  are  also  in- 
volved with  the  kindred  correlations  such  .  .  . 
as  (such  being  historically  so,  with  an  absorbed 
relational  suffix)  and  same  .  .  .  as,  in  which 
the  relative  conj.  as  varies  with  that,  and  leads 
to  the  use  of  as  as  a  simplo  relativo  pronoun.] 
I.  adv.  (demonstrative  or  antecedent).  The  ante- 
cedent  in  the  correlation  as  .  .  .  so,  or  as  .  .  . 
as:  In  that  degree;  to  that  extent;  so  far.  The 
correlation  as  .  .  .  so  is  obsolete;  as  .  .  .  as  is  in  ex- 
tre Iv  common  use,  being,  besides  like,  the  regular  for- 
mula of  comparison  to  express  likeness  or  equality:  as,  as 
black  us  jet,  an  cold  as  ice,  as  wise  as  Solomon,  etc.;  the 


as 

verb  in  tlie  relative  clause,  when  the  same  as  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause,  being  usually  omitted  :  as,  it  is  as  cold  as 
ice  (sc.  is) ;  come  as  soon  as  you  can  (sc.  come). 

He  was  al  so  [var.  also,  als,  an]  fresche  as  is  the  moneth 
of  Mai.  Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  92. 

Lo  !  whiehe  sleiglltes  and  subtiltees 
In  wommen  ben  !  for  ay  as  bisy  as  bees 
Ben  they,  vs  sely  men  for  to  dece3  ye. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  Prol.,  1.  4. 

We  [Americans]  use  these  words  [faith  and  hope)  as  if 
they  were  as  obsolete  as  Selah  and  Allien. 

Emerson,  .Man  the  Reformer. 

The  relative  clause  is  often  omitted,  especially  in  collo- 
quial speech,  being  inferred  from  the  antecedent:  as,  this 
will  do  as  well  (sc.  as  that) ;  I  would  as  lief  walk  (sc.  as 
ride). 

The  bad  man  shall  attend  as  bad  a  master. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  v.  3. 

1  will  be  temperate 
In  speaking,  and  as  just  in  hearing. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  I'llilaster,  iv.  3. 

These  scruples  to  many  perhaps  seem  pretended,  to 
others,  upon  as  good  grounds,  may  seem  real. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xi. 

The  appointment  of  a  regular  wit  has  long  ceased  to  be 
a  part  of  the  economy  of  a  morning  paper.  Editors  find 
their  own  jokes,  or  do  as  well  without  them. 

Lamb,  Newspapers  35  Years  Ago. 

II.  conj.  (conjunctive  or  relative  adv.).   1.  The 

consequent  in  the  correlations  as  .  .  .  as,  so 
.  .  .  as,  such  .  .  .  as,  same  .  .  .  as,  etc.,  ex- 
pressing quantity,  degree,  proportion,  manner, 
etc.  The  relative  uses  are  as  exhibited  in  I.  (where  see 
examples).  Through  ellipsis  of  the  antecedent,  it  enters 
into  many  peculiar  idiomatic  phrases. 

No,  'tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church- 
door  ;  but  'tis  enough,  'twill  serve. 

Shah.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

His  resolutions  were  as  fained  as  his  vows  were  frus- 
trate. MUton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

The  results  of  this  campaign  were  as  honorable  to 
Spain  as  they  were  disastrous  and  humiliating  to  Louis 
the  Twelfth.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  13. 

The  clauses  may  be  transposed  for  emphasis. 

As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  he.      Dent,  xxxiii.  25. 

As  it  is  in  particular  persons,  so  it  is  in  nations. 

Huron,  Atheism. 

The  antecedent  as  is  often,  and  so  is  usually,  omitted  :  as, 
black  as  jet;  cold  as  ice ;  do  as  you  like. 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus. 

Shah.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

I  desire  no  titles, 
But  as  I  shall  deserve  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  another!),  Prophetess,  ii.  3. 

Black  it  stood  as  night, 
Fierce  as  ten  furies,  terrible  as  hell. 

ilillon,  P.  L.,  ii.  671. 

I  live  as  I  did,  I  think  as  I  did,  I  love  you  as  I  did. 

Su-i/t. 

It  is  in  criticism,  as  in  all  other  Sciences  and  Specula- 
tions. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  concession,  the  rela- 
tive as  (the  antecedent  being  omitted)  may  be  equivalent 
to  though  :  as,  late  as  it  was,  we  set  forth  on  our  join  in  >. 

Trite  as  the  counsel  was,  ...  in  this  emergency  it  was 
to  me  as  if  an  angel  had  spoken. 

Lamb,  Amicus  Redivivus. 

Neither  the  arguments  nor  entreaties  of  his  friends, 
backed  as  they  were  by  the  avowed  wishes  of  his  sover- 
eign, could  overcome  his  scruples. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  contrast  or  negation 
as  to  fact  with  the  principal  clause,  as  approaches  tin  ad- 
versative sense,  being  nearly  equivalent  to  but. 

Had  I  but  time,  (as  this  fell  sergeant,  Death, 
Is  strict  in  his  arrest,)  O,  I  could  tell  you,— 
But  let  it  be.  Shale.,  Hamlet,  v.  ■„'. 

I  must  confess  I  lov'd  her ;  a*  who  would  not? 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 

In  subordinate  clauses  involving  a  supposition,  as  is  con- 
ditional, being  equivalent  to  as  it,  us  though,  which  are 
the  ordinary  forms.  This  use  is  now  rare  or  only  poetical 
except  in  the  independent  phrase  as  It  were.  (See  phrases 
below.) 

It  lifted  up  its  bead,  and  did  address 

Itself  to  motion,  like  as  it  would  speak. 

Shai.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

And  all  at  once  their  breath  drew  in, 

As  they  were  drinking  all. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  1.  165. 

The  young  Iambs  bound 
As  to  the  tabor  s  sound. 
Wordsworth,  Intimations  of  Immortality. 

The  clause  Introduced  by  as  may  be  reduced  by  ellipsis  of 

its  verb  and  other  elements  to  one  or  two  Important  words, 
Leaving  as  as  a  quasi  connective  :  (a)  Between  an  adverb 
or  adverbial  phrase  in  the  principal  clause  and  an  adverb 
or  adverbial  phrase  constituting  the  subordinate  clans,.. 

It  suffices  me  to  say  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as  elsewhere, 
arc  indisposed  to  innovation.  Emerson,  bit.  Ethics. 

(M  Between  the  principal  verb  or  Itesubject  and  the  sub- 
ordinate  subject  or  object,  which  becomes  equivalent  to  a 
predicate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  the  principal 


as 

verb,  of  meaning  'after  themannerof,'  '  the  same  a  ■  li]  i 
'in  the  character  or  capacity  of,'  etc.:  as,  the  audience 
rose  as  one  man ;  all  these  things  were  as  nothing  to  him  ; 
he  has  been  nominated  as  a  candidate.  Hence  in  con- 
Btructions  where  the  appositive  clause  depends  directly 
upon  the  noun  :  as,  his  career  as  a  Boldier  was  brilliant ; 
his  reputation  as  a  scholar  stands  high  :  and  so  in  naming 
phases  <>t  a  general  subject:  as,  Washington  as  b 
eral;  man  as  a  thinker.  The  eonstrueti«>n  as  a  <|iiasi 
predicate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  a  principal 
verb  is  usual  after  verbs  of  seeming  or  regarding. 

Evil  was  embrac'd  for  good,  wickedness  hondur'd  and 
esteem'd  as  virtue.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

That  law  which  concerneth  men  as  men. 

Hooker,  Eeeles.  Pol. 

This  gentleman  was  known  to  his  contemporaries  as  a 
man  of  fortune,  and  as  the  author  of  two  successful  plays. 

Macauiay. 

Our  age  is  bewailed  as  the  a^«'  of  Introversion, 

Emerson,  Amer.  Scholar. 

The  subordinate  clause  introduced  by  as  is  often  not  'I-' 
pendent  grammatically  upon  the  principal  verb,  but  sei  vi  b 
tu  restrict  or  determine  the  scope  of  the  statement  as  a 
whole.  Such  clauses  are  parenthetical,  and  usually  ellipti- 
cal, some  of  them,  as  as  usual  and  as  a  rule,  having  almost 
the  idiomatical  unity  of  an  adverbial  phrase. 

The  streets  were  narrow,  as  is  usual  in  Moorish  and  Arab 
cities.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  2. 

In  certain  emphatic  formulas,  as  ('even  as')  introduces  a 
solemn  attestation  ('  as  truly  or  surely  as')  or  adjuration 
('in  a  manner  befitting  tin-  fact  that),  approaching  a  cau- 
sal sense,  'since,  because.'    (See  2,  below.) 

But  truly  as  the  Lord  liveth.  ami  cm  thy  soul  liveth,  there 
is  but  a  step  between  me  and  death.  1  .Sum.  .v\.  .;. 

Now,  as  you  are  a  Roman,  tell  me  true. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 
As  ever  thou  lov'st  valour,  or  wear'st  arms 
To  punish  baseness,  shew  it  ' 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  >>i  Malta,  iv.  4. 

2.  Of  reason:  Since;  because;  inasmuch  as. 
He  who  would  persuade  us  of  his  sorrow  for  the  sins  of 

other  men,  as  they  are  sins,  not  as  they  are  sin'd  against 
himself,  must  give  us  first  some  testimony  of  a  sorrow  for 
his  own  sins.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  \ iii. 

As  the  wind  was  favorable,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  sur- 
veying this  amazing  scene.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

3.  Of  time :  When ;  while ;  during  the  time  that. 

And  whistled  as  he  went  for  want  of  thought. 

Dryden,  Cymon  and  Iphigenia,  1.  85. 
As  day  broke,  the  scene  of  slaughter  unfolded  its  hor- 
rors. Irving,  Granada,  p.  97. 

4.  Of  purpose  or  result :  The  consequent  in  the 
correlations  so  .  .  .  as,  sitrh  .  .  .  as:  To  such 
a  degree  that ;  in  such  a  manner  that :  followed 
by  an  infinitive  or,  formerly,  by  a  finite  verb 
(but  in  the  latter  construction  that  has  taken 
the  place  of  as). 

So  many  examples  as  tilled  xv.  1  mokes. 

Aschani,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  157. 

The  relations  are  so  uncertain  as  they  require  a  great 
deal  of  examination.  Bacon. 

Indeed  the  prospect  of  affairs  here  is  so  strange  and 
melancholy,  as  would  make  any  one  desirous  of  withdraw- 
ing from  the  country  at  any  rate.  Hume. 

With  a  depth  so  great  as  to  make  it  a  day's  journey  from 
the  rear  to  the  van,  and  a  front  so  narrow  as  to  consist  of 
one  gun  and  one  horseman.         Einglake,  Crimea,  III.  ix. 

5.  Of  mere  continuation,  introducing  a  clause 
in  explanation  or  amplification  of  a  word  or 
statement  in  the  principal  clause,  especially  in 
giving  examples:  For  example;  for  instance; 
to  wit ;  thus. 

Winter  birds,  an  woodcocks  and  fieldfares.  Bacon. 

A  simple  idea  is  one  idea ;  as  sweet,  bitter.  Locke. 

6.  In  dependent  clauses:  That.  Formerly  an 
was  often  attached,  like  that,  to  the  adverbs  there,  then, 
where,  when,  etc,  to  make  them  distinctly  relative.  These 
forms  are  now  obsolete,  except  whereas,  which  remains  in 
a  deflected  sense.  See  whereas.  From  this  interchange 
with  that  followed  the  use  of  as  for  that,  in  introducing 
an  object  clause  after  say,  know,  think,  etc.,  varying  with 
as  that  and  as  lour  only  in  dialectal  use :  as,  I  don't  know 
as  I  do  ,  and  I  don't  know  a*-'  I  do,  the  sense  varying  with 
the  accent.     [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 

"  Dunnow'zl  know  :"  the  nearest  your  true  Yankee  ever 
conies  to  acknowledging  ignorance. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Eiglow  Papers,  2d  ser. 

7.  After  comparatives:  Than.  [Now  only  prov, 

Eng.;  cf.  G.  als,  the  regular  construction  after 
comparatives.] 

How  may  the  herte  be  more  contryte  and  meke  as  whan 
of  very  contrycion  .  .  .  we  aske  mercy  and  forgyneness  of 
altnyghty  god  y  '    Bp.  Fisher,  I.  210. 

Darkness  itself  is  no  more  opposite  to  light  as  their 
actions  were  diametrical]  to  their  words. 

Howell,  Parly  of  Beasts,  p.  48. 

I  rather  like  him  as  otherwise.    Scott,  St.  Ronan'a  Well. 

8.  Before  certain  adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases, 
including  prepositional  phrases:  Even:  just: 
restricting  the  application  to  a  pa  rtieular  point: 
as,  as  now,  as  then,  as  yet,  as  here,  as  there, 
etc.  [Now  only  dialectal,  except  as  yet.  See 
phrases  below.] 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  that  is  not  to  be  seasoned  and 
set  oft  with  eheerishness  —  which  in  a  thousand  outward 


331 

:mil  Intermitting  rrns^s  maj  yet  be  done  well,  as  in  tin 
vale  of  triirs.  Milton. 

Before  punishment  he  was  to  be  heard  as  to-morrow. 

Warburton. 

Before  prepositional  phrases  as  becomes  attached  in 
thought  to  the  preposition,  making  practically  a  new 
prepositional  anil.  See  as  aru  "t ,  as  cone*  rni  <<",  as  for,  etc, 
below.  As  anent,  as  concerning,  as  touching,  more 
commonly  as  for,  as  to,  so  tar  as  it  concerns ;  as  regards ; 
as  respects;  in  regard  in:  in  respect  to:  introducing  a 
particular  point  or  subject  of  thought. 

Ami  in  regard  "i  causes  now  in  hand, 
Which  I  have  open'd  to  his  grace  at  large, 
As  touching  France.  Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  i.  l. 

Sir  .1.  .Turk  !  Jack  !  what  think  yon  of  blooming,  love- 
breathing  seventeen? 

Abs.  As  to  thai,  sir,  I  am  quite  indifferent.  If  I  can 
please  you  in  the  matter,  'tis  all  I  desire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  1. 

As  if,  as  though,  as  it  would  he  if,  or  supposing  that. 

It  seemed  to  the  affrighted  inhabitants  as  If  the  fiends 
of  the  air  had  come  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind,  and  pos- 
sessed themselves  of  tower  and  turret. 

In-in<j,  Granada,  p.  21. 

Blinded  alike  from  sunshine  and  from  rain, 

-Is  though  a  rose  should  shut  and  Ur  a  bud  again. 

B  ats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes. 

As  it  were,  as  if  it  were  so ;  in  some  sort ;  so  to  speak  :  a 
parenthetical  clause  indicating  that  a  statement  or  com- 
parison is  admitted  to  be  inexai  t.  though  substantially  cor- 
rect for  the  purpose  intended. 

Brutus,  that  expell'd  the  kin--  nut  of  Koine,  was  forthe 
time  forc't  to  be,  as  it  were,  a  kinur  himself  till  matters 
were  set  in  order  as  in  a  free  Commonwealth. 

Mi/in, i,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

As  much,  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing  ;  the  same. 
But  if  you  laugh  at  my  rude  carriage 
In  peace,  I'll  do  as  much  for  you  in  war 
When  you  come  thither.  - 

Beau,  ami  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

As  well(as),  just  as  much  (as);  equally  (with) ;  in  addi- 
tion (to);  besides:  as,  that  is  true,  but  it  is  true  of  the 
other  as  well ;  this  is  the  case  with  manufacturing  as  wi  11 
as  with  agricultural  interests. 

In  order  to  convict  Peacham  it  was  necessary  to  had 
facts  as  well  as  law.  Macauiay,  Lord  Bacon. 

As  who,  as  one  who  ;  as  if  one:  as,  as  who  should  say. — 
As  yet,  so  far  ;  up  to  this  time;  hitherto. — Forasmuch, 
inasmuch.    See  these  words. 

III.  rel.pron.  That ;  who ;  which :  after  such 
or  same,  and  introducing  an  attributive  clause : 
as,  he  did  not  look  for  such  a  result  as  that ; 
he  traveled  the  same  route  as  I  did. 

They  fear  religion  with  such  a  fear  as  loves  not. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

[In  this  use  also  formerly  after  that,  this,  what ;  now  dia* 
lectally  or  vulgarly  also  after  a  personal  pronoun,  or,  by 
omission,  as  a  simple  relative  depcudent  on  a  noun. 
That  gentleness 
And  show  of  love  as  I  was  wont  to  have. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Under  these  hard  conditions,  as  this  time 

Is  like  to  lay  upon  us.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Here  I  do  bequeathe  to  thee 

In  full  possession  half  that  Kendal  hath, 

And  whatns  Bradford  holds  of  me  in  chief. 

Old  Plan  (Dodsley,  II,  47). 

Take  the  box  as  stands  in  the  first  fire-place. 

Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers.] 

as2  (az),  v.     An  obsolete  and  dialectal  or  collo- 
quial form  of  has:  in  colloquial  speech  often 

further  reduced  to  's :  as,  who's  been  here? 
As3  (as),  n. ;  pi.  Msir  (a'ser).      [Ioel.  ass,  pi. 

tesir,  a  god,  demigod,  =  Goth,  "tuts   (inferred 

from  the  Latinized  plural  form  in  Jornandes, 

about  A.  D.  552:   "Gothi   proceres   suos   quasi 

qui    fortuna    vince- 

bant  non  pares  homi- 
nes sed  semideos,  id 

est  anses,  vocavere  " ) 

=  AS.  6s,   found    as 

the  name  of  the  rune 

for  6,  and  twice   in 

doubtful  gen.  pi.  esa  : 

otherwise     only     in 

compound        proper 

names,  =  OHG.  *ans 

in   like   compounds: 

AS.  Oswold,  Oswald, 

Osrie  (=  OHG.   An- 

sarih),  Osrie,  Oswine, 

( iswin,     Osbeorn    = 

Icel.     Asbjorn,     Os- 

born,  OHO.  Anselm, 

Anselm,     etc.]       In 

Norse   myth.,  one  of 

the  gods,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Asgard.    See 

Asgard. 
as4  (as),  n. ;  pi.  asses 

(as'cz).     [L.,  a  unit, 

one  pound  of  money, 

etc.,  usually  derived 

from  UC,  Said  to  lie  I  he       Roman  As  ill  the  British  Museum. 


asarone 

Tarentine  form  of  <  Jr.  .  one  :  but  this  deriva- 
tion is  very  doubtful.  See  ace.]  1.  In  Latin, 
an  integer;  a  whole  01  >n>n;  especially, 

a.  unit  divided  into  twelve  parts.     Thus,  tl 

ilc  nun  was  called  an  OS.  Henci —  2.  Asa  unit 
of  weight,  12  ounces  (L.  unciir,  twelfths);  the 
libra  or  pound,  equal  to  325.8  ~>,023 

grains. — 3.  A  copper  coin,  the  unit  of  the  early 
monetary  system  of  Home,    n  ined  in 

the  fourth  (according  to  Mommsen,  tie-  fifth)  century 
B.C.,  and  was  at  first  nominally  of  the  weight  of  a  libra  or 
pound,  that  is,  12  ounces.  It  was  gradually  reduced  In 
weight,  about  2<'.:>  B.  c.  weighing  4  ounces,  and  about  250 
B.C.  2  ounces.  In  SO  B.C.,  after  having  fallen  to  halt  an 
ounce,  it  ceased  to  be  issued.  The  small,  r  copper  coins 
forming  the  divisions  of  the  as  were  named  semu  (half  of 
the  as),  triens  (third),  ouadrans  (fourth),  sextans  (sixth), 

and  uncia  (twelfth).  The  constant  obverse  type  "I  lie  as 
has  the  double  head  of  Janus;  the  reverse,  a  prow.  Its 
subdivisions  bore  various  devices.  Coins  struck  on  the 
same  system  (called  the  libral  system)  were  issued  in  other 
parts  of  Italy  from  the  fourth  century  B.C.  See  as 
under  tee. 

as5,  «.  [ME.  as,  etc.  (see  ace);  in  def.  2  =  D. 
aas  =  Sw.  ass  (ess,  ace)  =  G.  ass,  in  technical 
sense  <  L.  as:  see  as*.]  It.  Obsolete  form  of 
ace.  Chaucer. —  2.  An  old  Swedish  and  Dutch 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  4.8042  centigrams,  or 
about  three  quarters  of  a  troy  grain.  See  as- 
ducat  and  ass*. 

As.     Chemical  symbol  of  arst  nic. 

A.  S.    An  abbreviation  of  Anglo-Saxon. 

as-1.  [L.  as-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  S. 
The  reg.  OF.  and  ME.  form  was  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  as-,  as  in  assent,  assign,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  s,  as  in  assimi- 
late, assert,  assume,  etc. 

as-2.  [L.  ab-,  reduced  in  OF.  and  ME.  before 
a  consonant  to  a-,  erroneously  restored  to  as- 
before  s.~\  An  erroneously  restored  form  of  a-, 
originally  Latin  ab-,  in  assoil,  assoilzie,  from 
the  Latin  alisoln  n  .  absolve. 

as-3.  [ME.  and  OF.  as-,  var.  of  es-,  <  L.  <:>;-:  see 
es-,  cf-.]  A  variant  of  es-,  Latin  ex-,  in  assart, 
assail,  astonish,  obsolete  ascape,  aschew,  assaum- 
ple,  etc.;  now  represented  also,  or  only,  byes-, 
as  in  escape,  eschew,  or  s-,  as  in  scape,  sample. 
See  es.1 

asa  (as'ji),  it.  [XL.,  <  Pers.  aza,  mastic:  see 
asafetida.il  A  name  for  certain  drugs,  origi- 
nally used  separately  with  the  Latin  adjectives 
dulcis  and  fetida  (Jatida),  now  joined  to  them 
as  a  prefix.     See  below.     Also  spelled  asset. 

asadulcis  (as-a-dul'sis),  it.  [NL.,  lit.  sweet 
gum,  <  asa,  gum,  +  L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  The  laser 
or  laser  Cyrenaieum  of  the  ancients,  a  very 
highly  esteemed  drug,  usually  supposed  to  have 
been  a  gummy  accretion  from  Thapsia  Gar- 
ganica,  an  umbelliferous  plant  of  northern 
Africa  and  southern  Europe,  it  was  believed  by 
some  to  be  the  same  as  benzoin,  to  which  the  name  {asa 
dulcis  or  odorat  a)  is  still  sometimes  applied.  The  drug  now 
obtained  from  this  plant  is  used  as  au  active  irritant. 

asafetida,  asafcetida  (as-a-fet'i-dji),  «.  [NL., 
formerly  also  azafedida,  <  asa  +  L.  fetida, 
fcetida,  fern,  of  feUdus,  Jatidtts,  stinking:  see 
asa  and  fetid.}  A  fetid  inspissated  sap  from 
Persia  and  Afghanistan,  the  concrete  juice 
from  the  roots  of  several  large  umbelliferous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ferula,  especially  F.  Xar- 
tln.r  (Narihex  Asafcetida)  and  F.  Scorodosma 
(Scorodosmafcetida).  The  drug  has  a  powerful  and 
persistent  alliaceous  odor  and  bitter  acrid  taste,  and  con- 
sists of  resin,  gum.  and  an  essential  oil  which  contains 
sulphur.  It  is  used  as  an  antispasmodic,  and  in  India  and 
Persia  also  as  a  condimi  nt.      Uso  spelled  assafa  tida. 

Asaphes  (as'a-fez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaatpi/c,  ob- 
scure, not  clear,  <  a-  priv.  +  oatpiic,  clear.]  1. 
A  genus  of  very  minute  parasitic  ichneumon- 
flies,  which  prey  on,  and  keep  in  check,  the 
aphids,  so  destructive  to  crops  and  fruits.  The 
female  punctures  the  wingless  female  aphids  with  her  .oi- 
duct,  and  lays  an  ege.  in  each  puncture.  The  egg  hatches, 
becomes  a  maggot,  and  eats  out  the  inside  of  the  aphid. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Eirby, 
1837. 

asar  (a'sar),  ».  [Pers.]  A  Persian  gold  coin, 
equal  in  value  to  about  §1.60. 

asarabacca  (as"a-ra-bak'ji),  n.  [Formerly  also 
asaraback,  and  erroneously  asarabecea,  <  L.  asa- 
niui  (see  Asarum)  +  bacca,  baca,  berry.]  A 
common  name  of  a  European  plant,  a  species 
of  Asarum,  A.  Europantm.  cVe  Asarum.  Also 
spelled  asarabaca. 

asarin,  asarine  (as'a-rin),  ».     [<  Asarum  + 

-in-.]  1.  A  volatile  crvstallizable  solid  (Co0 
H2oOs)  obtained  from  the  plant  Asarum  Euro- 
pecum,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  smell  like 
camphor. — 2.  A  bitter  principle  obtained  from 
the  plant  Asarum  Europantm. 
asarone  (as'a-ron),  h.  [< Asarum  +  -one.]  Same 
as  asarin,  1. 


Asarum  Europau 


Asarum 

Asarum  (as'a-mm),  ».  [L.,  <  6r.  aaapnv,  asa- 
rabacea.]  A  genus  of  apetalous  exogenous 
plants,  natural  order  Ari- 
stolochiacece,  low,  stem- 
less  herbs,  with  dull- 
brownish  flowers  and 
aromatic  root-stock.  The 
few  species  are  natives  of  the 
northern  temperate  zone.  The 
asarabacca,  A.  Europceum, 
was  formerly  used  as  a  purga- 
tiveanil  an  emetic.    Th<    i  m 

mon      A n.au      species,     A. 

Canadense,  is  known  as  wild 
ginger  or  snakeroot.  Five 
other  specie-  are  found  in  the 
Alleghanics  ami  sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  four  or  five  in  Asia. 

asbestic  (as-bes'tik),  a. 
[<  asbestos  +  -ic.~\  Re- 
lating to  or  containing 
asbestos.  Also  asbestous. 

asbestiform  (as-bes'ti-forrn),  a.  [<  L.  asbestos 
+  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  asbestos. 

asbestine  (as-bes'tin),  a.  [<  Gr.  aoftiaTivoc,  < 
(in  fro-joc,  asbestos.]  Pertaining  to  asbestos, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities;  in- 
combustible. 

asbestinite  (as-bes'tin-it),  ».  [<  asbestine  + 
-He".]  Aotinolite  or  strahlstein — Calclferous 
asbestinite,  a  variety  of  steatite. 

asbestoid  (as-bes'toid),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -oid.] 
Resembling  asbestos. 

asbestos,  asbestus  (as-bes'tos,  -tus),  «.  [Also 
asbi  st  (  <  F.  asbeste),  abbest,  abest  (<  OF.  abeste), 
also,  and  in  ME.,  asbeston,  dbeston,  abiston,  al- 
bt  ston,  etc.,  and  in  other  corrupt  forms  (in 
earlier  use  only  in  sense  1),  <  L.  asbestos,  used 
by  Pliny  in  ref.  to  the  mineral  asbestos,  which 
he  believed  to  be  vegetable  (see  def.  2),  <  Gr. 
aapeoroCf  applied  by  Dioscorides  to  unslaked 
lime,  lit.  inextinguishable,  unquenchable,  <  d- 
priv.  +  CefeoToc,  verbal  adj.  of  ir,)tm'rai,  extin- 
guish, quench.]  If.  A  fabulous  stone,  which, 
once  set  on  fire,  could  not  be  quenched:  anotion 
due  to  observation  of  the  effect  of  cold  water 
in  heating  quicklime. 

My  mind  is  like  to  the  Asbeston  stone, 
Which,  if  it  once  he  heat  in  flames  of  fixe, 
Denieth  to  becommen  cold  again. 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 

2.  A  supposed  kind  of  flax,  alleged  to  be  in- 
combustible. [An  erroneous  notion  of  the 
mineral.  See  3.] — 3.  A  fibrous  variety  of  am- 
phibole  or  hornblende,  composed  of  separable 
filaments,  with  a  silky  luster;  also,  in  popu- 
lar use,  a  similar  variety  of  serpentine  called 
ChrySotile.  Its  fibers  are  sometimes  delicate,  flexible, 
and  elastic,  sometimes  stilf  ami  brittle,  and  when  reduced 
to  a  powder  are  soft  to  the  touch.  Its  colors  are  various 
shades  'if  white,  er.iy.  or  green,  passing  into  brown,  red, 

or  black.     It  i-  in abustible,  and  is  therefore  used  for 

making  lamp-wicks,  paper,  firemen's  clothing,  building 
materials,  twine,  and  rope  for  packing  steam-joints  anil 
pistons;  it  is  also  prepared  as  a  cement  for  protecting 
heated  surfaces,  roofs,  and  floors,  and  for  various  fire- 
proofing  purposes.  It  is  mined  in  Canada,  Vermont,  Vir- 
South  Carolina,  and  in  Staten  Island,  New  York. 
Seme  varieties  an-  (null  tact,  and  take  a  fine  polish  ;  others 
are  Loose,  like  flax  or  silky  wool.  L'njniform  asbestos,  or 
mountain-wood,  is  a  variety  presenting  an  irregular  fila- 
mentous structure,  like  wood.  Other  varieties  of  horn- 
blende asbestos  are  rock-cork,  inoiintaiii-leattier.  fox*il 
papi  r,  and  fossil  flax.  A  tine  variety  is  called  wmiantas 
(which    Bee).     Blue   asbestos,  the   mineral  crocldolite 

(which   -e| 

asbestos-stove  (as-bes'tos-stov),  n.  A  gas- 
Btove  with  asbestos  spread  over  the  burners, 
bo  as  to  form  an  incandescent  radiator. 

asbestous  (as-bes'tos),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  asbestic. 

asbestus,  re.    See  asbestos. 

asbolan,  asbolane  (as'bo-lan,  -Ian),  n.    [<  Gr. 

liciv-;,  also  do  ''"///,  soot  (cf.  ip6?ior,  soot, 
smoki).  +  -mi.)  Earthy  cobalt;  wad  contain- 
ing oxid  of  cobalt.  It  is  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  small.      Also  called  asbolite. 

asbolin,  asboline  (as'bo-lin),  n.  [As  asboUan 
+  -ut ■•'.  ]  An  oil-like,  nitrogenous  matter,  ac- 
rid and  bitter,  obtained  from  the  soot  of  » I. 

asbolite  (as'bo  lit  I,  re.  [As  asbol-an  +  -ite2.] 
Same  as  asbolan. 

Ascalabota  (as  ka-la-bo'tS.),  re.  pi.    [NL.:  see 

i  oalabotes.1    One  of  the  major  groups  of  1 1n- 

Laeertilia,  consisting  of  the  geckos  alone.    See 

Qeeeo  and  Gecconidas.     Also  called  Nyctisawria. 

Ascalabotes  (as  ka  la  bo'irzi.  ».     [NL.,  <  (Jr. 

,e,  the  split  till  lizard,  prob.  Lacerta 

gecko.  I     \  genus  of  nyctisaurian  lizards,  of  the 

'family  '.<  CCOtida  or  GeCCOnicUe.      ,i    fa  cieularit  is 
sometimes  known  b3  the  name  tarent 
originally,  a    used  bj  l  uviei   coextensivi  with  the  family, 
or  with  the  modi  rn  superfamily  Ascalabota. 


332 

Ascalaphidae  (as-ka-laf'i-de),  re.  pi  [NL.,  < 
.  Iscalaphus  +  -ida:]    A  family  of  planipennine 

in  iiropterous  insects,  related  to  the  ant-lions 
(Miinueleontida-),  and  characterized  by  long 
clavate  antennae  and  a  comparatively  short 
body.  It  corresponds  to  the  genus  Ascalaphus 
of  Fabricius. 

Ascalaphus  (as-kal'a-fus), n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  doicd- 
/.inpor,  an  unknown  bird,  supposed  to  be  a  kind 
of  owl.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascalaphidce. —  2.  '[/.  <•.]  The  specific  name  of 
a  horned  owl.  Bubo  ascalaphus,  of  Europe  and 
Africa. 

Ascalopax  (as-kal'o-paks),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  Gr. 
aana/.utTac  (sic),  a  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
as  o-KoAoVaf :  see  Seolopax.]  In  ornith.:  (a)  An 
old  form  of  Seolopax.  (b)  A  synonym  of  (lal- 
linago. 

ascah  (as'kan),  a.  [<  ascus  +  -on.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  ascus.     N.  E.  D. 

ascanceH,  adv.     See  askance'1-. 

ascance-t,  ascancest,  conj.    See  askance2. 

ascantt,  "dr.     See  askant. 

ascarid  (as'ka-rid),  «.     One  of  the  Ascaridce. 

Ascaridae  (as-kar'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascaris 
+  -ida;.]  A  family  of  worms,  of  the  order  Ne- 
matoda  and  class  Nemathelmintha,  containing 
several  genera  of  round-worms,  or  thread- 
worms, which  are  intestinal  parasites  of  man 
and  other  animals.  They  have  a  cylindrical  elastic 
body,  tapering  toward  each  end,  and  a  trivalved  bead. 
The  leading  genera  are  Ascaris  and  Oxyuris.  See  cut 
under  Oxyuris. 

Ascaris  (as'ka-ris),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aanapic,  a 
worm  in  the  intestines.]  1.  A  genus  of  round- 
worms, typical  of  the  family  Ascarida,  infesting 
the  small  intestines.  The  best-known  species,  A. 
lumbricoieles,  is  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  an  earth- 
worm in  size,  shape,  and  general  appearance.  It  has  a 
cylindrical  body,  with  ends  of  equal  size,  a  somewhat 
conoidal  head,  with  trilabiate  terminal  mouth,  and  a  fili- 
form penis ;  the  genital  pore  of  the  female  is  in  tile  an- 
terior part  of  the  body.  The  female  attains  a  length  of 
from  12  to  14  inches  ;  the  male  is  less  than  half  as  long. 
2.  [/.  c. ;  pi.  «scari(tes  (as-kar'i-dez).]  A  thread- 
worm or  pinworm  of  the  rectum,  formerly 
placed  in  this  genus,  now  referred  to  a  differ- 
ent genus,  Oxyuris  (which  see). 

P.scaunce't,  adv.     See  askance1. 

ascaunce'-t,  ascauncest,  conj.    See  askance2. 

ascend  (a-send'),  v.    [<  ME.  ascenden,  assenden, 

<  L.  aseendere,  adscendere,  go  up,  climb  up  to, 

<  ad,  to,  +  scandere,  climb:  see  scan,  and  cf. 
descend,  transcend.']   I.  intrans.  1.  To  move  up- 
ward; mount;   go  up;  rise,  whether  in  air  or 
water,  or  upon  a  material  object- 
In  our  proper  motion  we  ascend 

Up  to  our  native  seat:  descent  and  fall 

To  us  is  adverse.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  75. 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from  mean 
to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to  generals, 
etc. 

By  these  steps  we  shall  ascend  to  more  just  ideas  of  the 
glory  of  Jesus  Christ.  Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind. 

'Tis  sometimes  questioned  wdiether  morals  have  not  de- 
clined as  the  arts  have  ascended. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

3.  To  slope  upward. —  4.  To  go  backward  in 
the  order  of  time;  proceed  from  modern  to 
ancient  times:  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  antiquity.— 5.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  ap- 
pear above  the  horizon. 

Higher  yet  that  star  ascends. 
Sir  J.  Bowring,  Watchman,  Tell  us  of  the  Night. 

6.  In  music,  to  rise  in  pitch;  pass  from  any 
tone  to  one  more  acute.  =Syn.  To  mount,  soar,  climb. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  go  or  move  upward  upon; 
climb:  as,  to  ascend  a  hill  or  ladder;  to  asm  ml 
a  tree. 

\\  e  returned  t"  the  great  tower,  and  ascended  the  steep 
flight  of  steps  which  led  to  its  door  of  entrance. 

R.  GUrzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  77. 

2.  To  move  upward  along;  go  toward  the 
source  of:  as,  to  ascend  a  river.  =  syn.  To  mount, 

climb,  scale. 

ascendable  (a-sen'da-bl),  a.  l<  ascend  +  -able] 
Capable  of  being  ascended.  Also  written  as- 
cend ibb. 

ascendance,  ascendence  (a-sen'dans,  -dens), 
ii.    Same  as  ascendancy.     [Rare.] 

Fear  had  t"<>  much  ascendance  on  the  mind. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews,  ix. 

ascendancy,  ascendency  (a-sen'dan-si,  -den- 
si),».    [<  ascendant, -ent, +-aney,-ency.']    The 

slate  of  being  in  the  ascendant;  governing  or 
controlling  influence;  domination. 
The  great  Latin  war,  the  war  in  which  the  Bret  Declue 
him  ii  ii  for  Rome,  marks  the  last  struggle  of  Rome's 
immediate  kinsfolk  against  her  ascendt  ncy. 

M.  A.  Freeman,  Axner.  Lects.,  p,  817. 


ascending 

-Syn.  Influence,  Authority,  Ascendancy,  etc(seeautAor- 

itit).  mastery,  dominion,  superiority,  advantage,  upper 
hand. 

ascendant,  ascendent  (a-sen'dant,  -dent),  a. 
and  k.  [<  ME.  ascendent,  assendent,  n.  (the 
form  asm  ndant  being  later,  after  P.  ascendant), 
<  L.  ascenden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ascendere,  go  up,  rise, 
ascend:  see  ascend.'}  I.  a.  1.  Proceeding  up- 
ward; rising;  mounting. — 2.  Superior;  pre- 
dominant; surpassing:  as,  "  an  ascendant  spirit 
over  him,"  South. —  3.  In  astral.,  rising  over  the 
horizon,  or  nearly  so. 

The  constellation  of  Pegasus  ...  is  about  that  time  as- 
cendant. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

4.  In  bot.,  same  as  ascending.  —  5.  In  her., 
rising  or  issuing  upward  (the  reverse  of  issu- 
ant):  as,  rays  of  the  sun  ascendant  from  the 
bottom  of  the  shield,  from  a  fesse,  etc. 

II.  n.  1.  In  astrol.,  the  point  of  the  ecliptic 
or  the  sign  of  the  zodiac  that  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  horizon  at  any  particular  moment,  as 
at  the  moment  of  birth  or  of  the  propounding 
of  any  question  ;  the  horoscope.  The  house  of  the 
ascendant  includes  that  part  of  the  zodiac  which  extends 
from  5"  above  the  horizon  to  25°  below  it.  The  lord  of  the 
axennlaitt  is  the  planet  that  rules  the  ascendant.  This 
planet  is  generally  the  significator  of  the  querent,  and  the 
decision  of  the  question  depends  upon  its  aspects.  Hence, 
to  be  in  the  ascendant  signifies  to  have  commanding  power 
or  influence,  to  occupy  a  ruling  position;  and  lord  of  the 
ascendant,  one  who  has  possession  of  such  power  or  in- 
llucnce  :  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,  lord  of  tin'  ascendant. 

The  assendent  sothly,  as  wel  in  alle  natiuitez  as  in  ques- 
tiouns  and  elecciounsof  tymes,  is  a  thing  which  that  thise 
Astrologiens  gretly  obseruen  ;  wher-fore  me  semeth  con- 
uenient  sin  that  I  speke  of  the  assendent,  to  make  of  it 
special  declaratioun.  The  assendent  sothly,  to  take  it  at 
the  largest,  is  thilke  degree  that  assendeth  at  any  of  thise 
forseide  tymes  upon  the  est  Orisonte  ;  and  there-fore,  gif 
that  any  planet  assende  at  that  same  tvme  in  thilke  for- 
seide degre  of  his  longitude,  Men  seyn  thilke  planete  is  in 
horoscope.  Chaucer. 

Sciences  that  were  then  in  their  highest  ascendant. 

sir  II'.  Temple. 

Marlborough  had  not,  when  Popery  was  in  the  ascen- 
dant, crossed  himself,  shrived  himself,  done  ponance, 
taken  the  communion  in  one  kind,  and,  as  soon  as  a  turn 
of  fortune  came,  apostatized  back  again. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  Superiority  or  commanding  influence ;  pre- 
dominance :  especially  in  the  phrase  to  gain  the 
ascendant  over  one. 

What  star  I  know  not,  but  some  star,  I  find, 
Has  given  thee  an  ascendant  o'er  my  mind. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  66. 

She  had  art  enough  to  gain  an  entire  ascendant  over  the 

king.  Goldsmith,  Voltaire. 

The  secular  authority,  long  unduly  depressed,  regained 

the  ascendant  with  startling  rapidity. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

3.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  geneal- 
ogy or  degrees  of  kindred  :  opposed  to  descen- 
dant. 

The  succession  of  ascendants  of  the  deceased,  of  his  male 
paternal  ancestors,  if  any  survived  him. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  111. 

4.  Iu  arch.,  one  of  the  two  sides  or  vertical  mem- 
bers of  the  chambranle  of  a  door  or  window. 

ascendence,  ascendency,  ascendent.    See  as- 
cendance, etc. 
ascender  (a-sen'der),  ».    1.  One  who  ascends. 

—  2.  An  ascending  letter.     See  ascentlintj. 
ascendible  (a-sen'di-bl),  a.     [<  L.  ascendiliilis 

(also,  from  pp.  ascensits,  LL.  ascensibilis),  < 
ascend'  re,  ascend:  see  ascend  and  -Me,  and  cf. 
ascenilablc.]  Same  as  ascendable. 
ascending  (a-sen'ding),  p.  a.  I.  Proceeding 
from  a  lowefposition  to  a  higher;  rising;  mov- 
ing upward;  figuratively,  proceeding  from  the 
loss  to  the  greater  ;  proceeding  from  a  later  to 
an  earlier  time ;  rising  from  grave  to  acute. 

—  2.  In  bot.,  growing  upward,  as  the  stem  of  a 
plant,  which  is  called  the  ascending  axis.  Com- 
monly restricted  to  the  sense  of  growing  up  obliquely  or  in 
a  curve  from  the  base,  in  distinction  from  erect,  ami  from 
decumbent  or  horizomtal.-  Acute  ascending  paralysis. 
see  paralysis.  -Ascending  latitude,  the  latitude  of  a 
planet  when  moving  toward  the  north  pole  Ascending 
letter,  in  type-founding,  a  letter  which  reaches  to  the 
extreme  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  type.  I"  Roman 
typesol  the  minuscule  or  "lower-case'  form  the  ascend- 
ing letters  arc  b,  .1,  f.  h.  i,  j,  k,  1,  t.  All  capitals  are 
ascending  letters.  —  Ascending  node,  that  point  of  a 

planet's  Orbit  at  which    it   passes    the   ecliptic   to    proceed 

thward.  II  is  also  called  the  northern  node.-  Ascend- 
ing OVUle,  in  ''"/,,  an  ovule  that  is  attached  above  the  base 
of  the  ovary  and  directed  upward.  -  Ascending  rhythm, 

in  pros.,  a  rhythm  or  movement  < posed  of  feet  in 

which  tic  metrically  accented  part  (commonly  called 
the  arsis)  follows  the  metrically  unaccented  pari  (com- 

i Ly  called  the  thesis),  as  an  iambic  or  anapestfc  rhythm  ; 

opposed  to  descending  rhythm,  such  as  the  trochaic  or 
dactylic.  Ascending  signs,  the  sic  nsCapricornus.  Aqua- 
rius, Pisces.  Aries,  Taurus,  and  Gemini :  so  called  because 
the  sun.  while  in  them,  is  approaching  the  north  celestial 
pole,  which  is  to  our  view  elevated.  Ascending  ves- 
sels, in  anat.,  those  vessels  which  carry  the  blood  upward 
or  toward  the  superior  parts  of  the  body. 


ascension 

ascension  (a-sen'shgn),  n.  [<  ME.  ascensiOTtn, 
assensioun,  i  L.  ascensio{n-),  a  rising,  ascen- 
sion, <  aseendere,  pp.  asci nsits,  rise,  ascend:  see 
ascend,]  1.  The  act  of  ascending;  a  rising; 
specifically,  the  bodily  passing  from  earth  to 
heaven  of  Christ,  in  the  presence  of  his  disci- 
ples (Mark  xvi.  19;  Luke  xxiv.  50,  51;  Acts  i. 
1-11). — 2.  [cap.']  The  day  on  which  the  ascen- 
sion of  Christ  is  commemorated  in  the  church  ; 
Ascension  day. — 3t.  That  which  rises  or  as- 
cends ;  a  fume. 

Men  err  in  the  theory  of  inebriation,  conceiving  the 
brain  doth  only  Buffer  from  vapourous  ascensions  from 
the  stomach.     "  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

4.  In  astron.,  the  rising  of  a  star  or  point  above 
the  horizon  on  the  celestial  sphere. —  5.  A  go- 
ing back  in  time,  or  in  the  order  of  genealogi- 
cal succession ;  ascent — Apparent  right  ascen- 
sion. Sec  apparent.—  Ascension  day,  thefortieth day 
after  Easter,  on  which  the  ascension  of  finis!  is  com- 
memorated ;  sometimes  called  Holy  Thursday.—  Oblique 
ascensiont,  of  a  star,  in  astron.,  an  arc  of  the  equator  in- 
tercepted between  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator  which  comes  to  the 
horizon  at  the  same  time  with  the  star.— Right  ascen- 
sion.   («)  In  old  astron. ,  vertical  rising. 

The  signes  of  riht  assenevmn  ben  fro  the  heued  of  can- 
cer to  ye  ende  of  sagittare,  and  thlse  signes  arisen  more 
upriht.  Chancer, 

(b)  In  mod.  astron.,  the  right  ascension  of  a  star  or  point  of 
the  sphere  is  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between  its 
circle  of  declination  and  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries,  reckoned  toward  the  east.  This  meaning  is  derived 
from  the  conception  oi  an  observer  at  a  point  on  the  earth's 
equator  where  all  the  stars  rise  vertically. 
ascensional  (a-sen'shpn-al),  a,  [<  ascension  + 
-ah]  Relating  to  ascension  or  ascent ;  ascend- 
ing or  rising  up. 

That  idea  [of  the  gun-cotton  rocket)  was  to  place  a  disk 
or  short  cylinder  of  the  gun-cotton  in  the  head  of  a  rocket, 
the  ascensional  force  of  which  should  be  employed  to  carry 
tie  disk  to  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  thereabouts. 

Tyndall,  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XIII.  281. 

Ascensional  differencet,  in  astron.,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  right  and  the  oblique  ascension  of  the  same 
point  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere:  used  chiefly  as  ex- 
pressing the  difference  between  the  time  of  the  rising  or 
setting  of  a  body  and  six  o'clock,  or  six  hours  from  its  me- 
ridian passage. 

ascensive  (a-sen'srv),  a.  [<  L.  aseensus  (pp.  of 
aseendere :  see  ascend)  +  -we.]  1.  Character- 
ized by  an  ascending  movement ;  tending  to 
ascend ;  rising ;  tending  to  rise,  or  causing 
to  rise.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  In  gram.,  increas- 
ing force  ;  intensive  ;  augmentative.    [Rare.] 

ascent  (a-senf),  re.  [<  ascend;  formed  like  de- 
scent, F. .  descente,i  descend.  F.  descendre.]  1. 
The  act  of  rising  or  ascending ;  upward  move- 
ment :  as,  the  ascent  of  vapors,  or  of  a  balloon. 

v  To  him  with  swift  ascent  he  up  returo'd. 

MUton,  P.  L.,  x.  224. 

Hence  —  2.  A  rising  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
state,  degree,  or  grade  ;  advancement. 

As  to  the  genesis  of  man  and  the  universe,  the  less  cul- 
tured tribes  claimed  to  be  an  ascent  from  birds,  fishes, 
snakes.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  252. 

3.  The  act  of  climbing  or  traveling  up;  the  act 
of  advancing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position ; 
a  going  up,  as  up  a  mountain,  river,  stairway, 
etc. — 4.  An  eminence ;  a  hill  or  high  place. 
Depressed  valleys  and  swelling  ascents.  Bentley. 

5.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends ;  the  means 
of  ascending ;  acclivity ;  upward  slope. 

It  was  a  rock  .  .  . 
Conspicuous  far ;  winding  with  one  ascent. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  545. 
Next  the  proud  palace  of  Salerno  stood 
A  mount  of  rough  ascent,  and  thick  with  wood. 

Dryden,  Sig.  and  Guis.,  1.  102. 
Clambering  up  the  very  steep  ascent,  I  took  my  place 
upon  the  ramparts  to  watch  the  sunrise  over  the  plain. 

O  Donovan,  Merv,  xxiv. 

6.  The  angle  made  by  an  ascending  line  or  sur- 
face with  the  horizontal  line  or  plane  :  as,  the 
road  has  an  ascent  of  five  degrees. — 7.  A  pro- 
ceeding upward  or  backward  in  time  or  in  logi- 
cal order  of  succession. 

The  ascents  from  particular  to  general  are  all  successive, 
and  each  step  of  this  ascent  requires  time  and  labour. 

J.  S.  Mill,  System  of  Logic. 
Line  of  ascent,  in  genealogy,  ancestry. 

They  [ancient  Hindu  law-teachers]  say  hardly  anything 
of  Inheritance  as  now  understood,  save  in  the  direct  line 
of  descent  or  ascent. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  112. 

ascertain  (as-er-tiin'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
late  ME.  ascertains,  assertaine,  assartainc,  -tayne, 
etc.,  with  asser-,  ascer-,  in  erroneous  simulation 
of  words  like  assent,  ascend,  etc.,  earlier  ME. 
acertainen,  acerteinen,  <  OF.  acertainer,  acer- 
teincr,  make  certain,  <  a,  to,  +  certain,  certain: 
see  fl-11  and  certain.  The  word  is  thus  etymo- 
logieally  o-11  +  certain,  and  was  so  pronounced 
in  early  mod.  E.]     1.   To  make  certain;  deter- 


333 

mine  ;  define  or  reduce  to  precision  by  remov- 
ing doubt,  obscurity,  or  ambiguity ;  establish; 
prove.     [Archaic] 

The  two  first  lines  of  the  following  book  seem  to  ascer- 
tain the  true  meaning  of  the  conclusion  of  this.    Cowper. 

In  1695  he  [Moyle]  was  chosen  to  represent  the  borough 
of  Saltash  in  parliament ;  a  circumstance  which  ascer. 
tains  the  piece  before  us  to  have  been  written  subsequi  mi 
to  that  period.      Malone,  note  in  Dryden'a  Life  of  Lueian. 

We  must  look  somewhat  deeper,  would  we  learn  win  ;i 
book  which  now  tries  our  patience  was  not  undeserving 
of  those  multiplied  editions  which  have  ascertained  its 
popularity.  /.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  327. 

2.  To  find  out  by  trial,  examination,  or  experi- 
ment, so  as  to  know  as  certain;  acquire  an  ac- 
curate knowledge  of :  as,  to  ascertain  the  weight 
of  a  commodity  or  the  purity  of  a  metal. 

To  pass  to  ascertained  facts,  there  actually  are  words 
which  were  ventured  many  generations  ago,  but,  for  some 
reason  or  other,  were  not  taken  up,  .  .  .  and  yet  are  now 
familiar  to  everybody.      /'.  Halt.  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  131,  note. 

3.  To  make  sure  of;  insure.     [Archaic] 

The  ministry,  in  order  to  ascertain  a  majority  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create  twelve 
new  peers.  Smollett. 

4f.  To  make  certain  or  sure ;  certify ;  assure  ; 
inform.     [Rare.] 

I  am  desirous  of  arranging  with  you  such  just  and  prac- 
ticable conditions  as  will  ascertain  to  you  the  terms  at 
which  you  will  receive  my  part  of  your  debts. 

Jefferson,  in  Morse,  p.  334. 

Muncer  assured  them  that  the  design  was  approved  of 
by  Heaven,  and  that  the  Almighty  had  in  a  dream  aseer- 
tainsd  him  of  its  effects.  Robertson. 

5.  To  establish  with  certainty;  render  invari- 
able, or  not  subject  to  caprice  ;  fix.     [Rare.] 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  their  laws  ascertained  the 
rule  and  measure  of  taxation.  Gibbon. 

ascertainable  (as-er-ta'na-bl),  a.  [<  ascertain 
+  -able.]  If.  Capable  of  being  determined  or 
made  certain. — 2.  Capable  of  being  ascertained 
or  found  out  by  trial,  experiment,  investigation, 
inquiry,  etc. 

ascertainer  (as-er-ta'ner),  re.  One  who  ascer- 
tains. 

ascertainment  (as-er-tan'ment),  »i.  [<  ascer- 
tain +  -merit.]  1.  The  act  of  fixing  or  deter- 
mining; a  reducing  to  certainty.     [Archaic]  — 

2.  The  act  of  attaining  certainty ;  the  acquire- 
ment of  certain  knowledge  concerning  some- 
thing ;  a  finding  out. 

Our  ancestors  guided  their  course  by  the  stars,  without 
knowing  much  about  the  stars ;  the  ascertainment  of  a 
few  relative  positions  sufficed. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  2. 
We  can  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  internal  truths 
as  we  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  external  ones. 

H.  Spencer. 

ascetery  (a-set'e-ri),  re. ;  pi.  asceteries  (-riz).  [< 
LGr.  iiaKi]Tiipiov"<.  ao-Kr/Tt'/r,  a  monk:  see  ascetic.] 
Originally,  a  dwelling-place  of  ascetics;  a  mon- 
astery; now,  in  certain  religious  houses,  a  com- 
mon meeting-place  for  spiritual  exercises  and 
reading. 

ascetic  (a-set'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  amnrmdr;  as- 
cetic, laborious ;  as  noun,  a  hermit,  an  ascetic ; 
<  aatii]T>]Q,  one  who  exercises,  an  athlete,  eccles.  a 
monk  or  hermit,  <  aatiriv,  work,  exercise,  eccles. 
mortify  the  body.]  I.  a.  1.  Practising  special 
acts  of  self-denial  as  a  religious  exercise ;  seek- 
ing holiness  through  self -mortification ;  hence, 
rigidly  abstinent  and  self-restrained  as  to  ap- 
petites and  passions. 

He  was  for  his  life  so  exact  and  temperate  that  I  haue 

heard  he  had  never  been  surprised  byexcesse,  being  asci  tic 

and  sparing.  Evelyn,  Diary. 

Genius  is  always  ascetic;  and  piety  and  love.    Appetite 

shows  to  the  finer  souls  as  a  disease. 

Emerson,  Essays,  lstser.,  p.  210. 

Hence — 2.  Unduly  strict  or  rigid  in  religious 
exercises  or  mortifications;  severe;  austere. 

A  constant  ascetic  course  of  the  severest  abstinence  and 
devotion.  South,  Sermons  (ed.  1737),  11.  31. 

A  dominant  religion  is  never  use.  tie. 

Maeaulay,  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ascetics. 
II.  re.  1.  In  the  early  Christian  church,  one 

who  practised  unusual  self-denial  and  devotion ; 
in  modern  usage,  also  one  who  retires  from  the 
customary  business  of  life  and  engages  in  pious 
exercises;  a  hermit;  a  recluse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man  should  understand  what  is  in 
man ;  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by  an  ascetic  in 
his  solitudes.  Atterbury. 

2.  pi.  [cap.]  The  title  of  certain  books  on  de- 
vout exercises :  as,  the  Ascetics  of  St.  Basil, 
ascetical  (a-set'i-kal),  a.  [<  ascetic  +  -ah] 
Pertaining  to  the  practice  of  rigid  self-denial 
and  the  mortification  of  the  body  as  a  means  of 
attaining  virtue  and  holiness;  ascetic — Asceti- 
cal theology,  a  name  given  to  the  science  which  treats 


Ascidia 

of  virtue  and  perfection  and  the  means  by  which  they 

are  In  he  attained,       loll,     Did. 

ascetically  (a-sef i-kal-i), adv.    In  an  ascetical 

manner;  by  the  practii f  asceticism;  as  an 

ascetic ;  to  or  toward  asceticism :  as,  persons 
ascetically  inclined, 
asceticism  (a  set'i-sizm),  n.    [<  use*  tie  +  4sm.  ] 

1.  The  life  or  practice  of  an  ascetic;  the  prin- 
ciples and  historic  COUTSe  of  the  a  seel  ies.      In  an 

cient  Greece  asceticism  (aaxTjais)  meant  tin*  discipline  un- 
dergone bj  athletes  while  tin i niii-      in  the   •  I Is  "i  the 

Stoics  the  same  word  was  applied  to  the  controlling  o 
appetites  and  passions  and  the  practice  of  virtue.  Among 
Christians,  through  contact  with  the  Alexandrian  school 
of  philosophy,  the  word  early  came  into  use  h  ith  a  simi- 
lar meaning,  namely,  the  habitual  use  of  self-discipline, 
such  as  had  been  practised  by  individuals  and  even  in 
communities  among  the  .lews.  The  object  of  tin 
pline  was  to  control  and  subdue  the  bodily  nature  with 
its  passions  and  desires  as  the  Btronghold  "i  evil  in- 
herent in  man  since  the  fall  of  Adam,  the  means  used 
being  fasting,  celibacy,  poverty,  penance,  and  solitude, 
a  mode  of  life  which  developed  in  the  course  oi   a  ft  w 

centuries  into  n asth  ism.     similar   and  even   greater 

austerities  have  been  practised  from  very  early  times  by 
many  among  various  pagan  nations  and  in  connection 
with  various  religious  systems,  such  as  Hinduism,  Buddh- 
ism, etc.,  under  the  influence  of  the  idea  that  mattei   is 

essentially  evil,  and  that  an  approtu  h  to  ideal  g 1  or  an 

escape  from  the  evils  of  existence  can  be  effected  only  by 
subduing  or  torturing  the  body. 

Asceticism  again  — including  under  this  term  ...  all 
efforts  to  withdraw  from  the  world  in  order  to  cultivate  a 
higher  degree  of  sanctity  —  belongs  naturallv  to  a  soi  it  fcy 
which  is  somewhat  rude,  and  in  which  isolation  is  frequent 
and  easy.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  i.  136. 

2.  In  theol.,  the  theory  or  systematic  exposition 
of  the  means,  whether  negative,  as  self-denial 
and  abstinence,  or  positive,  as  the  exercise  of 
natural  and  Christian  virtues,  by  which  a  com- 
plete conformity  with  the  divine  will  may  be  at- 
tained. See  ascetical  theology,  under  ascetical. 
=  Syn.    Self-sacrifice,  Austerity,  etc.    See  self-denial. 

ascham  (as'kam),  n.  [After  Roger  Aschant,  who 
in  1545  published  '"Toxophilus,"  a  celebrated 
treatise  on  archery.]  A  cupboard  or  ease  to 
contain  bows  and  sometimes  arrows  and  other 
implements  of  archery.  Encyc.  Brit. 
Aschiza  (as-K'za),  «." pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  h-  priv. 
+  oxisa,  a  cleft :  see  schism.]  In  Brauer's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  oyclorha- 
phous  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  suborder 
Ctjclorhaphii,  containing  the  families  Syiph/tltr, 
Platypezidce,  Phorida;  and  PipuncuMda;,  thus 
collectively  contrasted  with  Schieophora  (which 
see). 

Aschizopoda  (as-M-zop'o-dS),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  oxHa,  a  cleft,  +  wove  (iroS-)  =  E. 
foot.]  A  division  of  macrurous  decapodous 
crustaceans,  embracing  most  of  the  group,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Schizopoda  or  opossum- 
shrimps. 
asci,  n.  Plural  of  asctis. 
ascian  (ag'ian),  n.  [<  L.  ascitis,  <  Gr.  ao-woc, 
without  shadow,  <  d-  priv.  +  atari,  shadow.] 
A  person  who  casts  no  shadow  at  noon,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone  alone  fulfil  this  condition, 
having  the  sun  twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon. 
Ascidia  (a-sid'i-ii),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ascidium, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  class  of  animals  connecting  the 
molluseoid  invertebrates  with  the  Vertebrata; 
the  tunicates,  tunicaries,  or  sea-squirts,  other- 
wise called  Tunicata,  Ascozoa,  Urochorda,  or 
Protovertebrata  (in  part);  the  ascidians.  They 
arc  asymmetrical  marine  animals, 
simple  or  compound,  fixed  or  free, 
with  a  monoganglionic  nervous 
system,  tubular  heart,  ami  no  foot. 
The  integument  is  a  leathery  sac, 
with  two  orifices,  oral  and  anal. 
The  young  are  free-swimming  ami 
tadpole  like,  and  in  this  larval  con- 
dition show  traces  of  vertebrate 
affinities  in  the  possession  of  a  uro- 
chord,  or  notochord  of  the  tail,  a 
condition  retained  permanent!]  in 
one  family,  the  Appendiculari- 
idee.  They  axe  found  at  low-water 
mark  on  the  sea-beach,  ami,  at- 
tached to  stones,  shells,  and  lived 
objects,  are  dredged  from  deep 
water.  An  ascidian  presents  ex- 
ternally the  appearance  of  a  w  ine- 
jar  or  double-necked  buttle,  the 
one  aperture  of  the  bottle  cor- 
responding to  the  mouth  and  the 
other  to  the  vent  or  ex<  retorj 
aperture.  A  feature  in  the  or- 
ganization of  these  animals  is 
that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
tough  outer  case  or  test  is  com- 
posed of  cellulose,  a  starchy  sub- 
stance highly  characteristic  of 
plants.  The  mouth-opening  leads 
into  a  large  branchial  sacor breath- 
ing-sac ,  and  from  tile  bottom  of 
this  sac  the  digestive  system,  con- 
sisting of  stomach  and  intestine,  is  continued  tie  in- 
testine opening  into  a  second  sac.  the  atrial  chamber. 
This  latter  cavitv  opens  externally  by  the  second  aper- 
ture of  the  body,  and  also  emits  the  effete  water  which 


Ascidia  mentula. 
a.  termination  of  intes- 
tine; *.  branchial  sac; 
ex,  excurrent  or  anal  ori- 
fice; g.  ganglion  ;  :.  lie 
testine :  m,  mouth  ;  o, 
tentacular  fringe ;  r,  re- 
productive organ ;  s, 
stomach;  /',  test,  orouter 
tunic  ;  t,  inner  tunic  ;  V, 
ventral  sinus;  v',  dorsal 
sinus. 


Ascidia 

has  lieen  used  in  breathing.  A  single  nervous  mass 
or  ganglion  represents  the  nervous  system,  this  mass  be 
in-  placi  '1  between  the  two  apertures  of  the  body.  Male 
ami  female  reproductive  organs  exist  in  each  ascidian. 
These  animals  may  be  singer  simple,  social,  or  com ! 
In  social  ascidians  the  peduncles  of  a  number  of  indi- 
viduals are  united  int.-  a  common  tubular  stem,  with  a 
partial  common  circulation  of  blood.  The  species  art- 
more  or  Less  gelatinous,  aud  some  are  used  as  food  in 
China  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
Ascidia  arc  divisible  into  two  orders  not  well  defined, 
called  Biphora  and  Ascidioida,  and  by  other  names,  one 
containing  the  Salpidce  and  DoHolidat,  the  other  the  rest 
of  the  class.  Also  written  Asddias.  See  cuts  under  Ap- 
pendicularia,  Doliolidoe,  Salpa,  and  Tunicata. 
2.  [Used  as  a  singular.]  Less  proper  form  of 
Ascidium. — 3.   [I.  c]  Plural  of  ascidium.  2. 

Ascidiacea  (a-sid-i-a'se-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascid- 
ium +  -a^:a.]    Same  as  Ascidioida,  2. 

Ascidiae  (a-sid'i-e),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  pi.  of  Ascidia, 
2.]  1.  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  Acopa,  embracing  the  true  ascid- 
ians as  distinguished  from  the  Pijrosomatida;, 
Doliolidce,  and  Salpidte.  It  contains  three  groups, 
Simplia  ■  Sociales,  and  Composites,  or  the  simple,  social, 
and  compound  ascidians. 
2.  Same  as  Ascidia,  1. 

ascidian  (a-sid'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ascidium  + 
-an.]  I.  (/.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Ascidia  or 
Tunicata. 

II.    n.     One  of  the  Ascidia  or  Tunicata;   a 
sea-squirt. 

ascidiarium  (a-sid-i-a'ri-um),  ),.;  pi.  ascidiaria 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Ascidium  +,-arium.]  A  compound 
ascidian,  consisting  of  two  or  more  individual 
ascidiozobids.     See  cut  under  oyafhozooid. 

It  [a  fixed  ascidian  I  may  remain  simple,  or  it  may  de- 
velop buds  and  give  rise  to  a  compound  organism  or  Ascid- 
iarium, consisting  of  many  Ascidiozodids  united  together. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  M4. 

ascidiate  (a-sid'i-at),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -ate1.] 
Shaped  like  a  small  bottle,  or  like  an  ascidian. 

Ascidicola  (as-i-dik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  (.Ascidium 
+  L.  colore,  inhabit.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Ascidicolidw. 

Ascidicolidae  (a-sid-i-kol'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  As- 
cidicola +  -idee.  ]  A  family  of  copepod  ent oinos- 
tracous  crustaceans,  parasitic  upon  ascidians. 

ascidiform  (a-sid'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  Ascidium  +  L. 
forma,  shape.]     1.   Shaped  like  an  ascidian; 
bottle-shaped. — 2.  Having  the  structure  of  an 
ascidian;  related  to  the  Ascidia. 
Also  asddiiform. 

ascidiid  (a-sid'i-id),  n.    One  of  the  Ascidiidce. 

AscidiicLe  (as-i-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
2,  +  -idie.)  A  family  of  solitary  ascidians, 
typically  with  the  branchial  aperture  8-lobed, 
the  atrial  6-lobed,  the  branchial  sac  not  folded, 
the  tentacles  simple,  and  the  genitalia  in  close 
connection  with  the  mantle.  It  is  the  typical  family 
of  the  ascidians  proper,  including  the  simple  forms,  as  Mol- 
fiula.  Cynthia,  Ascidia  or  Pkallusia,  etc..  as  distinguished 
from  the  social  and  compound  forms,  and  contains  many 
species.    Sec  cut  under  Ascidia. 

ascidiiform  ( a-sid'i-i-fdrm),  a.    Same  as  asei/li- 

fnrm. 

ascidioid  (a-sid'i-oid),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -aid.] 
Of  or  resembling  an  ascidian :  as,  an  ascidioid 
form.     Huxley. 

Ascidioida  (a-sid-i-oi'dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
Ascidium,  +  -oida.]  1.  Same  as  Ascidia,  Asco- 
zoa, or  Tunicata,  as  a  class  or  phylum  of  ani- 
mals.—  2.  An  order  of  Ascidia,  conterminous 
with  Acopa  (which  see).  Also  called  Ascidiacea, 

ascidiology  (a-sid-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Ascidium  + 
-"'";/.'/•]  That  department  of  zoology  which 
tr.ats  nl  l  In-  ascidians  or  tunicates. 

ascidiozodid  (a-sid"i-o-zo'oid),  n.  [<  Ascidium 
+  zoiiid.]  One  of  tin-  zooids  or  individual 
organisms  which  collectively  constitute  a  com- 
pound ascidian  or  ascidiarium  (which  see). 
See  cuts  under  cyathozooid  and  Voliolidce. 

In  the  compound  or  social  Tunicata,  many  ascidiozodids, 

which  are  united  bj  a  comi i  test  into  an  ascidiarium, 

are  produced  by  gemmation  from  a  solitary  metamor- 
phosed larva.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  522. 

Ascidium  (a-sid'i-urri  >,  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  aoniitov, 
dim.  of  aaKtic,  a  Leathern  bag,  a  wine-skin:  see 
ascus.]  1.  [Also  less  prop.  Ascidia."]  A  genus 
..I  tunicates,  typical  of  tin-  principal  family  of 

tin-  class  Ascidia,  some  of  whose  spi-i-ii's  are 
known  as  sea-squirts:  synonymous  with  I'lmi- 
lusia. — 2.  [I.  c. ;  pi.  ascidia  (-jj).|  In  hoi.:  i"> 
Any  tubular,  horn-shaped,  or  pitcher-like  for- 
mation, arising  usually  from  tin-  union  of  the 
margins  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ,  or  from  the 
di  proporl  ionate  groti  Hi  of  seme  pari .    i  he  as 

■  id rdinarib  known  as  a  pitcher,  a-  in  the  pitcher 

planl                     land  sidi    addle flowera (Sarracenia), is 
,  i  ovi  red  bj  a  lid,  ami  contain    a  seen  ted  fluid  in 
which  Insects  arc  drowned  and  macerated.     Thi 
aquatic  sacs  of  species  oi  Utricularia  are  also  ascidia. 
Seecut boo] > // 1  Same  as  ascus,  1. 


Ascidium  of  a  Plant. 
Leaf  of  pitcher-pl ant  A'/, '/.-.-,  , 
with  a  winged  petiole  and  terminating 
in  an  operculate  pitcher.  ( From  Le 
Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  gene- 
ral de  Botanique.") 


dropsy  of 


334 

asciferous  (a-sif'e- 

l-nsi,  a.  [<  NL.  as 
cms,  q.  v..  +  L.  ferre 
=  E.  ftearL]  Hav- 
ing asei. 

There  is  a  parallelism 
between  the  fructifica- 
tion of  lichens  and  the 
asciferous  section  of 
fungi. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  xiv. 557. 

ascigerous  (a-sij'e- 

rtis).  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
cus. q.  v..  +  L.  ge- 
ii  re,  bear.]  In  hoi.. 
bearing  asei,  as  li- 
chens and  ascomy- 
cetous  fungi.  See 
ascus,  and  compare 
acrosporous. 

ascites  (a-si'tez),  n. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  aasirnc 
(sc.  vdaoc,  disease), 
a  kind  of  dropsy, 
<  <io-h<5c,  a  leathern 
bag,  a  bladder :  see 
ascus.]  In  pathol., 
a  collection  of  se- 
rous fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity 
the  belly. 

ascitic  (a-sit'ik),  a.  Relating  to  ascites  ;  drop- 
sical. 

ascitical  (a-sit'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  ascitic. 

ascititious  (as-i-tish'us),  a.  Same  as  adsciU- 
tious. 

asclent(as-klent'),  adv.  A  Scotch  form  of  aslant. 

asclepiad  (as-kle'pi-ad),  n.  [<  L.  Asclepiadeum 
(so.  mctrum),  <  Gr.  'XaKAiiirtadeioc  (sc.  arixoq,  me- 
ter), the  meter  of  'AoiOniiridinr,  a  Greek  poet,  lit. 
descendant  of  Asclepius,  <  'AaKhpnic,  Asclepius : 
see  Asclepias.]  1.  \cap.\  Inane, pros.,  an  Ab- 
clepiadic  (verse  or  line). —  2.  In  hot.,  a  member 
of  the  order  Asclepiadaceai. — 3.  [cap.]  One  of 
the  Aselepiads  (which  see). 

Asclepiadaceae  (as-kle"pi-a-da'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asclejiias  (-ad-)  +  -acece.]  A  natural  or- 
der of  gamopetalous  exogenous  jilants,  with  pol- 
len in  waxy  masses,  the  pollinia  attached  in  pairs 
to  glandular  appendages  of  the  stigma,  the  fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles,  and  the  seed  comose.  They  are 
mainly  tropical,  many  of  them  African  and  Indian  twining 
shrubs,  usually  with  milky  juice,  which  often  has  strong 
emetic  and  purgative  qualities.  It  includes  the  milkweed 
(.l.srr<7'oi,s),  earrioii-llowcr  (Sta/ii'lia),  wax-plant  (Hoya), 
and  other  handsome  greenhouse  plants,  the  Indian  sarsa- 
parilla  (Hemidesmus  Indicus),  and  several  fiber-plants,  as 
species  of  CalotropU  and  Marmlenia,  a  speciesof  the  latter 
genus  yielding  a  blue  dye  resembling  indigo. 

asclepiadaceous  ( as-Me  pi-a-da/shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  Asclepiadaceai. 

Asclepiadae  (as-kle-pi'a-de),  ii.  id.  [NL. :  see 
Aselepiads.]     Same  as  Aselepiads. 

Asclepiadean  (aB-kle'pi-a-de'an),  a.  [<  L.  As- 
elepiadeus  (see  asclepiad)  4-  -an.]  In  anc.pros., 
consisting  or  composed  of  Asclepiadics. 

In  his  combinations  of  the  Asclepiadean  [meter]  we  note 
the  grave  and  thoughtful  temperance  of  tone  which  per- 
vades those  in  which  the  three  Asclepiadean  lines  are  com- 
bined with  one  Glyconic.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  lGa. 

Asclepiadean  strophe,  a  strophe  or  stanza  composed  of 
Asclepiadics  with  or  without  other  verses,  such  as  Gly- 
-  onics  and  Pherecral  ics. 
Asclepiadic  (as-kle-pi-ad'ik),  a.  and  ».  [<  ascle- 
piad +  -ic.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  As- 
clepiad or  Asclepiadic,  a  kind  of  verse. 

II.  n.  In  anc.  pros.,  a  verse  consisting  of  a 
spondee,  two  (or  three)  ehoriambi.  and  an  iam- 
bus; or,  according  to  other  authorities,  a  logaoe- 
dic  verse  consisting  of  a  basis,  throe  i-yelii-  dac- 
tyls, of  which  tin-  second  is  syncopated  (or  five 
cyclic  dactyls,  of  which  the  second  and  fourth 
are  syncopated),  and  a  trochaic  dipody  catalec- 
tic.  The  shorter  form  is  called  the  lesser,  the 
longer  the  greater,  Asclepiadic. 

\l:i ice-  j  nas  atavis  |  edlte  re-  |  gibus. 

\l;ree.  |  nas  ata-  |  vis  |  edltc  |  l-cglbns. 

TO  in-  !  ipiasieris  I  seirS  nefas  |  ipiem  mlhl  quern  |  tibi. 
Tune  |  qna-sk-  ,  ris  j  scire  ne.  |  fiis  |  queminlhl  |  quern  tibi. 

Aselepiads  (as-kle'pi-adz),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr.  'Acicfaj- 
-inAui,  pi.  of  '.\nh/i/-nii\i/r,  a  descendant  of  As- 
clepius. J  An  order  of  <  treek  physicians,  priests 
of  Aselopius  or  JEsculapius,  the  god  nl'  modi- 
cine,  wliose  descendants  tiny  claimed  to  be, 
Thcj  practised  raedlclne  under  the  reputed  Inspiration 
ei  that  deity,  and  were  bound  by  oath  not  to  reveal  the 
secrets  of  lb-  u  art      Uso  Asclepiadoe. 

From  these  primitive  clinica]  records,  the  half-priestly, 
half-philosophic  caste  of  the  Aselepiads  compiled  the  data 
upon  which  tic  earliest  generalisations  of  medicine,  as  an 
inductive  science,  were  basi  d. 

Huxley,  Biol.  Sci.  and  Med. 


ascribable 

Asclepias  (as-kle'pi-as),  ".  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aasln- 
ttiiic,  an  uncertain  plant,  <  'AmXr/iriot;,  Doric  'Atr- 
KAairioc,  Asclepius,  >  L.  Aesculapius,  -Ksculapius, 
the  tutelary  god  of  medicine.]  A  large  genus 
of  North  American  herbs,  natural  order  AscU  pi- 
adacea;  popularly  known  as  milkweed  or  silk- 
weed.  The  plants  are  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice, 
mostly  upright  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  the 
flowers  in  umbels,  and  the  seeds  tufted  with  long  silky 
hairs.  Of  the  more  than  70  species,  nearly  aO  are  found 
within  the  United  States.  The  butterfly-weed  or  pleurisy- 
root.  A.  tuberosa,  has  diaphoretic  and  mild  purgative  prop- 
erties. The  bastard  ipecacuanha  of  the  West  Indies,  A. 
rurusxairica,  is  a  powerful  emetic.  .Some  of  the  species 
afford  an  excellent  fiber. 

ascocarp  (as'ko-karp),  n.  [<  Gr.  ii^kiir,  a  bag 
(see  ascus),  +  fcapiroj,  fruit.]  The  developed 
fructification  in  Ascomycetcs,  consisting  of  asei 
and  ascophores. 

ascogenous  (as-koj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  acme,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  -ytvfje,  producing:  see  -ge- 
nous.]  In  hot.,  producing  asei:  applied  to  the 
hyphte  upon  which  asei  are  developed  in  the 
ascomycetous  fungi. 

ascogone  (as'ko-gon),  n.     Same  as  ascogonium. 

ascogonium  (as-ko-go'ni-um),  u. ;  pi.  ascogonia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aasoc,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  + 
-yuvoq,  producing:  see  -gony.]  The  female  or- 
gan in  certain  of  the  lower  cryptogams,  which 
after  fertilization  develops  asei.  Also  called 
carpogowium  and  arChicarp. 

Ascomycetes  (as"ko-mi-se'tez),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aoKog,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  pviais,  pi.  uinafreg, 
a  mushroom,  akin  to  L.  mucus:  see  mucus.]  A 
family  of  fungi  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  free  spores  within  elongated  cells  (asei), 
often  associated  with  alternation  of  generation. 
It  includes  a  great  variety  of  forms,  such  as  the  micro- 
scopic yeast-fungi  or  ferments,  various  mildews,  ergot, 
the  subterranean  truffles,  the  morels,  helvellas,  etc.,  which 
represent  the  several  orders  Saccharomycetes,  Perispori. 
acece,  Pyrenomycetes,  Tuberacece,  and  LHscomycetes.  Most 
of  the  lichens  are  now  also  generally  considered  as  he- 
longing  to  this  family.    See  cut  under  ascus. 

ascomycetous (as"ko-mi-se'tus),  a.  [<  Ascomy- 
cetes +  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascomy- 
cetes. 

Ascomyzon  (as-ko-mi'zon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  <io-- 
aoc,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  fKuv,  ppr.  of  /n\nr, 
suck  in.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Asconu/~oii  tides. 

Ascomyzontidse  (as "ko-mi-zon'ti-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,< Ascomyzon' t-)  +  -ida:]  Afamily  of  para- 
sitic epizoic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 
stoma. 

ascon  (as'kon),  11. ;  pi.  ascons,  ascones  (-konz, 
as-ko'nez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amor,  a  bag:  see  as- 
cus.] One  of  the  Ascones;  a  sponge  having  the 
characters  of  the  Ascones. 

Ascones  (as-ko'nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  ascon.] 
A  group  of  the  lowest  and  simplest  chalk- 
sponges,  having  a  ventricle  with  walls  so  thin 
that  the  inhalent  pores  open  directly  into  the 
ventricular  cavity:  distinguished  from  Leuco- 
iii  s  and  Sycones.     See  Olynfhus. 

Asconidse  (as-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ascon  + 
-idn\]  A  family  of  Calcisjiongia;  the  same  as 
Ascones. 

ascophore  (as'ko-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  dmo^o/joc,  bear- 
ing wiue-skins,  <  acmoc,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  + 
-rjiipof,  <  fcpeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  In  hot.,  the  aseus- 
bearing  form  or  stage  of  development  in  some 
groups  of  the  Ascomycetes.  See  cut  under 
ascus. 

ascophorous  (as-kof'o-rus),  a.  [As  ascophore 
+  -0!(S.]  In  bot,,  bearing  an  ascus  or  asei: 
applied  to  the  hyphee  in  lichens,  which  develop 
asei  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

ascospore  (as'ko-spor),  «.  [<  Gr.  iaxdc,  a  bag, 
+  o-rrorjof,  seed:  see  ascus  and  spore.]  In  bot., 
one  of  a  cluster  of  spores  borne  within  an 
ascus. 

The  characteristic  form  of  reproduction  of  the  Ascomy- 
cetes is  by  ascospores  formed  within  asei  by  free  cell-for- 
mation. Encyc  Brit.,  IX.  883, 

ascosporous  (as-kos'po-rus),  a.  [As  ascospore 
+  -ous.]  Having  ascospores:  as,  "ascosporous 
fungi,"  Encyc.  lint..  IV.  162. 

Ascozoa  (as-ko-zo'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiasdc,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  s"<J"i-,  an  animal.]  A  name 
of  the  tunicates  or  ascidians:  synonymous  witli 
Ascidia,  1  (which  see). 

ascozoan  (as-ko-zo'an),  n.  [<  Ascozoa  +  -an.] 
One  of  the  Ascozoa  ;  an  ascidian  or  tunicate. 

asCOZOic  (as-ko-zo'ik),  a.  [<  Ascozoa  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascozoa ;  tunicate;  as- 
cidian. 

ascribable  (as-kri'ba-bl),  (/.  [<  ascribe  +  -able.] 
Capable  of 'being  ascribed  or  attributed;  at- 
tributable. 


ascribe 

ascribe  (as-krib'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ascribed, 
ppr.  ascribing.  [Altered  to  ascribe  (after  L.) 
from  early  mod.  E.  ascrire,  <  ME.  ascriven,  < 
OF.  ascrire  (eweno-)  =  It.  aserwere,  <  L.  oscn- 
bcrc,  annex  by  writing,  add  to  a  writing,  enroll, 
enter  in  a  list,  impute,  attribute,  <  ad,  to,  + 
scribere,  write:  see  scribe.]  If.  To  add  in  writ- 
ing; append  (one's  name)  to  a  document,  etc.; 
subscribe. 

The  ascribing  of  my  name  would  .  .  .  have  Bubstracted 
from  .  .  .  the  weight  of  those  discourses. 

Sethersole,  Sell-Cond.,  p.  3.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

2f.  To  inscribe  or  dedicate. 

The  secounil  pillor  called  Dorica,  being  ascribed  to  Her- 
cules. Shute,  Archit.,  C  rj.  b.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

3f.  To  enroll  or  register. 

He  would  long  since  have  been  ascribed  a  member  there. 
Aubrey,  in  Letters  of  Emin.  Pers.  (Bliss),  II.  632.  (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  refer,  as  to  a  cause 
or  source ;  assign ;  set  down :  as,  losses  are  often 
to  be  ascribed  to  imprudence. 

This  Speech  is,  I  think,  the  finest  that  is  ascribed  to 
Satan  in  the  whole  Poem.        Addison,  Spectator,  No.  321. 

But  many  atrocious  proceedings  must,  doubtless,  be  as. 
criheil  to  heated  imagination,  to  perverted  principle,  to  a 
distaste  for  what  was  vulgar  in  morals,  and  a  passion  fur 
what  was  startling  and  dubious.     Macaulay,  On  History. 

5.  To  attribute,  as  a  quality  or  an  appurte- 
nance ;  consider  or  allege  to  belong. 

I  .  .  .  will  ascribe  righteousness  to  my  Maker. 

Job  xxxvi.  3. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and  I" 
me  they  have  ascribed  but  thousands.  1  Sam.  xviii.  s. 

=  Syn.  Attribute,  Refer,  etc.    See  attribute. 

ascriptt  ( as'kript),  a.  [<  L.  ascriptus,  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  ascriberc,  adscriberc,  annex  by  writing : 
see  ascribe,  adscript.']     Registered;  enrolled. 

ascription  (as-krip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ascriptin(i\-), 
an  addition  in  writing,  lit.  the  act  of  ascribing, 
<.  ascriberc,  pp.  ascriptus,  add  to  a  writing:  see 
ascribe.]  1.  The  act  of  ascribing,  imputing,  or 
affirming  to  belong,  to  be  due,  etc. 

Self-abnegations  often  repeated  imply  on  the  part  of  the 
actor  a  tacit  asni[)tion  of  relative  selfishness  to  others  who 
profit  by  the  self-abnegations. 

H.  Silencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  An  expression  ascribing ;  words  in  which 
one  ascribes. 

Offering  up  the  ascriptions  justly  due  to  Him  for  such 
singular  deliverances  and  blessings. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  391. 

Also  rarely  adseription. 
ascriptitiOUS  (as-krip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ascrip- 
tions, enrolled  as  a  citizen,  soldier,  etc.  (ascrip- 
ticii  servi,  slaves  "bound  to  the  soil),  <  ascriptus, 
pp.  of  ascriberc,  enroll:  see  ascribe,  ascript..] 
1.  Bound  or  attached  to  the  soil:  applied  to 
villeins  under  the  feudal  system,  who  were  an- 
nexed to  the  freehold  and  transferable  with  it. 
— 2.  Added,  as  to  a  list;  enrolled. 

An  ascriptitious  and  supernumerary  god. 

Farindon,  Sermons,  p.  82. 

Also  rarely  adscriptitious. 
ascryt, «.  [Early  mod..  E.,  <  ME.  ascrien,  ascryen, 
askryen,  <  AF.  "ascrier  (later  ME.  escrien,  <  OF. 
escricr,  mod.  F.  eerier),  <  es-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  + 
crier,  cry.  Cf.  escry,  and  by  apheresis  scry, 
doublet  of  ascry:  see  as-3,  eg-1,  and  cry.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  call  forth  or  out;  call  upon; 
challenge. —  2.  To  descry. 

II.  intrans.  To  cry  out,  shout,  or  exclaim, 
ascryt,  »•    [<  ascry,  v.]   Outcry;  clamor;  shout- 
ing. 

Ascry  aros  at  skarmyssh  al  withoute. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  611. 

ascula  (as'ku-la),  re. ;  pi.  asculce  (-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  ascus.]  "  1.  That  stage  of  the  young  of 
sponges  (as  Olynthus,  Sycon,  Haliphysema)  in 
which,  after  ceasing  to  be  a  free-swimming 
embryo,  and  before  it  has  changed  into  adult 
form  by  the  development  of  spieulaa  in  the 
ectoderm,  or  other  modifications,  it  becomes 
attached  to  some  support.  Haeckel. —  2.  The 
first  period  of  attachment  of  certain  sponges, 
namely,  that  in  which  the  sponge  has  lost  or  is 
losing  its  collar,  opening  the  primitive  cloacal 
collar,  and  forming  the  first  central  cavity  with- 
out lateral  ampullae.  It  corresponds  to  the  pro- 
tospongian  stage  of  Haeckel.     Hyatt. 

ascus  (as'kus),  n. ;  pi.  asci  (as'i).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dmdc,  a  leathern  bag,  bottle,  bladder,  wine-skin : 
see  Ascidium,  Ascidia,  etc.]  1.  In  hot.,  the 
spore-case  of  lichens  and  ascomycetous  fungi, 
consisting  of  a  single  cell,  usually  the  swollen 
terminal  cell  of  a  branch  of  a  hypha,  from  the 
protoplasm  of  which  the  spores  (typically  8)  are 
produced.  Also  called  ascidium  and  theca. — 2. 
In  archwol.,  same  as  askos. 


Asci. 
A.  Section  of  Peziza  con- 
vexula,  magnified:  s.  tissue 
of  the  fungus,  surrounding  by 
its  margin  (?)  the  hymenium 
(A),  which  contains  the  asci. 
S.  A  group  of  asci  {a-/), 
highly  magnified ;  sh.  sub- 
hymenial  layer  of  hypha?. 
"  T  ihrbv. 


( From    Sachs's 
der  Botanik.") 


1  Lehrbuch 


335 

ascyphous  (as'i-fus),  a. 

[<  Gr.  ao-Ktupoc,  without  a 

cup,  <  a-  priv.  +  oni'<poc,  a 

cup.]     In  lint.,  having  no 

scyphi :  applied  to  lichens 

without  cup-shaped  bod- 
ies (scyphi)  bearing  the 

organs  of  fructification. 
as-ducat  (as'duk"at),  n. 

An  old  German   unit   of 

weight,  used  in   Saxony, 

equal     to    5.2875    centi- 
grams, or  five  sixths  of  a 

troy  grain, 
asea  (a-se')i  prep.  phr.  as 

adv.      [<  oa  +  sea.     Cf. 

aland1.]    At  sea  ;  on  the 

sea ;  to  the  sea. 
aseel  (a-sel'),  n.    [E.  Ind.] 

A  variety  of  the  common 

hen,  similar  to  the  Malay. 

It  is  of  medium  size,  and  is  es- 
teemed in  the  East  Indies  for 

its  pugnacity. 

aseismatic  (a-sis-mat'ik), 

a.  [<  rt-ls  +  seisiniitic.] 
Not  seismatic ;  free  from 
shock;  mitigating  the 
effects  of  earthquake- 
shocks  :  applied  to  certain 
contrivances  designed  to  secure  stability,  as  of 
lighthouses  and  other  structures  during  earth- 
quakes: as,  aseismatic  joints;  aseismatic  tables. 
aseity  (a-se'i-ti),  re.  [=  F.  aseitc,  <  ML.  aseitas, 
the  state  of  being  of  one's  self,  independent  ex- 
istence, <  L.  a  se,  of  one's  self:  a  for  ab,  of. 
from;  se,  self:  see  se.]  The  mode  of  being  of 
that  which  is  underived  from  anything  else ; 
independent  existence  ;  existence  by  self -origi- 
nation. 

By  what  mysterious  light  have  you  discovered  that  ase- 
ity is  entail'd  on  matter? 

Gentleman  Instructed  (ed.  1732),  p.  425. 

The  absolute  being  and  aseity  of  God.         W.  R.  Smith. 

Aselli,  t>.     Plural  of  Asellus,  1. 

asellia  (a-sel'id),  n.  An  isopod  of  the  family 
Asellidm. 

Asellidae  (a-sol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-idai.]  A  family  of  isopodous  crustaceans,  of 
which  the  genus  Asellus  is  the  type.  It  also  con- 
tains the  genus  Limiwria,  of  whicli  the  species  L.  tere- 
brans, the  gribble,  is  destructive  to  submerged  wood. 
Other  genera  are  Io?ra  and  Manna.  Its  various  forms 
inhabit  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 

Asellota  (as-e-16'tii),  re.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-ota.]     A  synonym  of  Asellidce. 

Asellus  (a-sel'us),  re.  [L.,  dim.  of  asimis,  an 
ass:  see  ass1.]  1.  [PI.  Aselli  (-i).]  A  name 
given  to  each  of  the  two  stars  y  and  &  Cancri, 
lying  east  of  the  quadrangle  of  that  constel- 
lation.—  2.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Asellidce.  A.  aquaticus,  the  water  hog- 
louse,  is  a  common  form  in  fresh  water. 

asemia  (a-se'ini-ij),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hamiot;,  hav- 
ing or  giving  no  sign,  <  a-  priv.  +  oij/ia,  a  sign.] 
In  pat  hoi.,  the  loss  of  the  power  of  forming  or 
understanding  any  sign  or  symbol  of  thought, 
whether  spoken,  written,  or  acted.  Also  called 
asymbolia. 

asepsis  (a-sep'sis),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ri-  priv.  + 
ai'i^iig,  putrefaction.]  Absence  of  living  germs 
of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermentation. 

asepta  (a-sep'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aseptus,  <  Gr.  do-c/irrof,  not  liable  to  decay:  see 
aseptic]     Things  not  liable  to  putrefy. 

aseptic  (a-sep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  hnn-rtroc,  not  liable 
to  decay,  <  a-  priv.  +  oT,7rror,  septic :  see  septic.  ] 
Free  from  the  living  germs  of  disease,  fermen- 
tation, or  putrefaction. 

asepticity  (as-ep-tis'i-ti),  re.  [<  aseptic  +  -ity.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  being  aseptic. 

These  are  absence  of  damp  soil,  asepticity  of  tin-  air, 
and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  Med.  News,  XLVII. 

asepticize  (a-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
asepticized,  ppr.  asepticizing.  [<  aseptic  +  -i:e.] 
To  render  free  from  living  germs  of  disease, 
fermentation,  or  putrefaction. 

asexual  (Si-sek'su-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- priv.  (o-18) 
+  sexual.]  1.  Not  sexual;  not  sexed;  having 
no  sex,  as  a  species  or  other  group  of  animals 
which  have  no  sexual  system  or  organs. — 2. 
Neuter;  being  of  neither  sex,  as  some  indi- 
viduals of  species  in  which  other  individuals 
are  male  or  female,  or  as  some  stages  in  the 
growth  of  individuals  which  later  develop  into 
male  or  female. — 3.  Effected  or  produced  by 
other  than  sexual  processes;  agamic;  agamo- 
genetic :  as,  asexual  reproduction. 


ash 

Little  colonies  of  these  parusiles,  the  Cuninnc,  ultimately 
develop  into  medusa;.  Here  is  an  asexual  multiplication, 
but  no  true  alternation  of  generation.    Science,  \  II   264a. 

Asexual  reproduction,  any  process  of  propagation  that 
is  unt  effected  by  means  of  sexual  organs,  .i-  in  '"<'..  in 
many  of  the  cryptogams,  by  cell-division,  etc  .  and  in  pha- 
nerogams when  propagation  is  carried  on  b 
Bho<  i s,  bulbs,  etc. 

asexually  (a-sek'su-al-i),  adv.    In  an  asexual 

manner;  agamically;  agamogenetically. 

For  what  are  the  phenomena  "i  igai genesis,  stated 

generally?  An  impregnated  eggdevelops  into  an  asexual 
form,  A;  this  gives  rise  asexually  to  a  second  form  or 
forms,  it.  more  or  less  differenl  from  A.  B  may  multiply 
asexually  again;  in  the  simpler  eases,  however,  ii 
not,  but!  acquiring  sexual  characters,  produces  impreg- 
nated eggs  from  whence  A  once  more  arises. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  311. 

Asgard  (as'gard),  n.  [< Ieel.  dsgardhr,  <  ass.  a 
god,  +  ijardhr,  an  inclosure,=  E.  yard2:  sec  I  . 
garth1,  and  yard".]  In  Aor.se  myth.,  the  abode 
of  the  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  goddesses, 
and  of  heroes  slain  in  battle,  formed  of  the  eye- 
brows of  the  giant  Ymer.  In  the  midst  of  Asgard 
were  the  plain  of  Ida  (Tdavollr),  where  the  gmls  assem- 
bled in  council,  and  Odin's  throne  (Hlidskjalf).  The 
several  gods  and  goddesses  had  their  own  dwellings,  and 
Valhalla  (Odin's  hall).  Gladsheim  (the  special  ball  of  the 
gods),  and  Vingolf  (that  of  the  goddesses)  were  common 
meeting-places  for  them  all.  Asgard  was  connected  with 
Midgard  (the  earth)  by  the  bridge  Bifrost. 

ash1  (ash),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  asch,  assh,  esche, 
etc,  <  AS.  a;sc  =  J).  esc/(  =  OHG.  asc,  MUG. 
asch,  m.,  G.  esche,  f.,  =  Icel.  askr  =  Dan.  Sw. 
ask  =  OBulg.  yasika  =  Lith.  usis,  the  ash.]    I.  n. 

1.  In  bot. :  (a)  The  popular  name  of  trees  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Fraxiuus  (which  see).  The 
common  ash  of  Europe,  /•'.  era  Isior,  is  native  through  the 
greater  part  of  Europe,  northern  Africa,  and  some  parts 
of  Asia.  It  is  a  handsome  ornamental  tree,  and  is  exceed- 
ingly  valuable  for  its  timber,  which  is  close-grained  and 
remarkably  tough  and  elastic.  It  was  therefore  in  early 
times  the  chief  material  in  the  construction  of  bows  and 
spears,  and  is  now  largely  used  wherever  these  qualities 
are  needed.  In  its  younger  state  the  tree  is  called  ground- 
ash,  and  a  variety  is  well  known  in  cultivation  as  weep- 
in-  ash.  The  flowering  ash,  F.  Ornus,  is  a  small  tree  of 
southern  Europe,  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament.  It 
yields  a  saccharine  exudation,  which  forms  the  best  known 
and  most,  important  of  the  various  kinds  of  manna.  In 
the  United  States  several  species  of  the  genus  are  com- 
monly known  under  the  name,  as  the  black  ash,  ground- 
ash,  or  hoop-ash,  /''.  sambucjfclia ;  the  blue  ash.  /■'.  quad- 
ranyulata  ;  the  green  ash,  F.  viridis;  the  red  ash,  F.  /m- 
bescens ;  the  water-ash,  F.  platycarpa  ;  and  the  white 
ash,  F.  Americana.  The  last  is  the  most  valuable,  its 
wood  closely  resembles  that  of  the  European  ash,  and  is 
used  for  similar  purposes,  (y)  The  name  (with  some 
adjunct)  of  various  trees  or  shrubs  of  other  gen- 
era, generally  from  some  resemblance  in  foliage 
or  qualities  of  the  wood  to  the  common  ash. 
(See  below.)  (c)  Also,  in  parts  of  England, 
the  name  of  some  herbaceous  plants,  chiefly 
umbelliferous,  as  the  ground-ash,  or  ashweed, 
JEgopodium  Podagraria  and  Angelica  sylrestris, 
and  the  sweet  ash,  Anthriscus  sylrestris. —  2. 
The  wood  of  the  ash-tree ;  hence,  something 
made  of  ash,  as  the  shaft  of  a  lance  or  spear. 

My  grained  ash  a  hundred  times  hath  broke. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 
Ash  of  Jerusalem,  an  old  English  name  for  woad  or 
dyer's  weed,  Istitis  tvnetoria  and  Reseda  luteola. —  Bitter 
ash,  a  West  Indian  name  of  the  quassia-tree,  Picrama 
cAcctsa.  —  Cape  ash,  the  Wsebergia  capensis,  a  large  melia- 
icoiistreeof  southern  Africa,  furnishing  valuable  timber. — 
Poison  ash,  the  poison  sumac,  Rhus  venenata—  Prickly 
ash  a  name  given  to  species  of  Xanthoxylum  (A\  Amen- 
canum,  A'.  Clava-Herculili,  the  latter  also  called  tea-ash).— 
Quaking  ash,  in  Scotland,  the  aspen. — Red  ash,  of  Aus- 

tralia,  theAlphitonia  excelsa,  a  tall  ilia iceous  tree  with 

very  hard  wood.  — Wild  ash,  an  old  English  name  for  the 
mountain-ash.— YellOW  ash,  a  leguminous  tree  of  the 
United  States,  Cladrastis  tinctoria.  See  yellow-wood.  (See 
also  hoop-ash,  mountain-ash,  wafer-ash) 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash ;  made  of 
ash. 
ash-  (ash),  re.  [E.  dial.  pi.  axen,  Sc.  as,  ass,  pi. 
asses;  <  ME.  ash,  ashe,  asche,  aische,  esche,  asse, 
aske,  axe,  pi.  ashes,  ascites,  askes,  axes,  and  with 
older  term,  ashen,  aschen,  asken,  axen,  <  AS. 
asci  .use, .  axe,  pi.  asran,  ascan,  axon,  <cwh,  =  D. 

asch  =  OHG.  asga,  asea,  MHt;.  asche,  esche,  G. 
asche  =  Icel.  Sw.  aska  =  Dan.  aske  =  Goth. 
azgd,  ash.]  1.  What  remains  of  a  body  that 
is  burned;  the  incombustible  residue  of  organic 
substances  (animal  or  vegetable)  remaining 
after  combustion;  in  common  usage,  any  in- 
combustible residue  of  materials  used  as  fuel: 
usually  in  the  plural.  As  a  commercial  term,  the 
word  generally  means  the  ashes  of  vegetable  substances, 
from  which  are  extracted  the  alkaline  matters  called  pot- 
ash, pearlash,  kelp,  barilla,  etc. 

The  ash  of  tobacco.        Donne,  Polydoron  (1631),  p.  142. 

A  residue  consisting  of  carbon,  or  carbon  ami  ash.    Ure. 

2.  Fine  material  thrown  out  of  a  volcano  in 
eruption.  It  is  not,  like  ordinary  ashes,  a  residuum  of 
the  combustion  of  a  substance  containing  carbonaceous 
mingled  with  inorganic  matter,  but  is  finely  pulverized 
lava,  derived  in  part  from  the  actual  tearing  asunder  of 


ash 


336 


ashen2  (ash' en  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ash*  +  -.«-.] 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  ashes ;  ash-oolored : 
as,  "the  ashen  hue  of  age,"  Scott,  Marmion, 
vi.  14. 

ashen3t,  "•  Obsolete  plnral  of  ash*.  Chancer. 
a've  been  called  igneo-aqueous  ashery  (ash'e-ri),  n.;  pi.  asheries  (-riz).  [< 
lava,  volcano,  and  tuff.  , ._,  J+  ,'   1     A  piaee  for  ashes;  an  ash- 

hole.— 2.  A  manufactory  of  potash  or  pearl- 


the  not  fully  consolidated  matirinl  by  the  expansive  force 
of  the  cases  which  it  contains,  and  in  part  from  mechani- 
cal pulverization  by  friction  in  the  chimney  ol  the  vol  a 

no     Lai r  particles  are  called  eapOli  ;  coherent  masses 

of  still  larger  Bize,  scoria,  cinders,  and  bombs.     H  the 

erupted  ashes  fall  into  water,  thi  j  assume  a  stratified  form 

Rocks  "f  this  character  hav 

and  pluto-neptunian.    Si  e  la 

3     ill.  The  remains  of  the  human  body  when 

burned ;  hence,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  mortal 

remains. 

Poor  key-cold  figure  of  a  hols  king  ' 
Pale  itxhcs  of  the  house  of  Lancaster! 
Thou  bloodless  remnant  of  that  royal  blood! 

Shak.,  Bich.  III.,  i.  2. 
Black  ashes,  crude  soda.— Blue  ashes.  See  Uue.- 
Clavellated  ashes.    See  w„r.  (/.:?.<(. -Dust  and  ashes, 

a  Scriptural  phrase  expressive  when  applied  t tea  -  n 

of  deep  humiliation:  as. '  I  which  am  but  dust and  ashes, 
Gen  wiii.  -jr.— Ultramarine  ashes.    See  ultramarine. 
ash2  (ash).  ».  i.     [<  ash?,  ».]     1.  To  strew  or 
sprinkle  with  ashes. 


They  ash  and  powder  their  pencraniums. 

Howell,  Letter 


iv.  5. 

To  convert  into  ashes. 

brought  into  a  Bcorifler  and 
,1  mer.  Chem.  Jour.,  VIII.  IS. 


The  foia.d  Biter  papei 
ashed  in  a  glowing  muffle. 
ashame  (a-sham'),  v.  [<  (1)  ME.  ascharnen, 
ashamen,  <!  AS.  ascamian,  dsceamum  (=  MUG. 
irsciniK  it,  i  rscht  in'  n,  Qt.  <  rschdmen ) ;  mixed  with 
(2)  ME.  yshamen,  ysehamen,  <  AS.  t/escamian, 
gesceamian,  gescomian  (=Goth.  gaskaman, refl. ), 
and  (3)  ME.  ofschamen,  <  AS.  ~,i/scamian  (the 
last  two  in  ME.  only  in  pp.);  <  AS.  «-  (E.  0-1), 
AS.  </c-  (E.  ci-6),  or  AS.  of-  ( E.  «-•*),  respectively, 
+  scamian,  sceamian,  shame:  see  o-1,  «-6,  a-*, 
and  sfcome,  ».]  I.t  intrans.  To  feel  shame;  be 
ashamed. 

To  shame ;  make  ashamed.    [-Now 


ash. 
ashet  (ash'et),  n.     [Sc,  earlier  assei,  <  F.  os- 

sti  We,  a  plate.]    A  large  platter  or  dish,  gener- 
ally of  an  oval  shape,  on  which  meat  is  brought 

to  'the  table.     [Scotch.] 
ash-fire  (ash'fir),  n.    A  slow  fire  of  live  coals 

banked  or  covered  with  ashes,  used  in  chemical 

operations,  and  by  bakers  and  others. 
ash-fly  (ash'fli),  n.    The  oak-fly,  Cynips  quer- 

cusfolii. 
ash-furnace  (ash'fer''nas).  re.   A  kind  of  f  urnace 

or  oven  in  which  the  materials  for  glass-making 

are  fritted. 
ash-hole  (ash'hol),  n.    A  repository  for  ashes; 

the  lower  part  of  a  furnace ;  an  ash-bin. 
ashine  (a-sbin'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  «3 
+  shine'.)     Shining;  bright;  luminous. 
His  hard  features  .  .  .  all  agrin  and  ashine  with  glee.. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  in. 

Ashkenazic  (ash-ke-naz'ik),  «.     Pertaining  or  aghrafi  (ash-raf'i),  n.     [Pers.  ashrafi.)    A  Per- 
relating  to  the  Ashkenazim.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.     s;an  g0id  coin,  weighing  rather  more  than  53 


Asiarch 

a  narrow  tool;  painted,  when  wrought  with  a  tool  still 
narrower;  rusticated,  or  quarry-faced,  when  the  joints 
only  arc  hewn,  the  face  of  the  stone  being  left  irregular; 
prison  rustic,  when  pitted  into  deep  holes ;  herring-bone, 
when  tooled  obliquely  in  alternate  directions ;  and  nigged, 
when  dressed  with  a  pointed  hammer. 

The  ashler  buttress  braves  its  force, 
And  ramparts  frown  in  battled  row. 

Scott,  Cadyow  Castle. 

Droved  ashler,  a  Scotch  name  for  ashler  of  inferior 
quality,  whether  chiseled  or  random-tooled. 

ashlering  (ash'ler-ing),  re.  [<  ashler  +  -ing\.) 
1.  In  carp.,  short  upright  pieces  to  which  laths 
are  nailed,  extending  from  the  floor-beams  to 
the  rafters  in  garrets.— 2.  In  masonry,  ashler 
used  as  a  facing  to  the  body  of  a  wall ;  bastard 
ashler. 

ashore  (a-shor').  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  0» 
+  shore1'.]  1.  On  shore;  on  or  to  the  land  ad- 
jacent to  water:  as,  bring  the  goods  ashore; 
the  ship  was  driven  ashore. — 2.  On  land:  op- 
posed to  aboard  or  afloat:  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 

ash-pit  (ash 'pit ),  n.  1.  A  place  of  deposit  for 
ashes  and  house-rubbish  generally. —  2.  The 
place  where  the  cinders  fall  under  a  furnace 
or  fireplace. 

ash-plate  (ash'plat),  «.  The  rear  plate  of  a 
furnace. 


292. 

Ashkenazim  (ash-ke-naz'im),  n.  pi.  [Heb.] 
German-Polish  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Sephardim  or  Spanish-Portuguese  Jews.  They 
form  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  Jewish  race,  and  differ  from 
the  Sephardim  in  liturgy  and  in  pronunciation  of  Hebrew, 
hut  not  in  doctrine. 


ra^v'^d^x^ln^TaX^rticlpl';  ash-key^ke),  „.     [<  ash 
ashamed,  with  the  force  of  an  adjective.] 

It  should  humble,  ashame  and  grieve  us. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  417. 

ashamed  (a-shamd'),  p.  a.  [<  (1)  ME.  ashamed, 
aschamed,  <  AS.  ascamod,  mixed  with  (2)  ME. 
ysshamed,  <  AS.  geseamod,  and  (3)  ME.  oj- 
schamed,  <  AS.  *ofscamod;  pp.  of  the  preceding 
verb.]  1.  Affected  or  touched  by  shame;  abash- 
ed or  confused  by  guilt  or  a  conviction  of  some 
wrong  action,  indecorous  conduct,  or  other  im- 
propriety :  hardly  used  attributively :  followed 
by  of,  or  by  a  dependent  clause  with  that. 
They  shall  be  turned  back,  they  shall  be  greatly  ashamed, 

it  trust  in  tri-Mven  images  Is.  Xlll.  17. 


that  trust  in  graven  images. 

I  feel  sufficiently  my  folly's  penance, 
\io\  am  asham'd;  that  shame  a  thousand  sorrows 
Feed  on  continually.        Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  V. 
Those  who  base  their  hopes  for  the  future  on  the  glori- 
ous revelations  of  the  Bible  need  not  be  ashamed  of  its 
story  of  the  past.      Vawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  181. 
"Thy  name?"  .  .  . 
"  Ashamed  am  I  that  I  should  tell  it  thee.     __ 
My  pride  is  broken  :  men  have  seen  my  fall. 

Tennyson,  Oeraint. 

2.  Reluctant  through  fear  of  shame  :  followed 

by  an  infinitive :  as,  I  am  ashamed  to  offer  it, 

it  is  so  little. 

I  cannot  dig,  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

He  was  not  ashamed  to  answer  that  he  could  not  live  out 

, .f  the  n tyal  smile.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

ashamedly  (a-sha'med-li),  adv.    With  shame. 

ashamedness  (a-sha'med-nes),  n.     The  state 

of  being  ashamed. 
Ashantee,  Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  n.  and  o.   [Na- 
tive name.]    I.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Ashantei  .  ;i  state  in  western  Africa. 
II.  a.  I  >f  or  pertaining  to  Ashantee. 

ash-barberry  (ash 'bin-  ber-i),  «.  A  name  given 
to  pinnate-leafe.l  species  of  barberry  (Herberts) 
belonging  to  the  section  Mahonia. 

ash-bead  (ash'bed  l,  ».  In  the  manufacture  of 
varnish,  a,  layer  of  ashes  placed  near  the  lire 
Over  which  the  gum  is  melted.   The  pot.  containing 

thi   jum  i-  placed  upon  thi  ashi  -  when  the  beat  bei les 

,,„, ...  is  ready  for  mixing. 

ash-bin  (ash/bin),  re.    A  receptacle  for  ashes 
anil  other  refuse, 
ash-cake  (ash'kak),  re.     A  cake  baked  on  or  in 

ash-candles  (ash'kanMlzi.  ».  pi  Ash-keys: 
an  English  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  l.uropean 

ash-tree,  Fraxinm  excelsior. 

ash-color  (ash 'kul  or),  n.    The  color  of  ashes; 

a  clear,  neutral  gray, 
ash-colored  (ash'kuFord),  o.  Of  the  color  of 

ashes;  cinerous. 
ashen1  (ash'en  or  ash'n),  a.    [<  ME.  *aschm,  < 

AS.  cescen  (Bosworth).  <  <WC,  ash:  see  os/i1  and 
-en-. \  I'ortiiining  to  the  ash-tree  or  its  tim- 
ber ;  made  of  ash. 

His  ashen  -pear,  that  quivi  W. 

Dryden,  tr.  ol  i Kid's  Metamorph.,  Mi.  494. 


pie-key.]     The  key  or  samara  of  the  ash-tree ; 

the  pericarp  of  the  ash;  in  her.  (in  the  plural), 

a  representation  of  the  keys  or 

samaras  of  the  ash-tree,  used  as  a 

bearing.  Also  called  asli-candles. 
ashkoko(ash-ko'k6),  n.  Anative 

name  in  Abyssinia  of  the  eony,  a 

species  of  llt/iiu:     Bruce.    Also 

called  ganain  and  wabbcr.     See 

cony,  2. 

ashlar,  n.    See  ashler. 
ash-leach  (ash'lech),  n.    A  hopper  in  which 

ashes  are  placed  during  the  process  of  the  re- 
moval of  their  soluble  salts  by  lixiviation. 
ashler,  ashlar  (ash'ler,  -litr),  «.    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  ostler,  asler,  etc.,  <ME.  asheler,  asclu  ler, 

achiler,  <  OF.  aiseler,  ashler,  <  OP.  aiseUe,  aissele, 


Ash-Keys. 


s,  and  worth  about  $2.43. 

ash-shoot  (ash'shSt),  n.  A  tube  leading  up- 
ward from  the  stoke-hole  of  a  ship  to  the  deck, 
through  which  the  ashes  are  lifted.  The  shoot 
is  also  utilized  as  a  ventilating  shaft. 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth),  n.  [Heb.]  Plural  of 
Ashtoreth. 

Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth),  n.  [Written  Astorcth 
by  Milton :  aHeb.,  orig.  Phenician,  name,  equiv- 
alent to  the  Assyrian  Ish  tar.~\    Same  as  Astarte. 

Ashura  (ash'6-ra),  n.  [Ar.  'ashir,  tenth,  <  'ash- 
ara,  ten.]  A  voluntary  fast-day  observed  by 
the  Mohammedans  on  the  10th  day  of  the  month 
Muharram.    Hughes. 

Ash  Wednesday  (ash  wenz'da).  [ME.  asche-, 
ask-,<ix-ien\iiisilaij:  ash"  and  Wednesday.)  the 
first  day  of  Lent.  It  is  named  from  a  custom  in  the 
Western  Church  of  sprinkling  ashes  on  the  heads  of  peni- 
tents admitted  to  penance  on  that  day.  The  origination 
of  this  ceremony  is  generally  attributed  to  Gregory  the 
Great  iccording  to  the  present  rite  in  theEoman  i  atn- 
olic  Church,  the  ashes  are  consecrated  on  the  altar,  sprin- 
kled with  holy  water,  signed  with  the  cross,  and  then 
strewn  on  the  heads  of  the  clergy  and  people,  the  priest  re- 
peatin"  "  Memento  quod  cinis  es,  ct  incmeremreverteris 
(Remember  that  thou  art  dust,  and  wilt  to  dust  return). 

[Formerly  also  ashe-, 


as  it  is  brought  from  the  quarry ;  such  stones 
collectively. —  2.  In  masonry,  a  squared  stone 


ashes ;  hence,  ash-colored ;  pale. 

A  timely-parted  ghost. 
Of  aulm  semblance,  meagre,  pale,  and  bloodless. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  m.  2. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  ashes.     Chaucer. 

Asian  (a'shian  or  a'zhian),  a.  [<  L.  Asian  us, 
<  Gr.  'Ao-iav6g,  <  'Aov'a,  Asia,  a  town  in  Lydia, 
then  the  region  around,  extended  to  mean  what 
is  now  known  as  Asia  Minor;  in  Pliny  Asia  is 
used,  as  now,  for  the  whole  continent.  The 
origin  of  the  name  'Aaia  is  unknown .]  Pertain- 
ing to  Asia,  a  continent  extending  from  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  from  the 
frozen  ocean  on  the  north  to  the  Indian  ocean 
on  the  south. 

Asianic  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-an'ik),  a.  [<  Asian  + 
-ic.}     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Asia  Minor. 

A  syllabic  writing,  evidently  of  immense  antiquity, 
whieh'prcvailed  throughout  the  whole  of  Asia  Minor,  and 
which  has  been  designated  by  Professor  Sayce  as  the 
Asianic  syllabary.      Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  118. 

2    Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  Asianism, 
or  a  florid  and  inflated  style  of  literature. 
as?ic,n?c^i  JSSaaflBSSB  AslanlBm (a'shian- or  a'zhian-izm)^.  .[<^»o« 

raaieiii-drart,  also  showing  iron  anchor;  -  ' 
blc  filling  back  of  ashler. 


Ashler. 


,  bondet  in  ashler;/,  ruti- 


ns, list  1111,'uished  from  a  stone  which  is  of  irregu- 
lar shape;  such  stones  collectively. 

Ashlar  stones,  or  ashlars  as  tin  *  are  coi inly  called. 

are  made  of  various  sizes  on  the  surface,  as  the  character 
of  the  edifice  may  require.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  471. 

3    Masonry   constructed   of   ashler.     When  the 
courses  are  not  regular,  but  broken  up  by  the  use  of  stones 

ol  different  thicknesses,  it  is  called  broken  ashler  or  nin- 
,/..,„  range  ashler     Small  ashler  employs  stones  of  less 

lh  | I,    fool  In  breadth,      Ba*t<ir,l  ashler  if  an  ,,    lib  I    fa.  c 

backi  d  With  rubble  orother  inferior  work,  as  in  all  courses 
but  the  lowest  in  the  cut.      Uhler  Is  said  to  be  plane 

When   It    is   smoothed  on   the  exposed  face;    tooled   proper, 

when  the  tooling  is  in  grooves;  random-tooled,  when  cut 

without  regularity  ;  chiseled  or  boasted,  when  wrought  with 


+  -ism.)  A  florid  and  inflated  style  of  oratory 
or  rhetorical  treatment,  such  as  was  character- 
istic of  the  Asiatic  Greeks  in  the  three  cen- 
turies preceding  the  Christian  era. 
Asiarch  (a'shi-ark),  n.  [<  LL.  Asiarcha,  <  Gr. 
'kat&px>K,<  'A-aia,  Asia,  the  province  so  called, 
+  apx'iv,  rule,  govern.]  In  the  Roman  prov- 
i, I  Asia,  one  of  the  presidents  of  the  pro- 

vineial    games.     The   Asiarchs  were  chosen  annually, 
and  celebrated  the  games  wholly  or  in  part  at  their  own 

expense. 

It  was  probably  the  policy  of  the  Romans  to  encourage 
centralisation  in  the  religious  organisation  of  their  prov- 
inces and  the  titles  "  Vr, ■hicreus  of  Asia  and  Asiarch 
were  probably  introduced  by  them  into  Asia  Minor. 

C  T.  Newton,  Art  and  ArchteoL,  p.  165. 


Asiatic 

Asiatic  (a-shi-  ov  a-zhi-at'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Asiaticus, K  0-r.  JioYaruoif,  <  'Am«,  L.  Asia,  Asia: 
sec  Asian.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  character- 
istic of  Asia  or  its  inhabitants.— 2.  Character- 
ized by  Asianism.- Asiatic  cholera.  See  cholera. 
—  Asiatic  pills,  in  med.,  pills  of  arseuious  oxid  and  black 
pepper. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  Asia. 

Asiaticism  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at'i-sizm),  n.  [<  Asi- 
atic +  -ism.]  Soniel  bing  characteristic  of  Asi- 
atics; specifically,  Asiatic,  as  distinguished 
from  European,  modes  of  thought  and  life. 
[Bare.] 

The  great  straggle  between  Protestantism  and  Asiati- 
cism. New  Eng.  Jour,  of  Education,  XX.  75. 

Asiaticization  (;i-shi-  or  a-zh.i-at''i-si-za'shon), 
ii.  [<  AsiaMcize  +  -aUon.']  The  act  of  render- 
ing Asiatic,  or  of  permeating  with  Asiaticism. 
[Bare.] 

The  Asiaticization  of  European  life. 

J.  P'iske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  117. 

Asiaticize  (a-shi- or  a-zhi-at'i-siz),  v.  t.\  pret. 
ami  pp.  Asiaticized,  ppr.  Asiatieizing.  [<  Asi- 
atic 4-  -ize.]  To  render  Asiatic ;  tinge  or  imbue 
with  Asiatic  ideas,  customs,  etc.    [Rare.] 

The  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  which  marks  the 

culmination  of  the  Asiatieizing  tendency  in  Europe,  saw 

despotism,  both  political  and  religious,  (irmly  established 

in  France,  and  Spain,  ami  Italy,  and  in  half  of  Germany. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  119. 

Asida  (as'i-da),  ».  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  subfamily  Asidince,  containing 
numerous  wingless  species  with  ovate  bodies, 
inhabiting  desert  regions  of  Europe  and  North 
America. 
aside  (a-sid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
ME.  aside,  a  side,  on  side,  on  syd  (also  with  ad- 
verbial gen.  suffix,  asides,  asidis,  asydis):  see 
on,  a3,  and  side1.]  I.  adv.  1.  On  or  to  one  side ; 
to  or  at  a  short  distance ;  apart ;  away  from 
some  normal  direction  or  position :  as,  to  turn 
or  stand  aside  ;  to  draw  a  curtain  aside. 
Thou  shalt  set  aside  that  which  is  full.  2  Ki.  iv.  4. 

He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.        Mark  vii.  33. 
The  flames  were  \Aowii  aside. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1639. 

2.  Apart  or  separately  (from);  in  a  state  of 
withdrawal  or  exclusion  (f  rom) .  [A  use  of  aside 
for  apart  nearly  or  quite  peculiar  to  the  United 
States.] 

I  give  thee  love  as  God  gives  light, 
Aside  from  merit  or  from  prayer. 

R.  T.  Cooke,  Poems,  p.  76. 
That  we  agree  with  him  [Emerson],  or  that  he  always 
agrees  with  himself,  is  aside  from  the  question. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  197. 

3.  Out  of  one's  thoughts,  consideration,  or  re- 
gard ;  away ;  off :  as,  to  lay  aside  one's  animos- 
ity; to  put  one's  cares  aside. 

Without  laying  oxide  that  dauntless  valour  which  had 
been  the  terror  of  every  land  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Pyre- 
nees. Xacaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Books  can  only  reveal  us  to  ourselves,  and  as  often  as 
they  do  us  this  service,  we  lay  them  aside. 

Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  153. 

No  man  can  put  abstract  notions  more  entirely  aside 
than  he.  -V.  .1.  Rev.,  CXLII.  596. 

4.  So  as  not  to  be  heard  by  some  one  present : 
chiefly  a  dramatic  use.  Thus,  on  the  stage,  to  utter  a 
speech  aside,  is  to  utter  it  in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  as- 
sumed not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  characters,  or  to  be 
heard  only  by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

O  dear,  madam,  you  are  nut  to  say  that  to  her  face!  — 
aside,  ma'am,  aside. — The  whole  scene  is  to  be  aside. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

II.  prep.  By  the  side  of ;  beside.  [Rare,  ex- 
cept in  old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Here  slake  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  rill.  Landor. 

aside  (a-sid'),  n.  [<  aside,  adr.]  Something 
spoken  and  not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to  be 
heard,  by  some  one  or  more  present ;  especially, 
a  remark  uttered  by  an  actor  on  the  stage,  and 
assumed  not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  charac- 
ters on  the  stage,  or  to  be  heard  only  by  those 
for  whom  it  is  intended. 

asiderite  (a-sid' e-rit),  n.  [<Gr.  a-  priv.  +  aule- 
piri/c,  of  iron:  see  n-18  and  siderite.]  A  me- 
teoric stone  which  contains  no  metallic  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

Asidinae  (as-i-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asida  + 
-inw.~\  A  subfamily  of  atraeheliate  heterome- 
rous  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrionidw,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Asidn. 

Asilici  (a-sil'i-si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asilus.]  A 
name  given  by  Latreille  to  a  group  of  tetrachaa- 
tous  brachyeerous  dipterous  insects,  corre- 
sponding most  nearly  to  the  modern  family 

Asilidee,  or  hornet-flies.      Latreille  divided  the  Lin- 
nean  genus  Asilus  into  two  groups,  which  he  called  Asilici 
and  Hubotini. 
22 


Robber-fly  {Asilus  scriceus,  Say), 
natural  size. 


337 

Asilidae  (a-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., <  Asihts  +  -idtr.] 
A  family  of  dipterous  insects,  or  flies,  belong- 
ing to  the  group  Tetrachwkc  of  the  suborder 
Urarhyeera  ;  the  hornet-flies,  very  active,  pre- 
dacious, and  voracious,  preying  upon  other  in- 
sects, and  making  a  humming  noise  in  flight. 
AsilllS  (a-si'lus),  h.  [NL.,  <  L.  asilus,  a  gad- 
fly, horse-fly.]  1.  A  genus  of  two-winged 
flies,  of  the  family 
Asilidm,  popularly 
known  as  hornet- 
flies,  robber-flies, 
or  hawk-flies.  They 
are  large,  rather  Blen- 
der-bodied flies,  having 
Btrong  Legs  and  a  re- 
markably strong  beak 
With  which  they  pierce 
their  prey.  They  de- 
stroy  caterpillars,  grass- 
hoppers, and  even 
honey-bees.  Their  lar- 
vae live  under  ground. 
2.  In  ornith. :  (a) 
[/.  c]  An  old  name 
(Gesner,  1555,  to 
Brisson,  1760)  of 
the  willow-warbler,  Phylloscopus  troehilus.  (I>) 
A  genus  of  such  warblers.  Bechstein,  1802. 
Asimina  (a-sim'i-nS),  n.  [NL.  (of.  Canadian 
F.  aeimine,  the  fruit;  aeiminiir,  the  tree),  < 
asimina,  the  northern  Algonkin  corruption  of 
southern  Illinois  rassimina  (pi.),  the  name  of 
the  fruit,  prob.,  as  Dr.  Trumbull  suggests,  < 
rassa,  a  sleeve,  +  min,  pi.  mina,  fruit;  from 
its  shape.]  An  anonaeeous  genus  of  shrubs 
of  the  Atlantic  and"  Gulf  States,  including  half 
a  dozen  species.  Of  these  the  most  widely  distributed 
is  the  common  papaw,  A.  triloba,  which  becomes  a  small 
tree  and  bears  a  large  edible  fruit.  The  others  are  low 
shrubs,  confined  to  the  Gulf  States.  Some  doubtful  spe- 
cies are  also  credited  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies. 
asinaryt  (as'i-na-ri),  a.  [<  L.  asinarius,  <  asi- 
nus, an  ass:  see'«s«L]  Asinine.  Bailey. 
asinegot  (as-i-ne'go),  n.  [Also  asinieo,  Sp.  as- 
nico,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  Sp.  Pg.  asno,  <  L.  asi- 
nus: see  ass1.]  1.  A  little  ass. —  2.  A  foolish 
fellow. 

Thou  sodden-witted  lord  !  thou  hast  no  more  brain  than 
I  have  in  mine  elbows  ;  an  assinego  may  tutor  thee. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 
Also  spelled  assinego. 
asinine  (as'i-nin  or  -nin),  a.  [<  L.  asininns,  < 
asinus,  an  ass:  see  ass1.]  1.  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  ass. — 2.  Having  the  quali- 
ties attributed  to  the  ass ;  stupid ;  obstinate ; 
obtrusively  silly;  offensively  awkward. 

This  one  act  .  .  .  proclaims  his  asinine  nature. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  6. 
The  gravest  historians  of  the  Netherlands  often  relieved 
their  elephantine  labors  by  the  most  asinine  gambols. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  SS. 

asininity  (as-i-nin'i-ti),  n.  [<  asinine  +  -ity. 
Cf.  ML.  asinitas,  stupidity.]  The  quality  of 
being  asinine  ;  obstinate  stupidity. 

The  elephant's  discourse 
Will  neutralize  the  stupid  usiniititii. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  960. 

asinus  (as'i-nus),  n.  [L.,  an  ass :  see  ass1."} 
In  zodl. :  («)  Specifically,  the  ass.  Eguus  asinus. 
(b)  [cap.]  Generieally,  a  subgenus  of  Equus, 
including  the  asses,  as  the  hemione,  onager, 
quagga,  zebra,  etc. 

asio  (a'si-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asio  (in  Pliny,  with 
var.  reading  axio),  a  horned  owl.]  An  old  name 
of  a  horned  owl.  It  was  made  a  genus  by  Brisson, 
1760,  having  as  type  the  common  long-eared  owl  of  Europe, 
A.  otus,  and  the  name  has  been  given  with  little  discrimi- 
nation to  sundry  horned  or  eared  owls.  Now  usually  :  (a) 
[cap.]  A  genus  comprehending  only  -1.  otus  and  its  im- 
mediate relatives,  as  A.  wilsonianus  of  North  America,  A. 
accipitrinus,  the  short-eared  owl,  etc.  See  cut  under  owl, 
(d)  The  specific  name  of  the  small  red  or  gray  owl  of  North 
America,  Strix  asio  (Linnaeus),  now  Scops  asio, 

Asiphonata  (a-si-fo-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  asipltnnatiis:  see  asiphonate."]  An  order 
of  acephalous  lamellibranchiate  mollusks,  con- 
taining headless  bivalves  without  respiratory 
tubes  or  siphons  like  those  which  in  the 
Siphonata  convey  water  from  the  gills,  and 
having  the  lobes  of  the  mantle  free,  .\b.st  of 
the  Asiphonata  are  fixed,  the  foot  beipg  small  or  want- 
in-,  and  many  secrete  a  byssus.  The  order  includes  in 
general  those  bivalves  best  known  and  most  useful  and 
valuable  to  man.  as  oysters,  pearl-oysters,  scallops,  mus- 
sels, unios,  etc.,  and  is  now  divided  into  about  12families. 
Synonymous  with  Atrachia.  Also  Asiphonux,  Asiphoniata, 
Asiphonida. 

asiphonate  (a-si'fo-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  asiphonatits, 
<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ai<j>uv,  siphon :  see  a-l8  and 
siphonate.]  Not  possessing  a  respiratory  tube 
or  siphon:  opposed  to  siphonate;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asiphonata.  H.  A. 
Nicholson.     Also  asiphoniate  and  esiplionatc. 


ask 

Asiphonia  (as-i-fo'ni-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same  as 
Asiphonata. 

Asiphoniata  (as-i-fo-ni-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [XL.  | 
Same  as  Asiphonata. 

asiphoniate  (as-i-fo'ni-at),  a.  Same  as  asipho- 
nate. 

Asiphonida  (as-i-fon'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Asiphonata, 

-asis.    See  4asis. 

asitia  (a-sish'i&),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr.  aairia,  want 
of  food  or  of  appetite,  <  aaiToc,  without  food,  < 
a- priv.  +  triroc,  food.]  Loss  of  appetite ;  loath- 
ing of  food. 

ask1  (ask),  c.  [E.  dial,  also  ax  and  ass  (pret. 
ast) ;  <  ME.  ashen,  eshen,  assibilated  ashen,  as- 
sen,  eshen,  essen,  transposed  axen.  acsen,  acsien, 
oxien,  <  AS.  dsrian,  often  transposed  liesian,  dx- 
ian,  dhsian,  =  OS.  escort  =  OFries.  dskia  =  D. 
risi-lii  n  =  OHG.  lisri'm,  .Mill !.  eischen.  G.  <  isch  ». 
heischen  =  Sw.  asha  =  Dan.  ceske,  ask  (ef. 
Icel.  tsskja,  wish:  see  wish),  =  OBulg.  iskati  = 
Bohem.  jishati  =  Russ.  iskati  =  Lith.  jeshkoti 
=  Lett,  eshdt,  seek;  cf.  Skt.  i/  ish,  seek,  de- 
sire.] I.  trans.  1.  To  request ;  seek  by  words 
to  obtain ;  petition  for :  commonly  with  of,  in 
the  sense  of  from,  before  the  person  to  whom 
the  request  is  made. 
Ask  counsel  .  .  .  o/God.  Judges  xviii.  5. 

2.  To  demand,  expect,  or  claim  :  with  for:  as, 
what  price  do  you  ask,  or  ask  for  it  ? 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.  Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

3.  To  solicit  from  ;  request  of :  with  a  personal 
object,  and  with  or  without  for  before  the  thing 
desired :  as,  I  ask  you  a  great  favor ;  to  ask  one 
for  a  drink  of  water. 

I  came  near,  .  .  .  and  asked  him  the  truth  of  all  this. 

Dan.  vii.  16. 

4.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  demand  ; 
exact. 

The  exigence  of  a  state  asks  a  much  longer  time  to  con- 
duct the  design  to  maturity.  Addison. 
To  find  the  medium  askx  some  share  of  wit. 
And  therefore  'tis  a  mark  fools  never  hit. 

Cowper,  Conversation. 

5.  To  interrogate  or  inquire  of ;  put  a  ques- 
tion to. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

6.  To  inquire  concerning ;  seek  to  be  informed 
about :  as,  to  ash  the  way ;  to  ask  a  question. 

Here  kennell'd  in  a  brake  she  finds  a  hound, 
And  asks  the  weary  caitiff  for  his  master. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  914. 

7.  To  invite :  as,  to  ask  guests  to  a  wedding 

or  entertainment To  ask  in  church,  to  publish 

banns  of  marriage.  [The  verb  ask  is  used  in  this  phrase 
because  the  publication  is  really  an  inquiry  whether  any 
one  can  state  any  valid  objection  to  the  marriage. ]  =  Syn. 
1  to  4.  Ask,  Request,  Beg,  Demand,  Claim,  Require,  Solicit, 
Beseech,  Entreat,  Crave,  Supplicate,  Implore,  Importune. 
Ask  is  the  generic  word  in  this  list ;  it  implies  neither  that 
what  is  asked  must  be  rendered,  nor,  on  the  other  hand, 
that  it  would  be  a  favor.  Demand,  claim,  and  require  ask 
imperatively  or  authoritatively  ;  the  others  call  for  a  favor 
with  different  degrees  of  urgency  or  humility.  Beseech, 
solicit,  entreat,  importune,  and  sometimes  beg,  imply  great 
urgency;  crave,  supplicate,  and  implore  imply  great  urgen- 
cy and  great  dependence  or  humility.  Request  is  a  little 
more  formal  or  carefully  civil  than  ask:  as,  your  atten- 
dance is  requested.  Beg  is  primarily  to  ask  as  a  beggar; 
sometimes,  by  the  hyperbole  of  social  usage,  to  ask  as  a 
favor,  real  or  professed  :  as,  I  beg  jour  pardon.  Demand 
and  claim  more  often  refer  to  things  ;  require  applies  more 
often  to  action  :  as,  he  demanded  his  snare  ;  lie  claimed 
the  whole ;  he  required  me  to  come  ;  he  required  some 
proof  to  bark  my  demand  ami  substantiate  my  claim. 
Solicit  is  urgent,  but  less  so  than  tin  words  that  follow  it  : 
as,  he  solicited  my  vote.  Beseech  is  most  applicable  to  the 
art  of  askingon  theground  of  pure  favor.  Entreat  implies 
continued  appeal  or  representations  of  a  moving  kind. 
Crure  is  almost  or  quite  abject ;  like  beg,  it  has  been  taken 
into  polite  forms  of  speech,  and  iii  that  use  robbed  of  most 
of  its  force.  Supplicate  ami  implore  are,  figuratively, 
modes  of  prayer,  as  to  a  superior  being;  they  imply  urgent 
or  desperate  appeal,  perhaps  in  many  words.  To  impor- 
tune is  generally  to  beg  in  a  persistent,  wearying  way, 
with  urgency,  but  perhaps  without  especial  dependence 
or  humility. 

To  ask  and  have,  command  and  be  obeyed. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.  iv.  3. 
To-night  we  hold  a  solemn  supper,  sir. 
And  111  request  your  presence.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
These  matters  could  not  be  thus  carri'd  withouta  begg'd 
and  borrow'd  force  from  worldly  authority. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 
It  is  only  when  the  reasonable  ami  the  practicable  are 
denied  that  men  demand  the  unreasonable  ami  impracti 
cable.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Since  the  knight 
Came  not  to  us,  of  us  to  claim  the  prize, 
Ourselves  will  send  it  after. 

Tennyson,  Lancelotand  Elaine. 
The  guards  opened  the  doors,  we  were  told  that  we  could 
proceed  no  further,  and  were  required  to  alight. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  41. 
The  port  .  .  .  was  crowded  with  those  who  hastened  to 
solicit  permission  to  share  in  the  enterprise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  40. 


ask 


His  eyes,  his  silence,  did  beseech 
For  more  and  more  and  more  of  love. 

William  Morris.  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  114. 
Lest  I  should  fear  and  fall,  and  miss  Thee  so, 
Who  art  not  missed  by  any  that  entreat. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Comfort. 

Time,  the  avenger  1  unto  thee  I  lift 

MY  hands,  and  eves,  and  heart,  and  crave  of  thee  a  gtft. 

'  '  Byron.  Childe  Harold,  iv.  130. 

We  in  vi-  petitioned,  we  have  remonstrated,  wehavesup- 
pHcated  ".-  have  prostrated  ourselves  hi  lore  tin-  throne, 
and  have  implored  its  interposition  to  arrest  the  tyran 
nical  hands  ol  the  ministry  and  Parliament. 

Patrick  Henry. 

Did  they  hear  me,  would  they  listen,  did  they  pity  me  tup- 

BhaU  I'h.'eil  them  in  their  anguish?  shall  I  brook  to  be 
*„P,dicated>  ' 

Implore  your  help  in  these  pathetic  strains 

r  Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  IL  i.  232. 

Importune  him  for  my  moneys ;  he  not  ceas'd    . 

With  Blight  denial.  Shak.,1.ot A.,  n,  1. 

6  and  6  4«fc,  I  mini  re,  Question,  Interrogate.  Ash  is  here 
also  the  generic  word ;  it  is  simple  and  informal.  Inquire 
mav  he  used  in  the  endeavor  to  be  civil,  or  it  may  express 
a  more  minute  examination  into  facts :  as,  to  inquire  (into, 
as  to)  the  causes  of  discontent.  To  question  in  this  sense 
implies  the  asking  of  a  series  of  questions,  it  being  sup- 
posed that  the  truth  is  hard  to  get  at,  through  ignorance, 
reluctance,  etc.,  in  the  person  questioned.  Interrogate  is 
essentially  the  same  as  question,  but  more  formal :  as,  to 
Question  a  child  or  servant  about  his  conduct ;  to  interro- 
gate a  witness,  an  applicant  for  office,  etc.  Questioning 
'or  interrogation  might  be  resented  where  asking,  asking 
a  question,  or  inquiring  would  meet  with  a  friendly  re- 
sponse. 

If  we  encountered  a  man  of  rare  intellect,  we  should 
ask  him  what  books  he  read.  .        . 

Emerson,  letters  and  Social  Amis. 

I  promis'd  to  inquire  carefully 

About  a  schoolmaster  for  the  fair  Bianca. 

Shuk.,  T.  of  the  S.   l.  2. 

But  since  I  heard  him  make  reply 

Is  many  a  weary  hour ; 
'T  were  well  to  question  him,  and  try 

If  yet  he  keeps  the  power. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 

To  question  and  [to]  interrogate  [are]  to  ask  repeatedly, 
and  in  the  latter  case  more  authoritatively  than  in  the 
former.  I         -    English  Synonymes,  p.  102. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  request  or  petition:  with 
for  before  the  thing  requested :  as,  ask  for  bread. 

Your  committee  ask  for  candor  and  justice ;  they  do 
not  ask  for  adhesion  to  any  system.  . 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

Explore  the  thought,  explain  the  asking  eye. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  412. 

2   To  inquire  or  make  inquiry ;  put  a  question : 
often  followed  by  after  or  about,  formerly  also 

t>7  of. 

Wherefore  is  it  that  thou  dost  ask  after  my  name  ? 

Gen.  xxxn.  29. 

ask2  (ask),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  asker,  ascar,  askerd, 
askard,  <  ME.  aske,  spelled  once  arske,  <  AS. 
dtltrsc  (found  but  once,  in  a  gloss),  appar.  eontr. 
from  •agithexe  =  OS.  egithassa  =  OD.  eggedtsse, 
egdis,  later  heghdisse,  haeghdisse,  now  hagedis, 
haagdis  (simulating  D.  haag  =  E.  hay2,  hedge) 
=  OHG.  cgidehsa,  MHG.  egedehse,  G.  eidechse,  a 
newt ;  appar.  a  compound,  but  of  uncertain  for- 
mation ;  perhaps  <  AS.  *agi,  ege  =  OS.  egi  = 
OHG.  cqi  =  Goth,  agis,  fear  (see  awe),  +  -thexe, 
Ollii.-dchstt,  repr.  n  Tout.-/  '  Hulls,  make,  fash- 
ion (seen  also  in  OHG.  MHG.  dahs,  G.  dachs,  a 
badger,  OHG.  dehsala,  MHG.  dehsel,  a  hatchet, 
ax,  in  Gr.  tUtuv,  a  carpenter,  artisan,  rdfov,  a 
bow,  etc.:  see  tectonic,  architect,  toxic),  =  Skt. 
V  taksh,  make,  fashion ;  the  sense  '  awe-  or 
four-maker'  suiting  the  popular  dread  of  lizards 
mi. 1  ether  reptiles.]  A  newt.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

aaka(as'ka),  n.  [Buss,  asika.]  A  warm  cap 
with  a  round  top  and  without  ear-pieces,  worn 
by  the  Russian  peasantry. 
askance1  (a-skans'),  adv.  [First  in  early  mod. 
E.,  also  written  asciinee,  askn mice,  ascaunce, 
askilllils,  ilskininse,  iisennee,  il  sein/ei  .  u  scmee,  in 

the  earliest  recorded  form  (Palsgrave,  1530)  a 
scanche;  with  a  later  variant  askant,  q.v.  Ori- 
gin uncertain.  Cf.  asquint,  asklent,  aslant,  and 
ask*  w,  askile.]  Sidewise;  obliquely;  out  of  I  he 
corner  of  the  eye;  askant, 

Hut  Kustnm  ey'd  askance  the  kneeling  youth. 

.1/.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Eustum. 

So  she,  and  turn'd  askance  i  --  intrj  eye. 

Tennyson,  The  Prim-ess 


338 

tain  origin ;  perhaps  <  OF.  "as  cances :  as,  <  L. 
adillns,  ti.tlu-:  cances,  pi.  of  cancc,  unassibilated 
,  1  Icard)  form  of  cluancc,  >  ME.  clianci ,  channcc, 
E.  chance.    CI.  perchance.']    I.  adv.  Perhaps. 

Ascaunce  that  craft  is  so  lyght  to  lere? 

Chaucer,  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  S3S. 

II.  conj.  As  if;  as  if  (saying). 

And  WTOOt  the  names  ... 

.Uraii;,.-,  [var.  «s/fca«n<v|  that  he  wolde  for  hem  preye. 
Chaucer,  Summoners  Tale,  1.  3i. 

Keeping  a  countenance  ascances  she  understood  him 
noti  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

Therewith  he  raysed  his  heavy  head  alight, 
Askaunces,  Ba!  indeed  and  thinkest thou  so. 

Gascoigne,  Flowers.    (A.  E.  V.) 

askant  (a-skanf),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ascant,  askaunt,  use-mutt,  later  form  of  askance'-. 
Cf.  aslant  or  asquint.]    Sidewise;  askance. 
With  an  eye  askant.  Cowper,  Iliad,  xi.  657. 

asker1  (as'ker),  v.     [ME.  asker,  askere  ;  <  ask1 
+  -er1.]     One  who  asks;  a  petitioner;  an  in- 
quirer. 
To  give  to  every  asker.  Hammond,  Works,  I.  99. 

Every  asker  being  satisfied.  .._.,. 

Sir  K.  Digbg,  The  Nature  of  Bodies. 


asker2  (as'ker),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  ascar,  askard, 
ascard,  askerd,  askal,  etc. :  see  ask2.]  Same  as 
ask".     [Prov.  Eng.] 

askew  (a-sku'),  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  askue, 
ascue,  a  skew ;  appar.  <  as  +  skew,  q.  v.  Cf. 
equiv.  Icel.  a  ska.]  In  an  oblique  position; 
obliquely;  awry;  out  of  the  proper  position  or 
arrangement ;  hence,  askance ;  sidelong. 
When  ye  lowre,  or  looke  on  me  askew. 
Then  doe  I  die.  Spenser,  Sonnets,  vn. 

He  [Kepler]  found  that  this  planet  [Mars]  moved  in  an 

ellipse  or  oval  curve  round  the  sun,  which  was  situated 

rather  askew  near  the  middle.  „„._._.  T  _„ 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

askilet,  prep.  /''"•■  as  adv.   [Appar.  <  a*  +  *skile, 

appar.  of  Scand.  origin,  repr.  by  AS.  sccolh, 

sceol-,  scyl-  (cf.  in  comp.  sceolh-ege,  scyl-egede 

=  Icel.  skjoleygr  =  Sw.  skclogd  =  Dan.  skelojet, 

squint-eyed) '=  Icel.  skjalgr  =  Sw.  dial,  skjalg  = 

D.  scheel  =  OHG.  scelah  (scelh-),  MHG.  scht  Ich, 

sehel,  G.  scheel,  schel,  oblique,  squinting;  hence 

Icel.  skcela  =  Sw.  skela  =  Dan.  skele,  make  a 

wry  face.]     Askant.     Bp.  Ball. 

asking  (as'king),  n.     [<  ME.  askinge,  axunge, 

etc.,  <  AS.  dscung,  axtmg,  <  ascian,  ask:  see  ask1.] 

1    The  making  of  a  request;  a  petition:  as,  it 

may  be  had  for  the  asking.— 2.  Proclamation 

or  publication  in  church  of  banns  of  marriage. 

See  to  ask  in  church,  under  ask1. 

askingly   (as'king-li),  adv.    In  an  entreating 

manner;  with  expression  of  request  or  desire. 

[Rare.] 

How  askingly  its  footsteps  toward  me  bend  I 

It  seems  to  say,  "  Am1  llilVL'  T  u*n  one  frll;'KV  ,„„„. 
Coleridge,  Y'oung  Ass  (ed.  Ii96). 

asklent   (as-klenf),   adv.     A  Scotch  form  of 

aslant. 
askos  (as'kos),  n.     [Gr.  acn6c,  a  wine-skin:  see 

aseus.]     In  classical  archwol.,  a  vase  imitating 

more  or  less  closely  the  form  of  a  wine-skm. 

Such  vases,  of  Etruscan  or  Greek  workmanship,  are  of  not 

uncommon  occurrence  in  Italy,  and  are  often  provided 

with  a  foot  and  a  handle.     Also  aseus. 
asla  (as'lii),  n.    An  ancient  Persian  measure  ot 

land,  probably  a  plethra  (which  see). 
aslaket  (a-slak').  v.  i.  and  t.     [<  ME.  aslaken, 

<  AS.  dslacian,  slacken,  loosen,  remit,  <  a-  + 

slacian,  slake :  see  a-1  and  slake.]   1 .  To  abate ; 

diminish. 

The  water  schal  aslake  and  eon  away, 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  367. 

Shal  .  .  .  thy  hauty  lookes  quench  my  kindeled  lone, 
or  thy  gallant  shew  aslake  my  good  wil? 

hyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  L79. 

2.  To  moderate;  mitigate;  appease;  satisfy. 

Am-  laste  aslaked  was  his  mood 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  902. 

When  mourning  altars,  purgd  with  enimies  lifi , 
The  black  infernal]  Furies  doen  aslake. 

Spenser,  l'\  Q.,  I.  In.  86. 

The  beast  that  prowls  about  in  search  of  blood, 
Or  reptile  that  within  the  treacherous  brake 
Waits  for  tin-  prey,  upcoiled,  its  hunger  to  aslake. 

Southey,  Paraguay,  i.  11. 


asocial 

The  shaft  drove  through  his  neck  aslant.  Dryden 

As  with  his  wings  aslant 
Sails  the  three  cormorant. 

Longfellow,  Skeleton  in  Armor. 

II.  prep.   Slantingly  across ;  athwart. 

There  is  a  willow  grows  aslant  a  brook. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

The  swelling  upland  where  the  sidelong  sun 
Aslant  the  wood,  d  gn.ve  at  evening  goes. 

Longfellow,  Spirit  of  Poetry. 

asleep  (a-slep'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Also 
on  steep"  (Acts  xiii.  36);_ME.  aslepe,  aslope, 
onslwpc,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  slope,  in  sleep;  <  «3  + 
sleep?]  1.  In  or  into  a  state  of  sleep:  as,  to 
fall  asleep. 
He  [Sisera]  was  fast  asleep.  Judges  iv.  21. 

By  whispering  winds  soon  lull'd  asleep. 

Milton,  LAllegro,  1.  116. 

And  there  within  the  hollow  lay  .  .  . 
Aslaug  the  golden-headed  child, 
Asleep  and  rosy. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  32. 

2.  Figuratively — (a)  Dead;  in  or  into  a  state 

of  death :  chiefly  in  the  Scriptures  and  religious 

literature. 

Concerning  them  which  are  asleep,  .  .  ■  sorrow  not. 

1  Thes.  iv.  13. 

(&)  Dormant;  inactive;  idle. 

During  this  inquisition  Julia's  tongue 

Was  not  asleep.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  145. 

3.  Having  a  peculiar  numb  feeling,  accom- 
panied by  or  passing  off  with  a  prickly  tingling 
sensation.  This  condition  is  produced  usually  by  pro- 
longed pressure  on  the  nerve-trunks,  and  consequently  is 
most  frequent  in  the  arms  and  legs. 

His  legge  .  .  .  was  all  aslepe,  and  in  a  manner  sterke 
stiff.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegms,  p.  235. 


askance1  (a-skans'  I, ».  t.\  pret.and  pp.  askant  <  d, 
ppr.  askandng.  L<  askance1,  adv.]  To  turn 
umiIo,  us  the  eyes.     [Hare.] 

0,  how  are  they  wrapp'd  In  with  Infamii 

That  from  their  own  misdeeds  a  ikance  their  eyes! 

Shak..  Lucrece,  1.  637. 

askance'-'t,  askancest,  adv.  and  conj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  ascances,  askaunces,  <  ME.  ascance,  as- 
kaunce,  ascaunce,  ascaunces,  asskaunce,  of  uncer- 


aslani  (as-ia'ni).  n.  [Turk.,  <  aslan,  arslan,  a 
Hon.]  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  worth  from  115  to 
IliO  iispers.     See  asper-. 

aslant  (a-slanf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.,  and 
prep.  [ME.  aslantc,  »  simile,  nslmite,  earlier 
on  slonte,  on  stent:  <  «:!,  on,  +  slant.  Cf.  Sc. 
asklent,  asclent.]  I.  adc.  or  O.  In  a  slanting 
or  sloping  direction;  oblique;  obliquely;  not 
perpendicularly  or  at  right  angles. 


4.  Naut.,  said  of  sails  when  the  wind  is  just 
strong  enough  to  distend  them  and  prevent 
them  from  shaking. 

aslope  (a-slop'),  pp.,  or  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  late  ME.  a  slope,  either  <  a'i  +  slope,  «.,  or 
else  for  aslope,  aslopen,  'slipped  away,'  <  AS. 
dslopen,  pp.  of  dslupan,  slip  away,  <  a-  +  slupem, 
slip:  see  a-1  and  slope,  a.  and  ».,  and  slip.  Cf. 
alight1,  of  similar  double  formation.]  In  or 
into  an  inclined  or  slanting  position  or  direc- 
tion ;  with  leaning  or  inclination ;  deflected 
from  the  perpendicular ;  with  declivity  or  de- 
scent, as  a  hill. 
Set  them  not  upright,  hut  aslope.  Bacon,  Essays. 

aslugt  (a-slug'),  adv.  [<  «3  +  slug1.]  In  a 
sluggish  manner.     [Rare.] 

His  boat 
That  comes  aslug  against  the  stream. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  n.  12. 

-asm.  [<  Gr.  -aoudc,  <  -a&tv,  after  -;-,  equiv.  to 
-lopoc,  <  -Keiv:  see  -ism,  and  cf.  -o.sf.]  A  suffix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  instead  of  -ism  after 
4-,  as  in  enthusiasm,  miasm,  etc. 

asmanite  (as'man-it),  ».  A  form  of  silica 
found  in  some  meteorites.  It  has  been  supposed 
to  be  orthorhombic  in  crystallization,  but  is  probably 
identical  with  tridymite. 

Asmannshauser  (as-manz-hoi'zer),  ».  A  brand 
of  wines  made  at  Asmannshausen,  in  Nassau 
on  the  Rhine.  These  wines  are  both  red  and  white,  the 
former  being  in  especial  repute  for  its  excellent  flavor  and 
color,  though  not  keeping  well. 

asmatographyt  (as-ma-tog'ra-fi),«.    [<  i^ur. 

iouaroypatpor,  writing  songs,  <  aaua-oypaipciv, 
write  songs,  <  Gr.  $Cfia(T-),  a  song  (<  adeiv, 
sing,  >  ult.  E.  ode,  q.  v.),  +  ypatpeiv,  write.] 
The  art  of  composing  songs. 
asmear  (a-smer'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  o.  [<  re4 
+  smear'.]     Smeared  over  ;  bedaubed. 

I  came  into  Sinithtleld,  and  the  shameful  place,  being  all 
asmear  with  tilth,  and  fat,  andblood.and  foam  seemed  t" 
sti,.u  i,,  rlu.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xx. 

Asmonean,  Asmonaean  (as-mo-ne'an),  a.  and 
■ii.  [<  LL.  Asiimnieiis  or  Asmoneus,  representing 
Hob.  Khasmon.]  I.  «.  Pertaining  to  Asmoneus 
or  Asmonauis,  a  reputed  ancestor  of  Matta- 
thias,  the  first  of  the  Maeoahees  and  the  father 
of  Judas  Maccabrous,  who  lived  about  165  B. 
c. ;  hence,  pertaining  to  the  Maccabees.    See 

Mileenheilll. 

II.  ».  One   of  the   family  of  Asmoneus;  a 

Maccaboan.  r.     .. 

asoak  (a-sok'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a-5 

+  soal\]     In  or  into  a  soaked  or  soaking  con- 
dition;  thoroughly  wet. 

asocial  (a-so'shal),  a.  [<  Gr.  o-  pnv.  («-i»)  + 
sneial.]     Unsocial ;  antagonistic  to  society. 

As  new  morbid  elements  are  formed  in  the  disintegrat- 
ing processes  of  disease,  the  ravages  of  which  thej  there- 
upon accelerate  :  so  new  products  of  an  asocial  or  antiso- 
cial kind  are  formed  in  the  retrograde  metamorphosis  "f 
the  human  kind.  Maudsleg,  Body  and  V  ill,  p.  241. 


asomatous 

asomatoUS  (a-so'ma-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  anuuaToc, 
without  a  body,  <  a-  priv.  +  auua(T-),  body.] 
Without  a  material  body:  incorporeal.    [Rare.] 

Asopia  (a-so'pi-a),  u.  [NL.  ;  of.  Asopus.]  A 
genus  of  pyralid  moths.  A.  farinaUs  is  the 
meal-moth. 

Asopinae  ( as-o-pi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asopus  + 
-hue.]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 
typified  by  the  genus  Asopus.     Also  Asopina. 

Asopus  (a-so'pus),  k.  [NL.,  appar.  <  L.  Aso- 
pus, Gr.  'Aaairdg,  name  of  several  rivers  and  of 
it  river-god.]  A  geuus  of  heteropterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Pentatomicke. 

asor  (as'or),  n.  [Heb.]  A  ten-stringed  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Hebrews,  played  with  a 
plectrum,  and  supposed  to  have  borne  some  re- 
semblance to  the  nebel.  s.  K.  Handbook  Mus. 
Inst,  p.  19. 


asp1  (asp), 


[<  ME.  asp,  aspe,  cspe,  <  AS. 


Asp  ( tfaja  liaje). 


*c:sp,  aspe,  as/ie,  cspe,  transposed  irps,  =  D.esp  = 
OHG.  as2>a,  MHG.  asju;  G.  espe  =  Icel.  osp,  asp, 
espi,  aspen  wood,  =  Dan.  Sw.  asp,  asp ;  origin 
unknown.  The  E.  form  aspen  is  prop,  an  adj. : 
see  aspen.~]  A  European  tree  of  the  poplar  fam- 
ily, Populus  trenuda.  In  America  a  similar  species, 
P.  tremuloides,  is  known  as  the  quaking  asp,  or  aspen. 
The  white  poplar,  P.  alba,  is  also  sometimes  called  the 
white  a.sp.  The  form  aspen  is  also  common. 
asp-  (asp),  n.  [In  ME.  as  L.,  aspis;  OF.  aspe  = 
Pr.  aspic  (>  F.  aspic,  >  E.  aspic1,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 

aspid,  aspide  = 
Pg.  It.  aspide, 
<  L.  aspis  (as- 
}>id-),  <  Gr.  ao-jn'c 
(do-7!Y(5-),an  asp, 
Egyptian  vi- 
per.] 1.  Avery 
venomous  ser- 
pent of  Egypt, 
celebrated  in 
connection  with 
the  story  of 
Cleopatra's  sui- 
cide. It  is  identi- 
fied with  greatest 
probability  with 
the  horned  viper,  of  the  genus  Cerastes,  a  snake  about  15 
inches  long.  The  name  has  also  been  commonly  applied  to 
the  Naja  haje,  a  species  attaining  a  length  of  3  or  4  feet, 
related  to  and  resembling  the  Indian  cobra,  Naja  tripu- 
ilians.  It  is  of  a  mottled  green 
and  brown  color,  with  the  skin  of 
the  neck  dilatable,  though  less 
so  than  that  of  the  true  cobra. 
This  serpent  is  of  frequent  oc- 
currence along  the  Nile,  and  is 
the  sacred  serpent  of  ancient 
Egypt,  represented  commonly 
in  art  as  a  part  of  the  head- 
dress of  kings  and  divinities, 
and  often  connected  with  their 
emblems,  as  a  symbol  of  royal 
power.  In  archaeology  it  is 
usually  known  as  the  urceus. 
2.  The  common  viper  or 
adder  of  Europe,  a  feebly 
poisonous  serpent,  for- 
merly named  i'ipera  com- 
munis, now  Pelias  berus,  of 
the  family  Viperidm.  See 
cut  under  adder. — 3.  A 
name  of  sundry  other  poi- 
sonous serpents. 

Aspic  and  aspick  are  obsolete  or  poetic  forms. 
Aspalacidae   (as-pa-las'i-de),   n.  pi.     Same  as 
Spalacidw. 
Aspalacinae  (as-pal-a-si'ne),  n.  id.      Same  as 

iSpalaciiue. 

aspalathus  (as-pal'a-thus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aoxa- 
lador,  a  prickly  shrub  yielding  a  fragrant  oil.] 

1.  An  unknown  aromatic  thorny  shrub  men- 
tioned in  the  Apocrypha  and  by  some  of  the 
old  herbalists. 

I  gave  a  sweet  smell  like  cinnamon  and  aspalathus. 

Ecclus.  xxiv.  15. 

2.  \cap.'\  The  South  African  broom,  a  large 
genus  of  African  plants,  natural  order  Leguiui- 
nosce,  with  small  heath-like  leaves,  and  gener- 
ally with  yellow  flowers. 

Aspalax  (as'pa-laks),  n.     Same  as  Spalax. 

asparagi  (as-p'ar'a-ji).  n.  pi.  [NL..  pi.  of  as- 
paragus.] In  boi.,  scaly  shoots  from  under 
ground,  as  in  asparagus.     Also  called  Unions. 

asparagic  (as-pa-raj ik),  a.  [<  asparagus  + 
-»c]     Same  as  aspartic. 

asparagin,  asparagine  (as-par'a-jin),  n.  [<  as- 
paragus +  -in2,  -iKe2.]  A  crystallized  sub- 
stance (C4H8N0O3)  found  in  the  juice  of  as- 
paragus, beets,  and  other  vegetables,  in  the 
sprouts  of  cereals,  and  in  leguminous  seeds 
during  germination.    It  is  an  amide  of  aspartic  acid, 


Asp,  as  an  Egyptian  royal 
symbol.— Seti  I.,  father  of 
Kameses  II. 


339 

and  forms  compounds  with  bath  acids  and  bases.  Some- 
times called  althein  or  asparwmid, 
asparaginous  (as-pa-raj 'i-nus),  a.  [<  aspara- 
gus +  -111-  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  asparagus; 
resembling  asparagus;  specilically,  having  ten- 
der edible  shoots  like  those  of  asparagus:  as, 

asparaginous  plants. 

asparagus  (as-par'a-gus),  n.  [<  L.  asparagus,  < 
Gr.  iin-dpayor,  Attic  aa<papayor,  asparagus ;  said 
to  be  of  1'eis.  origin.  In  ML.  by  apheresis  also 
sparagus,  sparagi,  >  It.  sjiaragio,(ti\  rsperagr, 
>  early  mod.  E.  sperage,  spa/rage,  sperach.  The 
ML.  form  sparagus  was  in  E.  altered  by  popular 
etymology  into  sparagrass  and  sparrow-grass 
(sometimes  simply  grass),  which  were  until  re- 
cently in  good  literary  use.]  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Asparagus,  especially  A.  officinalis, —  2. 
[cap.]  A  large  genus  of  plants  of  the  old  world, 
natural  order  Liliacea:  That  which  is  cultivated  in 
gardens,  the  common  asparagus,  or  Asparagus  ofte/nnN.,-, 
has  a  much-branched  stem  rising  from  thick  and  matted 
perennial  root-stocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  flowers. 
The  narrow  thread-like  so-called  leaves  are  in  reality 
lnanelilcts  grow  lug  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  true  but 
scale-like  leaves.  The  roots  have  a  bitterish  mucilaginous 
taste,  and  the  stalk  is  in  some  degree  aperient  and  deob- 
stiueiit,  but  not  very  efficacious.  The  part  eaten  is  the 
turion,  or  young  shoot  covered  with  scales  in  place  of 
leaves.  The  sprouts  contain  the  crystalline  substance 
called  asparagm —  French  or  Prussian  asparagus,  a 
name  in  some  parts  of  England  for  the  fleshy  spike  of 
Omithogdlum  Pyr&M&cvm. 

asparagus-bean  (as-par'a-gus-ben),  n.  See 
bean\  1. 

asparagus-beetle  (as-par'a-gus-be"tl),  n.  A 
name  given  to  two  species  of  leaf -beetles  ( Crio- 
ciriila)  of  the  genus  Crioceris,  C.  asparagi 
(Linnreus)  and  C.  duodedmpunctata  (Linna;- 
us),  which  prey  upon  the  asparagus-plant. 
Both  species  were 

f         ^Y~? 


imported        into 

the  United  States 

from         Europe. 

Both  the  beetles 

and    their    laivie 

feed     upon     the 

asparagus  -  plant, 

but  the    damage 

is         principally 

done  by  the  lar- 
vae. C.  asparagi  is 

blackish  beneath, 

the  thorax  being 

reddish       above, 

and    the     elytra 

ornamented  with 

yellowish  spots  of 

varying  extent.  C. 

rfitntirrintpiuictatn  is  nearly  uniform]}  reddish,  the  elytra 

having  twelve  small  black  spots.     The  larva?  of  the  two 

species  resemble  each  other  closely ;  they  are  nearly  cylin- 
drical, tapering  somewhat  toward  the  head,  shining,  and 

of  a  dirty  olive-green  color. 
asparagus-stone   (as  -  par '  a  -  gits  -  ston),  n.    A 

yellowish-green  variety  of  the  mineral  apatite, 

occurring  in  Spain  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals. 
asparamide  (as-par'a-mid),  n.    [<  aspar(agin) 

4-  amide*']    Same  as  asparagin. 
asparginic  (as-par-jin'ik),  a.    [<  aspar{a)gin  + 

-/c]     Same  as  aspartic. 
asparmate  (as-par'mat),  n.    [<  aspar(a)?n(ide) 

+  -ah1.]     Same  as  aspartate. 
aspartate  (as-par'tat),  n.  [<  aspart(ic)  +  -ate1.] 

Any  salt  of  aspartic  acid, 
aspartic  (as-p&r'tik), a.    [<aspar(agin)  +  -t-i<\~\ 

Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  asparagm.   Also 

asparaa'n\  asparginii\—  Aspartic  acid,  C4H7NO4,  a 
crystalline  acid  derived  from  asparagin. 

aspet,  »•     An  old  spelling  of  asp1  and  asp*. 

aspect  (as'pekt,  formerly  as-pekt'),  n.  [<  ME. 
aspect,  <  L.  aspectus,  seeing,  look,  appearance, 
countenance,  <  aspicere,  look,  behold,  <  ad,  to, 
+  specere,  look :  Bee  species  and  spyJ]  1.  The 
act  of  seeing,  or  of  looking  at  anything ;  view ; 
gaze;  glance;  look.     [Archaic] 

Some  other  mistress  hath  thv  sweet  aspects. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
His  aspect  was  bent  on  the  ground.  Scott. 

Meeting  the  cold  aspect  of  Duty. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  xi. 

2.  Countenance;  look  or  particular  appearance 
of  the  face ;  mien ;  air :  as,  a  mild  or  severe 
aspect. 

Wiser  princes  patron  the  arts,  and  carry  an  indulgent 
aspect  unto  scholars.    SirT.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 
Yet,  had  his  aspect  nothing  of  severe, 
But  such  a  face  as  promis'd  him  sincere. 

Dryden,  Character  of  Good  Parson,  i.  12. 

3.  Appearance  to  the  eye  or  mind;  look:  as, 
the  physical  aspect  of  the  country. 

And  then  our  arms, .like  to  a  muzzled  bear. 
Save  in  aspect,  have  all  offence  seal'd  up. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
How  sweet,  how  fair,  and  lovely  her  axpects  are  ! 
Her  eyes,  like  bright  Eoan  flames,  shoot  through  me. 

Fletcher  (and  another"*),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 


Asparagus-beetle  (Crioceris  asparagi). 

,  b,  d,  and  e,  beetle,  eggs,  and  larvae,  natural 

size  ;  c  and/",  eggs  and  larva,  enlarged. 


aspen 

What  a  collegiate  aspect  has  that  fine  Elizabethan  hall, 
where  the  fountain  plays  !  Lamb,  *  >ld  Benchers. 

4.  One  of  the  ways  in  which  a  thing  may  be 
viewed  or  contemplated:  as,  to  present  an  ob- 
ject or  a  subject  in  its  true  <isjh  rt  ;    in  a  double 

aspt  et ;  a  favorable  aspt  ch 

Something  loftier,  more  adorned, 
Than  is  the  common  a  <pect,  daily  garb, 
Of  huiu:iii  Life.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  v. 

Undoubtedly  we  have  a  right  to  make  new  words,  as 

the}    ;in-  tit'ct Icil  li\   the  IP  -Ii  "/"<>•  imd.'i'  w  lihi,  hj.    pre 

sents  itself  here  in  the  New  World  ;  and,  indeed,  wher- 
ever a  language  is  alive,  it  grows. 

Lowill,  liitnnl,  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

5.  Practical  bearing  or  reference.     [Rare.] 
The  aspect  of  atonement  is  obviously  toward  creatures, 

working  effects  on  them,  not  on  God. 

J.  Gilbert,  Christ.  Atonement,  p.  167.    (X  E.  D.) 

6.  View  commanded ;  prospect ;  outlook. 
This  town  has  a  good  aspect  toward  the  hill  from  whence 

we  descended.  Evelyn. 

[Now  used  in  this  sense  mainly  with  reference  to  the  points 
of  the  compass :  as,  a  house  has  a  southern  aspect  or  ex- 
posure.] 

7.  In  astro}.,  the  relative  positions  of  the  plan- 
ets as  they  appear  at  any  given  time  to  an  ob- 
server upon  the  earth;  the  combined  look  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  from  the  earth.  The  aspects 
are  nine  in  number :  (1)  semisextile,  a  difference  of  longi- 
tude of  30° ;  (2)  semisquare,  of  45' ;  (3)  sextile,  of  60° ;  (4) 
quintile,  of  72° ;  (5)  square  or  quartile,  of  90' ;  (6)  trine,  of 
120";  (7)  sesquiquadrate,  of  135°;  (8)  biquintile,  of  14 1  ; 
(9)  opposition,  of  180°.  To  these  may  be  added  conjunc- 
tion, which  occurs  when  the  planets  have  the  same  longi- 
tude. Good  aspects  are  the  semisextile,  sextile,  quintile, 
trine,  and  biquintile.  Bad  aspects  are  the  semisquare, 
square,  sesquiquadrate,  and  opposition.  Mundane  as- 
pects are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  houses  in  horary  as- 
trology and  by  the  semiarcs  of  the  planets  in  nativities. 

The  glorious  planet,  Sol,  .  .  .  whose  med'cinable  eye 
Corrects  the  ill  aspects  of  plaint-  •  \  il. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
We,  that  behold  the  sad  <tsp<rts  of  heaven, 
Leading  sense-blinded  men,  feel  grief  enough 
To  know,  though  not  to  speak,  their  miseries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  3. 

8.  In  her.,  the  position  of  an  animal  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator — Ambulacral  aspect. 
See  ambulacra!. — Aspect  Of  a  plane,  In  math.,  the  direc- 
tion of  its  normal. — In  full  aspect.  Same  as  affronts,  _'. 
—  In  trian  aspect,  In  a  position  between  affronti  and 
passant. — Mesial  aspect.    See  mesial. 

aspectt  (as-pekt'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  aspectare,  look  at, 
view,  freq.  of  aspicere,  look  at:  see  aspect.  «,] 
To  behold ;  look  upon. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 
Tlie  northern  pole  aspects. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  tr.  of  Lucan,  in  Heroic  Virtue. 

aspectable  (as-pek'ta-bl),  a.    [<  L.  aspectabilis. 

that  may  be  seen.  <  aspectare.  see,  look  at :  see 

aspect,  vJ]      1.  Capable  of  being  seen;  visible. 

What  is  in  this  aspectable  world  ?  Bay,  Creation. 

2.  Fair  or  fit  to  be  seen. 

Via  Vittoria,  the  aspectable  street 
Where  he  lived  mainly. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  57. 

[Rare  in  both  senses.] 
aspectant  (as-pek'tant),  a.    [<  L,  aspectan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aspectare  :  see  aspect,  vJ]    In  her.,  same 
as  ajfronte,  2. 

aspected  (as-pek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  aspect  +  -etf2.] 
If.  Looked  at ;  viewed. —  2.  Having  an  aspect 
or  look.     [Rare.] 

Your  lawyer's  face,  a  contracted,  a  subtile,  and  intricate 
face,  full  of  quirks  and  turnings,  a  labyrinthean  face,  now 
angularly,  now  circularly,  every  way  aspected. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

aspecting  (as-pek'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  aspect.'] 

Same  as  ajfronte,  2. 
aspectiont  (as-pek'shon),  v.    [<L.  aspectio(n-), 

<  aspicere,  look  at:  see  aspect,  n,]  The  act  of 
viewing  or  looking  upon  ;  view. 

A  Moorish  queen,  upon  aspection  of  the  picture  of  An- 
dromeda, conceived  and  brought  forth  a  fair  one. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

aspector  (as-pek'tor),  ».     [<  L.  as  if  *aspector. 

<  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  ».]  A  beholder; 
a  spectator.    J.  Davies.     [Rare.] 

The  first-mentioned  [galvanism]  may  contract  a  muscle, 
or  relax  the  rigidity  of  an  eyelid,  but  it  is  the 
[animal  magnetism]  that  throws  the  diligent  aspector  into 
paroxysms.  Jon  Bee,  Ess.  on  Samuel  Foote. 

aspen  (as'pen),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  aspen,<  AS. 

*a'spcn  (not  authenticated ;  =  OFries.  espen  = 
D.  espen  =  G.  espen,  a.),  <  *£esp3  cespe,  asp.  +  -en : 
see  asp1  and  -ew2.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  tree  named  asp. 

Nor  aspen  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 

2.  Tremulous,  like  an  aspen-leaf ;  quivering. 

II.  h.  [A  mod.  substantive  use  of  the  adj., 
prob.  due  to  such  phrases  as  aspen  leaf,  aspen 
tree,  aspen  ivood,  etc.,  regarded  as  compounds; 
cf.  linden  for  lind.]     Same  as  asp1,     [Aspen  is 


aspen 

the  usual  form  in  poetry,  and  is  also  common 
in  prose.] 

His  baud  did  quake 
And  tremble  like  a  leafe  of  Attain  greene. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  51. 

Only  the  pattering  aspen 
Made  a  sound  of  growing  rain. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

asper1t  (as'per),  a.     [<  ME.  aspre,  aspere,  <  OF. 

aspre,  <  L.  asper,  rough ;  origin  undetermined.] 
Rough;  rugged;  harsh;  cruel;  savage.  Chancer. 

All  base  notes  .  .  .  give  an  asper  sound. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  173. 

asper1  (as'per),  ».     [Short for L.  spiritus  asper, 

;i  translation  of  Gr.  -vebua  iaab,  rough  breath- 
ing: see  spirit  and  asper1,  a.]  In  Or.  (/rum.,  a 
sign  (')  placed  before  or  over  an  initial  vowel 
or  p  to  show  that  it  is  aspirated,  that  is,  pro- 
nounced as  if  h  preceded  it ;  the  rough  breath- 
ing. Thus,  be  =  has;  pic  =  hris.  [In  Latin,  and 
henee  in  modern,  words  derived  from  the  Greek,  aspirated 
r  is  represented  by  rh,  as  in  rhinoceros,  rhythm,  the  h  be- 
ing  silent  in  the  modern  pronunciation.] 
asper2  (as'per),  n.  [=  F.  aspre  =  It.  aspero,  < 
ML.  asperus,  usprus,  asperum,  asprum,  <  MGj. 
amrpov,  prop.  neut.  of  aenvpoe,  white.  In  Turk- 
ish this  coin  is  called  aqclitt,  lit.  whitish,  <  aq, 
white,  +  -cha,  -ja,  equiv.  to  E.  -ish1.]  An  old 
Egyptian  and  Turkish  silver  coin:  now  only  a 
money  of  account,  a  piaster  is  considered  equal  to 
100  good  aspers  or  120  current  ones.  One  current  asper 
is  equal  to  four  ninths  of  a  United  States  mill. 

Demanded  of  me, 
For  what  I  valued  at  so  many  aspers, 
A  thousand  ducats. 

Maxsinger,  The  Renegado,  i.  3. 

aspera  (as'pe-rii),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  asper, 
rough.]     Same  as  asper-artery. 

asper-artery  (as'per-tir"te-ri),  n.  [<  L.  aspera 
arteria,  or  arteria  aspera,  a  tr.  of  Gr.  aprnpia  rpa- 
xeia,  lit.  rough  artery :  see  asper1,  artery,  and 
trachea.']     The  trachea  or  windpipe.     Coues. 

asperate  (as'pe-rat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asperatus,  pp. 
of  asperare,  roughen,  <  asper,  rough :  see  asper1.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven  in  surface,  sound, 
etc.     [Bare.] 

The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by  agitation  as- 
perated. Boyle,  Works,  I.  683. 

asperation  (as-pe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  asperate  + 
-ion.]     A  making  rough.     Bailey. 

asperge  (as-perj'),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asperged, 
ppr.  asper ging.  [=  F.  asperger,  <  L.  as/iergere, 
sprinkle,  <  ad,  to,  +  spargere,  sprinkle:  see 
sparse,  and  cf.  asperse.]     To  sprinkle. 

Each  thing  in  order,  as  before, 

His  pious  hands  array, 
Asperge  the  shrine ;  and  then  once  more 

He  takes  his  cheerful  way. 

Bulwer,  tr.  of  Schiller's  Fridolin. 

aspergeoiret,  »■  [OF.,  also  aspergoir  (mod.  F. 
aspersoir) ;  cf .  ML.  aspergerwm ;  <  L.  asperge- 
re,  sprinkle:  see  asperge,  and  cf.  aspergiUus.] 
Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 

asperges  (as-per'jez),  n.  [LL.,  prop,  second 
pers.  sing,  future  ind.  of  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle : 
see  asperge.]  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.:  (a)  An 
antiphon,  taken  from  the  Miserere,  intoned  by 
the  celebrant  and  sung  by  the  choir  before  the 
solemn  mass  on  Sundays,  during  which  the 
priest  sprinkles  with  holy  water  the  altar, 
clergy,  and  people.  With  some  modifications, 
the  same  rite  is  practised  in  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental churches,  (b)  The  sprinkling  performed 
by  the  priest  during  the  antiphon. 

aspergill  (as'p&r-jil),  n.  [<  ML.  aspergiUus, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 

aspergilla,  ».     Plural  of  aspergittum. 

aspergilli,  »■     Plural  of  aspergiUus. 

aspergilliform  (as-per-gill-fdrm),  a.  [<  ML. 
aspergiUus,  q.  v.,  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  1. 
Shaped  like  an  aspergiUus  or  sprinkler. —  2. 
In  bot.,  Iirush-shaped;  made  up  of  numerous 
spreading  hairs. 

aspergillum  (as-per-jil'um),  );. ;  pi.  ns/iergilla 
(-ii).  [ML. :  see  aspergiUus.]  1.  Same  as  as- 
persorium, 1. —  2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
mollusks,  the  watering-pol  shells,  of  a  fam- 
ily Asper gillidcE :  a  synonym  of  Brechites.  La- 
marck, L799. 

aspergiUus  (as-per-jil'us),  n. ;  pi.  aspergilli  (-1). 
[ML.  (in  sense  1),  <  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle  (see 
asperge),  +  dim.  -illus.]  1.  Same  as  aspersori- 
um, 1. —  2.  ['"/'•]  [NL.]  A  genusof  hyphomy- 
cetous  fungi,  including  several  of  the  common 
molds.  Some  of  the  species  have  been  found  to  be  only 
COnidial  forms  of  corresponding  --pecies  of  pu,  ,,t nun.  and 
it  is  probable  that  the  same  is  true  of  all.  Several  have 
hi.  n  detected  in  Hie  human  ear  and  in  diseased  lungs. 
See  cut  under  Kurotium. 


340 

Asperifoliae  (as"per-i-f6'li-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  as/icrifolius :  see  asperifolious.]  Same  as 
Boraqinacea;. 

asperifoliate  (as"per-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
perifoliatus,  <  L.  asper,  rough,  +  folium,  leaf: 
see  asper1  and  foliate]  Having  leaves  rough 
to  the  touch. 

asperifolious  (as"per-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
]n  rifolius  :  see  asperifoliate.]  Same  as  asperi- 
foliate. 

asperity  (as-per'i-ti),  it. ;  pi.  asperities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  asperitie,<  ME.  asprete,  <  OF. 
asprete,  mod.  F.  dprete  and  asperite,  <  L.  aspe- 
rita(t-)s,  roughness,  <  asper,  rough :  see  asper1.] 

1 .  Roughness  of  surface ;  unevenness :  opposed 
to  smoothness. 

The  pores  and  asperities  of  dry  bodies. 

Boyle,  Works,  I.  683. 
Four  thousand  pioneers  were  sent  in  advance  ...  to 
conquer,  in  some  degree,  the  asperities  of  the  road. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  320. 

2.  Roughness  of  sound;  harshness  of  pronun- 
ciation. 

Those  dissonances  and  asperities  which  still  adhered  to 
.  .  .  our  diction.     T.  Warton,  Hist,  'of  Eng.  Poetry,  iii.  62. 

3.  Harshness  of  taste  ;  sourness. 

The  asperity  of  tartarous  salts.    Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  86. 

4.  Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  temper ;  crab- 
bedness ;  bitterness ;  severity  :  as,  to  chide  one 
with  asperity  ;  "  asperity  of  character," Landor. 

It  could  only  have  been  the  strong  political  feeling  of 
Walton  which  could  have  induced  him  to  censure  the 
prose  of  Milton  with  such  asperity. 

I.  D  Israeli,  Quar.  of  Auth..  p.  261. 
A  royalist,  .  .  .  without  any  of  that  political  asperity 
which  is  as  unwomanly  as  a  long  beard. 

Miteauiay.  Sir  William  Temple. 

5.  Disagreeableness ;  unpleasantness;  difficul- 
ty: as,  "the  acclivities  and  asperities  of  duty," 
Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xlii. 

The  allurements  of  praise  and  the  asperities  of  censure. 

Sunnier,  Fame  and  Glory. 

—  Syn.  4.  Acrimony.  Harshness,  etc.     See  acrinmnu. 

asperlyt  (as'per-li),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

asprely,  <    ME.    aspcrly ;   <    asper1    +    -ly2.] 

Roughly ;  sharply ;  vigorously. 

Enforced  their  enemies  to  strike  on  land,  and  there  as- 
saulted  them  so  asprely. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Oovernour,  i.  17. 

aspermatism  (as-per'ma-tizni),  h.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  4-  a^i:pfia(T-),  seed,  4-  -ism.]  1.  Absence 
of  seminal  secretion. —  2.  The  non-emission  of 
semen  in  the  sexual  orgasm,  owing  to  its  re- 
flux into  the  bladder. 

aspermatous  (as-per'ma-tus),  a.  Same  as 
aspermous. 

aspermous  (as-per'mus),  a.  [<  NL.  aspcrmus, 
<  Gr.  aanepuoc,  seedless,  <  d-  priv.  4-  o-epfia,  seed : 
see  sperm.]    In  hot.,  destitute  of  seed. 

aspemationt  (as-per-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asper- 
ttatio(n-),  <  asjiernari,  pp.  aspernatus,  disdain, 
spurn,  neglect,  <  ab,  from,  4-  spernari,  despise, 
spurn.]  1.  A  despising,  etc.  Bailey,  1731. — 
2.  Neglect;  disregard.    Johnson. 

aspernesst,  »•  [ME.  asprenesse;  <  asper1  4- 
-ness.]     Harshness;  severity.     Chaucer. 

asperoust  (as'per-us),  a.  [<  L.  as]>er,  rough 
(see  asper1),  +  -ous.]  Rough  to  the  touch ;  un- 
even ;  harsh ;  severe. 

asperse  (as-pers'),  r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  aspersed, 
ppr.  aspersing.    [<L.  aspersus,  pp.  otaspergere, 
besprinkle,  bespatter :  see  asperge.]     1.  To  be- 
sprinkle;  scatter  over. 
Asperse  and  sprinkle  the  attendants. 

J.  Heath,  Flagellum,  p.  159. 

The  mourners  returning  from  a  Roman  funeral,  aspersed 
with  water  and  Btepping  over  tire,  were  by  this  double  pro- 
cess made  pure.     '       E.  li.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  398. 

2.  To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and 
injurious  charges ;  tarnish  in  point  of  reputa- 
tion or  good  name;  slander;  calumniate. 
With  blackest  crimes  aspersed.  Cowper,  Iliad,  vi. 

What  perplexed  us  most,  was  to  think  who  could  tie  so 

base  as  to  asperse  tin-  characterof  a  family  so  harmless  as 

0Ur8.  Goldsmith.  \ 

=  Syn.  2.  Asperse.  Defame,  Calumniate,  Slander,  Malign, 
Traduce,  Libel,  Vili.fy,  decry,  depreciate,  disparage,  slur, 
inn  .l-.wn,  [amp i,  blacken.  These  WOrda  n"'  nil  descrip- 
tive of  attempts  to  Injure  reputation  by  false  statements. 
They  all  apply  primarily  and  chiefly  to  persons.  There  is 
often  little  or  no  difference  between  them.    Asperse  is, 

Literally,  to  bespatter,  as  with  mud  or  dirt;  it  a itimes 

implies  injury  to  reputation  by  indirect  insinuation.  In  ■ 
tome  ill,  literally,  to  lower  the  fame  or  repute  of,  to  bring 
toward  infamy,  to  make  charges  that  are  more  open  and 
weighty  than  aspersions.  Calumniate,  slander,  and  ma- 
lign represent  the  most  deliberate  and  deadly  assaults 
upon  reputation.  The  calumniator  is  most  often  the  in- 
ventor of  the  falsehoods  lie  circulates.  The  slanderer  is 
[ess  inventive  and  more  secret,  his  work  being  generally 
behind  the  back  of  the  injured  person.    The  maligner  is 

t  mischievous,  malicious,  or  malign  in  his  motives. 

To  traduce  is  tu  misrepresent,  to  show  in  an  odious  light. 


asphalt 

Libel  and  slander  are  the  words  most  used  in  speaking  of 
injury  to  reputation  in  its  relation  to  the  possible  recov- 
ery of  damages  at  law.  To  libel,  therefore,  often  suggests, 
the  pecuniary  loss  by  defamation;  libel  is  strictly  effected 
by  publication,  while  slander  is  strictly  by  word  of  mouth. 
ViliJ'ii  is,  literally,  to  make  one  (seem)  vile  ;  it  suggests  a 
defamation  of  the  coarser  and  more  abusive  sort.  See 
decry. 

I  am  not  sure  .  .  .  whether  I  ought  not  to  call  you  out 
for  aspersing  the  honour  of  the  family. 

Barham,  Ingoldshy  Legends,  1.35. 

Whenever  you  would  ruin  a  person-or  a  government, 

you  must  begin  by  spreading  calumnies  to  defame  them. 

Quoted  by  I.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  75. 

One  trade  or  art,  even  those  that  should  he  the  most 

liberal,  make  it  their  business  to  disdain  and  calumniate 

another.  Bp.  Sprat. 

Thou  sittest  and  speakest  against  thy  brother ;  thou. 

slanderest  thine  own  mother's  son.  Ps.  1.  20. 

You  malign  our  senators,  for  that 

They  are  not  such  as  you.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

If  I  am 
Traduc'd  by  ignorant  tongues,  .  .  . 
"Tis  but  the  fate  of  place,  and  the  rough  brake 
That  virtue  must  go  through. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 
His  [Dr.  Kendrick's]  virulent  attack  on  Johnson's  Shake- 
speare may  be  preserved  for  its  total  want  of  literary  de- 
cency. ...  He  libelled  all  the  genius  of  the  age,  and  was 
proud  of  doing  it.  /.  1/ Israeli,  Cal.  of  Auth.,  p.  217. 

WTien  I  find  the  first  of  men,  in  rank  and  genius,  hating 
one  another,  and  becoming  slanderers  and  liars  in  order  to- 
lower  and  cilify  an  opponent,  .  .  .  I  lookback  in  vain  on 
any  barbarous  people  for  more  barbarism. 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great  and  Alexis. 

aspersed  (as-persf),  p.  a.  In  her.,  same  as 
seme". 

asperser  (as-per'ser),  n.  1.  An  aspersorium. 
—  2.  One  who  asperses  or  vilifies  another. 
aspersion  (as-per'shon),  n.  [=  F.  aspersion,  < 
L.  aspersio(n-),  a  besprinkling,  <  aspergere,  be- 
sprinkle: see  asperse,  asperge.]  1.  A  sprin- 
kling, as  of  or  with  water. 

No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heavens  let  fall 
To  make  this  contract  grow.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 
To  season  a  surly  discourse  with  a  more  pleasing  asper- 
sion of  love  matters.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  424. 
Ximenes,  unable  to  administer  the  rite  to  each  individ- 
ually, was  obliged  to  adopt  the  expedient  familiar  to  the 
Christian  missionaries,  of  christening  them  en  masse  by 
aspersion;  scattering  the  consecrated  drops  from  a  mop, 
or  hyssop,  as  it  was  called,  which  he  twirled  over  the 
heads  of  the  multitude.  Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

2.  The  making  of  calumnious  reports,  imputa- 
tions, or  charges ;  a  derogatory  assertion  or 
criticism;  calumny;  censure. 

There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language !  what  do  you 
think  of  that?  —  an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of  speech! 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  3. 
Every  candid  critic  would  lie  ashamed  to  east  wholesale 
aspersions  on  the  entire  body  of  professional  teachers. 

Qrote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  67. 

aspersive  (as-per'siv),  a.  [<  asperse  +  -we.] 
Tending  to  asperse ;  defamatory;  calumnious; 
slanderous. 

aspersively  (as-per'siv-li),  adv.    In  an  asper- 
sive manner;  by  way  of  aspersion. 
aspersoir  (as-per-swor'),  h.     [F.,  <  ML.  asper- 
sorium.]    Same  as  aspersorium. 
aspersorium (as-per-so'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  asjwsoria 
(-ii).   [ML.,<  L.  aspergere,  pp.  aspersus,  besprin- 
kle: see  asperse.]    1.  A  brush, 
or  oftener  a  metallic  instru- 
ment, used  by  the  priest  in  Ro- 
man   Catholic    churches    for 
sprinkling  holy  water.     Also 
called  aspergiUus,  aspergillum, 
aspergiU.  —  2.    A    holy-water 
stouji  or  font.   Parker,  Concise 
Glossary.      [Not   in   common 
Middle  Latin  use.] 
aspersory  (as-per'so-ri),  a.     [<  asperse  4-  -ory. 
Cf.  iispeisiii'titni.]    Tending  to  asperse;  defama- 
tory. 

asphalt  (as'falt  or  as-falt'),  ».  [Also  written 
as  P.,  asphalte,  and  asNL.,  asphaltum,  formerly 
also  asphaltus,  -os,  -a,  and  as  It.,  aspalto;  in 
ME.  spelled  aspalt,  once  aspaltoun;  <  OF.  *as- 
palt  =  Pr.  asphalt  =  Sp.  asfalto  =  It.  aspalto, 
asfalto,  <  Gr.  uo<pa?.To<;,  asphalt,  bitumen ;  a  word 
of  undetermined  foreign  origin.]  1.  Same  as 
asphaltum. — 2.  A  bituminous  material,  em- 
ployed for  the  covering  of  roofs  and  arches,  for 
the  lining  of  tanks,  for  pavement  and  flooring, 

andas  mriii.     See  asplialtum.     in  thi    United 

States  the  substance  so  named  is  comn lj  made  of  refuse 

in  from  gas  houses,  mixed  with  slaked  lime  and  gravel. 
Also  called  asphaltic  cement. 

3.  A  thick  solution  of  Ihe  finest  asphaltum  in 
spirits  of  turpentine,  used  by  opticians,  it  is  used 
for  making  cells  on  pieces  of  glass,  in  which  objects  may  be 
preserved  in  liquid,  for  examination  with  the  microscope. 

Asphalt-furnace,  a  portable  furnace  in  which  asphalt 
cement  is  heated  for  use  in  roofing,  pining,  etc.  —Asphalt 
stone,  asphalt  rock.  See  asphaltum.  Asphalt  tiling, 
a  mosaic  of  china  or  glass  bedded  in  asphalt,  and  made  m 
the  form  of  fiooring-tiles.— Asphalt  varnish,  a  black  var- 


Asper5orium. 


asphalt 

nish  composed  of  S  parts  oJ  asphalt,  4  of  boiled  linseed- 
oil,  and  1 1 •  >i i ■  L6  to  18  of  oil  ol  turpentine.—  Mexican  as- 
phalt.   Same  as  chapapote. 

asphalt  (as-falf),  v.  t.  [<  asphalt,  «.]  To  cover 
or  treat  with  asphalt. 

asphalter  (as-faVter),  n.  One  who  covers  (as 
a  path  or  a  roof)  with  asphalt. 

asphaltic  (as-fal'tik),  a.  [<  asphalt  +  -ic.]  Of 
the  nature  of  or  containing  asphalt ;  bitumi- 
nous. —  Asphaltic  cement  or  asphaltic  mastic,  same 
as  asphalt,  -J. 

asphalting  (as-fal'ting),  re.  The  process  of 
covering  or  paving  with  asphalt. 

In  Paris  .  .  .  asphalting  is  still  extensively  practiced  in 
the  more  spacious  thoroughfares. 

Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  112. 

asphaltite  (as-fal'tit),  a.  [<  L.  Asphaltitcs,  a 
term  applied  especially  to  the   Deail  Sea;  < 


341 

The  banks  of  asphodel  that  bonier  the  river  of  life. 

0.  H'.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  iv. 

BOg-asphodel,  the  name  of  species  of  Xarthecium,  ST. 
osnfrar/iim  and  ,V.  Amerieanum.— False  asphodel,  the 
American  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Tojleldw.  Scotch 
asphodel,  Tofteldxa  palustris. 

asphyctic  (as-fik'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  naebvuTor,  with- 
out pulsation  (see  asphyxia),  +  -ir.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  asphyxia. —  2.  Pulseless. 

asphyxia  (as-tik'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa$v$ia,  a 
stopping  of  the  pulse,  <  aafvaroc,  without  pul- 
sation, <  a-  priv.  +  o-0ufe<p  (%/  *ofvy),  pulsate, 
throb.]  If.  Originally,  absence  of  pulse.— 2. 
The  extreme  condition  caused  by  lack  of  oxy- 
gen and  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  blood, 


Aspila 

families  as  FissurelUdce,  Ilaliotidtr,  etc.    Also 
.  ispidobranchiata. 

AspidochirotffiOts  pi-do-ki-r<i'te),M. p2.  [NL., 
<  (Jr.  adTriij  (i'wttii)-),  a  shield,  +  x?lp,  a  hand.] 
A  group  of  ordinary  pedate  holothurians  or  sea- 
cucumbers,  with  peltate-  tentacles:  equivalent 
to  the  family  Ilalothnriitla  :  contrasted  with 
Dendrochirotat  (which  see).  Also  spelled  i 
pidocheirota. 

In  the  Aspidoehirotcs,  or  holothurians  with  disk-  or 
Bhleld-shaped  tentacles  furnished  with  tentacular  am- 
pulla;, the  left  respiratory  tree  is  bound  to  the  body-walls, 
there  are  no  retrai  tor  muscles  to  the  pharynx,  and  Cuvler 
[an  organs  are  present.  These  are  the  highest  type  ol 
Holothuroidea,  and  are  mainly  tropica]  in  their  distribu- 
tion. Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  182. 


brought  about  by  any  sufficient  interference 

with  respiration,  as  in  choking,  drowning,  or  aspidochirote  (as'pi-do-ld'rot),  a.     Pertaining 

paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  respiration.     Also     or  belonging  to  the  Asjiidochirota:  Also  spelled 

asphyxy Local  asphyxia.    See  Raynaud's  disease.        aspidocheirote. 

Gr.  ae6aXriTiK,  of  asphalt,  <  ia^Aroc,  asphalt.]  asphyxial  (as-fik'si-al),  a.     [<  asphyxia  +  -al.]  Aspidogaster   (as"pi-do-gas'ter),  n.      [NL.,  < 


Asphaltic ;  bituminous. 
asphaltost  (as-fal'tos),  n.    [NL.,  <Gr.  aacoalToc : 

see  asphalt.']     Same  as  asphalt. 
asphaltotype  (as-fal'to-tip),  re.     [<  Gr.  aaipa'A- 

roc,  bitumen,  +  rtirof,  type.]  A  negative  photo- 


Kelating  to  asphyxia ;  resulting  "from  or  indi-  Gr.  dairi'c  (aamfi-),  a  shield,  +  yaari/p,  stomach.] 

eating  asphyxia:  as,  asphyxial  symptoms.  A  genus  of  Trematoda,  or  fluke-worms,  para- 

asphyxiant  (as-fik'si-antj,   re.     "[<   asphyxia  +  sitic  in  the  pericardial  cavity  of  the  fresh-water 

•ant*.']      Any  poisonous    chemical  substance  mussel.    A.  conchicola  is  an  example.    See  cut 

which  produces  asphyxia.  under  Trematoda. 


graph  produced,  by  the  process  of  Niepce,  on  a  asphyxiate  (as-fik'si-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as-  Aspidoglossa  (as  'pi-do-glos'a),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr 
plate  coated  with  a  film  of  bitumen.  See  photog- 
raphy. 
asphaltum  (as-fal'tum),  re.  [NL. :  see  asphalt.] 
One  of  the  so-called  bituminous  substances 
which  are  widely  diffused  over  the  earth,  and  are 
of  great  practical  importance.  See  bitumen  and 
bituminous.    The  asphaltums  of  various  localities  differ 


p'hyiiated,  ppr.  asphyxiating.  [<  asphyxia  + 
-ate2.]  To  produce  asphyxia  in;  suffocate,  or 
deprive  of  oxygen  to  the  extent  of  producing 
death  or  very  serious  symptoms. 

The  deprivation  of  oxygen,  and  the  accumulation  of 
carbonic  acid,  cause  injury  long  before  the  asphyxiatina 
point  is  reached.      Huxley  and  Youmans,  Physiol.,  §  128. 


from  each  other  considerably  in  chemical  composition,  as  asphyxiation  (as-fik-si-a'shon),  n.  [<  asphi/xi- 
is  proved  by  their  different  chemical  reactions.  They  all  t  +  •  -i  Tn0  act  of  ea;usm<r  asphvxia;  a 
agree,  however,  in  being  amorphous,  in  having  the  luster  .       i      ; 

and  general  appearance  of  pitch  (whence  the  name  of  min-     State  01  aspnyxia.  . 

end •pilch,  often  applied  to  them),  in  melting  at  about  the  asphyxiative  (as-fik  Sl-a-tiv),  a.  [<  asphyxiate 
temperature  of  boiling  water,  and  in  taking  Are  when      +  -ice.]       Suffocating;  producing  asphyxia  or 

suffocation. 

asphyxy  (as-fik'si),  n.     See  asphyxia. 
aspic1,  aspick  (as'pik),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aspike ;  <  F.  aspic,  <  Pr.  aspic,  <  L.  aspis  (aspid-), 
an  asp:   see  asp*.]     1.   A  venomous  serpent : 
same  as  asp2,  but  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
They  shall  And 
That,  to  a  woman  of  her  hopes  beguil'd, 
A  viper  trod  on,  or  an  aspic,  's  mild. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  1. 
Thereto  she  pointed  with  a  laugh, 
Showing  the  aspick's  bite.      Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 
A  piece  of  ordnance  of  small  caliber. 


heated  and  burning  with  a  bright  but  smoky  tlame.  They 
differ  essentially  from  coal  in  being  more  or  less  soluble  in 
various  reagents,  such  as  oil  of  turpentine,  ether,  and  alco- 
hol. Asphaltum  seems,  in  most  cases  at  least,  to  have 
resulted  from  the  hardening  of  the  more  liquid  forms  of 
bituminous  substances,  namely,  maltha  and  petroleum, 
which  have  oozed  out  upon  the  surface  and  become  in- 
spissated by  oxygenation  or  evaporation  of  their  more  vol- 
atile portions,  or  by  both  causes  combined.  The  most 
interesting  locality  of  asphaltum  is  the  so-called  "pitch- 
lake"  in  the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in 
circumference,  and  tilled  with  asphaltum,  which  near  the 
shore  is  quite  solid,  but  nearer  the  center,  in  places,  is  soft 
and  bubbling.  Host  of  what  is  called  asphaltum  con- 
sists of  this  material  more  or  less  mixed  with  sand  or 
other  mineral  substances.  Asphaltum  is  extensively  used 
in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  especially  for  pavements,  foot- 
walks,  and  roofing.  For  this  purpose  the  material  is  pre- 
pared by  mixing  it  while  hot  with  sand  or  fine  gravel,  or 
by  causing  it  to  be  absorbed  by  paper.  Certain  kinds 
of  asphaltic  rock,  or  asphalts  (F.  asphalte),  as  they  are 
frequently  called,  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  pavements 
or  other 
France 
important 

sists  of  limestone  impregnated  with  bituminous  material 
to  the  amount  of  from  4  to  1C  per  cent.  This  rock,  espe- 
cially that  from  Val  de  Travers,  has  the  remarkable  prop- 
erty  of  forming,  without  any  admixture,  an  extraordinari- 
ly durable  and  elastic  roadway,  and  is,  although  expensive, 
extensively  used  for  that  purpose  in  Paris  and  other  large 
cities  of  Europe.    The  rock  has  only  to  he  heated,  when  it 


2t. 


e  (do-jraS-),  a  shield,  +  )  '/.uana,  a  tongue  (ligu- 
la).]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
family  Carabidw,  of  the  group 
ScatiUni.  About  20  species  are 
known,  mostly  from  Central  or 
South  America.  One,  A.  suhanyn- 
lata  (Chandler),  occurs  in  the  more 
southern  portion  of  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
It  is  an  elongate,  convex,  and  shin- 
ing insect,  nearly  8  millimeters  in 
length,  with  very  stout  fossorial 
legs,and  deeply  crenulatostriatc  ely- 
tra. Its  color  is  black  with  a  green- 
ish tinge,  but  the  antenna;,  legs,  and 
apex  of  the  elytra  are  reddish.  It 
is  found  on  moist  ground,  where  it 
preys  on  soft-bodied  insects. 

SSSSHE&SSSZ1  Aspidonectes  (as "  pi :  do  - 
nek'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aattir 
(acmS-),  a  shield,  +  viiKTijc,  a  swimmer,  <  v>/x"v, 
swim.]  A  genus  of  leather-back  or  soft-shelled 
turtles.  .4.  »■/<(- 
ni/er  is  a  com- 
mon carnivorous 
voracious  species 
of    North  Anier- 


Subangular     Ground- 
beetle         [Aspidoglossa 


aspic2  (as'pik),  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  aspicke,  <  Aspidophora 
F.  aspic,  in  hulled 'aspic  for  huiledespic  (so  first     (as-pi-dof'o 
in  E.,  "oil  of  aspicke");  spic,  lavender  spike, 
orig.  spikenard:  see  spike.]    The  great  laven- 
der, Lavandula  spica.     See  lavender. 
er  "special  purposes.    The  localities  of  Seyssel  in  aspic3    (as'pik),    re.       [F. ;   perhaps  <  aspic,   an 
■  '»"'  v?l  de  Travers  in  Switzerland  are  the  most        *    ,         asp;cl)    with  allusion  to  its  coolness, 
ant  of  this  kind.     At each  ot  these  the  asphalte  con-       i|'l-y  «-rl      '  «/i_ij 

there  being  a  French  proverbial  saying,  "Cold 
as  an  aspic"  (Littre) ;  or  perhaps  from  the  (sup- 
posed) custom  of  flavoring  or  seasoning  this 
dish  with  spikes  of  lavender:  see  aspic2.]  In 
cookery,  a  side  dish  consisting  of  a  clear,  savory 
meat-jelly  containing  fowl,  game,  fish,  etc. 


Leather-back  Turtle  [Aspidonectes 
spini/er). 


crumbles  to  powder,  in  which  condition  it  is  compressed  agrjick'    u.     See  aspiw-. 
in  molds  into  blocks,  or  simply  spread  over  the  surface  1    .'  -,  /-  ,- 


in  molds  into  blocks,  or  simply  spread  over  the  surface   „„„,-„„< -4.-   /„„  _:i;>,-,  15t1     n       Same  as  nsmfre- 
required  to  be  covered,  and  packed  or  pressed  by  pestle  or  aspiCUlate  (as-pik  u-lat),  a.     Same  as  OSptCU- 


roller,  when,  after  cooling,  it  assumes  a  condition  closely 

resembling  that  of  the  original  rock.     See  maltha,  naph- 
tha, and  petroleum.     Also  asphalt. 
aspheterism  (as-fet'e-rizm),  re.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 

+  cnfieTepor,  one's  own,  +  -ism.     Cf.  Gr.  c<peTepi- 

o/tor,  appropriation.]     Denial  of  the  right  of 

private  property ;  the  principle  of  communism. 

Southey.     [Bare.] 
aspheterize  (as-fet'e-riz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

aspheterized,  ppr.  aspheterizing.     [<Gr.  d-  priv 

+  eupiTepor,  one's  own. 

To  practise  aspheterism 
asphodel  (as'fo-del),  n. 

darioAtUc,  king's-spear,  a  plant  of  the  lily  kind ;  Aspidium  (as-pid'i-um),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  amridtov, 
adj.,    aexjiodMc,    la/iuv,    in  a  little  shield,  dim.  of  dairic  (aair(ci-),  a  shield.] 


lous. 
aspiculous  (as-pik'u-lus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

L.  spiculum,  a  point:  see  spiculum.]    Having  no 

hard  spieula. 
Aspidisca  (as-pi-dis'ka),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aotu- 

dicsKij,  fern,  form  of  atmidimoc.,  a  boss,  dim.  of 

aattir  (d(T7T(fi-),  a  shield.]     1.   A  genus  of  cili- 

ate  infusorians,  type  of  the  family  Aspidiscidm. 

Ehrenberg,  1830.— 2.    ' 

insect; 


rii),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  aspido- 
phorus,  adj. : 
see  Aspidopho- 
rus.]  1.  InLa- 

trcille's  system  of  classification,  a  section  of  his 
phyllopodous  branchiopods,  containing  the 
genera  Apus  and  Lepidurus,  and  equivalent  to 
the  modern  family  Apodida;  of  the  order  Phyl- 
lopoda.  Also  Aspidiphora.  See  Podostomata. 
—  2.  In  Allman's  system  of  classification,  a  sub- 
order of  polyzoans  constituted  for  the  reception 
of  lihabdnpli "urn. 

Aspidophorus  (as-pi-dof'o-rus);  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dtjttido^opot;,  shield-bearing,  <  acrrric  (acr;n<5-),  a 
shield,  +  -tpopoc,  <  epipctv  =  E.  bear1.]  A  genus 
of  acanthopterygian  fishes  armed  with  shield- 
like  scales:  synonymous  with  Agonus. 

aspidorhynchid  (as'pi-do-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  Aspidorhynchidee. 


.  A  genus  of 'lepidopterous  Aspidorhynchidae  (as"pi-d6-ring'ki-de),  11.  pi 
[NL.,<  Aspidorhynchus,  1,+  -ida:]  In  Gunther's 

I,  +  -fare;    Cf.  spheterise.]  Aspidiscidae  (as-pi-dis'i-de),  n.  pi.      [NL.,  < 
sm.    Coleridge.     [Rare.]       Jspidisca,  1,  +  -idiv.]    A f amily  of  hypotrichous 

II.  [<  L.  asphodelus,  <  Gr.     cmata. 


Homer,  the  asphodel  meadow 
of  the  dead ;  origin  unknown. 
The  E.  forms  affodil,  daffodil, 
daffodilly,  etc.,  are  corrup- 
tions of  asphodel :  see  daffo- 
dil.] A  name  of  various  spe- 
cies of  Asphodelus,  a  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Liliacea; 
natives  of  southern  Europe. 
The  yellow  asphodel  or  king's-spear, 
A.  luteus,  is  the  handsomest  and 
best-known  species,  though  others  are 
sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 
The  asphodel  of  the  earlier  English  and 
French  poets  is  the  daffodil,  Narcissus 
Pseudo-narcissus.  In  Gr.  myth,  the 
asphodel  was  the  peculiar  plant  of  the  dead,  its  pale  blos- 
soms covering  the  meadows  of  Hades.  It  received  this  at- 
tribution, perhaps,  because  in  Greek  lands  it  is  a  very 
common  weed,  plentiful  in  barren  and  desert  places  and 
about  tombs. 


system  of  classification,  a  family  of  lepidosteoid 
fishes  with  an  elongated  body  covered  with 
ganoid  scales,  a  series  of  enlarged  scales  along 
the  sides,  jaws  prolonged  into  a  beak,  the  ver- 
tebral column  homoeercal,  the  fins  furnished 
1.  A  genus  of  ferns  variously  limited,  but  in  its  with  fulcra,  and  the  dorsal  tin  opposite  the  anal, 
broad  sense  including  all  those  in  which  the  The  species  are  extinct ;  they  lived  during  the 
dot-like  sori  are  covered  by  a  roundish,  peltate,     Mesozoic  epoch. 

or  reniform  indusium.  Those  with  a  reniform  in-  Aspidorhynchus  (as"pi-do-ring'kus),  n.  [NL., 
dusium,  attached  by  the  sinus,  are  often  separated  as  the  <  Gr.  aowic,  {aaiud-),  a  shield,  +  prjA'Of,  a  snout, 
genus  Xephrodium.  When  the  indusium  is  abortive  or  beak.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Aspidorhyn- 
t.hlitcrated,  the  species  are  not  distinguishable  from forms        , :  ,„„...,-    ic'Jq  _q      a  d-btiiis  of ■  rentil'es 

of  Polypodium.  The  genus  is  cosmopolitan,  including  chidtr.  Agassw,  1H&S.—  4.  A  genus  01  leptnes. 
nearly  300  species,  which  vary  greatly  in  size,  texture,     — 3.   A  genus  of  worms. 

venation,  and  division  of  the  fronds.  About  40  species  Aspidostraca  (us-pi-dos'tra-ka),  re.  }il.  [XL., 
are  found  within  the  United  states.  J1,^'r™1f1^|l*''0,s1^     <  (ir.  aairic  (aairtd-),  a  shield, "+  ZoTpanov,  a  shell.] 


Branched  Asphodel 
{Asphodelus  ratno- 
sus). 


are  usually  known  as  wood-ferns  or  shield-ferns, 

shield-fern. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.     Also 
Aspidion. 
Aspidobranchia  (as"pi-do-brang'ki-a),   re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aa-ic  (aoiriS-),  a  shield,  +  ppayxia, 


In  Burmeister's  system  of  classification,  one  of 
three  orders  of  ( 'rustacea,  divided  into  five  sub- 
orders called  Parasita,  Lophyropoda,  PhyWopo- 

da,  Cirripnliii.  and  Poecilopoda.  See  these 
words. 


gills.]    A  group  of  prosobranchiate  gastropods,  aspiet,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy. 
approximately  equivalent  to  Scutibranehia,  Itlii-  Aspila  (as'pi-lii),  re.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  oottiAoc,  spot- 
pidoglossa,  or  Chiastoncura.     It  includes  such    less,  <  d- priv. -f  o-tn'/or,  spot,  speck.]    1.  A  genus 


Aspila 

of  moths,  family  Xoctuida',  founded  by  Guen<?e. 

The    larva1   are  smooth,   soft  leaf-feeders.     A.   vireact  ng 

is  a  beautiful  moth. 

witli  olivaceous  b  >i\- 

Willie,  marked  with 

three    distinct   pale 

lines,     relieved    by 

coincident      deeper 

shades. 

2.    A    genus    of 

coleopterous   in- 

■     '  ,       ,     .  Aspila  virescens.     (Natural  size.) 

aspinet     (as  pm 
or  -pin),  a.    [Irreg.  <  asp2  +  -tree1.]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  asp;  snaky:  as,  "aspires  venom," 
Quarles. 

aspirant  (a-splr'ant  or  as'pi-rant),  w.  and  a. 
[<  F.  aspirant,  a  candidate  (prop,  ppr.),  <L. 
aspiran(t-)s,  ppr.  oiaspirare  (>  F.  aspirer),  as- 
pire:  sec  aspire.]  I.  «.  One  who  aspires:  one 
who  seeks  advancement,  elevation,  or  prefer- 
ence. 

Our  young  aspirant  to  the  name  and  honours  of  an  Eng- 
lish senator.  Bp.  Hurd. 
"  Beauty  and  extraordinary  goodness"  were  her  dowry: 
and  she  was  claimed  by  four  separate  aspirants. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  196. 

II.  a.   1.  Aspiring;  ambitious:  as,  "ouros- 

pirant  souls,"  Airs.  liraicning. — 2.  Ascending; 

mounting  up:  as,  aspirant  ilarnes.     [Rare  in 

both  uses.] 

aspirate  tas'pi-rat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  asjii- 
rated,  ppr.  aspirating.'  [<L.  aspiratus,  pp.  of 
aspirare,  give  the  ft-sound  to,  breathe  or  blow 
upon:  see  aspire.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  pronounce 
with  a  breathing  or  an  audible  emission  of 
breath ;  pronounce  with  such  a  sound  as  that  of 
the  letter  h  :  as,  we  aspirate  the  words  horse 
and  house,  but  not  hour  and  honor;  cockneys 
often  aspira  te  words  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Such  mutes  as  were  originally  aspirated!  —  that  is  to  say, 
had  an  audible  bit  of  an  h  pronounced  after  them. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  93. 

2.  To  remove  by  aspiration Aspirating  wm- 

nowing-machine,  one  in  which  aspiration  or  suction 
is  used  instead  of  a  blast.    See  winnower. 

II.  in  trans.  To  be  uttered  with  an  aspirate 
or  strong  breathing.     [Rare.] 

Where  a  vowel  ends  a  word,  the  next  begins  either  with 
a  consonant,  or  what  is  its  equivalent ;  for  our  u<  and  h 
aspirate.  Dryden. 

aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  a.  and  re.  [<  L.  aspiratus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pronounced  with  the 
aspirate  or  rough  breathing;  pronounced  with 
the  /(-sound,  or  with  a  strong  emission  of 
breath. 

The  Zend  often  showing  an  aspirate  mute  where  the 
Sanskrit  lias  the  unaspirate,  and  vice  versa. 

J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  172. 

They  are  not  aspirate,  i.  e.,  with  such  an  aspiration  as  ft. 

Holder,  Elem.  of  Speech. 

II.  re.  An  aspirated  sound,  or  a  sound  like 
our  h  ;  a  sound  with  which  the  /(-sound  is  com- 
bined, or  which  corresponds  historically  to  a 
sound  of  this  nature :  thus,  the  Sanskrit  Ich,  gh, 
bh.  etc.,  and  the  Greek  eh,  th,  ph  ( r,  0,  <p)  are 
called  aspirates,  as  are  also  the  English  /,  th, 
which  are  more  properly  called  breathings  or 
spirants;  also,  a  character  or  combination  of 
characters  representing  a  sound  thus  described, 
as  the  letter  h,  the  Greek  rough  breathing,  etc. 

aspirated  (as'pi-ra-ted),^>.  a.   Same  as  aspirate. 

aspiration  (as-pi-ra'shon),  ».  [<  L.  aspira- 
tion a-),  a  breathing  upon,  aspiration  of  a  sound, 
the  aspirate  letter  h,  <  aspirare:  see  aspirate, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  aspirating  or  breathing;  a 
breath. 

Fanned  with  continued  breezes,  and  ecntlc  iispirntiiois 
of  wind.  Steele,  Englishman,  No.  26. 

2.  An  aspirated  sound;  a  phonetic  breathing. 

The  A,  the  pure  aspiration,  is  an  expulsion  of  flatus 
through   the   position    "f   the  adjacent  letter,   whether 

vowel  - Kowel,  "i  nasal. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  67. 
'lie-  Latin  grammarian  Priscian,  aboul  500  a.  i>    fcells 
us  that  ii i  then  expressed  by/  was  originally  sig- 
nified t>3  p  with  at i  aspiration  (that  is,  by  ph\ 

./.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  172. 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  nr  a  nbait  l\  desiring;  an 
ardent  wish  or  desire,  chiefly  after  what  is  ele- 
vated or  spiritual. 

she  .  .  .  fei  Inclination  t"  plea  ore  nor  aspi- 

ration after  virtue.  .i"liu«<i>.  Rambler,  No.  112. 

All  Emerson's  aspiration,  were  toward  greatness  of 
character,  greatness  ol  wisdom,  nobility  of  soul, 

/'(„  r.  ntury,  KX\  II    B28. 

4f.  Aid;  inspiration;  countenance. 

To  God's  honour,  .  .  .  without  the  aspiration  and  help 
of  whose «   pecial  grace  no  labours  of  man  can  profit. 

Sit  '/'  More,  Works,  p.  ::.'>7 

5.  The  act  of  removing  a  fluid,  as  pus  or  serum, 
from  some  cavity  of  the  body,  by  means  of  a 


342 

hollow  needle  or  trocar  connected  with  a  suc- 
tion-syringe.—  6.  Suction;  the  act  or  process 
of  drawing  air  through  (by  some  method  of  ex- 
haustion), as  opposed  to  the  act  or  process  of 
forcing  it  through  —  that  is,  to  a  blast. 

For  cleaning  grain  there  are  other  kindsof  apparatus  in 
which  the  principle  of  aspiration,  or  drawing  currents  of 
air  through  the  grain,  is  now  extensively  employed. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  344. 
=  Syn.  3.  Longing,  yearning. 

aspirator  (as'pi-ra-tor),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  aspirare, 

breathe  or  blow  upon  :  see  aspirate  and  aspire.  ] 

1.  An  apparatus  for  creating  a  vacuum  by  the 
action  of  a  moving  fluid.  A  common  form  is  thai  ..f 
a  simple  vessel  tilled  with  water  and  connected  with  the 
rrrrptaele  In  be  drained  of  air,  tin  permitting  the  water 
to  escape  below,  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed  above  it. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low needle,  or  trocar,  connected  with  a  suction- 
syringe,  used  in  removing  fluids  from  the  cav- 
ities of  the  body. — 3.  A  form  of  winnowing- 
machino  employing  aspiration  instead  of  a 
blast.     See  aspiration,  6. 

aspiratory  fa-splr'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *as- 
piratorius,  \  aspirare,  breathe  upon:  see  aspi- 
rate  and  -ory.]  Pertaining  to  breathing ;  suit- 
ed to  the  inhaling  of  air. 

aspire  (a-spir'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  aspired,  ppr. 
aspiring'.  [<  late  ME.  aspire,  <  F.  aspirer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  aspirar  =  It.  aspirare,  <  L.  aspirare,  ad- 
spirare,  breathe  or  blow  upon,  desire  to  reach,  < 
ad,  to,  +  spirarc,  breathe,  blow :  see  spirit.  Cf . 
conspire,  expire,  inspire,  perspire,  respire,  suspire, 
transpire.]     I.t  trans.  1.  To  breathe  to  or  into. 

To  spreade  his  beames  vpon  vs,  and  aspire  hys  breth 
into  vs.  Sir  T.  More,  Apol.,  xlix.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  breathe  forth  or  exhale.    Shenstone. 

Whose  notes  the  air  aspire 
Of  th'  old  Egyptian  or  the  Thracian  lyre. 

B.  Jonson,  Golden  Age  Restored. 

3.  To  breathe  after ;  seek  with  eagerness  to  at- 
tain to ;  long  or  try  to  reach ;  attempt. 

Who  dare  aspire  this  journey  ?      Donne,  Poems,  p.  184. 

4.  [See  II.,  2.]     To  mount  or  soar  to;  attain. 

That  gallant  spirit  hath  aspir'd  the  clouds. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
Come,  there  was  never  any  great  thing  yet 
Aspired,  but  by  violence  or  fraud. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  eagerly  desirous;  aim 
ambitiously,  especially  at  something  great  or 
noble ;  be  ambitious :  followed  by  an  object 
with  to  or  after,  or  by  an  infinitive :  as,  to  aspire 
to  a  crown  or  after  immortality. 

Aspiring  to  be  gods,  if  angels  fell, 
Aspiring  to  be  angels,  men  rebel. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  127. 
He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  queen  and  arbitress 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  [Partly  influenced  by  association  with  spire.] 
To  rise  up  as  an  exhalation,  or  as  smoke  or 
fire;  hence,  to  mount  or  ascend;  tower  up  or 
rise  high. 

Whose  flames  aspire, 
As  thoughts  do  blow  them,  higher  and  higher. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  6,  song. 

aspiret  (a-spir'),  n.    [<  aspire,  v.]    Aspiration; 

ardent  wish  or  desire. 

And  mock  the  fondling  for  his  mad  aspire.      Chapman. 
aspirementt  ( a-spir 'ment),  n.      [<  aspire  + 

■merit.]     The  act  of  aspiring;  aspiration. 

By  which  aspirement  she  her  wings  displays. 

Ant.  Brewer  (7),  Lingua,  iii.  S. 

aspirer  (a-spir'er),  n.     One  who  aspires;  an 

aspirant, 
aspiring  (a-spir'ing),  p.  a.     1.  Animated  with 

an  ardent'  desire,  as  of  power,  importance,  or 

excellence;  ambitious;  soaring:  as,  "aspiring 

nobles,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Aspiring  beggary  is  wretchedness  itself. 

Sold tmith,  V Lear,  iii. 

Ere  he  filled  with  loves,  hopes,  longings,  this  aspirins  heart 
of  man.  Lowell,  Anti-Apis. 

2.  Rising;  towering  or  soaring. 

To  sore  destruction  dooms  the  aspiring  wall. 

Pope,  [Had,  Mi   868 

aspiringly  (a-spir'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  aspiring 
manner;  soaringly;  ambitiously, 
aspiringness  (a-spir'ing-nes),  n.    The  stato  of 

being  aspiring;  ambit iousness.  [Rare.] 
aspis  (tis 'pis),  ii.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aanic,  an  asp,  the 
Egyptian  cobra:  see  asp".]  1.  Same  as  asp" 
Oi  aspic1.  Also  used  as  a  generic  term. —  2. 
[(<(/(.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Qer- 
mar.—3.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.   Treitschhe,  1829. 

aspish  (as'pish),  a.  [<  asp2  +  -ish.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  asps;  snaky.    N.  E.  D. 


asprino 

Aspisoma  (as-pi-so'ma),  ».  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
aowic,  a  shield,  +  cu/ia,  body.]  A  genus  of 
South  American  fireflies,  of  the  family  Tclcpho- 
ridce,  belonging  to  the  malaeodermatous  divi- 
sion of  pentamerous  Coleoptera.  A.  liiuatum 
is  the  common  firefly  of  the  Amazon  region. 

Asplanchna  (as-plangk'n5),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aoxXayxvos,  without  bowels,  <  a-  priv.  + 
mrlayxva,  bowels.]  A  genus  of  free  KOtifera, 
having  a  rounded  sac-like  body,  devoid  of  ap- 
pendages, and  possessing  neither  anus  nor 
intestine,  whence  the  name.  The  genus  is  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Asplanchnidos. 

asplanchnic  (as-plangk'nik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ao-rr'Aayxvoi;,  without  bowels  (see  Asplanchna),  + 
-ic.]  Havingno  intestine  or  alimentary  canal ; 
anenterous. 

asplanchnid  (as-plangk'nid),  re.  A  rotifer  of 
the  family  Asplanehnidcs. 

Asplanchnidae  (as-plangk'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Asplanchna  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  rotifers  hav- 
ing the  trochal  disk  rounded,  the  wreath  single 
and  marginal,  the  trophi  incudate,  and  no  in- 
testine, anus,  or  foot.  Asplanchna  is  the  lead- 
ing genus. 

Asplenium (as-ple'ni-um),  re.  [NL.,  < Gr.  aairH]- 
i(oi',  also  air'/t/i'iov,  usually  amr'Anvov  (>  L.  asple- 
n  ii  in),  spleenwort,  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for 
the  spleen,  <  a-  euphonic  +  cmM/v,  spleen:  see 
spleen.]  A  genus  of  ferns  characterized  by 
linear  or  oblong  sori  lying  on  the  veins  (which 
are  free  in  most  species)  and  obliquely  to  the 
costa,  the  involucre  being  conformable  to  the 
sorus  and  opening  toward  the  costa  when  single. 
It  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  order  (Filices)  excepting 
Polypodivm,  and  its  species  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
worla,  wherever  ferns  grow.  It  includes  very  varied 
forms.  Many  of  the  species  are  evergreen,  and  some  are 
cultivated  for  their  beauty.  Among  the  more  common 
species,  generally  known  as  spleenwort,  are  the  lady-fern 
(.4.  Filix-fceiiiina),  black  maidenhair  (.4.  Trichoma n-s), 
distributed  around  the  globe,  wall -rue  (.1.  Ruta-muraria), 
and  ebony  spleenwort  (^4.  ebeneum). 

aspodilt,  «•  An  obsolete  and  corrupt  form  of 
asphodel  (Asphodelus  ramosus).  Also  aspod- 
flou-er.    Holme,  1688. 

asporous  (a-spo'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  0--0- 
poc,  seed:  see  spore.]  Without  spores  ;  not  de- 
veloping spores. 

In  the  case  of  the  simplest  and  most  minute  Schizomy- 
cetes  (Micrococcus,  etc.)  no  definite  spores  have  been  dis- 
covered :  any  one  of  the  vegetative  micrococci  may  com- 
mence a  new  series  of  cells  by  growth  anil  division.  We 
may  call  these  forms  asporous,  at  any  rate  provisionally. 
Encyc.  Brit..  XXI.  404. 

asport  (as-porf),  t\  C.  [<  L.  asportare,  carry 
away,  <  abs,  away  (see  ab-),  +  portare,  carry.] 
To  carry  away ;  especially,  to  remove  feloni- 
ously.    Ar.  Ii.  D.     [Rare.] 

asportation  (as-por-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asporta- 
timit-),  a  carrying  away,  <  asportare,  pp.  aspor- 
tatus:  see  asport.]  1.  A  carrying  away  or  off. 
[Rare.] 

Aubrey,  whose  "  Miscellanies  "  were  published  in  1G96, 
had  no  doubts  whatever  as  to  the  physical  asportation  of 
the  witch.  Lowell,  Among  my  Hooks,  1st  ser.,  p.  115. 

2.  In  criminal  law,  the  felonious  removal  of 
goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  depos- 
ited. It  may  be  theft,  though  the  goods  be  not 
carried  from  the  house  or  apartment. 

aspret,  "■     A  Middle  English  form  of  asper1. 

Aspredinse  (as-pre-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL,  <  As- 
jnedo  +  -ina\]  Same  as  Aspredinina  or  As- 
prcdinida:     Swainson,  1839. 

aspredinid  (as-pred'i-nid),  H.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Aspredinidat. 

Aspre'dinidae  (as-pre-din'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aspredo  (-din-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  nematog- 
nathous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  As- 
predo,  containing  a  few  fresh-water  catfishes 
of  South  America.  They  have  no  operculum,  no  adi- 
pose  tin,  no  Bpine  in  the  dorsal  fin,  reduced  gill-openings, 
small  eyes  and  mouth,  and  6  to  s  barbels.  The  skin  is 
either  smooth  or  tuberculous. 

Aspredinina  (as'pre-di-ni'nii),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aspredo  (-din-)  +  -ina.]  In  Gfiintner's  classifi- 
cation of  fishes,  a  group  of  Siluridee  prote- 
ropodes,  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  nostrils 
remote  from  each  other,  the  lower  lip  not  re- 
verted, and  (lie  huiiierocubital  process  much 
.Ii  velopeil  and  prolong)  '1 :  sj  uonj  mous  «  Lth 
the  family  Aspredinidee. 

Aspredo  -(as-pre'do),  n.      [NL.,  <  L.  aspredo, 

roughness.    <    asper,    rough:    see    aspir1.]      A 

genus  of  nematognathous  fishes,  typical  of  the 

family  Aspreilinida: 
aspreiyt,  adv.     Seo  asperly. 
asprenesst,  "•     See  asperness. 
asprino  tas-pre'no),  ».     [It.,  prop.  dim.  of  as- 

pro,  sour,  sharp,  <  L.  asper:  see  asper1.]    A 


asprino 

white  wine  made  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome. 

The  best-known  quality  is  sparkling, 
aspyt,  ''■  and  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy. 
asquat  (a-skwof),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 

(|3  +  squat.]     In  or  into  a  squatting  posture. 

Sitting  asquat  between  my  mother  ami  sister. 

Richardson. 

asquint  (a-skwinf),  prep.  j>hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  asquint,  a  squyntc,  appar.  <  <i:i  +  'squint  (ei. 
1  >.  schuinte,  slope,  slant) ;  but  squint  is  not  found 
in  ME.,  the  mod.  form  squint,  adv.  and  a.,  hav- 
ing come  by  apheresis  from  asquin  t :  see  squint.'] 

1.  To  or  out  at  the  corner  or  angle  of  the  eye ; 
obliquely;  toward  one  side ;  not  in  the  straight 
line  of  vision ;  askance ;  f urtively. 

Who  look  asquint  or  shut  their  eyes.  Swift. 

Edifices,  .  .  .  with  all  their  costliness,  looking  some- 
what asquint  on  the  visitor,  as  if  questioning  his  right  to 
enter  them.  Atcott,  Tablets,  p.  70. 

2.  In  the  condition  of  squinting;  oblique. 

The  eye  is  muddy  and  sometimes  asquint. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  126.    (X.  E.  D.) 

asquirm  (a-skwerm'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a3  +  squirm.']  On  the  squirm;  squirming. 
Howells. 

ass1  (as),  ».  [<  ME.  as,  ass,  asse,  <  AS.  assa,  m. 
(fern,  assen,  not  *asse),  an  isolated  form,  perhaps 
adapted  from  ONorth.  assald,  asald,  asat  (whieh 
is  from  the  Celtic),  the  earlier  form,  of  the  com- 
mou  Teut.  type,  being  esol,  esul  =  OS.  esil  = 
D.  ezel  (>  E.  easel,  q.  v.)  =  OHG.  esil,  MHG.  G. 
esel  (>  Dan.  esel,  cesel)  =  Goth,  asilus  (ef.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  asal  =  Manx  assyl,  and  OBulg.  osilii  = 
Bohem.  osel  =  Pol.  osiel,  osiol  (barred  ()  =  Russ. 
oselu  =  Lith.  asihis  =  OPruss.  asilis),  prob.  the 
same,  with  variant  termination,  as  Icel.  asni, 
in.,  asna,  fern.,  =  Sw.  dsna  =  Dan.  asen  (cf.  W. 
asyn  =  Corn,  asen  =  Bret,  asen);  all  appar.  (the 
Slav,  and  Lith.  forms  through  Teut.)  <  L.  asi- 
nus  (>  It.  asino  =  Sp.  Pg.  asno  =  Pr.  asne  =  OF. 
asne,  F.  dne)  =  Gr.  dvoc  (orig.  *6nvoc1),  an  ass; 
perhaps  ult.  of  Semitic  origin;  cf.  Heb.  dthon,  a 
she-ass.  Cf.  G.  asset,  esp.  in  comp.  keller-assel 
(also  keller-esel),  a  wood-louse,  so  named  from 
its  color,  <  L.  aselliis,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  asinus; 
cf.  Gr.  6i»or,  a  wood-louse.]  1.  A  solidungulate 
quadruped  of  the  family  Equidce,  the  Equus  asi- 
nus. This  animal  has  long  ears,  a  short  mane,  and  a  tail 
covered  with  long  hairs  at  the  end.  It  is  usually  ash-col- 
ored, with  a  black  cross  over  the  shoulders,  formed  by  a 
longitudinal  and  a  transverse  dark  streak.  The  tame  or 
domestic  ass  is  patient,  and  carries  a  heavy  burden.  It  is 
slow,  but  very  sure-footed,  and  for  this  reason  very  useful 
on  rough,  steep,  and  hilly  ground.  The  ass  is  supposed 
to  be  a  native  of  central  Asia  (by  Darwin  and  others,  of 
Abyssinia),  where  vast  troops  roam  over  the  great  deserts 
in  a  wild  state.  The  wild  ass  is  a  fine  fleet  animal,  and 
is  accounted  the  noblest  game  in  Persia,  where  its  flesh 
is  prized  as  venison  is  with  us.  The  domesticated  ass  has 
become  the  type  of  obstinacy  and  stupidity.  See  jackass. 
2.  Any  wild  species  of  the  subgenus  Asinus, 
as  the  dziggetai  or  hemione,  onager,  etc. — 3.  A 
dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  fool;  a 
blockhead. 

If  this  he  not  a  fit  of  some  violent  affection.  I  am  an 
ass  in  understanding.  Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  post  in  the  bridge  of  a  pulp-vat  on  whieh 
the  mold  is  placed  to  drain — Asses'  bridge  (pons 
asinorum),  a  name  humorously  given  to  the  fifth  propo- 
sition of  the  first  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  of  Geome- 
try. See  pons  asinorum. —  Feast  of  asses.  See  feast. 
—  The  Two  Asses,  the  stars  v  and  6  of  the  constellation 
Cancer,  on  either  side  of  the  nebula  Prajsepe.  See  Asellus. 
N.  E.  D. 

ass'-  (iis),  n.     [Scotch  form  of  ash2.]     Ashes. 

assa  (as),  n.  A  unit  of  weight  in  use  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Germany  until  the  adoption  of  the 
metric  system.  It  was  equal  to  5  centigrams, 
or  three  quarters  of  a  grain  troy. 

assacu  (as'a-ko),  n.  [Braz.]  A  euphorbiaeeous 
tree  of  South  America.  Hura  crepitans,  the  bark 
and  sap  of  which  contain  a  very  acrid  poisonous 
principle.  Applied  to  the  skin  the  milky  sap  produces 
a  pustular  eruption  ;  the  natives  prepare  from  it  a  poison- 
ous drink,  also  used  as  an  anthelmintic.  The  seeds  are 
most  violently  purgative.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  used 
as  a  remedy  for  elephantiasis,  and  the  pounded  leaves  are 
used  for  rheumatism. 

assafetida,  n.     See  asafetida. 

assagai  (as'a-gi),  n.  [Also  written  assegai,  as- 
sagay,  assegay,  and  formerly  assagaie,  azagaia 
(also  zagaye,  zagaie,  <  F.  zagaie),  and  early  mod. 
E.  archegaye  (<  F.  arcliegaie.  archiijaie,  arcigaye r, 
<  F.  azegaye,  azagaye,  <  Pg.  azagaia,  Sp.  aza- 
gaya  (Sp.  formerly  also  without  the  art.,  zaijaya, 
>  It.  zagaglia,  V.  zagaie,  above),  <  Ar.  az-zaghd- 
yali,i  al,  the,  +  zaghdyali,  a  spear:  a  native 
Berber  word.  Cf.  lancegay.]  A  slender  spear 
or  lance  of  hard  wood,  usually  having  an  iron 
head :  now  most  commonly  applied  to  the  throw- 
ing-spear  or  javeliu  used  in  battle  by  the  na- 


343 

tives  of  South  Africa,  especially  the  Zulus  and 
Kafirs.     Also  spelled  assegai. 
assagai  (as'a-gi),  v.  t.   [< assagai,  n.]   To  strike 
or  kill  with  an  assagai.     Also  spelled  assegai. 

I  pon  a  signal  the  Zulus  rushed  upon  their  unarmed 
guests,  and  asaagaUd  them  to  the  last  man. 

Westminster  Rev.,  CXXVX  173. 

assagai-wood  (as'a-gi-wud),  n.  The  wood  of 
a  cornaceous  tree  of  southern  Africa,  Curtisia 
faginea,  of  which  the  Zulus  make  their  spears. 

assai1  (as-sii'i),  adv.  [It.,  very,  much,  enough, 
<  ML.  ad  satis:  L.  ad,  to;  satis,  enough.  See 
asseth,  assets.]  In  music,  very:  as,  allegro  assai, 
very  quick;  adagio  assai,  very  slow. 

assai2  (a-si),  n.  [Braz.]  A  native  name  in 
Brazil  of  several  species  of  palms  of  the  genus 
Euterpe  (which  see).  The  astai-rani (that  is,  false 
euterpe)  is  the  Oeonoma  Camana.  Assai-i  is  a  drink  pre- 
pared from  the  tints  of  E.  oleracea. 

assail  (a-sal'),  i>.  t.  [<  ME.  assailen,  asailen 
(later  often  by  apheresis  suite),  <  OF.  asaiUir, 
asalir,  later  assailUr='Pi:  ami  in-,  assalhir =lt.  as- 
sulire,  <  ML.  assalire,  adsalirr,  assail,  for  L.  as- 
silire,  adsilire,  leap  upon,  <  ad,  to,+  satire,  leap, 
jump,  rush  forth:  see  salient.  Cf.  assault.]  1. 
To  fall  upon  with  violence ;  assault;  attack. 
With  greedy  force  he  gan  the  fort  f  assail.  Spenser. 
The  covert  of  some  enclosed  ground  in  the  rear  enabled 
a  party  to  steal  round  and  assait  them  unexpectedly  in 
Hank.  R.  II'.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  74. 

2.  To  attack  with  reasoning,  arguments,  cen- 
sure, abuse,  criticism,  appeals,  entreaties,  or 
anything  that  bears  upon  the  mind  or  feelings: 
as,  to  assail  an  obnoxious  person  with  jeers. 

The  prince  next  assailed  the  baron  upon  the  subject  of 
settling. his  estate  on  his  daughter.  Scott. 

The  really  efficient  weapons  with  which  the  philosophers 
assailed  the  evangelical  faith  were  borrowed  from  the 
evangelical  morality.  ifacaulay,  Von  Eanke. 

The  metaphysical  doctrine  assailed  by  Hume  tended, 
when  carried  to  its  logical  extreme,  to  identify  reality 
with  reason.  Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thought,  i.  §  64. 

3.  To  fall  upon ;  bring  something  to  bear  upon 
or  against ;  come  in  contact  with :  as,  the  ship 
was  assailed  by  a  severe  storm. 

Sit  down  awhile, 
And  let  us  once  again  assail  your  ears. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

When  trouble  did  thee  sore  assail, 
On  me  then  didst  thou  call.     Milton,  Ps.  lxxxi. 

=  Syn.  1.  Attack,  Set  upon,  Fall  upon,  Assail,  Assault. 
Attack,  literally  to  fasten  to,  is  the  most  general  of  these 
words.  Set  upon  and  fall  upon  have  the  vigor  of  short 
and  familiar  words,  and  they  express  a  sudden,  energetic 
attack.  Assail  ami  assault,  literally  to  leap  or  spring  at, 
are  to  attack  vehemently  and  perhaps  suddenly.  Assault 
is  the  stronger  of  the  two,  and  is  especially  used  of  at- 
tacks with  personal  violence,  as  with  fists,  stones,  etc.  All 
five  of  these  words  may  be  extended  to  warfare,  and  to 
contests  and  struggles  of  any  kind. 

This  king's  [Menephtah's]  first  experience  in  war  was 
against  an  army  of  wider  nationality  than  had  ever  before 
attacked  Egypt.  H.  S.  Osborn,  Ancient  Egypt,  p.  74. 

He  look'd,  and  more  amazed 
Than  if  seven  men  had  set  upon  him,  saw 
The  maiden  standing  in  the  dewy  light. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
My  lord  is  weary  with  the  fight  before, 
And  they  will  fall  upon  him  unawares. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  indignation  which  arms  itself  with  secret  forces 
does  not  awaken  until  we  are  pricked  and  stung  and  sorely 
assailed.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

Then  they  assaidted  one  of  the  gates,  which  they  burned: 
but  only  to  find  that  the  defenders  had  raised  a  more 
formidable  barrier  behind  it. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  64. 

assailable  (a-sa'bx-bl),   a.    [<  assail  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  assailed,  attacked,  or  invaded. 

He  lived  among  a  generation  of  sinners,  whose  con. 

sciences  were  not  assailable  by  .smooth  circumlocutions, 

and  whose  vices  required  the  scourge  and  the  hot  iron. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  S6. 

assailant  (a-sa'lant),  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  assaillant, 

ppr.  of  assdiUir:  see  assail 'aud  -ant1.]    1,  a.  1. 

Assaulting;  attacking;  invading  with  violence. 

Milton. —  2.  In  her.,  same  as  salient. 

II.  n.  One  who  assails,  attacks,  or  assaults. 

The  wise  man  throws  himself  on  the  side  of  his  assail- 
ants. It  is  more  his  interest  than  it  is  theirs  to  find  his 
weak  point.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

assailer  (a-sa'ler),  n.  [<  ME.  assailour,  assail- 
your,  <  OF.  assailleor,  <  assaiUir:  see  assail.] 
One  who  assails. 

assailment  (a-sal'ment),  «.  [<  assail  4-  -ment.] 
An  assault;  an  attack.     [Rare.] 

His  most  frequent  assailment  was  the  headache. 

Johnson,  Pope. 

assai-palm  (a-si'pam).  n.    Same  as  assai2. 

assamar  (as'a-inar),  «.  [<  L.  assus,  roasted,  + 
amarus,  bitter.]  A  bitter  substanee  produced 
by  roasting  in  the  air  such  substances  as  sugar, 


assassinate 
meat,  bread,  grain,  etc.,  until  they  turn  brown. 

Huron  ran   1,'t niii nlairh. 
Assamese    (as-a-meV  or  -mez'),   ".  and  n.      [< 

Assam  +  -ese.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Assam  or 

its  inhabitants. 
II.  n.  sing,  and  pi.   A  native  or  the  natives 

1. 1'  Assam,  an  eastern  province  of  British  India 

adjoining  Burma  and  Tibet, 
assapant,  assapanict  (as-a-pan',  -ik),  n.    [N. 

Amer.  Ind.]  The  native  name  of  the  American 
flying-squirrel,  Sciuropterus  volucella.  Also  as- 
soj'iiuiel;,  assaphan. 

assart  (a-sart  ),  v.  t.  [<  AF.  assarter,  OF.  es- 
sarter,  <  ML.  exartare,  exsartare  (freq.  of  *ex- 
sarire),  grub  up,  <  ex,  out,  +  sartare  for  'sari- 
tare,  freq.  of  L.  sarin,  sarrire,  pp.  sarritus,  hoe, 
weed,  grub.]  In  Eng.  Ian-,  to  grub  up  (trees 
and  bushes) ;  clear  (wood-land). 

assart  (a-sart/),  n.  [Now  also  essart;  <  AF. 
assart,  OF.  essart  (>  law  L.  assarta,  assart  us, 
essartum),  <  ML.  exartum,  prop.  neut.  of  *exar- 
tus,  pp.  of  'exaiire.  "exsarin  :  see  assart,  v.]  In 
Eiuj.  law :  (a)  The  act  of  grubbing  up  trees  and 
bushes  in  a  forest.  This  act,  as  destroying  thii  kets 
and  coverts,  was  in  some  circumstances  forbidden  by  law. 
(6)  A  tree  grubbed  up  by  the  roots,  (c)  A  piece 
of  land  cleared,  as  by  grabbing. 

In  those  districts,  and  in  many  others  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, the  copyhold  lands  which  have  been  reclaimed  from 
the  forest-waste  are  known  as  "asffart-lands." 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  l'.i-'. 

assaryt,  »•  [<  Gr.  aaodpiov.]  The  Roman  cop- 
per coin  called  as. 

assassin  (a-sas'in),  h.  [<  F.  assassin  =  Pr.  as- 
sassin =  Up.  asesino  =  Pg.  It.  assassino,  <  ML. 
assassinus,  prop,  one  of  the  Jssassini,  Assasini, 
Assessini,  Ascisini  (also  Asasi,  Maussasi :  cf.  OF. 
Assacis,  Hassasis,  MGr.  Xacicaoi,  pi.,  from  the 
Ar.  sing.),  <  Ar.  Hashshdshin  and  Hashishiyyin, 
the  order  or  sect  of  the  Assassins,  lit.  hashish- 
eaters  (so  called  because  the  agents  selected 
to  do  murder  were  first  intoxicated  with  hash- 
ish), pi.  of  hashshdsh  and  hashisliiyy,  hashish- 
eater^  liashish, hashish:  see  hashish.]  1.  ['«/».] 
One  of  the  Assassins,  a  military  and  religious 
order  in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090.  a  colony  migrated  from 
Persia  to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief 
seat  on  the  in.iun tains  nf  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Magianism, 
Judaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  One  article 
of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their 
chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God  himself. 
The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the  denomination 
old  man  of  the  mountain  (Arabic  sheikh  al-jebal,  chief  of 
the  mountains).  These  barbarous  chieftains  and  their  fol- 
lowers spread  terror  among  nations  far  and  near  for  al- 
most two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the  crusades  they 
mustered  to  the  number  of  50,000,  and  presented  a  formi- 
dable obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians.  They  were 
eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about  \-7-\ 

2.  One  who  undertakes,  for  a  reward  previous- 
ly agreed  on,  to  put  another  person  to  death 
by  surprise  or  secret  assault ;  hence,  one  who 
kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  treacherous  vio- 
lence ;  a  murderer. —  3f.  [With  allusion  to  its 
'killing' effect.]  A  breast-knot,  or  similar  deco- 
ration worn  in  front.  Ladies'  Diet.,  London, 
1694. 

assassint  (a-sas'in),  v.  t.  [<F.  assassiner,  assas- 
sinate, worry,  vex,  =  It.  assassinan  .  assassinate, 
<  ML.  assassinate;  from  the  noun.]  To  mur- 
der; assassinate. 

With  him  that  assassines  his  parents. 

Stillinaltect,  Sermons,  p.  502. 

assassinacyt  (a-sas'i-na-si),  n.  [<  assassina(te) 
+  -cy.]     The  act  of  assassinating.     Bamnonnl. 

assassinantt  (a-sas'i-nantl,  n.  [<  F.  assassi- 
nant,  ppr.  of  assassiner :  see  assassin,  v.]  An 
assassin. 

assassinate  (a-sas'i-nat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
sassinated, ppr.  assassinating.  [<  ML.  assassi- 
natus,  pp.  of  assassinare :  see  assassin,  v.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  kill  or  attempt  to  kill  by  surprise 
or  secret  assault;  murder  by  sudden  or  treach- 
erous violence. 

Help,  neighbours,  my  house  is  broken  open,  .  .  .  and  I 
am  ravished  and  like  to  la-  assassinated.  Dryden. 

2f.  To  assault;  maltreat. 

Such  usage  as  your  honourable  lords 
Afford  me,  assassinated  and  betray 'd. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1109. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  blight  or  destroy  treacher- 
ously; overthrow  by  foul  or  unfair  means: 
as,  to  assassinate  a  person's  character  or  repu- 
tation. =Syn.  1.  Slag,  Murder,  etc.    See  kill. 

II.  iiitraus.  To  commit  murder  by  assassina- 
tion. 
Where  now  no  thieves  assassinate. 

Sandys,  Paraphrase  of  Judges,  v. 


assassinate 

assassinatet  (a-sas'i-nat),  ».    [<F.  assassmat, 
assassination,  <  ML.  assussinatus,  <  assassinarei 
see  assassinate,  v.]    1.  Assassination;  murder- 
ous assault. 
If  I  had  made  an  assassinate  upon  your  father. 

*  V>.  Jonson,  Epicoane,  ii.  1 

2.  An  assassin. 

him  for I  the  assassin  i  Dryden 

assassination  (a-sas-i-na'shgn),  «.  [<  assassi- 
nate +  -Kin.]  The  art  of  assassinating;  the 
act,  especially  of  a  hired  emissary,  of  killing  or 
murdering  by  surprise  or  secret  assault;  mur- 
der by  treaeherons  violence. 
assassinative  (a-sas'i-na-tiv),  a.    [<  assassinate 

+  -/('<.]  Inclined  to  assassinate.  CartyU. 
assassinator  (a-sas'i-na-tor).  ii.  1.  An  assas- 
sin.—  2.  In  caiimi  lau:.  one  who  hires  another 
to  kill  a  third  person  by  surprise  or  secret  as- 
sault. He  loses  the  right  of  sanctuary  and  all  othei  ■ 
clesiastical  immunity,  and  is  subjected  t<>  excommunica- 
tion, and,  by  the  letter  of  the  law,  to  confiscation  oi  g Is 

or  even  to  deprivation  of  personal  rights,  including  that 
of  security  of  life  :  these  penalties  could  be  imposed  even 
uli,  ii  the  attempted  assassination  fell  short  of  its  effect. 
The  law  was  first  made  against  those  employing  infidels  to 
murder  Christians,  but  almost  immediately  and  a  fortiori 
extended  to  Christians  as  against  any  person,  whether 
Christian  or  not,  who  was  allowed  to  live  in  the  state. 
The  peculiar  malice  of  the  crime  was  placed  in  its  being 
secret  murder  for  hire.  Technically  it  was  unknown  to 
the  civil  law. 

assassinoust  (a-sas'i-nus),  a.  [<  assassin  + 
-ous.]     Murderous;  treacherous. 

To  smother  them  in  the  basest  and  most  assassinous 
manner.  MUton,  On  Ormond's  Letter,  561  (Ord  Ms,). 

assationt  (a-sa'shon),  n.     [<  F.  assation,  <  ML. 
'assatio(n-),  <  LL.  assare,  roast,  <  L.  assus,  roast- 
ed, perhaps  for  arsm,  pp.  of  ardere,  burn,  be  on 
fire.]     A  roasting. 
Assation  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by  heat. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

assault  (a-salf),  n.  [The  I  has  been  restored, 
as  in  fault,  vault,  etc.;  <  ME.  assaut,  asaut, 
asautc  (also  by  apheresis  saut,  later  sault),  OF. 
assaut,  assalt,  usalt,  F.  assaut  =  Pr.  assaut  = 
Sp.  asalto  =  Pg.  It.  assalto,  <  ML.  assaltus,  as- 
sault, attack,  <  assalire,  assail:  see  assail."]  1. 
An  attack  or  violent  onset  with  physical  means ; 
an  onslaught;  especially,  a  sudden  and  vigor- 
ous attack  on  a  fortified  post. 

Able  to  resist 
s;it;in  -  ussuults,  ami  quench  his  fiery  darts, 

ilillun.  P.  L.,  xii.  492. 

In  military  art  .  .  .  more  is  oftentimes  effected  by  regu- 
lar approaches  than  by  an  open  assault. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  454. 

Specifically — 2.  In  lain,  an  unlawful  attack 
upon  the  person  of  another ;  an  attempt  or  offer 
to  do  violence  to  another,  coupled  with  present 
ability  to  effect  it,  but  irrespective  of  whether 
the  person  is  touched  or  not,  as  by  lifting  the 
fist  or  a  cane  in  a  threatening  manner.  If  the 
person  is  struck,  the  art  is  called  assault  and  battery.  In 
Scotland  this  distinction  is  not  regarded.  Assaults  are 
vari  msly  punished. 

3.  An  attack  with  other  than  physical  force, 
as  by  means  of  legislative  measures,  by  argu- 
ments, invective,  appeals,  etc. :  as,  an  assault 
upon  the  constitution  of  government;  an  as- 
sault upon  one's  reputation. 

I   would  have  thought  her  spirit  had  been  invincible 
against  all  assaults  of  affection.      Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 

Assault  of  "■•  at  arms,  the  attack  made  upon  each  other 
by  the  opposite  parties  in  fencing  or  in  military  exercises. 
=  Syn.  Cluirye,  Onslauyht,  etc.     See  onset. 

assault  (a-salf),  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assautc, 
asauti  (arid  by  a phoresis  saute,  later  sault),<  OF. 
asaulrr.  later  assaulter  =  Sp.  asaltar  =  Pg.  as- 
saltar  =  It.  assaltare,  <  ML.  assaltare,  <  L.  ail, 
to,  upon,  +  saltare,  leap:  see  the  noun.]  1.  To 
attack  by  physical  means;  fall  upon  with  vio- 
lence or  with  a  hostile  intention:  as,  to  assault 
a  man,  a  house,  a  town. 

I k  in  upon  mi-  then,  and  speak  with  me, 

i  ii ,  naked  as  I  am,  t  *\  ill  "    ault  thei 

slaik.,  Othello,  v.  2. 


344 


assemblation 


Specifically — 3.  An  officer  of  the  mint,  whose 
duty  is  to  test  bullion  and  coin. 

assay -furnace  (a-sa'fer*nas),  «.  A  simple  form 
of  furnace  and  muffle  for  heating  metals  in 
eupels. 

assaying  (a-sa'ing),  n.  The  act  or  art  of  test- 
ing   tals,  ores,  or  alloys  in  order  to  ascertain 

the  quantity  of  gold  or  silver  or  any  other 
metal  present  in  them.  There  are  two  modes  of  as- 
saying, one  of  which  is  sometime [iloyed  to  corroborate 

the  other.  The  one  is  called  the  humid  or  wet  proi  ess,  in 
which  the  solution  of  the  metals  is  effected  by  means  of 
acids,  after  which  those  sought  for  are  precipitated  by 
proper  reagents.  The  other  is  called  th,  dry  process,  and 
is  performed  by  the  agency  of  lire.  The  first  i-  generaUJ 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  estimating  the  quantity  of  gold 
or  silver  in  an  alloy,  and  the  second  is  chiefly  applied  to 
ores.  Tests  are  also  made  by  comparison  of  specific  grav- 
ities, and  by  the  color  of  the  streak  or  trace  made  bj  ml 
bing  the  ore  upon  a  rough  surface.  In  Great  l'-ntai 
article  of  silver  or  gold  plate  is  assayed  at  Cold 
previously  to  being  sold,  in  order  to  detern 
richness  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made. 


assaultant  (a-sal'tant),  a.    [<  OF.  assaultant 

ppr.  of  assaulter  :  see  assault,  and  of.  assailant] 

Same  ,-is  assailant,  1. 
assaulter  (a-sal'ter),  n.    One  who  assaults  or 

violently  attacks;  an  assailant. 
assautt,  »■    Older  spelling  of  assault. 
assay  (a-sa'),  n.     [<  ME.  assay,   assai,  asaye, 

asaie  (and  by  apheresis  say),  <  <  \F.assai,  assay  = 

Pr.  assai,  assag=Ca.t.  assatg=Sip.  asayo=It.  as- 

saggio,  saggio ;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 

prefix,  t  >i\  essai  (>  E.  essay,  q.  v.  |  =  Pr.  <xsai  = 

Cat.  ensatg  =  Sp.  ensayo  =  Pg.  ensaio  (ML.  reflex 

assagium,  assaia,  essagium,  essayum),  <  LL.  ex- 

a, tin m,  a  weighing  (cf.  exdmen  (for  hexagmen), 

a  weighing,  examination),  <  *exagere,  exigere, 

weigh,  try,  prove,  measure,  examine:    see  ex- 

iiiui  a,  examine,  and  exigent,  and  cf.  the  doublet 

essay.    For  the  prefix,  see  as-3,  es-1,  ex-.]    If. 

Examination;  trial;  attempt;  essay. 

Neither  is  it  enough  to  have  taken  a  slender  taste  or 

assay  thereof.  I '.lull,  Pref.  to  Luke. 

This  cannot  be, 
By  no  assail  of  reason.  Sliak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

He  hath  made  an  assay  of  her  virtue. 

Shak. ,  St.  for  M. ,  iii.  1. 

Hence  —  2f.  Trial  by  danger ;  risk;  adventure. 

Through  many  hard  assayes  which  did  betide. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  35. 

3f.  Trial;  tribulation;  affliction. 

she  heard  with  patience  all  unto  the  end, 
And  strove  to  maister  sorrow-full  assay. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  27. 

4.  The  trial  of  the  purity,  weight,  etc.,  of  ass-ear'(as''er>" "„ 
metals  or  metallic  substances,  as  ores  and  al-  £.„  Symphytum  officinale. 
loys;  any  operation  or  experiment  for  ascer-  assectationt  (as-ek-ta'shon),  n 
taining  the  quantity  of  a  precious  metal  in  an 
ore  or  a  mineral,  or  in  coin  or  bullion.  See  as- 
saying.—  5.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Ure. — 
6.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures by  the  standard.  Cowell.—7.  Formerly, 
the  act  or  custom  of  tasting  the  food  or  drink  in- 
tended for  another,  as  a  king,  before  presenting 
it. —  8f.  Value;  ascertained  purity :  as,  "stones 
of  rich  assay,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  15 — Annual 
assay,  an  annual  official  trial  of  gold  and  silver  coin 
to  ascertain  whether  the  standard  of  fineness  and  weight 
of  coinage  is  maintained.— At  all  assayst.  («)  At  every 
trial  or  in  every  juncture ;  always,  (b)  At  all  hazards ; 
ready  for  every  event.—  Cup  Of  assay,  the  small  cup  with 
which  the  assay  of  wine,  etc.,  was  made.  (See  7.)— Put  it 
in  assayt,  make  the  trial  or  experiment.  =  Syn.  4.  Assay, 
Analysis.  Assay  is  the  analysis  of  metals,  and  is  thus  a 
word  of  narrower  signification  than  analysis  (which  see). 
assay  (a-sa'),  v.  [<  ME.  assayen,  asayen,  asaien 
(later  also  by  apheresis  sayc,  say),  <  OF.  assayer, 
asaier  =  Pr.  assaiar,  assatjar  =  Sp.  asayar  = 
It.  assaggiare;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefix,  OF.  essayer  (>  E.  essay,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
essaiar,  ensaiar  =  Cat.  ensajar  =  Sp.  ensayar  = 
Pg.  ensaiar;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
examine  by  trial  ;  put  to  test  or  trial ;  try  the 
effect  or  merit  of :  as,  to  assay  armor.  [Obso- 
lete or  poetical.] 

Soft  words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assay'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  865. 


Specifically — 2.  In  law,  to  attempt  or  offer  to 
do  violence  to  another,  with  present  ability  t" 

accomplish  it.  See  assault,  n.,2. —  3.  Toattack 
with  other  than  physical  force;  assail  with  argu- 
ments, complaints,  hostile  words,  etc. 

Ih,  cries  of  babes  new-born  .  .  . 

Assault  his  ears.  Di  yd  «. 

=Syn.  Attack,  Set  upon,  etc til)    bostorm.    See 

attack, 
assaultable   (a-sal'ta-bl),   a.       [Early   mod.    E.   a£jsaye5 
assautable;  <  "assault ■  +  -able.']    Capable  of  be- 
ing assaulted. 

The  28th  day  of  October  the  walls  n low,  and 

(be  town  assaultable.  Ball,  Benry  VIII.,  an.  15. 

Is  the  breach  made  assaultabU 

Hassinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  3. 


Here,  too,  our  shepherd-pipes  we  first  assay'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 

Specifically  —2.  To  make  trial  of  or  analyze, 
as  an  ore  or  metallic  compound,  with  the  view 
of  determining  the  proportion  of  a  particular 
metal  present  in  it. — 3.  To  attempt;  endeavor; 
essay :  often  with  an  infinitive  as  object. 

The  first  part  I  have  told  you  in  the  three  sermons  past, 
in  which  I  have  assayed  to  set  forth  my  plough,  to  prove 
what  I  could  do.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

She  hath  assay'd  as  much  as  may  be  proved, 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  COS. 

[Hen.  VIII.]  effected  no  more  than  what  his  own  prede- 
cessors desired  and  assayed  ill  ages  past. 

SirT.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  5. 

[In  this  sense  essay  is  now  commonly  used.] 
4f.  To  endeavor  to  influence. 

Implore  her  in  my  voice,  that  she  make  friends 
To  the  strict  deputy ;  bid  herself  assay  him, 

Shak.,  M.  for  St.,  i.  3. 
To  affect ;  move. 

When  the  hart  is  ill  assayde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  August. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  attempt  or  endeavor; 
try.     [Now  more  commonly  essay.] 

assayable  (a-sa'a-bl),  a.    [<  assay  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  b'eing'assayed  or  tested. 

assay-balance  (a-sa'baFans),  n.    A  very  ac- 
curate balance  used  by  assayers. 

(a-sa'er),  n.  [<  ME.  OSSayer,  assaiar, 
assaiour,  (  AF.  assaior,  assaiour:  see  assay  and 
-<  /■'.  ]  If.  One  who  tries,  tests,  or  attempts. — 
2.  One  who  assays  metals;  one  who  examines 
metallic  ores  or  alloys  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
termining the  quantity  of  any  particular  metal, 
particularly  of  gold  or  silver,  present  in  them. 


5t. 


■ach 
nths  Hall 
the  exact 

Sec  hull. mark. 

assay-master  (a-sa' mas  "ter),  ii.  1.  An  as- 
sayer ;  a  chief  officer  appointed  to  try  the  weight 
and  fineness  of  the  precious  metals. —  2.  An 
officer  appointed,  in  the  provincial  period  in 
Massachusetts,  to  test  the  quality  of  potash  and 
pearlash  intended  for  export,  or  the  composition 
of  the  worms  and  still-heads  used  in  distilling. 

asseH,  "•     Obsolete  spelling  of  ass1. 

asse-  (as),  n.  A  name  of  the  caama,  a  small 
African  fox,  Vulpes  caama. 

assealt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  asselen,  aselen,  var.  of  cn- 
teli  a  :  see  enseal.']     Same  as  enseal. 

An  old  name  for  the  com- 

[<  L.  assecta- 

lia(n-),  attendance,  <  assectari,  pp.  assectatus, 
attend  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  secturi,  follow,  attend, 
freq.  of  sequi,  follow:  see  sequent.]  Attendance 
or  waiting  upon;  a  following.  Blount;  Bailey. 
assecurancet  (as-e-kur'ans),  n.  [<  ML.  asse- 
ciiraiitia,  assurance,  <  assecurare,  assure:  see 
assecure.]     Assurance. 

Those  assecurances    which    they  give    in  the  Popish 
Church.  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  320. 

assecurationt  (as*e-ku-ra'shpn),  n.     [<  ML. 

assecuratiu(n-),  <  assecurare,  pp.  assecuratus,  as- 
sure :  see  assecure.]  Assurance ;  a  making  se- 
cure or  sure. 

How  far  then  reaches  this  assecuratiun  /  so  far  as  to  ex- 
clude all  fears,  all  doubting?        Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  xliii. 

assecuret  (as-e-kur'),  v.  t.     [<  ML.  assecurare, 
assure,  <  L.   ad,  to,  +  secitrits,  secure,  sure. 
1  lonlilel ,  assure,  q.  v.]    To  make  secure  ;  make 
sure  or  certain. 
Sin  is  not  helped  but  by  being  assecured  of  pardon. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  vi.  6. 

assecutiont  (as-e-ku'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "asse- 
eutio{ii-),  <  assecutus,  pp.  of  assequi,  follow  up, 
reach,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  +  sequi,  follow:  see  se- 
quent.]    An  obtaining  or  acquiring. 

His  first  [benefice]  .  .  .  is  immediately  void  by  his  asse- 
eutiou  of  a  second.  Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  115. 

assegai,  «.  and  v.     See  assagai. 

asseget,  r-  and  n.     See  assiege. 

asseizet,  ''•  '•     To  seize.     Marlowe.     [Rare.] 

asself  (a-self'),  v.  t.  [<  as-1  +  self.]  1.  To  take 
to  one's  self;  appropriate;  adopt. — 2.  To  as- 
similate: as,  to  asself  aliment.  [Rare  in  both 
uses.] 

assemblage  (a-sem'blaj),  n.  [<  F.  assemblage,  < 
assembler,  assemble:  see  assemble1  and  -age.] 

1.  The  act  of  assembling  or  the  state  of  being 
assembled;  association. 

In  sweet  assemblage  every  blooming  grace.  Fenton. 

2.  A  collection  of  individuals  or  of  particular 
things :  as,  an  asst  mblage  of  noted  men :  an  as- 
semblage of  various  materials. —  3.  The  act  of 
fitting  together,  as  parts  of  a  machine;  in  carp. 
and  joinery,  a  union  of  parts  or  pieces  by  fram- 
ing, dovetailing,  etc.     See  assembling. 

1 1 \tcrior  plank  [i.  e.,  planking]  of  our  large  wooden 

war  ships  was  divided  into  a  number  of  distinct  assem- 
blages, each  having  a  special  designation. 

ThearU,  Naval  Arch.,  §  212. 

assemblance^  (a-sem'blans),  ».    [<OF.  assem- 

lilanee   =   It.  asscmliran^a  :    see  assemble1  and 
-mice.]     An  assemblage ;  an  assembly. 
To  weete  the  cause  of  their  assemblaunce  wide. 

Spenser,  F.  i).,  V.  iv.  21. 

assemblance'-'t  (a-sem'blans),   ».    [<  OF.  as- 

semlilance  (Roquefort),  <  assembler,  resemble: 
see  assenililt-  and  -ancc.]  Representation;  like- 
ness ;  semblance. 

Care  I  for  the  .  .  .  big  assemblage  of  a  man?   Give  me 
the  spirit.  Shak.,  2  lieu.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

assemblationt,  »•  A  gathering;  a  meeting. 
Roger  North,  Examen.     [Rare.] 


assemble 

assemble1  (a-sem'bl),  v.  ;  prot.  and  pp.  assem- 
bled, ppr.  assembling.  [<  ME.  assemolen,  asem- 
blcn,  assemh  n,  ast  mien,  <  <  )F.  asembler,  assembler, 
assambler  =  Pr.  assemblar,  asemblar,  asemlar  = 
OSp.  asemblar  =  It.  assemblare,  assembrare,  < 
ML.  assimulare,  bring  together  (in  L.  the  same 
as  assimilare:  see  osseroftte2),  <  L.  <"?,  to,  + 
simul,  together.  Also  by  apheresis  semble1. 
Cf.  assem&fo2.]  I.  <ro»s.  i.  To  collect  into  one 
place  or  body;  bring  or  call  together;  convene  ; 
congregal  e. 

Thither  he  assembled  all  his  train.  Wilton,  P.  L.,v.767. 
2.  To  fit  together.  See  assembling,  '-'.— 3f.  To 
join  or  couple,  as  one  with  another,  or  as  in 
sexual  intercourse.  =Syn.  1.  To  convene,  collect,  con- 
gregate, must)  i ,  convoke. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  meet  or  come  together; 
convene,  as  a  number  of  individuals  :  as,  "  the 
churls  assemble,"  Dryden,  ^Eneid,  vii. —  2f.  To 
meet  in  battle;  fight.  =  Syn.  1.  To  gather,  get  to- 
gether,  muster,  convene. 

assembled  (a-sem'bl).  to.  [<  assemble1,  v.  Cf. 
assembly  A    An  assembly. 

assemble-t  (a-sem'bl),  ».  t.  [Late  ME.  assam- 
blc ;  <  OF.  assembler;  cf.  Pg.  assemelhar,  assimi- 
lar  =  It.  assimigliare,  resemble;  <  L.  assimu- 
lare, assimilare,  make  like,  consider  like,  com- 
pare, <  ad,  to,  +  similis,  like  (related  to  simul, 
together;  cf.  assemble1):  see  assimilate.  Also 
by  apheresis  Semite2.]  1.  To  be  similar  to; 
resemble. 

For  the  world  assembleth  the  see. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  114.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  liken  or  compare. 
Bribes  may  lie  assembled  to  pitch. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  151. 

assembler  (a-sem'bler),  n.  1.  One  who  assem- 
bles.—  2.  Specifically,  a  workman  who  assem- 
bles or  fits  together  the  different  parts  of  a 
machine,  as  of  a  watch.  See  assembling,  2. — 3f. 
One  who  takes  part  in  an  assembly;  a  member 
of  an  assembly. 

assembling  (a"-seni'bling),  to.  1.  A  collecting 
or  meeting  together. 

Not  forsaking  the  assembling  of  ourselves  together,  as 
the  manner  of  some  is.  Heb.  x.  25. 

2.  The  act  of  fitting  together  parts  of  ma- 
chines and  instruments,  such  as  sewing-ma- 
chines, guns,  microscopes,  watches,  etc.,  espe- 
cially when  duplicate  parts  are  so  exactly 
made  as  to  be  interchangeable. 

assembling-bolt  (a-sern'bling-bolt),  it.  A 
screw-bolt  for  holding  together  the  several 
parts  of  a  machine  or  tool. 

assembly  (a-sem'bli),  «.;  pi.  assemblies  (-bliz). 
[<  ME.  assemble,  assemblaye,  assemblce,  <  OP. 
assembler,  P.  assembles  (=  Sp.  asamblea  =  Pg. 
assemblea),  meeting,  coming  together,  <  assem- 
bler, meet:  see  assemble1.]  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sembling, or  the  state  of  being  assembled  or 
gathered  together. 

A  Triennial  Bill  enforced  the  assembly  of  the  Houses 
every  three  years,  and  bound  the  sheriffs  and  citizens  to 
proceed  to  election  if  the  Royal  writ  failed  to  summon 
them.  J.  R.  Greene,  Short  Hist.  Eng.,  p.  524. 

2.  A  company  of  persons  gathered  together  in 
the  same  place,  and  usually  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, whether  religious,  political,  educational, 
or  social ;  an  assemblage. 

At  length  there  issued  from  the  grove  behind 
A  fair  assembly  of  the  female  kind. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  154. 
Another  assembly,  composed  of  representatives  chosen 
hy  the  people  in  all  parts,  gives  free  access  to  the  whole  na- 
tion, and  communicates  all  its  wants,  knowledge,  projects, 
and  wishes  to  government.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  2SS. 
The  Popular  Assembly  anil  the  Popular  Court  of  Justice 
are  in  principle  the  same  institution ;  they  are  gatherings 
of  the  freemen  of  the  community  for  different  public 
purposes.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  173. 

3.  Specifically — (a)  [cap.']  The  name  given 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  sev- 
eral of  the  United  States  and  in  some  of  the 
British  colonies.  (b)  A  company  of  persons 
of  both  sexes  met  for  dancing ;  a  ball ;  espe- 
cially, a  ball  the  expenses  of  which  are  defrayed 
by  the  subscriptions  of  those  who  take  part  in  it. 

Her  girls  .  .  .  appeared  perseveringly  at  the  Winchester 
and  Southampton  assemblies ;  they  penetrated  to  Cowes 
for  the  race-balls  and  regatta-gaieties  there. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxix. 

4.  Milit. :  (a)  The  second  beating  of  the  drum 
before  a  march,  upon  which  the  soldiers  strike 
their  tents,  (b)  A  drum-beat  or  bugle-call  to 
bring  troops  together  at  an  appointed  place. 

Lagache  .  .  .  thought  it  best  to  test  the  loyalty  of  the 
dragoons  by  sounding  the  assemble. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXIII.  100. 

5f.  An  assemblage  or  collection  of  inanimate 
objects. 


345 

To  Venice  herself,  or  to  any  of  the  little  assembly  of 
Islands  about  her.  Howell,  Letters,  i.  1. 

Assembly  of  Divines  at  Westminster,  commonly  call- 
ed the  Westminster  Assembly,  a  i vocation  summoned 

by  the  Lung  Parliament  to  advise  "for  the  settling  of  the 
government  and  (he  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England." 
Most  oi  its  members  wen  Presbyterians,  and  nearly  all 
were  Calvinists.  It  nut  .inly  I,  1643,  and  continued  its 
sessions  till  February  22,  1649.  The  chief  traits  of  its  la- 
burs  were  the  Directory  of  Public  Worship,  the  Confes- 
sion "f  Faith,  and  the  Larger  and  Shorter  Catechisms, 
which  were  rejected  in  England,  but  established  in  Scut 
laud.  —  Black  Assembly,  in  the  Universitj  of  Cambridge, 
the  great  convocation.  General  Assembly,  (a)  The 
highest  ecclesiastical  tribunal  of  churches  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian order,  meeting  annually,  and  composed  of  ministers 
and  ruling  elders  delegated  by  eaeli  presbytery  within 
their  respective  national  bounds.  (/))  In  many  of  the 
I  nited  States,  the  collective  title  of  the  legislature,  (c) 
In  New  Jersey,  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature.— Legis- 
lative Assembly,  (a)  The  collective  title  of  the  legis- 
lature in  the  State  of  Oregon  and  the  territories  of  the 
United  States;  also,  the  title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the 
single  legislative  body  in  many  of  the  British  colonies,  (b) 
In  French  hist.,  the  legislative  bodies  of  17M-2, 1S49-51,  as 
distinguished  from  the  National  Assembly  of  1789-1791.— 
National  Assembly,  in  French  liist.,  the  first  of  the 
revolutionary  assemblies,  in  session  1789-1791.  The  States 
General,  elected  in  17S9,  were  opened  May  5, 1789,  and  in 
June  the  third  estate  assumed  the  title  of  National  As- 
sembly and  absorbed  the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief 
work  was  the  formation  of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is 
also  called  the  Constituent  Assembly. 

assemblyman  (a-sem'bli-man),  n. ;  pi.  assem- 
blymen (-men).  [<  assembly  +  man.]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  legislative  assembly.     [U.  S.] 

assembly-room  (a-sern'bli-rom),  «.  A  room  in 
which  persons  assemble,  especially  for  dancing. 
See  assembly. 

assenH,  n.  An  obsolete  plural  of  ass1.    Chaucer. 

assen'-'t,  "•     An  obsolete  plural  of  ash2. 

assent  (a-senf),  v.  [<  ME.  assenten,  asenten 
(later  also  by  apheresis  sente),  <  OP.  asenter,  as- 
senter  (<  L.  assentari,  adsentari,  irreg.  freq.  of 
assentiri),  also  assentir,  P.  assentir,  <  L.  assenti- 
re,  more  frequently  deponent,  assentiri,  assent 
to,  approve,  consent,  <  ad,  to,  +  sen  tire,  feel,  >  E. 
sent,  now  spelled  improp.  scent:  see  scent  and 
sense,  and  cf.  consent,  dissent,  and  resent.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  admit  a  proposition  as  true ;  express 
an  agreement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  alleged  or 
proposed ;  concur ;  acquiesce :  with  to  before 
an  object. 

The  Jews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things  were  so. 

Acts  xxiv.  9. 

We  cannot  assent  In  a  proposition  without  some  intelli- 
gent apprehension  of  it ;  whereas  we  need  not  understand 
it  at  all  in  order  to  infer  it. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  6. 

=  Syn.  To  agree,  subscribe. 
Il.t  trans.  To  agree  to;  approve;  determine. 

Here  wyfes  wohle  it  wel  assente. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  374. 

assent  (a-senf),  to.  [<  ME.  assent,  asent,  <  as- 
senten, asenten,  the  verb  :  see  assent,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  the  mind  in  admitting  or  agreeing  to  the 
truth  of  a  proposition  proposed  for  acceptance. 

Faith  is  the  assent  to  any  proposition  on  the  credit  of 
the  proposer.  Locke. 

2.  Consent ;  concurrence;  acquiescence;  agree- 
ment to  a  proposal :  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers. 

Without  the  king's  assent  or  knowledge, 
You  wrought  to  be  a  legate.    Shale.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

No  parish-business  in  the  place  could  stir, 
Without  direction  or  assent  from  her. 

Crabbe,  The  Parish  Register. 

3.  Accord ;  agreement ;  approval. 

Virtue  engages  his  assent, 
But  Pleasure  wins  his  heart. 

Calliper,  Human  Frailty. 

Too  many  people  read  this  ribaldry  with  assent  and  ad- 
miration. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x.\. 

4t.  Opinion. 

Thou  art  oon  of  his  assent. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  296. 

Royal  assent,  in  England,  the  approbation  given  by  the 
sovereign  in  Parliament  to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both 
houses,  after  which  it  becomes  law.  This  assent  may  be 
given  in  two  ways:  (a)  In  person, when  the  sovereign  comes 
to  the  House  of  Peers,  the  Commons  are  sent  for,  and  the 
titles  of  all  the  bills  which  have  passed  are  read.  The  royal 
assent  is  declared  in  Norman-French  by  the  clerk  of  the 
Parliament,  (b)  By  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal, 
signed  by  the  sovereign,  and  notified  in  his  or  her  absence. 
A  money-bill,  or  bill  of  supply,  passed  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  is  presented  by  the  Speaker  for  the  royal  assent. 
=  Syn.  Assent,  Consent,  Concurrence.  Acquiescence,  accept- 
ance, adherence.  Assent  is  primarily  an  act  of  the  under- 
standing ;  consent  is  distinctly  the  act  of  the  will:  as,  I 
assent  to  that  proposition;  I  consent  to  his  going.  Bax- 
ter speaks  of  justifying  faith  as  the  assenting  trust  of  the 
understanding  and  the  consenting  trust  of  the  will.  As- 
sent  is  not  yet  altogether  excluded  from  the  field  of  the 
will,  but  teiids  to  express  a  feebler  action  of  the  will  than 
it  formerly  did.  or  than  consent  does.  <  !i  impare  Luke  xxiii. 
24  (margin),  "  Pilate  assented  that  it  should  be  as  they  re- 
quired,"  with  the  formal  consent  in  the  royal  assent  to  a 


assert 

bill.    Concurrence  is  a  running  of  minds  in  the  same  chan- 

ni  i,  an  agreement  in  o] n  or  decision.     Acquiescence  is 

a  statr  or  ai  t  ot  qniit  submission  to  a  decision,  an  act,  or 
tin-  prevalence  of  an  opinion,  because  it  Is  near  enough 
to  one's  wishes,  or  not.  worth  resisting,  or  impossible  to  re- 
sist,  but  not  because  it  is  entirely  acceptable. 

.lx.sc///  I  have  describi  d  to  i»<-  a  mental  assertion  ;  in  its 
very  nature  then  it  is  of  the  mind,  and  not  of  tie    lip 

./.  //.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 

It  any  faction  of  men  w  ill  require  tic  assent  and  eo 
ot  othi  r  men  to  a  vast  number  of  disputable  and  nni 
tuted  things,  and,  it  may  I"-,  a  mathematical  ral 
among  the  First  of  them,  and  utterly  renoum  e  all  <  hristlan 
communion  with  all  that  shall  not  give  that  assent  and 
consent,   we  look  upon  those  to  be  separatists;  we  dare 
not  to  be  so  narrow-spirited. 

C.  Mather,  Wag.  Chris.,  ltd.  to  iii. 

The  necessity,  under  which  the  jury  is  placed,  t.. 
unanimously,  in  order  to  And  a  verdict,  acts  as  the  pre- 
disposing cause  of  concurrence  in  some  common  opinion. 
Calhoun,  Works,  [.66. 

The  showman  rubs  his  brow  impulsively.  .  .  .  but  final- 
ly, with  the  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on. 

Hawthorne,  Main  Street. 

assentantt  (a-sen'tant),  a.  and  to.     [<  ME.  as- 
sentaunt,   <  OF.   assailant,   assentant,  ppr.  of 
asscnter :   see  assent,  v.,  and  -ant1.     Doublet, 
assentir nt.]     I.  a.  Assenting;  agreeing. 
II.  «.  One  who  assents  or  agrees. 

assentation  (as-en-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  assenta- 
tio(n-),  lattery,  servile'  assent,  <  assentari, 
pp.  assentatus,  flatter,  assent  in  everything, 
irreg.  freq.  of  assentiri,  assent,  agree:  see  as- 
sent, v.]  The  act  of  assenting;  especially,  ob- 
sequious assent  to  the  opinion  of  another;  flat- 
tery; adulation. 

It  is  a  fearful  presage  of  ruin  when  the  prophets  con- 
spire in  assentation.  Bp.  Halt,  Death  of  Ahab. 

Words  smooth  and  sweeter-sounded  are  to  be  i\-<<\. 
rather  than  rough  or  harsh,  as  adore  for  worship,  assen- 
tation for  flattery.     Instructions  for  Oratory  (1682),  p.  25, 

assentatort  (as'en-ta-tqr),  to.  [<  L.  assentator, 
<  assentari,  flatter :  see  assentation.]  One  who 
assents  or  consents;  especially,  one  who  as- 
sents obsequiously;  a  flatterer.     Sir  T.  Elyot. 

assentatorilyt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li),  otic.  In  the 
manner  of  an  assentator ;  with  adulation  or  ob- 
sequiousness.   Bacon. 

assentatoryt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  "assi  ii- 
tatorius  (implied  in  adv.  assentatorie),  <  assen- 
tator, a  flatterer :  see  assentator.]  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  assentation ;  flattering ; 
adulatory. 

assenter(a-sen'ter),  n.  One  who  assents.  See 
assentor. 

assentient  (a-sen'shient),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as- 
sentien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  assentiri,  assent:  see  asst  nt. 
v.]  I.  a.  Assenting;  yielding  assent.  Quar- 
terly Rev. 

II.  to.  One  who  assents;  an  assenter.  North 
British  Bcv. 

assentingly  (a-sen'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
expressing  assent;  by  agreement. 

assentive  (a-sen'tiv),  a.  [<  assent  +  -ire.] 
Giving  assent;  complying.     Savage.     [Rare.] 

assentmentt  (a-sent'ment),  «.  [<  OF.  assente- 
nieiit,  <  ML.  assenti  mention,  assent,  <  L.  assen- 
tiri, assent :  see  assent,  v.,  and  -ment.]  Assent ; 
agreement.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

assentor  (a-sen'tor),  to.  [<  assent  +  -or;  the 
usual  legal  form;'cf.  assenter.]  One  who  as- 
sents; specifically,  one  of  the  eight  voters  who 
indorse  the  nomination,  by  a  proposer  and  sec- 
onder, of  a  candidate  for  election  to  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  required 
by  law. 

assert  (a-serf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  assertus,  pp.  (ML.  as- 
srrtitre,  freq.)  of  assererc,  ailserere,  join  In.  ad- 
serere  aliquem  manu  (or  simply  adserere)  in  liber- 
tatriii  or  in  serritutem,  declare  one  free  or  a 
slave  by  laying  hands  upon  him.  hence  free 
from,  protect,  defend,  lay  claim  to,  assert,  de- 
clare, <  ad,  to,  +  serere,  join,  range  in  a  row,  = 
Gr.  tlpnv,  bind,  fasten:  see  series  and  serried.] 
If.  To  bring  (into  freedom);  set  (free).  [The 
original  Latin  use,  asserere  in  libertatem.] 

The  people  of  Israel,  being  lately  oppressed  in  Egypt, 
were  asserted  by  God  into  a  state  of  liberty. 

lif.  Patrick,  on  Num.  xxiii.  2. 

2.  To  vindicate,  maintain,  or  defend  by  words 
or  measures;  support  the  cause  or  claims  of; 
vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to:  now  used  only  of 
immaterial  objects  or  reflexively :  as.  to  assert 
our  rights  and  liberties;  he  asserted  himself 
boldly. 

I  could  and  would  myself  assert  the  British  from  his 
scandalous  pen.  Fuller. 

Often,  in  the  parting  hour, 
Victorious  love  asserts  bis  power 
O'er  coldness  and  disdain. 

Scott,  Marmiou,  v.  7. 


assert 

3.  To  state  as  true ;  affirm :  asseverate ;  aver ; 
declare. 

There  is  no  proof  of  what  is  so  commonly  (Ugerted,  that 
the  heel  is  longer  in  proportion  to  the  foot  in  Negroes. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  419. 
To  assert  One's  self,  to  assume  anil  defend  one's  rights. 
claims,  or  authority  ;  exert  one's  influence;  sometimes,  to 
thrust  one's  self  forward  unduly  or  obtrusively. 

The  natural  strength  and  tirmncss  of  his  nature  began 

to  assert  itself.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  2. 

While  the  struggle  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Pope 

absorbed  the  strength  of  both,  it  became  possible  for  the 

people  to  assi  it  themselves. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  49S. 
=  Syn.  2.  Assert,  Defend,  Maintain,  Vindicate.  Assert 
supports  a  cause  or  claim  aggressively :  its  meaning  is  well 
brought  out  in  the  expression,  assert  yourself;  that  is, 
make  your  influence  felt.  To  defend  is  primarily  to  drive 
back  assaults.  To  maintain  is  to  hold  up  to  the  full 
amount,  defending  from  diminution:  as.  to  maintain  the 
ancient  customs,  liberties,  rights.  To  vindicate  is  to  res- 
cue, as  from  diminution,  dishonor,  or  censure:  as,  to  "w'rt- 
dicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man,"  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  16. 
And  as  my  vassals,  to  their  utmost  might, 
Assist  my  person,  and  assert  my  right. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1,000. 
It  is  time  now  to  draw  homeward  ;  and  to  think  rather 
of  defending  myself,  than  assaulting  others. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Mock  Astrologer. 

I  will  maintain 

My  truth  and  honour  firmly.         Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

If  it  should  at  any  time  so  happen  that  these  rights 

should  be  invaded,  there  is  no  remedy  but  a  reliance  on 

the  courts  to  protect  and  vindicate  them. 

D.  Webster,  Convention  to  Revise  the  Const.,  1821. 

3.  Assert,  Affirm.  Declare,  Acer,  Asseverate  (see  declare), 
allege,  protest,  avow,  lay  down.  (See  protest.)  Assert 
seems  to  expect  doubt  or  contradiction  of  what  one 
says.  Affirm  strengthens  a  statement  by  resting  it  upon 
one's  reputation  for  knowledge  or  veracity:  as,  "  she  [Rho- 
da]  constantly  affirmed  that  it  was  even  so,"  Acts  xii.  15. 
Deiia  re  makes  public,  clear,  or  emphatic,  especially  against 
contradiction.  Aver  is  positive  and  peremptory.  Assev- 
erate is  positive  and  solemn. 

We  can  assert  without  assenting. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 
It  is  a  pure  impertinence  to  affirm  with  oracular  assur- 
ance what  might  perhaps  be  admissible  as  a  suggestion 
offered  with  the  due  diffidence  of  modest  and  genuine 
scholarship.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  23. 

Our  Hebrew  songs  and  harps,  in  Babylon 
That  pleased  so  well  our  victors'  ear,  declare 
That  rather  Greece  from  us  these  arts  derived. 

Milton,  P.  R.,iv.  337. 
Then  all  averred  I  had  killed  the  bird 
That  brought  the  fog  and  mist. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

It  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  good  that  such  a  work 

would  have  done  if  half  which  is  asseverated  had  only  been 

proved.  J.  J.  Blunt. 

assertable  (a-ser'ta-bl),  a.  [(assert  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  asserted  or  maintained.  Also 
assertible. 

assertationt  (as-er-ta'shon),  n.  [<ML. asserta- 
tio(n-),  <  assertare,  pp.  dssertatus,  assert:  see 
assert.']    An  assertion.    Sir  T.  More. 

assertative  (a-ser'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  assert  +  -ative.] 
Assertive. 

asserter  (a-ser'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  asserts  or 
maintains;  a  champion  or  vindicator. 

Harmodius  and  Aristogiton  had  assassinated  Hippar- 
chus  from  mere  private  revenge ;  but  they  were  now  called 
asserters  of  public  liberty.         J.  Adorns,  Works,  IV.  4S8. 

2.  One  who  asserts  or  declares ;  one  who  makes 

a  positive  declaration. 
Also  assertor. 
assertible,  a.    [<  assert  +  -iblc.]    See  assertable. 
assertion  (a-slr'shon),  ».     [<  L.  assertio(n-), 

declaration^  asserere,  assert :  see  assert.]     If. 

The  act  of  setting  free;   liberation. —  2.  The 

action  of  maintaining  a  cause  or  a  claim:  as, 

the  assertion  of  one's  rights. —  3.  The  act  of 

stating  something  to  In-  true. 
Assertion  unsupported  by  fact  is  nugatory.         Junius. 

4.  A  positive  declaration  or  averment :  an  un- 
supported  statement  or  affirmation:  as,  his  as- 
sertion proved  to  be  false. 

An  assertion  is  as  distinct  From  a  conclusion  as  a  word 
of  command  is  in, in  a  persuasion  or  recommendation. 

./.  //.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Absent,  \>.  3. 

I  i:    capacity  -if  jelly  [protoplasm    toguidi  I ■  which 

Professor  Huxley  says  is  a  fact  of  tie-  profound)  si  rignifl 
i  -  j  ii-  e  I',  in  in.  e  1 1' it  a  fact  at  all,  but  merely  an  asset  tion, 
/,'<  ale,  i'i otoplasm,  p.  85. 
=Syn.  2.  Vindication,  defense,  maintenance.-  3  and  4. 
Statemi  nl   assevet  ation,  protestation, 
assertional  (a-siVshon-iil),  n.     [<  assertion  + 
-nl.  ]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  as- 
sertion: containing  an  assertion.     [Bare.] 
assertive  (a-ser'tiv  i,  a.    [<  ML.  "assertmts  (im- 
plied in  adv.  assertive),  <  L.  assertus,  pp.  of 
asserere:  see  assert  and  -ive.]    Positive;  dog- 
matic; affirming  confidently;  peremptory;  af- 
firmative. 

Proposing  them  not  in  a  confident  and  assertive  form, 
but  as  probabilities  and  hypotheses.  Glanville. 


346 

assertively  (a-Ber'tiv-li),  adv.    In  an  assertive 

manner;  affirmatively. 
assertiveness  (a-ser'tiv-nes),  n.     The  quality 

of  being  assertive,  or  self-assertive. 

As  for  this  assertiveness,  one  should  admire  it;  it  tends 
to  the  virtue  of  contentment 

If.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  114. 

assertor  (a-ser'tor),  n.  [<  L.  assertor,  declarer, 
advocate,  defender,  <  asserere:  see  assert] 
See  asserter. 

assertorial  (as-er-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  LL.  asserto- 
i-ins  (see  assertory)  +  -nl.]  Asserting  a  fact  as 
true,  but  not  holding  it  to  be  necessary.  See 
assertory,  the  common  form. 

assertorially  (as-er-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sertorial manner;  as  an  assertion. 

assertoric,  assertorical  (as-er-tor'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 
[<  assertor  +  -ic,  -ie-al.]  Asserting;  assertory; 
assertive :  as,  an  assertoric  judgment.  See  as- 
sertory. 

assertory  (a-ser'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  assertorius,  < 
L.  assertor:  see  assertor.]  Affirming;  main- 
taining ;  declaratory ;  affirmative ;  assertive. 

We  have  not  here  to  do  with  a  promissory  oath  :  ...  it 
is  the  assertory  oath  that  is  now  under  our  hand. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  ii.  5. 
An  Assertory  Oath  is  made  to  a  Man  before  God,  and  I 
must  swear  so,  as  man  may  know  what  I  mean. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  77. 
Assertory  proposition,  in  logic,  a  proposition  stating 
something  to  be  true,  but  not  stating  it  as  necessary. 

assertress  (a-ser'tres),  n.  [<  asserter  +  -ess.] 
A  female  who  asserts. 

asservet  (a-serv'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asservire,  serve, 
aid,  <  ad,  to,  +  servire,  serve:  see  serve.]  To 
help;  serve;  second.     Bailey. 

asservilet  (a-ser'vil),  v.  t.     [<  as-1  +  servile.] 
To  render  servile  or  obsequious. 
[I]  am  weary  of  asserviling  myself  to  every  man's  charity. 
Bacon,  v.  240  (Ord  MS.). 

asses,  n.    Plural  of  as*  and  of  ass1. 

assess  (a-ses'),  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assesse,  also  ac- 
cesse  (whence  by  apheresis  sess,  cess),  <  OP.  as- 
sessor, <  ML.  assessare,  fix  a  rate,  impose  a  tax, 
freq.  of  L.  assidere,  pp.  assessus,  sit  beside,  be 
assessor  to  a  judge,  in  ML.  fix  a  rate,  impose  a 
tax,  assess  (cf.  assessor),<.  L.  ad,  to,  +  sedere,  sit, 
=  E.  sit.  Cf.  assise.]  1.  To  set,  fix,  or  charge  a 
certain  sum  upon,  by  way  of  tax :  as,  to  assess 
each  individual  in  due  proportion. 

His  method  of  raising  supplies  was  to  order  some  rich 
courtier  to  pay  a  sum,  and  then  sell  this  order  to  some 
speculator  witli  the  power  of  torturing  the  person  assessed. 

Brougham. 
2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  amount  of  (prop- 
erty or  income)  as  a  basis  for  taxation. — 3.  To 
set,  fix,  or  determine :  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

assesst  (a-ses'),  «.     [K  assess,  v.]     Assessment. 

assessable  (a-ses'a-bl),  a.  [<  assess  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assessed;  liable  to  assess- 
ment. 

assessably  (a-ses'a-bli),  adv.     By  assessment. 

assession  (a-sesh'on),  n.  [<  L.  assessio(n-),  a 
sitting  by  or  near,  <  assidere,  sit  by  or  near: 
see  assess,  v.]  A  sitting  beside  or  together ;  a 
session.     [Rare.] 

assessionary  (a-sesh'on-a-ri),  a.  [<  assession 
+  -ary.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  assession  or  to 
assessors:  as,  "at  the  assessionary  court,"  R. 
Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall.     [Bare.] 

assessment  (a-ses'ment),  ii.  [<  ML.  tissessn- 
mentum,  <  assessare,  assess :  see  assess  and  -im  nl. 
Also  by  apheresis  scssment.]  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sessing, determining,  or  adjusting  the  amount 
of  taxation,  charge,  damages,  etc.,  to  be  paid 
by  an  individual,  a  company,  or  a  community. 
—  2.  The  amount  so  determined;  the  tax  or 
specific  sum  charged  upon  a  person  or  prop- 
erty: as,  an  assessment  upon  stockholders  to 
pay  corporate  debts. — 3.  An  official  valuation 
of  property,  profits,  or  income,  for  purposes  of 
taxation. —  4.  The  value  thus  ascertained  or 
assigned.-  Commissioners  of  estimate  and  assess- 
ment. See  commissioner.— Political  assessments,  in 
the  raited  states,  contributions  of  money  levied  by  po- 
litical committees  upon  the  otuce-linldcrs  and  enuiliilatis 
I..  Longing  in  their  respective  parties,  in  order  to  defray 
tin  expensesof  a  political  canvass.  —Union  Assessment 
Acts,  English  statutes  of  1862  (26  and  28  Vict  c.  108), 
1864  [27  ami  is  Viet.  c.  39),  and  1SS0  (43  and  44  Vict.  c.  7), 
which  relate  in  the  poor-rates  and  secure  a  uniform  valua- 

ti i    parishes    111    Ijlgland.  =  SVn.     lin/mst.    Hates,    etc. 

Bee  /"  i 

assessor  (a-ses'or),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  as- 
sessour,  <  ME.  dssessour,  <  OP.  assessour,  mod. 
V.  nssesseur  =  Pr.  assessor  =  Sp.  asesor  =  Pg.  as- 
sessor =  It.  assessors,  <  L.  assessor,  an  assis- 
tant judge,  in  ML.  also  an  assessor  of  taxes,  lit. 
one  who  sits  by  another,  <  assidere,  sit  by :  see 
assident,  assess.]     1.  Ono  who  sits  by  another; 


asseveration 

hence,  one  who  shares  another's  position,  rank, 
or  dignity;  an  associate  in  office. 

Don  Quixote,  ...  or  bis  assessors,  the  curate  and  the 
barber.  T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  336. 

2.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  as- 
sist a  judge  as  a  law  authority ;  in  Scotland, 
the  legal  adviser  of  a  magistrate,  with  judicial 
powers. 

Minus  tile  strict  inquisitor  appears, 

And  lives  and  crimes  with  his  assessors  hears. 

Dryden,  .¥.nvii\,  vi. 

3.  In  England,  a  person  chosen  to  assist  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  a  borough  in  matters 
concerning  elections. — -4.  In  some  universi- 
ties, as  the  Scotch,  the  title  of  the  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  university  court  or  supreme  govern- 
ing body  of  the  university. —  5.  One  appointed 
to  make  assessments,  especially  for  purposes 

of  taxation.— Assessor  of  the  vice-chancellor,  in 
r.nulish  universities,  a  deputy  of  the  vice-chancellor  ap- 
pointed by  him  to  hear  causes  and  to  lie  his  vicegerent  in 
court.— Nautical  assessors.    See  nautical. 

assessorial  (as-e-so'ri-al),  a.  [<  assessor  +  -ial.] 
Pertaining  to  an  assessor,  or  to  a  court  of  as- 
sessors. 

assessorship  (a-ses'or-ship),  n.  [<  assessor  + 
-ship.]     The  office  of  assessor. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  his  progress  from  the  passive  Auscul- 
tatorship  towards  any  active  Assessorship  is  evidently  of 
the  slowest.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  86. 

asset  (as'et),  n.  See  assets. 
assetht,  «•  [ME.,  also  aseth,  aseeth,  asethe,  as- 
sethc,  assets,  etc.  (=  Sc.  assyth),  <  OF.  asset,  aset, 
ases,  asses,  in  the  phrase  fere  aset,  aset  fere  (<  L. 
(ad)  satis  facerc),  make  amends,  lit.  do  enough: 
see  asset,  assets,  the  same  word,  of  later  and  dif- 
ferent use  in  E.]     Satisfaction;  amends. 

We  may  noghte  be  assoylede  of  the  trespase  hot  if  make 
assethe  in  that  that  we  may. 

Religious  Pieces  (ed.  Percy),  p.  6. 
Yit  never  shal  make  his  richesse 
Asseth  unto  his  greedynesse. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  6600. 

assets  (as'ets),  n.  pi.,  orig.  sing.  [<  AP.  assets, 
asetz  (OF.  asses,  ases,  asset,  aset,  mod.  F.  asses 
=  Pr.  assats  =  OSp.  asas  =  Pg.  assas,  assas  = 
It.  assai),  enough,  in  the  law  phrase  aver  assets, 
have  enough,  taken  into  E.  as  'have  assets'; 
<  ML.  ad  satis,  lit.  up  to  enough,  equiv.  to  L. 
satis,  enough :  see  satisfy.]  1.  In  law :  (a)  Suffi- 
cient estate ;  property  sufficient  in  the  hands  of 
an  executor  or  heir  to  pay  the  debts  or  legacies 
of  the  testator  or  ancestor  to  satisfy  claims 
against  it.  (b)  Any  goods  or  property  or  right 
of  action  properly  available  for  the  payment  of 
a  bankrupt's  or  a  deceased  person's  obligations 
or  debts:  generally  used  to  signify  resources 
for  the  payment  of  debts,  ete.  Assets  are  real  or 
personal.  Real  assets  are  lands  such  as  descend  to  the 
heir,  subject  to  the  fulfilment  of  the  obligations  of  the 
ancestor;  personal  assets  are  the  money  or  goods  of  the 
deceased  or  insolvent,  or  debts  due  to  him,  which  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  executor  or  administrator,  or  which 
he  is  to  collect  or  convert  into  money. 
2.  Property  in  general ;  all  that  one  owns,  con- 
sidered as  applicable  to  the  payment  of  his 
debts  :  as,  his  assets  are  much  greater  than  his 
liabilities. —  3.  [As  a  singular,  asset.]  Any 
portion  of  one's  property  or  effects  so  con- 
sidered: as,  these  shares  are  a  valuable  asset 
—  Equitable  assets.  See  equitable.  —  Marshaling  as- 
sets.   See  marshal,  v. 

assevert  (a-sev'er),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asseverare,  as- 
sert strongly,  speak  in  earnest,  <  ad,  to,  + 
severus,  earnest,  serious,  severe:  see  severe.] 
To  asseverate. 

Anselmus  .  .  .  not  only  assevereth  it,  but  also  endea- 
voureth  ...  to  set  out  the  true  .  .  .  proportion  of  it. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  317. 

asseverate  (a-sev'er-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
sert rated,  ppr.  asseverating.     [<  L.  asseveratus, 
pp.  of  asseverare:  see  assevcr.]      To  affirm  or 
aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity. 
Charity  nigh  chokes 
Ere  swallow  what  they  both  asseverate; 
Though  down  the  gullet  faith  may  feel  it  go. 

Urine/ling,  King  and  Book,  I.  85. 
=  Syn.  Assert,  Al/iem,  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert);  in  say, 
allege,  protest,  insist,  maintain. 

asseveration  (a-sev-e-ra'shon),  ».  [<  L.  asse- 
rcratio()t-),  an  earnest  declaration,  <  asseverare, 
pp.  asseveratus,  assever:  see  assevcr.]  1.  The 
act  of  asseverating ;  positivo  affirmation  or  as- 
sertion; solemn  declaration. 

"  My  tied ! "  cried  the  monk,  with  a  warmth  of  assevera- 
tion which  seemed  not  to  belong  to  him. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  21. 

2.  That  which  is  asseverated;  an  emphatic 
assertion. 

lie  [Leeds]  denied  with  the  most  solemn  asseverations 
that  he  had  taken  any  money  for  himself. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x.\i. 


asseverative 

asseverative  (a-sev'^r-a-tiv),  a.  [<  asseverate 
+  -»«e.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
asseveration. 

Jean  Thompson  looked  at  bis  wife,  whose  applause  lu- 
prized,  and  she  answered  by  an  asseverative  loss  of  the 
head.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Hays,  p.  71. 

asseveratory  (a-sev'er-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  assever- 
ate +  -oryJ]  Of  the  nature  of  an  asseveration  ; 
solemnly  or  positively  affirming  or  averring. 

After  divers  warm  and  asseveratory  answers  made  by  Mr. 
Atkins,  tin-  captain  stopped  short  in  his  walk. 

Soger  North,  Examen,  p.  247. 

ass-head  (as'hed),  n.  One  who  is  dull,  like  the 
ass ;  one  slow  of  apprehension ;  a  blockhead. 

Will  yon  help  an  ass-licad,  ami  a  coxcomb,  and  a  knave? 
a  thin-faced  knave,  a  gull?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

assibilate  (a-sib'i-lat),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  assib- 
Hated,  ppr.  assibitating.  [<  L.  "assibihtus,  pp. 
of  assibilarc,  whisper  at  or  to,  <  ad,  to,+  sib*- 
lore,  whisper:  see  sibilant.  The  E.  sense  of 
assibilate  depends  on  that  of  sibilant.']  To  ren- 
der sibilant,  as  a  sound;  change  into  a  sibilant 
or  hissing  sound;  alter,  as  a  sound,  by  the 
phonetic  process  called  assibilation.  The  term 
may  he  applied  to  the  whole  word  so  affected:  as,  church 
is  an  assilnlated  form  of  kirk. 

assibilation  (a-sib-i-la'shpn),  ».  [<  assibilate.] 
The  act  of  making  sibilant;  specifically,  in 
jiliilol,  the  change  of  a  dental  or  guttural  (or  a 
labial)  mute  into  a  sibilant  (s,  z,  sh,  sh,  cli  =  tsh, 
j  =  d~h),  or  into  a  sound  approaching  that  of  a 
sibilant,  as  for  instance  a  palatal.  This  change 
usually  results  from  a  tendency  to  accommodate  the  mute 
to  an  immediately  succeeding  e,  i,  or  y  sound.  Thus,  t  in 
the  Latin  natio  becomes  z(  =  ts)  in  the  Italian  nazione,  and 
is  pronounced  s  in  the  French  nation  and  sh  in  the  English 
nation.  Similarly,  the  English  t  approaches  or  assumes 
the  sound  of  ch  before  the  y-sound  contained  in  long  u  in 
nature,  virtue,  etc. 

Assidean  (as-i-de'an),  n.  [Also  Assidcean,  Asi- 
dcean ;  <  ML.  Assidei  (confused  with  L.  assidui, 
as  if  'assiduous,  zealous'),  prop.  Asidai,  <  Gr. 
'AaiSaioi,  repr.  Heb.  hasiilim,  lit.  pious  ones  (usu- 
ally translated  "saints"  in  the  English  Bible), 
<  tidsad  ( initial  iietlt ).  lie  pious.  The  form  Chasi- 
dean  is  approximated  to  the  Heb.]  1.  One  of  a 
sect  of  orthodox  Jews,  opposed  to  Greek  innova- 
tions. They  were  among  the  first  to  join  Mattathias,  the 
father  of  the  Maccabees,  in  defending  the  purity  of  their 
religion  and  the  liberties  of  their  country. 
2.  One  of  a  mystical  sect  of  Polish  Jews  which 
originated  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Also  called  Chasidean. 

assident  (as'i-dent),  a.  [<  L.  assiden(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  assidere,  sit  by  or  near,  <  ad,  to,  +  sedere  = 
E.  sit.  See  assess  and  assiduous.]  Accompany- 
ing; concomitant — Assident  or  accessory  signs 
or  symptoms,  in  pathol.,  signs  or  symptoms  such  as  usu- 
ally, though  not  invariably,  attend  a  disease:  distinguished 
from  pathognomonic  sign's,  which  always  attend  it. 

assiduatet  (a-sid'u-at),  a.  [<  LL.  "assiduatus, 
pp.  of  assiduare, "apply  constantly,  <  L.  assiduus, 
assiduous:  see  assiduous.]  Constant;  contin- 
ual; assiduous. 

By  love's  assiduate  care  and  industry. 

Xiddteton,  Micro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 

assiduity  (as-i-du'j-ti),  n.\  pi.  assiduities  (-tiz). 
[=  p.  assiduite,  <  L.  assiduita(t-)s,  <  assiduus : 
see  assiduous.]  1.  Constant  or  close  applica- 
tion to  any  business  or  occupation ;  diligence. 

1  have,  witli  much  pains  and  assiduity,  qualified  myself 
for  a  nomenclator.  Adilisun. 

By  marvellous  assiduity,  he  [Pickering]  was  aide  to  had 
two  lives,  one  producing  the  fruits  of  earth,  the  other 
those  of  immortality.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  140. 

2.  Solicitous  care  of  a  person  or  persons ;  con- 
stant personal  attention :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Ear  from  their  native  home,  no  tender  assiduities  of 
friendship  .  .  .  relieve  their  thirst,  or  close  their  eyes  in 
death.  It.  Hall,  Modern  Infidelity. 

Hence  — 3f.  Sycophantic  attention  ;  servility. 
The  obsequiousness  and  assiduitu  of  tin.  court. 

Sir  R.  Xaunton,  Fragment*  Reg.  (1S0S),  p.  2-29. 
=Syn.  i.  industry.  Assiduity.  Application,  Diligence, 
Constancy,  Perseverance,  Persistence,  care,  attention, 
watchfulness,  sedulousness,  patience.  Diligence  in  labor 
often  conveys  the  idea  of  quickness.  Industry  keeps  at 
work,  Leaving  no  time  idle.  Assiduity  (literally,  a  sitting 
down  to  work)  sticks  quietly  to  a  particular  task,  with  the 
determination  to  succeed  in  spite  of  its  difficulty,  or  to  get 
it  done  in  spite  of  its  length.  Application,  literally,  bends 
itself  to  its  work,  and  is,  more  specifically  than  assiduity, 
a  steady  concentration  of  one's  powers  of  body  and  mind  : 
as,  he  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  powers  of  application  . 
Newton  attributed  all  his  own  success  to  application.  Dili- 
gence is,  literally,  fondness  for  one's  work,  and  so,  by  a 
natural  transfer,  industry  that  is  alert.  Constancy  is  tin- 
power  to  continue  unchanged,  as  in  affection,  or  to  hold 
on  in  any  particular  course  or  work ;  it  goes  more  deeply 
into  character  than  the  others.  Perseverance  suggests  ob- 
stacles from  without  or  within  which  are  steadily  met. 
and  is  morally  neutral.  Persistence  may  be  good,  but  it 
is  more  often  an  evil  perseverance,  as  obstinacy  or  a  de- 
termination to  carry  one's  point  against  unwillingness  or 
refusal  on  the  part  of  others.    We  speak  of  plodding  '"■ 


347 

dusiry,  patient  assiduity,  steady  application,  great  dili- 
gence, unshaken  const, nicy,  undaunted  ycrsererauce,  per 
sistence  that  will  not  take  No  for  an  answer. 

He  [Richardson]  advanced  rapidly  by  industry  and  g I 

conduct,  was  taken  into  partnership,  and  ultimately  be- 
came the  head  of  an  extensive  busiln-ss. 

Welsh,  Eng.  Lit..  II.  146. 

Ee  was  distinguished  among  his  fellow  students  ...  by 

tin-  assiduity  with  which  he  often  prolonged  his  studies  far 

into  the  night  Macaulay,  Addison. 

A  man  of  judgment  and  application  will  succeed  inc 

parably  better  in  composing  the  Tables  to  his  own  writ- 
ings than  a  stranger  can.  Boyle, 
Diligence  and  accuracy  are  the  only  merits  which  an 
historical  writer  may  ascribe  to  himself.                   Gibbon. 
The  careful  search  .  .  . 
Is  made  with  all  due  diligence. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  (cho.). 

True  constancy  no  time,  no  power  can  move.  Gray. 

All  the  performances  of  human  art,  at  which  we  look 
with  praise  or  wonder,  are  instances  of  the  resistless  force 
of  perseverance.  Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  43. 

Full-arm'd  upon  his  charger  all  day  long 
Sal  1>\  tin-  walls,  and  no  one  open'd  to  him. 
And  this  persistence  turn'd  her  scorn  to  wrath. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 

assiduous  (a-sid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  assiduus,  sit- 
ting down  to,  "constantly  occupied,  unremit- 
ting, <  assidere,  sit  at  or  near :  see  assident.]  1. 
Constant  in  application  ;  attentive  ;  devoted  : 
as,  a  person  assiduous  in  his  occupation ;  an 
assiduous  physician  or  nurse. 

The  most  assiduous  tale-bearers  .  .  .  are  often  half- 
witted. Government  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Constant;  unremitting:  applied  to  actions. 

In  some  places  the  deep  sand  could  with  difficulty  be 
forced  by  assiduous  tillage  to  yield  thin  crops  of  rye  and 
oats.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

To  weary  him  with  my  assiduous  cries. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  310. 

His  character,  ...   as  displayed  in  his  works,  repays 

the  most  assiduous  study.     Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  74. 

=  Syn.  1.  Sedulous,  diligent,  active,  busy,  constant,  pa- 
tient, persevering,  laborious,  unceasing,  indefatigable,  un- 
tiring. See  assiduity. 
assiduously  (a-sid'u-us-li),  adv.  In  an  assidu- 
ous manner;  diligently ;  attentively:  with  ear- 
nestness and  care. 

Many  persons  have  attained  a  marvellous  proficiency  in 
falsehood,  and  tell  lies  as  assiduously  as  a  friar  does  his 
beads.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  121. 

assiduousness  (a-sid'u-us-nes),  it.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  assiduous;  constant  or  diligent  ap- 
plication. =  Syn.  See  comparison  under  assiduity: 

assieget,  v.  '•  [<  ME.  asegent  <  OF.  aseger.  as- 
seger,  asegier,  F.  assieger  =  Pr.  asetjar  =  Sp. 
asediar  =  Pg.  assediar  =  It.  assediare,<  ML.  «s- 
sediare,  besiege,  beset,  <  assedium,  a  siege,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  by,  +  -sedinm,  as  in  L.  obsitliiini,  a  siege 
(oft,  before,  in  front  of),  <  sedere  =  E.  sit.  Cf . 
besiege  and  siege.]     To  besiege. 

The  Grekes  .  .  .  the  cite  long  assegeden. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  60. 

On  th'  other  syde,  th'  assieged  Castles  ward 

Their  stedfast  stonds  did  mightily  maintaine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  15. 

assieget,  »•    [<  assiege,  v.]    A  siege. 

Al  the  assege  of  Thebes.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  107. 

assiegementt,  »•  l<  assiege  +  -ment.]  A  siege 
or  state  of  siege ;  a  beleaguering. 

assientist  (as-e-en'tist),  n.  [<  Sp.  asetitista,< 
asicnto:  see  assiento.]  One  connected  with  the 
furnishing  of  slaves  by  assiento.     Bancroft. 

assiento  (as-e-en'to),  n.  [<  Sp.  asiento,  for- 
merly assiento,  a  seat,  seat  in  a  court,  a  eon- 
tract,  treaty,  <  asentar,  formerly  assentar  (= 
Pg.  assentar  =  It.  assentare),  place  in  a  seat,  ad- 
just, make  an  agreement,  <  ML.  as  if  "asseden- 
tare,  cause  to  sit,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  sedeu(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  sedere  =  E.  sit.]  Formerly,  an  exclusive 
contract  made  by  Spain  with  foreign  powers  or 
merchants  for  the  supply  of  African  slaves  to 
its  American  possessions.  The  last  assiento,  held 
by  British  merchants  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713, 
was  abrogated  or  relinquished  in  1760. 

assign  (a-sin'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  assigncn,  asignen, 
<  OF.  assigner,  //signer,  <  L.  assignare,  mark 
out,  appoint,  assign,  distribute,  allot,  <  ad,  to, 
+  sit/uarc,  mark,  <  signum,  mark,  sign:  see 
sign.]  1.  To  set  apart;  make  over  by  distribu- 
tion or  appropriation;  apportion;  allot. 

The  priests  had  a  portion  assigned  them.  Gen.  xlvii.  22. 

Mr.  Buckle's  fundamental  error  lay  in  the. attempt  to 

assign  distinct  parts  to  elements  of  human  nature  that  in 

reality  cannot  be  separated.    J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  217. 

To  each  [province]  was  assigned  a  governor  experienced 

in  the  law  who  dealt  with  taxation  ami  finance. 

C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  330. 

2.  To  point  out ;  show ;  designate ;  specify. 

All  as  the  Dwarfe  the  way  to  her  assynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  2S. 


assignation 

It  is  not  easy  to  assign  a  period  more  eventful. 

Ue  Quincey. 

With  the  help  of  the  scale  of  numbers,  tin  n,  any  as- 
signed  continuous  quantity  will  serve  as  a  Btandard  hy 
win-  h  the  whole  scale  of  quantities  may  be  represented. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  I.'  1 1 1,  I 

3.  To  give,  furnish,  or  specify:  as,  to  assign  a 
reason  lor  anything. — 4.  To  appoint  :  select 
for  a  duty  or  office  :  as,  the  officer  assigned  to 
the  charge  of  a  military  department. 

Knights  assigned  to  enforce  tin-  oath  of  peace  and  the 
hue  ami  cry  appear  as  early  as  the  year  1 L95.  Their  des- 
ignation as  assigned  Beems  to  prove  that  tiny  were  royal 
nominees  and  tiot  elected  otlieers  ;  but  their  early  history 
is  obscure.  Slut, l,s,  Const.  Hist,,  U.  283. 

5.  To  ascribe  ;  attribute  ;  refer. 

There  are  many  causes  to  which  one  may  assign  this 

light  Infidelity.       "  Steele,  Spectator,   No.  4JS. 

6.  Inlaw:  (a)  To  transfer  or  make  over  to  an- 
other the  right  one  has  in  any  object,  as  in  an 
estate,  chose  in  action,  or  reversion,  especial- 
ly in  trust  for  the  security  of  creditors:  rare- 
ly applied  to  testamentary  transfers,  (b)  To 
show  or  set  forth  with  particularity :  as,  to  as- 
sign error  in  a  writ;  to  assign  false  judgment, 
(c)  To  point  out  or  substantiate  as  a  charge: 
as,  perjury  cannot  be  assigned  on  an  oath  taken 
without  the  jurisdiction  of  the  officer  adminis- 
tering it.  — To  assign  dower,  to  allot  or  portion  out 
to  a  widow  the  part  of  land  forming  her  dower  therein ; 
to  tix  the  boundaries  of  the  widow's  share  in  an  estate.— 
To  assign  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  property  to  and 
vest  it  in  assignees  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors.  =  Syn. 
1.  Dispense,  Distribute,  etc.  (see  dispense).— 3.  Adduce, 
Allege,  etc.  (see  adduce);  to  determine,  give,  name,  present. 

assignt  (a-sin'),  h.1  [<  assigti,  v.]  1.  Assign- 
ment; appointment. —  2.  Design;  purpose;  ob- 
ject. 

He  aim'd  at  high  designs,  and  so  attain  d 
The  hiyh  ussiyns  to  which  his  spirit  aim'd. 

Furd,  Fame's  Memorial. 

assign  (a-sin'),  nfi  [The  same,  with  loss  of  the 
final  syllable,  as  assignee,  <  ME.  assigns  (three 
syllables),  <  OF.  assigne,  prop.  pp.  of  assigner, 
assign:  see  assign,  v.]  1.  A  person  to  whom  the 
property  or  interest  of  another  is  or  may  be 
transferred  :  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
and  assigns. 

Scrooge  was  his  sole  executor,  his  sole  administrator,  his 
sole  assign.  Dickens,  Christmas  Carol,  i. 

The  exclusive  right  of  frequenting  all  the  countries  that 
might  be  found  was  reserved  to  them  [John  Cabot  and  his 
sons]  and  to  their  assigns.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  8. 

[Assign  is  a  broaderword  than  assignee.  The  assignees  of 
a  person  are  usually  understood  to  mean  those  who  take 
immediately  from  him,  by  his  assignment :  the  assigns  of 
a  person  include  all  who  acquire  title  under  his  transfer, 
immediately  or  remotely.] 

2f.  A  thing  pertaining  to  something  else  ;  an 
appurtenance  ;  an  appendage.     [Affected.] 

Six  French  rapiers  and  poniards,  with  their  assigns,  as 
girdle,  hangers,  or  so.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

assignability  (a-si-na-bil'i-ti),  ».  [<  assigna- 
ble: see -bi/ity.']     Capability  of  being  assigned. 

assignable  (a-si'na-bl),  a.  [=  F.  assignable;  < 
assign  + -able.]  1.  Capable  of  being  allotted, 
appointed,  or  assigned:  as.  an  assignable  note 
or  bill. — 2.  Capable  of  being  specified,  shown, 
designated,  or  expressed  with  precision :  as,  an 
assignable  reason ;  an  assignable  magnitude. 

His  [a  soldier's]  fighting  condition  was  needed  not  on 
one  or  two  days  consecutively,  but  on  many  days,  and  not 
aeaiust  a  day  punctually  assignable,  but  against  a  season 
or  period  perhaps  of  months.  De  Quincey,  Plato. 

While  on  the  one  hand  industry  is  limited  by  capital,  so 
on  the  other  every  increase  of  capital  gives,  or  is  capable 
of  giving,  additional  employment  to  industry  ;  and  this 
without  assigiuible  limits.        J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  82. 

3.  Capable  of  being  attributed ;  attributable. — 

4.  In  laid,  predicable ;  capable  of  being  pointed 
out  or  substantiated  :  as,  perjury  is  not  assigna- 
ble of  testimony  on  an  immaterial  point. 

assignably  (a-si'na-bli),  adv.     In  an  assignable 

manner. 
assignat  (as'ig-nat ;  F.  pron.  a-se-nyii'),  n.   [F., 

<  L.  assignatus,  pp.  of  assignare,  assign,  allot: 
see  assign,  v.]  1.  One  of  the  notes  forming 
tin-  paper  currency  issued  in  France  during  tin- 
revolution  from  1789  to  1796.  The  assignats  were 
based  on  the  security  of  the  confiscated  church  lands,  and 
afterward  of  all  the  national  domains  and  other  property. 
Tiny  were  issued  to  the  amount  of  over  forty-five  billion 
francs,  and  before  they  wen-  withdrawn  deteriorated  to 
less  than  one  three-hundredth  of  their  face  value. 

2.  In  French  law,  the  assignment  of  an  annuity 
on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based  on 
the  security  of 'the  latter:  now  little  used. 
assignation  (as-ig-na'shon),  n.     [=  F.  assigna- 
tion, <  L.  assignatio(n-),  assignment,  allotment, 

<  assignare,  pp.  assignatus :  see  assign,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  assigning  or  allotting;  the  act  of  fix- 
ing or  specifying. 

The  assignation  of  particular  names  to  denote  particular 
objects.  Adam  Smith,  Origin  of  Languages. 


assignation 

2.  An  appointment  of  time  and  place  for  meet- 
ing: used  chiefly  of  love-meetings,  and  now 
generally  in  a  bad  sense.— 3.  The  legal  trans- 
fer of  a  right  or  title,  or  the  deed  by  which  this 
is  made;  an  assignment,— 4f.  Paper  currency; 
a  bill ;  an  assignat. 

assignee  (as-i-ne'),  n.  [<  F.  assignS,  pp.  of  08- 
signer,  assign:  see  assign, v.]  A  person  to  whom 
a  transfer  of  some  right  or  interest  is  made, 
either  for  his  own  enjoyment  or  in  trust.  An 
assignee  may  take  title  by  act  of  the  previous  owner  or  by 
I  ration  of  law,  as  in  the  case  of  an  administrator.  See 
note  under  assign*,  l.— Assignee  in  bankruptcy,  or 
assignee  in  insolvency,  a  person  to  whom  is  transferred 
the  title  to  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt  or  insolvent,  for  the 
purpose  of  its  preservation  anil  proper  distribution  among 
creditors. 

assigner  (a-si'ner),  n.  One  who  assigns,  ap- 
points, or  allots.    See  assignor.     [Kare.] 

assignment  (a-sin'inent),  «.  [<  ME.  ctssitiiii  - 
ment,  <  OF.  assignement,  <  ML.  assignamentum, 
<  L.  assignare:  see  assign,  v.,  and  -ment.]  1. 
The  act  of  apportioning  or  allotting;  allot- 
ment.—2.  The  act  of  setting  apart,  appoint- 
ing, designating,  or  specifying. 

The  only  thing  that  niaketh  any  place  public  is  the  public 
assignment  thereof  unto  such  duties.  Hooker. 

3.  That  which  has  been  assigned,  as  a  particu- 
lar task  or  duty.— 4.  Specifically,  in  law:  (a) 
The  transference  of  a  right  or  an  interest.  See 
assign,  v.,  6  (a),  (b)  A  pointing  out  or  setting 
forth:  as,  the  assignment  of  error. —  5.  The 
writing  by  which  an  interest  is  transferred.- 


assistance 

gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Assiminia. 
The  eyes  are  at"the  tips  of  special  peduncles  which  are 
connate  with  the  tentacles.  The  shell  is  conical,  with  an 
oral  aperture.  Progression  is  effected  by  a  looping  move- 
ment, the  rostrum  and  small  foot  being  alternately  applied 
to  the  ground.  The  species  are  of  small  size,  and  terres- 
trial or  amphibious. 
By  religion  the  truths  thus  obtained  [from  theology]  are  assimulatet  (a-sim'u-lat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 


348 

sorb  and  incorporate  into  the  system;  incorpo- 
rate with  organic  tissues:  as,  toaxsiinilalt  food. 
Hence,  in  general,  to  appropriate  and  incorporate,  as  the 
body  does  food  :  as,  such  ideas  cannot  be  assimilated  by 
the  mind. 

5.  To  bring  into  conformity;  adapt. 


a.  izisttsszizjsg:  tsmtsbskk*  s 


allotting  of  convicts  as  unpaid  servants 

nists,  in  order  to  relieve  the  authorities  of  the 

expense  of  the  convict  establishments. 

The  expense  of  the  Australian  convict  establishments 
was  enormous,  and  some  change  in  system  was  inevitable. 
These  were  the  conditions  that  brought  about  the  plan  of 
assignments,  in  other  words,  of  freely  lending  the  convicts 
to  any  one  who  would  relieve  the  authorities  of  the  bur- 
densome charge.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  750. 
Assignment  of  dower.  See  assign,  v.— Assignment 
of  errors.  See  <;■  no.— General  assignment  (more 
fullv.  assignment  for  benefit  of  creditors),  an  assignment 
of  all  the  assignor's  property  not  exempt  from  execution, 
in  trust  to  pay  his  creditors.  — New  assignment,  a 
method  of  pleading  at  common  law  to  which  the  plaintiff 
was  obliged  to  resort  in  his  replication,  for  the  purpose 
of  setting  the  defendant  right  where  the  latter,  through 
misapprehension  of  the  real  cause  of  complaint  as  stated 
in  the  declaration,  had  been  led  to  apply  his  plea  to  a  dif- 
ferent matter  from  that  which  the  plaintiff  had  in  view. 
Stephen.  Also  called  novel  assignm-  nt 
assignor  (as-i-nor'),  n.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
an  assignment,  or  assigns  an  interest. 
assilag  (as'i-lag),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Brit- 
ish name  of  the  petrel,  Frocellaria  pelagica. 
Montagu. 
assimiiability  (a-sirn"i-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  assimi- 
lable: see  -bility'.'i  The  quality  of  being  assimi- 
lable. Coleridgt , 
assimilable  (a-sim'i-la-bl),  a.  and  «.  [<  ML. 
assimilabilis,  that  can  be  made  like,  <  L.  assimi- 
lare:  see  assimilate.]  I.  a.  Capable  of  being 
assimilated,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  «.  That  which  can  be  assimilated.   [Rare.] 

Wei  ting  no assimilables  when  in  to  re-act  their  natures. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  19. 

assimilate  (a-sim'i-lat),  v. ;  pret,  and  pp.  assimi- 
lated, ppr.  assimilating.  [<  L.  assimilatus,  pp. 
of  assimilare,  adsimilare,  mixed  with  assi/mulare, 
adsimulare,  make  alike,  compare,  more  fre- 
quently imitate,   feign,   simulate;   <  ml,  to,  + 


turned  over  in  the  mind  and  assimilated  by  the  imaglna 
Hon  and  the  feelings.  J.  R.  Sceleg,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  50. 
6.  To  conform  to ;  make  one's  own ;  adopt. 

The  ease  with  which  she  assimilates  the  city  life  when  in 
it,  making  it  a  part  of  her  imaginative  tapestry,  is  a  sign  of 
the  power  to  which  she  has  grown. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent,,  p.  274. 

II.  intrant,:  1.  To  become  similar;  became 
like  something  or  somebody  else ;  harmonize. 

Do  but  put  them  in  relationship,  and  no  division  into 
castes,  no  differences  of  wealth,  can  prevent  men  from 
assimilating.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  254. 

A  people  whose  differences  of  religion,  language,  and 
general  habits  made  them  not  only  incapable  "I  assimilat- 
ing with  their  christian  neighbors,  but  almost  their  natu- 
ral enemies.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

2.  To  be  taken  into  and  incorporated  with  an- 
other body  ;  be  converted  into  the  substance  of 
another  body,  as  food  by  digestion. 

For  whatsoever  assimilateth  not  to  flesh  turneth  either 
to  sweat  or  fat.  .Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  899. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  anything, 
as  food,  into  the  substance  of  that  which  eon- 
verts  it:  as,  "birds  assimilate  .  .  .  less  than 
beasts,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  $  680. 

No  organs  which  are  destitute  of  ehli  irophyll  can  assimi- 
late. Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  620. 

[<*».V.S7«/- 

ness.]     Like- 


ness.    Bailey. 

assimilation  (a-siin-i-la'shon),  ».  [=F.  assimi- 
lation, <  L.  dssimilaUo(n-),  axximnlatio(n-),  a 
being  similar,  <  assimilare,  assimulare :  see  as- 
similate.'] The  act  or  process  of  assimilating 
or  of  being  assimilated.  Specifically— (a)  The  act  or 
process  of  making  or  becoming  like  or  identical ;  the  act  or 
process  of  bringing  into  harmony :  followed  by  to  or  with. 

It  is  as  well  the  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to  aspire 
to  an  assimilation  with  God.  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

In  this  long  stillness  the  fusion  of  conquerors  and  con- 
quered, the  chnsteiiii/ation  and  civilization  of  the  Nor- 
man, his  assimilation  in  political  and  social  temper  to  the 
France  beside  him,  went  steadily  on. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  374. 
(b)  In  physiol.,  the  act  or  process  by  which  organisms  con- 
vert and  absorb  nutriment,  so  that  it  becomes  part  of  the 
fluid  or  solid  substances  composing  them. 

To  these  preparatory  changes,  which  tit  the  crude  food 
materials  for  protoplasmic  food,  the  general  name  of  as- 
similation has  been  given.  Bessey,  Botany,  p.  178. 

Hants  and  animals  increase  by  assimilation  and  trans- 
formation, minerals  by  attraction  and  aggregation.  Page. 
(r)  In  pathol.,  the  supposed  conversion,  according  to  an 
obsolete  theory,  of  the  fluids  of  the  body  to  the  nature  of 
any  morbific  matter,  (d)  In  philul.,  the  act  or  process  by 
which  one  alphabetic  sound  is  rendered  like,  or  less  un- 
like, another  neighboring  sound  ;  a  lightening  of  the 
effort  of  utterance  by  lessening  or  removing  the  discor- 
dance of  formation  between  different  sounds  in  a  word,  or 
in  contiguous  words.  The  kinds  and  degrees  of  assimila- 
tion are  very  various,  and  include  a  large  part  of  the  his- 
torical changes  in  the  phonetic  form  of  words.  Examples 
are  assimilate  from  L.  ad-similare,  correction  from  I.,  con- 
net  a,,  impend  from  L.  in-pendere,  L,  rectus  from  reg-tus,  L. 
rex(reks)  from  reg-s,  E.  legs  (pronounced  leg:),  reaped  (pro- 
nounced reapt),  and  so  on.— Little  assimilations,  in 
Oxford,  a  meeting  of  the  masters  and  two  proctors,  called 
by  the  vice-chancellor,  in  the  congregation  house,  on  the 
ringing  of  the  little  bell.  This  meeting  is  authorized  to 
read,  approve,  and  seal  any  letters  concerning  the  public 
laws  .if  the  university,  written  conformably  to  the  decree 
of  Ci  invocation,  and  also  to  set  seal  to  decrees  of  Convuca- 
tion  and  to  despatch  minor  matters. 
Similis,  like    (related   to   simul,  together)^  see  assimilative  (a-sim'i-la-tiv),  a.    [=F.  assimila 


simulated,  ppr.  assimulating.  [<  L.  assimulatus, 
pp.  of  assimulare,  adsimulare,  also  assimilare, 
adsimilare,  make  alike,  feign,  counterfeit,  etc. : 
see  assimilate.  Of.  assemble2,  also  ult.  <  L.  assi- 
mulare.]    To  feign;  simulate.    Coles,  1717. 

assimulationt  (a-sim-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asst- 
mitlatio{>i-),  a<lsimitlntit)(ii-).  <  assimulare,  etc.: 
sco  assimulale.]    A  counterfeiting  :  simulation. 

assinegot,  «•    See  asinego. 

assis  (as'is;  F.  pron.  a-se'),  «•  [E-,  pp.  of  as- 
seoir,  sit:  see  assize.]  In  her.,  sitting;  same  as 
sejant. 

assiset,  n.  and  v.  t.    See  assize. 

assiser,  «.    See  assizer. 

assish  (as'ish),  a.  [<  ass1  +  -ish1.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  ass;  asinine;  absurd- 
ly stupid  or  obstinate:  as,  "the  assish  kind," 
iilnll,  Luke  xix. ;  "an  assish  phrase,"  Mrs. 
Cowden  <  %arke. 

assisor,  n.     See  assizer. 

assist  (a-sisf),  i>.  [<  F.  assister  (=  Sp.  asistir 
=  Pg.  assistir  =  It.  assistere),  help,  attend,  etc., 
<  L.  assistere,  stand  at  or  by,  <  ad,  at,  to,  + 
sistere,  place,  stand,  a  redupl.  form  of  stare, 
stand  :  see  stand.  Cf.  consist,  desist,  insist,  per- 
sist, resist.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  attend;  be  present 
at  or  with ;  take  part  with. 

The .... 

'  l. 


i  king  and  prince  at  prayers !  lets  assist  them. 
Shah.,  Tempest,  i. 


Simulate,  iimilar.  To  an  erroneous  supposition 
that  the  ancients  used  assimilare  for  the  sense 
'make  like,'  and  assimulare  for  the  sense  'coun- 
I,  licit,'  is  due  the  existence  of  the  correspond- 
ing E.  forms  assimilate  and  assimulate,  with  the 
game  distinction  of  sense :  sec  axximulatc.  Cf. 
uxximlile'i,  also  ult.  <   L.  assimilare.]     I.   trans. 

1.  To  make  alike;  cause  to  resemble. 

las!  falls  a  Hi •<  ej  shower ;  the  downy  hakes  .  .  . 

Assimilate  all  object  Cowper,  I  ask,  iv.  328. 

A  mouse's  Bqueak  assimilates  itself  in  thought  with 

sounds  .,f  high  pitch,  and  not  with  sounds  like  the  bellow- 

,  bull.  //.  Sp  >■•■  <    Pi  in   "i  Psychol.,  §  114. 

2.  In  philtil.,  to  render  accordant,  or  loss  dis- 
cordant, in  sound;  bring  to  or  toward  agr 

men!  in  mode  of  utterance:  said  of  alphabetic 
sound    as  affoeteil  by  other  neighboring  Sounds, 

fcncrally  (but  not  always)  ill  the  same  word. 
ee  assimilation,  (d). —  3.  To  compare;  liken; 
class. 

He  a    imilat,  i  the  relation  between  ti  a<  hi  r  and  pupil 
to  that  between  two  lovers  or  two  Intimate  friends. 

I, rale,    Hisl.   Nl'nn,    II.  07. 

4.  To  convert  into  a  substance  suitable  for  ab- 
sorption by  an  animal  or  vegetable  system;  ab- 


tif;  <  assimilate  +  -ire.]  Characterized  by  as- 
similation; capable  of  assimilating  or  of  caus- 
ing assimilation :  as,  assimilative  substances  or 
organs. 

The  desert  birds  are  still  more  remarkably  protected  by 
their  assimilative  hues.    A.  II.  Wallace,  Nat,  Selec.,  p.  50. 

A  I kishness  as  assimilatiee  as  that  of  Hunt  or  Lamb. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  1st. 
assimilatory  (a-sim'i-la-to-ri),  a.    [<  assimilate 
+  -ory.]     Tending  to  assimilate;   producing 
assimilation;  assimilative;  as,  assimilatory  or- 
gans. 

The  assimUat ory  cells,  though  the  most  important  mem- 
bers of  the  society  hi  .ells,  are  not  the  only  ones,  by  any 
means,  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  body  corporate. 

S.  IS.  Ilerriek.  Plant  Life,  p.  24. 
Assiminia  (as-i-min'i-a).  ».  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
gaslropoilous  molliisks.  giving  name  to  the  fam- 
ily Axximiniulic,  by  some  referred  to  the  family 
I'.itUiriniilir,  or  periwinkles.  Also  spelled  Axxi- 
inim  n. 

assiminiid  fas-i-min'i-id),  n.     A  gastropod  of 

the  family  Asxiiniiiiiiln: 

Assiminiida?  (as  i-mi-ni'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Assiminia  +  -idw.]     A  family  of  trenioglossato 


2.  To  help ;  aid ;  succor ;  give  support  to  in  some 
undertaking  or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 

Assist  her  in  whatsoever  business  she  hath  need  of  you. 

Bom.  xvi.  2. 
Soon  after  Christianity  had  achieved  its  triumph,  the 
principle  which  had  assisted  it  began  to  corrupt  it. 

Macaulay,  Milton. 

3.  To  be  associated  with  as  an  assistant.  =  Syn. 
2.  To  second,  back,  support,  further,  sustain,  serve;  be- 
friend, relieve. 

II.  iittrans.  1.  To  lend  aid  or  help. 

In  every  turn  of  state,  without  meddling  on  either  side, 
he  [Lord  Leicester]  has  always  been  favourable  and  assist- 
ing to  oppressed  merit.     Vryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

God  .  .  .  constituted  several  ranks  and  qualities  ol 
men,  that  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  support  of 
each  other.  R.  Nelson,  Fasts  and  Festivals. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  take 
part,  as  in  a  ceremony  or  discussion.  [A  Galli- 
cism.] 

It  would  require  the  pen  of  Tacitus  (if  Tacitus  had  as- 
sisted at  this  assembly)  to  describe  the  various  emotions 
of  the  senate.  Gibbon, 

In  our  age  all  the  nation  may  lie  said  to  assist  at  every 
deliberation  of  the  Lords  and  Commons. 

Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  vi. 

3.  In  euchre,  to  order  the  adoption  of  the  suit 
to  which  the  card  turned  up  as  trump  belongs, 
when  this  order  is  given  by  the  partner  of  the 
dealer. 

assistance  (a-sis'tans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
ME.  axxisteiice.  later,  after  F.,  assistance,  <  ML. 
assistintia,  <  L.  assistere:  see  assist  and  assis- 
tant.] 1.  (")  A  Vicing  present;  presence;  at- 
tendance, (b)  The  persons  present ;  specta- 
tors ;  audience.  [In  these  uses  obsolete,  or  in 
conscious  imitation  of  the  French.]  —  2.  Help; 
aid;  furtherance;  succor;  a  contribution  in 
aid,  by  bodily  strength  or  other  means. 
Where  we  do  reign,  we  will  alone  uphold. 
Without  the  assistance  of  a  mortal  hand. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

3t.  An  assistant  or  helper ;  assistants  collec- 
tively. 

Wat  Tyler  [was]  killed  by  valiant  Walworth 
his  assistance  .  .  .  John  Cavendish. 
Hence,  specifically— 4.  In  Eng.  common  hue  and 
Amir,  colonial  laic,  a  general  name  for  a  some- 
what undefined  body  of  subordinate  parish  or 
town  officers  or  auxiliaries,  apparently  includ- 
ing, as  sometimes  used,  the  ex-officers,  in  their 
customary  function  of  advisors — Court  of  as- 
sistance See  court.  Divine  assistance,  in  Cartesian 
philosophy,  the  act  of  Cod  in  moving  the  body  when 
the  soul  bums  a  volition.  See  occasionalism.—  writ  of 
assistance.  (")  A  writ  commanding  the  sherifl  to  put 
into  possession  tin'  successful  party  in  a  decree  of  Chan- 
el n  awarding  p. -.session  of  land  :  so  called  because  it  was 
in  assistance  of  the  , -edition  of  the  decree.  (M  Iii  .liner. 
hist  a  writ  issued  by  a  superior  colonial  court,  on  alleged 
precedents  of  the  English  Court  of  Exchequer,  authorizing 

any  officers  of  the  crown,  in  the  process  of  executing  the 
acts  of  trade,  to  summon  assistance  and  enter  and  search 
any  premises.  The  attempt  to  use  such  writs  in  Massa- 
chusetts  defeated  ill  1701.  was., lie  of  the  abuses  which  led 

to  tile  revolution.  =  Syn.  2.  Aid,  support,  backing,  relief. 


.  .  and 

Fuller. 


assistant 

assistant  (a-sis'tant),  a.  ami  ».  [Early  mod 
E.  and  ME.'  assistant,  later,  after  F.,  assistant 
=  Sp.  asistente  =  Pg.  It.  assistentc,  <  L.  assis 
tcn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  assistere:  see  assist  and  -are*1, 
-ent.]  I 
panying. 


W 


It.  Standing  by  J  present;  aceom- 


Christ  hath  promised  in  both  sacraments  to  be  assistent 
with  us.  Craniner,  Sacrament,  p.  4f>.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Ko  prophane  tiling  ought  to  have  accesse,  nothing  to  be 
assistant  hut  sage  ami  L'liristianly  Admonition,  brotherly 
Love,  naming  Charity,  and  Zeale.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  ii. 
2.  Present  to  help ;  helpful ;  aiding  or  fitted  to 
aid  and  support ;  auxiliary:  with  to. 

Mutually  and  greatly  assistant  to  each  other. 

Bcattie,  .Moral  Science,  i.  1. 
Assistant  engine,  a  steam  or  hydraulic  motor  used  to 
control  the  reversing-gear  of  a  marine  engine,  or  to  turn 
the  shaft  when  the  main  engine  is  at  rest.  See  engine. — 
Assistant  form.    See  form. 

II.  >i.  If.  One  who  stands  by:  a  bystander; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything:  usually  in  the 
plural. 

The  growing  circumference  was  observed  with  astonish- 
ment by  the  assistants.  Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  II.  11. 
2.  One  who  stands  by  to  help ;  one  who  helps ; 
a  helper ;  au  auxiliary ;  specifically,  one  who  is 
associated  with  another  as  an  auxiliary  in  car- 
rying on  some  systematic,  work  or  undertaking, 
or  in  discharging  the  duties  of  an  office:  as, 
the  harbor-master  and  his  assistants ;  a  book- 
keeper's assistant. —  3.  An  official  auxiliary  to 
the  father-general  of  the  Jesuits.  Erroneous- 
ly called  adjutant-general. — 4t.  [Sp.  asistente.'] 
The  chief  officer  of  justice  at  Seville. 
The  assistant  sits  to-morrow. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  the  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Plymouth  col- 
onies, one  of  the  elected  councilors  who  consti- 
tuted the  governor's  council  and  the  upper  house 
of  the  legislature.  The  number  of  assistants  in 
the  former  was  eighteen ;  in  the  latter,  origi- 
nally five,  later  seven. — 6.  In  dyeing,  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  tartaric  acid,  acetate  of  lime, 
or  sulphate  of  soda,  added  to  the  dye-bath,  to 
effect  a  brightening  of  the  color Court  of  As- 
sistants.   See  court. 

assistantlyt  (a-sis'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  give  aid.     Sternhold. 

assistantship  (a-sis'tant-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  position  of  assistant. 

assistencyt  (a-sis'ten-si),  ».  Helpfulness;  as- 
sistance. 

assister  (a-sis'ter),  m.     1.  One  who  stands  by; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything,  as  a  public 
ceremony  or  assembly.    [Archaic] — 2.  An  as- 
sistant. 
Also  spelled  assistor. 

assistless  (a-sist'les),  a.  [<  assist  +  -less.  Cf . 
resistless.]  "Without  aid  or  help;  helpless. 
[Rare.] 

Stupid  he  stares,  and  all  assistless  stands. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xvi.  070. 

assistor  (a-sis'tor),  n.  [<  assist  +  -or.]  Same 
as  assister :  used  in  legal  documents. 

assize  (a-siz'),  «.  [<  ME.  assize,  assise,  asise, 
assys,  also  corruptly  acise,  accise  (>  mod.  excise, 
q.  v.),  and  by  apheresis  sise,  syse  (>mod.  E.  size, 
q.  v.) ;  <  OF.  assise,  asise,  a  sitting,  session,  esp. 
of  a  court,  judgment,  appointment,  settlement, 
assessment,  impost,  tax,  etc.,  prop.  fem.  of 
asis,  assis,  pp.  of  aseir,  later  and  mod.  F.  as- 
seoir,  <  L.  assiderc,  sit  by  as  assistant  or  assess- 
or, hence  in  ML.  and  OF.,  etc.,  appoint,  settle, 
assess,  etc.:  see  assident,  assess.]  It.  Origi- 
nally, a  sitting  or  session  of  a  legislative  body 
or  court. 

Frequent  assizes  were  held,  and  as  of  old,  when  the  sword 
of  justice  was  sharpened,  the  receipts  of  the  Treasury  in- 
creased. Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  6S2. 

Hence — 2t.  An  edict,  ordinance,  or  enactment 
made  at  such  a  session  or  sitting,  or  issunl  by 
such  a  body.  Specifically,  in  Eng.  hist.  :  (a)  An  ordi- 
nance fixing  the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles 
of  general  consumption  sold  in  market :  as,  the  assize 
of  measures  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  the  assize  of 
bread  and  ale  (51  Hen.  III.).  Hence — (b)  The  standard 
weights  and  measures  appointed  to  be  kept  in  any  dis- 
trict :  as,  the  custody  of  the  assize,  (c)  In  a  more  general 
sense,  measurement ;  dimensions ;  a  measure  of  rating. 

I  saw  a  stately  frame, 
An  hundred  cubits  high  by  just  assize. 

Spenser,  Visions  of  Bellay,  st.  2. 

3.  A  jury,  or  trial  by  jury:  now  used  only  in 
Scotland  with  reference  to  criminal  causes. 
See  grand  assize,  below. — 4t.  A  name  given  to 
certain  writs  commanding  juries  to  be  sum- 
moned for  the  trial  of  causes:  as,  assize  of  novel 
disseizin,  the  ancient  common-law  remedy  for 
the  recovery  of  the  possession  of  lands. — 5t. 
The  verdict  of  a  jury  in  such  a  case. —  6.  The 


349 

periodical  session  held  by  royal  commission  by 
at  least  one  of  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts 
directed  to  take  the  assizes  or  verdicts  of  a  par- 
1  icular  jury  (anciently  called  the  assize),  in  each 
of  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales  (with 
the  exception  of  London  and  the  parts  adjoin- 
ing), for  the  purpose  of  trying  issues  nisi  prius 
and  jail-delivery  for  criminal  cases:  popularly 

called  the  aSSizeS.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  now  used  in  law.)  The  commission  by  which  as- 
si/i  s  are  held  is  cither  general  or  special.  Ageneral  com- 
mission is  issued  twice  a  year  to  the  fudges  of  the  Sigh 
Court  of  Justice,  two  judges  being  usually  assigned  to  each 
circuit.  A  special  commission  is  granted  to  certain  judges 
to  try  certain  causes  and  crimes. 
7.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  court  or  session 
of  a  court  of  justice — 8t.  Situation;  place. — 
9.  Judgment :  as,  the  last  or  great  assize  (that 
is,  the  last  judgment  or  last  day). 

Sometimes  spelled  assise. 
Assize  of  arms,  the  name  under  which  reference  is 
often  made  to  several  statutes  or  ordinances  in  early 
English  history,  requiring  all  freemen  to  provide,  accord- 
ing to  their  estate  and  degree,  anus  to  enable  them  to 
keep  the  peace  and  to  serve  in  the  held,  and  also  providing 
for  assizes  or  assessments  by  juries  of  the  equipment  re- 
quired of  each  person.  Specifically,  au  ordinance  or  stat- 
ute of  1181  (27  Hen.  II.)  for  this  purpose. 

In  1181,  he  [Henry  II.)  issued  the  Assize  of  Arms,  by 
which  he  directed  the  whole  of  the  freemen  of  the  coun- 
try to  provide  themselves  with  armour  according  to  their 
means,  and  tile  inquiry  by  oath  of  legal  juries  to  deter- 
mine the  liability  of  each.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  146. 

Assize  of  Clarendon,  an  English  ordinance  issued  in 
1166  (12  Hen.  II.),  which  introduced  changes  into  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  — Assize  of  Northampton,  an 
English  ordinance,  a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 
of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176(22  Hen.  II.), 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instructions  to  the  judges.  The 
new  articles  relate  to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc.— Assize 
of  novel  disseizin.  See  disseizin.— Assizes  Act,  an 
English  statute  of  lsi0(ll  Geo.  IV.  and  1  Wm.  IV.  c.  70), 
affecting  the  constitution  of  the  common-law  courts  in 
England  and  Wales  and  the  practice  in  them. — Assizes 
Of  Jerusalem,  two  codes  of  laws,  drawn  up  under  the 
authority  of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  the  first  crusading 
king  of  Jerusalem,  and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sov- 
ereignty in  Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had 
jurisdiction  over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  com- 
mon people.  Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and 
enlightenment  beyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on 
contemporary  French  law  and  customs.  — Grand  assize, 
formerly,  in  England,  a  form  of  trial  in  certain  cases  by  a 
jury  of  sixteen  persons,  which  took  the  place  of  trial  by 
judicial  combat.  It  was  abolished  in  1889.-  Maiden  as- 
size. See  maiden. — Maritime  Assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a 
body  of  maritime  laws  constituting  a  part  of  the  Assizes 
of  Jerusalem.—  Rents  of  assize,  tin-  established  rents  of 
the  freeholders  and  ancient  copyholders  of  a  manor ;  rents 
which  cannot  be  changed, 
assizet  (a-siz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  assized,  ppr. 
assizing.  [<  ME.  assise?i,  <  AF.  assiser,  from  the 
noun :  see  assize,  re.]  It.  In  a  general  sense, 
to  fix ;  appoint. 

Thou  shalt  have  day  and  time  assised. 

Glower,  Conf.  Amant. 

2t.  To  fix  the  rate  of;  assess,  as  taxes. —  3. 
To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price  of,  by  an 
ordinance  or  authoritative  regulation. 

The  liberty  of  assizintj  bread  has  been  used  at  clydcr- 
hou  and  Rochdale  as  annexed  and  belonging  to  the  mar- 
ket and  fair.    Quoted  in  Baines's  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  14. 

assizement  (a-siz'ment),  n.  [<  assize,  v.,  + 
-merit.]  An  inspection  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures, and  of  the  quality  of  commodities,  legal- 
ized by  statute. 

assizer  (a-si'zer),  n.  [<  ME.  assisour  (and  by 
apheresis  sisour,  >  mod.  E.  sizar,  q.  v.),  <  AF. 
assisour,  <  assiser:  see  assize,  v.,  and  -er1,  -or.] 

1.  In  Eng.  hist.,  a  member  of  a  grand  assize 
(which  see,  under  assize). —  2.  In  Scotland,  a 
juror. —  3t.  One  who  had  custody  of  the  assize 
or  standards  of  weight  and  measure ;  one  who 
fixed  the  assize  of  bread  and  ale,  or  other  arti- 
cles of  general  consumption. 

Also  spelled  assizor,  assiser,  assisor. 
assize-sermon  (a-siz'ser"mon),  re.    In  England, 

a  sermon  preached  to  the  judges,  barristers, 

and  others  attending  the  assizes. 
assizor,  ".      See  assizer. 

assobert,  »■  '•  [<  ME.  assobren,  <  L.  as-  for  ad- 
+  LL.  sobriare,  sober:  see  sober,  v.]  To  keep 
or  make  sober. 

And  thus  I  rede,  thou  assobre 
Thyne  herte,  in  hope  of  such  a  grace. 

Govter,  Conf.  Amant.,  vi. 

associability  (a-so-shia-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  associa- 
ble:  see  -biUty'.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  asso- 
ciable. 

The  associability  of  feelings  with  those  of  their  own 
kind,  group  within  group,  corresponds  to  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  nervous  structures  into  great  divisions  ami 
sub-divisions.  II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  11G. 

2.  In  pathol.,  the  property  of  suffering  changes 
by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the  condi- 
tion of  other  parts  of  the  body. 


associate 
associable  (a-so'shia-bl),  <t.    [=F.  associable,  < 

L.  as  if  "associabilis,  <  associarc,  associate:  see 
associate.]  1.  Capable  of  being  joined  or  as- 
sociated; capable  of  forming  part  of  a  com- 
bination or  association. 

Different  classes  of  relations  [feel  observed  to 

be  ri  vivable  in  different  degrees,  which  implies  that,  other 
things  equal,  they  are  associable  in  different  degrees. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  117. 

2.  Capable  of  being  made  an  associate;  com- 
panionable; social. — 3.  In  pathol.,  liable  to  be 
affected  sympathetically,  or  to  receive  from 
other  parts  like  feelings  and  affections. 

associableness  (a-so'shia-bl-nes),  >i.  Associa- 
bility. 

associate  (a-so'shi-at),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  associ- 
ated, ppr.  associating.  [<  L.  associates,  pp.  of 
associare,  join  to,  unite  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  soeiare, 
join,  <  socius,  joined  with,  allied,  following  (as 
a  noun,  a  companion):  see  social.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  confederate,  orthelike;  joinorconnect 
intimately ;  unite ;  combine ;  link :  followed  by 
with  (formerly  sometimes  by  to):  as,  to  asso- 
ciate others  with  us  in  business  or  in  an  enter- 
prise ;  particles  of  earthy  matter  associated  with 
other  substances. 

He  succeeded  in  associating  his  name  inseparably  with 
some  names  which  will  last  as  long  as  our  language. 

Macaulay. 

Just  as  the  older  female  deities  were  associated  in  their 
worship  with  heaven  and  the  heavenly  bodies,  with  seasons 
of  the  year  and  with  sacred  places,  so  is  the  more  modern 
goddess  [the  Virgin  Mary]. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  215. 

2t.  To  keep  company  with ;  attend. 

Friends  should  associate  friends  in  grief  and  woe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

To-morrow  I  will  associate  you  to  court  myself. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  make  an  associate  of;  admit  to  associa- 
tion or  membership  :  with  to :  as,  "he  was  asso- 
ciated to  the  Royal  Academy,"  Southey.  [Rare.] 
—  Associated  functions.    See/unction. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  intercourse ;  bean  as- 
sociate or  associates :  implying  intimacy:  as, 
congenial  minds  are  disposed  to  associate. 

It  was  once  degradation  intensified  for  a  Norman  to  asso- 
date  with  a  Saxon.  -V.  .1.  Rev.,  i'XXXIX.  85. 

2.  To  join  in  or  form  a  confederacy  or  associa- 
tion. 

The  clergy  of  a  district  in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  asso- 
ciated lately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  estimate  of  the 
state  of  religion  within  their  own  limits. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 

3.  In  general,  to  unite,  as  in  action,  with  a 
person  or  thing,  or  to  coexist  in  organic  de- 
pendence, as  the  parts  of  the  body. 

associate  (a-so'shi-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  associa- 
tus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Joined  in  in- 
terest, object  or  purpose,  office  or  employment ; 
combined  together;  joined  with  another  or 
others :  as,  an  associa  te  judge  or  professor ;  "  my 
associate  powers,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  395. —  2.  In 
pathol.,  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy:  as, 
associate  movements,  that  is,  movements  which 
occur  sympathetically,  in  consequence  of  pre- 
ceding motions:  thus,  convergence  of  the  eyes 
is  associated  with  contraction  of  the  pupils. 

II.  n.  1.  A  companion;  one  who  is  on  terms 
of  intimacy  with  another ;  a  mate ;  a  fellow. 

Sole  Eve,  associate  sole,  to  me  beyond 
Compare  above  all  living  creatures  dear ! 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  227. 

2.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business ;  a  con- 
federate; an  accomplice;  an  ally:  as.  "their 
defender  and  his  associates,"  Hooker. —  3.  One 
who  shares  an  office  or  a  position  of  authority 
or  responsibility;  a  colleague  or  coadjutor. — 

4.  One  who  is  admitted  to  a  subordinate  degree 
of  membership  in  an  association  or  institution: 
as.  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  or  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. —  5.  Anything 
usually  accompanying  or  associated  with  an- 
other. 

The  one  [idea]  no  sooner  .  .  .  comes  into  the  under- 
standing than  its  associate  appears  with  it. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  33. 

=Syn.  land  2.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  Comrade, 
Fellow,  Partner,  Ally,  Colleague,  Coadjutor,  Con) 
Associate  i*  tin-  most  general  word  for  persona  who  are  con- 
nected in  life,  work,  etc.;  it  is  special  only  in  suggesting  an 
alliance  of  some  permanence.  Friend  is  themost  general 
word  f,ir  persons  who,  through  communits  of  lifeor  other- 
wise, have  kindly  feelings  toward  each  other.    Compa n, 

literally  a  messmate,  applies  where  the  persons  are  much 
thrown'  together,  but  are  not  united  by  any  stronj 
hence  it  is  not   a  good   synonym   for  husband  or  wife. 
'•  Many  men  may  be  admitted  as  companions  who  would 
not  be  altogether  fit  as  associates,"  Crabb,  Eng.  Synouynies, 


associate 

p.  197.  Comrade  denotes  a  close  companion;  it  implies 
freedom  of  intercourse  and  a  good  degree  of  friendship: 
as,  comrades  ill  arms.  Fellow  has  nearly  lost  its  early 
signification  of  agreeable  companionship,  the  Later  mean- 
ings, having  overshadowed  it :  as.  "a  bettre/eZrcwa  schulde 
men  noght  fynde,"  Chaucer.  Compare  fellow-feeling,  fel- 
low-helper, fellowship.  Fellow  in  this  connection  may 
mean  one  who  naturally  would  he  or  is  a  companion:  as, 
why  do  you  not  yo  with  your  fellowe?  A  partner  is  one 
who  takes  part  with  others,  especially  i"  business  or  in 
any  kind  of  joint  ownership.  Formerly  ally  was  nearly 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  associate,  hut  it  is  now  applied 
chiefly  to  states  or  rulers  in  their  public  capacity  :  as.  the 
allies  in  the  Crimean  war.  A  colleague  is  an  associate  for 
some  specific  purpose  or  in  some  ortice;  it  is,  like  coadju- 
tor, properly  applicable  only  to  one  engaged  in  labor  or 

business  regarded  as  especially  digllitied:  a-.  Senators   A 

and  B  were  colleagues ;  Luther  and  his  coadjutors-.     A  con- 
ite  is  one  somewhat  formally  associated  with  others, 
now  usually,  when  applied  to  private  relations,  for  a  bad 
object.     See  accomplice. 

A  nice  and  subtle  happiness,  I  see, 
Thou  to  thyself  proposest,  in  the  choice 
Of  thy  associates,  Adam !    Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  401. 
Thou  shalt  never  find  a  friend  in  thy  young  years  whose 
conditions  and  qualities  will  please  thee  after  thou  comest 
to  more  discretion  and  judgment.       Raleigh,  To  his  Son. 
One  that  has  well  digested  his  knowledge,  both  of  books 
and  men,  has  little  enjoyment  hut  in  the  company  of  a 
few  select  companions.  Hume,  Essays. 

Thus  he  moved  the  Prince 
To  laughter  and  his  comrades  to  applause. 

Tennyson,  Oeraint. 
I  and  my  fellows 
Are  ministers  of  fate.  Shah.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

Myself  and  other  noble  friends 
Are  partners  in  the  business.         Skak.,  Cymb.,  i.  7. 
The  allies,  after  conquering  together,  return  thanks  to 
God  separately  each  after  his  own  form  of  worship. 

Macaulay,  Gladstone's  Church  and  State, 
The  patricians  prevailed  upon  some  of  the  tribunes  to 
dissent  from  their  colleagues.     J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  534. 
Whose  political  sagacity,  like  that  of  his  illustrious  co- 
adjutor, read  the  fate  and  interests  of  nations. 

Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1S26. 
I  had  forgot  that  foul  conspiracy 
Of  the  beast  Caliban,  and  his  confederates, 
Against  my  life.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

associateship  (a-so'shi-ij.t-ship),  n.  [<  associ- 
ate +  -ship.}  The  position  or  office  of  an  asso- 
ciate.    [Rare.] 

association  (a-so-si-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  associ- 
atinn,  <  ML.  associatio(n-),  a  society,  <  L.  asso- 
ciare,  associate:  see  associate,  v.}  1.  The  act 
of  associating  or  the  state  of  being  associated. 
(a)  Connection  of  persons  or  things ;  union. 

Self-denial  is  a  kind  of  holy  association  with  God. 

Boyle,  Seraphic  Love,  iii. 
There  are  many  objects,  of  great  value  to  man,  which 
cannot  be  attained  by  unconnected  individuals,  but  must 
be  attained,  if  attained  at  all,  by  association. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1S33. 

The  very  common  association  between  seeing  clearly 

and  seeing  narrowly  is  a  law  or  a  frailty  of  our  nature  not 

sufficiently  understood.     Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  135. 

(6)  A  union  or  connection  of  ideas.  See  as- 
sociation of  ideas,  below. 

The  words  which  we  use  are  so  enwrapped  in  an  atmo- 
sphere of  subtle  associations  that  they  are  liable  to  sway 
the  direction  of  our  thoughts  in  ways  of  which  we  are 
often  unconscious.  J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  151. 

2.  An  organized  union  of  persons  for  a  com- 
mon purpose ;  a  body  of  persons  acting  to- 
gether for  the  promotion  of  some  object  of 
mutual  interest  or  advantage ;  a  partnership, 
corporation,  or  society:  as,  the  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science ;  a  political  or 
charitable  association. 

The  old  company  .  .  .  was  able,  with  the  help  of  its 
Tory  friends,  to  prevent  the  rival  association  from  obtain- 
ing similar  privileges.  Macaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 
Articles  of  association  or  incorporation.  See  article. 
—  Association  of  ideas  (an  expression  invented  by 
Locke),  or  mental  association,  in  psychol.,  the  tendency 
of  a  si  usation,  perception,  feeling,  volition,  or  thought  to 
recall  to  consciousness  others  which  have  previously  co- 

i  less  with  it  or  with  states  similar  to 
it.  Thus,  the  name  of  a  friend  is  associated  «  ith  his  per- 
sonal appearance,  age,  place  of  residence,  and  so  on  ;  and 
tie'  sound  oi  the  name  brings  into  consciousness  involun- 
tarily one  or  more  of  these  associated  ideas.  The  special 
lav  '■'  a  ociation,  though  variously  stated  by  psycholo- 
gists, are  usually  admitted  to  be  those  Of  contiguity  and 
similarity;  that  is,  ideas  recall  ideas  which  have  occur- 
red along  with  them,  and  also  those  which  are  similar  to 
them.    These  are  called  flu1  principles  of  objective  and 

silbj.  Cl  te.n.       "the  doctrine  of  association    has 

played  an  important  part  in  the  history  oi  modern  English 
psychology  and  philosophy. 

The  phrase,  intrinsic  and  extrinsic  association,  might  be 
Introduced  very  appropriately  to  distinguish  associations 
founded  on  intrinsic  resemblance  oi  mental  states  from 
tii .\hii-h  merely  imply  the  extrinsic  accident  of  simul- 
taneous occurrence  in  consciousness.  T.  Clarke  Murray. 
Association  philosophy,  the  doctrine  put   forward   by 

11 j,  Hume,  Hartley,  .lame,  Mill,  and  others  that  the 

operations  of  the  mind  are  to  he  explained  chiefly  by  the 

associati ,f  ideas. -Evangelical  Association.  *  See 

evangelical.  -  Free  Religious  Association.  See  .free.— 
Indissoluble  or  Inseparable  association,  an 

tioii  ol    ideas  so  strong  that  we   cannot  think  one  without 

also  thinking  the  other.— Voluntary  association,  in 


350 

law,  a  society  which  is  unincorporated,  but  is  not  a  part- 
nership, in  that  the  members  are  not  agents  for  one  an- 
other, =  Syn.  2.  Combination,  company,  cluh,  lodge,  fra- 
teruity. 

associational  (a-so-si-a'shpn-al),  a.  [<  asso- 
ciation  +  -«/.]  i.  Pertaining  to  an  association. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  psychological  doctrine 
of  association  or  associationism. 

associationalism  (a-so-si-a'shon-al-izrn),  n. 
Same  as  associationism. 

associationalist  (a-so-si-a'shpn-al-ist),  n.  and 
a.     Same  as  assodationist, 

associationism  (a-so-si-a'shon-izin),  n.  [<  as- 
sociation +  -ism.}  1.  The  psychological  theory 
which  regards  the  laws  of  association  as  the 
fundamental  laws  of  mental  action  and  de- 
velopment. See  association  of  ideas,  under  as- 
sociation.—  2.  Same  as  Fouricrism. 
Also  associationalism. 

associationist  (a-so-si-a'shon-ist),  n.  and  a.  [< 
association  +  -is't.}  1.  n.  1.  One  who  advocates 
the  psychological  doctrine  of  associationism. — 
2.  One  who  supports  the  doctrine  of  associa- 
tion advocated  by  Fourier  and  known  as  Fou- 
rit  lism  (which  see). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  associationism,  in  either 
sense  of  that  word. 
Also  associationalist. 

associative  (a-so'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  associate  + 
-ive.~\  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resulting  from  as- 
sociation; capable  of  associating;  tending  to 
associate  or  unite;  characterized  by  associa- 
tion :  as,  "  the  associative  faculty,"  Hugh  Miller. 

Onomatopoeia,  in  addition  to  its  awkwardness,  has 
neither  associative  nor  etymological  application  to  words 
imitating  sounds. 

J.  A.  II.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  In  math.,  applied  to  an  operation  which 
gives  the  same  result  whether  it  first  unites 
two  quantities  A  and  B,  and  then  unites  the 
result  to  a  third  quantity  C,  or  whether  it  first 
unites  B  and  C,  and  then  unites  the  result  to 
A,  the  order  of  the  quantities  being  preserved. 
Thus,  addition  and  multiplication  are  said  to  be  associa- 
tive, on  account  of  the  general  formulas, 

(a  +  b)  +  c  ='a  +  (t,  +  ,) 
(a  x  b)  x  c  =  a  x  (b  x  c). 

In  the  same  sense,  mathematicians  often  use  the  expres- 
sions associative  formula,  associative  principle. — Associa- 
tive algebra,  a  system  of  algebra  in  which  multiplication 
is  associative. 

associativeness  (a-so'shi-a-tiv-nes),  h.  The 
property  of  being  associative,  especially  in  the 
mathematical  sense. 

associator  (a-so'shi-a-tor),  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  associates  or  connects  together. — 
2f.  An  associate  or  partner  in  any  scheme ;  a 
confederate. 

Our  late  assoeiators  and  conspirators  have  made  a  third 
copy  of  the  League.         Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

assoguet,  "•  [<  F.  assogue,  <  Sp.  azogue  (in 
same  sense),  lit.  quicksilver:  see  azogue.}  A 
Spanish  galleon  transporting  quicksilver  to 
America  for  use  in  the  mines. 

assoil1  (a-soil'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  assoilen,  asoilen, 
assoilien,  asoilien,  assoylcn,  etc.,  =  Sc.  assoilzie, 
formerly  assoilyic,  assoilge  (where  Iz,  ij,  ly  rep- 
resent the  F.  II  mouillees),  <  OF.  assoiler,  assau- 
lter, asolier,  also  asoldre,  assoldre,  assoudre,  etc., 
<  L.  absolvere,  absolve,  loosen:  see  absolve,  of 
which  assoil  is  thus  a  doublet.]  If.  To  solve; 
clear  up. 
To  assoil  this  seeming  difficulty. 

Waterland,  Scripture  Vindicated,  iii.  63. 

2.   To  release;  set  free;  acquit;  pardon;   ab- 
solve.    [Archaic.] 
At  my  own  tribunal  stand  assouVd,  Tukc 

To  sonic  bishop  we  will  wend, 
Of  all  the  sins  that  we  have  done, 
To  be  assailed  at  his  hand.       Percy's  Reliques. 

3f.  To  remove ;  dispel. 

Seeking  him  that  should  her  paine  assoyle. 

Spenser,  v.  Q.,  IV.  v.  30. 

assoil2t  (a-soil'),  ' '•  t.  [<  as-1  +  soil1.}  To  soil ; 
stain. 

What  e'er  he  be 
Can  with  unthankfulness  assoil  me,  let  him 
Dig  out  mine  eyes,  and  sing  my  name  iii  verse. 

Fletcher  {ana  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  1. 

assoilmentt  (a-soil'ment),   n.      [<  assoil1  + 

-mini.]  The  act  of  assorting;  absolution.  More. 

assoilyie,  assoilzie   (a-soil'ye),  v.  t.     Scotch 

forms  '■!'  ossoill. 

God  assoilzie  him  for  the  sin  of  bloodshed. 

Scott,  lvanhoe,  II.  vi, 

assonance  (as'o-nans),  «.  [<  F.  assonance  (= 
Sp.  asonancia  =  Pg.  assouanciit),  <  assonant: 
see  assonant,  a.]     1.  Resemblance  of  sounds. 

The  disagreeable  assonance  of  '■sheath"and  "sheathed.*' 

Stccvcns. 


ass  s-ear 

The  combination  of  eadenced  sentences  with  antitheti- 
cal alliteration,  intersprinkled  witli  assonances  of  every 
kind  and  their  inevitable  offspring,  the  uncalled-for  pun, 
was  by  him  [Lyly]  first  introduced  into  English  prose. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  157. 

Homer,  like  Dante  and  Shakespeare,  like  all  who  really 

command  language,  seems  fond  of  playing  with  assonances. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  327. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  pros.,  a  species  of  imper- 
fect rime,  or  rather  a  substitute  for  rime,  espe- 
cially common  in  Spanish  poetry,  consisting 
in  using  the  same  vowel-sound  with  different 
consonants,  and  requiring  the  use  of  the  same 
vowels  in  the  assonant  words  from  the  last 
accented  vowel  to  the  end  of  the  word:  thus, 
man  and  hat,  penitent  and  reticence,  are  exam- 
ples of  assonance  in  English. 

There  are  some  traces  of  the  employment  of  rhyme  and 
assonance  in  mere  popular  literature  at  a  very  remote 
period.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  505. 

3.  Agreement  or  harmony  of  things.     [Rare.] 
=  Syn.  Paronomasia,  etc    SeejTun, 
assonanced  (as'o-nanst),   a.      [<  assonance  + 
-ed2.}     Characterized  by  assonance ;  assonant. 

The  lines  are,  in  the  earlier  examples,  assonanced, — 
that  is  to  say,  the  vowel  sound  of  the  last  syllables  is 
identical,  hut  the  consonants  need  not  agree. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  IX.  638. 

assonant  (as'o-nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  assonant 
(=  Sp.  asonanie  =  Pg.  assonante),  <  L.  asso- 
nan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  assonarc,  sound  to,  respond  to: 
see  assonate  and  sonant.}  I.  a.  1.  Having  a 
resemblance  of  articulate  sounds. 

Landor's  blank  verse  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  terse,  yet  fluent,  as- 
sonant, harmonious.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  46. 

2.  In  pros.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
assonance. 

II.  n.  1.  A  word  resembling  another  in 
sound.  Specifically — 2.  In  pros.,  a  word  form- 
ing an  assonance  with  another  word.  See  as- 
sonance, 2. 

assonantal  (as-o-nan'tal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  assonance;  of  the  nature  of  an  assonant. 

assonantic  (as-o-nan'tik),  a.  Same  as  asso- 
nantal. 

assonate  (as'o-nat),  v.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  asso- 
nated,  ppr.  assonating.  [<  L.  assonare,  sound 
to,  respond  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  sonare,  sound:  seo 
sonant.}  To  correspond  in  sound ;  rime  in  asso- 
nance ;  be  assonant. 

assort  (a-sorf),  v.  [<  late  ME.  assorte,  <  OF. 
assorter  =  Olt.  assortare,  <  ML.  assortarc  (mod. 
F.  assorlir  =  Sp.  asortir  =  It.  assortire,  <  ML. 
as  if  "assortire,  after  L.  sortiri,  cast  lots,  allot, 
distribute,  select:  see  sort,  v.);  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
sor(t-)s,  lot,  condition,  sort:  see  sort.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  classes, 
sorts,  or  kinds  ;  part  into  lots ;  arrange  ;  clas- 
sify: as,  to  assort  goods. —  2.  To  furnish  with  a 
suitable  assortment  or  variety  of  goods  ;  make 
up  of  articles  likely  to  suit  a  demand  :  as,  to 
assort  a  cargo;  " well-assorted  warehouses," 
Burke. — 3.  To  make  of  the  same  sort;  adapt 
or  suit. 

No  way  assorted  to  those  with  whom  they  must  asso- 
ciate. Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  agree  in  sort  or  kind;  be 
accordant  or  matched :  as,  the  two  kinds  assort 
well  or  ill. — 2.  To  associate;  consort. 

Assort  no  mole  with  the  menials  of  the  goddess. 

lUilirer. 

assorted  (a-s6r'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
selected  kinds;  arranged  in  sorts  or  varieties. 

Our  cargo  was  an  assorted  one  ;  that  is,  it  consisted  of 
everything  under  the  sun. 

It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  85. 

2.  Matched;  fitted;  suited:  as,  a  -well-assorted 
pair, 

assortment  (a-s6rt'nient),  n.  [<  assort  +  -mint. 
Cf.  F.  assortment,  <  assorUr.}  1.  The  act  of 
assorting  or  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting. — 2.  A  col- 
lection of  things  assorted:  as,  an  assortment  of 
goods;  "an  assortment  of  paintings,"  (V>.rc. — 

3.  A  class  or  group  into  which  objects  are  as- 
sorteil. 

'those  classes  and  assortments    .   .    .    called   genera  and 

species.   Adam  Smith,  M<>r.  Sent,,  II.  407(1797).  (.v.  B.D.) 

assott  (a-sof),  v.     [<  ME.  assotcn,  <  OF.  assotcr, 

asoter,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  +  sot,  foolish:  see  sot.} 

I.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  infatuated  or  like 

a  fool. 

II.  trans.  To  infatuate  ;  deceive ;  befool. 

Tiiat  monstrous  error  which  doth  some  assott. 

Sycnser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  8. 
aSSOylet,  v.  t.     See  assoil1. 

ass's-ear  (as'ez-er),  n.  A  fine  iridescent  shell, 
Haltotts  asinmus,  used  in  the  manufacture  of 


ass  s-ear 

buttons,  for  inlaying  woodwork,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

ass's-foot  (as'ez-fut),  n.    Same  as  coltsfoot. 

assuade  (a-swad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaded, 
ppr.  assuitding.  [<  L.  as-  for  ad-  +  suadcrc, 
advise:  see  suasion,  and cf. persuade.']  To  pre- 
sent as  advice  ;  urge  persuasively.    N.  E.  D. 

assuage  (a-swaj'),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaged, 
ppr.  assuaging.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  asswage, 
aswage,  and  by  aphevesis  swage ;  <  ME.  asvagi  n, 
aswagen,  <  OF.  asouager,  asuager,  asoager=  Pr. 
assuaviar,  asuaviar,  <  ML.  as  if  *assuaviare,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  stiavis,  sweet:  see  suave  and  sweet. 
Cf.  abridge,  <  L.  aobreviare;  allege",  <  LL.  alle- 
viare,  etc.]  I.  trans.  To  soften,  in  a  figurative 
sense;  allay;  mitigate,  ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain 
or  grief  ;  moderate  ;  appease  or  pacify,  as  pas- 
sion or  tutnult. 

Yet  lie  with  strong  perswasions  her  asswaged, 
And  wonne  her  will  to  sutler  him  depart. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  43. 

Refreshing  winds  the  summer's  heats  assuage. 

Addison. 

For  the  first  time  in  history,  she  [the  church]  inspired 
thousands  to  devote  their  entire  lives,  through  saerifice 
and  danger,  to  the  single  object  of  assuaging  the  suffer- 
ings of  humanity.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  81. 
=  Syn.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitigate,  etc.  (see  alleviate) ;  to 
appease,  mollify,  temper  (see  lists  under  alleviate  and 
allay  i). 

Il.t  intrans.  To  abate  or  subside  ;  grow  less: 
as,  "  let  thin  hert  assuage,"  Grower;  "the  waters 
asswaged,"  Gen.  viii.  1. 

assuagement  ( a-swaj  'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  asuage- 
iiunt,  <  asuager:  see  assuage  and  -ment.~\  1. 
The  act  of  assuaging ;  mitigation ;  abatement. 
Spenser. —  2.  An  alleviative ;  a  sedative. 

assuager  (a-swa/jer),  n.  One  who  assuages  or 
allays ;  that  which  mitigates  or  abates. 

assuasive  (a-swa'siv),  a.  and  n.  [<  as-1  + 
suasive,  as  in  persuasive,  with  reference  to  as- 
suage.] I.  <t.  Softening;  mitigating;  tranquil- 
izing;  soothing.     [Rare.] 

llusic  her  soft  assuasive  voice  applies. 

Pope,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  25. 

II.  ».  A  soothing  medicine  or  application. 
assubjugatet  (a-sub'jo-gat),  v.  t.    [<  as-1  +  sub- 
jugate.]    To  reduce  to  subjugation ;  put  into  a 
low  or  unworthy  position ;  debase.     [Bare.] 

No,  this  thrice  worthy  and  right  valiant  lord 

Must  not  .  .  .  assubjugate  his  merit  .  .  . 

By  going  to  Achilles.    *  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

assuefactiont  (as-we-fak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*assuefactio(n-),  <  assuefacere,  pp.  assuefactus, 
make  accustomed  to,  habituate,  <  assuetm,  pp. 
of  assuescere,  accustom  (see  assuete),  +  facere, 
make.]  The  act  of  accustoming  ;  the  state  of 
being  accustomed ;  use ;  habituation. 

Right  and  left,  as  part  inservient  unto  the  motive  facul- 
ty, are  differenced  by  degrees,  by  use,  and  assue/action. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  6. 

assuetet,  a.  [<  L.  assuetus,  pp.  of  assuescere, 
accustom,  habituate,  <  ad,  to,  +  suescere,  incep- 
tive of  *suere,  be  wont:  see  custom.]  Accus- 
tomed; practised.     Blount. 

assuetudet  (as'we-tud),  n.  [<  L.  assuetudo,  cus- 
tom, <  assuetus,  pp. :  see  assuete.  Cf.  desue- 
tude.]    Custom ;  habit ;  habitual  use. 

Assuetude  of  things  hurtful  doth  make  them  lose  their 
force  to  hurt.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  67. 

assumable  (a-sii'ma-bl),  a.    [<  assume  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assumed  or  taken  for  granted. 
assumably  (a-su'ma-bli),  adv.    As  may  be  as- 
sumed; presumably. 

The  Macfarlane  Highlanders,  who  were  armed  assuma- 
bly with  target  and  broadsword. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  40. 

assume  (a-sum'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  assumed, 
ppr.  assuming.  [<  L.  assumere,  take  to  one's 
self,  take  up,  receive,  accept,  claim,  assume,  < 
ad,  to,  +  sumere,  take,  contr.  from  *subimcrc, 
<  sub,  under,  +  cnicrc,  take,  buy:  see  emptimi, 
emptor,  redeem.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  into  rela- 
tion or  association ;  adopt;  take  in;  admit:  as, 
' '  Enoch  andElias  were  assumed  up  into  heaven," 
Abp.  Abbot.     See  assumption,  5.     [Archaic] 

The  sixth  was  a  young  knight  .  .  .  assumed  into  that 
honourable  company.  Salt. 

2.  To  take  upon  one's  self;  undertake:  as,  to 
assume  the  responsibility  of  a  proceeding;  to 
assume  office ;  to  assume  an  obligation. 

Assume  thy  winged  throne,  thou  Vesper  of  our  throng ! 
Shelley,  Adonais,  st.  46. 
Among  those  subject  kings  whom  the  Assyrians  had 
established  in  Egypt  the  descendants  of  the  first  Necho 
assumed,  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh,  the  position  of  inde- 
pendent sovereigns.   Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  83. 

3.  To  take  or  put  on  one's  self ;  invest  one's 
self  with:  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of  a  mendi- 


351 

cant,  or  the  figure  of  an  animal ;  to  assume  a 
severe  aspect ;  "to  assume  man's  nature,"  Mil- 
ton, P.  L.,  iii.  303. 

They  say  the  devil  can  assume  heaven's  brightness, 

And  si    appt  ;ir  !<•  tempt  us. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  6. 

Caroline  .  .  .  had  persuaded  Mrs.  Pryor  to  assume  her 
bonnet  and  Bummer  shawl,  and  to  take  a  walk  with  her. 
Charlotte  Bronte',  Shirley,  xxi. 

Society  never  assumed  the  military  type  in  England 
which  It  assumed  upon  the  continent. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  123. 

Wheat  quickly  assumes  new  habits  of  life. 

Danvin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  :;;(::. 

4.  To  apply  to  one's  self;  appropriate. 

His  majesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  of  King 
David.  Claremlon. 

His  Holiness  the  1'ope,  by  virtue  of  being  Christ's  Vice- 
gerent upon  earth,  pinusly  assumed  to  himself  a  right  to 
dispose  of  the  territories  of  infidels  as  he  thought  fit. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  68. 

Hastings  had  ceased  to  difference  his  arms  as  a  cadet, 
and  assumed  them  unbroken.  Eneye.  Brit.,  XI.  087. 

5.  To  take  for  granted  or  without  proof;  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  postulate :  as,  to  assume  a  prin- 
ciple in  reasoning. 

Generally  it  may  be  assumed  that  rhetoric  will  not  sur- 
vive the  age  of  the  ceremonious  in  manners  and  the  gor- 
geous in  costume.  Be  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

If  the  step  from  mechanics  to  chemistry  is  known,  has 
been  proved,  and  is  admitted,  that  from  chemistry  to  life 
is  assumed,  and  assumed  without  the  slightest  reason. 

Beale,  Protoplasm,  p.  117. 

6.  To  take  fictitiously;  pretend  to  possess; 
take  in  appearance :  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of 
humility. 

Assume  a  virtue,  if  you  have  it  not. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
7t.  To  claim. 

Like  a  bold  champion  I  assume  the  lists. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  6.  To  affect,  feign,  counterfeit. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  arrogant ;  claim  more  than 
is  due;  presume. 

assumedly  (a-su'rned-li),  adv.  As  is  or  may  be 
assumed  or  taken  for  granted;  presumably. 
assumentt  (a-su'inent),  n.  [<  LL.  assumentiim. 
a  piece  sewed  on,  <  L.  assuere,  sew  on,  <  ad,  to,  + 
suere,  sew,  =  E.  sew,  q.  v.]  A  piece  sewed  on ; 
a  patch ;  an  addition. 

The  assumeni  or  addition  Dr.  Marshall  never  could  find 
anywhere  but  in  this  Anglo-Saxonick  translation. 

J.  Lewis,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Bibles,  p.  9. 

assumer  (a-su'mer),  n.  One  who  assumes;  an 
arrogant  person. 

These  high  assumers  and  pretenders  to  reason.     South. 

To  swear  at  the  mention  of  assumers  and  pretenders  to 
baronetcies.  The  Atlantic,  LII.  365. 

assuming  (a-su'rning),  p.  a.  Taking  or  dis- 
posed to  take  upon  one's  self  more  than  is  just ; 
disposed  to  attribute  to  one's  self  undue  impor- 
tance; haughty;  arrogant. 

His  haughty  looks  and  his  assuming  air 
The  son  of  Isis  could  no  longer  bear.  Dryden. 

A  virtue  that  might  repress  the  most  assuming. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

=  Syn.  Bold,  forward,  presuming,  self-confident. 

assumingt  (a-su'ming),  n.     Presumption. 

The  vain  assunwngs  of  some.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster. 

assumingly  (a-su'niing-li),  adv.  In  an  assum- 
ing manner;  arrogantly. 

assumpsit  (a-sunip'sit),  n.  [L.,  he  undertook; 
third  pcrs.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  assumere,  assume, 
undertake:  see  assume.]  In  law:  (a)  An  no- 
tion lying  for  the  recovery  of  damages  sustained 
through  the  breach  of  a  simple  contract  (that 
is,  a  promise  not  under  seal),  in  which  the 
plaintiff  alleges  that  the  defendant  assumpsit, 
that  is,  promised  or  undertook,  to  perform  the 
act  specified.  In  England  and  in  most  of  the  United 
States  this,  like  the  other  common-law  forms  of  action, 
has  been  superseded  by  statute.  Hence  —  (b)  An  ac- 
tionable promise,  express  or  implied  by  law. 

assumptt  (a-sumpf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  assumptus,  pp. 
of  assumere,  take  up:  see  assume.]  1.  To  take 
up;  raise.     See  assume,  v.  t.,  1. 

She  was  assumpted  into  the  cloud. 

Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

2.  To  assume,  as  a  proposition  or  premise. 
Supposition  assumpted  is  when  a  manifest  supposition 

is  assumpted  to  prove  another  thing  withal,  as  .  .  .  the 
disputer  will  assumpt  this  assertion,  which  saith  that  of 
false  things  there  is  no  certain  knowledge,  and  truth  is 
not  known  but  of  true  things.  BlundeviUe,  1619. 

3.  To  assume,  as  a  property,  attribute,  etc. 

I  do  grant  it  to  be  Christ's  true  body  and  llesh  by  a  prop- 
erty of  the  nature  assumpted  to  the  Godhead  ;  yea,  and  we 
do  really  eat  and  drink  His  flesh  and  blood  after  a  certain 
real  property. 
Ridley,  in  R.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi.,  note. 


assurance 

4.  To  take  to  one's  self ;  put  on  ;  assume. 

And  assumpted,  or  tooke  t"  his  Anns  ...  a  Crosse  sil- 
ver, in  a  held  vert.      Bossewell,  Armorie,  p.  22.    (S.  K.  D.) 

assumptt  (a-sumpf),  n.  [<  L.  assumptum,  neut. 
of  assumptus,  pp.,  assumed:  sic  assuiiigt,  v.] 
That  which  is  assumed;  an  assumption. 

The  sum  of  all  your  assumpts. 

Chillingworth,  Relig.  of  Protestants,  i.  1. 

assumption  (a-sump'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  assump- 
cioun,  assumptioun  (of  the  Virgin  Mary),  <  ML. 
assumptio'n-),  a  taking  up  (into  heaven);  L.,a 
taking  up,  adoption,  the  minor  proposition  of 
asyllogism;  <  assumere,  pp.  assumptus,  take  up, 
etc. :  see  assume.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's 
self;  a  taking  upon  one's  self;  undertaking. 

Since  the  Assumption  of  our  flesh,  we  know  what  shape 
to  picture  God  in.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  55. 

An  assumption  of  power  not  conferred  by  the  Constitu- 
tion and  laws.      D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing 
without  proof;  supposition. 

The  assumption  of  a  final  cause  in  the  structure  of  each 
part  of  animals  and  plants  is  as  inevitable  as  the  assump- 
tion of  an  efficient  cause  for  every  event. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  p.  105. 

3.  The  thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  propo- 
sition assumed. 

Let  well-weighed  considerations,  not  stiff  and  peremp- 
tory assumptions,  guide  thy  discourses. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  3. 

In  fact,  the  putting  of  limits  to  human  conception  must 
always  involve  the  assumption  that  our  previous  experi- 
ence is  universally  valid  in  a  theoretical  sense  ;  an  assump- 
tion which  we  have  already  seen  reason  to  reject. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  156. 

4.  In  logic,  the  minor  premise  in  a  categorical 
syllogism. 

Still  more  objectionable  are  the  correlative  terms  prop- 
osition and  assumption  as  synonymous  for  the  major  and 
minor  premises.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

[This  use  of  the  word,  originating  with  Cicero  (Latin  08- 
8umptio),waa  revived  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  com- 
mon in  modern  Latin,  but  is  rare  in  English.] 

5.  The  taking  up  of  a  person  into  heaven; 
specifically,  the  traditional  anticipated  resur- 
rection or  bodily  taking  up  into  heaven  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  after  her  death,  celebrated  by  the 
Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Oriental  churches 
by  the  feast  of  the  Assumption  on  the  15th  of 
August. — 6.  Adoption,  or  making  use  of. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psalms  of  our  liturgy  were 
chiefly  consulted  and  copied  by  the  perpetual  assumptions 
of  their  words  and  combinations. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  172. 

7.  In  law,  the  agreement  of  the  transferee  of 
property  to  pay  obligations  of  the  transferror 
which  are  chargeable  on  it. — 8.  A  conceited 
disposition,  characterized  by  a  tendency  to 
claim  more  than  is  one's  due;  presumption. 

The  priest,  however  arrogant  his  assumption,  makes  a 
civil  salute.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 

Arms  of  assumption.  See  arm-,  7,  and  assumptive 
arms,  under  assumptive.  —  Assumption  clause.  See 
clause.— Deed  Of  assumption,  in  Scots  law,  a  deed  exe- 
cuted by  trustees  under  a  trust  deed  or  deed  of  settlement, 
assuming  a  new  trustee  or  trustees.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Con- 
jecture, hypothesis,  theory,  postulate.— 8.  Pride,  Pre- 
sumption, etc.  (see  arrogance);  ofiiciousness,  forwardness, 
self-confidence,  self-conceit,  face. 
assumptioUS  (a-sump'shus),  a.  [<  assumption  + 
-ous.  Ct. presumptuous.]  Assuming;  presump- 
tuous.    [Rare.] 

assumptive  (a-sunip'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  assumpUvus, 
taken  in  addition,  <  assumptus,  pp.  of  assumere, 
take,  assume:  see  assume.]  1.  Capable  of  be- 
ing assumed ;  assumed. 

Writing  under  an  assumptive  character. 

Wycherly,  Plain  Dealer,  Pref. 
2.  Marked  or  characterized  by  assumptions. 

Trivial,  scholastic,  and  assumptive  methods. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  312. 

Assumptive  arms,  in  her. :  (a)  Formerly,  arms  not  pa- 
ternal, assumed  in  consequence  of  an  exploit.  (6)  Now, 
arms  which  a  person  has  a  right,  with  the  approbation  of 
his  sovereign  and  of  the  heralds,  to  assume,  (c)  Armorial 
bearings  improperly  assumed.  [Rare  in  last  use.J  Also 
called  arms  of  assumption. 

assumptively  (a-snmp'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  as- 
sumptive or  assumed  manner;  by  way  of  as- 
sumption. 

assurable  (a-shor'a-bl),  a.  [<  assure  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assured;  suitable  for  insur- 
ance :  as,  an  assurable  property. 

assurance  (a-shiir'ims).  ii.     [<ME.  assuraunee, 

<  OF.  asseuirance,  F\  assurance  =  Sp.  aseguran- 
za  =  It.  assecuranza  (=  E.  assecurance,  q.  v.), 

<  ML.  assecurantia,  <  assecurare,  assure:  see 
assure  and  -a nee.]  1.  The  act  of  assuring;  a 
formal  or  earnest  statement  intended  to  pro- 
duce belief  or  conviction ;  a  positive  declara- 
tion intended  to  give  confidence :  as,  I  trusted 
to  his  assurances. 


assurance 

night  rue  the  full  twsuranca  of  your  faith. 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  iv.  3. 
2.  Pledge:  guaranty;  surety. 

You  should  procure  him  better  assurance  than  Bar- 
dolph;  he  would  aot  take  his  bond  and  yours;  he  liked 
not  tlie  security.  Shak.,  '..  Men.  IV.,  1.  j. 

3f.  Affiance;  betrothal. 

The  day  ol  their  assurance  drew  nigh. 

Sir  /'.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

I  am  sure 
I  never  courted  you,  nor  gave  you  tnkens 
That  might  concern  assuranct 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iii.  1. 

4.  In  l<ur,  documentary  evidence  of  the  title 
or  right  of  possession  of  property. —  5.  Insur- 
ance: a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  on 
the  occurrence  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or 
death. 

Recent  writers  have  sought  to  establish  distinctions  ot 
a  novel  character  between  them  [assurance  and  insuran  ■ 

One  of  these  is  ttiat  a  person  insures  his  life,  his  house,  or 

his  ships,  ami  the  office  assures  to  him  in  each  ot  these 
.  a-  -  a  sum  of  money  payable  in  certain  contingencies. 
Another  is  that  assurance  represents  the  principle  and 
insurance  the  practice.  Encyc,  Brit.,  XIII.  169. 

6.  Certain  proof;  clear  evidence ;  positive  dem- 
onstration; undeniable  grounds  for  belief  or 
trust;  assuredness. 

U  hereof  he  hath  given  assurance  unto  all  men,  in  that 
he  hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xvii.  31. 

A  form,  indeed, 
Where  every  end  did  seem  to  set  his  seal, 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  a  man 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
I  feel  desires 
That  give  assurance  of  their  own  success. 
And  that,  infus'd  from  Heav'n,  must  thither  tend. 

Coyjper,  The  Task,  v. 
A  brightness,  like  that  of  the  eyes  of  some  smaller  ani- 
mals, which  gives  assurance  of  life,  but  of  a  life  foreign 
and  unintelligible.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  44. 

7.  Firm  persuasion;  full  confidence  or  trust; 
freedom  from  doubt ;  certain  expectation ;  the 
utmost  certainty. 

Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart,  in  full  assurance  of 
faith.  Heb.  x.  22. 

I'll  make  assurance  double  sure, 
And  take  a  bond  of  fate.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

There  have  prevailed  very  widely  .  .  .  among  mankind 
the  sad  tradition  of  a  lost  or  forfeited  life  of  perfection 
and  happiness,  and  a  dim  expectation  or  the  firm  assur- 
ance of  a  future  life  of  perfection  and  happiness. 

Xaudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  197. 

Especially  —  8.  Firmness  of  mind;  undoubting 
steadiness;  intrepidity;  courage. 

Brave  men  meet  danger  with  assurance.  Knclles. 

He  is  wanting  in  neither  personal  courage,  assurance, 
nor  promptitude,  but  he  abuses  these  virtues  by  using 
them  in  the  service  of  vice. 

P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  31. 

9.  Freedom  from  timidity  or  bashfulness;  laud- 
able confidence ;  self-reliance. 

Conversation  with  the  world  will  give  them  knowledge 
and  assurance.  Locke. 

I  have  been  often  surprised  that  you,  who  have  seen  so 
much  of  the  world.  .  .  .  could  never  yet  acquire  a  requi- 
site share  of  assurance. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

10.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence:  as,  his  as- 
nurinii-f  is  intolerable. 

Iumi'.i   rati   "    i/rance  is  perfect  licentiousness. 

Shenstone. 

I  pon  my  soul,  .lack,  thou  art  a  very  impudent  fellow! 
to  do  you  justice,  I  think  1  never  saw  a  piece  of  uinre  con- 
summate assurance!  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
Chamber  of  assurance.  Sec  chamber.—  Collateral 
assurance.  See  •■■■lint, nil.  -Common  assurances. 
3eecommon.  -  Further  assurance.  Seefurther.  =Syn. 
2.  Pledge,  etc.  See  promise.  10.  Effrontery,  presump- 
tion. 
assure  (a-shftr'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  assured,  ppr, 
as  uriiuj.  K  ME.  tissnreit,  asiimi,  asscuren,  < 
OP.  aseiirer,  mod,  F.  assurer  =  Pr.  assegurar  — 
Sp.  asegurar  =  Pg.  assegurar  =  It.  asseeurare (== 
E.  tissteun;  (|.  v. ),  <  II  L.  nsst  euritrc,  assure,  <  L. 
ml.  in,  +  Stearns  (>  OF.  set/iir,  stiir),  secure, 
sure:  see  secure,  sure.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
soil-  .0-  certain;  convince  or  make  confident, 
asbj  a  promise,  declaration,  or  other  evidence: 

a-,  to  tissun   a  person  of  one's  favor  or  love. 

It  i  i  idle  to  propose  re [ii  /  of 

tdi  disease.  il     [Relic "" 

I  i    a  i  i  i  privili        -    a  Christian  to  1 wed  that 

the  Lord   'iii  do  this  or  that  Individual  thing  for  him. 

C.  Mather,  .Mag.  Chris.,  iv.  l. 
\nil    for  I  am  a  man.  I  dare  nol  do 
i.i nl  -  work  until  assured  I  Bee  with  God. 

Broumi/ng,  Ring  ami  Book,  I.  94. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly- to;  assert  earnestly  to; 
endeavor  to  convince  by  assertion :  as,  1  assure 

you  I  am  speaking  the  truth. 

1  dan  i'    ""  tin '  thai  on  enemy 
shall  evi  i'  take  alive  tin-  noble  i 

Shak.,  .1.  i'.,  v.  4. 

They  are  recommended  by  people  of  consequence,  I  as. 

sure  you.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1 


352 

3.  To  secure  or  confirm ;  make  sure  to  be  or  to 
continue;  give  certainty  or  stability  to:  as,  to 
assure  a  person's  position  or  possessions. 

This  shall  assure  my  constant  Loyalty. 

Shah.,  :t  lien.  VI.,  iii.  3. 
My  penance  bath  not  slacken'd,  though  my  pardon 
v.  way  assured.  Muton,  S.  A.,  1.  7S9. 

Sn  irresistible  an  authority  cat t  be  reflected  on  with- 
out tin  n ii ist  awful  reverence,  even  by  those  whose  piety 
assures  its  favour  to  them.  //.  Rogers. 

4.  To  free  from  obscurity,  ambiguity,  or  un- 
certainty. 

So  reas, mi's  glimmering  ray 
Was  lent,  not  to  assure  our  doubtful  way, 
but  guide  us  upward  to  a  better  day. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laid. 

5.  To  embolden;  make  confident. 

Ami  hereby  we  .  .  .  shall  assure  our  hearts  before  him. 

1  John  iii.  19. 
6t.  To  affiance ;  betroth. 

This  drudge,  or  diviner,  laid  claim  to  me;  called  me 
Dromio;  Bwore  1  was  assured  to  her. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  'J. 

7.   To  insure,  as  against  loss.  =  Syn.  Insure.  Assure 

(see  insure);  to  asseverate  to,  encourage,  vouch  to,  warrant. 

II. t  inlriiiis.    1.   To  confide;  trust. 

Therfore  as  frend  fullych  in  me  assure. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  6S0. 

2.  To  promise ;  pledge  one's  self.     Chaucer. 
assured  (a-shord'),j>. a.     1.  Certain;  sure;  in- 
dubitable; undoubted:  as,  "an  assured  experi- 
ence," Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

We  dare  not  leave  his  fortunes, 

Though  most  assured  death  hung  round  about  us. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
In  history,  as  in  tragedy,  the  master's  hand  has  not  yet 
come  to  its  full  stretch  and  skill ;   its  touch  is  not  yet 
wholly  assured,  its  work  not  yet  wholly  blameless. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  50. 

2.  Bold  ;  confident ;  self-possessed. 

He  looked  frank,  unconstrained,  something  assured,  but 
not  bordering  upon  assurance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  15. 

He  .  .  .  came  forth  with  an  assured  air  and  bade  defi- 
ance to  the  messenger.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

3t.  Affianced.  Shak. —  4.  Insured;  having  one's 
life  or  goods  insured. 

assuredly  (a-shor'ed-li),  adv.  1.  Certainly;  in- 
dubitably. 

Assuredly  Solomon  thy  son  shall  reign.  1  Ki.  i.  13. 

2.  With  assurance ;  confidently ;  impudently. 
The  more 
Actions  of  depth  and  danger  are  considered, 
The  less  assuredly  they  are  performed. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

assuredness  (a-shor'ed-nes),  »i.  The  state  of 
being  assured;  certainty;  full  confidence. 

assurer  (a-shor'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  assures,  or  gives  assurance  ;  specifically, 
an  insurer  or  underwriter. —  2.  One  who  takes 
out  a  policy  of  insurance ;  one  who  is  assured. 

assurgency   (a-ser'jen-si),  n.     [<  assurgent.] 
The  tendency  or  disposition  to  rise.     [Rare.] 
The  continual  assurqencv  of  the  spirit  through  the  body. 
Coleridge,  Lit.  Kern.  (1839),  IV.  167. 

assurgent  (a-ser'jent),  a.  [<  L.  assurgen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  assurgere,  rise  up,  ascend,  <  ad,  to,  + 
surgere,  rise:  see  surge.']  Kising;  ascending. 
Specifically —  (it)  In  her.,  applied  to  a  bearing  when  de- 
picted as  rising  out  of  the  sea,  as  the  sun.  (b)  In  hot., 
rising  in  a  curve  to  an  erect  position ;  ascending.  Also 
adsurgent.  —  Assurgent  leaves,  haves  hist  bent  down, 
but  rising  erect  toward  the  apex. 

assuringly  ( a-shor'ing-li),  adp.  In  an  assuring 
mat r;  in  a  way  to  give  confidence. 

asswaget,  v.    An  old  spelling  of  assuage. 

Assyrian  (a-sir'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  E.  Assyrius, 
<  llv.  'Arm-,/'.'.'  .,  pertaining  to  'Aoctvpia,  Assyria.] 
1.   n.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  Assyria  or  to  ils 

inhabitants Assyrian  architecture,  tin   most  Ini 

portaiit  branch  of  the  architecture  ol  Mesopotamia,  de- 
veloped in  Assyria  during  the  period  ol  Its  supremacy.  Its 
chief  monuments  were  the  royal  palaces   which  were  ol 

US  extent,  and  constructed  of  massive  walls  of  snn- 

dried  brick  on  greal ndsofclaj  of  which  they  have  now 

i  Irtuallj  become  a  part,  owing  t"  the  disintegrating  Influ- 
ence of  time  ami  the  elements  upon  their  friable  mate- 
rials.   They  were  never  more  than  one  Or  two  stories  high. 

owing  to  the  limited  enduram (  the  unbaked  bricks  and 

ted  chiefly  of  corridors  and  lone,  narrow  haUs,  either 

an  hid  over  with  brick  or  closed  in  with  ceilings  of  w I 

and  Surrounding  Open  courts.     The  entrances  were  ol  lm 

I  losing  height  and  width,  ornamented  with  colossal  stone 
figures  of  winged  human-headed  hulls  or  lions,  or  other 
mythological  conceptions.  The  interior  walls  were  com- 
monly b 1  with  a  revetment  of  sofl  alaba  i<  r  slabs,  on 

wini  h  wctc  carved  in  low  relief  the  remarkable  scries  of 
sculptures  which  have  preserved  the  record  of  Assyrian 
triumphs,  character,  and  eusti.tus.  Color  in  Bomewhat 
sni  n  I  in  1 1  tints  was  generally  employed  upon  the  sculptures 

and  the  wall- spaces.  The  temple,  in  Assyria,  was  sub- 
ordinate to  the  palace,  the  opposite  being  the  case  in  Baby- 
lonia. Assyrian  art,  one  of  the  later  branches  "f  tfeso- 
potamian  art,  parallel  to  the  later  Babylonian,  Its  most 
characteristic  manifestation  is  presented  in  its  lavish 
sculptured  architectural  decoration  iti  low  relief.     In  its 


Astacidae 

flrst  period,  culminating  in  the  ninth  century  B.  C,  if  dis- 
played ureal  vigor  and  truth  in  its  interpretation  of  nature. 
particularly  in  its  portrayal  of  animal  forms.  Later  it  Buf- 
fered a  decline  until  the  close  of  Assyrian  Bupremacj    in 

ward  the  end  of  the  seventh  Century  B.  ('.  Its  human 
flgurea  never  have  the  life  and  force  of  its  animals,  hut  are 


Assyrian  Sculpture. 

Relief  from  Koyunjik,  in  the  lintish  Museum.     King  Assur-bani-pal 

pouring  a  libation-     About  625  B.  C. 

heavy  and  conventional.  It  is  marked  by  great  minuteness 
of  detail,  ornaments,  texture  of  fabrics,  etc.,  being  care- 
fully rendered.  In  metal-work  of  all  kinds  the  Assyrian 
craftsmen  took  a  high  place,  anil  they  excelled  also  in 
gem-engraving. 

II.  )i.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Assy- 
ria, an  ancient  country  of  Asia,  east  of  the  river 
Tigris,  long  at  the  head  of  the  powerful  As- 
syrian empire,  including  Babylonia  and  other 
neighboring  countries. —  2.  The  language  of 
the  Assyrians,  which  has  been  preserved  by 
and  largely  recovered  from  their  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  See  cuneiform. 
Assyriological  (a-sir''i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Assyriology. 
The  latest  results  of  Assyriological  research. 

Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  343. 

Assyriologist  (a-sir-i-ol'o-jist),  ».  [<  Assyri- 
ology  +  -ist.]  A  student  of  Assyriology;  one 
versed  in  Assyriology. 

Assyriologue'(a-sir'i'-o-log),  n.  _[=F.  Assyrio- 
Inguc,  <  Gr.  'Aaavpia  +  -A6yoc,  <  Aiyuv.  see  As- 
syriology.]    An  Assyriologist. 

Assyriology  (a-sir-i-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Gr.  'Aaavpia  + 
-Tuoyia,  <  Aeyeiv,  speak :  see-OeO<7y.]  Thescienc6 
of  Assyrian  antiquities  ;  that  branch  of  know- 
ledge which  includes  the  history,  language, 
etc.,  of  ancient  Assyria. 

assytht,  n.    -A  Scotch  form  of  asseth. 

assythment  ■  a-slTH'ment),  ».  [So.,  also  by 
apheresis  sithement,  <  assyth,  sithe,  +  -nient.] 
In  -Scot's  law,  an  in- 
demnification due 
from  a  person  guilty 
of  murder  to  the 
heirs  of  the  person 
murdered.  Where  the 
criminal  has  suffered  flic 
penalty  of  the  law,  no 
claim     for     assythment 

lies. 

-ast.  [<  Gr.  -aoTr/r, 
<  -iK'ir,  after  -i-, 
equiv.  to  -lorr/r,  < 
-ijir:  see  -ist,  -,„-(•.] 
A  suffix  of  Greek 
origin,  occurring  in- 
stead of  -ist  after  -/-, 
as  in  rliiliust,  i  utlill- 
smsf.  etc. 

astacian  (as-ta'- 
shian),  n.  [<  Asta- 
eus  +  -inn.]  Aft  ani- 
mal of  the  genus 
Astacus  or  family 
Astaeidce,  as  a  craw- 
fish or  Lobster. 

astacid(as'ta-sid).m. 
i  bio  nf  the  Aslacitla: 

Astacidae  (as-tas'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  |NU,  < 
Astacus  +  -«/'(.]  A 
family  of  macrurous 
decapod  crustaceans  pterocardiac  do. 
represented  by  the   ? 


crawfish  and  lobster. 
Among  fluviatile  forms, 
the  best  known  arc  As- 
turns  and  Ctiwba rits,  the 
former  containing  the 
river-crawfish,  A.  jluria- 
litis,  and  the  latter  nu- 
merous species  of  North 


Structure  of  the  Crawfish  I  Astacus). 

/,  //.  ///.'lei Hit  It,  SI     ODd,    eel 

third  somites  .  <  .  heart ;  o.  membra- 

i 5  part  of  stomach;  lf\  l.ihriim  ;  /, 

tiima  ;  c,  cardiac  ossicle;  fit, 
.uroc.irili.ii  1 ".: 
o.;  /,  cardlo-f 

loril    valve;  fit.  inferior  pyloric  va|. 

vul.ir  apparatus;    tH,  .interior  g.istnc 

tnuscle ;  »»/*.  Insertion  of  p  istenoi  I  ->  : 
/. .  procephalii  process  ;  *,  opening 
of  hepatic   duet;  :.  pyloric  caecum; 

,  i-,  Intestine;  C".  testis,  en  .  ten", 
vasdeferens;  a  o,  ophtlialniu  artery; 
a  a,  antennary  do.;  ah,  hepatic  do./, 
as,  sternal  •!"-;  "A  superior  abdomi- 
nal do.;  b,  cerebral  ganglia  ;  Ji'.azy- 
gous  visceral  nerve. 


Astacidae 

America,  among  them  the  blind  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  C.pi'Huridiis.  The  lohster  is  Ilomarns  inariiiiis,  or 
//.  amerieanus.  Nephrops  is  anothergenus  of  tliis  family. 
See  cut  under  Astacus. 

Astacina  (as-ta-si'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -ina.]  A  group  oi'  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans corresponding  more  or  less  nearly  with 
Astacini  or  Astacidte. 

astacine  (as'ta-sin),  a.  and  n.     [<  Astacus  + 
-mi  1. 1     I.  it.  Having  the  characters  of  a  craw- 
fish; pertaining  to  the  Astacidce. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Astacidw,  as  a  crawfish. 

The  problem  whether  the  crustacean  in  question  was  a 
marine  Astacine  or  a  true  Homarine  might  In-  ray  hard 

1. 1  solve.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  vi. 

Also  astacoid. 
Astacini  (as-ta-si'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -ini.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  third  section  of  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  a  number  of  forms  now 
distributed  in  several  families  and  at  least  two 
suborders.  His  subsection  of  the  same  name  corre- 
sponds more  nearly  to  the  modern  family  Astacidce  (which 

sec). 

astacite  (as'ta-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aoraicdc,  a  lob- 
ster, a  crawfish,  +  -ite2.]  A  petrified  or  fossil 
crawfish,  or  other  similar  erustaceous  animal. 
Also  ustacolite. 

astacoid  (as'ta-koid),  «.  and  n.  [<  Astacus  + 
-aid.]     Same  as  astacine.     Huxley. 

Astacoidea  (as-ta-koi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
tacus  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  group  or  series 
of  macrurous  decapod  crustaceans. 

astacolite  (as-tak'o-lit).  n.  [<  Gr.  aoTandc,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish, '+  X&oq,  a  stone.]  Same  as 
astacite. 

Astacus  (as'ta-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dora/coY,  a 
lobster,  a  craw-fish.]     The  typical  genus  of  the 


Astarte  sulcata. 


P 


/./'. 


■  and  posterior  pedal 
muscle. 


River-Crawfish  {Astacusjlicviatiiis).   (From  Huxley's  "  Crayfish.") 

family  Astacidw,  and  one  of  the  two  leading 
genera  of  fluviatile  crawfishes,  the  other  being 
Cambarus. 

astarboard  (a-star'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  a'i  +  starboard.']  At  or  to  the  starboard  or 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship  when  looking  forward. 

astare  (a-star'),  ]irep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  o3 
+  stared.']     Staring. 

astartt  (a-starf),  v.  [<  ME.  asterten,  asteorten, 
asturten,  startle,  start  up,  escape,  <  a-  (<  AS.  a-) 
+  sterten,  etc.,  start:  see  a-1  and  start1.']  I. 
traits.  1.  To  escape;  escape  from. 

Every  tere  which  that  Creseyde  asterte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1070. 

2.  To  cause  to  start ;  startle. 

No  daunger  there  the  shepheard  can  astert. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  Nov. 

II.  intraus.  1.  To  start  up. 

Out  of  her  bed  she  did  astart, 
As  one  with  vew  of  ghastly  feends  affright. 

.Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  29. 
2.  To  be  escaped  from. 

She  hadde  the  herte, 
And  who  hath  that  may  not  asterte. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1153. 

Astarte  (as-tar'te),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'AarapTr/, 
representing  Phen.  Ashtareth:  see  Ashtoreth.] 

1.  The  principal  female  divinity  of  the  Pheni- 
cians,  properly  a  chaste  deity,  goddess  of  the 
moon  or  of  the  heavens,  but  frequently  con- 
founded with  the  unchaste  Ashera.  She  was  the 
same  as  the  Assyrian  Istar.  Also  called  Ashtorctli  (Ash- 
tareth, Astoreth),  and,  incorrectly,  Ashtoruth  (Ashtaroth),  a 
plural  form  of  Ashtareth. 

Mooned  Ashtaroth, 
Heaven's  queen  and  mother  both. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  200. 
With  these  in  troop 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  call'd 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  439. 

2.  The  moon. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent, 
Distinct  with  its  duplicate  horn. 

Poe,  Ulalunie. 
23 


353 

3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  formerly  of 
great  extent  anil  referred  to  a  family  <  'yprimda, 
now  restricted  and  made 
the  type  of  a  family  Astar- 
liiln . 
Astartidae  (as-Uir'ti-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Astarte,  3,  + 
-iilir.]  In  some  systems  of 
zoological  classification,  a 
family  of  dimyarian  bi- 
valves, with  solid  equal 
valves,  an  external  liga- 
ment, cardinal  teeth,  and 
also  lateral  teeth  on  each 
valve,  tin'  pallial  line  en- 
tire, the  muscular  scars  ovate,  and  a  distinct 
pedal  scar  above  the  anterior  muscular  one. 
rhc  typical  species  are 
chiefly  inhabitants  of  the 
northern  seas,  but  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family  are 
found  in  most  other  seas. 

Astasia  (as-ta'si-a), 
n.  [NL.,<Gr.  doraa/a, 
unsteadiness,  incon- 
stancy, <  aararoc,  un- 
steady: see  astatic.] 
A  genus  of  eustoma- 
tous  flagellate  inf  uso- 
rians,  typical  of  the 
family  Astasiida;  hav- 
ing a  distinct  tubular 
pharynx.  It  contains  such  species  as  A.  tri- 
chophora,  found  in  marsh-water. 

astasiid  (as-tas'i-id),  n.  An  infusorian  of  the 
family  Astasiida;. 

Astasiidae  (as-ta-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Astasia 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  animalcules,  mostly  free- 
swimming,  exceedingly  plastic  and  variable  in 
form,  bearing  a  single  terminal  flagellum,  and 
having  the  oral  aperture  distinct  and  the  endo- 
plasm  colorless. 

astatet,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  estate. 

astatic  (as-tat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aerator,  not  stand- 
ing still,  unstable,  unsteady,  <  d-priv.  +  rrrardf, 
verbal  adj.  of  iardvai,  stand :  see  o-18  and  static] 
1.  Unstable;  unsteady. 

The  house  was  rested,  at  each  of  its  piers,  upon  a  hand- 
ful of  cast-iron  shot,  each  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.   By  this  means  the  building  has  been  made  astatic. 
Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  506. 

Hence — 2.  In  phys.,  having  no  tendency  to 
take  a  definite  (fixed)  position ;  without  direc- 
tive power  :  used  especially  of  a  magnetic  nee- 
dle whose  directive  property  has  been  neutral- 

jsa ized.    A  needle  may 

JV.  c^^^j^p^h    ■?!>—  'g    be   rendered   astatic 

_,  in  various  ways,  but 
A- '  —r-^     iJ|s  ^^=-"-  most  simply  by  the 

proximity  of  another 
needle  of  thesanie  in- 
tensity fixed  parallel 
to  it,  and  with  the 
poles  reversed,  the 
north  pole  of  the  one 
being  adjacent  to  the 
south  pole  of  the 
other.  In  this  posi- 
tion the  needles  neu- 
tralize each  other, 
and  are  therefore  un- 
r  affected  by  the  mag- 
netism of  the  earth, 
though  they  are  still 
subject  to  the  influ- 
ence of  an  electric  current  properly  situated.  Such  nee- 
dles were  formerly  employed  in  the  electric  telegraph,  and 
they  form  an  essential  part  of  the  astatic  galvanometer. 
astatically  (as-tat  i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  astatic 
manner. 
astaticism(as-tat'i-sizm),  n.  [<  astatic  +  -ism.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  astatic. 

The  nominal  sensitiveness  of  a  galvanometer  can  he  in- 
creased to  any  extent  by  increasing  the  astaticism  of  the 
needle.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  00. 

astatize  (as'ta-tiz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  astatizt  it. 
ppr.  astatieirig,  [<  astat-ic  +  -fee.]  To  rendei 
astatic. 

The  deflexion  of  a  properly  astatized  needle  suspended 
inside  the  globe.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  267. 

astatizer  (as'ta-ti-zer),  ii.  A  device  for  ren- 
dering the  needle  of  a  galvanometer  astatic. 

astay  (a-sta'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a8 
+  stayl.]  Naut.,  said  of  the  anchor  when,  in 
heaving  in,  the  cable  forms  such  an  angle  with 
the  surface  of  the  water  as  to  appear  to  be  in  a 
line  with  the  stays  of  the  ship. 

asteatodes  (as-te-a-to'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  trrearud^r,  like  tallow  or  fat,  <  areap 
(arear-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  eldor,  form.]  Same  as 
asteatosis. 

asteatosis  (as-te-a-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  ariap  (ortar-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  -osis.] 


Astatic  Needles. 


asteriated 

In  pafhol.,  defective  secretion  of  sebaceous 
matter  by  the  glands  of  the  skin. 

asteer  (a-ster'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Sc., 
=  astir,  q.  v.]  In  or  into  a  state  of  stir;  star- 
ring.    [Scotch.] 

asteism  (as'te-izm),  u.  [<  Gr.  aareiaii6c,  clever 
talk,  <  aorei&odai,  talk  cleverly,  <  doTeeof.clever, 
witty,  lit.  of  the  town,  <  ann;  (own.     Cf.  Civil. 

<  L.  cwis,  :i  citizen  ;  urbane,  <  L.  urbs,  a  eity.J 
In  rlu  I.,  polite  irony;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
manner  <<(  deriding  another. 

astel  (as'tel ),  ».  [<  ML.  osteite,  <  <  >F.  osteite  = 
Pr.  astela,  <  L.  "asteUa,  fur  astula,  a  form  of 
assula,  a  thin  board,  a  shingle,  dim.  of  assis,  a 
board:  see  ashler.]  A  ceiling  of  boards  over- 
head in  a  mining-drift,  designed  to  protect  the 
men  wlttu  at  work  from  falling  rocks.     [Eng.] 

aster1  (as'ter),  ii.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'mr/,,',  a  star  (also 
a  plant,  prob.  Aster  Atticus :  cf.  acsrpov  (>  L.  as- 
I  in  in),  a  star,  a  constellation,  usually  in  pi. 
doT/)o,  tlie  stars),  =  E.  star,  q.  v.]  If.  A  star. 
[Kare.] — 2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Aster. — 3. 
[cop.]  [NL.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Composites,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America,  but  chiefly  of  North  America,  about 
1120  species  occurring  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  mostly  perennial,  flowering  in  late  summer  and 
autumn,  on  which  account  they  are  often  called  in  Eng- 
land Michaelmas  or  Christmas  daisies.  The  ray-flowers 
vary  from  white  to  lilac-blue  or  purple,  tin-  center  being 
yellow,  changing  sometimes  to  purple.  Many  of  the  spe- 
cies resemble  one  another  closely,  and  in  no  genus  is  the 
satisfactory  determination  of  the  species  more  difficult. 
4.  A  name  of  plants  of  some  allied  genera,  as 
I  lie  Cape  aster  (  lijutlian  amelloides),  I  lie  China 
aster  (Callisteptius  Chinensis),  the  false  aster 
(Boltonia),  the  golden  aster  (Chrysopsis),  and 
the  white-topped  aster  'Sericocarpus). — 5.  In 
biol.,  a  karyokinetic  figure  intervening  in  time 
between  the  rosette  and  the  diaster  during  the 
changes  in  the  nucleus  of  a  cell.  See  diaster 
ami  hirijnl:inesis. 

Aster2  (as'ter),  n.     In  ornith.,  same  as  Astur. 

-aster.  [L.  -aster,  dim.  suffix,  as  in  parasitaster, 
a  bit  of  a  parasite,  Antouiastcr,  a  little  Antony, 
oleaster,  wild  olive,  pinaster,  wild  pine,  sun/aster, 
deafish,  etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
contemptuous  diminutives,  as  in  criticaster, 
poetaster.  It  occurs  without  recognized  dimin- 
utive force  in  pinaster,  oleaster  (which  see). 

Asteracanthiidae  (as"te-ra-kan-thi'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Asteracanthion  +  -ida.]  A  family  of 
ordinary  starfishes,  of  the  order  Asteroidea. 

Asteracanthion (as"te-ra-kan'thi-on),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aarr/p,  a  star,  +  anavffa,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Asteracan- 
tliiiila:  A.  rubens  is  a  common  British  species, 
the  "five-finger"  of  the  oystermen. 

Asteracanthus  (as"te-ra-kan'thus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aari]p,  a  star,  +  anavBa,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in  the  Oolite 
and  Lias  formations. 

Asteraceae  (as-te-ra'se-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Aster\ 
3,  +  -acea:]     Same  as  Compositai. 

asteria(as-te'ri-a),«.  [L.,<Gr.  aari/p,  astar.  Cf. 
Asterias.]  A  variety  of  sapphire,  not  perfectly 
transparent,  but  showing,  when  cut  round,  a 
stellar  opalescence  in  the  direction  of  the  verti- 
cal axis  of  the  crystal.     Also  called  oculus  cati. 

Asteriadas  (as-te-ri'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  +  -adw.]  1.  Same  as  AsteriidtB. — 2. 
Some  other  and  major  group  of  starfishes. 

asterial  (as-te'ri-al),  a.     [<  Gr.  iareptoc,  starry, 

<  aariip,  a  star.]  "Relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  stars. 

If  the  deep  learn'd  asterial  quacks 
Paint  Time  to  life  in  almanacks, 
He  has  on  brow  a  lock  of  hair. 
But  all  his  head  beside  is  bare. 

T.  Ward,  England's  Reformation,  p.  29S. 

asterialite  (as-te'ri-a-lit),  n.  [<  Asterias,  1,  + 
-liti .]     A  fossil  starfish. 

Asterias  (as-te'ri-as),  n.  [NL..  <  L.  asterias,  < 
Gr.  I'wrepiar,  a  fish,  lit.  starry,  <  aorl/p,  a  star.] 
1.  The  genus  of 
starfishes  which 
is  typical  of  the 
family  Asterii- 
dce.—  2.  [I.  c] 
In  ornith.,  an 
old  and  disused 
name  of  the  gos- 
hawk, goose- 
hawk,  or  star- 
hawk.  See  As- 
tur. 

asteriated    (as- 
te'ri-a-ted),      a. 

[<     Gr.     aarcptOC,  Common  Starfish  (Atlcrias/arbtn). 


asteriated 

starry,  +  -ate-  +  -ed2.]  Exhibiting  the  prop- 
erty <>f  asterism:  as.  asteriated  sapphire.    See 

SOT.  4. 

asterid  (as'te-rid),  n.   \<.  Asterida.]  A  starfish; 

a  member  of  the  genus  Asterias,  or  family  As- 
teriidec,  or  some  other  division  of  the  order  As- 
teroidea.    Also  called  asteridan  and  asteridian. 

Asterida (as-ter'i-da),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Asterias,  1, 
+  -ida.]  In  Gegenbaurs  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  the  class  Asteroida,  including 
the  typical  starfishes. 

Astefidae(as-ter'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,< Asterias,  1, 
+  -ida".]  1.  Same  as  Aster iida: — 2.  Some  su- 
perfaniily  group  of  starfishes,  more  or  less  ex- 
actly  equivalent  to  Asteroidea  (which  see). 

asteridan  (as-ter'i-dan),  ».     Same  as  asterid. 

Asteridea  (as-te-rid'e-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Asterias, 
1,  +  -idea.']  A  superfamily  group  of  starfishes. 
(a)  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  an  order  Asteroidea, 
distinguishing  the  starfishes  collectively  from  other  echi- 
noderins.  (M  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  a  class 
Asteroidea  or  Stellerida,  distinguishing  the  starfishes  and 
sand-stars  (ophiurians)  together  trom  other  echinoderms. 

asteridian  (as-te-rid'i-an),  «.  and  a.    [<  asterid 

+  -<««.]     I.   n.    Same  as  asterid. 
II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asteriidce. 
The  asteridian  affinities  of  the  class  [Brachiopoda]  have 
heen  hinted  at  by  King.  Eneyc  Brit.,  IV.  iss. 

asteriid  (as-te'ri-id),  ».  A  starfish  of  the  fam- 
ily Asteriidce. 

Asteriidae  (as-te-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  +  Ada;.]  A  family  of  echinoderms,  of 
the  order  Asteroidea, 


354 

asterism  (as'te-rizm),  ».  [<  Gr.  aartpca/iSc,  a 
marking  willi  stars,  a  constellation,  <  acrrepi^eai, 
mark  with  stars,  <  aari/p,  a  star,  =  E.  star.]  1. 
A  group  of  stars :  formerly  equivalent  to  con- 
stellation, but  now  appropriated  to  any  small 
cluster  of  stars,  whether  a  part  of  a  constella- 
tion or  not. 

All  set  in  number  and  in  perfect  form, 
liven  like  the  As/crism.*  fix  d  in  heaven. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

Anyone  who  studies  the  heavens  will  recognize  the  fact 
that  the  larger  constellations  have  heen  robbed  of  their 
just  proportions  to  form  the  smaller  asterisms. 

R.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  335. 

2.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Three  asterisks  placed  thus,  *»*,  or  thus, 
„*„ ,  before  a  passage,  to  direct  attention  to  it. 
— 4.  An  optical  property  exhibited  by  some 
crystallized  minerals  which  show  a  star-shaped 


asthma 

tcrimdfr,  QoniasteridcB,  TAnckiidcB,  and  Astteriida,  or  the 
starfishes  proper  as  distinguished  from  the  wand-stars  and 
other  eehinoderins  of  the  class  Stellerida  (which  see). 
They  have  a  coriaceous  skin,  in  which  are  implanted  spines 
or  tubercles.    The  body  is  expanded  into  anus,  the  under 

surface  of  winch  is  marked  with  grooves,  radiating  t 

tli'  center,  and  pierced  with  rows  of  holes,  whence  issue 
tentacular  feet,  by  means  of  which  the  animals  move. 
Most  have  5  arms  or  rays,  but  some  have  more,  varying 
from  S  to  30.  They  have  the  power  of  reproducing  these 
arms  if  they  are  broken  off ;  and  if  an  entire  arm,  witli  a 
small  portion  of  the  body  attached  to  it,  is  torn  off,  it  forms 
a  new  and  perfect  animal.  The  mouth  is  in  the  inferior 
center  of  the  rays,  is  not  provided  with  teeth,  and  leads 
by  a  short  gullet  into  a  large  stomach,  from  which  a  pair 
of  lateral  tubes  are  prolonged  into  each  ray.  A  distinct 
intestine  and  anus  may  or  may  not  be  present.  The  ani- 
mals feed  chiefly  on  mollusks. 

2.  A  class  of  echinoderms,  containing  the 
sand-stars  or  ophiurians  together  with  the 
starfishes,  and  rhore  or  less  exactly  equivalent 
to  Stellerida  (which  see). —  3.  Same  as  Alcy- 
onaria. 

■rol'e-pis),    ».      [NL.,  <  Gr. 


rLlWTOLr^, 


Cross-section  of  ray  of  Asterias 

aitrantiacus. 
a,  a,  ambulacral  or  vertebral  os- 
sicles; b,  adambulacral;  c,  c,  margi- 
nal ossicles;  d.  paxilUe  upon  aiitam- 
bulacral  surface. 


the  starfishes,  class 
Asteroidea  or  Stelle- 
rida, represented  by 
such  genera  as  As- 
terias or  Astropectt  n 
and  Luidia,  having 
four  rows  of  pedi- 
cellate feet  iu  each 
ray.  Also  Asterida;, 
and,  less  correctly, 
Asteriadw. 

Asterina  (as-te-ri'- 
nii),  n.  [NL.,  '<  Gr. 
hcrri/p,  a  star,  +  -ina.]  The  typical  genus  of 
starfishes  of  the  family  Asterinidw.  A.  gibbosa 
is  the  gibbous  starlet. 

Asterina  is  a  large  genus,  almost  world-wide  in  its  dis- 
tribution. The  skeleton  is  formed  of  imbricated  or  over- 
lapping and  notched  ossicula.     Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  159. 

asterinid  (as-ter'i-nid),  n. 
ily  Asterinidw. 

Asterinidse  (as-te-rin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
terina +  -idee.]  A  family  of  starfishes,  contain- 
ing the  starlets  of  the  genera  Asterina,  Asteris- 
cus,  Goniaster,  etc. 

asterion  (as-te'ri-on),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aarepwc, 
neut.  aaripiov,  starry,  starlike,  <  doTV/p,  a  star.] 
In  anat.,  the  point  where  the  lambdoid,  parie- 
tomastoid, and  occipitomastoid  sutures  of  the 
skull  meet. 

Asteriscus  (as-te-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atrre- 
l>  <"m«;,  a  little  star:  see  asterisk.]  1.  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  of  the  family  Asterinidw :  synony- 
mous with  Palmipes.  The  species  are  known 
as  sea-stars. —  2.  [I,  c]  An  otolith  lodged,  in 
most  fishes,  in  a  diverticulum  of  the  vestibule, 
beneath  the  ampulla  of  the  posterior  canal. 

asterisk  (as'te-risk), n.  [<  LL.  asteriscus,  <  Gr. 
aarepiaKoc,  a  little  star,  an  asterisk,  used  in 
manuscripts  to  mark  passages,  dim.  of  iimnp,  a 
star:  see  aster*-.']  1.  The  figure  of  a  star  (*), 
used  in  printing  and  writing  —  (a)  as  areference 
to  a  ps  - i g e  or  note  in  the  margin;  (6)  to  dis- 
tinguish words  or  phrases  as  conjectural,  theo- 
retical, unverified,  obscure,  or  as  having  some 
other  specified  character;  (c)  to  mark  the  omis- 
sion of  words  or  letters;  and  (d)  arbitrarily,  as  a 
mark  of  classification. —  2.  Something  in  the 
shape  of  or  resembling  an  asterisk. 

'lie  lanthorn  Is  in  the  centre  of  an  asterisk  of  glades. 
cut  through  the  wood  of  all  the  country  round,  four  or 
five  in  a  quarter.  Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  258. 

3.  In  the  Cr.  Ch.,  a  frame  consisting  of  two 
arches  of  metal,  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  placed  on  the  paten 
and  over  I  lie  prepared  bread 
of  i  lie  eueharisl  to  prevent 
contact  with  the  covering 
veil. 

i  hi     '  •  risk  .    .    .  folds  and  un- 

i  tin-  purpose  ot  being  more 

conveniently  put  away.      Its  use  is 

Asterisk.  to  prevent  tile  Veilol  the  disk   from 

disarranging  the  order  of  tin-  por- 
ta mystical  meaning  .  .  .  is  the  star  which  led  the 
W  i  •   Mi  ii  to  the  Infant  Saviour. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  350,  note. 


in  the  latter  to  the  inclusion  of  symmetrically  arranged 
aeicular  crystals. 
astern  (a-stern'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
<(3  +  stem".]  1.  At  or  toward  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship:  as,  to  go  astern. —  2.  Behind,  at  any 
indefinite  distance:  as,  the  ship  was  far  astern 
of  us. 

Captain  Terry  .  .  .  put  off  in  his  boat  at  sunset  for  his 
ship,  which  was  now  six  or  eight  miles  astern. 

-ft.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  36. 

3.  In  the  direction  of  the  stern;  backward; 
back;  to  the  rear:  said  of  a  ship:  as,  the  cur- 
rent drove  us  far  astern — To  back  astern,  to  move 

stern  foremost;  go  astern  :  said  of  a  ship.  — To  be  astern 
Of  the  reckoning,  to  be  behind  the  position  given  for  a 
vessel  by  the  reckoning.— To  fall  astern.    See  fall. 

asternal  (a-ster'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
aripvov,  sternum.]  1.  Having  no  sternum  or 
breast-bone,  as  a  serpent.  [Rare.]  —  2.  Not 
reaching  to  or  connected  with  the  sternum :  as, 
asternal  ribs,  that  is,  floating  ribs,  ribs  which 
do  not  articulate  with  the  breast-bone. 

Asterodactylidae  (as//te-ro-dak-til'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asterodactylus  +  -idee]  A  family  of 
salient  amphibians:  synonymous  with  Pipidw 
(which  see).  Also  Asterodactyloidec  and  Astro- 
dactulidce. 

Asterodactylus  (as'te-ro-dak'ti-lus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  denv/p,  a  star,  +  Saicrv/\os,  finger.]    A  genus 


A  genus  of  gi- 
gantic primi- 
tive fishes,  now 
found  only  in  a 
fossil  state  in 
the  Old  Bed 
Sandstone. 
From  their  re- 
mains it  would 
seem  that  these 
fishes  must  some- 
times have  at- 
tained the  length 
of  18  or  20  feet. 


4  plate  of  AstcroUpis,  1.9th  natural 
size ;  2,  internal  ridge  of  hyoid  plate,  r-4th 
natural  size. 


asterophrydid  (as"te-rof'ri-did),  n.  One  of 
the  Asterophrydidw. 

Asterophrydida?  (as"te-ro-frid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asterophrys  +  -tela'.]  A  family  of  ar- 
ciferous  salient  amphibians  with  maxillary 
teeth,  dilated  sacral  diapophyses  (the  coccyx 
being  connected  witli  one  or  two  condyles  or 
sacral  vertebra?),  and  opisthoccelian  vertebrae. 
It  is  a  small  group  of  toad-like  animals. 

Asterophrys  (as-te-rof'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aariip,  a  star,  +  ofpbe,  eyebrow:  see  brow.'] 
A  genus  of  arciferous  amphibians  of  New 
Guinea,  typical  of  the  family  Astcrophrydida-. 

asterophyllite  (as  "te-ro-fil'it),  n.     [<  NL. 


Asterophyllites/} 

rophyllites. 


A  member  of  tho  genus  Aste- 


A  starlet  of  the  fam-     of  salient  amphibians :  synonymous  with  Pipa Asterophyllites   (as"te-r6-fi-li'tez),  n.     [NL., 


(which  see). 

asteroid  (as'te-roid),a.  andn.    [<  Gr.  arrrepoc i6r/c, 
star-like,  <  aari/p,  a  star,  +  ildoc,  form.]    I.  a.  1. 
Star-like. — 2.  Having  a  flower  like  that  of  an 
aster. 
II.  «.  1.  One  of  tho  small  planets,  280  or  more 


<  Gr.  aori/p,  a  star,  +" ipi'lAov,  a  leaf,  +  'Xtdoc', 
a  stone.]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants;  star-leaf: 
so  called  from  the  stellated  disposition  of  the 
leaves  around  the  branches.  They  abound  in  the 
coal-measures,  and  are  believed  to  be  the  branches  of  the 
Catamites  or  Catamodendron. 

astertt,  v.    See  astart. 


in  number,  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Ju-  a?P?™'„ ''/ 

piter:  more  accurately  called  planetoids.     See  astnema  (as-the-m  a),  n.       STL.,  <  Gr.  acdeve ,a, 
planetoid. —  2.  One  of  the  Asteroidea;  a  star- 
fish, in  a  wide  sense. 


Asteroida  (as-te-roi'da),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dorc- 
poeidr/r,  star-like:  see  asteroid.]  1.  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  a  class  of  echi- 
noderms, the  sea-stars  or  starfishes,  consisting 
of  the  orders  Asterida,  Brisingida,  Ophiurida, 
and  Euryalida. — 2.  Same  as  Alcyonaria. 

asteroidal  (as-te-roi'dal),  a.  ['<  asteroid  (or 
Asteroida)  +  -at.]  1.'  Resembling  a  star. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  asteroids. —  3.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  starfishes. — 4.  Same  as  alcyonarian 


weakness,  <  aadevijc,  without  strength,  <  a-  priv. 
+  cdtvoc,  strength.]  1.  In  j>athol.,  debility; 
want  of  strength.  Also  astheny. —  2.  [cap.]  In 
zool.,  a  genus  of  insects. 

asthenic  (as-then'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aodevmoc,  weak, 
<  aotitvijc:  see  asthenia.]  Of  the  nature  of  as- 
thenia ;  characterized  by  or  suffering  from  as- 
thenia or  debility ;  weak. 

asthenologyt  (as-the-nol'o-ji),  ti.  [<  Gr.  dtrflo 
i7/c,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  -V\oyia,<.  Aiyav,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected 
with  debility. 


Asteroidea  (as-te-roi'deCa),  n.pl,     [NL.,  <  Gr!  asthenopia  (as-the-no'pi-a), n    [NL,  <  Gr  aotfc 


iiijTepoctdr/c,  star-like:  see  asteroid.]  1.  An 
order  of  echinoderms,  the  starfishes:  so  call- 
ed from  their  star-like  form.    They  have  a  more  or 


/.-, 


Development  of  Asterid  Larvae. 
A.  echinopxdiuin  of  the  form  called  blplnniirta,  ventral  view 
lateral  view;  c,  the  blplanarla  showing  rudiment  of  the  starfish 

mouth;  *.  esophagus;  c,  stomach  ;  c.  intestine  ;  c,  anus;  x  y.  ven 
tral  and  dors-i]  si.brs  of  anterior  end  of  txidy  ;  rf,  .1  .  <  iliated  bnndi 
A,  Cfecal  diverticulum,  forinmi;  rudiment  of  the  ambulacral  system 
opening  externally  at  A-. 


less  lobed  or  pentagonal  disk  ;  lobes  continuous  with  the 
disk,  receiving  prolongations  of  the  viscera,  and  bearing 
tube-feet  with  suckers,  as  loroinotory  organs  ;  and  an 
liberal  Hindu  pone  body.  The  group  includes  several 
families,  as  Brisiiujidce,  Pteravteridtz,  Autrvpcctinidix,  As- 


ij/c,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  <jt//  (dur-),  eye.]  Weak- 
ness of  the  eyes.     Two  forms  are  especially  important : 

(a)  accommodative  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  ciliary  muscle,  as  in  hypermetropia;  and 

(b)  muscular  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  some  ex- 
haustion of  the  external  muscles  of  the  eye,  usually  the 
internal  rectus. 

asthenopic  (as-the-nop'ik),  «.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  suffering  from  asthenopia. 

For  reading,  the  manifest  hypermetropia  should  be  cor- 
recti  d,  the  strength  of  the  glasses  being  increased  asoften 
as  <t*tlu-no]>ic  s\  inptoms  i  eappcar, 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  785. 

Asthenurus  (as-the-nfi'rus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

until  vi/c,  weak  (see  as/lienia),  +  ovpd,  tail.]  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  woodpeckers:  synony- 
mous with  I'icumnus.  Swainson,  1827. —  2.  in 
ich  tli . ,  a  genus  of  fishes. 

astheny  (as'the-ni),  n.     Same  as  asthenia,  1. 

asthma  (ast'mti  or  as'mii),  n,  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  astma,  asnia,  <  ME.  asma,  asmy,  <  ML.  astna, 
asthma, <Qr.  hadiia,  asthma,  panting, <  at.eiv,  also 
ddCtw,  aiaCeiv,  breathe  hard,  pant,  <  af/vat  ("Faij- 
vai),  breathe,  blow,  =  Goth,  waian  =  AS.  wdwan 
=  OH(J.  wdjan,  MUG.  wwjen,  G.  teehen  =  Skt. 
\l  vd,  blow.    From  the  same  root,  in  Gr.,  come 


asthma 

air1,  aura,  aula,  atmo-,  etc.,  and  in  Tent.,  wind?, 
q.  v.]  A  paroxysmal  disorder  of  respiration, 
characterized  by  labored  breathing,  sibilant 
rales,  a  feeling  of  constriction  in  the  chest,  and 
COUgh.  The  essential  feature  of  the  attacks  is  the  con- 
traction  "f  the  bronchial  tubes  through  spasm  of  the  mus- 
cles in  their  walls.  The  name  is  sometimes  loosely  applied 
to  other  dyspnceiG  conditions.— Hay  asthma.  Same  as 
hay/ever  (which  see). 
asthmatic  (ast-  or  as-mat'ik);  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
asthma  Heus,<.  Gr.  aattuartKOc,  <  au6/ia(T-),  asthma: 
see  asthma.']  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  asthma: 
as,  asthmatic  symptoms. —  2.  Affected  by  asth- 
ma: as,  an  asthmatic  patient. 

He  reads  from  paper  and  book, 
Iu  a  low  and  husky  asthmatic  tone. 

Whitlier,  Demon  of  the  Study. 

II.  «.  A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

asthmatical  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal),  «.  Same 
as  asthmatic. 

asthmatically  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  asthmatic  manner;  as  an  asthmatic. 

AsthmatOS  (ast'nia-tos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  &06- 
/m(t-),  panting,  asthma:  see  asthma.]  A  ge- 
nus of  cilioflagellate  infusorians,  having  at  the 
anterior  end  a  single  flagellum  in  the  midst 
of  a  circlet  of  cilia.  A.  ciliaris  is  found  in  the  mucus 
of  the  nose  in  cases  of  hay  fever,  and  is  supposed  to  cause 
tlie  complaint. 

astichous  (as'ti-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  astichns,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  crixoc,  a  row.]  In  hot.  and  zobl.,  not 
arranged  in  ranks  or  rows. 

astigmatic  (as-tig-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
+  ariyfia(T-),  a  point,  +  -ic:  see  fl-18,  stigma, 
and  stigmatic]  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
astigmatism. 

astigmation  (as  -  tig-ma 'shon),  n.  Same  as 
astigmatism. 

astigmatism  (as-tig'ma-tizm),  n.  [Also  astig- 
mism,  q.  v. ;  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  ariy/ia^T-),  a  point, 
+  -ism.]  1.  In  ophthal.,  a  defect  in  the  refrac- 
tive apparatus  of  the  eye,  the  curvature  of  the 
refracting  surfaces  being  greater  along  certain 
meridians  than  along  others,  so  that  rays  of 
light  proceeding  from  an  external  point  do  not 
converge  to  a  point  upon  the  retina,  but  to  a 
line. —  2.  A  similar  defect  in  a  lens. 

astigmism  (as-tig'mizm),  ».  [See  astigmatism, 
which  is  "  etymologically  the  better  word," 
notwithstanding  the  extract.]  Same  as  astig- 
matism. 

The  late  eminent  scholar,  Dr.  Whewell,  who  had  origi- 
nally suggested  the  word  astigmatism,  .  .  .  approves  of 
astigmis-m  as  being  etymologically  the  better  word. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  344. 

astigmometer  (as-tig-mom'e-ter),  n.  [<  astig- 
m(atism)  +  Gr.  /itrpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  astigmatism. 

Zehender  describes  a  new  astigmometer,  consisting  of 
two  pasteboard  tubes,  one  of  which  fitted  into  the  other 
and  could  be  revolved  around  its  long  axis. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  218. 

astigmometry  (as-tig-mom'e-tri),  n.  [<  astig- 
m{atism )  +  (jr.  -ueTpia,<.  /icrpov,  a  measure.]  The 
measurement  of  astigmatism. 

astipulatet  (as-tip'u-lat),  v.  [<  L.  astipulatus, 
pp.  of  astipulari,  adstipulari,  agree  with,  <  ad, 
to,  +  stipulari,  stipulate:  see  stipulate,']  Lin- 
trans.  To  make  a  stipulation ;  agree. 

All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have  astipulated  to  this 
truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Invisible  World,  ii.  §  1. 

II.  trans.  To  assent  or  agree  to. 
astipulationt  (as-tip-u-la'shon),  n.   [<L.  asti/m- 
latio(n-),  <  astipulari,  adstipulari,  agree  with: 
see  astipulate.]    1.  Agreement;  concurrence. 

Gracing  himself  .  .  .  with  the  astipulation  of  our  rev- 
erend Jewell.     Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  ii.  *  8. 

2.  Assent. 
astir  (a-ster' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [=  Sc. 
asteer,  earlier  on  steir ;  <  a3  +  stir.]      On  the 
stir;  on  the  move;  stirring;  active. 

For  the  Nantes  youth,  the  Angers  youth,  all  Brittany 

was  astir.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  i. 

Permeated  and  tinged  and  all  astir  with  the  principle 

of  equality.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  102. 

Astoma  (as'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  or 
neut.  pi.  of  astomus,  <  Gr.  acro/ior,  mouthless: 
see  astomous.]  1.  [NL.,  fem.  sing.]  A  spuri- 
ous genus  of  mites,  the  six-legged  larval  form 
of  acarines  of  the  family  Trombidiidw,  retained 
as  a  distinctive  name  of  this  stage. —  2.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.]  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  general  name  for  those  acalephs  or  me- 
dusa? which  have  no  central  mouth,  no  rami- 
fications of  the  peduncle,  and  no  cavities  for 
the  ovaries.     [Not  in  use.] 

Astomata  (as-to'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  astomatus :  see  astomatous.]  That  one  of  the 
two  groups  into  which  the  Protozoa  are  divided, 
with  reference  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 


355 

mouth,  in  which  the  mouth  is  wanting.  The 
group  comprises  two  classes,  Grigariniila  and 

Rhieopoda.    See  Protozoa. 

astomatous  (as-to'ma-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  astoma- 
tus, <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ordfiafr-),  mouth.]  1.  .Not 
possessing  a  mouth;  specifically,  belonging  or 
pertaining  to  the  Astomata. — 2.  In  hot.,  with- 
out an  aperture;  specifically,  without  stomata 
or  breathing-pores. 

astomous  I  as  to-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  astomus,  <  Gr. 
aarofior,  mouthless,  <  d- priv.  +  orofia,  mouth.] 
Without  a  stoma  or  mouth;  astomatous:  ap- 
plied to  mosses  in  which  the  capsule  does  not 
open  regularly  by  an  operculum,  but  bursts  ir- 
regularly, as  mPhascum  and  its  allies.  A.  Gray. 

astont,  astonet,  astunt, v.  t.  [<  ME.  astonen,  as- 
tuntii,  astoonen,  astounen  (later  and  rarely  as- 
tni/iic),  also  astonicn,  astunien  (whence  later  and 
mod.  ostomy,  q.  v.,  and  by  extension  astonish,  q. 
v. ),  of tenest  in  the  pp.  astoned,  astuned,  astouned 
(whence  in  mod.  E.  a  new  inf.  astound,  q.  v.), 
also  astonied  (see  astony);  of  uncertain  origin: 
either  (1)  in  the  earlier  normal  form  *  astunien, 
<  AS.  *dstunian  (not  found),  <  a-  +  stuiiian,  re- 
sound (not  verified  in  the  later  sense  of  '  stun 
with  a  noise,'  stun  in  this  sense  being  possibly 
by  apheresis  from  astun);  cf.  Swiss  stiinen,  > 
NHG.  staunen  (in  comp.  ersUmnen  =  AS.  "dstu- 
nianl),  astonish;  or  (2)  <  OF.  estoner,  estuner, 
estontwr,  mod.  F.  etonner,  stun,  astonish,  <  L. 
as  if  "extonare,  equiv.  to  attonare,  chiefly  in  pp. 
attonitus,  strike  with  a  thunderbolt,  stun,  as- 
tonish, <  ex,  out  (ad,  to),  +  tonare,  thunder:  see 
as-3,  ex-,  and  thunder.  The  indications  point 
to  an  orig.  AS.  word,  merged  in  ME.  with  the 
etymologically  different  but  formally  and  no- 
tionally  equiv.  OF.  word.  The  forms  aston, 
astonr,  astun,  astony,  astonish,  and  astound  are 
thus  variations  of  the  same  word.  The  normal 
mod.  form  is  astun  (a-stun'),  or  with  further  de- 
velopment astound,  the  only  form,  besides  as- 
tonish, in  actual  use.]  To  confound;  astonish; 
amaze;  bewilder;  dismay.  Chaucer. 
On  the  solid  ground 
He  fell  rebounding  breathless,  and  astunn'd 
His  trunk  extended  lay. 

Somerville,  Hobbinol,  ii.  384. 

astoniednesst,  n.      [<  astonied   +    -ness.]     The 
state  of  being  astonished. 
astonish  (a-ston'ish),  r.  t.    [First  in  early  mod. 
E. ;   either  <  aston,  astone,  or  astony,  +  -isli-, 
used  (as  in  distinguish  and  extinguish)  in  imita- 
tion of  words  like  abolish,  banish,  cherish,  etc., 
where  -ish  represents  -iss-  in  certain  parts  of 
F.  verbs ;  or  perhaps  from  an  actual  OF.  *eston- 
nir(*estoniss-),indieatedhiestonissement,  aston- 
ishment (Palsgrave).]     If.  To  stun,  as  with  a 
blow;  benumb;  give  a  stupefying  shock  to. 
Or  as  a  thunder-clap,  or  cannons'  noyse, 
The  power  of  hearing  doth  astonish  quite. 

Sir  J .  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
The  knaves  treat  lay  in  wait  behind  rose  up  and  rolled 
down  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the  one  smote  the  king 
upon  the  head,  the  other  astonished  his  shoulder. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xlii.  15. 

2f.  To  stun  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear; 

confound. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  tremble, 
When  the  most  mighty  gods,  by  tokens,  send 
Such  dreadful  heralds  to  astonish  us. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

3.  To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  surprise, 
or  admiration ;  surprise ;  amaze. 

Thou  hast  astonish'd  me  with  thy  high  terms. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

The  student  of  Nature  wonders  the  more  and  is  aston- 
ished  the  less,  the  more  conversant  he  becomes  with  her 
operations.  Huxley,  Lay  .Sermons,  p.  260. 

What  shall  we  say  of  the  ocean  telegraph,  that  exten- 
sion of  the  eye  and  ear,  whose  sudden  performance  aston- 
ished mankind?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

-Syn.  3.  Surprise,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surprize);  startle, 
shock. 

astonishablet  (a-ston'ish-a-bl),  a.  [<  astonish 
+  -able.]     Astonishing. 

astonishedly  (a-ston'isht-li),  adv.  In  an  aston- 
ished manner.     [Rare.] 

astonisher  (a-ston'ish-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  astonishes. 

astonishing  (a-ston'ish-ing),  p.  a.  Causing  or 
fitted  to  cause  astonishment ;  amazing;  wonder- 
ful. =  Syn.  Amazing,  surprising,  wonderful,  marvelous. 

astonishingly  (a-ston'ish-ing-li),  adv.  In  an 
astonishing  manner;  to  an  astonishing  degree. 

astonishingness  (a-ston'ish-ing-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  exciting  astonishment.     [Rare.] 

astonishment  (a-ston'ish-ment),  n.  [<  aston- 
ish + -mint.  Cf.  OF.eston/ssewcn^Palsgrave).] 
1.  The  state  of  being  astonished,  (at)  The  state 
of  being  stunned  or  benumbed. 


Astraeacea 

A  coldness  and  astnnisluinnt  in  his  loins,  as  folk     ' 

Holland. 
f'<ti  Confusion  of  mind  from  Budden  fear  or  other  emo- 
tion; consternation. 

Astonishment  is  that  state  of  ti n  in  which  all  its 

motions  aic  suspended  with  te  di    ' 

Burke,  Sublime  and  Beautiful. 
i  Ps    i'n  .  excitement;  frenzy. 
Furious  ever  I  knew  thee  to  be, 
Vet  never  iii  this  strange  astonishment.      s, 

('/)  Great  Burprise  or  wonder  :  amazement. 
We  found,  with  no  less  w ler  t . .  us  than  astonishim  nt 

to  themselves,  that  they  were  the  two  valiant  mil  fa] 

brothers.  Sir  /' 

2.  A  cause  or  matter  of  consternation. 

Thou  Bhalt  become  an  astonishment,  a  proverb,  B 
byword  among  all  nations.  Dent,  xxviii.  :>7. 

Those  imaged,  to  the  pride  of  kings  and  priests, 
A  dark  yet  mighty  faith,  a  power  as  wide 
As  is  the  world  it  wasted,  and  are  now 
But  an  astonishment. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  iii.  4. 
=  Syn.  1.  Amazement,  admiration,  awe. 
astony  (as-ton'i),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  astonied, 
ppr.  astony ing.  [<  ME.  astonien,  rarely  astu- 
nien: see  aston.]  If.  To  stun,  as  with  a  blow. 
The  captain  of  the  Helots  .  .  .  strake  Falladlas  upon 
the  side  of  his  head  that  he  reeled  astonied. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  f.  •!?.. 

2.  To  astonish  ;  terrify  ;  confound.     [Obsolete 
or  archaic] 

And  when  I  heard  this  thing,  I  rent  my  garment  and 

my  mantle,  .  .  .  and  sat  down  astonied.  Ezraix.  3. 

Astonying  with  their  suddenness  both  their  friends  and 

their  enemies.  Knolles. 

And  I  astonied  fell  and  could  not  pray.   Mrs.  Broit-n  ing. 

astoret,  ».  <•     [<  ME.  astoren  (and  by  apheresis 

storen,  >  mod.  E.  store),  <  OF.  estorer,  estaurer, 

<  L.  instaurare,  repair,  renew:   see  instaura- 

tion  and  store.]     To  store;  furnish  with  stores. 

Ful  riche  he  was  astored  prively. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  609. 

Astoreth   (as'to-reth),   n.      [See   Ashtoreth.] 

Same  as  Astarte. 
astoundt  (a-stound'),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
asiown'd,  <  ME.  astouned,  astoned,  astuned,  pp. 
of  astounen,  astonen,  astuncn,  astonish :  see 
aston,  astony,  and  cf.  astound,  v.]  Astonished ; 
confounded.     See  aston. 

The  elf  therewith  astound 
Upstarted  lightly.  Spenser. 

astound  (a-stound'),  v.  [As  an  inf.  this  form 
is  late,  being  due  in  part  to  the  pp.  astound, 
astouned,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  frequent 
dissimilated  gemination  of  final  -n  into  -nd,  as 
in  sound  for  soun,  etc. ;  so  dial,  drownd  for 
drown,  pp.  drownded  for  drowned.]  I.  trans. 
To  astonish  greatly ;  strike  dumb  with  amaze- 
ment ;  amaze  ;  alarm. 

These  thoughts  may  startle  well,  but  not  astound 
The  virtuous  mind.  Milton,  Comns,  1.  210. 

In  the  architecture  and  embellishments  of  the  chamber, 
the  evident  design  had  been  to  dazzle  and  astound. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  375. 
-Syn.  Surprise,  Astonish,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surprise);  con- 
found, stagger,  dumfounder,  stupefy,  shock. 

II.  intrans.  To  cause  astonishment ;  amaze; 
stun. 

The  lightnings  flash  a  larger  curve,  and  more 

The  noise  astomids.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1138. 

astounding  (a-stoun'ding),  p.  a.  Causing  or 
fitted  to  cause  surprise  or  wonder;  causing 
amazement;  highly  astonishing. 

The  third  is  your  soldier's  face,  a  menacing  and  astound- 
ing face.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Kevels. 

His  [Comte's]  astounding  self-conceit  was  more  akin  to 
that  which  may  be  seen  in  lunatic  asylums  than  to  anj 
thing  which  is  known  to  have  been  manifested  by  persona 
in  a  state  of  health.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  142. 

astoundingly  (a-stoun'ding-li),  tub.  In  an 
astounding  or  amazing  manner;  amazingly. 

astoundment  (a-stound'ment),  n.  [<  astound 
+  -ment.]     Amazement.     [Rare.] 

To  the  astoundment  of  the  young  urchins,  my  contem- 
poraries. Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

astraddle  (a-strad'l),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a. 
[<  (/3  +  straddle:  see  straddle.]  In  a  straddling 
position ;  with  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some- 
thing; astride:  as,  to  sit  astraddle. 

Astraea  (as-tre'ii),  n.  [<  L.  Astro?a,  <  Gr.  'Ao- 
rpaia,  the  goddess  of  justice,  lit.  starry,  fem.  of 
aoTpaior,  starry,  <  aarpov,  a  star:  see  astral.]  1. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sign  Virgo. — 
2.  The  5th  planetoid,  discovered  at  Driesen  by 
Henke  in  1845. —  3.  [NL.]  In  zobl.,  a  genus  of 
fixed  coralligenous  zoophytes,  or  stone-corals, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrwidw,  or  star-corals. 
See  star-coral. 
Also  spelled  Astrea. 

Astraeacea  (as-tre-a'se-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
trwa  +  -acea.]     Iii  Verrill's  system  of  classiti- 


Astraeacea 

cation,  the  third  suborder  of  the  order  Madrc- 
poraria.  The  technical  characters  are:  polyps  mostly 
compound,  either  by  ftssiparity  or  various  modes  of  bud- 
<lin"'  tentacles  usually  well  developed,  long,  subcylmdn- 
cA  limited  in  number,  in  multiples  ol  six,  i  ncirclingthe 
disk-  the  coral  mural,  septal,  and  endothecal,  with  verti- 
cal and  centrifugal  growth,  Producing  turbinated  forms 
which  are  often  elongated.  Che  families  referred  to  the 
order  as  thus  denned  ares:  IMhopkyUul*,  Ueandnmda:, 
EusmOlidai,  CaryopkyUidee,  Styhmdat,  Astrastdas,  ocul,- 
i       Also  written  A-i 

astrsan  (as-tre'an),  a.    1.   See  astrean.—*. 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  genus  Astrma. 
Imbedded  in  the  base  of  this  cliff  of  coral  limestone 
were  two  dome-shaped  masses  of  Astneai,  coral. 

Trans.  Boy.  Soc.  Edm.,  AWII.  658. 
astrand  (as-tre'id),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Same  as 
astrcean,  '1. 

The  large  astrand  and  brain  corals  imbeddedin  tbeup- 
perportiou  of  the  cliff-face  were  only  half  the  sizeof  those 
imbedded  some  15  or  20  feet  below.  T 

Trans.  Boy.  Soc.  Edm.,  XXXII.  551. 
II  n.  A  coral  of  the  family  Astrceidce. 
Astrsidae  (as-tre'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL..  <  Astraa 
+  -ida  ]  A  family  of  aporose  scleroderma- 
tous stone-corals,  6f  the  order  Sderodermata, 
class  Actinozoa;  the  star-corals:  so  called  from 
the  radiated  or  star-like  arrangement  ot  their 
tentacles.  The  family  is  a  large  and  important  one, 
containing  several  genera,  the  animals  of  which  largely 
contribute  to  the  formation  of  coral  reefs.  Its  limits 
v  an  with  different  authors.  Also  spelled  .istredce. 
astrasiform  (as-tre'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  Jstrcca 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  star-coral ; 
having  the  characters  of  the  Astraida-  or  star- 
corals:  as,  "astranform  in  shape,"  Encyc.  Brit, 
VI.  383.  ,  .. 

astragal  (as'tra-gal).  n.  [<  astragalus,  q.  v.] 
1.  In  arch.:  (o)  A  small  convex  molding  cut 
into  the  form  of    a 


356 


string  of  beads,  used 
in  classical  architec- 
ture, especially  in 
connection  with  the 
egg-and-dart  mold- 
ing and  between  the 
faces  of  different  pro- 
jection of  Ionic  and 
Corinthian     epistyle 


Astragal  in  Greek  Architecture. 


and  coffering  beams.  (6)  A  small  plain  convex 
molding,  usually  with  a  fillet  beneath  it,  some- 
times between  two  fillets,  used  between  the 
capital  and  the  shaft  of  classic  orders,  except 
the  Greek  Doric,  and  in  many  other  positions 
in  classic,  medieval,  and  later  styles.  See  out 
under  column.  Also  called  bead.— 2.  A  convex 
molding  encircling  a  cannon  near  the  mouth: 
not  present  on  modern  guns. —  3.  In  carp.,  one 
of  the  rabbeted  bars  which  hold  the  panes  of  a 
window.-— 4.  In  anat.,  the  astragalus, 
astragalar  (as-rrag'a-ljjr),  a.  [<  astragalus  + 
-or.]  Pertaining  to  the  astragalus. 
astragali,  n.  Plural  of  astragalus. 
Astragalinus  (as-trag-a-U'nus),  n.  [NL,.,  <.  as- 
tragalus +  -inus.]  An  old  and  disused  name  of 
some  European  siskin,  linnet,  or  thistle-bird. 
In  1851  it  was  used  by  J.  Cabanis  as  a  genus  name  of  the 
American  goldfinches,  such  as  A.  tristis,  the  common  cold- 
finch  or  thistle-bird  of  the  United  States,  A.  psaltna,  the 
Arkansas  goldfinch,  etc. 

astragalocalcanea,  «.    Plural  of  astragalocal- 

caneuin.  _ 

astragalocalcaneal ( as-trag"a-lo-kal-ka  ne-ai ), 
a      Pertaining  to  the  astragalocalcaneuim 

astragalocalcaneum  (as-trag"a-16-kal-ka'ne- 
iini),  n.;  pi,  astrat/ntoraleanea  (-a).  [<  astraga- 
lus +  culcancum.)  A  bone  of  the  tarsus  repre- 
senting both  the  astragalus  and  the  calcaneum, 
as  in  lizards  and  birds.  It  is  supposed  also  to  include 
aviculare,  in  sonic  cases  at  least,  and  thus  to  repre- 
sent the  whole  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones.  In  some 
lizard.-  asmembersot  the  genus  Varanus,  it  is  ven  Large, 

tlj   distinct,  extended  transversely,  but  little  back- 

,,,,,, i   and  movablj  articulated  with  the  tibia,  fibula,  and 
distai  tarsal  ,  , 

astragaloid  (as-trag'a-loid),  a.  [<  astragalus 
+  -oid.]  In  aiiat.,i>i  or  pertaining  to  tho  as- 
tragalus. 

astragalomaiicy    (as-trag'u-lo-inHii-si),  n.      K 
Gr.  aarpayaXos,  a  die,  +  uavreia,  divination;  cf. 
o  dMpavris,  a  diviner  from  dice  (parra,  a 
diviner,  a  prophet):  see   astragalus.']     Divina- 
tion bv  mean*  <<f  huckle-bones  or  dice. 

astrag'alonaviculari  as-i  rag  a-16-na-vik'u-iar), 
a.  and  n.  [(astragalus  +  uaiieulur.]  I.  a.  An 
epithet  descriptive  of  atarsal  bone  of  some  rep- 
tiles, as  a  crocodile,  supposed  to  re],  re  sent  an 
astragalus  and  a  navicular  bono  combined. 

The  tarsus  presents,  proximally,  an  attragalo  navicular 
l„„„.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.22Q. 

II.  u.  A  bone  of  the  tarsus.     Seel. 
The  distal  end  ol  the  attragalo  <••>•  ieular. 

Uuxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  221. 


astragaloscaphoid  (as-trag'a-lo-skaf'oid),  a. 
I<  astragalus  +  scaphoid.]  Pertaining  to  both 
the  astragalus  and  the  scaphoid  or  navicular 
l„,ne;  connecting  these  two  bones:  as,  the  as- 
tragaloscaphoid ligament. 

astr'agalotibial  (as-trag"a-16-tib  i-al),  a.  L< 
astragalus  +  tibial.]  Pertaining  to  both  the 
astragalus  and  the  tibia:  as,  astragalutibtul 
articulation.  .  '. 

astragal-plane  (as'tra-gal-plan),  n.  Injoiumi, 
a  bench-plane  of  the  shape  necessary  to  form 

astragal-tool  (as '  tra-gal-tol),  ».  A  turning- 
chisel  with  a  concave  face  for  cutting  astragals. 

astragalus  (as-trag'a-lus),  •.;pL«M 
(  II)  [L  <  Gr.  aarpayaM,  one  of  the  ver- 
tebra?, the  ball  of  the  ankle-joint,  a  die,  an 
architectural  molding,  a  leguminous  plant; 
prob.  from  same  root  as  bartov,  a  bone.  CI. 
osteo-.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  tibiale,  or  innermost 
one  of  the  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones.  In 
mammals  it  articulates  with  the  tibia  and  enters  into  the 
tibiotarsal  or  ankle-joint;  in  birds  it  is  ankylosed  with 
the  tibia  forming  more  or  less  of  the  tibial  condyles,  and 
entering  into  the  mediotarsal  or  so-called  tibiometatarsal 
joint  or  heel-joint.  In  man  and  some  other  mammals  it 
is  known  as  the  talus,  huckle-bone,  ankle-bone,  or  drag- 
bone  being  the  uppermost  hone  of  the  tarsus,  and  chiefly 
or  entirely  receiving  the  weight  of  the  body,  in  so  far  as 
this  is  borne  upon  the  foot  or  hind  foot.  See  cuts  under 
Dromons,  foot,  and  Aocfci. 

2  leap.)  [NL.]  A  very  large  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosa),  mostly  low  herbs, 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  world  except  Austra- 
lia and  South  Africa.  Over  1,000  species  are  known 
in  the  old  world,  and  about  200  in  North  America  chiefly 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  Very  few  are  of  any  value  A. 
nummifer  and  a  group  of  allied  species,  low  spiny  shrubs 
i  if  asia  Minor  Syria,  and  Fersia,  are  the  source  of  the  gum 
tra-acalith  of  commerce.  Some  of  the  same  species  also 
yield  a  sort  of  manna.  A.  Baticus  is  cultivated  in  some 
parts  of  Europe  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee.  In  the  United  States  several  species  are  known 
as  locoweed,  and  are  poisonous  to  animals  eating  them. 

astrain  (a-stran' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a* 

+  strain"]  On  the  strain;  straining, 
astrakhan  (as'tra-kan),  n.  [<  Astrakhan  (Russ. 
Astraklianit),  a  city  and  government  (province) 
of  Russia.]  1.  A  name  given  to  skins  with  a 
curled  wool  (the  pelts  of  young  lambs)  obtained 
from  Astrakhan  in  European  Russia.—  2.  A 
rough  fabric  with  a  long  and  closely  curled  pile 
in  imitation  of  the  fur. 

astrakhanite  (as'tra-kan-it),  n.  [<  Astrakhan 
+  -ite-.]  A  variety  of  blodite  from  the  salt 
lakes  of  Astrakhan. 

astral  (as'tral),  a.  and  n.     [<  LL.  astrahs  <  L. 

astrum,  a  star,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  a  constella- 

tion,  <  aoriip,  a  star,  =  E.  star :  see  asteri  and 

star.]     I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  stars;  starry. 

JefraZ  shnw-.-rs  covered  the  heavens 

Palsgrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  III.  831.  (X.  h.  D.) 
2.  Specifically,  in  theosophij,  an  epithet  descrip- 
tive of  a  supersensible  substance  supposed  to 
pervade  all  space  and  enter  into  all  bodies; 
odic;  biogenic — Astral  body,  in  theosophy,  a  living 
form  composed  of  astral  fluid ;  a  ghost,  wraith,  or  double ; 
an  astral.- Astral  fluid,  od  ;  biogen.  See  these  words. 
—  Astral  lamp,  a  lamp  with  an  annular  reservoir  for  oil, 
which  is  connected  with  the  wick-tube  by  two  small  tubes. 
These  tubes  offer  the  only  obstruction  to  the  passage  ot 
all  rays  which  fall  between  the  reservoir  and  the  stem  ot 
the  lamp-stand,  the  shadow  cast  by  lamps  of  the  ordinary 
construction  being  thus  in  great  measure  avoided.- As- 
tral spirits,  spirits  believed,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  peo- 
ple the  stars.  They  were  variously  conceived  as  fallen  an- 
gels, souls  of  departed  men,  or  spirits  originating  in  lire, 
and  hovering  between  heaven  and  earth,  and  between 
earth  and  hell.  , 

II.  n.  In  theosophy,  an  astral  form  or  body. 

Two  or  more  astrals  will  make  this  journey  together. 

A.  J'.  Snmett. 


astrictiveness 

ated  tail,  like  a  magpie's,  paired  lateral  crests 
on  the  head,  and  the  whole  plumage  brilliantly 
iridescent .  .1.  nigra,  or  A.  gularit,  is  the  paradise-pie, 
also  known  as  the  in i. parable. 

astraughtt  (as-traf),  p.  a.  [Substituted  for 
distraught,  q.  v.]  Distracted;  distraught; 
aghast.     Holding. 

astraunget  (as-tranj').  »•  '•     Au  "w  fo™  of 

astrayt  (a-stra'),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  astraien,  only  in 
pp.  astraied  (after  OF.  estrai4,  estraye,  whence 
also  appar.  the  ME.  adj. :  see  astray,  a. ),  or  by 
apheresis  straicn  (>  E.  stray),  <  OP.  estrater, 
stray,  prob.  =  Pr.  estraguar,  <  late  ME.  extrava- 
gare.  <  L.extra, without,  out,  +  vagare, wander: 
see  extravagant.  See  estray  and  stray,  which 
are  doublets  of  astray.]  To  go  out  of  the  right 
wav;  go  astray;  stray. 

astray  (a-stra'),  adv.  and  a.  [<  ME.  astray, 
astraie,  astraye  (also,  and  earlier  in  recorded 
date,  by  expansion  and  adaptation,  o  sfrai, 
on  stray,  on  the  straye;  mod.  E.  as  if  a*  + 
Stray),  also  astrai/i)/,  <  OF.  estrair,  estraye, 
strayed  (cf.  ME.  astraied),  pp.  ot  estrater,  es- 
trayer,  go  astray:  see  astray,  r.  The  word  is 
thus  orig.  a  p.  a.,  later  assimilated  to  the  tonn 
of  a  prep.  phr.  like  asleep,  etc.  <  'f.  alight*  and 
aslope.]  Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  place, 
either  literally  or  figuratively ;  wandering. 

Thou  shalt  not  see  thy  brother's  ox  or  his  sheep  go 
astray,  and  hide  thyself  from  them. 


astrand  (a-strand'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  {< 
a3  +  strand.]     Stranded. 

The  tall  ship,  whose  lofty  prore 

Shall  never  stem  the  billows  more, 

Deserted  byhergallant  band, 
Amid  the  breakers  lies  astrand. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  I..,  vi.  is. 

astranget,  ».  '•    An  old  spellingof  estrange. _ 

Astrapams  (as-tra-pe'us),  n.  [NL,  <  *.r  «o- 
rimiraioe,  of  lightning,  <  axsrpairf),  lightning. J  A 
genus  of  braohelytrous  beetles,  of  the  family 
StaphyUnida, 

astraphobia  (as-tra-fo'bi-a),  n.  [M-,  <  Gr 
aOTpa-i/,  var.  of  acrrepo-i'/,  anprnn/,  thunder  and 
lightning,  +  -<;><>  (''«,  <  ','»'  ""■  l'''i>r.]  In  path,, I., 
morbid  dl-ead  of  thunder  and  lightning. 

Astrapia  (us-trap'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aar^of, 
var.  01  aarpairdioc ,  of  lightning,  <  anrpimi/,  light- 
ning.] A  genus  of  sturnoid  passerine  birds  of 
New  Guinea,  sometimes  located  ill  the  family 
Sturntdanextto  Man  uemlni,  sometimes  referred 
to  the  1'aradiseidcE,  having  a  very  long  gradu- 


The  guides  would  purposely  lead  the  Castilians  astray, 
and  involve  them  in  morasses.    Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  1.42. 
With  eyes  astray,  she  told  mechanic  beads. 

JjinivU,  Cathedral. 

astret,  n.    [E.  dial,  auster,  in  avsterland,  q.  v., 

early  mod.  E.  asUre,  *astere,  <  ME.  *astre,  <  Or  . 

astr'e.  aistre  (ML.   astrum),   mod.   F.  aire,   a 

hearth;  origin  unknown.]     A  hearth;  ahome. 
Astrea,  n.    See  Astra-a.  .  „ 

astrean  (as-tre'an),  a.    [<  L.  "astrtms,  <  Gr 

aorpaioc,  pertaining  to  a  star,  <  aarpov,  a  star. J 

Of  or  belonging  to  the  stars.     Also  spelled  as- 

trcean.     [Rare.] 
Everv  Star  in  Heaven  is  coloniz'd  and  replenished  with 

Astrean  Inhabitants.  H ell,  betters,  in.  9. 

astreated  (as'tre-a-ted),  p.  a.  [<  LL.  as  if 
"astreatus,  pp.  of  'astreare,  only  m  ppr.  astreans 
gleam  like  a  star,  <  astrum,  a  star:  see  astral.} 
Furnished  with  star-like  ornaments.  Imp.  Diet. 

Astreidse,  ».  pi.     See  Astrceida: 

astrelabiet,  «,.  One  of  various  Middle  Eng- 
lish spellings  of  astrolabe. 

Astrelata  (as-trel'a-fa),  n.    See  (Estrelata. 

astrict  (as-trikt'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  astrictus,  pp.  of 
astri in/ere,  draw  close:  see  astritige.]  It-  1» 
bind  hist;  confine.  Ball— 2.  In  Scots  law, 
to  limit.  See  astriction,  3.-3.  To  constrict; 
contract.  [Rare.] 
The  solid  parts  were  to  be  relaxed  or  astricted. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

4.  To  constrain;  restrict.     [Rare.] 

The  mind  is  .  .  .  astrict,;!  to  certain  .  .  .  forms  of 
thought  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  xl. 

Formerly  also  adstrict. 

astrictt  (as-trikt'),  a.  [<  L.  astrictus,  pp. :  see 
the  verb.]  Brought  into  small  compass  ;  com- 
pendious ;  concise. 

astricted  (as-trik'ted),  p.  a.  Restricted.  See 
astrietiun,  3.     Formerly  also  adstneted. 

astriction  (as-trik'shon),  ».    [<  L.  astrictio(n-), 

a  power  of  contracting.  <  astnugi  re.  pp.  astric- 
tus, contract:  see  astri  age.]  It.  Restnction ; 
obligation. 

Of  marriage  he  is  the  author  and  the  witness;  yet 
hence  "ill  not  follow  any  divine  astnetion  more  than 
what  is  subordinate  to  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  main 
good  of  cither  party.  Milton,  Divorce,  niii.  (Ord  Ms.). 
2  lamed.:  (a)  The  act  of  binding  close  or  com- 
pressing with  ligatures.  (6)  A  contraction  ot 
parts  by  applications;  the  stopping  of  hemor- 
rhages, (c)  Constipation.— 3.  In  Scots  law, 
the    obligation    imposed    by    the    servitude    ot 

thirl ,  by  which  certain  hinds  are  restricted 

to  the  use  "of  a  particular  mill  for  the  grinding 
of  grain.     See  thirlag,. 

Formerly  also  adstriction. 
astrictive    (as-trik'tiv),  a.     [<   L    astra-tus, 
pp.  (see  astrict),   +  -ire:  =  1' •  astnetij.]     1. 
Binding;  obligatory.  — 2.  Tending  to  contract 
or  lira w  together;  astringent;  styptic. 

being  sodden,  itia  astrictive,  and I  will  strengthen  a  weak 
stomach,  Holland,  lr.  of  llinj,  xx.  s. 

Formerly  also  adstrictive. 
astrictiveness  (as-trik'tiv-nes),  ,,.    [<  'frictire 
+    -ness.]      The   quality  of  being  astrictive. 
Formerly  also  adstrictiveness. 


astrictory 

astrictoryt  (as-trik'to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  astrictorius, 
binding.  <  astrietus,  pp.  of  astringere :  see 
astringe.]     Astringent;  binding;  apt  to  bind. 

astride  (a-strid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.    [<  n3 
+  stride.']     With  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some 
object ;  with  the  legs  wide  apart. 
Placed  astride  upon  the  bars  of  the  palisade.  Scott. 

astriferoust  (as-trif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  astrifer, 
star-bearing,  <  astrum,  a  star,  +  feme  =  E. 
Sear1.]     1 '.raring  or  containing  stars.     Blount. 

astrigeroust  (as-trij'e-rus),  (i.  [<  L.  o.vii '/;/'  r, 
star-bearing.  <  antrum,  a  star,  +  gerere,  bear.] 
Bearing  stars.     Bailey. 

astrild  (as'trild),  a.  [<  Astrihla,  Estrelda:  see 
Estrelda.]  A  bird  of  the  genus  Estrelda  (which 
see):  as,  the  gray  astrild,  Estrelda  cinerea. 

astringe  (as-trinj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  astringed, 
ppr.  astringing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  adstringe, 
<  L.  astringere,  adstringere,  draw  close,  con- 
tract, <  <id,  to,  +  stringere,  bind  fast,  strain: 
see  astrict,  and  stringent,  strict,  and  strain.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  compress;  bind  together;  con- 
striot.     [Kare.] 

Which  contraction  .  .  .  astringeth  the  moisture  of  the 
brain,  ami  thereby  sendeth  tears  into  the  eyes. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  "14. 
2f.  Figuratively,  to  oblige ;  constrain ;  bind  by 
obligation. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  solid;  congeal.  Hol- 
land. 
astringency  (as-trin'jen-si),  it.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gence;  <  astringent:  see  -ence,  -ency.]  The 
quality  of  being  astringent;  especially,  that 
property  in  certain  substances  by  which  they 
cause  contraction  of  soft  or  relaxed  parts  of 
the  body:  as,  the  (/stringency  of  acids  or  bitters. 
astringent  (as-trin'jent),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gent, <  L.  astringents,  adstringen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
astringere,  adstringere,  draw  close,  contract :  see 
astringe.]  I.  a.  Binding;  contracting;  con- 
strictive; styptic. 

A  strengthening  and  astringent  diet. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 
II.  n.  A  substance  which  contracts  the  tis- 
sues and  canals  of  the  body,  condensing  the 
soft  solids,  and  thereby  cheeking  or  diminish- 
ing excessive  discharges,  as  of  blood.  The  chief 
astringents  are  the  mineral  acids,  alum,  lime-water,  chalk, 
salts  of  copper,  zinc,  iron,  lead,  and  silver,  and  among 
vegetables  catechu,  kino,  oak-bark,  ami  galls.  YeL'et.iMc 
astringents  owe  their  efficacy  to  the  presence  of  tannin. 

Formerly  also  adstringent. 
astringently  (as-trin'jent-li),  adv.  In  an  astrin- 
gent manner. 
astringer  (as'trin-jer),  n.  See  austringer. 
astrite  (as'trlt),  n.  £<  LL.  astrites,  also  arteri- 
tes, <  Gr.  aarcpir?K,  a  brilliant  precious  stone,  < 
aarr/p,  a  star :  see  aster1 .]  Any  radiated  or  star- 
like fossil,  as  one  of  the  detached  articulations 
of  fossil  encrinites;  star-stone.  See  enerinite. 
Also  asterite  and  astroite. 
astro-.  [<  Gr.  aarpo-,  combining  form  of  aarpov, 
a  star:  see  astral  and  aster1.]  The  initial  ele- 
ment in  many  compound  scientific  terms  of 
Greek  origin,  meaning  star. 
Astrocaryum  (as-tro-ka'ri-um),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  ndpvov,  a  nut.]  A  genus  of 
palms  from  10  to  40  feet  in  height,  with  beauti- 
ful pinnated  leaves,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts 
of  America.  The  stems  are  covered  with  stiff  and  sharp 
spines,  often  a  foot  in  length.  The  seed  is  inclosed  in  a 
hard  stony  nut,  and  that  is  enveloped  by  a  fleshy  fibrous 
pericarp.  The  cattle  of  the  upper  Amazon  feed  on  the 
fleshy  pericarp  of  A.  Muruinuru.  The  wood  of  .1.  Ayri 
is  much  used  for  bows  and  for  other  purposes,  and  the  fillers 
of  the  leaves  of  .4.  Tireuma  are  used  for  fishing-nets. 
astrofelt,  astrophelt,  »■  [Found  only  in  Spen- 
ser as  quoted.  It  is  in  the  first  instance  appar.  a 
manipulated  form  of  asphodel  'affodil,  daffodil) 
simulating  L.  astrum,  a  star,  and/e/,  gall  ('bit- 
ter'). In  the  second  instance  the  name  is 
professedly  taken  from  "  Astrophel"  (Sir  Philip 
Sidney),  the  subject  of  the  elegy  of  that  name 
and  of  another  elegy  (by  Matthew  Roydon) 
printed  with  it;  in  the  latter  also  written  As- 
trophill  ("Our  Astrophill  did  Stella  love"),  as 
if  <  Gr.  aarpov,  L.  astrum,  a  star  ('Stella,'  'star- 
light'), +  <pi'Aoc,  loving.]  A  name  applied  by 
Spenser  to  some  bitter  herb. 

My  little  flocke,  whom  earst  I  lov'd  so  well, 
.Ami  wont  to  feede  with  finest  grasse  that  grew, 
Feede  ye  hencefoorth  on  bitter  Astro/ell, 
And  stinking  Smallage,  and  unsaverie  Rew. 

Spenser,  Daphnaida,  1.  346. 
That  hearbe  of  some  Starlight  is  cald  by  name, 
Of  others  Penthia,  though  not  so  well: 
But  thou,  where  ever  thou  doest  fitide  the  same, 
From  this  day  forth  do  call  it  Astrophel. 

Spenser,  Astrophel,  1.  196. 

astrogeny  (as-troj'e-ni),   n.      [<  Gr.   aarpov,  a 

star,  +  -yevcia,  generation :   see  -geny.]     The 


357 

thoory  of  the  creation  or  evolution  of  the 
celestial  bodies ;  Btellar  cosmogony,  H.  Spen- 
cer.   Also  astrogony. 

astrognosy  (as-trog'no-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  yvaaic,  knowledge:  sec  gnostic.] 
Knowledge  of  the  stars,  especially  of  the  fixed 
stars,  in  respect  to  their  names,  magnitudes, 
situat  inns,  etc. 

astrogonic  (as-tro-gon'ik),  a.  Of  orpertaining 
to  astrogony  or  astrogeny. 

astrogony  (as-trog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -yov'ia,  generation:  see  -gowy.]  Same 
as  astrogeny. 

astrography  (as-trog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -ypafia,  <  ypwpav,  write,  describe.]  A 
description  of,  or  the  art  of  describing  or  map- 
ping, the  stars. 

astroid  (as'troid),  n.  [<  Gr.  darpocidf/c,  star- 
like, <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  eldog,  form,  likeness. 
Cf.  asteroid.]  1.  In  her.,  same  as  mullet. — 2. 
A  plane  curve  of  the  sixth  class  and  fourth  or- 
der, having  two  conjugate  diameters  of  a  conic 
and  the  lino  at  infinity  as  inflectional  tangents. 

astroite  (as'tro-it),  n.  [<  L.  astroites  (Pliny), 
an  unknown  precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *darpoirnc,  < 
aarpov,  a  star.     Cf.  astrite.]     Same  as  astrite. 

astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astrolaby,  astroloby,  etc.,  <  ME.  astrolabe,  astro- 
labie,  astreldbie,  astrolaore,  etc.,<  OF.  astrelabe, 
mod.  F.  astrolabe,  < 
ML.  astrolabiuin,  <  Gr. 
dcrpo'Adfiov  (sc.  bpyavov, 
instrument),  an  astro- 
labe, prop.  neut.  of 
*aarpoMfioc,  lit.  taking 
stars,  <  aarpov,  a  sf  ar,  + 
"kajijiavziv,  Aaflelv,  take.] 

1.  An  obsolete  astro- 
nomical instrument  of 
different  forms,  used 
for  taking  the  altitude 
of  the  sun  or  stars, 
and  for  the  solution 
of  other  problems  in 
astronomy.      The    name 

was   applied  to   any  instru-       Sir  Francis  Drake's  Astrolabe. 

nient  with  a  graduated  circle  R  ,  NavaI  Col,  England, 
or  circles,  but  more  especial- 
ly to  one  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand.  Some  astro- 
labes were  annillary  spheres  of  complicated  construction, 
while  others  were  planispheres  intended  to  measure  the 
altitude  only.  One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the  as- 
trolabe was  in  navigation,  for  which  it  was  superseded  by 
Hadley's  quadrant  and  sextant. 

My  art  cannot  err ; 
If  it  does,  I'll  burn  my  astrolabe. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  stereographic  projection  of  the  sphere, 
either  upon  the  plane  of  the  equator,  the  eye 
being  supposed  to  be  in  the  pole  of  the  world, 
or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye 
being  in  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equi- 
noctial and  the  horizon. 

astrolabyt,  n.     Same  as  astrolabe. 

astrolatry  (as-trol'a-tri),  n.  [=F.  astroldtrie, 
<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  r\arpcta,  worship :  see  la- 
ir ia.  Cf.  idolatry.]  Worship  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  as  stars,  the  sun,  etc. 

astrolithology  (as'tro-li-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  ?.Wor,  a  stone,  +  -'/.oyia,  <  '/t- 
yeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.  Cf.  lithology.]  The 
scientific  study  of  aerolites  or  meteoric  stnnos. 

astrologer  (as-trol'o-jer),  n.  [<  ME.  astrolo- 
ger, -ere  (with  suffix  -er  as  in  astronomer,  etc.; 
cf.  astrologian),  <  L.  astrologus,  <  Gr.  uorpo'Ad- 
yor,  an  astronomer,  later  an  astrologer:  see 
astrology.]  If.  An  astronomer;  an  observer 
of  the  stars. 

A  worthy  astrologer,  by  perspective  glasses,  hath  found  in 
the  stars  many  things  unknown  to  the  ancients.    Bali  igh, 

2.  One  who  professes  to  determine  the  influence 
of  the  stars  on  persons,  events,  qualities,  etc. 
Astrologers  that  future  fates  foreshow,  Pope. 

astrologiant  (as-tro-16'ji-an),  n.  [<  ME.  astro- 
logien,  <  OF.  astrologien  =  Pr.  astrologian,  <  LL. 
astrologia,  astrology;  L.,  astronomy:  see  astrol- 
ogy and  -an.]     Same  as  astrologi  r. 

astrologic  (as-tro-loj'ik),  a.  Same  as  astrologi- 
cal :  as,  "no  astrologic  wizard,"  Dryden. 

astrological  (as-tro-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aarpo- 
'/oytKur,  <  aarpo?ioy ia :  see  astrology.]  Pertain- 
ing to  astrology;  professing  or  practising  as- 
trology. 

astrologically  (as-tro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
astrological  manner ;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  astrology. 

astrologize  (as-trol'o-jiz),  t>.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
astrologized,  ppr.  astrologi:ing.  [<  astrology  + 
-ize.]     I.  intrans.  To  practise  astrology. 


astronomer 

II.  trans.  Toaseertainbymeansofastrology. 
Also  spelled  astrologise. 

astrologuet  (as'tro-log),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
and  ME.  astrolog,  (.  F.  astrologue,  <  L.  astrolo- 
gus, <  Or.  aoTpoMryoc :  see  astrology.]  An  as- 
trologer.    D'l'rfey. 

astrology  (as-trol'o-ji),  n.  [<  ME.  astmloijii, 
astrologic,  <  I  IF.  astrologie  =  Sp.  astrologia  = 
Pg.  It.  astrologia,  <  L.  astrologia,  <  Gr.  aarpoKo- 
yia,  astronomy,  later  astrology,  <  aorpoASyoc,  an 
astronomer,  lit.  speaking  about  stars, <  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  '/.iyi w, speak:  see-ology.]  1.  Theseiem  e 
or  doctrine  of  the  stars;  practical  astronomy; 
astronomy  in  its  earliest  form.  The  term  Is  now 
restricted  iii  meaning  to  the  pseudo-science  or  art  prop- 
erly called  mundane  astrology,  which  assumes  that  the 
heavenly  bodies  exert,  according  to  their  relative  posi- 
tions at  certain  times,  a  direct  influence  upon  human 
life  and  destiny,  and  which  proposes  to  determine  in  any 
given  case  what  this  influence  is,  and  thus  to  for.  tell 
the  future.  Thus,  one's  temperament  was  ascribed  to  the 
planet  under  which  lie  was  born,  as  saturnine  from  Sol. 
urn,  jovial  from  Jupiter,  mercurial  from  Mercury,  etc.: 
and  the  virtues  of  herbs,  gems,  and  medicines  were  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  their  ruling  planets. 
2f.  An  old  name  for  the  plant  bistort,  Poly- 
gonum Bistorta.— Horary  astrology,  that  branch  of 

the  art  which  shows  how  to  answer  questions  by  the  figure 
of  the  heavens  at  the  moment  when  the  question  arises.— 
Judicial  astrology,  that  branch  of  astrology  which  pro. 
fesses  to  foretell  human  affairs.  The  practice  of  judicial 
astrology  was  forbidden  under  the  severest  penalties  by 
the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  as  implying  idolatry 
or  heresy  (equivalent  to  high  treason),  and  falling  under 
the  greater  excommunication. —  Natural  astrology.  («) 
Astrology  applied  to  determining  the  destiny  of  a  person 
from  the  configuration  of  the  planets  at  bis  birth,  (b) 
That  branch  of  astrology  which  professes  to  predict  nat- 
ural effects,  as  changes  of  the  weather,  winds,  storms, 
etc. 

Astrolophida  (as-tro-lof'i-dii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  4-  '/oooc,  a  crest,  +  -iila.]  A 
genus  of  radiolarians,  representing  a  special 
family,  the  Astrolopliididcs. 

Astro'lophididse  (as"tro-lo-fid'i-de),  ».  i>l. 
[NL.,  C  Astrolophida  +  -/</«.]  A  family  of 
acantharian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton  hav- 
ing a  varying  number  of  spicules  irregularly 
distributed,  consisting  of  the  genera  Astro- 
lophida aud  LitholopMda :  synonymous  with 
Actinellida.    Haeckt  I. 

astromancy  (as'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpo- 
pavreia,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  pavreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  the  stars ;  astrology. 

astrometeorological  (astr6-me"te-o-ro-loj'i- 
kal),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  astrometeorology. 

astrometeorologist  (as"tr6-me,1te-o-rol'o-jist), 
ii.  One  who  believes  in  or  practises  astrome- 
teorology. 

astrometeorology  (as'tro-me'te-o-rol'o-ji),  ». 
[<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  pereupo'/o-j ia,  meteorol- 
ogy: see  meteorology.]  1.  The  pretended  art  of 
foretelling  the  weather  and  its  changes  from 
the  aspects  and  configurations  of  the  moon  and 
slars:  a  branch  of  natural  astrology. —  2.  Prog- 
nostication of  the  weather  from  the  appearance 
of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

astrometer  (as-trom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  pirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
designed  to  measure  the  relation,  brightness, 
or  apparent  magnitude  of  the  stars,  it  was  in- 
vented by  sir  John  Herschel.  By  it  an  image  of  Jupiter, 
the  moon,  or  some  other  object  of  recognized  brightness 
is  brought  into  direct  comparison  with  a  star,  so  thai  star 
and  image  arc  seen  in  the  same  direction.  By  adjusting 
the  distance  of  the  image  so  that  it  appears  equal  in 
brightness  to  the  -star,  and  by  measuring  this  distance,  the 
luster  of  the  star  Is  readily  determined. 

astrometry  (as-trom'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  -perpia,  <  pirpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  determining  by  measurement  the  apparent 

relative  magnitude  of  the  stars. 

Astronesthes  (as-tro-nes'thez), n.    [NL..  irreg. 

<  aarpov,  a  star,  +  iotii/c,  clothing.]  The  typical 
genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Astronesthidce. 

Astronesthidae  (as-tro-ues'thi-de),  n.pl.   [NL., 

<  Astronesthes  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  fishes,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Astronesthes.  They  have  a 
claviioi  in  body  :  the  supramaxillaries  as  well  as  intermax- 
illaries  enter  info  the  upper  arch  of  the  mouth;  a  hyoid 
barbel  is  developed;  the  dorsal  fin  is  in  advance  of  the 
anal ;  and  there  is  an  adipose  fin. 

astronomer  (as-tron'o-mer),  11.  [<  ME.  astron- 
omer, earlier  astronomyer  (with  suffix  -er;  cf. 
astronomian),  <  L.  astronomia :  see  astronomy 
and  -er1,  and  cf.  astrologer.]  1.  One  who  is 
versed  in  astronomy;  a  scientific  observer  of 
the  stars;  a  student  of  the  laws  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies,  or  the  principles  by  which  their 
motions  are  regulated,  with  their  various  phe- 
nomena.— 2t.  An  astrologer:  as,  "astronomers 

foretell  it,"  Sliak.,  T.  and  O,  v.  1 Astronomer 

Royal,  the  official  title  of  the  astronomer  in  charge  of  any 
one  of  the  royal  observatories  of  Great  Britain,  especially 
of  the  Greenwich  observatory. 


358 

use ;  obtained  or  made  by  means  of  the  astro- 
photometer. 

astrophyllite  (as-tro-fil'it),  re.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  fyvKfam,  a  leaf,  +  -He".]  A  mineral  of 
a  bronze-  or  gold-yellow  color  and  micaceous 
structure,  sometimes  found  in  tabular  triclinic 
Crystals.  It  is  a  silicate  of  iron  and  manganese,  with 
potassium,  sodium,  and  also  some  titanium.  It  is  found 
in  Norway  and  in  Colorado. 
<  L.  astronomicus,  <.  Gr.  aarpovo/uKo^,  <  astrophysical(as-tro-fiz'i-kal),n.    [<  Gr.  aarpov, 

star,  +  (pvaiKor,  physical:    see  physical.']      Per- 
taining to  astronomical  physics. 

We  nerd,  and  ought  to  have,  a  continuous  record  of  the 
state  of  tlie  solar  surface,  such  as  it  is  hoped  may  be  se- 
cured by  the  cooperation  of  the  new  astropnysical  i  ibserva- 
tories  at  Potsdam  and  Meudon. 

C.  A.  Young,  The  Sun,  p.  168. 

astrophysics  (as'tro-fiz"iks),  n.  Astronomical 
physics. 

Astrophytidae  (as-tro-fit'i-de),  re.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Astrophyton  +  -idee.']'  A  family  of  ophiurians, 
of  the  order  Ophiuroidea,  containing  those  which 
have  branching  arms.  It  corresponds  to  the 
Eurualcw 

<  Gr. 
typical  genus 
of  the  family  Astropliytida; 
containing  the  gorgon's- 
head,  basket-fish,  or  sea-bas- 
ket, Astrophyton  scutatuin. 

Astrorhiza  (as-tro-ri'za),  re. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  star,  + 
pKa.  root.]  A  genus  of  fora- 
miniferous  rhizopods,  tyjd- 
cal  of  the  family  Astrorhizi- 
d<e  and  the  subfamily  Astro- 
rliiziua:  The  species  are  of 
considerable  size. 


astronomian 

astronomiant  (as-tro-no'mi-an),  re.  [<  ME.  as- 
tronomien,  astronomyen,  <  OF.  astronomien  = 
Pr.  astronomian,  <  ML.  as  if  *astronomianus,  < 
L.  astronomia:  see  astronomy  and  -an.]  An 
astronomer;  any  one  having  knowledge  of  the 
stars. 
Astronomians  came  from  the  East.      Wyclif,  Mat.  ii.  1. 

astronomic  (as-tro-nom'ik),  a.  [=  F.  astrono- 
mique, 

aarpovo/iia,   astronomy.]     Of  or  pertaining  to 
astronomy:  as,  astronomic  facts. 

astronomical  (as-tro-nom'i-kal),  a.  [<  astro- 
nomic +  -al.]  Pertaining  or  related  to  astron- 
omy ;  connected  with  or  relating  to  astronomic 
observation  or  research — Astronomical  chronol- 
ogy. See  chronology.— Astronomical  clock,  a  clock 
which  keeps  sidereal  time.— Astronomical  column, 
day,  horizon,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Astronomical  lan- 
tern, a  lamp  having  a  glass  or  paper  screen  on  which  a 
celestial  map  is  drawn.— Astronomical  signs,  the  signs 
of  the  zodiac— Astronomical  year,    see  year. 

astronomically  (as-tro-nom'i-kal-i),  adv.    In 
an  astronomical  manner:  by  means  of  astron- 
omy 
me' 

astronomicont   (as-tro-nom'i-kon),  n.     [< 
acTpavofuKov,  neut.  of  aarpovournds :   see  astro- 
nomic.]    A  treatise  on  the  stars. 

astronomies  (as-tro-nom'iks),  re.  [PI.  of  as- 
tronomic:  see  -ics.]    Astronomy. 

The  laws  of  Gravitation,  Statics,  Acoustics,  Chemics. 
Optics,  Pneumatics,  Magnetics,  Astronomia  .  .  .  are  all 
reducible  to  numerical  language. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  310,  App. 


astylar 

is  A.  atricapillus ;  there  are  other  species,  grading  in  size 
down  to  the  species  of  Accipiter,  so  that  the  limits  of  the 


i  astronomical  manner:  by  means  or  astron-     "        ~ — e  r 

ay   or  according  to  astronomic  principles  or  jgggjjg^  (as.trof'i-ton),  „.      [NL. 
xonornicont   (as-tro-nom'i-kon),  re.     [<  Gr.     *&>,  ■**,  +  fr& pW    Thetypica 


astronomize  (as-tron'o-miz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and 
pp.  astronomized,  ppr.'  astronomizing.  [<  Gr. 
aarpovoul^uv,  study  astronomy,  be  an  astrono- 
mer, <  aarpovopoc,  astronomer:  see  astronomy.] 
To  study  astronomy:  apply  the  principles  of  Astrorh  Zld*  (a  -jro-r.z  _i- 
astronomy.     Also  spelled  astrononnse.  %  >j£f    Pg^fJ  S*£ 

I  hi  \  astronomized  in  caves. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  7. 

astronomy  (as-tron'o-mi),  n.  [<  ME.  astrono- 
nnr,  astronemie  (alsocontr,  astrony),  <  OF.  astro- 
nomie,  <  L.  astronomia,  <  Gr.  aorpovoftia,  astron- 
omy^ acTpoi'dpog,  an  astronomer,  lit.  'starnuv 
r:i  ttging '  (with  ref.  to  classifying  or  mapping 


Oral  Skeleton  otsls/ro- 
phytott,  an  ophiurian, 
seen  from  within. 

d,  d,  vertebral  or  axial 
ossicles  of  ray  ;  e,  inter- 
ambulacral  pieces ;  /, 
torus  annularis;  H,  posi- 
tion of  nervous  collar  ;  m, 
Keristomial  plates;  o,  pa- 
1  an; 


ngularis. 


pods  with  the  test  invariably 

composite,  usually  of  large 

size  and  monothalamous,  often  branched  or 

radiate,  sometimes  segmented  by  constriction 

of  the  walls,  but  seldom  or  never  truly  septate 


The  polythalamous  forms  are  never  symmetri- 

■pov&  star; *  Astrorhizin.se    (as"trd-ri-zi'ne),  n,  pi.      [NL. 
,,,„„,  distribute,  arrange:  see <nome.]     1.  The     <  Mtr()l.hL-(l  +  _\;,(<|  '  A  sub " 
science  which  describes  the  heavenly  bodies 
and  explains  their  apparent  motions,  etc.    That 
part  of  the  science  which  gives  a  description  of  the  mo- 
Sons,  figures,  periods  of  revolution,  and  other  pin- nena  astroscope  (as  tro-skop),  re.    [<  V*T.  tunpov,  a  Star, 


l  subfamily  of  Astrorhi- 
eidce,  characterized  by  thick  walls  composed  of 
sand  or  mud  but  slightly  cemented. 


of  the  heavenly  bodies  is  called  descriptive  astronomy;  that 
part  which  teaches  how  to  observe  their  motions,  figures, 
periodical  revolutions,  distances,  etc..  and  how  to  use  the 
ii  \  Instruments,  is  called  practical  astronomy;  and 
that  part  which  explains  the  causes  of  their  motions,  and 
demonstrates  the  laws  by  which  those  causes  operate,  is 
termed  physical  astronomy. 
2f.  Astrological  skill. 

\,,i  from  the  stars  do  I  my  judgment  pluck. 
And  yet  methinks  I  have  astronomy. 

Shale,  Sonnets,  \iv. 

Nautical  astronomy.    See  nautical. 
Astropecten  (as-tro-pek'ten),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

aarpov,  star,  +  L.  pecten,  comb:  see  Pecten.]    A 

genus  of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Astro- 

pi  cHnidce. 
Astropectinidse  (as'tro-pek-tin'i-de),  n. pi. 

[XL.,  <  Astrojicch  n  (-tin-)  +  -idee.]    A  family  of 

starfishes,  typified   by  the  genus  Astropecten. 

They  have  a  dorsal  skeleton  formed  of  raised  ossicles  and 
i,uii  wlial    irregular,  the  teeth  saillant  from  the  ventral 

surface  no  anus,  no  interbrachial  system,  and  the  ambu- 

lai  in  in  ,  i ml  and  conic.    The  family  includes  the  genera 

Axtn>j>rrt,-,K  l.t'idla,  and  CI'  "< 

astrophelt,  n.    See  astrofel. 

Astrophiura  (as'tro-fi-ii'ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iarpov,  a  star,  +  NL.  Ophiwra,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  sand-stars  representing  a  generalized  form, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrophiuridce. 

A'strophiuridse  (as  tro-fi-u'ri-de),  n. ;-/.  [NL., 
<  Astrophiura  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  sand-stars, 
order  Ophiuroidea,  typified  by  Astrophiura.  They 
have  arms,  wild  an  opmuroid  disk,  included  in  a  pen- 
tagonal body,  a  very  broad  interbrachial  cavity,  anibula- 

i pai  ito  i  by  Bepfai  perpendicular  to  the  rays, 

and  tin  oral  armature  without  teeth. 


+  oKomiv,  view:  see  astroscopy.]  An  astro- 
nomical instrument  composed  of  two  cones  on 
the  surfaces  of  which  the  constellations  with 
their  stars  are  delineated.  It  was  formerly 
used  as  a  substitute  for  the  celestial  globe. 

astroscopyt  (as-tros'ko-pi),  n.  [<  MGr.  ao-rpo- 
CThOTia,  observation  of  the  stars.  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -aKOTria,  <  ckotccIv,  view.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

astrotheology  (as'tro-the-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Or. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  BeoTioyia,' theology:  see  theol- 
ogy.] Natural  theology  founded  on  the  obser- 
vation of  the  celestial  bodies.     Ihrham. 

astructivet  (as-truk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astructits, 
pp.  of  astruere,  build  in  addition,  add  (<  ad,  to, 
+  struere,  heap  up,  pile),  +  -ire.  Cf.  destruc- 
tive.] Building  up;  erecting;  constructive: 
opposed  to  destructive. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  first  destructive, 

then  obstructive.  .  .  .  "Cease  to  do  evil,  learn  to  do  well." 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  Rom.  xii.  2. 

astrut  (a-strut'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [ME. 
(islrut,  iistroiit.  astrotr,  o  strut,  on  strut ;  <  0s  + 
Strut.]     Strutting;  pompous.     [Ran.] 
Inflated  and  astrut  with  self-conceit. 

Cowper,  Task,  v.  268. 

astucious  (as-tu'shus),  a.  [<  F.  astucieux,  as- 
tute, <  astuce,  astuteness,  <  L.  astulia,  astute- 
ness, <  astutus,  astute:  see  astute]  Aslutc; 
suliilc;  designing.     Also  spelled  asliilious. 

Louis,  .  .  .  like  all  astucious  persons,  was  as  desirous 
of  looking  into  the  hearts  of  others  as  of  concealing  his 
Scott,  Quentin  Bnrward,  i\. 


astrophotography  (as*tr6-f5-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [<  astuciously  (as-tii'shus-li),  adr.    Astutely 
Gr.  Strrpov,  a  star,  +  photoi/rn/iby.]     The  appli-  astucity  (as-tu'si-ti),  n.     [<  astud-0%8  +  -ty.] 
cation  of   photography  to  the-  delineation  or    Tlie  quality  of  bl'-iug  astute;  astuteness, 
rc-ord    of   solar    spots,    the    .noon's   disk,   the         with  «s/,o'i7i/,  with  swiftness,  with  audacity. 
planets,   and   the  constellations,  and  to  other  Carlyle,  French Eev.,  I.  i.  8. 

astr inienl  ends.  astunt,  »'.  t.     See  aston. 

astrophotometer  (as'tro-fo-tom'e-ter),  n.    [<  Astur  (as'ter),  re.    [LL.  astur,  ML.  also  astor, 
Or.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  <f>£ir  (((put-),  lit/lit,  +  uirpov,     austur,  etc.,  a  goshawk:   see  auslringcr.]     A 


ameasure:  see  photometer.]     A  device  fitted  to 
a  telescope  for  comparing  the  brightness  of  a 
star  with  a  standard  tight, 
astrophotometrical     (as'tro-fo-to-met'ri-kal), 
<;.   Pertaining  to  the  astrophotometer  or  its 


genus  of  hawks,  formerly  called  star-hawks  or 
goose-hawks,  now  goshawks,  of  large  size,  with 
short  rounded  wings,  long  tail,  moderately  long 
legs,  and  the  beak  festooned  but  not  tool  lied. 
The  European  goshawk  is  A.  palumbarius ;  the  American 


American  Goshawk  {Astur  atricaptlhis). 

genus  are  indefinite.  The  word  has  been  used  with  much 
latitude  for  various  hawks  and  hawk-like  birds.  Also 
spelled  Aster. 

Asturian  (as-tti'ri-an),  a.  and  re.  [<  Sp.  Astu- 
riano,  <  Asturias,  Asturia,  <  L.  Asturia,  the 
country  of  the  Astures,  in  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis,  <  Astur,  an  Asturian.  Cf.  Astura,  a  riv- 
er in  Asturia,  now  the  Esla.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Asturia  or  modern  Asturias,  a 
northwestern  province  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay. 
II.  h.   A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Asturia. 

Asturina  (as-tu-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,<  Astur  + 
-ina.]  A  genus  of  comparatively  small  Amer- 
ican hawks,  of  the  buteonine  division,  the  adults 
of  which  have  somewhat  the  pattern  of  plumage 
of  the  goshawks,  to  which,  however,  they  are 
not  specially  related :  synonymous  with  Astu- 
risca  (Sundevall,  1872).  One  species,  A.  plagiata, 
occurs  in  the  United  States,  and  there  are  several  others 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

Asturinae  (as-tu-ri'ne),  re. pi.  [XL.,  <  Astur  + 
-ina:]  A  subfamily  or  other  group  of  hawks 
having  the  genus  Astur  as  its  central  figure: 
synonymous  with  Accipitrina:  The  name  is  used 
with  great  latitude,  and  is  incapable  of  exact  definition. 
In  Sundevall's  classification,  for  example,  it  is  a  family  of 
his  Hcmeroharpages,  more  than  coextensive  with  Falco- 
uliltf. 
asturine  (as'ter-in),  a.  and  re.  [<  NL.  asluii- 
nus:  see  Astur  and  -ine1.]  I.  a.  Like  or  lik- 
ened to  a  hawk,  especially  of  the  genus  Astur; 
accipitrine. 

II.  re.  An  American  hawk  of  the  genus  As- 
turina. 
Asturisca  (as-tu-ris'ka),  «.  [XL.,  <  Astur  + 
dim.  -isca.]  Same  as  Asturina. 
astute  (as-tiit'),  a.  [<  L.  astutus,  cunning, 
crafty,  <  aslus,  cunning,  craft.]  Of  keen  pene- 
tration or  discernment ;  eimning;  sagacious. 

That  astute  little  lady  of  Curzon  Street.  Thackeray. 

Mighty  clever  you  gentlemen  think  you  are!    .    .    . 
Acute  and  astute,  why  are  you  not  also  omniscient? 

Charlotte  Bronte,  -Shirley,  xx. 
=  Syn.  Sagacious,  Sage,  Knowing,  Astute,  Subtle.  Saga- 
riiois  unit  suae  are  used  only  in  good  senses,  and  when  ap- 
plied to  persons  generally  suggest  the  wisdom  of  age  or 
experience.  The  knowing  man  has  wide  knowledge  and 
often  penetration.  The  word  knowing  has  also  a  humor- 
ous cast:  as,  he  gave  me  a  knowing  wink  ;  it  may  be  used 
ironically:  as,  he  is  a  little  too  knowing,  that  is,  he  thinks 
he  knows  more  than  he  does:  it  may  be  used  of  knowing 
more  than  one  has  a  right  to  know  ;  it  sometimes  suggests 
a  disposition  to  make  ill  use  of  knowledge:  as,  a  I  nowing 
leer.  Astute  is  often  the  same  as  sagacious,  bui  is  sus- 
ceptible of  an  unfavorable  sense  in  the  direct! f  a  nar- 
row shrewdness,  slyness,  or  cunning;  it  often  means  i 
sagacity  that  knows  how  to  be  silent;  it  is  frequent!]  ap- 
plied to  looks.  Subtle,  in  its  good  sense,  implies  great 
acuteness,  delicacy,  or  refinement  in  mental  action  :  as,  a 
subtle  rcasoner.    i'or  its  bad  sense,  see  cunning. 

Another  effect  of  public  instability  is  the  unreasonable 
advantage  it  gives  to  the  sagacious,  the  enterprising,  and 

tlici lied  few,  over  the  industrious  and  uninformed  mass 

of  the  people.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  62. 

Let  time,  that  makes  vou  homely,  make  \,,n    ,>.:, 

PanuZI,  To  an  Old  Beauty,  1.  85. 

Not  every  one,  knowing  as  he  may  be,  knows  when  his 
question  is  answered.  Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  St. 

No  ambassadors  to  Western  Com  ts  wire  so  instructed, 
so  decorous,  so  proud,  so  astute  as  the  Venetian  ambas- 
sadors. D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  ii. 
A  subtle  disputant  on  creeds. 

Byron,  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

astutely  (as-tut'li),  adv.  In  an  astute  manner  ; 
shrewdly;  sharply;  cunningly. 

astuteness  (as-tut'nes),  re.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing astute  ;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

All  so  smooth  and  fair. 
Even  Paul's  astuteness  sniffed  no  harm  i'  the  world. 

Ill-owning,  Itillg  and   book.   1     1  10. 

astylar  (a-sti'liir),  a.  [<  Gr.  harvkac,  without 
pillars  or  columns  (<  ii-  priv.  +  arv?.or,  a  col- 
umn :  see  styUfl),  +  -ar.]  In  arch.,  having  no 
columns. 


astyllen  359 

astyllent  (as-til'en),  n.  [E.  dial. J  etym.  ob-  aswought,  adv.  or  fl.,  orig.  p.  a.  [ME.,  also 
seure.]  A  small  temporary  dam  or  partition,  nswogh,  aswowe,  isicowc,  isieogi ,  <  AS.  gesirtigcii, 
made  either  of  branches  or  twigs  interlaced,  or  senseless,  swooned  (cf.  geswogung,  swooning), 
perhaps  sometimes  of  a  simple  piece  of  board,  pp.  of  swogan,  overgrow,  choke:  see  swough.] 
and  used  either  to  check  the  flow  of  water     In  a  swoon ;  aswoon. 

underground  or  to  separate  ore  from  refuse  or  aswoundt,  prep,   phr.   as  adv.  or  a.     [<  »:l   + 
attle  on  the  surface.     [Eng.]  smound  for  swoon  ;  see  swound,  and  cf.  aswoon, 

asunder  (a-sun'der),  prep,  jihr.  as  tide.     [<  ME.     aswooned.]     In  a  swoon ;  aswoon. 
a  sundir,  "o  sunder,  on  sunder,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  sun-  asylet  (a-sil'),  n.    [<  ME.  asile,  <  P.  asile,  <  L. 


asystaton 

applied  to  those  unios  or  river-mussels  which 
have  I  lie  hinge  free  ami  the  valves  consequently 
movable,  as  is  usual  in  the  genus  Unio.  Dr. 
Isaac  /.((/. 
asymptote  (as'im-tot),  a.  and  n.  [<  (Jr.  imru- 
■KTUTOQ,  not  close,  not  falling  together.  <  <)-  priv. 
+  aim,  together,  +  ttw<V,  railing,  apt  to  fall,  < 


dran,  apart :  see  a3  and  sunder.]  1.  In  or  into 
a  position  apart ;  apart  or  separate,  either  in 
position  or  in  direction:  said  of  two  or  more 
things:  as,  wide  as  the  poles  asunder. 

The  vanguard  and  rear-guard  were  above  half  a  league 
asumter,  with  the  cavalgada  between  them. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  7S. 

2.  In  or  into  a  divided  state;  into  separate 
parts;  in  pieces:  as,  to  tear,  rend,  break,  burst, 
or  cut  asunder. 

The  Lord  .  .  .  hath  cut  asunder  the  cords  of  the  wicked. 

Ps.  exxix.  4. 
What  a  plaguing  thing  it  is  to  have  a  man's  mind  torn 
asunder  by  two  projects  of  equal  strength. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  31. 

Ties  the  strongest,  influences  the  sweetest,  seem  falling 

asunder  as  smoking  liax.        R.  Chnate,  Addresses,  p.  405. 

3.  Separately;  apart.     [Archaic] 

It  was  impossible  to  know  them  asunder. 

Defoe,  Plague,  p.  264. 

asura  (as'o-rii),  n.  [<  Skt.  asura,  spiritual ;  as 
a  noun,  a  spirit,  later  a  demon  (Hind,  asur); 
<  y/  as,  be,  with  which  are  connected  E.  am,  are : 
see  be,  ens.]  In  Hindu  mythol.,  one  of  a  class 
of  demons  in  perpetual  hostility  to  the  gods : 
parallel  to  a  Titan  or  an  afrit. 

aswail  (as'wal),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  name 
of  the  sloth-bear  of  India,  Melursus  or  Prochilus 


Aswail.  or  Sloth-bear  iProc/ti/its  labiatus). 

labiatus.  It  is  an  uncouth,  unwieldy  animal,  with  very 
long  black  hair,  and  inoffensive  when  not  attacked.  <  Iwing 
to  its  exceeding  sensitiveness  to  heat,  it  confines  itself  to 
its  den  during  the  day.  It  never  eats  vertebrate  animals 
except  when  pressed  by  hunger,  its  usual  diet  consisting 
of  roots,  bees'  nests,  grubs,  snails,  ants,  etc.  Its  flesh  is 
used  for  food,  and  its  fat  is  highly  valued  for  the  lubrica- 
tion of  the  delicate  steel-work  in  gun-locks.  When  cap- 
tured young  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  can  be  taught  to  per- 
form many  curious  tricks. 
aswarm  (a-swarm'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
as  +  swarm.]     In  a  swarcn  ;  swarming. 

Carnival-time,— another  providence ! 

The  town  a-swarm  with  strangers. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  73. 

aswasht,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.,  also  astcasshe,  a  sosshe,  ashosshe;  <  a3  + 
"swash,  of  obscure  origin.]  Slantingly;  aslant ; 
oblique ;  (of  looking)  askant  and  with  scorn. 
Cotgrave. 

asway  (a-swa'), prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  it.  [<  a3 
+  sway.]  In  a  swaying  state ;  rocking  from 
side  to  side. 

aswevet,   ».   t.     [ME.  asweven,   stupefy,  <  AS. 
dswebban,  soothe,  still,  put  to  death,  <  a-,  in- 
tensive,  +  swebban,  put  to  sleep,   <  swefan, 
sleep:  see  sweven.]     To  stupefy,  as  by  terror. 
s>  >  astonyed  and  asweved, 
Was  every  vertu  in  my  heved. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  549. 

aswim  (a-swim'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
a3  +  swim.]  Swimming;  overflowing;  afloat. 
aswing  (a-swing'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
a3  +  swing.]  In  a  swinging  state ;  asway. 
aswoon  (a-sw6V),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  aswouii,  aswown,  aswoune,  aswowne,  also  a 
sinuate,  on  swottne,  in  swoiine,  taken,  as  in  mod. 
E.,  as  prep,  with  noun  (a3  +  swoon),  but  origi- 
nating in  aswowen  for  iswowen,  the  fuller  form 
oi  aswowe,  iswowe,  orig.  pp.:  see  aswough.  Cf. 
aslope,  alight1.]     In  a  swoon. 

And  with  this  word  she  fell  to  ground 
Aswoon.  Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iv. 

Because  I  fell  aswoon, 
I  think  you'll  do  the  like. 
l:„l,in  riood  and  the  Beggar,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  203. 

aswooned  (a-swond'),  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  a- 
swoned,  iswduned,  occasional  var.  of  aswoune, 
etc. :  see  aswoon  and  aswound.]     Aswoon. 


asylum :  see  asylum.]  An  old  form  of  asylum. 
asylum  (a-si'lum),  n.  [<  L.  asylum,  a  sanctu- 
ary, asylum,  <  Gr.  aavXov,  an  asylum,  neut.  of 
aavlor,  safe  from  violence,  <  d-  priv.  +  avkrj, 
also  cl'Aov,  a  right  of  seizure,  perhaps  related 
to  tsiaihyv  =  Li.  spolium,  spoil:  see  spoil.]  1.  A 
sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge  where  criminals 
and  debtors  formerly  sought  shelter  from  jus- 
tioe,  and  from  which  they  could  not  be  taken 
without  sacrilege. 

So  sacred  was  the  church  to  some  that  it  had  the  right 
of  an  asylum  or  sanctuary.  -I'll'/?,  Parergon. 

Hence — 2.  Inviolable  shelter ;  protection  from 
pursuit  or  arrest ;  security  of  the  person :  as, 
the  right  of  asylum,  that  is,  of  furnishing  such 
protection.  Most  Grecian  temples  had  anciently  this 
right,  and  the  custom,  following  Jewish  analogies,  passed 
into  the  Christian  church.  From  the  fourth  century 
the  churches  had  widely  extended  rights  of  asylum,  but 
modern  legislation  has  nearly  everywhere  ended  the  cus- 
tom. (See  sanctuary.)  In  internatitmal  law,  t lie  right 
of  asylum  was  formerly  claimed  for  the  houses  of  ambas- 
sadors. The  term  now  specifically  signifies  the  right  of 
one  state  to  receive  and  shelter  persons  accused  of  crimes, 
or  especially  of  political  offenses,  committed  in  another. 
See  extradition. 
3.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security. 

Earth  has  no  other  asylum  for  them  than  its  own  cold 
bosom.  Southey. 

Specifically — 4.  An  institution  for  receiving, 
maintaining,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  ameliorat- 
ing the  condition  of  persons  suffering  from 
bodily  defects,  mental  maladies,  or  other  mis- 
fortunes :  as,  an  asylum  for  the  blind,  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  for  the  insane,  etc.;  a  mag- 
dalen  asylum. 

asymbolia  (as-im-bo'li-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  avpjio'lov,  symbol.]      Same  as  asemia. 

asymmetralt  (a-sim'e-tral),  a.  Same  as  asym- 
metrous. 

asymmetric  (as-i-met'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(o-lSj  +  symmetric.  Cf.  asymmetrous.]  Desti- 
tute of  symmetry;  not  symmetrical — Asym- 
in  crystal.,  same  as  triclinic  system  : 


metric  system,  ~ 

ailed  from  the  fact  that  the  crystals  belonging  to  it  are  asynartete  (a-sm  iir-tet),  fl. 


without  a  plane  of  symmetry.    See  crystallography. 

Many  substances  contain  an  asymmetric  carbon  atom, 
but  are  optically  inactive.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  314. 

asymmetrical  (as-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  {a-18)  +  symmetrical.  Ct.  asymmetric]  1. 
Not  symmetrical ;  unsymmetrical. 

In  some  Cetacea.  the  hones  about  the  region  of  the  nose 
are  unequally  developed,  and  the  skull  becomes  asymmet- 
rical. Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  30. 

2f.  In  math.,  not  having  commensurability ; 
incommensurable. —  3.  Inharmonious;  not  re- 
concilable.    Boyle.     [Rare.] 

asymmetrically  (as-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymmetric  manner ;  without  symmetry. 

asymmetroust  (a-sim'e-trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aavft- 
/rcrpof,  incommensurable,  disproportionate,  <  a- 
priv.  +  av/ifieTpoc,  commensurate :  see  symmet- 
ric.] 1.  Incommensu- 
rate ;  incommensurable. — 
2.  Asymmetrical. 
Also  asymmctral. 

asymmetry  (a-sim'e-tri), 

u.;  pi.  asymmetries  (-triz). 
[<  Gr.  aav/i/jerpia,  incom- 
mensurability, dispropor- 
tion^ aavujurpoc'.  Beeasym- 
metrous.  Cf.  symmetry.]  1. 
Want  of  symmetry  or  pro- 
portion. 

In  the  Flat-fishes  tpieuronec- 
tides),  tile  skull  becomes  so  com- 
pletely distorted  that  the  two 
eyes  lie  on  one  side  of  the  body. 
...  In  certain  of  these  fishes, 
the  rest  of  the  skull  and  facial 
bones,  the  spine,  and  even  the 
limbs,  partake  in  tins  asymme- 
try.     Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  30. 

2t.  The  want  of  a  com- 
mon measure  between  two 
quantities ;  incommensu- 
rability. Barrow. 
asymphynote  ( a  -  sim '  fl  - 
not),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(a.18)  +  sy in phy note.]  Not 
soldered  together  at  the  back,  that  is,  at  the 
hinge :  the  opposite  of  symphynotc  (which  see) : 


at,  abt  Asymptotes. 

Tzinrciv.  fall;  cf.  avpniirTiiv,  fall  together,  meet.] 
I,  a.  Ln  math.,  approaching  indefinitely  close, 
as  a  line  to  a  curve,  but  never  meeting.  See  II. 
II.  ».  A  straight  line  whose  distance  from  a 
curve  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity,  but 
which  does  not  meet  the  curve  at  any  finite  dis- 
tance from  the  origin.  The  asymptote  i^  often  de- 
fined as  the  tangent  to  the  curve  at  an  infinite  distance, 
and  this  definition  answers  for  Euclidean  space ;  but,  in 
view  of  non-Euclidean  hypotheses,  it  is  preferable  to  de- 
fine it  as  a  common  chord  of  the  curve  and  the  absolute 
(which  see),  and  thus  as  not  necessarily  a  tangent. 

asymptotic  (as-im-tot'ik),  0.  Same  as  asymp- 
totical. 

asymptotical  (as-im-tot'i-kal),  a.  [<  asymp- 
totic +  -al.]  Belonging  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  asymptote;  approaching  indefinite- 
ly near,  but  never  meeting. 

In  these  perpetual  lines  and  curves  ran  the  asymptotical 
negotiation  from  beginning  to  end— and  so  it  might  have 
run  for  two  centuries  without  hope  of  coincidence. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  4S5. 

Asymptotical  lines  or  curves,  lines  or  curves  which 
approach  indefinitely  close,  but  never  meet. 
asymptotically  (as-im-tot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymptotical  manner;  in  a  manner  so  as  gin  du- 
ally to  approach  indefinitely  near,  though  never 
to  meet. 

The  theory  is  not  a  thing  complete  from  the  first,  hut  a 
thing  which  grows,  as  it  were,  asymptotically  towards 
certainty.  TyndaU. 

The  curve  approaches  .  .  .  asymptotically. 

i;.  M.  Minchin,  Statics,  I.  ISO. 

[<  Gr.  aavvapTnroc, 


Asymmetry  of  Skull  of 
Plaice  {Platessa  vulga- 
ris), from  above.  (Thedot- 
ted  line  ab  is  the  true  mor- 
phological median  line.) 

Or,  Or,  position  of  the  two 
eyes  in  their  orbits;  Eth, 
ethmoid;  Pr/,  prelrontal ; 
Fr,  left,  and  Frl,  right 
frontal  ;  Pa,  parietal ;  50, 
supra-occipital  ;  BpO,  epi- 
otic. 


not  united,  disconnected,  of  differing  meters. 
<  a-  priv.  4-  "am'dpTT/Toc  (cf.  awapnjaii,  a  junc- 
tion), verbal  adj.  of  cvvaprav,  hang  up  with,  con- 
nect, <  cvv,  together,  +  aprav,  join,  fasten,  re- 
lated to  apBpov,  joint,  L.  artus,  joint,  etc. :  see 
arthritic,  article,  arm1,  etc.]  1.  Disconnected; 
not  fitted  or  adjusted. —  2.  In  anc,  pens.:  (a) 
With  interior  eatalexis  at  the  end  of  a  colon ; 
procatalectic  or  dicatalectic :  as,  an  asynartetic 
verse,  meter,  or  period.  (6)  Composed  of  cola 
of  different  kinds  of  feet;  episynthetic.  [Used 
in  this  latter  sense  (6)  by  moat  modern  writers  since  Bent 
ley,  the  former  sense  (a),  however,  being  restored  by  some 
writers  in  accordance  with  ancient  authority.]  Also  asyn- 
artetic. 

asynchronism  (a-sin'kro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  («-18)  +  synchronism.]  Want  of  synchro- 
nism or  correspondence  in  time. 

asynchronous  (a-sin'kro-nns),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (fl-18)  +  synchronous.]  Not  coinciding 
in  time. 

asyndetic  (as-in-det'ik),  a.  [<  asyndeton  +  4c.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  asyndeton. 

asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aobv- 
Sexov,  asyndeton,  neut.  of  aevvosroc,  uncon- 
nected, without  conjunction,  <  d-  priv.  +  aimSe- 
toc,  bound  together,  <  awSclv,  bind  together,  < 
civ,  together,  +  deiv,  bind.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure 
of  speech  consisting  in  the  omission  of  connec- 
tives, as  in  the  following  passage: 

Heal  the  sick,  cleanse  the  lepers,  raise  the  dead,  cast 
out  devils.  Mat.  x.  S. 

It  is  the  opposite  of  polysyndeton,  which  is  a  multiplica- 
tion of  connectives. 

asyntactic(as-in-tak'tik),  fl.  [<  Gr.  dowaacrof, 
not  ranged  together,  ungrammatical  (<  d-  priv. 
-t-  truvTaKrog,  verbal  adj.  of  awraooeiv,  put  in 
order  together:  see  syntax),  +  -ic]  Loosely- 
put  together;  irregular;  ungrammatical.  A. 
E.  D. 

asystatont  (a-sis'ta-ton),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaiVraroc, 
incoherent,  incongruous,  <  d-  priv.  +  cbaTaroc, 
verbal  adj.  of  owtcTavat,  hold  together,  <  tri'V, 
with,  +  ioTdvai,  cause  to  stand,  mid.  "irtraadat, 
stand.]  The  sophism  of  the  liar  (which  see,  un- 
der liar).    Formerly  erroneously  assistation. 


asystaton 

Auistation  [asystaUm]  is  a  kind  of  caviling  not  consist- 
ing "f  any  .suit'  ground,  as  if  a  man  should  say  that  lie  doth 
hold  his  peace  or  lyetn  or  knoweth  nothing,  another  by 
ami  by  might  cavil  thereof  in  this  Bort,  Brgo,  He  thai 
holdeth  his  peace  apeaketh,  he  that  Lyeth  saith  truth,  he 
that  knoweth  nothing  knoweth  --< u u.  t  In n_'-      Blundevule. 

asystole  (a-sis'to-le),  »■  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
cva-o?.n,  systole!]  hi  pathol.,  that  condition 
in  which  a  dilated  and  enfeebled  heart  remains 
continuously  tilled  with  blood  on  account  of  the 
inability  of  the  left  ventricle  to  discharge  more 
than  a  small  part  of  its  eontents.  Also  called 
asystolism, 

asystolic  (as-is-tol'ik),  a.  [<  asystole  +  -ie.] 
Pertaining  to  asystole  ;  characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  asystole. 

asystolism  (a-sis'to-lizm),  n.    [<  asystole  + 

-ism.]     Saint'  as  asystole. 

asyzygetic  (a-siz-i-jet'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  o-  priv. 

(n-ib)  +  sy-ygctic]  Not  connected  by  a  syzy- 
getic  relation. 

at  (at),  prep.  [<  ME.  at,  sometimes  art,  atte,  et, 
<  AS.  cat  =  OS.  a*  =  OFries.  et  (in  combination 
also  fit,  it)  =  OHG.  az  =  Icel.  at,  mod.  ath  =  Sw. 
&t=  Dan.  ad  =  Goth,  at  =  L.  art  (>It.  a  =  Sp.  a 
=  Pg.  a  =  F.  a),  to,  at,  =  Skt.  adhi,  unto,  on. 
This  prep,  is  most  nearly  equiv.  to  to,  without 
the  orig.  implication  of  motion.  In  many  con- 
structions the  two  prepositions  interchange. 
In  many  E.  dialects  at  has  partly,  and  in  Scand. 
has  wholly,  displaced  to,  while  on  the  other 
hand  in  G.  to  (jh)  has  wholly  displaced  at.  In 
L.  and  Rom.  the  form  cognate  with  at  covers 
all  the  uses  of  to  as  well  as  of  at,  and  extends 
partly  over  the  field  of  with.~\  A  preposition 
of  extremely  various  use,  primarily  meaning 
to,  without  implication,  in  itself,  of  motion. 
It  expresses  position  attained  by  motion  to,  and  hence 
contact,  contiguity,  or  coincidence,  actual  or  approxi- 
mate, in  space  or  time.  IVitiu'  less  restricted  as  to  rela- 
tive position  than  other  prepositions,  it  may  in  different 
constructions  assume  their  office,  and  so  become  equiva- 
lent, according  to  the  context,  to  in,  on,  near,by,  about, 
under,  over,  through,  from,  to,  toward,  etc. 
1.  Of  simple  local  position  :  (a)  With  verbs  of 
rest  (be,  live,  etc.):  In,  on,  near,  by,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  the  context:  denoting  usually  a 
place  conceived  of  as  a  mere  point:  as,  at  the 
center,  at  the  top,  at  the  corner,  at  the  end, 
at  the  next  station,  at  the  bend  of  the  river,  at 
the  north  pole,  at  No.  48  Main  street,  etc.  So 
with  names  of  towns,  etc.:  as.  at  Stratford,  at  Lexington, 
etc. ;  hut  if  tlie  city  is  of  great  size  in  is  commonly  used: 
as,  in  London,  in  Paris,  in  New  ¥ork  ;  unless,  again,  the  city 
is  conceived  of  as  a  mere  geographical  point :  as,  our  finan- 
cial interests  center  at  New  Sort  The  place  implied  by  at 
may  be  left  indeterminate,  with  a  reference  rather  to  con- 
dition than  to  mere  location  :  as,  at  .school,  at  college,  at 
court,  at  sea,  etc.  At  may  also  express  personal  proxim- 
ity: as,  at  one's  side,  at  one's  heels,  at  one's  elbow,  etc. 
At  hand,  near  by,  has  lost  its  personal  reference. 

I  don't  believe  there's  a  circulating  library  in  Bath  I 
ha'n't  been  at.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

Muley  Abul  Hassan.  <:t  the  head  of  a  powerful  force, 
had  hurried  from  Granada.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  20. 

He  [Don  Juan  dc  Vera]  was  armed  at  all  points,  gal- 
lantly mounted,  and  followed  by  a  moderate  hut  well  ap 
pointed  retinue.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  10. 

(b)  With  verbs  of  motion:  (1)  Through,  by  (im- 
plying a  starting-point  or  a  point  where  a  thing 
enters  or  departs) :  as,  to  enter  at  the  window, 
to  go  out  at  the  back  door.  (2)  From  (imply- 
ing a  source  from  which  a  thing  comes  or  where 
it  is  sought):  as,  to  receive  ill  treatment  at 
their  hands.  ('■•)  To,  toward  (implying  a  stop- 
ping-point, a  position  attained  or  aimed  at ) : 
as,  ft.  come  «',  tit  get  »',  to  aim  nl,  fire  <it,  shoot 
at,  drive  at,  point  at,  look  at,  shout  at,  reach 
at,  snatch  at,  clutch  al,  etc;  also  be  at  when 
it  implies  effort  directed  toward  a.  thing. 

No  doubt  but  they  will  Boone  answer  that  all  these 
things  they  seeke  at  God's  hands. 

Milton    Def.  ol  1 1  umb.  Remonstrants. 

There  is  no  way  of  coming  at  a  true  theory  of  b to 

but  by  inquiring  into  tin  nature  ol  Its  component  Indi 
vidtiais.  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statit     i 

What  you  i  a  a  drive  at,  unless  you  mean  to  quarn  1  with 
me,  1  cannot  conceive  !  Shi  ridan,  The  Rivals,  Iv.  ::. 

In  spite  of  his  form*  i  wd  promise     Lai  I 

in,  r  u.i-  ■'!  it  again. 

;,-   n  .  Duron,  Hit.  Church  of  Eng.,  hi. 

Who  hut  Henry  could  have  been  aware  of  what  it  is  father 
wa&at?  int. /i    Morthanger  Abbey,  p.  172. 

2.  Of  eire  nit  is  I  a  nt  ial  [iitsil  ion,  state,  condition, 
manner,  environment,  etc.,  in  a  greal  rarietj 
of  relations  developed  from  the  local  sense: 
as,  at  dinner,  at  play,  at  work,  at  service,  at 
right  angles,  at  full  length,  <(/  otitis,  at  ease,  at 
war,  a( peace,  at  will,  at  pleasure,  at  discretion, 
etc. 

I  In  v  1. 1  In  i  I.-"--  at  will,  ami  wandei  waies  uuknnwnc. 
Spenser,  I'.  Q  ,  I.  viii.  49. 

I  have  brought  you  a  new  song  will  make  you  laugh, 

Though  you  were  at  your  prayers. 

Fletcher  {.and  another),  1'alsc  One,  i.  1. 


360 

Really,  sir,  you  have  the  advantage  of  me:— I  don't  re- 
member  ever  in  have  had  the  la  it  ii  in  r  my  name  is  Saun- 
derson,  m  your  service.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  2. 

Success  would  place  a  rich  town  at  their  mercy. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  35, 

The  ship  iii  which  he  [Goldsmith]  had  taken  his  passage, 
having  got  a  tan  wind  while  he  was  at  a  party  Of  pleasure, 
had  Bailed  without  him.  ifacaulay,  Goldsmith. 

3.  Of  relative  position:  implying  a  point  in  an 
actual  or  possible  series,  and  hence  used  of  de- 
gree, price,  time,  order,  occasion,  etc.:  as,  at 
the  beginning,  at  the  third  house  from  the  cor- 
ner, at  nine  years  of  age,  at  seventy  degrees  in 
the  shade,  at  four  dollars  a  yard,  at  ten  cents  a 
pound,  at  half  past  six,  at  midnight,  at  first,  at 
last,  etc. 

I'll  take  them  at  your  own  price. 

Sheridan,  .School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

.1'  present,  if  you  please,  we'll  drop  the  subject. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

In  passing  through  the  gate  of  Elvira,  however,  he  ac- 
cidentally broke  his  lance  against  the  arch.  At  this,  cer- 
tain of  his  nobles  turned  pale,  for  they  regarded  it  as  an 
evil  omen.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  108. 

[In  all  uses,  especially  in  those  last  mentioned,  at  is  very 
frequent  in  idiomatical  phrases:  as,  at  all,  at  must,  at 
least,  at  last,  at  length,  at  any  rate,  at  stake,  at  one,  at 
once,  at  large,  at  present,  etc.,  for  which  see  the  principal 
words,  alt,  must,  least,  etc.] 
4f.  With  the  infinitive :  To. 

Faire  gan  him  pray 
At  ride  thurgh  Ingland. 

Minot,  Poems  (ed.  Ritson),  p.  40. 

[Now  only  dialectal,  but  common  in  Middle  English,  and 
the  regular  use  in  Scandinavian,  to  which  the  English  use 
is  due.  A  relic  of  this  use  remains  in  ado,  originally  at 
do.    See  ado.] 

'at  (at),  prim,  and  conj.  An  obsolete  and  dia- 
lectal form  of  that. 

at-1.  [ME.  at-,  <  AS.  at-,  being  the  prep,  est, 
E.  at,  in  comp.  with  a  verb  (with  the  accent  on 
the  verb)  or  with  derivatives  of  a  verb  (with  the 
accent  on  the  prefix).]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  meaning  at,  close  to,  to:  common  in 
Middle  English,  but  now  obsolete.  A  relic  of  it 
remains  in  tmt,  originally  at-wite.  In  ntune,  the  at-  is  not 
properly  a  prefix,  but  is  the  preposition  merged  with  its 
object, 

at-2.  [L.  at-,  assimilated  form  of  art-  before  t; 
in  OF.  and  ME.  reg.  reduced  to  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  at-,  as  in  attain,  attainder,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  at?- before  t,  as  in  attract, 
a  Hi  nit,  etc. 

-ata1.  [L. -«to,  fem.  sing,  of -rte»A'  =  E. -e(72:  see 
-ate1,  and  cf.  -arte1.']  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  (and 
Italian)  nouns,  some  of  which  are  found  in  Eng- 
lish, as  armata. 

-ata-.  [L.  -ata,  neut.  pi.  of  -at us  =  E.  -erf3:  see 
-all ■!.]  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  names  of  zoo- 
logical divisions,  properly  adjectives,  agreeing 
with  animalia  understood:  as,  Artirnlulu,  joint- 
ed animals;  Annulata,  ringed  animals,  etc. 

atabal  (at'a-bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  attaball, 
(itaballc  =  F.  attabale  =  It.  ataballo,  <  Sp.  ata- 
bal, =  Pg.  atabale,  <  Ar.  at-tabl,  <  al,  the,  + 
lulil,  drum:  see  tabor,  tambour,  and  timbal.]  A 
Moorish  tambour. 

Don  John  gave  orders  for  trumpet  and  atabal  to  sound 
the  signal  for  action.  Prescott. 

atacamite (a-tak'a-mit), n.  [< Atacama  +  -it' '-'; 
having  been  first  found  in  Atacama,  a  province 
of  Chili.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  hydrated 
oxychlorid  of  copper.  It  exists  abundantly  in  some 
parts  of  South  America,  as  Atacama,  in  Australia,  near 
Ambrizon  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  Arizona  in  the 
western  I  nited  states.  It  occurs  massive,  or  in  small 
prismatic  crystals  of  a  bright  emerald-green  or  blackish- 
green  color.  A  granular  form  from  Chili  is  called  or«e- 
nilto.  It  also  appears  on  copper  long  exposed  to  the  air 
hi    '  a  water. 

atactic  (a-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  araKror,  without 
order,  <  a-  priv.  +  -re/croc,  verbal  adj.  of  raaaetv 
(ray-),  arrange,  order:  see  tactic]  Disconnect- 
ed; without  arrangement  or  order:  in  gram., 
opposed  to  syntactic:  as,  an  atactic  sentence. 
[Rare.] 

Porcelain  images  of  "Josh"  will  And  niches  in  Protes- 
tant meeting-houses;  New  England  ancestral  tablets  will 
in  inscribed  in  perpendicular  columns  of  atactic  charac- 
ter H.C.Trumbull,  Ancestral  Worship. 

at-aftert,  prep.     [ME.,  <  at  +  after."]     After. 

At-aftcr  soper fllle  they  in  tretee. 

Chaucer,  franklin's  Tale,  1.  l'.»2. 

atagas,  »•     [See  attngas.]     Same  as  attagen. 
atagen,  n.    See  attagen. 
ataghan  (at'a-gan),  «.    Same  as  yataghan. 
atak  (al'ak), "«.      [Native   name.]      The  harp- 
seal  of  Greenland,  I'atinpltilus  i/rn  uliiuilieus. 
ataket,  v.  t.    [ME.,  <  a-1  +  take.]   To  overtake. 

At  Boughton  under  Blee  us  gan  atake 

A  man,  that  clothed  was  in  clothes  Make. 

Chaucer,  l'rol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Talc,  1.  :t. 


ataxia 

ataman  (at'a-man),  n.  [Russ.  atamami  =  Pol. 
ataman,  also  hitman:  see  hctman.]  Same  as 
hetnimi. 

Any  member  could  lie  chosen  chief  of  his  kuren,  and 
any  chief  of  a  kunn  could  In-  chosen  Ataman. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  866. 

atamasco  (at-a-mas'ko),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.]  An 
amaryllidaceous  bulbous  plant,  Zeprtiyrantlns 
Atamasco,  of  the  southern  United  States,  with  a 
low  scape  bearing  a  single  white,  lily-like  flower. 

atamasCO-lily  (at-a-inas'k6-lil''i),  n.  Same  as 
atamasco. 

ataraxia  (at-a-rak'si-a),  «.  [<  Or.  arapa^ia, 
calmness,  <  arapaKTor,  calm,  impassive,  <  «-  priv. 
+  TapanToc,  verbal  adj.  of  rapdaaciv,  disturb.] 
Freedom  from  the  passions ;  calmness  of  mind ; 
stoical  indifference  :  a  term  used  by  the  Stoics 
and  Skeptics. 

Their  ataraxia  ami  freedom  from  passionate  disturb- 
ances. Glanvitle,  Seep.  Sei. 

Gotama's  Ataraxia  is  supreme  and  utter  immobility. 
The  mystic  quietism  which  determines  nothing,  denies 
nothing.  J.  Oiren,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  41tj. 

ataraxy  (at'a-rak-si),  n.     Same  as  ataraxia. 
atastet,  *'.  t.  "  [ME.,  <  OF.  ataster,  <  a-  +  taster, 
taste :  see  a-  and  taste.']    To  taste. 

But  now  is  tyme  that  thou  drynke  and  atost[e]  some  sof  te 
and  delitable  thinges.  Chancer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  1. 

ataunt  (a-tanf),  adv.  [<  ME.  ataunt,  atount,  < 
OF.  aiit'ant,  altant  (mod.  F.  antant),  as  much, 
so  much,  <  al,  another  (thing)  (<  L.  aliurt,  neut. 
of  alius,  other),  +  tant,  so  much,  <  L.  tantum, 
neut.  of  tantus,  so  much.]  If.  As  much  as 
possible. 
A  dronglew  [var.  dronken]  fole  that  sparythe  for  no  tlis- 

peliee 

To  drynk  a-taunte  til  he  slepe  at  tabille. 

Lydgate,  Order  of  Fools,  1.  92. 

2.  Naut.,  with  all  sails  set;  fully  rigged — All 
ataunt,  or  all  ataunto,  said  of  a  vessel  when  fully  rigged, 
with  all  the  upper  masts  and  yards  aloft. 

ataunto  (a-tan'to),  adv.     Same  as  ataunt,  2. 

atavic  (a-tav'ik),  a.  [=  F.  atarique;  <  L.  atavus 
(see  atavism)  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atavism; 
characterized  by  or  exhibiting  atavism;  re- 
versionary. 

atavism  (at'a-vizm),  n.  [=  F.  atavisme,  <  L. 
atavus,  a  great-grandfather's  grandfather:  an 
ancestor  (<  at-,  an  element  of  undetermined 
origin,  +  urns,  a  grandfather),  +  -ism.]  1.  In 
biol.,  reversion,  through  the  influence  of  hered- 
ity, to  ancestral  characters;  resemblance  ex- 
hibited by  a  given  organism  to  some  remote 
ancestor;  the  return  to  an  early  or  original 
type  by  its  modified  descendants;  restoration 
of  structural  characters  which  have  been  lost  or 
obscured.  Atavism,  to  some  slight  extent,  is  witnessed 
in  the  human  race,  when  children  exhibit  some  peculiarity 
of  grandparents,  orof  still  more  remote  progenitors,  which 
has  skipped  one  or  more  generations. 

Of  the  11.6%  of  children  born  with  eyes  of  other  than 
the  parental  color,  a  part  must  be  attributed  to  atavism, 
that  is,  to  intermittent  heredity.  Science,  IV.  :ii>7. 

2.  In  pathol.,  the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity 
or  disease  of  an  ancestor  in  remote  generations. 
atavistic  (at-a-vis'tik),  a.  [As  atav-ism  +  -ist- 
ic]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  atavism ; 
atavic. 

'11 retically  we  may  decompose  that  force  which  de- 
termines human  actions  ami.  through  them,  social  phe- 
nomena, into  its  twocomponent  forces,  the  social  and  the 
atavistic  influence.  A.  A.  Jtev.,  e.\.\.  2T.ri. 

atavistically   (at-a-vis'ti-kal-i),   adv.     In  an 
atavistic  manner;  in  atavistic  examples. 
But,  after  the  lapse  of  thousands  of  years,  the  fusions 

are  hit plete,  and  tile  ancient  types  crop  nut   iitiiristi- 

colly  everywhere.  N.  A.  Rev.,  OX XX IX.  26S. 

ataxaphasia  (a-tak-sa-fa'ziil),  n.  [NL.,  irreg. 
<  Gr.  iira^ia,  disorder  (see  ataxia),  +  inpnnia, 
speechlessness:  see  iijiliasia.]  Same  as  ataxic 
aphasia.    See  aphasia. 

ataxia  (a-tak'si-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ara^ia,  dis- 
order, <  aratcToc,  disorderly,  <  d-  priv.  +  tuktoc, 
verbal  adj.  of  riwcuv,  order,  arrange:  see  tac- 
tic] In  pathol.,  irregularity  in  the  functions 
of  tin-  lto.lv  or  in  the  course  of  a  disease; 
Specifically,  inability  to  coordinate  voluntary 
movements.    Also  uinxy — Friedreich's  ataxia,  t 

form  of  ataxia  11  tlalh  affecting  several  members  of  a  fam- 
ily ami  developing  at  an  early  age.  Usually  it  begins  in 
the  legs  and  extends  to  the  arms,  is  accompanied  with 

jerky  movements  of  the  head,  disturbance  of  articulat 

loss  of  knee  jerk,  ami  is  characterized  anatomically  by 
sclerosis  oi  the  posterior  and  lateral  columns  of  the  cord. 
Also  called  hereditary  ataxia.  Locomotor  ataxia.a 
.lisea.se  characterized  clinically  by  want  of  power  i"  coor- 
dinate voluntary  movements,  by  violent  shooting  pains, 
especially  in  the  legs,  absence  of  knee-jerk,  atrophy  of 
the  optic  nerve,  parresthesia  and  anaesthesia  in  certain 
parts,  dysuria,  and  functional  sexual  disorders;  anatomi- 
cally, by  a  sclerosis  of  the  posterior  columns  of  the^spinal 
inl. 


dorsalis. 


Also  called  progressive  locomotor  ataxia  and  tabes 


ataxic 

ataxic  (a-tak'sik)t  a.  [<  otoi'o  +  -t'c]  In 
pathol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  ataxia;  character- 
ized by  irregularity  in  function  or  course; 
irregular. 

Soon  ataxic  nervous  BymptomB  declared  themselves. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  xiv. 

Ataxic  aphasia.    Sue  aphasia— Ataxic  fever,  a  term 
applied  by  l'inel  to  fevers  attended  with  great  weakness. 
ataxy  (a-tak'si  or  at'ak-si), n.     [Formerly  also, 
as  F.,  ataxic,  <  NL.  ataxia,  q.  v.]     If.  Want  of 
order;  disturbance. 

Three  ways  of  church  government  I  have  heard  of,  ami 
no  more;  the  Episcopal,  the  Presbyterial,  an. I  that  new- 
born bastard  Independency:  .  .  .  the  last  of  these  is  no- 
thing lint  a  confounding  ataxy. 

Sir  E.  Dering,  speeches,  p.  141. 

2.  In. pathol.,  same  us  ataxia. 
atazirt,  »•  [ME.,  <  Sp.  atazir,  atacir,  <  Ar.  *at- 
tathir,  <  al,  the,  +  taihir  (>  Pers.  tasir),  im- 
pression, effect,  influence,  <  athara,  leave  a 
mark,  athar,  ctlir,  a  mark,  trace, footstep.]  In  as- 
trol.,  according  to  modern  authorities,  the  (evil) 
influence  of  a  star  upon  other  stars  or  men.  But 
the  Arabian  astrologer  Haly  distinctly  states  (Comment, 
on  Ptolemy's  Opus  Quadripartitum,  iii.  10)  that  it  means 
the  direction  of  hyleg.  This,  according  to  the  method  of 
Messahallah,  determines  the  duration  of  life. 

Infortunat  ascendent  tortuous, 

Of  which  the  lord  is  helpless  falle.  alias! 

Out  of  his  angle  into  the  derkest  hous. 

()  Mars,  o  Atazir,  as  in  this  cas! 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  172.    (Skeat.) 

atche  (at'ehe),  «.  [Turk,  aqcha :  see  under 
osper2.]  A  small  Turkish  coin,  somewhat  less 
than  a  cent  in  value. 
atchison  (aeh'i-spn),  n.  [Sc. ;  also  spelled 
atcheson;  <  Atchison,  a  Sc.  form  of  Atkinson, 
name  of  an  Englishman  who  was  master  of  the 
Scottish  mint  in  tin-  reign  of  .lames  VI.  (James 
I.  of  England).]  A  billon  coin,  or  rather  a  cop- 
per coin  washed  with  silver,  struck  in  Scotland 
in  the  reign  of  James  VI.,  of  the  value  of  eight 
pennies  Scots,  or  two  thirds  of  an  English  pen- 
ny. Jamieson. 
atchorn,  n.  An   obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 

acorn. 
ate1   (at).     Preterit  of  eat. 

Ate'2  (a'te),  n.  [<  Gr.  "Xrn,  a  personification  of 
a-tj,  infatuation,  reckless  impulse,  sin,  ruin, 
dial,  n'rara,  orig.  *«Fdr?/,  <  daeiv,  orig.  *aFatir, 
hurt,  damage.]  In  Gr.  myth.,  an  ever-present 
evil  genius  leading  men  on  to  crime ;  the  god- 
dess of  blundering  mischief;  a  personification 
of  the  reckless  blindness  and  moral  distortion 
inflicted  by  the  gods  in  retribution  for  pre- 
sumption and  wickedness,  typifying  the  self- 
perpetuating  nature  of  evil. 
-ate1.  [ME.  reg.  -at,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-<>'),  fern,  -ee  (-ee),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  -ado,  fern,  -aria,  =  It. -ato,  fern.  -«<.(,<  L.  -atus, 
fern,  -ata,  neut.  -dtum  (stem  -ato-),  pp.  and  adj. 
suffix,  being  -tu-s  (=  Gr.  -ro-r  =  E.  -d2,  -ed2), 
added  to  stem  of  verbs  in  -d-re  (It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-or,  F.  -cr).  This  suffix  also  appears  as  -ade\ 
-ado.  -ato,  -ee,  -y,  etc.  Latin  adjectives  and  par- 
ticiples in  -atus  were  usable  as  nouns,  in  masc. 
of  persons,  as  legatus,  one  deputed,  a  legate, 
ML.  pneldtus,  one  preferred,  a  prelate,  etc.,  in 
neut.  of  things,  as  maneldtum,  a  thing  command- 
ed, a  mandate,  etc.  Seo  -ate2  and  -ate3.]  A 
suffix  of  Latin  origin :  (a)  In  adjectives,  where 
-ate  is  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with  English 
-ed2,  -d2.  -t2,  in  perfect  participles  and  partici- 
pial adjectives,  the  native  English  suffix  being 
often  added  to  -ate  when  a  verb  in  -ate2  exists, 
as  in  desolate  or  desolat-ed,  accumulate  or  ac- 
cumulated, situate  or  situat-ed,  etc.  In  many  in- 
stances the  adjective  is  not  accompanied  by  a  verb  in  -ate, 
as  innate,  ornate,  temperate,  etc.;  this  is  especially  true  of 
botanical  descriptives,  as  acuminate,  eremite,  cuspidate, 
hastate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  etc.  (fr)  in  nouns,  of  per- 
sons, as  legate,  delegate,  reprobate,  etc.,  or  of 
things,  as  mandate, precipitate,  etc. ;  especially, 
in  chem.,  in  nouns  denoting  a  salt  formed  by  the 
action  of  an  acid  on  a  base,  as  in  acetate,  nitrate, 
sulphate,  etc.,  the  suffix  being  added  to  the 
stem  (often  shortened)  of  the  name  of  the  acid. 
[The  corresponding  New  Latin  forms  are  acctatum.  nitra. 
turn,  sulphatum,  etc.,  but  often  erroneously  aoetas,  nitras, 
sulphas,  genitive  acetatis,  etc.,  by  confusion  with  -afet.i 
-ate2.  [L.  -atus,  -ata,  -dtum,  pp.  suffix  of  verbs 
in  -d-re  (see  -ate1),  with  supine  in  -dtum  (stem 
-dtu-),  to  which,  instead  of  the  pp.  stem,  such 
verbs  are  often  referred.  In  this  dictionary 
E.  verbs  in  -ate  (and  so  verbs  in  -ete,  -ite)  are 
reg.  referred  to  the  L.  pp.  -atus  {-etus,  -itus), 
intimating  that  such  verbs  are  taken  from  or 
formed  according  to  the  L.  pp.  stem,  though 
with  the  force  of  the  inf.  From  L.  participles 
in  -tus  (-d-tus,   of  the  1st  conjugation,  -e-tus, 


361 

4-tus,  of  the  2d,  -tus,  -SMS,  of  the  3d,  -i-tus,  of 
the  Kit),  and  from  thence-formed  frequenta- 
lives,  which  became  very  numerous  in  LL.  and 
ML.,  arose  many  verbs  in  OF.  and  MB.,  based, 
or  appar.  based,  on  L.  participles,  coinciding 
thus  with  adjectives  and  nouns  from  such  parti- 
ciples. These,  with  verbs  of  other  origin  agree- 
in-  in  form  with  adjectives,  have  made  it  a  rule 
in  E.  that  any  adj.  maybe  made  a  verb;  hence 
adjectives  in'  -ate1  are  usually  accompanied  by 
a,  verb  in  -ate2,  and  new  verbs  from  L.  verbs  of 
the  1st  conjugation  are  reg.  formed  in  -ate, 
whether  a  corresponding  adj.  exists  or  not ; 
and  -ate2,  as  a  recognized  verb-formative,  may 
be  suffixed  to  otheir  stems  of  any  origin,  as  in 
felicitate,  capacitate,  substantiate,  assassinate, 
camphorate,  etc.,  based  on  felicity,  capacity,  sub- 
stance, etc.,  of  Latin  origin,  assassin,  camphor, 
etc.,  of  other  origin.  Owing  to  the  preponder- 
ance of  verbs  in  -ate  over  adjectives  in  -ate, 
such  verbs  are  in  this  dictionary  placed  before 
the  adjectives,  even  when  the  adjectives  are  of 
earlier  date.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  a  com- 
mon formative  in  verbs  taken  from  the  Latin, 
as  in  accumulate,  imitate,  militate,  etc.,  or  formed 
in  English,  either  on  Latin  stems,  as  in  felici- 
tate, capacitate,  etc.,  or  on  stems  of  other  ori- 
gin.    See  etvmology. 

-ates.  [<  ME.  -at,  <  ( )F.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-e )  (as  in  dnche,  E.  iluch-ij, 
q.  v.),  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ado  =  It.  -ato,  <  L.  -atus  (stem 
-alii-),  forming  nouns  of  the  4th  declension 
from  nouns,  but  formed  as  if  from  verbs  in 
-d-re,  with  suffix  -ta-,  parallel  with  -to-,  suffix 
of  pp.  (hence  the  similarity  to  pp.  -atus,  E.  -ate1, 
q.  v.),  as  in  consuldtus,  magistrate,  pontificatus, 
sendtus,  LL.  episcopatus,  etc.,  with  senses  as  in 
corresponding  E.  words.]  A  suffix  of  Latin 
origin,  denoting  office,  an  office,  a  body  of  of- 
ficers, as  in  consulate,  pontificate,  decemvirate, 
senate  (Latin  sendtus,  from  senex,  an  old  man), 
episcopate,  etc.,  and  sometimes  a  single  officer, 
as  magistrate  (Latin  magistrates,  properly  ma- 
gistracy, also  a  magistrate),  the  suffix  in  the  last 
use  being  equivalent  to  -ate1  in  legate,  etc.,  and 
to  -ate^  inprimate,  etc. 

-ate4.  [<  L.  -as  (-at-),  as  in  maguas  (gen.  magna- 
tis)  (parallel  to  magnatus),  prima*  (prop,  adj.), 
etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  practically  equiv- 
alent to  -ate1  in  nouns,  and  -ateS  (in  magistrate), 
as  in  magnate,  primate,  and  (in  Latin  plural) 
pennies,  optimates. 

-ate3.  [<  L.  -ata,  <  Gr.  -ari/c,  a  noun  suffix,  ult. 
=  L.  -atus,  which  differs  in  the  inflexive  sylla- 
ble.] A  suffix  of  Greek  origin,  occurring  un- 
felt  in  pirate  (which  see). 

atechnic  (a-tek'nik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  dre^foc, 
without  art,  <  <i-  priv.  +  rkxyrt,  art:  see  a-1" 
and  technic.']  I.  a.  Without  technical  know- 
ledge, especially  of  art. 

II.  ».  A  person  without  technical  knowledge, 
especially  of  art. 

In  every  fine  art  there  is  much  which  is  illegible  by 
atechnies,  and  this  is  due  to  the  habits  of  interpretation 
into  which  artists  always  fall.  North  British  Iter. 

atechnical  (a-tek'ni-kal),  a.  Free  from  techni- 
cality; popular:  as,  atechnical  treatment  of  a 
technical  subject. 

atechny  (a-tek'ni),  n.  [=  F.  atechnie,  <  Gr. 
o-r,rw'o,  <  arexror:  see  atechnic.]  Ignorance  of 
art;  unskilfulness.     N.  E.  D. 

atees  (a'tes),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  Indian 
name  of  the  tuberous  root  of  Aconitum  hetero- 
phytlum,  which  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic  ami 
a  tonic.  In  some  sections  the  same  name  [sgiven  to  the 
root  of  A.  NapeUus,  and  to  several  other  drugs. 

atef  (a'tef),  n.  [Egypt.]  Father:  an  ancient 
Egyptian  title  and  component  of  proper  names. 
Also  written  atf.— Atef-crown, 
in  Egypt  antiq.,  a  symbolic  head- 
dress uniformly  heme  by  the  deities 
Khnum  and  Osiris,  sometimes  by 
other  gods,  such  as  Sehek,  Thoth, 
Harmachis,  etc.,  and  occasionally 
assumed  by  kines,  as  the  Rameses. 
It  consisted  regularly  of  the  tall 
conical  white  cap  el'  uppi  r  I  gj  pt, 
flanked  with  a  pair  of  long  ostrich- 
plumes,  and  having  the  solar  disk 
and  mains  in  front,  ami  was  prob- 
ably emblematic  of  the  sovereignty 
of  Egypt  under  the  attributes  of 
light,  truth,  and  divinity.  The  con- 
ical cap  is  sometimes  omitted  in 
works  of  art.  The  atef  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  "Book  of  the  Dead," 
and  is  frequently  represented  in 
frescos,  bas-reliefs,  and  statues. 

ategart,  »•     See  atgar. 

atelectasis     (at-e-lek'ta-sis),    , 

Vxtt        •  /I        -1'       •"  Atef-crown  borne  by  the 

n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  artAr/c,  incom-         aeity  Khnum. 


Atellane 

plete,  +  iKraatr,  extension,  <  itcreiveiv,  extend,  < 
ck,  ■■;.  out,  +  Tun  iv,  stretch,  =  Ij.  extendi  re:  see 
extend.]  Imperfect  dilatation,  especially  of  the 
air-cells  of  the  lungs  of  newly  horn  children. 

There  is  a  class  of  cases  in  which  a  child  is  bom  alive, 
hut  its  lungs  remain  in  He-  foetal  condition,  i.  e.,  they 
present  no  appearance  of  having  received  air  by  the  act 
of  breathing.    These  are  cases  of  atelectasis. 

A.  S.  Taylor,  Wed.  Jour.,  XI. \    U  I 

atelectatic  (afe-lek-tat'ik),  «.     [<  atelectasis 

(-tat-)  +  -/(•.]     Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  atelectasis. 
ateleocephalous  (a-tel"e-o-sef 'a-lus),  a.  |    Gi 

iiTt/ijc,  incomplete,  +  i.  <;,«//,,  head.]  In  :„iil., 
having  the  cranium  more  or  less  imperfect  : 
said  of  certain  fishes:  opposed  to  telencephalons. 

ateleopodid  (a-tel-e-op  o-did),  «.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Ateleqpodidat. 

Atelebpodidae  (a-teFe-o-pod'i-de), n.  pi.  [XL., 
<  Ateleopus  (-pod-)  +  -i/la:~\  A  family  of  telen- 
cephalons fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Ate- 
leopus.  It  is  characterized  by  an  elongated  tail,  taper- 
ing backward  but  provided  with  a  narrow  caudal  fin, 
antemedian  anus,  moderate  suborbitals,  inferior  mouth, 
thoracic  ventral  tins  reduced  to  double  or  simple  filaments, 
a  short  anterior  dorsal  fin  only,  and  a  long  anal  fin  con- 
tinuous with  the  caudal. 

Ateleopus  (at-e-le'6-pus),  ».  [NL7  <  Gr.  ote- 
?.t/c,  imperfect,  +  nobc  (nod-)  =  E.  foot.}     The 


Ateleopus  Jafonictu. 

typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Atelcopo- 
diiliv:  so  named  from  the  imperfect  ventral  tins. 

ateleost  (a-tel'e-ost),  n.  A  fish  of  the  subclass 
Ateleostei. 

Ateleostei  (a-tel-e-os'te-I),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
art'kiic,  incomplete,  +  barcov,  a  bone.  See  Tele- 
ostei.]  A  subclass  of  fishes  contrasting  with 
the  Teleostei  and  distinguished  by  the  reduction 
of  the  bones  of  the  skull  ami  branchial  skele- 
ton, proposed  for  the  order  Lyomeri. 

ateleosteous  (a-tel-e-os'tf-us),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  AteleosU  *. 

Ateles  (at'e-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dreAfa,  incom- 
plete, imperfect,  <  d-  priv.  +  re'/.oc,  end,  com- 
pletion.] A  genus  of  American  platyrrhine 
monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebidos  and  subfamily 
Cebince;  the  spider-monkeys  or  sapajous,  with 
attenuate  bodies,  very  long  slender  limbs,  and 
long  powerfully  prehensile  tails :  so  called  be- 
cause the  thumb  is  rudimentary.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  among  them  the  northernmost  representa- 
tives of  the  Quadrumana  in  America.  Also  called  Atelo- 
chirus. 

atelier  (at-e-lya'),  n.  [F.,  formerly  attelier, 
hosteller ;  of  'disputed  origin.]  A  workshop; 
specifically,  the  workroom  of  a  sculptor  or 
painter ;  a  studio. 

Modern  sculptors  .  .  .  too  often  execute  colossal  works 
in  cramped  ateliers,  where  the  conditions  of  light  are 
wholly  different  from  those  of  the  site  for  which  the  statue 
i.-.  destined.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archseol.,  p.  347. 

ateline  (at'e-lin),  n.  [<  Gr.  dreAjyc,  imperfect, 
+  -ine'2.]  An  oxyehlorid  of  copper  allied  to 
atacamite,  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  and  derived 
from  the  alteration  of  the  copper  oxid  tenorite. 

atelite  (at'e-llt),  ».  [<  Gr.  areijjg,  imperfect. 
+  -ite2.]     Same  as  ateline. 

Atellan  (a-tel'an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Atellanus, 
pertaining  to  Atclla,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Osei,  in  Campania;  hence  fabulce  (pi  fabellce) 
Atellance,  Atellan  plays:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  in  character  the  fa  rees 
or  dramas  called  fabuUsAteUanoz;  farcical;  ri- 
bald. See  II.  Also  spelled  Atellane. 
Their  .  .  .  Atellan  uav  of  wit. 

Shaftesbury,  characteristics,  II.  170. 
These  Atellane  plays  .  .  .  seem  to  have  been  a  union*f 
high  comedy  and  its  parody.  .  .  .  They  were  not  per- 
formed by  regular  actors  (histriones),  but  by  la. man  citi- 
zens of  noble  birth,  who  were  not  on  that  account  sub- 
jected to  any  degradation.  W.  Smith. 
II.  u.  1.  One  of  a  class  of  farces  or  dramatic 
pieces  (fabulte  Atellance)  in- vogue  among  the 
ancient  Osci,  and  early  introduced  into  Borne. 
Tlie  personages  of  these  pieces  were  always  the  same,  ami 
the  wit  was  very  broad.  It  is  probable  that  their  per- 
petuation in  rural  districts  was  tl rigin  of  Punchinello 

and  the  other  Italian  rustic  masks.     See  I. 
2.  A  satirical  or  licentious  drama:  as.  "Atettans 
and  lascivious  songs,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel., 
p.  425. 

Atellane  (a-tel'an),  a.     Same  as  Atellan. 


atelocardia 

atelocardia  (at"e-lo-kar'di-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d-f/.?)c,  imperfect,  +  Kapdia  =  E.  heart.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  development  of  the  heart. 

atelochilia  (at'e-16-lnl'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
arf/U/r,  imperfect,  +  #«Xof,  a  lip.]  In  teratol., 
imperfect  development  of  the  lip.  Also  spelled 
atelocheilia. 

Atelochirus  (at"e-lo-ki'rus),  h.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
117.'  >?/c,  imperfect,  +  xc'Pi  hand.]  Same  as 
Ateles.    Also  spelled  Atclocheiriis. 

atelo-encephalia  (at'e-lo-en-se-fa'li-a),  n. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  ari'/.i/i;  imperfect,  +  kyiuihdfoi;,  the 
brain:  see  encephalon.]  In  teratol. ,  imperfect 
development  of  the  encephalon. 

ateloglossia  (at  e-lo-glos'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
urt///f,  imperfect,  +  -piaaaa, "tongue.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  development  of  the  tongue. 

atelognathia  (at'e-log-na'thi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ar.'/.i/c,  imperfect,  +  5  raft*,-,  the  jaw.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  jaw. 

atelomyelia  (at"e-16-ml-e'li-ii),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
art'/.i/c,  imperfect,  +  pve?.6r,  marrow.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  development  of  the  spinal  cord. 

ateloprosopia  (at'e-lo-pro-so'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,< 
Gr.  are'/.i/r,  imperfect,  +  npdau^ovj  the  face :  see 
Prosopis.]  In  teratol.,  imperfect  development 
of  the  face. 

atelqrachidia  (at''e-lo-ra-kid'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  drc/j/c,  imperfect,  +  'paxK,  back-bone.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  spinal 
column. 

Atelornis  (at-e-lor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arehfc, 
imperfect,  +  bpvic,  bird.]  A  genus  of  Madagas- 
can  ground-rollers,  family  Coraciidce  and  sub- 
family Brachijpteraciince.  A.  pittoides  is  a  typi- 
cal species,  of  gorgeous  colors  and  terrestrial 
nocturnal  habits. 

atelostomia  (at"e-lo-sto'mi-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
art'/ i/;,  imperfect,  +  aTopa,  mouth:  see  stoma.] 
In  tern  to?.,  imperfect  development  of  the  mouth. 

a  tempo,  a  tempo  primo  (a  tem'po,  pre'mo). 
[It.,  lit.  to  time,  to  the  first  time:  a,  <L.  ad,  to; 
t>  injio,  <  L.  tempus,  time  (see  tempo) ;  primo,  < 
L.  primus,  first:  see  prime.']  In  music,  a  di- 
rection, after  any  change  of  movement,  as  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  that  the  original 
time  be  restored.     See  a  battuta. 

a  tempo  giusto  (a  tem'po  jos'to).  [It.,  lit.  to 
just  time:  ei  tempo  (see  a  tempo);  giusto,  <  L. 
Justus,  just:  see  just1.]  In  music,  a  direction 
to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal,  just,  or  strict  time. 
It  is  seldom  used  except  when  the  time  has  been  inter- 
rupted, as  during  a  recitative,  to  suit  the  action  and  pas- 
simi  of  the  piece. 

Ateuchus  (a-tu'kus),  n.  [NL.,  lit.  without  ar- 
mor, in  allusion  to  the  absence  of  a  scutellum, 

<  Gr.  arevxt/c,  unarmed,  unequipped,  <  d-  priv. 
+  reiixoc,  pi.  Ttvxea,  arms,  armor,  prop,  imple- 
ments, <  Tcvxctv,  make,  produce.]  A  genus  of 
lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Scarahwida: 
A.  sacer  seems  to  have  been  the  sacred  beetle,  or  Bcarabseus, 
figured  on  Egyptian  monuments,  ornaments,  amulets,  etc., 
and  of  which  a  figure,  either  in  porcelain  or  carved  out  of 
stone,  rarely  a  gem,  was  placed  in  the  bosom  of  every 
mummy,  as  a  symbol  of  and  prayer  for  resurrection. 

atf  (iitf),  n.     Same  as  atef. 

atgart,  n.  [Also  inrprop.  ategar,  repr.  AS.  eet- 
gdr.  also  cetgeeru  (only  in  glosses),  (=  OFries. 
1  tgt  r,  '  tker  =  OHG.  azger,  aziger  =  Icel.  at- 
gnrr),  a  spear,  <  ict-,  appar.  the  prep,  at,  at,  + 
gar,  a  spear:  see  gar*-,  garfish,  gore'".]  A  kind 
of  spear  or  lance  formerly  in  use. 

Athabaskan  (ath-a-bas'kan),  a.  and  re.  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  a  certain  great  family  of  North 
American  Indian  languages  and  tribes,  occu- 
pying a  vast  extent  of  country  south  from  the 
Eskimo  region,  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  with  outlying  members  also 
west  of  the  mountains,  as  far  south  as  Mexico, 
including  the  Apaches  and  Navajos. 

II.  ».  A  member  or  the  language  of  this 
family. 
Also  spelled  Athabascan,  Athapaslcan. 

athalamous  (a-thal'a-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
jf-  tin'/tiiinr,  bed:  Bee  thalamus.]  In  bot.,  with- 
out apotheeia:  applied  to  lichens,  or  lichenoid 
growths,  the  fructification  of  which  is  unknown. 

Athalia  (a-tha'li-il),  n.     [NL.,  named  with  al- 

Iiimoii  In  II10  . 1 1  ■  v :  1  - 1 ;  1 1  1.111  1  <>-.  .<  In I  by  ils  larvm, 

<  Gr.  adaXi/r  or  aBaXAijc,  not  verdant,  withered, 

<  d-  priv.  +  OaXXeiv,  be  fresh  or  luxuriant.]  A 
genus  of  saw-flies,  or  Terebrantia,  of  the  order 
Ill/mi  nojitcra    and   family   Tenthredinidce.     a. 

1,11m  >r  .1.  centifolia  is  the  turnip  Ban  -fly  of  Europe, 
whose  larvae  occasionally  devastate  turnip-fields.  The 
parent  Insect  appears  about  the  end  of  May,  and  deposits 
its  egg  in  the  substance  of  tin-  leaf,  and  in  about  six  days 
the  larva?  are  hatched.  Wiiliin  a  few  days  the  vegetation 
on  which  liny  appear  is  [aid  waste  by  their  eating  the  soft 
tissue  of  the  leaf,  leaving  only  skeletons  and  stalk>. 


362 

athalline  (a-thal'in),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
fti/zm.  a  frond  :  see  thallus.]  In  bot.,  without 
a  thallus ;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  a 
thallus. 

athamantin  (ath-a-man'tin),  n.  [<  Atliamanta 
(see  def.)  +  -in-.]  In  chem.,  a  substance  (C24 
H3QO7)  produced  from  the  root  and  seeds  of 
the  Atliamanta  Oreoselinum  and  other  species 
of  the  same  genus  of  European  and  Asiatic  um- 
belliferous herbs.  It  has  a  rancid  soapy  odor, 
and  a  slightly  bitter  acrid  taste.     H.  Watts. 

athamauntt,  «.     An  old  form  of  adamant. 

athanasia  (ath-a-na'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  iiBavaaia, 
immortality  (>  ML.  athanasia,  tansy),  <  dfld- 
vaToc,  immortal,  <  d-  priv.  +  Ouvaror,  death.]  1. 
Deathlessness ;  immortality.  Also  athanasy. — 
2f.  The  herb  tansy.     See  tansy. 

Athanasian  (ath-a-na'sian),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
Athanasius,  <  Gr.   'Adavicnoc,  a  proper  name, 

<  dftjuaroc,  immortal.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athanasius  (about  296  to  373),  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria—  Athanasian  creed,  a  creed  formerly  ascribed 
to  Athanasius,  but  wiiose  real  authorship  is  unknown.  It 
is  an  explicit  assertion  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Trinity  (as 
opposed  to  Arianism)  and  of  the  incarnation,  and  contains 
what  are  known  as  the  "damnatory  clauses"  in  the  con- 
cluding formulas  of  the  two  parts,  viz. :  "  Whosoever  will 
be  saved,  before  all  things  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
hold  tlic  catholic  faith ;  which  faith,  except  every  one  do 
keep  whole  and  undeflled,  without  doubt  lie  shall  perish 
everlastingly";  and  "This  is  the  catholic  faith ;  which  ex- 
cept a  man  believe  faithfully  he  cannot  lie  saved."  This 
creed  is  retained  in  the  service  of  the  Church  of  England, 
lint  not  in  that  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  Athanasius  or  a  believer 
in  his  creed. 

Athanasianism  (ath-a-na'sian-izm),  n.  [< 
Athanasian  +  -ism.]  The  principles  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Athanasian  creed. 

Athanasianist  (ath-a-na'gian-ist),  n.  [<  Atha- 
nasian +  -ist.]     An  Athanasian. 

athanasy  (a-than'a-si),  re.  Same  as  athanasia,  1. 

Time  brings  to  obscure  authors  an  odd  kind  of  repara- 
tion, an  immortality  not  of  love  and  interest  and  admira- 
tion, but  of  curiosity  merely.  ...  Is  not  then  a  scholas- 
tic athanasy  better  than  none? 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  346. 

athanor  (ath'a-nor),  n.  [Late  ME.  also  athenor 
(cf.  F.  athanor),  <  Sp.  atanor,  a  siphon  or  pipe 
for  conveying  water,  <  Ar.  at-tannier,  <  al,  the, 
+  tannur,  <  fieb.  or  Aramaic  tnunur,  an  oven  or 
furnace,  <  nur,  tire.]  A  self-feeding  digesting 
furnace  formerly  used  by  alchemists.  It  was 
so  made  as  to  maintain  a  uniform  and  durable 
heat. 

Athecata  (ath-e-ka'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  athecatus,  not  sheathed:  see  athecate.]  A 
name  of  the  gymnoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans, 
which  are  not  sheathed,  that  is,  have  no  go- 
nangia  and  no  hydrothecffi :  a  synonym  of 
tii/iuiioblastea  (which  see). 

athecate  (ath'e-kat),  a.  [<  NL.  athecatus,  <  Gr. 
d-  priv.  +  8iJK7i,  a  sheath:  see  theca.]  Not 
sheathed ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Athecata. 

atheism  (a'the-izm),  n.  [=  F.  atheisme  —  Pg. 
athcismo  =  Sp.  It.  ateismo,  <  NL.  *atlicismus,  < 
Gr.  oft oc,  without  a  god,  denying  the  gods,  <  d- 
priv.  +  ft<5f,  a  god.  The  Gr.  term  for  atheism 
was  dft?dr?/c.]  1.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  no 
God;  denial  of  the  existence  of  God. 

Atheism  is  a  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God  —  that  is, 
disbelief  in  any  regularity  in  the  universe  to  which  man 
must  conform  himself  under  penalties. 

J.  R.  Seek'il,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  26. 

2.  The  denial  of  theism,  that  is,  of  the  doctrine 
that  the  great  first  cause  is  a  supreme,  intel- 
ligent, righteous  person. —  3.  A  practical  indif- 
ference to  and  disregard  of  God  ;  godlessness. 
[In  tin-  first  sense  above  given,  atheism  is  to  lie  discrimi- 
nated from  pantheism,  which  denies  the  personality  of  God, 
.01' I  from  agnosticism,  which  denies  the  possibility  of  pos- 
itive knowledge  concerning  him.  In  the  second  sense,  athe- 
ism includes  both  pantheism  and  agnosticism.  1 
atheist  (a'the-ist),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  atheiste  = 
Pg.  atheista  =  Sp.  It.  ateista,  <  NL.  *atheista, 

<  Gr.  dftjoc:  see  atheism.]  I.  •«.  1.  One  who  de- 
nies the  existence  of  God,  or  of  a  supreme  in- 
telligent being. 

Well,  monarchies  may  own  religion's  name, 
But  states  are  atheists  in  their  very  frame. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Amboyna,  1.  22. 
By  night  an  atkeixt  half  believes  a  God. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  177. 

2.  A  godless  man ;  one  who  disregards  his  duty 
to  God.  =Syn.  Skeptic,  Deist,  etc.    See  infidel. 

II.  a.  Godless;  atheistic:  as,  "the  atheist 
crew,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  370. 
atheistic  (a-the-is'tik),  a.  [<  atheist  +  -ic]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  atheists;  in- 
volving, coiiluiiiiiig.  or  tending  t < >  atheism:  as, 
atheistic  doctrines  or  beliefs;  an  atheistic  ten- 


Athenseum 

dency. —  2.  Denying  the  existence  of  God ;  god- 
less; impious:  applied  to  persons:  as,  "athe- 
istic gainsayers,"  May,  Works  of  Creation. 
~Syn.  Godless,  Urwodly,ete.  See  irreligious. 
atheistical  (a-the-is'ti-kal),  a.  Marked  by  or 
manifesting  atheism ;  atheistic. 

I  was  present,  very  seldom  going  to  the  publiq  theaters 
for  many  reasons,  now  as  they  were  abused  to  an  atheis- 
tical liberty  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  IS,  1G66. 

atheistically  (a-the-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
atheistic  manner;  impiously. 

I  entreat  such  as  are  atheistically  inclined  to  consider 

these  things.  TiUotson. 

atheisticalness   (a-the-is'ti-kal-nes),  n.      The 

quality  of  being  atheistic;  irreligiousness. 

Purge  out  of  all  hearts  profaneness  and  atheisticalness. 

Hammond,  Works,  I.  500. 

atheize  (a'the-Iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atheized, 
ppr.  atheizing.  [<  Gr.  adcoc  (see  atheism)  +  -ize.] 
I.t  intra ns.  To  discourse  as  an  atheist. 

We  shall  now  make  diligent  search  and  inquiry,  to  see 
if  we  can  find  any  other  philosophers  who  atheized  before 
Democritus  and  Leucippus. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  111. 
II.  trans.  To  render  atheistic.     [Rare.] 
They  endeavoured  to  atheize  one  another. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  ii. 

atheizer  (a'the-I-zer),  n.  One  who  atheizes,  or 
renders  atheistic.     Cudworth.     [Rare.] 

athelH,  «•  [Early  ME.,  <  AS.  cethelu,  cethclo,  pi., 
=  OS.  adhal  =  OFries.  ethel-,  edel-  (in  comp.  and. 
deri v. )  =  D.  adel  =  OHG.  adal,  MHG.  adel,  race, 
family,  ancestry,  esp.  noble  ancestry,  nobility, 
G.  add,  nobility,  =  Icel.  adhal,  nature,  dis- 
position, family,  origin,  in  comp.  chief-,  head- 
(mod.  also  nobility,  =  Sw.  Dan.  adel,  nobility,  a 
sense  due  to  the  G. ),  =Goth.  *atlial  (as  in  the 
proper  name  "Athalarciks  (>  ML.  Athalaricus) 
=  AS.  Mthelric) ;  not  found  outside  of  Teut. 
Hence,  athel2  and  atheling,  q.  v.,  and  ethel,  pat- 
rimony (see  ethel).  In  mod.  E.  only  in  proper 
names,  historical  or  in  actual  use,  of  AS.  or 
OHG.  origin,  as  Ethel,  Ethelbert,  Athelbert  = 
Albert,  Ethelrcd,  Audrey  {St.  Audrey,  >  t-awdry, 
q.  v.),  etc.]  Race;  family;  ancestry;  noble 
ancestry;  nobility;  honor. 

Her  wes  Arthur  the  king  athelen  bidaded  [deprived], 

Layamun,  III.  453. 

athel-t,  a.  and  n.  [ME.,  also  ethel,  (ethel,  and 
prop,  athcle,  cthele,  cethele  (in  northern  writers 
often  hathel,  etc.),  <  AS.  cethele,  ethelc  =  OS. 
alili  =  OFries.  ethel,  edel  =  D.  edel  =  OHG. 
edili,  MHG.  edele,  G.  edel  =  Icel.  edhal-,  edhla- 
(in  comp.)  =  Sw.  ddel=  Dan.  a-del  (the  Seand. 
after  G.),  noble,  of  noble  family;  from  the 
noun:  see  atheP-."]  I.  a.  Noble;  illustrious; 
excellent. 

Lutele  children  in  the  cradele, 
Both  chorles  an  ek  athele. 

Owl  and  Nightingale,  1.  631. 
II.   n.    A  noble ;  a  chief ;   often   simply  a 
man. 

His  hathel  on  hors  watz  thenne 
That  here  his  spere  it  launce. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Grene  Knight  (ed.  Morris),  1.  2065. 

atheling  (ath'el-ing),  h.  [In  mod.  use,  as  a  his- 
torical term,  also  written  etheling  and  atheling, 
repr.  ME.  atheling,  <  AS.  evtheling  (=  ( is.  ,  ,lfu- 
liug  =  OFries.  etheling,  edling  =  OHG.  adaling, 
ML.  adalingus,  adelingus),  <  cethelu,  noble  family 
(see  athel1),  +  -in;/,  a  patronymic  suffix.  The 
word  survives  in  the  place-name  Athelncy,  AS. 
JEOiclinga  ig,  lit.  princes'  island.]  In  Anglo- 
Saxon  hist:  (a)  A  crown  prince  or  heir  appar- 
ent: one  of  the  royal  family.  (6)  A  nobleman. 
Originally  none  but  Anglo-Saxon  princes  were  called 
athelings,  and  the  atheling  was  the  eldest  son  of  (lie  king 
in'  nearest  heir  to  the  throne,  to  which,  however,  he  did 
n.ii  necessarily  succeed ;  but  the  term  was  afterward  ex- 
tended to  all  wiio  held  noble  rank.  Also  written  etheling, 
oetheling. 

An  English  community  [a.  p.  500-flOO]  knew  but  two  or- 
ders of  men,  the  ceorl  or  the  freeman,  and  the  eorl  or  the 

noble.  The  freeman  was  the  base  of  the  \  illage  society. 
He  was  the  "free-necked  man,"  whose  long  hail  floated 
over- a  neck  which  had  never  bowed  to  a  lord.  .  .  .  But 
the  social  centre  of  the  village  was  (he  eorl,  or,  as  he  was 
sometimes  called,  the  wtheling,  whose  homestead  rose 
high  above  the  lowlier  dwellings  ol  the  ceorls. 

./.  R.  Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  173. 
One  or  two  rebellions  are  mentioned,  headed  by  .l.the- 
li/ngs  or  men  of  the  royal  house. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist  ,  p.  71. 

Athena  (a-the'nii),  «.     Same  as  Athene,  1. 

Athenaeum,  Atheneum  (ath-e-ne'um),  n.  [L. 
Athenaeum,  <  Gr.  'Aftr/vaiov,  a  temple  of  Athene, 
<  'Atii/vr/,  Athene:  see  Athene.]  1.  A  temple  or 
a  place  dedicated  to  Athene,  or  Minerva;  spe- 
cifically, an  institution  founded  at  Rome  by 
1 1  a  1  Irian  for  the  promotion  of  literary  and  scien- 
tific studies,  and  imitated  in  the  provinces. — 
2.   [/.  c. ;  pi.  athenwa,  athenca  (-a).]     In  mod- 


Athenaeum 

ern  times,  an  institution  for  the  encouragement 
of  literature  and  art,  often  possessing  a  library 
for  the  use  of  those  entitled  to  its  privileges. 
Athene  (a-the'ne),  «.  [L.,  also  Athena,  <  Gr. 
'Atii/vt/,  Doric  'ABava,  also  (prop,  an  adj.  form) 
Wh/i-ait/,  ..Eolic  AOavaia,  'Atiavaa,  Attic  ABtjvaia, 
contr.  'A.0/n>a,  a  name  of  uncertain  origin,  as- 
sociated with  that  of  'AS'/vat,  Athens.]  1.  In 
Gr.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  knowledge,  arts,  sci- 


Athene.  —  1  he  Minerva  I-arnese.  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 


enees,  and  righteous  war ;  particularly,  the  tute- 
lary deity  of  Athens :  identified  by  the  Romans 
with  Minerva.  She  personified  the  clear  upper  air  as 
well  as  mental  clearness  and  acuteness,  embodying  the 
spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wisdom,  and  was  clothed  with 
the  regis  symbolizing  the  dark  storm-cloud,  and  armed  with 
the  resistless  spear  —  the  shaft  of  lightning.  Also  Athena. 
2.  [NL.]  In  oniitli.,  an  extensive  genus  of  owls, 
related  to  A.  noctua  of  Europe,  including  small 
earless  species.  The  name  is  used  by  different  authors 
with  great  latitude,  and  is  not  susceptible  of  exact  defini- 
tion.    It  was  first  used  for  a  genus  of  birds  by  Boie,  1822. 

Atheneum,  re.     See  Athenmum. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  a.  and  re.  [<  L.  as  if 
"Athenian us,  equivalent  to  Atheniensis,  <  Athe- 
nee,  <  Gr.  'Aftf/vat,  Athens,  traditionally  named 
after  'Adi/iy,  Athene.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athens,  anciently  the  metropolis  of  Attica  in 
Greece,  and  now  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece. 

II.  » .  A  native  or  citizen  of  Athens. 

atheologiant  (a"the-o-16'ji-an),  re.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (o-18)  +  theologian.]  One  who  is  not  a 
theologian;  one  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the- 
ology ;  an  ignorant  theologian. 

They  .  .  .  [the  Jesuits]  are  the  only  atheolofiians  whose 

heads  entertain  no  other  object  but  the  tumult  of  realms. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Answer  to  Doleman,  ix. 

atheological  (a'the-6-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (fl-18)  +  theological?]  Untheological;  con- 
trary to  theology. 

In  the  curt  oth,  oloffical  phrase  of  the  Persian  Lucretius, 
"one  thing  is  certain,  and  the  rest  is  lies." 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  233. 

atheologyt  (a-the-ol'o-ji),  re.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(a-18)  +  theology.  Cf.  atheous.]  1.  Lack  or 
absence  of  theological  knowledge;  opposition 
to  theology. —  2.  Atheism. 

Several  of  our  learned  members  have  written  many  pro- 
found treatises  on  anarchy,  but  a  brief,  complete  body  of 
atheology  seemed  yet  wanting. 

Swift,  On  Collins's  Discourse. 

atheous  (a'the-us),  a.  [=  Pg.  atheo  =  Sp.  It. 
ateo,  an  atheist,  <  L.  atheus,  atheos,  <  Gr.  adi- 
oe,  without  a  god,  godless:  see  atheism.]  If. 
Atheistic ;  ungodly. 

The  hypocrite  or  atheous  priest.  Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  487. 
2.  Having  no  reference  to  God ;  irrespective  of 
divine  existence  or  power. 

"All  physical  science,  properly  so  called,  is  compelled 
by  its  very  nature  to  take  no  account  of  the  being  of  God  : 
as  soon  as  it  does  this,  it  trenches  upon  theology,  and 
ceases  to  be  physical  science."  And  so,  coining  a  dis- 
criminating word  to  express  this,  he  [the  Bishop  of  Car- 
lisle! would  say  that  science  was  atheous,  and  therefore 
could  not  be  atheistic.  Science,  III.  132. 

Athericera  (ath-e-ris'e-rS,),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i'tiijp,  awn  or  beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  -I-  Kepac,  a 
horn.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  fifth  family  of  dipterous  insects,  nearly 
equivalent  to  the  dichcetous  division  of  brachy- 
cerous  Diptera,  but  including  the  Syrphida: 
The  division  corresponded  to  the  Linneau  genera  Conops 
and  tKstrus,  with  most  of  the  species  of  Musca,  including 
the  bot-flies  and  drone-flies  with  the  flies  proper.  [Not  in 
use.] 


363 

athericerous  (ath-e-ris'e-rus),  a.  [<  Athericera 
+  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Athc- 
rieera. 

Atherina  (ath-e-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afiepivv, 
a  kind  of  smelt.]  A  genus  of  abdominal  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Athe- 
rinidm, containing  the  sand-smelts.  A.  presbyter, 
the  common  British  atherine  or  sand-smelt,  is  a  fish  about 
6  inches  long,  used  as  food. 

atherine  (ath'e-rin),  it.  [<  Atherina.]  A  fish 
of  the  genus  Atherina ;  a  sand-smelt. 

atherinid  (ath-e-rin'id),  re.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Atherinidm.  " 

Atherinidae  (ath-e-rin'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -idol.]  The  atherines  or  sand- 
smelts  ;  a  family  of  abdominal  acant  hopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Atherina,  to  which 
varying  limits  have  been  ascribed  by  different 
writers.  In  Gunther's  system  the  Ath<rinitt,e  are  a 
family  of  Acanthopteryoii  mmjiliformes,  having  vertebras 
in  increased  number  and  the  dentition  feeble  or  of  mod- 
erate strength,  and  including  the  tetragonurids  as  well  as 
the  atherinids  proper.  In  more  recent  systems  they  are  a 
family  of  Percesoces  with  more  than  24  vertebra?,  cycloidal 
scales,  dorsal  fins  two  in  number  and  separate,  and  feeble 
dentition.  The  species  are  mostly  small ;  those  found  in 
America  are  known  asjriars,  or  are  confounded  with  the 
t>*t,i',-i  under  the  name  of  smelts. 

atherinidan  (ath-e-rin'i-dan),  re.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Atherinidm;  an  atlierinid.  Sir  J.  Rich- 
ardson. 

Atherinina  (ath"e-ri-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -ina.]  In  Gunther's  classification 
of  fishes,  the  first  subfamily  of  Atherinidm,  char- 
acterized by  feeble  dentition,  cycloidal  scales, 
the  separation  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  from  the 
second,  the  presence  of  an  air-bladder,  and  the 
absence  of  pyloric  appendages:  same  as  Athe- 
rinidm of  recent  systems. 

atherinoid  (ath'e-ri-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Athe- 
rina +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of 
the  Atherinidm. 

II.   re.   A  fish  of  the  family  Atherinidm ;  an 
atherinid. 

athermancy  (a-ther'rnan-si),  re.  [<  Gr.  atiipuav- 
ror,  not  heated :  see  atXermanous  and  -cy.]  The 
power  or  property  of  stopping  radiant  heat ; 
impermeableness  to  radiant  heat.  It  corre- 
sponds to  opacity  in  the  ease  of  light. 

athermanous  (a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  dcpfiaivciv  (fieppav-),  heat,  impart  heat 
(cf.  aOeppavror,  not  heated),  <  Bepp6r,  hot  (Beppy, 
heat):  see  thernio-.]  Impermeable  to  radiant 
heat;  having  the  power  of  stopping  radiant 
heat ;  opaque  to  heat. 

athermous  (a-ther'nius),  a.  [<  Gr.  hBrppoc, 
without  warmth,  <  d-  priv.  +  fieppdr,  hot,  Beppt/, 
heat.]     Same  as  athermanous. 

atheroma  (ath-e-ro'mii),  re. ;  pi.  atheromata 
(-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aar/pojpa(T-),  a  tumor  full 
of  gruel-like  matter,  <  aBr/pt/,  a  form  of  adapt/, 
groats  or  meal,  a  porridge  made  therefrom.]  1. 
A  name  given  to  various  kinds  of  encysted  tu- 
mors, the  contents  of  which  have  the  appear- 
ance of  bread-sauce. — 2.  The  formation  of 
thickened  patches  of  the  inner  coat  of  an  ar- 
tery (much  more  rarely  of  a  vein),  constitut- 
ing flattened  cavities  which  contain  a  pasty 
mass  exhibiting  fat-globules,  fatty  acid  crys- 
tals, cholesterin,  more  or  less  calcareous  mat- 
ter, etc.  The  endothelial  film  separating  this  from  the 
blood  may  give  way,  and  an  atheromatous  ulcer  be  formed. 

Also  atherome. 

atheromatous  (ath-e-ro'rua-tus),  a.  [<  athe- 
roma^) +  -ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
atheroma  ;  having  the  qualities  of  atheroma. 

atherome  (ath'e-roni),  ».     Same  as  atheroma. 

Atherura  (ath-e-ro'rjl),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d(%>,  the 
beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  oupd,  tail.]  A  genus 
of  hystricomorph  rodents,  of  the  family  Hystri- 
cidm;  the  brush-tailed  porcupines:  so  called 
because  the  tail  ends  in  a  pencil  of  flattened 
scaly  bristles.  The  best-known  species  are  A.  fasci- 
mlata,  the  Malacca  porcupine  of  India,  and  the  African  A. 
a/ricana.    There  are  several  others.     Also  Atlim/rus. 

atherure  (ath'e-ror),  n.  [<  Atherura.]  A 
brush-tailed  porcupine;  a  species  of  the  genus 
Atherura. 

Atherurus  (ath-e-ro'rus),  n.  Same  as  Athe- 
rura. 

atheticize  (a-thet'i-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
athcticized,  ppr.  aiheMcizing.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  dferor, 
set  aside,  invalid,  +  -ic  +  -fee.  Cf.  athetise.] 
Same  as  athetize.    Beverley. 

athetize  (ath'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  athe- 
ti-ed,  ppr.  athetigvng.  [<  Gr.  aBerciv,  set  aside, 
reject  as  spurious  (<  d&roc,  set  aside,  invalid, 
without  place  or  position,  <  d-  priv.  +  Bc-6r, 
verbal  adj.  of  Ti-6e-vai,  put,  place :  see  thesis, 
etc.),  + -fee.]    To  set  aside;  reject  as  spurious. 


athwart 
He  [Walter  Leaf,  in  his  edition  of  the  Iliad]  athetizes 

but  03  lines  in  A-.YI.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Pkilol.,  VII.  378. 

athetoid  (ath'e-toid),  a.  Of  or  resembling 
athetosis:  as,  athetoid  movements. 

athetosis  (ath-e-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iBeroc, 
without  place  (see  athetize),  +  -osis.]  In  pat  hat., 
a  condition  in  which  the  hands  and  feet  can- 
not be  maintained  in  any  position  in  which 
they  are  placed,  but  continually  perform  in- 
voluntary, slow,  irregular  movements. 

athinkt,  ».  impers.  [ME.  athinke,  reduced  form 
of  ofthinke,  <  AS.  ofthyncan,  impers.,  <  of-  + 
thyncan,  seem:  see  a-4  and  think.]  To  repent; 
grieve — Me  athinketht,  it  repents  me. 

Me  athinkcth  that  I  schal  reherce  it  here. 

Chancer,  Prol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  1.  <*2. 

athirst  (a-therst'),  a.  [<  ME.  athurst,  also 
athreste  and  afurst,  contr.  from  ofthurst,  of- 
thyrst,  <  AS.  ofthyrsted,  very  thirsty,  pp.  of  qf- 
thyrstan,  thirst,  <  of-  (intensive)  +  thyrstan, 
pp.  thyrsted,  thirst:  see  a-4  and  thirst,  v.]  1. 
Thirsty;  wanting  drink. 

When  thou  art  athirst,  go  unto  the  vessels,  and  drink. 

Ruth  ii.  9. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  a  keen  appetite  or  de- 
sire. 

Their  bounding  hearts  alike 
Athirst  for  battle.  Cowper,  Iliad. 

athlete  (ath'let),  re.  [<  L.  athleta,  <  Gr.  aOfo/- 
Ttjc,  a  combatant,  contestant  in  the  games,  < 
affAtiv,  contend,  <  d(ttoc,  a  contest,  esp.  for  a- 
prize  (neut.  aB'Aov,  the  prize  of  contest),  contr. 
of  *aFe6Xoc,  prob.  <  a-  +  ■/  "Fed  (=  E.  iced, 
pledge:  see  wed)  +  formative  -Xo-r.]  1.  In 
Gr.  antiq.,  one  who  contended  for  a  prize  in  the 
public  games.  Hence — 2.  Any  one  trained  to 
exercises  of  agility  and  strength ;  one  accom- 
plished in  athletics ;  a  man  full  of  strength 
and  activity. 

Here  rose  an  athlete,  strong  to  break  or  bind 
All  force  in  bonds  that  might  endure. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

athletic  (ath-let'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  athleticus, 

<  Gr.  ad'AnriKdc,  <  adAnryc,  athlete:  see  athlete.] 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  athletes  or  to  the  exer- 
cises practised  by  them:  as,  athletic  sports. 
Hence — 2.  Strong;  robust;  vigorous;  physi- 
cally powerful  and  active. 

That  athletic  soundness  and  vigour  of  constitution 
which  is  seen  in  cottages,  where  Nature  is  cook  and  Ne- 
cessity caterer.  South. 

II.  «.  An  athlete.     [Rare.] 

athletically  (ath-let'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  strong, 
robust,  or  athletic  manner. 

athleticism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  n.  [<  athletic  + 
-ism.]  The  act  or  practice  of  engaging  in  ath- 
letic exercises  ;  devotion  to  athletics. 

athletics  (ath-let'iks),  re.  [Plural  of  athletic] 
The  art  or  practice  of  athletic  games  or  exer- 
cises; the  system  of  rules  or  principles  em- 
ployed for  physical  training,  as  in  running, 
rowing,  boxing,  gymnastics,  etc. 

athletism  (ath'le-tizm),  n.  [<  athlete  +  -ism.] 
The  character  or  profession  of  an  athlete. 

Athole  brose.    See  brose. 

Athorybia  (ath-o-rib'i-S),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  06pvfos,  noise,  murmur,  confusion.]  A 
genus  of  oceanic  hydrozoans, 
type  of  the  family  Athorybi- 
idm.  A.  rosacea  inhabits  the 
Mediterranean. 

Athorybiadae  (atb/o-ri-bi'a- 
de),  re.  pi.  Same  as  Athory- 
biidm. 

Athoryhiidae  (atb/o-ri-bi'i- 
de),n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Athorybia 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  phy- 
sophorous  oceanic  Hydrozoa, 
of  the  order  Siphonophora, 
having  a  bundle  of  hydro- 
phyllia  instead  of  a  swim- 
ming-column, and  resembling  a  larval  stage  of 
some  other  Physophora. 

athreet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [ME.,  also  a  ihrjs; 

<  «3  +  three.]     In  three  parts.     Chaucer. 
athrepsia   (a-threp'si-a),    «.      [NL.,    <  Gr.   d- 

priv.  +  Spii/itr-,  nourishment,  <  rpifyeiv,  nourish.] 
In  pathol.,  a  profound  disturbance  of  nutrition 
in  children,  due  to  neglect  of  hygiene  and  in- 
sufficient or  improper  food, 
athrob  (a-throb'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  as 
+  throb?]  In  or  into  a  throbbing  or  palpitat- 
ing state  or  manner ;  throbbing. 

[Language]  is  a  mere  dead  body  without  a  soul  till  some 
man  of  genius  set  its  arrested  pulses  once  more  athrob. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  258. 

athwart  (a-thwart),prfp.  phr.  as  adr.  and  prep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  athirt,  Sc.  athourt,  athort. 


Athorybia  rosacea, 
seen  from  above. 

a,  polypitcs ;  b,  tenta- 
cles, with  cc,  their  sac- 
culi ;  d,  hydrophyllia  ;S, 
pneumatophore. 


athwart 

<  ME.  athwart :  <  <i3  +  thwart.  Of.  overthwart] 

1.  adi\  1.  Crosswise;  from  side  to  side ;  trans- 
versely. 

II.-  caus'd  to  i>i'  drawn  out  and  pav'.l  tour  main  roads 
t,,  in,  utmost  length  and  breadth  "f  the  island  ;  and  two 
others  athwart.  Milton,  lli-t.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  In  opposition  to  the  proper  or  expected 
course;  in  a  manner  to  cross  and  perplex; 
crossly;  wrongly;  wrongfully.    [Rare.] 

The  baby  beats  the  nurse,  and  quite  athwart 

-  all  decorum.  Shak.,  M.  for  M..  i.  4. 

II.  prep.   1.  Across;  from  side  to  side  of. 

A  | due. 
I;-,  It  rooted,  stretched  athwart  the  va. 
Its  swinging  boughs.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

The  Fosse  Waywasone  of  the  two  great  lines  of  commu- 
nication which  ran  athwart  Britain  from  the  northeast  to 
:  .il, west.  J-  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  193. 

2.  Xiuit..  across  the  line  of  a  ship's  course. — 

3.  In  opposition  to ;  against ;  contrary  to. 

I  have  seen  this  present  work,  and  find  nothing  athwart 
the  Catholick  faith  and  good  manners. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  11. 
Athwart  hawse,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  lies  or  sails  atiptoe  (a-tip'to),  prep 


-  stem 


of  .mother,  whether  near  or  at  some  dis- 


364 

son,  venison,  which  have  differentiated  doub- 
lets in  oration,  venation  (obs.).]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  occurring  in  nouns  of  action,  etc. 
These  nouns  an-  properly  abstract  nouns  equivalent  to 
English  nouns  in  -ing,  and  are  ("I  taken  directly  from 
the  Latin,  as  citation,  commendation,  creation,  education, 
i,.,  and  formed  in  Latin (commendatio,  etc.) 
from   the  verbs  represented  in  English  either  by  forms 

without  suffix  (from  the  Latin  infinitive),  as  cite,  - n  I. 

,t,  or  by  forms  in  -ate  (from  the  Latin  perfect  partici- 
ple) as  create,  educate,  liberate  ;  or  i/,>  formed  in dem 

speech,  whether  from  verbs  without  suffix,  as  in  fixation, 

..■.,.„.  ,  ie  .  from  fix,  quote,  etc.,  or  from  verbs  in  »'< 

ncentratim,  desiccation,  from  concentrate,  desiccate, 

,i,     ,,r  from  verbs  of  -Latin   origin,  as  starvation, 

thesi   being  the  earliest  formations  (in  the  mid- 
,n,   ,,i   the  eighteenth  century)  in  -atton  from  verbs  ,,t 

native  origin  (starve,  flirt).    Some  words  in  -ation  have  no  Atlantidae  (at-lan  ti-de), 
accompanying  verb  in  English,  as  constellation,  lunation, 
negation,  etc. 

•atious.  [<  -ati(on)  +  -ous,  like  -itious,<  -iti(on) 
+  -ous.]  A  compound  adjective  suffix,  con- 
sisting of  -ous  added  to  a  reduced  form  of 
-ation,  and  serving  to  form  adjectives  from 
nouns  in  -ation,  as  disputatious  from  disputa- 
tion. 

phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 


across  tlr 

tanee. 

\\ ,    v i  sav,    two  sails  to  windward,  going  directly 

athwart  our  hawse. 

/,'.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Hast,  p.  10. 

Athwart  the  forefoot,  said  of  the  flight  of  a  cannon- 
hall  tired  across  a  ship's  course  before  her  bows,  as  a  com- 
mand to  her  to  bring  to. 

athwartships  (a-thwart'ships),  prep,  phi:  as 
adv.  [<  athwart  +  ship  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.] 
Athwart  the  ship;  crosswise  of  the  ship. 

The  foretopsail.  which  had  been  double  reefed,  split  in 
two  athwartships,  just  below  the  reef-band,  from  earing 
to  earing.  /.'.  ".  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast.  p.  J.4. 

athymiat  (a-thim'i-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  adv/iia,  want  of 
courage  or  spirit,  Cadvpoc,  wanting  courage  or 
spirit,  <  a-  priv.  +  Qviiog,  courage,  spirit,  breath, 
<  n,  uv,  rush,  rage,  be  eager.]  Lowness  of  spir- 
its: despondency;  melancholy. 

-atic1.    [<  F.-atique  (vernacularly -age,  ~>E.-age, 


a*+  tiptoe]  1.  On  tiptoe.— 2.  Figuratively, 
in  a  state  of  high  expectation  or  eagerness. 
ative.  [=  P.  -atif,  fem.  -ative,  <  L.  -at-ivus, 
being  -ii'iis,  E.  -foe,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  in 
-at-,  E.  -ate1,  -ate2.]  A  compound  adjective 
suffix  of  Latin  origin,  consisting  of  -ive  added  to 
the  stem  represented  by  -ate-,  and  accompany- 
ing verbs  with  suffix  -ate"*,  as  in  demonstrativt . 
relative,  etc,  from  demonstrate,  relate,  etc.,  or 


corre- 
horta- 


verbs  without  a  suffix,  as  m 
from  laud,  etc.,  or  standing  without 
sponding  verbs  in  English,  as  in  amative, 
tin .  lucrative,  eta. :  especially  frequent  in  gram- 
matical terms,  as  in  vocative,  loeatiir.  ablative, 
etc.,  all  used  also  as  nouns.  It  is  also  found  in  a 
few  other  nouns,  as  in  prerogative,  donative.  It  is  added 
rarely  to  verbs  of  non-Latin  origin,  as  in  talkative,  babbla- 
tive, and  used  iii  colloquial  or  slang  expressions  like  go- 
ahead-ative.  English  formations  in  -alire.  from  verbs  in 
-ateS,  retain  the  accent  of  the  vni,.  a,  decorative. 


atlas 

pertaining  to  Atlas,  <  "Ar?.ar  (Arlavr-),  Atlas,  (1) 
the  Titan  (see  atlas*),  or  (2)  the  mountain-range 
in  northwestern  Africa  named  from  the  Titan, 
being  regarded  as  the  pillar  of  heaven ;  to  At- 
AavTUtbv  TreAayog,  the  Atlantic  ocean,  named  from 
Mount  Atlas.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
scended from  Atlas:  as,  "the  seven  Atlantic 
Sisters"  (the  Pleiades),  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  674.— 
2.  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  that  division 
of  the  ocean  which  lies  between  Europe  and 
Africa  on  the  easl  and  America  on  the  west. 
II.  a.  The  Atlantic  ocean. 

atlantid  (at-lan'tid),  «.  A  heteropod  mollusk 
of  the  family  AtlanluUr. 

n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
"At'/uc  (Ar'Aavr-),  Mount  Atlas,  taken  for  Africa 
(see  Atlantic),  +  -tiat,  -idte.  In  sense  2,  < 
Atlanta  (q.  v.)  +  -idee.)  1.  One  of  the  three 
great  divisions  into  which  some  ethnologists 
divide  the  human  race,  including  the  tribes  of 
Africa  and  the  Semitic  peoples  of  Asia. —  2. 
A  family  of  heteropodous  mollusks,  typified  by 
the  genus  Atlanta.  They  are  free-swimming  pelagic 
forms,  of  warm  seas,  with  a  small,  thin,  keeled,  spiral 
shell  and  calcareous  operculum.  Besides  the  type,  At- 
lanta, the  family  contains  the  genus  Oxygyrus. 

Atlantides  (at-Ian'ti-dez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
'AxlavriSec,  pi.  of  'ATAavrle,  fem.  patron.,  daugh- 
ter of  "Ar'Aac  (Ar'Aavr-),  Atlas :  see  atlas1.]  1.  A 
name  given  to  the  Pleiades,  which  were  fabled 
to  be  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  who  were 
translated  to  heaven.— 2.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  legendary  island  of  Atlantis. 


laudative,   etc.,  Atlantis  (at-lan'tis),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  'AtIovtIc: 


v.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atieo,  <  L.  -dtieus,  a  com-  Atlanta  (at-lan'ta),  n.     [NL..  <  L.  AtlantiCUS, 

Atlantic:  sec  Atlantic,  a.]     A  genus  of  mol- 


pound  ad£  suffix,  being  -ic-us,  E.  -ie,  suffixed 
to  a  pp.  stem  in  -at-:  see  -ate1,  -ic,  and  -age.'] 
A  compound  suffix  of  some  adjectives  of  Latin 
origin,  as  aquatic,  t  rratie,  lymphatic,  etc.,  some 
of  which  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  fanatic, 
lunatic,  etc.  [See  remark  under  -atic".] 
-atic-.  [<  F-  -atiqne  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atieo,  <  L. 
-aliens,  <  Gr.  -a--iK-6c,  being  -m-or,  E.  -ie,  suffixed 
to  a  noun  stem  in  -ar-,  nom.  -a,  or  -ap,  or  -ar-t/c: 
see  -ate5  and  -ie.]  A  compound  termination 
of  adjectives  taken  from  or  formed  after  <  freek, 
aagrammatic,  hepatic,  pneumatic,  some  accom- 
panying English  nouns  in  -ma  or  -m,  as  dra- 
matic, problematic,  etc.,  or  in  -ate5,  as  piratic, 


.  ie  Atlantic.]  A  mythical  island  of  vast  extent, 
mentioned  by  Plato  and  other  ancient  writers, 
and  placed  by  them  in  the  far  West. 

atlanto-epistropheal  (at  -  Ian  "  to  -  ep  "  i  -stro  - 
fe'al),  a.  [<  atlas  (atlant-)  +  epistropheus  + 
-ah]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  epi- 
stropheus or  axis. 

atlanto-OCCipital  (at-lan"t6-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  [< 
atlas  (atlant-)  +  occiput  'oecipit-)  +  -al.]  In 
anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  the  occipital 


bone. 

lusks,  typical  of  the  family  Jtlantida;  having  atlanto-odontoid  (at-lan'to-o-don'toid),  a.  [< 
tin!  twisted  visceral  sac  inclosed  in  a  dextral  atlas  (atlant-)  +  odontoid.]  In  anat.,  pertaining 
spiral  shell,  and  the  foot  provided  with  an  oper-  +0  the  atlas  and  the  odontoid  process  of  the  axis, 
culum.  A.  peroni  is  a  Mediterranean  species,  atlantosaurid  (at-lan-to-sa'rid),  n.  A  dino- 
atlantad  (at-lan'tad),  adv.  [<  atlas  (atlant-)  salirian  reptile  of  the  family  Atlantosauridte. 
+  -ad'A.]      In  anat.,  toward  the  atlas,  or  the  Atlantosauridae  (at-lan-to-sa 'ri-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Atlantosaurus  +  -i'die.]     A  family  of 
sauropodous  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  a  pitui 


upper  part  of  the  body, 
atlantal  (at-lan'tal),  a.    [<  NL.  atlantalis,  < 


ottos1, 3,  q.  v.]    In  "anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 

atlas Atlantal  foramen  (foramen  atlantale),  a  h.de 

through  the  fore-border  of  the  atlas  of  many  animals  for 
the  transmission  of  the  suboccipital  nerve  and  vertebral 

artery.     In  man  it,  is  present  only  exceptionally,  and  is 
generally  represented  by  a  groove. 


etc.    [Most  adjectives  of  this  termination,  and  also  some    »i,      f„        ,    •  inT,_rp'ani   a      T<  L     Itlanteus,  < 

endingin  -atich  may  take  (often  preferably,  the  , ition-  Atlantean  (at-lan  te  g,n)    a      lwj.  -"<«    "  «£ 

al  syllable  -al,  with  very  slight  if  any  change  of  meaning.     Gr.  At/ armor,  pertaining  to  Ar/.at,  Atlas.    \. 
s,,    ,,/;„, d  -i  '/urri.;  Atlantis,  is  properly  tern.  adj.  <   '\r/n.,: 


-atile.  [=  F.  -atile,  <  L.  -dtilis,  a  compound  adj. 
suffix,  being  -Ms,  E.  -He  or  -le,  suffixed  to  a  pp. 
stem  in  -al-:  see  -ate1  and  -He.]  A  suffix  of 
some  adjectives  of  Latin  origin,  as  aquatile, 

tlliriatlli  .    etc. 

atilt  in-tilt').  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  o.  [<  «3 + 
tilt1,  h.]  1.  Tilted  up;  set  on  tilt,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Speak  :  if  not,  this  stand 
01  royal  Mood  shall  be  abroach,  alill,  and  run 

llo   the   lees  of  llollolir. 

Beau,  ami  Ft..  Philaster,  v.  1. 


CA7/ni'7-):  see  atlas1.]    1.  Pertaining  to  Atlas; 

resembling  Atlas. 

Sage  he  stood, 
With  Atlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  I...  ii.  306. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  island  Atlantis  of  Plato 
and  Strabo,  fabled  to  exist  in  the  ocean  of  the 
far  West,   or    to 


lh,   bit],   bud  sits  at  his  door  in  the  sun, 
Atilt  id,,-  a  blossom  among  tie  leaves. 

Lowell,  sir  Launfal,  i. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  filter;  in  the  position 
or  willi  tli.  action  of  a  man  making  a  thrust: 
us.  to  tide  or  run  atilt. 

atimy  i  at'i-mi),  «.  [<<Sr.  au/ila,  disgrace,  loss 
of  civil  rights,  dishonor,  <  ariimr,  dishonored, 
deprived  of  civil  rights,  <  «-  priv.  +  n/4,  honor, 
<  ran;  honor.]  In  Gr.  anlii/.,  disgrace;  sus- 
pension ot  Hie  civil  rights  of  n  person  in  pun- 
ishment of  grave  offenses  :  outlawry;  civil  dis- 
franehisement  ;  degradation,  it  was  perpetual  and 
total  '  litarj  I ,  oi  i<  mporai  \  or  partial  and 

affecting  only  certain  privileges  of  th  citizen.  It  often  in- 
volvi  d  ■  ""ii  -  .ii  ion  ,,i  prop,  i  ii. 

-ation.  [<  P.  -ation  =  Sp.  -acion  =  Pg.  acSo 
=  It.  -ii.iiiiii.  <  L.  -atio{n-),  aco. -ationem,  being 
-iiii(n-).  10.  -Hon,  q.  v.,  suffixed  to  the  stem  of 
verbs  in  -O-re,  or,  in  other  words,  -ia(n-),  E. 
-inn,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  -at-.  E.  -ate1,  of 
\  irl is  in  -d-rr  :  see  -lion,  -ion,  and  -ate1.  The  reg 
OF.  form  of  this  suffix  was  -aisun, 
-nisoii.  etc.  (later  restored  -ation. 
-nem n,  -allium,  -aeialin),  >  MK.  -aisnn,  -ei.snn, 
-esun,  etc.,  which   exists,  uurocognized,  in  ori- 


Bacon's  ideal 

commonwealtli  of 
that  name. 

Sometimes  writ- 
ten  Atlnntian. 

atlantes  (at-lan'- 
le/.i,  n.pl.  [<Gr. 
v.\TAavT£C,  pi-  of 
''Ar/nr,  Atlas:  see 
(///o.sl.]  In  ii/-/-//., 
figures  or  hull'  fig- 
ures of  men  used 
in  place  of  col- 
umns or  pilas- 
ters, to  support 
an  entablature. 
I  hey  were  called  tel- 
amom  ■  by  the  Ro 
mans.  Female  figures 
..,,  empl. »yed  are  call 
,  ,1  caryatids  or  carya- 
tides.    See  (((/((si  .  I!. 

Atlantian      ( at  - 

lan'ti-an),  (/.    See 
Atlantean. 
isun,  later  Atlantic  (at-lan'- 
ME.  -ation,     tik),  //.  and  ii.    [< 


L.    Atlanticus,    < 

Gr.        'Ar'Aavniilx;, 


Otto Heinrich's Palace,  HciUelbcrg  Castle, 
Baden. 


iii iv  .anal,  the  ischia  directed  downward  and 
meeting  at  the  middle,  a  hollow  sacrum,  and 
the  anterior  and  caudal  vertebras  exeavated  by 
lateral  cavities.  It  is  a  group  of  gigantic  Juras- 
sic herbivorous  lizards.     0.  C.  Marsh. 

Atlantosaurus  (at-lan-to-sii' nisi,  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  "A.T%ac  (Ar'/arr-),  in  allusion  to  their  size,  + 
aavpoc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dinosaurians  the 
species  of  which  were  of  gigantic  size;  the  type 
of  the  familv  Atlantosauridte. 

atlas1  (at'las),  n,  [=  F.  Sp.  1'g.  atlas  =  It.  at- 
lante  =  G."Dan.  Sw.  atlas,  atlas  (def.  4),  <  L. 
Atlas  'Atlant-),  <  Gr.  "Arlac  (Ar'Aavr-),  in  myth, 
a  member  of  the  older  family  of  gods,  who 
bore  up  the  pillars  of  heaven ;  later,  one  of  the 
Titans,  condemned  to  bear  up  the  heavens,  or, 
in.  other  forms  of  the  legend,  the  earth:  the 
name  was  also  given  to  Mount  Atlas  (see  At- 
lantic), to  a  statue  serving  as  a  column  (def.  2), 
and  to  one  of  the  cervical  vertebra'  (def.  3); 
appar.  <  o-  euphonic  +  •/  *7/<z  (rfo/vai),  endure. 
=  L.  \/*tla,  in  llalus.  latiis,  pp.  (associated  with 
ferre  =  E.  bear1,  hold  up,  carry),  and  in  tollere, 
lift,  lolerare,  endure:  see  ablative  and  tolerate.] 
1.  [cap.]  One  who  supports  a  heavy  burden;  a 
mainstay;  a 'pillar.'— 2.  [PI.  atlantes  (at-lan'- 
tez).]  A"  male  human  figure  serving  as  a  col- 
umn or  pilaster.  See  atlantes. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
anal.,  the  first  cer- 
vical vertebra,  by  *? 
which  the  skull  ar- 
ticulates with  the 
spinal  column:  so 
called  because  it 
supports  the  bead, 
as  Atlas  was  tabled 

to  uphold  I  lie  sky. 
It  is  one  of  the  most 
modified  and  special- 
ized of  the  vertebral,  of- 
ten having  noceiitruin, 
as   such,   but   a  hypa- 

pophysis  instead,  large 
transverse  processes  or 
lateral  masses,  and  the 

other   processes    Bniall 


Human  Atlas. 
s,  rudiment  of  neural  spine  in  the 
neural  arch;  ,i.  tubercular  process,  M 
diapophysis  proper,  and  f>,  capitulal 
process,  oi  parapophysis—  these  two 
making  the  so-called  transverse  pro- 
cess, and  inclosing  the  vertebrartcnal 
foramen;  hy,  hypapophysis,  in  place 
of  a  centrum  ;  a,  articular  surface  for 
occipital  condyle. 


atlas 


365 


rid  proa 

•nts  of  the 
d  with  the 


or  wanting.    The  general  form  of  the  hone  is  annular ;  it  atmosphere  (at  'mps-fer),  n.      [=  F.  atmosphere 

=  Pg.  atmosphera  =  Sp.  atmdsfera  =  It.  atmo- 
sfera  =  Sw.  almosfer  =  Dan.  atmosfcere  =  G.  at- 
mosphare,  <  NL.  atmospheera,  <  (Jr.  ar/coc,  vapor, 
+  aqxuoa,  sphere :  see  sphere.]  1.  The  aeriform 
fluid  which  surrounds  the  earth,  and  extends  to 
an  undetermined  height  above  its  surface;  the 
air.  It  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  79  parts  by  volume  of 
nitrogen  and  -l  of  oxygen,  with  a  trace  of  carbon  dioxid 

and  a  variable  quantity  of  aqueous  vapor,  amn ia,  oz i, 

and  organic  matter.   The  compositk t  the  mini  ml  atmo 

Bphere  varies  but  slightly  in  different  localities,  although 
near  towns  it  usually  contains  impurities,  such  as  sulphu- 
ric acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  etc.  The  movements  of  the 
atmosphere  constitute  the  winds,  and  in  it  are  formed  or 
produced  clouds,  rain,  and  snow.  Its  density  is  greati  it 
at  the  earth's  surface,  and  decreases  as  the  height  above 
the  earth  increases.  The  atmosphere,  like  other  bodies, 
gravitates  toward  the  earth,  and  therefore  has  weight  and 
exerts  pressure.  Its  average  weight  at  the  level  of  the 
sea  is  about  1.")  pounds  (14.7)  to  the  square  inch. 

2.  A  conventional  unit  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
An  atmosphere  is  in  English  use  the  pressure  of  a  vertii  a] 
column  of  30  inches  of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point 
at  London;  in  French  use  it  is  the  pressure  of  760  milli- 
meters of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at  Paris.  For  the 
absolute  atmosphere  in  the  C.  G.  S.  (centimeter-gram- 
si 1)  system,  see  absolute.  The  weight  of  the  atmo- 
sphere to  the  square  inch  is  commonly  employed  us  a  con- 
venient unit  for  pressures  arising  from  other  causes,  such 
as  the  weight  of  liquids,  the  force  of  steam,  etc.:  thus,  a 
pressure  in  a  steam-boiler  of  3  atmospheres  means  a  pres- 
sure equal  to  45  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  apparatus  .  .  .  was  of  great  simplicity,  all  of  glass, 
capable  of  resisting  the  pressure  of  many  atmospheres. 

Science,  VIII.  50. 

3.  The  gaseous  envelop  surrounding  any  of 
the  heavenly  bodies. 

No  sound,  either  loud  or  soft,  could  he  heard  by  any 
inhabitant  of  the  moon,  because  the  moon  practically  has 
no  atmosphere.  J.  -V.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  22. 

4.  Any  gaseous  medium:  as,  " an  atmosphere  of 

cold  oxygen,"  Miller. 

For  an  atmosphere  of  any  gas  at  uniform  temperature, 
the  height  at  which  the  density  would  be  halved  is  the 
height  of  the  homogeneous  atmosphere  for  that  gas,  mul- 
tiplied by  .69315;  the  gas  is  assumed  to  obey  Boyle's  law. 
J.  D.  Everett,  Units  and  Phys.  Const.,  p.  41. 

5f.  An  assumed  outer  envelop  of  force,  efflu- 
via, etc.,  surrounding  a  body:  as,  an  electrical 
atmosphere. —  6.   Figuratively,   intellectual   or 
moral  environment ;  pervading  influence. 
By  the  hearth  the  children  sit 
Cold  in  that  atmosphere  of  Death. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xx. 
Absolute  atmosphere.  Sec  absolute.— Electric  at- 
mosphere.   See  electric  aura,  under  aural 


revolves  about  a  pivot,  furnished  by  the  oil 
of  the  axis,  and  follows  the  rotatory  movci 
head  upon  the  neck.     It  is  commonly  ankylo 
axis  in  Cetacea.    See  ankylosis. 

4.  A  bound  collection  of  maps.  The  word  was  first 
used  in  this  sense  by  Mercator  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
in  allusion  to  the  Atlas  of  mythology,  whose  figure,  repre- 
sented as  bearing  a  globe  on  his  shoulders,  was  given  on 
the  title-page  of  such  works. 

Hence  —  5.  A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  subject. —  6. 
A  size  of  writing-  or  drawing-paper,  26  by  33  or 
34  inches. —  7.  [NL.]  Inew«o»i.,alargelamelli- 
corn  beetle  of  the  family  Scarabandce  ;  the  atlas 
beetle,  Ghalcosoma  atlas,  about  3  inches  long, 
and  of  a  brilliant  metallic-green  color. 

atlas2  (at'las),  n.  [=  Sp.  atlas  =  G.  atlass  = 
Sw.  atlas  =  Dan.  atlas,  alius/:,  satin,  <  Hind. 
atlas,  <  Ar.  atlas,  satin,  <  atlas,  smooth,  bare, 
blank,  <  talasa,  make  smooth,  delete.]  A  kind 
of  satin :  a  word  formerly  used  in  the  Levant 
and  in  India. 

atlas-folio  (at  "his-fo'lio),  n.  [<  atlas1,  6,  + 
folio.]     A  large  square  folio  size  of  books. 

atlo-axoid  (at'16-ak'soid),  «.  In  anat,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  axis,  the  first  and 
second  cervical  vertebra? — Atlo-axoid  ligament, 
one  of  three  ligaments,  anterior,  lateral,  and  posterior, 
connected  with  both  the  axis  and  the  atlas. 

atloid  (at'loid),  a.  [<  atlas1,  3,  +  -oid.~\  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  atlas;  atlantal:  usually 
as  the  second  element  of  a  compound:  as, 
occipito-atloid  ligaments. 

atmidometer  (at-mi-dom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  aruir 
'druid-),  vapor  (<  arfioc,  steam,  vapor),  +  ficrpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Bab- 
ington  for  measuring  the  evaporation  from  wa- 
ter, ice,  or  snow.  E.  H.  Knight.  See  atmom- 
eter. 

atmo-.  [<  Gr.  aru6c,  vapor,  steam  (=  Skt.  dtmaii, 
breath,  =  AS.  oJthm  =  OS.  dthom  =  OFries.  eth- 
ma=  D.  a(fei»=OH(i.  ddiini,  dtiini,  MHG.  atem, 
aten,  G.  atem,  atliem,  odem,  also  (prop,  dial.) 
oden,  breath),  perhaps  from  the  root  repr.  by 
Skt.  V  en,  Gr.  af/vai  (i/  */ra),  blow,  and  so  related 
to  aijp,  air,  aad/ta,  asthma,  etc.,  and  to  E.  wind?  : 
see  air1,  asthma,  and  wind'2.]  The  first  element, 
meaning  vapor,  in  some  compound  words  of 
Greek  origin. 

atmological  (at-nio-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  atmology 
+  -ie-al.]     Pertaining  to  atmology. 


lt"tst^n?h?ir«tt^ndi-  atmospheric  (at-mos-fer^)  a.   .  [<  aft. 
Wluncett,  Hist.  Induct  Sciences,  x.  2.     + -w.  Ct  spherical.]    1.  Pertaining  to,  existing 


A  classification 
and  intelligible  when 
tions. 

atmologist  (at-mol'o-jist),  n.  [<  atmology  + 
-ist.]  One  skilled  in  atmology;  a  student  of 
atmology. 

The  almolonists  of  the  last  century. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  III.  ix.  §  8. 

atmology  (at-mol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar/zoc,  steam, 
vapor,  +  -r\ojia,  <.' ?Jyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologij.] 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  phenomena  of  aqueous  vapor. 

The  relations  of  heat  and  moisture  give  rise  to  another 
extensive  collection  of  laws  and  principles,  which  I  shall 
treat  of  in  connection  with  themistics,  and  shall  term  at- 
mology. Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x.,  Int. 

atmolysation,  etc.    See  atmolyzatkm,  etc. 

atmolysis  (at-mol'i-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar/idr,  vapor, 
+  'liaiQ,  a  loosing,  <  'Aietv,  loose.]  A  method  of 
separating  mixed  gases  or  vapors  of  unequal 
cliffusibility  by  confining  the  mixture  in  a  ves- 
sel of  porous  material,  such  as  graphite,  placed 
in  a  vacuum.  See  atmolyper.  This  method  was  first 
made  known  in  1863  by  its  discoverer,  Professor  T.  Gra- 
ham, master  of  the  English  mint. 

atmolyzation  (afmo-li-za'shon),  «.  The  sepa- 
ration of  mixed  gases  by  atmolysis.  Also  at- 
molysation. 

atmolyze  (at'mo-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  at- 
molyzed,  ppr.  atmotyzmg.  [<  atmolysis.  Cf.  an- 
alyze, <  analysis.]  To  separate,  as  gases  or  va- 
pors, by  atmolysis.     Also  atmolyse. 

atmolyzer  (at'mo-li-zer),  n.  An  instrument  for 
separating  gases.  It  consists  of  a  porous  pipe  sur- 
rounded by  an  air-tight  cylinder  connected  with  an  aspi- 
rator, the  lighter  gases  passing  through  the  pores  of  the 
pipe,  the  heavier  remaining  in  it.     Also  atmolyser. 

atmometer  (at-mom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar/idc, 
vapor,  +  utrpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument, 
invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  evaporation  from  a  humid  surface 
in  a  given  time ;  an  evaporometer.  It  consists  of 
a  thin  hollow  ballot  porous  earthenware,  to  which  is  joined 
a  graduated  glass  tube.  The  ball  and  the  tube  are  filled 
with  water,  the  top  of  the  tube  is  closed,  and  the  instru- 
ment is  exposed  to  the  free  action  of  the  air.  As  the 
water  transudes  through  the  porous  substance,  and  is 
removed  in  the  form  of  vapor  by  the  air,  the  extent  of 
evaporation  is  shown  by  the  sinking  of  the  water  in  the 
graduated  tube. 


in,  or  consisting  of  the  atmosphere :  as,  atmo- 
spheric air  or  vapors. 

Quarantine  cannot  keep  out  an  atmospheric  disease. 

Culcridye,  Table-Talk. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 

I  am  an  atmospheric  creature.  Pope. 

3.  Caused,  produced,  or  operated  on  by  the 
atmosphere :  as,  rust  is  an  atmospheric  effect. — 
Atmospheric  Churn,  a  churn  of  various  forms,  in  which 
atmospheric  air  is  driven  into  the  milk  in  order  to  agitate 
it,  and  also  in  order  to  obtain  the  specific  effect  of  the  air 
upon  the  milk  in  aggregating  the  oleaginous  globules.— 
Atmospheric  currents,  see  current.— Atmospheric 
engine,  a  variety  of  steam-engine  in  which  the  steam  is 
admitted  only  to  the  under  side  of  the  piston  and  for  the 


Newcomen's  Atmospheric  Steam-engine. 
A,  A,  working-beam  ;  />,  boiler  from  which  steam  is  admitted 
through  the  steain-cock,  c,  to  the  cylinder  C ;  F,  rod,  serving  to  lift 
a  smalt  pump  ;  i,  iniection-cock  ;  P,  piston  ;  5,  blow-valve,  or  snifting- 
valve  ;  T,  tank  ;  li  ,  weights. 

up-stroke.  the  down-stroke  being  effected  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  caused  by  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  under  the  piston  through  the  condensation  of 
the  steam.  This  engine,  invented  by  Papin  in  1695,  was 
first  made  a  practical  success  by  Newcomen,  and  was 
subsequently  greatly  improved  by  Watt,  through  the  ad- 
dition of  a  separate  condenser  and  air-pump. — Atmo- 
spheric governor,  an  apparatus  for  controlling  the  move- 
ments "f  machinery  by  the  use  of  air  under  pressure. — 
Atmospheric  hammer,  (a)  A  hammer  driven  by  means 
of  compressed  air,  as  the  steam-hammer  is  operated  by 
steam.  See  steam-hammer,  (b)  A  hammer  in  which  an  at- 
mospheric spring  is  employed.    The  hammer-head  is  con- 


atom 

nected  by  a  rod  with  a  piston  working  in  a  cylinder  to 
which  air  1b  admitted  at  the  center  "f  its  length.  A  recip- 
rocating  motion  is  given  to  tie  cylinder,  and  bj  means 
of  the  air  confined  between  its  other  end  and  the  piston 
;i  corresponding  motion  is  given  to  tie-  piston  head  con- 
nected with  it.  — Atmospheric  line,  on  In  a  diagram  "f 

Bteam-pressure,   ■■>  h brawn   by  the  pencil  when  the 

steam  is  shut  oil  from  the  piston  of  the  indicator,  and 
thus  under  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  alone.  The 
height  "I  the  steam-line  above  this  shows  the  pressure  of 
i  le  steam,  and  the  depth  of  the  vacuum-line  below 
the  degree  .if  condensation  which  is  then  taking  place 
in  the  engine,  lb)  /'I.  Dark  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum 
produced  by  the  absorption  of  partol  the  sola]  radiation 

by  the  terrestrial  atmosphere.      Sec  spectrum. 

In  addition  to  the  lines  of  Fraunhofer,  indubitably  be- 
longing to  the  sun.  there  are  many  Other  dark  lines  in  the 
solar  spectrum  which  originate  from  tin-  ahsorptive  ac- 
tion of  the  terrestrial  atmosphere,  and  are  therefore  called 
atmospheric  lines.  Lommel,  light  (trans.),  p 

Atmospheric  pressure.  See  atmosphere,  2.— Atmo- 
spheric pump,  a  pump  in  which  the  water  is  forced  into 
the  suction-pipe  by  atmospheric  pressure.— Atmospheric 
railway,  a  railway  so  constructed  that  the  motive  power 
is  derived  from  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  acting  on 
a  piston  working  in  a  continuous  iron  tube  of  uniform 
bore  laid  from  one  place  to  another,  the  pressure  being 
created  by  exhausting  the  air  from  that  end  of  the  tube 
toward  which  it  is  desired  that  the  piston  should  advance, 

nr  by  forcing  in  air  behind  it,  or  by  both  methods  at 

The  system  lias  not  been  found  suitable  for  the  ordinary 
purposes  of  a  railway,  though  it  is  successfully  worked 
for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  telegrams,  ami  light  pack- 
ages. See  pneumatic  despatch,  under  pneumatic.—  At- 
mospheric spring,  a  spun,'  formed  by  the  elasticity  "i 
a  confined  body  of  air.- Atmospheric  stamp,  a  Btamp 
operated  in  the  same  manner  as  an  atmospheric  hammer 
(which  see,  above).— Atmospheric  tides,  diurnal  oscilla- 
tions of  the  atmosphere,  produced  by  the  attractions  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  like  the  tides  of  the  mean,  and  indi- 
cated by  minute  variations  of  pressure  on  the  barometer. 
atmospherical  (at-mos-fer'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
atmospheric. 

atmospherically  (at-mos-fer'i-kal-i),  adv.   As, 
or  as  regards,  the  atmosphere;  by  atmospheric 
force  or  influence. 
atmostea,  ».     Plural  of  at m osteon. 
atmosteal   (at-mos'te-al),  a.     [<   atmosteon  + 
-al.]     Pertaining  to  an  atmosteon;  pneumatic, 
as  a  bone. 
atmosteon  (at-mos'te-on),  n. ;  pi.  atmostea  (-a). 
[NL.,  <    Gr.  iirudc,   air,    +    oa-iov,  bone.]     In 
ornith.,  an  air-bone ;  a  scleroskeletal  ossifica- 
tion of  a  membranous  tube  or  canal  conveying 
air  into  the  interior  of  a  bone  of  a  bird. 

The  siphon-like  tube  which  conveys  air  from  the  outer 
ear-passage  to  the  hollow  of  the  mandible  may  ossify, 
.  .  .  resulting  in  a  neat  tubular  "  air-bone  "  or  at  mosteon. 
Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  168. 
atocha-grass  (a-to'chii-gras),  n.  [Sp.  atocha, 
esparto-grass.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima. 
atok(a-tok'),  «•  [Peruv.]  The  native  name  of 
a  kind  of  skunk,  of  the  genus  Conepatns,  found 
in  Peru,  originally  described  by  Humboldt  as 
ihilo  quitensis.  Also  called  zorra. 
atoll  (a-tol'  or  at'ol),  n.  [Formerly  atollon ;  the 
name  of  such  islands  in  the  Maldive  group ; 
prob.  <  JIalayalam  adal,  closing,  uniting 
(Yule).]  A  coral  island,  consisting  of  a  strip 
or  ring  of  coral  surrounding  a  central  lagoon. 
Such  islands  are  very  common  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  They 
often  present  an  exceedingly  picturesque  appearance,  a 
comparatively  narrow  strip  of  coral  rock  thinly  coated 
with  soil,  and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  cocoa- 
nut-,  pandanus-,  and  breadfruit-trees,  inclosing  a  large  still 
sheet  of  water,  usually  of  considerable  depth,  and  often 
well  supplied  with  fish.  The  circle  of  coral  is  sometimes 
complete,  showing  no  apparent  communication  between 
the  inclosed  lagoon  and  the  surrounding  sea ;  but  generally 
it  is  interrupted,  and  presents  one  or  more  openings  suita- 
ble for  the  passage  of  boats. 

atollont,  a-     See  atoll. 

atom  (at.'om),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atome, 
attorn  (and  as  L.  atoinits,  atomos,  'with pi.  atomi, 
sometimes  atomic,  >  E.  sing,  atomn  .  atomy1,  q. 
v.),  <  ME.  attome,  atome,  <  F.  atome  =z  Sp.  dtomo 
=  Pg.  It.  ofomo  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atom,  <  L.  atom  us, 
<  Gr.  arouoc,  an  atom,  prop,  adj.,  indivisible, 
that  cannot  be  cut,  <  a-  priv.  +  roudc,  verbal 
adj.  of  Tcuvew,  rayeiv,  cut :  see  tome.]  1.  An  ex- 
tremely minute  particle  of  matter :  a  term  used 
generally  with  certain  philosophic  or  scientific 

limitations.      fa)  A  hypothetical  particle  of  matter  so 

minute  as  to  admit  of  no  division  ;  an  ultimate  indivisible 

particle  of  matter.    See  atomic  philosophy,  under  atomic 

No  atoms  casually  together  burl  d 

Could  e'er  produce  so  beautiful  a  world. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  31. 

(b)  A  particle  of  matter  assumed  not  to  be  divided  under 
the  circumstances  considered  ;  a  molecule. 

An  atom  means  something  which  is  not  divided  in  cer- 
tain eases  that  we  are  considering. 

W.  E.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  186. 

(c)  In  ehem.  and  physics,  the  unit  of  matter;  the  smallest 
mass  of  an  element  that  exists  in  any  molecule.  The 
number  of  kinds  of  atoms  is  the  same  as  the  number  of 
the  elements.  All  atoms  of  the  same  element  have  the 
same  constant  weight.  They  are  for  the  most  part  com- 
bined with  other  atoms,  either  of  the  same  or  of  a  different 
kind,  forming  molecules,  and  are  indivisible  by  chemical 


atom 

force.  The  atom  is  sometimes  called  the  rhemical  unit, 
in  distinction  from  the  molecule  or  physical  unit,  the 
latter  being  the  smallest  particle  of  any  kind  of  matter 
which  can  exhibit  all  the  properties  of  that  matter;  but 

h  ;iUo  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  molecule 
in  this  sense. 

Hence — 2.  Anything  extremely  small;  a  mi- 
nute quantity:  as,  he  has  not  an  atom  of  sense. 

—  3f.  The  smallest  division  of  time,  equal  to 
about  £  of  a  second. — 4.  Anything  indivisible  : 
an  individual.  =  Syn.  Molecule,  etc.    .See  particle, 

atomt  (at'oin),  v.  t.  [<  atom,  ».]  To  reduce  to 
atoms;  atomize. 

Ami  atom  d  mists  turn  instantly  to  hail. 

Drayton,  Elegies,  i. 

atomatic  cit-o-mat'ik),  a.      [<  atom  +  -atic] 

Sumo  as  atomic, 
atomic  (a-tom'ik),  a.     [<  atom  +  4c;  =  F.  ato- 
mique.']    1.  Pertaining  to  atoms;  consisting  of 
atoms. 
The  atomic  constitution  of  bodies. 

Wkewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas. 
The  gods,  the  gods  ! 
If  all  be  atoms,  how  then  should  the  gods, 
Being  atomic,  not  be  dissoluble, 
Not  follow  the  great  law?       Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

2.  Extremely  minute.  — Atomic  or  molecular 
heats  of  bodies,  the  product  of  the  specific  heats  of  bodies 
into  their  atomic  weights.  These  pruducts  are  nearly  the 
same  for  all  elementary  bodies,  and  in  compounds  of  like 
atomic  composition,  though  the  products  of  the  specific 
heats  into  the  atomic  weights  may  differ  in  different  classes 
of  compounds.— Atomic  or  atomistic  philosophy,  a  sys- 
tem of  philosophy,  founded  by  Leucippus  and  Democritus, 
which  taught  that  the  ultimate  constituents  of  all  things 
are  indivisible  particles  or  atoms,  which  differ  from  one 
another  in  form  and  position;  whether  also  in  quality  of 
material  was  disputed  among  the  atomists.  From  the 
diverse  combination  and  motions  of  these  atoms  all  things, 
including  the  soul,  were  supposed  to  arise.  The  atomistic 
philosophy  was  perfected  in  its  details  by  the  Epicureans, 
particularly  by  Lucretius,  and  was  the  first  complete  sys- 
tem of  materialism.  It  is  the  basis  of  the  modern  phys- 
ical atomic  theory,  but,  apart  from  the  numerous  special 
modifications  which  the  progress  of  modern  science  has 
rendered  necessary,  it  differs  from  it  essentially  in  this, 
that  the  ancient  atomism  was  a  philosophy  of  the  uni- 
verse, while  modern  atomism  is,  primarily  at  least,  merely 
a  physical  theory  of  the  inner  structure  of  matter,  con- 
structed for  the  convenience  of  physical  research.— Atomic 
theory,  «»r  doctrine  of  definite  proportions,  to  chem., 
the  hypothesis  that  all  chemical  combinations  take  place 
between  the  ultimate  particles  or  atoms  of  bodies,  and 
that  these  unite  either  atom  with  atom  or  in  proportions 
expressed  by  some  simple  multiple  of  the  number  of  atoms. 

—  Atomic  volume,  in  chem,,  the  space  occupied  by  a 
quantity  of  an  element  in  the  solid  state  proportional  to 
its  atomic  weight,  and  expressed  by  the  quotient  of  the 
specific  gravity  divided  by  the  atomic  weight.  —  Atomic 
weight,  in  chem.,  the  number  expressing  the  relative 
weight  of  one  atom  of  an  element  compared  with  the  weight 
of  some  unit,  usually  that  of  the  hydrogen  atom,  which  is 
the  lightest  at  present  known.  The  atomic  weights  of 
the  other  elements,  therefore,  express  how  many  times 
the  atoms  of  these  elements  are  heavier  than  the  atom  of 
hydrogen.     See  element. 

atomical  (a-tom'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  atomic. 

atomically  (a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  atomic 
maimer;  from  an  atomic  point  of  view;  re- 
garded as  an  atom,  or  as  made  up  of  atoms. 

atomician  (at-o-mish'an),  n.  [<  atomic  +  4anJ] 
An  adherent  of  the  atomic  philosophy  or  the- 
ory.    See  atomic, 

atomicismtta-tom'i-sizm),  n.  [K  atomic -T-  -ism.'] 
Atomism. 

atomicity  (at-o-mis'i-ti),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -it;/.'] 
In  chem.,  same  as  equivalency  and  quantivalency. 

The  number  of  bonds  possessed  by  an  element,  or  its 
atomicity,  is  apparently,  at  least,  not  a  fixed  and  inva- 
riable quantity.        E.  Frankla/ul,  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  9. 

atomisation,  etc.  See  atomisation,  etc. 
atomism  I  at  om-izm),  n.  [<  atom  +  -ism ;  =  F. 
atomisnu  —  Sp.  Pg.  It.  atomismo.]  1.  The 
metaphysical  or  the  physical  theory  of  atoms; 
atomic  philosophy  or  atomic  theory.  See  a  torn  ic, 
Atomiemal  ol  in  onceivable;  for  this  supposes  atoms, 
minima,  extended  but  indivisible. 

Sir  W,  Hamilton,  Metaphys.,  II.  52s,  s\pp. 
The  result  of  atomism  in  any  form,  dealing  with  any 
subject,  is  that  the  prim  [pie  ol  uniformity  is  hunted  down 
into  the  eh  menta  of  things:  it  is  resolved  into  the  uni- 
formity "i  these  elements  or  atoms,  and  of  the  relations 
-.1  those  which  are  next  to  each  other. 

W,  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  189, 

2.  The  state  of  exist  iriff  as  an  atom  or  a  unit,  or 
of  being  composed  of  atoms  or  units;  individ- 
ualism. 
atomist  (at'om-iet),  n.  and  ".  [<  atom  +-/*/,- 
=  P.  atomists  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  atomista."]  I.  n. 
One  who  holds  to  or  expounds  the  atomic  phi- 
losophy or  the  atomic  theory. 
IT.  «•  Same  as  atomistic. 

The  more  closely  we  follow  the  atomist  doctrine  to  1U 
starting-point,  said  spread  before  us  the  necessary  outfit 
for  its  journey  of  deduction,  the  larger  do  Its  demands 
appear.  J.  Martineau,  Materialism, 

atomistic  (at-o-mis'tik),  a.  [<  atomist  4*  -ic] 
1,  Pertaining  to  atomism  or  the  atomists. 


366 

It  is  the  object  of  the  mechanical  atomistic  philosophy 
to  confound  synthesis  with  Bynartesis. 

Coleridge,  Friend,  I.  L2L 

2.  Consisting  of  atoms.  — Atomistic  philosophy. 

See  atomic  philosophy,  under  atomic. 

atomistical  (at-o-mis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ato- 
mistic. 

atomistically  (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i),  ado.  In  an  at- 
om 1st  ic  manner;  as  composed  of  distinct  atoms. 

atomization  (at*om-i-za'shon),  n,  [{atomize 
+  -at ion,]  The  process  of  atomizing  or  the 
state  of  being  atomized;  specifically,  in  med., 
the  reduction  of  liquids  to  the  form  of  spray  for 
inhalation  or  for  application  to  the  throat  or 
nasal  passages,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
spelled  atomisation, 

atomize  (at'om-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atomised, 
ppp.  atomising,  [<  atom  +  -ize.]  I.t  intrans. 
To  speculate  respecting  atoms.    Gudworth. 

II.  trans.  To  reduce  to  atoms;  reduce  to  very 
small  particles,  as  a  liquid;  spray. 
Also  spelled  atomise. 

atomizer  (at'om-I-zer),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  atomizes  or  reduces  to  atoms  or  very 
small  particles;  specifically,  an  apparatus  de- 
signed to  reduce  a  liquid  to  spray  for  disinfect- 
ing, cooling,  perfuming,  medicinal,  and  other 
purposes.     Also  spelled  atomiser. 

atomology  (at-o-mol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gv.  aro^oc, 
atom,  +  -"koyia,  ("teyeiv,  speak:  see-ology.]  The 
metaphysical  doctrine  of  atoms.     See  atomic. 

atomy1  (at'om-i),  n. ;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  atomie,  attomye,  <  atomic,  prop. 
atomi,  pi.  of  atomus,  prop,  the  L.  form  then  in 
current  use  along  with  atom,  the  form  atomy 
being  regarded  appar.  as  a  dim.     Cf.  atomy".'] 

1.  An  atom;  a  mote. 

Should  he  or  hell 
Affront  me  in  the  passage  of  my  fate, 
I'd  crush  them  into  atomies. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  3. 

From  the  outer  day, 
Betwixt  the  close-set  ivies  came  a  broad 
And  solid  beam  of  isolated  light, 
Crowded  with  driving  atomies. 

Tennyson,  Lover's  Tale,  ii. 

2.  A  tiny  being;  a  pygmy. 

Drawn  with  a  team  of  little  atomies. 

Shah.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

Epicurus  makes  them  (souls]  swarms  of  atomies, 
Which  do  by  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Sir  J.  Dairies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

atomy2  (at'om-i),  n. ;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).  [For- 
merly also  atomy  and  natomy,  for  anatomy, 
mistakenly  divided  an  atomy.]  1.  An  anat- 
omy; a  skeleton. —  2.  A  very  lean  person;  a 
walking  skeleton. 

Thou  atomy,  thou.     Shak.  (ed.  Leopold),  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

atonable  (a-td'na-bl),  a.  [<  atone  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  atoned  for;  reconcilable. 

atonet,  prep,  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.,  also  attone, 
earlier  atoon,  aton,  at  one,  at  on,  lit.  at  one, 
agreed.  In  mod.  use  written  as  two  words,  at 
one :  see  at  and  one.  In  at-one,  as  in  al-onc 
and  on-ly,  one  preserves  its  proper  pronuncia- 
tion (on),  the  usual  pronunciation  (wun)  being 
a  modern  (16th  century)  corruption,  which  has 
not  affected  the  compounds.]  1.  At  one;  rec- 
onciled. 

Make  the  wel  at  on  with  him  .  .  .  and  dred  the  of  the 
dome.  Early  Eng.  Psalter,  p.  162. 

Aton  he  was  with  the  king.  King  Horn. 

If  gentil  men,  or  othere  of  his  contree, 
Were  wrothe,  she  wolde  bringen  lu-m  at>><>n. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  381. 

2.  Together;  at  once. 

All  hissences  seemd  berefte  attone. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  42. 

atone  (a-ton'),  v.\  pret.  and  pp.  atoned,  ppr. 
atoning,    [<  atone,  adv.,  q.  v.]    I.  intrans.  If. 

To  be  at  one;  agree;  be  in  accordance;  accord. 

ii.  and  Aufldiua  can  no  more  atone, 

Than  viulentest  contrariety.     Shak,,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

2.  To  make  reparation,  amends,  or  satisfac- 
tion, as  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  or  for  an 
offender:  with  for. 

The  murderer  fell,  and  blood  atoned  for  blood.       Pope. 

The  ministry  not  atoning  for  their  former  ((induct  by 
any  wise  or  popular  measure.  Junius. 

So  it  sometimes  happens  that  a  single  bright  and  gen- 
erous act  serves  to  atone  for  the  abuse  of  years. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  81. 

3.  To  make  up,  as  for  errors  or  deficiencies; 
be  a  set-off  or  palliative. 

Or  where  the  pictures  for  the  page  atone, 
And  (juarles  is  sav'd  by  beauties  not  his  own. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  139. 

II. t  trans,  1.  To  bring  into  concord;  recon- 
cile, as  parties  at  variance. 


atonement 

1  would  do  much 
To  atone  them,  for  the  love  I  bear  to  Cassio. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  L 
I  am  just  at  that  hour 
Upon  some  late  conceived  discontents 
To  atone  me  to  my  father. 

Webster,  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,  i.  2. 
Tigers  and  lions,  boars  and  raging  bulls, 
Hath  he  aton'd  with  leopards  arid  wolves. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

2.  To  put  in  accordance;  harmonize. 

To  atone  your  fears 
With  my  more  noble  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  unite  in  forming. 

The  Four  Elements,  who  joined 
With  the  Four  known  Complexions,  have  aton'd 
A  noble  league,  and  severally  put  on 
Material  bodies. 

Dekker  ami  Ford,  The  Sun's  Darling,  v.  1. 

4.  To  conciliate;  appease. 

So  heaven,  atoned,  shall  dying  Greece  restore. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  89. 

5.  To  expiate;  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Soon  should  yon  boasters  cease  their  haughty  strife, 
Or  each  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 

[Although  atone  as  a  transitive  verb  is  essentially  obsolete, 
it  is  used  occasionally  by  modern  writers  in  several  of  the 
senses  above  given.] 

atone-makert,  w.     [<  atone,  adv.,  +  maker.] 

One  who  makes  reconciliation  or  atonement ; 
a  reconciler;  a  mediator. 

One  God,  one  media  tour,  that  is  to  say,  aduocate,  inter- 
cessor, or  an  atonemaker,  between  God  and  num. 

Tyndale,  Works,  p.  158. 
atonement  (a-ton'ment),  n.  [<  atone,  v.,  + 
-ment ;  but  the  noun  is  found  earlier  than  the 
verb,  arising  perhaps  from  the  phrase  at  one- 
ment:  see  onement.]  If.  Reconciliation  after 
enmity  or  controversy;  settlement,  as  of  a  dif- 
ference; concord. 

Hauying  more  regarde  to  their  old  variaunce  than  their 
newe  attornment.  Sir  T.  More,  Deserip.  of  Rich.  III. 

If  we  do  now  make  our  atonement  well, 
Our  peace  will,  like  a  broken  limb  united, 
Grow  stronger  for  the  breaking. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Satisfaction  or  reparation  made  for  wrong 
or  injury,  either  by  giving  some  equivalent  or 
by  doing  or  suffering  something  which  is  re- 
ceived in  lieu  of  an  equivalent. 

O  when  did  a  morning  shine 
So  rich  in  atonement  as  tbis 
For  my  dark-dawning  youth? 

Teniu/son,  Maud,  xix.  2. 

3.  In  thcoL,  the  reconciliation  of  God  and  man 
by  means  of  the  life,  sufferings,  and  death  of 
Christ. 

For  God  was  in  Christ,  and  made  agrement  bitwene  the 
worlde  and  hym  sylfe,  and  imputed  not  their  synnes  vnto 
them ;  and  hath  committed  to  vs  the  preachynge  of  the 
atonement.  Tyndale,  2  Cor.  v.  19. 

When  we  were  enemies  we  were  reconciled  to  God  by 
the  death  of  his  Son  ;  .  .  .  we  also  joy  in  God  through  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  whom  we  have  now  received  the 
atonement.  Rom.  v.  10,  11. 

This  doctrine  assumes  that  sin  has  made  a  spiritual  sepa- 
ration between  God  and  the  human  soul.  Different  sys- 
tems of  theology  explain  differently  the  method  of  recon- 
ciliation, and  therefore  use  the  word  atonement  with  dif- 
ferent meanings.  The  early  fathers  generally  stated  the 
doctrine  in  the  terms  of  Scripture,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
time  of  the  Reformation  that  the  differences  in  philosoph- 
ical statement  were  clearly  marked.  The  modern  state- 
ments may  be  grouped  under  four  general  beads,  as  fol- 
lows :  (a)  A  reparation  or  satisfaction  for  sin  made  by  the 
sufferings  of  Christ  as  a  substitute  for  the  sinner,  and  in 
lieu  of  the  punishment  to  which  the  sinner  was  justly 
amenable.  Such  satisfaction  is  regarded  as  necessary 
either  (1)  to  satisfy  the  justice  of  God,  and  so  make  for- 
giveness possible,  or  (2)  to  satisfy  the  law  of  God,  pro- 
duce the  public  impression  which  punishment  would  have 
produced,  and  so  make  forgiveness  safe.  The  former  is 
known  as  the  satisfaction,  the  latter  as  the  governmental 
them  y. 

The  word  atonement,  in  its  original  sense,  always  de- 
notes some  amends,    or   satisfaction,    for    (be    neglect    of 

some  duty,  or  the  commission  of  some  fault;  a  satisfac- 
tion with  which,  when  supposed  to  be  complete,  the  per- 
son injured  ought  reasonably  to  he  contented,  and  to 
demand  of  the  offender  nothing  more  on  account  of  his 
transgression.  Dvright,  Theology,  lv. 

Taking  the  term  atonement  in  its  technical  signification 
to  denote  the  satisfaction  of  divine  justice  for  the  Bin  of 

man,    by  the   substituted    penal    Bufferings    of   the   Son  of 

f..n\,  we  shall  And  a  slower  scientific  unfolding  of  this 
great  cardinal  doctrine  than  of  any  other  of  the  principal 
truths  of  Christianity. 

Shedd,  Hist.  Christian  Doctrine,  v.  1. 

(l>)  The  entrance  of  God  into  humanity,  that  he  may 
thereby  drive  out  sin  and  make  the  human  race  at  one 

With  himself. 

Supposing  the  Father's  will  to  be  a  will  to  all  good; 
the  Son  of  God,  being  one  with  him,  and  Lord  of  man, 
to  obey  and  fulfil  in  our  Mesh  that  will  by  entering  into 
the  lowest  condition  into  which  man  had  fallen  through 
their  sin;  this  Man  to  be,  for  this  reason,  an  object  of 
continual  complacency  to  his  Father,  and  that  compla- 
cency to  be  fully  drawn  out  by  the  death  of  the  cross;  — 
his  death  to  be  a  sacrifice,  the  only  complete  saeriflce 
ever  offered,  the  entire  surrender  of  the  whole  spirit  and 


atonement 

body  to  God ;  is  not  this  in  tin-  highest  sense  atonement ' 
Is  not  tin'  tnii'  root  of  humanity  revealed?  is  not  God  in 
him  reconciled  to  man?  Maurice,  Theol.  Essays. 

It  [the  new  theology]  holds  to  the  atonement  as  a  divine 
act  and  process  of  ethical  and  practical  import-  not  a- 
a  mystery  Ol  the  distant  heavens  and  isolated  from  the 
stroggli  "i  the  world,  but  a  comprehensible  force  in  the 
actual  redemption  of  the  world  from  its  evil. 

T.  T.  Hunger,  The  Freedom  ox  Faith. 
The  majority  of  orthodox  divines,  whether  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  or  the  Protestant  churches,  ordinarily  hold  one 
of  the  above  views  or  a  combination  formed  from  them. 
In  general,  the  former  opinion  (a)  is  held  in  the  Cal- 
vinistic  school  of  theology,  the  latter  opinion  lb)  in  the 
more  modern  Broad  Church  school,  (c)  In  I'nitariau  the- 
oloou,  the  moral  result  produced  by  the  influence  exerted 
on  mankind  by  the  life  and  death  of  Christ,  leading  men  to 
repentance  and  to  God.  This  is  sometimes  known  as  the 
moral  i, ii! ii,' iics  theory  of  the  atonement. 

Even  though  we  should  reject  all  the  Orthodox  theories 
about  atonement,  we  may  accept  the  fact.  We  can  be- 
lieve  that  God  in  Christ  does  reconcile  the  world  to  him- 
self,—does  create  a  sense  of  pardoned  sin,— does  remove 
the  weight  of  transgression, — does  take  away  the  ohstacle 
in  our  conscience, —  does  help  us  into  a  living  faith,  hope, 
peace,  joy.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Orthodoxy,  p.  250. 

(d)  In  New  Church  (Swedenborgian)  theology,  the  union  and 
accord  of  flesh  and  spirit  in  man,  and  so  the  union  and 
accord  of  man  with  God  by  a  spiritual  change  wrought  in 
the  individual. 

This  is  what  is  understood  in  the  New  Church  by  the 
atonement,  or  at-one-ment,  ...  a  bringing  at  one  of  the 
human  and  the  divine, or,  as  the  apostle  says,  "making  in 
himself  of  twain  one  new  man."  And  the  purpose  of  this 
atonement  was,  that  the  Lord  might  ever  after  he  able  to 
bring  our  external  or  natural  at  one  with  our  internal  or 
spiritual  man  —  goodness  at  one  with  truth  in  our  minds, 
— and  so  bring  us  into  complete  spiritual  union  or  at-one- 
ment  with  himself. 

B.  F.  Barrett,  Doctrine  of  the  New  Church. 

Doctrine  of  blood  atonement,  the  doctrine,  attributed 
to  the  Mormon  Church,  that  the  killing  of  an  apostate  or 
of  one  in  danger  of  apostasy  is  a  deed  of  love,  since  it  makes 
atonement  for  the  sin  of  apostasy,  and  so  makes  possible 
God's  forgiveness  of  it. 

atoner  (a-to'ner),  n.  One  who  makes  atone- 
ment. 

atonest,  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.,  prop, 
separate,  atones:  now  written  at  once:  see  at 
and  once.]     1.  At  once  ;  immediately. 

Love  me  al  atones.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  94. 

2.  At  one  and  the  same  time. 

Curious  enditing  and  hard  sentence  is  ful  hevy  atones 
for  swich  a  child  to  lerne.        Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Astrolabe. 

atonic  (a-ton'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  arovoc,  (a) 
not  stretched,  relaxed,  languid,  <  d-  priv.  + 
Teivciv,  stretch ;  (6)  without  accent,  <  d-  priv. 
+  -(ii'of,  accent,  <  reivew,  stretch :  see  a-18  and 
tonic]  I.  «.  1.  In  pathol,  characterized  by 
atony,  or  want  of  tone  or  power :  as,  an  atonic 
disease. — 2.  In  plulol. :  (a)  Unaccented,  (b) 
Produced  by  the  breath  alone;  surd — Atonic 
dyspepsia,  defective  iligestion,  independent  of  inflamma- 
tion or  other  recognizable  lesions  of  the  digestive  organs. 

II.  n.  1.  In  wet?.,  a  drug  capable  of  allaying 

organic  excitement  or  irritation.  [Rare.] — 2. 
In  philol. :  (a)  A  word  or  syllable  that  has  no 
accent. 

A  single  unaccented  syllable  is  called  an  atonic. 

F.  A.  March,  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar,  p.  222. 

{6)  An  elementary  sound  produced  by  the 
breath ;  a  surd  consonant ;  a  breathing. 
atony  (at'o-ni),  n.  [=  P.  atonic,  <  NL.  atonia, 
<  Gr.  axo'via,  languor,  <  drorac,  languid:  see 
atonic]  In  pathol.,  a  want  of  tone;  defect  of 
muscular  power ;  weakness  of  any  organ,  par- 
ticularly of  one  that  is  contractile ;  debility. 
—Atony  of  the  bladder,  in  pathol.,  loss  by  the  muscu- 
lar fibers  in  the  walls  of  the  bladder  of  the  power  to  con- 
tract and  expel  the  urine. 

atop  (a-top'),  prep.  par.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
top.]     On  or  at  the  top. 

'Tis  but  to  shew  that  you  can  place  sometimes 
Your  modesty  a-top  of  all  your  virtues. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Despots  atop,  a  wild  clan  below, 
Such  is  the  Gaul  from  long  ago. 

Lowell,  Villa  Franca. 

atopite  (at'o-pit),  n.  [<  Gr.  dron-or,  unusual,  out 
of  place  (<  d-  priv.  +  tokoc,  place :  see  topic), 
+  -ite2.]  A  calcium  antimonate  said  to  occur 
in  Sweden  in  yellow  or  brown  isometric  octa- 
hedrons. 

-ator.  [L.  -ator,  term,  of  nouns  of  agent,  being 
the  agent-suffix  -tor  (Gr.  -ri/p,  -Tup,  Skt.  -tar, 
-tar)  (E.  -or)  added  to  the  stem  in  -a  of  verbs 
in  -d-rc.  This  termination  was  reg.  reduced 
in  OF.  to  -cor,  -cour,  whence  in  ME.  -eour  (as 
in  savcour,  mod.  E.  saviour),  commonly  -or, 
-our,  mod.  E.  -or,  -er,  as  in  appellor,  arbitror 
or  arbitrcr,  accuser,  etc.,  from  L.  nouns  in 
-ator,  the  term,  being  merged  with  -er  of  AS. 
origin.]  A  termination  of  nouns  of  agent 
taken  directly  from  the  Latin,  as  creator,  edu- 
cator, liberator,  or  formed  in  English  or  New 
Latin,  as  detonator,  corruyator,  etc.,  from  verbs 


367  atrioventricular 

of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  which  have  in  atractenchyma  (at-rak-teng'ki-ma),  ».     [NL., 

Knglish  tho  suflix  -ate-.   It  also  occurs  in  some  nouns  <  <  I r.  arpanToc,  a  Bpindle,  +  . ,  i",,;,  an  infusion.] 

derived  from  nouns  without  an  intermediate  verb,  as  glad-  In   hot.,  a  tissue  composed  of  spindle-shaped 

iator,  senator.  rolls 

-atory.    [<  L. -«tori».s',  being  -/««  addeil  to  nouns  atrament  (at/ra-ment),  n.    [<  L.  atramentum, 

in   -atorT]      A   termination    oi    adjectives,   ol  black  ink,  <  oter,  black.]     Blacking:  ink;  any 

Latin  origin,  m  form  from  nouns  in  -ator,  but  blil,.k  )llli(1]  ,ls  t|„,  iuk  ,,,-  tl|1.  outtlelflh. 

in  sens,'  often  t.»  1"'  referred  to  the  original  atramentaceou9t  (at'ra-men-ta'shius),  a.    [< 

verb,  as  mania/on/,  accusatory,  declamatory,  ex-  nlr„mt:l,t   +   -aceous.]    "Of   the  nature  of  ink  ; 

elamatory,  nugatory,  etc.    When  from  English  nouns  i,i.„.k  Us  ink      Derham 

in  „u„  the  termination  is  .„,,„■  + -iai >. <.;i,a,.ri„t  etc  atramental '  (at-ra-men'tal),   a.      L<  atrament 

atouri(a-tor').y.'-<7';iind«*.    [be,  also  written  ^^j     ]|lky.  bl'.(,(.k  liki'ink.     Sir 'T.  Browne. 


attour,  ~atoiccr,~<  ME.  (Scotch)  atom;  atoure, 
at-oure,  <  at  +  our,  ower,  over :  see  at  and  over; 
for  the  combination,  ef.  at-after.]  I.  prep.  1. 
Of  place,  over.— 2.  Of  number  or  quantity, 
over;  beyond;  more  than. 

II.  adv.  Over  and  above;  besidos — By  and 
atour  (prep,  and  adv.),  also  by  a  tour  (adv.),  over  and 
above.    [Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

atour'-'t,  "•    See  attour^. 

atrabilarian  (afra-bi-la/ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  atrabilarius,  K  L.  atra  bilis,  black  bile: 
see  atrabile  and  bile".]  I.  a.  Affected  with 
melancholy,  which  the  ancients  attributed  to 
black  bile ;  atrabilious. 
The    atrabilarian    constitution,  or    a  black,   viscous, 


[Rare.]  Also  atramentous. 
atramentarious  (at"ra-inen-ta'ri-us),  a.  [<  LL. 
*atrameutarius,  used  only  as  neut.  noun  atra- 
mentarium,  an  inkstand,  <  L.  atramentum,  ink : 
see  atrament.]  Like  ink;  suitable  for  making 
ink.  Thus,  the  sulphate  of  Iron,  or  copperas,  is  called 
atramenturious  from  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  ink. 

atramentous  (at-ra-men'tus),  a.  [<  atrament 
+  -ou8.]     Same  as  atramental. 

Whenever  provoked  by  anger  or  labour,  an  atramentous 
quality  of  most  malignant  nature  was  seen  to  distil  from 
his  lips.  Swift,  Battle  of  the  Books 

atredt,  a.  [<  L.  ater,  black,  +  -ecP.  Cf.  L.  atra- 
tits,  clothed  in  black.]  Tinged  with  a  black 
color. 


pitchy  consistence  of  the  fluids.         Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

IL».Apersonofanatrabiliartemperament;  Yellow  choler  or  atrei.           ^  ^  ^                 _g 

a  hypochondriac .     Disraeli.  ' 

atrabilarious    (at*ra-bi-la'ri-us),  a.     [<   ML.  atredet,  ».  t.    [ME.,  <  at-,  from,  +  ream,  ad- 

atrabilarius:  see  atrabilarian.]     Same  as  a!ra-  vise:  see  read,  rede.]     To  surpass  in  counsel. 

bilarian.  Men  may  the  olde  atrenne,  but  nat  atrede. 

Christopher  Glowry,  Esquire,  .  .  .  was  naturally  of  an  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1591. 

atrabilarious  temperament,  and  much  troubled  with  those  a+reni    r    f      r<  ME.   alniimn,   <  at-,  from,    + 

.\tr.r,.B  ,^f  tttriirroetinn   which   fO'P  I'OimilOTll V  Called   lllUC     «*«*l'**l»         '  L  > 

rennen,  run. J     To  outrun.     Chaucer. 


phantoms  of  indigestion  which  are  commonly  called  blue 
devils.  Peacock,  Nightmare  Abbey,  i. 


atrabilariousnesst    (afra-bi-la'ri-us-nes),    n. 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  atrabilious  or 
melancholy. 

atrabilet,  "•  [<  P.  atrabile,  formerly  atrebile, 
=  Sp.  atrabilis  =  Pg.  atrabilis  =  It.  atrabile,  i. 
L.  (formerly  also  in  E.)  atra  bilis  (tr.  Gr.  ut- 
7^ayxor\ia 


atresia  (a-tre'si-a),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpjiroc,  not 
perforated,  <  d-p'riv.  +  Tpi/roc,  perf orated  (>  rpij- 
atc,  opening,  orifice),  verbal  adj.  of  Terpaivetv 
{■\Z*rpa),  bore,  pierce.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  closed  or  imperforate ;  specifically,  ab- 
sence of  a  natural  opening  or  passage :  chiefly 
used  in  medicine  and  surgery. 


>Xo7ua:  see  melancholy),  lit.  black  bile:  atra,  „+_.„ial  /  r™'*;  „n  a  "Characterized  bv 
fern,  of  ater,  black ;  Kito,  bile :  see  MA]  Black  atrestel  ££°J£»  "'  ^aracterized  «V 
bile;  melancholy:   from  the  supposition  that     Sta'*'  "Xrai of  atrium 

melancholy  is  due  to  a  preponderance  of  the  ^   (5'tri-al),  a.     [<  atrium   +  -al]     Of  or 

so-called  "black  bi  e  "  an  imagined  secretion  ^ertain\u    ^  atrium._Atrial  aperture,  open- 
of  the  renal  or  atrabiliary  glands. 
atrabiliar,  atrabiliary  (at-ra-bil'i-ar,  -a-ri),  a. 
[<  NL.  *atrnbiliarius,  <  L.  atra  bilis,  black  bile: 
see  atrabile]   Melancholic  or  hypochondriacal ; 
atrabilious.     See  atrabile. 

i  !i  miplexion  of  a  multiplex  atrabiliar  character,  the  final 
shade  of  which  may  be  the  pale  sea-green. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

Atrabiliary  capsules,  glands.    See  capsule,  gland. 
atrabilious  (at-ra-bil'ius),  a.    [<L.  atrabilis: 

see  atrabile,  and  cf.  bilious.]  Affected  as  if  by 
black  bile;  melancholic  or  hypochondriacal; 
splenetic.     See  atrabile. 

A  hard-faced,  atrabilious,  earnest-eyed  race,  stiff  from 
long  wrestling  with  the  Lord  in  prayer,  and  who  had 
taught  Satan  to  dread  the  new  Puritan  hug. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers. 

atracheate  (a-tra'ke-at),  a.  [NL.  atracheatus, 
<  Gr.  d-  priv.  (it-18)  +  NL.  trachea.]  Having  no 
tracheae  or  spiracles,  as  some  arthropods,  such 
as  crustaceans. 

Atrachelia  (at-ra-ke'li-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
arpax'/Aog,  without  neck,  <  d-  priv.  +  Tpaxv'Aoc;, 
neck.]  A  division  of  heteromerous  beetles, 
having  tho  head  not  exserted  nor  narrowed  be- 
hind, the  antennas  linear  or  subclavate,  and  the 
claws  undivided,  sometimes  serrate  or  pecti- 
nate :  opposed  to  Trachelida.  The  group  is  chiefly 
composed  of  the  family  Tenebrionidce,  which  are  plant- 
eating  terrestrial  beetles  having  mostly  connate  elytra 
and  no  lower  wings. 

atracheliate  (at-ra-ke'li-at),  a.  [<  Atrachelia 
+  -ate1.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  charac- 
ters of  the  Atrachelia. 

Atrachia  (a-tra'ki-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  rpaxtia,  trachea:  see  trachea.]  A  di- 
vision of  Lamcllibranchiata :  a  synonym  of 
Asiphonata  (which  see). 

atractaspidid  (at-rak-tas'pi-did),  h.  A  ser- 
pent of  the  family  Atractaspidida: 

Atractaspididae  (a-trak-ta-spid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Atractaspi(d-)s  +  -ida\]  A  family  of 
venomous  African  serpents,  suborder  Soleno- 
glypha  (sometimes  referred  to  Viperidw),  hav- 
ing extremely  long  venom-fangs. 

Atractaspis  '  (at-rak-tas'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
arpaaroc,  a  spindle,  an  arrow,  +  aortic,  a  ser- 
pent :  see  asp?.  ]  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents, 
typical  of  the  family  Atractaspidida:  A.  irregu- 
I'aris and  A.eorpulentus  are  two  African  species, 
from  Angola  and  Liberia  respectively. 


,g,  or  orifice,  the  communication  of  the  atrial  cavity 
with  the  exterior.  It  forms  one  of  the  two  apertures  (the 
other  being  the  oral)  with  which  ascidians  or  sea-squirts 
are  provided,  and  through  which  water  may  he  squirted 
by  the  contraction  of  the  muscular  walls  of  the  body.  See 
cuts  under  Appcndicularia,  Doliolidw,  and  Tuuieula.— 
Atrial  canal,  the  cavity  of  an  atrium. 

Each  stigma  leads  into  a  funnel-shaped  atrial  canal. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  512. 

Atrial  membrane,  the  third  tunic  of  ascidians;  a  deli- 
cate membrane  of  two  layers,  parietal  and  visceral,  like 
a  peritoneum,  lining  the  atrium. 

The  atrial  membrane  forms  a  hilobed  sac.  one  lobe  ex- 
tending on  each  side  of  the  pharynx,  and  opens  outward 
by  the  atrial  aperture  ;  it  communicates  by  the  stigmata 
with  the  interior  of  the  branchial  sac.  and,  by  the  anal 
and  genital  openings,  it  receives  the  frcces  and  genital 
products.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

Atricha  (at'ri-ka),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aroiyoc, 
poet,  for  adpt;,  without  hair,  <  d-  priv.  +  Upii 
(Tptx-),  hair.]  1.  A  division  of  the  Nemato- 
rhyncha,  containing  those  forms  which  are  de- 
void of  cilia,  as  the  genus  Echinoderes.  They 
are  distinguished  from  Gastrntricha,  which  are  ciliated  on 
the  ventral  surface  of  the  body. 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  protozoans,  or 
lobose  rhizopods  having  no  permanent  pro- 
cesses: an  inexact  synonym  of  Ameeboidea. 

Atrichia  (a-trik'i-S,),  v.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  drp/voc, 
poet,  for  aSpjf,  without  hair:  see  Atricha.]  1. 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Atri- 
cliiitla:  A.  elamosa  is  the  scrub-bird  of  Aus- 
tralia. J.  Gould,  1844.  Also  called  Atrichornis. 
— 2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 

Atrichiidae  (at-ri-ki'i-de).  >i.  pi.  [NL..  <  Atri- 
chia, 1,  +  -ida:]  A  remarkable  family  of  anoma- 
lous oscine  passerine  birds,  forming  with  Mi  uu- 
rida;  one  of  the  major  groups  of  birds,  Passt  n  s 
abnormales.  It  contains  the  Australian  scrub-birds 
of  the  genus  Atrichia,  which  have  the  syrinx  differently 
constructed  from  that  of  normal  oseines.  Also  called 
Atrichornithidce. 

Atrichornis  (at-ri-kdr'nis),  «.    [NL..  <  Gr. 

or/i/  vor,  without   hair  (see  Atricha),  +  opvic,  a 

bird.]     Same  as  Atrichia,  1. 
Atrichornithidae    (at"ri-k6r-nith'i-de),   u.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Atrichornis  (-ornith-)  +  -idee]     Same  as 

Atricliiiiln . 
atrichosis  (at-ri-ko'sis),  n.    [<  Gr.  arpixog,  with- 
out hair  (see   Atricha),  +  -osis.]     In  pathol, 

failure  to  develop  hair, 
atrioventricular  (a  "  tri  -  6  -  ven  -  trik '  u  -  lar),  a. 

[<  atrium,  3,  +  ventricular.]     Pertaining  to  the 


atrioventricular 

atrial,  or  auricular,  and  ventricular  cavities  of 
the  heart:  as, the  atrioventricular  valve. 

atrip  (a-trip'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3  + 
trip'-,  «.]  Naut. :  (a)  Just  raised  from  the 
ground  in  weighing:  said  of  an  anehor.  (l>) 
Hoisted  from  the  cap,  sheeted  home,  and  ready 
for  trimming:  said  of  sails,  (c)  Swayed  up, 
ready  to  have  the  stops  cut  for  crossing:  said 
of  yards,  (rf)  Having  the  fid  loosed:  said  of 
an  upper  mast. 

Atriplex  (at  'ri-pleks),  n.  [L.,  also  atriplexum, 
a  perversion  of  Gr.  arpdciaSjvr,  also  written  arpa- 
<pai;K,  av&p&Qagtc;  origin  obscure.]  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  Chenopodiacea;, 
mostly  mealy  or  scurfy  herbs  or  low  shrubs, 
growing  usually  in  saline  localities,  and  of  very 
little  importance.  The  garden  orach,  A.  hortensis,  is 
cultivated  to  some  extent  as  a  salad,  and  a  variety  with 
crimsou  foliage  for  ornament.  A  number  of  shrubby  spe- 
cies are  very  frequent  in  the  dry  and  alkaline  portions  of 
western  North  America,  and  are  generally  known  as 
greasewood,  a  term  which  also  includes  some  other  Cheno- 
podiacecB. 

atrium  (a'tri-um),  «. ;  pi.  atria  (-ii).  [L.,  in 
senses  1  and  2,  also  a  hall  in  general;  said  to 
have  been  "rig.  the  kitchen,  and  so  called  be- 
cause blackened  with  smoke,  <  ater,  black; 
but  perhaps  the  reference  is  to  the  hearth  or 
fireplace  in  the  atrium,  the  name  being  con- 
nected with  cedes,  orig.  a  fireplace  (cf.  E.  oast), 
later  a  house,  temple:  see  edifice.']  1.  In  anc. 
Horn,  arch.,  the  entrance-hall,  the  most  impor- 


^  .isAs-s^ 


Atrium. — Restoration  of  a  Pompeiian  interior. 

tant  and  usually  the  most  splendid  apartment 
of  the  house.  At  an  early  period,  ami  later  among  the 
poor,  the  atrium  was  used  not  only  as  a  ceremonial  room, 
but  as  a  reception-room  and  for  general  domestic  pur- 
poses, as  cooking  and  dining.  In  it  were  plated  the  ances- 
tral images  and  heirlooms,  the  marriage-couch,  the  focus 
or  hearth,  and  generally  a  small  altar.  Later,  among  the 
wealthy,  and  when  separate  apartments  were  built  for 
kitchen  and  dining  room,  chapel  of  the  lares,  etc.,  it  was 
reserved  as  a  general  reception-  and  show-room.  It  was 
lighted  by  an  opening  in  the  roof,  called  the  compluvium, 
toward  which  the  roof  sloped,  so  as  to  conduct  the  rain- 
water into  a  cistern  in  the  floor,  called  the  impluvium. 
2.  A  hall  or  court  resembling  in  arrangement 
an  atrium  proper,  as  at  the  entrance  of  some 
classical  or  early  Christian  public  buildings, 
etc. — 3.  [XL.]  In  anat.,  an  auricle  of  the  heart, 
or  some  equivalent  venous  cardiac  cavity. 

In  all  the  other  vertebrates  [than  Amphioxus]  there  is 
a  heart  with  ;it  fewest  three  chambers  (sinus  venosus, 
atrium,  ventricle).  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  57. 

4.  [NL.]  In  zool. :  (a)  The  chamber  or  cavity 
of  ascidians,  communicating  with  the  exterior, 
and  with  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
See  atrial,  and  cut  under  lunicata. 

The  atrium,  into  which  the  fseces  and  genital  products 
mi. i  Huxley,  Anat  invert.,  p.  514. 

(h)  A  membranous  s; ular  diverticulum  of  the 

ear  in  fishes:  as,  the  atrium  sinus  imparis,  a 
membranous  sac  given  off  from  the  sinus  audi- 
torius  impar  of  fishes,  mid  connected  in  various 
ways  with  the  air-bladder. 

atrocet,  "•  \(  !'•  atroce,  <  1..  atrox  (ace.  atro- 
ii  in),  cruel:  see  atrocious.]    Atrocious. 

atroceruleous  (at-ro-se-ro'lf-us),  a.  [<  L.  ater, 
black,  +  ccerukus,  blue:  see  cerulean.]  Of  a 
deep  blackish-blue  color,  as  an  insect. 

atrocha  (at'ro-kft),  ».  pi.     [ML.,  neut.  pi.  of 

atriuhiis:  sec  at'rochous.}  1.  Ciliated  embryos 
of  the  polychsetous  annelids,  in  which  the  cilia 
form  a   broad  zone   around   the   body,    leav- 


368 

ing  each  end  free  of  cilia,  excepting,  in  some 
cases,  a  tuft  on  the  head.  See  mcsolrocha. 
telotrocha. — 2.  {cap.]  In  Rotifera,  a  group  of 
wheel-animalcules  having  no  cilia  and  the  lobes 
highly  modified  in  shape;  the  wheelless  roti- 
fers. 

atrochous  (at'ro-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  atrochus,  < 
Gr.  (i-  priv.  +  rpo,r<ic,  anything  round  or  circu- 
lar, a  wheel,  ete..<  r/if  \nr,  run.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  atrocha  :  having  cilia  disposed  as 
in  those  annelidan  larvaj  called  atrocha. —  2. 
Wheelless,  as  a  rotifer. 

atrocious  (a-tro'shus),  a.  [<  L.  atrox  {atroc-), 
cruel,  fierce,  horrible,  <  ater,  black:  see  atroce 
and  -Otis.]  1.  Manifesting  or  characterized  by 
atrocity;  extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel; 
enormously  or  outrageously  wicked. 

Revelations  ...  so  atrocious  that  nothing  in  history 

approaches  them.  De  Quincey. 

In  spite  of  tin-  canon  law,  which  forbade  a  churchman  b> 

take  any  part  in  matters  of  blond,  the  archbishop  signed 

the  warrant  tor  the  atrocious  sentence. 

Maeaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2f.  Very  grievous;  violent:  as,  atrocious  dis- 
tempers'.—  3.  Very  bad;  execrable:  as,  an  atro- 
CiOUS  pun.  [Colloq.]  =  Syn.  1.  Wicked,  Scandalous, 
Shocking,  Flagrant,  Heinous,  Infamous,  Outrageous, 
Atrocious,  Monstrous,  horrible,  villainous,  flagitious,  dia- 
bolical, agree  in  expressing  great  and  intentional  badness, 
calling  fi.r  strung  abhorrence.  because  they  arc  used 
with  feeling,  the  recognition  of  their  differences  i-  nut  al- 
ways practicable.  Flagrant  and  ln-iunus  are  hardly  appli- 
cable to  persons ;  the  others  apply  to  persons  or  things. 
Wicked  is  the  generic  word,  and  is  the  lightest  where  all 
are  strong:  it  is  the  one  that  is  most  common  in  a  playful 
use,  yet  it  is  at  times  an  intense  word,  as  forcible  as  any 
of  the  others,  though  less  definite.  Scandalous  means 
offensive  to  decency,  and  so  disgraceful.  That  which  is 
shocking,  literally,  gives  a  sudden  and  heavy  blow,  and 
hence  produces  a  corresponding  feeling  of  horror  or  dis- 
gust, or  both.  That  which  is  flagrant,  literally,  flames 
into  notice,  and  hence  is  glaring,  striking,  and  so  notori- 
ous, enormous  in  badness.  Heinous  means  hateful,  and 
hence  aggravated.  That  which  is  infamous  is  worthy  of  a 
total  loss  of  reputation,  and  hence  has  a  reputation  or 
character  of  the  worst  kind,  especially  for  baseness.  Out- 
rageous means  attended  with  outrage,  doing  outrage, 
especially  outraging  decency,  going  beyond  all  bounds, 
like  the  acts  of  a  madman.  Atrocious  is  primarily  fierce 
or  cruel,  savage,  bloody,  and  wicked,  enormously  wicked, 
hence  violating  the  first  principles  of  humanity  or  of 
human  nature.  That  which  is  monstrous  is  so  bad  as  to 
be  out  of  the  course  of  nature ;  a  prodigy  or  miracle  of 
badness.  See  abandoned,  criminal,  irreligious,  and  nefa- 
rious. 

As  even  here  they  talked  at  Almesbury 
About  the  good  King  and  his  wicked  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

So  the  king  arose  and  went 
To  smoke  the  scandalous  hive  of  those  wild  bees 
That  made  such  honey  in  his  realm. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

In  this  dreadful  manner  was  one  who  had  been  till  then 
of  an  excellent  character  hurried  on,  from  a  single,  and 
seemingly  slight,  indulgence,  into  the  depth  of  the  gross- 
est and  most  shocking  villanies.     Seeker,  Sermons,  I.  xxv. 

The  offenses  which  prompt  strong  invective  have  been 
far  more  numerous  and  flagrant  in  his  [Sydney  Smith's] 
own  country  than  in  ours.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  1. 139. 
The  object  of  this  society  [Abolition]  is  now,  as  it  has 
always  been,  to  convince  our  countrymen,  by  arguments 
addressed  to  their  hearts  and  consciences,  that  slave- 
holding  is  a  heinous  crime.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  98. 
There  is  no  crime  more  infamous  than  the  violation  of 
truth.  Johnson. 

This  ill  day 
A  most  outrageous  fit  of  madness  took  him. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
It  is  a  war  base  in  its  object,  atrocious  in  its  beginning, 
immoral  in  all  its  influences. 

Sumner,  Speech  against  Mexican  War,  Nov.  4,  1S4C. 

Pliny  assures  us  that  the  most  monstrous  of  all  criminals 
was  tin-  man  who  first  devised  the  luxurious  custom  of 
wearing  golden  rings.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  157. 

atrociously  (a-tro'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  atro- 
cious manner;  with  great  cruelty  or  wicked- 
ness. 

atrociousness   (a-tro'shus-nes),  v.    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  atrocious ;  atrocity. 
The  atrociousness  of  the  crime  made  all  men  look  with 

an  evil  eye  u| the  claim  of  any  privilege  which  might 

prevenl  the  Beverest  justice. 

lUn-kc,  Abridg.  of  I'.ng.  Hist,  iii.  0. 

atrocity  (a-tros'i-ti),  ».;  pi.  atrocities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.'atrocyte,  <  F.  atrociti,  <  L. 
atrocitat  I-  is,  cruelty,  hatefulness,  <  atrox,  cruel, 
it.-.:  see  atrocious.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  atrocious;  enormous  wickedness ;  ex- 
treme  criminality  or  cruelty. 

They  desired  justice  might  be  done  upon  offenders,  as 
the  atrocity  of  their  crimes  deserved.  Clarendon. 

Burke  was  the  only  man  in  England  in  whom  the  prose- 
cution of  Indian  delinquency  and  atrocity  was  a  lived  pas- 
sion as  will  as  a  lived  principle, 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  318. 

2.  A  specific  act  of  extreme  heinousness  or 
cruelty;  an  atrocious  deed. 

Hie  atrocities  which  attend  victory.  Maeaulay. 


Frnit  of  Dock  ( A";,; 
Section  shows  erect  (atropal) 
SL-e.l.  In  in  1 .'--  Mi. ml  and 
Llecaisne's  "Traite  general 
de  Botanique.") 


atropous 

Atropa  (at'ro-pS.),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "Arporroc,  one 
of  the  Fates,"  who  cut  the  thread  of  life,  lit.  the 
inflexible,  <  ii-poTroc,  unchangeable,  <  a-  priv.  + 
-piiruv,  turn:  see  trope.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Solanacece,  of  a  single  species,  A. 
lit  lliidimna,  the  deadly  nightshade,  a  native 
of  Europe  and  western  Asia.     See  belladonna. 

atropal  (at'ro-pal),  o.  [< 
Gr.  drptmoc,  inflexible, 
not  to  be  turned:  see 
Atropa.]  In  hot.,  erect; 
orthotropous :  said  of  an 
ovule.     Also  atropous. 

atrophiated  (a-tro'fi-a- 
teili,  a.  [<  atrophy  + 
-all-  +  -ed-.]  Atrophied. 
[Rare.] 

atrophic  (a-trof'ik),  a. 
[<  atrophy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atrophy ;  char- 
acterized by  atrophy ;  exhibiting  or  undergo- 
ingatrophy:  as,  an  atrophic  process  :  an  atroph- 
ic organ. 

atrophied  (afro-fid),  p.  a.  [<  atrophy  +  -ed2.] 
Exhibiting  or  affected  with  atrophy  ;  wasted. 

In  many  instances  special  muscles,  or  sets  of  muscles, 
aiv  atrophied  from  want  of  use. 

B.  W,  Richardson,  Prevent,  Med.,  p.  232. 

The  distrust  of  one's  own  atrophied  faculties  of  loving. 
E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Hates,  p.  105. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi), n.  [=P. atrophic, <LL. atro- 
phia, <  Gr.  drpocjia,  wasting,  lack  of  nourish- 
ment, <  arpoaioe,  not  well  fed,  <  a-  priv.  +  -pr<j>eiv, 
nourish,  feed.]  1.  A  wasting  of  the  body,  or 
of  a  part  of  it,  owing  to  defective  nutrition. 

There  is  no  demand  for  the  labour  of  the  poor;  the 
fable  of  Menenius  ceases  to  be  applicable ;  the  belly  com- 
municates no  nutriment  to  the  members  ;  there  is  an 
atrophy  in  the  body  politic. 

Maeaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 

2.  In  bat.  and  zool.,  arrested  development  of  an 
organ  due  to  stoppage  of  growth  at  any  stage 
by  the  operation  of  causes  either  external  to 

or  inherent  in  the  organism Brown  atrophy,  a 

very  common  degeneration  of  muscle  in  a  heart  hypertro- 
phied  as  a  result  of  valvular  disease  or  of  old  age.  The 
heart,  frequently  of  increased  consistence,  is  dark  red- 
brown,  ami  its  libers  contain  pigment,  accumulated  espe- 
cially about  the  nuclei.—  Cruveilhier's  atrophy,  pro- 
gressive muscular  atrophy. 
atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atrophied, 
ppr.  atrophying.  [<  atrophy,  n.]  To  waste 
away. 

As  the  fruit  ripens  one  of  them  almost  always  atrophies. 
G.  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  121. 

The  tail  gradually  shrinks  and  atrophies. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  120. 

atropia  (a-tro'pi-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Atropa.]    Same 

as  alriijitn. 

atropic  (a-trop'ik),  a.  [<  atropia  +  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  atropin. 

atropin,  atropine  (at'ro-pin),  n.  [<  NL.  atro- 
pina,  <  Atropa  +  -ina :  see  -in".]  A  crystal- 
line alkaloid  (CjjHo^NTC^)  obtained  from  the 
deadly  nightshade,  Atropa  Belladonna.  It  is 
very  poisonous,  and  produces  temporary  dila- 
tation of  the  pupil.     Also  atrophia  and  atropia. 

atropina  (at-ro-pi'na),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as  at- 
ropin. 

atropine,  ».    See  atropin. 

atropinise,  v.  t.    See  atropinize. 

atropinism  (at'ro-pin-izni),  ii.  [<  atropin  + 
-I.™/.]     Same  as  atropism. 

atropinize  (at'ro-pin-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
atropinized,  pp.'  atropinizing.  [<  atropin  + 
-izeT]  To  poison  or  affect  with  atropin.  Also 
sometimes  spelled  atropinise. 

atropism  (at'ro-pizm),  n.  [<  atropia  +  -ism.] 
The  morbid  state  produced  by  atropin.  charac- 
terized by  dilated  pupil,  frequent  pulse,  dry- 
ness of  mouth  and  skin,  hallucinations,  and 
delirium.     Also  atropinism. 

atropization  (at"r6-pi-za'shon),  n.  [<  atro- 
jii-e  +  -ation.]  Tliat  state  of  the  body,  or  of 
any  of  its  organs,  produced  by  the  introduction 
■  il  a  tropin. 

atropize  (at'ro-plz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  atro- 
pized,  ii]u'.  atropizing.  [<  atropia  +  -e:e.]  To 
add  atropin  to;  affect  with  atropin. 

Atropos  (at'ro-pos),  v.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atropos, 
<  Gr.  "Arpo-oc, 'one  of  the  fates:  see  Atropa.] 

1.  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Psocida:  synonymous  with  Troctes.    a. 

pulsatorius  shares  with  certain  beetles  the  popular  name 
ot  death-watch,  and  is  a  great  pest  in  entomological  collec- 
tions. 

2.  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents.  Waaler, 
1830.  [Not  in  use.]— 3.  A  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects.     Oken,  1815. 

atropous  (at'ro-pus),  «.  [<  Gr.  arpoiroc,  not  to 
lie  turned:  see  Atropa.]     Same  as  atropal. 


atrous 

atrous  (a'trus),  a.  [<  L.  ater,  black,  +  -mis.] 
Intensely  black.     [Bare.] 

atry  (a-tri'),  prep,  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Appar, 
<  <;;i  +  try :  see  trysail.']  Naut.,  with  the  sails 
so  arranged  that  the  bow  is  kept  to  the  sea : 
said  iif  a  ship  in  a  gale. 

Atrypa  (a-tri'pa).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Tpima,  a  hole.]  A  genus  of  brachiopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Atrypidce.     Dolman,  1S28. 

atrypid  (a-tri'pid),  n.  A  braehiopod  of  the 
family  Atrypidas. 

Atrypids  (a-trip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Atrypa 
+  -idic]    A  family  of  fossil  arthropomatous 


Atrypa  reticularis. 
I.  Dorsal  valve  :  /,  hinge-plate.    2.  Ventral  valve  :  a,  impressions  of 
abductor  muscles ;  c,  cardinal  muscle  ;  /,  pedicle  muscle  ;  0,  ovarian 
sinus  ;  i/,  deltidium. 

braehiopods  with  the  brachial  appendages  rigid 
and  spirally  coiled  toward  the  center  of  the 
shell,  and  completely  supported  by  spiral  la- 
mellae, the  valves  generally  subovate  or  tri- 
lobed,  the  foramen  beneath  a  produced  beak 
completed  by  a  deltidium,  and  the  shell-sub- 
stance  fibrous  and  impunctate. 
Atta  (at'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Attn,  a  surname  for 
persons  who  walk  on  the  tips  of  their  shoes ; 
cf.  atta  =  Gr.  av-a,  a  childish  word  for  father, 
used  familiarly  in  addressing  an  old  man.  Cf. 
Goth,  atta,  father.]    A  genus  of  hymenopterous 


Texas  Red  Ant  tAttafemens). 
a.  queen  ;  b,  worker. 

insects,  of  the  suborder  Heterogyna  and  family 
For  midlife,  or  ants.  They  have  very  short  palps,  and 
the  heads  of  the  workers  are  thick.  A.  cephalotes  is  a 
West  Indian  species  called  the  visiting  ant,  and  A.fervens 
is  the  red  ant  of  Texas. 

attaball,  n.     See  atabal. 

attac,  «.     See  adag. 

attacca  (at-tak'ka).  [It.,  impv.  of  attaccare, 
join,  fasten,  tie,  =F.  attache/- :  see  attach  and 
attack.]  Iu  music,  begin!  a  direction  to  pro- 
ceed with  a  succeeding  movement  immediately, 
without  pause. 

attach  (a-tach'),  v.  [<  ME.  attachen,  atachen 
(only  in  the  legal  sense,  the  lit.  sense  being  of 
mod.  adoption ),<  OF.  ataeJwr,  atachier,  later  and 
mod.  F.  attachcr  (also  without  assibilation  OF. 
ataqucr,  mod.  F.  attaquer,  >  E.  attack,  q.  v.)  (= 
Pr.  attacar  =  Sp.  Pg.  atacar  —  It.  attaccare :  see 
attacca),  fasten,  join,  lit.  tack  to,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  *fac(not  found  in  OF.),  Genevese  tache  — 
Sp.  Pg.  tacha  =  It.  tacca,  <  Bret,  tach,  a  nail,  = 
Lr.  taca,  a  nail,  peg,  =  Gael,  tacaid,  a  nail,  tack, 
etc.:  see  tacW-,  and  cf.  detach.]  I.  trans.  1.  In 
laic,  to  take  by  legal  authority,  (a)  To  take  bodily; 
arrest  in  person :  now  applied  only  to  arrest  of  a  person 
by  civil  process  to  answer  for  a  contempt  of  court  or  dis- 
regard of  its  mandate,  but  formerly  to  arrests  of  all  kinds : 
with/or,  also  formerly  with  of. 

There  were  two  or  three  attached  for  the  same  robbery. 
Latimer,  4th  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 
Of  capital  treason  I  attack  you  both. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
(b)  To  take  (real  or  personal  property)  by  legal  warrant, 
to  be  held  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  that  may 
be  rendered  in  a  suit.     See  attachment. 
2f.  To  lay  hold  of ;  seize. 

Then,  homeward,  every  man  attach  the  hand 

Of  his  fair  mistress.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  take,  seize,  or  lay  hold  on,  by  moral 
force,  as  by  affection  or  interest;  fasten  or 
bind  by  moral  influence;  win:  as,  his  kindness 
attached  us  all  to  him. 

Songs,  garlands,  flowers, 
And  charming  symphonies  attach' d  the  heart 
Of  Adam.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  r.os. 

4.  To  tack  or  fix  to ;  fasten  in  any  manner,  as 
one  thing  to  another,  by  either  natural  or  arti- 
ficial means;  bind;  tie;  cause  to  adhere. 

24 


369 

The  next  group  consists  of  those  Elotifera  which  seldom 
or  never  attach  themselves  by  the  foot,  but  swim  freely 
through  the  water.  If'.  /;.  Carpenter,  Blicros.,  g  458. 

Such  temperaments  .  .  .  attach  themselves,  like  bar- 
nacles, to  what  seems  permanent. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  67. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  connect;  associate:  as,  to 
attach  a  particular  significance  to  a  word. 

He  attaches  very  little  importance  to  the  Invention  of 
gunpowder.  Macaulay,  Blachiavelli 

6.  To  join  to  or  with  in  action  or  function; 

connect  as  an  associate  or  adjunct ;  adjoin  for 
duty  or  companionship:  as,  an  officer  is  at- 
tached to  such  a  ship,  regiment,  battalion,  etc.; 
our  regiment  is  attached  to  the  1st  brigade; 
this  man  is  attached  to  my  service ;  he  attach*  a 
himself  to  me  for  the  entire  journey Attached 

Column,  in  arch.,  same  as  engaged  column  (which  sec, 
under  column).—  Syn.  1.  To  seize,  distrain,  distress. —  3. 
To  win,  gain  over,  engage,  charm,  endear  one's  self  t<», 
captivate. — 4.  Add,  AJjix,  Annex,  etc.  See  add.  —  5.  To 
attribute. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  adhere;  pertain,  as  a  qual- 
ity or  circumstance ;  belong  or  be  incident : 
with  to. 

The  fame  of  each  discovery  rightly  attaches  to  the  mind 
that  made  the  formula  which  contains  all  the  details,  and 
not  to  the  manufacturers  who  now  make  their  gain  by  it. 

Emerwn,  Success. 

To  the  healthful  performance  of  each  function  of  mind 
or  body  attaches  a  pleasurable  feeling. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  92. 

2.  To  be  fixed  or  fastened ;  rest  as  an  appur- 
tenance :  with  on  or  upon. 

Blame  attached  upon  Lord  Aberdeen's  Cabinet  for  yield- 
ing. Kinglake,  Crimea,  I.  491.    (N.E.D.) 

3.  To  come  into  operation;  take  or  have  effect. 

After  the  risk  [in  marine  insurance]  has  once  com- 
menced, the  whole  premium  is  earned,  even  though  the 
voyage  should  not  be  prosecuted.  .  .  .  But  if  the  risk 
should  not  commence  at  all,  or  in  technical  phrase,  if  the 
"  policy  should  not  attach,"  the  premium  must  be  returned 
to  the  assured.  Encyc.  licit. ,  XIII.  lsr>. 

attacht  (a-tach.'),  «.  [<  attach,  v.]  1.  An  at- 
tachment. 

I  am  made  the  unwilling  instrument 
Of  your  attach  and  apprehension. 

Heyu<ood,  Woman  Killed  witli  Kindness. 

2.  An  attack. 
attachable  (a-tach'a-bl),  a.     [<  attach  +  -abh  .  \ 

1.  Capable  of  being  attached,  legally  or  other- 
wise ;  liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. — 

2.  Capable  of  being  fastened  or  conjoined  as 
an  adjunct  or  attribute. 

attache  (a-ta-sha'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  at- 
tacker, attach:  see  attach.]  One  attached  to 
another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  as  one  of  his 
attendants;  specifically,  one  attached  to  an 
embassy  or  a  legation  at  a  foreign  court. 

George  Gaunt  and  I  were  intimate  in  early  life  :  he  was 
my  junior  when  we  were  attaches  at  Pumpernickel  to- 
gether. Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlvii. 

attachedly  (a-taeh'ed-li),  adv.  With  attach- 
ment.    [Rare.] 

attachment  (a-taeh'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  attach- 
ment (in  sense  1),  <  attachen,  attach;  in  other 
senses <  F.  attachement,  <  attachcr:  see  attach.] 

1.  The  act  of  attaching;  specifically,  in  law,  a 
taking  of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate  by  a  writ 
or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand,  or  to  compel  to  appear  in  court,  or  to 
punish  for  contempt.  In  American  usage,  attach. 
ment,  when  used  iu  reference  to  property,  means  the  taking 
of  the  defendant's  property  into  custody  by  the  law,  by  a 
summary  process  from  a  court,  in  advance  of  the  trial  of 
the  merits  of  the  case,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any 
judgment  that  may  be  recovered.  The  grounds  of  grant- 
ing it  are  usually  evidence  of  fraud  or  fraudulent  disposal 
of  property,  or  apprehension  of  absconding,  etc.  When 
used  in  reference  to  the  person,  it  means  the  taking  of 
the  person  into  custody  to  answer  to  a  charge  of  contempt 
of  court.  Foreign  attachment  is  the  taking,  from  the 
hands  or  control  of  a  third  person  within  the  jurisdiction, 
of  the  money  or  goods  or  rights  of  action  of  a  debtor 
who  is  not  within  the  jurisdiction.  Any  person  who  has 
goods  or  effects  of  a  debtor  is  considered  in  law  as  the 
agent,  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  the  debtor;  and  tin 
attachment  served  on  such  person  binds  the  property  in 
his  hands  to  respond  to  the  judgment  against  the  debtor. 
The  process  of  foreign  attachment  has  existed  from  time 
immemorial  in  London,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Lancaster,  and 
some  other  towns  in  England,  and  by  the  Common  Law- 
Procedure  Act  of  1854  has  been  made  general.  It  is  also 
sometimes  known  as  garnishment,  in  Scotland  as  arrest. 
ment ,  and  in  New  England  as  trustee  process. 

2.  The  writ  or  process  directing  the  person  or 
estate  of  a  person  to  be  taken,  for  the  purposes 
above  stated. —  3.  The  act  or  state  of  being 
attached,  fastened  on,  or  connected. — 4.  Close 
adherence  or  affection;  regard;  any  passion  or 
affection  that  binds  a  person  to  another  person 
or  to  a  thing. 

The  attachment  of  the  people  to  the  institutions  and  the 
laws  under  which  they  live  is  ...  at  once  the  strength, 
the  glory,  and  the  safety  of  the  land. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  270. 


attagen 

Cromwell  had  to  determine  whether  be  would  put  to 
hazard  the  attachment  of  bis  party,  the  attachment 

army,  ...  to  save  a  prince  wl >  no  enj imi  nt  could 

bind.  Maea  vlay,  1 1  i  I    bug.,  i. 

lie  in  reditary  attachments  of  those  km^  [English]  lay 
in  An  Jon  and  Aquitaine  far *e  than  in  England     i     ten 

III   Normandy.  /-'.  A,  Freeman,   Alnei.    I 

5.  That  which  attaches  one  tiling  t<>  another, 
or  a  person  to  an  object :  as,  the  attachments  of 
a  muscle;  the  attachments  of  home. —  6.  That 
which  is  attached  to  a  principal  object  ;  an  ad- 
junct: as,  the  Eeolian  attachment  t<>  the  piano; 
an  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine.  iEolian 
attachment.  See  ASolianl.—  Court  of  Attachments. 
See  cottrt.=Syn.  4.  Predilection,  Affection.  See  tow.— 6. 
Appendage,  appurtenance,  addition. 

attachment-screw  (a-tach'ment-skr8),  «.  A 
binding-screw. 

attack  (a-tak'),  r.  [Formerly  also  attacque,  at- 
toque;  <  F.  attaquer,  OF.  ataquer,  unassibilat- 
ed  form  (perhaps  K  Pr.  attacar  or  It.  attaccart  ) 
of  attacker,  join,  fasten:  see  attach.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  assault ;  fall  upon  with  force ;  assail,  as 
with  force  and  arms ;  begin  hostilities  against . 

The  strong  tribe,  in  which  war  has  become  an  ovt.nt. 
tack  and  conquer  their  neighbors,  and  teach  them  their 
arts  and  virtues.  Emerson,  War. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  injure,  overthrow,  or  bring 
into  discredit  by  any  act  or  proposal,  or  by  un- 
friendly words  or  writing,  whether  by  satin1, 
calumny,  criticism,  or  argument:  as,  to  attach 
a  religious  belief  or  a  legislative  measure;  to 
attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  newspaper. 

The  people's  interest  is  the  only  object  that  we  have 
any  right  whatever  to  consider  in  deciding  the  question, 

whether  or  not  the  present  state  of  things  shall  1 b- 

mitted  to  or  attacked.  Brougham. 

3.  To  make  an  onset  or  attempt  upon,  iu  a  gen- 
eral sense  ;  begin  action  upon  or  in  regard  to  ; 
set  about  or  upon :  as,  to  attack  a  piece  of  work 
or  a  problem,  or  (humorously)  the  dinner. — 

4.  To  begin  to  affect ;  come  or  fall  upon  ;  seize : 
said  of  diseases  and  other  destructive  agencies: 
as,  yesterday  he  was  attacked  by  fever;  caries 
attacked  the  bones;  locusts  attacked  the  crops. 
Specifically — 5.  In  chem.,  to  cause  to  decom- 
pose or  dissolve. 

The  bodies  are  of  a  siliceous  character,  for  they  are  not 
destroyed  by  ignition,  nor  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Scii  nee,  VII.  218. 
=  Syn.  1.  Set  upon,  Fall  upon,  etc.  (see  assail),  assault, 
beset,  besiege,  beleaguer,  charge  upon,  engage,  chal] 
combat.  —  2.  To  impugn,  criticize,  censure. 

II.  in  trims.  To  make  an  attack  or  onset: 
as,  the  enemy  attacked  with  great  boldness. 

Those  that  attack  generally  get  the  victory. 

i  '.me.  Campaigns. 

attack  (a-tak').  n.  [=  F.  attaque ;  from  the 
verb.]  I.  A  falling  on  with  force  or  violence, 
or  with  calumny,  satire,  or  criticism;  an  onset; 
an  assault. 

I  wish  that  he  [Mr.  Sumner]  may  know  the  shudder  of 
terror  which  ran  through  all  this  community  on  the  first 
tidings  of  this  brutal  attack. 

Emerson,  Assault  upon  Mr.  Sumner. 

2.  Battle  generally ;  fight.     [Rare.] 

Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battel  hung  :  till  Satan,  .  .  . 
.  .  .  ranging  through  the  dire  attack,  .  .  . 
Saw  where  the  sword  of  Michael  smote,  and  fell'd 
Squadrons  at  once.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  248. 

3.  An  onset  of  any  kind  ;  the  initial  movement 
in  any  active  proceeding  or  contest,  as  a  game 
of  chess,  cricket,  etc.;  in  music,  specifically, 
the  act  (with  reference  to  the  manner)  of  be- 
ginning a  piece,  passage,  or  phrase,  especially 
by  an  orchestra. — 4.  The  aggressive  part  of 
the  art  of  fencing :  opposed  to  defense. 

Attacks  are  made  in  three  ways  :— first,  by  a  quick 
thrust  proceeding  merely  from  the  wrist,  the  arm  at  the 
same  time  being  elevated  and  advanced,  with  tin-  point 
directed  towards  the  adversary's  breast;  secondly,  by 
what  is  technically  called  an  extension;  and  lastly,  by 
Longeing  and  recovering.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV  TO. 

5.  A  seizure  by  a  disease  ;  the  onset  of  a  dis- 
ease.— Attack  of  a  siege,  an  assault  niton  an  enemy's 
tield  or  permanent  fortifications,  by  means  of  parallels, 
galleries,  saps,  trenches,  mines,  enfilading-,  counter-,  or 
breaebing-batteries,  or  by  storming  parties.—  To  deliver 
an  attack.  See  deliveri.  -  Syn.  1.  Charge,  Onslaught,  i  tc. 
Sec  onset. 

attackable  (a-tak'a-bl),  a.  [<  attack  +  -able; 
=  F.  attaqudble.]  "Capable  of  being  attacked; 
assailable. 

attacker  (a-tak't-r),  ».  One  who  attacks  or 
assaults ;  an  assailant. 

attagas  (at'a-gas),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arrayhc,  a 
bird  described  as  of  a  reddish  color  and  spot  I  til 
on  the  back:  prob.  a  kind  of  partridge.  See 
attagen.]     Same  as  attagen. 

attagen  (at'a-jen),  n.  [L.,  also  attagena,  <  Gr. 
a-Tayt/v,  also  aTTayijc,  a  bird  (appar.  different 
from  the  drray'tc),  prob.  a  kind  of  grouse,  the 
francolin,  classed  with  the  partridge,  pheasant, 


attagen 

etc.]  1.  Properly,  the  common  partridge  of 
Enrope,  now  known  as  Perdix  einerea. — 2.  A 
name  given  to  various  other  European  birds, 
(a)  l  s i ■  ■  1  indiscriminatel}  i'\  early  writers  tor  sundry  gal- 
linaceous  birds  of  Europe,  as  grouse,  ptarmigan,  par 
bridges,  traucolins,  Pterocles  alchata,  etc.  (6)  Used  by 
MoebriJig,  1752,  for  the  frigate-bird  or  man-of-war  bird, 
Taehi  i  and  adopted  byG.  EL  Gray,  1871,inthe 

spelling  Atagen,  as  the   generic   name  <>f  these  birds: 

whence  Atagi ray)  is  a  subfamily  name,   (c)  [cap.  \ 

[NI..]  Made  bj  Brisson  in  1 7«a i  an  indeterminable  genus 
of  grouse,  including,  besides  European  species,  two  north 
Ameri  ailed  Attain  n  americana  and  kfto^en 

I'l'ii'i  i      i  E)   Ipplied  by  Cuvier  (1817)  to  the  Band- 

grouse  "t  the  genus  Syrrhaptes  (IHiger,  ism,  the  onlj 
species  of  which  known  to  I  iivii  i  \\ : ,--  Pallas's  sand-grouse, 
-.  a  bird  of  Hi.-  suborder  Pterocletes.  (e)  Ap- 
plied by  Gloger  in  L842  to  the  francolins,  of  which  Perdix 
francolinus  (Linmeus),  now  Francolinus  vulgaris,  of  Eu 
rope,  etc.,  is  tin-  type. 
Also  atagen,  attagas,  atagas. 

Attagemnseut  a-je-ni'ne),n.jpZ.  [NL.,<Atta- 
i/iii.  i'  (6),  +  -iiav.  Atagi  hum  is  the  form  used 
by  Gray.]  In  G.  R.  Gray's  system  of  classifica- 
tion (1871),  a  subfamily  of  totipalmate  birds, 
named  from  Moehring's  genus  Attagen  (1752), 
equivalent  to  the  family  Tachypt  ticks  of  authors 
in  general;  the  frigate-birds  or  man-of-war 
birds.     Sec  Tachypt  tula  . 

attaghant,  <<•    Same  as  yataghan. 

attain  (a-tan'),  v.  [<  ill',  attainen,  atteinen, 
atainen,  ateinen,  etc.,  <  OF.  ataindre,  ateindre 
(ataign-,  ateign-),  F.  atteindre  =  Pr.  ateigner, 
att  iiln  r  =  It.  atHgnere,  attingere,  attain,  <  L.  at- 
tingere,  touch  upon,  attain,  <  ml,  to,  +  tangere, 
touch:  see  tangent.  Cf.  attainder  and  attaint.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  touch;  strike;  hit.—  2f.  To 
touch  upon;  mention. —  3f.  To  convict;  con- 
demn. Compare  attaint,  v.,  3-5. — 4.  To  come 
so  near  as  to  touch ;  reach,  achieve,  or  accom- 
plish (an  end  or  object)  by  continued  effort; 
come  into  possession  of;  acquire;  gain. 
Ends  we  seek  we  never  shall  attain. 

M.  Arnold,  Self-Deception. 

5.  To  come  to  or  arrive  at  (a  place);  reach  (a 
place,  time,  or  state  |, 

Canaan  he  now  attains.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  135. 

He  has  scarce  attained  the  age  of  thirty. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

6.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree;  equal. 

s, »  the  first  precedent,  if  it  he  good,  is  seldom  attained 
by  imitation.  Bacon. 

7t.  To  overtake;  come  up  with:  as,  "not  at- 
taining him  in  time,"  Bacon. —  8f.  To  come  to 
know;  experience.  Chaucer.  =Syn.  4.  Attain, Ob- 
tain, Procure,  reach,  achieve,  get  possession  of,  carry. 
(See  lists  under  acquire  ami  accomplish;  also  note  under 
attaindbh  )  Attain  involves  the  idea  of  considerable  ef- 
fort, while  obtain  does  not  necessarily  imply  effort  at  all. 
and  procure  only  a  small  degree  of  it:  thus,  we  may  o&* 
tain  property  by  inheritance,  we  may  procure  a  hunk  by 
purchase,  hut  we  ran  attain  an  end  only  by  exertion, 
Attala  generally  has  higher  or  more  abstract  ohjects  than 
obtain  or  procuri  as,  to  nlitulu  an  office  or  a  patent ;  to 
procure  a  chair;  to  attain  eminence;  attain  one's  end. 
In  these  cases  it  would  be  ludicrous  to  use  attain  in  place 
of  obtain  or  procure. 

The  Khans,  or  story-tellers  in  Ispahan,  attain  a  control- 
ling power  over  their  audience,  keeping  them  for  many 
hours  attentive  to  the  most  fanciful  and  extravagant  ad- 
ventures. Emerson,  Eloquence. 

Some  pray  for  riches ;  riches  they  obtain  . 

lint,  watch  d  by  robbers,  for  their  wealth  are  slain. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  424. 
Have  you  a  catalogue 
i  if  all  the  voices  that  we  have  procur'd, 

i  down  by  the  poll?  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  reach;  come  or  arrive  I >y 
motion,  bodily  or  mental  exertion,  or  efforts  of 
any  kind:  followed  by  /«  or  unto. 

h  knowledgi    is  too  wonderful  forme;  it  is  high;  I 
can  not  attain  'intuit.  Pa.  exxxix.  6. 

2t.  To  pertain;  have  relation.     Chaucer. 

attaint  (a-tan'),  n.  [<  attain,  v.]  Something 
attained.     Glanvitte. 

attainability  (a-ta-na-bil'i-ti),  ».  [(.attaina- 
ble: see  -iiiiiti/.  |    Attainableness.     Coleridge. 

attainable  (a-ta'na-bl),  a.     [<  attain  + -able.'] 

i  :i  |i;i  M''  of  being  attained. 

lie  [Plato]  quit-,  tin  i,..i n ml  for  tli'  attainable. 

lir  Quincey,  Plato. 

All  that  is  sai.l  of  th-  wise  m  u  oriental  or 

i i 1 1  '    ■  ich  reader  his  own  idea, 

elf.         Emerson,  History. 
[Attainabl  was  formei  lainabie 

mi   r    i  —  '■'■    .'.  iuld  n   w  bi    preferred   -    In  I  hi    follow 
big  p. i 

tin-  kind  and  quality  of  food  and  liquor,  tie  p.  i  n  ,,i 
habitation,  furniture,  an. I  clothing,  to  which  tie  ,  omraon 

people  of  each  i ntry  an'  habituated,  mil  i  bi  attainable 

with  ease  and  o  rtainty.  Pali  n. 

General   Howe   would   not   permit   them  [clothi 
blankets]  to  in-  purchased  in  Philadelphia,  ami  tin 

not  attainable  mil ntry. 

Marshall,  Life  of  Washington.] 
=Syn.  Practicable,  feasible,  possible,  within  reach. 


370 

attainableness  (a-ta'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  attainable. 

attainder  (a-tan'der),  ».  [<  late  ME.  attayn- 
iliii.  <  OF.  ataindre,  ateindre,  attain,  touch 
upon,  affect,  accuse,  attack,  attaint,  convict; 
the  inf.  used  as  a  noun.  The  idea  of  taint, 
stain,  or  corruption  has  been  erroneously  con- 
nected with  this  word:  sac  attaint.]  1.  The  act 
of  attainting,  or  the  state  of  being  attainted; 
the  legal  consequence  of  judgment  of  death  or 
outlawry  pronounced  in  respect  of  treason  or 
felony:  as,  a  bill  of  attainder;  to  remove  an 
attainder.  The  consequence  by  the  common  law  in- 
eluded  forfeiture  of  lauds,  tenements,  and  heredita- 
ments, incapability  of  suing  in  a  court  of  justice,  or  of 
performing  any  of  the  duties  or  enjoying  any  of  the  pro- 
of a  free  citizen,  and  "corruption  of  blood,"  render- 
ing the  person  affected  incapable  of  inheriting  property 
or  transmitting  it  to  heirs. 

An  act  of  attainder  was  carried  against  him,  as  one  who 
had  been  indicted  for  piracy  and  murder,  ami  had  fled 
from  justice.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  lss. 

2.  A  bringing  under  some  disgrace,  stain,  or 
imputation  ;  the  state  of  being  in  dishonor. 

So  to  the  laws  at  large  I  write  my  name  : 
Ami  he  thai  breaks  them  in  tin-  least  degree 
stands  in  attainder  of  eternal  shame. 

Shale.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

attaindryt,  «-    An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainduret,  ».    [A  mixture  of  attainder  find 
aiiatnture.]     An  obsolete  form  of  attaiinh  r. 
attainment  (a-tan'ment),  n.  [(attain  +  -mint.] 

1.  The  act  of  attaining;  the  act  of  arriving  at 
or  reaching;  the  act  of  obtaining  by  exertion 
or  effort. 

Tlie  attainment  of  every  desired  object. 

Sir  IV.  Joins,  Hitdpadesa. 

2.  That  which  is  attained,  or  obtained  by  ex- 
ertion; acquisition;  acquirement. 

Formerly  the  natural  impulse  of  every  man  was,  spon- 
taneously to  use  the  language  of  life  ;  the  language  of 
hooks  was  a  secondary  attainment  not  made  without 
effort.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Smatterers,  whose  attainments  just  suffice  to  elevate 
them  from  the  insignificance  of  dunces  to  the  dignity  of 
bores.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

=  Syn.  2.  Acquirements,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire- 
ment. 

attainort,  «•  [<  attain  +  -or,  after  AF.  attei- 
i/iiinir.]  One  of  the  jurors  in  the  process  called 
attaint  (which  see). 

attaint  (a-tanf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  ataynten,  ateyn- 
ti  n,  ailnnten,  etc.,  an  inf.  due  to  ataynt,  atteint, 
pp.  of  ataynt  re,  etc.,  after  OF.  ateint,  pp.  of  atein- 
dre: see  attain  and  attainder.  Later  errone- 
ously associated  with  taint,  stain,  corruption, 
to  which  some  of  the  senses  are  due.]  If.  To 
touch;  hit  in  tilting. — 2f.  To  attain;  ascertain. 
—  3f.  To  convict  (a  jury)  of  having  given  a 
false  verdict. —  4.  To  affect  with  attainder: 
pass  judgment  on,  as  on  one  found  guilty  of 
a  crime,  as  felony  or  treason,  involving  for- 
feiture of  civil  privileges. 

I  dare  undertake,  that  at  this  day  there  are  more  at- 
tainted landes,  concealed  from  her  Majestie,  then  she 
hath  now  possessions  in  all  Ireland. 

Spenser,  Present  State  of  Ireland. 
I  must  offend  before  I  be  attaint. n. 

Slink.,  i  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 

No  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  til 1 

or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 
Constitution  of  U.  S.,  iii.  3. 

5f.  To  accuse:  with  of:  as,  to  attaints,  person 
of  sorcery. 

He  was  attainted  .  .  .  of  high  treason. 

Goldsmith,  Bollngbroke. 
6f.  To  affect  with  any  passion  or  emotion. 

This  noble  woman  .  .  .  attainted  with  extreme  sorrow. 
Historia  A  nglica  i  trans.  I. 

7.  To  taint;  disgrace;  cloud  with  infamy; 
stain  ;  corrupt. 

Lest  she  with  blame  her  honour  should  attaint 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  i.  5. 

That  tin    pleasure  is  of  an  inferior  order,  can  no  more 

attaint  tin-  idea  or  model  of  the  composition,  than  it  can 

impeach    the  excellence  of   an  epigram   that   it  is   nut   ;i 

tragedy.  /'■  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

attaintt  (a-tanf),  /».  a.  [Tho  older  pp.  of  at- 
taint, r.]  1.  Attainted;  convicted. —  2.  Taint- 
ed; corrupted;  infected;  attacked. 

\l\  tender  youth  was  never  yel  attaint 

With  any  passion.  Shak.,  ]  Urn,  \  I,,  v.  5. 

Auterfoits  attaint.    See  auterfoits. 
attaint  (a-tanf),  re.     f<  attaint,  ».]     It.  The 
:n  t  ..I  touching  or  hitting;  specifically,  in  tilt- 

inil,  :i  hit.      I  Archaic  ] 

"  tun.  reverend  sir,"  said  the  knight,  "have  in  tin  en- 
counter of  our  wits  made  a  fair  attaint. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xvi. 
2.  A  blow  or  won  nil  on  I  he  leg  of  a  horse  caused 
by  overreaching. — 3.   An  ancient  legal  process 


attask 

instituted  for  reversing  .a  false  verdict  given  by 
a  jury;  conviction  of  a  jury  for  giving  such  a 
verdict. — 4.  In  old  law:  (a)  A  conviction,  (h) 
Impeachment. —  5f.  Infection;  injurious  or  del- 
eterious action. 

Tie-  marrow  eating  sickness,  whose  attaint 
Disorder  breeds.  Shak.,  V.  ami  A.,  1.  741. 

6.   Attainder. 
It  was  a  point  of  honour  with  his  | r.isinan  k  s|  Govern* 

Incut  that  the  captive  royalists  should  at  every  cost  al- 
most he  set  frii',  without  attaint  of  life  or  fortune. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  220. 
7t.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint  :  hence,  a  disgrace; 
an  imputation  involving  dishonor. 

What  simple  thief  brags  of  his  own  attaint 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

attaintmentt  (a-tanf ment),  ».  [<  attaint  + 
-nit ■nt.]  The  act  or  state  of  being  attainted  or 
affected  with  attainder;  conviction;  arrest; 
impeachment. 

When  this  man  was  attainted  time,  ami  they  had  lib- 
erty to  say  nay  to  his  attaint  nunt  if  they  would,  sure  I  am 
the  most  allowed  if,  ami  else  it  would  not  have  gone  for- 
ward. Latimer,  quoted  in  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xv. 

attainturet  (a-tan'tur),  re.    [<  attaint  +  -we.] 

1.  Same  as  attain  Inn nt. 

Her  attainture  will  he  Humphrey's  fall. 

Slink.,  'J  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

2.  Imputation;  stain. 

Without  the  least  attainture  of  your  valour. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

attaket,  <'•  t-    See  atalce. 

attal  (at' al),  n.    Same  as  attle1. 

Attalea  (a-ta'le-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  with  allu- 
sion to  the  beauty  of  the  trees,  <  L.  Attains.  < 
Or.  'ArraXoc,  Attalus,  the  name  of  three  kings  of 
Pergamum;  Attalus  I.  and  II.  were  noted  for 
their  wealth  and  liberality.]  A  genus  of  palms, 
allied  to  the  cocoanut,  natives  of  tropical 
America,  and  distinguished  by  the  fact  that 
the  nut  contains  three  cells,  each  inclosing  a 
single  seed.  There  are  about  Ju  species.  The  nuts. 
which  hang  in  great  clusters,  are  egg-shaped,  with  a  very 
hard  and  thick  pericarp  inclosiue  tin  eilihle  oily  kernels. 
The  pinnate  leaves  are  very  large,  ami  are  often  used  for 
thatching  and  other  purposes.  The  fibers  of  the  leaf- 
stalks of  .4.  funifera  are  made  into  ropes  and  brooms. 
The  seeds  are  nuts  called  coquilla-nuts;  they  arc  :;  or  4 
inches  long,  brown  in  color,  hard,  and  of  sufficient  thick* 
tiess  to  he  turned  info  door-handles,  small  cups,  etc.  The 
cohune  palm,  .4.  Cohune,  is  the  largest  palm  that  is  found 
in  Guatemala  and  Honduras. 

attalica  (a-tal'i-kU),  ».  j'l.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
AttaliCUS,<  Attains,  <  Gr.  "Arra'Aor.]  Cloth  of 
gold :  a  name  derived  from  its  supposed  intro- 
duction under  King  Attalus  of  Pergamum. 

attaman  (at'a-man),  n.     Same  as  hitman. 

attame't  (a-tam'),  v.  t.  [<  at-  +  tame,  v.]  To 
tame ;  overcome.     Sylvester. 

attame-t,  ».  <•  [<  MK.  attainen,  atamen,  open, 
broach,  begin,  injure,  <  EL.  attaininare,  touch, 
attack,  dishonor, <L.  ad,  to,  +  "tammare, touch: 
see  contaminate.]  1.  To  broach  or  open  (a 
cask,  etc.).  Chaucer. — 2.  To  begin;  venture 
upon;  undertake. 

Ryght  anon  his  talc  he  hath  attameil. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  52. 

attaminatet  (a-tam'i-niit),  v.  t.    [<  E.  attami- 

natus,  pp.  of  attaininare,  contaminate:  see  at- 
tame'2.]     To  contaminate.     Blount. 
attap  (at'ap),  n.     [Native  name ;  also  written 
a  tap  and  adap.]     The  Nipa  fruticans,  a  nearly 
stemless  palm  of  the  tidal  forests  of  the  East 

Indian  archipelago,    its  s ith  pinnate  leaves  are 

from  15  to  30  feet  long,  very  thick  and  strong,  and  arc  ex- 
tensively used  for  thatching. 

The  roof  is  thatched  with  the  common  Buttam  attaps 

in  the  same  way  as  Malay  houses. 

Jour.  Antlirnp.   Ia.it..   \  V    :':i:;, 

attaquet,  V.  and  re.    A  former  spelling  of  attack. 

attar  (afar),  «.  [Also  written  atar,  ottar,  and 
otto;  <  Pers.  'atar,  Hind,  atr,  <  Ar.  'Or,  fra- 
grance, perfume,  esp.  of  roses  (Pers.  'atar-gul, 

attar  of  roses),  <  'atara,  smell  sweet.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  general  term  for  a  perfume 
from   flowers.      In    Europe  it    gem  rally  denotes  only 

the  atta/r  or  otto  of  roses,  an  essential  oil  t le  in  Turkey 

ami  various  other  eastern  countries,  chiefly  from  the 
damask  rose,  Rosa  I n> inmr.na.  The  yield  is  very  small. 
150  pounds  "i  lose  leaves  yielding  less  than  an  ounce  of 

attar.    The  principal  Bource  of  the  attaint. merceis 

in  thevlcinltj  of  Eazanlik,  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Balkan  mountains,  in  Eastern  Kninclia.  The  pure  oil 
solidities  at  a  temperature  between  60  and  65  F.    it  is  a 

well-known  perfume,  bui  the  odor  is  agreeabl i>  h  inn 

diffused,  i"  in-  i""  powerful  when  it  la  c filtrated.    It 

is  largely  used  iii  flu'  scenting  of  snail'.  Also  written  ot- 
tar, otto, 

attaskt (a-t&sk'), v. t.    [< at-  +  task.]    Totask; 

tax;  reprove;   blame. 

You  are  lllllel nv  nttn.l.  ,i  foi    want  of  wisdom, 

Than  prais'd  for  harmful  mildness.     Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 


attaste 

attastet,  v.     [ME.  atasti ,  <  OK.  a  taster,  taste,  < 
«-(L.  ml)  +  taster,  taste:  sec  taste.']     I.  trans. 
To  fasti'.     ( 'linnet  r. 
II.  intrans.  To  tasto  (of). 

Ye  sbullen  Blasts  both  thowe  and  sine 

Of  thilke  wall  i  Lydgate. 

attet.     Middle  English  assimilation  of  at  the. 
Chaucer. 
Attelabidae  (at-e-lab'i-de),  re.  pi.     [NL.,  <  At- 

telahiis  +  -idte.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
lieefles.      See  Atleltdtina: 

Attelabinae  (at'e-lst-bi'ne),  ii.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Atte- 
labus  +  -inn:]  A  subfamily  of  Cu/rculionicUe, 
typified  by  the  genus  Attelabus,  containing 
weevils  with  the  abdomen  alike  in  both  sexes, 
the  mandibles  pineer-like,  the  elytra  without  a 
fold  on  the  inner  surface,  ami  no  labium.  The 
group  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  Attelabidce. 

Attelabus  (a-tel'a-bus),  re.  [L.,<  Gr.  arrf/a/foc, 
Ionic  aTTi'Atiioc,  a  kind  of  locust  without  wings.] 
Agenusof  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Atti  la- 
bn/ir.  A.  rhois  is  a  reddish  pubescent  species  with  a 
stn.it  proboscis,  infesting  the  hazel  in  the  northeastern 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

attemper  (a-tem'per),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  attempt!  >i, 
atem jiren,  <  OF.  atemprer,  <  L  attemperare,Ht, 
adjust,  accommodate,  <  ad,  to,  +  temperare, 
control,  moderate,  temper:  see  temper,  v.]  1. 
To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture :  as, 
to  attemper  spirits  by  diluting  them  with  water. 
Nobility  attempers  sovereignty.  Bacon. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate:  as,  to  at- 
temper justice  with  clemency. 

Those  smiling  eyes  attemp'ring  every  ray. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  63. 

Those  [influences]  which,  in  older  and  more  normally 

constituted  communities,  modify  and  attemper  Mammon- 

worship.  The  American,  IV.  Gf>. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion ;  regulate. 

God  hath  so  attempered  the  blood  and  bodies  of  fishes. 
Bay,  Works  of  Creation. 
Pure  of  blame, 
In  praise  and  in  dispraise  the  same, 
A  man  of  well-attempefd  frame. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

4.  To  accommodate ;  fit  or  make  suitable. 
The  joyous  birdes,  shrouded  in  chearefull  shade, 
Their  notes  unto  the  voice  attempred  sweet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 
Arts  attempered  to  the  lyre.  Pope. 

[In  all  its  uses  nearly  obsolete,  temper  being  generally 
used.] 

attemperament  (a-tem'per-a-ment),  re.  A  tem- 
pering or  mixing  in  due  proportions.  Also  at- 
temperment. 

attemperancet  (a-tein'per-ans),  n.  [<  ME.  at- 
ti niperaunee,  <  OF.  atenipriiiiee,  <  atemprer,  at- 
temper.   Cf.  temperance?]    Temperance. 

attemperate  (a-tem'per-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  attempierated,  ppr.  attemperating.  [<  L. 
attempcratus,  pp.  of  attemperare,  attemper:  see 
attemper.]     If.  To  attemper;  regulate. 

If  any  one  do  .  .  .  attemperate  his  actions  accordingly. 
Barrow,  Math.  Lectures,  iv. 

2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  regulate  the 
temperature  of,  as  the  wort. 
attemperatet  (a-tem'per-at),  p.  a.     [<  L.  at- 
temperatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]    1.  Tempered; 
proportioned;  suited. 

Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  attemperate  to  the 
promise.  Ilanuunnd,  Tract,  Catechism. 

2.  Moderate;  equable;  mild:  applied  to  cli- 
mate. 

attemperation  (a-tem-pe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  at- 
temperate, v.]  It.  The  act  of  attempering, 
regulating,  adjusting,  or  accommodating.  Ba- 
con.—  2.  The  act  of  regulating  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  wort  in  brewing  and  distilling. 

attemperator  (a-tem'per-a-tpr),  n.  [<  attempe- 
rate, r.,  +  -or.]  In  brewing  and  distilling,  ;i 
contrivance  for  regulating  the  temperature  of 
the  wort  during  the  progress  of  fermentation. 

attemperlyt,  adv.    See  attemprely. 

attemperment  (a-tem'per-ment),  n.  [<  attem- 
per +  -meat.]     Same  as  attemperament. 

attempret,  a.     [ME.,  also  atempre,  <  OF.  atem- 
pre,  pp.  of  atemprer,  attemper:  see  attempt  r.] 
Temperate. 
Attempre  diete  was  all  hire  physike.  Chaucer. 

attemprelyt,  adv.  [ME.,  also  attemperly,  <  at- 
tempre +  -ly,  -ly2.]  In  a  temperate  manner. 
Chaucer. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  »'■  t-  [<  OF.  atempter,  at- 
tenter,  mod.  F.  attenter  =  Pr.  attentat-  =  Sp. 
atentar  =  Pg.  attentat-  =  It.  attentare,  <  L.  at- 
temptare,  more  correctly  attentare,  try,  solicit, 
<  ad,  to,  +  temptare,  more  correctly  tentare,  try: 


371 

sit  tempt.]  1.  To  make  an  effort  to  effect  or 
do;  endeavor  to  perform;  undertake;  essay: 
as,  to  attempt  a  bold  flight. 

The  wise  and  prudent  conquer  difficulties  by  daring  to 
attempt  them.  Rom 

Something  attempted,  something  done, 
Has  earned  a  night's  repose. 

Longfellow,  Village  Blacksmith, 

2.  To  venture  upon:  as,  to  attempt  the  sea. — 
3f.  To  make  trial  of;  prove;  test:  as,  "well- 
attempted  plate,"  Fairfax. —  4t.  To  try  with  af- 
flictions. Air.  Taylor. —  5f.  To  endeavor  to  ob- 
tain or  attract, 
'this  man  of  thine  attempts  her  love. 

Shak.,  T.  .if  A..,  i.  I. 

6.  To  try  to  win  or  seduce ;  tempt ;  entice. 
Ik-  will  never  .  .  .  attempt  us  again. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2, 
it  made  the  laughter  "f  an  afternoon, 
That  Vivien  should  attempt  the  blameless  king. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

7.  To  attack  ;  make  an  effort  against ;  assail : 
as,  to  attempt  the  enemy's  camp;  to  attempt  a 
person's  life. 

Muster 
i  'in  soldiers  up  ;  we'll  stand  upon  our  guard  : 
For  we  shall  !"■  attempted. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  i.  2. 

Calumny  never  dared  to  suspect  her  morals,  or  attempt 
her  character.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  Attempt,  Essay,  Undertake,  Ewleaeae,  stare, 
Strtiittite,  seek.  aim.  The  italicized  words  agree  in  express- 
ing tin  beginning  of  a  task,  physical  or  intellectual,  which 
is  difficult  and  often  impossible.  They  are  arranged  in  the 
order  of  strength.  Attempt  is  to  try  with  some  effort, 
Essay  is  sometimes  to  try  in  order  to  see  if  a  tiling  ran  be 
done  or  attained,  and  sometimes  simply  to  attempt:  as, 
"which  the  Egyptians  assaying  to  do  were  drowned, 
Heb.  xi.  'J'.t.  Undertake  is,  literally,  to  take  a  task  upon 
one's  self,  perhaps  formally,  and  hence  to  go  about  a  task 
with  care  and  effort.  Endeavor  is  to  try  with  more  ear- 
nestness, lalnir.  nr  exertion.  Stele,-  is  to  work  hard  and 
earnestly,  doing  one's  best.  Struggle  is  to  tax  ones  powers 
to  the  extent  of  fatigue,  pain,  or  exhaustion.  The  first 
three  words  are  more  appropriate  fur  a  single  effort,  the 
other  three  for  continuous  or  continual  efforts. 

None  are  very  violent  against  it  [writing  plays  in  verse] 
but  those  who  either  have  not  attempted  it,  or  who  have 
succeeded  ill  in  their  attempt. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

Instinct  led  him  [Tennyson]  to  construct  his  machinery 
before  essaying  to  build.        Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 

I  will  .  .  .  undertake  one  of  Hercules'  labours. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

In  what  I  did  endeavour,  it  is  no  vanity  to  say,  I  have 
succeeded.  Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis. 

A  certain  truth  possesses  us,  which  we  in  all  ways  strive 

to  Utter.  Emeext,,,.  Clubs. 

O  limed  soul,  that,  steuttgli/ni  to  be  free. 

Art  more  engag'd!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  re.  [<  attempt,  v.]  1.  A 
putting  forth  of  effort  in  the  performance  or 
accomplishment  of  that  which  is  difficult,  or  un- 
certain; essay,  trial,  or  endeavor;  effort. 

The  attempt,  and  not  the  deed, 
Confounds  us.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

P.y  his  blindness  maim'd  for  high  attempt*. 

Milton,  s.  A.,  1.  1221. 

2.  An  effort  to  accomplish  something  by  force 
or  violence;  an  attack  or  assault :  as,a,nattempt 
upon  one's  life. 

Foreign  attempt.',  against  a  state  and  kingdom 
Are  seldom  witiiout  some  great  friends  at  home. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  i.  1. 
3f.  Temptation. 

To  avoid 
The  attempt  itself  intended  by  our  foe. 
For  he  who  tempts,  though  in  vain,  at  least  asperses 
The  tempted  with  dishonour  foul.    Milton,  P.  I..,  be.  295. 

4.  In  law,  an  act  done  in  part  execution  of  a 
design  to  commit  a  crime.     Judge  May.    Mere 

solicitation  or  preparation,  without,  a  step  taken  tow  ant 
the  actual  commission,  is  not  a  criminal  attempt.  =  Syn. 
Undertaking,  effort,  endeavor,  enterprise,  experiment. 

attemptability  (a-temp-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.    [<  at- 

temptable:  see  -bility.]  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing attemptable. —  2.  A  thing  that  may  be  at- 
tempted.    [Rare.] 

Short  way  ahead  of  us  it  is  all  dim  ;  an  unwound  skein 
of  possibilities,  of  apprehensions,  attemptabilities,  vague- 
looming  hopes.  Carlyle,  Heroes  (1858),  p.  :;."'. 

attemptable  (a-temp'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attempt  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  attempted,  tried,  or 
attacked;  likely  to  yield  to  an  attempt  or  at- 
tack. 

Less  attemptible  than  any  the  rarest  of  our  ladies  in 
France.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5, 

attemptatet  (a-temp'tat),  n.  [<  OF.  attemp- 
tat,  mod.  F.  attentat:  see  attentate.]  An  at- 
tempt or  endeavor;  especially,  a  violent  or 
criminal  attempt  or  attack;  assuult  ;  outrage. 

He  called  .  .  .  for  redress  of  the  attemptates  committed 
by  the  Creams.     Strypc,  Eccles.  Mem.,  IV.  304.  IN.E.D.) 


attendance 

For  the  better  defen  i  of  his  highnesB's  Loving  subjects 
In  thesami   ihires  in  case  of  anj  Inva  ion  or  other  attemp- 

late  by  for,  ign  ,  nem  i' 

Somerset,  quoted  m  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,xv.,  note, 
attempter  (a-temp'ter),  n.     1.  One  who   at- 
tempts, tries,  or  endeavors. — 2.  One  who  at- 
tacks  or  assails;  an  assailant. 

Against  tiir  attempter  ot  thv  Father's  throne. 

\tittt   -    P.  It.,  iv.  803. 

3f.  A  tempter,      Hilton. 
attemptive  (a-temp'tiv),  ».    [<  attt  mpt  +  -in .  | 
Beady  to  attempt;  enterprising;    venturous. 

I  In  ttii  I. 

attend  (a-tend'),  v.   [<  <  >F.  atendre,  F.  ntu  mire. 

wait,  reflex,  ex] t,  =  Sp.  atender  =  Pg.  atti  ti- 
ller =\\.  tttlentlert,  <  L.  attendere,  stretch  to- 
ward, give  heed  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  tendere,  stretch : 
see  tend,  and  cf.  attetitjtt.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fix 
the  mind  upon  ;  listen  to;  have  regard  or  pay 
heed  to  ;  consider.     [Archaic.     See  II.,  1.] 

The  diligent  pilot  .  .  .  doth  not  attend  the  unskilful 
words  of  a  passenger.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sine  as  Bweetl)  as  the  lark 
When  neither  is  attended.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

Their  hunger  thus  appeased,  their  care  attend* 
The  doubtful  fortune  of  their  absent  friends. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  accompany  or  be  present  with,  as  a  com- 
panion, minister,  or  servant,  or  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  any  duty ;  wait  upon. 

The  lift  had  charge  sick  persons  to  attend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  41. 
Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
You  shall  have  men  and  horses  to  attend  you, 
And  money  in  your  put  ■ 

Fl,  tcher.  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  be  present  at  or  in  for  purposes  of  duty, 
business,  curiosity,  pleasure,  etc. :  as,  to  atti  ml 
a  meeting. — 4.  To  accompany  or  follow  in  im- 
mediate sequence,  especially  with  a  causal  con- 
nection: said  of  things:  as,  a  cold  attended  with 
fever;  a  measure  attended  with  bad  results. 

A  correspondent  revolution  in  things  will  attend  the 
influx  of  the  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5f.  To  wait  or  stay  for ;  expect,  as  a  person  or 
an  event. 

Thy  iutercepter,  .  .  .  bloody  as  the  hunter,  attends  thee 
at  the  orchard  end.  shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

The  trumpets,  next  the  gate,  in  order  plac'd, 

Attend  the  sign  to  sound  the  martial  blast. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc..  1.  1741. 
6f.  To  be  in  store  for;  await. 
The  state  that  attend*  all  men  after  this.  Lacke. 

One  fate  attends  us,  and  one  common  grave. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  304. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  give  attention;  pay  re- 
gard or  heed :  followed  by  to :  as,  my  son, 
attend  to  my  words. 

Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplications.      Ps.  lxxxvi.  6. 

It  will  be  sufficient  for  me  if  I  discover  many  Beauties 
or  Imperfections  which  others  have  not  attended  to. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  262. 
2.  To  be  present,  in  pursuance  of  duty,  busi- 
ness, or  pleasure ;  especially,  act  as  an  atten- 
dant: absolutely,  or  with  on  or  upon,  or  at:  as, 
who  attends  heref  to  attend  upon  a  committee; 
to  attend  at  such  a  church.  Hence  —  3.  To  fix 
the  mind  in  worship:  with  on  or  upon. 

That  ye  may  attend  npan  the  Lord  without  distraction. 

1  Cor.  vii.  as. 

4.  To  be  consequent;  wait:  with  on  or  upon. 
It  is  good  that  a  certain  portion  of  disgrace  should  con- 
stantly attend  on  certain  bad  actions. 

Hacavilay,  Moore's  Byron. 
5f.  To  stay;  wait;  delay. 

For  this  perfection  she  must  yet  attend, 
Till  to  her  Maker  she  espoused  be. 

Sir  ./.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
attendt  (a-tend'),  n.   [(.attend,  v.]  Attendance. 

Stars  have  made  your  fortunes  climb  so  high, 
To  give  attend  on  Rasni's  excellence. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Class  for  Lond.  and  F.ng. 

attendance  (a-ten'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  atten- 
daunce,  <  OF.  atendanee  =  Pr.  atendensa,  < 
ML.  atteintentiit,  <  L.  attenden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  nt- 
tenderr :  see  attend  and  -anee.]     1.  The  act  of 

attending  or  attending  on.  (a)  The  act  of  waiting 
on  or  serving;  the  state  of  being  present  for  purposes  of 
duty,  business,  pleasure,  etc. ;  service  ;  ministry. 

No  man  gave  attendance,  at  the  altar.  Heb.  vii.  13. 

Lindamira,  a  lady  whose  .  .  .  constant  attendance  at 
church  three  tines  a  day  bad  utterly  defeated  many  ma- 
licious attacks  upon  her  reputation. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

The  other,  after  many  years'  attendance  upon  the  duke, 
was  now  one  of  the  bed  chamber  to  the  prince. 

Clarendon. 
('it)  Attention  ;  regard;  careful  application  of  mind. 

Give  attendance  to  trading.  1  Tim.  iv.  13. 

(ct)  A  waiting  on,  as  in  expectation. 


attendance 

That  which  raus.  tli  bitterness  in  death  is  th«-  languish- 
ing attendance  and  expectation  thereol  ere  it  come. 

Hooker. 

2.  The  body  of  persons  nlti'mline;  for  tiny  pur- 
pose: as,  ;t  large  attendance  is  requested. 

The   -  oi  the  Tories  was  scanty,  as  no  impor- 

tant discussion  was  expected.     Macaulay,  Hist.  Bng.,  xv. 

3f.  Attendants  collectively;  persons  waitingon 
one  to  render  him  service ;  a  train;  a  retinue. 

To  dance  attendance.    See  dance. 
attendancyt  i -i-ten'. Inn-si ),  ;i.     1.  Attendance; 
a  train  or  retinue.     /'«//<  r. 

of  honour  another  part  Is  attendancy;  and  therefore, 
in  the  visions  ol  the  glory  of  God,  angels  arc  spoken  of  as 
his  attendants.  .  .  .  It  sheweth  whath ur  is  fit  for  pre- 
lates, anil  what  at 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  vii.  §  20(Ord  MS.). 

2.  Relation;  relative  position. 

Do  name  Iand9  bj  the  attendancy  they  have  to  other 
lands  more  notorious.      Bacon,  Maxims  of  the  Law,  xxiv. 

attendant  (a-ten'dant),  a.  and  «.  [<  F.  atten- 
dant i=  It.  attendehtt  >,  ppr.  of  attendee,  wait: 
see  attend  and  -ant1.]  I.  a.  1.  Accompanying; 
being  present  or  in  attendance. 

Other  suns  perhaps, 
With  their  attendant  moons,  thou  wilt  descry. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  viii.  149. 
2.  Accompanying,  connected,  or  immediately 
following  as  consequential :  as,  intemperance, 
with  nil  its  attendant  evils. 

Those  bodily  pains  ami  sufferings  which  .  .  .  are  hut 
too  frequently  attendant  upon  any  disorder  of  the  fancy. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1. 183. 

3f.  In  laic,  depending  on  or  connected  with 
something  or  some  person  ;  owing  duty  or  ser- 
vice. Attendant  keys,  in  music,  same  as  relative  keys. 
Sei  relative. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
another,  in  any  character;  especially,  one  who 
belongs  to  a  train  or  retinue ;  a  follower. 

Brave  attendant*  near  him.    Shah.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

The  furies,  they  said,  art-  attendants  on  justice,  ami  if 
the  sun  in  heaven  should  transgress  his  path,  they  would 
punish  him.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  One  who  attends  on  or  waits  the  pleasure 
of  another,  as  a  suitor  or  the  like. 

To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a  civility. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

Specifically  —  3.  In  law,  one  who  owes  a  duty 
or  service.to,  or  depends  on,  another. — 4.  One 
who  is  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting,  for  any 
purpose. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relating  to 
charity.  Swift. 

5.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent 
on  anything. 

H,  that  early  arriveth  unto  the  parts  ami  prudence  of 
age  is  happily  old  without  the  uncomfortable  attendants 
of  it.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Letter  to  a  Finud. 

An  extreme  jealousy  of  power  is  the  attendant  on  all 
popular  revolutions,  and  has  seldom  been  without  its 
evils.  A.  Hamilton,  C'ontinentalist,  No.  1. 

Master  attendant,  an  officer  of  an  English  dockyard, 
generally  a  Btafl  commander,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect 
mooi  oil's,  move  and  secure  vessels,  care  for  ships  in  ordi- 
nary, and  generally  to  assist  the  superintendent.  =  Syn.  1. 
Associate,  escort,  retainer. — 5.  Accompaniment,  concomi- 
tant. 
attender  (a-ten'der),  n.  1.  One  who  attends 
or  gives  heed. 

Attending  to  conduct,  to  judgment,  makes  the  attender 

feel  that  it  [S  Joy  to  do  it. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  i. 

2.  An  attendant;  a  companion. 

attendingly  (a-ten'ding-U),  adv.  With  atten- 
tion; attentively. 

attendmentt  (a-tend'ment),  ».  [<  attend  + 
-na  ni. J  a n  accompanying  circumstance :  us, 
"uncomfortable  attendments  of  hell,"  Sir  T. 
Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  16. 

attendresst  (a-ten'dres),  n.  [<  attender  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  attendant.     Puller. 

attentt  (a-tenf),  »•  '•  [A  Inter  form  of  at- 
trni/i/.  after  the  orifr.  L.  attnitarc:  see  attempt.] 
To  attempt.    Quarles. 

attentt  fa-tent'),  a.  and  «.     [<  h.  attentus,  pp. 
of  attendere,  attend :  see  attend.]    I.  a.  Atten- 
tive; intent:  as,  " an  attent  ear,"  Shah.,  Sam- 
let, i.  2. 
Let  thine  ears  be  attent.  in.  vi.  40. 

\\  hylesi  thus  he  talkt,  tin-  knight  with  greedy  eare 

Song  still  upon  his  melting  h  h  on,  i,i 

Spenser,  F.  ().,  VI,  ix.  -M. 

II.   n.   [X  -Ml':,  attente,  atente,  <  ol-'.  atente, 

mod.  I',  attente  =  I'r.  atenta,  prop.  pp.,<  L. 

altiiiln.  (cm.  of  alliiiiu  .  pp.  iif  attender:  :  see 
attend.]     Attention. 

mil'  clad  unto  the  field  hi  m  a\ 
With  thi  in''  Pastorella  ever)  day. 
And  kept  Iter  sheepc  witti  dilligent  attent 

Spenser,  B.  4.,  vi.  ix.  37. 


372 

attentatet,  attentatt  (a-ten'tat,  -tat),  ».  [<  F. 
attentat,  crime,  <  Ml.,  attentatum,  crime,  at- 
tempt, ni'itt.  of  I.,  attentatus,  pp.  of  attenta- 
11,  attempt:  see  attempt.']  1.  A  criminal  at- 
tempt. 
Affrighted  at  so  damnable  an  attentate. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  164  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  In  law:  (a)  A  proceeding  in  a  court  of  ju- 
dicature after  tin  inhibition  is  decreed.  (t>)  A 
thing  done  after  an  extra-judicial  appeal,  (c) 
A  matter  improperly  innovated  or  attempted 
by  an  inferior  judge. 

attention  (a-ten'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  attencioun 
(V.  attention), <.  L.  attrntin(n-),  <  attendere,  pp. 
attentus,  attend,  give  heed  to :  see  attend.']  1. 
Active  direction  of  the  mind  upon  an  object  of 
sense  or  of  thought,  giving  it  relative  or  abso- 
lute prominence  :  it  may  bo  either  voluntary  or 
involuntary. 

When  the  ideas  that  offer  themselves  are  taken  notice 
of,  and,  as  it  were,  registered  in  the  memory,  it  is  atten- 
tion. Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  19. 

In  the  relation  of  events,  and  the  delineation  of  char- 
acters, they  have  paid  little  attention  to  facts,  to  the  cos- 
tume of  the  times  of  which  they  pretend  to  treat,  or  to 
the  general  principles  of  human  nature. 

Macaulay,  On  History. 

A  trained  pianist  will  play  a  new  piece  of  music  at 
sight,  and  perhaps  have  so  much  attention  to  spare  that 
he  can  talk  with  you  at  the  same  time. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  308. 

2.  Tito  power  or  faculty  of  meutal  concentra- 
tion. 

In  the  childhood  of  our  race  and  of  each  one  of  us,  the 
attention  was  called  forth  by  the  actions  upon  us  of  exter- 
nal nature.  Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  18. 

3.  Consideration ;  observant  care ;  notice :  as, 
your  letter  has  just  arrived,  and  will  receive 
early  attt  ntion. — 4.  Civility  or  courtesy,  or  an 
act  of  civility  or  courtesy:  as,  attention  to  a 
stranger;  in  the  plural,  acts  of  courtesy  indi- 
cating regard:  as,  his  attentions  to  the  lady 
were  most  marked. —  5.  In  milit.  tactics,  a  cau- 
tionary word  used  as  a  preparative  to  a  com- 
mand to  execute  some  manosuver:  as,  atten- 
tion, company !  right  face  !  =  Syn.  1.  Notice,  heed, 
mindfulness,  observance;  study.  —  4.  Politeness,  defer- 
ence. 

attentive  (a-ten'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  attentif,  <  L.  as 
if  "attcntivus,  <  attendere,  pp.  attentus,  attend: 
see  attend,  attent,  and  -ire.]  1.  Characterized 
by  or  of  the  nature  of  attention ;  heedful ;  in- 
tent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care ;  mindful : 
as,  an  attentive  ear  or  eye  ;  an  attentive  listener ; 
an  attentive  act. 

Like  Cato,  give  his  little  senate  laws, 
And  sit  attentive  to  his  own  applause. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  210. 
They  know  the  King  to  have  been  always  their  most  at- 
tentive scholar  and  imitator.    Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxiv. 

2.  Characterized  by  consideration  or  obser- 
vant care ;  assiduous  in  ministering  to  the  com- 
fort or  pleasure  of  others ;  polito  ;  courteous : 
as,  attentive  to  the  ladies. 

Herbert  proved  one  of  the  most  attentive  guards  on  the 
line.  0.  A.  Sala. 

-  Syn.  Regardful,  watchful,  circumspect,  wary,  careful, 
thoughtful,  alert. 

attentively  (a-ten'tiv-li),  adv.  [<  attentive  + 
-lyl;  ME.  attehtiflu  (Wyclif).]  In  an  attentive 
manner;  needfully;  carefully;  with  fixed  at- 
tention. 

attentiveness  (a-ten'tiv-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  attentive;  heedf ulness ;  attention. 

attentlyt  (a-tent'li),  a(it'.  Attentively.  Barrow. 

attentort  (a-ten'tpr),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *atte>itor 
(cf.  ML.  aliensor,  an  observer),  <  attendere,  pp. 
attentus,  attend.]    A  listener. 

Let  ballad  rhymers  tire  their  galled  wits, 
Scorns  to  their  patrons,  making  juiceless  mirth 
To  gross  attentora  by  their  hired  writs. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
attenuant  (a-ton'u-ant),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  at- 
iiiiiiant,  <  L"  atti  nuan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  attenuate. 
make  thin:  soe  attenuate.]  I.  a.  Attenuating; 
making  thin,  as  fluids;  diluting;  rendering  less 
dense  .'mil  viscid. 

Things  that  be  attenuant. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  642. 

II.  ».  A  medicine  which  increases  the  fluid- 
ity of  the  humors;  a  diluent, 
attenuate  (a-ten'u-at),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  atten- 
uated, ppr.  attenuating.  |<  L.  attenuatus,  pp. 
of  attenuarc  (>  It.  attenuarc  =  Pg.  altrnuar 
=  Sp.  I'r.  ateituar  =  F.  altenner),  make  thin, 
weaken,  lessen,  <  ad,  to,  +  tenuare,  make  thin, 
■  tenuis,  thin,  =  K.  thin,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  thin  or  slender;  reduce  in  thickness: 
wear  or  draw  down:  as,  an  attenuated  thread 
or  wire. 


atter 

He  pities  his  \<>u^.  clammy,  attenuated  fingers. 

I. a  mil,  The  Convalescent. 

2.  To   reduce   by   comminution   or   attrition: 

make  small  or  tine:  as,  extremely  attenuated 
particles  of  dust  or  Hour. 

This  uninterrupted  tion  must  attenuate  and  wear 

away  the  hardest  rocks.  '  'haptal  (trans.),  17:il. 

3.  To  make  thin  or  rare;  reduce  in  density; 
increase  the  fluidity  or  rarity  of. 

The  earliest  conception  of  a  soul  is  that  of  an  attenuated 
duplicate  of  the  body,  capable  of  detachment  from  the 
body,  yet  generally  resident  In  it. 

Trans,  inter,  rttilol.  Ass.,  XV.  37. 

The  finer  part  belonging  to  the  juice  of  grapes,  being 
attenuated  ami  subtilized,  was  changed  into  an  ardent 
spirit.  Boyle, 

4.  To  lessen  in  complexity  or  intensity;  re- 
duce in  strength  or  energy ;* simplify ;  weaken: 
as,  the  attenuated  remedies  of  the  homeopa- 
thists. 

To  undersell  our  rivals  .  .  .  lias  led  the  manufacturer 
to  attenuate  his  processes,  in  the  allotment  of  tasks,  to 
an  extreme  point.  Is.  Taylor. 

If  correctly  reported,  Pasteur  is  convinced  that  he  has 
discovered  means  by  which  the  virus  of  hydrophobia  can 
be  attenuated,  and  that,  by  tile  inoculation  of  the  attenu- 
ated virus,  individuals  may  lie  rendered,  for  the  time  be. 
ing,  insusceptible  to  the  disease.  Science,  VI.  S'yj. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  weaken  or  reduce  in  force, 
effect,  or  value  ;  render  meager  or  jejune  ;  lino 
down. 

We  may  reject  and  reject  till  we  attenuate  history  into 
sapless  liieagieiiiss. 

Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Eng.  and  Normandy,  I.  533. 

Men  of  taste  are  so  often  attenuated  by  their  refine- 
ments, and  dwarfed  by  the  overgrown  accuracy  and  pol- 
ish of  their  attainments. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  181. 

Mentschikof  tried  to  attenuate  the  extent  and  effect  of 
his  demands.  Kiiniliike. 

6f.  To  lessen ;  diminish :  said  of  number. 
Hotvell. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  thin,  slender,  or 
fine  ;  diminish ;  lessen.   - 

The  attention  attenuates  as  its  sphere  contracts. 

Coleridge. 

2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  undergo  the  pro- 
cess of  attenuation.  See  attenuation,  4. 
attenuate  (a-ten'u-at),  a.  [<  L.  attenuatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  1.  Slender;  thin. — 2.  In 
hot.,  tapering  gradually  to  a  narrow  extremity. 
—  3.  Of  thin  consistency ;  dilute;  rarefied. 

Spirits  attenuate,  which  the  cold  doth  congeal  and  co- 
agulate. Bacon. 

A  series  of  captivating  bubbles,  each  more  airy  and 
evanescent,  each  more  attenuate  and  fantastic,  than  its 
glittering  brother.  II.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  34.r>. 

attenuation  (a-ten-u-a'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  attenu- 
(itin(n-),<,  attenitare  :  see  attenuate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or  lean ; 
the  state  of  being  thin ;  emaciation ;  reduced 
thickness  or  proportions. 

Age  had  worn  to  the  extreme  of  attenuation  a  face  that 
must  always  have  been  hard-featured. 

R.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  26. 

2.  The  act  of  making  fine  by  comminution  or 
attrition. 

The  action  of  the  air  facilitates  the  attenuation  of  these 
rocks.  Chaptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  lessening  in  complex- 
ity or  intensity;  reduction  of  force,  strength, 
or  energy;  specifically,  in  homeopathy,  the 
reduction  of  the  active  principle  of  medicines 
to  minute  or  infinitesimal  doses. — 4.  The  act 
of  making  thin  or  thinner,  as  a  fluid,  or  the 
state  of  being  thin  or  thinned ;  diminution  of 
density  or  viscidity:  as,  tho  attenuation  of  the 
humors;  specifically,  in  brewing  and  distilling, 
the  thinning  or  clarifying  of  saccharine  worts 
by  the  conversion  of  the  sugar  into  aleohol  and 
carbonic  acid. 

The  decrease  in  density  [of  the  beer-worts]  is  called  at- 
tenuation. Thausiiia,  r.ccr  (trans.),  p.  707. 

atter't  (at'er),  n.  [<  ME.  atter,  <  AS.  littm-, 
wttor,  more  correctly  dtor,  (iter,  poison,  =  1  )S. 
etar,  ettar  =  D.  etter  =  OHO.  eitar,  eiiter,  MUG. 
G.  citer,  poison,  pus,  =  Icel.  eitr=  Sw.  etter  = 
Dan.  aider,  adder,  poison,  connected  with  ( )HG. 
MUG.  ei-,  a  boil,  sore;  cf.  Gr.  oldor,  oldfia,  a  tu- 
mor, swelling:  see  wdcnia.]  Poison;  venom; 
pus.     Holland. 

atter'-'t  (a-ter'),  ''• '-  [<  F.  atterrer,  <  ML.  atter- 
rare,  prostrate,  cast  down,  carry  earth  from 
one  place  to  another, '  Ij.  ad,  to,  +  It  1  en.  earth. 
Cf.  inter.]  To  place  upon  or  in  the  earth;  cast 
down  to  the  earth;  humble;  subdue.  Also 
written  atter r. 

Atterrs  the  stubborn  and  attracts  the  prone. 

Sylvcuter,  tr.  of  L*u  llaruis. 


atterate 

atteratet,  atterationt.  See  atterrate,  atterra- 
tion. 

attercop  (at'er-kop),  ».  [=  So.  ettereap :  <  M  E. 
attercop,  attercoppe,  (  AS.  attereoppe  (=  Dan. 
edderlcop),  a  spider,  <  ator,  poison  (see  alter*-), 
+  *coppe,  <  cop,  head,  round  lump,  or  eopp, 
a  cup:  see  cob*,  cobweb,  cop*,  and  cup.']  1.  A 
spider.  [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] —  2.  Figura- 
tively, a  peevish,  testy,  ill-natured  person. 
[North.  Eng.] 

atterlyt  (at'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  atterlich,  <  AS.  dtor- 
lic  (=  OHG.  eitarlih),  poisonous,  <  ator,  poison, 
+  -lic:  see  after*-  and  -ly*.]    Poisonous;  attery. 

atterminal,  a.    See  adterminal. 

atterrt,  ».  t.    See  ,,,/rA 

atterratet,  atteratet  (at'e-rat),  «>.  «.  [<  ML. 
atterratus,  pp.  of  utter-rare,  carry  earth  from 
one  place  to  another:  see  titter".]  To  till  up 
with  earth,  especially  with  alluvium. 

Atterated  by  taint  brought  down  by  Hoods. 

Rail,  Diss,  of  World,  v. 

atterrationt,  atterationt  (at-e-ra'shon),  n.  [< 
atterrate,  atterate.]  The  process  of  tilling  up 
with  earth ;  especially,  the  formation  of  land 
by  alluvial  deposits. 

atteryt,  attryt,  a.    [<  ME.  attri,  <  AS.  eettrig, 
dtrig,  poisonous  (=OHG.  eitarig),  <  asttor,  ator, 
poison:  see  after*.]     Poisonous;  pernicious. 
Than  cometh  also  of  ire  attry  anger. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

attest  (a-tesf),  v.  [=  P.  attester,  OF.  atestcr 
=  Sp.  aiestar  =  Pg.  attentat-  =  It.  attestare,  <  L. 
attestari,  hear  witness  to,  <  act,  to,  +  testari, 
hear  witness,  <  testis,  a  witness:   see  testify.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  hear  witness  to;  certify;  affirm 
to  he  true  or  genuine ;  declare  the  truth  of  in 
words  or  writing ;  especially,  affirm  in  an  official 
capacity:  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing; 
to  attest  a  copy  of  a  document. 

The  most  monstrous  fables  .  .  .  attested  with  the  ut- 
most solemnity.         Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xvi. 

This  sale  of  a  tract,  twelve  miles  square,  was  formally 
attested  at  Manhattan.  Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  II.  44. 

2.  To  make  evident ;  vouch  for ;  give  proof  or 
evidence  of;  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy,  that  hill  and  valley  rings. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  495. 
The  rancor  of  the  disease  attests  the  strength  of  the  con- 
stitution. Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

3.  To  call  to  witness ;  invoke  as  knowing  or 
conscious.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

The  sacred  streams  which  heaven's  imperial  state 

A  ttests  in  oaths,  and  fears  to  violate.  Dryden. 

4.  To  put  upon  oath;  swear  in. 

If  a  proposed  recruit,  when  taken  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  .  .  .  should  change  his  mind,  he  is  dismissed  upon 
paying  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings,  popularly  called  smart 
money ;  but  if  he  does  not,  he  is  attested,  and  after  that, 
should  he  abscond,  he  is  considered  and  punished  as  a  de- 
serter. A.  Fonblanque,  Jr. 
Attesting  witness,  a  person  who  signs  his  name  to  an 
instrument  to  prove  it,  and  for  the  purpose  of  identifying 
the  maker  or  makers.  =  Syn.  1.  To  confirm,  corroborate, 
support,  authenticate,  prove. 

II.  intrans.  To  bear  witness ;  make  an  at- 
testation :  with  to  :  as,  to  attest  to  a  statement 
or  a  document. 

attest  (a-tesf),  «.  [i  attest,  v.]  Witness;  tes- 
timony; attestation.  [Now  chiefly  used  at  the  end 
of  a  document,  as  introductory  to  the  name  of  one  au- 
thenticating it  by  his  signature.  ] 

There  is  a  credence  in  my  heart, 

An  esperance  so  obstinately  strong, 

That  doth  invert  the  attest  of  eyes  and  ears. 

Shale,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

attestation  (at-es-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  attesta- 
tion, <  LL.  fittestutio(n-),  <  L.  attestari,  pp.  at- 
testattts:  see  attest,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  attest- 
ing; a  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  in  sup- 
port of  a  fact ;  evidence ;  testimony. 

The  applause  of  the  crowd  makes  the  head  giddy,  but 

the  attestation  of  a  reasonable  man  makes  the  heart  glad. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  188. 

I  would  not  willingly  spare  the  attestation  which  they 

took  pleasure  in  rendering  to  each  other's  characters. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  146. 
2.  The  administration  of  an  oath,  as  to  a  mili- 
tary recruit.  See  attest,  4 — Attestation  clause, 
a  clause  usually  appended  to  wills,  after  the  signature  of 
the  testator  and  before  that  of  the  witnesses,  reciting  the 
due  performance  of  the  formalities  required  by  the  law. 

attestative  (a-tes'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  attestatns, 
pp.  of  attestari  (see  attest,  v.),  +  4ve.]  Of  the 
nature  of  attestation;  corroborative:  as,  attes- 
tative  evidence. 

attestator  (at'es-ta-tpr),  n.  [=  It.  attestatorc, 
<  L.  as  if  *attestutar,  {  attestare,  pp.  attestatns: 
see  attest,  v.]    An  attester. 

attester,  attestor  (a-tes'ter,  -tor),  n.  One  who 
attests  or  vouches  for.  [Attestor  is  the  com- 
mon form  in  legal  phraseology.] 


373 

attestive  (a-tes'tdv),  a.  [<  attest  +  -i/l>C.]  Hiv- 
ing attestation;  attesting.     [Pare.] 

attestor,  «.    See  attester. 

Atthis  (at'this),«.  [NL.,<  (ir.  'Art/,,.  Attic  At- 
tica.]    A  genus  of  diminutive  humming-birds, 


Attic  Humming-bird  [AtthU  he, 

having  the  metallic  scales  of  the  throat  pro- 
longed into  a  ruff,  as  in  A.  keloisce,  the  Attic 
humming-bird  of  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

Attic1  (at'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Attique  =  Sp.  Ati- 
co  =  Pg.  It.  Attico,  <  L.  Atticus,  (.  Gr.  'Attik6$, 
Attic,  Athenian,  <  Attiki/,  Attica,  a  province  of 
Greece ;  supposed  by  some  to  stand  for  *iiktik>'/, 
fern.  adj.  equiv.  to  auraia,  on  the  coast,  <  aarii, 
coast,  prop,  headland,  promontory ;  Akti'/  is  the 
ancient  name  of  the  headland  of  the  Pirseus. 
According  to  others,  Attihi;  stands  for  "'AartKi/, 
<  doTu,  city:  see  asteisnt.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Attica,  or  to  the  city  or  state  of  Athens;  Athe- 
nian; marked  by  such  qualities  as  were  char- 
acteristic of  the  Athenians Attic  base,  in  arch., 

a  base  used  properly  with  the  Ionic  older,  consisting  of 
an  tipper  torus,  a  seotia,  and  a  lower  torus,  separated  by 
fillets.  See  cut  under  base. — Attic  dialect,  the  dialect  of 
Greek  used  by  the  ancient  Athenians,  and  regarded  as  the 
standard  of  the  language.  It  was  a  subdivision  of  the 
Ionic,  but  is  often  spoken  of  as  a  coordinate  dialect ; 
it  is  distinguished  from  the  Ionic  by  a  more  frequent 
retention  of  an  original  a  (a)  sound,  and  by  its  avoid- 
ance of  hiatus,  especially  through  contraction.  Its  chief 
literature  belongs  to  the  fifth  and  fourth  centuries  B.  C 
As  written  during  the  greater  part  of  the  former  cen- 
tury, it  is  known  as  old  Attic;  in  its  transition  to  the 
next  century,  as  middle  A  ttic ;  and  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  fourth  century,  as  new  Attic.  It  passed  after  this 
into  the  Koine  or  common  dialect,  the  general  Greek  of 
the  Alexandrine  and  Roman  periods,  departing  more  or 
less  from  its  former  classic  standard.  —  Attic  faith,  invio- 
lable faith.  — Attic  hummer,  a  humming-bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Atthis. — Attic  salt,  wit  of  a  dry,  delicate,  and  refined 
quality.— Attic  School,  in  art.  See  Hellenic  art,  under 
Hellenic  —  Attic  style,  a  pure,  chaste,  and  elegant  style. 
II.  «.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Attica, 
the  territory  of  the  ancient  Athenian  state, 
now  an  eparchy  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  ;  an 
Athenian. — 2.  The  Attic  dialect ;  Attic  Greek. 

attic2  (at'ik),  n.  [=  F.  attique  =  Sp.  dtico  = 
Pg.  It.  attico,  an  attic,  <  L.  Atticus,  Attie:  see 


Attic  of  St.  Peter's.  Rome. 
A.  attic  of  the  main  edifice  ;  B,  attic  of  the  dome. 

Attic*,  and  extract  below.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  low 
story  surmounting  an  entablature  or  the  main 
cornice  of  a  building.     Also  called  attic  story. 

The  term  [attic]  appears  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
architects  of  the  seventeenth  century,  with  the  intention 
of  conveying  [falsely]  the  idea  that  the  feature  to  which 
it  alluded  was  constructed  or  designed  in  the  Athenian 
manner.  Audsley,  Diet,  of  Architecture. 

2.  A  room  in  the  uppermost  part  of  a  house, 

immediately  beneath  the  roof  or  leads ;  a  garret. 

They  stare  not  on  the  stars  from  out  their  allies. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  78. 
Attic  order,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  small  pillars  or 
pilasters  decorating  the  exterior  of  an  attie. 
Atticalt  (at'i-kal),  a.  [<  Attic*  +  -ah]  Per- 
taining to  Attica  or  Athens ;  Attic ;  pure ;  clas- 
sical.    Hammond. 


attire 

atticet,  '■•  '•  [Earlj  mod.  E.  also  attise,  <  ME. 
niis,  n,  nii/stn,  <  OF.  atisier,  aticier,  atiser,  mod. 
I'.  attiser  =  l'r.  Sp.  atizar  =  Pg.  atiear  =  It. 
attizzare,  <  I.,  as  if  'attitiare,  stir  the  tiro,  (.ml, 
to,  +  titio(n-),  a  firebrand;  ef.  ML.  tilionari  = 
F.  Usonner,  stir  the  fire.  Cf.  entice.]  To  insti- 
gate ;  allure :  entice. 

atticementt,  "•    Instigation;  enticement.   Cax- 

ton. 

Atticise,  v.    See  Atticize. 

Atticism  (at'i-sizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  'Anuacr/idc,  a  sill- 
ing with  Athens.  Attic  style,  <  Attuu&iv,  Ai 
ticize :  see  Atticize.]  1.  A  peculiarity  of  style 
or  idiom  belonging  to  the  Greek  language  as 
used  by  the  Athenians;  Attic  elegance  of  dic- 
tion; concise  and  elegant  expression. 

They  thought  themselves  gallant  men,  and  I  thought 
them  fools,  they  made  sport,  and  I  Iaught,  they  mispro- 
nounc't  and  1  niislik't,  and  to  make  up  the  atticisme,  they 
were  out,  and  I  lust.     Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

An  elegant  atticism  which  occurs  Luke  xiii.  9:  "Ifit  beat- 
fruit,  well."    Abp.  Newcome,  Eng.  Biblical  Trans.,  p     .  ' 

2.  A  siding  with,  or  favoring  the  cause  of,  the 
Athenians. 

Put  to  death  by  I'a-daritus  for  atticism. 

Hoboes,  tr.  of  Thucydides,  viii.  38. 

Atticist  (at'i-sist),  n.  One  who  affects  Attic 
style. 

Atticize  (at'i-siz),  v.:  prct.  and  pp.  Attit-i.nl, 
ppr.  Atticizing.  [=  L.  Atticissare,  <  Gr.  'Arn- 
HtCeiv,  side  with  the  Athenians,  speak  Attic, 

<  AttikAc,  Attic,  Athenian:  see  Attic*-.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  use  Atticisms  or  idioms  peculiar 
to  Attic  Greek. —  2.  To  favor  or  side  with  the 
Athenians.     Dean  Smith. 

II.   trans.  To  make  conformable  to  the  lan- 
guage or  idiom  of  Attica. 
Also  spelled  Atticise. 

attid  (at/id),  it.  A  jimiping-spider;  a  member 
of  the  family  Attidce. 

Attidse  (at'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Attus  +  -»/«.] 
A  family  of  saltigrade  dipneumonous  arancids 
with  a  short  body,  flattened  cephalothorax,  and 
eyes  usually  in  three  transverse  rows;  the 
jumping-spiders.  Their  chief  characteristic  is  that  the 
median  foremost  pair  of  eyes  are  much  larger  and  the 
hindmost  pair  smaller  than  the  others.  They  spin  no 
webs,  but  capture  their  prey  by  leaping  upon  it.  The 
species  are  very  numerous. 

Attidian  (a-tid'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  ancient  town  of  Attidium  in  Umbria At- 
tidian Brethren,  a  corporation  of  twelve  priests  in 
ancient  Umbria,  who  had  authority  over  a  considerable 
region,  and  who  are  known  only  from  the  Eugubine  tables, 
the  Umbrian  inscriptions  on  which  are  records  of  their 
acts.     See  Eugubine. 

attigUOUSt  (a-tig'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  attiguus, 
touching,  contiguous,  <  attigerc,  older  form  of 
attingere,  touch:  see  attingc,  andef.  contiguous.] 
Near;  adjoining;  contiguous. 

attiguousnesst  (a-tig'u-us-nes),  v.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  attiguous.     Bailey. 

attihawmeg  (at-i-ha'meg),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.] 
A  kind  of  whitefish,  of  the  genus  Corcgonus 
and  family  Salnitinnla;  abundant  in  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America,  and  a  delicious  food- 
fish. 

Attila  (at'i-lii),  n.  [NL.,  named  from  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns.]  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
South  American  tyrant  flycatchers,  family 
Tt/rannidie,  sometimes  giving  name  to  a  sub- 
family Attilinte.  A.  cinerea  is  the  type,  and 
about  12  other  species  are  included  in  the 
genus. 

attinget  (a-tinj'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  attingere,  older 
form  attigerc,  touch,  border  upon,  be  near,  <  ad, 
to,  +  Itingere,  touch:  see  tangent.]  To  touch; 
come  in  contact  with;  hence,  affect;  influence. 

attire  (a-tir'),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  attired,  ppr. 
attiring.  [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see  tire*); 
(  ME.  atiren,  ati/rtn,  <  OF.  atiri  r,  earlier atirier 
(=  Pr.  aticirar),  put  in  order,  arrange,  dress; 

<  a  tire  (=  Pr.  a  tieira),  in  order,  in  a  row :  ,< 
(<  L.  ad),  to  ;  tire,  litre  (=  Pr.  tieira,  tiera  =  It. 
ticra),  order,  row,  file,  dress:  see  tier".]  To 
dress ;  clothe  ;  array ;  adorn. 

With  the  linen  mitre  shall  he  [Aaron]  be  attired. 

Lev.  xvi.  4. 
His  shoulders  large  a  mantle  did  attire. 
With  rubies  thick,  and  sparkling  as  the  the. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1346. 

The  woman  who  attired  her  head. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

attire  (a-tir'),  n.  [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see 
tire*,  »('.');  <  ME.  atire,  atir,  atyr,  dress,  equip- 
ment; from  the  verb.]  1.  Dress;  clothes; 
garb;  apparel. 

Earth  in  her  rich  attire 
Consummate  lovely  smiled. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  501. 


attire 

2f.  A.  dress  or  costume ;  an  article  of  apparel, 
n  in- ,  my  women,  Like  a  quei  n  :     go  fetch 
My  best  atb  Shah.,  A.  and  C,  v.  '-'. 

3.  pi.  In  her.,  the  horns  of  a  liart,  when 

as  a  bearing. —  4f.  In  l>"t..  the  stains  i 

tdvely. 
Grew  speaks  of  theofitre,  or  the  stamens,  as  being  the 

male  |  Encyc.  Brit.    l\    - 

=  Syn.  1.  Raiment,  array,  costume,  suit,  toilet,  wardrobi 
attired  (a-tird'),  p.  a.     tn  her.,  having  horns: 

thus,  "a  liart  gules  oWtrc(Jor"nieansa  red  stag 

having  horns  of  gold:  used  only  of  the  hart  and 

buck.    See  armt  d,  3. 
attirement  (a-tar'menl ),  n.     [<  attin  +  -merit."] 

Dress;  apparel;  attire.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 
attirer  .  a-tir'er),  ii.    One  who  dresses  or  adorns 

with  attire. 
attirewoman  (a-tir'wum'an),  ».;  pi.  attirewo- 

Same  as  fen  teaman, 
attiring  (a-tir'ing),  ».    1.  The  art  of  dressing 

or  decking. — 2f.  Attire;  dress;  array. 

Each  tree  in  his  best  attii 

Sir  I'.  Sidney,   Istrophel  and  Stella. 

Specifically  —  3t.  A  head-dress.  Huloct. — 4. 
The  attires  of  a  stag. 

attitlet,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  attitlen,<  of.  atiteler, 
later  atitrer,  moil.  P.  attitrer,  <  LL.  atUtulare, 
Dame,  entitle,  <  L.  («/,  to,  +  LL.  titulare,  give 
a  title,  <  L.  tituho.  title:  see  <(7/c.  Cf.  entitle.'] 
To  name  ;  name  alter.  GoWl  I . 
attitude  (at'i-tud),  /'.  [<  F.  attitude,  <  It.  a#iiw- 
cftne,  attitude,  aptness,  <  JIL.  aptitudo  [apti- 
tudin-),  aptitude:  see  aptitude.]  1.  Posture 
or  position  of  the  body,  or  the  maimer  iu  which 
its  parts  are  disposed;  especially,  a  posture  or 
position  as  indicating  emotion,  purpose,  etc., 
or  as  appropriate  to  the  performance  of  some 
act. 

'tin  demon  sits  mi  his  furious  horse  as  heedlessly  as  if 
he  weri  reposing  on  a  chair.  .  .  .  The  attitude  of  Faust, 
on  tin.  contrary,  is  the  perfection  of  horsemanship. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
There  sat  my  lords, 
Here  sit  they  now,  so  may  they  ever  sit 
In  easier  attitude  than  suits  my  haunch  ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  237. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  condition  of  things  or  rela- 
tion of  persons  viewed  as  the  expression  of,  or 
as  affecting,  feeling,  opinion,  intentions,  etc. 

England,  though  she  occasionally  took  a  menacing  atti- 
tude, remained  inactive.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

If  we  were  to  estimate  the  attitude  of  ecclesiastics  to 
sovereigns  by  tin-  language  of  Eusebius,  we  should  sup- 
that  the}  ascribed  to  them  a  direct  Divine  inspiration, 
and  exalted  the  Imperial  dignity  tn  an  extent  that  was 
before  unknown.  Lecky,  Europ,  Morals,  II.  277. 

To  strike  an  attitude,  to  assume  an  emotional  posture 
or  pose  in  a  theatrical  manner,  ami  not  as  the  instinctive 
or  natural  expression  of  feeling. =Syn,  Position,  Pose, 
etc.    See  posture. 

attitudinal  (at-i-tu'di-nal),  a.  [<  attitucU  (It. 
attitudine)  +  -al.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
attitude. 

attitudinarian  (at*i-tu-di-na'ri-an), n.  [<  atti- 
tucU (It.  attitudine)  +  -arum.]  One  who  studies 
or  practises  attitudes. 

Attitudina  face-makers;   these   accompany 

every  word  with  a  peculiar  grimace  and  gesture.    Cowper. 

attitudinarianism  (at i-tu-di-na'ri-an-ism),  «. 
The   use  of  affected  attitudes;    insincerity    of 

i  gpression. 

attitudinise,  attitudiniser.  See  attitudinize, 
attitudini  u  r. 

attitudinize  (at-i-tu'di-niz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
attitudini  ed,  ppr.  attitudinizing.  [<  attitude  i  It. 
attitudine)  +  -iee.]  1.  To  pose;  strike  or  prac- 
tise attitui 

Maria,  who  i  themosl  picturesque  figure,  was  put  to 
attitudinia  at  the  harp.  Mrs.  it.  More,  Caelebs,  i\. 

2.  To  be  affected  tn  deportment  or  speech, 
led  attitudinise. 

attitudinizer  (at-i-tu'di-ni-zer),  n.  One  who 
poses,  or  strikes  attitudes.  Also  spelled  atti- 
tudini 

attle1  (at'l),  n.    [Also  written  attal,  addle,  addtt; 
in  uncertain  :  perhaps  the  same  as  addh  '. 
tilth,   mud.   min  :    see  addh  '.1      Dirt  ;    tilth ; 
rubbish;  specifically,  tin    refrj  e  or  worthless 
rock  which  n  n  ore  has  been  se- 

leeted  from  the  material  obtained   by  mining: 

a  term  originally  Cornish,  but  extensivelj  ed 
in  other  mining  regions  in  both  England  and 
America, 

attle'-'t  (at  'I  i.  r.     An  obsoleti  !fei. 

attole  (a-to'la).  ii.  [Mox.]  The  Mexican  name 
Of  a  favorite  dish  prepared  from  wheat,  maize, 
and   various  other   nutritious   seeds,  which   are 

parched  and  finely  powdered,  and  then  made 

into  a  gruel  with  boiling  .. 


374 

attollens  (a-tol'enz),  ppr.  used  as  «.:  pi.  attoU 

li  ntes  (at-o-len'tez).     [NL.,  <  L.  attollens,  ppr. : 

see  attollent.]    In  ttuat.,  an  attollent  muscle  ;  a 

Levator.     Attollens  aurem,  a  muscle  which  raises  the 

i  tends  to  do  so.     Attollens  oculi,  an  old  nana  .a 

superior  rectus  muscle  of  the  eyeball. 

attollentta  tol'ent), o. andn.    [<L. attollen(t  )s, 

ppr.  el'  attollere,  lift  up,  raise,  <  ad,  to,  +  tnl- 

lere,  lilt,  related  to  tolerare,  bear:  see  tolerate.] 

1.  a.  Lifting  up;  raising:  as.  tin  attollent  muscle. 
II,  n.  A  muscle  which  raises  some  part,  as 

the  ear:  a  levator;  an  attollens. 
attollentes,  R.    Plural  of  attollens. 
attonable,  ".    See  atonable. 

attOnet,  "dr.      See  a  tunc. 

attorn  (a-tern'),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atturn  ; 
<  OF.  attomer,  atorner,  aturner,  atourner  (>  ML. 
attornan  ),  transfer  into  the  power  of  another, 
ia  (<  L.  ad),  to.  +  tourner,  turner,  turn:  see 
turn.  Cf.  attorney.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  over 
to  another;  transfer;  assign. —  2.  In  old  Eng. 
laic,  tn  turn  or  transfer,  as  homage  or  service, 
to  a  new  possessor,  and  accept  tenancy  under 
him. 

II.  intrans.  1.  hi  feudal  law,  toturnortrans- 
1 1  t  homage  and  service  from  one  lord  to  another. 
This  was  tin-  ai  t  nt  feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants  upon 
the  alienation  of  the  estate. 

2.  In  modern  law,  to  acknowledge  being  the 
tenant  of  one  who  was  not  the  landlord  origi- 
nally, but  claims  to  have  become  such. 

attorney1  (a-ter'ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
attorney,  dtturny;  <  ME.  atturny,  attourney, 
aturneye,  aturne,  <  OP.  atonic,  attorne  (ML.  at- 
tornatus),  pp.  of  atorner,  aturner,  transfer  into 
the  power  of  another:  see  atturn.]  1.  One 
who  is  appointed  by  another  to  act  in  his  place 
or  stead  ;  a  proxy. 

I  will  attend  my  husband,  be  bis  nurse, 
Diet  his  sickness,  for  it  is  my  office, 
And  will  have  no  attorney  but  myself. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  one  who  is  appointed 
or  admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  in  fact,  sometimes 
called aprivate attorney,  is  an  attorne)'  authorized  to  make 
contracts  ami  do  other  acts  for  his  principal,  out  of  court. 
For  this  purpose  a  written  authority  is  usual,  but  verbal 
authority  is  in  general  sufficient,  for  the  performance 
if  some  acts,  however,  as  conveyance  of  land,  transfer  of 
stork,  etc.,  a  formal  power  of  attorney  is  necessary.  An 
attorney  ut  law,  sometimes  called  a  public  attorney,  is  a 
person  qualified  to  appear  for  another  before  a  court  of 
law  tn  prosecute  or  defend  an  action  on  behalf  of  such  other. 
The  term  was  formerly  applied  especially  tn  those  practis- 
ing before  the  supreme  courts  of  common  law,  those  prac- 
tising in  chancery  being  called  solicitors.  Under  the  pres- 
ent English  system,  all  persons  practising  before  the  su- 
preme courts  at  Westminster  are  called  solicitors.  In 
England  attorneys  or  solicitors  do  not  argue  in  court  in 
behalf  of  their  clients,  this  being  the  part  of  the  barristers 
or  counsel;  their  special  functions  may  he  defined  to  lie: 
to  institute  actions  on  behalf  of  their  clients  and  take 
necessary  steps  for  defending  them  ;  to  furnish  counsel 
with  the  necessary  materials  to  enable  them  to  get  up 
their  pleadings;  to  practise  conveyancing  ;  to  prepare  legal 
dents  ami  instruments  "f  all  kinds;  and  generally  to  ad- 
\  I-.  w  itli  and  art  for  their  clients  in  all  matters  connected 
with  law.  An  attorney,  whether  private  or  public,  may 
have  general  powers  tn  act  for  another,  or  his  power  may 
I,.  r.  dot,  ana  limited  t"  a  particular  act  or  acts.  In  the 
I  iiitiii  states  the  term  barrister  is  not  used,  the  designs 
tion  of  a  fully  qualified  lawyer  being  attorney  and  coun- 
selor ul  law.  '  When  employed  simply  to  present  a  cause 
iu  court,  an  attorney  is  termed  counsel.  In  Scotland 
there  is  no  class  of  practitioners  of  the  law  who  take  the 
name  of  attorneys.    See  advocate,  l. 

3.  The  general  supervisor  or  manager  of  a 
plantation.  [British West  Indies.] -District  at- 
torney. Sec  district.— Scotch  attorneys,  a  name  given 
in  Jamaica  tn  species  oi  Clusia,  woody  vines  which  twine 
about  thi  trunks  of  trees  and  strangle  them. 

attorney^  (a-ter'ni),  v.  t.  [<  attorney*,  n.]  1. 
To  perform  by  proxy. 

Their  encounters,  though  not  personal,  have  been  royally 
attomeyed.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  employ  as  a  proxy. 

I  am  still 
Attomeyed  at  your  service. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

attorney2  (a-ter'ni),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
atturney,  <  ME.  atorne,  <  OF.  attornee,  atournee, 
prop.  rem.  pp.  (ML.  "attornata)  of  atourner, 
atturn:  see  attorn,  and  cf.  attorney*-.]  The 
appointment  of  another  to  act  in  one's  stead; 

the  ad  of  naming  an  attorney:  now  used  only 
in  the  following  phrase.  Letter,  warrant,  or 
power  of  attorney,  an  instrument  by  which  one  per 
son  authorizes  another  tn  do  Bomi  act  or  arts  [or  him, 
as  to  execute  a  deed,  tn  collect  rents  or  debts,  tn  sell 
i   tab     ' ' 

attorney-general  (a-ter'ni-jen'e-ral),  «.;  pi. 
attorneys-general.    L<  attorney*  +  general,  a.\ 

1.  The  first  ministerial  law-officer  of  a  state. 
ii,  has  general  powers  to  act  in  ah  legal  proceedin  In 
which  the  state  IB  a  party,  and  is  regarded  as  the  official 

legal  adviser  of  the  executive.     In  England  the  attorney- 


attraction 

general  is  specially  appointed  by  letters  patent.  In  the 
i  nit  ed  state-  he  is  a  mi  mi"  i  ni  the  -  abinet  appointed  by 
the  President,  has  the  general  inana'.'i  mi  nt  of  i!n  depart 
mints  nt  justice  tin  "Helmut  the  country,  advises  the  Pres- 
ident and  departments  on  questiona  of  law,  ami  appears 
for  tin-  government  in  the  Supreme  Court  ami  Court  of 
Claims.  The  individual  States  "t  the  I  oion  also  have 
thi  ii  attorneys-general.    See  department. 

2.  In  England,  the  title  of  the  king's  i  or  queen's) 
attorney  in  the  duchies  of  Lancaster  and  t  'urn- 
wall  and  the  county  palatine  of  Durham.  .V. 
E.  I). — 3.  Formerly,  an  attorney  having  gen- 
eral authority  from  his  principal. 

attorney-generalship  (a-ter'ni-jen"e-ral-ship), 
n.  [<  attorney-general  +  -ship.]  The  office  of 
or  term  nt  service  as  attorney-general. 

attorneyism  (a-ter'ni-izm),  «.  [<  attorney1  + 
-ism.]  The  practices  of  attorneys;  the  unscru- 
pulous practices  frequently  attributed  to  attor- 
neys or  lawyers.  Carlyle. 
attorneyship  (a-ter'ni-ship),  ».  [<  attorney*  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  an  attornej .  or  the  period 
during  which  the  office  is  held;  agency  for 
another. 

Marriage  is  a  matter  of  more  worth 
Than  to  be  dealt  in  by  attorneyship. 

Shak.,1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  s. 

attornment  (a-tern'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  attorne- 
ment  (ML.  atiornamenium),  <  attomer:  see  at- 
torn and  -mint.]  In  old  Eng.  lair,  the  act  of 
a  feudatory,  vassal,  or  tenant,  by  which  he  con- 
sented, upon  the  alienation  of  an  estate,  to  re- 
ceive a  new  lord  or  superior,  ami  transferred 
to  him  his  homage  and  service  :  the  agreement 
of  a  tenant  to  acknowledge  as  his  landlord  one 
who  was  not  originally  such,  but  claimed  to 
have  become  such. 

The  necessity  for  attornment  was  done  away  with  by 
4  Anne,  e.  lti.   '  Digby,  Real  Prop.,  v.  s  3,  2-J7.    (A.  E.  I>.) 

attour1,  prep,  and  adv.    See  atour*. 
attour-t,  atour-t,  »•    [ME.,  also  aturn,  <  OF. 

atiiur,  older  form  atourn,  aturn,  dress,  attire,  < 
atourner,  atorner,  turn,  prepare,  same  as  aiwnej-, 
attorn:  see  attorn.]  Attire;  dress;  specifi- 
cally, head-dress:  as,  "her  rich  attour,"  Hum. 
of  the  Rose,  1.3718. 

attract  (a-trakf),  v.  [<  L.  attractus,  pp.  of 
attraltere,' drsiv?  to,  attract.  <  ad,  to,  +  train  re, 
draw:  see  tract1.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  draw  in, 
to,  or  toward  by  direct  mechanical  agency  in- 
action of  any  kind. —  2.  To  draw  to  or  toward 
(itself)  by  inherent  physical  force;  cause  to 
gravitate  toward  or  cohere  w  itli. 

It  is  a  universal  physical  law  that  every  particle  of  the 

universe  attracts  every  other  particle  with  a  certain  force, 

II*.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  21. 

3.  To  draw  by  other  than  physical  influence; 
invite  or  allure;  win:  as,  to  attract  attention; 
to  attract  admirers. 

Adorn'd 
she  was  indeed,  ami  lovely,  tn  attract 
Thy  love.  V.7/m».  I".  I...  x.  162. 

At  sea,  everything  that  breaks  the  monotony  of  the  sur- 
rounding expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  19. 
-Syn.  3.  To  entice,  fascinate,  charm. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  possess  or  exert  the  power 
of  attraction:  as,  it  is  a  property  of  matter  to 
attract. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  be  attractive  or 
winning:  as,  his  manners  are  calculated  to  at- 
tract. 
attractt  (a-trakf),  it.  [<  attract,  v.]  Attrac- 
tion; in  plural,  attractive  qualities;  charms, 
what  magical  attracts  anil  maris ' 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  i.  1037. 
attractability  (a-trak-ta-iiiri-ti),  n.   [< attract- 
able:  see  -iniiii/.}     Tlie  quality  of  being  at- 
tractable, or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  ul' at- 
traction. 

Thou  wilt  not  liml  a  corpuscle  destitute  of  thai  natural 
attractability.     Sir  W.  Jones,  Asiatic  Researches,  IV.  178. 

attractable  (a-trak'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attract  + 
-able]  Capable  of  being  attracted;  subject  In 
attraction. 

attracter  (a-trak'ter),  «.     One  who  or  that 

which  attracts.      Also  spelled  altraclor. 

attractict,  attracticalt  (a-trak'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 

[<  attract  +  -ii-,  -ical.]  Having  power  tn  at- 
tract ;  attractive. 

Some  stums  arc  endued  with  an  electrical  ni-  attractical 
virtue.  Ray,  WorksofCreal (1714),  p.  '.».:. 

attractile  (a-trak'til),  '/.     f<  a/tract  +  -ilc] 

Having  Hie  power  to  attract  ;  attractive. 
attractingly  (a-trak'ting-li),  adv.     By  way  of 

a  i  tract  inn  ;   BO  as  to  all  ract. 

attraction  (a-trak ' shon),  n.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tion, <  Li.  a'tlrartiti(U'\,  <  altralurr.  attract: 
see  attract.]  1.  The  tut,  power,  or  property 
of  attracting.  Specifically  (a)  In  phys.,  tin-  force 
through  which  particles  of  matter  are  attracted  or  drawn 
toward  one  another;  a  component  acceleration  of  particles 


attraction 

toward  one  another,  according  bo  their  distance,  such  at- 
ti;i<  tion  la  a  mutual  action  which  in  some  form  all  bodies, 

whether  at  rest  or  inn  mi  inn,  exerl  upou  om  i ther,   The 

attractive  force  with  which  the  atoms  of  different  bodies 
in  certain  cases  tend  to  unite,  so  as  to  form  a  new  body  or 
bodies,  is  called  chemical  affinity;  that  which  binds  to- 
gether the  molecules  of  tht  same  body  is  called  coh\  —  . 
those  ol  different  bodies,  adhesion.  Connected  with  the 
last  named  forces  is  capillary  attraction,  by  which  liquids 
tend  to  rise  in  Mm-  tubes  or  small  interstices  of  porous 
bodies.  In  all  the  cases  mentioned  the  forces  act  only 
through  very  Binall  distances.  When  bodies  tend  to  come 
together  from  sensible  distances,  the  acceleration  being 
inversely  as  the  Bquare  of  the  distance,  and  the  force  pro- 
portional to  the  mass,  the  attraction  ta  called  gravitation, 
as  when  tin-  earth  attracts  and  is  attracted  liy  a  falling 
body,  or  attracts  and  is  attracted  by  the  moon,  etc;  or 
magnetism,  W  when  everted  between  tlie  unlike  poles  of 
a  magnet  ,  or  electricity,  as  when  dissimilarly  electrified 
bodies  attract  one  another.  See  capillary,  chemical, 
cohesion,  i  lectricity,  gravitation,  magnetism.  {>>)  The 
power  or  act  of  alluring,  winning,  or  engaging;  allure- 
ment ;  enticement  :  as,  the  attraction  of  beauty  or  elo- 
quence. 

Setting  the  attraction  of  my  g l  parts  aside,  I  have  no 

other  charms.  Shak.,  M.  \\ .  of  W  .,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  attracts  feeling  or  desire;  a 
charm ;  an  allurement. 

She,  questionless,  with  her  sweet  harmonj , 
And  other  chosen  attractions,  would  allure. 

Shah.,  Pericles,  v.  1. 
It  is  probable  that  pollen  was  aboriginally  the  sole  at- 
traction tO  insects. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  402. 

Center  of  attraction.  See  rente,-.-  Heterogeneous 
attraction,  see  heterogeneous.— Molecular  attrac- 
tion. See  molecular.  =  Syn.  2.  Attractiveness,  fascina- 
tion, enticement. 

attractionally  (a-trak'shpn-al-i),  adr.  By 
means  of  attraction. 

The  advance  and  retreat  of  the  water  react  aft  met  tonally 
upon  the  plummet  in  a  very  marked  degree. 

TheAmerican,  VI,  172. 

attractive  (a-trak'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tij\  -ive,  =  It.  attrattwOj  <  L.  as  if  *attractivus : 
see  attract  ami  -tee.]  I.  a.  If.  Having  the 
power  or  faculty  of  drawing  in,  to,  or  toward 
by  mechanical  agency  or  action. —  2.  Having 
the  quality  of  attracting  by  inherent  force; 
causing  to  gravitate  to  or  toward:  as,  the  at- 
tractive force  of  bodies. 

A  repulsive  force  is  positive;  an  attractive,  which  di- 
minishes the  distance  between  two  masses,  is  negative. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  PhyBtcs,  p.  168. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  charming  or  alluring 
by  agreeable  qualities;  inviting;  engaging;  en- 
ticing. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valour  form'd, 
For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace. 

Milt>n,,  P.  L.,  iv.  298. 
For  hers  was  one  of  those  attractive  faces, 
That  when  you  gaze  upon  them,  never  fail 
To  bid  you  look  again.  Halleck,  Fanny. 

II. t  »•  That  which  draws  or  incites;  allure- 
ment ;  charm. 

The  dressing 
Is  a  must  main  attractive. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
The  gospel  speaks  nothing  but  attractive^  and  invita- 
tion. South,  Sermons. 

attractively  (a-trak'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  attrac- 
tive manner;  with  the  power  of  attracting  or 
drawing  to;  as,  to  smile  attractivt  ly. 

attractiveness  (a-trak'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 

The  same  attractiveness  in  riches. 

South,  Sermons,  VII.  xiv. 

attractivity  (a-trak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  attractive  + 
-/<//.]     Attractive  power  or  influence. 

attractor,  ».    See  attracter, 

attrahens  (at'ra-henz),  ppr.,  used  also  as  ».; 
pi.  attrahentes (at-ra-heii'tez).  [NL.,  <  L.  attra- 
h< us,  ppr. :  see  attrdhent.]  In  anal.,  drawing 
forward,  or  that  which  draws  forward;  attra- 
hent:   the  opposite  of  retrahens.    Chiefly  in  the 

phrase  attrahcn.s  aurnn,  the  name  of  a  small  muscle  whose 
action  tends  to  draw  the  ear  forward. 

attrahent  (at'ra-hent),  a.  and  ?*.  [<  L.  attra- 
hen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  attrahere,  attract:  see  (((tract.'] 
I.  a.  1.  Drawing  to;  attracting. — 2.  In  anat., 
same  as  attrahens. 

II.  ».  If.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts, 
as  a  magnet.  Glanville. —  2.  In  med.,  an  ap- 
plication that  attracts  fluids  to  the  part  where 
it  is  applied,  as  a  blister  or  a  rubefacient;  an 
epi  spastic. 

attrahentes,  »-    Plural  of  attrahens. 

attrapM  (a-trap'),  v.  t.  [<  K.  attraper,  OF.  atra- 
prr,  trap,  insnare,  <  a  (<  L.  ml)  +  trappe,  trap: 
see  trap*-.]     To  insnare. 

He  [Richard  III.]  was  not  at  trapped  either  with  net  or 
snare.  Grafton,  Hen.  \  II.,  an.  17. 

attrap-t  (a-trap'),  v.  t.    [<  a«-2  +  taps,  v.]    To 

furuish  with  trappings  ;  deck. 


375 

For  all  his  armour  was  like  salvage  weed 
With  wood]  mosse  bedight,  and  all  his  steed 
With  oaken  leaves  attrapt. 

Spenser,  V.  *-}.,  J\ ,  ii    Sfl 

attrectationt  (at-rek-ta'shon),  n.  [<  lt.attrec- 
tatio(n-).  <  attrectare,  handle,  pp.  attrectatusf  < 
ad,  to,  +  tractarej  handle,  freq.  of  traherei  pp. 
tract  as,  draw.  <  T.  attract.]  A  touching;  a  han- 
dling; frequent  manipulation. 

attributable  (a-trib'u-ta-bl),  a.  [<  attribute  + 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  or  liable  fco  be  as- 
cribed, imputed,  or  attributed :  ascribable;  im- 
putable:  as,  the  fault,  is  not  attributable  to  the 

author. 

Hibernation,  although  a  result  of  cold,  is  not  its  imme- 
diate consequence,  but  is  attributable  to  that  deprivation 

Of  food  and  other  essentials  w  hieh  extreme  cold  occasions. 
Sir  J.  E.  Tennent,  Ceylon,  ii.  4. 

attribute  (a-trib'u1  I,  w.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attrib- 
uted, ppr.  attributing*  li  Ij.  attributus}  pp.  of 
attribuere,  assign,  <  ad,  to,  +  tribuere,  give,  as- 
sign, bestow:  see  tribute.']  To  ascribe;  im- 
pute; consider  as  belonging  or  as  due;  assign. 

The  merit  of  service  is  Beldom  attributed  to  the  true 
and  exact  performer.  Shale,  All's  Well,  iii.  6. 

Narrow  views  of  religion  tend  to  attribute  to  God  an  ar- 
bitrary and  capricious  action,  not  in  harmony  with  either 
science  or  the  Bible.      Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  12. 

Me  does  not  hesitate  to  attribute  the  disease  from  which 
they  suffered  to  those  depressing  moral  influences  to  which 
they  were  subjected.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  2. 

The  burning  of  New  York  was  generally  attributed  to 
New  England  incendiaries.    Lecky,  Bng.  in  18th Cent.,  \iv. 

=  Syn.  Attribute,  Ascribe,  Refer,  Impute,  Charge,  have 
two  meanings  in  common :  they  may  assign  some  attribute, 
quality,  or  appurtenance  to  a  person  or  thing,  or  they  may 
connect  different  things,  as  an  effect  with  its  cause.  Refer 
is  the  weakest.  Attribute  is  stronger  :  as,  to  attribute  om- 
niscience to  God;  to  attribute  failure  to  incompetence. 
Ascribe,  being  most  manifestly  figurative,  is  the  strong)  t 
and  most  common  ;  it  is  rarely  used  in  a  had  sense.  That 
which  is  imputed  in  the  first  sense  named  is  generally  but 
not  always  had:  as,  to  impute  folly  to  a  man.  To  impute 
anything  good  seems  an  archaic  mode  of  expression.  1  m- 
pute  is  not  very  common  in  the  second  sense:  as,  to  im- 
pute one's  troubles  to  one's  follies.  The  theological  mean- 
ing of  impute,  that  of  laying  to  a  person's  account  some- 
thing good  or  had  that  does  not  belong  to  him,  has  affected 
hut  little  the  popular  use  of  the  word.  That  which  is 
charged,  in  either  of  the  senses  named,  is  bad:  as,  "  His 
angels  he  charged  with  folly,"  Job  iv.  is;  I  charged  it  to 
their  youth  and  inexperience.  The  word  is  a  strong  one, 
on  account  of  its  connection  with  legal  processes,  etc. 

The  singular  excellence  to  which  eloquence  attained  at 
Athens  is  to  be  mainly  attributed  to  the  influence  which 
it  exerted  there.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

I  have  never  yet  encountered  that  bitter  spirit  of  big- 
otry which  is  so  frequently  ascribed  to  Mohammedans. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  24. 

The  salts,  predominant  in  quick  lime,  we  refer  rather 
to  lixiviate  than  acid.  Boyle,  Colours. 

I  desire  that  what  I  have  said  may  not  be  imputed  to 
the  colonies.  I  am  a  private  person,  and  do  not  write  by 
their  direction.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  387. 

What  you  have  chary  d  me  with,  that  have  I  done, 
And  more,  much  more.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

attribute  (at'ri-but),  n.  [<  L.  attiributum,  pred- 
icate, attribute,  lit.  what  is  ascribed,  neut.  of 
attributuSj  pp.  of  attribuere,  ascribe,  attribute: 
seeaftrihuii;  v.]  1.  In  logic,  that  which  is  pred- 
icated or  affirmed  of  a  subject;  a  predicate  ;  an 
accident. 

A  predicate,  the  exact  limits  of  which  are  not  deter- 
mined, cannot  be  used  to  define  and  determine  a  subject. 
It  may  be  called  an  attribute,  and  conveys  not  the  whole 
nature  of  the  subject,  but  some  one  quality  belonging  to  it. 

Alip.  Tfa<ius«i>,  Laws  of  Thought,  p.  120. 
The  term  attribute  simply  directs  the  attention  to  the 
fact  that  we  attribute  to,  or  affirm  uf,  a  being  something 
that  we  distinguish  from  itself. 

.V.   Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  642. 

2.  A  character  inseparable  from  its  subject. 

By  this  word  attribute  is  meant  something  which  is  im- 
movable and  inseparable  from  the  essence  of  its  subject. 
as  that  which  constitutes  it,  and  which  is  thus  opposed  to 
mode.  Descartes. 

Some  necessary  marks  belong  to  things  as  reasons  of 
other  marks  of  the  same  things,  others  as  consequences 
of  other  marks.  .  .  .  The  latter  are  called  attributes. 

Kant. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  distinguishing  mark;  es- 
pecially, an  excellent  or  lofty  quality  or  trait: 
as,  wisdom  and  goodness  are  his  attributes. 

Serv.  .  .  .  with  him  the  mortal  Venus,  the  heart-blood 
of  beauty,  love's  invisible  soul. 

Pan.   Who,  my  cousin  Cressida? 

Serv.  No,  sir,  Helen :  could  you  not  find  out  that  by  her 
attributes?  Shak.,  T.  and  <_'.,  iii.  1. 

The  term  attribute  is  a  word  properly  convertible  with 
quality,  for  every  quality  is  an  attribute,  and  every  attri- 
bute is  a  quality;  hut  custom  has  introduced  a  certain 
distinction  in  their  application.  Attribute  is  considered 
as  a  word  of  loftier  significance,  and  is,  therefore,  con- 
ventionally limited  to  qualities  of  a  higher  application. 
Thus,  for  example,  it  would  be  felt  as  indecorous  to  speak 
of  the  qualities  of  God,  and  as  ridiculous  to  talk  of  the 
attributes  of  matter.       Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  I.  151. 


attrition 

4.  In  thefine  <>r/s,  a  Bymbol  of  office,  character, 
or  personality :  tnus,  the  eagle  is  fche  attributt 
of  Jupiter. 
The  ladder  is  a  striking  attribute  for  the  patrian  hJa 

and  the  harp  tor  Kin-   David.  Fairholt, 

Persephone  is  recognised  by  the  lofty  modius,  or  corn 

measure,    on    her    head,    the    attribute    of    the    <  lit  I lan 

deities.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archffiol.,  p.  -7 

5f.   Reputation  ;  honor. 

Much  attribute  he  hath;  and  much  the  reason 
Why  We  ascribe  it  to  him.        Shak.,  I .  and  < '.,  ii.  z. 

6.   In  grant.,  :in   attributive   word;  a  word  de- 
noting  an  attribute.    Symbolical  attributes. 
symbolical.  =Syn.  1-3.  Property,  Characteristic,  etc.    Si  e 
quality. 

attribution  (at-ri-bu'shpn),  n.  [=P.  attribu- 
tion, <  L.  attribi(ti<>(ti-),  <  attribuere,  attribute: 

see  attributt ,  r.]  1.  Tin-  net  of  utt  rilmt  iiitf,  in 
any  sense;  ascription. 

His  [God's]  relative  personally  ia  shadowed  forth  by  the 
attribution,  to  him  of  love,  anger,  and  other  human  feel- 
ings and  sentiments.  Dawson,  i  trig,  of  World,  p.  12. 

2.  That  which  is  ascribed;  attribute. 

1 1    peaking  truth, 
In  tliis  fine  age,  were  not  thought  flattery, 
Such  attribution  should  the  Douglas  have, 

As  not  a  soldier  of  this  season's  stamp 

Should  go  so  general  current  through  the  world. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Authority  or  function  granted,  as  to  a  ruler, 
minister,  or  court. 

It  is  not  desirable  that  to  the  ever-growing  attributions 

of  the  government  so  delicate  a  function  should  be  super- 
added. ./.  S.  Mill. 

attributive  (a-trib'u-tiv),  «.  and  n.  [=  F. 
attributif.  <  L.  as  if  *attributivusi  <  attribuere: 
see  attribute,]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  attribution:  as,  the  attrib- 
utive use  or  relation  of  certain  words;  attrib- 
tttire  qualities  or  insignia;  an  attributive  judg- 
ment (in  logic). —  2.  In  gram.,  pertaining  to  or 
expressing  an  attribute;  used  (as  a  word)  in 
direct  description  without  predication:  as,  a 
bad  pen,  a  burning  house,  a  ruined  man.  An  at- 
tributive word  is  to  be  distinguished  from  a  predicative  . 
as,  the  pen  is  bad;  the  manis  ruined;  and  from  an  apposi- 
tire:  as,  the  pen,  bad  as  it  is,  might  he  worse;  this  man, 
ruined  by  another's  misconduct,  is  in  misery.  All  adjective 
words,  as  proper  adjectives,  adjective  pronouns,  and 
participles,  may  be  used  attributively;  also  nouns:  us.  a 
pine  table;  &  gold  ring;  my  hunter  friend;  the  young  rot- 
rfi'er-boy.  The  relation  of  an  adverb  to  the  adjective  qual- 
ified by  it  is  also  by  some  called  attributive. 

II.  n.  In  gram.,  a  word  expressing  an  at- 
tribute; an  adjective,  or  a  phrase  or  clause 
performing  the  function  of  an  adjective,  which 
describes  a  noun  without  being  part  of  the  as- 
sertion or  predication  made  about  it. 

attributively  (a-trib'u-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  at- 
tributive manner;  specifically,  in  gram.,  as 
attribute  or  attributive;  in  direct  ascription  of 
quality  or  circumstance  without  predication. 

attristt  (a-trist'),  r.  t.  [<  F.  attrister,  sadden, 
<  a  (<  L.  ad.  to)  +  triste,  <  L.  tristiSj  sad.]  To 
grieve ;  sadden. 

How  then  could  I  write  when  it  was  impossible  but  to 
attrist  you  I  when  I  could  speak  of  nothing  but  unparal- 
leled horrors.  Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  525. 

attrite  (a-trit'),  a.  [<  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  at- 
terere,  rub  away,  wear,  <  ad,  to,  +  tercre,  rub: 
see  trite.]  It.  Worn  by  rubbing  or  friction. 
Milton. —  2.  In  theol.,  imperfectly  contrite  or 
repentant.      See  attrition.  3. 

He  that  was  attrite  being,  by  virtue  of  this  [the  priest's] 
absolution,  made  contrite  ami  justified. 

Abp.  ttssher,  Ana.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attritenesst  (a-trit'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
attrite  ;  the  state  of  being  much  worn. 

attrition  fa-trish'on),  n.  [=F.  attrition,  <  LL. 
attritio(ri-),  a  rubbing,  <  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  atte- 
erfr,  nili:  see  attrite.]  1.  The  rubbing  of  one 
thing  against  another;  mutual  friction :  as.  the 
abrasion  of  coins  by  attrition. —  2,  The  act  of 
wearing  away  by  rubbing  ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  down  or  smoothed  by  friction  ;  abrasion. 

The  change  of  the  aliment  is  effected  bj  the  attrition  of 
the  inward  Btomach  and  dissolvent  liquor  assisted  with 
heat.  Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

These  were  people  trained  by  attrition  with  many  influ- 
ences. E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  i;ates,  p.  119. 

3.  In  theol.j  imperfect  contrition  or  repentance, 
with  real  detestation  of  sin,  and  a  true  purpose 
of  amendment,  arising  from  those  supernatural 
motives  of  faith  which  are  lower  than  charity, 
or  the  true  love  of  God  for  his  own  infinite  per- 
fections. Such  motives  are  a  love  of  justice  for  its  own 
sake,  the  intrinsic  shaincfulm-ss  of  sin,  the  fear  of  divine 
punishment,  etc  Attrition  remits  sin  only  when  comple- 
mented by  the  mace  conferred  through  sacramental  abso- 
lution.   See  contrition. 


attrition 

Attrition  by  virtue  of  the  to  \  a  is  made  contrition. 

t.tii,  it.  ii  in    ;       !  Ins.  to  a  J*  -nit .  v. 

attrition-mill  (a-trish'pn-mil),  ».  A  mill. 
usually  centrifugal,  in  winch  grain  is  pulver- 
ized by  the  mutual  attrition  of  iis  particles, 
iiinl  by  Motional  contacl  with  the  sides. 

attritUS  (a-tri'tus),  u.  [L.,  a  rubbing  on,  an 
inflammation  caused  by  rubbing,  <  attritus,  pp. 
of  atteren  Bee  attrite.  For  the  sense  here 
given,  cf.  d<  tritus.  ]  Matter  reduced  to  powder 
by  attrition.     Carlyle. 

attryt,  "•    See  attery. 

attune  (a-tun'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  attuned,  ppr, 
attuning".  [<  at-2  +  tune,  q.  v.]  1.  To 'tune  or 
put  in  tunc;  adjust  toharmony  of  sound;  make 
accordant:  as.  to  attune  the  voice  to  a  harp. 

And  tongues,  att„n,;i  to  curses,  roar'd  applause. 

Che  Borough. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  arrange  fitly;  make  accor- 
dant; bring  into  harmony:  as.  to  attune  our 
aims  to  the  divine  will. 

The  landscape  around  .  .  .  was  cue  to  attune  their 
souls  to  holy  musings.  Hyperion,  iv.  5. 

Though  in \  ear  was  attunt  d,  the  songster  was  tardy. 

The  Century,  XX\  II.  77G. 

3.  To  make  musical.     [Bare.] 

\  erna]  airs. 
Breathing  the  smell  of  field  and  grove,  attune 
The  t.    mbling  leaves.  Milton,  P.  I..,  iv.  265. 

attune  (a-tun'),  n.     [<  attune,  v.]    Harmony  of 

sounds ;  accord.    Mrs.  Browning. 
attunement(a-tun'ment),  n.   [< attune  +  -merit.] 

The  act  of  attuning.  "  [Bare.] 
atturnt,  ».    Ail  obsolete  spelling  of  attorn. 
atturneyt,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorney. 
Attus  (at'us),  «.     [XL. ;  cf.  Atta.]    1.  A  gemis 

of  spiders,  typical  of  the  family  Attidm. —  2.  A 

genus  of  hemipterous  insects. 
attypic,  attypical  (a-tip'ik,  -i-kal),  a.    [<  at-- 

+  typic,  -al.]     in  zobl.,  of  the  particular  char- 
r  acquired,  or  in  process  of  acquisition,  by 

specialization,  from  a  more  generalized  type, 

as  from  a  prototype  or  archetype :  opposed  to 

etypical. 

Attypical  characters  are  those  to  the  acquisition  of 
win,  h,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  we  find  that  forms,  in  their 
journey  to  a  specialized  condition,  tend. 

Gill,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XX.  293. 

attypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  attypic 
manner. 

atumble  (a-tum'bl),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<«3  + 
tumble.']     In  a  tumbling  condition. 

-atus1.  [L.  -atus,  fern,  -ata,  neut.  -dtuni  :  see 
-at'1.]  A  Latin  termination,  the  original  of 
-ati  i.  -at,  -',  -ode1,  -ee1,  etc.,  the  suffix  of  perfect 
participles  of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  and 
of  adjectives  similarly  formed.  It  occurs  fre- 
quently in  New  Latin  specific  names  in  botany, 
zoology,  etc. 

-atus-.  [L.  -atus  (-alu-),  in  nouns  of  the  4th  de- 
clension, <  -at-,  pp.  stein  (>co  -atus1),  +  stem 
vowel  -u-.  The  Eng.  form  of  this  suffix  is  -ate: 
see  -ate3.]  A  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  many 
of  winch  have  I u  adopted  unaltered  in  Eng- 
lish, as  apparatus,  afflatus,  flatus,  etc.     such 

nouns,  if  thej   have  a  plural,  retain  the  Latin  form  (L. 
tpparatue,  or,  rarely,  take  an  English  plural,  as 

atwaint    (a-twan'),   adv.     [<    ME.    atwayne, 

a  tie,  ,i,ii  ;  '<  ,,'■'■  +  twain.  Cf.  atwin  and  atlOO.] 
In  twain;  asunder. 

\  tickle  maid  full  pale, 
breaking  rings  ./  twain, 
st. .rutin-  her  world  with  sorrow  s  wind  and  ram, 

Shak.,  Lover's  C plaint,  1.  6. 

atweel  (at-wel').  [Sc,  appar.  contr.  from  I 
weeU  I  know  well:  wat  =  E.  wot;  «■<■<■/ =  E. 
|    1  wot  well.     [Scotch.] 

Atweel  I  would  lain  tell  him.      Scott,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

atween    (a-twen'),   prep,   and  adv.     [<  ME. 
'  ain; ,  iii  .  a  r  -tween,  equiv.  to  between, 

q.  v.]      Between;   in   or  into  an  intervening 

space,     [mm  English  and  Scotch. ] 

But  I .  II  aware,  his  rage  r>  ward 

Did  i  d  atwei  w 

■  r,  1'.  Q.,  VI.  xii.  30. 

atwint, '"''••     [ME.,  also  atwinne;  <  a^  +  twin. 

( 'f.  ain  am.  I     Apart ;  asunder. 

Thy  wif  and  thou  ni  >  i  hang*  n  tt  r  a  tu 

Chaua  r,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  403. 

atwirl  (a-twerl'  I,  prep.  phr.  as  mlr.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  twirl.  |     In  a  t  uiri :  t  n  irling. 

i .  .  .■!;.  i lole 
loor  with  her  w  in  el 
Whiitu  i    1 1"   W  reck  ol  Etivermouth. 

atwist   ■■<  twist'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a'-' 

+  tuist.  a. \   Awry;  distorted  ;  tangled.    [Rare.] 

atwitet, '■. '.    [ Daily  mod.  E. also attwite, <  ME. 

at, ni,  n,  /  AS.  a  twitan,  <  ><7,  at,  +  intan,  blame  : 


Atyfus  sutecri.  (Vertical  line 
shows  natural  size.  J 


376 

see   Kile.     I  lei by  apheresis  mod.  E.  twit.] 

To  blame ;  reproach  :  i  wit . 
atwitter  (a-twit'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 

[<  a3  +  twitter.']     In  a  twitter, 
atwixt,  atwixent,  atwixtt,  prep.     [ME.  afcefa, 

atiri.ii  a,  atwixe,  atwixt,  etc.;  <  o-  +  -tiri.eeu,  twixt  ; 

equiv.  to  &<  twixen,  betwixt,  q.  v.]    Betwixt;  be- 

t  Ween. 

Atwixcn  senile  and  see.  Chauc, ,,  Iroilus,  v.  886. 

atwot,  '"'''.     LME.,  <  AS.  ore  twil,  on  ir< :  see  a3 

and  too.]      In  two. 

An  axe  te  smite  the  cord  atwo. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Talc,  1.  383. 

Atwood's  machine.    See  machine. 

atypic  (a-tip'ik),  a.  [<  Or.  arwof,  conforming 
to  no  distinct  type  (of  illness)  (<  a-  priv.  + 
rinrof,  type),  4-  -ie:  see  0-18  and  typic.]  1. 
Having  no  distinct  typical  character;  not  typi- 
cal; not  conformable  to  the  type. —  2.  Produ- 
cing a  loss  of  typical 
characters.     Dana. 

atypical  (a-tdp'i-kal),  a. 

[<  ati/jiic  +  -al.]     Same 

as  atypic. 

atypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i), 
mlr.  In  an  atypic  man- 
ner. 

Atypinse  (at-i-pi'ne),  re. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Atypus,  1,  + 
-/«<('.]  A  subfamily  of 
Theraphosida  or  Myya- 
lii/a-  distinguished  by  the 
development  of  six  spin- 
ners, typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Atypus. 

Atypus  (at'i-pus),  re. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  rmmoc,  con- 
forming to  no  distinct 
type,  <  d-  priv.  +  Ti'7roc, 
type:  see  tyjic.]  1.  A  genus  of  spiders,  of  the 
family  Theraphosidec  or  ilyijeilkla;  having  six 
arachnidial  mammillae  or  spinnerets.  A.  piceus 
is  a  European  species  which  digs  a  hole  in  the  ground  and 
lines  it  with  silk.  The  genus  with  some  authors  gives 
name  to  a  subfamily  Atypince. 
2.  A  genus  of  fishes,  now  called  Atypichthys. 
Giinther,  1860. 

au1.  [<  ME.  an,  aw.  or  a  before  a  guttural,  nasal, 
or  I  (ag,  all,  al  (aul),  etc.),  of  AS.  or  OF.  or  L. 
origin.]  A  common  English  digraph  repre- 
senting generally  the  sound  of  "broad  a"  (a), 
but  often  also  a.  It  occurs  only  exceptionally,  and  by 
conformation  with  Romanic  analogies,  in  words  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  as  in  aught,  taught,  daughter,  haulm  -luitm, 
ba«Zi=6a(4  (and  formerly  as  a  variant,  medially,  with  aw, 
as  in  haul,  lunik,  etc.,  for  bawl,  hawk,  etc.).  In  words  of 
I  Hd  French  (and  ultimately  Latin)  origin  it  represents  an 
original  al,  now  sometimes  aid  as  in  fault,  asswuU,  etc., 
or  a  before  a  nasal,  as  in  aunt,  luntiich,  launch,  etc.  (but 
in  most  such  words  now  usually  simplified  to  a,  as  in 
grand,  grant,  In  nee,  etc.).  It  is  frequently  ol  Latin  origin. 
as  in  a  a  it  it,  cause,  tun,  I,  etc.,  or  of  Greek  origin,  as  iii  caus- 
tic. In  words  from  recent  French  it  may  have  the  present 
F.  sound  (6)  as  in  hauteur,  au/ait,  etc.  In  words  of  Ger- 
man and  usually  of  other  foreign  origin,  it  has  its  analyti- 
cal value  (a -)-  u),  corresponding  to  English  em  in  eour,  as 
in  sauerkraut,  ablaut,  umlaut.     Formerly  an  and  air  were 

used  al st  indifferently;  but  now  au  is  never  final  in 

English  words,  while  me  is  rarely  medial,  except  in  a  few 
familiar  words,  as  in  hawk,  bawl,  but  regularly  final,  as  in 

line,  sine,  elme,  etc.     See  aw. 

au'2  (d).  [P.,  <  OF.  au,  o,  ou,  earlier  al,  contr. 
of  a  l<:  =  Sp.  Pg.  al  =  It.  all,  alio,  <  L.  o<(  ilium 
(m.)  or  ad  Mud  (neut.):  ad,  to,  with  ace.  of 
die,  that,  in  Rom.  the  def.  art.  'the.'  The  cor- 
resp.  fern,  is  it  In.  q.  v.]  To  the;  at  the;  with 
the:  the  dative  of  the  French  definite  article. 
occurring  in  some  phrases  frequently  used  in 
English,  as  aufait,  aufond,  au  revoir,  etc. 

Au.    The  chemical  symbol  of  gold  (L.,  auriim). 

aubade  (6-bad'),  ».  [F.,  <  aube,  dawn  (<  L.  alha, 
fern,  of  aiiiiis,  white;  cf.  aube  =  atifl  ),  after  Sp. 
alini, la,  aubade,  (.alba,  dawn:  see  alb1.]    1.  In 

troubadour  and  similar  music,  a  song  or  piece 
to  be  performed  in  the  open  ail  in  the  early 
morning,  usually  addressed  to  some  special 
person;  a  musical  announcement,  of  dawn. 
See  serenade. 

There  he  lingered  till  the  crowing  COCk, 

in.    m.  i  r  iv i  the  farmyard  and  the  Bock, 

sang  his  aubade  w  itb  lusty  voice  and  clear. 

hongfeUOW,  Wayside  Inn.   laiiina  and  [i-inli.ird. 

2.  In  modern  music,  a  rarely  used  title  fur  a 
short  Lnstrumental  composition  in  lyric  style. 

aubain  (d  ban';  P.  pron.  6-ban'), ».  [F.,  <  ML. 
alha  nits,  an  alien,  <L.  alibi,  elsewhere,  +  -anus: 
see  alibi.]  A  non-naturalized  foreigner,  subject 
I.,  i  he  right  of  aubaine.     A.  /.'.  /'. 

aubaine  (6-ban'),  «.  [P.,  (aubain:  see  aubain.] 
Succession  to  the  goods  of  a  stranger  not  nat- 
uralized.   The  droit  d'aubaitnt  in  li wasarightof 

the  king  to  the  goods  of  au  alien  dying  within  his  realm. 


auction 

the  king  standing  in  the  place  of  the  heirs.  This  right 
was  abolished  in  1819. 

aubet,  "•  [F.,  <L.  alba,  alb:  see  alb1.']  Obso- 
lete form  of  <///d.     I'uih  >-. 

auberge  (a'berj;  P.  pron.  6-barzh'),  n.     [F.,  < 

OF.  alhenje  (=  I'r.  allure  =  Sp.  alturijui  =  It. 
all,,  ran,  an  inn),  earlier  helberge,  orig.  In  i  tu  nje, 
a  military  station,  <  11HU.  Iierlurac,  Ollli.  heri- 
Inrijn,  a  camp,  lodging,  G.  In  rbt  rije.  au  inn:  see 
harbinger  and  harbor1.]    An  inn.    Beau,  and  Fl. 

aubergine  (a'ber-jm;  F.  pron.  6-bar-zhen'),  ». 
[l'\,  dim.  of  auberge,  alhenje,  a  kind  of  peach,  < 
Sp.  alhi  reliiijn,  alherelinja  (=  Pg.  alperche),  a 
peach,  <  Ar.  nl,  the,  +  Sp.  /«  rsii/0,  prisco  =  Vg. 
pecego  =  F.  peche  l  >  E.  junehi),  <  L.  \„  rsicum  : 
see  peach1.  The  Sp.  forms  touch  those  of  apri- 
cot:  see  apricot.]  The  fruit  of  the  egg-plant, 
Salaniim  Melongena;  the  brinjal. 

aubergist,  aubergiste  (a'ber-jistj  F.  pron.  6- 
bar-zhest'),  n.  [<  F.  aubergiste,  inn-keeper,  < 
auberge:  see  auberge.]  The  keeper  of  an  au- 
berge; an  inn-keeper;  a  tavern-keeper ;  a,  land- 
lord or  landlady:  as,  "the  aubergiste  at  Terni," 
Smollett. 

aubin  (o-baii'),  re.  [F.,  <  OF.  haubin,  hobin,  an 
ambling  nag:  see  hobby.]  In  the  manege,  a 
kind  of  broken  gait,  between  an  amble  and  a 
gallop,  commonly  called  a  "Canterbury  gal- 
lop," and  accounted  a  defect. 

auburn  (a'bern),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  oti- 
born,  abourne  (also  abrown,  abroun,  abrune, 
simulating  brown),  <  ME.  aubitrnc,  awburne  (de- 
fined " citrinus,"  i.  e.,  citron-colored,  in  Prompt. 
I'arv.),  <  OF.  auborne,  alborne  =  It.  alburno, 
auburn,  <  ML.  alburnus,  whitish,  <  L.  alhus, 
white.  Cf.  alburn,  alburnum.]  I.  a.  Original- 
ly, whitish  or  flaxen-colored;  now,  reddish- 
brown  :  generally  applied  to  hair. 

That  whitish  colour  of  a  woman's  hair  called  an  aburn 
colour.  Florio. 

II.  n.  An  auburn  color. 

He's  white-haired, 
Net  wanton  white,  inn  such  a  manly  colour, 
Next  to  an  auburn. 
Fletcher  {an, I  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iv.  2. 

A.  U.  C.    Abbreviation  of  Latin  ab  urbe  condita 

or  anno  urhis  caiidittc  (which  see). 
Auchenia  (a-ke'ni-a),  n.     [NL.  (IHiger,  1811), 

<  Gr.  avx>/v,  neck:  in  allusion  to  the  long  neck 
of  the  llama.]  A  genus  of  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Cainclida:  representing  in  the  new  world 
the  camels  of  the  old,  but  having  no  hump. 
The  genus  includes  four  important  and  well-known  quad- 
rupeds indigenous  to  South  America,  namely,  the  llama 
(.1.  llii ma),  the  guanacol  A. huanaco),  thealpacaCA.  pecs), 
ami  the  vicugna  (.1.  vicugna).  The  second  of  these  is  by 
some  supposed  to  he  the  wild  stuck  of  the  llama,  which 
is  now  known  only  in  domestication.  See  cuts  under 
alpaca,  gwanaco,  llama,  ami  vicu  ma. 

auchenium  (a-ke'ni-um),  m.  ;  pi.  auchenia  (-ii). 
[  NL.,  <  Gr.  avxyv,  neck.]  In  nrnith.,  the  lower 
back  part  of  the  neck;  the  scruff  of  the  neck, 
just  below  the  nape.  Illiger;  SundevaU.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

Auchenorhynchi  (a-ke-no-ring'ki),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ai>x'/v,  neck.  +  />r;  \oe,  snout.]  A  group  of 
hemipterous  insects:  synonymous  with  Homop- 
tera. 

auchlet  (ach'let),  u.  [Sc,  <  aucht.  =  E.  eight, 
+  hit,  part.  Cf.  firlot.]  In  Scotland,  a  mea- 
sure equal  I  o  the  eight  h  part  of  a  boll. 

aucht1  (aclit ).  r.     Same  as  might-.     [Scotch.] 

aucht'2  (iieht),  «.  and  n.  Same  as  aughti. 
[Scotch.] 

au  courant  (6  ko-roit').  [F. :  an,  with  the  (see 
au-);  courant,  current  (sec  enuraiit.  current).] 
Literally,  in  the  current,  that  is.  of  events; 
well  informed  in  regard  to  any  event  or  subject. 

auctificialt,  "•    Same  as  auctive.    Coles. 

auction  (ak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  auctio(n-),  an  in- 
creasing, a  sale'  by  auction.  <  aiiat  n.  pp.  audits, 
in. -reuse,  =E.  eke,  r..  q.  v.]  If.  The  act  of  in- 
creasing;  increase;  growth.  Bailey. — 2.  A 
public  sale  in  which  each  bidder  offers  an  in- 
crease on  the  previous  bid,  the  highest  bidder 
becoming  the  purchaser.    Called  in  Scotland  a  roup. 

G is  may  be  said  to  he  Bold  i  ale  i  at  or  by  auction,  the 

formeruse  prevailing  in  the  United  states  and  the  latter 
in  Great  Britain. 

The  old  hooks  would  have  he.  n   worth  nothing  at  an 
auction.  Hawthorne,  old  .Manse,  I. 

3f.  Tho  property  or  goods  put   up  for  salo  at 

auction. 

Ask  \nil  wh>    I'hrvne  tin-  whole  unction  huys? 

I'lirvne  tin  .sees  a  general  i  Kcise 

];,/,,■,  Mural  Essays,  iii.  1  I'1. 

Auction  by  inch  of  candle,  an  old  method  of  selling 

l.\  auction,  still  siinni :s  practised,  in  which  a  small 

piece andle  is  llghti  d  al  (hi  begin g  of  a  sale,  and 

the  highest  bid  made  before  (he  wick  falls  is  successful.— 
Dutch  auction.    See  Dutch. 


auction 

auction  (ftk'shgn),  v.  t.     [<  auction,  n.  ]    To 

sell  by  auction  :  commonly  used  with  off. 

A  catalogue  deals  with  articles  to  be  auctioned. 

The  American,  VII.  134. 

auctionary  (ak'shgn-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  auctiona- 
rius,  <  niiciio(n-),  an  auction.  Of.  auctioneer.'] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  auction  or  public 
sale. 

With  auctionary  hammer  in  thy  hand. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  vii. 

auctioneer  (ak-shon-er'),  ».  [i  auction  +  -eer. 
Cf.  L.  auctionarius,   under  auctionary.']    One 

whose  business  is  to  offer  goods  or  property 
for  sale  by  auction ;  the  crier  who  calls  for 
bids  and  strikes  the  bargain  at  an  auction ;  a 
person  licensed  to  dispose  of  goods  or  property 
by  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 
auctioneer  (iik-shon-er'  ),)>.  t.  [(.auctioneer,  n.] 
To  sell  by  auction. 

Estates  are  landscapes,  gaz'd  upon  awhile, 
Then  advertis'd,  and  auctioneer  d  away. 

Coioper,  'task,  iii.  756. 

auction-pitch  (ak'shon-pitch),  n.     See  pitch^. 

auction-pool  (ak'shqn-pol),  n.  In  betting,  a 
pool  in  which  the  highest  bidder  has  the  first 
choice,  the  second,  third,  etc.,  choices  being 
then  sold,  and  the  remainder,  comprising  those 
most  unlikely  to  win,  being  "bunched"  and 
sold  as  "the  field,"  the  winner  taking  the  en- 
tire pool  thus  formed. 

auctivet  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  audits,  pp.  of  au- 
gere,  increase  (see  auction),  +  -ire.]  Increas- 
ing; serving  to  increase.     Coles,  1717. 

auctort,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

auctorial  (ak-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  auctor  (see 
author)  + -ial.  Cf.  authorial.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  author. 

There  is  more  than  people  think  in  the  gratifieati f 

the  auctorial  eye.  and  the  reflection  that  good  writing 
will  be  handsomely  plaeed  before  the  public. 

The  Century. 

auctourt,  "•  An  obsolete  form  of  author. 
Chaucer. 

aucuba  (a'ku-bii),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  Jap.  aoki, 
green,  +  ba  =  ha,  a  leaf.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  Aucuba. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cornacece,  consisting  of  six  spe- 
cies from  eastern  Asia.  They  are  branching  shrubs, 
with  smooth  opposite  leaves  and  small  unisexual  flowers. 
A.  Japonica  has  long  been  in  cultivation,  and  is  prized  for 
its  mass  of  glossy  leathery  gTeen  leaves,  mottled  with  yel- 
low, and  its  coral-red  berries. 

aucupate  (a'ku-pat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aucu- 
patcd,  ppr.  aueupating.  [<  L.  aucupatus,  pp.  of 
aucupari,  go  bird-catching,  <  auceps  (aucup-), 
a  bird-catcher,  contr.  of  *aviccps,  <  avis,  a  bird 
(see  Aves),  +  capcre,  take :  see  capable]  Liter- 
ally, to  go  bird-catching;  hence,  to  lie  in  wait 
for;  hunt  after;  gain  by  craft. 
To  aucupate  benefices  by  cajoling  the  Patrons. 

Gentleman's  Mag.,  CIV.  66.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

aucupationt  (a-ku-pa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aucupa- 
tio(n-),<.  aucupari:  see  aucupate.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  taking  birds;  fowling;  bird-catch- 
ing. Blount. —  2.  Hunting  in  general.  Bullokar. 

aud  (ad),  a.  [Cf.  aukl.]  A  dialectal  form  of 
old.     [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

audacious  (a-da'shus),  a.  [=  F.  audadeux,  < 
audace,  boldness,  <  L.  audacia,  boldness,  <  au- 
dax  (audac-),  bold,  <  audire,  be  bold,  dare.]  1. 
Bold  or  daring ;  spirited ;  adventurous ;  intrepid. 

She  that  shall  tie  my  wife,  must  be  accomplished  with 
courtly  and  audacious  ornaments. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  ii.  3. 
Her  sparkling  eyes  with  manly  vigour  shone, 
Big  was  her  voice,  audacious  was  her  tone. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Iphis  and  Ianthe. 

Since  the  day  when  Martin  Luther  posted  his  audacious 

heresies  on  the  church-door  at  Wittemberg,  a  great  change 

has  come  over  men's  minds.    J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  268. 

2.  Unrestrained  by  law,  religion,  or  propriety ; 
characterized  by  contempt  or  defiance  of  the 
principles  of  law  or  morality;  presumptuously 
wicked;  shameless;  insolent;  impudent:  as, 
an  audacious  traitor;  an  audacious  calumny; 
"  audacious  cruelty,"  Shah.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 
-Syn.  1.  Intrepid,  foolhardy,  rash.  — 2.  Shameless,  un- 
abashed,  presumptuous. 
audaciously  (a-da'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  auda- 
cious manner;  with  excess  of  boldness  or  in- 
solence. 

The  strongest,  the  best,  the  most  audaciously  indepen- 
dent of  us,  will  be  conscious,  as  age  assaults  us,  of  our 
weakness  and  helplessness. 

R.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  '260. 

audaciousness  (a-da'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  audacious;  boldness;  reckless  daring ; 
impudence ;  audacity. 

audacity  (a-das'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  audacities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  audacite,  <.  L.  as  if  *audaeita(t-)s,  bold- 


377 

ness,  <  audax  (audac-),  bold:  see  audacious.] 

1.  Boldness;  daring;  confidence;  intrepidity. 

The  freedom  and  audacity  necessary  in  tin-  eoi rce 

of  men.  Tatter, 

No  Homer  sang  these  Norse  sea-kings;  lint  Agamem- 
non's Was  a  small  audacity,  and  of  small  fruit  in  the 
world  to  some  of  them-  t"  Rolf's  of  Normandy  for  in- 
stance. Carlyle. 

2.  Reckless  daring;  venturesomeness. 

A  touch  of  audacity,  altogether  short  of  effrontery,  and 
far  less  approaching  to  vulgarity,  gave  as  it  were  a  wild- 
ness  to  all  that  she  did.  Scott,   the  Abbot,  iv. 

3.  Audaciousness;  presumptuous  impudence; 
effrontery:  in  a  bad  sense,  and  often  implying 
a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint :  as,  "ar- 
rogant audacity,"  Joye,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  vii. — 

4.  An  audacious  person  or  act.  [Rare.]  =  Syn.  2. 
Hardihood. —  3.  Presumption,  coolness. 

Audian  (a'di-an),  n.  A  follower  of  Audius  or 
Audauis,  a  Syrian  layman  in  Mesopotamia,  who 
in  the  fourth  century  founded  a  sect  holding 
anthropomorphitie  views,  and  was  irregularly 
ordained  a  bishop. 

Audianism  (a'di-an-izm),  n.  The  peculiar 
doctrinal  system  of  Audius  and  the  Audians. 

In  addition  to  strict  asceticism,  it  isisted  mainly  in  a 

literal  interpretation  of  Gen.  i.  -i>,  27,  reasoning  from  the 
constitution  of  man  to  the  nature  of  God. 

audibility  (a-di-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  audible:  see 
-biltli/.]     The  quality  of  being  audible. 

Tlie  note  itself  is  possibly  too  feeble  for  audibility. 

J.  E.  II.  Gordon,  Elect,  and  Hag.,  II.  92. 

audible  (a'di-bl),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  audibilis, 
that  may  be  heard,  <  L.  audire,  hear:  see  uu- 
dient.]  1.  a.  Capable  of  being  heard;  perceiv- 
able by  the  ear;  loud  enough  to  be  heard:  as, 
an  audible  voice  or  whisper. 
To  man's  eares  not  audible.  Sir  T.  More. 

Even  that  stubborn  church  which  has  held  its  own 
against  so  many  governments,  scarce  dared  to  utter  an 
audible  murmur.  MacavXay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Il.t  ».  That  which  may  be  heard. 
Visibles  are  swiftlier  carried  to  the  sense  than  audible*. 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  273. 

audibleness  (a'di-bl-nes),  n.    Audibility. 

audibly  (a'di-bli),  adv.  In  an  audible  manner ; 
so  as  to  be  heard. 

audience  (a'di-ens),  «.  [<ME.  audience,  <  OP. 
audience  (vernacularly  oiance),  mod.  P.  audi- 
ence =  Sp.  Pg.  audicucia  =  It.  audienea,  au- 
diengia,  <  L.  audientia,  attention,  hearing,  < 
audien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  audire,  hear:  see  audient.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  hearing  or  attending  to 
words  or  sounds ;  the  act  of  listening. 

His  look 
Drew  audience,  and  attention  still  as  night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  308. 

2.  Liberty  or  opportunity  of  being  heard;  lib- 
erty or  opportunity  of  speaking  with  or  before, 
as  before  an  assembly  or  a  court  of  law;  spe- 
cifically, admission  of  an  ambassador,  envoy, 
or  other  applicant  to  a  formal  interview  with  a 
sovereign  or  other  high  officer  of  government. 

Were  it  reason  to  give  men  audience,  pleading  for  the 
overthrow  of  that  which  their  own  deed  hath  ratified  ? 

Hooker. 
That  day  Sir  Lancelot  at  the  palace  craved 
Audience  of  Guinevere. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  A  hearing;  an  interview  or  conference. 
This  conversation  was  not  ended  under  five  audiena  s, 

each  of  several  hours.  Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  6. 

4.  An  auditory ;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

Still  govern  thou  my  song, 
Urania,  and  tit  audience  find,  though  few. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  31. 

5.  [Sp.  audiencia,  commonly  used  in  English 
writing  without  translation.]  In  Spain  and 
Spanish  countries,  a  name  given  to  certain 
courts,  also  collectively  to  certain  law-officers 
appointed  to  institute  a  judicial  inquiry. 

Among  those  of  the  former  class  was  the  president, 
Deza,  with  the  members  of  the  audience,  and  the  civil 
authorities  in  Granada.  Prescott. 

6.  In  England,  an  abbreviation  for  audience- 
court  (which  see).=Syn.  4.  See  spectator. 

audience-chamber  (a'di-ens-cham//ber),  n.  An 
apartment  lor  an  audience  or  a  formal  meeting. 

audience-court  (a'di-ens-kort),  n.  An  ecclesi- 
.istioal  court,  now  disused,  held  by  the  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury  and  York  or  by  auditors 
in  their  behalf.  That  held  by  the  Archbishop  of  can- 
terbury had  equal  authority  with  the  Court  of  Arches, 
though  of  less  dignity,  and  is  now  merged  in  it. 

audiencia  (Sp.  pron.  ou-de-en-the'a),  n.  [Sp.] 
See  audience,  5. 

audiendo  et  terminando  (a-di-en'do  et  ter-mi- 
nan'do).  [ML.,  for  hearing  and  deciding;  dat. 
ger.  of  L.  audire,  hear  (see  audieut),  and  of  termi- 
nare,  end,  decide  (see  terminate).     Cf.  oyer  and 


audit 

terminer,  under  oyer.]  In  law,  a  writ  or  com- 
mission to  certain  persons  tor  appeasing  and 
punishing  any  insurrection  or  great  riot. 

audient  (a'di-ent),  >/.  and  ».  [<  L.  audien{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  audire  (>  It.  udirt  =Sp.  oir  =  Pg.  ouvir 
=  Pr.  ausir  =  <  IP.  odir,  oir  (AP.  oyer,  >  E.  oyer, 
q.  v.),  mod.  P.  ouir),  near;  cf.  (St.  aietv,  bear: 
see  hear  and  cur1.]  I.  a.  Hearing;  listening. 
Mrs.  Browning. 

II.  n.    1.   A  hearer. 

'flu-  audients  of  her  sad  story  fell  gnat  motions  both  of 
pity  and  ad  in  i  rati- in  for  her  misfurl  line. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  lion  Quixote,  iv.  2. 
2.  In  the  early  church:  (a)  One  not  yet  bap- 
tized, but  receiving  instruction  preparatory  to 
baptism;  a  catechumen  of  the  first  stage.    Such 

persons  wen-  permitted  to  hear  the  psalms,  lesi s,  .nut 

sermon,  but  were  not  present  at  tin  more  sacred  Bi  i 
which  followed.  (i>)  in  the  Eastern  Church,  ac- 
cording to  the  systematic  classification  of  peni- 
tents in  force  at  the  close  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, but  becoming  obsolete  early  in  the  fifth, 
one  of  the  second  class  of  public  penitents, 
occupying  a  station  higher  than  that  of  the 
weepers  and  lower  than  thai  of  the  prostrates. 
The  audients  were  not  allowed  to  enter  the  body  of  the 
church,  but  heard  the  opening  prayers  and  sermon  stand- 
ing in  the  narthex,  which  was  also  the  place  of  the  cate- 
chumens, and,  like  them,  had  to  depart  before  the  offer- 
tory and  anaphora.    See  penitent.     Also  called  auditor. 

audile  (a'dil),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  audire,  hear  (see 
audient),  +  -He.]  One  in  whose  mind  auditory 
images  are  predominant,  or  especially  distinct. 

Strieker,  a  motile,  declares  that  it  is  impossible  to  rep- 
resent to  ourselves  other  vowels  while  pronouncing  any 
particular  one,  say  a:  he  can  only  represent  them  as 
motor  images  which  clash  with  the  motor  presentation. 
M.  Paulhan.  an  audile,  declares  he  can  easily  do  what 
Strieker  declares  impossible,  for  he  can  represent  the 
auditory  images  of  i  and  u  while  the  motor  presentation 
of  a  is  being  presented.  Mind,  XL  415. 

audiometer  (a-di-om'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  au- 
dire, hear,  +  metritm,  <  Gr.  fierpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  designed  to  gage  the  power  of 
hearing  and  record  it  upon  an  arbitrary  scale. 

audiometric  (;i"di-o-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  audiometry. 

audiometry  (a-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [As  audiometer 
+  -y.]  The  testing  of  the  sense  of  hearing, 
especially  by  means  of  the  audiometer. 

audiphoiie  (a'di-fon),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  audire, 
hear,  +  Gr.  <puri/,  a  sound.]  An  instrument  for 
counteracting  deafness  by  collecting  the  sound- 
waves and  transmitting  the  vibrations  to  the 
auditory  nerves  through  the  bony  part  of  the 
head,  it  consists  of  a  diaphragm,  or  plate,  which  is  held 
in  contact  with  the  upper  teeth,  and  is  vibrated  by  sound- 
waves. 

audit  (a'dit),  n.  [<  L.  auditus,  a  hearing,  <  au- 
dire, pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audient.]  If.  Audi- 
ence; hearing. 

With  his  Orisons  I  meddle  not,  for  hee  appeals  to  a  high 
Audit.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 

Whoso  seeks  an  audit  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  fish. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  610. 
2.  Official  examination  and  verification  of  ac- 
counts or  claims ;  an  examination  into  ac- 
counts or  dealings  with  money  or  property;  es- 
pecially, an  examination  of  accounts  by  proper 
officers,  or  persons  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, who  compare  the  charges  with  the  vouch- 
ers, examine  witnesses,  and  state  the  result. 

The  rule  of  insisting  on  a  proper  audit  of  account  was  a 
corollary  from  the  practice  of  appropriating  the  supplies 
to  particular  purposes.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  694. 

Hence  —  3.  A  calling  to  account;  an  exami- 
nation into  one's  actions. 

You  must  prepare  against  tomorrow  for  your  last  suf- 
fering here,  and  your  great  audit  hereafter.  Scott. 

4.  An  account  or  a  statement  of  account ;  a  bal- 
ance-sheet. 
And,  how  his  audit  stands,  who  knows,  save  heaven? 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  ::. 
5f.  A  periodical  auditing  or  settlement  of  ac- 
counts; hence,  receipts;  revenues. 

I  knew  a  nobleman  in  England  that  had  the  greatest 
audits  of  any  man  in  my  time  :  a  great  grazier,  a  great 
sheep-master,  a  great  timber-man,  &c  Bacon,  Riches. 
Commissioners  of  audit,  formerly  called  auditors  of 
tlie  Exchequer,  in  England,  officers  appointed  to  call  on 
all  public  accountants  to  account  for  money  or  stores  in- 
trusted to  them,  and  to  cheek  the  accounts  of  the  ord- 
nance, army,  and  navy,  and  the  land-revenue.  The  es- 
tablishment consists  of  a  chairman  and  live  commissioners, 
:v  secretary,  and  numerous  subordinates, 
audit  (a'dit),  r.  [<  audit,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  make 
audit  of;  examine  and  verify  by  reference  to 
vouchers,  as  an  account  or  accounts :  as,  to 
audit  the  accounts  of  a  treasurer. 

In  1406  the  commons,  who  objected  to  making  a  grant 
until  the  accounts  of  the  last  giant  wen-  audited,  were 
told  by  Henry  that  kings  do  not  render  accounts. 

Stubbs,  Const,  llist.,  §  694. 


audit 

The  commission  under  the  convention  with  the  Repub- 
lic ol   New    Qranada  closed  its  session  without 
audited  and  passed  upon  all  the  claims  which  were  sub- 
mitted to  it.  Lincoln,  in  Raym 1.  p.  311. 

II.  intrans.  'I'm  examine  into  the  correctness 

of  an  account ;  act  as  an  audit  or. 

Let  Hocus  audit;  he  knows  how   the  m >  ws 

bursed.  Arbuthnot,  John  Bull,  p.  89. 

audit-ale  (a'dit-al),  n.  A  specially  excellent 
kind  of  all'  brewed  at  certain  colleges  in  the 
English  universities,  originally  for  use  on  audit  - 

day.     It  was  formerly  a  custom  in  nil  the  colleges  i ake 

a  great  feast  on  the  day  on  which  the  college  accounts 
were  audited,  and  the  very  best  ale  was  brought  out  tor 
the  occasion.  Tin-  audit  -alt-  was  first  broached  on  that  day 
even  \  ear. 

Observing  from  the  goose  on  the  table  and  the  audit- 
ale  whirli  was  circling  in  the  loving-cup  that  it  was  a  least. 

Farrar. 

audita  querela  (a-di'tii  kwe-re'la).  [L.  (NL.), 
the  complaint  having  been  heard:  audita,  fern, 
of  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear;  querela,  com- 
plaint: sec  audient  and  quarrel1.']  In  law,  a 
form  of  action  in  which  the  judgment  debtor 
strives  to  recall  or  prevent  execution  on  a  judg- 
ment to  which  ho  claims  a  valid  defense  ;  the 
writ  by  which  such  action  is  begun.  [Now 
generally  superseded.] 

audit-house  (a'dit-hous),  n.  A  building  or 
room  appended  to  an  English  cathedral,  in 
which  the  business  belonging  to  the  cathedral 
is  transacted. 

audition  (a-dish'pn),  ».  [<  L.  audiUo{n-),  a 
hearing,  listening'^  <  audire,  pp.  auditus,  hear: 
see  audient.]  1.  The  act  of  hearing;  a  hearing 
or  listening;  the  sensation  from  an  impression 
on  the  auditory  nerve  by  the  vibrations  of  the 
air  produced  by  a  sonorous  body. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  audition  of  Bpeech  in 
the  telephone  is  the  result  of  repetitions,  by  the  dia- 
phragm in  the  receiving  instrument,  ...  of  the  vibra- 
tions produced  in  the  transmitter. 

Quoted  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  288. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing;  hearing,  as  a  physio- 
logical function  or  faculty;  one  of  the  five' spe- 
cial senses. — 3.  Something  heard.     [Rare.] 

I  went  to  hear  it  [the  Cock-lane  Ghost],  for  it  is  not  an 
apparition,  but  an  audition.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  333. 
Ossicles  of  audition.  See  ossicle. 
auditive  (a'di-tiv),  a.  [<  P.  auditif,  <  L.  as  if 
'auditivus,  <  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear:  see 
audit  itt.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing; concerned  with  the  power  of  hearing; 
auditory. 

Hi-  heart  is  fixed  and  busily  taken  up  in  some  object, 
.  .  .  and  the  ears,  like  faithful  servants  attending  their 
master,  the  heart,  lose  the  art  of  that  auditive  organ  by 
some  suspension,  till  the  heart  hath  done  with  them. 

Reo.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I   265 

audit-office  (a'dit-oFis),  n.  An  office  where  ac- 
counts are  audited:  as,  a  railway  audit-office ; 
specifically,  in  England,  the  office  where  the 
commissioners  for  auditing  the  public  accounts 
of  the  United  Kingdom  transact  their  business. 
The  imperial  audit-office  is  under  the  immedi- 
ate control  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury. 

auditor  (ft'di-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  auditour  (AF.  au- 
ditour,  OF.  auaiteur — Roquefort),  <  L.  auditor, 
a  hearer,  in  ML.,  specifically,  a  judge,  commis- 
sioner, notary,  examiner  of  accounts,  etc.,  < 
audire,  hear:  see  audient  and  audit.}  1.  A 
hearer;  one  who  listens  to  what  is  said;  a 
member  ot  an  auditory. 

w  hat,  a  play  toward  :    I  11  he  an  auditor ; 

actor  too,  perhaps.  SAafl  .  M.  V  D.,  iii.  1. 

1  was  inliiiir.  ly  di  lighted  with  the  station  of  a  humble 
'  r  in  slob  com  ersations. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  10. 

2.  Same  as  audient,  «.,  2. — 3.  A  person  ap- 
pointed and  authorized  to  examine  an  account 

or  a mi-,    compare  the   charges   with   the 

voucl  nine  parties  and  witnesses,  allow 

or  reject  charges,  and  state  tin-  result,    n  is 

usual  win nt    to  i'  t'l  a<  c its  involved  in  litigation 

to  a"  died  reft  n ,    ,,[■  ,■,.„,- 

N-tni.iit,  ami  their  report,  if  n 
is  tin  ;  iuh-s  an  auditor  is  a 

Ing  officer  of  political i  porate  bo  ties.    State  oi 

municipal  auditors  are  persons  appointed  or  elected  to 
examine  the  publl  oi   at     in  h 

■i'    '  ;nated.     In  the  t  nlted  I  ■  oi 

eminent  tin  i.  are  six  auditors  ol  'In-  treasury,     i 
audii"i   tut    charge  of  thi  ot  the  civil  si  i  >  ici , 

customs,  mil  in  i    public  debt,  eb      ii .ml.  tln.se  of 

Indian  affairs  and  some  of  those  ol  thi  armj  the  third, 
tin.-,  ot  tie  quarti 

ral,  wai  claim  .  etc. ;  tie  fourth,  those  ot  thi 

navy  ;  I  in-  Mi  ti,  the  le  ol  thi   intt  rnal  revi  nui   offl 

sus,  patent  Miin      :n.. i    I :,t.   department;  and  tin   Bixtfa 

4.  One  of  certain  officers  of  high  ranis  at  the 

papal  court:  so  called  from  their  coin tion 

with  business  treated  of  in  audiences  with  the 


378 

pope:  as,  auditor  of  the  apostolic  chamber; 
auditor  of  the  pope;   auditors  of  the  Roman 

rota  (which  see).  Auditor  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion, in  Scotland,  a  mown  officer  to  whom  suits  in  which 
expenses  are  found  due  maybe  remitted  in  order  that  tin 
rusts  may  be  taxed.— Auditors  of  the  Exchequer.  See 
commissioners  of  audit,  under  audit. 

auditoria,  u.    Plural  of  auditorium. 

auditorial  (4-di-to'ri-al),  a.  [Cf.  LI.,  auditori- 
alis,  pertaining  to  a  school  [auditorium),  Ml,. 
auditorialis  scholasticus,  an  advocate:  <  1.1.. 
auditorius,  auditory,  <  L.  auditor,  a.  hearer: 
see  auditory."]  1.  Auditory.  Sir  .'.  Stoddart. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auditor  of 
a mnts,  or  to  audits. 

auditorium  (a>di-to'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  auditoriums, 
auditoria  (-urnz,  -ii).  [L.,  a  court  of  justice, 
a  hall  of  audience,  a  school,  assembled  hear- 
ers, in  ML.  also  a  reception-room  in  a  monas- 
tery ;  neiit.  of  IjL.  auditorius,  of  or  for  hear- 
ing: see  auditory,  a.]  1.  In  a  church,  theater, 
public  hall,  or  the  like,  the  space  allotted  to 
the  hearers  or  audience. —  2.  Li  monasteries, 
an  apartment  for  receiving  visitors;  a  parlor 
or  reception-room. 

auditorship  (a'di-tpr-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
auditor. 

auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  auditorius,  of 
or  for  hearing,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer,  <  audire, 
pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audient.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  hearing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hear- 
ing: as,  the  auditory  nerve. — 2.  Pertaining  to 
an  auditorium ;  designed  for  an  audience :  as, 
the  auditory  part  of  a  theater.  [Rare.]  —Audi- 
tory artery!  "  branch  of  the  basilar  artery  which  ac- 
companies the  auditory  nerve  and  supplies  the  labyrinth 
of  the  ear.— Auditory  canal,  the  meatus  auditorius  ex- 
teriors and  internus.  See  meatus,  and  cut  under  ear. — 
Auditory  crest,  auditory  hairs,  auditory  plate,  in 
cephalopods.     See  extracts. 

The  terminations  of  the  auditory  nerves  either  form  the 
auditory  plate,  which  is  a  thickened  portion  of  the  epi- 
thelium, from  which  the  cells  send  hair-like  processes 
(auditory  hairs')  (Sepia);  or  an  auditory  crest,  which  gen- 
erally takes  a  curved  direction,  and  which  is  likewise 
covered  by  modified  epithelium. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  357. 
Cells  bearing  or  developed  into  long  auditory  hairs, 
which  are  to  be  regarded  as  the  peripheral  end  organs  of 
the  vestibular  branches  of  the  auditory  nerve. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  592. 
Auditory  duct  (ductus  cochlearis  or  ductus  auditorius), 
ii  term  applied  to  the  interval  between  the  tneinbrana  tec- 
toria  and  the  membrana  basilaris  of  the  human  cochlea. — 
Auditory  nerve,  the  special  nerve  of  hearing,  which 
enters  tile  ear  parts  by  the  meatus  auditorius  internus, 
and  is  distributed  to  the  membranous  labyrinth.  In 
Willis's  enumeration  it  was  known  as  the  portio  mollis 
of  the  seventh  cranial  nerve;  now  it  is  generally  mnkoncd 
as  the  eighth  cranial  nerve.  Also  called  the  acoustic  nerve. 
Sec  cut  under  brain.  —  Auditory  ossicles.  See  ossicle. 
—Auditory  process,  or  external  auditory  process, 

the  projecting  border  of  the  external  auditory  meatus  to 
which  the  cartilage  of  the  ear  is  attached.—  Auditory 
vesicle,  the  vesicle  formed  in  the  embryo  by  the  invo- 
lution of  the  epiblast  on  either  side  of  the  bead;  the  rudi- 
ment of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  car.— Internal 
auditory  foramen.  See  foramen. 
auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  ».  ;  pi.  auditories  (-riz). 
[<  L.  auditorium  :  see  auditorium.]  1.  An 
audience ;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church,  lecture-room,  theater,  etc. 

He  had  not  the  popular  way  of  preaching,  nor  is  in  any 

measure  lit  for  our  plaine  and  vulgar  auditorie,  as  Ins 

predecessor  was.  Evelyn,  Diary.  .Mar.  ...  1673. 

Having  entered  his  court,  he   [Bacon]  addressed  the 

splendid  auditory  in  a  grave  and  dignified  Bpeech. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
2.  A  place  for  hearing  or  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  hearers;   an  auditorium;  specifically, 
in  a  church,  the  nave,  in  which  the  hearers  or 
congregation  are  assembled. 
When  Agrippa  and  Bernice  entered  into  the  auditory. 
Wyclif,  Ants  sxv. 
3f.  A  bench  on  which   a   judge  sits   to    hear 
causes. —  4f.  A  lecture-room;  a  philosophical 
school.     N.  E.  J). 

auditress  (ft'di-tres),  «.  [<  auditor  +  -ess.] 
A  female  hearer. 

Wain  relating,  she  sole  auditress. 

Milton,  r.  f..,  viii.  51. 

auditual  (a-dit'ii-al),  a.  [<  L.  auditus  (audi- 
ta-), hearing  (sec  audit,  ».),  +  -at.]  Relating 
to  hearing;  auditory.     Coleridge.    [Bare.] 

auft  (at),  a-     The  older  form  of  oaf. 

a  nui  i-  changeling,  a  very  monster,  an  auf  imperfect. 
But  ton,  \iini.  "i  Mel.,  p.  607. 

au  fait  (6  fa).     [F. ;  lit.,  to  the  point  or  fact: 

on.  to  the  (see  au-) ;  fait,  <  Ij.  factum,  fact  :  see 
feat  and  fact]  Up  to  the  murk ;  fully  skilled 
or ii|i]islicd  ;  expert  ;  possessing  or  show- 
ing tic  roil,  ii  loss  in'  skill  of  :m  adept :  followed 
by  oi  oi-  in  :  as,  he  is  quite  on  fait  at  t  lie  game, 
'fbe  natives  |of  Maitna]  seemed  quite  au  fait  in  the 
matter  of  monetary  transactions  ami  i  ...  h  in  . 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  1.  xiii. 


auger 

au  fond  (6  E6n).  [F.:  au.  at  the  (see  au2) ;  fond, 
bottom:  seefund.]     At  bottom;  essentially. 

I'.  March  was  timid.      Laura  was  a  woman  of  sense,  and 

yet,  like  all  w ii,  aufond,  a  coquette. 

ft  /».  Warner,  Roundabout  Joumey,p.  it. 

auget,  augest,  auxt,  ».  [It.  Sp.  Pg.  auge,  nemo, 
summit.  ML.  auges,  aux,  <  Ar.  Pers.  auj,  top, 
summit,  altitude,  zenith,  ascendant  of  a  plan- 
et.] In  old  astron. :  (a)  Properly,  the  apogee 
of  a  planet,  or  the  longitude  of  the  apogee. 
(b)  Either  apsis  of  the  orbit,  (c)  The  culmi- 
nation or  point  of  culmination. 

Augean  (a-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  .[mints,  Augias,  < 
Or.  Avyiac,  Avyeiac,  king  of  Elis  (see  def.),  ac- 
cording to  one  tradition  a  son  of  the  Sun  and 
Naupidamcj  prob.  <  avyi),  splendor,  sunlight.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Augeas  or  Augeias,  one  of 
the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king  of  Elis,  or 
resembling  his  stables;  hence,  very  filthy. — 
Augean  stable,  in  Gr.  math.,  a  stable  in  which  this  king 

kept  M.i xnn,  and  which  had  lint  been  cleaned  tin"  thirty 

years,  so  that  the  task  of  cleaning  it  bad  come  to  be 
deemed  impracticable.  Hercules  accomplished  the  task 
in  a  single  day,  by  turning  the  river  Alpheus  through 
the  stable.  Hence",  cleansing  tie  Augean  stable  ha 
come  a  synonym  for  the  removal  of  longstanding  nui- 
sances, abuses,  and  the  like. 

auger  (S/ger),  n.  [Initial  n  has  boon  lost,  as  in 
adder,  umpire,  etc. ;  early  mod.  E.  also  augre, 
augor,  etc.,  and.  with  orig.  n,  nauger,  <  ME. 
nauger,  naugor,  earlier  navegor,  <  AS.  nafogdr, 
tiafetjdr  (=  I),  avegaar,  eveger,  egger  =  L'ti.  «</- 
viger,  ndviger  =  OHG-.  nabager,  ndbiger,  trans- 
posed nagiber,  MHO.  nabeger,  negeber,  neg- 
ber,<>.  milier,  neber  =  Icel,  nafarr  (for  *naf- 
gemrt),  Sw.nafvare  (for  "nafgare);  cf.  Finn. 
napdkaira,  <  Tout.),  <  na/u,  nave,  +  gar,  a 
borer,  spear:  see  nave1-,  gar\  and  gore2.]  1. 
An  instrument  for  boring  holes  larger  than 


Cook's  Auger. 


Expanding  Auger. 


those  bored  by  a  bit  or  gimlet,  it  consists  of  an 
iron  shank  ending  in  a  steel  bit,  and  a  handle  placed  at 
right  angles  with  the  shank.  The  augers  formerly  made 
with  a  straight  channel  or  groove  am  called 

pod-augers;  augers  "f  the  i lern  form,  with 

spiral  channels,  are  called  screw-augers.  The 
ordinary  screw-auger  is  forged  as  a  paralleled 
blade  of  steel, which  is  twisted  while  red-hot 
The  end  terminates  in  a  worm,  by  which  the 
auger  is  gradually  drawn  into  thi'  work,  like 
the  gimlet.  Am  .tint  form  is  that  of  a  cylindri- 
cal shaft,  around  which  is  brazed  a  single  fin 
oi'  rib,  tlic  end  being  made  inln  a  worm,  and 
mini'  oiately  behind  the  worm  a  small  diamet- 
rical mortise  is  formed  for  the  reception  of  a 
detached  cutter,  which  exactly  resembles  the 
chisel-edge  of  the  center-bit.  Expanding  au- 
gers have  cutters  susceptible  of  radial  adjust- 
ment for  boring  holes  "f  different  sizes.  In  the 
slotting-auger,  used  for  channels,  mortises,  etc., 
the  cutting  lips  are  upon  the  side  of  the  auger 
as  wall  as  at  the  end,  and  the  piece  to  be  groov- 
ed is  fed  against  them  laterally.  .Mortises  are 
i  id  by  causing  the  auger  i"  penetrate  t"  the 
sinning-  proper  depth,  ami  then  feeding  the  work  later- 
Auger,  ally  to  the  required  length,  'tin  two  rounded 
ends  of  tin'  mortise  are  then  squared  with  a 
chisel.  The  square-hole  auger  is  an  auger  revolving 
within  a  rectangular  tube  or  boring,  whose  lower  edge  is 
sharpened  to  cut  away  tin-  remaining  substance  of  the 
square  circumscribing  the  round  hole 
which  the  auger  bores  a  little  in  nil 
vance. 

2.  An  instrument  for  boring  the 
soil,    such  an  in- 
strument  used    in 
setting      postl 
nailed     a      i 

and  oni  n  .1 
ascertaining  the 
nature  oi  the  S  lib 
soil,  the  pn 
or  absence  in  mi 
ter,  etc.,  is  called 
specifically  an 
earth-boring  augi  r 
Augers  for  the  tat 
ter  use  am  Of  VS 
rious  kinds,  but 
they  all  run  i  I  ol 
three  parts,  name- 
ly: a  handle  bj 
w  Inch  two  or  more 

inin  can  work  the  instrument;  the  bitj  i ith,  or  cutting 

piece  :  ami  rods  for  connecting  the  handle  with  the  bit  or 
cutting  piece.— Annular  auger.    Seeonnuiar. 


Post-hole  Augc 


auger-bit 

auger-bit  (ft'ger-bi(  |,  n.    A  small  auger  used 
wiili  a  brace  or  bit-stock, 
auger-faucet  (a'ger-ffl/set),  n.    A  faucet  with 

an  auger  attached.  i:v  mans  nf  tin-  augei  a  hole  is 
bored  Dearly  through  the  wood  oi  the  cask,  or  the  like,  in 
which  the  faucet  is  to  be  inserted,  and  the  faucet  is  then 
fixed  i',\  a  Bingle  blow.  The  auger  is  withdrawn  through 
the  faucet  by  :i  rack  and  pinion. 

auger-gage  (a'ger-gaj),  u.  A  collar,  sleeve,  or 
clamp  attached  to  the  shank  of  an  auger,  to 
prevent  it  from  penetrating  beyond  tho  de- 
sired  point. 

auger-hole  (a'ger-hol),  n.  A  hole  made  by  an 
auger. 

Hid  in  an  auger-hole.  Shah.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

auger-shell  (a'ger-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  tho  ge- 
nus linlira  and  family  Terebridw.  Seo  cut 
under  Tin  bra. 

auger-stem  (a'ger-stem),  n.  The  iron  rod  or  bar 
to  which  the  bit  is  attached  in  rope-drilling. 

auger-twister  (a'ger-tvvis  tor).  «.  A  machine 
for  twisting  the  blanks  for  screw-augers. 

augest,  "■     Wee  iiin/i . 

auget  (a'jet;  F.  pron.  6-zha'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of 
auge,  a  trough,  <  L.  al/veus,  a  trough,  channel, 
hollow:  see  alreus.']  Milit.,  a  small  trough  ex- 
tending from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  gallery,  to  protect  from  dampness 
a  saueisson  or  tube  filled  with  powder. 

augh  (a;  Sc.  pron.  ach),  interj.  [Cf.  aw,  ah, 
oh.~\  An  exclamation  of  disgust.  [U.  S.  and 
Scotch.] 

aught1  (at),  ».  or  pron.  [In  two  forms:  (1) 
aught,  <  ME.  iiiiijlit,  an  flit,  aiilit,  iii/lit,  agt,  alit, 
<  AS.  airilit.  nwiiht,  with  vowel  shortened  from 
oi-ig.  long,  thrilit :  (2)  ought,  <  ME.  ought,  ouht, 
oght,  agt,  alit,  <  AH.  air ilit,  dirulit.  contr.  illit.  with 
labialized  vowel,  owilit,  Oirnht  (=  OS.  eowiht 
=  OFries.  awet,  del  =  1>.  lets  =  OHG.  eowiht, 
iowiht,  iewiht,  MUG.  ieht,  Hit,  ieioet,  iet),  <  a, 
ever,  in  comp.  a  generalizing  prefix,  +  wiht, 
wight,  whit,  thing:  lit.  'ever  a  whit':  see  ay1 
and  whit,  wight,  and  cf.  the  negative  naught, 
nought,  'never  a  whit.'  There  is  no  essential 
difference  between  the  two  spellings  aught  and 
ought;  the  former  is  now  preferred.]  Any- 
thing whatever  ;  any  part :  used  in  interroga- 
tive, negative,  and  conditional  sentences. 

Is  there  cro^Atelse,  my  friends,  I  can  doforyoul 

Addison,  t'ato,  iv.  4. 
Unfaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

aught1!  (at),  adr.  [<  ME.  aught,  etc.;  prop, 
ace.  of  the  noun.]  In  any  respect ;  in  any  way ; 
at  all;  by  any  chance. 

Can  he  aught  telle  a  mery  tale  or  tweye? 

Chaucer,  Pro],  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  I.  44. 
Th.  icon  mused  he 
If  that  the  ehildes  moder  were  aught  she 
That  was  his  wyf. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  936. 

aught2t,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  ought". 

aught3t  (at),  n.  [Now  only  in  Sc,  written  audit 
(acht),  <  ME.  aught,  aughte,  auchte,  oght,  auhte, 
ahte,  etc.,  <  AS.  icht,  pi.  mhta  (=  OHG.  Shi  = 
Goth,  aihts,  property,  =  Icel.  astt,  family),  with 
formative  -t,  <  dgan  (pret.  ahte),  have,  hold, 
own :  see  ought2  and  owe.']  Possession  ;  prop- 
erty. 
The  surest  gear  in  their  a  ught. 

Scott,  Quentln  Durward,  I.  vii. 

aught4  (at,  acht),  a.  and  n.  An  obsolete  or 
dialectal  form  of  eight*. 

aughtwheret  (at'hwar),  adv.  [<  aught*,  adr.,  + 
where. 1    Anywhere.    Chaucer. 

augite  (a'jit),  n.  [=  F.  augite,  <  L.  augites,  a 
precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *avy'm}c,  <  av}>),  bright- 
ness, sunlight.]  The  dark-green  to  black  va- 
riety of  pyroxene  characteristic  of  basic  erup- 
tive rocks  like  basalt.  It  differs  from  other  varieties 
of  pyroxene  in  containing  a  considerable  proportion  of 
alumina.  The  name  is  sometimes  used  to  include  the 
whole  species.    See  pyroxene. 

augitic  (a-jit'ik),  a.  [<  augite  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  augite ;  resembling  augite,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  and  characters;  composed  of  or 
containing  augite.  — Augitic  porphyry,  a  rock  with 
a  dark-gray  or  greenish  base,  containing  conspicuous  crys- 
tals of  augite  and  Labrador  feldspar. 

auglettet,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

augment  (ag'inent),  n.  [<  ME.  augment,  <  OF. 
augment  =  Pg.  augmento  =  Sp.  It.  aumento,  < 
L.  augmentum,  increase,  growth,  <  augere,  in- 
crease: see  auction.'}  If.  Increase;  enlarge- 
ment by  addition ;  augmentation. 

This  augment  of  the  tree.  /.  Waltun,  Complete  Angler. 
2.  In  gram.,  an  addition  at  the  beginning  of 
certain  past  indicative  tenses  of  the  verb  in  a 
part  of  the  Indo-European  languages.     In  San- 


379 

skrit  it  is  always  </■  ;   in  Creek    it    is  .     (.'  )  before  a.  COUBO 

nani  (syllabic  augment),  but  an  initial  vowel  is  length- 
ened i  'i  .  "  t  (temporal  augment).     The  Bame  name  is 

s lines  given  io  other  prefixed  inflectional  elemenl 

as  to  the  ge-  oi  the  German  perfect  participle  (jgebracht, 
brought  i- 

\  not  her  form,  which  we  may  call  tie-  preterito-pn  ■  nt 
unites  the  augment  of  the  past  and  the  ending  oi  tin- 
present  tense.  Amer,  Jour.  PhUol.,  \  [I.  854, 

3.  In  pathol.,  tin-  period  <>t'  n  fever  between  its 

commencement  and  ils  height.      [Rare.] 

augment  (ag-menf),  v.     [<  ME.  augmenten,  < 

ill'',  allium  uii  r,  earner  aumenter  =  sp.  aumen- 
tar  =  Pg.  inii/mi iitnr  =  It.  aumentare,  <  EL. 
itui/nii  iitnrr,  increase,  <  P.  augmentum,  an  in- 
crease: seo  augment,  w.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  in- 
crease; enlarge  in  size  or  extent;  swell:  as,  to 
augtnentan  army  by  reinforcement;  impatience 
augments  an  evil. 

lie  it  your  care 
To  augment  jour  heap  of  wealth. 

I'l,  tcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 
Though  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  remains: 
Augments  bis  joys  or  mitigates  his  pains. 

Pope,  January  and  May,  1.  42. 
The  general  distress  did  but  augment  the  pietyand  eon- 
firm  the  fortitude  of  the  colonists. 

Bai    roft,  Hist  U.  S.,  1.284. 

2.  In  gram.,  to  add  an  augment  to. 

Most  [Greek]  verbs  beginning  with  a  consonant  augment 
the  imperfect  and  aorist  by  prefixing  > . 

Goodwin,  Greek  Gram.,  s  101. 

3.  In  her.,  to  make  an  honorable  addition  to, 
as  a  coat  of  arms. 

Henry  VIII.  granted  to  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  augment 
his  arms  with  a  demi-lion,  gules,  pierced  through  the 
mouth  with  an  arrow.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  690. 

Augmented  interval.  See  interval— Augmented  sur- 
face, a  term  first  used  by  Rankine  to  denote  an  immersed 
or  wetted  surface  sufficiently  greater  than  the  actual  sur- 
face of  a  vessel  to  give,  when  substituted  for  the  actual 
quantity  in  estimations  of  the  speed  of  a  vessel,  results 
which  conform  to  the  actual  performance. 

II.  intrant;.  To  become  greater  in  size, 
amount,  degree,  etc. ;  increase ;  grow  larger. 

The  winds  redouble  and  the  streams  augment. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  i.  4<-i ;. 

Her  fears  augmented  as  her  comforts  fled. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 

augmentable  (ag-men'ta-bl),  a.  [<  augment 
+  -able.]  Capable  of  being  augmented  or  in- 
creased. 

augmentation  (ag-men-ta/shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
augmentatio(n-),  <  LL.  augmentare,  pp.  auijinen- 
taius;  augment:  see  augment,  ».]  1.  Tho  act 
of  increasing  or  making  larger  by  addition,  ex- 
pansion, or  dilatation ;  the  act  of  adding  to  or 
enlarging ;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  made 
larger. 

Bacon,  holding  that  this  method  was  insufficient  and 
futile  for  the  augmentation  of  real  and  useful  knowledge, 
published  his  Novum  Organon. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  Pref. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  augmented ;  an 
addition:  as,  the  augmentation  amounted  to 
$500  a  year. 

He  does  smile  his  face  into  more  lines  than  are  in  the 
new  map  with  the  augmentation  of  the  Indies. 

Shak.,  T.  X.,  iii.  2. 

Specifically — 3.  In  music,  where  much  repe- 
tition and  imitation  of  themes  is  required,  the 
modification  of  a  theme 
or  subject  by  systemati- 
cally increasiugthe  origi- 
nal time-value  of  all  its 
notes. — 4.  In  her.,  an  ad- 
ditional charge  to  a  coat- 
armor,  granted  as  a  mark 
of  honor  to  an  armiger. 
It  is  borne  on  an  ordinary  or 
subordinacy  in  such  a  way  as 
to  be  evidently  an  addition  to 
the  paternal  coat,  and  in  an- 
cient times  was  more  rarely 
used  as  an  addition  to  the  bear- 
ings on  the  field.  Also  called 
addition. 

5.  In  pathol.,  same  as 
augment,  3 — Augmenta- 
tion Court,  in  England,  a  court  established  by  Henry 
VILLI,  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the  crown  by  the  sup- 
pression of  monasteries,  ft  was  dissolved  on  the  access!  m 
of  Queen  Mary.— By  augmentation,  in  England,  a  phrase 
formerly  used  in  tile  army-promotion  lists  to  signify  that 
an  officer's  appointment  had  been  conferred  by  the  crea- 
tion of  a  new  patent,  not  by  the  purchase  of  an  old  one. — 
Process  of  augmentation,  in  Scotland,  a  process  in  the 
teind  court,  raised  by  the  minister  of  a  parish  against  the 
titular  and  heritors,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  aug- 
mentation of  bis  stipend. 

augmentationer  (ag-men-ta'shon-er),  n.  An 
officer  belonging  to  the  Augmentation  Court 
(which  see,  under  augmentation). 

Here  now  I  speak  to  you  my  masters,  minters,  augmen- 
tatumers.  Latimer,  2d  Seruiou  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 


augur 
augmentative  iug'  men'ta-tiv),  a.  andn.    [=F. 

aiii/mi  iilutil.  <    I.!.,   as  il       nini, iii  iitatinis.  (    • 

mentare,    pp.   augmentatus:   see  augment,   ».] 
I.  a.  1.   Having  the  quality  or  power  of  aug- 
menting.—  2.  In  gram.,  expressing  augmi 
tion  or  increase  in  the  force  of  the  idea  con- 
veyed :  applied  both  to  words  and 
«  hieh  effect  this. 
II.  «.   A  wonl  formed  to  express  increased 

intensity  of  the  idea  conveyed  by  it,  or  an  affix 
which  serves  this  purpose. 
Also  auaminliri i, 
augmentatively   (ag-men'ta-tiv-U),   adv.    So 

as  to  augment  or  increase  ;  in  the  manner  of  a  Q 
augment. 

augmenter  (ag-men'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  augments. 

augmentive  (ag-men'tiv),  a.  and  ii.  [<  aug- 
ment +  -we.]     Same  as  augmentative. 

augmentless  (ag'ment-les),  «.  [<  augment  + 
-less.]     Without  an  augment. 

\il.litiunal    forms  —  agasis.un,    a'jasis.    a'_';isit.    and    the 

augmentless  gasisus     are  found  throughout   the   Brah- 

mauas  and  Upauisbads.  .leer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  276. 

augoert,  augret,  »•  obsolete  spellings  of  auger. 

augrimt,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  ah/arism. 
augrim-stonest,  »■  pi-    Stones  used  as  counters 

in  arithmetical  calculations,  some  standing  for 

units,  others  for  tens,  etc. 

His  augrimstoones,  ieyen  faire  apart. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale. 

Augsburg  Confession.    See  confession. 

augur  (a'ger),  n.  [<  ME.  augur,  <  L.  augur,  ear- 
lier auger,  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  <  avis,  a 
bird  (cf.  au-spex  and  au-cupation),  +  -gur,  con- 
nected with  garrire,  talk,  chatter.]  1.  Among 
the  ancient  K'omans,  a  functionary  whose  duty 
it  was  to  observe  and  to  interpret,  according  to 
traditional  rules,  the 
auspices,  or  reputed 
natural  signs  concern- 
ing future  events. 
These  auspices  were  stud- 
ied, witha  fixed  ceremonial, 
in  the  following  classes  of 
phenomena:  (1)  signs  from 
the  heavens,  including 
thunder  and  lightning,  and 
other  meteorological  mani- 
festations; (2)  Bigns  from 
the  direction  of  flight  or 
the  various  cries  of  birds  ; 
(3)  signs  from  the  manner 
of  eating  of  domestic  hi  ns 
kept  for  this  purpose  ;  (I) 
signs  from  the  movements 
and  attitudes  of  animals  ; 
(5)evil  omens  from  various 
fortuitous  incidents,  such 
as  the  fall  of  any  object, 
the  gnawing  of  a  mouse, 
the  '  ri  aking  of  a  chair, 
etc.,  occurring  during  the 
augural  ceremonies,  or 
when  these  were  about  to  begin 


Augur. 
(From  a  Roman  bas-relief.) 


Arms  of  first  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington with  the  augmenta- 
tion granted  to  him,  viz.,  An 
Inescutcheon  0/  England. 
(From  Boutell'a  "Herald- 
ry.") 


The  official  or  public, 
augurs,  who  constituted  a  college,  probably  founded  by 
Xuma,  were  originally  three  in  number.  By  the  time  of 
Tarquin  they  had  been  increased  to  six.  After  ::ito  B.  c. 
the  number  became  nine,  of  whom  five  must  be  plebeians. 
Sulla  made  the  number  fifteen;  Julius Csesar,  sixteen,  not 
including  his  own  official  membership  in  his  character  of 
perpetual  chief  priest  and  dictator;  and  toward  the  close 
of  the  empire  the  number  was  still  further  increased. 
The  augurs  wore  the  sacerdotal  prsetexta,  or  toga  with  a 
broad  purple  border,  and  their  distinctive  emblem  was 
the  curved  rod  called  the  lituus,  with  which  they  marked 
out  the  limits  of  the  temptum  or  boundary  within  which 
the  omens  with  which  they  had  to  do  were  to  beobserved. 
Before  any  public  business  or  ceremony  was  undertaken 
the  augurs  decided  whether  the  auspices  were  propitious, 
or  whether  unfavorable  omens  demanded  interruption  or 
delay;  they  conducted  the  inauguration  or  examination 
of  priests,  temples,  and  places,  stub  as  new  settlements, 
ami  fixed  tire  times  of  movable  festivals.  In  tlie  engrav* 
ing,  the  figure  holds  the  lituus  in  his  right  hand,  while 
en,  of  the  sacred  fowls  appears  at  his  feet. 
Hence  —  2.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future 
events  by  omens;  a  soothsayer:  a  prophet; 
one  who  bodes,  forebodes,  or  portends. 
rur  of  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  155. 

augur  (a'ger),  r.  [=  F.  augurer  =  Sp.  Pg.  au- 
i/urar  =  It.  augurare,  <  L.  augurari;  from  the 
noun.]     I.    trans.    1.  To  prognosticate  from 

signs,   omens,   or  indications;  predict;  antici- 
pate :  with  a  personal  subject. 

I  did  augur  all  this  to  him  beforehand. 

/;,  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

I  augur  everything  from  the  approbation  the  proposal 

has  met  with.  Sir  J.  Hersehel. 

2.  To  betoken;  forebode:  with  a  non-personal 
or  impersonal  subject. 

Sooth  was  my  prophecy  of  fear; 

Believe  it  when  it  augurs  cheer. 

Scott,  I..  of  the  L.,  iv.  11. 

=  Syn.  2.  To  portend,  presage,  foreshadow,  be  ominous  of. 


of  the  legion. —  2. 


augur 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  conjecture  from  signs  or 
omens. 

M\  power's  a  crescent,  and  my  atiguring  hope 
Says  it  will  come  to  the  full.     Sluuc,  A.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  be  a  sign;  bode:  with  well  or  ill. 

Itaugurs  iU  for  an  undertaking  .  .  .  to  find  Buch  dis 
sensions  in  headquarters.  II'.  Belsham,  Hist.  Eng. 

augural  (a'gu-ral),  a.     [<  L.  auguralis,  pertain- 
ing to  an  augur,  <  augur,  augur.]     Pertaining 

to  an  augur,  or  to  the  duties  or  profession  of  an 

augur;  of  or  pertaining  to  divination;  ominous: 

as,  "portents  augural,"  Cowper. 
augurateH  (a'gu-rat),  ».  i.  or  i.\  pret.  and  pp. 

auguraied,  ppr.  augurating.    [<  L.  auguratus, 

pp".  of  augurari,  augur:  see  augur,  v.,  and  -att  -.1 

To  conjecture  or  foretell  by  augury;  predict; 

act  as  an  augur. 
1  augurated  truly  the  improve nt  they  would  receive 

tins  way.  Warburton,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  eii. 

augurate-  (a'gu-rat),  «.    [<  L.  auguratus,  the 

office  of  augur,  <  augur:   see  augur,    «.,  and  augusta  (a-gus'tii), « 

-ate'-*.]     The  office  of  augur;  augurship. 
augurationt  (a-gu-ra'shon),  n.      [<  L.  augura- 

Uo{n-),  <  augurari,  pp.  auguratus,  augur:   see 

augur,  v.]  The  practice  of  augury,  or  the  fore- 
telling of  events  by  signs  or  omens:  as,  "tri- 

pndiary  augurations,"  Sir    T.   Browne,   Vulg. 

Err.,  i.  11. 
augure1t,  »■     [For  'auger,  for  *algcrc,  appar.  < 

D.  aalgeer,  aalger,  elger,  <  mil  (=  E.  eel)  +  -ger 

(=  AS.  gar),  a  spear:   see  gar1,  gore-.}    An 

eel-spear. 
augure'2t,  "■     [Also  augur,  <  OF.   augure,  <  L. 

augurium  :  see  augury.]     Augury. 
augurert  (a'ger-er),  n.    An  augur.     Shak. 
augurial  (a-gu'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  augurialis,  col- 
lateral f orm  of  auguralis :  see  augural.}    Of  or 

pertaining  to  augurs  or  augury;  augural. 
As  for  tin-  divination  or  decision  from  the  start',  it  is  an 

augurial  relic.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

augurismt  (a'ger-izm),  n.     [<  augur  +  -ism.} 

Augury. 
auguristt  (a'ger-ist),  n.    [<  augur  +  -ist.   Cf. 

augurize.}    An  augur. 
augurizet  (a'ger-Iz),  r.  t.  or  i.    [<  augur  +  -i.e.] 

To  augur ;  act  as  an  augur. 
augurdust  (a'ger-us),  a.     [<  augur  +  -ous.} 

Predicting;  foretelling;  foreboding. 
Presaging  in  their  augurous  hearts. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xviii.  191. 

augurship  (a'ger-ship),  ft.     [<  augur  +  -ship.] 

The  office  or  period  of  office  of  an  augur. 
augury  (a'gu-ri),  ». ;  pi.  auguries  (-riz).  [<  ME. 
augury,  <  I  >L\  augurie  (ME.  also  augure,  <  OP. 
augurt )  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  augurio,  <  L.  augurium, 
divination,  prognostication,  omen,  <  augur,  au- 
gur: see  augur,  «.]  1.  The  art  or  practice  of 
foretelling  events  by  signs  or  omens. 

She  knew  by  augury  divine. 

Swift,  i  ladenus  and  Vanessa. 
The  throne  ami  sceptre  of  Ithaca  were  to  be  disposed 
l>y  augury,  by  the  will  of  Jove,  signified  by  some  omen. 
./.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  571. 

2.  That  which  forebodes ;  that  from  which  a 
prediction  is  drawn;  an  omen  or  significant 
token. 

Sad  auguries  of  winter  thence  she  drew. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  441. 

I  nail  this  interchange  of  sentiment  .  .  .  as  an  augury 
that  .  .  .  the  peace  and  friendship  which  now  exist  be- 
tween tlie  two  nations  will  he  .  .  .  perpetual 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  462. 

3.  Figuratively,  indication ;  presage ;  promise. 
Bis  diligence  at  school .  .  .  gme  augury  oi  his  future 

aplishments,  Sumner,  John  Pickering. 

=Syn.  Portent,  Sign,  etc.    See  omen. 

august1  (a-gusr),  «•    [=  >".  auguste  =  Sp.  Pg. 

It.  augusto,  <  I/,  augustus,  venerable,  worthy  of 
horn  <l  as  a  title  bj  Octavius  Caesar 

and  his  successors), perhaps  orig.  'consecrated 
by  augury,' <  augur,  augur  (cf.  robust,  <  L.  ro- 
bustus,  <  robur);  but  usually  associated  with 
augere,  increase,  extol:  see  auction."]  1.  In- 
spiring reverence  and  admiration;  majestic; 
nd  or  stately ;  Bublime;  magnifi- 
cent ;  imposing. 

i  hen  i-  on  earth  a  yet  august  r  thing, 

\  eiled  though  it  be,  than  parliann  nt  or  king. 

Wither. 

That  augu  i  face  of  Truth.       »  niftier.  Eve  of  Eli  i  I 

tensive  and  magnificent  structure,  the 
creation  of  the  prince's  own  e< 

Poe,   tales,  I.  339. 

2.  Venerable;  worshipful;  eminent.    Syn.  State- 
ly, etc,  I,  awful,  Imp 
August-  (a/gust), »(.    [OIK.  August,  Angst,  also 

An  i,  after-OP.  Aoust,  mod.  P.  Aoui  =  sp.  Pg. 
Ii.  lgo8to=D.  Augustus =0;.  Dan. August=Srw. 
Augusti  =  Russ.  Avgustu  =  Ur.  Aiiyovaroe,  <  L. 


aulacanthid 

been  various  congregations  of  nuns  called  by  this  name; 
and  many  others  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  as  the 

Hospital  sisters  ,.f  the  H6tel-Dieu  in  France,  Canada,  etc 
2.  In  thctil.,  one  who  adopts  the  views  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, especially  his  doctrines  of  predestina- 
tion and  irresistible  grace.  See  graee. — 3.  One 
of  a  sort  of  the  sixteenth  century,  which  main- 
tained that  the  gates  of  heaven  will  not  be  open 
till  the  general  resurrection. 

Augustinianism  (a-gus-tin'i-an-izm),  n.  [< 
AugusUman  +  -ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  St. 
Augustine. —  2.  The  rules  and  practice  of  the 
Augustinians. 

augUStly  (ii-gust'li),  adr.  In  an  august  man- 
ner; majestically. 

augustness  (a-gust'nes),  n.     The  quality  of 
being    august;    dignity    of   mien;    grandeur; 
magnificence. 
He  was  daunted  at  the  augustness  of  such  an  assembly. 

Shaftesbury. 

auk1  (;ik),  «.  [Also  written  awk,  E.  dial.  all:,  < 
Icel.  alka,  alka  =  8w.  alka  =  1  >an.  aUc;  >  NL.  Al- 

ca,  q.  v.]  A  diving  bird  belonging  to  the  fam- 
ily Alcidce  and  the  order  Pygopodes,  character- 
ized by  having  3  toes,  webbed  feet,  and  short 
wings  and  tail.  Originally  the  name  was  specifically 
applied  to  the  great  auk,  or  garefowl,  Alca  impennis,  which 
became  extinct  about  1M4,  notable  as  the  largest  bird  of 
the  family  and  the  only  one  deprived  of  the  power  of  flight 
by  reason  of  the  smallness  of  its  wings,  though  these  were 
as  perfectly  formed  as  in  other  birds.  It  was  about  30 
inches  long,  the  length  of  the  wing  being  only  about  6 
inches.  Its  color  was  dark-brown  above  and  white  below, 
with  a  large  white  spot  before  the  eye.  It  abounded  on 
both  coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
arctic  circle,  and  south  on  the  American  side  to  Massa- 
chusetts. The  name  came  to  be  also  specifically  applied 
to  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alca  or  Utamania  tarda,  a  simi- 
lar but  much  smaller  species,  about  15  inches  long,  with 
a  white  line  instead  of  a  spot  before  the  eye;  and  finally, 
as  a  book-name,  it  was  made  synonymous  with  Alcidce. 
Several  North  Pacific  species  stilt  bear  the  name,  as  the 
rhinoceros  auk  (Ccratorhina  mvnocerata),  the  crested  auk 
(Simorhynchus  cristatellus),  etc. ;  but  other  special  names 
are  usually  found  for  most  of  the  birds  of  this  family,  as 
puflin,  murre,  guillemot,  dovekie,  auklet,  etc.  There  are 
about  24  species  belonging  to  the  family.  See  Alca,  Al- 
cidce. 

auk'-'t,  a.    Same  as  awk1. 

inctive  ornaments,  had  places  of  honor  in  the  theaters,   auklet  (ak'let),  Ii.      [<  auk  +  dim.  -let.]     A  lit- 
tle auk.    Specifically  applied  to  several  small  species  of 


380 

Augustus  (so.  mensis,  month),  August:  so  named 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  Caesar  (see  august3 1  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Cesar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
Sextilis  (<  sextos  =  E.  sixth,  it  being  the  sixth 
month  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  tic  year,  containing  thirty-one  days,  reckon- 
ed the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain, 
but  the  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 
See  month. 

august-  (a'gust),  v.  t.  [=  F.  aodter,  ripen,  = 
Sp.  agostar,  be  parched,  dial,  plow  land  in 
August,  pasture  cattle  on  stubble  in  sum- 
mer (see  agostadero);  from  August-,  n.]  It. 
To  make  brown  or  sunburnt.  Evelyn. —  2.  To 
ripen;  bring  to  fruition.     [Poetical.] 

He  for  .  .  .  dear  nations  toiled, 
And  augusted  man's  heavenly  hopes. 

Bailey,  Mystic,  1.  55.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

[See  august1.]  A  name 
given  in  Central  America  to  a  valuable  timber- 
tree,  the  botanical  relations  of  which  are  un- 
known. 
augustal  (a-gus'tal),  n.  [<  L.  Augustalis,  relat- 
ing to  Augustus,  the  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
perors, <  augustus,  venerable  :  see  august1.]  1. 
Under  the  ancient  Roman  empire  :  (a)  A  priest 
of  the  lares  at  the  cross-roads,  an  office  first 
established  by  Augustus,  (b)  A  priest  of  a 
college  or  brotherhood  (sodales  Augustales)  of 
members  of  the  imperial  house  and  some  other 
persons  of  high  rank,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
maintain  the  religious  rites  of  the  Julian  fam- 
ily :  instituted  by  Tiberius,  (c)  A  member  of  a 
private  college  or  corporation,  of  which  there 
were  many  in  Rome  and  throughout  the  prov- 
inces, formed  to  do  reverence,  by  religious 
ceremonies  and  otherwise,  to  the  memory  of 
Augustus,  and,  at  a  later  date,  to  pay  divine 
honors  to  the  reigning  emperor  also.  The  office 
of  augustal  became  hereditary,  and  carried  with  it  the 
assessment  of  certain  public  dues,  and  the  giving  to  the 
public  of  stated  feasts  and  shows.    The  augustals  wore  dis 


and  enjoyed  other  privileges,    (rf)  Under  the  early 
empire,  a  general  name  for  subaltern  officers 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Augustal,  in  the  British  Museum.    ( Size  ef  the 

original.) 


The  name  of  an  Italian  gold 
coin,  weigh- 
ing from  30 
to  40  gin  ins, 
issued  in 

the  thirteenth 
century       by 
the     emperor 
Frederick    II. 
as  king  of  Si- 
cily.   It  bears 
a  resemblance  to  gold  coins  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
man empire. 
augustalis   (a-gus-ta'lis),   «.;  pi.  augustales 

(-lez).  Same  as  augustal,  2. 
Augustan  (a-gus'tan),  a.  [<  L.  Augustanus, 
pertaining  to  Augustus,  or  to  cities  named 
Augusta:  see,  August2.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Emperor  Augustus  (31  B.  c.  to  A.  D.  14) :  as, 
the  Augustan  age.  The  Augustan  age  was  the  most 
brilliant  period  in  Roman  literature;  hence  the  phrase 
lias  been  applied  by  analogy  to  similar  periods  in  the  lit- 
erary history  of  other  countries.  Thus  the  reien  ,,i  Louis 
XIV.  has  been  called  the  Augustan  age  of  French  litera- 
ture, while  that  of  Queen  Anne  has  received  this  distinc- 
tion in  English. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  town  Augusta  Vindelico- 
riim,  now  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria:  as,  the  Au- 
gustan Confession,  commonly  called  the  Augs- 
burg Confession.  See  confession. 
Augustin,  Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  a'gus-tin), 
n.  [<  L.  Augustinus,  a  proper  name,  <  Augus- 
tus, name  of'  Roman  emperors:  see  August2. 
The  name  Austin  is  a  contraction  of  Augustin.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  a  member  of  one  of 
the  monastic  fraternities  following  the  rule 
of  St.  Augustine.  See  Augnslininn.-  Augustine 
disputation,  a  disputation  formerly  held  at  Oxford  on 
the  iea-i  of  st.  Augustine. 
Augustinian  (a-gus-tin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Augustinus,  Augustine.]     I.  ii.    Eelating   or 

pertaining  to  SI.  Augustine  or  his  doctrines,  ol- 
io I  ho  order  of  monks  following  his  rule. 

II.  a.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  several  reli- 
gious orders  deriving  their  name  and  rule  from 

St.  August ini'.    The  regular  ci -,asi.  lugustine, 

i.i  Austin  Cai 

alter  1  loo,  and 

etc.  The  hermits  of  St.  Augustine,  or  Austin  friars,  now 
known  as  Augustinians,  form  one  of  the  four  mendicant 
orders,. i  lb,  lo.  man  Catholic  Church;  they  were  gathered 
into  one  body  loan  several  congri  [ations  in  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century.  A  reformed  branch  ol  this  order  is 
known  as  the  barefooted  AugusHnians.    There  have  also 


Crested  Auklet  [Simorhynchus  cristatellus). 

Alcidce,  of  the  genera  Simorhynchus,  Ombria,  and  Ply- 
chorhamphus,  as  the  crested  auklet  Simorhynchus  ens- 
tateUus;  the  parrakeet  auklet,  Ombria  psittacula;  the 
Aleutian  auklet,  Ptychorhamphus  aleuticus. 

aul  (al),  >i.  [B.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  alder1.] 
The  alder. 

When  the  bud  ..f  the  aul  is  as  big  as  the  trout's  eye, 
Then  that  fish  is  in  season  in  the  river  Wye. 

Local  Eng.  proverb. 

aula  (a'la),  ".;  pi-  aulce  (-16).  [L.,  a  hall,  a 
court,  <  fir.  avAij,  a  hall,  a  court,  orig.  an  open 
court,  prob.  as  being  open  to  the  air,  <  afpiax, 
blow:  see  air1,  aura,  and  asthma  :  cf.  aiiA^f,  a 
pipo,  flute.]  1.  A  court  or  hall.— 2.  [NL.] 
In  anat.,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  third  ven- 
tricle of  the  brain,  corresponding  to  the  cavity 
of  the  primitive  prosencephalon;  a  niesal  por- 
tion of  the  common  ventricular  cavity  of  the 
brain;  in  the  amphibian  brain,  the  ventricle  of 
the  unpaired  cerebral  rudiment. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
zobl.,  the  cavity  of  a  colony  of  infusorians,  as 
members  of  VolvOX  or  Kiiilnrina.     A.  Hyatt. — 

Aula  Regia  or  Regis  (Hoyal  or  Kings  Court),  a  i t 

established  by  William  the  Conqueror  in  his  own  hall, 
whence  the  name,  it  was  composed  of  the  great  officers 
of  slate  resident  in  the  palace,  of  the  king's  justiciars,  and 
the  greater  barons.  It  formed  an  advisory  body  consulted 
bj  the  king  in  matters  of  great  Importance.  Also  called 
Curia  Regis.    See  curia,  2. 

ns,  were  introduced  into  Great  Britain  soon    A.1i„„aT14.va    f-'i-l-i-k-m'tlei)     »        1NL      <   Gr. 

had  houses  at  Pontefract,  Scone,  Holyr 1.  AUiacantna    (a  i.i  K.in  i    a  i,    n.      L"1-1-.   ^   «»• 

lir/or,  pipe,    lube,   +   iltitirllu,  II    s|Ulie.]       A  genus 

of  r.i.lioinriaiis,  representing  a  peculiar  family, 
the  Aiiliieiiulliiila:     llaeelel,  1800. 
aulacanthid  (&-la-kan'thid),  n.    A  radiolarian 

of  the  family  Aulneaiilliiihe. 


.->--^i: 


Grntind-pig  {Altlacodits  STvinderiantis). 


Aulacanthidae 
Aulacanthidae  (8>la-kan'thi-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Aulacanllia  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  tripyleans 
or  acantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  a  superficial  pallium  of  live  tan- 
gential tubes  and  a  number  of  strong  radial 
spiculos,  simple  or  branched,  which  pierce  the 
mantle.  The;  are  deep-sea  organisms,  and  are  divided 
into  a  number  of  genera,  as  Aulneunthu,  Autuspathis, 
Sulocapkis,  Aulodendrum,  etc     Kaechel. 

aulacode  (a'la-kod),«.    [< Aulacodus.]    Aspiny 

ground-rat  of  the  genus  Aulacodus. 
Aulacodus  ( a-la-ko'dus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av'Aa^,  a 

furrow,  +  booi  cj°  tooth.]    1.  A  genus  of  rodents, 

of  the  family 
Octodontidce 
and  subfami- 
ly Echitnyi- 
nce,  including 
one  African 
species,  A. 
swinderianus, 
S  winder's  au- 
lacode,  the 
ground-pig.  It 
is  a  lame  bur- 
rowing   animal, 

about  2  feet  long,  with  a  stout  body,  short  limbs,  ears,  and 

tail,  flattened  and  channeled  bristly  hairs  like  spines,  and 

triply  grooved  teeth. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous    insects.      Esch- 

scholt-,  1832. 
aula?,  ».    Plural  of  aula. 
aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  a.  and  re.   [<  ML.  aularis, 

<  L.  aula,  hall.]     I.  a.  Relating  to  a  hall. 

II.  re.  At  English  universities,  especially  Ox- 
ford, a  member  of  a  hall,  as  distinguished  from 
a  collegian. 

aulary  (a'la-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aularis:  see  aula- 
rian.']   Same  as  tiiiliiritin. 

aulatela  (a-la-te'la),  ».;  pi.  aulatcltc  (-le). 
[NL.,  irreg.  <  aula  (see  aula  i  +  L.  tela,  a  web.] 
In  anat.,  the  atrophied  or  membranous  roof  of 
the  aula.     See  aula,  2. 

aulbet,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  alb1. 

auld  (aid),  a.     [So.,  =  E.  old,  q.  v.]     Old. 

Take  thine  auld  cloak  about  thee. 

Quoted  in  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Auld  brrMe.  See  birkie.— Auld  lang  syne.  [Auld  =  E. 
old;  lain/  =  E.  long;  syne  =  E.  since:  see  sync]  A  3cotch 
phrase  denoting  days  or  times  long  since  past,  especially 
happy  times.  — Auld  Wives'  tongues,  an  old  name  of  the 
asp, Populus  tremula,  "This  tree  is  the  matter  whereof 
women's  toougs  were  made,  as  the  poets  and  some  others 
report,  which  seldom  cease  wagging."    Gerard. 

Auldana  (al-da'nii),  n.  An  Australian  redwine. 

auld-farand,  auld-farrant  (ald-fa'rand,  -rant), 
a.  [So.,  <  auld  +  farand.]  Having  the  ways 
or  thoughts  of  an  old  person;  resembling  an 
old  or  at  least  a  grown-up  person ;  hence,  saga- 
cious ;  wily ;  knowing  more  than  was  expected : 
most  frequently  applied  to  children.    [Scotch.] 

aulen  (a'len),  a.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  at- 
<lcn>.  CI.  aid.]    Aldern ;  of  alder.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

auletes  (a-le'tez),  n. ;  pi.  auletai  (-ti).  [Gr. 
avkijTJic,  <  av?.eiv,  play  on  the  flute,  <  avAAc,  a 
flute,  a  pipe,  tube,  <  af/vat,  blow.  Cf.  aula.~\  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  flute-player. 

Before  him  on  the  right  stands  an  auletes. 

Cat.  ,,/'  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  86. 

auletic  (a-let'ik),  a.  [<  L.  auleticus,  <  Gr.  avfa/- 
tik6c,  of  or  for  the  flute  (cf.  avAnrijc,  a  flute- 
player),  <  ni-hiv,  play  on  the  flute:  see  auletes.] 
Pertaining  to  instruments  of  the  flute  kind. 

It  is  true  that  the  ancients  also  had  an  instrumental 
music  separate  from  poetry ;  lint  while  this  in  modern 
times  has  been  coming  more  and  more  to  be  the  crown  of 
musical  art,  it  was  confined  in  antiquity  to  the  kitharistic 
and  auletic  nomes.  J.  llatiley,  Essays,  p.  90. 

auletris  (a-le'tris),  n. ;  pi.  aulctrides  (-tri-dez). 
[Gr.  av'/i)-pi<;,  fem.  of  av/j/ri/r:  see  auletes.']  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  fe- 
male flute-player. 

In  the  centre  an  auletris, 
looking  to  the  right,  playing 
on  the  double  liute. 

Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit. 
{Museum,  II.  15. 

aulic  (a'lik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  aulicus.  <  Gr.  ai-'/i- 
aoc,  of  the  court,  <  av/ij, 
court:  see  aula.]  I.  a. 
1 .  Pertaining  to  a  royal 
court.  In  the  old  German 
empire,  the  Aulic  Council  was 
the  personal  council  of  the 
emperor,  and  one  of  the  two 
supreme  courts  of  the  em- 
pire which  decided  without 
appeal.  It  was  instituted 
about  1502,  and  organized  „*$*£■*  £duE£.  *&*£ 
lUlder  a  definite  constitution     a  Greek  red-figured  vase;   5th 

in  1559,  modified  in  1654.     It    century  b.  c.) 


381 

finally  consisted  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and 
eighteen  councilors,  six  ol  whom  were  Protestante;  the 

unani is  vote  of  the  latter  could  noi  be  set  aside  bj 

the  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to  exist  on  the  ex- 
tinction ol  the  German  empire  lnl806.  The  title  is  nofl 
given  to  the  Council  of  state  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Also  utiltcul. 

2.  [(.  aula,2.]  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aula.     Wilder. 

II.  n.  Formerly,  in  the  University  of  Paris, 
the  ceremony  of  conferring  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  theology,    including  a  harangue   by  the 

chancellor  and  a  disputation  upon  a  thesis 
written  and  defended  by  the  candidate :  so 
called  because  it  was  held  in  the  great  hall  of 
the  archbishopric. 

aulical  (a'li-kal),  '/.      Same  as  milii;  1. 

aulicism  (a'li-sizui),  re.  [<  aulic  +  -ism.]  A 
courtly  phrase  or  expression. 

aulin  (a'lin),  n.  [Also  written  allin,  alien,  nl- 
htn  ;  according  to  Edmonston  (Shetland  tiloss.) 

<  Icel.  "aliiiu.  a  parasite"  (cf.  the  specific  name 
parasiticus),  prop,  one  fed,  being  pp.  of  alii, 
bear,  nourish,  feed:  see  alie1  and  all.]  The 
arctic  gull,  Stercorarius  parasiticus,  also  call- 
ed dirty-alien,  scouty-aulin  or  aulin-scouty,  and 
sl:a  it-bird.     See  scmttij-aidin  and  skait-iiird. 

aulin-SCOUty  (a'lin-skou'ti),  n.    Same  as  aulin. 

auliplexus  (a-li-plek'sus),  ».;  pi.  auliplexus  or 
auliplexuses  i-cz).  [NL.,  <  aula,  2,  +  plexus.] 
In  anat.,  the  aulic  portion  of  the  diaplexus; 
that  part  of  the  choroid  plexus  which  is  in  the 
aula.  See  aula,  2.  Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat. 
Tech.,  p.  473. 

aulmonieret,  ».    See  aumdniere. 

aulnt,  «.    See  aune. 

aulnaget,  ».     See  (linage. 

aulnagert,  »■    See  alnager. 

aulophyte  (a'lo-fit),  ».  [<  Gr.  ahloe,  a  pipe, 
tube,  +  tpvrov,  a  plant.]  A  plant  living  within 
another,  but  chiefly  for  shelter,  not  parasiti- 
cally,  as  some  minute  alga?. 

Aulopora  (a-lop'o-ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ab?,6c,  a 
pipe,  +  nopor,  a  pore'.]  A  genus  of  fossil  sclero- 
dermatous corals,  of  the  group  Tubulosa,  giving 
name  to  a  family  Aitlnporiiln: 

aulorhynchid  (a-lo-ring'kid),  n.    A  fish  of  the 

Ian iilv  Auhirlii/nchiihr. 

Aulor'hynchidae  (a-lo-ring'ki-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Aulorhynchus  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  hemi- 
branchiate  fishes,  with  an  elongated  subcylin- 
drical  body,  elongated  tubiform  snout,  sides 
with  rows  of  bony  shields,  and  subthoracic 
ventral  fins  having  a  spine  and  four  rays  each. 

Aulorhynchus  (a-lo-ring'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
abide,  a  flute,  pipe,  +  pi'YXort  snout.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  AulorTiynchidai. 
A.  Jlaridus,  the  only  known  species,  occurs  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Aulosphaera  (a-lo-sfe'rit),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avA.6e, 
a  pipe,  +  eupaipa,  sphere.]  A  genus  of  radio- 
larians, typical  of  the  family  Aulospha ridai. 

Aulosphaeridae  (a-lo-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aulospluera  +  -ida-.]  A  family  of  tripylean 
or  acantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  fenestrated 
shell  composed  in  a  peculiar  fashion  of  hollow 
tubes.  It  is  a  group  of  several  deep-sea  gen- 
era, as  Aulospharti,  Aulophlegma,  etc.    Haeckel. 

Aulostoma  (a-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL.  (prop.  fem. 
of  Aulnstomus ;  cf.  Aulostomus),  <  Gr.  abA,6e,  a 
pipe,  +  GToua,  mouth:  see  auletes  and  stoma.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aulo- 
stomidm.    Also  Aulostomus. 

Aulostomatidae  (a"lo-sto-mat'i-de),  re.  ]>l. 
Same  as  Aiiltisttiuutltt: 

aulostomid  (a-los'to-mid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Aulostomidiv. 

Aulostomidae  (a-16-sto'mi-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Aulostoma  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  hemibranehi- 
ate  fishes,   typified  by  the  genus  Aulostoma, 


Aulostoma   chinense. 

with  a  long  compressed  body,  elongated  tubi- 
form snout,  imbricated  ctenoid  scales,  numer- 
ous dorsal  spines,  and  abdominal  spineless 
ventral  fins.  Several  species  are  known  as 
inhabitants  of  tropical  and  warm  seas.  Also 
Aulostomatidiv. 

aulostomidan  (a-lo-sto'mi-dan),  a.  and  ».  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Aulostomidce. 

II.   n.  A  fish  of  tho  family  AulnsloniiiUv ;  an 
aulostomid.     Sir  J.  Bichardson. 

Aulostomus  (a-los'to-inus),  «.  [NL.,  masc. : 
see  Aulostoma.]     Same  as  Aulostoma. 


aura 

aum1  (am),  ii.  A  dialectal  form  of  elm.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum-  (am),  ii.    See  aam. 
aum:!(ani  i, //,  A  dialectal  form  of  alum,  [North. 

Eng.] 

aum1,  "•      See  iiiii. 

aumailt,  «•  and  V.     An  obsolete  form  of  nun  I. 

aumbryt,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 

aumelett,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  nun  It  I. 

aumener'r,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  almoner1. 

aumener-t,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  almoner'*. 

aumeryt,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 

aumone  (ft'mon),  n.  [<  !•'.  aumdne,  <  OF.  al- 
iimsiir,  <  LL.  eleemosyna,  alms:  see  alms  and 
almoin.]  In  law,  alms Tenure  in  aumone,  a  ten- 
ure by  which  lands  are  given  in  alms  to  some  church  or 
religious  house. 

aumoniere,  aulmonieret  i  o-mo-ni-ar'),  n.   [F. : 

see  almoin  r-.]  A  pouch  or  purse,  often  richly 
embroidered,  carried  at  the  girdle  by  persons 
of  rank  during  the  middle  ages.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  bag  or  pouch  similarly  worn  by 
women  at  the  present  day. 

aumuce,  »■    See  amiceP. 

auncelt,  "•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ancel,  <  ME. 
auncel,  auneellc,  turnstile,  also  auncere,  aunsere, 

<  AF.  muni  He,  ntiiist  Ih  ,  appar.  (by  mistaking 
the  initial  /  for  the  article  V,  la)  for  'launa  He, 

<  It.  lancella,  a  little  balance,  dim.  of  lance,  a 
balance,  <  L.  lau.r,  ace.  lanceni,  a  plate,  a  scale 
of  a  balance:  see  lauee-,  Iniinei'-,  and  balance.] 
A  kind  of  balance  for  weighing  anciently  used 
in  England,  apparently  that  variety  of  the 
steelyard  commonly  known  as  the  Danish  steel- 
yard, which  has  a  movable  fulcrum  and  a  fixed 
weight,  the  forefinger  often  serving  as  the  ful- 
crum. It  was  very  inaccurate,  ami  was  therefore  prohib- 
ited by  statute.  In  manyparts  of  England  the  term  awn- 
eel-weight  is  still  used  tosignify  weight,  as  of  neat,  which 
has  been  estimated  by  the  hand  without  scales. 

aundert,  »•    A  dialectal  form  of  undent. 

aundiront,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  andiron. 

aune  (on),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  dine,  ell:  see  alnage 
and  ell.]  A  French  cloth-measure,  now  super- 
seded as  a  standard  measure  by  the  meter. 
The  use  of  the  aune  nuitrigue,  nouvclle,  or  usuelle,  equal 
to  \\  meters  or  47i  English  inches,  established  in  1812,  was 
forbidden  after  1S39.  The  old  measure  of  this  name  varied 
at  different  places :  at  Rouen  it  was  the  same  as  the  Eng- 
lish ell,  45  inches ;  at  Paris,  46|  inches ;  at  Lyons,  47J 
iuches  ;  at  Calais,  68^  inches.     Formerly  written  auln. 

aunget,  aungelt,  «.  [ME.,  <  OF.  angc,  angel : 
see  angel.]     Obsolete  forms  of  angel. 

aunt  (ant),  n.  [<  ME.  aunlt ,  aunt,  <  OF.  ante, 
niiiite  (F.  tnult)  =  Pr.  amda  =  It.  dial,  amulet, 
ameta,  <  L.  ennita,  aunt;  cf.  Icel.  annua,  grand- 
mother: see  animal.  Yor  the  change  of  mi 
tout,  cf.  ant1.]  1.  The  sister  of  one's  father 
or  mother ;  also,  in  address  or  familiar  use, 
the  wife  of  one's  uncle. —  2f.  Formerly  used 
by  alumni  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  as  a  title 
for  the  "  sister  university."  X.  E.  D. —  3f.  An 
old  woman  ;  an  old  gossip. 

The  wisest  mint  telling  the  saddest  tale. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  1. 

4f.  A  procuress  ;  a  loose  woman. 

Summer  songs  for  me  and  my  aunts, 
While  we  lie  tumbling  in  the  bay. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Aunt  Sally,  (a)  In  England,  a  favorite  game  at  race- 
courses ami  fairs.  A  wooden  head  is  set  on  a  pole,  and  a 
clay  pipe  is  placed  in  the  mouth  or  nose.  The  game  con- 
sists in  endeavoring  to  smash  the  pipe  by  throwing  sticks 
or  other  missiles  at  it.    (/>)  The  lead  so  used. 

auntert,  "•  The  common  Middle  English  form 
of  adventure,  n. 

auntert,  auntret,  «■  <•  and  t.  The  common 
Middle  English  forms  of  adventure,  v. 

I  wol  arise  and  auntre  it  by  my  fay. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  290. 

auntie,  ".    See  aunty. 

auntroust,   «■      The  common  Middle  English 

form  oi  adventurous.     Chaucer, 
aunty,  auntie  (Sn'ti),  «.    Familiar  diminutive 

forms  of  aunt. 
aura1  (a'rii),  re.     [L.,  a  breeze,  a  breath  of  air, 

the  air,  (  Gr.  avpa,  air  in  motion,  a  breeze, 

<  affrat,  breathe,  blow.  Cf.  aula,  and  see  air1.] 
1.  A  supposed  influence,  force,  or  imponder- 
able matter  proceeding  from  a  body  and  sur- 
rounding it  as  an  atmosphere  ;  specifically,  an 
imponderable  substance  supposed  to  emanate 
from  all  living  things,  to  consist  of  the  subtle 
essence  of  the  individual,  and  to  be  a  means 
of  manifesting  what  is  called  animal  mag- 
netism, and  also  a  medium  for  the  operation 
of  alleged  mesmeric,  clairvoyant,  and  somnam- 
bulic powers.  Also  called  nerve-aura,  or  ner- 
raura.  Henei — S.  Figuratively,  atmosphere; 
ah- ;  character,  etc. 


aura 

He  (Rossetti]  appreciated  to  a  generous  extent   the 
poetrj   ol   [mi  -  nt  younger  writers,  but  failed   to  see  in 
nine-tenths  of  it  an\   of  that  originalitj  and  individual 
aura  that  characterize  work  that  "ill  stand  the 
time.  M  .  Sharp,  D.  G.  Kossetti,  p.  35. 

The  personal  aura  which  surrounded  him  [s.  Bowles 
in  social  intercourse  was  nowhere  more  potent  than  with 
his  young  men  in  the  office. 

Charles  G.  Whiting,  in  Merriam's  Life  of  Bowles,  II  69 
3.  A  peculiar  sensation  resembling  that  pro- 
duced by  ;i  current  of  air.  See  epileptic  aura, 
below — Electric  aura,  a  supposed  electric  fluid  ema- 
nating from  ati  electrified  body,  and  forming  a  Bori  of  at- 
mosphere around  it  Also  called  electric  atmospl 
Epileptic  aura  (aura  epileptica),  primarily,  a  sensation, 

asof  a  current  of  air  rising  fr Bome  part  of  flu-  body  to 

tlie  head,  preceding  an  attack  <>f  epilepsy  :  in  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  any  disturbance  ol  i  onsciousness  or  local  mo- 
tor  symptoms  [mmediately  preceding  an  epileptic  spasm. 
—  Hysteric  aura,  a  similar  sensation  preceding  an  at- 
tack of  hysteria, 
aura-  (&'rS  ).  n.  [NL.,  appar.  adapted  (with  ref. 
to  aural)  from  a  S.  Amor,  native  name.  The 
form  ouroua  is  given  by  Barrere  as  the  native 
name  in  Guiana.]  An  old  native  name  of  any 
South  American  vulture  excepting  the  condor ; 
an  urubu,  tzopilotl,  gallinazo,  turkey-buzzard, 
or  earrion-erow.  It  was  early  Latinized  in  the  form 
■<:  aurarum,  was  adopted  by  Linmeus  as  the  specific 
name  of  his  Vultur  aura,  and  is  now  used  as  the  specific 
name  of  the  turkey-buzzard,  Cathartes  aura.  See  cut 
under  '  atharti  s. 

aural1  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  aura  (s-ee  aural)  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  air  or  to  an  aura. 

aural'2  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  nun's,  =  E.  ear1,  +  -a!.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  ear:  as,  the  aural  orifice; 
aural  surgery. —  2.  Perceived  by  the  ear; 
learned  by  hearing ;  auricular. 

That  aural  acquaintance  with  Latin  phrases  which  the 
unlearned  might  pick  up  from  pulpit  quotations  con- 
stantly interpreted  by  the  preacher,  could  help  them  little 
when  they  saw  written  Latin.    George  Eliot,  Romola,  lxiii. 

auramine  (a'ra-niin),  n.  [<  aurum  +  amine."] 
A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  the  hydro- 
chlorid  of  tetra-methyl-diainido-benzo-phenon-imide.  It 
yields  a  pure  and  brilliant  yellow  on  cotton,  wool,  and  silk. 

aurantia  (a-ran'shi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  auranUum, 
an  orange:  see  orange.]  A  coal-tar  color  used  in 
dyeing.  It  is  the  ammonium  salt  of  hexa-nicro-diphenyl- 
amine.  It  produces  shades  of  orange,  but  is  only  applied 
to  wool  and  silk.  It  has  been  said  that  this  dye  has  poison- 
ous properties,  occasioning  skin-eruptions. 

Aurantiacese  (a-ran-ti-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
aurantium,  an  orange  (see  orange),  +  -accw.] 
See  Aurmiliew. 

aurantiaceous  (a-ran-ti-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
aurantiaeeus :  see  above.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Aurantiacece. 

Aurantiese  (a-ran-ti'e-e),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  auran- 
tiiun (see  orange)  +  -ece.]  A  tribe  in  the  natu- 
ral order  Butacece,  trees  or  shrubs,  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  their  perfect 
flowers  and  by  their  fruit,  a  large  berry  with 
exalbuminous  seeds.  It  has  often  been  classed  as  a 
distinct  order,  the  Aurantiacece.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
genera,  indigenous  to  tropical  Asia,  of  which  the  most 
familiar  are  Citrus,  yielding  the  orange,  etc.;  Limonia 
(which  see);  anil  Jigle,  tic  bhel-tree. 

aurate1  (a/rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auratus,  over- 
laid with  gold,  of  gold,  pp.  of  aurare,  overlay 
with  gold,  <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum  and  -ate1.] 
I.  a.  Resembling  gold;  gold-colored;  gilded. 
[Rare.] 

II.  ».  1.  A  kind  of  pear. — 2.  A  combination 
of  auric  acid  with  a  base;  as,  potassium  aurate. 

aurate"  (a'rat),  a.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear1,  + 
-ate1.  Equiv.  to  auritril,  q.  v.]  Eared;  having 
ears,  as  the  .scallop-shell. 

aurated1,  aurated2  (a'ra-ted),  a.  Same  as 
auraU  ',  am  at*  '-'. 

aure  (o-ra'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  =  aurate1.]  In 
her.,  sprinkled  with  drops  or  spots  of  gold. 
iiili'  rwise  ti  railed  gutti  ofor.    See  gutti. 

aureate  (a're-ai  I,  a,  [Early  mod.  E.  aureat,  < 
I.I.  aureatu  ,  adorned  with  gold,  <  L.  aureus, 
golden,  <  (iiiriiin,  gold:  see  aurum.]  Golden; 
gilded;  golden-yellow,  as  a  flower. 

aurei,  n.    Plurai  of  aureus. 

aureity  (a-re'i-ti),  n.  [<  aure-ous  +  -»<y.]  The 
peculiar p  ofgold;  goldenness.    Cole- 

i  idgi . 

aurelia  (a-re'lyS),  n.    [NL.,  <  It.  minim,  chrys- 
alis, <  aurelia,  (em.  oiaurelio,  golden  (Florio), 
<  L.  'aurelius  (only]  as  a 
proper    name,    Aurelius, 

\      carlo  r      low  /,„v,     a     Ro- 

■m  man  family),  <  aurum, 
W  gold  :  sc  aurum.  |  It.  In 
I  ntom.,  I  lio  n\  mph.  chrys- 
alis, or  pupa  of  a  Lepi- 
dopterous  insect.  Bee 
chrysalis. — 2.  leap.]  A 
'  i'      genus  of   pelagic   disco- 

longed  angle  of  the  mouth  ■ 


:  of  tic 


e  ntlmcystT         '     pllol'olls  II  ij.lnnni  ,lu   o  , 


382 
typical  of  fho  family  Aureliidce,  characterized 

by  having  branched  radial  vessels  and  I  he  edge 
of  the  disk  fringed  with  small  tentacles.  A.  au- 
rita  is  tile  type-species,  found  in  European  seas,  the  old 
Medusa  aurita  of  Linnams.  A.  JUtvidula  occurs  on  the 
:  ol  North  America.  The  name  is  synonymous  with 
Medusa  regarded  as  a  genus  and  in  its  most  restricted 
sense. 

In  the  study  of  the  sunfish  (Aurelia)  we  arc  able  to  see 
plainly  the  prominent  differences  between  jelly-fishes  as 
a  group  and  polyps  as  a  group. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  July,  1878,  p.  31S. 
3.  The  adult  state  of  any  medusa,  or  the  per- 
fected stage  of  a  medusiform  zooid. 
aurelian  (a-re'lyan),  a.  and  n.  [<  aurelia,  1,  + 
-mi.]  I.t  a.  In  entom.,  like  or  pertaining  to 
the  aurelia:  as,  the  aurelian  form  of  an  insect. 
II.  n.  An  entomologist  devoted  to  the  study 
of  lepidopterous  insects  only. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  .loo  lions,  as  the  students 
of  Lepidoptera  were  then  [1853]  termed. 

J.  0.  Westwood,  1883. 

Aureliidse  (a-re-li'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL..  <  Ann  I'm, 
'_',  +   -ida\]     A  family  of  pelagic  Viseophora, 
containing  the  genus  Aurelia. 
aureola  (a-re'o-la),  n.     [L.,  fern,  of  aureolus,  of 
gold,  dim.  of  aureus,  of  gold,  <  aurum,  gold: 
see  aurum.]    1.  In  rep- 
resentations    of      the 
Deity,  the  Virgin  Mary, 
saints,  martyrs,  etc.,  a 
radiance    or   luminous 
cloud  emanating  from 
and    surrounding    the 
whole  figure.     Jf  the  fig- 
ure is  represented  in  an  erect 
position,  the  aureola  is  usu- 
ally  oval,   or  of   the    form 
known  as  the   vesica  pisria 
(fish*s  bladder) ;  if  the  figure 
is  sitting,  the  aureola  often 
approaches  a  circular  form. 
Aureola,  nimbus,  and  glory 
are  frequently  confounded, 
though  technically  quite  dis- 
tinct.   See  nimbus  and  glory. 
There     are     some    poets 
whom  we   picture    to    our- 
selves as   surrounded  with 
aureolas. 
Stedman,\ict.  Poets,  p.  114. 

2.  Anything  resem- 
bling an  aureola.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  around  the 
moon  in  total  eclipses  of  the  sun.  (6)  In  meteor. ,  a  kind 
of  halo  surrounding  a  shadow  east  upon  a  cloud  or  fog- 
bank  or  dew-covered  grass:  often  observed  by  aeronauts 
on  the  upper  surface  of  clouds.  Also  called  a  glory, 
3.  In  Bom.  Cath.  theol.,  a  higher  reward  added 
to  the  essential  bliss  of  heaven  as  a  recompense 
for  a  special  spiritual  victory  gained  by  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  attributed:  as,  the  au- 
reola of  virgins,  martyrs,  doctors,  etc. 
aureole  (a're-61),  n.  [<  ME.  aureole  (cf.  F.  au- 
reale),  <  L.  aureola :  see  aureola.  Cf.  oriole.]  A 
luminous  emanation  or  cloud  surrounding  a 
figure  or  an  object ;  an  aureola. 

Fair  shines  the  gilded  aureole 
In  which  our  highest  painters  place 
Some  living  woman's  simple  face. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Jenny. 
And  round  the  grisly  fighter's  hair  the  martyr's  aureole 
bent!  Whitticr,  Brown  of  Ossawatomie. 

When  the  electric  arc  is  produced  between  carbons  in 
vacuo  a  beautiful  glow  is  obtained,  the  negative  pole  being 
surrounded  by  a  blue  'aureole,  and  the  positive  by  a  strat- 
ified pale-blue  light.      A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  583. 

aureole  (a're-61),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aureoled, 
ppr.  n u mil i nil.  [<  aureole,  «.]  To  surround  or 
invest  with  an  aureole. 

aureolin  (a-re'o-lin),  n.  [<  L.  aureolus,  dim.  of 
aureus,  golden,  yellow  (see  minims),  +  -hi'2.] 
A  trade-name  for  the  pigment  cobalt  yellow 
( \\  hich  see,  under  yellow). 

aureosin  (a-re'o-sin),  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  + 
i  iisiii.]    A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,    n  is  a 

chlorinated   n 'escein  (which  see).     It  dyes  light-rose 

haiies  on    ilk,  u'ivini;  a  greenish-yellow  rcllection. 

aureous  (a're-us),  a.  [<  L.  aureus,  of  gold,  gold- 
en, <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum.]  Of  a  golden- 
yellow  color. 

aures,  ».    Plural  of  aims,  I. 

aureus  (A're-us),  «.;  pi.  aurei  (-i).  [L.,  prop. 
adj.  (so.  nummus,  coin),  of  gold:  see  aureous.] 
A  Roman 
gold  coin 
eq  nivalenl 

to      100      Ses- 
terces or  25 

denarii,  first 

minted       in 
t  lie  first  cen- 

/  't         Aureus  of  Augustus,  British  Museum. 

ami     issued  oi , 


Aureola. —  Figure  of  Christ, 
from  tympanum  of  portal  of  St. 
Trophime,  Aries,  France ;  12th 
century. 


auricular 

under  the  empire  till  the  reign  of  Constantino 
I.,  who  substituted  for  it  the  gold  solidus.  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  the  annus  weighed  about  120  grains 
and  \v  as  worth  about  $5.02.  Its  weight  and  standard  were 
afterw  ard  reduced. 

au  revoir  (d  re-vwor').  [F. :  an  (see  aw2);  re- 
voir,  <  L.  remdere,  see  again,  <  re-,  again,  + 
videre,  see:  lit.  to  the  reseeing  (inf.  used  as 
n.).]  Until  we  meet  again;  good-by  for  the 
present. 

auri-argentiferous  (a  ri-ar-jen-tif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  argentum,  silver,  +  ferre  = 
E.  bear1:  see  aurum  and.  argentiferous.]  Bear- 
ing or  containing  both  gold  and  silver. 

There  are  found  in  the  lower  levels   pockets  of  auH 
argentiferous  ore.     /..  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  12s. 

auric1  (a'rik),  a.    [<  L.  aurum,  gold  (see  aurum), 

+  -/c]     Of  or  pertaining  to  gold Auric  oxid, 

or  gold  trioxid,  Au^.o..,  is  a  blackish-brown  powder,  the 
highest  known  oxid  id  gold. 

auric-  (a'rik),  «.  [<  aura1  +  -ie.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  aura;  aural.     See  aura1. 

aurichalc  (a'ri-kalk),  n.    See  oriehale. 

aurichalcite  (a-ri-kal'sit),  n.  [<  L.  auriehal- 
eum  (see  oriehale)  +  -ite'2.]  A  hydrous  carbon- 
ate of  copper  and  zinc  occurring  in  transpar- 
ent verdigris-green  to  sky-blue  needle-shaped 
crystals,  also  in  laminated  or  granular  masses. 
When  reduced  it  yields  a  ^old-colored  alloy  of  copper  anil 
zinc.  Btiratite  is  a  variety  which  was  supposed  to  lie 
singular  in  containing  calci 

aurichalcum  (a-ri-kal'kum),  n.  See  oriehale. 

auricle  (ii'ri-kl),  u.  [<L.  auricula,  the  external 
ear,  the  ear,  dim.  of  «»m  =  E.  ear1,  q.  v.]  1. 
The  pinna  of  the  external  ear ;  that  part  of  tho 
organ  of  hearing  which  projects  from  the  side 
of  the  head.  See  pinna,  and  cut  under  ear. 
Also  auricula. —  2.  A  chamber  or  one  of  the 
chambers  of  the  heart  into  which  the  blood 
comes  from  the  veins,  and  from  which  it  passes 
into  the  ventricle  or  one  of  the  ventricles.  In 
the  mammalian,  avian,  and  reptilian  heart  there  are  two 
auricles,  the  right  and  the  left.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  in  a  more  special  sense  to  designate  au  ear-like  por- 
tion or  appendage  (appendix  auriculae)  of  each  of  theso 
chambers ;  the  remainder  is  then  distinguished  as  the 
sinus.  The  right  auricle  receives  venous  blood  from  the 
vena?  cava? ;  the  left  auricle  receives  arterial  blood  from 
the  lungs  through  the  pulmonary  veins.  See  cuts  under 
heart  and  lung. 

3.  Something,  or  some  part  of  a  thing,  like  or 
likened  to  an  ear:  variously  applied,  chiefly  in 
botany,  zoology,  and  comparative  anatomy. 
Specifically — («)  In  entom.,  an  appendage  of  the  plantaof 
certain  insects,  as  bees.  (6)  In  echinoderms,  an  auricula. 
See  auricula,  4.  (c)  In  6ot.,  an  ear-shaped  or  ear-like  ap- 
pendage ;  the  inflated  lower  lobe  or  appendage  of  the 
leaves  of  some  Hepaticce. 

4.  An  instrument  applied  to  the  ears  to  assist 
in  hearing;  a  kind  of  ear-trumpet. 

auricled  (a'ri-kld-),  c.  [<  auricle  +  -ed?.]  Hav- 
ing ears  orauricles;  having  appendages  resem- 
bling ears;  in  hot.,  same  as  auriculate. 

auricomous  (a-rik'o-mns),  a.  [<  L.  auricomus, 
with  golden  hair,  <  aurum,  gold,  +  coma,  hair: 
see  aurum  and  nnim-.]  Having  golden  hair; 
yellow-haired. 

auricula  (a-rik'u-l;i),  n.  •  pi.  auricula-  (-le).  [L., 
the  external  ear,  the  ear:  see  auricle.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  garden  flower  derived  from  the  yellow 
Primula  Auricula,  found  native  in  the  Swiss 
Alps,  ami  sometimes  called  bear's-ear  from  tho 
shape  of  its  leaves.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  cen- 
turies by  florists,  who  have  succeeded  in  raiBing  from 
seed  a  great  number  of  beautiful  varieties. 
2.  Same  as  auricle,  1. —  3.  [ca]h]  [NL.]  In 
cool.,  a  genus  of  phytophagous  or  plant-eating 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  family  AuricuUdm.  A.  judos 
and  A.  mida:  are  examples.  They 
are  known  as  car-shells. — 4.  [NL.] 
In  echinoderms,  one  of  the  perfo- 
rated processes  into  which  the 
ambulacral  and  sometimes  the 
interambulacral  plates  are  pro- 
duced, and  which  arch  over  the 
interior  of  the  ambulacra,  as  in 
the  typical  echini,  or  sea-urchins. 
See  cut  under  Echinoidea. 

auricular  (a-rik'u-lftr),  a.  and  n. 
[<  ML.  auricularis,<.  L.  auricula, 
thoear:  see  auricle.]  l.a.l.  Per- 
taining to  the  ear,  or  to  the  auri- 
cle of  the  ear;  aural:  us,  the  auricular  nerve. 
—  2.  Used  in  connection  with  the  ear:  as,  an 
auricular  tube  (which  sec,  below). — 3.  Ad- 
dressed to  the  ear;  privately  confided  to  one's 
ear,  especially  the  ear  of  a  priest  :  as,  auricu- 
lar confession. — 4.  Recognized  or  perceived 
by  the  ear;  audible. 

Vou  shall  ...  by  an  auricular  assurance  have  your 
satisfaction.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 


Far-shell  ( .lurt- 
CHln  jtttt.r). 


hoa 


auricular 

5f.  Communicated  or  known  by  report 
say. 
Awricular  traditions  and  feigned  testimonies. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §320. 

6.  Known  or  obtained,  by  the  sense  of  hearing: 
as,  auricular  evidence. — 7.  Ear-shaped;  auric- 
ulate;  auriform:  as.  the  auricular  articulating 
surface   of  the  human  ilium. —  8.  In  echino- 

(lcnns.  f>f  or  pertaining  to  the  auricula?:  as.  an 
internal  auricular  process. —  9.  Pertaining  to 
the  auricle  of  tho  heart.  —  Anterior  auricular  ar- 
teries, two  or  more  branches  of  the  temporal  artery  sup- 
plying the  external  car.  -  Anterior  auricular  veins, 
small  veins  from  the  external  ear  emptying  into  the  tem- 
poral vein.  -Auricular  feathers,  in  ornith.,  the  special 
set  of  feathers,  usually  of  peculiar  structure,  which  overlie 
and  defend  the  outer  opening  of  the  ear.— Auricular  fin 
ger,  the  little  anger:  se 
easily  introduced  int 

mouth  of  tin- external  auditory  meatus  of  the  ear. — Auric- 
ular  nerves,  various  small  nerves  derived  from  the  great 
auricular,  the  auriculotemporal,  the  facial,  the  second  cer- 
vical, the  small  or  sometimes  the  large  occipital,  and  the 
vagus  nerves,  which  supply  the  integument  and  other 
parts  of  the  external  ear  ami  its  vicinity.  —Auricular 
point,  in  anat.,  the  center  of  the  auricular  foramen. — 
Auricular  radii,  in  craniom,,  radii  drawn  from  the  pro- 
jection of  the  auricular  point  on  the  median  plane  to  the 
projections  of  other  points  of  the  skull.  Sec  craniometry, 
— Auricular  tube,  a  speaking-tube,  either  portable  for 
the  use  of  deaf  persons,  or  extending  between  different 
part  sofa  buildinofor  the  conveyance  of  messages.  —  Auric- 
ular Witness,  a  witness  who  relates  what  he  has  heard. 

—  Deep  auricular  artery,  a  small  branch  from  the  inter- 
nal maxillary  artery,  supplying  the  external  meatus  of  the 
ear.— Great  auricular  nerve,  the  auricularis  magnus,  a 
nerve  arising  from  the  second  and  third  cervical  nerves, 
anil  distributed  to  the  external  ear  ami  adjacent  parte. 
—Posterior  auricular  artery.'a  branch  of  theexternal 

carotid  artery,  supplying  parts  in  the  regi f  tie 

Posterior  auricular  vein,  a  vein  which,  il<  -■  ■  mini-  be- 
hind the  pinna  of  the  ear  from  the  side  of  the  head,  joins 
the_external  jugular  vein. 

n.  1.  pi.  In  orrdth.,  the  auricular  featli- 


383 


aurochs 


auriculoparotidean(a-rik"u-lo-pa-ro-ti(l'e-an),  aurin,  aurine  (a'rin),  re.  [<  L.  a\ 
a.  [<  auricula  +  parotid  +'  -eon.1]  Pertaining  -in2.]  The  commercial  name  fori 
to  the  auricle  of  the  car  ami  the  parotid  gland  i 

specificalh  applied  to  a  nerve  which   supplies 


those  parts, 
auriculotemporal  (a,-rik//u-lf>-tom'po-rai), «. 

[<  auricula  +  Inn  pi)  nil.]  Pert  a  initio;  to  tl al- 
and the  temporal  region  :  specifically  applied  to 
a  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  which 
Supplies  the  external  ear  and  adjacent  regions. 

auriculoventricular  (a  -  rik  "u  - 16  - ven  -  tri  k'u- 
lar),  n.  [<  auricula  +  ventricular.]  Pertain- 
ing both  to  the  auricles  and  to  the  ventricles 
of  the  heart  :   as,  the  auriculoventricular  ori- 

lice.     See  cut  under  lirnrt.  —  Auriculoventricular 

valves.    See 
1  from  the  fact  that  it  is  most   auriferOUS  (a-rif'e-rus).  a.      [<  L.  aurifer,  gold- 
.-Auricular  foramen,  the     bearing,  <  aurum",  gold,   +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.] 

Yielding  or  producing  gold  ;  containing  gold: 

as,  auriferous  quartz;  auriferous  strata. 

.Mountains  big  with  mines, 
Whence  man}  a  bursting  stream  auriferous  plays. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  64S. 

aurific  (a-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  + 
faeere,  make.]  Capable  of  transmuting  sub- 
sl uncos  into  gold;  gold-making. 

Some  experiments  made  with  an  aurific  powder. 

Suuthey,  The  Doctor,  elxxxvi. 

auriflamma,  auriflamme  (a -ri- flam' a,  a'ri- 

llam),  n.    [<  ML.  auriflamma,  lit.  golden  flame, 
<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  flamma,  flame.]     The  an- 
cient royal  banner  of  Prance.     See  orifiamme. 
auriform  (a'ri-fdrm),  a.    [<  L.  auris,  the  ear, 


[<  L.  durum,  gold,  + 
impure  rosolic 
acid  i  \x  hich  >ee,  under  rosolic),  one  of  the  coal- 
tar  colors,  in  its  pure  state  it  forms  rabj 
with  a  blue  fluorescence.  Owing  to  its  fugitiveness,  it  is 
seldom  used  in  dyeing,  but  It  is  still  used  in  printing  cali- 
coes ami  woolens  and  for  pigments.  If  produces  orange- 
red  colors. 

.1  urine  dyes  shades  more  inclining  to  orange  than  coral 
line.  Workshop  l:<  ceipts,  2d  Ber.,  p.  228. 

auriphrygia  I  a-ri-frij'i-ii),  n.  [<  ML.  'auriphry- 
gia,  aurifrigia,  also  spelled  mrifrisia,  auri- 
fresia,  also  au- 
rifrygvum,  also 
simply  pliry- 
gium,  frigvum, 
gold  embroid- 
ery, <  L.  aurum 
Phrygium,  lit. 
Phrygian  gold ; 
the  Phrygians 
were  noted  for 
their  skill  in 
embroidering 
with  gold  : 

see  aurum 

and  Phrygian. 
From  the  same 
source,  through  the  French,  come  orfrays,  or- 
fray,  orphrey,  q.  v.]  Properly,  gold  embroid- 
ery; cedes.,  an  ornamental  band  on  various 
vestments ;  an  orphrey :  used  especially  of  the 
orphrey  of  a  miter,  which  is  a  richly  adorned 
band  around  its  lower  edge.     Also  aurifrisia. 


Miter  with  Auriphryeia,  or  Auriphrygiate 

Miter,  i2tn  century. 

From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 


+  forma,  form.]    Ear-shaped;  having  the  form  auriphrygiate  (a-ri-frij'i-at),  a.     [<  ML.  ' 


of  the  external  human  ear:   as,  an  auriform 
shell. 
aurifrisia  (a-ri-friz'i-a),  n.     Same  as  auriphry- 


gia. 


ers—  2.    Tlio  auricular  or  little  finger.     See  a'ur'i'frisiate  (a-ri-friz'i-at),  a.     Same  as  auri 
auricular  finger,  above. 

auriculares,  n.    1'lural  of  auricularis. 

auricularia  ( a-rik-u-la'ri-g ),  re.  [NL.,  <  auricu- 
la, 4,  +  -aria.]  1.  [PI.  "auriculariir  (-e).]  A 
term  applied  to  an  early  stage  of  the  develop 


bridle  (cf.  orecc,  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  <  os  (or-), 
the  mouth:  see  os1),  +  agere,  drive;  otherwise 
<  ■  minis  (not  found,  supposed  to  mean  'a 
horse,'  =  Gr.  avpoc,  swift)  +  agere,  drive:  see 


phrygiat 
aurify  (a'ri-fi),  v.  t.  and  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  auri- 
ficd,  ppr.  aurifying.     [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  fa- 
cere,  make :  see  -fij.]     To  turn  into  or  become 

ment  of 'the  embryo  of  certain  echinoderms,  as   £Zris„  (a-ri'gii),  n.     [L.,  a  charioteer  ;  as  con- 
those  of  the  genera  Holothuria,  Synapta .etc.,     stellfltion     tlK;  Vagone 
when  it  is  ciliated.    See Mowthunaea.    [ft  is  a    - 
generic  name  given  by  Midler  through  a  mis- 
take as  to   the   nature   of  these  larva?.] — 2. 
[cap.]    In   cducIi.,  a   generic   name   variously 
used:  as,  (a)  by  De  Blainville  for  a  genus  of 
acephalous  mo'llusks  ;  (b)  by  Fabricius  for  a 
genus  of  gastropods. 

auricularian  (I-rik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  auricu- 
laria +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auricula- 
ria; eehinopfedic. 

auricularis  (a-rik-u-la/ris),  n. ;  pi.  auriculares 
(-rez).  [NL. :  see  auricular.]  The  little  finger. 
See  auricular  finger,  under  auricular. 

auricular ly  (a-rik'u-lar-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  au- 
ricular manner;  specifically,  in  a  secret  man- 
ner; by  whispers. 

These  will  soon  confess,  and  that  not  auriadarly,  but  in 
a  loud  and  audible  voice.     Decay  of  Christ.  Piety,  vii.  §  4. 

2.  By  means  of  auricles. 

auriciilate,  auriculated  (a-rik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  auriculatus,  <  L.  auricula:  see  au- 
ricle.] 1.  Ear-shaped;  like  or  likened  to  an 
auricle;  auriform. — 2.  Having  ears;  provided 
with  ears,  auricles,  or  ear-like  parts:  in  bot., 
said  of  a  leaf  with  a  pair  of  small  blunt  projec- 
tions or  ears  at  the  base — Auriculate  antennae, 
in  entom.,  antenmo  in  which  one  of  the  basal  joints  is  ex- 
panded laterally  in  a  concave  plate,  as  in  certain  aquatic 
beetles.— Auriculate  elytra,  in  entom.,  elytra  produced 
laterally  at  the  humeral  angles  into  a  free  lobe. 

auriculid  (a-rik'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Auriculidce. 

Auriculidae  (a-ri-ku'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Au- 
ricula, ;i,  +  -iilic]  A  family  of  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods with  contractile  tentacles,  eyes  ses- 
sile at  the  inner  or  hinder  bases  of  the  tenta- 
cles, rugose  teguments,  and  a  spiral  shell  whose 
partitions  are  generally  absorbed,  and  whose 
columella  is  plicated.  The  family  is  divided  into  sub- 
families and  many  genera.  Sum,  of  the  species  frequent 
hanks,  generally  within  tide-limits,  others  marshes  and 
wet  woods,  ami  a  few  (of  the  genus  Carychium)  are  almost 
exclusively  terrestrial.    See  cut  under  Pythia. 

auriculobregmatic  (a-rik"vi-16-breg-mat'ik),  a. 
[<  auricula  +  bngma(t-)  +  -ic]    In  anat.,  pcr- 


phrygiatus,  auriphrigiatus,  aurifrisiatus,  auri- 
friceatus,  etc.,<  i  auriphrygia:  seB  auriphrygia.] 

Embroidered  with  gold ;  provided  with  an  auri- 
phrygia.    Also  aurifrisiate. 

Nor  wore  he  mitre  here,  precious  or  auriphrygiate. 

Southey,  Roderick,  xviii. 

auripigment,  auripigmentum  (a-ri-pig'ment, 
ari-pig-men'tum),  n.  [L.  auripigmentum,  <  au- 
rum, gold,  +  jiigincntum,  pigment:  see  aurum 
and  jtigment.  From  the  L.,  through  F.,  comes 
orpiment]  Same  as  orpiment. 
perhaps  <  aurea,  aurjs  (a'ris),  n.;  pi.  awes  (a'rez).  [L.,  =  E. 
ear1,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zoot.  and  anal.,  an  ear;  tho 
outer  ear  or  auricle. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  ear-shells:  synonymous  with 
Haliotis. 


act,  i-.]     1.  A  northern  constellation  contain-  auriscalp   (a'ri-skalp),   n.     [<  auriscalpium.] 

An  instrument  for  cleaning  the  ears ;  an  ear- 
pick  ;  also,  a  similar  instrument  used  in  surgi- 
cal operations  on  the  ear. 

auriscalpium  (a-ri-skal'pi-utn),  n. ;  pi.  auri- 
scalpia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear1,  +  scalr 
pere,  scrape,  scratch:  see  scalpel.]  1.  Same 
as  auriscalp. — 2.  [cap.]  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
bivalve  mollusks. 

auriscope  (a'ri-skop),  n.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear1, 
+  Gr.  o-KOTieiv,  view,  look  at.]  An  instrument 
for  examining  and  exploring  the  ear. 

auriscopy  (a-ris'ko-pi),  n.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E. 
earl,  +  Gr.  -oxoiria,  <  aKone'w,  view,  look  at.] 
The  use  of  the  auriscope. 

aurist  (a'rist),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear1,  +  -ist.] 
One  who  treats  disorders  of  the  ear ;  an  otolo- 
gist. 

In  England  the  medical  profession  is  divided  into  phy- 
sicians, surgeons,  apothecaries,  accoucheurs,  oculists,  ait- 
i  <  '.-■,  dentists. 

Str  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  v. 


I'* 


-  + 


The  Constellation  Auriga. 

ing  the  splendid  star  Capella ;  the  Charioteer 

or  Wagoner.     It  is  supposed  to  represent  a  charioteer  ...-,,-.  \           'o                 nnrilcil 

kneeling  in  his  vehicle.    He  is  often  represented  with  a  kid  aurite  (a  lit),  a.     bame  as  awili'l. 

on  his  left  shoulder,  this  being  doubtless  an  ancient  con-  aurited  (a  ri-ted),  O.      [<  L.  auntns,  =  h.  eared, 

steUation-flgure  coincident  in  position  with  the  t'hariotecr.  <  auris  =  E.  ear1.     Cf.  auratcil'2.]     In  bot.  and 

2.   [I.  c]  [NL.]  A  name  of  the  fourth  lobe  of  ~o<il.,  eared ;  auriculate  ;  having  lobes  or  ap- 

the  liver.     [Rare.]  pendages  like  an  ear. 

aurigal  (a-ri'gal),  a.      [<   IAj.  aurigalis,<   IJ;.  aurivorouS  (a-riv'o-rus),  a.     [<  L.  aurum, gold. 


auriga  :  see  Auriga.]     Pertaining  to  a  chariot 
or  carriage.     [Rare.] 

aurigation  (a-ri-ga'shpn),  n.     [<  L.  auriga- 
Uo(n-),  <  aurigare,  pp.  aurigatus,  be  a  driver,  < 


+  vorare,  devour.]    Gold-devouring.     Walpole. 
aurocephaloUS  (a-ro-sef'a-lus),  a.    [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  Gr.  neipa'/)/,  head.]      In  sool.,  character- 
ized by  a  gold-colored  head. 


auriga,  a  driver:  see  Auriga.]    The  act  or  prac-  auroch's  (a'roks),  re.   [G.,  also  aucrochsc,<  MHO 


tabling  to  the  auricular  point  and  the  bregma.  aurigraphy  (a-rig'ra-fi),  n.      [<  ML 

-Auriculobregmatic  line,  a  line  drawn  from  the  pr,.-  &  <        igraphus ,"one  who  writes 

jection  of  the  auricular  points  on  the  median  plane  of  the     y<"t",  •-"""./  "/         > 

skull  to  the  bregma.    Seecrani try.  characters,  <   L.    aiinou,    gold,  +  U 


auriculo-orbicularis  (a -rik  ii-lo-or-bik-u-la' 
ris),  ».     [NL.,  <  auricula   +   orbicularis.]    A 


tice  of  driving  a  chariot  or  coach.     [Rare.] 

If  a  man  indulges  in  the  vicious  habit  of  sleeping,  all 
the  skillin  aurigation  of  Apollo  himself,  with  the  horses 
of  Aurora  to  execute  his  notions,  avail  him  nothing. 

DeQuincey,  Eng.  Mail-Coach. 

aurigerous  (a-rrj'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  aurum,  gold, 
+  genre,  bear.]     Gold-bearing. 

ML.  aurigra- 

in  golden 

r.   yp&fietv, 

write.]      The   art   or  practice   of  writing  in 

golden  characters.     Blount. 


muscle  of  the  hedgehog  connecting  the  pinna  aurilave  (a'ri-lav),  n.  [<  L.  nuns,  the  ear,  + 
of  the  ear  with  the  orbicularis  panniculi,  which  lavare,  wash:  see  auricle  and  lave*.]  An  ear- 
it  antagonizes.  brush.    E.  11.  Knight. 


urochse,  <  OHG.  urohso,  <  iir,  a  wild  ox  (=  AS. 
ur  =  Icel.  urr ;  cf.  L.  urus  =  Gr.  ovpoc,  from 
Teut.),  +  ohso,  G.  ochsc,  ochs  =  E.  ox:  see  urox 
and  urus.]  A  species  of  wild  ox  or  buffalo, 
the  bonasos  of  Aristotle,  bison  of  Pliny,  the  Eu- 
ropean bison,  Bos  or  Bison  bonasus  of  modern 
naturalists.  This  animal  was  once  abundant  in  many 
parts  of  tlic  continent  of  Europe,  especially  in  the  m 
borhooil  of  lame  forests.  The  spread  of  population  lias 
nearly  exterminated  it,  and  were  it  not  for  the  protection 
afforded  by  the  emperor  of  Russia  to  a  few  herds  which 
inhabit  the  forests  of  Lithuania  ami  of  Kuban  in  the  Cau- 
casus, it  would  a i  become  extinct.     Also  called  urochs, 

urox,  anil,  wrongly,  auroch  ami  aurock.    *<■<•  urus. 

The  relationships  of  the  uiiroehs  to  the  American  bison, 
while  very  close,  do  not  warrant  that  specific  identity 


aurochs 


which  some  authors  have  assumed  to  exist.  .  .  .  The 
aurochs  is  rather  larger,  with  a  smaller  thorax,  larger  and 
Btronger  pelvis,  longer  and  thicker  tail,  and  less  shaggy 
fore  parts.  I  Encyc.  Amer.,  I.  302. 

Aurocores  (a-rok'o-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<L.  du- 
rum, gold,  +  Gr.  Koptg,  a  bug.]  Literally,  the 
gold-bugs ;  a  group  of  heteropterous  hemipter- 
ous  insects,  the  same  as  Geocores,  the  name 
Aurocores  being  considered  more  appropriate 
by  Westwood,  "who  proposed  it  as  a  substitute. 
See  Geocores. 

Aurocorisa  (a'ro-ko-ri'za),  n.pl.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Aurocores, 

aurocyanide  (a-ro-a'a-nid  or  -nid),  n.  [<  L. 
aurum,  gold,  4- E.  cyanide.']  In  chem.,  a  double 
cyanide,  one  of  the  bases  of  'which  is  gold:  as, 
potassium  aurocyamde,  KAu(CN)4. 

aurora  (a-ro'ra),  n.  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  the  dawn,  earlier  *Au$osa,  =  Gr.  afiwp  (La- 
conian),  abac  (JEolic),  adc  (Doric),  ?/&c  (Ionic), 
euc  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of  dawn  (related 
to  avpiov,  to-morrow),  =  Skt.  ushas,  ^tcshdsd, 
dawn,  <  -\/  uslt,  burn,  =  Gr.  avt iv  =  L.  urere,  bum. 
To  the  same  source  are  referred  L.  aurumjgold, 
auster,  south  wind,  Gr.  rjfaoc,  the  sun,  E.  east, 
etc. :  see  east.']  1.  The  rising  light  of  the  morn- 
ing ;  the  dawn  of  day,  or  morning  twilight. — 

2.  [cap.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  the 
dawn :  called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets  repre- 
sented her  as  rising  out  of  the  ocean  in  a  chariot,  her  i  <  isy 
fingers  dropping  gentle  dew. 

3.  The  aurora  borealis  or  the  aurora  australis 
(the  polar  lights). 

The  most  probable  theory  of  the  aurora  is  that  origi- 
nally due  to  Franklin,  namely,  that  it  is  due  to  electric  dis- 
charges in  the  upper  air. 
S.  P.  Thompson,  Elem.  Lessons  in  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p.  264. 

4.  A  reddish  color  produced  by  dyeing  with 

arnotto.— Aurora  australis,  the  aurora  of  the  south- 
ern hemisphere,  a  phenomenon  similar  to  the  aurora  of 
the  north.— Aurora  borealis,  the  boreal  or  northern 
dawn;  the  northern  lights  or  streamers;  a  luminous  me- 
teoric phenomenon  appearing  at  night.  It  usually  mani- 
fests itself  by  streams  of  light  ascending  toward  the 
zenith  from  a  dusky  line  of  cloud  or  haze,  a  few  degrees 
above  the  horizon,  and  stretching  from  the  north  toward 
the  west  and  east,  so  as  to  form  an  arc,  with  its  ends  on  the 
horizon.  Sometimes  it  appears  in  detached  places ;  at  other 
times  it  covers  almost  the  whole  sky.  As  the  streams  of 
light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  they  are  called  in  many 
places  "the  merry  dancers."  They  assume  many  shapes 
and  a  variety  of  colors,  from  a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a 
deep  red  or  blood-color;  and  in  the  northern  latitudes 
they  serve  to  illuminate  the  earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of 
tin  long  winter  night.  The  appearance  of  the  aurora  bo- 
realis so  exactly  resembles  the  effects  "f  artificial  electri- 
city that  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  thai  their  causes 
are  identical.  When  electricity  passes  through  rarefied 
air  it  exhibits  a  diffused  luminous  stream  which  has  all 
the  characteristic  appearances  of  the  aurora,  and  hence 
It  is  highly  probable  that  this  natural  phenomenon  is  oc- 
casional 6y  the  passage  ol  electricity  through  the  upper 
,  oi  tti'  atmosphere,  although  under  conditions  not 
as  yet  entirely  understood.  The  connection  of  the  au- 
roral displays  with  disturbances  of  the  magnetic  needle  is 
now  regards  I  a  an  a  ertained  fact,  The  aurora  borealis 
is  said  to  be  frequently  accompanied  by  sound,  which  is 
variously  di  ribed  ai  resembling  the  rustling  of  pieces 
of  silk  against  each  other,  or  the  Bound  of  wind  against 
the  flame  of  a  candle.  The  spectrum  of  the  aurora  is  pe- 
culiar in  i  i  prominent  line  In  the  greenish- 
yellow  (citron  Line),  which  has  not  been  Identified  with 
any  known  substance;  also  occasionally  a  sharp  line  in 
the  n  'i  and  ome  ol  tn  i  I  prominent  have  been  ob- 
■I.— Aurora  polaris,  polar  aurora;  the  aurora  ol 
either  the  northern  or  tin:  southern  hemisphere, 
auroral  (a  ro'ral),  a,  [<  aurora  +  -ah]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  dawn. 

Those  steady  discharges  of  auroral  light  to  the  zenif  h 
along  Innumerabli  Lines  come,  it  Is  thought, 

i"  i  gualize  I  hi  i  Le<  ti  Lc  conditions  i  if  th<  air. 

./.  F,  Clarke,  Sell  ■<  'ult mv,  \\\\. 

2.  Resembling  the  dawn  in  color,  beauty,  etc. ; 
hence,  roseate. 

Her  cl  i. lush. 

Low  ■:'-  Uou    i  ali  on  ol  I  •  derigp,  1.  161. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  polar  aurora; 
resembling  an  aurora. 


384 

No  auroral  exhibition  can  be  called  complete  without 
them  [streamers],  and  111  their  fitful  and  llickering  piny 
auroral  folklore  has  mainly  originated. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  423. 

4.  In  gcol.,  appellative  of  the  second  of  Pro- 
fessor H.  D.  Rogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the 
Paleozoic  strata  in  Pennsylvania.  As  applied  by 
him,  it  included  all  the  divisions  of  the  Lower  Silurian 
between  the  Potsdam  Bandstone  and  the  Hudson  River 
group,  according  to  the  now  generally  adopted  nomen- 
clature of  the  New  York  Geological  Survey. 

aurorally  (a-ro'ral-i),  adv.  1.  As  the  dawn; 
roseately:  as,  "to  blush  aurorally,"  Brotcuiini, 
Red  Cotton  Night-cap,  1.  117.— 2.  In  the  man- 
ner of  the  polar  aurora. 

aurora-shell  (a-ro'ra-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  the 
llaliotida? ;  an  ear-shell,  sea-ear,  ormer,  or  alb- 
alone  (which  see).    See  also  Haliotis. 

aurorean  (a-ro're-an),  a.     [<  aurora  +  -can.'] 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  dawn. 
At  tender  eyedawn  of  aurorean  love. 

Knits,  Ode  to  Psyche. 

aurotellurite  (a-ro-tel'u-rit),  «.    [<  L.  aurum, 

gold,  +  NL.  tellurium  +  -ite":  Bee  aurum  and 
tellurite.]  An  ore  of  tellurium  containing  gold 
and  silver;  sylvanito. 

aurous  (a'rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  -ous. 
Cf.  LL.  aurosus,  golden.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
gold:  in  chem.,  a  term  applied  to  an  oxid  of 
gold  ( Au20)  whose  molecule  contains  two  atoms 
less  of  oxygen  than  auric  oxid.     See  auric1. 

aurum  (a'rum),  n.  [L.  (=  Sabine  ausunt),  in 
colloq.  speech  orum  (>It.  Sp.  oro  =  Pg.  owro  = 
F.  or:  see  or3),  gold  ;  related  to  aurora,  aure- 
lia,  ouster,  etc. :  see  aurora.']  Gold.  Its  chemi- 
cal symbol  is  Au — Aurum  fulminans,  gold  dissolved 
in  aqua  regia  or  nitromuriatic  acid,  and  precipitated  hy 
ammonia ;  fulminating  gold.  This  precipitate  is  of  a 
brown-yellow  or  orange  color,  and  when  exposed  to  a 
moderate  heat,  or  struck,  detonates  with  considerable 
noise.  It  is  probably  an  ammonium  aurate,  AufNH^Og. 
NH3.— Aurum  graphicum,  the  mineral  sylvanite.— Au- 
rum mosaicum  or  musivum,  mosaic  gold,  a  yellow 
gold-like  alloy,  containing  about  equal  quantities  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  used  both  in  the  mass  and  as  a  bronzing 
powder. — Aurum  potabile,  literally,  "  drinkable  gold  "  ; 
a  cordial  or  medicine  formerly  much  esteemed.  It  was 
said  to  consist  of  "Gold  itself,  totally  reduced,  without 
Corrosive,  into  a  blood-red,  gummie  or  Honey-like  sub- 
stance." Phillips  (107s).  "(told  made  liquid,  or  tit  to  lie 
drunk  ;  or  some  rich  Cordial  Liquor,  with  pieces  of  Leaf- 
gold  in  it."     Kersey  (170s). 

Monsr.  Roupel  sent  me  a  small  phial  of  his  aurum  pota- 
bile,  with  a  letter  shewing  the  way  of  administering  it, 
and  ye  stupendous  cures  it  had  don  at  Paris. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  27,  1653. 

auscult  (as-kulf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  auscultare,  lis- 
ten: see  auscultate.]  Same  as  auscultate. 
[Rare.] 

auscultate  (as'kul-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
auscultated,  ppr.  auscultating.  [<  L.  ausculta- 
tus,  pp.  of  auscultare,  listen.]  To  listen  to; 
give  ear  to ;  specifically,  in  pathol.,  to  examine 
by  auscultation. 

auscultation  (as-kul-ta'shon), «.     [<  L.  auscul- 
tatio(n-),  a  listening,  <  auscultare,  listen:   see 
auscultate.]     1.  The  act  of  listening  or  heark- 
ening.    [Rare.] 
You  shall  hear  what  deserves  attentive  auscultation. 

F.  Hicks,  tr.  of  i.ucian. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  method  of  distinguishing  the 
state  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  body,  particu- 
larly of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  by  observing 
the  sounds  arising  in  the  part,  either  through 
the  direct  application  of  the  ear  to  the  ad- 
jacent external  surface  (immediate  ausculta- 
tion) or  by  applying  the  stethoscope  over  the 
part  and  listening  through  it  (mediate  ausculta- 
tion). See  stethoscope.  Auscultation  may  be  used 
witli  more  or  less  advantage  in  all  cases  where  morbid 
sounds  are  produced,  but  its  general  applications  are: 
auscultation  of  respiration;  auscultation  of  the  voice; 
auscultation  of  the  cough  ;  auscultation  of  sound-  foreign 
to  all  tins.',  but  sometimes  accompanying  them;  auscul- 
tation oi  i  ho  action  of  the  heart ;  ol  .stride  auscultation. 

auscultative  (as-kul'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  auscultate 
+  -ivc]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  naturo  of  aus- 
cultation. 

auscultator  (as'kul-ta-tor),  n.    [L.,  a  listener, 

<  auscultare :  see   auscultate.]     1.    A   listener; 

specifically,  one  who  practises  auscultation. — 

2.  An  instrument  used  i it  listening  to  the  sounds 
Within  the  thorax  ;  :i  stethoscope. — 3.  InGor- 
tnany,  a  member  of  a  college  of  officials  who 
attends  its  sessions  as  a  studenl  bill  is  not  en- 
titled to  a  vote  ;  specifically,  in  Prussia,  before 
istiil,  one  who  had  passed  the  lirst  examination 
and  begun  Ids  judicial  career  at  a  college  of 
judges.     See  rcj'crt ■■Hilar. 

Mis  first  Law-Examination  he  has  come  through  tri- 
umphantly; and  can  even  boast  I  hat  the  Bxamen  bigoio- 
siiiii   need   not  have  frightened    him  :    but    though    he    is 
hereby  "an  Auscultator  ol  respectability,"  what  avails  it'/ 
CarhjU,  Sartor  Kesartua,  p.  S5. 


auspicious 

auscultatorship  (as'kul-ta-tor-suip),  ».  [<  aus- 
cultator, 3,  +  -shw.]  The  office  of  or  period  of 
sen  ice  as  auscultator.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resar- 
tus, p.  86. 

auscultatory  (as-kul'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
"ajfScultatorius,  <  auscultator.]  Pertaining  to 
auscultation ;  ausoultati\  e. 

auset,  adv.     <  Ibsolete  dialectal  form  of  also. 

ausier,  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  osier. 

auslaut  (ous'lout ),  n.  [G.,  <  aus,  denoting 
completion  or  termination  (=  E.  out),  +  laut, 
a  sound  (=  E.  loud).  Cf.  iiilaut,  ablaut,  umlaut.] 
In  philol.,  the  final  sound  of  a  word. 

Ausonian  (;i-s6'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Ausonia, poet. 
name  of  Italy,  prop,  applied  to  middle  and 
lower  Italy,  <  Ausones  (Gr.  Ai>ooi>fc),  a  name 
given  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  middle 
and  lower  Italy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Italy  or 
the  Italians.     Longfellow.     [Poetical.] 

auspex  (as'peks),  «. ;  pi.  auspices  (as'pi-sez). 
[L.  auspex  (auspic-),  a  diviner,  contr.  <  "aii- 
spex,  <  avis,  a  bird,  +  speccre  (spicere),  view: 
see  species.]  One  who  divines  by  observing 
the  motions,  cries,  etc.,  of  birds;  a  diviner  in 
general ;  an  augur. 

auspicalt  (as'pi-kal),  a.  [<  L.  auspicalis,  < 
auspex,  a  diviner:  see  auspex.]  Auspicatory; 
pertaining  to  omens  or  auspices,     lilount. 

auspicate  (as'pi-kat),  v.  t . ;  pret.  and  pp.  aus- 
picated, ppr.  auspicating.  [<  L.  auspicatus, 
pp.  of  auspicari,  make  a  beginning  for  the  sake 
of  a  good  omen,  begin,  prop,  take  the  auspices, 
act  as  auspex,  <  auspex,  a  diviner:  see  auspex. 
Cf.  augurate.]  1.  To  be  an  augury  of;  fore- 
show. 

Long  mayst  thou  live,  and  see  me  thus  appear, 
As  ominous  a  comet,  from  my  sphere, 
Unto  thy  reign,  as  that  did  auspicate 
So  lasting  glory  to  Augustus'  state. 
B.  Jouson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 
There  are  yet  other  special  auguries  of  this  great  change, 
auspicating,  in  the  natural  Progress  of  Man,  the  abandon- 
ment of  all  international  Preparations  for  War. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  111. 

2.  To  initiate  or  inaugurate  with  ceremonies 
calculated  to  insure  good  luck.  This  meaning  of 
the  word  was  borrowed  from  the  Roman  practice  of  tak- 
ing the  auspices  before  undertaking  any  important  busi- 
ness. 

If  we  are  conscious  of  our  situation,  and  glow  with  zeal 
to  fill  our  place  as  becomes  our  station  and  ourselves,  we 
ought  to  auspicate  all  our  public  proceedings  on  America 
with  the  old  warning  of  the  Church,  Sursuuicorda! 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America, 

To  auspicate  .  .  .  the  .  .  .  concern  and  set  it  agoing 
with  a  lustre.  Lamb,  Ellistoniana. 

3.  To  begin  or  introduce  in  a  favorable  or  aus- 
picious manner.     [Rare.] 

The  London  company  merits  the  praise  of  having  aus- 
picuted  liberty  in  America.     Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  s.,  I.  125. 

auspicator  (as'pi-ka-tor),  ».    [<  L.  as  if  *auspi- 

eittnr,  <  aiispieari :  see  auspicate.]     An  augur. 

auspicatory  (as'pi-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  auspicate.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  auspices  or  omens. 

auspice  (as'pis),  ».  [<  F.  auspice,  pi.  auspices, 
<  L.  auspicium,  divination  from  the  flight  of 
birds,  a  sign,  omen,  <  auspex,  a  diviner:  see 
auspex.]  1.  An  augury  from  birds;  an  omen 
or  a  sign  in  general:  as,  to  take  the  auspices; 
an  auspice  of  good  fortune. 

The  tribunes  were  at  first  elected  in  the  curia;,  where 

the  vote  of  the  i rest  citizen  was  equal  to  that  of  the 

most  wealthy.  But,  even  here,  the  patricians,  besides 
their  great  influence,  had  a  negative  on  all  proceedings, 
by  holding  the  auspices.  J.  Attains,  Works,  IV.  624. 

We  then  strive,  as  far  as  our  poor  philosophy  can  do  it, 
to  read  the  country's  reverend  auspices. 

Err,,  tt.  Illations,  p.  12. 

2.  Protection  or  lead;  favoring  or  propitious 
influence;  patronage:  especially  in  the  phrase 
under  the  auspices  (of). 

Great  father  Mars,  and  greater  .love, 

By  whose  high  auspice  Koine  hath  stood 

So  long.  /;.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  circumstance  or  conjunction  of  circum- 
stances betokening  success:  as,  his  career  was 
begun  underthe  fairest  auspices.  [In  all  senses 
nearly  always  used  in  the  plural.] 

auspices,  »•    Plum]  of  auspex  and  of  auspice. 

auspicial  (as-pish'nl),  a.  [<  L.  auspicium,  aus- 
pice, +  -it'.]  1.  Relating  to  auspices  or 
omens:  as,  auspicial  riles.  [Rare.]  —  2.  For- 
tunate; auspicious.     [Hare.] 

auspicious  cis-pish'iis),  a.  [<  Ij.  auspicium, 
auspice,  +  -ous.]  1.  Of  good  omen;  betoken- 
ing success,  or  a  favorable  issue;  prognosticat- 
ing g I  ;   favorable. 

Auspicious  omens  from  the  past  and  the  present  cheer 
us  for  the  future,  Sumner,    True  Grandeur  ol   Nations. 

2.    Prosperous;  fortunate:  applied  to  persons. 


auspicious 

Auspicious  chief  !  thy  race  in  times  to  come 
Shall  spread  the  conquests  of  imperial  Koine. 

Dry  den. 

3.  Favorable;  kind;  propitious:  applied  to 
persons  or  things. 

Fortune  play  upon  thy  prosperous  helm, 
As  thy  auspicious  mistress! 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  X 
No  day  could  he  more  auspicious  to  the  undertaking. 
I>.  Webster,  Speech,  Banker  Hill  Monument. 

4f.  Showing  joy;  happy.     [Rare.] 

With  one  auspicious  and  one  dropping  eye. 

Shuk.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
-Syn.  Bright,  trolden,  lucky,  promising.    See  propitious, 
auspiciously  (as-pish'us-li),  adv.     In  an  auspi- 
cious manner:  with  favorable  omens;  happily; 
prosperously;  favorably;  propitiously. 

I  looked  for  ruin  ;  and  encrease  oi  honour 
Meets  me  auspiciously.      Middleton,  Witch,  iv.  1. 

auspiciousness  (as-pish'us-nes),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  auspicious ;  a  state  of  fair  promise  ; 
prosperity. 

auster  (as'ter),  ti.  [L.,  the  south  wind;  akin 
to  aurora j  the  dawn,  and  urere,  burn :  see 
aurora  and  aur-um*]  1.  The  south  wind  (com- 
monly with  a  capital,  as  a  proper  name) :  as, 
"  drizzly  Auster,"  Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence, 
Ixxvi.     Hence  —  2f.  The  south. 

austere  (as-teV),  a.  [<  ME.  attsteret  <  OF. 
austere,  <  L.  austerus,  harsh,  sour,  tart,  severe, 
<  Gr.  ava-/}p6c.  dry,  harsh,  bitter,  <  avoc,  Attic 
aivCj  dry,  witnered,  sear;  related  to  E.  scar, 
sere,  dry:  see  sear*-,  sere*.]  1.  Sour;  harsh; 
rough  to  the  taste:  applied  to  things:  as,  a«s- 
tere  fruit  or  wine;  "sloes  austere,"  Cou-pcr, 
Task,  i.  122. 

An  austere  grape 
That  hast  no  juice  but  what  is  verjuice  in  him  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

2.  Severe ;  harsh  ;  rigid  ;  rigorous ;  stern  :  ap- 
plied to  persons  and  things :  as,  an  austere  mas- 
ter; an  austere  look. 

A  stern  lady,  and  austere,  not  only  in  her  manners, 
which  made  most  people  dislike  her,  but  also  in  the  char- 
acter of  her  understanding  and  morals. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

But  what  chiefly  distinguished  the  army  of  Cromwell 
from  other  armies  was  the  austere  morality  and  the  fear 
of  God  which  pervaded  all  ranks.  Macaulay. 

3.  Grave;  sober;  serious:  as,  austere  deport- 
ment. 

There  lived  a  Lady,  wise,  austere,  and  nice, 
Who  show'd  her  virtue  by  her  scorn  of  vice. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Priest  and  sage,  with  solemn  brows  austere. 

Whitticr,  Last  Walk  in  Autumn. 

4.  Severely  simple;  unadorned. ^syn.  2.  Aus- 
tere, Severe,  Stern,  Hard,  Harsh,  Strict,  Rigorous,  Rigid, 
stiff,  uncompromising,  relentless,  may  characterize  a  per- 
son's dealings  with  himself  or  with  others.  Austere  is  the 
most  individual  word  in  the  list ;  it  still  suggests  the  ety- 
mological sense  of  dryness  and  hardness  of  nature.  As 
applied  to  manner  of  life,  it  implies  self-mortification,  re- 
fusal of  pleasure,  or  the  self-infliction  of  pain,  for  the 
purpose  of  self-discipline.  The  austere  man  may  treat 
others  as  he  treats  himself ;  an  austere  manner  is  of  a  cor- 
responding sort.  There  is  no  suggestion  of  hypocrisy  or 
self-righteousness  in  the  word,  nor  does  it  go  so  far  as 
asceticism  (see  self-denial).  Severe  starts  from  the  no- 
tion of  seriousness  or  freedom  from  levity,  but  extends 
through  a  wide  range,  covering  most  of  the  meanings  of 
the  other  words.  Stem,  while  primarily  meaning  fixed 
in  facial  expression,  applies  to  almost  anything  to  which 
severe  can  apply.  Sard  is  of  the  same  character,  but  starts 
from  the  notion  of  physical  hardness,  proceeding  thence 
to  mean  difficult  to  endure,  unfeeling,  etc.  Harsh  pri- 
marily expresses  physical  roughness,  as  a  harsh  touch,  and 
retains  some  figurative  suggestion  akin  to  that  idea.  Strict 
is  drawn  close,  tense,  not  relaxed,  observing  exact  rules 
for  one's  self  or  requiring  such  observance  from  others. 
Rigorous  means,  literally,  stiff,  and  hence  allowing  no 
abatement  or  mitigation;  inflexible  ;  unsparing.  Rigid  is 
the  same  as  rigorous,  but  with  somewhat  more  of  the  ori- 
ginal ftgurativeness  than  in  rigorous  :  both  are  opposed  to 
lax  or  indulgent.  Rigid  is  more  often  used  of  unneces- 
sary, overwrought,  or  narrow-minded  strictness  than 
rigorous.  We  speak  of  austere  morality  ;  a  severe  aspect, 
treatment,  tune;  a  stem  rebuke;  a  hard  master,  voice, 
judgment  ;  harsh  enforcement  of  laws  ;  strict  rules,  disci- 
pline, repression  of  mischief;  rigorous  justice;  rigid  ad- 
herence to  petty  restrictions.     See  acrimony. 

He  [Plutarch]  was  not  so  austere  as  to  despise  riches, 
but  being  in  possession  of  a  large  fortune,  he  lived,  though 
not  splendidly,  yet  plentifully.  Dryden,  Plutarch. 

For  in  their  looks  divine 
The  image  of  their  glorious  Maker  shone, 
Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure. 
Severe,  but  in  true  filial  freedom  placed. 

MUton,  P.  L.,  iv.  293. 
Wrapped  in  his  sad-colored  cloak,  the  Day  like  a  Puritan 

standeth 
Stern  in  the  joyless  field,  rebuking  the  lingering  color. 

B.  Taylor,  Home  Pastorals. 
The  common  executioner. 
Whose  heart  the  accustom'd  sight  of  death  makes  hard. 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  6. 
Be  sometimes  lovely  like  a  bride, 
And  put  thy  harsher  moods  aside, 
If  thou  wilt  have  me  wise  and  good. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lix. 
25 


385 

Strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  4. 

I  have  heard 
Your  grace  hath  ta'en  great  pains  to  qualify 
His  rigorous  course.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  rigid  interdiction.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  331. 

austerely  (as-ter'li),  adv.  In  an  austere  man- 
ner; severely;  rigidly;  harshly. 

Whatever  hypocrites  austerely  talk 

i  if  purity.  Milton,  1'.  f,.,  iv.  744. 

In  tin    u ler  whether  a  door  so  grimly  bolted  and 

austerely  haired  could  possibly  open  into  a  hotel,  with 
cheerful  overcharges  for  candles  and  service. 

HoweUe,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

austereness  (as-ter'nes),  «.  [ME.  austernesse 
(Wyclif);  <  austere  +  -ness.]  The  slate  or 
quality  of  being  austere;  harshness  in  taste; 
severity  in  manners ;  austerity. 

For  a  subject 
Towards  his  prince,  in  things  indifferent 
To  use  th'  austereness  of  a  censuring  Cato 
Is  arrogance,  not  freedom. 

Fletcher  (awl  otht  I  ••>.  Bloody  Brother,  v.  1. 

austerity  (as-ter'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  austerities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  austerite,  (.  OF.  austerite,  F.  ausUrite, 
<  ML.  austerita(t-)s,  <  L.  austerus,  austere:  sec 
austere.}   It.  Harshness  or  astringency  of  taste. 

The  sweetness  of  the  ripened  fruit  is  not  the  less  de- 
licious fur  the  austerity  of  its  crude  state. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  II.  xxviii. 

2.  Severity  of  manner,  life,  etc. ;  rigor ;  strict- 
ness ;  harshness  of  treatment  or  demeanor. 

But  the  austerity  of  Dante  will  not  condescend  to  the 

conventional  elegance  which  makes  the  charm  of  French. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser..  p.  23. 

There  is  no  show  of  mercy  in  him.  He  carried  his  aus- 
terity beyond  the  bounds  of  humanity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20. 

3.  Severe  or  rigorous  simplicity;  absence  of 
adornment  or  luxury. 

The  Baptist  we  know  was  a  strict  man,  remarkable  for 
austerity  and  set  order  of  life. 

MUton,  Apology  for  Smectyiunuus. 

4.  Severe  or  ascetic  practices :  chiefly  in  the 
plural:  as,  the  austerities  of  the  Flagellants. 

The  austerities  and  the  blameless  purity  of  Xiiiniu  s  s 
life  had  given  him  a  reputation  for  sanctity  throughout 
Spain.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

-  Syn.  Self-sacrijice,  Asceticism,  etc.  (see  self-denial) ; 
sternness,  harshness.    See  comparison  under  austere. 

austerland  (as'ter-land),  re.  [E.  dial.,  <  *auster 
=  astre,  hearth  (see  astre),  +  land.']  Land  which 
had  a  house  upon  it  in  ancient  times.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  191.     [Local  Eng.] 

Austin  (as'tin),  a.  [<  ME.  Austyn,  contr.  of 
Augustin,  q.  v.]  Same  as  Augustinian:  as, 
Austin  friars.     See  Augustin. 

austral  (as'tral),  a.  [<  ME.  austral  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  austral  =  It.  australc,  <  L.  australis,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  ouster.'] 
Southern ;  lying  in  or  pertaining  to  the  south : 
as,  austral  lands;  the  austral  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac—Austral pole,  the  name  given  by  French  authors 
to  that  pole  of  a  magnet  which  points  to  the  north,  and  is 
called  the  north  pole  by  English  and  American  writers.  So, 
also,  what  is  termed  the  south  pole  by  the  latter  is  termed 
the  boreal  pole  by  the  former. —  Austral  signs,  the  last 
six  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or  those  south  of  the  equator. 

Australasia  (as-tra-la'shii  or  -zhii),  re.  [NL.,  < 
austral,  southern  (cf.  Australian),  +  Asia.]  1. 
In  geog.,  a  general  name  for  Australia,  I'apua, 
Tasmania,  and  the  neighboring  islands. —  2.  In 
soogeog.,  a  division  comprising  the  islands  and 
insular  groups  south  of  Asia :  synonymous  with 
Austrogcea. 

Australasian  (as-tra-la'shan  or  -zhan),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Australasia  +  -an.]  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to 
Australasia. —  2.  In  soogeog.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  that  primary  faunal  area  of  the  earth's 
land-surface  which  extends  from  Wallace's 
line  (which  separates  Celebes  from  Borneo 
and  Lombok  from  Bali)  to  Tasmania. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australasia. 

australene  (as'tra-len),  re.  [<  L.  australis,  in 
J'inus  australis,  the  American  southern  pine, 
the  chief  source  of  the  turpentine]  A  liquid 
hydrocarbon  (CjgHrg),  the  chief  constituent 
of  English  and  American  oil  of  turpentine,  ob- 
tained by  neutralizing  turpentine-oil  with  an 
alkaline  carbonate,  and  by  subsequent  distil- 
lation.    It  is  dextrogyrate. 

Australian  (as-tra'lian),  a.  and  n.  [<  Austra- 
lia, the  NL.  term  for  the  earlier  Australis  terra, 
lit.  southern  land:  see  austral.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Australia,  a  large  island,  often  class- 
ed as  a  continent,  south  of  Asia Australian 

beech,    see  beechX. 

II.  ».  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australia; 
specifically,  a  member  of  the  aboriginal  race  of 
Australia. 


Austromalayan 

Australioid  (as-trS'li-oid),  a.  and  ».     [<  Aus- 
tralia +  -aid.]    I.  ".  In  riiiuiil.,  or  the  typi  ol 

the  aborigines  of  Australia  and  of  soi t  the 

native  rails  of  the  Decean.    The  Australioid 
ti.rni  a  group  ol  i  In    /  siotrichi  (which    ee),  havini 
eyes  and  skin,  wavy  black  hair,  and   long    prognathous 
skulls  with  well.developed  superciliary  ridgi 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Australioid  group 
of  men. 
Also  Australoid. 

australizet  (as'tra-liz),  v.  i.    [<  austral  +  -ize.] 
To  point  southward,  or  to  tin-  south  ma;  - 
pole,  as  a  magnet. 

They  [steel  and  iron]  do  Beptentrl ite  al  one  extreme, 

and  australize  at  the  other. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Kit.,  ii.  2. 

Australoid  (as'tra-loid  I,  a.  and  ».   Australioid. 

Austrasian  (fts-tra'sian  or  -zian),  «.  ami  «.    I. 

a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Austrasia,  the  eastei  □  or 

Teutonic  portion  of  the  Frankish  empire  under 

the  Merovingians. 

II.  u.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Austrasia. 
Austrian1  (as'tri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Austria,  a 
ML.formofOHGr.5stamftfti,(  t.Oestt  m  ich, Aus- 
tria, lit.  eastern  kingdom  (so  called  relatively 
to  the  western  dominions  of  Charlemagne),  < 
OHG.  ostar,  eastern,  +  rihlii  =  AS.  rice,  king- 
dom, E.  -ric  in  bishopric,  etc. :  see  east  and  -We.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  archduchy  of  Aus- 
tria, or  to  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  dual 
Austro-Hungarian  monarchy,  or  to  the  collec- 
tive dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg dominions,  comprising  the  crown  lands 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria. —  2.  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Cisleithan  division 
of  Austria-Hungary,  which  comprises  all  the 
crown  lands  of  the  dual  empire  except  Hun- 
gary, Croatia  with  Slavonia,  and  Fiume. —  3. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  any  part  of  the 
dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  known 
since  1867  as  Austria-Hungary, 
austrian'-t  (as'tri-an),  a.  [<  L.  auster,  the 
south  wind,  south  (see  auster),  +  -ian.]  (South- 
ern; austral. 

austrinet  (as'trin),  a.  [<  L.  austrinus,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.] 
South;  southerly;  southern.  Bailey. 
austringer  (as'trin-jer),  re.  [Also  written  os- 
tringer  and  astringer,  early  mod.  E.  ostreger, 
<  ME.  ostreger,  <  OF.  ostruchier,  austruchier 
(autrueivr,  autoursier — Roquefort)  (ML.  reflex 
astorerius),  <  ML.  "austrucarius,  one  whose 
business  it  was  to  breed  and  fly  goshawks,  < 
"aitslrueus,  austurcus,astruco,  asturco,  austurgo, 
asturgo,  asturgius,ostorius,eta.,  variations  i  per- 
haps due  in  part  to  confusion  with  certain  forms 
of  ostrich,  q.  v.)  of  austur,  astur,  as  tor,  LL.  astur 
(>  It.  astore  =  Pg.  agar  =  OSp.  aztor,  Sp.  asor 
=  Pr.  austor  —  OF.  austour,  ostor,  hostur,  mod. 
F.  aittour),  a  goshawk:  see  Astur.  The  n  is 
inserted,  as  in  porringer,  passenger,  messenger, 
etc.]  A  keeper  and  trainer  of  goshawks. 
Austrocolumbia  (as"tro-ko-lum'bi-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  auster,  the  south  wind,  south,  +  XL. 
Columbia,  applied  to  America.]  In  soogeog., 
a  primary  division  of  the  earth's  land-surface 
with  reference  to  its  fauna,  which  consists  of 
all  the  American  continent  south  of  Mexico. 
Austrocolumbian  (as"tr6-ko-lum'bi-an).  a.  [< 
Austrocolumbia.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Austro- 
columbia: as,  the  Austniciiliinihhii!  fauna. 
Austrogaea  (as-tro-je'ii),  h.  [NL.,<  L.  auster, 
the  south  wind,  south,  +  Gr.  yala,  the  earth.] 
In  soogeog.,  that  prime  zoological  division  or 
realm  of  the  earth's  land-surface  which  com- 
prises Australia  and  its  immediately  outlying 
islands,  and  the  Austromalayan  archipelago. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  w  aUace's  line,  ami  mi 
I'apua  or  New  Guinea  and  the  Solomon  islands  mi  thi 
ami  Tasmania  on  the  south. 
Austrogaean  (as-tro-je'an),  a.  [<  Austnrogaza 
+  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Austrogma  :  as,  the 
Austriu/atin  fauna. 
Austro-Hungarian  (as  tro-hung-ga'ri-an),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Austria-Hungary. 
Austromalaya  (as"tr6-nia-la'ya),  h.  [NL.,  < 
L.  auster,  the  south  wind,  +  NL.  Malaya.] 
In  soogeog.,  the  first  subregion  of  the  great 
Australasian  region,  including  Papua  and  the 
islands  zoologically  pertaining  thereto,  on  tin- 
west  the  boundary  passes  between  Borneo  and  Celebes, 
and  thence  along  Wallace's  line  between  I bokand  Bali ; 

eastward  it  extends  to  include  San  I'hristuval.      It  lies  en- 
tirely north  of  Australia. 

Austromalayan  (as'tro-ma-la'yan),  «.  [< 
Austromalaya  +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Austromalaya. 


austromancy 

austromancy  (fts'tro-man-si),  ».     [<  L.  mixta-, 
the  south  wind,  +  Qi.  uavreia,  divination,  <  pav- 
,  divine,  t/idvric,  a  diviner:  see  Mantis.] 
Divination  from  observation  of  the  winds. 

aut-.    See  unto-. 

autacanthid  (a-ta-kan'thid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avro^, 
self,  4-  &Kavda,  spin.',  +  -id.]  In  sobl.,  having 
the  greater  number  of  the  intermediate  spines 
on  special  plates  or  loeal  modifications  of  the 
integument :  applied  to  a  starfish :  opposed  to 
typacanthid. 

autaesthesy,  autesthesy  (a-tes'the-si),  n.  [< 
Or.  avr6c,  self,  +  aiadqois,  perception:  see  oss- 
thesia,  esthetic.']    Self-consciousness.     N.E.J). 

autamoeba  (a-ta-me'ba),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
r6c,  self,  +  NL!  amceba.]  A  term  applied  by 
Haeckel.  without  exaet  zoological  significa- 
tion, to  any  simple  amceba  form  regarded  as 
the  nearest  living  representative  of  a  hypo- 
thetical primitive  amceba  or  archamceba. 

autantitypy  (a-tan-tit'i-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avr6c, 
self,  +  miTiTOKia,  resistance:  see anUtypy.]  Ab- 
solute incompressibility:  attributed  by  many 
metaphysicians  to  matter. 

Autarachnze  (a-ta-rak'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<Gr. 
aiiroc,  self,  +  apaxvri,  spider.]  In  Gegenbaur's 
system  of  classification,  a  division  of  Arachnida, 
the  arachnids  themselves,  or  Arachnida  prop- 
er, consisting  of  spiders,  scorpions,  mites, 
etc.,  as  distinguished  from  the  Pseudarachnat 
(jCardigrada,  Pycnogonida).  Gegenbaur  divides  the 
Autaraehnce  into  four  groups:  Arthrogastres,  Aranea, 
Ocarina,  and  IdngatuHna.    See  these  words. 

autarchy1  (a'tjir-ki),  n. ;  pi.  autarchies  (-kiz). 
[<  Gr.  avrapxia,  absolute  power,  <  ahrapxof,  ab- 
solute, <  avrdc,  self,  +  apx^iv,  rule.]  Absolute 
power;  autocracy;  self-government. 

A  certain  government  called  an  autarchy,  of  which  he 
makes  God  the  only  judge. 

J.  Washington,  tr.  of  Milton's  Def.  Pop. 

autarchy2t  (a'tjir-ki),  n.  [Prop.  *autarcy,  <  Gr. 
avrapiceia,  self-sufficiency,  <  avrapiaic,  self-suffi- 
cient, <  at'Tof,  self,  +  apKziv,  suffice.]  Self-suf- 
ficiency ;  independence. 

[Conscience  is]  in  man  the  principal  part  of  Cod's  image, 
and  that  by  which  man  resemhleth  most  the  autarchy 
and  self-sufficiency  of  God.  5.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  98. 

autemt,  «•     [Obsolete  slang.]     A  church. 

autert,  n.  Middle  English  form  of  altar.  Chatt- 
el r. 

auter  droit  (6'ter  drwo  or  droi).  [OF.  (mod. 
F.  autre  droit):  auter,  autre,  altre,  etc.,  <  L. 
alter,  other;  droit,  <  ML.  arictltm,  directum, 
right,  neut.  of  L.  directus,  straight,  direct:  see 
alter  and  direct.]  In  lau;  another  (another's) 
right :  thus,  one  who  acts  not  on  his  own  behalf, 
but  as  trustee  or  representative  of  another,  is 
said  to  act  in  auter  droit. 

auterfoits  (6-ter-fwo'  or  -foi'),  a<lr.  \  < >F.  (mod. 
P.  autrefois),  at  another  time,  <  auter,  autre, 
altre  (see  auter  droit),  +  foits,  fois  =  Pr.fes 
=  It.  wee,  time,  turn,  <  L.  vice,  in  place  of,  in 
turn:  see  vice2,  vicar.]  In  tow,  formerly:  a  term 
introduced  into  the  plea  of  former  trial  as  a  bar 
to  a  second  prosecution  for  the  same  offense. — 
Auterfoits  acquit  (formerly  acquitted),  the  plea  of  for- 
mer acquittal  -Auterfoits  attaint  (formerbj  attainted), 
the  pleaof  former  attaint.  Auterfoits  convict  (former- 
ly convicted),  the  pica  of  former  conviction. 

auter  Vie  (6'ter  ve).  [OF.:  auter  (see  auter 
droit);  vie,  <  L.  vita,  life:  see  vital.)  In  law, 
another  (another's)  life.  — Tenant  pour  auter  vie, 
oni  who  holds  an  estate  by  the  life  of  another. 

authentic  (a-then'tik),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  authentick,  autentic,  etc,  <  ME.  auten- 
Hke,  auctentylce,  <  OP.  autentique  (mod.  F.  au- 
tlientitjui,  being  changed,  like  the  E.  word,  to 
suit  the  L.  spelling)  =  Pg.  authentieo  =  Sp. 
autenUco  =  It.  autenUco,  <  EL.  authenticus,  < 
Gr.   ■  warranted,   authentic,   original, 

<  aiidevria,  original  authority, <  uithrri,*,  confer. 

<  avTotrri/r  (rare),  one  who  does  anything 'with 
hi-  own  hand,  the  real  author  of  any  act,  <  a&rof, 
self,  +  "tin,'  (found  also  in  cwtvrijc,  equiv. 
to  owtpy&c,  a  fellow-workman),  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <*o-eiT-,<  "ao-ovr-,  orig.  form  of 
Ionic  ear,  Attic  in>  (=  L.  ens,  'sins),  ppr.  of 
eiuai,  be:  see  ens,  be1.  Cf .  effendi,  also ult. <  Or. 
inihrrt/r.]  I.  a.  If.  Having  authority;  pos- 
sessing inherent  authority;  duly  authorized; 
authorital  ive. 

M- 1 ghf  to  fly  all  pedantisms,  and  not  rashrj  to  a  ■ 

all  words  that  are  met  ^^  it U  in  every  English  writer, 
whether  authentic  or  noi  E.  Phillips. 

2.  Real;  of  genuine  origin  ;  being  what  it  pur- 
ports to  be:  opposed  to  pretended  or  imaginary, 
fictitious,  counterfeit,  apocryphal,  oi  unauthor- 
as,  authentic  documents. 


386 

As  there  is  but  one  God,  hut  one  hope,  but  one  anchor. 
age  for  man  -so  also  there  can  be  but  one  authentic 
faith,  but  one  derivation  of  truth,  but  one  perfect  revela- 
tion. De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ill. 

3.  In  laic,  executed  with  all  due  formalities ; 
executed  by  the  proper  person  and  legally 
attested  before  the  proper  authorities:  as,  an 
authentic  deed. — 4.  Entitled  to  acceptance  or 
belief;  reliable;  trustworthy;  of  established 
credit,  credibility,  or  authority :  as,  an  authentic 
tab',  book,  writer. 
Origen,  a  most  authentic  author  in  this  point. 

Brevint,  Saul  and  Samuel,  p.  77. 
(if  the  manner  in  which    the    ruin  of  Nineveh   was 
brought  about  we  have  nowhere  any  authentic  record. 

Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  82. 
That  this  mere  dream  is  grown  a  stable  truth 
To-night's  feast  makes  authentic. 

Browning,  In  a  Balcony. 
5f.  Original;  first-hand,  as  opposed  to  copied 
or  transcribed. —  6.  Own;  proper;  properly  be- 
longing to  one's  self.     [Archaic] 

It  were  extreme  partiality  and  injustice,  the  flat  denial 
and  overthrow  of  herself  [Justice],  to  put  her  own  authen- 
tic sword  into  the  hand  of  an  unjust  and  wicked  man. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxviii. 

Men  are  ephemeral  or  evanescent,  but  whatever  page 
the  authentic  soul  of  man  has  touched  with  her  immortal- 
izing finger,  no  matter  how  long  ago,  is  still  young  and 
fair  as  it  was  to  the  world's  gray  fathers. 

Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  1886. 

7.  In  m  usic,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic:  in  distinction  from  plagal, 
which  has  a  corresponding  relation  to  the  fifth 
or  dominant  in  the  octave  below  the  key-note. 
—  Authentic  act,  in  civil  law,  an  act  or  deed  performed 
before  and  attested  by  a  notary  or  other  proper  magis- 
trate—Authentic cadence,  same  as  perfect  cadence 
(which  see,  under  cadence).  —  Authentic  melodies.  See 
■melody.— Authentic  modes  or  tones.  See  mode.=Syn. 
2  and  4.  Authentic,  Genuine,  correct,  trustworthy,  relia- 
ble, credible.    When  applied  to  a  written  document  or  a 

I k.  authentic  indicates  that  it  is  reliable  as  narrating 

real  facts ;  genuine,  that  we  have  it  as  it  left  its  author's 
hands :  as,  an  authentic  history  ;  a  genuine  text.  Au- 
thentic is  thus  equivalent  to  trustworthy,  reliable  ;  gen- 
uine, to  unadulterated.  The  "Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier" 
is  a  genuine  work  of  Defoe's,  for  it  was  written  by  him, 
but  it  is  not  an  authentic  work,  although  so  plausibly  as- 
suming the  tone  of  real  biography  that  it  "deceived  even 
the  great  Chatham  into  citing  the  volume  as  an  authentic 
narrative  "  (Backus,  Revision  of  Shaw's  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  250). 
A  genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the  person 
whose  name  it  bears ;  ...  an  authentic  book  is  that 
which  relates  matters  of  fact  as  they  really  happened. 
A  book  may  be  authentic  without  being  genuine,  and 
genuine  without  being  authentic.  Bp.  Watson. 

Il.t  »•  [<  LL.  authenticum,  ML.  also  authen- 
tica, the  original  (of  a  document),  neut.  or  fern. 
of  authenticus .'  seel.]  1.  An  authoritative  or 
genuine  document  or  book. —  2.  An  original, 
as  opposed  to  a  copy  or  transcript. 

A  uthenties  and  transcripts.  Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  I.  42. 
The  Authentics,  in  civil  law,  a  Latin  translation  from 
the  Greek  of  the  novels  or  new  constitutions  of  Justinian, 
made  by  an  anonymous  author.  So  called  as  an  un- 
abridged translation  of  the  novels,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  epitome  made  by  Julian. 

authentical  (a-then'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  authen- 
tic. 

The  hopes  thou  dost  conceive 

of  thy  quick  death,  and  of  thy  future  life, 

Are  not  authentical.       B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  6. 

His  testimony  will  be  authentical.  Beau,  and  Ft. 

This,  the  squire  confessed,  with  some  little  hesitation, 

was  a  pheasant  pie,  though  a  peacock  pie  was  certainly  the 

most  authentical,  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  277. 

authentically  (a-then'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  au- 
thentic manner,  (a)  With  the  requisite  or  gen- 
uine authority,     (b)  With  certainty. 

lie  [Coleridge]  was  the  man  of  all  his  generation  to 
whom  we  should  most  unhesitatingly  aUow  the  distinc- 
tion of  genius,  that  is,  of  one  authentically  possessed  from 
time  to  time  by  some  influence  that  made  him  better  and 
greater  than  himself.  Lowell,  Coleridge, 

(c)  Actually;  really. 
Not  yet  authentically  decided.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

authenticalness  (a-then'ti-kal-nes),  «.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  authentic  or  trustworthy ;  the 
quality  of  being  of  good  authority ;  authenticity. 

They  did  not  at  all  rely  on  the  au'hcnlicalness  thereof 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  357. 
2.  The  quality  of  being  genuine  or  what  it  pur- 
ports to  bo;  genuineness;  authenticity. 

Nothing  can  be  more  pleasant  than  to  see  virtuosos 
about  a  cabinet  of  medals,  descanting  upon  the  value, 
rarity,  and  authenticalness  of  the  several  pieces. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

[In  both  uses  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
authenticate  (a-thon'ti-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
authenticated,  ppr.  authenticating.    f<  ML.  cm- 

lln  nliftilu.:,  pp.  of  autheiilicare,  confirm,  <  LI,. 
authenticus,  authentic:  see  authentic]  1.  To 
lender  authentic;  give  authority  to  by  the 
proof,  attestation,  or  formalities  required  by 
law  or  sufficient  to  entitle  to  credit. 


author 

The  king  serves  only  as  a  notary  to  in/'/icn'mttr  the  choice 
of  judges.  Burke. 

Precisely  as  our  researches  are  fortunate,  they  authen- 
ticate themselves  as  privileged ;  and  in  such  a  chase  all 
success  justifies  itself.  De  (Juincey,  Essenes,  i. 

He  [God]  authenticates  this  instinctive  yearning  in  the 
creature  after  selfhood,  in  order  that  the  latter  .  .  .  may 
effectually  aspire  to  the  knowledge  and  obedience  of  those 
laws  of  Divine  order  which  alone  give  him  rest. 

//.  James,  Sul is.  and  Shad.,  p.  61. 

2.  To  prove  authentic ;  establish  as  correct  or 
genuine. 

I  have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince. 

Walpole,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  I.  ii. 

There  is  little  more  left  for  Biblical  research.  The  few 
places  which  can  lie  authenticate,/  are  now  generally  ac- 
cepted. B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  72. 

On  June  18,  1838,  about  3,000  volumes,  and  in  1858,  2(15 
other  volumes  of  non-parochial  registers,  weir  aul/oiiti- 
cuted.  N.  and  Q,,  7th  ser.,  III.  305. 

3.  To  establish  as  true  or  worthy  of  belief:  as, 
to  authenticate  a  statement. 

One  of  the  best  authenticated  ghost  stories  in  existence. 
Mem.  of  R.  II.  Durham,  in  Ingoldsby  Legends. 

authenticate!  (a-thon'ti-kat),  a.  [<  ML.  au- 
thenMcatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]    Authenticated. 

authentication  (a-then-ti-ka'shon),  n.  [<  au- 
thenticate +  -ion.]  The  act  of  authenticating, 
verifying,  or  establishing  the  authoritative- 
ness,  genuineness,  validity,  credibility,  or  truth 
of  anything ;  specifically,  in  law,  the  official 
attestation  of  a  written  instrument. 

The  authentication  of  every  little  detail  in  the  text. 

The  American,  VIII.  315. 

authenticity  (a-then-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  authentic 
+  -ity  ;  =  F.  authenticity.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing authentic,  or  entitled  to  acceptance  as  au- 
thoritative, genuine,  true,  or  correct:  as,  the 
authenticity  of  the  Scriptures  or  of  a  document; 
the  authenticity  oi  a  portrait;  the  authenticity 
of  a  statement. 

We  compare  the  narrative  with  the  account  of  the  times 
when  it  was  composed,  and  are  left  satisfied  with  the  au- 
thenticity of  its  leading  anecdotes. 

Miliiian,  Latin  Christianity,  i.  3. 

authenticlyt  (a-then'tik-li),  adv.  Authenti- 
cally. 

He  could  learn  no  way  so  authenticly  as  from  this  testi- 
mony. Whiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  Antiq.,  i. 

authenticness  (a-then'tik-nes),  ».  Authen- 
ticity.    [Rare.] 

The  authenticness  of  that  decree. 

Hammond,  Works,  II.  106. 

author  (a'thqr),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.alsort«f/iot«r, 
itiietiiur,  aucior,  and  prop,  autor,  <  ME.  autour, 
autor  (later  auctour  or  auctor,  after  the  L.), 
<  AF.  autour,  OF.  autor,  later  and  mod.  F. 
auteur  =  Pr.  auctor,  actor  =  Sp.  Pg.  autor  =  It. 
autore,  <  L.  auctor  (in  ML.,  and  hence  in  E., 
corruptly  author,  prob.  through  the  influence 
of  LL.  authenticus  and  its  derivatives;  cf.  ML. 
authorisare,  authorize,  confirm,  var.  autliori- 
care,  synonymous  with  authenUcare,  coufirm; 
authorabilis,  synonymous  with  authenticus, 
etc.),  an  originator,  <  augers,  cause  to  grow, 
increase:  see  auction.]  1.  The  beginner, 
former,  or  first  mover  of  anything;  he  to 
whom  something  owes  its  origin;  originator; 
creator;  efficient  cause:  as,  God  is  the  author 
of  the  universe. 

The  law,  the  author  .  .  .  whereof  is  .  .  .  God. 

Hooker. 

The  serpent  autor  was,  Eve  did  proceed; 
Adam  not  autor,  auctor  was  indeed.  Vicars. 

He  was  become  the  Authour  of  a  Sect  ever  after  to  be 
called  Lutherans.  Selden,   fable. Talk,  p.  33. 

Thus  King  Latinus  in  the  third  degree 
Had  Saturn  author  of  his  family.  Dryden. 

2.  Cause :  applied  to  things.     [Rare.] 

That  which  is  the  strength  of  their  amity  shall  prove 
the  immediate  author  of  their  variant  e. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 

3.  The  original  composer  of  a  book  or  writing 
of  any  kind,  as  distinguished  from  a  compiler, 
translator,  editor,  or  copyist. 

An  author  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts,  which  a 
translator  has  not.  Dryden, 

[Often  used  elliptically  for  the  literary  produc- 
tion itself:  as,  (lie  statement  occurs  in   Pliny 
and  other  ancient    authors.] — 4f.   An    editor: 
as,  the  author  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 
[Rare.]  —  5f.  A  person  who  authorizes  a  state- 
ment; an  authority ;  an  informant. 
Look  upon  him  ; 
Such  holy  men  are  authors  of  no  fables. 
Fletcher  (and  MassingerY),  Lovers'  Progress,  V.  2. 

6.  In  Scots  law,  one  from  whom  a  tide  to  prop- 
erty is  derived  either  by  inheritance  or  other- 
wise; especially,  ono  from  whom  title  is  de- 


author 

rived  by  purchase  or  otherwise  than  by  way  of 
descent. 
authort  (a'thor),  v.  t.      [<  author,  ».]      1.  To 
occasion;  effect;  do. 

Execrable  slaughter!  what  hand  hath  authored  it? 

Fletcher  (and  others).  Blood;  Brother,  iii.  4. 
Do  yon  two  think  much 
That  he  thus  wisely  and  with  need  consents 
To  what  I  author  for  your  country's  good, 
You  being  my  tutor,  you  my  chancellor) 

Fletcher  (and  others)t  Bl )y  Brother,  iii.  l. 

2.  To  be  authority  for;  vouch  for. 
Mori'  uf  him  I  dare  not  author. 

Massingt  r  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  2. 

authoress  (a/thpr-es),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
authoun  ss,  authressc,  a  act  re  wt  auctrice,  <  late 
ME.  auetorice:  see  author  and  -ess.]  A  female 
author,  in  any  sense  of  that  word.  [Author  is 
commonly  used  for  both  sexes,  except  in  case 
of  special  discrimination.] 

authorhood  (a '  thor-hud),  n.  [<  author  + 
-hood.']  The  state  of  being  an  author  (of 
books);  the  province  of  an  author;  author- 
ship. 

authorial  (a-tho'ri-al),  a.  [<  author  +  -ial. 
Cf.  auctorial.]  Pertaining  to  an  author  (of 
books).     Also  (tutorial. 

Must  we  then  bow  to  authorial  dignity,  and  kiss  hands 
because  they  are  inked? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  145. 
Testing  the  autorial  power.  Poe,  Marginalia,  cvi. 

authorisable,  authorisation,  etc.  See  author- 
izable,  etc. 

authorism  (a-'thor-izm),  n.  [<  author  4-  -is/it.] 
Authorship ;  the  position  or  character  of  an  au- 
thor.    [Bare.] 

He  [BurkeJ  is  a  sensible  man,  but  has  not  worn  off  his 
authorism  y et,  and  thinks  there  is  nothing  so  charming 
as  writers,  and  to  be  one.  Walpole,  Letters,  11.  90. 

authoritarian  (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
authority  4-  -urian.]  I.  o.  Favoring  the  prin- 
ciple of  authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  indi- 
vidual freedom. 

The  loyalists,  whi  i  sympathized  most  strongly  with  .  .  . 
his  authoritarian  views.         Athenceum,  No.  3068,  p.  202. 

II.  n.  One  who  supports  the  principle  of 
authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  individual 
freedom. 

By  looking  only  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  his  career, 
...  an  imaginary  Napoleon  has  been  obtained  who  is  .  .  . 
a  lover  of  liberty,  not  an  authoritarian. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  226. 

authoritative  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  authority 
+  -ative.  Cf.  ML.  aactoritativus.]  1.  Having 
due  authority;  having  the  sanction  or  weight 
of  authority ;  entitled  to  credence  or  obedience : 
as,  "authoritative  teaching,"  Barrow. 

The  Law  of  Duty  remains  indeed  authoritative,  but  its 
authority  seems  scarcely  so  awful  and  unique  as  formerly. 
J.  Ii.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  112. 
Anselm  was  compelled  to  publish  an  authoritative  edi- 
tion of  his  Monologium,  because  so  many  copies  of  it  were 
already  in  circulation  from  notes  of  lectures. 

C.  H.  Pearson,  Early  and  Mid.  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxv. 

2.  Having  an  air  of  authority;  positive;  per- 
emptory; dictatorial. 

The  mock  authoritative  manner  of  the  one  and  the  in- 
sipid mirth  of  the  other.  Swift,  Examiner. 
Dogmatic  and  authoritative  by  nature  and  education,  he 
hardly  comprehended  the  meaning  of  toleration  in  mat- 
ters of  religion.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  90. 
=  Syn.  2.  Authoritative,  Magisterial,  etc.  (see  magisterial), 
commanding. 
authoritatively  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
authoritative  manner,    (a)  With  due  authority. 

I  think  it  [the  law  of  repetition]  is  even  more  authorita- 
tively present  in  the  minds  of  most  great  composers  than 
the  law  of  principality.  Buskin,  Elem.  of  Drawing. 

(b)  With  a  show  of  authority. 

authoritativeness  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes),  v.  The 
quality  of  being  authoritative;  an  acting  by 
authority ;  authoritative  appearance. 

authority  (a-thor'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  authorities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  autoritie,  auctoritie,  etc.,  < 
ME.  autorite,  auctorite,  <  OF.  autoritct,  F.  au- 
torite  =  Pr.  auctoritat  =  Sp.  autoridad  =  Pg. 
autoridade  =  It.  autorita,  <  L.  auctorita{t-)si 
counsel,  will,  decree,  liberty,  power,  weight, 
authority,  <  auetor,  author,  originator:  Bee  au- 
thor,'] 1.  Power  or  admitted  right  to  com- 
mand or  to  act,  whether  original  or  delegated: 
as,  the  authority  of  a  prince  over  subjects  and 
of  parents  over  children;  the  authority  of  an 
agent  to  act  for  his  principal,  in  lau\  an  authority 
is  general  when  it  extends  to  all  acts,  or  all  connected 
with  a  partieular  employment,  and  special  when  confined 
to  a  single  act. 

By  what  authority  doest  thou  these  things,  and  who 
gave  thee  this  authority!'  Mark  xi.  28. 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not, 
It  will  go  hard  with  poor  Antonio. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 


387 

If  his  conscience  were  so  narrow  and  peculiar  to  it  selfe, 
it  was  not  tltt  his  Autority  should  be  ho  ample  and  I  m 
versall  over  others.  Mi/tun,  Kikoimklustcs,  ii. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinion,  respect, 
or  long-established  reputation;  influence  con- 
ferred by  character,  office,  station,  mental  su- 
juriority,  or  the  like  ;  credit:  as,  the  authority 
of  age  or  example  ;  the  authority  of  Aristotle. 

Bui  the  mortallest  enemy  unto  knowledge,  and  that 
whirh  hath  done  the  greatest  execution  upon  truth,  hath 
beene  a  peremptory  adhesion  unto  Authority,  and  espe- 
cially the  establishing  of  our  beliefe  upon  the  dictates  of 
Antiquities.  For  (as  every  capacity  may  observe),  most 
men  of  Ages  present,  so  superstitiously  do  look  upon 
Ages  past,  that  the  Authorities  of  the  one  exceed  the  rea- 
sons of  the  other.     SirT.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  i.  20. 

Truth,  wisdom,  B&nctitude  sever.'  and  pun-,  .  .  . 

Whence  true  authority  in  men.     Milton,  1*.  L.,  iv.  '295. 

3f.   Power  in  a  general  sense. 

The  .  .  .  corrigible  authority  of  this  lies  in  our  wills. 
Shak.,  Othello,  i.  :i 
4.  A  person  or  persons,  or  a  body,  exercising 
power  or  command:  generally  in  the  plural: 
as,  the  civil  and  military  authorities. —  5.  The 
outward  marks  of  authority;  especially,  the 
expression  of  authority  in  the  countenance. 

Kent.  You  have  that  in  your  countenance  which  I  would 
fain  call  master. 

Lear.   What's  that? 

Kent.    Authority.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

6.  That  to  which  or  one  to  whom  an  appeal  or 
reference  may  be  made  in  support  of  any  opin- 
ion, action,  or  course  of  conduct,  (a)  Testimony; 
witness  ;  that  which  or  one  who  testifies. 

Something  I  have  heard  of  this,  which  I  would  be  glad  to 
find  by  so  sweet  an  authority  confirmed.      Sir  /'.  Sidney. 
Had  seen  .  .  . 
Jesus,  Messiah,  Son  of  God  declared, 
And  on  that  high  authority  bad  believed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,ii.  5. 

(b)  Weight  of  testimony;  credibility:  as,  a  historian  of 
no  authority;  "authority  of  the  Scriptures,"  Hooker. 

The  registers  of  the  English  Peerage  are  of  far  higher 
authority  than  any  other  statistical  documents. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 

(c)  One  who  possesses  adequate  knowledge  of  a  subject,  and 
whose  opinions  or  statements  may  be  relied  on  ;  an  ex- 
pert ;  a  standard  author  or  his  writings:  as,  an  authority 
in  matters  pertaining  to  geology. 

This  practice  we  may  learn,  from  a  better  and  more 
ancient  authority  then  any  heathen  writer  bath  to  give 
us.  Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref. 

(d)  In  law,  a  precedent;  a  judicial  decision;  an  official 
declaration  or  opinion,  such  as  ought  to  be  followed  in 
similar  cases,    (e)  Justification ;  countenance ;  warrant. 

Thieves  for  their  robbery  have  authority, 
When  judges  steal  themselves. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  2. 
Argument  from  authority.  Same  as  argumentum  ad 
oerecundiam  (which  see,  under  aryumentum).—  Consti- 
tuted authorities,  the  magistrates  or  governors  of  a 
nation,  people,  municipality,  etc.— General  authority, 
the  authority  of  a  general  agent,  intended  to  apply  to  all 
matters  which  arise  in  the  course  of  business,  as  distin- 
guished from  special  instances,  though  it  may  be  limited 
to  a  particular  business  and  to  a  particular  plate.  —  Syn. 
1.  Rule,  dominion,  government;  warrant,  permission,  au- 
thorization.—  2.  Influence,  Authority,  Ascendancy,  Con- 
trol, Sway,  Domination,  may  all  apply  to  persons  or 
things,  but  seem  primarily  to  belong  tu  persons.  Influ- 
ence  and  authority  imply  moral  power;  the  others  may 
do  so,  and  are  considered  to  do  so  here.  The  words  are 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  strength.  Influence  may 
be  small ;  it  is  wholly  apart  from  the  power  of  office  ;  the 
word  expresses  the  extent  to  which  one  affects  the  con- 
duct or  character  of  others  simply  by  their  deference  to 
him  on  account  of  his  station,  wealth,  ability,  character, 
etc.  Authority  \*.  in  tins  connection,  influence  amount- 
ing to  a  recognized  right  to  command  :  as,  the  authority 
of  age,  wisdom,  experience.  It  is  presumably  rightful, 
while  the  other  words  often  express  undue  or  unwhole- 
some weight  or  power.  Ascendancy  is  overmastering  in- 
fluence, supremacy  by  influence  ;  the  word  is  often  used 
in  a  bad  sense:  as,  the  asrcinhtncy  of  cunning  over  sim- 
plicity.  Control  is  complete  or  successful  and  continued 
authority:  as,  his  control  over  the  convicts  was  main- 
tained without  resort  to  force.  Sway  is,  by  its  deriva- 
tion, control  over  that  which  may  be  viewed  as  a  weighty 
or  massive  object;  hence,  a  solid  or  powerful  or  control- 
ling influence.  Domination,  as  it  may  tie  an  absolute  and 
tyrannical  rule,  may  also  be  an  absolute  and  tyrannical  in- 
fluence or  ascendancy:  as,  he  was  really  under  the  domi- 
nation of  those  whom  he  thought  his  servants  or  tools. 
Mourn  for  the  man  of  amplest  influence, 
Yet  clearest  of  ambitious  crime. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  iv. 

In  the  absolute  authority  accorded  [by  the  Romans]  to 
the  father  over  the  children  we  may  trace  the  same  habits 
of  discipline  that  proved  so  formidable  in  the  field. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  18L 

The  application  of  gunpowder  to  the  art  of  war  has  for 
ever  settled  the  long  conflict  for  asm/da  ncy  between  civ- 
ilization and  Imrbarism,  in  favor  of  the  former. 

Calhoun,  Works,  I.  88. 

Government  .  .  .  has  a  general  superintending  control 
over  all  the  actions  and  over  all  the  publicly  propagated 
doctrines  of  men.  Burke,  Unitarians,  May  11,  1792. 

Horrible  forms  of  worship  that  of  old 

Ueld,  o'er  the  shuddering  realms,  unquestioned  sway. 
Bryant,  The  Ages,  xxv. 

They  rose  and  took  arms  to  resist  Ordogno,  son  of  Al- 
fonsus  III.,  whose  domination  was  too  severe  for  them. 
J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  310. 


autobiographer 

authorizable  OVthor-i-za-bl),  a.  [Early  mod. 
K.  auctorizable ;  <  Ml-,  authorisabilis,  auctori- 
zabilis,  etc.,  <  auctori  art  ;  see  authorize  and 
-able.]  Thai  maj  be  authorized:  as,  "a  en- 
sure authorizable"  Hammond,  Works,  I.  242. 
Also  spclh1. i  authorisable, 

authorization  (;'i  t&pr-i-za'shon),  n.  [=F.ou- 
torisatioTij  (  Mh.  auctori  atio(n  i,  <  auctorizaref 
pp.  auctori  a/us.-  see  authorise.]  The  acl  of 
authorizing;  the  :h-i  of  giving  authority  or  legal 
power;  establishment  by  authority:  as,  "the 
authorization  of  laws,"  Motley.  Also  spelled 
authorisation, 

authorize  (ft'thpr-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  au- 
thorised, ppr.  authorising,  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
auctorize,  <  ME.  auctorisen,  autorisen,  <  OF.  auc- 
toriser,  later  authorise);  mod.  F.  autoriset  — 
Pr.  authorisar  =  Sp.  autorisar  =  Vg.  autorisar 
=  It.  autorizzare,  <  ME.  auctorisare,  auctori  an  i . 
authorisare,  etc.,  <  L.  auctor,  author:  see  author 
and  -fee]  1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or 
legal  power  to;  empower  (a  person):  as,  to 
a^Mor^e  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary 
of  a  state. — 2.  To  give  authority  for;  approve 
of  and  permit;  formally  sanction  (an  act  or  a 
proceeding). 

The  report  of  the  commission  was  taken  into  immediate 
consideration  by  the  estates.  They  resolved,  without  one 
dissentient  voire,  that  the  order  signed  by  William  did  not 
authorize  the  slaughter  of  <;iencoe. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
The  money,  then,  is  borrowed  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  — an  act  which  Congress  alone  is  competent  to  au- 
thorize. D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

3f.  To  make  authoritative  or  valid;  legalize; 
validate. 

She  shall  authorize 
Our  undertakings  to  the  ignorant  people, 
As  if  what  we  do  were  by  her  command. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  v.  2. 

4.  To  establish  by  authority  or  usage:  as,  an 
authorised  idiom. —  5.  To  warrant;  vouch  for. 
[Rare.] 

A  woman's  story,  at  a  winter's  fire, 

Authoris'd  by  her  grandam. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

6f.  To  support  (one's  self)  upon  the  authority 
(of). 

The  Historian  .  .  .  authorizing  himself,  for  the  most 
part,  upon  other  histories. 

Sir  I'.  Sidney,  Def.  of  Poesie  (Arber),  p.  31. 

Also  spelled  authorise. 

authorizer  (4'thor-i-zer),  ».  One  who  author- 
izes.    Also  spelleil  authoriser. 

authorlet(:'i'thor-let),H.  [<  author  +  dim. -let.] 
A  petty  author.     BUicliroiiil's  May.     [Rare.] 

authorling  (a'thor-ling),  ».  [<  author  +  dun. 
-ling.]     A  petty  author.     [Rare.] 

Oh  thou  pour  authorling !  Reach  a  little  deeperinto  the 
human  heart !  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  1. 

authorly  (a'thor-li),  ii.  [<  author  +  -ly1.]  Be- 
longing to  an  author ;  authorial.     [Rare.] 

He  keeps  his  own  authorly  secrets. 

Cowper,  Letter  to  t'nw  in. 

authorship  (&'thor-ship),  n.   [<  author  +  ship.] 

1.  The  source  or  cause  of  anything  that  may 
be  said  to  have  an  author ;  origination  ;  causa- 
tion :  as,  the  authorship  of  an  invention  or  of 
a  political  movement;  a  book  whose  author- 
ship is  unknown. —  2.  The  state  of  being  an 
author ;  the  occupation  of  writing  books. 

If  the  formalists  of  this  suit  were  erected  into  patentees 
with  a  sole  commission  of  authorship,  we  should  undoubt- 
edly see  such  writing  in  our  days  as  would  either  wholly 
wean  us  from  all  books  in  general,  or  at  least  from  all 
such  as  were  the  product  of  our  own  nation. 

Shaft'thoru,  Characters (ed.  18G9),  I.  347. 

auto  (ou'to),  v.  [Sp.  Pg.,  <  L.  actus,  an  act: 
see  act,  ».]     1.  In  Spanish  literature,  a  play. 

The  miracle-plays  of  the  people  attained  a  hiirh  decree 
of  excellence  in  the  autos  or  sacred  Christmas  plays  of 
Gil  Vicente  (1470-1536).  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  556. 

2.  In.  Spanish  law:  ("I  An  order;  a  decree ;  a 
sentence;  a  decision.  (b)pl.  The  pleadings  and 
proceedings  in  a  lawsuit. — 3.  An  auto  de  fe. 

auto-.  [(  Gt,  hitii-  (l>ef ore  a  vowel  air-,  which 
before  a  rough  breathing  becomes  aid-),  stem 
of  avTdc,  self  (myself,  thyself,  himself,  etc).] 
An  element  in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  self,  of  itself  (natural),  of  one's  silt' 
(independently),  of  nothing  but  .  .  .  ,  etc.: 
very  common  in  English  and  other  modern  lan- 
guages, especially  in  scientific  terms. 

autobiographer  (a  to-ln-og'ra-fer),  «.  [<  Gr. 
avrdr,  self,  +  biographer.]  One  who  writes  an 
account  of  his  own  life. 

"  And  yet.  o  man  born  of  Woman,*'  cries  the  .!  'itobiog- 
raphcr,  with  one  of  his  sudden  whirls,  wherein  is  my 
case  peculiar  V  "  Carlylc,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  58. 


autobiographic 

autobiographic  (a-to-bl-o-graf  ik),  a.     Of  the 
nature  of  autobiography. 
The  writings  of  Dante  .  .  .  arc  all  .  .  .  autobiogt 

",  Among  my  Books    !d  »  r.,  p.  26. 

autobiographical  (a-to-bi-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  autobiography;  character- 
ized by  an  autobiographic  tendency. 

It  ever  remains  doubtful  whether  he  ta  laughing  in  his 
sleeve  at  these  Autobiographical  times  of  ours. 

CarlyU,  Sartor  Eesartus,  p  65. 
2.  Same  as  autobiographic. 
autobiographically  (a-to-bi-5-graf'i-kal-i), 

adv.     In  an  autobiographic  manner, 
autobiographist  (a'to-bi-og'ra-fist),  ».     [<  au- 

tobiograplni  +  -ist.]      Same  as  autobiogriiplier. 
[Rare.] 

autobiography  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fi),  «. ;  pi.  auto- 
biographies (-nz).  [<  Gr.  auric,  self,  +  biograr 
phy.]  A  biography  or  memoir  of  a  person  writ- 
ten by  himself. 

autocarpian,  autocarpic  (a-to-kar'pi-an,  -pik), 
a.    Same  as  autocarpous. 

autocarpous  (a-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  <ir.  ai'Tur, 
self  (in  comp.  sometimes,  as  here,  meaning  'of 
nothing  but  .  .  .  ."of  mere  .  .  .'),  +  mpTrdc 
fruit.  The  Gr.  avr6icapiroc  means  only  'self- 
fructifying.']  In  hot.,  consisting  of  pericarp 
alone  ;  having  no  adnate  parts  ( dray) -.  applied 
to  fruits  which  are  free  from  the  perianth. 
Same  as  superior. 

autocephalic  (a  to-se-fal'ik  or  a-to-sef'a-lik), 
a.  [As  autocephal-ous  +  Ac.']  Autocephalous; 
autonomous. 

autocephalous  (a-to-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  LGr.  abro- 
niipa/.oc,  <  Gr.  ovt6q,  self,  +  tceipa'Ah,  head.]  1. 
Having  a  head  or  chief  of  its  own ;  independent 
of  jurisdiction  :  applied  to  a  church. 

The  Russian  Church  became  autocephalous,  ami  its  pa- 
triarch led  immense  power.  Encyc  Brit..  XI.  167. 
2.  Acting  as  an  independent  head;  having 
primary  jurisdiction  :  as,  an  autocephalous 
bishop  or  metropolitan. 

We  have  seen  Greece  proclaim  its  Holy  Governing  Sy- 
nod autocephalous.       J.  .)/.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  10. 

autochronograph  (a-to-kron'o-graf ),  n.    [<  Gr. 

riiTuc,  self,  +  chronograph.]  An  instrument 
for  instantaneously  and  automatically  record- 
ing time. 

autochthon  (a-tok'thon),  n.;  pi.  autochthons, 
autochthones  (-thons,  -tho-nez).  [<  L.  autoch- 
thones, pi.,  <  GT."avr6xSoiv,  pi.  abroxSovic,  abo- 
rigines, primitive  inhabitants,  lit.  sprung  from 
the  land  itself  (it  was  the  belief  of  the  ancient 
Athenians  and  some  other  Greeks  that  they 
sprang  originallv  from  the  soil  on  which  they 
lived),  <  avrdr,  self,  +  xfi&»,  laud,  earth.]  1. 
Literally,  one  sprung  from  the  land  he  inhabits ; 
hence,  one  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a 
country;  a  member  of  tin-  race  found  in  a 
country  when  first  known;  an  aboriginal  in- 
habitant. 

u  hoever  the  artist  may  have  been,  it  [a  statue)  is  un- 
doubtedlya  verj  able  conception,  the  figure  seeming  to 
rise  from  the  earth  just  as  an  autocht  ham  would  be  thought 
to  risi  A.  S.  Murray,  Gri  ek  Sculpture,  I.  2-24,  note. 

Their  own  traditions  appear  to  have  made  them  [the 
Phrygian  f]  autochthones,  or  aboriginals,  and  it  would  seem 
that  d  tic   re-peopling  of  the  earth  after  the 

flood  to  have  begun  in  their  country. 

Rawlinson,  Origin  of  Nations,  p.  67 


388 

not  of  those  founded  in  later  times  by  individual  pro. 
phets  or  reformers.  Max  Mutter.  India,  p.  lie. 

One  would  almost  bo  inclined  to  think  from  UcrrStahr'a 
account  oi  the  matter,  that  Leasing  had  been  an  autoch- 
thonous birth  of  the  German  soil,  without  intellectual  an- 
ceatry  or  helpful  kindred. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  301. 

2.   In  patltol.,   not   extraneous;  originating  at 
the  place  where  found. 

autochthonously  (a-tok'tho-nus-li),  adv.  In  an 
autochthonous  manner. 

The  larger  number  of  maladies  do  not  arise  autochtho- 
nously or  "under  a  whole  skin."    Encyc.  Brit.,  .Will.  361. 

autochthony  (a-tok'tho-ni),  «.  [<  autochthon 
+  -y.]  The  condition  of  being  autochthonous. 
The  practice  of  describing  legendarj  heroes  and  men  of 
ancient  lineage  as  earth-born,  ■y>ry«««,  strengthened  great- 
ly the  doctrine  of  autochthony,  and  nowhere  so  much  as 
in  Attica.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  141. 

autoclave  (a'to-klav),  n.  [F.,  self-regulating, 
a  digester,  <  Gr.  abrdc,  self,  +  L.  clavis,  a  key 
(or  claims,  a  nail  ?).]  A  kind  of  stewpan,  the  lid 
of  which  is  kept  close  and  steam-tight  by  the 
steam  proceeding  from  the  contents  of  the  pan. 
It  is  an  application  to  culinary  purposes  of  Pa- 
pin's  digester.     See  digester. 

autocracy  ( a-tok'ra-si),  n. ;  pi.  autocracies  (-siz). 
[<  F.  aittocrtttii '.,' <  Gr.  avTOKpareta,  absolute 
power,  <  avTOKpari/c,  absolute,  ruling  by  one's 
self:  see  autocrat.]  If.  The  power  of  deter- 
mining one's  own  actions;  independent  or  self- 
derived  power ;  self-government;  self-rule. 
Man's  will,  that  great  seat  of  freedom,  that,  with  a  kind 


autogenic 

auto  tlc/e.     [This  Portuguese  form,  commonly  written 
aut.i  daft  or  aulo-da-ft,  was  the  first  introduced,  and  has 

been  most  used  in  English  literature.  | 

auto  de  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  autos  defe  (mt'tos). 
[Sp.,  lit.  act  (judicial  process,  judgment)  of 
faith:  auto,  <  L  actum,  an  act;  de,  <  L.  de, 
from,  of  ;  fe  =  Pg.  fe,  <  L.  fidem,  ace.  of  fides, 
faith:  see  act,  it.,  de-,  fay3,  and  faith.  Ci.auto 
<la  fe.]  The  public  declaration  of  the  judg- 
ment passed  on  accused  persons  who  had  been 
tried  before  the  courts  of  the  Spanish  Inquisi- 
tion, and  by  extension  the  infliction  of  such 
penalties  as  had  been  prescribed  in  the  sen- 
tence. The  declaration  of  judgment  was  usually  made 
with  much  solemnity,  in  an  open  place,  and  included  the 
acquittals,  reception  to  retraction,  official  admonition,  and 
sentence  of  punishment  for  the  crimes  within  the  com- 
petency of  the  court.  These  crimes  were  public  profes- 
sion of  heresy,  apostasy,  witchcraft,  seduction  by  ecclesi- 
astics, bigamy,  unnatural  crimes,  church-robbery,  blas- 
phemy, usury,  and,  in  general,  crimes  of  or  against  the 
officers  of  the  Inquisition  itself.  Those  convicted  were 
brought  from  prison,  dressed  in  the  sanbenito,  or  robe  of 
defamed  criminals,  which  was  worked  with  a  cross  and 
other  designs,  sometimes  with  grotesque  scenes  of  infernal 
characters  or  torments,  and  varied  in  its  color  and  pattern 
in  accordance  with  the  severity  of  the  sentence  to  be 
passed.  Each  offender  was  called  by  name,  his  crime  spe- 
cified, and  its  punishment  declared,  after  which  all  were 
delivered  up  to  the  civil  officials.  Here  the  auto  proper 
finished;  but  as  the  execution  of  those  penalties  that  were 
of  capital  or  corporal  nature  immediately  followed,  the 
name  was  extended  to  this  part,  as  applied  to  which  it  has 
become  popularly  accepted.  Such  punishments  were  Hog- 
ging, the  pillory,  branding  or  maiming,  and  death  hy  hang- 
ing or  burning,  according  to  the  prescriptions  of  the  im- 
perial or  Caroline  code. 


.Man  s  will,  inai  meal,  seal  oi  ireeoom,  uiaL,  wi^n  a  ivoio       .  .  ./*/,-   j.   j    i*.e\  v/  n~    ,'-   X'A~ 

„f  autocracy  and  supremacy  within  itself,  commands  its  autodldact  (a  to-di-dakt"),  n.      [<  Gr.  avTo6i0aK- 

roc,,  self-taught,  <  amor,  self,  +  Adah-roc,  verbal 
adj.  of  SiSaaicciv,  teach:  see  didactic]  A  self- 
taught  person.      [Hare.] 

autodidactic  (a'to-di-dak'tik),  a.      [<  autodl- 
dact +  -ic]     Self-taught.     [Rare.] 

He  [Menzel]  was  from  the  beginning  an  auto-didactic 

realist;  he  drew  and  painted  as  he  saw  — not  as  others 
taught  him  how  they  had  seen. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  293. 

claims  which  in  their  latent  .significance  amounted  to  an   a1vtodynamiC  (a"t6-di-nam'ik),  a.      [<  Gr.  avTO- 
absolute  irresponsible  a, ,,,,,■„,■,,.  ^  ^.^  ^  ^      M,vafW,.}  powerful  of  itse]f  <  ^  self,  +  Siva- 

power:  see  dynamic]     Having  power  or 


own  actions.  SoutA,  Sermons,  VII 

It  [the  divine  will]  moves,  not  by  the  external  impulse 
or  inclination  of  objects,  but  determines  itself  by  an  ab- 
solute autocracy.  South,  Sermons,  VIII.  x. 

2.  Uncontrolled  or  unlimited  authority  over 
others,  invested  in  a  single  person ;  the  govern- 
ment or  power  of  an  absolute  monarch. 

At  least  from  the  days  of  Hildebrand  the  mind  of  Eu- 
rope had  become  familiarized  with  the  assertion  of  those 


Milman,  Latin  Christianity, 
3t.  In  med.,  action  of  the  vital  powers  toward 
the  preservation  of  the  individual.  =  Syn.  2.  Tyr- 
anny,  Absolutism,  etc.    See  despotism. 

autocrat  (a'to-krat),  n.  [<  P.  autocrate,  <  Gr. 
avTOKpaTfjC,  ruling  by  one's  self  (cf.  abroiipaTup, 
an  autocrat:  see  autocrator),  <  ovt6c,  self,  + 
Kpciroc,  power,  <  nparirr  strong,  =  Goth,  hardus 
=  'E.hard:  see  hard.]  1.  An  absolute  prince 
or  sovereign ;  a  ruler  or  monarch  who  holds  and 
exercises  the  powers  of  government  as  by  inher- 
ent right,  not  subject  to  restrictions:  as,  "the 
autocrat  of  all  the  Russias,''  a  title  assumed 
by  the  emperor  of  Russia. —  2.  One  who  is  in- 
vested with  or  assumes  unlimited  authority  in 
any  relation:  as,  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast-Table" (title  of  a  book),  O.  W.  Holmes. 

autocratic  (a-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  autocrat  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  autocracy; 


force  in  itself — Autodynamic  elevator,  a  hydraulic 
machine  in  which  the  weight  of  a  falling  column  of  water 
is  made  to  raise  a  smaller  column  to  a  height  exceeding 
that  of  the  first, 

autcecious  (a-te'shus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr6c,  self,  + 
oiVof,  dwelling.]  In  bryology,  haviug  both  male 
and  female  inflorescence  on  the  same  plant; 
monoecious.  Three  modifications  are  cladau- 
tcecious,  gouiautoecious,  and  rhizautoecious. 
Also  written  autoieous. 

autogamous  (a-tog'a-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  oirdc, 
self,  +  ;  apoc,  marriage  ;  cf.  avToyapoc.,  willingly 
married.]  Self -fertilized :  applied  to  flowers 
which  are  fertilized  by  their  own  pollen,  in 
distinction  from  anemophilous and  entomopMlous 
flowers,  in  which  oue  flower  is  fertilized  by 
pollen  from  another  through  the  intervention 
of  the  wind  or  of  insects. 


absolute;  holding  independent  and  unlimited  autogamy  (a-tog'a-mi),  n.     [<  Gr.  avr6c,  self, 


powers  of  government. 

The  Russian  government  is  autocratic,  inasmuch  as  over 
the  larger  part  of  the  country  it  has  simply  succeeded  to 
the  position  of  the  Mongolian  khans,  who  from  the  thir- 
teenth to  the  fifteenth  century  held  the  Russian  people  in 
subjection.  J.  Fiske,  Anicr.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  43. 

Same  as  au- 


G, 
2.  jil.  The  primitive   animals  or  plants  of  a  autocratical  (a-to-krat'i-kal),  a. 
countrv  or  region,  especially  in  geological  time,      toeratic. 

[Rare.]  autocratically  (a-to-krat'i-kal-i) 

autochthonal  ;i  tok'tho-nal),  a.  [<  autochthon 
+  -nl.  ]  Autochthonic ;  aboriginal:  as,  autoch- 
thonal peoples. 

autochthones,  »•     Plural  of  autochthon. 

autochthonic  (a-tok-thon'ik;,  a.  [<  autoch- 
thon +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  autoch- 
thon;  native  to  or  sprung  from  the  soil;  abo- 
riginal: indigenous. 

II,.    abi  i      i  "I   the  country  [were]  driven,  like  the 

Bheela  and  other  autochtlfmc  Indians,  into  the  eastern 

and  southeastern  wil.u  bordering  u] the  ocean. 

11.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  20. 

\\  i  may,  however,  venture  thi  asaertion  that  the  Eskimo 

i-  of  OUf  '  Igin  in  Asia. 

i..    Cruise  0/  the  Corwin,  1881,  p  30. 

autochthonism  (a-fok'tlio-nizm),n.  [<  autoch- 
thon +  -ism.\     Birth  from  tic  soil. 

According  to  the  Scythian     Hargitaua  lived  just  a  thou- 
sand years  before  He  year  518  B.  0.     a  Legend  which,  taken 
with  thi   tradition   "i   autochthom  rn,  indicates  a  much 
i  date  for  the  immigration  "i  the  Scythians  than  we 
I  deduce  from  other  narrat  tvei 

Encyc.  licit.,  XXI  676. 

autochthonous  (ft-tok'tho-nus),  a 

T"  -artij/.  j       iin    .on'  .    "i 

auto  da  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  autos  da  fc  (ou'tos). 
,,.■„-  at  are      [Pg-  autoda/e  =  Sp.  autadc  fc  (Pg    da<dc  a 

lometl  national  oi  autochthonous  religions—     where  a  is  the  fern,  art.,  <.  Ij.  illa).\     same  as 


adv.    In  an 
autocratic  manner. 

autocrator  (a-tok'ra-tor),  n.  [<  Gr.  abTOKparup, 
one's  own  master, "an  absolute  ruler:  see  au- 
tocrat.]     An  autocrat;  a  dictator.     [Rare.] 

The    picturesque    spiked    Macedonian    helmet    with   a 

h mil  check  piece  which  occupies  the  reverse 

[of  a  coin],  on  which  is  written  after  "King  Tryphon  "  the 
strange  title  ttuim-rator.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  649. 

autocratorkal  (a  to-kra-tor'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avroKpaTopiuSc,  <  abronpaTup:  see  autocrator.] 
Pertaining  to  an  autocrat  or  autocrator;  su- 
preme;  absolute:  as,  autocratorical  power. 
[Rare.] 

autocratrice  (a-tok'ra-tris),  n.    [F.] 
autocratrix. 

autocratrixia-tok'ra-triks), «.;  pi.  autocrat/rices 
(a-tok-ra-tri'sez).  "[NL.  (cf.  MGr.  avroKpar6- 
pmaa),  feni.  ol  autocrator.]  A  female  sovereign 
who  is  independent  and  absolute:  a  title  some- 
times given  lo  a  reigning  empress  of  Russia. 
[Rare.] 
autoch-  autocratship  (a'to-krat-ship),  n.     [<  autocrat 

thm  +  -ous.]     1.  Pertaining  to  autochthons;       . -"'t'/'-J    Tl' 1i,,,",f  '"','"'r:' 

indigenous;  sprung  from  the  soil ;  aboriginal. 


Same  as 


+  -yaula',  <  yipoc.,  "marriage.  Cf.  autogamous-.] 
In  bot.,  close  fertilization,  or  self-fertilization; 
the  fertilization  of  a  flower  by  its  own  pollen. 
See  allogamy. 

autogen'ealt  (a-to-je'ne-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  abroyevhe : 
see  autogenous.]  Self-begotten;  autogenous. 
Waterhoiise. 

autogeneous  (a-to-je'ne-us),  «.  Same  as  auto- 
genous. 

autogenesis  (a-to-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdg, 
self,  +  yeveoie,  production.]  Self -production; 
production  independent,  (a)  in  organisms,  of 
parent  organisms;  (b)  in  tissues,  of  parent 
tissues;  and  (c)  in  disease,  of  previous  cases  of 
zymotic  disease. 

autogenetic  (a/'to-je-net'ik),  a.  [<  autogenesis : 
see  genetic]  Self -producing;  pertaining  to  au- 
togenesis. 

There  was  no  doubt 
puerperal  fever. 

autogenetically  (a"to-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
autogenesis,  or  autogenetic  processes. 

Some  septic  poison,  either  from  without  or  autoyeneti- 
catty,  might  cause  the  same.      Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  1319. 

autogenic  (a-to-jen'ik),  a.     [As  autogen-ous 

+  -ic]  Self-produced;  independent  of  a  me- 
dium: specifically  applied  to  a  process  of  sol- 
dering in  which  pieces  <>(  metal  are  united 
by  fusing  the  parts  to  br  joined.  Sec  autoge- 
nous. 

Platinum  workers  .  .  .  have  long  learned  to  unite  two 
platinum  seams  by  the  autogenic  process  the  local 
fusing  of  tli.>  two  contiguous  parts  in  the  oxyhy.lrogen 
Qams  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  190. 


of  tin-  existence  of  aittoqcnetic 
line  Mel.  .h.ur.,  No.  1319. 


autogenous 
autogenous  (A-toj'e-nus),  a.    [<  Gr.  avroyevfc, 

self-produced,  <  tiirur,  self,  +  yn'or,  kind,  nice, 

offspring:  see  genus,  -genous.]  1.  Self-pro- 
duced; self-generated;  coming  forth  indepen- 
dently. Specifically,  in  anat,,  endogenous:  applied  to 
those  processes  or  parts  of  a  bone  which  arise  from  an 
independent  or  separate  center  ol  ossification,  as  distin- 
guished from  mere  exogenous  outgrowths.  Tims,  the 
epiphyses  of  a  bone  are  autogenous ;  apophyses  may  be 
either  autogenous  or  exogenous. 

The  centrum  and  several  "t  the  apophyses  of  a  vertebra 
are  autogenous,  while  other  apophyses  are  exogenous. 

Owen. 
2.  .Same  as  autogenic. 

Also  autogeneous. 
Autogenous  soldering,  the  process  of  uniting  pieces  of 
metal  by  the  fusion  of  part  of  their  own  substance,  with- 
out the  use  of  a  special  solder.  It  is  performed  by  means 
of  the  airohydrogen  or  oxyhj  drogen  blowpipe  and  by  elec- 
tricity . 

autogenously  (a-toj'e-nus-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
autogenous  manner. 

The  anterior,  or  more  properly  inferior,  bar  of  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  seventh,  and  occasionally  of  soi 1 

the  other  cervical  vertebra  in  Man.  is  autogenously  devel- 
oped. II'.  //.  Flower,  Osteology,  p.  20. 
2.  By  the  autogenous  process  of  soldering. 

This  batter>  is  constructed  of  a  case  of  insulite,  having 
a  lid  of  the  same  material  autogenously  soldered  in. 

J.  II'.  (jueeu,  Elect.  Catalogue,  lss;;,  p.  16. 

autogeny  (a-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  avToyevi/g  (see 
autogenous):  see  -geny.]  Autogenesis;  autog- 
ony;  spontaneous  generation. 

autogony  (a-tog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroydvor,  self- 
produced,  self-producing,  <  avroc,  self,  +  -yovor, 
produced :  see  -gony.]  The  generation  of  simple 
organisms  from  a  lifeless  fluid;  abiogenesis. 

autograph  (a'to-graf),  a.  and  n.  [<  P.  auto- 
graph?, <  L.  autographus,  <  Gr.  avro) patpoc,  writ- 
ten with  one's  own  hand,  <  avrdc,  self,  +  ypatpetv, 
write.]  I.  a.  Written  by  one's  self;  in  one's 
own  handwriting:  as,  an  autograph  letter. 
II.  n.    [<  P.  aittographe,  <  LL.  autographum.] 

1.  A  person's  own  handwriting;  something 
written  by  a  person's  owrn  hand ;  an  original 
manuscript  or  signature. 

Autographs  of  famous  names  were  to  be  seen  in  faded 
Ink  on  some  of  their  fly  leaves.   Hawthorne,  Old  Manse, I. 

2.  An  autographic  press  (which  see,  under 
2>ress). 

autograph  (a'to-graf),  v.  t.  [<  autograph,  n.] 
1.  To  write  with  one's  own  hand. —  2.  To  write 
one's  autograph  on  or  in. —  3.  To  copy  or  pro- 
duce in  autograph,  or  by  an  autographic  pro- 
cess.    See  autographic. 

Announcements  and  notices  of  various  kinds,  whether 
printed,  engraved,  lithographed,  or  autographed. 

U.  S.  Postal  Guide,  July,  1879. 
It  contains  80  autographed  pages  out  of  the  1,100  of 
which  the  whole  work  will  consist. 

Trubner's  American  and  Oriental  Lit.  Record,  X.  4. 

autographalt  (a-tog'ra-fal),  a.  [<  autograph 
+  -al.~\    Autographic.     Sennet. 

autographic  (a-to-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  autograph  + 
-ic ;  =  P.  autograpltiquc]  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  an  autograph;  contained  in 
or  furnished  by  one's  own  handwriting:  as, 
autographic  authority;  autographic  evidence. 
—  2.  Relating  to  or  used  in  the  process  of  au- 
tography: as,  autographic  ink;  autographic 
paper. — 3.  Self-recording:  applied  to  a  form  of 
telegraph.  See  below. -Autographic  press.  See 
press.— Autographic  process.  («)  In  the  fine  arts,  any 
process  by  means  of  which  an  artist's  work  is  exactly  pre- 
served in  mechanical  reproductions,  as  in  an  autotype  or 
a  photo-engraving,  (b)  A  general  term  applied  to  those 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  iti  which  a  writing  or 
drawingis  mad--  with  a  peculiar  ink,  and  then  transferred 
to  the  stone,  plate,  or  other  matrix  from  which  it  is  to 
be  printed.—  Autographic  telegraph,  an  instrument  for 
transmitting  a  telegraphic  despatch  written  in  insulating 
ink  upon  a  metallic  paper,  and  reproducing  it  with  abso- 
lute exactness  on  another  prepared  paper.  The  instru- 
ment may  be  used  for  transmitting  portraits  or  other  fig- 
ures, diagrams,  etc. 

autographical  (a-to-graf 'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  au- 
tographic. 

autographically  (a-to-graf'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autographic  manner;  by  means  of  autographic 
writings;  in  autograph. 

And  had  "shaken  hands  autographicaUy"  with  him 
across  the  Atlantic.  D.  Hill,  Life  of  Irving,  p.  150. 

autography  (a-tog'ra-fi),  ».  [<  autograph  +  -y ; 
=  F.  autographic]  1.  The  act  of  writing  with 
one's  own  hand;  autographic  writing. —  2. 
That  department  of  diplomatics,  or  the  study 
and  decipherment  of  old  writings,  which  is 
concerned  with  autographs. — 3.  A  process  in 
lithography  by  which  copies  of  a  writing,  draw- 
ing, etc.,  are  produced  in  facsimile. 

autoicous  (a-toi'kus),  a.     Same  as  autmcious. 

auto-inoculability  (a"t6-in-ok"u-la-biri-ti),  n. 
[<  auto-inocutalilc  :  see  -litltti/.]  Capacity  for 
auto-inoculation. 


389 
auto-inoculable  (a'to-in-ok'u-la-bl),  a.     [<  Gr. 

atrrof,  self,  +  iuocutablc]    Possessing  the  power 

of  auto-inoculation;  capable  of  being  propa- 
gated by  auto-inoculation:  as,  ■Ananto-inoculalilc 
disease. 

auto-inoculation  (a'to-in-ok-u-la'shon),  u.     [< 

Gr.  arrue,  self,  +  macula lion.]  The  inoculation 
of  a  healthy  part  of  the  body  with  the  virus 
from  a  diseased  part  of  the  same  person,  as  from 
a  chancroid. 

auto-insufflator  (a-to-in'suf-la-tor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avrdc,  self,  +  insufflator.]  An  instrument  used 
for  administering  to  one's  self  a  medicinal 
powder. 

autokinesyt,  n.  [<  LGr.  ahroiuvTioia,  Gr.  avroiei- 
vnatc,  self-movement.  <  avroKtvTfTog,  self-moved  : 
sec  autokinetical.]  Self -movement ;  spontane- 
ous motion.     Cudworth. 

autokineticalt  (a/'to-ki-net'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avToinci/TiHnr,  <  avTOKtvijTor,  self-moved.  <  ai'TOc, 
self ,  +  Ktveiv,  move :  see  kinetic.']  Self-moving. 
Dr.  II.  Man. 

autolaryngoscope  (a"to-la-ring'go-skop),  ». 
[<  Gr.  ourof,  self,  -f  laryngoscope.]  An  instru- 
ment, consisting  of  a  combination  of  mirrors, 
bv  which  one  may  inspect  his  own  larynx.  E. 
II.   Knight. 

autolaryngoscopy  (a"t6-lar-ing-gos'ko-pi),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avroc,  self,  +  laryngoscopy.]  The  in- 
spection of  one's  own  larynx  by  means  of  an 
autolaryngoscope. 

autolatry  (a-tol'a-tri),  ».  [<  Gr.  avr6c,  self,  + 
/.ar/ieia,  worship.]     Self-worship. 

autology  (a-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avr6c,  self,  + 
-/o;/n,  <  leyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologij.]  The  sci- 
entific study  of  one's  self. 

AutolytUS  (a-tol'i-tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avrdc, 
self,  +  Xvt6c,  verbal  adj.  of  kvew,  loose.]  A  ge- 
nus of  ehaetopodous  annelids,  of  the  family  8yl- 


lidcc:  a  synonym  of  Si/His.   A.  prolifer  is  an  asexual 
form,  the  opposite  sexual  forms  of  which  have  been  called 
Polybostricnus  and  Sacconereis. 
automat,  "■     An  erroneously  assumed  singular 
of  automata.     See  automaton. 

It  is  an  automa,  runs  under  water, 
With  a  snug  nose,  and  has  a  nimble  tail 
Made  like  an  augur. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iii.  1. 

automalite,  n.    See  automolite. 

automata,  n.     Plural  of  automaton. 

automatalt  (a-tom'a-tal),  a.  [<  automaton  + 
-at.]     Same  as  automatic.     [Rare.] 

automath  (a'to-math),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiiTopadi/c, 
self-taught,  <  ahroc,  self,  +  pavBavtiv,  padeiv, 
learn :  see  mathematics.]  One  who  is  self- 
taught.     [Rare.] 

automatic  (a-to-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avToparoc, 
self-moving  (see  automaton),  +  -ic]  1.  Acting 
as  an  automaton,  (a)  Having  the  power  of  self- 
motion  ;  self-acting  :  as,  automatic  machinery.  (6)  Done 
unconsciously  or  from  force  of  habit ;  mechanical,  as  op- 
posed to  voluntary. 

2.  Conducted  or  carried  on  by  self-acting  ma- 
chinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  automatic 
operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage. 

ure,  Diet.,  I.  274. 

3.  In  physiol.:  (a)  Not  voluntary;  not  under 
the  control  of,  or  not  effected  by,  volition:  said 
of  certain  muscular  actions. 

Let  me  briefly  notice  some  of  our  other  nutomutie  ac- 
tions. In  the  aetof  swallowing,  which  properly  begins  at 
the  back  of  the  throat,  the  "swallow"  lays  hold  of  the 
food  or  the  drink  brought  to  it  by  the  muscles  of  the 
mouth  and  carries  this  down  into  the  stomach.  We  arc 
unite  unconscious  of  its  passage  thither  unless  w<  luor 
taken  a  larger  morsel  or  something  hotter  or  colder  than 
ordinary.    This  is  an  instance  of  purely  automatic  action. 

W.  /.'.  Carpenter, 

In  animals,  too,  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  plants,  is 
the  automatic  activity  which  always  resides  in  protoplasm 
itself  transmitted  by  the  mechanism  of  the  organization 
to  different  parts  of  the  organism  or  to  the  whole  of  it. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  85S. 
(6)  Not  reflex:  said,  for  example,  of  certain 
activities  of  ganglion-cells. -Automatic  brake. 
See  brake.— Automatic  coupling.  See  coupling.  Au- 
tomatic mallet.  Same  as  dental  hammer  (which  see, 
under  hammer). — Automatic  theory.    Same  asautoma* 

Usui,  lJ. 

automatical  (a-to-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
automatic. —  2.  Having  reference  to  or  con- 
nected with  automatic  things. 

automatically  (a-to-mafi-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In 
an  automatic  manner;  mechanically;  uncon- 
sciously. 


automatous 

He  went  on  rowing  idly,  half  automata 

<;.t>i<ri  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  13. 

W  e  i.iixu   thai  a  trequi  ntlj  n  pi  at<  ■!  act  ■■!  

skill  finally  comes  to  be  d almost   automatica 

with  little  int.  m.  mi i  consciousness.    Science,  IV.  47^. 

2.  By  automatic  menus ;  by  its  own  action. 

An  automatically  working  machine. 

Sei.  Amer.,  N.  s.,  I.V.  55. 
Automatically  kei  ping  its  t,  mperature  uniform. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  exxi..  Supp.  7. 

automaticity  (a/to-ma-tis'i-ti),  n.    The  Btate 

of  being  automatic  ;  automatic  tie t ion.  Martin, 
Human  Body  (3d  cd. ),  p.  23. 
automatism  (a-tom'a-tizm), n.  [(.automaton  + 
-ism.  Cf.  Gr.  avTopa.Tiop.6c,  that  which  happens 
of  itself,  a  chance.]  1.  Automatic  or  involun- 
tary action  :  mpathol.,  sometimes  specifically 
applied  to  such  purposeless  actions  as  are  often 
exhibited  by  patients  after  an  epileptic  tit. 

In  considering  the  body  as  the  instrument  of  the  mind, 
I  shall  show  you,  first,  the  large  amount  of  automatism 
in  the  human  body.  W.  /.'.  Carpenter. 

The  imperfections  in  sensation,  and  the  inhibition  on 
the  moral  faculties  imposed  by  alcoholic  anaesthesia,  so 
depress  the  mental  powers  as  to  compel  them  t"  . 
the  characteristics  of  automatism  ;  but  tic  semblances 
of  automatism  are  so  similar  to  conscious  rationality, 
that  they  disguise  the  actual  incompetency  of  the  moral 
powers.  Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VI.  10. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  animals,  especially  those 
below  man,  are  automata,  in  the  sense  that  all 
the  phenomena  exhibited  by  them  are  results 
of  physical  laws;  especially,  the  doctrine  of 
IVsoartos  that  animals  are  devoid  of  conscious- 
ness.— 3.  The  faculty  of  independently  origi- 
nating action  or  motion.  [From  the  original 
sense  of  automaton.]     X.  E.  D. 

automatist  (a-tom'a-tist).  n.  [<  automaton  + 
-ist.  Cf.  LGr.  avTopa-tcTijc  one  who  refers  all 
things  to  chance.]  1.  One  who  makes  auto- 
mata.—  2.  One  who  believes  that  animals 
(sometimes  including  man)  are  automata.  See 
automatism,  L\ 

Though  not  a  1 1 n- la  1  nl  auhnmitist,  however,  Mr.  Spencer 
is  by  virtue  of  his  general  philosophy  a  necessarian 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  768. 
automatize  (a-tom'a-tiz),  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp. 
automatized,  ppr.  automatizing.  [<  automaton 
+  -izc  Cf.  Gr.  avTopari^Eiv,  act  of  one's  self, 
introduce  the  agency  of  chance,  happen  by 
chance.]  To  make  an  automaton  or  a  self- 
acting  machine  of. 

A  God-ereated  man,  all  but  abnegating  the  character  of 
man;  forced  to  exist,  uutoimrfisid,  mummy-wise,  ...  as 
Gentleman  or  Gigman.  Carlyle,  Diamond  Necklace,  i. 

automaton  (a-tom'a-ton),  «.;  pi.  automata, 
automatons  (-tii,  -tonz).  [Formerly  also  autom- 
atum,  <  L.  automaton,  automatum,  <  Gr.  acropa- 
tov,  neut.  of  avrdparoQ,  acting  of  one's  self,  self- 
moving,  spontaneous,  <  ai'tor,  self,  +  'paroc 
(>  paTEvecv,  seek,  strive  to  do),  verbal  adj.  of 
■i/*/""  (perf.  ptpaa),  strive  after,  move.]  1.  That 
which  is  self-moving,  or  has  the  power  of  spon- 
taneous movement,  but  is  not  conscious. 
So  great  and  admirable  an  automaton  as  the  world. 

Boyle,  Works,  V.  251. 

Specifically — 2.  A  self-acting  machine,  or  one 
which  is  actuated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry 
on  for  some  time  certain  movements  without 
the  aid  of  external  impulse,  in  this  respect  clocks 
and  watches,  with  a  vast  number  of  other  machines,  may 
be  denominated  automata  ;  but  the  term  more  specifically 
denotes  an  apparatus  in  which  the  purposely  concealed 
power  is  made  to  imitate  the  voluntary  or  mechanical  mo- 
tions of  living  beings,  such  as  men.  horses,  birds,  fishes,  eta 

A  self-adjusting   machine,  containing   the  Immediate 

conditions  of  its  action  within  itself,  is  what  is  properly 
understood  by  an  automaton.       Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  1-7. 

3.  A  living  being  acting  mechanically  or  as  a 
mere  machine,  especially  without  conscious- 
ness; a  person  or  an  animal  whose  actions  are 
purely  involuntary  or  mechanical.  See  bestial 
automaton,  below. 

<  ibnlience, 
Bane  of  all  genius,  virtue,  freedom,  truth, 
Makes  shoes  of  men,  and  of  the  human  frame 
A  mechanized  automaton.     Shelley,  Queen  Mab,  iii. 

4.  A  person  who  acts  in  a  monotonous  routine 
manner,  without  active  intelligence,  especially 
without  being  fully  aware  of  what  he  is  doing. 
—  Automaton  balance,  a  machine  for  weighing  plan- 
ehets  and  coin,  and  sorting  the  pieces  automatically,  ac- 
cording to  their  weight,  as  full,  light,  or  heavy.-  Bestial 
automaton,  in  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  a  brute,  as  sup- 
posed to  be  devoid  of  consciousness  and  sensibility. — Spir- 
itual automaton,  a  mind  not  possessing  free  will,  but 
subject  t.,  necessity 

automatOUSt  (a-tom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrdparoc, 
automatic  (see  automaton),  +  -ous.]  Auto- 
matic. 

Clocks  01  automatous  organs,  whereby  we  now  distin- 
guish of  tune,  have  found  no  mention  in  any  ancient 
writers.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  18. 


autometric 

autometric  (a-to-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  autometry. 

autometry  (a-tom'e-tri),  ».  [<  Gr.  abrdc,  self, 
+  -ucrpia,  <  pirpov,  measure.]  Self-measure- 
ment; self -estimation.     N.  E.  D. 

automobile  (a-to-mo'bil),  a.  [<  Gr.  amor,  self, 
+  L.  mobilis,  mobile.]     Self-moving. 

An  auto-ttwbtlf  car,  with  isolated  rails. 

Grew,  Diet,  of  Elect.,  p.  48. 
Our  authorities  are  still  in  the  dark  as  to  what  can  ac- 
tually be  done  with  automobile  torpedoes. 

Sci.  Amur.  Sit  pp.,  XXII.  9128. 

atltomolite  (a-tom'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdpolnc,  a 
deserter,  prop,  adj.,  going  of  one's  self  (<ai>roc, 
self,  +  fiMeiv,  go,  or  come),  +  -ite2.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  gahnite,  from  the  fact  that 
it  contains  a  large  proportion  of  zinc  oxid, 
though  it  has  no  resemblance  to  an  ore.  See 
gahnite.    Also  spelled  automalite. 

automorphic  (a-to-rnor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrdpop- 
<poc,  self-formed,  natural  (taken  as  'formed  upon 
one's  own  self  or  pattern'),  <  airdc,  self,  +  pop- 
<P'/,  form.]  Framed  or  conceived  after  the  pat- 
tern or  form  of  one"s  self. 

The  conception  which  anyone  frames  of  another's  mind 
is  inevitably  more  or  less  after  the  pattern  of  his  own 
mind  —  is  automorphic;  and  in  proportion  as  the  mind  of 
which  he  has  to  frame  a  conception  differs  from  his  own, 
his  automorphic  interpretation  is  likely  to  he  wide  of  the 
truth.  //.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  114. 

automorphically  (a-to-mor'fi-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  automorphic  manner.     H.  Spencer. 

automorphism  (a-to-mor'fizm),  n.  [As  auto- 
morph-io  +  -ism."]  The  ascription  of  one's  own 
characteristics  to  another,  or  the  habit  of 
judging  others  or  explaining  their  acts  by 
means  of  analogies  furnished  by  the  knowledge 
of  one's  self. 

autonomic  (a-to-nom'ik),  a.  [As  autonom-ous 
+  -ic]  Relating  to  autonomy;  having  the 
power  of  self-government;  autonomous;  self- 
governing;  independent. 

Reason  is  thus  ever  autonomic,  carrying  its  own  law 
within  itself.  Hickok,  Science  of  Mind,  p.  207. 

autonomist  (a-ton'o-mist),  n.  [<  autonomy  + 
-ist.]  One  who  advocates  or  favors  the  prin- 
ciple of  autonomy;  one  who  desires  home  rule, 
or  self -government  of  the  community  to  which 
he  belongs,  or  of  any  community. 

The  party  of  the  Irreconcilables  [in  Alsace-Lorraine] 
had  been  gradually  giving  way  to  the  Autonomists,  or 
those  who  subordinated  the  question  of  nationality  to  that 
of  home  rule.  Lowe,  Bismarck,  II.  385. 

autonomous  (a-ton'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrdvopoc, 
independent,  of  one's  own  free  will,  <  avrdc, 
self,  +  vepeiv,  hold  sway, >  vdpoc,  law:  see  name.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  autonomy  or  an  auton- 
omy.—  2.  Independent  in  government;  having 
the  right  of  self-government. 

The  few  brave  men  who  seven  years  back  first  un- 
sheathed their  yataghans  amid  the  hills  of  Herzegovina 
did  not  carry  with  them  a  scheme  for  .  .  .  an  autonomous 
province  of  Eastern  Roumelia. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  445. 

3.  Subject  to  its  own  laws ;  specifically,  in  biol., 
independent  of  tiny  other  organism ;  not  a  form 
or  stage  of  development  of  some  other  organ- 
ism. 

autonomously  (a-ton'o-mus-li),  adv.  In  an  au- 
tonomous manner ;  from  one's  own  choice. 

We  must  know  and  autonomously  will  to  follow  non- 
egoistic  absolute  ends  as  essentially  on  I'  ends. 

';.  S.  Hull,  German  Culture,  p.  183. 

autonomy   (a-ton'o-mi),   «.;  pi.   autonomies 

(-miz).  [<  (Jr.  abrovopia,  independence,  <  avrdvo- 
poc, independent:  see  autonomous.]  1.  The 
power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether  in 
a  community  which  elects  its  own  magistrates 
and  makes  its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual 
who  acts  according  to  his  own  will. 

There  was  nothing  in  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  that 
really  interfered  with  the  autonomy  of  tin-  Circassians. 

Latham,  Nationalities  ol  Europe,  I.  xxxii. 

That  which  i-  autonomy  objectively  will  be  self-deter* 
minatlou  subjectively,     ttaudsley,  Body  and  will,  p.  189. 

2.  A  self-governing  community. —  3.  An  au- 
tonomous condition;  the  condition  of  being 
subject  only  to  its  own  laws ;  especially, in  biol., 
organic  independence. 

The  government  of  the  Iral -  bi  called  almost  an 

autonomy.  R.  F.  Burton,  i.i  Uedinah,  p.  841. 

Given  the  basis  ol  g 1  mental  nutrition  and  respiration 

in  a  suitable  social  atmosphen  and  there  take  place  from 
time  to  time  spontaneous  variations  testifying  to  the  n»- 
tonomy  ol  the  organism.  MaudsUy,  Body  and  Will,  p.  147. 

4.  In  the  philos.  of  h'onl,  t  he  doctrine  that  the 
moral  law  is  one  which  reason  imposes  upon 
itself  a  priori,  that  is,  independently  of  sense 
and  sense-experience,  and  is  therefore  absolute 


.590 

and  immutable:  opposed  to  hcteronomy  (which 
see). 

autonym  (a'to-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdc,  self,  + 
bvopa,  dial,  ovvpa,  name.]  1.  One's  own  name ;  a 
real  name:  opposed  to  pseudonym  and  anonym. 

—  2.  That  which  bears  one's  own  name,  as  a 
book  published  under  the  author's  real  name. 

—  3.  The  self -same  name;  one  and  the  same 
name  for  two  or  more  things ;  a  homonym. 
[Rare.] 

autopathic  (a-to-path'ik),  a.  [<  antopathy  + 
-ic]  In  pathol.,  dependent  on  the  original 
structure  and  developmental  tendencies  of  the 
individual;  endopathic,  as  opposed  to  exopath- 
ic:  applied  to  certain  forms  of  disease. 

It  is  impossible,  says  Simon,  absolutely  to  exclude  au- 
topathic diseased  states  ;  there  may  be  some  such,  mostly 
developmental,  which  "are  actual  caprices  and  spontanei- 
ties of  life,  without  any  exterior  causation  whatsoever." 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  362. 

autopathy  (a-top'a-thi),  n.  [<  Gr.  abroTtadtta, 
one's  own  feeling  or  experience,  <  avToiraBrjc, 
speaking  from  one's  own  feeling  or  experience, 

<  avroc,  self,  +  wd8uc,  feeling,  suffering.]  Ego- 
istic sentiment  or  feeling;  exclusive  self -con- 
sideration.    Dr.  H.  More.    See  extract. 

We  have  in  the  word  sympathy  a  term  representing  the 
altruistic  sentiments  as  subjective  feelings.  No  corre- 
sponding term  exists  for  the  egoistic  sentiments.  The 
word  autopathy,  could  it  be  adopted  in  this  sense,  would 
doubtless  be  found  useful. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  II.  371. 

Autophagi  (a-tof  a-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  au- 
tophagic, self-feeding:  see  autophagous.]  In 
ornith.,  a  name  of  the  precocial  birds  which 
are  able  to  run  about  and  feed  themselves  as 
soon  as  they  are  hatched:  synonymous  with 
PtUopcedes  or  Dasypcedes. 

autophagOUS  (a-tof  'a-gus),  a.  [<NL.  autopha- 
gus,  self-feeding,  <  Gr.  avroaidyoc,  self-devour- 
ing, <  abrdc,  self,  +  tiayciv,  eat,  devour.]  1. 
Self -devouring. —  2.  Self-feeding;  capable  of 
feeding  itself,  as  a  precocial  bird:  equivalent 
in  application  (but  not  in  meaning)  to  hestho- 
tji  nous  or  ptilopcedie,  and  opposed  in  meaning 
to  heterophagous  (which  see). 

autophagy  (a-tof 'a-ji),  «.  [=F.  autophagic; 
as  autophag-ous  -f  -y.]  The  act  of  feeding 
upon  one's  self. 

autophoby  (a'to-fo-bi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroc,  self,  + 
-ipolha,  fear:  see  -phobia.]  Fear  of  referring  to 
one's  self;  fear  of  being  egotistical.  Hare. 
[Rare.] 

autophon  (a'to-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdaiuvoc,  self- 
sounding,  <  abrdc,  self,  +  tyuvti,  voice,  sound.] 
A  fonn  of  barrel-organ,  of  which  the  tunes  are 
determined  by  perforations  in  a  sheet  of  mill- 
board cut  to  correspond  with  the  desired  notes. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

autophony  (a-tof'o-ni),  n.  [<  NL.  autophonia 
(in  form  as  if  <  Gr.  avroajuvia,  the  voice  itself), 

<  Gr.  avrdQavoc,  self -sounding :  see  autophon.] 
In  auscultation,  the  character  of  the  sound  of 
the  auscultatory  own  voice  when  his  head  is 
placed  against  the  chest  of  the  patient.  When 
there  is  a  large  cavity  this  sound  may  be  ren- 
dered of  greater  intensity  than  is  normal. 

autophthalmoscope  (a-tof-thal'mo-skop),  n. 
[<  Gr.  abrdc,  self,  +  ophthalmoscope.]  An  in- 
strument by  which  one  may  inspect  the  interior 
of  one's  own  eyes. 

autophyllogeny  (a"to-fi-loj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  ab- 
ide, self,  +  tpi''A?.ov,  leaf,  +  -yevcia,  production : 
see  -yeny.]  A  term  proposed  by  Morren  for 
the  abnormal  growth  of  leaves  from  leaves. 

autopisty  (A'to-pis-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroTuoroc, 
credible  in  itself,  <  avrdc,  self,  +  mardc,  credi- 
ble, worthy  of  belief,  <  irciBuv,  mdeiv,  persuade.  ] 
Worthiness  of  belief  from  internal  evidence; 
the  quality  of  credibility  existing  in  a  state- 
ment itself,  independently  of  external  evidence 
or  corroboration.     [Rare.] 

autoplast  (ii'to-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdn>.aaroc, 
self-formed,  <  avrdc,  self,  +  ■n'kaardc,  verbal  adj. 
of  ir'Adaceiv,  form.]  In  etnbryol.,  an  autogenous 
cell,  that  is,  a  cell  which  appears  to  take  form 
spontaneously  in  the  yolk  of  an  ovum,  not  by 
fission  or  the  regular  process  of  cleavage  of  the 
vitellus.     See  extract. 

In  addition  to  the  layer  of  cleavage  cells  which  consists 
of  more  than  one  stratum  of  cells  in  the  future  embryonic 
area  as  opposed  to  the  yelk-sac  area,  additional  cells  are 
formed  In  the  mass  of  residual  yelk  apparently  by  an  in- 
d<  pendent  process  of  segregation,  each  cell  having  a  sepa- 
rate origin,  whence  thev  are  termed  auttipltists. 

/•:.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Ifrit.,  XVI.  0S2. 

autoplastic  (a-to-plas'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
autoplasty. 

autoplasty  (a'to-plas-ti),  n.  [As  autoplast  + 
-y.]     In  swg.,  an  operation  by  which  lesions  ac- 


autostylic 

companied  with  loss  of  substance  are  repaired 
by  means  of  healthy  portions  of  tissue  taken 
from  another  part  of  the  patient,  and  made  to 
supply  the  deficiency.     See  rhinoplasty. 

autopolygraph  (a-to-pori-grai),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdc, 
self,  +  polygraph.]  An  autographic  printing 
process.     E.  H.  Knight. 

autopsiat  (a-top'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  abroipia,  a 
seeing  with  one's  own  eyes,  <  airoTrrof,  seen  by 
one's  self,  <  avroc,  self,  +  birrdc,  seen  (cf.  orpic, 
sight):  see  optic]     Same  as  autopsy,  1. 

It  is  no  small  undertaking  for  a  man  .  .  .  to  begin  a 
natural  history  from  his  own  autopsia.         Gilbert  White. 

autopsic  (a-top'sik),  a.  [<  autopsia  +  -ic] 
1.  Same  as  autoptic — 2.  In  nied.,  pertaining 
to  or  obtained  by  means  of  an  autopsy. 

Undoubtedly  the  late  King  of  Bavaria  was  insane,  and 
the  autopsic  and  the  combined  ante-mortem  testimony  to 
bis  insanity  was  not  more  confirmatory  of  mental  de- 
rangement than  that  given  in  the  history  of  Guiteau. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VII.  533. 
Autopsic  notes  of  cases  of  cellulitis. 

Thomas,  .Med.  Diet.,  p.  491. 

autopsical  (a-top'si-kal),  a.    Same  as  autopsic 
Basing  his  opinion  on  the  autopsical  examination  of 

fever  patients, 

y.innssen,  Cyc.  of  Med.  (trans.),  Supp.,  p.  661. 

autopsically  (a-top'si-kal-i),  adv.  Same  as 
autoptically. 

autopsy  (a'top-si),  n.  [<  autopsia,  a.  v.]  1. 
A  seeing  for  one's  self;  personal  ocular  obser- 
vation, inspection,  or  examination.  Specifi- 
cally—  2.  In  pathol.  and  anat.,  dissection  and 
inspection  of  a  dead  body  to  discover  the  cause 
of  death,  or  the  site  and  character  of  the  dis- 
ease of  which  the  person  died;  post-mortem 
examination ;  a  post-mortem. 

autoptic  (a-top'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avTowTutdc,  <  ai- 
totvtoc,  seen  by  one's  self :  see  autopsia.]  Seen 
with  one's  own  eyes;  relating  to  or  based  on 
autopsy  or  personal  observation:  as,  autoptic 
evidence.     Also  written  autopsic. 

autoptical  (8,-top'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  autoptic 

Oral  tradition  or  autoptical  memoirs. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Cb.,  I.  §  82. 

autoptically  (a-top'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  au- 
toptic manner;  by  ocular  view  or  one's  own 
observation.     Also  written  autopsically. 

That  the  galaxy  is  a  meteor,  was  the  account  of  Aris- 
totle;  but  the  telescope  hath  autoptically  confuted  it. 

GlanviUe,  Seep.  ScL,  p.  174. 

autort,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

autorialt,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  authorial. 

autorityt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  authority. 

autoschediasm  (a-to-ske'di-azm),  «.  [<  Gr. 
avroaxediaapa,  work  done  offhand  (cf.  avroaxe- 
fiianpdc,  extemporaneous  speaking),  <  abrooxe- 
didCeiv.  see  autoschedia~e.]  An  offhand  act  or 
performance ;  something  hastily  improvised. 

autoschediastic  (a"to-ske-di-as'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
abroaxedcaarindc,  offhand,  extemporaneous,  < 
avTonxcSiaarijc,  one  who  acts  or  speaks  offhand, 
<  avrocrxedid^eiv,  do,  act,  or  speak  offhand:  see 
autoschediaze.]  Slight;  hasty;  not  fully  con- 
sidered; done  hastily  or  on  the  spur  of  the 
moment. 

autoschediastical  (a'to-ske-di-as'ti-kal),  a. 

Same  as  autoschediastic.     In  on  Martin. 
autoschediaze  (a-to-ske'di-az),  v.  i.;  pret.  and 

pp.  autoschediazed,  ppr.  autoschediaumg.    [<  Gr. 

avroaxedidC,Fiv,  do,  act,  or  speak  offhand,  < 
ahrooxiSioc,  offhand,  <  avrdc,  self,  +  axidioc, 
near,  sudden,  offhand:  see  schediastic]  To 
improvise  or  extemporize. 

autOSCOpe  (a'to-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdc,  self,  + 
OKOirelv,  view.]  An  instrument  invented  by 
Coceius  for  the  self-examination  of  the  eye. 
Syil.  Soc  Lex. 

autoscopy  (a-tos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdc,  self, 
+  -aKoiria,  <  OKcmeiv,  view.]  In  med.,  the  ex- 
amination of  one's  self,  as  by  the  autoscope  or 
the  autolaryngoscope. 

autositarius(a"to-si-ta'ri-us),  n.  -,  pi.  autositarii 
(-i).  [NL.,  as  autositc,  q.  v.,  +  -arius.]  In 
teratol.,  either  part  of  a  double  monster  which 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  equally  de- 
veloped individuals,  as  by  means  of  the  umbili- 
cus. 

autosite  (ft'to-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdcaroc,  bringing 
one's  own  provisions,  <  abrdc;,  self ,  +  airoc,  food.] 
In  teratol.,  that  twin  in  an  unequal  double 
monster  which  furnishes  nutriment  to  the 
other,  the  hitler  being  called  the  parasite  or 
parasitic  twin. 

autostylic  (a-to-sti'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  abrdnrv^oc, 
resting  <>n  natural  columns,  <  ubrdc,  self,  + 
cTv/.oc,   column:  see  style2.]     In  anat.,  having 


autostylic 

no  separate  suspensoriiim  or  distinct  suspen- 
sory apparatus  of  the  lower  jaw. 

An  autostylic  skull,  that  Is,  a  skull  without  separate 
suspensoriuin.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  646. 

Tin-  oldest  representatives  of  the  selachian  order  had 
skulls  which  were  neither  hyostylic  nor  autostylic. 

A.  S.  Woodward,  Proc.  Zi.nl,  Sot-.,  Issti,  p.  -J13. 

autotemna,  «.    Plural  of  autotemnon. 

autotemnic  (a-to-tetn'nik),  a.  [<  autotemnon  + 
-ie.]    Same  ns  autotemnous.     Hyatt. 

autotemnon  (a-to-tem'non),  ».;  pi.  autotemna 
(-nil).  [NL.,  irreg.  (better  "autotomon)  <  Gr. 
eirne,  self,  +  rkuvetv,  rapeiv,  cut.]  In  o7o?.,  a 
cell  considered  as  an  organism  capable  of  self- 
division.     [Rare.] 

\\  e  cannof  use  the  words  einhryo  and  larva,  which  he- 
long  to  the  ovum  after  impregnation,  and  we,  therefore, 
propose  to  designate  the  cell  as  an  autotemnon,  in  contrast 
with  the  embryo,  which  is  more  specialized. 

IlNtitt.l'roc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1SS4,  p.  143. 

autotemnous  (a-to-tem'nus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
avrdrt  self ,  +  re  five  iv,  ra/ieiv,  cut,  +  -OUS.  ]  Self- 
dividing;  capable  of  spontaneous  fission:  ap- 
plied to  a  cell  or  autotemnon  which  propagates 
itself  by  fission  and  not  by  impregnation.  Com- 
mon tissue-cells  of  all  kinds  are  autotemnous,  as  are 
spermatocysts  and  spermatozoa,  and  also  ova  that  divide 
before  the  union  of  male  and  female  nuclei.  Division 
subsequent  to  such  union  constitutes  an  embryo.  The 
protozoans  are  autotemnous  while  growing  by  fission,  but 
are  embryos  or  form-spores  thereafter.     Also  autotemnic. 

autotheism  (a'to-the-izin),  n.  [<  Gr.  abrdBeoc, 
very  God,  <  avroc,  self,  +  Qe6c,  God.]  1.  The 
doctrine  of  the  self-existence  of  God;  specifi- 
cally, the  ascription  of  self-existence  to  the 
second  person  of  the  Trinity.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
Assumption  of  divine  powers ;  self-deification ; 
excessive  self-esteem.     Xinctcciith  Century. 

autotheist  (a'to-the-ist),  n.  [<  autothe-ism  + 
-ist.]  1.  One  who  believes  in  autotheism. —  2. 
One  who  ascribes  to  himself  the  possession  of 
divine  powers. 

He  begins  to  mistake  more  and  more  the  voice  of  that 
very  flesh  of  his,  which  he  fancies  he  has  conquered,  for 
the  voice  of  God,  and  to  become  without  knowing  it  an 
autotheist.  Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  Pref. 

autotomic  (a-to-tom'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiVdr,  self, 
+  Totidc,  cutting,  <  rkyvziv,  raye'tv,  cut.]  Self- 
intersecting,  as  a  line  or  trace.     N.  E.  D. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdc,  self,  + 
tvttoc,  a  stamp,  type.]  1.  The  trade-name  of  a 
certain  photographic  process  for  producing  per- 
manent prints  in  a  carbon  pigment.  It  is  much 
used  for  reproducing  works  of  art. — 2.  A  pic- 
ture made  by  this  process. —  3.  A  copy;  are- 
production  in  facsimile.    Kingsley. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  auto- 
typed,  ppr.  autotyping.  [<  autotype,  «.]  To 
reproduce  by  means  of  the  autotype  process, 
or  in  facsimile. 

autotypic  (a-to-tip'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
autotype,  or  produced  by  the  autotype  process. 

autotypography  (a'to-ti-pog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avrdc,  self,  +  typography.']  Any  process  by 
means  of  which  drawings,  manuscripts,  etc., 
can  be  transferred  directly  to  a  plate  or  material 
from  which  impressions  can  be  taken;  espe- 
cially, a  process  by  which  autographs  executed 
in  a  special  ink  are  transferred  to  a  plate  of 
zinc,  which  is  then  etched  and  prepared  for 
printing  on  an  ordinary  press.    See  zincography. 

autrefois,  adv.    See  auterfoits. 

autumn  (a'tum),  it.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
ionic, <  ME.  autumpnc,  <  OF.  autompne,  mod.  F. 
a/utomne  =  Up.  otoSto  =  Pg.  outono  =  It.  autunno, 
<  L.  autuniuus,  less  correctly  auctumnus,  au- 
tumn, perhaps  related  to  arere,  be  well,  Skt. 
■\/  av,  satisfy  one's  self.  The  old  derivation 
from  augere,  increase,  is  not  now  accepted.] 
1.  The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season 
between  summer  and  winter:  often  called  fall, 
as  being  the  time  of  the  falling  of  the  leaves. 
Astronomically  it  begins  at  the  autumnal  equinox,  about 
the  22d  of  September,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  cuds 
at  the  winter  solstice,  about  the  21st  of  December,  when 
the  sun  enters  Capricorn.  In  popular  language  autumn  is 
regarded  in  North  America  as  comprising  September,  Oc- 
tober, and  November,  but  in  Great  Britain,  August,  Sep- 
tember, and  October. 

Figuratively  —  2.  A  period  of  maturity,  or  of 
incipient  decay,  abatement,  or  decline :  as,  the 
autumn  of  life. 

Dr.  Preston  was  now  entering  into  the  autumn  of  the 
duke's  favour.  Fuller. 

autumnal  (a-tum'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  autum- 
nalis,  aiictuniiialis,  iautumnus:  see  autumn  and 
-al.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  autumn ;  produced 
or  gathered  in  autumn:  as,  autumnal  fruits. 

The  little  stunted  bushes,  on  the  snow-streaked  slopes, 
were  all  dyed  with  autumnal  purples  and  crimsons. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  249. 


:s<»l 

Figuratively  —  2.  Belonging  to  a  period  eorre 
sponding  to  autumn  in  the  year;  hence,  past 
tho  middle  stage  of  life:  as,  "an  aittum nal  ma- 
tron," Hawthorne.  Autumnal  equinox,  the  time 
when  the  sun  crosses  the  equator  as  he  proceeds  south 
ward.  This  happens  about  the  22d  of  September.  See 
c./imio.r.  -  Autumnal  plumage,  in  ornith.,  the  plumage 
acquired  by  a  bird  alter  the  first  molt,  when  that  in  which 
the  bird  leaves  the  nest  is  exchanged  for  another;  the 
plumage  of  an  aunotine  ;  also,  that  subsequently  acquired 
each  autumn  by  such  birds  as  molt  at  that  season  as  well 
as  in  spring,  or  have  what  is  termed  the  double  molt. 
Autumnal  Signs,  the  signs  Libia.  Scorpio,  anil  Sacjt- 
tarius,  through  which  the  sun  passes  during  the  autumn, 
astronomically  considered. 
II.  n.   A  plant  that  flowers  in  autumn. 

autumn-bells  (a'tum-belz),  n.  A  name  given 
to  a  European  gentian,  dentin ua  I'neuniouaittlie, 
from  its  bell-shaped  flowers  and  their  season  of 
opening. 

autumnian  (a-tum'ni-an),  a.  [<  autumn  + 
-ian.~\     Autumnal.     [Rare.] 

Methinks  already 
I  grasp  best  part  of  the  autumnian  blessing. 

Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  Ind. 

autumnity  (a-tum'ni-ti),  n.    [<  L.  autwmnitas, 

the  season  of  autumn,  harvest,  <  autumnus,  au- 
tumn.]   The  season  of  autumn ;  quality  or  con- 
dition characteristic  of  autumn.     [Rare.] 
Draughts  of  sweet  autumnity.     Up.  Hail,  Satires,  iii.  1. 

autunite  (a'tun-it),  n.  [<  Autun,  a  city  in  Bur- 
gundy, France,  +  -ite-.]  A  native  hydrous 
phosphate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  occurring 
in  tabular  crystals,  nearly  square  in  form,  and 
of  a  citron  or  sulphur-yellow  color,  it  is  usuallj 
found  with  other  uranium  minerals,  often  as  a  result  of 
the  decomposition  of  uraninite  or  pitch-blende.  It  is 
closely  related  to  the  phosphate  of  uranium  and  copper, 
torhernite  or  copper  uranite,  in  distinction  from  which  it 
is  called  lime  uranite,  and  also  simply  uranite. 

auturgy  (a'ter-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrovpyia,  <  avrdc, 
self,  +  epyov,  work.  Cf.  ehirurgeon.]  Work 
with  one's  own  hands ;  self-action.     [Rare.] 

Auvergnat  (F.  pron.  6-var-nya'),  n.  [F.,  < 
Auvergne.]  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Auvergne,  a  former  province  in  the  central 
part  of  France,  nearly  correspomling  to  the 
modern  departments  of  Cantal  and  Puy-de- 
Donie. —  2.  A  French  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
made  near  Orleans:  so  called  from  the  name 
of  the  variety  of  grape. 

auxt,  a.     See  ange. 

auxanometer  (ak-sa-nom'e-ter),  ii.  [Lrreg.  < 
Gr.  ab^dveiv,  grow,  4-  perpov,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring,  or  for  measuring  and 
recording,  the  growth  of  plants.  In  the  arc  auxa- 
nometer this  is  done  with  the  aid  of  an  index  moving  over 
a  vertical  arc  of  a  circle. 

Auxerre  (6-zar'),  n.  [F.]  A  general  name 
often  given  to  the  Burgundy  wines  produced 
near  the  city  of  Auxerre,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne. 

auxesis  (ak-se'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av^i/atr,  in- 
crease, amplification,  <  avtjeiv,  ab^aveiv  (cf.  L. 
augere),  increase,  =  E.  wax:  see  auction  and 
inn'1.]  1.  In  rhet.,  amplification;  exaggera- 
tion; hyperbole;  the  use  of  a  more  unusual 
and  high-sounding  word  for  the  ordinary  and 
proper  word. — 2.  In  math.,  the  ratio  in  which 
the  element  of  a  figure  has  to  be  magnified  to 
make  it  conform  to  the  corresponding  element 
of  a  conformable  figure. 

auxetic  (ak-set'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  ai^vTindc,  <  ai^?/- 
ror,  verbal  adj.  of  avSjavnv,  increase :  see  auxe- 
sis.']    Pertaining  to  auxesis ;  amplifying ;    in- 
creasing. 
This  auxetic  power  of  the  preposition. 

Dr.  Hutchinson,  Sermon  on  Cerem.  Law,  p.  S,  note. 

auxetically  (ak-set'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  auxesis 
or  amplification. 

auxiliantt  (ag-zil'iant),  a.  [<  L.  auxilian(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  auxiliari,  help:  see  auxiliatc]  Auxil- 
iary ;  affording  help  or  assistance. 

auxiliar  (ag-zil'iar),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxiliaris, 
helping,  aiding,  <  auxilium,  help,  aid,  <  augi  re, 
increase.]     I.  a.  Helping;  auxiliary. 

Ostorius,  though  yet  not  strengthen^  with  his  Legions 
causes  the  auxiliar  Bands,  his  Troops  also  allighting,  to 
assault  the  rampart.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  n 

There  Athens  sat,  as  in  the  foretime,  on  her  citadel 
rock,  in  sight  of  her  auxiliar  sea,  crowned,  garlanded, 
wanton.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  ISO. 

II.   n.    An  auxiliary:  usually  in  the  plural, 

auxiliary  troops. 
My  auxiliary  and  allies. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  1. 
Mighty  were  the  auxiliary  which  then  stood 
Upon  our  side,  we  who  were  strong  in  love  ! 
Bliss  was  it  in  that  dawn  to  be  alive, 
But  to  be  young  was  very  heaven  ! 

Wordsworth,  French  Revolution. 

[Archaic  in  both  uses.] 


avail 

auxiliarly  (ug-zil'iiLr-li),  atle.  By  means  of  aid 
or  help.     ( 'oleridge. 

auxiliary  (ug-zil'isi-ri),  «.  and  ii.  [<  L.  auxi 
Harms,  equiv.  to  auxiliaris,  helping:  see  auxil- 
iar.] I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  assisting;  giv- 
ing support  or  succor;  lion.-,.,  subsidiary;  addi- 
tional: as,  auxiliary  troops;  auxiliary  engines, 
Auxiliary  bishop,  auxiliary  buffer-spring,  auxil- 
iary chaplain,  etc.    See  the  nouns,  -  Auxiliary  circle, 

in  conic  sections,  a  circle  having  its  center  at  the  center 
of  a  conic,  which  it  touches  at  the  extremities  oi  the 
transverse  diameter.  -  Auxiliary  quantity,  in  math.,  a 

quantity  introduced  to  simplify  or  facilitate  an  operation, 

as  maybe  done  inequations  or  trigonometry.  Auxiliary 
scales,  in  music,  the  six  keys  or  scales,  consisting  of  any 
key  major,  with  its  relative  minor,  and  tie-  attendant  Keys 
of  each.— Auxiliary  screw.  Sec  scene.  Auxiliary 
verb,  a  verb  that  assists  in  the  conjugation  of  other  verbs. 
See  II.,  3. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  auxiliaries  (-viz).  [<  L.  auxilia- 
rius,  n.]  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  a  confed- 
erate in  some  action,  enterprise,  or  undertak- 
ing; an  aid  of  any  kind. 

Aquatint  is  seldom  practiced  by  itself ;  it  is  rather  an 
auxiliary  to  line-etching.  P.  G.  Ilamerton. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Foreign  troops  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  nation  at  war. 

The  Eleians  often  engaged  as  auxiliaries  in  the  wars  of 

other  states,  on  pretence  of  asserting  the  cause  of  religion. 

./.  Adams,  Works.  IV.  512. 

3.  In  gram.,  a  verb  used  in  forming,  with  the 
infinitive  and  participles  of  other  verbs,  phrases 
having  the  value  of,  or  a  value  analogous  to  that 
of,  modes  and  tenses:  thus,  I  do  love,  I  hare 
loved,  I  slieill  love,  I  am  loved. —  4.  In  math., 
an  auxiliary  quantity  (which  see,  under  I.). 
auxiliatet  (ag-zil'iat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  auxiliatus, 
pp.  of  auxiliari,  help,  <  auxilium,  help:  see 
auxiliar.]     To  aid  or  assist. 

He  [Day]  then  fell  into  a  disputation  with  Cranmer  and 
Goodrich,  in  which  he  repeated  his  former  Scripture,  and 
auxiliated  it  with  another. 

Ii.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvii. 

auxiliatoryt  (ag-zil'ia-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
as  if  "auxiliatorius,  <  auxiliator,  a  helper,  < 
auxiliari,  pp.  auxiliatus,  help,  <  auxilium,  help.] 
I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  auxiliary. 

Masses  both  auxiliatory  and  expiatory. 

Sir  I-.'.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 
II.  n.  A  help  ;  an  aid;  in  the  plural,  auxilia- 
ries. 
There  were  no  such  auxiliatories  within  the  walls. 

R.  Watson,  Hist.  Philip  II. 

auxometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
ailjeiv,  increase,  +-  yhpov,  measure.  Cf.  auxa- 
nometer.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
magnifying  powers  of  an  optical  instrument. 

aUXOSpore  (ak'so-spor),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  av^eiv, 
grow,  +  oxdpoc,  seed,  offspring.]  In  the  Diato- 
maeeie,  an  enlarged  individual,  formed  either 
asexually,  by  the  growth  of  the  protoplasm  at- 
tended by  renewal  of  the  silicious  envelop,  or 
sexually,  by  the  union  of  the  contents  of  two 
separate  cells. 

auxotonic(ak-so-ton'ik),n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ail-civ, 
grow,  +  Tovoe,  tension,  tone.]  Determined  by 
growth  :  in  hot.,  applied  to  those  movements  of 
plants  which  are  the  result  of  growth,  in  dis- 
tinction from  those  of  matured  organs  influ- 
enced by  stimulation.     See  allassotonie. 

ava1  (ii'vii),  n.  [Also  called  kara,  kawa;  a 
native  name.]  A  fermented  drink  used  in  the 
South  Sea  islands,  made  from  the  roots  of  tho 
Piper  mcthysticum.     See  Icava. 

ava-  (a'vii ),  u.  A  name  of  the  topaz  humming- 
bird, Topaza  pella. 

ava'  (a-va').  ado.  Scotch  for  of  a',  that  is,  of 
all,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  at  all. 

avadavat  (av"a-da-vaf),  ».  Same  as  amada- 
vat. 

avahi(av'a-hi),  ii.  [Native  name.]  The  woolly 
lemur,  or  long-tailed  indri,  of  Madagascar,  Ara- 
his  kaiir/cr :  the  ampougue. 

Avahis  (av'a-his),  h.  [NL.,  <  avahi.]  A  genus 
of  lemurs,  containing  the  ampongue,  avahi,  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar,  A.  laniger :  a  syn- 
onym of  Mierorhynchiis  (which  see). 

avail1  (a-val'),  v.  [<  ME.  availcn,  <  OF.  a-  (for 
L.  ad-)  '+  raler,  raloir,  be  of  value  or  use,  <  L. 
ralere,  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth :  see  value.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  have  value  or  use;  be  of 
service  or  advantage ;  give  profit :  as,  wealth 
avails  little  to  a  castaway. 

The  effectual  fervent  prayer  of  a  righteous  man  a  eaileth 
much.  .las.  v.  Hi. 

2.  To  have  force  or  efficacy;  serve  for  a  pur- 
pose; give  aid  toward  an  end:  us.  his  cries 
a  railed  to  bring  relief. 

The  thing  to  be  taught  has  availed  to  obscure  or  even 
to  annihilate  for  their  eyes  every  anxiety  as  to  the  mode 
of  teaching.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 


avail 

3f.  To  take  or  draw  advantage ;  make  use  or 
profit. 

But  how  out  of  tills  can  she  avail? 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iii.  1. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  be  for  the  advantage  of; 
assist  or  profit  :  as,  what  will  skill  avail  us 
against  numbers! 

Yet  ;ill  this  avaib.  th  me  nothing.  Esther  v.  13. 

All  the  Bongs  and  newspapers  and  money-subscriptions 
and  vituperations  "i  such  as  do  not  think  with  us,  will 
avail  nothing  against  a  fact. 

Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 
"God  save  us !"  cried  the  captain, 
■■  For  naught  can  man  avail. ' 

WhUtier,  The  Mantle  of  St.  John  De  Hatha. 

2t.  To  promote;  prosper;  assist:  said  of  things. 

Meantime  he  voyaged  to  explore  the  will 

01  Jov« high  Doih-na  s  holy  hill, 

What  means  might  best  his  safe  return  avail.    Pope. 

3.  To  advantage;  profit;  give  the  benefit  to: 
used  reflexivelv.  with  of:  as,  ho  availed  himself 
Of  the  opportunity.  [Often  used  colloquially 
in  the  United  States  without  the  pronoun.] 

Then  shall  thi  J  seek  t'  avail  themselves  oj  names, 

Places  and  titles.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  515. 

The  theatre  avails  itself  of  the  best  talent  of  poet,  of 

painter,  and  oi  amateur  of  taste,  to  make  the  ensemble  of 

dramatic  effi  ct,  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  396. 

To  avail  one's  self  byt,  to  avail  one's  self  of. 

Anil  my  peculiar  profit  persuaded  me,  sometimes,  to 
avail  myself  by  their  folly.  Sanford. 

avail1  (a-val'),  n.     [<  ME.  avails,  <  availen  :  see 

avail,  v.]     1.  Advantage,  profit,  or  benefit,  in 

a  general   sense :    also,  value  or  estimation. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

The  avail  of  a  death-bed  repentance.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Thy  pardon;  I  but  speak  for  thine  avail. 

Ti-iuiysvii,  Garctll  and  Lynette. 

2.  Efficacy  for  a  purpose ;  advantage  to  an 
object  or  end :  now  used  chiefly  in  negative 
phrases,  or  sentences  of  negative  import:  as, 
of  little  or  no  avail ;  I  doubt  whether  it  will  be 
of  much  avail. 

lint  Cranstoun's  lance,  of  more  avail, 

Pierced  through,  like  silk,  the  Borderer's  mail; 

Through  shield,  and  jack,  and  acton  passed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  6. 

3.  pi.  Profits  or  proceeds:  as,  the  avails  of  a 
sale  by  auction.  -Avail  of  marriage,  in  Scots  law, 
a  sum  payable  to  the  superior  by  the  heir  of  a  deceased 
ward-vassal  on  his  becoming  marriageable. =Syn.  1  and 
2.  Use,  utility,  service.— 3.  Returns. 

avail-t,  ''•     See  iii-ali-. 

availability  (a-va-la-bil'i-ti),  ».    [< available: 

see  -bililij.]  The  state  of  being  available; 
suitableness  for  the  accomplishment  of  a  given 
purpose;  capability  of  advantageous  use  or 
employment:  as.  the  availability  of  a  candidate 
for  office,  or  of  a  proposed  method. 
available  (a-va'la-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  avaylaUe;  < 
avail1  +  -able.']  1.  Profitable;  advantageous; 
having  efficacy. 

'those  who  will  consult  him  [Fourier]  for  no  other  rea- 
son, might  do  so  to  see  how  the  energies  of  Woman  may 
be  made  available  in  the  pecuniary  way. 

Mar?/.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  124. 

2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy 
for  the  object  ;  valid. 

human  are  available  by  consent.  Booker. 

sh-  knows  no  commendation  is  more  available  with 
thee  than  that  of  proper  virtue. 

I;  Jonson,  Cynthia's  ltevels,  v.  3. 

3.  Capable  of  being  used  or  employed  with 
advantage;  attainable;  accessible;  at  one's 
disposal:  as,  his  resources  were  not  available 
at  the  time. 

i  i     whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  hut  of  these  only 

80,000  can  he  reckoned  available,  Brougham, 

We  do  Qol  -  i i mo  own  candidate,  no,  nor  any  other 

mans    Aral     choice        Out    only    the    aritilitlile   candidate. 

whom,  perhaps, tan  loves.        Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  401. 

Idvailabh  is  a  rare  and  obsolete  form. 
availableness(a-va'la-bl-nes),  >,.    I.  Thestate 
of  being  available;  capability  of  being  used; 
power  or  efficacj  in  promoting  an  end  in  view. 
[Bare.] 

The  iiitahlellcSS  of 

the  i  nd  pr< 
St)   If.  Hon 

2.  Competent  power:  legal  force;  validity: 
as,  the  availablehess  oi  a  title. 

availably  (a-va'la-bli),  adv.  In  an  available 
manner;  so  as  to  i>o  used  with  efficacy;  profit- 
ably: advantageously;  validly;  efficaciously. 

availingly  (a-va'ling-li),  adv.  In  an  availing 
maimer  j  successfully. 

It  fthe  I w i.l     i    i'... i  lopped  with  a  positive  Idolatry,  in 

<  vt.ioiatii.ii  nf  whose  gross  fanaticism  its  Entrinsii  hi  autj 

pleads  availingly  with  the  man  of  letters  and  the  scholar. 

Faber,  in  Dublin  llev.,  June,  1853 


392 

availment  (a-vSl'ment),  ».      [<  avail1,  v.,  + 
an  at.}       Profit;    efficacy;    successful    issue. 

Bn  Hi- j).     [Rare.] 
aval1  (a'val),  a.    [<  L.  avus,  grandfather,  + 

-nl.]     Relating  to  grandparents. 

I  in   rare  opportunities  of  authentic  verification  of  spe- 
cial parental  "i  aval  recollections.  Science,  111.  345. 

aval2  (a-val'),  n.  [F.,  an  indorsement,  guar- 
anty, <  a  vol,  at  the  bottom:  see  ovale."}  In 
Canada,  an  act  of  suretyship  or  guaranty  on  a 
promissory  note. 

avalanche  (av'a-lanch),  n.  [<  P.  avalanche 
(also  avalange),  dial,  form  (Swiss  evalanche)  of 
"avalancc  (  ML.  arulanlia),  lit.  descent,  <  avnli  r, 
let  fall  down:  see  avalv  and  -once.]  1.  The 
fall  or  sliding  down  of  a  mass  of  snow  or 
ice  from  a  mountain-slope.  The  sliding  down  of 
ordinary  snow  is,  in  high  snow-covered  mountains,  an 
event  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  is  generally  not  danger- 
ous or  destructive,  since  it  mostly  takes  place  high  above 
habitations  and  forests.  Partly  consolidated  snow,  or 
neve,  however,  is  sometimes  set  in  motion  in  Large  quan- 
tities, and  such  an  occurrence  may  be  productive  of  very 
serious  injury,  especially  to  the  forests  below.  Small  gla- 
ciers sometimes  detach  themselves  from  their  rocky  beds 
and  fall  into  the  valley  below ;  such  events  are  rare,  but 
have  sometimes  been  attended  by  very  disastrous  results. 
The  more  terrible  catastrophes  which  have  occurred,  and 
by  which,  especially  in  the  Alps,  whole  villages  have  been 
buried,  have  been  due  to  the  sliding  down  of  a  portion  of 
the  rock  itself  of  which  the  mountain  was  formed.  These 
1 '  rock-avalanches,"  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  are  more 
properly  denominated  laud-slips  or  land-slides.  Seeland- 
slip,  land-slide. 

Around  his  [Mont  Blanc's]  waist  are  forests  braced, 

The  avalanche  in  his  hand; 
But  ere  it  fall,  that  thundering  ball 

-Must  pause  at  my  command.    Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  resembling  an  avalanche 
in  suddeuness  and  destructiveness :  as,  an  ava- 
lanche of  misfortunes. 

avalet  (a-val'),  v.  [<  ME.  avalen,  aiwalen,  <  OP. 
avaler,  avaller  (—  Pr.  avatar  =  Olt.  avallare), 
come  down,  let  down,  <  a  vat,  downward,  <  L. 
ad  valient,  lit.  to  the  valley:  ad,  to;  valient,  aoc. 
of  voiles,  valley,  vale:  see  vale.  Cf.  amount,  < 
L.  '/'/  niimtein,  to  the  hill;  down,  oilmen,  <.  AS. 
of  dime,  from  the  hill.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  come 
down;  fall. 

A  rayn  from  hevene  gau  avalc. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  02(3. 

2.  To  descend;  dismount. 

They  .  .  .  from  their  sweaty  Coursers  did  ovale. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  10. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  lower;  uncover;  take  off,  as 
a  vizor  or  hood.     Chaucer. 

Undid  men  were  eleped  thaiine  the  Lolardis,  that  wold 
never  avale  here  hood  in  presens  of  the  Sacrament. 

Capyrave's  Chron.,  p.  245,  an.  1387.    Quoted  in  G.  P. 
[Marsh's  Hist.  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  7. 

2.  To  let  down;  lower,  as  a  sail;  cause  to  de- 
scend: as,  "hath his  saile avaled,"  Gowcr,  Conf. 
Amant.,  viii. 

By  that,  the  welked  Phcebus  gan  availe 

liis  weary  waine.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 

Thou  seest  my  lowly  saile, 
That  froward  fortune  doth  ever  availe. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

3.  To  make  low  or  abject;  depress;  degrade. 
avalite  (av'a-lit),  ».  [<  Avala  (seedef.)  +  -t'te2.] 

A  silicate  containing  chromium,  occurring  in 
emerald-green  scales  at  the  mercury-mines  of 
Mount  Avala.  near  Belgrade. 

Avallon  (a-va-16h'),  n.  [F.]  A  French  wine 
of  good  quality,  named  from  the  town  of  Aval- 
lon in  the  department  of  Yonne.  There  an-  sev- 
eral varieties,  named  locally  from  the  various  vineyards. 
These  wines  are  free  from  sweetness,  and  are  often  sold 
under  the  name  of  Chablis, 

avance't,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  advance. 

avance-t,  "■    Obsolete  form  oiavens. 

avaneh  (a-va'ne),  n.  A  light  scarf  or  sash, 
generally  of  silk,  worn  in  Asia  Minor  and  S\  via 

as  a   girdle,  or  twisted  around  the  tail sli  to 

loi  in  the  turban. 

avania  (a-va'ni-ft),  n.  [Formerly  also  avarria, 
iii-nriii,  also  ovciiij,  <  F.  avonic  =  It.  Pg.  omnia, 
<  NGr.  I'l.im-ia,  Turk.  Ar.  iniain.  also  oirdri,  also 
'ainin,  'aicdnia;  origin  uncertain.]  An  imposi- 
tion by  the  (Turkish)  government  ;  compulsory 
tax;  government  exaction;  "aid,"  "benevo- 
lence" (Marsh);  specifically  (as  applied  by 
Christians),  an  extortionate  exaction  or  tax 
l.vie.l  by  the  Turks.     ,\.  E.  D. 

avanious  (a-va'ni-us),  a.  [<  amnio  +  -0US.~\ 
Extortionate. 

avantt  (a-viint.'),  n.  [Abbr.  of  avant-garde, 
q.  v.  |     The  front  of  an  army;  the  van. 

avant-.  [<  P.  avant =  Pr.  avant  =  It.  avante, 
avantt,  before, <  Ely.  dbante,  i.e.,  abante, from 
before:  see  ab-  aud  ante-,  and  cf.  aiiaitnt1,  ud- 


avast 

rniiri ,  advantage,  etc.]  A  prefix  of  French  ori- 
gin, meaning  before,  fore.    Also  shortened  to 

mill-,  mil-. 

avantaget,  »•  A  Middle  English  form  of  ad- 
vantage. 

avant-bras  (a-von'brS),  n.  A  piece  of  plate- 
armor,  generally  called  in  English  vambrace 
t  which  see).     See  brassart. 

avant-courier  (a-vant'k6"ri-er;  often,  as  P., 
a-von'ko-ria'),  n.  [Formerly  avant-cotivricr, 
-currier,  -coureur,  <  F.  avant-coureur,  avant-cour- 
rier,  m.  (cf .  avant-courriere,  f.),  <  omul,  before, 
+  coureur,  courrier,  courier:  see  cmu-icr.]  1. 
One  despatched  in  advance  to  give  notice  of 
the  approach  of  another  or  others. —  2f.  pi.  The 
scouts,  skirmishers,  or  advance-guard  of  an 
army.     N.  E.  1). 

avariterst,  «.  pi.  [ME.,  also  avancers,  <  OP. 
arant,  before:  see  avant-.]  Portions  of  the 
numbles  of  a  deer  which  lie  near  the  neck. 

Uyuc3  hit  vp  radly,  rigt  to  the  liygt, 
Voydeg  out  the  a-vanters,  a  verayly  ther-after 
Alle  the  ryine3  by  the  rybbeg  radly  they  lance. 
Sir  Gawayne  ami  tin-  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1342. 
Then  dresse  tlie  nombles,  fyrste  thai  ye  iccke, 
Downe  the  auancers  kerue,  that  clength  to  the  neck. 

Boke  of  St.  Albans,  sig.  d,  iv. 

avant-fosse  (a-voh'fos-a'),  n.  [F.,  Movant,  be- 
fore, +  fosse,  a  ditch:  see  fosse.]]  In  fort.,  the 
ditch  of  the  counterscarp  next  to  the  country, 
dug  at.  the  foot  of  the  glacis.    Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. 

avant-gardet  (a-vant'gard ;  F.  pron.  a-von'- 
gard),».  [<  F.  avant-garde,  <  avant,  before,  + 
gar  die,  guard:  see  vanguard.']    Advance-guard. 

avantplat  (a-von'pla),  n.    Same  as  vamplate. 

avanturin,  avanturine  (a-van'fu-rin),  «.  and 
a.     See  oventurin. 

avarice  (av'a-ris),  n.  [<  ME.  avarice,  <  OF. 
avarice  (F.  avarice),  <  L.  avaritia,  <  avanis, 
greedy  (cf.  avidus,  avid:  see  avid),  <  avere, 
wish,  desire.]  An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining 
and  possessing  wealth;  eovetousness ;  cupidity; 
greediness,  or  insatiable  desire  of  gain. 

So  for  a  good  old-gentlemanly  vice 
I  think  I  must  take  up  with  avarice. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  216. 

=  Syn.  Avarice,  Covetoumcss,  Cupidity,  penuriousness, 
closeness,  miserliness,  all  denote  bad  qualities,  corruptions 
of  tin-  natural  instinct  of  possession.  Avarice,  literally 
greediness,  a  strong  desire  to  get  objects  of  value,  has  be- 
eiiine  limited,  except  in  figurative  uses,  so  as  to  express 
only  a  sordid  and  mastering  desire  to  get  wealth.  Covet. 
iiiisiir.ss  and  cupidity  are  not  limited  to  wealth,  lint  may 
have  for  their  object  anything  that  can  be  desired,  cupidity 
being  directed  especially  toward  material  things.  Covet- 
ousness  longs  to  possess  that  which  belongs  to  another ; 
hence  the  prohibition  in  the  tenth  commandment  (Ex.  xx. 
17).  Cupidity  is  more  active  than  the  others,  less  grovel- 
ing, and  more  ready  to  snatch  from  others  that  which 
eovetousness  may  wish  for  without  trying  to  get.  See  pc~ 
nurioun. 

'there  grows, 
In  my  most  ill-conipos'd  affection,  such 
A  stanchlcss  iiiio-iii ,  that,  were  1  king, 
I  should  cut  off  the  nobles  for  their  lands. 

Shak.,  -Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

I  would  not  have  you  to  think  that  my  desire  of  having 

is  the  sin  of  an-i-tvusni-ss.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

When  this  continent  was  fust  discovered,  it  became  an 

object  of  rapidity  to  the  ambition  of  many  of  the  nations 

of  Europe.  Story,  Speech,  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1828. 

avaricious  (av-a-rish'us),  a.    [<  ME.  avaricious, 

<  F.  ami  icii  ii x,  <  avarice.  Cf.  avaroiis.]  Char- 
acterized by  avarice ;  greedy  of  gain  ;  immoder- 
ately desirous  of  accumulating  property;  eager 
to  acquire  or  possess. 

Luxurious,  avaricious,  false,  deceitful. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

Liberal  of  everything  else,  he  [Walpole]  was  avaricious 
of  power.  Macauluy,  Horace  Walpole. 

avariciously  (av-a-rish'us-li),  '"'''.  In  an  ava- 
ricious manner;  with  inordinate  desire  of  gain- 
ing wealth ;  covetously. 

Each  is  contented  with  his  own  possessions,  nor  avari- 
ciously  endeavours  to  neap  up  more  than  is  necessary  for 
his  own  subsistence.  Qoldsmith,  Essays,  wi. 

avariciousness  (av-a-rish'us-nes),  n.     The 

quality  of  being  avaricious;   insatiable  or  inor- 
dinate passion  for  property. 
avaroust,  a.    [ME.  avarous,  averous,  <  OF.  ave- 
ros,  ai-iriis  (extended  form  as  if  <  aver,  posses- 
sion :   see  artr-);  cf.  aver,  oror,  mod.  F.  ararc, 

<  Li.  ai-arus,  greedy:  see  avarice]  Covetous; 
avaricious:  as,  "the  trie  amvoiix,"  Piers  Plow- 
man. 

avast  (a-viisf),  intcrj.  [Prob.  <  D.  hoxC  vast, 
hmiil  vast  =  E.  hold  fast,  i.  e.,  hold  on,  wait  a 
while.  Cf.  D.  houvast  =  E.  holdfast,  a  cramp- 
iron.]  .Sunt.,  stop!  hold!  cease!  stay!  [Some- 
times used  colloquially.] 

.least  hailing !    Don't  you  know  me,  mother  Partlett? 

Cumberland. 


avast 

Avast  heaving  (naut.),  the  cry  to  arrest  the  capstan 
when  nippers  are  jammed,  or  any  other  impediment  oc 
curs  i 1 1  heaving  the  cable. 

avatar  (av-a-tiir'  or  av'a-tiir), n.  [<  Skt.avatdra, 
descent,  <  dva,  down,  +'  V  tar,  cross  over,  pass 
through.]  1.  In  Hindu  myth.,  the  descent  of 
a  deity  to  the  earth  in  an  incarnate  form  or 
some  manifest  shape  ;  the  incarnation  of  a  god. 
Three  of  the  Amtdras  or  incarnations  of  Vishnu  are  con. 
nected  with  a  deluge,  .  .  .  Vishnu  in  each  case  rescuing 
mankind  from  destruction  by  water. 

Max  Mull,;;  India,  p.  144. 

Hence  —  2.  A  remarkable  appearance,  mani- 
festation, or  embodiment  of  any  kind ;  a  de- 
scent into  a  lower  sphere ;  an  adorable  or  won- 
derful exhibition  of  an  abstract  idea,  principle, 
etc.,  in  concrete  form:  as,  "The  Irish  Avatar" 
(a  poem  by  Byron  on  a  visit  of  George  IV.  to 
Ireland);  "the  avatar  of  mathematics,"  Mas- 
son,  Milton,  I.  226. 

[Carlyie  is]  the  most  shining  avatar  of  whim  the  world 
has  ever  seen.  Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  148. 

avatara  (av-a-ta'ra),  n.     Same  as  avatar. 
avauncet,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  advance. 
avaunt1    (a-vanf  or  -vant'),  adv.  and  inter j. 

[ME.,  <  OF.  avant,  forward,  <  LL.  abante,  lit. 

from  before:  see  avant-.']    I.t  adv.  Forward. 

And  with  that  word  came  Drede  avaunt. 

Bom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  3958. 

II.   interj.    Away!   begone!    depart!   an  ex- 
clamation of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

Avaunt,  thou  hateful  villain,  get  thee  gone  ! 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 

avaunt1t,  "•     [<  avaunt1,  inter}.]    Dismissal. 

After  this  process 
To  give  her  the  avaunt  !    It  is  a  pity 
Would  move  a  monster. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

avaunt2t,  v.  i.  [A  modification  of  avance1  = 
advance,  due  to  influence  of  avaunt1,  a  dr.]  To 
advance. 

Avauuting  in  great  bravery.        Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  6. 

avaunt^t,  »■  [ME.  avaunten,  avanten,  <  OF. 
avanter,  avaunter,  <  a-  +  ranter,  vaunter,  vaunt: 
see  vaunt,  v.]  I.  trans.  To  praise  highly; 
vaunt ;  make  renowned. 

Do  you  favour  you  to  avomnte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  I.  1788. 

II.    intrans.  or  reflexive.     To  boast;  brag; 
speak  or  express  vauntingly. 

"  Thanne,"  quod  she,  "  I  dar  me  wel  avaunte, 
Thy  lif  is  sauf."    Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  158. 
Let  now  the  papists  avaunt  themselves ! 

Cranmer,  Ans.  to  Gardiner,  p.  333. 

avaunt3t,  »•  [ME.  avaunt;  <  avaunt3,  v.]  A 
boast;  a  vaunt To  make  avaunt,  to  assert  confi- 
dently ;  declare  positively.    Chaucer,  Trollus,  iii.  289. 

avauntancet,  ».  [ME.,  <  avaunten :  see  avaunt3, 
v.,  and  -ance.  Cf.  OF.  vantance,  <  vanter,  vaunt.] 
Boasting. 

avauntert,  avauntourt,  ».  [<  ME.  avauntour, 
avaunter,  <  OF.  avantour, -eor,  <  avanter:  see 
avaunt3,  v.]     A  boaster. 

He  is  not  nyce 
Ne  avauntour.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  724. 

avauntryt,  ».  [ME.,  also  avauntarie,  <  OF. 
'avanterie,  found  only  as  vanterie :  see  avaunt3, 
v.]     Same  as  avauntanee. 

avdp.     An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  interj.  [L.,  hail!  orig.  impv. 
of  avere,  be  well,  be  of  good  cheer ;  esp.  in  LL. 
phrase  Ave  Maria,  hail  Mary!  in  allusion  to 
Luke  i.  28:  "Ave  [Maria],  gratia  plena."] 
Hail  !    Also,  farewell ! 

And  ".4tv,  Ave,  Ave"  said, 
"Adieu,  adieu"  for  evermore. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  lvii. 
Ave  Maria,  the  Hail  Mary,  a  devotion  or  prayer  used 
in  the  Western  Church.  In  the  older  form  it  consists  of 
the  salutation  of  the  angel  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  Mary 
when  he  announced  to  her  the  incarnation  (Luke  i.  28), 
together  with  the  words  of  Elizabeth  to  Mary  (Luke  i.  42). 
This  form  of  the  Hail  Mary  was  used  as  an  anthem  in  both 
the  Eastern  and  Western  churches  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century.  It  came  into  wide  use  as  a  devotion  in  the  eleventh 
century.  The  concluding  words,  "Holy  Mary,  Mother  of 
God,  pray  for  us,"  etc.,  were  first  introduced  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  first  authorized  for  daily  use  in  the  breviary 
in  1568.    Also  called  the  angelic  salutation.    See  angelus. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  n.  [<  ave,  interj.]  1.  An 
Ave  Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.). 

Nine  hundred  Pater  nosters  every  day, 

And  thrise  nine  hundred  Aves  she  was  wont  to  say. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  13. 
2.  A  salutation. 

Their  loud  applause  and  arcs  vehement. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1. 

avel  (av'el),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  due  to  a  con- 
fusion of  ME.  avene  (Prompt.  Parv.),  for  awenc, 
awn  (of.  Dan.  a/me,  awn),  with  E.  dial,  ail'*,  ME. 
ailc,  vile,  <  AS.  eijl,  awn,  beard  of  grain.     Ail? 


393 

and  awn  are  from  the  same  root,  differing  only 
in  the  suffix.  ]     The  awn  or  beard  of  barley, 
aveler  (av'el-er),  ii.    A  machine  for  removing 
the  avela  or  awns  of  barley  from  the  grain;  a 
hummeler.      K.  H.  Knight. 

avelingest,  adv.    [Early  mod.  E.,<  avelong  + 

adv.  gen.  suffix  -es,  the  term,  being  assimilated 

to  -lings,  q.  v.]     In  an  oblong  or  oval  shape, 
avell  (a-vel'),  v.  t.     [<  L.  aveUere,  pull  away, 

<  ab,  away,  +  vellere,  pluck,  tear.]     To  pull 

away.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
avellan,  a.     See  avellane. 
avellanarious  (av'el-a-na'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  Avel- 

lanus  :  see  avellane.]     Relating  to  the  filbert, 
avellane,  avellan  (a-vel'an,  -an,  or  av'el-an, 

-an),  a.     [<  OF.  avclane,  <  L.  Avellana  (SC.  nux, 

nut),  earlier  Abellana,  the  fil- 
bert, lit.  the  nut  of  Avella,  < 

Abella,   a  town    in  Campania 

abounding  in  fruit-trees  and 

nuts,  now  Avella.    Cf.  apple.] 

In  her.,  resembling  a  filbert: 

specifically  said  of  a  cross  each 

of  whose  arms  resembles  the 

filbert    in    its    outer    sheath, 

sometimes    blazoned   as  tour        of  Heraldry."  > 

filberts  conjoined  in  cross. 
avelongt,  a.     [E.  dial,  avelang,  oval,  <  ME.  ave- 

longe,  awelonge,  <  Icel.  aflangr  =  Sw.  afldng  = 

Dan.  aflang  (the  prefix  being  assimilated  to  af 

=  E.  off),  <  L.  oblongus,  oblong:  see  oblong.] 

Oblong  or  oval ;  drawn  out  of  a  square  or  circle. 
Ave-Maryt   (a've-ma"ri),    n.      Same  as  Ave 

Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.). 

He  told  of  Saintes  and  Popes,  and  evermore 
He  strowd  an  Ave-Mary  after  and  before. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  35. 
I  could  never  hear  the  Ave-Mary  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  —  that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  §  3. 

Avena  (a-ve'nii),  n.  [L.,  oats.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Graminew,  characterized 
by  having  large  membranous  outer  glumes, 
which  inclose  two  or  three  perfect  flowers, 
each  with  a  long,  bent,  and  twisted  awn  on  the 
back  of  the  lower  palet.  The  species  are  natives  of 
temperate  and  cold  regions.  Some  are  useful  pasture- 
grasses,  but  by  far  the  most  important  species  is  A.  saliva, 
the  cultivated  oat.     See  oat. 

avenaceous  (av-e-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  avena- 
ccus,  <  avena,  oats.]  Belonging  to  or  resem- 
bling oats. 

avenage  (av'e-naj),  n.  [<  OF.  avenage,  <  avene, 
oats,  <  L.  avena',  oats.]  In  old  law,  a  certain 
quantity  of  oats  paid  by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord 
in  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 

avenaryt  (av'e-na-ri),  n.  [<  L.  avenarius,  < 
avena,  oats.]     Same  as  avener. 

avenauntt,  a.  [ME.,  also  avenant,  avenand, 
etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  avenant,  comely,  con- 
venient, ppr.  of  avenir,  come,  suit,  become,  < 
L.  advenire,  come:  see  advene,  and  cf.  conve- 
nient, comely,  and  becoming.]  1.  Becoming; 
well-looking. 

Clere  browne  she  was,  and  thereto  bright 

Of  face,  body  avenaunt.     Rom.  of  the  Rose,  I,  1203. 

2.  Convenient;  suitable. 

Dyghttes  his  dowblettez  for  dukes  and  cries, 
Aketouns  avenaunt  for  Arthure  hyni  selfue. 

Morte  Arthure  (ed.  Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2627. 

avener  (av'e-ner),  n.  [ME.  avener,  avenere,  < 
OF.  avenier,\  L.  avenarius:  see  avenary.]  In 
feudal  law,  a  chief  officer  of  the  stable,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  provide  oats.  Also  spelled  ave- 
nor. 

avenge  (a-venj'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  avenged, 
ppr.  avenging.  [<ME.  avengen,  <  OF.  avengu  r, 
<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  vengier,  revenge,  take  ven- 
geance, <  L.  vindicare,  lay  claim  to,  punish : 
see  vindicate,  and  cf.  revenge  and  vengeance.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer ;  execute  justice  or  ven- 
geance on  behalf  of:  with  a  person  as  object. 

Avenge  me  of  mine  adversary.  Luke  xviii.  3. 

Avenge,  0  Lord,  thy  slaughter'd  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scatter'd  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold. 

Milton,  .Sonnets,  \iii. 

2.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  the  injuring  party  ;  deal  pun- 
ishment on  account  of:  with  a  thing  as  object. 

He  will  avenge  the  blood  of  his  servants. 

Deut.  xxxii.  43. 

Never,  till  Caesar's  three-and-thirty  wounds 

Be  well  aveng'd.  Shak... J.  C,  v.  1. 

I  thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from 

their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that  threatened  her 

with  insult.     But  the  age  of  chivalry  is  gone. 

Burke,  Kev.  iu  France. 


Aventine 

3t.  To  lake  revenge  ,,n  ;  treat  or  ileal  with  re- 
vengefully. 

.  If  Cain  shall  be  avenged  <  venfold,  truly  Lamech  seven- 
ty and  seven  fold.  Gen.  iv.  24. 
-Syn.  Avenge,  Revenge.     Until  lately  these  words  wi  ri 

used  with  litil ■  no  difference  of  meaning  (see  quota* 

tions  under  each).  .1  senge  is  now  restricted  to  the  taking  of 
ju  -i  punishment  or  the  vindication  of  Justice,  and  revenge 
to  the  infliction  of  pain  or  evil  to  gratify  resentful  feelings, 
Or  the  desire  of  retaliation  for  sonic  real  <>r  fancied  wrong. 
Poetic  use  sometimes  returns  to  the  earlier  freedom  in  the 
meaning  of  avenge.    See  revenge,  n. 

1  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

If  you  poison  us,  do  we  not  die?  and  if  you  wrong  us, 
shall  we  not  revenge)  Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  l. 

II.  intrans.   To  execute  vengeance;   indict 
retaliatory  pain  or  injury  on  a  wrong-doer. 

Thou  shalt  net  avenge  nor  bear  any  grudge  against  the 

children  of  thy  people.  Lev.  xix.  18. 

The  avenging  horror  of  a  conscious  mind, 

Whose  deadly  fear  anticipates  the  Mow, 

And  sees  no  end  of  punishment  and  woe. 

Drijdcn,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  231. 

avenget  (a-venj'),  n.  [<  avenge,  v.]  1.  Re- 
venge; retaliation. 

That  avenge  by  you  decreed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  8. 

2.  Punishment ;  vengeance  taken. 

Why  doth  mine  hand  from  thine  avenge  abstaine? 

Spenser,  F.  Q..IV.  i.  52. 

avengeancet  (a-ven'jans),  «.  [<  avenge  +  -ance, 
after  vengeance.]  The  act  of  avenging;  ven- 
geance: as,  "fear  signal  avengeance,"  J.  Phil- 
ips, Cyder,  ii.  49. 

avengeful  (a-venj'ful),  a.  [<  avenge,  ».,  +  -ful, 
after  revengeful.]  Avenging;  executing  ven- 
geance.    [Rare.] 

avengement  (a-venj'ment),  n.  [<  avenge  + 
-mint.]  The  act  of  avenging;  vengeance;  pun- 
ishment; satisfaction  taken.     [Rare.] 

Nought  may  thee  save  from  heavens  avengement. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos. 

God's  avengement  of  his  repulse  at  Hull. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 


avenger   (a-ven'jer),  n.     One  who  avenges  or 
takes  vengeance. 
The  Lord  is  the  avenger  of  all  such.  1  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Brutus,  thou  saint  of  the  avenger's  order. 

Beddoes,  Death's  Jest-Book,  i.  1. 

avengeress  (a-ven'jer-es), ».  [<  avenger  +  -ess.] 
A  female  avenger.     [Rare.] 

That  cruell  Queene  avengeresse. 

Spenser,  V.  <>.,  III.  viii.  20. 

aveniform  (a-ve'ni-forrn),  a.  [<  L.  avena,  oats, 
+  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  grain  of  oats. 
Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avenin  (a-ve'nin),  h.  [<  L.  an  int.  outs,  4-  -in?.] 
A  nitrogenous  proteid  substance  found  in  oats, 
similar  to  legumin,  and  probably  a  mixture  of 
legumin  and  gluten. 

avenious  (a-ve'ni-us),  a.     Same  as  avenous. 

avenort,  "•    See  avener. 

avenous  (a-ve'nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  6-  priv.  +  L. 
vena,  vein.]  In  but.,  wanting  veins  or  nerves, 
as  the  leaves  of  certain  plants.     Also  aveninus. 

avens  (av'enz),  n*  [<  ME.  avans,  avance, 
avaunee,  avence,  ML.  avancia,  avencia,  avantia, 
avens,  harefoot;  origin  obscure.]  The  popu- 
lar English  name  of  species  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Geum.  The  common  or  yellow  avens,  or  herb, 
bennet,  is  G.  urbanum;  the  purple  or  water  avens,  G. 
rivale.— Mountain  avens,  Dnias  octopetala. 

aventaile,  aventail  (av'en-tal),  n.  [<  ME. 
aventayle,  <  OF.  esventail,  air-hole,  <  esventer 
(mod.  F.  eventer),  <  L.  ex, 
out,  +  ventus,  wind.]  In 
medieval  armor:  («)  The 
flap  or  adjustable  part  of 
the  hood  of  mail,  which 
when  unfastened  allowed 
the  hood  to  drop  upon  the 
shoulders,  (b)  The  mov- 
able front  of  the  helmet. 
Aventine  (av' en-tin),  a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  Avenvinus.] 
I.  a.  Appellative  of  one  of 
the  seven  hills  on  which 
Rome  was  built.  According 
to  a  legend,  it  was  called  Mons 
Aventinus,  or  the  Aventine  hill, 

from  an  aboriginal  king  Aventinus  who  was  buried  there. 
Il.t  «•  A  post  of  defense  or  safety;  security; 
del'ense. 

Into  the  castle's  tower, 
That  only  Aventine  that  now  is  left  us. 

Beau,  and  Ft. 
My  strong  Aventine  is 
That  great  Doinitian  .  .  .  will  once  return. 
Who  can  repair,  with  ease,  the  consul's  ruins. 

Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  i.  1. 


A,  Aventaile  idef.«). 
(From      Viollet-ie- Due's 
"Diet,    du     Mobilier    fran- 
cais."J 


aventre 

aventret,  ''•  t.  [<  ft.  avventare,  throw,  shoot, 
dart,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  vento,  wind;  ef.  Pr. 

in  a tn r  =  OF.  venter,  east  to  the  wind:  see  tr«  i.J 
To  throw,  us  a  spear  or  dart. 

Her  mortal]  speare 
She  mightily  aventred  towards  one, 
And  downe  him  smot.     Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  28. 

aventuret,  «■  [The  older  form  of  adventure, 
q.  v.]  Adventure;  chance;  accident;  specifi- 
cally, in  old  law,  a  mischance  causing  a  per- 
son's death  without  felony,  as  drowning  or  fall- 
ing from  a  house. 

aventurin,  aventurine  (a-ven'tu-rin),  n.  and 
o.  [<  P.  aventurine,  <  It.  awenturino,  <  awen- 
tiiru,  chance:  see  adventure,  n.]  I.  n.  l^A 
sort  of  opaque  golden-brown  glass  filled  with 
specks  or  drops  of  a  bright  gold-color  and  of 
different  sizes,  used,  under  the  name  of  gold- 
stone,  for  various  ornaments.  Its  preparation  was 
discovered  at  Murano.  near  Venice,  by  the  accident  of 
dropping  a  quantity  of  brass  filings  into  a  pot  of  melted 
glass :  hence  the  name. 

2.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  usually  oligoclase, 
spangled  with  scales  of  hematite,  gothite,  or 
mica.  It  is  often  called  sunstone.  The  most 
highly  prized  variety  is  obtained  in  Russia. — 

3.  A  similar  variety  of  quartz  containing  span- 
gles of  mica  or  other  mineral. — 4.  A  kind  of 
sealing-wax,  of  a  translucent  brown  color  and 


394 

leetive  sing,  arose  its  use  in  the  plural,  in  the 
special  sense  of  stock,  cattle,  whence  a  new 
sing.  (ML.  averia,  annus,  as  well  as  an  rum, 
annum),  a  beast  of  burden.]  If.  Substance; 
property;  estate. 

Marchaunt  he  was  of  gret  avoir. 
Seuyn  Sages,  1.  2205,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  III. 

2i.pt.  Live  stock;  cattle;  domestic  animals. — 
3.  A  beast  of  burden;  a  draft-ox  or  draft- 
horse  ;  an  old  horse.   [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

An  inch  of  a  nag  is  worth  a  span  of  an  a  ver. 

In  Ray,  Proverbs  (167S),  p.  36. 

average1  (av'e-raj),  n.  [=  Sc.  avarage,  contr. 
arrage,  arage'i'now  arriage,  esp.  in  the  combi- 
nation carriage  and  carriage;  <  late  ME.  ace- 
rage,  earlier  only  in  ML.  averagium  or  OF.  ace- 
rage,  appar.  the  same,  with  suffix  -age,  as  ML. 
avera,  a  kind  of  service  mentioned  in  Domes- 
day Book :  usually  referred  to  aver,  a  beast 
of  burden,  and  defined  accordingly;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  avera  being  more  prob.  a  reflex,  simu- 
lating aver,  of  OF.  ovre,  were,  mod.  F.  ceuvre,  < 
L.  opera,  work:  see  opera,  err-,  manceuvcr.]  In 
old  law,  a  kind  of  service  owed  by  tenants  to 
their  superior.  The  nature  of  the  service  is  not  clear. 
It  is  usually  explained  as  service  done  with  beasts  of  bur- 
den, but  tins  appears  to  rest  on  a  doubtful  etymology 
(see  above). 


abounding  in  gold  specks  or  particles—Chrome  average-  (av'e-raj),  n.  and  a.  [Earlymod.E.also 

averige,  averiage,  avark>ge,<  late  ME.  average, 
the  same,  with  suffix  -age  (found  only  in  E.  and 
Anglo-L.  averagium),  as  late  ME.  averays  (for 
aceri/sh,  <  F.  avaris,  "decay  of  wares  or  mer- 
chandise, leaking  of  wines,  also  the  charges  of 
the  carriage  or  measuring  thereon,  also  the  fees 
or  veils  of  a  cook,  etc."  (Cotgrave),  sing.  prop. 
uniric  =  Sp.  aceria  =  Pg.  It.  avaria,  in  ML.  ava- 
ria, averia  ;  cf .  MD.  avarij,  D.  haverij  =  G.  hafc- 
rei,  Itaverie  =  Dan.  havari  =  Sw.  /mnri,  from 
Rom.  Origin  disputed ;  the  orig.  sense,  '  a  duty 
on  goods,'  suggests  a  connection  with  ML.  ave- 
ria, goods,  property:  see  aver2.    Perhaps  ava- 


aventurin,  a  glass  made  by  freely  adding  chromate  of  pot 
ash  to  the  other  materials  used,  thus  separating  spangles 
of  oxid  of  chromium. 

II.  a.   Having  the  appearance  of  aventurin : 
as,  aventurin  lacquer,  etc.  — Aventurin  glaze,  a 
glaze  for  porcelain.   It  is  brownish,  with  crystalline  lami- 
na; of  a  golden  luster. 
Also  written  avanturin,  avantarme. 

aventuroust  (a-ven'tu-rus),  a.  Obsolete  form 
.if  mln  utiirous. 

avenue  (av'e-nu),  n.  [Formerly  also  advenue, 
an  iii  ir.  <  F"arenne,  orig.  pp.  fern,  of  avenir,  < 
L.  aavenire,  come  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come. 
Cf.  advene.'}  1.  A  passage ;  a  way  or  an  open- 
ing for  entrance  into  a  place;  any  opening  or 
passage  by  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  intro- 
duced or  approached. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  the  avenues  of  the  city, 
to  keep  all  people  from  going  out.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  roadway  of  approach  to  a  country-house, 
particularly  when  straight,  of  considerable 
length,  and  shaded  by  a  row  of  trees  on  each 
side;  a  drive  in  a  private  country-place;  a 
walk  in  a  garden  or  demain  of  some  preten- 
sions as  to  style  or  size. 

A  long  avenue  wound  and  circled  from  the  outermost 
gate  through  an  untrimmed  woodland. 

II.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  45. 

3.  A  street;  properly,  a  wide  street  planted 
with  trees  and  often  with  turfed  spaces  on 
either  side,  or  a  garden  or  shaded  promenade 
in  the  middle  :  used  in  New  York,  Washington, 
etc.,  in  the  names  of  the  longest  and  general- 
ly the  widest  streets,  as  Fifth  or  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  but  in  some  American  cities  without 
special  reference  to  the  character  of  the  street. 
— 4.  Figuratively,  means  of  access  or  attain- 
ment. 

There  are  no  avenues  to  the  public  service  opened  for 
talent.  Brougham. 

aver1  (a-ver'),  «'•  t- ;  pret.  and  pp.  averred,  ppr. 
averring.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  averr,  <  ME. 
averren,  <  OF.  averrer,  averer,  mod.  F.  ave'rerz= 
Pr.  averar  =  It.  avverare,  <  ML.  adrrrare,  make 
tun  .  prove  true,  be'  true,  <  L.  ail,  to,  +  crew,?, 
true:  see  vt  rify,  "  Hty,  etc.]  It.  To  assert  the 
truth  of. — 2t.  To  confirm;  verify;  prove  to  be 
true. —  3.  To  affirm  with  confidence;  declare 
in  a  positive  or  peremptory  manner. 

And  I  nnr  that,  to  this  day,  1  have  done  no  official  act 

in  mere  deference  to  my  abBtraci  Judgment  and  feeling 

lavery.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  481. 

4.  In  law,  to  avouch  or  verify;  offer  to  verify; 
allege  as  a  fact .  See  averment. —  5.  To  assort 
the  existence  of ;  off er  in  evidence.     [Archaic] 

1  Ui  nihil  notes 

Of  chamber-hangings,  pictures,  tins  her  bracelet. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

=  Syn.  3.  Affirm, Declare, etc. (si     a    ert)  Bay, allege, pro- 
test, insist,  maintain, 
aver-   (a'ver),    u.     [Sc   anr.  aim-  (def.  3);  < 
ME.  nnr.  an  re,  an  gr  I  Inter  also  avoir,  havOW, 

havor,  havour,  after  Inter  OF.),  <  OF.  aver, 
ante,  Inter  avoir,  mod.  P.  avoir  =  Sp.  a 

luteins,  pi.,  now  lial'ir.  =  Pg.  hunns.  pl.,=  It. 
linn     (ML.   itrirum.  annum,    nun.    nnr).    SUb- 

stanee,  property,  stock,  lit.  •  having,'  being  the 
nouu  use  of  the  inf.,  OF.  aver,  aveir,  etc.,  <  L. 
habere,  have:  sec  have.     From  its  use  as  a  col- 


Avernian 

I  departed,  .  .  .  convinced  that,  .  .  .  whatever  the 
ratio  of  population,  the  average  amount  of  human  nature 
tx>  the  square  mile  is  the  same  tlie  world  over. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  93. 

Hence  —  2.  Of  medium  character,  quality,  etc. ; 
midway  between  extremes ;  ordinary. 

They  all  [the  Patoocosmic  skefetons]  represent  a  race 
of  grand  physical  development,  and  of  cranial  capacity 
equal  to  that  of  the  average  modern  European. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  174. 

The  average  intellect  of  five  hundred  persons,  taken  as 
they  come,  is  not  very  high.     0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  vi. 
We  mortals  cross  the  ocean  of  this  world 
Each  in  his  average  cabin  of  a  life  — 
The  best's  not  big,  the  worst  yields  elbow-room. 

Browning,  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology. 

3.  Estimated  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
average:    as,  the  loss  was  made  good  by  an 

average  contribution Average  curvature.    See 

currat'ure. -Average  standard,  in  copper-mining,  the 
market  value  of  a  ton  of  tough-cake  copper.  It  formerly 
served  as  a  basis  for  estimating  tlie  amount  to  Ik-  paid  by 
the  smelters  to  the  miners  for  ores  of  copper  purchased. 
[Cornwall. 1-Syn.  Sec  mean,  u. 
average2  (av'e-raj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averaged, 
ppr.  averaging.  '  [<  average^,  it.]  1.  To  find 
the  arithmetical  mean  of,  as  unequal  sums  or 
quantities;  reduce  to  a  mean. —  2.  To  result 
in,  as  an  arithmetical  mean  term ;  amount  to, 
as  a  mean  sura  or  quantity :  as,  wheat  averages 
56  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

These  spars  average  10  feet  in  length.  Belknap. 

3.  To  divide  among  a  number  proportionally; 
divide  the  total  amount  of  by  the  number  of 
equal  shares :  as,  to  average  a  loss. 

The  permanent  averaged  price  on  all  kinds  of  commodi- 
ties. English  Bev.,  VI.  261. 

averaged  (av'e-raj),  n.  [Also  averaige,  averish, 
prob.  an  expansion  (in  reverse  imitation  of  Sc 
arriage,  arrage,  for  average1)  of  arrish,  ersh : 
see  arrish,  ersh.  eddish.']  The  stubble  and  grass 
left  in  corn-fields  after  harvest. 

In  these  monthes  after  the  cornne  bee  innede  it  is  meete 
to  putt  drauglite  horses  and  oxen  into  the  atari  l< 

Quoted  in  Archoeologia,  xiii.  379. 


uia,  through  its  appar.  more  orig.  form  avaria,  is  average-adjuster   (av'e-raj-a-jus"ter),    n.     An 
to  be  referred  to  the  same  source:  see  avama.]     expert  accountant  who'fs  employed  ii 


I.  n.  1.  («t)  A  duty  or  tax  upon  goods.  (6)  A 
small  charge  payable  by  the  shippers  of  goods 
to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the 
freight,  for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the 
clause,  in  bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much 


expert  accountant  who  is  employed  in  cases  of 
general  average  to  ascertain  and  state  the  sum 
which  each  of  the  parties  interested  has  to  pay 
in  order  to  make  up  the  loss  sustained  by  some 
for  the  general  good.  Also  called  average- 
stater,  average-taker. 


freight,  with  primage  and  average  accustomed."  averageiy  (av'e-raj-li),  adv.     In  an  average  or 

(c)  A  small  charge  paid  by  the  master  on  account 
of  the  ship  and  cargo,  such  as  pilotage,  towage, 
etc.:    called  more   specifically  petty  average. 

(d)  A  loss,  or  the  sum  paid  on  account  of  a  loss 
(such  as  that  of  an  anchor),  when  the  general 
safety  is  not  in  question,  and  which  falls  on  average-stater,  average-taker  (av'e-raj-sta* 


medial  manner;  in  the  mean  between  two  ex- 
tremes. 

Which  tends  to  render  living  more  difficult  for  every 
averaurli/  situated  individual  in  the  community. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Polit.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  4. 


the  owner  of  the  particular  property  lost 
called  more  specifically  particular  average. 
(e)  A  contribution  made  by  the  owners  of  a 
ship's  freight  and  cargo,  in  proportion  to  their 
several  interests,  to  make  good  a  loss  that  has 
been  sustained  or  an  expense  incurred  for  the 
general  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Tims, 
when  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress  any  destruction 
of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting  away  the  masts, 

throwing  g Is  overboard,  or  in  other  ways,  all  prisons 

who  have  goods  on  board  or  property  in  the  ship  (or  the 
insurers)  contribute  to  the  loss  according  to  their  aver- 
age, that  is,  according  to  tlie  proportionate  value  of  the 

e Is  of  curl bnald.      Average  in  this  sense  is  also  called 

general  average. 

2.  A  sum  or  quantity  intermediate  to  a  num 


ter,  -ta"ker),  «.     Same  as  average-adjuster. 

averano  (av-e-rit'no),  n.  [Appar.  S.  Amer.] 
A  name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Chasmorhyn- 
ehus  of  Temminck,  including  several  South 
American  fruit-crows  of  the  family  CotingidcB 
and  subfamily  (li/mnoderina;  as  C.  raricgatus, 
the  averano  of  Buffon,  and  the  arapunga.  See 
cut  under  arapunga. 

avercake,  n.    See  haveredke. 

avercornt,  »•  [Appar.  <  aver  (repr.  ML.  avera 
(see  average1),  a  kind  of  service)  +  corn.']  In 
old  laic,  corn  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  superior 
as  rent  or  in  lieu  of  service.     This  word,  like  aver- 

html  and  iirrr/iemiii.  is  not   known  in  vernacular  use,  and 
See  average^. 


its  technical  sense  is  uncertain. 
berof  different  sums  or  quantities,  obtained  by  averdant  (a-ver'dsmt),  a.     [See  verdant.']    In 
adding  them  together  and  dividing  the  result     her    ,,oveml  with" green  herbage:  chiefly  ap- 
by  the  number  of  quantities  added;  an  arith-    pvje,i  ),,  ;]  i,,,,unt  in  base, 
metical  mean  proportion.  Thus,  if  four  persons  -.yen^  (av'e-rish),  n.     Same  as  average*. 
lose  respectively  $10,  $20,  $30,  and  $40,  the  aver-  averiand  (a'ver-iand),  n.     [See  avercorn.]     In 


age  loss  by  the  four  is  $25.  Hence  —  3.  Any 
medial  amount,  estimate,  or  general  statement 
based  on  a  comparison  of  a  number  of  diverse 
specific  cases;  a  medium. 

A  like  number  of  men,  through  various  kinds  and  de- 
grees of  ill-success,  reveal  a  mental  capacity  that  is  more 
or  less  below  the  average.     J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  177. 

Yet  I  have  no  doubt  that  that  people's  rulers  are  as 
wise  as  the  ttenthit'  of  civilized  rulers. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  39. 

Average  bond.    See  bond^.— Upon  or  on  an  average, 

taking  the  arithmetical  mean  of  several  unequal  nuintieis 
oi' quantities;  taking  ttie  arithmetical  mean  deduced  from 
a  great  number  of  examples. 

'hi  an  average  tin-  male  and  female  births  arc  tolerably 
equal,  BvchU  .  I  livllization,  I.  iv. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Medium,  etc    See  mean,  u. 

II.  a.  1.  Ecpial  in  amount  In  tlie  sum  of  all 
the  particular  quantities  of  the  same  sort  di- 
vided by  flic  number  of  them:  us.  the  average 
yield  of  wheat  to  the  acre;  the  average  price  of 
anything  for  a  year. 


aid  laic,  land  subject  to  the  service  called  aver- 
age.     See  mi  mill  '. 

averment  (a-v6r'ment),  n.    [<  aver*  +  -mint.] 

1.   The  act  of  averring;  affirmation;  positive 

assertion. 

Publishing  averments  and  innuendoes. 

Burke,  Towers  of  Juries. 

2f.  Verification;  establishment  by  evidence. 
Huron.— 3.  In  ZtiK',  an  allegation  or  statement 
as  :i  t'aet  :  commonly  u-ni  ef  statements  in  a 
pleading  which  the  party  thereby  professes  to 
be  ready  to  prove. 

Avemian  (a-ver'ni-an),  a.  [<L.  Averwus  (sc. 
laeus),  now  (It.)  Lagd*d,Averno;  usually  referred 
to  Or.  aopvoe,  without  birds  (<  <i-  priv.  +  o/n/c, 
bird);  culled  I'm/i  car  lifivn  by  Aristotle,  o  "Acpvoc. 
by  Strabo.]  Pertaining  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Campania  in  Italy,  looked  upon  by  the  ancients 
as  nn  entrance  to  hell.  From  its  waters  tne- 
philie  vapors  arose,  which  were  supposed  to 
kill  birds  that  attompted  to  fly  over  it. 


averpenny 

averpennyt  (a'ver-pen'i),  n.  [See  iiverenrn.] 
In  «/(/  tea;,  money  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord 
in  lieu  of  the  service  called  average. 

averrable  (a-ver'a-bl),  a.  [<  averi  +  -able."]  1. 
Capable  of  being  'verified  or  proved. —  2.  Capa- 
ble of  being  averred,  asserted,  or  declared. 

Averrhoa  (av-e-ro'ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  from 
Aim-hues,  Averroes":  see  Averroist.]  A  genus 
of  small  trees,  natural  order  Ceraniaeeir,  tribe 
Oxalideee,  containing  two  East  Indian  species, 
cultivated  for  their  very  acid  fruit.  ThebUim- 
bi,  A.  Bilimbi,  is  often  pickled  or  candled,  and  its  juice 
removes  the  stain  of  iron-rust  and  other  spots  from  linen. 
The  carambola,  .1.  Carambola,  is  also  used  as  food. 

Averroism,  Averrhoism  (av-e-ro'izm),  n.  [< 
Averrhoes  +  -ism.]  The  doctrines  held  by 
Averrhoes  and  his  followers.     See  Averroist. 

The  patricians  of  Venice  and  the  lecturers  of  Padua  made 
Averroism  synonymous  with  doubt  and  criticism  in  theol- 
ogy, and  with  sarcasm  against  the  hierarchy. 

Encye.  Brit.,  III.  161. 

Averroist,  Averrhoist  (av-e-ro'ist),  n.  [< 
Averrhoes  or  Averroes  +  -ist.  Averroes  is  a 
Latinized  form  of  Ar.  Ilm-Hoshd.]  A  follower 
of  Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Arabian  philosopher 
and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  was  born 
at  Cordova  about  A.  D.  1126,  and  died  1198. 
The  philosophy  of  the  Averroists  was  little  more  than 
an  imperfect  interpretation  of  Aristotle's  doctrines;  but 
Averroism  was  particularly  characterized  by  its  effort  to 
separate  philosophy  and  religion. 

Averroistic  (av"e-ro-is'tik),  a.  [<  Averroist  + 
-i'c]  t  If  or  pertaining  to  the  Averroists  or  their 
doctrines. 

The  Averroistic  school,  mainly  composed  of  physicists 
and  naturalists,  was  the  most  decided  opponent  of  the 
scholastic  system  in  its  relation  to  theology. 

Prof.  V.  Botta,  in  Ueberweg's  Hist.  Phil.,  II.  App.  ii. 

averruncatet  (av-e-rung'kat),  v.  t;  pret.  and 
pp.  averruncated,  ppr.  averrwncaUng.  [<  L. 
averruncatus,  pp.  of  averruncare,  avert,  re- 
move, an  ancient  word  peculiar  to  the  lan- 
guage of  religion,  <  a  for  ab,  from,  +  verruncare, 
turn.  Hence  erroneously  averruneate,  averun- 
cate  (Cockeram),  aberuncate  (Bailey  and  John- 
son), "to  weed,"  "to  pull  up  by  the  roots," 
from  an  erroneously  assumed  L.  *aberuncare, 
as  if  <  ab,  from,  +  eruncare,  <  e  for  ex,  out,  + 
runcare,  uproot,  weed.]  1.  To  avert  or  ward 
off.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

But  sure  some  mischief  will  come  of  it, 

Unless  hy  providential  wit, 

Or  force,  we  averruneate  it. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  758. 

2.  [Improp. :  see  etym.]     To  weed;  pull  up  by 
the  roots. 
avemincationt  (av'e-rung-ka'shon),  it.     [< 
averruneate.']     1.  The  act  of  averting  or  ward- 
ing off  (evils).     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Averruncation  of  epidemical  diseases  by  telesms. 

J.  Robinson,  Eudoxa  (1658),  p.  S2. 

2.   [Improp.]   A  rooting  up;  extirpation;  re- 
moval. 

averruncator  (av'e-rung-ka"tor),  n.  [<  aver- 
runeate +  -or;  also  spelled  aberuncator:  see 
aberuncate.]    See  aberuncator. 

aversant  (a-ver'sant),  a.  [<  L.  aversan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aversari,  turn  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  + 
versari,  turn.  Cf.  averse.]  In  her., 
turned  to  show  the  back:  said  of  a 
right  hand.      Also  called  dorsed. 

aversation  (av-er-sa'shon),  ».  [<  L. 
aversatio(n-), (.aversari,  pp.  aversatus: 
see  aversant.]  Aversion ;  a  turning 
away  from.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 


395  Avesta 

4f.  To  oppose;  view  with  aversion. 

The  nature  of  mankind  doth  certainly  avert  both  killing 
and  being  killd. 

Deem,  Christ.  Piety  (1667),  ri,  i  9,  261.    (A.  B.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  away.     [Rate.  | 

.1  verting  from  our  neighbour's 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  301. 

avertebrated  (a-ver'te-bra-ted),  a.    [<  Gr.  <i- 

priv.  (<(-18)  +  vertebra'teil.]  Evcrtibrated;  in- 
vertebrate. 

The  Limuean  classification  of  avertebrated  animals. 

li.  Johnston  (ed.  of  Cuvter,  1849),  p.  835. 

averted  (a-ver'ted),  p.  <i.  1.  Turned  away  or 
aside. 

When  food  was  brought  to  them,  her  share 
To  his  averted  lips  tie-  child  did  bear. 

Shelley,  Revolt  ol  [slam,  v.  30. 

2.  Specifically,  in  mint,  drawing,  having  the 
head  of  the  object  turned  to  the  top  of  the  fig- 
ure.    Wilder. 

as  sense  of  duty  whether  it  operates  as  a,,  averter  (a-ver'ter),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 

a  restraining  influence.     .Sec  antipathy.        tvvcxuci  vff  ,v/*   ""  " 

averts  or  turns  away. 

AvertersanA  purgers  must  go  together,  as  tending  all  to 
the  same  purpose,  to  divert  this  rebelUous  humour  [mel- 
ancholy] and  turn  it  another  way. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  407. 

avertible  (a-ver'ti-bl),  a.  [<  avert  +  -ible.] 
Capable  of"  being  averted;  preventable:  as, 
"avertible  evils,"  Kiiiyliikc. 

avertimentt,  »■  An  erroneous  form  of  adver- 
tisement.    Milton. 

Aves  (a'vez),  n.pl.  [L.,  pi.  of  avis,  a  bird;  ef. 
Skt.  vi  =  Zend  vi,  a  bird.     Cf.  also  ovum  and 


A  Hand 
Aversant  or 
Dorsed. 


I  bad  an  aversation  to  this  voyage 
When  first  my  brother  moved  it. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Russy  d'Ambuis,  iii.  1.    aversivelyt  (a-ver'siv-li),  adv. 


Averse  alike  to  Batter,  or  offend. 

Pope,  I;-  ;i\  on  Criticism,  1.  743. 
As  Mr.  Wilinot  knew  that  1  could  make  a  very  handsome 
settlement  on  my  son,  he  was  nut  averse  to  the  match. 

Qold  rmtih,  vicar,  ii. 

4.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  adverse. 

S e  much  rtivr.se  I  found  and  wondrous  harsh, 

Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite. 

Milton,  S.  A.,1.  Hid. 
And  Pallas  now  averse  refused  her  aid.  Dryden. 

[This  word  and  its  derivatives  ale  DOW  regularly  followed 
by  to,  and  not  by  from,  although  tin-  latter  is  used  by  some 
modern  writers.  The  word  itself  includes  the  idea  of 
from;  but  the  literal  meaning  is  ignored,  the  affection  of 
the  mind  signified  by  the  word  being  regarded  as  exerted 
toward  the  object  of  dislike.  Similarly,  the  kindred  terms 
contrary,  repugnant,  etc.,  are  also  followed  by  to.]=Syn. 

3.  Averse,  Reluctant,  disinclined,  backward,  slow,  loath, 
opposed.  Averse  implies  habitual  dislike  or  unwilling- 
ness, though  not  of  a  very  strong  character,  and  is  nearly 
synonymous  with  disinclined:  as.  averse  to  study,  to  active 
pursuits.  Reluctant,  literally,  struggling  back  from,  im- 
plies some  degree  of  struggle  either  With  others  who  are 
inciting  us  on,  or  between  our  own  inclination  and  some 
strong  motive 
impelling  or  as 

Averse  to  pure  democracy,  yet  firm  in  his  regard  for  ex- 
isting popular  liberties.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  277. 

I  would  force  from  the  reluctant  lips  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  bis  testimony  to  the  leal  power  of  the  masses. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  44. 

4.  Adverse,  Inimical,  etc.    See  hostile. 

averset  (a-vers'),  v.  t.  and  i.     [<  L.  anersus: 

see  the  adj.]  To  turn  away;  avert.  B.Jon- 
son. 

Wise  Pallas'  shield 
(By  which,  my  face  avvvse,/,  in  open  field 
I  slew  the  Gorgon). 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 

aversely  (a-vers'li),  adv.  1.  In  the  reverse  or 
opposite  direction ;  backward. — 2.  With  aver- 
sion or  repugnance  ;  unwillingly.  [Rare  in 
both  senses.] 

averseness  (a-vers'nes),  n.  [<  averse  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  averse  ;  opposition  of  mind ; 
dislike;  unwillingness;  backwardness. 

aversion  (a-ver'skon),  n.  [<  L.  aversio(n-),  ( 
avevtere:  see  averse,  a.,  and  avert.]  If.  A 
turning  away;  a  change  of  application. 

A  figurative  speech  called  apostrophe,  which  is  an  aver- 
sion of  speech  from  one  thing  ...  to  another. 

Bp.  Morton,  Episcopacy  Asserted,  p.  101. 

2f.  The  act  of  averting  or  warding  off. —  3.  An 
averted  state  of  the  mind  or  feelings ;  opposi- 
tion or  repugnance  of  mind ;  fixed  or  habitual 
dislike;  antipathy:  used  absolutely  or  with  to, 
sometimes  with  from,  for,  or  toward. 

His  aversion  towards  the  house  of  York.  Bacon. 

Adhesion  to  vice,  and  aversion  from  goodness. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

A  state  for  which  they  have  so  great  an  aversion. 

Addison. 

An  aversion  to  a  standing  army  in  time  of  peace  had 
long  been  one  of  the  strongest  of  English  sentiments. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  iii. 

4t.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature:  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  substances. 

Magnesia,  notwithstanding  this   aversion  to  solution, 
forms  a  kind  of  paste  with  water.  Fourcroy  (trans. ). 

5.  A  cause  of  dislike  ;  an  object  of  repugnance. 
Had  I  no  preference  for  any  one  else,  the  choice  you 
have  made  would  be  my  aversion. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  3.  Hatred,  Dislike,  Antipathy  (see  antipathy); 
unwillingness,  shrinking,  hesitation,  disrelish,  distaste, 
detestation. 

aversivet  (a-ver'siv),  a.      [<  L.   aversus  (see 
averse,  a.)  +  -ive.]     Averse;  turning  away. 
Those  strong-bent  humours,  which  aversive  grew. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  vii.  78. 

With  aversion ; 


Certainly  for  a  king  himself  to  charge  his  subjects  with  backwardly.      Chapman,. 

high  treason,  and  so  vehemently  to  prosecute  them  in  his  avert  (a-verf),  J'.      [<  L.  avrrteve,  turn  away,  < 

own  cause  as  to  do  the  office  of  a  searcher,  argued  in  ,.        V  f          "           L  i    ,.,,...,.,.,.   torn-   spa  wrw 

him  no  great  aversation  from  shedding  blood.  «  tor  "''•  fi om,  aw  u\  ,  +  i  <  W-  m  ,  tin  n .   sie  I .  i se, 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix.  version,  averse,  etc.    Cf.  advert,  convert,  amert, 

Some  men  have  a  natural  aversation  to  some  vices  or  evert,  invert,  pervert,  revert,  subvert,  etc.]      I. 

virtues  and  a  natural  affection  to  others.        Jer.  Taylor,  trans.  1.   To  turn  away;  turn  or  cause  to  turn 


averse  (a-vers'),  a.     [<  L.  aversus,  pp.  of  aver- 
tere,  turn  away:  see  avert.]     1.  Turned  away 
from  anything ;  turned  backward ;  averted. 
Earth  .  .  .  with  her  part  averse 
From  the  sun's  beam.  Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  138. 

The  tracks  averse  a  lying  notice  gave, 
And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave. 

Dryden,  JSneid,  viii. 

Hence  —  2.  Specifically:  («)  In  bot.,  turned 
away  from  the  central  axis :  opposed  to  adverse 
(which  see).  (6)  In  ornith.,  set  back  or  turned 
away  from :  applied  to  pygopodous  or  rump- 
footed  birds,  whose  legs  are  set  so  far  back 
that  the  erect  posture  is  necessitated,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  loon,  grebe,  or  auk. — 3.  Disliking; 
unwilling ;  having  reluctance. 


off  or  away:   as,  to  avert  the  eyes   from   an 
object:  now  seldom  with  a  personal  object. 

When  atheists  and  profane  persons  do  hear  of  so  many 
discordant  and  contrary  opinions  in  religion,  it  doth  avert 
them  from  the  church.  Bacon. 

To  associate  Himself  with  some  persons  and  to  avert 
Himself  from  others.     //.  James,  subs.  an. I  Shad.,  p.  158. 

2f.  To  give  a  turn  or  direction  to;  direct. 
Avert  your  liking  a  more  worthier  way, 
Thau  on  a  wretch  whom  Nature  is  asham'd 
Almost  to  acknowledge  hers.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

3.  To  ward  off;  prevent  the  occurrence  or  hap- 
pening of  (evil  or  something  threatened). 

Believing  in  the  divine  goodness,  we  must 
believe  that  the  evils  which  exist  are  necessary 
greater  evils.  Macautay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted 


egg1.]  Birds ;  feathered  animals,  considered  as 
a  class  of  vertebrates,  next  after  mammals: 
sometimes  united  with  Reptilia  in  a  superclass 
Saurqpsida,  distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from 
Mammalia,  and  on  the  other  from  Ichthyopsida, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes  together.  Aves  are  de- 
fined by  the  following  characteristics:  a  body  covered 
with  feathers,  a  kind  of  exoskeleton  no  other  animals 
possess;  hot  blood;  completely  double  circulation;  per- 
fectly 4-chambered  heart;  single  and  dextral  aortic  arch; 
fixed  lungs;  air-passages  prolonged  into  various  air- 
sacs,  even  into  the  interior  of  some  of  the  bones  of  the 
skeleton;  oviparous  reproduction;  eggs  large  and  niero- 

blastic,  with  copious  I I  yolk  and  albumen  and  a  hard 

calcareous  shell ;  limbs  4  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of 
which  are  modified  as  wings,  ami  generally  subserve  flight 
by  means  of  their  large  feathers,  the  distal  segment  of  the 
limb  being  compressed  and  reduced,  with  not  more  than 
3  digits,  usually  not  unguiculate;  the  metacarpals  more 
or  less  ankylosed  as  a  rule,  and  the  free  carpals  normally 
only  2  in  adult  life  ;  a  large  breast-bone,  usually  carinate, 
and  great  pectoral  muscles;  numerous  dorsolumbar,  sa- 
cral, and  urosacral  vertebrre  ankylosed  into  a  sacrarium; 
ilia  greatly  produced  forward,  and  ilia  and  isehia  back- 
ward, normally  without  median  symphyses ;  perforate 
cotyloid  cavity  ;  the  trochanter  of  the  femur  articulating 
with  an  iliac  antitrochanter,  and  the  fibula  incomplete 
below  ;  the  astragalus  ankylosed  with  the  tibia,  and  assist- 
ing in  forming  the  tibial  condyles ;  mediotarsal  ankle- 
joint;  not  more  than  4  metatarsals,  3  ankylosed  together, 
and  not  more  than  4  digits,  the  phalanges  of  which  are 
usually  2,  3,  4,  or  5  in  number ;  the  bind  limb  fitted  as  a 
whole  for  bipedal  locomotion;  and  no  teeth  in  any  recent 
forms,  the  jaws  being  sheathed   in  bom.     Birds  have  un- 

derg ■  little  modification  since  their  first  appearance  in 

the  Jurassic  age;  their  classification  is  consequently  dif- 
ficult, and  no  leading  authors  agree  in  detail.  I.hinaus 
(1766)  divided  them  into  0  orders:  Accipitres,  Pices,  An- 
teres,  Grallaz,  Gallince,  and  Passeres.  Carrier's  arrange- 
ment (1817)  was  similar,  with  the  6  orders  Accipitres, 
Passerines,  Scansores,  Gallince,  Grallos,  and  Palmipedes. 
A  system  said  to  have  been  originally  proposed  by  Kirby, 
and  formerly  much  in  vogue-  among  English  ornithologists, 
recognized  Nat at  ores,  Qrallatores,  Cursores.  Rasores,  Scan- 
,  Insessores,  and  Raptores  as  orders.  The  latest  arti- 
lieial  system  is  that  of  Sundevall  (1872-3),  with  the  orders 
Oscines,  Volucres,  Accipitres,  Gallina;  Qrallatores,  Xata- 
for, ...  Proceres,  and  Saururre,  42  subordinate  groups,  and 
1,229 genera.  In  1867  Huxley  divided  birds  into  3  orders: 
Saururce,  Ratitce,  and  Carinatos;  the  latter  into  4  subor- 
ders, Dromceognathce,  Schizoanatho?,  Desmognathce,  and 
Jigxthognathce,  and  16  superfamily  groups— an  arrange- 
ment very  different  from  any  preceding  one.  The  dis- 
covery of  Odontornithes,  or  toothed  birds,  led  to  another 
primary  division  by  Marsh  into  Odontolcce,  Odontotormee, 
ami  SaururoB,  this  author  not  extending  his  classification 
to  recent  birds.  In  1884  Cones  divided  all  birds  into  5 
subclasses:  (1) SaururoB,  with  teeth, amphicoelous verte- 
bras, carinate  sternum,  separate  metacarpals,  and  long, 
lizard-like  tail ;  (2)  Odontotomies,  with  socketed  teeth,  bi- 
concave vertebrae,  carinate  sternum,  ankylosed  metacar- 
pals, and  short  tail ;  (3)  Odontolcce,  with  teeth  in  grooves, 
heterocoelous  vertebra',  rudimentary  wings,  ratite  ster- 
num, and  short  tail;  (4)  Ratitoe,  without  teeth,  with  het- 
erocoelous vertebra-,  ratite  sternum,  rudimentary  wings, 
ankylosed  metacarpals,  and  short  tail;  (6)  Carinatcs,  with- 
out teeth,  with  heterocoelous  vertebra',  carinate  sternum, 
developed  wings,  ankylosed  metacarpals,  ami  short  tail. 
The  Carinatcs  include  all  living  birds,  except  the  lew  stru- 
thious  or  ratite  birds.  Fertile  carinate  subclass  or  order, 
some  15  or  20  ordinal  or  subordinal  groups  are  now  usually 
adopted.  One  of  these,  Passeres,  includes  a  large  majority 
of  all  birds.  The  genera  or  subgenera  of  birds  in  use  now 
range  from  about  1,20(1  to  about  2,900.  The  species  are 
usuallj  estimated  at  about  10,000.    See  bird  and  Saurop- 

ryTo'arcrt  Avesta  (a-ves'tii),  «.     The  sacred  writings  at- 
tributed to  Zoroaster.     See  Zend-Avesta. 


Avestan 

Avestan  (a-ves'tan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Avesta  +  -an.] 
I.  a.  Belonging  to  the  Avesta. 

II.   n.   Tlif  language  of  tin-  Av«'st:i  ;  Zend. 

avestruz  (a-ves-trbV ).  n.  [Pg.,  also  n  in  sir  it:,  = 
Sp.  nrrstru:,  ostrich:  sop  ogfrtc/t.]  A  name 
of  tin-  South  American  ostrich,  Shea  nun  ricana. 

aviador  (av  i-a-dor'),  n.  [Amer.  Sp..  <  Sp. 
aviar,  to  provide  articles  for  ;i  journey,  pre- 
pare,  <  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  wa,  <  L.  wa,  way, 
roail:  see  via.]  One  who  furnishes  to  the  pro- 
prietor of  a  mine  money  anil  supplies  fur  work- 
ing it. 

Mineral  aviadon  s,  or  providers  of  goods  and  provisions, 
which  they  obtained  on  credit 

Quoted  in  Mowry's  Arizona  and  Sonora,  i>.  126. 

avian  (a'vi-an),  i/.  and  n.    [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  + 

-an.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Aves,  or  birds; 

ornithic. 
The  furculum  is  distinctly  avian. 

0.  C    Harsh,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  318. 

Avian  anatomy.    See  anatomy. 
II.  a.  A  member  of  the  class.4»es;  a  bird: 

as.  "this  ancient  avianS'  Coues. 
aviary  (a'vi-a-ri),  ».;  pi.  aviaries  (-riz).     [<  L. 

aviarium,  an  aviary,  neut.  of  nrinritts,  of  birds, 

<  <in'x.  bird  :  see  .livs.]    A  largo  cage,  building, 

or  inclosure  in  which  birds  are  reared  or  kept. 
avicula   (a-vik'u-la),   n.     [L.,  dim.   of  avis,  a 

bird.]     1.  A  little  bird;  hence,  any  ungrown 

bird;     a     nest- 
ling,   fledgling, 

or     ehiek. —  2. 

[cap.]       [XL.: 

in    allusion    to 

the      wing-like 

expansion       of 

the  hinge.]     In 


Wing-shtl!    Az'icula  hirundo). 


conch.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of 
the  family  Avieuiida;  the  wing-shells.  A.  hi- 
rundo is  tin-  type. 

avicular  (a-vik'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  avicularius,  n., 
a  bird-keeper,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  birds,  < 
avicula,  a  little  bird:  see  avicula.]  Pertaining 
to  birds.     Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avicularia,  n.    Plural  of  avicularium. 

avicularian  (a-vik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  avicularium. 

avicularium  (a-vik-u-la'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  avicu- 
laria (-ih.  [XL,.,  neut.  of  L.  avicularius,  adj. : 
see  avicular.']  In  gool.,  a  singular  small  pre- 
hensile process,  resembling  a  bird's  head,  with 
a  movable  mandible,  which  snaps  incessantly, 
found  in  many  of  the  Polyzoa.  Compare  fldbel- 
lariwm,  vibracularium. 

In  the  avicularia.  a  large  adductor  muscle  which  takes 
it-  origin  from  the  greater  part  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
head  i-  attached  by  a  Blender  tendon  to  the  mandible. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  393. 

aviculid  (a-vik'u-lid),  n.  A  bivalve  of  the  fam- 
ily A  r iml iilii'. 

Aviculidse  (av-i-ku'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aviru- 
ki  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  lamellibranchs,  with 
oblique  inequivalve  shells,  having  an  outer 
prismatic  cellular  layer  and  inner  nacreous 
layer,  a  small  byssus-secreting  foot,  and  com- 
pletely open  mantle.  There  are  several  genera  be- 
ll thi  type,  among  them  Meleagrxna,  which 
contains  the  famous  pearl-mussel,  .1/.  margaritifera    of 

tli*   In.  Han  .irran  ami  Persian  gulf  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex 

t  under  avicula. 

aviculoid  (a-vik'u-liiid).  a.  [<  Avicula  +  -<»>..] 
Resembling  the  Aviculidce:  as,  "an  aviculoid 
shell,"  A,„,r.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,XXXI.  140. 

Aviculopecten  (a-vik*u-16-pek'ten),  n.    [NL., 

<  Avicula  +  I'nli  a.]  A  genus  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks:  so  called  because  it  combines  char- 
acters of  tin'  ",'nri'a     I ririila and  I'n-lin.     Spe- 

iieeur   in   tin-   Silurian  and  Carboniferous 

rocks. 
aviculture  (a'vi-kul-tur),  n.     [<  L,  avis,  a  bird, 

+   cultura,   culture.]     The  care  of  birds;  the 

rearing  or  keepin  -  of  birds  in  domestication  or 

captivity. 
avid   (av'id),    a.      [_<    L.   ii  •  <ly,    eager, 

<  a/oere,  wish.      Cf.  avarice.]      Eager;  greedy. 
.!  aid  oi  i  "t  renown.  Southey. 
The  voluptu                                              I  more  avid  "f 

pleasure  than  the  vain,  ambitious ii  of  Robespierre  was 

oi  applause.  <i.  11.  I  ■  "     Robe  pierre,  p.  124. 

avidioust  (a-vid'i-us),  a.     [Expanded  form  for 

Idous,    '     It.    i"  '"'"  avid.  |      Same    as 

avid:   as.    "avidiou     greedinesse,"   Bp.    Bale, 

Select  Works  .  l-r.'i,  p.  IIS. 

avidiouslyt  ta-vid'i-us-li),  adv.    In  an  avid  or 

avidious  manner;  eageri]  ;  with  gr liness. 

Ni'iliinL'  i-   i -■■  oi  idiom  ly&<  lired   than   i    I  hi     weet 

peai "  of  God.  Bp.  '         I  of  thi  Two  I  hurches. 

avidity  (a-vid'j-ti),  ».     [<  P.  aviditi,  <  L.  avidi- 
)8,  Cavidui,  greedy,  eager:  see  avid."]     1. 


396 

Greediness;  strong  appetite:  applied  to  the 
senses. —  2.  Eagerness :  intenseness  of  desire  : 
applied  to  the  mind. 

Avidity  to  know  the  causes  of  things  is  the  parent  of 
all  philosophy.  Reid. 

^Syn.  2.  Earnestness,  Zeal,  etc.    See  eagerness. 
aviet  ta-vi'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  «3  +  vie, 
after  F.  d  I'envi,  in  emulation,  emulously:  see 
rii.]     Emulously. 

They  Btrive  avu  one  with  another  in  variety  of  colours. 

Holland. 

aviewt  (a-vu'),  v.  I.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
rnir.  advewe,  <  late  ME.  avenue,  <  a-,  ad-,  + 
ii  in-,  view.  Cf.  OP.  iirm r,  aveuer,  follow  with 
tho  eye  (aveument,  a  view),  <a,  to,  +  r«e,  view, 
sight.]  To  view  or  inspect;  survey;  recon- 
noiter. 

avifauna  (a'vi-fa-n8),  ».;  pi.  avifauna;  (-ne). 
[NL.,  <  L.  avis,  a  bird  (see  Aria),  +  /mum,  ip 
v.]  1.  A  collective  name  for  the  birds  of  any 
given  locality  or  geographical  area  ;  the  fauna 
of  a  region  or  district  so  far  as  concerns  birds. 
— 2.  A  treatise  upon  the  birds  of  a  given  re- 
gion. 

avifaunal  (a'vi-fa-nal),  «.  [<  avifauna.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  avifauna. 

aviform  (a'vi-form),  a.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  + 
forma,  form.]  Bird-shaped;  having  the  struc- 
ture characteristic  of  the  class  Aves;  avian,  in 
a  morphological  sense. 

Avignon  berry.    See  berry1. 

avilet  (a-vil'),  v.  i.  [ME.  avilen,  <  OF.  aviler, 
P.  avilir  =  Pr.  Sp.  avilar  =  It.  avvilire,  avvilarc, 

<  L.  as  if  "advilare,  *advilire,  <  ad,  to,  +  vilis, 
vile :  see  vile.]  To  make  vile ;  treat  as  vile  ; 
depreciate ;  debase. 

Want  makes  us  know  the  price  of  what  we  avile. 

B.  Jonson,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers. 

avilementt,  »•  [<  <  >F.  avilement  (mod.  F.  avilis- 
sement):  see  avile  and  -ment.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering vile,  or  of  treating  as  vile. 

avine  (a'vin),  a.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  +  -me1.] 
Same  as  arum. 

avireptilian  (a"vi-rep-til'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  avis, 
bird,  +  repUliS,  reptile,  +  -an.]  Combining 
avian  and  reptilian  characters ;  sauropsidan, 
as  a  bird.     [Bare.] 

The  head  is  in  a  stage  of  avi-reptilian  transition. 

R.  II'.  Slui.feldt,  in  The  Century,  XXXI.  355. 

avist,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  adrin-. 
avisandt,  a.     Advising;  giving  advice. 
avisandum,  «.     See  avizandum. 
aviset,  "•  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  advice, 

advise. 
avised  (a-visf),  a.     [Sc,  prop,  "vised,  <  P.  vis, 

face,  +  -ed2,  with  unorig.  a-  developed  in  comp.j 

Faced:  only  in  composition:  as,  X>\&ck-avised, 

dark-complexioned;     \ang-aviscd,    long-faced. 

[Scotch.] 
avisefult  (a-vTz'ful),  a.    [Also  avizefull;  <  avise, 

=  advise,  +  -ful.]    Circumspect.     Spenser, 
aviselyt,  adv.    Advisedly.    Chaucer. 
avisementt  (a-viz'ment),  n.     Obsolete  form  of 

advisement. 

I  think  there  never 
Marriage  was  managed  with  a  mure  avijtement. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii.  1. 

avisiont,  «.  [ME.,  also  avisiun,  -oun,(.  OF.  a/vi- 
sion, avisiun  ( =  Pr.  avision ),  for  vision  ;  confused 
with  avis,  advice,  counsel.]     Vision.     Chaucer. 

avisot,  «•     [<  Sp.  aviso,  advice,  etc.:  seeadvice.] 

1.  Advice  ;   intelligence. 

I  had  yours,  .  .  .  and  besides  your  avisos,  I  must  thank 

you  forthe  rich  nourishes  wherewith  your  letter  was  em 

broidered.  Howell,  hitters,  ii.  68. 

I  am  no  Footpost, 

N,,  pedlar  of  avisos.        Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  i.  1. 

2.  An  advice-  or  despatch-boat. 

avttal  (av'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  avitus,  pertaining  to 
a  grandfather  (<  avus,  a  grandfather),  + -aZ.] 

<  )f  or  pertaining  to  a  grandfather;  ancestral. 

I  sneered  just  now  at  avital  simplicity. 

C.  Reade,  Love  me  Little,  etc,  xi. 

avivage  (a-vi-vazh'),  n.  In  di/iiua,  the  process 
of  clearing  a  fabric  of  superfluous  coloring 
matter  after  it  has  lefl  the  rats,  and  of  reviv- 
ing and  brightening  tho  colors. 

When  the  dyeing  process  is  continued  for  more  than  si\ 
hours  the  colours  produced  stand  clearing  (avivage)  less 
well  than  when  the  time  has  been  shorter, 

Crookes,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  i».  SOI. 

avizandum  (av-i-zan'dum),  u.  [Law  L.,  also 
avisandum,  gerund  of  nrisuve,  <  F.  avisev,  con- 
sider, advise:  see  advise.]  In  Scots  law,  private 
I'oiisideral  ion.  To  make  avizandum  with  a  cause  is  to 
remove  it  from  the  public  court  to  the  private  considera- 
tion "t  the  ju.hj.-.     Also  spelled  avisandv/m. 

avize1!,  v.    Au  obsolete  form  of  adi  is< . 


Avocado,  ur  Alligator-piiax 
{Ptrse.t  uracissima). 


avoid 

Avize2  (a-vez'),  n.  A  sparkling  wine  named 
from  the  village  of  Avize,  in  the  department  of 
.Mann-,  Prance.     See  champagne. 

avocado tav-o-ka'do),  n.  [Corrupted  from  Mex- 
ican name.]'  The  alligator-pear,  the  fruit  of 
Pt  rsea  gratissima,  nat- 
ural order  Lauraceas,  a 
tree  common  in  trop- 
ical America  and  the 
West  Indies.  It  is  from 
1  to  2  pounds  in  weight,  is 
pear-shaped,  of  abrouni^h 
green  or  purple  color,  and 
is  highlj  esteemed,  though 
rather  asa  vegetable  than  as 
a  fruit.  The  pulp  is  Hrm  and 
marrow-like,  whence  the 
fruit  is  sometimes  known  as 
vegetable  marrow  or  mid- 
shipmen's biitt.-r.  The  oil 
is  said  to  be  equal  to  palm 
oil  for  soap.  The  tree  is  an 
evergreen,  growing  to  the 
height  of  30  feet  Alsoawo- 
cato,  in-iijato. 

avocat  (av-o-kii'),  ». 
[F.,  <  L.  advocatus: 
see  advocate,  ii.]     An  advocate;  a  lawyer. 

avocate  (av'o-kat),  v.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  avo- 
cated,  ppr.  avocating.  [<  \i.  avocatus,  pp.  of 
avocare,  call  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  +  vocare, 
call:  see  voice  and  vocal.]  If.  To  call  off  or 
away. 

One  .  .  .  who  avocateth  his  mind  from  other  occupa- 
tions. Barrow,  Works,  III.  xxii. 

2.  To  remove  authoritatively  from  an  inferior 
to  a  superior  court.     [Archaic] 
Seeing  .  .  .  the  cause  arncah-il  to  Lome. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  259. 

avocation  (av-o-ka'shon),  «.  [<  B.  avocatio(n-), 
a  calling  off,  interruption,  <  avocare,  call  off: 
see  avocate.]  If.  The  act  of  calling  aside  or 
diverting  from  some  object  or  employment. 

God  does  frequently  inject  into  the  soul  blessed  im- 
pulses to  duty,  and  powerful  avocations  from  sin.    South. 

2.  The  authoritative  removal  of  a  case  or  pro- 
cess from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 

The  pope's  avocation  of  the  process  to  Rome,  by  which 
his  duplicity  and  alienation  from  the  king's  side  were 
made  evident,  and  the  disgrace  of  Wolsey,  took  place  in 
the  summer  of  1529.  Hallam. 

3f.  The  state  of  being  called,  or  of  wandering 
aside  or  away;  a  diversion  of  the  thoughts. 
If  not  from  virtue,  from  its  gravest  ways, 
The  soul  with  pleasing  avocation  strays. 

Parnell,  To  an  Old  Beauty. 

Hence — 4.  That  which  calls  one  away  from 
one's  proper  business;  a  subordinate  or  occa- 
sional occupation;  a  diversion  or  distraction. 

Heaven  is  his  vocation,  and  therefore  he  counts  earthly 
employments  avocations.  Fuller,  Holy  State,  iv.  9. 

Visits,  business,  cards,  and  I  know  not  how  many  other 
avocations  .  .  .  tlo  succeed  one  another  so  thick,  that  in 
the  day  there  is  no  time  hit  for  the  distracted  person  to 
converse  with  his  own  thoughts. 

Boyle,  Occasional  Reflections,  ii.  6. 
5.  A  person's  regular  business  or  occupation; 
vocation;  calling.  [An  improper  though  com- 
mon use  of  the  word.] 

Does  it  not  require  time  for  an  individual,  thrust  out  of 
one  avocation,  to  gain  admittance  to  another? 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  liXi. 
The  ancient  avocation  of  flicking  poi  kets. 

Sydney  Smith. 
In  afew  hours,  above  thirty  thousand  men  left  his  stan- 
dard, and  returned  to  their  ordinary  avocaftons. 

Miietin/iiy.  Warren  Hastings. 
The  wandering  avocation  of  a  shepherd. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

avocativet  (a-vok'a-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [<  avocate  + 

-in-.    Cf.  vocative.]    I.  a.  Calling  off.    Smollett. 

II.  n.    That  which  calls  aside;  a  dissuasive. 

Incentives  to  virtue,  and  avocatives  from  vice. 

Bat  eon;  The  Creed, 
avocato  (av-o-kii'to),  «.  Same  as  avocado. 
avocatory  (a-vok'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  avocate  +  -or;/.] 
Calling  off;  recalling — Letters  avocatory,  letters 
by  which  the  subjects  of  a  sovereign  are  recalled  from  a 
foreign  stair  with  which  In-  is  at  war,  or  which  hid  them 
abstain  or  desist  from  illegal  acts. 

avocet,  «.    See  avosct. 

Avocetta  (av-6-set'8),  ».  [NL. :  see  avosct.] 
1.  A  genus  of  birds,  tho  avosots:  a  synonym 
of  Recurvirostra  (which  see).  Brisson,  1760. 
See  cut  under  avoset. —  2.  A  genus  of  hum- 
ming-birds.    Agassi:.     Also  Arncettula. 

AvOgadro'S  law.      See  lair. 

avoid  (a  void'),  v.  [<  ME.  aroiden,  avoyden,  < 
A  I',  avoider,  OF.  esvuidit  r,  esvt  udii  r,  empty  out, 
<  6»-(<  L. ex, out )  +  vuidier,  veudier,  <  L.  viduare, 
empty,  <  viduus,  empty:  see  void,  a.,  which  1ms 
influenced  avoid  in  some  of  its  senses.]  I. 
Irniis.  1.  To  make  void;  annul;  make  of  no 
effect:  chietly  used  in  legal  phraseology:  as, 


avoid 

this  grant  cannot  bo  avoided  without  injustice 
to  the  grantee. —  2f.  To  empty. 

Avoyd  tin  in  tlii  trenohere.  Babees  Book,  p.  23. 

3f.  To  eject ;  throw  out ;  drive  out. 

Anil  vf  he  avoyde  hem  [swine  going  :it  large]  not,  orput 
hem  m  warde,  aft' warning  made,  .  .  .  he  that  is  so  in  de- 
fault to  pave  the  peyne  reherced, 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  398. 

A  toad  contains  not  those  urinary  parts  .  .  .  to  avoid 
that  serous  excretion.  Sir  T.  Browni  ,  Vulg.  Err. 

4f.  To  quit;  evacuate;  depart  from. 

And  then  the  both  mains  to  chaunge  their  places,  then 
to  amid  the  halle.  English  CfUds(E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  418. 

Avoid  the  gallery.  Slink.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  1. 

That  prince  should  command  him  to  avoid  the  country. 

Bacon. 

5.  To  shun;  keep  away  from;  eschew:  as,  to 
avoid  expense,  danger,  or  bad  company. 

The  best  way  to  avoid  controversies  about  words  is  to 
use  words  in  their  proper  senses. 

Maean/ao,  Sadler's  l;<  f    Refuted. 

6t.  To  get  rid  of;  get  out  or  clear  of. 

I  will  no  longer  endure  it,  though  yet  I  know  no  wise 
remedy  how  to  avoid  it.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  5.  To  escape,  elililr   evade,  keep  clear  of. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or 
empty. 

Bishopricks  are  not  included  under  benefices :  so  that  if 
a  person  takes  a  bishoprick,  it  does  not  avoid  by  force  of 
that  law  of  pluralities,  but  by  the  ancient  common  law. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 
2.  To  retire ;  withdraw. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence.  1  Sam.  xviii.  11. 

Avoid,  my  soul's  vexation  !    Satan,  hence! 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iv.  4. 

Let  him  avoid,  then, 
And  leave  our  walk. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  i.  1. 

avoidable  (a-voi'da-bl),  a.     [<  avoid  +  -able.] 

1.  Liable  to  be  annulled  or  to  become  void; 
voidable.  [Rare.  ] — 2.  Capable  of  being  avoid- 
ed, shunned,  escaped,  or  prevented. 

avoidably  (a-voi'da-bli),  adv.  In  an  avoidable 
manner. 

avoidance  (a-voi'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  avoidaunce, 
avoidans;  <  avoid  +  -ance.]  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nulling or  making  void ;  annulment. 

The  obsequious  clergy  of  France  .  .  .  pronounced  at 
once  the  avoidance  of  the  marriage. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming,  or  the  state  of  being, 
vacant;  especially,  the  state  of  a  benefice  when 
it  becomes  void  by  death,  deprivation,  resigna- 
tion, or  preferment  of  the  incumbent ;  vacancy. 

Wolsey,  ...  on  every  avoidance  of  St.  Peter's  chair, 
was  sitting  down  thereon,  when  suddenly  some  one  or 
other  clapped  in  before  him.  Fuller. 

3.  The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning  anything 
disagreeable  or  unwelcome. — 4f.  A  retiring 
from  or  leaving  a  place. —  5f.  An  emptying 
out ;  that  by  which  a  fluid  is  carried  off ;  an 
outlet. 

Avoidances  and  drainings  of  water.  Bacon. 

Confession  and  avoidance.  See  confession.— Plea  in 
avoidance,  in  law,  a  plea  which,  without  denying  the 
plaintiff's  allegation,  sets  up  some  new  fact  evading  its 
effect,  as  where  the  plaintiff  alleges  a  debt  and  the  de- 
fendant pleads  a  release  in  avoidance. 
avoider  (a-voi'der),  n.  1.  One  who  avoids, 
shuns,  or  escapes. 

Good  sir,  steal  away  :  you  were  wont  to  be  a  curious 
avoider  of  women's  company. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1, 

2f.  That  which  empties. 

avoidless  (a-void'les),  a.  [<  avoid  +  -less.] 
That  cannot  be  avoided ;  inevitable :  as, "  avoid- 
less  ruin,"  Dennis,  Letters.     [Rare.] 

avoir.     An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

avoirdupois  (av'or-du-poiz'),  n.  [Prop,  aver- 
depois,  early  mod.  E.  averdepois,  averdupois, 
harerdupois,  -poise,  <  ME.  aver  de  poiz,  avoir  de 
pois,  aver  de  peis  (later  also  -paise,  -pase),  <  OF. 
aver  de  pes,  aveir  de  peis  (equiv.  to  ML.  cweria 
ponderis),  lit.  goods  of  weight:  aver,  goods  (see 
aver2) ;  de.  <  L.  de,  of ;  pes,  jieis,  later  pois  (mod. 
F.  poids,  by  mistaken  reference  to  L.  pondus, 
weight)  =  Pr.  pes,  pens  =  It.  peso,  <  L.  pen- 
sum,  weight,  <  pendere,  weigh:  see  poise,  pen- 
dant.] 1.  A  system  of  weight  in  which  one 
pound  contains  16  ounces.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Bayonne  about  A.  D.  1300,  and  is  substantial- 
ly the  Spanish  system.  In  avoirdupois  weight  7,000  troy 
grains  (formerly,  and  now  in  tin-  United  states,  approxi- 
mately, but  in  Great  Britain  exactly)  make  a  pound,  while 
in  troy  weight  the  pound  contains  5,7tiO  grains,  the  grain 
being  the  same  in  both  cases  ;  hence,  175  pounds  troy  are 
equal  to  144  pounds  avoirdupois.  The  pound  avoirdupois 
is  the  standard  weight  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  equal  to 
453.6  grams  in  the  French  metric  system.  Avoirdupois 
weight  is  used  m  determining  the  weights  of  all  commodi- 


397 

ties  except  gems  and  the  precious  metals.  It  is  reckoned 
as  follows  : 

Cwt.      Qrs.      Pounds.      Ounces.        Drams, 
1  tun  =   20   =  80  =   2240  =  35840  =  678440 

i  hundredweight  =    4  =    112  =  1792  =  28072 

1  quarter  =      28  =  448  =  7168 

1  pound  =  1G  =  268 

1  ounce  =  16 

In  tin-  United  States  the  hundredweight  is  now  commonly 
inn  pounds,  ami  the  ton  2,000  pounds,  called  the  short  ton 
in  distinction  from  the  long  ton  of  2,240  pounds. 

2.   The  weight  of   anything  a< riling  to  the 

avoirdupois  system  :  us,  his  avoirdupois  was  150 
pounds.     [Colloq.] 

Also  written  averdupois,  and  often  abbrevi- 
ated to  avoir,  and  avdp. 

avoket  (a-vok'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  avocarc,  call  away: 
see  arocate.  Vi.  convoke,  evoke,  invoke,  provoke, 
r<  ro/.r.]     To  call  away  or  back.    lip.  Burnet 

avolatet  (av'o-lat),  v.  i.  [<  L.  avolatus,  pp.  of 
avolare,  fly  away,  <  «  for  06,  away,  +  volare,  fly: 
see  volant.]     Toflyoff;  escape;  exhale.    Boyle. 

avolationt  (av-o-la'shon),  n.    [<  L.  as  if  *avola- 
tto(n-),  <  avolare:  see  avolate.]    The  act  of  fly- 
ingaway;  flight;  escape;  exhalation;  evapora- 
tion. 
The  avolation  of  the  favillous  particles. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  22. 

avoli  (ii-vo'le).  n.  [It.]  In  ijlass-lilnirinii,  ('spe- 
cially in  Venetian  work,  the  small  circular  piece 
which  covers  the  junction  of  the  bowl  and  the 
stem  in  a  drinking-glass. 

avoncet,  ''•  Variant  of  avance1,  obsolete  form 
of  advance. 

avoset,  avocet  (av'o-set),  n.  [Also  as  ML. 
avocetta,  avosetta;  <  P.  avocette  =  It.  avocctta  = 
Sp.  avoceta;  origin  uncertain.]  1.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Hi  curvirostra,  family  Recurvirostridce, 
and  order  Limieola;  characterized  by  extreme 


European  Avoset  [Recurvirostra  avocctta). 

slenderness  and  upward  curvature  of  the  bill, 
and  by  very  long  legs  and  webbed  toes.  In  the 
latter  characteristic  it  differs  from  most  wading  birds.  Its 
length  is  from  15  to  IS  inches  from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  and  its  coloration  is  chiefly  black  and 
white,  the  legs  being  blue.  Several  species  are  described. 
The  avoset  of  Europe  is  R.  avocetta;  that  of  the  United 
States  is  R.  aniencana,  distinguished  by  the  chestnut- 
brown  coloration  of  the  head.  The  former  is  sometimes 
called  the  scon/",-  .11   icoopino  avoset. 

2.  A  humming-bird  of  the  genus  Avocetta. 
avouch  (a-vouch'),  v.     [<  ME.  avouchen  (rare). 

<  AF.  advoucher,  OF.  avochier,  avocher,  a  part- 
ly restored  form,  after  the  L.,  of  aimer,  arouer, 
affirm,  declare,  avow,  orig.  call  upon  to  defend, 

<  L.  advocare:  see  advocate,  avow1,  and  vouch.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  affirm  or  acknowledge  openly; 
declare  or  assert  with  positiveness;  proclaim. 

Thou  hast  avouched  the  Lord  this  day  to  tie  thy  God  : 
.  .  ,  And  the  Lord  hath  avouched  thee  this  day  to  tie  his 
peculiar  people.  Deut.  x.wi.  17, 18. 

Neither  indeed  would  I  have  thought  that  any  such  an- 
tiquities could  have  been  avouched  fur  the  Irish. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

If  this  which  he  avouches  does  appear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  V.  .'.. 

I  speak  what  history  avouches,  that  the  mechanics,  as  a 
class,  were  prime  agents  in  all  the  measures  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Everett,  Illations,  1.303. 

2.  To  admit,  confess,  or  avow. 

The  first  time  that  I  have  heard  one  with  a  beard  on  his 
lip  avouch  himself  a  coward.  Scott,  Betrothed,  iii. 

Milton  in  his  prose  works  frequently  avouches  the  pecu- 
liar affection  to  the  Italian  literature  ami  language  which 
he  bore. 

Trench,  Eng.  Past  and  Present,  iii.  119.     (A\  E.  D.) 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify;  make 
good;  answer  for;  establish;  guarantee;  sub- 
stantiate. 


avowal 

What  1  have  saiil 
I  will  avouch,  In  presenci  of  the  king. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

We  might  be  'ii  posed  to  qui   tlon  11-  authenticity  if  it 
were  noi  avouch  d  bj  the  mil  evidi  m  e  in  it    favour. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  7. 

4t.  To  appeal  to,  or  cite  as  proof  or  warrant  : 
as.  to  avouch  lite  authorities  on  any  subject. 

II.  intrans.  To   give  assurance  or  guaranty  : 
vouch:  as,  "lean  avouch  for  her  reputation," 
Hi  fin ,  Mrs.  Veal. 
avoucht (a-vouch'), n.    [<.avoueh,v.]    Evidence; 
testimony;  assurance. 

Without  the  sensible  and  true  avouch 

Of  mine  own  eyes.  Shak.,  Hamlet   1 

avouchable  (a-vou'cha-bl),  a.  [<  avouch  + 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  avouched. 

avoucher  (a-vou'eher),  n.     One  who  avouches. 

avouchmerit  (a-vouch'inent);  n.     [<  avouch  + 
-nicnt.]     The   act  of  avouching;   declaration  ; 
avowal;  acknowledgment. 
By  laying  the  foundation  of  his  defence  mi  the  avouch 

in.  ,'il  of  that  which  i-  su  ml'  -tl\  untrue,  lie  hath  given 

a  worse  foil  to  his  own  cause  than  when  his  whole  forces 
were  at  any  time  overthrown.       Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

avoue  (a-vo-a,'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  avoue  (pp.  of 
avouer,  avocr),  <  L.  advocatus,  advocate,  patron: 
seeavowec,  atlvoin  < .  and  advocate.]  In  France, 
originally,  a  protector  of  a  church  or  religious 
community;  now,  a  ministerial  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  represent  parties  before  the  tribu- 
nals and  to  draw  up  acts  of  procedure. 

avouret,  n.     See  avowir2. 

avoutert,  avouterert,  etc.    See  advouter,  etc. 

avow1  (a-vou'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advow, 
after  the  L. ;  <  ME.  avowen,  avouen,  <  OF.  avouer, 
avocr  =  Pr.  aroar,  <  L.  advocare,  call  to,  call 
upon,  hence  to  call  as  a  witness,  defender, 
patron,  or  advocate,  own  as  such:  see  avouch 
(from  later  OF.)  and  advoke  and  advocate  (di- 
rectly from  L.),  doublets  of  avow1.  This  verb, 
in  E.  and  F.,  was  partly  confused  with  the  now 
obsolete  avow2 ;  cf.  the  similar  confusion  of  al- 
low1 and  allow2.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  own  or  ac- 
knowledge obligation  or  relation  to,  as  a  per- 
son: as,  he  avowed  him  for  his  son. —  2f.  To 
sanction;  approve. —  3.  To  declare  openly,  of- 
ten with  a  view  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend: 
as,  to  avow  one's  principles. 

If  there  be  one  amongst  the  fair'st  of  Greece  .  .  . 
That  loves  his  mistress  more  than  in  confession,  .  .  . 
And  dare  avow  her  beauty  and  her  worth 
In  other  arms  than  hers  — to  him  this  challenge. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  3. 

"Water,  verdure,  and   a  beautiful   face,"  says  an   old 

Arab  proverb,  "are  three  things  which  ilclieht  the  heart." 

and  the  Syrians  avow  that  all  three  are  to  be  found  in 

Damascus.  II  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  120. 

4.  Specifically,  in  law,  to  acknowledge  and 
justify,  as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  de- 
fends in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avows  the 
taking,  but  insists  that  such  taking  was  legal. 
See  avowry,  1. —  5.  To  admit  or  confess  open- 
ly or  frankly;  acknowledge;  own:  as,  to  avow 
one's  self  a  convert. 

Left  to  myself,  I  must  avow,  I  strove 

From  public  shame  to  screen  my  secret  love.  Dryden. 

=  Syn.  3.  T'i  attirin.  assert,    profess.-    5.    Admit,  Confess, 

etc.    See  acknowledge. 
II.  intrans.  In  law,  to  justify  or  maintain  an 

act  clone,  specifically  a  distress  for  rent  taken 

in  one's  own  right.     27.  E.  IK 
avowH  (a-vou'),  ii.     [_<.  ariiu1,  v.]     An  avowal; 

a  bold  declaration.     Dn/di  n. 
avow'2t  (a-vou'),  v.     [Early  mod.  E.,  also  advow 

(after  the  L.);  <   ME.  avowen,  avouen,  <  OF. 

avouer,  arm  r,  later  advouer,  <  ML.  as  if  *adro- 

tare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  votare,  vow,  >  Pr.  vodar 

=  OF.  voer,  vouer,  >  E.  row,  q.  v.    This  verb  was 

partly  confused  with  avow1,  q.  v.]    I.   trans.   1. 

To  bind  with  a  vow. — 2.  To  devote  or  dedicate 

by  a  vow;   vow. — 3.  To  vow  to  do  or  keep; 

promise ;  undertake. 

II.    intrans.   To  bind  one's   self  by  a  vow; 

make  a  vow;  vow. 
avow2t   (a-vou'),  n.     [ME.  avowe,  avou;  from 

the  verb.]     Avow;  a  promise. 

I  make  avowe  to  my  God  here. 

chancer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  93. 
I  will  make  mine  avow  to  do  her  as  ill  a  turn. 

Marriage  of  Sir  Gawayne. 
avowable  (a-vou'a-bl),  a.    [<  avow1  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being   avowed  or  openly  acknow- 
ledged with  confidence. 

avowably  (a-vou'a-hli),  adv.  In  an  avowable 
manner.     Imp.  Vict. 

avowal  (a-vou'al),  «.  f<  avow1  +  -ah]  An 
open  declaration  ;  ;i  frank  acknowledgment. 

His  .  .  .  avowal  of  such  .  .  .  principles. 

Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  1628. 


avowance 

avowance  (a-vou'ans),  «.  [<  avow1  +  -aneeJ] 
1.  The  act  of  avowing;  avowal. —  2f.  Justifi- 
cation; defense;   vindication. 

ran  my  woo  panes  ol  kinj  murdering  be  collected  from 
anything  tine  written  by  me?  Fuller. 

avowant  (a-vou'ant ),  «.  [<  avow1  +  -ant3-.']  In 
law,  the  defendant  in  replevin,  who  avows  the 
distress  of  the  goods,  ami  justifies  the  taking. 

avowed  (a-voud"),  />.  ".     Declared;  open. 
I  was  thine  open,  thine  avowed  enemy.  Wassingt  r. 

avowedly  (a-vou'ed-li),  adv.  In  an  avowed  or 
open  manner:  with  frank  acknowledgment. 

avoweet,  »•   [Also  advowee,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  avowe, 

<  OF.  atoue  (see  atom'),  earlier  ante,  <  L.  advo- 
catus:  see  advowee,  advocate.}  An  advocate 
or  patron:  in  law,  same  as  advowee. 

avower1  (a-vou'er),  re.    [<  avow1  +  -er1.]    One 

who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

avower'-'t,  »•      [Also  advower,  avowre :  <  OF. 

avower,  inf.  used  as  a  noun:  seeovow1.]  Avowal. 

It.-  bad  him  stand  t'  abide  the  bitter  stoure 

of  his  sore  vengeaunce,  or  t"  make  uvoure. 

Spt  user,  V.  I)..  VI.  iii.  48. 

avowry  (a-vou'ri),  re.  [<  ME.  avowerie,  avow- 
'  i  " .  acknowledgment,  authority, <  OF.  avouerie, 
avoerie,  <  avower,  avoer,  avow:  see  avow1  and 
-ry.]  1.  In  old  law,  the  act  of  the  distrainer  of 
goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avowed  and 
justified  the  taking  by  maintaining  that  he  took 
them  in  his  own  right :  thus  distinguished  from 
cognizance,  which  was  the  defense  of  one  who 
maintained  that  he  took  them  in  the  right  of 
another  as  his  bailiff  or  servant. —  2f.  A  patron 
saint  chosen  for  one's  advocacy  in  heaven: 
often  applied  to  a  picture  or  representation  of 
the  patron  saint,  and  hence  the  cognizance  by 
which  a  knight  was  known,  because  the  repre- 
sentation of  his  patron  saint  borne  on  his  pen- 
non became  such  a  cognizance. 

Therefore  away  with  these  avowries;  let  God  alone  be 
our  avowry. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  19a. 
Within  this  circle  and  close  to  the  corpse  were  carried 
the  four  banners  —  two  before,  two  behind  —  of  the  dead 
person's  avowries,  which  were  small  square  vanes  beaten 
out  of  gilt  metal ,  painted  with  the  figures  of  his  patron  saints 
and  fastened  flag-wise  upon  staves. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  488. 

avowtryt,  etc.     Sec  adroutrij,  etc. 
avoyt,  inter}.     [<  OF.   avoi,  avoy,  interj.]    An 
exclamation  of  surprise  or  remonstrance. 

Avoy,  quod  site,  fv  on  yow  herteless. 

Chaucer,  .Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  88. 

avoyer  (a-voi'er),  n.  [Also  advoyer ;  <  F.  avoyer, 
prob.  <  TAL.*advocarius,  equiv.  toadvocatus,  pro- 
tector, patron;  cf.  ML.  advocaria,  tribute  paid 
for  protection,  the  protection  itself:  see  advo- 
catt .]  In  French  Switzerland,  the  early  title  of 
the  chief  magistrates  of  the  cantons.  In  Bern 
the  title  was  used  until  1794. 

avnlset  (a-vuls'),  v.  t.  [<  h.  avtdsus, 'pp.  otavel- 
li  ii  .  pluck  off:  see  a/sell.  ]  To  pluck  or  pull  off. 
Shenstone. 

avulsion  (a-vul'shon),  ».  [<  L.  arnlsio(n-),  < 
avulsus,  pp.  of  avellere,  pluck  off:  see  ore//.] 
If.  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or  off ;  a  rend- 
ing or  violent  separation. 

The  thronging  clusters  thin 

By  kind  avulsion.      J.  Philips,  Cyder,  i.  24. 

On  condition  of  everlasting  avulsion  fi Great  Britain. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  151. 
2f.  A  fragment  torn  off. —  3.  In  law,  the  sud- 
den removal  of  soil  from  the  land  of  one  man 
and  itsdeposil  upon  the  land  of  another  by  the 

action    of   Water. 

avuncular  (a-vung'ku-liir),  a.  [<  L.  avunculus, 
uncle,  dim.  of  mns.  grandfather:  see  uncle.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  uncle. 

In  tic   era:  the  law  of  pedigree,  whether  di- 

rect o!  giveaway,  Is.  Taylor. 

Clive  had  passed  the  mmwniuv  banking-house  in  the 

city,  witl t  caring  to  face  hia  relations  then 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II.  ii. 
aw't,  ".  and  v.    See  awt ] . 
aw-,  interj.    [Cf.  augh,  aft,  oft.]    An  exclama- 
tion of    surprise,   disgust,   or   remonstranci 
[Colloq.] 

aW.      [(1)  <  ME.  a iv.  mi.  mi.  ii ;■■  (awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 

nil  iiii/ii.  miii.  etc.)  thai  is,  a  followed  by  the 
guttural  .'/;  (2)  <  ME.  aw,  au  (awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 
aw  (aivn.  etc. )  '  or  asw,  <  dw  I,  t  rial  is,  a  (or  ce,ed) 

followed  by  the  labial  ir  :   ('.',)  <  ME.  an  .  an.  m, 

<  AS.  (etc.)  a/ (at;);   (4)  of  other  origin.]    A 

i moo  English  digraph  (pron.  a),  formerly  in 

terchangeable  in  mosl  instances  with  ait  (which 

see),  but  now  the  regular  form  when  final,  and 

when    medial    before   /.',    /,   and    a.       Bi  I ally  it 

t .  ] .i .  .  iii  m  older  went-  1 1 ,  ,i  on  with  an  absorbed  gut- 
tural, as  in  /muil,  law\ ,  uiavA,  sai0l,  saw'-,  awn,  noun, 


398 

etc.;  (2),  (3).  a  (a)  with  an  absorbed  labial  («•  or  v),  as 
in  awl.claw,  raw,  awki,  kawkl,  crawl, etc.;  (4)a,  av,oro 
in  other  positions  and  of  various  origin,  as  in  iiuieii,  yawl, 

itnvn.:  bawl,  etc    In  iater  words  often  a  mere 

01    Sp<  llm" 

awa  (a-wa' ),  adv.    A  Scotch  form  of  away. 

awabi  (a-wa'be),  ».  [dap.]  The  Japanese 
abalone.  or  sea-ear,  Ilulmtis  gigantea,  a  shell- 
fish found  in  great  quantity  on  the  southern 
shores  of  Japan  and  much  used  as  food.  The 
shell  is  extensively  used  for  inlaying  in  lacquer-work,  and 
in  ether  ornamentation.    See  abalone 

await1  (a-wat'),  v.  [<  ME.  awaiten,  awayten,  < 
OF.  awaiticr,  awaiter,  later  agnaitier,  (igniter, 
watch  for,  lie  in  wait,  <  a,  to,  +  waitier,  later 
guaiUer,  gaitier,  gaiter  (mod.  F.  guctter),  watch, 
wait :  see  a-11,  wait,  and  watch.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  watch  for ;  lie  in  wait  for. 

Your  ill-meaning  politician  lords, 
Under  pretence  of  bridal  friends  and  guests, 
Appointed  to  await  me  thirty  spies. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1196. 

2.  To  wait  for ;  look  for  or  expect. 

Betwixt  these  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat, 
Chief  of  the  angelic  guards,  awaiting  night. 

Milton,  P.  I...  iv.  550. 

All  through  life  I  have  awaited  the  fulfilment  of  a 

prophecy.  Hawthorne. 

3.  To  be  in  store  for;  attend;  be  ready  for: 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

Let  all  good  things  await 
Him  who  cares  not  to  be  great. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  viii. 

II. t  itttrans.  To  watch;  give  heed. 
Awaitynge  on  the  reyn  if  he  it  heere. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  456. 
Ther  is  fill  many  an  eye  and  many  an  ere 
Awaityng  on  a  lord,  and  he  noot  where. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  352. 

awaitH  (a-wat'),  re.  [<  ME.  await,  awayt,  <  OF. 
await,  later  aguait,  agait,  etc.,  mod.  F.  aguets, 
watch,  ambush ;  from  the  verb.]  A  state  of  wait- 
ing; watch;  ambush. 

The  lyoun  sit  in  his  await  alway 
To  slen  the  innocent,  if  that  he  may. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  359. 
Themselves  they  set 
There  in  await  with  thicke  woods  overgrowne. 

Spenser.  V.  Q.,  III.  v.  17. 

To  have  in  awaitt,  to  keep  a  watch  on. 

Fortune  was  first  trend  and  sithen  foo, 
No  man  ne  truste  vp-on  hir  fauour  longe, 
Hut  tiaue  hir  in  awayt  for  euer-moo. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Talc,  1.  732. 

await2t  (a-wat'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  a3  + 

wait,  u.]     In  wait.     Tyndale. 
awaiter  (a-wa'ter),  re.     [<  ME.  awaytcr,  awai- 

tour  (cf.  OF.  aguaitcor,  agiietteiir):    see  await 

and -eel.]     1.  One  who  awaits. —  2f.  One  who 

lies  in  wait. 

Yef  he  be  a  prive  nwaitour  yhid,  and  reioyseth  hym  to 
rauysshe  by  wyles,  thou  Shalt  seyne  him  lyke  to  the  fox 
whelpes.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

awake  (a-wak'),  v.;  pret.  awoke,  awaked,  pp. 
awoke,  awaked,  ppr.  awaking.  [In  this  verb  are 
merged  two  orig.  different  but  closely  related 
forms:  (1)  ME.  aMviiv/H  (strong verb;  pret. awoke, 
awak,  pp.  awaken,  awake),  <  AS.  "dwacan,  only 
in  pret.  tiiri'tc,  pp.  dtraeeu,  the  pres.  being  sup- 
plied by  aivaeiiaii  with  formative  -n  (whence 
prop.  mod.  E.  awaken,  q.  v.),  earlier  *onwainii 
(pret.  onwoc,  pres.  onwaicnan,  etc.),  <  a-,  orig. 
on-,  +  "in/can,  Iranian,  wake;  (2)  ME.  awaken, 
an  alien  (weak  verb;  pret.  awaked,  pp.  awaked), 
<  AS.  dwacian  (pret.  dwacode,  pp.  dwaead)  (  = 
OHO.  arwachen,  MHG.  G.  erwaehen),  <  a-  + 
ivmiiiii,  wake,  watch.  The  above  were  prop, 
intrans. ,  the  trans,  form  being  ME.  awccchcn,  < 
AS.  dwecean  (=  OS.  tun  l.l.in ii  =  (lllti.  arwec- 
chan,  irirecelien,  MHG.  G.  erweeken),  <  d-  + 
wet-ran,  trans.,  wake,  arouse.  The  forms  vary 
as  those  of  the  simple  verb:  see  «-'-',  a-1,  and 
wake.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  cease  to  sleep ;  come 
out  of  a  state  of  natural  sleep. 
Jacob  awaked  out  of  his  sleep.  Gen.  xxviii.  16. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from  sleep. 

Now  with  bis  wakening  senses,  hunger  too 
Must  Deeds  awake. 

William  Worms,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  178. 

3.  To  bestir  or  rouse  one's  self  from  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  emerge  from  a  state  of  inac- 
tion; be  invigorated  with  new  life;  become 
alive:  as,  to  awake  from  sloth;  to  awake  to  the 
consciousness  of  a  great  loss. 

Awake,  0  Bword,  against  my  shepherd.         Zech.xiii.  7. 

A  wake  to  i  ighti  ou  ne  l  Cor,  xv.  34. 

Ami  at  bis  word  the  choral  hvnins  aivate 

Scott,  Hon  Roderick,  st.  32. 

4.  To  be  or  remain  awake ;  watch.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 


awald 

Such  as  you 
Nourish  the  cause  of  his  mink-inn. 

Sim!;.,  W.  T.,  ii.  a 

The  purple  flowers  droop  :  the  golden  bee 
Is  lily-cradled  :  I  alone  awake. 

Tennyson,  (Enone. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  arouse  from  sleep. 
I  go  that  I  may  awake  him  out  of  sleep.  John  xi.  11. 
2.  To  arouse  from  a  state  resembling  sleep, 
as  from  death,  stupor,  or  inaction ;  put  into 
action  or  new  life:  as,  to  awake  the  dead;  to 
awake  the  dormant  faculties. 

\lv  master  is  awak'd  i>\  great iasion 

To  call  upon  his  ow  n.  Slink.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  2. 

Thou  dost  awake  something  that  troubles  me, 
And  says,  I  lov'd  thee  one. 

Beau,  ami  Ft..  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  wake,  excite,  stir  up,  call  forth,  stimulate, 
spur  (up). 
awake  (a-wak'),  a.  [Formerly  also  awaken,  < 
ME.  awake,  awaken,  <  AS.  dwacen,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  Roused  from  sleep;  not  sleeping; 
in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. 

It  is  my  love  that  keeps  mine  eye  awake. 

Slink..  Sonnets,  Ixi. 

awakement  (a-wak'ment),  ».  [<  awake,  v.,  + 
-incut.]  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state  of 
being  awake  ;  revival,  especially  revival  of  re- 
ligion.    [Rare.]     Imp.  Diet. 

awaken  (a-wii'kn),  v.  [<  ME.  awdkenen,  awak- 
nen,  <  AS\  dwwenan,  pres.  used  with  strong 
pret.  dwoc  (see  awake,  v.),  also  dwmenian  (pret. 
dwmenede,  pp.  dwacned),  awake ;  orig.  intrans., 
but  in  mod.  use  more  commonly  trans.:  see 
awake,  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  become  awake; 
cease  to  sleep ;  be  roused  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep:  as,  to  awaken  early. 

A  music  of  preparation,  of  awakening  suspense  —  a  mu- 
sic like  the  opening  of  the  coronation  anthem. 

De  Quincey. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from 
sleep:  as,  hope  awakened  in  his  breast. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  cause  to  revive  from  a  state 
of  inaction. 

Satan  .  .  .  his  next  subordinate 
Awakening,  thus  to  him  in  secret  spake. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  672. 

I  offer'd  to  awaken  his  regard 
For  his  private  friends.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

2.  To  call  into  being  or  action. 

Such  a  reverse  in  a  man's  life  awakens  a  better  principle 
than  curiosity.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  77. 

[Awaken  is  chiefly  used  in  figurative  or  transferred  ap- 
plications, awake  being  preferred  in  the  sense  of  arousing 
from  actual  sleep.) 

awakenable  (a-wa'kn-a-bl),  a.  [<  awaken  + 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  awakened.     Carlyle. 

awakener  (a-wak'ner),  ».  One  who  or  that 
which  awakens  or  arouses  from  sleep  or  inac- 
tion. 

Though  not  the  safest  of  guides  in  politics  or  practical 
philosophy,  his  [Carlyle  s]  value  as  an  inspirer  ami  awa- 
kener cannot  be  overestimated. 

l..ni;ll.  Study  Windows,  p.  149. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  re.      1.   The  act  of 

awaking  from  sleep. 

Some  minute  ere  the  time 
Of  her  awakening. 

Shak.  (some  editions),  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  An  arousing  from  what  is  like  sleep  ;  a  re- 
vival of  interest  in,  or  attention  to,  what  has 
been  neglected. 

It  was  a  sign  of  a  great  awakening  of  the  human  mind 
when  theologians  thought  it  both  their  duty  and  their 
privilege  to  philosophize.     Slitle.  stud.  Mel.  IJist.,  p.  384. 

Especially — 3.  A  revival  of  religion,  either  in 
an  individual  or  in  a  community:  a  use  of 
the  word  derived  from  the  Scripture  symbol 
of  sin  as  death  or  sleep,  and  conversion  as 
resurrection  or  awakening.  The  great  awaken- 
ing, the  great  revival  of  religion  in  New  I'.ngland  brought 
about  through  the  preaching  ol  WhiniuM  in  1740. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  p.  a.  Rousing; 
alarming:  as.  an  awakening  sermon. 

awakeningly  (a-wak'ning-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  awaken. 

awakenment  (a-wa'kn-ment),  n.  [<  awaken 
+  -tncnt.]  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state 
of  being  awakened;  specifically,  a  religious  re- 
vival.    [Hare.] 

awald,  await  (a'wald,  ii'walO,  a.  and  n.    [Sc, 

also  written  auelli'ii,  airavl  laud  by  simulation 
awkward);  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  AS.  intiltan, 
waitan,  roll,  "awaltan,  pret.  dinette,  roll:  see 
waiter,  walty,  wilier.]  I.  a.  Eying  helplessly 
on  the  back :  said  of  a  sheep  when  unable, 
through  sickness  or  fatness,  to  get  up. 
II.  re.  A  sheep  so  lying. 


awane  (a-wan'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  as  + 

warn.]    On  the  wane ;  waning, 
awanting  (a-wan'ting),  a.     [Prop,  a    phrase, 

a  wanting;  of.  amissing.]    Wanting;  deficient ; 

absent;  missing:  not  nsed  attributively. 

In  either  case  criticism  was  required,  and  criticism  was 
awanting.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

awapet,  v.  t.    See  awhape. 
award1  (a-ward'),  v.  1.     [<  ME.  awarden,  <  AF. 
awarder,  OF.  esirurdei;  tsirnrdrir,  later  esgard- 
er,  esguarder,  esgardeir  =  Sp.  esguardar  (obs.) 
=  It.  sguaraare,  look  at,  consider,  decide,  ad- 
judge, <  ML.  'exwardare,  <  L.  ex,  out,  +  ML. 
wardare,  guardare,  observe,  regard,  guard:  see 
ward,  guard,  and  regard.]     1.    To  adjudge  to 
be  due  ;  assign  or  bestow  as  of  right ;  give  by 
judicial  determination  or  deliberate  judgment, 
especially  upou  arbitration  or  umpirage :  as, 
to  award  the  prizes  at  a  school  examination; 
the  arbitrators  awarded  him  heavy  damages. 
A  pound  of  that  same  merchant's  flesh  is  thine  : 
The  court  awards  it,  and  the  law  doth  give  it. 

Shale,  M.  of  V..  iv.  1. 

To  the  woman  who  could  conquer,   a  triumph  was 

awarded.  Mary.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  47. 

2f.  To  sentence ;  adjudge  or  determine  the 
doom  of. 

lest  .  .  .  the  supreme  King  of  kings  .  .  .  award 
Either  of  you  to  be  the  other's  end. 

Shak.,  Kick  III.,  ii.  1. 
The  extremity  of  law 
Awards  you  to  be  branded  in  the  front. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

3.  In  a  general  sense,  to  permit  the  possession 
of ;  allow ;  allot ;  yield. 

The  child  had  many  more  luxuries  and  indulgences 
than  had  been  awarded  to  his  father.  Thackeray. 

award1  (a-ward'),  ».  [<  ME.fl«'«)-(f,<  AF.  award, 
OF.  eswart,  esguart;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  deci- 
sion after  examination  and  deliberation ;  a  ju- 
dicial sentence ;  especially,  the  decision  of  ar- 
bitrators on  points  submitted  to  them,  or  the 
document  containing  such  a  decision. 

We  cannot  expect  an  equitable  award  where  the  judge 
is  made  a  party.  Glanville. 

2.  That  which  is  awarded  or  assigned  by  such 
a  decision,  as  a  medal  for  merit,  or  a  sum  of 
money  as  damages,  etc — Geneva  award.  See  Ala- 
bama claims,  under  claim. 

award'-'t,  «'•  t-  [<  a-11  +  ward.]  1.  To  guard. 
—  2.  To  ward  off.    Evelyn. 

awarder  (a-war'der),  n.  One  who  awards  or  as- 
signs as  of  right;  a  judge,  arbitrator,  or  umpire. 

aware  (a-war'),  a.  [<  ME.  aware,  iwar,  iware, 
ywar,  <  AS.  geieter  (=  OHG.  giirar,  MHG.  gewar, 
G.  gewahr),  <  ye-  +  wcer,  wary,  cautious:  see 
n-6,  ge-,  and  ware1.']  If.  Watchful;  vigilant; 
on  one's  guard. 

I  have  laid  a  snare  for  thee,  and  thou  art  also  taken,  O 
Babylon,  and  thou  wast  not  aware.  Jer.  1.  24. 

Are  you  all  aware  of  .  .  .  tale-bearing  and  evil-speak- 
ing? Wesley,  Works  (1S72),  XIII.  19.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Apprised;  cognizant;  in  possession  of  in- 
formation: as,  he  was  aware  of  the  enemy's 
designs. 

I  was  so  distinctly  made  aware  of  the  presence  of  some- 
thing kindred  to  me  .  .  .  that  I  thought  no  place  could 
ever  be  strange  to  me  again.         Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

Specifically — 3.  Informed  by  sight  or  other 
sense. 

Then  Enid  was  aware  of  three  tall  knights 
On  horseback,  wholly  arni'd,  behind  a  rock, 
In  shadow,  waiting.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=  Syn.  2.  Aware,  Conscious  (see  conscious),  mindful,  ac- 
quainted (with),  sensible,  observant. 
awareness  (a-war'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
aware. 

Recognition  of  reality  in  our  view  is  not  awareness. 

Mind,  X.  525. 
This  consciousness  I  speak  of  is  not  a  direct  perception 
of  the  Absolute,  but  a  general  awareness  that  it  exists. 

New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  178. 

awamt  (<i-warn'),  r.  t.    [<  a-  +  warn.]   To  warn. 
Every  bird  and  beast  awarned  made 
To  shrowd  themselves.        Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  46. 

awash  (a-wosh'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  a3 
+  wash.]  Naut.:  (a)  Just  level  with  or  emerg- 
ing from  the  surface  of  the  water,  so  that  the 
waves  break  over  it,  as  wreckage,  or  an  anchor 
when  hove  up  to  the  surface,  or  rock,  spit,  or 
bank  just  appearing  above  the  water. 

The  wrecks  are  floating  almost  awash,  presenting  little 
surface  for  the  wind  to  blow  upon.  Science,  III.  363. 

(6)   Covered  with  water;   kept  wet:   as,  the 

decks  were   constantly   aieash.     (c)   Washing 

about;  tossed  about  by  the  waves. 
awaste  (a-wasf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  as  + 

waste.]     Wasting;  going  to  waste  or  decay. 
Awata  ware,  pottery.    See  ware. 


399 

awater  (a-wa'ter),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.    [<  «3  + 

water.]     On  the  water. 
awave  (a-wav'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<.  «3  + 

ware.]  On  the  wave;  waving. 
away  (a-wa'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  ME.  away, 
awey,  awei,  oway,  o  wey,  on  way,  etc.,  <  AS. 
aweg,  earlier  an  weg,  lit.  on  way:  see  a3  and 
way.]  1.  On  the  way;  onward;  on;  along: 
as,  come  away. 

Mistress,  you  must  come  away  to  your  father. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

2.  From  this  or  that  place ;  off :  as,  to  go,  run, 
flee,  or  sail  away. 

He  rose  and  ran  away.  Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  iv.  14. 

And  we  kiss'd  the  fringe  of  his  beard  and  we  pray'd  as  we 

heard  him  pray, 
And  the  Holy  man  he  assoil'd  us,  and  sadly  we  sail'd  away. 
Tennyson,  Voyage  of  Maeldune. 

3.  From  one's  own  or  accustomed  place ;  ab- 
sent :  as,  he  is  away  from  home  ;  I  found  him 
away  on  a  vacation. 

Thyself  away  art  present  still  with  me  ; 

For  thou  not  farther  than  my  thoughts  canst  move. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xlvii. 

4.  From  contact  or  adherence ;  off :  as,  to 
clear  away  obstructions;  cut  away  the  broken 
spars. 

Before  the  golden  tresses  of  the  dead 

.  .  .  were  shorn  away.      Shak. ,  Sonnets,  lxviii. 

5.  Removed;  apart;  remote:  as,  eiway  from 
the  subject. 

Quite  away  from  aught  vulgar  and  extern. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  122. 

6.  From  one's  possession  or  keeping:  as,  to 
give  away  one's  books  or  money ;  throw  away 
a  worn-out  or  discarded  thing. 

O  there,  perchance,  when  all  our  wars  are  done, 
The  brand  Excalibur  will  be  cast  away. 

Ti  iinysim,  Holy  (J rail. 

7.  From  one's  immediate  presence,  attention, 
or  use;  aside  :  as,  put  or  lay  away  your  work; 
put  away  your  fears;  the  things  were  laid  away 
for  the  summer. 

Put  away 
These  dispositions,  which  of  late  transport  you 
From  what  you  rightly  are.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

8.  From  this  or  that  direction ;  in  another  or 
the  other  direction :  as,  turn  your  eyes  away  ; 
he  turned  away. 

Often,  where  clear-stemm'd  platans  guard 

The  outlet,  did  I  turn  away 

The  boat-head  down  a  broad  canaL 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

9.  At  or  to  such  a  distance ;  distant ;  off :  as, 
tho  village  is  six  miles  away. 

Mirthful  sayings,  children  of  the  place, 
That  have  no  meaning  half  a  league  away. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
An  hour  away,  I  pulled  up,  and 'Stood  for  some  time  at 
the  edge  of  a  meadow. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  136. 

10.  From  one  state  or  condition  to  another; 
out  of  existence ;  to  an  end ;  to  nothing :  as, 
to  pass,  wear,  waste,  fade,  pine,  or  die  away ; 
continual  dropping  wears  away  stone ;  the  im- 
age soon  faded  away ;  the  wind  died  away  at 
sunset ;  she  pined  away  with  consumption. 

The  new  philosophy  represented  by  Locke,  in  its  confi- 
dence and  pride  taking  a  parting  look  at  the  old  philoso- 
phy, represented  by  the  scholastic  discussions,  passing 
away  in  the  midst  of  weakness  and  ridicule. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory  of  Knowledge,  p.  16. 

Without  adducing  one  fact,  without  taking  the  trouble 
to  perplex  the  question  by  one  sophism,  he  [Mr.  Mill| 
placidly  dogmatises  away  the  interest  of  one  half  "i  the 
human  race.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

11.  Gone;  vanished;  departed:  as,  here's  a 
health  to  them  that's  away.  [Chiefly  prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  — 12.  On;  continuously;  stead- 
ily; without  interruption :  as,  he  worked  away  : 
he  kept  pegging  away  ;  and  hence  often  as  an 
intensive:  as,  to  fire  away,  eat  away,  laugh 
away,  snore  away. 

As  if  all  the  chimneys  in  Great  Britain  bad.  by  one 
consent,  caught  Are  and  were  blazing  away  to  their  dear 
hearts'  content.  Dickens. 

13.  Often  used  elliptic-ally,  with  a  verb  (as  170, 
get)  suppressed,  and  simulating  an  imperative  : 
as,  (go)  away!  (get)  away!  we  must  atvay ; 
whither  away  so  fast? 

Away,  old  man  !  give  me  thy  hand,  away  I 

Shak.,  'Lear,  v.  2. 
Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away.  Waller. 

Away,  away,  there  is  no  danger  in  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster.  v.  4. 
Away  back,  far  back  ;  long  ago  :  as,  away  back  in  the 
years  before  the  war  ;  await  buck  in  1S44.  [Colloq.  often 
way  back. ] -  Away  with,  (a)  Used  as  an  imperative 
phrase,  commanding  the  removal  of  an  object. 
Away  with  this  man,  and  release  unto  us  Barabbas. 

Luke  xxiii.  Is. 


aweel 

Away  with  you!  .  .  Ml  pot  everybody  under  an  ar- 
rest thai  Btays  to  listen  to  lea.  Sheridan,  1  le  Camp,  i.  1. 
(6)  \o  elliptical  expression  for  "get  away  with,"  thai  is, 
get  on  with;  accommodate 11  to;  endure,     1  v  1 

chaie.J 

Some  agayne  afftrme  that  he  retorned  into  his mtrey, 

but  partly  for  that  he  coulde  nol  away  with  the  fashi 
bis  countrey  folk,  and  partly  for  that  his  minde  and 
ti'ni  was  altogi  thi  r  sei  and  fixed  upon  1  topia,  ii: 
that  he  bathe  taken  bis  voyage  thetnerwarde  agayne, 

Sir  T.  More,  1  topia  I  Irbei  I,  p   166. 

Shal.  She  m  vi  1  could  away  with  me. 

Fal.  Never,  never ;  she  would  alwaj  I         iM  not 

abide  Master  Shallow.  Shak.,  J  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

I  could  never  away  with  that  stitt  necked  generation. 
J>.  Jon  -"a ,  Pai  i  nolomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
Far  away,  far  and  away.    («)  At  a  great  distance. 
(b)  By  far.     [Colloq.] 

Of  all  the  men  whom  she  had  ever  seen,  he  wa    far 

the  nicest  and  best.  Trollope. 

Right  away,  straightway  ;  at  once  ;  immediately  ;  forth- 
with.—Say  away,  say  on;  proceed  with  your  remarks. 
[U.  s.  and  prov.  Eng.]  — To  bear  away,  explain  away, 
fire  away,  make  away,  etc.  See  the  verbs.-  -  To  make 
away  with.  See  make. 
away-going  (a-wa'go"ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Go- 
ing away;  departing;  leaving:  as,  an  away- 
going  tenant — Away-going  crops,  crops  sown  during 
the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but  not  ripe  until  after  the  ex- 
piration of  it. 

II.  n.  A  going  away;  departure. 
awaywardt  (a-wa'ward),  adv.  [ME.,  also  awei- 
ward,  etc. ;  <  away  +  -ward.]  Turned  aside. 
(inirer. 
awbert,  »■  [<  F.  aiibour,  OF.  aubour,  also  au- 
bourt  (Cotgrave),  laburnum,  appar.  <  L.  albur- 
num: see  alburnum  and  laburnum.]  The  la- 
burnum-tree, Cytisus  Laburnum.  Increase  Ma- 
ther, Kemark.  Provid.,  p.  232.  (X  K.  Ii.) 
awe1  (a),  n.  [Also,  more  prop.,  aw  (like  law, 
lime,  etc.),  <  ME.  aw,  awe,  agh,  aghe,  age,  <  Icel. 
agi  =  Dan.  ave  =  AS.  as  if  *aga,  the  same  with 
diff.  formative  as  AS.  erje,  ME.  ege,  eghe,  eye, 
aye,  ay,  =  OHG.  agi,  egi,  MHG.  egc  =  Goth,  agis, 
fear,  <  "agan,  fear  (in  ppr.  *agands,  with  nega- 
tive unagands,  unfearing) ;  perhaps  akin  to  Gr. 
axon,  anguish.  Cf.  ask2.]  1.  Dread;  fear,  as  of 
something  evil. 

I  had  as  lief  not  be  as  live  to  be 
In  awe  of  such  a  thing  as  I  myself. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

In  every  form  of  government,  the  rulers  stand  in  some 
awe  of  the  people.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

2.  Fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  reverence; 
reverential  fear;  feeling  inspired  by  something 
sublime,  not  necessarily  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  fear  or  dread. 

Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  Ps.  iv.  4. 

The  [Egyptian]  deities  representing  the  great  forces  of 
nature,  and  shrouded  by  mysterious  symbols,  excited  a 
degree  of  awe  which  no  other  ancient  religh  m  approached. 
Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  f.  345. 
To  feel  once  more,  in  placid  awe. 
The  strong  imagination  roll 
A  sphere  of  stars  about  my  soul, 
In  all  her  motion  one  with  law. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  exxii. 

3.  Overawing  influence. 

By  my  sceptre's  a  we  I  make  a  vow. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  1. 
-Syn.  Ilcccr.ncc.  I'cii'catinii.  etc.  See  rccerence,  n. 
awe1  (a),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  awed,  ppr.  awing. 
[<  awe1,  n.]  1.  To  inspire  with  fear  or  dread; 
terrify  ;  control  or  restrain  by  the  influence  of 
fear. 

Nor  think  thou  with  wind 
Of  aery  threats  to  awe  whom  yet  with  deeds 
Thou  canst  not.  Milton,  P.  P.,  vi.  283. 

Never  be  it  said 
That  fate  itself  could  awe  the  soul  of  Richard. 

Cibber,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
2.  To  strike  with  awe,  reverence,  or  respect ; 
influence  by  exciting  profound  respect  or  rev- 
erential fear. 
awe2(a),t'.f.  [Sc.,=E.oa;e.]  Toowe.  [Scotch.] 
awe3  (a),  n.  [Sc.  also  ave,  early  mod.  E.  also 
aw,  inn,  ave,  dive ;  origin  obscure.]  1.  One  of 
the  float-boards  of  an  undershot  water-wheel, 
on  which  the  water  acts. —  2.  One  of  the  sails 
of  a  windmill. 

aweary  (a-wer'i),  a.    [<  a-  expletive  +  weary.] 
Weary;  tired.     [Archaic  or  poetical.] 
She  said,  "I  am  aweary,  aweary, 
I  would  that  I  were  dead  !  " 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 
And  all  his  people  told  him   that  their  horses   were 
aweary,  and  that  they  were  aweary  themselves. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Pit.,  I.  66. 

aweather  (a-weTH'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  (i3  +  weather.)  On  the  weather  side,  or  to- 
ward the  wind:  as,  the  helm  is  aweather:  op- 
posed to  alee. 

aweel  (a-wel'),  adv.       [Sc,  <  a  for  ah,  oh,  + 

weel=zE.we!l.]     Oh  well;  very  well ;  well  then. 

.1  weel,  it  your  honour  thinks  I'm  safe  —  the  story  is  just 

this.  Scott,  Guy  Manuering,  II.  63. 


aween 

aweent,  t>.  '•    [<  ME.  awenen,  <  a-  +  wenen,  <  AS. 

wcnan,  think,  ween:   see   «-i  and   toeen.]     To 
won  :  suppose. 
The  .lew  is out  of  Jurselem  aw  ndi  n  he  were  wode[mad]. 

JSei.  .III/.,  1.  144. 

aweigh  (a-wa')j  prep.  />'<'•.  as  m/r.  or  a.  [<  a? 
+  weigh.']  .Y»h/.,  atrip.  The  anchor  is  aweigh  when 
it  is  just  drawn  from  it-  hold  in  the  ground  and  hangs 
perpendicularly. 
aweless  (:i'lcs),  </.  [<  ME. awles,  etc.;  AS.ejre- 
/( k.v,  <  .;/(.  awe  (see  kh-i'i,  +  -fe<£$,  -loss.]  1. 
Wanting  awe  or  reverence  ;  voiil  of  deferential 
fear. 

Lordes  bene  lawles, 
Chyldere  bene  a 
A  Prophecy,  •  tc.,  I.  16(  B.  v..  T.  s.,  extra  sen,  VIII.  i.  85). 
The  aweUss  Uou  could  not  wage  the  fight. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  inspiring  reverence 
or  awe. 
The  innocent  and  awless  throne.    Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 
Also  spelled  awless. 
awesome  (a'sum),  a.    [North.  E.  and  Sc ;  <  am  l 
+  some.']     1.   Inspiring  awe;   awful:   as,   an 
awesome  sight. 

"An  awsome  place,"  answered  the  blind  woman,  "as 
ever  living  creature  took  refuge  in." 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xliii. 
The  Wizard,   on  his  part,   manfully  stuck  up  for  his 
price,  declaring  that  to  raise  the  Devil  was  really  no  joke, 
and  insinuating  that  to  do  so  was  an  awesome  crime. 

Kinglake,  Eothen,  p.  168. 

2.  Evidencing  or  expressive  of  terror. 

He  did  gie  an  awesome  glance  up  at  the  auld  castle. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  \i. 
Also  spelled  awsome. 
awe-strike  (a'strik),  v.  t.    To  strike  with  awe. 

[Kare.] 
awe-Struck  (a'struk), p.  a.  Impressed  or  struck 
with  awe. 
awful  (a'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  awful,  agheful,  aghful ; 
AS.  egeful,  <  cge,  awe  (see  awe1),  +  -Jul.]  1. 
Striking  or  inspiring  with  awe :  filling  with 
dread,  or  dread  mingled  with  profound  rever- 
ence :  as,  the  awful  majesty  of  Jehovah;  the 
awful  approach  of  death. 

Her  fathers'  < :  <  m  I  before  her  moved, 
An  awful  guide  in  smoke  and  name. 

Scott,  When  Israel,  of  the  Lord  beloved. 
The  awful  mysteries  of  the  world  unseen.         J.  Ctanl. 
2.  Of  a  dreadful  character ;    causing  fear  or 
horror;  terrible;  appalling:  as,  an  awful  disas- 
ter; I  heard  an  awful  shriek. 

Or  if  she  slept,  she  dream'd 
An  awful  dream.  /'<  nnyson,  Guinevere. 

3f.  Inspiring  or  commanding  respect,  rever- 
ence, or  obedience. 

An  awful  rule  and  right  supremacy. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 
A  parish  priest  was  of  the  pilgrim  train ; 
An  awful,  reverend,  and  religious  man. 

Dryden,  Char,  of  Good  Parson,  1.  2. 

She  would,  upon  occasions,  treat  them  with  freedom; 

yet  her  demeanour  was  so  awful,  that  they  durst  not  fail 

in  the  least  point  of  respect.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 

4.  Expressive  of  or  indicating  deep  awe,  as 
for  the  Deity. 

Towards  him  they  bend 
With  awful  reverence  prone.      Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  478. 
Awful  prostration,  like  Pascal's,  before  the  divine  idi  a 
]>■  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

5f.    Impressed  with  or  exhibiting  respect  or 

inii'Miir,  as  for  authority;  law-abiding;  re- 
spectful in  the  extreme. 

Thrust  from  the  rompunv  <>f  awful  men. 

Shak.,T.  ii.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
How  dare  thy  joints  forget 
To  j'.  ■ '  dutj  to  "in  presence? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  :i. 

6.  Having  some  character  in  an  extreme  or 
noticeable  degree;  excessive;  very  great :  ex- 
traordinary; preposterous:  as,  he  is  an  awful 
dandy;  that  is  an  awful  bonnet.     [Colloq.  and 

vulgar.] 

Pol  I'H    i-  the  favorite  dish,  and  w lsinen,  sharp-set, 

are  awful  eaters. 

e,  I.  182.     (.Hnrtl.lt  I 
=  Syn.  land  2.  -i  Frightful,  sol- 

rum.  imposing,  .  dful,  terrible. 

'1  hi    int  four  of  thi  are  often  loosely  oi   col 

loquially  used  to  exprest  dl  liki  detestation,  or  horror, 
but  should  in  the  mam  retain  the  same  distinctions 
of  meaning  as  thi  d  they  are  derived 

I  Ihi  .  awful  U  hill  of  awe,  full  oi  that  w  hii  ii  In  ph 

exciting  a  feeling  of  deep  solemnity  and  n  \ i  e  ofti  n 

witli  a  eertain  admixture  ol  fear,  acting  eapeciall)  upon 
the  imagination  (a  n  i .   i  hi     uggestio 

shift  in  all   degrei      from    iw<    to  horrot 
teamboai  explosion.       D     i  applied  to  what  In- 

i    thai  i ppri      .     ri  1 1   ol  coming  evil, 

and  1 ly  to  wh  full  of  f<  ar, 

impressing  fear:  dn   eo,ini  looking  for  of 

judgment,"  Hcb.  x.  27.      Frightful   not  full  ol  fright,  but 


400 

inspiring  fright  or  sudden  and  almost  paralyzing  fear.  An 
awful  sight ;  a  dreadful  disaster ,  a  fearful  leap ;  a  fright. 
fu'l  chasm, 

\iu  m'd  the  Devil  stood, 

And  felt  how   an  till  gOOdm 

Milton,  V.  L.,  iv.  846. 

The  smoothness  of  flattery  ran  not  save  us  in  this  rugged 

and  awful  crisis         Chatham,  Speech  on  American  War. 

o  Lord!  methought  what  pain  it  was  to  drown ! 
What  dreadful  noise  of  waters  in  mine  ears! 
What  sights  of  ugly  death  within  mine  eyes! 
Methought  I  saw  a  thousand  fearful  wracks. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 
There  was  a  fearful,  sullen  sound  of  rushing  waves  and 
broken  surges.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  21. 

Their  music,  frightful  as  the  serpents'  hiss. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

awfully  ( a'ful-i),  adv.  In  an  awful  manner. 
(a)  Dreadfully  ;  terribly.  (6)  With  solemn  impressiveness ; 
sublimely;  majestically,  (c)  With  a  feeling  of  awe  or 
reverential  fear;  reverently.  01)  Excessively;  extreme- 
lv ;  very:  as,  an  awfully  jolly  man ;  an  awfully  pretty  girl. 
ISlang.J 
You'll  lie  awfully  glad  to  get  rid  of  me. 

it*.  Black,  Green  Pastures,  ii. 

awfulness  (a'ful-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
beiug  awful,  or  of  striking  or  inspiring  with 
awe,  fear,  or  horror;  impressive  solemnity  or 
sublimity ;  dreadf  ulness ;  terribleness  :  as,  the 
awfulness  of  the  sacred  place,  or  of  a  casualty. 
Contrasts  which  move,  now  our  laughter  at  their  incon- 
gruity, and  now  our  terror  at  their  awfulness,       J.  Caird. 

2f.  The  state  of  being  full  of  or  inspired  with 
awe;  reverence;  awe. 

A  help  to  prayer  producing  in  us  reverence  and  awful- 
ness. Jcr.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

awgrimt,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  algo- 
rism. 

awhapet,  ''.  t.  [Revived  by  Spenser  from  a 
ME.  verb  found  only  in  pp.  awhaped,  awaped, 
terrified,  confounded;  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.  Cf.  Goth,  afhwapjan,  choke,  suffocate.] 
To  confound ;  terrify.    Also  awape. 

Not  fulliche  alle  awhaped, 
Out  of  the  temple  alle  esiliche  he  wente. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  316. 
A  wilde  and  salvage  man,  .  .  .   • 
All  overgrowne  with  hair,  that  could  awhape 
An  hardy  hart.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vii.  5. 

awheels  (a-hwelz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  <<3  + 

wheels.]     On  wheels.     II.  Jonson. 
awhile  (a-hwil')>  adv.,  prop.  adv.  phr.     [<  ME. 
awhile,  one  while;  the  adv.  ace.  of  a"  +  while.] 
For  a  space  of  time ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short 
time. 

Counsel  may  stop  awhile  what  will  not  stay. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  159. 
The  company  were  all  sorry  to  separate  so  soon,  .  .  . 
and  stood  a-whUe  looking  bark  on  tiie  water,  upon  which 
the  moonbeams  played.  Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
[ .1  nli He  is  properly  two  words,  as  it  lias  to  be  written 
when  an  adjective  is  used,  as  a  little  while,  and  as  it  is 
commonly  and  should  be  always  written  when  preceded 
by  for.] 
awidet,  j>re}i.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  +  wide,  after 
afar,  etc.]     Wide;  widely. 

They  opened  their  mouth  nwidr  {wide  in  authorized  ver- 
sion] upon  me.  l's.  xxxiv.  21  (Douay  version). 

awing  (a-wing'),  prep,  jilir.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  a3 
-r  wing.]     On  the  wing. 

'Tis  time  his  fortune  be  u-u-iini ;  high  time,  sir. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
Moving  specks,  which  he  thought  might  be  ships  inflight 
or  pursuit,  or  they  might  be  white  birds  awing. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  101. 

awk1  (ak),  a.  [<  ME.  awke,  auke,  <  ONorth. 
*itftili  (in  iij'nlif,  perverse)  (=  Icel.  b'fugr,  ofigr 
(for  "afugr)  =  Sw.  afvig  =  ( >S.  abhuh,  abhoh  = 
OHGr.  ninth,  ninth,  tiltilt,  MHO.  cbiclt,  cbech,  Ii. 
dial,  ithtrlii,  abeeh,  aback,  abich,  abig  =  MD. 
an  si-It,  aefsch,  awkward,  contrary,  perverse, 
I),  aafsch,  crafty,  artful),  lit.  'offward,'<  af, 

AS.  if,  10.  nil',  away,  with  a  suffix  of  variable 
form  and  obscure  origin.  Cf.  Ooth.  ihuk.t,  back, 
backward,  in  which  //)-,  like  the  prefix  in  ib- 
tlnlja,  descent,  declivity,  is  perhaps  a  var.  of 
"nli,  af,  thus  making  ihuks  =  OS.  abhuh,  etc.,  = 
R.  awkX.  |  If.  Turned  in  the  opposite  direction; 
directed  the  wrong  way;  backhanded:  as,  "an 
awk  stroke,"  Palsgrave. —  2f.  Left;  left-handed. 
i  in  tin-  awk  or  lift  hand. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  717. 

3f.  Wrong;  erroneous;  perverse:  as,  the  awk 
end  of  a  rod. 

Confuting.  .  .  the  awk  opinions  of  the  Stoics. 

Hot  it  i  ne  tr.  of  I*'1  MoiN.iv  s  Trueness  of '  Inist.  Religion. 

4.  Awkward  to  use;  clumsy:  as.  an  awl;  tool. 
[I'rov.  Kng.  ] — 5f.  Strange;  singular;  distin- 
guished. 

Off  elder   of  aldi  tyme  and  of  theire  awke  dedys, 
How  iin\  were  lele  in  theire  iawe,  and  lovede  God  Al- 
myghtv.     MorU  Arthure  (cii    Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S.),  1   13. 


awkwardly 

awkH  Oik),  adv.  [<  awl;l,  o.]  Awkwardly; 
wrongly. 

Professors  ringing  as  aire  as  the  lulls. 

Sir  li.  L'Bstrange,  Fables,  ccci. 
awk'-',  ».      See  nul;t . 

awkerd,  awkert  (a'kerd,  -kert),  a.  A  dialec- 
tal form  of  awkward.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

awklyt  (ak'li),  adv.  [ME.  awkely;  <  awk1  + 
-Ii/-.]  In  the  wrong  direction;  left-  or  baek- 
handedly.  Hence  —  («  i  Awkwardly;  clumsily. 
(6)  Perversely,     (c)  Untowardly;  unluckily. 

awklyt  (ak'li),  a.  [<  awl,1  +  -lyi.  Cf.  AS. 
(ONorth.)  afulic,  perverse:  sec  awk1.]  Per- 
verse; untoward. 

awknesst  (ak'nes),  n.  [<  awk1  +  -hc.s.s.]  The 
state  of  beifig  awk  or  awkward. 

awkward  (ak'ward),  adv.  (Early  mod.  E.  or 
dial,  also  aukwdrd,  awkwart,  awkard,  awkerd, 
awkert,  etc.,  ME.  awlwnrtle,  awkward,  etc., 
transversely,  sidewise,  perversely;  <  awk1  + 
-irnrtl.]  If.  In  the  wrong  direction;  in  the 
wrong  way;  backward. 

The  emperour  thane  egerly  at  Arthure  he  strykez, 
Awhwarde  on  the  umbrere  [vizor]  and  egerly  hym  hittez. 
Morte  Arthure(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2247. 

2f.  Asquint. —  3.  Awkwardly;  clumsily.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 
awkward  (ak'wftrd),a.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial, 
also  aukward,  awkwart,  awkard,  awkerd,  etc.; 
<.  awkward,  adv.]  If.  Turned  the  wrong  way; 
backhanded. —  2f.  Perverted;  perverse. 

They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point  of 
godliness  in  outward  things.  I'dall,  .Mat.  v. 

'Tis  no  sinister  nor  no  awkward  claim. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  ii.  4. 
3f.  Untoward;  adverse. 

Twice  by  awkward  wind  from  England's  bank 
Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

4.  Ill  adapted  for  use  or  handling;  unhandy  in 
operation;  clumsy:  as,  awkward  instruments 
or  contrivances. —  5.  Wanting  dexterity  or  skiil 
in  action  or  movement ;  clumsy  in  doing  any- 
thing, as  in  using  tools  or  implements;  bun- 
gling. 
So  true  that  he  was  awkward  at  a  trick.  Dryden. 

6.  Ungraceful  in  action  or  person ;  ungainly ; 
uncouth:  as,  awkward  gestures;  the  awkward 
gambols  of  the  elephant. 

Drop'd  an  awkward  court'sy  to  the  Knight. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale. 

7.  Embarrassed;  not  at  ease:  used  in  relation 
to  persons:  as,  an  awkward  feeling. —  8.  Not 
easily  dealt  with;  troublesome;  vexatious;  re- 
quiring caution:  as,  an  awkward  predicament. 
[Colloq.] 

Between  the  weir  and  tile  trees  it  is  an  awkward  spot, 
but  difficulty  is  the  charm  of  fly-fishing. 

Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  241. 

9f.  Unlucky. 

The  beast  long  struggled  as  being  like  to  prove 

An  awkward  sacrifice.  Marlowe. 

-Syn.  5  and  6.  Awkward,  Clumsy,  Ungainly,  Uncouth, 
Bungling,  unhandy,  inexpert,  unskilful,  inapt,  lubberly; 
uncourtly,  inelegant,  constrained,  clownish.     Awkward  is 

generally  applied  to  want  of  t-ase  and  grace  or  skill  ill  1  ii  oil 

ly  movement,  especially  of  the  arms  orlegs:  as,  anuwkward 
gait;  awkward  in  the  use  of  a  tool.  Clumsy  starts  from 
the  notion  of  heaviness,  and  consequent  unwieldinesB  or 
awkwardness  in  use  ;  it  is  applicable  to  the  whole  bodj  or 
to  any  part  of  it,  even  when  still:  as,  a  clumsy  figure; 
clumsy  hands.  This  difference  is  also  found  in  the  figura- 
tive use  of  the  words  :  a  clumsy  excuse  is  one  that  is  put 
together  badly;  an  awkward  excuse  is  our  that  may  be 
good,  but  is  not  gracefully  presented.  Ungainly,  literally 
unhandsome,  not  pleasing  to  tin-  eye,  is  applied  generally 
to  awkwardness  of  appearance.  Uncouth,  literally  un- 
known, uncommon,  and  so,  by  a  bit  oi  human  conceit, 
uninstructed,  untrained,  unrefined,  sometimes  even  rude, 
barbarous:  as.  uncouth  phrases,  manners.  Bungling, 
awkward  ill  doing,  handling  awkwardly,  spoiling  by  awk- 
wardness, in  either  literal  or  figurative  use:  a-,  he  made 

toi  noli  no   U  ol  K   of  it. 

With  ridiculous  and  awkward  action  .  .  . 

lie  pageants  us,  Shak.,    I.  and  C,  i.  3. 

Besides  Hepzibah's  disadvantages  of  person,  then  was 
an  uncouthness  pervading  all  her  deeds ;  a  clumsy  some- 
thing,  that  could  but  ill  adapt  itself  for  use.  and  not  at  all 
for  ornament  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 

Who  would  have  predicted  that  the  princeol  Grecian 
eloquence  should  have  been  found  in astammering  orphan, 
ol  feeble  lungs  and  ungainly  carriage,  deprived  of  educa- 
tion by  avaricious  guardians?        Krerelt,  Orations,  II.  213. 

Many  uncouth  phrases  and  forgotten  words  seemed  to 
her  no  less  available  than  common  tonus. 

Stedman,  \  ict.  Poete,  p.  126. 

He  must  be  a  loinnliii'i  gamester  who  cannot  win 

Macaulay. 
awkwardly  (ak'wftrd-li),  »</• .  In  an  awkward 
manner,  (a)  Clumsilj  ;  without  dexterity  or  grace  in 
action;  in  a  rude  or  bungling  manner;  inelegantly.  ('») 
Embarrassingly ;  inconveniently:  as,  awkwardly  tlxed  or 
situated. 


awkwardness 

awkwardness  (ftk'wttrd-nes),  ».  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  awkward,      (o)  Clumsiness;  un- 

wieldiness  ;  unsuitalileness  :  as,  the  uirkiruittiu'xs  of  a  tool, 
or  of  a  plan  of  operations ;  tin-  awkwardness  of  a  bundle  on 
account  of  its  size  or  shape.  (h)  Lark  of  skill  nr  dexterity 
in  action,  (c)  Lack  of  ease  in  action  ;  ungratefulness, 
(if)  An  awkward  circumstance  or  feeling  ;  embarrassment  ; 
unpleasantness ;  inconvenience. 
awl  (al),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aid,  all,  and  by 
mistlivision  («  nawl  for  mi  awl)  nawl,  mini,  null, 
ME.  mil.  The  earlier  forms  are  of  four  types : 
(])  ME.  mile,  niiiie,  mil,  <  AS.  mnl,  aintl ;  (2) 
ME.  oule,  ouel,  owel,  owul,  <  AS.awet  dwul;  (3) 
ME.  el,  ele,  <  AS.  eel;  (4)  ME.  alle,  al,  <  AS. 
al,  eal  =  OLG.  ad  =  OHG.  ala,  MHG.  ale,  G. 
uhU  =  Icel.  air,  an  awl;  with  added  formative, 
OHG.  alansa,  alunsa,  *alasna  (>  ML.  alesna,  > 
It.  lesina  =  Sp.  lesna,  alesna  =  Pr.  alena  =  OF. 
ales in ,  V.  iiIi'iic)  —  OX),  aelsene,  clsene  (mod.  D. 
els),  >  Se.  i  hin,  elson,  Shetland  alison,  an  awl. 
Cf.  Skt.  drd,  an  awl.]  1. 
A  pointed  instrument  for 
piercing  small  holes  in 
leather,  wood,  etc.,  as  the 
bent-pointed  awl  of  the 
shoemaker  and  saddler  and         _    .     , 

.»  .     ,    .  .     .      -.    ,  ,         a.   Brad-awl;   t,  Sewing- 

the  straight-pomted  brad-  awl. 

awl  of  the  joiner. —  2.  The 

popinjay  or  green  woodpecker,  Picus  or  Gvciiius 

riridis.     [Local,  British.] 

awl-bird  (al'berd),  >(.  Same  as  awl,  2.  Montagu. 

awl-clip  (al'klip),  n.  A  device  for  holding 
blanks,  memoranda,  etc.,  consisting  of  an  awl 
or  pin  fixed  to  a  stand.  The  papers  to  be  kept 
on  file  are  thrust  upon  the  pin. 

awless,  ".    See  aweless. 

awl-shaped  (al'shapt),  a.  1.  Having  the  shape 
of  an  awl. — 2.  In  hot.,  slender  and  tapering 
toward  the  extremity  from  a  broadish  base,  as 
a  leaf;  subulate. 

awl-tree  (al'tre),  n.  [<  awl,  repr.  Hind,  al  (see 
ul1,  al-root),  +  tree.]     Same  as  afl-. 

awlwort  (al'wert),  n.  The  popular  name  of  the 
Siihularia  aquatiea :  so  called  from  its  awl- 
shaped  leaves  (Latin  subula,  an  awl).  It  is  a  very 
small  stemless  aquatic  plant,  natural  order  Cruci/erce, 
found  in  Europe,  Siberia,  and  North  America. 

awm  (am),  n.     Same  as  num. 

awmbryt  (am'bri),  re.     Same  as  ambry. 

awmous  (a'mus),  it.     A  Scotch  form  of  alms. 

awn1  (an),  re.  [E.  dial,  also  any;  <  ME.  awne, 
aune,  awene,  earlier  aijun,  <  AS.  *agun  (not  re- 
corded; the  ME.  may  be  from  the  Scand.)  = 
OHG.  agana,  MHG.  agene,  ague,  ane,  G.  aline 
(also  agen),  awn,  =  Icel.  b'gn,  pi.  agnar,  =  Sw. 
agn,  only  in  pi.  agnar,  =  Dan.  avue  =  Goth. 
alinmi,  chaff,  =  Gr.  axvn,  Doric  a,vi>a,  chaff;  cf. 
(with  diff.  formative)  Gr.  axi'pov,  chaff,  L.  acus 
(acer-),  chaff,  and  AS.  egl,  E.  ail2,  awn,  and  AS. 
ear  (contr.  of  *ahur  =  ONorth.  eher,  whiter),  E. 
ear"  (of  corn)  (see  ail2,  avel,  acerose,  and  ear2)', 
ult.  <  *ak,  be  sharp.  But  it  is  possible  that 
two  orig.  different  words,  meaning  'awn'  and 
'chaff'  respectively,  have  here  run  together.] 
In  hot.,  a  bristle-shaped  terminal  or  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, such  as  the  beard  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  many  grasses. 

awn2,  a.  and  v.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  own. 

awned  (and), «.  [<  awn1  +  -ed2.]  Havingawns: 
applied  to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc.,  bearing  a 
long  rigid  spine,  as  in  barley,  etc. 

awner  (a'ner),  n.  A  machine  for  removing  the 
avels  or  awns  from  grain;  an  aveler;  a  hum- 
meler.     See  liummcliiig-iinicliine. 

awning  (a'ning),  re.  [First  recorded  in  the  17th 
century,  in  naut.  use ;  of  undetermined  origin, 
but  appar.  (with  suffix  -ing2)  <  *awn,  prob.  a 
naut.  reduction  of  F.  aurent,  "a  penthouse  of 
cloth  before  a  shop-window"  (Cotgrave),  OF. 
auvant,  ML.  aitraniia  (also  spelled  aimentas, 
appar.  in  simulation  of  L.  renins,  wind),  of 
unknown  origin.]  A  movable  roof-like  cover- 
ing of  canvas  or  other  cloth  spread  over  any- 
place, or  in  front  of  a  window,  door,  etc.,  as 
a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 

A  court 
Compact  with  lucid  marbles,  boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze,  with  ample  awnings  gay. 

Tniin/son,  Princess,  ii. 

It  was  very  hot,  and  sitting  under  the  awning  turned 
out  to  be  the  pleasantest  occupation. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  i.  1. 

Backbone  of  an  awning.    See  backbone.— To  house 
awnings.    See  house,  v. 

awnless  (an'les),  a.  [<  awn1  +  -less.]  With- 
out awns  or  beard. 

awny  (a'ni),  a.    [<  awn1  +  -y1.]    Havingawns; 
bearded;  bristly. 
20 


401 

awoke  (a-wok').  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  awake. 

aworkt  (a-werk'),  prep.  jihr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
awerke;  K  a3  +  work.]  At  work;  in  a  state  of 
labor  or  action. 

'Twere  a  good  mirth  now  to  set  him  a-work 
Xo  make  her  wedding-ring. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  i.  1. 

The  bad  will  have  but  small  matter  whereon  to  set  their 

mischicfc  a  work.  MilUm,  Apology  for  Smectyuinuus. 

aworking  (arwer'Mng), prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3 
+  working.]  At  work ;  in  or  into  a  state  of 
working  or  action. 

Never  met 
Adventure  which  might  them  a  working  set. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  224. 

awreakt,  v.  t.     [<  ME.  amreken,  <  AS.  du-recan, 

<  a-  +  wrecan,  wreak:  see  a-1  and  wreak.]    To 

wreak  ;  take  vengeance  on ;  avenge. 

We  Merc  lever  than  al  this  toun 

Of  this  dispit  awroken  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  566. 

awrongt  (a-rdng'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a3  + 

wrong.     Cf.  aright,  a  much  older  word.]     In  a 
wrong  mauner ;  wrongly. 

If  I  aim'd 
Awrong,  'twas  in  an  envy  of  thy  goodness. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iii.  3. 

awry  (a-ri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
awry,  awrye,  mi  wry;  <  a3  +  wry.]  1.  Turned 
or  twisted  toward  one  side ;  not  in  a  straight 
or  true  direction  or  position;  asquint:  as,  to 
glance  or  look  awry;  the  lady's  cap  is  awry. 

If  she  steps,  looks,  or  moves  awry.      Spectator,  No.  66. 
2.  Figuratively,  away  from  the  line  of  truth 
or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 
Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awry. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  313. 
The  prince's  counsels  all  awry  do  go. 

Sir  ./.  Dairies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 
To  go  (run,  step,  tread,  walk)  awry,  (a)  Of  persons : 
To  fall  into  error;  do  wrong.  (6)  Of  things:  To  turn  out 
badly  or  untuwardly;  go  wrong. 

awsk  (ask),  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  ask2. 

awsome,  a.    See  awesome. 

ax1,  axe1  (aks), n.  [The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is 
ax,  <  ME.  ax,  also  axe,  ex,  ax,  <  AS.  cex,  also 
eax,  =  ONorth.  acasa,  acase  =  OS.  accus  =  OD. 
akes,  D.  aks,  aakse,  aaks,  =  OHG.  acchus,  achus, 
MHG.  ackes,  axt,  G.  ax,  axt  =  Icel.  ox,  oxi  = 
Sw.  yxa  =  Dan.  axe  =  L.  aseia,  ax,  mattock, 
akin  to  Gr.  at-ivn,  ax.]  An  instrument  used 
for  hewing  timber  and  chopping  wood,  and  also 


.•/,  Broad.ax,  for  hewing;  B,  Ax  for  chopping. 

as  a  weapon  of  offense.  The  modern  ax  consists 
of  a  head  of  iron,  with  an  arching  edge  of  steel,  and  a 
helve  or  handle.  The  edge  is  in  the  plane  of  the  sweep  of 
the  tool,  thus  differing 
from  the  adz,  in  which 
theedgeisatright  angles 
to  the  plane  of  the  sweep. 
As  a  weapon,  the  ax  was 
in  very  common  use  from 
the  earliest  times  until 
the  general  adoption  of 
firearms.  It  was  used  by 
the  Egyptians.  By  the 
Greeks  it  was  looked 
upon  as  a  weapon  of  their 
own  ancestors  and  of  the 
Asiatic  nations,  and  so 
figured  in  works  of  Creek 
art.  The  northern  na- 
tions who  overthrew  the 
Roman  empire  used 
many  varieties  of  this 
weapon,  and  its  use  pre- 
vailed throughout  the 
middle  ages  in  Europe. 
A  light  ax  was  common 
among  the  Arabs  and  Moors.  Axes  of  various  kinds  of 
stone,  or  entirely  of  copper  or  bronze,  are  found  among 
prehistoric  and  ancient  remains,  and  in  use  by  barbarous 
races.  See  celt-.—  An  ax  to  grind  (in  allusion  to  a  story 
told  by  Franklin),  some  private  purpose  to  subserve,  or 
selfish  end  to  attain.— Bullhead  ax,  a  pole-ax  with  a 
small  hammer-head  at  the  back,  used  in  slaughter-houses. 
-  Sacred  ax,  a  name  given  by  col- 
li ictors  of  Chinese  porcelain  to  an  em- 
blem or  mark  supposed  to  resemble 
an  ax.  anil  found  cither  alone  or  as 
forming  part  of  the  decoration  of  cer- 
tain pieces  said  to  be  assigned  to  war- 
riors. To  put  the  ax  in  the  helve, 
to  solve  a  doubt;  find  out  a  puzzle. 
ax1,  axe1  (aks),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  axed,  ppr.  axing.    [=  Icel. 


axil 

iixa,  ax;   from  the  noun.]     To  shape  or  trim 

witli  an  ax. 
ax-t,  axe'-t  (aks),  ».     [<  ME.  ax,  axe  (in  comp.), 

ex,  exe,  also  as,  <  AS.  eax,  mx=  OD.  asse,  D.  as 

=  OHG.  alisa,  MHG.  ahse,  G.  achse  =  Dan.  axe 

=  L.  axis  =  Gr.  afuv  =  OBulg.  osi,  Bulg.  Sen  . 

os  =  Pol.  os  =  Buss,  osi  =  Lith.  aszis  =  Skt. 

aksha,  axis,  axle.    Hence  axle,  q.  v.]    An  axle ; 

an  axis. 
ax3,  axe3  (aks),  v.  t.    Obsolete  or  dialectal  forms 

of  ask1. 

For  I  wol  axe  if  it  hir  wille  be 

To  be  my  wyf.  Chaucer. 

axal  (ak'sal),  a.     Same  as  axial. 

axe1,  ».  and  v.     See  ax1. 

axe-t,  n.     See  ax2. 

axe3,  v.     See  ax3. 

axe4  (aks),  it.  An  English  name  of  a  native 
species  of  Lobelia,  L.  wens. 

axed  (akst),  a.  [<  ax1  +  -id'-.]  In  masonry, 
dressed  with  a  stone  hammer  to  a  smooth  sur- 
face. 

Good  effect  is  obtained  by  the  contrast  of  axed  and  pol- 
ished surfaces.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  474. 

axes,  »■     Plural  of  ax  and  of  axis. 

axfitcht,  »•  [Also  written  axritch,  axfetcli ;  < 
ax1  +  fitch.  This  and  the  other  names  axseed, 
iixirnrt,  hatchet-fitch,  and  NL.  Securigera,  refer 
to  the  ax-shaped  seed.]  A  leguminous  plant, 
Securigera  coronilln.     t'otgrare. 

ax-forin  (aks'form),  a.     Same  as  ax-shaped. 

ax-head  (aks'hed),  re.  The  head  or  iron  of  an 
ax.  Ancient  ax-heads,  formed  of  stone  and 
sometimes  of  bronze,  are  called  celts. 

axial  (ak'si-al),  a.  [<  axis  +  -al.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  axis. 

From  central  development  we  pass  insensibly  to  that 
higher  kind  of  development  for  which  axial  seems  the 
most  appropriate  name.     //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  50. 

2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  in  the  axis. —  3.  In 
amit.,  pertaining  to  the  somatic  as  distinguished 
from  the  membral  portions  of  the  body;  not 
appendicular.  Axial  parts  or  organs  are,  in  general, 
divided  into  epaxiat,  hypaxial,  and  paraxial,  according 
as  they  are  situated  over,  under,  or  alongside  the  spinal 
column. 

4.  In  geol.,  forming  the  axis,  central  domi- 
nating portion,  or  crest  of  a  mountain-range. 


Ax  of  jadeite  from  New  Ireland. 


5TB 


51E 


Sacred  Ax.  —  Em- 
blem on  Chinese  por- 
celain. 


Section  of  mountain  showing  anticlinal  structure  with  axial  mass 
of  eruptive  or  metamorphic  rock. 

The  central  or  axial  portions  of  many  mountain-ranges 
consist  of  crystalline,  azoicf  or  archiean  rocks ;  this  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  numerous  ranges  of  the  North  American 
Cordilleras. 

Sometimes  axal. 
Axial  canal,  in  crinoids,  the  central  canal  within  the 
hard  perisoma  of  the  stem,  extending  the  length  of  the 
latter  and  tilled  with  a  soft  solid  substance.  — Axial  cav- 
ity, in  Actinozoa,  the  cavity  common  to  the  gastric  sac 
and  intermesenteric  chambers.  See  Actinozoa.— Axial 
circle,  a  circle  having  its  center  on  the  axis  of  a  curve. — 
Axial  line,  the  name  given  by  Faraday  to  the  line  in 
which  the  magnetic  force  passes  from  one  pole  of  a  horse- 
shoe magnet  to  the  other.  —  Axial  plane,  in  crystal.,  a 
plane  containing  (1)  two  of  the  crystallographic  axes,  or 
{■!)  the  optic  axes  in  the  case  of  a  biaxial  crystal.— Axial 
rotation,  rotation  upon  an  axis.— Axial  skeleton,  the 
skeleton  of  the  trunk  and  head  and  tail,  as  distinct  from 
the  skeleton  of  the  limbs. 
axially  (ak'si-al-i),  adv.  In  a  line  with  or  in 
the  direction  of  the  axis ;  with  reference  to  the 
axis. 

There  are  many  Transparent  Objects,  however,  whose 
peculiar  features  can  only  be  made  out  when  they  are 
viewed  by  light  transmitted  through  them  obliquely  in- 
stead of  axially.  W.B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  g  14... 

axiferous  (ak-sife-rus),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
ferre  =  E.  bear1.1]  In  bot.,  consisting  of  an 
axis  only,  without  leaves  or  other  appendages : 
applied  by  Turpin  to  fungi  and  algte,  consid- 
ered as  consisting  essentially  of  an  axis  merely. 

axiform  (ak'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
forma,  shape.]     In  the  form  of  an  axis. 

axifugal  (ak-sif'u-sal),  //.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
fugere,  flee,  +  -al.']    Centrifugal.    [Rare.] 

axil  (ak'sil),  v.  [<  L.  axilla,  dim.  (cf.  ala  for 
't'xhi,  dim.)  of  axis,  axis,  armpit:  see  ala,  aisle, 
'/.m^andfu-fV.]  1.  The  arm- 
pit, or  axilla  (which  see). 
[Rare.]  —  2.  In  hot.,  the  an- 
gle formed  between  the  up- 
per side  of  a  leaf  and  fcne 
stem  or  branch  to  which  ii 
is  attached  ;  in  cryptogams, 
the  angle  formed  by  tin- 
branching  of  a  frond. 


axile 

axile  (ak'sil),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "axilis,  <  axis:  see 
<ut.sl.]  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  an  axis  or  the 
axis:  axial. — 2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  the  axis, 
as  an  embryo  which  lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed. 

A  large  sinus,  which  separates  the  axile  portion  of  the 
stem  of  the  proboscis  from  its  Investing  coat 

Iltixb'i.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  555. 

3.  Jnzool.,  axial,  with  reference  to  ovarian  or- 
gans or  ova  :  (■[.posed  in  this  sense  to  periph- 
t  ral. 

'this  mass  becomes  differentiated  into  an  axile  cord  of 
protoplasmic  substance,  -the  rhachis,  -ami   peripheral 
.....  which  are  the  developing  ova. 

lluxleii,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  548. 

axilla  (ak-siTii),  n. ;  pL  axilla'  (-e).  [L.:  see 
axil.]  In  anat..  the  armpit;  a  region  of  the 
body  in  the  recess  between  the  upper  arm  (or 
in  birds  the  tipper  part  of  the  wing)  and  the 
side  of  the  chest  beneath  the  shoulder.  It  is 
pyramidal  in  shape,  its  apex  corresponding  to  the  inter- 
val between  the  sealeni  muscles  opposite  the  first  rib. — 
Axilla  thermometer,  a  clinical  thermometer:  so  named 
because  it  is  placed  in  the  axilla  in  observing  the  temper- 
ature of  a  person. 

axillant  (ak-sil'ant),  a.  [<  axil  +  -nnf1.]  Form- 
ing an  axil,  as  a  leaf  with  another  leaf  in  whose 
axil  it  is.     [Rare.] 

For  bim  the  tree  is  a  colony  of  phytons,  each  being  a 
bud  with  its  axillant  leaf  and  fraction  of  the  stem  and 
root  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  841. 

axillar  (ak'si-liir).  a.  and  re.  [<  NL.  axillaris, 
<  L.  axilla,  axil:  see  axil.]  I.  a.  Same  as  ax- 
illary. 

II.  «.  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  under  wing-cov- 
erts of  a  bird,  growing  from  the  axilla  or  arm- 
pit, and  distinguished  from  the  under  coverts 
in  general  by  being  the  innermost  feathers  lin- 
ing the  wing,  lying  close  to  the  body,  and  al- 
most always  longer,  stiffer,  and  narrower  than 
the  rest.     Commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

axillary  (ak'si-la-ri),  a.  and  «.  [As  axillar: 
see  -aA,  -ary2.~\  I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  axilla;  contained  in  the  axilla:  as,  the 
axillary  boundaries;  the  axillary  vessels. — 2. 
In  the  arthropod  animals,  pertaining  to  an 
articulation  or  joint :  said  of  parts  which  are 
attached  to  the  point  of  union  of  two  joints 
or  other  movable  parts  of  the  body. —  3.  In 
hot.,  pertaining  to  or  growing  from  the  axil  (of 
plants).  See  cut  under  axil —  Axillary  arches,  in 
anat.,  muscular  slips  which  sometimes  pass  from  the  latis- 
simus  dorsi  (broadest  muscle  of  the  back),  near  its  inser- 
tion, across  the  axilla,  to  terminate  in  the  tendon  of  the 
pectoralis  major  (greater  pectoral  muscle),  in  the  coraco- 
brachial, or  otherwise.  —  Axillary  artery,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  subclavian  artery,  after  it  has  passed  the 
lower  border  of  the  first  rib,  as  far  as  the  lower  border  of 
the  axilla,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  brachial  artery. 
It  is  divided  into  three  portions,  that  above,  that  behind, 
and  that  below  the  pectoralis  minor  (smaller  pectoral) 
muscle,  and  gives  off  numerous  branches,  thoracic,  sub- 
scapular, and  circumflex.  —  Axillary  feathers,  in  ornith., 
the  axillars.  See  axillar,  «.—  Axillary  nerve,  the  cir- 
cumflex nerve  of  the  arm.  — Axillary  vein,  in  anat.,  the 
continuation  through  the  axilla  of  the  basilic  vein  rein- 
forced by  the  vena?  comites  of  the  brachial  artery  and 
other  veins,  and  ending  in  the  subclavian. 
II.  n.  Same  as  axillar. 

axine  (ak'sin),  a.  and  n.  [<  axis2  +  -tree*.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  group  of  deer  of 
which  the  axis,  or  spotted  Indian  hog-deer,  is 
the  type. 

II.  n.  A  deer  of  the  axine  group. 

axinite  (ak'si-nit),  re.  [<  Gr.  a^ivn,  ax  (see  ax1), 
+  -irV-'-.]  A  mineral  occurring  commonly  in 
Tuls,  whose  general  form  is  that  of  a  very 
oblique  rhomb,  so  flattened  that  some  of  its 
edges  become  thin  and  sharp  like  the  edge  of 
an  ax  (whence  its  name),  also  sometimes  found 
in  lamellar  masses.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium, 
andmanganesi  and  calcium,  with  5  per  cent,  of  boron 
trioxid,  and  is  commonly  of  a  clove-brown  or  plum-bine 
color. 


vn, 


axinomancy  (ak'sin-  or  ak-sin'6-man-si), 
[<  L.  axinomantia,  <  (lr.  *at;ivo/iavTcia,  <  aj« 
ax,  +  /lavrria,  divination:  see  Mantis.']  An 
ancient  kind  of  divination  lot-  the  detection 
of  crime  by  means  of  an  ax  or  axes.  One  form 
ax  on  a  bar,  and  repeating  the 

namesof  persons  sn  pected      it  the  ax  moved  at  tb 

of  any  one,  he  was  pronounced  guilty.     For  another  form, 
see  exti      l 

[  Jet]  was  rnoreovi  inthe  form  of  divination 

called  tueinomancy     Lai  Ions  hatchet  made  hot,  it  wae 
stated  not  to  consume  if  the  desires  of  the  consulting  party 
deal  en 't  to  be  fulfl 

Archaiologia,  XLIII.  517.     (Davies'  Sup.  Gloss.) 

axinometry,  n.    See  axonometry. 

axiolite  (ak  si-o-lit),  n.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  +  Or. 
/»"or,  stone.]  An  aggregation  of  rudimentary 
crystal-fibers  and  products  of  devitrification, 
occurring  in  certain  rocks  like  rhyolite.  Axi... 
litis  resemble  Bpherulites,  except  that  their  arrangement 
is  divergent  from  a  line  instead  of  from  a  point. 


Axiolite. —  Specimen  of  rhyolite  from  Virginia  Range,  Nevada, 

magnified  100  diameters. 

(From  Zirkel's  "  Microscopical  Petrography.") 

axiolitic  (ak'^i-o-lit'ik),  a.     Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of  axiolite. 

axiom  (ak'si-pni),  re.  [<  L.  axioma,  <  Gr.  a^iuua, 
that  which  is  thought  fit,  a  requisite,  that  which 
a  pupil  is  required  to  know  beforehand,  a  self- 
evident  principle,  <  agiovv,  think  fit  or  worthy, 
require,  demand,  <  af<oc,  worthy,  fit,  lit.  weigh- 
ing as  much  as,  of  like  value,  <  ayetv,  drive, 
lead,  also  weigh,  =  L.  agere,  drive,  do,  etc. :  see 
act,  v.,  agent,  etc.]  1.  A  self-evident,  un- 
demonstrable,  theoretical,  and  general  propo- 
sition to  which  every  one  who  apprehends  its 
meaning  must  assent.  The  Greek  word  was  prob- 
ably applied  by  Plato  (though  it  does  not  occur  in  his 
dialogues  in  this  sense)  to  certain  first  premises  of  mathe- 
matics ;  and  this  continues  to  be  the  ordinary  use  of  the 
term.  It  was  extended  by  Aristotle  to  similar  principles 
supposed  to  underlie  other  branches  of  knowledge.  The 
axioms  or  "common  notions"  of  Euclid,  as  given  in  Eng- 
lish translations,  are  twelve  in  number,  viz.:  (1)  Things 
which  are  equal  to  the  same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (2) 
If  equals  be  added  to  equals,  the  wholes  are  equal.  (3)  If 
equals  lie  taken  from  equals,  the  remainders  are  equal.  (4) 
If  equals  be  added  to  unequals,  the  wholes  are  unequal. 
(5)  If  equals  be  taken  from  unequals,  the  remainders  are 
unequal.  (6)  Things  which  are  double  of  the  same  are 
equal  to  one  another.  (7)  Things  which  are  halves  of  the 
same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (8)  Magnitudes  which 
coincide  with  one  another,  that  is,  which  exactly  fill  the 
same  space,  are  equal  to  one  another.  (9)  The  whole 
is  greater  than  its  part.  (10)  Two  straight  lines  cannot 
inclose  a  space.  (11)  All  right  angles  are  equal  to  one 
another.  (12)  If  a  straight  line  meets  two  straight  lines, 
so  as  to  make  the  two  interior  angles  on  the  same  side  of 
it  taken  together  less  than  two  right  angles,  these  straight 
lines,  being  continually  produced,  shall  at  length  meet 
upon  that  side  on  which  are  the  angles  which  are  less 
than  two  right  angles.  Only  the  first  three  of  these  are 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  authentic,  though  the 
latest  editor,  Heiherg,  allows  the  eighth  and  ninth  also. 
Euclid  gives  besides  a  list  of  postulates,  which,  as  given 
in  English  translations,  are :  (1)  Let  it  be  granted  that  a 
straight  line  may  be  drawn  from  any  one  point  to  any 
other  point.  (2)  That  a  terminated  straight  line  may  be 
produced  to  any  length  in  a  straight  line.  (3)  And  that  a 
circle  may  be  described  from  any  center,  at  any  distance 
from  that  center.  What  the  English  editions  give  as 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  axioms  formed  originally  the 
fourth  and  fifth  postulates,  and  in  the  best  MS.  the  tenth 
axiom  appears  as  the  sixth  postulate.  It  would  thus 
seem  that  he  understood  by  "postulate"  a  geometrical 
premise  which  was  asked  to  be  taken  for  granted,  and 
by  "axiom"  or  "common  notion,"  a  not  specially  geo- 
metrical principle  with  the  use  of  which  the  learner 
would  be  already  familiar.  This  agrees  with  Aristotle's 
definition  of  an  axiom  as  a  principle  which  he  who  would 
learn  must  bring  of  himself.  The  Leibnitzians  distin- 
guish a  postulate  as  a  self-evident  practical  principle 
from  an  axiooi  as  a  self-evident  theoretical  principle.  Ac- 
cording to  Kant,  an  axiom  is  a  necessary  and  general  syn- 
thetical proposition  which  declares  a  property  of  pure 
space  or  time  and  rests  directly  on  intuition,  and  is  thus 
self-evident.  He  refused  the  name  to  the  genuine  "com- 
mon notions"  of  Euclid,  holding  these  to  lie  analytical 
propositions.  Modern  mathematicians  Beem  to  regard  the 
axioms  of  geometry  as  an  analysis  of  the  independent 
properties  of  space,  so  that  the  longer  the  list,  provided 
the  propositions  are  really  independent,  tin-  more  per- 
fectly lias  tin  design  been  fulfilled.  .Many  eminent  mathe- 
maticians hold  that  there  is  no  reason  to  think  these 
axioms  to  be  exactly  true,  but  that  they  must  be  assumed 
to  he  slightly  erroneous  one  way  or  the  other;  although 
-  xperience  shows  that  they  approximate  so  nearly  to  the 
truth  that  it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  will  ever  be  pos- 
sible to  measure  the  amount  of  their  error.  A  similar 
doctrine  is  held  by  some  thinkers  concerning  metaphysi 
ca]  axioms,  such  as  the  axiom  that  (-very  event  is  deter* 

mined  by  causes. 

2.  Any  higher  proposition,  obtained  by  gen- 
eralization and  induction  from  the  observation 
of  individual  instances;  the  enunciation  of  a 
general  fact;  an  empirical  law.  This  use  origi- 
nated with  Bacon,  influenced  probably  by  the  employ- 
ment oi  """in  by  tic  Stoics  to  mean  any  proposition. 

3f.  In  logic,  a  proposition,  whethertrue  or  false: 
a  use  of  the  term  which  originated  witli  Zeno 
the  Stoic.  -Syn.  1.  Maxim.  Truiem.etc  Se&aphorism, 
axiomatic  (ak"si-o-mat'ik), a,  [< Gr. afw/iaxMOf, 
<  a£iu/ia(T-),  an  axiom:  see  axiom."]  1.  Of  the 
nature  nl  tin  axiom,  self-evident  truth,  or  re- 
ceived principle;  self-evident. 


axis 

Many  controversies  arise  touching  the  axi<nn<ai<-  charac- 
ter ol  the  law.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton,  Logic,  I,  B8. 

2.  Full  of  axioms  or  maxims;  aphoristic. 

The  most  axiomatic  of  English  poets. 

Southey,  Doctor,  p.  381. 

axiomatical  (ak  si-o-mat'i-kal),  a.    1.  Of  the 

nature  of  an  axiom;  axiomatic. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  axioms  or  received  first  principles: 
as,  "materials  of  axiomatical  knowledge,"  Bo- 
Ungbroke. — 3f.  In  logic,  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  nature  of  a  proposition,  whether  true  or 
false. 

axiomatically  (ak^si-o-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  axiomatic  manner,  (a)  By  the  use  of  axioms; 
as  an  axiom  or  axiomatic  truth,  (if)  In  logic, 
in  the  form  of  a  simple  proposition.  See  axiom,  3. 

axiometer  (ak-si-oni'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis,  axis, 
+  mctrum,  ameasure.]  Aninstrument  for  show- 
ing the  position  of  the  tiller  of  a  vessel  which 
uses  a  steering-wheel. 

axiopistyt  (ak'si-o-pis-ti),  «.  [<  Gr.  aljtoTrioTia, 
<  df<o7rio-roc,  trustworthy,  <  af/oc,  worthy,  + 
Tfiardc,  verbal  adj.  of  nciOzaBai,  trust,  believe.] 
Worthiness  to  be  believed;  trustworthiness. 
Imp.  Vict. 

axis1  (ak'sis),  n. ;  pi.  axes  (-sez).  [L.,  axle,  axis, 
pole  of  the  earth;  poet.,  the  heavens;  also,  a 
board  or  plank  (see  ashler) ;  =  AS.  eax,  E.  ax2, 
axle :  see  ax2,  axle."]  1.  The  motionless,  or  rela- 
tively motionless,  imaginary  line  about  which 
a  rotating  body,  such  as  the  earth,  turns:  spe- 
cifically called  in  this  sense  the  axis  of  revolu- 
tion or  rotation  (which  see,  below). 

On  their  own  axis  as  the  planets  run, 

Yet  make  at  once  their  circle  round  the  sun. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  313. 

2.  The  axle  of  awheel;  the  cylindrical  portion 
of  any  mechanical  piece  intended  to  turn  in 
bearings:  as,  the  axis  of  a  transit  instrument. 

The  weightines  of  the  wheele  doth  settle  it  vpon  his 
Axis.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  xi.  §  1.     (-Y.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  second  cervical  vertebra: 
so  called  because  the  atlas  turns  upon  it  as 
about  a  pivot  or  axis,  bearing  the  head  with  it. 


Human  Axis  (upper  figure,  right  side  ;  tower  figure,  left  side). 
a,  body  ;  0,  odontoid  process:  c,  articulatory  surface  for  atlas;  d. 
foramen  for  vertebral  artery  ;  e.  superior  articulating  surface  ;  /,  spi- 
nous process ;  £,  inferior  articulating  surface  ;  h,  transverse  process- 
It  is  usually  distinguished  from  the  other  vertebra  by  hav- 
ing an  odontoid  or  tooth-like  process,  furnishing  the  pivot 
about  which  the  atlas  turns :  hence  called  the  toothed  ver- 
tebra (vertebra  dentata),  or  the  odontoid  vertebra  (vertebra 
odontoidea).  (f>)  The  odontoidproeess  of  the  axis. 
(c)  The  entire  vertebral  column,  (ff)  The 
central  or  axial  nervous  system  of  a  vertebrate: 
as,  the  cerebrospinal  axis,  (c)  The  columella 
or  modiolus  of  the  cochlea.  (/)  A  short  thick 
artery  which  immediately  divides  into  several 
branches:  as,  the  celiac  axis;  the  thyroid  axis. 
(g)  The  axis-cylinder  of  a  nerve,  (h)  Same  as 
axon. — 4.  The  central  line  of  a  solid  of  revo- 
lution; the  central  line  of  any  symmetrical,  or 
nearly  symmetrical,  body:  as,  the  axis  of  a  cyl- 
inder, of  the  eye,  etc. —  5.  Any  line  with  refer- 
ence to  which  the  physical  properties  of  a  body, 
especially  its  elasticity,  are  symmetrical. —  6. 
In  Trilobita,  specifically,  the  terguin;  the  me- 
dian convex  portion  of  a  thoracic  somite,  inter- 
vening  between  the  pleura  or  flattened  lateral 
portions  of  the  thorax.    See  cut  under  Trilobita. 

—  7.  In  conch.,  the  imaginary  line  or  space 
around  which  the  whorls  of  a  spiral  shell  turn. 

—  8.  In  hot.,  the  stem;  the  central  part  or 
longitudinal  support  on  which  organs  or  parts 
are  arranged.  The  root  has  sometimes  been 
called  the  tlrsrcwling  axis.     A.  Cray. 

In  many  cases  the  Bora]  axis  is  prolonged  beyond oneor 

more  circles  of  floral  organs,  and  the  stem  again  assumes 
the  ordinary  leaf-bearing  form.  Science,  III.  302. 


axis 

9.  In  geog,  and  geol.j  the  central  or  dominat- 
ing region  of  a  mountain-chain,  or  the  line 
which  follows  the  crest  of  a  range  and  thus  in- 
dicates the  position  of  the  most  conspicuous 
portion  of  the  uplift.    In  a  folded  region,  or  one  in 


Section  of  mounla 


folded  strata. 


which  the  strata  have  been  bent  into  anticlinals  and  syn- 
clinals, the  axis  of  each  fold  is  the  plane  indicating  the 
direction  parallel  to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place,  or 
toward  which  the  strata  incline. 
10.  In  analytical  geom,,  any  fixed  line  of  refer- 
ence used  to  determine  the  position  of  a  point  or 
series  of  points  (line,  surface)  in  space.— Anti- 
clinal axis,  in  geol.  See  anticlinal.— Axes  of  an  ellip- 
soid, its  maximum  and  minimum  diameters  and  the  diam- 
eter perpendicular  to  these.— Axes  of  coordinates,  or 
coordinate  axes,  in  analytical  geom.,  fixed  lines  on 
which  or  parallel  to  which  an  element  (abscissa  or  ordi- 
nate) of  the  position  of  a  point  is  measured. — Axes  of 
light- elasticity,  the  three  directions  at  right  angles  to 
one  another  in  a  biaxial  crystal  in  which  the  elasticity  of 
the  light-ether  has  its  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean 
value.  In  a  trimetric  (orthorhombic)  crystal  they  coin- 
cide with  the  crystallographie  axes;  in  a  monoclinic  crys- 
tal one  coincides  with  the  orthodiagonal  axis,  the  others 
lie  in  the  plane  of  symmetry.  In  a  triclinic  crystal  there 
is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  two  sets  of  axes. — 
Axis  Of  a  beam  Of  light,  the  middle  ray  of  the  beam. 

—  Axis  Of  a  COne,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  vertex 
to  the  center  of  the  base.— Axis  Of  a  conic,  a  diameter 
perpendicular  to  the  chords  it  bisects.— Axis  Of  a  crys- 
tal, in  crystal.,  one  of  three  or  four  imaginary  lines  as- 
sumed for  convenience  to  define  the  position  of  the 
planes  of  the  crystal,  and  to  exhibit  its  symmetry.  See 
crystallography. — Axis  Of  a  curve,  a  right  line  dividing 
it  into  two  symmetrical  parts,  so  as  to  bisect  every  chord 
perpendicular  to  it,  as  in  a  parabola,  ellipse,  or  hyperbola. 

—  Axis  Of  a  cylinder,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the 
center  of  the  one  end  to  that  of  the  other. — Axis  of 
affinity,  the  axis  of  homology  of  figures  homological  by 
affinity.  — Axis  Of  a  gun  or  piece,  the  middle  line  of  the 
bore  of  the  gun.  —  Axis  of  a  lens,  a  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  optical  center  of  the  lens,  and  perpendicular 
to  both  its  surfaces. — Axis  of  a  magnet,  the  imaginary 
line  which  connects  the  north  and  south  poles  of  the 
magnet.— Axis  of  a  sphere,  any  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  center  and  terminated  both  ways  by  the  sur- 
face of  the  sphere.— Axis  of  a  spherical,  concave,  or 
convex  mirror,  a  straight  line  which  passes  through  the 
geometrical  and  optical  centers  of  the  mirror. —  Axis  Of 
a  telescope,  a  straight  line  passing  through  the  centers 
of  all  the  glasses  in  the  tube. — Axis  of  collineation,  in 
math.,  a  line  which  corresponds  to  itself  in  a  projective 
transformation.  — Axis  Of  direct  elasticity,  a  direction 
in  a  solid  body  such  that  a  longitudinal  strain  in  that  di- 
rection produces  a  stress  precisely  opposed  to  the  strain. 
— Axis  of  elasticity,  a  direction  in  a  solid  body  with 
respect  to  which  some  kind  of  symmetry  exists  in  the 
relation  of  strains  and  stresses. —  Axis  of  homology,  the 
line  upon  which  corresponding  lines  of  two  figures  in 
homology  intersect  each  other.  — Axis  of  oscillation  of 
a  pendulum,  a  right  line  passing  through  the  center 
about  which  it  vibrates,  and  perpendicular  to  the  plane 
of  vibration.— Axis  Of  perspective,  the  line  in  which 
the  plane  of  a  perspective  representation  cuts  any  plane 
represented.— Axis  Of  reflection,  in  the  method  of  in- 
version in  geometry,  any  line  considered  as  perpendicular 
to  and  bisecting  the  distance  between  two  inverse  points. 

—  Axis  Of  refraction,  a  straight  line  drawn  perpendicular 
to  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium,  through  the  point 
of  incidence  of  the  refracted  ray.  Some  crystals  have  two 
axes  of  refraction. — Axis  Of  rotation,  the  imaginary  line 
about  which  all  the  parts  of  a  rotating  body  turn.— Axis 
of  similitude  of  three  circles,  a  line  passing  through 
two  intersections  of  corresponding  pairs  of  common 
tangents  of  two  pairs  out  of  the  three  circles.  The  axis 
of  similitude  also  necessarily  passes  through  a  third  such 
point,  but  this  fact  is  not  essential  to  its  definition.— 
Axis  of  symmetry,  a  line  on  both  or  all  sides  of  «  hich 
the  parts  of  a  body  or  magnitude  are  symmetrically  dis- 
posed.—Axis  Of  the  earth,  the  straight  line  connecting 
it,^  two  poles,  and  about  which  it  performs  its  diurnal  ro- 
tation.—Axis  of  the  eye,  a  straight  line  passing  through 
the  centers  of  the  pupil  and  crystalline  lens ;  the  optic 
axis.— Axis  Of  the  Ionic  capital,  a  line  passing  perpen- 
dicularly through  the  middle  of  the  eye  of  the  volute. — 
Axis  Of  the  world,  the  imaginary  axis  passing  through 
the  celestial  poles.— Axis  Of  Vision.  See  visual  axis,  be- 
low.— Basicranial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  a 
point  midway  between  the  occipital  condyles,  through  the 
median  plane  of  the  skull,  to  the  junction  of  the  ethmoid 
and  presphenoid,  in  the  floor  of  the  cerebral  cavity. 
Huxley.  See  cut  under  cram io/aeini.  — Basifacial  axis, 
or  facial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  premaxilla  to  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  basicranial  axis  (which  see,  above):  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  facial  line.  See  craniometry,  and  cut  under 
craniofacial.—  Celiac  axis,  (a)  A  short,  thick  branch  of 
the  abdominal  aorta,  given  off  just  below  the  diaphragm, 
and  immediately  dividing  into  the  gastric,  hepatic,  and 
splenic  arteries.  (6)  The  sympathetic  plexus  which  sur- 
rounds this  artery.— Cerebrospinal  axis.  See  cerebro- 
spinal.—  Conjugate  or  minor  axis,  in  geom.,  an  axis, 
especially  of  a  hyperbola,  perpendicular  to  the  transverse 
axis.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  the  plural  for  a  pair 
of  conjugate  diameters  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  As 
now  used,  it  is  an  abbreviated  expression  for  axis  conju- 
gate to  the  transverse  axis. —  Facial  axis.     See  basifacial 


403 

axis,  above.— Harmonic  axis.  See  harmonic— Instan- 
taneous axis,  the  axis  about  which  a  body  is  rotating  at 
any    instant:  an  expression    applicable    when    motion    is 

considered  in  only  two  dimensions  or  when  a  point  of  the 
body  is  fixed;  mother  cases  it  would  be  an  inaccurate 
abbreviation  of  the  following:  Instantaneous  sliding 
axis,  that  line  about  winch  a  body  is  rotating  and  along 
which  it  is  simultaneously  sliding  at  any  instant.  Every 
rigid  body  at  every  instant  of  its  motion  has  such  an  in- 
stantaneous sliding  axis.— Macrodiagonal  axis,  mag- 
netic axis.  See  the  adjectives.— Neural  axis,  in  anal., 
the  cerebrospinal  axis ;  the  axis  or  central  trunk  of  the 
cerebrospinal  system.— Neutral  axis,  in  meek,:  (a)  Of  a 
beam,  the  plane  in  which  the  tensile  and  compressing 
forces  terminate,  and  in  which  the  stress  is  therefore  no- 
thing. (/>)  Of  a  deflected  bar, 'the  line  along  which  then-  is 
neither  extension  nor  compression. —  Optic  axis,  the  axis 
of  the  eye  (u  hich  see,  above).—  Orthogonal  <>r  principal 
metatatic  axes,  three  axes  in  a  body  such  that,  ii  a  cube 
be  cut  out  having  its  faces  normal  to  these  axes,  and  if 
there  be  a  linear  elongation  along  one  of  them  and  an 
equal  linear  compression  along  a  second,  no  tangential 
stress  will  result  round  the  third  axis  on  planes  normal 
to  tiie  first  two.— Radical  axis  of  two  circles,  the  line 
joining  their  points  of  intersection.  Tins  line  is  real  even 
when  the  circles  do  not  really  intersect,  the  difference  of 
its  distance  from  the  two  centers  being  proportional  to  the 
difference  of  the  areas  of  the  two  circles.— Spiral  axis, 
in  arch.,  the  axis  of  a  twisted  column  spirally  drawn  in 
order  to  trace  the  circumvolutions  without. — Synclinal 
axis,  in  geol.  See  synclinal. — Tectonic  axes,  in  crys- 
tal., the  lines  along  which  the  minute  crystals  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  formation  of  a  complex  crystalline  growth. 
Thus,  dendritic  crystallizations  of  gold  and  copper  often 
branch  at  angles  of  60°,  their  directions  being  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  an  octahedral  face.— The  principal  axes 
Of  inertia  of  a  body,  those  lines  passing  through  its  cen- 
ter of  mass  about  which  its  moments  of  inertia  arc  a  maxi- 
mum and  a  minimum,  together  with  the  third  line  per- 
pendicular to  these  at  their  intersection.— The  princi- 
pal axes  Of  Stress  in  a  body,  the  directions  of  the  three 
conjugate  normal  stresses.— Thyroid  axis,  a  short,  thick 
branch  from  the  subclavian  artery,  dividing  almost  im- 
mediately into  the  inferior  thyroid,  suprascapular,  and 
transversalis  colli. — Transverse  or  major  axis,  in  conic 
sections,  the  diameter  which  passes  through  the  foci.  In 
the  ellipse  it  is  the  longest  diameter;  in  the  hyperbola  it 
is  the  shortest;  and  in  the  parabola  it  is,  like  all  the  other 
diameters,  infinite  in  length. — Visual  axis,  in  }>hysiol., 
the  straight  line  passing  through  the  center  of  the  pupil 
and  the  middle  of  the  macula  lutea.  It  does  not  coincide 
with  the  optic  axis.  Also  called  visual  line,  or  axis  of 
vision.— Zone  axis.    See  zone. 

axis'"  (ak'sis),  n.  [L.  axis  (Pliny);  perhaps  of 
E.  Ind.  origin.]  1.  A  kind  of  East  Indian 
deer,  Cervus  axis,  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  perhaps  species.  The  body  is  spotted 
with  white.  Also  called  axis-deer,  spotted  deer, 
and  hog-deer. — 2.  [cap.'}  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
such  deer.     Ham.  Smith,  1827. 

axis-cylinder  (ak'sis-siFin-der),  n.  In  anat., 
the  central  part  of  a  nerve-fiber;  the  core  of 
white  nerve-tissue  in  a  nerve-fiber,  it  is  the  es- 
sential part  of  the  nerve,  and  is  the  only  part  found  at 
its  origin  and  termination.  In  cross-section,  a  bundle  of 
nerve-fibers  appears  like  a  bunch  of  lead  pencils,  the  axis- 
cylinder  corresponding  to  the  lead.  Also  called  band-axis 
and  axis-band. 

axis-deer  (ak'sis-der),  n.     Same  as  axis2,  1. 

axisymmetric  (ak^si-si-mefrik),  a.  Symmetri- 
cal with  reference  to  an  axis. 

axle  (ak'sl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  axel,  axell, 
axile,  <  ME.  axel,  axil  (chiefly  in  comp.  axel- 
tree,  q.  v. ;  not  in  AS.,  where  only  the  primitive 
a?x,  eax  occurs:  see  ax2)  =  Icel.  oxull,  m.,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  axel,  axle;  not  found  in  this  sense  in 
the  other  languages,  where  its  place  is  supplied 
by  the  primitive  ax2,  but  ult.  =  ME.  a'xl,  exl,  < 
AS.  eaxl,  exel  =  OHG.  ahsala,  MHG.  ahsel,  G. 
achsel  =  Icel.  oxl,  f.,  =  Sw.  Dan.  axel  =  Norw. 
oksl,  aksl,  axel,  the  shoulder,  =  L.  dla  (foT*ax- 
la),  shoulder-joint,  wing  (see  ala,  aisle,  and  cf. 
axilla);  with  formative  -I,  <  ax2  (L.  axis,  etc.), 
axle  (the  shoulder-joint  being  the  axle  or  axis 
on  which  the  arm  turns):  see  «x2.]  1.  The  pin 
or  spindle  on  which  a  wheel  revolves,  or  which 
forms  the  axis  of  the  wheel  and  revolves  with  it. 
Properly,  the  axle  of  a  carriage-,  cart-,  or  wagon-wheel  is 
the  round  arm  of  the  axletree  or  axle-bar  which  is  inserted 
in  the  hub  or  nave,  but  the  name  is  sometimes  extended  to 
the  whole  axletree. 
2f.  An  axis,  as  of  the  earth. 

Whether  .  .  . 

He  (the  sun]  from  the  east  his  flaming  road  begin, 

Or  she  [the  earth]  from  west  her  silent  course  advance, 

With  inoffensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 

On  her  soft  axle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  165. 

Axle  stop-key,  a  plate  upon  the  end  of  the  axle  of  a  rail- 
road-car, intended  to  prevent  excessive  lateral  motion  and 
to  take  the  wear. — Blind  axle,  an  axle  that  does  not  com- 
municate power ;  a  dead  axle. —  Collinge  axle,  i"  coach- 
buiiiiiug,  an  axle  the  box  of  which  is  secured  upon  the 
arm  by  two  nuts  screwed  right  and  left.  — Compound 
axle,  an  axle  having  two  parts  connected  by  a  sleeve  or 
some  other  locking  arrangement.—  Dead  axle,  one  which 
does  not  impart  motion  ;  a  blind  axle  :  opposed  ton  lice  axle 
or  driving-axle.-  Dipping  the  axle,  in  coach-building, 
bending  the  end  of  the  axle  so  that  the  wheel  shall  strike 
squarely  upon  the  ground.—  Driving-axle,  in  locomotive 
engines,  the  axle  which  receives  the  power  from  the 
steam-piston  transmitted  through  the  piston-rod  and  con- 
necting-rod. The  rear  end  of  the  latter  is  connected 
either  with  cranks  formed  in  this  axle,  or  more  generally 
with  crank-pins  upon  the  driving-wheels  at  its  ends.— 


Railroad-car  Axle-box. 
a,  axle  ;  *,  journal  :  c,  sad- 
die,  by  means  of  which  the 
weight  of  the  car  rests  on  the 
journal ;  d,  chamber  for  a  lu- 
bricating substance,  having  its 
lid  at  e. 


axle-tooth 

Leading  axle,  in  F.ritish  locomotives,  an  axle  of  a  wheel 
in  front  of  the  driving-wheels.— Mail  axle,  in  cuach-build- 
ing,an  axle  which  is  secured  by  a  plate  at  its  back  instead 
of  a  nut  on  the  end, 

The  commonest  kind  of  nil  axle  is  called  the  mail,  be- 
cause the  peculiar  mode  of  fastening  was  first  used  in 
the  mail  coaches.      J.  W.  Burgess,  Coach-Building,  p.  72. 

Telescopic  axle,  an  extension-axle  which  permits  the 
running-wheels  of  a  railroad-car  to  be  slipped  in  or  out, 
thus  milking  them  adaptable  to  tracks  t.f  iliil.-ivnt 
—  Trailing  axle,  the  rear  axle  of  a  Locomotive.     In  Eng- 
lish engines  it  is  usually  placed  under  the  font  plate. 

axle-adjuster  (ak'sl-a-jus'ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  straightening  axles;  a  machine  used  in  giv- 
ing to  the  spindle  its  proper  line  of  direction 

relatively  to  the  axletree. 

axle-arm  (ak'sl-ann),  n.  The  spindle  on  the 
end  of  an  axle  on  which  the  box  of  the  wheel 
slips,  or  one  of  the  two  pivots  on  which  the 
axle  itself  turns.  See  second  cut  under  axle- 
box. 

axle-bar  (ak'sl-bitr),  n.  The  bar  of  an  axle- 
tree. 

axle-block  (ak'sl-blok),  n.  The  block  placed 
upon  the  axle  of  a  vehicle  to  form  a  seat  for 
the  spring  when  it  is  depressed. 

axle-box  (ak'sl-boks),  n.  The  box  which  con- 
tains the  bearings  for  the  spindle  of  an  axle,  or 
the  journal  of  an  axle, 
as  of  a  carriage-wheel,  a 
railroad-car  wheel,  etc. ; 
the  bushing  or  metal 
lining  of  the  hub  which 
forms  the  rotatory  bear- 
ing of  the  axle  of  a  ve- 
hicle—Axle-box guides, 
the  guides  for  the  brasses  of 
an  axle-box.  — Radial  axle- 
box,  in  a  railroad-car,  a  slid- 
ing axle-box,  so  arranged  that, 
with  its  fellow,  it  maintains 
the  axle  in  a  position  radial  to 
the  curve  of  the  track,  how- 
ever its  direction 
may  change. 

axle-clip  (ak'sl- 

klip),     n.  A 

clevis  or  bow 
which  unites 
some  other  part 
of  a  vehicle  to 
the  axle. -Axle- 
clip  tie,  the  cross- 
bar which  joins 
and  secures  the 
ends  of  the  bow- 
clip  (which  see). 

axle-collar 
(ak'sl-kol'&r), 

«.      The   collar 

on  an  axle  which  receives  the  lateral  pressure 

from  the  wheel  or  bearing. 

axled  (ak'sld),  a.  Furnished  with  an  axle  or 
with  axles. 

axle-gage  (ak'sl-gaj),  n.  A  wheelwright's  in- 
strument for  giving  to  the  spindle  of  an  axle  its 
proper  swing  and  gather. 

axle-guard  (ak'sl-gard),  n.  Those  parts  of  a 
railroad-car  in  which  the  axle-box  plays  verti- 
cally under  the  yield  and  reaction  of  the  car- 
springs —  Axle-guard  stays,  the  iron  rods  or  straps 
which  are  bolted  to  the  frame  and  to  all  the  ends  of  the 
axle-guards,  to  strengthen  them. 

axle-hook  (ak'sl-huk),  n.  A  hook  in  front  of 
the  axle  of  a  carriage,  to  which  is  attached  the 
stay-chain  connecting  the  axle  and  the  double- 
tree. 

axle-nut  (ak'sl-nut),  n.  A  screw-nut  fitted  to 
the  end  of  the  arm  of  an  axle  to  keep  the  wheel 
in  place. 

axle-packing  (ak'sl-pak'ing),  n.  The  guard 
or  material  placed  about  an  axle  to  exclude 
dust. 

axle-pin  (ak'sl-pin),  n.    Same  as  linch-pin. 

axle-saddle  (ak'sl-sad^l),  n.  A  saddle-shaped 
clip,  used  in  securing  a  spring  to  an  axle. 

axle-seat  (ak'sl-set),  ».  The  hole  in  a  rail- 
road-car wheel  which  receives  the  arm  of  the 
axle. 

axle-skein  (ak'sl-skan),  n.  A  band,  strip,  or 
thimble  of  metal  placed  on  a  wooden  axle-arm 
to  prevent  the  wood  from  wearing  rapidly. 

axle-sleeve  (ak'sl-slev),  n.  A  sleeve  placed 
round  a  railroad-car  axle  in  order  to  hold  up 
the  ends  should  the  axle  be  broken. 

axle-tooth  (ak'sl-toth),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  assle-j 
azdc-,  assal-tooth,  early  mod.  E.  axel-,  axill- 
tooth,  <  late  ME.  axyltothe  (=  Dan.  axel-tand)} 
<  *axel  (Shetland  yackle)  (<  Icel.  jaxl  =  Norw. 
jakslc,  jakle  =  Sw.  dial,  jafckel,  jaksl  =  Dan. 
axel),  a  jaw-tooth,  grinder,  +  tooth.']  A  grind- 
er; a  molar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


Miller's  Rubber-cushioned  Axle-box. 
A,  hub:  B,  axle-box;  C,  axle-arm  ;  D, 
rubber  cushions  ;  E,  compression-nut ;  F, 
cavities  in  compression-nutadmitting  points 
of  the  wrench  when  compressing  cushions ; 
G,  slotted retaining-sleeve  ;  //.spuron  axle- 
box  ;  J,  space  between  axle-box  and  hub. 


axletree 

axletree  (ak'sl-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  axel-tree,  axil- 
tre,  etc.  (=Ioel.  iixul-tre),  <  axel  +  tree.  Cf.  ax- 
tree.] 1.  A  bar  or  beam  fixed  crosswise  under 
the  body  of  a  carriage,  having  rounded  axles  a1 

the  ends  tor  a  pair  of  wheels  to  revolve  on. 

Be  hem  tucnethe  alle  the  firmament,  right  as  dothe  a 
wheel,  that  turncth  be  his  axille  tree. 

Maundevillt  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  182. 
2t.  An  axis, 
axle-yoke  (ak'sl-ydk),  n.  A  plate  beneath  an 
axle  through  which  the  ends  of  the  Baddle-clip 
pass.  It  serves  as  a  washer-plate  for  the  nuts 
upon  the  ends  of  the  saddle-clip, 
axman,  axeman  (aks'rnan),  «.;  pi.  axmen,  axe- 
nu  n  (-men).  1.  One  who  wields  an  ax;  one  em- 
ployed in  chopping;  a  woodman. 

i  i  men  were  put  to  work  getting  out  timber  for  bridges, 
and  cutting  rue]  for  the  locomotives  when  the  road  u.i- 
i ipleted.  r.  S.  Grant,  in  The  Century,  XXXI.  13G. 

2.  Formerly,  a  soldier  whose  weapon  was  an  ax. 
\\  e  near  nothing  of  any  prisoners  being  taken,  nothing 
of  any  of  the  axemt  n  taking  to  flight. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

ax-master  (aks'mas'ter),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  a  tree  with  very  hard  wood.  Its 
genus  is  not  known. 

Axminster  carpet.    See  carpet. 

axoid  (ak'soid),  a.  [<  axis1  +  -oid.]  Of  or 
j  lertainingto  the  axis :  used  in  anatomical  terms, 
chiefly  in  composition:  as,  the  occipito-axoid 
ligament.     See  axis1,  3. 

Axolotes  (ak-so-16'tez),  n.  A  Latinized  form 
of  axolotl,  used  as  a  generic  name.  See  Sire- 
don. 

axolotl  (ak'so-lotl),  ii.  [Mex.]  A  urodele  or 
tailed  amphibian  found  in  Mexico,  which  is 
supposed  not  to  undergo  metamorphosis,  but 


Axolotl  (Amblystoma\. 

to  retain  its  gills  throughout  life,  breeding  in 
the  larval  state.  From  this  circumstance  the  ani- 
mal was  made  the  type  of  a  distinct  genus,  Siredon, 
and  was  placed  with  Proteus,  Siren,  etc.,  in  the  family 
Proteidce,  under  the  name  of  Siredon  pUciforme.  An- 
other species  has  been  named  Siirilon  lic/ifnnidts.      Later 

observations,  however,  have  shown  that  the  axolotl,  or 
siredon,  is  simply  a  prolonged,  sometimes  permanent, 
stage  like  that  which  all  the  species  of  salamandrincs 
of  the  family  Ambtystomidce  pass  through,  and  that  the 
animal  is  referable  to  the  genus  Ambliisloina.  Axolotls 
are  common  in  lakes  and  lagoons  in  Mexico,  like  the  vari- 
ous species  of  Amblystoma  known  in  the  United  States 
as  mud-puppiee,  water-doge,  etc.  They  have  the  appear- 
ance of  gigantic  tadpoles  about  to  turn  into  frogs,  being 
from  6  to  !i  inches  long,  with  a  large  compressed  tail,  4 
I  .  L'ill-tnfts  nn  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  obtuse  flat- 
tened head.  They  are  marketable  in  Mexico,  where  they 
are  said  to  be  deemed  a  luxury  as  an  article  of  food. 

axometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis  (Gr. 
dfwi ),  axis,  +  metrum  (Gr.  perpov),  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  in  adjusting  the  height  of 
the  bridge  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  to  bring  the 
centers  of  the  lenses  in  line  horizontally  with 
the  centers  of  the  pupils  of  the  eyes. 

axon  (ak'son),  ». ;  pi.  axoncs  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  dfuv, 
axis:  Bee  axis1,  ax*.]  In  anat.,  the  body-axis; 
the  mesal,  longitudinal,  skeletal  axis  of  the 
body,  represented  in  Branehiostoma  and  em- 
bryos  by  a  membranogelatinous  notochord,  and 

in  most  adult  vertebrates  by  the  cartilaginous 
or  osseous  centra  of  the  vertebra?  and  the  base 
Of  the   skull.      Wilder,  X.  V.  Meil.  Jour.,  Aug. 

■J.  1884,  p.  L13.    Also  called  axis. 
Axonia  (ak-so'ni-H.),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a$uv, 

axis.]     Organic    forms,   animal   or  vegetable, 

having  definite  axes:  the  opposite  of    I  mi. i  mi  iii. 

I  be  I  into  Homaaonia,  having  all  axes 

il  and  polyhedral  forms,  and  Prota  tonia, 

havm  iout  which  other  axes  are  arranged. 

Thelattei  an  »  ain  subdivided  into  Monotonia  and  Stau- 
,,'".    Sec  ' lie -■  v, ords. 
axonometry  (ak-so-nom'e-tri),  n.    [Irreg.  <  Gr. 

.  axis.  4-  ittrpov,  measure.]  The  art  of 
making  a  perspective  representation  of  figures 
when  tl idrdinates  of  points  in  them  are 

given.        \  r  -  ii  aximiim  try. 

axospermous  (ak-so-sper'mus),  a.  [<  L.  axis, 
s sis,  +  Gr.  oiri  ■   |     In  hot.,  an  epil bel 

descriptive  of  co  fruits  which  have  an 

axih-  placental  ion.  the  attachment  of  the  seeds 

being  toward  the  axis. 

axotomous  (ak-sot'o-mus),  a.    [<   L.  axi    (Gr. 

I,  axis,  +  Gr.  ro/idc,  <  -in'  -  cut.] 

In  mini  nil.,  oleavablo  in  a  direction  perpendic- 
ular to  the  axis. 

axseedt,  n.    [<  ax1  +  seed.]    Same  as  axfitch. 


404 

ax-shaped  (aks'shapt),  a.  In  hot.,  shaped  like 
an  ax  or  a  hatchet  ;  dolabriform. 
ax-stone  (aks'ston),  ii.  A  mineral  found  chiefly 
in  New  Zealand  and  the  South  Sea  islands,  and 
used  by  the  natives  for  axes  and  other  cutting 
instruments,  whence  the  name.  Also  called 
nijiliriii  and  jade. 

axtree  (aks'tre),  ».    [Sc,  also  aixtree,  extree,  < 

.ME.  n.rtrr,  extra,  axtreo,  <  AS.  *caxtrc<iic,  <  eax, 

E.  ax-,  +  train;   E.  tree,  beam.      Cf.  axletree.] 

An  axletree.     [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland.] 

A  large  pyn  in  maner  of  an  extre. 

Chancer,  Astrolabe,  p.  8. 
Thunder  and  earthquakes  raging,  and  the  rocks 
Tumbling  from  down  their  scyts  like  mighty  blocks 
Bowl'd  from  huge  mountains,  such  a  muse  they  make, 
As  though  in  sunder  heav'ns  huge  axtree  brake. 

Drayton,  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  219. 

axunge  (ak'sunj),  n.    [<  F.  axunge,  now  axonge, 

<  L.  axuugia,  grease,  fat,  wagon-grease,  <  axis, 
axle,  +  ungere,  grease :  see  unguent.]  The  in- 
ternal fat  of  the  body,  especially  of  pigs  and 
geese  ;  fat ;  lard. 

axungious  (ak-sun'ji-us),  a.  [<  axunge  +  -ions.] 
Lard-like;  fat;  greasy.     Sir  I.  Browne. 

axvitcht,  axwortt,  «■    Same  as  axfitch. 

ay1,  aye1  (a),  adv.  [<  ME.  ay,  aye,  ai.ei  (in 
Ormulum  agg),  prop,  a  northern  form  (<  Icel.  ei, 
ey),  the  native  foi-m  being  ME.  oa,  o,  earlier  a, 

<  AS.  d  (orig.  *dw,  with  added  adv.  formative 
iiirn,  aim)  =  OS.  co,  io,gio  =  OFries.  a-,  e-  (in 
comp.),  =  OHG.  io,  eo,  MHG.  ie,  je,  G.  je  =  Icel. 
ei,  ey  (as  above)  =  Goth.  ahv  =  Gv.  aei,  Ionic  air/, 
poet,  or  dial,  atic,  aih>,  dec,  ate,  at,  aev,  air/,  ai, 
ak,  a'uv,  aiv,  i/t,  orig.  a'iFei,  ever,  always,  prop. 
ace.  (in  Gr.  locative)  of  a  noun,  AS.  ai,  lew  (orig. 
*clw),  existence,  law,  marriage,  =  OS.  eo,  law,  = 
OFries.  a,  e,  ewe,  cwa,  law,  =  OHG.  ewa,  MHG. 
iiwe,  e,  eternity,  law,  marriage,  =  G.  ehe,  mar- 
riage, =  Goth,  aiws,  an  age,  a  long  period,  eter- 
nity, =  L.  CEVum,  OL.  aevom  (whence  ult.  E.  age, 
eternal,  q.  v.) ;  cf .  Gr.  aiuv,  *alpuv  (with  unorig. 
formative  v),  an  age,  an  eon  (see  eon);  orig. 
appar.  a  going,  a  course,  with  formative  -ra, 

<  v  *i,  Skt.  i,  Gr.  \-ivai  =  L.  i-re,  go:  see  iter 
and  go.  This  adv.  was  much  used  as  a  general- 
izing prefix  (somewhat  like  the  related  suffix 
etterin  whoever,  whatever,  etc.),  and,  fused  with 
ge-,  exists  unrecognized  in  each,  either.  With 
the  negative  it  exists  in  nay  and  no1,  which  are 
related  to  each  other  as  the  simple  ay  and 
(obs.)  o.  The  spelling  ay,  like  nay,  is  histor- 
ically and  analogically  the  proper  one.]  1. 
Ever;  always;  for  ever;  continually;  for  an 
indefinite  time.  [Now  only  poetical  and  North. 
E.  dial.] 

Care  for  the  Conscience,  &  kepe  it  at  clene. 
The  ABC  of  Aristotle  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.,  VIII.  i.  65). 
Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  the  calendar  ! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
2f.  Ever:  indefinitely,  after?/. 

Behold  the  man  !  and  tell  me,  Britomart, 
If  ay  more  goodly  creature  thou  didst  see? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  32. 
For  ay,  for  ever :  sometimes  strengthened  by  combination 
— for  ever  and  ay. 

The  soul,  though  made  in  time,  survives  for  ail ; 
And  though  it  hath  beginning,  sees  no  end. 

Sir. J.  IMu'i.'s,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxix. 

ay2  (a),  interj.  [Also  aye,  eigh  (and,  in  this  use, 
eh),  <  ME.  ey,  ei;  a  mere  interj.,  of  no  definite 
history,  but  it  may  be  regarded,  formally,  as  a 
variant  of  ME.  a,  E.  ah,  oh.  In  the  poetical 
ay  me,  prob.  in  imitation  of  OF.  aymi,  Sp.  ay 

iii  mi.  It.  ahum  :  cf.  F.  alii,  ai,  Sp.  ay.  It.  alii, 
ah:  see  ah,  O,  oh,  and  cf.  eh.]  Ah!  01  oh! 
an  exclamation  expressing  surprise,  interest, 
regret,  etc.,  according  to  the  maimer  of  utter- 
ance. [North.  Eng.  ami  Scotch.] —Ay  me  I  ah 
mel  an  expression  of  regret  or  sorrow.  [Poetical.] 
Ay  me !  that  thankes  so  much  should  fade  of  meed 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  353. 

ay3,  adv.  or  interj.     See  ayc'3. 

ay:!,  n.      See  ayi-b. 

ay4t,  n.     Seer//l. 

Ay"'  (a),  n.     A  sparkling  wine  taking  its  name 

from  the  town  of  Ay  in  the  department  of 

Marne.  Prance.    See  champagne. 
ay';.     I .i  1 )  <  M  E.  ay,  ai.  ey,  ei,  eg,  etc.,  <  AS.  teg, 

eg,  (iij.  eg,  etc.;  (-)  of  other  origin:  see  under 
ai.]  A  common  English  digraph  (pron.  a), 
formerly  interchaiigealile  in  most  instances 
with  ai,  bu1  now  the  regular  form  when  final, 
occurring  medially  only  in  certain  positions. 
Historically  ii  represents,  (1)  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori- 

-   ori  withaaal "bed  guttural,  as  In  clay,  day1, 

<",i     i.n/i  etc;  (21  in  words  of  Scandinavian, 

R anlc,  Latin,  or  other  origin,  various  diphthongs,  ai, 

etc.,  as  in  oi/l,  nay,  rayl,  ray-,  stay-,  etc.    In  recent 


ayen 

words  it  is  the  ordinary  representative  of  the  sound  a 
when  final.    See  further  under  at. 

ayah  (ay'ii),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind.,  etc.,  dya, 
dyd,  <  l'g.'  aia  (=  Sp.  aya  =  It.  aja),  nurse,  gbv- 
erness,  fern,  of  aia  (=  Sp.  aim  =  It.  OJO),  tutor; 
of  uncertain  origin.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
native  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid;  a  nurse. 

ayapana  (ii-ya-pa'na),  ».  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  Enpntorium  triplinrrre,  a  Brazilian 
plant,  natural  order  t  'onijiosita;  at  one  time  be- 
lieved to  be  a  panacea.  It  is  still  considered 
to  have  some  valuable  medicinal  properties. 

ayaya,  ».    See  aiaia. 

aye*  (a),  adv.     See  ay1. 

aye2  (a),  interj.     See  ay-. 

aye3,  ay3  (iii  ori),  adv.  or  interj.  [Formerly  also 
ai,  ey,  but  at  its  first  appearance,  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan period,  invariably  printed  /  (often  asso- 
ciated in  puns  with  the  pronoun  I).  Earlier 
history  unknown;  possibly  orig.  a  dial,  form 
of  ay,  ever,  always,  worn  down  to  a  mere  parti- 
cle of  assent.  Hardly,  as  commonly  supposed, 
a  corruption  of  yea.  The  spelling  aye  is  pre- 
ferred, as  making  a  distinction  like  that  in  eye 
from  words  in  -ay,  -ey  with  the  reg.  pron.  a,  as  in 
hay,  bey,  gray,  grey,  etc.]  1.  Yes;  yea:  a  word 
expressing  assent,  or  an  affirmative  answer  to 
a  question:  opposed  to  no.  It  is  common  in  dia- 
lectal and  nautical  language,  and  is  the  regular  word  used 
in  voting  "yes"  in  Congress,  the  House  ot  Commons,  and 
other  legislative  bodies.  In  Congress  the  official  terms, 
as  in  the  Constitution,  are  yea  and  nay;  but  the  more 
sonorous  aye  and  no  are  preferred  in  making  response. 

2.  Yes ;  yea ;  even  so ;  truly :  indicating  as- 
sent to  what  has  been  said,  and  introducing  a 
further  or  stronger  statement. 

What !  am  I  not  your  king? 
If  ay,  then  am  I  not  to  be  obey'd  ? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  iv.  2. 

The  champions,   ay,  and  exemplars  too,  of  classical 

learning.  Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1826. 

3.  Indeed:  suggesting  slight  surprise,  interro- 
gation, anger,  or  reproach,  or  simple  atten- 
tion, according  to  the  mode  of  pronunciation. 
— Aye,  aye,  naut. :  (a)  The  phrase  by  which  comprehen- 
sion of  an  order  is  expressed  on  board  ship,  (fc)  An  answer 
to  a  sentry's  hail  or  to  a  call. 

aye3,  ay3  (ai  ori),  h.  [<  aye,  adv.  or  interj.]  An 
affirmative  answer  or  vote  in  deliberative  bod- 
ies.—The  ayes  and  noes,  the  yeas  and  nays,  (a)  The 
affirmative  and  negative  votes,  (b)  Those  who  so  vote. 
Hence  —  The  ayes  have  it,  in  deliberative  bodies,  the 
phrase  employed  by  the  presiding  officer  in  declaring 
that  the  affirmative  votes  are  in  a  majority. 

Another  was  the  late  Speaker  Trevor,  who  had,  from  the 
chair,  put  the  <| nest  inn,  w  hetlirr  he  was  or  was  not  a  rogue, 
and  had  been  forced  to  pronounce  that  the  Ayes  had  it. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

aye4t,  «•     Seecy1. 

aye-aye  (i'i).  n.  [<  F.  aye-aye,  <  Malagasy  aiay, 
also  dial,  ajiay,  Iiailiay,  prob.  of  imitative  origin 
(cf.  ai  and  ai-ai).  Reduplication  is  characteris- 
tic of  imitative  names,  particularly  in  native 
languages.]     A  name  of  a  remarkable  lemurino 


Aye-aye  {Daubettteixia  madapasctirieHSis). 

quadruped  of  Madagascar,  of  the  suborder  Pro- 
suuiir,  family  Daubentoniidw  (or  Chiromyidts), 

the  Daiiluntniiia  (or  Cliinuuys)  niatlaiiaseari- 
ensiS,  which  combines  a  rodent-like  dentition 

with  the  genera]  characters  of  the  lemurs. 
It  »as  originally  referred  to  the  Rodentia,  and  n;i-  do- 
Bcribed  as  a  Bpecies  of  Sciurus,  or  squirrel.  It  is  a  small 
Bquirrel-like  animal  (so  far  as  its  long  bushy  tail,  general 
configuration,  ami  arboreal  habits  may  warrant  the  com- 
parison), with  large  thin  earsopening  forward,  gnat  eyes 
looking  forward,  a  ihi  peculiar  physiognomy,  and  an 
attenuated  middle  finger,  which  seems  as  if  withered. 
I  Ii'  thumb  is  not  apposable,  in  which  respect  it  is  unlike 
i  in-  i iincr  digit  of  the  foot.  The  animal  is  nocturnal,  arbo- 
real, ami  peculiar  to  Madagascar.  Its  economy  is  still 
imperfectrj  known.    Tic  meaningless  name  aye-aye  was 

in  1802  or  L808  made  a  l.arliai s  generic  name  bj  Laos- 

l ii  tl,-.  'fin-  genus  is  usually  called  by  the  name  Chiromye, 
iven  by  Cuvier  in.1800,  Inn  this  is  antedated  bj  Vavr 
bentonia,  applied  by  Etienne  Geoffroy  St.  llilairc  in  l"i»8. 
Sir  Davbentonia. 

ayeint,  «<lr.  and  prep.     An  old  form  of  again. 

ayelt,  »•    See  ayle. 

ayelp(a-yelp'),  pr< p.  pin-,  as  adv.  [<  ":l  +  yelp.] 
On  the  yelp;  yelping.     Browning. 

ayent,  adv.  and  prep.     An  old  form  of  again. 


ayenbite 

ayenbitet,  n.  [MK.,  <  aycn,  again,  +  bite  (a 
translation  of  LL.  remorsus,  remorse) :  see  again 
and  bite.]  Remorse.  [The  "Ayenbite  of  Inwyt" 
(Remorse  of  Conscience)  la  the  title  ol  a  well-known  old 
English  religious  work  adapted  from  the  French.] 

ayenee  (;i-ye-ne'),  n.  [E.  Intl.]  Angili-wood 
(which  see). 

ayenst,  ayenstt,  prep.  Obsolete  forms  of 
against. 

ayenwardt,  adr.  An  obsolete  form  of  again- 
wnrd. 

ayenyeftet,  >'•  [ME.,  <  ayen,  again,  back,  + 
yrfte,  gift :  see  again  and  gift.']  A  recompense. 
Ayenbite  of  Inwyt. 

ay-green,  'aye-green  (a'gren),  to.  [<  ay*  + 
an  in.  Of.  evergreen  and  sempcrvivent.]  The 
houseleek,  Sempervivum  tectorum. 

aygulett,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

aylet,  ayelt,  n.  [<  ME.  axel,  ayel,  <  AF.  ayle, 
UP.  nil  I,  ninl,  F.  aieitl  =  Pr.  aviol  =  Sp.  ulnii- 
to  =  It.  avolo,  <  LL.  *aviolus,  dim.  of  arius,  for 
L.  amis,  grandfather.]  A  grandfather.  See 
besayle. 

I  am  thin  ayel,  ready  at  thy  wille. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1619. 

aylet  (a'let),  11.  [Cf.  ailette.]  In  her.,  a  bird 
represented  as  sable,  beaked  and  legged  gules. 
Also  known  as  the  sea-swallow  and  as  the 
Cornish  chough. 

aymantt,  aymontt,  »•  [<  OF.  aymant,  aimant 
=  Pr.  ayman,  aziman,  adiman,  <  ML.  "adimas 
(mlimant-),  var.  of  L.  adamas  (adamant-),  ada- 
mant, diamond:  see  adamant,  diamond.]  Ada- 
mant ;  a  diamond. 

aymet,  inter).     See  ay  me!  under  ay2. 

A  ymees  and  hearty  heigh-hoes 
Are  sallads  fit  for  soldiers. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  i.  2. 

aymerst,  n.  pi.     Obsolete  form  of  embers. 

aymontt,  »•     See  aymant. 

ayni-wood  (i'ni-wud),  n.     The  timber  of  the 

Terminalia  tomentosa,  a  combretaceous  tree  of 

southern  India. 
ayont  (a-yonf),  prep.     [Se.,  =  E.  beyond,  with 

prefix  a-  instead  of  be- :  see  beyond.]     Beyond. 

Some  wee  short  hour  ayont  the  twal. 

Hums,  Death  and  Doctor  Hornbook. 

ayr  (ar),  n.  [Sc.,  also  air,  <  Ieel.  eyrr,  mod. 
eyri,  the  gravelly  bank  of  a  river,  a  small  tongue 
of  land  running  into  the  sea  (=  Sw.  or  —  Dan. 
ore,  seen  in  place-names,  as  in  Elsinore,  Dan. 
Helsingor,  Ieel.  as  if  *  Helsingja-eyrr),  <  aurr, 
clay,  mud,  =  Norw.  aur  =  AS.  ear,  earth, 
ground,  used  also  as  the  name  of  the  runic 
character  for  ed.]  An  open  sea-beach;  a 
sand-bank.     Also  spelled  air.     [Scotch.] 

ayrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Also  eyrant,  a  ppr.  form,  < 
ME.  *aire,  eyre,  etc.,  aery:  see  aery2  and  -ant1.] 
In  her.,  seated  on  its  nest  or  aery:  said  of  a 
bird  of  prey  when  thus  represented  as  a  bearing. 

Ayr  stone.    See  stone. 

ayuntamiento  (a-yon"ta-mi-en't6),  n.  [Sp.,  < 
OSp.  ayuntar,  <  ML.  *adjuuctare,  <  ad,  to,  + 
"junctare  (>  Sp.  juntar,  join),  <  L.  jungere,  pp. 
junctus,  join  :  see  jo  in.  Cf.  junta.]  In  Spain 
and  Spanish  America,  a  corporation  or  body  of 
magistrates  in  a  city  or  town ;  a  town  council, 
usually  composed  of  alcaldes,  regidors,  and 
other  municipal  officers. 

ay-wordt  (a'werd).  n.  [A form,  appar.  an  error, 
appearing  in  some  editions  of  Shakspere,  spe- 
cifically in  "Twelfth  Night,"  ii.  3,  where  others 
give  nayword,  q.  v.]     A  byword. 

az.     In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  azure. 

azale  (a-zal'), «.  [Appar.  <  azalea.  Cf.  azalein.] 
A  coloring  matter  obtained  by  extracting 
"madder-flowers  "  with  wood-naphtha  at  a  boil- 
ing temperature.     It  is  no  longer  used. 

Azalea  (a-za'le-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a(,aUor,  dry 
(in  allusion  to'the  dry  habitat  of  the  plant),  < 
Kciv,  dry  up,  parch.]  1.  A  genus  of  erica- 
ceous  plants,  now  referred  to  Rhododendron. — 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  or  flower  belonging  to  this 
genus.  See  Rhododendron. — 3.  [I.e.]  A  name 
of  a  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Loiseleuria, 
the  Alpine  azalea,  X.  procumbens. 

azalein  (a-za'le-in),  m.  [<  azalea  +  -in2.]  Same 
as  rosanilim . 

azan(a-zan'),  n.  [Ar.]  In  Mohammedan  coun- 
tries, the  call  to  public  prayers,  proclaimed  by 
the  crier  from  the  minaret  of  the  mosque. 

When  their  crier,  a  small  wizen-faced  man,  began  the 
Aznn,  we  received  it  with  a  shout  of  derision,  and  some, 
hastily  snatching  up  their  weapons,  offered  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  martyrdom.     R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  133. 

azarin  (az'a-rin),  n.  A  coal-tar  color  of  the 
azo-group  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  applied  only  to  cot- 
ton, and  is  fairly  fast  to  light.     It  is  a  compound  uf  naph- 


405 

thol-azo-dichlor-phenol  and  ammonium  bisulphite.  It  dyes 
a  brilliant  red  Inclining  to  crlmBon, 

azarole  (az'a-rol),  «.  [Also  azerole;  <  P.  a  a 
mil ,  azerole  =  It.  azzeruolo  =  Bp. acerolo,  azarolo 
=  Pg.  azarola  (NL.  azarolus),  <  Ar.  az-zu'ritr,  < 
u!,  the,  +  zu'rur,  azarole.]  The  Neapolitan 
medlar,  a  species  of  thorn.  Crataegus  Azarolus, 
which  bears  a  rather  largo,  pleasant  fruit. 

azedarach  (a-zed'a-rak),  n.  [<  F.  aeeatzrac  = 
Sp,  oca  darague,  prob.  through  Ar.,  <  Pers.  dead 
dirakht,  lit.  free  (noble)  tree:  dead,  free;  <'<- 
rnklit.  tree]  1.  An  ornamental  East  Indian 
tree,  Melia  Azedarach,  cultivated  in  southern 
Europe  and  America,  and  also  known  as  bead- 
tree,  pride  of  India,  etc.  See  Melia. — 2.  A 
drug,  consisting  of  the  bark  of  the  root  of  the 
azedarach.  It  is  an  emetic  and  a  cathartic, 
and  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

aziam  (az'iam),  n.  [Russ.  azyamii.]  A  full 
long  outside  garment,  without  plaits,  made  of 
a  coarse  gray  cloth ;  at  Astrakhan,  a  sheep- 
skin coat  covered  with  cloth.     [Russian.] 

azimuth  (az'i-muth),  n.  [_<ME.azymuth,azimut, 
<  OF.  azim  it  t  =  Sp.  azim  it  t  =  Pg.  azim  u  th  =  It.  az- 
zimutto,  <  Ar.  as-sumiit,  <  al,  the,  +  sumiit,  pi.  of 
saint,  way  or  path,  point  or  quarter  of  the  horizon. 
From  the  same wordisderivedwni'iVi.  q.  v.]  In 
astron.,  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  be- 
tween the  meridian  of  a  place  and  the  vertical 
circle  passing  through  the  center  of  a  celestial 
object.  The  azimuth  and  altitude  of  a  star  give 
its  exact  posi- 
tion in  the  sky. 
—  Altitude  and 
azimuth  circle. 
See  circle. —  Azi- 
muth compass, 
a  compass  placed 
in  some  convenient 
part  of  a  ship  on  the 
midship  line,  and 
provided  with  vanes, 
screws,  and  other 
apparatus  for  ob- 
serving the  bearings 
of  heavenly  and  ter- 
restrial objects. — 
Azimuth  dial,  a 
dial  whose  style  or 
gnomon  is  at  right 


Azimuth  Compass. 


angles  to  the  x>laue  of  the  horizon.  The  shadow  marks 
the  sun's  azimuth.— Azimuth  or  vertical  circleB,  great 
circles  intersecting  one  another  In  the  zenith  and  nadir, 
and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles.— Magnetic  azi- 
muth, an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the 
azimuth  or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of 
any  heavenly  body  and  the  magnetic  meridian.  This  is 
found  by  observing  the  object  with  an  azimuth  compass. 

azimuthal  (az'i-muth-al),  a.  [<  azimuth  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  azimuth;  used  in  taking  azi- 
muths. 

azimuthally  (az'i-muth-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  azimuth;  in  the  direction  of  the  azi- 
muth. 

Turning  azimuthally  in  either  direction. 

Nature,  XXX.  525. 

azo-.  A  curt  form  of  azote  in  compounds. — 
Azo-compound,  a  compound  intermediate  between  a 
nitro-  and  an  amido-compound,  made  from  the  former 
by  partial  reduction,  or  from  the  latter  by  partial  oxida- 
tion:  as,  azobenzene,  Ce,H5  —  N  =  N  —  C6H5.  —  Azo-dyes, 
a  well-defined  group  of  the  coal-tar  colors,  all  containing 
the  diatomic  group  — N  =  N— ,  bound  on  either  side  to 
a  benzene  radical.  They  may  be  prepared  by  reduction  of 
the  nitro-compounds  in  alkaline  solutions  or  by  acting  on 
diazo-compounds  with  phenols  or  amines  of  the  aromatic 
series,  simple  azo-compounds  are  for  the  most  part 
brightly  colored  bodies;  but  they  are  not  coloring  mat- 
ters, since  they  do  not  possess  the  property  of  combining 
with  either  acids  or  bases.  The  azo-dyes  are  the  amido- 
or  hydroxyl-derivatives  of  simple  azo-compounds,  and  are 
distinguished  as  amidoazo-  and  oxyazo-dyes.  In  dyeing, 
the  amidoazo-dyes  can  either  be  used  as  such  or  in  the 
form  of  their  sulphonic  acids,  while  the  oxyazo-dyes 
nearly  always  contain  sulpho-groups. 

azobenzene  (az-o-ben'zen),  n.  [<  azo(te)  + 
benzene.]  A  crystalline  substance,  (CgHsJoNo, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  reducing  agents  upon 
nitrobenzene.  Also  called  azobenzol  ami  azo- 
/"  a  ide. 

azobenzol  (az-o-ben'zol),  n.  \_<azo(te)  +  ben- 
zol.]    Same  as  azobenzi  ru  . 

azo-blue  (az'o-blo),  ».  A  coal-tar  color  used  for 
dyeing  cotton,  and  fast  to  soap  anil  acids.  It  is 
a  dark-blue  powder  soluble  in  water,  and  is  formed  by  the 
action  of  tctraza-ditolyl  chlorid  on  beta-naphthol-sulplio- 
nate  of  potash. 

azodiphenyl  (az"o-dI-fen'il),  n.  Same  as  Con- 
pier's  blue  (which  see,  under  blue). 

azo-erythrin  (az"o-e-rith'rin),  n.    [<  azo^te)  + 

en/thriii.]  A  coloring  principle  obtained  from 
the  archil  of  commerce. 

azogue  (Sp.  pron.  ii-tho'ga),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
azougue,  quicksilver,  <  Sp.  Ar.  aeaouga,  <  Ar. 
azzdug,<  al,  the,  +  zdiig,  <  Pers.  eMwah,  quick- 
silver.    Cf.  assogue.]     Quicksilver. 


azotized 

All  the  different  kinds  of  silver  are  called  [in  Mexico) 
OZOgueS,  or  quicksilvers.  Sri.  Amer.  (V  S.),  LVI.  260. 

azoic  (a-ziVik),  a.  [X  Gr.  aCuor,  lifeless,  <  a- 
priv.  +  -.<■»,,  life,  <  Z&uv,  tflv,  live. J  Destitute 
of  organic  life:  m  geol.,  applied  to  rocks  which 
arc  destitute  of  any  fossil  remains  or  other 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  life  at  the  period 

of  their  deposition.    The  "  azoic  system    or  sei f 

Foster  ami  Whitney  Includes  the  stratified  rocks,  togi  ther 
with  the  associated  imstratified  or  ma  vhicb 

underlie  uncomformably,  or  are  otherwise  Bhown  to  be 
older  than,  the  Potsdam  Bandstone,  or  the  lowest  group 
of  rocks  which  has  up  to  the  present  time  been  proved  to 
contain  traces  of  :i  formt  i  organic  life. 

The  dredge  was  sent  down  at  each  successive  station, 

but  with  very  i '  result ;  ami  Dr.  Carpenter  was  driven 

to  the  conclusion  that  the  bottom  of  the  Mediterranean  at 
depths  beyond  a  few-  hundred  fathoms  is  nearly  azoic. 

Sir  C.  II-.  Thomson,  Depths  of  tic-  Sea,  p.  192. 

The  enormously  thick  »;»:>  slaty  and  other  rock-,  which 
constitute  the  Laurentian  and  Cambrian  formations,  may 
be  to  a  great  extent  the  metamorphosed  productsol  I    > 
miniferal  lib-.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  -  ' 

azolitmin  (az-o-lit'min),  n.  [<  azo{te)  +  litmus 
+  -in'-.]  A  deep  blood-red  coloring  matter  ob- 
tained from  litmus. 

azonic  (a-zon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  afuvoc,  confined  to 
no  zone  or  region,  <  a-  priv.  +  fur?),  a  zone.] 
Not  confined  to  any  particular  zone  or  region ; 
not  local.     Emerson. 

azoospermatism  (a-zo-o-sper'ma-tizm),  «.  [< 
(if.  a^uoc,  lifeless  (see  azoic),  +  enripuair-),  seed, 
+  -ism.]     Same  as  azoospermia. 

azoospermia  (a-zo-o-sper'mi-S,),  n.  [NL. :  see 
azoospermatism.]  In  pathol.,  loss  or  diminution 
of  vitality  of  the  spermatozoa,  or  their  absence 
from  the  semen. 

azor  (a'zor),  n.  A  kind  of  beaver  cloth,  made 
in  Styria,  Austria. 

Azorian  (a-zo'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sp.  Azores, 
Pg.  Acores,  so  named  from  the  abundance  of 
hawks  or  buzzards  there,  <  Sp.  azor,  Pg.  aair, 
a  hawk:  see  Astur  and  austringer.]  I.  a.  Be- 
longing or  relating  to  the  Azores,  or  to  their 
inhabitants. 

II.  to.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Azores, 
a  group  of  islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
about  800  miles  west  of  Portugal,  to  which 
country  they  belong. 

azorite"  (az'o-rit),  «.  A  mineral  crystallizing 
in  tetragonal  crystals,  found  in  a  granitic  rock 
in  the  Azores.  Its  chemical  nature  is  doubtful ; 
it  may  be  identical  with  zircon. 

azotatet  (az'o-tat),  n.  [<  azot-ic  +  -ate*-.]  A 
compound  formed  by  the  union  of  nitric  or 
azotic  aeid  with  a  base  ;  nitrate. 

azote  (az'ot),  it.  [=  F.  azote,  <  NL.  azotum,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  *{u-6c,  assumed  verbal  adj.  of 
C.aetv,  var.  of  ^aziv,  C'/'\  live.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  nitrogen,  because  it  is  unfit  for  respi- 
ration. 

Lavoisier  suggested  the  propriety  of  giving  to  this  foul 
kind  of  air  [air  robbed  of  its  oxygen]  the  name  of  Azote, 
...  a  name  which  it  still  retains  in  France,  but  which 
has  beeu  superseded  elsewhere  by  the  term  Nitrogen. 

Huxley,  Physiog..  p.  79. 

azoted  (az'o-ted),  a.  [<  azote  +  -ed2.]  Nitro- 
genized. 

As  animals  are  fed  on  animal  diet  or  on  azoted  sub- 
stances. Aitkin,  Med.  Diet,  (6th  ed.),  II.  1061. 

azotht  (az'oth),  ii.  [Also  azot  and  azook ;  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Ar.  original  of  azogue.  q.  v.]  1. 
In  alchemy,  mercury,  as  the  assumed  first  prin- 
ciple of  all  metals. —  2.  The  universal  specific: 
or  panacea  of  Paracelsus. 

azotic  (a-zot'ik),  «.  [<  azote  +  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing to  azote;  fatal  to  animal  life Azotic  acid. 

Same  as  nitric  arid.  See  nitric. —  Azotic  gas,  nitrogen, 
or  nitrogen  gas. 

azotide  (az'o-tid  or  -tid),  n.  [<  azote  +  -ide2.] 
An  azotized  body.     See  azotized. 

azotin  (az'o-tin),  n.  [<  azote  +  -in2.]  An  ex- 
plosive compound  consisting  of  15.23  parts  of 
carbon,  11.43  of  sulphur,  69.05  of  saltpeter,  and 
4.29  of  petroleum. 

azotise,  azotised.    See  azotizc,  azotized. 

azotite  (az'o-tit),  ».  [<  azote  +  -iti'1.]  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  nitrous  aeid  with  a 
base:  synonymous  with  nitrite. 

azotize  (az'o-tiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  azotized, 
ppr.  azotiziiig.  [<  azote  +  -ize.]  To  nitro- 
genize.     Also  spelled  azotise. 

azotized  (az'o-tazd),  p.  n.  Imbued  with  azote 
or  nitrogen.     Also  spelled  azotised. 

It  has  been  maintained,  on  the  basis  of  carefully-con 
ducted  experiments,  .  .  .  that  the  amount  of  work  done 
by  an  animal  may  lie  greater  than  can  lie  accounted  for  by 
the  ultimate  metamorphosis  of  the  azotized  constituents 
of  its  food. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  and  Conserv.  of  Forces,  p.  431. 
Organic  compounds  which  i tain  nitrogen  are  fre- 
quently termed  azotised  substances. 

W.  .1.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §339. 


azotometer 

azotometer  (az-6-tom'e-ter),  n.  [<  azote  +  Gr. 
ftirpov,  measure.]     Same  as  nitrometer. 

An  as  mtaixdng  a  concentrated  solution  of  po- 

tassium hydroxide  where  the  nitrogen  was  measured. 

Aimer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3dser.,  XXX.  r.7. 

azotous(a-zo'tus),fl.  [< azote  +  -ok*.]  Nitrous: 
us.  azotous  (=  nitrous)  arid. 

azoturia  (az-o-tu'ri-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  azote  +  L. 
ur-ina,  urine:' see  urea.']  Inpathol.,  a  condition 
in  which  there  is  an  excess  of  urea  excreted. 

Azrael,  Azrail  (az'ra-el,  -il),  n.  [Heb.  Azrael, 
lit.  help  of  God.]  In  Mohammedanism,  the  an- 
gel of  death,  whose  function  it  is  to  separate 
men's  souls  from  their  bodies. 

The  second  trumpet  blast  «ill  !"■  that  of  "Extermina- 
tion/' at  the  sound  of  which  the  lives  of  ;ill  creatures  .  .  . 
will  in  an  instant  lie  extinguished,  the  last  to  die  being 
Azrael,  the  angel  of  death.     Religions  of  the  World,  p.  364. 

Aztec  (az'tek),  n.  and  a.  [<  Azteca,  the  native 
name.  Cf.  Aztlan.  the  legendary  but  unknown 
region  from  which  the  Aztecs  came ;  said  to  be 

<  aztatl,  heron,  +  tlan  or  Utlan,  place.]  I.  n. 
A  member  of  one  of  the  leading  aboriginal 
tribes  of  Mexico,  which  was  dominant  on  the 
central  table-land  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
invasion  under  Cortes  in  1519. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aztecs. 
Aztecan  (az'tek-an),  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aztecs;  Aztec. 

Specimens  of  Aztecan  aboriginal  workmanship. 

Science,  VIII.  403. 

azulejo  (Sp.  pron.  a-tho-la'ho),  n.  [Sp.,  <  aeul, 
blue :  see  azure."]  An  earthenware  tile  of  Span- 
ish manufacture,  painted  and  enameled  in  rich 
colors,  especially  one  having  a  metallic  luster. 
[This  use  of  the  word,  which  is  general  among  English  col- 
li rt  »rs  and  writers  mi  decoration,  is  apparently  founded 
on  the  assumption  that  the  word  in  the  original  Spanish 
means  a  tile  of  any  kind.] 

azulene  (az'u-len),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  aeul,  blue, 
azure,  +  -ene.]  A  vegetable  principle  which 
imparts  a  blue  color  to  many  of  the  volatile  oils. 
It  is  a  volatile  liquid,  with  an  intensely  blue  vapor.  The 
formula  C16H26O  has  been  given  to  it.    Also  called  cent- 

1,  in. 

azulin  (az'u-lin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azul,  blue, 
azure,  4-  -in-.]  A  coal-tar  color  formerly  used 
in  dyeing.  It  was  prepared  by  beating  coralline  and 
aniline  together,  and  produced  blue  colors. 

azulmin  (az-ul'min),  ii.  [<  az{urc)  +  ulm(ic)  + 
-in-.]  A  name  given  to  the  brown  ulniic  ni- 
trogenous substance  which  is  formed  by  the 
spontaneous  decomposition  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

azumbre  (Sp.  pron.  a-thbni'bra),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Spanish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  half  a 
gallon. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME. 
azure,  asure,  asur,  <  OF.  azur,  asm;  F.  azur  = 
i'r.  azur  =  OSp.  azur,  Sp.  Pg.  azul  =  It.  aszurro, 
azzuolo,  <  ML.  azura,  azurum,  etc.,  also  lazur, 
iaznriiis;  lazuhis,  an  azure-colored  stone,  lapis 
lazuli,  also  azure,  MGr.  "Aa(,ohptov,  <  Ar.  Idzward, 

<  Pers.  lazhward,  lapis  lazuli,  azure:  said  to  be 
named  from  the  mines  of  Lajwurd.  The  initial 
/ 1-  supposed  to  have  been  lost  in  the  Romanic 
forms  through  confusion  with  the  definite  arti- 
cle, F.  le,  V,  etc.]     I.  n.  If.  Lapis  lazuli. 

But  natheles  this  niarkis  hath  doon  make 
Of  gemmes  set  in  gold  and  in  asure, 
Broches  and  ringes,  for  Grisildis  sake. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  254, 

2.  The  fine  blue  color  of  the  sky:  as,  "her 
eyes  a  bashful  azure,"  Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

If  .  .  .  the  air  were  absolutely  pure  and  devoid  of  mat- 
t, 1  foreign  to  it.  the  "  !iw<  of  the  sky  would  no  longer  be 
and  the  heaven  would  appear  black. 

Spottmtiooae,  Polarisation,  p.  82. 

A  little  speck  of  azure  lias  widened  in  the  western  heav- 
ens. Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Talcs,  I. 


Azure  (heraldic 
tincture). 


406 

3.  A  name  formerly  applied  to  several  sky- 
colored  or  blue  pigments,  but  now  used  for 
cobalt  blue  (which  see,  under  blue).  It  has  been 
applied  to  —  (a)  that  made  from  lapis  lazuli,  called  genu- 
ine ultramarine  ;  (6)  that  made  by  fusing  glass  with  oxid 
of  cobalt,  and  reducing  this  to  a  powder:  in  grains  the 
size  of  sand,  this  is  called  smalt;  (c)  an  artificially  pre- 
pared carbonate  of  copper. 

4.  The  sky,  or  blue  vault  of  heaven. 

Not  like  those  steps 
On  heaven's  azure.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  297. 

5.  In  her.,  the  tincture  blue,  which  in  uncol- 
ored  drawings  or  engravings  is 
represented  by  shading  in  hori- 
zontal lines.  Often  abbreviated 
to  az. 

II.  a.   Resembling  the  clear 
blue  color  of  the  sky ;  sky-blue. 

—  Azure    blue.      See    blue— Azure 
copper  ore.    See  azurite,  1. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  v.  t.; 
pret.  and  pp.  aeured,  ppr.  azur- 
ing.     [<  azure,  a.]     To  color  blue. 
Who  azur'd  the  firmament?  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  394. 
'Twlxt  the  green  sea  and  the  azur'd  vault. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

azure-stone  (azh'ur-ston),  %.  Same  as  azu- 
rite, 1. 

azurine  (azh.'u-rin),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  azuri- 
nus,  <  azura,  azure :  see  azure.]  I.t  a.  Azure. 
Hakluyt. 

II.   n.    1.  An  English  book-name  of  a  fish 
which  is  a  variety  of  the  rudd ;  the  blue  roach. 

—  2.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Malurus  (which  see). 

—  3.  A  bluish-black  shade  produced  in  print- 
ing with  aniline  black,  formed  by  treating  the 
fabric  with  ammonia  after  the  black  is  com- 
pletely developed. 

azurite  (azh'u-rlt),  n.  [<  azure  +  -ite".]  1. 
A  blue  mineral,  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  name  of  moun- 
tain-blue. Azurite  occurs  finely  crystallized  at  Chessv, 
near  Lyons,  France,  whence  it  has  been  called  ehessylite 
and  Chessy  copper;  it  is  also  obtained  in  fine  crystals  at 
several  mines  in  Arizona  and  Utah.  Also  called  azure  cop- 
per ore,  azure-stone,  blue  copper  ore,  and  blue  malachite. 
2.  Same  as  lazulite. 

azurnt  (azh'urn  or  a'zhurn),  a.  [<  azure  +  -e«2. 
Cf.  golden.]  "  Of  a  blue  color. 

The  azum  sheen  of  turkis  blue. 

Milliin,  Comus,  1.  893. 

azury  (azh'u-ri  or  a'zhu-ri),  a.  [<  azure  +  -y1.] 
( )t  tin  azure  or  bluish  color;  blue. 

Azygobranchia  (az"i-go-braiig'ki-ii),  «.  /•/. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aCvyoc,  not  joined  (see  azygous),  + 
ppayxia,  gills.]  A  division  of  streptoneurous 
gastropods,  by  which  the  Scutibranchia,  the  Cte- 
nobranchia,  and  the  Heteropoda  are  collectively 
contrasted  with  the  Zygobranchia.  See  extract. 
All  the  remaining  Gasteropoda  contrast  with  the  Zygo- 
branchia in  the  fact  that  the  torsion  of  the  body  lias 
caused  the  obsolescence  or  abortion  of  one  of  the  true 
gills,  and  for  this  reason  Dr.  Lankester  has  arranged  them 
under  one  ordinal  head,  Azygobranchia. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  322. 

azygobranchiate  (az"i-go-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
Azygobranchia  +  -ale1.]  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Azygobranchia. 

azygomatous  (az-i-gom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  zygomatic.]  Having  no  zygo- 
mata; destitute  of  zygomatic  arches,  as  the 
skull  of  a  shrew.     Coues. 

azygOS  (az'i-gos),  n.  [<  Gr.  aC.vyor,  unpaired: 
see  azygous.]  An  azygous  part,  as  a  muscle, 
vein,  etc.—  Azygos  pharyngis,  a  small  muscle  arising 
from  the  pharyngeal  spine  of  the  basilar  process  of  the 
occipital  bone,  and  lying  along  the  middle  line  of  the 
back  of  the  pharynx  and  inserted  into  the  raphe. —  Azy- 
gOS uvulse,  the  fleshy  substance  of  the  uvula,  supposed 
to  be  a  single  symmetrical  muscle,  but  really  composed 
of  paired  halves. 

azygospore  (a-zi'go-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(«-")  +  zygospore.]     A  spore  exactly  resein- 


azzy 

bling  a  zygospore,  but  produced  parthenoge- 
netically  by  an  isolated  reproductive  organ  in 
some  members  of  the  order  Zygomycetes  of  the 
lower  fungi. 
azygOUS  (az'i-gus),  a.     [<  Gr.  aCvyor,  unpaired, 

<  a-  priv.  +  Jwydv  =  E.  yoke.]  Having  no  fel- 
low; not  being  one  of  a  pair;  single  :  in  anat. 
applied  to  several  parts,  as  muscles,  veins, 
bones,   etc.,   that    are   apparently    single,   or 

have  no  symmetrical  fellow Azygous  artery, 

an  artery  of  the  knee-joint,  usually  coming  from  the 
popliteal,  but  sometimes  from  one  of  the  superior  articu- 
lar arteries.— Azygous  veins,  tliree  veins  of  the  trunk, 
one  on  the  right  side  and  two  on  the  left.  The  rviht  or 
large  azygous  vein  arises  in  small  branches  from  the  up- 
per lumbar  vertebrae,  passes  up  into  the  thorax  to  the 
right  of  the  aorta,  and,  receiving  the  eight  inferior  right 
intercostal  veins,  the  lesser  azygous  veins,  the  left  supe- 
rior intercostal  vein,  the  right  bronchial  vein,  and  some 
esophageal  and  mediastinal  branches,  empties  into  the 
superior  vena  cava  just  above  the  pericardium.  The  left 
lower  or  small  azygous  vein  begins  in  the  upper  lumbar 
veins,  enters  the  thorax,  receives  the  four  or  five  lower 
hit  intercostal  Veins  and  some  esophaLoal  and  medias- 
tinal branches,  and  empties  usually  into  the  right  azygous 
vein,  but  sometimes  into  the  left  innominate  vein.  The 
left  upper  azygous  vein  is  derived  from  the  left  intercostal 
veins,  which  iie  between  those  that  empty  into  the  left 
superior  intercostal  trunk  and  those  that  empty  into  the 
left  lower  azygos.  They  are  usually  two  or  three  in  num- 
ber. It  communicates  above  with  the  left  superior  inter- 
costal vein  and  below  with  the  right  azygous  vein. 

azym,  azyme  (az'im),  n.  [<  LL.  azymus,  also 
azymon,  unleavened  bread,  <  Gr.  a^vfioc,  neut. 
a^vuov,  unleavened,  <  a-  priv.  +  £vpy,  leaven, 

<  C,uv,  boil,  bubble,  ferment.]  Unleavened 
bread,  or  a  loaf  of  unleavened  bread ;  espe- 
cially, the  bread  eaten  among  the  Jews  at  the 
time  of  the  Passover,  or  that  used  in  part  of 
the  Christian  church  for  consecration  in  the 
eucharist :  generally  in  the  plural.  In  the  West- 
ern Church  azyms  seem  to  have  been  used  as  far  back  as 
positive  testimony  goes,  but  the  evidence  either  for  or 
against  their  use  in  the  earlier  centuries  is  very  scanty. 
In  the  Eastern  Church  consecration  of  leavened  bread 
seems  to  have  been  the  universal  rule  since  the  earliest 
times,  but  some  early  Oriental  sects  used  azyms.  The 
Latin  Church  does  not  hold  that  the  use  of  leavened 
bread  invalidates  consecration.  The  controversy  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  churches  as  to  azyms  turns 
mainly  on  the  question  whether  the  Last  .Supper  was  with- 
in the  period  of  unleavened  bread,  and  whether  therefore 
the  holy  communion  was  instituted  with  azyrus  or  not. 

We  have  shunned  the  obscurity  of  the  papists  in  their 
azymes,  tunick,  tfce. 

The  Translators  of  the  Bible  to  the  Reader. 
Rome  prescribes  nothing  to  other  nations  on  the  point, 
merely  laying  down  that  the  blessed  Sacrament  may  more 
conveniently  lie  consecrated  in  Azumei. 

J.  .If.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  1055. 

azymic  (a-zim'ik),  a.  [<  azym  +  -ic.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  unleavened  bread ;  unleavened ; 
azymous. 

Azymite  (az'i-mit),  n.  [<  ML.  azymita,  <  MGr. 
a^vulTt/c,  <  a<i>//oc,  unleavened :  see  azym  and 
-ite^.]  A  member  of  a  church  which  uses  un- 
leavened bread  for  consecration  in  the  eucha- 
rist ;  especially,  a  designation  applied  by  con- 
troversialists of  the  Greek  Church  to  a  member 
of  the  Latin  or  Western  Church,  or  to  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Armenian  or  of  the  Maronite 
Church,  which  also  use  azyms.  See  azym.  The 
terms  Fermentarians  and  Prozymites  have  Bometimea 
been  applied  in  return  to  members  of  the  Greek  Church  by 
Latin  controversialists. 

azymous  (az'i-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  afrfioc,  unleav- 
ened: see  azym.]  Unleavened;  unfermented  : 
as,  sea-biscuit  is  azymous.     [Hare.] 

azzimina  (iit-si-me'nii),  n.  [It.]  Decoration 
by  damaskeening  of  the  finer  sort,  especially 
in  gold  or  silver  and  in  elaborate  designs.  Also 
called  agemina. 

azzle-tooth  (az'1-toth),  n.  [See  axle-tooth.] 
Same  as  axle-tooth.  Halliuell ;  Dunglison. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

azzy,  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  wayward  child.  Ealli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 


WW 


% 


I  I  lllllO  I  I  -I  I  I  I  LIH..M  I  I  I  I.I.  Ill.-V! 


y 


1.  The  second  letter  in 
order  in  the  English  al- 
phabet, as  it  was  in  the 
Phenician,  and  has  been 
in  most  other  alphabets 
derived  from  the  Pheni- 
cian. (See  A.)  The  name 
of  the  Phenician  character  was 
beth,  meaning  house ;  from  this 
comes  the  Greek  name,  beta. 
The  Phenician  beth,  with  some 
early  Greek  and  Latin  forms  of  b,  and  with  the  ancient 
Egyptian  characters,  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic,  from  which 
the  others  are  by  many  authorities  supposed  to  be  ulti- 
mately derived,  are  given  below : 


4 


a  b 


Egyptian.  Pheni- 

Hieroglypnic.        Hieratic.  cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latin 


The  value  of  the  character  is  the  same  in  all  these  alpha- 
bets. It  is  a  labial  sonant  (or  voiced)  mute  (or  stop,  or 
check) ;  that  is,  it  is  made  with  the  lips  alone,  by  a  com- 
plete closure  cutting  off  all  exit  of  breath  from  the  mouth, 
but  with  accompanying  sonant  vibrations  of  the  vocal 
chords,  the  current  of  air  necessary  to  produce  this  being 
driven  from  the  lungs  into  the  closed  cavity  of  the  mouth. 
The  corresponding  surd  (or  voiceless)  mute  is  p.  (See  P.) 
B  has  nothing  of  that  variety  of  pronunciation  shown  by 
most  English  letters;  but  it  is  sometimes  silent,  as  when 
final  after  m,  in  lamb,  limb,  tomb,  thumb,  and  in  a  few 
other  cases,  as  debt,  doubt.  In  most  of  these  cases  b  is  a 
mi  idem  graphic  insertion,  and  was  never  pronounced  (in 
the  English  forms);  e.  g.,  limb,  thumb,  debt,  doubt.  In  the 
fundamental  or  Germanic  part  of  our  language  a  b  comes 
from  a  more  original  aspirate  found  in  Sanskrit  as  bk,  in 
Greek  as  #  (ph),  in  Latin  usually  as  /.  Examples  are : 
E.  brother  =  Skt.  bhrdtar  =  Gr.  ^pdTijp  =  L.  f rater ;  E. 
bearl  (v.)  =  Skt.  >/  bhar  =  Gr.  tfrepeiv  =  L.  ferre.  With  the 
English  6  corresponds  that  of  most  of  the  other  Germanic 
dialects.  In  the  original  Indo-European  or  Aryan  lan- 
guage b  was  nearly  or  altogether  wanting. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews 
and  Greeks,  as  now  by  the  Arabians,  for  2. — 

3.  As  a  symbol :  («)  In  music,  the  seventh  tone, 
or  "leading  tone,"  of  the  model  diatonic  scale, 
or  scale  of  C.  B  was  the  last  tone  to  be  adopted  into 
the  modern  major  scale.  It  was  the  first  note  to  be  modi- 
fied by  lowering  its  pitch  a  semitone ;  its  two  forms,  the 
b  rotundum  or  B  flat  (b)  and  the  b  quadratum  or  B  natu- 
ral 13)  (see  below),  afterward  became  conventional  signs 
which  were  applied  as  accidentals  to  all  the  notes  of  the 
scale.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.  In  Italian  and  French  the 
same  note  is  called  si.  In  German  use  B  denotes  B  flat, 
while  B  natural  is  represented  by  H,  and  is  called  ha. 
(b)  In  chem.,  the  symbol  of  boron,  (c)  In  ornith., 
the  accessory  femorocaudal  muscle,  one  of  the 
chief  classificatory  muscles  of  the  leg.  A.  H. 
Garrod.  (rf)  In  math.,  see  A,  2  (c).  (e)  In  ab- 
stract reasoning,  suppositions,  etc.,  the  second 
or  other  person  or  thing  mentioned :  as,  if  A 
strike  B.  (/)  In  general,  the  second  in  any  se- 
ries :  as,  Company  B  (of  a  regiment),  schedule 
B,  etc. ;  in  the  form  b,  or  b,  the  second  column 
of  a  page,  in  a  book  printed  in  columns. — 4.  As 
an  abbreviation,  B.  stands  for — (a)  Bachelor 
(or  Middle  Latin  Baccalaureus),  in  B.  A.  or  A. 
B.,  B.  C.  E.,  B.  D.,  B.  L.,  B.  M.,  etc.  See  these 
abbreviations.  (6)  In  dates,  before,  as  in  B.  C. 
or  B.  c,  and  born,  as  in  6. 1813.  (e)  In  a  ship's 
log-book,  in  the  form  6.,  blue  sky.  (d)  In  hy- 
drometric  measurements,  Baume:  as,  8°  B.  See 
Bourne's  hydrometer,  widerhydrometer.  Also  .Be. 
—  B,  or  B  flat,  an  English  humorous  euphemism  for  bug 
(Cimei-leetularius). — Bcancellatum,  in  music,  the  sharp: 
so  called  because  it  was  originally  indicated  by  crossing  or 
canceling  the  symbol  of  B  quadratum. — B  quadratum, 
in  music,  literally  square  B,  a  modified  form  (Q)  of  the 
black-letter  6  used  before  the  invention  of  accidentals 
to  denote  B  natural  in  distinction  from  B  fiat :  now  used 
as  the  natural.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.  — B  rotundum,  in 
music,  literally  round  B,  a  modified  form  Mot  the  Roman 
letter  b  first  used  to  denote  B  flat,  as  distinguished  from 
B  quadratum  :  it  is  now  the  conventional  sign  of  the  flat. 
See  accidental,  n.,  1. — Not  to  know  B  from  a  bull's 
foot,  or  a  broomstick,  or  a  battledore,  to  be  very  il- 
literate or  very  ignorant:  popular  alliterative  compari- 
sons, the  first  dating  from  the  Middle  English  period. 

ba!f,  »,  t-  [Perhaps  a  humorous  imitation  of  a 
smack ;  but  of.  OF.  baer,  beer,  open  the  mouth, 
gape  (see  bay*1),  and  buss5,  kiss.]     To  kiss. 

Let  me  ba  thy  cheke. 
Chancer,  ProL  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  433. 


ba2  (ba),  ».  t.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  ]  To  lull 
asleep  by  a  continuous,  inarticulate,  musical 
hum.     [Seoteh.] 

I'll  ba  the  bairns  wi'  an  unkenned  tune. 

W.  Nicholson. 

Ba.     The  chemical  symbol  of  barium. 

ba'  (ba),  re.  [So.,  =  E.  bain.  Cf.  a$.]  A  ball. 
[Scotch.] 

B.  A.  An  abbreviation  of — (a)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
See  A.  B.  and  bachelor,  (b)  Bachelor  of  Agri- 
culture: same  as  B.  Agr.  (c)  British  Associa- 
tion (for  the  Advancement  of  Science) :  used  in 
such  phrases  as  B.  A.  unit.     See  unit. 

baa  (ba),  v.  i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  Cf.  L. 
bee,  the  sound  made  by  a  sheep  (Varro),  L. 
balarc,  bleat,  Gr.  fityxfi,  Doric  ji'Aaxa,  a  bleat- 
ing ;  G.  ba,  bleating,  Cat.  be,  a  sheep,  with  simi- 
lar forms  in  many  languages.]  To  cry  or  bleat 
as  a  sheep. 

Like  a  lamb  whose  dam  away  is  set 

He  treble  baas  for  help.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

baa  (ba),  h.  [<  baa,  i>.]  The  cry  or  bleating  of 
a  sheep  or  lamb. 

baag-nouk,  n.  A  weapon  for  secret  attack  used 
among  the  Mahrattas  in  India,  consisting  of 
short,  sharp,  curving  steel  blades,  secured  to  a 
strap  or  plate  passing  across  the  palm  of  the 
hand,  and  so  arranged  as  not  to  wound  the 
user.  An  apparently  friendly  movement  of 
the  hand  inflicts  a  terrible  wound. 

Baal  (ba'al),  re.  [LL.  Baal,  Gr.  Biial,  Bad?.,  < 
Heb.  Ba'al,  orig.  'lord,'  or  'owner,'  applied  to 
any  deity,  then  to  a  particular  deity;  pi. 
ba'alim.]  The  name  of  a  Semitic  solar  deity 
worshiped,  especially  by  the  Phenicians  and 
their  descendants  the  Carthaginians,  with  much 
license  and  sensuality.  Baal  was  derived  from  the 
Babylonian  Bel,  a  deity  of  a  much  higher  type,  and  was 
merged  in  the  Tyrian  Melkarth.  In  its  original  generic 
sense  of  'lord,'  the  name  was  applied  to  many  different 
divinities,  or,  with  qualifying  epithets,  to  the  same  divin- 
ity regarded  in  different  aspects  and  as  exercising  differ- 
ent functions.  Thus  in  Hos.  ii.  1G  it  is  applied  to  Jehovah 
himself,  while  Baal-bcrith  (the  covenant-lord)  was  the  god 
of  the  shechemites,  and  Baal-zebub  (the  fly -god)  the  id"  I  of 
the  Philistines  at  Ekron.  Baal-peor  (lord  of  the  opening) 
was  a  god  of  Moab  and  Midian,  probably  the  same  as  Che- 
mosh.  The  word  enters  into  the  composition  of  many  He- 
brew, Phenician,  and  Carthaginian  names  of  persons  and 
places,  as  Jerubbaal,  Hasdrubal  (help  of  Baal),  Hannibal 
(grace  of  Baal),  Baal-Hammon,  Baal-Thamar,  etc. 

Baalism  (ba'al-izm),  re.  [<  Baal  +  -ism.]  The 
worship  of  Baal ;  gross  idolatry  of  any  kind. 

His  seven  thousand  whose  knees  were  not  suppled  with 
the  Baalism  of  that  age.  Fuller. 

Baalist  (ba/al-ist),  re.  [<  Baal  +  -ist.~\  A  wor- 
shiper of  Baal;  a  Baalite. 

Baalite  (ba'al-It),  re.    [<  Baal  +  -ite2.]    A  wor- 

■  shiper  of  Baal ;  hence,  a  worshiper  of  heathen 
gods  in  general;  an  idolater,  or  idolatrous 
worshiper. 

These  Baalites  of  pelf.  Keats,  Isabel. 

Baanite  (ba'an-it),  «.  [<  Baanes  +  -tte3.]  A 
follower  of  Baanes,  a  Paulician  of  the  eighth 
century. 

baar,  n.     See  bahar. 

bab1  (bab),  re.     [Sc.  and  E.  dial.,  =  E.  bob1,  q. 
v.]     1.  A  bunch;  tassel;  cockade.     [Scotch.] 
A  cockit  hat  with  a  bab  of  blue  ribbands  at  it.        Scott. 
2.  A  bob,  as  used  in  fishing. 

Besides  these  eel-sets,  however,  the  Norfolk  Broadmen 
also  fish  for  eels  with  babs,  which  can  hardly  be  called 
sport  in  any  sense  of  the  term.    Pop.  Sei .  Mo.,  XXIX.  268, 

bab1  (bab),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  =  bob1,  ».]  To  fish 
with  a  bob.     See  bob1. 

bab2  (bab),  ii.  [E.  dial.,  =  babe,  q.  v.]  A  babe. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bab:i  (bab),  ii.  [Ar.  Pers.  bob,  a  gate  or  door ; 
forming  part  of  many  eastern  place-names,  as 
Bab-el-mandeb.]  1.  The  title  assumed  by  the 
founder  of  Babism. —  2.  ABabist;  an  adherent 
of  or  a  believer  in  Babism. 

baba1  (ba'bii'),  re.     A  child's  variant  of  papa. 

baba2  (ba-bii'),  n.  [F.]  A  light  kind  of  fruit- 
cake, of  Polish  origin. 

407 


Baba3  (ba'ba),  re.  [Turk,  and  Ar.  baba, 
father.  Cf .  babu.]  An  Oriental  title  of  respect 
applied  (a)  by  tributary  Arabs  to  the  Turks, 
(//)  to  the  ushers  of  the  seraglio,  and  (c)  to 
the  Patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

babacoote,  «.     Same  as  babakoto. 

babakoto  (bii-bii-ko'to),  re.  [Native name.]  A 
name  of  the  indri  or  short-tailed  woolly  lemur 
of  Madagascar,  Indris  or  lAchanotus  brevicau- 
datus. 

babber  (bab'er),  re.  [E.  dial.,  =  bobber*. ]  One 
who  fishes  with  a  bob ;  a  bobber. 

Norfolk  babbers  frequently  catch  four  stone  weight  "1 
eels  to  a  boat  per  night,  especially  in  the  spawning 
grounds.  /'"/'.  Set.  .'/".,  XXIX.  269. 

babbint.  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  barin]. 

babbitting  (bab'it-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  "bab- 
bitt, v.,  <  Babbitt  (metal).']  1.  The  operation  of 
lining  shells  or  bushings  for  a  bearing  with 
Babbitt  metal ;  hence,  commonly,  the  similar 
use  of  any  antifriction  alloy. — 2.  Babbitt  metal. 

—  Babbitting  jig,  a  tool  used  to  hold  bearing-boxes  in 
position  about  the  journals  of  shafts,  etc.,  while  any  box- 
lining  metal,  as  the  Babbitt,  is  being  poured  in.  — Bab- 
bitting ladle,  an  iron  ladle  used  to  pour  the  Babbitt 
metal  or  any  antifriction  alloy  upon  the  bearings  of  ma- 
chinery. 

Babbitt  metal.    See  metal. 

babblative  (bab'la-tiv),  a.    [Formerly  also  bab- 

latire  ;<  babble  +  -atire.     Cf.  talkative.]     Given 

to  babbling. 

Argumentative,  babblative,  and  unpleasant  to  me. 

Carlyle,  in  Froude,  I.  119. 

babble  (bab'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  babbled,  ppr. 
babbling.  [<  ME.  babelen,  bablen  =  D.  babbe- 
len  —  'LG.  babbelen  =  Icel.  babbla  =  Dan.  bable 
=  G.  bappeln,  bappern,  babble  (cf.  F.  babiller, 
chatter) ;  all  perhaps  imitative,  with  freq.  suf- 
fix -I,  from  the  redupl.  syllable  ba :  see  ba".]  I. 
intntiis.  1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  in- 
distinctly, as  children  do ;  prattle ;  jabber. 
I  babbled  for  you,  as  babies  for  the  moon, 
Vague  brightness.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

2.  To  talk  idly,  irrationally,  or  thoughtlessly ; 
chatter  or  prate  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

A  babbled  of  green  fields.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

The  people,  when  they  met,  .  .  . 
Began  to  scoff  and  jeer  and  babble  of  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  To  make  a  continuous  murmuring  sound, 
as  a  stream ;  repeat  a  sound  frequently  and  in- 
distinctly. 

The  babbling  echo  mocks  the  hounds. 

Shak., T.  of  A.,  ii.  3. 

The  babbling  runnel  crispeth.  Tennyson,  Claribel. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  incoherently  or  with 
meaningless  iteration ;  repeat ;  prate. 

These  [words]  he  used  to  babble  indifferently  in  all  com- 
panies.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  utter  foolishly  or  thoughtlessly;  let  out 
by  babbling  or  prating:  as,  to  babble  a  plot  or 
a  secret. 
babble  (bab'l),  re.  [<  babble,  v.]  Inarticulate 
speech,  such  as  that  of  an  infant;  idle  talk; 
senseless  prattle ;  murmur,  as  of  a  stream. 

Making  merry  in  odd  tones,  and  a  babble  of  outlandish 
words.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse.  II. 

An  extraordinary  incessant  babble  of  rapid  prayer  from 
the  priests  in  the  stalls.      Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  54. 

—  Syn.  See  prattle,  n. 

babblement  (bab'1-ment),  re.  [<  babble  + 
■merit."]  Idle  talk;  senseless  prate;  unmean- 
ing words. 

Deluded  all  this  while  with  ragged  notions  and  babble- 

ments.  Milton,  Education. 

babbler  (bab'ler),  re.    1.  One  who  babbles;  an 

idle  talker;  an  irrational  prater;  one  who  says 

things  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

Cunn.   No  blabbing,  as  you  love  me. 
Sir  Greg.   None  of  our  blood 
Were  ever  babblers. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Great  babblers,  or  talkers,  are  not  fit  for  trust. 

Sir  li.  L'Bstrange. 
2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  name  of  various  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  more  or  less 
nearly  related  to  thrushes,     (b)  pi.  The  family 


babbler 

TimaUidm  or  subfamily  Timaliina  of  Turdida, 
an  uncertain  group  of  generally  Bhort-wingea 

and  short-tailed  birds,  definable  byii in ii 

characters,     it  contains  a  great  number  of  birds  not 
satisfactorily  located  i  Isewhen  .  and  has  been  called  "the 

.  k,  i 
3.  In  hunting,  a  'log  that  yelps  or  gives  tongue 
too  much  when  in  the  field. 

mi,  |  ;,  fox  has  been  found,  the  babbler  announces  the 
fact  tor  the  next  ten  minutes,  and  repeats  his  refrain 
whenever  the  least  opportunity  presents  itself. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  315. 

babblerytt,  n.  [<  babble  +  -ry.  Cf.  P.  6«WJ- 
lerie  fCotgrave),  babble.]  Babbling;  chatter- 
ing: idle  talk.     Stubfo  s. 

babblery2t,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  babblene,  bab- 
lerie,  appar.  for  babm/  or  baublery.]  Some- 
thing worthless;  worthless  things  collectively. 
Wares. 

Other  toyes,  fantasies,  and  toW.  •<■-.  whereof  the  world 
is  ful.  are  suffered  to  be  printed.   Suites,  Anat.  ot  Abuses, 
babbling  (bab'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  &a&oZe, 
v.]    Foolish  talk. 

Ivoldine  profane  and  vain  babblings.         1  Tim.  vi.  20. 
babblingly  (bab'ling-li),  ad».     In  a  babbling 
manner;  with  babblement;  pratmgly. 
babblishlyt  (bab'lish-li),  ad».    Babblingly 
babbly  (bab'li),  o.     [<  6«&We  +  -«/.]     Full  of 
babble;  chattering. 

babby  (bab'i),  ».  [E.  dial.,  =  baby,  q..  v.]  A 
baby.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

babe  (bab),  ».  [<  ME.  babe,  prob.  abbr.  of 
earlier  baban  :  origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  imi- 
tative; cf.  '<"-•  The  Celtic  words  (W.  dael. 
Ir  Corn,  baban  =  Manx  baban,  bab,  a  babe, 
child;  regarded  bv  Skeat  after  Williams  (Lex. 
Cornu-Brit.)  as  a  mutation  of  "maban,  dim.  of 
W  mab,  a  son,  =  Gael.  Ir.  Manx  war,  a  son, 
=  Goth.  )h«(/hs,  a  boy,  =  AS.  magu,  a  son, 
related  to  may\  may\  might)  are  late,  and 
ma v  be  from  E.]  1.  An  infant ;  a  young  child 
of  either  sex.— 2t.  A  child's  doll. 

\11  as  a  i re  pedler  he  did  wend, 

•     Bearing  a  trusse  of  tayftes  at  hys  backe, 
As  bells,  and  babes,  and  glasses,  in  hys  packe. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Hay. 

3  One  who  is  like  a  babe  in  any  respect ;  a 
person  of  infantine  or  childish  character  or 
ability:  as,  he  is  a  mere  babe  in  that  mans 

hands Babe  in  arms.    See  nr«ii.— Babe  in  Christ, 

a  recent  convert  to  Christianity  (1  ('or.  m.  D- 
babehood(bab'hud),H.  [<  babe  +  -hood.]  Same 
as  babyhood.  Udall. 
Babel  (ba'bel),  ii.  [LL.  Babel,  <  Heb.  Babel,  re- 
ferred in  Genesis  to  the  notion  of  'contusion  ; 
but  perhaps  <  Assyrian  bdb-ilu,  lit.  gate  of  God, 
or  buli-iU,  gate  of  the  gods,  <  bab,  gate,  +  tin 
=  Heb.  el,  God:  see  Elohim  and  Allah.]  1. 
The  Semitic  name  of  the  city  (Babylon)  where, 
according  toGen.xi.,  the  construction  of  a  tower 
that  would  reach  to  heaven  was  attempted,  and 
where  the  confusion  of  tongues  took  place,  bee 
Babylonian.  Hence— 2.  A  lofty  structure  — 
3  A  visionary  scheme.— 4.  A  scene  ot  noise 
and  confusion,  as  a  great  city  or  a  riotous  as- 
semblage. 

1 1-  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat, 
Xo  peep  at  such  a  world     to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  great  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd. 

Cowper,  The  Task,  iv.  90. 

5.   [cap.  or  I.e.]  A  confused  mixture  of  sounds; 
confusion ;  disorder. 
■II,,,,  I     ali.  ii  languagi  s. 

Hammond.,  Sermons,  p.  508. 
Babel  quartz.    See  quartz.  .. 

baberyt  (ba'ber-i),  it.  L<  ME-  babery,  earlier 
babeurie,  bdbeuwrie,  etc.,  appar.  corrupt  Conns 
of  babwunrie,  baboonery  (see  baboonery);  but 
in  later  use  <  babe  +  -ery.]  1.  Grotesque  or- 
uamentation  in  arl  or  architecture,  as  carved 
human  figures  or  other  decorations. 


408 

triclinic  crystals  in  beds  of  magnetic  iron  ore 
and  in  veins  of  quartz  and  feldspar.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  and  calcium. 

Babington's-curse  (bab'ing-tonz-kers),  n.  The 
water-weed,  Elodea  Canadensis:  so  called  in 
England  from  the  false  supposition  that  it  was 
introduced  there  by  the  botanist  Charles  Bab- 
ington  (bom  about  1808). 

babiont,  <<•    See  babian. 

babir  (ba'ber),  v.  A  Syrian  name  for  the  papy- 
rus. , 

babirussa,  babiroussa  (bab-i-rtS  sa),n.  [Also 
formerly  babirusa,  barbirousa,  etc.  (NL.  baotrus- 
.w).  <  Malav  babi,  hog,  +  rasa,  deer.]  1.  Ihe 
East  Indian  wild  hog  or  horned  hog.    The  upper 


East  Indian  Wild  Hog  ( Babirussa  al/urus). 


Many  Bubtile  compassinges, 

if 

i  tal acles, 

I     ,  ,   i,       (  /  ,,„.■,  r,  Bouse  "t  Fame,  1.  1189. 


2  Finery  to  please  a  child:  any  trilling  toy  tor 
children:  as,  "painted  babery,'' Sir  I:  Sidney, 
ixcadia,  i.  181. 

babiant,  babiont,  n.    [Also  baboyne,  etc.,    an 
ant    forms  of   baboon,   •{.   v.]     A  baboon.     /.. 
./,,„  on;    \Ias8inger.  _,-..„ 

babillard  i  bab'i-lard  I,  n.     [F.,  <  baotUer,  chat- 
ter; see  babble.]    The  chatter,  r:  »  name  bor- 

rowedfi i  the  French  by  Kennie  for  the  lesser 

wnite-throat,  Syh  ia  anion  of  Europe,  lafau- 

,,  Ii,   hnbillardr  of   BulTou.      |  Uare.J 

babingtonite  (bab'ing  <,,,,-, t ,,  ,,.   J  Ait. 
mineralogist  William  Babington  (1756-1833).] 
A  vitreous  dark-green  or  black  mineral  of  the 
pvroxene  group,  occurring  in  small  brilliant 


canines  of  the  boar  are  sometimes  12  inches  in  length,  and 

nearly  reach  the   forehead  ;   the  lower  pair  partake  of  the 

same  unusual  development  and  direction,  hut  not  to  the 
same  extent,  nor  do  they  pierce  the  lips.  The  tusks  of  the 
sow  are  much  smaller.  The  general  appearance  of  the  ani- 
mal is  that  of  a  hog,  but  the  legs  are  longer  and  the  pelage 
is  less  bristly.  The  babirussa  is  gregarious  and  herbivo- 
rous, like  the  rest  of  the  pig  tribe,  and  its  flesh  is  used  for 
food ;  it  is  sometimes  domesticated. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  setiferous  pachyderma- 
tous ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  order  A  rtiodac- 
li/la,  or  even-toed  ungulates,  and  family  Suida:, 
containing  only  the  babirussa. 

Also  spelled  babyrussa,  babyroussa. 
babisht  (ba'bish),  a.    [<  babe  +  -ish\]    Like  a 
babe;  babyish. 

If  he  be  bashful  ami  will  soon  blush,  they  call  him  a 
babUh  and  ill  brought  up  thing. 

Ascham,  The  Scholeinaster,  l. 

babishlyt  (ba'bish-li),  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a 
babe;  babyishly.  ,,..,. 

babishnesst    (ba'bish-nes).  n.    Babyishness; 
childishness.  „_, .  .       ,. 

Babism  (bab'ism),  n.  [<  Pers.  Babi,  Babism  (< 
bob,  a  gate,  the  name  assumed  by  the  founder 
of  the  sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come 
to  know  God  except  through  him:  see  Bab*), 
+  -ism.]  A  religious,  political,  and  social  sys- 
tem founded  in  Persia  about  1843  by  Sey.l  Mo- 
hammed Ali,  a  native  of  Shiraz,  who  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  Mohammed.  It  is  a  pan- 
theistic offshoot  of  Mohammedanism,  tinctured  with  Gnos- 
tic Buddhistic,  and  Jewish  ideas.  It  inculcates  a  high  mo- 
rality discountenances  polygamy;  forbids  concubinage, 
asceticism,  and  mendicancy  ;  recognizes  the  equality  ot 
the  sexes  ;  and  encourages  the  practice  of  charity,  hospi- 
tality and  abstinence  from  intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 
Babist  (bab'ist).  n.     [<  Pers.  Babi  (see  Babism) 

+  -ist.]     A  believer  in  Babism. 
bablah  (bab'la),  n.    [See  babul.]    The  pod  of 
several  species  of  Acacia,  especially  of  .!.  &ra- 
bica,  which  comes  from  the  East  and  from  Sene- 
gal under  the  name  of  ncb-ncb.     It  contains  gallic 
acid  and  tannin,  and  has  been  used  in  dyeing  cotton  for 
producing  various  shades  of  drab.    The  seeds  are  said  to 
contain  a  red  coloring  matter,  and  to  be  used  in  India  and 
pi  for  dyeing  morocco.    Also  called  tooooj,  babul,  and 
babulah.    See  cut  under  acacia. 
bablativet,  a.    Bee  babblative. 
bable't,  babied,  n.    See  bauble\  bmibir- 

Bable:!  (ba'blii),  n.     A  dialect,  ot  Spanish,  spo- 
ken in  Ast  arias.      Encijc.  Brit.,  II.  824. 

baboo,  n.    S.e  babu. 
babool,  ii.     Same  as  bablah 
baboon  (ba-bon'),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  ba- 
boone,  baboune,  babound  (also  bab,,,,,,  babian  (< 


Baboon  {Cynoctphalus  maimon). 


baby 

F.  babion).  and  haimn,  after  D.  baviacm,  LG. 
bavian,  >  Dan.  bona,,.  Q.  pavian),  <  MK _6o6e- 
wyne,  babin/n.  babucn,  baboyne,  etc.,  <  U± !.  ba- 

bnin,  baboin,  babouin,  babion,  mod.  F.  baboutn 
=  Sp.  Pg.  babuino  =  It.  babbuino  :  ML.  babc- 
im/nus,  babenrynus,  babuynus,  babouinws.  The 
OF.  forms  appear  to  be  the  oldest.  The  origin 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  The  Ar.  inainnin  is 
prob.  from  the  Kuropcnn  word.]  A  quadruma- 
nous  animal  of  the  old  world,  of  the  subfamily 
CynopithecincB,  and  especially  of  either  of  the 
genera  Cynocephalus  (or  Fapio)  and  MananUa 
(or  Mormon).  The  baboon  has  a  large  prominent  muz- 
zle and  a  h.w  facial  anu'le.  constituting  a  physiognomy 
to  which  the  term  ••.!. .-faced'  has  been  »PPl>«a-  " 
has  check-p..uchcs,  large  canine  teeth,  tail  usuaUyshort 
(whence  the  term  "  pig-tailed  "  applied  to  some,,  and  arge 
DaII  ischial  callosities,  often  gayly  colored.    Itsforeand 

hind  limbs  are  portionate,  so  that  the  animal  can  go 

U1...11  dl-fours  nice  ordinary  quadrupeds,  or  sit  upright  like 
most  other  monkeys.  Baboons  are  generally  large,  heavy 
animals,  Borne  equaling  a  mastiff  in  Bize  and  weight,  ana 
are  among  the  most  sullen,  intractable,  ferocious,  and  fllthy 
brutes  of  the  order  to  which  they  belong.     Most  ol  them 

are  Urican,  and  they  are  usually  gregarious,  g sin  large 

t, ps  and  feeding  on  fruits,  roots,  birds  eggs,  insects, 

etc.  imong  those  which  have  special  names  are  theanu- 
bis  chacma,  mandrill,  drill,  etc.  Some  of  the  n««.(m- 
mana  which  belong  technically  to  the  same  group  as  the 
baboons  do  not  usually  take  the  name  as  the  black  ape 
of  Celebes,  Cynoptthecus  niger,  and  the  Barbary  ape,  Inu- 
usecaudatus;  while  some  monkeys  of  other  groups  are 
occasionally  called  hal.oons. 
baboonery  (ba-bon 'e-ri),  «.;  pi.  babooneries 
(-riz).  [<  baboon  +  -ery.]  It-  Same  as  babery, 
1.—  2.  A  collection  of  baboons.— 3.  Baboomsh 
conduct  or  condition.  . 

baboonish  (ba-b8n'ish),  a.  [<  baboon  +  -w*1.] 
Like  a  baboon ;  characteristic  of  baboons. 

A  series  of  babuonish  chuckles  and  grins-       .......   ,„ 

Pop.  Sci.  M".,  XXIX.  660. 

baboosh  (ba-bosh'),  n.  [Also  babouche,  after  F. 
babouche  (usually  pi.,  bdbouches)  =  Sp.  babucha 
(pi.  babuchas),  <  Ar.  bdbush,<  Pers.  paposh,  a 

slipper,  <  pa,  =  E.  foot,  +  posh,  covering;  cf. 
poshidan,  cover.]  A  kind  of  slipper  without 
quarters  or  heel,  worn  in  Turkey  and  the  East. 
Babouvism  (ba-bo'vizni),  n.  [<  F.  babouvtsme, 
<  Babeuf(Babamf)  +  -isme.]  The  communistic 
system  promulgated  by  the  French  socialist 
Francois  Noel  Babeuf  during  the  revolution. 
Its  fundamental  principles  were  summed  up  m  the  sen- 
tence: "The  aim  of  society  is  the  happiness  oi  all,  ana- 
happiness  insists  in  equality."  By  'equality  was  meant 
absolute  uniformity  in  dress,  food,  elementary  education, 
etc  The  property  of  corporations  was  to  be  seized  atone* 
and  that  of  individuals  at  their  death.  < Hikers  chosen  by 
the  people  were  to  have  unlimited  powers  to  divide  the 
product  of  the  industry  of  all.  according  to  the  needs  and 
requirements  of  each.  A  great  conspiracy  was  organized 
l„  r.al.cuf  and  his  followers  for  the  establishment  of  anew 
government  based  on  these  principles,  hut  it  was  betrayed 
to  the  Directory  in  May,  1796,  and  Babeuf  was  executed 
in -May,  1797.    Also  Bawuism. 

Babouvist  (ba-bB'vist),  n.  [<  F.  babounstc :  see 
Babouvism. ]  A  follower  of  the  1-  rench  social- 
ist Babeuf,  or  an  adherent  of  Babouvism. 

babu  (ba-bo'),  »'•  [Also  (as  E.  I  baboo;  <  Hind. 
bdbn,  a  title  of  respect;  in  Canarese  it  means 
father.  Cf.  baba.]  A  Hindu  title  of  address, 
equivalent  to  sir  or  Mr.,  given  to  gentlemen, 
clerks,  etc.:  formerly  applied  in  some  parts  of 
Hindustan  to  certain  persons  of  distinction. 
"In  Bengal  and  elsewhere,  among  Anglo-Indians,  it  is  of- 
ten used  with  a  slight  savor. .f  disparag.  in.  n  as  charac- 
terizing a  superficially  cultivated  but  too  often  effemi- 
nate Bengali;  and  from  the  extensive  employment .0  the 
class  to  which  the  term  was  applied  as  a  title  in  tin  .- 
pacity  ..f  clerks  in  English  offices,  the  word  has.comeoften 
to  signify  'a  native  clerk  who  writes  English.  1  ideand 
Bwrnell,  Anglo-Ind.  Gloss.  e  i  ,i  „; 

babuina  (bab-u-i'nB),  ».    [NL..  fern,  ot  babtur 

nils:  see  baboon.]     -V  female  baboon. 

The  depravity  of  an  old  babuina,  or  female  Bhunder 
baboon  ''"''■  • 

babul  (ba-bol'),  »■  [Also  written  babool,  babu- 
lah. repr.  Hind,  babul,  a  species  ot  Acacia.] 
Same  as  bablah.  ,.,,,,  , 

baby  (ba'bi),  ».  and  a.  [Also  dial,  babby  :  early 
mod.  E.  also  bainc.  <  ME.  6o6ee,  babi,  dim  of 
babi  |  I  >'.:  pi.  babies  (-biz).  1.  An  infant  or 
young  child  of  either  sex;  a  babe. 
'  i  knew  them  all  as  babies,  and  now  thej  re  elderly  men. 
i  knew  xnciu.  jV(  ^  [he  Grandmotiier. 

2f.  A  doll. 

The  archduke  saw  that  Tcrkin  would  prove  a  runagate  ; 
and  it  was  the  part  of  children  ...  fall  out  about  totes*.  ^ 

These  [l.ov.sl  aiv  to  have  Folding  Doors,  which  being 
„„.    ,    v  u  ■„,    to  behold  a  Baby  dress'd  out  In  some 

.';  "ionwhichhasfl iah^d, I  standing" aPedes- 

tal,  where  the  Til MtsReigni 'rkddown.  ^  ^ 

3*  [Cf.  E.  pupil,  <  lo  papilla,  »  (,'"''.  the  pupil 
of  the  eve.]  The  minute  reflection  which  a 
person  sees  of  himself  in  the  pupil  of  another  s 
eye.     There  arc  many  allusions  to  this  in  our  older  poets; 


baby 

hence  such  phrases  as  to  look  babies  in  one's  eyes,  used  with 
regard  to  a  lover. 

No  more  fool, 
To  look  gay  babies  in  your  eyes,  young  floland, 
And  hang  about  your  putty  ncek. 

/■'/,  later,  Woman's  Prize,  v.  1, 

But  wee  cannot  so  passe  the  centre  of  the  Eye,  which 
tree  call  1'upilla,  quasi  Puppa,  the  babie  in  the  eye,  the 
Sight  PurehtU,  Microcos.  (1619),  p.  90. 

4.  One  who  is  like  a  baby ;  a  childish  person. 
Though  he  he  grave  with  years,  he's  a  great  baby. 

Fletcl,  t  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Baby  act,  a  colloquial  name  for  the  legal  defense  of  in- 
fancy. Hence  — To  plead  the  baby  act.  (a)  To  plead 
that  a  contract  is  void  because  made  during  one's  minor- 
ity. (0)  To  attempt  to  excuse  excessive  or  feigned  igno- 
rance or  stupidity  on  the  ground  of  professed  inexperience. 
[Colloquial  in  both  uses.  1  —  Bartholomew  baby,  a  kind 
of  doll  sold  originally  at  Bartholomew  fair  in  London,  and 
celebrated  as  the  best  then  known. 

It  also  tells  farmers  what  manner  of  wife  they  shall 
choose;  not  one  trickt  up  with  ribbens  ami  knots  like  a 
Bartholomew  baby.  Poor  llobin's  Almanac,  1695. 

II.  tt.  1.  Babyish;  infantine;  pertaining  to 
an  infant. 

\  e  conscience-stricken  cravens,  rock  to  rest 
Your  baby  hearts.  Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iv.  2. 

.Moulded  thy  baby  thought.  /   nnyson,  Eleanore. 

2.  Small,  or  comparatively  small:  as,  a  baby 
engine.     [Colloq.] 
baby  (ba'bi),   r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  babied,  ppr. 
babying.     [<  babi/,  «.]     To  treat  like  a  yotuig 
child.  ' 

At  best  it  babies  us  with  endless  toys, 
And  keeps  us  children  till  we  drop  to  dust. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vi.  621. 
baby-farm  (ba'bi-fami),  n.   A  place  where  chil- 
dren are  received  and  cared  for. 
baby-farmer  (ba'bi-f itr  mer),  h.     One  who  re- 
ceives and  contracts  to  care  for  the  infants  of 
those  who,  for  any  reason,  may  be  unable  or 
unwilling  to  bring  up  their  own  children. 
baby  farming  (ba'bi-far''ining),  n.     The  busi- 
ness carried  on  by  a  baby-farmer, 
babyhood  (ba'bi-hud),  n.     [<  baby  +  -hood.'] 

The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  infancy. 
baby-house  (ba'bi-hous),  n.    A  toy  house  for 

children's  dolls, 
babyish  (ba'bi-ish),  a.    [<  baby  +  -ish1 .]    Like 
a  baby ;  childish. 

babyishness  (ba'bi-ish-nes),  ?(.     The  quality  of 

being  like  a  baby ;  extreme  childishness. 

babyism  (ba'bi-izm),  n.     [<  baby  +  -ism.']    1. 

The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood.    Jeffrey. 

—  2.  A  childish  mode  of  speech ;  childishness. 

Babyisms  and  dear  diminutives. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

The  egotism,  the  babyism,  and  the  inconsistency  of  this 

transaction  have  no  parallel.       The  Century,  XXIV.  us. 

baby-jumper  (ba'bi-jum"per),  n.  [<  baby  + 
jumper.]  A  basket  or  sling  in  which  a  small 
child  may  be  fastened,  having  an  adjustable 
elastic  cord  which  permits  a  dancing  motion 
when  the  child's  feet  touch  the  floor. 

Babylonian  (bab-i-16'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Babylon,  <  Gr.  Ba^vXuv  (the  city),  or  L.  Baby- 
lonia, <  Gr.  Bajiv'iuvia  (the  province),  the  Gr. 
form  of  the  Semitic  name  Babel  or  Babilu 
(Heb.  Babel).  See  Babel.  The  original  Acca- 
dian  name  of  the  city  was  Ca-dimirra.]     I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  king- 
dom itself.  Ruins  of  the  city,  in  the  form  of  three 
large  mounds,  exist  near  Hillah  tin  the  Euphrates,  about 
64  miles  south  of  Bagdad  on  the  Tigris. 

2.  Like  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel  (= 
Babylon);  mixed;  confused. 

This  formal  error  [of  applying  the  word  "force"  to  all 
kinds  of  power,  living  or  dead]  has  become  a  Pandora's 
box,  whence  has  sprung  a  Babylonian  confusion  of  ton- no. 
Quoted  in  W.  R.  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  333. 
3f.  [From  a  former  common  identification  by 
Protestants  of  the  "scarlet  woman,"  "Baby- 
lon the  great,  the  mother  of  harlots  and  abomi- 
nations "  (Rev.  xvii.  5),  with  the  Papacy.]  (a) 
Popish.  (b)  Scarlet Babylonian  art,  a  subdivi- 
sion of  Mesopotamian  art ;  the  later  development  of  Chal- 
dean art  as  practised  at  Babylon,  both  prior  to  the  Assyrian 
domination,  which  began  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  C  and 
culminated  in  the  ninth  century,  and  after  the  restoration 
of  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  under  jN'abopolassar,  about 
600  B.  c.  The  architecture  of  Babylon,  like  that  of  As- 
syria, of  which  it  was  the  model,  employed  as  its  chief 
material  of  construction  the  sun-dried  brick,  and  held  in 
general  to  the  thick  walls  and  massive  forms  which  were 
imposed  by  this  friable  material.  Stone  was  much  more 
scarce  in  Babylonia  than  in  Assyria ;  hence  Babylonian 
decoration  adhered  in  the  main  to  painting  on  a  surface 
of  plaster  for  interiors,  and  to  brilliantly  enameled  tiles, 
often  forming  pictorial  subjects  of  great  size  and  variety, 
for  exteriors.  In  Babylonia,  contrary  to  Assyrian  prac- 
tice, the  temple,  rising  pyramidally  in  stages,  each  as- 
cended by  broad  flights  of  steps,  and  each  of  a  distinct 
color,  was  the  most  important  development  of  architec- 
ture, the  royal  palace  being  subordinated  to  it.  The  scar- 
city of  stone  rendered  sculpture  scanty  ;  but  the  gem-cut- 


409 

ter's  art  produced  cylinders  or  seals  in  great  plenty  and  of 
much  merit,  and  pottery,  metal-work,  and  textile  fabrics 
attained  gnat  perfection.  See  Mesopot  amian  art,  and  com- 
pare Chaldean  art  and  Assyrian  art,  under  the  adjectives. 

—  Babylonian  quartz.     Sai is  Babel  quartz  (which 

see,  under  quartz).  -Babylonian  scale, tin-  sexagesimal 
scale  of  numeration,  which  originated  in  Babylonia. 


1    v 


IT." 


^C.£.> 


;  r  W  Y  % 


Babyli 


in  Art.—  Design  in  enameled  brickwork,  from  a  pala 
1  From  Clark-Reber's  "History  of  Ancient  Art.") 


II.  >i.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia;  a 
Chaldean. —  2.  An  astrologer:  so  used  from 
the  fact  that  the  Chaldeans  were  remarkable 
for  the  study  of  astrology. —  3t.  A  Papist.  See 
I.,  3. 

Babylonic  (bab-i-lon'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Babylonicus, 
(.Babylon:  see  Babylonian.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
Babylon,  or  made  there :  as,  Babylonic  gar- 
ments, carpets,  or  hangings. —  2.  Tumultuous; 
disorderly.     Sir  J.  Harington. 

Babylonicalt  (bab-i-lon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Babylonic. 

Babylonish  (bab-i-16'nish),  a.  [<  Babylon  + 
-ish.]  1.  Belonging  to  or  made  at  Babylon. — 
2.  Babel-like;  confused. 

Words  which  were  a  perfect  Babylonish  jargon  to  the 
bewildered  Van  Winkle.  Irrino,  Sketch-Book,  p.  f>9. 

3+.  Popish.     See  Babylonian,  a.,  3. 

Babylonite  (bab'i-lon-it),  n.  [<  Babylon  + 
-ite-.]  The  arrow-shaped  Babylonish  charac- 
ter.    See  arrow-headed  and  cuneiform. 

baby-pin  (ba'bi-pin),  «.    A  safety-pin. 

babyrussa,  babyroussa,  n.    See  babirussa. 

babyship  (ba'bi-snip),  n.  [<  baby  +  -ship.] 
The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood. 

baby-walker  (ba'bi-wa*ker),  n.  A  frame,  mov- 
ing on  casters,  in  which  a  child  may  be  sup- 
ported while  learning  to  walk. 

bac't,  a-     An  obsolete  spelling  of  back1. 

bac'-,  "•     See  back3. 

bacaba-palm  (ba-ka'ba-psim),  n.  [<  S.  Amer. 
bacaba  +  E.  palm.]  A  palm  of  northern  Bra- 
zil, (Enocarpus  distichus,  with  a  tall  trunk  and 
widely  spreading  pinnate  leaves.  The  drupace  >us 
fruits  are  used  by  the  natives  for  making  a  pleasant  drink, 
and  the  kernels  furnish  an  oil  resembling  that  of  the  olive. 

bacbakiri  (bak-ba-ke'ri),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  name  of  an  African  shrike,  Telephonus  guttu- 
ral is. 

baccalaurean  (bak-a-la're-an),  a.  [<  ML.  bac- 
calaurcus :  see  baccalaureate.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  befitting  a  bachelor. 

That  quiet,  comfortable,  baecalaurian  habitation,  over 
against  the  entrance  into  Bishopsgate  Street. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  ">2. 

baccalaureate  (bak-a-la're-at),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Nli.  Inieealaureaius,  <  bacealaureus,  a  cor- 
ruption (simulating  L.  bacca,  berry,  and  laurus, 
laurel)  of  ML.  baccalarius,  a  bachelor,  one 
who  has  attained  the  lowest  degree  in  a  uni- 
versity: see  bachelor.]  I.  n.  1.  The  university 
degree  of  bachelor. — 2.  A  baccalaureate  ser- 
mon (which  see,  below). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  university  degree  of 

bachelor Baccalaureate  sermon,  a  farewell  sermon 

delivered  in  some  American  colleges  to  a  graduating  class. 

Baccanarist  (bak-a-nar'ist),  n.  In  the  Rom. 
Cath.  Ch.,  a  member  of  a  society  founded  in 
Italy  by  one  Baccanari  after  the  suppression 
of  the  Jesuits  in  1773,  with  the  object  of  restor- 
ing that  order  under  a  new  name  and  form. 
The  society  was  merged  in  the  reestablished 
order  of  Jesuits  in  1814. 

baccara,  baccarat  (bak-a-ra'),  «•  [F-;  origin 
unknown.]  A  French  game  of  cards  played  by 
any  number  of  betters  and  a  banker,  and  with 
one  or  more  packs  of  cards,  according  to  the 
number  of  players.  Each  better  deposits  a  ^takr. 
and  all  stakes  are' duplicated  by  the  banker,  after  which 
the  latter  deals  two  cards  to  each  player,  including  him- 
self. The  aim  is  to  decide  each  individual  bet  by  com 
parison  of  the  total  count  held  by  each  better  with  that 
held  by  tic  banker.  The  court-cards  each  count  10,  and 
the  others  according  to  the  spots.  The  counts  range  in 
value  by  series  of  9,  19,  29,  8,  18,  2S,  etc.,  9  beating  any 
other  count.  A  player  may  call  for  more  cards,  but  at 
the  risk  of  exceeding  29  in  count,  which  excess  forfeits 
his  bet.  If  a  player's  cards  count  9  he  declares  it,  when 
all  who  hold  hands  superior  to  that  of  the  banker  may 


bacchante 

claim  the  amount  of  tin  m   bets,  and  lie  banker  takes  the 
-iik,     of  the  others,     in  America  the  game  is  slightly 
different,  court-cards  and  tens  not  counting, 
baccaret,  iulerj.      See  baekarc. 

baccarinine  (ba-kar'i-nin),  «.  f<  Baccharis  + 
-mi-.]  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Baccharis 
cordifolia. 

baccate  (bak'at),  a.  [<  L.  baccatus,  bacatus,  set 
with  pearls,  lit.  berried,  <  bacca,  bdea,  o  berry, 
a  pearl:  see  bay1.]  In  but.:  (a)  Pulpy  and 
berry-like:  applied  to  fruits.  See  berry'-.  (6) 
Bearing  berries ;  berried. 

baccatedt  (bak'a-ted),  a.  [<  baccate  +  -co?2.] 
1.  Set  or  adorned  with  pearls.  Bailey. — 2. 
Having  many  berries.     Bailey. 

Baccha  (bak;ii).  ».  [NL.;  of .  Gr.  fSaKxn,  a  kind 
of  pear.]  A  "genus  of  tetracheetous  brachyce- 
rous  dipterous  insects,  of  the  family  Syrphida. 

bacchanal  fbak'a-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  baccha- 
nalis,   pertaining  to  Bacchus:    see   Bacchus.] 

1.  a.  1.  Characterized  by  intemperate  drink- 
ing; riotous;  noisy:  as,"  "bacchanal  feasts," 
Crowley,  Deliberate  Answer,  fol.  26  (1587). — 

2.  Relating  to  or  resembling  a  bacchanal  or 
the  bacchanalia. 

II.  ii.  1.  One  who  celebrated  the  bacchanalia; 
a  votary  of  Bacchus.  Hence  —  2.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  drunken  revels ;  one  who  is  noisy  and 
riotous;  a  drunkard:  as,  "each  bold  baccha- 
nal," Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  86. 

Each  with  the  merry  wink  of  a  practiced  bacchanal. 

T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  x. 

3.  pi.  Same  as  bacchanalia. 

In  this  masquerade  of  mirth  and  love, 

Mistook  the  bliss  of  heaven  for  bacchanals  above. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  387. 

Also  bacchanalian. 
bacchanalia  (bak-a-na'lia),  «.  j'l.  [L.  (OL. 
bacanalia),  neut.  pi',  of  bacckanalis,  pertaining 
to  Bacchus:  see  bacchanal.]  1.  [cap.]  JnSom. 
antiq.,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus.  These 
festivals  became  the  occasion  of  great  excesses, 
and  were  forbidden  by  the  senate  in  186  B.  c. 
— 2.  Any  festivities  characterized  by  jollity 
and  good-fellowship,  particularly  if  somewhat 
boisterous,  and  accompanied  by  much  wine- 
drinking. 

The  morning  after  the  bacchanalia  in  the  saloon  of  the 
palace.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  283. 

3.  Drunken  orgies;  riotous  disorders;  ruthless 
and  shameless  excesses;  unbounded  license. 

Plunging  without  restraint  or  shame  into  the  Baccha- 
nalia of  despotism,  the  king  [John]  continued  to  [ullage, 
to  banish,  and  to  slay.     Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  110. 

bacchanalian  (bak-a-na'lian),  a.  and  n.  [< 
bacchanalia  +  -an.]  Same  as  bacchanal.  [The 
more  common  form  of  the  adjective.] 

Ev'n  bacchanalian  madness  has  its  charms. 

r<ori>er.  Progress  of  Error,  1.  56. 
Sculptures  of  the  bacchanalians.  St"k<  ley. 

bacchanalianism  (i>ak-a-na'lian-izm),  n.  [< 
bacchanalian  +  -ism.]  The  practice  of  baccha- 
nalian rites;  drunken  revelry;  riotous  festivity. 

bacchanalianly  (bak-a-mi'iian-li),  adv.  In  a 
bacchanalian  manner. 

bacchant  (bak'ant),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  bacchan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus, 
<  Bacchus,  Bacchus.  Cf.  bacchante.]  I.  a. 
Worshiping  Bacchus ;  reveling. 

Over  his  shoulder  with  a  bacchant  air 
Presented  the  o'erflowing  cup. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  43. 

II.  n.  1.  A  priest,  priestess,  or  votary  of 
Bacchus;  a  bacchanal. 

They  appear  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  arc  the  bac- 
chants  in  a  delirium.  Rees,  Cyc,  under  Alms. 

2.  One  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riotous 
revelry. — 3.  A  name  given  in  Germany,  in  the 
fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
to  wandering  scholars  who  traveled  from  one 
institution  of  learning  to  another.  These  bac- 
chants frequently  had  younger  students  under  their  pro- 
tection and  instruction,  who  waited  upon  them,  begged 
for  them,  etc 
bacchante  (bak'ant,  ba-kant',  orba-kan'te),  ».; 
pi.  bacchantes  (bak'antz;  usually,  as  if  L..  ba- 
kan'tez).  [<  F.  bacchante  =  Sp.  bacante  =  Pg. 
bacchante  =  It.  baccante,  <  L.  bacchan{P)s (ace. 
bacchantem),  pi.  bacchantes,  used,  as  a  noun, 
only  in  fern,  (equiv.  to  Bacchev),  prop.  ppr.  of 
bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.  In 
mod.  use  also  mase.:  seebacchant.  The  E.  form, 
prop,  bacchant,  usually  follows  the  F.  spelling, 
and  often  the  F.  accent  (ba-kanf).  The  pi. 
is  usually  in  the  L.  form,  whence  the  irreg. 
sing,  in  3  syllables  (ba-kan'te).]  1.  In  antiq., 
a  priestess  of  Bacchus,  or  a  woman  who  joined 
in  the  celebration  of  the  festivals  of  Bacchus; 


bacchante 

a  woman   inspired   with  the  baeehie   frenzy. 
See  mauml. 

Guide  the  revel  of  frenzied  Bacchantes. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  2. 


Bacchantes.—  Mythologi. 
sarcophagi! 

2.  A  woman  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riot- 
ous revelry;  a  female  bacchanal, 
bacchantic  (ba-kan'tik),  a.     [<  bacchant  +  -ic] 
Of  or  resembling  a  bacchant  or  bacchanal ;  bac- 
chanalian ;  riotous ;  jovial. 

It  is  the  feeblest  hand  [of  music] ;  and  yet  it  is  subject 
to  spurts  of  bacchantic  fervor. 

C.  Ik  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Kile,  p.  103. 
I  hardly  know  what  of  baeehayitic  joyousness  I  had  not 
attributed  t<>  them  [the  Italians]  on  their  holidays. 

Ho/ee/ls,  Venetian  Life,  xviii. 

baccharict,  ».    A  corrupt  form  of  Bacharach. 
Baccharis  ( bak'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bacehar,  bet- 
ter spelled  baccaris,  baccar,  <  Gr.  ftaKKapic  (some- 
times spelled  {3aKxaP'C,  as  if  related  to  Bci/croc, 
Bacchus),  an  unknown  plant  with  an  aromatic 

root  yielding 
an  oil :  said 
to  be  a  Lydi- 
an  word.]  A 
very  large  ge- 
nus of  plants 
of  the  natural 
order  Com- 
positcc,  some- 
what nearly 
allied  to  Eri- 
geron,  but 
with  dioe- 
cious whitish 
or  yellowish 
flowers,  and 
the  leaves 
often  coated 
with  a  resin- 
ous  secretion. 
They  are  most- 
ly shrubs,  some- 
times small 
trees,  chiefly 
tropical  and 
South  Ameri- 
can. About  '20 
species  occur 
in  the  United 
States.  In  the 
Andes  extensive  plateaus  are  covered  with  them.  Sudor- 
ific and  tonic  properties  are  ascribed  to  several  of  the  more 
resinous  species.  A  decoction  from  the  groundsel-tree 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America, 
B.  halimi folia,  is  occasionally  used  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  hums  and  as  a  demulcent. 

baccharoid  (bak'a-roid),   a.    [<  Baccharis  + 

-aiil.]  Resembling  in  sunn' respect  the  group 
of  composite  plants  of  which  the  genus  Bac- 
charis is  the  type. 

bacchiac  (ba-ki'ak),  a.    [<  Gr.  (ioKxuutdc,  also 
,  <    i<iK\i<,i.  .»«,[rior,  a  bacchius:  see 
bacchius.]     Pertsiiniiig  to  or  consisting  of  bac- 
chii. 

Bacchic  (bak'ik  ),  a.  [<  L.  Bacchicus,  <  Gr.  Ban- 
Xik6c,<[  lidnxor,  Bacchus:  see  Bacchus.]  1.  Re- 
lating to  or  in  honor  of  Bacchus ;  connected 
with  IkiccIhhoiIkiii  rites  or  revelries.  [Often 
without  a  capital.] 

The  baeehie  orgia  were  celebrated  on  the  tops  of  hills 
and  desolate  wild  places. 

Stub  i.. i.  Paheographla  Sacra,  p.  89. 
2.  .Jovial ;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxication  :  as, 
a  Bacchic  reveler. — 3.  [I.e.]  Same  as  bacchiac 
—  Bacchic  amphora  or  vase,  In  archoml.,  a  Grei  k  or 
Roman  amphora  or  vase  decorated  with  scenes  relating  to 
tie  mytbi  "i*  the  t,  -tival-  of  Bacchus.  Also  called  Diony. 
giac  amphora  or  vase.  An  example  is  Bhown  In  tie  cul  ol 
a  decorated  amphora,  under  amphora. 

Bacchicalt  (hak'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  Hacchic: 

as,  "  biicchical  enthusiasm,"  ./.  Sjienrer,  Vul- 
gar Prophecies,  p.  78. 

bacchius  (ba-ki'us),  ».;  pi.  bacckU  (-i).  [L. 
(sc.  pes  =  E.  foot),  <  Gr.  Ba/c^eioc  (sc.  noiic.  =  L. 


ionale,  Naples. 


Groundsel-tree  (.Baccharis kalimifolia). 


410 

pi  s),  a  metrical  foot:  so  named,  it  is  said,  from 
its  use  in  hymns  in  honor  of  Bacchus.]  In 
pros.,  a  foot  composed  of  one  short  and  two 
long  syllables,  with  the  ictus  on  the  first  long, 
as  in  ava'ri,  above'board.  See  antibacchius 
and  hemiolic.     [Before  the  Uexandrine  period  Baudot 

meant  the  'Ioji-ikoc  ( w  ^  or  w  ^ )  (see  Ionic)  or  the 

\utn,i>ipt,<  (—  w  w _)  (see  choriamb).  Beginning  with  that 
period,  the  Bajcxeioc  was  —  —  ^,  and  inrofiaKjetto^  (airt- 

0aKXel°s»  iraAt/a^aK^eioc)  w .    Hephaestion,  Quintiliau, 

and  other  writers  invert  this,  and  make  the  Ba*t^eiocw , 

and  7raAi/x/3a«xe03C  (etc.) w.] 

Bacchus  (bak'us),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Bdx^oc,  an- 
other name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine  ;  also 
one  of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called 
"lo/i  (or,  prob.  related  to  iaxetv,  shout,  with  allu- 
sion to  the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  was  celebrated.]  In  classical  myth., 
a  name  of  Diony- 
sus, the  son  of  ■HHHO 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  j 
Semele,  and  the 
god  of  wine,  per- 
sonifying both  its 
good  and  its  bad 
qualities.  It  was  the 
current  name  of  this 
god  among  the  Ro- 
mans. The  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus 
was  especially  charac- 
teristic of  Bceotia, 
where  his  festivals 
were  celebrated  on  the 
slopesof  Mount  I  itlce- 
ron,  and  extended  to 
those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing Parnassus.  In  At- 
tica the  rural  and 
somewhat  savage  cult 
of  Bacchus  underwent 
a  metamorphosis,  and 
reached  its  highest  ex- 
pression in  the  cho- 
ragic  literary  contests 
in  which  originated 
both  tragedy  and  com- 
edy, and  ft  ir  which  were 
written  most  of  the 
masterpieces  of  Greek 
literature.  Bacchus 
was  held  to  have  taught 
the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine. 
In  early  art,  and  less  commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias, 
Bacchus  is  represented  as  a  bearded  man  of  full  age,  usu- 
ally completely  draped.  After  the  time  of  Praxiteles  he 
appears  almost  universally,  except  in  archaistic  examples, 
in  the  type  of  a  beardless  youth,  of  graceful  and  rounded 
form,  often  entirely  undraped  or  very  lightly  draped. 
Among  his  usual  attributes  are  the  vine,  the  ivy,  the  thyr- 
sus, the  wine-cup,  and  the  panther.  See  Dionysia,  mcenad, 
and  tl/iasus. 

bacciferous  (bak-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  baccifer, 
badfer,  <  bacca,  baca,  berry  (cf.  baccate),  + 
ft  rre  =  E.  bear1.']  Bearing  or  producing  ber- 
ries. 

bacciform  (bak'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  bacca,  baca, 
a  berry,  +  forma,  shape.]    Shaped  like  a  berry. 

baccivorous  (bak-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bacca, 
baca,  berry,  +  vorarc,  eat,  devour.]  Eating  or 
subsisting  on  berries :  as,  baccivorous  birds. 

bacet,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  base,  in  various 
senses. 

Bacharach  (bak'a-rak),  n.  A  brand  of  Rhine 
wine  made  at  Bacharach,  a  small  town  in  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  23 
miles  south  of  Coblentz.  Formerly  also  bacha- 
rach, backrack,  backrag,  baccharic,  etc.  [In  the 
old  forms  generally  without  a  capital.] 

I'm  for  no  tongues  but  dry'd  ones,  such  as  will 
Give  a  fine  relish  to  my  backrag. 

Jasper  Mayne,  City  Match. 

Good  baehrack  ...  to  drink  down  in  healths  to  this 
day.  Fletcher,  Beggar's  Bush,  v.  2. 

bachel  (bak'el),  n.  [See  bacile.]  A  grain-mea- 
sure used  in  parts  of  Greece,  varying  in  capacity 
from  |  of  a  bushel  to  1|  bushels,  according  to 
I  lie  locality.      Also  hurih  . 

bachelert,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bachelor. 

bacheleriat,  «•  [ML.,  also  baceUeria,  etc.:  see 
bachelery.]  In  old  records,  the  commonalty  or 
yeomanry,  in  contradistinction  to  tho  baron- 
age. 

bacheleryt,  v.     [ME.,  also  bachclerie,  bachelry, 

-ric,  etc.,  <  OF.  biii-li<  line  |  M  L.  hiieliilcria,  etc.), 

<  bacheler:  see  bachelor  and  -;/.]      1.  The  body 

of  young  aspirants  for  knighthood. 

And  of  his  retcnue  He  baohelrye. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  214. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  knights. 

This  I'hchll.s  that  was  flour  of  baehilrie. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  21. 

bachelor  (bach'e-lor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bacheler.  batcheler,  batchelor,  -ar,-our,batchlert 
etc.;  <  ME.  bacheler,  bachiler,  bachler,  etc.,  < 
(a)  OF.  bacheler  =  It.  baccalare  =  Pr.  bacalar, 


bachelorism 

<  ML.  baccalaris ;  (b)  later  OF.  bachelier,  ba- 
chilier,  etc.,  F.  bachelier  —  Pr.  bachaliier  =  Sp. 
bachiller  =  It.  bmriillivri ,  <  ML.  baccalarius, 
bacchalarius,  etc.  (later  baccalaureus :  see  bac- 
calaureate), a  bachelor.  Origin  uncertain; 
supposed  I iv  some  to  be  orig.  connected  with 
ML.  baccalarius,  tho  holder,  as  vassal  of  a 
superior  vassal,  of  a  farm  called  baccalaria, 
perhaps  <  bacca,  for  L.  vacca,  a  cow.  By 
others  the  OF.  bacheler,  in  the  assumed  orig. 
sense  of  '  a  young  man,'  is  connected  with 
OF.  bacele,  hun  He,  bachclc,  bachelle  (with  dim. 
bacelette,  bachelotc),  a  young  woman,  a  female 
servant,  bachelerie,  youth,  bacelage,  appren- 
ticeship, courtship,  etc.,  words  erroneously  re- 
ferred to  a  Celtic  origin  (W.  bach,  little,  bechan, 
a  little  girl,  bachgen,  a  boy,  a  child).  The  his- 
tory of  the  forms  mentioned  above  is  not  clear. 
Perhaps  several  independent  words  have  be- 
come confused  in  form.]  1.  Formerly,  a  per- 
son in  the  first  or  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
hood; a  knight  not  powerful  enough  to  display 
his  banner  in  the  field,  and  who  therefore  fol- 
lowed the  banner  of  another;  a  knight  of  low 
rank.     See  knight  bachelor,  under  knight. 

I  seke  after  a  segge  [man]  that  I  seigh  ons, 

A  ful  bolde  bacheler  I  knew  him  by  his  lilasen. 

Fieri  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  179. 

With  him  ther  was  his  sone,  a  yong  Squyer, 

A  lovyere,  and  a  lusty  bacheler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  70. 
"Community  of  the  bachelors  of  England,"  that  is,  no 
doubt,  the  body  of  knights  —  the  tenants  in  chivalry,  the 
landowners  below  the  rank  of  the  baronage. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  170. 

2.  In  universities  and  colleges :  (a)  Before  the 
fifteenth  century,  a  young  man  in  apprentice- 
ship for  the  degree  of  master  in  one  of  the 
higher  faculties,  that  is,  of  theology,  law,  or 
medicine.  (6)  In  modern  use,  a  person  who 
has  taken  the  first  degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  or  in  divinity,  law, 
medicine,  etc.,  at  a  college  or  university :  as, 
a  bachelor  of  arts ;  a  bachelor  of  science.  See 
baccalaureate.  Originally,  a  bachelor  had  not  neces- 
sarily taken  any  degree  whatever ;  but  after  the  fourteenth 
century  the  word,  without  ceasing  to  carry  this  significa- 
tion, was  also  applied  to  a  determinant,  or  young  man  who 
had  taken  the  lowest  degree  in  the  faculty  of  arts.  This 
degree  seems  to  have  been  conferred  not  by  the  chancel- 
lor nor  by  the  faculty,  but  only  by  the  "nation."  It  was 
not  accompanied  by  any  regular  diploma,  but  testimonial 
letters  were  furnished  if  desired.  In  order  to  be  admitted 
to  the  degree,  it  was  requisite  for  the  candidate  to  he  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  have  followed  athree  years'  course  in 
logic  in  the  university,  and  also  to  sustain  a  disputation, 
called  the  dcterminance.  There  were  in  the  middle  ages 
three  orders  of  bachelors  of  theology.  The  lower  order 
consisted  of  the  ordinary  biblics  and  cursors,  the  duty  of 
the  former  being  to  read  and  expound  the  Bible  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  and  that  of  the  latter  to  give  one  course 
of  lectures  upon  a  book  of  the  Old  and  another  upon  a 
book  of  the  New  Testament,  which  books  they  chose  at 
pleasure.  Bachelors  of  the  second  order  of  theology  were 
called  sententiant  bachelors,  because  they  publicly  lead 
and  expounded  the  Book  of  the  Sentences  of  Peter  the 
Lombard.  It  was  not,  however,  till  late  in  the  thirteenth 
century  that  any  bachelor  was  permitted  to  lecture  on  the 
Sentences.  According  to  the  law,  the  lectures  of  the  sen- 
tential? bachelors  had  to  include  the  reading  of  the  text  of 
the  author,  and  the  explanation  of  it  phrase  by  phrase  ; 
and  they  were  forbidden  to  trench  upon  questions  of  logic 
ami  metaphysics.  They  also  made  certain  acts  called 
principia.  See  prineipium.  As  soon  as  the  sententiary 
had  completely  finished  the  exposition  of  tine  Sentences. 
he  became  a  formed  bachelor  ^baccalarius  fannatus),  and 
had  still  to  continue  his  theological  studies  for  three  years 
longer  before  he  could  be  licensed  to  preach  and  to  teach 
as  a  master. 

3.  A  man  of  any  ago  who  has  not  been  married. 

It  was  my  turquoise  :  I  had  it  of  Leah  when  I  was  a 
bachelor:  I  would  not  have  given  it  for  a  wilderness  of 
monkeys.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

4f.  A  woman  who  has  not  been  married. 
He  would  keep  you 
A  bachelor  still,  by  keeping  of  your  portion  ; 
And  keep  you  not  alone  without  a  husband. 
But  in  a  sickness.  B.  Jonstm,  Magnctick  lady.  ii.  1. 

5.  In  London  livery  companies,  a  person  not 
yet  admitted  to  the  livery. —  6.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  a  fish,  Pomoxis  annu- 
laris, of  the  Mississippi  valley ;  a  crappie. 

Sometimes  incorrectly  spelled  batchelor. 
Budge  bachelors.     See  budge?.—  Knight  bachelor. 
See  knight 
bachelorhood  (bacli'c-lor-hud),  n.    [<  bachelor 
+  -hood.]     The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  or  unmarried  man. 

I  can  fancy  nothing  more  cruel  after  a  long  easy  life  of 
bachelorhood  than  to  have  to  sit  day  after  .lay  with  a  dull 
handsome  woman  opposite.    Thackeray,  Ncweomes,  II.  ii. 

Keeping  in  bachelor/tooil  those  hast  likely  to  be  long- 
lived.  11.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  05. 

bachelorism  (bach'e-lor-izm),  ».    [<  bachelor 

+  -ism.]  1.  The  state  of  being  a  bachelor; 
bachelorhood. —  2.  A  trait  or  habit  peculiar  to 
a  bachelor. 


bachelor's-buttons 

bachelor's-buttons  (baoh'e-lgrz-but'nz),  n.  pi. 

[Said  to  be  so  named  because  country  youths 
used  to  carry  the  flower  in  their  pockets  to 
divine  their  success  with  their  sweethearts.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  several  plants,  as  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Lychnis  diurna  (the 
red  campion),  Centaurea  nigra  (knapweed), 
but  chiefly  the  double-flowered  varieties  of 
Ranunculus  aeon  it  if  alius  (white  bachelor's-but- 
tons) and  Ranunculus  acris  (yellow  bachelor's- 
buttons).  The  name  is  also  given  to  the  ragged-robin 
(Lychni*  Flos-cuculi),  to  the  globe-amaranth  (Qamphrena 
gteboea),  to  tin;  Scabiosa  succtea,  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States  to  Polygala  lutca  and  to  other  plants. 

2.  A  name  for  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  Xux- 
vomica,  formerly  used  for  poisoning  rats.  Dun- 
glim  >)i. 

bachelorship  (baeh'e-lpr-ship),  n.  [<  bachelor 
+  -ship.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  in  any  sense ;  the  rank  or  degree  of  a 
bachelor ;  the  unmarried  state  of  a  man. 

bachle1,  n.    See  bauchle1. 

bachle-t,  ''.  t.   An  obsolete  Scotch  form  of  baffle. 

bacile  (ba-che'le),  n. ;  pi.  bacili  (-le).  [It.,  < 
ML.  bacile,  baccile,  bachile,  a  basin,  a  dry  mea- 
sure; cf.  bacinus,  baccinus,  bacchinus,  bachinus, 
a  basin,  a  dry  measure:  see  basin.']  1.  In 
ceram.,  a  basin  or  deep  dish:  in  use  in  English 
for  an  ornamental  vessel  of  Italian  make  and 
of  that  shape,  especially  for  a  vessel  of  enam- 
eled and  lustered  pottery. —  2.  In  metrology, 
same  as  bachcl. 

bacillar  (bas'i-lar),  a.  [<  L.  bacillum  or  NL.  ba- 
cillus,  q.  v.,  +  -or.]  1.  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Bacillus. —  2.  Resembling  in  form 
a  short  rod  or  bacillus ;  bacilliform.  As  applied 
to  tile  valves  of  diatoms,  it  indicates  that  their  greatest 
dimension  is  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  line  of  juncture 
of  tile  two  valves  ;  that  is,  they  are  longer  than  broad,  and 
therefore  rod-like.     See  cut  under  bacillus. 

Bacillaria  (bas-i-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  bacillus  + 
-aria.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  alga?,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  Diatomacew.  They  consist  of  slen- 
der rectangular  segments,  arranged  in  tabular  or  oblique 
series.  The  compound  segments  of  frustules  are  inces- 
santly slipping  backward  and  forward  over  each  other. 
They" are  frequent  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Britain. 

Bacillariaceae  (bas-i-la-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bacillaria  +  -acece.]     Same'  as  Diatomacea:. 

bacillary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -an/.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bacilli ;  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  or  agency  of  bacilli. 
—  2.  Having  the  form  of  small  rods — Bacillary 
layer,  the  layerof  rodsand  cones  of  the  retina.  Seerefma. 

bacilli,  n.     Plural  of  bacillus. 

bacillian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -ian.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bacillus: 
as,  "baeiltian  parasites,"  B.  W.  Richardson. 

bacillicide  (ba-sil'i-sid),  «.  [<  NL.  bacillus  + 
L.  -ciila,  <  cccdere,  kill.]  A  substance  em- 
ployed to  kill  bacilli  or  infectious  germs;  a 
germicide. 

A  combination  of  lime  with  chlorine,  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  the  bacillicides,  is  very  generally  employed. 

Disinfectants,  p.  19. 

bacillicidic  (ba-sil-i-sid'ik),  a.  [<  bacillicide  + 
-ic]     Destructive  to  bacilli. 

bacilliculture  (ba-sil'i-kul-tur),  n.  [<  NL.  ba- 
cillus +  L.  cultura,  culture.]  The  cultivation 
of  bacteria  in  vegetable  or  animal  infusions  or 
otherwise,  for  purposes  of  investigation. 

bacilliform  (ba-sil'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bacillus 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of  a  small 
rod;  rod-shaped;  bacillar  in  form. 

bacillus  (ba-sil'us),  n. ;  pi.  bacilli  (-1).  [NL., 
a  particular  use  of  LL.  bacillus,  L.  bacillum,  a 
little  rod  or  staff,  dim.  of  L.  baculus,  baculum, 


a  stick,  staff;  ef.  Gr. 
akin  to  jjaivctv,  go,  = 
L.  venire  =  E.  come.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  little 
rod  or  rod-like  body, 
as  one  of  the  rods  of 
the  retina. —  2.  An 
individual  of  the 
genus  Bacillus. —  3. 
[cap.]  A  so-called 
genus  of  the  micro- 
scopical vegetable 
organisms  known  as 
bacteria,  having  the 
form  of  very  slender 
straight  filaments, 
short  or  of  moderate 
length,  and  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more 
elongated  cylindri- 
cal joints.  Several 
forms,  or  species,  are  rec- 
ognized. Of  these,  B.  sub- 


(iaKTpov,  a  staff,  perhaps 


Bacillus,  highly  magnified.— Up- 
per figure.  B.  anlhracis  ;  lower  fig- 
ure, comma  bacillus. 


411 

litis  is  found  in  rennet,  and  is  the  agent  in  butyric  fer- 
mentation ;  B.  anthracU  causes  tin-  disease  known  as  an- 
thrax or  chart  ion;  and  B.  amylobacter  is  one  of  the  species 
which  product'  putrefaction,  other  species  are  believed 
tii  cause  tuberculosis,  leprosy,  and  cholera.  The  comma 
bacillus,  which  is  asserted  to  be  always  present  in  tin- 
course  of  the  last-named  disease,  is  peculiar  in  having  a 
more  or  less  curved  form.  See  Bacterium  and  Schizo- 
mycetee. 

4.  [cap.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
gressorial  insects,  of  the  family  Phasmula- ;  t  he 
walking-sticks. —  5f.  Medicine  made  up  into  a 
long  round  figure  like  a  stick.     Kersey  (1708). 

bacint,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  basin, 

bacinett,  »'.     An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

bacino  (ba-che'no),  n. ;  pi.  bacini  (-ne).  [It.,  a 
basin :  see  basin.]  In  ceram.,  one  of  the  dishes 
of  richly  colored  pottery  which  are  found  built 
into  the  wails  of  certain  medieval  buildings  in 
Italy,  especially  at  Pesaro,  Pisa,  Borne,  and 
Bologna. 

back1  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  bah,  <  AS.  base  =  OS. 
bak  =  OFries.  bek  =  MD.  bak  (D.  bah-  in 
comp.)  =  LG.  bak  (also  in  comp.,  bak-,  >  G. 
back-  in  comp.,  also  separately,  back,  fore- 
castle) =  Icel.  Sw.  bak  =  Dan.  bag,  back. 
Cf.  AS.  hrycg,  back,  E.  ridge.]  1.  The  whole 
hinder  part  of  the  human  body,  opposite  the 
front  and  between  the  sides,  or  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  of  most  animals;  technically, 
the  spinal,  dorsal,  or  tergal  portion,  surface, 
or  aspect  of  the  trunk,  extending  from  the 
scruff  of  the  neck  between  the  shoulders  to  the 
buttocks,  hams,  or  bifurcation  of  the  body  at 
the  legs;  the  tergum;  the  dorsum;  the  notse- 
um. — 2.  The  corresponding  or  related  portion 
of  any  part  or  organ  of  the  body ;  the  posterior 
aspect  of  a  thing ;  the  part  opposite  to  or  fur- 
thest from  the  front,  or  in  any  way  con-elated 
with  the  baek  of  the  trunk:  as,  the  back  of  the 
head,  neck,  arm,  leg;  the  back  of  the  hand; 
the  back  of  the  mouth. —  3.  Anything  resem- 
bling the  back  in  position,  (a)  As  being  behind 
or  furthest  from  the  face  or  front,  like  the  back  in  man : 
as,  tlie  back  of  a  house. 

Trees  set  upon  the  backs  of  chimneys  do  ripen  fruits 
sooner.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

(b)  As  being  behind,  or  in  the  furthest  distance,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator,  speaker,  scene  of  action,  etc. :  as, 
the  back  of  an  island  ;  the  back  of  a  wood ;  the  back  of  a 
village,  (c)  As  being  the  part  which  comes  behind  in  the 
ordinary  movements  of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used  :  as, 
the  back  of  a  knife,  saw,  etc.  (d)  As  forming  the  upper, 
and  especially  the  outer  and  upper,  portion  of  a  tiling, 
like  the  back  of  one  of  the  lower  animals  :  as,  the  back  of 
a  hand-rail ;  the  back  of  a  rafter,    (e)  The  ridge  of  a  hill. 

The  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent,  and  their  broad  bare  backs  upheave. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  vii.  286. 

O'er  the  long  backs  of  the  bushless  downs. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

(/)  As  being  that  which  supports  the  ribs :  as,  the  back  of 
a  ship  (namely,  the  keel  and  keelson).  See  broken-backed. 
(>i)  The  upright  bind  part  of  a  chair,  serving  as  a  support 
for  the  back.  (A)  In  bot.,  the  outer  side  of  an  organ,  or 
the  side  turned  away  from  the  axis :  as,  the  back  of  a  leaf 
or  of  a  carpel. 

4.  By  synecdoche,  the  whole  body,  with  refer- 
ence to  clothing,  because  the  back  is  usually 
most  fully  covered:  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to 
his  back. 

I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

5f.  Clothing ;  a  garment  to  cover  the  back. 

And  owre  bakkes  that  moth-eaten  be. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  362. 

6.  pi.  In  the  leather  trade,  the  thickest  and 
best-tanned  hides. —  7f.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter, formerly  written  on  the  back  of  the  letter 
itself.  Scott. —  8f.  A  reserve  or  secondary  re- 
source. 

This  project 
Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold, 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

9.  In  ship-building,  a  timber  bolted  on  the 
after  end  of  the  rudder,  to  complete  its  form. 
— 10.  In  metal-mining,  the  portion  of  the  lode 
which  lies  between  any  level  or  stope  and  the 
one  next  above  it,  or  the  surface.  Generally, 
the  backs  are  the  unstoped  portions  of  the  lode, 
as  far  as  laid  open,  and  ready  to  be  mined  or 
stoped. — 11.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  Same  as  face, 
(b)  The  inner  end  of  a  heading  where  work  is 
going  on. — 12.  In  foot-ball,  a  position  behind 
the  line  of  rushers,  or  a  player  in  this  position  : 
called  quarter-back,  half-back,  three-quarters- 
back,   or  full-back,   according  to  the  distance 

from  the  rushers Back  and  belly.  («)  Before  and 

behind  ;  all  over :  as,  to  beat  a  person  back  ami  belly,  <b) 
With  clothes  and  fond  :  as,  to  keep  a  person  back  ami  belly 
(to  keep  him  in  clothes  and  food).  (Vulgar.  ]  —  Back  and 
breast,  the  usual  term  in  the  seventeenth  century  for 
the  body-armor  of  the  period.  It  consisted  of  a  solid 
breastplate    in  one   piece,  generally  considered    bullet- 


back 

proof,  and  a  lighter  backpiece,  the  two  secured  togethei 
Under  the  arms,  usually  by  straps  and  buckles. 
Armed  with  back  and  In-cast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Moi 
Back  and  edget,  wholly ;  complexly. 
They  have  engaged  themselves  ours  back  and  edge. 

Lady  Alimony,  iii. 
Back  of  a  book,  that  part  of  the  cover  to  which  the  two 
sides  are  attached  ami  on  which  tlie  title  is  usually  printed. 

—  Back  Of  a  bOW,  in  archery,  the  exterior  side  01  a  bow, 

which  is  convex  when  the  bow  is  bent.  In  modem  Euro- 
pean bows  this  part  is  Hat.  See  belly,  8  (g\  Back  of  a 
hand-rail,  the  upper  surface :  tin-  under  side  is  tin  b\ 

—  Back  of  a  hip-rafter,  tlie  upper  edge  of  the  rafter 
shaped  to  tlie  angle  which  the  adjoining  sides  make  with 
each  other.  See  cut  under  hip.— Back  of  an  arch  or 
vault,  the  extrados,  or  outer  curve  or  face.  See  tirst 
cut  under  arch.— Back  of  a  roof-rafter,  its  upper  sur- 
face.—Back  of  a  slate,  in  roofing,  the  upper  orweather 
side. —  Back  Of  a  window,  the  wainscoting  below  the 
sash-frame,  extending  to  the  floor. — Backs  and  cutters, 
a  miners' name  for  jointed  rock-structures,  the  backs  run- 
ning in  lines  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
strata,  and  forming  the  "back"  of  the  quarry,  and  the 
cutters  crossing  them  at  right  angles. — Behind  one's 
back,  in  secret,  or  when  one  is  absent. 

I  confess,  Mr.  Surface,  I  cannot  bear  to  hear  people  at- 
tacked behind  their  backs;  and  when  ugly  circumstances 
come  out  against  our  acquaintance,  I  own  I  always  love 
to  think  the  best.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Lazy-back,  a  high  back-bar  in  a  carriage-seat.  It  is  some- 
times made  so  as  to  be  removable  at  will.     ]■:.  II.  Knight. 

—  Mitered  back,  in  bookbinding,  a  back  having  lines, 
usually  in  gold,  connected  and  mitered  in  square  panels 
by  means  of  cross-lines  between  the  bands. —  Run-up 
back,  in  bookbinding,  a  back  having  two  lines,  usually  in 
gold,  on  its  outer  edges,  running  off  at  top  and  bottom. 
Distinguished  from  the  mitered  back  (\v\\\c\i  see).— Small 
of  the  back,  the  loins ;  the  reins.—  The  back  Of  beyond. 
See  beyond.— To  be  on  another's  back,  to  be  severe  "ii 
one  for  any  fault  or  foolish  act ;  chide  ;  ridicule.    [Colloq.] 

—  To  be  on  one's  (own)  back,  to  be  at  the  end  of  one's 
resources;  be  aground.  [Colloq.]  —  To  bow  down  the 
back,  to  submit  to  oppression.  Rom.  xi.  lo.  —  To  break 
the  back.  See  break.— To  cast  behind  the  back,  in 
Scrip.:  (a)  To  forget  and  forgive.  Is.  xxxviii.  17.  (d)  To 
treat  with  contempt.  Ezek.  xxiii.  35 ;  Nell.  ix.  26.—  To 
get  One's  back  up,  to  resist ;  be  obstinate.  See  to  put 
one's  back  up,  below.  [Colloq.]  — To  give  aback,  to  bend 
the  back  and  keep  it  firm  so  as  to  allow  another  to  leap 
over  one  by  placing  his  hands  upon  the  back,  or  to  mount 
up  to  anything.  [Colloq.  ]  —To  make  a  back.  Same  as 
fo  give  a  back.— To  put  or  get  one's  back  up,  to  show 
antipathy  or  aversion;  resist;  be  angry  or  indignant:  a 
metaphor  probably  taken  from  the  habits  of  frightened  or 
angry  cats.    [Colloq.]  — To  see  the  back  of,  to  get  rid  of. 

—  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  to  forsake  or  neglect  him. 
hack1  (bak),  a.    [<  back1,  n.,  and  back1,  adr.,  the 

attributive  use  of  the  noun,  as  in  backbone, 
mingling  with  that  of  the  adv.,  as  in  back  yard, 
the  yard  which  is  back,  back  spring,  a  spring 
backward,  etc.  As  with  fore,  hind,  after,  etc., 
there  is  no  definite  dividing  line  between  tlie 
separate  adj.  use  and  the  use  in  composition.] 

1.  Lying  or  being  behind;  opposite  to  the  front; 
hinder;  rear:  as,  the  back  part  of  anything  ;  a 
back  door  or  window;  back  stairs;  the  back  side 
of  a  field. 

I  will  take  away  mine  hand,  and  thou  slialt  see  my  back 
parts  :  but  my  face  shall  not  be  seen.  Ex.  xxxiii.  -Jo'. 

Hence  —  2.  Away  from  the  front  position  or 
rank  ;  remote  in  place  or  condition;  far  in  tlie 
rear,  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  the  back  set- 
tlements of  a  country. 

In  December  we  had  two  insurrections  of  the  back  in- 
habitants  of  our  province.        Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  315. 

3.  In  a  backward  direction ;  returning  in  the 
direction  whence  it  came:  as,  a  back  stroke; 
back  water.  [In  this  sense  properly  with  a 
hyphen.] — 4.  Inarrear;  overdue:  as,  back  pay 
or  rents — Back  action.  See  action.—  Back  cylinder- 
head,  that  head  of  a  cylinder  through  which  the  piston- 
rod  passes  in  locomotives  :  the  opposite  head  in  stationary 
engines. 
back1  (bak),  adv.  [By  apheresis  for  aback,  < 
ME.  abak,  <  AS.  on  bo?c:  see  aback  and  back1, 
7i.]  1.  To  or  toward  the  rear;  backward;  in 
the  reverse  direction :  as,  to  step  or  shrink 
baek ;  the  tide  flowed  back. 

All  shrank  back  aghast,  and  left  the  denouncer  of  woe 
standing  alone  in  the  centre  of  the  hall. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  23. 

2.  From  forward  motion  or  progress;  from  ad- 
vancing or  advancement;  in  a  state  of  restraint, 
hindrance,  or  retardation :  with  such  verbs  as 
keep  and  hold :  as,  he  was  held  (««'£•  with  diffi- 
culty ;  the  police  kept  back  the  crowd. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honour. 

Num.  xxiv.  11. 

3.  To  or  toward  one's  (its  or  their)  original 
starting-point,  place,  or  condition:  as,  to  go 
back  to  the  city,  to  one's  old  occupation,  to 
one's  former  belief. 

I  must  bear  answer  back 
How  you  excuse  my  brother.     Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv  8. 

Each  successive  wave  rushes  forward,  breaks,  and  rolls 
back.  Macaulay,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

4.  From  a  present,  usual,  or  natural  position ; 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  some  other,  expressed 


back 

or  understood;  backward:  as,  to  bend  back- 
one's  finger;  to  force  back  the  bolt  of  a  door. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  .  .  .  came  and  rolled  back  tht 
stone  from  the  door.  Mat.  xxviii.  2. 

5.  To  or  toward  times  or  things  past;  back- 
ward in  time:  as,  to  look  back  on  former  ages. 

Oh,  that  constant  Time 
Would  hut  '-:o  back  a  work  I 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  v.  3. 

Volumes  of  this  form  dated  back  two  hundred  years  or 

more.  Batothorne,  Old  Manse. 

The  existence  of  this  language  [Singhalese]  lias  hern  taken 

back  at  least  two  thousand  years  by  tin-  inscriptions  found 

to  Goldschmidt  of  the  Archaeological  survey. 

It.  X.  Oust,  Mod.  Lang.  E.  Indies,  p.  62. 

6.  From  the  proper  destination  or  purpose: 
as,  to  keep  back  despatches. 

A  certain  man  named  Ananias,  with  Sapphira  his  wife, 
sold  a  possession,  and  kept  back  part  of  the  price. 

Acts  v.  1,  2. 

7.  Away  from  an  undertaking,  engagement,  or 
promise. 

I've  heen  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour, 

But  must  not  now  go  back.  Addison. 

8.  In  a  position  of  retirement  or  withdrawal ; 
off;  aloof:  absolutely  or  with  from:  as,  the 
house  stands  a  little  back  from  the  road. 

Somen  hat  hurl;  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country-seat. 

Longfellow,  Old  Clock. 

9.  Behind  in  position,  literally  or  figuratively, 
or  as  regards  progress  made :  absolutely  or 
witho/:  as,  the  hills  back  of  the  town;  the  feel- 
ing  back   of  his  words ;    a  few  pages  back. — 

10.  Past  in  time;  ago;  since:  as,  a  little  back. 
[Colloq.] 

This  precaution,  still  more  salutary  than  offensive,  has 
for  some  years  back  been  omitted. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  10G. 

1 1 .  Again ;  in  return  :  as,  to  answer  back  ;  to 
pay  back  a  loan. 

"Ruth  —  daughter  Ruth  !"  the  outlaw  shrieks, 
But  no  sound  comes  back — he  is  standing  alone. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
To  and  backt,  forward  and  backward  ;  to  and  fro. 
This  common  body, 
Like  to  a  vagabond  flag  upon  the  stream, 
Goes  to  and  back,  lackeying  the  varying  tide. 

Shak.,  A.  andi'-.i.  4. 
To  beat,  draw,  fall,  hang,  etc.,  back.  See  the  verbs. 
back1  (bak),  v.  [In  senses  I.,  1-8,  <  back1,  n. ; 
in  senses  I.,  9-11,  and  II.,  <  back1,  adv.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  furnish  with  a  back  or  backing; 
strengthen  or  support  at  the  back:  as,  to  back 
a  book ;  to  back  an  electrotype-plate ;  to  back 
the  armor-plates  of  a  war-vessel  with  teak. — 
2f.  To  cover  the  back  of ;  clothe. 

To  breke  beggeris  bred  anil  bakken  hem  with  clothis. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  185. 

3.  To  support  or  aid,  as  with  practical  assist- 
ance, money,  authority,  influence,  etc. ;  second 
or  strengthen ;  reinforce  :  often  with  up :  as, 
in  his  efforts  he  was  backed  by  many  influen- 
tial men;  he  backed  up  his  argument  with  abet. 

Success  still  follows  him  and  backs  his  crimes. 

Addison. 
The  men  of  the  northern  Danelaw  found  themselves 
backed,  not  only  by  their  brethren  from  Ireland,  but  by 
the  mass  of  states  around  them. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  243. 

Hence  —  4.  In  sporting,  to  recognize  and  sup- 
port by  standing  or  dropping:  said  of  dogs 
which  follow  the  lead  of  a  dog  on  point. 

Both  dogs  went  off  finely;  soon  after  being  put  down 
lor.  man  pointed  and  was  backed  by  Gath. 

Forest  ami  Stream,  XXI.  418. 

5.  To  act  or  wager  in  favor  of;  express  con- 
fidenee  in  the  success  or  superiority  of :  as,  to 
bad  a  horse  in  a  race,  or  one  of  the  parties  in 
an  argument. 

I  back  him  at  a  rebus  or  a  charade  against  the  best 

rhymer  in  the  kingd 

Sheridan,  School  tor  Scandal,  i.  1. 

The]     i;. 'i'. mi ,■  fond  oi  backing  themselves  with 

i  Brill    hoot  for  a  sheep,  the  loser  inviting  his 
friends  to  a  ft  /.".  F.  Burton,  Bl-Medinah   i>  886, 

6.  To  get  upon  the  1 k  of;   mount:   as,  to 

back  a  horse. 

We  both  will  /""•/-  tie-  winds, 
And  hunt  the  phoenix  through  tin  Arabian  deserts. 

I  I  \  nit.  iv.  &. 

Ami  he  iae  reached  the  northern  plain, 
And  Ire-fly  Bteed  again. 

./.  It.  Drake.  Culprit  Fay,  p     i9 

7.  To  write  something  on  the  back  of ;  address, 
as  a  letter;  indorse. — 8.  To  lie  at  the  back 
of;  adjoin  in  the  rear;  form  a  back  or  back- 
ground to. 

That  length  of  cloistral  roof, 
Peering  in  air  and  backed  by  azure  sky. 

Wordsworth,  Near  Aquapendente. 


412 

That  snug  and  comfortable  retreat  which  generally  backs 
the  warerooms  of  an  English  tradesman.  Bulwer. 

9.  To  carry  on  the  back.     [Colloq.] 

If  the  men  are  expected  tooacft  the  traps  for  any  consid- 
erable distance,  the  only  admissible  articles  are,  etc. 

It.  IS.  Itaosccelt,  Game-Fish,  p.  306. 

10.  To  cause  to  move  backward  ;  propel  back- 
ward :  as,  to  back  a  horse ;   to  back  a  boat. — 

11.  To  reverse  the  action  of:  as,  to  back 
a  stationary  engine. —  12.  In  coal- mining,  to 
throw  back  into  the  gob  or  waste,  as  the  small 
slack  made  in  holing  or  undercutting  the 
coal.  Qresley.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.]— To  back 
a  chain  or  rope,  to  attach  a  preventer  to  it  so  as  to 
reduce  the  strain  upon  it.— To  back  an  anchor.  See 
anchor*,  a.  To  back  a  sail,  to  brace  the  yards  so 
that  the  wind  will  press  on  the  forward  surface  of  the 
sail.  — To  back  a  warrant,  to  sign  or  indorse  a  warrant 
issued  in  another  countyto  apprehend  an  offender.— To 
back  (a  Bpindle)  off,  in  cotton-spinning,  to  reverse  the 
motion  of  mule-spindles  at  the  end  of  a  stretch,  in  un- 
winding the  last  few  roils  of  the  thread  about  the  cop,  in 
order  to  prepare  for  its  proper  distribution  upon  the  cop 
when  the  mule-carriage  returns. — To  back  the  oars,  to 
row  backward  so  as  to  check  the  boat's  headway  or  to  gain 
sternway.— To  back  the  worming,  in  rope-making,  to 
till  the  interstices  between  the  strands  of  a  rope,  thus  mak- 
ing the  surface  even. — To  back  up.  («)  To  lend  support, 
aid,  <  ir  assistance  to :  stand  by  ;  give  countenance  to :  as, 
to  back  up  one's  frit  nils.  (6)  To  move  or  force  backward : 
as,  to  back  up  a  carriage,  (c)  To  reverse,  as  an  Engine  or 
a  press.  (d)  In  electrotyping,  to  strengthen,  as  the  thin 
shell  or  electroplate  obtained  from  a  wax  mold  of  a  form 
of  type,  an  engraved  plate,  etc.,  by  depositing  upon  its 
hack  type-metal  to  a  certain  thickness,  (c)  In  base-ball 
and  similar  games,  to  stand  behind,  as  another  player,  in 
order  to  stop  and  return  any  balls  that  may  pass  him:  as, 
the  center-field  backs  up  the  second-base. —  To  back 
water,  to  propel  a  boat  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that 
in  which  the  prow  is  pointed,  by  reversing  the  action  of 
the  rowing  in  the  case  of  a  rowboat,  or  of  the  machinery 
in  the  case  of  a  steamboat. 

II,  in  Irons.  [<  back1,  adv.]  1.  To  move  or 
go  backward:  as,  the  horse  backed;  the  train 
backed. —  2.  To  move  in  the  reverse  direction : 
said  specifically  of  the  wind,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  haul  (which  see),  when  it  changes  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  the  usual  circuit,  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  on  the  polar  side  of  the  trade-winds, 
the  usual  circuit  of  changes  in  the  wind  is  from  east  by 
the  south  to  west,  and  so  on  to  the  north.  In  the  same 
latitudes  in  the  southern  hemisphere  the  reverse  usually 
takes  place.  The  hacking  of  the  wind  is  regarded  as  an 
indication  of  bad  weather.  — To  back  and  fill.  (")  To  get 
a  square-rigged  vessel  to  windward  in  a  narrow  channel, 
when  the  wind  is  against  the  tide  and  there  is  no  room  for 
tacking,  by  alternately  filling  and  backing  the  sails  so  as 
to  make  the  ship  shoot  from  one  side  of  the  channel  to 
the  other  while  being  carried  on  by  the  tide.  Hence  — 
(b)  To  be  vacillating  or  irresolute ;  shilly-shally. — To  back 
astern.  See  astern*— To  back  down,  to  recede  from  a 
1  io.it  ion  ;  at  tan  i  loii  an  argument  or  opinion ;  give  in. — To 
back  out,  to  retreat  from  a  difficulty  or  withdraw  from 
an  engagement. 

back'-t,  n.     The  earlier  form  of  bat~. 

back3  (bak),  n.  [<  D.  bak,  a  bowl,  tray,  = 
Dan.  bakke,  a  tray,  <  F.  bar.  a  trough,  basin, 
a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back,  also  a  ferry- 
boat; cf.  Bret,  bok,  bag,  a  boat,  ML.  bacus, 
baccus,  a  ferry-boat,  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aqua- 
rium'); origin  uncertain.  Cf.  basin,  from  the 
s source.]  1.  A  large  Hat-bottomed  fer- 
ry-boat, especially  one  adapted  for  carrying 
vehicles,  and  worked  by  a  chain  or  rope  fas- 
tened on  each  side  of  the  stream. —  2.  A  large 
cistern  or  vat  used  by  brewers,  distillers,  dyers, 
etc.,  for  holding  liquids;  a  large  tub  or  trough. 
— 3.  A  kind  of  wooden  trough  for  holding  or 
carrying  fuel,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  coal-scuttle :  com- 
monly in  the  diminutive  form  bakcy.    [Scotch.] 

Narrowly  escaping  breaking  my  shins  on  a  turf  back. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  III.  IS. 

backache  (bak'ak),  n.     Any  dull  or  continuous 

paiti  in  the  back. 
backache-brake  (bak'ak-brak),  n.    A  name  of 

the  lady-fern,  Asplenium  Fili.r-tainina. 
backache-root    (bak'ak-rot),    n.     The   button 

snakeroot,  IAatris  spicata. 
back-action  0>ak'ak"shon  ),  a.    In  marine  cngiii., 

having  the  connections  between  the  piston-roil 

and  crank  reversed:  as,  a  back-acmon  steam- 

engine.    See  action. 
backarack,  «•    See  Bacharach. 
backaret,  inter}.     [Perhaps  for  back  then-.    The 

spelling  baccate,  orig.  bacare,  in  the  passage  of 

Shakspere  has  led  to  the  fancy  thai  the  word 

is  dog-Latin,  based  on   10.  Intel:.]     Stand  back! 

go  back! 

Ah,  baclcarr.  i|iiod  Mortimer  to  Ins  BOWe 

Udall,  hoist'  r  Dolster. 
Baekare,  quoth  Mortimer  to  his  sow,  see 
Mortimer's  sow  speaketh  as  good  Latyn  as  hee. 

Ilcawood. 

[\  proverbial  saying,  derived  apparently  from  some  local 
ant  cdote,  j 

Baccare .'  you  tire  marvellous  forward 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.,  il.  1. 


backbone 

back-balance  (bak'bal"ans),  n.  A  weight  used 
as  a  counterbalance  for  an  eccentric,  or  an  ec- 
centric pulley  or  gear. 

back-band  (bak'band),  n.  A  broad  strap  or 
chain  passing  over  the  saddle  of  a  cart-  or  car- 
riage-horse, and  used  to  support  the  shafts. 
Called  in  Scotland  a  rigwiddie. 

back-bar  (bak'bar),  «.  The  horizontal  bar  in 
the  old  English,  open  fireplace,  on  which  the 
heavy  kettle  was  hung  over  the  fire. 

backbeart  (bak'bar),  n.  In  old  Eng.  forest  Ion-, 
the  act  of  carrying  on  the  back  venison  killed 
illegally.    See  backcarry. 

backbite  (bak'bit),  o. ;  pret.  backbit,  pp.  back- 
bitten, backbit,  ppr.  backbiting.  [<  ME.  Intk- 
biten,  earlier  bacbiten  (=  Icel.  bakbila  (Haldor- 
sen),  appar.  from  E.),  <  line,  bak,  n.,the  back, 
or,  more  prob.,  <  bak,  adv.  (though  this,  the 
apheretie  form  of  dbak,  aback,  is  not  found  in 
ME.  except  in  comp.  ami  dcriv.),  4-  hiten,  bite: 
see  back1  and  bite.']  I.  trans.  To  injure  moral- 
ly in  a  manner  comparable  to  biting  from  be- 
hind ;  attack  the  character  or  reputation  of  se- 
cret ly;  censure,  slander,  or  speak  evil  of  in 
absence:  rarely  with  a  thing  as  object. 
And  eke  the  verse  of  famous  Poets  Witt 
He  does  backebite.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  32. 

Most  untruelye  and  maliciously  doe  these  evill  tonges 
backbite  and  slaunder  the  sacred  ashes  of  that  personage. 
Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

II.  intrans.  To  slander  or  speak  evil  of  the 
absent. 

To  be  prynces  in  pryde  and  pouerte  to  dispise, 
To  bakbite,  and  to  hosten  and  here  fals  witnesse. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  80. 
He  that  backbiteth  not  with  his  tongue.  Ps.  xv.  3. 

They  are  arrant  knaves,  and  will  backbite. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  i. 

backbiter  (bak'bl*ter),  n.  One  who  slanders, 
calumniates,  or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

Satirists  describe  the  age,  and  backbiters  assign  their  de- 
scriptions to  private  men.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 
Nine  tithes  of  times 
Face-flatterers  and  backbiters  are  the  same. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

backbiting  (bak'bi'ting),  n.     [ME.  bacbiting, 
bacbitung;  verbal  n.  of  backbite."]     The  act  of 
slandering  the  absent;  secret  calumny. 
Envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  backbitings,  whisperings. 

2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

backbitingly  (bak'bi/'ting-li),  adv.  With  back- 
biting. 

back-block  (bak'blok),  ii.  In  piano-making,  see 
wrest-block. 

backboard  (bak'bord),  n.  [(back1,  ».,  +  board. 
The  AS.  btecbord(=  D.  LG.  bakboord  (>  G.  back- 
bonl,  Y.  babord)  =  Dan.  bagbord  =  Icel.  bak- 
bordh,  also  bakbordhi)  means  'larboard.']  A 
board  for  the  back ;  a  board  placed  at  the  back 
or  serving  as  the  back  of  something.  Specifically 
(a)  A  board  placed  across  the  stern-sheets  of  a  boat  to  sup- 
port  the  hacks  of  the  occupants,  (b)  A  small  strip  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  hack  and  give  ereetuess  to  ttie  figure. 

A  careful  and  undeviating  use  of  the  backboard  ...  is 
recommended  as  necessary  to  the  acquirement  of  that 
dignified  deportment  and  carriage  so  requisite  for  every 
young  lady  of  fashion.  Thackeray, 

(c)  A  board  used  in  a  lathe  to  sustain  the  pillars  support- 
ing the  puppet  liar,  (d)  In  English  [Yorkshire]  coal-min- 
ing, a  thirl  or  cross-hole  communicating  with  the  return 
air-course.    Qresley. 

back-bond  (bak'bond),  n.     In  Scots  lair,  a  deed 
attaching  a  qualification  or  condition  to  the 
terms  of  a  conveyance  or  other       ci^=>~. 
instrument.  7S§> 

backbone  (bak'bon'), ».     [ME.  Bsjj 

baklioiii ,  liaklion,  buebon  :  <  back1  p5sj 

+  bone1.]  1.  The  bone  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  back;  the 
spine;  the  vertebral  column: 
the  vertebras  collectively. — 2. 
Something  resembling  a  back- 
bone in  appearance,  position, 
or  office :  as,  the  Apennines  are 
the  backbone  of  Italy. 

The  plutocrats,  shippers,  merchants 

and  others  who  are  the  backboneol  the 
i ', ai-i  native  party. 

R.  J.  Ilintan,  Eng.  Had.  Leaders, 
[p.  20-J. 

3.  Figuratively,  firmness:  stu- 
biliiy  of  purpose;  decision  of 
character;  resolution;  moral 
principle. 

The  civilization  is  cheap  and  weak 
which  has  not  the  backbone  of  con- 
science in  it. 

J.  F.  Clarke.  Self  -Culture,  p.  202. 

Backbone  of  an  awning,  a  rope 
sewed  to  the  middle  of  a  ships  awning, 
and  extending  tore  and  alt.  to  strengl  h 
en  it  and  afford  it  support.     To  the 


Human  Backbone. 

(T.i.    first    cervical 

vertebra;     0.x,     first 

dorsal  vertebra  .  L.x, 

first  lumbar  vertebra ; 
Vi,  first  sacral  ver- 
tebra .  Ce.i,  first  coo 
cygeal  vertebra. 


backbone 

backbone,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  one's  power  or  nature; 
out  and  out;  thoroughly;  entirely. 
Jolly  old  Burbo,  staunch  to  the  backbone. 

Itulwer,  Last  pays  of  Pompeii,  ii.  1. 
A  true-blue  Tory  (0  the  backbone.  T.  Hughes. 

i lane-  to  the  backbone.  Trollope. 

backboned  (baktond'),  a.  Vertebrated;  fur- 
nished with  a  backbone. 

backcap  (bak'kap),  v.  t.  To  depreciate  or  dis- 
parage.   [TJ.  S.  slang.] 

backcarryt  (bak'kar'i),  «.  In  old  Eng.  forest 
law,  the  crimp  of  having  game  on  the  back,  as 
deer  unlaw  fully  killed.     See  backbcar. 

back-casing  (lKik'ka/'sing),  «.  In  mining,  a 
wall  or  lining  of  dry  bricks,  used  in  sinking 
through  sand  or  gravel.  Within  it  the  permanent 
wall  of  the  shaft  is  built  up,  after  the  bed-rock  or  stone- 
heail  has  been  reached. 

back-cast  (Dak'kast),  n.  [<  bad-'1,  adv.,  + 
east,  ».]  1.  A  cast  or  throw  back. —  2.  A 
backward  stroke,  or  a  stroke  driving  one  back ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  discouragement  or 
cause  of  relapse  or  failure.     [Scotch.] 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  a.  [<  back1,  adv.,  + 
east,  pp.']  Cast  or  thrown  back:  as,  ''back- 
east  thoughts,"  Joanna  BaiUie. 

back-center  (bak'sen"ter),  n.  In  a  lathe,  the 
point  of  the  back  or  dead  spindle  of  the  tail- 
stock.  It  supports  that  end  of  the  piece  which  is  to  be 
turned.  The  front  center  is  that  part  of  the  live  spindle 
which  is  in  the  headstock.— Back-center  screw,  in  a 
lathe,  the  screw  which  gives  longitudinal  motion  to  the 
back-center. 

back-chain  (bak'chan),  n.  A  chain  that  passes 
over  the  saddle  of  a  horse's  harness  to  support 
the  shafts  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

back-cloth  (bak'kloth),  «.  1.  In  calico-print- 
ing, a  reinforcing  cloth  used  to  support  a  fab- 


413 

one  for  carrying  ashes  or  cinders;  a  hod  or 
coal-scuttle.    [Scotch.] 

backfall  (bak'fal),  ».  1.  In  wrestling,  a  fall  or 
trip-up  in  which  a  wrestler  is  thrown  upon  his 
back. — 2.  In  music,  an  obsolete  melodic  deco- 
ration, neatly  like  the  modern  long  appoggia- 
tura:  called  a  double  backfall  when  prolonged. 


i 


r 


=t 


w  t  Itten, 


mm 


Played. 


»   # 


3= 


ric  which  is  being  printed. —  2.  Naut.,  a  tri- 
angular piece  of  canvas  fastened  in  the  middle 
of  a  topsail-yard  to  facilitate  the  stowing  of 
the  bunt  of  the  topsail. 

back-down  (bak'doun),  n.  The  act  of  backing 
down.     See  back1,  v. 

backed  (bakt),  p.  a.  [<  back1,  n.  or  v.,  +  -ed?.] 
In  composition,  having  a  back  (with  the  qual- 
ity or  characteristic  noted  in  the  first  part 
of  the  word):  as,  a  high-backed  chair;  hump- 
backed ;  hro&d-backed. 
Old  rickety  tables  and  chairs  bToken-back'd.     Thackeray. 

backen  (bak'n),  ».  t.   [<  back1,  adv.,  +  -en1.]  To 

holdback;  retard.     HalliiceU.    [Local  in  Eng. 

and  U.  S.] 
back-end  (bak'end),  ».     The  latter  end  or  part; 

especially  (Scotch),  the  latter  part  of  autumn. 
The  hedges  will  do,  I  clipped  them  wi'  my  ain  hands 

last  back. end.  J.  Wilson. 

backer1  (bak'er),  n.  [<  back1,  v.,  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  backs  or  gets  on  the  back:  as,  a  backer 
of  untamed  horses. — 2.  One  who  backs  or  sup- 
ports, or  who  aids  and  abets,  another  in  an 
undertaking,  especially  in  any  trial  of  skill, 
agility,  or  strength;  also,  one  who  bets  or 
"lays"  his  money  in  favor  of  a  particular  per- 
son, horse,  etc.,  in  a  contest :  one  who  indorses 
the  notes  or  sustains  the  credit  of  another. — 
3.  In  arch.,  a  narrow  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  broad  square-headed  one,  where  the  slates 
begin  to  diminish  in  width. — 4.  Xtint.,  a  strap 
of  rope  or  sennit  fastened  to  a  yard-arm  to  se- 
cure the  head-earings  of  a  sail. 

backer-t,  adv.  [<  back1,  adv.,  +  -er2.]  Same  as 
backermore. 

backermoret,  adv.  [ME.,  a  double  eompar.,  < 
backer-  +  -more.  Cf.  furthermore,  hinder  mast, 
etc.]     More  or  further  back. 

With  that  anon  I  went  me  baekirmore. 
La  Belle  Dame  sans  Mercie,  1.  85.     (Halliwell.) 

backermosut,  a.  superl.     [<  backer?  4-  -most.] 

Backmost. 
backet  (bak'et),  n.     [<  F.  baquet,  trough,  dim. 

of  bac :  see  back3.]     A  trough  or  box,  especially 


Double  Backfall. 

3.  In  organ-building,  a  lever  whose  front  end 
is  raised  by  the  motion  of  a  digital  or  pedal 
transmitted  through  a  sticker  (which  see),  its 
back  end  being  correspondingly  depressed :  a 
device  for  transforming  upward  motion  into 
downward. 

backfallert  (bak'fa"Ier),  n.  [<  back1,  adv.,  + 
/alia:  Cf.  backslider.]  A  backslider;  a  rene- 
gade. 

Onias,  with  many  lyke  back-fuller*  from  God,  fled  into 
Kgvptc.  Joye,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  xi. 

back-fillet  (bak'fiT'et),  «.  The  return  of  the 
margin  of  a  groin,  or  of  a  door-  or  window-jamb, 
when  it  projects  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall. 
Such  margins  are  said  to  be  back-filleted. 

back-flap  (bak'flap),  n.  That  part  of  a  window- 
shutter  which  folds  into  a  recess  made  for  it 
in  the  window-casing. 

back-frame  (bak'fram),  n.  An  internally  gear- 
ed wheel  supporting  the  twisting  pinions  or 
whirlers  of  a  rope-making  machine. 

back-friend  (bak'frend),  n.  [<  back1,  a.,  + 
friend.]  If.  A  false  or  pretended  friend;  a 
secret  enemy. 

Let  him  take  heed  I  prove  not  his  back-friend. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  1. 
Far  is  our  church  from  incroaching  upon  the  civil  pow- 
ers, as  some  who  are   backfriends  to  both  would  mali- 
ciously insinuate.  Soutb. 
2.  A  friend  at  one's  back;  a  backer.     [Rare.] 

back-game  (bak'gam),  n.    [<  back1,  a.,  +  game.] 

1.  A  game  at  backgammon  or  chess. —  2.  A 
return-game. 

backgammon  (bak-gani'on),  n.  [Also  formerly 
baggammon;  <  back1,  a.,  +  gammon1,  game 
(see  gammon1  ami. game1);  appar.  so  called  be- 
cause in  certain  circumstances  the  pieces  are 
obliged  to  go  back  and  reenter.  The  reason  of 
the  name  is  not  certain,  but  the  formation  is 
clear.  Cf.  back-game.]  1.  A  game  played  by 
two  persons  upon  a  table  or  board  made  for 
the  purpose,  with  pieces  or  men,  dice-boxes, 
and  dice.  The  board  is  in  two  parts,  usually  hinged  to- 
gether, on  which  twenty-four  spaces,  called  points,  are 
marked.  Each  player  has  fifteen  men,  with  which  move- 
ments are  made  in  accordance  with  the  numbers  turned 
up  by  the  dice,  the  object  of  each  player  being  to  advance 
his  men  to  the  last  six  points,  and  then  "  throw  them  olf," 
or  remove  them  entirely  from  the  board. 

2.  A  single  bout  at  backgammon  won  by  a 
player  before  his  opponent  has  advanced  all  of 
his  men  from  the  first  six  points. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  v.  t.  To  beat  by 
winning  a  backgammon.  See  backgammon, 
n.,  2. 

backgammon-board  (bak-gam'on-bord),  n. 
The  board  or  table  on  which  the  game  of  back- 
gammon is  played. 

back-gear  (bak'ger),  n.  The  variable  speed- 
gear  in  the  headstock  of  a  power-lathe. 

background  (bak'ground),  n.  1.  The  ground 
at  the  back  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front ; 
situation  in  the  rear  of  those  objects,  considera- 
tions, etc., which  engage  the  attention ;  subordi- 
nate or  secondary  position  in  contradistinction 
to  principal  or  important  position ;  place  out  of 
sight:  used  both  literally  (of  physical  objects) 
and  figuratively:  as,  there  were  mountains  in 
the  background  ;  the  true  reasons  for  this  action 
were  kept  in  the  background. 
A  husband  somewhere  in  the  background.  Thackeray. 
Forbearance  and  mercy  to  enemies  are  not  unknown 
to  the  iibi  Testament  :  but  thej  air  in  the  background. 

G.  /'.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  22. 
Specifically — 2.  The  part  of  a  picture  repre- 
sented asfurthest  from  the  spectator's  eye: 
opposed  to  foreground.  In  pictures  of  which  the 
foreground  possesses  the  chief  interest,  the  background  is 
so  designed  as  to  enhance  the  effect  of  objects  in  the  fore- 
ground, to  which  it  is  kept  subordinate  in  color,  etc.,  often 
serving  ii"  other  purpose  than  that  of  a  mere  screen  or 
settiug  behind  the  objects  in  which  the  interest  isconcen- 


backing-boards 

trated:  as,  a  portrait  with  a  landscape  background;  a 
group  of  figures  with  buildings  in  it"    !  '     In 

fandscapes,  fl  hi  n  do  such  evident  opposition  is  intended, 
..I-  when  the  chiel  interest  lies  in  the  background,  the  term 
■he,, !,■  isproperrj  used  to  denote  the  mon  distantplanes 
in  i|m  picture,  a-  distinguished  from  fa* foreground  and 
the  noddle  distance. 

M   re  we  see  the  rude  and  simple  expedient  by  which, 
i..  atone  for  tin-  want  ol   ai  i  lal   pel  pectit 
painters  indicated  the  background  ol  their  compositi 
figures  more  distant  from  the  eye  are  always  n  in  -'  Hi'  I 
Beated  or  standing  m,  a  higher  level  than  figures  in  the 

fori  ground.  C.  T.   \e,cti,u.  Art  and  Al.haiol.,  p.  388. 

Tin-  leafless  trees  become  spires  of  flame  in  the  sunset. 
with  the  blue  cast  for  their  bin  kground. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  23. 

3.  In  pho tog.,  the  plain  or  decorated  screen-. 
properties,  etc.,  placed  behind  the  subject  in 
taking  portraits,  especially  in  regular  gallery- 
work,  in  order  to  form  an  appropriate  setting 
in  the  finished  picture, 
backhand  (bak'haml),  h.  and  n.  I.  n.  1.  Writ- 
ing which  slopes  backward  or  to  the  left:  as, 
he  writes  backhand. —  2t.  In  tennis,  the  posi- 
tion behind  the  principal  player. 

No,  faith,  that's  odds  at  tennis,  my  lord;  not  but  if 
your  ladyship  [.leases,  I'll  endeavour  to  keep  your  back- 
lian.l  a  little,  tho'  upon  my  soul  you  may  safely  set  me  up 
at  the  line.  Cibber,  Careless  Husband,  iv. 

II.  a.  Backhanded;  unfavorable;  unfair:  as, 
a  backhand  influence. 
backhanded  (bak'han"ded),  a.  1.  With  the 
back  of  the  hand:  as,  a  backhanded  blow. —  2. 
Done  or  effected  with  the  hand  turned  back- 
ward, crosswise,  or  in  any  oblique  direction; 
marked  by  a  backward  slope,  direction,  or  ef- 
fect: as,  'backhanded  writing;  a  backhand/ d 
stroke  in  sword-play  or  lawn-tennis.  In  the  lat- 
ter game  a  backhanded  stroke  is  one  thai  causes  the  ball 
to  rotate  so  as  to  have  a  tendency  on  striking  the  ground 
to  hound  backward  in  the  direction  of  the  striker. 
Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  oblique  in  meaning; 
indirect;  equivocal;  ambiguous;  sarcastic:  as, 
a  backhanded  compliment. —  4.  Twisted  in  the 
opposite  way  from  the  usual  method:  said  of  a 
rope. 

i  Ine  part  plain-laid  and  the  other  backhanded  rope. 

Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  252. 

backhandedly  (bak'han"ded-li),  adv.  With  the 
hand  directed  backward:  as,  to  strike  back- 
handedly. 

backhandedness  (bak'han"ded-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  backhanded ;  unfairness. 

backhander  (bak'han"der),  n.  A  blow  with 
the  back  of  the  hand:  as,  to  strike  one  a  back- 
hander. 

backhead  (bak'hed),  n.  1.  The  back  part  of 
the  head:  opposed  to  forehead. —  2+.  False  hair 
worn  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

backhouse1  (bak'hous),  n.  [<  back1,  a..  + 
lam.se]  A  building  behind  or  back  from  the 
main  or  front  building;  hence,  in  country 
places,  especially  in  New  England,  a  privy. 

backhouse'-'t,  n.     Same  as  bakehouse. 

backing  (baking),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  back1,  v.] 
1.  Support,  physical  or  moral;  supporters  or 
backers  collectively. —  2f.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter.— 3.  Something  placed  at  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  something  else  to  support,  strength- 
en, or  finish  it;  the  act  of  providing  anything 
with  such  a  support.  Especially  —  (ft)  A  layer  or  lay- 
ers of  timber,  generally  teak,  on  which  the  iron  plates  of 

armor-clad  ships  are  bolted.    (b)  A  heavy  plating  of  w 1, 

or  wood  and  iron,  supporting  the  armor-plates  of  fortifica- 
tions or  of  targets  from  behind  ;  a  thick  bed  of  rammed 
sand  or  concrete  placed  behind  armored  works  or  targets. 
The  concrete  might  be  faced  with  a  comparatively  thin 
steel  plate  which  would  explode  the  shell,  and  so  save  the 
backing.  London  Engineer. 

(e)  In  bookbinding,  the  curving  of  the  back  of  sewed  sheets 
intended  for  a  book,  with  intent  (1)  to  spread  the  thread 
so  that  the  lnu.k  will  not  be  thicker  at  the  back  than  at  the 
fore  edge ;  (2)  to  make  a  secure  rest  in  the  arched  groove 
at  either  side  for  the  cover;  (3)  to  make  the  hack  flexible, 
so  that  the  leaves  of  the  book  shall  be  flat  when  open. 
Backing  is  done  by  beating  with  a  hammer  or  rolling  with 
a  machine,  (d)  In  weaving,  the  web  of  coarser  or  stronger 
material  at  the  back  of  such  piled  fabrics  as  velvet,  plush, 
satin,  Brussels  carpet,  etc.  (c)  In  photog.,  a  coating  of  a 
dull,  dark  pigment,  placed  on  the  back  of  the  sensitized 
plate  in  some  classes  of  work  to  absorb  light  that  might 
otherwise  pass  through  the  film,  he  reflected  again  upon 
it  from  the  hack  of  the  glass,  and  cause  an  effect  of  blur- 
ring. Such  a  backing  is  useful  in  taking  pictures  in  the 
direction  of  the  chief  light,  or  those  in  which  seme  por- 
tions of  the  field  are  very  highly  illuminated  while  others 
adjoining  them  are  dark.  (J)  In  printing,  the  printing  of 
the  second  side  of  a  sheet.  i</t  In  electrotyping,  the  metal 
used  to  back  up  or  strengthen  an  electrotype.  (A)  In 
tin  at.,  that  portion  of  a  scene  on  a  stage  which  is  revealed 
through  an  open  door  or  window.  Backing  of  an  arch, 
the  course  of  masonry  which  rests  upon  the  extrados  of 
an  arch. 

backing-boards  (bak'ing-bordz),  n.  pi.  In 
bookbinding,  boards  of  hard  wood,  faced  with 
steel,  which  are  used  in  pairs  for  the  purpose 
of  clamping  together  the  sewed  sheets  of  an 


backing-boards 

unbound  book  while  the  back  is  being  rounded 
with  a  hammer. 

backing-deals  (bak'ing-delz),  n.  pi.  In  Eng- 
lish coalmining,  boards  or  planks  placed  be- 
hind the  curbs  of  a  shaft,  to  keep  the  earth 
behind  in  place. 

backing-hammer (bak'ing-ham'er), ».  Aham- 
mer  osed  in  beating  into  shape  the  backs  of 
books. 

backing-iron  (bak'ing-i"ern),  it.  An  iron  block 
having  upon  four  sides  longitudinal  grooves  of 
different  widths  anddepths,  suitable  to  different 
sizes  of  books,  and  used  in  shaping  their  backs. 

backing-metal  (bak'ing-met'al),  n.  A  compo- 
sition of  type-metal,  in  which  lead  is  the  chief 
ingredient,  which  is  poured  into  an  electrotype- 
shell  of  copper  to  form  the  backing  of  the  elec- 
trotype-plate. 

backing-pan  (bak'ing-pan),  n.  A  pan  in  which 
electrotype-shells  are  placed  face  downward, 
while  the  molten  metal  with  which  they  are 
backed  is  poured  over  them. 

backings  (bak'ingz),  n.  pi.  The  refuse  of  wool 
or  flax  after  it  is  dressed;  the  tow  thrown  off 
by  the  second  hackling  of  flax. 

back-joint  (bak'joint),  n.  In  masonry,  a  rebate 
such  as  that  made  on  the  inner  side  of  a  chini- 
neypiece  to  receive  a  slip. 

backlash  (bak'lash),  n.  1.  In  meek.,  the  jar- 
ring reaction  of  each  of  a  pair  of  wheels  upon 
the  other,  produced  by  irregularities  of  velocity 
when  the  load  is  not  constant  or  the  moving 
power  is  not  uniform. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  the 
backward  suction  of  the  air-current  after  an  ex- 
plosion of  fire-damp — Backlash  of  a  screw,  the 
play  between  a  screw  and  its  nut  when  the  latter  is  loosely 
fitted.—  Backlash-spring,  a  spring  fitted  to  a  machine  to 
keep  the  moving  parts  in  contact  and  prevent  backlash. 

backless  (bak'les),  a.  [<  bach1,  n.,  +  -less.] 
Without  aback:  as,  backless  benches. 

backling,  backlings  (bak'ling,  -lingz),  adv. 
[Sc.  backlins,  <  AS.  bcecling,  in  adv.  phrase  on 
beveling,  back,  behind ;  <  bmc,  back,  +  -ling,  adv. 
suffix."    Cf.  darkling,  headlong.']     Backward. 

back-lining  (bak'li'ning),  ».  In  windows,  a 
piece  of  sash-frame  parallel  to  the  pulley- 
piece  and  next  to  the  jamb  on  each  side. 

back-link  (bak'lingk),  n.  In  engines,  one  of 
the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which  connect 
the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 

backlog  (bak'log),  n.  A  large  log  placed  at  the 
back  of  an  open  wood-fire  to  sustain  combus- 
tion and  concentrate  the  heat. 

Few  people  know  how  to  make  a  wood  fire,  but  every- 
body thinks  he  or  she  does.  You  want,  first,  a  large  back- 
log, which  does  not  rest  on  the  andirons. 

C  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  6. 

backlook  (bak'luk),  ii.  Retrospective  view: 
as,  tu  take  a  backlook.     [Rare.] 

back-lye  (bak'li),  n.  [<  back1  +  lye  for  lie1.] 
In  coal-mining,  a  siding  or  shunt  on  an  under- 
ground railway.     Gresley.     [North.  Eng.] 

back-mill  (bak'mil),  n.  A  fulling-mill.  I're, 
Diet. 

back-mold  (bak'mold),  n.  In  reversing  mold- 
ing, that  part  of  the  mold  which  conforms  to 
the  back  of  the  pattern  or  model. 

backmost  (bak'most),  a.  superl.  [<  back1,  adv., 
+ -most.  Cl.baekermore.]  Hindmost:  opposed 
to  foremost.     [Rare.] 

back-overman  (bak'6"ver-man),  n.  In  coal- 
mining, a  man  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  to  the 
safety  of  a  district  of  underground  workings, 
and  of  the  men  working  in  it,  during  the  back- 
shift.     Gresley.     [North.  Eng.] 

back-painting  (bak'pan"ting),  n.  A  method 
of  applying  varnish  colors  to  mezzotint  prints 
affixed  to  glass,  in  Such  a  manner  that  they 
appear  as  it'  painted  on  the  glass. 

backpiece  (bak'pes),  n.  A  piece  at  the  back 
of  something;  specifically,  a  piece  of  armor 
which  covered  the  back  and  was  connected 
with  the  breastplate  by  straps  and  buckles, 
hooks,  and  the  luce.  See  baCK  anil  breast,  un- 
der back1,  i>. 

backplate  (bak'plal  '•  "•    Same  as  backpiece. 

back-pressure  fbak  presh"ur),  n.  Pressure 
backward  or  in  the  reverse  of  the  normal  direc- 
tion ;      specifically, 


the  resistance  of 
the  atmosphere  or 
of  waste  strain  to 
the  action  of  the 
piston  of  a  steam- 
engine.  -  Back-pres- 
sure valve,  in  much.,  a 
valve  placed  within  a 
supply-pipe  or  over  an 
ml.  t  orifice,  to    prevent 


/ttK 


Back -pressure  Valve. 


414 

the  backward  flow  of  a  fluid  or  gas  when  the  pressure  in 
the  normal  direction  falls  below  that  in  the  reservoir  or 
chamber  to  which  the  fluid  is  supplied. 

backrackt,  backragt,  ».    See  Bacharach. 

back-rackett  (bak'rak'et),  n.  The  return  of  a 
ball  in  tennis;  hence,  figuratively,  a  counter- 
charge. 

Hoa.   Why,  are  not  debts  better  than  words,  sir? 
Wit.    Are   not   words  promises,    and   arc   not  promises 
debts,  sir? 
Boa.   He  plays  at  back-racket  with  me. 

Middleton,  Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  iv.  4. 

back-raking  (bak'ra'king),  n.  la  farriery,  an 
operation  by  which  hardened  faeces  are  with- 
drawn from  the  rectum. 

back-rent  (bak'rent),  n.  1.  Arrears  of  rent. — 
2.  In  Scots  law,  a  rent  paid  subsequently  to 
reaping.  Thus,  when  a  tenant  entering  with  a  lease 
is  allowed  to  reap  and  sell  his  first  crop  before  paying  his 
rent,  the  rent  in  this  case  is  termed  a  back-rent,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  fore-rent,  a  rent  payable  before  the  first 
crop  is  reaped. 

back-rest  (bak'rest),  n.  A  guide  attached  to 
the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe  and  placed  in  contact 
with  the  work  to  steady  it  in  turning. 

back-returnt  (bak're-tern*),  n.  A  going  or 
coming  back;  return. 

Harry's  back-return  again  to  France. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  (cho). 

The  back-return  of  Charon's  boat.  Marlowe. 

backrope  (bak'rop),  n.  Naut. :  (a)  The  rope 
or  chain-stay  extending  from  the  lower  end  of 
the  dolphin-striker  to  each  side  of  the  bows  of 
a  ship,  (b)  A  small  rope  attached  to  the  hook 
of  the  cat-block  or  fish-hook,  to  facilitate  hook- 
ing it  on  the  anchor.— Martingale  backropes. 
See  martingale. 

back-saw  (bak'sft),  n.  A  saw  the  web  of  which 
is  stiffened  by  a  metallic  back  of  greater  sub- 
stance. Such  saws  have  specific  names  ac- 
cording to  their  use,  as  tenon-saw,  dovetail- 
saw,  carcass-saw,  etc. 

back-scraper  (bak'skra"per),  n.  Same  as  back- 
scratcher. 

back-scratcher  (bak'skrach"er),  n.  1.  An  im- 
plement for  scratching  the  back,  generally 
made  of  bone  or  ivory,  in  the  form  of  a  small 
hand  fixed  to  a  long  slender  handle. 

A  back-scratcher  of  which  the  hand  was  ivory  and  the 
handle  black.  Southey,  The  Doctor,  iv. 

2.  A  toy  of  wood  or  bone  having  a  thin  tongue 
which  presses  upon  a  toothed  wheel,  on  the 
principle  of  a  watchman's  rattle :  when  it  is 
rubbed  on  the  back  of  a  person,  it  produces  a 
sound  like  the  tearing  of  cloth. 
backset  (bak'set),  v.  [<  back1,  adv.,  +  set1, 
v.]     I.t  trans.  To  set  upon  in  the  rear. 

The  Israelites  .  .  .  [were]  backset  with  Pharaoh's  whole 
power.       Anderson,  Expos,  of  Benedictus,  fol.  71  b  (1573). 

II.  intrans.  To  plow  again,  in  the  autumn, 
prairie-land  which  has  been  plowed  for  the 
first  time  in  the  preceding  spring.  [Western 
U.S.] 

backset  (bak'set),  n.  [<  back1,  a.  or  adv.,  +  set1, 
v.  or  n.]  1.  A  setting  back  or  backward,  as  the 
result  of  some  untoward  circumstance  or  op- 
posing agency;  a  check  to  progress;  retarda- 
tion, or  the  losing  of  ground;  a  relapse:  as,  he 
suffered  more  than  one  serious  backset;  a  back- 
set which  appeared  to  be  fatal. —  2.  An  eddy 
or  counter-current  in  flowing  water. 

Of  course  much  of  this  was  slack  water,  or  the  backset 
caused  by  the  overflow.  Harper's  Mai/.,  LXV.  012. 

back-settler  (bak'sefler),  n.  One  inhabiting 
the  back  settlements  of  a  country. 

backsheesh,  tl.     See  bakshish. 

back-shift  (bak'shift),  n.  [<  back1,  a.,  +  shift.] 
In  coal-mining,  a  second  shift  or  relay  of  hewers 
who  begin  cutting  the  coal  after  another  set 
have  begun  to  draw  it,  at  the  same  place. 

backside  (bak'sid'),  n.  [<  ME.  bakside;  <  back1, 
a.,  +  side.]  1.  The  back  part  or  aspect  of  any- 
thing; the  part  opposite  to  the  front,  or  behind 
that  which  is  presented  to  a  spectator.  [Prop- 
erly two  words  in  this  use.  See  back,  a.,  1.] 
Specifically  —  2.  Tin'  hind  part  of  an  animal; 
the  rump:  often  (vulgarly)  in  the  plural. —  3. 
The  back  premises,  back  yard,  or  out-buildings 
attached  to  a  dwelling;  also,  the  privy.  [Obso- 
lete or  dialectal.]     ^V.  E.  1). 

back-sight  (bak'sit),  n.  1.  In  surveying,  the 
reading  of  a  leveling-rod,  taken  when  looking 
back  to  a  station  which  has  been  passed.  All 
other  readings  are  called  foresights.— 2.  The 
rear  sight  of  a  gun. 

back-skin  (bak'skin),  ».  A  leather  dress  used 
by  miners  when  at  work  in  wet  places. 


backstay 

back-slang  (bak'slang),  n.  [<  back1,  a.  or  adv., 
+  slang.  Cf .  palindrome.]  A  species  of  slang 
in  which  the  words  are  pronounced  or  written 
backward,  or  as  nearly  so  as  the  skill  of  the 
speaker  or  writer,  or  the  possibility  of  pro- 
nouncing the  word,  will  permit:  thus,  penny 
becomes  yennep :  woman,  namow,  and  so  on. 

backslide  (bak-shd' ),  v.  i. :  pret.  backslid  (some- 
times backslided),  pp.  backslid,  backslidden 
(sometimes  backslided).  ppr.  backsliding.  [< 
back1,  adv.,  +  slide.]  To  slide  back,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense;  apostatize;  turn  from  the  faith; 
depart  from  or  abandon  religious  principles  or 
practices. 

I  have  fallen  back  to  my  carnal  temper,  from  the  holy 
ways  of  God,  and  have  again  backslided. 

Bp.  Hopkins,  Works,  p.  535. 

When  persons  have  been  professors  of  religion,  and 
have  for  various  reasons  backslidden  and  declined  into  a 
carnal  and  secular  life.  //.  It'.  Beecher. 

backslider  (bak-sli'der),  n.  One  who  back- 
slides, (a)  An  apostate;  one  who  falls  from  the  faith 
and  practice  of  religion.  Prov.  xiv.  14.  (b)  One  who 
neglects  his  religious  vows  and  falls  into  habits  of  sin. 

backsliding  (bak-sli'ding),  n.  A  falling  back 
in  principle  or  practice  ;  a  lapse  in  or  abandon- 
ment of  religious  obligation  ;  apostasy. 

Our  backslidings  are  many :  we  have  sinned  against 
thee.  Jer.  xiv.  7. 

backslidingness  (bak-sli'ding-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  backsliding. 

back-spear,  v.  t.     See  back-speer. 

back-speed  (bak'sped),  n.  In  mech.,  a  second 
speed-gear  of  a  lathe,  which  can  be  brought 
into  action  on  the  fore-speed,  so  that  second 
series  of  speeds  of  the  spindle  are  thereby 
obtained. 

back-speer  (bak'sper),  v.  t.  [Sc,  also  written 
back-spear,  -spew,  <  back1,  adv.,  +  speer,  ask, 
question.]  To  reexamine  or  cross-examine. 
[Scotch.] 

back-splinting  (bak 'splin" ting),  n.  In  coal- 
mining, a  system  of  working  coal  over  the  goaf 
and  across  the  packs  of  a  lower  one  got  in  ad- 
vance upon  the  long-wall  method.     Gresley. 

back-spring  (bak'spring),  n.  1.  A  spring 
formed  in  the  bolt  of  a  lock  by  cutting  a  longi- 
tudinal slit  near  its  upper  edge,  thus  leaving  a 
strip  of  unsupported  metal  which  by  elastic 
pressure  springs  the  bolt  into  its  place  when  it 
is  left  by  the  key. —  2.  The  spring  at  the  rear 
of  the  body  of  a  vehicle;  specifically,  aC-spring 
which  rides  up  at  the  back  of  the  carriage,  the 
body  of  the  latter  being  suspended  from  the 
forward  end.  —  3.  A  spring  backward. 

back-staff  (bak'staf),  n.  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  measuring  the  sun's  altitude  at 
sea :  so  called  because  in  using  it  the  observer 
turned  his  back  to  the  sun. 

backstair,  backstairs  (bak'star,  -starz),  «. 
and  a.  I.  n.  A  stair  or  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs.  [Properly  two 
words.     See  back1,  a.,  1.] 

II.  a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  bouse:  as,  a  backstair  entrance. —  2. 
Indirect;  underhand;  unfair;  intriguing:  as, 
backstair  influence. 

He's  like  a  backstair  minister  at  court,  who,  whilst  the 
reputed  favourites  are  sauntering  in  the  bed-chamber,  is 
ruling  the  roast  in  the  closet.       Vanbrugh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

Is  he  not  a  back-stairs  favourite — one  that  can  do  what 
he  pleases  with  those  that  do  what  they  please? 

Goldsmith,  Good-Matured  Man,  ii. 

back-stall  (bak'stal),  «.  The  thief  who  walks 
behind  the  chief  operator  in  a  garrote-robbery 
to  conceal  him  when  at  work  and  make  off  with 
the  booty.     [Thieves'  slang.]     See  garrote. 

backstandt  (bak'stand),  n.  Support;  some- 
thing to  fall  back  upon. 

A  sure  stave  and  a  stedfast  t>aekstaudc  at  home. 

Hall,  Hen.  VII. 

backstay  (bak'sta),  n.  1.  Iii  printing,  a  strap 
of  leather  used  to  cheek  the  carriage  of  a 
printing-press. —  2.  In  coal-mining,  a  forked  bar 
of  wrought-iron  attached  to  the  back  of  the 
mine-ear  when  ascending  an  inclined  plane, 
for  the  purpose  of  stopping  the  car  in  case  of 
accident.  |  Vorkshire,  Eng.  |  -  '.i.  A  rod  extend- 
ing from  the  perch  to  the  outer  end  of  the  rear 
axle  of  a  carriage. — 4.  One  of  the  flaps  of  a 
carriage-top. —  5.  In  purchase-shears,  a  power- 
ful spring  placod  at  the  back  of  the  moving 
blade  to  keep  the  two  cutting  edges  in  contact. 
—  6.  In  metal-liirning.  an  adjustable  support  for 
any  very  long  or  slender  article. — 7.  pi.  Naut., 
long  ropes  extonding  backward  from  the  heads 
of  all  masts  above  the  lower  mast  and  fastened 


backstay 
on  each  side  of  the  ship  to  the  chain-platos, 
serving  to  support  the  masts — Backstay-stools, 
planking  or  pieces  of  iron  projecting  from  the  side  of  a 
ship,  to  which  the  backstays  arc  made  fast.  They  serve  the 
same  purpose  for  the  backstays  that  the  channels  .In  for  the 
shmuiis.  —  Traveling  backstays,  backstays  fitted  with 
a  traveler  which  slides  up  and  down  with  Hie  topsail-yard. 
The  principal  support  for  the  mast  is  thus  kept  at  that 
part  which  is  just  above  the  yard.    [Not  now  in  use] 

back-Step  <  bak'step),  ".  A  rearward  movement 
of  a  squad  or  body  of  troops,  without  change 
of  front. 

backster't,  »•     See  baxter. 

backster-  (bak'ster),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain.] 
A  flat  piece  of  wood  or  cork  fastened  on  the 
feet  for  walking  over  loose  beach.     N.  E.  D. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  n.  A  method  of  sewing 
in  which  each  stitch  overlaps  or  doubles  back 
on  the  preceding  one,  the  needle  entering  be- 
hind the  thread  at  the  end  of  the  stitch  already 
made  and  coming  out  in  front  of  it. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  v.  t.  and  i.  To  sew 
with  stitches  which  overlap  each  other.  See 
backstitch,  n. 

backstone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  bakestone, 
<  bake  +  stone.']  The  heated  stone  on  which 
oat-cake  is  baked.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

back-stop  (bak'stop),  n.  In  base-ball,  a  fence 
placed  a  short  distance  behind  the  catcher  to 
stop  the  ball  if  he  fails  to  catch  it. 

back-Strap  (bak'strap),  n.  A  broad  strap  pass- 
ing along  the  middle  of  a  horse's  back  from  the 
upper  hame-strap  to  the  crupper  or  a  point  of 
junction  with  the  hip-straps  in  a  wagon-har- 
ness, and  in  a  carriage-harness  from  the  gig- 
saddle  to  the  crupper.    E.  H.  Knight. 

back-strapped  (bak'strapt),  p.  a.  Carried  by 
head-winds  to  the  back  of  a  cape  or  promontory : 
said  of  a  ship. 

back-stream  (bak'strem),  n.  A  current  run- 
ning against  the  regular  course  of  the  stream ; 
an  up-stream. 

back-String  (bak'string),  n.  A  leatling-string 
by  which  a  child  is  supported  or  guided  from 
behind. 

The  back-string  and  the  bib.  Cowper,  Task,  iv.  228. 

back-stroke  (bak'strok),  n.  1.  A  blow  or 
stroke  in  return. —  2.  A  backhanded  stroke; 
a  back-hander. 

My  uncle  Toby  never  took  this  backstroke  of  my  father's 
at  his  hobby-horse  kindly. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  31. 

back-swimmer  (bak '  swim "  er),  n.  Same  as 
boat-fly. 

back-sword  (bak'sord),  n.  1.  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge,  used  for  cutting  rather  than 
thrusting,  sometimes  curved,  and  frequently 
straight.  It  usually  had  a  basket-hilt,  and  was  the 
common  weapon  of  citizens  and  country  people  when  the 
rapier  and  afterward  the  small-sword  were  worn  by 
gentlemen. 

2.  A  cudgel  fitted  with  a  basket-hilt,  used  for 
a  particular  kind  of  single-stick  play. —  3.  A 
cudgel-play  in  which  the  back-sword  (in  sense 
2)  is  used,  "peculiar  to  certain  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  still  kept  up  at  festivals  and  the  like 
in  the  attempt  to  preserve  old  customs.  The 
guard  is  with  the  left  arm,  and  the  object  of  each  player 
is  to  break  the  skin  of  his  adversary's  forehead  so  as  to 
draw  blood. 

back-tack  (bak'tak),  n.  In  Scots  law,  a  tack 
or  lease  connected  with  wadsets  or  mortgages. 
by  which  the  possession  of  the  land  is  returned 
to  the  proprietor  on  payment  of  a  rent  corre- 
sponding to  the  interest  of  the  money  advanced. 
See  wadset. 

back-tool  (bak'tol),  n.  Any  tool,  either  fillet 
or  roll,  used  by  bookbinders  in  decorating  the 
curved  surface  of  the  back  of  a  book. 

back-trickt  (bak'trik),  n.  A  caper  backward  in 
dancing. 

I  have  the  back-trick  simply  as  strong  as  any  man  in 
Illyria.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 

backward,  backwards  (bak'wiird,  -wardz), 
adv.    [<  ME.  bdkward,  bacward,  adv.,  by  apher- 

esis  for  abackward,  <  abak,  adv.,  back,  + 
-ward,  -wards.]    1.  In  the  direction  of  the  back: 

as,  to  throw  the  arms  backward. —  2.  With  the 
back  first  in  the  direction  of  motion:  as,  to 
walk  backward;  to  fall  backward. 

He  [Eli]  fell  from  off  the  seat  backward,  .  .  .  and  his 
neck  brake.  1  Sam.  iv.  18. 

Thou  wilt  fall  backward.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  3. 

3.  In  the  direction  from  which  one  has  come ; 
toward  that  which  is  or  has  been  left  behind : 
as.  he  glanced  backward. — 4.  Toward  bygone 
times  or  events ;  toward  that  which  is  past  in 
time:  as,  to  look  backward  to  the  last  century. 
The  lights  of  memory  backward  stream. 

Whittier,  Memories. 


415 

5.  In  or  by  reflection ;  reflexively. 

The  mind  can  backward 
Upon  herself  her  understanding  ligh 
Sir  J.  Daeies,  Introd.  to  ltmnorta. 

6.  In  time  past;  ago. 
Some  reigns  backward. 

7.  In  an  opposite  or  contrary  direction. 

For  every  two  steps  they  made  forwards  and  upwards 

they  slipped  one  backwards.  ,. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  11. 


Locke 


Baconian 

wardness  of  the  spring.    ('<)  rmvillingness;  reluctance; 
dilatoriness  or  dullness  in  action. 
i  lux  backwardness  to  good  works.  Bp.  Atterbury. 

i,i  I:, i  hiniii.-s ;  shyness. 

backwards,  adv.    See  backward. 

back-washed  (bak'wosht),  a.  Cleansed  from 
oil.  as  wool  alter  combing. 

back-water  (bak'wa"ter),~  ».  It.  Water  flow- 
ing in  from  behind. — 2.  Water  thrown  back  by 
the  turning  of  a  water-wheel  or  the  paddles  of 
Water  held  or    forced 


steamboats,   etc. — 3. 
8.  In  an  opposite  or  reverse  order;  from  the    back,  as  in  a  mill-race  or  in  a  tributary  stream, 
end  toward  the  beginning;  in  an  order  contrary     m  consequence  of  some  obstruction,  as  a  dam 
to  the  natural  order:  as,  to  read  or  spell  back-    orflood. — 4.  An  artificial  accumulation  of  wa- 


ward;  hence,  perversely;  in  a  wrong  or  per- 
verse manner. 

I  never  yet  saw  man, 
How  wise,  how  noble,  young,  how 'rarely  featur  d, 
But  she  would  spell  him  backward. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 

The  gospel  of  Christ  is  read  backwards,  when  that  world 
which  he  came  to  save  is  regarded  as  a  world  which  it  is 
a  merit  to  abandon. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  47. 

9.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state ;  retrogres- 

sively. 

The  work  went  backicard  ;  and  the  more  he  strove 

T'  advance  the  suit,  the  farther  from  her  love.  Dnjden. 

Backward  and  forward,  to  and  fro.—  To  ring  bells 
backward,  to  give  an  alarm  hy  ringing  the  bells  of  a 
chime  in  the  wrong  order,  beginning  with  the  bass  bell. 

The  bells  they  ring  backward,  the  drums  they  are  beat. 
Scott,  Bonnie  Dundee. 

backward  (back' ward),  a.  [<  backicard,  adv.] 
1.  Directed  to  the'back  or  rear:  as,  "a  back- 
ward look,"  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lix.— 2.  Reversed; 
returning;  directed  to  or  toward  the  original 
starting-point :    as,   a  backward  movement  or 

journey. 

And  now  they  do  re-stem 
Their  backward  course.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

3.  Done  in  reverse  order;  done  in  an  order 
contrary  to  the  natural  order,  as  in  repeating 
a  sentence  from  the  end  to  the  beginning. 

Without  his  rod  reversed, 
And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power, 
We  cannot  free  the  lady.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  817. 

4.  Being  in,  or  placed  at,  the  back. 
Four  legs  and  two  voices.  .  .  .  His  forward  voice  now 


ter  obtained  at  high  tide  and  reserved  in  reser- 
voirs, to  be  discharged  at  low  tide  for  clearing 
off  deposits  in  channel-beds  and  tideways. —  5. 
A  creek  or  arm  of  the  sea  which  runs  parallel 
to  the  coast,  having  only  a  narrow  slip  of  land 
between  it  and  the  sea,  and  communicating 
with  the  latter  by  barred  entrances. 

Entering  the  mouth  of  the  Moredab,  an  extensive  back- 
water into  which  fall  the  Piri-Uazaar  and  other  streams, 
we  come  alongside  a  fairly  constructed  quay. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  viii. 

backwood  (bak'wud),  n.  That  portion  of  a 
carpenter's  plane  which  is  immediately  behind 

the  plane-iron To   drive  the  backwood  up,  to 

drive  the  wedge  of  a  plane  too  tightly.  When  this  is  done 
the  pressure  of  the  plane-iron  raises  a  bur  or  slight  ridge 
at  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and  sole. 

backwoods  (bak'wiidz'),  it.  pi.  Wooded  or  par- 
tially uncleared  and  unsettled  districts  in  the 
remote  parts  of  a  new  coimtry;  hence,  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  any  rough  or  thin- 
ly settled  region  far  from  the  centers  of  popu- 
lation. 

The  very  ease  with  which  books  containing  the  world's 

best  literature  were  obtainable  in  the  backwoods  made  our 

early  writers  copyists.     Stedma/n,  Poets  of  America,  p.  14. 

He  [Count  Tolstoi]  put  into  my  hands  a  letter  from  some 

man  living  in  a  village  in  the  backwoods  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Century,  XXXIV.  261. 

backwoodsman  (bak'wudz'man),  n. ;  pi.  back- 
woodsmen (-men).  An  inhabitant  of  the  back- 
woods. 

The  General  Boone,  backwoodsman  of  Kentucky, 
Was  happiest  among  mortals  anywhere. 

Byron,  Don  Juan.  viii.  61. 

is lo'speak  we'll  of  his  friend;  his  backicard  voice  is  to  backworm  (bak'werm),  n.     A  small  worm  gen 


utter  foul  speeches,  and  to  detract.     Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

5.  Slow ;  sluggish ;  unprogressive ;  unadvanced ; 
behind  in  progress :  as,  a  backward  learner. 

Brigandage  survives  only  in  out-of-the-way  corners  of 
the  most  backward  countries  of  Christendom,  such  as 
Spain  and  Sicily.  J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  229. 

6.  Late ;  behind  in  time ;  coming  after  some- 
thing else,  or  after  the  usual  time :  as,  backward 
fruits ;  the  season  is  backward. 

A  dry,  cold,  backward  spring,  easterly  winds. 

Evelyn,  Diary.  April  15,  1688. 

7.  Holding  back ;  averse ;  reluctant ;  hesitat- 
ing. 

The  mind  is  backward  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of  weigh- 
ing every  argument.  Watts. 
For  wiser  brutes  were  backicard  to  be  slaves. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  50. 

8.  Timid;  bashful;  retiring  in  disposition; 
modest. — 9.  Beaching  back  into  the  past; 
already  past. 

Flies  unconscious  o'er  each  backicard  year. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  24. 

backwardt   (bak'wiird),   n.     [<   backward,  a.] 
The  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

What  see'st  thou  else 


erally  found  in  the  thin  skin  about  the  reins  of 
hawks.     See  filander1. 
backwort   (bak'wert),  n.     The  comfrey,  Si/m- 

phi/tum  officinale. 
back-wounding  (bak'wbn"ding),  a.  Wounding 
at  the  back  or  behind  one's  back;  backbiting; 
injuring  surreptitiously:  as,  "baekwounding 
calumny,"  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 
bacon  (ba'kon  or  -kn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bakon,  baken,  <  ME.  bacon,  bacoun,  bakoun,  < 
OP.  bacon  =  Pr.  bacon,  <  ML.  baco(n-).  bacon, 
side  of  bacon,  shoulder,  ham,  also  a  swine,  < 
OHGr.  bahho,  bacho,  MHG.  bache,  side  of  bacon, 
ham,  G.  bache,  a  wild  sow  (obs.  or  dial.,  a  ham), 
=  MD.  bake,  bacon,  ham,  a  swine,  <  OHG.  "bah, 
etc.,  =  AS.  ba:c,  E.  back1 :  see  back1.']  1.  Hog's 
flesh,  especially  the  back  and  sides,  salted  or 
pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. —  2f.  Pork. 
—  3f.  A  hog;  hence,  a  grossly  fat  person. — 4t. 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown :  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
swine's  flesh  was  the  meat  chiefly  eaten  by  the 
rural  population.     N.  E.  D. 

On,  bacons,  on  !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

To  save  one's  bacon,  to  preserve  one's  self  from  harm. 
But  here  I  say  the  Turks  were  much  mistaken, 
Who,  hating  hogs,  yet  wished  to  save  their  bacon. 
In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time?  '  &      s,j  Buron  Don  Juan   vii  42 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  .,      __.,        ,  -,/i,.        '      ,  » 

.„,,..,,  r, ,     .        -,     ,   -,  bacon-beetle  (ba  kon-be"tl),  n.    A  species  ot 

backwardt  (bak'ward),  v.  t.    \_<  backward,  adv.]    {he  gemlg  De;.mest^  D.  larkarws,  family  Der- 

mestida;  order  Cole- 


To  obstruct;  keep  back;  retard;  delay. 
Doth  clog  and  backward  us.      Hammond,  Sermons,  xv. 

backwardation  (bak-wiir-da'shon),  n.  [<  back- 
ward. ».,  4-  -ation.]  On  the  London  Stock  Ex- 
change, the  premium  paid  by  a  seller  of  stock 
for  the  privilege  of  postponing  its  delivery  to 
the  buyer  until  the  next  fortnightly  settling- 
day.     See  contango. 

backwardly  (bak'ward-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  back- 
ward direction. 

The  mandible  is  extremely  massive  and  has  a  backwardly 
produced  angle.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  320. 

2.  Unwillingly;    reluctantly;    aversely;    per- 
versely; ill. 

I  was  the  first  man 
That  e'er  receiv'd  gift  from  him  ; 
And  does  he  think  so  backwardly  of  me  now. 
That  I'll  requite  it  last?        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  3. 

backwardness  (bak'ward-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  backward,  (a)  Backward  state 
as  regards  progress ;  slowness ;  tardiness :  as,  the  back- 


optera,  whose  larvae  ^Os^§S8§K8, 
are  very  destructive  " 
to  stuffed  animals 
in  museums.  The 
larva?  are  hairy,  and 
whitish-brown  in 
color. 

Baconian  (ba-ko'ni- 
an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Francis  Bacon,  born 
1561, died  16'26.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Fran- 
cis Bacon,  Baron 
Verulam,  commonly 
called  Lord  Bacon: 
as,  the  Baconian  phi- 
losophy. —  Baconian 
method,  a  term  often, 
though  incorrectly,  ap- 
plied to  the  method  of 


Bacon-Beetle 
{Dermestcs  lardarius). 

a.  larva  ;  t>,  one  of  its  barbed  hairs ; 
c,  beetle,  i  Hair-lines  show  natural 
sizes.) 


Baconian 

Induction  (which  see)  as  developed  by  modern  science,  on 
the  supposition  that  Bacon  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
bringing  this  method  into  general  use. 

II.  re.  1.  An  adherent  of  the  Baconian 
philosophy. —  2.  One  who  holds  the  theory 
that  Bacon  wrote  the  plays  usually  attributed 
to  Shakspere. 

Baconism  (ba'kon-izm),  n.  [<  Bacon  4-  -ism.] 
The  philosophy  of  Francis  Bacon,  or  the  gen- 
eral spirit  of  his  writings. 

These  societies  are  schools  of  Baconism,  designed  to 
embody  all  that  was  of  value  In  the  thought  and  spirit  of 

Bacon  —  namely,  a  protest  against  traditional  authority 
in  science,  with,  of  course,  a  recommendation  of  induction 
and  of  the  inductive  sciences  for  their  value  in  the  aits  of 
life.  Wriglti. 

baconize  (ba'kon-iz),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bacon- 
teed,jspr.bacoriizing.  [<  bacon  +  -ice.']  To  make 
into  or  like  bacon  ;  smoke,  as  bacon. 

baconweed  (ba'kon-wed),  re.  The  pigweed, 
Chenopodium  album. 

bacony  (ba'kon-i),  a.  [<  bacon  4-  -ylj  Like 
bacon ;  lardaceous. 

bacteria  ( bak-te'ri-a),  re.  [NL. :  see  bacterium.'] 
1.  Plural  of  bacterium,  1.— 2.  leap.]  A  genus 
of  gressorial  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Phasmidte;  the  stick-insects  or  walking-sticks. 
B.  sarmentosa  is  about  10  inches  long.  See 
Phasmidu . 

Bacteriaceae  (bak-te-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bacterium  4-  -aceec]  A  group  of  the  simplest 
microscopic  fungi,  more  usually  called  Schizo- 
niyei  tes,  the  achlorophyllous  division  of  the 
Schizosporea;  of  Conn,  or  of  the  Schizophyta  of 
more  recent  authorities.  They  exhibit  a  great  va- 
riety of  forms,  and  are  subdivided  accordingly  into — (1) 
Sphcerobacteria,  which  are  spherical,  as  in  Micrococcus; 
(•J)  Mierobactena,  which  are  elliptical  or  shortly  cylindri- 
cal, as  in  Bacterium,  the  only  genus;  (3)  Desmobaeteria, 
which  consist  of  straight  filaments,  as  in  Bacillus;  (4) 
Spirobacteria,  in  which  the  filaments  are  more  or  less 
ceiled,  as  in  Spirillum. 

bacterial  (bak-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  bacteria;  of  the 
nature  of  or  caused  by  bacteria :  as,  a  bacterial 
parasite  in  the  blood;  bacterial  organisms ;  bac- 
terial infusions. 

The  issue  of  a  bacterial  affection  is  either  the  death  of 

the  patient,  or  the  death  and  elimination  of  the  bacteria. 

Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  I.  '287. 

bacterian  (bak-te'ri-an),  a.     Same  as  bacterial. 
bactericidal  (bak-te'ri-si-dal),  a.      [<  bacteri- 
cide 4-  -al.]     Destructive  to  bacteria. 
bactericide  (bak-te'ri-sid),  n.    [<  NL.  bacterium 
+  L.  -cida,  <  ccedere,  kill.]     A  substance  that 
has  the  property  of  destroying  bacteria. 
A  bactericide  of  great  activity. 

Therapeutic  Gaz.,  VIII.  561. 

Bacterides  (bak-ter'i-dez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  prop. 
"Bacterids,  <  Bacterium  4-  -ides,  -ida.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  indefinitely  to  a  group  of  mi- 
crobes referable  to  the  genera  Bacillus  and  Bac- 
t,  Hum  (winch  see). 

bacteriform  (bak-te'ri-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bac- 
terium  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of 
bacteria ;  resembling  bacteria. 

bacterioid  (bak-te'ri-oid),  a.  [<  bacterium  4- 
-niil]  Resembling  or  closely  allied  to  bac- 
teria. 

bacteriological  (bak-te"ri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  bacteriology. 

bacteriologist  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bac- 
teriology 4-  -ist.]     One  skilled  in  bacteriology. 

bacteriology  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  re.  [<  NL.  bacte- 
rium 4-  Gr.  -'">;  m.  <  Ti&yuv,  speak:  see  -ology.  ] 
That  department  of  biology  which  investigates 
bacteria  and  other  microbes,  especially  their 
life-history  and  agency  in  disease;  the  scien- 
tific study  of  bacteria. 

Bacteriology  Is  now  ;,  natural  science  of  sufficient  im- 
portant and  completeness  to  take  its  proper  place  in 
hygiene,  etiology,  and  pathological  anatomy. 

Science.  VI.  77. 

bacterioscopic  (bak-te"ri-o-skop'ik),  a.  [<  iiae- 
terioscopy  +  ->■■.  |  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the 
discovery  or  observation  <>!'  bacteria. 

bacterioscopy  (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi),  ».    [<  NL. 

bacterium   4-  Gt.  •OKOnia,  <  nnoTTEiv,  view.]     Mi- 
croscopic investigation  of  bacteria, 
bacteriotherapeutic      (bak-te^ri-o-ther-a-pu'- 
tik),  a.     [<  bacterium  4-  tin  rn/it  titie.]     Pertain- 
ing to  bacteriotherapy. 

hr.  Ballagi  has  carefully  followed  the  bacteriotherapeutic 

details  advised  by  Cantai tphtbJ 

■ii  modi  rate  fever.  Medical  Ni  tot,  M.IX.  41. 

bacteriotherapy  (bak-te'ri-o-ther'a-pi),  re.  [< 
NL.  bacterium  +  Or.  Bepaneia,  medical  treat- 
ment.]    In  iti'tl.,  the  introduction  of  bacteria 

into  the  system  for  the  cure  of  disea  e.    

phthisis  inhalations  containing  Bacterium  termo  have 
been  employed,  with  the  idea  that  the  bacterium  de 


416 

stroyed  the  Bacillus  tuberculosis  which  is  characteristic  of 
the  disease, 
bacteritic  (bak-te-rit'ik),  a.   [<  bacterium  +  -it- 

ic:  see  -itis.]  Characterized  or  caused  by  the 
presence  of  bacteria, 
bacterium  (bak-te'ri-um),  re. ;  pi.  bacteria  (-ii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fiaKTijpiov,  a  little  stick,  dim.  of  ftan- 
T?n>ia,  a  staff,  stick,  <  fiaKrpov,  a  staff,  stick,  akin 
to  L.  Iiaeulum,  a  staff:  see  baculus.]  1.  One 
of  the  micro-organisms  which  are  concerned  in 
the  putrefactive  processes,  and  are  known  as 
Schizomycetes,  or  fission  fungi,  in  distinction 
from  Saccharomycetes,  or  budding  fungi,  which 
produce  alcoholic  fermentation.  Their  true  charac- 
ter was  long  in  doubt,  but  they  are  now  generally  regarded 
as  the  lowest  forms  of  vegetable  life,  and  are  known  to  mul- 
tiply, in  some  species  at  least,  by  the  formation  of  spores 
and  even  of  true  sporangia.  They  consist  of  exceed- 
ingly minute  spherical,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  cells,  with- 
out chlorophyl,  multiply  by  transverse  division,  and  may 
be  found  anywhere.  Their  origin  and  the  part  they  take 
in  putrefaction,  fermentation,  and  disease  have  been  the 
subject  in  recent  years  of  much  study  and  discussion. 
Very  much  remains  in  doubt,  but  there  is  no  question  of 
the  importance  of  these  investigations  from  a  sanitary 
point  of  view.  It  also  appears  to  have  been  demonstrated 
that  the  bacteria  which  exist  in  the  soil  are  active  in 
changing  otherwise  inert  substances  into  matter  suitable 
for  the  food  of  plants,  converting  the  nitrogenous  matter 
of  organic  origin  into  soluble  nitrates.  The  genera  and 
species  have  been  variously  defined,  and  are  necessarily 
based  on  slight  characters.  The  groups  and  principal 
genera  usually  recognized  are  Micrococcus,  with  spherical 
cells,  concerned  in  certain  fermentations  and  found  in 
connection  with  special  contagious  diseases;  the  rod-bac- 
teria, Bacterium;  the  straight  filiform  bacteria,  Bacillus, 
etc. ;  and  the  spiral  filiform  bacteria,  Vibrio,  Spirillum, 
etc.  Of  the  genus  Micrococcus,  M.  diphthcriticus  is  con- 
sidered to  be  the  special  cause  of  diphtheria,  and  If.  vac- 
cinal of  smallpox.  See  Bactcrim-iiv,  and  cut  under  bacillus. 
2.  [ctip.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  fungi,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  short  cylindrical  or  ellipti- 
cal cell,  or  of  two  such  cells  united  end  to  end, 
and  capable  of  spontaneous  movement.  The 
best-known  species,  B.  termo,  is  the  prime  cause  of  putre- 
faction, occurring  early  in  all  infusions  of  animal  and  vege- 
table substances  and  multiplying  with  great  rapidity. 
The  individuals  of  this  species  are  about  one  ten-thou- 
sandth of  an  Inch  in  length. 

Bactrian  (bak'tri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bactri- 
anus  (Gt.  BanTpiavoc),  <  Bactria,  <  Gr.  Banrpia 
(also  BaKTpa,  <  Pers.  Bdkhtar),  a  province  so 
called.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bactria  or 
Bactriana,  an  ancient  country  of  central  Asia, 
with  its  capital,  Bactra,  on  the  site  of  the  mod- 
ern Balkh.  It  became  a  province  of  the  Persian  empire 
under  Cyrus,  ami  from  about  255  to  about  120  B.  o.  was 
a  separate  kingdom  under  a  Greek  dynasty. — Bactrian 
camel.  See  camel. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bactria. 

Bactris  (bak'tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (lanTpov,  a 
staff :  see  bacterium.]  A  genus  of  slender 
palms,  consisting  of  about  40  species,  found 
about  rivers  and  in  marshy  places  in  America 
within  the  tropics.    The  stems  are  generally  covered 


Portion  of  Baculites 
fanjasii. 


Bactris  acanthocarfa.  with  fruit,  and  ntit  deprived  of  its  husk, 
the  dots  upon  the  latter  showing  position  of  embryos. 

with  spines,  and  the  leaves  arc  pinnate,  though  occasion- 
ally simple  or  2-lobed.  'the  fruit  is  small,  with  a  thin 
fibrous  pulp  inclosing  a  hard  black  nut.  The  kernel  of  />'. 
mq^oriseaten  in  Cartagena,  The  stems  of  /<'.  minor  are 
USl  d  tor  walking-sticks,  under  the  name  of  Tobago  canes. 
baculi,  «.      Plural  of  bacillus. 

baculine  fbak'u-lin),  a.    [<  L.  baculum,  a  rod, 

4-  -ire.  L]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rod,  or  to  its 
use  in  punishment  by  flogging. 

baculite(bak'u-lit),  re.  anil  n.  |<  XL.  Baculites, 
i|.  v.]  I.  re.  A  fossil  ceplialopod  of  the  genus 
Baculites;  staff-stone. 


bad 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  baculites. 
Also  bacilli  tic.  Baculite  limestone,  a  name  given  to 
the  Chalk  of  Normandy,  from  the  abundance  of  baculites 
which  it  contains. 
Baculites  (bak-u-U'tez),n.  [NL.,  <  L.  baculum. 
a  staff,  4-  -ites :  see  -ite2.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
thalamous  or  many-chambered 
cephalopods,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ammonitidee.  The  species 
are  known  only  in  a  fossil  state,  having 
become  extinct  at  the  close  of  the  Cre- 
taceous period.  The  shell  is  straight, 
more  or  less  compressed,  conical,  ami 
very  much  elongated.  The  chambers 
are  sinuous  and  pierced  by  a  marginal 
siphon.  The  external  chamber  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  rest.  There 
are  about  20  species,  found  from  the 
Neocomian  to  the  Chalk  formation. 

baculitic  (bak-u-lit'ik),a.  Same 
as  baculite. 
baculometry  (bak-u-lom'e-tri), 

n.  [<  L.  baculum,  a  staff,  4-  Gr.  -uerpia,  <  perpov, 
a  measure.]  The  measurement  of  heights  or 
distances  by  means  of  staves.    Phillips. 

baculus  (bak'u-lus),  ii. ;  pi.  baculi  (-li).  [L., 
more  commonly  neut.  baculum,  a  stick,  staff, 
scepter,  etc. ;  cf.  LL.  dim.  bacillus  (see  bacil- 
lus); akin  to  Gr.  ftanrpov,  a  rod,  staff:  see  bac- 
terium.] 1.  A  divining-rod. —  2.  A  long  staff 
or  crutch  upon  which  worshipers  were  formerly 
allowed  to  lean  during  long  offices,  such  as  the 
psalms. —  3.  [_cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans. 

bad1  (bad),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bad,  badde,  bad, 
worthless,  wicked,  prob.  a  generalized  adj. 
use  (with  loss  of  -/,  as  in  ME.  miniie  for  muchel, 
<  AS.  mycel,  much ;  ME.  lyte  for  lytel,  <  AS. 
lijtel,  little ;  ME.  irenche  for  icenelicl,  <  AS.  wen- 
cel:  see  much,  mickle,  lite,  lyte,  little,  and  wench) 
of  a  noun,  *baddel,  <  AS.  batddel  (twice,  in  gloss- 
es), with  equiv.  deriv.  biedling  (suffix  -ingS), 
an  effeminate  person,  a  hermaphrodite,  with 
formative  -el,  <  *ba:d  =  OHG.  "bad,  pad,  a 
hermaphrodite  (Leo).  This  word  appears  to 
exist  also  in  some  AS.  local  names,  but  traces 
elsewhere  are  slight;  cf.  AS.  *bede,  "pede, 
immatura,"  negative  "or-bedc,  "  or-pede,  adul- 
tus,"  in  glosses.  This  etymology,  first  sug- 
gested by  Leo,  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  the  only 
one  that  fairly  satisfies  the  phonetic  and  his- 
torical conditions;  the  word  can  have  no  con- 
nection, as  suggested,  with  Goth,  bauths,  deaf 
and  dumb,  with  G.  bo'se,  bad,  or  with  Corn. 
bad,  Ir.  Gael,  baodh,  foolish,  etc.  The  orig. 
word,  AS.  bccddel,  ME.  *baddel,  on  account  of 
its  sinister  import,  is  scarcely  found  in  litera- 
ture, but,  like  other  words  of  similar  sense,  it 
prob.  flourished  in  vulgar  speech  as  an  indefi- 
nite term  of  abuse,  and  at  length,  divested  of 
its  original  meaning,  emerged  in  literary  use 
as  a  mere  adj.,  badde,  equiv.  to  the  older  evil. 
(Cf.  the  similar  development  of  the  adj.  tricked, 
ME.  wicked,  wikked,  earlier  uieke.  wikkc,  from 
the  noun  AS.  wicca,  m.,  a  witch,  wizard,  hence 
an  evil  person :  see  wicked1.)  The  adj.  first  ap- 
pears at  the  end  of  the  13th  century,  and  does 
not  become  common  till  the  15th  century.  In 
high  literary  use  it  is  comparatively  rare,  as 
against  evil,  till  the  18th  century.  In  the  Eng- 
lish Bible  bad  occurs  but  rarely,  and  only  in  the 
familiar  antithesis  with  good.  Bud  was  former- 
ly compared  reg.  builder,  baddest,  but  has  now 
taken  from  evil  the  irreg.  comparison  worse, 
worst.]  I.  a. ;  compar.  worse,  superl.  worst 
(formerly  badder,  baddest).  1.  Evil;  ill;  vi- 
cious ;  wicked ;  depraved :  applied  to  persons, 
conduct,  character,  influence,  etc. :  as,  a  bad 
man;  bad  conduct ;  a  bad  life;  a  bad  heart; 
bad  influence,  etc. 

Wisest  men 
Have  errd,  and  bv  '"id  women  been  deceived. 

Milton,  S.  A..  1.  211. 

2.  Offensive  ;  disagreeable ;  troublesome  ;  pain- 
ful;  grievous:  as,  bad  treatment;  a  baa  tem- 
per ;  it  is  too  bad  that  you  had  to  wait  so  long. 

The  old  soldiers  of  .lames  were  generally  in  a  very  bad 
temper.  Macaulau. 

3.  Hurtful;  noxious;  having  an  injurious  or 
unfavorable  tendency  or  effect:  with, for:  as, 
bad  nit-  or  bad  food;  late  hours  are  hud  fur  the 
health  ;  t  his  step  would  be  bad  for  your  reputa- 
tion or  prospects. 

Reading  was  bad  for  his  eyes;  writing  made  his  head 
ache.  Addison. 

4.  Ill;  in  ill  health;  sick;  in  unsound  condi- 
tion :  as,  to  feel  bad;  to  lie  Innl  with  rheuma- 
tism; a  bad  hand  or  leg.     [Colloq.] 

I  have  been,  three  days  ago,  bud  again  with  a  Spitting 
of  blood.  Steme,  Letters,  cvt 


bad 

5.  Not  good  ;  defective;  worthless;  poor;  of 
no  value:  as,  bad  com;  bad  debts;  a  Sad  soil; 
a  bad  crop  ;  ;i  bad  piece  of  work;  bad  health. 

Perjuries  are  common  as  bad  pence. 

( towper,  Expostulation. 

6.  Incorrect;  faulty:  as,  aftadaini;  bad  Eng- 
lish ;  a  bad  pronunciation. 

Call,  if  you  will,  bad  rhyming  a  disease. 

/'.i/-.',  [mit,  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  ts'-. 

7.  Not  valid ;  not  sound :  as,  a  bad  claim ;  a 
bail  plea. 

■■  Y..U  had  better  get  a  porter's  knot,  ami  carry  trunks." 
Nor  was  the  advice  tad  ;  for  a  porter  was  likely  to  be  as 
plentifully  fed,  and  as  comfortably  lodged,  as  a  poet. 

Maeaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

8.  Unfavorable ;  unfortunate. :  as,  bad  news ; 
bad  success. 

Perplex'd  and  troubled  at  liis  bad  success 
The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  what,  to  reply. 

MUton,  P.  R.,  iv.  1. 
[Bad  is  the  ordinary  antithesis  of  good,  in  all  its  senses, 
whether  positively,  'evil,'  'harmful,'  or  negatively,  'not 
good,"  not  satisfactory,'  and  whether  substantively,  '  being 
evil,'  or  causally,  'causing  harm.'  The  .senses  run  into 
one  another,  the  precise  application  Ileitis;  determined  by 
the  context.  ] — Bad  Wood,  bad  conscience,  etc.  See  the 

nouns.  — Bad  form,  conduct,  not  In  accordance  with  g I 

taste  or  propriety,  or  not  in  keeping  with  the  present 
conventional  usage;  slightly  vulgar;  not  very  refined. 
[Slang.] 

They  are  taught  that  to  become  emotional  or  enthusi- 
astic over  anything  is  bad  form.  X.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  621. 
In  bad  odor.  See  odor.  -With  a  bad  grace.  See  grace. 
II.  n.  That  which  is  bad.  (a)  A  bad  condi- 
tion:  as,  to  go  to  the  bad  (see  below).  (b)  A 
bad  thing :  as,  there  are  bads  and  goods  among 
them.  —To  the  bad.  (a)  To  ruin,  financial  or  moral :  as. 
he  and  his  affairs  soon  went  (o  the  bad.  ('»)  To  the  wrung 
side  of  the  account ;  in  arrear  or  detieit :  as,  I  am  now  $100 
to  the  bad. 

bad3  (bad).     Preterit  of  bid. 

badak-tapa  (bad'ak-tap'a),  to.  [Malay.]  The 
Malay  name  of  the  rhinoceros  of  Sumatra. 

badaneh  (ba-da'ne),  n.  The  tunic  worn  by  the 
Egyptian  califs,  made  of  the  very  finest  quality 
of  linen.  The  weight  of  the  garment  was  only  2  ounces, 
and  it  is  said  to  have  cost  1,000  dinars  (about  $2,600). 

baddam  (bad'am),  «.  A  species  of  bitter  al- 
mond imported  into  some  parts  of  India  from 
Persia,  and  used  as  money,  with  a  value  of 
about  half  a  cent. 

baddert  (bad'er),  a.    Old  comparative  of  bad. 

See  bad1. 

Lewed  peple  .  .  .  demen  gladly  to  the  badder  ende. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  216. 

Were  it  badder,  it  is  not  the  worst.  Lyly,  Euphues. 

badderlocks  (bad'er-loks),  to.  [Supposed,  with- 
out evidence,  to  stand  for  Baldi  r's  locks.  Cf. 
balder-brae.']  A  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
the  edible  seaweed  Alalia  esculen  ta.  The  plant  is 
olive-green,  belonging  to  the  order  LaminariacecB,  and  has 
a  lanceolate  frond  borne  upon  a  stipe  which  is  continued 
into  a  midrib.  The  stipe  bears  ribless  leaflets  along  its 
sides.  Also  called  henware,  and  in  the  Orkney  Islands 
honey-ware ;  in  parts  of  Ireland,  inn  el  ins. 
baddestt  (bad'est),  a.  Old  superlative  of  bad. 
See  bad1. 

The  baddest  among  the  cardinals  is  chosen  pope. 

Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 

baddish  (bad'ish),  a.     [<  bad1  +  -islt1.]     Some- 
what bad;  of  inferior  character  or  quality. 
He  wrote  baddish  verses.  Jeffrey. 

A  snuffy,  babbling,  baddish  fellow. 

Carlyle,  The  Century,  XXIV.  24. 

baddock  (bad'ok),  to.    [E.dial.    Cf .  badocTc.]    A 

local  English  name  of  the  coalfish. 

bade  (bad).     Preterit  of  bid. 

badelaire  (ba-de-lar'),  "•  [F.,  formerly  baude- 
laire:  see  baelelar.]  In  Iter.,  a  curved  sword 
or  cutlas  used  as  a  bearing. 

badelart,  ».  [<  F.  badelaire  (ML.  badelare, 
badarellus).  Cf.  baselard,  bastard.']  A  short 
curved  sword.      Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais. 

badge1  (baj),  w.  [<  ME.  badge,  bagge,  bage 
(also  bagy,  early  mod.  So.  bagic,  badgie,  bawgy), 
later  in  ML.  bagea,  bagia,  OF.  bage  (rare). 
Origin  unknown;  perhaps  <  ML.  baga,  a  ring, 
<  OS.  bag,  bog  =  AS.  betig,  bedli,  a  ring,  orna- 
ment, ME.  beg.  In  igh,  etc.,  mod.  E.  bee?,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  token  or  cognizance  worn  in  allusion  to 
the  wearer's  occupation,  position,  preferences, 
or  achievements.  The  badge  in  the  middle  ages  was 
not  necessarily  heraldic,  though  in  many  cases  it  was  se- 
lected from  one  or  more  of  the  heraldic  bearings,  and  it  is 
not  bound  by  heralds'  rules.  Thus,  the  white  hart  of 
Richard  II.  is  represented  in  different  attitudes,  and  is  not 
described  in  the  language  of  blazon.  A  figure  for  a  badge 
might  also  be  chosen  arbitrarily,  its  the  boar  of  Richard 
III.  Badges  selected  as  personal  tokens  have  often  become 
heraldic  bearings,  as  the  three  feathers  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

His  gorgeous  collar  hung  ad.  ovn, 

Wrought  with  the  badge  of  Scotland's  crown. 

Scott,  Manuion,  v.  S. 
27 


417 

2.  A  mark,  token,  or  device  worn  by  servants, 

retainers,  partizans,  or  followers,  us  a  sign  oi 
their  allegiance,  or  a  similar  token  worn  by 
members  of  an  association  to  indicate  their 
membership. 

On  his  breast,  a  bloodie  Crosse  he  bore, 
The  deare  remembrance  of  bis  .lying  lord ; 

For  whose  sweete  sake  that  glorious  liuilg:    lie  wore 

Spenser,  v.  ij.,  I.  i.  2. 

3.  The  mark  or  token  of  anything. 

Sweet  mercy  is  nobility's  true  badge. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 

Zeal  for  orthodoxy  became  a  badge  of  Spanish  patriot 

isui  after  the  long  Btruggle,  first  with  Arians,  ami  then 

with  Moors.  n.  x.  Oxenham,  Short  studies,  p.  387. 

4.  Naut. :  (a)  A  carved  ornament  formerly 
placed  on  shi | is,  near  the  stern,  and  often  con- 
taining the  representa- 
tion of  a  window.  (6)  A 
mark  of  good  conduct 
awarded  in  the  United 
States  naval  service  to 
seamen  distinguished 
for  sobriety  ami  obedi- 
ence—  Badge  of  Ulster,  in 
her.,  the  ancient  distinctive 
ensign  of  the  order  of  baro- 
nets. (See  baronet.)  It  is  the 
ancient  badge  of  the  Irish 
kingdom  of  Ulster,  and  is  thus 

bla/ id:  arg.,  a  sinister  hand 

appaumee,  couped  at  the 
wrist,  gules.  This  may  be 
borne  upon  a  canton  or  an  in- 
escutcheon,  and  on  that  part 
Of  the  bearer's  armorial  shield 
which  is  most  convenient. 
Sometimes  called  the  bloody 
hand  of  Ulster.  -Corps 
badges,  tokens  worn  by  the 
different  United  States  army- 
corps  during  the  civil  war  of 
1861  65,  to  distinguish  thera 
one  from  another. 

badge1  (baj),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  badged,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  badge1,  to.] 
To  mark  or  distinguish 
with  a  badge  or  as  with 
a  badge.     [Rare.] 

Their  hands  and  faces  were  all  badg'd  with  blood. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

badge2t  (baj),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagge; 
appar.  the  source  of  badger3  as  a  noun  of  agent 
(<  badge-  +  -er1),  but  the  verb  appears  later 
than  the  noun  and  is  prob.  a  reverse  deriv.  of 
it,  like  peddle  from  peddler  or  pedler,  etc. :  see 
badger*.]  To  hawk  for  sale;  buy  up,  as  pro- 
visions, for  the  purpose  of  selling  again ;  re- 
grate. 

badgeer,  ».    See  badgir. 

badgeless(baj'les),  a.  [(.badge1  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  badge. 

Some  badgelcss  blue  upon  his  back. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  5. 

badgeman  (baj'man),  to.;  pi.  badgemen  (-men). 
[<  badge1  +  man.]'  A  man  who  wears  a  badge ; 
specifically,  in  England,  an  almshouseman :  so 
called  because  a  special  dress  or  badge  is  worn 
to  indicate  that  the  wearer  belongs  to  a  par- 
ticular foundation. 

He  quits  the  gay  and  rich,  the  young  and  free, 
Among  the  badgemen  with  a  badge  to  be.        Crabbe. 

badger1  (baj'er),  to.     [<  badge1,  ».,  +  -er1.]    A 

badgeman ;  one  entitled  or  required  by  law  to 
wear  a  badge,  as  the  police,  licensed  porters, 
and  others. 
badger-  (baj'er),  to.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bad- 
gen  I.  bageard  ( mod.  dial,  also  budget,  q.  v. ),  prob. 
<  badge1  (in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes  on  its 
forehead)  +  -ard  (reduced  to  -er)  or  -er1  (ex- 


Cood-conduct  Badge,  U.  S. 
Navy.— Pendant  of  silk  :  outer 
edges,  blue ;  second  stripes, 
white;  center,  red.  Medal  of 
bronze.  A  clasp  with  name  of 
ship  given  for  each  succeeding 
recommendation  for  good  con- 
duct, to  be  worn  on  the  pendant 
as  in  the  cut 


European  Badger  {Meles  vulgaris). 

tended  to  -ard,  as  in  braggard.  braggart,  for 
bragger,  standard,  a  tree,  for  standee,  etc.), 
being  thus  identical  with  badger^ .  ( 'f .  F.  blai- 
rcatt,  ;t  badger,  OF.  blariau,  a  badger,  <  OFlem. 


badget 

(  I  >.  blaer,  bald,  blare,  hluere,  T>.  blaar,  a  white 
spot,  on  the  forehead;  ef.  also  the  equiv.  name 
bauson.]  1.  A  fossorial  plantigrade  carnivo- 
rous mammal,  of  the  family  Mn si 1 1 nla:  and  sub- 
family Mtlinte.  (For  its  technical  characters,  seeJfWi- 
nce.)  The  common  European  Bpecies,  to  which  the  name 
was  first  applied,  Is  Meles  vulgaris  or  Well  taxut;  it  is 
about  2  feet  long,  ol  heavy  and  clumsy  shape,  low  on  the 
legs,  with  a  shorl  thick  tail,  a  long  snout,  and  long 
fitted  for  digging,  The  general  color  is  grizzled  gray,  with 
dark  limbs,  and  black  and  white  stripes  on  the  head.  This 
animal  inhabits  temperate  and  northerly  portions  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.     Its  flesh  is  used  as  f I.  its  pelt  in  turn 

ery,  and  its  hair  for  making  Bhavlng  brushes  and  the  kind 
of  artists'  brushes  called  badgers.     In  a  state  of  nature 

the   animal    is   less   fetid    than    some  of   the   ..tiler   SDI  I  il 

The  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana,  resembles  the 

foregoing,  but  differs  In  the  dental  formula  and  son ther 

technical  characters;  it  is  a  con animal  in  the  western 

states  and  Territories,  and  in  s i  regions,  as  the  Missouri 

watershed,  it  is  very  abundant.  The  Indian  badger  la 
Arettmyx  collaris;  it  is  also  called  sand-bear  and  bear-pig. 
The  Javanese  skunk  (so  called  from  Its  extreme  fetidness), 

the  teledu  or  telegO,  Minimis   meliceps,  is  a  true  badger. 

See  cut  under  teledu.  The  ratel,  honey-badger,  or  Cape 
badger,  Mellivora  capeneis,  is  nearly  related,  though  he- 
longing  to  a  different  subfamily,  the  Mellivorince.  The 
wombat  is  often  called  badger  in  Australia,  It  is  a  wide- 
spread vulgar  error  that  the  legs  of  the  badger  are  shorter 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other;  hence,  "the  uneven-legg'd 
badger,"  Drayton. 

\\  e  are  not  badgt  re, 

For  our  legs  arc  one  as  long  as  the  other. 

Lyly,  Midas,  i.  2. 
2.  (a)  An  artists'  brush  made  of  badgers'  hair, 
used  for  blending  or  causing  the  pigments  to 
melt  or  shade  into  one  another  and  for  impart- 
ing smoothness,  (b)  A  flat  brush  used  for  re- 
moving dust  from  a  polished  surface  in  some 
photographic  and  other  chemical  operations, 
etc. — 3.  The  Lutraria  vulgaris,  a  common  con- 
chiferous  or  bivalve  mollusk  of  northern  Eu- 
rope. It  is  especially  used  as  bait  for  the  cod. 
— 4.  A  sobriquet  of  a  resident  of  Wisconsin, 
called  the  Badgt  r  State,  in  allusion  to  the  abun- 
dance of  badgers  in  it — Drawing  the  badger. 
Same  as  badger-baiting. 
badger2  (baj'er),  v.  t.  [<  badger?,  to.]  1.  To 
attack,  as  the  badger  is  attacked  when  being 
drawn  or  baited ;  bait ;  worry ;  pester. 

Inconsistent  professors,  who  seemed  to  have  badgered 
him  [Thomas  Cooper]  out  of  Methodism  into  scepticism. 
Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  542. 

When  one  has  to  be  badgered  like  this,  one  wants  a  drop 
of  something  more  than  ordinary.     Trollope,  <  Irley  Farm. 

2.  To  beat  down  in  a  bargain.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Halliieell.  =  Syn.  Pester,  Worry,  etc.  See  tease, 
badger3  (baj'er),  >t.  [<  late  ME.  bager,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  perhaps  an  assibilated  form  (aris- 
ing from  its  legal  use,  in  an  AF.  or  L.  form)  of 
bagger  (which  does  not  occur  in  the  lit.  sense 
till  much  later),  in  allusion  to  the  hawker's  bag, 
<  bag1  +  -er1.  Cf.  pedder,  pedler,  peddler,  <  })ed, 
a  basket,  pannier.]  Due  who  buys  corn  and 
other  provisions  to  sell  them  elsewhere ;  a 
hawker;  a  huckster;  a  cadger.  Badgers  were  re- 
quired to  take  out  a  license,  and  n  ere  under  certain  legal 
restrictions  as  to  regrating  or  forestalling  the  market. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.  I 

badger-baiting  (baj'er-ba/ting),  to.  A  barba- 
rous sport  formerly  common,  and  still  practised 
to  some  extent,  generally  as  an  attraction  to 
public  houses  of  the  lowest  sort.  A  badger  is  put 
into  a  barrel,  and  one  or  more  dogs  arc  put  in  to  drag  him 
out.  When  this  is  effected  he  is  returned  to  his  barrel, 
to  be  similarly  assailed  by  a  fresh  set  of  dogs.  The  badger 
usually  makes  a  most  determined  and  savage  resistance. 
Also  called  drawing  the  badger. 

badgering  (baj'er-ing),  it.  [<  badger*  +  -lug1.] 
In  England,  the  practice  of  buying  corn  or  vict- 
uals in  one  place  and  selling  them  in  another 
for  profit :  once  restricted  by  statute. 

badger-legged  (baj'er-legd),  a.  [<  badger?  + 
leg  +  -<(/-.]  Having  one  leg  shorter  than  the 
other:  in  allusion  to  the  common  but  erroneous 
supposition  that  the  badger's  legs  on  one  side 
are  shorter  than  those  on  the  other. 

His  body  crooked  all  over,  big-bellied,  badger-legged,  and 
his  complexion  swarthy.  Sir  Ii.  L'Eetrange. 

badgerly  (baj'er-li),  "•  [<  badgir-  +  -ly1.] 
Badger-like  ;  grizzled  or  gray  in  color. 

badger-plane  (baj'or-plaii),  it.  [<  badger?  (ap- 
par. in  allusion  to  its  snout  I  +  plane.]  lajoin- 
ery,  a  hand-plane  the  mouth  of  which  is  cut 
obliquely  from  side  to  side,  so  that  it  can  work 
close  up  to  a  corner  in  tin)  king  a  rabbet  or 
sinking. 

badger's-bane  (baj'erz-ban),  n.  A  variety  of 
wolf's-bane,  dconitum  lycoctonum. 

badget  (baj'el ),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  appar..  like  bad- 
//(/•'-,<  badge1,  in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes 
on  the  badger's  forehead.  The  same  allusion 
holds  for  a  cart-horse  :  ef.  ball?.]  1.  Same  as 
badger2,  1. — 2.  A  common  name  for  a  cart- 
horse.    Halliivell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


badgir 

badgir  (bad'ger),  n.  j  Pers.  badgir,  <  bad,  wind, 
+  gir,  seizing,  oatchmg.]  A  wind-catcher  or 
wind-tower  projecting  above  the  roof  of  a 
dwelling,  used  in  Persia  and  northwestern  In- 
dia. The  badgira  are  built  like  large  chimneys,  of  wicker- 
work  and  plaster,  "  iih  openings  toward  the  quarter  of  the 
prevailing  wind  ;  thej  are  sometimes  also  mail.'  movable 
or  adjustable.     See  itrind-sail.     Also  written  badgeer. 

badiaga  (bad-i-a'gS.),  «.    [Russ.  badyaga,  also 
bodyaga.]     A  small  sponge  {Spongilla)  com 
mon  in  the  north  of  Europe,   the  powder  of 
which  is  used  in  removing  the  livid  marks  of 
bruises. 

badian,  badiane  (ba'di-an,  -an),  n.  [<  F.  ba- 
dimic,  said  to  be  so  named  from  the  color  of  the 
capsules,  <  L.  badius,  bay: 
see  bayQ.]  The  fruit  of  Il'li- 
cihiii  anisatum,  the  Chinese 
anise-tree.  It  abounds  in  a  vol- 
atile "il  which  gives  it  an  aro- 
xnatic  Haver  and  odor.  <  in  this 
account  it  is  much  used  in  China 
and  India  as  a  condiment,  and  is 
importedinto  France  for  flavor- 
ing. 

badigeon  (ba-dij'on), «.  [F.:  origin  unknown.] 
1.  A  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone,  ground 
together  and  silted,  used  by  seulptors  to  fill  the 
small  holes  and  repairthe  defects  of  the  stones 
used  by  them. — 2.  A  mixture  of  sawdust  and 
glue,  or  of  whiting  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to 
fill  up  defects  in  their  work. — 3.  A  prepara- 
tion or  wash  for  coloring  houses,  or  for  giving 
plaster  the  appearance  of  stone,  consisting  of 
powdered  stone,  sawdust,  slaked  lime,  alum, 
and  other  ingredients. — 4.  A  preparation  of 
tallow  and  chalk  used  by  coopers. 

badinage   (bad-i-nazh'  or  bad'i-naj),  n.      [F., 

<  badiitcr,  jest,  make  merry,  <  baditi,  jesting, 
frivolous,  <  Pi',  badar  (=  F.  buyer),  gape,  <  ML. 
badare,  gape :  seebay^.]  Light  playful  banter 
or  raillery. 

He  seems  most  to  have  indulged  himself  only  in  an  ele- 
gant badinage.  Warbwrton. 

=  Syn.  Raillery,  banter. 

badinerie  (ba-de'ne-re),  n.   [F.,  <  badiner,  jest: 

see  badinage.']  Light  or  playful  discourse: 
nonsense;  badinage.     [Bare.] 

The  fund  of  sensible  discourse  is  limited;  that  of  jest 
and  badint  He  is  infinite,  Shenstone,  Works,  II.  240. 

badineurt  (bad-i-ner'),  ».  [P.,  <  badiner,  jest: 
see  badinage.]  One  who  indulges  in  badinage  ; 
a  trifler. 

Rebuke  him  for  it,  as  a  divine,  if  yon  like  it,  or  as  a 
badineur,  if  you  think  that  more  effectual. 

Pope,  To  Swift  (did  ,\1S.). 

badious  (ba'di-us),  a.  [<  L.  badius,  bay:  see 
bay6.]  Of  a  bay  color;  reddish-brown;  chest- 
nut.    [Rare.] 

badling  (bad'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  badX 
+  -luii/1,  and  not  connected  directly  with  AS. 
badling:  seebaeP-.]  If.  An  effeminate  or  wo- 
manish man.  A.  E.  D. —  2.  A  worthless  per- 
son.   Etalliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 

badly  (bad'li),   adv.    [ME.  badly,  baddeliche; 

<  batP  +  -I if-.]  In  a  bad  manner,  (a)  Wickedly; 
wrongly;  in  an  evil  <>r  an  improper  manner:  as,  the  hoys 
behaved  badly,    (b)  Grievously;  dangerously;  severely: 

idly  wounded.  (<■)  In  a  manner  which  falls  below  a 
i-d  standard  <>r  fair  average  of  excellence;  nnskil- 
fully;  Imperfectly;  defectively;  poorly;  not  well:  as,  the 
work  was  badly  .lone,  (d)  Incorrectly;  faultily:  as,  to 
speak  French  badly,  (<■)  Unfortunately;  unsuccessfully: 
a-  thearnrj  fared  '.n-iii,.—  Badly  off.    Seeo»f. 

badmash,  ».    Same  as  buamash. 

badminton  (bad'rhin-tpn),  n.  [<  Badminton, 
in  Gloucestershire,  Knginnd,  a  seat  of  the  duke 
of  Beaufort.]  1.  An  English  outdoor  game, 
similar  to  lawn-tennis,  but  played  with  shuttle- 
cocks.—  2.  A  summer   beverage,   properly  a 

Claret-cup    made    with    soda-water    instead'    of 

plain  water  and  Savored  with  cucumber. 
[Eng.] 

Soothed  or  stimulated  bj  fragrant  cheroots  or  beakers 
ot  Badminton.  Di  rath,  Lothair,  xxx,    (.v.  ]■;.  ]>.) 

|  With  or  without  a  capital  in  either  sense.] 

badness  (bad'nes),  n.  [<  bad1  +  -mss.]  The 
siaie  of  being  bad,  evil,  vicious,  depraved, 
wrong,  improper,  erroneous,  etc.;  want  or  de- 
ficiency of  g I  qualities,  physical  or  moral: 

as,  the  badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of 

the    roadS,   etc.        See    liatH. 

"The  '»"'•..     of  men,"  a  Jewish  writer  emphatically  di 
clared,  "  Es  better  than  thi  goodni  -  ol  womi ... 

/..   '/,./,   fan..!,,   Moi  ll       II 

badoch  (bad'odh),  n.  [So.  Cf.  baddocJc]  A 
Scotch  and  local  English  name  of  on,-  of  the 
jaegers  or  skua  gulls,  Stercorarius  parasiticus,  a 
predatory  marine  bird  of  the  family  Laridce. 


418 

bads  (badz),  n.  pi.     [E.  dial.]     The  husks  of 
walnuts.     Ilidlnn  II.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bael,  >i.    See  in  /■'•. 
baeta  (ba-a'ta),  n.     [Pg.  baeta,  baieta  =  Sp.  ba- 

ili  In.  baize:  see  hai::e.\  A  plain  woolen  stuff 
manufactured   in   Spain  and  Portugal.     Sim- 

liliniils. 

Bsetis  (be'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  lla-tis,  Gr.  Bainc, 
a  river  in  Spain,  now  called  Guadalquivir.]  A 
genus  of  agnathous  neuropterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Epht  >»<  ridm,  or  giving  name  to  a  group 
lluiida,  containing  numerous  species  with  4 
wings  and  12  setts. 

baetyl  (be 'til),  n.     Same  as  beetylus. 

baetylus  (be'ti-lus),  n.  [L.,  also  bcetulus,  hcttt- 
lus,  <  Gr.  jiairukor,  also  ftoiriiTuov,  a  meteoric 
stone.]  In  classical  until/.,  a  stone,  whether 
meteoric  or  artificially  shaped,  which  was 
venerated  as  of  divine  origin,  or  honored  as  a 
symbol  of  divinity.  Such  stones  were  preferably  of 
conical  form,  and  sometimes  bore  certain  natural  symbols, 
as  at  Bmesa ;  but,  especially  when  meteoric,  the  form  was 
not  considered  material.  Thus,  the  stone  preserved  on  the 
omphalos  at  Delphi,  reputed  to  he  the  one  swallowed  by 
Eronos  (Saturn)  through  Rhea's  stratagem  in  place  of  the 
infant  Zeus  (Jove),  was  of  spherical  shape.  Among  tin- 
most  celebrated  of  these  sacred  stones  were  those  of  I'a- 
phos  in  Cyprus,  of  Zeus  Kasios  at  Seleucia,  and  of  Zeus 
Teleios  at  Tegea  in  Arcadia.  See  abadir.  Also  written 
i,.  I  a!  "<,  htitul,  and  baitylos. 

baffH,  v.  i.  [<  ME.  baffen=J).  and  LG.  baffen  = 
MHG.  baffen,  beffen,  G.  baffen,  bafzen  =  Dan. 
bjceffe=  Sw.  bjeb'ba,  bark;  appar.  imitative.  Cf. 
dial,  buff,  bark,  and  ynff.]  To  bark;  yelp. — 
To  say  neither  baff  nor  bufft,  to  say  nothing. 

baff-  (baf),r.  ».  [So.,  also  beff.  Cf.  OF.  baffe, 
a  blow  with  the  back  of  the  hand:  see  baffle.] 
To  beat;  strike;  specifically,  in  the  game  of 
golf,  to  hit  the  ground  with  the  club  when  strik- 
ing at  the  ball.     [Scotch.] 

baffJ  (baf),  n.  [Sc. :  see  the  verb.]  A  blow; 
a  heavy  thump. 

baff-ends  (baf'endz),  n.  pi.  [<  baff  (dial.),  per- 
haps for  baft,  behind  (see  baft1),  +  end.]  In 
coal-mining,  long  wooden  wedges  for  adjusting 
tubbing-plates,  or  cribs,  in  sinking  shafts  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  fixing  the  tubbing.  Grcs- 
ley.     [Eng.] 

baffert,  >t.     [<  baff1  +  -a1.]    A  barker. 
Houndcs  for  the  hank  hetli  ligtcrs  and  grete  bafflers. 

Bndl.  MS.,  546.     {lliilliir.il.) 

baffeta  (baf'e-ta),  "•     Same  as  baft2. 

baffle  (baf'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baffled,  ppr. 
baffling.  [First  in  the  16th  century,  also  written 
bafful,  baffol;  origin  uncertain.  The  senses 
point  to  two  or  more  independent  sources:  cf. 
(1)  Sc.  bauchle,  bachle,  disgrace,  treat  with  con- 
tempt (see  bauchlt '-') ;  (2)  F.  bafouer,  earlier  baf- 
fouer,  disgrace,  revile,  scoff  at,  deceive,  befler, 
also  ieffer,  deceive,  mock,  =Pr.  bafar  =  Sp.  be- 
far  =  It.  beffare,  mock,  deride  ;  cf.  OF.  befe, 
beffe  =  Pr.  bafa  =  OSp.  bafa,  Sp.  befa  =  It. 
beffa,  beffe,  mockery;  cf.  Pr.  oaf,  an  inter),  of 
disdain;  cf.  Sc.  baffle,  a  trifle,  nonsense,  appar. 
<  OF.  befe,  trifling,  mockery  (see  above).  Cf. 
MHG.  beffen,  bark:  see  baff1.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  disgrace  ;  treat  with  mockery  or  contumely ; 
hold  up  as  an  object  of  scorn  or  contempt; 
insult;  specifically,  to  subject  to  indignities, 
as  a  recreant  knight  or  traitor. 

The  whole  kingdom  took  notice  of  me  for  a  bujlhil, 
whipped  fellow.      Beau,  ami  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  •!. 

You  on  your  knees  have  curs'd  that  virtuous  maiden, 
And  me  for  loving  her;  yet  do  yon  now 
Thus  bii(jli-  me  to  my  face. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Soaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

Justice  [in  "  Measure  for  Measure")  is  not  merely  evad- 
ed or  ignored  or  wen  defied  :  she  is  both  in  tl ider  and 

lb.'  newer  sense  of  the  word  directly  and  deliberately 
baffled;  buffeted,  outraged,  insulted,  struck  in  the  tare 
Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  203. 

2f.  To  hoodwink;  cheat. 

Alas,  j r  fool !  how  have  they  baffled  the ! 

SI, ilk.,  I    N.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  circumvent  by  interposing  obstacles  or 
difficulties;  defeat  the  efforts,  purpose,  or  suc- 
cess of;  frustrate;  check;  foil;  thwart;  dis- 
concert; confound:  as,  tin-  fox  baffled  his  pur- 
suers ;  to  baffle  curiosity  or  endeavor. 

In  paint  lightning,  and  to  give  it  no  motion,   is  the 
.I.. .-ol  ..i  tin'  baffle  i  artist 

/.  li'lsnnli.  Amen.  "I  fit.,  II.  239. 

Calculations  so  difficult  as  to  have  tc^ffled  .  .  .  themosl 
enlighten)  >i  nations.  Prescott. 

t  never  watched  Elobert  in  my  life  bul  my  scrutiny  was 
pre  entry  baffled  by  finding  he  was  watching  me. 

rim rii, it,'  Bronte,  Shirley,  xv. 

4.  To  boat  about,  as  the  wind  or  stray  entile 
do  standing  grain  or  grass;  twist  irregularly 
together.  =  Syn.  3.  Foil,  Thwart,  etc,    See  frustrate. 


bag 

II.  iiitrans.  It.  To  practise  deceit ;  shuttle; 
quibble. 

Ho  we  nut  palpably  baffle  when,  in  respect  t"  God,  we 
pretend  to  deny  ourselves,  yet,  upon  urgent  occasion,  al- 
low him  nothing?  Barrow,  Works,  I.  437. 

2.  To  struggle  ineffectually;  strive  in  vain: 
as,  the  ship  luilllnl  with  the  gale. — 3.  In  coal- 
mining, to  brush  out  or  mix  fire-damp  with  air, 
to  such  an  extent  as  t..  render  it  non-explosive. 

baffle  (baf'l),  n.     [<  baffle,  v.]     It.  Disgrace; 
affront. — 2f.  Defeat;  discomfiture. 
It  is  the  skill  of  the  disputant  that  keeps  oil"  a  baffle. 

.Smith. 

3.  Same  as  baffler,  '2. 

bafflement  (baf'1-ment),  n.  [<  baffle  +  -mint.] 
The  state  of  being  baffled,  frustrated,  or 
thwarted  in  one's  endeavors ;  want  of  success 
after  repeated  attempts.     [Rare.] 

Assoiiat.-d  in  his  mind  with  bafflement  and  defeat. 

J.  S.  Blaekie,  Self-Culture,  p.  99. 

baffle-plate  (baf'1-plat),  n.  A  metal  plate  used 
to  direct  the  flames  and  gas  of  a  furnace  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  a  steam-boiler,  so  that  all  por- 
tions of  it.  will  be  evenly  heated  ;  a  deflector. 

baffler  (baf'ler),  it.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
baffles. 

Experience,  that  great  baffler  of  speculation. 

Government  of  Tongue. 

2.  A  partition  in  a  furnace  so  placed  as  to  aid 
the  convection  of  heat;  a  baffle-plate.  Jlan- 
ldnc,  Steam  Engine,  §  304.  Also  baffle. — 3.  In 
coat-mining,  the  lever  with  which  the  throttle- 
valve  of  a  winding-engine  is  worked.  [North 
Staffordshire,  Eng.] 
baffling  (baf 'ling),  p.  a.  Frustrating ;  discon- 
certing; confusing;  perplexing:  as,  a  baffling 
wind,  that  is,  one  which  frequently  shifts  from 
one  point  to  another. 

Those  arc  the  true  baffling  prejudices  for  man,  which  he 
never  suspects  for  prejudices.        De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

bafflingly  (baf  'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  baffling 
manner. 

bafflingness  (baf'ling-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
baffling. 

baff-week  (baf'wek),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  baff,  per- 
haps for  baft,  behind  (see  baf  A),  +  week.]  In 
coal '-mining,  the  week  next  after  pay-week, 
when  wages  are  paid  once  a  fortnight.     [Eng.] 

baft1  (baft),  adv.  and  imp.  [<  ME.  baft,  bafte, 
baften,  biaften,  <  AS.  baftan,  beaftan,  be  ceftan, 
<  be,  by,  +  of  tan,  aft:  see  /;<-'-'  and  aft,  and  cf. 
abaft.]  I.  adr.  Behind;  in  the  rear;  mutt., 
abaft.  [Archaic] 
Il.t  prep.  Behind. 

baft'-',  bafta  (baft,  baf'tS),  n.  [Formerly  also 
baf  tali,  baffeta,  baffeta ;  <  Hind,  bafta,  a  kind  of 
cotton  cloth,  baft,  weaving,  a  web,  <  Pers.  baft, 
wrought,  woven.]  A  fine  cotton  fabric  of  Ori- 
ental manufacture ;  especially,  a  plain  muslin, 
of  which  the  Surat  manufacture  is  said  to  be 
the  best.  The  bafts  of  Dacca  in  British  India  arc  an 
inferior  quality  of  the  muslins  made  in  that  district,  and 
arc  said  tn  lie  manufactured  from  European  thread.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  similar  fabrics  made  in  Great  Britain. 
Also  baffeta. 

bag1  (bag),  n.  [<  ME.  bag,  bagge,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Icel.  baggi,  a  bag,  pack,  bun- 
dle (cf.  the  older  boggr,  a  bag),  appar.,  with 
assimilation,  <  *balgr,  belgr,  skin,  bellows,  = 
Goth,  balgs,  a  wine-skin,  =  OHG,  balg,  MHG. 
bale,  Or.  balg,  a  skin,  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  = 
AS.  half/,  belg,  bwlig,  belig,  a  bag,  >mod.  E.  belly 
and  bellows:  see  belly,  where  other  forms  are 
given,  and  bellows.  <  If.  OF.  bai/uc  =  Pr.  bai/nii 
=  lt.  dial.  Iiagti,  a  bundle,  baggage,  ML.  baga, 
a  bag,  chest,  baggage,  belongings,  appar.  from 
the  Tent,  or  the  similar  Celtic  forms.]  1.  A 
small  sack;  a.  portable  receptacle  or  reposi- 
tory of  leather,  cloth,  paper,  or  other  flexible 
material,  capable  of  being  closed  at  the  mouth; 

a  wallet;  a  ] eh:  as,  a  ffour-&a<7;  a  cnrpet-W/ 

or  travcling-ow;/:  a  mail-Sap.  Specifically  —  2. 
A  purse  or  money-bag. 

lie  was  a  thief,  and  had  the  bag.  John  \ii.  B. 

3f.  A  small  silken  pouch  in  which  the  back  hair 
of  the  wig  was  curled  away. 
A  hob  wig  and  a  black  Bilker  bag  tn  il  tn  it.       Addison. 

4.  What  is  contained  in  a  bag;  in  lutnling,  the 
animals  bagged  or  obtained  in  an  expedition 
or  a  day's  sport. 

The  l»iii  is  nut  the  sole  aim  of  a  day  afield. 

Forest  and  strut,,,.  \  \  1    I, 

5.  A  sac  or  receptacle  in  animal  bodies  con- 
taining some  fluid  or  other  substance :  as,  the 
honey-'/oy/  of  a  bee. — 6.  An  adder. 

The  cow  is  sacrificed  t..  hei  bag,  tic  ox  i"  his  sirloin. 

Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  an. 


bag 

7.  pi.  The  stomach.  [Scotch  and  north.  Eng.] 
—  8.  pi.  Trousers.  [Vulvar.] —9.  The  middle 
part  of  a  large  haul-seine:  the  two  parts  on  the 
sides  are  called  wings. — 10.  A  flue  in  a  porce- 
lain-oven which  ascends  on  the  inner  side,  and 
enters  the  oven  high  up,  so  as  to  heat  the  upper 
part. — 11.  A  customary  measure  of  capacity, 
generally  from  2  to  4  bushels. — 12.  In  coal- 
mining, a  quantity  of  fire-damp  suddenly  given 
off  from  the  coal';  also,  the  cavity  from  which 
the  gas  is  emitted:  formerly  used  to  include 
cavities  containing  a  large  amount  of  water. 
—Bag  and  baggage,  nil  one's  belongings  or  property: 
originally  a  military  phrase. 

Come,  shepherd,  let  us  make  an  honourable  retreat; 
though  not  with  bag  and  baggage,  yet  with  scrip  and 
scrippage.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

Bag  and  spoon,  an  arrangement  used  in  dredging  for 
river-sand.  It  consists  of  a  bag  attached  by  the  mouth 
to  an  iron  hoopwhichis  fastened  to  a  long  pole,  by  means 
of  which  it  is  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  and  dragged 
along  so  that  the  bag  is  tilled.  — Bag  Of  bones,  a  very 
lean  person  or  animal.     [Humorous.] 

Such  a  limping  bag  of  bones  as  I  was  !  Dickens. 

Bag  of  foulness,  in  a  coal-seam,  a  cavity  tilled  with  fire- 
damp.—To  bear  the  bag,  to  earry  the  purse  ;  have  com- 
mand of  the  money. 

These  are  court  admirers. 

And  ever  echo  him  that  bears  tin  bag, 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 

To  bring  to  bag.  See  bring.— To  give  one  the  bag. 
See  to  give  one  the  sack,  under  sack,  (at)  To  leave  one  with- 
out warning.  (//)  To  dismiss  one  from  one's  service.  Ban- 
yan. [Colloq.  nrdial.J  (ct)  To  cheat.  Webster.  —  To  leave 
or  give  one  the  bag  to  hold,  to  leave  one  in  the  lurch.— 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag.  See  cati. 
bag1  (bag),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagged,  ppr.  bag- 
ging. [<  ME.  baggen,  intrans. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  intrans.  1.  To  swell  or  bulge. —  2.  To  hang 
loosely  like  a  bag. 

His  frill  and  neck-cloth  hung  limp  under  his  bagging 
waistcoat.  Thackeray. 

3f.  To  grow  big  with  child. 

Then  Venus  shortly  bagged,  and 
Ere  long  was  Cupid  bred. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  vi.  148. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  into  a  bag:  as,  to  bag 
hops. —  2.  To  distend  like  a  bag;  swell. 

How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  bag  up  his  eyes. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  408. 

3.  To  secure  as  game ;  shoot,  entrap,  or  other- 
wise lay  hold  of:  as,  to  bag  thirty  brace  of 
grouse. 

The  disputes  of  Italians  are  very  droll  things,  and  I  will 
accordingly  bag  the  one  which  is  now  imminent  as  a 
specimen.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  245. 

4.  To  make  off  with ;  steal.     [Colloq.] 

bag-  (bag),  v.  t. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  bagged,  ppr. 
bagging.  [E.  dial.,  also  bagge,  badge;  origin 
obscure.]  To  cut  with  a  reaping-hook  or  scythe : 
used  especially  of  cutting  pease.     HaUiwell. 

bagana  (ba-ga'nil),  n.  [Abyssinian.]  An 
Abyssinian  lyre  with  ten  strings,  sounding 
five  notes  and  their  octaves. 

bagara  (bag'a-rii),  n.  [Cf.  Bagarius.]  A  scia> 
noid  fish  of  California,  Alcnticirrus  undulatus, 
related  to  the  kingfish  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

Bagariinas  (ba-ga-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Saga- 
rins +  -ina:']  A  subfamily  of  Siluridos,  having 
the  head  naked  above,  and  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  with  a  barbel 
between  them.  It  contains  about  20  species  of  Asiatic 
and  East  Indian  cattishes,  mostly  of  small  size,  some  of 
which  are  provided  with  a  sucking-disk.  Also  written 
Bagarina. 

Bagarius  (ba-ga'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  Bagrus.  ] 
A  genus  of  cattishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Bagariina . 

The  first  appearance  of  Siluroids  is  indicated  by  some 

fossil  remains  in  the  tertiary  deposits  of  the  highlands 

of  l'adang,  in  Sumatra,  where  Pseudotropius  and  Bagarius, 

types  well  represented  in  the  living  fauna,  have  been1  found. 

Dr.  A.  Gunther,  Study  of  Fishes. 

bagasse  (ba-gas' ),  n.  [=  P.  bagasse,  also  bagace, 
<  Sp.  bagazo  (=  Pg.  bagaco),  the  refuse  of  sugar- 
cane, grapes,  olives,  etc.,  which  have  been 
pressed,  prob.  a  dial.  var.  of  bagage,  trash, 
lumber,  baggage :  see  baggage1  and  baggage^.] 
The  sugar-cane  after  it  has  been  crushed  and 
the  juice  extracted  ;  cane-trash,  it  is  used  as  fuel 
in  heating  the  boilers  and  pans  in  the  sugar-manufactory, 
and  sometimes  as  manure.    Also  called  bagazo,  megass, 

and  mennsse. 

When  they  have  finished  grinding  the  cane,  they  form 
the  refuse  of  the  stalks  (which  they  call  bagasse)  into  great 
piles  and  set  fire  to  them. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  136. 

bagatelle  (bag-a-teF),  n.  [Formerly  also  baga- 
tcl,  baggatelle  (also  bagatelle),  <  P.  bagatelle  = 
Sp.  bagatela  =  Pg.  bagatella,  <  It.  bagattella,  dim. 
of  dial,  bagatta,  bagata,  a  trifle,  prob.  <  ML.  baga 


419 

(It.  dial,  baga,  OP.  bague),  a  bundle:  see  bag1 
and  baggagi '.)  1.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  im- 
portance. 

Heaps  of  hair  rings  and  cypher'd  seals  ; 

Rich  trilles,  serious  bagatelles.  Prior. 

There  is  a  pleasure  arising  from  the  perusal  of  the  verj 
bagatelles  of  men  renowned  for  their  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius. Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 

The  [cremation  I  furnace  can  not  be  erected  in  this  coun- 
try for  less  than  from  three  to  five  thousand  dollars  a 
mere  i«r>hrt,i/e  compared  with  the  cost  of  some  .,f  our 

Cemeteries.  Pop,   Sri.  MO.,   \  M  I .  B62. 

2.  A  game  played  on  a  table  having  at  one 
end  nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be 
stniek  with  a  billiard-cue. 

bagatelle-board  (bag-a-tel'bord),  n.  A  porta- 
ble board  on  which  bagatelle  is  played. 

bagatelle-table  (bag-a-tel'ta"bl),  n.  A  table 
on  which  bagatelle  is  played. 

bagatinet,  «■    [<  It.  bagatUno:  see  bagatUno.] 
Same  as  bagatUno. 
Expect  net  lower  price,  for  by  the  banner  of  my  front,  1 

will  not.  hate  a  bagatine.  I',.  Jonson,  Vnlpone,  ii.  1. 

bagattino  (bag-at-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  baggatini  (-ne). 
[It.,  dim. of  dial,  bagatta,  a  trine:  see  bagatelle.'] 
A.  copper  coin  of  Venice,  worth  about  half  a 
cent. 

bagaty  (bag'a-ti),  n.  [Also  baggety;  origin  not 
ascertained.]  A  name  of  the  female  lumptish, 
( h/clopterus  lumpus. 

bagazo  (Sp.  pron.  ba-ga'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
bagaco:  see  bagasse.]    Same  as  bagasse. 

bag-clasp  (bag'klasp),  n.  A  clasp  for  closing 
the  mo'.ith  of  a  bag ;  a  bag-fastener. 

bag-fastener  (bag'fas"ner),  n.  A  device  made 
of  \\  ire,  t  wine,  rope,  etc.,  for  closing  the  mouths 
of  bags. 

bag-filler  (bag'fil "er),  n.  A  funnel  used  in  fill- 
ing bags. 

bag-filter  (bag'fil  ter),  n.  A  filter  used  in 
sugar-refining  to  clear  saccharine  solutions  of 
feculeneies  and  impurities  suspended  in  them. 
It  consists  of  a  series  of  sieves  or  strainers  through  which 
the  solutions  pass  into  one  or  more  flannel  bags,  whence 
the  juice  drips  into  a  receiver. 

bag-fox  (bag'foks),  n.  A  fox  kept  in  confine- 
ment, and  slipped  from  a  bag  when  no  other 
game  for  a  hunt  can  be  had. 

To  have  a  sort  of  bag-fox  to  turn  out,  when  fresh  game 
cannot  be  had.  Miss  FerrUr,  Inheritance,  I.  x. 

bagful  (bag'ful),  n.  [<  bag1  +  full.]  As  much 
as  a  bag  will  hold,  of  whatever  size :  as,  three 
bug/ills  of  wool. 
baggage1  (bag'aj),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  baggage,  bag- 
age,  <  OF.  bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  also 
the  baggage-train,  including  the  attendants, 
mod.  P.  bagage,  baggage  (=  Pr.  bagatge=  Sp. 
bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  a  beast  of 
burden,  formerly  also  refuse,  lumber,  trash,  = 
Pg.  bagagem,  baggage,  carriage ;  cf.  It.  bagaglia, 
bagag'lie,  baggage),  <  OF.  bagnci;  tie  up,  pack 
up,  truss  up  (mod.  F.  baguci;  baste),  <  bagne,  a 
bundle,  pack,  usually  in  pi.  bagv.es,  baggage,  be- 
longings: see&ag^and-fff/e.  CLbaggage'-1.]  I.  n. 
1.  The  bags,  trunks, valises,  satchels,  packages, 
etc.,  and  their  contents,  which  a  traveler  re- 
quires or  takes  with  him  on  a  journey :  now  usu- 
ally called  luggage  in  Great  Britain,  in  late,  bag- 
gage includes  whatever  the  passenger  takes  with  him  for 
ins  personal  use  or  convenience,  according  to  the  habits  or 
wants  of  the  particular  class  to  which  he  belongs,  with 
reference  either  to  the  immediate  necessities  or  to  the  ulti- 
mate purpose  of  the  journey.    (Chief  Jus/ire  Cockburn.) 

Mounting  the  baronet's  baggage  on  the  roof  of  the 
coach.  Thacki '".'/. 

Having  dispatched  my  baggage  by  water  to  Altdorf. 

i  'oxe. 

We  were  told  to  get  our  baggage  in  order  and  embark 
for  quarantine.       B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  18. 

Specifically — 2.  The  portable  equipment,  in- 
cluding the  tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other 
necessaries,  of  an  army  or  other  moving  body 
of  men;  impedimenta. — 3f.  Trash;  rubbish; 
refuse. 

In  the  stomacke  is  engendered  great  abundance  of 
naughty  baggage  and  hurtfull  phlegme. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  lis. 
Bag  and  baggage.  See  bagl. 
Il.t  a.  Trashy ;  rubbishy ;  refuse ;  worthless. 
baggage-  (bag'aj),  n.  and  a.  [Prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  baggage1  in  sense  3;  but  the  form 
and  sense  agree  closely  with  P.  bagasse,  strum- 
pet, also  baja-sse,  baiasse  =  Pr.  baguassa,  prob. 
<  Sp.  bagasa  (obs.)  =  Pg.  bagaxa  =  It.  bagascia, 
a  strumpet;  of  uncertain  origin;  associated 
with,  ami  perhaps  a  particular  use  of,  OF.  ba- 
gasse, Sp.  baga~o,  etc.,  refuse,  trash,  which  is, 
again,  prob.  a  var.  (in  Sp.)  of  bagage,  baggage  : 
see  baggage1  and  bagasse.  But  there  are  indi- 
cations of  two  or  more  independent  sources.] 


baggie 

1.  n.  1.  A  worthless  po t son, especially  a  worth- 
less woman ;  a  strumpet. 

A  spark  of  indignation  did  rise  in  her  riot  to  -niter  such 
a  baggage  in  win  awaj  anything  "i  hers.      Sir  I'.  Sidnt  y. 
Vnu  are  a  baggage,  and  notworthj  of  a  man. 

Shirk  <i.  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 

2.  A  playful,  saucy  young  woman;  a  flirt: 
usually  in  conjunction  with  such  qualifying 
words  as  cunning,  sly,  saucy,  etc.     [Familiar.] 

Tell  them  they  are  two  arrant  little  bag  gages,  and  that 
I  am  this  moment  in  a  most  violent  passion  with  them. 
Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxviii. 
Il.t  "•  Worthless;  vile:  said  of  persons:  as, 
a  baggage  fellow. 

baggage-car  (bag'aj-kar),  ».  A  railroad-car 
built  for  heavy  loads  ami  high  speed,  and  used 

for  carrying  the  baggage  of  Hie  passengers  on 
a  train.  [P.  S.  and  Canada.] 
baggage-check  (bag'aj-chek),  ».  A  tag  or  label 
to  bo  attached  to  each  article  of  a  traveler's 
baggage,  indicating  its  destination,  and  also 
usually  the  point  of  departure  and  the  company 
which  issues  it.  A  duplicate  is  given  to  the  travi  ter, 
on  the  presentation  of  which  the  baggage  can  be  reclaim- 
ed.    [U.  S.  and  Canada.] 

baggaged  (bag'ajd),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bag- 
gage1 +  -cd-.]    Mud:  lieu  itched.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

baggageman  (bag'aj-man),  ».:  pi.  baggagemen 
(-men).  A  man  who  handles  baggage;  espe- 
cially, one  who  carries  or  throws  it  into  a  bag- 
gage-car. 

baggage-master  (bag'aj-mas"ter),  n.  An  offi- 
cer of  an  express,  railroad,  or  steamship  com- 
pany whose  duty  is  to  look  after  the  baggage 
intrusted  to  the  company's  care. 

baggagert  (bag'aj-er),  ».  [<  baggage1  +  -er1.] 
One  who  carries  baggage ;  specifically,  one  who 
assists  in  carrying  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

The  whole  camp  lied  amain,  the  victuallers  and  bag- 
gagers  forsaking  their  camps. 

Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World,  III.  x.  §  3. 

baggage-truck  (bag'aj-truk),  n.  A  hand-truck 
for  transferring  baggage  at  a  railroad  station, 
passenger  wharf,  etc. 

baggala,  baglo  (bag'a-la,  bag'16),  re.    [Ar.]    A 

two-masted  Arab  boat  used  for  trading  in  the 


Baggala  —  Flora  model  in  South  Kensington  Museum,  London. 

Indian  ocean,  between  the  Malabar  coast  and 
the  Red  Sea.    Lame  numbers  of  baggalas  trade  between 
Muscat,  the  Red  Sea.  and  India,  making  one  voyage  each 
wa>  annually  with  the  monsoons.     They  are  generally  of 
from  200  to  250  tons  burden,  are  exceedingly  weatherly, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  elevation  of  the  stern,  which 
is  highly  ornamented.    Also  bagla  and  buggalow. 
bagget,  v.  i.     [ME.,  found  only  twice,  in  the  ap- 
parent sense  of  'squint,'  or  'look  aside';  adv. 
baggingly,  q.  v.     Origin  obscure.]     A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  probably,  to  squint  or  look 
aside. 
False  fortune  .  .  .  that  baggeth  foule,  and  looketh  faire. 
Chaucer,  Heath  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 

bagged  (bagd),  p.  a.     1.  Hanging  in  bags  or 
slack  folds. 
In  a  robe  of  russet  and  white  tuixt.  full  and  bagged. 

/;.  Jonson.  Masque  of  Beauty. 

2.  Provided  with  bags.  —  3.   Retained  in  the 
bags  after  filtration:   applied  to  crude  sperm 
or  other  matter  remaining  in  the  filtering-bags 
after  the  process  of  bagging. 
bagger  (bag'er),  ».     [<  bag1,  v.,  +  -er1.    Only 
modern:  see  etym.  of  beggar,  and  cf.  badger3.] 
One  who  bags  or  incloses  in  a  bag. 
baggety  (bag'e-ti),  n.     See  bagaty. 
baggie  (bag'i),  n.    [So.,  dim. of  bag1.   Ci.beUy.] 
The  belly. 

A  guid  New-year  1  wish  thee.  Maggie  ! 
Itae,  there's  .i  ripp  to  thy  auld  ba 

Burns,  Farmer  to  his  Auld  .Mare  Maggie. 


baggily 

baggily  Cbag'i-li),  adv.    In  a  loose  or  baggy  way. 
bagginess  (bag'i-nes),  n.    [<  baggy  +  -ness.'] 
Tin-  state  or  quality  of  being  baggy. 

There  was  a  bagginess  about  the  trousers  which  indi- 
cated the  work-a-day  costume  "f  a  man  of  might 

Rational  Baptist,  XVIII,  6. 

bagging1  (bag'ing),  a.  [Verbal  n.  of  bag1.]  1. 
The  act  of  putting  into  bags. —  2.  Filtration 
through  canvas  bags. 

Separation  of  "  brown  paraffin  scale"  is  effected  ] 
ging  and  pressing.  XTre,  Diet.,  III.  511. 

The  Bret  operation  needed  to  fit  spermaceti  fur  use  is 
technically  termed  bagging.  The  crude  sperm  oil,  as 
brought  in  bj  the  whalers,  is  placed  in  a  reservoir,  al  the 
bottom  ot  which  are  a  number  of  pipes  leading  int..  Imn 
bags  lined  with  linen,  atid  temporarily  closed  at  the  bot- 
tom by  tying  cords  round  tin'  mouths. 

II'.  L.  Cat-prater,  Soap  and  Candles,  p.  241. 

3.  Any  coarse  woven  fabric  of  hemp,  etc.,  out 
of  which  bags  are  made,  or  which  is  used  for 
covering  cotton-bales  and  lor  similar  purposes. 
— 4.  In  the  northern  counties  of  England,  food 
eaten  between  regular  meals;  now,  especially 
in  Lancashire,  an  afternoon  meal,  "afternoon 
tea''  in  a  substantial  form.     N.  li.  I>. 

bagging- (bag'ing),  w.  [Verbal  n.  of  bag®.]  A 
method  of  reaping  corn  or  pulse  by  chopping 
it  with  a  hook. 

bagginglyt,  adv.  [ME..<  bagge,  q.v.]  With  a 
leering  expression.     Rom.  of  the  Rose. 

bagging-time  (bag'ing-tim),  n.  [E.  dial.,  < 
bagging  +  time.]     Lunch-time. 

baggit'(bag'it),  n.  [So.,  prop.  p.  a.,  =  E. 
bagged.]     A  female  salmon  after  spawning. 

baggy  (bag'i),  a.     [<  bag1  +  -y1.]    Having  the 
appearance  of  a  bag;  bulging  out  loosely  like  a 
bag;  puffy:  as,  a  baggy  umbrella;  a  baggy  face. 
We  untwisted  our  turbans,  kicked  off  our  baggy  trow- 
sers.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  106. 

He  looked  like  a  Hindoo  idol,  with  his  heavy -lidded  orbs 
and  baggy  cheeks. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth.  p.  204. 

bag-holder  (bag'hol"der),  n.  A  contrivance 
for  supporting  a  bag  and  holding  it  open  dur- 
ing the  process  of  filling  it. 

Bagimont's  Roll.    See  roll. 

baglo,  bagla,  »■    See  baggala. 

bag-machine  (bag'ma-shen"),  n.  A  machine 
for  making  paper  bags. 

bagman  (bag'man),  n. ;  pi.  bagmen  (-men). 
One  who  carries  a  bag;  especially,  one  who 
travels  on  horseback  carrying  samples  or  wares 
in  saddle-bags:  a  name  formerly  given  to  com- 
mercial travelers,  but  now  used  only  as  a  term 
of  moderate  contempt. 

bagne  (P.  pron.  bany),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
bagnio,  3. 

bag-net  (bag'net),  n.  An  interwoven  net  in 
the  form  of  a  bag  for  catching  or  lauding  fish. 

bagnet  (bag'net),  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  bayonet. 

bagnio  (ban'yo),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagno, 
banio,  <  It.  hiujmi  (>  F.  bagne  in  sense  3)  =  Sp. 
linii'i=zY.bain  (see  bain2),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath: 
see  balneum.']  1.  A  bath ;  a  house  for  bathing, 
cupping,  sweating,  and  otherwise  cleansing  the 
body.— 2.  A  brothel;  a  stew.— 3.  In  the  Turk- 
ish empire,  a  prison  in  general ;  in  France,  for- 
merly, one  of  the  great  prisons  (bagnes)  substi- 
tuted for  the  galleys,  now  superseded  by  trans- 
portation: perhaps  so  called  from  the  former  use 
of  ancient  baths  in  Constantinople  as  prisons. 

Bagnolian  (bag-no'li-an),  ».  [From  Bagnols, 
in  the  department  of  Hani,  France,  where  the 
hensy  had  its  rise.]  '  >ne  of  a  sect  of  French 
heretics  of  the  eighth  century,  who  rejected 
tli'  whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament, and  generally  held  the  doctrines  of  the 
Manicheans.  The  name  was  again  applied  in 
the  thirteenth  century  to  some  of  the  Cathari. 
They  were  also  called 
Bagnou  nses. 

bag-nut  (bag'nut),  n. 
The  bladder-nut  of  Eu- 
rope, Btaphylea  pin- 
na ta. 

bagonet  (bag'o-nel  I,  n, 
[Cf.  bagnet?]  An  ob- 
solete ordialecta  I  Eorm 
of  bayonet. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip).  ». 
[ME.  baggepipi  :  ■  bagi 
+  pipe?]  A  musical 
wind-instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  leathern 
bag,  which  receives  the 
air  from  the  mouth,  or 
from    bellows,    and    of 

pipes,    ill' "    which     the  Old  English  Bagpipe. 


420 

air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  performer's 
elbow.  It  originated  in  the  East,  was  known  to  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  was  popular  in  Europe  throughout 
the  middle  ages,  and  is  still  used  in  manj  eastern  coun- 
tries, as  well  as  among  the  country  people  of  Poland, 
Italy,  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Though  now  often  regarded  as  the  national  instrument  of 
Scotland,    especially  Celtic    Scotland,    its   origin    and    use 

si  i  tn  to  belong  to  the  Celtic  race  iii  general.  In  its  best- 
known  form  it  has  four  pipes.  One  of  these,  called  the 
chanter,  has  a  doable  reed  and  eight  finger-holes,  so  that 
melodies  may  be  played  upon  it.  Its  compass  may  be  ap- 
proximately indicated  thus: 


bahut 

tection,  and  moves  with  it  hanging  downward;  it.  has 
also  received  the  names  basket-worm,  drop-worm,  etc.  The 
male  insect  has  well  developed  wings,  but  the  female  is 
apterous,  and  lays  her  eggs  within  the  puparium. 


3 


£^ 


Efefefe 


Bag-pump. 


There  are  three  other  pipes,  called  drones,  with  a  single 
reed,  which  give  a  continuous  sound,  and  are  tuned  in 
various  ways.  There  are  several  kinds  of  bagpipes,  as 
the  Scotch  (Highland  and  Lowland),  which  is  the  most 

important.  st  characteristic,  best  known,  and  perhaps 

the  oldest;  the  English, or  perhaps  more  properly  North- 
umbrian, a  feeble  instrument,  no  longer  in  use ;  and  the 
Irish,  which  is  the  most  elaborate  and  most  in  accordance 
with  modern  ideas  of  musical  accuracy.  The  word  is  now- 
used  chiefly  in  the  plural,  especially  in  Scotland. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  bagpiped, 

ppr.  oagpiping.     [<  bagpipe,  ».]     To  cause  to 

resemble  a   bagpipe — To  bagpipe  the  mizzen 

(nant.),  to  lay  it  aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  miz- 

zen-shrouds. 
bagpiper  (bag'pi"per),  n.     [ME.  baggepipere;  < 

bagpipe  +  -er1.]     One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

Laugh,  like  parrots,  at  a  bagpiper.    Shak.,  M.  of  V. ,  i.  1. 

bag-press  (bag'pres),  n.    A  press 

in    which    the    materials    to   be 

pressed  are  inclosed  in  sacks  or 

tags  of  linen  or  hair.     It  is  used  in 

various   manufacturing  processes,  as  in 

tin  expressing  of  "il  from  seeds. 

bag-pudding  (bag'pud*ing),  n.   A 
pudding  boiled  in  a  bag. 

bag-pump  (bag'pump),  n.  A  form 
of  bellows-pump  in  which  there 
is  an  elastic  bag,  distended  at  in- 
tervals by  rings,  fastened  at  one 
end  to  the  bottom  of  the  piston- 
chamber,  and  at  the  other  to  the  which  takes  the 
valve-disk.  g£«t.  of    the 

B.  Agr.     An  abbreviation  of  Bach- 
elor of  Agriculture,  a  title  conferred  by  agricul- 
tural colleges.     See  bachelor. 

bagrationite  (ba-gra'shpn-it),  n.  [After  P.  R. 
Bat/ration:  see  -itc-.]  A  mineral  from  the 
Ural,  resembling  some  forms  of  allanite,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  variety. 

bag-reef  (bag'ref),  n.  The  lowest  reef  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail,  or  the  first  reef  of  a  topsail. 

Bagrinae  (ba-gri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bagrus  + 
-ime.]  A  subfamily  of  eatfishes,  of  the  family 
SilUTidCB.  They  have  the  anterior  and  posterior  nos- 
trils remote  from  one  another,  the  latter  being  provided 
with  barbels;  palatal  teeth;  gill-membranes  free  from  the 
isthmus  ;  a  short  anal  fin  ;  a  long  adipose  fin  ;  and  a  short 
dorsal  flu  in  front  of  the  ventral  fins.  There  are  many 
species,  mostly  Asiatic  and  East  Indian. 

bag-room  (bag'rom),  h.  A  room  on  a  man-of- 
war  where  the  clothing-bags  of  the  crew  are 
stored.     Luce. 

Bagrus  (bag'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bagre, 
a  fish,  Silurus  bagre.]  The  typical  genus  of 
eatfishes  of  the  subfamily  Bat/rina:  Two  spe- 
cies, attaining  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet,  are  found 
in  the  Nile. 

Bagshotbeds.    See  bed1. 

bag-trousers  (bag'  trou*zerz),  n.  vl.    Thecover- 

ing  for  I  he  legs  worn  by  men  in  the  Levant,  and 
toa  certain  extent  by  all  Mohammedan  peoples. 
It  consists  of  an  undivided  bag  with  two  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom, through  which  the  feet  are  passed.  It  is  drawn  up 
with  a  cord,  and   tied  around  the   waist,  and  around  the 

ankles,  oi  above  tin  in,  ami  is  coin ly  so  full  as  nearly 

to  reach  the  ground  in  falling  over  the  feet.  The  trousers 
of  the  women  arc  more  commonly  mail.'  with  two  legs, 
like  European  drawers  or  trousers.  See  ,„  tticoat  trousers 
and  shinn-yan, 
baguet,  baguette  (ba-gof),  n.  [<  F.  baguette, 
a  wand,  rod,  stick,  <  It.  bacehitta,  a  rod,  stick, 
dim.  of  baeehio,  a  rod,  pole,  <  L.  bac/ulum,  a 
rod,  stick:  see  Intentns.}  In  areli.,  a  small 
convex    semicircular   molding:    usually  called 

when  plain  a  bead,  when  enriched  with  foliage 
a  chapli  t. 

bag-wig  (bag'wig),  h.  A  wig  the  back  hair  of 
which  was  inclosed  in  a  Lag.     See  hag1,  li. 

Expect  at  every  tarn  to  come  upon  intriguing  spectres 
in  hiig-irigs,  immense  hoops  and  patches. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

bagwigged  (bag'wigd).  «.     Wearing  a  bag-wig. 

bag-worm  (bag'werm),  n.  The  larva  of  a 
lepidopterous  insect,   Thyridopteryx  ephemeree- 

tnrnns  (Harris),  < n throughout  the  more 

nort  horn  part  of  the  United  Stales.  The  larva  is 
i  ailed  bag-worm  bet  ause  it  spins  a  silken  bag  for  its  pro- 


Bag-worm  |  Thyridopteryx  tphemerafo, 
natural  size. 


nis>,  larva  and  moths. 


n.  larva  ;  />,  male  chrysalis  ;  c,  female  moth  ;  <i,  male  moth  ;  f.  fe- 
male chrysalis  in  bag  (sectional  view);/,  caterpillar  and  bag ;  g, 
very  young  caterpillars  in  their  bags. 

bagwynt,  ».  In  her.,  a  fabulous  beast,  like  an 
antelope  with  a  horse's  tail.     Cussans. 

bah  (ba ),  interj.  [<  F.  bah,  interi.  of  contempt.] 
An  exclamation  expressing  contempt,  disgust, 
or  incredulity. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  vile  ejaculation  bah !  was  ut- 
terly unknown  to  the  English  public.  De  Quincey, 

bahadur  (ba-ha'dor),  n.  [Hind,  bahadur,  brave, 
gallant;  as  a  noun,  a  hero,  champion.]  A 
title  of  respect  commonly  affixed  to  the 
names  of  European  officers  in  Indian  docu- 
ments, or  used  in  ceremonious  mention  by  na- 
tives :  as,  Jones  Sahib  Bahadur.  It  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  phrase  "gallant  officer"  of  parliamentary 
courtesy,  or  the  "  illustrissimo  signore  "  of  the  Italians. 
It  was  conferred  as  a  title  of  honor  by  the  Great  Mogul, 
and  by  other  native  princes.  Yule  and  Burnett,  Anglo- 
Inil.  Glossary. 

Bahama  grass,  sponge,  etc.    See  the  nouns, 
bahar  (ba-hiir'),  n.  [£J.Bobaar,bair,barre ;  <  Ar. 

In/liar.]  An  Eastern  measure  of  weight,  vary- 
ing considerably  in  different  localities  and  ac- 
cording to  the  substances  weighed.  In  Mozam- 
bique it.  is  about  250  pounds,  in  Mocha  450  pounds,  in  Su- 
matra and  Ceylon  440  pounds.  It  is  also  used  as  a  mea- 
sure  "f  capacity. 

bahrainga  (ba-ring'ga),  n.  [E.  Iud.]  A  name 
of  an  East  Indian  deer  ;  the  spotted  deer  of  the 
Snnderbunds  or  swampy  parts  of  the  Ganges 
delta;  the  Eucervus  duvaucelli. 

bahut1  (ba-hof),  n.  [F.,  formerly  also  balm, 
balms,  bahnce  (=  Pr.  banc  —  Pg.  bahii,  balti'd  = 
Sp.  Iiaul=\\.  Iiaulc),n  chest,  trunk, with  arched 
top,  prob.  <  MHG.  hehuot,  behitt,  a  keeping, 
guarding,  a  magazine,  <  behuoten,  behueten,  G. 
behiiten,  keep,  guard,  <  be-  (=E.  be-1)  +  OHG. 
huoten,  MUG.  hiieteii,  G.  hiiten,  keep,  =  E.  heed, 
q.v.]  1.  A  chest,  often  with  ; rchedor  con- 
vex top,  and  frequently  covered  with  leather, 
richly  carved,  or  otherwise  ornamented.    Such 


B 


VB«f 


Bahui.—  French  K.ih  century  work.    [Prom  "  L'Art  pour  1 

chests  were  a  universal  and  very  important  article  of  fur- 
mi  in .  during  the  medieval  ami  Renaissance  periods. 
2.  An  ornamental  cabinet,  especially  one  hav- 
ing doors.  See  cabinet.—  8.  th.arch.1  (ft)  The 
convex  crowning  course  of  a  wall  or  parapet. 
Victor  Cay.    (M  In  great  medieval  buildings, 

a  low  wall  supporting  the  roof  behind  the  gut- 


bahut 

ter  and  balustrade  or  parapet  crowning  tho 
main  walls.  This  wall  serves  both  l"  prevent  Infiltra- 
tion of  water  from  heavy  storms  and  to  protect  the  lower 
part  of  the  roof-covering  from  damage  which  the  use  of 
tin-  gutters  as  passages  would  be  likely  to  cause.  Viollet- 
le-Duc. 

bahut'-'t,  n.  [< F. balmtte.  Cf.  bdhufl.]  A  dress 
for  masquerading;  a  domino.     N.  E.  D. 

Baianism(ba'yan-izm),  ».  [From  Michel  Hums, 
or  di  Bay,  its  author.]  A  system  of  religious 
opinions,  regarded  as  an  anticipation  of  Jan- 
senism, found  in  part  or  constructively  in  the 
writings  of  Baius  (Michel  de  Bay,  1513-1589) 
of  the  University  of  Louvain.  As  condemned  by 
fins  V.  and  Gregory  XIII.,  its  chief  points  are:  that  ori- 
ginal righteousness  was  an  integral  part  of  human  nature 
before  the  tall,  not  an  additional  gift  of  God  ;  that  Adam 
could  have  merited  eternal  life  as  a  matter  of  strict  jus- 
tice ;  that  man  as  fallen  was  mutilated  in  nature  and  capa- 
ble of  sin  only ;  and  that  all  works  are  sinful  unless  done 
from  pure  love  of  God.  Baius  submitted  to  the  condem- 
nation of  his  doctrines. 

baicht,  a-  An  obsolete  form  of  batch2.  Bay 
(Halliwell). 

baid  (bad).  [North.  Eng.  and  So.,  =E.Z>o<fe3.] 
A  preterit  of  bide. 

baidak  ibi'diik),  h.  [Buss,  baidaku.]  A  river- 
boat  used  on  the  Dnieper  and  its  affluents,  it 
is  from  100  to  150  feet  long,  and  will  carry  from  175  to  250 
tons.     It  has  generally  one  mast  and  one  huge  sail. 

baidar  (bi'dar),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  canoe 
used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Aleutian  and 
Kurilo  islands  in  the  pursuit  of  otters  and 
whales.  It  is  from  IS  to  25  feet  long,  covered  with  hides, 
anil  propelled  by  from  (i  to  12  paddles. 

baiet,  ».  and  «.  Obsolete  form  of  bail1,  bay2, 
etc. 

baierine  (bi'e-rin),  n.  [<  G-.  Baiern,  Bavaria, 
+  -ine2.]  A' name  given  by  Beudant  to colum- 
bite  obtained  in  Bavaria. 

baiest,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  baize. 

baignet,  »■  and  v.    See  bain?. 

baignoire  (ba-nwor'),  ».  [F.,  a  bath-tub,  a  box 
in  a  theater,  <  baigncr,  bathe :  see  bain2.']  A 
box  in  a  theater  on  tho  same  level  as  the  stalls. 
Sometimes  written  baignoir. 

The  twelve  baignoirs  and  the  thirty-six  boxes  of  the 
second  tier  are  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  manager. 

Harper  a  Mag.,  LXVII.  884. 

baikalite  (bi'kal-it),  n.  [<  Baikal  (Baiakhal, 
said  to  mean  'abundant  water'),  a  lake  in  south- 
ern Siberia,  +  -ite2.]  A  dark-green  variety  of 
pyroxene,  occurring  in  crystals  with  a  lamellar 
structure  like  that  of  salite  near  Lake  Baikal 
in  southern  Siberia. 

bail1  (bal),  n.  [Sometimes  improp.  bale;  early 
mod.  E.  bail,  bayle,  <  ME.  bayle,  bcyl,  prob.  <  AS. 
*begel,  *bygel  (not  recorded;  cf.  bygc,  a  bend, 
turn,  bctili  (>E.  bee2),  a  ring)  (=D.  beugel,&  hoop, 
ring,  bow,  stirrup,  handle,  =  MLU.  bogel,  bog- 
gel,  LG.  bogel,  a  bow,  ring,  =  G.  biegel,  biicjel,  a 
bow,  bent  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  stirrup,  = 
Dan.  bqjle,  a  bow,  bar,  boom-iron,  =  Sw.  bogel, 
bygel,  a  bow,  hoop,  ring,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  bygill,  a 
stirrup) ;  with  formative  -el,  <  bio/an  (pp.  bogen) 
(=  G.  biegen  =  Icel.  bjuga,  etc.),  bow,  bend,  in 
part  from  the  causative  hygan,  began,  ME.  bei- 
gen,  beicn,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay  (=  G.  beugen 
=  Icel.  beygja,  etc.:  see  bay0),  bend:  see  bow1, 
v.,  and  cf.  bow2,  «.]  1.  A  hoop  or  ring;  a  piece 
of  wood,  metal,  or  other  material  bent  into  the 
form  of  a  circle  or  half-circle,  as  a  hoop  for  sup- 
porting the  tilt  of  a  boat,  the  cover  of  a  wagon 
or  cradle,  etc.  Specifically — 2.  The  hoop  form- 
ing the  handle  of  a  kettle  or  bucket. — 3.  One 
of  the  iron  yokes  which  serve  to  suspend  a  life- 
car  from  the  hawser  on  which  it  runs. — 4.  A 
stout  iron  yoke  placed  over  heavy  guns  and  fit- 
ting closely  over  the  ends  of  the  trunnions,  to 
which  it  is  attached  by  pins  in  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions :  used  to  raise  the  gun  by  means  of 
the  gin.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. —  5.  An  arched 
support  of  a  millstone. —  6t.  A  wooden  canopy 
formed  of  bows,     llalliwcll. 

bail1  (bal),  v.  t.  [<  bail1,  ».]  To  provide  with 
a  bail ;  hoop. 

bail2  (bal),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  *bayb  »,  <  OF.  bailler, 
baillier,  bailier=  Pr.  bailor,  carry,  conduct,  con- 
trol, receive,  keep  in  custody,  give,  deliver,  < 
L.  bajalare,  bear  a  burden,  carry,  ML.  also 
conduct,  control,  rule,  <  bajulus,  a  bearer,  car- 
rier, porter,  in  ML.  (>  It.  bailo,  balio  =  Pg.  bailio 
=  Sp.  Pr.  baile  =  OF.  bail,  with  ML.  reflex 
baillus,  balius,  etc.)  a  governor,  administrator, 
tutor,  guardian,  fern,  bajula  (>  OF.  bailie,  etc., 
ML.  reflex  baila),  a  governess,  nurse.  In  E.  the 
verb,  in  its  customary  senses,  is  rather  from 
the  noun:  see  bail2,  n.]  1.  Inlaw:  (a)  To  de- 
liver, as  goods,  without  transference  of  owner- 
ship, on  an  agreement,  expressed  or  implied, 


421 

that  they  shall  be  returned  or  accounted  for. 
Seo  bailment. 
If  cloth  be  delivered  (or  in  our  legal  dialect,  bailed)  to  a 

tailor  to  make  a  suit  of  clothes.      Blackstone,  Com.,  II.  452. 

(b)  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  arrest 
and  imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the 
person  bailed  shall  appearand  answer  in  court 
or  satisfy  tho  judgment  given:  applied  to  the 
action  of  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  ma- 
gistrate is  said  to  bail  a  person  (or  to  admit  him  I"  hail) 
when  he  liberates  him  from  arrest  or  imprisonment,  upon 
bond  given  with  sureties.    The  surety  is  also  said  to  bail 

the  person  whose  release  he  procures  by  giving  the  1 1. 

Tit.  Let  me  lie  their  ball.  .  .  . 

Sat.  Thou  shalt  not  bail  them. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,ii.  4, 

When  they  [the  judges]  had  bailed  the  twelve  bishops, 

the  House  of  Commons,  in  great  indignation,  caused  them 

immediately  to  be  recommitted.  Clarendon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  release ;  liberate. 

Ne  none  there  was  to  reskue  her,  ne  none  to  baile. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i\.  7. 

3.  To  be  security  for;  secure;  protect. 

We  can  bail  him  from  the  cruelty 
Of  misconstruction.  Ford,  Fancies,  v.  2. 

To  bail  OUt,  to  procure  tlu  release  of  (a  person)  by  acting 
as  his  bail.— To  hall  over  to  keep  the  peace,  to  require 
security  from  (a  person)  that  he  will  keep  tin   peace, 
bail'-'  (bal),  n.     [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  bayle,  huh. 
<  ME.  bayle,  baill  (ML.  hall  turn,  balium),  <  OF. 
bail,  power,  control,  custody,  charge,  jurisdic- 
tion, also  delivery,  <  bailler,  battier,  conduct, 
control,  etc.,  deliver.     The  noun  is  thus  his- 
torically from  the  verb,  though  in  E.  the  verb 
in  some  of  its  senses  depends  on  the  noun:  see 
bail2,  v.]     If.  Power;  custody;  jurisdiction. 
So  did  Diana  and  her  maydens  all 
Use  silly  Faunus,  now  within  their  baile. 

Spemer,  F.  ().,  VII.  vi.  40. 

2.  The  keeping  of  a  person  in  nominal  custody 
on  security  that  he  shall  appear  in  court  at  a 
specified  time.  The  person  is  said  to  be  admitted  to 
bail,  in  which  phrase,  however,  bail  is  now  commonly 
thought  of  as  the  security  given.    See  3. 

3.  Security  given  to  obtain  the  release  of  a 
prisoner  from  custody,  pending  final  decision 
in  the  action  against  him.  In  civil  cases  a  person 
arrested  has  always  the  right  to  give  sufficient  bail,  and 
thereupon  be  released  from  custody.  In  criminal  cases 
the  defendant  lias  also  this  right,  as  a  rule,  when  the 
crime  charged  is  a  mere  misdemeanor.  Whether  to  bail 
one  charged  with  treason  or  felony  is  usually  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  judge,  and  in  some  states  bail  is  always  de- 
nied to  one  held  for  a  crime  punishable  with  death.  The 
security  is  in  the  form  of  a  bond  executed  by  responsible 
sureties,  providing  that  the  defendant  shall  appear  at  the 
order  of  the  court  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  the  sum 
named  in  the  bond.  The  person  hailed  is  regarded  as  but 
transferred  from  the  custody  of  the  law  to  that  of  his 
sureties,  who  may  therefore  seize  and  surrender  him  at 
any  time.  In  civil  cases  there  are  several  kinds  of  bail  at 
common  law,  the  chief  being  common  bailnud  special  bail. 
Com  won  bad.nvbait  below,  which  is  now  disused,  was  given 
to  the  sheriff  on  a  bail-bond  entered  into  by  two  persons, 
on  condition  that  the  defendant  appeal'  at  the  day  and  in 
such  place  as  the  arresting  process  commands.  Special 
bail,  bail  above,  or  bail  to  the  action,  is  given  by  pel-sons 
who  undertake  generally,  after  appearance  of  a  defen- 
dant, that  if  lie  be  condemned  in  the  action  he  shall  satisfy 
the  debt,  costs,  and  damages,  or  render  himself  to  the 
proper  person,  or  that  they  will  do  so  for  him.  (Wharton.) 
In  Scotland,  bail  in  civil  cases  is  called  caution  (which  see). 

4.  Figuratively,  security;  guaranty. 
Doubtless  this  man  hath  bail  enough  to  be  no  Adulterer. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon,  Works  (1738),  I.  251. 

5.  Liberation  on  bail:  as,  to  grant  bail. — 6. 
The  person  or  persons  who  provide  bail,  and 
thus  obtain  the  temporary  release  of  a  prisoner. 
Persons  who  make  a  business  of  furnishing  bail  on  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  often  frequent  law-courts.  Formerly  such 
persons  wore  straws  in  their  shoes  as  a  sign  of  their  occu- 
pation; hence  the  term  straw  bail,  used  to  designate  fic- 
titious or  irresponsible  professional  bail. 

The  bail  must  be  real  substantial  bondsmen. 

Blackstone. 

The  attorney  whispered  to  Mr.  Pickwick  that  be  was 
on\y  n  bail.  "  Xbail.i"  "Yes,  my  dear  sir,  half-a-dozen 
of  em  here,  l'.ail  you  to  any  amount  and  only  charge 
half-a-crown."  Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers. 

Where  those  mysterious  personages  who  were  wont  in 

the  old  times  to  perambulate  the  great  sal i  of  the  futile 

footsteps,  Westminster  Hall,  with  straws  in  their  shoes, 
and  whose  occupation  is  not  by  any  means  com-  nowa- 
days, tire  always  in  attendance  in  a  philanthropic  eager- 
ness to  render  service  to  suffering  humanity— or  in  other 
words,  to  become  bail  where  bail  is  wanted,  for  agratuity 
of  balfa-crown  to  twelve  and  sixpence.  G.  A.  Sola. 

[Bail,  being  an  abstract  noun  applicable  to  persons  only 
by  ellipsis,  is  not  used  in  the  plural.)  — Bail  a  longues 
annees,  in  Canadian  law,  a  lease  for  more  than  nine 
years,  termed  also  an  einphilteirtic  lease,  whereby  the  les- 
see enjoys  for  the  term  all  tile  rights  attached  to  the  qual- 
ity of  proprietor,  and  can  dispose  of  the  property  subject 
to  the  rights  of  the  lessor.— On  bail,  on  guaranties  duly 
given  for  the  appearance  or  production  of  a  prisoner  in 
court  at  the  proper  time:  as,  he  was  liberated  on  bail. 

His  [Somerset's]  friends  attempted  to  obtain  bis  release 
on  bail.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  672. 

To  admit  to  bail,  or  to  take  bail  for,  to  release  upon 
security  given.  See  above,  2. -To  find  bail,  to  procure 
persons  to  act  as  bail.  — To  go  bail,  (a)  '1°  act  as  bail  or 


bailed 

surety.    (b)  To  vouch  (for  a  thing):  as.  Ill  '/"  bail  tor 

that.     To  hold  to  bail,  to  oblige  to  And  bail  or  go  to  jail. 

To  perfect  oi  justify  bail,  to  prove  by  the  oath  of  the 

person  furnishing  ball  that,  over  and  above  his  debt     In 

is  worth  the  BUIU  for  which  he  is  about  to  become  security. 

bail"  (bal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayle  (still 
sometimes  used  archaically  in  def.  ti),  <  ME. 
bayle,  baile,  bail,  a  barrier,  palisade,  prob.  also 
a  bar  (=  I),  l-'lein.  balie,  :i  bar,  rail),  <  OF.  bail, 
baile,  bailie,  a  harrier,  palisade,  prob.  also  (as 
in  mod.  V.  dial,  bail)  a  bar,  cross-bar  (cf.  [eel. 
biigall,  an  episcopal  si  a  IT.  orozicr),  prob.  <  L. 
baculum,  bacillus,  a  stick,  rod,  staff  (see  baat 
lus.  and  cf.  bail*,  <  ML.  'baeitla) :  see  bail?,  v., 
and  cf.  dcriv.  bailey1.  The  noun  bails  in  some 
senses  maybe  from  the  verb,  but  all  senses  ap- 
[M'tir  In  depend  till  .on  I  hal  of  ;i  har,  or  cross- 
bar.]    If.  A  bar;  a  cross-bar. 

Set  them  uppon  some  pearche  or  bayle  of  wood  that 
they  maye  by  that  meanes  the  better  keepe  their  feathers 
unbroken  and  eschue  the  dragging  of  their  traines  upon 
the  ground. 

Turberville,  Iiooke  of  Fab ie,  p.  858.    (A'.  B.  D.) 

2.  In  cricket,  one  of  the  two  little  bars  or  sticks, 
about  4  inches  long,  which  are  laid  on  the  tops 
of  the  stumps,  one  end  resting  in  the  groove  of 
one  stump,  and  the  other  in  that  of  the  next, 
since  they  fall  with  the  lightest  blow,  they  serve  to  indi- 
cate when  the  stumps  have  been  struck. 

Old  Bailey  gravely  sets  up  the  middle  stump  again,  and 
puts  the  bails  on. 

T.  Ilwihes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

3.  A  bar  or  pole  to  separate  horses  in  a  stable. 
— 4.  A  framework  for  securing  the  head  of  a 
cow  while  she  is  being  milked.  [Australia.] — 
5.  [The  earliest  use  in  E.]  Milit. :  («)  pi. 
The  outer  wall  or  line  of  defenses,  originally 
often  made  of  stakes;  barriers;  palisades.  See 
palisade.  Hence  —  (b)  The  space  inclosed  by 
the  outer  wall ;  tho  outer  court  of  a  castle  or  a 
f  i  utified  post :  in  this  sense  usually  called  bailey. 
See  bailey1. —  6.  A  certain  limit  in  a  forest. 

bail3  (bal),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bale ;  appar. 
<  OF.  baillier,  inclose,  shut  in,  bar.  appar.  < 
bailie,  a  bar,  cross-bar,  barrier;  in  the  second 
sense,  directly  <  bail3,  n.,  5.]  1.  To  bar  in; 
confine.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  provide  with  a  bail. 
—  To  bail  up.  (a)  To  secure  the  head  (of  a  cow)  in  a  bail 
while  she  is  being  milked.  Hence  —  (b)  To  disarm  prepar- 
atory to  robbing  ;  order  to  throw  up  the  arms.    [Australia.] 

bail4,  (bal),  n.  [<  ME.  beyle,  "bayle  =  D.  balie 
=  MLG.  balgc,  ballige,  ballcie,  LG.  balje,  a  tub, 
bucket,  =  G.  Dan.  balje  =  Sw.  balja,  a  tub,  = 
It.  bnglia,  a  tub,  bucket,  <  F.  bailie,  naut.  a  tub, 
bucket,  pail,  prob.  <  ML.  "haciita,  a  bucket  or 
tub  (cf.  bacula,  a  small  boat),  dim.  of  bacn, 
bacca,  a  tub :  see  back3.  ( 'f.  bail3,  prob.  <  L. 
baculum.]  A  bucket;  a  pail;  especially,  a 
bucket  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  dip  water 
out  of  a  boat. 

bail4  (bal),  v.  [Also  less  prop,  bale ;  early  mod. 
E.  baile,  bayle  (=  D.  balicn,  nit-balien) ;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  remove  (water),  or  free 
(a  boat,  etc.)  from  water,  with  a  bail,  bucket, 
basin,  or  other  small  vessel:  usually  with  out. 
II.  intraiis.  To  remove  water,  as  from  a  boat 
or  the  like,  with  a  bail  or  bucket. 

bail3t,  etc.  Obsolete  and  less  proper  spelling 
of  bale1,  etc. 

bailable  (ba'la-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
baleable,  baileable ;  <  bail2,  v.  and  n.,  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  delivered ;  deliverable. — 

2.  Capable  of  being  set  free  upon  giving  bond 
with  sureties ;  capable  of  being  admitted  to 
bail:  used  of  persons. —  3.  Admitting  of  bail: 
as,  a  bailable  offense. 

bailage  (ba'laj),  n.  [Also  bailiagc,  balliagc,  as 
if  <  AF.  *bailiagc,  ML.  balliaginin  :  see  bail2, 
v.,  and  -age.]  A  duty  imposed  upon  the  de- 
livery of  goods ;  an  ancient  duty  received  by 
the  city  of  London  for  all  goods  and  merchan- 
dise brought  into  or  carried  out  of  the  port. 
Chambers. 

bail-bond  (bal 'bond),  n.  A  bond  or  obliga- 
tion given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety  to  in- 
sure the  appearance  of  the  former  in  court  at 
the  return  of  the  writ. 

bail-dockt  (bal'dok),  «.  [Prob.  <  bail3  +  dock3.] 
Formerly,  at  the  Old  Bailey  in  London,  a  small 
room  taken  from  one  of  the  corners  of  the 
court,  and  left  open  at  the  top,  in  which  cer- 
tain malefactors  were  placed  during  trial.  Also 
spelled  bale-dock. 

Penn  and  Ulead,  for  their  stout  defence  at  their  trial, 
were  dragged  into  the  bale-dock,  and  the  Recorder  pro- 
ceeded to  charge  the  jury  during  their  detention  there, 
urging  for  an  excuse,  that  they  were  still  within  hearing 
of  the  Court.  N.  awl  (,»■.  6th  ser.,  XI.  87. 

bailedt  (bald),  p.  a.  [<  bail1  +  -ed2.]  Pro- 
vided with  a  bail ;  hooped  and  covered,  as  a 
wagon. 


bailee 

bailee  (ba-le'),  ».  [<  bail-,  v.,  +  -ce1.]  In  law, 
tin'  person  to  whom  goods  are  committed  in 
bailment.  Be  lias  a  temporary  possession  of 
tli.  in  and  a  qualified  propertyin  them  for  such 
purpose  only. 

bailer1,  «.    L<  baifi  +  -er\]    Sit  bailor. 

bailer-  (ba'ler),  «.  [<  baifr+ -er\]  1.  One 
who  bails  out  water,  or  frees  a  boat  from  water. 
—  2.  A  vessel  used  for  bailing  water. 

Forriveror  lake  work  a  sponge  and  baler  may  be  til 
Hcient,  but  I'm-  Bea  cruising  an  effective  pump  should  In' 
fitted.  Qualtrouffh,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  194. 

Also  baler. 

bailey1  (ba'li),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baily, 
bailie,<  ME.  baily,  bailit .  baillie,  bailly,  baili,  etc., 
an  extended  form  (prob.  after  the  ME.  balium, 
ballium,  a  reflex  of  the  ( IF.  bail)  of  bayle,  bail, 
mod.  E.  Imii,  a  barrier,  ete. :  see  bail3.]  1.  The 
external  wall  of  defense  about  a  feudal  eastle 
(see  bail3);  by  extension,  any  of  lie-  circuits  of 
wall  other  than  a  keep  or  donjon,  that  is,  any 
line  of  defense  other  than  the  innermost  one. 
— 2.  As  used  by  later  writers,  the  outer  court 
or  base-eourt  of  a  castle;  by  extension,  any 
court  of  a  defensive  post  used  with  a  distinctive 
epithet.  The  inner  bail,  i/ contained  the  stables  and  often 
the  chapel,  etc.,  ami  communicated  directly  with  the  keep; 
the  outer  bailey,  when  there  were  only  two,  more  commonly 
contained  the  chapel  and  sometimes  a  tilt-yard,  exercise- 
ground,  <u-  the  like.  The  entranceway  to  a  castle,  after 
ing  the  defenses  of  the  barbican,  led  first  into  the  outer 
bailey  and  thence  into  the  inner  bailey;  hut  it  was  usual 
for  the  keep  to  have  also  a  separate  communication  with 
the  exterior.  [The  word  is  still  retained  in  some  proper 
names,  as  in  the  Old  Bailey,  the  seat  of  the  central  crimi- 
nal court  "i  London,  so  called  from  the  ancient  bailey  of 
the  city  wall  between  Lud  Gate  and  New  Gate,  within 
which  it  v\  as  situated. 
Also  ballium. 

bailey-t,  "•    See  bailie?. 

bailiage1,  «.    See  bailage. 

bailiage",  bailliage  (ba'li-aj),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bailiage,  baliage,  and  bailiage  (cf.  ML.  bal- 
Uagium,  baillagium,  baliaticum),  <  F.  bailliage 
(=Pr.  bailiatge  =  Sp.  bailiage),  <  bailli,  a  bailiff, 
bailie,  +  -age.]  The  jurisdiction  or  district  of 
a  bailiff  or  bailli ;  a  bailiwick:  now  used  chiefly 
(in  the  form  baili  iai/e)  with  reference  to  old 
French  or  to  Swiss  bailiwicks. 
At  first  lova  baUlxages  were  created.  Brougham. 

The  several  orders  [in  France]  met  in  their  bailliaffea  in 
i:-:',  to  choose  their  representatives  [in  the  Assembly] 
and  draw  up  their  grievances  ami  instructions. 

John  Morley,  Burke,  p.  161. 

bailiary,  n.    See  bailiery. 

bailie^,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bailey1. 

bailie2  (ba'li),  n.  [Now  only  as  Sc,  also  spelled 
baillie,  baily,  early  mod.  E.  also  baily,  bailey,  bay- 
ley,  ete.,  <  M10.  baylie,  bayly,  baillie,  baili,baiUi, 
<  ( )F.  bailli,  earlier  baillif,  >  E.  bailiff,  of  which 
bailie"  is  thus  a  doublet:  see  bailiff.]  If.  A 
bailiff.— 2.  In  Scotland:  (nf)  The  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  barony  or  part  of  a  county,  having 
functions  equivalent  to  those  of  a  sheriff.  (J) 
A  municipal  officer  or  magistrate,  corresponding 
to  an  alderman  in  England.  He  possesses  a  certain 
jurisdiction  by  common  law  as  well  as  by  statute.  The 
criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  provost  and  bailies  of  royal 
burghs  extends  i"  breaches  of  the  peace,  drunkenness, 
adulteration  of  articles  of  diet,  thefts  not  of  an  aggra- 
vated character,  ami  other  offenses  "1  a  less  serious  na- 
ture. Formerly,  a  person  appointed  by  precept  of  sasine  to 
infeftment   in  iand(alegal  formality  now  abolished) 

w:e    :.  laitU. 

bailie:ft,  "■    See  baily*. 

bailiery,  bailiary  (ba'li-e-ri.  -a-ri),  «.  [Early 
mod.  10.  also  baillierie,  etc.,  <  J'',  as  if  baillerie, 
bailli:  Bee  bailie*  and  -ery.]  In  Scots  law,  a 
bailie's  jurisdiction.  Also  bailliery,  baiUiary. — 
Letter  of  bailiery,  a  commission  by  which  a  heritable 
i  iii  nr,  entitled  to  grant  such  a  commission,  appoints 
a  baron  bailie,  with  tin'  usual  powers,  to  hold  courts,  ap- 
point officers  under  him,  etc. 

bailiff  (ba'lif),  n.  [Early  mod.  B.  also  bayliff, 
baliffe,  bailive,  ete.,  <  \n;.  bailif.  baillif,  balyf, 
etc.  (ML.  ballivus),  <  OF.  bailUf  (later  bailli, 
E.  bailie*,  i|.  v.i.  <  Ml,,  bajulivus,  prop,  adj.,  < 
Ixijiiiu  ,  ;m  administrator,  manager,  guardian, 
tutor,  ite.,  in  i,.  a  carrier,  porter;  see  bail*,  v.] 

1.  A  subordinate  '-ivil  officer  or  functionary. 
Then  an  in  England  teveral  kinds  of  bailiffs,  whose  offices 
differ  widely,  but  all  agree  in  this,  that  the  keeping  or  pro* 
iiiiiiii!  omething  oelong  tothem.  The  sheriff  is  the 
sovereign's  bailiff,  ami  in,  county  is  a  bailiwick.  The 
name  u  also  applied  i-  the  i  lu<  I  ma  I  trates  of  some 
towns,  t..  keepi  rs  of  roya  i  I  lover,  t"  persons 
having  til'                          ■         i          [u  hundn  de  ami  In 

some  special  jurisdiction     a     Wi   ti ter,  ami  to  the 

returning-ofincers  in  He'  Bame.     Hut  the  officiate  i  omn 

ly  designated  by  I 

hi  1 1  :     offii .  ■     who  execute  pi  and  baili])  i 

of  liberties,  appointed  bs  the  lords  In  their  n  pi  etfve 
jurisdii  tiona  to  pi  rform  similar  functions. 

2.  An  overseer  or  under  steward  on  an  estate, 
appointed  to  manage  forests,  direct  husbandry 
operations,  colled   rents,  etc.    Also  called  a 


422 

bailiff  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  husbandry. —  3.  An 
officer  of  the  Knights  oi'  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 
—  Bailiff  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  husbandry.  See 
above.  ±  High  bailiff,  In  England:  (a)  The  chief  offi- 
cer of  certain  corporations.  ('■)  The  officer  of  a  county 
court,  (c)  The  officer  who  serves  writs  ami  the  like  in 
certain  franchises  not  subject  t"  tic  ordinary  jurisdiction 
i.f  in-  sheriff.  Special  bailiff,  a  person  named  bj  a  party 
in  a  civil  suit  lor  the  purpoBeoi  executing  some  particular 
1 iss  therein,  ami  appointed  hy  the  sheriff  on  the  appli- 
cation of  such  party.  -Water-bailiff,  in  England,  an 
officer  employed  in  protecting  a  river  from  poachers  and 
from  being  fished  at  other  times  or  in  other  ways  than 
those  permitted  by  law, 

bailiffryt  (ba'lii'-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bailivery;  <  bailiff  +  -ry.]  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  bailiff. 

bailiffship  (ba'lif-ship),  n.  [<  bailiff  +  -ship.] 
The  office  of  bailiff. 

bailiffwickt  (ba'lif- wik),ji.  [(.bailiff '+  -wick.  Cf. 
bailiwiclc]  The  office  of  a  bailiff  or  a  sheriff,  or 
the  district  under  his  jurisdiction ;  a  bailiwick. 

bailing-machine  (ba' ling-ma- shen*),  n.  A 
form  of  bail-scoop  (which  see). 

bailiwick  (ba'li-wik),  n.  [<  ME.  bailie-,  bayly-, 
etc.,  +  -trike,  etc. ;  <  bailie"  +  -wick.]  The  coun- 
ty within  which  a  sheriff  exercises  his  office; 
tlio  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction; 
the  limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority,  as  (in  Eng- 
land) a  hundred,  a  liberty,  or  a  forest  over 
which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 

There  is  a  proper  officer  allreailye  appoynted  for  these 
turtles,  to  witt  the  sheriff  of  the  shire,  whose  peculiar  office 
it  is  to  walke  continuallye  up  and  downe  his  balywick,  as 
ye  would  have  a  marshall.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

bailliage,  ».    [F.]    See  bailiage*. 

baillieH,  '<•    See  bailey1. 

baillie-t,  ».    See  bailie*. 

baillie3t,  »•    See  baily*. 

baillie-brushkie  (ba'li-brush'ki),  n.  [Native 
name  in  Alaska.]  The  parrakeet-auklet,  l'ba- 
leris  or  Ombria  psittacula.    H.  W.  Elliott. 

bailliery,  bailliary,  ».    See  bailiery. 

baillon  (F.  pron.  ba-lydn'),  n.  [<  F.  baiUon,  a 
gag,  of  uncertain  origin;  either  (1)  dim.  (as  if 

<  L.  "baculo,  *baculon-)  of  OF.  bailie,  bail,  a  bar, 
barrier  (see  bail3) ;  or  (2),  written  baillon,  <  batt- 
ler, i  )F.  baaiUer,  baailer  =  Pr.  badaiUar  =  Cat. 
badallar  =  It.  sbadigliare,  gape  (cf.  ML.  bmlnl- 
luui,  a  gag),  <  ML.  batlare,  gape,  open  the 
mouth:  see  bay*.]  A  gag;  specifically,  a  piece 
of  cork  or  other  material  used  to  keep  the  mouth 
open  during  operations,  dental  or  surgical,  in 
the  mouth. 

baillone  (ba-lyo-na'),  a.  [<  F.  bdillonne,  pp.  of 
bdillonner,  gag,  <  baillon,  a  gag:  see  baillon.] 
In  her.,  holding  a  stick  between  the  teeth:  said 
of  an  animal  used  as  a  bearing. 

bailment  (bal'ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bailement,  <  OF.  "baillement,  <  battler,  deliver, 
bail:  see  bail'2,  v.,  and  -merit.]  1.  The  contract 
or  legal  relation  which  is  constituted  by  the 
delivery  of  goods  without  transference  of  own- 
ership, on  an  agreement  expressed  or  implied 
that  they  be  returned  or  accounted  for,  as  a 
loan,  a  consignment,  a  delivery  to  a  carrier,  a 
pledge,  a  deposit  for  safe  keeping,  or  a  letting 
on  hire. —  2.  The  act  of  bailing  a  prisoner  or 
an  accused  person;  also,  the  record  of  or  doc- 
uments relating  to  such  a  bailing. 

bailo  (ba'i-lo),  n.  [It,  <  ML.  bajulus,  a  mana- 
ger, administrator,  guardian,  etc. :  see  bail*,  v.] 
The  title  of  the  Venetian  Resident  at  the  Ot- 
toman Porte.     N.  E.  1>. 

bailor,  bailer1  (ba'lor,  -ler),  n.  [<  bail?,  v.,  + 
-or,  -cr1.]  In  lair,  one  who  delivers  goods  to 
another  in  bailment.     See  bailment,  1. 

bail-piece  (bal'pes),  n.  In  law,  a  certificate 
issued  to  a  person  by  a  court  attesting  his  ac- 
ceptance us  a  surety  in  a  ease  before  il. 

bail-scoop  (bal'skop),  m.     [<  bail*  +  scoop.]    A 

SCOOp  pivoted  at  one  end,  fitted  with  valves, 
and  so  arranged  that  a  large  quantity  of  water 
may  I"'  raised  by  it  through  a  short,  distance: 
used  in  draining  and  irrigating. 

bailsman  (balz  man),  «. ;  pi.  bailsmen  (  men). 

[<  bail's,  poss.  of  "hail-,  it.,  +  man.]  One  who 
gives  bail  for  another;  a  surety  or  bail. 

bailyH  (ba'li),  «.    <  obsolete  spelling  of  bailey1. 

baily-t  (ba'li),  n.  The  regular  English  spell- 
ing of  the  word  now  used  only  in  the  Scotch 
spelling  bailie.    See  bailie*. 

Lausanne  Is  under  the  canton  "i  Berne,  governed  by  a 
baily,  sent  every  three  years  from  the  senate  of  Berne. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

baily:,t  (ba'li),  «.  [Also  bailie,  <  ME,  bailie, 
bayly,  baly,  bailly,  baillye,  baillie,  baili,  <  OF. 
bailit ,  imiiiii  =  Pr.  bailia  =  Sp.  batlia  =  It.  halia 
(ML.  India,  bailia,  bailia,baiUia,  baylia,bayllia), 

<  ML.  bajulia,  the  jurisdiction  or  office  of  a  bai- 


bairman 

liff,<  hajiil>is,:m  administrator,  governor,  bailiff: 
see  bail-  and  bailiff,  bailie*.]  1.  The  jurisdic- 
tion, authority,  or  office  of  a  bailiff  or  bailie; 
hence,  jurisdiction  or  authority,  especially  as 
delegated;  stewardship. —  2.  The  district  of  a 

bailiff  or  bailie;   n  leiiliwick. 

Baily's  beads.    See  bead. 

bain1  ( ban),  a.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  also  written 
bane,  <  ME.  bayne,  bayn,  beyn,  <  Icel.  bemn, 
straight,  direct,  hospitable,  =  Norw.  bein, 
straight,  direct,  easy  to  deal  with.]  1.  Direct: 
near;  short:  as,  that  way's  the  bainest  (banest). 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —  2f.  Eeady;  willing. 
Be  thou  buxom  mid  right  bayn. 

Vowneli  y  Mysteries,  p.  W8, 

3t.  Limber;  pliant;  flexible. 
bain1   (ban),  adv.     [E.  dial.,  also  bane,  <    ME. 
bayn,  bain;   from  the   adj.]     1.   Near  by;   at 
hand.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2f.   Readily;   willingly. 

The  heme  hesilv  ami  bans  1'1'iiklt  hem  ahotlt. 

Qawan  mid  Ooloyras,  i.  6  (in  Pinkerton  a  Scottish  Poems). 
bain'Jt  (ban),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bane,  <  ME. 

limine.  Inline,  <  OF.  and  F.  bain  =  Pr.  bank  =  Sp. 

bailo  =  Pg.  banlio  =  It.  hai/no  (>  F.  Inn/ne,  K. 

bagnio,  q.  v.),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath,  bath-house  : 

see  bal  inn  in.]    1.  A  bath,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. —  2.  A  bagnio  or  brothel. 
bain'-'t  (ban),  v.    [<  ME.  baynen,  <  OF.  baigner  = 

Pr.  Pg.  6a»feor=Sp.  baMar  =  lt.  bagnare,  <  ML. 

halnearc,  bathe,  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath  :  see  bain'", 

n.]     I.  trans.    To  bathe;  wash. 

lie  that  in  Eurotas'  silver  glide 
Doth  bain  his  tress.        Qreene,  Palmer's  Verses. 

II.  intrans.  To  bathe  one's  self;  takeabath. 
bain:,t,  etc.    Obsolete  spelling  of  bane,  bone,  etc. 
bainbergt  (ban'berg),  n.    [Appar.  F.,  <  G.  Wein- 
berg (not  found)  =  AS.   banbeorg,   banberge, 
bdngebeorg,  also  called  scancgebeorg,  lit.  'boue- 
or  leg-guard'  (cf.  dnberge,  'chin-guard';  Jieals- 
beorh,  'neck-guard,'  hauberk : 
see  hauberk),  <  ban,  bone  (= 
G.  bein,  leg),  or scanca,  shank, 
leg,  +  beorgan,  protect.]    A 
name  given  to  the  plate-armor 
of  the  legbelow  the  knee,  when 
first  introduced.    It  was  worn 
over  the  chain-mail,  to  pro- 
tect the  shin. 
Baines's  act.    See  act. 
bainie  ( ba'ni),  a.   Scotch  f  orm 
of  bony. 

bain-marie  (F.  pron.  ban- 
ma-re'),  n.  [F.,  formerly  bain 
de  Marie,  <  ML.  balneum 
Maria*,  lit.  bath  of  Mary ;  a 
fanciful  name,  perhaps  in  al- 
lusion to  the  'gentle'  heat. 
The  second  element  is  some- 
times erroneously  referred 
to  L.  mare,  sea.]  A  vessel  of  any  kind  contain- 
ing heated  water,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
placed  in  order  to  heat  its  contents  gently,  or 
with  more  regularity  and  evenness  than  if  the 
heat  were  applied  directly  to  the  second  vessel : 
used  in  some  operations  of  cooking,  manufac- 
ture, chemistry,  etc.  Also  called  nater-bath. 
bainst,  ».  /''.  Another  spelling  of  banes,  obso- 
lete form  of  bonus.  Spenser. 
baiocco,  bajocco  (ba-yok'ko),  «.;  pi.  baiocchi, 
bajocehi  (-ke).     [Formerly  in  E.   baiock,   byok 

(after  F.  i>,ii- 
ocgue,  bai- 
ogue),  <  It. 
baiocco,  ba- 
jocco, a  small 
coin,  so  call- 
ed from  its 
color,  <  baio, 
In  i  in.  brown 
bay:  see 

ba}i<>.]  A 

small  coin  of  the  former  Papa]  Stabs,  struck  in 
both  silver  and  copper,  worth  about  a  cent. 

Bairam  (bl-ram',  bi'rS,m),  u.    [Formerlj  bay 

rum,  bei/ram,  <  Turk,  b'aiiaiii,  biiip-iim,  heiruni,  < 
I'ers.  Iiaiidm.]  The  name  of  I  wo  festivals  in  the 
Mohammedan  year,  distinguished  as  the  lesser 
and  the  greater.  Theleiser  Bairam  follows  Immedi 
ately  after  the  fast  Btrictly  kept  during  the  ninth  month 
Itainadan,  in  tie-  first  three  days  of  (he  tenth  month,  ami 
is  devoted  t"  fi  asting,  rejoicing,  visiting,  ami  '_m-,  very 
much  as  our  Christinas  holiday  season  is  spent  The 
greater  Bairam  occurs  mi  He  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month  and  i-  everywhere  observed  with  the  slaughter  of 
sheep  and  general  festivity  hy  those  at  home,  simultane- 
ouslj  with  the  great  Bacriflcial  fi  asl  at  Mei  i  a  i  oncluding 

the  cen  i m     of  the  annual  pilgrimage  by  the  hadjls. 

Also  spelled  Beiram. 
bairmant,  n.     See  ban  num. 


obeig 


vom    over 


chausses  of  < 
(From  VioUet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  du  Moodier 
francais.") 


Baiocco  of  Pope  Pius  VI.,  British  Musctim. 
I  the  original.) 


bairn 

bairn  (barn),  ».  [So.  form  of  the  reg.  E.  barn? 
(now  only  dial.))  <  ME-  barn,  bern.i  AS.  beam 
(=  OS.  bam  =  OPries.  '<<(;■»  =  OD.  baren  = 
OHGh  MHG.  barn  =Icel.  Sw.Dan.  &ar»=Goth. 
ban/),  a  child,  <  bo-cm,  E.  Bear1.]  A  child;  a 
son  or  daughter.  Seo  fjani2.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

Think,  like  good  Christians,  on  your  baima  and  wives. 

Dryden. 

is  she  annunciated  t<>  her  bairns  the  upshot  of  her 
practical  experience,  Bhe  pulled  from  her  pocket  the  por- 
tions  of  tape  which  showed  the  length  and  breadth  oi  the 
various  rooms  at  the  hospital  house.  TroUope. 

Bairns'  part  of  gear.    En  Scots  Inn-,  same  as  legitim. 
bairnliness  (barn'li-nes),  n.   [<  *bairnly  ( <  bairn 

+  -I if1)  +  -ncss.]  Childishness;  the  slate  of 
being  a  child  or  like  a  child.  [Scotch.] 
bairntime  (harn'ttm),  n.  [Sc,  <  ME.  barn- 
team,  hunt- inn,  i itc.,<  AS.  bearn-tedm  (=  OPries. 
barn-tam),  a  family,  <  beam,  child,  bairn,  + 
tiiim,  family:  seo  bairn  and  tram.]  A  family 
of  children.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Thae  bonnie  bairntime  Heav'n  has  lent. 

Burns,  A  Dream. 

bairnwort  (barn'wert),  n.  A  namo  for  the 
common  English  daisy,  Bellis  perennis. 

baisemaint  (baz'man),  n.  [¥.,  <  baiter,  kiss 
(<  L.  basiare,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss),  +  main, 

<  L.  manus,  hand.]  A  kissing  of  the  hands;  in 
the  plural,  compliments ;  respects.     Spenser. 

baisementt,  »•     Same  as  baisemain. 

bait1  (bat),  v.  [<  ME.  baiten,  beiten,  baytt  n, 
beyten  (=  OP.  beta;  bait,  in  comp.  dbeter,  urge 
on,  abet,  >  E.  abet,  q.  v.),<  Icel.  lit  Hit,  feed,  hunt, 
as  with  hounds  or  hawks,  bait, -as  a  hook  (= 
Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede,  bait,  =  AS.  bwtan,  also 
gebaJtan,  bridle,  curb  (cf.  batian,  bait,  <  bat, 
bait),  =  Ml),  tin  tin  =  OHG.  beizen,  beizzen, 
MHG.  G.  beizen,  bait),  lit.  cause  to  bite,  <  bita 
=  AS.  bitan, E.  bite:  see  bite.  In  senses  5  and 
6  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.  Cf.  bate5.']  I. 
traits.  If.  To  cause  to  bite;  set  on  (a  dog)  to 
bite  or  worry  (another  animal). — 2.  To  pro- 
voke and  harass  by  setting  on  dogs;  set  a  dog 
or  dogs  to  worry  or  tight  with  for  sport,  as  an 
animal  that  is  hampered  or  confined :  as,  to  bait 
a  bull  or  a  bear. 
We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  death.      Slink.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  set  upon,  as  a  dog  upon  a  captive  animal ; 
hence,  to  harass  in  anyway;  annoy;  nag;  bad- 
ger ;  worry. 

As  chained  beare  whom  cruell  dogs  'lee  bait. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  I.  xii.  35. 
How  oft  have  1  been  baited  by  these  peers, 
And  dare  not  be  revenged. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  ii.  2. 
Baited  thus  to  vexation,  I  assum'd 
A  dulness  of  simplicity.      Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  feed ;  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to, 
especially  upon  a  journey:  as,  to  bait  horses. 

The  Sonne,  that  measures  heaven  all  day  long, 
At  night  doth  baite  his  stcedes  the  <  tcean  waves  emong. 
Spenser,  V.  (,».,  I.  i.  32. 

5.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in:  as,  to  bait  a  hook, 
line,  snare,  or  trap. 

Many  sorts  of  fishes  feed  upon  insects,  as  is  well  known 
to  anglers,  who  bait  their  hooks  With  them.  Ray. 

6f.  To  allure  by  a  bait;  catch;  captivate:  as, 
"tofcattfish,"  Shale.,  M.of  V.,  iii.  1. 

Do  their  gay  vestments  his  affections  bait? 

Sltak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 
But  this  day  she  baited 
A  stranger,  a  grave  knight,  with  "her  loose  eyes. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  act  in  a  worrying  or  har- 
assing manner. — 2.  To  take  food;  feed. —  3. 
To  stop  at  an  inn,  while  on  a  journey,  to  feed 
tho  horses,  or  for  rest  and  refreshment. 

Thence  baiting  at  Newmarket,  stepping  in  at  Audley 
End  to  see  that  llonsi-  againe,  I  slept  at  I'.ishops  Strotford, 
and  the  next  day  home.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  13,  1(J77. 

bait1  (bat),  it.     [<  ME.  bait,  bayte,  beite,  beyte, 

<  Icel.  beita,  f.,  bait  (ef.  Iiiit,  neut.,  a  pasture), 
(=  AS,  bat,  bait,  =  MHG,  beiz,  hcize,  hunting), 

<  bcita,  feed,  bait:  see  the  verb.  The  E.  noun 
is  in  part  directly  from  the  E.  verb.]  1.  Any 
substance,  as  an  attractive  morsel  of  food, 
placed  on  a  hook  or  in  a  trap  to  allure  fish  or 
other  animals  to  swallow  the  hook  or  to  enter 
tho  trap,  and  thereby  lie  caught;  specifically, 
worms,  small  fishes,  etc.,  used  in  fishing.  Eenci  i 
— 2.  An  allurement ;  enticement;  temptation. 

I  do  not  like  that  ring  from  lain  to  her, 
I  mean  to  women  of  her  way;  such  tokens 
Rather  appear  as  baits  than  royal  bounties. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  ii.  2. 

Their  riper  years  were  knowne  to  he  unmov'd  with  the 

baitu  of  preferment.      Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 


423 

i  he  chief  bait  which  attracted  a  needy  sycophant  to  the 
courl  was  the  hope  of  obtaining,  a-  the  reward  ol  i  rvil 
n>  and  flattery,  a  royal  letter  to  an  heiress.      Macaulay, 

3.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink;  a  slight   or 
informal  repast,    (a)   Refreshment  taken  on 

a  journey,  by  man  or  beast. 

If  you  -vow  dry  I"  Eoi  e  you  end  your  business,  pray  take 
a  bait  hen- :  I've  a  fresh  hogshead  for  yon. 

/;  Jonso >i.  Scornful  Lady. 
(Ii)  A  luncheon  ;  food  eaten  by  a  laborer  c  I  tir- 
ing his  shift.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  A  halt  for  re- 
freshment or  rest  in  the  course  of  a  journey. 

The  tediousnesa  of  a  two  hours'  bait  at  Petty  France,  in 
which  there  was  nothing  to  be  done  hut  to  eat  without 
being  hungry,  and  loiter  about  without  anything  to  set 
next  followed.     Jane  Austen,  tforthanger  Abbey,  p.  123. 

5f.  A  refreshment  or  refresher. 

A  pleasaunt  companion  is  a  bait  in  a  iouroy. 

I.uln,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  19S. 

6+.  A  hasty  meal ;  a  snack. 

lb-  rather  took  a  bait  than  made  a  meal  at  the  inns  of 
court,  whilst  in-  studied  tic  laws  therein. 

Fuller,  Worthies  (ed.  1840),  II.  507.    (.V.  /'.'.  /).) 
7.  Short  for  whitebait. 

bait'-'t,  etc.     An  obsolete  form  of  bate1,  etc. 

bait-box  (bat'boks),  ii.  1.  A  small  box  in 
which  anglers  carry  worms  or  small  bait  for 
fish. —  2.  A  tank  in  which  bait  for  fish  is  taken 
to  the  fishing-ground. 

baiter  (ba'ter),  n.  One  who  baits  or  worries 
(animals);  hence,  a  tormentor;  a  tease. 

baith  (bath),  a.,  print.,  or  conj.  A  Scotch  form 
of  both. 

baiting  (ba'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  baiting,  bayting, 
etc. :  verbal  n.  of  bait1.']  1.  The  act  of  worry- 
ing a  chained  or  confined  animal  with  dogs. 
Hence  —  2.  The  act  of  worrying  and  harassing ; 
persistent  annoyance. — 3.  The  act  of  halting 
on  a  journey  for  rest  and  food  for  either  man 
or  beast. — 4.  The  act  of  furnishing  a  trap, 
hook,  etc.,  with  bait. 

bait-mill  (bat'mil),  n.  A  mill  used  by  Ameri- 
can fishermen  for  cutting  mackerel,  salted  her- 
rings, etc.,  into  small  pieces  for  bait,  it  consists 
of  ;t  toller  armed  with  knives  and  inclosed  in  an  upright 
wooden  box,  and  is  worked  by  a  crank  on  the  outside. 

bait-poke  (bat'pdk),  it.  In  coal-mining,  the 
bag  in  which  bait  or  luncheon  is  carried  into 
tin-  mine. 

baittle  (ba'tl),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  battle3. 

baitylos,  ».    See  bcetylvs. 

baize  (baz),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bays,  bayes, 
bease,  baies,  <  OF.  bates  (Godefroy),  pi.,  also 
in  sing,  baye  (Cotgrave),  baize  (whence  also  D. 
baai,  LG.  bajc  (>  G.  boi)  =  Sw.  boj  =  Dan.  baj 
=  Russ.  baika,  baize  ;  cf.  dim.  Sp.  bayeta  =  Pg. 
Inn  in  =  It.  bajetta,  baize),  <  bui  (=  Sp.  bayo  = 
Pg.  baio  =  It.  bajo),  bay-colored.  The  word  is 
thus  prop.  pi.  of  baifi,  formerly  used  also  in  the 
singular:  see  bay6.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen  stuff 
with  a  nap  on  one  side,  and  dyed  in  plain  colors, 
usually  red  or  green.  Baize  (or  hay)  was  first  manu- 
factured in  England  in  1061,  under  letters  patent  issued 
to  certain  refugees  from  the  Netherlands,  who  had  settled 
at  Sandwich  and  other  places  and  were  skilled  in  weaving. 
Baize  is  now  chiefly  used  for  linings,  table  covers,  curtains, 
etc. ;  hut  when  first  introduced  it  was  a  much  thinner 
and  liner  material,  and  was  used  for  clothing.  See  bay®. 
2.  Any  article,  as  a  table-cover,  a  curtain,  etc., 
made,  of  baize;  specifically,  in  theaters,  the 
plain  curtain  lowered  tit  the  end  of  a  play. 

baize  (baz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baized,  ppr. 
baizittg.  [<  baize,  it.]  To  cover  or  line  with 
baize. 

bajadere,  «.    See  bayadere. 

bajdarka,  ».     Same  as  bidarkee. 

Bajimont's  Roll.  See  Bagimonfs  Boll,  under 
roll 

bajjerkeit  (baj'er-kit),  n.  [<  Beug.  bajral.it 
(Hunter).]  Auame  of  the  Manispt  ntadactyla  or 
scaly  ant-eater,  an  edentate  mammal  of  Africa. 

bajOCCO,  it-     See  baiocco. 

bajra1  (buj'ra),  ».  [Hind,  and  Beng.  bajrd.] 
Same  as  budgero. 

bajra-,  bajri  (baj'rS,  -re),  n.  [Also  written 
linjri  i .  hnji  p<  e.  bajury,  repr.  1  lind.  btijra  or  bajri, 
also  litijrti ;  bajri  prop,  denotes  a  smaller  kind, 
which  ripens  earlier.]  A  species  of  millet, 
Pennisetum  typhoideum,  much  used  in  the  Easi 
Indies,  especially  for  feeding  cattle  and  horses. 

bajulatet  (baj'u-lat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  bajulatus,  pp. 
of  bajulare,  bear  a  burden :  see  bail'2.']  To 
carry  to  some  other  place,  as  in  badgering 
(which  see). 

bake  (bak),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  baked,  ppr.  bak- 
ing. [<  ME.  baken,  <  AS.  bacan  (pret.  boc,  pp. 
Ihii-i  n)  =  1).  bakken  =  LG.  bakken  =  Fries,  backc 
=  OHG.  Intei-liiiii,  MHG.  bachen,  G.  backen  = 
Icel.  baka  =  Sw.  baka  =  Dan.  bagc,  bake,  prob. 
=  Gr.  (piiysiv,  roast,  parch.]    I.  trans.  1.  To 


bakey 

cook  by  dry  heal  in  a  closed  place,  such  a-  aii 
oven  :  primarily  used  of  this  manner  of  cooking 
bread,  bul  afterward  applied  to  potatoes,  ap- 
ples,  etc.,  and  also  llesli  ami  fish:  to  be  distin- 
guished from  roast  (which  see). 

I  have  baked  bread  upon  tin I  Isa.  xliv.  10. 

2.   To  harden   by  heat,  either  in  an  oven,  kiln, 
or  furnace,  or  by  tho  sun's  heat:  a*,  to   huh 
bricks  or  pottery. —  3f.  To  harden  by  cold. 
They  bake  their  sides  upon  the  cold  lend  stone. 

The  earth 
When  it  is  bitk'd  with  fro  I 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  do  the  work  of  baking. 

I  keep  his  house;  and  I  wash,  wring, brew,  bake,  .  .  . 
ami  tlo  all  myself.  Shak.,  St.  W.  ol  W.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  undergo  the  process  of  baking. 
bake  (bak),  n.    [<bake,v.    Cf.  batch1.]    A  bak- 
ing. 

After  this  Esau  finished  the  oven,  and  accomplished  a 
bake  of  bread  therein.  Three  -"  Norway,  p.  126. 

bakeboard  (bak'bord),  n.  A  board  on  which 
dough  is  kneaded  and  rolled  out  in  making 
bread, 
baked-apple  (bakt'ap'l),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Labrador  to  the  dried  fruit  of  the  Bubus  i  'luinia- 
iiiuiits,  or  cloudberry. 

baked-meatt,  bake-meatt  duikt'-,  bak'met),  ». 
[Prop,  baked  meat;  <  baked  +  meat.]  1.  Food 
prepared  by  baking;  a  dish  of  baked  meat  or 
food. 

In  the  uppermost  basket  there  was  of  all  maimer  of 
bake-meats  for  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xl.  17. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio  !  the  funeral  bitk'd  meats 
Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  A  meat-pie. 

Von  speak  as  if  a  man 
Should  know  what  fowl  is  coffln'd  in  a  link  d-nu-at 
Aim.  \    it  cut  it  up.  II  lister,  '"'  hits  Devil   iv   1. 

bakehouse  (bak'hous),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  baek- 
limisi  .-  <  ME.  bak-house,  bachouse  (=  LG.  back- 
hits),  <  AS.  hin-lifis,<  bacan, bake,  +  /'«••••,  house.] 
A  building  or  an  apartment  used  for  the  pre- 
paring and  baking  of  bread,  etc. 

bake-meatt,  »•     See  baked-meat. 

bakent  (ba'kn).  An  obsolete  past  participle  of 
bake. 

baker  (ba'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  baker,  bakere,  <  AS. 
btxeere  (=  OS.  bakkeri  =  1).  bakk(  r  =  G.  backer, 
becker  =  Icel.  bakari  =  Sw.  bagare  =  Dan.  ba- 
ger),i  bacan,  bake:  see  bake  and  -o1.  Hence 
bakestt  r,  backstt  pi,  boater.]  1.  One  who  bakes; 
specifically,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  make 
bread,  biscuit,  etc. — 2.  Asmall  portable  tin  oven 
used  in  baking.    [U.  S.]  —  3.  The  popularname 

of  the  flesh-fly,  Sarcophaga  <a nutria Bakers' 

dozen,  thirteen  reckoned  as  a  dozen.  It  was  customary 
for  bakers,  like  some  other  tradesmen,  to  give  13  for  12, 
the  extra  piece  being  called  among  bakers  the  in-bread  or 
(o-ori "'/.  Brewer  says  the  custom  originated  when  heavy 
penalties  were  inflicted  for  short  weight-,  bakers  giving 
the  extra  bread  to  secure  themselves.— Bakers'  itch,  a 
species  of  psoriasis,  so  called  when  it  is  confined  to  the 
hack  of  the  hand.  It  often  appears  in  bakers.  Bakers' 
salt,  subcarbonateof  ammonia,  or  smelling-salts,  so  called 
from  its  being  used  by  bakers  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  liner  kinds  of  bread. 

baker-foot  (ba'ker-fut),  «.;  pi.  baker-feet  (-fet). 
[Cf.  baker-legged.]  An  ill-shaped  or  distorted 
foot:  as,  "bow-legs  and  baker-feet,''  Jer.  Tay- 
lor ('!),  Artif.  Handsomeness  (16G2),  p.  79. 

baker-kneed  (ba'ker-ned),  a.  Same  as  baker- 
legged. 

baker-legged  (ba'ker-legd),  «.  Disfigured  by 
having  crooked  legs,  or  legs  that  bend  inward 
at  the  knees. 

bakery  (ba'ker-i),  ». ;  pi.  bakeries  (-iz).  [<  bake 
+  -((•//.]  1.  The  trade  of  a  baker.  [Rare.]  — 
2.  A  place  used  for  making  bread,  etc.,  or  for 
the  sale  of  bakers'  goods;  a  bakehouse  or  ba- 
ker's establishment;  a  baker's  shop. 

bakestert,  "•  [Also  backster,  baxtt  r  (whence 
the  proper  name  Baxter),^  ME.  hakes/ere,  bat-stir, 
baxter,  usually  masc,  <  AS.  baecestre  (fern,  in 
form,  but  masc.  in  use),  a  baker,  <  bacan,  bake, 
+  -es-tre,  E.  -ster.]  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker:  as,  "brewesteres  ana  bakesteres,"  I'uis 
Plowman.  In  Scotland  commonly  written  bax- 
li  r :  as,  Ini.iii  i-  wives. 

bakestone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  back- 
stone.]  A  flat  stone  or  slate  on  which  cakes  are 
baked.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bakey  (ba'ki),  n.  [Sc,  also  bakie  and  baikie, 
dim.  of  back$,  «.]  A  square  wooden  vessel, 
narrower  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  and 
with  a  handle  on  each  of  two  opposite  sides, 
used  for  carrying  coals,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  wooden 
coal-scuttle.  Also  spelled  bakie  and  baikie.  See 
back3,  :i.     [Scotch.] 


bakhshish 

bakhshish,  n.    See  bakshish. 

baking  (ba'Mng),  ».  rVerbaln.  of  bake.']  1. 
The  ao(  of  baking. —  2.  The  quantity  baked  at 
once:  as.  a  baking  of  bread.  Also  called  bake 
and  o«fWi. 

baking-powder  (ba'Mng-pou  der),  n.  Any 
powder  used  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in  raising 
bread,  cakes,  etc.  Baking-powders  are  composed  of 
bicarbonate  of  sodium  or  potassium  mixed  with  a  dry 
powder  capable  of  setting  carbonic  acid  free  when  the 
mixture  is  m<  listened. 

bakshish,  bakhshish  (bak'shesh),  ».  [Also 
backshish,  backsheesh,  bukshish,  etc.,  <  Turk.  Ar. 
Hind,  bakhshish,  <  Pers.  bakhshish,  a  present, 
<  bakhshidan,  give.]  In  the  East,  a  present  or 
gratuity  in  money. 

We  promised  him  backsheesh  for  a  sight  of  the  sacred 
book.  /.'.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  '.'4. 

"Bakhshish,"  says  a  modern  writer,  "is  a  fee  or  present 
which  the  Arabs  (he  lure  means  the  Egyptians,  who  got 
the  word  from  the  Persians  through  the  Turks)  claim  on 
ail  occasions  for  services  you  renderthem,  as  well  as  for 
services  theyhave  rendered  you.  This  bakhshish,  in  fact, 
is  a  sort  of  alms  or  tribute,  which  the  poor  Arab  believes 
himself  entitled  to  claim  from  every  respectable-looking 
person."  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinali.  p.  23. 

bakufu  (bak'u-fS),  n.  [<  Jap.  baku,  curtain,  + 
/«,  office.]     Curtain-government,  that  is,  the 

fovernment  or  council  of  the  former  shoguns  of 
apan:  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  curtain  used 
in  time  of  war  to  screen  off  that  part  of  the 
camp  occupied  by  the  general  or  shogun.  See 
shogun. 

On  the  3rd  of  June  the  Shdgun  had  an  audience  of  the 
Mikado.  His  majesty's  speech  on  the  occasion  was  as 
follows:  "The  duties  of  the  bakufuxr i  the  one  hand 

to  govern  the  empire  ill  peace,  mid  nil  the  other  to  subju- 
gate the  barbarians."  F.  0.  Adams,  Japan,  I.  384. 

bal  (bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  ball,  <  Corn,  hid,  a 
mine  (Pryce),  a  cluster  of  mines  (Borlase).]  A 
mine.  [Cornwall.] 
bal.  An  abbreviation  of  balance. 
balaam  (ba'lam),  n.  [In  allusion  to  Balaam 
and  his  "dumb  ass  speaking  with  man's  voice  " 
(Num.  xxii.  28-30;  2  Pet.  ii.  16).]  1.  Matter 
regarding  marvelous  and  incredible  events  in- 
serted in  a  newspaper  to  till  space.  [English 
printers'  cant.] 

Balaam  is  the  cant  name  for  asinine  paragraphs  about 
monstrous  productions  of  nature  and  the  like,  keptstaud- 
ing  in  type  to  be  used  whenever  the  real  news  of  the  day 
leave  an  awkward  space  that  must  be  filled  up  somehow. 
Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  lxx. 
2.  Same  as  balaam-box. 
Bring  in  Balaam,  ami  place  him  on  the  table. 

./.  Wilson,  Noctcs  Ambros.,  II.  \xvi. 

balaam-box,  balaam-basket  (ba'lam-boks, 
-bas'ket),  n.  An  editor's  depository  for  worth- 
less matter,  rejected  writings,  etc. 

Who  can  doubt  that  .  .  .  an  Essay  for  the  Edinburgh 

Review,  in  "  the  old  unpolluted  English  Languagi  ,'  would 

have  bei  n  consigned,  by  the  editor,  to  his  balaam-basket? 

/■'.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  17. 

Balaamitei  (ba'lam-it),  ».  [<  Balaam  (Num. 
xxii. )  +  -(7c-.  ]  One  who  makes  a  profession  of 
religion  for  the  sake  of  gain:  in  allusion  to  the 
prophet  Balaam. 

Balaamiticalt  (ba-lam-it'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  Balaamite. 

Bala  beds.    See  bedX. 

balachan  (bal'a-chan),  n.    Same  as  balachong. 

balachong  (baT'a-chong),  n.  [<  Malay  bala- 
chan.'] A  substance  composed  of  small  fishes 
or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt  and  spices, 
and  then  dried.  It  is  much  used  in  the  East 
as  a  condiment 
for  rice.  Also 
balachan,  bala- 
ehoung,  bala- 
ehaun. 

baladine, ".  See 
baUadine. 

Balsena  (ba-le'- 
niii,  n.     [L.,  < 

Or.  ii'i/ii'in, 

more  correctly 
ou/'aivu,  a 

whale.  |  The 
typical  genua 
of  whalebone 
whales,  of  the 
family  Balceni- 
dw,  having  the 
cervical  verte- 
bra ankylosed, 
the   fore    limbs 

Eentadactyl.the     ( 
ead  enormous, 
with  long  black    | 

elastic      baleen.     [ ------ 

the  throat  with  ■    shoebni  or  whaiebead  (  *„/„„,„/, 


424 

out  furrows,  and   no  dorsal   fin.     It  contains  the 
Greenland  or  arctic  whale,   /;,   mystieetvs,  and   several 

other  species  found   in  all  seas.      Sec  cuts  under  ankytnitis 

.iii.i  Balamidce. 
Balasniceps  (ba-le'ni-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ba- 
laiui,  a  whale,  +  -ceps,  <  caput,  head.]  A  genus 
of  grallatorial  altricial  birds,  of  which  the  type 
and  only  known  member  is  the  shoebill  or 
whalehead  of  Africa,  B.  rex,  comparatively 
lately  discovered-  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
White  Nile.  The  genus  is  the  type  of  a  family  Bala- 
nicipidce.  Of  somewhat  uncertain  position,  probably  near 
the  storks.  The  bird  is  remarkable  for  its  enormous 
vaulted  beak,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  head.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  its  habits  and  economy.  It  is  a  large 
species,  standing  upward  of  3  feet  high.  The  bill  some- 
what resembles  that  of  the  boat-billed  heron,  Cancroma 
cochlearia.     See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

Balaenicipidse  (ba-le-ni-sip'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
BaUeniceps  (-cip-)  +  -iila:]  A  family  of  birds, 
of  which  the  genus  BaUeniceps  is  the  type  and 
only  known  representative,  it  belongs  to  the  altri- 
cial or  herodionine  series  of  wading  birds,  and  is  probably 
nearly  related  to  the  Otconiidos,  or  storks. 

balfcnid  (bal'e-nid),  n.  A  cetacean  of  the  fam- 
ily Balicnidie  ;  any  right  whale. 

Balasnida?  (ba-le'ni-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Balosna  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  right  whales,  or  true  whale- 
bone whales,  typi- 
fied by  the  genera 
Balama  and  Ba- 
lamoptera, having 
baleen  instead  of 
teeth.  Teeth  are, 
however,  present  in 
the  fetus,  though  they 
never  cut  the  gum. 
The  Balirnidte  may  lie 
divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, the  smooth 
whales,  characterized 
by  smoothness  of  skin 
and  the  absence  of  a 
dorsal  fin,  as  the 
Greenland  or  right 
whale,  Balama  mysti- 
cetus;  and  the  fur- 
rowed whales,  inwhich 
the  skin  is  furrowed 
and  the  dorsal  tin  is 
present,  as  the  tinners 
(Physalus),        hump- 


Skull  of  Fetal  Whale  I  Batatia  australii ),  side  and  top  view. 

Eo,  exoccipital ;  Fr,  frontal;  67,  glenoid  ;  Mn,  mandible  i  -1/v, 
maxilla;  iViz,  nasal;  Pa,  parietal ;  P»tx,  preinaxilla  ;  Sq,  squamo- 
sal ;  So,  supra-occipital ;  Ty,  tympanic. 

backed  whales  (Mefiaptera),  and  rorquals  or  piked  whales 
(Balamoptera).  The  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
first  of  these  sections,  the  other  whalebone  whales  then 
■  on  s.tit.u  ting  a  separate  family,  Balcenopteridce.   See  whale. 

Balseninse  (bal-e-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balama 
+  -ina'.']  A  subfamily  of  Balwnida;  typified  by 
the  genus  Balama,  containing  only  the  smooth 
right  whales.    See  BaUenidas. 

Balaenoidea  (bal-e-noi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Balama  +  -oidea.]  One  of  the  three  primary 
groups  into  which  the  Cetacea  are  divisible, 
the  other  two  being  the  Delphinoidea  and  the 
PhocodonUa.  It  embraces  tho  right  whales 
(Balama)  and  the  fin-whales  (Balamoptera, 
etc.). 

Balaenoptera  (bal-e-nop'te-ra),  ».  [NL.,  <  L. 
balama,  a  whale,  +  Gr.  ir-epuv,  a  wing.]  A  ge- 
nus of  whalebone  whales,  containing  the  sev- 
eral species  of  piked  whales,  rorquals,  tinners, 
finbacks,  or  razor-backs,  so  called  from  their 
long,  sharp,  falcate  dorsal  tin.  They  are  found  in 
all  seas.    Some  an-  very  large,  a-  /;.  sibbaldi,  which  attains 

a  length  of  Ml  feet,     'the  dippers  have  1  digits  ;  the-  baleen 

[s  short  and  coarse;  the  skiii  of  the  throat  Is  folded ;  the 
head  is  small,  Hat,  and  pointed  ;  the  body  is  long  and  slen- 
der; and  the  cervical  vertebra  are  tree.  Common  Atlan- 
tic species  are  /;.  musculus  and  /;.  borealis.  The  whale. 
i e  is  of  comparatively  little  value. 

balaenopterid  (bal-e-nop'te-rid),  n.  A  cetacean 
oi  tin-  family  BalamqpU ridee. 

Balaenopteridae  (baPS-nop-ter'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Balamoptera  -r  -iila\]  The  furrowed 
whalebone  whales;  a  family  of  mysticete  ceta- 
ceans, typified  bj  the  genus  BaUenoptera,  hav- 
ing the  throat  plicated,  the  dorsal  tin  developed, 
Hie  cervical  vertebra1  fr r  ii m  plot  el  v  anky- 
losis!, (In-  llippers  with  only  4  dibits,  and  the 
baleen  short  and  coarse,  it  contains  the  humpbacked 

and  the  tinner  whales,  8 -times  respectively  made  types 

of  the  subfamilies  Mcjapterinaz  and  llalaiiiupterilUE. 


balance 

Balsenopterinrs  (bal-f-nop-te-ri'ne),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Balamoptera  +  -inic]  "A  subfamily  of 
whalebone  wdiales,  typified  by  the  genus  BaUe- 
noptera. (a)  A  subfamily  id'  BatcenidoB,  including  the 
furrowed  as  distinguished  from  the  smooth  right  whales 
Qr  Balosninos.  (b)  A  subfamily  of  BaZcenopteridos,  in- 
cluding the  tinner  whales  as  distinguished  from  the  hump- 
backed whales  or  MegapterinoB,  having  a  high,  erect,  fal- 
cate dorsal  lin.  and  4  digits  of  not  more  than  i;  phalanges. 

balafo  (bal'a-fo),  ».  [Native  name.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Senegambian  negroes, 
consisting  of  graduated  pieces  of  wood  placed 
over  gourds  to  increase  their  resonance.  Its 
compass  is  two  octaves. 

balalaika  (bad-a-li'ka),  n.  [=  F.  balaleika  =  G. 
balalaika,  repr.  Russ.  balalaika.]  A  musical 
instrument  of  very  ancient  Slavic  origin,  com- 
mon among  the  Russians  and  Tatars,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Niebuhr,  also  in  Egypt  and  Arabia. 
It  is  of  the  guitar  kind,  and  has  two,  three,  or  four  strings, 
giving  a  minor  chord.  (Mendel.)  It  is  now  most  used  by 
the  gipsies  of  eastern  Europe. 

The  dances  of  the  gipsies,  accompanied  by  the  music  of 
the  balalaika,  and  clapping  of  hands. 

A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Studies  in  Russia,  vi. 

Bala  limestone.    See  limestone. 

balance  (bal'ans),  n.  [<ME.  balance,  balaunce, 
early  mod.  E.  also  ballancc,  brlanncr,  etc.,  <  OF. 
balance,  V.  balance  =  Pr.  Iialansa  =  Sp.  balati:a, 
balance  =  Pg.  balanga  =  It.  Iiilancia,  <  LL.  *bi- 
lani-ia,  a  balance,  <  bilanx  (ace.  bilancein),  adj., 
in  libra  bilanx,  a  balance  having  two  scales, 
<  L.  hi-,  bis,  twice,  +  lanx,  a  dish,  scale  of  a 
balance.  See  hi-2,  lance2,  launce2,  and  aiincel.] 
1.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  weight 
of  bodies  as  compared  with  an  assumed  unit- 
mass.  In  its  simplest  and  most  scientific  form  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizontal  lever,  having  its  fulcrum  (which  is  a 
knife-edge)  just  above  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  whole 
balance,  and  carrying  two  pans  suspended  as  delicately  as 
possible  (preferably  from  knife-edges)  at  equal  distances 
on  the  right  and  left  of  the  fulcrum.  It  also  carries  a 
tongue-pointer  or  index  (a  slender  rod)  rigidly  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  beam  or  lever,  and  extending  vertically 
up  or  down.  Except  in  coarse  balances,  there  is  a  di\  Idea 
scale,  over  which  the  end  of  the  tongue  moves  in  the  oscil- 
lations of  the  balance.    All  delicate  balances  are  protected 

from  currents  of  air  by  glass  cases,  and  they  have  contri- 
vances for  steadying  the  pans,  and  often  for  removing  the 
knives  from  their  bearings  and  for  replacing  them.  Ex- 
ceedingly delicate  balances  are  sometimes  inclosed  in 
vacuum-chambers,  and  have  machinery  for  changing  the 
weights.  Ill  using  the  balance,  the  substance  to  be  weighed 
is  placed  in  one  pan  or  scale  and  the  weights  are  put  in 
the  other,  and  different  combinations  of  weights  are  tried 
until  the  pointer  oscillates  at  equal  distances  to  one  side 
and  the  other  of  the  position  it  has  when  the  scales  are 
empty.  Ill  chemical  balances  tile  last  adjustment  is  ob- 
tained by  moving  a  minute  weight,  or  rider,  to  different 
points  on  the  decimally  graduated  beam.  The  figure  shows 
the  beam  of  a  balance  of  precision.  It  is  so  formed  as  to 
combine  stiffness  with  lightness,  and  there  are  various  ad- 
justments for  moving  the  center  of  gravity,  the  knife-edges, 
etc.    Other  things  being  equal,  the  greater  the  length  of 


Beam  and  neighboring  parts  of  a  Balance  of  Precision. 
.-/  A,  beam  ;  />',  knife-edge  on  which  it  turns;  C,C,  knife-edges  fixed 
t-i  tie  beam  on  which  the  pans  are  hung  ;  /),  D.  the  bearing-pieces  of 
the  pans;  li,  tongue,  the  lower  extremity  of  which  moves  over  a  scale  ; 
F,  screw  with  a  nut  for  raising  and  lowering  the  center  of  gravity  : 
this  has  no  connection  with  the  horizontal  rod  //,-  O,  screw  with  a 
nut  for  carrying  the  center  of  gravity  toward  one  or  the  other  pan ;  H, 
a  rider,  or  little  weight,  whose  value  depends  on  its  position  on  the 
beam,  which  it  straddles  ;  /  /,  rod  sliding  horizontally,  with  a  hook  to 
take  up  and  set  down  the  rider ;  A"  A",  piece  which  raises  and  lowers 
the  levers,  /.,  L  ;  I.,  !.,  levers  to  take  tile  beam  and  pans  simultane- 
ously off  their  bearings  when  the  weights  are  to  be  changed  ;  .'/.   1/, 


knobs  supporting  the  beam  when  the  levers,  L,  L,  are  raised;  N,  N, 
Y's  supporting  the  pans  when  the  levers.  L,  L,  are  raised.  Many  bal- 
ances have  arrangements  foi  adjusting  the  relative  positions  of  the 
three  knives,  but  these  arc  discarded  in  the  larger  balances. 

the  arms  and  the  smaller  the  distance  of  the  center  of 

gravity  below  the  center  of  suspetisi the  greater  will  he 

the  sensibility  of  the  balance  or  the  angular  amount  of 
the  deviation  produced  with  a  given  slight  addition  to 
either  scale.  The  degree  of  sensibility  to  be  desired  de- 
pends upon  the  use  to  which  the  instrument  is  to  he  put. 
such  a  balance  as  is  employed  in  accurate  chemical  analy- 
sis will  indicate  a  difference  of  weight  of  a  tenth  or  hun- 
dredth of  a  milligram, 

I  have  in  equal  balance  justly  weigh  d 

What  wrongs  our  arms  ma\  do,  what  wrongs  we  Buffer. 
Sfto*.,  :'  Ben.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Any  apparatus  for  weighing,  as  a  steel- 
yard or  a  spring-balance. —  3.  <  li f  the  scales 

of  a  balance;  in  the  plural,  scales. 

And  I  beheld,  and  Io  a  black  horse  ;  and  he  that  sat  on 
bun  I  on  I  a  pair  of  balances  iii  his  hand.  Itev.  vi.  5. 

Take  a  pinte  of  air;  and  weigh  it  against  a  pinte  of  wa- 
ter, and  you  will  sec  the  ballance  of  the  last  go  down  a 
main.  Digby,  Nat.  Bodies,  iii.  19.    (.v.  /•:.  /».) 

4.  The  act  of  weighing  mentally;  the  act  of 
comparing  or  estimating  two  things  as  in  a  bal- 
ance. 


balance 

Upon  a  fair  balance  of  the  advantages  on  either  side. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

5.  An  equivalent  or  equalizing  weight  ;  that 
which  is  put  int"  one  scale  to  offset  the  weight 
in  the  other;  I  lie  weight  necessary  to  make  up 
the  difference  between  I  wo  unequal  weights;  a 
counterpoise,  literally  or  figuratively.  Specifi- 
cally—  6.  In  mining,  a  counterpoise  orcounter 
weight  used  in  such  a  way  as  to  assist  the 
engine  in  lifting  the  load.— 7.  The  part  of  a 
clock  or  watch  which  regulates  the  beats:  for- 
merly, a  pin  oscillating  on  its  center,  and  thus 
resembling  t  he  beam  of  a  balance ;  now,  awheel. 
See  balance-wheel. —  8.  The  arithmetical  differ- 
ence between  the  two  sides  of  an  account  :  as, 
to  strike  a  balance. —  9.  The  sum  or  amount 
necessary  to  balance  the  two  sides  of  an  ac- 
count, usually  spoken  of  as  a  debit  or  a  credit 
balance :  as,  t  have  still  a  balance  at  my  bank- 
er's; a  balance  still  due. —  10.  A  surplus;  a  re- 
mainder; the  rest  ;  the  residue;  what  remains 
or  is  left  over:  as,  he  bequeathed  the  balance 
of  his  estate  to  A.  1'..;  Rebalance  of  a  meal. 
[A  colloquial  use,  of  commercial  origin.]  — 11. 
A  balanced  condition;  a  state  of  equilibrium 
or  equipoise:  as,  to  lose  one's  balance. 

His  credit  now  in  doubtfuli  ballaunce  hong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3. 

12.  Harmonious  arrangement  or  adjustment; 
just  proportion,  especially  in  the  arts  of  design. 
— 13.  [cap.']  In  astron.,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
called  in  Latin  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  equinox  in  September.— Aerostatic  balance. 
See  aerostatic—  Automaton  balance.  See  automaton. 
—  Balance  of  power,  in  international  law,  a  distribution 
and  an  opposition  of  forces  among  nations  forming  part  of 
one  system,  such  that  no  state  shall  lie  in  :i  position,  either 
alone  or  united  with  others,  to  impose  its  own  will  on  any 
other  state  or  interfere  witli  its  independence.  (Ortolan.) 
The  leading  rule  by  which  it  lias  been  sought  to  effect  this 
in  Europe  has  been  to  oppose  every  new  arrangement 
which  threatens  either  materially  to  augment  the  strength 
of  one  of  the  greater  powers  or  to  diminish  that  of  another. 
The  meaning  of  the  balance  of  power  is  this  :  that  any 
European  state  ma\  he  restrained  from  pursuing  plans  of 
acquisition,  or  making  preparations  looking  towards  fu- 
ture acquisitions,  which  arc  judged  to  be  hazardous  to  the 
independence  and  national  existence  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 
Balance  of  probabilities,  the  excess  of  reasons  for  be- 
lieving one  of  two  alternatives  over  the  reasons  for  be- 
lieving the  other.  It  is  measured  by  the  logarithm  of  the 
ratio  of  the  chances  in  favor  of  a  proposition  to  the  chances 
against  it. —  Balance  Of  trade,  the  difference  between 
the  amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  exported  from 
and  imported  into  a  country.  Tile  balance  is  said  to  be 
favorable  for  or  in  furor  of  a  country  when  the  value  of 
its  exports  exceeds  that  of  its  imports,  and  unfavorable 
when  the  value  of  its  imports  exceeds  that  of  its  exports. — 
Bent-lever  balance.  See  tangent-balance. — Compen- 
sation balance.  See  compensation.—  Danish  balance, 
a  weighing  apparatus  somewhat  resembling  the  steelyard, 
bat  differing  from  it  in  hav- 
ing the  fulcrum  movable, 
the  weight  being  at  one  end 
and  the  load  at  tile  other; 
the  loop  by  which  it  is  sus- 
pended is  shifted  alone  the 
beam  until  equilibrium  is  es- 
tablished. The  weight  Of  the  Danish  Balance. 
substance  in  the  scale-pan  is 

indicated  by  the  point  at  which  the  fulcrum  is  placed  when 
the  instrument  is  in  equilibrium. —Electric  balance.  See 
absolute  electrometer,  under  electrometer;  differential  galva- 
nometer, under  galvanometer;  induction-balance;  Wheat- 
stone's  bridge,  under  resistance.  Expansive  balance,  a 
compensation-balance  in  watches,  consisting  of  a  com- 
pound rim  whose  outer  and  inner  portions  are  made  of 
metals  having  different  rates  of  expansion  by  beat.  This 
arrangement  serves  to  counteract  the  effects  of  variations 
of  temperature  upon  the  speed  of  the  watch.— False  bal- 
ance, a  balance  having  arms  of  unequal  length,  or  of 
equal  length  and  unequal  weight,  so  that  its  positions 
when  empty  and  when  carrying  equal  weights  in  the  two 
pans  are  different.  -  Hydraulic  balance.  See  hydraulic. 
—  Hydrostatic  balance.  See  hydrostatic— Hygromet- 
ric  balance.  SeeAuffronwtrfe.— Roberval's  balance, a 
balance  having  two 'horizontal  beams  one  over  the  other, 
connected  at  their  extremities  by  joints  to  vertical  pieces, 
so  that  the  whole  forms  a  linked  parallelogram.  The  scales 
are  at  the  top.  The  advantage  of  the  contrivance  is,  that 
it  makes  it  a  matter  of  indifference  at  what  point  on  the 
pan  the  object  to  be  weighed,  or  the  counterpoise,  is 
placed.  An  improved  form  of  this  balance  is  commonly 
used  to  weigh  articles  sold  by  druggists. — Roman  bal- 
ance, a  steelyard  (which  see).-  Spring-balance,  a  con- 
trivance for  determining  the  weight  of  any  article  by  ob- 
serving the  amount  of  deflection  or  compression  which  it 
produces  upon  a  helical  steel  spring  properly  adjusted  and 
fitted  with  an  index  working  against  a  graduated  scale. 
Another  form  of  spring-balance  is  made  in  the  shape  of 
the  letter  I',  the  upper  end  being  suspended  by  a  ring, 
and  the  lower  end  affording  attachment  for  the  hook 
whereby  the  object  is  suspended.  As  the  bow  opens  a  fin- 
ger traverses  a  graduated  an-  and  registers  the  weight- 
Thermic  or  actinic  balance.  Same  as  bolometer.— to 
cast  the  balance,  to  turn  the  scale;  cause  one  seale  to 
preponderate:  often  used  figuratively.  South;  Dryden.— 
To  hold  in  balance,  to  keep  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  or 
suspense. 

She  wolde  not  fonde 
To  holde  no  wight  in  balaniiee 
By  halfe  wordc  ne  by  eountenaunce. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1020. 


425 


balance-plow 


Oh  !   who  would  east  and  balance  at  a  desk. 

Perch  'I  bio-  a  crow  upon  a  three-legg'd  stool. 
Till  all  his  juice  is  dried  .'      Tennyson,  Audio  I 


To  lay  in  balance,  to  put  up  as  a  pledge  or  security. 

■i  .■  wolde  nat  forgon  his  aqueyntai 

For  mochel  good,  1  Aarlt  ye  <<>  balaunce 

ai  that  i  have  in  my  possessioun.  balance-bar  (bal'ana-bar),  n.    Bameasbalance- 

Chnucer,  I'rol.  to  Cumin's  Yeoman's  Tale,  L  68,      hgnm    " 
To  pay  a  balance,  topaythe  dWerenra^nd  make  two  baiance_barometer   (bal'ans-ba-rom'e-ter),  n. 

A  barometer  consisting  of  a  beam  balanced  en 


nuts  equal-  Torsion-balance,  an  Instrument  tor 
measuring  certain  electrical  forces  ami  tin-  intensify  of 
magnets.  It  consists  of  a  magnetic  needle  suspended  by 
a  silk  thread  or  a  very  hue  wire  in  a  glass  cylinder,  of 
which  the  circumference  is  graduated.  The  force  or  mag 
net  to  be  measured  is  applied  to  one  side  of  the  cylinder, 

either  inside  or  outside,  and  its  intensity  is  indicated  by 
the  amount  of  deflection  of  the  suspended  needle,  which 

is  caused  to  exert  a  force  of  torsion  on  tin-  thread  or  wire 
which  supports  it.  (See  also  alloy-balmier,  assaii-lial- 
o nee.  roin  loilanre,  luieroinrtrr-lialii iter,  ntillslmie-halanrc.) 

-Syn.  10.  See  remainder. 

balance  (bal'ans),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  balanced, 
ppr.  balancing.  [=  F.  balancer  =  I'r.  halaitsar 
=  Sp.  balamar  (obs.)i  balancear  =  I'g.  balangar 
=  It.  bilanciare,  balance;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  weigh;  especially,  to  weigh  or  con- 
sider in  the  mind;  ponder  over. 
In  the  meanwhile  I  will  go  for  the  said  instrument, 

and  till  my  Return  you  may  ballon,,  this  Matter  in  y • 

own  Discretion.  Congreoe,  w  ay  oi  the  World,  v.  6. 

She  balanced  this  a  little, 
\n.l  told  me  -be  would  answer  us  to-day. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iii.  149. 

2.  To  estimate  the  relative  weight  or  impor- 
tance of,  as  two  or  more  things;  make  a,  com- 
parison between  as  to  relative  importance, 
force,  value,  etc. 

Balmier  the  good  and  evil  of  things.   Sir  /.'.  L'Estrange. 

3.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equipoise  or  equi- 
librium; arrange  or  adjust  (the  several  parts  of 
a,  thing)  symmetrically:  as,  to  balance  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  machine  or  a  painting. — 4. 
To  keep  in  equilibrium  or  equipoise;  poise; 
steady :  as,  to  balance  a  pole  on  one's  chin. 

I  cannot  give  due  action  to  my  words, 
Except  a  sword  or  sceptre  balance  it. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

The  maids  of  Nazareth,  as  they  trooped  to  fill 
Their  balanced  urns  beside  the  mountain  rill 


a  pivot,  and  formed,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
pivot,  of  materials  differing  greatly  in  api 

gravity.    The  bulks  of  the  parts  lither  sub. if  the 

lub  rum,  and  i sequently  the  volumes  of  air  displaced 

by  them,  thus  differ  greatly.  If  the  air  increases  ill  den- 
sity, its  effective  buoyancj  en  the  more  bulky  arm  con- 
siderably exceeds  Its  effect  upon  the  smaller;  the  former 
therefore  rises,  [f  the  air  becomes  lighter,  the  reverse 
happens.     The  vibrations  are  noted  upon  a  scale. 

balance-beam  (bal'ans-bem), ».  1.  The  beam 
of  a  balance. —  2.  A  long  beam  attached  to  a 
drawbridge,  the  gate  of  a  eanal-lock,  etc.,  serv- 
ing partially  to  counterbalance  its  weight,  and 
used  in  opening  and  closing  it.  Also  called 
balance-bar. 

balance-bob  (bal'ans-bob),  «.  A  beam,  bent 
lever,  or  bob,  rocking  or  oscillating  on  an  axis, 
and  having  at  one  end  a  counterpoise,  while 
the  other  is  attached  to  the  rod  of  a  Cornish 
pumping-engine.  It  is  designed  to  relieve  the  strain 
on  the  engine  and  rod  resulting  from  lifting  a  heavy  load. 
Also  called  oscillating  or  rocking  bob.     See  &0&1. 

balance-book  (bal'ans-buk),  n.  In  com.,  a 
book  in  which  the  adjusted  debtor  and  credi- 
tor accounts  have  been  posted  from  the  ledger. 

balance-bridge  (bal'ans-brij),  n.  A  bridge  in 
which  the  overhang  beyond  an  abutment  is 
counterbalanced  either  by  means  of  heavy 
weights  connected  with  it  by  chains  running 
over  pulleys,  or  by  a  portion  of  the  roadway 
which  extends  backward  from  the  abutment. 
See  bascule-bridge. 

balance-crane  (bal'ans-kran),  n.  A  crane  in 
which  the  load  is  counterbalanced  in  whole  or 
in  part  by  a  weight,  swinging  with  the  load,  but 
placed  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  pintle  or 
post. 
o!°ili^  Ho,m'eV'i''i'ie  Mother's  Secret  balance-dynamometer  (bal'ans-di-na-mom'e- 


ter),  n.  A  form  of  dynamometer  in  which  the 
principle  of  the  steelyard  is  used  to  estimate 
the  number  of  foot-pounds  of  power.  The  ap- 
paratus is  attached  between  two  pulleys,  of  which  one  re- 
ceives and  the  other  transmits  the  motive  force,  and  is 
operated  by  means  of  loose  pulleys,  upon  which  the  belts 
are  shifted  when  it  is  desired  to  test  tile  power.  Also 
called  lien  l-oear  transniittill'l  .hi  no  ammeter.  See  cut  un- 
der dynamometer. 
To  bring  into  a  state  of  equality;  make  balance-electrometer      (bal'ans-e-lek-trom'e- 

ter),  n.   A  form  of  absolute  electrometer.     See 


5.  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  counter- 
balance; offset:  as,  the  ups  and  downs  of 
life  balance  each  other. 

One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  balmier  the 
other.  Kent. 

In  the  case  of  a  precision  steel-yard,  it  is  best  so  to  dis- 
tribute the  mass  of  the  beam  that  the  right  arm  balances 
the  left  one.  ,  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  262. 

6 

equal;  offset  (one  thing  with  another) 
To  balance  fortune  by  a  just  expense, 
.loin  with  economy,  magnificence; 
With  splendour,  charity ;  with  plenty,  health. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  223. 
Like  souls  that  balance  joy  and  pain. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Guinevere. 
Weariness  was  balanced  with  delight. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  246. 

7.  To  use  as  a  counterpoise  or  set-off. 

Is  it  a  rule  of  oratory  to  balance  the  style  against  the 
subject,  and  to  handle  the  most  sublime  truths  in  the  dull- 
est language  and  the  driest  manner? 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 

The  .  .  .  wisdom  which  balanced  Egypt  against  Assyria. 
Puscy,  Minor  Prophets,  p.  47. 

8.  To  sway  up  and  down,  like  the  arms  of  a 

balance. 

Henley  stands. 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  bands. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  200. 

9.  To  settle  by  paying  what  remains  due  on  an 
account ;  equalize  or  adjust. 


electrometer. 

balance-engine  (bal'ans-en'jin),  ».  A  steam- 
engine  which  has  two  pistons  acting  in  oppo- 
site directions  in  the  same  cylinder. 

balance-fish  (bal'ans-fish),  n.  A  name  of  the 
hammerhead,  or  hammer-headed  shark,  Sphyr- 
na  malleus:  so  called  because  the  sides  of  the 
head  resemble  the  arms  of  a  balance.  Also 
called  hammer-fish.  See  cut  under  hammer- 
head. 

balance-frame  (bal'ans-fram),  n.  One  of  two 
frames  of  a  ship  which  are  of  equal  weight  and 
at  equal  distances  from  its  center  of  gravity. 

balance-gate  (bal'sns-gat),  «.  1.  Agate  either 
so  supported  in  the  middle,  or  so  counter- 
weighted,  that  its  weight  may  rest  vertically 
upon  the  gate-post  instead  of  hanging  upon  one 
side  of  it. —  2.  In  hydraulics,  a  gate  having  equal 
areas  upon  each  side  of  the  supporting  post,  so 
that  the  action  of  a  current  may  not  impede  its 
movement. 


gh  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in  my  balance-level  (bal'ans-lev'el),  11.      A  builders' 


Though   _ 
power  to  balance  accounts  with  my  linker,  I  am  resolved, 
however,  to  turn  all  my  endeavours  that  way. 

Addison,  Spectator. 

10.  To  examine  or  compare  by  summations, 
etc.,  so  as  to  show  how  assets  and  liabilities  or 
debits  and  credits  stand:  as,  let  us  balance  our 


or  surveyors'  instrument,  consisting  of  a  bar 
exactly  balanced  and  suspended  by  a  cord,  and 
carrying  two  sights  which  show  the  line  of 
level.  Sometimes  the  liar  is  placed  at  right  angles  to  a 
rod,  the  whole  being  allowed  to  hang  likea  pendulum.  A 
telescope  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  bar  and  sights. 


accounts. —  11.  Xattt.,  to  steady  (a  ship  in  bad  balancement  (bal'ans-ment),  w.     [(.balance,  r., 
weather)  by  reefing  with  a  balance-reef.  — Bal- 
anced copula,  see  copula.— To  balance  books,  to  close 
or  adjust  each  personal  or  general  account  in  a  ledger. 

II.  in  Iraiis.  1.  To  have  an  equality  or  equiv- 
alence in  weight,  parts,  etc.;  be-  in  a  state 
of  equipoise;  be  evenly  adjusted:  as.  the  two 
tilings  exactly  balance;  I  cannot  make  the  ac- 
count balance. —  2.  To  oscillate  like  the  beams 
of  a  balance;  waver;  hesitate.     [Rare.] 

He  would  not  balmier  nor  err  in  the  dcterminati f 

his  choice.  l.oel.e. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  forward  and  backward, 
or  in  opposite  directions,  like  the  arms  of  a 
balance;  especially,  to  set  to  a  partner. — 4.  To 
be  employed  in  finding  the  balance  or  balances 
of  an  account  or  accounts. 


+  -ment.]  The  act  of  balancing,  or  the  state 
of  being  balanced.     [Rare.] 

The  law  of  compensate 1   balancement  .  .  .  would 

tend  to  cause  the  pistil  to  he  reduced  in  those  individuals 
in  which  the  stamens  were  greatly  developed,  and  to  be 
increased  in  length  in  those  which  had  their  stamens  but 
little  developed. 

Darwin,  Different  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  262. 

balance-pit  (bal'ans-pit),  n.  In  mining,  the 
shaft  or  excavation  in  which  the  balance  or 
counterpoise  moves.' 

balance-plow  (bal'ans-plou),  «.  A  plow  in 
which  two  sets  of  plow-bodies  and  colters  are 
attached  to  an  iron  frame  moving  on  a  fulcrum, 
one  set  at  either  extremity,  and  pointing  in 
different  directions.     The  balance-plow  is  intended 


balance-plow 

to  be  used  without  turning,  and  la  so  arranged  as  to  cast 

all  the  furrows  ml  the  same  diri  ction,  n ne  part  "f  the 

frame  being  raised  out  ol  the  ground  when  moving  in  one 
direction,  and  the  other  when  moving  in  thi  opposite.  It 
is  tlLt  front  part  of  the  frame,  or  that  furthest  from  where 
the  driver  sits,  which  is  elevated,  the  plowing  apparatus 
connected  with  ttu-  after  part  being  always  inserted  in  the 
ground  and  doing  the  work.  Balance  plows  are  used  in 
m-plowing.  Generally  two,  three,  or  four  sets  of  plow- 
and  colters  are  attached  to  either  extremity,  bo 
that  two,  three,  or  four  furrows  are  made  at  once.    See 

balancer  (bal'an-ser),  n.     1.  One  who  balances 
or  weighs;  a  weigher  of  things  in  or  as  in  a 
balance. 
The  nicest  of  our  modern  critical  balani 

Dawson,  Orig.  oi  World,  p.  59. 

2.  An  acrobat;  one  who  balances  himself. — 

3.  Due  who  or  that  which  keeps  a  thing  or 
things  in  equilibrium;  that  which  maintains 
or  helps  to  maintain  something  in  a  state  of 
balance  or  equipoise. — 4.  Specincally,ine»tom., 
a  halter  I  which  see  I ;  a  poiser  :  tin-  small  organ 
supposed  to  be  useful  in  balancing  the  body; 
one  of  a  pair  of  slender  processes  with  clubbed 
ends  placed  near  the  insertion  of  the  wings, 
especially  of  dipterous  insects. —  5.  In  herpet., 
an  elongate  cylindrical  rod  protruding  from 
each  side  of  the  head  of  larval  salamanders,  in 
front  of  the  gills:  permanently  retained  in  cer- 
tain forms,  as  the  crecilias  and  some  sala- 
manders.    /.'.  /'.  Cope. 

balance-reef  (bal'a-ns-ref),  n.    Naut.,  a  reef- 
band  crossing  a  sail  diagonally.     A  balance-reef 


Balance-rudder. 


Balance-reef. 
a,  sail  before  reefing  ;  b,  balance-reefed  sail. 

is  generally  placed  in  all  gaff -sails,  the  band  running  from 
the  throat  to  the  clew,  father  the  upper  or  the  lower  half 
of  the  sail  in;i>  be  n  eft  'I 

balance-rudder  (bal'ans-rud*er),  it.    A  rudder 

supported  on  a  skeg 

or  projection  from 

the  keel,  about  one 

third  of  its  surface 

beingfi  irward  of  and 

two  thirds  abaft  its 

vertical  axis  of  mo- 
tion. See  rudder. 
balance-rynd  (bal'- 

ans-rind), ».  An  iron 

bar  stretched  across 

the  eye  of  a  revolv- 
ing    millstone,     to 

support    the    stone 

upon  tin-  top  of  its 

spindle. 

balance-sections (bal'ans-sek*shgnz), n.pl.  In 
building,  a  pair  of  sections,  one  near  each 

end  of  the  vessel,  which  are  not  designed  till 

after  the  midship  section  and  the  water-line 

are  Jeter, mil,., |. 

balance-sheet  (bal'ans-sheti,  n.    A  statement 
mad,    by  merchants  and  others  to  show  the 
true  state  of  a  particular  business.    Abalance- 
iit  .,11  the  balances  ol  de.bitsand  credit 

also  the  val i  the  merchandise,  and  the  result  of  the 

whol,  ,     I  statement  designed  to  show  the  as- 

.,,1,1  losses  of  a  com- 
panj     ( 1/ 1  i 

Many  ban]  theets  professing  to  show 

the  reserve  ,,i  ready  mon 

i  tfe,  1,  ,.i  Exchange   p  3  D 

balance-step  [n  mittt.  tactics, 

ai,  exercise  in  squad-drill  intended  to  teach 
the  principles  of  marchin 

balance-thermometer  (bal'ans-ther-moi 

i'ii,».     A  device  in  which  mercury  inclosed  in 

a    balanced  tube   is  caused  to  make  one  or  the 

other  ,,f  the  ends  preponderate,  thereby  open 
ing  or  closing  a  window  or  damper,  or  touch- 

trm. 
balance-valve  (bal'ans-valv),  ».    A  valve  in 
which  the  fluid  is  admitted  to  both  sides,  and 

acts    with    nearh    equal    pressure    in    opposite 

directions,  but  with  an  ovoss  in  the  direction 

of  the  seat  Sufficient  to  keep  the  valve  in  eon- 
tact  with  it  when  closed.      It  is  a  construction  de- 


426 

Bigned  to  permit  the  operation  of  a  valve  by  a  slight 
force,  lie  balance  puppet-valve  has  two  disks  upon  a 
single  stem,  the  fluid  being  admitted  either  between  the 
two  disks  or  above  the  upper  and  below  the  lower.  One 
disk  is  made  larger  than  the  other,  that  there  may  he  a 
slight  excess  of  pressure  tending  t,>  close  the  valve,  or  to 
keep  ,t  pressed  to  its  seat. 

balance-vise  (bal'ans-vis),  n.  A  small  tail- 
vise  used  by  watchmakers. 

balance-wheel  (bal'ans-hwel),  n.  1.  Awheel 
in  a  watch  or  chronometer  which  by  the  regu- 
larity of  its  motion  determines  the  beat  or 
strike. —  2.  Figuratively,  whatever  serves  for 
the  regulation  or  coordination  of  movements. 

These  are  in  themselves  very  objectionable;  the  true 
regulators,  the  proper  balance-wheel*,  are  those  which 
have  been  described.  Brougham, 

Balance-wheel  engine,  a  watchmakers'  instrument, 
used  iii  the  construction  of  the  balance-wheel. — Bal- 
ance-wheel file,  a  watchmakers'  tile  with  three  sides, 
one  convex  and  cut,  the  others  plane  and  smooth.  It  is 
used  in  working  in  tin-  sectoropenings  of  a  balance-wheel. — 
Compensation  balance-wheel,  a  balance-wheel  whose 
rim  is  formed  of  two  metals  of  different  expansive  powers, 
so  arranged  that  the  change  of  size  of  the  wheel,  as  the 
temperature  rises  or  falls,  is  compensated  for  by  the 
change  in  position  of  the  parts  of  the  rim. 

balandra  (ba-lan'dra),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  balandra 
=  F.  belandre,  <  1).  bijlander,  >  E.  Inlander:  see 
bilander.]  A  small  coasting  vessel  used  in 
South  America. 

balandrana  (ba-lan'dra-na),  n.  [ML.;  OF. 
balandran,  F.  balandrai  =  op.  balandran  =  It. 
palandrano,  palandrana;  origin  unknown.]  A 
wide  eloak  or  mantle  used  as  an  additional  gar- 
ment by  travelers  and  others  in  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries.  Also  called  super- 
talus. 

balanid  (bal'a-nid),  n.  A  cirriped  of  the  family 
Balanida1. 

Balanidae  I  ba-lan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balanus 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  sessile  thoracic  cirripeds, 
of  which  the  genus  Balanus  is  the  type.  The 
peduncle  is  absent  or  rudimentary,  the  operculum  is 
present,  and  the  scuta  and  terga  are  movahly  articu- 
lated. The  species  are  commonly  called  acorn-shells  or 
sea-acorns,  ami  often  share  the  name  barnacle  with  the 
species  of  Lepas,  They  are  found  all  over  the  world,  ad- 
hering closely  to  submerged  rocks,  timber,  etc.  Also 
Balanoidea.    See  cuts  under  Balanus. 

balaniferOUS(bal-a-nif'e-i'us),rt.  [<  L.  balanus 
(<  Gr.  Bahavoc),  an  acorn,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.} 
Bearing,  yielding,  or  producing  acorns. 

Balaninus  (bal-a-ni'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balanus 
(<  Gr.  jidWavoc),  au  acorn,  +  -inus.]  A  genus  of 
rhynehophorous 
beetles,  of  the 
family  CurcuU- 
onidce  or  weevils ; 
the  nut-weevils. 
B.  nucuin  is  the 
weevil  of  hazels 
and  filberts;  B. 
glandium  and  B. 
rectus,  of  acorns. 

balanism  (bal'a- 
nizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
BaXavoc,  an  acorn, 
a  suppository,  + 
-ism  :  cf.Gr.  paha- 
viZttv,  administer 
a  suppository.] 
In  lucd.,  the  application  of  a  suppository  or 
pessary. 

balanite  (bal'a-nit),  n.  f<  L.  balanites:  see 
Balanites.)  If.  A  kind  of  precious  stone. — 2. 
A  fossil  cirriped  of  the  family  Balanida. 

Balanites  (bal-a-ni'tez),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  liaAav'mic, 
a  precious  stone,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  /t/floc),  acorn- 
shaped,  <  ;„/„,",,  an  acorn.  Cf.  Balanus.]  1. 
| /. ,'.]  A  kind  of  precious  stone;  balanite. —  2. 
[NL.]  Asimarubaeeous  genus  of  plants,  includ- 
ing two  species,  spiny  shrubs  or  small  frees,  na- 
tives of  the  drier  parts  of  India,  western  Asia, 
.,,i,l  tropical  Africa.    The  fruit  isa  ■•,„  seed,,!  drupe, 

the  pulp  of  which  is  soineti s  used  iii  India  in  cleaning 

,1k  The  oily  seeds,  as  well  as  tlie  bark  and  subacid  leavi  s, 
of  the  Indian  species,  /;.  Roxburghii,  are  em  ployed  in  native 
medicine,  and  the  lend  woody  nut  is  made  into  a  kind  ol 
li,,  works.  The  African  species  is  /;.  JBgyptiaca. 
3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fossil  cirripeds,  of  the 
family  llalaimla . 

balanitis  (bal-a-ni'tis),  h.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  tu'/urnr, 
acorn,  glans  penis,  +  -His.]  In  pathol.,  in- 
flammation of  the  glans  penis. 

balanoglossid  (bal*a-no-glos'id),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  t  he  family  BalanoglossidoB. 

Balanoglossidae  (bal*a-no-glos'i-de),  ».  pi 
|  NL.  <  Balanoglossus  +  -nln .  |  Tin-  family  of 
invertebrates  represented  by  the  genus  Bala- 
noglossus. 

Balanoglossus  (bal"a-uo-glos'us),  «.'  [NL.,  < 
i  ii .  ia'/.avur,  an  acorn,  +  y?.uaaa,  tongue.]   1.  An 


Nut-weevil  t,Ba/(ininns  rectus.  Say 
a, dorsal  view;  b,  lateral  view.    (Verti- 
cil line  shows  natural  size,  including  pro- 
boscis. ) 


Balanus 

extraordinary  genus  of  invertebrate  animals, 
the  type  not  only  of  a  family,  BalanogloSSitUe, 
but  also  of  an  older  or  even  a  distinct  class  of 

animals,  Enteropneusta (which  see),  a  isolated 
in  its  mode  of  development  to  the  echinoderms,  in  some 
respects  to  the  ascidians,  and  is  usually  classed  with  the 


Balanoglossus. 
I.  The  Tomaria  larva,  about  r-,2  of  an  inch  lone,  enlarged,  side 
view,  a,  anus;  b,  vessels  leading  to  the  dorsal  pore,  d,  from  sac  of 
the  water-vascular  system,  vt;  vi ',  prolongation  of  the  sac;  A.  heart; 
r",  intestine ;  s,  stomach  ;  o.  esophagus :  m,  mouth  ;  M,  «  ,  lobes  of 
alimentary  canal :  tub,  muscular  band  from  eye-speck,  e,  to  water-vas- 
cular sac.  II.  Young  balanoglossus.  Letters  as  before,  except  g,  the 
first-fonned  branchial  stigmata.  III.  Balanoglossus,  more  advanced. 
c,  collar ;  /,  proboscis. 

Vermes.  The  members  of  this  genus  are  ,  longated,  foot- 
less, soft-bodied  worms,  with  the  mouth  at  one  end  of  the 
body  and  the  anus  at  the  other.  The  for,-  part  of  the  body 
presents  a  kind  of  collar  surrounding  a  constriction  from 
which  springs  a  lone  hollow  proboscis-like  organ,  whence 
the  name  Balanoglossus,  this  organ  being  like  a  tongue 
somewhat  acorn-shaped,  proceeding  from  within  the  col- 
lar like  an  acorn  from  Its  cup.  I  in  the  portion  of  the  body 
from  which  the  proboscis  springs  there  is  a  flattened  area 
with  a  longitudinal  series  of  branchial  apertures,  commu- 
nicating with  branchial  Bacs  connected  with  the  alimen- 
tary canal;  hence  the  term  Enteropneusta.  In  consequence 
of  this  relation  of  the  respiratory  to  the  aim,,  ,,tar\  canal, 
Huxley  associates  Balanoglossus  with  Tunicata  (or  ascidi- 
ans) as  members  of  a  pharyngopneustal  series.  The  larval 
form  ,,f  Balanoglossus  was  formerly  called  Tormina,  and 
regarded  as  an  echinodenn  from  its  great  resemblance  to 
the  larva  of  a  starfish. 

2.  [I.e.']  A  member  of  the  genus  Balanoglossus. 

balanoid  (bal'a-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  Baka- 
voeiSr/c,  like  an  acorn,  <  (3ci?.avoc,  an  acorn, + 
eltioc,  form.]  I.  a.  Resembling  an  acorn:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  the  acorn-shells  of  the  fam- 
ily Balanidte.     See  cut  under  Balanus. 

"II.  «.  An  acorn-shell ;  a  cirriped  of  the  fam- 
ily Balanidae. 

Balanoidea  (bal-a-noi'dc-:i ),». ;,?.  [NL..<  Ba- 
Ihiiiis  +  -mil,  a.  Of.  balanoid.]  Same  as  Bala- 
iinlir. 

Balanophoracese  (bal  a-no-fo-ra'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  jia'Aarar,  an  acorn,  +  -<p6poc,  bearing 
(<  ipiprtv  z=~E.  bear1),  +  -aei  a\]  An  order  of  cu- 
rious apetalous  leafless  plants,  related  to  the 
mistletoe,  but  parasitic  upon  the  roots  instead 
of  the  branches  of  other  plants.  From  their  simple 
structure,  they  were  formerl)  thought  to  la.  allied  to  the 
fungi.  There  are  about  40  known  species,  grouped  into  14 
genera,  natives  of  the  tropics.     They  are  generally  of  a 


Balanophoracca.    (",  nomorium  coecineum,  crowing  upon  the  root 

of  ,  .  ,1s  .la,  i-rs  natural  size  :  it,  inflorescence,  ' 
(From  Lc  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  I  raite'ge'nera]  de  Botanique.") 

blight  yellow  or  red  color.     Their  small  dowers,  in  most 
cases  unisexual,  are  aggregated  into  dense  masses.    The 
fruit  is  one-celled,  with  a  single  seed, 
balantt  (ba'lant),  a.     [<  L.  balan(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
balare,  bleat."  Cf.  baa.]    Bleating. 

The  balant  ami  latrant  noises  of  that  sort  of  people. 

c.  Stather,  Mae.  Christ  (ed.  1852),  App.,p. 620. 

BalanUS  (hid'u-ims l,  u.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ,)„/,.,,»,  an 
acorn.  Cf.  L.  glans,  an  acorn :  seegwnd.]  The 
typical  genus  of  sessile  cir- 
ripeds of  tin'  family  /.'«/,/- 
niilir:  the  acorn-shells  or 
sea-acorns,  called  barna- 
cles, except  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, where  the  peduncu- 
lated Lepadidm  have  thai 
name.     /;,  tiiitinmtimlitm  is  the 

itpresinlal  Ive  species.      The  shell 

consists  of  e,  plates,  with  a,,  opt  r 

,  ill f  I  valves.     Colonies  are  to  be  found  on  rocks  left 

dry  at  low  water,  on  ships,  on  timber,  on  lobsters  and  other 
crustaceans,  and  on  the  shells  of  conchifers  and  other  mol- 
hisks  i  ie  \  differ  from  the  members  of  the  genus  Lepas 
i,,  having  a  symmi  i  ileal  shell  and  in  being  destitute  of  a 
flexible  stalk.    They  pass  through  a  larval  stage  of  exis- 


Balanus  porcatus. 


Balanus 


Diagrammatic  section  of  Acorn-shell  {Balan 
a.  cavity  of  the  sac  lying  over  the  labium  ;  *.  prosoma  ;  c,  carina  ; 
cl,  i  .milliliter  il  compartment ;  /,  lateral  compartment ;  r,  rostrum  ; 
s.  si  ntuin  ;  /,  tergum  :  f,  penis ;  g.  gut-fonued  gland  ;  A,  duct  con- 
necting jf"  with  i,  peduncular  or  ovarian  tubules,  and  k,  cement-duct 
and  glands;  /'.antenna;;  m,  ovigerous  fraenum ;  d,  anus. 

teuce,  :it  which  period  they  are  not  fixed,  but  move  about 
by  means  of  swimming-feet,  and  possess  large  stalked  eyes, 
both  feet  and  eyes  disappearing  when  they  attach  them- 
selves to  their  final  place  of  repose. 
balas1,  balass(bal'as,ba-las'),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  hallos,  ctc.,<  ME.  balas,  balace,  balai/s, 
etc.,  <  OF.  balais,  balai  =  l'r.  balays,  balach 
=  Sp.  balax  —  Pg.  balache  =  It.  balascio,  < 
ML.  balascius,  balascus,  <  Ar.  balahhsh,  a 
kind  of  ruby,  <  Pers.  Badakhshdn,  a  country  in 
central  Asia  north  of  the  Hindu  Kush  moun- 
tains (called  Balasian  by  Marco  Polo),  where 
this  ruby  is  found.]  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby, 
of  a  pale  rose-red  color,  sometimes  inclining  to 
orange.    See  spinel.    Usually  called  balas-ruby. 

William  of  Wykeham  .  .  .  bequeathed  to  his  successor 

in  the  bishopric  of  Winchester  .  .  .  his  larger  gold  pon- 

titieal  ring,  with  a  sapphire  stone,  surrounded  with  four 

balas-rubies,  and  two  small  diamonds  and  eleven  pearls. 

Quoted  in  Hock'*  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  171. 

balas'2  (bal' as),  n.  [Turk.]  A  long  dagger  in- 
tended for  thrusting  rather  than  cutting,  used 
by  the  Turks ;  a  Turkish  yataghan.  Ii.  F.  Bur- 
tun. 

balase1!,  «•    See  balas1. 

balase'4,  "•     See  ballast. 

balass,  n.     See  balas1. 

balata  (bal'a-ta),  n.    Same  as  balata-gum. 

balata-gum  Ojad'a-ta-gum),  n.  The  inspissated 
juice  of  a  sapotaceous  tree,  Mimusops  globosa, 
of  tropical  America  from  the  Antilles  to  Guiana. 
It  is  intermediate  in  character  between  caoutchouc  and 
gutta-percha,  ami  from  its  great  strength  is  especially 
suited  for  belting  and  similar  uses. 

balata-tree  (bal'a-ta-tre),  n.  A  large  sapota- 
ceous tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Bumelia  return, 
the  wood  of  which  is  very  hard.  See  bully- 
tree. 

balatront  (hal'a-tron),  ft.  [<  L.  balatro(n-),  a 
babbler,  jester,  "buffoon,  prob.  for  *blatero(n-),  < 
Wafer-are, babble.]     Abuffoon.    Cockeram. 

balatronic  (bal-a-tron'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  buffoons.     Sola.     [Rare.] 

balausta  (ba-las't8),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balaustium  : 
see  Balaustion.]  A  fruit  like  the  pomegranate, 
succulent  within  and  many-seeded,  with  a  firm 
rind,  and  tipped  with  the  persistent  lobes  of  the 
calyx. 

balaustine  (ba-las'tin),  a.  [<  L.  balaustium  (< 
Gr.  fia'AavoTiov,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pome- 
granate) +  -ine1.]   Pertaining  to  the  wild  poine- 

grauate-tree.  —  Balaustine  flowers,  the  dried  flowers 
of  the  pomegranate,  osed  in  medicine  as  an  astringent. 

Balaustion  (ba-las'ti-on),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  L. 
balaustium,  <  Gr.  pa'/aiariov,  the  flower  of  the 
wild  pomegranate.  Cf.  baluster.']  A  genus  of 
myrtaeeous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  B.  /ad- 
cherrimum,  a  shrub  inhabiting  southwestern 
Australia.  It  bears  numerous  flowers  resembling  in 
shape  ami  color  those  •»!'  the  dwarf  i ugranate. 

balanstyt  (ba-las'ti),  ft.  [<  L.  balaustium:  see 
BalaustionJ]    Same  as  balaustine  flowers. 

balayeuse  (bal-a-yez'),  n.  [P.,  fem.  of  balayeur, 
a  sweeper,  <  balaycr,  sweep,  <  balai,  OF.  balei, 
buleis,  a  broom,  dial,  the  broom-plant,  >  ME. 
ball  is,  a  rod.]  A  strip  of  plaited  muslin  or  lace 
placed  inside  of  the  bottom  of  women's  dresses 
to  protect  them  from  the  floor. 

balaynt,  «■     An  obsolete  form  of  baleen. 

balayst,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  balas1. 

bal-boy  (bal'boi),  n.  A  boy  working  in  a  mine. 
Ure,  Diet.,  I.  280.     [Cornish.] 

Balbriggan  hosiery.    See  hosiery. 

balbusard  (bal'bu-sard),  n.  [F.,  also  balbu- 
-ard.]  A  name  of  the  osprey  or  bald  buzzard, 
l'andiim  bidinetits.  It  was  taken  in  lsis  by  Fleming 
as  a  genus  name  in  the  form  Balbumrdus.     INot  in  use.] 


427 

balbutiatet  (bal-bu'shi-at),  r.  i.  [<  L.  as  if 
'balbutiarc  for  ballad  ire,  stammer,  <  balhus, 
stammering.]    To  stammer  in  speaking. 

balbutientt  (bal-bfi'shi-ent),  a.  [<  L.  balbu- 
tien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ballintirr,  stammer:  see  balbu- 
tiaie.]    Stammering. 

balbuties  (bal-bu'shi-ez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  baJbus, 
stammering.  Cf.  balbutiaU .]  1.  Stammering. 
—  2.  A  vicious  and  incomplete  pronunciation, 
in  which  almost  all  the  consonants  are  replaced 
by  h  and  /.    Dunglison. 

bal-captain  (bar'kap'tan).  «.  A  mine-captain. 
[Cornish.] 

balcont,  balconet,  «•  [<  F.  balcon,  <  It.  baleoru . 
a  balcony:  sec  balcony. ~\  A  balcony  or  gallery. 
Pepys. 

balconet  (bal-ko-nef),  n.  [Also  balconette,  < 
balcon,  balcony,' +  -et,  -ette.  Cf.  It.  dim.  baU 
conata."]  Alow 
ornamental  rail- 
ing to  a  door 
or  window,  pro- 
jecting but 
slightly  beyond 
the  threshold  or 
sill. 

balconied  (bal'- 
ko-nid),  a.  Hav- 

iii";  a  balconyor 
balconies. 

The  house  was 
double-balconied. 

/.•»;/.  r  North,  Ex- 
[amen,  iii.  7. 

balcony  (bal'- 
ko-ni,  until  re- 
cently bal-ko'- 
ni),  ».;  pi.  bal- 
conies (-niz). 
[Formerly  also 
balcone,  balco- 
uie,  balcony,  etc. 
(sometimes  bal- 
con, after  F. 
balcon),  <  It.  bal- 
cone, <  balco,  a 
beam,  scaffold, 
<  OHG.  ball.o, 
bttlcho,  a  scaffold,  =  E.  balk,  a  beam,  etc.:  see 
balk1,  ».]  1.  A  stage  or  platform  projecting 
from  the  wall  of  a  building  within  or  without, 
supported  by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and 
encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  railing,  or 
parapet.  Outer  balconies  are  common  before 
windows,  and  inner  ones  in  ball-rooms,  public 
halls,  etc. 

The  flourish  of  trumpets  and  kettledrums  from  a  high 
balcony,  which  overlooked  the  hall,  announced  the  en- 
trance of  the  maskers.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

2.  In  theaters,  a  gallery  occupying  various  po- 
sitions. In  some  theaters  it  is  a  raised  tier  of  seats  sur- 
rounding the  parquette  ;  in  others  it  takes  the  place  of  the 
dress-circle;  ami  in  others  still  it  is  the  gallery  inunedi- 
:iti  h  behind  or  above  the  dress-circle. 
bald1  (bald),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
liable,  bauble,  bard,  ball'd,  <  ME.  halde,  bvlile, 
earlier  balled,  ballid,  ballede,  baldj  of  uncertain 
origin,  (1)  by  some  regarded  as  identical  with 
the  rare  early  ME.  ballede,  in  the  apparent 
sense  of  rotund,  corpulent,  applied  to  the 
body,  lit.  'balled,'  round  like  a  ball  (<  ball1  + 
-<(/-),  and  hence,  perhaps,  of  the  head,  smooth, 
hairless;  otherwise  (2)  perhaps  <  ball,  a  white 
streak  or  spot  (a  word  of  Celtic  origin  not  found 
in  ME.,  but  prob.  then  existent:  see  bull'S),  + 
-nle,  an  adj.  suffix  connected  with  -aft.]     I.  a. 

1.  Wanting  hair,  as  the  head,  in  some  part 
(usually  the  top,  or  front  and  top)  where  it 
naturally  grows;  partly  or  wholly  deprived  of 
hair  on  the  head,  as  a  person. 

liis  heed  was  ballid  and  schon  as  eny  gins. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  toC.  I.,  1,  198. 

ficsar,  .  .  .  because  his  head  was  bald,  covered  that  de- 
fect with  laurels.  Addimn. 

2.  Without  the  natural  or  usual  covering  of 
the  head  or  top;  bareheaded:  as,  afraid  oak;  a 
ludd  mountain. 

No  question  asked  him  by  any  of  the  senators,  but  they 
stand  bald  before  him.  Shah.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

Thy  bald,  awful  head,  O  sovran  Blanc  '■ 

Coleridge,  *  lhamouni. 

3.  Destitute  of  beard  or  awn:  as,  bidd  wheat. 
— 4.  Wanting  force  or  meaning ;  meager;  pal- 
try: as,  a  bald  sermon;  a  bald  truism. —  5.  Des- 
titute of  appropriate  ornament ;  too  bare,  plain, 
or  literal:  unadorned;  inelegant:  as,  "a  bald 
translation,"  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  6. 


Balder-brae 

lie  i  Milton]  could  Btoop  to  n  plain  tyle,  sometimi  i  ran 
to  a  bald  style;  but  false  brilliancy  wa   his  utter  aversion. 

Macaulay,  Milton. 
Ghastly  thro'  tin-  di 
on  the  bald  street  breaks  the  blank  day. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  vll. 

6.  Bare;  (.pen;   undisguised. 
A  bald  egotism  which  i    quiti  i  ilflsh* 

ness.  Lowell,  Among  in)  Bool  p.  314. 

7.  Having  white  on  the  in i  bead:  specifi- 
cally applied  in  several  birds:  as,  the  bald  buz- 
zard, eagle,  etc. 

II.  u.  A  natural  meadow  or  grassy  plain  oc- 
curring on  the  rounded  summit  of  a  high  moun- 
tain: a  term  in  use  in  tin-  southern  extension 
of  the  Appalachian  ranges,  where  ;i  number  of 
the  highest  knobs  have  their  dome-shaped  tops 
entirely  bare  of  trees. 

bald't('l'ahl),  r.  t.  [(.bald1,  a.]  To  make  buhl; 
deprive  of  hair. 

bald'-'t,  a.  An  obsolete  ami  dialectal  form  of 
bold.  It  is  retained  in  this  spelling  as  an  element  in 
certain  proper  names  of  Anglo-Saxon  or  "Id  nibble  rman 
origin:  as,  Baldwin,  Archibald,  Ethelbald,  i  tc. 

baldachin  (bal'da-Mn);  n.  [In  def.  1  also  for- 
merly liiddalni,  iialdeliii,  and  earlier  baudekin, 
q.  v. ;  in  def.  2  also  baldaquin,  and,  as  It.  or 
Sp.,  baldacchino,  baldaquino;  <  F .  baldaquin  = 
Sp.  baldaquino  =  Pg.  baldaquim,  <  It.  baldac- 
chino (ML.  baidakinus,  ete.)(  •'  canopy,  < 
Beddacco,  It.  form  of  Bagdad  (Ar.  Baghdad), 
where  a  rich  cloth  used  for  such  canopies  was 
manufactured.]  If.  Same  as  baudekin. —  2.  A 
canopy  of  various  kinds.  („>  \  portable  decorative 
covi  ring,  I"  line  in  ceremonial  processions  as  a  sign  of  rank 

or  dignity  ;  particularly,  the  dais-like  c; py  rallied  over 

tin  pope,  whiehis  supported  on  eight  poles  and  carried  by 
distinguished  personages.  (/')  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a 
portable  canopy  borne  ovei  the  euchatist  carried  proces- 
sionally,  as  on  the  feast  of  (  orpus  Christi.  (c)  A  stationary 
covering,  of  baudekin,  silk,  or  other  rich  stuff,  Btretched 
above  the  seat  of  a  dignitary  ;  in  general,  the  canopy  of  a 
dais;  sometimes,  that  of  a  bed  with  curtains,    (d)  A  fixed 


li.--lJJiIlifiJi* 

HfPla§#  fit 


Double  Baldachin. —  Shrine  of  the  Crown  of  Thorns,  high  altar  of 

the  Sainte  Chapelle,  Paris;  13th  century. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1'Architecture."  ) 

canopy,  of  ten  of  metal  or  stone,  above  theisolated  hcdi  alt  al- 
ia many  chun-ln  s,  especially  in  Italy  ami  the  East,  tlnm 
its  center,  according  to  the  old  ritual,  usually  hung  by  a 
chain  the  vessel  containing  the  Host ;  but  this  usage  has 
novi  been  superseded.  Baldachins  also  occur  in  ether  po- 
sitions than  over  altars,  as  over  tombs,  shrines,  etc.  Also 
spelled  baldaquin.     Also  called  riborium, 

baldachino  (bal-da-ke'no),  n.  [<  It.  baldac- 
chino.']    Same  as  baldachin. 

baldaquin  (bal'da-kin),  «.    See  baldachin. 

baldaret,  ».  [Origin  obscure ;  some  suppose  an 
allusion  to  the  god  Balder  and  his  restoration 
to  life.]  An  old  name  of  the  amaranth,  Jma- 
rantus  caudatus. 

bald-COOt  (bald'kot),  n.     See  baldicoot. 

baldekint,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  baldachin. 

balden  (hal'den),  ».  t.  and  i.  [<  bald1  +  -euK] 
To  make  or  become  bald.     [Rare.] 

Balder-brae,  Balder's-brae  (harder-,  bal'- 
derz-bra),  n.  [North.  E.,  <  Ieel.  Balders-brd 
(Cnhihi  fetida)  =  Nbrw.  baldur-braa,  ballebraa 
(Pyrethrum  inodorum),  that  is,  as  also  in  E., 

Holder's  brow;   als irruptly   bald   eyebrow. 

From  Balder,  a  Norse  divinity,  son  of  Odin.] 
An  old  name  lor  the  mayweed,  Anthemis  Cotula. 


balderdash 

balderdash  (bal'der-dash),  ».  [  First  in  sense  1 ; 
of  obscure  origin,  appar.  dial,  or  slang:  ac- 
cording i"  one  conjecture,  <  Dan.  balder,  noise, 
clatter  (from  a  verb  repr.  bySw.  dial,  ballra, 
Nbrw.  baldra,  bellow,  prattle,  =  Icel.  refl.  bal- 
drast,  ballrast,  clatter;  ef.  I).  LG-.  baldt  n  n,  roar, 
thunder),  +  dash,  repr.  Dan.  daske,  slap,  flap: 
see  dash.  But  the  word  may  be  merely  one  of 
the  numerous  popular  formations,  of  no  defi- 
nite elements,  bo  freely  made  in  the  Elizabethan 
period.]  If-  A  jumbled  mixture  of  frothy  li- 
quors. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bouny-clabb  r. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  -. 

2.  Senseless  prate;  an  unmeaning  or  nonsen- 
sical jumble  of  words;  trashy  talk  or  writing. 
I  heard  him  charge  this  publication  with  ribaldry,  scur- 
rility, billingsgate,  and  be 

Home  Tookc,  Trial,  p.  25. 
=  Syn.  2.  See  pratth  .  n, 

balderdash  (bal'der-dash),  v.  t.  [<  balderdash, 
n.]  To  jumble  and  adtdterate  (liquors);  hence, 
to  mix  with  inferior  ingredients;  adulterate: 
with  with  before  the  adulterant:  as,  to  balder- 
dash wine  with  eider.     [Rare.] 

The  wine-merchants  of  Nice  brew  and  balderdash  and 
even  mix  it  with  pigeon's  dung  and  quicklime. 

Smollett,  Travels,  xix. 

Balder's-brae,  n.    See  Balder-brae. 

bald-faced  (bald'fast ),  a.  Having  a  white  face 
or  white  on  the  face:  said  of  animals:  as,  a 
bald-faced  stag. 

baldhead  (bald'hed),  »i.  1.  A  man  bald  on  the 
head.  2  Ki.  ii.  I'll. — 2.  The  name  of  a  breed  of 
domestic  pigeons. — 3.  A  name  of  the  fruit- 
crows  (Cotingidai)  of  South  America,  of  the 
genus  Gymnocephalus.  n.  calvus  is  the  capu- 
chin baldhead. 

bald-headed  (bald' hed  ed),  a.  Having  a  bald 
head.     Bald-headed  eagle.    See  eagle. 

baldicoot  (bal'di-kol ),  n.  [Also  baldecoot,  bald- 
coot,  <  bald1  +  coot;  the-  syllable  -i-  is  mean- 
ingless.] 1.  The  common  coot,  Fulica  atra. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  monk,  on  account 
of  his  somber  raiment  and  shaven  crown. 

Princesses  that  .   .    .  demean  themselves  to  hob  and 
nob  with  these  hlack  baldicoots. 

Kinffsley,  Saint's  Tragedy,  iii.  4. 

baldly  (bfUd'li),  adv.    So  as  to  be  bald,  in  any 

sense  of  that  word, 
baldmoney  (b&ld'mun'i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  baldimonie,  baudmoney,  etc.,  <  ME.  hulil- 
mony,  baldemoyn,  baldemoyne,  baldemoin,  an 
early  name  of  gentian;  origin  unknown.]  If. 
A  name  of  various  species  of  gentian. —  2.  A 
name  for  the  mew  or  spignel,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  of  Europe,  Meum  athamanttcum. 
baldness  (bald'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  ballednesse :  < 
bald1  +  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
bald.  (<o  hack  of  hair  or  natural  covering  on  the  head 
ortop;  absence  or  Lossof  hair,  (b)  Deficiency  of  appro- 
priate ornament,  as  in  writing;  meanness  or  inelegance; 

want  of tment:  as,  baldness  of  style. 

ness  of  allusion  and  barbarity  of  versification. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  74. 
baldpate  (bald'pat),  n.     1.  A  person  with  a 
bald  1 1'  ad. 

Come  hither,  goodman  baldpate. 

Shak.,  M.  fori!.,  v.  i. 
2.   In  ornith.,  a  kind  of  duck  with  white  on  the 
head;  awidgeon,  \£arecapenelopi  an&M.ameri- 
cana.    See  cut  under  widgeon. 
baldpate,  bald-pated  (bald'pat,  -parted),  a. 
Lacking  hair  on  the  pate ;  shorn  of  hair. 
Vou  bald-pated,  lying  rascal.        Shak  ,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
baldrib  (bald'rib),  ».    1.  A  joint  of  pork  cut 
from   nearer  the  rump  than  the  spare-rib,  and 
consisting  of  a  rib  from  which  the  fat  has  been 
removed. 

kin,  'him-,  ..I-  chop. 

Southey,  To  A.  Cunningham. 
Bence  —  2.    figuratively,  a  lean,  lanky  person. 

( Bare.] 

Faith,  thou  arl  men  a  spring  baldrib,  nil  the  mistresses 
in  tic-  town  "ill  never  get  thee  up.  m,,i<ii<  ton. 

baldric  (bal'drik),  n.  [Pormerlj  bI&o  baudriclc, 
etc..  <  ME.  baudrik,  bawdrifc,  bauderik,  etc., 
earlier  baudry,  <  OF.  baudrei,  baldrei,  baldret 
(later  baudroy  and.  with  added  suffix,  baudrier) 
=  Pr.  baudrat  i  Ml,,  baldringus  I,  appar.  <  MIKi. 
imiili rich,  a  girdle,  perhaps  <  OWt.balg  =  E. 
lull,  <  L.  battens:  see  /„//.]  l.  ,\  i„.)t,  ,„■  au 
oi  nament  resembling  a  belt. 

him  round, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldrick  bound. 

Scott,  I..  ..i  I..  M,,  n,  in. 
In  particular  <"t>  A  belt  worn  round  thi  wal  I  a  the 
Soman  cingulum,  or  military  belt  i'o  A  Jeweled  orna- 
in-  oi  worn  round  the  nei  i.  bj  ool  h  ladii  and  •  ntlemen 
In  the  sixteenth  century.     /;.  Muni*.    (.1)  Figuratively, 


428 
the  zodiac.    Spenser,     (d)    V  beli  worn  over  the  right  or 

left  shoulder,  crossing    the  lioily  diagonal!]    I"  the  Waist  o| 

below  it,  cither  simply  us  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sword,  dagger,  or  horn,    such  belts, in  medievaland  Re- 
naissance times,  were  sometimes  richly  decorated  and 
garnished  with  bells,  precious  stones,  etc. 
Athwart  his  brest  a  bautdrick  brave  he  ware 

I  hat  shind.  like  twinkling  si  ars,  with  stones  most  pretious 

rare.  Spenser,  F.  tj,,  I.  vii.  29. 

And  from  his  blazon  d  baldric  slung 
A  mighty  silver  bugle  hung, 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 

2f.  The  leather  thong  or  gear  by  which  the  clap- 
per of  a  chureh-bell  was  formerly  suspended. 

In  the  earliest  accounts  the  baldricks  of  the  bells  are 
always  referred  to  eo  nomine,  hut  later  on  they  are  called 
"  Leathers.  '  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  495. 

Also  spelled  baldrick. 
baldric-wise  (bal'drik-wiz),  adv.    [<  baldric  + 
wise2.]     After  the  manner  of  a  baldric ;  over 
one  shoulder  and  hanging  down  to  the  waist. 
balductumt,  n.    [Also  balducktum,  <  ML.  bal- 
iliictu,  curd,  hot  milk  curdled  with  ale  or  wine, 
a  posset.]     Balderdash;  trash. 
Baldwin  bit.    See  bit1. 

baldy  (b&l'di),  re.  [<  bedtl1  +  dim.  -//.]  A  nick- 
name for  a  bald-headed  person.  [Colloq.] 
bale1  (bad),  re.  [<  ME.  bale,  bailee,  balie,  bullae, 
biilu,  etc.,  <  AS.  IiiiIii,  bealu,  bealo  (bealw-,  bea- 
low-)=0&.  btittt  =  QVr\es.  hulu-,  bale-  (ineonip.) 
=  OHG.  balo  =  Icel.  bol  (not  in  mod.  CI.  Sw. 
Dan.),  evil,  calamity;  prop.  neut.  of  the  adj. 
found  only  in  AS.  balu,  bealu  (balw-,  bealw-)  = 
MLGr.  bal-  (in  comp.),  Goth,  balws  (in  comp. 
and  deriv.),  evil,  dire.]  Evil;  woe;  calamity; 
misery;  that  which  causes  ruin,  destruction,  or 
sorrow.  [Long  obsolete  until  recently  revived 
in  poetry.  It  occurs  especially  in  alliterative 
antithesis  to  boot  or  bliss.'] 

For  now  this  day  thou  art  my  half, 
.My  boote  when  thou  shohl  bee. 

Robin  Hood,  in  Percy's  Reliques. 
Yett  still  he  strove  to  cloke  his  inward  bale. 

Spenser,  V.  (J.,  I.  ix.  10. 
Brought  hither  from  their  homes  to  work  our  bale. 

Snutheil. 

A  touch,  and  bliss  is  turned  to  bale. 

C.  Thaxter,  The  Pimpernel. 
bale2  (bal),  n.     [Sc.  also  heal,  hail ;  <  ME.  bale, 
built;  belli   (chiefly  northern;   the  reg.  southern 
ME.  would  be  "belt;  *bel,  giving  mod.  E.  *beul  or 
*beel,  like  deal1  or  eel),  <  AS.  ball  =  Icel.  bill  = 
Sw.  Ml  =  Dan.  beial,  a  great  fire,  a  blazing  pile, 
funeral  pyre ;  ef .  Skt.  bhalas,  luster,  Gr.  tpaXoc, 
shining,  white:  see  ball3.]     A  large  fire  built 
out  of  doors  and  burning  freely;  a  bonfire.    Spe- 
cifically—  (a)  A  funeral  pile  or  pyre.     [<  Obsolete  and  poet- 
ical.]  \b)  A  signal-fire ;  a  beacon.    See  beacon  and  balefire. 
On  Penchryst  glows  a  bale  of  fire, 
And  three  are  kindling  on  Piicsthaugliswire. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  27. 

bale3  (bal),  11.  [<  ME.  bale,  <  OF.  bale,  balle  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bala=  It.  bulla,  <  ML.  bala,  bulla,  a 
ball,  a  round  bundle,  a  package,  <  OHG.  hullu. 
jiullu,  MHG.  balk,  a  ball:  see  ball1,  of  whi  h 
bale  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  large  bundle  or  pack- 
age of  merchandise  prepared  for  transporta- 
tion, either  in  a  cloth  cov»r,  corded  or  banded, 
or  without  cover,  but  compressed  and  secured 
by  transverse  bands,  wires,  or  withes  and  lon- 
gitudinal slats.  The  chief  articles  of  merchandise  that 
are  haled  are  cotton,  wool,  and  hay.  The  weight  of  a  bale 
of  American  cotton  is  hctween  loo  and  r.nn  pounds,  vary- 
ing with  the  season  of  production.     A  bale  of  cochineal  is 

II  hundredweight,  a  bale  of  Spanish  wood  2J  hundred* 
weight,  a  hale  of  caraway-seeds  3  hundredweight,  a  bale 
of  Mocha  coffee  303  pounds,  a  bale  of  thread  100  holts. 
2t.  A  pair  or  set  of  dice. 

It  is  a  false  die  of  the  same  hale,  hut  nut  the  same  cut. 

Sir  T.  Oeerbury,  characters. 
I  have  a  crew  of  angels  prisoners  in  my  pocket,  and 
none  hut  a  good  bale  of  dice  can  letch  them  out, 

Mtddleton,  blurt,  ftiaster-Constable,  it 

bale3  (bal),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  baled,  ppr.  baling. 
[<  bale9,  «.]     To  make  up  into  a  bale  or  bales. 

bale4t,  bale5t,  bale°t,  bale'-'.  See  bain,  hu,r-, 
bail?,  biiilK 

Balearian  (bal-e-a'ri-an),  a.     Same  as  Unit/trie. 

Balearic  (bal-o-ar'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Iluleurieiis, 
better  lluliuriiiis  (Or.  BaTuapiKor,  also  BaXcapucde 
and  V.ii'/'/iapikiir),  <  lliiliuris,  belter  Buliures, 
Gr.  Ma'Ataptir,  the  ancient  mime  of  the  islands 
and  of  their  inhabitants,  lit.,  according  to  the 
common  tradition,  the  slingers,  <  Or.  Wn'/'mr, 
throw,  sling.J  Pertaining  to  the  islands  Major- 
ca, Minorca,  Eviza,  etc.,  in  the  Mediterranean 
sea.  called  the  Balearic  islands.-  Balearic  crane. 
3ee  /■'<!/<  arica, 

Balearica  (bal-o-ar'i-kii),  ».  [NL.,  fern.  sing. 
of  L.  Jiuleurieiis :  sec  Balearic.']  A  genus  of 
cranes,  family  llriiulu;  including  the  crowned 
cranes,  /.'.  jmriniiiia  and  /.'.  nyiiliinuii.  They 
have  a  lustlgiate  fun-shaped  erect  crest  of  modified  yet 


balin 

lowish  feathers  resembling  a  miniature  whvp-broom,  The 
head  is  also  variegated  with  blai  k  feathi  ra  and  red  naked 
spaces,  nnil  the  tin', nit  is  wattled  ;  the  general  plumage  is 
blackish,  with  much  white  on  the  w ings.  The  total  length 
i-  ii i m ,nt  4  ice!  These  cranes  occur  In  various  parts  oi 
Africa,  as  well  as  in  the  islands  to  which  they  owe  their 
name,  and  one  species  has  occasionally  been  found  in  Eu- 
rope. The  genus  has  also  been  named  Balearius  (liati- 
nesque,  1815)  and  Qeranarehus  (Ologer,  lsf^). 

balearican  (bal-e-ar'i-kan),  n.  [<  Balearica.] 
A  crane  of  the  genus  Balearica. 

baleen  (ba-len'),  n.  [<  ME.  balene,  baleyne,  a 
whale,  <  OF.  balene,  V.  baleinc,  <  L.  hultenu,  a. 
whale:  see  Balama.]  If.  A  whale. —  2f.  The 
sea-bream. — 3.  Whalebone  in  its  natural  state: 
a  name  given  by  whale-fishers. 

The  horny  "teeth "of  the  Lampreys,  and  of  Oruitliorhyn- 
chus,  appear  to  he  ecderonic  structures,  homologous  with 

the  baleen  of  the  t'etarca,  with  the  palatal  plates  oi  the 

Sirenia,  or  the  beaks  of  Birds  and  lie], tiles,  and  not  with 
true  teeth.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  SO. 

baleen-knife  (ba-len 'n if ),  «.  A  double-handled 
knife  with  a  curved  blade,  used  for  splitting 
whalebone. 

bale-fire  (bal'fir),  ».  [<  ME.  balefyre,  <  AS. 
baHfyr,  <  bed,  bale,  +  fyr,  tire:  see  bale2  and 
fire?]  1.  A  large  fire  in  the  open  air;  partic- 
ularly, the  fire  of  a  funeral  pile. 

The  festival  [of  the  death  of  the  earth  in  winter]  was 
.  .  .  kept  by  the  lighting  of  great  fires,  called  bale-tire*. 

Keary,  Prim,  belief,  p.  227. 
2.  A  beacon-  or  signal-fire. 

Sweet  Teviot !  on  thy  silver  tide 
The  glaring  bale-Jires  blaze  no  more. 

Sco«,  I.,  of  L.  M.,  iv.  1. 

baleful  (bal'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  baleful,  bulufnl,  < 
AS.  heal  it  full,  bealofull,  <  bealu,  bealo,  bale,  + 
-full,  -ful:  see  bah1  and  -fill.]  1.  Full  of 
hurtful  or  malign  influence ;  destructive ;  per- 
nicious; noxious;  direful;  deadly:  as,  "baleful 
breath,"  Dryden;  "baleful  drugs,"  Milton,  Co- 
mus,  1.  225. 

And  when  he  weeps,  as  you  think  for  his  vices, 
'Tis  but  as  killing  drops  from  baleful  yew-trees, 
That  rot  their  honest  neighhour. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iii.  l. 
This  lustful,  treacherous,  and  bale/ul  woman, 

Edinburgh  Rev. 
He  reminded  him  that  the  baleful  horoscope  of  Abdul- 
lah had  predicted  the  downfall  of  Granada. 

Present/,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  xiv. 

2.  Fraught  with  bale  ;  full  of  calamity  or  mis- 
fortune; disastrous;  wretched;  miserable. 

Ah  !  lucklesse  babe,  borne  under  cruel  starve, 
And  in  dead  parents  balefnll  ashes  bred. 

Spenser,  W.  t}.,  II.  ii.  2. 
That  baleful  burning  night, 
When  subtle  Greeks  surpris'd  King  Priam's  Troy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

balefully  (bal'ful-i),  adv.    [ME.  balfully,  baill- 

fully ;  <  baleful  +  -If1.]     In  a  baleful  manner. 

(«)  Calamitously ;  perniciously  ;  noxiously,    (b) 

Miserably  ;  unhappily  ;  painfully. 
balefulness  (bal' fill'- nes),   «.     The  state  or 

quality  of  being  baleful. 

Their  blisse  he  turn'd  to  balefulnesse. 

Spenser,  v.  Q.,  II.  xii.  83. 

bale-hook  (bal'huk),  n.  1.  A  large  hook  sus- 
pended from  the  chain  of  a  crane  or  winch,  for 
use  in  lifting  bales. —  2.  A  smaller  hand-hook 
used  in  handling  unwieldy  bales,  boxes,  and 
packages. 

baleine  (ba-lan'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a  whale:  see 
baleen.]  A  movable  platform  for  the  support 
of  dumping-wagons,  used  in  France  in  building 
railroad  embankments. 

baleist,  «•  [Early  mod.  10.  balys,  <  ME.  baleys, 
baleis,  <  OF.  baleis,  balei,  mod.  F.  balai,  a 
broom,  besom,  dial,  also  broom,  genesta;  ef. 
Bret,  balaen,  a  broom,  besom,  balan,  broom, 
genista.]     A  rod;  a  twig. 

baleless  (bal'les),  a.  [<  ME.  baleles,  <  AS.  bealu- 
Irus;  bealoleds,i  bealu,  bealo,  bale,  +  -lain,  -less: 
sec  huh1  and  -Iran.]     Harmless;   innocent. 

baler1  (ba'ler),  ».     [<  bale5,  v.,  +  -er1.]    One 

who  bales,  or  makes  up  bales  or  bundles, 
baler-',  n.    See  bailer2. 

balest,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  hulas1. 

balestert,  »•    See  balister1. 

bale-tie  (Dal'tl),  n.  A  contrivance  for  joining 
the  ends  of  the  straps  used  in  baling  cotton, 
hay,  etc 

baliki  (ba-le'ke),  >i.  [Puss.]  The  back-pieces 
of  the  sturgeon,  salted  and  smoked  in  Russia 
for  home  use  and  exportation. 

balint,  »•  [Irreg.  <  L.  balin,  ace.  of  bulla,  <  Gr. 
,iii'/'/u,  an  unknown  plant:  see  def.]  An  un- 
known plant,  supposed  to  have  wonderful  me- 
dicinal virtues.     .V.  /'.'.  /'. 

Having  th'  hcrhe  balin  in  his  wounds  iufus'd. 

Great  Britaines  Tmy  (ltioo). 


baline 

baline  (ba-len'),  n.  [F.,  packing-cloth ;  cf.  ba- 
lin,  winnowing-cloth.]  A  coarse  kind  of  can- 
vas used  for  packing. 

balingert  (bal'in-jer),  n.  [<  -ME.  baMnger,  bal- 
enger,  etc.,  <  OF.  balengier,  ballenjer,  baleinier, 
ong.  a  whale-ship  (=  Pg.  oaleeiro,  a  whaler,  a 
whale-ship,  =  II.  oaleniera,  a  pinnace),  <  baleine, 
a  whale:  see  baleen.]  A  small  sea-going  wai'- 
vessel  in  use  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  and  supposed  to  have  been  a  kind 
of  sloop  without  forecastle. 

In  February,  1417,  the  king  possessed  six  great,  ships, 
eight  barges,  anil  ten  ballnaerx. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  650. 

baling-press  (baling-pres),  n.  A  power-press 
employed  for  compressing  soft  or  fibrous  ma- 
terials, as  raw  cotton,  hay,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  into  bales  for  transportation. 

balisaur  (bal'i-sar),  n.  [<  Hind,  bdlusur,  sand- 
hog,  <  bahi  (Beng.  bali),  sand,  +  stir,  a  hog  (cf. 
Skt.  sukara,  a  hog).]  The  common  Indian 
badger,  Arctonyx  collaris,  of  the  family  Mustc- 
titlie  and  subfamily  Melinw.  It  resembles  the  com- 
mon European  badger  of  the  genus  Meles,  but  is  larger, 
and  is.  from  its  technical  characteristics,  placed  in  a 
different  genus.  It  is  a  true  badger,  one  of  several  mem- 
bers of  the  Melinoe.    See  badger-.    Also  spelled  balysaur. 

balise,  n.    See  balize. 

balista,  n.    See  ballista. 

balister't  fbal'is-ter),  n.  [<  ME.  balester,  <  OP. 
balestier,  <  LL.  ballistarvus,  one  who  makes 
crossbows,  a  erossbowman,  <  L.  ballista,  a 
crossbow.    Cf.  arcubaUster.]    A  erossbowman. 

balister2t  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [<  OF.  balestre,  <  ML. 
balistra,  a  var.  of  L.  ballista,  a  crossbow  (cf. 
ML.  balistarius  areas,  a  crossbow) :  see  ballista.'] 
An  arbalist  or  crossbow.    Also  spelled  ballistcr. 

Balistes  (ba-lis'tez),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  balista,  bet- 
ter ballista,  the  military  engine ;  so  called  for 
the  same  reason  as  they  are  called  trigger-fish: 


Trigger-fish  (Balistts  capriscus). 

see  def .]  A  genus  of  plectognath  fishes,  typical 
of  the  family  Balistidce,  containing  such  species 
as  B.  capriscus.  They  are  known  as  trigger-fish,  be- 
cause  one  large  and  sharp  first  ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  cannot 
be  pressed  down  until  the  second  ray  is  depressed,  when 
the  first  shuts  down  as  does  the  hammer  of  a  gun  when  the 
trigger  is  pulled. 

balistid  (ba-lis'tid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Balistidce. 

Balistidae  (ba-lis'ti-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Balistes,  adopted  by  different  authors 
With  various  limits.  <«)  In  Bonaparte  s  early  system. 
1832.  a  family  embracing  the  Balistidce,  TriacanthidtB,  and 
Ostraeiontidce,  and  thus  equivalent  to  \he Sclerodermas  oi 
Cuvier.  (b)  In  Bonaparte's  later  systems  (1840,  etc.),  a  fam- 
ily embracing  the  [iidi<luhe  and  Tiiacanf/thhc,  thus  equiv- 
alent to  the  suborder  Scleroderma  ol  Gill,  (c)  In  Swain- 
son's  system,  a  family  including  all  the  plectognath  tishes. 
(</)  In  Gill's  system,  a  family  of  sclerodcrm  plectognaths 
with  reduced  rhombiforni  or  more  or  less  spiniform  der- 
mal appendages ;  a  compressed  body  ;  teeth  few  in  number 
and  more  or  less  compressed;  a  long  pelvis,  compressed 
and  arcuate,  with  the  tip  sometimes  prominent  and  some- 
times concealed  ;  and  no  paired  ventral  fins  or  spines. 
The  species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas, 
and  are  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  the  Balistina, 
Xonaeanthinos,  and  Psitocephalince.  See  these  words,  spe- 
cies are  known  as  tii'tih'i-fish,  Jile-fish,  etc. 

Balistina  (bal-is-ti'na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -ina.]  In  Gunt.her's  classification  of  fishes, 
the  second  group  of  his  family  Sclerodermi,  iden- 
tical with  the  family  Balistidce  of  recent  authors. 

Balistinae  (bal-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Btilistr* 
+  -inte.]  1.  A  subfamily  of  balistoid  fishes 
having  few  vertebras  (17),  an  anterior  dorsal  fin 
consisting  of  3  (rarely  2)  spines,  of  which  the 
first  is  enlarged  and  the  second  locks  it  in 
erection,  branchial  apertures  behind  the  eyes, 
a  compressed  ovate  form,  and  rhombiform 
scales.  The  most  common  English  names  of  the  species 
are  Jilefish  and  trigger-fish.  The  flesh  is  generally  but 
little  esteemed  and  may  even  be  poisonous  ;  but  in  some 
places,  as  in  Bermuda,  one  of  the  species  of  the  genus 
Batistes  is  highly  esteemed  and  locally  called  turbot.  The 
skin  is  used  for  filing  and  as  a  substitute  for  sandpaper. 
See  cut  under  Batistes. 

2.  In  early  systems  of  classification,  a  sub- 
family embracing  the  Balistidce  and  Triacan- 


429 

thidw,  and  equivalent  to  the  suborder  Sclcro- 
dermi  of  Gill. —  3.  In  some  systems,  a  subfam- 
ily equivalent  to  the  family  Balistidce  of  Gill. 

balistine  (ba-lis'tin),  b.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily 
Jialis/intr. 

balistoid  (ba-lis'toid),  a.  and  ».    [<  Balistes  + 
-niil.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Balistidce. 
II.  a.  A  balistid. 

balistraria  (bal-is-tra'ri-S),  n.  [ML.,  <  balis- 
tra, a  form  of  ballista,  a  crossbow:  see  bal- 
ister-.]  In  old  fort. :  (a)  A  loophole  or  aperture 
in  the  wall  of  a  fortification,  or  in  a  wood- 
en hoarding  temporarily  put  up  for  defense, 
through  which  crossbowmon  might  discharge 
their  bolts.  See  loophole,  and  compare  archeria. 
(J)  A  room  in  which  balisters  or  crossbows 
were  kept. 

balize,  balise  (ba-lez'),  "•  [<  F.  balise  =  Sp. 
Pg.  baliza,  Sp.  also  balisa,  valiza,  a  beacon, 
buoy,  sea-mark;  origin  unknown.]  A  sea-mark 
or  beacon  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  the  en- 
trance to  a  harbor;  a  barrel-buoy,  a  pole  sur- 
mounted by  a  peculiar  flag  or  other  object,  etc. 

balk1,  baulk  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  balk,  bake,  <  AS. 
balca,  a  ridge,  =  0s.  balco  =  OFries.  balka  = 
OD.  balke,  D.  balk  =  ULGr.  balke,  a  beam,  bal- 
ance, corn-loft.,  LG.  balke,  corn-loft,  =  OHG. 
balcho,  lia Ho  (>  It.  balco,  abeam,  >  buieone,  >E. 
balcony,  q.  v.),  MUG.  balke,  G-.  balke,  balken,  a 
beam,  bar;  also,  with  (Jiff,  formative,  AS.  bale 
(once),  a  ridge,  =  Icel.  bdlkr,  bolkr  =  Sw.  balk 
=  Norw.  balk,  bulk,  beam,  bar,  partition,  divi- 
sion, =  Dan.  balk,  ridge,  partition ;  AS.  bolca, 
gangway,  =  Icel.  bjdlki  =  Sw.  bjdlkc,  bjelke  = 
Dan.  bjcelke,  a  beam ;  cf .  AS.  bcelc,  covering ;  per- 
haps akin  to  Gr.  <pd'A n;  f ,  a  beam,  pole,  log,  trunk, 
block:  see  phalanx.]  1.  A  ridge ;  especially,  a 
ridge  left  unplowed  in  the  body  of  a  field,  or 
between  fields;  an  uncultivated  strip  of  land 
serving  as  a  boundary,  often  between  pieces  of 
ground  held  by  different  tenants.  The  latter  use 
originated  in  the  open-field  system  (which  see,  under  field). 
[Common  in  provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Dikeres  and  delueres  digged  vp  the  bathes. 

piers  Plowman  (B),  vi.  109. 
Green  balks  and  furrow'd  lands. 

Cowper,  Retirement. 
The  property  consisted  of  2,752  acres,  which  were  di- 
vided into  3,509  strips  of  land  set  at  every  possible  angle, 
from  nine  to  thirty  feet  wide  and  about  nine  or  ten  chains 
long,  with  a  grass  path  called  a  balk  between  each. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  902. 
2.  A  piece  missed  in  plowing.  Hence — 3f. 
An  omission  ;  an  exception. 

The  mad  Steele  about  doth  fiercely  fly, 
Not  sparing  wight,  ne  leaving  any  balke. 

Spenser,  F.  t).,  VI.  xi.  16. 
4.  A  blunder ;  a  failure  or  miscarriage :  as,  to 
make  a  ball; ;  you  have  made  a  bad  balk  of  it. 
[Now  chiefly  colloq.]  Hence  —  5.  In  base-ball, 
a  motion  made  by  the  pitcher  as  if  to  pitch  the 
ball,  but  without  actually  doing  so. —  6f.  A 
barrier  in  one's  way;  an  obstacle  or  stumbling- 
block. —  7.  A  check  or  defeat;  a  disappoint- 
ment. 

A  balk  to  the  confidence  of  the  hold  undertaker.  South. 
8.  In  coal-mining,  a  more  or  less  sudden  thin- 
ning out,  for  a  certain  distance,  of  a  bed  of 
coal;  a  nip  or  want. —  9.  A  beam  or  piece  of 
timber  of  considerable  length  and  thickness. 
Specifically  —  {a)  A  cross-beam  in  the  roof  of  ahousewhich 
unites  and  supports  the  rafters;  a  tie-beam.  In  old-fash- 
ioned one-story  houses  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  North 
of  England  these  tie-beams  were  often  exposed,  and  boards 
or  peeled  saplings  called  cabers  were  laid  across  them, 
forming  a  kind  of  loft  often  called  the  balk.*.  From  these 
exposed  tic-beams  or  from  the  cabers  articles  were  often 
suspended.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Tubbes  hanging  in  the  balken. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  440. 
The  stiffest  balk  bends  more  or  less;  all  joists  creak. 

Carbjle,  French  Eev.,  II.  i.  12. 

tb)  Milit.,  one  of  the  beams  connectingthe  successive  sup- 
ports of  a  trestle-bridge  or  bateau-bridge.  (<■)  In  carp.,  a 
squared  timber,  long  or  short  ;  a  large  timber  in  a  frame, 
floor,  etc.;  a  square  log. 

10.  The  beam  of  a  balance.  [Obsolete,  except 
in  dialectal  usage]  — 11.  In  billiards,  the  space 
between  the  cushion  of  the  table  and  the  balk- 
line.  A  ball  inside  this  space  is  said  to  be  in 
balk. — 12.  A  long  wooden  or  iron  table  on 
which  paper  is  laid  in  the  press-room  of  a  print- 
ing-office.— 13.  A  set  of  stout  stakes  sur- 
rounded by  netting  or  wickerwork  for  catching 
fish.  N.  E.  V.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  The  stout 
rope  at  the  top  of  fishing-nets  by  which  they 
are  fastened  ono  to  another  in  a  fleet.  [In 
Cornwall,  batch.]  N.  E.  I). 
balk1,  baulk  (bak),  v.  [<  ME.  balken,  make  a 
balk  in  land,  that  is,  leave  a  strip  or  ridge  of 


ball 

land  unplowed.  <  balk,  a  ridge :  see  balk'1,  n.  f'f. 
Norw.  balka,  do  clumsy  work.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  make  a  balk  or  ridge  in  plowing;  make  a 
ridge  in  by  leaving  a  strip  unplowed. 

To  till..  :i  felde  man  must  have  diligence, 

And  ''"'/.  it  not. 

PaUadius,  Busbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  8. 

Hence  —  2f.  To  leave  untouched  generally; 
omit;  pass  over;  neglect;  shun. 

Balk  logic  with  acquaintance  that  you  have. 

Shak.,  I.  of  the  S.,  i.  L 

By  reason  of  y"  contagion  then  in  bom  Inn,  we  baulkedthe 
inns.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  10,  bill. 

3.  To  place  a  balk  in  the  way  of;  hence,  to 
binder;  thwart;  frustrate;  disappoint. 

My  Sport  is  always  balkl,  or  cut  short  I  stumble  over 
the  game  I  would  pursue.    Congreve,  Old  Batchelor,  lv.5. 

Alike  to  the  citizen  and  to  the  legislator,  home  experi- 
ences daily  supply  proof s  that  the  conduct  "t  human  be- 
ings balks  calculation.     //.  Spencer,  Sinsof  Legislators,  ii. 

4f.  To  miss  by  error  or  inadvertence. 

You  cannot  baulkyouT  Road  without  thehazard  of  drown- 
ing.       Feltham,  Low  Countries  (1677),  p.  46.    (.V.  E.  n.i 

5f.  To  heap  up  so  as  to  form  a  balk  or  ridge. 

[Rare.] 

Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  two-and-twenty  knights, 

Balk'd  in  their  own  blood,  did  sir  Walt-  p    i 

On  Holmedon's  plains.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

[Some  editors  read  bak'd  in  this  passage.]  =syn. 
3.  FoU,  Thwart,  etc    See  frustrate. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  short  in  one's  course, 
as  at  a  balk  or  obstacle:  as,  the  horse  balked; 
he  balked  in  his  speech.  Spenser.  [Obsolete  in 
England,  but  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States.]  —  2f.  To  quibble;  bandy  words. 

But  to  occasion  him  to  further  talke, 

To  feed  her  humour  with  his  pleasing  style, 

Her  list  in  stryfull  termes  with  him  to  balke. 

,s>  riser,  v.  t;.,  III.  ii.  12. 
They  do  not  divide  and  baulk  with  Cod. 

Manttm,  Works  (1653),  IV.  227.    (-V.  K.  /).) 

balk2  (bak),  v.  i.  [Prob.  <  ME.  *balken  (not 
foundinthis  sense,  but  cf.  balken,  var.  of  belkt  u, 
In  lehen,  belch,  vociferate),  <  AS.  bcelcian,  shout, 
=  Fries,  balekien  =  Flem.  and  D.  balken,  bawl, 
bray;  cf.  Flem.  and  D.  bulkcu  =  LG.  bolken, 
low,  bellow,  =  G.  bolken,  bloken,  bleat,  low, 
bellow.  The  AS.  form,  which  occurs  but  once 
in  this  sense,  is  by  some  identified  with  the 
closely  related  bcalcan,  or,  with  an  added  form- 
ative, beatcettan,  belcettan,  >ME.  balken,  belli  n, 
belchen,  E.  bclk,  bclcli,  used  also,  in  AS.  chiefly, 
like  L.  criictarc,  as  a  transitive  verb,  and  with- 
out offensive  implication,  belch  out,  vociferate, 
utter  (words,  hymns,  etc.) ;  so  ME.  bolken,  mod. 
dial,  bonk,  boke,  buck,  etc.:  see  belch,  bilk,  bulk. 
All  these  words  are  prob.  based  on  the  same 
imitative  root;  cf.  bawl,  bellow,  bleat.]  To  sig- 
nify to  fishing-boats  the  direction  taken  by  the 
shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  as  seen  from 
heights  overlooking  the  sea:  done  at  first  by 
bawling  or  shouting,  subsequentlv  by  signals. 
iV.  E.  I).     [Local,  Eng.] 

Balkan  (bal-kan'  or  bal'kan),  a.  [Formerly 
also  Balcan  ;  =  F.  Balcan  =  G.  Balkan,  etc.,  a 
name  appar.  of  Slavic  origin.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Balkans,  a  mountain-range  crossing 
Bulgaria  from  west  to  east,  or  to  the  peninsula 
embracing  European  Turkey,  Greece,  Bulgaria, 
Rumania,  Servia,  and  the  regions  westward  to 
the  Adriatic. 

balker1  (ba'ker),  «.  [<  balk\  v.,  +-eA.]  One 
who  balks,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

balker2  (ba'ker),  ».  [<  balk2  +  -r;1.]  A  man 
stationed  on  a  cliff  or  an  eminence  to  look  out 
for  shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  and  signal 
the  direction  taken  by  them.     [Local,  Eng.] 

The  pilchards  are  pursued  hy  a  bigger  fish,  called  a 
plusher,  who  leapeth  above  water  and  bewrayeth  them  to 
the  bailor.  It.  Cairie,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

balkisht  (ba'kish),   a.      [<  balk\  ».,  +  -ish.] 

Furrowy;  ridged;  uneven. 
That  craggy  and  balkisb  way. 

Stanihurst,  lied.  ,,f  Holinshed's  Chronicles,  II. 

balk-line  (bak'lin),  n.  In  billiards,  a  diagonal 
line  cutting  off  a  corner,  or  a  straight  lino  rut- 
ting off  a  uniform  space  on  each  side  (generally 
14  inches),  from  the  main  field  of  the  table. 

balk-staff  (hiik'staf),  u.     A  quarter-stall'. 

balky  (ba'ki),  a.  [<  balk1,  v.,  +  -if.]  Given  to 
balking;  apt  to  stop  abruptly  and  obstinately 
refuse  to  move:  as,  a  bidky  horse.     [U.  S.] 

ball1  (bill),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcille,  some- 
times betide,  bauie,  <  ME.  bed,  ball,  balle,  either 
from  Icel.  (see  below)  or  <  AS.  'beallu  or 
'bealla  (not  found,  but  evidenced  by  the  dim. 
bealluc,  E.  ballock,  lit.  a  little  ball:  seebaUock') 
=  D.  bed  =  Flem.  bal,  MLG.  bal,  LG.  ball,  a 


ball 

ball.  =  OIKi.  *bal,  m..  batto,  pallo,  in.,  bulla, 
palla,  1'..  .Ml  Hi.  bal,  hull, .  in.,  (i.  hull,  m.,  ;i  ball. 
ballen,  m.,  a  bale,  package,  -  [eel.  bollr= Norw. 
/»//.,  ball,  =Sw.  /»>//.  b  ill.  bal,  bale,  =  Dan.  W, 
billiard-ball,  //</«<.  ball  (in  anat.),  balle,  bale, 
/«./«/.  playing-ball;  not  found  in  Goth.  Hence 
(from  oilii.)  ML.  balla,  palla,  balh,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  >  lt.batta,palla,  a  ball  (now distinguished: 
6o/fa,  a  bale,  palla,  a  ball).  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  hula,  a 
ball,  a  kile,  =  F.  balle,  OP.  '»<//,.  Bate,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  >  1>.  baal  =  OFlem.  hair,  Flem.  /»'/,  MLG. 
//«;/(  =  ME. '»//(,  E.  /'((/c,  prop,  a  round  bundle: 
see  bale3.  Appar.  a  native  Teut.  word,  akiuto 
boll1,  froiefl,  i).  v.,  and  to  L.  foHis,  a  wind-bag, 
an  inflated  ball  for  playing,  >  ult.  E.  fool :  see 
fooU  and  follicle,  etc.  The  Gr.  trd  ".a  ball,  is 
appar.  a  different  word,  but  it  may  be  the  source 
of  ML.  and  It.  palla.  See  balloon,  ballot.]  1. 
A  spherical  or  approximately  spherical  body;  a 
sphere;  a  globe:  as,  a  hall  of  snow,  of  thread, 
of  twine,  etc.  Specifically— 2.  A  round  or 
nearly  round  body,  of  different  materials  and 
sizes,  for  use  in  various  games,  as  base-ball, 
foot-ball,  cricket,  tenuis,  billiards,  etc. — 3.  A 
game  played  with  a  ball,  especially  base-ball 
or  any  modification  of  it. — 4.  A  toss  or  throw 
of  a  ball  in  a  game :  as,  a  swift  ball;  a  high  or 
low  hall. —  5.  In  has,  -hall,  a  pitch  such  that  the 
ball  fails  to  pass  over  the  home-plate  not  high- 
er than  the  shoulder  nor  lower  than  the  knees 
of  the  striker:  as,  the  pitcher  is  allowed  five 
balls  by  the  rules  of  the  game. — 6.  A  small 
spherical  body  of  wood  or  ivory  used  in  voting 
by  ballot.  See  ballot1  and  blackball— 7.  The 
missile  or  projectile  thrown  from  a  firearm  or 
other  engine  of  war;  a  bullet  or  camion-ball, 
whether  spherical  (as  originally)  or  conical  or 
cylindrical  (as  now  commonly);  in  artillery,  a 
solid  projectile,  as  distinguished  from  a  hollow 
one  called  a  shell  (which  see). — 8.  Projectiles, 
and  more  particularly  bullets,  collectively:  as, 
to  supply  a  regiment  with  powder  and  ball;  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  load  with  ball. — 9.  In 
printing,  a  rounded  mass  or  cushion  of  hair  or 
wool,  covered  with  soft  leather  or  skin,  and  fas- 
tened to  a  stock  called  a  ball-stock,  used  (gen- 
erally in  pairs,  one  for  each  hand)  before  the 
invention  of  the  roller  to  ink  type  on  the  press: 
still  in  use  by  wood-engravers,  but  made  of 
smaller  size,  and  with  a  silk  instead  of  a  lea- 
ther face.  A  similar  I -all  is  used  in  inking  the  blocks  in 
calico-printing.  That  used  by  engravers  in  spreading  an 
tti  hing-gri iund  is  <  l 1 1 1 .  a  a  dabber. 
10.  A  clew  or  cop  of  thread,  twine,  or  yarn. — 
lit.  A  spherical  piece  of  soap. 

Then  she  said  to  her  maids,  bring  me  oil  ami  washing 

batlx,  and  shut  the  garden  a s,  that  1  may  wash  me. 

Susanna  (Apocrypha),  i.  17. 

For  my  part,  I II  go  and  get  a  sweet  '"</'  and  wash  my 
hands  of  it.        Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  1. 

12.  A  rounded  package;  a  bale. — 13.  In 
in,  la/.,  one  of  the  masses  of  iron,  weighing 
about  80  pounds,  into  which,  in  the  process 
of  converting  pig-iron  into  wrought-iron  by 
puddling,  the  iron  in  the  reverberatory  fur- 
naee  is  made  up  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  as- 
BUmi  a  pasty  condition.  As  fast  as  the  iron  is 
balled  it  i-  take it  of  the  Furnace,  and  is  first  ham- 

i  or  squeezed,  and  then   rolled  into  bars  of  any 
hi    ired  form. 

14.  In  uuil.,  a  bolus  ;  a  large  pill :  now  only  in 
veterinary  medicine. — 15.  in  pyrotechnics,  a 
globular  mass  of  combustible  ingredients,  or  a 
•  ;i  died  with  them,  designed  to  set  fire  to 
something  or  to  give  forth  light,  etc.;  a  fire- 
ball.— 16.   In  cabinet-work,  the position  of 

shoemakers'  wax  used  in  waxing  black-work. 
— 17.  Any  pari  of  a  thing,  especially  of  the 
human  body,  that  is  rounded  or  protuberant : 
a-,  thi   ball  .it  the  eye;  the  hall  of  the  thumb; 

ball  of  a  dumb-bell ;  the  ball  of  a  pendulum, 

that   i-,  the  bob  oi'  weight  at  Ihe  bottom. 

Isthebatto!  his    Ighl  much  more  dear  to  him? 

I. nuii'.  My  Relations, 

18f.  The  central  hollow  of  Ihe  palm  of  the 
I. — 19.  The  central  pari  of  an  animal's 
—  20.  A  testicle;  generally  in  the  plural. 

[Vulgar.] — 21.  Aha  itha  rounded  end 

arrange. 1    for    cutting    bollow    fotans. —  22.    A 

round  valve  in  an  inclosed  chamber,  operated 
by  the  How  of  the  liquid  through  the  chamber ; 

a  ball-valve. —  23.  In  lapidary-work,  a  small 
spherical  grimier  of  lead  used  in  hollowing  out 

the  under  side  of  certain  stones,  as  carbuncles, 

to  make  them  thinner  and  thus  more  transpar- 
ent.—  24.  The  glebe;  the  earth.     [Now  rare.] 
i  ii i . . i    and  Anthony,  those  lords  ol  all, 

Low  ;tt  ii- 1  ii,  i  j, I.  -I  hi  ii i'e  red  ball. 

Oram  Ult 


430 

Ye  nods,  what  justice  rales  the  hall  f 
in  and  arts  together  tall. 

Pope,  Chorus  to  Brutus,  1.  25. 
[A  globe  representing  the  earth  is  :i  common  symbol  'if 
sovereignty  ;  hence  Bacon  has  the  phrase  tohokt  tin- bull 
,ii  a  kingdom,  in  the  sense  of  to  hear  sovi  refgntj  over  it.) 
A  ball  fired,  in  ht  r  a  globe  w  itli  fire  issuing  from  the 
top.  ^\  hen  a  is  into  tided  to  n  present  the  lire  issuing  in 
more  places  than  one,  ii  e  so  expressed  In  tin  blazon  :  as, 
(ired  in  i places.— Ball  and  socket,  an  in- 
strument inaiii  ol  Inns,  with  a  universal  screw,  to  move 
horizontally,  obliquely,  or  vertically,  used  in  managing 
surveying  and  astr mica!  iietniinciits.-- Ball-and- 
socket  coupling,  a  ball-and-socket  joint  used  for  a  re- 
volving rod  or  shait.  principally  to  change  the  direct! f 

the  line  of  transmission  of  motion,  but  sometimes  to  allow 
for  any  yielding  of  the  supports  v/hich  would  bring  the 
shaf  ting  out  of  line. — Ball-and-socket  banger,  a  hanger 
in  which  the  hex  or  bearing  is  attached  to  the  bracket  or 
pendant  by  a  spherical  segment-joint,  toallowfora  Bpring 
of  the  shaft  or  rod,  or  other  cause  which  may  bring  the 
shaft  out  of  line  and  thus  occasion  excessive  friction  and 
wear.  -  Ball-and-socket  joint,  a  natural  or  an  artificial 
joint  formed  by  a  ball  or  knob  working  in 
a  socket.  In  mint,  it  is  a  kind  of  articu- 
lation technically  called  cuartltriixi.i,  ex- 
emplified in  the  hip-joint  and  shoul- 
der-joint. Also  railed  cup-and-ball  joint. 
—Ball-and-socket  pillow-block,  in 
mech.,  a  pillow-block  which,  within  cer- 
tain limits,  can  accommodate  itself  to  the 
line  of  the  shafting.  Ball  of  a  pendu- 
lum, a  boh.    see  ui-  Ball  of  the  eye. 


Ball-anil-Socket 
Joint. 


balladry 

balF't,  >>■     An  obsolete  form  of  bal. 

balla  (bal'16),  ».  Lit.,  a  bundle,  package,  bale: 
se.  halt3.]  In  lace-making,  a  sorl  of  cushion 
used  by  the  Maltese  laco-makcrs. 

ballacet,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  ballast. 

ballad (bal'ad),  n.     [Early  t 1.  I'.,  also  ballade, 

also  (after'It.)   baUat,   ballatt,  hall,  t.  ballette, 

hah  tic  (with  term,  confori I  to  -i  I :  of.  sain, I, 

formerly  saUet),  Se.  corruptly  ballant;  <  ME. 
balade,  <  OF.  balade,  mod.  ballade,  a  dancing- 
song,  <  Pr.  Pg.  bulimia  =  OSp.  hulmla  =  II.  hal- 
lata,  a  dance,  a  dancing-song,  <  ballare,  dance: 
see  ball2.]  If.  A  song  intended  as  an  accom- 
paniment, to  a  dance. —  2f.  The  tune  to  which 
such  a  song  is  sung. — 3.  A  short,  narrative 
poem,  especially  one  adapted  for  singing;  a 
poem  partly  epic  and  partly  lyric.  As  applied  to 
the  minstrelsy  of  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland,  and 
of  Scandinavia  and  Spain,  the  ballad  is  a  sort  of  minor 
epic,  reciting  in  verse  more  or  less  rude  tin-  exploits  of 
warriors,  the  adventures  of  lovers,  and  the  mysteries  of 
fairyland,  designed  to  be  rehearsed  in  musical  recitative 
accompanied  by  the  harp. 
Roundel,  balades,  and  virelay.  Qower,  Conf.  Amant. 
The  ballad  .  .  .  is  the  lyrically  dramatic  expression  of 
actions  and  events  in  the  lives  "I  others. 

W.  Sharp,  D.  G.  Eossetti,  p.  355. 

4.  In  music,  originally,  a  short  and  simple 
vocal  melody,  often  adapted  to  more  than  one 
stanza  of  poetry  and  having  a  simple  instru- 
mental accompaniment.  The  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  instrumental  melodies  of  a  similar  character, 
and  more  loosely  to  more  elaborate  compositions  in  which 
a  narrative  idea  is  intended  to  he  expressed. 
balladt  (bal'ad),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bulla), 
ballet;  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrans.  To  make 
or  sing  ballads. 

These  envious  libellers  ball,,, I  against  them. 

/»,  ll  n,     .1  u\  i  nilia,  i. 

II.  trans.  To  celebrate  in  a  ballad. 

Rhymers  ballad  us  out  o'  tune. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  '2. 

She  has  told  all :  I  shall  he  ballot,  >l. 
Sung  up  and  downe  by  Minstrells. 

Heywood,  A  Challenge,  iii.  1. 
I  make  but  repetition 
Of  what  is  ordinary  and  Ryalto  talk. 
And  ballot,,!,  ami  would  he  plav  d  o'  the  stage 

Webster,  White  Devil. 


See  eyeball. — 
Ball  of  the  foot,  the  protuberant  pa'rt  of  the  sole  at 
the  base  of  the  great  toe,  with  the  smaller  eminences  at 
the  bases  of  the  other  toes,  upon  which  the  body  rests 
when  the  heel  is  elevated.— Ball  Of  the  thumb,  the 
Meshy  mass  at  the  base  of  the  thumb  on  the  side  of  the 
palm  ;  the  volar  or  thenar  eminence. —  Ball  soda,  crude 
soda.— Golden  balls.  See  golden.  Venetian  ball,  in 
glass-manuf.,  a  filigree  work  inclosed  in  a  transparent 
balL  =  Syn,  Sphere,  etc  See  <;/< i&e. 
ball1  (bal),  r.  [<  hain,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
into  a  ball.  Specifically — (a)  In  the  manufacture  of 
•  i  all  in.  to  w  i  ml  into  halls.  (&)  In  metal.,  to  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace and  then  form  into  balls  for  rolling. 
2.  To  surround  in  a  compact  cluster,  as  bees 
when  they  surround  the  queen  bee. 

This  is  more  apt  to  happen  when  a  strange  queen  is 
introduced  to  a  colony,  but  sometimes  a  colony  will  ball 
their  own  queen  if  unusually  excited  or  disturbed.  ...  If 
ii"t  soon  released,  the  queen  dies  and  is  thrown  out  of 
the  hive.  Dzieron  tells  us  that  bees  sometimes  bull  their 
queen  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  her  from  the  attacks 
of  strange  bees.  Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  10. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  or  gather  into  a  ball, 
as  snow  on  horses'  hoofs,  or  mud  on  the  feet. —  . 
2.  To  remain  in  a  solid  mass  instead  of  scat-  ballade  (ba-lad'),,,.    [P. :_ see  ballad,  n.]    1. ,  A 


tiling:  said  of  shot  discharged  from  a  gun. — 
To  ball  up.  (a)  In  a  puddling-  or  hulling. furnace,  to 
form  tin-  ball  preparatory  to  rolling,  (b)  To  fail;  mis- 
i  an  v.  [Slang.] 
ball-  i  bal  I,  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  = 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  bal  =  G.  hall,  <  F.  bal  =  Pr.  bal  = 
Sp.  Pg.  baile=  It.  hallo  (ML.  hallus),  dancing, 


poem  consisting  of  one  or  more  triplets  each 
formed  of  stanzas  of  seven  or  eight  lines,  the 
last  line  being  a  refrain  common  to  all  the 
stanzas. — 2.  A  poem  divided  into  stanzas  hav- 
ing the  same  number  of  lines,  commonly  seven 
or  eight.— Ballade  royal,  a  ballade  in  which  each  line 
nsists  of  ten  syllables. 


adanee;  from  the  verb,  I',  bailer,  OF.  baler  (>  ballader  (bal'ad-er),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
MB.  halm,  rare)  =  Pr.  bailor  =  Sp.  Pg.  bailar     ballatt  r,  ballettt  r :  <  hallail,  r.,  +  -</■!.]   A  writer 
=  It.  ballare,  <  LL.  ballare,  dance,  <  Gr.  (in  Sicily    or  singer  of  ballads;  a  balladist. 
and  Italy)  udfJJ.reiv,  dance,  jump  about,  appar.  balladic  (ba-lad'ik),  a.     [<  ballad  +  -ic]    Of, 
<   i'.;//.wr,  throw.    Hence  ballad,  ballet-.]  If.  A     pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  ballads. 
dance;  dancing.  balladical  (ba-lad'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  balladic. 

They  had  got  a  Calf  of  Gold  and  were  Dancing  about  it.  balladiert,  n.     [<  ballad  +  -ier:  see -ere]     A 
But  it  was  a  Dismal  Ball,  and  they  paid  dear  for  their     public  ballad-singer. 

Penn,  Add.  to  Prot,,  p.  19.    (.V.  E.  D.)   Dalladine  (bal'a-ilen ).  n.      [Formerly  also  hul- 


Junket, 

2.  A  social  assembly  of  persons  of  both  sexes 

for  the  purpose  of  dancing. 

In  various  talk  th*  instructive  hours  they  pass'd, 
Who  gave  the  ball,  or  paid  the  visit  last. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  I...  iii.  12. 
She  began,  fur  tin-  first  time  that  evening,  to  feci  her- 
self at  a  ball    sin-  longed  to  dance,  but  she  bad  not  an  ac- 
quaintance in  the  room. 

Jan*  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  s. 
To  open  the  ball,  to  begin  the  darning;  hence,  figura- 
tively to  begin  operations;  lead  off ,  as  in  a  discussion  or 
a  battli 
ball-  (li.il  i.  r.  i.  [<  ball?,  it.]  To  take  part  in 
a  ball ;  dance.      |  [fare.] 

It  is  the  temperature  thai  sets  people  dancing  and  ball- 
Harper's  Mag.,  X.  B21. 

balF't  (bid),  it.     [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  per- 
haps existent,  us  the  possible  source  of  the 

i  •     /      ii     i       i  ..ii     I    i...  i.e.     1.'     /...! 


lailin,  recently  also  balmlitte:  <  V.  bultadin,  now 
balaain,  m.,  baladine,  f.,  <  ballade,  a  ballad:  see 
ballad.]  If.  A  theatrical  dancer. —  2.  A  fe- 
male public  dancer.     [Rare.] 

The  first,  breathing  woman's  cluck, 
First  dancer's,  gipsy's,  or  street  bolo, Hoe's. 

Browning,  in  a  Balcony. 
3f.  A  ballad-maker. 

balladism  (bal'ad-izm),  n.     [<  ballad  +  -ism.] 
The  characteristic  quality  of  ballads.    .V.  J!.  I>. 
balladist  (bal'ad-ist),   n.    [<  ballad  +  -ist.] 
A  writer  or  singer  of  ballads. 
balladize  (hal'ad-iz),  v.;  pret.  ami  pp.  ballad- 
ized,  ppr.    hal!udi.:iiit,.      [<    ballad  +    -i.e.]     I. 
trans.  To  convert   into  the  form  of  a  ballad ; 
make  a  ballad  of  or  about. 
source   of   the         II.  inlrutts.   To  make  ballads. 

adj.  balh  de.  balled,  balcTe,  E.  baW-,  q.  v.,  and  of  balladling  (bal'ad-ling),  ».    [<  ballad  +  -ling.] 

ha'lhinlK  q.  v.:  <  \V.  bal,  having  a  white  streak     A  little  ballad.      Southey. 

,,,,  ihe  forehead,  as  a  horse,  ball,  a  white  streak,  ballad-maker  (bal'ad-ma  ker),  ».    AwnteroJ 

=  Href.  bal.  a  white  mark  on  an  animal's  lace,      ballads.      Slttil;. 

=  Ir.  Gael.  bal.  a   spot,  mark,  freckle.     Cf.  Or.  balladmonger  (barad-niung  ger),  w.     A  dealer 


6c,  shining,  white,  t„t'/t„. .  white,  ,^a7.apoc,  </>&■ 
miooc,  having  a  spot  of  white,  as  a  dog,  tpa'/.u, .,<,„, 
bald-headed,  perhaps  ult,  com ted  with  E. 

hah-,  a  lire,      llence  prob.  hahO  and  hallurtll.] 

1 .  A\\  hite  streak  or  spot. 

ihr  ii,  propertyes  of  a  bauson  [badger].    The  fyrst.- 
i,,  haue  a  whyte  rase  or  a  ball  in  ihe  foreheed;  the 

.  i,i  hi win  I'-  fote. 

Fit  /,,  rbi  re  Husbandry,  s  78.    (.v.  /•.'.  D.) 

2.  A   horse    or  nag  (originally,    white-faced): 

used  appellatively,  like  dun,  bayard, 
ball't,  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  bawl1. 


ballads:  an  inferior  pool ;  a  poetaster. 
I  had  rather  he  a  kitten  and  cry  mew, 
Than  one  of  these  same  metre  ballad  mongers. 

SI,, ile.  I  lien.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

To  make  herself  the  pipe  and  balladmonger  of  a  circle! 

to  soothe  her  light  heart  with  cat,  Ins  and  glees! 

Sheridan,  the  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

ballad-opera  (bal'ad-op'e-rfi,),  n.    An  opera  in 

which  ballads  or  popular  songs  are  sung. 

balladry  (bal'ad-ri),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 

bttlletrti.   hallalri/;   <    httllad  +  -m.\      Poetry  of 
the  ballad  kind';  the  style  of  ballads. 


balladry 

What  though  the  greedy  fry 
Be  taken  with  [use  baits 
Of  worded  balladry. 
And  think  it  poesj  ' 

/;.  joTUon,  Underwoods,  \ii. 
The  villages  also  must  have  their  visitors  to  inquire 
whal  lectures  the  bagpipe  and  the  rebeoreads,  even  to  the 
ballatry  and  the  gamut  oi  every  municipal  fiddler. 

Milton,  Axeopagltica, 

ballad-Singer  (bal'ad-sing  er),»._  ^person 
whose  employment  consists  in  smgnig  ballads 
in  public. 

ballahoU(bal'a-ho),M.  [Prob.  of  native  origin.  | 
1.  A  fast-sailing  two-masted  vessel,  rigged 
with  high  fore-and-aft  sails,  much  used  in  the 
West  Indies.  The  foremast  rakes  forward,  1  lie 
mainmast  aft. —  2.  A  term  of  derision  applied 
to  an  ill-conditioned,  slovenly  ship. 

ballam  (bal'am),  ii.  [Native  name,  prob.  same 
as  Malayalain  valiant,  a  large  basket  for  storing 
grain,  a  dam.]  A  sort  of  canoe  hollowed  out 
of  timber,  in  which  Singhalese  pearl-fishers 
wash  out  the  pearls  from  pearl-oysters. 

ballan  (bal'mi),  n.  [Appar.  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  bol- 
lock, spotted,  speckled,  <  Gael,  audlr.  bal,  a  spot, 
speck:  see  balfi.]     A  fish,  the  ballan-wrasse. 

balland  (bal'and.),  ».     [Origin  unknown.]    In 


431 

ballast  (bal' ast),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balast,  and,  with  loss  of  /,  baUas  (pret.  and 
pp.  bnttased,  sometimes  bnlln.it,  |>|ir.  ballasint,), 
ballasse,  ballace,  balase,  etc.,  =G.  I).  Flem.  \a\. 
baUasten  =  Dan.  ballaste,  baglaste  =  Sw.  bar- 

Instil;    from   the  noun.]      1.    To  place   ballast 

in  or  on;  furnish  with  ballast  :  as,  i"  ballast  a 
ship;  to  ballast  a  balloon;  to  ballast  tho  bed  of 
a  railroad.     See  the  noun. 

The  mail  was  so  perfects  linllasteil  with  stone  that  we 
had  no  dust  C.  l>.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  3. 
2.  Figuratively :  (a)  To  give  steadiness  to ; 
keep  steady. 

"i'is  charity  must  ballast  the  heart. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  611. 

(e)  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  keep  down 
by  counteraction. 

Now  you  have  given  me  virtue  for  my  guide, 
And  with  true  honour  ballasted  my  pride.      Drinlen. 
3t.  To  load;  freight.— 4.  To   load  or  weigh 
down. 

When  his  lielly  is  well  balloted,  anil  his  brain  rigged  a 
little,  he  sails  away  Withal. 

I!.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  in  his  Humour. 

These  yellow  rascals  [coins]  must  serve  to  ballast  my 
purse  a  little  longer.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ix. 

Ballasted. 


pulverized  lead  ore,  after  separation  ballastt  (bal'ast),  pp 
from  'its  gangue.      [North.  Eng.]  Who  sent  whole  armadas  of  carracks  to  be  ballast 

ballant  (bal'ant),  n.  [Sc,  a  corruption  of  bal- 
lad.]   A  ballad. 

They're  dying  to  rhyme  ower  prayers,  and  ballants,  and 
charms.  Scott. 

ballan-wrasse  (bal'an-ras),  ».  The  most  gen- 
eral English  name  of  the  Labrus  maciilatns,  a 
fish  of  the  family  Labrida: 

ballaragt,  ».  t.    An  obsolete  form  of  bullyrag. 

You  vainly  thought  to  baUarag  us. 

T.  Wart, hi,  .Newsman's  Verses. 


ballardH,  «•    [ME.,  also  balard;  prob.  <  ball?  ballast-engine  (bal'ast-en'jin), 
+  -ard.]    A  bald-headed  person ;  a  baldhead. 
And  scornede  to  hym  saying,  stye  up,  bollard!    I"  Go 
up,  thou  baldhead."  in  authorized  version.] 

Wyelif,  2  Ki.  ii.  23. 

ballard2t,  «•     [Origin  unknown.]     A  kind  of 

musical  instrument.     Pu/rchas,  Pilgrims.     (N. 

E.D.) 
ballast,  ballaset,  "•  and  v.     See  ballast. 
ballast  (bal'ast),  it.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  balast, 

balcst,  balist',' :md,  with  loss  of  t,  ballas,  ballass, 

ballasse,  ballace,   ballesse,   balase,  etc.  (not 


Hulks  of  burden  great, 
Which  Brandimart  rebated  from  his  coast, 
And  sent  them  home  ballast  with  little  wealth. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

ballastage  (bal'as-taj),  n.     [<  ballast  +  -age] 
1.  An  old  right  of  the  admiralty  in  all  the  gffiUffijfig;  „      r<  baW 
royal   rivers  of  Great  Britain  to  levy  a  rate  ^dio  takes  part  in  a  ball  for  ! 
for  supplving  ships  with  ballast. —  2.  The  toll  ,_,-■     '•__'  A'm  is  ,a',,^ 
paid  for  tie  privilege  of  taking  ballast,  as  from  ballenl 
a  gravel-bed,  etc 


ballimong 

If  necessary  ball  bearing placed  upon  the  crank- 
pin,                                          Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  IX\     106 

ball-block    (bal'blok),   n.      In    printing   with 
balls,  the  slab  or  plate  which  holds  the  ink. 
ball-blue  (bal'blS),  n.    Same  ae  soluble  bhu 

(which  see,   under  lilili  ). 

ball-caliber  (I  >al' kal  i-ber),m.    A  ring-gage  for 

determining  the  diameter  of  gun-shot, 
ball-cartridge  (bal'kar'trij),  ».     A  carti 

containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to  a  shot- 

cartridgt  or  a  blank  cartridge. 
ball-caster  (bal'kas'ter),  n.    A  caster  for  the 

legs  of  furniture,  etc.,  having  a  ball  instead  of 

an  ordinary  idler. 
ball-cock  (bal'kok),  n.    A  hollow  sphere  or  ball 

of  metal  attached  to  the  end  of  a   lever,  which 
turns  the  stop-cock 
of  a  water-pipe  and 

regulates  the  supply 

of   water.     The  ball, 

floating  in  the  waterof  a 

tank  or  cistern,  rises  and 

falls  with  it,  shutting  off 

the  How  when  the  «  ater 

has    reached    a    certain 

level,  and   letting  it  on 

when  it  falls  below  this 

level. 
balledt,  a.    An  obso- 
lete form  of  bald1. 
bailer1   (ba'ler),   ». 

[<  balP-,  v.,  +  -eri.] 

One    who    or    that 

which    forms    any- 
thing into  balls. 


Fig.  1.  Cistern  with  ball-cock  at- 
tached. Fig.  2,  Section  of  ball-cock 
on  larger  scale  :  a,  valve  shown  open 
so  as  to  admit  water;  b,  arm  of  the 
lever  which  being  r.iised  shuts  the 
valve. 


A  steam- 
engine  used  for  dredging  a  river  or  drawing 
earth  and  ballast  on  a  railroad. 
ballast-getter  (bal'ast-get "er),  n.     One  who  is 
employed  in  procuring  ballast  for  ships. 

I  now  come  to  the  nature  of  the  ballast  labour  itself. 
This  is  divisible  into  three  classes :  that  performed  by  the 
ballast  ;■  Hits,  or  those  v.  ho  are  engaged  in  raising  il  from 
the  bed  of  the  Thames;  by  the  ballast-lighters,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  carrying  it  from  the  getters  to  the 
ships  requiring  it ;  and  by  the  ballast-heavers,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  putting  it  on  board  of  such  ships. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour,  III.  ""' 


ME.),  =  F.  balast  =  G.  ballast  (>  Pol.  balast=  ballast-hammer  (bal'ast-ham"er),».  A  double 
Russ.  balastii,  Imllnsiii), (OliG.hG.  Fries. D.  bat-  ' 
last,  Flem.  ballas,  Dan.  ballast,  Sw.  ballast,  bar- 
last,  <  >Sw.  ODan.  barlast,  the  last  being  appar. 
the orig.  form,  <  bar  =  E.  bare,  mere,  +  last  =  E. 
last,  load  or  weight;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain. The  Dan.  baglast,  'back-load,'  D.  obs. 
bale/last,  'belly-load,'  appear  to  be  due  to  popu- 


faced,  long-handled  hammer  used  in  lay  in; 
railroad-tracks. 
ballast-heaver  (bal'ast-he"ver),  n.  1.  One 
who  is  employed  in  putting  ballast  on  board 
ships.  See  extract  under  ballast-getter. —  2. 
A  dredging-machine  for  raising  ballast  from  a 
river-bed;  a  ballast-lighter. 


lar  etymology.    The  explanation  of  ballast  as<  ballast-hole  (bal'ast-hol),  n.    Same  as  ballast 

MLG.  bal-,  =  AS.  balu,  bad,  evil  (see  bale1),  +     port. 

last,  load,  that  is,  unprofitable  cargo,  is  not  ballasting  (bal'as-ting),  n.     1.  The  act  of  fur 

satisfactory.]     1.  Weight  carried  by  a  ship  or 

boat  for  the  purpose  of  insuring  the  proper  sta- 


ll., +  -eri.]    One 

lancing. 

pi.  liniti  rinas,  bal- 
lerine  (-n&z,  -na).  [It. J  fern,  of  ballerino(yl.  baU 
Ii  line),  a  dancer,  <  ballare,  dance:  see  ball-.]  A 
female  ballet-dancer. 

ballet1  (bal'et),  n.  [<  OF.  balette,  a  little  ball, 
dim.  of  bale,  balk,  a  ball:  see  ball1  and  -eh] 
A  little  ball :  in  her.,  a  bearing  in  coats  of  arms, 
denominated,  according  to  the  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  etc. 

ballet2  (bal'a,  formerly  and  still  sometimes 
bal'et),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  also 
ballat,  balletic,  balette,  balet,  <  F.  ballet  (=  It. 
balletto),  dim.  of  bal  =  It.  ballo,  a  dunce:  see 
ball?  and  -et.]  1.  A  spectacular  dance,  more 
or  less  elaborate  in  steps,  poses,  and  costumes, 
in  which  a  number  of  performers,  chiefly  fe- 
males, take  part.  It  is  led  or  conducted  by  one  or 
more  chief  dancers  or  coryphees,  and  is  usually  incidental 
to  an  operatic  or  other  dramatic  representation. 
2.  A  complete  pantomime  or  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, in  which  a  story  is  told,  and  actions, 
characters,  and  passions  are  represented,  by 
gestures  and  grouping,  accompanied  by  char- 
acteristic or  illustrative  music,  dancing,  and 
often  rich  scenery  and  decorations. —  3.  The 
corps  of  dancers  who  perforin  ballets. 


bility,  both  to  avoid  risk  of  capsizing  and  to  se- 
cure the  greatest  effectiveness  of  the  propel- 
ling power.  A  usual  modern  form  of  ballast  is  water, 
which  is  pumped  in  or  out  of  compartments  arranged  to 
receive  it;  lead  is  also  much  used,  especially  for  craft  of 
moderate  size,  and  is  often  run  into  a  space  left  for  it  be- 
tween the  plates  of  the  keel,  or  cast  into  plates  of  appro- 
priate form  and  bolted  to  the  exterior  of  the  keel.  Gravel, 
stones,  pig-iron,  and  other  weighty  materials  are  in  com- 
mon use  as  ballast,  in  cases  where  the  requisite  weight 
cannot  be  found  in  the  regular  cargo  itself. 

So  rich  shall  be  the  rubbish  of  our  barks, 
Ta'en  here  for  ballass  to  the  ports  of  France, 
That  Charles  himself  shall  wonder  at  the  sight. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

2.  Bags  of  sand  placed  in  the  car  of  a  balloon 
to  steady  it  and  to  enable  the  aeronaut  to  light- 
en the  balloon,  when  necessary  to  effect  a  rise, 
by  throwing  part  of  the  sand  out. —  3.  Gravel, 
broken  stones,  slag,  or  similar  material  (usually 
called  road-metal),  placed  between  the  sleep- 


nishing  with  ballast,  as  a  ship  or  railroad.—  balllet2  (bal'a),  v.  i.    ["<  bailed,  it.]    To  express 
that  which  is  used  for  ballast,  a 3     by  aaneving  0^'in  a  baLllet.     [Rare.] 

H<  .-ballets  to  her:  "  Will  you  come  down  here  and  dance?" 

Mayhew,  London  Labour,  III.  155. 

the  upper  works  or  permanent  way  of  a  rail-  baUet3t>  „.  and  „.     ^  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 


gravel  or  broken  stones,  cinders,  or  other  ma- 
terial used  for  the  covering  of  roads  or  to  form 


oad. 


ballast-lighter  (bal'ast-li"ter),  n.  [<  ballast  + 
lighter^.]  1.  A  person  employed  in  convey- 
ing ballast  for  ships.  See  extract  under  bnl- 
last-!ietter.—  2.  A  large  flat-bottomed  barge 
for  receiving  and  transporting  ballast,  or  for 
removing  sand,  silt,  ashes,  or  other  deposits 
dredged  from  the  beds  of  rivers  and  the  bot- 
toms of  harbors,  docks,  etc. 

ballast-port  (bal'ast-port),  n.  A  large  square 
port  in  the  side  of"a  merchant-ship  serving  for 
the  reception  and  discharge  of  ballast.  Also 
called  ballast-hole. 

ballast-trim  (bal'ast-trim),  n.  The  state  of  a 
ship  when  she  is  merely  in  ballast  or  has  no 
cargo  on  board:  as,  she  is  in  ballast-trim 


balletryt,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  balladry. 
ball-flower  (bal'flou"er),  n.    In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  circular 


lAStts  .  [riafiS.lSITiYfi'iVfur 


„•  ,__    -^-?-  - 


^JtW. 


J' 


shifting,  and  generally  to  give  solidity  to  the 
road.  The  name  is  also  given  to  the  stones,  burnt  clay, 
etc.,  used  as  a  foundation  in  making  new  roads,  laying 

icrete  floors,  etc. 

Depressions  frequently  occur  in 
the  ballast  has  been  badly  stamped 

Thausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  29S. 

4.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
steadiness,  mental,  moral,  or  political. 

Those  that  are  of  solid  and  sober  natures  have  more  of 
the  ballast  than  of  the  sail.  Bacon,  Vain  Glory. 

These  men  have  not  ballast  enough  of  humility  and  fear. 
Hani iiiond,  Sermons,  p.  612. 
Ballast-plants,  plants  that  grow  upon  the  ballast  of  a 
ship  after  it  has  been  discharged,  from  tie  seeds  that  may 
accidentally  be  brought  with  it.  In  ballast,  without 
cargo :  said  of  a  ship  laden  with  ballast  only. 


flower,  the  three  petals  of  which  form  a  eup 

round  it.  This  ornament  is  usually  found  inserted  in  a 
hollow  molding,  and  is  generally  characteristic  in  Eng- 
land of  the  decorated  style  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Some  variations  of  Form  occur,  as  four  petals  instead  of 
three  (York  cathedral),  and  balls  of  different  si/. 
shapes. 

ball-grinder  (bal'grin'der),  ».  A  pulverizer 
or  disintegrator  formed  by  balls  of  metal  in- 
closed in  a  rotating  cylinder.  The  material  to 
be  crushed  is  broken  by  the  attrition  of  tho 
rolling  balls, 
so  called  because  it  was  a  position  of  vantage  ball-gudgeon  (bal'guj  "on),  ».  A  spherical 
from  which  missiles  were  discharged.  gudgeon,  permitting  a  lateral  deflection  "t   the 

ballatryt,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  balladry.  arbor  or  shaft,  while  still  remaining  itself  in 

ball-bearing    (bal'bar'ing),    n.      In  mech.,   a    the  socket.    E.  H.  Knight. 
method  of  lessening  friction  by  causing  a  shaft  balliage,  «•     See  bailage. 
to  rest  upon  or  to  be  surrounded  by  balls  partly  balliardst,  ».  />'•     Billiards.     Spen 
contained  in  sockets,  each  ball   being  loose,  ballimongt (bal'i-mong),  n.    [Origin unknown.] 
and  turning  with  the  shaft.  A  dredge.     Holland. 


ers  or  ties  of  a  railroad,  to  prevent  them  from  ballatt,  »■  and  v.     An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 

ballato'on  (bal-a-tbu'),  ».  A  heavy  boat  em- 
ployed in  Russia  in  the  transportation  of  tim- 
ber, especially  from  Astrakhan  to  Moscow. 

concrete  flooring  when    ballatOriUm  (bal-a-t6'ri-um),  ».j   pi.  ballatnria 
concrete  flooring  when     (_.^_     Qj^  <  »J)oHf„.p?   <;  Gl._  ^uv,  throw. 

Cf.   balista,  ballista,  etc.]     The  forecastle  or 
the   stern-castle  of  a  medieval  ship  of  war: 


balling 

balling1  (ba'lhig),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bull1,  ».] 
The  act  or  process  of  making  into  balls;  the 
act  of  assuming  the  form  of  a  ball;  specifically, 
in  the  process  of  puddling,  the  forming  of  the 

iron  into  balls  or  rounded  masses  of  a  size  con- 
venient for  handling. 

balling-  (ba'ling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  balP,  r.\ 
The  frequenting  of  balls;  dancing.     [Bare.] 

balling-furnace  (ba'ling-fer  mis),  ».  [<  ball- 
ing, verbal  n.  of  ball1,  ».,  +  furnace.]  1.  A 
furnace  in  which  piles  or  fagots  of  metal  are 
placed  to  be  heated  preparatory  to  rolling,  li 
resembles  a  puddliiig-furnaco. —  2.  A reverbe- 
ratory  furnace  used  in  alkali-works. 

balling-gun  (ba'ling-gun),  B.  An  instrument 
for  administering  to  horses  medicine  rolled 
into  balls.  It  consists  of  a  tube  from  which  tin- air  is 
purtiaiu  exhausted;  the  ball  Is  held  ou  the  end  of  the 
tube  by  atmospheric  pressure,  and  is  released  by  a  piston 
when  fairly  within  the  esophagus.     E.  It.  Knight. 

balling-iron  (lia'ling-i  ern),  n.  A  hook-shaped 
tool  for  removing  snow  from  the  feet  of  a  horse. 

balling-machine  (ba'ling-ma-shen'),  re.  A  ma- 
chine for  balling  cotton  thread. 

balling-tool  (ba'ling-t81),  ».  The  tool  used  in 
collecting  into  a  mass  the  iron  in  a  puddling- 
furnace  preparatory  to  taking  it  to  the  hammer 
or  squeezer;  a  rabble. 

ball-ironstone  (bal'i  ern-ston),  n.  In  English 
mining,  nodular  iron  ore.  Also  called  hall-mine 
and  ball-vein, 

ballisedt,  a.  [Appar.  for  "paUised,  <  F.  paMssi, 
pp.  of  palisser,  suiTound  with  pales :  see  pali- 
sade.] Inclosed  with  a  railing  or  balustrade. 
Wotton.     i.Y.  /;.  D.) 

ballismus  (ba-lis'mus),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iaXkta- 
fi6c,  a  jumping  about,  dancing,  <  fia'AtKm>, 
jump  about,  dance:  see  ball-.]  In  pathol.,  a 
name  which  has  been  given  to  chorea,  to  pa- 
ralysis agitans,  and  to  other  forms  of  tremor. 

ballist  (bal'ist),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  balist, 

<  .ME.  balist, <.  L.  ballista,  balista:  see  ballista.] 
Same  as  ballista.     [Rare.] 

ballista,  balista  (ba-lis'ta),  n. ;  pi.  ballista?,  ba- 
lista- (-te).  [L.,  occasionally  (in  gloss. )  ballistra, 
appar.  formed  on  a  Greek  model,  <  Gr.  /la'A'teiv, 
throw.]  1.  An  ancient  military  engine  used 
for  throwing  missiles.  The  different  references  to 
it  art-  contradictory,  as  it  is  described  as  acting  by  means 
of  a  bow,  but  also  as  throwing  large  stones  rather  than 
darts.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  reconcile  these 
statements  by  representing  the  engine  as  composed  of  a 
strong  shaft,  rotating  on  one  of  its  ends,  ami  having  at 
the  other  end  a  receptacle  for  the  missile  ;  this  shaft  would 
be  thrown  forward  by  the  recoil  "i  aster!  how,  ami  stopped 
Bnddenlj  against  a  transom,  thus  releasing  the  missile. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  term  is  used  in  Latin 
writings  for  military  engines  of  different  kinds.  See  irt- 
bucket,  mangonel,  caable,  petroneL  pieiTiere,  and  catapult. 
When  used  as  a  bearing  in  heraldry,  the  ballista  is  repre- 
sented so  simplified  as  to  he  hardly  recognizable.  It  lias 
generally  two  upright  posts  witli  a  movable  bar  between 
them,  shown  loaded  at  one  end. 
2.  [NL.]  In  anat.,  the  astragalus,  a  bone  of 
the  tarsus. 

ballistic  (ba-lis'tik),  a.  [<  ballista •■  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  ballistics,  or  the  scientific  construc- 
tion and  use  of  projectiles.  — Ballistic  curve,  the 

actual  path  of  a  projectile,  as  distinguished  from  the  theo- 
retical or  parabolic  path. -Ballistic  galvanometer. 
Sei  galvanometer.  -  Ballistic  pendulum,  an  apparatus 
invented  by  benjamin  Robins  for  ascertaining  the  velocity 
of  miiii.m  projectiles,  ami  consequently  the  explosive 
force  ol  gunpowder.  A  piece  of  ordnance  is  fired  against 
a  cast-iron  case  filled  with  bags  of  sand,  which  forms  the 
ball  ol  a  pendulum,  and  tin-  percussion  causes  tin-  pendu- 
lum to  vibrate.  The  distance  through  which  it  vibrates 
is  in-  ;.;.-  i    ii     by  an  index  carrying  a  ver- 

nier, and  tii.  amount  of  vibration  forms  a  measure  of  the 
Itj  -I  He-  hall,      the  ballistic  pendulum  is 
now  nearly  sup  I  leded  by  various  forms  of  apparatus  for 
iring  tin-  time  on  upied  by  the  passage  ol  tin   -li ol 
from  .in  screenorwire  to  another.    See etectroballistic, 
ballistics  (ba-lis'tiks),  «.    [PI.  of  ballistic:  see 

-cs.J  1.  The  science  or  ;irt  of  discharging 
large  missiles  by  the  use  of  the  ballista  Or  Other 
engine. —  2.  The  science  of  the  motion  of  pro- 
jectiles. 

ballium  (bal'i-um),  re.  [ML.:  see  bail?  and  bai- 
I'H1-}   1.  Same  as  bail?,  5. — 2.  Simu>  n$  bailey1 . 

ball-joint  (bal'joinl  I,  n.      A  jointed  connection 

in  which  one  of  the  connected  pieces  has  a  ball- 
shaped  extremity,  lining  a  cup-shaped  socket 
in  tl ther. 

ball-lever  (bal'lev  er),  «.  The  lever  of  a  ball- 
cock. 

ball-mine  i  bal'mmi,  n.   Same  as  ball-ironstone. 

ball-mounting  (ie.ri.onni  ting),  ».  A  kind  of 
harness-mounting  having  a  bull  where  a  ring 
is  fastened  to  tin-  huso. 

ballock (bal'pk),  n.    |    Ml-;. balMc, /„///«/,-, „„/„/,-, 

<  AS.  Ueatliie.  <  hialhi  or  /»"//./.  :i  I  .all,  +  dim. 
-lie:  see  //»//!,  ill,  and  -nrl:.  J  A  testicle.  [Ob- 
solete or  vulgar.] 


432 

ballont,  n.  [<  F.  ballon,  balon,  dim.  of  balle, 
bull .  a  bale  :  in  del".  L',  obs.  form  of  balloon  :  see 
balloon1.']  1.  A  bale  ol'  paper,  etc.  —  2.  Same 
as  balloon1,  1.  -. 

balloon1  (ba-16n'),  n.  [In  some  senses  also 
ballon,  after  F.;  early  mod.  E.  baloon,  baloune, 
balone,  ballone,  <  It.  ballone,  pallone,  a  large 
ball,  a  fool-hall  (now  distinguished:  ballone,  a 
large  hale,  pallone,  a  foot-hall,  balloon)  (=  Sp. 
balon,  a  foot-ball,  a  large  bale,  =  lJg.  bal&o,  a 
balloon,  =  V.  ballon,  a  fardle  or  small  pack, 
balon,  "  a  little  ball  or  pack,  also  a  foot-ball  or 
balloon"  (Cutgrave),  now  ballon  (after  It.),  a 
foot-ball,  balloon,  swelling  hill),  aug.  (in  F. 
prop,  dim.)  of  bulla,  etc.,  a  ball,  bale:  see 
hiil/'.l>'ih-\]  It.  A  large  inflated  ball  of  leather, 
used  in  playing  certain  games ;  a  game  played 
with  such  a  ball.  It  was  tossed  to  an. I  fro  by  either 
hand  or  foot,  the  hand  being  defended  by  a  guard  (bal- 
loon-brasser).  See  foot-ball. 
'Tis  easier  sport  than  the  baloon.  llcywood. 

It  was  my  envied  lot  to  lead  the  winning  party  at  that 
wondrous  match  at  ballon,  made  betwixt  the  divine  As- 
trophel  (our  matchless  Sidney)  and  the  right  honourable 
my  very  good  Lord  of  Oxford.       Scott,  Monastery,  II.  iii. 

2.  In  client.,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
used  as  a  receiver  in  distillation;  a  glass  re- 
ceiver of  a  spherical  form. —  3.  In  arch.,  a  ball 
or  globe  on  the  top  of  a  pillar. —  4.  In  pyro- 
technics, a  ball  of  pasteboard  or  a  kind  of  bomb 
stuffed  with  combustibles,  which,  bursting  like 
a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. —  5. 
In  treating,  a  cylindrical  reel  on  which  sized 
woolen  yarn  for  warp  is  wound  in  order  to  be 
dried  by  rapid  revolution  in  a  heated  chamber. 
— 6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel  filled  with  hydro- 
gen gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous 
fluid  lighter  than  common  air,  and  thus  caused 
to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere,  it  is  made 
of  silk  or  other  light  material,  varnished  with  caoutchouc 
dissolved  in  turpentine.  Anetworkof  twine  envelops  the 
balloon,  and  is  tied  to  a  circular  hoop  a  little  below  it,  from 
which  a  car,  usually  consisting  of  a  large  wicker  basket,  is 
suspended.  A  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  balloon  can  be 
opened  and  closed  at  pleasure  by  means  of  a  string,  and 
the  basket  is  furnished  with  sandbags  as  ballast.  If  the 
aeronaut  wishes  to  ascend,  he  throws  out  some  of  the  bal- 
last ;  if  to  descend,  he  opens  the  valve.  Balloons  have 
been  successfully  used  for  military  purposes  (see  captive 
balloon,  below),  and,  in  the  case  of  besieged  cities,  as  a 
medium  of  communication  with  the  outside  world. 
7.  In  comic  engravings,  a  figure  shaped  like  a 
balloon  and  inclosing  words  which  are  repre- 
sented as  issuing  from  the  mouth  of  a  speaker. 
—  Captive  balloon,  a  balloon  anchored  or  attached  to 
the  ground  by  means  of  a  rope,  which  may  be  either  per- 
manently fixed  or  connected  with  an  anchor  which  can 
be  raised  at  pleasure.  .Such  balloons  have  been  employed 
for  military  lecontioissance.-  steering  balloon,  a  bal- 
loon capable  of  being  steered,  line  such  was  invented 
by .11.  Dupuy  de  Lome  during  the  siege  of  Paris  in  1871. 
The  rudder  is  said  to  he  able  to  deflect  the  machine  11  to 
either  side  of  the  direct  line  in  which  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing, so  that  a  balloon  leaving  Paris  with  tin'  wind  straight 
for  Brussels  could  he  landed  at  either  London  or  Cologne. 

balloon'-'  (bal'o-on),  n.  [Also  bidloen,  balon, 
ballong=  Sp.  6aZore=Pg.  balao;  from  the  native 
name.]  A  state  barge  of  Siam,  made  in  fanci- 
ful imitation  of  a  sea-monster,  and  having  70  to 
100  oars  on  a  side. 

balloon-ballt  (ba-16n'bal),  re.  Same  as  bal- 
loon1, 1. 

I'll  make  him  the  balloon-bull  of  the  churches, 
And  both  the  sides  shall  toss  him. 

Middleton,  Game  at  Chess,  ii.  2. 

balloon-boiler  (ba-lon'boiler),  re.  A  steam- 
boiler  having  a  form  somewhat  resembling  that 
of  a  balloon. 

balloon-brassert,  »■  [<  balloon1  +  brasser,  a 
form  of  bracer,  after  F.  brassard,  also  brassal 
(( 'otgrave):  see  dot'.]  A  brace  or  guard  of 
wood,  used  by  balloon-players  (see  balloon1,  1) 
to  protect  tie'  baud  and  arm. 

ballooned  (ba-18nd'),  a.     Swelled  out  like  a 

balloon. 

ballooner  (ba-16'ner),  n.  A  balloonist;  an 
aeronaut. 

balloon-fish  (ba- Ion 'fish),  n.  A  globefish;  a 
lish  of  the  order  I'b ■ctoijnathi  and  suborder  (iijtn- 

nodontes,  as 
t  ae  tropical  Te- 
traodon   litica- 

tus,  or  striped 

spine-belly,  or 

a  species  of 
one  of  the  gen- 
era Triodon 
and  Diodon.  S,. 

railed    I. calls.-    it 

has  the  power  of 
Bwallowlng  air, 
u  in.-h  is  retained 
in  a  dilatation  of 
B.illoon.fish  ( Tttracdon  Hniatta).  the       esophagus, 


ballot 

and  thus  of  blowing  itself  up  into  a  nearly  spherical  shape 
like  a  balloon.  The  Ivor)  llketipsof  the  jawbones  clef! 
ai.oir  .mil  below,  a-  in  Tetraodon,  give  the  nsh  the  appear- 
ance of  having  four  teeth,  two  above  ami  two  below.  See 
Gymnodontidoe. 
ballooning(ba-hi'niiig),  >?.  [<  balloon1  +  -ingl.] 
1.  The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  ami  of 
managing  balloons. — 2.  In  political  and  stock- 
exchange  slang,  the  operation  of  booming  a 
candidate,  or  of  inflating  the  money-market, 
by  means  of  ficti- 
tious favorable  re- 
ports. 

Ballooning       indeed 
goes  on. 
Jefferson,  Correspon- 
dence, I.  323. 

balloonist  (ba-18'- 

nist),  re.  [<  bal- 
loon1 +  -ist.~\  One 
who  ascends  in  a 
balloon ;  an  aero- 
naut. 

balloon-jib  (ba- 
lon'jib),  n.  A  tri-  - 
angular  sail  made 
of  light  canvas, 
used  only  by  yachts 
and  in  light  winds,  set  between  the  foretop- 
mast-head  and  the  end  of  the  jib-boom. 

balloon-net  (ba-lon'net),  n.  A  kind  of  woven 
lace  in  which  the  weft-threads  are  twisted  in  a 
peculiar  manner  round  the  warps.  11.  II.  Knight. 

balloonry  (ba-16n'ri),  n.  [<  balloon1  +  -?■;/.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  a  balloon. 
Quarterly  Rev. 

balloon-sail  (ba-18n'sal),  n.  Light  canvas  used 
in  yachts,  as  the  balloon-jib,  the  spinnaker, 
balloon-topsails  and  -foresails,  and  the  shadow- 
sail  and  water-sail. 

balloon-Vine  (ba-lon'vin),  n.  A  herbaceous 
climbing  plant,   Cariliospennimi    Jlalicacalntm, 


Halloon-vine  {Cardiospcrmittn  Halicacabum). 

a,  inflated  capsule  or  pod,  aliout  one  half  natural  size.     ( From  Gray's 

"Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.") 

natural  order  Sapindaene,  found  in  all  tropical 
countries.  It  bears  a  large,-  3-celled,  bladder- 
like  pod.  Also  called  heartseed. 
ballot1  (bal'ot),  n.  [First  in  the  Kith  century, 
<  It.  ballotta"=  F.  ballotte,  balotte,  a  little  ball, 
esp.  as  used  for  voting,  a  vote,  suffrage,  =  Sp. 
batata,  a  ballot  (.ML.  ballotta),  dim.  of  bulla,  a 
ball:  see  ball1  and  -of.]  1.  A  little  ball  used 
in  voting.  Hence — 2.  A  ticket  or  slip  of  pa- 
per, sometimes  called  a.  voting-paper,  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  on  which  is  printed  or  writ- 
ten an  expression  of  the  elector's  choice  as  be- 
tween candidates  or  propositions  to  be  voted 
for. — 3.  A  method  of  secret  voting  by  means 
Of  small  balls,  or  of  printed  or  written  ballots, 
which  are  deposited  in  an  urn  or  a  box  called 
a  ballot-box.  in  the  former  case,  each  person  who  is 
entitled  to  vote,  having  tin-  choice  of  two  balls,  one  white 
and  one  black,  places  a  white  hall  in  Ih.  box  if  In-  is  in 
favor  of  the  resolution  proposed,  as  tin-  admission  of  a 
person  to  membership  in  a  club,  or  a  black  ball  If  he  is  op* 
pose. I  to  it.  Hence,  to  blackball  a  person  Is  to  vote  against 
his  election.  In  He-  Latter  case,  tin-  I. allots  .a-  voting, 
papers  an-  so  folded  as  to  prevent  the  voters  preference 
from  I. ring  disclosed,  ami  an-  usually  handed  to  an  au- 
thorized Officer  called  an  inspector  of  elections,  lo  be  de- 
posited in  the  box  iii  the  voters  presence.  The  ballot  is 
now  employed  in  all  popular  elections  in  the  i  nil.. I 
Statesfexcept  in  the  stab-  elections  of  Kentucky,  in  which 
the  voting  is  viva  voce),  throughout  tin  United  Kingdom 
ami  the  British  colonies,  ami  in  the  national  or  parliamen- 
tary elections  in  Germany,  France,  Belgium,  Italy,  and 
most  other  countries  of  continental  Europe. 
4.  A  casting  of  ballots;  a  vol.  h\  ballot  ;  also, 
the  whole  number  of  votes  cast  or  recorded: 


ballot 

as,  a  ballot  was  taken  on  the  resolution;  there 
was  a  largo  ballot. — 5.  A  method  of  drawing 
lots  by  taking  out  small  balls,  or  the  like,  from 
a  box' ;  hence,  lot-drawing.  X.  E.  I>.  -  Tissue- 
ballots,  ballots  printed  on  thin  tissue-paper,  to  the  end 
that  a  large  number  of  fraudulent  votes  folded  together 
m:iv  be  smuggled  into  the  ballot-box  without  detection. 
To  cast  a  ballot,  to  deposit  in  a  ballot-box,  or  present 
for  deposit,  a  ballot  or  voting-paper. — To  cast  the  bal- 
lot, I"  ivi-ord.  as  if  ascertained  by  ballot,  the  vote  oi  an 
assembly  or  meeting.  The  secretary  is  often  Instructed 
to  "cast  the  ballot  when  for  convenience  the  actual 
process,  as  required  by  rule,  is  dispensed  with. 
ballot1  (bal'ot),  i:  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballot, 
ballet;  <  It.  balUittare  =  F.  ballotter,  earlier  balot- 
ter,  =  Sp.  balotar,  vote  by  ballot;  from  the 
noun.]     I.  intrans.  1.  To  decide  upon  a  ques- 


lots;  take  a  ballot  or  a  vote  by  ballot :  often 
with  for  in  the  sense  of  'in  relation  to':  as,  to 
ballot  for  members  of  a  club.     See  the  noun. 

The  judges  .  .  .  would  never  take  their  balls  to  ballot 
against  him.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  927. 

The  convention  did  not  ballot  until  its  third  day. 

ff.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles,  II.  1S5. 

2.  To  bound,  as  in  the  bore  of  a  cannon :  as, 
spherical  projectiles  ballot  in  the  bore  of  the 
piece. —  3.  To  select  by  lot;  draw  lots  (for): 
as,  to  ballot  for  places. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  vote  for  or  against  by  bal- 
lot; choose  or  elect  by  ballot. 

None  of  the  competitors  arriving  at  a  sufficient  number 
of  balls,  they  fell  to  ballot  some  others. 

Sir  II.  Wotton,  Reliquiw,  p.  262. 

2.  To  choose  by  lot;  select  by  drawing  lots 
for. 

Peasants  .  .  .  who  will  not  be  balloted  for  soldiers. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  1. 

ballot2  (bal'ot),  «.  [<  F.  ballot,  a  bale,  prop. 
a  small  bale,  dim.  of  bade,  a  bale :  see  bale-3  and 
-ot,  and  cf.  the  ult.  identical  ballot1.]  A  small 
bale,  weighing  from  70  to  120  pounds. 

Alpaca  is  imported  in  ballots,  bales  of  about  70  lbs. 
weight.  Drapers*  Diet.,  p.  4. 

Ballota  (ba-lo'ta),  it.  [NL.  (L.  bdllote),  <  Gr. 
/>'«>/ (j-//,  a  plant  believed  to  be  black  hoar- 
hound,  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  labiate 
plants,  of  about  25  species,  mostly  natives  of 
the  Mediterranean  region.  The  black  hoarhound, 
/.'.  nigra,  sometimes  used  in  medicine,  is  found  through- 
out Em-ope  and  Russian  Asia. 

ballotade,  ballottade  (bal-o-tad'  or  -tad'),  »■ 
[<  F.  ballottade  (Sp.  balotadd),  <  ballotter,  toss, 
prob.  <  ballotte,  a  little  ball:  see  ballot1,  ».] 
In  the  manage,  a  leap  of  a  horse  in  which  all 
four  legs  are  bent  without  jerking  out  the  hind 
ones.     Also  spelled  balotade. 

ballotantt  (bal'ot-ant),  n.  [<  F.  ballottant,  pp. 
of  ballotter,  ballot:  see  ballot1,  v.]  A  voter  by 
ballot.    J.  Harrington.     [Kare.] 

ballotationt  (bal-o-ta'shon),  v.  [<  ballot1  + 
-atiou,  after  It.  ballottazione.]  A  voting  by  bal- 
lot; a  balloting.     [Rare.] 

The  election  of  the  Duke  of  Venice  is  one  of  the  most 
intricate  and  curious  forms  in  the  world,  consisting  of  ten 
several  ballotations.         Sir  II.  Wotton,  Reliquiffi,  p.  260. 

ballot-box  (bal'ot-boks),  n.  A  box  for  receiv- 
ing ballots. 

For  all  except  those  who  before  1787  had  already  ac- 
quired the  elective  franchise,  color  barred  the  way  to  the 
tallot-box.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  129. 

balloter  (bal'ot-er),  n.  1.  One  who  ballots  or 
votes  by  ballot. — 2.  A  mechanical  device  for 
receiving,  counting,  and  recording  ballots. 

ballotint,  n.  [<  ballot1  +  -in,  irreg.  used.]  The 
carrier  of  the  ballot-box ;  the  taker  of  the  votes 
by  ballot.    J.  Harrington.     [Rare.] 

balloting  (bal'ot-ing),  n.  [verbal  n.  of  ballot'', 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  easting  or  taking  a  ballot: 
as,  the  balloting  began  at  2  o'clock. — 2.  A  spe- 
cific instance  in  which  a  ballot  is  taken ;  a  vote. 
From  the  result  of  the  baUotings  yesterday,  I  deem  it 
highly  Improbable  that  1  shall  receive  the  nomination. 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  ii.  2. 

ballotist  (bal'ot-ist),  n.    [<  ballot*  +  -ist.]    An 

advocate  of  voting  by  ballot, 
ballottade,  n.  See  ballotade. 
ballottement  (ba-lot'ment),  n.     [F.,  a  tossing, 

<  hat/otter,  toss:   see  ballotade.]     In  obstct.,  a 

method  of  testing  pregnancy. 
ballow't,  a.    [Appar.  <  ME.  balowe,  balwe,  balge, 

hah/It,    round,    rounded,  smooth,   appar.  <  AS. 

balg,  bcelig,  a  bag:  see  bellows  and  belli/.']     An 

epithet  of  uncertain  meaning,  in  the  following 

passage:    the  apparent    etymology    suggests 

'round,'  'pot-bellied.' 
The  hallow  nag  outstrips  the  winds  in  chase. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii.  40.    (N.  E.  D.) 

ballow2  (bal'6),  n.  [Etym.  unknown.]  Sunt., 
deep  water  inside  a  shoal  or  bar.  Smyth,  Sail- 
or's Word-Book.     (N.  E.  D.) 

28 


balneary 

with  an  odorous  balsam  ;  also  occasionally  the  halsam-nr, 
Abies  baUamea,  which  yields  the  Canada  balsam,  (d)  1  he 
sweet  balm,  Dracocephalum  CanarUnse  (see  above). — 
Balm  of  heaven,  one  ol  the  manj  names  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  the  i/mbeUularia  Californiea,  s  lauraceous  tree 
with  verj  Btrongb  aromatic  foliage. 
balm  (bam),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  baiimen,  bamen,  < 
lioiiiiie,  balm.  ( '!'.  <  >F.  <  mbaumer,  embalm:  see 
embalm.]    1.  To  embalm. 

Shrouded  in  cloth  of  state  I 
lUitin  •!  ami  i-iitreusui  >l  with  full  bags  ol  spices! 

Shale.,  Peril  les,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  anoint  as  with  balm  or  with  anything 

fragrant  or  medicinal. 

Halm  his  foul  head  in  warm  distilled  waters. 

Shall.,  T.  ol  the  S.,  1ml.,  i. 

3.  To  soothe ;  mitigate ;  assuage ;  heal. 
Oppressed  nature  sleeps:  — 

This  rest  might  yet  have  balm'd  thy  broken  senses. 

Shah.,  Lear,  iii.  6. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.  J 
ball-seater    (bal'se"ter),  n.      A  tool  used  in  balmaiden  (bal'ma"dn),  n.     [<  bal  +  maiden.'] 


433 

hallow3,  ».  A  word  used  only  by  Nhnksporr 
in  the  passage  cited,  in  the  folio  of  Ki2li,  where 
the  quarto  editions  have  battero&nA  bat;  it  is, 
like  battero,  apparently  a  misprint  for  ballon, 
battoon,  or  bottom,  a  stick,  cudgel.  See  bat- 
ton,  batoon,  baton,  and  bat1. 

Keepe  out,  ...  or  ice  try  whither  your  Costard  or  my 
Ballow  be  the  harder.  Shak.,  bear,  iv.  6  (162:i). 

ball-proof  (bal'prof),  a.  Capablo  of  resisting 
balls  from  firearms;  impenetrable  by  bullets. 

ball-rack  (bftl'rak),  n.  In  printing,  the  rack 
which  held  the  balls  formerly  used  in  inking. 

ball-room  (b&l'rom),  h.  A  room  expressly  de- 
signed for  balls  or  dancing  parties,  or  a  room 
in  which  such  entertainments  are  given. 


Bon,  proposition,  or  candidacy  by  casting  bal-  ball-screw  (bal'skrS),  n.    A  screw  which  can 

be  attached  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a  gun, 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  a  bullet  from  the 
barrel 


fitting  the  ball  of  a  cartridge  accurately  in  line 
with  the  axis  of  the  shell. 

ball-Stock  ( 1  lal'stok),  n.  In  prin  ting,  formerly, 
a  stock  somewhat  hollow  at  one  end,  to  which 
the  ball  was  attached,  and  which  served  as  a 
handle.     See  ball*,  9. 

ball-train  (bal'tran),  n.  A  set  of  rolls  for  roll- 
ing puddlers'  balls  or  loops  into  bars. 

ball-trimmer  (bal'trim^er),  n.  A  lathe  for  fin- 
ishing musket-balls. 

ball-trolly  (b&l'trol'i),  n.  A  small  iron  truck 
used  in  conveying  the  balls  of  puddled  iron 
from  the  puddling-furnace  to  the  tilt-hammer 
or  squeezer.    E.  H.  Knight. 

ballustredt(bal'us-terd),  a.  Same  as  balustered. 
Dri/di  n. 

ball-valve  (bal'valv),  n.  A  valve  formed  by  a 
globe  resting  upon  a  concave  circular  seat. 
It  is  lifted  by  the  upward  pressure  of  the  fluid,  and  <le- 
scends  by  gravity  when  that  pressure  is  removed.  See 
ball-cock. 

ball-vein  (bal'van),  n.     Same  as  ball-ironstone. 

bally   (bal'i),  n.     [Repr.  Ir.  Gael,  baile,  Manx 


A  girl  or  young  woman  employed  in  the  mines 
of  Cornwall,  England. 

The  smock-frock  is  a  survival  of  a  ploughman's  dress, 
and  the  Cornish  miner  and  mine-girl  (or  balmaiden)  have 
a  sort  of  peasant  dress.  N.  and  (J.,  6th  ser.,  IX.  508. 

balm-cricket  (bam'krik"et),  n.  [Earlier  baum- 
cricket,  appar.  a  half  translation  of  G.  baum- 
grille,  tree-cricket,  <  baum,  a  tree  (=E.  beam), 
'+  grille,  a  cricket:  see  Gryllus.]  The  field- 
cricket,  Gryllus  campestris. 

The  balm-cricket  carols  clear 
In  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

balmeff  (bii'mer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
embalms. 

Blood  must  be  my  body's  only  balm,  r, 
No  other  balm  will  there  be  given. 

Raleigh,  The  Pilgrimage. 

balmify  (ba'mi-fi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  balmi- 
fted,  ppr.  balmij'yiug.  [<  balm  +  -i-fy :  see  -fy.] 
To  render  balmy.     [Rare.] 

The  fluids  have  been  entirely  sweetened  and  balmified. 
6.  Cheyne,  Eng.  Malady,  p.  "" 


bailey,  a  town,  village.]     A  town:  an  element  fcalmilv  (ba'nii-li),  adv.    In  a  balmy  manner, 


in  many  place-names  in  Ireland:  as,  Ballyw.i] 
ter,  upper  town;  itaWi/castle,  castle-town; 
Berflymoney,  town  on  the  moss,  etc. 

The  old  tribal  division  of  the  ballys  into  "  quarters  "  and 
"  tates  "  has  left  distinct  and  numerous  traces  in  the  names 
of  the  present  townlands  in  Ireland. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vill.  Communities,  p.  223. 

balm  (bam),  n.     [The  spelling  has  been  altered 


The  state  or  quality 
Same  as  garden- 


balminess  (bii'mi-nes),  n. 

of  being  balmy. 
balm-mint  (bam'mint), 

balm.    See  balm,  7. 
balmony  ( bal'mo-ni),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bald- 

money.]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 

States  to  the  plant  snakehead,  Chelone  glabra. 


to  bring  it  nearer  balsam;  larly  mod.  E.  also  l"iSS5HJKl^^fV.™J5iJ^J?^S!S 


(usually  with  a  capital  as  an  adjective  and  with- 
out as  a  noun)  to  various  articles  of  dress  pos- 
sessing unusual  strength  and  weight,  in  imi- 
tation of  the  materials  or  style  of  those  worn 
out  of  doors  by  Queen  Victoria,  or  the  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  during  visits  to  the  royal 
residence  at  Balmoral,  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land  Balmoral  boots,  shoes  or  ankle-boots  that  lace 

up  in  front,  worn  by  both  men  and  women.     Also  called 
balmorals.—  Balmoral  petticoat,  a  woolen  petticoat, 
originally  red  with  black  stripes,  intended  to  be  displayed 
below  the  skirt  of  the  dress,  which  was  looped  up. 
balmy  (bii'mi),  a.    [<  balm  +  -y1.]    1.  Having 
the  qualities  of  balm;  aromatic;  fragrant. 
O  balmy  breath,  that  doth  almost  persuade 
Justice  to  break  her  sword  !      Shale,  Othello,  v.  2. 
And  I  would  be  the  necklace, 
And  all  day  long  to  fall  and  rise 

Upon  her  balmy  bosom, 
With  her  laughter  or  her  sighs. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  Producing  balm :  as,  "the  oalmy  tree,"  Pope, 
Windsor  Forest,  1.  30. —  3.  Soft;  soothing;  as- 
suaging ;  refreshing. 

Now  with  the  drops  of  this  most  balmy  time 

My  love  looks  fresh.  Slink.,  Sonnets,  cvii. 

Tired  nature's  sweet  restorer,  balmy  sleep. 

Young,  Night  Tnoughte,  v.  1. 

4.  Of  healing  virtue  ;  healing:  as,  balmy  medi- 


Ininlni,  baum,  <  ME.  baume,  bawnic,  basim .  bame, 

<  OF.  bausme,  basme,  mod.  F.  baume  =  Pr.  basme 
=  Sp.  bdlsamo  =  Pg.  It.  balsamo,  <  L.  balsa  mum, 

<  Gr.  jiMaauov,  balsam :  see  balsam.]  1 .  An  oily, 
aromatic,  resinous  substance,  exuding  sponta- 
neously from  trees  of  the  genus  BalsamocU  n- 
dron  ;  hence,  by  extension,  any  aromatic  or  odo- 
riferous exudation  from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether 
spontaneous  or  after  incision ;  balsam. 

And  sweetest  breath  of  woodland  balm. 

Whittier,  1'lowers  in  Winter. 

2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  in  embalm- 
ing the  dead.  See  embalm. —  3.  Any  aromatic 
or  fragrant  ointment,  whether  for  ceremonial 
or  for  medicinal  use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or 
soothing  pain.  (For  the  ecclesiastical  use,  see 
balsam.) 

Thy  place  is  fill  d,  thy  sceptre  wrung  from  thee, 
Thy  balm  wash'd  off,  wherewith  thou  wast  anointed. 
Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

4.  Aromatic  fragrance  ;  sweet  odor. —  5.  Any- 
thing which  heals,  soothes,  or  mitigates  pain. 
Sleep,  that  knits  up  the  ravell'd  sleave  of  care, 
The  death  of  each  day's  life,  sore  labour's  bath, 
Balm  of  hurt  minds,  great  nature  -  second  course. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 
Heal  the  wounded  spirit  with  the  balm 
Of  pity.  Bryant,  Better  Age. 

6.  A  tree  that  yields  balm  ;  especially,  a  tree     cines. 

of  the  genus  Balsamodendron.—7.  One  of  sev-  balnea,  n.     Plural  of  balneum. 

eral  aromatic  plants  of  the  natural  order  Labi-  balnealt  (bal'ne-al).  a.    [< Vh.bedneum,  a  (warm) 

ahe,  particularly  plants  of  the  genus  Melissa. 

The  garden-  or  lemon-balm,  bee-balm,  or  balm-mint  is 

M.  officinalis.     Plants  of  other  genera  so  named  are  the 

bastard  balm,  Melittis  mdissophyUun 


American  garden 
linsonia  Canada 
Molucca  balm,  M 

times  .ailed  ball 


the  bee-balm  of 
Monarda  duiyina  ;  the  horse-balm,  Col 
sis;  the  fleld-balm,  Nepeta  Cataria  :  the 
ilvcceUa  IceoU  :  and  tlieswcetbalm,  some- 
i  of  ciiead.  Dracocephalum  Canariense. 


Abraham's-balm,  an  old  name  for  an  Italian  willow.  — 
Balm  of  Gilead.  (a)  Balm  or  balsam  of  Mecca,  or  of  Syria, 
an  oleo-resin,  once  of  great  repute  and  still  esteemed  ill 
the  Bast  forits  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties.  Mixed 
with  oil,  it  constitutes  the  chrism  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  It  is  the  product  of  a  tree  or  shrub,  Commi- 
phora (Balmmodcntlmn)  etpobalsamum,  which  also  yields 
myrrh.  It  is  now  produced,  so  far  as  is  known,  only  in 
Arabia,  (b)  A  fragrant  resin  from  South  America.  See 
carauna.  (c)  In  North  America,  the  balsam-poplar,  Pop. 
ulus  baUami/era,  the  buds  of  which  are  coated  in  spring 


bath  (see  balneum),  +  -al.  The  L.  adj.  is  bal- 
nearis  or  balnearius.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
bath:  as,  •■balneal  heat,"  Howell,  Letters,  I. 
vi.  35. 

balneary  (bal'ne-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  balnea- 
rius, pertaining  to  a  bath  (neut.  pi.  bahiearia,  a 
bathing-room),  <  balneum,  a  bath:  see  balneum.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  baths  or  bathing. 

The  French  do  not  treat  their  beaches  as  we  do  ours 
as  places  for  a  glance,  a  dip,  or  a  trot,  places  animated 
simply  during  the  balneary  hours. 

H.  James.  Jr..  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  142. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  balnearies  (-riz).    A  room  or  pro- 
vision of  any  kind  for  bathing. 
The  balnearies  and  bathing-places. 

Sir  T.  Bruno.'.  Vulg.  Krr.,  vi.  7. 


balneation 

balneationt  (bal-ne-ti'shon),  ».  [<  ML.  balne- 
are,  pp.  balneatus,  bathe,  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath: 
31  e  balneum.]     The  act  of  bathing. 

Balneations,  washings,  and  fomentations. 

Sir  /.  Browne,  \  ulg.  Err.,  ii.  C. 

balneatory  (bal'ne-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  balnea- 
torius,  <  balneator,  a  bath-keeper.  <  balneum,  a 
bath:  srcfoilnciiw.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bath 
or  bath-keeper. 

All  the  refinements  of  the  antique  balneatory  art. 

Ir.  Ilearn,  tr.  of  Gautier's  Cleop.  Nights,  p.  45. 

balneot,  ».  [For  bagnio,  after  L.  balneum.] 
Same  as  bagnio,  1. 

Then  began  Christian  churches  ...  to  outshine  .  .  . 
the  fiofneos  ami  [Theatres  of  free  Cities. 

7,>.  UaaU,  n.  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  351. 

balneography  (bal-ne-og'ra-fi),  «.    [<  L.  &«/- 

«<  «/«,  a  bath  (see  balneum),  +  Gr.  -}pa<j>ia,  < 
ypafav,  write.]  A  description  of  baths.  Dun- 
gtison. 

balneological  (bal-ne-o-loj'i-kal),a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  balneology. 

balneology  (bal-nf-ol'd-ji),  n.  [<  L.  balneum, 
a  bath,  +  Or.  -/oj/ri,  <.'/!)  civ,  speak:  see  balneum 
and  -ology.]  A  treatise  on  baths  or  bathing; 
the  use  of  baths  and  bathing  as  a  department 
of  therapeutics. 

Among  "in-  medical  schools  balneology  as  a  subject  of 
systematic  study  is  entirely  neglected. 

Harper's  Hag.,  LXIX.  43S. 

balneotherapeutics  (baPne-o-ther-a-pu'tiks), 
n.  [<  L.  balneum, bath  (see  balneum),  +  thera- 
peutics.]    Balneotherapy. 

balneotherapia(bal"ne-6-ther-a-pi'a),  >i.  [NL., 
<  L.  balneum,  a  bath  (see  balneum),  +  Or.  Ocpa- 
■Keia,  medical  treatment:  see  therapeutic.']  Same 
as  balneotherapy. 

balneotherapy  (bal"ne-o-ther'a-pi),  n.  [Eng- 
lished from  balneotherapia.]  The  treatment  of 
disease  by  baths ;  water-cure. 

Balneotht  rapy,  or  bathing,  ami  treatment  by  medica- 
ments. Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LIV.  4. 

balneum  (bal'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  balnea  (-ii).  [L., 
fuller  form  baliheum,  <  Or.  Aa'/.avuov,  a  bath,  < 
fia'/.avEvew,  bathe.  From  L.  balneum  come  bag- 
nio and  bain-,  q.  v.]  In  chem.,  a  vessel  filled 
with  water  or  sand,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
placed  to  be  heated  ;  a  bath.     See  bath1,  8. 

balolo  (ba-16'16),  n.  A  sea-worm  found  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean.     See palolo. 

The  balolo  is  a  small  sea-worm,  long  and  thin  as  ordi- 
nary vermicelli.  Some  are  fully  a  yard  long,  others  about 
an  inch.  It  has  a  jointed  body  and  many  legs,  and  lives 
in  the  deep  sea. 

C.  P.  Gordon-Cumminy,  At  Home  in  Fiji,  p.  66". 

balont,  balonet,  «•    See  balloon1. 

balonea  (ba-16'ne-a),  n.  [See  ralonia.]  A  name 
for  an  oak,  Qucrcus  JEgilops,  large  quantities 
of  the  cups  of  which  are  exported  from  the 
Mediterranean  basin  for  tanners'  use.  See 
valonia. 

baloot,  interj.  and  «.     See  balou: 

balotade,  »•    See  ballotade. 

balowt,  baloot,  interj.  and  n.  [Nursery  sylla- 
bles.] I.  interj.  An  utterance  used  in  lulling 
to  sleep. 

Hee  i"il"!< !  my  sweet  wee  Donald.  Bums,  Song. 

II.  ».  1.  A  lullaby. —  2.  A  song  containing 
this  word.     A".  E.  J>. 

bals.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  balsamum, 
that  is,  balsam,  used  in  medical  prescriptions. 

balsa,  balza  (bal'sa,  -zfi),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  balsa  ( > 
P.  balse,  baize),  <  Peru'v.  bal:a,  a  kind  of  light 
porous  wood  used  in  Peru  for  constructing 
rafts.]  1.  The  native  name  of  the  Ochroma 
l.aiiii/ois,  a  bombaeeous  tree  common  in  the 
forests  upon  the  coasts  of  tropical  America. 
The  wood  is  v<  ry  soft  and  light,  and  is  used  for  stopping 
bottles,  as  well  as  in  the  construction  of  rafts  which  take 
its  ns 

2.  A  kind  of  raft  or  float  much  used  on  the 

west  coast  of  South  America  for  crossing  lakes 

[vers,  for  lauding  through  the  surf,  and  by 

fishermen.    It  is  then  formed  of  two  inflated  cylinders 

■  bullock  s  hide,  joined  by  a  sort  of  platform 

on  which  tl  n  or  goods  are  placed.    In  the 

United  Stat  Is  givi  n  to  two  or  "e  inflated 

cylinders  of  india-rubber,  or  lonj  cs  i  of  metal  or  wood, 
secured  togethei  in  pairs  by  a  framework,  and  used  as  a 
life-saving  raft  or  for  crossing  heavj  Burf.    See  life-raft, 

balsam  (bal'sam),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Iml- 
sem,  bah*/ nt.  Iml  mne  (in  ME.  only  as  balm,  q.  v.), 
<  AS.  balsam,  balsam,  <  L.  balsamum,  <  Gr.  Id1  - 
catwv,  the  resin  of  the  balsam-tree,  the  tree  it- 
self: iii'/niiuin,  a  balsam-tree;  prub.  of  Semitic' 
origin:  see  balm.]  1.  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous 
substance,  exuding  spontaneously  from  trees 
of  the  genus  Balsa modendron ;  hence,  by  ex- 
tension, any  aromatic  or  odoriferous  exudation 


434 

from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether  spontaneous  or 
after  incision  ;  balm.  A  great  variety  of  substances 
pass  under  this  name;  but  hi  chemistry  the  term  is  con- 
lined  to  vegetable  juices,  whether  they  remain  liquid  or 
spontaneously  become  solid,  which  consist  of  resins  mixed 
y\  ith  gums  or  volatile  oils,  the  resins  being  produced  from 
the  .ills  by  oxidation.  A  balsam  is  thus  intermediate  be- 
tween a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  capable  of  yielding  benzoic  acid.  The  bal- 
sams arc  cither  liquid  or  solid :  of  the  former  are  the  balm 
of  Qilead  and  the  balsams  of  copaiba,  Peru,  and  Tolu  (see 
below);  of  the  latter,  benzoin, dragon's  blend,  and  Btorax, 
'flu- balsam  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  con- 
fection of  chrism  is,  by  the  rubrics,  that  of  Syria  or  .Mecca  ; 
but,  from  ilithculty  in  obtaining  this,  concessions  have  been 
made  by  the  popes  for  the  use  of  the  balsams  of  Brazil, 
Tolu,  Peru,  etc. 

Many  of  the  resins  occur  in  plants  dissolved  in  ethereal 
oils.  Should  the  vessels  which  contain  this  solution  be 
injured,  it  flows  out,  and  becomes  thick,  or  even  solid. 
on  exposure  to  the  air,  partly  from  evaporation  of  the 
solvent  oil,  and  partly  by  its  oxidation.  .Such  mixtures 
of  oils  and  resins  are  termed  balsams. 

Strieker,  <  Irganic  Chemistry,  p.  732. 

2f.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  for  embalm- 
ing the  dead. —  3.  Any  aromatic  fragrant  oint- 
ment, whether  for  ceremonial  or  for  medicinal 
use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or  soothing  pain. — 
4.  Figuratively,  any  healing  or  soothing  agent 
or  agency. 

la  this  the  balsam  that  the  usuring  senate 
Pours  into  captains'  wounds?    Sbak.,T.  of  A.,  iii.  5. 
Was  not  the  people's  blessing  .  .  .  a  balsam  to  thy  blood? 

Tennyson,  liecket,  1.  '-'4. 

5f.  In  alchemy,  a  healthful  preservative  essence, 
of  oily  penetrative  nature,  conceived  by  Para- 
celsus to  exist  in  all  organic  bodies.   Ar.  E.  D. — 

6.  A  tree  yielding  an  aromatic,  oily  resin.  In 
the  United  States  the  name  is  often  applied  generally  to 
the  firs  (species  of  Abies),  and  sometimes  ignorantly  to  the 
spruces  also.     See  balsam-tree. 

7.  The  Impatiensbalsamina,  a  familiar  flowering 
annual,  of  Eastern  origin,  cultivated  in  many 


Flowering  branch  of  Balsam  (Imfntietis/itlva). 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.") 

varieties,  often  called  garden-balsam,  and  in  the 
United  States  lady's-slippcr;  also,  the  native  Eu- 
ropean species,  I.  Koli^me-tangere,  and  the  Amer- 
ican I.  fulra.    See  Impaiiens  and  jewel-weed. 

In  medical  prescriptions  abbreviated  to  bals. 
Balsam  of  Mecca,  balm  of  Gilead.  See  balm.  —  Balsam 
of  Peru,  the  product  of  Myroxylon  Pereirte,  a  legumini  ius 
tree  of  San  Salvador.  It  is  employed  in  perfumery  and 
the  manufacture  of  soaps,  and  in  medicine  as  a  stimulat- 
ing ointment  and  for  the  relief  of  asthma  and  coughs.— 
Balsam  Of  Saturn,  a  solution  of  lead  acetate  in  turpen- 
tine, concentrated  by  evaporation  and  mixed  with  cam- 
phor, formerly  used  to  hasten  the  cicatrization  of  wounds. 

Balsam  of  Tolu  (from  Tolu,  a  seaport  in  the  United 
States  of  Colombia),  a  product  of  Myroxylon  Toluifera  of 
Venezuela  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  a  species 
closely  allied  to  .V.  Pereiree  (see  above)  It  has  an  agree- 
able flavor,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  expectorant  and 
stimulant,  though  its  properties  are  not  important.— 
Brazilian  balsam,  the  product  of  Myroxylon  peruiferum. 
It  closely  resembles  balsam  of  Peru.— Broad-leafed  bal- 
sam, Of  the  West  Indies,  a  small  tree  belonging  to  the 
natural  order  Araliaceee,  SeiadovhyUum  capitatum,  yield- 

ing  an  ar atic  balsam,  which  is  derived  chiefly  from  tin 

hemes.  -Canada  balsam,  a  transparent  liquid  resin  or 
turpentine  obtained  by  puncturing  the  vesicles  which  form 
under  the  bark  id  the  balsam-flr,  Abies  balsamea  of  North 
America.  It  is  much  valued  for  mounting  objects  tor  the 
microscope,  as  it  remains  permanently  transparent,  and 
it  is  also  used  in  making  varnish,     the  principal  supply  is 

from  Canada.    Other  forms  of  turpentine  tr European 

coniferous  trees  are  Bometimes  called  balsams.  —  Copalm 
balsam,  a  balsam  obtained  from  tie-  Bweet-gum,  Liquid- 
amlinr  styracif.ua,  very  similar  to  Btorax  and  used  for 
similar  purposes.— Yellow  balsam,  "I  Jamaica,  Croton 
Havens,  an  aromatic  euphorbiaceous  shrub,  covered  with  a 
yellow  WOOL  (r'or  other  kinds  of  balsam,  see  aeouebi-resin, 
copaiba,  gurjun,  and  laaam.) 
balsam  (bal'sam),  v.  t.  [<  balsam,  n.  Cf.  ML. 
balsamare.]  1.  To  apply  balsam  or  balm  to; 
anoint  with  balm  or  balsam. 

The  gifts' of  our  young  and  flourishing  age  are  very 
sweet  when  they  are  baUamed  with  discretion. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  57. 


balsamy 
2.  To  embalm.     [Rare.] 

\\  e  bad  him  halsamed  and  sent  home. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  222. 

balsam-apple  (bal'sam-ap"l),  n.  An  annual 
cucurbitaeeous  plant  of  tropical  regions,  M6- 
monltea  lialsamina,  bearing  a  small  warty  fruit 
of  a  red  or  orange  color.  Both  the  fruit  ami  the 
root  are  actively  purgative.  Wild  balsam-apple,  of  tin 
United  states  an  annual  vine,  Echinocystis lobata,  of  the 
order  Cucurbitaceos,  bearing  numerous  white  flowers  and 
a  fibrous  fruit  opening  at  the  summit. 

balsamation  (bal-sa-ma'shon),  v.  [<  ML.  bal- 
sa matio(n-),  <  balsa  man  .  pp.  balsamalns.  to  bal- 
sam, <  L.  balsamum,  balsam.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering balsamic.     [Rare.] 

balsam-bog  (bal'sam-bog),  ».  A  curious  um- 
belliferous plant  of  the  Falkland  islands,  form- 
ing hard  hemispherical  hillocks  often  from  2 
to  4  feet  in  height.  It  yields  a  gum  which  has 
been  used  in  medicine. 

balsam-herb  (bal'sam-erb),  n.  A  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  JJianthera  reptans,  an  acantha- 
ceous  plant. 

balsamic  (bal-orbal-sam'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  bal- 
sam + -ie.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  balsam :  as,  balsamic  juices. —  2.  Yield- 
ing balsam:  as,  balsamic  pine. —  3.  Having  the 
fragrance  of  balsam  ;  aromatic  ;  balmy. 

The  new-leaved  butternut 
And  quivering  poplar  to  the  roving  breeze 
Gave  a  balsamic  fragrance. 

Bryant,  Old  Man's  Counsel. 
4.  Having  the  healing  or  soothing  qualities  of 
balsam;  healing;  soothing;  mild:  as,  balsamic 
remedies. —  5t.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  balsam 
of  the  alchemists.     See  balsam,  5. 

II.   ii.    Any   warm,    stimulating,   demulcent 
medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence. 
balsamicalt  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 
balsamic. 

The  lialsamieal  humour  of  my  bl 1. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  (frig,  of  Mankind,  i.  1. 

balsamically  (bal-  orbal-sam'i-kal-i),  adc    In 

a  balsamic  manner ;  as  a  balsam. 

balsamiferous  (bal-  or  bal-sa-mif' e-rus),  a. 
[<  L.  balsamum,  balsam,  +  ferrc  =  E.  bear1.] 
Producing  balm  or  balsam :  said  of  those  trees 
and  shrubs  which  yield  balsam. 

balsamina  (bal-sa-mi'nii),  ».  [NL. :  see  6a?- 
samiuc.]     Same  as  balsdmine. 

balsamine  (bal'sam-in),  ii.  [<  F.  balsamine  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  balsamina,  <  NL.  balsamina  (<  Gr. 
(3a?Mauivr/),  balsam-plant,  prop.  fern,  of  L.  balsa- 
mi  nus,  <  Gr.  "jialoainvoc,  pertaining  to  balsam, 

<  fia'Aaa/iov,  balsam.]  A  name  given  to  the 
garden-balsam  and  to  some  other  species  of 
the  genus  lm pa  liens  (which  see). 

balsamitict  (bal-sa-mit'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  *balsa- 
miticus  (cf.  ML.  balsamaUcus),  <  L.  balsamum.] 
Balsamic. 

balsamito  (bal-sa-me'to),  n.  [In  form  Sp.  or 
Pg. ;  cf.  Sp.  balsamita  (=  Pg.  balsaniita),  tansy, 

<  luilsamo,  balsam:  see  balm.]  A  liquid  having 
a  bitter  taste,  the  odor  of  the  Tonquin  bean,  and 
a  light  sherry-color,  produced  by  digesting  the 
fruit  of  the  balsam  of  Peru  in  rum.  it  is  used  as 
a  medicine,  and  also  as  an  application  to  sloughing  sores, 
especially  to  those  caused  by  the  chigoe. 

balsamize  (bal'sam-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bal- 
samized,  ppr.  batsamising.  [<  balsam  +  -ige.] 
To  render  balsamic. 

balsamous  (bal'sam-us),  a.  [<  balsam  +  -ous.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  balsam;  abounding  in 
balsam ;  consisting  of  balsam. 

Now  the  radical  moisture  is  not  the  tallow  or  fat  of  ani- 
mals, but  an  oily  and  balsamous  substance, 

Sterne,  Tristram  shandy,  v.  86. 

balsam-root  (bal'sam-rot),  n.    A  name  given 

in  California  to  species  of  Jialsmiiorrhiza,  a  ge- 
nus of  low,  coarse,  perennial  composite  plants, 
allied  to  the  sunflower.  They  have  deep  thick  roots 
which  contain  a  U  rebiiithinate  balsam.  These  roots  are 
eaten  by  the  natives  after  being  peeled  and  baked. 

balsam-tree  (bal'sam-tr§),  «.  A  name  given 
to  many  of  the  balsam-bearing  trees  of  the 
tropic's  (see  balsam),  and  to  the  mastic-tree, 
I'istacia  J.ruliscus.  in  North  America  it  is  applied 
to  Populns  balsamifera,  and  on  the  western  coast  to  /*. 
trielweiir/>a.  It  is  also  given  especially  to  flic  lialsam- 
bearing  conifers.  Abies  balsamea  and  .1.  Fraseri  in  the 
east  (the  latter  tree  being  distinguished  as  the  sin  balsam), 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward  to  .1,  eanealor 
and  .1.  nibalpina.  The  balsam-tree  or  balsam-fig  Of  Ja- 
maica is  Hie  I  'lasia  nSt  << 

balsam-weed  (bal'sam  wed),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  everlastings  of  the  United  States, 
Gnaphalium  decurrens  ami  <!.  polycephalum. 
They  are  also  called  sweet  balsam,  on  account 
of  their  balsamic  fragrance. 

balsamy  (bal'sam-i),  a.  [<  balsam  +  -y1.] 
Balsam-like;  balmy. 


baltei 

baltei,  »•    Plural  of  battens. 

baiter,   ».      [Early   mod.  E.  baultcr,  bolter  (in 

blood-boltered,  q.  v.),  now  only  dial,  hauteur,  < 

ME.  biiltrnn,  prob.  of  Scand.  origin;  cf.  Dan. 

ballre,  var.  of  boltrc,  roll,  tumble,  gambol.]     I. 

iiitrans.  It.  To  tumble;  dance  clumsily. 

So  blythe  <>f  his  wodbyiie  he  Iniltcres  ther  vnde[r]. 

Allitc'i-atii,-  Poenw(ed.  Morris),  iii.  459. 

2.  To  become  tangled  or  matted.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tt  [;i  goat's  beard]  haltereth  anil  cluttereth  into  knots 
,m.l  balls.  Holland,  tr.  "f  Pliny,  xii.  17.    (A.  /.'.  D.) 

II.  trans.  1.  To  tread  down  in  a  clumsy  man- 
ner. [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2f.  To  tangle;  clot;  mat, 
as  the  hair. 

balteus  (bal'te-us),  ».;  pi.  baltei  (-1).  [L.,  a 
belt:  according  to  Varro,  a  Tuscan  word,  but 
perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  see  belt.']  1.  In  Ilo- 
man  antiq.,  a  belt:  either  a  girdle,  or  a  baldric 
worn  over  the  shoulder  to  support  a  sword, 
shield,  or  quiver. —  2.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  band 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  in  the  lateral  part  of 
the  volute  of  an  Ionic  pulvinated  capital,  (b) 
One  of  the  passages  dividing  the  auditorium 
of  ancient  Roman  theaters  and  amphitheaters 
horizontally  into  upper  and  lower  zones,  and 
affording  access  to  the  different  cunei,  or  wedge- 
shaped  divisions  of  the  auditorium,  without  dis- 
turbing persons  occupying  seats.  Such  a  pas- 
sage had  usually  the  form  of  a  wide  step. 

Baltic  (bal'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  Balticus,  prob.  < 
Lith.  baltas,  white,  halti,  be  white.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  which  separates 
Sweden  from  Denmark,  Germany,  and  Russia; 
situated  on  or  bordering  the  Baltic  sea:  as,  the 
Baltic  islands;  the  Baltic  coasts. 

Baltimore  bird,  oriole.    See  oriole. 

baltimorite  (bal'ti-mor-It),  91.  [<  Baltimore,  the 
chief  city  in  Maryland,  +  -(7c2.]  A  variety  of 
serpentine  from  Bare  Hills,  Maryland. 

balu(ba'lo),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  wild- 
cat, Ft lis  snniatrana,  native  in  Sumatra. 

Baluchi  (ba-lo'ehe),  n.  [Pers.  Baluchi,  Bdii- 
chi.]  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Balu- 
chistan, a  country  lying  to  the  east  of  Persia 
and  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Arabian  sea; 
specifically,  a  member  of  one  of  the  tribes  of 
Baluchistan,  a  distinct  race  from  the  present 
dominant  tribe,  the  Brahoes. — 2.  The  language 
spoken  by  the  Baluehis  and  by  over  300,000 
British  subjects  inhabiting  Sind  and  the  Pan- 
jab.  It  belongs  to  the  Iranic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family 
of  languages.  It  has  no  literature  and  written  characters 
of  its  own.  Arabic  characters  having  been  used  for  such 
works  in  Baluchi  as  have  recently  appeared. 
Also  written  Bcloochec  and  Belooch. 

baluster  (bal'us-ter),  n.  [Also  balluster,  ballis- 
ter  (and  corruptly  bannister,  banister,  q.  v.), 
formerly  also  ballester;  <  F.  balnstre,  <  It.  6a- 
laustro  (=  Sp.  Pg.  balaustrc),  a  baluster,  small 
pillar,  so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate,  <  balausto, 
balausta,  balaustra  =  Sp.  balaustra,  balanstria 
=  Pg.  balaustia  =  P.  balauste,  formerly  also  ba- 
lustre,  <  L.  balaustium,  <  Gr.  jia'AavoTiov,  the 
flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate -tree.  Cf.  Ba- 
laustion.']  1.  In  arch,  and  building,  a  small 
upright  member  made  in  a  great  variety  of 


435 

At  the  bottom  is  a  parterre;  the  upper  terra..-  rn-.Tr 
half  a  myle  in  length,  w">  double  declivities,  airbed  and 
balwrter'd  w".  stone,  of  vast  and  royal  cost. 

F.r.lim,  Diary,  I'Yb.  27,  1044. 

baluster-shaft  (bal'us-ter-shaft),  n.  A  form 
of  pillar  occurring  in  so-called  Anglo-Saxon 
architecture,    and 

in  work  influenced 
by  it  as  lato  as  tho 
twelfth  century. 
It  serves  especially  as 
a  separation  of  win- 
dow-lights and  other 
openings,  and  isname.l 
from  its  rude  resem- 
blance in  shape  to  a 
baluster  of  the  conven 
tional  type. 

baluster-stem 
(bal'us-ter -stem  >. 
a.    The  stem  of  a 
goblet,  chalice,  or 
other  similar  vessel  when  of  the  bulgiug  shape 
characteristic  of  a  baluster. 

balustrade  (bal-us-1  rad'),  n.  [<  F.  balustrade,  < 
It.  balaustrata  (=  Sp.  Pg.  balaustrada),  a  balus- 
trade, prop,  adj.  fem.,  furnished  with  balusters, 
<  halaustro,  a  baluster.]  In  arch.,  strictly,  a 
barrier  or  railing  consisting  .if  a  horizontal 


Baluster-shafts. 
St.  Albans  Cathedral.  England. 


Balusters. 
A,  from  church  of  Santa  Trinity  del  Monte.  Rome;  B,  from  pulpit- 
stairs,  Duomo  of  Siena ;  C  (bronze ).  from  Casa  de  Pilatos,  Seville. 

forms,  but  typically  strongly  swelled  outward 
at  some  point  between  the  base  and  the  top  or 
capital,  and  commonly  vase-  or  urn-shaped, 
used  in  series  to  support  the  rail  of  a  railing  or 
balustrade.  The  baluster,  as  distinguished  from  a  small 
column  serving  the  same  purpose,  originated  in  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  Renaissance.  Now  often  called  banister. 
2.  In  arch.,  the  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the 
Ionic  capital.  Also  bolster. 
balustered  (bal'us-terd),  a.  [<  baluster  +  -ed2.] 
Furnished  with  balusters. 


Balustrade.—  From  the  Villa  d'Este,  Tivoli,  Italy. 

member  resting  on  a  series  of  balusters ;  but, 
commonly,  an  ornamental  railing  or  pierced 
parapet  of  any  kind,  whether  serving  as  a  bar- 
rier or  merely  as  a  decorative  feature,  and 
whether  composed  of  balusters  or  not. 

Broad-based  flights  of  marble  stairs 
Ran  up  with  golden  balustrade. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

balustraded  (bal-us-tra'ded),  a.  [<  balustrade 
+  -c(i2.]  Furnished  with  a  balustrade  or  bal- 
ustrades. 

I  like  the  balustraded  terraces,  the  sun-proof  laurel 
walks,  the  vases  and  statues. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  321. 

balustrading  (bal-us-tra'ding),  n.  [<  balus- 
trade +  -Hit/1.]  A  balustrade  or  balustrades; 
balustrade-work. 

The  upper  [floor]  was  terraced  and  defended  by  strong 
balustrading.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  92. 

balysaur,  «•    Sec  balisaur. 

balza,  n.     Seebalsit. 

balzant,  n.  [F.,  <  It.  balsano,  white-footed, 
Vhite-spotted,  =  OF.  bauson,  bausant :  see  ban- 
sond,  bauson.]    A  horse  having  four  white  feet. 

balzarine  (bal-za-ren'),  n.  [Origin  obscure.] 
A  light  mixed  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool  for 
women's  dresses,  commonly  used  for  summer 
gowns  before  the  introduction  of  barege. 

bam  (bam),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hammed,  ppr. 
bamming.  [A  slang  word,  formerly  also  bamb, 
either  an  abbr.,  or  the  source  of  the  first  syl- 
lable, of  bamboozle,  q.  v.]  I.  traus.  To  bam- 
boozle; cheat;  hoax;  wheedle.     [Slang.] 

This  is  some  conspiracy,  I  suppose,  to  bam,  to  chouse 
me  out  of  my  money.  Foots. 

II.   intrans.  To  practise  hoaxing  or  imposi- 
tion.    [Slang.] 

bam  (bam),  n.  [<  bam,  i\]  A  cheat;  a  hoax; 
an  imposition.     [Slang.  ] 

It  was  all  a  bam,  madam,  a  sr.rie  we  thought  proper  to 

act.  A.  Murphy. 

To  relieve  the  tedium  he  kept  plying  them   with   all 

manner  of  bams.  J.  Wilson. 

bamalip  (bam'a-lip),  n.  [An  artificial  term.] 
In  logic,  a  mnemonic  word  denoting  a  mood  of 
the  fourth  figure,  containing  syllogisms  with 
universal  affirmative  premises  and  a  particular 
affirmative  conclusion :  as,  All  greyhounds  are 
dogs ;  but  all  dogs  are  quadrupeds ;  therefore, 
some  quadrupeds  are  greyhounds,  six  of  the 
seven  letters  composing  theword  arc  signitlcant.  i5  shows 
that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  (which  see) ;  a , 
that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  affirmative  ;  m,  that 
the  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reducing  it  to  the 
first  figure ;  a,  that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  af- 


bamboo-brier 

nrniative  ;  i,  that  the  conclusion  [a  a  particular  affirmative; 
and  /',  that  the  conclusion  of  barbara  ha    in  the  reduction 

io  be  ( verted  per  acciden    to  give  the  oonclusion  of 

bainalip     Thism I  was  originally  called  baralipton  bj 

Petrus  Efispanus,     English  logicians  more nmonly  call 

the  mood  bramantip,  in  ord<  i  to  make  the  hexameter 

Bramantip,  oamenes,  dlmaris,  fesapo,  fresfaon. 

See  mood. 

bamalipton  (bam-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
term.]  A  mood  id'  syllogism,  differing  from 
baralipton  only  in  having  the  names  of  the  ma- 
jor and  minor  premises  transposed.  The  nam. 
was  in  ventral  by  Jodoc  Trutfi  derof  Eisenach,  a  tea. 
Luther,  who  .li.'d  in  1519. 

bambara(liam'lia-ra),  u.  [Aii  artificial  term.] 
A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from  barbara 
only  in  having  tin-  names  of  the  major  and 
minor  premises  transposed.  The  name  was  in- 
vented by  Jodoc  Trutfeder.     See  bamalipton. 

bambino  (bam-be'no),  n.  ;  pi.  bambini  (-ne). 
[It.,  a  child,  dim.  of  bambo,  childish,  simple; 
cf.  bimbo,  a  child,  Sp.  bambarria,  a  child,  a 
foolish  man,  Austrian  bams,  child.  Prob.  of 
imitative  origin,  and  so  far  related  to  Gr.  ,jau- 
jiaivciv,  chatter  with  the  teeth,  also  stammer; 
l3a/i(3ani<Ceiv,  /la//j3a?.v&w,  f}auBa?dreiv,  stammer. 
Cf.  babble.]  A  child  or  baby;  specifically,  a 
figtU'e  of  the  Child  Jesus.  It  is  commonly  repre- 
sent. .1  as  in  the  manger  at 
Bethlehem,  and  is  exposed 
in  many  Roman  Catholic 
churches  throughout  the 
world  from  Christmas  to 
Epiphany,  the  effect  being 
often  heightened  by  figures 
of  angels,  of  the  shepherds, 
Of  the  Magi,  etc.  The  whole 
together  is  commonly  call- 
ed in  English  the  crib.  As 
a  subject  of  popular  devo- 
tion, it  owes  its  origin  to 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi  in  the 
early  part  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  famous  bam- 
bino in  the  church  of  Ara 
Cceli  at  Rome  is  of  olive- 
wood,  and  was  made  in  Pal- 
estine by  a  Franciscan  lay 
brother  some  time  before 
the  seventeenth  century ; 
it  is  in  repute  for  miracu- 
lous healing,  and  lias  been 
richly  decorated  by  the 
faithful.  In  the  fine  arts 
this  subject  has  been  often 
treated,  notably  in  the 
glazed  terra-cottu  r.li.t--.. I 
Luca  della  Robbia. 

bambocciade  (bam-boeh-i-ad'),  n.  [Also  6a»t- 
bocciate,  and  hamboeciata  (after It.);  <  F.  bam- 
bochade,  <  It.  hambocciata,  grotesque  painting, 
caricature,  <  bamboccio,  a  little  child,  puppet, 
simpleton  (like  bambino,  a  dim.  of  bambo,  child- 
ish, simple:  see  bambino);  said  to  have  been  a 
nickname  given  to  Pieter  van  Laer  (17th  cen- 
tury), a  painter  of  such  scenes.]  In  painting, 
a  grotesque  scene  from  common  life,  as  rustic 
games,  a  village  festival,  rollicking  peasants 
drinking  and  smoking,  and  kindred  subjects. 
Teniersis  the  great  master  of  this  style,  ami  in  British  art 
W'ilkie  is  probably  its  best  representative. 

bamboo  (bain-bo'),  n.  [Also  bambu,  and  for- 
merly also  bambou,  bambotD,  bambo,  and  (after 
D.)  bambouse,  bambus;  =  D.  bambocs  =  G.Dan. 
hamhus  =  Sw.  bambu  =  Pol.  Bohem.  bambus  = 
Russ.  bambuku  =  F.  bambou  =  Sp.  bambu  =  Pg. 
bambu  (first  recorded  as  viambn)  =  It.  bambit 
(NL.  bambnsa)  ;  from  the  native  E.  Iud.  name, 
Malay  and  Jav.  bambu,  Canarese6an6ttor6a«MrM. 
The  orig.  language  is  uncertain.]  1.  (a)  Tho 
common  name  of  tho  arborescent  grasses  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Bambusa  (which  see)  and 
its  allies.  (6)  in  the  West  Indies,  a  tall  climb- 
ing grass  of  the  genus  Panicum,  I',  divarica- 
tnni.  (c)  In  Queensland,  a  coarse  grass.  Stipa 
tuierantha. —  2.  A  stick  or  cane  from  the  stem 
of  the  bamboo. — 3.  In  pottery,  a  name  given  to 
a  cane-colored  biscuit  made  by  Wedgwood. — 
4.  An  Eastern  measure  of  length,  equal  in 
Pondicherry  to  3f  meters. —  5.  In  Sumatra,  a 
measure  of  capacity :  in  Bencoolen,  equal  to  the 
United  States  (Winchester)  gallon  ;  in  Aehin, 
to  5  pints.  — Bamboo  books,  a  collection  of  ancient 
Chinese  writings,  chiefly  historical,  said  to  have  been  .lis- 
covered  in  the  tomb  of  a  prince  of  Wei,  a.  i>.  279.  The 
writings  were  engraved  on  slips  of  bamboo,  as  was  cus- 
tomary in  China  before  the  invention  of  paper. —  Sacred 
bamboo,  the  Nandina  domestica,  a  handsome  evergreen 
berberidaceous  shrub,  bearing  red  berries,  and  extensively 
cultivated  in  China  and  Japan.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  dec- 
oration. 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  v.  t.  [<  bamboo.  ».]  To 
beat  with  a  bamboo  ;  punish  by  flogging  with 
a  smooth  lath  of  bamboo  ;  bastinado. 

bamboo-brier  (bam-bo'bri'er),  «.  The  green- 
brier  of  the  United  States,  Smilax  rotundifolia, 
a  tall  thorny  climber. 


Bambino,  Church  of  An 
Rome. 


bamboo-partridge 

bamboo-partridge  (bam-bS'p&r'trij),  n.  A 
member  of  the  genus  Bambusicola. 

bamboo-rat  (bain-bti'rat),  w.  A  species  of  ro- 
dent animal  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Rhisomys.  found  in  Malacca. 

bamboozle  (bam-bo'zl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bam- 
boozled, ppr.  bamboozling.  [Mentioned  by  Swift 
in  1710  among  "certain  words  invented  by  some 
pretty  fellows,  Buchas  banter^  bamboozle,  country 
put,.  .  .  si  •mi'  of  which  are  now  struggling  for 
the  vogue"  (Tatler,  No.  230);  appar.  a  slang 
word,  of  no  definite  origin,  connected  with 
(prob.  abbreviated  to)  bamb,  bam.  which  ap- 
pears a  little  later:  see  bam.  Of.  Sc.  bombaze, 
oumbaze.  confuse,  stupefy,  based.  basedt  basit, 
confused,  stapid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  hoax;  de- 
ceive ;  trick ;  impose  upon. 

All  the  people  upon  earth,  excepting  these  two  or  three 

worthy  gentlemen,  are  imposed  upon,  cheated,  bubbled, 

abused,  bamboozled  Addison,  Drummer,  i.  1, 

Americans  are  neither  to  he  dragooned  nor  bamboozled 

out  of  their  liberty.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  514. 

It's  supposed  by  this  trick 

He  bamboozU  d  <  >ld  Nick. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  203. 

2.  To  perplex  ;  mystify. 
II.  iiitnnis.  To  use  trickery;  practise  cheating. 
bamboozler  (bam-bo'zler),  n.    One  who  bam- 
boozles; a  cheat;  one  who  plays  tricks  upon 
another. 

There  are  a  set  of  fellows  they  call  banterers  and  bam- 
boozlers,  that  play  Buch  tricks. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  58. 

bambosh  (bam'bosh),  n.  [<  bam  +  bosh,  prob. 
with  ref.  to  bamboozle."]  Humbug.  [Slang.] 
N.  E.  1>. 

bamboula  (bam-bS'la),  n.  [Creole  F.,  <  F. 
bambou,  bamboo.]  i.  A  small  drum  consist- 
ing of  a  section  of  bamboo  covered  at  one  end 
with  sheepskin,  formerly  in  use  among  slaves 
in  Louisiana. —  2.  A  dance  performed  to  the 
accompaniment  of  such  a  drum. 
Bambusa  (bam-bu'sa),  n.  [NL.,  through  D. 
bamboes,  G.  bambus,  etc.,  <  E.  Ind.  hambu;  see 
bamboo.~\  A  genus  of  arborescent  grasses,  of 
the  tribe  Bambusea.  (which  see),  of  about  25  well- 
known  species, 
natives  of  south- 
ern and  eastern 
Asia,  one  species 
only  being  cos- 
mopolitan. This 
species,  the  common 
bamboo,  B.  vul- 
garis, is  nowhere 
known  as  indige- 
nous, but  is  natural- 
ized in  many  places, 
and  is  cultivated 
extensively  in  the 
old  world,  the  West 
Indies,  and  South 
America.  Some  of 
the  species  arc  spi- 
nose  at  the  joints, 
others  are  climbers. 
The  Btema  attain  a 
height  of  20,  50,  or 
even  120  feet,  with 
a  diameter,  in  the 
larger  species,  of 
from  4  to  8  inches. 
The  uses  that  are 
made  of  the  stems 
and  leaves  of  the 
various  species  of 
bamboo  in  the  East 
Indies  and  eastern 
Asia  are  innumerable,  Houses  ami  their  furniture,  the 
*ails,  and  rigging  of  ships,  rafts,  bridges,  fences, 
cart-.  |i;iki!H|Hiri-,  water-pip(js,  cordage,  paper,  boxes,  bas- 
ket-., mats,  pipe-stems,  and  in  fact  nearly  all  articles  of  or- 
dinal >  use,  are  made  entirely  or  in  pari  from  this  material. 

i  ,  l       in      l |     m.  used  as  food,  and  the  leaves 

furnish  fodder  for  cattle. 
bambusaceous  (bam-bu-sa'shius),  «.     [<  /;..//,- 
busa  +  -aeeousJ]    Resembling  the  bamboo ;  be- 
longing 1"  'hi*  LrnitriiiiroHS  tribe  Ilti mhuscc. 

Bambuseaei  i»;i  in  i  nr -.-."•  i,  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Baintm- 

sa  +  -(<(.]  A  tribe  of  grasses,  of  great  economic 
importance,  ii  eluding  nearly  -"0  species  in 
about  'jo  genera,  of  vmich  Bambusa  (which  see) 
maybe  considered  the  type.  The)  are  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  warn*  i  il  the  globe,  though  some  are 
there  found  at  an  altitude  ol  from  L0,000  to  16,000  feet  above 

the  Bea.      Thej  are  gregarious    in    bal'it    ami  have   Woody, 

tall,  and  often  arborescent     terns,   hollow  between  the 

Joints,  the  taller  specie)  reaching  an  exti >  height  of  120 

feet,  with  a  diameter  of  6  or  8  inelies  Most  of  the  species 
flower  but  rarely,  but  the  flowering  of  any  species,  when 
ii  occurs,  is  usually  gi  neral,  and  thi  consequent  harve  I 
of  seed  lias  at  times  prevented  famine  in  India.  The 
bamboos  dt  tropical  America  belong  to  several  genera 
(chieflj   Atthrostylidium,  Chusquea,  and  Quadua) 

attaining  nearlj  Hie  Blze  ol  those  of  the  old  world, 
toe  genus  Quadua  scarcely  differing  from  Bambusa,,  Sev- 
eral oi  the  Indian  genera  are  berrj  bearing,  the  species 
most  remarkable  in  this  respect  being  Meloeanna  bambu- 


436 


I,  Bamtioo  {Bambusa  vulgaris),  show- 
ing its  mode  of  growth  ;  2,  flowers,  leaves, 
and  stem  on  a  larger  scale. 


Clump  of  Giant  Bamboo  {Dendrocalamits giganttus}. 

soides,  which  produces  an  edible,  fleshy,  pear-shaped  fruit 
from  3  to  5  inches  long.  The  same  species,  as  also  some 
others,  yields  the  tabasheer  (which  see),  a  secretion  in  the 
joints,  mainly  siliehms,  which  is  used  as  a  medicine. 

Bambusicola  (bam-bu-sik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  < 
bambusa,  bamboo,  +  L.  colere,  inhabit.]  A  ge- 
nus of  gallinaceous  birds  of  Asia,  the  barnboo- 
partridges.  B.  thoracica  is  a  Chinese  species ; 
B.  sonorivox  is  found  in  Formosa. 

bambusicoline  (bam-bu-sik'o-lin),  a.  [<  NL. 
ha  mbusicolinus,  <  bambusa,  bamboo,  +  L.  colere, 
inhabit:  see  -itieX.]  Inhabiting  cane-brakes; 
living  in  bamboo-grass :  said  of  sundry  animals, 
as  certain  partridges,  rats,  etc. 

bamia  (ba'mi-ii),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Siln- 
rida;  taken  in'the  Red  Sea.  In  a  dried  state 
it  is  much  used  as  food  by  sailors. 

bamlite  (bam'llt),  n.  [<  Bamle  +  -»teL]  A  va- 
riety of  fibrolito  from  Bamle,  Norway. 

ban1  (ban),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  banned,  ppr.  banning. 
[<  ME.  barmen,  <  AS.  barman,  barman,  summon, 
in  comp.  dbannan,  summon,  gebannan,  summon, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OPries.  banna,  bonna, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OD.  baniten,  prohibit, 
mod.  D.  banish,  exile,  exorcise,  trump,  =  OHG. 
batman,  MHG.  G.  bannen,  banish,  expel,  exor- 
cise, =  Ieel.  banna,  forbid,  curse,  refl.  swear,  = 
Sw.  banna,  reprove,  chide,  refl.  curse,  swear,  = 
Dan.  bands,  corse,  swear,  =Goth.  "bannan  (not 
recorded),  orig.  appar.  '  proclaim  or  announce,' 
subsequently  ^command  or  forbid  under  a  pen- 
alty,' prob.  akin  to  L.  fari,  say,  speak  (>  ult. 
E.  fable,  fame,  fate,  etc.),  =Gr.  ydvai,  speak,  say 
(>  ult.  E.  aphasia,  aphonia,  euphemism,  etc.); 
cf.  Skt.  1/  bhan,  speak.  Cf.  also  Gr.  <jiaivctv, 
make  appear,  show,  shine,  Skt.  \/  blid,  appear, 
shine.  The  ML.  verb  bannire,  summon,  pro- 
claim, banish,  is  formally  from  the  noun:  see 
banish.  The  sense  of  '  curse '  is  appar.  due  to 
Scand.use.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  summon;  call  out. 
He  .  .  .  bannede  his  cnihtes.  Layamon,  I.  324. 

Pharaon  bannede  vt  his  here.         Gen.  and  Ex.,  1.  3213. 

2.  To  anathematize;  pronounce  an  ecclesias- 
tical curse  upon;  place  under  a  ban. 

It  is  hard  to  admire  the  man  [Henry  VIII.]  who  was 
burning  and  banniny  Lutherans  at  home,  while  he  was 
trying  to  ally  himself  with  them  abroad. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  To  curse;  execrate. 

Here  upon  my  knees,  striking  the  earth, 
I  ban  their  souls  to  everlasting  pains. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  i.  2. 
He  cursed  and  banned  the  Christians.  Knolles. 

4.  To  prohibit;  interdict;  proscribe. 

The  religion  of  the  immense  majority  .  .  .  was  banned 
and  proscribed. 

techy,  nationalism  (1878),  II.  41.    (N.  £'.  D.) 
Working  his  best  with  beads  and  crosBto&oro 
The  enemy  that  comes  in  like  a  Hood. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  46. 
II.  intrans.  To  curse;  utter  curses  or  male- 
dictions. 

And  curst,  and  bawl,  and  blasphemies  forth  threw. 

Spenser,  P.  ().,  V.  xi.  12. 

ban1  (ban),  H.  [<  ME.  han,  limine,  ham:  partly 
identical  with  iban,  <  AS.  gebann,  proclamation, 
decree,  =  (without  prefix)  ( IS.  ban  =  OEries. 
ban,  ban  =  OD.  ban  =  OIK!.  MHG.  ban,  barm, 
<i.  baini,  proclamation  (of  command  or  prohibi- 
tion), =  Icel.  bann  =  Sw.  harm  =  Dan.  ban,  ha  ml, 
prohibition,  interdict,  excommunication;  and 
partly  (in  the  form  ban,  bane)  <  OF.  ban  =  Pr. 
ban  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  haiidn,  <  ML.  bannum,  bannus, 
a]  o  hamlnin,  proclamation,  summons,  edict, 
proscription,  banishment,  excommunication, 
etc.,  from  the  Tent.  (OHG.)  form,  which  is  from 


banana 

the  verb:  see  ban\  v.,  and  cf.  banish."]  1.  In 
feudal  times:  (a)  A  public  proclamation  or 
edict;  especially,  a  proclamation  summoning 
to  arms.  (())  The  array  or  body  so  summoned. 
See  arriere-ban,  2. 

The  ban  was  sometimes  convoked,  that  is,  the  possessors 
of  the  fiefs  were  called  upon  for  military  services  in  sub- 
sequent  ages.  llaltant,  .Middle  Ages,  ii.  2. 

(<)  A  proclamation  made  at  the  head  of  a  body 
of  troops,  or  in  the  cantonments  of  an  army,  by 
beat  of  drum  or  sound  of  trumpet,  to  announce 
the  appointment  of  an  officer  or  the  punishment 
of  a  soldier,  to  enforce  discipline,  etc.  in  mod- 
ern times  these  proclamations  arc  published  in  the  writ- 
ten orders  of  the  day. 

2.  A  proclamation  or  notice  given  in  a  church 
of  an  intended  marriage:  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  bans,  usually  spelled  banns  (which  see). 
—  3.  An  edict  of  interdiction;  a  sentence  of 
outlawry.  Thus,  to  put  a  prince  under  the  ban  of  the 
empire  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dignities,  and  to  interdict 
all  intercourse  and  all  offices  of  humanity  with  the  offend- 
er. Sometimes  whole  cities  have  been  put  under  the  ban, 
that  is,  deprived  of  their  rights  and  privileges. 
4.  Interdiction;  authoritative  prohibition. —  5. 
A  formal  ecclesiastical  denunciation;  curse; 
excommunication;  anathema. — 6.  A  maledic- 
tion ;  expression  of  execration ;  curse. 
Her  fyrie  eyes  with  furious  sparkes  did  stare, 
And  with  blasphemous  bannes  high  <i"d  in  peeces  tare. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  39. 
7.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a 
delinquent  for  offending  against  a  ban. — 8.  A 
mulct  paid  to  the  bishop,  in  addition  to  other 
penalties,  for  certain  crimes  connected  with  sa- 
cred things,  chiefly  sacrilege  and  perjury. 

ban-  (ban),  n.  [Croatian  ban  =  Bulg.  Serv.  ban, 
Hung,  ban,  <  Pers.  ban,  a  lord,  master.]  A 
title  formerly  given  to  the  military  chiefs  who 
guarded  the  southern  marches  of  Hungary  (the 
Banat),  but  now  only  to  the  governor  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia,  who  is  appointed  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  as  king  of  Hungary,  and  is  respon- 
sible to  the  landtag  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia. 

ban8  (ban),  ii.  [Cf.  banana.]  A  fine  sort  of 
muslin  made  in  the  East  Indies  from  the  leaf- 
stalk libers  of  the  banana. 

banal1  (ban'al),  a.  [Formerly  also  bannal,  < 
F.  bannal  (Cotgrave),  now  banal  =  Pr.  banal, 
<  ML.  bannalis,  pertaining  to  compulsory  feu- 
dal service:  applied  especially  to  mills,  wells, 
ovens,  etc.,  used  in  common  by  people  of  the 
lower  classes,  upon  the  command  of  a  feudal 
superior;  hence,  common,  commonplace;  <  ban- 
nnni,  command,  proclamation:  see  ban^,  ».] 
1.  Subject  to  manorial  rights;  used  in  com- 
mon: as,  a  banal  mill  or  oven.  See  banal- 
ity.—2.  Common;  comnioirplace ;  hackneyed; 
trite;  stale. 

Too  much  of  what  [England]  gives  us  from  her  painters 
of  modern  life  is  familiar,  tawdry,  banal. 

Fortnightly  Rev.  (N.  s.),  XXXIII.  76. 

banal2  (ban'al),  a.  [<  ban?  +  -«/.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  ban,  or  provincial  governor:  as, 
the  royal  banal  court  at  Agram.     See  baifi. 

banality  (ba-nal'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  banalities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  hanatite,  <  ha  mil :  see  banid1.]  1.  In  old 
French  and  Frem-lt-Canadian  law,  the  right  by 
which  a  lord  compelled  his  vassals  to  grind  at 
his  mill,  bake  at  his  oven,  etc. :  applied  also  to 
the  regions  within  which  this  right  was  exer- 
cised.—  2.  The  state  of  being  banal,  trite,  or 
stale;  commouplaceness;  triviality. — 3.  Any- 
thing common,  trite,  or  trivial ;  a  commonplace. 

He   lets  a   g 1    scliM-  that  t  nablcs    him  to  see  through 

the  banalities  of  English  political  life  and  to  shrink  from 
involving  his  own  existence  in  such  littleness. 

Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  253. 

banana  (ba-nan'ii),  n.     [Also  formerly  banana 

(tree) ;  =  F.  banane,  <  Sp.  Pg.  banana,  the  fruit 

of  the  banana-tree,  Sp.  Imnano  (Pg.  bananeira, 

F.  bananier), the  tree  itself;  cited  in  the  16th 

century  as  the 
native  name  in 
Guinea,  but  tho 
plant  is  prob- 
ably a  native 
of  the  East  In- 
dies.] An  endo- 
genous  plant  of 
the  genus  Mit- 
sa,  AT.  sapien- 
tuin,   now    culti- 

vatedf  or  its  fruit 
everywhere  in 
tho  tropics.  The 
stem -like  trunk, 
formed  of  the  com- 
part sheathing  leaf- 
stalks, grows  to  a 
Banana  {Musa  sapientuM).  height   usually   of  S 


banana 

or  10  feet,  bearing  its  oblong  fruit  In  a  dense  cluster  2  or  S 
feet  long  and  sometimes  welshing  70  or  80  pounds.  I  he 
fruit  is  soft,  sweetish,  not  highly  Savored,  and  without 
seeds.  It  is  eaten  either  raw  or  cooked,  Several  varieties 
are  eultiviiteil,  ditfering  ill  .size,  color,  and  flavor.  Alter 
fruiting  the  stem  decays,  or  is  cut  down,  and  new  shoots 
spring  from  the  rout  and  produce  anew  crop  in  a  few 
months.  Theflberof  the  stem  and  leaves  is  of  little  value. 
The  plantain,  M.  iiaradisiaca,  is  probably  only  a  variety 
of  the  same  species.  See  Uusa  and  plantain.—  Banana 
essence,  an  artificial  fruit-essence  used  for  flavoring  jel- 
lies, ices,  and  confectionery.  It  is  a  mixture  of  amyl 
aeetate  ami  butyric  ether.- -Mexican  banana,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  species  of  Yucca,  P.  baecata,  ol 
northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United  states,  which 
bears  a  large,  juicy,  edible  fruit. 

banana-bird  (ba-nan'ji-berd),  n.  A  name  given 
by  early  writers  to  several  West  Indian  and 
tropical  American  species  of  the  large  genus 
Icterus,  which  contains  the  American  orioles  or 
hangnests,  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  the 
Baltimore  bird,  Icterus  tjalbula.  Tims,  under  this 
name,  Edwards  describes  a  species,  afterward  the  Xan- 
thomas mexicanusot  Brisson  (1760),  and  the  Oriolus  ba- 
nanaofLiiuueus(1766).  The  Icterus leucopteryxot  Jamaica 
is  also  one  of  the  species  which  have  borne  the  name. 
One  section  of  the  genus  Icterus  has  been  named  Banani- 
torus  from  the  implied  habit  (of  banana-eating)  of  the 
birds  composing  it:  the  type  of  this  is  the  common  or- 
chard-oriole of  the  United  States,  Icterus  spurius. 

banana-eater  (ba-nan'a-e"ter),  n.  A  plantain- 
eater;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Musophaga. 

banana-quit (ba-nan  a-kwit),  n.  Anameof  the 
black  and  yellow  honey-creeper,  Certhiola  Jla- 
veola,  and  other  species  of  birds  of  the  same 
genus. 

bananist  (ba-nan'ist),  n.  [<  banana  +  -ist.] 
A  bauana-bird:  a  name  given  to  various  birds 
besides  those  of  the  genus  Icterus,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, to  Certhiola  bananieora  of  San  Domingo. 

bananivorous  (ban-a-niv'o-rus),  a.  [<  banana 
+  L.  vorare,  eat.]     Feeding  upon  bananas. 

banat,  banate  (ban'at, -at),  re.  [Also  bannat; 
<  bait*  +  -at,  -ate3.']  1.  In  Hungary,  a  border 
province  ruled  by  a  ban  ;  the  territory  or  juris- 
diction of  a  ban ;  specifically,  the  Ternesvar 
banat  in  southeastern  Hungary,  distinctively 
called  the  Banat,  formally  reunited  to  Hungary 
in  I860.— 2.  The  office  of  a  ban. 

banatite  (ban'a-tit),  n.  [<  Banat  +  -He".]  A 
name  given  by  Von  Cotta  to  a  variety  of  dio- 
rite  occurring 'in  the  Banat,  Hungary. 

banausic  (ba-na'sik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiavavamor,  of 
or  for  mechanics,  <  pavavola,  the  practice  of  a 
mechanical  art,  the  habits  of  a  mechanic,  < 
Bdvavaor,  mechanical,  <  pavvoc,  a  furnace,  forge.] 
Merely  mechanical ;  characteristic  of  mechan- 
ics or  a  mechanic.     [Rare.] 

By  this  term  [Americanisms]  he  [Du  Bois-Reymond] 
designates  materialistic  and  banausic  tendencies  in  gen- 
eral, which  are  more  specifically  expressed  in  making 
money-getting  the  prime  object  of  life,  in  love  of  display, 
and  in  public  and  private  corruption. 

G.  S.  Halt,  German  Culture,  p.  149. 

banc  (bangk),  re.  [<  AF.  and  F.  banc  (ML.  batt- 
ens), bench:  see&nftA'1.]    In  late,  a  seat  or  bench 

of  justice A  court  in  banc,  a  court  in  which  the  full 

bench  of  judges  is  present :  as,  before  the  court  in  banc.— 
A  sitting  in  banc,  a  session  of  court  held  1  py  all  the  j  udges 
or  by  a  quorum  of  them.  — Days  ill  banc.    See  dayl. 

bancal1  (bang'kal),  n.  [F.,  prop,  adj.,  bandy- 
legged.] A  saber  more  curved  than  usual,  as 
if  in  imitation  of  the  simitar;  specifically,  the 
saber  of  this  form  worn  by  officers  of  the  first 
French  republic  and  empire,  during  1792-1810. 

bancal2  (bang'kal),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight 
equal  to  about  1  pound,  used  in  India. 

banco  (bang'ko),  n.  [It.,  a  bank,  bench,  coun- 
ter, <  ML.  baticus:  see  bank1.']  In  com.,  the 
money  in  which  the  bunks  of  some  countries 
keep  or  kept  their  accounts,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  current  mouey  of  the  place.  The  distinc- 
tion was  more  necessary  when  the  currency  consisted,  as 
it  often  did,  of  clipped,  worn,  and  foreign  coins. —  Banco 
mark.    See  mark  banco,  under  mark. 

band1  (band),  n.  [<  ME.  band,  bands,  also 
bond,  bonde  (>  mod.  E.  bond,  the  same  word, 
now  partly  discriminated  in  use),  <  AS.  "band. 
=  OS.  band '  =  OFries.  band  =  T>.  band=OB.G. 
MHG.  bant,  G.  band  =  Ieel.  Sw.  band  =  Dan. 
baand,  a  band,  a  tie,  a  neut.  noun  (in  D.  and  G. 
also  mase. ),  developing  in  later  use  a  great 
variety  of  particular  senses,  and  merged  in  ME. 
with  the  synonymous  bend,  bends,  bcende,  <  AS. 
bend,  rarely  biend,  in  mod.  E.  prop,  bend,  and 
with  the  slightly  different  bands,  E.  hantl-.  a 
strip,  hoop,  etc.,  derived  through  the  F.  from 
the  same  ult.  source,  namely,  Tout.  (AS.,  etc.) 
hindan  (pret.  band),  E.  bind:  see  bind,  bend1, 
bend2,  bend3,  and  ef.  bond1,  hand2,  band3.]  1. 
Anything  which  binds  the  person  or  the  limbs, 
and  serves  to  restrain  or  to  deprive  of  liberty; 
a  shackle,  manacle,  or  fetter:  usually  in  the 
plural. 


437 

And  Pharaoh-uechoh  put  him  in  bands  at  Riblah. 

2  Ki.  xxiil.  S3. 

And  suddenly  there  was  a  great  earthquake,  so  that  the 
foundations  of  the  prison  were  shaken  :  and  Immediati  ly 
all  the  doors  were  opened,  and  every  ones  bands  were 

loosed.  ActSXVi.  26. 

Dot.     In  chains  of  adamant '.' 
Mam.  Yes,  the  strongest  band*. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  1. 

2.  That  by  which  loose  things  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind  are  bound  together,  specifically-  (a) 
The  tie  of  straw  used  in  binding  sheaves  of  "heat  or  other 

"rain.       (6)  In    huoklnodurt,    one   of   the  cords,    tapes,    or 

strips  of  parchment  which  hold  together  the  sei  -  ral  * 
tii ma  of  the  sewed  hook.    The  thread  is  drawn  from  with- 
in each  section  around  or  over  the  hands. 

3.  That  which  connects ;  a  connecting  piece, 
or  means  of  connection ;  that  which  connects 
or  unites  the  several  parts  of  a  complex  thing. 

The  body,  by  joints  and  bands  ■  ■  ■  knit  together,  in- 
creasetb  with  the  increase  of  God.  Col.  ii.  19. 

He  [hope]  is  a  flatterer 
A  parasite,  a  keeper-back  of  death, 
\\  ho  gently  would  dissolve  the  bands  of  life. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Specifically  —  (at)  In  logic,  the  copula.    [Kan.] 
A  simple  Axiome  is  that,  the  band  whereof  is  a  Verbe. 
r.  Spencer  (162S),  Logick,  p.  160.    (X.  E.  D.) 


band 

3.  The  form  of  collar  commonly  worn  by  men 
and  women  in  the  seventeenth  century  in  wesl 
ern  Europe.    Ii  was  originallj  Btarched  and  lived  in  a 
half-erect  position,  nearly  like  the  ruff,  which  it  super. 

Beded,  and  was  often  of  lace  and  ol  none  [i  -.   size.      AM    i 
ward  it  was  turned  down  over  the  shoulders,  and  'ailed  a 

falli  no-hand. 

This  hand 
Shews  not  my  neck  enough. 

/;.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  2. 

Kissing  your  finger  that  hath  the  ruby,  or  playing  with 
some  string  of  your  bond.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  ii.  1. 

The  next  that  mounted  the  Stage  was  an  I'ndel  -I'itizt  n 
of  the  Bath,  a  Person  remarkable  anion-  the  inferior  Peo- 
ple of  that  Place  for  his  great  Wisdom  and  his  Broad 
Band  Steele,  in  Dobson,  p.  152. 

4.  The  linen  ornament  worn  about  the  neck, 
with  the  ends  hanging  down  in  front,  by  certain 
Protestant  clergymen,  it  was  prescribed  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  as  a  part  of  the  even  day  dress  ol  Vngli  an 
ecclesiastics.    [Now  only  in  the  plural.] 

5.  In  mining,  a  layer  of  rock  interstratified  with 
the  coal;  sometimes,  as  in  Cumberland.  Eng- 
land, the  coal  itself Band  of  rock,  a  phrase  some- 
times used  for  bed  of  rock.  See  black hand. -Gastroparie- 
tal  band,  hypopharyngeal  band,  ilioparietal  band, 
iliotibial  band,  etc.     See  the  adjectives. 


(„)The  metallic  sEeve  which  hinds  the  bar,;,  and  stock  band*  (band)   ,,     [Early ^  mod    E  also  bend< 


late  ME.  bande,  also  bendc,  <  OF.  and  P.  bands 
=  Pr.  Sp.  It.  banda  (ML.  bandum,  bandits ;  so 
G.  bande,  I),  bande,  now  hemic,  Dan.  bande,  Sw. 
band,  after  Bom.),  a  band  or  company,  <  OHG. 
bant,  OS.  OFries.,  etc.,  band,  a  band  or  tie, 
the  sense  of  '  company '  being  developed  first 
in  Rom. :  see  bandX,  band2,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
bend3.]  1.  A  company  of  persons,  especially 
a  body  of  armed  men ;  a  company  of  soldiers, 
or  of  persons  united  for  any  purpose. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers. 
Shak.,  Hen.  V., 


of  a  musket  together.  (<•)  one  of  two  pieces  of  iron  fas 
lined  to  the  bows  of  a  saddle  to  keep  them  in  place,  (d) 
A  leaden  eame.     See  came%.     (ef)  A  hyphen. 

4.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence:  as, 
a  band  of  union.     [Now  usually  bond.] 

I  drew  them  with  cords  of  a  man,  with  bands  of  love. 

Hos.  xi.  4. 
Land  of  my  sires !  what  mortal  hand 
i  Ian  e'er  untie  the  filial  band 
That  knits  me  to  thy  rugged  strand? 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  2. 

5.  An  obligation  imposing  reciprocal,  legal,  or 
moral  duties:  as,  the  nuptial  bands.  [Now 
usually  bond.] 

Ilere's  eight  that  must  take  bands, 
To  join  in  Hymen's  bands. 

Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

6f.  A  binding  promise  or  agreement;  a  bond 
or  security  given. 

Adr.   Tell  me,  was  be  arrested  on  sl  band? 
Dro.  S.   Not  on  a  band,  but  on  a  stronger  thing. 

Shak.,  0.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 
You  know  my  debts  are  many  more  than  means, 
My  bands  not  taken  in,  my  friends  at  home 
Drawn  dry  with  these  expenses. 

Fletcfier  {aitd  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  i.  1. 

7f.  A  surety ;  a  bondsman. 

Since  faith  could  get  no  credit  at  his  hand, 

I  sent  him  word  to  come  and  sue  my  band. 

Churchy ard.  Challenge  (ed.  177s),  p.  162. 
8t.  A  covenant  or  league.  [Scotch.]  -  False 
bands,  in  bookbinding,  strips  of  leather  or  strands  of 
twisted  cord,  pasted  across  the  inner  side  of  the  backs  of 

books,  and  afterward  molded  in  high  relief  to  give  the  0f  c.attle  or  horses,  or  a  flock  of  sheep 
appearance  of  hands  of  unusual  thickness  or  strength.— 
Raised  bands,  in  bookbinding,  strips  of  leather  or  braided 
cord  of  unusual  thickness,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the 
sewed  sheets  of  a  book-hack,  making  a  noticeable  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  and  intended  to  give  increased  strength 

to  seWillg. 

band-  (band),  n.  [<  ME.  bands,  <  OF.  bande, 
earlier  bends,  mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  ben/la  =  Sp. 
banda,  venda  =  Pg.  banda  =  It.  banda  and 
benda,  dial,  binda,  a  band,  strip,  side,  etc., 
in  various  particular  senses,  <  OHG.  binda, 
binta,  MHG.  G.  binds,  f.,  a  band,  fillet,  tie, 
cravat  (cf.  D.  bind,  neut.,  a  crossbeam,  joint, 
=  Dan.  bind,  neut.,  a  band,  tie,  etc.),  <  OHG. 
bintnii.  MHG.  ii.  bindsn,  etc.,  =  AS.  bindan,  E. 
bind.  The  word  is  thus  tilt,  cognate  with 
band1  and  with  html1,  with  which  it  has  been 
mixed,  but  it  differs  in  its  orig.  formation:  see 
band1,  bend1,  and  the  doublet  bend?.]  1.  A 
flat  strip  of  any  material,  but  especially  of  a 
flexible  material,  used  to  bind  round  anything; 
a  fillet:  as,  a  rubber  band;  a  band  around  the 
head;  a  hob-band. 

A  single  band  of  gold  about  her  hair. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  band  in  form  or  func- 
tion,   (a)  A  bandage;  specifically,  a  swaddling  hand. 

Henry  the  Sixth,  in  infant  bands  crown'd  king 

Of  Prance  and  England.  Shak..  lien.  \ '.,  v.  2. 

(b)  A  border  or  strip  on  an  article  of  dress  serving  to 
strengthen  it  or  to  confine  it,  as  at  the  waist,  neck,  or 
wrist:  as,  a  waist&aml;  a  wristband;  a  neck-band,  (c) 
Naut.:  (1)  A  strip  of  canvas  sewed  across  a  sail  to  band4  (band),  H 
strengthen  it.  (2)  An  iron  hoop  round  a  spar,  (i/)  In  ,„„  „„„  „f  ,,„„, 
mach.,  a  licit,  cord,  or  chain  for  transmitting  power,  such 
hands  generally  pass  over  two  pulleys,  wheels,  or  drums, 
communicating  motion  from  one  to  the  other,  (ft)  In 
arch.:  (1)  Any  flat  member  or  molding,  broad  hut  of  small 
projection:  also  called  fascia,  fact;  or  plinth.  (2)  A  tab- 
let or  string-course  carried  around  a  tower  or  other  part 
of  a  building.  (  f)  In  decorative  art.  a  horizontal  strip  of 
decoration  separated  from  the  general  wall  siirtaee  by 
parallel  lines.  ( <t)  A  more  or  less  broad  space  crossing  a 
surface,  and  distinguished  from  it  by  difference  of  color 
or  aspect:  as.  absorption-bands  in  the  Bpectrum.  (n)  In 
zoul,,  a  transverse  stripe  of  any  color.    Also  called  fascia. 


,  iv.  3. 
My  lord  of  Somerset,  unite 
Your  troops  of  horsemen  with  bis  bands  of  foot. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

Originally  there  were  usually  in  each  considerable  society 
[of  Methodists]  lour  bands,  the  members  of  which  were 
collected  from  the  various  society  classes  — one  band 
composed  of  married  and  another  of  unmarried  men,  one 
of  married  and  another  of  unmarried  women.  All  the 
members  of  society,  however,  were  not  of  necessity  mem- 
bers of  bands.  Knew.  Brit.,  XVI.  188. 

Did  not  Seunr  Felipe  tell  you  that  he  had  positively  en- 
gaged the  same  band  of  shearers  we  had  last  autumn, 
Alessandro's  band  from  Temecula? 

Jfr«.  //.  Jackson,  Eamona,  i. 

2.  In  music,  a  company  of  musicians  playing 
various  instruments  in  combination,  in  the 
manner  of  an  orchestra :  most  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  company  of  musicians  playing  such 
instruments  as  may  be  used  in  marching. —  3. 
A  collection  of  animals  of  any  kind,  as  a  drove 

[West- 
ern U.  S.] 

In  California  every  collection  of  animals  of  any  sort  is 
called  a  band.  A  herd  of  cattle,  a  Hock  of  sheep,  a  party 
of  Indians  — anything  and  everything  that  walks  — when 
seen  in  numbers  is  known  as  a  band,  and  it  is  regarded  as 
a  sure  sign  of  being  a  "  tenderfoot  "to  use  any  other  term. 
JT.  1'.  Evening  Post  (letter),  Dec.,  1SS6. 

Knights  of  the  band.  See  knight.— Military  band, 
a  body  of  musicians  enlisted  and  attached  to  a  regiment 
or  military  post. 
band3  (band),  v.  [<  band3,  re.]  I.  trans.  To 
unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy: 
generally  reflexive. 

They  band  themselves  with  the  prevalent  things  of  this 
world  to  overrun  the  weak  things  which  Christ  bath  made 
choice  to  work  by.  Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

Among  the  sons  of  morn,  what  multitudes 
Were  banded  to  oppose  his  high  decree. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  V.  717. 

Band  them  into  pueblos  ;  make  them  work  ;  and,  above 
all,  keep  peace  with  the  whites. 

Mrs.  II.  Jackson,  Ramona,  v. 

II.  intrans.  To  unite;  associate;  confederate 
for  some  common  purpose. 

With  them  great  Asliur  also  bands, 
And  doth  confirm  the  kind. 

Milton.  Ps.  lxxxiii.  29. 

The  great  lords 
Banded,  and  so  brake  out  in  open  war. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

The  weak  will  band  against  her  when  she  becomes  to,. 
strong.  Ii.  II.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State. 

[Local  E.,  perhaps  a  particu- 
lar use  of  hand-,  a  strip,  or  possibly  of  early 
mod.  E.  bande,  <  ME.  bande,  var.  of  bontlr.  a 
bound,  limit:  see  hound.]  A  ridge  of  a  hill: 
commonly  applied  in  the  English  lake  district 
to  a  long  ridge-like  hill  of  minor  height,  or  to 
a  long  narrow  sloping  offshoot  from  a  higher 
hill  or  mountain.     .V.  E.  l>. 

band5t.   An  obsolete  or  Scotch  preterit  of  bind. 

bandi;t  (band),  V.  t.  [Same  as  ban1,  after  .ML. 
and  It.  bandire,  a  form  of  ML.  bannire,  banish, 


band 

ban:  see  bant,  hamuli.    Otherwise  taken,  in  the 

passage   quoted,   as   band",   for   bandyK]    To 

interdict ;  banish. 

Sweete  love  sui  h  lewdnes  bands  Erom  hisfairecompanee. 

Spatter,  F.  Q.,  III.  n.  41. 

band7t, ''•    Same  as  Sandy1. 

band*  (band),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  weight 
equal  to  about  2  ounces  troy,  in  use  in  western 
Africa  for  weighing  scold-dust.    Simmonds. 

bandage  (ban'dag),  ■».  [<  F.  bandagel  <  bande, 
a  bund,  strip:  see  Sand2  anil  -('.'/'■]  1.  A 
strip.  Viand,  or  swathe  of  cotton  cloth,  or  other 
soft  woven  material,  used  in  dressing  and  bind- 
ing up  wounds,  stopping  hemorrhages,  joining 
fractured  and  dislocated  bones,  etc.— 2.  A 
band  or  ligature  in  general ;  that  which  is  bound 
over  something  else. 

Zeal  too  had  a  place  among  the  rest,  with  a  bandage 
over  her  eyes.  Addison. 

3.    In    arch.,   an  iron  ring  or   a  chain  bound 
around  the  springing  of  a  dome,  the  circum- 
ference of  a  tower,  or  some  similar  part  of  a 
building,  to  tie  it  together. 
bandage  (ban'daj),   v.   t.;   pret.  and  pp.  ban- 
daged, ppr.  bandaging.      [<  bandage,  ».]  _  lo 
bind  up  or  dress,  as  a  wound,  a  fractured  limb, 
etc.,  with  a  roller  or  bandage;   cover  with  a 
bandage  for  the  purpose   of  binding  or  con- 
cealing: as,  to  bandage  the  eyes. 
bandager  (ban'daj-er),  n.    One  who  bandages 
or  binds  up  wounds,  etc. 
bandagist  (ban'daj-ist),  n.    [<  F.  bandagtste,  < 
bandage:  see  bandage  and  -ist.]    A  maker  of 
bandages,  especially  for  hernia, 
bandal,  ».    See  bandied 

bandala  (ban-da'ia),  n.     [Native  name.]    The 
strong  outer  fiber  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  texUUs 
of  Manila,  made  into  cordage,  especially  into 
the  well-known  Manila  white  rope. 
bandalore,  bandelore  (ban'da-lor,  -de-lor),  n. 
[Origin  obscure.     Cf.  bandore*.]     1.  A  kind  of 
toy  very  much  used  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.     See  quiz.— 2.   Same  as  ban- 
dore1. . 
bandana,  bandanna  (ban-dan'S),  n.    [1  irst  in 
form  bandanno,  later  bandanna,  prob.  through 
Pg.,  <  Hind,  bandhnu,  "a  mode  of  dyeing  in 
which  the  cloth  is  tied  in  different  places  to 
prevent  the   parts   from  receiving  the   dye 
(Shakspear,  Hind.  Diet.),  <  bandh,  or  preferably 
bdndh,  a  cord,  ligature,  tie,  band,  ult.  =  E. 
band1.]     1.  A  large  handkerchief,  dyed  blue, 
vellow,  or  red,  with   small  spots  left  white, 
where  the  stuff  has  been  pressed  to  prevent 
it   from   receiving   the   dye.— 2.    A  style   of 
calico-printing  in  imitation  of  bandana  hand- 
kerchiefs, white   spots  being  produced  on  a 
red  or  dark-colored  ground  by  discharging  the 
color, 
band-axis  (band 'ak" sis),   n.     Same  as   axis- 
cylinder. 
band-bird   (band'berd),   n.      A  name   of    the 
African  collared  finch,  Amadina  fasciata. 
bandbox   (band'boks),  n.     A  light  box  made 
of  pasteboard  or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  wood 
and  paper,  for  holding  caps,  bonnets,  or  other 
light  articles  of  attire:  so  called  because  origi- 
nally made  to  contain  the  starched  bands  com- 
monly worn  in  the  seventeenth  century.     See 
band*,  3. 

She  deposited  liv  licr  side  a  capacious  Imiolbox,  ill  which, 

asistl torn  among  travelers  of  her  sex,  she  earned  a 

great  deal  ol  valuable  property.  Hawthorne. 

bandboxical  (baud'bok'si-kal).  a.    [<  bandbox 

+  -irnl.  |  ( II  the  size  or  appearance  of  a.  band- 
box :  as,  bandboxical  rooms.  [Colloq.] 
band-brake  (band'brak),  n.  A  form  of  brake 
used  to  prevent  or  to  control  the  revolution  of 
a  shaft.  ttconsistsoi  a  pulley  secured  upon  the  shaft. 
the  circumference  of  which  is  embraced  bj  a  strap  or 
I, and,  usuall]  ol  mi  i.l.  whii  h  I  •  apable  of  being  adjusted 
to  anj  di   ii< -I  degi . 

band-coupling  (band'kupling),  n.  Any  device 
for  uniting  together  the  ends  of  a  band. 

band-driver  (band'drt  verl,  h.  A  tool  used  for 
correcting  ^regularities  in  the  bands  of  ma- 
chinery.    E.  II.  Knight. 

bande  (bon-da'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  bander,  band: 
see  band?,  r.]  In  her.,  bendy  dexter,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  bendy  sinister.    See  barri. 

bandeau  (ban-do'),  "■ :  I'1-  bandeawt 
[F.,  <  OF.  bandit,  m.,  dim.  of  bande,  band:  see 
band?,  and  of.  bandore*.]  1.  A  tillet  worn 
round  the  head:  a  head  band:  especially,  a 
ribbon  worn  by  girls  and  women  above  the 
forehead.— 2.  A  horizontal  band  orringform- 
ing  a  part  of  the  headpiece  of  armor. 


Around 
leather. 


438 

the  edge  of  this  cap  was  a  stiff  bandeau  ol 
Scott,  Ivmdloe. 

banded1   (ban'ded),  p.  a.     [<  Sand1  +  -"'-'•] 

Bound  or  fastened  with  a  band. 

banded-   (ban'ded),  p.  a.     [<  band?  +  -ed-.] 

Having  bands;  crossed  or  encircled  by  a  band 
OI  bands;  specifically,  ill  her.,  encircled  with  a 
band,  often  of  a  different  color  from  the  sheaf 
or  bundle  which  it  surrounds :  as,  a  bundle  of 
lances  proper,  banded  gules,  or  the  like — Banded 
column  See  column.  -Banded  mail,  a  kind  of  mail- 
armor  shown  in  works  of  art  of  the  thirteenth  century,  in 
which  the  rings  are  arranged  in  bands  running  around  the 
arms  body  etc.  Between  the  rows  of  rings  there  are 
ridges  like  slender  bars,  having  apparently  the  same  thick- 
ness as  the  rings,  This  mail  is  found  represented  not  only 
in  the  miniatures  of  manuscripts,  hut  also  in  life-size 
effigies  in  stone;  but  it  is  not  definitely  known  how  it 
was  made.— Banded 


Banded  Structure  (£).— Onyx. 


structure.  («)  I» 
geol.,  the  structure 
id  a  rock  which  is 
more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly divided  into 
layers  of  different 
color,  texture,  or 
composition.  The 
term  implies,  ordi- 
narily, something 
different  from  true 
stratification,  and  is 
applicable  chiefly  to 
volcanic  masses.  (6) 
In      mineral.,     the 

structure  of  a  min-  , 

era!  made  up  of  a  series  of  layers,  usually  parallel  and  dif- 
fering in  color  or  texture,  as  onyx.  r 
banded3  (ban'ded),  p.  a.    United  as  in  a  band. 

Though  banded  Europe  stood  her  foes  — 

The  star  of  Brandenburg  arose. 

Scott,  Marmion,  Hi.,  Int. 

bandelt,  bandleH,  »•  [<  OF.  bandel,  in.,  ban- 
dele,  bandelie,  f.,  dim.  of  bande,  a  strip:  see 
band".     Cf.  bandeau.]     A  swaddling-band. 

bandelet,  n.    Same  as  bandlet. 

bandeliert,  n.     See  bandoleer. 
bandelore,  n.     See  bandalore. 
bandert  (ban'der),  n.     One  who  bands  or  as- 
sociates with  others ;  a  member  of  a  band  or 
confederacy. 

Yorke  and  his  banders  proudly  pressed  in 
To  challenge  the  crown  by  title  of  right. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  352. 

You  are  to  watch  every  attempt  which  is  made  ...  to 
open  any  communication  with  any  of  the  lords  who  may 
have  become  banders  in  the  west.         Scott,  Abbot,  I.  x.\. 

banderet  (ban'de-ret),  n.  [Swiss  F.,  =  F.  ban- 
neret, E.  banneret?,  q.  v.]  A  Swiss  army  com- 
mander. 

banderilla  (ban-de-rel'ya),  n.  [Sp.,  dim.  of 
bandera,  banner:  see  banner.]  A  small  dart- 
like javelin  ornamented  with  a  banderole,  used 
iu  bull-fights  to  goad  and  infuriate  the  bull, 
banderillero  (ban-de-rfl-ya'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  ban- 
derilla: see  banderilla.]  A  bull-fighter  who 
uses  banderillas. 

banderole,  banderol  (ban' de-rol,  .-rol),  n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bandrol,  bandroll,  etc., 
bannerol,  banerol,  etc.,  <  F.  banderole  (OF. 
banerolle),  <  It-  banderuola,  banderola  (=  Sp. 
banderola),  a  little  banner,  dim.  of  bandiera 
(=  Sp.  bandera  =  F.  bitumen),  a  banner:  see 
banner.]  1.  A  small  flag  or  streamer.  Specifl- 
callj  -  (a)  A  small  ornamental  streamer  earned  on  the 
shaft  Of  a  lance,  near  the  head. 

Then  take  my  banderol  of  red  ; 
Mine,  and  none  but  mine,  shall  honour  thee, 
And  safe  conduct  thee.      Greene,  Orlando  Funoso. 
From  the  extremity  .  .  .  Buttered  a  small  banderole  or 
streamer  bearing  a  cross.  <>c°"- 

(M  In  her    a  streamer  affixed  immediately  beneath  the 
crook  on  the  top  oi  the  staff  of  a  bishop,  and  (oldins  ovet 
the  staff    (e)  A  long  narrow  streamer  with  clelt 
ends,  carried  at  the  masthead  of  ships,  as  in 
battle,  etc,  ,  , 

2.  A  band  of  various  form  adapted  to 
receive  an  inscription,  used  in  deco- 
rative sculpture  and  other  decorative 
art,  especially  of  the  Renaissance  pe- 
riod. 

Also  written  bannerol. 
band-fish  (liand'fisli),  ji.    An  English  name  of 
(«)  the  Cepola  rubescens,  a  species  oi  the  family 

t ■rl,i,l„lir.  more  si ifically  called  red  band-fish  ; 

(b)  the  oar-fish,  Begalecus  glesne.    Also  called 
snake-fish.  . 

bandful  (band'ful;  by  miners,  bon  111,  n.  L< 
hand-  +  -I'h I-.]  In  coalmining,  a  load  of  men 
.•arried  np  or  down  in  the  mine  by  silling  on 
chain-loops  attached    to  the    hoisting-rope,  as 

was  customary  before  the  introduction  oi  the 

eage  and  man-engine.    [S.  Staffordshire,  Eng.] 

bandicoot  (bau'di-kot),  n.     [Cf.  Q.  bandikut, 

from  K. ;  said  to  be  a  con-up! i< 1  the   1  eltigu 

name  ,ia  od, -l.nl,  I,  II,  lit.  pig-rat.  I      1.  The  AnglO- 


bandoleer 

Indian  name  of  the  Mus  giganteus  of  Hard- 
wieke,  a  large  Indian  rat,  upward  of  2  feet 
long  including  the  tail,  and  weighing  2  or  :i 
pounds.  It  Is  very  abundant  in  some  regions,  a  great 
pest  iu  the  rice  fields  and  gardens,  and  is  said  to  be  good 
eating. 

2  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  any  marsu- 
pial animal  of  the  family  PerameUdtB.  Also 
called  bandicoot  rat. 

bandie  (ban'di),  n.  [Local  Sc]  The  stickle- 
back: a  name  current  around  Moray  Frith, 
Scotland. 

bandikai  (ban'di-ka),  n.  One  of  the  names  of 
the  Aliitniosehiis  esculentus.    See  Abelmoschus. 

bandileer  (ban-di-ler'),  n.     Same  as  bandoleer. 

banding-machine  (bau'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
blocking-machine  for  forming  the  band  of  a 
hat.  ,       , 

banding-plane  (ban'ding-plan),  «.  A  plane 
used  for  cutting  out  grooves  and  inlaying 
strings  and  bands  in  straight  and  circular  work. 
It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  plane 
called  a  plow. 

banding-ring  (ban'ding-rmg),  n.  In  hat-niuk- 
imj,  a  ring  which  passes  over  the  body  of  a  hat, 
keeping  it  pressed  to  the  hat-block.  Its  lower 
edge  is  at  the  band,  or  angle  formed  by  the  body 
and  the  brim. 

bandit  (ban'dit),  n. ;  pi.  bandits,  banditti  (ban  - 
dits,  ban-dit'i).  [Early  mod.  E.  bandetto,  later 
banditto,  bandito,  bandite,etc,  pi.  bandetU,  ban- 
ditti, banditi,  banditti),  and  with  added  E.  pi.  Oon- 
ditties,  etc.;  <  It.  bandito  (pi.  banditi),  a  bandit, 
pp.  of  bandire,  <  ML.  bandire,  bannire,  banish, 
outlaw:  see  ban*,  banish.]  it.  An  outlaw;  one 
who  is  proscribed.  Hence  — 2.  A  lawless  or 
desperate  fellow;  a  brigand;  a  robber;  espe- 
cially, one  of  an  organized  band  of  lawless  ma- 
rauders. 


The  Ripon  men  brought  down  the  half-outlawed  bandits 
from  the  Archbishop's  liberty  of  Tynedale. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 

=  Syn.  2.  Brigand,  etc.    See  rodder. 
banditt  (ban'dit),  v.  t.     To  outlaw;  proscribe; 

banish. 
banditti,".    1.  Plural  of  bandit,  banditto. — 8f. 

[Used  as  a  singular.]     A  band  or  company  of 

bandits.     Sometimes  written  banditti/. 
bandittot  (ban-dit'6),  n. ;  pi.  banditti  (-i).    [It. 

bandito:  see  bandit.]     A  bandit. 

A  Roman  sworder  and  banditto  [originally  printed  bandetto] 

Murther'd  sweet  Tully.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

That  ruthless  hearse  of  her  dear  spouse, 
Slain  by  bandittoes.      Chapman,  Widows  Teal's,  iv.  2. 

band-lacing  (band 'la "sing),  n.  Strips  of 
leather  used  in  fastening  together  the  ends  ot 
a  band  or  belt  used  in  driving  machinery. 

bandied,  n.    See  bandel. 

handle-  (ban'di),  n.  [Also  sometimes  bandal, 
<  Ir.  and  Gael,  bannlninh,  a  cubit,  <  bann,  a 
measure,  +  Janih,  hand,  arm.]  A  lineal  mea- 
sure or  cloth-measure  somewhat  more  than 
half  a  yard  in  length,  used  in  the  southern  and 
western  parts  of  Ireland. 

bandle-linen(ban'dl-lin"en),ti.  Acoarsehome- 
niade  Irish  linen  of  narrow  width. 

bandlet  (band'let),  n.  [<  F.  bandelette,  dim.  of 
OF.  bandel,  a  band.  Cf.  bandeau.]  1. Inarch., 
any  little  band  or  flat  molding,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave ;  a  fillet  or  listel. 
—  2.  A  small  baud  for  encircling  anything:  as, 
an  india-rubber  bandlet. 
Also  bandelet. 

band-master  (band'mas'ter),  n.  The  leader  or 
director  of  a  band  of  music. 

band-mounting  (band'moun"ting),  n.  In  hur- 
ness-niiil-inq.  a  style  of  harness-mounting  m 
which  the  rings  are  broad  and  flat  with  square 
edges. 

band-nippers  (band'nip'erz),  ».  sing,  and  pi. 
An  instrument  used  in  bookbinding  todrawthe 
leather  on  the  back  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
bands, 

bandog  (ban'dog),  n.  [ME.  band  dogge,  etc.; 
<  band*  +  dot/.]  A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog, 
in  England  generally  a  mastiff,  usually  kept 
chained. 

They  pray  us  that  it  would  please  us  to  let  them  still 
hale  us  and  worry  us  with  their  band-dogs,  and  Pursui- 
vants.   '  Milton,  Kef.  in  Eng.,  li. 

The  keeper  cut,  red  leading  his  bandog,  a  large  bl 1- 

hound    tied  in  a  bam  or  band,  from  which  he  takes  his 

bandoleer  (ban-do-ler'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bandoleer,  bandeleer,  bandileer,  -ier,  etc,  < 
V  bandouillere,  now  banaouliere,  <  It.  bandoliera 

(_  sp.  bandolera),  a  shoulder-belt,  <  'bandola 


bandoleer 

(cf.  bandolo,  head  of  a  skein),  (lim.  of  banda 
(=  Sp.  banda  =  P.  bande),  a  band,  sash:  seo 
hiiiiil-.]  If.  A  broad  licit  or 
baldric  worn  overthe  shoulder 
and  across  tlie  breast,  and 
used  for  suspending  a  wallet 
by  the  side. 

I  threw  mine  arms,  like  g  scarf  or 
bashdUn  r,  cross  tin-  lieutenant's  mel- 
ancholy bosom. 

Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 
The  Baillie  now  came  bustling  in, 
dressed  in  his  bint'  coat  and  banda- 
lit  is,  ami  attended  by  two  or  three 
halberdiers.  ScoK,  Monastery,  I.  x. 
Specifically — 2.  Such  a  belt 
worn  by  soldiers ;  a  shoulder- 
belt  from  which  cartridges 
are  suspended. 

The  dagger  is  stuck  in  the  sash,  and 
a  bandoleer  slung  over  the  shoulders 
carries  their  cartridge-case,  powder- 
flask.  Hint  and  steel,  priming-horn, 
and  other  necessaries. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  151. 

Hence  —  3.  A  nearly  cylindrical  case  of  copper 
or  other  material  formerly  used  to  contain  a 
charge  of  powder.  A  number  of  these  won-  slung  to 
a  baldric  or  shoulder-belt,  and  formed  the  common  means 
of  charging  the  harquebuse,  or  in  modern  times  tile 
musket. 

And,  as  Sym  Hall  stood  by  the  fire, 
He  lighted  the  match  of  bis  bandelier. 

Scot«,L  of  L.  M.,  iii.  21. 

Also  spelled  banditecr,  bandalier,  bandelier. 

bandoleer-fruit  (ban-do-ler'frot),  u.  The  ber- 
ries of  Zanonia  Indica,  an  Indian  cucurbita- 
ceous  vine  bearing  a  fleshy  fruit  with  winged 
seeds. 

bandoline  (ban'do-lin),  n.  [Origin  obscure; 
appar.  a  trade-name,  perhaps  based  on  band?.] 
A  gummy  perfumed  substance,  originally  ob- 
tained mainly  from  quince-seeds,  used  to  im- 
part glossiness  to  the  hair,  or  to  fix  it  in  any 
particular  form. 

bandoline  (ban'do-lin),  t>. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bando- 
litied,  ppr.  bandolining.  [<  bandoline,  ».]  I. 
trans.  To  apply  bandoline  to,  as  the  hair;  ren- 
der stiff,  as  the  mustache,  by  applying  bando- 
line. 

II.  in  trans.   To  apply  bandoline  to  the  hair. 
Dickens. 

bandont,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bandon, 
bandoun,  bandun,  etc.,  <  OP.  bandon,  <  ML. 
*bando(n-)  for  bandum,  bannum,  proclamation, 
command,  edict,  ban :  see  ban1,  ».,  and  cf.  aban- 
don.'] Jurisdiction;  power  of  disposal ;  dis- 
cretion. 

bandont,  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  late  ME.  ban- 
doiic.  by  apheresis  for  abandon,  q.  v.]  To 
abandon. 

bandore1  (ban-dor' ),  n.  [Also  formerly  ban dora , 
bandurioii,  after  Sp.  or  Pg. :  Sp.  bandurria  and 
bandola,  formerly  pandurria,  =  Pg.  bandurra  = 
It.  mandora  (>  P.  maudore)  and  mandola  (dim. 
mandolino,  >  E.  mandoline),  and  pandora,  pan- 
dura  ;  variously  corrupted  (as  also  E.  banjo,  q. 
v.),  <  LL.  pandura,  pandurium,  <  Gr.  iravoovpa, 
also  tyavdovpa,  a  musical  instrument  with  three 
strings.]  An  old  variety  of  the  zither.  Also 
called  bandalore. 

Sound  lute,  bandora,  gittern, 
Viol,  virginals,  and  cittern. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  v.  2. 

bandore2t,  n.  [For  *bando,  i.  e.,  bandeau,  <  F. 
bandeau,  a  band,  in  the  particular  sense  of  a 
widow's  head-dress:  see  bandeau.]  A  widow's 
veil  for  covering  the  head  and  face.     Prior. 

band-pulley  (band'puT'i),  n. 
A  flat  or  slightly  crown-faced 
pulley.  Also  called  band- 
uiii  1 1. 

band-robin  (band'rob"in).  n. 
In  hat-niiildnri,  a  piece  of  cloth 
saturated  with  cement,  bound 
and  ironed  around  the  body 
of  a  hat  to  hold  the  brim  firm- 
ly in  its  place. 

bandrolt,  »•  An  obsolete  form 
of  banderole. 

band-saw  (band'sa),  n.  An  endless  narrow 
band  or  ribbon  of  steel  with  a  serrated  edge, 
passing  over  two  large  wheels,  which  give  a 
continuous  uniform  motion  instead  of  the  re- 
ciprocating action  of  the  jig-saw.  It  was  in- 
vented by  William  Newberry  of  London.  Also 
called  belt-saw  and  endless  saw. 

band-setter  (band'set'er),  n.  A  tool  used  for 
shaving  off  the  surface  of  a  band-wheel  so  that 
the  band-saw  can  be  forced  on.    it  has  a  broad 


439 


Two-part  Band- 
pulley. 


cutting  edge  like  a  plane-iron,  which  is  held  against  the 
wheel  while  the  latter  is  revolving,  thus  scraping  olf  its 
surface.  A  narrow  upright  cutter  at  the  same  time  forma 
a  slight  shoulder, 

bandsman1  (bandz'man),  h.  ;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  band's,  possi  of  band2,  +  man.]  In 
mill  in;/,  a  miner  who  works  in  connection  with 
the  band  or  flat  rope  by  which  the  coal  or  other 
mineral  is  hoisted. 

bandsman-  (bandz'man),  «.;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  band's,  poss.  of  band*,  +  man.]  A 
musician  who  plays  in  a  band. 

band-spectrum  (band'spek"trum),  ii.  A  spec- 
trum consisting  of  a  number  of  bright  bands. 
See  spectrum. 

bandster  (band'ster),  n.  [<  band1,  v.,  +  -ster.] 
Iu  England,  one  who  binds  sheaves  after  reap- 
ers.    N.  E.  D. 

band-string  (band'string),  n.  One  of  the  laces 
used  in  seeming  the  bands  formerly  worn 
round  the  neck.  They  were  usually  tied  in  a  large 
bow  in  front,  and  often  had  rich  tassels  and  even  jewels 
at  the  ends. 

If  he  should  go  into  Fleet  street,  and  sit  upon  a  Stall, 

andtwirlai>(f'"/,v/,-/,e/,  .  .  .  then  all  the  Boys  in  the  Street 

would  laugh  at  him.  "  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

I  went  away,  and  with  Mr.  Creed  to  the  Exchange,  and 

bought  some  things,  as  gloves,  and  bandstrings,  &c. 

Pepi/s,  Diary,  I.  173. 

band-wheel  (band'hwel),  n.  1.  In  mack.,  same 
as  band-pulley. —  2.  A  small  wheel  with  a 
grooved  face  or  rim,  driven  by  a  round  belt  or 
cord ;  also,  a  wheel  round  which  a  band-saw 
turns. 

band-work  (band'werk),  h.  Cooperation;  work 
in  bands  or  companies. 

The  practice  of  band-work,  or  comradeship,  the  organic 
action  of  society,  has  so  moulded  the  nature  of  man  as  to 
create  in  it  two  specially  human  faculties  —  the  conscience 
and  the  intellect.  II'.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  2S3. 

bandy1  (ban'di),  c;  pret.  and  pp.  bandied, 
ppr.  bandying.  [First  in  Elizabethan  E.,  also 
written  bandie,  and  less  commonly  but  more 
reg.  band  (the  term,  -ie,  -y  being  irreg.,  and  due 
perhaps  to  the  Sp.  Pg.  bandc-ar),  <  P.  bander, 
bandy  at  tennis,  rett.  band  together,  join  in  a 
league  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bandear,  refl.  band  together, 
form  a  party  or  side,  =  It.  bandare,  ''to  sido  or 
bandy"  —  Florio),  appar.  the  same  as  bander, 
tie  with  a  band,  <  bande  (  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  banda),  a 
band,  side,  party,  E.  band'2,  mixed  with  bande  = 
Sp.  It.  banda.  a  band,  company,  troop,  E.  band3. 
The  senses  'throw  from  side  to  side'  (from 
band'2)  and  'band  together'  (from band3) appear 
to  meet  iu  the  sense  'contend,  strive.']  I.  trans. 
1.  To  throw  or  strike  to  and  fro,  or  from  side 
to  side,  as  a  ball  in  play. 

Tenuis  balls  bandied  and  struck  upon  us  .  .  .  by  rackets 
from  without.  Cudivorth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  845. 

To  fly  sublime 
Thro'  the  courts,  the  camps,  the  schools, 

Is  to  be  the  ball  of  Time, 
BandHed  by  the  bands  of  fools. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 

2f.  To  toss  aside ;  drive  or  send  off. 

If  the  Earth  had  been  bandied  out  of  one  Vortex  into 
another.  Dr.  H.  More,  Div.  Dial.,  i.  17.     (.V.  E.  A) 

3.  To  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man ;  pass 
from  one  to  another,  or  back  and  forth. 

Let  not  .  .  .  known  truth  .  .  .  he  bandied  in  disputa- 
tion. Watte. 
But  now  her  wary  ears  did  hear 
The  new  king's  name  bandied  from  mouth  to  mouth. 
WiUiaui  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  '275. 


bane 

4.  To  give  and  take:  ovhango, especially  con- 
tentiously:  as,  to  bandy  compliments;  to  bandy 
words,  reproaches,  etc. 

Do  you  bandy  looks  with  me,  you  rascal? 

Shak.,  I. ear,  i.  4. 
I'll  not  baiubj 
Words  with  your  mightini  -- 

~\lax*in<j<r,  Lmperor  nt  the  East,  iv.  3. 
Mischief,  spirit,  and  glee  sparkled  all  over  her  fa 
she  thus  bandied  words  with  lie-  "Id  Cossack,  who  almost 
equally  enjoyed  the  lilt.        Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xii. 

5f.  To  discuss ;  debate. 

(I.  what  a  thing  is  man, 
To  bandy  fart  inns  of  distemper'd  pa -sinus 
Against  the  sacred  Providence  above  him  ! 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 

6t.  To  band  together;  league:  chiefly  reflexive. 

All  the  kings  of  the  earth  bandy  themselves  to  ftghl  with 
him.  Hughes,  Saints  Losse  (1632),  p.  38.    (.v.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  bound,  as  a  ball  that  is 
struck. —  2f.  To  form  a  band  or  league. — 3. 
To  contend;  strive,  whether  in  emulation  or 
iu  enmity. 

(ion  lit  to  bandy  with  thy  lawless  sons. 

SAo*.,Tit.  And.,  i.  •:. 

bandy1  (ban'di),  n.  [<  bandy1,  v.;  appar.  for 
bandy-club,  club  used  at  bandy;  but  see  bandy1, 
a.]  If.  A  particular  manner  of  playing  tennis, 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  now  known. — 2t. 
A  stroke  with  a  racket,  or  a  ball  so  struck; 
a  return  at  tennis.  N.  E.  D. — -3.  A  game 
played  with  a  bent  club,  better  known  as 
hockey,  and,  in  the  United  States,  shinny 
(wlfieh  see). — 4.  A  club  bent  at  the  end,  used 
in  the  game  of  hockey  or  bandy-ball ;  a  shinny 
or  shinty. 

bandy1  (ban'di),  a.  [Appar.  attrib.  use  of 
bandy1,  n.,  a  bent  club,  but  some  refer  both  to 
F.  bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend  a  bow,  <  bande,  a 
band.  The  second  sense  seems  to  rest  on 
bend1.]  1.  Having  a  bend  or  crook  outward: 
said  of  a  person's  legs :  as,  his  legs  are  quite 
bandy. 

Nor  make  a  scruple  to  expose 
Your  bandyleg,  or  crooked  nose. 

Swift,  Furniture  of  a  Woman's  Mind. 

2f.  Limp;  without  sufficient  substance:   said 

of  bad  cloth. 
bandy2  (ban'di),  a.     [<  baud'2  +  -y ;  but  cf.  F. 

bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend,  and  bendy.]    Marked 

with  bands  or  stripes. 
bandy3   (ban'di),   )(.      [Anglo-Ind.,   <   Teiugu 

bandi,  Tamil  vandi,  vanail.]    A  kind  of  cart  or 

buggy  much  used  in  India.     See  extracts. 

A  buggy  being  a  one-horse  vehicle  ...  (at  Madras  they 
call  it  a  bandy). 
Stoequeler,  Handbook  of  Brit.  India,  p.  109.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

The  framework  of  bandies  is  made  of  light  wood,  but  of 
wood  as  strong  as  possible.  Above  it  is  spread  a  semicir- 
cular awning  of  bamboos  supporting  mats  of  cloth  or  can- 
vas. The  bandit  is  a  cross-country  vehicle,  and  as  a  rule 
possesses  no  springs  of  any  kind.  The  conveyance  is 
dragged  by  oxen.  Caldwell. 

bandy-ball  (ban'di-bal),  n.     [<  bandy1,  n.,  + 

baU1.]     1.  The  ball  used  in  the  game  of  bandy 

or  hockey.  —  2.  The  game  itself. 
bandy-jig  (ban'di-jig),  n.    [<  bandy1,  a.,  +jig1.] 

A  burlesque  dance  performed  with  the  toes  and 

knees  turned  in.     Mayhew. 
bandy-legged  (ban'di-legd  or  -leg"ed),  a.    [< 

bandy1,  a.,  +  ley  +  -ed2.]    Having  bandy  or 

crooked  legs ;  bow-legged, 
handyman   (ban'di -man),  ».;    pi.    bandymen 

(-men).     [<  bandy3  +  man.]     In  British  India, 

a  man  engaged  iu  driving  a  bandy. 

When  also,  as  all  over  India,  our  white  kinsmen  speak 
of  bandymen  and  bandies,  the  word  thus  anglicized  is 
simply  the  old  Tamilian  one.  Caldwell. 

bane1  (ban),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also,  less  prop., 
luiin,  baine:  <  ME.  bane,  <  AS.  bona,  bona,  a 
slayer,  murderer,  =  OS.  bono  =  OFries.  bona  = 
OHG.  bano,  MHG.  bane,  ban  =  Icel.  bani  =  Sw. 
Dan.  bane,  death,  murder  (not  in  Goth) ;  akin 
to  AS.  benn  =  Icel.  ben  =  Goth,  banjo,  a  wound, 
Gr.  tpovoc,  <povi/,  killing,  murder,  ipoveic,  a  slayer, 
murderer,  \/*ipev  (aor.  £-etpvor,  Tre<pve/iev ),  slay ; 
cf.  y/  *<pa,  slay,  eiaror,  verbal  adj.  in  comp., 
slain.]  If.  A  slayer  or  murderer;  a  worker 
of  death,  as  a  man  or  an  animal. 

He  overcame  this  beeste  and  was  his  bane. 

Chaucer,  <■ I  fl en,  1.  2147. 

Lest  Rome  herself  be  bane  unto  herself, 

And  she  .  .  . 

Do  shameful  execution  on  herself. 

Shut..  Tit.  And.,  v.  :;. 

2.  That  which  causes  death  or  destroys  life; 
especially,  poison  of  a  deadly  quality. 

A  sword  and  a  dagger  be  wore  by  bis  Bide, 

Of  manye  a.  man  the  bane. 

Rubin  Hood,  in  Percys  Eteliques. 


bane 

Hence  —  3.  Any  fatal  cause  of  mischief,  injury, 

or  destruction:  as,  vice  is  the  banc  of  society. 

Bane  of  the  poor!  it  wounds  their  weaker  mind 

To  miss  one  favour  which  their  neighbours  find. 

Crut'h,  .  The   Parish   Itegistcr. 

Thoughts  with  better  thoughts  at  strife, 
The  most  familiar  bane  of  lift*. 

Wordsworth,  Sequel  to  Beggars. 
4.  Ruin;  destruction. 

The  cup  of  deception  spiced  ami  tempered  to  their  hour. 

Milton, 

5f.  Death:  usually  with  such  verbs  as  catch, 
get,  take:  as,  to  catcli  one's  bane. 

She  catch'd  Iter  bane  o*  th'  water. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  v.  2. 

6.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  called 
the  rat.  =Syn.  3.  Pest,  curse,  scourge. 
baneH  (ban),  o.  *.     [<  bane1,  «.]     1.  To  kill; 
poison. —  2.  To  injure  ;  ruin. 

For  minors  have  not  only  banal  families  but  ruined 
realms.  Fuller. 

bane2  (ban),  n.    Scotch  form  of  bone1. 

bane3t,  »•  An  obsolete  form  of  bah1,  especially 
in  plural  banes,  now  banns  (which  see). 

bane4t,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  bain1. 

bane5t,  n.  and  r.     An  obsolete  form  of  bain2. 

baneberry  (ban'ber"i),  n.  [<  bane1  +  berry1.] 
The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Actwa:  so  called  because  of  their  nauseous 
poisonous  berries.  Also  called  hcrb-cltristopher. 
bee  Actwa. 

baneful  (ban'ful),  a.  [<  bane1  +  -ful.]  De- 
structive; pernicious;  poisonous:  as,  "bajieful 
wrath,"  Chapman,  Iliad,  i.  1;  "baneful  hem- 
lock," Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

Like  baneful  herbs  the  gazer's  eye  they  seize, 
Rush  to  the  head,  and  poison  where  they  please. 

Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 

=  Syn.  Hurtful,  harmful,  mischievous,  deadly. 

banefully  (ban'ful-i),  adv.  In  a  baneful  man- 
ner; perniciously;  destructively. 

banefulness  (ban'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  baneful  or  hurtful ;  poisonousness. 

banewort  (ban'wert),  n.  A  name  applied  to 
two  plants:  (a)  Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly 
nightshade ;  (b)  Ranunculus  Flaiuniula,  or  lesser 
spearwort,  from  the  supposition  that  it  is  a 
bane  to  sheep. 

bang1  (bang),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bangue; 
not  found  in  ME.,  but  prob.  existent ;  of  native 
or  Scand.  origin,  =  LG.  bangen,  freq.  bangeln, 
strike,  beat  (of.  D.  bengel,  a  bell,  bengelen,  ring 
a  bell,  MHG.  bengel,  a  club,  G.  bengel,  a  club, 
clown),  =  Icel.  banga  =  OSw.  b&nga,  hammer, 
=  Norw.  banka  =  Dan.  bankc,  beat.  In  popu- 
lar apprehension  the  word  is  imitative.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  beat,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel; 
thump;  cudgel. 

He  having  got  some  iron  out  of  the  earth,  put  it  into  his 
servants'  hands  to  fence  with,  and  bang  one  another. 

Locke. 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  in  any  way; 
treat  with  violence;  knock  about;  drub;  de- 
feat: often  with  about:  as,  to  bang  the  furni- 
ture about. 

Tlie  desperate  tempest  hath  so  bang'd  the  Turks 
That  their  designment  halts.  Shah.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

What  galleys  have  we  bang'd,  and  sunk,  ami  taken, 
Whose  only  fraughts  were  fire  and  Btern  defiance. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  produce  a  loud  noise  from  or  by,  as  in 
slamming  a  door,  and  the  like:  as,  he  went  out 
and  banged  the  door  behind  him. 

Twa  unlucky  redcoats  .  .  .  banged  aff  a  gun  at  him. 

Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

4.  To  beat  in  any  quality  or  action ;  surpass ; 
excel.     [Colloq.] 

'flic  practical  denial  of  the  common  brotherhood  of  the 
same  family  bangs  heathenism.  J.  Mill. 

That  banga  Banagher,  and  Banagher  bangs  the  world. 

Irish  saying. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  violently  or  noisily; 
thump:  usually  with  against. 

Now  there  are  certain  particles  or  small  masses  of  mat- 
ter which  we  know  to  bang  against  one  another  according 
to  certain  laws.  W,  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  177. 

2.  To  resound  with  clashing  noises. 

'ill'  maid  and  pagi  renew  d  their  strife, 

The  piil.ie,    bang  <l  and  bUZZ'd  and  elaekt, 

Tennyson,  Hay-Dream. 

3.  To  spring  or  move  with  sudden  energy  or 
impetus;  bounce:  as,  hi'  banged  up  at  once. 

bang1  (bang),  ».  [=  b-il.  bang  =  Sw.  b&ng,  a 
hammering,  =  Norw.  Dan.  bank,  a  beating;  from 
the  verb.]  1.  A  heavy,  resounding  blow  ;  a 
thump,  as  with  a  club. 

The  very  first  blow  that  the  fore  tj  i  gave, 
11-  made  his  broad  weapon  cry  twaug; 


440 

Tuns  over  the  head,  he  fell  down  for  dead, 
(>,  that  was  a  damnable  bang  '. 
Robin  //."»/  and  Ho  Banger,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  209. 
I  heard  several  bangs  or  buffets  .  .  .  given  to  the  eagle 
that  held  the  ring  of  my  box  in  his  beak. 

Steill,  Gulliver's  Travels. 

2.  A  loud,  sudden,  explosive  noise,  as  the  dis- 
charge of  a  gun  or  cannon,  the  slamming  of  a 
door,  etc. 

The  steps  of  a  flne-belozenged  carriage  were  let  down 
with  a  bang.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II. 

3.  A  sudden,  impetuous  movement;  an  ener- 
getic dash  or  bounce :  as,  he  got  up  with  a  bang. 
— 4.  A  stick;  a  club.  [North.  Eng.]  =  syn.  1. 
See  thump. 

bang1  (bang),  adv.    [Adverbial  use  of  bang1,  v. 
or  «.]    With  a  sudden  or  violent  blow  or  clap; 
all  of  a  sudden;  abruptly:  especially  with  come 
or  go:  as,  bang  went  the  guns. 
A  321b.  shot  struck  us  bang  on  the  quarter. 

Tom  Cringles  Loo.  l'.laokw Is  Mac,  XXXII.  HI. 

bang2  (bang),  v.  t.  [<  bang1,  adr. ;  to  cut  the 
hair  'bang  off.']  To  cut  across:  used  of  hair. 
(«)  To  cut  (the  hair)  so  as  to  form  a  fringe  over 
the  forehead:  a  common  fashion  with  girls  and 
young  women. 

He  was  bareheaded,  his  hah  banged  even  with  his  eye- 
brows in  front.  The  Century,  XXV.  I'M. 

(b)  To  dock  (a  horse's  tail). 

bang2  (bang),  n.  [<  bang",  v.]  The  front  hair 
cut  so  as  to  hang  evenly  over  the  forehead: 
often  in  the  plural :  as,  to  wear  bangs. 

bang3,  «.     See  bhang. 

bang-beggar  (bang''beg"ar),  n.  [<  bang1,  v.,  + 
obj.  beggar."]  1.  A  strong  staff. —  2.  A  consta- 
ble or  beadle.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

banger  (bang'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
bangs.  Specifically  — (<i)  Something  very  large;  espe- 
cially, alie.  [Slang.]  0)  A  large,  heavy  cane.  [Slang,  U.S.] 

bangerts  (ban'gerts),  n.  [E.  dial.,  possibly 
connected  with  bank1.]  In  mining,  a  coarse 
kind  of  stopping  used  to  hold  up  the  earth. 
[Eng.] 

banghy  (bang'i),  n.  [Hind,  banghi.]  1.  In 
the  East  Indies,  a  sort  of  bamboo  pole  or  yoke 
carried  on  a  person's  shoulder  with  a  load  sus- 
pended at  each  end.  Hence — 2.  A  parcel- 
post;  a  carrier. 

banghy-post  (bang'i-post),  n.  Same  as  bang- 
hij, 2. 

banghy-wallah  (bang '  i  -  wal "  a),  n.  [<  Hind. 
banghi  (see  banghy)  +  -wala  (in  eoinp.),  -man.] 
In  British  India,  one  who  carries  a  banghy. 

banging  (bang'ing),  a.  [Prop.  ppr.  of  bang1. 
Cf.  thumping,  whopping. ]  Huge;  great;  sur- 
passing in  size,     [vulgar.] 

bangle1!  (bang'gl),  v.  [Prob.  freq.  of  bang1,  v.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  beat  about  or  down,  as  corn  by 
the  wind.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  waste  by  lit- 
tle and  little ;  squander  carelessly ;  fritter. 

If  we  bangle  away  the  legacy  of  peace  left  us  by  Christ, 
it  is  a  sign  of  our  want  of  regard  for  him. 

Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

II.  intrans.  1.  In  falconry,  to  beat  about  in 
the  air ;  flutter :  said  of  a  hawk  wliich  does  not 
rise  steadily  and  then  swoop  down  upon  its 
prey. — 2.  To  flap  or  hang  down  loosely,  as  a 
hat-brim  or  an  animal's  ear. 
bangle2  (bang'gl),  n.  [<  Hind,  bangri,  a  brace- 
let of  glass.]      1.  An  ornamental  ring  worn 

upon  the  arms 
and  ankles  in 
India  and  Af- 
rica. Hence  — 
2.  A  bracelet 
without  a  clasp; 
a  ring-bracelet, 
generally  with 
small  ornaments  suspended  from  it. 

We  hear  too  often  of  Bertha's  various  dresses,  and  a 
great  deal  too  much  of  her  banales. 

The  American,  VI.  124. 

3.  Naut.,  a  hoop  of  a  spar. 

bangle-ear  (bang'gl-er),  n.  [<  bangle1  +  car1.] 
A  loose,  hanging  ear,  as  of  a  dog.  It  is  re- 
garded as  an  imperfection. 

bangle-eared  (bang'gl-erd),  a.  [Also  banglcd- 
eared;  as  bangle-ear  +  -cd2.]  Flap-eared,  like 
a  spaniel. 

banglingt  (bang'gling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  han- 
ale1,  i'.]     Contention;  squabbling. 

Bangorian  (bang-go'ri-an),  a.  [<  Bangor,  a 
bishop's  see.  Tho  name  is  \\\,  lit.  'high  peak,' 
<  him,  peak,  prominence,  +  gur,  high.]  Relat- 
ing to  Bangor,  a  bishop's  see  in  North  Wales. — 
Bangorian  controversy,  a  co  ntn  iversj    lined  up  by  a 

sen preached  before  George  [.on  March 81,  1717,  by 

Dr.  Hoa.llv,  bishop  "f  Bangor,  from  the  text  "  My  kingdom 

is  not  of  this  world,"  fr «  hich  the  bishop  argued  that 

Christ  had  not  delegated  judicial  and  disciplinary  powers 


Bangles  from  East  India  Museum,  Londo 


banish 

to  the  Christian  ministry.  Convocation  declared  that 
Hoadly's  teaching  tended  to  subvert  all  government  in 
the  chimb  "1  Christ,  reducing  his  kingdom  to  anarchy, 
and  it  was  about  to  proceed  against  him  when  the  kin;; 
saved  him  by  proroguing  Convocation,  and  renewing  the 
prorogation  as  often  as  it  had  to  be  summoned  again. 
See  convocation. 

bang-pitchert  (baug'pich"er),  n.  [<  bang1,  v., 
+  obj.  pitcher.]    A  drunkard. 

bangsring  (bangz'ring),  n.    Same  as  banning. 

bangster  (bang'ster),  n.  [<  bang1,  v.,  +  -stcr.] 
A  violent  fellow  who  carries  everything  before 
him;  hence,  a  victor  or  champion.     [Scotch.] 

bang-straw  (bang'stra),  ?i.  A  thresher.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bangue,  n.     See  bhang. 

bang-up  (bang'up),  a.  or  adv.  [<  hang1,  v.  or 
adv.,  implying  energy  or  dash,  +  up,  implying 
completeness.]  In  tine  style ;  in  the  best  man- 
ner; complete;  perfect:  as,  a  bang-up  enter- 
tainment; "task  banq-up,"  Scott,  Diary,  Sept. 
8,  1826  (in  Loekhart's  Life).     [Slang.] 

bangy,  n.     See  banghy. 

banian1,  banyan1  (han'ian),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bannian,  batmyan,  baniane;  =  P.  banian,  < 
Pg.  banian,  prob.,  through  Ar.  banyan,  <  Hind. 
banya  (also  banik),  Beng.  baniya,  banya,  benya, 
a  trader,  merchant,  Gujarat i  raniyo,  a  man  of 
the  trading  caste,  <  Skt.  vanij,  a  merchant, 
possibly  <  ■/ pan,  buy,  bargain.]  1.  A  Hindu 
trader  or  merchant,  especially  of  the  province 
of  Guzerat;  one  engaged  in  commerce  gener- 
ally, but  more  particularly  one  of  the  great 
traders  of  western  India,  as  in  the  seaports  of 
Bombay,  Kurraehee,  etc.,  who  carry  on  a  large 
trade  with  the  interior  of  Asia  by  means  of  cara- 
vans, and  with  Africa  by  vessels.  They  form  a 
class  of  the  caste  Vaisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  are 
strict  in  the  observance  of  fasts  and  in  abstaining  from 
the  use  of  flesh. 

The  Banians  would  eat  nothing  that  had  life.  Their 
priests  were  called  verteas,  and  wore  white  clothes,  which 
they  never  took  off  until  worn  to  rags.  They  lived  upon 
charity,  aud  kept  nothing  till  the  next  day. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Hist.  India,  III.  421. 

2.  In  British  India,  originally,  a  cotton  shirt 
worn  by  the  Hindus.  Hence  —  (a)  Any  under- 
garment, even  of  the  elastic  web  made  in  Eng- 
land, (b)  Any  loose  or  easy  dress  worn  in  the 
house,  especially  one  modeled  on  the  native 

dress  of  the  Hindus Banian  days,  originally  two 

days  in  the  week,  and  afterward  one,  in  which  sailors  in  the 
British  navy  had  no  flesh-meat  served  out  to  them.  Ban- 
ian days  are  now  abolished,  but  the  term  is  still  applied 
to  days  of  poor  fare. 

banian2,  banyan2  (ban'ian),  n.  [For  banian- 
or  banyan-tree,  that  is,  banians'  tree,  tree  of 
the  banians  or  Hindu  merchants ;  orig.  applied 
to  an  individual  tree  of  this  species  at  Gom- 
broon, a  port  of  the  Persian  gulf,  and  then  ex- 
tended to  all  trees  of  the  species,  from  their 
frequent  use  as  market-places.  The  native 
Hind,  name  for  the  tree  is  bar,  <  Skt.  rata 
(cerebral  /),  the  banian-tree.]    An  East  Indian 


n  (Fiats  BcH£ate>rsts). 


fig-tree,  Mens  Bcngalcnsis,  natural  order  Vrti- 
caceas,  remarkable  for  the  area  which  individ- 
ual trees  cover  through  the  development  of 
roots  from  the  branches,  which  descend  to  the 
ground  and  become  trunks  for  the  support  and 
nourishment  of  the  extending  crown,  it  is  ex- 
tensively planted  throughout  India  as  a  shade  tree,  and  i> 
of  rapid  growth,  frequently  covering  a  space  bin  yards  in 
diameter  and  reaching  a  height  ol  80  or  100  feet.  The 
fruit  is  of  the  size  nf  a  cherry.     As  in  s c  other  tropical 

speeies  nf   the  genus,  the   seeds    rarely  germinate   ill    the 

ground,  hut  usually  in  the  crowns  of  palms  or  other  trees, 
where  they  have  been  deposited  by  birds.     Knots  are  sent 

down  to  the  ground,  and  they  embrace  and  finally  kill  the 

nurse  palm.  The  tree  furnishes  lac,  the  bark  is  made 
into  cordage,  the  milky  juice  yields  a  bird  lime,  and  the 
haves  are  fashioned  hit"  platters.  The  wood  is  soft  and 
nf  little  value. 

banie  (ba'ni),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  bony. 

banish  (ban  ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  banishen,  ban- 
ysen,  <  I  >1'.  banir,  bannir(baniss-),  mod.  V.  bannir 
'=  OSp.  Pg.  bandit  =  It.  bandire,  ML.  baunire, 


banish 

bandire,  proclaim,  ban,  banish,  <  bannum,  ban- 
dum,  ban:  see  ban1,  n.  and  ».]  If.  To  outlaw; 
put  under  ban. 

When  lie  had  in  Loughdcven  been 
Many  a  month  and  many  a  day  : 

TO  the  regent  the  lord  warden  sent, 

That  banniskt  earl  for  to  betray. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  150. 
For  I  music  to  the  grene  vrode  goo, 
Alone,  a  banusshed  man. 

The  Nutbrovme  Maid,  in  Child's  Ballads. 

2.  To  condemn  to  exile  by  political  or  judicial 
authority;  expel  from  or  relegate  to  a  country 
or  a  place,  either  permanently  or  for  a  time: 
often  with  objectives  of  both  person  and  place : 
as,  he  was  banished  the  kingdom ;  Ovid  was 
banished  to  Tomi. 

We, 
From  this  instant,  banish  him  our  city. 

Shale,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

Six  years  we  banish  him.  Shafc.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

Thou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be  banished   thy  native 

country,  to  be  over-ruled,  as  well  as  to  rule  and  sit  upon 

the.  throne.  R.  Barclay,  Pref.  to  An  Api  >li  >gy, 

3.  To  send  or  drive  away;  expel;  dismiss: 
with  a  person  or  thing  as  object:  as,  to  banish 
sorrow;  to  banish  an  obnoxious  person  from 
one's  presence  or  thoughts. 

These  evils  thou  repeat'st  upon  thyself 
Have  banish'd  me  from  Scotland. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
You  have  already  banished  slavery  from  this  common- 
wealth. Sumner,  Arg.  against  Sep.  Colored  Schools. 
=  Syn.  Banish,  Exile,  Expel,  expatriate,  put  away,  are  all 
used  of  removal  by  physical  or  moral  compulsion;  they 
all  have  a  figurative  as  well  as  a  literal  use.  To  banish  is, 
literally,  to  put  out  of  a  community  or  country  by  ban  or 
civil  interdict,  and  indicates  a  complete  removal  out  of  _ 
sight,  perhaps  to  a  distance.  To  exile  is  simply  to  cause 
to  leave  one's  place  or  country,  and  is  often  used  reflex- 
ively  ;  it  emphasizes  the  idea  of  leaving  home,  while  ban- 
ish emphasizes  rather  that  of  being  forced  by  some  au- 
thority to  leave  it;  as,  the  bitterness  of  exile;  banished 
to  Siberia.  Expel,  literally,  to  drive  out,  means  prima- 
rily to  cast  out  forcibly  and  violently,  and  secondarily 
with  disgrace  :  as,  to  expel  from  the  chamber,  or  from  col- 
lege ;  he  was  expelled  the  country. 

Banished  from  Rome  !  what's  banished  but  set  free 
From  daily  contact  with  the  things  I  loathe? 

Croly,  Catiline. 
The  intrigues  of  Richelieu  compelled  her  [Mary  of  Me- 
dicis]  to  exile  herself,  and  live  an  unhappy  fugitive. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  256. 
When  the  French  Revolution  of  February,  1848,  broke 
out,  Marx  was  expelled  without  circumstance  from  Brus- 
sels. Rae,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  132. 

banisher  (ban'ish-er),  n.     One  who  banishes. 
To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  banishers 
Stand  I  before  thee  here.  Shak,,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

banishment  (ban'ish-ment),  n.  [<  banish  + 
-ment,  after  F.  bannisscment.~\  1.  The  act  of 
banishing  or  compelling  a  citizen  to  leave  his 
country  or  place  of  residence  by  political  or 
judicial  authority. 

He  secured  himself  by  the  banishment  of  his  enemies. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  banished;  enforced  ab- 
sence; expulsion;  exile,  in  either  a  legal  or  a 
general  sense:  as,  banishment  from  thy  presence 
is  worse  than  death. 

Six  frozen  winters  spent, 
Return  with  welcome  home  from  banishment. 

Shak,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
Fields  whose  thrifty  occupants  abide 
As  in  a  dear  and  chosen  banishment, 
With  every  semblance  of  entire  content. 

Wordsvforth,  Sonnets,  iii.  21. 

3.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling:  as, 
the  banishment  of  care  from  the  mind. 

banister,  bannister  (ban'is-ter),  n.  Corrupt 
forms  of  baluster. 

He  struggled  to  ascend  the  pulpit  stairs,  holding  hard 
on  the  banisters.  Seott,  Woodstock,  I.  i. 

banister-cross  (ban'is-ter-kros),)*.  In  her. j  see 
cross-banister. 

banjert  (ban'jer),  n.     See  banjo. 

banjo  (ban'jo),  n.  [Negro  pron.  of  banjore,  a 
corruption  (in  another  form  banjer)  of  ban- 
dore1, q.  v.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
guitar  class,  having  a  neck  with  or  without 
frets,  and  a  circular  body  covered  in  front  with 
tightly  stretched  parchment,  like  a  tambourine. 
It  has  from  five  to  nine  strings,  of  which  the  melody- 
string,  the  highest  in  pitch,  but  placed  outside  of  the  low- 
est of  the  others,  is  played  by  the  thumb.  As  in  the  gui- 
tar, the  pitch  of  the  strings  is  fixed  by  stopping  them  with 
the  left  hand,  while  the  right  hand  produces  the  tone  by 
plucking  or  striking.  It  is  a  favorite  instrument  among 
the  negroes  of  the  southern  United  States,  and  is  much 
used  by  other  persons. 
2.  A  banjo-frame  (which  see). 

banjo-frame  (ban'jo-fram),  n.  A  rectangular 
frame  of  metal,  fitted  in  the  stern  of  a  ship, 
for  carrying  and  hoisting  or  lowering  a  two- 
bladed  screw-propeller,    it  works  in  guides  in  the 


Banjo- frame. 
<i,  two-bladed  screw;  b,  pur- 
chase for  raising  screw ;  c, 
coupling  connecting  screw  with 
mam  shaft ;  </.  rudder ;  et  stern- 
post. 


441 

stern-post  and  rudder-post,  and  enables  the  screw  to  be 

lifted  mil  (it  the  water  w  ben  it  is  desired  to  proceed  under 

sail,  and  to   W  louci.il   and 

connected  to  the  shaft  when 

steaming  is  resumed, 
banjoist  (ban'jo-ist), ». 

[<  banjo  +  -ist'.~]     One 

who  plays  the  banjo. 
bank1    (bangk),    n.     [< 

ME.  bank,  bane,  banke, 

also  bonk,  b<nte,  bo  like, 
<  AS.  *banca  (found  only 
once,  in  a  gloss,  in  coinp. 
ho-banca,  a  couch,  lit. 
*  heel-bench':  see  hock*  ), 
the  ME.  being  perhaps 
from  the  cognate  Icel. 
*barikij  assimilated  bak- 
ki,  a  bank  (of  a  river, 
of  a  chasm,  of  clouds, 
etc.),  ridge  or  eminence, 
=  Sw.  bade  =  Dan. 
bakke,  a  hill,  hillock,  ris- 
ing ground,  eminence; 
with  weak  suffix,  cognate  with  AS.  bene,  etc., 
E.  bench,  with  orig.  strong  suffix:  see  bench. 
Some  senses  of  bank1  are  due  to  the  F.  banc,  a 
bench,  etc.,  from  Teut. ;  so  the  distinct  bank*, 
ult.  a  doublet  of  bench.}  1.  A  mound,  pile,  or 
ridge  of  earth  raised  above  the  surrounding 
plain;  an  artificial  embankment,  especiallyfor 
military  use. 
They  cast  up  a  bank  against  the  city.         2  Sam.  xx.  15. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  as  one  rising  from  a 
river,  a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of 
a  ravine,  or  the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a 
plain. 

Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks.    Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Moored  against  the  grassy  bank  of  the  brimming  river, 
the  black  ships  were  taking  in  hides  and  furs. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  104. 

3.  An  elevation  or  rising  ground  in  the  sea  or 
the  bed  of  a  river,  composed  of  sand  or  other 
soil,  and  either  partly  above  water  or  covered 
everywhere  with  shoal  water;  a  shoal;  a  shal- 
low: as,  the  banks  of  Newfoundland;  the  Dog- 
ger bank  in  the  North  Sea. — 4f.  A  bench  or 
long  seat;  also,  a  stage  or  platform  to  speak 
from.     See  mountebank. 

Per.    Who  be  these,  sir?  .  .  . 

Sir  P.  Fellows,  to  mount  a  bank.  Did  your  instructor 
In  the  dear  tongues  never  discourse  to  you 
Of  the  Italian  mountebanks?  B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 
The  heads  of  the  couches  were  towards  the  walls ;  and 
so  far  as  one  can  gather  from  the  vaguedescriptions  which 
have  n.me  down  to  us,  the  ends  of  them  towards  the  lire 
served  as  a  bank  to  sit  upon. 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  Int.  to  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  p.  cccxlix. 

5.  A  bench  in  a  galley  for  rowers;  hence,  the 
number  of  rowers  seated  on  one  bench.  A  galley 
was  double-banked  when  there  were  two  tiers  or  rows  of 
benches,  one  above  the  other,  triple-banked  when  there 
were  three  tiers,  and  soon.  In  modern  phraseology,  a  boat 
is  single-banked  when  the  oars  are  pulled  each  by  one  man, 
the  men  sitting  one  upon  a  seat  and  alternately  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  a  boat ;  it  is  double-banked  when  two  men  sit 
upon  one  seat,  each  man  with  an  oar.  An  oar  is  single- 
banked  when  worked  by  one  man,  and  double-banked 
when  worked  by  two  men. 

Meantime  the  king  with  gifts  a  vessel  stores, 
Supplies  the  banks  with  twenty  chosen  oars.   Dryden. 

6f.  In  law,  the  bench  or  seat  upon  which  the 
judges  sat.  See  banc. — 7.  A  bench  or  row 
of  keys  in  an  organ  or  similar  instrument. — 
8.  In  carp.,  a  long  piece  of  timber,  especially 
of  fir-wood  unslit,  from  4  to  10  inches  square. 

—  9.  In  c<>al-mi ning :  (a)  The  surface  around  the 
mouth  of  a  shaft :  in  this  sense  nearly  synony- 
mous with  the  Cornish  grass,  to  bankbeing  the 
same  as  to  grass,  (b)  In  England,  the  whole  or 
one  end  or  side  of  a  working-place  under  ground. 

(c)  Iu  Pennsylvania,  a  coal-working  opened  by 
water-level  drifts.    Penn.  Geol.  Surv.  Glossary. 

(d)  In  England  (Cumberland),  a  large  heap  or 
stack  of  coal  on  the  surface.  Grestey. — 10. 
The  support  of  the  moving  carnage  of  a  print- 
ing-press.— 11.  In  the  fire-chamber  of  a  glass- 
furnace,  one  of  the  banked-up  parts  which  sup- 
port the  melting-pots. — 12.  In  printing:  (a) 
The  table  used  by  a  hand-pressman  for  liis  im- 
printed paper  and  his  printed  sheets,  (b)  A 
frame,  with  sloping  top,  on  which  are  placed 
the  galleys  for  use  in  collecting  and  proving  the 
type  set:  mainly  used  in  newspaper  compos- 
ing-rooms.— 13.  In  thread  or  yarn  manufac- 
ture, a  creel  in  which  rows  of  bobbins  are  held. 

—  Bank  of  clouds,  a  mass  of  clouds  appearing  as  if  piled 
up  in  the  form  of  a  bank.— Bank  Oil,  menhaden-oil.— 
Spoil  bank,  in  civil  engineering,  earth  obtained  from  dis- 
tant points  in  the  line  of  a  work,  or  purchased  for  use 
where  a  sufficient  quantity  for  the  needed  fillings  is  not 
furnished  by  the  cuttings. 


bank 

bank1  (bangk),  v,  [<  bank*-,  >/.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  mound  or  dike  about;  inclose,  de- 
fend, or  fortify  with  a  bank;  embank:  as,  to 
bank  a  river. — 2.  To  form  into  a  bank  or  heap; 
heap  or  pile:  with  up:  as,  to  bankup  the  snow. 
—  3.  To  lie  around  or  encircle,  ;is  a  bank;  con- 
stitute a  bank  around;  form  a  bank  or  border 
to ;  hem  in  as  a  bank. 

Burning  sands  that  bank  the  shrubby  vale-. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  660. 
4f.  To  pass  by  the  banks  or  fortifications  of. 
Have  I  aot  heard  these  islanders  shout  out 
"Vive  le  roy  "  as  I  have  bank  d  their  townsl 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 
To  bank  a  fire,  to  cover  up  a  fire  with  ashes,  and  use 
other  means,  as  closing  the  dampers  and  ash-pit  door,  to 
make  it  burn  low  and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  its  be- 
coming extinguished. 

Towards  the  afternoon  a  nice  breeze  sprang  up,  and  we 
were  able  to  bank  fires  and  sail. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 
To  bank  out,  fa  coalmining,  to  stack,  as  coal,  on  the 
surface,  in  default  of  means  for  removing  it.     [Eng.J 

II,  intrans.  If.  To  border  upon. — 2.  To  im- 
pinge upon  the  banking-pins  of  a  watch:  said 
of  the  escapement. 
bank2  (bangk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  banke, 
bangue.  <  late  ME.  banke.  <  F.  banque,  <  It. 
banca  (=  F.  banche  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  banca,  <  ML. 
banca,  f.),  a  bench,  esp.  (in  It,  and  thence  iu 
other  languages)  a  money-changer's  bench  or 
table,  later  a  bank  ;  cf.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  banco  =  Pr. 
F.  banc,  <  ML.  bancus,  m.,  a  bank,  bench,  < 
MH.Gr.  banc,  G.  bank  =  E.  bank1,  a  bench:  see 
bank1.']  If.  A  money-dealer's  table,  counter, 
or  shop. 

Exchangers  of  Money  made  the  temple  to  be  the  market 
and  the  banke.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  ii.  11. 

These  established  their  banks  or  tables  in  the  forum, 
like  ordinary  bankers. 

Arnold,  Hist.  Rome,  II.  xxvii.  72.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2f.  A  sum  of  money,  especially  a  sum  to  draw 
upon,  as  in  a  loan-bank. —  3.  In  games  of 
chance,  the  amount  or  pile  which  the  proprie- 
tor of  the  gaming-table,  or  the  person  who 
plays  against  all  the  others,  has  before  him; 
the  funds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  a  fund 
in  certain  games  at  cards  :  as,  a  faro-bank. — 4. 
An  institution  for  receiving  and  lending  money. 
The  banking  institutions  of  the  United  States  may  be 
classed  as  national  and  State  banks,  savings-banks,  pi'i- 
vate  banks  or  bankers,  and  loan  and  trust  companies'. 
National  banks  were  first  authorized  by  a  law  of  the 
United  States  enacted  in  1863,  for  a  term  of  twenty  years. 
In  1*64  another  act  was  adopted  (allowing  the  like  term 
of  twenty  years),  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the 
National  Bank  Art.  In  1SS3  they  were  authorized  to 
continue  twenty  years  longer.  They  receive,  lend,  and 
transmit  money,  and  issue  notes  which  are  used  as  money, 
and  buy,  sell,  and  collect  Idlls  of  exchange.  Their  circu- 
lating notes  are  secured  by  United  States  bonds  deposited 
with  the  government,  and  their  operatiniis  are  subject  to 
the  inspection  and  supervision  of  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currency.  State  banks  perform  the  same  functions  except 
that  of  issuing  notes.  The  notes  of  the  State  banks  were 
taxed  10  per  cent,  by  Congress  in  1805,  in  order  to  cause 
their  retirement,  which  was  speedily  accomplished.  Pri- 
vate banks  and  bankers  carry  on  the  same  business  as 
State  banks.    Sometimes  one  person  constitutes  a  private 

bank,  but  generally  several  persons  associate  together  and 
form  a  partnership.  Loan  and  trust  companies  are  incor- 
porated institutions,  and  receive  deposits,  usually  for  a 
fixed  period,  and  loan  them  on  the  pledge  of  .stinks,  bonds, 
and  other  securities,  while  national  and  State  banks  lend 
largely  on  the  promises  of  the  borrowers;  they  have  also 
a  capital  which  is  subscribed  and  paid  by  the  stockholders. 
Savings-banks  receive  money  and  lend  it  chiefly  on  the 
security  of  real  estate.  See  savings-bank.  In  Europe 
several  great  national  banks  are  intimately  associated 
with  the  fiscal  departments  of  the  governments  of  their 
respective  countries,  as  the  Hank  of  Kn^hind  and  the  Bank 
of  France.  Banks  of  issue  are  such  as  issue  notes  that  cir- 
culate as  currency.  In  London  and  for  sixty-five  miles 
around  no  bank  having  more  than  ten  partners,  save  the 
Bank  of  England,  is  allowed  to  issue  its  own  notes. 
5.  The  office  in  which  the  transactions  of  a 
banking  company  are  conducted — Bank-charter 
Act,  an  English  Btatute of  1844(7  and 8Vict.,c,  32) defining 
the  powers  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  respect  to  the  issue 
of  notes  and  the  amount  of  bullion  reserve.  Its  object 
was  to  avoid  the  danger  of  the  over-issue  of  circulating 
notes,  which  it  accomplished  by  fixing  a  limit  to  the 
amount  of  bullion  held  by  the  bank.  It  also  regulated 
the  issue  of  notes  bv  other  banks.  Also  known  as  the 
Peel  Aet,  and  Sir  Robert  PeeVs  Act.— Bank  discount. 
See  discount.— Bank  men,  in  IT.  S.  hist.,  supporters  of 
the  second  United  states  Bank  in  its  contest  with  Presi- 
dent Jackson.  Two  institutions  have  been  chartered  by 
Congress  under  the  title  Bank  of  the  United  States,  having 
their  seat  in  Philadelphia,  and  intimately  connected  with 
the  national  finances.  The  charter  of  the  first,  granted 
in  1791,  expired  in  1811,  its  renewal  having  been  refused. 
The  second  lasted  from  1816  to  1836  under  the  national 
charter,  ami  was  continued  for  a  time  as  a  State  hank. 
The  opposition  of  President  Jackson  to  the  renewal  of  its 
charter,  and  his  removal  of  the  government  deposits  from 
it  in  1833,  led  to  a  violent  political  contest,  in  which  his 
course  was  ultimately  sustained.—  Bank  of  issue,  a  bauk 
or  banking  company  duly  authorized  by  law  to  issue  bank- 
notes of  its  own.  — Bank  post-bill.  See  bills.  —  Days  In 
banc,  see  dan*.  —  National  Bank  Act,  an  act  of  Con- 
gress of  1864,  providing  for  the  organization  throughout  the 


bank 


442 


United  States  of  banks  whose  circulating  notes  were  re-  banket2  (bang'ket).    u.      [<  hank1,   a  bench,   + 

dim.  -el.)     A  piece  of  wood  on  which  brick- 
layers cut  their  bricks  to  the  size  proper  for 
the  place  into  which  they  are  about  to  lay 
them.     [Eng.] 
bank-fence  (baugk'fens),  n.     A  fence  made  of 

a  bank  of  earth. 
bank-game   (bangk'gam),    n.     In   billiards,    a 
line  in  which  only  bank-shots  count. 

'  mining,  the 

ane  next  the 

bank-  (bangk),  v.     [<  bank*,   ».]    I.  intrans.     engine.     [Eng.] 

To  have  an  account  with  a   hanker;   deposit  bank-holiday    (bangk'hol'i-da),  n.     In   Great 


quired  to  be  secured  by  a  deposit  ..i  I  nited  states  bonds, 
which  resulted,  as  was  intended,  in  providing  a  market 
for  a  very  large  government  lean,  ami  at  the  same  time  a 
secure  currencj  equally  acceptable  in  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. Penny-banks  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1859  (2-2 
ami  23  Vict.,  e.  53)  authorizing  the  investing  of  the  funds 
of  penny  savings-banks,  charitable  societies,  etc.,  in  the 
money  ■•>  established  savings-banks. — To  break  the 
bank,  to  win,  as  in  faro,  from  the  management  a  certain 
sum  which  has  been  fixed  upon  as  the  limit  which  tl 


bank  is  willing  to  h.se  in  a  single  day.-To  play  against  hank-head  (bangk'hed),  n.    In  coal 

thebaafcto  takethensks  of  a  jjame,  as  rouge-et-noir  or   ««""^  *"•■»»*  v        e>  >} 

fan.  in  opposition  to  its  manager.  upper  level  end  of  an  inclined  plai 


money  in  a  bank;  transact  business  with  a  bank 
or  as  a  bank;  exercise  the  trade  or  profession 
of  a  banker. 

I  bank  with  one  of  my  sons'  fathers-in-law,  and  the  other 
bonis  with  me.  Thack .  ray. 

II.  trans.  To  lay  up  on  deposit  in  a  bank : 
as,  he  banked  §500. 

banka  (bang'ka),  n.  [Native.]  A  passenger- 
boat  without  outrigger,  used  on  the  river  and 
harbor  at  Manila.  It  is  hewn  from  a  single  log  of 
wood  from  16'  to  23  feet  long,  and  carries  three  or  four 
passengers.     Imp.  Diet. 

bankable  ibang'ka-bl),  a.  [<  bank",  v.,  +  -able.] 
Receivable  as  cash  by  a  bank,  as  bank-notes,  bank-hook  (bangk  huk).  " 
cheeks,  and  other  securities  for  money. 

bank-account  (bangk'a-kount"),  ».  A  sum  de- 
posited in  a  bank  to  be  drawn  out  on  the  writ- 
ten order  of  the  depositor. 

bank-bait  (bangk'bat),  n.  A  name  of  May-flies. 


Britain,  a  secular  day  on  which  the  law  ex- 
empts the  parties  to  negotiable  paper  from  the 
obligation  of  presentment,  payment,  etc.,  and 
consequently  allows  banks  to  be  closed,  its 
effect  on  such  paper  differs  from  that  of  Sunday  in  the 
faet  that  the  laws  establishing  such  holidays  usually,  if 
not  always,  provide  that  paper  falling  due  on  such  day  is 
payable  on  the  next  following  secular  day,  while  paper 
entitled  by  commercial  usage  to  days  of  grace,  and  falling 
duo  on  Sunday,  is  payable  on  Saturday.  By  a  statute  of 
1^71 ,  the  bank-holidays  in  England  and  Ireland  are  Easter 
Monday,  Whit  Monday,  the  first  Monday  in  August,  and 
the  26th  of  December  (boxing-day);  in  Scotland,  New 
Year's  day,  the  first  Monday  in  May,  the  first  Monday  in 
August,  and  Christmas  day.    See  holiday. 

1.  A  large  form 


A  great  many  fall  into  the  water  a  prey  to  fishes,  and 
at  that  time  [May],  especially  at  Dordrecht,  the  roach  is 
noted  as  being  peculiarly  fat  and  good.  Hence  the  name 
bank-bait  (in  some  parts  of  Frame,  In  marine). 

E.  P.  Wright,  Anim.  Life,  p.  485. 

bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  n.  1.  A  note  or  bill 
th awn  by  one  bank  on  another,  and  payable 
either  on  demand  or  at  some  future  specified 
date. —  2.  In  the  United  States  and  some  parts 
of  England,  a  bank-note  (which  see). 

bank-book  (bangk'biik),  n.  The  pass-book  in 
which  an  officer  of  a  bank  enters  the  debits  and 
credits  of  a  customer.  The  initials  of  the  teller  or 
accountant  of  the  bank  affixed  to  the  sums  entered  in  the 
bank-book  to  the  credit  of  the  customer  constitute  a  valid 
receipt. 

bank-credit  (bangk'kred"it),  n.     A  credit  with 


of  fish-hook  for  catching  cod,  used  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland. —  2.  In  coal-mini ug,  the  iron 
hook  with  which  the  banksman  draws  the  loaded 
tubs  off  the  cage.     [Eng.] 

banking1  (bang'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bank1, 
».]  1.  The  act  of  raising  a  mound  or  bank,  or 
of  inclosing  with  a  bank. — 2.  The  bank  or 
mound  raised;  anything  piled  up  to  serve  as  a 
bank,  as  a  raised  edging  of  wax  on  a  plate  that 
is  to  be  treated  with  acids  for  etching. — 3.  A 
general  term  for  fishing  as  practised  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland. — 4.  In  coal-mining, 
the  sorting  or  loading  of  coals  ''at  bank,"  or  at 
the  mouth  of  the  shaft.     [Eng.] 

banking2  (bang'king),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  bank'2,  v.]  The  business  or  employment  of 
a  banker;  the  business  carried  on  by  a  bank. 

The  term  banking  was  then  [17421  applied  only  to  the 
issue  of  notes  and  the  taking  up  of  money  on  bills  on  de- 
maud.  W.  Bagehot,  Lombard  Street,  p.  98. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  conducted  by  a  bank: 
as,  banking  operations. 

file   with 
section. 

a  watch, 

one  of  "two  pins  serving  to  confine  the  niove- 
a  distinctive  feature  of  Scotch  banking.  „  t,,„1„„„„„„„„„? 

^^'^1]     PA^eSployeiba^^S^waks),.    A  compo- 
\aiious  senses,  t-  -o   .J     i.  J\  \ esseiempioyea  l,eeswax,  common  pitch,  Burgundy 

in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks o ^ewfound-  d  ij       rf    d  £     ^fc  J[ 

land    ./.  (>.  A.lams.-S  Thebench  or  table upon  >  w       ^    uged  fa    tohi       tQ  fo].m 

which  bricklayers  and  stone-masons  prepare     V  <  ^    oyer_ 

and  shape  their  material;   a  banket. — d.    in     „         „   ,         .,         *  r 

sculp.,  a  modeler's  bench  provided  with  a  ch-  ^^^XgVles),  a.  [<  banV  +  -less] 
cular  platform  turning  on  wheels  so  that  the  °«™f  ^f  or  j^.  L  «the  oankksi 
work  can  be  revolved  to  expose  anv  portion  ,,   "     """" 

to  the  light.-4.  A  covering  for  a  bench  or  ^^.k^  (bangk'lev'el),  n.  In  coal-mining, 
seat  made  of  tapes  try,  rich  stuff,  or  enibroi-  ^*  elheading  from  which  the  bank  is  worked, 
dered  cloth. — 5.  A  hanging  for  a  church  wall     ™    ,    .  .       j^nel 

or  screen;  specifically,  the  curtains  placed  at  ^'.martin  (t^ngk'mar'tin),  n.  Same  as 
the  ends  of  an  altar. —  6.  A  ditcher;  one  en-     i  ,(!  ^.„ //"..,, 

gaged  in  embanking.  bank-note  (b'angk'not),  n.     A  promissory  note 

The  discovery  was  made  by  some  bankers  (men  who     .)ayable  on   demand,  made   and   issued   by   a 

work  m  the  fens)  from  Lincolnshire.  ;    •',         ^      •     j  ,._  ', j  :_i j„j  ±_  „:_ 

./.  Freeman,  Life  of  W.  Kirby,  p.  165. 

7.  In  limiting,  a  horse  which  can  jump  on  and 
off  field-banks  too  large  to  be  cleared.     X.  E. 
I).  —  8.  In  Australia,  a  river  full  to  the  brim. 
X.  E.  I). 
banker2  (bang'ker),  ».    [<  bank-,  v.,  +  -er1.] 


bank  authorized  by  law,  and  intended  to  cir 
culate  as  money.  In  the  United  States  fre- 
quently called  bank-bill.-  Bank-note  paper,  paper 
ns.-d  t'..r  bank-notes  and  government  bonds.  It  is  made 
In  ii  h  a  way  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  imitate  it.  and 
such  imitation  is  a  felony.—  Bank-note  press,  a  machine 
for  pressing  bank-notes  and  arranging  them  inpackages 


1.  One  who  keeps  a  bank  ;  one  who  traffics  in  banko-ware   (bang'ko-war),    ».     A   Japanese 

.  receives  and  remits  money,  negotiates 
bills  of  exchange,  etc. —  2.  The  holder  of  the 
fuiuls  of  a  gaming  establishment;  in  games  of 


unglazed  stoneware  made  near  Kuwana  on 
the  Tokaido.  It  is  very  light  and  durable,  i.s  made  in 
molds  of  irregular  shapes,  and  decorated  with  figures  in 
relief.    Bo  called  from  Nunami  Banko,  the  original  maker 


",' V,   ^ — ? — ° ,       i -T  '  —  ?   • relief.    Soealled  from  Nnnauu  Banko,  the  original  maker 

chance,  that  player  who  deposits  a  certain  sum  t,an]j_piate  (bangk'plat),  n.     In  coal-mining. 

..('  ,.i,,n,,ir  oiminci  wlin.b    V,^tu  ',  vn  ma  lie.     rw  TliftT.  '       «  ..  ..°       *..  ...  i.,,i 


of  money  against  which  In  I  -  :n-o  i le.  or  thai 

player  who  for  the  sake  of  convenience  receives 
and  jiays  out  bets  won  and  lost.-  Banker's  note, 
a  promissory  note  given  by  a  private  banker  or  an  unin- 
i  porated  dank. 

bankeress  (bang'ker-es),  n.  [<  bunker-  +  -ess.  ] 
A  female  banker;  a  banker's  wife.  Tltarkirai/. 
[Rare.] 

Tli.  [ate  Countess  of  .b  rsey  wa    onl\  i. n  iveil  on  suiter- 

ami'  iii  some  houses  in  \  o  una   in  >  au  b  bank- 

The  American,  V.  200. 

bankerless  (bang'ker-les),  a.    [<  banker^   + 

I     Without  bankers.     Quarterly  Bev. 
bankeroutt,  n.,a.,  and  v.     An  obsolete  form  of 

bankrupt, 
banket't,  »   and  v 

quet. 


one  of  the  cast-iron  plates  with  which  the  sur- 
face at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft,  or  the  bank  is 
floored.     [Eng.] 

bank-post  (bangk'post),  n.  [<  bunk-  +  post", 
«.]  A  large  size  of  letter-paper,  ranging  in 
weight  from  5+  to  10  pounds  to  the  ream. 

bankroutt  (bangk'rout),  n.,a.,  and  ».  One  of 
the  older  forms  of  bankrupt. 

bi  log  bank-rout  both  of  wealth  and  worth. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  v.  1. 

For  these  1 lorn  languages  will  at  one  time ther 

play  the  bank-rowtet  With  book-;  ami  since   I   have  lost 

h  time  with  this  ago.  I  would  be  glad,  as  <-"d  shall 

give  me  leave,  to  recover  it  with  posterity. 

Bacon,  Letter,  in  Spedding.  VII     186. 

An  obsolete  form  of  ban-  bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  «.  and  (/.     [Early  mod. 
E.  bankrout,  bankcrout,  banqucroutc,  etc.,  later 


bankruptcy 

banqtit  roiipt,  and  filially  bankrupt  (in  imitation 
of  L.  ruptiis),  <  F.  hiinijui  routtr,  now  banque- 
route  t>  luiuqui  routtiir,  a  bankrupt),  orig.  in  E. 
biiukr  rota  (def.  1),  <  It.  banco  rotta  (ML.  as  if 
"banco  rupia),  bankruptcy,  lit.  broken  bank  or 
bench:  banca,  <  ML.  banca,  <  MUG.  banc,  a 
bank  (see  bank1,  bonk'2);  rotta,  fern,  of  rotto, 
broken,  wrecked,  <  L.  ruptus,  broken  (in  ML. 
also  as  a  noun,  a  bankrupt).  It  is  said  to  have 
been  the  custom  iu  Italy  to  break  the  bench  or 
counter  of  a  money-changer  upon  his  failure  ; 
but  the  allusion  is  prob.  figurative,  like  brink. 
crash1,  smash,  similarly  used  in  English.  See 
bank1,  bank2,  rupture,  rout-.]  I.  n.  If.  The 
breaking  up  of  a  trader's  business  due  to  his 
inability  to  meet  his  obligations ;  bankruptcy. 

—  2.  An  insolvent  person  whose  property  is 
administered  for,  and  distributed  among,  his 
creditors  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
a  system  of  laws  called  bankrupt,  bankruptcy,  or 

insolvent  laws.  See  bankruptcy.  In  particular— (at) 
In  old  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  himself,  or  does  certain 
other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  creditors.  BlacksUme. 
(6t)  A  fugitive  from  his  creditors ;  one  who  by  extrava- 
gance and  reckless  expenditure  had  brought  himself  into 
a  state  of  insolvency  and  had  absconded,  or  retired  into 
a  place  of  sanctuary,  (c)  In  mod.  law,  any  person  who 
upon  his  own  petition  or  that  of  his  creditors  i.s  adjudged 
insolvent  by  a  bankruptcy  court.  His  estate  may  be  ad- 
ministered by  an  assignee  or  trustee,  under  the  direction 
of  the  court,  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors. 
3.  In  popular  language,  a  hopelessly  insolvent 
person ;  one  who  is  notoriously  unable  to  pay 
his  debts ;  hence,  one  who  is  unable  to  satisfy 
just  claims  of  any  kind  made  upon  him. 
What  a  bankrupt  I  am  made 
Of  a  full  stock  of  blessings.  Ford. 

Cessionary  bankrupt.    See  cessionary. 

II.  a.  1.  In  the  state  of  one  who  has  committed 
an  act  of  bankruptcy,  or  is  insolvent;  subject 
to  or  under  legal  process  because  of  insolvency. 

—  2.  Unable  to  pay  just  debts,  or  to  meet  one's 
obligations ;  insolvent. 

WilliK  The  king's  grown  bankrupt,  like  a  broken  man. . . . 

Jtoss.  He  hath  not  money  for  these  Irish  wars, 
His  burthenous  taxations  notwithstanding. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

The  beggared,  the  bankrupt  society,  not  only  proved 
able  to  meet  all  its  obligations,  but  .  .  .  grew  richer  and 
richer.  Macaulan,  Hist.  Eng.,  xix. 

3.  Figuratively,  at  the  end  of  one's  resources: 
as,  to  be  bankrupt  in  thanks. 

Do  you  see?  he  has  tears 
To  lend  to  him  whom  prodigal  expence 
Of  sorrow  has  made  bankrupt  of  such  treasure. 

Beau,  a  ml  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iv.  2. 
Bankrupt  laws.  Same  as  bankruptcy  laws  (which  see, 
under  bankruptcy). 
bankrupt  (baiigk'rupt),  «'.  [<  bankrupt,  ».]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  insolvent ;  render  unable  to 
meet  just,  claims. 

We  cast  off  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  we  are 
already  bankrupted.  Hammond. 

Ironclads,  more  than  anything  else,  bankrupted  Turkey. 
N.  A.  Rev.,  t'XLIII.  214. 

2f.  To  reduce  to  beggary;  exhaust  the  re- 
sources of. 

Fat  paunches  have  lean  pates;  ami  dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankcrout  the  w  iN. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  become  bankrupt;  fail  or 
become  insolvent. 

bankruptcy  (bangk'rupt-si),  «.  [<  bankrupt  + 
-eg.]  1.  The  state  of  being  bankrupt  or  in- 
solvent; inability  to  pay  all  debts;  failure  in 
trade.  In  law,  specifically,  the  status  of  a  person  or  cor- 
poration that  by  reason  of  insolvency  lias  been  adjudi- 
cated a  bankrupt. 

2.  Figuratively,  utter  wreck;  ruin.  — Act  of 
bankruptcy,  in  law,  an  act  the  commission  of  which  by 
a  debtor  renders  him  liable  to  be  adjudged  a  bankrupt. 
Among  acts  of  bankruptcy  are  the  assignment  of  his  prop- 
erty by  a  debtor  to  a  trustee  for  the  benefit  of  his  cred- 
itors; the  making  of  a  transfer  of  any  of  his  property  in 
fraud  of  his  creditors,  or  the  concealment  or  removal  of 
it  to  evade  legal  process  ;  departing  from  the  country,  or 
remaining  out  of  it,  En  order  to  defeat  or  delay  creditors; 
the  tiling  in  court  of  a  declaration  of  Inability  to  pay  debts  ; 
non-payment  of  debts  under  certain  other  circumstances 
defined  by  the  law  as  indicating  insolvency.  Assignee 
in  bankruptcy.  See  assignee.— Bankruptcy  commis- 
sioner, or  register  in  bankruptcy,  a  judicial  officer 
empowered,  Bubject  to  the  supervision  of  the  curt,  to  in- 
vestigate ami  adjudicate  upon  the  affairs  of  bankrupts.— 
Bankruptcylaws,  the  statutory  regulations  under  which 
tie  property  of  an  insolvent  may  be  distributed  among 
his  creditors,  with  the  double  object  of  enforcing  a  com- 
plete discovery  ami  an  equitable  distribution  of  the  prop- 
erty, ami  of  discharging  the  debtor  from  his  obligations 

and  tr future  molestation  by  his  creditors.     Formerly, 

only  a  trader  ioiiIiI  tic  made  a  bankrupt  under  the  bank- 
ruptcy laws,  other  persons  who  wire  unable  to  meet  their 
obligations  being  insolvents.  The  distinction  was  abolished 
in  the  United  States  in  tstl  and  in  Great  llritain  in  lsti'J. 
In  the  United  stabs.  Congress  has  the  power  of  enacting 
bankruptcy  laws  which  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
connlrv.     These  laws  are  administered  by  the  federal 


bankruptcy 

courts.  Laws  having  similar  objects,  bul  less  efficacious 
in  respect  of  discharging  the  debtor,  we  maintained  by 
many  <>t  the  states,  but  run  operate  to  give  a  discharge 
irrespective  of  creditors'  assent  only  when  there  is  no  fed- 
eral bankruptcy  law.  These  are  termed  insolvent  laws.  In 
Filmland  bankruptcy  lawa  have  existed  from  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  The  priiieipal  uetsruv:  ::i  ami:;:.  II.  n.  \  III., 
c,  i,  directed  against  fraudulent  debtors,  and  empowering 
the  lord  chancellor  and  other  high  officers  to  seize  their 
estates  and  divide  them  among  the  creditors  ;  13  Eliz., .-. 
7,  restricting  bankruptcy  to  traders,  and  prescribing  cer 
tain  acts  by  committing  which  a  trader  became  a  bank- 
rupt ;  i  Anne.c.  17,  and  10  Anne,  c.  if-,  removing  the  crim- 
inal character  borne  by  bankruptcy  proceedings  up  to  that 
time,  and  permitting  a  debtor  to  obtain  a  eertiti'.h  .i 
bavin-  conformed  to  the  requirements  of  tie  bankrupt 
law  ;  0  Geo.  IV.,  c.  16,  allowing  a  debtor  to  procure  his 
own  bankruptcy,  and  mtrodui  ing  tie  principle  of  private 
settlements  between  debtors  and  creditors;  1  and  2  Win. 
IV.,  c.  56,  establishing  a  court  of  bankruptcy,  consisting  of 
six  commissioners  along  with  four  judges,  as  a  court  of  re- 
view, and  making  provision  for  official  assignees.  By  the 
Bankrupt  Consolidation  Act  of  L849,  proceedings  might  be 
begun  by  petition  to  the  Court  of  Bankruptcy,  and  the  com- 
missioners were  authorized  to  award  certificates  according 
to  the  merit  of  the  bankruptcy.  The  bankruptcy  act  of 
1861(24  and  25  Vict.,  c.  134)  abolished  special  legislation 
relating  to  insolvent  debtors,  and  permitted  persons  other 
than  traders  to  avail  themselves  of  the  relief  afforded  by 
the  bankruptcy  court.  In  1S69  (32  and  33  Vict.,  c.  71)  the 
commissionerships  and  official  assignees  were  abolished, 
a  newCourtof  Bankruptcy  was  established,  and  provision 
was  made  for  the  appointment  of  trustees  who  should 
be  creditors.  The  Court  of  Bankruptcy  was  also  stripped 
of  its  criminal  jurisdiction,  the  criminal  clauses  being 
placed  in  another  statute,  the  Debtors'  Act,  which  abol- 
ished imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  certain  cases.  In 
1883  (46  and  47  Vict.,  c.  52,  taking  effect  Jan.  1,  1884)  the 
English  bankruptcy  acts  were  amended  and  consolidated. 
In  the  United  States  the  subject  has  been,  except  during 
the  periods  of  the  operation  of  the  United  States  bank- 
ruptcy acts,  left  to  the  imperfect  regulation  of  diverse 
State  laws.  Such  a  law  in  any  particular  State  may,  when 
there  is  no  United  States  act  conflicting,  provide  for  the 
distribution  of  an  insolvent's  property,  may  discharge  him 
from  imprisonment  for  debt,  and  may  discharge  him,  if  a 
citizen  of  such  State,  from  indebtedness  to  another  citi- 
zen thereof  contracted  while  such  State  law  was  in  force, 
so  far  as  to  make  the  discharge  a  protection  in  the  courts 
of  the  same  State.  The  first  United  States  bankrupt  law, 
known  as  the  act  of  1800  (2  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  19),  was  based 
on  a  consolidation  of  then  existing  English  statutes,  and 
was  in  force  from  June  2, 1800,  till  Dec.  19, 1803.  The  sec- 
ond, the  act  of  1S41  (5  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  440),  was  in  force 
from  Feb.  1,  1842,  till  March  3,  1843.  The  third,  tie'  act 
of  1867  (14  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  517),  repeatedly  amended,  and 
finally  revised  in  the  United  States  Revised  Statutes,  tit. 
LXI.,  and  reenacted  with  modifications  in  1874(18  Stat, 
at  L.,  p.  17S),  was  in  force  from  June  1,  1867,  till  Sept.  1, 
187S.  In  general,  debts  contracted  by  fraud,  or  in  a 
fiduciary  capacity,  are  not  discharged  by  the  bankruptcy 
laws.— Commission  of  bankruptcy,  a  commission  for- 
merly issued  by  the  English  lord  chancellor,  appointing 
and  empowering  certain  persons  to  examine  into  the 
facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy,  and  to  secure 
the  bankrupt's  property  for  the  creditors. —  Discharge 
in  bankruptcy.  See  discharge.—  Fiat  in  bankruptcy. 
See  fiat.—  Fraudulent  bankruptcy.  See  fraudulent 
—  Involuntary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy  adjudged  on 
the  petition  of  creditors,  .showing  cause  why  the  bank- 
rupt should  not  lie  allowed  to  continue  in  possession  of 
his  assets.— Voluntary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy  ad- 
judged on  the  petition  of  the  debtor,  indicating  his  desire 
to  surrender  his  assets  and  be  discharged.  =Syn.  Insol- 
vency, etc.    See  failure. 

bankruptismt  (bangk'rup-tizm),  n.  [<  bank- 
rupt +  -ism.~\     Bankruptcy. 

bankruptlyt  (bangk'rupt-ii),  adv.  Like  a  bank- 
rupt. 

bankruptshipt  (bangk'rupt-ship),  n.  [<  bank- 
rupt +  -ship.']     Bankruptcy. 

bankrupturet  (bangk'rup-tur),  n.  [<  bankrupt 
-+-  -urc ;  after  rupture.'}    Bankruptcy. 

bankshall  (bangk'shal),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  for- 
merly also  banksall,  saul,  soil,  repr.  Malay 
bangsoL  Beng.  barikeal,  banJeacatd,  lit.  hall  of 
trade,  <  Skt.  ranij  (>  Beng.  Hind.,  etc.,  banik, 
a  trader:  see  banian1)  +  gala,  a  hut,  house 
(=  Gr.  KaXid  =  E.  hall :  see  hall);  or  perhaps  < 
Skt.  bhdndacdla,  a  storehouse,  <  bhdnda,  wares, 
ware,  a  vessel,  pot,  +  gala,  as  above.]  1.  In 
the  East  Indies:  (a)  A  warehouse,  (b)  The 
office  of  harbor-master  or  other  port  author- 
ity.—  2.  In  Java,  a  large  hall  of  audience  in  a 
princely  residence,  without  regular  walls,  but 
supported  by  wooden  pillars.     Yule  and  Burnell. 

bank-Shot  (bangk'shot),  n.  In  billiards,  a  snot 
which  makes  the  cue-ball  touch  the  cushion 
before  hitting  any  other  ball. 

Banksia  (bangk'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  "(1743-1820).]  A  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  for  the  most  part  of  small  size, 
of  the  natural  order  Proteamr,  natives  of  west- 
ern extra-tropical  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
wherewith  other  shrubs  of  the  same  order  they 
constitute  most  of  the  so-called  ''scrub."  The 
foliage  is  hard  and  dry,  and  extremely  variable  in  form, 
and  the  flowers  form  close  cylindrical  heads  resembling 
bottle-brushes.  Many  species  have  been  cultivated  in 
European  conservatories  and  gardens. 

banksman  (bangks '  man),  n. ;  pi.  banksnu  n 
(-men).  [Oanflri,  dobs,  of  ftanfcl,  4-  man."]  In 
coal-mining,  a  man  in  attendance  at  the  mouth 


443 


Pea-blossom    with    ex- 


Bank-swallow  ( CotiU  rifiaria  ) . 


Flowering  branch  of  BtrnAsia  ericifolia. 

of  the  shaft,  who  superintends  the  sorting  and 
loading  of  the  coal.  [Eng.J  Gresley. 
bank-stock  (bangk'stok),  n.  The  capital  of  a 
bank.  In  England  the  term  is  applied  chiefly  to  the 
stockofthe  Bankol  England.  The  stock  of  other  English 
joint-stock  banks  is  divided  into  shares. 
bank-swallow  (bangk'swoFo),  n.  Hirundo 
or  L'otile  riparia,  a  very  common  bird  of  Eu- 
rope, Asia, 
and  Ameri- 
ca, of  the 
family  Hi- 
mntlinidte:  so 
called  from 
its  habit  of 
burrowing  in 
bankstobuild 
its  nest.    It  is 

a  small  swal- 
low, mouse-gray 
abo*  e  ami  white 
below,  with  a 
gray  collar.  In 
places  where  it  is 
numerous,  hun- 
dreds or  thou- 
sands gather  to 
lined  in  com- 
pany,andasand- 
bank  may  be  riddled  with  their  holes,  which  are  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  a  toot  or  more.  Also  called  sand- 
ffwaZfoui  and  bank-martin.    See  Cotile. 

bank-work  (bangk'werk),  v.     In  coalmining, 

a  method  of  working  coal  in  use  in  South 
Yorkshire,  England,  and  in  some  of  the  North 
Welsh  collieries,  combining  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  pillar  system  with  those  of  the 
long-wall  system. 

banky  (bang'M),  a.  [<  bank1  +  -y.]  Full  of 
banks  or  ridges ;  ridgy ;  hilly.     [Rare.] 

banlieue  (ban'lu),  n.  [F.  (in  ML.  lanleuca, 
bannwn  leucaf),  <  ban,  command,  jurisdiction, 
+  lieue,  league,  also  an  indefinite  extent  of  ter- 
ritory. Cf.  G.  bann-meile  in  same  sense:  see 
ban1  and  league2.']  The  territory  without  the 
walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
city.  Sometimes  erroneously  spelled  banlieu, 
as  if  from  French  lieu,  a  place. 

bannat1  (ban'at),  n.     Scotch  form  of  bonnet. 

bannat-,  n.     See  banat. 

banner  (ban'er),  n.  and  a.  [<  MB.  baner,  ban- 
ere,  <  OF.  banere,  baniere,  F.  banniere,  bandiere 
=  Pr.  bandieira,  bannieira  =  Sp.  bandera  = 
Pg.  bandeira  =  It.  bandiera,  <  ML.  *bandaria 
(banderia  after  Rom.),  <  bandum,  a  standard, 
<  Goth,  ban/lira,  bandwo,  a  sign,  token,  prob. 
akin  to  E.  bind  and  band1,  q.  v.]  I.  n.  1.  The 
piece  of  cloth,  attached  to  the  upper  part  of 
a  pole  or  staff,  which  in  former  times  served 
as  the  standard  of  a  sovereign,  lord,  or  knight, 
after  which  he  and  his  followers  marched  to 
war,  and  which  served  as  a  rallying-point  in 
battle;  hence,  the  flag  or  standard  of  a  coun- 
try, army,  troop,  etc. ;  a  standard  or  ensign. 
Terrible  as  an  army  with  banners.  Cant.  vi.  4. 

Hang  out  our  banners  * « ti  the  outward  walls; 
The  cry  is  still,  "  They  come  ! "   Our  castle's  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

2.  In  her.,  a  square  flag  which  in  the  middle 
ages  was  the  ensign  of  a  knight  banneret. 
Instances  are  related  of  a  knight  companion  being  made 
a  knight  banneret  on  the  field  of  battle,  the  mark  of  his 
promotion  being  the  tearing  otf  of  the  points  of  his  pennon, 
leaving  the  flag  square.  In  modern  usage,  any  square  Hag 
is  termed  a  banner  when  it  bears  heraldic  devices.  The 
most  familiar  instance  is  the  royal  banner  of  England, 
commonly  called  the  royal  standard;  but  other  heraldic 
banners  are  used  in  the  funeral  ceremonies  of  knights  of 
the  Garter  and  the  higher  nobility. 


banner-stone 

3.  An  ensign  oi  flag  bearing  a  badge  or  em- 
blem, as  of  a  society  or  order,  and  borne  in 
processions.  Banners  were  early  used  in  theproces. 
sions  of  the  <  christian  church,  usually  of  the  form  adopted 
by  Constantino.  Et  consisted  of  a  -Men.  cloth  suspended 
from  a  cross-bar  uear  the  top  of  a  gill  poll  bearing  or 
surmounted  by  the  sacred  symbol  A,    S<  e  tooai  urn 

4.  Figuratively,  anything  displayed  as  a  pro- 
fession of  principles. 

Thou  bast  given  a  banner  to  them  that  fear  thee,  that  it 
may  be  displayed  because  of  the  truth.  Pa.  lx.  4. 

See  ensign,  flag,  pennon,  and  standard. 

5.  In  hot.,  the  vexillum  or  upper  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower.  Also 
called  the  standard. —  6.  One 
of  eight  divisions  into  which 
the  Manchus  are  marshaled, 
each  with  distinguishing  Hag 
or  banner.  Four  of  the  Bags  are 
plain  (red,  yellow,  white,  or  blue), 
the  other  four  havinga  margin  of  a 
different  color.  Hence,  the  Man- 
chus are  known  collectively  as  the 
EfoM  Banners  and  as  bannermen. 

II.  a.  Leading  Or  foremost    panded  Danner.    a.  ban- 
in  regard  to  some  particular  neri  *'ala;  '■keeL 
cause   or  matter,  such  as  giving  the  largest 
majority  to  a  political  party,  etc. 

I  am  reminded  that  there  is  an  Alleghany  City  as  well 
as  an  Alleghany  County,  the  former  the  banner  town, 
and  the  latter  the  banner  county,  perhaps,  of  the  world. 
Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  84. 

banneralt,  »•    A  corrupt  form  of  bannerol,  2. 

bannered  (ban'erd),  a.  [<  banner  +  -cd-.]  1. 
Furnished  with  or  bearing  a  banner;  display- 
ing banners. 

A  banner'd  host 
Under  spread  ensigns  marching. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  885. 
Bothwell's  bannered  hall.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  8. 

2.  Borne  or  blazoned  on  a  banner. 
bannerer  (ban'er-er),  n.  A  standard-bearer; 
one  who  carries  a  banner. 
banneret1  (ban'er-et),  n.  [Also  bannerette,  < 
ME.  banneret,  banerett,  <  OF.  baneret,  banerette, 
dim.  of  banere,  banner  :  see  banner  and  -et]  A 
little  banner;  a  banderole. 

The  scarfs  and  the  bannerets  about  thee  did  manifoldly 
dissuade  me  from  believing  thee  a  vessel  of  too  great  a 
burthen.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

banneret2  (ban'er-et),  n.  [<  ME.  baneret,  <  OF. 
baneret,  banneret,  <  banere,  a  banner  (see  ban- 
ner), +  -et,  <  L.  -atus  (see  -ate1)  =  E.  -en!2;  lit., 
one  bannered:  see  banner  and  -<(/'-.]  1.  One 
who  is  bannered  or  entitled  to  a  banner ;  spe- 
cifically, a  knight  of  a  certain  grade  in  the  mili- 
tary hierarchy  of  the  middle  ages.  Originally  the 
right  to  display  a  banner  (as  distinguished  from  a  pennon) 
was  limited  to  those  who  could  bring  a  certain  array  of 
followers  into  the  field,  and  who  bad  also  been  dubbed  or 
accoutred  knight.  As  the  military  distinctions  of  earlier 
feudalism  became  confused  by  the  employment  of  paid 
soldiers,  the  right  of  displaying  a  banner  became  more  and 
more  a  reward  for  distinguished  prowess  in  battle.  After 
a  victory  or  a  notable  achievement  a  banneret  elect,  carry- 
ing his  pennon  in  his  hand,  was,  it  is  said,  conducted  be- 
tween two  knights  of  note,  and  presented  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  off  the  point  or  ends  of  his  pennon,  making 
it  square.  He  was  then  called  a  knight  of  the  square  Jlag. 
Also  called  knight  banneret. 

Sir  Richard  Croftes,  who  was  made  banneret  at  .  .  . 
Stoke,  was  a  wise  man.  Camden.  Remains  (ed.  1637),  p.  271. 

2.  Formerly,  the  title  of  magistrates  of  the 
second  rank  in  some  Swiss  cantons,  and  also  of 
certain  officers  of  some  of  the  Italian  republics. 
Melchior  Sturmthal,  .  .  .  Banneret  of  Berne. 

Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein,  I.  vii. 

[In  Solothurn]  on  the  death  of  an  avoyer,  the  banneret 

succeeds  to  his  place.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  335. 

bannerless  (ban'er-les),  a.  [<  banner  +  -leas.] 
Having  no  banner.     J.  H.  Jesse. 

bannerman  (ban'er-man),  n. ;  pi.  bannermen 
(-men).  1.  A  standard-bearer;  a  bannerer. — 
2.  A  person  belonging  to  one  of  the  eight  ban- 
ners into  which  the  Manchus  are  marshaled. 
See  banner,  6. 

bannerol  (ban'e-rol),  n.  [See  banderole.  This 
is  the  usual  spelling  in  sense  2.]  1.  Same  as 
banderole. —  2.  In  England,  a  banner,  about  a 
yard  square,  borne  at  the  funerals  of  prominent 
men,  and  placed  over  the  tomb.  It  bears  the 
arms  of  the  ancestors  and  alliances  of  the  de- 
ceased, painted  on  silk.  Also  erroneously  writ- 
ten banner-roll  and  bannerol. 

banner-plant  (ban'er-plant),  n.  A  name  given 
to  some  cultivated  species  of  Anthtirinm,  natural 
order  Aracea;  in  which  the  bright-scarlet  spathe 
is  broadly  expanded  at  right  angles  to  the  spadix. 

banner-roll  (ban'er-rol),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  bannerol.  -. 

banner-stone  (ban'er-ston),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given,  not  very  aptly,  to  certain  stone 
objects  shaped  like  a  small  two-edged  ax,  which 


banner-stone 

are  supposed  to  have  beer  worn  as  ornaments 
in  prehistoric  times,  or  held  in  the  hand  as 
badges  of  authority.     They  have  an   eye  for 

the  insertion  of  a  handle. 

Some  ban7ierstone8  of  striped  slate  have  been  found  in 
('umillus,  and  one  on  Skaneateles  Lake  [New  Jfork] 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p  657. 
banner-vane  (ban'er-van),  n.    A  weather-vane 
having  the  shape  of  a  banner,  balanced  by  a 
weight  on  the  other  side  of  the  staff, 
bannet  (lian'et).  )i.     [Sc.,=  E.  bonnet.}     A  lion- 
net.     Scott. 

bannimust,  »•  [<  ML.  bannimus,  we  banish, 
1st  pers.  pi,  pres.  ind.  of  bannire,  banish:  see 
banish.}  Same  as  bannition. 
banning  (ban'ing),  n,  [Verbal  n.  of  ban1,  ».] 
The  act  of  uttering  a  ban  or  curse;  an  execra- 
tion or  cursing  of  another. 

Especially  when  the  names  of  the  infernal  Sends  or  un- 
lucky Boules  arc  used  in  Buch  bannings. 

Holland,  tr,  of  Pliny,  xxvii.  2. 

bannitiont(ba-nish'on),  n.  [OIL.  luiuuitio(n-), 
<  bannire,  banish:  see  banish,  and  cf.  aban- 
nition.}  The  act  of  banishing  or  the  state  of 
being  banished;  expulsion,  especially  from  a 
university. 

You  will  take  order,  when  he  comes  out  of  the  castle, 
to  send  liim  <>ut  of  the  university  too  by  bannition. 

Abp.  Laud,  Remains,  II.  191. 

bannock  (ban'ok),  ».  [Sc,  <  ME.  bannok,  <  AS. 
bannuc,  <  Gael,  bannach,  also  bonnach,  =  Ir.  boin- 
neog,  a  cake.]  A  thick  cake  made  of  oatmeal, 
barley-meal,  or  pease-meal,  baked  on  the  embers 
or  on  an  iron  plate  or  griddle  over  the  fire. 
Bannoks  is  better  nor  na  kin  bread. 

May's  Scottish  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  3614. 

bannock-fluke  (ban'qk-flok),  n.  [Sc,  <  ban- 
nock +  fluke-.}  A  Scotch  name  of  the  com- 
mon turbot. 

banns  (banz),  n.  pi.  [Formerly  bannes,  often 
banes,  mod.  more  correctly  bans,  pi.  of  ban}, 
q.  v.  The  spelling  banns  is  now  usual  in  this 
sense.]  1.  The  proclamation  of  intended  mar- 
riage in  order  that  those  who  know  of  any  im- 
pediment thereto  may  state  it  to  the  proper 
authorities.  Banns  were  made  a  part  of  ecclesiastical 
Legislation  by  the  fourth  Council  of  the  Lateran,  A.  D. 
1215,  whose  decrees  were  confirmed  by  the  Council  of 
Trent.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  celebration  of 
marriage  without  previous  proclamation  of  the  banns, 
unless  by  special  dispensation,  is  gravely  illicit,  but  not 
invalid.  The  proclamation  is  made  by  the  parish  priest 
of  each  contracting  party,  on  three  consecutive  festivals 
during  public  mass.  The  proclamation  of  banns  is  no 
longer  required  in  order  to  a  valid  civil  marriage  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  or  the  United  States. 
2t.  The  proclamation  or  prologue  of  a  play. 
Banes  or  Prologue  [to]  the  Fall  of  Lucifer. 

York  Plays,  Int.,  p.  lxii. 
To  bid  or  ask  the  baimst,  to  publish  the  banns. 
If  all  parties  be  pleased,  ask  their  banns,  'tis  a  match. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  Mil. 
To  forbid  the  banns,  to  make  formal  objection  to  an 
intended  marriage. 
A  better  fate  did  Maria  deserve  than  to  have  her  banns 
Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  -J4. 

bannut  (ban'ut),n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  ban- 
m  I.  <  late  ME.  bannenote  (in  conip.  bannenote- 
tre,  glossed  avetana,  filbert);  <  "ban,  *banne 
(origin  unknown)  +  nut.}  A  walnut,  the  fruit 
of  Jut/tans  regia  (baunut-tree).  [Obsolete  or 
dialectal.] 

banquet  (baug'kwet).  n.  [Earlier  banket,  <  F. 
banquet  (=  It.  banchetto  =  Sp.  banquete),  a 
feast,  orig.  a  little  bench  or  table,  dim.  of  banc 
(=  It.  Sp.  banco),  a  bench  or  table:  see  bank1 
and  Imiiijiii  ih  ,J  1.  A  feast;  a  rich  entertain- 
ment of  food  and  drink. 
A  napkin  of  tin.  linen  to  be  laid  on  thetableat  the 
\i,t  aulay,  Hist.  Bng.,  xxiii. 

2f.  A  light  entertainment  at  the  end  of  a  feast; 
a  dessert;  a  refection  at  which  wine  is  drunk. 
W  «11  dine  in  the  great  room  ;  hut  let  the  music 
And  ba  eprepared  here. 

M*i    inger,  Unnatural  Combat,  iii.  1. 
There  were  all  the  lainti.  s,  not  only  of  the  season,  but 

of  wiii  on,  ] olid  in.  atr,  fowle, 

bak'd  and   boil'd   i  fuel  (desert)  in  exceeding 

plenty,  and  exquisitel)  dri       I 

Diary,  Oct,  27, 1685. 
3f.  A  slight  repasl  between  meals:  sometimes 
called  running  banquet.     .v.  /.'.  It. 
The  running  banqm I  of  two  in  adles. 

Shak.,  Henry  YIII.,  v.  :t. 
4t.  hi  fort,  same  as  banquette,  1.— 5.  A  small 
rod-shaped  part  of  a  horse's  bridle-  coming  un- 
derthe  eye.=svn.  1.  Feast,  Festival,  etc.    See  tea  • 
banquet  (bang'kwet),  v.     [Earlier  banket,  <  P. 
banqueter;  from  the  noun.]    I.  trans.  To  treat 
with  a  least  or  rich  entertainment. 
Von  exceed  in  enfc 
Banquet  our  eyes  tool    Shirley,  Thi    traitor,  iii.  2. 


1  1  1 

Just  in  time  to  banquet 
The  illustrious  company  assembled  there.     Coleridge. 

II.  iiitruns.  1.  To  least:  regale  one's  self 
with  good  eating  and  drinking;  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  bangm  t.  though  the  body  pine. 

Shak.,  I.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

Were  it  a  draught  for.luno  whin  sin   Imnquits, 
I  would  not  taste  thy  treasonous  offer. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  701. 

2f.  To  take  part  in  a  light,  refection  after  a 

t'.ast.    See  banquet,  ».,  :_'. 

Then  was  the  banqueting-chamber  in  the  tilt  yard  at 
Greenwich  furnished  for  th.-  entertainment  of  these 
strangers,  where  they  did  both  sup  and  banquet. 

G,  Cavendish, 

banquetantt  (bang'kwet-ant),  n.  [<  F.  ban- 
i/uttinit.  ppr.   of  banqueter:  see  banquet,   ».] 

One  who  banquets;  a  banqueter. 

Are  there  not  beside 
Other  great  banquetuni 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xx. 

banqueter  (bang'kwet-er),  n.  1.  A  guest  at 
a  banquet ;  a  f east.er. 

Great  banqueters  do  seldom  great  exploits.  Cotgra  "  . 
2f.  One  who  provides  feasts  or  rich  entertain- 
ments. 

banquet-hall  (bang'kwet-hal),  n.    A  hall  in 
which  banquets  are  held.    Also  called  banquet- 
ing-liall. 
The  fair  Peleian  banquet-hull.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

banquet-house  (bang'kwet-hous),  ».     A  ban- 
queting-house. 
A  banquet-house  salutes  the  southern  sky.  Dryden. 

banqueting  (bang'kwet-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
feasting;  luxurious  living;  rich  entertainment ; 
a  feast. 

Excess  of  wine,  revellings,  banquctings.         1  Pet.  iv.  3. 
banqueting-hall  (bang'kwet-ing-hal),  n.    Same 

as  banquet-halt. 
banqueting-house  (bang'kwet-ing-hous),  n.   A 

house  where  banquets  are  given. 

In  a  banqueting-house,  among  certain  pleasant  trees,  the 
table  was  set.  Sidney. 

banquette  (bong-kef),  «.  [F.,  fern.  dim.  of 
banc,  a  bench:  see  bank2,  and  cf.  banquet.}  1. 
(a)  In  fort.,  a  raised  way  or  foot-bank,  run- 
ning along  the  inside  of  a  parapet  breast-high 
above  it,  on  which  riflemen  stand  to  fire  upon 
the  enemy.  (6)  In  medieval  fort.,  an  advanced 
earthwork  or  palisaded  defense  outside  of  the 
ditch.  The  space  between  the  ditch  and  the  parapet 
was  wide  enough  for  a  line  of  soldiers,  but  too  narrow  to 
allow  of  its  being  fortified  if  occupied  by  the  besiegers. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  banqu,  I,  as  Iaiglish. 
2.  The  footway  of  a  bridge  when  raised  above 
the  carriageway. —  3.  A  bench  for  passengers, 
or  the  space  occupied  by  benches,  on  the  top 
of  a  French  diligence,  and  hence  of  any  public 
vehicle. — 4.  A  sidewalk.  [Common  in  the 
southern  and  southwestern  United  States.] 

Standing  outside  i  m  the  ba  iiquette,  he  bowed  —  not  to  Dr. 
.Mossy,  but  to  the  balcony  of  the  bin  red-brick  front. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  144. 
Banquette  slope,  in  fort.,  an  incline  connecting  the 
banquette  tread  with  the  terreplein  or  interior  of  the 
work.  —Banquette  tread,  the  level  surface  of  th.-  ban- 
quette oti  which  tile  soldiers  stand  while  tiring  over  the 
crest  of  the  parapet ;  the  tread. 

bans,  n.  pi.     See  banns. 

banshee  (ban 'she),  n.  [<  Gael,  ban-sith,  Ir.  In  an- 
sidhe,  lit.  woman  of  the  fairies,  <  Gael,  linn, 
Ir.  bean,  woman,  +  sith,  Ir.  sigh,  sighe,  sighidh 
(the  final  consonant  being  scarcely  sounded), 
fairy.]  A  type  of  female  fairy  believed  in  Ire- 
land and  some  parts  of  Scotland  to  attach  her- 
self to  a  particular  house,  and  to  foretell  by 
each  appearance  the  death  of  one  of  the  family. 
Also  benshie,  benshi. 
TZhebanshee  is  a  species  of  aristorratir  tan-v,  who,  in  the 

shape  of  a  little  hideous  old  w an,  has  been  known  to 

appear,  and  heard  losing  in  a  men  inful  supernatural  voice 
under  the  windows  of  great  houses,  to  warn  the  family 

that  some  of  themweres todie.    in  the  last  century 

even  greal  famiTyin  Ireland  had  Abanshee,  who  attended 
Early,  but  latterly  their  visits  and  songs  have  been  dis- 
continued. Miss  Edgeworth. 

banstickle  (ban'stik-1), n.  [So..<  ME.  bansMcklt . 

<  Intlie,  <    AS.  lulu,   hone,  Q.   v.,   +  stickle.  <    AS. 

stia  Is,  prickle.    Cf.  stickleback.}    A  name  of  i  he 

three-spilled  stieklehaek. 

bant  (ban!  i,  v.  i.    |  Ludicrously  formed  from  the 

]  ih  rase  "  the  1',  anting  system,"  the  proper  name 

being  taken  as  banting,  ppr.  and  verbal  noun 

of  an  assumed  verb  hant.}     To  practise   bant- 
ingism (which  See). 

bantam  (ban'tam),  n.  and  a.    [So  named,  prob., 

from  I'm  n  I  a  in,  in.  lava.]    I.  n.  1.  A  general  name 

lor  a  number  of  varieties  of  the  common  hen 
possessing  Hio  characteristic  of  very  diminu- 


Bantu 

live  size.  Many  of  these  varieties  are  the  exact  counter- 
parts, except  in  si/.-,  oi  tin-  corres] ling  breeds  of  full 

size,  and  were  originally  reduced  in  weight  by  careful 
selection  ami  breeding  of  small  specimens  from  these 

full-Sized  breeds.      There  art'  other  varieties,  however,  as 

the  Japanese  and  the  Sebright  bantams,  which  do  not  re- 
semble any  of  the  large  breeds.    The  chief  varieties  are 
i  in  African,  -ami- 1  iii  ilu-  several  colors),  Japanese,  Pekin, 
Polish,  ami  Sebright  bantams. 
2.  Same  as  Bantam-work. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ban- 
tam; of  the  breed  of  the  bantam;  hence,  dimin- 
utive ;  puny ;  absurdly  combative,  or  fussy  and 
consequential. 

Bantam-work  (ban'tam-werk),  n.  An  old  name 
for  carved  work,  painted  in  party-colors,  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies;  "a  kind  of  Indian 
painting  and  carving  on  wood,  resembling  Ja- 
pan-work, only  more  gay."  Chambers's  Cyc, 
Supp.,  1753. 

banteng(ban'tcng),  w.  [Native  name;  also  spell- 
ed banting.}  A  species  of  ox,  Bos  banteng  or  /(. 
sondaicus,  a  local  race  in  the  Malay  archipelago. 

banter  (ban'ter),  V.  t.  [First  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  century;  regarded  then  as  slang.] 

1.  To  address  good-humored  raillery  to ;  attack 
with  jokes  or  jests;  make  fun  of;  rally. 

The  magistrate  took  it  that  he  banten  'I  him,  and  bade 

an  officer  take  him  into  custody.  Sir  li.  h'Estrange. 

Not  succeeding  in  bantering  me  out  of  my  epistolary 

proprieties.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXIII.  384. 

So  home  we  went,  and  all  the  livelong  way 

With  solemn  jibe  did  Eustace  banter  me. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  impose  upon  or  cheat,  originally  in  a  jest- 
ing or  bantering  way;  bamboozle.     [Archaic] 

Somebody  had  been  bantering  him  with  an  imposition. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  li. 

3.  To  challenge;  invite  to  a  contest.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.]=syn.  Banter,  Bally,  quiz, 
tease,  joke.  We  banter  another  in  good  humor  chiefly  for 
Something  he  or  she  has  dour  or  neglected  to  do,  whether 
the  act  or  omission  be  faulty  or  ridiculous  or  not,  if  it 
only  affords  a  subject  for  a  laugh  or  smile  at  his  or  her 
expense,  or  causes  a  blush  not  altogether  painful.  Rally, 
literally  to  rail,  generally  implies  some  degree  of  sarcasm 
or  pungency,  and  is  aimed  at  some  specific  fault,  offense, 
or  weakness. 

The  sort  of  mock-heroic  gigantesque 
With  which  we  banter'd  little  Lilia  first. 

Tennyson,  PrinceBS,  Conclusion. 
Lest  you  think  I  rally  more  than  teach, 
Or  praise  malignly  arts  I  cannot  reach. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  i.  2. 

banter  (ban'ter),  n.  [<  banter,  v.}  1.  A  joking 
or  jesting;  good-humored  ridicule  or  raillery; 
wit  or  humor;  pleasantry. 

When  wit  has  any  mixture  of  raillery,  it  is  but  calling 
it  banter  and  the  work  is  done. 

Swift,  Talc  of  a  Tub,  Author's  Apol. 

Mr.  Adams  made  bis  contribution  to  the  service  of  the 

table  in  the  form   of    that  good  humored,   easy  banter 

which  makes  a  dinner  of  herbs  more  digestible  than  a 

stalled  ox  without  it. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  p.  62. 

2.  A  challenge  to  a  match  or  contest ;  the 
match  or  contest  itself.  [Southern  and  west- 
ern U.  S.] 
banterer  (ban'ter-er),  x.  1.  One  who  banters 
or  assails  with  good-humored  jests  or  pleas- 
antry.—  2.  One  who  cheats  or  bamboozles. 
[Archaic] 

His  dress,  his  gait,  his  accent,  .  .  .  marked  him  out  as 
an  excellent  subject  for  the  operations  of  swindlers  and 
banterers.  Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

bantery  (ban'ter-i),  a.  Full  of  banter  or  good- 
humored  raillery,     Carlyle. 

banting1,  »•    See  hunting. 

banting-  (ban'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bant,  ».] 
The  practice  of  bantingism  (which  see) :  as,  to 
go  through  a  course  of  bunting. 

bantingism  (ban'ting-izm),  n.  [Named  after 
William  Banting.}  A  course  of  diet  for  re- 
ducing corpulence,  ado]. ted  and  recommended 
in  1863  by  William  Banting,  a  merchant  of 
London.  The  dietary  recommended  was  the  use  of  lean 
meat  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fats,  starches,  and 

IIJO 

bantling  (bant'ling),  ».  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  handling,  meaning  a  child  in  swaddling- 
elothes.  < hniiil'-,  a  wrapping,  +  -ling,  dim.  sullix, 
as  in  Jhunillinei,  fondling,  nurseling,  etc.;  more 
prob.  for  "bankling,  <  *i.  bankling,  a  bastard,  < 
hank,  bench,  +  -ling:  of.  equiv.  (1.  bankert, 
LG.  bankert,  <  bank,  bench,  +  -ert=  E.  -ard.'l 
A  young  child;  an  infant:  a  term  carrying 
with  it  a  shade  of  contempt. 

It's  a  rickety  sort  of  bantling.  I  iii  told, 

That  li  on-  of  old  age  when  its.  seven  years  "id. 

James  Smith,  Rejected  Addresses. 

Bantu  (ban'tb),  «.  [A  native  name,  lit,  'peo- 
ple.']   A  name  sometimes  applied  tothe  South 


Bantu 

African  family  of  tongues.  The  most  marked  pe- 
culiarity ol  these  languages  is  their  prevailing  use  of  pre- 
fixes  instead  ol  suffixes  In  derivation  and  inflection, 
Those  of  them  that  border  on  the  Hottentot  employ 
clicks  or  clucks  as  alphabetic  elements.  Als..  called  Chu- 
ana  and  Zingian. 

banxring  (bangks'ring),  ».  [Native  name.] 
A  name  of  a  squirrel-like  insectivorous  mam- 
mal of  .lava,  the  Tupaiajavanica.  Also  called 
bangsring  and  singling.    See  Tupaiidm. 

banyan'i  n.    See  banian1. 

banyan-,  banyan-tree,  n.    See  banian?. 

baobab  (ba'6-bab),  ».  [Formerly  also  bano- 
bab;  a  native  African  name.]  An  African  tree, 
the  Adansonia  digitata,  belonging  to  the  tribe 
Bombacew,  natural  order  Malraeea;  also  called 
the  Ethiopian  sour-gourd,  and  in  South  Africa 
the  eream-of -tartar  tree.  It  is  a  native  of  tropical 
Africa,  and  has  ln-cn  introduced  and  naturalized  in  various 
parts  of  the  East  and  West  Indies.  It  isone  ol  the  largest 
trees  in  the  world,  being  often  found  30  feet  in  diameter, 
though  it  grows  to  a  height  ol  only  from  40  to  70  feet.  The 
branches  shoot  out  from  60  to  70  feet,  bearing  a  dense 

4#:i 


Baobab  of  Madagascar  (Adansonia  Madagascariensis), 


mass  of  deciduous  leaves,  somewhat  similar  to  those  of 
the  horse-chestnut.  The  white  flowers  are  from  I  to  6 
inches  broad,  and  the  oblong  gourd-like  fruit,  about  a 
foot  in  length,  is  eaten  by  monkeys,  and  hence  is  .-Hid 
monkey-bread  (which  see).  The  juice  of  the  fruit  mixed 
witli  sugar  is  much  esteemed  as  a  beverage ;  and  the  pulp, 
which  is  pleasantly  acid,  is  eaten,  and  is  employed  as  a 
remedy  in  Egyptian  dysentery.  The  dried  and  powdered 
mucilaginous  bark  and  leaves  are  used  by  the  negroes, 
under  the  name  of  lalo,  on  their  food,  like  pepper,  to  dimin- 
ish perspiration ;  and  the  strong  fiber  of  the  bark  is  made 
into  ropes  and  cloth.  The  only  other  known  species  of 
this  genus  are  the  Australian  sour-gourd  or  cream-of -tartar 
tree,  Adansonia  Gregorii,  which  ditfers  chiefly  in  its 
smaller  fruit,  and  the  .Madagascar  baobab,  A.  Madagas- 
cariensis,  which  has  red  flowers. 
bap  (bap),  it.  [Sc. ;  origin  unknown.]  A  roll 
of  bread  of  various  shapes,  costing  generally  a 
halfpenny  or  a  penny. 
The  voung  baker  who  brings  the  bajis  in  the  mornings. 
Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXV.  392. 

baphe  (ba'fe),  n.  [<  Gr.  M'h  a  dye,  dyeing, 
dipping  in  dye,  a  dipping,  <  pdnreiv,  dip:  see 
baptise.]  The  brilliant  red  color  used  iu  illu- 
minating ancient  manuscripts. 

Baphomet  (baf'6-met),  n.  [F.  Baphomet;  Pr. 
Bafomet.  OSp.  Mafomat,  regarded  as  a  corrup- 
tion of  Mahomet. '  Cf.  Mahound  and  Mammet.] 
The  imaginary  idol  or  symbol  which  the  Tem- 
plars were  accused  of  worshiping.  By  some  mod- 
ern writers  the  Templars  are  charged  with  a  depraved 
Gnosticism,  and  the  word  Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it 
the  signification  of  baptism  of  wisdom  (as  if  <  Gr.  3a*>i, 
baptism,  -t-  /x*JTl*,  wisdom),  baptism  of  tire  ;  in  other  wi -ids, 
the  Gnostic  baptism,  a  species  of  spiritual  illumination. 
But  this  and  the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  word 
mas  be  a  manipulated  form  of  Mahomet,  a  name  which 
took  Btrange  shapes  in  the  middle  ages. 

BaphometiC  (baf-o-met'ik),  a.     [<  Ilaphomrt.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Baphomet,  or  to  the  rites 
iu  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  employed. 
It  is  from  this  hour  that  I  incline  to  date  myspiritual 


445 

dip,  dye. J     A  genus  of  leguminous  plants    of 
the  United    States   east   of   the    Mississippi. 

Thcv    arc   herbaceous,    and    turn    black   in   drying.     The 
wild  indigo,  /;.  tinetona,  has  been  used  for  dyeing,  aid  il 
root  in  medicine  as  a  laxative,  and  in  larger  doses  asai  a 
thartic  and  emetic.  Some  species,  especially  the  blue  Bom 
Bred  /.'  australis,  are  occasionally  cultivated  in  gardens. 

baptism  (bap'tizm),  ».    [<  ME.  bapUsme  (usu- 
ally mid  earlier  hnpliin,  baptym,  baptem),  <OF. 

bap 
bap 

water,  8_ 

l>v  dipping  with  a  cup;  in  N.  T.  and  eccl. 
baptize.]  1.  A  sacrament  or  ordinance  of  the 
Christian  church,  instituted  by  Christ  as  an  ini- 
tiatory rite,  consisting  in  the  immersion  of  the 
person  in  water,  or  in  the  application  of  water 
tn  i  be  person  b.\  affusion  or  by  sprinkling,  by  an 
authorized  administrator,  "in  the  name  of  the 
Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost." 
The  proper  signification  of  the  rite,  the  proper  subjects 
of  it,  and  the  proper  methods  of  administering  it,  are  mat- 
ters  ol  dispute  in  the  Christian  church.  In  Protestant 
churches  it  is  generally  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  purifica- 
tion, a  rite  of  initiation  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ, 
and  a  sign  ratifying  God's  covenant  with  his  people.  In  tbe 
[toman  Catholic  Church  baptism  is  the  sacrament  of  initia- 
tion into  the  church  of  Christ,  consisting  essentially  in  the 
application  of  water  to  the  person  baptized  by  one  having 
the  intention  of  conferring  the  sacrament,  and  who  pro- 
nounces at  the  same  time  the  words,  "N.,  I  baptize  thee 
in  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy 
Ghost."  TheGreekformula,  "The  servant  of  God  is  baptized 
in  the  name,"  etc.,  is  also  recognized  as  valid.  In  all  branches 
of  the  church  a  layman  may,  in  case  of  necessity,  administer 
baptism.  In  the  Roman  (  atholie,  Greek,  and  most  Protes- 
tant churches,  infant  children  are  admitted  to  baptism ; 
but  among  the  various  Baptist  denominations  only  those 

are  admitted  who  give  credible  evidence  of  possessing  a 

Christian  experience.  Among  them,  also,  it  is  generally  per- 
formed by  immersion,  which  they  regard  as  the  Scriptural 
mode.  This  is  also  the  common  mode  in  the  Eastern 
churches;  iu  the  Western  churches  sprinkling  or  pouring 
is  commonly  substituted.  The  Friends  reject  all  baptism 
with  water,  regarding  Christian  baptism  as  spiritual  only. 
Baptism  is  not  only  a  sign  of  profession,  and  mark  of  dif- 
ference, whereby  Christian  men  are  discerned  from  others 
that  he  not  christened,  but  it  is  also  a  sign  of  Regenera- 
tion or  New-Birth,  whereby,  as  by  an  instrument,  they  that 
receive  Baptism  rightly  are  grafted  into  the  Church ;  the 
promises  of  the  forgiveness  of  sin,  and  of  our  adoption  to 
be  the  sons  of  God  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  are  visibly  signed 
and  sealed ;  Faith  is  confirmed,  and  Grace  increased  by 
virtue  of  prayer  unto  God.  . 

Articles  of  Religion  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  and  Prot.  Epu.  Ch. 

We  believe  in  .  .  .  baptism  to  be  administered  to  be- 
lievers and  their  children,  as  the  sign  of  cleansing  from 
sin,  of  union  to  Christ,  and  of  the  impartation  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  Congregational  Creed,  1883. 


baptistlc 

seal,  or  the  seal  of  baptism.    See  baptism.    Baptismal 

name,  the  personal  or  Christian  m '   n  at  baptl  m. 

Baptismal  regeneration,  tic  doctrhv  of  the  remis- 
sion of  origfnal  and  actual  Bin,  and  the  m  w  birth  Into  the 
hi<  ol  sanctifying  grace,  in  and  through  the  sacrament 
ol  baptl  ra      Baptismal  shell,  a  real  shell  polished,  or 

a  small  metal  vessel  in  tb.*  shai I  B  scallop  shell,  used 

to  '  il  e  water  from  the  font  and  pour  it  upon  the  bead  of 
the  i  andidate  iii  baptism.— Baptismal  vows,  the  prom- 
ises made  at  baptism  by  the  person  baptized,  or  by  the 
rs  in  bis  name. 

mal-i),  adv.   In  or  through 
of  baptism. 

[<  ME.  baptist  (only  in 
the  Baptist),  <  Lh.  haptista, 

<  Gr.  liarTTtari/c,  one  who  baptizes,  <  panri^eiv, 
baptize:  see  baptize.]  1.  One  who  administers 
baptism:  the  title  (with  a  capital  letter)  of 
John,  the  forerunner  of  Christ . 

Him  the  Baptist  soon  descried.  Hilton,  P.  JL,  i.  25. 

2.  leap.]  A  member  or  an  adherent  of  one  of 
those  Christian  denominations  which  maintain 
tin, I  lmptism  can  1»-  administered  onh   upon  a 
personal  profession  of  Christian  faith.    Gener- 
ally though  not  always,  Baptists  are  immersionists.   This 
doctrine  has  been  held  from  a  very  early  age  of  the  Chris- 
tian church;  but  the  Baptists  as  a  distinct  denomina- 
tion date  from  the  epoch  of  the  Reformation,  and  were 
originally  called  Anabaptists  by  their  opponents.     In  the 
United  States  the  Baptists  owe  their  origin    to    Roger 
Williams,  who  was  originally  a  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England.     The  principal  Baptist  denominations  are  the 
Baptists,  sometimes  called  Calmnist  Baptists,  from  their 
i:ih  metic  theology;  Freewill  Baptists,  who  are  Irminian 
in  theology  and  open  cominunionists  in  practice;  German 
Baptists,  popularly  called  Dunkers;  General  Baptists,  & 
party  of  English  Baptists  who  are  Ariiiinian  in  theology 
and  hold  to  a  general  atonement  (opposed  to  Particular 
l;a}itists,  who  are  Calvinistic);  Old-School  Baptists,  some- 
times called  Anti-Mission  or  Hard-SheU  Baptists,  from 
their  extreme  Calvinism,  which  leads  them  to  oppose  all 
active  measures  for  the  conversion  of  the  world  (a  sect 
numbering  40,000);  Seventh-Day  Baj'tists,  who  keep  the 
seventh  day,  instead  of  the  Hrst,  as  the  sabbath;  Six- 
Principle  Baptists,  so  called  from  the  six  principles  which 
constitute  their  creed  (they  practise  "  laying  on  of  hands," 
and  refuse  communion  to  all  who  do  not);  DitapUs  of 
i  'Joist,  also  called  Christians  or  Campbettites,  an  American 
denomination  growing  out  of  the  labors  of  Alexander 
Campbell,  and  separately  organized  in  1827;  Winebren- 
ii.niuis,  or  Church  of  Ood  (organized  in  1S30  by  John 
\\  incbrenner),  who  maintain  the  washing  of  feet  as  an 
ordinance  of  perpetual  obligation ;  and  Christians,  or  the 
Christian  Connection,  an  American  sect  of  Unitarian  Bap- 
tists founded  about  1800.    The  Baptists  are  congregational 
in  polity,  and  generally  Calvinistic  or  semi-Calyuustic  in 
theology    Those  of  Great  Britain  do  not  generally  regard 
baptism  by  immersion  as  a  prerequisite  to  communion,  and 
therefore  commune  with  other  churches ;  but  the  opposite 
position  is,  with  few  exceptions,  adopted  by  the  Baptists 
ol  the  United  StateB.  The  former  are  popularly  called  open- 
- ,:...,;.-ts  the  latter  closc-communionists. 

tri),«.;pl. 


terium,  a  place  for  bathing  (LL.  in  eccl.  sense), 
<  Gr.  ;laTTTioTi/pwi',  <  pam%eiv,  baptize :  see  bap- 


2   Any  ceremonial  ablution  intended  as  a  sign  baptistery,  baptistry  (bap'tis-ter-i, , -tn),  n, ;  pi 

of  purification,  dedication,  etc. :  as,  the  baptism    baptisteries,  bapttstnesj-\z,  £nz);_  )>£-°' aP™ 

administered  by  John  the  Baptist,  or  that  ad- 
ministered to  proselytes  by  the  ancient  Jews; 

the  baptism  or  christening  of  bells,  ships,  and 

other  objects  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  etc. 
The  publicans  justified  God,  being  baptized  with  the 

baptism  of  John.  Luke  vn.  29. 

Baptism  for  the  dead,  the  baptism  of  a  living  person 

instead  of  and  forthe  sake  of  one  who  has  died  nnbaptized. 

The  performance  of  such  a  ceremony,  although  disapproved 

by  the  church,  is  on  record  in  a  number  of  individual 

cases  among  the  early  Christians,  and  is  also  said  to  have 

been  a  custom  of  several  ancient  sects,  the  Ebionites,  Mar- 

cionites,  and  others.   In  modern  times  it  has  been  revived 

by  the  Mormons.    This  practice  has  been  supposed  by 

many  to  he  alluded  to  in  1  Cor.  xv.  29,  but  other  expla- 
nations of  the  passage  have  been  given.— Baptism  Of 

blood,  martyrdom  for  the  sake  of  Christ,  regarded  as  sup- 
plying the  absence  of  the  sacrament  of  baptism.— Baptism 

Of  desire,  the  virtue  or  grace  of  baptism  received  by  a 

person  who  dies  earnestly  desiring  that  sacrament, put 

unable  to  obtain  it.— Baptism  of  fire.    («)  The  gilt  or 

gifts  of  the  Holy  Spirit;  the  grace  of  baptism  considered 

.separately  from  the  outer  form.   (f>)  Martyrdom.-  Clinic 

or  clinical  baptism,  baptism  on  a  sick-bed.   In  the  early 

church  this  was  allowed  only  in  case  of  impending  death, 

and  was  someti s  refused  even  then,  except  to  persons 

already  candidates.     Such  baptism   was  recognized  as 

valid-  but  a  person  so  baptized  was  not  ordinarily  eligible 

to  orders,  perhaps  because  it  was  judged  that  bar  had 

induced  the  reception  of  the  sacrament.  — Conditional 

baptism  (also  called  hypothetical  baptism),  in  the  Roman 

Catholic  and  Anglican  churches,  baptism  administered  to 

persons  in  respect  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 

haw  been  baptized  or  not,  or  whose  known  baptism  is  of 

doubtful  validity.  The  condition  is  then  regularly  insert- 
ed in  the  formula:  "If  thou  art  not  baptized,  'etc.— Pri- 
vate baptism,  baptism  conferred  ill  the  home  or  else- 
where, without  the  ceremonies  prescribed  for  the  rite  ol 
solemn  baptism  in  the  church.  — Seal  of  baptism.  (" 
The  rite  of  unction  in  baptism,  (il)  Same  as  baptismal 
•haractcr  (which  see,  under  baptismal) 


Pisa,  Italy. 


new-birth  or  Bapho 
thereupon  began  to 


be  a  man. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  117. 

Bapta  (bap'ta),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jiaivroc,  dipped, 
dyed,  verbal  adj.  of  jiairTetv,  dip.]  A  genus  of 
geometrid  moths.  The  white  pinion-spotted  moth 
is  B.  bimaculata ;  the  clouded  silver-moth  is  B.  punctata. 

baptise,  ''.  t.     See  baptize. 

Baptisia  (bap-tiz'i-S),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  pam-iaic,  a 
dipping  (dyeing  ?  cf.  pairr6c,  dyed),  <  j}anTiC,eiv, 


baptism ;  perhaps  I  directly  baptismal  (bap-tiz'mal),  a.    [<  baptism  +  -al :  = 


.  'baptismal]  Pertaining  to  baptism :  as,  "the 
baptismal  vow,"  Hammond — Baptismal  charac- 
ter a  spiritual  and  indelible  mark  attaching  to  the  souls 

ol    baptized  Christians  from  their  re.  i  pi I    the  sacra 

ment.  This  term  is  used  officially  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  and  also  by  theologians  of  the  Greek,  ore 
eiital,  and  Anglican  churches,  to  express  the  doctrine  ol 

tle.se  churches  that  a  baptized  person  can  for  g 1  or  tor 

evil  never  be  as  one  unbaptized,  and  that  the  sacrament 
cannot  be  repeated  without  sacrilege.      Also  called  the 


tize.]  A  building  or  a  portion  of  a  building  in 
which  is  administered  the  rite  of  baptism.  In 
the  early  Christian  church  the'  baptisterj  wasdistinct  from 

the  church-building,  and  was  situated  near  its  west  end  ; 
it  was  generally  circular  or  octagonal  in  form,  and  dome- 
roofed.    About  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  the  baptistery 

1, in  to  be  absorbed  in  the  church,  within  winch  the  font 

was  placed,  not  far  from  the  western  door.  The  detached 
baptistery  was,  however,  often  preserved,  especially  in 
Italy;  and  many  such  baptisteries  still  remain  m  use  as 
that'  ol  St.  John  i.atcran  in  Rome,  and  those  of  the  cathe- 
drals of  Pisa,  Florence,  etc.  As  a  separate  buildup  the 
baptistery  was  often  of  considerable  size  and  great  archi- 
tectural beauty ;  that  of  Florence  is  108  feet  in  external 
diameter.  In  the  West,  baptisteries  were  in  early  times 
commonly  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  See/ontl 
and  baptismal. 


those  churches  that  a  baptized  person  can  for  good  or  for  v'      «-♦«„    baptistical  (bap-tis'tik,   -ti-kal),  a. 

„..:, i.»  ..  ^na  „«hflnilT0H   and  that  the  sacrament    uo-Myiai'H',    u»iiwow^wi   x       r      ,.,-..       •;,  y,nn_ 

[<  Gr.  jjaTTTto-TiKOS,  <  ,3a-TioTr)r,  baptist .  see  Dap- 


baptistic 

tint.]   Pertaining  to  baptism,  or  (with  a  eapil  il) 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Bap1  ists. 
This  baptisticai  profession,  which  he  ignorantly  laugheth 
attested  bj  rathe)  -  bj  councils,  by  liturgies. 

Abp.  Bramhall,  Schism  Quarded,  p.  205. 

Baptistically  (bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  adr.  Accord- 
ing to  Baptist  doctrine;  in  the  manner  of  the 

'  ists. 

baptizable  (bap-ti'za-bl),  a.  [<  baptize  + 
-able.]     That  may  be  Baptized.     [Rare.] 

As  for  the  condition  limiting  persons  baptizable,  which 
Is  ai  tual  believing,  this  also  the  Church  oi  Christ  under. 
stood  in  ;i  limited  and  temporary  si  osi 

Bp.  Gawhn,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  2S4. 

baptizationt  (bap-ti-za'shgn),  ».  [<  LL.  bapti- 
jatio(n-),  <  baptizare,  baptize:  sec  baptize.]  The 
act  of  baptizing ;  baptism.     [Kan.] 

If  the)  had  been  lay  persons,  their  baptizationt  were 
null  and  invalid.  Jer.  Taylor,  Clerus  Domini,  iv. 

baptize  (bap-tiz'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baptized, 
ppr.  baptizing.  [<  ME.  baptizen,  <  LL.  bap- 
tizare, <  Or.  iia-Tunv,  dip  iii  or  tinder  water, 
baptize,  <  Sdwrew,  dip  in  water.  See  etym.  of 
baptism.']  1.  To  administer  the  rite  of  bap- 
tism to.  See  baptism. 
None  [in  Yucatan]  might  marry  who  had  not  been  bap- 
Faiths  pj  </„■  World,  p.  248. 

2.  To  christen;  name;  denominate:  with  al- 
lusion to  the  naming  of  infants  at  baptism. 

Call  me  hut  love,  and  I'll  be  new  baptiz'd  ; 
Henceforth  I  never  will  be  Romeo. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
Sometimes  spelled  baptise. 
baptizement  (bap-taz'ment),  «.    [<  baptize  + 
-mrnt.}  The  act  of  baptizing;  baptism.  [Rare.] 
baptizer  (bap-ti'zer),  n.    One  who  baptizes. 

on  the  part  of  the  baptizer,  baptism  was  a  form  of  re- 
ception to  instruction.  Bees,  Cyc,  Baptism. 

baquet(ba-ka'),  n.  [F. :  see  backet.]  A  small 
tui.  or  trough. 

bar1  (bar),  n.  [<  ME.  ban;  barre,  <  OF.  barre, 
F.  barre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barra,  <  ML.  barra, 
of  unknown-  origin.  The  Celtic  words,  Bret. 
barren,  a  bar,  a  branch,  W.  bar,  a  bar,  rail, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  barra,  a  bar,  spike,  Corn,  bara  (v.), 
bar,  as  well  as  MHO.  bar,  barre,  a  barrier,  G. 
barre,  Dan.  barre,  a  bar,  ingot,  Euss.  ban,  bar 
(of  a  harbor),  are  from  the  ML.,  Rom.,  or  E. 
Hence  harrier,  barrister,  barricade,  barrace,  em- 
bar,  embarrass,  debar,  debarrass,  etc.]  1.  A 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  used  for 
some  mechanical  purpose;  a  rod:  as,  a  cap- 
stan-bar; the  bars  of  a  grate;  the  splinter-6«r 
of  a  vehicle ;  especially,  such  a  piece  of  wood 
or  metal  used  as  an  obstruction  or  guard :  as, 
the  bars  of  a  fence  or  gate;  the  bar  of  a  door 
Or  window. — 2.  Anything  which  obstructs, 
hinders,  or  impedes;  an  obstruction;  an  ob- 
stacle; a  barrier. 
Must  I  new  bars  to  my  own  joy  create  ?  Dryden. 

The  incapacity  to  breed  under  confinement  is  one  of  the 
commonest  bar*  to  domestication. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  I.  21. 

3.  A  barrier — (a)  At  the  entrance  to  a  city,  or 
between  the  city  proper  and  its  suburbs ;  hence, 
tin-  gate  at  which  the  barrier  was  placed  in 
former  times,  as  Temple  liar  in  London,  now 


446 

mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  entrance  or  ren- 
dering  it  difficult. 

He  rose  at  dawn,  and,  tired  with  hope, 

shot  o'er  the  seething  harbour  bar. 

I ,  nnyson,  The  Sailor  Boy. 
(b)  A  narrow  point  of  land  jutting  out  int..  the  water,  (r) 
in  placer-mining,  an  accumulation  of  sand  or  grave]  in  or 
near  tie'  bed  of  a  Btream. 

5.  Inlaw;  (a)  The  railing  inclosing  the  place 
which  counsel  occupy  in  courts  of  justice. 
[Hence  the  phrase  at  the  bar  of  the  court  signi- 
fies in  open  court.] 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtlety  defend, 

Or  on  the  bench  the  knotty  laws  untie.     Dryden. 

(b)  The  place  in  court  where  prisoners  are  sta- 
tioned for  arraignment,  trial,  or  sentence. 

The  great  duke 
Came  to  the  bar;  where  to  his  accusations 
He  pleaded  still,  not  guilty.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  1. 

(c)  The  practising  members  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  a  given  community;  all  those  who 
have  the  right  to  plead  in  a  court ;  counsel  or 
barrisi  ors  in  general,  or  those  present  in  court. 

It  is  tl  ■  bench,  the  magistracy,  the  bar—  the  profession 
as  a  profession  ...  — a  class,  a  body,  "f  which  I  mean 
exclusively  to  speak.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  137. 

The  storm  of  invective  which  hurst  upon  him  from  bar, 
bench,  and  witness-box.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

(<7)  A  stoppage  or  defeat  in  an  action  or  suit 
by  countervailing  the  alleged  right,  of  action. — 

6.  In  England,  a  railing  or  barrier  which  sep- 
arates a  space  near  the  door  from  the  body 
of  either  house  of  Parliament,  beyond  which 
none  but  members  and  clerks  are  admitted.  At 
these  bars  counsel  stand  when  pleading  before  the  house, 
and  to  the  same  bar  witnesses  and  such  as  have  been 
i  irdcrcd  into  custody  for  breaches  of  privilege  arc  brought. 
In  the  houses  of  Congress,  the  bar,  for  the  latter  purpose, 
is  the  area  in  front  of  the  presiding  officer. 

7.  Figuratively,  any  tribunal:  as,  the  bar  of 
public  opinion ;  the  fear  of  God. — 8.  That  por- 
tion of  a  tavern,  inn,  coffee-house,  or  the  like, 
where  liquors,  etc.,  are  set  out;  the  counter 
over  which  articles  are  served  in  such  an  es- 
tablishment. 

I  was  under  some  apprehension  that  they  would  appeal 
to  me  ;  and  therefore  laid  down  my  penny  at  the  bar, .  .  . 
and  made  the  best  of  my  way  to  Cheapside. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  403. 

9.  A  band  or  stripe :  as,  a  bar  of  light. 

The  long,  slender  bars  of  cloud  float  like  fishes  in  the 
sea  of  crimson  light.  Emerson,  Nature. 

10.  In  farriery,  the  upper  part  of  the  gums  of 
a  horse  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  which 
bears  no  teeth,  and  to  which  the  bit  is  fitted. — 

11.  In  music,  a  line  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  staff,  dividing  it  into  equal  measures 
of  time  and  marking  the  place  of  the  strong 


i 


i 


Tetnple  Bar,  London. —  Foul  '  1878. 

removed,  and  the  existing  medieval  bars  of 
York.  (6)  At  a  toll-house;  a  toll-gate.  Also 
called  toll-bar. — 4.  An  accumulation  forming 
a  bank  obstructive  to  navigation  or  to  the  How 
of  water,  (a)  A  hank  oi  and  ravel  or  earth  forming 
a  shoal  in  any  body  of  water;  a  bank  or  shoal  at  the 


accent;  hence,  the  space  and  notes  included 
between  two  such  lines ;  the  portion  of  music 
represented  by  the  included  notes.  See  also 
double  bar,  below. 

Whistling  a  random  bar  of  Bonny  Doon. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

12.  In  com. :  (a)  An  ingot,  a  lump,  or  a  wedge, 
as  of  gold  or  silver,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a 
mold,  and  unwrought.  (ft)  A  short  piece  of 
bar-iron  about  half  a  pound  in  weight,  us^d  as 
a  medium  of  traffic  with  African  negroes. — 13. 
In  print/lit/:  (a)  The  lever  by  which  the  j  res- 
sure  is  applied  in  ahand-press.  (6)  The  middle 
cross-piece  of  a  printers'  chase. — 14.  In  lier., 
a  horizontal  stripe  crossing  the  field,  narrow- 
er than  the  fesse,  and  occupying 
usually  one  fifth  or  less  of  the 
field:  "one  of  the  nine  ordinaries. 
It  is  rare  that  one  bar  only  is  used; 
bars  may  be  borne  in  any  numbei  oil 
the  blazon  always  names  tin-  number; 
but  when  more  than  four,  as  thej  are 
smaller,  they  are  called  bamdets.  See 
barry*  and  oarwise. 

15.  In  a  bridle,  (lie  mouthpiece 
connecting  the  checks. — 16.  in  a  rifle-sight,  a 
plate  in  the  form  of  a  segment,  »i'li  its  upper 
or  chord  edge  horizontal,  and  secured  in  a  ring. 
If  the  plate  lias  a  vertical  slot  in  it,  it  is  called  a  slit  bar- 
ighi ,  if  it  has  an  anniilus  or  smaller  ring  attached  to  it,  it 
i  ,i  bar  sight  <<v  open  bead^sight. 
17.  In  saddlery,  one  of  the  side  pieces  connect- 
ing the  pomniel  and  cantl.-  of  a  sad. lie.  Ac- 
cented parts  of  a  bar.  Sei  accent^  t>.  t.  Bar  of 
ground,  a  term  used  in  Cornwall,  England,  and  else- 
where to  designate  a  stratum  or  mass  of  rock  coming 
in  ai  to  or  crossing  the  lode,  and  of  a  different  character 
from  that  adjacent  to  it,  -  Bar  sinister,  a  phrase  erro- 
neously used  for  bend  sinister.     See  bend*. 


baraket 

Thai  kr ray  falls  into  the  common  error  of  describing  "a 
bar-siniste:  'as a  mark  of  bastardy.  \  bar  in  heraldry ,  be- 
ing horizontal,  cannot  be  dexter  or  sinister  ;  a  bend  may 
be  either.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  4ii. 

Bar  super,  in  apiculture,  a  ease  or  crate  in  which  the 
honeycomb  is  hum:  from  bars,  instead  of  being  built  iii  sec- 
tions or  boxes.  Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  To.— Bastard 
bar.  Same  as  boston,  l  (c).—  Blank  bar,  in  law,  a  plea 
in  bar  which  in  an  action  of  trespass  is  put  in  to  compel 
the  plaintiff  to  assign  the  certain  place  where  the  trespass 
was  committed  :  a  common  bar.     It  is  most  used  by  the 

practisers  in  tin:  C mon  Bench,  for  in  the  Kind's  Bench 

the  place  is  commonly  ascertained  in  the  declaration. 
Blount. ~ Branchial  bar.  See  branchial.-  Double  bar, 
in  music,  two  bara  placed  together  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
movement  or  strain.  If  two  or  four  dots  arc  added  to  it, 
the  strain  on  that  side  should  be  repeated. —  Equalizing- 
bar,  (a)  In  a  ear  truck,  a  wrought-iron  beam  which  bears 
upon  the  top  of  the  journal-boxes  on  tin  same  side  of  the 
truck.  The  springs  which  sustain  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  upon  that  side  rest  upon  the  center  of  this  bar. 
which  distributes  the  weight  upon  the  two  journals.  (/<) 
In  a  vehicle,  a  bar  to  each  end  of  which  a  whinpletree  is 
ai  Culled.  It  is  pivoted  at  the  middle,  and  is  used  to 
equalize  the  draft  of  two  horses  harnessed  abreast.  Also 
called  eveuer  and  doubletree.—  Father  Of  the  bar.  See 
father. — Horizontal  bar,  a  round  bar  placed  horizontal- 
ly at  some  distance  above  the  ground,  on  which  athletes 
exercise.— Landing-bar,  in  lace-making,  a  shuttle  bos  ; 
a  receptacle  for  the  shuttle  at  the  end  of  each  cast.— 
Loosening-bar,  in  molding,  a  pointed  steel  wire  which  is 
driven  into  the  pattern  ami  struck  lightly  with  a  hammer 
io  loosen  it  from  its  mold,  so  that  it  can  be  withdrawn. 
—  ParaHel  bars,  a  pair  of  bars  raised  about  4  to  6  feet 
above  the  ground  and  placed  about  a  foot  and  a  half  apart, 
used  in  gymnastics  to  develop  the  muscles  of  the  arms, 
chest,  etc.— Plea  in  bar,  in  laic,  a  plea  of  matter  of  su,  h 
a  nature  that  if  sustained  it  would  defeat  not  merely  the 
present  action,  but  any  other  for  the  same  cause.  See 
abatement.—  Splinter-bar,  in  coach-building,  the  bar  of 
a  carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  attached. — To  call 
to  the  bar.  See  call.— Trial  at  bar,  a  trial  in  one  of 
the  superior  courts  before  all  the  judges  of  the  court  in 
which  the  action  is  brought,  or  a  quorum  sufficient  to 
make  a  full  court.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Barricade,  etc.  See 
barrier. 
bar1  (bar),  o.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barred,  ppr. 
barring.  [<  ME.  barren,  <  OF.  barrcr  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  barrar.  <  ML.  barrare,  bar;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a  bar,  or  as  with  a 
bar. 

Every  door  is  barr'd  with  gold,  and  opens  but  to  golden  keys. 
Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Now  to  all  hope  her  heart  is  barred  and  cold. 

Longfellow,  Blind  Girl  of  Castel-Cuille,  ii. 

2.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  prevent;  prohibit; 
restrain. 

If  you  cannot 
Bar  his  access  to  the  king,  never  attempt 
Anything  on  him.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

The  houses  of  the  country  were  all  scattered,  and  yet 
not  so  far  off  as  that  it  barred  mutual  succour. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Though  the  law  of  arms  doth  bar 
The  use  of  venom'd  shot  in  war. 

S.  Butler,  Hudihras. 

3.  To  except;  exclude  by  exception. 

Nay,  but  I  bar  to-night;  you  shall  not  gage  me 

By  what  we  do  to-night.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  provide  with  a  bar  or  bars;  mark  with 
bars ;  cross  with  one  or  more  stripes  or  lines. 

A  Ceynt  she  wercd,  barred  al  of  silke. 

Chaucer,  .Miller's  Tale,  1.  41). 

He  bars  his  surfaces  with  horizontal  lines  of  colour,  the 
expression  of  the  level  of  the  Desert.  Ruskin. 

5.  To  make  into  bars.  [Rare.]  To  bar  a  vein, 
in  farriery,  to  upen  the  skin  above  a  vein  in  a  horse's  leg 
dis'encaginc  it,  tying  it  both  above  and  below,  ami  si  lik- 
ing between  the  two  ligatures:  an  operation  intended 
to  stop  malignant  humors.  Johnson.— To  bar  dower. 
See  dawerto.—  To  bar  an  entail.    See  entail. 

bar1  (bar),  prep.  [Prop.  impv.  of  bar1,  r.,3;  cf. 
barring.]  Except;  omitting;  but:  as,  to  offer 
to  bet  two  to  one  against  any  horse  bar  one. 

bar-  (bar),  n.  [<  F.  bar,  "the  fish  called  a 
base"  (Cotgrave):  see  base5.]  An  acanthopte- 
rygian  European  fish,  Sciarna  aquila.  Also 
called  maigre. 

bar;i,  a.  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  hare1. 

bar1!.     A  Middle  English  preterit  of  bear1. 

bar5  (ba''),».    A  dialectal  form  of  bear-.    [U.S.] 

barut,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  baron. 

baracail,  n.     See  barracan. 

baraesthesiometer,  n.    See  baresthesiometer. 

baragouin  (ba-r&-gwan'  or  -gwin'),  n.  [F-, 
said  to  be  <  Bret,  bara,  bvea  1,  +  giriti,  wine,  ol- 
giroin,  white,  "in  reference  to  Hie  astonish- 
ment of  Breton  soldiers  at  the  sighl  of  white 
bread";  but  this  reads  like  a  popular  etymol- 
ogy, with  the  usual  fictitious  anecdote  append- 
ed. The  word  may  be  merely  imitative.]  Un- 
intelligible jargon;  language  so  altered  in  sound 
or  souse  as  not  Io  lie  generally  underst I. 

baraket  (bar'n-ket),  n.  [Hell.]  In  Jewish 
aiilii/.,  the  third  jewel  in  the  first  row  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  high  priest:  it  is  thought  to 
be  the  garnet. 


baralipton 

baralipton  (bar-a-lip'ton),  «.  [An  artificial 
term. J  1.  In  logic,  a  mnemonic  name  of  an 
indirect  mood  of  the  first  figure  of  syllogism, 
in  which  the  two  premises  are  universal  affir- 
matives and  the  conclusion  is  a  particular 
affirmative  :  as,  Every  animal  is  a  substance  ; 
every  man  is  an  animal;  therefore,  some  sub- 
stance is  a  man.  The  name  was  probably  in- 
vented by  Petrus  Hispanus.  See  bamalip  and 
mood2.— 2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  In  eool.,  a  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects. 

baranco  (ba-rang'ko),  n.     Same  as  barranca. 

baranee  (bar-a-ne'),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr. 
Hind,  bardni,  lit.  keeping  off  the  rain,  <  baran, 
rain.]  A  cloak  made  of  felted  woolen  cloth, 
used  in  India. 

baraniline  (ba-ran'i-lin),  ».  [<  Gr.  jiapvc, 
heavy,  +  aniline.]  A  name  given  by  Reimann 
to  heavy  aniline  oil,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
light  aniline  oil  or  kuphaniline. 

barathea-cloth  (bar-a-the'a-kldth),  ».      1.  A 
woolen  cloth  made  at  Leeds,  England. —  2.  A 
silk,  either  plain  or  twilled,  made  in  England. 
Also  spelled  barrathea-clolh. 

barathrum  (bar'a-thrum),  n. ;  pi.  barathra 
(-thru).  [L.,  <  (Jr.  jianaSpor,  Ionic  pipeBpov, 
contr.  jiiBpov,  a  gulf,  pit.]  1.  A  rocky  place 
or  pit  outside  the  walls  of  ancient  Athens,  into 
which  criminals  were  thrown. —  2f.  The  abyss; 
hell. 

He  will  eat  a  leg  of  mutton  while  I  am  in  my  porridge, 
.  .  .  his  belly  is  like  Barathrum. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 

3f.  Anything  that  swallows  up  or  devours ;  the 
belly ;  an  insatiable  glutton  or  extortioner. 

You  come 
To  scour  your  dirty  maw  with  the  good  cheer, 
Which  will  be  damn'd  in  your  lean  barathrum, 
That  kitchen-stuff  devourer. 

Shirley,  The  Wedding,  ii.  3. 

You  barathrum  of  the  shambles  ! 
Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  iii.  2. 

barato  (ba-ra'to),  n.  [Sp.,  as  in  def.,  lit.  cheap- 
ness, low  price,  bargain,  barato,  cheap :  see 
barrat.]  A  portion  of  a  gamester's  winnings 
given  "for  luck"  to  the  bystanders.     N.  E.  J). 

barb1  (barb),  n.  [<  HE.  barbe,  <  OF.  barbe,  F. 
barbe  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barba,  <  L.  barba,  beard : 
see  beard.]  1.  A  beard;  anything  which  re- 
sembles a  beard  or  grows  in  the  place  of  it. 

Tile  barbel,  so  called  by  reason  of  his  barbs,  or  wattles 
in  his  mouth.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs;  a  beard; 

more  usually,  a  retrorse  tooth  or  double  tooth 
terminating  an  awn  or 
prickle. — 3.  In  ornifh., 
one  of  the  processes,  of 
the  first  order,  given  off 
by  the  rachis  of  a  feather. 

The  vane  [of  a  feather]  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  appressed, 
flat,  narrowly  linear  or  lance- 
linear  laminae  or  plates,  set  ob- 
liquely on  the  rhachis  by  their 
bases,  diverging  out  from  it  at 
a  varying  open  angle,  ending  in 
a  free  point ;  each  such  narrow 
acute  plate  is  called  a  barb. 
Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

4.  One  of  the  sharp  points  projecting  backward 
from  the  penetrating  extremity  of  an  arrow, 
fish-hook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  in- 
tended  to  fix  it  in  place;  a  beard. 

Having  two  points  or  barbs. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (Arber),  p.  135. 

5.  A  linen  covering  for  the  throat  and  breast, 
sometimes  also  for  the  lower  part  of  the  face, 
worn  by  women  through- 
out the  middle  ages  in 
western  Em-ope.  It  was 
at  times  peculiar  to  nuns 
or  women  in  mourning. 

Do  wey  your  barbe  and  shew 
youre  face  bare. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  110. 

6.  A  band  or  small  scarf 
of  lace,  or  other  fine  ma- 
terial, worn  by  women 
at  the  neck  or  as  a  head- 
dress.—  7.  Same  as  bar- 
bel, 3. —  8.  In  her.,  one  of 
the  five  leaves  of  the 
calyx  which  project  be- 
yond and  between  the 
petals  of  the  heraldic 
rose.  See  barbed*,  3. — 9. 
A  bur  or  roughness  pro- 
duced in  the  course  of  metal-working,  as  in 
coining  and  engraving. — 10.  A  military  term 


fS3M 


a,  a,  Barbs. 


Barb,  middle  of  14th  cen- 
tury, (From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier  franr;ais." ) 


447 

used  in  the  phrase  tn  fire  in  barb,  in  barbette,  or 
at  barbe,  that  is,  to  fire  cannon  over  the  para- 
pet instead  of  through  the  embrasures. 
Also  spelled  barbe 
barb1  (barbj,i>.  [<  OF.  barber,  shave,  <  barbe, 
beard.  In  E.  the  verb  is  now  generally  re- 
garded as  formed  from  barber,  like  peddle  from 
peddler,  and  is  used  only  colloquially.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  shave;  dress  the  beard.  [Now 
only  colloq.]  —  2f.  To  pare  or  shave  close  to  the 
surface;  mow. 

The  stooping  scytheman,  that  doth  barb  the  field. 

Martton  and  Webster,  .Malcontent,  iii.  2. 

3f.  To  clip,  as  gold.  Ii.  Jonson. — 4.  To  fur- 
nish with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  spear, 
or  other  instrument. 

Il.t    intrans.  To  shave. 

To  Sir  G.  Smith's,  it  being  now  night,  and  there  up  to 
his  chamber,  and  sat  talking,  and  I  barbing  against  to- 
morrow. Pepys,  Diary,  II.  329. 

barb-'t  (barb),  11.  [A  corruption  of  bard2,  per- 
haps by  confusion  with  barb1,  a  beard,  or  barb3, 
a  Barbary  horse.]     Same  as  bard2,  n. 

He  left  his  loftie  steed  with  golden  sell 
And  goodly  gorgeous  barh, ,,. 

Spenser,~E.  Q.,  II.  ii.  11. 
Their  horses  were  naked,  without  any  barbs,  for  albeit 
many  brought  barbs,  tew  regarded  to  put  them  on. 

Sir  ./.  Haywdrd,  Bdw.  VI.,  p.  32. 

barb2t  (barb),   v.    t.      [<  barb2,  ■».]     Same  as 
buril2,  1: 
A  brave  courser  trapped  and  barbed. 

Holland,  fcr.  of  I.ivy,  p.  1179. 
Barbed  with  frontlet  of  steel,  I  trow, 
And  with  Jedwood-axe  at  saddle-bow. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  5. 

barb3  (barb),  n.  [<  F.  barbe,  a  Barbary  horse 
(ML.  cavaUus  de  barba,  indicating  a  supposed 
connection  with  L.  barba,  a  beard),  <  Barbarie, 
Barbary:  see  barbary.]  1.  A  horse  of  the 
breed  introduced  by  the  Moors  into  Spain  from 
Barbary  and  Morocco,  and  remarkable  for  speed, 
endurance,  and  docility.  In  Spain  this  noble  race 
lias  degenerated,  and  true  barbs  are  rare  even  in  their  na- 
tive country. 

The  importance  of  improving  our  studs  by  an  infusion 
of  new  blood  was  strongly  felt;  and  with  this  view  a  con- 
siderable number  of  barbs  had  lately  been  brought  into 
the  country.  MacavXay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  having  a  short 
broad  beak,  classed  by  Darwin  with  the  carriers 
and  runts.  Also  called  barb-pigeon,  Barbary 
pit/ton,  and  Barbary  carrier. —  3.  A  sciaenoid 
fish,  Mentieirrus  alburnus,  better  known  as  teng- 
fish.     See  Mngfish. 

barbacant,  «•    See  barbican1. 

barbacou  (biir'ba-ko),  n.  [<  F.  barbacou,  irreg. 
barbu.  abarbet,  +  (tur)acou  or  (cou)cou,  cuckoo.] 
A  name  given  by  Le  Vaillant  to  the  American 
barbets  of  the  family  Bucconida;  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  barbets  proper  of  the  family 
Capitonidee.  The  South  American  barbacous 
are  the  birds  of  the  genera  Monasa  and  Chcli- 
doptera. 

barbacue,  ».     See  barbecue. 

Barbadian  (bar-ba'di-an),  a.  and».  [<  Barba- 
dos, the  Barbados,  a  name  said  to  be  due  to  Pg. 
as  barbadas,  the  bearded,  applied  by  the  Portu- 

fuese  to  the  Indian  fig-trees  growing  there.] 
.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbados  (also  spell- 
ed Barbadoes). 

II.  11.  An  inhabitant  of  Barbados,  the  most 
eastern  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
Creat  Britain. 

Barbados  cherry,  leg,  nut,  tar,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Barbados-pride  (bar-ba'doz-prid),  n.  1.  A 
prickly  leguminous  shrub,  Cossalpinia  pulclier- 
rima,  of  tropical  regions,  planted  for  hedges  as 
well  as  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  Also 
called  Barbados  flower-fence. —  2.  In  the  West 
Indies,  a  handsome  flowering  leguminous  tree, 
Adenanthera  pavonina,  introduced  from  the 
East  Indies. 

barba  Hispanica  (biir'bii  his-pan'i-ka),  11. 
[NL.,  lit.  Spanish  beard.]'  A  name  given  to 
the  plant  Tillaitdsia  itsutoitlis.     See  long-mots. 

barbaloin  (biir'ba-lo-in  or  -loin),  n.  A  neu- 
tral substance  (C^HsgO^-t-EUO)  crystallizing 
in  tufts  of  small  yellow  prisms,  extracted  from 
Barbados  aloes. 

barbart   (biir'bar),  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbare,  <"ME.  barbar,  OF.  barbare,  <  L. 
barbarus :  see  barbarous.]     I.  a.  Barbarous. 
II.  11.  A  barbarian. 

barbara  (bar'ba-ra),  n.  In  logic,  a  mnemonic 
name  of  a  syllogism  of  the  first  figure,  all 
whose  parts  are  universal  affirmative  proposi- 
tions:  as,  All  men  are  mortal ;  all  the  patri- 


barbarianism 

archs (Enoch,  Elijah,  etc.)  are  men;  hence,  all 
patriarchs  are    mortal.      It  is  the  type  .if  all  lyllo 
glsm.     This  name  1-  believed  to  have  been  invi  nti 
Petrus  Hispanus  (Popi   John  \  \  1    dii  'I   1271 1,  altl 
Prantl  thinks  the  work  oi   William  ol  Shyrwode  (died 
1249)  in  which  it  is  found  is  earlier.    See  moods. 
barbaresque  (bar-ba-resk'),  ".  and  n.    [<  P. 
barbaresque,  of  Barbary,  Sp.  Pg.  barbaresco  = 
If.  barbaresco  (obs.),  of  Barbary,  barbarous: 

see  barbar  and  -rsijiic.  Cf.  barbary.]  I.  ".  1. 
Characteristic  of  or  appropriate  to  barbarians; 
barbarous  in  style.     [Bare.] 

Our  European  and  Bast  India mis  are  the  basest  "f  all 

base  products  from  rude  barbaresque  handicraft. 

be  Quimcey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

2.  [cap.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbary  in  north- 
ern Africa. 

II.  «.  [cap.]  A  native  of  Barbary.    Jefferson. 
[Rare.] 
barbari  (bar'ba-ri);  n.     In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  a  kind  of  syllogism  the  premises  ..I 

which   are    those   of  a  syllogism  in  bail 

(which  see),  while  the  conclusion  is  only  a  par- 
ticular instead  of  a  universal  affirmative:  as, 
All  men  are  mortal;  all  kings  are  men;  hence, 
some  kings  are  mortal.  This  kind  of  syllogism  "as 
noticed  by  Occam,  ami  the  name  was  invented  by  one  of 

his  followers,  Albert  of  Saxony.     See  mood-. 

barbarian  (bar-ba'ri-an),  n.  and  a.  [<F.bar- 
barien,  <  barbaric,  <  L. barbaria ,  barbarousness 
(see  barbary),  <  barbarus,  barbarous,  a  barba- 
rian: see  barbarous  and  -ian.]  I.  n.  1.  A  for- 
eigner; one  whose  language  and  customs  differ 
from  those  of  the  speaker  or  writer.  [This  is 
the  uniform  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  New 
Testament.] 

Therefore  if  I  know  not  the  meaning  of  the  voice,  I  shall 
In  untn  him  that  speaketh  a  barbarian,  and  he  that  speak- 
eth  shall  be  a  barbarian  unto  mc.  1  Cor.  xiv.  11. 

It  is  well  known  that  many  of  the  Roman  Emperors 
were  barbarians  who  had  been  successful  soldiers  in  the 
Imperial  army.  StillC,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  50. 

(With  the  Greeks,  one  not  a  Greek  was  a  barbarian ;  with 
the  Romans,  one  outside  the  pale  of  the  Roman  empire 
or  its  civilization,  and  especially  a  person  belonging  to 
one  of  the  northern  nations  who  overthrew  the  empire ; 
with  the  Italians  of  the  Renaissance  period,  one  of  a  nation 
outside  of  Italy.  Among  the  Chinese,  one  who  is  not  a 
Chinaman,  and  especially  a  European  or  an  American,  is 
commonly  spoken  of  as  a  western  barbarian.  The  treaties 
with  the  Chinese  government,  however,  stipulate  that  the 
Chinese  term  {ye)  thus  translated  shall  not  be  used  in 
dc  icuments  of  any  of  the  treaty  powers,  or  of  their  sub- 
jects or  citizens.] 

2.  One  outside  the  pale  of  Christian  civiliza- 
tion.—  3.  A  man  in  a  rude,  savage  state;  an 
uncivilized  person. 

There  were  his  young  barbarians  all  at  play, 
There  was  their  Dacian  mother  — he,  their  sire, 
Butcher'd  to  make  a  Roman  holiday  ! 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  141. 

4.  An  uncultured  person;  one  who  has  no  sym- 
pathy with  culture;  a  philistine. —  5.  A  cruel, 
savage,  brutal  person  ;  one  destitute  of  pity  or 
humanity:  as,  "thou  fell  barbarian,''  FhiUps.— 
6f.  [cap.]  A  native  of  Barbary  .  =  Syn.  Heathen, 
etc.    Sec  gentile,  n, 

II.  a.  1 .  Foreign ;  of  another  or  outside  na- 
tion; hence,  non-Hellenic,  non-Roman,  non- 
Christian,  non-Chinese,  etc. 

Thou  art  bought  and  sold  among  those  of  any  wit,  like 
a  barbarian  slave.  Shak,,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  savages ;  rude ;  uncivil- 
ized.—  3.  Cruel;  inhuman;  barbarous. 

The  stormy  rage  and  hate  of  a  barbarian  tyrant. 

Mucuulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  wiii. 

4f.   [cap.]  Of  or  belonging  to  Barbary .  =  Syn. 

Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric, unlettered,  uncultivated, 
untutored,  ignorant.  Barbarian  applies  to  whatever  per- 
tains to  the  life  of  an  uncivilized  people,  without  special 
reference  to  its  moral  aspects.  Barbarous  properly  ex- 
presses the  bad  side  of  barbarian  life  and  character,  espe- 
cially its  inhumanity  or  cruelty  :  as,  a  barbarous  art.  Bar- 
baric expresses  the  characteristic  love  of  barbarians  for 
adornment,  magnificence,  noise,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  com- 
monly applied  to  persons;  it  implies  the  lack  of  culti- 
vated' taste  :  as,  barbarie  music:  barba ric  splendor.  Bar- 
barian and  barbaric  are  now  strictly  confined  to  the 
meanings  named  above. 

This  barbarian  tongue  raises  him  far  above  what  he 
could  have  become  had  he  never  learned  to  speak  at  all. 
Whitney,  Life  anil  Growth  of  Lang.,  ii. 

The  boast  of  the  barbarian  freeman  was  that  a  true 
equality,  founded  on  the  supposed  common  possession  of 
honor,  courage,  devotion,  had  always  been  recognized 
among  them  as  their  most  precious  inheritance. 

.SI/7/.-,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  47. 

O  barbarous  and  bloody  spectacle  ! 
His  body  will  I  bear  unto  the  king. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  1. 

Something  of  indescribable  barbaric  magnificence. 

ETottti  (is,  Venetian  Lifi    ii 

barbarianism  (bar-ba'ri-an-izm),  n.  [<  barba- 
rian +  -ism.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
a  barbarian. 


barbarianize 

barbarianize  (b8r-ba'ri-an-iz),  ».  t.;  pret.  and 

pp.  barbarianizcil ',  ppr.  barbariani-iiig.  To  make 

bsii'l):iriiiii :  barbarize. 

barbaric  (bar-bar'ik),  a.     [<  L.  barbaricus,  < 

Gr.   AapAapmac,   foreign,   barbaric,  <  jldpfiapoc, 

barbarous:  see  barbarous.]     If.  Foreign. 

The  gorgeous  east  with  richest  hand 

Showers  on  her  kirn-'s  {tartaric  pearl  and  cold. 

Milton,  P.  I...  ii.  J. 

2.  Uncivilized;  barbarian:  as.  "  barbaric  or 
Gothic  invaders,"  V.  U'artou,  On  Milton's 
Smaller  Tennis. — 3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  barbarians  or  their  art; 
hence,  ornate  without  being  in  accordance  with 
cultivated  taste;  wildly  rich  or  magnificent. 

We  are  by  no  means  insensible  ...  to  the  wild  and 
barbaric  melody.  Maca 

His  plans  were  bold  and  fiery,  and  his  conceptions 
glowed  with  barbaric  lustre.  Poe,  Titles,  I.  341. 

=  Syn.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric.    Set-  barbarian. 

barbarically  (bar-bar'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  bar- 
baric manner;  after  the  fashion  of  barbarians 
or  uncivilized  persons. 

barbaris  (bar'ba-ris),  n.  In  logic,  amnemonic 
name  for  the  syllogistic  mood  baralipton:  used 
by  some  later  nominalists.     See  mood?. 

barbarisation,  barbarise.  See  barbarizaUon, 
barbarize. 

barbarism  (bar'ba-rizm),  n.  [=  F.  barbarisme, 
<  L.  barbarismus,  <  Gr.  papfjapur/idg,  the  use  of 
a  foreign,  or  misuse  of  one's  native,  tongue,  < 
Pap  Japifrw,  speak  like  a  foreigner  or  barbarian: 
see  barbarize.']  1.  An  offense  against  purity 
of  style  or  language ;  originally,  the  mixing  of 
foreign  words  and  phrases  in  Latin  or  Greek ; 
hence,  the  use  of  words  or  forms  not  made  ac- 
cording to  the  accepted  usages  of  a  language : 
limited  by  some  modern  writers  on  rhetoric  to 
an  offense  against  the  accepted  rules  of  deri- 
vation or  inflection,  as  hisn  or  hern  for  his  or 
her,  gooses  for  geese,  goodest  for  best,  pled  for 
pleaded,  proven  for  proved. — 2.  A  word  or  form 
so  used;  an  expression  not  made  in  accordance 
with  the  proper  usages  of  a  language. 

The  Greeks  were  the  first  that  branded  a  foreign  term 
in  any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  name  of  barbarism. 

G.  Campbell. 

A  barbarism  may  be  in  one  word;  a  solecism  must  be 

of  more.  Johnson. 

3.  An  uncivilized  state  or  condition ;  want  of 
civilization ;  rudeness  of  life  resulting  from 
ignorance  or  want  of  culture. 

Times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref. 
Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to 
civility,  and  fallen  again  to  ruin. 

sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

4f.  An  act  of  barbarity  ;  an  outrage. 

A  heinous  barbarism  .  .  .  against  the  honour  of  mar- 
riage. Milton. 
=  Syn.  1.  Barbarism,  Solecism,  etc.    See  impropriety. 
barbarity  (bar-bar'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  barbarities  (-iiz). 
[<  barbarous.]    1.  Brutal  or  inhuman  conduct; 

barbarousness  ;   savageness;  cruelty. 

Another  ground  of  violent  outcry  against  the  Indians  is 
their  barbarity  to  the  vanquished. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  348. 

2.  An  act  of  cruelty  or  inhumanity ;  a  barba- 
rous deed:  as,  the  barbarities  of  war  or  of  sav- 
age life. — 3f.  Barbarism. 
The  barbarity  and  narrowness  of  modern  tongues. 

Dryden. 
barbarization  (biir-ba-ri-za'shon),  n.  [<  bar- 
barize +  -atiun.]  Tiie  act  of  rendering  bar- 
barous; a  reduction  to  barbarism,  or  to  a 
barbarous  state:  said  of  language,  and  of  per- 
sons and  communities.     Also  spelled  barbarisa- 

hini. 

barbarize  (bar'ba-riz),  v.;  pret.  atid  pp.  bar- 
barized, ppr.  barbarizing.  [=  F.  barbariser,  < 
LL.  barbarizare,  '  Gr.  lap  Utpl^eiv,  speak  like  a 
foreigner  or  barbarian,  hold  with  the  barbari- 
ans,^ SapBapoc,  foreign,  barbarian.  See  bar- 
barous.] I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  or  write  like 
a  barbarian  or  foreigner;  use  barbarisms  in 
speech  or  writing. 

The  ill  habit  win  b.  reel   lied  barbarizing 

against  the  Latin  and  Greek  idiom.        Milton,  Education. 

2.  To  bei barbarous.     [Kare.] 

The  Roman  Empire  wa    barba apldly. 

//,  V""" "  Philos.  of  Rom,  nist. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  corrupt  (language,  artletc.) 

by  introducing  impurities,  <>i  l>\  di  |i:irtiiigfrom 
recognized  classical  standards. 

He  |  [nigo  Joni  I  bi   anci<  at   cathedral  of 

St   Paul  in  London,  by  repairing  it  according  to  bi    n 
oi  Pointed  architei  tun  Bncyc  Brit.,  II.  44:s. 

2.  To  render  barbarous. 


448 

Hideous  changes  have  barbarized  France. 

Burki .  To  a  Noble  Lord. 

To  habitual  residents  among  the  Alps  this  absence  of 
social  duties  and  advantages  may  be  barbarising  even 
brutalising.         ./.  .1.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  801. 

Also  spelled  barbarise. 
barbarous  (bar'ba-rus),  a.  [Earlier  barbar, 
q.  v. ;  <  L.  barbariis,  <  Gr.  jiapfiapuq,  foreign,  un- 
civilized: applied  orig.  to  one  whose  language 
was  unintelligible,  t't'.  Skt.  barbara,  stammer- 
ing, in  pi.  foreigners;  L.  balbus,  stammering: 
see  balbuties  and  booby;  ef.  babble.]  1.  For- 
eign ;  not  classical  or  pure ;  abounding  in  bar- 
barisms; of  or  pertaining  to  an  illiterate  peo- 
ple: applied  to  language,  originally  to  lan- 
guages which  were  not  Greek  or  Latin.  See 
barbarism. 
A  wholly  barbarous  use  of  the  word. 

Ruskin,  Pol.  Econ.,  Art.  ix. 

2.  Speaking  a  foreign  language ;  foreign ;  out- 
landish: applied  to  people.  [Archaic.]  See 
barbarian,  n.,  1. 

The  island  was  called  Melita.  And  the  barbarous  people 
shewed  us  no  little  kindness  :  for  they  kindled  a  fire  and 
received  us  every  one.  Acts  xxviii.  1,  2. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  showing  ignorance  of 
arts  and  civilization;  uncivilized;  rude;  wild; 
savage:  as,  barbarous  peoples,  nations,  or  coun- 
tries ;  barbarous  habits  or  customs. 

Thou  art  a  Roman ;  be  not  barbarous. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
What  we  most  require  is  the  actual  examination  by 
trained  observers  of  some  barbarous  or  semi-barbarous 
community,  whose  Aryan  pedigree  is  reasonably  pure. 

Maui.',  Early  haw  anil  Custom,  p.  'J::::. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  barbari- 
ans; adapted  to  the  taste  of  barbarians;  bar- 
baric; of  outlandish  character. 

Emetrius,  king  of  Inde.  a  mighty  name, 
On  a  bay  courser,  goodly  to  behold, 
The  trappings  of  his  horse  emboss'd  with  barbarous  gold. 
Dryden,  Pal.  and  Are.,  iii.  ti.'i. 
Pyrrhus,  seeing  the  Romans  marshal  their  army  with 
some  art  and  skill,  said,  with  surprise,  "These  barbarians 
have  nothing  barbarous  in  their  discipline." 

Hume,  Refinement  in  the  Arts. 

5.  Cruel;  ferocious;  inhuman:  as,  barbarous 
treatment. 

By  their  barbarous  usage  he  died  within  a  few  days,  to 
the  grief  of  all  that  knew  him.  Clarendon. 

6.  Harsh-sounding,  like  the  speech  of  barbari- 
ans :  as,  wild  and  barbarous  music. 

A  barbarous  noise  environs  me.  Milton,  Sonnets,  vii. 
=  Syn.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric  (see  barbarian); 
ruthless,  brutal,  fierce,  bloody,  savage,  truculent. 

barbarously  (bar'ba-rus-li),  adv.  In  a  barba- 
rous manner;  as  a  barbarian,  (a)  Imperfectly; 
without  regard  to  purity  of  speech;  with  admixture  of 
foreign  or  unclassical  words  and  phrases. 

How  barbarously  we  yet  speak  and  write,  your  lordship 
knows,  and  I  am  sufficiently  sensible  in  my  own  English. 
Dryden,  Ded.  of  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

Modern  French,  the  most  polite  of  languages,  is  barba- 
rously vulgar  if  compared  with  the  Latin  out  of  which  it 
has  been  corrupted,  or  even  with  Italian. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 
(b)  As  an  uncivilized,  illiterate,  or  uncultured  person,  (c) 
Savagely;  cruelly;  ferociously;  inhumanly. 

The  English  law  touching  forgery  became,  at  a  later 
period,  barbarously  severe.       Mucniduii,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

barbarousness  (bar'ba-rus-nes),  9t.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barbarous,  (o)  Rudeness  or 
incivility  of  manners,    (ft)  Impurity  of  language. 

It  is  much  degenerated,  as  touching  the  pureneBS  of 
speech ;  being  overgrown  with  barbarousness.  Brereu/ood. 
(r)  Cruelty;  inhumanity;  barbarity. 

barbaryt  (bar'ba-ri),  n.  [<  ME.  barbary,  bar- 
ber//, barbarie,  <  <  >F.  barbaric  =  Sp.  It.  barbarir, 
<  L.  barbaria,  barba ries  (MGr.  liup.iupia),  a 
foreign  country,  barbarism,  <  barbarus,  <  Gr. 
fjapflapoc,  foreign,  barbarous.  Hence,  specifi- 
cally, liarbary,  a  collective  name  for  the  coun- 
tries on  the  north  and  northwest  coasts  of 
Africa,  <  F.  Barbarie,  <  ML.  Barbaria  ;  <l.  Ber- 
ber! i;  Ar.  liarhar/i/au,  <  llarbar,  Jlrrber,  the 
Berbers,  people  of  Barbary  in  northern  Af- 
rica, ult.  <  Gr.  fldpflapor,  foreigner.]  1.  For- 
eign or  barbarous  nationality;  paganism;  hea- 
thenism.—  2.  Barbarity;  barbarism. —  3.  Bar- 
barous speech. — 1.  A  Barbar}  horse;  n  barb. 
See  barb*,  1. 

Thej  arc  ill  built, 
I'in-bitttockcd,  like  your  dainty  barbaries. 

Fletchi  r,  W  Eldgoose  I  lhase. 

Barbary  ape,  gum,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 
Barbary  horse.    Same  as  barb*,  l. 
barbastel,  barbastelle  (biir'bas-tol  or  biir-bas- 
tel' ),  n.    [<  P.  barbastelle  =  It.  barbastt  lb,,  <  L. 

barba,  beard.]  A  common  European  species 
of  long-eared  bat,  BarbasteUus  communis,  Ii. 
daubentoni,  or  I'lecotus  barbastcllus. 


barbel 


Long-eared  Bat  |  BarbasteUus  communis*. 

barbate  (bar'bat),  a.    [<  L.  barbatus,  bearded, 

<  barba,  beard:  see  barb1.]  1.  Furnished 
with  barbs. —  2.  In  bot.,  bearded;  furnished 
with  long  and  weak  hairs.— 3.  In  eool.,  bearded ; 
having  a  tuft  of  hair  or  feathers  on  the  chin ; 
in  entoin.,  bordered  by  long  hairs. 

barbatedt  (bar'ba-ted),  a.  Barbed  or  bearded ; 
barbate:  as,  "a  dart  uncommonly  barbatcd," 
T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Kiddington,  p.  Gi. 

Barbatula  (bar-bat'u-lS,),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
barbatulus,  dim.  of  barbatus,  bearded :  see  bar- 
bate.] A  genus  of  African  scansorial  barbets, 
the  barbions,  of  the  family  Megaleemidts  or 
Capitonidce. 

barb-bolt  (barb'bolt),  n.  A  bolt  whose  edges 
are  jagged  to  [ire vent  ii  from  being  withdrawn 
from  that  into  which  it  is  driven;  a  rag-bolt. 

barbe1,  n.     See  barb1. 

barbe'4,  n.     Same  as  bard-. 

barbe3  (barb),  n.  [F.,  It.,  and  Rumonseh  barba, 

<  ML.  barba,  barbas,  barbanus,  uncle,  lit.  hav- 
ing a  beard,  <  L.  barba,  beard:  see  barb1.] 
A  superior  teacher  or  ecclesiastic  among  the 
Vaudois. 

barbecue  (bar'be-ku),  n.  [Also  barbacue,  and 
formerly  barbicu'e,  barbecu,  borbecu  =  Sp.  barba- 
coa,  <  Haytian  barba.coa,  a  framework  of  sticks 
set  upon  posts.  In  Cuba  barbacoa  designates 
a  platform  or  floor  in  the  top  story  of  country 
houses  where  fruits  and  grain  are  kept.]  1.  A 
wooden  framework  used  for  supporting  over  a 
fire  meat  or  fish  to  be  smoked  or  dried. — 2.  An 
iron  frame  on  which  large  joints  are  placed 
for  broiling,  or  on  which  whole  animals  are 
roasted;  a  large  gridiron. — 3.  The  carcass  of 
an  ox,  hog,  or  other  animal,  roasted  whole. 

A  kid  that  had  been  cooked  in  a  hole  in  the  ground,  with 
embers  upon  it.  .  .  .  This  is  called  a  "barbacoa" — a  bar. 
becue.  Tylor,  Anahuac,  iv.  95.    (.V.  E.  /'. ) 

4.  A  large  social  or  political  entertainment  in 
the  open  air,  at  which  animals  are  roasted 
whole,  and  feasting  on  a  generous  scale  is  in- 
dulged in.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  An  open  floor  or  ter- 
race smoothly  covered  with  plaster  or  asphalt, 
on  which  to  dry  coffee-beans,  etc. 
barbecue  (liiir'i>e-ku),  ».  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
becued, ppr.  barbecuing.  [<  barbecue,  ».]  1. 
To  cure  by  smoking  or  drying  on  a  barbecue 
(which  see). — 2.  To  dress  and  roast  whole, 
as  an  ox  or  a  hog,  by  splitting  it  to  the  back- 
bone, and  roasting  it  on  a  gridiron. 

Rich  puddings  and  big,  and  a  barbecued  pig. 

r.ur/nim,  liiuoldsliy  Legends,  I.  228. 

barbed1  (barbd),  p.  a.  [<  barb1,  v.  or  ».,  + 
-cii-."\  It.  shaved;  trimmed;  having  the  beard 
dressed. — 2.  Furnished  with  barbs,  as  an  ar- 
row, the  point  of  a  fish-hook,  and  the  like:  as, 
"arrows  barbed  with  fire,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi. 
54(5;  "a  barbed  proboscis,"  Sir  /•-'.  Tennent,  Cey- 
lon, ii.  7. 

\n,l,  w  ith  the  same  strong  hand 
That  Hung  the  barbed  spear,  he  tilled  the  land. 

Bryant,  Christmas  in  1S75. 
3.  In  her. :  (a)  Having  barbs:  said  of  the  rose 
used  as  a  bearing.  The  barbs  are  commonly 
colored  green,  and  the  blazon  is  a  rose  gules 
barbed  proper.  ('*)  Having  gills  or  wattles,  us 
a  cock:  as,  a  cock  sable,  barbed  or  (that  is,  a 
black  cock  having  golden  gills).  Also  called 
wattled,  (c)  Having  the  ends  made  with  barbs 
like  those  of  an  arrow-head:  said  especially  of 
a  cross  of  this  form.  Also  called  bearded. — 
Barbed  bolt.  Seeiofti.  Barbed  shot,  a  shot  having 
barbs  or  grapnels.    It  is  tired  from  a  mortar  to  carry  a 

life-line  to  a  wreck.     Barbed  wire,  tw more  wins 

twisted  together,  with  spikes,  1 ks.  or  points  clinched  or 

woven  Into  the  strands,  or  a  sinelc  wire  furnished  with 
sharp  points  or  barbs:  used  for  fences,  and  so  made  for 
the  restraint  of  animals. 

barbed- (1'iirl id),  p. a.  [<  barb-.  V.,  +  -edP.  1'rnp. 
baribil,  q.  v.  I      Same  as  bnnlnl. 

barbel  (biir'bel),  «.  [ME.  barbelle,  barbyUe,  < 
OF.  barbel  (F.  barbeau),  <  ML.  barbettus,  dim. 

nf  barbas.  a  barbel  (lish),  <  barba,  beard:  see 
bar/A.  In  the  sense  of  an  appendage,  barbel 
is  rather  <  NL.  barbella :  see  barbella,  and  cf. 


barbel 

barbule.]  1.  The  common  English  name  of  the 
fish  Barbus  vulgaris,  also  extended  to  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Barbus. —  2.  A  small  cylin- 
drical vermiform  process  appended  to  the  mouth 
of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ  of  touch. 
— 3.  A  knot  of  superfluous  flesh  growing  in  the 
channel  of  a  horse's  mouth.  Also  barbie  and  barb. 

barbella  (bar-bel'S), ».;  pi.  barbella  (-e).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbule  and  bar- 
bel, 2,  3.]     A  small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellate  (bar-bel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  barbellatus, 
<  NL.  bnrlu  Ha,  q.  v.]  Having  small  bristles  or 
barbules:  useil  ehietlv  in  botany.  Also  barbu- 
late. 

barbellula  (bar-bel'u-lij,),  ». ;  pi.  barbcllulw 
(-le).  [NL.,  dim.  of  barbella,  q.  v.]  A  very 
small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellulate  (bar-bel'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  barbel- 
lulatiis,  <  barbellula,  q.  v.]  Having  very  small 
bristles  or  barbules. 

barber  (bar'ber),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
hour,  <  (a)  ME.  barbour,  barbor,  barbur,  <  AF. 
barbour,  OF.  barbeor  (<  L.  as  if  *barbator,  < 
*barbare,  shave:  see  barb1,  v.) ;  mixed  with  (6) 
ME.  barber,  <  OF.  barbier,  F.  barbur  =  It.  bar- 
biere,  <  L.  as  if  *barbarvus,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard  : 
see  barb1,  ».]  1.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
shave  the  beard  and  cut  and  dress  the  hah'. — 
2.  Same  as  surgeon-fish — Barber's  basin,  a  basin 
or  bowl  formerly  used  in  shaving,  having  a  broad  rim 
with  a  semicircular  opening  to  fit  the  neck  of  the  cus- 
tomer, who  held  it,  while  the  barber  made  the  lather  with 
his  hand  and  applied  it  directly :  still  in  use  in  some  parts 
of  Europe  as  a  barber's  sign. — Barber's  pole,  a  pole 
striped  spirally  with  alternate  bands  of  colors,  generally 
red  or  black  and  white,  and  often,  in  Europe,  having  a 
brass  basin  at  the  end,  placed  as  a  sign  at  the  door  of  a 
barber's  shop.  The  striping  is  in  imitation  of  the  ribbon 
with  which  the  arm  of  a  person  who  has  been  bled  is 
bound  up,  and  originally  indicated  that  the  barber  com- 
bined  minor  surgical  operations  with  his  other  work. 

barber  (bar'ber),  v.  t.  [<  barber,  ».]  To  shave 
and  dress  the  hair  of. 

Our  courteous  Antouy,  .  .  . 
Being  barber'd  ten  times  o'er,  goes  to  the  feast. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  2. 

barbera  (bar-ba'ra),  re.  [It.]  An  Italian  red 
wine,  made  in  Piedmont  from  a  variety  of 
grapes  so  called. 

barber-boat  (bar'ber-bot),  re.  A  small  boat 
like  a  canoe,  in  use  at  Canton  in  the  south  of 
China:  probably  so  called  because  in  the  early 
days  of  trade  with  China  native  barbers  used 
such  boats  in  going  about  among  the  shipping. 

barber-chirurgeont  (biir'bei-ki-rer"jon),  re.  A 
barber-surgeon. 

He  put  himself  into  a  barber-chirurgeon's  hands,  who,  by 
unlit  applications,  rarefied  the  tumour. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

barberess  (biir'ber-es),  n.  [<  barber  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  barber;  a  barber's  wife. 

barber-fish  (bar'ber-fish),  re.  In  iohth.,  Teuthis 
ccerulcus  or  some  other  fish  of  the  family  Ten- 
th ididw. 

barbermongert  (bar'ber-mung"ger),  re.  A  man 
who  frequents  the  barber's  shop,  or  prides  him- 
self on  being  dressed  by  a  barber ;  a  fop.  Shale. , 
Lear,  ii.  2. 

barberry  (bar'ber-i),  n. ;  pi.  barberries  (-iz). 
[Also  berberry,  early  mod.  E.  also  barbery,  bar- 
bary,  berbery  (the term,  simulating berry1),<. ME. 
barbere  (cf.  F.  berberis,  formerly  berbere)  =  Sp. 
berberis  =  It.  berberi,  <  ML.  berberis,  barbaris, 
of  uncertain  origin.  The  Ar.  barbaris,  Pers. 
barbdri,  are  from  the  ML.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  Berberis,  B.  vulgaris,  bearing  racemes  of 
yellow  ill-smelling  flowers,  which  produce  red 
elongated  berries  of  a  pleasantly  acid  flavor,  a 
native  of  Europe  and  extensively  naturalized 
in  New  England.  From  the  root  of  the  barberry  a  yel- 
low coloring  matter  is  obtained,  which  when  rendered 
brown  by  alkalis  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.    In  England  also  called  pepperidge  or  piprage. 

See   /;>,/'.  /•/.,'. 

2.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub. 
barberry-fungus  (bar'ber-i-fung"gus),  n.  A 
fungus  which  attacks  the  leaves  of  the  common 
barberry,  formerly  known  as  .Heidi  it  in  Bcr- 
beridis,  but  now  proved  to  be  the  tecidiospore 
stage  of  the  red  and  black  rust  (Puccinia  gra- 
miiiis)  which  is  found  upon  wheat,  oats,  other 
kinds  of  grain,  and  various  species  of  grass. 
Also  called  barberry-rust  or  barberry-elusitr- 
cups.  See  cut  under  I'ueeiitta. 
barber-surgeon (bar'ber-ser'jon),  n.  Formerly, 
one  who  united  the  practice  of  surgery  with 
that  of  a  barber ;  hence,  an  inferior  practitioner 
of  surgery. 

Those  deep  and  public  brands, 
That  the  whole  company  of  barber-surgeons 
Should  not  take  off  with  all  their  arts  and  plaisters. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  To  the  Reader. 
29 


449 

barber-surgery  (bar'ber-s&r//j6r-i),  n.  The 
occupation  or  practice  of  a  barber-surgeon ; 
hence,  bungling  work,  like  that  of  a  low  prac- 
1  il  ionor  of  surgery. 

Slits  it  into  four,  that  he  may  the  bettei fe  at  it  with 

his  barbersurffi  ry,  Milton,  Colasterion. 

barbery1  (bar'ber-i),  it.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
barbary  (ME.  barborery),  <  OF.  barberie,  <  bar- 
bier, a  barber:  see  barber  and  -try.]  If.  A 
barber's  shop. — 2.  The  occupation  or  craft  of 
a  barber.     [Rare.] 

The  union  of  surgery  and  barbery  was  partially  dissolved 
in  ir>40  (:;;!  Henry  V1I1.,  a.  42),  the  barbera  being  confined 

by  that  Act  to  their  own  business,  plus  til t-letting  and 

tooth-drawing.  N.  awl  ','.,  7th  ser.,  II.  19G. 

barbery'2t,  re.    See  barberry. 

barbet't  (bar'bet),  re.  [<  F.  barbette,  OF.  bar- 
bete,  dim.  of  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard:  see 
barb1.]  1.  A  small  beard. —  2.  A  part  of  the 
helmet  in  use  in  the  sixteenth  century;  either 
(a)  the  fixed  beaver  or  mentonnieire,  or  (b)  the 
lowerpart  of  the  vizorwhen  made  in  two  pieces, 
so  that  either  could  be  raised  without  the  other. 
Compare  barbute.     Also  spelled  barbett. 

barbet'-  (bar'bet),  n.  [<  F.  barbet  (prob.  for 
barbe),  <  OF.  barbet,  <  L.  barbatUS,  bearded. 
Cf.  barbute.']  1.  A  variety  of  dog  having  long 
curly  hair;  a  poodle. —  2.  In  ornith.,  any  bird 
of  the  families  Capitonidm  (or  Megalcemida')  and 
Bucconidee.  It  is  a  book-name  which  has  followed  the 
generic  names  Capita  and  Bucco  in  their  various  applica- 
tions to  numerous  zygodactyl birds  with  large  heads,  stout 
bills,  and  prominent  rictal  vibrissas,  inhabiting  both  the  old 
and  the  new  world,  and  has  consequently  no  exact  techni- 
cal meaning.— Flssirostralbarbets,  the  puff-birds;  the 
lords  of  the  family  Bucconidee  (which  see).  They  are  con- 
fined to  America,  belong  to  the  three  leading  genera, 
Bucco,  Monasa,  and  Chelidoptera,  and  include  the  birds 
known  as  barbacous,  tamatias,  or  monases.  (See  thi  se 
words.)  They  are  closely  related  to  the  jacamars  or  Gal- 
bulidce,  but  have  no  special  affinity  with  the  scansorial 
barbets. —  Scansorial  barbets,  the  harbets  proper;  the 
birds  of  the  family  CapitonidcB  (which  see).  They  are 
chiefly  birds  of  the  old  world,  of  the  leading  genera  Po- 
gonias  (or  Pogonorhynchus),  Megalcema,  Calorhamphus, 
Trachyphonus,  Psilopoaon,  etc.,  including  the  African 
birds  known  as  barbions  and  barbicans;  but  they  also 
include  the  South  American  genus  Capito. 

barbettt,  ".     See  barbet1,  2. 

barbette  (bar-bet'),  ».  [F.,  fern.  dim.  of  barbe, 
<  L.  barba,  beard.  Cf.  barbet1.]  The  platform 
or  breastwork  of  a  fortification,  from  which 
cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet  instead 
of  through  embrasures — Barbette-carriage,  a  car- 
riage which  elevates  a  gun  sufficiently  to  enable  it  to  be 
fired  over  the  parapet,  and  lowers  it  again  behind  the 
parapet  after  the  discharge.  See  gun-carriage  —  Bar- 
bette gun,  or  battery,  one  gun,  or  several,  mounted  in 
barbette. —  Barbette  ship,  a  war -vessel,  generally  an 
ironclad,  carrying  heavy  guns  which  are  fired  over  the 
bulwarks  and  not  through  port-holes. —  To  fire  in  bar- 
bette.   See  barbl,  10. 

barb-feathers  (barb 'feTH  "era),  re.  pi.  The 
feathers  under  the  beak  of  a  hawk. 

barbican1  (bar'bi-kan),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbaean,  etc.,  <  ME.  barbican,  berbikan, 
barbygan,  etc.,  <  OF.  barbicane,  barbaquenne, 
mod.  F.  barbicane  =  Pr.  Sp.  barbieana  =  Pg. 
barbicao  =  It.  barbicane,  <  ML.  barbieana,  bar- 
bacana,  *barbacanus,  a  barbican:  supposed  to  be 


Barbican. —  Plan  of  Castle  of  Carcassonne,  France  :  T2th  and  13th 
centuries. 

A,  C,  barbican  protecting  tbe  approach  on  the  side  of  the  town  ;  B, 
sally-port ;  D,  main  barbican  without  the  walls  ;  /•',  /•  ,  Z,  F,  H,  forti- 
fied way  between  the  castle  and  the  barbican  ;  /,  postern-gate,  de- 
fended by  machicolations,  drawbridge,  a  berse,  etc. ;  L,  interior  court 
of  castle  ;  M,  secondary  court ;  N,  N,  covered  galleries  affording  ac- 
commodations in  case  of  siege  ;  O,  O,  chief  gate  of  the  castle  and 
bridge  over  the  moat ;  P,  Q,  Q,  permanent  lodgings,  three  stories  high  ; 
R,  R,  double  donjon,  or  keep;  5",  watch-tower:  T,  guard. post  De- 
tween  the  double  walls  of  the  city ;  V,  barriers  carried  across  the 
space  intervening  between  the  city  walls ;  .f,  Y.  X,  towers  connected 
by  curtains.     ( From  Viullet-lc-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1'  Architecture." ) 


Barbus 

of  Ar.  or  Pers.  origin,  introduced  into  Europe  by 
the  crusaders;  cf.  Ar.  IVrs.  luib-khanah,  a  gate- 
house, gateway  with  a  tower.]  1.  In  nit th' fit! 
fort.,  an  outwork  of  a,  castle  or  fortified  plaoe. 
cm  Properly,  a  post  in  which  a  force  could  be  ahelt<  red  <> 
as  to  be  ready  b'i  a  snrtir  to  protect  communicatio] 
Such  a  work  frequently  supplied  an  advantageous  means 
for  taking  an  assailant  in  lb*-  Hank,  and,  while  communi- 
cating with  the  main  pest,  seldom  contained  the  hi 
entrance  to  it.  (6)  An  outpost  of  any  nature,  as  a  bridge- 
tower,  or  adefense  outside  of  the  moat  protecting  the  ap- 
proach to  the  drawbridge  ;  also  a  gateway-tower  through 
which  the  main  entrance  was  carried. 

Within  the  Ilitrhirnn  a  Porter  sate, 

Day  and  night  duely  keeping  watch  and  ward. 

Speneer,  t.  <;.,  1 1.  ix.  25. 

He  leads  a  body  of  men  close  under  tin-  outer  barrier  of 
the  barbican.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vi. 

2.  A  loophole.     [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

He  caused  certain  barbacans  or  loop-holes  to  be  pierced 
through  the  walls.  Holland,  tr.  of  I.ivy,  \xiv.  :i4. 

3.  A  channel  or  scupper  in  a  parapet  for  the 
dischargo  of  water. 

barbican'-'  (bar'bi-kan),  n.  [Appar.  a  made 
word,  based  (like  barhioit,  q.  v.)  on  F.  barbe, 
a  beard.]  A  scansorial  barbet  of  the  family 
t  'ti/iitoitiilie  and  subfamily  Pogonorhynchinai,  or 
the  genus  Pogonias  in  a  broad  sense.  The  bar- 
bicans are  all  African,  like  the  barbions. 

barbicel  (bar'bi-sel),    re.    [<  NL.  "barbicetta, 

dim.  of  ]/.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbel.]  In 
ornith.,  a  fringing  process  of  the  third  order  of 
a  feather ;  a  fringe  of  a  barbule ;  one  of  the 
processes  with  which  a  barbule  is  fringed,  dif- 
fering from  a  hamulus  or  booklet  in  not  being 
recurved. 

barbiers  (bar'berz),  re.  [See  def.]  A  paralytic 
disease  formerly  very  common  in  India,  and 
believed  to  be  identical  with  beriberi  (which 
see),  or  to  be  another  form  of  that  disease. 

barbigerous  (bar-bij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  barbiger 
(<  barba,  beard,  +  gerere,  carry)  +  -mis.] 
Bearded;  wearing  a  beard:  in  bat.,  applied  to 
petals  that  are  hairy  all  over. 

barbion  (biir'bi-on),  ».  [<  F.  barbion  (?).  < 
barbe,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbet2.]  An  African  scan- 
sorial barbet  of  the  genus  Barbatula,  family 
Met/alecmidw  or  Capitonidce. 

barbiton,  barbitos  (bar'bi-ton,  -tos),  n. ;  pi. 

barbita  (-ta).  [<  Gr.  jiapiitrov,  earlier  {iapjitToc, 
a  word  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.]  An  ancient 
Greek  musical  instrument  of  the  lyre  kind. 

barbie,  it.      See  barbel,  3. 

barbolet,  «■     A  very  heavy  battle-ax. 

barbotine  (bar'bo-tin),  re.  [F.,  wormwood,  se- 
men-contra,  <  barboter,  dabble.]  1.  An  East 
Indian  vegetable  product,  the  chief  constituents 
of  which  are  wax,  gum,  and  bitter  extract. 
Simmonds. — 2.  Worm-seed.  Simmonds. —  3.  In 
eeram.,  same  as  slip. 

barb-pigeon (biirb'pij'on),  n.    Same  as  barb3,  2. 

barbret,  a.    See  barbur. 

barbu  (biir'bu),  n.  [F.,  <  barbe:  see  barb1.] 
1.  A  name,  derived  from  Button  and  other 
French  naturalists,  equivalent  to  barbet  in  any 
of  the  senses  of  the  latter,  as  applied  to  birds 
either  of  the  family  Bucconidee  or  family  ( 'apU 
tttiiithe.  See  these  words,  and  barbet-. —  2.  pi. 
The  birds  of  the  family  Capitonidce  alone,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Bucconidee. 

barbula  (bar'bu-la),  ».  ;  pi.  barbulai(-le).  [L.,  a 
little  beard,  a  small  barb:  see  barbule.]  1. 
Same  as  barbule,  1. —  2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  large 
genus  of  true  mosses  characterized  by  termi- 
nal, erect  fruit,  and  a  peristome  of  long  fili- 
form segments  spirally  twisted  to  the  left. — 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks. 

barbulate  (bar'bu-lat),  a.    Same  as  barbellate. 

barbule  (bar'bul),  u.  [<  L.  barbula,  dim.  of 
barba, beard.]  1.  A  small  barb,  as  of  a  plant : 
a  little  beard.  Also  barbula. 
— 2.  In  ornith.,  one  of  a 
series  of  pointed,  barb-like 
processes  fringing  the  barbs 
of  a  feather. 

As  tlte  rhachis  [of  a  feather] 
bears  its  vane  or  series  of  barbs, 
so  does  each  barb  hear  its  vanes  of 
the  second  order,  or  little  vanes, 
called  barlntles. 

t  tones,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

3.  The  part  of  a  helmet 
which  protects  the  cheeks 
and  chin. 

BarbUS  (bar'bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  barbus,  a  bar- 
bel, <  barba,  beard:  see  barbel.]  An  extensive 
genus  of  cyprinoid  fishes,  containing  the  bar- 
bels, typified  by  the  common  barbel  of  Europe, 


a, Barbs;  *,  *,  Barbules. 
( Highly  magnified. ) 


Barbus 


Barbel  {Barbusvul^ 

B.  vulgaris:  used  with  varying  latitude  by  dif- 
ferent writers. 

barbutet,  "•  [OF.,  orig.  fern,  of  "barbut,  barbu, 
mod.  P,  barbu,  bearded,  <  barbe,  beard.]  1.  A 
steel  cap  without  vizor,  but  covering  the  cheeks 
and  ears,  used  in  the  fifteenth  century  and 
later  by  foot-soldiers,  archers,  etc.,  and  by  the 
common  people  in  times  of  danger. — 2.  A  man- 
at-arms  :  from  the  name  of  the  helmet  worn  by 
heavily  armed  men. 

barca1  (bar'kji),  «.  A  fish  of  the  family  OpMo- 
cephalidte  (Ophiocephalus  barca),  living  in  the 
fresh  waters  of  Bengal. 

barca2  (biir'ka),  n.  [It.,  Sp.,  bark  :  see  bark3.] 
A  boat,  skill',  or  barge.  A.  E.  /' — Barca  longa 
(lit.  long  boat),  a  fishing-boat,  common  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.   Fincham,  Ship-building,  iv.  11. 

Barcan  (bar'kan),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bar- 
ca, a  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  in  northern 
Africa,  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Libyan  desert, 
and  between  Egypt  and  the  gulf  of  Sidra. 

Take  the  wings 
Of  morning,  pierce  the  Barcan  wilderness. 

Bryant,  Tlianatopsis. 

barcarole  (bar'ka-rdT),  n.  [<  It.  barcarolo,  bar- 
caruolo,  a  boatman  (fern,  barcaruola,  >  F.  bar- 
caroUe,  >  E.  barcarole,  a  boatman's  song),  < 
barca,  a,  bark,  barge  :  see  barks.]  1.  An  Ital- 
ian boatman. —  2.  A  simple  song  or  melody 
sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers. —  3.  A  piece  of 
instrumental  music  composed  in  imitation  of 
such  a  song. 

Also  spelled  barcarolle. 

barce  (bars),  n.  [Another  spelling  of  barse, 
q.  v.]  An  English  (Yorkshire)  name  of  the 
stickleback. 

barcelonat  (bar-se-16'na), ».  [Named  fromUnr- 
celona,  a  city  in  Spain.]  A  neck-cloth  of  soft 
silk. 

The  author  of  Waverley  entered ; .  .  .  a  double  barcelona 
protected  his  neck.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  Pref. 

barceilite  (bar'se-nit),  n.  [After  Prof.  Mari- 
ano Jiarcena,  of  Mexico.]  A  hydrous  antimo- 
niate  of  mercury  from  Huitzuco,  Mexico,  de- 
rived from  the  alteration  of  livingstonite. 

B.  Arch.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Archi- 
tecture, a  degree  granted  by  some  colleges  and 
schools  in  the  United  States. 

Barclayite  (bar'kla-it),  n.    Same  as  Berean,  2. 

barcon,  barcone  (bar'kon,  bar-ko'ne),  n.  [<  It. 
barcone,  aug.  of  barca,  a  bark :  see  bark3.]  A 
trading-vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

bar-cutter  (bar'kuf'er),  n.  A  shearing-machine 
which  cuts  metallic  bars  into  lengths.  E,  H. 
Kniijht. 

bard1  (bard),  n.  [Formerly  also  barth,  bardh 
(<  \V.),  and  Sc.  baird  (<  Gael.);  =  F.  barde 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bardo,  <  LL.  bardus,  Gr.  /3dptioc ; 
of  Celtic  origin:  W.  bardd  =  Ir.  and  Gael. 
bard  =  Corn,  bardh  =  Bret,  bars,  a  poet.] 
1.  A  poet  and  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts; 
one  whose  occupation  was  to  compose  and  sing 
verses  in  honor  of  the  heroic  achievements 
of  princes  and  bravo  men,  and  on  other  sub- 
jeet.-,  L'euernlly  to  the  accompuiiiiuent  of  the 
harp.  'I'lie  Welsh  bards  formed  a  hereditary  order  regu- 
lated by  laws,  and  held  stated  festivals  for  competition, 
called  ■ '  teddjods,  which  after  a  long  Bnspension  were  re- 
vived in  the  eighteenth  century.  (See  eisteddfod.)  Then- 
was  also  a  hereditary  gild  oi  bards  in  Ireland,  many  of 

Whom  attained  great  skill. 

There  is  amongest  the  Irish  a  certayne  kind  of  people 
called  Bards,  which  are  to  them  insteede  of  poetts,  whose 
profession  is  to  sett  f oorth  the  prayses  and  disprayscsof 
meninthcyr  poi  n I  times.   Spenser,  State  of  Inland. 

2f.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  strolling  musician ; 
a  minstrel:  classed  with  vagabonds,  as  an  ob- 
ject  of  penal  laws. 

All  vagabundis,  fulls  [fools],  bardi   scudlazis,  and  siollke 
idill  pepiU,  sail  oi   brlnt  in  thi  che<  k, 
Kenneth' t  Stat.,  in  Sir  J.  Balfour's  Practick,  080.  <N.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  modern  use,  a  poet:  as,  the  bare?  of  Avon 

(Shaksperc);  the  Ayrshire  hard  <  Knrn    i. 

Bard,  h  ho  with  some  diviner  art 
Hast  touched  the  bard'ts  true  lyre,  a  in 

I  I '.  Lamartlne. 

4.  [See  def.  2  and  hard//,  and  el',  skald,  scald, 
a  poet,  as  related  to  scold.]  A  scold:  applied 
only  to  women.     [Shetland.] 


450 

bard2  (bard),  ».  [Also  corruptly  barb2,  formerly 
barde,  <  F.  barde  (  =  It.  Sp.  1'g.  barda),  the 
trappings  of  a 
horse,  the  de- 
fensive armor 
of  a  war-horse. 
Cf.  up.  bardeUe 
(see  bardelle),  F. 
dial.  aubarde, 
Sp.  Pg.  aCbarda, 
a  pack-saddle,  < 
Ar.  al-barda'dh, 
<  al,  the,  +  bar- 
ila'ah,  a  pad  of 
wool  placed  un- 
der a  saddle, 
a  pack-saddle. 
But  the  meaning 
seems  to  have 
been  influenced 
by  Icel.    bardh, 


Horse-armor  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Germany. 
a.  chamfron  ;  b,  criniere ;  c,  poitrel ;  </, 
croupiere,  or  buttock-piece. 


the  beak  or  prow  of  a  ship  of  war,  the  brim  of 
a  helmet,  orig.  a  beard,  =  E.  beard  (see  beard) ; 
hence  the  variations  of  form,  barde  and  barbe."] 
1 .  Any  one  of  the  pieces  of  defensive  armor  used 
in  medieval  Europe  to  protect  the  horse.  There  is 
no  record  of  any  general  use  of  such  armor  in  antiquity  or 
among  Oriental  peoples,  or  in  the  European  middle  a_.s 
before  the  fifteenth  century.  Housings  of  different  kinds 
of  stuff,  sometimes  quilted  and  wadded  in  exposed  parts, 
the  saddle  with  its  appurtenances,  and  occasionally  a 
chamfron,  were  all  the  defense  provided  for  horses  until 
that  time.  The  piece  of  armor  most  commonly  used  after 
the  chamfron  (which  see)  was  the  bard  of  the  breast.  See 
poitrel.  The  croupiere,  or  part  covering  the  haunches,  was 
added  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  ;  but  after  the 
wars  of  the  Roses  the  bards  reached  their  fullest  develop- 
ment, and  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  horse  was 
covered  as  completely  with  steel  as  the  body  of  his  rider. 
See  croupiere. 

Hence — 2.  pi.  The  housings  of  a  horse,  used 
in  tourneys,  justs,  and  processions  during  the 
later  middle  ages.  They  were  most  commonly 
of  stuff  woven  or  embroidered  with  the  arm's 
of  the  rider. 

The  bases  and  bank's  of  their  horse  were  grene  sattyn. 
Hull,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  1(1548). 

3.  pi.  Armor  of  metal  plates,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.     See  armor. 

A  compleat  French  man-at-armes  with  all  his  bards. 

Florin,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  II.  ix.  225.    (N.  E.  I>.) 

bard2  (bard),  v.  t.  [<  bard'-, n.]  To  caparison 
with  bards,  as  a  horse  ;  to  furnish  or  accoutre 
with  armor,  as  a  man. 

Fifteen  hundred  men  .  .  .  barded  and  richly  trapped. 
Stow,  Edw.  IV.,  an.  14T4. 
Above  the  foaming  tide,  I  ween, 
Scarce  hall  the  charger's  neck  was  seen; 
For  he  was  barded  from  counter  to  tail. 
And  the  rider  was  armed  complete  in  mail. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  29. 

bard3  (bard),  n.  [<  F.  barde  (=  Pg.  barda  =  Sp. 
albarda),  a  strip  of  bacon;  a  particular  use  of 
barde,  trappings:  seebard2.]  A  strip  of  bacon 
used  to  cover  a  fowl  or  meat  in  roasting. 

bard3  (bard),  v.  t.  [<  bard3,  n.]  To  cover  with 
thin  bacon,  as  a  bird  or  meat  to  be  roasted. 

bardasht  (biir'dash),  n.  [<  F.  bardache,  <  Sp. 
bardaxa  =  It.  baraascia,  <  Ar.  bardaj,  slave, 
captive.]     A  boy  kept  fur  unnatural  purposes. 

barde1,  barde2, '».     See  bard1,  bard2. 

barded  (bar'ded),  p.  a.  [<  bard2  +  -erf2.  Cf. 
barbed'-.']  Furnished  with  or  clad  in  armor: 
said  of  a  war-horse. 

bardellet  (bar-del'),  »■  [<  OF.  bardelle  (=  It. 
bardeUa),  dim.  of  barde:  see  bard2.]  A  pack- 
saddle  made  of  cloth,  stuffed  with  straw,  and 
tied  down  tightly  with  pack-thread. 

Bardesanism  (bar-des'a-nizm),  n.  [<  Barde- 
sanes +  -ism.]  The  doctrinal  system  of  the 
Bardesanists. 

Bardesanist  (bar-des'a-nist),  ».  One  of  the 
followers  of  Bardesanes,  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 
potamia, in  the  second   and  third  centuries. 

He  is  said    to   have   taught    dnetrilles   resembling   those   of 

the  Gnostic  Valentinus,  na Iv  :  a  He  lf-e\istent  principle 

of  evil;  that  the  soul  is  Imprisoned  in  the  body  by  way 
of  punishment;  and  that  therefore  a  body  was  not  assumed 
by  Christ  in  his  incarnation,  and  is  not  to  be  raise,  i  at  the 
resurrection.  Recent  discussions  have  shown,  lmwevcr, 
that  the  true  nature-  of  his  doctrines  remains  an  open 
question.  There  are  still  extant  Syriac  hymns  and  prose 
week-   ascribed   I"  bardesanes. 

Bardesanite  (biir-des'a-nit),  n.  [<  Bardesanes 
+  -Hi-.]    A  Bardesanist. 

He  (Maid]  looked  upon  what  he  considered  to  be  Chris- 
tianity proper,  that  is.  Christianity  as  it  had  been  devel- 
oped among  the  sects  of  the  I'.asiljdians,  Maninmtcs,  and 
perhaps  llardenanites,  as  a  comparatively  valuable  and 
sound  religion,  Bneye.  BriL,  XV.  485. 

bardic  (bar'dik),a.  [<  bard1  +  -ic]  t  if .  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  character  of  a  bard  or 
bards. 


bare 

Here,  in  the  open  air  -in  "  the  eye  of  light  and  the  face 
of  the  sun,"  to  use  the  bardie  style  —  the  decrees  were  pro- 
nounced, and  the  Druids  harangued  the  people. 

/.  ir  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  20. 

barding   (btir'ding),    ft.      [<  bard2  +  -ingl.] 

Horse-armor  in  general:  usually  in  the  plural. 
See  bard2,  1. 

bardisb.  (bar'dish),  a.  [<  bard*  + -ish1.]  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  bards:  as,  "bard- 
islt  impostures,"  Seklen,  Drayton's   1'olyolbion. 

bardism  (bar'dizm),  n.  [<  bard1  +  -ism.]  The 
science  of  bards;  bardic  principles  or  methods. 

bardlet  (bard'let),  n.    [<  bard*  +  -let.]  A  bard- 

ling. 
bardling  (biird'ling),  «.    [(.bard1 -¥ -liny1.]   An 
inferior  bard ;    a  mediocre   or  inexperienced 
poet. 

The  forte  of  bardlings  is  the  foible  of  a  bard. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  109. 

bardocucullus  (bar  do-ku-kul'iis),  ».;  pi.  bar- 
docucuUi  (-i).  [NL.]  '  A  kind  of  cowled  cloak 
anciently  worn  by  some  Gallic  peasants,  and 
adopted  by  Romans  and  monks.     See  cueullus. 

bards  (bardz),  «.  [Sc.;  cf.  F.  barbate,  an  eel- 
pout.]  A  local  name  in  Edinburgh  of  the  eel- 
pout,  Zoarces  viviparus. 

hardship  (bard'ship),  n.  [<  bard1  +  -slii/>.] 
The  office  of  bard;  position  or  standing  as  a 
bard. 

The  Captain  .  .  .  showed  a  particular  respect  for  my 
bardship.  Burns,  BorderTour,  p.  569.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

bardy  (biir'di).  a.  [<  bard1,  in  the  depreciative 
senses  (defs.  2  and  4),  -I-  -y1.]  Bold-faced;  de- 
fiant; audacious.     [Scotch.] 

bare1  (bar),  a.      [<  ME.  bare,  bar,<.  AS.  bwr  = 

05.  ow  =  OFries.  ber  =  D.  boar  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bar,  G.  bar,  boar  =Icel.  &<<(•  =Sw.  Dan.  bar 
=  OBulg.  iosii  =  Lith.  bogus,  bogus,  ban1;  orig. 
meaning  prob.  'shining';  cf.  Skt.  v'  bhas, 
shine.]  1.  Naked;  without  covering :  as,  bare 
arms;  the  trees  are  bare. 

Thou  wast  naked  and  bare.  Ezek.  xvi.  7. 

Envy  finds 
More  food  in  cities  than  on  mountains  bare. 

Lowell,  Dara. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered.  In  numismatic  de- 
scriptions, said  of  a  head  on  a  coin  or  medal  when  uncov- 
ered or  devoid  of  any  adornment,  such  as  a  diadem  or 
laurel-wreath. 

When  once  thy  foot  enters  the  church,  be  bare. 

Herbert,  Church  Porch. 
Thou  standest  bare  to  him  now,  workest  for  him. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  357. 

3.  Open  to  view ;  unconcealed  ;  undisguised. 

Bare  in  thy  guilt,  In  rw  foul  must  thou  appear ! 

Mill, in,  S.  A.,  1.  902. 

4.  Lacking  in  appropriate  covering  or  equip- 
ment; unfurnished:  as,  bare  walls. —  5t.  Plain; 
simple ;  unadorned  ;  without  polish. 

Yet  was  their  manners  then  but  bare  and  plain. 

Spenner. 

6.  Threadless;  napless. 

It  appears,  by  their  bare  liveries, 
That  thev  live  by  votir  bare  words. 

Shak.,  T.  fi.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

7.  Poor;  destitute;  indigent;  empty;  unfur- 
nished ;  unprovided  with  what  is  necessary 
or  comfortable :  absolutely  or  with  of. 

I  have  made  Esau  bare.  Jer.  xlix.  10. 

I'pon  her  death,  when  her  nearest  friends  thought  her 
verv  bare,  her  executors  found  in  her  .strong  box  about 
£150  in  gold.  ■s'"-i/>,  Death  of  Stella. 

Tho'  your  violence  should  leave  them  bare 
O/gold  and  silver,  swords  and  darts  remain. 

lirtidrii,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

8.  Empty;  valueless;  paltry;  worthless. 

Net  what  we  give,  but  what  we  share  — 

For  the  gilt  without  the-  giver  is  hare. 

Lowell,  sir  l.aunfal. 

9.  Mere;  scarcely  or  just  sufficient:  as,  the 
bare  necessaries  of  life;  a  bare  subsistence. 

Pray  you,  cast  off  these  fellows,  its  unfitting 
For  your  bare  knowledge,  and  far  more  your  company. 
Beau,  and  /■'/.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 

10.  Unaccompanied;  without  addition;  sim- 
ple. 

It  was  a  bare  petition  of  a  state.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

11.  Unadorned;  without  literary  or  artistic  ef- 
fect; bald;  meager. 

Much  has  yet  t<-  be  done  to  make  even  the  bare  annals 
of  the  time  coherent  Athenaeum,  No.  3007,  p.  170. 

12.  In  bccr-makin<j,  not  completely  covered  by 
the  bubbles  tunned  in  fermentation:  said  of  the 
surface  of  beer. —  13f.   Kaw  ;  excoriated. 

Mow  loans  dyes  in  whottest  summers  day 
ho  seize  upon  si. me  beast,  whose  flesh  Is  bare. 

Spenser,  F.  l>.,  VI.  xi.  48. 

14f.  Lean;  spare. 


451 

stance,  +  -in".]     A  transparent,   gelatinous, 

mucus-like  substance,  tlio  product  of  certain 
nigh'  growing  i"  thermal  sulphur-springs,  to 
which  they  impart  the  flavor  and  odor  of  flesh- 
broth.     Baregin  is  itself  odorless  and  tasteless.     It  i 

i. ii us.  when  dry,  from  30  to 80  percent,  ol  mineral  matter, 
chiefly  silica.  Che  organic  matter  contains  no  sulphur  and 
ii i  in  12  per  cent,  of  nitrogen. 

bare-gnawnt  (biir'nan),  a.  Gnawed  or  eaten 
bare,    shut.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

barehanded  (bar'han'ded),  «•    l-  witn  lm~ 

covered  hands. — 2.  Destitute  of  in is;  with 

no  aid  but  one's  own  hands:  as,  he  began  life 
barehanded. 
'"'"'■  <  "V?,-r ''"'',""  -(m  C°Tm!;'  bareheaded  (bar'hed"ed),  a.    Having  the  head 
"tan  (=  OHG.  baron  =  Icel      uncovered  especially  as  a  token  of  respect. 

'1^'J^^A^U^.  Etot,  you  shk  swear  never  to  name  my  lori 

Or  hear  him  namd  hereafter,  but  bare-headed. 

Fletcher  (and  another?),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iv.  1. 

On  being  first  brought  before  the  court,  Ridley  st I 

bareheaded.  Framle,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxxiu. 

bareheadedness  (bar'hed"ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bareheaded. 

Bareheadedness  was  in  Corinth,  as  also  in  all  Greece  and 
Rome,  a  token  of  honour  anil  superiority. 

Bp.  Halt,  Remains,  p.  237. 

Barea  (ba're-ii),  n~.pl.    [Gr.,  neut.  pi.  of  flapif,  barely  (bar'li),  adv.    [<  bare1  +  -ly2.]    1.  Na- 


bare 

Fat.    For  their  bareness,  I  am  sure  thoy  never  learned 
that  of  me. 

/•rime.  .  .  .  Unlessyou  call  three  lingers  on  the  ribs/Mir. 
Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
Bare  contract,  in  law,  an  unconditional  promise  or  sur- 
render  —Bare  windt,  naut.,  a  wind  that  is  scant,  or  too 
much  ahea.l  to  ml  the  sails.-  The  bare,  (a)  In  art,  the 
nude.  [Have.]  fit)  The  uncovered  or  unhidden  surface; 
the  body  ;  the  substance.    [Rare.  1 

\  ,iu  have  tnii.  lied  the  very  bare  of  truth.  Marston. 

To  lay  bare,  to  uncover;  expose  t..  view  or  to  know. 
ledge,  as  something  hidden  or  a  secot  of  any  kind.— 
Under  bare  poles  ma  at.),  said  of  a  ship  with  no  sail  set, 
in  a  gale  of  wind.  =  Syn.  See  mere. 
bare1  (bar),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bared,  ppr 
billing.  [<  ME.  ba 
dhiiiiiiii),  also  bcr, 
Inra),  mako  bare, 

1.  To  make  bare  ;  uncover ;  divest  of  covering: 
as,  to  bare  one's  head  or  one's  breast. 

He  bared  an  ancient  oak  of  all  her  houghs.         Dryden. 
That  cry  .  .  .  that  seemed  to  iare 
A  wretched  life  of  every  softening  veil. 

William  Harris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  159. 

2.  To  disclose;  make  manifest;  lay  bare:  as, 
to  bare  the  secrets  of  the  grave.     [Archaic] 

bare2  (bar).     Old  preterit  of  bear1 


jiapia,  heavy.']    An  Aristotelian  group  of  birds 

corresponding  to  the  Linnean  (inllintv,  includ 

ing  the  gallinaceous  or  rasorial  birds. 
bareback  (bar'bak),  a.  and  ado.     I.  a.  Using 

or  performing  on  a  barebacked  horse :   as,  a 

bareback  rider. 

II.  adr.  On  a  barebacked  horse:  as,  to  ride 

bareback. 
barebacked   (bar'bakt),  a.     Having  the  back 

uncovered;  unsaddled,  as  a  horse. 
barebind,  »•    See  bearbine. 
barebone  (bar'bon),   n.     A  very  lean  person. 

[Rare.] 
Here  comes  lean  Jack,  here  comes  bare-bone. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bareboned  (bar'bond),  a.  Having  the  bones 
bare  or  scantily  covered  with  flesh;  so  lean 
that  the  bones  show  their  forms. 

But  now  that  fair  fresh  mirror,  dim  and  old, 
Shows  me  a  bareboned  death  by  time  outworn. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1761. 

barefaced  (bar'fast),  «.  1.  With  the  face  un- 
covered ;  not  masked. 

Then  you  will  play  bare-faced.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 
2.  Undisguised;  unreserved ;  without  conceal- 
ment; open:  in  a  good  or  an  indifferent  sense. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  this  use.] 


kedly;  openly;  without  disguise  or  conceal- 
ment.—  2.  Scantily;  poorly:  as,  a  man  barely 
clad,  or  a  room  barely  furnished. — 3.  Only 
just;  no  more  than;  with  nothing  over  or  to 
spare :  as,  she  is  barely  sixteen. 

In  paying  his  debts  a  man  barely  does  his  duty. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

Fox  himself  barely  succeeded  in  retaining  his  seat  for 
Westminster.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  xv. 

4.  Merely;  only.     [Archaic] 

It  is  not  barely  a  man's  abridgment  in  his  external  ac- 
commodations which  makes  him  miserable.  South, 

baremant  (bar'man),  n.     [Sc,  also  bainnan ;  < 

lain  i  +  man.']  A  bankrupt.  [Scotch.] 
bareness  (bar'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  bare. 
(«)  Want  or  deficiency  of  clothing  or  covering  ;  naked- 
ness. (6)  Deficiency  of  appropriate  covering,  equipment, 
furniture,  ornament,  etc.:  as,  "old  December's  bareness,  ' 
Shak.,  Sonnets,  xcvii. 

To  make  old  bareness  picturesque, 
And  tuft  with  grass  a  feudal  tower. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  exxviii. 

(c)  Leanness.    [Rare.]    (d)  Poverty ;  indigence. 

Stript  of  .  .  .  its  Priveleges,  and  made  like  the  primitive 
Church  for  its  Rareness.  South,  Sermons,  I.  229. 

bare-picked     (bar'pikt),     a.     Picked    bare; 
stripped  of  all  flesh,  as  a  bone. 
The  bare-picked  bone  of  majesty.     Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 


It  [Christianity!  did  not  peep  in  dark  corners,  .  .  .  but  bare-pump  (bar'punip),  n.    A  pump  for  drawing 


with  a  barefaced  confidence  it  openly  proclaimed  itself. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  41S. 

3.  Undisguised  or  open,  in  a  bad  sense ;  hence, 
shameless;  impudent;  audacious:  as,  a  bare- 
faced falsehood. 

See  the  barefaced  villain,  how  he  cheats,  lies,  perjures, 
robs,  murders  t  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  17. 

A  wretch,  .  .  .  guilty  of  .  .  .  barefaced  inconstancy. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xviii. 

barefacedly  (bar'fast-li),  adv.     In  a  barefaced 

manner;  without  disguise  or  reserve;  openly; 

shamelessly ;  impudently. 

Some  profligate  wretches  own  it  too  barefacedly.    Locke. 

Barefacedly  unjust.       Carlyle,  Fred,  the  Gt.,  IV.  xii.  11. 

barefacedness  (bar'fast-nes),  n.    1.  Openness. 

—  2.  Effrontery;  assurance;  audaciousness. 

barefit   (bar'fit),  a.     Barefoot  or  barefooted. 

[Scotch.] 


liquor  from  a  cask:  used  in  vinegar-works, 
wine-  and  beer-cellars,  in  sampling,  etc.  Also 
called  bar-pump. 

bare-ribbed  (bar'ribd),  a.  With  bare  ribs  like 
a  skeleton:  as,  "bare-ribbed  death,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  v.  2. 

bares,  ».     Plural  of  baris,  1. 

baresark  (bar'sark),  n.  [<  bare1  +  sark;a 
lit.  translation  of  berserker,  Icel.  berserkr,  in 
the  supposed  sense  of  'bare  shirt';  but  see 
berserker.]     A  berserk  or  berserker. 

Many  of  Harold's  brothers  in  arms  fell,  and  on  his  own 

ship  every  man  before  the  mast,  except  his  hand  of  liai-e- 

sarks,  was  either  wounded  or  slain.  Edinburgh  Her. 

baresark   (bar'siirk),   adv.      In   a   shirt  only; 

without  armor. 

I  will  go  baresark  to-morrow  to  the  war. 

Kingsley,  Uereward,  p.  lti'.h 


barefoot  (bar'fut),  a.  and  adv.    [<  ME.  bare-  baresthesiometer   (bar-es-the-si-om'e-ter),   ». 
fote,  barfot,  <  AS.  barfot  (=  OFries.  berfot  = 
D.  barrevoet  =  Icel.  berfcettr),  <  bar,  bare,  + 
fot,  foot.]     I.  a.  Having  the  feet  bare;  with- 
out shoes  and  stockings. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out, 

One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  2. 


[<  Gr.  jidpoc,  weight,  +  aicdnoic,  perception,  + 
fiirpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  testing 
the  sense  of  pressure.  Also  spelled  barwsthe- 
siometer. 

baret,  n.     See  barret2. 

bare-worn  (bar'worn),  a.  Worn  bare;  naked: 
as,  "the  bare-worn  common,"  Goldsmith,  Des. 
Vil. 
barf  (barf),  it.  Same  as  bttrgh. 
bar-fee  (bfir'fe),  it.  In  English  law,  a  fee  of  20 
pence,  which  every  prisoner  acquitted  (at  the 
bar)  of  felony  formerly  paid  to  the  jailer. 

Same  as  calico-bass. 
bar-frame  (bSr'fram),  n.    The  frame  support- 
V    hareae    so  called     ing  the  ends  of  the  grate-bars  in  furnaces. 
\^fe™ees    barful  (bar'ful),  a.     [<  bar1  +  -fid.]    Pull  of 
obstructions  or  impediments.     [Kare.J 
I'll  do  my  best 
To  woo  your  lady  :  [Aside]  yet,  a  harfal  strife  ! 
Whoe'er  I  woo,  myself  would  be  his  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

bargain  (biir'gan),  n.  [<  ME.  bargain,  bar- 
gayne,  bargeyn,  bargen,  etc.,  <  OF.  bargains, 
bargaigne  =Pr.  barganh,  barganha  =  X?g.  bar- 


Plcssitlgs  mii  thee,  little  man. 

Barefoot  hoy,  with  check  of  tan! 

Wliittier,  Barefoot  Boy. 

II.  adv.  With  the  feet  bare. 

I  must  dance  barefoot.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

barefooted  (bar'fut-ed),  a.    [<  barefoot  +  -ed1.] 

Having  the  feet  bare.  — Barefooted  Augustmians.  bar-fish  (biir'fish),  it. 

See  Auaustinian.— Barefooted  Carmelites.     See  Ca 

melite.  ' 
barege   (ba-razh'),  n.     [< 

from  Bareges,  a  watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees 

See  def .]     A  thin  gauze-like  fabric  for  women's 

dresses,  usually  made  of  silk  and  worsted,  but, 

in  the  inferior  sorts,  with  cotton  in  place  of  silk. 

In  reality  bareges  were  never  made  in  the  village  from 

which  they  have  their  name,  the  seat  of  the  manufacture 

being  at  Bagneres-de-Bigorre  in  the  Pyrenees. 

baregin,  baregine  (ba-ra'zhin),  ».    [<  Bardges 
(see  barege),  the  springs  of  which  yield  the  sub- 


bargain-chop 

t/aiiha  =  It.    bargagiia    (1'r.    also    barganh  =  It. 

oargagno),  <  ML.  'barcania,  ba/rcanium,a  bar- 
gain, traffic;  ef.  liiininm,  V.  Origin  unknown  ; 
supposed  by  Diez  and  others  to  be  from  ML. 
lane, i.  a  boat,  bark,  or  barge,  but  evidence  is 

wanting.]     It.  The  net  of  discussing  tin- terms 
of  a  proposed  agreement ;  bargaining. 
I'll  give  thrice  bo  mui  h  land 
To  any  well-deserving  friend; 
But  in  the  way  of  bargain,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak     i  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

2t.  A  contention  or  contest  for  the  mastery  or 
upper  hand;  a  struggle. 
On  Brudusside  the  better  of  that  blond  ie  ha, -name  went. 
Warner,  Albion's  Eng.,  XIV.  xe.  865.    (.V.  K.  V.) 

3.  A  contract  or  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  parties;  a  compact  settling  that  some- 
thing shall  be  done;  specifically,  a  contract  by 
which  one  party  binds  himself  to  transfer  tin- 
right  to  some  property  for  a  consideration,  and 
the  other  party  binds  himself  to  receive  the 
property  and  pay  the  consideration. 

To  clap  this  royal  bargain  up  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
Bos.     But  if  yon  do  refuse  to  marry  me, 
You'll  give  yourself  to  this  io..st  faithful  shepherd? 

Phe.     So  is  the  bargain.      Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

"Our  fathers,"  said  one  orator,   "sold  their  king  for 

southern  gold,  and  we  still  lie  under  the  reproach  of  that 

foul  bargain."  Mae,,, day,  Hist.  Eng.,vi. 

4.  The  outcome  of  an  agreement  as  regards 
one  of  the  parties ;  that  which  is  acquired  by 
bargaining ;  the  thing  purchased  or  stipulated 
for:  as,  look  at  my  bargain;  a  bad  bargain;  "a 
losing  bargain,"  Junius,  Letters,  v. 

She  was  too  fond  of  her  most  filthy  bargain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

5.  Something  bought  or  sold  at  a  low  price ; 
an  advantageous  purchase. 

If  you  have  a  taste  for  paintings,  egad,  you  shall  have 
'em  a  bargain.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

Bargain  and  sale,  or,  more  fully,  deed  of  bargain  and 
sale,  in  law,  the  form  of  deed  now  in  common  use  for  the 
conveyance  of  land :  so  called  because  it  is  expressed  as  a 
sale  for  a  pecuniary  consideration  agreed  on,  being  thus 
distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from  a  quitclaim,  which  is 
a  release,  and  on  the  other  hand  from  the  old  conveyance 
by  covenant  to  stand  seized  to  uses.— Dutch  or  wet  bar- 
gain, a  bargain  sealed  by  the  parties  drinking  over  it.— 
Into  the  bargain,  over  and  above  what  is  stipulated ; 
moreover ;  besides. 

Faith,  Charles,  this  is  the  most  convenient  thing  you 
could  have  found  for  the  business,  for 'twill  serve  not  only 
as  a  hammer,  but  a  catalogue  into  the  bargain. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 
To  beat  a  bargain,  to  bargain  ;  haggle.— To  buy  at  a 
bargain,  to  buv  cheaply.— To  buy  the  bargain  deart, 
to  pay  dearly  for  a  thing.—  To  make  the  best  of  a  bad 
bargain,  to  do  the  best  one  can  in  untoward  circum- 
stances. 

I  am  sorry  for  thy  misfortune  ;  however,  we  must  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  bargain.     Arbuthrwt,  Hist,  of  Jehu  Bull. 
To  sell  a  bargaint,  to  entrap  one  into  asking  innocent 
questions,  so  as  to  give  an  unexpected  answer,  usually  a 
coarse  or  indelicate  one. 
The  boy  hath  sold  him  a  bargain.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L. ,  ill- 1. 
I  see  him  ogle  still,  and  hear  him  chat ; 
Selling  facetious  bargains,  and  propounding 
That  witty  recreation  calld  dumfounding. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  46. 

No  maid  at  court  is  less  asham'd, 

Howe'er  for  selling  bargains  fam'd.  Sutift. 

To  strike  a  bargain,  to  complete  or  ratify  a  bargain 

or  an  agreement,  originally  by  striking  or  shaking  hands. 

=  Syn.  3.  Covenant,  mutual  engagement. 

bargain  (biir'gan), !'.  [<  ME.  bargainen,  bargaij- 
nr n.  etc.,  <OP.  bargaigner  (F.  barguigner) =Pr. 
Pg.  barganhar  =  It.  bargagnare,  <  ML.  barea- 
niare,  traffic,  trade,  <  "barcania,  traffic:  see  the 
noun.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  treat  about  a  trans- 
action ;  make  terms. 

The  thrifty  state  will  bargain  ere  they  fight.  Dryden. 
2.  To  come  to  or  make  an  agreement ;  stipu- 
late; make  or  strike  a  bargain:  with  a  person, 
for  an  object:  as,  ho  bargained  with  the  pro- 
ducers for  a  daily  supply. 

So  worthless  peasants  bargain  for  their  wives 
As  market-men  for  oxen,  sheep,  or  horse. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 
I  alighted,  and  having  bargained  with  my  host  for  20 
crow  nes  a  moneth,  I  caused  a  good  fire  to  be  made  in  my 
chamber.  En  lyn,  Diary,  Nov.  4, 1644. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  arrange  beforehand  by  nego- 
tiation and  agreement. 
'Tis  bargain'd  .  .  . 
That  she  shall  still  be  curst  in  company. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2t.  To  agree  to  buy  or  sell — To  bargain  away, 
to  part  with  or  lose  as  the  result  of  a  bargain. 
The  heir  .  .  .  had  somehow  bargained  away  the  estate. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  Int. 

bargain-chop  (b&r'gan-chop),  n.  A  kind  of 
gambling  ' '  option  "  on  opium  to  arrive,  formerly 
common  among  foreign  traders  in  China. 


bargainee 
bargainee  t biir-ga-no'),  ».   [<  bargain,  v.,  +  -re ; 

OF.  hurifaUjnr,  pp.  of  luirgnijiner.]  In  JflW,  the 
part;  to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale  is  made. 
Wharton. 
bargainer  (bar'gan-er),  ».  [ME.  barganar; 
<  Ixm/xin,  c,  +  -eel.]  One  who  bargains  or 
stipulates;  specifically,  in  lair,  the  party  in  a 
contract  who  stipulates  to  sell  and  convey 
property  to  another  by  bargain  and  sale.  In 
the  latter  sense  also  spelled  bargainor. 

Though  a  generous  giver,  she  [Nature]  is  a  hard  bar- 
gainer.         "'.  Mathi  ws,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  339. 
bargainman  (biii-'gan-man),  n. ;  pi.  bargainmen 
(-men).     In  coal-mining,  a  man  who  does  bar- 
gain-work.    [North.  Eng.] 
bargainor   (bar'gan-or),  n.       Iii  tow,  same  as 
bargainer. 
bargain-work  (bar'gan-werk),  n.    In  eoal-mw- 
ing,  any  underground  work  done  by  contract. 
[North.  Eng.]  ,  ,„    ,  „ 

bargander  (bar'gan-der),  11.     A  local  (Norfolk, 

England)  form  of  bergander. 
bargarett,  «■    A  variant  of  bt  rgt  ret. 
bargei  (barj),  n.     [<  ME.  barge,  <  OF.  barge 
(ML.  reflex  bargia)  =  Pr.  barga,  <  ML.  barga, 
appar.  a  var.  of  LL.  /wmi.  a  bark:  see  bark3.] 

1.  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  sort. 

His  barge  ycleped  was  the  Maudeleyne. 

CAoucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T„  1.  410. 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden  used  in 
loading  and  unloading  ships,  and,  on  rivers  and 
canals,  for  conveying  goods  from  one  place  to 

another. 

By  the  margin,  willow-veil  ,1, 
Slide  the  heavy  bar.jis  trail'd 
By  slow  horses.    Tennyson,  Lady  of  Snalott. 

3.  A  long,  double-banked  boat,  spacious  and 
of  elegant  construction,  for  the  use  of  flag- 
officers  of  ships  of  war.— 4.  A  practice-boat 
used  by  crews  in  training  for  a  race.  It  is  com- 
monly a  long,  narrow,  lap-streak  boat,  somewhat 
wider  and  stronger  than  a  shell,  and  thus  better 
fitted  for  rough  water.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  A  boat  for 
passengers  or  freight,  two-decked,  but  without 
sails  or  power,  and  in  service  towed  by  a  steam- 
boat or  tug:  used  for  pleasure-excursions  and 
for  the  transportation  of  hay  and  other  bulky 
merchandise.  [U.  S.]  — 6.  A  pleasure-boat; 
in  former  times,  a  vessel  or  boat  of  state,  often 


4  5 13 


bark 

been  removed  for  the  purpose  of  getting  at  the 
underlying  rock. 

bar-iron  (bar'i  em),  n.  Wrought-iron  rolled 
into  the  form  of  bars.     See  iron. 

baris  (bar'is),  n.\  pi.  hairs  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  jiapic, 
a  boat:  see  barW.]  1.  In  Egypt,  antiq.:  (a) 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  for  transporting 
merchandise,  etc.,  on  the  Nile:  the  Greek 
term  for  the  Egyptian  makhen.     (b)  The  sacred 


State  Barge. 


magnificently  adorned,  furnished  with  elegant 
apartments,  canopied  ami  cushioned,  decorated 
with  banners  and  draperies,  ami  propelled  by 
a  numerous  body  of  oarsmen:  used  by  sover- 
ts,  officers,  magistrates,  etc.,  and  in  various 
pageants,  as  the  marriage  of   the  Adriatic  at. 
nd  the  Lord  Mayor's  parade  at  London. 
trgi  jhe  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne, 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  •'.,  n.  2. 

7.  In  New  England,  a  large  wagon,  coach,  or 
omnibus  tor  carrying  picnic  parties  or  convey- 
ing passengers  to  ami  from  hotels,  etc. 

Mania  watched  him  drivi  nit  toward  the  Btation  in  the 
!,,,!,  i  ,  Horn  Us   Modern  Instance. 

barge1  (barj),  v.  >.;  pret,  and  pp,  barged,  ppr. 

barging.     L'  bargi '.  ».  I    To  carry  or  transport 

by  means  of  barges. 
barge-  (barzh),  n.    [F.]    A  book-name  of  tho 

god  wit. 

barge-board  (barj'bord),  ».  [Hardly,  as  has 
been  suggested,  a  corruption  of  verge^boara, 
which  is  also  used.  Cf.  ML.  bargus,  a  kind  of 
gallows.]  In  arch.,  a  board  placed  in  ad- 
vance of  a  gable  ami  underneath  the  barge- 
course,  where  the  roof  extends  over  the  wall, 
either  covering  the  rafter  lh:il  would  otherwise 
be  visible,  or  occupying  ils  placi  rhe  earliest 
barge-boards  date  from  the  fourteenth  centurj  .  man] 
examples  of  this  and  the  fifteenth  century  are  beautifully 


.1  C 

Barge-boards. 
A.  carved  example  from  Warwick,  England;  B.  cusped; 
C,  openwork.  New  York.   • 

decorated,  being  cusped,  feathered,  paneled,  pierced  with 
■,  scries  of  trefoils,  (|iiatrcf..ils,  etc.,  or  carved  with  foliage. 
After  the  medieval  period  barge-boards  gradually  become 
less  bold  and  rich  in  treatment.     Also  called  gable-board. 

barge-couple  (barj'kupl),  n.  [Cf.  barge-board.] 
In  arch.,  one  of  the  rafters  placed  under  the 
barge-eourse,  which  serve  as  grounds  for  the 
barge-boards,  and  carry  the  plastering  or 
boarding  of  the  soffits.    Also  called  barge-rafter. 

barge-course  (barj'kors),  n.  [Cf.  barge-board.] 
In  bricklaying:  (a)  Apart  of  the  tiling  which 
projects  beyond  the  principal  rafters  in  build- 
ings where  there  is  a  gable,  (ft)  The  coping  of 
a  wall  formed  by  a  course  of  bricks  set  on  edge. 

bargee  (bar-je'),  ».  [<  bargei  + -ee.]  One  of 
the  crew  of  a  barge  or  canal-boat. 

bargeman  (barj'man),  n. ;  pi.  bargemen  (-men). 
A  man  employed  on  a  barge  ;  an  oarsman. 
And  backward  yode,  as  Bargemen  wont  to  fare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  35. 

barge-master  (barj'mas''ter),  n.     The  master 
or  owner  of  a  barge  conveying  goods  for  hire. 
barger  (bar'jer),  n.    A  bargeman.     [Kare.] 

The  London  bargers.         It.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 
barge-rafter  (barj  'rafter),  n.     Same  as  barge- 

couple. 
bargerett,  ».     See  bergeret. 
bargh  (barf),  «.     [E.  dial.,  also  written  barf,  < 
ME.  bergh,  <  AS.  beorg,  beorli,  >  mod.  E.  bar- 
row1, of  which  bargh  is  a  dial,  form:   see  bar- 
row1.]    1.  A  low  ridge  or  hill.—  2f.  A  road  up 
a  hill.     i?«#.—  3t.  Amine.     [Prov.  Eng.  in  all 
senses.] 
barghmotet,  «.     See  bar  mote. 
bar-gown  (baVgoun),  ».     The  gown  or  dress 
of  a  lawyer. 

barguest  (bar'gest),n.  [Also  barghest,  bargest, 
So.  barghaist;  perhaps  <  G.  berggeist,  moun- 
tain (or  mine)  spirit,  gnome.  Cf.  barghmote, 
bar  mote.  Eitson  says  the  ghost  was  so  called 
from  appearing  near  bars  or  stiles.]  A  kind  of 
hobgoblin,  spirit,  or  ghost  believed  in  in  the 
north  of  England,  whose  appearance  to  any 
one  is  supposed  to  prognosticate  death  or  some 
great  calamity. 

He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and  there- 
fore according  to  his  brother  Wilfrid,  needed  not  to  care 
f or  ghaist  or  bar-ghaist,  devil  or  dobbie. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  I.  223. 

barhal  (bar'hal),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    Same  as  burrhel. 

The  barhal.  or  blue  wild  sheep  linhabits  the  Himalayas]. 

Eneyc.  Brit,  XII.  742. 

bari1  (ba're),  n.  [It.]  That  part  of  a  roofing- 
slate  which  is  exposed  to  the  weather.     /( eale. 

Bari-  (bii're),  n.  [It.]  A  wine  grown  near  Bari, 
on  the  Adriatic  coast  of  Italy. 

bariat  (ba'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiapbc,  heavy. 
Cf.  ban/la.  bdrytes.]    Same  as  baryta. 

baxiC  (b'ar'ik),  rt.  [In  sense  1,  <  Gr.  luoor,  weight, 
<  jiaplc,  heavy;  in  sense  '2,  <  barium  +  -ic.]  1. 
Same  as  barometric.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
barium;  derived  from  barium:  as,  baric  iodide. 

barilla  (ba-ril'a),  n.  [=  V.  bariUe,  <  Sp.  barriU 
la  =  Pg.  barrilha,  impure  soda,  also  the  plant 
from  which  it  is  derived.]  The  commercial 
name  of  the  impure  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
soda  imported  from  Spain  and  the  Levant,  and 
obtained  from  several  fleshy  plants  growing 
by  the  sea  or  iii  saline  localities,  mostly  belong- 
ing to  the  chenopodiaoeous  genera  Salsola,  Sali- 
coruiii,  ami  t'ln  uopodiitm.  The  plants  are  dried  and 
burned  and  the  incinerated  ashes  constitute  barilla      Tins 

was  ,ni,  e  lb,-  chief  source  of  carbonate  of  la,  but  is  now 

used  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  glass. 
British  barilla  is  the  crude  soda-ash  left  from  common 
salt  in  the  manufacture  Of  carbonate  of  soda. 

barillet  (bar'i-let),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  bard,  a 
barrel.]  1.  The  barrel  or  ease  containing  the 
mainspring  of  a  watch  or  spring-clock.— 2. 
The  funnel  of  a  sucking-pump. 

baring  (bar'iag),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bare1,  ».] 
In  mining,  soil  or  surface  detritus,  which  has 


Baris.— Temple  of  Seti  I.,  Abydos. 


boat,  represented  in  art  as  bearing  an  enthroned 
deity  or  some  symbolical  or  venerated  object. 

2.   [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  rhynehophorous 

beetles,  of  the  family  Curculionidw,  or  weevils. 
/>'.  liipiarius  feeds  upon  the  elm. 
Barita  (ba-ri'ta),  n.  [NL.]  In  ornith.,  a  generic 
name  variously  used,  («)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication (1S17),  a  genus  of  shrikes  or  Laniida :  a  synonym 
of  Cracttcus  (Vieillot),  oi  prior  date.  [Disused.]  (6)  Trans- 
ferred by  Temminck  in  l»2il  to  the  Australian  and  Papuan 
manucodes.  See  Manuewlia.  [Disused.]  (e)  Transferred 
by  Swainsonin  1837  to,  and  used  by  Vigors  and  others  for, 
the  Australian  and  Papuan  eassicans,  or  corvine  birds  of 
the  modem  genera  Gmnnorhina  and  Strepera,  of  which 
the  piping-crow  of  Australia  (Gymnorhma  or  Banta 
tibicen  i  is  the  best-known  species.  This  is  the  usual  sense 
of  the  word,  and  the  above-noted  transfers  of  the  name 
account  for  the  common  statement  that  the  genus  Banta 
is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Laniida,  sometimes  with 
the  Corrida.  [Not  now  in  use.) 
baritah  (ba-ri'ta),  n.  A  name  of  the  Austra- 
lian birds  of  the" genus  Barita. 
barite  (ba'rit),  n.  [<  bar(ium)  +  -ite?.]  Native 
barium  sulphate:  also  called  barytesapa  heavy- 
spar,  because  of  its  high  specific  gravity.  It  oc- 
curs in  orthorhombie  crystals,    comn ly  tabular,  and 

with  perfect  prismatic  and  basal  cleavage.     It  is  often 
transparent,  and  varies  in  color  from  white  to  yellow,  gray, 
red,  blue,  or  brown.    There  are  also  massive  varieties, 
columnar,  granular,  and  compact,  resembling  marble.     It 
is  a  common  mineral  in  metallic  veins  and  beds.     It  is 
sometimes  mined  ami  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adul- 
terate white  lead.    Also  baroselenite,  baryti7ie. 
baritone,  ».  and  a.    See  barytone. 
barium  (ba'ri-um),  n.    [NL.,  <  bar(yta)  or  6a- 
r{ytes)  +  -ium,  as  in  other  names  of  metals;  so 
named  by  Davy.]  Chemical  symbol,  Ba ;  atomic 
weight,  137.1.     A  chemical  element,  belonging 
to  the  group  of  metals  whose  oxids  are  the  alka- 
line earths.    It  is  obtained  as  a  silver-white  powder, 
which  oxidizes  quickly  and  burns  when  heated  in  air.    Its 
melting-point  is  about  that  of  cast-iron.     It  docs  not  ,„  do- 
native   but  is  found  abundantly  in  combination  in  the 
minerals  barite,  barium    sulphate,  and  withente  or  ba- 
rium carbonate,  and  less  commonly  in  several  other  min- 
erals.    Barium  combines  with  most  acids  to  form   salts 
which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  these  soluble 
salts   together  with  the  carbonate,  arc  active  poisons. 
Barium  chromate,  a  yellow,  insoluble  salt.   BaCrOi, 
formed  by  precipitating  any  soluble  salt  of  barium  with 
chromate  of  potassium.      It  finds  a  limited    use  as  a 
pigment  both  for  painting  and  for  calico-printing,  under 
the  name  oi  yellow   ultramarine.     Barium  hydrate, 
BavOHJo,  a  caustic   alkaline   powder,  soluble  in  water, 
formerly  used  in  sugar-refilling  to  form  an  insoluble  sac- 
charine'compound.     Barium  nitrate,  Ha(Nu:,io,  a  sub- 
stance used  extensively  in  pyroteehny  to  produce  green 
fire  and  to  some  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  explosives. 
—  Barium  oxid.    See  buruia.-  Barium  sulphate,  pr 
fteawMpar.BaSOi.the  commonest  of  the  barium  minerals 
almost  perfectly  insoluble  in  water.    Artificial^  prepared 
barium  sulphate  is  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  name  of 
permanent  white.    See  barytes. 
bark1  (bark),  v.    [<  ME.  barken,  berken,  borkm, 
<  AS.  beorcan  (strong  verb,  pp.  borcen,  >  bor- 
eian.  bark,  weak  verb)  =   hoi.  herl.jn  (weak 
verb),  bark,  bluster.     Supposed  by  some  to  be 
orig.  another  form  of  AS.  brecan  (pp.  hroe.cn), 
break,  snap.    Cf.  Ieel.  broekta,  bleat,  =  Norw. 
brakta,  braeka  =  Sw.  braka  =  Dan.  brosge,  bleat.] 

1.  iiilraus.  1.  To  utter  an  abrupt  explosive  cry: 
said  of  a  dog,  and  hence  of  other  animals. 

N,,  dog  shall  rouse  thee,  though  a  thousand  bark. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  240. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  clamor;  pursue  with  un- 
reasonable clamor  or  reproach:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  at. 

Vile  is  the  vengcaunce  on  the  ashes  cold, 
And  envy  base  to  burke,  at  sleeping  fame. 

Spenser,  V.  >■>.,  II.  viii.  13. 
The  lank  hungry  belly  barks  for  food. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  bis  Humour,  l.  1. 

3.  To  cough.  [Colloq.]— To  hark  at  the  moon, 
to  clamor  oi  agitate  t,,  do  purpose.  To  bark  up  the 
wrong  tree,  to  mistake  one's  object;  attack  or  pursue 
another  than  the  person  or  thing  intended,  as  when  a  dog 


bark 

by  barking  brings  the  hunter  to  a  tr ther  than  that  in 

which  the  game  has really  taken  refuge.  [Colloq.,  I  S.] 
Il.t  trans.  1.  To  utter  or  give  forth  with  a 
bark.— 2.  To  break  out  with:  as,  to  bark  out 
flame. 

bark1  (bark),  n.  [<  barkl,  ».]  The  abrupt  ex- 
plosive cry  of  a  dog;  hence,  a  cry  resembling 
that  of  the  dog,  uttered  by  some  other  animals. 
—His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite,  little  harm  ispor- 
tended  in  bis  angry  threats,  faultfinding,  etc.,  as  by  the 
threatening  bark  of  a  dog  which  rarely  or  never  bites. 

bark-  (bark),  n.  [<  ME.  barke,  burl:,  bare,  <  late 
AS.  bare,  <  feel,  borkr  (gen.  barkar)  =  Sw.  bark 
=  Dan.  bark  =  MLG.  LG.  borke  (>  G.  borke), 
hark.  Possibly  connected  with  Icel.  bjarga  = 
AS.  bcorgan  =  G.  bergen,  etc.,  cover,  protect: 
seeJun/3.  TheolderE.  word  for  'bark'  vsrind.] 

1.  Generally,  the  covering  of  the  woody  stems, 
branches,  and  roots  of  plants,  as  distinct  and 
separable  from  the  wood  itself.  In  its  strictest 
scientific  sense  it  is  limited  to  the  dry  and  dead  portion 
of  this  covering,  as  found  on  exogenous  plants,  which 
usually  consists  of  parenchyma  or  soft  cellular  tissue,  cork, 
and  bast,  in  varying  proportions.  See  basO,  corkl,  and 
epidermis.  It  is  very  diverse  and  often  complicated  in 
structure,  varying  in  these  respects  with  the  species  upon 
which  it  is  found ;  but  it  is  usually  arranged  in  annular 
concentric  layers.  As  these  become  distended  by  the 
Chickening  of  the  stem,  the  outer  layers  often  crack  and 
are  gradually  cast  off.  In  the  bark  the  medicinal  and 
other  peculiar  properties  of  the  plant  are  usually  abun- 
dant, especially  tannin  and  many  alkaloids.  The  younger 
and  softer  layer  lying  next  to  the  young  wood  is  called 
inner  bark,  liber,  or  bast.     See  cut  under  bast. 

2.  Specifically  —  («)  In  pliar.,  Peruvian  or 
Jesuits'  bark  (see  Cinchona),     (b)  In  tannin;/, 

oak  and  hemlock  barks Alstonia  bark,  a  bitter 

bark  obtained  from  the  Alstonia  scholaris,  an  apocyna- 
ceous  forest-tree  of  the  tropics  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  in  Iudia  as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic.  The  Alstonia  or 
Queensland  fever-bark  of  Australia  is  the  product  of  Al- 
stoma  constrieta.— Angostura  or  Cusparia  bark,  the 
product  of  a  rutaceous  shrub,  Qalipea  Cusparia,  of  the 
mountains  of  Venezuela,  a  valuable  tonic  in  dyspepsia, 
dysentery,  and  chronic  diarrhea.  It  was  formerly  prized 
as  a  febrifuge,  and  is  now  much  used  in  making  a  kind 
of  bitters.  Its  use  in  medicine  was  discontinued  for  a 
time,  because  of  the  introduction  into  the  markets  of  a 
false  Angostura  bark,  obtained  from  the  nux-vomica  tree, 
which  produced  fatal  effects.  Also  Angostura  bark. — 
Arica  bark.  Same  as  Cusco  bark.— Ashy  crown  bark, 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  macrocalyx.—'BB'be&rxi  or  bibiru 
bark.  See  bebeeru.— Bitter  bark.  See  Georgia  bark.— 
Bogota  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  lauei/otia.—  Boldo 
bark.  See  boldo.—  Bolivian  or  calisaya  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  Calisaya.—  Canella  bark.  See  Canellai.— 
Carabaya  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  elliptica.—Caxlb- 
bean  or  West  Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  a  rubiaceous 
tree,  Exostcmmu  Caribbceum,  nearly  allied  to  the  genus 
Cinchona,  used  in  making  tonic  bitters  and  in  medicine 
as  a  substitute  for  cinchona  bark.  — Carolina  bark.  See 
Georgia  bark. —  Carthagena  bark,  a  general  name  for 
varieties  of  cinchona  bark  brought  from  the  northern  ports 
of  South  America,  generally  of  inferior  quality.—  Cas- 
cara  amarga  •  >r  Honduras  bark,  a  I  utter  bark,  said  to  be 
obtained  from  Picramnia  antidesma,  a  simarubaceoustree 
of  tmpieai  America.  —  Cascarasagrada  bark, the  bark  of 
Hhamnus  Purshianus  of  California,  used  as  a  tonic  aperi- 
ent.— Cascarilla,  sweet  wood,  i  ir  Eleuthera  bark,  tin- 
bark  of  Croton  Bleuteria,  a  euphorbiaceousshrabof  the  Ba- 
hamas.  It  is  an  aromatic,  bitter  tonic— Cassia  bark. 
See  Cassia.— China  bark,  Peruvian  bark.  («)  See  Cin- 
chona, (b)  The  bark  of  Cascarilla  (Bucna)  hexatulra,  a 
rubiaceous  tree  of  the  western  coast  of  South  America, 
which  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona. —  Clove-bark. 
Same  as  clove-cassia  (which  see,  under  cassia). — Colom- 
bian bark,  the  bark  of  cinchona  pitayensis,  C.  land  folia, 
and  C.  cordi/olia.—  Conessi  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from 
Holarrhena  antidyseutcrica,  an  apocynaceous  tree  of  In- 
dia, where  it  is  of  considerable  repute  as  a  remedy  for 
dysentery  and  as  a  tonic  febrifuge.  Sometimes  called 
TeUicherry  back.  —  Coquetta  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona 
lancifolitr.  —  Crown  bark.  Same  as  loxa  bark. —  Culila- 
wan  bark,  a  valuable  aromatic,  pungent  bark,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cinnamomum  or  haunu  Culilatcan,  a  tree  of  the 
-Moluccas,  useful  in  indigestion,  diarrhea,  etc.  Sometimes 
written  culilawaug. — Cuprea  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from 
several  species  of  the  rubiaceous  genus  Remijia,  of  tropi- 
cal South  America,  largely  imported  into  England  for  the 
manufacture  of  quinine.— Cusco  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona pubescens,  variant  PeUeterioma.  Also  called  Arica 
bark.— Cusparia  bark.  See  Anyostura  bark.— Doom 
bark,  the  bark  of  ErythrophZomm  Guineense.—Doun- 
dake  bark,  the  name  of  several  barks  obtained  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  possessing  tonic,  febrifugal,  and  other 
medicinal  properties.  The  best-known  kind  is  the  pro- 
duct of  a  rubiaceous  plant,  Sarcocephalus  esculentus.— 
Eleuthera  bark.  See  cascarilla  bark.  —  F.Ik  bark,  the 
bark  of  Magnolia  glauca.  Also  called  Indian  bark. — 
Essential  salt  of  bark,  an  aqueous  extract  of  cinchona 
bark.  — False  loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Hum- 
boldtiana. — Florida  bark.  See  Georgia  bark.—  French 
Guiana  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from  Coutarea  speciosa, 
a  rubiaceous  tree  of  tropical  South  America,  having  feb- 
rifugal properties.— Fusagasuga  bark,  a  variety  of  Car- 
thagena  bark.— Georgia,  bitter,  Carolina,  or  Florida 
bark,  the  bark  of  the  Pinckneya  vuhens,  a  small  rubia- 
ceous tree  of  the  southern  United  states,  having  the  same 
properties  as  French  Guiana  bark.  Honduras  bark. 
See  cascara  amarga  bark.  —  Huamilies  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  purpurea.— Indian  barberry  bark,  the 
root-bark  of  several  East  Indian  species  of  Berberis,  used 
as  a  tonic  and  in  the  treatment  of  fevers,  diarrhea,  etc.— 
Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  Moonolia  <ilauca.  Also  called 
elk  bark.—  Iron  bark,  the  bark  of  Eucalyptus  reeinifi  ra. 
— Jaen  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Bumboldtiana. 
Jamaica  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Caribbesa. — Jea- 
uits'  bark,  Peruvian  bark.  —  Jesuits'  Bark  Act,  an 


453 

English  statute  of  isns  forbidding  the  exportation  of 
Jesuits' (Peruvian)  bark,  except  to  Ireland.  Lima  bark, 
the  bark  ol  Cinchona  Peruviana,  C.  nitida,  and  C.  "<< 
crautha.  Loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  cinchona  officinalis. 
Also  called  crown  tor*.  Malambo  bark,  an  aromatic 
bark  obtained  from  tlic  Croton  Malambo,  a  euphorbia- 
ceous  shrub  of  Venezuela  and  NewGranada.  It  isemployed 
as  a  remedy  for  dlarrht  a  and  as  a  vermifuge,  and  is  said 
to  lie  largely  used  in  the  United  states  for  the  adulter- 
ation of  spiers.  -Mancona  bark,  the  bark  of  Ergi/im- 
phi, io,, i  Quineense.  Maracaibo  bark,  the  bark  .if  Cin- 
chona tucujensis.  -Margosa  or  Nim  bark,  the  bark  of 

Melia  IndicO,  used  in  India  as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic.  - 

—  Mezereon  bark,  the  bark  of  Daphne  Mezereum.  It  is 
acrid  and  irritant,  and  is  used  in  liniments  and  as  a  rem- 
edy in  venereal,  rheumatic,  and   scrofulous  complaints. 

—  Neem  bark,  the  bark  of  Azadirachta  Indiea.  -  New 
bark,  the  bark  of  Cascarilla  obloagi/olia.— Nim  bark, 
Sec  Margosa  bark,  -Oak  bark.  See Quercus alba,  under 
Quercus.— Ordeal  bark,  the  bark  of  Erythrophlaum 
Guinei  use  —  Pale  bark,  a  name  applied  to  the  barks  of 
Cinchona  officinalis,  ( '.  nitida,  C.  miccantha,  C.  purpurea, 
and  C.  Bumboldtiana.—  Palton  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona macrocalyx,  variant  J'alton.— Peruvian  bark.  See 
china  bock.  Pitaya  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  pitayen- 
sis. — Quebracho  bark,  the  bark  of  Aspidosperma  Que- 
bracho, an  a  i ynaccous  tree  of  Brazil.    It  contains  several 

peculiar  alkaloids,  and  is  said  to  lie  efficacious  in  the  cure 
of  dyspmea.  —  Red  bark,  the  bark  of  Ci nehona  succi 'rain  a. 
—Red  Cusco  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  scrobicolata.— 
Rohunbark,  a  bitter  astringent  bark,  from  Soymida/ebri. 
toon,  a  iiieliaeeoiis  tree  of  India,  where  it  is  used  as  an  as- 
tringent, tonic,  and  antiperiodic.  — Royal  bark,  the  balk 
of  Cvnchona  cordifolia. — St.  Lucia  bark,  the  bark  of  Ex. 
ostcm ma  floribu ndo.  —  Samadera  bark,  the  inner  bark  of 
a  tree  belonging  to  the  Simarubacem,  growing  in  Ceylon. 
It  is  intensely  bitter.  — Santa  Ana  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona scrobicalaia.  —  Santa  Martha  bark,  a  cinchona 
bark  shipped  from  Santa  Martha.—  Sassy  bark,  the  bark 
of  Erythrophlaum  Guineense.—SweetWOOA  bark.  See 
cascarilla  lutrk.—WeBt  Indian  bark.  See  Caribbean 
bark.  —  Wild-cherry  bark,  the  bark  of  Prunits  sero- 
Una. — Winter's  bark,  an  astringent  pungent  bark  ob- 
tained from  a  inagnoliaeeous  tree,  Drimys  Wintcci.  native 
of  the  mountains  of  western  America  from  Mexico  to 
Cape  Horn.  It  is  a  stimulating  tonic  and  antiscorbutic. 
Paratudo  bark  is  a  variety  of  it.  Most  of  the  so-called 
Winter's  bark  of  commerce  is  the  product  of  Cinnamo- 
dendron  corticosum  and  Canella  alba  of  the  West  Indies. 

bark'2  (bark),  v.  t.  [=  Sw.  barka  =  Dan.  barke, 
tan ;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  strip  off  the  bark 
of,  or  remove  a  circle  of  bark  from,  as  a  tree ; 
peel;  specifically,  to  scrape  off  the  outer  or 
dead  bark  of.     See  barking2,  1. 

This  pine  is  bark'd 
That  overtopp'd  them  all. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

Hence  —  2.  To  strip  or  rub  off  the  outer  cov- 
ering of  (anything,  as  the  skin):  as,  to  bark 
one's  shins. 

So  after  getting  up  [the  tree]  three  or  four  feet,  down 
they  came  slithering  to  the  ground,  backing  their  arms 
and  faces.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  cover  or  inclose  with  bark :  as,  to  bark 
a  house. — 4f.  To  cover,  as  the  bark  does  a 
tree ;  incrust. 

A  most  instant  tetter  bark'd  about, 
Most  lazar-likc,  with  vile  and  loathsome  crust. 
All  my  smooth  body.  Shah.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

5.  To  apply  bark  to,  as  in  the  process  of  tan- 
ning ;  tan. —  6.  To  color  with  an  infusion  or  a 
decoction  of  bark :  as,  to  bark  sails  or  cordage. 

—  7.  To  kill  (game)  by  the  concussion  of  a 
bullet  which  strikes  the  bark  of  a  limb  at  the 
spot  on  which  the  animal  is  crouched,  or  by 
the  flying  bark. 

Barking  oil  squirrels  is  a  delightful  sport,  and  in  my 
opinion  requires  a  greater  degree  of  accuracy  than  any 
other.  I  first  witnessed  this  near  Frankfort.  The  per- 
former was  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone. 

J.  J.  Audubon,  Ornith.  Biog.,  I.  203. 

bark:!  (bark),  n.  [Also  barque,  after  P. ;  <  late 
ME.  barke,  barque,  <  F.  barque  =Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
barea  =  D.  bark  =  MHG.  G.  barke  =  Dan. 
bark  =  Icel.  barki,  <  LL.  barca  (ML.  also  barga, 
>  OP.  barge,  >  E.  barge*,  q.  v.),  regarded  by 
some  as  a  syncopated  form  of  an  assumed  LL. 
*barica,  a  quasi-adj.  formation,  <  L.  baris,  < 
Gr.  jiapic,  <  Egypt.  (Coptic)  bari,  a  flat-bottomed 
boat  used  in  Egypt ;  but  more  prob.  of  Celtic 
or  even  of  Teut.  origin.]  1.  Naut.,  a  three- 
masted  vessel,  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  the  miz- 
zenmast,  the  other  two  masts  being  square- 
rigged. —  2.  A  vessel  of  any  kind,  especially  a 
sailing  vessel  of  small  size. 

O  steer  my  bark  to  Erin's  isle, 
For  Erin  is  my  home.  Moore. 

barkantine,  barkentine  (bar'kaii-ten,  -ken- 
ten),  n.     [<  barlP,  0n  type  of  brigantine1.]    A 

three-masted  vessel,  with  the  foremast  square- 
rigged,  and  the  mainmast  and  mizzenmast  fore- 
and-aft  rigged.     Also  barquantinc,  barquentine. 

bark-bed  (biirk'bed),  ii.  In  hort.,  a  bed  formed 
of  the  spent  bark  that  has  been  used  by  tan- 
ners. The  bark  is  placed  in  a  brick  pit  in  a  glazed  house 
constructed  for  forcing  or  for  the  growth  of  tender  plants. 
Artificial  warmth  and  dampness  are  produced  by  the 
fermentation  of  the  bark.    Also  called  bark-stove. 

bark-bouild  (bark '  bound),  a.  Hindered  in 
growth  by  having  the  bark  too  firm  or  close. 


bark-mill 


barkeeper  (biir'ke  per),  ».  <  >ne  whohascharge 
of  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  public 
entertainment ;  a  bartender. 

barken1  (bar'kenor-kn),)'.  [Se.;  < bark2  +  -enl, 

as  in  lutiilin,  iitijj'cii,  etc.]  I.  in  trans.  To  be- 
come hard;  form  a  crust. 

The  best  way's  to  let  the  blood  barken  on  the  cut- 
that  saves  plaistcrs.  ScoM,  tiny  Mannering,  1.  171. 

II.  trans.  To  tan  (or  dye)  with  bark. 

Effie  used  to  help  me  tumble  the  bundles  o'  barkened 
leather  up  and  down.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 

barken'2  (bar'ken  or  -kn),  a.  [<  bark2  +  -c»2.] 
Consisting  or  made  of  bark :  as,  "  barken  knots," 
Whittier.     [Rare.] 

barkentine,  ».    See  barkantine. 

barker1  (biir'ker),  h.  [<  barki,  v.,  +  -trl.]  1. 
An  animal  that  barks ;  a  person  who  clamors 
unreasonably. 

They  are  rather  enemies  of  my  fame  than  me,  these 
barkers.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  The  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  fuscus.  AU 
bin  ;  Montagu.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A  person  sta- 
tioned at  the  door  of  a  house  where  auctions 
of  inferior  goods  are  held,  to  invite  strangers 
to  enter;  atouter;  a  tout.  [Cant.] — 4.  A  pis- 
tol.    [Slang.] — 5.  A  lower-deck  gun  in  a  ship. 

barker2  (bar'ker),  n.  [<  bark2,  v.,  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark.  — 2f.  A  tan- 
ner. 

Barker's  mill.    See  mill?-. 

barkery  (bar'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  barkeries  (-iz).  [< 
bark2  +  -07/.]  A  tan-house,  or  a  place  where 
bark  is  kept. 

bark-feeder  (biirk'feMer),  n.  A  bark-eating 
insect  or  animal. 

barking1  (bar'king),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark^-,  ».] 
The  uttering  of  an  abrupt  explosive  cry,  as  that 
of  a  dog. 

barking2  (bar'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark2,  v.] 
1.  The  process  of  stripping  bark  from  trees,  of 
removing  a  ring  of  bark  from  a  tree  so  as  to 
kill  it,  or  of  seraping  dead  bark  from  fruit-trees 
to  promote  their  growth. —  2.  The  operation  of 
tanning  leather  with  bark ;  also,  the  operation 
of  dyeing  fabrics  with  an  infusion  of  bark. 

barking-ax  (bar'king-aks),  «.  An  ax  used  in 
scraping  bark  from  trees. 

barking-bill  (biir'king-bil),  n.  A  sharp-point- 
ed instrument  used  to  make  transverse  cuts 
through  the  bark  of  trees,  preparatory  to  the 
process  of  stripping  them. 

barking-bird  (biir'king-berd),  n.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  bark1,  +  bird1.']  The  name  of  a  rock- 
wren,  Pteroptochus  or  Uylactes  tarni,  of  the 
island  of  Chiloe :  also  said  to  be  applied  to  an- 
other and  smaller  species,  P.  rubccula.  The  name 
is  due,  in  either  case,  to  the  similarity  of  the  cry  of  the 
birds  to  the  yelping  of  a  puppy.  Darwin.  Also  called 
guid-guid. 

barking-iron1  (biir'king-i"ern),  n.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  bark*,  v.,  +  iron.]  A  pistol.  Mam/at. 
[Slang.] 

barking-iron2  (bar'king-i"ern),  11.  [<  barling- 
+  iron.]  An  instrument  for  removing  the  bark 
of  oak  and  other  trees,  for  use  in  tanning. 

barking-mallet  (bar'king-mal"et),  n.  A  ham- 
mer with  a  wedge-shaped  edge,  used  in  bark- 
ing trees. 

barklak  (bar'klak),  n.  A  myrtaceous  tree  of 
Venezuela. 

barkless  (biirk'les),  a.  [<  bark2  +  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  bark. 

bark-louse  (bark'lous),  ».  A  minute  insect  of 
the  genus  Aphis  that  infests  trees;  an  aphid. 

bark-mill  (bark'mil),  ».  A  mill  for  grinding 
bark  for  tanners'  and  dyers'  uses,  or  for  medi- 
cinal purposes. 


barkometer 

barkometer  (bar-kom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  bwrlfl 
+  -o-meter,  <  Gr.  utrpov,  a  measure.]  A  hy- 
drometer aged  by  tanners  in  ascertaining  the 
strength  of  infusions  of  bark,  or  ooze. 

bark-paper  fbark'pa'per),  n.  Paper  made  from 
bark;  specifically,  paper  made  from  the  bark 
of  BroussoneUa  papyri/era,  a  tree  common  in 
southeastern  Asia  and  Oceanica.  Most  of  the 
paper  used  in  Japan  is  of  this  kind. 

bark-pit  (bark'pit),  «.  A  tan-pit,  or  pit  for 
tanning  or  steeping  leather. 

barkstone  (bark'ston),  «.  The  concrete  musky 
secretion  taken  from  the  castor-glands  of  the 
beaver;  castor;  castoreum. 

bark-stove  (bark'stov),  n.    Same  as  bark-bed. 

bark-tanned  (bark'tand),  a.  Tanned  by  the 
slow  action  of  oak,  hemlock,  or  other  barks, 
as  leather,  in  contradistinction  to  that  tanned 
wholly  or  in  part  by  chemicals. 

barky  (bar'ki),  a.  '  [<  bark*  +  -y1.]    Consist- 
ing  of  bark;   containing  bark;   covered  with 
bark. 
The  barky  fingera  "f  the  elm.        Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

bar-lathe  (bar'laTH),  n.  A  lathe  with  a  single 
beam,  usually  having  a  triangular  section,  on 
which  the  heads  or  puppets  slide. 

barley1  (bar'li),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barb), 
barlye,  Be.  barlick;  <  ME.  barly,  berley,  bar- 
lich.  <  late  AS.  beerlic,  barley,  appar.  <  bere,  E. 
In  nr'-\  barley,  +  -lie,  E.  -h/1 ;  the  word  appears 
first  as  an  attrib.,  being  formally  an  adj.  The 
Icel.  barlak,  and  W.  barlys, 
barley  (as  if  <  bara,  bread, + 
llysiau,Uysau,  plants,  herbs), 
Corn.  barliz.  are  from  E.] 
The  name  of  a  grain,  and  of 
the  plant  yielding  it,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Harden  m. 
natural  order  Graminne. 
'this  grain  has  been  cultivated 
from  the  very  earliest  times,  when 
it  formed  an  important  article  of 
fon.i.  as  it  still  does  where  other 
cereals  cannot  be  raised.  It  is 
largely  employed  for  feeding  ani- 
mals, bat  its  chief  use  is  in  the 
manufacture  of  fermented  liquors, 
a>  beer,  ale,  and  porter,  and  of 
whisky.  No  other  grain  can  be 
cultivated  through  so  great  a  range 
of  climate,  for  it  matures  in  Lap- 
land, Norway,  and  Iceland,  in  tire 
and  70  north  latitude,  and  at  an 
altitude  of  11,000  feet  in  the  Andes 
and  Himalaya.  The  only  cultivat- 
ed species  that  has  been  found 
wild  is  the  two-rowed  or  long-eared 
barley,  //.  dietiohon,  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  but  in  cultivation  in 
prehistoric  times,  as  was  also  the 
six-rowed  species,  or  winter  barley, 
//.  hexastiekon.  Of  later  origin 
is  the  common  four-rowed  species, 
spring  or  summer  barley,  //.  mugare.  Fan-shaped  bar- 
ley, also  called  battledore-  or  sprat-barley,  //.  zeocriton, 
is  perhaps  only  a  cultivated  form  of  the  two-rowed  species. 
Several  varieties  of  these  species  are  found  in  cultivation. 
The  grain  differs  generally  from  wheat  in  retaining  closely 
its  husks;  it  is  also  somewhat  less  nutritious  and  palata- 
ble as  an  article  of  food.  See  Bordeum. —  Caustic  bar- 
ley, an  early  name  for  the  seeds  of  Schoenocaulon  ojfici- 
note,  called  in  medicine  mbadilla,  and  used  as  a  source  of 
veratrin.  -Mouse,  wall,  way,  or  wild  barley.  Bar- 
i/'uiii  mini  mini,  a  grass  of  little  value.— Patent  barley, 
the  farina  obtained  by  grinding  pearl-barley.— Pearl-bar- 
ley, the  grain  deprived  of  husk  and  pellicle  and  completely 
rounded  by  grinding.  It  is  used  in  making  broths  and 
tips  Scotch,  pot,  01  hulled  barley,  the  grain  de- 
prived ol  the  husk  in  a  mill. 

barley-  (biir'li),  «.  [A  corruption  of  parley, 
q.  v.  ]  A  cry  used  by  children  in  certain  games 
when  a  truce  or  temporary  stop  is  desired. 
[Scotch.] 
barley-bigg  (biir'li-big),  «.  Same  as  bii/a. 
barley-bird  (bar'li-berd),  n.  [<  barley1  +  bird  : 
applied  to  various  birds  which  appear  about 
the  time  of  sowing  barley.]  1.  A  name  of  tho 
European  wryneck.  )  mix  torguilla. —  2.  A 
name  of  some  small  bird:  said  to  be  either 
the  siskin  {Chrysomitris spinus)  or  the  nightin- 
gale (DauUat  philomela).  [Eng.] 
barley-brake,  barley-break  (bar'li-brak),  n. 
[Se.  barley-bracks,  barla-breiHs ;  <  Inn-ley  (un- 
certain w  hei  her  I, mil  ;/l  or  hnrh  ■//-,  or  from  some 
other  source)  4-  break.]  An  old  game  played 
by  six  persons,  three  of  each  sex,  formed  into 

couples.   Three  i     is  plots  of  ground  were  chosen, 

and  i  cupie.  placed  in  the  middle  plot,  attempted  to 

cati  ii  the  othi  ra  ai  thi  ■■  pa  •  d  through.  The  middle 
ploi  was  called  hell,  whence  the  allusions  In  old  plays  tc 
"  the  hist  couple  in  hell." 

She  went  abroad  thereby 
At  barky-brake  her  sweet  BWlfl  feet  to  try. 

Sir  /'.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  1. 
A  thousand  agues 

Play  at  barlea-bnak  in  my  I 

Xauirtyi  i ,  I'm  [lament  of  Love,  iv.  b. 


Barley. 
Spike  of  Hordeutn  vul- 
gar e. 


454 

barley-bree,  barley-broo  (biir'li-bre,  -bro),  n. 
Liquor  made  from  malt,  whether  by  brewing 
or  distillation  :  ale  or  whisky.     [Scotch.] 

barley-broth  (hiLr'li-broth),  m.  1.  Broth  made 
by  boiling  barley  and  meat  with  vegetables. 
|  Seolch.]  —  2.  Ale  or  beer:  used  jocosely,  and 
also  in  contempt,  as  in  the  extract. 

Can  sodden  water, 
A  drench  for  sur-rein'd  jades,  their  barley  broth, 
Decoct  their  cold  blood  to  such  valiant  heat? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

barleycorn  (bar'li-k6m),  n.  1.  A  grain  of 
barley. —  2.  A  measure  equal  to  the  third  part 
of  an  inch  ;  originally,  the  length  of  a  grain  of 
barley.  A  statute  of  Edward  II.  (a.  d.  1324)  makes 
•■  three  barley-corns  round  and  dry  "  the  definition  of  an 
inch. 
3.  A  measure  equal  to  the  breadth  of  a  fine 

grain  of  barley,  about  0.155  inch John  or  Sir 

John  Barleycorn,  a  humorous  personification  of  the 
spirit  of  barley,  or  malt  liquor:  a  usage  of  considerable 
antiquity. 

John  Barleycorn  was  a  hero  bold 

Of  noble  enterprise, 

For.  if  you  do  but  taste  his  blood, 
"Twill  make  your  courage  rise. 

Burns,  John  Barleycorn. 

barley-fever  (biir'li-fe"ver),  n.  [<  barley1  (as 
a  source  of  strong  drink)  +  fever.]  Illness 
caused  by  intemperance.     [North.  Eng.] 

barley-fork  (bar'li-fork),  n.  A  hand-fork  with 
a  guard  at  the  root  of  the  tines,  used  for  gath- 
ering up  stalks  of  barley. 

barleyhood  (bar'li-hud),  n.  A  fit  of  drunken- 
ness, or  of  ill  humor  brought  on  by  drinking. 
[Chiefly  Scotch.] 

barley-islandt  (bar 'li-i" land),  n.  An  ale- 
house. 

barley-meal  (bar'li-meT),  n.  Meal  or  flour 
made  from  barley. 

barley-milkt  (biir'li -milk),  n.  Gruel  made 
with  barley  or  barley-meal. 

barley-sick  (biir'li-sik),  a.  [<  barley1  (see  bar- 
ley-fever) +  sick.]    Intoxicated.     [Scotch.] 

barley-sugar  (bar'li-shug'er),  n.  Sugar  boiled 
(formerly  in  a  decoction  of  barley)  till  it  be- 
comes brittle  and  candied. 

barley-water  (biir'li-wa"ter),  n.  A  decoction 
of  barley  used  as  a  demulcent  nutritious  drink 
in  fevers,  and  in  inflammations  of  the  air-pas- 
sages and  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

barley-wine  (bar'li-win),  n.    Ale  or  beer. 

bar-lift  (bar'lift),  n.  A  short  metal  bar  fas- 
tened to  a  heavy  window  as  a  convenience  in 
lifting  it. 

barlingt,  ».  [North.  E.  and  Sc,  <  Sw.  barling, 
a  pole,  <  bdra  =  E.  bear1,  q.  v.]     A  pole. 

bar-loom  (bar'ISm),  n.    A  ribbon-loom. 

barmH,  ■«•  [ME.  barme,  barm,  bcrm,  <  AS. 
bearm  (ONorth.  barm  =  OS.  OFries.  OHG. 
barm  =  Icel.  barmr  =  Sw.  Dan.  barm  =  Goth. 
barms),  the  bosom,  with  formative  -m,  <  beran, 
E.  bear1,  q.  v.]     The  bosom  ;  the  lap. 

barm2  (biirm),  ii.  [<  ME.  barme,  berme,  <  AS. 
beorma  =  Fries,  berme,  barm  =  MLG.  berm, 
barm,  LG.  borme,  barme,  barm  (>  G.  barme)  = 
Sw.  bdrma  =  Dan.  bcerme;  prob.  akin  to  L.  fer- 
in  i  n  turn,  yeast,  <  fervere,  boil :  see  ferment.  ».] 
The  scum  or  foam  rising  upon  beer  or  other 
malt  liquors  when  fermenting;  yeast.  It  is  used 
as  leaven  in  bread  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  become 
softer,  lighter,  and  more  delicate.  It  may  be  used  in 
liquors  to  make  them  ferment  or  work.  It  is  a  fungus, 
Saccharomyces  cerevisio?.    See  yeast  and  fermentation. 

barm3  (biirm),  n.     Same  as  berm. 

Barmacide,  n.  and  a.    See  Barmecide. 

bar-magnet  (biir'mag'net),  «.  An  artificial 
steid  magnet  made  in  the  form  of  a  straight 
and  rather  slender  bar. 

barmaid  fbar'mad),  n.  A  maid  or  woman  who 
attends  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  re- 
freshment. 

barman  (bar'man), ». ;  pi.  barmen  (-men).    If. 

A  barrister. —  2.  A  barkeeper  or  bartender. 
barmaster  (biir'mas'ter),  n.  [Reduced  from 
earlier  barghmaster,  barge  master,  prob.  <  (1. 
brrgmeisler.  :i  surveyor  of  mines,  <  berg,  a  hill, 
a  mine  (=  E.  barrow:  see  barrow1  and  bargli), 
+  meister  =  E.  master.  A  number  of  E.  min- 
ing terms  are  of  (1.  origin.  CI'.  barmote.]  In 
minimi,  I  lie  I  it  le  of  an  ollicer  who  acts  as  man- 
ager, agent,  and  surveyor,  representing  the  in- 
tercsts  of  the  proprietor  or  'lord,'  and  at  the 
same  time  looking  after  those  of  tho  miner. 
Also  called  bailiff,  Inrgmaster,  and  burghmas- 
ter.      |  Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

barmbrack  (barmtrak),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Ir.  bairigen  breac,  speckled  cake:  bairigen, 
hiiirgliiiin,  luiirin,  a  cake;  breac,  speckled, 
spotted.]     A  currant-bun.     [Anglo-Irish.] 


barnaby 

barm-clotht,  «.     An  apron,     chancer. 
Barmecidal  (bar'mf-si-dal),  a.    Same  as  Bar- 

ini  ride. 

Barmecide,  Barmacide  (bar'me-sid,  -ma-sid), 
ii.  and  a.  [<  one  of  tho  Barmecides  (a  Latin- 
ized form,  with  patronymic  suffix  -iila-)  or  Bar- 
meeides,  a  noble  Persian  family  founded  by 
Barmek  or  Barinak,  and  having  great  power 
under  the  Abbasside  califs.]  I.  «.  Oue  who 
offers  imaginary  food  or  illusory  benefits:  in  al- 
lusion to  the  story,  told  in  the  Arabian  Nights, 
of  a  member  of  the  Barmecide  family  of  Bag- 
dad, who  on  one  occasion  placed  a  succession  of 
empty  dishes  before  a  beggar,  pretending  that 
they  contained  a  sumptuous  repast,  a  fiction 
which  the  beggar  humorously  accepted. 

II.  a.  Like,  or  like  the  entertainment  of, 
the  Barmecide  of  the  story;  hence,  unreal, 
sham,  illusory,  etc.:  as,  " my  Barmecide  friend," 
Thackeray  ;  a  Barmecide  feast  or  repast. 

It  is  a  Barmecide  Feast ;  a  pleasant  field  for  the  imagi- 
nation to  rove  in.  Dickens,  Anier.  Notes. 

barmilian  (biir-mil'yan),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
An  old  name  for  a  kind  of  fustian  goods  largely 
export  ed  from  England.  E.  H.  Kn  igh  t. 
bar-mining  (bar'mi"ning),  n.  In  placer-min- 
ing, the  washing  of  the  sand  or  gravel  in  the  bed 
of  a  stream,  when  laid  bare  by  the  diminution  of 
the  stream  at  low  water,  or  by  building  a  flume, 
and  thus  carrying  the  water  to  one  side  of  the 
channel.  The  hitter  method  is  more  commonly 
called  fluming.  [California.] 
barmkin  (barm'kin),  n.  [Also  spelled  barm- 
kyn,  barnekin,  barnki/n  ;  <  ME.  barintken,  barne- 
kynch ;  origin  uncertain ;  possibly  <  barm3  = 
berm,  brim,  border,  edge  (the  forms  in  barn- 
being  then  corruptions),  +  -km;  but  more  prob. 
all  corruptions  of  barbican.]  The  rampart  or 
outer  fortification  of  a  castle.  [Lowland  Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  broad  and  bloody  rose  the  sun, 
Anil  on  the  barntkyn  shone. 
Old  ballad,  in  Boucher's  Border  Minstrelsy,  ii.  341. 
Lord  Soulis  he  sat  in  Hermitage  Castle, 

And  Redcap  was  not  by  ; 
And  he  called  on  a  page,  who  was  witty  and  sage, 
To  go  to  the  barmkin  high. 
J.  Let/den,  Lord  Soulis,  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  386. 
Battlements  and  barmkins  and  all  the  other  appurte- 
nances of  Strength,  as  such  places  were  called.         Lever. 
barmote  (bar'mot),  n.     [A  reduction  of  earlier 
bargemote,  also  barghmote  and  berghmote,  <  G. 
berg,  a  hill,  mine,  +  E.  mote,  meeting.    Cf.  bar- 
master.]   A  court  established  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  and  held  twice  a  year  in  Derbyshire, 
England,   in  which    matters    connected  with 
mining  are  considered.    Also  written  bergmote. 
barmy  (bar'mi),  a.    [<  barm-  +  -y1.]    Contain- 
ing or  resembling  barm  or  yeast;  frothy. 
Of  windy  cider  and  of  barmy  beer. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georglcs,  iii. 
Why.  thou  bottle-ale, 
Thou  barmic  froth  ! 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  vi. 
barmy-brained    (biir 'mi -brand),   a.     Light- 
headed ;  giddy. 

barn1  (barn),  ».  [<  ME.  barn,  bern,  <  AS.  bern, 
a  contr.  of  berern,  bere-ern,  as  in  ONorth.,  < 
bere,  barley  (E.  bear®),  +  ern,  a  place.]  A 
covered  building  designed  for  the  storage  of 
grain,  hay,  flax,  or  other  farm-produce.  In 
America  barns  also  usually  contain  stabling 
for  horses  and  cattle. 

bam1  (barn),  v.  t.  [<  barn1,  »/.]  To  store  up 
in  a  barn.     Shak.,  Luerece,  1.  859. 

Men  .  .  .  often  barn  up  the  chaff,  and  burn  up  tho 

grain.  Fuller,  Good  Thoughts,  p.  110. 

barn2t,  «•     [Early  mod.  and  dial.  E.,<  Sc.  bairn, 

q.  v.,  <  ME.  been,,  bern,  <  AS.  beam,  a  ehild. 

See  bairn.]     A  ehild. 

Mercy  on's,  a  barn;  a  very  pretty  barn!  A  boy  or  a 
child,  I  wonder?  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

bamabee  (biir'na-be),  n.  [E.  dial.  (Suffolk); 
prob.  in  allusion  to  Barnaby  day.  See  Bar- 
naby-bright.]     The  lady-bird. 

Barnabite  (bar'na-bit),  n.  [=F.  Bnrn-abite,  <. 
LL.  Barnabas,  <  Gr.  Bapvapac,  a  Hebrew  name 
translated  "son  of  consolation"  (Acts  iv.  36), 
moro  accurately  "son of  exhortation"  or  "son 
of  prophecy.'']  In  the  Bom.  ('alb.  eh.,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  religious  congregation  properly  styled 
"Regular  Clerks  of  the  Congregation  of  St. 
Paid,"  but  having  their  popular  designation 
from  the  church  of  SI .  Barnabas  in  Mi  bin,  which 
was  granted  to  them  in  1545,  soon  after  tho 
foundation  of  the  congregation.  Their  princi- 
pal house  is  now  in  Koine. 

barnabyt  (b&r'na-bi),  «.  [Prob.  connected 
with  the  celebration  of  Barnaby  day,  <  Burna- 


barnaby 

by,  formerly  also  Haruabic,  <  V.  Uarndbi,  <  LL. 
Barnabas,  Barnabas:  sen  Harnabitc.]  An  old 
dance  to  a  quick  movement. 

Bounce  !  cries  the  port-hole— out  they  Hy, 
And  make  the  world  dance  Barnaby. 

Cotton,  \  IrgH  Travestie. 

Barnaby-bright  (b&r'na-bi-brit),  n.      [Also 

Barnaby  brigiti,  ilaruahy  tin-  bright,  and  (Scot), 
L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  4)  St.  liaruabrigltt :  also  called 
Long  Barnaby,  in  ref.  to  the  coincidence  of 
Barnaby  day  with  the  summer  solstice.]  The 
day  of  St.  Barnabas  the  Apostle,  the  11th  of 
June,  which  in  old  style  was  the  day  of  the 
summer  solstice. 

Baniaby-briyht,  the  longest  day  and  the  shortest  night. 

Old  rime. 
This  day  the  sunne  is  in  his  ehiefest  hight, 
With  Barnaby  the  bright. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  266. 

Barnaby  day.     Same  as  Barnaby-bright. 

barnacle1  (bar-na-kl),  «.  [Also  barniele,  ber- 
nacle; <  ME.  barnakylle,  bernakill,  bernacle,  ap- 
par.  a  dim.  of  the  earlier  bernake,  bernak,  ber- 
nack,  bernekJce;  cf.  OF.  bernaqite  (ML.  bernaea, 
berneka),  later  F.  bemache,  mod.  barnache, 
barnacle  =  Sp.  bemache  =  Pg.  bernaea,  berna- 
cha,  bernicha  =  It.  bernacla,  later  ML.  or  NL. 
bernicla,  bemecla,  bernacula;  G.  bernikel-gans, 
Dan.  bemakcl-gaas.  Ultimate  origin  unknown. 
The  word  seems  to  have  arisen  in  England. 
The  oldest  ME.  form,  bernckke,  could  be  simply 
'bare-neck,'  with  a  possible  allusion  to  the 
large  white  patches  on  the  bird's  neck  and  head. 
If  this  were  a  popular  designation,  it  could 
easily,  when  taken  into  book-language  and  Lat- 
inized, assume  the  above  and  the  other  numer- 
ous corrupt  forms  (ML.  bernicha,  bemccha,  ber- 
nescha,  berncsta,  etc.)  in  which  it  appears.  The 
loss  of  a  knowledge  of  its  meaning  would  assist 
the  growth  of  the  fables  connected  with  the 
word.]     1.  A  species  of  wild  goose,  Ansvr  ber- 


nicla or  Bernicla  leucopsis,  also  called  barnacle- 
goose  or  bemacle-goose.  It  is  one  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Bernicla,  inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  and  occasionally  appearing  as  a  straggler  in  North 
America.  It  is  smaller  than  the  various  wild  geese  of  the 
genus  Anser  proper,  has  dark-brown  or  blackish  tipper 
parts,  and  a  black  neck  and  head,  with  large  white  patches. 
It  is  related  to  the  common  wild  goose  of  North  America, 
B.  canadensis,  and  still  more  closely  to  the  brent-  or  brant- 
goose,  Bernicla  brcnta.  This  bird,  which  was  known  in  the 
British  islands  only  as  a  visitor,  became  the  subject  of  a 
curious  popular  fable,  not  yet  extinct,  being  believed  to  be 
bred  from  a  tree  growing  on  the  sea-shore,  either  from  the 
fruit  of  the  tree  or  as  itself  the  fruit  (hence  called  tree- 
goose),  or  from  a  shell-fish  which  grew  on  this  tree  (see 
def.  2),  or  from  rotting  wood  in  the  water. 

So  rotten  planks  of  broken  ships  do  change 

To  Barnacles.  .  .  . 

'Twas  first  a  green  tree,  then  a  broken  hull, 

Lately  a  Mushroom,  now  a  flying  Gull. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  6. 
2.  A  species  of  stalked  cirriped,  Lepas  anati- 
fera,  of  the  family  Lepadidw,  found  hanging  in 
clusters  by  the  long  peduncle  to  the  bottoms  of 
ships,  to  floating  timber,  or  to  submerged  wood 
of  any  kind;  the  goose-mussel,  fabled  to  fall 
from  its  support  and  turn  into  a  goose  (see  def. 
1).  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  or  transferred  to 
various  other  cirripeds,  as  the  sessile  acorn-shells  or  sea- 
acorns  of  the  family  Balanidce,  such  as  Balanus  tintinna- 
bulum.  See  Balanirs.  This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word, 
except  in  Great  Britain. 

A  barnacle  may  be  said  to  be  a  crustacean  fixed  by  its 
head,  and  kicking  the  food  into  its  mouth  with  its  legs. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  256. 


Barnacle  I  Lepas  .in.itifcra). 


455 

3.  Anything  rt'M'in  Mi  h^'  a  I>arn;nl.>  (in  scnso2). 
(a)  Any  anomalous  growth  or  extraneous  adhering  matter 
or  arrangement  tend- 


in-  to  impede  pro- 
gress. 

Compulsory  pilot- 
age, the  three 
months'  extra  pay  to 
news  discharged  in 
foreign  lands,  and 
tin-  obligatory  em- 
ployment nf  govern 
ment  officials  for  the 
shipment  of  sailors 
in  American  ports, 
are  all  barnacles  .  .  . 
which  impede  the 
progress  of  our  com- 
mercial marine. 

Z>..4.HY^,.\lrlvl,;il.t 

[Marine,  p.  181. 
(&)  A  person  holding 
on  tenaciously  to  a 
place  or  position ; 
one  who  is  a  useless  or  incompetent  fixture  in  an  office 
or  employment ;  a  follower  who  will  not  be  dismissed  or 
shaken  off. 

4f.  [Cf.  barnard.]  A  decoy  swindler.  [Cant.] 
barnacle1  (bar'na-kl), v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnacling.  [<  barnacle^,  n.]  To 
fix  or  attach,  as  a  barnacle  upon  the  bottom 
of  a  ship.     [Rare.] 

He  barnacled  himself  to  Gershon,  now,  and  shipped  with 
him  always.  Mrs.  Whitney,  Gaywortbys,  xxiv. 

barnacle2  (bar'na-kl),  n.  [Also  barniele,  ber- 
nicle;  <  ME.  barnakylle,  byrnacle,  bernacle  (<  OP. 
bernide,  an  instrument  of  torture),  appar.  adim. 
of  the  earlier  bernake,  bernak,  bcrnac,<.  OP.  ber- 
nac,  a  barnacle  (def.  1) ;  origin  unknown.  The 
word  branks,  q.  v.,  has  a  similar  meaning,  but 
no  connection  can  be  made  out.  The  sense 
of  '  spectacles '  easily  arises  from  the  original 
sense ;  but  some  connect  barnacles  in  this  sense 
with  OF.  bcriclc,  mod.  F.  beside,  eye-glass  (< 
ML.  *bericulus,  dim.  of  bcrillus,  bcryllus,  beryl : 
see  beryl  and  brills),  or  with  mod.  F.  dial,  ber- 
niques,  spectacles.]  1.  A  kind  of  bit  or  muzzle 
used  to  restrain  an  unruly  horse  or  ass;  now 
(usually  in  the  plural),  an  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a 
hinge,  placed  on  a  horse's  nose  to  restrain  him 
while  being  shod,  bled,  or  dressed. 

A  scourge  to  an  hors  and  a  bernacle  [bridle,  A,  V.[  toan 
asse.  Wyclif,  Prov.  xxvi.  3. 

Hence  —  2.  An  instrument  of  torture  applied  in 
a  similar  way  to  persons. —  3.  pi.  Spectacles. 
[Colloq.] 

What  d'ye  lack?   What  d'ye  lack?   Clocks,  watches,  bar- 
nacles.1   What  d'ye  lack,  sir?    What  d'ye  lack,  madam? 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

barnacle2  (biir'na-kl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnacling.  [<  barnacle?,  ».]  To 
apply  barnacles  to:  as,  to  barnacle  a  horse. 

bamacle-goose  (bar'na-kl-gos),  n.  [Formerly 
also  abbr.  bargoose;  <  barnacled,  1,  +  goose.] 
Same  as  barnacle^-,  1. 

barnardt  (biir'nard),  n.  [Also  bemard ;  per- 
haps for  berncr,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  gang  of  swin- 
dlers who  acted  as  a  decoy. 

Barnburner  (biirn'ber"ner),  n.  [In  reference 
to  the  story  of  a  farmer  who  burned  his  barn 
to  get  lid  of  the  rats.]     A  member  of  the  more 

S regressive  of  the  two  factions  into  which  the 
lemocratic  party  in  the  State  of  New  York 
was  long  divided,  the  other  faction  being  called 
the  Hunkers.  The  Barnburners  opposed  the  extension 
of  the  canal  system,  and  after  1S46  they  opposed  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  in  the  Territories.  In  a  few  years  most 
of  tlutn  joined  the  new  Free-soil  party. 

The  internal  reform  of  a  party  cannot  be  carried  out  by 
corrupt  leaders.  One  of  the  main  objects  of  the  reform- 
ers was  to  break  the  influence  of  the  latter,  and  to  this 
they  owed  their  appellation  of  barnburners,  their  enemies 
charging  them  with  a  readiness  to  burn  the  building  with 
the  vermin,  in  default  of  a  less  radical  means  of  purifica- 
tion. II.  von  Hoist,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.),  III.  359. 

bamcock  (bam'kok),  n.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  turbot:  so  called  on  account  of  its  round 
shape.    Day. 

barn-door  (biirn'dor'),  «.  The  door  of  a  barn. 
—  Barn-door  fowl,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  specimen  of 
the  common  hen  ;  a  dunghill  or  barn-yard  fowl. 

bar-net  (bar'net),  n.  A  net  placed  across  a 
stream  to  guide  fish  into  a  wing-pond. 

barney  (bar'ni),  u.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper 
name  Barney  for  Barnaby,  formerly  very  com- 
mon as  a  Christian  name,  and  still  common 
among  the  Irish.  But  in  3d  sense  cf.  blarney.'] 
1.  In  mining,  a  small  car  used  in  the  anthracite 
region  of  Pennsylvania  on  inclined  planes  and 
slopes  to  push  the  mine-car  up  the  slope. —  2. 
A  prize-fight.     [Slang.]  —  3.  Humbug. 

barney-pit  (bar'ni-pit),  n.  In  the  anthracite 
mines  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pit  at  the  bottom  of 


baroco 

a  slope  or  plane  into  which  the  barney  runs, 
in  order  to  allow  the  mine-car  to  run  iu  over 
it  to  the  tool  of  the  plane. 

barn-gallon  (barn'gal'pn),  n.  A  measure  con- 
taining two  imperial  gallons  of  milk;  a  doublo 
gallon. 

bam-grass  (barn'gras),  n.  The  common  eock- 
spur-giass,  Panieum  Crus-galli. 

barnhardtite  (barn'har-tit),  n.  [<  Barnhardt, 
name  of  the  owner  of  land  in  North  Carolina 
where  it  is  found,  +  -ili'i.]  A  sulphid  of  cop- 
per and  iron  occurring  massive  and  of  a  bronze- 
yellow  color  in  North  Carolina  and  elsewhere. 

barnman  (bfirn'man),  n.;  pi.  barnmen  (-men). 
A  laborer  in  a  barn ;  a  thresher. 

Barnman,  sower,  hayward,  and  woodward  were  alike 
serfs.  J.  R.  Green,  Short  Hist,  of  Eng.,  p.  50. 

barn-owl  (b&rn'oul),  n.  1.  The  common  white 
owl,  Strix  flatnnica  or  Aluco  flammcus :  so  called 
from  being  often  found  in  barns,  where  it  is 
useful  as  a  destroyer  of  mice.  Its  conspecies  or 
varieties  inhabit  nearly  all  temperate  regions  of  the  globe. 
The  variety  found  in  the  United  States  is  Aluco  pratin- 
cola.     Also  called  church-owl. 


Barn-owl  {Ahcco JIa t)i meU3 | . 

2.  pi.  The  owls  of  the  barn-owl  type,  genera 
Strix  or  Aluco  and  Phodiltis,  which  differ  so 
decidedly  from  all  other  owls  that  naturalists 
now  consider  them  types  of  a  distinct  family. 
See  oicl  and  Aluconidce. 

barns-breaking  (barnz'bra/'king),  n.  [Sc,  in 
allusion  to  the  act  of  breaking  open  a  barn  to 
steal  grain.]  Any  mischievous  or  injurious 
action ;  an  idle  frolic. 

There  is  blood  on  your  hand,  and  your  clothes  are  torn. 
What  barns-breaking  have  you  been  at?  You  have  been 
drunk,  Richard,  and  fighting.  Scott. 

bam-Stormer  (barn'st6r"mer),  11.  A  strolling 
player;  an  actor  who  plays  "in  the  provinces." 

barn-Storming  (barn'stor'ming),  n.  [In  allu- 
sion to  "taking  by  storm"  the  barns  in  which 
strolling  actors  often  played.]  The  practice  of 
acting  in  barns,  as  strolling  players;  hence, 
the  practice  of  playing  "upon  the  road"  or  "  in 
the  provinces." 

barn-swallow  (barn'swoPo),  n.  The  common 
swallow  of  the  United  States,  llirundo  horreo- 
rum  or  H.  erythro- 
gastra :  so  called 
because  it  habit- 
ually breeds  in 
barns.  The  upper 
parts  are  dark  steel- 
blue,  the  lower  parts 
chestnut  with  an  im-  - 
perfect  collar,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked  and 
spotted  with  white. 
It  is  the  American 
representative  of  the 
similar  //.  rustica  of 
Europe. 

barn-yard  (barn'- 
yiird),  n.  A  yard 
surrounding  or  ad- 
joining a  barn. — 

Barn-yard  fOWl,  any   Barn-swallow  [f/trundo  erythrostistra}. 

specimen  of  the  com- 
mon domestic  fowl,  including  hens,  geese,  ducks,  guineas, 
and  turkeys ;  specifically,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  speci- 
men of  these  fowls  ;  a  barn-door  fowl. 

baro-.  [<  Gr.  fiapor,  weight,  <  fiapbr,  heavy,  = 
L.  gravis,  heavy:  see  grave3.]  An  element 
in  certain  compound  scientific  terms,  implying 
heaviness. 

baroco1  (ba-ro'ko),  n.  [An  artificial  name  in- 
vented  by  Petrus  Hispanus.]     In   logic,  the 


baroco 

mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  syllogism  in  the 

second  figure,  baying  a  universal  affirmative 

major  premise,  a  particular  negative  minor, 

ami    a     particular    negative    conolusion:    as, 

Every  true  patriot  is  a  friend  to  religion  ;  some 

great  statesmen  are   not  friends  to  religion ; 

therefore,  some  great  statesmen  are  not  true 

patriots.     Five  of  the  six  letters  that  compose  the  word 

art   significant    B  means  that  it  is  to  be  reduced  to  bar- 

a,  that  the  major  premise  is  universal  affirmative  ; 

o.  that  the  minor  premise  is  particular  negative;  c,  that 

ih    syllogism  is  to  be  reduced  per  impossibile  (see  reduc- 

thai  the  conclusion  is  particular  negative. 

/-.    Also  Bpelled  baroko. 

baroco-',  barocco  (ba-ro'ko),  a.     [It.  barocco.] 

Same  as  baroque. 

barogram  (bar'o-gram),  ».     The  record  traced 

by  a  barograph, 
barograph  (liar'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  pdpac,  weight, 
+  ypdipetv,  write.]  A  self-registering  instrument 
for  recording  variations  in  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere.  It  is  made  by  attaching  to  the  lever  of  a 
counterpoised  barometer  an  ana  with  a  pencil  in  contact 
H  11  h  a  sheet  of  paper,  and  moved  uniformly  by  clockwork. 
The  result  is  a  continuous  trace,  whose  changes  of  form 
corn  ipondtothe  variations  of  pressure.  In  another  form 
.  of  light  is  made  to  traverse  the  upper  part  of  the 
barometer-tube  and  fall  on  a  moving  ribbon  of  sensitized 
paper,  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  mercury  in  the  barome- 
ter causing  the  beam  of  light  to  he  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  width,  thus  showing  the  changes  in  the  barometer 
by  the  continuous  photographic  record  of  the  paper.  In 
still  another  form  the  movement  of  the  mercury-column 
is  used  to  close  an  electric  circuit  and  thus  report  its 
movements.  Also  called  baroimtrograph. 
barographic  (bar-o-graf'ik),  o.  [<  barograph 
+  -((•.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  barograph;  fur- 
nished by  the  barograph :  as,  barographic  rec- 
ords. 

baroko,  «•    See  baroco\ 

barolite  (bar'6-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiapou  weight,  + 
Woe,  stone.]  'Barium  carbonate.  See  withente. 
barology  (ba-rol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  (ia/m,  weight, 
+  -Tuoyia,  <  Xtyecv,  speak:  see  -ologyJ]  The  sci- 
ence of  weight  or  of  the  gravity  of 
bodies. 

baromacrometer  (bar  o-mak-rom'- 
e-ter),  ».  [<  Gr.  fidpos,  weight,  + 
fiaitpor,  long,  +  jierpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stein  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  and  the  length  of  new-born 
infants. 

barometer  (ba-rom 'e-ter),  n.  [< 
Gr.  ,iapoc,  weight,  +  phpov,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  weight  or  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  invented  by  Evange- 
lista  Torricelli,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  in  1643. 
The  simplest  form  of  this  instrument  is  a 
glass  tube  over  30  inches  long,  sealed  at  one 
end,  and  then  tilled  with  mercury.  When 
the  tube  is  inverted,  with  the  open  end 
dipping  into  a  cup  or  cistern  of  mercury, 
the  column  sinks,  leaving  a  vacuum  at  the 
top,  till  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on 
each  unit  of  surface  "f  the  mercury  in  the 
cistern  equals  the  weight  of  the  column  in 
the  tubi  over  each  unit  of  surface  of  the 
horizontal  section  at  the  level  of  the  mer- 
cury outside,  when  the  pressure  of  the 
column  of  mercury  just  balances  that  of 
the  atmosphere. 
The  rise  and  fall 
can  he  measured 
on  a  graduated 
scale.  Barome- 
ters of  this  form 
are  called  cis- 
tern barometers. 

They      are       the  B.vrometer. 

iimnnonest  of 
rough  mercurial  barometers. 
For  scientific  purposes,  themost 
frequently  used  is  Fortin's  ba- 
rometer,  in  which  the  cistern  is 
adjustable,  the  /■  root  the  scale 
coinciding  with  the  extremity 
of  an  ivory  pointer  (a  In  second 
i  which  projects  down- 
v.  ,,i,l    l the  top  of  ttie  eis- 

t,  i  n  box.     The  bottom  of  the 


metric   measurements 
tions,  or  the  like. 

\  scrap  "i  parchment  hung  by  geometry, 

(A  great  refinement  in  barometry), 

Can,  like  the  stars,  foretell  the  weather. 

S<ri ft,  Crub  Street  Elegy. 


456 

plion  barometer  having  a  Boat  resting  on  the  surface  of 
th.  mercury  in  the  open  branch,  and  a  thread  attached  to 
the  Boat  passing  over  a  pulley,  and  having  a  weight  at  its 
,  mi.  mitj  as  a  counterpoise  to  the  float.  As  the  mercury 
rises  ami  falls  the  thread  turns  the  pulley  which  moves 
the  index  of  the  dial  '1'he  barometer  is  used  in  many 
phi  ical  and  chemical  determinations,  but  its  most  ordi- 
nal-) applications  are  (1)  to  the  prediction  of  changes  in 
Hi,  weather,  and (21  to  the  determination  of  the  elevation 
of  Miti  hi-  above  the  sea-level.— Aneroid  barometer,  a 
portable  instrument,  invented  by  M.  Villi  of  Paris,  for  in- 
dicating t  lie  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  without  the  use  of 
mercury  or  i 'thcrtluid.  It  consistent  acircllhir  metallic  box 
which  is  exhausted  of  air,  and  of  which  the  corrugated  dia- 
phragms are  held  in  a  state  of  tension  bj  powerful  springs. 
The  varying  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  causes  a  variation 

of  the  surface  of  the  diaphragm,  which  variation,  being   Dar0motor    (bar'6-mo-tor) 
multiplied  by  delicate  levers  and  a  tine  chain  wound  around 
a  pinion,  actuates  an  index  pointer  which  moves  over  a 
graduated  scale.    Bourdon's  metallic  barometer  is  an  ane- 
roid barometer  consisting  of  a  flattened,  curved  tube,  ex- 


baronet 

experiments, 


observa- 


Bourdon's  Metailic  Barometer. 
A   front  view,  showing  hand   or  indicator,  a,  and  the  scale :  b,  f , 
mercurial  thermometers.   B,  back  view  :  d,  d,  tube  secured  al  its  mid- 
dle, e,  and  having  its  endsconnected  by  links,  /,  /,  to  two  short  levers, 
S,  S.  on  the  same  axis  as  the  hand,  a  ;  h,  open  plate. 

hausted  of  air  and  having  one  end  fixed  and  the  other  geared 
to  an  index-pointer  which  traverses  a  graduated  arc.  The 
curvature  of  the  tube  is  affected  by  variations  in  the 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  the  pointer  is  moved  corre- 
spondingly on  the  dial.— Marine  barometer,  a  cistern 
barometer  adapted  to  the  conditions  of  a  ship's  motion, 
being  suspended  by  gimbals,  and  having  a  stricture  in 
the  tube  to  lessen  the  oscillations  of  the  mercury.— 
Pumping  of  the  barometer,  an  unsteadiness  in  the 
barometric  column,  due  to  a  gusty  wind.— Self-register- 
ing barometer,  a  barograph  (which  see).— True  height 
of  the  barometer,  the  height  of  the  barometer  corrected 
to  the  standard  density  of  mercury  (that  is,  its  density  at 
the  in ■e/ing-point  of  water),  for  variations  of  gravity,  for 
the  effect  of  capillarity,  index-error,  expansion  of  the 
scale,  etc.  The  United  States  Signal  Office  also  corrects 
for  the  elevation  of  the  station  above  the  sea-level.  See 
atmosphere  and  sympiesometer. 

barometer-flowers  (ba-rom'e-ter-flou'erz),  n. 

pi.     Artificial  flowers  colored  with  chlorid  of 
cobalt.     In  dry  air  they  are  blue,  and  in  moist 
ail  they  turn  pink. 
barometer-gage  (ba-roni'e-ter-gaj),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus attached  to  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine,  to 
a  condenser,  or  to  some  other 
chamber  in  which  a  more  or 
less  perfect  vacuum  is  liable 
to  be  formed,  to  indicate  the 
state  of  the  vacuum.    In  one 
form  a  reversed  U-tube  has  one  end 
plunged  in  a  basin  of  mercury  and 
the  other  connected  with  the  vacu- 
um-chamber.     Another    common 
form  is    a  U-tnbe  partially    filled 
with  mercury,  and  having  one  end 
open  to  the  air  and  the  other  con- 
nected  with  the  vacuum-chamber. 
Any    exhaustion    in    the  chamber 
causes  the  mercury  to  rise  in  the 
leg  connected  with  it  and  to  fall  in 
the  other.       The  fluctuations   are 
noted  upon  a  scale  placed  between 

the  tWO  legs  Of  the  tube.  Two  forms  of  Barontt- 

barometric  (bar-o-met  nk),  tor-gage.- a.  bent  glass 
a.  Pertaining  to,  made  with,  •*•!  ».  c  ™™g« ft 
or  indicated  bv  a  barometer:    which  tubes  connect  with 

»  .    .  * .^„„ .     1.......       condensers;  d,  bend  of 

as,  barometnp  errors;  Baro-   ,ube  containing  mercury. 
mi  tne,  experiments  or  mea- 
surements :  barometric  changes.     Also  baric. — 
Barometric  depression.  See  depression.-  Barometric 
trough,  an  area  of  low  barometer.    See  barometer. 

Tornadoes  are  more  frequent  when  the  major  axes  of 
the  barometrle  troughs  trend  north  and  south,  or  north- 
east and  southwest,  than  When  they  trend  east  and  west. 

Science,  III.  707. 
n.ii.l.   01   bather,  and 
bj    a   -i  rew    working    against   Darometrical    (bar-6-Tuet'ri-kal),    a.     Pertain- 
:',„r,"a';  beU?SSed  or  Xil     i*g  ">  or  of  the  nature  of  a  barometer;  baro- 
ni    ,i     sulfa,,     pi  i     metric.     Barometrical  aerometer.    See  aSrometer. 
the  point  of  the  index ;  barometrically   (bar-o-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.    By 
means  of  B  barometer. 


IV 


till* 
form* 

tnui. 


i  ii  al  Ion    must   be   per- 

,';;;:  barometrograph  (bar-o-met'ro-graf),   ».     [< 
i  :,  i,,  i.i  tube,  generally     tir.  ;>»,«»,  weight,  +  /iirpov,  a  measure  (see  bu-  baronet  (bar  pn-et),  n._ 


barometz  (bar'6-mets),  n.  [Appar.  an  errone- 
ous transliteration  of  Kuss.  baranetsU,  club- 
moss,  connected  with  baranii,  a  rum,  sheep.] 
The  decumbent  ciitulex  of  the  fern  Dicksonio. 
Barometz,  also  called  Agnus  Scythieus,  the 
Scythian  or  Tatarian  lamb.  See  Agnus  Seythi- 
eus, under  agnus.    Also  written  borames. 

'  or),  «.  [<  Gr.  fidpoc, 
weight,  +  L.  motor.']  "A  portable  hand-  and 
foot-power  having  two  treadles  connecting 
with  cranks  on  a  fly-shaft.     E.  11.  Knight. 

baron  (bar'on),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barron, 
<  ME.  baron,  barun,  baroun,  <  OP.  baron,  barun 
(orig.  ace.  of  ber)  =  Pr.  bar,  ace.  baron,  baro 
=  Sp.  varon  =  Pg.  rarau  =  It.   barune,  prop. 

a  man  (It.  now  a  vagabond),  then  si incally 

one  who  was  a  'man'  or  vassal  of  the  king  or 
other  superior,  whence  the  later  use  of  the 
term  as  a  title,  P.  baron,  fern,  baronne,  whence, 
from  F.  or  E.,  in  other  languages,  Sp.  baron, 
Pg.  barao,  It.  barone,  Gr.  Dan.  Bw.  baron,  Icel. 
barun,  Puss.  luirouu,  etc. ;  <  ML.  baro(n-),  a  man 
(L.  homo  or  vir),  hence,  in  particular  uses,  vas- 
sal, servant,  freeman,  husband.  Origin  un- 
certain; by  some  connected  through  'servant' 
with  L.  baro(n-),  a  simpleton,  blockhead, 
dunce.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  title  of  a  no- 
bleman holding  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peer- 
age ;  a  member  of  the  baronage :  as,  Baron 
Arundell  of  Wardour ;   a  Scotch  baron.     The 

children  of  barons  have  the  title  "Honorable."  Origi- 
nally the  barons,  being  the  feudatories  of  princes,  were 
the  proprietors  of  land  held  by  honorable  set  vice.  Hence 
in  ancient  records  the  word  barun*  comprehends  all  the 
nobility.  All  such  in  England  had  in  early  times  a  tight 
to  sit  in  Parliament.  Anciently  barons  were  greater, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  king  in  capita,  or  lesser, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
service  in  capita.  "The  present  barons  are  —  (1)  Barons 
i,ii  prescription,  for  that  they  and  their  ancestors  have 
innncmorially  sat  in  the  Upper  House.  (2)  Banns  by 
/intent,  having  obtained  a  patent  of  this  dignity  to  them 
and  their  heirs, male  or  otherwise.  (Ml  /i«™««  '»/  '•  «"<'■', 
holding  the  title  as  annexed  to  land."  (Wharton.)  For- 
merly, when  all  barons  were  not  summoned  to  sit  in  Par- 
liament, the  name  of  barons  b,i  u-rit  was  given  to  those 
who  actually  were  so  summoned.  Barons  in  the  peerages 
,,f  Scotland  and  Ireland  have  seats  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment only  when  elected  by  their  order. 
See  peer.  The  word  baron  was  not 
known  in  the  British  isles  till  intro- 
duced from  the  continent  under  the 
Norman  princes.  The  coronet  of  a 
baron  of  England  consists  of  a  plain 
gold  circle,  with  six  balls  or  large  pearls 
on  its  edge,  and  with  the  cap,  etc.,  as 
in  a  viscount's. 

2.  A  title  of  the  judges  or  offi- 
cers of  the  English  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer, hence  called  barons  of  the  Exchequer, 
the  president  of  the  court  being  called  chief 
baron. —  3.  In  l<nr  and  her.,  a  husband:  as,  baron 
anil  feme,  husband  and  wife. — 4.  On  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  especially  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  the  lowest  order  of  heredi- 
tary nobility :  in  Germany,  same  as  Ttreiherr. — 
Bar'on  of  beef,  in  cookery,  two  sirloins  not  cut  asunder. 
—  Barons  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  members  ,,f  the  British 
House  of  Commons  formerly  elected,  two  for  each  of  the 
seven  (originally  five)  cinque  Ports  — Dover,  Sandwich, 
Komney,  Hastings,  llythe,  Winchelsea,  and  Rye. 

baronage  (bar'on-aj),  n.  [<  ME.  baronage, 
barunage,  barnage,  <  OF.  barnage,  barnaige,  P. 
baronnage  =  ~Pv.~ bamatge  =  It.  baronaggio,  bar- 
naggio  (ML.  reflex  baronagium >,  <  ML.  'barona- 
ticuin,<baro(n-):  see  barun  and  -age.']  1.  The 
whole  body  of  British  barons;  formerly,  the 
nobility  or  peerage  in  general. 

The  baronage  is  divided  so  narrowly  that  the  summons 
,,r  exclusion  of  half  a  dozen  members  changes  the  fate  of 
a  ministry  or  of  a  dynasty.        Stubbs,  Const  Hist.,  §  686. 

2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a  baron.— 3f.  The 
land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron;  a  barony. 

baron-COUrt  (bur' on-kort),  n.     Hou  court-baron. 

baroness    (bar'pn^es),  n.     [<  ME.   baronesse, 

lutruni/s,  <  OF.  "harnessc,  tuirunnesse  =  I'r.  It. 
baronessa  (ML.  Iianmissa):  see  baron  and  -ens.] 
The  v\  ife  of  a  baron,  or  (in  a  few  cases  in  Eng- 
land) a  lady  holding  a  baronial  title  as  a  peer- 
ess in  her  own  right. 


•  :«.  (« 


Coronet  of  an  Eng- 
lish Baron. 


Cistern  of 

eter. 
l-tinter 
the  scale 


two  romett  r)  +  ypddeiv.  write.]  Same  as  barograph. 
unequal  tegs.  The  longer  leg,  haromptroffraDhv  fbar'o-met-rog'ra-fi),  n. 
which  must  bt   mon    than  30  Daromet.rugid.puy  ^uai 

Lnchef  long,  i*  closed. while  the 
shorter  Uv  is  open  ;  the  differ- 
ence "i  i  &e  lev)  i'-  in  the  two 


I  .\s  baromt  Wograph  +  -if.)  The  science  of  the 
Barometer  ;  also,  the  art  of  making  barometric 
observations. 


barometry  (ha-rom'e-tri),  n.     [As  barometer  + 

£****  ,f,c  """*  ''»""'  !  ffi  ■  ".i.'isu  of  a  8i.     -y.]     The  art  or  operation  of  conducting  baro- 


uete  (ML.  bar'onettus,  P.  baron/net,  v..  baronet, 

Kuss.  luiniiiitii.  after  E.),  <  baron  +  -it.]  If.  A 
lesser  or  inferior  baron,    in  tins  nsr  tin-  word  had 

not  the  specific  sense  that  it  received  In  the  time ol  -1 >fi 

I.  "According to  Spenser  ('State  ol  Ireland  '),  originally 
applied  t"  gentlemen,  not  barons  bs  tenure,  summoned 
I,,  ih,  Bouse  ol  Lords  by  Edward  III.;  perhaps  to  the 
heirs  of  harons  summoned  by  writ  in  their  fathers'  life- 


baronet 

time.  Applied  in  Ireland  t..  the  holder  of  a  small  harony. 
Often  synonymous  wiili  banneret."    A'.  E.  I>. 

He  had  soe  many  Barrons  In  liis  Parliament,  us  were 
able  to  waigh  downe  the  Cleargye  and  theyr  trendes;  the 
which  Barrons,  they  say,  were  not  afterwardes  Lordes,  but 
only  Borronettt,as  sundryeol  them  doe  yet  retayne  the 
name.  Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

2.  A  British  title  of  hereditary  tank  or  degree 

of  honor  next  below  that  of  a  baron,  and  thus 
not  conferring  a  peerage;  the  only  title  of 
hereditary  knighthood.  A  baronet  is  designated  Sir 
So  and  so.  Bart  (Sirlatfonnameandsurnamebeinggiven), 

and  ranks  above  all  knights  except  those  of  the  Garter. 
There  is  no  ceremony  of  investiture,  the  title  being  uivcii  by 
patent  11 rder  was  founded  by  .lames  I.  in  inn,  pro- 
fessedly to  promote  the  English  and  Scotch  colonization 
of  lister,  for  which  eaeh  baronet  paid  il.OMi.  'the  on 
gtnal  limitation  of  the  order  to  200  members  was  set  aside 
and  the  payment  remitted  at  an  early  date.  (For  the 
badge  of  the  order,  see  badge  of  Ulster,  under  budget.) 
The  title  is  abbreviated  llirrt.  after  a  name.— Baronet's 
hand  the  bloody  hand  of  lister.  See  badge  o)  Ulster, 
under  6auVi .—  Baronets  of  Ireland,  an  order  of  knights 
baronets  founded  by  .lames  I.  of  England,  in  the  seven- 
teenth  year  of  his  reign  (1619),  for  the  same  purpose  and 
with  the  same  privileges  in  Ireland  as  had  been  conferred 


457 


barrad 


forms,  particularly  in  chur.h  architecture,  and  its  con 
torted  ornamentatl made  up  in  great  part  of  anlng 

less   Scrolls  and  Inorganic   shell-work.      Also  called,  s !- 

times,  the  Jesuit  style,  from  the  many  and  remarkably 
uglj  examples  supplied  by  churches  founded  by  the 
Jesuit  order.  This  word  is  often  used  interchangeably 
with  roc.co;  but  rococo  is  preferably  reserved  tor  ornament 
of  the  same  period,  particularly  in  fiance,  which,  though 
overcharged  and  inorganic,  still  retains  some  beaut]  and 
artistic  qualitj  ;  baroque  implies  the  presence  ol  ugly  and 
repellent  qualities. 

Sometimes  written  baroco,  barocco,  barock. 
Baroque  pearl,  a  rough  pearl  ol  irregular  or  contort! 
form.    Such  pearls  arc  frequently  utilized  to  form  bodies 
of  birds  or  the  like,  the  extremities  being  made  of  gold,  etc. 

II.  ii.  1.  An  object  of  irregular  and  peculiar 
form,  especially  in  ornamental  art. 

tin  the  scroll  handle  is  a  pearl  baroque  of  Neptune  rid- 
ing on  a  dolphin.  S.  K.  Loan  Exhibition,  1S61. 
2.  Ornament,  design,  etc.,  of  the  style  and  pe- 
riod called  baroque.     See  I.,  12. 

The  mad  extravagances  of  the  baroque,  a  style,  if  style 
it  can  be  called,  which  declared  war  against  the  straight 
line,  erased  logic  in  construction  from  its  grammar  of  art, 
and  overloaded  buildings  with  meretricious  ornament. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  364. 


on  the  order  created  In  England  m  ltd  1.  — Baronets  of  i,,rn.mnA  nmr'n-sltmil  »  K  Gr  iidonc  -weight 
Scotland,  an  order  instituted  by  I lharles  I.  of  England  Daroscope  voar  o  stop;,  n.  j>  yi.  popoi,  "'"»"' 
in  1625.    The  nominal  object  was  the  settlement  of  Nova      +  (TKOTrew,  view.]     1.    An  instrument  used  t( 


Scotia,  and  patents  were  granted  under  the  great  seal  of 
Scotland,  as  those  of  the  Ulster  baronets  bad  been  granted 
under  the  great  seal  of  England.  After  the  union  of  the 
crowns  in  1707  the  baronets  of  Scotland  charged  their 
arms  with  the  badge  of  Ulster,  and  became  baronets  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  The  baronets  of  Scotland  are  often 
called  Nova  Scotia  baronets.  None  have  been  created  since 
the  union. 

baronet  (bar'on-et),  v.  t.  To  raise  to  the  rank 
of  baronet:  generally  in  the  passive:  as,  he 
expects  to  be  baroneted. 

baronetage  (bar'on-et-aj),  re.     [<  baronet  H 


to 
indicate  changes  in  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere -without  measuring  its  absolute  weight. 
See  weather-glass  and  storm-glass. —  2.  A  piece 
of  physical  apparatus  used  to  demonstrate  the 
upward  pressure  of  the  air.  it  consists  of  a  large 
body  of  small  density  attached  to  the  beam  of  a  balance, 
and  exactly  balanced  by  a  small  weight.  When  this  is 
placed  under  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump  and  the  air  is 
exhausted,  the  arm  of  the  balance  to  which  the  large 
body  is  attached  tips  down,  since  the  upward  pressure 
now  taken  from  it  is  greater  than  that  removed  from  the 
small  counterpoise, 


age,  on  type  of  baronage.']     1.  The  baronets  baroscopic  (bar-o-skop'ik),  a.     [<  baroscope  + 


as  a  body. —  2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a  bar- 
onet. 

baronetcy  (bar'on-et-si),  n.  [<  baronet  +  -cy.] 
The  title  and  dignity  of  a  baronet. 

baronial  (ba-ro'ni-ai),  a.  [<  baron  +  -ial.  Cf. 
ML.  baron'alis.]  Pertaining  to  a  baron  or  a 
barony,  or  to  the  order  of  barons:  as,  baronial 
possessions;  the  baronial  dignity. 

baronism  (bar'on-izm),  n.  [<  baron  +  -ism.} 
Feudalism;  the  baronial  system. 

The  spirit  of  Norman  liaraiiisin  on  one  side,  and  the 
spirit  of  Anglo-Saxon  freedom  on  the  other. 

Harper's  Man.,  LXIX.  422. 

baronnette  (bar-on-ef),  n.  [P.,  dim.  of  barotitis, 
fern,  of  baron,  baron.]  A  little  baroness;  a 
baron's  daughter:  sometimes  used  for  the  wife 
of  a  baronet.     N.  -£'.  D. 

baronryt  (bar'on-ri),  n.;  pi.  baronries  (-riz). 
[<  ME.  barunrie,  <  OP.  baron/aerie:  see  baron 
and  -ry.]  1.  A  barony ;  the  domain  of  a  baron. 
—  2.  The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. —  3.  Bar- 
ons collectively. 

barony  (bar'pn-i),  re. ;  pi.  baronies  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  baronie,'<  OF.baronie,  barunie  (F.baron- 
nie),  <  ML.  baronia,  <  baro(n-),  a  baron.]  1. 
The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. —  2.  The  do- 
main of  a  baron ;  the  territory  or  lordship  of  a 
baron. — 3.  In  Scotland,  a  large  freehold  estate, 
even  though  the  proprietor  is  not  a  baron.— 4. 
In  L'eland,  a  territorial  division  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  hundred,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  originally  the  district  of  a  native 
chief.     There  are  316  baronies  in  the  island. 

Whatever  the  regular  troops  spared  was  devoured  by 
bands  of  marauders  who  overran  almost  every  barony  in 
the  island.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xii. 

5.  Formerly,  the  tenure  by  which  a  baron  held 
of  his  superior,  namely,  military  or  other  hon- 
orable service. —  6f.  The  body  of  barons  and 
other  peers;  the  baronage — Burgh  of  barony. 
Sec  burgh. 
baroque  (ba-rok'),  a.  and  «.  [Also  baroco;  =  G. 
Dan.  barok,  <  F.  baroque,  barroque  =  It.  barocco, 
<  Pg.  barroco  =  Sp.  barrueco,  irregular,  bizarre, 
esp.  in  architecture,  orig.  irregular-shaped,  as 
applied  to  a  pearl.  Origin  uncertain;  perhaps, 
with  some  confusion  with  other  -words,  <  L.  ver- 
ruca, a  steep  place,  a  height ;  hence,  a  wart,  an 
excrescence  on  precious  stones.]  I.  a.  1.  Odd; 
bizarre  ;  corrupt  and  fantastic  in  style. 

The  Oncidium  leucochilum  is  by  no  means  the  most  ec- 
centric or  baroque  member  of  the  family  of  orchids. 

Encyc  Brit.,  XIII.  5S9. 

Happy  the  artist  whose  women-friends  or  relatives  are 
able  to  help  him  avoid  the  baroque  developments  of  female 
attire  which  characterize  so  many  of  our  native  canvases, 
especially  in  genre  subjects.  The  Century,  XXV.  575 


lg  to  or  determined  by  the  baro 
Same   as 


a. 


2.  Specifically,  in  arch.,  applied  to  a  style  of  barque,  re. 

decoration  which  prevailed*  in  Europe  during  a  barr  t, «...    Obsolete  spelb^g  of  Sari 

great  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  may  barr-  (bar),  v.  i.     [Also  banj  ;  <  I .  barrir,  <  L. 

be  considered  to  have  begun  toward  the  close  barnre,  cry  as  an  elephant.]     To  cry  as  an  ele- 


begim —  . 

of  the  seventeenth  century-    It  is  nearly  equivalent     pnam.. 
to  the  Louis  XV.  style,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  clumsy   barr'5,  It 


barrad  (bar's,),  re.  [ML.,  a  bar:  see  bar*-.]  A 
bar  or  tower  placed  a1  the  end  of  a  bridge. 
Weale. 

barra-  (bar's),  n.  [Pg.,  a  particular  use  of 
barra,  a  barTcf.  E.  yard,  rod,  perch,  similarly 
used):  see  bar\  |  A  Portuguese  linear  measure, 
equal  to  1.25  yards,  used  for  cloths  of  various 
kinds. 

barrable (bar'a-bl), a.  l<bar1,v.,  +  -dble.]  in 
Imr.  capable  of  being  barred  or  stayed. 

pearl  of  irregul torted  harra-boat  (bar'SV-bot),  It.     [Named  from    the 

'   i  utilized  to  form  bodies      .  f       ,    ", ,,  ■  ■■ , ,       i ,    ,     ■  i       a      \   ,  i 

island  ot  Barra  in  the  Hebrides.  |    A  vessel  car 
rying  ten  or  twel\  e  men,  used  in  the  Hebrides. 

It  is  extremely  sharp  fore  and  aft,  and  has  no  floor,  the 

sides  rising  straight  from  the  keel,  so  that  a  cross-section 

represents  the  letter  V. 

barracan  (bar'a-kan),  u.  [<  F.  barracan,  lima 
can,  now  bouracan  =  Pr.  barracan  =  Sp.  Iiarrn- 
gan  t  whence  also  E.  barragan)  =  Pg.  barregana 
'=  It.  baracanc  =  I  >.  Imrkan  =  MHG.  barchaiti, 
barchat,  <i.  barchent,  fustian,  berkan,  barracan, 
=  Pol.  barclmii.  barakan  |  ML. bareanus),  < Turk. 
barrakan,  <  Ar.  barrakan,  barkdn,  a  kind  of 
black  gown,  <  Pers.  barak,  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.]  A  thick,  strong  stuff  made  in 
the  Levant,  properly  of  camel's  hair.  The  name 
is  used  throughout  the  Mediterranean  countries;  the  use 
of  it  by  Byron  ("the  striped  white  gauze  baraean  that 
bound  her,"  />"«  Juan,  iii.  70)  and  others  to  denote  a  del- 
icate material  is  apparently  an  error.  Also  written  bara- 
can,  barrakan,  barrtzgtm,  and  barragan. 
barracet,  »■  [ME.,  also  barrais,  barres,  barras, 
<  OF.  barras,  a  barrier,  <  barre,  a  bar:  see  bar1, 
and  cf.  embarrass,  debarrass.]  1.  A  barrier  or 
outwork  in  front  of  a  fortress.— 2.  The  bar  of 
a  tribunal.  [Rare.] — 3.  A  hindrance  or  ob- 
struction. [Rare.]  — 4.  The  inclosure  witliin 
which  knightly  encounters  took  place.  Hence 
—  5.  Hostility;  contention;  strife.  N.  E.  D. 
barrack  (bar'ak),  n.  [=  D.  barak  =  G.  baracke, 
barake  =  Dan"  barakkc,  <  F.  baroque,  <  It.  ba- 
racca  =  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  a  tent,  soldier's  hut ; 
of  uncertain  origin.  Some  compare  Gael,  and 
Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or  booth;  Gael,  barrack, 
top  branches  of  trees;  Bret,  barrel;  full  of 
branches,  <  bar,  a  branch:  see  bar1.]  1.  A 
building  for  lodging  soldiers,  especially  in  gar- 
rison ;  a  permanent  building  or  range  of  build- 
ings in  which  both  officers  and  men  are  lodged 
in  fortified  towns  or  other  places. 

He  (Bishop  Hall]  lived  to  see  his  cathedral  converted 
into  a  barrack  and  his  palace  into  an  alehouse. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  IV.  2. 
2.  A  large  building,  or  a  collection  of  huts  or 
cabins,  especially  within  a  common  inclosure, 
in  which  large  numbers  of  men  are  lodged. 

Most  of  the  quarrymen  are  Bretons,  and  live  in  wooden 
barracks.  A  nsted,  Channel  Islands,  i.  6. 

The  railway  has  come  close  under  the  walls  of  the  chateau, 
while  an  ugly  barrack  has  sprung  up  on  the  other  side. 

Conti  mporary  Rev.,  L.  329. 
[In  both  senses  generally  in  the  plural.]  —  3. 
A.  straw-thatched  roof  supported  by  four  posts, 
under  which  hay  is  kept,  and  which  is  capa- 
ble of  being  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure. 
In  Maryland,  and  perhaps  elsewhere,  the  word  is  used  for 
a  building  of  any  kind  intended  for  the  storage  of  straw 
or  hay.  [U.  SJ—  Barrack  allowance,  a  specific  quan- 
tity of  bread,  beef,  wood,  coal,  etc,  issued  by  authority  to 
British  regiments  stationed  in  barracks.— Barrack  case- 
mate, a  bomb-proof  casemate  for  shelter  and  supplies. 
Also  called  store  casemate. 
barrack-master  (bar'ak-inas"ter),  n.  The  of- 
ficer who  superintends  the  barracks  of  soldiers. 
—  Barrack-mas ter  general,  an  oiiieer  who  superintends 
the  construction  and  repairs  of  barracks,  and  adapts  the 
accommodation  to  the  requirements.    [Eng.] 

barraclade  (bar'a-klad),  n.  [<  D.  baar,  =  E. 
bare1,  +  kind  =E.  cloth.]  A  home-made  woolen 
blanket  without  nap.  [Peculiar  to  those  parts 
of  New  York  originally  settled  by  the  Dutch, 
and  now  little  used,  if  at  all.] 

barracoon  (bar-a-kon'),  n.  [<  Sp.  barracon 
(used  in  the  West  Indies)  =  Pg.  *barracao,  aug. 
of  Sp.  Pg.  barraca.  barrack:  see  barrack.]  A 
barrack  or  an  inclosure  containing  sheds  in 
which  negro  slaves  were  temporarily  detained ; 
a  slave-pen  or  slave-depot.  Barracoons  formerly 
existed  at  various  points  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  also 
in  Cuba,  Brazil,  etc.     African  barracoons  were  composed 

of  large  but  low-roofed  w [en  sheds,  and  were  sometimes 

provided  with  defensive  works,  in  order  to  resist  attack 
from  the  British  forces  engaged  in  breaking  up  the  slave- 
trade. 

barracouta  (bar-a-kb'ta),  n.  A  corrupt  form 
of  barracuda. 

barracuda  (bar-a-ko'dit),  ».  [Native  name.] 
A  large  voracious  fish,'iSp7f.ywii<(  picuda,  of  the 
West  Indian  and  neighboring  seas.  It  belongs 
to  the  perch  family,  and  is  from  6  to  10  feet  in 
length. 

barrad,  barraid  (bar'ad,  -ad),  n.  [<  Ir.  bairread, 
See  bahar.  baircud,  <  E.  barret",  q.  v.,  or  from  the  F.  origi- 


4c.]   1 
scope, 
baroscopical   (bar-o-skop'i-kal) 

hiiriisrnjiii-. 

baroselenite  (bar-o-sel'e-nlt),  ».  [<  Gr.  fi&poq, 
weight  (or  papvgj  heavy),  +  selenite,  4.  v.] 
Same  as  baritc. 

Barosma  (ba-ros'mii),  n.  [NL.,  also  Baryosma, 
<  (ir.  ffapvoofiog,  also  (iapi-oSuog,  of  oppressive 
smell,  <  papbc,  heavy,  oppressive,  +  bapij,  older 
form  bdpi],  smell,  odor,  <  6fra>,  smell,  akin  to  L. 
odor,  odor.]  A  genus  of  shrubs,  natural  order 
Butacca;  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  pos- 
sessing a  strong,  heavy  odor.  The  leaves  of  several 
species,  as  B.  crenulata,  B.  serratifolia,  and  /;.  &i  tulina, 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  under  the  name  of  buehu, 
chiefly  in  disorders  of  the  urinogenital  organs.  In  Cape 
Colony  they  arc  employed  as  a  stimulant  and  stomachic. 

barouche  (ba-rosh').  re.  [Spelled  its  if  P.,  but 
taken  directly  <  G.  dial,  barutsche,  <  It.  baroccio, 
biroccio  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of  car- 
roccio,  a  chariot)  =  Sp.  barrocho,  orig.  a  two- 
wheeled  vehicle,  <  LL.  birota.  a  cabriolet,  orig. 


Barouche. 
A,  body;  B.  perch  ;  C.  lee-spring;  D,  dummy;  E.  under-spring ; 
F,  thorough-brace ;  G,  rocker;  //.hub,  or  nave;   /,  spekc  ;   J,  rim, 
when  the  whole  circumference  is  composed  of  two  pieces,  and  felly, 
when  it  is  composed  of  several  pieces. 

fern,  of  the  adj.  birotus,  two-wheeled,  <  L.  bis, 
double,  +  rota,  a  wheel.]  Alarge  four-wheeled 
carriage  with  a  falling  or  folding  top  over  the 
back  seat,  and  the  seats  arranged  as  in  a  coach. 

barouchet  (ba-ro-sha'),  «.  [As  if  P.;  dim.  of 
barouche.]    A  small  kind  of  barouche. 

baroxyton  (ba-rok 'si -ton),  n.  [<  Gr.  iaplc, 
heavy,  +  oivrovor,  sharp-sounding.]  A  brass 
instrument  of  music  invented  in  1853.  having  a 
compass  of  three  and  a  half  octaves,  beginning 
nearly  three  octaves  below  middle  C :  occasion- 
ally used  in  military  bands. 

bar-post  (biir'post),  «.  One  of  the  posts  driven 
into  the  ground  to  form  the  sides  of  a  field- 
gate. 

bar-pump  (bar'pump),  n.    Same  as  bare-pump. 

barquantine,  barquentine,  ».  See  barkanUne. 
See  barks. 


barrad 

nal.]  A  conical  cap  of  very  ancient  origin, 
worn  by  the  Irish  till  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
century. 

barragant  (bar'a-gan).  ii.     Same  as  barracan. 

barrage  (bar'agJJ  «.      [P.,  a  bar,  barrier,  dam, 

<  barrer,  bar,  obstruct,  <  barre,  bar,  obstruc- 
tion: see  bar1  ani-agc.]  1.  The  act  of  barring; 
specifically,  the  formation  of  an  artificial  ob- 
struction in  a  watercourse,  in  order  to  increase 
the  depth  of  the  water,  to  facilitate  irrigation, 
and  for  other  purposes. —  2.  The  artificial  bar 
thus  formed;  especially,  one  of  those  on  the 
river  Nile  in  Egypt. 

barragont  (bar  a-gon),  n.    Same  as  barracan. 
Barratrous — a  genteel  corded  stuff  much  in  vi  igue  at  that 
time  for  summer  wear.  OUbert  Whit* .  Selborne,  v.  14. 

barragudo  (bar-a-go'do),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  na- 
tive Indian  name  of  a  large  South  American 
moukev  of  the  genus  Lagothrix. 

barraid,  ».    See  barrad. 

barrakant,  n.    See  barracan. 

barramunda  (bar-a-mnn'dS),  n.  [Native  Aus- 
tralian.] An  Australian  fish,  Ceratodusforsteri, 
of  the  order  Dipnoi,  representative  of  a  sub- 
order  Monopneumona.  It  attains  a  length  of  6 
feet,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  food.    See 

( i  rut, i, Ins. 

barranca  (ba-rang'ka),  n.  [Sp.,  also  barranca 
=  Pg.  barranco.]  A  deep  ravine,  mountain- 
gorge,  or  defile:  a  word  frequently  used  by 
writers  on  Mexican  and  South  American  geog- 
raphy and  travel. 

Only  in  the  valleys  of  erosion,  true  barancos,  into  which 
the  fire  cannot  penetrate.  J.  J.  Rein,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  83. 

barras1t(bar'as),?».  [Origin  obscure.]  A  coarse 
linen  fabric  originally  imported  from  Holland. 
The  word  was  in  use  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

barras2  (bar'as;  P.  pron.  ba-ra'),  n.  [F.,  < 
barrc,  a  bar,  in  ref.  to  its  appearance  on  the 
tree.]  The  French  name  for  the  turpentine 
obtained  in  the  south  of  France  from  Pin/us 
Pinaster.     Also  called  galipot. 

barratt,  n.     [<  ME.  barrat,  burnt,  barat,  baret, 

<  OF.  barat  (=  Pr.  barat  =  Sp.  barato  (obs.)  = 
It.  baratto),  m.,  also  barate  =  Pr.  barata  —  Sp. 
barata  (obs.),  f.  (ML.  baratus.  baratum,  and  ba- 
rata), of  uncertain  origin;  orig.  appar.  traffic, 
dealing  (as  in  the  E.  deriv.  barter,  q.  v.),  then 
fraudulent  dealing,  fraud,  etc.  In  sense  3,  of. 
Icel.  bardtta,  fight,  strife,  trouble.]  1.  Fraud; 
deception. — 2.  Trouble;  distress. 

How  he  has  in  greate  barett  bene  sithen  he  was  borne. 

York  Plays,  p.  179. 
3.  Contention;  strife. 

barratt,  v.  i.  [Also  barret;  <  barrat,  «.]  To 
quarrel ;  brawl. 

barrathea-cloth,  «.     See  barathea-cloth. 

barrator  (bar'a-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  barator,  baritor, 
bareter,  baratour,  baratur,  etc.,  <  AF.  *oaratour, 
OF.  barateor  (=  Pr.  baratador  =  It.  barattatore; 
ML.  barratator),  <  barater,  barter,  cheat,  de- 
ceive, <  barat,  etc.,  barter:  see  barrat.']  If.  In 
old  law,  one  who  buys  or  sells  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment; a  simonist. — 2.  In  Scots  law,  a  judge 
who  takes  a  bribe. — 3.  One  who  buys  or  sells 
offices  of  state. — 4.  One  who  commits  barratry; 
one  who,  being  the  master  of  a  ship  or  one  of  its 
officers  or  seamen,  commits  any  fraud  or  frau- 
dulent act  in  the  management  of  the  ship  or 
cargo,  by  which  the  owner,  freighters,  or  in- 
surers are  injured,  as  by  running  away  with 
the  ship,  sinking  or  deserting  her,  wilful  devi- 
ation from  the  fixed  course,  or  embezzlement 
of  the  cargo. —  5f.  A  quarrelsome,  brawling 
person;  a  rowdy.  —  6.  One  who  frequently  cx- 
cites  others  to  lawsuits  or  quarrels;  a  common 
mover  and  maintainer  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies; an  encourager  of  litigation  between  other 
I"  i-ons:  chiefly  in  the  phrase  common  barrator. 
See  barratry,  4. 

Uiii  it  ii.it  reflect  as  much  on  thy  character,  (Tic,  to  torn 

barrator  in  thy  old  days,  a  BtlrreT  up  "f  quarrels  amongst 

thy  neighbours?  Arbuthnot,  Hist,  of  John  Hull. 

Also  spelled  barrater,  and,  especially  in  the 

last  sense,  born  lor. 

barratoust  (bar'a-tus),  a.    [<  ME.  baratous,  < 
OF.  barateus,  <  barat:  sec  barrat.]    Conten- 
tious; quarrelsome. 
The  world  is  too  full  -it  litigious  and  barratous  pennea. 
G.  Harvey,  Pierces    apt  rero  ation   i1  07.      v  /    D.) 

barratrous  (bar'a-trus),  ".  [<  barratry  +  -ous.] 

Of  tin-  nature  of  or  characterized  l>y  barratry; 
fraudulent.    Also  spelled  barretrous. 

barratrously  (bar'a-trus-li),  adv.  In  a  barra- 
trous or  fraudulent  manner;  by  barratry.  Also 
spelled  bam  trousUf. 

barratry  (bar'a-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  barratrie,  < 
OF.  baraterie,  barterie  =  Pr.  baratarta   (ML. 


458 

barataria),  <  barat:  see  barrat  and  -ry.]  1. 
The  purchase  or  stile  of  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments or  of  offices  of  state.     See  barrator,  1,  ;i. 

—  2.  In  old  Scots  law.  the  taking  of  bribes  by  a 
judge. — 3.  The  fraud  or  offense  committed  by 
a  barrator.  See  barrator,  4. —  4.  A  vexations 
and  persistent  inciting  of  others  to  lawsuits 
and  litigation;  a  stirring  up  and  maintaining 
..I  controversies  and  litigation.  This  is  a  crim- 
inal offense  at  common  law. 

Also  barretry,  especially  in  the  last  sense. 

barre  (ba-ra' ),  a.  [F. ,  pp.  of  barrer,  bar,  <  barre, 
bar:  see  bar1.]  1.  In  her.,  divided  by  a  bend 
sinister:  the  reverse  of  bendwise  or  bandi.  [This 
French  term  is  used  because  English  heraldry  has  no  single 
tei  in  [or  bendwise  in  a  sinister  sense.] 
2.  In  music  for  the  guitar  or  lute,  barred :  con- 
veying a  direction  to  press  with  the  forefinger 
of  the  left  hand  across  all  the  strings,  in  order 
to  raise  their  pitch,  and  thus  facilitate  a  tempo- 
rary change  of  key. 

barred  (bard),  p.  a.  1.  Secured  with  a  bar  or 
bars:  as,  "the  close-Jarred portal,"  Scott,  Ab- 
bot, xix. —  2.  Furnished  or  made  with  bars: 
as,  a  live-barred  gate. — 3.  Obstructed  by  a  bar, 
as  a  harbor. — 4.  Striped;  streaked:  used  espe- 
cially of  textile  fabrics:  as,  "barred  al  of  silk," 
Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale. —  5.  la  music:  (a)  Mark- 
ed off  by  bars,  (b)  Same  as  barre,  '2. —  6.  In  her., 
same  as  barn/'2. 

barrel  (bar' el),  n.  [<  ME.  bare!,  barele,  barayl, 
<  OF.  bareil,  baril,  mod.  F.  baril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
barril  =  It.  barile  =  G.  barel  =  OBulg.  Serv. 
Russ.  barilo  =  Pol.  baryta  (barred  I)  =  NGr. 
fiapili,  <  ML.  barile,  borillus,  barellus,  baurilis, 
a  barrel.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  connected 
with  bar1.  The  Celtic  words,  W.  baril  =  Gael. 
baraill  =  Ir.  bairile  =  Manx  barrel  =  Corn,  bal- 
liar,  are  of  E.  origin.]  1.  A  vessel  or  cask  of 
a  cylindrical  form,  generally  bulging  in  the  mid- 
dle, usually  made  of  wooden  staves  bound  toge- 
ther with  hoops,  and  having  flat  parallel  heads. 

—  2.  As  a  measure  of  capacity,  the  quantity  of 
anything,  liquid  or  solid,  which  a  barrel  should 
contain.  In  English  metrology  there  were  four  prin- 
cipal kinds  of  barrels :  the  wine-barrel  of  3H  wine  gallons  ; 
the  London  ale-barrel  of  32  beer  gallons  ;  the  country  ale- 
and  beer-barrel  of  34  beer  gallons  ;  and  the  London  beer- 
barrel  of  36  beer  gallons.  The  wine-barrel  was  legalized 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  III.,  the  others  under  Henry  VIII. 
Under  George  III.  the  barrel  of  ale  or  beer  for  town  and 
country  was  made  36  gallons.  Oil,  spirits,  tar,  and  pork 
were  measured  by  the  wine-barrel  ;  vinegar,  by  the  barrel 
of  34  gallons.  A  barrel  of  eels  or  herrings  contained  :" 
gallons  by  a  statute  of  Henry  VI.,  but  by  another  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  this  was  made  42  gallons.  Salmon  and  spruce 
beer  were  also  measured  by  barrels  of  42  gallons.  A  bar- 
rel of  beef,  wet  codfish,  or  honey  contained  32  wine  gal- 
lons ;  but  honey  was  sometimes  sold  by  barrels  of  42  gal- 
lons of  12  pounds  each.  By  a  statute  of  George  III.,  a 
barrel  of  fish  was  made  3S  wine  gallons  ;  but  a  barrel  of 
salt  pilchards  or  mackerel  measured  50  gallons.  The  bar- 
rel of  apples,  coal,  or  nuts  contained  3  Winchester  bush- 
els, each  of  S  gallons,  dry  measure.  The  barrel  of  ancho- 
vies contained  lti  pounds  ;  of  gunpowder,  loo  pounds  ;  of 
raisins,  1  hundredweight;  of  candles,  120  pounds;  of  ba- 
rilla, potash,  or  butter,  2  hundredweight  (but  only  100 
pounds  of  Essex  butter,  and  156  of  Sussex);  the  barrel  of 
soap,  256  pounds.  A  barrel  of  plates,  by  a  statute  of 
Charles  II.,  contained  300  pounds.  There  were  besides  a 
great  variety  of  other  barrels  ill  Scotland  and  Ireland.  In 
England  the  barrel  is  no  longer  a  legal  measure.  In  the 
United  states  the  barrel  in  liquid  measure  is  commonly 
3U  gallons,  and  for  solid  substances  it  is  generally  a  unit 
of  "weight,  a  barrel  of  flour,  for  example,  being  198  pounds, 
and  a  barrel  of  beef  or  pork  200  pounds.  In  Maine  a  bar- 
rel of  fish  is  by  law  200  pounds.  In  Louisiana  a  barrel  in 
dry  measure  is  3}  bushels.  The  bushels  vary  in  different 
States.  On  the  continent  of  Europe,  previous  to  the  in- 
troduction of  the  metric  system,  there  were  many  barrels. 
In  each  state  of  Italy  the  barile  for  wine  was  a  little 
smaller  than  that  for  oil ;  they  were  about  30  to  tin  liters. 
The  barril  "f  Normandy  was  about  60  Paris  pintes.  The 
baral  of  Montpcllicr  was  26|  liters ;  the  barrallon  of  Bar- 
celona, 304}  liters ;  the  baril  of  Riga,  137}  liters.  The  bar- 
rUiue.  was  commonly  larger  than  the  baril.  The  abbrevi- 
ation is  bbl.,  pi.  6Ws. 

3.  Tin'  contents  of  a  barrel:  sometimes,  like 
bottle,  used  to  signify  intoxicating  drink. — 4. 
The  money  (especially  when  the  sum  is  large) 
supplied  by  a  candidate  in  a  political  cam- 
paign, for  campaign  expenses,  but  especially 
for  corrupt  purposes:  hence,  a  barrel  campaign 
is  one  in  which  money  is  lavishly  employed  to 
bribe  voters:  in  this  sonso  often  written  and 
pronounced  bar'l  (biirl),  in  humorous  imitation 
of  vulgar  speech.  [U.  S.  political  siting.]  — 
5.  Anything  resembling  a  barrel;  a  drum  or 
cylinder.  In  particular  (a)  The  drum  or  roller  in  B 
crane,  about  which  the  rope  or  chain  winds.  (6)  The  main 

purlieu  el  ,-i  i  i|.  l.i ii.  at  mut  which  the  rope  winds,  between 

the  drumhead  at  the  top  and  the  pawl-rim  at  the  bottom. 

Sec  cut  under  capstan.  {<')  in  lie  Bteering  apparatus  of 
a  ship,  the  cylinder  on  which  the  tiller. ropes  or  -chains 
arc  wound.  ('/)  The  rim  in  a  drum  or  pulley  about  which 
the  belt  works,  (e)  The  cylinder  studded  with  pins  which 
in  the  barrel-organ  opens  the  key-valves,  and  in  the  mu- 
sical box  Beta  in  vibration  the  teeth  of  the  steel  comb  by 


barrel-organ 

which  the  sound  is  produced.  (.0  The  cylindrical  portion 
ol  a  boiler  between  the  tire  hex  and  the  smoke-box,  con- 
taining the  tulies  or  lines.  (</)  The  body  or  trunk  of  a 
quadruped,  especially  of  a  horse,  ox,  etc. 

Lofty  is  his  neck, 
And  elegant  his  head,  iiis  barrel  short. 

Singleton,  tr.  of  Virgil,  1. 151. 
(/i)  The  cylindrical  rase  in  a  watch,  within  which  the 
mainspring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  the  chain  is  wound. 
(i)  The  chamber  of  a  pump,  in  which  the  piston  works, 
(j)  The  tube  in  a  lock  into  which  the  key  enters,  (fr)  The 
vibrating  portion  of  a  bell  between  the  lower  thickened 
part  or  sound-bow  and  the  top  or  cannon.  (/)  The  hard, 
horny,  hollow  part  of  the  stein  of  a  feather,  the  calamus 
proper,  or  quill.  See  cut  under  afterehajt.  (in)  That 
part  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword  which  is  grasped  by  the  hand. 
(«)  The  metal  tube  of  a  gun.— Barrel  of  the  ear,  the 
tympanum  or  ear-drum.  .See  tympanum.— Rolling-bar- 
rel, tumbling-barrel,  a  tumbling-box,  or  vessel  mounted 
on  a  shaft  audi  made  to  revolve,  for  the  purpose  of  polish- 
ing or  cleaning  by  attrition  materials  placed  within  it,  and 
for  cutting  shellac,  etc. — Slack  barrel,  a  coopered  vessel 
shaped  like  a  cask,  but  not  made  water-tight,  being  in- 
tended for  dry  substances. 

barrel  (bar'el),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barreled  or 
barrelled,  ppr.  barreling  or  barrelling.  [<  barrel, 
n.]  To  put  or  pack  in  a  ban-el  or  barrels:  as, 
to  barrel  beef,  pork,  or  fish. 

Stale  .  .  .  butter,  and  such,  I  fear,  it  is  by  the  being 
barrelled  up  so  long.  B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  ii.  1. 

barrel-bayonet  (bar'el-ba"o-net),  n.  A  bayo- 
net, formerly  used,  fitted  to  a  haft  which  was 
inserted  into  the  barrel  of  the  gun.  See  plug- 
bayonet. 

barrel-bellied  (bar'el-bel"id),  a.  Having  a 
round  and  protuberant  or  barrel-shaped  belly. 

barrel-bolt  (bar'el-bolt),  «.  A  door-bolt  mov- 
ing in  a  cylindrical  casing. 

barrel-buik  (bar'el-bulk),  n.  Naut.,  a  measure 
of  capacity  for  freight,  equal  to  5  cubic  feet. 
Eight  barrel-bulks,  or  40  cubic  feet,  are  equiva- 
lent to  one  ton  by  measurement. 

barrel-curb  (bar'el-kerb),  n.  An  open  cylin- 
der, 3|  or  4  feet  in  length,  formed  of  strips  of 
wood  nailed  on  horizontal  circular  ribs  of  elm, 
used  as  a  mold  in  well-sinking  to  keep  the  ex- 
cavation cylindrical. 

barrel-drain  (bar'el-dran),  n.  A  cylindrical 
drain  of  masonry. 

barreled,  barrelled  (bar'eld),  p.  a.  1.  Packed, 
stowed,  or  stored  away  in  barrels:  as,  barreled 
butter. —  2.  Inclosed  in  a  cylinder  or  barrel: 
as,  barreled  bolts. — 3.  Having  a  barrel  or  bar- 
rels of  a  kind  or  number  indicated :  used  chief- 
ly in  composition:  as,  a  double-barreled  gun. — 
Barreled  crossbow.     See  crossbow. 

barrelet,  n.    See  barrulet. 

barrel-filler  (bar'el-fiFer),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  filling  barrels,  provided  with  an  automatic 
arrangement,  generally  in  the  nature  of  a  float, 
for  cutting  off  the  supply  of  liquid  in  time  to 
prevent  overflow. 

barrel-fish  (bar'el-fish),  n.  A  name  of  the 
log-fish  or  rudder-fish  (which  see),  Lirus  perci- 
forniis,  of  the  family  Stromateida: 

They  are  almost  always  found  in  the  vicinity  of  floating 
barrels  and  spars,  and  sometimes  inside  of  the  ban-els. 
Hence  the  fishermen  call  them  hanet-ft\h,  though  the  most 
usual  name  is  rudder-fish.         Stand.  Nat.  Hist..  III.  101. 

barrel-gage  (bar'el-gaj),  «.  An  automatic 
device  to  indicate  when  a  barrel  is  full,  or  to 
shut  off  the  supply  and  prevent  overflow. 

barrel-hooks  (bar'el-hukz),  n.  pi.    A  pair  of 
iron  hooks  for  lifting  bar- 
rels by  the  chines. 

barrelled,  p.  a.  See  bar- 
reled. 

barrel-lifter  (bar '  el  -  lif  "- 
ter),n.  A  hand-tool  for  lift- 
ing a  barrel  by  the  chines. 

barrel-loom  (bar'el-lom), 
n.  1.  A  loom  in  which 
the  pattern  of  the  fabric 
lo  l.e  wo\  eii  is  determined 
by  a  chain  of  perforated 
cards  passing  over  a  drum 
or  barrel.  See  Jacquard 
loom,  under  loom. — 2.  A 
loom  in  which  pins  pro- 
jecting from  a  revolving  barrel  determine  the 
elevation  and  depression  of  tho  warp-threads. 

barrel-organ  (bar'el-6r"gan),  n.  An  organ 
with  a  cylinder  or  barrel  turned  by  a  crank 
and  furnished  with  pegs  or  staples,  which, 
when  the  barrel  revolves,  open  a  series  of 
valves  admitting  currents  of  air  from  a  bellows 
actuated  by  the  same  motion  to  a  set  of  pipes, 
thus  producing  a  tune  either  in  melody  or  in 

h&rmOny.     In  another  form  of  the  instrument  wires  like 
those  el  the  piano  are  acted  on  instead  of  pipes.     Many 

large  instruments  have  beet etc  on  this  principle,  but 

it  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  hand-organs  carried  about  by 
street  musicians. 


n.irrcl-hooks. 


barrel-pen 

barrel-pen  (bar'ol-pen),  n.  A  pen  with  a  cy- 
lindrical shank  adapting  it  to  slip  upon  a  round 
holder. 

barrel-pier  (bar'el-per),  n.  A  support  for  a 
military  bridge  formed  of  empty  casks  or  bar- 
rels joined  together  in  a  raft,  in  the  absence  of 
pontoons  or  boats.  The  rafts  of  barrels  fur  the  abut- 
ments are  made  fast  to  the  shore  on  each  side  of  the 
stream  or  body  of  water  to  he  crossed,  and  those  forming 
the  piers  are  anchored  at  proper  intervals  between  the 
two  batiks.  These  rafts  are  connected  by  sleepers  or  tim 
bers,  which  are  lashed  to  them  and  support  the  planks 
forming  the  roadway  of  the  bridge. 

barrel-plate  (bar'el-plat),  n.  A  plate  employed 
in  machine-guns  to  assemble  and  hold  the 
barrels  in  place  about  the  axis.  The  Gatling  gun 
has  a  front  and  a  rear  barrel-plate,  the  barrels  passing 
through  both  plates. 

barrel-saw  (bar'el-sa),  n.  A  cylinder  with  a 
serrated  edge,  or  a  band-saw  bent  into  a  circle 
and  fitted  to  a  cylindrical  frame,  used  for  cut- 
ting barrel-staves,  fellies,  the  curved  work  in 
furniture,  etc. 

barrel-screw  (bar'el-skrB),  n.  A  powerf  id  ap- 
paratus consisting  of  two  large  poppets  or 
male  screws,  moved  by  levers  inserted  into 
their  heads  upon  a  bank  of  plank,  with  a  female 
screw  at  each  end:  of  great  use  in  starting  a 
launch.     Also  called  bed-screw. 

barrel-setter  (bar'el-set"er),  n.  A  cylindrical 
mandrel  used  for  straightening  the  barrel  or 
truing  the  bore  of  a  firearm. 

barrel-shaped  (bar'el-shapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  barrel,  that  is,  of  a  short  cylinder 
with  bulging  sides :  used  especially  in  describ- 
ing the  eggs  of  certain  insects. 

barrel-vault  (bar'el-valt),  n.  A  plain,  semi- 
cylindrical  vault,  much  used  by  ancient  archi- 
tects, and  employed  generally  by  medieval 
builders  before  the  reappearance  of  groined 
vaulting  at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century. 

barrel-vise  (bar'el-vis),  n.  A  bench-vise  whose 
jaws  are  grooved  longitudinally,  adapted  for 
holding  a  gun-barrel  or  other  similar  object. 

barrel-work  (bar'el-werk),  n.  In  mining,  pieces 
of  native  copper  large  enough  to  be  sorted  out 
by  hand  and  shipped  in  barrels,  but  not  large 
enough  to  come  under  the  head  of  mass  copper. 
The  latter  is  sent  to  the  smelting-works  after  being  cut,  if 
necessary,  into  pieces  of  manageable  size,  and  is  shipped 
without  being  barreled.     [Lake  Superior.] 

barren  (bar'en),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
barraine,  <  ME.  barein,  barain,  <  OF.  *baraiit, 
brahain,  brehaing,  fern,  baraine,  baraigne,  bre- 
haigne,  mod.  F.  brehaigne,  barren :  origin  un- 
known.   The  Bret,  brcchagn,  sterile,  is  from  F.] 

1.  a.  1.  Incapable  of  producing  or  that  does  not 
produce  its  kind :  applied  to  animals  and  plants. 

There  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  you. 

Deut.  vii.  14. 
In  particular— (a)  Sterile  ;  castrated :  said  of  male  ani- 
mals.   (6)  Without  fruit  or  seed :  said  of  trees  or  plants. 

(c)  Bearing  no  children  ;  childless  ;  without  issue  :  said  of 
a  woman. 

The  name  of  Abram's  wife  was  Sarai,  .  .  .  but  Sarai  was 
barren  ;  she  had  no  child.  Gen.  xi.  29,  30. 

For  aye  to  he  in  shady  cloister  mew'd, 
To  live  a  barren  sister  all  your  life. 

Shak.,U.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

(d)  Not  bearing  or  pregnant  at  the  usual  season  :  said  of 
female  animals:  as,  barren  heifers. 

2.  Producing  little  or  no  vegetation;  unpro- 
.   ductive;  unfruitful;  sterile:  applied  to  land. 

Another  rocky  valley  yawned  beneath  us,  and  another 
barren  stony  hill  rose  up  beyond. 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  144. 

3.  In  mining,  unproductive ;  unprofitable:  ap- 
plied to  rocks. — 4.  Void  of  vital  germs. 

It  is  particularly  difficult  to  protect  a  liquid  from  all 
germs,  or  to  destroy  all  those  which  have  penetrated  it ; 
however,  it  is  possible,  and  the  liquid  is  then  said  to  be 
barren.  Science,  III.  128. 

5.  Mentally  unproductive ;  unresponsive;  dull; 
stupid.     [Rare.] 

There  be  of  them,  that  will  themselves  laugh,  to  set  on 
some  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  f<  ><  >. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

6.  Devoid;  lacking;  wanting:  with  of:  as,  a 
hill  barren  of  trees;  a  mind  barren  of  ideas. 

Our  latest  letters  from  America  are  of  the  middle  of 
April,  and  are  extremely  barren  of  news. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  242. 

It  is  impossible  to  look  without  amazement  on  a  mind 
so  fertile  in  combinations,  yet  so  barren  of  images. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

7.  Not  producing  or  leading  to  anything ;  prof- 
itless ;  fruitless :  as,  barren  tears ;  a  barren  at- 
tachment.—  8.  Destitute  of  interest  or  attrac- 
tion; unsuggestive ;  uninstructive ;  bald;  bare: 
as,  a  barren  list  of  names. 


459 

But  it  [Duomo  of  Florence]  is  impressive  within  from 
its  vast  open  spares,  and  from  the  stately  and  simple, 
though  barren,  grandeur  of  its  piers  and  vaults  and  walls. 
C.  /■;.  Norton,  Chorch-hullding  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  229. 
Barren  flowers,  such  as  for  any  reason  produce  no  seed. 
—Barren  ground,  unproductive  beds  of  rock:  used, 
espi rially  with  regard  to  eoal,  for  arras  when-  there  Is  no 
coal-seam  of  sufficient  thickness  to  be  worked  with  profit. 
—  Barren  measures,  in  geol.,  those  portions  of  eoal 
measures  which  contain  no  workable  seams  of  coal. — 
Barren  signs,  in  aetrol.,  Gemini,  Leo,  and  Virgo.— Bar- 
ren stamens,  in  but.,  such  as  produce  no  pollen  in  the 
anther. 

II.  n.  A  tract  or  region  of  more  or  less  un- 
productive land,  partly  or  entirely  treeless. 
The  term  is  best  known  in  the  United  States  as  the  name 
of  a  distriet  in  Kentucky,  "the  Barrens,"  underlaid  by 
the  subearboniferous  limestone,  but  possessing  a  fertile 
soil,  which  was  nearly  or  quite  treeless  when  that  State 
began  to  be  settled  by  the  whites,  hut  which  at  present, 
where  not  cultivated,  is  partly  covered  with  trees.  In 
northeastern  Canada  the  name  barrens  is  given  to  tree- 
less, grass-covered  areas,  once  the  beds  of  lakes,  but  now 
desiccated  and  in  most  cases  the  exact  counterpart  of  va- 
rious tracts  existing  in  the  western  United  States,  and 
there  generally  called  prairies,  but  sometimes  holes.  The 
pine-barrens  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  are  sandy 
plains  on  which  is  a  valuable  growth  of  southern  or  long- 
leafed  pine,  Pinus  palustris. 

The  "pine  barren"  is  traversed  by  several  excellent 
roads,  and  a  morning  ride  or  drive  while  the  delicate  haze 
still  lingers  among  the  forest  of  stems,  and  the  air  is  full 
of  the  fresh  scent  of  the  pine  woods,  is  not  easily  for- 
gotten. Fortnightly  Reo.  (N.  S.),  XXXIX.  178. 

To  fertilize  especially  the  barrens  of  Surrey  and  Berk- 
shire. Kingsley,  Life,  II.  100. 

barrent  (bar'en),  v.  t.  [<  barren,  a.]  To  ren- 
der barren  or  unproductive. 

barrener  (bar'en-er),  n.  [<  barren,  a.,  1  (d).] 
A  cow  not  in  calf  for  the  year. 

barrenly  (bar'en-li),  ado.     Unfruitfully. 

barrenness  (bar'en-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  barcynesse, 
barynes,  etc. ;  <  barren  +  -ness.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barren,  (a)  Incapability  of  pro- 
creation ;  want  of  the  power  of  conception. 

I  pray'd  for  children,  and  thought  barrenness 

In  wedlock  a  reproach.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  352. 

(b)  Want  of  fertility  ;  total  or  partial  sterility ;  infertility  : 
as,  the  barrenness  of  the  land.  (<■)  Want  of  the  power  of 
producing  anything  ;  want  of  instructiveness,  suggestive- 
ness,  interest,  or  the  like;  want  of  matter:  as,  "barren- 
ness of  invention,"  Dryden. 

And  this  leads  me  to  wonder  why  Lisideius  and  many 
others  should  cry  up  the  barrenness  of  the  French  plots, 
above  the  variety  and  copiousness  of  the  English. 

Dryden,  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
The  barrenness  of  his  fellow  students  forced  him  gener- 
ally into  other  company  at  his  hours  of  entertainment. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  19. 
id)  Defect  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  are  fervent,  and  some- 
times feel  a  barrenness  of  devotion.  Jer.  Taylor. 

barren-spirited  (bar'en-spir"i-ted),  a.  Of  a 
poor  or  mean  spirit.     Shale.,  J.  O,  iv.  1. 

barrenwort  (bar'en-wert),  n.  [<  barren  + 
wort1.]  The  common  name  of  Epimedium,  a 
genus  of  low  herbaceous  plants,  natural  order 
Bcrberidacem,  having  creeping  roots  and  many 
stalks,  each  of  which  has  three  flowers.  The 
only  European  species  is  K.  alpinum.  Species  occur  also 
in  central  Asia  and  Japan.— American  barrenwort, 
Vaneouveria  hexandra,  a  nearly  allied  species  found  in 
i  iregon. 

barret1!,  "•  [<  F.  barrette  (=  Sp.  barreta),  dim. 
of  barre,  a  bar :  see  bar1.']    A  little  bar. 

barret2  (bar'et),  n.  [Also  buret,  <  F.  barrette 
=  Pr.  barreta,  berreta  =  Sp.  birreta  =  It.  ber- 
retta:  see  biretta  and  birrus.]  1.  Same  as  bi- 
retta. —  2.  A  sort  of  ancient  military  cap  or 
headpiece.     Scott.    Also  called  barret-cap. 

barret3t,  »■     See  barrat. 

barret-cap  (bar'et-kap),  n.   Same  as  barret2,  2. 

Old  England's  sign,  St.  George's  cross, 
His  barret-cap  did  glare. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  16. 

barretero  (bar-e-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  barreta, 
dim.  of  barra,  a  bar,  crowbar :  see  barret1  and 
bar1.]  A  miner  who  wields  a  crowbar,  wedge, 
or  pick. 

The  ores  .  .  .  are  so  soft  that  a  single  barretero  can 
throw  down  many  tons  a  day. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  73. 

barretor,  barretry,  etc.    See  barrator,  etc. 

barr-fisb.  (biir'fish),  n.  [Cf.  bar2.]  A  name  of 
the  crappie,  Pomoxys  annularis,  a  centrarchoid 
fish.     See  cut  under  crappie. 

barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  «.  [First  in  the  form 
httrricttdo  (after  Sp.),  <  F.  barricade  =  It.  bar- 
ricata,  <  Sp.  Pg.  barricada,  a  barricade,  lit. 
made  of  barrels,  <  barrica  (=  F.  barrique),  a 
barrel,  prob.  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  bar*-,  and  cf. 
barrel.]  1.  A  hastily  made  fortification  of 
trees,  earth,  paving-stones,  palisades,  wagons, 
or  anything  that  can  obstruct  the  progress  of 
an  enemy  or  serve  for  defense  or  security. 


barrier 

F.v'n  tho'  thrice  again 
The  red  fool  furj  "t  tin-  Seine 
should  pile  her  barricades  with  dead. 

Tennyson,  in  tfemoriam,  exxvii. 

2.  A  temporary  barrier  of  any  kind  designed 
to  obstruct  passage  into  or  through  a  space  in- 
tended to  lie  kept  free  for  a  particular  use. — 

3.  Any  bar  or  obstruction ;  that  which  defends. 
There  must  be  such  a  ban  icade  as  would  greatly  annoy 

or  absolutely  stop  the  currents  of  the  atmosphere. 

Derham. 
4t.  In  naval  arch.,  a  strong  wooden  rail,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions,  extending  across  the  fore- 
most part  of  the  quarter-deck,  in  ships  of  war, 
and  backed  with  ropes,  mats,  pieces  of  old  cable, 
and  full  hammocks,  as  a  protection  against 
small  shot  in  time  of  action. =Syn.  Bar,  etc.  See 
barrU  r. 
barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
ricaded, ppr.  barricading,  [(.barricade,  ».]  1. 
To  obstruct  or  block  (a  path  or  passage)  with 
a  barricade. —  2.  To  block  or  render  impass- 
able. 

Now  all  the  pavement  sounds  with  trampling  feet, 
And  the  mix'd  hurry  barricades  the  street. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iii. 
3.  To  shut  in  and  defend  with  a  barricade; 
hem  in. 

lie  is  so  banricado'd  in  his  house, 
And  ann'd  with  guard  still. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  i.  1. 
Also  formerly  barricado. 
barricader  (bar-i-ka'der),  n.     One  who  barri- 
cades. 
barricadot  (bar-i-ka'do),  n.  and  v.     Same  as 
barricade :  the  older  form  in  English  use. 

Shall  I  have  a  barricado  made  against  my  friends,  to  be 
barred  of  any  pleasure  they  can  bring  in  to  me? 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iii.  2. 
barricot,  »•  [<  Sp.  Pg.  barrica,  a  cask,  barrel: 
see  barricade.]  A  small  barrel  or  keg. 
barrier  (bar'i-er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
ter, baryer  (with  term,  accom.  to  mod.  F.), 
<  ME.  barrcre,  barere,  <  AF.  barrere,  OF.  bar- 
riere,  F.  barriere  =  Pr.  It.  barricra  =  Sp.  bar- 
rera  =  Pg.  barreira  (ML.  reflex  barrera),  <  ML. 
*barraria,  a  barrier,  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  bar1.'] 
1.  In  fort.,  anything,  as  a  palisade  or  stock- 
ade, designed  to  obstruct  entrance  into  a  for- 
tified place. —  2.  pi.  The  palisades  or  railing 
surrounding  the  ground  where  tourneys  and 
justs  were  carried  on  ;  hence,  the  sports  them- 
selves (formerly  sometimes  with  the  plural  in  a 
singular  sense). 

Deny  me  not  to  stay 
To  see  a  barriers  prepared  to-night. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  4. 
The  young  Earl  of  Essex  and  others  among  them  enter- 
tained her  majesty  with  tiltings  and  tourneys,  barriers, 
mock  fights,  and  such  like  arts.        Oldys,  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

3.  Any  obstruction ;  anything  which  hinders 
approach,  attack,  or  progress ;  anything  stand- 
ing in  the  way ;  an  obstacle :  as,  to  build  a 
wall  as  a  barrier  against  trespassers ;  consti- 
tutional barriers. 

Constantly  strengthening  the  barriers  opposed  to  our 
passions.  Bp.  Porteous,  Works,  II.  iv. 

A  barrier  to  defend  us  from  popery. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  16S6. 

4.  A  fortress  or  fortified  town  on  the  frontier 
of  a  country. 

The  queen  is  guarantee  of  the  Dutch,  having  possession 
of  the  barrier,  and  the  revenues  thereof,  before  a  peace. 

Swift. 

5.  A  limit  or  boundary  of  any  kind ;  a  line  of 
separation. 

I  was  persuaded  that  when  once  that  nice  barrier  which 
marked  the  boundaries  of  what  we  owed  to  each  other 
should  he  thrown  down,  it  might  he  propped  again,  but 
could  never  be  restored.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  213. 

6.  The  gate,  in  towns  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, at  which  local  revenue  duties  are  collected. 
—  7.  In  China,  a  subordinate  customs  station 
placed  on  an  inland  trade-route  for  the  collec- 
tion of  duties  on  goods  in  transit. — 8.  In  coal- 
mining, a  solid  block  of  coal  left  un worked 
between  two  collieries,  for  security  against  the 
accidents  which  might  occur  in  consequence  of 
communication  between  them.  [Eng.]  — Bar- 
rier Act,  the  name  given  to  an  act  passed  by  the  Genera] 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in  1697,  providing 
that  no  change  can  be  made  in  the  laws  of  the  church 
without  first  being  submitted  to  all  the  presbyteries  for 
their  judgment,  and  having  received  the  approval  of  at 
least  a  majority  of  them.  The  Barrier  Act  is  held  both 
by  the  Established  and  by  the  Free  Church  as  of  high  im- 
portance, and  analogous  regulations  have  been  adopted 
by  other  Presbyterian  churches.  — Barrier  reef.  S|,r 
reef.—  Barrier  system,  in  North  of  England  coal-minin<i, 
a  method  of  working  a  coal-mine  by  pillar  and  stall,  when 
solid  masses  or  barriers  of  eoal  are  left  between  the  work* 
ing-places. — Barrier  treaty,  a  treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
of  a  eountry ;  especially,  the  treaty  signed  at  Antwerp, 
Nov.  15,  1715,  by  Austria,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Nether- 


barrier 

lands,  determining  the  relations  of  the  Hutch  and  the 
Arabians  in  the  strategic  towns  of  the  Low  Countries. 
=Syn.  3.  Bar,  Barrier,  Barricade.  Bar  is  the  most  gen- 
eral, and  takes  almost  all  the  many  figurative  meanings. 
Barrier  is  also  full  in  figurative  meaning.  Barricadi  is 
confined  strictly  to  obstructions  set  with  the  specific  inten- 
tion  of  stopping  passage,  as  in  streets  and  narrow  passes. 
My  spirit  beats  her  mortal  bars. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

The  barriers  which  they  builded  from  the  soil 

lo  keep  the  foe  at  bay.  Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

Tile  Milanese  threw  up  liarricades  at  their  leisure.  :un! 

still  the  Austrian  government  remained  passive  spectators 

of  this  defiance  of  the  Imperial  authority. 

E.  Dieeg.  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  77. 
barrier  (bar'i-er),  v.  t.     [<  barrier,  n.]     To  shut 
in  or  off  with  a  barrier. 

barrier-gate  (bar'i-er-gat),  re.  A  gate  which 
closes  the  entrance  through  a  stockade  or  har- 
rier. 

barrigndo  (baavi-go'do),  ».  [Sp.  Pg.,  big-bel- 
lied. <  barriga,  belly;  of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
Brazilian  name  for  several  monkeys  of  the  ge- 
nus Lagothrix.  They  are  the  largest  of  South  Amer- 
ican monkeys,  one  measuring  53  inches  in  length,  of  which 
the  tail  constituted  26. 

barring1  (bar'ing),  re.     [Verbal  n.  of  Bar*.]    In 

mining,  timber  used  for  supporting  the  roof  or 
sides  of  shafts.  [Eng.] 
barring2  (bar'ing),  mpr.  asjjrep.  [Prop.  ppr.  of 
bar1."]  Excepting;  leaving  out  of  the  account ; 
apart  from:  as,  barring  accidents,  I  shall  be 
there.     [Colloq.] 

Little  writing-desks,  constructed  after  the  fashion  of 
those  used  by  the  judges  of  the  land,  barring  the  French 
polish.  Dickens. 

barring-out  (bar'ing-out'),  n.  Exclusion  from 
a  place  by  means  of  locks  or  bars ;  specifically, 
the  act  of  excluding  a  schoolmaster  from  school 
by  barricading  the  doors  and  windows :  a  boyish 
sport  indulged  in  at  Christmas  in  Great  Britain, 
now  nearly  obsolete,  and  sometimes  practised 
for  mischief  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Revolts,  republics,  revolutions,  most 
]No  graver  than  a  schoolboys'  barring-out. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 

barris  (bar'is),  re.  A  name  given  on  the  Guinea 
coast  to  the  chimpanzee,  and  also  to  the  man- 
drill. 

barrister  (bar'is-ter),  re.  [First  in  the  16th 
century,  written  barrester,  barester,  later  bar- 
raster;  ban-inter  (NL.  barrasterius),  <  barre,  bar 
(bar1,  n.)  +  -ster,  the  term,  being  appar.  assim- 
ilated to  that  of  eophister,  etc.]  A  counselor 
or  an  advocate  learned  in  the  law,  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar  in  protection  and  defense  of 
clients:  called  in  fulT a  barrister  at  law.  The  term 

is  more  especially  used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the  cor- 
responding term  in  Scotland  being  advocate  and  in  the 
United  states  counselor  at  law.  In  England  barristers 
alone  are  admitted  to  plead  in  the  superior  courts.  They 
must  previously  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  inns  of  a  lurt, 
and  are  divided  into  utter  or  outer  barristers,  who  plead 
without  the  bar,  and  queen's  (or  king's)  counsel  or  Ser- 
jeants at  law,  who  plead  within  the  bar. 

After  applying  himself  to  the  study  of  the  law  Bacon 
was  admitted  in  bis  twenty-second  year  (1582)  as  an  Utter 
Barrister  of  Gray's  Inn.  E.  A.  Abbott,  Bacon,  p.  16. 

Inner  barrister.    Same  as  bencher,  1. 

bar-roll  (bar'rol),  n.  A  bookbinders'  tool,  of 
circular  form,  that  makes  a  broad,  flat  line  on 
the  sides  or  backs  of  books. 

bar-room  (bftr'rom),  re.  A  room  in  a  public 
house,  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  place  of  re- 
sort, containing  a  bar  or  counter  where  liquors 
or  other  refreshments  .ire  served. 

barrow1  (bar'6),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barow, 
barrough  (mod.  dial,  bargh,  barf,  q.  v.,  also 
berry®);  <  ME.  berw,  berug,  berg,  oergh,  beorv.li 
(also,  with  vowel  appar.  affected  by  association 
with  other  words,  borw,  borgh,  burgh,  etc., 
whence  the  mod.  form  with  differentiated 
meaning  burrow-,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  beorg,  beorh 
=  OS.  berg  =  OFries.  berg,  berch  =  D.  berg  = 
OWi. bug.  MIHi.  h.re.  G.'  berg  (>E.  berg  in'  ire. 
In  rg)  =  Sw.  berg  =  Dan.  bjarg  =  Goth,  "bairgs 
(in  deriv.  bairgahei,  a  mountainous  district),' a 
hill,  mountain,  =  Icel.  berg,  bjarg,  a  rock,  preci- 
pice, =  <  )Ir.  brigh,  [r.  bri  =  \V.  lire  =  Bret,  bre,  a 


460 

mound  of  earth  or  stones  raised  over  a  grave; 
[i  sepulchral  mound;  a  tumulus.  Barrows  are 
among  tin  most  important  monuments  of  primitive  an- 
tiquity.    Thc>  at.  found  in  Great  Britain  ami  other  dis- 


Bewl 


They 


tricts  of  Europe,  and  in  North  America  and  Asia.     . 
are  distinguished,  according  to  their  peculiarities  ,.f  bum 
and  construction,  as  long,  broad,  bowl,  hell,  cone,  etc. ,  bar- 

rows.     In  the  more  ancient  barrows  the  bodies  are  found  barrowman   (bar'6-man) 
lying  extended  on  the  ground,  v  ith  Implements  and  weap- 
ons of  stone  or  bone  beside  them.    In  barrows  of  later 
date  the  implements  are  of  bronze,  and  sometimes,  though 


Long  Bair< 


rarely,  of  iron,  while  the  remains  are  often  inclosed  in  a 
stone  or  earthenware  cist  and  doubled  up.  Where  the 
body  was  burned  the  ashes  were  usually  deposited  in  an 
urn.  Barrow-burial  is  supposed  not  to  have  been  aban- 
doned in  Great  Britain  until  the  eighth  century.  In  Eng- 
land, Wilts  and  Dorset  are  the  counties  in  which  barrows 
most  abound.  Stone  barrows  in  Scotland  are  called  cairns. 
The  numerous  barrows  of  North  America  are  generally 
classed  along  with  other  ancient  earthworks  as  mounds, 
or  distinguished  as  burial-mounds: 

Whilst  the  term  tumulus  is  almost  exclusively  used  in 
speaking  of  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient  Greeks, 
and  the  conical  mounds  formed  by  the  Romans,  adjoining 
their  camps  and  stations,  to  serve  as  land-marks  and 


bars-gemel 

barrow4  (bar'6),  re.  [<  ME.  berwe,  <  AS.  beam, 
a  grove  (=  Icel.  burr,  a  kind  of  tree);  perhaps 
orig.  a  fruit-bearing  tree,  <  beran  =  led.  bera, 
bear.]  A  wood  or  grove :  a  word  surviving 
only  in  English  local  names,  as  BarfOW-ia- 
Furness,  Barrow&eld. 

barrow5  (bar'6),  re.  [E.  dial.,  also  barry,  bar- 
rie.  Origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  <  AS.  bcor- 
gmi.  cover,  protect.]     Same  as  barrow-coat. 

barrow-coat  ( bar'6-kot),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bar- 
ricoat;  <  barrow5  +  coat.']  A  square  or  oblong 
piece  of  flannel,  wrapped  round  an  infant's 
body  below  the  arms,  the  part  extending  be- 
yond the  feet  being  turned  up  and  pinned. 
Also  called  barrow  and  barry. 

n. ;  pi.  barrowmen 
(-men).  A  man  employed  in  wheeling  a  bar- 
row; specifically,  in  coal-mining,  one  who  con- 
veys the  coal  in  a  wheelbarrow  from  the  point 
where  it  is  mined  to  the  trolleyway  or  tram- 
way on  which  it  is  carried  to  the  place  where 
it  is  raised  to  the  surface. 

barrow-pig  (bar'6-pig),  n.     Same  as  barrow3. 

A  barrotv-pig,  that  is,  one  which  has  been  gelded. 

Drtjden,  Plutarch,  II.  397. 

barrow-pump  (bar'6-putnp\  n.  A  combined 
suction-  and  force-pump  mounted  on  a  two- 
wheeled  barrow. 

barrow-tram  (bar'6-tram),  re.  The  tram  or 
shaft  of  a  wheelbarrow;  hence,  jocularly,  a 
raw-boned  fellow. 

Sit  down  there,  and  gather  your  wind  and  your  senses, 
ye  black  barrow-tram  o'  the  kirk  that  ye  are.  Are  ye  ton 
or  fasting?  Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  xiii. 

barrow-truck  (bar'6-truk),  n.  A  two-wheeled 
hand-truck;  especially,  such  a  truck  for  use  in 
moving  baggage  or  freight. 


null       l.llll|'.l      .111.1       Sl.ll  loll.-,,       HI     .Mile      .13       I Ml,   ■       ailU      •«  /-U  /-  -\  T  »  ■        ■ 

watching-stations,  it  is  used  indifferently  with  the  word   DarrOWWay  (bar  o-wa),  n.     In  einil-miiiing,  an 

underground  road  on  which  coal  is  transported 
from  the  place  where  it  is  mined  to  the  tram- 
way.    [Eng.] 

barrulee  fbar-8-la'),  a.   hihcr.,  same  as  barruly. 

barrulet  (bar'6-let),  re.  [Also  barrulette,  dim. 
of  AP.  "oarrule,  dim.  of  OP.  barre,  a  bar:  see 
bar1."]  In  her.,  a  diminutive  of  the  bar,  gen- 
erally considered  as  being  one  fourth  of  its 
width.  It  is  never  used  alone.  Also  written 
Inn  relet.    See  bamiletty. 

barruletty  (bar'6-let-i),  a.  [<  barrulet.']  In 
her.,  divided  into  barrulets:  said  of  the  heral- 
dic field.     See  barry2  and  barruly. 

barruly  (bar'o-li),  a.  [<  AP.  bitrrulec,  <  *bar- 
rtde,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar:  see  bar1.]  In 
her.,  divided  into  bars  or  barrulets:  said  of  tho 
field  when  divided  intonotlessthaneightpai'ts  ; 
if  the  number  is  much  greater,  it  is  called  bar- 
ruletty.   Also  barruUe. 

barry1  (bar'i),  n.   Same  as  barrow-coat.    [Prov. 

a.     [<  F.  barre',  pp.  of  barrer, 
v.]     In  her.,  divided  into  bars : 
said  of  the  heraldic  field.     The 
number  of  divisions  is  always  even  and 
is  always  mentioned,  as  barry  of  four 
pieces,  barry  if  six.  etc.;  if  there  are 
not  less  than  eight  divisions,  the  words 
barruly   and    bamiletty   may    lie    em- 
ployed.    Also  barred. — Barry  bendy, 
divided  into  lozenges  by  the  intersex  [ion 
of  lines  drawn  barwise  and  bendwise. 
This  is  always  supposed  to  be  bendy 
dexter;  when  bendy  sinister,  it  is  writ- 
ten barry  bendy  sinister,    klaobendy 
bam-j/.— Barry  paly,  divided  both  barwise  and  palewise, 
and  therefore  either  cheeky  or  billety.     See  these  words. — 
Barry  plly,  divided  both  barwise  and  diagonally,  the 
division  forming  piles  across  tie-  field.    It  is  more  prop- 
erly blazoned  as  of  piles  barwise,  the  number  being  men. 
tioned. — Barry  wavy,  divided  into  waving  bands  of  gen- 
erally horizontal  direction  :  said  of  the  Held.    This  charge 
is  used  to  represent  water  in  cases  where  a  ship  or  the 
like  is  to  be  depicted  as  afloat, 
Barsac  (bar'sak),  re.     [P.]    A  general  name  for 
the  white  wines  made  in  Barsac,  department 
of  ( iironde,  France.     All  the  Barsac  wines  are  sweet- 
ish;  but  they  have  a  certain  bitterness,  ami  sometimes  a 
tarry  or  resinous  flavor,  which  prevents  their  being  lus- 
cious. 


barrow  to  designate  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  and  other  northern  countries. 

Audsley,  III.  18. 

A  long  street  climbs  to  one  tall-tower'd  mill ; 

And  high  in  heaven  behind  it  a  gray  down 

With  Danish  barroivs.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

4.  A  burrow  or  warren.     See  burrow2,  berry2. 
The  coney -barrow  of  Lincoln's  Inn  is  now  covered  by 

smooth  lawns.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  587. 

barrow2  (bar'6),  re.  [<  ME.  barrow,  barow, 
barowe,  barewe,  barwe,  <  AS.  "bearwe  (a  form 
'berewe  is  cited  but  not  authenticated),  a  bar- 
row (cf.  D.  berrie,  MHG.  bcre,  a  hand-barrow, 
MHG.  rade-ber,  G.  radberge,  radbiirge,  dial,  rade- 
berre,  a  wheelbarrow,  Icel.  barar,  mod.  borw, 
pi.,  a  bier,  Sw.  b&r,  barrow,  bier,  Dan.  baare, 
bier,  AS.  bar,  E.  bier;  also  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr. 
Qeperpov,  a  litter,  bier,  all  from  the  same  ult. 
source),  <  &<■»•««, bear:  see  bear1  and  bier.]  1.  A 
frame  used  by  two  or  more  men  in  carrying  a 
load ;  formerly,  any  such  frame,  as  a  stretcher  or 
bier;  specifically,  a  flat  rectangular  frame  of  , 
bars  or  boards,  with  projecting  shafts  or  han-  l>arry-  (ban), 
dies  (in  England  called  trams)  at  both  ends,  by  bar :  see  bar 
which  it  is  carried:  usually  called  a  hand-bar- 
row.— 2.  A  similar  frame,  generally  used  in  the 
form  of  a  shallow  box  with  either  flaring  or  up- 
right sides,  and  supported  in  front  formerly  by 
two  wheels,  now  by  a  single  small  wheel  in- 
serted between  the  front  shafts,  and  pushed  by 
one  man,  who  supports  the  end  opposite  to  the 
wheel  by  means  of  the  rear  shafts:  usually 
called  a  wheelbarrow. — 3.  A  frame  or  box  of 
larger  size,  resting  on  an  axle  between  two 
large  wheels,  and  pushed  or  pulled  by  means 
of  shafts  at  one  end;  a  hand-cart:  as,  a  cos- 
termonger's  barrow.  [Local  Eng.  (London)  and 
Scotch.] — 4.  Abarrowful;  the  load  carried  in 
or  on  a  barrow. 

Have  I  lived  to  be  carried  in  a  basket,  like  a  barrow  of 
butcher's  offal;  and  to  lie  thrown  in  the  Thames? 

Shak.,  M.  \v.  of  \\\,  iji.  6. 

5.  In  salt-works,  a  wicker  case  in  which  the 
salt  is  put  to  drain. — 6.  The  egg-case  of  a 
skate  or  a  ray:  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  hand-barrow. 


Barry  of  six. 


mountain  hill  (cf.  \V.  bry,  high  ),  =  <  IBulg.  ore</«  barrow-    (bar'6),'  r.   t.      [<   barrow2,  n.]      To  barse  (bars),  n.     [The  original  form  of  tho  word 
=  Serv.   Iinjig  =  I',., hem.  bnh  =  Pol.  brzeg  = 
Kuss.  beregu,  shore,  bank  ;  of.  Zend  berezanh,  a 

height,  Inn  nut,  high,  =  Skt.  Iirilianl.  strong, 
mighty,  lofty,  ppr.  of  tfbrih,  Imrh.  bo  thick,  be 
strong.  The  orig.  notion  is  that  of  a  height, 
and  there  is  no  connection  with  AS.  beorgan, 


etc.,  cover:   so,-  bury*.]     If.    A  hill  or  moun- 
tain: originally  applied  to  hills  or  mountains 
of  any  height,  even  the  greatest,  but  late  I    N 
Btricted  to  lower  elevations.     In  this  sense  the 

word  survives  only  in  provincial  us ■  as  a 

part  of  local  names  in  England. —  2.  A  monad  ; 
a  heap.      [Prov.  Eng.]     In  particular — 3.  A 


wheel  or  convey  in  a  barrow:  as,  to  barrow 
coal  in  a  pit. 
barrow^  (bar'6),  re.  [<  ME.  barow,  barowe, 
hnrii,  <  AS.  bearg,  bearh  =  Fries,  baerg  =  D. 
burg,  berg  =  t  Mill,  barg,  lutntg,  Mill!,  bare,  (I. 
baretl  =  Icel.  bbrgr,  a  castrated  boar.  Not 
connected,  as  sometimes  suggested,  with  L. 
vcrres.  a  boar,  Skt.  vardha,  a  boar.  Cf.  hug, 
of  the  same  orig.  sense.]  A  castrated  boar. 
Also  called  ii'irrinr-jiig  or  barrow-hog.  [Now 
chiefly  prov.  Eng.] 

I  say  "gentle,"  though  this  barrow  grunt  at  the  word. 
Milton,  Colaateriou. 


now  corrupted  to  bass  (see  bass1) ;  <  ME.  liars 
<  AS.  birrs,  linns,  perch,  =  D.  baars  =  MHG! 
bars,  Gr.  barsch,  OIIG.  (with  added  formative) 

In  rsirb,  :i  porch  ;  prob.  akin  to  birse,  bristle,  q.  v. 
Cf.  Sw.  and  Dan.  aborre,  perch.]  The  com- 
mon perch.  [Local  Eng.  (West- 
moreland).] 

bars-gemel  (biirz'jem"el),  n.  pi. 
[<  bars  +  grind,  q.  v.]  In  her., 
two  bars  placed  very  near  to- 
gether, having  more  of  the  Hold 
above  and  below  them  than  be- 
tween them.  Bars-uemcl. 


bar-shear 

bar-shear  (bar'sher),  ».  A  machine  for  cutting 
metal  bars.  It  consists  of  a  very  strong  frame  having 
a  fixed  lower  blade  and  a  vertically  reciprocating  apper 
blade,  between  which  the  bar  is  cut. 

bar-shoe  (biir'sho),  n.  A  kind  of  horseshoe 
having  a  bar  across  the  usual  opening  at  the 
heel  to  protect  a  tender  frog  from  injury. 

bar-shooting  (biir'shii  ting),  n.  The  practice 
of  shooting  wild  fowl  from  the  bars  of  rivers 
and  bays. 

bar-shot  (bar' shot),  n.  1.  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar  with  a  half-ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end,  for- 
merly used  for  destroy- 
ing masts  and  rigging  in 
naval  warfare. —  2.  In 
her.,  two  bullets  or  balls 
connected  by  a  short  bar  like  a  dumb-bell. 

bar-sight  (bar'sit),  n.  A  form  of  rifle-sight. 
See  bar\  16. 

barsowite  (bar'so-wit),  n.  [<  Barsow(skoi)  + 
-Hi '-'.]  A  mineral  occurring  as  the  gangue  of 
blue  corundum  at  Barsowskoi  or  Barsovskoi  in 
the  Ural.  Its  true  nature  is  uncertain,  but  it 
may  be  identical  with  anorthite. 

Bart.  The  contraction  of  baronet  appended  to 
a  name  :  as.  Sir  .John  Doe,  Bart. 

bar-tailed  (bar'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  barred 
crosswise  with  different  colors:  as,  the  bar- 
tailed  godwit,  Limosa  lapponica.  See  cut  un- 
der Limosa. 

bartender  (bar'ten//der),  n.  A  barkeeper;  a 
waiter  in  a  bar-room  who  serves  out  drinks  and 
refreshments. 

barter  (bar'ter),  r.  [<  late  ME.  bartren  for 
"batten,  *bareten  (the  inserted  r  being  due 
perhaps  to  the  suffix  of  the  OF.  infinitive,  or  to 
dependence  on  the  noun  barator,  bareter,  etc.: 
see  barrator),  <  OP.  bareter,  barater,  barter, 
truck,  cheat,  <  barnt,  borate,  barete,  barter, 
cheating:  see  barrat.]  I.  ititrans.  To  traffic 
or  trade  by  exchanging  one  commodity  for  an- 
other, in  distinction  from  buying  and  selling  for 
money. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  give  (one  thing  or  com- 
modity) for  another  of  equivalent  or  supposed 
equivalent  value :  with  a  person,  for  (formerly 
With)  a  thing:  as,  to  barter  one's  jewels  for 
bread. 

As  my  faith  has  once  been  given  to  yon,  I  never  will 
barter  it  with  another.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

Rude  people  who  were  willing  to  barter  costly  furs  for 
tritles.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  91. 

2.  To  exchange,  in  general — To  barter  away,  to 

dispose  of  by  barter,  especially  in  an  unwise  or  dishonor- 
able way  ;  bargain  away  :  as.  to  barter  away  human  rights 
for  the  patronage  of  the  great. 

He  also  bartered  away  plums  ...  for  nuts.  Locke. 

barter  (bar'ter),  n.     [<  barter,  v.]    1.  The  act 

of  exchanging ;  specifically,  the  act  or  practice 
of  trafficking  by  exchange  of  commodities. 

All  government,  indeed  every  human  benefit  and  enjoy- 
ment, every  virtue,  and  every  prudent  act,  is  founded  on 
compromise  and  barter. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America,  1775. 

Article  is  exchanged  for  article  without  the  use  of  money 
or  credit.    This  is  simple  barter. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  March  IS,  1834. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  exchange. — 3.  An  arith- 
metical rule  by  which  the  values  of  different 
goods  are  ascertained  and  compared.  =  Syn.  1. 
Dealing,  trade,  traffic,  truck,  interchange. 

barterer  (bar'ter-er),  n.  One  who  barters  or 
traffics  by  exchanging  commodities. 

barteryt  (bar'ter-i),  ».  [<  barter  +  -y.~]  Ex- 
change of  commodities  in  trade ;  barter. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  that,  in  most  ancient  ages,  there 
was  only  bartery  or  exchange  of  .  .  .  commodities  amongst 
most  nations.  Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

barth  (bilrth),  n.     [E.  dial.,  of  obscure  origin. 

Of.  berth2.]  A  warm  inclosed  place  of  shelter 

for  young  cattle. 
Bartholomew  baby,  day,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Bartholomew-tide  (hiir-thol'o-mu-tid), n.  The 
season  near  St.  Bartholomew's  day  (August 
24).    See  day*. 

Like  flies  at  Bartholomew-tide,  blind. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

Bartholomite  (bar-thol'o-uiit),  ».  [<  Bartholo- 
mew +  -ite2.]  1.  A  member  of  the  community 
of  Basilian  monks  of  the  Armenian  rite  who 
took  refuge  in  the  West  and  were  assigned  the 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  Genoa,  in  1307. 
The  community  was  finally  suppressed  in  1650. 
— 2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  secular  priests 
following  a  rule  drawn  up  by  Bartholomew 
Holzhausen,  iu  Germany,  in  1640.  They  spread 


mi 

to  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Spain,  but,  under  this 
name,  became  extinct  after  1700. 
bartizan   (biir'ti-zan),   n, 
Sir     W.     Scott, 


[Not  found  before 

A 


Bartizan. —  Carcassonne,  France. 
A,  merlon  ;  B,  embrasure  ;  C,  loophole  ; 
9,  machicolation.     ( From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
'  Diet,  de  1' Architecture") 


who  uses  the 
word  frequently; 
prob.  adapted 
from  a  corrupt 
Sc.  spelling  [In  r- 
hsi  in  )  .if  hrelli- 
cing,  bratticing : 
see  bratticing.'] 
In  arch.,  a  small 
overhanging  tur- 
ret, pierced  with 
loopholes  or  em- 
brasures, or  with 
both,  and  pro- 
jecting general- 
ly from  an  an- 
gle at  the  top  of 
a  tower,  or  from 
the  parapet  of  a 
building  or  medieval  fortification-wall. 

On  battlement  and  bartizan 
Gleamed  axe,  and  spear,  and  partisan, 

Scott,  I.,  of  I..  St.,  iv.  20. 
He  pass'd  the  court-gate,  and  he  ope'd  the  tower-grate, 

And  In1  mounted  the  narrow  stair 
To  the  bartizan-seat,  where,  with  maids  that  on  her  wait, 
He  found  his  lady  fair.  Scott,  Eve  of  Saint  John. 

bartizaned  (bar'ti-zand),  a.  Furnished  with 
a  bartizan  or  bartizans.     Scott. 

Bartolist  (bar'to-list),  «.  A  student  of  Bar- 
tolo,  a  famous  Italian  jurist  (1314-57);  one 
skilled  in  the  law. 

bartont  (bar'ton),  n.  [<  AS.  (ONorth.)  bere-tun, 
courtyard,  manor,  threshing-floor,  <  bere,  bar- 
ley, 4-  tun,  inclosure:  see  bears,  barleyl,  and 
town,  and  cf.  6am1.]  1.  The  domain  lands  of 
a  manor,  not  rented,  but  retained  for  the  use 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Also  called  berwick. 
—  2.  A  farm-yard. 

Spacious  bartons,  clean,  well-wall'd  around, 
Where  all  the  wealth  of  rural  life  was  found. 

Southey,  Poet's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  41. 

bartram,  «.    See  bertram. 

Bartramia  (bar-tra'rni-a),  n.  [NL.,  after  the 
naturalist  William  Bartram  (1739-1823).]  A 
genus  of  sandpipers  the  type  of  which  is  Tringa 
bartramia  of  Wilson,  now  Bartramia  longicau- 


Bartram's  Sandpiper,  or  Upland  Plover  [Bartramia  longirauda). 

da,  a  common  species  of  North  America,  va- 
riously called  Bartram's  sandpiper,  upland 
plover,  prairie  pigeon,  and  quailly.  It  belongs  to 
the  family  ScolopacidcB  and  subfamily  Totanince,  and  is 
peculiar  for  the  length  and  graduation  of  its  tail. 

baru  (ba-ro'),  ».  [Malay  name.]  A  fine  woolly 
substance,  used  for  calking  ships,  stuffing 
cushions,  etc.,  found  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Arcnga  saccharifcra,  a  sago-palm  of  the 
East  Indies. 

baruria  (ba-ro'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  (Jr.  (iapvr, 
heavy,  +  ovpov,  urine.]  In  pathol.,  a  morbid 
condition  of  the  body  characterized  by  the 
passage  of  urine  of  a  high  specific  gravity. 

barutine(bar'o-tin),  n.  [Prob.  of  Pers.  origin.] 
A  kind  of  silk  manufactured  in  Persia,  Sim- 
iiinnds. 

barvel,  barvell  (bar'vel),  ».  [E.  dial.,  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  "barm-fell,  <  barmX,  lap, 
+  feUP,  a  skin.]  A  kind  of  leather  apron. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

barways  (bar'waz),  adv.  In  her.,  same  as  bar- 
wise. 

bar-weir  (bar'wer),  it.  A  weir  which  rises  and 
falls  with  the  tide,  placed  in  a  stream  to  pre- 
vent the  return  seaward  of  any  fish  which  may 
have  passed  it. 

barwin  (bar/win),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  Gael,  bar,  the 
sea.]  A  name  applied  in  County  Antrim, 
Ireland,  to  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellus 
centrodontus. 

barwise  (bar'wiz),  adv.  [<  bari  +  -toise2.]  In 
Iter.,  in  the  direction  of  the  bar,  that  is,  hori- 


barytone 

zontally  across  the  field:  said  of  the  divisions 
..!  Hi.  Held,  .niil  also  of  any  bearing;  thus,  a 
sword  linririsr  is  a  sword  borne  horizontally. 
Also  barways. 

barwood  (bar'wud),  n.  [Prob.  so  called  be- 
cause exported  in  burs;  of.  logwood.']  A  red  dye- 
wood  obtained  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Angola, 
Africa.  It  is  tie  product  of  the  tree  Baphianitida,  and 
is  found  in  commerce  as  a  rough  red  powder,  produced 
by  rasping  the  logs.  Its  coloring  matter  is  insoluble  iu 
water,  but  yields  about  2S  per  cent,  to  alcoholic  infusion. 
It  is  used  for  dyeing  cotton  yarns  the  brilliant  orange-red 
known  as  mock  Turkey  ml  or  barwood  red.-  Barwood 
spirits.    Same  as  tin  spirits  (which  see,  under  tin). 

bary-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  /toper,  heavy,  =  L.  gravis, 
heavy,  >  E.  graved,  q.  v.]  An  element  in  many 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heavy,  dull, 
hard,  difficult,  etc. 

barycentric  (bar-i-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  f3apbr, 
heavy,  +  Kcvrpov,  center.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  center  of  gravity .  —  Barycentric  calculus,  an 
application  to  geometry  of  the  mechanical  theory  of  ttie 
center  of  gravity,  executed  in  two  distinct  ways,  according 
as  metrical  or  descriptive  geometrical  properties  are  i  i 
investigated.— Barycentric  coordinates,  see  eoordi 
nate. 

baryecoia  (bar-i-e-koi'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jiapvn- 
Koia,  hardness  of  hearing,  <  fiapyijKoor,  hard  of 
hearing,  <  jiapix,  hard,  +  anovetv,  hear:  see 
acoustic.]  In  pathol.,  dullness  of  hearing; 
deafness. 

baryglossia  (bar-i-glos'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/toper,  heavy,  +  y'Aaaaa,  tongue.]  In  pathol., 
difficulty  <>f  speech;  'baryphonia.     Dunglison. 

barylite  (bar'i-lit),  n.  ['<  Gr.  /toper,  heavy,  + 
?uOor,  stone.]  A  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
barium  occurring  in  white  cleavable  masses  in 
Sweden. 

baryphonia  (bar-i-fo'ni-ii),  «.    [NL.   (cf.  Gr. 

jiapvajuvia,  a  deep  voice,  <  liapii/iuvor,  with  a  deep 
voice),  <  Gr.  /toper,  heavy,  hard,  +  civvi/,  voice.] 
In  pathol.,  difficulty  of  speech. 

baryta  (ba-ri'ta),  n.  [NL.,  formerly  also  ba- 
rita,<.  barytes,  q.  v.]  Barium  oxid,  BaO:  also 
called  heavy  earth,  because  it  is  the  heaviest  of 
the  earths,  its  specific  gravity  being  4.7.  it  is 
a  gray  powder  having  a  sharp,  caustic,  alkaline  taste,  and 
a  strong  affinity  for  water,  with  which  it  combines  to  form 
barium  hydrate.  It  forms  salts  with  the  acids,  all  of 
which  are  poisonous,  except  the  sulphate,  which  is  quite 
insoluble  in  the  juices  of  the  stomach.  The  carbonate 
of  baryta  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  beet-root 
sugar,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass  and  of  colors. 
Formerly  called  baria.— Baryta- water,  a  solution  of  the 
hydrate  of  barium  in  water,  used  as  a  reagent  in  chemical 
analysis. 

barytes  (ba-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiapvTnr, 
weight,  heaviness,  <  /toper,  heavy;  the  term. 
being  associated  with  that  of  minerals  in  -ites, 
-ite2.]  If.  Baryta. —  2.  The  native  sulphate  of 
barium,  BaSOi,  a  common  name  for  the  min- 
eral barite  or  heavy-spar.  It  is  sometimes  mined 
and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adulterate  white  lead, 
to  weight  paper,  etc.    See  barite. 

barytic  (ba-rit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed 
of,  or  containing  baryta. 

barytine  (bar'i-tin),  n.  [<  barytes  +  -ine'2.] 
Same  as  barite. 

barytocalcite  (ba-ri-to-kal'sit),  n.  [<  baryta 
+  calcitc.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  carbo- 
nates of  barium  and  calcium.  It.  occurs  in 
monoclinic  crystals,  also  massive,  of  a  white, 
grayish,  greenish,  or  yellow  color. 

barytocelestite  (ba-ri'to-se-les'tit),  n.  [<  ba- 
ryta +  celestite.]  A  variety  of  celestite  con- 
taining some  barium  sulphate. 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  a.  and  n.  [Also  baritone ; 
<  It.  baritono,  <  Gr.  /toperovor,  deep-toned,  with 
grave  accent,  <  /toper,  heavy,  deep,  grave,  + 
tovoc,  tone:  see  tone.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  the 
quality  of  a  voice  or  instrument  intermediate 
between  a  bass  and  a  tenor:  as,  a  barytone 
voice.     See  II. 

The  voice  [of  the  Hejazi]  is  strong  and  clear,  but  rather 
!><i  r,i< "tic  than  bass:  in  anger  it  becomes  a  shrill  chattering 
like  the  cry  of  a  wild  animal. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  318. 

2.  In  Gr.  gram. :  (a)  Pronounced  with  the 
(theoretical)  grave  accent  on  the  last  syllable 
(see  grave,  a.);  having  the  last  syllable  unac- 
cented: as,  a  barytone  word,  such  as  rovor.  (b) 
Causing"  a  word  to  be  without  accent  on  the 
final  syllable:  as,  a  barytone  suffix. 

II.  n.  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  male  voice,  the 
compass  of  which  partakes  of  the  bass  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the 
one  nor  rise  so  high  as  the  other,  its  range  is 
from  the  lower  G  of  the  bass  start  to  the  lower  F  of  the 
treble.  The  quality  is  that  of  a  high  bass  rather  than  that 
of  a  low  tenor.  Frequently  applied  to  the  person  possess- 
ing a  voice  of  this  quality  :  as,  SignorS.  is  a  great  barytone. 

Haunting  harmonies  hover  around  us,  deep  and  eternal 
like  the  undying  barytone  of  the  sea. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  24a 


barytone 


462 


(6)  A  stringed  instrument  played  with  a  bow, 
resembling  the  viola  da  gamba,  called  in  Italian 
viola  ili  bardone  or  bordone.    it  had  sometimes  6. 

Usually  7,  cut  strings,  stopped  by  the  tinkers  nf  tin-  left 
hand,  and  from  9  to  24  sympathetic  strings  <>i  brass  "i 

steel,  running  under  the  finger-board.    These  were  s ■ 

times  plucked  with  the  thumb  of  the  left  hand.  The  in- 
strument was  a  great  favorite  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
anil  much  music  was  composed  especially  for  it.  It  is 
now  obsolete,  (c)  The  name  usually  given  to  the 
smaller  brass  sax-horn  in  Bb  or  C. —  2.  In  Gr. 
(/rum.,  a  word  which  has  the  last  syllable  un- 
accented. 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bary- 
toned,  ppr.  barytoning.  [<  barytone,  u.]  In  Gr. 
(/ram.,  to  pronounce  or  write  without  accent  on 
the  last  syllable  :  as,  to  barytone  a  word. 

barytrope  (bar'i-trop),  n.    [<  Gr.  fiapiic,  heavy,  oasaltoid  (^sftl^toid^a 
+  t/iotoc,  a  turning:  see  trope.']     A  curve  de- 
fined by  the  condition  that,  if  a  heavy  body 

slides  down  an  incline  having  this  form,  the  bas_an,  ™S&neJbzzjn,ha-zan^ 
pressure  on  the  incline  will  follow  a  given  law. 

basal  (ba'sal),  a.  and  n.    [<  base2  +  -a!.]    I.  a. 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  base;  constituting 
the  base ;  fundamental. 

The  basal  idea  of  Bishop  Butler's  profound  treatise,  The 
Analogy  of  Religion. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  vt  eek,  p.  28. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  a  part  or  organ. 
(a)  On  or  near  the  base:  as,  a  basal  mark,  (b) 
Nearest  the  base :  as,  the  basal  joint,  or  the  four 
basal  jointsof  an  insect's  antenna. — 3.  In  ichth., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  basalia.     See  basale. 

The  Elasmobranchii  possess  three  basal  cartilages,  which 
articulate  with  tlie  pectoral  arch. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3S. 
Basal  cell,  (a)  A  cell  at  the  base  of  the  segmented  ovum 
of  some  embryos,  as  sponges  :  the  opposite  of  apical  cell. 


northeast  coast  of  Ireland,  ami  Fingal's  Cave  in  the  island 
ofStaffa,  Scotland.  Basalt  ware,  a  kind  of  stoneware 
madebyjosiah  Wedgwood  and  his  successors.  It  is  usually 
black,  colored  throughout  the  paste,  and  has  a  dull  gloss: 
hence  also  called  black  ware.  Articles  made  of  it  are  much 
admired,  and  those  made  by  Wedgwood  himself  are  rare 
and  costly. 

basaltic  (ba-sal'tik),  n.  [<  basalt  +  -if.]  Per- 
taining to" basalt;  formed  of  or  containing 
basalt;  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  basalt : 
as,  basaltic  lava. 

basaltiform  (ba-sal'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  basal- 
tes,  basalt,  +  forma,  shape.]  Of  the  form  of 
prismatic  basalt;  columnar. 

basalting  (ba-sal'ting),  ».  [<  basalt  +  -ing1.] 
A  process  of  making  paving-  and  building- 
blocks  from  the  scoria}  of  blast-furnaces. 

[<  basalt  +  -old.] 
Allied  in  appearance  or  nature  to  basalt;  re- 
sembling basalt. 

[Also 
baeari,  basin,  basin,  and  more  corruptly  basil, 
basil;  <  F.  basons,  basanc  (Cotgrave),  <  Sp.  Pg. 
badana  (ML.  bedane),  a  tanned  sheepskin,  <  Ar. 
bitdnali,  lining.]  Sheepskin  tanned  in  oak-  or 
larch-bark,  and  used  for  bookbinding,  etc.  It 
is  distinguished  from  roan,  which  is  tanned  in 
sumac. 

basanite  (bas'a-nit),  n.  [<  L.  basanites  (sc. 
lapis,  stone),  <  &r.  * [JarjaviTj/r  (sc.  Xidoc,  stone), 
<  (iaaavoc,  a  touchstone,  a  dark-colored  stone  on 
which  pure  gold  when  rubbed  makes  a  peculiar 
mark;  origin  uncertain.]  A  silicious  rock  or 
jasper,  of  a  velvety-black  color,  used  as  a  touch- 
stone for  determining  the  amount  of  alloy  in 
gold.  The  touchstone  was  formerly  extensive- 
ly used,  but  is  now  much  less  common.  See 
touchstone  and  touch-needle. 


(b)  In  the  wings  of  Diptcra,  one  of  the  elongate  cells  near      lOUUlsitn 

fliebaseoftiewingbetweenthesecondandnfthorsecond  bas-bleu  (ba-ble  ),  n.     [F.,  blue-stoekmg :  60S, 

abbr.  of  bas  de  chausses,  nether-stock,  stock- 
ing (see  base1) ;  bleu,  blue :  a  translation  of  the 
E.  term.]  Same  as  bluestocking,  1. 
bas-chevaliert,  ».  [A  fictitious  term,  based  on 
a  false  etymology  of  bachelor ;  <  P.  bas,  low, 
inferior  (see  basel),  +  chevalier :  see  chevalier.] 
One  of  a  class  of  low  or  inferior  knights,  by 
bare  tenure  of  a  military  fee,  as  distinguished 
from  bannerets  and  baronets.  Phillips,  1706. 
[A  spurious  term,  without  historical  support.] 
See  basinet. 


the  base  of  the  wing  _  - 
and  sixth  longitudinal  veins;  they  are  numbered,  the  first 
being  the  one  nearest  the  costal  margin.— Basal  cleav- 
age, in  crystal.,  cleavage  in  the  direction  of  a  basal  plane. 
—  Basal  field,  area,  or  space,  a  portion  of  an  insect's 
wing  lying  at  the  base,  but  very  diversely  defined  in  the 
different  groups.  In  the  Lepidoptera  it  occupies  the 
whole  width  of  the  wing  for  about  one  fourth  of  its  length, 
and  in  the  fore  wings  of  the  Noctuidce  is  limited  exter- 
nally by  the  anterior  or  extra-basilar  cross-line.  In  the 
dragon-flies  it  is  a  small  space  at  the  extreme  base  of  the 
wing,  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  and 
bounded  exteriorly  by  the  arc  or  arculus,  a  small  cross- 
In  other  groups  it  is  generally  an  indeterminate 


Vein.      Ill  omei    j;iuii|»  i«   "  £,t"cl"iiJ    tin   i..,.^i^.i.u......^  -         .- 

portion  occupying  about  one  third  of  the  wing.  — Basal  Dascinex, 

ganglion.   See  ganglion.— Basal  lialf-line,  in  the  noc-  Bascuencet,  "•     The  Basque  language. 

tuid  moths,  a  line  extending  from  the  costal  border  of  the  hasCUlation  (bas-ku-la'shon),  n.      [<  F.  bascu- 

or  horizontal  axes.- Basal  valve,  that  valve  in  bivalves  pathol.,  the  movement  by  which  a  retroverted 

by  which  they  adhere  to  other  substances.  uterus  is  swung  back  into  position. 

II.    n.    1.    One   of  the  basal  joints  of  the  bascule   (bas'kiil),   n.     [<    F.    bascule,   swing, 

branches  of  a  crinoid,  bearing  _the  radials. —  2.  poise,  balance,  see-saw,  formerly  bacule,  appar. 


In  ichth.,  the  basisphenoid.     [Rare.] 

basale  (ba-sa'le),  ».;  pi.  basalia  (-li-ii).    [NL., 

<  E.  basal,  q.  v.]     1.  In  ichth.,  one  of  several 

cartilages  wThich  may  compose  the  basis  of  the 


<;  battre,  beat,  bump  (or  bas,  low),  +  cul,  the 
posteriors.]  1.  An  arrangement  in  bridges 
by  which  one  portion  balances  another. — 2. 
A  form  of  bailing-scoop. 


Bascule-bridge  at  Brussels. 


pectoral  limb  of  a  fish,  and  to  which  the  series  bascule-bridge  (bas'kul-brij),  n.  A  drawbridge 
of  radialia,  or  radial  cartilages,  is  attached :  as, 
the  propterygial  basale;  the  mesopterygial  and 
metapterygial  basalia.  See  pterygium,  and  cut 
under  scapulocoracoid. —  2.  One  of  the  bones 
which  form  the  base  for  the  pectoral  fin ;  an 
actinost. —  3.  In  crinoids,  same  as  basal,  1. 
A  central  piece,  which  probably  represents  the  basalia 

,.f  other  crinoids.  BiuUey,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  6U0. 

basal-nerved   (ba'sal-nervd),   a.     In   hot.,  de- 
scriptive of  leaves  the  nerves   of  which  all 

proceed  from  the  base. 
basalt  (ba-S&lt'  or  bas'alt),  n.     [First  in  E.  as 

L.,   basattes;   =  F.  basaltc,   <   L.    basal /is.   : 

dark  and  very  hard  species  of  marble  in  Ethi 

opia;  said  to  be  an  African  word  (Pliny).]     A 

volcanic  rock  occurring  widely,  and  consisting 

of  a  triclinie  feldspar,  together  with  augiteand 

magnetite  or  titanil'erous  iron. 

Olivin   ami   nephelin   are  also   often 

i I  in  tin  basalts, especially  the  for- 
mer.   Apatite,  Leucite.  and  hatiy  ne  are 

occasinrially  present.     I  he  b;tsalts  have 

been    variously  classed    by  dlff<  rent 

writers.     Ba  ,  r   is  tin-  dark, 

compact   variety,    bri  aklng    with    a 

splintery  fracture.      I  Oder  tin'    name 

aolerite  are   Included  all    the    more 

.  oarsely  crystallized  varletie  In  which 

tin   i  omponenl  mlnei  sis  can 

out  with  'In   naked  eye,  while  anam- 

esite  is  the  name  given  to  those  varie- 
ties Which  have  a  llneh  u  llasa|h 

tare.     In  the  modern  erupt  ive  n 

basalt  has  almost  always  been  tic  last  rock  to  !»  .  mitt.-.! 

from  tin-  volcanic  orittec.     The  I Ling  of  lava  oft 

rise  to  the  formation  of  hexagonal  pi i   columns, 

which  are  occasionally  extremely  regular  in  form  and  oi 

great  -i/i       i;.>  nil  displays  thi     tructuren frequently 

ami  iii  greater  perfectnesa  than  any  other  rocs  :   hence 

this  kind  of  structure  is  frequently  called  basalti 

cut.)    Remarkable  formations  "i  columnar  basalt  exist  in 

various  parts  of  the  world,  as  the  Giant's  Causeway  on  the 


arranged  with  a  counterpoise,  so  that,  as  the 
floor  of  the 
bridge  is  raised, 
the  counter- 
poise descends 
into  a  pit  prer 
pared  for  it : 
the  commonest 
form  of  me- 
dieval draw- 
bridge. See  bal- 
ance-bridge. 
<  L.   basaltes,  a  t,asei    (Ms),    a. 

and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bace;  <  ME.  base, 
bass,  baas,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bas,  masc,  basse, 
fern.,  =Pr.  bas  =  Sp.  bajo  =  Pg.  baixo  =  It.  bas- 
so, low,  <  LL.  bassus,  low,  short,  thick;  in  clas- 
sical L.  found  only  as  a  cognomen,  Hassus, 
'  Short.'  Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin ;  cf .  W.  bas,  = 
Corn,  bas  =  Bret,  bag,  shallow ;  W.  basu,  make 
shallow,  lower;  Corn,  basse,  fall,  lower,  abate; 
but  the  Celtic  terms  may  be  from  the  L.  In  mu- 
sic, now  get terally  bass:  see  bass3.  Asanoun, 
basi  nf  tliis  origin  (the  lower  pari)  is  confused 
willi  base-  1 1  ho  supporting-part)-]  I.  "•  1-  Low; 
of  small  height :  applied  to  tilings.     [Archaic] 

I  he  eeilar  StOOpS  nut  tu  the  base  shrub's  hint. 

,s7c/A-. .  Lucrece,  I.  664. 
Hence — 2.  In  bot.,  of  low  or  lowly  growth :  as, 
base  broom;  base  rocket. — 3.  Low  in  place, 
position,  or  degree.     [Archaic] 

By  that  same  hole  an  eulraunee.  darke  and  Ixire, 
With  smoake  and  sulphur  hiding  all  the  place, 
Descends  to  hell.  Spenser,  )•'.  (}.,  I.  v.  31. 

Men  acting  gregariously  are   always   in   extremes;    as 
tie  i   are  i lit  callable  of    higher  courage    so  tile} 

arc  liable,  the  next,  to  baser  depression. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  161. 


base 

4.  Of  little  value;  coarse  in  quality;  worth- 
less, absolutely  or  comparatively:  as,  the  base 
metals  (so  called  in  contrast  with  the  noble  or 
precious  metals). 

The  harvest  white  plumb  is  a  base  plumb. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  509. 

Often  has  the  vein  of  gold  displayed  itself  amid  the 
baser  ores.         Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  15. 

Hence — 5.  Fraudulently  debased  in  value; 
spurious ;  false :  as,  base  coin. 

They  were  compelled  to  accept  base  money  in  exchange 
for  those  commodities  they  were  forced  to  sell. 

Goldsmith,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

6.  Low  in  scale  or  rank ;  of  humble  origin, 
grade,  or  station ;  wanting  dignity  or  estima- 
tion ;  mean ;  lowly :  as,  base  menials. 

Base  things  of  the  world,  and  things  which  are  despised, 
hath  God  chosen.  1  Cor.  i.  28. 

'Tis  the  plague  of  great  ones ; 
Prerogatived  are  they  less  than  the  base. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

7.  Suitable  to  or  characteristic  of  a  low  con- 
dition;  depressed;  abject:  as,  base  servility. 

I  am  fire  and  air ;  my  other  elements 

I  give  to  baser  life.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

8.  Of  mean  spirit;  morally  low;  without  dig- 
nity of  sentiment :  said  of  persons. 

Base  is  the  slave  that  pays.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

The  base  and  abject  multitude.  Junius. 

9.  Showing  or  proceeding  from  a  mean  spirit : 
said  of  things. 

Him  that  utter'd  nothing  base. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

The  one  base  thing  in  the  universe  —  to  receive  favors 

and  to  render  none.  fitoergon,  C pensation. 

10.  Of  illegitimate  birth ;  born  out  of  wedlock. 
Why  bastard?  wherefore  base?  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 
I  din'd  with  Sr  Rob*  Paston,  since  Earle  of  Yarmouth, 

and  saw  the  Duke  of  Verneuille,  base  brother  to  the  Q. 
Mother.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June  23,  1665. 

11.  Deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds:  as,  the 
base  tones  of  a  viol.     See  bass3. 

The  silver  sounding  instruments  did  meet 
With  the  base  murmure  of  the  waters  fall. 

Spenser,  ¥.  q.,  II.  xii.  71. 

12.  In  old  Eng.  law,  not  held  or  holding  by 
honorable  tenure :  as,  a  base  estate,  that  is,  an 
estate  held  by  services  not  honorable  nor  in 
capite,  or  by  villeinage.  Such  a  tenure  is  called 
base  or  low,  and  the  tenant  a  base  tenant. — 

13.  Not  classical  or  refined:  as,  "base  Latin," 
Fuller. 

No  Muses  aide  me  needes  heretoo  to  call ; 
Base  is  the  style,  and  matter  meane  withall. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  44. 

Base  bullion.  See  bullion.— Base  court.  See  base- 
court.—  Base  fee,  infeftment,  right,  etc.  sec  the  nouns. 
—  Base  metals.  See  metal.  =  &yn.  Ignoble,  vulgar,  ple- 
beian, mean,  contemptible,  despicable,  abject,  sordid, 
groveling,  servile,  slavish,  menial,  rascally,  villainous. 

II.  n.  If.  A  plaited  skirt,  reaching  from  the 
waist  to  the  knee,  worn  during  the  first  half  of 
the  sixteenth 
century.  In  civil 
costume  it  was  ap- 
pended to  the 
doublet,  or  secur- 
ed to  the  girdle ; 
it  was  also  worn 
over  armor. 
2f.  A  skirt  of 
plate  -  armor, 
corrugated  or 
ribbed  vertical- 
ly, as  if  in  imi- 
tation of  the 
preceding.  See 
tomboys.  —  3f. 
The  skirt  of  a 
woman's  outer 
garment.  The 
word  was  used 
throughout  the  seventeenth  and  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century. — 4f.  An  apron. 

With  gauntlets  blue  and  bases  white. 

S.  Boiler,  Hudibras,  I.  ii.  7(19. 

Bakers  in  their  linen  buses.  Marston. 

5f.  Tho  housing  of  a  horse :  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centimes. 

The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene  sattyn. 
Hull,  Hen.  MIL,  an.  1. 

Or  to  describe  races  and  games,  .  .  . 
Bxses  and  tinsel  trappings,  gorgeous  knights 
At  joust  and  tournament.         Milton,  P.  t-.,  ix.  36. 

6.  In  music,  same  as  bass9. 
baseH  (bas),  v.   t.      [<  base*,  a.,  but  in   first 
sense  <  F.  baisser,  lower,  <  bas,  low,  base.    Cf. 
abase.]     1.  To  let  down;  abase;  lower. 

The  great  warrior  .  .  .  based  his  arms  and  ensigns  of 
state.  •  Holland. 


Base  of  rich  stuff,  the  border  embroidered  : 
beginning  "f  cili  century.  —  From  tomb  of 
Maximilian  I.  at  Innspruck. 


base 

2.  To  lower  in  character,  condition,  or  rank; 
degrade;  debase. —  3.  To  reduce  the  value  of 
by  the  admixture  of  moaner  elements ;  debase. 
[Bare.] 

Metals  which  we  cannot  bane.  Bacon. 

base2  (bits),  n.  [<  ME.  base,  bas,  baas,  <  OF. 
base,  F.  base,  <  L.  basis,  <  Gr.  jiaaic,  a  going,  a 
stepping,  a  step,  pedestal,  foot,  base,  <  \/  *pa, 
in  paiveiv,  go,  =  L.  renin,  come,  =  E.  come.] 
1.  The  bottom  of  anything,  considered  as  its 
support,  or  the  part  of  the  thing  itself,  or  a 
separate  feature,  on  which  the  thing  stands  or 
rests :  as,  the  base  of  a  column ;  the  base  of  a 
mountain. 

For  want  like  thine  —  a  bog  without  a  base  — 
Ingulfs  all  gains  I  gather  for  the  place.  Crabbe. 

Against  the  bases  of  the  southern  hills. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

Hence  —  2.  A  fundamental  principle  or  ground- 
work ;  foundation ;  basis. 

Antonio  never  yet  was  thief,  or  pirate, 
Though,  I  confess,  on  base  and  ground  enough, 
Orsino's  enemy.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

Hereby  he  undermineth  the  base  of  religion. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  In  arch.,  specifically  —  (a)  The  lowest  mem- 
ber of  a  wall,  either  projecting  beyond  the 
face  of  the  portion  of  the  wall  above  it,  or  dif- 
fering otherwise  from  it  in  construction,  and 
often  resting  on  a  plinth,  with  or  without  in- 
tervening moldings.   ( b)  The  member  on  which 


Bases. 
I,  from  nave  of  Lyons  cathedral.  13th  century ;  2.  from  eastern  porch 
of  Erechtheum,  Athens,  5th  century  B.  C. ;  3,  from  nave  of  Orvieto 
cathedra),  13th  century.     4,  Attic  base:  A.C.E,  fillets;  B,  upper 
torus;  D,  scoria  ;  F,  lower  torus;   G,  plinth,  or  sty  lobate. 

the  shaft  rests  in  columns  of  nearly  all  styles. 
It  appears  in  most  Egyptian  forms,  but  is  not  present  in 
the  Greek  Doric  column,  of  which  the  shaft  rests  directly 
on  the  stylobate.  In  purely  Hellenic  examples  of  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  the  base  consists  of  various  combina- 
tions of  moldings  on  a  circular  plan,  without  the  awk- 
ward square  plinth  which  was  universally  adopted  by  the 
Romans,  and  was  generally  retained  in  the  elaborately 
molded  bases  of  Byzantine  and  medieval  architecture. 
See  cut  under  column. 

4.  (a)  In  zobl.  and  bot,,  the  extremity  opposite 
to  the  apex;  the  point  of  attachment,  or  the 
part  of  an  organ  which  is  nearest  its  point  of  at- 
tachment :  as,  the  base  of  a  leaf ;  the  base  of  a 
shell.  The  point  of  attachment  of  an  anther, 
however,  is  sometimes  at  the  apex.  (b)  In  zool., 
also,  that  part  or  extremity  of  anything  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  another  of  higher  value 
or  significance. —  5.  In  chcm.,  a  compound  sub- 
stance which  unites  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 
The  term  is  applied  to  the  hydroxids  of  the  metals,  to  cer- 
tain metallic  oxids,  and  to  groups  of  atoms  containing  one 
or  more  hydroxyl  groups  (OH)  in  which  hydrogen  is  re- 
placeable by  an  acid  radical. 

6.  In  phar.,  the  principal  ingredient  of  any 
compound  preparation.— 7.  In  crystal.,  same 
as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). —  8.  In 
petrog.,  the  amorphous  or  isotropic  portion  of 
the  ground-mass  of  a  rock.  This  may  possess  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  structure,  rendering  it  distinct  from  glass, 
while  not  crystalline,  when  it  is  known  as  a  micrqfelnitie 
base.  If  a  true  glass,  it  may  be,  according  to  the  amount 
of  devitrification  products  present,  microlitie,  fflobulitic,  i  ir 
glassy.  In  some  recent  andesitic  lavas  it  possesses  a  pe- 
culiar appearance,  so  similar  to  felt  that  it  is  known  as  a 
felt-like  base.  The  term  magma  (which  see)  has  also  been 
used  by  some  writers  as  equivalent  to  base. 

9.  In  dentistry,  the  setting  for  artificial  teeth. 
—  10.  In  dyeing,  a  substance  that  has  an  affin- 
ity for  both  the  cloth  and  the  coloring  matter ; 
a  mordant. — 11.  In  fort.,  the  exterior  side  of 
the  polygon,  or  that  imaginary  line  which  is 
drawn  from  the  point  or  salient  angle  of  one 
bastion  to  the  point  of  the  next. —  12.  In  geom., 
the  line  or  surface  forming  that  part  of  a  figure 


4-63 

on  which  it  is  supposed  to  stand ;  the  side  op- 
posite' to  (lie  apex.  The  base  of  a  hyperbola  or  a 
parabola  is  a  line  formed  by  the  common  intersection  of 
the  secant  plane  and  the  base  of  the  com-. 

13.  In  arilh.  and  algebra,  a  number  from  the 
different  powers  of  which  all  numbers  are  con- 
ceived as  produced.  The  base  of  a  s>stnn  ,,f  aritb. 
metica]  notation  is  a  number  the  multiples  of  whose 
powers  are  added  together  to  express  any  number;  thus, 
10  is  the  base  of  tin-  decimal  system  of  arithmetic.  In 
til*  theory  of  numbers,  the  base  of  an  index  is  a  number 
which,  bring  raised  to  the  power  represented  by  the  in- 
dex, gives  a  number  congruent  to  the  number  whose  index 
la  spoken  of.  The  base  of  a  system  of  logarithms  is  the 
number  which,  raised  to  the  power  indicated  by  the  log- 
arithm, gives  the  number  to  which  the  logarithm  belongs. 
The  Napierian  /ursr,  or  base  of  the  Napierian  system  of 
logarithms,  is  the  number  representetl  by  the  infinite 
series, 

1  +  1  +  i  +  ^+^  +  ^+etc. 
It  is  2.71828182S459  + 

14.  In  her.,  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  the 
charges  in  which  are  said  to  be  in  base,  it  is 
sometimes  considered  as  divided  into  dexter,  sinister,  and 
middle  base,  and  the  charges  are  blazoned  accordingly. 
See  dexter  and  sinister, 

15.  MiUt. :  (a)  A  tract  of  country  protected  by 
fortifications,  strong  by  natural  advantages,  or 
for  any  other  reason  comparatively  secure, 
from  which  the  operations  of  an  army  proceed, 
or  from  which  supplies  are  obtained:  called 
distinctively  the  base  of  operations  or  the  base 
of  supply. 

Base,  in  military  operations,  is  simply  a  secure  starting- 
point,  or  rather  tract  of  country  behind,  in  which  an 
army  is  in  comparative  safety,  and  in  which  the  stores  and 
reserves  of  men  for  the  force  are  situated.     Saturday  Rev. 

(b)  The  rounded  hinder  portion  of  a  gun,  gen- 
erally called  the  base  of  the  breech,  (c)  A  small 
light  cannon  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. — 16.  In  sum.,  same  as  base- 
line.— 17.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  filt- 
ers start ;  a  starting-post. 

To  their  appointed  base  they  went. 

Dryden,  jEueid,  v. 

18.  An  old  game,  played  in  various  ways,  in 
some  of  which  it  is  still  practised,  and  in  all  of 
which  there  are  certain  spaces  marked  out,  be- 
yond or  off  which  any  player  is  liable  to  be 
touched  with  the  hand  or  struck  with  a  ball  by 
a  player  on  the  enemy's  side.  Forms  of  this  game 
are  known  under  the  names  of  prisoners'  bane,  rounders, 
and  base-ball,  under  which  last  name  it  has  become  the 
national  game  of  the  United  States. 

After  a  course  at  Barley-break  or  Base. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

19.  One  of  the  spaces  marked  off  in  the  game  of 
base  or  prisoners' base.  See  18. —  20.  In  base- 
ball, one  of  the  four  corners  of  the  diamond. 
See  base-ball. —  21.  That  part  of  an  electro- 
magnetic apparatus  which  contains  the  helix, 
switch,  and  first  and  secondary  binding-posts. 
—  Altera  base,  Attic  base,  etc.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Organic  bases.  See  organic— Prisoners*  base.  See 
prisoner.— To  bid  the  or  a  baset,  to  challenge  to  a  game 
of  base,  and  hence,  from  the  popularity  of  the  game,  to 
challenge  to  a  trial  of  dexterity,  skill,  or  strength,  or  to  a 
trial  uf  any  kind  ;  challenge  generally. 

To  bid  the  wind  a  base  he  now  prepares. 

Shak.t  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  303. 
We  will  find  comfort,  money,  men,  and  friends, 
Ere  long  to  bid  the  English  king  a  base. 

Marlowe,  Edw.  II.,  ii. 

base2  (bas),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  based,  ppr.  bas- 
ing. [<  base^}  ?■■.]  1.  To  form  a  foundation 
for.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  use  as  a  groundwork  or 
foundation  for;  ground;  found;  establish:  with 
on  or  upon :  as,  all  sound  paper  currency  must 
be  based  on  coin  or  bullion;  he  bases  his  argu- 
ments upon  false  premises. 

It  is  on  the  understanding,  and  not  on  the  sentiment,  of 
a  nation  that  all  safe  legislation  must  lie  based. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  165. 

base:i  (bas),  n.   Another  form  of  bass1  and  barse. 

[Local  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 
base-bag  (bas'bag),  n.     In  base-ball,  one  of  the 

bags  often  used  to  mark  first,  second,  and  third 

b:isr. 

base-ball  (bas'bal'),  n.  1.  A  game  of  ball 
played  by  eighteen  persons,  nine  on  a  side.  A 
square  plot  of  ground  called  the  diamond,  with  Bides  90 
feet  long,  is  marked  off,  at  the  corners  of  which  are  the 
bases,  known  as  home  or  home  base  (B),  first  base  (D),  OTC- 
ond  base  (E),  and  third  base  (F).  The  players  on  one  side 
take  their  positions  in  the  field,  the  catcher  (A)  just  behind 
the  home  base,  the  mtcher(C)  at  a  distance  of  00  feet  fr<  >m 
the  home  base  on  the  line  from  home  to  second  base,  the 
three  basemen  near  first,  second,  and  third  base,  the  short- 
stop ((>)  between  second  and  third,  and  three  fielders, 
known  as  right  (H),  center  (I),  and  left  (J),  at  some  dis- 
tance behind  and  on  each  side  of  the  second  base.  The 
pitcher  pitches  the  ball  over  the  home  plate  to  the  catcher. 
I  hie  of  the  other  side,  which  is  said  to  be  in,  or  at  the  out, 
takes  a  position  by  the  home  base,  ami  tries  to  strike  the 
ball  as  it  passes  him.    If  he  knocks  it  into  the  air,  and  one 


H 


base-line 

of  the  other  side  catches  it  before  it  reaches  the  ground, 

tii-  inker  is  out  or  caught  "nt,  that  i-,  retires  from  the 

bat,  and  another  takes  his  place,    Should  the  ball  pas* 

outside    the    line     from 

home    to    first    or    from  / 

home  t'>  third  base  •■on-     j  • 

tinued  indefinitely,  it  is  a     • 

foul,  and  does  not  count 

at  all,  unless  it  is  caughl 

before    it    touches    the 

ground,  in  which  case  the 

-! rikei  is  out     should  it 

strike  inside  these  lines, 

the    batter    runs    t..    ftl  li 

base,  and  then  or  later  to 

second,  third,  and  h 

base.    If  he  reaches  home 

base    he    scores    a    ran. 

Should  the  ball  be  thrown 

to  and  caught  by  a  player 

standing    on    first    base 

before    the    batter    suc- 
ceeds in   reaching  it,  or 

should     the     batter     be 

touched  with  the  ball  in 

the  hands  of  any  of  his 

adversaries  while  running 

from  one  base  to  another, 

he  is  out.    One  player  after  another  of  the  side  which  is 

"in"  goes  to  the  bat  until  three  men  have  been  put  out. 

This  constitutes  an  inning.     Nine  innings  for  each  side 

make  a  game,  and  that  side  which  succeeds  in  making  the 

greater  number  of  runs  wins  the  game. 

2.  The  ball  with  which  this  game  is  played, 
base-board  (bas'bord),  n.     A  line  of  boarding 

around  the  interior  walls  of  a  room,  next  to 

the  floor, 
base-bom  (bas'born),  a.    Of  base  or  low  birth ; 

born  out  of  wedlock;  of  low  or  mean  parentage 

or  origin ;  spurious. 

Thy  base-born  child,  thy  babe  of  shame.  Gay. 

It  is  justly  expected  that  they  should  bring  forth  a  base- 
born  issue  of  divinity.       Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

base-bred  (bas'bred),  a.    Of  low  or  base  breed- 
ing; mean;  of  discreditable  origin. 
As  little  souls  their  base-bred  fancies  feed.       J.  BaiUie. 

base-broom  (bas'brom),  n.  A  name  given  to 
Genista  tmctoriOj  with  reference  to  its  low 
stature. 

base-burner  (baVber'-'ner),  n.  A  stove  or  fur- 
nace constructed  on  the  base-burning  principle. 

base-burning  (baVber^mng),  a.  Burning  at 
the  base — Base-burning  furnace  or  stove,  a  fur- 
nace or  stcrye  in  which  the  fuel  burns  at  the  bottom,  and 
is  renewed  from  a  self-acting  hopper  or  chamber  above. 

base-court  (bas'kort),  n.  1.  A  secondary  or 
inferior  court  or  yard,  generally  at  the  back  of 
a  house,  opposed  to  the  chief  court  or  main 
quadrangle;  a  farm-yard. — 2.  In  Eng.  law,  an 
inferior  court  of  justice,  but  a  court  of  record, 
as  a  court-baron,  court-leet,  etc. 

basedt(bast),  a.     [<  base1,  «.,  +  -ed?.]     Wear- 
ing or  clothed  in  a  base  or  skirt. 
Based  in  lawny  velvet.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  6. 

base-dance  (bas'dans),  n.  A  slow  dance  in  $ 
time,  resembling  the  minuet. 

When  the  said  Morris  is  doone,  then  the  gentillmen  to 
com  unto  the  women  and  make  their  obeisaunce,  and 
every  of  them  to  taike  oon  by  thand,  and  daunce  suche 
base  daunees  as  is  apointed  theym. 

Quoted  in  J.  P.  Collier's  Eng.  Dram.  Poetry,  I.,  notes. 

Basedow's  disease.    See  disease. 

base-hearted  (bas'liar^ted),  a.  Having  a  base, 
treacherous  heart ;  deceitful. 

baselardt,  n.     Same  as  bastard. 

baseless  (bas'les),  a.  [<  base2  +  -less.]  With- 
out a  base ;  having  no  foundation  or  support. 

Like  the  baseless  fabric  of  this  vision, 
The  cloud-capp'd  towel's,  the  gorgeous  palaces, 
The  solemn  temples,  the  great  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve ; 
And,  like  this  insubstantial  pageant  faded, 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

baselessness  (bas'les-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  baseless,  or  without  foundation;  ground- 
lessness. 

base-level  (bas'lev-el),  n.  In  geol.,  the  level  at 
which  the  erosive  action  of  a  stream,  in  a  given 
area,  ceases. 

base-line  (bas'lin),  n.  1.  A  line  adopted  as  a 
base  or  foundation  from  which  future  opera- 
tions are  carried  on,  or  on  which  they  depend 
or  rest.  (a)  In  per&pect.,  the  bottom  line  of  a  picture, 
in  which  the  foremost  vertical  plane  of  delineation  cuts 
the  ground-plane,  on  which  the  objects  represented  in 
the  picture  stand,  (b)  In  surv.,  any  measured  line  form- 
ing a  side  of  a  triangle,  the  adjacent  angles  of  which  being 
measured,  the  relative  position  of  the  third  vertex  is 
determined;  especially,  in  geodesy,  a  line  measured  with 
the  utmost  precision  to  Berve  as  the  origin  of  a  system  of 
triangles,  and  as  the  foundation  for  the  computation  of 
the  length  of  their  sides.  In  the  process  of  triangulation, 
the  angles  of  these  triangles  and  the  length  of  a  single  side 
(the  base  or  base-line)  being  known,  the  lengths  of  all  can 
be  computed.  In  every  great  survey  a  number  of  base-lines 
are  measured,  each  being  from  o  t<>  10  miles  in  length. 


base-line 


Base-line. 


(c)  Milie.  a  line,  as  of  frontier,  sea  coast,  or  forts,  taken 
by  an  army  as  the  base  of  operations,  from  which  move- 
ments have  their  origin,  and  supplies  of  food,  ammunition, 
and  men  are  sent  to  the  front,  and  to  which  the  army  may 
retreat  in  ease  of  disaster.  Also  calle'i 
2.  A  lino  traced  round  a  cannon  behind  the 
vent. —  3.  In  the  game  of  lawn-tennis,  the  end 
line  of  the  court;  the  line  from  which  the 
player  serves  the  ball. —  4.  In  base-ball,  the  line 
connecting  one  base  with  the  next. 
basely  (bas'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  base  manner; 
meanly ;  dishonorably. 

Warr'd  he  hath  not, 
But  basely  yielded  upon  compromise 
That  which  his  ancestors  acliiev'd  with  Mows. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
2.  In  a  base  or  mean  condition ;  illegitimately ; 
in  bastardy. 
Two  Mitylene  brethren,  basely  born.  Knolles. 

3f.  At  a  low  rate ;  cheaply. 
Them  that  desire  to  look  big,  and  to  live  basely. 

Venner,  Via  Recta,  iii.  52.    (A*.  E.  D.) 

baseman  (biis'nian),  n. ;    pi.    basemen   (-men). 

Any  one  of  the  three  players  who  in  the  game 

of  base-ball  are  stationed  at  first,  second,  and 

third  bases. 

basement  (bas'ment),  «.  [=  MLG.  basement, 
basiment,  basment,  base,  pedestal;  cf.  F.  sou- 
bassement,  formerly  sous-bassemcnt,  <  sous,  un- 
der (<  L.  subtus,  <  sub,  under),  +  "bassement  (in 
form  after  It.  bassamento,  abasement) :  see  bas( 1 
and  -ment.]  1 .  The  lower  or  fundamental  por- 
tion; abase.     [Rare.] 

Up  from  its  deep  reservoirs,  from  the  mysterious  base- 
ments of  the  mountain,  wells  the  silent  stream. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  322. 

2.  In  areh. :  (a)  The  portion  of  the  elevation 
of  a  structure  which  performs  the  function  in 
the  design  of  constituting  a  support  to  those 
portions  which  come  above  it ;  especially,  the 
substructure  of  a  columnar  or  arched  construc- 
tion, but  also  the  lowest  member  in  the  design 
of  a  wall,  etc.     Compare  base2,  3. 

It  [the  tomb]  consisted  of  a  square  basement  surrounded 
by  aDoricperistyle  with  engaged  columns,  and  surmounted 
by  a  pyramid,  on  the  apex  of  which  was  placed  the  lion  as 
the  epithema,  or  crowning  ornament. 

C.  T.  Netetem,  Art  and  Arclueol.,  p.  83. 

(6)  A  floor  or  story  which  is  wholly  or  in  part 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  is  usu- 
ally, as  distinguished  from  a  cellar,  well  lighted, 
and  fitted  up  and  used  for  household  or  other 
usual  purposes. — 3.  The  act  of  basing,  or  the 
state  of  being  based.  [Rare.]  —  Basement  mem- 
brane, in  anat.,  a  delicate  membrane,  formed  of  flat- 
tened  cells,  which  underlies  the  epithelium  of  mucous 
niiiiibraiii's,  ami  covers  that  of  secreting  glands.  Also 
called  membrana  propria.— Basement  tissue,  the  sub- 
stan-  ntmembrane.    English  basement,  the 

entrance-stori  "i  a  city  house  when  it  is  on  the  level  of 
the  street.     [U.S.]     Sec  extract. 

Bui  the   mosl   conspicuous  Importation  from   Britain 
wtu  the  house  New  Yorkers  call  the  English  basement 
tiir  house  which  has  its  entrance  at  the  level  of  the  street 
and  its  drawing  rooms  upstairs,  as  distinguished  from  the 

Dut  b  typi  p'  giving  immediate  ac 

cess  t"  tin  chief  apart be.       The  Century,  XXXI.  54*j. 

basement-story  (bas'ment-st6"ri),  n.      Same 

as  bast  mint,  2  ('))• 

base-minded  (bas'min'ded),  a.  Of  a  low  spirit 
or  mind;  mean;  dishonorably  inclined. 

base-mindedly  (baVnun^dea-li),  mlr.  In  a 
base-minded  or  dishonorable  manner. 

base-molding  (bas'mol  ding),  ».    In  arch.,  an 

ornamental  molding  at  the  lose  of  any  archi- 
ll ■'•(  nra  1  feature,  as  a  column,  pi 'do   lal.  orespe 
dally  a  wall. 

basent, ".  [Appar.  one  of  Spenser's  mail'  words. 
i  i.  -;,-.  /.</:«./,  stupefied;  D.verbaeen,  astonish.] 
Extended  as  with  astonishment. 


464 

Stare  on  him  with  big  lookes  basen  wide. 

r,  Mother  Huh.  Tale,  1.  (',70. 

baseness  (bas'nes),  n.    [<  base1  +  -ness.]    1. 

The  state  or  condition  of  being  base  or  low  in 
scale;  meanness  of  grade ;  lowliness,  as  of  birth 
or  station. 

Baseness  of  birth  is  a  great  disparagement  to  some  men. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  347. 
He  mixing  with  his  proper  sphere, 
She  finds  the  baseness  "f  her  lot. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam.  lx. 

2.  That  which  is  base  or  low ;  anything  of  an 
ignoble  grade  or  quality ;  meanness,  as  of  re- 
lation or  employment. 

Some  kinds  of  baseness 
Are  nobly  undergone.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
I  once  did  hold  it  a  baseness  to  xvrite  fair. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

3f.  Illegitimacy  of  birth ;  bastardy. 

Why  brand  they  us 
With  base?  with  baseness,  bastardy? 

Shak.,  hear,  i.  2. 

4.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  morally  mean 
orvilo;  vileness;  worthlessness. 

Villains, 
Whose  baseness  all  disgraceful  words  made  one 
Cannot  express ! 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 
Equal  baseness  lived  in  sleeker  times. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

5.  Of  metals:  (a)  Liability  to  rust:  opposed 
to  nobkness.  (b)  Inferior  or  debased  quality, 
the  result  of  having  been  alloyed  with  a  cheaper 
metal ;  spuriousness. 

We  alledged  the  fraudulent  obtaining  his  patent,  the  base- 
ness of  his  metal,  and  the  prodigious  sum  to  be  coined. 

Suift. 
6f.  Deepness  of  sound. 

The  baseness  or  trebleness  of  tones. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  184. 

basenett,  «.    See  basinet. 

baseology  (ba-se-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Panic,  base, 
+  -/.o)ia,  <  liyew,  speak:  see-ology.  Cf. phrase- 
ology.']    Fundamental  philosophy.     Erauth. 

base-plate  (biis'plat),  n.  1.  The  foundation- 
plate  of  metal  on  which  a  heavy  piece  of  ma- 
chinery, as  a  steam-engine,  stands;  the  bed- 
plate.—  2.  In  base-ball,  one  of  the  plates  for- 
merly often  used  to  mark  the  bases ;  hence,  by 
extension,  one  of  the  bases. 

base-ring  (bas'ring),  it.  A  projecting  band  of 
metal  directly  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  breech 
in  old  pieces  of  ordnance,  connected  with  the 
body  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  molding. 

base-rocket  (bas'rok"et),  n.  A  species  of  mi- 
gnonette, Itescda  lutea :  so  called  from  its 
rocket-like  leaves  and  low  stature. 

base-running  (bas'run"ing),  n.  In  base-ball, 
the  act  of  running  from  base  to  base. 

bases,  ».     Plural  of  basis. 

base-spirited  (bas'spir"i-ted),  a.  Having  a 
base  or  mean  spirit ;  mean ;  cowardly. 

bash1  (bash),  v.  [E.  dial,  orcolloq. ;  in  popular 
apprehension  regarded  as  imitative  (cf.  bang, 
dash,  smash,  etc.),  but  prob.  of  Scand.  origin, 
assibilated  form  of  basic3  (now  obs. ;  cf.  dial. 
husking,  a  sound  thrashing),  <  Dan.  baske,  slap, 
drub,  Sw.  basa,  whip,  drub,  beat.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  with  a  heavy  blow;  beat  violently; 
knock  out  of  shape.     [Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 

A  woman,  a  whelp,  and  a  walnut-tree, 
The  more  you  bash  'em  the  better  they  be. 

Proverbial  saying. 
[The  above  proverb  refers  to  the  praeth f  hinting  wal- 
nut-trees when  in  hud  with  poles,  Or  beating  off  the  fruit, 
a  proceeding  which  was  thought  to  increase  their  produc- 
tiveness.] 

II.  intrans.  To  strike;  knock.     [Colloq.  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bash1  (bash),  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  basic,  a  blow,  Sw. 
bos,  whipping,  beating;  from  the  verb.]  A 
blow  that  knocks  out  of  shape,  or  leaves  a  dent. 
[Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 
bash-t  (bash),  ''•  [<  ME.  basshen,  basehen,  bai- 
siii,  by  apheresis  for  abashen,  etc.,  abash:  see 
abash.]  I.  trans.  To  daunt;  dismay;  abash; 
confound;  confuse. 

She  that  bash'd  tie'  Bun-god  with  her  ryes. 
(,',..  n.  'i  n't  I. "it  lie,   honking  I  Mass  fur  tin  id.  and  Eng. 

II.   intrans.    1.   To  bo  daunted,  dismayed,  or 

confounded. 

in    countenaunce  was  bold,  and  bashed  not 
ForGuyons  lookes,  hut  Bcorneful]  eyeglaunce  at  him  shot. 
Spenser,  l\  t}..  n.  iv.  :;7. 
Make  Venus'  leman,  arm'd  in  all  his  pomp, 
Bash  at  the  brightness  of  your  hardy  Inoks. 
Qreene  unit  Lodge,  I king  i Mass  lor  Lond.  and  Eng. 

2.   To  lie  abashed  or  ashamed;   be  put  out  of 

countenance. 

bash'*  (basli).  V.  I.  \V:  dial.;  perhaps  another 
use  of  bash^.]    In  coal-mining,  to  till  with  rub- 


bashlyk 

Irish  (space  from  which  coal  has  been  taken). 
[S.  Wales.] 
bashaw  (ba-sha')j  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bos- 
saw,  basha,  bacha  (F.  bacha,  it.  bassa,  bascia, 
ML.  bassa),  etc.,  <  Turk,  basha  (Pers.  basha, 
bdtlshali),  another  form  (perhaps  after  bash, 
head,  chief)  of  pasha,  <  Pers.  padshdh,  a  gov- 
ernor, prince,  king:  see  pasha.]  1.  Same  as 
pasha. — 2.  A  grandee;  an  important  person- 
age; a  bigwig.  [Colloq.]  —  Bashaw  of  three 
tails,  a  bashaw  or  pasha  of  the  rank  indicated  by  that 
number  of  horse-tails  borne  upon  his  standard. 

'Tis  a  very  fine  thing  to  be  father-in-law 

'I'n  a  Very  magliilii  rut  I  tin  ,  -tinted  tliistiirie  ! 

6.  Column  tin   Younger,  Blue  Beard,  ii.  5. 
bashful  (bash'ful),  a.     [<  bash2  +  -fid.]     If. 
Wanting  in  self-possession ;  fearful;  dismayed. 
And  bashful  Henry  depos'd,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Easily  put  to  confusion;  modest  to  excess; 
diffident;  shy;  sheepish.  [Formerly used  also 
in  the  sense  of  modest,  unassuming,  as  a  term 
of  commendation.] 

Come,  you  pernicious  ass  [to  the  page],  yon  bashful  fool, 
must  you  he  blushing?  wherefore  blush  you  now? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Indicative  of,  accompanied  with,  or  proceed- 
ing from  bashfulness. 

The  refusal  which  his  cousin  had  steadfastly  given  him 
would  naturally  flow  from  her  bashful  modesty  and  the 
genuine  delicacy  of  her  character. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  95. 

4f.  Exciting  bashfulness  or  shame. 

A  woman  yet  must  blush  when  bashful  is  the  case. 

Mir.  fur  Mayi.,  p.  59. 

bashfully  (bash'fiil-i),  adv.  If.  Without  self- 
possession;  with  misgivings. —  2.  In  a  bashful, 
modest,  or  shy  manner. 

bashfulness  (bash'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bashful;  excessive  or  extreme  modesty; 
timorous  shyness ;  want  of  confidence.  [For- 
merly, like  bashful,  a  term  of  commendation, 
equivalent  to  modesty. 

He  full  of  bashfulness  and  truth. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Bulloigne,  ii.] 
We  have  in  England  a  particular  bashfulness  in  every- 
thing that  regards  religion.    Addison,  Spectator,  No.  458. 

-Syn.   Bashfulness,   Modesty,   Diffidence.  Shyness,   Coy. 

ness,  timidity,  sheepishness.  Bashfulness,  literally  readi- 
ness to  be  abashed,  designates  timidity  and  a  disturbed 
state  of  feeling  at  meeting  with  others,  or  being  brought 
into  any  prominence.  It  is  natural  and  not  unbecoming 
to  the  young,  but  with  advancing  years  seems  a  defect  ; 
it  is  often  a  transient  state  of  feeling.  Modesty  goes 
deeper  into  the  character;  it  is  either  a  proper  and  he- 
coming  distrust  of  one's  self  and  one's  powers,  or  a  high- 
minded  freedom  from  assurance  and  assumption ;  it  is 
always  an  excellence,  unless  explicitly  said  to  be  excessive. 
Diffidence  is  a  defect ;  it  is  an  undue  distrust  of  self,  with 
fear  of  being  censured  for  failure,  tending  to  unfit  one  for 
duty.  Shyness  is  simply  a  constitutional  shrinking  from 
contact  with  others;  it  is  the  result  of  sensitiveness. 
Coyness  is  shyness  where  advances  are  niaile  by  others;  a 
shrinking  from  familiarity,  perhaps  in  a  coquettish  way. 
Yet  unask'd, 
His  bashfulness  and  tenderness  at  war, 
He  set  himself  beside  her. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  modesty  in  a  man  is  never  to  be 
allowed  as  a  good  quality,  hut  a  weakness,  if  it  suppresses 
his  virtue,  when  he  has  at  the  same  time  a  mind  to  exert 
himself.  Sir  It.  Steele,  latler,  No.  62. 

As  an  actor,  Mr.  Cunningham  obtained  little  reputa- 
tion, for  his  diffidence  was  too  great  to  be  overcome. 

Johnson. 
For  the  very  cause  of  shyness  is  an  over-anxiety  as  to 
what  people  are  thinking  of  you  ;  a  morbid  attention  to 
your  own  appearance. 

Whateht,  Bacon's  Essay  of  Discourse. 
The  laugh  that  guides  thee  In  the  mark, 
When  tile  kind  nymph  would  coyness  feign, 
And  hides  but  to  be  found  again. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  I.  ix.  36. 

bashi-bazouk  (bash'i-ba-z8k'),  v.  [Turk. 
bashi-bo-itq,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress 
or  uniform,  an  irregular  soldier  or  civilian, 
<  Juislii,  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appear- 
ance, 4-  bozitq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  <  ho-, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A  volunteer  and  ir- 
regular auxiliary,  serving  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequent  ly  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  tin-  command  of  municipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  in  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  "found,'' 
but  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 

bashlesst  (bash'les),  a.  [<  bash?  +  -less.  Cf. 
bashful.]     Shameless;  unblushing.     Spenser. 

bashlyk  (bash'lik),  h.  [Also  hushhk,  repr.  Russ. 
luisliliiikii,  a  Caucasian  hood  or  cowl.]  A  sort 
of  hood  or  head-covering  with  long  ends,  usu- 
ally made  in  one  piece,  worn  in  Russia.  The 
best  qllulitics  arc  of  a  tine  light-brown  camels-hair  cloth 


bashlyk 


ornamented  with  silver  or  silver-silt  galloon.     A  similar 
article  to  which  this  name  lias  been  given  is  worn  by 
women  in  the  United  States  as  a  light  covering  for  the 
head. 
Hanging  hot  ween  the  shoulders,  and  knotted  around  the 

neek  I  of  the  llaghostahil  is  tiie  baxhlik,  or  h I, worn  din 

ing  had  weather,  this  liond  being  of  a  crimson  color. 

O'Donawm,  Merv,  ii. 

I  considered  that  a  light  far  and  a  bashlyk  a  cloth 
hood  which  protects  the  ears — would  be  quite  sufficient 
to  keep  out  the  cold.  D.M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  21. 

Bashmuric  (bash-m8'rik),  n.  A  dialect  of  <  "< >i »- 
tie,  named  from  the  district  Bashmur  of  Lower 
Egypt,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Delta:  as,  the 
Bash  in  uric  version  of  the  New  Testament.  Also 
Basmuric. 

basi-.  The  combining  form,  in  various  scien- 
tific terms,  ef  Latin  basis  (Gr.  /3dmc),  base.  See 
basis. 

basia  (ba'zi-ii),  n.  pi.  [Lit.  kisses;  pi.  of  L. 
basium,  a  kiss.]  A  name  for  erotic  verses  or 
amorous  writings  of  any  kind;  anacreontics; 
sapphics:  as,  the  basia  of  Bonnefons  and  Se- 
cundus. 

basial  (ba'zi-al),  a.  [<  L.  basium,  a  kiss,  +  -ah] 
Kelating  to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.     [Rare.] 

The  innocent  gaiety  of  his  sister-in-law  expressed  itself 
in  the  "  funny  answers  "  and  the  basial  salutation. 

Quarterly  Rev. 

basi-alveolar  (ba"si-al-ve'o-lar),  a.  [<  basion  + 
alveolar.']  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  alveolar  point.  Also  basio-alveolar. — 
Basi-alveolar  length,  the  distance  between  the  basion 
andthealveolar  point.  -Basi-alveolar  line,  the  line  join- 
ing  tiie  basion  and  the  alveolar  point.    See  craniometry. 

basiation  (ba-zi-a'shon),  n.  [<L.  basiatio(n-), 
<  basiare,  pp.  basin  Ins,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss.] 
Kissing.     [Rare.] 

basiator  (bti'zi-a-tor),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  basiator,  a 
kisser,  <  basiare,  kiss:  see  basiation.']  The  or- 
bicular muscle  of  the  mouth.  Also  called  or- 
bicularis oris  and  oseularis. 

basibrachial  (ba-si-bra'ki-al), 

11.     In  some  mollusks,  a  pi 

like  an  inverted  T,  which 
forms  a  support  to  the  base 
of  the  "  arms"  of  the  fore  foot. 

basibracteolate  (ba-si-brak'- 
te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  bracteola  + 
-ate1.]  In  bot.,  having  bracts 
at  the  base :  applied  especially 
to  the  involucre  of  a  compo- 
site flower  when  it  is  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  series  showing  basibracteo- 
of  bracts,  as  in  the  dandelion.    Ia,e  i"vo"'cre- 

basibranchial  (ba-si-brang'M-al),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  bronchia},  gills,  +  -al.] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  or  bony  basis  of 
gills  or  branehias,  or  to  the  corresponding  vis- 
ceral arches  of  abranchiate  vertebrates. 

II.  re.  A  bone  or  cartilage  forming  the  base 
of  a  branchia,  gill-arch,  or  visceral  arch,  in 
birds,  the  basibranchial  is  the  single  median  pieee  of  the 
hyoid  apparatus  usually  called  urohyal.  In  typical  fishes 
there  are  three  basibranehials  in  a  "longitudinal  row,  be 
neath  the  foremost  of  which  is  the  urohyal,  and  in  front 
the  glossohyal. 

basic  (ba'sik),  a.  [<  base2  +  -ic]  1.  Relat- 
ing to  a  base ;  of  the  nature  of  a  base ;  funda- 
mental. 

This  bash:  principle  runs  through  the  literature  of  the 
past  from  the  days  of  the  Zend  A  vesta. 

N.  A.  Ret).,  CXLIII.  373. 

2.  In  chew,.:  (a)  Performing  the  office  of  abase 
in  a  salt.  (6)  Having  the  base  in  excess ;  hav- 
ing more  than  one  equivalent  of  the  base  for 
each  equivalent  of  acid.— 3.  In  geoh,  contain- 
ing a  relatively  small  amount  of  silica:  ap- 
plied to  crystalline  rocks,  as  basalt :  opposed 

to  acidic. —  4.   In  anat.,  basal;  basilar Basic 

alum.  See  alum.— Basic  blue.  See  Mm-.— Basic  line, 
in  the  spectrum,  a  name  given  by  Lockyer  to  those  lines  m 
the  spectrum  of  an  element  which,  as  the  spectrum  changes 
under  increase  of  temperature,  become  more  conspicuous 
while  the  others  disappear.  Certain  of  these  lines  being 
common  to  the  spectra  of  two substances(e.gf., cadmium 
and  iron),  it  is  inferred  that  they  may  belong  to  a  common 
element  present  in  both  and  liberated  at  the  highest  tem- 
perature. Basic  lining,  a  lining  lifted  to  the  interior  of 
a  Bessemer  converter,  having  a  tendency  to  absorb  the 
phosphorus  in  the  melted  metal.— Basic  process,  a  pro- 
cess of  making  steel  or  homogeneous  iron,  consisting  in 
introducing  into  the  lining  composition  of  the  Bessemer 
converter  and  into  the  charges  lime  or  other  earthy  base, 
which  absorbs  phosphorus  and  other  impurities  in  the 
pig-iron,  and  permits  the  use  of  cheap  grades  of  metal  for 
conversion  into  steel.  Also  called  (he  Thomas-Gilchrist 
process.  —  Basic  water,  water  when,  :us  in  some  cases,  i! 
appears  to  act  as  a  base. 

basicerite  (ba-sis'e-rit),  re.   [<  Gr.  jit'wtc,  base,  + 

icepag,  horn.]     In  Crustacea,  the  second  joint  of 

the  antenna,  or  long  feeler,  succeeding  the  coxo- 

cerite.   in  the  crawfish (Astacus)  it  bears  the  scapbocerite 

30 


Head  of  Dandelk 


465 

(considered  to  represent  an  exopodite)  and  ischiocerlte. 
See  Podophthalmia, 

basicity  (bfi-sis'i-ti),  re,  [<  basic  +  -itij.]  In 
client. :  (a)  The  state  of  being  n  base,  or  of  play- 
ing I  he  part  of  a  liaseiti  combination,  (b)  The 
power  of  nu  acid  to  unite  with  one  or  more 
atoms  of  a  base. 

Another  way  in  which  acids  may  he  classified  has  refer- 
ence to  their  basicity:  they  may  be  divided  into  mono- 
basic, dibasic,  and  frihasic  acids. 

//.  Watts,  Diet  ofChem.,  I.  46. 

basicranial  (ba-si-kra'ni-al),  a.  [<  1..  basis,  a 
base,  +  N1j.  cranium  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to  the 
base  of  the  skull — Basicranial  axis.   See  axist . 

basidia,  »■     Plural  of  basidium. 

basidigital  (ba-si-dij'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  ». 
base,  +  digitus,  linger,  +  -ah]  In  anat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  bases  of  the  digits:  applied 
to  the  metacarpal  and  metatarsal  bones. 

Bach  digit  has  a  proximal  basi-dvfital  .  .  .  bone,  upon 
which  follows  a  linear  series  of  phalanges. 

ltii.ll,  it,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  31. 

basidigitale  (ba^si-dij-i-ta/le),  re. ;  pi.  basidigi- 
talia  (-li-a).  [NL. :  see  basidigital.]  One  of 
the  basidigital  bones;  a  metacarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone. 

Basidiomycetes  fba-sid^i-o-mi-se'tez),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  basidium  +  Or.  /inn/c,  pi.  /iitajre;,  mush- 
room.] The  group  of  fungi  in  which  the  spores 
are  borne  on  basidia,  including  the  Bymenomy- 
cetes,  Gasteromycetes,  and  most  of  the  larger 
fungi  known  as  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 
See  cut  under  basidium. 

basidiomycetous  (ba-sid^i-o-ml-se'tus),  a.  [< 
Basidiomycetes  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Basidiomycetes. 

basidiospore  (ba-sid'i-6-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  basi- 
iliitnt  +  Or.  anopd,  seed.]  A  spore  borne  on  a 
basidium. 

basidiosporous 

(ba-sid-i-os'po- 
rus),  a.  [<  ba- 
sidiospore  + 
-ous.  ]  Produ- 
cing spores  by 
means  of  ba- 
sidia. 

basidium  (ba- 
sid'i-um),  n. ; 
pi.  basidia  (-ii). 
[NL.,  dim.  "of 
(ir.  ..Wove,  a  base.]  In  bot.,  an  enlarged  cell  in 
basidiomyeetous  fungi,  arising  from  the  hyme- 
nium,  and  iiroducingby  abstraction  spores  borne 
upon  slender  projections  at  its  summit. 

basifacial  (ba-si-fa'shial),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base, 
+  fades,  face,  +  -ah]  Relating  to  the  base  of 
the  face,  or  of  the  facial,  as  distinguished  from 
the  proper  cranial,  part  of  the  "whole  skull :  ap- 
plied to  an  anterior  evertebral  region  of  the 
base  of  the  primordial  skull,  corresponding  to 
the  situation  of  the  trabecular  cranii,  and  con- 
sequently in  advance  of  the  notochordal  region 
known  as  the  basicranial.  See  cut  under 
craniofacial. 

This  section  of  the  primordial  skull  may  he  conveniently 
termed  the  bast-facial  region,  the  trabeculse  forming  a 
Biipport  for  the  forebrain. 

Sutton,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soe.,  1885,  p.  577. 
Basifacial  axis.    See  axisl. 

basification  fba'si-fi-ka'shon),  re.  [<  basify : 
see  -atinit.]     In  chew,.,  the  act  of  basifying. 

basifier  (ba'si-fi-er),  re.  In  client.,  that  which 
basifies,  or  converts  into  a  salifiable  base. 

basifixed  (ba'si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base,  + 
fixus,  fixed,  +  -erf2.]  In  bot.,  attached  by  the 
base  or  lower  end,  as  an 
anther  upon  the  filament. 

basifugal(ba-sif'u-gal),  a. 
[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  '+  fu- 
gerc,  flee.]  Receding  from 
the  base:  in  bot.,  said  of 
the  growth  of  leaves  which 
are  developed  from  the 
base  upward. 

Two  extreme  cases  may  there- 
fore be  distinguished  in  leaves, 

althougliclnsclvcoimortedbyin-  Bas.fi.ed  Anthers. 

tennediate  forms:  the  prcdom-  "■<•■  "™?i  A  <Va: 

,,     ,      ...        ,             -     ,         ,  merits.   [Froml-eMaoutand 

mantly  basifugal  or  apical,  and  Decaisne's  ■•  Trait*  general 

the  predominantly  basal  growth,  de  Botan.que.") 
Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  138. 

basify  (ba'si-fi),  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  basilic, I, 
ppr.  basifying.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  facere, 
make:  see  -fy.]  Li  client.,  to  convert  into  a 
salifiable  base. 

basigynium  (ba-si-jin'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  basi- 
gynia  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3dovc,  a  base,  +  yvvl/, 
a  female.]  In  bot.,  a  stalk  rising  above  the 
base  of  the  flower,  and  bearing  the  ovary  at  its 


Basidia. 
of  Clathrus  cancellatus  ;  b,  of 
c,  of  Lycoperdon  cepa/orme. 


Basilian 

summit,  as  in  plants  of  the  genus  Clcome.  Also 
called  podogynium,  or  more  frequently  .'///""- 

phore  (  which  see). 

basihyal  (ba-si-hi'al),  «.  and  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  hy(oid)  +  -at.]     I.  n.  1.  In  vertebrate 

anal.,  I  he  di  si  a  I  bony  element  of  the  second  post- 
oral  visceral  arch,  or  hyoidean  apparatus,  rep- 
resented in  human  anatomj  by  the  so-called 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone,  bearing  Iwo  pairs  of 
horns  or  eornua ;  in  general,  I  be  basia  or  body 
proper  of  the  hyoid  arch;  the  basihyoid.  See 
cut  under  skull. — 2.  In  ichth.,  the  segment  of 
the  branidiiosteg.il  arch  next  to  the  basibran- 
chial and  urohyal.  It  is  generally  double,  or 
composed  of  two  pieces  on  each  side. 

II.  a.  Relating  to  the  basis  or  body  of  the 
hyoid  bono  or  hyoid  arch. 

basihyoid  (ba-si-hi'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  basis, 
abase,  +  E.  hyoid.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  basihyal. 
II.  re.  Same  as  basihyal. 

basil1  (baz'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  basil,  bas- 
se!, <  ME.  basile,  <  OF.  basile,  mod.  F.  basilic  = 
It.  basilica,  <  ML.  basilicitni,  btisilieou  (ef.  L.  ba- 
sil isca,  a  plant,  also  called  regula,  mentioned  as 
an  antidote  for  the  bite  of  the  basilisk :  see 
basilisk),  <  Gr.  ftaaiXtiidv  (sc.  Aaxavov,  herb), 
basil,  neut.  of  jiaai'lmoc,  royal,  <  jiaai'ktvQ,  king, 
a  word  of  unknown  origin.]  A  name  of  several 
labiate  plants,  especially  of  the  genus  Ocymum. 
ti.  basfficwm,  a  native  of  India,  is  much  used  in  cookery, 
especially  in  France,  and  is  known  as  sweet  or  common 
basil.  Bush  or  lesser  basil  is  O.  minimum.  The  holy  basil 
of  India,  0.  sanctum,  is  considered  sacred  to  Vishnu,  and 
rosaries  are  made  of  its  wood.  Fur  the  wild,  stone,  or 
field  basil  of  Europe,  see  basil-weed.  In  the  United  States 
the  name  is  given  to  other  aromatic  labiates,  especially 
to  species  of  Pycnanthemwm. 

The  ancients  had  a  curious  notion  relative  to  the  plant 
basil  (0.  basilicum),  viz.,  that  there  is  a  property  in  basil 
to  propagate  scorpions,  and  that  by  the  smell  thereof 
they  are  bred  in  the  brains  of  men. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  lstser.,  VIII.  40. 
He  once  called  her  his  baxil  plant :  and  when  she  asked 
for  an  explanation,  said  that  basil  was  a  plant  which  had 
flourished  wonderfully  on  a  murdered  man's  brains. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Finale. 
Basil-oil,  an  aromatic  oil  obtained  from  the  roots  of  the 
basil.    McElrath. 

basil-t,  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  (def.  1)  bassil,  <  OF. 
basile,  mod.  F.  basilic,  a  basilisk:  see  basilisk:.] 
1 .  A  large  cannon  throwing  a  heavy  shot.  See 
basilisk,  4. —  2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  a  can- 
non-ball.] An  iron  or  fetter  fastened  round  the 
ankle  of  a  prisoner. 

basils   (baz'il),  n.    A  corruption  of  bezel. 

basil4  (baz'il),  «.     A  corruption  of  basan. 

basilad  (baB'i-lad),  adv.  [<  NL.  basil(aris)  (see 
basilar)  +  -wi3.]     To  or  toward  the  base. 

basilar  (bas'i-liir),  a.  [=  F.  basilaire,  <  NL. 
basilaris,  <  L.  basis,  a  base.]  Relating  to  or  sit- 
uated at  the  base,  especially  of  the  skull. — 
Basilar  angle.  See  craniometry. — Basilar  artery,  the 
artery  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  vertebral  arteries, 
and  lying  on  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone. — 
Basilar  groove,  a  smooth  depression  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  basilar  process.— Basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea, 
a  delicate  membrane  stretching  from  the  lamina  spiralis 
to  the  outer  wall.  It  forms  the  floor  of  the  canal  of  the 
cochlea,  and  supports  the  organ 
of  Corti.— Basilar  process, 
that  portion  of  the  occipital 
hone  which  lies  in  front  of  the 
foramen  magnum.-  -Basilar 
segment,  the  compound  and 
otherwise  modified  segment  of 
the  body  <>f  a  centiped  immedi- 
ately succeeding  the  cephalic 
segment.  It  bears  several  pairs 
of  appendages,  and  has  been 
considered  to  he  composed  of 
four  morphological  somites.— 
Basilar  sinus,  or  basilar 
plexus,  the  transverse  sinus. 
—  Basilar  suture,  in  anat., 
the  suture  between  the  basilar 
process  of  the  occipital  bone 
and  the  body  of   the  sphenoid. 

ascending  from  the  base  of  the  brain  on  the  outer  side  of 
the  cms  cerebri  and  emptying  into  the  vena  Galenl 

basilary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.    Same  as  basilar. 

basilateral  (ba-si-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  lotus  (later-) " side,  +  -al.]  Situated 
at  the  side  of  the  base.    Also  basotateral. 

Basileuterus  (bas-i-lu'te-rus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
.inni'/i  rn/ior,  more  kingly,  compar.  adj.,  <  jlaoi- 
Tievc,  king.]  A  large  genus  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Mitiotiltithe  and  subfamily  Setophaginte ; 
a  group  of  pretty  fly-catching  warblers  related 
to  the  common  American  redstart,    several  of  the 

Mexican  species  reach  the  hover  Rio  Grande,  but  most  are 
more  southerly.  /''.  rufifrons  is  a  i  haracteristic  example. 
Basilian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Basilws, 
Itusil  the  Great  (died  A.  D.  3711),  <  Gr.  (iaaitetos, 
lit.  kingly,  <  Jaeu'/.tic,  king;.]  I.  a.  Relating 
to  St.  Basil  the  Great,  a  Greek  father  of  the 


B,  IJ.isil  ir  Segment  of  a 
centiped  \Scolopendra) :  ./. 
antenna  borne  upon  cephalic 
segment. 

Basilar  vein,  a  vein 


Basilian 

Christian  church  in  the  fourth  century,  or  to 
the  monastic  rale  given  by  him.  Basiiian  lit- 
urgy, tli«-  Liturgy  "t  St  BasiL     See  liturgy* 

II.  «.  1.  A  monk  omun  belonging  to  one  of 
the  religious  eongregat  ions  following  the  rule  of 
St.  Basil.  These  comprise  nearly  all  the  Qreek  and 
Oriental  monasteries,  and  are  found  in  communion  with 
Rome  in  Sicily,  and  in  the  Greco-Ruthenian  and  Arme- 
nian rites.  Several  Basilian  monasteries  in  Spain  were 
suppressed  Ln 

2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  priests  devoted 
to  the  education  of  young  men  Cor  the  priest- 
hood, founded  in  1800  by  the  archbishop  of 
Vienne.  France.  Their  name  is  derived  from  their 
first  house,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Basil  in  Vivarais.  They 
have  establishments  in  France,  England,  ami  Africa, 
basilic  (ba-sil'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also 
basilick.  <  F.  basilique,  <  L.  basilicas,  <  Gr.  ,;"- 
cU.ikoi;.  kingly,  royal,  <  liuoi/eir,  king.]  I.  a. 
1.  Kingly;  royal." — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
basilica :  basilican.— Basilic  vein,  the  largestof  tin- 
veins  of  the  arm,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  ulnar 
veins  with  the  median  basilic  vein,  piercing  t  lie  deep  fascia 
a  little  above  the  elbow  on  the  inner  Bide  of  the  arm,  as- 
cending in  the  course  of  the  brachial  artery,  ami  ending 
in  the  axillary  vein,  before  or  after  receiving  the  vena) 
coniites  of  the  brachial  artery.— Median  basilic  vein, 
a  short  venous  trunk  at  the  bend  of  the  elbow,  crossing 
the  track  of  the  brachial  artery,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed by  tlie  bicipital  fascia,  and  terminating  in  the  basilic. 

Also  basilical. 

II.  n.  1.  A  basilica  (which  see). —  2.  In 
anal.,  the  liasilic  vein.  See  I. 
basilica1  (ba-sil'i-ka),  re.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fiaaikinji, 
a  basilica,  prop.  fem.  (sc.  orod,  stoa,  or  oiida, 
house)  of  .laoi'/.iki'ir,  royal:  see  basilic.  In  sense 
5  for  basilisk,  4.  basil-.]  1.  Originally,  the 
stoa  in  which  the  king-archon  dispensed  jus- 
tice in  Athens;  hence,  in  Gr.  auliq..  a  frequent 
distinctive  name  for  a  stoa  or  portico. — 2.  In 
Rome,  where  such  buildings  were  introduced 
about  two  centuries  before  Christ,  a  portico  or 
hall  recalling  in  plan  or  use  the  Athenian  royal 
portico.  Many  of  these  halls  of  justice  were  appro- 
priated for  Christian  churches,  and  new  churches  were 
built  upon  a  similar  plan,  whence  basilica  became  a 
usual  name  for  a  church.  The  typical  plan  of  the  basil- 
ica is  an  oblong  rectangle,  with  a  broad  central  nave  sep- 


BaslHcas. 

I.  S.  Pietro  in  Vlncoll,  Rome  :  a  typical  plan  with  the  addition  of 
a  transept  and  of  sei  ondary  apses.  2,  S.  Godchard,  Hildesheim  :  a 
German  form  illustrating  the  western  apse  and  other  important  varia- 
tion-, f r.  .in  the  typical  plan.  AD,  apse  \  B,  8',  secondary  ip 
lile.li  ali.ir  j  /',  bishop's  throne  ;  o.  Iransept ;  //,  nave  ;  /,  /  ,  towers; 
y,  y  .  .  o  in  ipse  ;  -V,  aisle  surrounding  the  chief  apse ; 

O,  0,  apsidiolcs. 

arated  from  two  Bide-aisles  by  rows  of  columns.     Over 
the  ai  tileries.     At  the  extremity  of  tin-  building 

furtln  e  chief  entrance  is  a  raised  tribune,  where 

sat  originally  tin'  B an  pretoror  judge  ami  his  assess- 

■  iiie  the  sanctuary  of  the 
Christian  church,  'this  tribune  usually  constitutes  an 
apse  of  tin'  width  of  the  nave,  projecting  from  tin-  mam 
1 1- idy  of  Ha*  building  and  i  overed  v.  iid  a  vault  on  a  semi- 
circular plan.  The  Christian  high  altar,  which  has  re- 
placed tin-  throne  of  the  Roman  pretor,  stands  properly 
En  the  center  of  the  chord  of  thisapse.  Variations  from 
the  typical  plan  are  of  verj  common  occurrence,  such  as 
the  aiis.-uie  of  an  architectural  apse;  tin-  presenceofan 
;i|is  at  each  i  ■  ment.  especially  in 

early  German  church  [lican  plan  ;  the  duplication 

of  tie'   lidi  aisles;  1  he  carrying  of  an  and  tic 

-if  a  transe]  it  betv   9les  and  apse, 

or  oi  minor  apsi     on  each       li    ol   the  chief  apse ;  and 

niaro  -I  in  rs,  of  ten    ui    ■   ted  either  bj   h  nl    i 

tion  or  by  i  le'  exigent  fes  oi  i  li    i  'hrlstian  ritual. 
3.  Liturgically,  in  the  /.'•</».  (nil,.  Ch.,  a  title 
conferred  by  i  lie  pope  on  a  church  without  ref- 
erence   lo   its   architectural   am  lie;,  nunl ,    and 

carrying  with  it  certain  honors  and  privileges. 
in  adail  Ion  to  tin 

ight  minor  basilicas  al  Borne,  the  tltli    

this  Bense  bj  other  churches  in  all  parts  ol  thi 

as  the    ithedral   of  Paris  and  Rheims  in  France,  and  the 

cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  at  Quebec. 


466 

4f.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  elaborate  structures  raised  over  impor- 
tant tombs,  as  thai  over  the  tomb  or  shrine  of 
Edward  I  he  ion  lessor  in  Westminster  Abbe  \  ; 
so  called,  according  to  Dueange,  because  these 
structures  bore  a  resemblance  to  diminutive 
churches.  —  5t.  A  large  piece  of  ordnance: 
probably  same  as  basilisk-,  4. 

The  breaching  artillery  consisted  of  sixty-three  guns, 
the  smallest  of  which  threw  a  hall  of  titty-six  pounds,  and 
Borne  few,  termed  basilica*,  carried  marble  bullets  of  a 
hundred  and  twelve  pounds  weight.  l'rescott. 

Basilica'2  (ba-sil'i-ka),  re.  pi.,  also  used  as  smg. 
[  Ml..,  <  LGr.  jiaai'/iHt'i,  neut.  pi.  of  Gr.  .ium'/iKw, 
royal  (or,  less  prob.,  relating  to  Basil  I.).]  A 
■  M.le  of  laws  of  the  Byzantine  empire,  adapted 
from  tlie  laws  of  Justinian  in  the  ninth  century, 
by  oilier  of  the  emperor  Basil  I.   Also  Basilics. 

basilical  (ba-sil'i-kal),  a.  [<  basilica'1.  +  -al.'] 
Same  as  basilic. 

basilican  (ba-sil'i-kan),  a.     [<  ML.  basilicanus, 

<  L.  basilica,  basilica.]  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  basilica;  basilic — Basilican  ointment. 

Same  as  baslliain. 

basilicanism  (ba-sil'i-kan-izm),  n.  Adherence 
to  the  basilican  type  of  church. 

basilicokt,  re.  [ME.,  also  basiliscok,  basclycoc,  < 
OF.  basilicoc  (with  appar.  aug.  term.,  prob.  con- 
fused with  cog,  cock;  cf.  cockatrice),  <  basilic,  a 
basilisk.    Cf.  basilisk.]     A  basilisk.    Chancer. 

basilicon  (ba-sil'i-kon),  ti.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fiarrtAmdv, 
neut.  (sc.  f&pfiatcov,  remedy)  of  ftaoi'Mndc,  royal : 
see  basil1  and  basilic]  An  ointment  named 
from  its  supposed  " sovereign "  virtues.  Itcon- 
sists  of  yellow  wax,  black  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one 
part,  anil  of  olive-oil  four  parts.  Also  called  basilican 
ointment. 

Basilics  (ba-sil'iks),  ».  pi.  [E.  pi.,  equiv.  to 
ML.  basilica:  see  Iiasilica2.]  Same  as  Basil- 
ica'2. 

Basilidian  (bas-i-lid'i-an),  re.     [<  L.  Basilides, 

<  Gr.  TiaatlMrjc,  a  proper  name,  in  form  a 
patronymic,  <  jiaatAevr,  king.]  A  follower  of 
Basilides,  a  teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  second  century.  The 
Basilidians  discouraged  martyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines 
as  secret  as  possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  prac- 
tices, and  soon  declined  from  the  asceticism  of  their 
founder  into  gross  immorality.    See  BasUidianism. 

Basilidianism  (bas-i-lid'i-an-izm),  n.  [<  Basi- 
lidian +  -ism.]  The  doctrines  of  Basilides  and 
the  Basilidians.  Basilides  taught  that  from  a  universal 
seed-mass  containing  the  genus  of  all  things  and  created 
by  non-existent  Deity  (that  is.  the  Absolute)  were  sepa- 
rated a  subtile  sonship  mounting  at  once  to  the  Deity,  and 
a  coarse  sonship  attaining  a  place  near  to  but  short  of  the 
highest  by  aid  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  acts  as  the  firma- 
ment separating  supermundane  things  from  mundane. 
A  third  sonship.  that  needing  purification,  remained  in  the 
mass,  front  which  also  emerged  the  archonsof  the  ogdoad 
and  hebdomad.  See  archon.  The  gospel  illumination  came 
first  to  the  son  of  the  great  archon,  who  instructed  his 
father.  From  him  it  passed  to  the  archon  of  the  hebdo- 
mad through  his  son,  and  from  the  hebdomad  to  Jesus,  the 
son  of  Mary.  The  spirit  of  Jesus  ascended  at  his  death  to 
the  highest  God,  leaving  his  soul  in  the  hebdomad.  When 
the  whole  of  the  sonship  that  remains  in  this  Iowerworld 
has  mounted  after  .lesus  to  the  highest  place,  the  consum- 
mation of  all  things  will  come,  and  an  oblivion  called  the 
great  ignorance  will  descend  on  the  whole  world,  even 
upon  the  two  great  archons,  that,  all  may  remain  in  their 
natural  place  and  not  aspire  after  the  unattainable.  The 
g"spel  is  the  knowledge  of  these  doctrines,  and  the  spirit- 
ual are  those  only  who  are  capable  of  understanding  them. 
An  exceedingly  different  system,  known  as  spurious  BasU 
Ihlianium,  was  developed  among  the  followers  of  Basilides. 
According  to  this  there  are  .'ilia  generations  of  angels  occu- 
pying 865  heavens,  each  with  its  own  archon,  I  he  lowest 
being  the  God  of  the  Jews.  Christ  was  the  first-born,  the 
Nous  or  intellect  of  the  highest  God,  the  unbegotten 
Father.  All  his  work  on  earth  is  mere  appearance  or  out* 
ward  show,  adocetic  feature  found  in  many  earlier  here- 
sies. 

basiliscine  (bas-i-lis'in),  a.  [<  L.  basiliscus,  a, 
basilisk,  +  -inc1.]     Pertaining  to  a  basilisk. 

basiliscus  (bas-i-lis'kus),  n.  [L.,  a  basilisk: 
see  basilisk.}  If.  A  basilisk.— 2f.  [NL.]  In 
oniilh.,  an  old  and  disused  name  of  the  small 
crested  or  golden-crowned  wren  of  Europe, 
Regvlus  cristatus.  li  is  known  in  many  languages 
by  names  corresponding  to  "little  king,"  as  Kinglet, 
roitelet,  /'"""//coi,  regiUo,  regaliolus,  regiltus,  etc.;  also 
rex,  senator,  presbys,  trochUus,  orchulus,  calendula,  etc. 
See  Regulus. 

3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles, 
or  Lacertilia,  of  the  family  Tguanidce  (formerly 
held  to  bo  of  greater  extent  than  now),  charac- 
terized essentially  by  the  prose  nee  of  a  < tin- 

uoits  median  dorsal  crest  along  the  back  and 
tail,  erectile  at  will.    There  are  im  femoral  pores,  ami 

no  eiilai       I'     lull   a  dllalaU.    punch  .ill  the  head  ;   lie    ill  n 

idem  is  pleurodont  The  mitt-red  or  hooded  hasilisk,  /,'. 
mitratv     i    i   pecially  remarkable  for  a  membranous  bag 

at  the  back  of  the  head.  "(  the  si/.-  ..t  a  small  hens  egg, 
which  can  he  Inflated  with  air  at  pleasure,  and  the  linn 
tion  of  which  is  analogous  to  that  of  tin-  air-bladder  of 
ii..  other  species  have  such  hoods  also,  but  of  a 

smaller  size.     To  this  organ  they  owe  their  name,  which 


basin 


Hooded  or  Mileicit  Basilisk  (  Basttist  iu  ?nitratiu). 

recalls  the  basilisk  of  fable,  though  in  reality  they  are 
harmless  and  exceedingly  lively  creatures.  The  species 
are  Inhabitants  chiefly  of  Central  America  and  .Mexico, 
and  peculiar  to  America,  although  one  of  the  Agamidcs  of 
Amboyna  has  been  erroneously  referred  to  the  genus. 
basilisk  (bas'i-lisk),  re.  and  a.  [Also,  until  re- 
cently, as  li.,  basiliscus ;  <  ME.  basilisk  (cf.  also 
basilicok  and  F.  basilic),  <  L.  basiliscus,  <  Gr. 
paai'AiaKoc,  a  little  king,  a  kinglet  (bird),  also  a 
kind  of  serpent,  so  named  from  a  white  spot 
resembling  a  crown  on  the  head ;  dim.  of  [5a.ot- 
levc,  a  king.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fabulous  creature 
formerly  believed  to  exist,  variously  regarded 
as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or  dragon,  and 
sometimes  identified  with  the  cockatrice.  It  in- 
habited the  deserts  of  Africa,  and  its  breath  and  even  its 
look  were  fatal.  In  heraldry  it  is  represented  as  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  cockatrice,  with  its  tail  terminating  in 
a  dragon's  head;  hence  formerly  also  called  amphisien 
cockatrice,  as  having  two  heads.  See  amphisien. 
Like  as  the  BasilWce,  of  serpents  seede, 
From  powrefull  eyes  close  venim  doth  eonvay 
Into  the  lookers  hart,  ami  killcth  farre  away. 

Spt  nsi  r,  V.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  39. 
There  is  not  one  that  looketh  upon  his  eyes  buthe  dieth 
presently.  The  like  property  has  the  basilisk.  A  white 
spot  or  star  it  carietn  on  the  head  and  settith  it  out  like  a 
coronet  or  diadem.  If  he  but  hiss  no  other  serpent  dare 
come  near.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  viii.  21. 

2.  In  licrpct.,  a  lizard  of  the  old  genus  Basilis- 
cus (which  see)  in  the  widest  sense. — 3f.  In 
ornith.,  the  golden-crested  wren  or  kinglet. 
See  basiliscus,  2. — 4f.  A  large  piece  of  ord- 
nance: so  called  from  its  destructive  power. 
It  varied  greatly  in  size  and  style  at  different  times.  In 
the  fifteenth  century  it  is  spoken  of  as  throwing  stone 
halls  of  the  weight  of  200  pounds,  and  was  therefore  of 
prodigious  caliber.  It'Auhigue  in  his  History  speaks  of 
them  as  carrying  stone  balls  of  300  pounds,  hut  it  is  not 
certain  which  stand  aid  he  has  in  view.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  it  was  a  smaller  gun,  hut  still  one  of  the  largest 
then  in  use.    See  basilica,  '. 

Awake,  ye  men  of  Memphis!  —  hear  the  clang 
(if  Scythian  trumpets  '     hear  the  basilisks, 
That,  roaring,  shake  Damascus'  turrets  down! 

Marlon;',   Tainlnirlaine,  I.,  iv.  1. 

A  basilisco,  bore  in  inches  '..  weight  in  pounds  4000. 

Capt.  J.  Smith,  Seaman's  Grammar. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
basilisk:  as,  a  basilisk  eye  or  look  (a  sharp, 
penetrating,  malignant  eye  or  look,  like  that 
attributed  to  the  basilisk). 

basilosaurid  (bas*i-lo-sa'rid),  re.  A  cetacean 
of  the  family  BasUosduridai. 

Basilosauridse  (bas"i-lo-sa'ri-de), «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Basilnsaurus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
zeuglodont  cetaceans,  typified  by  the  genus 
BasUosaurus  (or  Zcuglodon),  having  the  parie- 
tal, tho  frontal,  and  especially  the  nasal  bones 
elongated,  and  tho  anterior  nares  opening  for- 
ward. [According  to  the  rules  of  /....logical  nomencla- 
ture, the  operation  of  the  law  of  priority  requires  reten- 
tion of  the  name,  though  the  creatures  were  not.  saurians.] 

Basilosaurus  (bas^i-lo-sa'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiaai'Mvc,  king,  +  aa'vpoc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
large  fossil  cetaceans  from  the  Eoceno  of  tho 
southern  United  States.  The  name  was  given  under 
the  erroneous  impression  that  tin-  creatures  were  reptiles, 
and  was  afterward  changed  to  Zeuglodon.  Also  called 
Polyptychodon  and  Hydrarchus.    See  /■  u^Zodontto. 

basil-thyme  (baz'il-tim),  ».  [<  basiP  +  thyme.] 
A  British  plant,  the  Calamintha  Aeinos  of  bota- 
nists. It  has  bluish-purple  flowers  ami  a  flagrant  aro- 
matic smell,  "so  .excellent,''  Parkinson  says,  "that  it  is 
lit  for  a  kings  In. use." 

basil-weed  (baz'il-wed),  n.  [<  basil1  +  weed1.] 
Wild  basil,  or  field-basil,  tho  common  name  for 
Calamintha  Cliiai/iiidium,  a  European  labiate 
plant  common  in  woods  and  copses. 

basin  (ba'sn),  >i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bason, 
basen,  <  JIM.  basin,  liacin,  <  OP.  bacin,  mod.  F. 
baS8in  =  Pr.  Sp.  lutein  =  \\.  had  mi  (ML.  reflex. 
baciuits,  baSSVKUs)  =  <  ll  H  i.  hecchin,  hecclii,  MUG. 
luckcu,  becic,  (I.  becken  (>  Dan.  hwkkm  =  Sw. 
bdeken),  <  ML.  bachimts,  bacchinus,  bacchmum, 


basin 


467 


appar.  for  'baccinus,  "baeeinum,  prop,  an  adj. 
form,  <  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aquarium':  see 
back*),  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin;  of.  Gael,  line, 
a  hollow,  a  hook,  crook,  =  W.  bach,  a  hook,  = 
Bret,  bak,  bag,  a  shallow  boat :  see  back**. 
ECenoe  basinet.]  1.  A  circular  dish  or  vessel 
of  greater  width  than  depth,  contracting  to-    bacenett,bacynet,<.  OF. bacinet(F. bassinet =Ft 

Ward  the  bottom,  and  used  chiefly  to  hold  water 
or  Other  liquid,  especially  for  washing,  but  also 
for  various  other  purposes. 


basinerved  (ba'si-nervd),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  in  mis,  nerve,  +  -ed2.]  In  hot.,  having 
the  nerves  all  springing  from  the  base:  applied 

to  leaves. 

basinet,  basnet  (bas'i-net,  bas'net),  n,  [Also 
bassinet,  bascinet,  <  ME.  basinet,  basenet,  basnt  t, 


iiuriiH  t  =  Bp.  I'g-  bacinete  =  It.  bacinetto),  dim. 
of  lutein,  a  basin,  a  helmet  in  the  form  of  a 
basin:  are  basin  and-et.]    A  steel  cap,  original- 


Lei  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason, 
i"n ] i  of  rose-water,  and  bestrew'd  with  flowers,  .  .  . 
Ami  say,  Will't  please  your  lordship  cool  your  hands? 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  tnd.,  i. 

2.  As  much  as  a  basin  will  hold;  a  basinful. — 

3.  In  the  arte  and  manuf.:  (a)  In  hat-making,  a 

vessel  tilled  with  boiling  water  in  which  the 
loose  mat  of  felted  fur  formed  on  the  cone  for 
a  hat-body  is  dipped  in  the  process  of  basining 
(see  basin,  r.  t.),  in  order  to  shrink  it  to  the 
proper  size.  Also  called  sizing-kettle.  (b)  A 
concave  pieco  of  metal  on  which  glass-grinders 
form  their  convex  glasses,  (c)  The  scale  or 
scale-dish  of  a  balance  when  concave. —  4f.  A 

Sair  of  hollow  metal  dishes  clashed  together 
ke  cymbals  to  produce  sound:  formerly  beat- 
en when  infamous  persons  were  exposed  in  a 
cart  as  a  punishment. —  5.  A  basin-shaped  ves- 
sel hung  by  chains  from  the  roof  of  a  church, 
with  a  pricket  in  the  middle  for  the  serges.  See 
cerge.  When  of  silver,  such  vessels  usually  had 
a  brass  or  latten  basin  within  to  catch  the  wax- 
droppings. — 6f.  The  hollow  part  of  a  plate  or 
dish. 

Silver  dishes  and  plates  ...  in  the  edges  and  basins  "f 
which  was  placed  .  .  .  gold  medals. 

Pepys,  Diary,  July  21,  1602.    IN.  E.  D.) 

7.  A  natural  or  artificial  reservoir  for  water. 
(a)  A  pond;  a  hay;  a  duck  for  ships.  (b)  In  a  canal,  a 
space  which  enables  boats  to  turn,  or  to  lie  and  unload, 
without  obstructing  the  passage  of  other  boats,  (c)  The 
spare  between  the  gates  in  a  dock. 

8.  Iu  gcog. :  (a)  The  area  drained  by  a  river. 
The  term  is  ordinarily  used  only  when  speaking  of  a 
large  river,  and  then  includes  the  entire  area  drained  by 
the  main  stream  and  its  tributaries.  The  line  separating 
two  river-systems  from  each  other  is  the  watershed.  A 
efoa  d  basin  is  an  area  which  has  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  In 
the  United  States,  the  Great  Basin  is  that  portion  of  the 
Cordilleran  region  which  has  no  such  outlet,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  225,000  square  miles,    (ft)  A  basin- 

shaped  depression  or  hollow ;  a  circular  or  oval 
valley. —  9.  In  geol. ,  an  area  over  which  the  strat- 
ified formations  are  so  disposed  as  to  show 
that  they  were  deposited  in  succession  within 
a  basin-shaped  depression  of  the  original  sur- 
face, thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of  beds  which 
have  a  general  dip  toward  a  common  center, 
especially  near  the  edges  of  the  area.  In  some  in- 
stances the  basin  structure  is  very  marked,  as  iu  the  ease  of 
the  Forest  of  Dean  and  Inde  coal-fields.  Sometimes,  how- 
ever, a  mere  synclinal  depression  of  the  strata  is  called  a 
basin;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  in  the  Appalachian 
coal-field,  where  any  smaller  area,  separated  by  erosion 
from  the  main  body  of  the  coal-bearing  strata,  may  be 
called  a  basin.  The  geological  basins  of  London  and  Paris 
are  especially  known  and  interesting.  The  rocks  of  both  are 
chiefly  Lower  Tertiary,  or  Eocene  and  Oligocene,  the  name 
sometimes  given  to  that  part  of  the  series  which  is  inter- 
mediate in  age  between  Eocene  and  Miocene.  The  impor- 
tant member  of  the  London  basin — the  "London  clay" — 
is  absent  from  the  Paris  basin.  The  Middle  Eocene  is  rep- 
resented in  the  Paris  basin  by  an  extremely  fossiliferous 
rock,  the  Cdtcaire  grossier  (which  see).  The  Tertiary  of 
the  Paris  basin,  like  that  of  the  London  basin,  rests  on  a 
tliiek  mass  of  white  chalk.  This  has  been  completely  bored 
through  at  various  points,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
water,  which  rises  above  the  surface  in  large  quantities  at 
the  wells  of  Crenelle  and  Passy,  and  at  other  points. 
10.  In  anat. :  (a)  The  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  (b)  [Cf.  P.  bassin  in  same  sense.]  The 
pelvis. — 11.  Incntom.,  a  large  concavity  in  a 
surface ;  specifically,  a  concave  portion  of  the 
metathoracic  segment  over  the  base  of  the 
abdomen.  The  basin  of  the  antenna  is  a  concavity  in 
which  the  antenna  is  inserted,  often  limited  on  the  inner 
side  by  a  carina,  as  in  the  ant  - 

Formerly  also  spelled  bason. 
Barber's  basin.    See  barber. 
basin  (ba'sn),  r.  t.    [(.basin, ».]    In  hat-making, 
to  harden  or  shrink  to  the  proper  size,  as  a  hat- 
body  in  tho  process  of  felting,  by  dipping  in  the 
basin  of  hot  water,  wrapping  in  the  basining- 
eloth  (which  see),  and  rolling  on  a  table.     Also 
spelled  bason. 
The  hat  is  basoned,  or  rendered  tolerably  firm. 

Ure,  Diet.,  II.  7S4. 

basinasal  (ba-si-na'zal),  a.  [<  basion  +  nasion 
+  -al.]  In  crauiom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  nasion Basinasal  length,  the  distance  be- 
tween the  basion  and  the  nasion.    See  craniometry. 

basined  (ba'snd),  a.  Inclosed  in  a  basin. 
[Rare.] 

Thy  basined  rivers  ami  Imprisoned  seas. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  Lc  91s. 


i,  Basinet  of  1310.    2,  Italian  Basinet  of  1380. 
(From  Viollet-lc-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  francals.") 

ly  of  very  simple  form,  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  little  basin.  It  was  ordinarily  worn 
alone;  but  in  battle  the  heavy  helmet  or  heaume  was 
placed  over  it,  resting  upon  the  armor  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  When  the  heaume  came  to  lie  abandoned,  on 
account  of  its  great  weight,  the  basinet  was  furnished 
with  a  vizor.  It  was  the  commonest  form  of  headpiece 
during  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  so 
continued  until  the  introduction  of  the  armet.  See  hel- 
met,  uizor,  aventaile,  camaU,  and  armor. 

"So,  youngster,"  said  he,  looking  at  Glendinning,  and 
seeing  his  military  dress,  "thou  hast  ta'en  the  basnet  at 
last?  it  is  a  better  cap  to  live  in  than  die  in." 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  213. 

basinful  (ba'sn-ful),  re.  As  much  as  a  basin 
will  hold. 

basining-cloth  (bas'ning-kloth),  n.  [<  basin- 
ing. verbal  n.  of  basin,  v.,  +  cloth.']  In  hat- 
making,  the  cloth  in  which  a  hat-body  as  taken 
from  the  cone  is  wrapped  after  dipping  in  the 
basin,  and  rolled  on  a  table,  to  complete  the 
process  of  felting. 

basin-trap  (ba'sn-trap),  re.  A  seal  or  trap 
placed  in  the  waste-pipe  of  a  set  basin  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  sewer-gas. 

basin-wrench  (ba'sn-rench),  re.  A  plumbers' 
wrench,  having  the  jaws  presented  on  one  side, 
for  working  in  contracted  spaces. 

basio-alveolar  (ba'si-o-al-ve'ci-lar),  a.  [<  ba- 
sion  +  edreolar.]     Same  as  basi-alveolar. 

basioccipital  (ba/si-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  and  re.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  occiput  (occipit-),  occiput,  + 
-at.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  the  occi- 
put, or  to  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital 
bone.—  Basioccipital  tooth,  a  tooth  attached  to  a  pro- 
longation downward  of  the  basioccipital  bone,  as  in  the 
carp  and  tench. 

II.  n.  The  centrum  of  the  first  (hindmost) 
cranial  segment,  forming  the  basis  of  the  com- 
pound occipital  bone,  called  iu  human  anat- 
omy the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital,  which 
anteriorly  articulates  or  ankyloses  with  the 
basisphenoid,  and  posteriorly  circumscribes  in 
part  the  foramen  magnum.  Its  normal  union  with 
two  exoccipitals  ami  a  supraoccipita]  constitutes  the  thus 
compound  occipital  bone.  See  cuts  under  craniofacial, 
Crotalus,  Esox,  ami  QaUimx. 

basioglossus  (ba"si-6-glos'us),  n.  [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  +  Gr.  y'/.iiaaa,  tongue.]  That  portion  of 
the  hyoglossus  muscle  which  arises  from  the 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone. 

basion  (ba'si-on),?;.  [NL.]  In  anai.,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen 
magnum.    See  cut  utider  craniometry. 

basiophthalmite(  ba"si-of-thal'mIt),  n.  [<  Gr. 
fiacic,  a  base,  +  btpdalfioc,  eye.]  The  proximal  or 
basal  joint  of  the  movable  two-jointed  ophthal- 
mite  or  peduncle  of  the  eye  of  a  stalk-eyed 
crustacean,  the  other  joint  being  tho  podoph- 
thalmite.     See  cut  under  stalk-eyed. 

basipetal  (ba-sip'e-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base 
+  pvtere,  seek,  +  -ail.]  Directed  toward  the 
base;  in  bot.,  developing  from  the  apex  down- 
ward: applied  to  growth  in  the  leaf  when  the 
rachis  or  midvein  is  developed  first,  then  the 
leaflets  or  lobes  in  succession  from  the  top 
downward. 

basipodite  (ba-sip'o-dit),  n.  [<  Gr.  jlaotc,  a  base, 
+  irocc  (ttoiS-)  —  t&.foot.]  In  crustaceans:  (a) 
The  proximal  joint  of  the  limb  of  an  arthropod 
animal,  by  which  the  limb  is  articulated  with 
the  body.  Dunman.  (I>)  The  second  joint  of 
a  developed  endopodite,  between  the  coxopo- 
dite  (protopodite)  and  the  ischiopodite.     Mitne- 


basisylvian 

Edwards;  Huxley.  See  also  cut  under  endopo- 
dite. 

basipoditic  (ba-sip-o-dit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
oroi  the  nature  of  a  basipodite.    Huxley,  Cra 

lish,    p.    11)1. 

basipterygial<ba-sip-to-rij'i-al),<<.  [<  L.&a  i  , 
abase,  +  pterygiaL]  Situated  at  thebasi  of 
the  tin,  as  .if  a  cephalopod. 

En  Sepia,  along  the  whole  base-ll I  each  lateral  tin  of 

the  mantle,  is  a  "basi-pteryffial  cartilage." 

/•;.  /;.  tankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  675. 

basipterygoid  (ba-sip-ter'i-goid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  pterygoid.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  related  to  the  base  of  the  pterygoid 
bone,  or  the  sphenoid.-  Basipterygoid  processes, 
iu  the  anatomy  of  turds,  processes  which  are  or  ma}  I"- 
Bituated  upon  the  body  or  beak  of  the  Bphenoid.and  ar- 
ticulate, or  maj  articulate  with  the  pterygoid  1 s.    See 

cuts  under  desmognathoua  and  dromon  gnathous. 

II.  n.  A  lateral  bone  or  process  of  bone  at 
the  baso  of  tho  skull,  developed  in  connection 
or  relation  with  sphenoidal  and  pterygoid  ele- 
ments. 

basirhinal  (ba-si-ri'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  panic,,  abase, 
+  'pig,  piv,  nose,  +  -ail'.]  Situated  at  the  base 
of  tho  rhinencephalon :  applied  to  a  fissure  of 
the  brain  called  by  Wilder  postrhmal.    Owen. 

basirostral  (ba-si-ros'tral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  rostrum,  beak,  +  -al.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  at  the  base  of  the  beak  or  bill 
of  a  bird:  as,  basirostral  bristles. 

basis  (ba'sis),  n. ;  pi.  bases  (-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
paoic,  a  going,  step,   foundation:    see  base-.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  anything;  that  on  which 
a  thing  stands  or  on  which  anything  is  reared; 
a  foundation,  groundwork,  or  supporting  prin- 
ciple :  now  most  commonly  used  of  immaterial 
things. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  valour.  Chal- 
lenge me  the  Count's  youth  to  fight  with  him;  hurt  him 
in  eleven  places.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

Who  builds  a  monument,  the  basis  jasper, 
And  the  main  body  brick? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 

Good  health  is  the  basis  of  all  physical,  intellectual, 
moral,  anil  spiritual  development. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ii. 

2.  In  arch.,  same  as  base%,  3. — 3f.  A  pedestal. 

Observing  an  English  inscription  upon  the  basis,  we 
read  it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

4.  The  principal  constituent  of  a  compound ; 
a  fundamental  ingredient. —  5.  Milit.,  same 
as  base"*,  15  (a). —  6.  In  crystal,  and  petrog., 
same  as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). 
—  7.  In  hot.  and  conch.,  same  as  base",  4. — 8. 
[NL.]  In  anat.,  tho  base;  the  fundamental  or 
basilar  part  of  anything:  as,  basis  cranii,  the 
base  of  the  skull. —  9.  In  pros.,  a  trochee 
or  its  substitute  preceding  the  dactyls  of  a 
logacedie  series.  An  apparent  spondee  or  iambus, 
a  long  syllable  of  three  times,  or  even  a  pyrrhic,  tri- 
brach, or  anapest,  may  be  used  as  a  basis,  and  an  anacrusis 
may  be  prefixed  to  it.  The  basis  is  sometimes  double. 
[This  meaning  of  the  word  is  of  modern  introduction 
(Gottfried  Hermann).  In  ancient  Greek  writers  on  met- 
rics the  meaning  of  0a<ris  is :  (a)  That  part  of  the  foot 
which  takes  the  on^atna  (ictus) ;  the  0etrw.  (/<)  A  series  of 
syllables  united  under  one  principal  ictus,  whether  con- 
stituting a  single  foot  or  a  dipody  ;  a  measure.  ]  —  JEollc 
basis,  a  basis  at  the  beginning  of  a  dactylic  line. 

basiscopic  (ba-si-skop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiacuc,  a 
base,  +  GKOTciv,  view,  +  -ic]  Looking  toward 
the  base ;  on  the  side  toward  the  base. 

basisolute  (ba-sis'o-lut),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base, 
+  solutiis,  free,  loosed:  see  solution.]  In  hot., 
prolonged  at  the  base  below  the  point  of  origin  : 
said  of  leaves. 

basisphenoid  (ba-si-sfe'noid),  a.  aud  re.  [<  ba- 
sis +  sphenoid.]  I.  <r.  Iu  avat..  pertaining 
to  the  body  or  basis  of  the  compound  sphenoid 
bone. 

II.  n.  In  anat.,  the  centrum  of  the  second 
cranial  segment,  or  basis,  of  the  compound 
sphenoid  bone,  represented  in  human  anatomy 
by  the  greater  part  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid 
(all  that  part  behind  the  sella  turcica),  as 
distinguished  from  its  wings  and  pterygoid 
processes,  situated  iu  the  basicranial  axis  of 
the  skull,  between  the  basioccipital  and  the 
presphenoid.  It  is  always  combined  with  other  sphe- 
noidal elements,  and  ftvi|iiintly  ankyloses  also  with  the 
basioccipitaL    See  cuts  under  Crotalus,  Esox,axidsphenoid. 

basisphenoidal  (ba'si-sff-noi'dal),  u.     Same 

as  basisphenoid. 

basistt  (ba'sist),  n.  [<  base1  +  -ist.]  A  singer 
of  bass. 

basisylvian  (ba-si-sil'vi-an),  o.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  Sylvius,  an  anatomist  after  whom  the 
aqueduct  of  Sylvius  in  the  brain  is  named.] 
Appellative  of  "one  of  the  lateral  fissures  of  the 
brain. 


basitemporal 

basitempor.il  (ba-si-tem'po-ral),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  tempora,  temples.]  I.  a. 
Situated  al  the  base  of  tin'  temporal  region  of 
the  skull. 

II.  n.  A  membrane-bone  developed  at  the 
base  of  the  skull  of  many  vertebrates,  as  birds. 
opposite  the  temporal  region,  underlying  the 
true  basis  oranii  (which  is  developed  from  ear 
tilage),  and  on  the  same  plane  as  the  parasphe- 
noid.     W.  A".  Parker. 

basivertebral  (ba-si-ver'tf-bral),  a.  [<  basis 
+  vertebral.]  Pertaining  to  the  body  or  cen- 
trum of  a  vertebra;  central  in  a  vertebra:  as, 
basivertebral  veins. 

bask1  (bask),  v.  [<  ME.  basken,  <  Ioel.  'badhask, 
now  badhast,  bathe  one's  self,  <  batlha,  =  E. 
bathe,  +  sik  =  C  sich,  reflex,  prou..  one's  self; 
less  prob.  <  Icel.  *bakask,  now  bakast,  warm 
one's  self  at  the  fire,  <  baka,  =  E.  bake,  +  sik, 
as  above.  Cf.  Sw.  dial,  basa  sig  i  solen,  bask  in 
the  sun ;  badfisk,  fishes  basking  in  the  sun ;  LG. 
sich  bakt  a.  warm  one's  self  in  the  sun,  lit.  bake 
one's  self;  North.  E.  and  Sc.  beak,  bask,  lit. 
bake.  For  the  form,  cf.  busk1.]  I.intrans.  If. 
To  bathe,  especially  in  warm  water  (and  hence 
in  blood,  etc.). 

Basted  am!  baththed  in  their  wylde  burblyng  .  .  . 
Mode.  Skelton,  Works,  I.  209.    (NTS.  D.) 

2.  To  lie  in  or  bo  exposed  to  a  pleasant 
warmth;  luxuriate  in  the  genial  heat  or  rays 
of  anything:  as,  to  bask  in  the  sunshine. 

She  desires  no  isles  <>f  the  1  >K'st,  no  quiet  seats  of  the  just, 
To  rest  in  a  golden  grove,  or  to  bask  in  a  summer  sky. 

Tennyson,  Wages. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under 
benign  or  gratifying  influences:  as,  to  bask  in 
the  favor  of  a  king  or  of  one's  lady-love. 

Merely  to  bask  and  ripen  is  sometimes 
The  student's  wiser  business. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

II.  trans.  To  expose  to  genial  warmth;  suf- 
fuse with  agreeable  heat. 

As  I  do  live  by  food,  I  met  a  fool, 

Wh<>  laid  him  down,  and  bask'd  him  in  the  sun, 

And  raifd  on  lady  Fortune. 

Shah.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Basks  at  the  tire  his  hairy  strength. 

MUton,  [/Allegro,  1.  112. 
bask1  (bask),  n.    [<baskl,v.~\    Emitted  warmth ; 
a  genial  radiation  or  suffusion.     [Rare.] 

Hilton  and  La  Fontaine  did  not  write  in  the  bask  of 
court  favor.  /.  D' Israeli,  I'alam.  of  Auth.,  I.  78. 

bask2t,  a.  [Se.,  prop,  baisk,  <  ME.  bask,  baisk, 
<  Icel.  beiskr  =  Sw.  Dan.  besk,  bitter,  acrid.] 
Bitter.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bask3t  (bask),  I).  [E.  dial.,  obs.:  see  bash1.] 
Same  as  bash1. 

basket  (bas'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  basket;  of  un- 
known origin.  The  Celtic  words,  W.  basged, 
Corn,  basced,  Ir.  basceid,  Gael,  bascaid  (cf.  W. 
/«;.«/,  a  netting  or  piece  of  wiekerwork),  are 
mod.  and  from  Eng.  The  supposed  original, 
L.  bascauda,  which  is  mentioned  by  Martial  as 
directly  of  Celtic  origin,  is  defined  as  a  wash- 
ing-tub or  brazen  vessel,  and  is  prob.  not  con- 
nected with  basket.]  1.  A  vessel  made  of 
twigs,  rushes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or  other  flex- 
ible materials,  interwoven  in  a  great  variety  of 
forms,  and  used  for  many  purposes. 

Rude  baskets  .  .  . 
Woven  of  the  flexile  willow.     Dyer,  The  Fleece,  ii. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  basket;  as  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold  :  as,  a  basket  of  fish. 

Do  ye  lint  .  .  .  remember  the  tivi'lnavi'sof  the  Ave  tlmll 
sand,  and  how  many  baskets  ye  took  up?  Mat.  xvi.  9. 

3.  A  measure  for  fruit,  equal  in  the  United 
States  to  three  tilths  of  a  bushel,  and  in  Great 
Britain  to  a  bout  two  bushels. — 4.  Figuratively, 
that  which  is  gathered  or  plane, l  in  a  basket  or 
baskets;  provision  for  sustenance  or  use. 

Blessedshall  be  thj  basket  and  thy  store.    Deut  xxviii.  5. 
Making  bab  t  a  charitable  basket.     Dickens. 

5.  In  old  stagn-eoaehns,  the  two  outside  seats 
facing  each  other  behind. 

Its  [London's]  fopperies  come  down  not  only  as  In  Idi 

passengers,  but  in  the  very  ba  I 

toop  to  Conquer,  i.  l. 

6.  In  hat  making,  a  wiekerwork  or  wire  screen 

of  an  oval  shape,  fori ■iviiiL'tlm  filaments  of 

hair  which  are  deposited  on  it  in  the  operation 
of  bowing.—  7.  Miiii..  a  gabion  (which  see). 
8.  A  protection  of  wiekerwork  for  the  handle 
of  a  sword-stick. —  9.  Iii  arch.,  tin-  echinus  or 
bill  ,,f  the  Corinthian  capital,  denuded  of  its 
acanthus-leaves. — 10.  In  ichth.,  the  gill-sup- 
port in  the  lamprey  I  Pi  tromyzon  |.  n  con  .  l  ol 
cartilaginous  ares  depending  from  the  soft  representative 


Cartilaginous  Branchial  Basket  of  iani- 
pre\  Pttromyzon  ),  depending  from  verte- 
bral column. 


lt!S 

of  the  backbone  and  connected  by  eross-hars.— Basket- 
handle  arch.    See  arehl.     Cartilaginous  branchial 

basket.    See  Jfar- 
sipobranehii.  --The 
pick  of  the  bas- 
ket, the   Anest.   of 
the    whole    lot    or 
number.  —  To     be 
left  in  the  bas- 
ket, to  remain  tin  - 
chosen    or    to    the 
last,  like  the  worst 
apples,  etc— To  go 
to  the  basket  t,  to 
go  to  prison,  with 
special  reference  to  the  alms. basket  on  which  prisoners  in 
the  public  jails  were  formerly  dependent  for  support.— 
To  pin  the  baskett,  to  conclude  or  settle  the  matter, 
basket  (bas'ket),  v.  t.     1.  To  put  in  a  basket. 
All  that  come  shall  he  basketed  in  time,  and  conveyed 
to  your  door.    Cowper,  Correspondence,  p.  259  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  To  cover  or  protect  with  basketwork. 

Basketed  bottles  of  Zem  Zem  water  appeared  standing  in 
solid  columns.  E.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  454. 

basket-beagle  (bas'ket-be'gl),  n.  A  beagle 
used  in  hunting  a  hare  that  was  slipped  from 
a  basket  to  be  coursed. 

Gray-headed  sportsmen,  who  had  sunk  from  fox-hounds 
to  basket-beaffles  ami  coursing.    Seott,  St.  iionan's  Well,  i. 

basket-button  (bas'ket-but"n),  n.  A  metal 
button  with  a  pattern  resembling  basketwork. 
Dickens. 

basket-carriage  (bas'ket-kar*aj), n.  Alight 
carriage  made  of  wick- 


Basquish 

basketwork  (bas'ket-werk),  ».  Wiekerwork; 
anything  made  in  the  form  or  manner  of  a  bas- 
ket; specifically,  in.  fort,  work  composed  of 
wit  lies  and  stakes  interwoven,  as  in  wicker  con- 
structions of  gabions,  fascines,  hurdles,  etc. 

basket-worm  (bas'kot-werm),  ».  Same  as 
bag-worm. 

baskingt  (bas'king),  ii.  [E.  dial.,  verbal  n.  of 
baskS.]     A  sound  thrashing.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

basking-shark  (bas'king-shark),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  the  ( 'etorhiwus  maximus  (or  St  lache  max- 
ima), one  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  northern  seas,  and  has  been  known  to 
reach  the  length  of  40  feet.  It  frequently  comes  tot  lie  but- 
face  ami  basks  in  the  sunshine.  Its  food  consists  chiefly  of 
small  animals,  which  are  strained  from  the  water  by  ape- 


=4 


-V#® 


ihH 


Basket-fish 
{Astrophyton  a&assizi). 


erwork. 

basket-couching(bas'- 
ket-kou"ching),  n.  A 
kind  of  embroidery;  a 
stitch  used  in  embroi- 
dery.    See  couching. 

basket-fern    (bas'ket- 

fern ),  n.  The  common 
male  fern,  Aspidium 
I'tli.r-iinis,  f  n  un  the  bas- 
ket-like fomi  of  its 
growth. 

basket-fish  (bas'ket- 
fish),  n.  A  kind  of  Me- 
dusa's-head  or  ophiurian,  Astrophyton  agassizi; 
a  euryalean  sand-star  of  the  family  Astrqphy- 
tiila;  found  on  the  coast  of  New  England:  so 
named  by  Governor  John  Winthrop  of  Connec- 
ticut, about  1670.  The  name  is  given  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  all  alike  remarkable  fnr  the  extraordi- 
nary subdivision  cf  the  ray:  intc  minute  tendrils,  which 
have  been  estimated  to  number  80,000.  Astrophyton  scu- 
latum  is  also  called  the  Shetland  argus.  Also  called  bos. 
k>t  urchin  and  sea-basket. 

"Until  a  better  English  name  be  found  for  it,  why  may 
it  not  lie  called  .  .  .  a  basket-Jish,  or  a  net-fish,  or  a  purse- 
net  fish?"  And  so  it  remains"  to  this  day,  as  the  Governor 
of  Connecticut  first  christened  it. 

E.  P.  Wright,  Anim.  Life,  p.  569. 

basketful  (bas'ket-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold. 

basket-grate  (bas'ket-grat),  n.  A  grate  with 
bars  at  bottom,  front,  and  sides. 

basket-hare  (bas'ket-har),  n.  A  captive  hare 
slipped  from  a  basket  to  be  coursed  in  the  ab- 
sence of  other  game. 

basket-hilt  (bas'ket-hilt),  n.  A  hilt,  as  of  a 
sword,  which  covers  the  hand,  and  defends  it 
from  injury. 

Would  my  sword  had  a  close  basket-hilt,  to  hold  wine, 
and  the  blade  would  make  knives! 

Beau.  and-PL,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

You  see  where  his  viol  hangs  by  his  basket-hilt  sword. 
Steele,  Spectator,  Xo.  109. 

basket-hilted  (bas'ket-hil'ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  a  basket-hilt. 

basket-hoop  (bas'ket-hbp),  ».  A  name  in  Ja- 
maica of  t  'niton  lucidus,  an  aromatic  euphorbia- 
eeous  shrub. 

basket-lizard   (bas'ket-liz'tod),  n.    A  book- 

nai 1'  lizards  of  the  genus  tlerrhosattriis,  hav- 
ing a  coloration  resembling  wiekerwork. 

basket-of-gold  (bas'ket-ov-gold'),  ».  The  yel- 
low alyssiiin,  Alyssum  saxatile. 

basket-palm  (bas'ket-pftm),  ».  The  talipot- 
palm  of  the  East  linlins.  Corypha  umbraculi- 
fera. 

basketry  (bas'ket-ri),  n.  [<  basket  +  -ry.]  Bas- 
ketwork or  basketware;  basket-making. 

basket-urchin  (bas'kot-er"cliin),  n.  Same  as 
basket-fish. 

basket-withe  (bas'ket-with),  n.  A  twining 
shrub  of  tropical  America,  Tournefortia  volu- 
bilis,  natural  order  Boraginacece. 

basket-wood  (bas'ket- wud),  «.  A  tall  woodj 
climber  of  the  West  Indies,  Serjania  polyphylla, 
the  slender,  supple  steins  of  which  are  need 
for  basketwork. 


Basking-  or  Bone-shark  {Cttorhinus  maximus). 

culiar  development  of  the  gill-structures.  The  liver  is  very 
large  and  yields  a  great  quantity  of  oil,  its  much  as  twelve 
barrels  having  been  obtained  from  a  single  individual. 
Other  popular  names  are  bone-shark  (by  which  it  is  gen- 
erally known  along  the  American  coast),  homer  or  hoe- 
mother,  saUfish,  and  sunfish.  See  Cetorhvntdas. 
baslard  (bas'liird),  n.  [<  ME.  baselard,  bastard, 
baselarde,  <  AF.  baselard,  <  OF.  basalart  (ML. 
bassilardus,  basalardus),  appar.  <  base,  a  short 
knife  or  saber;  but  cf.  OF.  baselaire,  bazelaire, 
badelaire,  a  short  sword:  see  ba<lelaire.~\  An 
ornamental  dagger  worn  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury,  hanging  at  the  girdle  in  front.  Baslards 
were  considered  indispensable  to  all  having  claim  to  gen- 
tility.  In  a  satirical  snug  of  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  we  are 
told  that 

There  is  no  man  wnrth  a  leke, 

IV  he  sturdy,  lie  lie  mekc, 

But  he  here  a  baselard. 

Basmuric,  >t.    See  Bashmurie. 

basnet,  «.      See  basinet. 

basolateral  (ba-so-lat'g-ral),  a.    Same  as  basi- 
lateral. 
The  Baso-lateral  angle  [of  the  scutum],  Dartein. 

Basommatophora  (ba-som-a-tof '  o-ra),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Or.  jidaic,  base,  +  6,u/*a(r-),  eye,  +  -(j>6poc, 

<  (fiipciv  =  E.  bear1.']  A  division  of  pulmonale 
gastropodous  mollusks.  including  those  which 
have  the  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles,  as 
in  the  families  Aurienliila;  l.ininaithv,  etc.:  op- 
posed to  Stylommatophora.    See  cut  under  IAm- 

inl  ulir. 

basommatophorous  ( 1  >a  -  som  -  a  -  tof  '6  -  rus),  a. 

In  etineh.,  having  eyes  al  the  base  of  the  ten- 
tacles, as  a  pond-snail ;  specifically,  pertaining 
to  the  Basommatophora. 

bason,   »■  and  r.  t.     Same  as  basin. 

Basque1  (bask),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bask;  <  F. 
Basque  =  Sp.  1'g-  Basco;  ult.  =  F.  Gascon  (see 
gasconade),  <  LL.  Fascu(n-),  one  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Yascoiiia,  Gascony.  The  Basques  call 
their  language  Eskuara.]  I.  ».  1.  One  of  a 
r:on  of  unknown  origin  inhabiting  the  Basque 
provinces  and  other  parts  of  Spain  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Pyrenees,  and  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Basses-Pyrenees,  France. —  2.  The 
language  of  the  Basques,  supposed  to  represent 
the  tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberians,  the  primi- 
tive inhabitants  of  Spain,  v,  connection  between 
ii  and  any  other  language  has  as  yet  been  made  out.  Like 
the  tongues  of  America,  it  is  highly  polysynthetic.  It  is 
supposed  to  represent  the  tongue  «>f  a  race  existing  in 
southwestern  Europe  before  the  immigration  ol  tin-  Indo- 
European  tribes. 

II.   ".    Pertaining  to  the  Basques  or  their 
language. 

basque-  (bask),  n.  [<  F.  basque,  appar.  with 
ret.  in  the  Basque  people,  Cf.  basquine.]  1. 
(«t)  The  short  skirt  of  the  body-garment  worn 
by  both  sexes.  (Ii)  A  kind  of  short-skirted 
jacket  worn  by  women,  forming  the  upper  part 
of  a  dross:  probably  so  called  because  it  was 
worn  by  the  Basques. —  2f.  A  dish  of  minced 
mutton,  mixed  with  bread-crumbs,  eggs,  etc., 
seasoned  and  baked. 

basqued  (baskt ),  a.  Furnished  with  or  having 
a,  basque,  as  a  woman's  dress. 

basquine  (bas-ken'),  n.  [<  F.  basquine,  <  Sp. 
hnsijuiiiii,  <  Basco,  Basque.]  An  outer  petti- 
coat worn  by  I'.asque  and  Spanish  women. 

Basquisht  (bask'isn),  a.  and  u.    [=<!.  Baskisch  ; 

<  Basque  +  -ish1.]  Basque;  the  Basque  lan- 
guage. 


bas-relief 

bas-relief  (ba-re-lef,  bas-re-lef'),  "■  [For- 
merly base  relief;  <  P.  bas-relief,  <  It.  basso- 
rilievo  (also  used  in  E.),  <  6a«so,  low,  +  rilin-o, 
relief:  see  base1  and  I'//'/.]  Low  relief;  in 
sculp.,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the  figures  or 


Kill 

singer  having  such  a  voice. — 4.  A  musical  in- 
strument of  any  class  having  a  deep,  grave 
tone,  excelled  in  gravity  only  by  the  contra 
bass. —  5.  Same  as  bass  clef  (which  see,  under 
Clef).  Alberti  bass,  a  basg  consisting  of  arpeggios  or 
broken  chords:  so  called  from  its  reputed  inventor,  Do- 
menico  Alberti  of  Venice,  who  died  in  L789. 


Bassia 


m 


Supposed  Bass. 


Bas-relief.— Tombstone  of  Hegeso,  daughter  of  Proxenos,  from  the 
Sacred  Way,  Athens ;  4th  century  B.  c. 

other  objects  represented  project  very  slightly 
from  the  ground.  The  most  artistic  examples  of  lias- 
relief  often  present  to  the  observer  the  illusion  that  their 
carving  has  considerable  projection.  A  bas-relief,  or  a 
work  In  bas-relief,  is  a  piece  of  sculpture  in  this  form. 
Compare  dUo-rilievo  and  mezzo-rttievo.  Also  bass-relief, 
basso-rUievo,  and  basso-relievo. 
bass1  (bas),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  has,  base,  <  ME. 
base,  baec,  a  corruption  of  barse:  see  barse.] 
Originally,  the  perch,  but  now  restricted  to 
fishes  more  or  less  like  the  true  perch,     (a)  In 


Striped-bass,  or  Rockfish  (Roecits  lineatus), 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

England,  the  Labrax  lupus,  an  acanthopterygian  fish  with 
a  compressed  fusiform  contour,  two  dorsal  tins,  the  first 
with  9  spines,  the  second  with  from  12  to  14  rays,  a  general 
grayish  or  greenish  color,  relieved  by  small  black  spots,  and 
a  whitish  belly.  It  isan  esteemed  food-fish.  (b)ln  other 
English-speaking  countries,  the  name  of  various  fishes, 
generally  distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix,  as  black- 
bass,  brass-bass,  calico-bass,  channel-bass,  grass-bass,  Os- 
wego bass,  eetl/mss,  rock-bass,  sea-bass,  striped-bass,  and 
icbi t^-bass.  See  the  compounded  words.  Of  these  the 
nearest  American  relation  of  the  European  bass  is  the 
striped-bass  or  rockfish,  Roccus  lineatus.  Also  spelled 
basse. 
bass2  (bas),  n.  [A  corruption  of  bast1,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  bant1. —  2.  The  American  linden 
or  lime-tree,  Tilia  Americana.  See  bassioood. — 
3.  A  mat  made  of  bass  or  bast;  a  bass-mat ; 
hence,  any  thick  mat  or  matting;  formerly,  a 
straw  hassock  or  cushion. 

Targets  consist  of  straw  basses  with  painted  canvas 
faces  sewed  on  them.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  II.  370. 

bass3  (bas),  a.  and  n.  [Also  and  more  prop. 
base  (the  spelling  bass  being  mod. ,  after  It.  basso, 
and  the  prou.  being  that  of  base),  <  ME.  base, 
bace,  bas,  <  OF.  bas,  fern,  basse,  low:  see  base*-.] 

1.  a.  In  music,  low;  deep;  grave — Bass  clari- 
net, clef,  cornet.  See  the  nouns.-  Bass  counter,  the 
lower  or  under  bass ;  that  part  of  a  composition  having 
two  buses  which  is  taken  by  voices  or  instruments  of  the 
lowest  range,  as  the  second-bass  voices  (bassi  profundi) 
and  the  violoncellos. — Bass  or  Turkish  drum.  See 
druml.— Bass  horn,  staff.  See  the  nouns. — Bass 
string,  tin-  name  popularly  given  to  the  lowest  string  in 
stringed  instruments.  -Bass  viol,  sec  viol.— Bass  voice, 
a  voice  adapted  tor  singing  bass;  the  lowest  male  voice, 
the  extreme  compass  of  which  is  from  D  below  the  bass 
staff  to  D  or  E  above  it,  the  ordinary  compass  being  from 
F  below  the  bass  staff  to  middle  C,  the  note  on  the  first 
ledger-line  above  it. 

II.  n.  1.  In  music,  the  lowest  part  in  the  har- 
mony of  a  musical  composition,  whether  vocal  or 
instrumental.  According  to  some  it  is  the  fundamen- 
tal or  most  important  part,  while  others  regard  the  mel- 
ody or  highest  part  in  that  light.  Next  to  the  melody,  the 
bass  part  is  the  most  striking,  the  freest  ami  boldest  in  its 
movements,  anil  the  richest  in  elicit. 

2.  A  male  voice  of  the  lowest  or  gravest  kind, 
having  a  compass  of  about  two  octaves  from 
the  second  P  below  middle  C,  or  lower. —  3.  A 


Double  bass.  See  cfou&fc.&a£&— Drone  bass.  Seeafrontf- 

bast.  Figured  bass,  a  bass  part  having  the  accompany- 
ing chords  suggested  b\  n^urcs  written  above  or  below 
the  notes:  the  most  successful  sys- 
tem of  shorthand  scoring  at  pres- 
ent in  use  aiinme  organists  and 
pianists.  Also  called  continued 
bass  (bassO'Continuo).  —  Funda- 
mental bass.  See  fundamental. 
—  Ground  bass,  a  fundamental 
bass  consisting  of  4  or  8  bars, 
which  are  continually  repeated 
during  the  whole  movement.  Also 
called  basso-ostinato.  —  Murky 
bass.  Sic  murky.  -Supposed 
bass,  in  music,  the  lowest  note  in  an  inverted  chord,  as  E 
in  the  first  inversion  of  the  major  common  chord  of  i'.  in 
contradistinction  to  r,  which  is  considered  the  real  bass. 

i t,  in-  generator  of  the  chord.  (See  also  thorough-bass.) 

bass3  (bas),  v.  [<  bass3,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
sing  or  play  the  bass  part,  of;  accompany  with 
the  bass.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  soimd  in  a  deep 
tone.     [Bare.] 

The  thunder, 
That  deep  and  dreadful  organ-pipe,  pronoune'd 
The  name  of  Prosper;  it  did  bass  niy  trespass. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

II.  in  trans.  To  take  the  bass  part  in  a  concert- 
ed piece  of  music :  as,  he  basses  very  steadily. 

bass1  (bas),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  for 
base  (formerly  also  bas),  coal.]  In  coalmining, 
black  carbonaceous  shale. 

bassr,t  (has),  o.  t.  [<  late  ME.  basse;  cf.  OP. 
baisier,  mod.  P.  baiser,  <  L.  basiare,  kiss,  <  basi- 
um,  a  kiss.     Cf.  ba1  and  &WSS1.]     To  kiss. 

bass5t  (bas),  11.  [<  ME.  basse,  akiss;  prob.  from 
the  verb ;  cf.  L.  basium,  a  kiss.]  A  kiss ;  a 
buss.     Court  of  Love. 

Bassalia  (ba-sa'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  bassus, 
low,  deep  (see  base1),  +  Gr.  alia,  an  assemblage, 
with  an  intended  allusion  to  ale,  sea.]  In  zoii- 
geog.,  the  deep-sea  realm;  a  zoological  divi- 
sion, in  a  vertical  direction,  of  the  waters  of  the 
globe.  The  depth  is  not  fixed,  hut  depends  upon  temper- 
ature and  consequently  upon  latitude,  Ilassalia  being  deep- 
est in  tropical  regions,  and  more  shallow  or  even  super- 
ficial toward  or  at.  cither  pole. 

Bassalian  (ba-sa'li-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
deep-sea  realm  called  Bassalia. 

The  ichthyological  peculiarities  of  the  Bassalian  realm, 
as  he  has  proposed  to  call  the  deep-sea  region. 

Science,  III.  505. 

Bassano  ware.    See  majolica. 

Bassaricyon  (bas-a-ris'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
paaaapic,  a  fox  (see  Bassaris),  +  kvuv,  a  dog.] 
A  genus  of  proeyoniform  quadrupeds,  related 
to  Bassaris,  resembling  the  kinkajou  in  exter- 
nal form,  but  having  the  skull  and  teeth  more 
like  those  of  the  racoons  and  coatis.  B.  gabbi 
of  Costa  Rica  is  the  type.  Another  species 
from  Ecuador  is  B.  alleni. 

Bassaricyonidae  (bas-a-ris-i-on'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bassaricyon  +  -idee]  Another  name  of 
the  family  Bassaridida;.    Coins. 

Bassarididas  (bas-a-rid'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  Bas- 
sari(tl-)s  +  -idtc]  A  family  of  American  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds,  of  the  arctoid  series  of 
the  order  Feres,  suborder  Fissipedia,  and  section 
Arctoidea  procyoniformia,  most  nearly  related 
to  the  racoons  CProcyonidxe),  having  some  su- 
perficial resemblance  to  the  civets  and  genets, 
and  therefore  long  supposed  to  represent  in  the 
new  world  the  numerous  viverrine  quadrupeds 
of  the  old.  It  is  constituted  by  the  genera  Bas- 
saris (or  Bassariscus)  and  Bassaricyon. 

Bassaris  (bas'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  flacsoapic, 
a  Thracian  bacchanal,  lit.  a  fox,  equiv.  to  paa- 
adpa,  a  fox,  a  Thracian  bacchanal.]  1.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bassaridida;  (which 
see).  /,'.  astuta  is  the  type-species,  inhabiting  the  south- 
western United  states  and  Mexico,  where  it  is  called 
mountain-cat  and  cacomixl.  It  is  a  pretty  and  intelli- 
gent creature,  about  as  huge  as  a  cat,  resembling  the  ra- 
coon in  some  respects,  hut  slenderer,  and  with  a  long 
furry  tail  marked  with  black  and  white  lines,  as  in  the 
common  lemur.  It  is  frequently  tamed,  and  makes  an 
interesting  pet.     Also  called  liassariscus. 

2.  [/.  c]  An  animal  of  this  genus:  as,  the 
ring-tailed  bassaris.  Also  called  basso  risk:— 3, 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  [The  use  of 
the  word  in  entomology  antedates  that  in  mam- 
malogy.] 


Ring-tailed  Bassaris  {Eassaris  astnta). 

Bassariscus  (bas-a-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues, 
1887),  <  Gr.  fiaaoapic,  a  fox  (see  Bassaris),  with 
dim.  suffix.]     Same  as  Bassaris,  1. 

bassarisk  (bas'a-risk),  n.  [<  NL.  Bassariscus.] 
Same  as  bassaris,  2.     Coins. 

bass-bar  (bas'biir),  tt.  In  instruments  of  the 
violin  class,  an  oblong  wooden  bar,  running 
lengthwise  within  the  instrument,  designed  to 
strengthen  it  and  enable  it  to  resist  the  pres- 
sure of  the  bridge  and  the  tension  of  the  strings. 

basse,  ».    See  bass1. 

bassel't,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  basil1. 

bassel'-'t,  n.     Same  as  basan. 

basse-lisse  (bas-leV),  a.  [P.,  low  warp,  <  basse, 
fern,  of  bas,  low  (see  base1),  +  lisse,  also  lice, 
warp,  <  L.  licium,  the  thrum  or  leash,  a  thread 
of  the  web.]  Wrought  with  the  warp  in  the 
usual  horizontal  position,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  is  wrought  with  the  warp  placed  in 
a  perpendicular,  and  described  as  haute-tisse : 
applied  to  tapestry. 

basseiiett,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

basset1  (bas'ct  or  ba-set'),  »•  [<  P-  bassi  tie.  < 
It.  basset  la,  basset,  orig.  fem.  of  bassetto,  some- 
what low,  dim.  of  basso,  low:  see  base1.]  A 
game  of  cards  resembling  faro,  invented  in 
Venice,  and  popular  throughout  Europe  during 
the  eighteenth  century  and  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth. 

We  went  to  the  Chetto  de  San  Felice,  to  see  the  noble- 
men and  their  ladies  ;it  basset,  a  game  at  cards  which  is 
much  used,  but  they  play  not  in  public,  and  all  that  have 
inclination  to  it  are  in  masquerade,  without  speaking  one 
word.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1(545. 

Some  dress,  some  dance,  some  play,  not  to  forget 
Your  piquet  parties,  and  your  dear  basset. 

Rowe,  Royal  Convert,  Prol.,  1.  8. 

basset2  (bas'et),  n.  and  a.  [Origin  obscure; 
perhaps  <  OF.  basset  (=It.  bassetto),  somewhat 
low,  dim.  of  bas,  low:  see  basset1.]  I.  n.  In 
geol.  and  mining,  an  outcrop. 

II.  a.  In  gcol.  and  mining,  outcropping Bas- 
set edges,  the  outcrop,  or  outcropping  edges,  of  a  series 
of  stratified  beds. 

The  inside  fridge  in  St.  Helena]  is  much  steeper,  and  is 
almost  precipitous ;  it  is  formed  of  the  basset  edges  of  the 
strata,  which  gently  decline  outwards. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  4. 

basset2  (bas'et),  v.  i.  [<  basset",  «.]  In  geol. 
and  mining,  to  appear  at  the  surface;  crop 
out:  said  of  the  edges  of  strata. 

basset-horn  (bas'et-horn).  n.  [<  basset,  for  It. 
bassetto,  somewhat  low  (see  basset1),  +  horn ; 
tr.  It.  corno  di  bassetto.]  A  musical  instru. 
ment  of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single  reed 
and  a  long  twice-bent  wooden  tube ;  really  the 
tenor  clarinet,  being  intermediate  between  the 
clarinet  proper  and  the  bass  clarinet.  Its  com- 
pass is  four  octaves  and  two  tones  from  the 
second  P  below  middle  C. 

basseting  (bas'et-ing),  p.  a.  and  n.  [<  basset2 
+  -inij.]  I.  /).  a.  In  gcol.  and  mining,  outcrop- 
ping. 

II.  n.  The  cropping  out  or  appearance  of 
rock  on  the  surface  of  a  stratum,  or  series  of 
strata. 

bassetto,  bassette  (ba-set'o,  ba-set'),  n.    [<  It. 

bassetto,  somewhat  low:  see  basset1.]  A  small 
bass  viol  with  three  strings:  now  obsolete. 
Bassia  (bas'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in  honor  of  Per- 
dinando  Bassi  (died  1774).  an  Italian  physician 
and  writer  on  botany.]  A  genus  of  tropical 
trees  found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Africa,  natu- 
ral order  Sapotacece.    Several  species  arc  valuable  for 

the  oil  \ieldod  by  tin  seeds  and  for  their  tieslrj  II. overs, 
which  are  largely  used  as  food  in  central  India,  and  yield 
a  coarse  spirit  by  distillation.  The  inahwa-tree,  B.  lati- 
folia,  is  cultivated  throughout  India  for  these  purposes. 
The  mee  or  illupi,  li.  longifolia,  is  a  large  evergreen  tree 
of  India.  /;.  butyracea  yields  a  solid  white  oil  known  as 
fulwa-hutter.    The  bark,  leaves,  and  oil  of  these  trees  are 


Bassia 


Mar- 


useuin  rheumatic  and  cutaneous  diseases  and  the  timber 
U  hard  and  vers  durable.  -  Bassia  oil,  an  aromatic  01  or 
butter  obtained  trom  the  seeds  oi  the  Bosnia  longifolia, 
used  for  Illumination  anil  in  1 1 1»-  manufacture  oi  soap 

bassie  (bas'i), ».  I  So.,  prob.  dim.  var.  of  basin.] 
Abasia-shaped  wooden  vessel  tor  holding  meal. 
Hoqq. 

bassinet  (bas'i-net ),  «.  [< « >F.  ft««H<  ,,  a basinet ; 
also,  as  in  defs.  l!  and  3,  mod.  P.  bassim  I,  dim. 
of  bassin,  basin:  see  6as»n,  basinet.]  If.  Same 
as6a*i«f*.—  2.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering 
or  hood  over  one  end,  serving  as  a  cradle  for 
young  children. — 3.  A  name  given  to  several 
common  European  species  of  Ranunculus. — 4f. 
The  pan  of  a  harquebuse  or  musket.    Bee  pan. 

bass-mat  (bas'mat),  n.  A  mat  made  of  bass 
or  bast;  specifically,  a  matting  made  of  bast, 
used  for  packing  furniture,  etc.,  and  for  sugar- 
bags  in  sugar-producing  countries:  in  the  lat- 
ter  sense,  usually  in  the  plural. 

basso1  (bas'6),  a.  or  n.  [It,,  =  E.  ft"**3-]  1- 
In  music,  the  Italian  word  for  bass.— 2.  One  who 
sings  bass. 

basso'2t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bashaw 

bassockt,  n.  [Cf.  "bass,  hassock"  bracketed  ^^"oj? 
as  synonyms  in  Bailey,  1731  and  later.  where  m  *"£  ^ 
earlier  editions,  as  also  in  Phillips  and  Kei  sej  . 
1706  and  1708,  the  second  form  is  printed  has- 
sock. Bassock,  though  a  possible  dim.  of  bass2, 
is  prob.  a  mere  misprint  for  hassock.]  A  has- 
sock.    See  etymology. 

basso-continuo  (bas'o-kon-te  no-o),  »i.  L«-: 
basso  =  E.  basss;  contimuo,  <  L.  eonUnuus, con- 
tinuous.] Same  as  figured  baas  (which  see,  un- 
der bass3). 

basso-di-camera  (bas'o-de-kam  e-ra),  n.  [it. : 
basso=  E.  te3;  <?/,  <  L.  <fe,  of;  camera,  <  L. 
camera,  chamber:  see  camera.']  A  double-bass 
or  contra-basso,  reduced  in  size  and  power, 
but  not  in  compass,  and  thus  adapted  to  small 
or  private  rooms.  It  has  four  strings,  cf  the  sain. 
quality  as  those  of  the  violoncello,  hut  all  proportionally 
thicker. 

basson  (ba-s&n'),  »•  The  French  form  ol  bas- 
soon  Basson  quinte  (kant),  a  double-reed  instrument 

of  which  the  pitch  is  one  fifth  higher  than  thatof  abass i. 

bassoon  (ba-son'),  n.      [<  F.  basson,  <  It.  te- 
sone,  a  bassoon,  aug.  of  basso,  low:  see  base1, 
bassPjbasso1.]     1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
oboe  class,  having  a  double  reed,  a 
long,   curved  metallic   mouthpiece, 
and  a  doubled  wooden  tube  or  body. 
Its  compass  is  about  three   octaves  rising 


Portions  of  Bast-fiber,  showing  oblique  and 
transverse  striation  of  the  cell-walls,  li-rora 
Sachs's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Botanik."  ) 


470 

trees,  especially  of  species  of  linden  (Tilia\  of 
which  the  Kuss'iamatting  of  commerce  is  made. 
Cuba  bast,  used  toi  tying  up  .mars,  etc.,  is  the  inner  bars 
of  a  malvaceous  tree,  PariHum  datum. 

2.  In  hot.,  a  tissue,  otherwise  culled  the  liber 
oi-  phloem,  formed  of  or  containing  very 
narrow,   long,    and  tough  flexible   cells,  called 

bast-cell's  or  bast-fibers,  and  urring  most 

abundantly  in  the  inner  bark  of  dicotyledons, 

I  he  younger  and 

softer  portion  ly- 

in       nearest     to 

the  cambium  has 

been    called   soft 

bast      Bast-cells 

are  the  essential 

constituents  of  all 

textile  lib.  i-  thai 

arc  derived  from 

the  bark  of  plants, 

as     Max,     hemp, 

jute,  rami.  ,  etc. 

3.  A  rope  or 
cord  made  of 
the  inner  bark 

of  the  lime-tree,  or  the  bark  made  into  ropes 
or  mats.     See  bass2,  3. 

and  a.     [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bast, 
bast,  mod."  F.  bdt  (cf.  b"iK  bat- 
horse,  etc.)  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It.  basto,  <  ML. 
bastum,  a  pack-saddle   (see  bastard),  prob.  < 
MIKi.  bust  =  E.  bast1,  bass-.    Cf.  bass2,  a  cush- 
ion.]    I.  n.  Bastardy — Sonofbastt,  a  bastard. 
II.  a.  Bastard ;  illegitimate. 
basta1  (bas'ta),  inter).    [It.,  =  Sp.  basta,  orig. 
impv.  of  It.  bastare,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bastar,  suf- 
fice, satisfy,  <  Sp.  Pg.   basto,  copious,  thick, 
gross.]    Enough!  stop !  (a  term  not  uncommon 
in  old  dramatists). 

Basta  ;  content  thee  ;  for  I  have  it  full. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  1.  1. 

basta2  (bas'ta),  n.  [Appar.  a  fern,  form  of  bas- 
to, the  ace  of  clubs:  see  basto.]  In  the  game 
of  solo,  the  queen  of  spades,  which  is  always 
the  third  trump. 

bastantt,  a.  [<  F.  bastant,  <  It,  bastante  (= 
bastante),  ppr.  of  bastare,  suffice:  see 


baste 
II.  a.  1.  Begotten  and  born  out  of  wedlock; 

illegitimate:  as.  a OOStor (J child, — 2f.  Mongrel; 
hybrid:  as,  a  bastard  brood.— St.  Unauthor- 
ized; unrecognized:  as,  "bastard  officers  be- 
fore Qod,"  Knox,  First  Blast  (Arber),  p.  48. 
I  V.  /,'.  /).)— 4.  Spurious;  not  genuine ;  false; 
supposititious;  adulterate:  as,  '-bastard  hope," 
Sliuk..  M.  of  V.,  iii.  5;  -bastard  honours," 
Temple. 

[They]  at  the  best  attain  but  to  sonic  bastard  piece  of 
fortitude.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Eteligio  Medici,  i.  25. 

5.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  genuine ; 
resembling  in  some  degree:  an  epithet  applied 
especially  in  botany,  zoology,  medicine,  etc.. 
to  things  which  resemble,  but  are  not  identical 
with,  the  things  named :  as.  bastard  mahogany, 
bastard  pimpernel,  bastard  caddis,  bastard  mar- 
ble, bastard  measles,  etc.    See  phrases  below. 
Also  bastardly.— 6.  Of  abnormal  or  irregular 
shape  or  size;  of  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tions: applied  to  guns,  ships,  swords:  as,  bas- 
tard culverin,  bastard  galley,  etc.    See  phrases. 
—  Bastard  Baltimoret,  bastard  oriolet,  the  orchard- 
oriole,  Icterus  ipwrius.—  Bastard  bar,  in  lier.,  same  as 
boston  1  (.-).  — Bastard  branch,  a  shoot  or  sucker  spring- 
in-  up  of  its  own  accord  from  the  root  of  a  tree,  or  where 
it  is  not  wanted.- Bastard  breadnut.   See  breadnut.— 
Bastard  cod.  Same  as,,,,.  m-cod,  ■'.—  Bastard  culverint. 
Sec  culverin.-  Bastard  file,  a  tile  of  a  grade  between 
smooth  and  much.—  Bastard  limestone,  an  impure  sili- 
ceous limestone,  incapable  of  being  converted  into  quick- 
lime by  burning.— Bastard   manchineeL     See   man- 
Mneel.  —  Bastard  musket,     see    »....*i.-   Bastard 
plover    a  name  for  the  lapwing,    Van,  Hits  cristatul.— 
Bastard  saltie,  a  local  scotch  name  (about  Aberdeen) of 
the  much  dab,  Uijrpoglossoides  limandotdes.-  Bastard 
senna,    same  as  otadder-smna.—  Bastard  sole.   («)A 
local  English  name  of  the  smear-dab,  Cynicoglossa  micro- 
cephala.     (6)  A  local  English  name  (in  Weymouth)  of 
th.   variegated  sole,  Solea  mriegata.     Bastard  stucco, 
in  plastering.    See  stucco.— Bastard   sugar.    Same  as 
bastard,  ».,  2  ('■).  —  Bastard  title,  in  printing,  an  ab- 
breviated   title  of  a  book  on   an   otherwise  blank  page 
pice. line  the  full  title  pace— Bastard  turbot,  the  brill. 
[Local  Scotch  (about  Moray    Frith).]  — Bastard  type, 

in  printing,  type  with  a  fi larger  or  smaller  than  that 

proper  to  the  .size  of  the  body,  as  bourgeois  on  a  brevier 
body.- Bastard  wheel,  in  tnach.,  a  flat  bevel -wheel,  or 
one  which  is  a  near  approach  to  a  spur-wheel.  —  Bas- 
tard winet,  wine  which  is  neither  sweet  nor  sour.— Bas- 
tard wing.    Same  as  alula. 


Sp.  Pg.  bastante),  ppr 

bastal]     Sufficient;  able  (to  do  something).         —v.  ..,..„.     ---. -  - 

bastard  (bas'tiird),  ,',  and  a    [<  ME.  bastard(=  bastardy  (bastard),  v.t. 
OFries.  basterd  =  G.  bastard  =  leel.bastardhr). 


declare  to  be  a'bastard;  stigmatize  as  a  bas- 
tard; bastardize.     [Rare.] 

Have  1  ever  cozened  any  friends  of  yours  of  their  land? 
bought  their  possessions?  . 


from  l*i  below  the  bass  staff.  Its  diameter 
at  the  bottom  is  about  2  inches,  and  for  con- 
venience of  carriage  it  is  divided  into  two  or 
more  parts,  whence  its  Italian  name  fagot  to, 

a  bundle.   It  serves  for  the  bass  among  « 1 

wind-instruments,  as  hautboys,  flutes,  etc. 
2.  A  reed-pipe   stop  in  an   organ, 
having  a  quality  of  tone  resembling 
that  of  the  bassoon. 

bassoonist  (ba-son'ist),  n.  [<  bas- 
soon  +  -ist.]  A  performer  on  the 
bassoon. 

basso-ostinato  (bas'o-os-ti-nii'to), «. 

[It.,  lit.  obstinate  bass :  basso  =  E. 
bass3;  ostinalo  =  E.  obstinate,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  around  bass  (which  see, 
under  bass3). 

basso-profondo  (bas'o-pro-fon'do), 
n.  [It.:  basso  =  E.  bass*;  profondo, 
<  L.  profundus,  deep,  profound  :  see  profound.] 
In  musie:  (a)  The  lowest  bass  voice,  having  a 
compass  of  about  two  octaves  rising  from  1) 
below  the  bass-staff,  (ft)  One  possessing  a 
voice  of  this  compass. 

Bassora  gum.    Bee  gum2. 
basso-rilievo  (bas'o-re-lya  vo), », 
relief. 

bassbrin(bns'o-rin),  n.    [<  liassora.  also  written 

Bassorah,  /•'»  torah,  or  Basra,  a,  city  in  Asiatic 
Turkey.]  A  gum  (CeH10OK)  insoluble  in  water, 
t  in-  essential  constituent  of  gum  tragacanth  and 
of  cherry  and  plum  gums.  AN.,  called  troaan- 
ii.ui  and  adraganthin. 

bass-relief  (bn-.' re  let'),  a.    Bame  as  bas  relief. 

bass-rope  <b;W top i.  n.     [<bass2  +  rope.]    A 

rope  or  cord    in  or  bast,  used   for 

tying  cigars  and  for  other  purposes. 
basswood   (bas'wud),   re.     [<  bass2  +  wood.] 
The  common  name  of  the  American  linden  or 
lime-tree,    Tilia  Americana.    The  white  bass- 
wood  is  /'.  In  ti  rophi/lla.      Also  called  DOSS. 

bast1  (bast),  n.  |  Also  corruptly  bass2,  q.  v. : 
<  ME.  bast,  <  AS.  lues!  =  1).  MIKi.  G.  bast(m.) 
=  Icel.  Sir.  taut  (neat.)  =  Dan. bast;  origin  un- 
certain; perhaps  connected  with  b(  0m,  q,  v.] 
1.  The  strong  inner  fibrous   bark   of  various 


To  bastard  our  children. 


bastafded  their  issue? 
B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  ii.  1. 
Hi'.  Burnet,  Records,  II.  ii.  3. 


<  OF.  bastard,  bastart  (F.  luilard  =  Pr.  bastard 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bastardo  :  ML.  bastardus),  a  bas- 
tard, prob.  <  bast  (F.  bdt  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It. 
basto:  see  bast2),  a  pack-saddle,  +  -ard;  equiv. 

to  OF.  fits  de  bas,  fits  de  basta  bastard,  lit.  (bas'tar-dis),  n.     [<  F.  bastardise 

son  of  a  pack-saddle:  see  bast2  and  :ard,  and  bastardice    ( bas     (1   us^  ^ 

^■■:'>:;^^^^^^  - 

Wilhelmus  cognomine .bastardus").]     I.  n.  1    j^TjL^f (bas'tar-diz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bas- 

A  natural  child;  a  child  begotten  and  born  out  bastardize       it ,.  ,  1  M 

'    I    t%ns.  1    To  declare  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard ;  stigmatize  as  a  bastard. 

The  law  is  so  indulgent  as  not  to  bastardize  the  child  if 
born,  though  not  begotten,  in  lawful  wedlock. 

l:!arkslnm\  Com.,  I.  xvi. 

To  beget  out  of  wedlock.     Shak. — 3.   To 


Sec    olt.s-- 


of  wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child. 
By  the  civil  and  canon  laws  (a  rule  adopted  also  m  many 
of  the  United  states),  a  bastard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  marriage  of  the  parents  at  any  future  time. 
But  by  the  laws  ,,f  England  a  child,  to  be  legitimate, 
must  at  bast  be  born  after  the  lawful  marriage;  it  docs 
not  require  that  the  child  shall  be  begotten  in  wed- 
lock but  it  is  indispensable  that  it  should  be  born  after 
marriage  no  matter  how  short  the  time,  the  law  presum- 
ing it  to  be  the  child  of  the  husband.  The  only  legal  m- 
capacitv  of  a  bastard  is  that   he  cannot  be  heir  or  nex    ..I 

kill  to  any  i save  his  own  issue.     Inheritance  from  the 

mother  [sallowed  in  some  jurisdictions.  In  England  the 
maintenance  of  a  bastard  in  the  tlrst  instance  devolves  on 
the  mother,  while  in  Scotland  it  is  a  joint  burden  upon 

both  parents.       The  mother  is  entitled    to  the  custody  of 

ihe.bil.l  In  preference  to  the  father.  In  the  rutted  states 
the  father  may  be  compelled  to  provide  support. 

2.  In  sugar-refining:  (a)  A  large  mold  into 
which  sugar  is  drained,  (ft)  An  impure,  coarse 
brown  sugar  made  from  the  refuse  s\  rup  of 
previous  boilings.—  3f.  An  animal  of  inferior 
breed;    a   mongrel.—  4f.    A  kind    of    woolen 


2t.   - 

render  mongrel  or  hybrid ;  make  degenerate ; 
debase:  as,  "a  bastardized  race  of  the  Ro- 
mans," /.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  200. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  degenerate. 

Also  spelled  bastardise. 
bastardlyt  (bas't&rd-li),  a.    [<  bastard  +  -hj1.] 

1.  Bastard;  base-born. 
Thou  bastardly  rogue  ! 

2.  Spurious;  counterfeit . 

A  furtive  simulation,  and  a  bastardly  kind  ,,f  adoption. 
Jer.  Taylor  (?),  At  tit.  Handsomeness,  p.  96. 

3.  Degenerate;  debased. — 4.  Same  as  6«s- 
tard. 


Shak.,  2Ilcn.  IV.,  ii.  1. 


cloth,  probably  of  inferior  quality,  or  of  unu-  -|jastardy  (bas'tar-di),  n.    [<  bastard  +  ->/.   Cf. 

bastardice.]    1. "The  state  of  being  a  bastard, 

or  begotten  and  born  out.  of  lawful  wedlock. 


sual  width,  or  "both.—  5f.  A  kind  of  war-vessel 

used  iii  the  middle  ages,  probably  of  unusual 

sjZ(.._6t.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  small 
cannon,  otherwise  known  as  a  bastard  culverin 
(■which  see, under  cutoerin).— 7f.  Asweet  Span- 
ish wine  resembling  muscadel;  any  kind  of 
sweetened  wine. 

We  shall  have  all  the  world  drink  brown  and  white 
bastard.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  in.  2. 

Why  this  now,  which  you  account  so  choice,  were 
counted  but  as  a  cup  of  bastard  at  the  Groyne,  or  at  Port 

I     \]  lt  v>  Si-iift.  Kenilworth,  I.  i. 

8.  In  falconry,  a  kind  of  hawk.— 9.  [Sp.  bas- 
tardo, a  bastard,  a  short,  thick-bodied  snake, 

etc.]       A    local    name    of    Kemp's    gulf-turtle, 

Thalassochelys  (Colpochelys)  kempi,  of  the  Gulf 

of  Mexico.  Special  bastard,  u  child  born  be  fore  the 
marriage  of  its  parents. 


i;,.rn  in  bastardy.  Shak..  -2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

They  blot  my  name  with  hateful  hiistunlii. 

Drayton,  Rosamond  to  K.  Henry. 
2.  The  act  of  begetting  a  bastard. —  3.  A  ju- 
dicial proceeding  to  determine  the  paternity 
of  a  bustard  child  and  compel  its  father  to 
support  it.    Declarator  of  bastardy.  In  Scot*  la  to,  an 

action  Instituted  in  the  Court  of  Session  by  the  d tors 

in  a  gift  of  bastardy,  for  the  purpose  of  having  it  declared 

thai  the  laud  or  the  effects  which  belonccd  to  the  deceased 

bastard  belong  to  the  donatory,  in  virtue  of  the  gift  from 
the  crown.     Gift  of  bastardy,  in  Scot*  law,  a  gift  from 

the cmwii  ..f  the  heritable  or vable  effects  of  a  bastard 

who  has  died  without  lawful  issue  and  without  having 
disposed  oi  his  property  iii  liege-poustie. 
baste1  (bast),  <>.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.     [First  known  in  pret.  or  pp.  baste, 


baste 

baist,  basit,  perhaps  with  orig.  inf.  'base,  <  Sw. 
basa,  strike,  bout,  whip  (St  bash1,  bask**)' 
some  compare  Icel.  beysta,  beyrsta  =  Sw.  bos- 
i<i  =  Dan.  boste,  bent,  drub,  generally  associat- 
ed with  borate  (=  Sw.  borsta),  brush,  <  borste, 
a  brush,  bristle,  =  Sw.  borste,  a  brush,  borst,  a 
bristle.  Others  take  baste1  to  lie  a  (ig.  use  of 
baste-  ;  cf.  anoint  in  sense  of  oa/Wd.]  To  lieat 
with  a  stick;  thrush ;  cudgel. 

Mine  had  Btruck  don  a  Creed'B  boy  in  the  dirt,  with  liis 
new  suit  on,  and  the  boy  .  .  .  was  in  a  pitiful  taking  and 
pickle,  luit  I  batted  my  rogue  soundly, 

Pepys,  Diary,  l.  872. 
Would  now  and  then  seize  .  .  . 
A  stick,  or  stool,  or  anything  that  round  « I i*  1  lie, 
Ami  baste  her  lord  and  master  most  confoundedly. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  too, 

baste-  (bast),  ».  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.  [Origin  unknown ;  the  word  first  oc- 
curs in  the  lGth  century.  Cf.  baste1.']  1.  To 
moisten  (meat  that  is  being  roasted  or  baked) 
with  melted  fat,  gravy,  etc.,  to  improve  the 
flavor  or  prevent  burning. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falliug  on  the  birds  will  serve 
to  baste  them.  Sici/t. 

Down  ran  the  wine  into  the  road, 

Most  piteous  to  be  seen, 
Which  made  his  horse's  flanks  to  smoke 
As  they  had  basted  been.    Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 
2.  To  mark  (sheep)  with  tar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
baste3  (bast),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.     [<  ME.  basten,  <  OF.  bastir,  V.  bdtir 
=  Sp.  bastear  =  It.  imbastire,  baste,  sew  (ef. 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  basto,  basting),  prob.  <  OHG.  bestan, 
patch  (MHG.  besten,  lace,  tie,  OFries.  besten, 
baste),  <  bast,  bast,  the  fibers  of  which  were 
used  for  thread:  Bee  bast1.]     To  sew  slightly; 
fasten  together  with  long  stitches,  as  the  parts 
of  a  garment,  for  trying  on  or  fitting,  or  for 
convenience  in  handling  during  the  process  of 
making. 

The  body  of  your  discourse  is  sometime  guarded  [trim- 
med) with  fragments,  and  the  guards  [trimmings]  are  but 
slightly  basted  on  neither.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

baste4  (bast),  «.  [Another  spelling  of  beast,  re- 
taining the  former  pronunciation  of  that  word.] 
In  card-playing,  same  as  beast,  7. 

bastel-houset,  »•  [<  ME.  basM,  bastele,  bastile 
(see  bastile)  +  house.]  A  fortified  house,  espe- 
cially one  built  in  an  outlying  and  exposed  po- 
sition.    See  border-tower. 

baster1  (bas'ter),  ».  [<  baste1  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  bastes  or  beats  with  a  stick. — 2.  A  blow 
with  a  stick  or  other  weapon.    [Colloq.] 

baster2  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste"*  +  -er1.]  One 
who  bastes  meat. 

baster3  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste3  +  -er1.]  One 
who  bastes  or  joins  the  parts  of  a  garment 
loosely  with  long  stitches;  also,  an  attachment 
to  a  sewing-machine  used  for  basting. 

bastema  (bas-ter'na),  ?;.  [LL.]  1.  A  sort  of 
litter  or  sedan,  borne  by  two  mules,  used  by 
the  Romans. — 2.  An  ox-cart  or  wagon  used 
by  the  early  French  kings. 

bastida  (bas-te'da),  n.  [ML.,  also  bastita:  see 
bastille.]    Same  as  bastide. 

bastide  (bas-ted'),  n.  [F.,  a  farm-house,  a 
fortress,  <  Pr.  bastida,  <  ML.  bastida,  prop,  bas- 
tita, lit.  a  building,  prop.  fern,  of  bostitiis,  pp. 
of  bastire,  build,  >  OF.  bastir  =  Pr.  bastir, 
build:  see  bastile,  bastion.]  If.  A  small  forti- 
fied building,  often  of  timber,  corresponding 
nearly  to  a  modern  blockhouse. —  2f.  A  tem- 
porary or  movable  hut  or  tower  erected  for  be- 
sieging purposes.  See  bastile,  4. —  3.  A  small 
farm-house  or  country  dwelling  in  the  south  of 
France,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel').  n.  [In  spelling  and 
pron.  conformed  to  mod.  F.;  <  ME.  bastile,  bas- 
tille, bastele,  hostel,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  <  .ML.  hostile,  pi.  bastitta.  a  tower,  for- 
tress, <  bastire  (>OF.  bastir,  F.  bdtir  =  Pr.  OSp. 
bastir  =  It.  bastir,  ),  build,  of  unknown  origin ; 
referred  by  Diez  toGr.  laora&tv,  raise,  support.] 

1.  A  bridge-tower,  gate-tower,  outlying  de- 
fense, or  citadel. 

At  vch  hrugge  a  berfray  on  bastelcs  wyse, 
That  seuen  sythe  vch  a  day  asayled  ttie  3ates. 

Alliterative  Poems  (fid.  Morris),  ii.  11S7. 

2.  In  French  hist.,  a  fortress  used  as  a  state 
prison.  Many  French  cities  had  bastiles  of  this  kind  in 
feudal  times,  but  the  one  especially  known  is  that  of 
Paris,  called  specifically  the  Bastille. '  It  commanded  the 
Porte  St.  Autoine,  and  its  erection  was  begun  by  Charles 
V.  in  1369.  This,  being  of  peculiar  strength,  remained 
after  the  other  medieval  fortifications  of  the  city  bad 
been  removed,  and  its  use  as  a  prison  for  persons  con- 
fined at  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  king  or  his  ministers 
gave  it  celebrity  as  a  reputed  stronghold  of  royal  des- 
potism and  cruelty,  it  was  stormed  with  much  blood- 
shed by  the  populace  July  14,  1789,  and  was  demolished 


471 

shortly  afterward.  There  were  delivered  from  the  prison- 
cells  four  forgers,  two  lunatics,  and  a  nobleman  who  had 
been  confined  at  tin-  demand  of  his  family. 

In  Paris  la  Unstile  is,  as  our  Tower,  tile  chief  pris<<n  <>t 
tin  kingdom.  Uotgravi 

that.  roeU-fortress,  'tyranny's  stronghold,  which  they 
name  Ba  ritrlule,  French  Rev.,  I   Iv.  s. 

Hence  —  3.  By  extension,  any  prison,  espe- 
cially one  conducted  in  an  arbitrary  or  op- 
pressive way. 

The  modern  hospital  for  the  Insane,  especially  the  many 
private  and  corporate  homes,  conducted  as  the>  air  with 
the  utmost  humanity  and  skill,  are  led  bastileSGC  prisons, 
furnishing  only  restraint  behind  the  bars. 

Alien.  and  Neurol.,  VII.  7uf>. 
4.  A  movable  town-  used  by  the  besiegers  id' 
a  strong  place,  whether  for  approaching  the 
walls  (see  belfry)  or  as  a  defense  and  protec- 
tion for  tlie  besiegers. 

bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  '•  '■ ;  P*et.  and  pp. 
bastUed  or  bastUled,  ppr.  bastiling  or  bastiUing. 
[<  bastile,  ».]  To  confine  in  a  bastile;  im- 
prison. 

bastilliont  (bas-til'yqn),  ».  [<  OP.  bastiUon, 
dim.  of  bastilh  :  see  hostile]  A  small  fortress 
or  castle. 

bastimentt  (bas'ti-ment),  ».  [<  OF.  bastiment 
(F.  bdtiment  =  Sp.  bastimento),  a  building, 
structure,  ship,  <  bastir,  build :  see  hostile.]  1. 
Military  supplies. —  2.  A  rampart. —  3.  A  ship 
of  war. 
bastimentot  (bas-ti-men'to),  n.  [Sp.]  Same 
as  bastiment,  3. 

Then  the  bastimentos  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonour  seen, 
Nor  the  sea  the  sad  receiver 
Of  this  gallant  train  had  been. 

Glover,  Hosier's  Ghost,  st.  7. 

bastinade  (bas-ti-nad'),  «.  and  v.  Same  as 
bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  n.  [Formerly  also 
bastonado  (-ada,  -adc)  =  F.  bastoitnade,  <  Sp. 
bastonada,  also  bastonazo  (=  It.  bastonata),  a 
beating  with  a  stick,  <  Sp.  boston  =  ( )F.  boston 
=  It.  bastonc,  a  stick,  cudgel :  see  boston,  baton.] 

1.  A  blow  or  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel, 
especially  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks ;  a  cudgeling. 

He  brags  he  will  gi"  me  the  bastinado,  as  I  hear.—  How? 
lie  the  bastinado?  How  came  he  by  that  word,  trow?  — 
Nay,  indeed,  he  said  cudgel  me;  I  termed  it  so  for  my 
more  grace.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  mode  of  punishment  in  some  Oriental 
countries,  especially  Turkey,  Persia,  and  China, 
in  which  blows  with  a  stick  or  lath  of  bamboo 
are  inflicted  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks. — 3.  A  stick  or  cudgel;  the  imple- 
ment used  in  administering  the  bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  v.  t.  [<  bastinado,  ».] 
To  beat  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  specifically,  to 
beat  on  the  buttocks  or  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
as  a  judicial  punishment. 

The  Sallee  rover,  who  threatened  to  bastinado  a  Chris- 
tian captive  to  death.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

basting1  (bas'ting),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  baste1.] 
A  cudgeling;  a  beating. 

A  good  basting  .  .  .  was  a  sovereign  remedy  for  sea-siek- 
ness.  Marryat,  Peter  simple,  p.  64. 

basting2  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baste-.] 
1 .  The  moistening  of  meat  that  is  being  roasted 
witli  its  own  fat,  butter,  etc. —  2.  The  gravy, 
melted  fat,  butter,  etc.,  used  in  moistening 
roasting  beef,  etc. —  3.  In  candle-making,  the 
process  of  pouring  melted  wax  over  the  wicks. 

basting3  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baste3.] 
1.  The  act  of  sewing  together  with  long,  loose 
stitches. — 2.  The  stitches  themselves. 

basting-machine  (bas'ting-ma-shen''),  n.  A 
sewing-machine  used  for  basting  togetherpieces 
of  fabrics,  to  make  a  continuous  piece  for 
bleaching,  dyeing,  etc. 


bastion  (bas'tion),  » 
tione  (=  Sp.  bastion) 


[<  F.  bastion,  <  It.  bas- 
<  bastire  =  OF.  bastir, 
etc.,  build:  see 
bastile.]  In 

fort.,  a  mass 
of  earth,  faced 
with  sods,  brick, 
or  stones, stand- 
ing out  from 
a  rampart,  of 
which  it  is  a 
principal  part. 
A  bastion  consists 
of  two  flanks,  each 
commanding  and 
defending  the  adja- 
cent curtain,  or  that 
portion  of  the  wall 
extending  from  one 
bastion  to  another,  and  two  fares  making  with  each  other 
an  acute  angle  called  the  salient  angle,  and  commanding 


A,  Bastion. 
a,  a,  curtain-angles ;    *,  b.  shouldcr-an- 

?les;  .,  salient  angle;  a  b.  a  b.  tlatiks  ;  be, 
c.  faces ;  a  a,  gorge ;  a  d,  a  d,  parts  of 
curtains. 


basylous 

the  outworks  anil  ground  before  the  fortification.  The 
inner -i'  i'  ebetv 

into  Hi-   i.i  nun      I  in    e,  of  the  basti  .every 

point  at  the  foot  of  1  li  under 

una  of  the  place.     Formerly  called  ou/u 

Ind  topplt  a  r el  tie-  dreary  west, 

\  1 -  lion  fringed  "  ith  tire. 

Tennyson,  In  Menioriam,  xv. 

To  our  right  was  a  long  embattle. 1  line,  with  many  a 
bastion  square  and  round.  0  Don  van,  slerv,  xviii. 

Center  pf  a  bastion,  a  point  at  the  middle  of  the  gorge, 

Whence  the  capital  line  proceeds.      It  is  in  genera]  at  the 

angle  of  tie-  inner  polygon.  —  Detached  bastion,  in  fort., 
a  bastion  which  i>  separated  from  tie-  enceinte  b)  a  ditch. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

bastionary  (bas'tion-a-ri),  a.     [<  bastion   + 
-ary1.  ]     Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bastions: 
,-is,  systems  of  bastionary  fortification, 
bastibned  (bas'tipnd),  a.    [<  bastion  +  -erf2.] 
Provided  with  or  defended  by  bastions. 
His  palace  bright, 
Bastion'd  with  pyramids  of  glowing  gold, 

Ei  ats,  Hyperion,  i 
From  the  bastion'd  walls. 
Like  threaded  spiders,  one  by  one,  we  dropt, 
And  Hying  reached  the  frontier:  then  wecrost 
To  a  livelier  land  ;  and  so  by  tilth  and  grange, 
And  vines,  and  blowing  bosks  of  wilderness, 
We  gained  the  mother-city  thick  with  towers, 
And  in  the  imperial  palace  found  the  king. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  L 
Baationed  fort,  a  fort  having  two  or  more  bastions  eon. 
nected  by  curtains :  a  term  commonly  restricted  to  field- 
works.— Bastioned  front.  See  front. 
bastionet  (bas'tion-et),  11.  [<  bastion  +  -ct.] 
in  fort.,  a  small  bomb-proof  chamber  placed  in 
a  position  flanking  the  ditch  of  a  lunette  or 
redoubt.  Bastionets  are  usually  placed  at  the  salient 
angles  of  redoubts,  and  are  furnished  with  loophole-  for 
small  arms,  and  sometimes  are  pierced  for  one  ortwo  guns, 
bastite  (bas'tit),  n.  [<  Baste  (see  def.)  +  -ite2.] 
A  serpentinous  mineral  occurring  embedded  in 
serpentine  at  Baste  in  the  Ilarz  and  elsewhere, 
and  probably  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a 
variety  of  enstatite  (bronzite).  it  often  shows  a 
metallic-pearly  luster,  or  Schiller,  in  the  cleavage-face,  and 
is  hence  called  schitter-spar. 

bastnasite  (bast'na-sit),  «.  [<  Bastnas  (see 
def.)  +  -/fa2.]  A  fluocarbonate  of  cerium, 
lanthanum,  and  didymium   from  the  Bastnas 

mine,  Sweden.     It  ais curs  ;i-  :m  alteration 

product  of  tysonite  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

basto  (bas'to),  n.  [<  It.  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  ace  of 
clubs  ;  cf.  It.  bastone  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao, 
a  stick,  club:  see  baston.]  In  card-playing,  the 
ace  of  clubs  in  quadrille  and  ombre. 

In  Spanish  cards  clnbs  are  really  represented  by  "  clubs," 
for  which  basto  is  the  Spanish  word.  In  certain  games, 
e.  g..  Ombre,  the  ace  of  clubs  plays  an  important  part, 
and  is  emphatically  called  basto. 

y.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  115. 

bastont  (bas'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  baston,  bastun,  < 
OF.  bust, in.  Fi'bdton  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao 
=  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  *basto(n-),  a  stick,  club, 
cudgel.   Origin  unknown.  The  word  appears  in 

. .    E.  also  as  baton,  batoon,  button, 

bat/rii-:  see  these  forms.]  1.  A 
stick,  staff,  or  cudgel;  a  baton. 
Specifically — (a)  A  mace  of  wood  used  in 
a  tourney,  instead  of  the  mace  of  metal 
used  in  war.  It  was  usually  shaped  into 
a  handle,  and  had  a  guard  like  a  sword, 
(o)  A  leading-staff  or  ensign  of  command. 
Baston.  See  baton,  1.  (e)  In  A.  ,\.  a  bendlet  sinis- 

ter cut  off  at  each  end,  so  as  not  to 
reach  the  edge  of  the  field  :  it  is  generally  considered  in 
English  heraldry  a  mark  of  illegitimacy.  [Still  used  in 
this  sense.]  Also  baton  and  t«,*t<<id  hue. 
2.  In  arch.,  a  segmental  molding  used  espe- 
cially in  the  bases  of  columns;  a  torus. —  3.  A 
servant  of  the  warden  of  the  Fleet,  who  attend- 
ed the  king's  courts  as  an  officer,  carrying  a 
red  truncheon.  It  was  his  duty  to  take  to  ward  such 
prisoners  as  had  been  committed  by  the  court,  and  also  to 
attend  those  suffered  to  go  at  large  by  license.  Hence,  to 
:  of  prison  by  baston  was  to  go  at  large  in  the  custody 
of  a  servant  of  the  w  arden  of  Fleet  prison.  [London.  Eng.] 
bast-palm  (bast'pam),  ».  Two  species  of  Bra- 
zilian palms  which  yield  the  piassaba  fiber,  a 
coarse  fiber  from  the  sheathing-bases  of  the 
leaf-stalks,  used  for  cordage,  brooms,  etc.  The 
Bahia  bast-palm  is  the  Attalea  n,,,,i,  ™  esee  Attalea);  that 
of  Para  is  the  Leopoldinia  Piassaba. 

bast-tree  (bast'tre),  n.  [ME.  baste-tre;  <  bast1 
+  tree.]  A  tree  furnishing  bast,  in  Europe  espe- 
cially the  linden,  Tilia  Europwa.     See  bast1. 

basyl,  basyle  (ba'sil),  ».  [<  Or.  fidoic,  a  base, 
+  v'/ii,  substance.]  In  diem.,  a  name  given  by 
Graham  to  the  electropositive  constituent  of  a 
salt. 

basylous  (ba'si-lns),  a.  [<  bus;/!  +  -ous.]  In 
el,,  in.,  of  the  nature  of  or  relating  to  a  basyl, 
or  electropositive  constituent  of  a  salt. 

The  name  of  the  electronegative  ingredient  .  .  .  being 
that  which  is  placed  first  as  the  generic  term,  whilst  that 
of  the  electro-positive  or  basylous  element  follows  as  indi- 
cating the  species.      W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  331. 


bat 

bat1  (hat),  n.  [<  ME.  bat,  batte,  botte,  the  cur- 
liest recorded  forms  being  dat.  sing,  botte,  nom. 

pi.  batten  (uom.  sing.  *()«/,  *bot ,'),  pointing  to 
an  AS.  *bat(gen.  dat.  "batti  ),  given  bySomner, 
but  not  authenticated,  appar.  <  Ir.  Gael,  hat, 
bata,  a  staff,  cudgel.  But  in  part  at  least  the 
■word  rests  on  OF.  batte,  P.  batte,  a  rammer,  a 
wand,  appar.  <  battre,  beat :  see  butter1.  Some 
of  the  noun  senses  are  from  the  verb  (see  bat1, 
v.),  while  others  are  perhaps  from  orig.  diff. 
sources.]  1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club;  formerly, 
a  walking-stick. 

A  handsome  bat  he  held, 
On  which  he  leaned,  :is  one  farre  in  elde. 

Spi  user,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  217. 

2.  The  wooden  club  with  which  the  players  in 
base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games  bat  or 
drive  the  ball.  That  used  in  base-ball  i-  a  round  ta- 
pering stick  of  varying  size  and  weight  to  suit  the  strength 
of  the  player;  that  used  in  cricket  is  shaped  somewhat  like 
the  broad  end  of  an  oar,  and  is  provided  with  a  round 
handle. 

3.  A  batsman  or  batter. 

W.  is  the  best  hat  left. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

4.  A  blow  as  with  a  bat  or  baton :  as,  he  re- 
ceived a  bat  in  the  face.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  A  tool 
made  of  beech,  used  by  plumbers  in  dressing 
and  flatting  sheet-lead. —  6.  A  rammer  used 
by  founders. — 7.  A  blade  used  for  beating  or 
scutching  hemp  or  flax. — 8.  A  piece  of  brick 
having  one  end  entire;  hence,  any  portion  of 
a  brick;  a  brickbat. —  9.  A  kind  of  sun-dried 
brick.  Southey. — 10.  Shale;  hardened  clay, 
but  not  fire-clay:  same  as  bind,  2.  Perm.  Sure. 
Glossary.  Also  spelled  batt. — 11.  In  Im  t-ntal:- 
ing,  a  felted  mass  of  fur,  or  of  hair  and  wool. 
Two  such  masses  are  required  to  form  the  body 
of  a  hat.     Also  spelled  batt. 

One  half  of  the  intended  hat,  called  a  bat,  is  bowed  at  a 
time.  J.  Thomson,  Hats  and  Felting,  p.  39. 

12.  A  continuous  wad  of  cotton  from  the 
batting-machine,  ready  for  carding;  also,  a 
sheet  of  cotton  wadding  or  batting.  See  bat- 
ting.— 13.  In  ceram.:  (a)  A  flexible  sheet  of 
gelatin  used  in  transferring  impressions  to  the 
biscuit. 

Batt  or  bat  is  ...  a  plate  of  gelatine,  used  in  printing 
on  to  pottery  or  porcelain,  over  the  glaze.  In  bat-print- 
ing, tlic  impression  is  transferred  from  an  engraved  cop- 
per plate  to  a  hat  of  gelatine  or  glue,  whence  it  is  printed 
on  the  glaze,  in  oil  or  tar.  Enamel  powder  being  then 
dusted  over  the  print,  adheres  to  the  oiled  surface,  and 
the  porcelain  is  then  tired  at  a  low  temperature. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  298. 

(6)  A  shelf  or  slab  of  baked  clay  used  to  sup- 
port pieces  of  biscuit  which  have  been  painted, 
and  are  being  fired  again.  See  enamel-kiln. — 
14.  Rate ;  speed ;  style.  [Scotch  and  prov. 
Eng.]  -At  the  bat,  in  the  position  of  the  batter  or 
striker  in  base-ball  and  similar  games;  having  the  rigid 
to  wield  tin- Ijat, —To  carry  one's  bat.  .See  carry.  To 
go  on  a  bat,  to  go  otf  for  a  drunken  carousal  or  spree. 
[Slang.] 
bat1  (bat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  batted,  ppr.  batting. 
[<  late  ME.  batten,  beat  with  a  stick,  <  batte,' a 
bat,  stick:  see  bat1,  ».,  andef.  batter1.  In  part 
perhaps  regarded  as  imitative  of  a  heavy,  dull 
blow;  cf. pat.']  I.  trans.  To  beat;  hit ;  strike. 
Especially  -(*/)  In  hasc-hutl  and  similar  games,  to  knock 
or  drive,  as  the  ball,  (ft)  In  ceram.,  to  flatten  out  to  tin 
required  thickness,  as  unbaked  clay,  preparatory  t>>  mold- 
ing on  the  block  or  throwing  on  the  wheel. 

II.  intrant.  In  base-ball  and  similar  games, 
to  strike  the  ball:  as,  he  bats  well,     to  bat  at, 

to  attempt  Unsuccessfully  to  knock,  as  a  ball  ;  strike  at 
but  miss. 
bat2  (bat),  ii.  [A  corruption  of  earlier  back, 
iinh.  Sc.  back,  iinl:  (also  bakit  -bird,  bawkie-bird), 
a  bat,  <  .Ml),  //.//,/.-  .  Imete,  <  Dan.  balke,  in  coin]  >. 
a  Hi  nbakke,  evening-bat,  =  OS  w.  bakka,  in  com]., 
natt-bakka,  night-jar,  Sw.  dial,  nattabatta,  miii- 
blacka,  =  [eel.  blaka,  in  comp.  ledhr-blaka,  bat, 
lit.  leather-flapper,  <  blaka,  flutter,  flap.  The 
orig.  form  is  uncertain,  ft'.  ML.  blatta,  blaeta, 
batta,  a  bat,  another  application  of  \i.  blatta, 
an  insect  that  shuns  tin-  light,  a  cockroach  :  see 
Blatta1.  For  the  change  of  /,  to  /.  cf.  E.  mule"  = 
mate1,  ami  E.  ermie  —  Dan.  trane,  Sw.  trana,  [eel. 

tnnii.    The  AS.  mil I'  the  bal  is  hreremUs, 

>E.  reremouse.    The  (i.  m is  fledermaus;  cf. 

E.  flitti  niinnse.  ]  A  wing-handed,  wing-footed 
flying  mammal,  of  Hie  order  Chiroptera  (which 
see),     i  ir.  tpward  of   150  in  uumber,  neai  rj 

cosmopolitan,  but  largest,  most  varied  in  character,  and 

st  abundant  in  individuals  iii  tropica]  and  rabtropical 

countries.    The  species  of  temperate  countrii     a    ol  thi 

1  nited  -lit. :   and  Europe,  are  c parativi  i\  few,  small, 

and  of  such  uniform  characters  thai  the)  give  inti.   Idea 
of  the  extent  and  diversit]  ol   the  ordei    In   warmer  re- 
gions.    Cats  are  the  most  aerial  or  volitanl  I 
evi  n  more  bo  than  birds  or  insert-  tor  thej  havi    i  ari  i  Ij 
any  other  means  of  Locomotion  than  Hying.    'II. 


472 

nocturnal  and  crepuscular,  passing  most  of  the  daytime 
in  dusky  retreats,  where  they  gather  sometimes  in  almost 
incredible  multitudes,  and  generally  repose  hanging  head 
downward  by  their  hind  feet.  In  size  they  range  from  less 
than  the  size  of  a  mouse  to  large  forms  with  some  five  bet 
spread  of  wing.  The  body  is  usually  softly  furry;  the 
wings  are  membranous  and   naked.     'The  great  majority 


Hoary  Bat  [Lusiiirus  pruiiiosus). 

are  insectivorous  and  carnivorous,  ami  constitute  the  sub- 
order Animalivora  or  Insectivora ;  of  these,  a  few  prey 
upon  other  bats,  and  seme,  of  tbe  genera  Desmodus  and 
Diphylla,  suck  the  blood  of  large  animals  ;  but.  the  great 
bats  of  South  America  called  vampires  are  chiefly  fru- 
givorous.  See  Desmodontes,  Vampyri.  The  old-world 
fruit-bats,  flying-foxes,  or  roussettes  are  mostly  large  spe- 
cies, constituting  the  family  Pteropodidw  and  suborder 
Frugivora.  See  cut  under  flying-fox.  The  physiognomy 
of  many  of  the  bats  is  grotesque,  owing  to  the  extraordi- 
nary appendages  of  the  snout,  especially  in  the  families 
Rhinolophidce  and  PhyllostomatidoB,  or  horseshoe  bats 
and  leaf-nosed  bats.  The  ears,  too,  are  often  of  great  size 
and  much  complexity  of  detail,  and,  like  the  various  ap- 
pendages of  the  face,  and  the  wing -membranes  themselves, 
serve  as  tactile  organs  of  extreme  delicacy,  even  to  the  ex- 
tentof  sensing  objects  without  actual  contact.  The  wings 
of  bats  are  commonly  given  to  representations  of  evil  ge- 
nii and  demons,  as  those  of  birds  are  attached  to  good 
angels.  The  large  bat  represented  on  Egyptian  monu- 
ments is  one  of  the  fruit-bats,  the  ( "ynonycterU  cegyptiaca. 
The  Hebrew  name  of  the  hat  of  the  <  lid  Testament,  atal- 
leph,  is  now  used  in  the  form  Atalapha  for  a  genus  of 
American  bats.  The  commonest  species  of  the  United 
states  are  the  small  brown  bat,  Vespertine  subulatus,  and 
the  red  bat,  Lasiurus  noveboracensis.  Among  European 
species  maybe  noted  the  serotine  (.Vespertilio  serotinus) 
the  pipistrelle  'V.  pipistreUus),  the  barbastel  (Barbastel- 
his  communis),  the  oreillard  (Plecotus  auritus),  and  the 
horseshoe  hats  (Ehinolophus  hipposideros  and  It.  ferroe- 
quinum).  In  heraldry  the  bat  is  always  represented  dis- 
played, that  is,  with  the  wings  opened,  and  is  often  called 
by  its  older  name  reremouse.—  Bat's  wing,  in  mint.  See 
ala  vespertilionis,  under  al,t.~  Bat's-wing  burner.  See 
hn ni,  /-.--Bulldog  bats,  themolossoidchiropterans.  See 
U olossus.— Harlequin  bat.  See  harlequin. 
bat:!  (hat),  v.  t.  [Variant  of  bate1,  prob.  now 
taken  in  allusion  to  the  eyes  of  a  bat.]  To  bate 
or  flutter,  as  iu  the  phrase  to  bat  the  eyes,  that 
is,  wink.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

You  hoi'  your  head  high;   don't  you  bat  your  ryes  to 
please  none  of  'em.  The  Century,  XXVII.  146. 

bat1  (bat  or  ba),  n.     [<  F.  belt,  <  OF.  bast,  a 

pack-saddle:  see  basfi.]    A    | k  saddle:  only 

in  composition,  as  bathorse,  batm&n,  etc. 

batr,t  (bat),  it.    See  bate. 

bat11  (bat),  n.  [Hind,  bat,  a  weight,  a  measure 
of  weight.]     Same  as  tical. 

bat7,  n.  A  measure  of  land  formerly  used  in 
South  "Wales;  a  perch  of  11  feet  square. 

batst,  «•     Same  as  bath2. 

batablet  (ba'ta-bl  i,  a.   [Also  bateable ;  short,  for 

debatable,  as  batt'*  for  debate.     See  debatable.] 
A  shortened  form   of  debatable,  as  in   batable 
ground,  batable  land.     Seo  debatable. 
As  we  crossed  the  Batable  land.  Border  ballad. 

batailet,  bataillert,  otc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
buttle1,  battler1,  etc. 

batara  (ba-ta'rS),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  name  of 
sundry  bush-shrikes  or  formicaroid  passerine 
birds  of  South  America,  of  the  subfamily  Tham- 
nophiUnas  and  family  I'oiniicariida :  specifically, 
the  Tliiinniiipliilits  cine  re  us  (Vieillot).  it  was  used 
i  ,  generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1831,  and  by  Sclater  in  1 358, 
b>  distinguish  the  last-named  species  generically  from 
other  ThamnophUinoB,  under  the  name  Batara  cinerea; 
al-o  by  Temmuick,  1820,  as  a  generic  nam.-  of  species  of 
ThamnophUus  proper. 

batardeau  (ba-tar-do'),  «.;  pi.  batardeaux 
(-do/.').  [I-'.,  dike,  dam,  coffer-dam,  formerly 
bastardeau,  dim.  of  til',  bastard,  dike,  perhaps 
connected  with  bastir,  build.]  1.  A  coffer-dam; 
a  casing  of  |>ilos  made  water-tight,  fixed  in  the 
bed  of  a  liver  to  exclude  tin-  water  from  tin- 
site  of  tin-  pier  or  other  work  w  bile  ii  is  being 
constructed, — 2.  In  fort.,  a  wall,  generally  fur- 
nished with  ,-i.  sluice-gate,  buill  across  a.  moat 
or  ditch,  to  retain  tin  water  in  those  parts  of 
tin-  ditch  which  require  to  In-  inundated. 

batata  (ba-t&'ta),  //.  [Sp.  Pg.  batata,  <  Haytian 
batata,  tin-  native  name  of  tin-  sweet  potato; 
>iilt.  v..  potato,  applied  to  a  different  plant:  see 
potato.  |    The  Bweel  potato. 

Tin.  products  of  both  china  and  Japan  are  here  [Loo- 
choo]  cultivated,  especiall}  batatas  ami  the  sugar-cane. 
J.  J.  Bein,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  632. 


bate 

Batavian  (ba-ta'vi-an),  a.  ami  n.  |<  L.  liata- 
ini.  tin-  country  of  tin-  l.atavi,  a  people  an- 
ciently inhabiting  an  island  (Batavorum  In- 
sula or  Batavia)  formed  by  the  rivers  Rhine, 
Waal,  and  Maas,  and  the  ocean.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Batavia,  or  by  ex- 
tension to  the  Netherlands  or  their  inhabi- 
tants, the  Dutch. —  2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia, 
the  chief  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  and  tho 
capital  of  the  Butch  possessions  in  the  East. 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  of  the  Netherlands;  a 
Dutchman. —  2.  A  native  of  Batavia  in  Java. 

bat-bolt  (bat'bolt),  n.  [<  but1  +  bolt1.]  A 
bolt  barbed  or  jagged  at  its  butt  or  tang  to 
give  it  a  firmer  hold. 

batch1  (bach),  n.  [<  ME.  bacehe,  batche,  <  AS. 
as  if  *bwcce,  <  bacau,  bake:  cf.  Dan.  baigt,  G. 
geback,  a  batch:  see  bake.]  1.  A  quantity 
produced  at  one  operation ;  specifically,  the 
quantity  of  bread  made  at  one  baking. —  2.  The 
quantity  of  material  prepared  or  required  for 
one  operation.  Specifically  — (//)  In  glass-making,  the 
fiit  ready  for  the  glass-pot.  See  frit,  (b)  The  quantity  of 
Hour  or  dough  to  be  used  at  one  baking.  (/')  The  quantity 
of  grain  sent  at  one  time  to  the  mill  to  be  ground  ;  a  grist. 
3.  An  aggregation  of  individuals  or  articles 
similar  to  each  other ;  especially,  a  number  or 
aggregation  received,  despatched,  etc.,  at  one 
time:  as,  a  batch  of  letters;  a  batch  of  pris- 
oners. 

The  Turkish  troops  are  being  hurried  to  the  front  in 
batches  of  40,000  at  a  time.  Times  (London). 

When  he  had  Iter  all  to  himself,  ...  he  would  pull  out 
his  last  batch  of  sonnets,  and  read  them  in  a  voice  tremu- 
lous with  emotion.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 

4f.  Kind,  sort,  or  lot. 
One  is  a  rimer,  sir,  of  your  own  hatch,  your  own  leaven. 
11.  JmiMiu,  Every  Man  iu  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

batch1  (bach),  v.  t.     [<  batch1,  v.]     To  mass; 
bring  together  in  a  batch  or  the  quantity  re- 
quired. 
The  white  calico  is  hatchet.  Eneyc.  Brit..  IV.  685# 

batch2  (bach),  n.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  also  hatch,  ; 
<  ME.  baehe,  luveelie,  perhaps  for  "beeehe,  <  AS. 
bece,  bwee,  a  brook:  see  beck1.  For  the  trans- 
fer of  sense  from  'stream' to  'bank,  mound, 
vale,'  cf.  dike  and  ditch.]  1.  A  bank;  a  sand- 
bank.—  2.  A  field  or  patch  of  ground  lying 
near  a  stream;  the  valley  in  which  a  stream 
flows:  especially  in  local  English  names.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.] 

batch'2  (bach),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  batch*,  «.]  To 
protect  (the  bank  of  a  river)  by  facing  it  with 
stones,  so  as  to  prevent  the  water  from  eating 
into  it.     [Local,  Eng.] 

batch3t,  »'•  [Appar.  an  assibilated  form  of 
backP.]     A  vessel  used  in  brewing.    N.E.I). 

batchelor,  ».     See  bachelor. 

bate1  (hat),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bating. 
[Also  bait;  <  ME.  baten  (only  intrans.),  <  OF. 
Iiatre,  mod.  F.  battre,  beat,  flap  (battre  US  ailes, 
beat  the  wings,  flutter;  reflex.,  se  battre,  flutter), 
=  Pr.  batre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  batcr  =  It.  bat- 
ten; beat,  etc.,  <  ML.  (LL.)  baten,  battere,  for 
L.  hiitiicn;  bnttitcre,  beat,  strike,  whence  also 
ult.  E.  batt,  r1,  battle1,  etc.,  and  prob.  in  part 
the  simple  bat1,  r.:  see  these  words.  The 
orig.  sense  'beat'  is  covered  by  halt-,  for  abate; 
and  batter1.]  I.f  traits.  To  beat :  in  the  phrase 
to  hate  the  icings,  to  flutter,  fly.  [In  the  passage 
quoted,  there  is  an  allusion  to  bate2  for  abate.] 
Till  the  Sonic  by  this  mcanes  of  nverbodying  herselfe 
.  .  .  bated  her  iciiKt  apace  dow  new  aril. 

Mttton,  Church  Discipline.    (  \,  /-:.  /(.) 

II.  intrans.  1.  En  falconry,  to  beal  tin- wings 
impatiently;  nutter  as  preparing  tor  flight,  par- 
ticularly at  the  sight  of  prey;  nutter  away. 

1  am  like  a  hawk  that  bates  but  cannot  fly,  because  1  am 
ty'd  to  another's  list.  Bacon. 

These  kites 
Thai  bate  and  beat,  and  H  ill  not  be  obedient. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,  iv.  1. 
2f.  To  flutter;  bo  eager  or  restless.— 3f.  To 
flutter  oi-  fly  down.  [With  allusion  to  bate* 
for  (/»/'/<■.] 
bate2  (bat),  ?'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baled,  ppr.  tutting. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bait;  <  ME.  baten,  by 
apheresis  lor  abaten,  abate,  which  thus  be- 
comes in  form  and  in  somo  senses  identical 
with  the  orig.  simple  form  represented  by 
liitli^:  see  abate  ana  bate1.]  I.  trans.  If.  To 
beat  down  or  away;  remove  by  beating. 

About  autumn  bate  the  earth  from  al t   (be  roots  of 

olives,  and  lay  them  bare.      Holland,  tr.  of  I'liuy,  II.  6'Jl. 

2f.  To  beat,  back,  or  blunt. 

Spite  of  cormorant  devouring  Tine, 
Tir  endeavour  of  tins  present  breath  may  buy 
That  honour  which  shall  hale  his  scythe's  keen  edge. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 


3f.  To  weaken 


bate 
impair  the  strength  of. 


These  griefs  and  losses  have  so  bated  me. 
That  I  shall  hardly  Bpare  a  pound  ol  flesh. 

Shak.,  M.  "I  v.,  iii.  8. 

4f.  To  lessen  or  decrease  in  amount,  weight, 

estimation,  etc.;  lower;  reduce. 

Whobates  mine  honour,  shall  not  know  my  coin. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  strike  off ;  deduct;  abate. 

There  is  twelve  shilling  to  pay,  and,  as  I  am  a  true 
knight,  1  will  not  '«/'■'  a  penny. 

Beau,  and  /•''.,  Knight  of  Burning  restle,  iii.  " 


473 

This  sour  informer,  this  bate-breedinjj  spy, 
This  ranker  that  rats  up  Love's  tender  spring, 
This  carry-tale,  dissentiuus  Jealousy. 

Shak.,  \.  and  A.,  1.  055. 

batefult  (bat'ful),  a.     [<  bate*  +  -Jul.]     Cou- 

tentious;  given  to  strife ;  exciting  contention. 

It  did  hateful  question  frame.  Sir  /'.  Sidney. 

batelesst  (bat  'les),  a.    [<  bate*  +  -less."]   Not  to 
beabated;  not  to  be  dulled  or  blunted.   [Rare.] 
Haply  that  name  of  "chaste"  unhappily  set 
This  batelesa  edge  on  his  keen  appetite. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  9. 


I  would  rath.r  hull-  him  a  few  strokes  "i  ins  oar,  than  bateleur  (bat'r-lcr),  n.     [Appar.   a  particular 


nut  employ  an  honest  man  that  has  been  wounded  in  tin 
Queen's  service.  Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 

I  bate  no  jot.  of  trust  that  tins  noble  trial  of  self-govern- 
ment will  sneer,  ,i  ir.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  320. 

6.  To  lessen  in  force  or  intensity;  moderate; 
diminish:  as,  to  bate  one's  breath,  or  with  bated 
breath  (see  phrases,  below) ;  to  bate  one's  or  a 
person's  curiosity. — 7f.  To  rob  or  deprive  of. 
When  baseness  is  exalted,  do  not  bate 
The  place  its  honour  for  the  person's  sake. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xlv. 

8f.  To  leave  out ;  except ;  bar. 

lint?  me  the  king,  ami,  lie  he  flesh  ami  hlood, 
He  lies  who  said  it. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

To  bate  oft,  t<  >  make  a  reduction  in  or  an  abatement  from ; 
lessen  or  moderate. 

Abate  thy  speed,  and  I  will  bate  of  mine. 

Vryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i. 

To  bate  one's  breath,  to  check  one's  breathing ;  breathe 
restrainedly,  as  from  tear,  humility,  or  deference.— With 
bated  breath,  with  subdued  or  restrained  breathing,  as 
from  fear  or  awe. 

Shall  I  bend  low.  and  in  a  bond-mans  key, 

With  bated  breath  and  whispring  humbleness, 

Say  this?  Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3  (1623). 

Il.t  Mrans.  To  decrease  or  fall  away  in  size, 
amount,  force,  estimate,  etc. 

Bardolph,  am  I  not  fallen  away  vilely  since  this  last 
action?  do  I  not  bate}  do  I  not  dwindle  ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

I  know  'twas  this  which  made  the  envy  and  pride 

Of  the  great  Roman  blood  bate  and  give  way 

To  my  election.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

bate3t  (bat),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  baten,  by  apheresis  for 
debaten,  debate:  see  debate1, v.]  To  contend; 
strive;  quarrel. 

bate;,t  (bat),  n.     [<  ME.  bate,  bat,  by  apheresis 
tor  debate,  deliat,  debate:  see  debate1, ».]  Con- 
tention; strife;  debate. 
Breeds  no  bate  with  telling.        Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  i. 

bate4t  (bat),  v.  and  n.  Obsolete  and  less  cor- 
rect spelling  of  hail1. 

bate6  (bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bat- 
ing. [Prob.  a  particular  use  of  bate*,  properly 
spelled  bait;  of.  Sw.  beta,  tan,  bait,  =  G.  bei- 
een,  steep  in  lye,  macerate,  bait,  lit.  cause  to 
bite:  see  bait1.]  1.  To  steep,  as  a  hide,  in  an 
alkaline  lye.  See  bate5,  n. — 2.  In  jute-manuj'., 
to  separate  (the  raw  material)  into  layers,  and 
then  soften  by  sprinkling  with  oil  and  water. 

bate5  (bat),  n.  [<  batcS,  v.]  The  alkaline  solu- 
tion in  which  hides  are  steeped  after  being 
limed,  in  order  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

bateGt.     Obsolete  or  dialectal  preterit  of  bite. 

Yet  there  the  steel  stayd  not,  but  inly  bate 

Deepe  in  his  liesh,  and  opened  wide  a  red  floodgate. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  7. 

bate7  (bat),  n.  [Also  bait;  origin  unknown. 
Hence  cross-betted.}  The  grain  of  wood  or 
stone.     [Scotch.] 

bate8t,  «■  [<  LL-  batits,  <  Gr.  jiarog,  <  Heb. 
bath  :  see  bath*.]     Same  as  bath*. 

batea  (bat'e-ji),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.]  A  wooden  ves- 
sel in  the  form  of  a  very  flat  hollow  cone, 
about  '20  inches  in  diameter  ami  2  or  3  inches 
deep,  used  by  Mexican  and  Californian  miners 
for  washing  auriferous  sands  and  pulverized 
ores  of  various  kinds. 

In  the  rubbish  which  was  thrown  out  of  the  old  mine,  a 
comfortable  subsistence  is  gained  by  washing  in  bateas. 
Moury,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  41. 

bateau,  batteau  (ba-to')>  ». ;  pi.  bateaux,  bat- 
teaux  (-toz').  [<  P.  bateau,  <  OP.  bate!  =  Pr. 
batelh  =  Sp.  Pg.  Iiatel  =  It.  batteUo,  <  ML.  ba- 
tcllus,  dim.  of  ML.  batus,  bat  ins  i>  It.  batta), 
a  boat,  prob.  <  AS.  bat,  a  boat  :  see  hunt.']  1. 
A  light  boat  for  river  navigation,  long  in  pro- 
portion to  its  breadth,  and  wider  in  thy  middle 
than  at  the  ends. —  2.  A  pontoon  of  a  floating 
bridge. 


implication  of  P.  bateleur,  a  juggler,  buffoon.] 
A  name  of  an  African  eagle,  the  Ilclntarsus 
eea  uda  tus. 

batellatet,  v.  t.  [<  ML.  as  if  *bateUatus,  pp. 
of  'batellarc,  assumed  from  Ol'.  bataillier,  or 
&  battel,  battle,  fortify:  see  battle*."]  Mint.,  to 
fortify  or  make  defensible,  as  a  dwelling-house. 

batementt  (bat'ment),  n.     [By  apheresis  for 

abatement  :  see  bail '-'  and  -mi  »'.]  Abatement  ; 
diminution;  lessening;  specifically,  among  car- 
penters, the  portion  to  be  cut  off  from  a  piece 
of  timber  to  bring  it  to  a  desired  length. 
batement-light  (bat'ment-lit),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
vertical  light  in  the  upper  part  of  a  window  of 

the  Perpendic- 
ular style,  of 
which  the  nor- 
mal rectangular 
form  at  the  bot- 
tom is  altered 
or  abated  so  as 
to  fit  in  the 
arched  head  of 
a  light  below. 
Compare  angel- 
light. 

batestone  (baf- 

ston),».  [ibate5 

+    stone.']       A 

curved      scour- 

ing-stone    used 

in  bating  hides. 

When  the  hides  have  been  properly  worked  with  the 

batestone,  they  are  placed  in  a  wash-wheel  and  worked 

for  about  twenty  minutes.       C.  T.  Davie,  Leather,  p.  586. 

bat-fish  (bat'fish),  n.  [<  bat*  +  fish1.]  1.  A 
tisli  of  the  family  Maltheidee  (which  see).  The 
best-known  species  is  Malthe  eespertilio.     It  has  a  heart- 


bath 

bath1  (bath,  pi.  baTHz),  n.  [<  ME.  bath,  <  AS. 
bath.  pi.  bathu,  =  OS.  bath  =  1>.  bad  =  OBB. 
MIKi.  (i.  bad,  bath,  =  Icel.  badh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bad;  prob.,  with  formative  -th  (-•').  from  the 
verb  represented  by  one.  hnimi,  Mile,  bcejen, 
been,  G.  bdlicn  =  LG.  baen,  foment,  =  ME.  bat- 
wen,  cleanse,  prob.  =  L.  fovere,  foment:  see  fo- 
ment.] 1.  A  washing  of  the  body  in,  or  an  ex- 
posure of  it  to  the  action  of,  water  or  other 
fluid  agent,  for  cleansing,  refreshment,  medi- 
cal treatment,  etc.  :  as,  to  take  a  bath  :  to  ad- 
minister a  bath  to  a  patient. —  2.  A  provision 
or  arrangement  for  bathing:  as,  to  prepare  a 
bath  ;  a  hot  or  cold  bath;  a  vapor-6otA;  an 
electric  bath.  There  are  many  kinds  of  baths,  all  of 
which  maybe  divided  into  four  classes:  (a)  according  to 
the  medium  in  which  the  body  is  immersed,  ass  water-,  oil-, 
or  mud-bath,  a  eoiiipirssed-air  bath,  &  medicated  or  min 
■  ml  i', itb,  etc.;  (b)  according  to  maimer  of  application  or 
use,  as  a  plunge-,  shower-,  vapor-,  douche-,  spray-,  oi 
ming-bath,  etc.;  (.■)  according  to  the  parts  bathed,  as  a 
foot-,  sitz-,  or  eye-bath,  etc.;  (d)according  to  temperature, 
as  a  hot,  tepid,  warm,  or  cold  bath. 
3.  A  vessel  for  holding  water  in  which  to 
plunge,  wash,  or  bathe  the  body. — 4.  More  gen- 
erally, an  apartment  or  apparatus  by  means  of 
which  the  body,  or  a  part  of  it,  may  be  bathed 
in  any  medium  differing  in  nature  or  temper- 
ature from  its  natural  medium. —  5.  An  edifice 
containing  apartments  fitted  up  for  bathing;  a 
bath-house ;  particularly,  in  the  plural,  one  of 
the  elaborate  bathing  establishments  of  the 


Head  of  Perpendicular  Window. 
.  .     '.  batement-lights;  a.  a,  angel-lights. 


Dorsal  view. 
Bat-fish  {Malthe  vespertilio). 

shaped  trunk,  produced  anteriorly  in  a  prolonged  snout, 
a  short  coniform  tail,  a  small  inferior  mouth,  and  a  rostral 
tentacle  under  the  snout.  It  inhabits  the  Atlantic  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States. 
2.  A  name  of  the  flying-fish  or  flying-robin, 
Cephalaaanthus  volitans. 

bat-fowler  (bat'fouler),  n.  [<  ME.  battfou-l- 
ere,  <  battfowlen:  see  bat-fowling.]  1.  One 
who  practises  bat-fowling. — 2f.  A  swindler. 
[Slang.] 

bat-fowling  (bat'fou'ling),  «.  [<  ME.  battefmcl- 
ynge,  <  battfowlen,  snare  birds,  <  batte,  by  some 
supposed  to  refer  to  the  bat  or  stick  on  which 
the  nets  were  fastened,  +  Jhtrlcii,  v.,  fowl.  The 
first  element  is  now  often  associated  with  bat-.] 
A  mode  of  catching  birds  at  night  by  holding 
a  torch  or  other  light,  and  beating  the  bushes 
or  trees  where  they  roost.  The  birds  fly  toward 
t  he  light,  and  are  caught  with  nets  or  otherwise. 


rlan  of  the  Baths  of  Caracalla,  Rome. 

ancients,  as  the  Baths  of  Caracalla  at  Rome. 
See  thermal. —  6.  In  science  and  the  arts,  any 
vessel  containing  a  liquid  for  treating  any  ob- 
ject by  immersion.  («)  In  photog. ,  the  vessel  in  which 
a  colloiiionizcd  plate  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver,  or  the  tray  in  which  an  exposed 
dry  plate  is  immersed  in  the  developing  solution.  (6)  In 
etching,  the  pan  of  acid  into  which  the  plate  is  plunged  to 
lie  bitten. 

7.  An  arrangement  or  preparation  for  immers- 
ing anything,  as  the  silver-bath  in  photography. 
—  8.  In  clicm.,  an  apparatus  for  modifying  and 
regulating  the  heat  in  various  chemical  pro- 
cesses, by  interposing  a  quantity  of  sand,  wa- 
ter, or  other  substance  between  the  fire  and  the 
vessel  intended  to  be  heated.  When  a  liquid  bath 
of  a  higher  temperature  than  212°  is  required,  saturated 
solutions  are  employed  in  which  the  boiling-point  is 
higher  than  that  of  water.— Companions  of  the  Bath, 
the  third  or  lowest  class  of  the  members  of  the  order  of 
the  r.ath.  —  Compressed-air  bath,  a  hath  consisting  in 
remaining  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  a  chamber  tilled 
with  compressed  air.  Such  baths  have  been  recommended 
as  useful  in  certain  diseases,  in  which  an  increased  expan- 
sive force  is  required  to  cause  the  air  to  inflate  the  more 
delicate  air-passages  of  the  lungs.— Dung-bath,  a  bath 
used  in  calico-printing.  See  dunging.-  Knights  of  the 
Bath,  an  order  of  kiiigbth 1  supposed  to  have  been  insti- 
tuted at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV .  in  l.'i'.tu.  It  received 
this  name  from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor 
were  put  into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening,  to  denote  a 
purification  or  absolution  from  all  former  stain,  and  that 
they  were  now  to  begin  a  new  life.  The  pies,  nt  order  of 
the  r.ath,  however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  1725,  as 
a  military  order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of 
a  grand  master  and  thirty-six  companions.  In  1815  the 
order  was  greatly  extended,  and  in  1S47  it  was  opened  to 
civilians.  It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz.:  mili- 
tary and  civil  knights  grand-crosses,  G>.  <'.  B. ;  knights 
commanders,  K.  ('.  it.;  and  knights  companions,  C.  B.   The 


bateau-bridge  (ba-to'brij),  n.   Mint.,  a  floating  batfult  (bat'ful),  a.    [<  bat-  m  battle*,  batten1, 

bridge  supported  by  bateaux  or  boats.  etc.,  +  -ful :  possibly,  like  batwell,  a  perversion 

bateaux,  ».    Plural  of  bateau.  of  battle  or  battel,  fertile:  see  battle*,  a.}   Rich; 

bate-breedingt  (bat'bre"ding),  a.     [<  bate*  +     fertile,  as  land:  as,  "  batful pastures," Drayton, 

breeding,  ppr.  of  breed.]     Breeding  strife.  Polyolbion,  iii. 


I.  Badge  worn  suspended  from  the  collarof  a  knight  of  the  Bath. 
■2.  Star  of  the  Grand  Cross. 

badge  (fig.  1)  is  a  golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points, 
with  the  lion  of  England  in  the  four  principal  angles,  and 
having  in  a  circle  in  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  and  sham- 
rock (representing  respectively  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
Land),  between  three  imperial  crowns ;  motto,  Tria  juncta 


bath 


474 


Bathymaster 


in  imo.      Stars  arc  also  worn  by  the  first  two  classes. 
Thai  ol  the  knights  -rami  crosses  (fig  2)  is  ol  silver,  with 
eight  points  ol  rays  wavy,  on  which  is  agold  cross  bearing 
three  crowns,  encircled  by  a  ribbon  displaying  the  motto 
of  the  order,  while  beneath  is  a  scroll  inscribed  let  du  « 
(1  serve)  the  motto  ol  the  Prince  ol  Wales.    The  star  ol 
the  knights  commanders  differs  chiefly  in  lacking  the 
wavy  rays.—  Medicated  hath,  a  bath  ol  liquid  or  vapor 
designed  to  produce  a  curative  effect  by  virtue  ol  some 
mi  dicine  mixed  in  it.  -Mercurial  bath,  a  bath  used  in 
tin  pneumatic  trough  to  collect  such  gases  a-  are  readily 
absorbed  by  water. -Metal-bath,  a  bath  used  In  chemical 
operations  requiring  a  higher  temperature  than  can  De 
produced  by  means  ol  a  water-bath.     Mercury,  fusible 
metal  tin.  ami  lead  are  employed  lor  such  baths.— Rus- 
sian bath,  a  kind  of  bath  employed  in  Russia,  and  in- 
troduced thence  in  other  countries.   It  resembles  in  prin- 
ciple the  ancient  and  the  Turkish  bathB,  but  differs  from 
the  latter  in  that  the  subject,  after  exposure  to  the  in- 
fluence of  verj  hot  vapor,  with  the  attendant  kneading, 
lathering  etc,  is  suddenly  and  violently  cooled  by  means 
of  a  jet  of  ice-cold  water.     It  is  said  to  be  of  service  in 
alleviating  rheumatism.  -  Sour  hath,  in  tanning,  an  acid 
liquid  made  of  bran  and  refuse  malt.     It  is  employed  to 
remove  the  lime  used  in  a  previous  process,  and  also  to 
soften  the  skin  to  render  11  more  absorbent  ol  the  tanning 
materials.— Tin-hath,  molten  tin  covered  with  melted 
tallow  to  prevent  the  oxidation  ol  the  metal.     It  is  used 
in  -ivn, !  a  coating  ol  tin  to  other  metals,  as  sheet-iron, 
to  form  the  so-called  tin  plate.-   Turkish  bath,  a  kind  "t 
bath  introduced  from  the  East,  in  which  the  subject,  after 
having  undergone  copious  perspiration  in  a  heated  room, 
is  subjected  to  various  processes,  as  soaping,  washing, 
kneading  (shampooing),  etc.,  and  ultimately  proceeds  to 
an  outer  apartment,  where  he  is  placed  on  a  eon,  h  to 
cool     Turkish  baths,  or  modifications  of  them,  are  pro- 
vided in  all  hydrotherapeutic  establishments,  and  an-  to 
be  iound  in   most  towns  of  considerable  size.     White 
bath,  a  hath  used  ill  dyeing;  an  emulsion  formed  by  l.al- 
lipoli  oil  and  the  carbonates  of  alkalis. 
bath1  (bath),  v.  t.     [Later  form  for  bathe,  di- 
rectly from  the  noun.]     To  put  into  a  bath; 
wash  in  a  bath.     [Rare.] 

bath2  (bath),  n.  [Earlier in E.,  asLL.,  batas,  or 
else  bat,  hair,  <  LL.  hatus,  <  Gr.  /3ciroc,  <  Heb. 
built.}  A  Hebrew  liquid  measure  =  7-  logs  = 
6  bins  =  to-  cor,  and  corresponding  to  the  dry 
measure  the  ephah  =  72  logs  =  18  cabs  =  3 
saths  =  to"  cor-  There  were  two  measures  of  this 
name  one  equal  to  about  two  thirds  of  the  other,  as  is  seen 

bj  laring  1  Ki.  vii.  26  with  2  Chron.  iv.  5.    The  larger 

bath  seems  to  have  contained  about  30  liters  =  '.!..  I  nited 
States  gallons  =  8  British  gallons.  The  smaller  bath  seems 
to  have  contained  about  28  liters  =  7!  I  nited  States  gal- 
lons =  6  British  gallons. 

Bath  brick,  bun,  chair.  See  the  nouns. 
bath-chops  (bath'ehops),  n.  pi.  The  cheeks  or 
face  of  the  hog  cured  or  smoked. 
bathe  (baTH),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bathed,  ppr. 
bathing.  [Also  in  var.  form  (now  only  dial.) 
beath,  a.  v. ;  <  ME.  bathien,  <  AS.  bathian  (=  D. 
baden  =  OHG.  badonl  MHO.  G.  baden  =  Icel. 
bat  lha  =  Sw.  bada  =  Dan.  bade),  <  barth,  bath : 
see  batW-.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  a  bath; 
immerse  in  water  or  other  fluid,  for  cleanli- 
ness, health,  or  pleasure. 

i  hancing  to  bathe  himself  in  the  river  Cydnus,  .  .  .  he 
fell  siek,  mar  unto  death,  for  three  days.  kouth. 

Others,  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers,  bathed 
Their  downy  breast.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vn.  437. 

2    To  applv  water  or  other  liquid  to  with  a 
sponge,  cloth,  or  the  like,  generally  for  thera- 
peutic purposes.— 3.  Town      moisten,  or  suf- 
fuse with  any  liquid. 
Her  bosom  bathed  in  blood.  Dryden. 

4.  To  immerse  in  or  surround  with  anything 
analogous  to  water:  as,  bathed  in  sunlight. 

One  sip  ol  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight. 

Milton,  t'omus,  1.  812. 
Thy  rosy  shadows  haihe  me.  Tennyson,  Tithonus. 

The  sun  was  past  the  middle  of  the  day, 
But  bathed  in  Hood  of  light  the  world  still  lay. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  221. 

5.  In  zool.,  to  tint;  tinge  in  a  uniform  man- 
ner, giving  the  appearance  of  one  color  seen 
through  another:  as,  black  bathedirith  purple, 
"brown  bathed  with  rosy,  etc. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  toko  a  ball.;  bo  in  water 

or  other  liquid ;  go  into  water  to  bathe  one's 

self. 
They  '.»'A<  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.         Waller. 

2.  To  tie  immersed  or  surrounded  as  if  with 

water. 
bathe   (bSSH),    n.     [<    holla;    *'•]     The    act   of 

bathing:  the  immersion  of  the  body  in  water: 

as,  to  take  one's  usual  bathe.     Edinburgh  Rev. 
ned  almost  i  ntiri  Ij  to  3i  otland  where  a  distinction 

i    i,,:,, i.-  between  a  bathe  and  a  bat)    the  former  being  up 

plied  to  an  immersion  in  the  si  a,  a  river,  or  a  lake,  and 

Hi.  latter  to  :,  bath  for  which  artificial  conveniences  are 

used.] 
bather1  (ba'TMor),  «•     1.  One  who  bathes;  one 

who  immerses  himself  in  water. —  2.  One  who 

i.ui lies  another. 
bather- (baTH'er),  e.  ;.    [E.  dial.]    To  scratch 

and   rub  in  the  dust,  as  birds  do.     HaUtwell. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 


bathetic  (ba-thet'ik),  a.  [<  bathos,  mi  type  «>t 
pathetic,  <  pathos.']  Relating  to  or  character- 
ized by  bathos;  sinking  rhetorically,  or  in  style. 
Coli  ridge. 


\  fatal  in-  nsibility  to  the  ludicrous  and  the  bathetic. 
The  Academy,  July  3,  1S75,  p.  5. 

bath-house  (bath'hous),  m.  1.  A  house  fitted  up 
with  conveniences  for  bathing,  as  bath-rooms, 
tuhs,  sometimes  a  tank  or  sw  imming-bath,  etc. 
—  2.  A  small  house,  or  a  house  divided  into  a 
number  of  small  rooms,  at  a  bathing-place, 
or  place  for  open-air  bathing,  where  bathers 
change  their  dress. 

bathing-box  (ba'sraing-boks),  n.  A  covered 
shed  or  bath-house  in  which  open-air  bathers 
change  their  dress.     [Eng.] 

bathing-dress  (ba'THing-dres),  n.  A  partial 
or  loose  costume  used  by  open-air  bathers,  as 
on  a  sea-beach.  ' 

bathing-house  (ba'BHing-hous),  n.  A  bath- 
house.    [U.  S.]  . 

bathing-machine  (ba'smng-ma-shen*),  n.  A 
covered  vehicle  used  at  the  seaside  resorts  ot 
Great  Britain,  iu  which  bathers  dress  and  un- 
dress. It  is  driven  into  the  water  to  a  sufficient 
distance  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  bather. 

bathing-tub  (ba'smng-tub),  n.    Same  as  bath- 

bath-kol  (bath'kol),  n.  [Heb.,  <  bath,  daugh- 
ter. +  hoi,  voice.]  A  kind  of  oracular  voice 
frequently  referred  to  in  the  Talmud,  the  later 
Targums,  and  rabbinical  writers,  as  the  fourth 
grade  of  revelation,  constituting  an  instrument 
of  divine  communication  throughout  the  early 
history  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  sole  prophetic 
manifestation  which  they  possessed  during  the 
period  of  the  second  temple. 

From  the  death  of  Haggai,  Zechariah,  and  Malachi  the 
Holy  Spirit  [which,  according  to  the  Jewish  distinction, 
is  only  the  second  degree  of  the  prophetical  gift]  was 
withdrawn  from  Israel;  but  they  nevertheless  enjoyed 
the  use  of  the  Bath  Kol. 
The  treatise  Sanhedrim,  quoted  lllklttus  I. lb.  I  >e.,  l.olO. 

Bath  metal.    See  metal. 

bathmic  (bath'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  paBpoc  (see  bath- 
mism) +  -ic.~\  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  bathmism. 

I  compared  the  transmission  of  bathmic  force  to  that  of 
the  phenomenon  of  combustion,  which  is  a  force  conver- 
sion transmitted  from  substance  to  substance  by  ( tact. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  229. 

bathmism  (bath'mizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  paBpor,  also 
pac/wc,  a  step,  threshold  (<  paivuv  (■/  */3a),  go), 
+  -ism.']     See  extract. 

It  is  here  left  open  whether  there  be  any  form  of  force 
which  may  be  especially  designated  as  "vital."  Many  of 
the  animal  functions  are  known  to  be  physical  and  chem- 
ical and  if  there  be  any  one  which  appears  to  be  less  ex- 
plicable by  reference  to  these  forces  than  the  others,  it  is 
that  of  nutrition.    Probably  in  this  instance  force  has 

been  so  metamorphosed  through  the  influence  of  tl ngi 

native  or  conscious  force  in  evolution,  that  it  is  a  distinct 
species  in  the  category  of  forces.  Assuming  it  to  be  such, 
I  have  given  it  the  name  of  Bathmism. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Meth.  of  Creation,  p.  26. 


Bathmodon  (bath'mo-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3o0- 
u6c,  a  step,  +  b&ovr  =  E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of 
fossil  hoofed  quadrupeds  named  by  Cope  in 
1872,  subsequently  identified  by  him  with  Cory- 
phodon  (which  see). 

batbmodont  (bath'mo-dont),  a.  [<  Bathmo- 
dou(t-).]  In  odontog.,  noting  a  pattern  of  denti- 
tion in  which  the  posterior  pair  of  tubercles  of 
the  upper  molars  are  approximated,  connected 
together,  and  compressed  and  subcreseentie 
in  section,  and  the  anterior  outer  tubercle  is 
connected  with  the  anterior  inner  one  by  an 
oblique  crest  tunning  a  V.  Such  dentition  is 
characteristic  of  the  genus  Bathmodon. 

Bath  note.    See  note. 

bathometer  (ba-thom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  fiauoc, 
depth  +  utrpov,  a  measure.]  An  apparatus, 
isisling  of  a  spring-balance  of  peculiar  con- 
st ruction,  used  for  ascertaining  the  depth  ot 
water. 

Bath  oolite.    See  Bath  si,„a.  under  *<<»"■■ 

bathorse  (bat'-  or  bft'hors),  ».     [<  ''"  *.  (F- 

/«/),  a  pack-saddle,  +  horse.]  In  the  British 
armv,  a  loose  for  carrying  baggage  belonging 
to  an  officer  or  to  the  baggage-train.  Also  writ- 
ten bawhorse.  _ ,  „  a, 

bathos  dm 'i hos),  n.    [Gr.  (ftfloc,  depth,  <  PfSvc, 

deep  In  def.  2,  urig.  an  antithesis  to  vfoc, 
height,  the  sublime.]  1.  Depth;  lowest  part 
„r  stage;  bottom.     [Bare.]— 2.  A   ludicrous 

descent  from  the  elevated  toth mmonplace 

or  ridiculous  in  writing  or  speech;  a  sinking; 
anticlimax. 


In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  I  think,  he  said 
to  have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  ol  the  Bathos. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

=  Syn   2  Fustian,  Turgidness,  etc.    See  bombast. 
bath-room  (bath'rom),  ft.    A  room  for  bathing 

in.  ,  . 

bath-sponge  (bath'spuni),  n.  A  sponge  used  in 

bathing,  etc.     S) ges  suitable  for  this  use  all  belong 

to  the  genus  Spongia,  ol  which  there  are  six  commercial 
species  or  varieties,  deriving  their  value  from  the  fineness 

and  elasticity  of  the  skeletal  fibers.     The  hatll-sponge  pi 

the  Mediterranean  is  S.   equina,   resembling  the  wool- 
sponge,  S.  gossypina,  ol  the  United  states,    other  species 

are  the  zimocca,  S.  a \ca  ;  the  cup-sponge,  S.  adnanca, 

ol  Turkey  and  the  Levant;  the  American  yellow  sponge, 
8.  corlosia  .  and  the  American  hard-head,  S.  dura. 
Bath  stone.    See  stone.  . 

bath-tub  (bath'tub),  n.     A  tub  to  bathe  in:  in 
the  usual  form,  approximately  of  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  often  permanently  fixed  in  a 
bath-room.    Also  called  bathing-tub. 
bathukolpian,  a.     See  batliycolpian. 
bathvillite  (bath'vil-it),  ».     [<  BathmUe  (see 
def.)  +  -itc-.]     A  brown,  dull,  amorphous  min- 
eral resin,  occurring  in  torbanite,  or  boghead 
coal,  on  the  estate  of  P.athville,  near  Bathgate, 
Linlithgowshire,  Scotland, 
bathwort  (bath'wert ),  n.     [Corruption  of  bvrth- 

irort,  after  bath^.]  Same  as  birtliroot. 
bathybial  (ba-thib'i-al),  a.  [<  bathi/bius  +  -ah] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  bathybius  or  the  depths 
at  which  it  is  found ;  bathybian :  as,  "  bathybial 
fauna,"  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  774. 
bathybian  (ba-thib'i-an),  a.  [<  bathybius  + 
-an.]  Pertaining  to  bathybius ;  composed  of 
or  resembling  bathybius. 

The  use  of  the  dredge  resulted  in  finding  the  usual  6a- 

thybian  forms  that  have  been  already  described  in  works 

relating  to  Arctic  voyages.  .     ,„„„... 

^Irc.  Cruise  of  the  Cormn,  1S81,  p.  14. 

bathybius  (ba-tl.ib'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr  /faft'c, 
deep,  +  pioc,  life.]  A  name  given  by  Huxley 
to  masses  of  so-called  animal  matter  said  to 
have  been  found  covering  the  sea-bottom  at 
great  depths  (over  2,000  fathoms),  and  m  such 
abundance  as  to  form  in  some  places  deposits 
upward  of  30  feet  in  thickness.  It  was  described 
as  consisting  of  a  tenacious,  viscid,  slimy  substance,  ex- 
hibiting under  the  microscope  a  network  of  granular, 
mucilaginous  matter,  which  expands  and  contracts  spon- 
taneously, forming  a  very  simple  organism  and  corre- 
sponding ill  all  respects  to  protoplasm  (which  see).  Em- 
bedded in  it  were  calcareous  bodies  with  an  organic 
structure,  called  discoliths,  cweoliihs,  and  eoceospheres, 
which  seemed  to  belong  to  bathybius  as  such.  The  exis- 
tence of  any  such  living  substance  is  now  generally  denied. 

bathycolpian  (bath-i-kol'pi-an),  a.  [Also  less 
prop,  bathukolpian;  <  Gr.  /3a6VKo/t7roc,  <  paObc, 
deep,  +  nSXizog, breast, bosom.]  Deep-bosomed: 
as,  ^'bathycolpian  Here,"  O.  W.  Holmes. 

Bathyerginae  (bath  i-er-ji'ne),  ».  j-.-  [NL.,  < 
Bathyergus  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Ethi- 
opian mole-like  rodents,  of  the  family  Spala- 
cida;  or  mole-rats,  differing  from  SpalaetntB  m 
having  the  mandibular  angle  arising  beside  the 
socket  of  the  lower  incisors.  There  are  three 
genera,  Bathyinjus,  tliorychus,  and  Hehopho- 

bathyergue  (bath'i-erg),  n.  A  rodent  quadru- 
ped  of  the  genus  Bathyergus. 
Bathyergus  (bath-i-er'gus),  n.  [NL.,  after  Gr. 
BaMpyelv,  plow  deep,  <  1-iaHir,  deep,  +  ifP, 
work.  ]  A  genus  of  mole-rats,  of  the  subfamily 
Bathyerginm,  having  grooved  upper  mcisors. 

B.marU\mu8  is 
a  large  species 
buiTOwing      in 
the  sand-dunes 
,.t  the  Cape  ol 
Good  Hope,  and 
called  coast-rat 
and     ;nm/-     or 
sand  molt :  it  is 
very  abundant, 
and     in     some 
places  the  sandy 
soil    is   honey- 
combed with  its  extensive  excavations.   The  fur  is  grayish- 
brown  and  might  possess  commercial  value. 
Bathymaster  (bath'i-mas-ter),  n.    [NL..  <  Gr. 
;„»,,,  deep,  +  uaarhp,  a  seeker.]     A  genus  ot 
fishes,  typical  of  the   family  Bathymasterida. 


Coast-rat  (Batliycrgus 


Ronquil  {Bathymaster  sitriiatits). 


The  only  known  Bpecies  Inhabits  water  ol  moderate  depth 
nboul  rocks  along  the  northern  Pacific  coast  south  to 
Puget  Sound,  and  is  popularly  known  as  the  ronquil  or 
rouchil. 


Bathymasteridse 

Bathymasteridae  (bath  L-mas-ter'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bathymaster  +  -nln.]  A  family  of  aean- 
thopterygiaii  fishes,  represent ed  by  the  genus 
Bathymaster,  arid  scarcely  distinct  from  Latili- 
dm  (which  see). 

bathymeter  (ba-thim'e-ter),  n.    [<  Gr. 
deep.   +   ptTpm;  a   measure.]     An  instrument 
for  taking  soundings  at  sea. 

bathymetric  (bath-i-met'rik),  a.  [<  bathyme- 
try t  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  bathymetry  or  the 
measurement  of  depths,  especially  at  sea. — 
Bathymetric  zone,  in  zobgeog.,  one  of  the  horizontal 
belts  .if  the  depths  of  the  sea  vertically  separated  by  their 
characteristic  fauna  and  Dora,  Five  such  zones  are  reck- 
oned: (1)  the  littoral,  between  tide-marks;  (-)  the  lam-i- 
narian.  from  low  water  t<>  about  15  fathoms;  (3)  the 
coratli iu\  from  that  to  about  50  fathoms;  (4)  the  deep-sea, 
from  that  to  about  3tX>;  (5)  the  abyssal,  from  that  to  the 
lowest  depths. 

bathymetrical  (bath-i-niet'ri-kal),  a.  Same  as 
bathymetric. 

bathymetrically  (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  As 
regards  bathymetry;  by  deep-sea  measurement 
or  sounding. 

bathymetry  (ba-thim'e-tri),  it.  [<  Gr.  J3a6vg, 
deep,  +  -/lerpia,  <  pirpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  sounding  or  of  measuring  depths  in  the  sea. 

bathyphon  (bath'i-fon),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single 
reed  and  a  wooden  tube,  and  a  compass  of 
nearly  three  octaves  from  the  third  1)  below 
middle  C.  It  was  invented  in  1829  in  Berlin, 
but  was  soon  supplanted  by  the  tuba. 

Bathythrissa  (bath-i-thris'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Badcc,  deep,  +  tipiaca,  Attic  dpirra,  a  certain  fish, 
otherwise  called  rpix'tac,  <  dpi!;  (rpix-),  hair.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Bathythrissida, 
containing  one  known  species  (Bathythrissa 
dorsalis)  of  deep-water  fishes  with  some  resem- 
blance to  a  herring  or  whitefish,  found  off  the 
coast  of  Japan. 

Bathythrissidae  (batk-i-thris'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Bathythrissa  +  -iibc]  A  family  of  malaeop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bathy- 
thrissa. They  have  an  oblong  body  and  rounded  abdo- 
men, covered  with  cycloid  scales  ;  the  margin  of  the  upper 
jaw  formed  by  the  intermaxillaries  mesially  and  by  the 
maxillaries  laterally  ;  complete  opercular  apparatus;  very 
elongate  dorsal  tin;  a  short  anal  tin  ;  the  stomach  witli  a 
blind  sac;  numerous  pyloric  appendages;  and  ductless 
ovaries. 

batiator-root  (bat'i-a-tor-rot"),  n.  The  root  of 
an  undetermined  Brazilian  plant,  used  as  an 
emetic  and  in  dysentery. 

Batides  (bat'i-dez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Balis  (a 
genus  of  fishes),  <  Gr.  Boris,  a  flat  fish,  perhaps 
the  skate  or  ray.]  The  rays,  as  an  order  of 
selachians.    L.  Agassiz.    See  Bairn. 

bating1  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bate1,  it.] 
The  act  of  beating  the  wings;  fluttering;  flut- 
tering away. 

bating2  ( ba'ting),  prep.  [Orig.  ppr.  of  bate2, 
for  abate;  now  regarded  as  a  prep.]  Abating; 
taking  away ;  deducting ;  excepting. 

Bating  the  outward  respect  due  to  his  birth,  they  treat- 
ed him  [the  Prince  of  CondeJ  very  hardly  in  all  his  preten- 
sions. Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1G77. 

bating3  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bate5,  v.] 
The  process  of  steeping  hides  and  skins  in 
an  alkaline  bath,  to  separate  the  lime,  oil,  and 
glutinous  matter,  and  render  them  soft  and 
pliable,  and  fit  for  tanning. 

batiste  (ba-tesf),  n.    [<  F.  batiste,  <  OF.  Imp- 

tiste ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  its  inventor, 
one  Bajitiste,  a  linen-weaver  of  Cambrai  (see 
cambric)  in  French  Flanders.]  A  fine  linen 
cloth  made  in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  of  three  dif- 
ferent kinds  or  thicknesses ;  a  kind  of  cambric. 
batlerJt  (bat'ler),  n.  [Appar.  for  battler*,  q.  v. 
Found  only  in  Shakspere,  with  a  var.  batlet.]  A 
small  bat  or  beetle  for  beating  clothes  in  wash- 
ing; a  clothes-pounder.  Also  called  ballet,  bat- 
th  r,  battril. 

I  remember  the  kissing  of  her  batter  [so  in  early  edi- 
tions, but  in  most  modern  editions  battet],  and  the  cow's 
dugs  that  her  pretty  chopped  hands  had  milked. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 

batler2t.    See  batteler. 

batlett  (bat'let),  n.  [<  baft  +  dim.  -let;  but 
perhaps  an  error  for  Outbid,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
batleA. 

batman1  (bat'-  or  ba'man),  «.;  pi.  batmen 
(-men).  [Formerly  aiso'oateman;  <  bat*  (F. 
bdt),  a  pack-saddle,  +  man.']  A  person  al- 
lowed by  the  government  to  every  company  of 
a  regiment  on  foreign  service.  His  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  etc.,  of  the  company. 
There  is  in  the  charge  of  the  batman  a  bathorse  for  each 
company  to  convey  the  cooking  utensils  from  place  to 
place.     Imp.  Diet.    [Great  Britain.] 

batman-  (bat'inan),  >i.  [=  Russ.  batmanu,  < 
Turk,   batman,  batman,  a  weight,  the  same  as 


•175 

the  Pers.  man :  see  maitnd-.]  A  Turkish  weight 
vaTyine  in  amount  in  different  localities.  The 
batman  formerly  Legal  throughout  the  empire,  now  used 
m  Constantinople  and  Smyrna,  is  17  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  great  batman  of  Constantinople  is  22.5  pounds;  the 
little  batman  is  5.6  pounds.  The  batman  of  Tabriz  Is  6.4 
pon nils  ;  (he  batman  ol  Shiraz  is  12.7  pounds  ;  the  batman- 
rei  "i  Teheran  is  28.8  pounds. 

bat-money,  baw-money  (bat'-  or  ba'-,  ba'- 

niun  i),  ii.  [<  bat±  +  money.]  .Money  paid  to 
a  batman. 

batoid  (bat'oid),  a.  and  n.      [<  Balis  (a  genus 
of  fishes)  +  -aid.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Batoidei, 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Batoidei. 

Batoidei  (ba-toi'de-I),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balis  (a 
genus  of  fishes)  +  -oideus,  pi.  -nidi  i,]  In  Giin- 
tlier's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of 
plagiostomatous  fishes  having  ventral  gill- 
openings:  synonymous  with  Hum. 

Batolites  (bat-o-U'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  bdton,  a 
staff  I  see  baton),  +  Gr.  '/ithc,  a  stone.]  A  genus 
of  straight  cylindrical  bivalve  fossil  shells,  al- 
lied to  the  hippurites.  Some  are  of  great  length, 
and  form  masses  of  rock  in  the  high  Alps.  Also 
written  Batolithes  and  Batolithus. 

batologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  n.  \<.*batology  (< 
Gr.  (iaroc,  a  bramble-bush,  +  -loyia,  <  'Aiyeiv, 
speak :  see  -ology)  +  -ist.]  A  botanist  who  has 
made  a  special  study  of  the  genus  Bubus,  or  the 
brambles,  the  numerous  European  species  of 
which  are  very  variable  and  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  determine. 

baton  (bat'on,  ba-tou',  or,  as  F.,  ba-ton'),  n. 
[This  word  appears  in  E.  in  various  forms ; 
first  as  boston  (<  OF.  boston  =  Sp.  boston  = 
Pg.  bastao  =  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  basto\n-),  a  stick, 
staff,  of  unknown  origin),  then  baton  (<  F.  bd- 
ton), with  accent  on  first  syllable,  also  spelled 
batton  and  batten  (see  batten-),  and  with  F.  ac- 
cent baton',  also  spelled  batoon,  battoon  (see 
batoon),  ami  recently,  esp.  in  the  musical  use, 
pronounced  as  F. :  see  baston,  battoon,  batten"*.] 

1.  A  staff  or  club ;  a  truncheon:  carried  either 
(a)  for  use  as  a  weapon,  as  a  policeman's  bat- 
on; (6)  as  a  mark  of  authority,  as  the  baton  of 
a  field-marshal ;  or  (c)  as  a  warrant  to  do 
something,  as  the  baton  or  staff  carried  in 
Great  Britain  by  the  engineer  of  a  train  on  a 
single-track  railway,  as  his  authority  to  pro- 
ceed.— 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  stick  or  wand  used 
by  the  leader  of  a  chorus  or  an  orchestra  in  di- 
recting the  performance. 

When  I  went  home  I  made  myself  a  baton,  and  went 
about  the  fields  conducting  an  orchestra.  Dickens. 

(ft)  A  rest  of  two  or  more  measures. — 3.  In 
her.,  same  as  baston,  1  (c). 

Also  spelled  button. 
To  wield  a  good  baton,  to  conduct  a  musical  perform- 
ance well. 

baton  (bat'on),  v.  t.     [<  baton,  ».]     To  strike 

with  a  baton;  cudgel. 
baton-cross  (bat'on-kros),  n.    In  her.,  same  as 

cross  potent  (which  see,  under  cross1), 
batoont  (ba-ton'),  n.     [An  older  form  of  baton, 

<  F.  bdton :  see  baton.  ]  1.  A  club  or  truncheon ; 
a  baton. 

Although  bis  shoulders  with  batoon 
Ke  claw  d  aiel  euilgell'd  to  some  tune. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  710. 

2.  A  staff  of  office.  SeeftatoH,  1. —  3.  Inher., 
same  as  baston,  1  (c). — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as 
baston,  2. 

bat-printing  (bat'prin''ting),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
mode  of  printing  patterns  in  color  upon  glazed 
ware.  An  engraving  on  copper  is  made  with  fine  lines, 
from  which  an  impression  is  taken  in  linseed-oil  on  a  thin 
slab  of  gelatin.  This  impression  is  transferred  to  the  glazed 
ware,  and  over  it  is  then  dusted  a  metallic  color,  which 

<  lings  to  tin  oil.  and  is  afterward  melted  and  fixed  by  br- 
ing.    See  (mil,  13. 

Batrachia  (ba-tra'ki-ii),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
Batrachia,  <  Gr.  Barpaxeia,  neut.  pi.  (sc.  fipa, 
animals)  of  Barpaxeioc,  frog-like,  <  jidrpaxoc,  a 
frog,  with  numerous  dialectic  variants,  8dpanoc, 
/}pdra,roc,  /?P°'"",V0C»  P°TPaX°<i)  Pp"TlX0^!  ftipdaKor, 
{iaflpanor,  etc.,  indicating  an  imitative  origin.] 
1.  Formerly,  as  inCuvier's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  reptiles,  containing  the  frogs, 
toads,  newts,  salamanders,  etc.,  and  coexten- 
sive with  the  modern  class  Amphibia  ;  the  am- 
phibians, or  those  vertebrates  which  breathe 
at  first  by  gills,  and  then,  generally,  lose  the 
gills  and  breathe  by  lungs. —  2.  Now,  an  order 
of  Amphibia,  synonymous  with  Anura"  (which 
see),  containing  the  frogs  and  toads  only,  or 
those  amphibians  which  lose  the  tail  as  well  as 
the  gills.  The  leading  families  are  the  PipidcB,  or  Suri- 
nam toads;  the  Eanidas,  frogs;  the  Bufonidce,  ordinary 
toads ;  and  the  Jlylidce,  tree-frogs.    See  cut  uuder  A  num. 


batster 

batrachian  (ba-tra'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Batra- 
ilini  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ba- 
trachia, especially  frogs  and  toads. 

The  batrachian  hymns  from  the  neighboring  swamp. 

ii.  W.  uolmee,  Autocrat,  ix. 

II.  a.  <  loo  of  the  Batrachia. 

batrachid  (bat'ra-kid),  ii.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Balracliiilu. 

Batrachidae  (ba-trak'i  ilo  i.  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ba- 
trachus  +  -nin .]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bat  melius,  with  un- 
armed cheeks,  a  dorsal  fin  developed  and  com- 
posed  of  a  few  sharp  spines,  and  jugular  and 
imperfect  ventral  tins.  The  species  are  mostly  inhabi- 
tants of  subtropical  or  temperate  seas,  and  are  known  in 
North  America  as  l<«i<l  '    h, ...     See  cut  under  toad 

batrachite  (bat'ra-kit),  n.  [<  L.  bnlriirliitis,  < 
Gr.  tiaTpax'iT7]c,  a  frog-green  stone,  <  /Urpaxoc,  a 
frog.]  1.  A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling 
a  frog;  toadstone. — 2.  A  mineral  identical 
with  the  Vesuvian  montieellite  (which  see),  be- 
longing to  the  chrysolite  group. 

batrachoid  (bat'ra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  * (iarpaxou- 
<5')f,  contr.  jiaTpaxiniijQ,  frog-like,  <  jSii-paxoc,  a 
frog,  +  fMof,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
frog;  pertaining  to  the  Batrachia. 

batracholite  (ba-trak'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^lirpaxoc, 
a  frog,  +  '/.idoc,  a  stone.]     A  fossil  batrachian. 

batrachomyomachy  (bat  ra-ko-mi-om'a-M),  n. 
[<L.  Batrachomyomachia,  <Gr.  jiarpaxopvopaxia, 
name  of  a  mock-heroic  poem  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Homer,  <  (iarpaxog,  a  frog,  +  pic,  = 
E.  mouse,  +  pdxi,  a  battle.]  A  battle  between 
the  frogs  and  mice  ;  specifically  (cap.),  the  title 
of  an  ancient  Greek  parody  on  the  Iliad. 

batrachophagous  I  bat-ra-kof  'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
jldrpaxor,  a  frog,  +  ipayeiv,  eat.]  Feeding  on 
frogs;  frog-eating;  ranivorous. 

Batrachophidia(bat  ra-ko-fid'i-a),n.j)Z.  [NL., 
(.  Gr.  iiiirpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  oipic,  a  serpent:  see 
ophidian.]  An  order  of  Amphibia  represented 
by  the  family  Caciliidw:  same  as  Ophiomorpha. 
Also  Batracliiijihiiiii. 

batrachophobia  (bat"ra-ko-fo'bi-a),  n.  [<  Gr. 
[larpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  -<po,iia!  <  ipojitiv,  fear.] 
Dread  of  batraehians  ;  aversion  to  toads,  frogs, 
etc.     [Rare.] 

Batrachopsida  (bat-ra-kop'si-dS),  ri.pl.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  lidrpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  oftc,  appearance,  + 
elihc,  form.]  A  primary  group  or  superclass  of 
Vertebrata,  conterminous  with  the  class  Am- 
phibia, contrasted  with  Sauropsida. 

Batrachospermeae  ( bat"ra-ko-sper'me-e),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Batrachospermum  '+  -me.']'  •*■  small 
group  of  fresh-water  alga)  classed  with  the  red 
seaweeds,  consisting  of  articulated  filaments 
with  whorls  of  necklace-like  branches.  The 
principal  genus  is  Batrachospermum,  sparingly 
represented  in  the  United  States. 

Batrachospermum  (batra-ko-sper'mum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iti-paxoc,  a  frog,  +  o-nippa,  seed.] 
A  genus  of  algse,  belonging  to  the  order  of  red 
seaweeds,  Floridece,  and  family  Batrachospt  r- 
meee.  BatrachoBpermum  monil^forme  is  the  commonest 
of  the  few  red  algre  which  are  found  in  fresh  water.  It 
consists  of  necklace-like  branching  filaments  tinged  with 
some  shade  of  red  or  sometimes  only  grass-green,  and 
grows  in  ditches  and  springs. 

batrachostomous  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  a.     [< 

Gr.  fiaTpaxoe,  a  frog,  +  crdpa,  mouth.]     Frog- 
mouthed;   having  a  mouth  like  a  frog:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  birds   of   the  genus  Ba- 
trachostomus. 
Batrachostomus  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  jidrpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  cripa,  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  East  Indian  fissirostral  picarian  birds, 
of  the  family  Caprimulijidic,  or  goatsuckers, 
sometimes  combined  with  Podargusin  a  family 
I'oilaripda;  the  frogmouths,  or  frog-mouthed 
goatsuckers:  so  called  from  the  enormous  ex- 
tent of  the  mouth.  The  genus  includes  a  number  of 
species  of  India,  Java,  Borneo,  Ceylon,  Malacca,  etc.,  which 
are  among  the  very  largest  and  most  notable  of  the  capri- 
mulgine  series.  />'.  jaranciisi*  is  a  leadim.'  species.  ISvia- 
bycietoma  and  Bombycistomue  arc  synonyms. 

Batrachus  (bat'ra-kus),  n.  [L..<  Gr.  jid-paxoc,  a 
frog:  see  Bati-achia.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Batrachidw,  containing  the 
toad-fish,  B.  tan,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
several  closely  related  species.     See  toud-tisli. 

bat-shell  (bat'shel),  n.  [<  ba&  +  shell.]  A 
mollusk,  a  species  of  Voluta,  V,  vespertilio,  of  a 
dusky-brown  color. 

batsman  (bats'man),  n.;  pi.  batsmen  (-men). 
[<  bat's,  poss.  of  baO,  +  man.  J  One  who  wields 
the  bat  in  base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar 
games;  a  batter. 

batster  (bat'ster),  n.  [<  bat1,  r.,  +  -ster.]  A 
batsman  or  batter. 


476 

fourth  in  reserve  fr which  losses  in  the  others  are 

filled.  Formerly  the  regiments  ol  the  i  nited  stales 
army,  then  consisting  of  twelve  companies,  were  divided 
into  three  battalions :  but  now  each  regiment  of  ten  com- 
panies constitutes  a  Bingle  battalion. 

battalioned  (ba-tal'yond),  a.  [<  battalion  + 
-etl".]     Formed  into  battalions. 

batteau,  n.    See  bateau. 


batt 

batt,  ».  An  obsolete  spelling  of  bat1,  still  ocea- 
sionallv  used  in  Borne  senses.    See  6a*1,  10,  11. 

batta1  (bat'S),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  formerly  also 
battel  (cf.  buttii-),  Pg.bata  (later  in  Hind.,  etc., 
bhatd,  hlujtii,  allowance  for  maintenance),  per- 
haps <  Canarese  bhatta,  rice  in  the  husk  (see 
6o%2),  generalized  to  '  subsistence.']    In  Brit-  _ 

ish  India:    (a)    Subsistence-money   given    to  battelH,  «■  and  v.     bee  bat 
soldiers,  witnesses,  prisoners,  and  'others.    (6)  battel'-t,  v.     See  battle*. 
An  allowance  in  addition   to  their  pay  origi-  battel3t,  "•  and  V. 
nallv   made   to   troops    serving   in    the    field. 
"Mifitarj   batta,  originally  an  occasional  allowance,  us 
defined,  grew  to  be  a  constant  addition  to  the  pay  of  offi- 
cers in  India,  and  constituted  the  chiel  part  of  the  excess 
of  Indian  over  English  military  emoluments."    [Yuleand 
Bv    .  "  i    It  was  reduced  one  halt  by  the  governor-gen- 
eral Lord  William  Bentinck  in  1828. 

batta-  (bat'a),   n.      [Anglo-Ind.  Hind,  batta, 

Beng.   batta  "(cerebral   t).]     In  British  India, 
agio;  discount;  difference  of  exchange, 
battablet  (bat'a-bl),  a.     [<  bat-  in  battled,  bat, 
te  ' 

version 
as  pasture.    Also  spelled  ba  table, 

M««ini«a«  made  many  inward  parts  of  Barbarj  and  Nu- 
midia  in  Afri.k  (before  his  linn*,  incult  and  horrid)  fruit- 
ful and  battabU  by  this  means. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader. 

battage  (ba-tazh'),  «.  [F.,  <  battre,  beat:  see 
bateK]     1.  Beating;  the  operation  of  beating. 


See  batikA. 
battel4  (bat'l),  n.     [Usually  in  pi.  battels,  also 
battles,  battells,  first  found  in  the  16th  century, 
Latinized  batilli,  batellw;    a  peculiar  college 
use,  of  uncertain  origin.     The  sense  of  'provi- 
sions'appears  much  later  than  that  of  '  charges  batten2  (bat'n),  o.  t.     [<  batten",  ».] 
therefor,' but,  if  original,  suggests  a  connection     or   fasten  with   battens — To  batten 
with  battA  !'■'<  batth  '•'•.' r.,  feed  :  see  battle^.']    1.  pi.     hatches  of  a  ship,  to  cover  them  with  tarpaulins  and  nail 
At  the  university  of  Oxford  in  England :  (a)  Col-     pattens  over  their  edges,  so  as  to  prevent  water  from  leak- 
juraoiuu.cujiij^w     v  p  \   /  mg  below  during  bad  weather. 

lege  accounts  for  board  and  provisions  supplied  batten.door  (bat'n-dor),  n.    A  door  made  of 

narrow  boards  held  together  by  means  ot  cross- 
battens  nailed  to  them. 
[He]  stepped  cautiously  up  to  one  of  the  batten  doors 


batter 

way,  to  prevent  leaking  in  stormy  weather,  (i  |  \  wooden 
bar  or  cleat  nailed  to  the  beam  of  a  ship,  from  which  the 

seamen's  ban :ks  are  slung.    (/)One  ol  the  long  slips 

used  m  the  molding-loft  of  a  ship-yard  in  tracing  lines 
and  setting  fair  the  shear  of  a  ship  in  molding. 

2.  In  com.,  squared  timber  of  6  or  more  feet 
in  length,  7  inches  in  width,  and  2\  inches 
in  thickness,  used  in  carpentry  and  house- 
building for  various  purposes.  Pieces  less 
than  6  feet  long  are  known  as  batten-ends. — 

3.  In  wearing,  the  beam  for  striking  the  weft 

home;  a  lathe Louvered  or  loovered  battens, 

battens  fitted  in  frames,  or  between  stanchions,  iii  parti- 
tions, eli.,  at  swell  an  angle  as  to  admit  air.  and  yet  to  pre- 
vent dirt  from  entering.  Fineham,  Ship-building,  iv.  83. 
See  louver. 

To  form 
down  the 


from  the  kitchen  and  buttery,  (b)  The  whole 
'M1,  etc..  +  -able:  perhaps,  like  batful,  a  per-  0f  the  college  accounts  for  board  and  lodgings, 
ersion  of  battle3,  a.]     Fattening ;  serviceable     rates,   tuition,   and   contributions   to  various 

funds. — 2.  At  Eton  college,  a  small  allowance 
of  food  which,  in  addition  to  the  college  allow- 
ance, the  collegers  receive  from  their  dames. 
Richardson. 
battel4  (bat'l),  v.  i.  [<  battel*,  ».]  To  stand 
indebted  in  the  college-books  at  Oxford   for 


•    nrovisions  and  drink  from  the  buttery. 
2.  In  agn,,  threshing- 3    The  operation  of     ^  ft       „       ,„„„,.•  ,„„,,.,  . 

ltrorwinir  nr  llicfivrinratintr  the  llll'redieilts  Ol     u~ "       -  . .' ».    .    .    L.  ,-,       ..        .  '    .       -,        Z-i /■*_/•: 


pulverizing  or  incorporating  the  ingredients  of 
gunpowder  by  the  old  method  of  stamping  with 
pestles. 

Also  wrongly  spelled  batage. 
battailantt,  a.  and  n.     [Also  batteilant,  battel- 
lant,  <  P.  bataillant,  ppr.  of  bataiCler,  combat: 
see  battle1,  ».]    I.  a.  Combatant. 

1  saw  an  Elephant, 
Adorn'd  with  liells  and  bosses  gorgeouslie, 
That  on  his  backe  did  beare  (as  batteilant) 
A  gilden  towre,  which  shone  exceedinglie. 

Spenser,  World's  Vanitie,  St.  8. 

II.   n.  A  combatant. 
battailoust  (bat'e-lus),  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
battelous,  battell, ins.  battlous,  etc.,  <  ME.  batai 


< 
batteli,  battle*,  +  -erl.]  1 .  A  student  at  Oxford 
indebted  in  the  college-books  for  provisions 
and  drink  at  the  buttery.— 2.  One  of  a  rank  or 
order  of  students  at  Oxford  below  commoners; 
a  poor  student. 

Pierce  Pemiyless,  exceeding  poor  scholar,  that  hath  made 

clean  shoes  in  both  universities,  and  been  a  pitiful  battler 

all  thy  lifetime.  Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 

battement  (bat'ment ;  F.  pron.  bat-e-moii'),  n. 


with  aii  auger,  ami  succeeded,  without  arousing  any  one, 
in  boring  a  hole.     0.  W.  Cable,  The  Grandissimes,  p.  407. 

battening  (bat'ning).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bat- 
ten".} 1.  The  operation  of  fixing  to  a  wall  bat- 
tens, to  which  are  to  be  nailed  laths  to  receive 
plastering. —  2.  The  battens  fixed  to  a  wall  for 
this  purpose. 

batter1  (bat'er),  v.  [<  ME.  bateren,  batren, 
with  freq.  formative  -er,  <  bat-  (repr.  in  ME.  by 
halm  (only  intrans.)  in  the  sense  of  bale  or 
flutter  as  a  hawk  (see  bate1);  in  later  ME. 
and  mod.  E.  regarded  as  freq.  of  bat  (late  ME. 
batten),  from  the  noun  bat1,  which  may  be  of 
the  same  ult.  origin),  <  OF.  batre,  F.  battre  = 
Pr.  batre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  bater  =  It.  batten , 
<  ML.  (LL.)  batere,  battere  for  L.  bettuere,  bat- 
tuere,  beat,  strike:  see  bate1,  battle1,  etc.    Not 


[F.,<  battre,  beat:' see  bate1,  bat1,  and  -ment.]     eonneCted  with  E.  beat1.}     I.  trans.  1.  To  beat 


1.  A  beating;  striking;  impulse.— 2.  In  music, 
a  trill-like  ornament,  consisting  of  a  slow  shake 
of  a  tone  with  the  next  tone  below,  beginning 
vith  the  latter :  common  in  old-fashioned  music 


Urns,    batelouse,    hat,  lions,    <    OF.    bataillous,  batten1  (bat'n),  v.     [Not  found  in  ME.,  but 

prob.  existent  dialectally;  <  Icel.  batna,  grow 
better,  improve,  recover,  =  Goth,  ga-batnan,  be 
bettered,  profit,  avail,  a  neut.  passive  form  from 
the  pp.  'batons  of  a  lost  strong  verb,  'baton 
(pret.  *bot),  be  useful,  profit,  boot,  represented 
secondarily  by  D.  MLG.  LG.  baten,  profit,  avail, 
help,  and  in  E.  by  the  derived  forms  bet1,  bet- 
ter1, and  boot1:  see  bet1,  better1,  and  boot1.  A 
noun,  *bat,  improvement,  profit  (cf.  Icel.  bati, 
improvement,  advantage,  D.  boat,  MLG.  LG. 
bate,  advantage,  profit,  gain),  is  implied  as  the 
formal  base  of  the  adjectives  batful,  bailable, 
but  these  are  appar.  manipulated  forms  of  the 
orig.  adj.  battle3,  from  the  verbal  root.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  become  better;  improve  in  condi- 
tion (especially  by  feeding) ;  grow  fat;  thrive. 

It  makes  her  fat,  you  see ;  she  battens  with  it. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  feed  gluttonously;  figuratively,  gratify 
a  morbid  appetite  or  craving;  gloat:  absolute- 
ly, or  with  on  or  upon. 

Have  you  eyes  ? 
Could  von  on  this  fair  mountain  leave  to  feed, 
Aud  batten  on  this  moor?  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

Her  savage  birds 
O'er  human  carcasses  do  scream  anil  batta).    ./.  ISaillie. 
The  moths,  that  were  then  battening  upon  its  obsolete 
ledgers  and  day-books,  have  rested  from  their  depreda- 
tions. Lamb,  South-Sea  House. 
Melancholy  sceptics  .  .  .  who   batten   on   the   hi. Icons 
facts  in  history.       Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude,  .v..  220. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  thrive;  prosper;  live  in 
ease  and  luxury,  especially  at  the  expense  in- 
to the  detriment  of  others:  witli  on,  formerly 
also  with:  as,  to  batten  on  ill-gotten  gains. 

And  with  these  thoughts  so  battens,  as  if  fate 

Would  he  as  easily  cheated  on  as  he. 

/;.  Jonson,  \  olpone,  i.  1. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  improve  by  feeding;    fat- 
ten ;  make  fator  cause  to  thrive  with  plenteous 

tee. ling. 

Batti  oni'i  our  docks  with  the  fresh  dews  of  night. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  29. 

2t.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  (the  soil). 

English  spelling 


bateillous,   warlike,    <   bataille,  battle.]     War- 
like ;  bellicose  ;  ready  for  battle. 

In  sunbright  amies,  and  battalions  array. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  2. 
The  French  came  foremost,  battailous  and  bold. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  i.  37. 
Thoughts  and  images  like  stately  fleets,  .  .  .  somedeep 
with  silk  and  spicerv,  some  brooding  over  the  silent  thun- 
ders of  their  battailous  armaments. 

LoweU,  Among  my  Books,  ii.  241. 

battaliat  (ba-ta'liii),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ba- 
talia,  baiallia,  battaglio,  etc.,  <  It.  battaglia  (= 
Sp.  batalla  =  Pg.  Pr.  batalha  =  OF.  bataille,  > 
E.  battle1),  battle,  squadron:  see  battle1.']  1. 
Order  of  battle  ;  battle  array. 

I  have  made  all  his  troops  and  companies 
Advance,  and  put  themselves  ranged  in  battalia. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iii.  1. 
2.  Milit. :  (a)  A  large  body  of  men  in  order  of 
battle  or  on  the  march,  whether  a  whole  army 
or  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  it;  a  host;  an 
army. 

A'.  Rich.    Who  bath  descried  the  number  of  the  traitors? 
Nor.  six  ..r  seven  thousand  is  their  utmost  power. 
K  Rich.    \\  by,  our  battalia  trebles  that  account. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
[This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios  ;  the  quarto  editions  read 
biatot 

In  three  battaliat  does  the  king  dispose 

His  strength,   which  all  in  ready  elder  stand, 
And  t.i  each  other's  rescue  near  at  hand. 

May,  Edward  III. 

(b)  The  main  body  or  center  of  an  army. 

Weequickl)  plac'd  Jockey  in  the  rigid  wing,  sir  John 
in  th.  |.  it  win  j   and  Old  Nick  in  the  Battalia. 

Sn,c  Decretal,  14.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

battalion  (ba-tal'ypn),  «.  [Formerly  also  l>a- 
tallion,  bataillon,  etc.,  <  F.  bataillm,  <  It.  bat- 
taglione,  battalion,  aug.  of  battaglia,  a  battle, 
squadron:  see  battalia,  batth'.]  If.  An  ai-niy 
in  battle  array. 

He    t  :.  ii.e.l   HleS 

Darts  in    ex] I  Boon  traverse 

I  be  v,  hole  battalion  views.        Milton,  v.  L.,  i.  569. 

2.  In  genera!,  nnv  .list  inct  portion  of  nn  army 
or  minor  body  of  troops  acting  together:  ns, 
(lo.l  is  on  the  side  of  the  largest  battalions  (a 


*■*  *>  T"  *  S  ^gSSb^i,  prev&iTL  ti 

infantry,  cavalry,  grenadiers,  voltlgeurs, etc.   Iii 

tie-  i mi'.!  -t.ii.     t  v more  detached  companie   "i  in 

faulty,  squadrons  of  cavalrj   orbatterie   ofartillerj    en 

in-  together  are  called  a  ha  It  alien,  -iini.li  foi  COnvi  nee. 

3.   Technically,    a    body  of  infantry  composed 

of  two  or  more mpanies  forming  part  of  a 

regiment,  or  sometimes  constituting  a  whole 
regiment.  In  European  armies  an  infantry  regiment  is 
usually  divided  into  three  battalions,  sometimes  with  a 


uses  of  the  word:  see  baton,  batoon,  boston.] 
1.    A   strip  or  scantling  of  wood.    Specifically 
(a)  \  bar  nailed  across  parallel  boards  (as  those  formings 
door  shutter,  etc.)  to  keep  them  together.    (6)  Oneof  the 

strips  used  as  supports  for  the  laths  of  a  plastered  wall. 

or  tor  nailing  over  tl ra.k-  between  boards,    (e)  One  ..f 

the  narrow  strips  nailed  to  a  mast  or  spar,  at  a  place  ex- 

1 1  I.,  friction,  t"  prevent  chafing.     <.')  A  narrow  strip 

used  to  nail  dowu  the  edges  of  a  tarpaulin  over  a  hatch.- 


upon  or  against ;  strike  with  repeated  blows ; 
pound  violently,  as  with  the  fist,  a  hammer  or 
bludgeon,  a  battering-ram,  cannon-shot,  etc.: 
as,  to  batter  a  door  for  admittance;  to  batter 
the  walls  of  a  city  (with  or  without  effect). 
The  thunderer,  whose  holt,  you  know, 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebellious  coasts. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  V.  4. 
[The]  whole  artillery  of  the  western  blast, 
Battering  the  Temple's  front,  its  long  drawn  nave, 
Smiting  as  if  each  moment  were  their  but 

Wordsn-ortlt,  Cave  of  Statfa. 

2.  To  bruise,  break,  or  shatter  by  beating ;  in- 
jure the  substance  of  by  blows ;  pound  out  of 
form  or  condition:  as,  to  batter  a  person's 
countenance  ;  a  battered  wall  or  tower ;  to  bat- 
ter type  (that  is,  bruise  the  face  of  it). 

\,i»  were  the  walls  beat  en  with  the  ranis,  and  many  parts 
thereof  shaken  and  hotter,,!.    Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 

3.  In  forging,  to  spread  outwardly,  as  the  ends 
of  a  metal  bar  or  rod,  by  hammering ;  upset. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  by  beating  or  striking; 
use  repeated  blows ;  practise  pounding :  as,  to 
batter  away  at  a  door ;  to  batter  upon  a  wall ; 
battering  cannon. 

With  all  her  battering  engines  bent  to  rase 
Some  capital  city.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  ii.  923. 

Besiegers  break  ground  at  a  safe  distance,  aud  advance 

gradually  till  near igh  to  batter. 

Abp.  Whately,  Elem.  of  Rhetoric,  I.  iii.  §  5. 
To  batter  at,  to  make  attacks  upon ;  try  to  overthrow  or 
destroy. 

The  tyrant  has  not  batter'd  at  their  peace? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
To  batter  in  breach.    (<0  To  direct  a  heavy  earn le 

from  a  breaching  battery  against  a  selected  part  of  the 
wall  ..r  rampart  inclosing  an  enemy's  fortification,  in 
Order  to  level  or  destroy  it,  and  make  an  i  tleetive  breach 
or  opening  through  Which  an  assault  in  force  may  he 
made.  ((<)  Specifically,  to  attempt  to  breach  an  en.  my's 
works  by  means  ..I  a  battery  mounted  in  the  third  para] 
lei.      To   hatter  in   breach,  a  sufficient  number  of  guns 

should  he  employed  to  maintain  a  practically tinuous 

tire,  so  as  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  repairing  tin-  dam- 
age, and  to  obtain  th.'  cumulative  effect  due  to  heavy 
Bring  against  a  single  point.  Breaching  is  sometimes  ac- 
complished by  tiring   simultaneous  or  alternate  volleys 

from  two  or  I 'e  batteries. 

batter1  (bat'er),  n.  [<  batter1,  ».]  1.  A  heavy 
blow.—  2.  In  printing,  a  blur  or  defect  m  a 
she.!  produced  by  battered  type ;  a  spot  show- 
ing the  broken  si :ite  of  the  type.—  3.  inceram., 
a  mallet  used  to  flatten  out  wet  clay  before 
molding.    See  batting-block. 

batter-  (bat'er),  v.  i.  [Origin  unknown;  per- 
haps connected  in  some  way  with  baiter1,  or 
with  V.  aba  lire,  beat  down.]  To  incline  from 
the  perpendicular:  said  of  a  wall  whose  face 
recedes  us  il  rises:  opposeil  to  art  rhting. 
Retaining  and  breast  walls  halter  towards  the  hank. 

JJ.  U.  Knight,  Amer.  Jleeh.  Diet.,  I.  247. 


batter 

batter:!  (bat'er),  n.  [<  ME.  hater,  batere,  batow, 
bature,  <  <  >F.  bntitrr,  a  beating)  metal  beaten 
out  thin,  <  batre,  bent;  of.  Sp.  batido,  batter,  < 
batir,  beat:  see  batter1,  Cf.  batture.]  1.  A 
mixture  of  several  ingredients,  as  Hour,  eggs, 
salt,  etc.,  beaten  together  with  some  liquid, 
used  in  cookery. — 2.  Flour  and  water  made 
iuto  paste ;  specifically,  tho  paste  used  in  sizing 
cloth.     [Scotch.] 

batter3  (bat'er),  v.  t  [So.,  <  batter^,  ».,  2.]  To 
paste  together;  cover  with  things  pasted  on: 
as,  to  batU  r  the  walls  with  placards.    [Scotch.] 

batter1  (bat'er),  n.  [<  bat1,  v.,  +  -ir1.]  One 
who  bats;  especially,  in  base-ball  and  cricket, 
one  who  wields  tho  bat ;  the  batsman. 

He  [the  bowler]  bowls  a  ball  almost  wide  to  the  off;  the 
batter  steps  out,  and  cuts  it  beautifully  to  where  cover- 
point  is  standing. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

battered  (bat'erd),  71.  a.  [<  batter1  +  -ed2.] 
Beateu  down  or  bruised ;  worn  or  impaired,  as 
by  beating  or  long  service :  as,  a  battered  pave- 
ment; battered  type ;  a  battered  jade. 

The  Tory  party,  according  to  those  perverted  views  of 
Toryism  unhappily  too  long  prevalent  in  this  country, 
was  held  to  be  literally  defunct,  except  by  a  few  old  bat- 
tered crones  of  office.  Disraeli. 

batterer  (bat'er-er),  n.  One  who  batters  or 
beats. 

batterfangt,  ».  '■  [Appar.  <  batter1  +  fang.'] 
To  assail  with  fists  and  nails ;  beat  and  beclaw. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.]     N.  E.  D. 

batter-head  (bat'er-hed),  n.  That  head  of  a 
drum  which  is  beaten. 

batteriat  (ba-te'ri-a),  ».  [ML.:  see  battery, 
13.]  Beaten  metal,  or  metal  prepared  for  beat- 
ing: a  term  used  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
seventeenth  century  for  tho  thin  plate-metal  of 
which  vessels  and  utensils  were  made.  See  bat- 
tery,  13. 

batterie  (bat'er-i),  re.  [F.,  a  beating,  etc.:  see 
battery.']  1.  A  roll  upon  the  side-  or  snare- 
drum. —  2.  A  method  of  playing  tho  guitar  by 
striking  the  strings  instead  of  plucking  them. — 
3.  An  obsolete  designation  for  a  staccato  arpeg- 
giation  of  the  chords  of  an  accompaniment. 
Compare  A  Ihcrti  bass  (under  bass3)  and  arpeggio. 

battering  (bat'er-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  batter*.] 
Sloping  upward  and  inward,  as  a  terrace  or 
bank. 

The  system  of  its  construction  is  that  known  as  pyram- 
idal or  battering.  Athenceunl,  No.  3067,  p.  182. 

battering-charge  (bat'er-ing-charj),  n.  The 
maximum  charge  of  powder  prescribed  for  use 
in  heavy  guns ;  a  charge  used  in  battering  an 
enemy's  works. 

battering-gun  (bat'er-ing -gun),  n.  Same  as 
battering-piece. 

battering-piece  (bat'er-ing-pes),  it.  Milit.,  a 
cannon  of  heavy  caliber  adapted  for  demolish- 
ing defensive  works. 

battering-ram  (bat'er-ing-ram),  k.  1.  An  an- 
cient military  engine  consisting  of  a  large  beam 
shod  with  metal,  sometimes  with  a  head  some- 
what resembling  the  head  of  a  ram  (whence  the 
name),  used  to  batter  or  beat  down  the  defenses 
of  besieged  places.  In  its  simplest  form  it  was  car- 
ried and  forcibly  driven  against  the  wall  by  the  hands  of 
the  soldiers,  but  more  commonly  it  was  suspended  by  ropes 
from  a  beam  which  was  supported  by  posts,  and  balanced 
so  as  to  swing  backward  and  forward,  being  in  this  way 
impelled  against  the  wall  with  much  more  ease  and  effect. 
It  was  also  often  mounted  on  wheels  and  worked  under 
cover,  the  assailants  being  protected  by  a  movable  shed 
from  the  missiles  of  the  besieged. 
2.  A  heavy  blacksmiths'  hammer,  suspended, 
and  worked  horizontally. 

battering-rule,  «.    See  batter-rule. 

battering-train  (bat'er-ing-triin),  n.  Milit.,  a 
train  of  heavy  ordnance  for  siege  operations. 

batter-level  (bat'er-lev"el),  11.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  inclination  of  a  slope.  See 
clinometer. 

batter-rule,  battering-rule  (bat'er-rol,  -ing- 
rol),  n.  An  instrument  for  regulating  the  bat- 
ter or  inclination  in  building  a  sloping  wall. 
It  consists  of  a  plumb-line  attached  to  a  triangular  frame, 
one  side  of  which  is  fixed  at  the  required  angle  with  the 
line,  the  plummet  hanging  vertically. 

Battersea  enamel.    See  enamt  I. 

battery  (bat'er-i),  n. ;  pi.  batteries  (,-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  batery,  batterie,  <  F.  batterie  (=  Pr. 
bataria  =  Sp.  Pg.  bateria  =  It.  batteria ;  ML. 
batteria),  a  beating,  battery,  <  hattrc.  beat:  seo 
batter1  and  -ery.]  If.  The  act  of  battering;  at- 
tack or  assault,  with  the  view  of  beating  down, 
as  by  a  battering-ram  or  by  ordnance. 

At  one  place  above  the  rest,  by  continual  batterie  there 
was  such  a  breach  as  the  towne  lay  open  and  naked  to  the 
eneniie.  llultand,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 


477 

Bring  therefore  all  the  forces  that  ye  may, 
And  lay  incessant '"("- 1  ii  to  her  heart 

Speruer,  Sonnets,  \iv. 

Long  lour  you  fought,  redoubled  battery  bore, 
But,  after  all,  against  yourself  von  swore. 

n,  ,„i,  a.  Hind  and  Panther,  I.  626. 

2.  In  lair,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another. 
The  least  degree  of  violence,  or  ei  en  the  touching  or  spit 
ting  in  the  [ace  of  another,  in  anger  or  Insolence,  consti- 
tutes a  I  lattery.  Every  battery  includes  an  assault,  though 
an  assault  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  it  must  be  such 

as  to  threaten  a  battery.      See  assault. 

3.  The  instrument  or  agency  employed  in  bat- 
tering or  tit  tucking:  as,  a  battery  of  guns;  a 
battery  of  abuse.  Specifically — 4.  Milit.:  (a) 
A  body  of  cannon  for  field  operations,  consist- 
ing generally  of  from  4  to  8  guns,  with  com- 
plement of  wagons,  artillerymen,  etc.  (h)  The 
armament  of  a  ship  of  war:  as,  the  Colorado's 
battery  consists  of  4(3  nine-inch  guns. —  5.  The 
personnel  or  complement  of  officers  and  men 
attached  to  a  military  battery. —  6.  Ltt  fort,  a 
parapet  thrown  up  to  cover  the  gunners  and 
others  from  the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns 
employed;  a  fortified  work  mounting  artillery. 

Admiral  Farragut  had  run  the  batteries  at  Port  Hudson 
with  the  flagship  Hartford  and  one  iron-clad  and  visited 
me  from  below  Vicksburg. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  464. 

7.  In  base-ball,  the  pitcher  and  catcher  together : 
as,  the  work  of  the  battery  was  excellent. — 

8.  (a)  In  f fictional  elect.,  a  number  of  Leyden 


Leyden-jar  Battery. 

jars  usually  arranged  with  their  inner  coatings 
connected  together,  and  their  outer  coatings 
also  connected,  so  that  they  may  all  be  charged 
and  discharged  at  the  same  time,  if  arranged  so 
that  the  inner  coating  of  one  is  in  connection  with  the 
outer  coating  of  the  next,  and  so  on,  they  are  said  to  be 
charged  (or  discharged)  in  cascade.     (J))    Tn    voltaic 


Voltaic  Plunge-battery. 

elect.,  a  voltaic  cell,  or  more  properly  a  num- 
ber of  voltaic  cells  (see  cell)  arranged  together 
so  as  to  give  a  powerful  current  of  electricity. 
The  way  in  which  the  cells  are  coupled 
depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  cur- 
rent which  is  desired  and  the  relation 
between  the  external  and  internal  re- 
sistance. (See resistance.)  Forexample, 
if  the  cells  are  arranged  in  series,  tin 
copper  of  the  first  with  the  zinc  of  Hie 
next,  and  so  on,  the  result  is  tn  give 
the  maximum  electromotive  force;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  arranged  abreast,  all 
the  zincs  being  connected  together, 
and  all  the  copper  plates  togethe)  the 
electromotive  force  i.s  the  same  as  for 
a  single  cell,  but  the  internal  or  bat 
tery  resistance  is  diminished,  and  hence 
the  strength  of  the  current  or  the  quan- 
tity of  electricity  may,  under  certain 
conditions,  be  much  increased.  The 
first  method  is  sometimes  spoken  of 
in  popular  language  as  the  arrange- 
ment for  intensity,  the  second  for 
quantify.  An  early  form  of  battery 
was  Volta's  vile,  and  another  his  emi 
rniiiie  iles  tosses,  or  "crown  of  cups." 
The  different  kinds  of  battery  arc 
named  according  to  the  materials  or  the  form  of  the  cells 
of  which  they  are  composed,  or  the  way  in  which  the  cells 
are  arranged.  Some  of  the  commoner  kinds  are  the 
Daniell.  Grove,  Bunsen,  l.e  Clanchi,  gravity,  bichromate, 
etc.  For  a  description  of  these  and  i  itlurs.  see  cell. 
9.  In  optics,  a  series  of  lenses  or  of  prisms, 
as  in  the  spectroscope,  combined  in  use. — 10. 


Volta's  Pile  or  Bat- 

tery. 

/.  positive  wire  ;  n, 

negative  wire. 


battery 

In  much.,  an  assemblage  of  similar  construc- 
tions or  parts:  as,  a  battery  of  boilers;  a,  battery 
of  st :i in] is  in  a  stamping-mill;  a  battery  of 
sugar-kettles. 

Tbe  dark  sugar-house;  thebattery  of  huge  caldrons,  with 
their  yellow  juice  boiling  like  a  sea,  half-hidden  in  clouds 
of  steam.  G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  112. 

11.  In  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid,  a  com- 
bination of  large  bottles  and  carboys  serving 
as  a  condensing  apparatus  for  the  acid  vapors. 
— 12.  In  hat-making,  a  large  open  boiler  con- 
taining water  to  which  some  sulphuric  acid 
has  been  added.  It  is  surrounded  by  planks 
which  slope  toward  the  center,  and  is  used 
in  felting. — 13.  Metals,  or  articles  of  metal, 
especially  of  brass  or  copper,  wrought  by  ham- 
mering; hammered  metals  or  utensils;  espe- 
cially, apparatus  for  preparing  or  serving  meals ; 
all  metallic  utensils  of  service  for  the  kitchen. 
Compare  batteria. 

Soon  our  tea  battery  came  in,  and  she  [the  maid-servant] 
was  forced  to  surrender  the  tabic  fur  our  use.  The  first 
instruments  of  the  aforesaid  battery  looked  like  prepara- 
tions for  scrubbing  the  floor.    Harper's  Mag.,  LXVI.  695. 

There  are  [in  Middclburg  Town-hall  museum],  among 
other  things,  the  grand  old  feasting  batteries  of  the  vari- 
ous guilds  and  corporations.      Harper's  Mag.,  f.XIX.  ;;,j4. 

14.  An  oblong  box  submerged  to  the  rim  in  the 
water,  used  as  a  boat,  and  for  concealment,  by 
persons  engaged  in  shooting  wild  fowl ;  a  sink- 
boat. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  most  successful  methods  of 
killing  fowl  along  the  seaboard  is  from  batteries. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 

15.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  A  structure  built  of 
timber,  to  keep  the  coal  in  the  breast  or  pre- 
vent it  from  sliding  down  the  shute.  (b)  A 
platform  on  which  miners  stand  while  work- 
ing in  thin  and  steeply  pitching  beds  of  coal. 

[Pennsylvania.] -Ambulant  battery,  a  battery  of 
lieaw  siege-guns  provided  with  traveling-carriages  to 
transport  them  from  point  to  point.-  Anderson  bat- 
tery, a  galvanic  battery  using  zinc  and  carbon  in  baths 
of  muriate  of  ammonia,  oxalate  of  chromium,  and  po- 
tassium.—Barbette  battery.  See  barbette.-  Battery 
amalgamation,  in  mining,  amalgamation  effected  by 
placing  mercury  in  the  battery  or  mortars  while  the 
metalliferous  rock  is  being  stamped.—  Blinded  bat- 
tery, a  battery  in  which  the  guns  are  protected  by  an 
armored  parapet,  by  bomb-proof  blinds  or  casemates,  or 
by  embrasure-casings  or  mantelets.—  Breaching-bat- 
tery,  a  battery  so  placed  that  its  fire  is  perpendicular,  or 
nearly  so,  to  a  line  of  wall  or  parapet  to  be  breached.  It 
is  used  for  making  an  opening  in  the  enemy's  works 
through  which  an  assaulting  column  may  enter. —  Cava- 
lier battery,  a  battery  mounted  in  the  cavalier  (which 
see),  anil  arranged  to  deliver  a  plunging  fire  into  the 
works  of  an  assailant.—  Clearing -battery,  in  breweries, 
an  arrangement  for  straining  the  wort  from  the  vat.  It 
includes  a  device  for  cutting  off  the  flow  when  the  wort 
has  attained  a  sufficient  depth.—  Counter-battery,  (a) 
A  battery  intended  to  silence  and  overthrow  guns  of  the 
defense  which  bear  upon  the  brcaching-battcries.  Its 
guns  are  generally  so  placed  as  to  fire  along  the  ditches 
of  the  works,  (b)  Any  battery  opposed  to  another.  Tid- 
ball.—  Covered  battery,  a  battery  concealed  from  the 
enemy,  and  intended  to  deliver  a  vertical  fire.  Tidball. — 
Cross-batteries,  two  or  more  batteries  whose  lines  of 
tire  intersect.—  Direct  battery,  a  battery  whose  lire  is 
perpendicular  to  the  line  of  works  attacked.-  Enfilading 
battery,  a  battery  which  sweeps  tbe  length  of  an  enemy's 
line,  or  takes  him  on  the  flank.—  Fascine  battery,  a 
battery  of  which  the  parapet  is  wholly  or  partially  made 
of  fascines :  used  where  the  earth  is  loose  or  sandy. — 
Floating  battery,  a  battery  erected  either  on  a  simple 
raft  or  on  a  ships  hull,  for  the  defense  of  the  coast  or 
for  the  bombardment  of  an  enemy's  ports.  The  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  a  type  of  ship  which,  though  it  maybe 
provided  with  independent  propelling  power,  is  designed 
primarily  not  for  navigation,  but  merely  to  afford  support 
and  cover  to  heavy  guns.— Gabion  battery,  a  battery 
with  a  parapet  formed  of  gabions  filled  with  earth  or 
sand.— Galvanic  battery,  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of 
copper  and  zinc,  or  of  any  materials  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action.  See  galvanic. —  Grove's  gas-battery,  a 
battery  in  which  the  cell  consists  of  two  glass  tubes  partly 
tilled  with  water,  and  the  remainder  with  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  respectively  :  in  these  tubes  two  platinum  elec- 
trodes arc  immersed.— Horizontal  battery,  a  battery 
the  interior  or  terreplein  of  which  is  on  the  natural 
level  of  the  ground.  Tidball.-  Indented  battery,  or 
battery  a  cremaillere,  a  battery  constructed  with  sa- 
lient and  reentrant  angles  for  obtaining  an  oblique  as  well 
as  a  direct  tire,  and  to  afford  shelter  from  the  enfilade  fire 
of  the  enemy.  Tidball  —  Joint  batteries,  batteries  whose 
lire  is  directed  against  the  same  object. — Latimer-Clark 
battery.au  electric  battery  intended  as  a  standard,  the 
electromotive  force  being  constant.  It  is  a  combination  of 
zinc  in  sulphate  of  zinc  and  mercury  in  sulphate  of  mercury. 
E.  11.  Knight.  —  Light  battery.  '(«)  A  mounted  field-bat- 
tery, ('ii  A  battery  composed  of  guns  of  small  caliber.— 
Magnetic  battery.  See  magnetic.-  Masked  battery,  a 
battery  artificially  concealed  until  required  to  open  upon 
the  enemy.  Tidball.  —  Mortar-battery,  a  battery  having 
an  armament  of  mortars.  Such  batteries  arc  constructed 
with  a  parapet  without  embrasures,  an  interior  slope  not  re- 
vetted, but  retaining  the  natural slo] f  the  soil,  and  plat- 
forms horizontal  instead  of  inclining  slightly  toward  the 
front,  as  in  gun-batteries.  See  cut  on  next  page.— Moun- 
tain battery,  a  battery  of  light  guns,  so  fitted  that  the 
pieces  and  their  carriages  may  be  transported  upon  the 
backs  of  mules  or  pack  horses.  Oblique  battery,  a  bat- 
tery whose  line  of  fire  makes  an  angle  of  20°  or  more  with  the 


battery 


478 


Plan  and  Section  of  Mortar-battery  for  four  mortars. 

merits  ;  M.  M,  m  rtar-piatii ...  ,  t     /'  ,  section 
on  CD. 

perpendicular  to  the  interior  en  st  of  th,  enemy's  works: 
localled  in  contradistinction  to  a  direct battery.  Open 
battery  a  battery  entirely  exposed,  that  is.  unprotected 
bf  a^apet-nunge-tettSy,  an  electric  battery  so 
arranged  that  the  metals  can  be  removed  from  the  hquid 
when  not  in  use.  -Raised  battery,  a  battery  whoseteree- 
plein  is  elevated  considerably  above  the  ground.  Mra«. 
-Redan  battery,  a  bat-tery  giving  a  cross  or  flg"kmt 
fire  from  a  salient  or  reentrant  angle  "t  a  fortification.— 
Reverse  battery,  *  battery  which  fires  directly  or  ob- 
liquely upon  the  rear  ,.f  a  work  or  line  oi  troops.— JfflCO- 
rjfiet  tottery,  abattery  which  fires  horizontally  or  at  alow 
angle  ol  elevation,  so  that  the  projectiles  graze  and  bound 
along  tie  Bin-face  of  the  ground  or  water.  Smooth-bore 
guns  firing  spherical  projectiles  are  most  effective  for 
ricochet  tire.  -Siege-battery,  a  battery  for  siege  opera- 
tions  Such  batteries  are  either  fixed,  comprising  siege- 
guns  and  mortars  of  the  heaviest  caliber  anil  largest  size, 
or  movable  consisting  of  field-guns  and  small  mortars  — 
Storage  battery,  or  secondary  battery,  in  dect.acom- 
binatinu  of  secondary  cells  or  accumulators  which  when 
once  charged  may  he  used  for  a  considerable  time  aftci 
as  a  source  of  an  electrical  current.  The  Plante  cell  con- 
sists essentially  of  two  plates  of  metallic  leadfC,  C  )  rolled 
into  a  spiral  form,  and  in  the  improved  1  aure  form  covered 


Storage  or  Secondary  Cell,  or  Accumulator,  Plante  form. 

C.C'.  lead  plates  rolled  in  a    ph  .i  aid .rated  by  pieces  ofrub. 

ber;  O.  H,  wires  from  th.    primary  or  charging  battery  l  A,A  ,  poles 

l  ,ry  cell. 

with  redoxidoflead;  the  primary  current  with  which  the 

th,    win     Q  1  H)servesto  peroxi- 

dize  and  reduce  this  coating,  respectively,  on  the    ho  I 
connected  with  the  two  poles;  the  chemical  energy  thus 
stored  up  .-  given  back  in  the  form  ol  a  continuous  and 
trj,  current  when  tin-  !■*»  <•<  tin:  charged  cell 

,i       is b  i  and  i nemical  action  is  reversed, 

-Sunken  battery,  a  battery  in  which  the  sole  of  the 
embrasun  is  on  a  li  in  I  with  the  ground,  and  the  platform 
[aeon  equentlj  sunkbelowit  QUdbalt.)  Theparapetis 
,  the  •  arth  excavated  from  the  sib'  constitut- 
ing the  platform  Half-sunken  battery,  a  battery  of 
which  thi  parap  I  i  formed  partly  from  earth  taken 
from  the  Inside  or  terrepl.-m,  and  partly  from  a  ditch 
outside.— Urticating  batteries,  in  mbl.,  the  nematocysts 
or  thread  cells  of  hydroid  polyps.  Water-battery,  an 
electric:  battery  in  which  the  liquid  i  mployed  iswater.  It 
is  useless  as  a  source  ol  a  current  bo  ause  of  the  high  re- 
..  ...in,,  wab  r.bui  b;  bavin  ralarge  number  of  zinc- 
,,,,,,„ ,-  coupli  -  a  high  and  constant  ditri  rence  "I  potep 
,  |  obtained  al  the  two  poll  it  is  thus  valuable  in 
many  electrostatic  expel  In 

battery-box  (barer-i-boks),  »•  A  square  chest 
or  box,  tilled  witli  earth,  used  for  making  para- 
pets for  batteries  where  gabions  or  sand-bags 
:,r,  ,,,,t  to  be  had.     Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

battery-gun  (bat'er-i-gun),  n.  A  machine-gun 
(which  see). 


battery-head  (bat'er-i-hed),  ».  The  extreme 
end  of  a  railroad  embankment  over  which 
earth  is  tipped  during  the  process  of  construc- 

battery-shooting  (bat'er-i-sh,,  ting),  ».  rhe 
shootingof  wild  fowl  from  a  battery.  Bee  bat- 
I,  ni,  14. 

It  would  be  far  better,  however,  to  decide  upon  some 
plan  ol  action  by  which  battery-shootmg  could  bewholly 
!l„ne  away  with.  Forest  and  Stream,  Will.  441. 

battery-wagon  (bat'er-i-wag/pn),  n.  Mild.,  a 
vehicle  accompanying  each  fleld-Toattery  to  car- 
ry tools,  paints,  oils,  veterinary  supplies,  etc., 
to  be  used  for  repairs  and  the  service  of  the 
battery. 

Battey's  operation.  See  operation. 
bat-tick  (bat'tik),  n.  A  small  wingless  tick-like 
insect,  of  the  order  Diptera  and  f amily  Nyetert- 
h,i,l,v  (which  see):  so  called  because  it  infests 
bats.  The  name  is  given  to  all  the  species  of 
the  family.  „ 

battilt,  battillt,  a.  Variant  spellings  of  battle*. 
batting  (bat'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ban,  »  ]  1 . 
The  act  or  process  of  washing  or  smoothing 
linen  with  a  bat.— 2.  The  process  of  beating 
raw  cotton  with  hazel-  or  holly-twigs,  on  a  frame 
made  of  cords,  for  the  purpose  of  opening  the 
matted  locks,  or  of  beating  out  impurities.— 3. 
Cotton  or  wool  prepared  in  thick  but  light  mat- 
ted sheets  for  quilts  or  bed-covers,  the  quilting 
of  garments,  etc.  Also  called  bat,  batts.—i. 
The  act  or  manner  of  using  a  bat  in  a  game  ot 
ball :  as,  their  batting  was  good. 
batting-block  (bat'ing-blok),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
block  of  wet  plaster  upon  which  clay  is  flattened 
out  by  a  batter  before  it  is  shaped  on  the 
potter's  wheel  or  by  a  mold  and  templet,  bee 
batter1,  3.  ,  _    ..  . 

batting-machine  (bat'iiig-ma-shen")  n.  A 
machine  in  which  cotton  taken  from  the  wil- 
lowing-machine  is  scutched,  blown,  and  lapped 
to  prepare  it  for  the  carding-machine. 
batting-Staff  (bat'ing-staf),  h.  [Cf.  battler* 
and  baUet.]  A  small  mallet  sometimes  used 
in  laundries  for  beating  linen;  a  beetle. 
battish  (bat'ish),  a.  [<  bat"- 1  + -feW-.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling  a  bat.     LKare-l 

She  clasp'd  his  limbs,  by  impious  labour  tired, 
With  battish  wings.  .„.,.„.  ,     „;;; 

Vernon,  tr.  of  Ovid  a  Metamorph.,  vm. 

battle1  (bat/1),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel  (a 
spelling  still  often  used  archaically,  as  in  wager 
Of  battel),  <  ME.  batel,  batdlc,  balaijlc,  batailr, 
bataille,  <  OF.  bataille  =  Pr.  Pg.  batalha  =  Sp. 
batalla  =  It.  battaglia,  <Ui.  battalia,  battuaUa, 
the  fighting  and  fencing  exercises  of  soldiers  and 
gladiators,  <  battere,  L.  battuere,  bataere,  beat, 
fight,  fence :  see  batter*  and  bate?-.]     1.  A  fight, 
hostile  encounter,  or  engagement  between  op- 
posing forces  on  land  or  sea;  an  important  and 
systematic  engagement  between  independent 
armies  or  fleets.    Actions  and  a/otrsare  engagements 
of  less  magnitude  than  battle*,  and  are  often  unpremedi- 
tated, the  result  of  surprises,  or  the  meeting  of  armed  re- 
coimoitering  patties,  though  the  latter  is  usually  termed 
a  tstcirmUK.     Battles  are  classed  as  paraU,  I or  oWtgtK,  ac- 
cording to  the  relative  positions  of  the  contending  armies 
in  order  "f  battle;  strategic,  when  fought  upon  an  objet  - 
tive  point  selected  in  planning  a  campaign,  as  were  the 
battles  of  Marengo  and  Nashville;  general,  when  the 
whole  or  the  greater  part  of  both  armies  are  en  [ag, 
partial,  when  only  brigades,  divisions,  or  armj  corps  are 
brought  into  action;  offensive,  when  an  armyseekBffie 
enemj  and  attacks  him  wherever  he  is  encounterea,  ae- 
fensive,  when  a  position  is  selected  with  the  design  ol 
awaiting  and  repelling  the  enemy,  imxat  or  aejensive- 
offensive,  when  an  army  selects  and  occupies  a  posttlonin 
advance,  awaits  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  and  at  the 
proper  moment  moves  out  to  engage  mm. 
•>     \n  encounter  between  two  persons;  a  duel 
or  single  combat.— 3.  A  fight  or  encounter  be- 
tween animals,  especially  when  pitted  against 
each  other  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
If  we  draw  lots,  he  [Cassar]  speeds  : 
His  cocks  do  win  the  battle  still  of  mine, 
When  it  is  all  to  nought ;  and  his  quails  ever 

Beat  mine,  in) p'd,  at  "'Ids. 

ShaJc,  A.  and  <  .,  n.  •>. 

4  Warfare;  hostile  action;  actual  conflict 
with  enemies:  as,  wounds  received  or  honors 
gained  in  battle. 

VVhoisthisKingofgloryJ  Tho  Lord  strong  and  mighty, 
the  Lord  mighty  in  battle.  «.  xxiv.  8. 

5.  Any  contest  or  conflict  ;  struggle  for  mas- 
tery or  victim  :  as,  the  batth  of  life. 

n't  the  siv  genera,  lirosera  lias  been  incomparably  the 
most  successful  in  tie    <»"<"    '"'   I'1'  ,  ''""'  ;1  birge  part  "f 

tesuS^  be  attributed  to  its  uer  of  catching 

insects.  Ii.inein,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p  867. 

6f.  An  army  prepared  for  or  engaged  in  tight. 

f  ire  answers  tire,  and  through  thi  ir  paly  Bamea 

„;aeb  OaUle  sees  the  other  s  gdM|^r>|  ,v.  (cn0.). 


battle 

7f.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  army; 
a  battalion. 

The  king  divided  his  army  into  three  battles,  whereof  the 
vanguard  only  with  Mings  came  to  fight  jtaeon. 

Then  the  Battels  were  staled,  and  set  in  such  order  as 
,1"'VS' Mh'1".,    ,;„„,,,,tr.nf,)ui„tusCurti„s,iii.32. 

8t.  More  specifically— (a)  The  main  or  middle 
body  of  an  army  or  fleet,  as  distinguished 
from  the  van  and  rear. 

Angus  led  the  avant-guard,  himself  followed  with  the 
,„„„,'.  a  good  distance  behind,  and  alter  ™,,e^mi,ei.( 

Tlll.  centre,  or  battle  as  it  was  called,  consisting  of  stxty- 
three  gaUeys,  was  led  by  John  of  Vustna.  '  rescou. 

Che  van  outsailed  before,  by  him  had  run 
E'en  as  he  staved  for  us.  and  now  indeed 

(If  bis  main  battle  must  lie  take  g I  heed. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  17. 
(6)  That  portion  of  tho  army,  wherever  placed 
and  of  whatever  consisting,  which  is  regarded 
as  of  main  importance 

The  cavalry  bywayof  distinction,  was  called  the  battle, 
and  on  it  alone  depended  the  fati  oi  everj  ■,'"';'.'(;,,i,r,s,)^ 

9t.  A  formidable  array  similar  to  an  army  in 
battle  order. 

On  his  bow-back  he  [the  boar]  bath  a  battle  set 
Of  bristly  pikes,  that  ever  tlueat  his  foes 

SAafr,,  ^  enus  and  Adonis,  1.  619. 
Rattle-ranee  the  range  best  suited  to  firing  on  an  ene- 
Ws  bin    of  battle      Ipnn  the  rear  sights  of  the  latest 
Military  titles  the  elevate.,,  corresponding  to  that  range 
^designated  by  stamping  the  letter  » B    opposite  the 
battle-range  elevation.      This  range  is  262 :  yards,  corre- 
BBonding  to  a  continuous  dangerous  space  of  S37  yards, 
for  the  Springfield  rifle,  caliber  .45,  used  against  foot- 
troops.- Battle  royal.     CO  A  battle  With  lists  or  cudgels 
in  which  more  than  two  combatants  are  engaged ;  a.  free 
flrrhk    (hi  A  fiirht  of  game-cocks,  in  which  more  than  two 
are  engaged -DraWn  battle,  a  battle  in  which  neither 
mrtv  gains  the  victory.- Order  of  battle.  See  ordcr.- 
Pitehed  battle  a  battle  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
vi msiy  dnVwn  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition  othe 
forces.--  To  give  battle,  to  attack  an  enemy -To  Join 
battle,  proplrly,  to  nee.  the  attack ;  commonly,  "begin 
a  battle  -Trial  by  battle.     Same  as  wager  <***£■- 
Wager  of  battle  or  battel,  in  law,  a  species  of  trial  tor 
th,  TlTeision  of  controversies  used  among  the  rude  ml- 
tary  peoples  of  Europe.     It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  William  the  Comiueror,  and  practised  m  three  cases 
only  -in  the  court  martial,  or  curt  of  chivalry  or  honor; 
in  appeals  of  felony ;  and  in  issues  joined  upon  a  writ  of 
right     The  contest  was  held  before  the  judges  on  a  piece 
of  ground  inclosed,  and  the  combatants  were  bound  to 
flght  till  the  stars  appeared,  unless  the  death  or  defeat 
of  one  party  sooner  decided  the  contest     The  weapons 
used  were  batons  or  staves  art  ell  long.     \\  <™gM£!25 
men  above  sixty,  and  laineand  blind  persons  m  git  a   p. .11 
by  champions.    Though  long  fallen  into, 1.-st  etude,  it .was 
a  valid  and  legal  mode  of  trial  in  Lngland  down  to  1818, 

and  was  then  formally lished  in  eonse,picnce  of  the 

demand  by  the  defendant  in  a  suit  for  tins  mode  ot  al- 
,  itranic.t  and  of  the  fact  that  this  demand  could  not 
Sis  be  denii  d  him.=Syn.  1.  Battle,  Engagi  m  id,  <  on- 

,,„,   /■„,/,/   c bat,  Contest,  Action.    Battle  is  a  generaJ 

•,,.,„!,  and  tl„-  most  common.  It  is  the .appropriate  word 
for  great  engagements:  as,the!«,W.  ,.t  \\  aterl,.,..  A/«/«< 
may  last  mlrely  a  few  hours  or  for  days:  as  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  lasted  three  days.  f:ll:ia:,ewnt  is .in  c,  in i- 
,  :,i  „  jiitan  usaee  pn„  tically  ciuivalent  to  battle  but  it  is 
aless forcible w5rd.  CoryKct, literally,  a -clashlne ^together, 
isastrong  word,  implying  tierce  physical  encounter.  FtaM 
has  theenergyi  if  a  monosyllable  ;  itdeni  ites  actual  c.  inflict. 

,  ,,,avtakepa.ti,.abattiewi.l,..,.tae,,ydly.,rb.,ne. 

\  battle  may  include  many  Jf.tlds  :  as,  the  fight  at  the  to* 
staff  in  the  battle  of  the  Alma ;  or  it  may  itself  be  described 
as  a  tight  Combat,  like  cemfiict,  is  a  word  of  moredignity 
San/ffW  ;  it  is  by  its  history  suggeat.iv,  oi  a  struggle  he- 
tweentwo,  as  persons,  animals,  squadrons,  armies.  Con- 
es, is  a  very  genera!  word,  of  uncertain  strength,  but  often 
joined  witli  a  Strong  adjective;  as.  a  stubborn  aides! 
'Cacti,,,,  is  a  minor  or  incidental  act  p  war,  a  single  act 
of  fighting  •  as  the  whole  „eti„n  lasted  but  an  hour.  All 
Oiesl  words  apply  equally  to  operations  by  land  or  by  sea. 
See  encounter  and  strife. 

The  distant  battle  flash'd  and  rung. 

v.  nnuson,  Two  VoiceB. 


Two  thousand  of  the  enemy  wee  slain  and  taken  in  the 

,„„„,,„„,„.  which  lasted  "'J?^;!;;:';:.;.:;"-:,,,,, ,,.,..,.  16. 

About  100  ooo  men  were  engaged,  and  the  conflict  raged 
with  great  fury  from  daj  U**™,**^,,,  Alltietam. 

My  lord  is  weary  with  tbe.no/.'  before, 
And  they  will  fall  upon  him  unawares. 

Tennyson,  neraint. 
Numerous  were  the  combats  which  took  place  between 
the  high-mettled  cavaliers  on  both  aides,  who  met  on  tho 
level  arena,  as  on  a  tilting  ground. 

PreSCOtt,  I'Vr.l.  and  Tsa.,  l.  15. 

The  whole  plan  of  the  Italian  campaign  had  bee,,  baaed 
anon  the  assumption  thai  n test  between  the  two 

efeat  Teutonic   -tabs  u. .1,1,1  peve  a  l,..t  unequal  one. 

B.  Dicey,  \  ictor  Emmanuel,  p.  284. 

Bow  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  this  „.'''■"«  I 

Shah.,  Much  Ad.,,  i.  1. 

battle1  (bat/1),  >::  pret.  and  ,.p.  ''"»'<;'• i  PF- 
battling.  [<  ME.  batailen,  batailUm,  <  OF.  6a- 
taXOer,  <  bataille,  a  buttle;  Bee  battU\  n.\  1. 
mtrane.  1.  To  join  or  engage  in  battle:  con- 
tend in  light;  tight:  as,  to  battle  with  wolves. 


battle 

Tis  ours  by  croft  and  by  surprise  to  gain  : 

'Tis  yours  t cot  in  arms  and  battle  in  the  plain.  Prior. 

2.  To  struggle ;  contend;  strive  for  mastery: 
either  absolutely  or  with /or,  irith,  or  against  : 
as,  to  battle  with  the  winds;  to  buttle  far  free- 
dom, or  against  adversity;  to  battle  with  igno- 
rance. 

Who  battled/or  the  True,  the  Just. 

T'  itiuts'in.  In  Memoriani.  Ivi. 

Regret,  resolve,  awe,  and  joy,  every  high  human  emo- 
tion excepting  fear,  battled  about  us. 

£.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  94. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  embattle;  put  into  battle 
array. — 2f.  To  fight  for. 

Whom  tlui  have  Beyn  alwey  batailen  and  defenden 
g le  men.  Chancer,  Iloothius,  i.  prose  t. 

3.  To  give  battle  to;  fight  against;  contend 
with;  light.     [Rare.] 

He  can  battle  theologians  with  weapons  drawn  from  an- 
tique armories  unknown  to  themselves. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  15. 

battle2t  (bat'l),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
battling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel;  <  ME. 
batayl'en,  batailen,  <  OF.  bataillier,  hateillier  (= 
Pr.  batalhar),  fortify  with  battlements,  <  ba- 
taille,  battlement,  appar.  identical  with  bataille, 
battle;  but  in  later  OF.  the  verb  was  merged 
in  batillier.  bastillier,  <  bastille,  a  fortress:  see 
bastile,  battle1,  and  battlement,  and  of.  embattle1, 
embattle".]  To  furnish  or  strengthen  with  bat- 
tlements; embattle. 

Lest  any  tyme  it  were  assayed, 
Fill  wel  aboute  it  was  batayled. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  4101. 

battle3  (bat'l),  a.  [Appears  first  in  the  16th 
century,  in  Scotch  and  North.  E.,  also  written 
battel, 'hattil.  battill,  baittle,  bettle,  batwell,  etc.; 
in  form  <  *bat,  a  verbal  root  appearing  in  the 
verb  batten1,  improve,  etc.,  +  -el,  -le,  an  adj. 
formative  suffixed  to  verbal  roots,  as  in  brittle, 
fickle,  etc. :  see  batten1,  and  cf.  the  later  adjec- 
tives battable  and  batfnl,  appar.  modifications 
of  battle3.]  In  agri. :  (a)  Improving;  nutri- 
tious; fattening:  as,  battle  grass;  battle  pas- 
ture. (/*)  Fertile;  fruitful:  as,  battle  soil;  battle 
land.  [Now  only  North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
A  battel  soil  for  grain,  for  pasture  good.  Fairfax. 

battle3t  (bat'l),  v.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  also 
written  battel,  hattil,  etc.,  from  the  adj.  Cf. 
batten1,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  nourish;  feed. —  2. 
To  render  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  the  soil. 

Ashes  are  marvellous  improvements  to  battel  barren 
land.  Ray's  Proverbs. 

II.  intrans.   1.  To  grow  fat;  thrive. 

Sleepe,  they  sayd,  would  make  her  battill  better. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  3S. 

2.  To  become  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  soil. 

battle4t,  »■  and  v.     See  battel^. 

battle5  (bat'l),  v.  t.  [Freq.  of  bat1  (cf.  batter1), 
or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
bet  tie1,  v.,  simulating 
bat1,  v.  (cf.  bat1,  v.), 
or  perhaps  from  ba  t- 
tledore,  1,  q.  v.]  To 
beat  (clothes)  with  a 
battler  or  beetle  in 
washing. 

battle-ax  (bat '  l- 
aks),  n.  An  ax  used 
as  a  weapon  of  war. 
It  was  in  almost  universal 
use  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  firearms,  and  is 
still  employed  among  un- 
civilized peoples.  In  her- 
aldry it  is  always  repre- 
sented with  a  blade  on  one 
(usually  the  dexter)  side 
and  a  point  on  the  other, 
the  stall  terminating  in  a 
spear-bead. 

battle-bolt  (bat'1-bolt),  n 

of  any  kind  used  in  battle. 

The  rushing  battle-bolt  sang  from  the  three-decker. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  13. 

battle-brand  (bat'l-brand),  n.  A  sword  used 
in  battle. 

Thy  father's  battle-brand.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 

battle-club  (bat'1-klub),  «.  A  club  used  in 
battle,  especially  by  barbarians,  as  the  South 
Sea  islanders. 

The  cursed  Malayan  crease,  and  battle-clubs 
From  the  isles  of  palm. 

Tennyson,  Prol.  to  Princess. 

battle-cry  (bat'1-kri),  n.     A  cry  or  shout  of 
troops  engaged  in  battle. 
It  was  evident  that  their  battle-cry  was  conquer  or  die. 
Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  247. 


479 


i.  a.     1.  Ranged  in  battle 
order  of  battle.— 2.  Con- 


battled1  (bat'ld),  ; 
array;  disposed  in 

tested  ;   fought. 

Soldier,  rest  !  thy  warfare  o'er, 
Dream  of  battled  fields  no  more. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 

battled-  (bat'ld),  a,    1.  Furnished  or  strength- 
ened with  battlements. 

Untamed  as  it  were  a  eastel  wal. 

Chaucer,  Nun  s  Priest  s  Tab-.  1.   1" 

The  battled  tower.  Vi  nnyum,  Fair  \\ n. 

2.  In  her.,  broken  in  the  form  of  battlements: 
said  ((/)  of  any  horizontal  line  dividing  the 
field;  (6)  of  a  bar  or  fesse,  when  one  side  only 
is  broken  in  this  way.  Also  embattled. 
cut  under  i  mbattled.  Battled  arrondi,  in  her., hav- 
ing the  heads  of  the  battlements  curved  or  rounded. 
Battled  counter,  in  her.,  same  as  counter-embattled.— 
Battled  embattled,  in  her.,  doubly  battled,  or  battled 
in  slops.     Also  railed  arady  and  battled  grady. 

battledore,  battledoor  (bat'1-dor),  n.    [<  ME. 

baltfltlnre,  -doure,  -dure;  appar.  a  modification 
(simulating  'battle,  as  if  dim.  of  bat1 ;  cf.  battle0') 
of  Pr.  batedor  (=Sp.  batidor,  a  beater,  formerly 
also  batador,  a  bat  for  beating  clothes  —  Min- 
sheii),  <  balre  =  Sp.  batir,  beat:  see  bailer1. 
For  the  term.,  cf.  stevedore.  Cf.  E.  dial.  battU  - 
ton,  in  sense  1.]  1.  A  bat  or  beetle  used  in 
washing  clothes,  or  for  smoothing  them  out 
while  being  laundered. — 2.  An  instrument 
shaped   like   a  racket,   but  smaller,  used   in 


battue 

The  walls  of  Babylon,  ...  so  broad  that  six  chariots 
could  well  drive  together  at  the  top,  and  so  battlemented 
that  they  could  not  fall.     No  r.  //.  rbert,  Travels,  p.  228. 

Tl M  battlemented  walls  of  the  city. 

Harper's  Hag.,  I.\  '• 

battle-piece  (bat'1-pes),  n.  A  painting  which 
represents  a  buttle. 

I king  at  Crl an  battle-pieces,  in  which  French  sol- 
diers are  hown  to  have  achieved  evi  rything,  we  see  ex- 
emplified a  national    ■  ntimenl 

//.  Spencer,  Study  of  Soclol.,  p.  214. 

battler1  (bat'ler),  n.  [<  battle*  +  -eri\  appar. 
not  descended  from  ME.  batelur  (<  OF.  batail- 
leor),  batailler,  <  OF.  bataillier.']  '  tae  who  bat- 
tles or  fights;  a  warrior  or  contender. 

See  battler'-'t  (bat'ler),  n.    [<  battU>  +  ->  >K]    1. 

hav-     <)no  who  bents  with  a  bat  or  battledore. —  2. 

A  bat  or  beetle.— 3.     See  hall'  I  I. 

battlerH,  »•    Bee  batteler. 

battle-scarred  (bat'l-skard),  a.  Scarred  with 
wounds  received  in  battle. 

The  appeal  of  a  Roman  soldier,  battle-scarred  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country,  could  arouse  to  vengeance  the  populace 
of  the  great  ancient  republic.        N.  .1.  Set).,  I'XX  VI.  (50. 

battle-shout  (bat'l-shout),  n.    A  shout  raised 

in  battle. 
battle-song  (bat'1-song),  n.     A  song  sung  on 
the  battle-field,  or  relating  to  battle ;  a  martial 
song. 

The  chivalrous  battle-song 

That  she  warbled  alone  in  her  joy. 

Tennyson,  .Maud,  x.  4. 


playing  the  game  of  battledore  and  shuttle-  battleton  (bat'1-ton),  n.      [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 

cock. — 3f.  A  paddle  for  a  canoe. — 4.  In  glass-    var.   of   battledore.]      Same   as   battledore,    1. 

making,  a  flat  square  piece  of  polished  iron  with     [Prov.  Eng.] 

a  wooden  handle,  used  for  flattening  the  Dot-  battletwig(bat'l-twig),  n.     [E.  dial.]     An  ear- 

toms  of  tumblers,  or  for  similar  purposes. —    wig.     [Prov.  Eng.]     Halliwell. 

5.  A  kind  of  paddle  with  a  long  handle,  used  battle-writhen  (bat'1-riTH  en),  a.     [<  battle1 

for  placing  loaves  in  a  baker's  oven. —  6f.  A     +  writhen,  old  pp.  of  writhe.]     Twisted  or  dis- 


kind  of  horn-book :  so  called  from  its  shape. — 
Battledore-boy*,  an  abecedarian.— Battledore-bar- 
ley, a  species  of  cultivated  barley,  Hbrdeumzeocrit<m,with 
short,  broad  ears.  Also  called  sprat-barley.  X.  E.  D. 
battle-field  (bat'1-feld),  n.  The  scene  of  a 
battle. 

oh  !  who  would  fight  and  march  and  countermarch, 
Be  shot  for  sixpence  in  a  battle-field  ' 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

battle-flag  (bat'1-flag),  n.  A  military  flag ;  a 
flag  carried  in  battle. 

Till  the  war-drum  throbb'd  no  longer,  and  the  battle-flags 
were  furl'd.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

battle-ground  (bat'l-ground),  n.   A  battle-field. 

battle-lantern  (bat'l-lan'tern),  n.  A  lantern 
placed  at  each  gun  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of 
war,  to  light  up  the  deck  during  an  engagement 
at  night. 

battle-mace  (bat'1-mas),  n.    A 
for  use  in  war;  specifically,  a  name  given  to  the 
spiked  heads  for  clubs,  usually  of  bronze,  which 
are  found  among  ancient  remains  in  the  British 
islands  and  elsewhere. 

battlement  (bat'1-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  bate/went, 
batijliuent,  of  uncertain  origin;  perhaps  due  to 
an  unrecorded  OF.  *bastillement,  <  bastiUer, 
fortify:  see  bastile  and  bastiment.  The  word 
was  popularly  associated  with  battle1 ;  hence 


torted  by  stress*  of  battle.     [Poetic] 

His  battle-writhen  arms  and  mighty  hands. 

7\  n/ufson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

battlingt  (bat'ling),  a.  and  n.  [Also  batteliug  ; 
ppr.  and  verbal  n.  of  battle3,  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Nour- 
ishing ;  fattening. 

The  meads  environ'd  with  the  silver  streams, 
Whose  battling-  pastures  fatten  all  my  flocks. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  F'riar  Bungay. 
2.  Fertile. 

II.  n.  1.  A  growing  fat,  or  the  process  of 
causing  to  grow  fat;  a  fattening. —  2.  That 
which  nourishes  or  fattens,  as  food,  or  feed  for 
animals,  or  manure  for  soil. 
battological  (bat-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  battology 
+  -ieal.]  (liven  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bat- 
tology. 

,    ■       ,  battoiogist  (ba-tol'6-jist),  n.     [<  battology  + 
ace  designed      /v/  ,     (  mfl  who  u}k-_.  hUy    <mfl  who  needlessly 

repeats  the  same  thing  m  speaking  or  writing. 

A  truly  dull  battoiogist. 

WhitUk.  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  209. 

battologize  (ba-tol'o-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
battologized,  ppr.  battologizing.  [<  battology  + 
-i~c]  I.  trans.  To  repeat  needlessly  ;  iterate. 
Sir  T.  Herbert. 

II.  intrans.  To  repeat  words  or  phrases  with 
needless  iteration. 


ME.  bataylynge,  battlement,  and  battle*,  q.  v.]  Dattology  (ba-tol'6-ji),  n.     [<  Gr.  paTrolo-jia,  < 


Persian  Battle-ax,  18th  century. 

A  bolt  or  missile 


1.  In  fort.,  an  indented  pjarapet,  formed  by  a 
series  of  rising 
members  called 
cops  or  mer- 
lons, separated 
by  openings 
called  crenelles 
or  embrasures, 
the  soldier  shel- 
tering himself 
behind  the  mer- 
lon while  he 
fires  through 
the  embrasure 
or  through  a 
loophole  in  the 
merlon.  Battle- 
ments, although 
originally  purely 
military,  and  used 
from  the  earliest  times  in  Egypt,  Assyria,  and  Greece, 
were  also  employed  freely,  generally  in  reduced  size,  dur- 
ing the  middle  ages,  especially  in  England,  upon  ecclesi- 
astical and  civil  buildings  by  way  of  mere  ornament,  on 
both  parapets  and  cornices,  and  on  tabernacle-work,  tran- 
soms of  windows,  etc. 

Hence — 2.  Any  high  wall  for  defense. 

This  was  the  valley  of  the  pools  of  Gihon,  where  Solo- 
mon was  crowned,  and  the  battlements  which  rose  above 
it  were  the  long  looked-for  walls  of  Jerusalem. 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  144. 

battlemented  (bat'1-men-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  battlements,  as  the  ramparts  of  a  city  or 
castle. 


Battlement.— Fortified  Church  of  Royat, 
Puy-de-D6me,  France. 

A,  A,  merlons ;  B,  B,  embrasures ;  C,  C, 
loopholes;  D,  D,  machicolations.  {From 
Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  l'Architecture." ) 


Sarro/Wyoc,  a  stammerer,  <  jMttoc,  a  stammerer 
(used  only  as  a  proper  name),  +  Xkyetv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  Idle  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
repetition  of  words  in  speaking.  [With  refer- 
ence to  Mat.  vi.  7.] 
That  heathenish  battology  of  multiplying  words. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Hurnb.  Remonst. 
Mere  surplusage  of  battology. 

I'rynne,  Treachery  and  Disloyalty  of  rapists,  ii.  67. 

battont,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  baton  and  bat- 
ten*. 

battoont,  »•     Same  as  batoon. 

battoryt  (bat'o-ri),  ».  A  factory  or  warehouse 
established  abroad  by  the  Hanse  towns. 

battoule-board  (ba-toTbord),  n.  A  spring- 
board used  for  jumping  —  particularly,  in  cir- 
cuses, for  vaulting  over  horses,  elephants,  etc. 
It  consists  of  a  few  planks  fastened  at  one  end  to  a  pole 
supported  by  two  uprights,  the  other  end  resting  upon  a 
floor  or  other  surface. 

battrilt  (bat'ril),  n.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  battler" ;  bat- 
ter1.]   Same  as  bailer1. 

batts  (bats),  n.  pi.     Same  as  batting,  3. 

battue  (ba-tu'),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  batuda  =  It. 
battuta),  prop.  fern.  pp.  of  battre,  beat:  see 
bate1,  batter1.]  1.  A  method  of  hunting  in 
which  the  game  is  driven  from  cover  by 
beaters  toward  a  point  where  the  sportsmen 
are  in  wait. 

He  has  not  a  word  to  say  against  battue  shooting,  though 
for  bis  own  part  he  greatly  prefers  shooting  over  a  well- 
trained  dog  to  having  the  game  put  up  in  droves  by  a  ser- 
ried line  of  beaters.  Westtnimter  Rev.,  CXXV,  800. 


battue 

Hence  —  2.  Any  beat-up  or  thorough  search, 
or  undisorim  mating  slaughter,  especially  of  de- 
fenseless or  unresisting  crowds. — 3.  The  game 
driven  from  cover  by  the  battue  method, 
batture  (ba-tur'),  n.  [F.,  a  sand-bank,  a  shoal, 
<  battn .  beat,  beal  as  waves:  sit  batt  ',  batter1-, 
and  cf.  batter3.]  An  alluvial  elevation  of  the 
bed  of  a  river;  in  particular,  one  of  those  por- 
tions of  the  lied  of  the  Mississippi  river  which 
are  dry  or  submerged  according  to  the  season. 

In  September,  1807,  occurred  the  "batturt  riots."  The 
balture  was  the  Bandy  deposits  made  by  the  Mississippi 
in  front  of  the  Faubourg  stc.  Marie  [in  New  Orleans]. 
The  noted  jurist,  Edward  Livingston,  representing  private 
claimants,  t""k  possession  "f  this  ground,  and  was  opposed 
by  the  public  in  two  distinct  outbreaks. 

6.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  x\iii. 

battnta(bat-to'tS),  n.   [It.,  <  battere,  beat.   Cf. 

battue]  In  music:  (a)  A  beat  in  keeping  time. 
(ft)  A  bar  or  measure.  See  a  battuta.  and  a 
tempo,  (c)  In  medieval  music,  a  forbidden  pro- 
gression of  the  outer  voice-parts  of  a  harmony 
from  a  tenth  on  the  up-beat  to  an  octave  on 
the  down-beat. 
batty1  (bat'i),  a.  [<  bat"  +  -y1.]  Of  or  resem- 
bling a  bat;  battish. 

Till  o'er  their  brows  death-counterfeiting  sleep 
W  ith  leaden  legs  and  batty  wings  doth  creep. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

batty-  (bat'i).  n. ;  pi.  battles  (-iz).  [Anglo-Lnd., 
used  in  southern  India  for  northern  paddy, 
rice;  <  Canarese  batta,  bhatta,  rice:  see  batta1 
andpaddy2.  Cf.  otic0,  a  weight.]  1.  Rice  while 
growing. — 2.  A  measure  for  rice  in  India, 
equal  to  120  pounds.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

batweed  (bat'wed),  n.  The  burdock,  Arctium 
L<i]>pa. 

batz,  batzen  (bats,  bat'sen),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bats,  taken  as  plural,  with  an  assumed 
sing.,  bat,  <  MHG.  batze,  6.  batzen,  bazen,  the 
coin  so  called,  <  MHG.  bet:,  G.  batz,  petz,  a 
bear,  the  bear  being  the  arms  of  Hern,  where 
the  coin  was  first  issued.]     A  small  billon  coin 


Fool's  Bauble. 


Childish 
+  -ing2.] 


,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

BatzofS-.  Gall.  Switzerland.— British  Museum.    (Size  of  original.) 

worth  four  kreutzers  (about  three  cents),  first 
issued  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century 
by  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  afterward  by  other 
Swiss  cantons,  which  placed  their  respective 
arms  upon  it.  The  name  came  to  be  applied 
also  to  certain  small  German  coins. 

baubee,  n.    See  bawbee. 

baublel  (ba'bl),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  1ml, lr, 
babel  <  ME.  bable,  babylle,  babulle,  babel,  <  OP. 
babel,  baubel (with  dim.  baubelet,  beubelet,  > early 
ME.  beaubt  let),  a  child's  toy,  plaything,  trinket. 
Origin  doubtful;  cf.  mod.  F.  babiole,  a  toy, 
gewgaw,  It.  babbola,  a  toy,  appar.  connected 
with  It.  babbco,  a  fool,  blockhead  {bdbbano, 
silly),  =  Pr.  baban,  a  fool,  <  M  L.  babvZus,  a  bab- 
bler, fool.  Cf.  babble.  The  forms,  if  from  the 
same  source,  show  Lmitai  i\  e  variation.   Jlaithl,  1 

in  this  sense  was  early  confused  with  bauble2, 
appar.  of  different  origin.]  I.  n.  If.  A  child's 
plaything  or  toy. —  2.  A  t  rifling  piece  of  finery; 
that  which  is  gay  or  showy  without  real  value; 
a  gewgaw. 

0,  trinkets,  sir,  trinkets     a  baubU  f or  Lydia  I 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  2, 
Are  all  these  worlds,  that  speed  their  circling  flight, 
Dumb,  vacant   soulless     bawble*  of  the  night  I 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Secret  of  the  stars. 

3.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value;  a 
childish  or  foolish  matter  or  affair. 
Il.t  "•  Trifling;  insignificant;  contemptible. 
The  sea  being  smooth, 
II, .u  mam    hallo*    h.tni.i,  boats  dare  sail 

1  | erj  Shak.,  T,  and  C,  i.  3, 

Also  spelled  baioble. 
baubleH,  ».  <■  [<  baubU  i,  „.\  To  trifle, 
bauble- (ba'bl  >.  n.  |  Early  mod.  E.  bable,  babel, 
<  ME.  bable,  babulle,  babel,  a  fool's  mace,  also 
(appar.  the  same  word  i  a  stick  with  a  heavy 
weight  ai  the  end,  used  tor  weighing,  <  M i:. 
babelen,  bablen,  waver,  swing  to  and  fro,  appar. 
a  freq.  form  from  same  source  as  bab\  bob1. 
BaubU  may  thus  be  regarded  as  for  hobble. 
Bui  the  word  was  early  confused  with  buuhb  I, 


480 

q.  v.]  Primarily,  a  sort  of  scepter  or  staff  of 
office,  the  attribute  of  Folly  personified,  car- 
ried by  the  jesters  of  kings  and 
great  lords  in  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  generally  represented  as 
crowned  with  the  head  of  a  fool  or  zany, 
wearing  a  party-colored  hood  with  asses 
•  ars,  and  with  a  ring  of  little  hells,  like 
Bleigh-bells.     A.t  the  other  end  there  was 

s etinies  a  ball  or  bladder  inflated  with 

air,  with  which  to  belabor  people.    Also 

spelleil  bairblr. 

The  kynges  foole 

Sate  by  the  fire  111 a  stool,. 

As  he  that  with  his  bauble  plaide. 

Oower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vii. 
Fools,  who  only  wanted  a  party-col- 
oured coat,  a  cap,  and  a  bawble,  to  pass 
for  such  amongst  reasonable  men. 

Driiden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

baubleryt,  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bablerie,  babelry;  <  bauble1   +  -ry.] 
trilling;  a  trifling  matter. 

baublingt  (ba'bling),  a.  [<  bauble1,  v., 
Contemptible ;  paltry. 
A  baubling  vessel  was  he  captain  of.     Shak. 

bauch,  baugh  (bach),  a.  [So.,  perhaps  <  Icel. 
bdgr,  uneasy,  poor,  hard  up  ;  cf .  bagr,  awkward, 
clumsy.]     Weak;  pithless;  shaky.     [Scotch.] 

bauchee-seed  (ba'che-sed),  n.  Same  as  baw- 
chan-seed. 

bauchle1,  bachle1  (biich'l),)!.  [So.;  origin  un- 
known. Cf.  bauch.]  1.  An  old  shoe  worn 
down  at  the  heel,  or  one  with  the  counter 
turned  down  and  worn  as  a  slipper. —  2.  A 
slovenly,  pithless,  or  sliiftless  person;  a  sham- 
bling good-for-nothing.     [Scotch.] 

lie  11  be  but  a  bauchle  in  this  world,  and  a  backsitter  in 
Iheneist,  Bogg,  Shep.  Cal.,  II.  195.    (X.  E.  D.) 

bauchle2t, ''•  '•  [Sc. :  see  baflte.]  To  maltreat; 
baffle. 

bauchly  (bach/li),  adv.  [Sc,  <  bauch  +  -ly2.] 
Weakly;  indifferently;  poorly.     [Scotch.] 

baudxt,  "•     See  bawd1. 

baud'2t,  "•  t.    See  bawd?. 

baud:H,  n.    See  bawd3. 

baud4  (bad),  n.  [Origin  obscure.  Cf.  bawd3.] 
The  fish  otherwise  called  the  rockling.  [Local 
Eng.  (Cornish).] 

baudet,  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  baud,  <  OLG.  bald, 
bold,  lusty,  =  E.  hold.  See  bawd1.]  Joyous; 
riotously  gay.     Bom.  of  the  Bose. 

baudekin,  baudkin  (ba'de-Mn,  bad'kin),  it. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  historical  use ;  early  mod. 
E.  also  irreg.  bodkin;  <  ME.  baudkin,  baudekin, 
etc.,  <  OF.  baudekin,  baudequin  (ML.  baldaki- 
nus),  <  It.  baldacehino,  >  also  E.  baldakin,  bal- 
dachin: see  baldachin.]  A  rich  embroidered 
or  brocaded  silk  fabric  woven  originally  with  a 
warp  of  gold  thread,  and  properly  called  cloth 
of  baudekin.  It  was  used  for  garments,  sacred  vest- 
ments, altar-cloths,  canopies,  etc.,  and  is  first  mentioned 
in  English  history  in  connection  with  the  knighting  of 
William  of  Valence  in  1247  by  Henry  III.  It  was  proba- 
bly known  on  the  continent  before  that  date.  Later  tin- 
name  was  applied  to  any  rich  brocade,  and  even  to  shot 
silk.  It  is  not  found  in  use  after  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century.    Also  called  baldachin. 

There  were  no  fewer  than  "  Thirty  albs  of  old  cloth  of 
haivdkyn,"  that  is,  cloth  of  gold,  at  Peterborough. 

Quoted  in  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  431. 

baudekynt,  n.     See  baudekin. 
baudelairet,  "•    See  badelaire. 

baudkin,  »•     See  baudekin. 

baudreyt  (bad'ri),  ».   A  variant  form  of  baldric. 

baudrickt,  ».    See  baldric. 

baudrons  (bad'ronz),  n.      [Sc,  also   badrans, 
bat/irons  ;  of  unknown,  perhaps  Celtic,  origin.] 
A  name  for  the  cat  (like  reynard  for  the  fox, 
bruin  for  the  bear,  etc.).     [Scotch.] 
Aul'l  baudrons  by  the  ingle  sits, 

An'  wi'  her  loot  her  face  a  washin'. 

Burns,  Willie  Wastle. 

The  neehurs  null]  binntrons. 
T.  Martin,  tr.  of  Heine's  "  NIein  Kiinl,  wir  waren  Kinder.'' 

baudyH,  baudy'-'t,  ».    See  bawdy1,  bawdy2. 

baufreyt,  «.  [( >ngin  obscure  ;  perhaps  a  form 
of  belfry.]    A  beam. 

bauge  (bozh),  n.  [F.;  of  uncertain  origin.] 
1.  A  kind  of  coarse  drugget  made  in  Burgundy, 
France. —  2.   Mortar  made  of  clay  and  straw. 

baugh,  "•    See  bauch. 

Bauhinia  (ba-hin'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in  hon- 
or of  Jean  and  <  i.'ispitrd  liault/u,  eminent  Swiss 

botanists  (died  in  1613  and  Hiiil  respectively), 

because  the  leaves  generally  consist  of  two 
lubes  or  parts,  and  were  thus  taken  as  sym- 
bolic of  the  two  brothers.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  legwminostB.  The  species  an-  usually 
twining  plants,  found  in  the  woods  of  hot  countries,  often 


bavardage 


stretching  from  tree  to  tree  like  cables.    The  tough  fibrous 
bark  of  the  Mai limber,  /;.  Vahlii,  of  India,  is  used  for 


and  is  suitable  for  paper  niak- 


Bauhinia.—  Inflorescence. 


making  ropes  ami  bridge 

ing.  The  wood  lit  /; 
varieffata  is  one  of  the 
varieties  of  ebony,  and 
its  bark  is  used  in  dye- 

ingaii-l  tannine,  other 
species  are  equally  use- 
ful. 

Bauhinian  (bit- 
hin'i-an),  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  Swiss 
anatomist  and  bot- 
anist Gaspard  Bau- 
hin  (loGO-lOil).— 
Bauhinian  valve, 
valvula  Bauhini,  the 
ileocseca]  valve.  See 
Ueoccecal. 

bn.uk  (bak),  n.  A 
Scotch  f.,rm  of 
balk1. 

bauld  (bald),  a.  A 
Scotch  form  of  bold. 

bauldricket, «.  See 
baldric. 

baulea  (ba'le-ii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  round-bot- 
tomed passenger-boat,  having  a  mast  and  sail, 
but  generally  propelled  by  oars,  used  on  the 
shallower  parts  of  the  Ganges. 

baulite  (ba'lit),  n.  [<  Baula,  a  mountain  in 
Iceland,  +  -He2.  The  mountain  prob.  derives 
its  name  from  Icel.  baula,  a  cow,  an  imitative 
name;  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula,  low  as  a  cow:  see 
bawl1.]  A  white  transparent  mineral,  found 
in  the  matter  ejected  by  the  volcano  of  Krabla 
in  Iceland.  It  is  a  variety  of  glassy  feldspar 
or  sanidine.     Also  called  krabliie. 

baulk,  n.  and  v.     See  balk1. 

baulmet,  n.    See  balm. 

baultert,  v.    See  baiter. 

baumt,  »•    See  balm. 

baunscheidtism  (boun'shit-izm),  n.  [From 
the  inventor,  Karl  Baunncht  alt,  a  German 
mechanician.]  A  form  of  acupuncture,  in 
which  about  25  needles,  set  in  a  metal  disk  and 
dipped  in  an  irritant  oil,  are  thrust  into  the  skin 
by  a  spring.  Its  action  seems  to  be  accordant 
with  that  of  ordinary  counter-irritants. 

bauset,  >'•  '•  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bass6,  q.  v.]  To 
kiss.     Marston.     [A  doubtful  sense.] 

bauson  (ba'sn),  11.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bawson,  bauzon,  etc.,  and  corruptly  boson,  bore- 
son,  <  ME.  bauson,  bawson,  baucyn,  bausen,  a 
particular  application  of  the  adj.  bauson, 
white-spotted,  in  ME.  bausand,  mod.  bausond, 
etc. :  see  bausond.  The  adj.  is  rarely  found  in 
ME.,  but  must  have  preceded  the  noun  use. 
The  badger  has  received  other  names  in  allu- 
sion to  the  white  mark  on  its  face:  see  bad- 
ger2.]  I.  n.  An  old  name  of  the  badger:  some- 
times applied  ludicrously  or  in  contempt  to  a 
fat  or  pertinacious  person. 

His  mittens  were  of  bawson'e  skin. 

Drayton,  Dowsabell,  st.  10(1593). 

II.  ".  Same  as  baustnnl. 
bausond  (b&'snd),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baw- 
sonde,  bawsand,  mod.  dial,  bawsont,  ban-sand, 
also  (erroneously  written  as  if  a  participle) 
bauson' d,  bassen'd,  baws'nt,  etc.;  <  ME.  bausand 
(also,  as  a  noun,  bauson,  bauson,  bausen,  etc.),  < 
OF.  bausant,  baussant,  bausent,  hanzant,baucant, 
balcent,  bauchant,  etc.  (with  appar.  unorig.  -t), 
also  bauzan,  bausen,  bausain  (>  ML.  bausendm, 
bausennus)  =  Pr.  bauson  =  It.  balzano,  white- 
spotted;  cf.  mod.  F.  (from  It.)  halzan,  a  black 
or  bay  horse  with  white  feet.  Origin  un- 
known; possibly  connected  with  the  equiv. 
Celtic  words  mentioned  as  the  source  of  E. 
ball3,  q.  v.]  Having  white  spots  on  a  black  or 
bay  ground ;  having  a  white  strip  down  the 
face,  or  a  patch  on  the  forehead  :  applied  to 
animals.     [Scotch.] 

His  iiiuirst,  sonsie,  baws*nt  face 
Aye  gat  him  friends  in  ilka  place. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  mi. 

bauson-faced  (b&'sn-fast),  a.    Having  a  white 

mark  mi  the  face,  like  a  badger;  bausond. 
bauteroll,  «•    See  boterol- 
bauxite  (bo'zit),  «.    [<  Baux  (see  def.)+  -He2.] 

A  clay  found  at  Les  I'.aux,  near  Aries  in  France, 
and  elsewhere,  in  concretionary  grains  or  oolit- 
ic,   it  contains  about  one  half  of  its  weight  "f  alumina, 

with  iron  a  n.  I  water,  anil  silica  as  an  impurity.     It  is  used  as 
a  BOUTCe  "f  alum,  Of  the  metal  a  in  mini  tun.  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  the  preparation  of  crucibles.    Also  spelled  beauxite. 
bavardage  ( lia-viir-iliizh' i,  n.     [P.,  <  bavarder, 

chatter,  <  bavard,  talkative.  <  hare,  drivel,  sa- 
liva: aeebavette.]    Idle  talk;  chatter.    [Rare.] 


bavardage 

Replying  onlj  by  monosyllables  to  the  gay  bavardage 
of  the  knight.  Bitlwer,  Rienzi,  II.  188. 

bavarettet  (bav-a-ret'),  ».    Same  as  bavette. 
Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-anj,  a.  and  n.     [<  Bavaria, 

NL.  form  of  ML.  Jliiiavia,  I  he  country  of  the  Jlnii 
(G.  Baiern),  whose  name  is  also  found  in  Bo- 
hemia, the  country  of  tin'  llniemi  or  Bohemi 
((!.  Bbhmen).]  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ba- 
varia, a  kingdom  of  southern  Germany — Bava- 
rian bronze,  a  bronze  ranging  in  color  from  a  bright 

yellow  to  a  copper-red.    Ihe  yellow  bronze  contains  al t 

82J  per  cent  of  copper  to  L7|  percent    oi   tin;  the  red 

a i  97  per  cent,  of  copper  to  8  per  cent,  of  tin. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bavaria, 
bavaroyt  (bav'a-roi),  re.     [<  F.  Bavarois,  Bava- 
rian.]    A  kind  of  cloak. 

Let  the  loop'd  bavaroy  the  fop  embrace. 

Bay,  Trivia,  i.  53. 

Baveno  twin.    See  twin. 

bavert,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bearer'2. 

bavette  (ba-vef),  re.    [P.,  with  dim.  term,  -ette, 

<  bare  =  Pr.   It.    bum  =  Sp.  Pg.   baba  (ML. 

bara),  drivel,  slaver,  saliva.]      1.  A  bib. —  2. 

The  upper  part  of  a  child's  apron  turned  over 

to  serve  as  a  bib. 
baviant  (ba'vi-an),  n.   A  variant  form  of  baboon. 
baviert,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  beavt i '-'. 
bavin1  (bav'in),  re.  and  a.    [E.  dial,  bavin,  bav- 

cii,  also  bnbbin  ;  of  obscure  origin ;  cf.  OF.  baffe, 

a  bundle.]     I.    n.    1.  A  fagot  of  brushwood; 

light  and  combustible  wood  used  for  kindling 

fires.     [Now  rare.] 

The  Bauin,  though  it  burne  bright,  is  but  a  blaze. 

I/yly,  Guphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  73. 
If  lie  outlasts  not  a  hundred  Buch  crackling  bavins  as 
thou  art,  God  and  men  neglect  industry. 

Marston,  Jonson,  ami  Chapman,  Eastward  Ho,  i.  1, 

About  two  in  the  morning  they  felt  themselves  almost 
choked  with  smoke,  and  rising,  did  find  the  tire  coming 
up  stairs :  so  they  rose  to  save  themselves  ;  but  that,  at 
that  time,  the  bavins  were  not  on  lire  in  the  yard. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  73. 
2t.  Milit.,  a  fascine. 

II.  a.  Resembling  bavin.     [Poetic] 

shallow  jesters,  and  rash  burin  wits, 
Soon  kindled  and  soon  bnrn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

bavinH  (bav'in),  v.  t.  [<  bavin,  ».]  To  make 
up  into  fagots. 

Kid  or  bavin  them,  ami  pitch  them  upon  their  ends  to 
preserve  them  from  rotting.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  538. 

bavin2  (bav'in),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.] 
Impure  limestone.      Iliillnnll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bavin3  (bav'in),  n.    [Origin  obscure.]    A  name 

on  the  northeastern st  of  Ireland  of  the  bal- 

lan-wrasse. 

Bavouism  (ba-vo'izm),  n.     Same  as  Babouvism. 

Bavouism,  as  Babceuf'B  system  was  called,  was  thus  en- 
abled to  play  a  role  in  French  history  from  1830  to  1839. 
R.  T.  Ely,  Ft.  and  Oer.  Socialism,  p.  34. 

baw1  (ba),  re.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  (Sc.  also  ba'), 
=  ball1.]     A  ball.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

baw'J  (ba),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  =  bawl1.  In  def.  2, 
of.  L.  baubavi,  bark.]  1.  To  bawl.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  2f.  To  bark.     Topsell. 

baw3  (ba),  interj.  [<  ME. J>aw,  bawe;  a  natural 
exclamation  of  disgust,  like  bull.]  An  ejacu- 
lation of  disgust  or  contempt.     Goldsmith. 

bawbee,  baubee  (ba-be'),  n.  [Se.,  formerly 
also  bawbie,  baubie,  rarely  liable :  first  mentioned 
in  pi.  baubeis.  Of  uncertain  origin;  prob.  an 
abbr.  of  the  name  of  the  laird  of  Sillebawby,  a 
mint-master  mentioned  at  the  date  of  the  issu- 
ance of  the  bawbee,  in  connection  with  Atchison, 
another  mint-master  whose  name  was  applied 
to  the  coin  called  atchison;  cf.  also  bodle,  bod- 
dle,  said  to  be  named  from  a  mint-master  Bod- 
well  or  Bolliwell.]  1.  A  Scotch  billon  coin, 
weighing  about  29  grains  troy,  first  issued  in 


481 

bawchan-seed(biY'clian-sed),  ii.  [E. Ind.;  also 
written  ba/uchee-seed.]  The  seed  of  Psoralea 
corylifolia,  a  leguminous  plant  of  the  Basl  En- 
dies,  used  by  the  natives  as  a  tonic  and  in  skin- 
diseases,  and  exported  as  an  oil-seed. 

bawcock  (bii'kok),  n.    [<  F.  bean  eoq,  line  cock  : 

see  bea it  and  cock1.]    Afinefellow.    [Archaic] 

II..H  now,  my  bavxoeki  Shak.,T.  N., iii.  4. 

bawd1  (bad),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  band,  < 
ME.  bawde,  baude,  in  the  earliest  instance 
varying  with  bawdstrot,  of  which  bawd  is  prob. 

an  abbr.,  being  thus  (prob.)  indirectly,  and  not, 
as  commonly  supposed,  directly,  derived  from 
the  OF.  baud,  bold,  lively,  gay.'  The  OF.  adj. 
is  not  used  as  a  noun,  and  does  not  have  the 
sense  of  the  E.  word.  See  bainlstmt,  and  el'. 
bawdy1,  bawdy'2.]  A  procurer  or  procuress ;  a 
person  who  keeps  a  house  of  prostitution,  and 
conducts  illicit  intrigues:  now  usually  applied 
only  to  women. 

He  [Pandarus]  is  named  Troilus'  bawd. 

Sketion,  Poems,  p.  235. 

bawdH  (bad),  v.  i.  [<  bawd1,  «.]  To  pander; 
act  as  procurer  or  procuress. 

I.eueippe   is  agent  for  the  king's  lust,  and  bawds  .  .  . 
tor  the  whole  court.  Spectator,  No.  206. 

bawd'-t  (bad),  v.  t.  [Also  spelled  baud;  <  bawdy"2, 
q.  v.]     To  fotd  or  dirty. 

Her  shoone  smered  with  tallow, 
Gresed  upon  dyrt 
That  baudeth  her  skyrt, 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  126. 

bawd:1  (bad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  per- 
haps abbr.  from  baudrons,  or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
ME.  badde,  a  cat,  the  name  being  transferred 
to  the  hare.]  A  hare.  [In  the  extract  there  is 
a  play  on  bawd  in  this  sense  and  bawd1.'] 

Mi  r.     A  hinnl,  a  bawd  !  so  ho! 

Rom.   What  hast  thou  found? 

Mer.     No  hare,  sir.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

bawd-born  (bad'bom),  a.  Born  of  a  bawd;  a 
bawd  from  birth.     Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

bawdekynt,  n.    See  bauaekin. 

bawdily  (ba'di-li),  adv.  In  a  bawdy  manner; 
obscenely;  lewdly. 

bawdiness  (ba'di-nes),  n.  [<  bawdy1  +  -ness.] 
Obscenity;  lewdness. 

bawdmoney,  «.    See  baldmoney. 

bawdrickt  (bad'rik),  n.    See  baldric. 

bawdry  (bad'ri),  n.  [<  ME.  bauderye,  <  baude, 
bawd,  +  -ry.  Cf.  OF.  bauderic,  boldness, 
gayety.  See  bawd1.]  1.  The  business  of  a 
bawd  or  procuress. —  2.  Blicit  intercourse ; 
fornication. 

We  must  be  married,  or  we  must  live  in  bawdry. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 

3.  Obscenity;  lewd  language;  smuttiness. 

It  is  most  certain  that  barefaced  bawdry  is  the  ] rest 

pretence  to  wit  imaginable.  Dryden, 

4f.  Bawds  collectively.     Udall. 

bawdshlp  (bad'ship),  n.  [<  bawd1  +  -sliiji.] 
The  office  or  employment  of  a  bawd.    Ford. 

bawdstrott,  "•  [ME.,  also  baudstrot,  baustrot, 
baldest/rot,  baldystrot,  <  OF.  *baudestrot,  *bal- 
destrot,  found  only  in  later  form  baudetrot, 
prob.  a  cant  name,  and  as  such  of  obscure  ori- 
gin ;  possibly  <  OF.  baud,  bald,  bold  (<  OLG. 
bald  =  E.  bold),  +  'stmt,  <  <  )L(  i.  strotten,  *strut- 
ten  =  Dan.  struttc  =  MHO.  G.  strotscn  =  E.  strut; 
cf.  LG.  Gr.  strutt,  stiff.]  A  bawd;  a  pander. 
I'n  rs  Plowman. 

bawdy1  (ba'di),  a.  [iban-d1  +  -y1.]  Obscene; 
lewd;  indecent;  unchaste. 

bawdy'-'t  (ba'di),  a.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  bandy, 
<  ME.  bawdy,  Handy,  dirty,  appar.  from  a  sim- 
ple form  *baud,  which  is  not  found  till  much 
later,  and  only  as  a  verb  (see  bawd2);  origin 
unknown;  cf.  W.  bawaidd,  dirty,  <  Imw,  dirt, 
mire;  F.  boue,  mud.  Not  connected  with 
bawdy1,  though  the  two  words  are  commonly 
associated.]     Dirty;  filthy. 

His  oversloppe  .  .  .  is  al  baudy  and  to-tore  also. 

Chaucer,  l'rol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  82. 


Slovenly* ks,  that  . 


.  never  wash  their  bawilu  bands. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  II.  323. 


Obverse. 
Bawbee  of  James  V.—  British  Museum. 


Reverse. 

(Size  of  the  original.) 


1542  by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  worth  at 
that  time  lid.  Scotch.  A  half-bawbee,  worth  Id. 
Scotch,  was  coined  at  the  same  time  and  bad  similar 
types.  In  Scotland  the  name  is  now  given  to  the  bronze 
halfpenny  current  throughout  the  British  islands. 
2.  jil.  Money;  cash.     [Scotch.] 

bawbie1,  «.     See  bauble1. 

bawbie-,  n.     See  bauble'2. 
31 


bawdy-house  (ba'di-hous),  n.  A  house  of 
lewdness  and  prostitution;  a  house  of  ill-fame. 

bawhorse  (ba'hdrs),  n.    Same  as  bathorse. 

bawl1  (bal),  I'.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ball,  liaiil, 
<  ME.  baivleii,  bark,  prob.  <  ML.  baulare,  bark 
(of.  L.  luiittiari,  bark);  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula  = 
!Sw.  Iiiila,  low  as  a  cow  (Icel.  binila,  a  cow); 
cf.  also  Sw.  hfila,  roar,  Gr.  bailen,  bark,  and  see 
bell'2,  liellnw,  balk2,  etc.,  all  prob.  orig.  imitative.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  bark  or  howl,  as  a  dog. — 2. 
To  cry  out  with  a  loud  full  sound ;  make  vehe- 


bay 

incut  or  clamorous  outcries,  as  in  pain,  exulta- 
i  ion,  etc. ;  shout. 

That  bawl  for  Freedom  in  their  senseless  mood, 
And  still  revolt  when  truth  would  Bet  them  free. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  vii. 
i'.i  ilng  under  Ludgate  the  other  day,  I  heard  a  voice 
bawling  for  charity.  Steele,  Spectator,  STo. 

II.   trans.   1.  To  utter  or  proclaim  by  outcry; 
shout  out. 

still  must  I  bear'     shall  boars,-  Fitzgerald  bawl 

His  creaking pleta  In  b  tavei  n  hall? 

/;.cec.  English  Barda  and  Scotch  Revii 

2.  To  cry  for  sale,  as  a  hawker. 
I  saw  my  labours,  which  had  cost  me  so  much  thought 

and  watching,  bawled  al i  by  the  common  hawkers  .,t 

Grub  Street.  .s'/c/ll,  lliekerstalf  Papers. 

bawl1  (bal),  n.  [<  bairP,  v.]  A  shout  at  tho 
top  of  one's  voice;  an  outcry:  as,  the  children 
set  up  a  loud  bawl. 

bawl'-'t,  a.     Obsolete  spelling  of  ball1. 

bawla  (ba'lii),  ii.  [Native  term.]  A  matting 
made  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  from  the 
leaves  of  the  cocounut-palm,  used  for  thatching. 

bawler  (ba'ler),  re.    one  who  bawls. 

bawmet,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  balm.    Chaucer. 

baw-money,  re.    See  baPmoney. 

bawn  (ban),  u.  [<  lr.  Iiablnin  =  Gael,  babliiinn 
(pron.  nearly  as  bairn),  an  inclosure  for  cattle, 
a  fortification.]  1.  Formerly,  au  outer  in- 
closure of  an  Irish  castle:  nearly  equivalent 
to  bailey  and  miter  bailey.  i„  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury grants  of  government  land  in  Ireland  were  made  on 
the  condition  that  the  grantee  should  build  a  castle  and 
bawn.  the  latter  for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  of  the 
tenants. 

2.  In  modern  times,  in  some  parts  of  Ireland  — 
(a)  The  cattle-yard  near  a  farm-house,  (b)  A 
large  house,  including  all  its  appurtenances, 
as  offices,  courtyard,  etc.     Swift. 

bawn  (ban),  v.  t.  [<  baton,  «.]  In  Ireland,  to 
surround  or  inclose  with  a  bawn. 

bawrelt,  re.  [A  corresponding  masc.  bawret  is 
found ;  appar.  of  F.  origin.  Cf .  bockerel,  bock- 
eret.]    A  kind  of  hawk.     Phillips. 

bawsin,  ».  and  a.     See  bauson. 

bawsint  (ba/sint),  a.    See  bausond. 

bawson,  ii.  and  a.     See  bauson. 

bawtie,  bawty  (bti'ti),  n.  [Sc.  Cf.  baivd3.]  In 
Scotland,  a  name  for  a  dog,  especially  one  of 
large  size,  and  also  for  a  hare. 

baxa,  baxea  (bak'sa,  -se-ii),  n.  [L.]  In  Rom. 
an  tin.,  a  sandal  or  low  shoe  of  various  forms, 
often  plaited  from  papyrus  or  palm-leaves; 
generally,  an  inexpensive  foot-eovering  worn 
by  the  poorer  classes,  but  also  referred  to  as 
occurring  in  rich  materials  and  workmanship, 
and  specifically  as  the  shoe  of  comic  actors,  as 
distinguished  from  the  cothurnus  used  by  tra- 
gedians. 

baxter  (bak'ster),  n.  [Also  backster,  <  ME. 
baxter,  burster,  bakestre,  <  AS.  batcestre,  a  baker: 
see  bakester.  Hence  the  proper  name  Baxter, 
equiv. to  Baker.]  A  baker:  properly,  a  female 
baker.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.  ] 

Baxterian  (baks-te'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
propounded  by  Richard  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
English  nonconformist  divine  (1615-1691):  as, 
BaxU  riii a  doctrines. 

Baxterianism  (baks-te'ri-an-izm),  ».  The 
doctrines  of  Richard  Baxter,  who  amalgamated 
the  Arminian  doctrine  of  free  grace  with  the 
Calvinistic  doctrine  of  election. 

bay1  (ba),  n.  [Early  moil.  E.  also  baye,  baie,  < 
ME.  bay,  baie,  a  berry,  esp.  that  of  the  laurel- 
or  bay-tree,  perhaps  <  AS.  beg,  berry,  occurring 
only  in  pi.  bei/er,  bcr/ir,  glossed  baccinia,  i.  e. 
vaccinia,  'blueberries'  (see  Yaccinium),  and  in 
comp.  begbedm,  lit.  'berry-tree,'  applied  both  to 
the  mulberry-tree  (Gr.  popta)  and  to  the  bram- 
ble or  blackberry-bush  (Gr.  jiaroc).  But  the 
ME.  form,  like  MD.  In  ye.  Inn  ye,  a  berry,  a  lau- 
rel-berry, agrees  also  with,  and  may  have  come 
directly  from,  OF.  baie,  ha  ye,  mod.  F.  baie  =  Pr. 
baia  =  Sp.  baya,  OSp.  Iiaca  =  Pg.  bar/a,  baca  = 
It.  bacca,  a  berry,  <  L.  bdea,  less  correctly  bacca, 
a  berry;  cf.  Lith.  bapka,  a  laurel-berry.]  It. 
A  berry,  especially  of  tho  laurel-tree. 

The  bays  or  berries  that  it  bearetb, 

Holland,  tr,  of  Pliny,  xv.  30. 

2.  The  laurel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or  sweet-bay, 
I. aunts  nobilis.  See  Inn rel.  The  name  bay  is  also 
given  te»  a  number  of  trees  and  shrubs  more  or  less  re. 
sembling  the  noble  laurel.  See  phrases  below. 
Hence  (like  laurel,  and  in  reference  to  the  an- 
cient use  of  the  laurel ) — 3.  An  honorary  garland 
or  crown  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  victory  or  ex- 
cellence; also,  fame  or  renown  due  to  achieve- 
ment or  merit :  in  this  sense  used  chiefly  in  the 


bay 

plural,  with  reference  to  the  leaves  or  branches 
of  laurel.     Also  called  bay-It  of. 

Yet  as  von  hope  hereafter  to  sec  plays, 

I ii.ia-  us.  and  give  our  poet  bays. 

BealL  „.,  j  i       L'hierry  and  rheodoret,  Epil. 

I  ni.iv'.l  to  please  myself,  on  rustick  reed, 
NoTsougW  f..r  bay,  the  learned  shepherd  a  meed.  _ 

ii  Browne,  Britannias  Pastorals,  1.  1. 
[In  the  following  quotation,  the  office  of  poet  laureate: 
formerly  a  not  uncommon  use. 

Ii  yon  needs  must  write,  write  Csesa)  ■  praise. 
You'll  gain  at  least  a  knighthood,  or  the  bays.    _ 

Pope,  Emit,  of  Horace,  Satire  i.  22. 
was  Bometimes  used  as  a  singular  (compare  bays, 
[ngulai  i. 
Do  plant  a  sprig  of  cypress,  not  of  gft^^ 


A  greener  bays  shall  emu-,,  Ben  Jonson's  name 
=  •*  Feltham,  Jonsonus  Virbius.] 

4  [Cf.  &</'/-•]  A  piece  of  low,  marshy  ground 
producing  large  numbers  of  bay-trees.  [«• 
Carolina  and  Florida.]    /.'«W?W/.-BuU-bay,  the 

wt-DwMf  bay,  of  Europe,  f  % 5apA™  ^ureoZ^-In- 
dlan  or  royal  bay,  taurw  '"''""•-„LohloUy-bay, oi 
tan-bay,  the  Gordonia  Laswntta.-Bed  bay,  the  i  'e  - 
ImCV,  ,;,„,-— Rose-bay,  a  name  given  («    to the 
willow-herb,  Epilobium  angusbfohum  :  (6)  in  the  l  nitea 
Suites   to  the  great  laurel,  Rhododendron  maximum.— 
Sweet-bay     See  above,  2.- Sweet-bay,  or  white  bay, 
of  the  I  nited  States,  the  Magnoliaglauea. 
bav-  (ba),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  6«i/e,  <  ME. 
6o«e,  <  OF.  6aie,  few  mod.  F.  6ai«  =  Pr.  bam 
-So.  bahia,  formerly  also  ftaia,  Java  (>  Basque 
bail  baiya),  =  Pg.  baitia  =  It,  baja  (of.  G.  6a»,  < 
D.  baai,  MD.  ftaeye  =  Dan.  bai,  <  E.  6ni/-).  <  L-U 
6o»a  a  bay,  first  mentioned  by  Isidore,  and  said 
to  have  its  gen.  in  -as,  implying  its  existence  at 
a  much  earlier  period ;  perhaps  connected  with 
L    Baice,  pi.,  a  noted  watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  hence  applied  also  to  any 
watering-place.     Bay  in  this  sense  has  been 
confused  in  E.  and  Rom.  with  bay*.]     1.  A  re- 
cess in  the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake,  differing  from 
a  creek  in  being  less  long  and  narrow;  the  ex- 
panse of  water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands. 

The  sea  winding,  and  breaking  in  ^nitottjjtat^ 

2t.  An  anchorage  or  roadstead  for  ships;  a 
port ;  a  harbor. 
A.  bay  or  rode  for  ships.  Cotgrave. 

I  prithee,  good  Iago, 
Go  to  the  ^.aj.d  disembark  my^oifers^..^ 

3  A  recess  of  land,  as  in  a  range  of  hills ; 
a  level  space  partly  surrounded  by  heights. 
[Rare.] -4.  An  arm  of  a  prairie  extending 
into  woods  and  partly  surrounded  by  them. 
TU  S.]  BartUtt.S.  A  kind  of  mahogany 
obtained  from  Campeachy  Bay  (whence  the 

bav^ba),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  bate,  < 
MK.  bayl  baye,  <  OF.  baee,  an  opening    gap, 
mod.  V.  haie,  a  hay  «  ML.  as  if  'batata),  on 
type  of  fem.  pp.,  <  baer,  beer,  bayer,  mod.  r. 
buyer,  <  LL.  bddare,  gape  (cf.  E.  gap,  n.,  gape, 
r  )•  see  6au4.     This  word  has  been  confused 
with  bay*.  ]    1.  A  principal  compartment  or  di- 
vision in  the  architectural  arrangement  of  a 
building,  marked  by  buttresses  or  pilasters  on 
the  walls,  by  the  disposition  of 
the  main  ribs  (ares  doubleaux) 
of  the   interior   vaulting,  by 
the  placing  of  the  main  arches 
and  pillars  or  of  the  principals 
of  the  roof,  or  by  any  other 

leading  features  that  separate 
the  design  into  corresponding 
oarts.  Oxford  Glossary.— 2. 
The  part  of  a  window  included 
bctw-en  two  mullions;  alight. 
called  window-bay.— v.  A 
bay-window. 

S0m,  ;  ing  with  me,  see- 

,,,  ,,,-,  father  Bitting  at  his  singular 
writing   estal  in    the  bay, 

went  in  through  his  glorifli  i  win 
clows,  and  establl  lied  thi  mselvea 
round  his  table, 

/  ,,./„  Bo    '■■  n  Ith,  mi. 

4.   A  i 

for    the    storage    of    ha 

..in.—  5.  In  carp.,  a  portion 
of  a  compound  or  framed  floor 
included  between  two  girders, 
or  between  a  girder  and  the 
wall.— 8.    In    plastering,   the 

space     between    Iwci    screeds. 

creed.— 7.    Naut.,    thai 

part   of    B   Ship     between    dl   el 

which  lies  forward  of  the  bitts, 


482 
on  either  side;  in  a  ship  of  war,  the  foremost 
messing-nlaeo  between  decks.  See  sick-bays— 
8  In  Mdge-buildmg>  the  portion  between  two 
piers  —9.'  In  coalmining  :  {a)  An  open  space 
for  the  gob  or  waste  in  a  long-wall  working. 
lb)  The  space  between  two  frames  or  sets  in  a 
level :  synonymous  with  board.  [Leicester- 
shire, Eng.]— Bay  of  joists,  the  joists  between  two 
binding-joists,  or  between  two  girders,  in  a  framed  floor. 
-  Bay  Of  roofing,  the  small  rafters  and  their  supporting 
purlins  between  two  principal  rafters. 
bay't  (ha),  !•.  i.  [<  OF.  bay,;;  ben;  baer.  gape, 
<  LL.  badare,  mod.  F.  bayer.  dial,  barter  =  n. 
badar  =  Cat.  badar  =  It.  badare,  <  EL.  ba- 
dare, gape,  be  open.  Cf.  bays  and  bay*.}  io 
open  the  mouth,  as  for  food;  seek  with  open 
mouth. 


Bay*  r  d  la  mamelle,  to  aeekeor  baye  for  the  dugge 

HoUyband,  Treasurie  of  the  French  longue. 


Archiicctur.il  Bays. 

'Hon. 

!: 

foriuin  ;     -I,    ->r'  li    01 

,,.  |,  ,.,-,[11   VlulUlt- 

Ic-Duc's    "ii.,     de 
1' Architecture.") 


bay5  (ba),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  <  ME. 
bayen,  <  OF.  bayer  =  It.  bajrtre  (also  in  comp., 
ME  abayen,  <  <  )P.  abayer.  abater,  abbayt  i;  mod. 
F  aboyer  =  It.  abbajare),  bark ;  of  uncertain 
origin,' perhaps  imitative  (cf.  E.  bawP-,  bark, 
L  baubari,  ML.  baulare,  G.  bailen,  bark,  and  E. 
bam*  bow-wow),  but  prob.  associated  iu  earner 
use  with  OF.  baer,  ben;  bayer  =  It.  badare,  <. 
LL.  badare,  gape:  see  bay*,  and  cf.  bay,  re.,  in 
which  the  two  notions  unite.  In  some  senses 
the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]  I.  in  trans.  Io 
bark,  as  a  dog;  especially,  to  bark  with  a  deep 
prolonged  sound,  as  hounds  m  the  chase. 
The  hounds  at  nearer  distance  hoarsely  bayed. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria,  1.  279. 

II.  trans.  1.   To  bark  at;  beset  with  deep 
prolonged  barking. 

I  had  rather  be  a  dog,  and  bay  the  moon,  | 
Than  such  a  Roman.  Shak.,  J.  <-.,  iv.  .!. 

2.  To  express  by  barking. 
■Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-dog's  honest  bark 
Dan  deep-mouthed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  l.  123. 

3.  To  drive  or  pursue  so  as  to  compel  to  stand 
at  bay ;  chase  or  hunt. 

They  bay'ii  the  bear 
With  hounds  of  Sparta. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  hold  at  bay. 
For  we  are  at  the  stake, 

And  baifd  about  with  many  enemies. 

Shak.,  J.  c,.,  iv.  1. 

bavr>  (ba),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  beye,  < 
ME.  bay,  bale,  of  different  origin,  according  as 
it  stands  (a)  for  bay,  a  barking,  <  bay,  ME.  bay- 
en,  bark ;  (6)  by  apheresis  for  abay,  <  Or .  abai 
abay,   abbay,  aboy,  mod.  F.  dboi,  a  barking,  < 
oftaier,  bark  (see  baifi,  v.),  esp.  in  the  phrase 
to  6c  or  stored  a«  !>«'/  (or  »i  «  '»'.'/,  winch  is  per- 
haps always  to  be  read  at  abay),  tobringtobay; 
(c)  in  the  phrase  to  hold  at  hay,  repr.  OF.  temr 
a  bail.  It.  tenerc  a  bada,  hold  in  suspense  or  ex- 
|„.,.|-;lti„„,lit.onthegape:OF.6rti/(=It.6ada), 
luspense,  lit.  gaping,  <  6acr  =  It.  6odore,gape,  a 
verb  prob.  in  part  connected  with  baiy,  bark: 
see  above.]   1.  The  deep-toned  barking  of  a  dog 
in  pursuit  of  game  ;  especially,  the  barking  of 
a  pack  of  hounds.— 2.  The  state  of  being  so 
hard  pressed,  as  a  hunted  animal  by  dogs  and 
hunters,  as  to  be  compelled,  from  impossibility 
of  escape,  to  turn  and  face  the  danger:  with  at 
or  to:  as,  to  be  at  bay,  stand  at  bay,  hold  at 
bail  (formerly  also  at  a  bay),  bring  to  bay,  etc.: 
often  used  figuratively,  in  these  and  other  con- 
structions, with  reference  to  persons  beset  by 
enemies  or  held  at  a  disadvantage:    strait; 
distress. 

Unhappy  Squire  !  what  bard  mishap  thee  brought 
Into  this  bay  of  perill  and  disgrace  5 

Spenser,  t.  Q.,  >  L  •■  ia 

Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopes  to  force  his  way  : 
BmboHened  by  despair,  he  stood  atbay.         Dryden. 

3  The  state  of  being  kept  off  by  the  bold  at- 
titude of  an  opponent  ;  the  state  ol  being  pre- 
vented by  an  enemy,  or  by  any  kind  of  resist- 
ance, from  making  further  advance  :  with  at. 

We  have  now,  for  ten  years  together,  tinned  the  whole 

force  and  expense  of  the  war  where  the  enemj  was  b;  il 

able  to  hold  us  at  bay.  *"''■"■ 

n„  barriers  -which  they  bullded  from  the  soil 

To  keep  the  foe  at  bay.  Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

bay'1  (ba  ),  a.  and  n.    [I.  a.  Early  mod.  E.  also 

ba./e,  baie,  <  ME.  bay,  hay, .  :  <  IF.  I.,,,.  .,,...1.  I'  .J»n 

=  Pr  bai  =  Sp.  bayo  =  Pg.  ba%o=  It,  bajo,  <  L. 

badius  (>  E.  badians),  bay,  in  ref.  to  a  color  ot 
horses.  II.  n.  1.  Eaxely  m  sing.  Kv  (=  J)- 
baai  =  MLG.  baie,  LG.  oaje  (>G.  6oi)  =  Dan. 

bai  =  Sw.  boi),  usually  in  pi.  bays,  early  mod. 
i;   bayes,   baics,  baize  (whence  the  mod.  sing. 


bayard 

6airc,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  hairs,  pi.  of  baie,  fem.  of  bai, 
adj.]  I  a.  Reddish  or  brownish-red,  inclining 
to  chestnut :  rufous ;  badious ;  castaneous :  ap- 
plied most  frequently  to  horses,  but  also  to 
other  animals  displaying  the  same  color. 

II  n  It.  A  light  woolen  fabric,  (originally 
of  a'bay  color),  the  manufacture  of  which  was 
introduced  into  England  in  l-llil  by  refugees 
from  France  and  the  Netherlands:  usually  in 
plural  bays,  now,  as  singular,  baize  (which  see). 
—  2.  A  bay  horse. 

The  ploughman  stopped  to  gara 

Whene'er  his  Chariot  swept  m  view 

Behind  the  .-Inning  bays. 

<r  II .  Unlaws,  Agnes. 

bay7  (ba),  ii.     [Origin  uncertain ;  the  ME.  "  bay, 
or  withstondynge,  obstaculum,"  may  possibly 
be  a  use  of  bay*  in  to  stand  at  bay,  etc.:  see 
bayl,  o.]     A  dam ;  a  pond-head ;  an  embank- 
ment.    [Eng.] 
bay7  (ba),  v.  t.    [Perhaps  from  the  related  noun 
(baip),  or,  as  the  source  of  that,  <  Icel.  breg- 
ia,  push  back,  hinder,  <  bagr,  opposition,  colli- 
sion; cf.  fara  i  brig,  come  athwart,]     To  dam: 
as,  to  bay  back  the  water. 
bay8  (ba),  re.     [Short  for  bay-antler.]    The  bay- 
antler  or  bez-antler  of  a  stag. 
bav°  (ba),  v.  t.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  beien,  betgben, 
beizen,  Uen,  buyen,  bugen,  <  AS.  began,  bUgm, 
bigan,   bygan   (=  OFries.  beja  =  1TO.  boghen  = 
MLG.  bogen   =  OHG.   6o«//ch,   MHO.  haiiyn,, 
Gc.bt  ugen  =  Icel. fte^'a  =  Sw.  6q/a  =  Dan.  boje 
=  Goth,   bamijan),  trans,  bend,   causative  ot 
bugan  (=  Goth.  6tMfl-a»,  ete.),E.  6»«-i ,  intrans. 
bend:  see  6o«ii,  and  cf.  6a«L]  To  bend.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 
bay10t   e.     [Only  in  Spenser,  who  also  uses  em- 
bay for  embathe,  in  most  instances  for  the  sake 
of  rime.]    A  poetical  perversion  of  bathe. 
Hee  feedes  upon  the  cooling  shade,  and  oajres 
His  sweatie  forehead  in  the  breathing  wynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vu.  d. 

baya  (ba'ya),  re.  [Hind.]  The  weaver-bird, 
77oc<«.s-  philippinm,  an  East  Indian  passerine 
bird,  somewhat  like  the  bulfinch,  remarkable 
for  its  extremely  curious  nest.  See  weaver- 
bird. 

baya-bird,  re.     Same  as  6«;/fl. 

bayadere,  bayadeer  (ba-ya-der  ),  n.  [Also 
spelled  bajadere  (<  F.  bayadere);  formerly  .«(- 
Uadere,  balliadera,  <  Pg.  bailadeira  (fem.  of  &«»- 
todor  =  Sp.  bailarhv),  a  dancer,  <  6o»tor  =  Hp. 
5aiJorJ  dance:  see  ball?.']  An  East  Indian  dan- 
cintr  trirl 

bayal  (ba'al),  h.     A  fine  kind  of  cotton.     Sim- 

monds.  ,  .  .     . 

bayamo  (ba-ya'mo),  re.    [Cuban.]    A  violent 

blast  of  wind,  accompanied  by  vivid  lightning, 
blowing  from  the  land  on  the  south  coast  ot 
Cuba,  and  especially  from  the  Bight  of  Bayamo. 

bay-antler,".    See  bee-antler. 

bavard1  (ba'ard),  a.  and  re.  [Early  mod  E. 
also  bayerd.  b'aiard.  bayart,  <  ME.  bayard,  bay- 
art  <  OF.  billiard,  banted,  ha  tart  (=  I  r.  oinart), 
bav,  a  bay  horse,  <  bai,  bay:  see  baifi  and  -ard. 
The  adi.  came  to  be  a  general  appellative  ot  a 
bay  horse,  esp.  of  Renaud's  (Rinaldo's)  magic 
steed  in  the  Charlemagne  romances;  later  ot 
anv  horse,  esp.  in  alliterative  proverbial  use, 
bold  haiiard,  blind  bayard,  often  with  reference 
to  reckless  or  stupid  persons. ,  .erhajis  associated 
in  the  latter  sense  with  OF.  bayard,  gaping, 
staring,  one  who  gajies  or  gazes,  <  bayer,  baer, 
gape,  gaze:  see  bayi.]  I.t  a.  Bay;  of  a  bay 
color:  applied  to  ahorse. 

II  re.  1.  Abay  horse;  generally,  any  horse . 
formerly  frequent  in  proverbial  use,  especially 
with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 

Blind  bayard  moves  the  mill.  Philips. 

Who  so  bold  as  Mind  bayard  <  Proverbial  saying. 

2    A  person  who  is  self-confident  and  ignorant: 
usually  with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 

The  more  we  know,  the  more  we  know  we  want: 


l  lie  more  we  i\n...,,  ...v  -        , 

What  Bayard  boulder  then  the  ignorant  I 

Marston,  What  you  Will,  Ind. 

Phillip  the  second,  late  king  of  Spain,  perceiving  that 

manyBfind! I   were  overbold  to  undertake  the  work- 

ing  of  his  mines  of  silver  in  the  West  Indies,  etc. 

,,     ,  ,;  Halynes,  Lex  Mercatoria  (WW),  p.  189. 

Whatare  st  of„ur  papists,  but  stupid,  ignorant    and 

blind  bayards)  Burton,  Anal,  of  Mel.,  p.  609. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
bavard-t    ".     [<  OP.  /i»»"-''.  bayart,  a  basket 
nsed    lor' the    carrying  of    earth    and    faslened 

.,,„„,,  theneck;  perhaps  a  fanciful  application 
of  bavard,  ahorse:  see  bayard*.]  A  kind  ot 
band-barrow  used   for  carrying  heavy  loads, 

especially  of  stones. 


bayardly 
bayardlyt  (ba'&rd-li),  a.    [<  bayard*  +  -ly1.] 

liliml ;  stupid. 

A  blind  credulity,  :i  hannrillii  confidence,  or  an  imperious 
liiBolenoe.         Jer.  Taylor®,  Artif.  Handsomeness, p.  148. 

bayberry  (ba'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  bayberries  (-iz).  [< 
/«k/1  +  berry1.]  1.  The  Emit  of  the  bay-tree, 
or  Lauras  nobilis.—Z.  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica 
eerifera,  and  its  fruit.  Tin-  coating  "f  wax  upon  the 
berries  is  known  aa  tojj&erry-taKow  or  myrtfa-uw*.  See 
Xyrica.  Also  called  candleberry. 
3.  In  Jamaica,  the  Pimento  orris,  from  which 
an  oil  is  obtained  which  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  bay-rum. 

bay-birds  (M'berdz),  n.  pi.  A  collective  name 
of  numerous  small  wading  birds  or  shore-birds, 
chiefly  of  the  snipe  and  plover  families,  which 
frequent  the  muddy  shores  of  the  bays  and  es- 
tuaries along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
states. 

bay-bolt  (ba'bolt),  h.  A  kind  of  barbed  bolt. 
Bee  bolt1. 

bay-breasted  (ba'bres'tcd),  a.  Having  the 
breast  bay  in  color:  as,  the  bay-breasted  warbler, 
Dendrosca  eastaru  a,  one  of  the  commonest  birds 
of  the  United  States. 

bay-cod  (ba'kod),  n.  The  name  of  a  fish  of  the 
family  Ophidiidce,  Genypterus  blacodes,  of  New 
Zealand,  also  called  cloudy  bay-cod  and  ling. 

bayed  (bad),  «.  [<  bay3  +  -nl-.]  1.  Having  a 
bay  or  bays,  as  a  building:  as,  "the  largo  bay'd 
barn,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii. — 2.  Formed  as 
a  bay  or  recess. 

A  handsome  and  substantial  mansion,  the  numerous  ga- 
ble-ends and  bayed  windows  of  which  bespoke  the  owner 
a  man  of  worship.        Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  119. 

bayest,  »•     See  baize. 

bayeta  (ba-ya'ta),  n.  [Sp.,  baize:  see  baize.'] 
A  common  kind  of  coarse  baize  manufactured 
in  Spain. 

Bayeux  tapestry.    See  tapestry. 

bay-gall  (ba'gal),  n.  A  watercourse  covered 
with  spongy  earth,  mixed  with  matted  fibers, 
and  impregnated  with  acids.     See  gall?,  5. 

bay-leaf  (ba'lef),  «.;  pi.  bay-leaves  (-levz).  1. 
The  leaf  of  the  sweet-bay  or  laurel-tree,  Laurtis 
nobilis.  Bay-leaves  are  aromatic,  are  reputed  stimulant 
and  narcotic,  and  are  used  in  medicine,  cookery,  and  con- 
fectionery. 

2.  Same  as  bay1,  «.,  3. 

baylerbay  (ba'ler-ba),  n.    Same  as  beylerbey. 

baylet  (ba'let),  n.  [<  bay*  +  -let.]  '  A  little 
bay. 

bay-mahogany  (ba'ina-hog'/a.-ni),  n.  Same  as 
bay-wood. 

bayman1  (bii'man),  n. ;  pi.  baymen  (-men).  [< 
boy-  +  man.]  1.  One  who  lives  on  a  bay,  or 
who  fishes,  shoots,  or  pursues  his  occupation  in 
or  on  a  bay. 

When  the  birds  are  traveling  with  the  wind,  or  as  bay- 
men  call  it,  a  "free  wind."  Shore  Birds,  p.  43. 

2.  Specifically,  in  British  Honduras,  a  mahog- 
any-cutter of  the  coast. 
bayman-  (ba'nian),  n.  ;  pi.  baymen  (-men).  [< 
bay3  +  man.]  A  sick-bay  attendant;  a  nurse 
for  sick  or  wounded  men  on  a  vessel  of  war. 
bay-oil  (ba'oil),  n.  An  oil  manufactured  from 
tlie  ripe  berries  of  the  bay-tree  of  Italy,  used 
in  veterinary  medicine.  McElrath. 
bayonet  (ba'o-net),  n.  [<  F.  baionnette,  for- 
merly bayonnettc,  a  small  flat  pocket-dagger, 
or  a  knife  hung  at  the  girdle,  like  a  dagger, 
now  a  bayonet,  =  Sp.  bayoneta  =  It.  baionetta, 
a  bayonet,  usually  derived  from  Bayonne,  in 
France,  because  bayonets  are  said  to  have 
been  first  made  there  (Bayonne,  Sp.  Bayona,  is 
said  to  mean  'good  harbor,'  <  Basque  baia, 
harbor  (see  bay*),  +  ona,  good) ;  but  of.  F. 
"bayonnier,  as  arbalcsticr  [see  arbalistcr]  ;  an 
old  word"  (Cotgrave),  <  bayon,  baion,  the  arrow 
or  shaft  of  a  crossbow.]  If.  A  short  flat  dag- 
ger.—  2.  A  dagger  or  short  stabbing  instru- 
ment of  steel  for  infantry  soldiers,  made  to  be 
attached  to  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.    in  its  original 

form  it  has  a  sharp 
l  rHWl     Point     and     three 

_^^^^^__=        ^f^     edges,     but    other 

forms  have  been 
introduced.  (See 
below.)  It  was  at 
first  inserted  in  the 
barrel  of  the  gun, 
after  the  soldier 
had  fired,  by  a 
wooden  handle  fitted  to  the  bore;  but  it  was  afterward 
made  with  an  iron  socket  and  ring  passing  over  the  muz- 
zle, and  attached  to  the  blade  by  a  shoulder,  so  that  the 
soldier  might  fire  witli  his  bayonet  fixed. 
3.  In  mack.,  a  pin  which  plays  in  and  out  of 
holes  made  to  receive  it,  and  which  thus  serves 
to  connect  and  disconnect  parts  of  the  machin- 
ery.    See  bayonet-clutch Knife-bayonet,  a  com- 


483 


bined  knife  and  bayonet  arranged  to  lit  the  muzzle  of  a 
rifle,  carried  when  not  in  use  in  a  sheath  attached  to  the 
waist-belt.  Rod-bayonet,  a  long  steel  roil  with  triangu- 
lar-shaped end,  used  as  a  bayonet,  ft  is  attached  to  the 
rifle  by  a  spring-catch,  and  may  also  be  used  as  a  wiping. 
rod.  It  was  perfected  by  Lieut.-Col.  A.  It.  Bufflngton, 
V.  S.  \.  Spanish  bayonet,  a  common  name  given  to  bay-winged 
plants  belonging  to  several  species  of  Yucca,  with  narrow,  winsrd)  a. 
rigid,  spine-tipped  leaves,  especially  to  j'.  aloifolia,  Y. 
canaliculata,  and  r.  boccata.—  Sword-bayonet,  a  short 

BWOrd  With  a  cutting  edge  and  sharp  point,  made  to  fasten 

by  :i  spring-catch  to  tin  barrel  of  a  rifle  or  carbine.  It  is 
carried  in  a  scabbard  when  not  fixed  to  the  piece.  This  is 
now  the  usual  form  of  military  bayonet,-  Trowel-bayo- 
net,  a  form  of  bayonet  with  a  short  and  broad  but  sharp- 
pointed  blade,  intended  to  serve  iii  case  ol  need]  aftei  the 
manner  of  a  trowel,  as  an  intrenching  tool.  It  was  invent- 
ed by  CoL  Edmund  Rice,  I  .  S.  A.,  and  has  done  good  ser- 
v iie  in  [ndian-flghting. 
bayonet  (ba'p-net),  v.  t.  [<  bayonet,  n.]  To 
stab  with  a  bayonet;  compel  or  drive  by  the 
bayonet. 

You  semi  troops  to  sabre  and  to  bayonet  us  into  a  sub 
mission. 


Bdella 

however,  also  often  applied  ton  bow-window, which  prop 
erly  forms  in  plan  tie  segment  of  a  circle,  or  to  an  oriel- 
window,  which  i1-  Buppoi  I'd 


on  a  console  or  corbeling, 
and  is  usually  on  the  flrst 
floor. 

(bfV- 

I  laving 

hestuut  color  mi   I  he 

w  i iics.  _  Bay  -  winged 

bunting,  the  ^i;es  finch  oi' 
vesper-bird,  Pooecetes  gra. 
mineus,  one  of  the  com- 
nionest  sparrows  of  North 
America.  — '  Bay  -  Winged 
longspur,  Rhynchophanea 
maccowni,  a  common  frin- 
gilline  bird  of  the  western 
prairies,  related  to  tin- 
Lapland  longspur.— Bay- 
winged  summer-finch, 
Peuccea  carjialis  of  Ari- 
zona. 


Burke,  Rev.  in  France.  bay-Wood  (ba'wud),  n. 
bayonet-clasp  (ba/o-net-klasp),  n.    A  movable     [> bay3  +  wood1.]  The 

ring  of  metal  about  the  socket  of  a  bayonet, 

which  serves  to  strengthen  it  and  to  prevent 

its  disengagement, 
bayonet-clutch  (ba'o-net-klneh),  n.    In  maeh., 

a  form  of  clutch  armed  usually  with  two  prongs 

(a  a),  which  when  in  gear  act  on  the  ends  or 

lugs  of  a  friction-strap  (b), 

"™  5 


Bayonet-clutch. 


fitted  on  a  side-boss  of  the 
wheel  to  be  driven,  the  lat- 
ter being  loose  on  the  same 
shaft.  The  clutch  is  attached  to 
the  shaft  by  a  feather-key,  and 
when  drawn  back  or  out  of  gear 
with  the  stnip  the  wheel  remains  at 
rest,  and  tin-  clutch  continues  to  re- 
volve vvitb  the  shaft,  When  it  is 
required  to  set  the  machinery  again 
in  motion,  the  clutch  is  thrown  for- 
ward by  the  fork  c,  and  its  prunes,  engaging  with  the 
strap,  gradually  put  the  wheel  in  motion. 

bayonet-joint  (ba'o-net-joint),  n.  A  form  of 
coupling  or  socket-joint  resembling  the  mode 
of  attachment  commonly  adopted  for  fixing  a 
bayonet  on  a  musket. 

bayou  (bi'd),  n.  [A  corrupt  form  of  F.  boyau, 
a  gut,  a  long,  narrow  passage  (of.  a  similar  use 
of  E.  gut),  <  OF.  boyel,  bocl,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel,  q. 
v.]  In  the  southern  United  States,  the  outlet 
of  a  lake,  or  one  of  the  several  outlets  of  a 
river  through  its  delta ;  a  sluggish  watercourse. 
For  hours,  ia  fall  days,  I  watched  the  ducks  cunningly 
tack  and  veer  and  hold  the  middle  of  the  pond,  far  from  the 
sportsman ;  tricks  which  they  will  have  less  need  to  prac- 
tise in  Louisiana  bayous.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  254. 
Under  the  shore  his  boat  was  tied, 

And  all  her  listless  crew 
Watched  the  gray  alligator  slide 
Into  the  still  bayou.    Longfellow,  Quadroon  Girl. 

bay-porpoise  (ha'poi^'pus),  n.  A  typical  por- 
poise, as  of  the  genus  Phocama;  a  puffing-pig 


lighter  and  coarser 
kind  of  mahogany, 
coming  especially  from 
British  Honduras.  See 
mahogany. 
bay-yarn  (ba'yarn),  ». 
[<T  bay6,  a.,  +  yarn.] 


Bay-window,  Sutton-on-Guildford, 
England. 

Woolen  yarn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baize. 

baza  (bii'zii),  >i.  [E.  Ind.  ;  cf.  Ar.  baz,  a 
hawk.]  Tni'ormth.,  the  name  of  an  East  Indian 
kite.    It  is  also  used  as  a  generic  name. 

bazaar,  bazar  (ba-zar'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
hasar,  buzzar,  hussar,  also  bazarro  (cf.  It.  baz- 
zarro,  traffic,  <  lit.  bazarra,  a  market-place),  <  F. 
bazar,  <  Ar.  bazar,  Turk,  pdzar,  Hind,  bazar,  < 
Pers.  bazar,  a  market.]  1.  In  the  East,  an  ex- 
change, market-place,  or  place  where  goods  are 
exposed  for  sale,  consisting  either  of  small 
shops  or  stalls  in  a  narrow  street  or  series  of 
streets,  or  of  a  certain  section  in  a  town  under 
one  roof  and  divided  by  narrower  passage- 
ways, in  which  all  or  most  of  the  merchants  and 
artisans  in  a  certain  material  or  metal,  or  any 
single  class  of  goods,  are  gathered  both  for 
manufacture  and  traffic.  These  bazaar-streets  are 
frequently  shaded  by  a  light  material  laid  from  roof  to 
roof,  and  are  sometimes  arched  oyer.  Marts  bearing  the 
name  of  bazaars,  for  the  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles, 
chiefly  fancy  g Is,  are  now  to  be  found  in  most  Euro- 
pean and  American  cities;  and  the  term  has  been  ex- 
tended to  structures  arranged  as  market-places  for  spe- 
cific articles :  as,  a  horse-bazaar. 

The  streets  of  the  town  arc  narrow,  terribly  rough,  and 

very  dirty,  but  the  bazaars  arc  extensive  and  well  stocked. 

B.  Taylor,  Land-  of  the  Saracen,  p.  40. 

2.  A  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles  in  further- 
ance of  some  charitable  or  other  purpose;  a 
fancy  fair.  The  articles  there  sold  are  mostly 
of  fancy  work,  and  contributed  gratuitously. 


mon  Bayonet ;  2,  Sword-Bayonet. 


so  called  from  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  bazaar-maund  (ba-zar'mand'),  n.  [<bazaar  + 
animals  in  bays  or  estuaries.  mound*,  n.]    An  East  Indian  weight,  differing 

bay-rum  (ba'ruui'),  n.     [<  bay1  +  rami.]     A     in  different  localities :  equal  in  Calcutta  to  82| 
fragrant  spirit  much  used  as  a  cosmetic,  etc.,     pounds  avoirdupois.     So  called   in  contradis- 
especially  by  barbers,  obtained  by  distilling     tinetion  to  factory-maund.     See  maund^. 
the  leaves  of  the  Pimenta  acris  (see  bayberry,  bazan,  ».     Same  as  basau. 
3),  of  the  natural  order  Myrtacece,  with  rum,  or  bazar,  ».     See  bazaar. 

by  mixing  the  volatile  oil  procured  from  the  bazaras  (ba-za'ras),  u.    [E.  Ind.]    A  large  flat- 
leaves  by  distillation  with  alcohol,  water,  and    bottomed  pleasure-boat  used  on  the  Ganges, 
acetic  ether.     It  is  the  spiritm  myrciaoltike    propelled  with  sails  and  oars. 
United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  bazet,  ''•  '•     [Also  written  baize,  appar.  <  D.  ba- 

bays1  (baz),  ii.     [Prop.pl.  of  bay1.]    See  bay1,    zen,  verbazen,  astonish,  stupefy  (cf.  abash);  cf. 

bays'-'t,  ».     [Prop.  pi.  of  bay6.]     See  baize.  Q.  (obs.)  bascn,  rave.]    To  stupefy  ;  frighten. 

bay-salt  (ba'salf),  n.      [Formerly  sometimes  baziers  (ba'zerz),  «.  sing.  ovpl.    [Corruption  of 
bai salt,  base-salt,  <.  late  ME.  baye salt;  cf.  Dan.     hear's  ears.]     Tho  plant  bear's-ears.  Primula 
lio iso 1 1  =  G.  baisalz,  after E. ;  appar.  <  bay2 (some     Auricula:  used  in  some  parts  of  England, 
suppose  orig.  in  ref.  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay)  +  Tlle  baziers  are  sweet  in  the  morning  of  May. 

salt1.]    Coarse-grained  salt:  properly  applied  Book  of  Days,  i.  547. 

to  salt  obtained  by  spontaneous   or  natural  bazil  (baz'il),  n.     Same  as  basan. 
evaporation  of  sea-water.  Tanned  with  bark,  .  .  .  [sheep-skins]  constitute  bazils, 

bay-Stall  (ba'stal),  n.     In  arch.,  the  bay  of  a     and  are  used  for  making  slippers  and  as  bellows-leafier, 
window;  a  window-seat.  c-  T-  Davis-  Leather,  p.  42. 

baytt,  ».  and  n.  Obsolete  spelling  of  bait1.  B.  B.  A  common  abbreviation  in  mmeralogi- 
Spenser.  cal  works  for  before  the  blowpipe  :  as,  quartz 

bay-tree  (ba'tre),  ».  [<  ME.  baytrc  (whence  is  infusible  B.  B. 
appar.  MD.  baeytcre);  <  bay1  +  tree.]  1.  The  bbl.,  bbls.  Abbreviations  of  barrel  and  barrels 
laurel-tree,  Lauras  nobilis,'  a  native  of  Italy  respectively:  as,  1,000  bbls.  flour. 
and  Greece,  growing  to  the  height  of  30  feet.—  B.C.  An  abbreviation  of  before  Christ,  used 
2.  In  the  eastern  United  States,  a  name  of  the  in  noting  dates  preceding  tho  Christian  era: 
Magnolia  glauea,  and  in  California  of  the  I'm-  as,  the  battle  of  Thermopyhi'  was  fought  480 
bellularia  t  'alifornica.  B.  C. ;  Julius  Ctesar  invaded  Britain  55  B.  C. 

bayur  (bii-yiir"'),  n.  Javanese  name  of  the  tree  B.  C.  E.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Civil 
Pterospi  rii'ium  Javanieum.  Engineering.     See  bachelor. 

bay-window  (ba'win'do), «.  [<6n//3,  a  recess,  +  B.  D.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
window.]  In  arch.,  properly,  a  window  forming  Bdella  (del'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ->'fW/".  a  leech.] 
a  recess  or  bay  in  a  room,  projecting  outward,  1.  A  genus  of  leeches,  of  the  family  Iliruili- 
aml  rising  from  the  ground  or  basement  on  a  nidai  or  Gnathobdellida?.  Also  written  Bdellta. 
plan  rectangular,  semi-octagonal,  or  semi-hex-  [Not  in  use.]  —  2.  The  typical  genus  of  the 
agoual,  but  always  straight-sided.    The  term  is,     family  Bdcllida:     B.  longicornis  is  an  example. 


bdellatomy 


bdellatomy  nlo-lnt'6-iui),  n.  [<  Gr  pdMa,  a 
leech, +  tL«,  a  cutting.]  1.  The  act  or  oper- 
ation of  incising  a  leech  while  sucking,  so  that 
the  ingested  blood  may  escape,  and  the  leech 
continue  to  suck.— 2.  The  application  of  the 
bdellometer. 

BdelUa  (del'i-a),  «.  [NL.:  see.BdeHfl.]  Same 
as  Iklelta,  1.  , 

Bdellids  (del'i-de),  ».  pi  [NL.,  <  ««  + 
-»/»■  1  A  family  of  tracheate  mites,  of  the  or- 
der  Icarida,  class  4rocftm(io,  having  the  head 
distinct  from  the  thorax  and  elongated  into  a 
proboscis,  chelate  eheliceres,  long  thin  rap- 
torial pedipalps,  cursorial  legs  of  six  or  more 
joints,  stigmatenear  the  rostrum,  and  skeleton 
composed  of  sclerites  embedded  in  soft  skin. 
The  animals  are  found  creeping  in  damp.places.  Besides 
BdeUa,  the  family  contains  the  gemuL Saras. 

Bdellinse  (de-li'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bdella  + 
-imr.]  A  subfamily  of  tracheate  Acartna.    fcee 

bdellium  (del'i-um),  «.  [In  ICE.  bdelyum,  6t*  '- 
"it,  <  ii,  ,».W/,'t<»t,  <  Gr.  pimioo,  a  plant,  a 
fragrant  gum  which  exudes  from  it  (Dipsoori- 
des!  Pliny) ;  used  (also  in  the  form  p&Ma)  to 
translate  Heb.  Vdolakh,  a  precious  article  of 
merchandise  mentioned  along  with  gold  anil 
precious  stones  (Gen.  ii.  12).  The  opinion  of 
the  rabbins,  which  Boehart  supports,  is  that 
Vdolakh  signifies  orig.  a  pearl,  and  as  a  collec- 
tive noun  pearls,  which  may  be  compared  to 
grains  of  manna;  hence  its  secondary  sense  of 
a  gum.]  A  name  given  to  two  aromatic  gum- 
resins,  similar  to  myrrh,  but  weaker.  Indian 
bdellium  is  believed  to  be  the  product  of  Balsamodendron 
Uukul,  and  African  bdellium  of  B.  Afncamim  .  They  are 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as  myrrh,  but  chiefly  as  a 
ingredient  in  plasters  and  as  a  perfume.  An  Egyptian 
resin  also  called  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  doum-palm, 
Bwhome  Thebaica,  of  Upper  Egypt.  •  „.,„, 

Bdelloida  (de-loi'da),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  BMXki,  a 
leech  +  -oidaJ]  A  family  of  rotifers  that  swim 
and  creep  like  a  leech,  with  the  foot  retractile, 
iointed,  telescopic,  and  forked  at  the  end. 

bdellometer  (de-loin'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  /ttf/Aa, 
a  leech  (<  pdaMum,  milk,  suck),  +  ficrpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  leeeh.  It  consists  of  a  cupping-glass,  to 
which  a  scarificator  and  an  exhausting  syringe  are  at- 
tached.   Dunglison.  .    _ 

Bdellostoma  (de-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL,.,  <  Gr. 
BSiWto.,  a  leech,  +  ar6ua,  mouth.]  A  genus  ot 
cyclostomous  or  marsipobranchiate  fishes,  or 
myzonts,  referred  to  the  family  Myximda,  or 
made  the  type  of  a  family  Bdell ostomida: :  so 
called  from  the  comparison  of  the  suctorial 
mouth  to  that  of  a  leech.  There  are  7  branchial 
apertures  or  openings  of  the  branchial  sacs.     ii.  I,,,.,,,:,, 

ma  is  found  at  the  I'ape  of  <■ 1  Uope.     Ihe  genus  is  the 

same  as  Heptatr,  ma.  .     . 

bdellostomid  (de-los'to-mid),  n.  A  myzont  of 
the-  family  BdeOostomida. 
Bdellosto'midae  (del-os-tom'i-de) n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bdellostoma  +  4dce.]  A  family  ot  hypero- 
tretous  myzonts,  represented  by  the  genus 
lid,  Uostoma  :  synonymous  with  HeptatremicUB 
(which  see).  . 

bds.     An  abbreviation  of  boards,  in  use  among 
bookbinders  and  booksellers. 
be1  (be),  r.  i.,  substantive  verb;  pres.  am,  art 
(sometimes  hirst),  is,  arc  (sometimes  be);  pret. 
was,wast,  were;  subj.  be,v>ere,wert;  impv.ee; 
,,,,  i„,„  :  ppr.  brim,.     [Under  the  verb  be  are 
classed,  as  identical  in  sense,  the  surviving 
forms  of  three  orig.  independent  verbs,  which, 
supplementing  each  other's  defects,  serve  to- 
gether to  make  up  the  substantive  verb  or  cop- 
,,1;,  ■  ii,,  ■   ;,,,   [•.•presented  by  the  forms  be,  am, 
and  was.     1.   Be,  inf.,  early  mod.  E.  also  bee.  < 
ME.  be,  bee,  been,  ben,  beon,  <  AS.  bedn,  6wS»; 
pros.  ind.  sing.  1st  pers.  be,  early  mod.  L.  also 
bee,  <  ME.  be,  bee,  beo,  <  AS.  bed,  rarely  beom, 
biom   (retaining   the   suffix   -in,  which   appears 
also  in  am)  =08.  bium  =  OFries.  bem  =  OHG. 
,„„,  mm),  Mlh..  G.  bim;  2d  pers.  beest,  h    /. 
dial   hist.  <  ME.  beest,  best,  beost,  bist,  <  As.  bisi 
—  08.  bist  =  OHG.  pis,  pist,  MHG.  G.  bist;  3d 
pers.  be,  dial,  also  beeth,  bes,  <  ME.  befh,  beofo, 
aorth.  bes,  <  AS.  bith;  pi.  be,  archaic  and  dial. 
been,  ben,  bin,  also  befh,  <  ME.  Seen,  ben.  bin, 
etc.,  prop,  (as  ind.)  beeth,  befh,  broth,  <  AS. 
bc6th{iu:i\\  three  persons)  =  OHG.  1st  pers.  ,n- 
rumes,2d.pirut(iSS.0r.  bimt, bint) (3d sint);  with 
rimilar  forms  in  subj.,  •  to.;  all  from  a  common 
Teut.y  'hni  =  L.  fit-  in  pert'.  J'uissr.  have  been 
(ind.    foi,    I    was,    1   have    been  I,   l'ut.    part.  ./'«- 
torus,  abonl  to  be  (see /«.«/•'  i,  l'ut.  mf.  ./.-/■ .  he 
about  to  be,  =  Gr.  ,>,iinti,„,  be,  become,  grow 
(act..M;M.  produce)  (>  ult  E.  pfcusic,  pft»  ""'. 
etc  )  =  Skt.  •/  '''"<>  become,  como  into  being) 


>s-l 
take  place  exist,  be;  the  sense 'become' being 
still  evident  in  AS.,  and  giving  the  present  gen- 
erallv  a  future  implication.  2.  Am,  etc.,  pres. 
in.l  \without  inf.):  1st  pers.  am  (often  contr. 
•m  in  I'm),  <  ME.  am,  ilium,  em,  <  ONorth.  earn, 
am  AS.  eom=  Icel.  em  (mod.  usually  er)  =  Goth. 
in,  (orig.  -iv/w  )  =  L.  SIMM  (orig.  *esutn)  =Gr,  cifu, 
dial. .'»«'  (orig.  "inui),  =OBulg.  f/esmi  =  Bohem. 
jsem,  etc.,  =  Lith.  e.smC,  etc.,  =  Skt.  osmt;  2d 
pers.  art,  <  ME.  art,  ert,  <  AS.  ear«,  ONorth.  arth 
—  Icel.  <)•(  =  Goth,  is  —  L.  es  =  Gr.  el,  dial,  e o-o<, 
=  OBulg.  '/'■"',  etc.,  =  Skt.  asi ;  3d  pers.  is,  <  ME. 
is,  es,  <  AS.  i'.v  =  OS.  ist  =  OFries.  <s<  =  OHG. 
MHG.  ii.  ist  =  Icel.  er,  earlier  es,  =  Sw.  ar  = 
Dan.  er  (extended  in  Sw.  Dan.  also  to  1st,  and 
2d  pers. )  =  Goth,  ist  =  L.  est  =  Gr.  eori  =  OBulg. 
yesti,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asti :  pi.  are,<  ME.  are,  aren, 
arne,  ere,  eren.  erne,  <  ONorth.  arm,  earon  I  in  all 


III  n r.  t  I ,  ,  i  ,  i  >>,  <-  '  "^,  n  ^^'  «*>"*•  " -  ■---, _  . 

three  persons)  =  Icel.  1st  erum,  2d  <v«^),  3d  ci», 
=  Sw.  1st  aro,  2d  aren,  3d  tfro,  =  Dan.  ere:  a 
new  formation  from  the  stem  as  seen  m  the 
sing,  art,  etc.,  taking  the  place  in  Scand.  and 
ONorth.,  etc.,  of  the  older  form,  namely,  AS. 
sind,  also  in  double  pi.  sindon  (in  all  three  per- 
sons), =  OS.  sind,  sinden  =  OFries.  send  =  OHG. 
MHG.  3d  v\.sint,  G.  sind  =  Goth.  3d  pi.  suid  = 
L.  1st  surnus.  2d  -  sl,s.  3d  sunt,  =  fir.  1st  eofito,  2d 
tare,  3d  slot,  dial,  eao-f,  =  Skt.  1st  smas,  2d .  s«fta, 
3d  «on«;  also  in  subj.  (lost  since  early  ME.), 
AS.  1st  pers.  si,  pi.  «»,  =  OFries.  se  =  Ob.  s»  = 
OHG.  MHG.  si,  G.  sei  =  Icel.  se,  earlier  */«,  = 
Goth,  sijau,  etc.,  =  L.  sim,  OL.  s«em  =  Gr.  eup>  = 
Skt  warn,  etc.,  with  similar  (m  AS.  identical) 
forms  for  the  other  persons;  all  from  a  com- 
mon root  represented  by  Skt.  V  "*'>  oe.  exist.  6. 
Was  pret.  ind.  (without  inf.  in  mod.  E.):  sing., 
1st  and  3d  pers.  was,  <  ME.  was,  was,  wrs,  <  AS. 
was  =  OS.  was  =  OFries.  was  =  D.  was  =  OHL. 
was,  MHG.  G.  war  =  Icel.  var,  earlier  vas,  =  Sw. 
Dan.  var  =  Goth,  was;  2d  pers.  roert,  earlier 
ioere,  <  ME.  were,  <  AS.  ware;  pi.  mere,  <  ML. 
icerc,  «',-,»,  <  AS.  wa ron  (so  subj.  «'r/-c,  <  ML. 
n-rrr.  <  AS.  icTrc,  etc.;  AS.  impv.  wes,  of  which 
a  relic  remains  in  E.  wassail,  q..  v.),  with  similar 
forms  in  the  other  tongues;  pp.,  AS.  {irwrsni 
(usually  brmi,  E.  6eew),  etc.:  prop.  pret.  (and 
pp.)  of  the  strong  verb,  AS.  inf.  wesan  =  OS. 
a, san  =  OFries.  wesa  =  1).  w,:,n  =  OlU,.w, san, 
MHG.  toesen  (G.  wesen,  n.,  being,  a  being)  = 
Icel.  vera,  earlier  vesa,  =  Sw.  vara  =  Dan.  were 
=  Goth,  wis,,,,,  be,  =  Skt.  V  ras,  dwell,  abide, 
live.    To  the  same  root  are  referred  Gr.  curry,  a 
city,  dwelling-place  (see  asteism),  L.  verna  (lor 
"vesna),  a  household  slave  (see  vernacular).— In 
mod  literary  E.  the  form  be  in  the  md.  is  only 
archaic  or  poetical,  but  it  still  flourishes  m  dial. 
use  ]     1     To  exist;  have  existence  or  being; 
possess  reality ;  be  the  case ;  be  true  or  real. 

To  be,  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question. 

Shah:,  Hamlet,  in.  1. 

Creatures  which  only  are,  and  have  a  dull  kind  of  being 

not  yet  privileged  with  life.  .    .,,...„. 

'     '  Sir  r.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  1.  34. 

Time  was,  Time  is,  and  Time  shall  be  no  more. 

Soutney. 


2  To  take  place ;  occur ;  happen  ;  come  about : 
as,  the  wedding  will  he  to-morrow;  his  birth- 
day was  last  week;  it  was  to  be.— 3.  Usually, 
h,  'is  a  mere  copula,  or  sign  of  predication,  a 
link  between  a  subject  and  a  predicate.  As  such 
it  asserts,  or  expresses  as  fact,  the  inclusion  of  the  subject 
among  the  things  denoted  by  the  predicate,  or  the  posses- 
„  by  the  subject  of  the  characters  signlhcd  by  the  pred- 
icate- and  this  it  does  with  temporal  and  modal  modifl- 
,  ;,,..,',,  while  the  wh.de  substance  of  the  predication,  or 
all  hat  is  predicated,  is  expressed  separately .  in  noun  or 
adjective  form  or  the  equivalent  ol  such:  thus  I  am 
good,  he  wot  a  hen,,  they  will  b,  there,  we  shovld  taw 
l,,„  beloved.  Hence,  every  other  predicating  word  or 
vet*  ma)  be  analyzed  into  a  form  of  te,  ejepressing  the 
predication,  and  an  adjective  or  noun  expressing  what 

&  predicated,  thus,  he  hwes  into  lie  ,sl„nw,.»   hew! 

n, ■■■'  and  bo  on.     such  a  i ula  is  possessed  by  many 

'   loia.'-s    being,  as  in  English,  reduced  to  that  value  by 

9  attcua'ti f  an  originally  -'-'-";'   ^.  gr 

: iodern  French,  (tait,  'was,  from  Latin  ttabat,oi 

nearly  as  exist,  literally  '  stand  forth. 
4  In  metaph.,  to  subsist  in  a  state  not  neces- 
sarily amounting  to  actual  existence  ;  have  the 
rudiments  of  existence.  Sec  bemg.—O.  An 
auxiliary  verb  denoting  subsistence  in  or  sub- 
jection to  the  mode  of  action  or  being  ex- 
pressed by  the  principal  verb,  (o)  Joined  with  a 
present  participle,  it  has  the  grammatical  construction 
'a  a  predicate  adjective  qualifying  the  subject,  to  make 
a  continuous  or  progressive  or  Imperfect  present:  thus, 

/  „,„  loving   etc.,  beside   /  i itc.     to  match  which 

ti„-  Ian  iiagi    ither recentlj  acquired  a _ correspond- 
ing passive   I  am  being  ' '.  beside  lam  loved.    (M  it 

Is  joined  with  a  past  participle  (having  the  Bame i  con- 
struction as  ab,, ye),  to  make  phrases  equivalent  with  the 
passive  ferb-fonns  or  verb-phrases  of  other  langu 
thus  he  it  loved,  Latin  amalur,  tieiinan  cr  wild  gelvsbt. 


beach-birds 

Eence  such  nlirases  are  ordinarily  viewed  as  making  a 
passive  conjugation  of  the  English  verb.  They  are  un- 
distinguished in  form  from  mere  combinations  of  be. 
with  a  predicate  participle:  thus,  lie  is  beaten  is  passive 
when  it  means  •somebody  is  beating  him,'  hut  not  when 
it  means  '  he  is  a  beaten  man,'  or  '  somebody  has  beaten 
him  '  te)  Formerly,  as  still  to  a  very  limited  extent(much 
more  in  other  related  languages,  as  German  and  French), 
be  was  the  auxiliary  used  in  making  the  past  tenses  of  in- 
transitive verbs  as  have  "I  transitives:  thus,  he  ts  come, 
theyweregone(Germanc,is( ,,,  /,,./«,  „e„.  French  its  etaient 
alles)  and  so  on.  At  present,  have  has  come  to  be  the 
auxiliary  almost  universally  used  in  this  sense. 

The  heathen  are  perished  out  of  his  land  [that  is,  have 
perished  and  now  no  longer  exist  in  the  land],  l's.  x.  16. 
(rf)  An  infinitive  with  to  after  be  forms  a  sort  of  future, 
often  with  a  certain  implication  of  obligation:  thus,  he 
ts  to  come,  they  mere  to  appear,  she  »>»«  hare  been  t„ 
blame  or  to  be  blamed,  [lie.  with  to,  in  pcrlect  tenses 
(have  bee,,,  had  bee,,,  etc.),  is  used  in  the  sense  of  go,  yet 
hardly  except  in  colloquial  style:  thus,  he  has  bee,,  ,., 
Paris;  we  had  been  to  Bee  her.]  -Been  and,  a  common 
vulgarism  introduced  pleonastically  into  the  perfect  ana 
pluperfect  tenses  of  other  verbs:  sometimes  extended  to 
beenand  gone  and. 
Sir  Pitt  has  been  and  proposed  for  to  marry  Miss  Sharp. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  tair,  I.  xv. 

Let  be,  to  omit  or  leave  untouched ;  let  alone ;  cease. 

Let  be.  said  he,  my  prey.  Dryden. 

let  be  thy  wail  and  help  thy  fellow-men. 

Tennyson,  Ancient  sage 
There  is,  etc.    See  there. 

be2  (be),  n.  [<  ME.  be,  <  AS.  be  =  D.  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  etc.,  hr  =  F.  6c  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  be,  <  L.  be, 
shortened  from  beta  (<  Gr.  pjjra:  see  beta),  or 
formed  from  b  +  e,  the  usual  assistant  vowel 
in  the  names  of  the  letters.]  The  name  of  the 
second  letter  of  the  alphabet,  usually  written 
simply  b  or  B.     See  B. 

be3*  nrep.    Obsolete  form  of  by.     Chaucer. 

Be.  'in  chem.,  the  symbol  for  beryllium  (the  same 
as  glucinum).  „  ,     ..     . 

be-1    [me.  '"->  m  '"-"']y  JIL-  c°mmomy  '""• < 

\s'  be-,  hi-,  =  OS.  hi-  =  OFries.  hi-,  hi-,  =  D. 
be-,  MLG.  hi-,  hi-.  LG.  be-  =  OHG.  &»-,  be-, 
MUG.  G.  be-  =  Goth,  hi-  (lengthened  under 
stress,  as  in  comp.  with  a  noun,  AS.  hi-,  big-, 
1).  bij-,  OHG.  MHG.  hi-,  G.  hci-),  an  insepa- 
rable prefix,  orig.  the  same  as  the  prep.,  AS. 
6c,  U,  E.  by,  meaning  primarily  'about,' being 
prob.  =  L.  -bi,  Gr.  -<pi,  in  L.  ambi-,  Gr.  a/tii, 
about  (see  ambi-,  amphi-):  see  it/1  and  fce-^.J 
An  inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns 
thence  derived.  It  means  primarily  'about,"  around," 
as  in  beset  begird,  whence  the  more  general  sense 
•around  '  'all  over,'  leading  to  a  merely  intensive  use 
as  in  besmear,  bespatter,  besprinkle,  etc.  ft  is  also  used 
to  form  transitive  verbs  from  nouns,  as  beat  m,  bedew,  be- 
foa  be,,,, ,e  etc.,  or  from  intransitive  verbs,  as  belie,  be- 
howl,  bes,,,.,.  etc.,  verbs  ot  cither  class  often  conveying 
slightcontempt, as  tepraiM,  beplaster,bepowder,  <-\e  and 
„„.,„.„„.  0ften  made  for  the  nonce,    in  a  tew  verbs,  all 

obsolete  except  be, I.   he-  assumed  a  privative  force, 

while  in  many  verbs  this  prefix,  through  loss  of  the  simple 
verb,  or  a  deflection  of  its  sense,  or  by  mere  dilution,  has 
now  no  assignable  force,  as  in  begin,  bequeath,  become,  be- 
hold, etc.  .    ,      , 

be-'-'  [ME.  and  AS.  be-,  bi-,  or  separately  be, 
bi  being  the  prep,  with  following  adv.  or  noun: 
see  h,-i.}  An  inseparable  prefix  of  adverbs, 
which  may  also  lie  used  as  prepositions  or 
conjunctions.  It  is  properly  the  preposition  by,  Mid- 
dle English  &e,6t,  (o)  used  adverbially,  as  in  before,  behind, 
between  betwixt,  below,  etc.,  contracted  in  above,  „i»>„, ; 
or  (b)  merged  with  the  governed  noun,  as  in  h-eause,  be- 
ride  that  is  'by  cans.'.'  'by  side':  so  also  in  b,l,„lt.  origi- 
nally a  prepositional  phrase,  now  taken  as  a  noun.  See 
the  words  cited.  .         . 

beach  (bech),  n.  [Formerly  also  beech,  beaten, 
batch,  baiche,  baehe;  first  in  early  mod.  E.,  ap- 
par.  dial.,  with  the  meaning  first  given.  Origin 
unknown.]  1.  The  loose  pebbles  of  the  sea- 
shore; shingle.  [Eng.]-2.  That  part  of  the 
shore  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake  winch  is  washed 
by  the  tide  and  waves;  the  strand.    It  may  be 

„;,„a,lncs  used   lor  lie     shore  ot    lac,",, was       1     usually 

means  the  tract  betwei  n  high  and  low  watei  in.uk. 
Only  the  long  waves  as  they  broke 
In  ripples  on  the  pebbly  beach. 

Longfellow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

Raised  beach,  in  peoZ.,  a  shelf  or  terrace  ol  shingle, 
SSveL and  .sand  elevated  above  the  sea-level,  and  md. 
ffig'a^anseta'the upheaval  of  thelandora  depression 
and  subsequent  upheaval;  the  margin  ol  an  ancient  sea, 

beach'-bool,.,  *.     K  beach,  n.-]    I.   trans.  To 
run  or  haul  up  (a  ship  or  boat)  on  the  beach. 
We  lowed  ashore,  dressed  ill  our  uniform,  beached  the 

1 1,  and  went  up  t"  the  fandango 

/;.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  »i. 

II.    iiitrans.    To  land  upon  a  beach. 

All  that  altera we  drilled  between  sea  and  shore, 

i'l''l'"'''/''''a,SU:',l,',.;,In,,'t:ln..,-Sca1dy.s,p.3U. 

beach-birds  (bech'btodz),  ».  pi  A  collective 
name  of  sundry  sandpipers  orother  small  wad- 
ing birds  found  in  Hocks  tm  beaches. 


beach-clam 

beach-clam  (beeh'klam),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  the  Mactra  solidissima.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

beach-comber  (beoh'ko'mer),  ».  1.  A  long 
wave  rolling  in  from  tho  ocean.  Bartlett. 
pj,   S.] —  2.  A    seafaring  man,  generally  of 


485 

II.  intrans.  To  serve  or  shine  as  a  beacon. 
The  soul  of  Avdonais,  like  a  Btar, 
Beacons  from  the  abode  where  1 1  ><-  Eternal  are. 

SheUey,  Adonais,  lv. 
\\  here  the  lighthouse  beacons  brighl 
Far  in  the  hay.      .'/.  Arnold,  A  Southern  Night, 
vagrant    and  drunken  habits    who  ulles  about  beaconage  (M'koiUH),  n.     [<  beacon  +  -age.] 

jl„-  wharves  oj  seaports:  used  most  frequentlj     M    »     *^f       ^    ^^e  of  ,„ „ns. 

m  countries  bordering  on  the  I  aoiflc  ocean.       beacoi_£laze  (bg'kon.WSz)  „.    A  signal-light 

This  is  a  specimen  of  the  life  of  half  of  the  American*  _u  e       T<  uniiton   " 

and  English  who  are  adrift  along  the  coasts  of  the  Pacific  ,  ".  .,-„"'     .',  TT  , 

ana  its  islands,  commonly  called  beach  combers.  beaconed  (be  kond),  a.     Having  a  beacon. 

11.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast.  p.  291.  The  foss  that  skirls  the  beaconed  hill. 

beached   (becht),   p.   0.     1.    Having  a   beach;  .  __„        _  x  /•  »^,  Odes,  x. 

bordered  bv  a  beach;  formed  by  or  consisting  beacon-fire  (be  kon-tir),  n    A  fire  lighted  upas 

«         ■•  ,     *      rT-»  -i  a    l>ii>iiii%n    /iv   ctmiol  •     a.  fl' 

of  a  beach.     [Rare.] 


Timon  hath  made  his  everlasting  mansion 

i  pon  the  beached  verge  of  the  salt  M I. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2.  Run  on  a  beach;  si  landed. 

beach-flea  (bech'fle),  n.  A  name  of  sundry 
small  amphipod  crustaceans.  Also  called  sand- 
hopper,  shun -jiiiiijii'i-,  and  sand-flea. 

beach-grass  (bech'gras),  n.  The  sand-reed, 
Ammophila  arundinacea,  a  coarse  grass  with 
stout  running  root-stocks,  growing  on  sandy 
beaches  and  protecting  them  from  the  winds. 

beachman  (bech'man),  >i. ;  pi.  henchmen  (-men). 
A  person  on  the  coast  of  Africa  who  acts  as  in- 
terpreter to  ship-masters,  and  assists  in  eon- 
ducting  the  trade.     Imp.  Diet. 

beach-master  (bech'mas"ter),  ».  1.  Naut.,  a 
naval  officer  appointed  to  superintend  the  dis- 
embarkation of  an  attacking  force. —  2.  A  name 
used  in  some  places  for  a  male  seal. 

beach-wagon  (beeh'wag"on),  n.  A  light  open 
wagon  with  two  or  more  seats,  used  on  beaches. 

beachyt  (be'chi),  a.    [<  leach  +  -t,1.]    Covered 
with  beach  or  shingle  ;  pebbly ;  shingly. 
The  beachy  girdle  of  the  ocean.    Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  in.  1. 

beacon  (be'kon  or-kn),  n,  [<  ME.  beken,  bekene, 

<  AS.  hi  in;  n,  bcccn,becit,  a  sign,  signal-standard, 
=  OS.  bokan  =OPries.  beken,  baken  =  T>.  baak  = 
LG.  bake  (>  G.  bake)  =  OIIG.  bouhhan,  MHG. 
bouehen  =Ioel.  bain  (after  AS.),  a  sign.  Hem  e 
beckon  and  beck2.']  1.  A  guiding  or  warning 
signal;  anything  fixed  or  set  up  as  a  token; 
especially,  a  signal-fire,  either  in  a  cresset 
and  placed  on  a  pole,  or  lighted  on  a  tower  or 
an  eminence.  Such  beacons  were  formerly  much  used 
to  signal  the  approach  of  an  enemy  or  to  spread  a  rail  or 
warning  for  any  purpose,  a  chain  of  them  often  conveying 
intelligence  to  great  distances. 

Modest  doubt  is  call'd 
The  beacon  of  the  wise.        Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
Uncertain,  troubled,  earnest  wonderers  beheld  his  intel- 
lectual tire  as  a  beacon  burning  on  a  hill-top. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  A  tower  or  hill  formerly  used  for  such  pur- 
poses. Various  hills  in  England  and  the  older  parts  of 
the  United  States  have  the  name  of  Beacon,  from  the  fact 
that  signal-Area  were  formerly  lighted  on  them. 

3.  A  lighthouse  or  other  object  placed  conspic- 
uously on  a  coast,  or  over  a  rock  or  shoal  at 


sea,  to  give  notieo  of  danger,  or  for  the  guid- 
ance of  vessels. — 4.  A  painted  staff  about  !) 
feet  long,  carrying  a  small  square  flag  at  the 
top,  used  in  camps  to  indicate  an  angle  of  the 
quarters  assigned  to  a  regiment  or  company. 
—  5t.  In  England,  formerly,  a  division  of  a 
wapentake;  probably  a  district  throughout 
which  a  beacon  could  be  seen,  or  which  was 
hound  to  furnish  one.  Ar.  E.  D. 
beacon  (be'kon  or  -kn),  r.  [<  beacon,  n.  Cf. 
beckon. ]  I.  trans.  1.  To  illumine  or  light  up 
as  a  beacon. 

That  beacons  the  darkness  of  heaven. 

Campbell,  Loehiel's  Warning. 

2.  To  afford  light  or  aid  to ;  lead ;  guide  as  a 
beacon. — 3.  To  furnish  or  mark  with  beacons  : 
as,  to  beacon  a  coast  or  a  boundary :  sometimes 
with  off. — 4f.  To  use  as  a  beacon ;  make  a  bea- 
con of. 

No,  if  other  things  as  great  In  the  Church  and  in  the 
rule  of  life  both  eeouomieall  and  politicall  be  not  lookt 
into  and  reform'd,  we  have  lookt  ao  long  upon  the  blaze 
that  Zwinglius  and  Calvin  hath  beaeon'd  up  to  us.  that  we 
are  stark  bund.  ,  Milton,  Areopagitiea,  p.  11. 


a  beacon  or  signal ;  a  signal-fire, 
beacon-tower  (be'kon-tou'er),  ».  A  tower  on 
which  a  beacon  is  raised. 
Abeacon-tower  above  the  waves.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
bead  (bed),  n.  [<  ME.  bede,  a  prayer,  also  (in 
in  ire  of  bedes,  a  pair  of  beads)  a  bead  used  in 
counting  prayers,  <  AS.  bedu  (rare,  and  the 
nom.  is  not  found),  in  oomp.  bed-  (=  OS.  buhi 
=  OFries.  bede  =  D.  bede  =  OHG.  beta,  MHG. 
lull,  <;.  bitte  =  Goth,  bida),  fern,  (also  gebcrl 
=  OS.  gibed  =  OHG.  gdbet,  MHG'.  G.  gebet, 
neut.),  a  prayer,  <  biddan,  etc.,  pray:  see  bid. 
Beads  are  used  by  Roman  Catholics  to  keep 
them  right  as  to  the  number  of  their  prayers, 
one  bead  of  the  rosary  being  dropped  every 
time  a  prayer  is  said  ;  hence  the  transference 
of  the  name  from  that  which  is  counted  (the 
prayers)  to  that  which  is  used  to  count  with. 
Cf.  Sp.  cuentas,  Pg.  contas,  the  beads  of  a 
rosary,  <  Sp.  Pg.  contar,  count.]  If.  Prayer:  a 
prayer;  specifically,  a  prayer  of  tho  list  or 
bead-roll,  read  at  public  church-services  by  the 
preacher  before  his  sermon,  or  by  the  curate 
(see  beml-riill) :  usually  in  the  plural.  Hence,  in 
this  sense,  to  bid  (one's)  deads,  to  say  (one's)  prayers.  See 
phrases  below. 

When  holy  and  devout  religious  men 

Are  at  their  beads,  'tis  much  to  draw  them  thence ; 

So  sweet  is  zealous  contemplation. 

Shak.,  Eich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

2.  One  of  the  little  balls,  of  wood,  cocoa  nut- 
shell, pearl,  glass,  jewels,  or  other  material, 
strung  in  a  prescribed  order,  which  form  the 
chaplet  or  rosary  in  use  in  the  devotions  of 
Roman  Catholics,  Buddhists,  etc.,  to  keep  count 
of  the  number  of  prayers  said.  See  pair  of 
beads,  below. 

The  commonest,  though  not  the  only,  appliance  for 
reckoning  these  prayers  was.  and  still  is,  a  string  of  beads 
so  put  together  that  every  set  of  ten  smaller  ones  for  the 
'•  Hail  Marys"  is  parted  by  a  larger  ban/,  to  tell  when  the 
"  Our  Father  "  must  lie  recited. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  320. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  rosary-bead,  strung 
with  others  for  ornament,  as  in  necklaces  or 
beadwork:  as,  glass,  amber,  metal,  coral,  or 
other  beads. 

With  scarfs,  and  fans,  and  double  change  of  bravery, 
With  amber  bracelets,  beads,  and  all  this  knavery. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Any  small  globular,  cylindrical,  or  annular 
body,  as  the  small  projecting  piece  of  metal  at 
the  end  of  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  sight,  a  drop 
of  liquid,  etc. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
He  raised  his  piece  gradually,  until  the  bead  .  .  .  of  the 
barrel  was  brought  to  a  line  with  the  spot  which  he  in- 
tended to  hit.  J.  J.  Audubon,  Ornith.  Biog.,  I.  293. 

5.  One  of  the  circular  markings  of  certain  dia- 
toms.—  6.  The  bubble  or  mass  of  bubbles  ris- 
ing to  the  top  or  resting  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid  when  shaken  or  decanted:  as,  the  bead 
of  wines  or  spirits. 

Give  me  the  wine  of  thought  whose  bead 
Sparkles  along  the  page  I  read. 

Whiltier,  Lines  on  a  Fly-Leaf. 
Pleasure,  that  immortal  essence,  the  beauteous  bead 
sparkling  in  the  cup,  effervesces  soon  and  subsides. 

Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  75. 

7.  A  glass  globule  for  trying  the  strength  of 
alcoholic  spirits.  Beads  are  numbered  according  to 
their  specific  gravities,  and  the  strength  of  the  spirit  is 
denominated  by  the  number  of  that  one  which  remains 
suspended  in  it,  and  neither  sinks  to  the  bottom  nor  Qoata 
on  the  surface.  Heads,  in  determining  the  strength  of 
spirits,  are  now  for  the  most  part  superseded  by  the 
hydrometer. 

8.  In  mineral.,  in  the  blowpipe  examination  of 
minerals,  a  globule  of  borax  or  other  flux  which 
is  supported  on  a  platinum  wire,  and  in  which 
the  substance  under  examination  is  dissolved 
in  the  blowpipe  flame. — 9.  In  arch.  and.  join- 
ery, a  small  convex  molding,  in  section  a  semi- 
circle or  greater  than  a  semicircle;  properly, 
a  plain  molding,  but  often  synonymous  with 
astragal,  which  is  better  reserved  for  a  small 
convex  molding  cut  into  tho  form  of  a  string  of 


Bead  as  used  beneath  a  capital.—  Abbey- 
church  of  Vizelay,  Vonne,  France:  nth 
century.  From  VioUet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 
1'Architecture. 


bead-furnace 

bends.  The  bead  is  a  vny  frequenl  ornament,  used  to 
mark  a  junction  or  a  separation,  as  between  the  shaft  and 

the  capital  oi  a 
column,  to  dress 
an  aneic,  etc.  It 
is  lunch   used   in 

u Iwork  of  all 

kinds,  from  car- 
penters' work  to 
the  Idlest  kinds  of 
joinery  and  cabi- 
net-work. Among 
Joiners  the  bead 

is  variously  in- 
troduced ;  as :  (a) 
bead  and  batt  (fig. 

ll.fi  allied  work  in 

which  the  panel 

is  flush  with  the 
framing  and  has 

a  bead  run  on  two 

edges  in  the  di- 
rection     of      the 

grain  only,  while 

the  ends  are   left 

plain  ;     (6)    bead 

,i,i,i  Hush  ii'c-'.  -J), 

flamed    work    in 

which  a  bead  is 

run  on  the  edge  "i 

the  framing;  (e) 

bead    and    quirk 

(tig.  3),  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  st ml   on  which  a  bead  is 

formed,  or  stuck,  as  it  is  called,  flush  with  the  surface ; 

(it)  I/not   mill   double  quirk,   or   return    bead   (fig.   4),   the 

angle  of  a  piece 
of  stuff  on  which  a 
bead  is  stuck  and 
quirked  orrelieved 
on  both  surfaces; 
(. )  bead,  butt,  and 
square     work,     a 

panel     which     has 

beads  on  two  of  its 
edges  on  one  side- 
only,  while  the 
other  side  is  plain. 
(J  )bead,fiush,  and 
square,  framing 
wdiieh  is  beaded 
on  one  side  only. 
10.  Iii  bookbinding,  shoemdking,  etc.,  any  cord- 
like  prominence,  as  the  roll  on  the  head-band 

of  a  book,  the   seam  of  a  shoe,  etc Baily's 

beads,  appearances  resembling  a  row  of  bright  beads,  seen 
at  the  moon's  limb  in  a  total  solar  eel  ipse  about  the  instant 
of  internal  contact.  The  phenomenon  is  due  to  diffrac- 
tion and  irradiation,  and  is  much  exaggerated  in  case  the 
telescope  is  imperfect  or  out  of  focus.  So  called  from  the 
English  astronomer  Francis  Baily,  who  observed  these  ob- 
jects in  the  annular  eclipse  of  May  15,  1836.— Druidical 
bead.  Same  as  adder-stone.—  Pair  of  beads  [ME.  peire 
of  bedes],  that  is,  "set  of  beads"  (Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3), 
a  rosary ;  now,  specifically,  a  chaplet  of  five  decades,  that 
is,  a  third  part  of  the  rosary.  A  chaplet  or  pair  of  beads, 
as  thus  restricted,  is  the  form  in  common  use  under  the 
name  of  the  beads.  The  large  beads  between  the  decades 
were  formerly  called  gaudies  (see  gaud,  gaudy);  each 
separate  bead,  or  grain,  as  it  is  now  termed,  Tyndale  calls 
a  stone. 

Of  smal  coral  aboute  hir  arm  she  bar 
A  peire  of  bedes  gauded  al  with  grene. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  159. 
The  beads  for  saying  the  rosary  went  by  several  names, 

—  "a  pair  of  beads";  "a  pair  of  Pater  nosters";  "ave 
beads";  but  never  were  they  called  a  rosary. 

Quoted  iii  Rod!  s  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  327,  note. 
St.  Cuthbert's  beads,  or  fairy  beads,  the  small  perfo- 
rated joints  of  the  stems  of  fossil  encrinites,  formerly 
much  used  in  rosaries.— To  bid  (one's!  beads  (formerly 
also  in  singular,  to  bid  a  bead)  [ME.  bidden  or  beden  a  bede 
or  bedes],  literally,  to  offer  (one's)  prayers;  hence  the  later 
equivalent  phrases  to  sag  or  recite  (one's)  beads,  now  with 
reference,  as  literally  in  tin-  phrase  to  t.ll  (one's)  beads,  to 
counting  olf  prayers  by  means  of  the  beads  on  the  rosary. 
The  phrases  to  count  and  to  it  umber  (one's)  beads  are  merely 
literary. 

A  peire  of  hedis  eke  she  here 
Upon  a  lace,  alle  of  white  tbrede, 
On  which  that  she  hir  &edi  8  bede. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose.  I.  7372. 
To  draw  a  bead  on,  to  take  deliberate  aim  at,  with  a 
musket  or  other  firearm.   (Sec  def.  4.) 
bead   (bed),  v.  t.      [<    bead,  «.]     To  ornament 

with  beads;  raise  beads  upon. 
beaded  (be'ded),  p.  a.     [<  bend  +  -«(2.]     1.  In 
the  form  of  a  bead  or  of  a  collection  of  beads. 

With  beaded  bubbles  winking  at  the  brim. 

K,,its,  ode  to  a  Nightingale. 
With  woolly  breasts  and  bailed  eyes. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xcv. 

2.  Provided  with  or  formed  of  beads,  or  of 
small  bodies  having  the  appearance  of  beads: 
as,  a  beaded  necklace  or  bracelet. —  3.  In  hot., 
moniliform:  said  of  vessels  that  are  deeply 
constricted  so  as  to  resemblo  strings  of  beads. 

—  4.  Having  a  bead:  as,  beaded  ale Beaded 

lace,  lace  through  which  beads  are  woven  in  the  pattern.— 
Beaded  wire,  wire  ornamented  with  bead-like  swellings. 

header  (be'der),  n.  A  tool  for  raising  orna- 
mental beadwork  on  metal  boxes. 

bead-furnace  (bed'fer"nas),  n.  A  furnace  in 
which  the  small  glass  cylinders  from  which 
beads  are  made  are  rounded.  The  cylinders  are 
placed  in  a  drum  over  a  lire  sufficiently  hot  to  soften  the 
glass,  and  the  rounding  is  effected  by  revolving  the  drum. 


beadhook 

beadhookt  (bed'huk),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beedhook  (naut.),  corruptly  bidhook;  <  6ead(un- 

-.-rt  a  in  >  +  linnl..]  A  kind  of  boat-hook. 
■2<i  /.,-.  Arm 'd  men?  with  drum  and  colours? 
5t  Sii,  in\  lord, 

But  bright  in  arms,   yi  I  bear  hall  pikes  or  beodAooite. 

chai>//uin.  Csssarand  Pompey,  v.  L 

beadhouse  (bed'hous),  «.  [Also  archaically 
bedehouse,  north,  dial,  beadus  (not  found  to 
ME.),  <  AS.  bedhvs,  <  bedu,  prayer,  +  fefis, 
house:  see  bead  and  house.]  Formerly,  a  hos- 
pital or  .hi  almshouse  for  the  founders  and 
benefactors  of  which  prayers  were  required  to 
be  said  by  the  beneficiaries.  Also  spelled  bede- 
house. 

beadiness  (be'di-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
beadv . 

beading  (he'ding),  «.  [<  bead  +  -ingi.']  1.  In 
arch,  and  Joinery,  a  bead;  collectively,  the  beads 
used  to  ornamenting  a  given  structure  or  sur- 
faee. — 2.  In  bookbinding,  see  bead,  ».,  10. — 3. 
In  cum.,  a  preparation  added  to  "weak  spiritu- 
ous liquors  to  cause  them  to  carry  a  bead,  and 
to  hang  to  pearly  drops  about  the  sides  of  the 
bottle  or  glass  when  poured  out  or  shaken,  it 
being  a  popular  notion  that  spirit  is  strong  in 
proportion  as  it  shows  such  globules.  A  very 
small  quantity  of  "il  of  vitriol  or  oil  of  almonds  mixed 
with  rectified  spirit  is  often  used  for  this  purpose. 

beadle  (be'dl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bedle, 
beedU  (Sc.  beddal),  <  ME.  bedel,  bidel,budel  (with 
accent  on  first  syllable),  <  AS.  bydel  (=1).  bad 
=  OIb;.  butil,  MHGh  biitel,  G.  battel),  a  beadle, 
<  beodan,  announce,  command,  bid:  see  bid. 
The  word  merged  to  ME.  with  brdii,  bedell. 
with  accent  on  the  last  syllable  (whence  the 
mod.  forms  bedt  I.  beck  U),  <  (  IF.  bedel,  mod.  P. 
bedeau  =  l'r.  Sp.  Pg.  bedel  =  It.  bidello  (ML. 
bedeUus,  bidellus),  from  Teut.  The  reg.  mod. 
form  from  ME.  bidel,  <  AS.  bl/dtl.  would  be 
mod.  biddle ;  it  so  exists  to  the  proper  name 
BiddteJ]  It.  One  who  makes  proclamation; 
a  herald. —  2.  A  crier  or  messenger  of  a  court; 
a  servitor;  one  who  cites  persons  to  appear  and 
answer.  [Rare.]  —  3.  In  universities,  a  sub- 
altern official  or  servant,  properly  and  usually 
termed  a  bedel  (which  see). 

It  shall  lie  the  duty  of  the  faculty  to  appoint  a  college 
beadle,  w  he  shall  direct  the  procession  on  Commencement 
day,  and  preserve  order  during  the  exhibitions. 

Lawsqf  Y"l'  College,  ls37. 

4.  In  England,  a  parish  officer  having  various 
subordinate  duties,  such  as  keeping  order  in 
church,  punishing  petty  offenders,  waiting  on 
the  clergyman,  attending  meetings  of  vestry  or 
session,  etc. 

And  [,  forsooth,  in  love!  I,  that  have  been  love's  wlup; 

A  very  beadle  t  - «  a  humorous  sigh, 

A  critic;  nay,  a  night-watch  constable. 

Shdk.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 
Bread  ami  a  slavish  ease,  with  some  assurance 

idle's  whip,  crown'd  all  thy  hopes. 

Ford,  l'erkin  Warbeck,  v.  :;. 

5.  The  apparitor  of  a  trades  guild  or  company. 

Also  spelled  bedell  and  bedel,  in  senses  2 
and  3. 

beadledom  (be'<ll-dum),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -tl<im.~\ 
Beadles  collectively,  and  their  characteristics 
:i-  :    <l;,ss;  st  upid  officiousness. 

beadleism  (be'dl-izni),  ».  [<  beadle  +  -ism.'] 
'l'lie  character  or  peculiarities  of  beadles;  bea- 
dledom.    Dickens.     [Bare.] 

beadlery  ibe'dl-ri),  ?(.  [<  beadle  +  -ry.]  The 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  beadle. 

beadleship  (be'dl-flbip),  «.  |<  beadle  +  -slap.] 
■  of  beadle. 

bead-loom  (bed'ISm),  «.  A  gauze-loom  for  mak- 
ing beadwork,  the  threads  used  being  strung 
with  beads. 

beadman  (bed'man),  n.\  pi.  bead/men  (-men). 
[<  ME.  hull  man,<  /..</.,  bead,  a  prayer,  +  mint.] 
The  original  form  of  beadsman. 

They  lade  the  lip   ol  their  headmen,  or  chaplains,  with 
'.'.  ma  Tyndale. 

Having  thus  owned  the  < tinuing  sovereignty  of  the 

king,  before  whom  they  pr<   ented  them  lelves  as  bedemen. 
Bancroft,  BUst.  I  .  s..  v.  12. 

bead-mold  (bed'mold),  «.  A  name  given  to 
various  species  of  tnucedinous  fungi,  in  which 
the  spon  -  are  in  i  I  ■•  chains.    They 

belong  to  J1  in  a, 

ami  arc  found  en  varioui  vegetable   kinds  oi   i""<i  and 

bead-molding  ibod'mol  ding),   „.     In  arch., 

same  as  he, nl,  8. 

bead-plane  I  bed'plan  l,  «.  A  form  of  plane  used 
for  cutting  a  bead.  n,.  cutting  <  dgeoi  tie  plane-Iron 
i-  a  semich  i'  with  a  diameter  equal  to  the  diameter  oi 
tie  required  molding, 

bead-proof  (  bed'prof),  a.  1.  <>l  such  a  nature 
or  quality  that  a  crown  of  bubbles  formed  by 


IS  11 
shaking  will   stand   for  some  time   on  the   BUT- 

tace:  said  of  spirituous  liquors,  and  errone- 
ously supposed  to  indicate  strength. —  2.  Of  a 
certain  standard  of  strength  as  ascertained  by 

beads.       See  hi  ltd,   II.,  7. 

bead-roll  (bed'rol),  n.     [<  bead,  a  prayer,  + 

re//,  a  list.]  1.  A  list  of  prayers:  specifically, 
before  the  Reformation,  t  lie  list  of  the  persons 
and  objects  for  which  prayers  were  said,  read 
out  by  the  preacher  before  the  sermon.  In  "an 
order  [of  Henry  VIII.,  a.  p.  \:>'M]  taken  for  preaching  and 
bidding  of  the  beads,  in  all  sermons  to  be  made  within  this 
realm,"  mention  is  made  of  the  church  catholic,  especially 
in  England,  of  the  king  and  royal  family,  of  the  bishops 
ami  clergy,  <>f  the  nobility  ami  entire  temporalty  (laity)  of 
the  kingdom,  particularly  of  such  as  the  preacher's  devo- 
tion may  prompt  him  to  name,  and  of  the  souls  of  the 
faithful  departed.  The  bead-roll  was  prohibited  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  1648.  It  has  often  been  supposed  by  later 
writers  to  have  hail  something  to  do  with  the  recital  of 
the  beads  or  rosary. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  list  or  catalogue ;  a  long 
series. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefyled, 

On  Fames  eternall  beadroll  worthie  to  be  fyleil. 

Spenser,  v.  t)..  IX.  ii.  32. 
Neither  is  the  Scripture  without  a  pitiful  beadrow  of 
miserable  torments 

Utilliiairr'n  Ihrttt/rs,  las"  (trans.  Parker  Sue). 

The  bead-roll  of  her  vicious  tricks.         Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

3.  A  rosary. —  4.  [<  bead,  a  dot,  +  roll,  a  cyl- 
inder.] In  bookbinding,  a  brass  roll  with  the 
edge  cut  in  dots  or  beads,  used  in  gilding. 

Also  called  bead-row. 

bead-sight  (bed'sit),  n.  A  sight  on  a  firearm 
consisting  of  a  small  round  bead  on  a  thin 
stem,  placed  in  the  line  of  sight  at  the  end  of 
the  barrel.  Sometimes  a  small  ring  or  perfo- 
rated bead  is  used,  forming  an  open  bead-sight. 

beadsman  (bedz'nian),  n. ;  pi.  beadsmen  (-men). 
[Also  bedesman,  earlier  bedeman,  <  ME.  bede- 
man, <  bede,  a  prayer  (see  bead),  +  man.']  1.  A 
man  employed  in  praying;  especially,  one  who 
prays  for  another.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  used 
in  former  times  at  the  conclusion  of  petitions  or  letters  to 
great  men,  as  we  now  use  "servant  "or  "humble  servant." 

Whereby  ye  shall  hind  me  to  be  your  poor  beadsman 
for  ever  unto  almighty  God.  Fuller. 

We  your  most  humble  subjects,  daily  orators,  and  beads- 
men, of  your  Clergy  of  England, 

Quoted  in  Ii.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  In  England,  a  man  who  resides  in  a  bead- 
house  or  almshouse,  or  is  supported  from  its 
funds. 

In  all  our  old  English  foundations  for  the  sick,  the  old, 
aid  destitute,  the  beads  —  that  is  to  say,  prayers  for  bene- 
factors living  and  dead  —  were  said  everyday  by  the  in- 
mates, who  were  hence  also  called  l>iiid*iiu'n. 

Quoted  in  Hack's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  13(1,  note. 

3.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  public  almsman ; 
one  who  received  alms  from  the  king,  and  was 
expected  in  return  to  pray  I'm' the  royal  wel- 
fare and  that  of  the  state ;  a  privileged  or  li- 
censed beggar.  In  this  sense  usually  spelled 
bedesman. 

A  long  bine  gown,  with  a  pewter  badge  on  the  right 
arm  ;  two  or  three  wallets  for  holding  the  different  kinds 
of  meal,  when  he  received  his  charity;  ...  all  these  at 
once  marked  a  beggar  by  profession,  and  one  of  that  privi- 
leged class  which  are  called  in  Scotland  the  King's  beaes. 
■men,  or,  vulgarly,  l'due-gowns.        Scott,  Antiquary,  I.  iv. 

4f.  A  petitioner, 
bead-snake  (bed'snak),  ».    [<  bead  (in  allusion 

to  its  coloring)  +  snake.]  A  name  of  the  coral- 
snake,  I'lnps J'nlfiiis,  of  the  United  States. 

bead-stuff  (bed'stuf),  n.  The  thin  wood  out  of 
which  are  formed  the  headings  for  cabinet- 
work. 

beadswoman  (bedz'wuin"an),  n. ;  pi.  beads- 
women (-wim'en).  [Also  oedeswoman,  earlier 
hrdi  iniiiiiiii,  <   ME.  bede,   a  prayer,  +  woman. 

Cf.  landsman.]  1.  A  praying  woman:  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  "  humble  ser- 
vant."    See  headsman. 

Honour  done  to  your  poor  Itritihti'iniian. 

Ii.  Jiiii.iiin,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  6. 
\l  v  biiinbl,  st  service  to  Ins  grace, 
I  am  his  beadswoman. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  iii.  1. 
2.    In  England,  a  woman  who  resides  in  an  alms- 
house. 
bead-tool  (bed'tiil ),  «.    1.  A  turning-tool  which 

has  its  cutting  face  ground  to  a  ei ave  curve, 

so  thai  it  may  produce  a  convex  molding  when 
applied  to  the  work. — 2.  In  seal-engraving,  a 
tool  with  an  end  adapted  (or  cutting  the  balls 
and  beads  of  coronets  and  ether  designs. 

bead-tree  (bed'tio,  «.    1.  The  MeUa  Azeda- 

ineli,  natural  order  Melmeeie.  it  nut  „>  used  for 
tic    I,,  ad    i-i  in-all'^,  especially  Ln  Spain  ami  Portugal. 

Welia, 
2.  The  name  in  Jamaica  of  a  leguminous  tim- 
ber-tree, Ormosia  dasycarpa,  with  red  globose- 


beak 
seeds. -Black  bead-tree,  of  Jamaica,  Pitheeolobium 

I    n  I'll  :,nli. 

beadwork  (be<r  work).  ».  1.  Ornamental  work 
formed  of  betels  by  embroidering,  crocheting, 
etc. —  2.  bxjoinery,  beading  (which  see). 

beady  (be'di), a.  [ibead  +  -y\]  1.  Bead-like; 
small,  round,  anil  glittering:  applied  especially 
to  eyes. 

Miss  Crawlej  could  not  look  without  seeing  Mr.  Bute's 

/,.  "'I  >i  i  \  i  -  i  ,l-i  1  h    lived  on  tier. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xix. 
The  titmouse  turns  his  beady  eye 
Upon  me  as  1  wander  by. 

./,„/  tk'titiui.  December  Woods. 

2.  Covered  with  or  full  of  beads;  having  a 
bead,  as  ale  or  other  liquor. 

beagle  (be'gl),  n.  [Formerly  brittle,  bi(jle;< 
late  ME.  begle;  origin  unknown.  The  F.  bigle 
is  from  the  E.]  1.  A  small  hound,  formerly 
kept  to  hunt  hares,  now  almost  superseded  by 
the  harrier,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  this 
name.  The  beagle  is  smaller  than  the  harrier,  compactly 
built,  smooth-haired,  and  lias  pendulous  ears.  The  small- 
est beagles  are  little  larger  than  lap-dogs. 

To  plains  with  well-breathed  beagles  we  repair, 
And  trace  the  mazes  of  the  circling  hare, 

Pupc,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  121. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  one  who  makes  a 
business  of  scenting  out  or  hunting  down  (a 
person  or  thing);  a  spy;  a  bailiff  or  sheriff's 
officer. 

There  beagli  s  flew 
To  hand  the  souter  lads  in  order.        J.  Mayne. 

3.  A  local  name  for  several  species  of  the 
smaller  sharks. 

beak1  (bek),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beeke,  and, 
preserving  the  orig.  short  vowel,  beck,  beeke,  < 
ME.  beeke,  beke,  bek,  bee  =  D.  bek,  <  OF.  bee,  F. 
bee  =  Pr.  bee  =  Sp.  Pg.  bico  =  It.  becco,  <  LL. 
beccus,  a  beak,  of  Old  Celtic  (Gaulish)  origin  ; 
but  the  mod.  Celtic  words,  Gael,  beic,  Ir.  bee, 
Bret,  bek,  are  from  E.  or  F.  The  word  is  no- 
tionally  associated  with  E.  peak,  /nek,  pike,  and 
pick,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zoiil.,  the  rostrum,  snout, 
muzzle,  jaws,  mandibles,  or  some  similar  part  of 
an  animal.  Especially— (a)  In  ornith.,  the  horny  hill 
or  neb  of  a  bird,  {b)  In  mammal.,  the  horny  jaws  of  the 
duck-billed  members  of  the  genus  Platypus,  (e)  In  her- 
pet.,  the  horny  jaws  of  a  turtle  or  other  chelonian.  (d)  In 
ichth.,  the  prolonged  snout  of  sundry  fishes,  (e)  The  horny 
jaws  of  a  cephalopod.  (/)  Inentom.:  (1)  the  rostrum  or 
snout  of  a  rhynchopnorous  beetle,  or  weevil ;  (■_')  the  ros- 
trum or  sucking  mouth  of  a  hemipterous  insect  ;  (:t)  the 
piercing  and  suctorial  mouth  of  a  mosquito,  or  other 
blood-sucking  fly,  consisting  of  lancet-like  mandibles, 
maxilla-,  and  lingua  inclosed  in  the  elongated  and  grooved 
labium,  (See  cut  under  mosquito.)  This  term  is  also  ap- 
plied to  any  unusual  prolongation  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  head,  such  as  that  observed  in  many  Coleoptera  and 
Diptera.  (g)lnconch.:  (1)  the  umbo  or  apex  ofa  bivalve 
shell ;  (2)  the  prolonged  lip  of  a  univalve  shell,  containing 
the  canal. 
2.  Anything  ending  to  a  point   like  a  beak. 

(a)  Naut.,    a    powerful    Construction    of     metal     as    steel, 

iron,  or  brass,  or  of  timber  sheathed  with  metal,  forming 


Beaks  of  Ships. 
i,  Frcni  1,   ironclad   Magenta;    ■.  Amfra]    Duperr£  (French);  3, 
II.  M.  s.  Dreadnought;  4,  H.  M.S.Polyphemus    torpedo-ram),   a, 
watcr-Iuie. 

a  part  of  the  bow  of  many  war  ships,  and  extending  lie- 
low  the  water  line,  for  the  purpose  of  Striking  and  break- 
ing in  the  sides  of  an  enemy's  ship.  Also  called  rum 
(winch  see).  For  a  cut,  of  the  beak  of  an  ancient  war- 
galley,  Bee  acrostolium.  (6)  The  horn  of  an  anvil,  (c)  In 
nit  1  a  in,  a  little  shoe  about  an  inch   long,  turned  up  and 

t :  1  - 1    in  d  ill  11  jioti  tin    t 1 1,1 1 1  nt   the  hoof.     (</)  In  arcli., 

a  little  pendent  fillet  with  a  channel  behind  it  left  on  the 
1  lie  of  a  larmier,  to  form  a  drip  ami  thus  prevent  the 
water  from  trickling  dow  n  (he  faces  of  lower  architectural 
members.  («)  In  bot.,  a  narrowed  or  prolonged  tip.  (/) 
In  i'tlf/1.,  the  crooked  end  of  the  holdfast  of  a  carpenter's 
In  in  b  (-0  The  lip  or  spoiil  of  a  vessel,  as  a  pitcher, 
through  which  the  contents  are  poured.  ('0  In  tin  iir.  the 
rostrum  of  an  alembic,  which  conducts  the  vapor  i"  the 

worm.    (/)  The  long  point   .if   the   peculiar  1 t   or  Bhoe 

Worn  trim  al (  1476  to  1. 1'!0;  also,  (be  point  of  the  clog 

worn  at  the  same  period,  which  was  often  longer  than  tin 

I I    elf.       Sec  mi//.  r"<  / 

3.    A   gas-burner  having  a  round  smooth  hole 
.'    of  an  inch  in  diameter;  a  bird's-mouth. —  4. 
A  beak-iron  t  which  see  i. 
beak1  (bek),  v.  i.    [<  beak1,  «.  |    In  cock-fighting, 
to  seize  or  strike  with  tho  beak. 


beak 

beak2  (bek),  ».  [Same  as  beck*;  of  obscure 
origin.]  A  magistrate;  a  judge;  a  policeman. 
[Slang.] 

beaked  (beta),  a.  [<  beak*  +  -«,-.]  Having  a 
beak,  or  something  resembling  a  beak;  beak- 
shaped.  («•)  Having  a  long  beak-like  mouth,  as  some  in 
(/.)  [n  hoi.,  rostrate  ;  umliiiK  in  a  beak-like  point. 
(c)  In  Art-.,  applied  to  birds,  and  Dsed  only  when  the  beak  is 
01  a  different  tincture  from  the  rest  of  the  bird  ;  thus,  an 
eagle  sable  Seated  or,  means  a  black  eagle  having  a  gold 
beak.  When  beaks  and  claws  are  Of  the  same  tincture,  the 
term  aimed  (which  see)  is  used.  (./)  Ending  in  a  point, 
like  a  beak. 
Each  '"  -(/."'  promontory.  Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  94. 


487 
fester;  suppurate.  1 1  llisolete  except  ill  Scot- 
land.] 
beal-  (bel),  n.  [So.,  also  spelled  bill,  <  Gael. 
and  [r.  beul,  earlier  beal,  mouth,  >  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bealaeh,  a  defile,  a  mountain-pass.]  A  mouth; 
an  opening,  as  between  hills;  a  narrow  pass. 
[Scotch.] 

■ngus  II1  Vulay  mumbled  over  a  number  of  lend  Gaelic 

names  descriptive  ol  the  different  passes,  precipici 

ries.  and  &ea&,  through  which  he  said  the  road  lay  to  In- 
\rerary.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  nii. 


Beale  light.    See  light*. 
,  Beale's  ganglion-cells.    See  cell. 

Beaked  helmet,  a  helmet  ..f  which  the  vizor  was  worked   npaijn„t  (lio'limr)    n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bntlK] 
in  trout,  in  use  about.  i:;4o -el.    w^aiuiBi  v    ^ 


to  a  sharp  projecting  pnint 

The  breathing-holes  were  in  the  beaked  part,  or  only 
the  right  side  of  it.    The  extremely  pointed  form  gave  t 
the  lance  of  the  assailant  no  hold  and  ni 
entering  the  openings, 
beaker  (be'ker),  n.    [=  So.  biehr,  <  ME.  biker, 
byker,  <  Ieel.  bikarr,  a  cup,  =   S\v.   bcigare^  = 


boil  or  gathering 
ing  part, 
pportunityof  De.an  (be'al),  n. 

being. 

That  but  this  blow 
Might  be  the  be-all  and  the  end-all  here. 


suppuration  or  suppurat- 
All  that  is  to  be ;  the  whole 


Shah.,  Macbeth,  i. 


Dan.   bceger  =  OS.  bikeri  =  1>.  beker  =  OHG. 

behhar,  behhari,  MHG.  G.  becher,_<  ML.Wfii-  beam  (bem),  n.     [<ME.  bum.  bum;  etc.,  <  AS 

beam,  a  tree,  a  piece  of  timber,  a  ray_of  light 


riiini  (also  prob.  *bieeiirium,  >  It.  bicchiere, 
pecchero  =  OF.  picker,  pichier,  >  ME.  picher, 
E.  pitcher,  which  is  thus  a  doublot  of  beah  r), 
a  wine-cup,  <  Or.  as  if  "fiucdpiov,  dim.  of  j3licoc, 
an   earthen  wine-vessel;    of  Eastern  origin.] 

1.  A  large  drinking- vessel  with  a  wide  mouth. 

1 1  for  a  beaker  full  of  the  warm  south, 
lull  of  the  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene! 

Keats,  '  Ide  to  a  Nightingale. 

2.  A  glass  vessel  used  by  chemists,  usually  for 
making  solutions,  it  is  made  of  thin  glass  to  with- 
stand heating,  and  has  a  tlat  bottom  and  perpendicular 
sides,  with  a  lip  for  pouring,  and  varies  in  capacity  from 
1  to  30  tluidounces. 

He  used  a  modification  of  Thomson's  electrometer,  and 
connected  it,  with  suitable  precautions,  with  twelve  large 
beakers  which  were  covered  with  tinfoil  and  were  rilled 
with  ice.  Science,  III.  260. 

beak-head  (bek'hed),  n.  1.  An  ornament  re- 
sembling the  head  and  beak  of  a  bird,  or,  often, 
a  grotesque  human  head  terminating  in  a  beak, 


:>:r 


:*wpw| 


Spv  : 


Beak-irons. 


it,  tool  willi  long  beak  used  for  rounding 
sections  of  stove-pipe,  etc.  ;  b,  tool  with 
shorter  and  cylindrical  beak  ;  c,  tool  with 
two  beaks  which  act  as  stakes  or  anvils  in 
the  interior  of  ware ;  d.  a  conical  beak  in- 
tended to  be  grasped  in  a  vise. 


Beak-heads.—  From  St.  Ebbe's.  Oxford,  England. 

used  as  an  enrichment  of  moldings  in  Roman- 
esque architecture. —  2.  That  part  of  a  ship 
before  the  forecastle  which  is  fastened  to  the 
stem  and  supported  by  the  main  knee. 

beaking-joint  (be'Mng-joint),  "■    [<  beaking, 
verbal  n.  of  beak1,  +  joint.']     A  joint  formed 
by  the  junction  of  several  heading-joints  in  a 
continuous  line, 
as  sometimes  in 
folding     doors, 
floors,  etc. 

beak-iron(bek'- 

i"ern),  n.  [A 
further  corrup- 
tion, simulating 
beak1  +  iron,  of 
bickiron,  a  cor- 
ruption of  bick- 
ern,  q.  v.]  An 
anvil  with  a 
long  beak  or 
horn  adapted  to 
reach  the  interior  surfaces  of  sheet-metal  ware ; 
a  bickern.  Used  in  various  forms  by  blacksmiths,  cop- 
persmiths, and  workers  in  sheet  metal.  Also  called  beak 
and  bickiron. 

beakmentt,  n.  [E.  dial,  also  erroneously  beat- 
niiiit;  appar.  <  F.  becquer,  peek,  +  -ment:  see 
peck,  a  measure.]  A  measure  of  about  a  quar- 
ter of  a  peek.     Balliwell. 

beak-rush  (bek'rush),  n.  A  common  name  for 
species  of  ahynchospora,  a  genus  of  cyperaceous 
plants  with  conspicuously  beaked  achenes  or 
seed-vessels.     Also  called  beak-sedge. 

beak-sheath  (bek'sheth),  n.  In  entom.,  the 
rostral  sheath  or  jointed  extension  of  the  la- 
bium, inclosing  the  mouth-organs  of  a  hemip- 
terous  insect. 

beaky  (be/Id),  a.  [<  beak  +  -;/1.]  Furnished 
with  or  distinguished  by  a  beak. 

beal1  (bel),  n.  [<  ME.  bed,  bele,  a  variant  of 
bib;  bide,  >  E.  bile1,  now  corrupted  into  boiU: 
see  bile1  and  boil1.]  A  small  inflammatory  tu- 
mor; a  pustule.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

heal1  (bel),  o.  i.  [<  beal1,  ».]  To  gather  mat- 
ter ;  swell  and  come  to  a  head,  as  a  pimple ; 


ifW 


Medieval  Floor-beams. 

( From  ViolleMe-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 

1' Architecture." ) 


=08.  6d»»  =  OFries.  bum  =D.  boom  ( >  E.  boom?) 
=  MLG.  bom,  LG.  boom  =  OHG.  MHG.  bourn, 
ii.  Iiniini,  and  prob.  =  Ieel.  badhmr  =  Goth. 
biniins  (the  Ieel.  and  Goth,  presenting  unex- 
plained variations  of  form),  a  tree;  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  <>c««,  a  growth,  and  Skt.  bhuman, 
earth,  <  \/  blu't,  grow,  become:  see  be1,  bower1, 
boor,  big*  =  bigg3,  etc.,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
boom-.  '  The  sense  of  'ray  of  light'  is  peculiar 
to  AS.  and  E.,  appar.  tr.  L.  columna  {lucis),  a 
column  or  pillar  of  light:  cf.  L.  radius,  a  spoke 
of  a  wheel,  a  rod,  a  ray;  G.  strahl,  an  arrow, 
a  spoke,  a  ray  or  beam'.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  long 
piece  of  stone, 
wood,  or  metal,  or 
a  construction  of 
wood  or  metal,  or 
combining  wood 
and  metal,  used  in 
a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, usually  in 
combination  with 
others  like  it,  all 
being  generally 
laid  parallel  to 
one  another,  and 
at  regular  inter- 
vals,   to    support 

weight,  or,  as  a  tie-beam  or  a  collar-beam,  to 
resist  two  opposite  forces  either  pulling  or  com- 
pressing it  in  the  direction  of  its  length. —  2. 
A  long  piece  fixed  or  movable  in  a  structure, 
machine,  or  tool:  often  equivalent  to  girder. 
The  word  beam  is  used  in  a  number  of  more  or  less  specific 
senses ;  as :  («)  Any  large  piece  of  timber  long  in  propor- 
tion to  its  thickness,  prepared  for  use.  (6)  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal horizontal  timbers  in  a  building,  especially  one  con- 
necting two  opposite  rafters;  a  timberserving  to  strengthen 
any  piece  of  wooden  frame-work,  (c)  The  part  of  a  balance 
from  the  ends  of  which  the  scales  are  suspended. 

The  doubtful  beam  long  nods  from  side  to  side. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  73. 

(dt)  The  pole  of  a  carriage  which  runs  between  the  horses. 

(e)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  making  part  ol  a  1 n, 

on  which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving;  also, 
the  cylinder  on  which  the  cloth  is  rolled  as  it  is  woven. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a  weaver's  ben  in. 

1  Sain.  xvii.  7. 

(/)  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor.     (g)  (l"c  of 
the  strong  transverse  pieces  of  timber  or  iron  stretching 
across  a  ship  from  one  side  to  the  other,  to  support  the 
decks    and    re- 
tain thesides  at  IP.       „„ 
their  proper  dis- 
tance,    (/i)  The 
main  piece  of  a 
plow,  in  which 
the      plow-tails 
arc    fixed,    and 
by  which   it   is 
drawn,    (i)  The 

oscillating  lever  of  a  steam-engine  recip 
locating  upon  a  center,  and  forming  tin 
medium  of  communication  between  the 
piston-rod  and  tile  crank-shaft.  Also 
called  working-beam  or  walking-beam. 
See  cut  under  atmosphi  ric. 

3.  The  widest  part  of  a  ship's 
hull;  the  extreme  breadth  of  a 
ship:  from  the  beams  extending 
quite  across  the  vessel  where  it 
is  broadest:  as,  a  steamer  of  fifty  outside  piariitinej 

i.       .    .  ^     IP,    inside  plank- 

feet  beam.  ine;/?,  deck-been; 

Broad  in  the  beam,  but  sloping  aft,  ins'.   §t  c  shelf "to 

With  graceful  curve  and  slow  degrees,    which   the    beara- 

LongfellOW,  Building  of  Ship,     end  is  coaked  ;  IV, 
.•"  '  "  ;       thick      waterway: 

4.  The  main  stem  of  a  deer's  a.  thin  waterway; 
horns  bearing  the  snags  or  ant-  £■  b,^',,i',^l,„L „ 
lers.  One  of  the  snags  themselves  strakei  KiTorked 

..  ,,      ,      ,,  7  iron  knee.    Dotted 

is    sometimes    called   the    beam-  imessiwwthcboits. 


beamed 

antler.  See  miller.— 5.  A  ray  of  light,  or  more 
strictly  a  collection    of   parallel    rays  of    litfht, 

emitted  from  the  sun  or  other  luminous  body. 
The  noddle  raj  is  the  axis.  In  heraldry,  beams  of  the  sun 
are  commonl}  represented  as  radiating  from  Borne  other 
,h,,   ,    which  is  then  said  to  be  radlanl  orrayonnant. 

The  existence  of  an  Isolated  ray  of  light  is  innm,  ,-ivabIe. 

.   .   .    However  small  a  port! the  wave  suite  e  may  lie 

represented,  it  contains  innumerable  rays,  which  collec- 
tively i i  a  h  am  or  fasciculus  ol 

hommel,  Light,  p.  232. 

\  on  Bilvei  '"  am  . 
Sleep  they  less  sweetlj  on  thi  cottage  thatch 
Than  on  the  dome  of  kings?  Shelley. 

Hence  —  6.  Figuratively,  a  ray  or  emanation 
of  splendor:  as.  "bctiinx  of  majesty,''  TiUotSOn, 
Works,  I.  iii.—  7.  Same  as  nind-beiim.-  Abaft 
the  beam.  See  abaft.  Arched  beam.  See  arcAed,— 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light.  See  uriA—  Beam  and 
scales,  a  balance.^  Beam-center,  the  tub  rumor  pin  on 
which  a  working-beam  vibrates.  Also  called  beam  gud- 
geon.—Beam  of  a  car-truck,  a  cross-beam  carrying  the 
m  I.  hi  oi  the  supported  ear.  -Before  the  beam.  See 
before  -Built  beam,  a  beam  formed  of  smaller  beams 
notched,  scarfed,  and  bolted  together.-  Cellular  beam, 
a  bi  am  formed  of  wrought  iron  plates  riveted  with  angle- 
irons  in  the  form  of  longitudinal  cells,  with  occasional 
nuts.— Composite  beam,  a  beam  composed  of 
wood  and  metal,  or  of  two  different  metals.— Curriers' 
beam,  an  inclined  post  over  which  a  hide  is  stretched 
to  be  shaved.— Fished  beam.  Sec  fish,  r.—  Kerfed 
beam,  a  beam  with  slits  sawed  in  one  side  to  facilitate 
binding  in  that  direction.  — On  the  beam,  mint.,  on  a 
line  with  the  beams,  or  at  right  angles  with  the  keel.— 
On  the  beam-ends,  in  the  position  of  a  ship  which  in- 
clines so  much  to  one  side  that  her  beams  approach  a 
vertical  position  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  be  on  one's  beam- 
ends,  to  be  thrown  or  lying  on  the  ground  ;  be  in  bad  cir- 
cumstances;  be  at  ones  last  shift.— On  the  weather- 
beam,  on  the  Weather  side  of  the  ship.  — To  kick  or 
Strike  the  beam,  to  rise,  as  the  lighter  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance, so  as  to  strike  against  the  beam;  hence,  to  be  of 
comparatively  light  weight  or  little  consequence. 
In  these  he  put  two  weights, 
The  sequel  each  of  parting  ami  of  tight: 
The  latter  quick  upflew  and  kide'd  the  beam. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  iv.  1004. 

beam  (bem),  r.     [<  ME.  beemen,  bemen,  <  AS. 

'biiimiaii  (Somner),  radiate;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  shed  rays  of  light  upon;  ir- 
radiate.—2.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit,  as  or  like 
beams  or  rays:  as,  to  beam  love  upon  a  person. 

God  beams  this  light  into  men's  understandings. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  8. 

3.  To  furnish  or  supply  with  beams  ;  give  the 
appearance  of  beams  to. 

The  bell-towers,  again,  are  ribbed  and  beamed  with  black 
lava.  J.  A.  Sgmonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  197. 

4.  In  currying,  to  stretch  on  the  beam,  as  a 
hide. —  5.  In  weaving,  to  put  on  the  beam,  as  a 
chain  or  web. 

II.  intrans.  To  emit  beams  or  rays  of  light; 
shed  or  give  out  radiance,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  shine. 

A  mighty  light  Mew  beaming  every  way. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xv. 
More  bounteous  aspects  on  me  f>ea?7l, 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  thrill. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

beam-bird  (bem'berd),  ii.  1.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  spotted  flycatcher,  Musei- 
eiijiit  grisola,  because  it  often  builds  its  nest 
on  the  projecting  end  of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a 
building. —  2.  A  provincial  name  for  the  petty- 
chaps  or  garden-warbler,  Sylvia  hortensis. 

beam-board  (bem'bord),  n.  The  platform  of  a 
steelyard  or  balance.  Also  called  beam-plat- 
fiirm.    E.  H.  Knight. 

beam-caliper  (bem'kal'i-per),  n.  An  instru- 
ment similar  in  construction  to  a  beam-com- 
pass, but  with  the  points  turned  in  so  as  to  be 
used  as  calipers. 

beam-center  (bem'sen"ter),  n.  The  pin  upon 
which  the  working-beam  of  a  marine  engine 
reciprocates. 

beam-compass  (bem'kum"pas),  ».  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  wooden  or  brass  beam, 


Ship's  Beam  and 

Fastenings. 

F.    frame ;    OP. 


Beam-compass. 

having  sliding  sockets  that  carry  steel  or  pencil 
points,  used  "for  describing  large  circles  and 
for  laying  off  distances. 
beamed  (bemd),  O.  Having  beams  or  horns; 
having  all  its  antlers  put  forth,  as  the  head  of 
a  stag. 
There  were  many  great  beamed  deer  in  it. 

J.  F.  Campbell,  Pop.  labs  of  West  Highlands. 


beam-engine 

beam-engine  (bem'en  jin),  n.  A  steam-engine 
in  which  the  motion  of  the  piston  is  transmit- 
ted to  the  crank bymeans  of  an  overhead- or 
working-beam  and  connecting-rod,  as  distinct 
from  a  direct-action  engine  and  a  side-lever 
ie,  in  which  the  motion  is  communicated 

l,\  two  side-levers  or  bourns  below  the  level  of 
the  piston  .ioss-head — Compound  beam-engine, 
a  beam  engine  having  compound  cylinders,  in  which  the 
steam  is  used  Brat  at  a  highi  r  and  then  at  a  lower  tem- 
pi i  ature. 

beamer  (bonier"),  it.  1.  In  wearing,*  person 
whose  business  it  is  to  put  warps  on  the  beam. 
—  2.  Same  as  beaming-machine. 

beam-feather  (bern'fesH  er),  n.  One  of  the 
long  feathers  in  a  bird's  wing,  particularly  that 
of  a  hawk:  one  of  theremigesorflight-feathers. 

beam-filling  (bem'fil  ins),  b.  1.  Brickwork 
or  masonry  carried  up  from  the  level  of  the 
under  Bide  of  a  beam  to  the  level  of  the  top. — 
2.  Naut.,  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  is 
stowe.l  between  the  beams. 

beamful  (bem'ful).  a.  [<  '""'»  +  -M-l  Ea- 
ting beams;  beaming;  bright:  as,  "beamful 
lamps,"  Drat/ton.  Noah's  l-'l I  (<  »rd  MS.). 

beam-gudgeon  (bem'guj'pn),  re.  One  of  the 
bearing-studs  on  the  center  of  a  working-beam, 
or  the  central  pivot  upon  which  it  oscillates. 

beamily  (be'mi-li),  adv.  In  a  beamy  or  beam- 
ing manner;  radiantly. 

Thon  thy  griefs  dost  doss 
\\  ith  a  bright  halo,  shining  beamily. 

Keats,  To  Byron. 

beaming  (be'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beam,  v.] 
1.  In  elotli-inaiatf.,  the  operation  of  winding 
the  warp-yarn  on  the  beam  of  a  loom. —  2.  In 
hath,  r-making,  the  operation  of  working  hides 
with  a  slicker  over  a  beam,  or  with  a  beam- 
ing-machine. 

beaming  ( be'ming),  p:  a.  Characterized  by  ra- 
diance ;  bright ;  cheerful. 

beamingly  (be'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  beaming 
manner;  brightly;  radiantly. 

beaming-machine  (be'ming-ma-shen  ),  re.  1. 
A  machine  for  winding  yarn  upon  the  beams 
of  looms.— 2.  An  apparatus  for  working  hides 
with  a  slicking-tool  or  slicker,  it  consists  of  a 
tableon  which  the  hide  is  placed,  ami  an  oscillating  beam 
for  moving  the  tool  over  it. 
Also  called  beamer. 

beam-knife  (bem'nif ), ».  A  double-edged  knife 
with  a  straight  handle  at  one  end  of  the  blade, 
and  a  cross-handle  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the 
blade  at  the  other.  It  is  used  in  shaving  off 
the  thick,  fleshy  parts  of  a  hide  and  evening  its 
thickness. 

beamless  (hem'les),  a.  [<  beam  +  -less.']  Emit- 
ting no  rays  of  light;  rayless. 

I  h.  bt  amless  eye 
No  more  with  ardour  bright. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1. 1045. 

beamlett  (bern'let),  re.  [<  beam  +  -let.]  A  lit- 
tle beam,  as  of  light. 

beam-light  (bem'lit),  re.  The  light  formerly 
kept  burning  in  churches  in  front  of  the  re- 
served sacrament :  bo  called  because  suspended 
from  the  rood-beam.     [Ban    | 

beam-line  (bem'lin),  re.  In  ship-building,  a 
line  showing  where  the  tops  of  the  beams  and 
the  frames  intersect. 

beamlingt  (bem'ling),  re.  [<  beam  +  -ling*.]  A 
little  beam,  a.s  of  light. 

beam-platform  (b§m'plat*f6rm),  re.  Same  as 
beam-hoard. 

beam-roll  (bem'rdl),  «.  In  cloth-manuf.,  the 
spool-shaped  roll  upon  which  the  warp-threads 
are  wound. 

beam-room  (bem'rdm),  re.  The  room  or  shed 
in  a  currier's  establishment  where  the  beaming 
or  slicking  of  hides  is  carried  on. 

r.ot  foi   un  own-room  might  pass  for  a 

l:l,,i.  Harper's  Hag.,  l.w  21 I 

beamsomet  ■  1'eni'sinii  i.  a.  [<  inum  + -some.] 
Shedding  beams;  i  adiant.     .V.  /■.'.  /'. 

beamster  I  bi  m'sti  i  i,  re.  |  beam  +  -ster.]  A 
workman  engaged  in  beaming  or  slicking  hides. 

The  &i 

ilnri Mag.,  I  a  ■ 

beam-trawl  (bem'tral),  re.  A  trawl-net  the 
mouth  of  which  is  kept  open  bj  a  beam. 

beam-tree  (bem'tre),  re.  [Short  tor  whitebeam- 
tree.]  A  tree  of  the  pear  kind.  PyrusAriaot 
Europe  (also  called  wMtebeam),  and  closely 
allied    pecii     of  cent  ral  A.sia.    it  I  >d<  rate 

bi :  an  ab la white  flowers  and    turn  j 

n  d  fruit     I  hi  n t  ii  hard  and  tough   ri   i  mbling  that 

ol  the  appli  and  pear,  and  ■    u  led  for  axli  trei 

beam-truss  (bem'trus i,  re.  A  compound  beam, 
formed  general!}   bj  two  main  parallel  mem- 


488 


Branch  of  Beam-tree  {Pyrin  A 


bean-shot 

beans,  the  seeds  of  Ptophmarpus  tetragonoldbus,  culti- 
vated for  food  in  India  Horse-  or  sword-bean,  of 
Jamaica  the  Canavalia  aladiata,  a  legume  widely  dia- 
tributed  through  the  tropics.— Indian  bean,  a  name 
given  in  the  I  nited  Statea  to  Catalpa  bignonimdes.— 
John  Crow  or  Jequirity  beans,  of  Jamaica,  the  sei  da 
oi  Abrui  mecatorius.  Malacca  bean,  or  marking-nut, 
the  nut  of  an  East  Indian  tree,  Semecarpus  Anacardiwm. 
—  Mesquite  bean,  of  Texas  and  southward,  the  fruit  of 
Prosopis  iiiliiliira.—  Molucca  beans,  or  nicker-nuts,  the 
seeds  oi  a  tropical  leguminous  climber,  Ccesalpinia  Bondu- 
Not  to  know  beans,  a  colloquial  American  as- 
sertion of  a  prisons  Ignorance,  equivalent  to  not  to 
know  B  fro,,,  a  bulls  foot."-- Oily  bean,  "i  bene-plant, 
the  Sesamum  Int licum.  -Ox-eye  or  horse-eye  bean 
the  seed  of  Mu,„,„i  urens,  a  leguminous  climber  of  the 
tropics  Pythagorean orsacred bean, ofthe  Egyptians 
and  Hindus, the  fruitof  the  lotus.  Nelumbium  tpectosum. 
See  .\.ii,,ni,iitii,.— sahuca  or  soy  beans,  the  seeds  uf 
Glycine  Soja,  largely  cultivated  in  India  and  China,  from 
which  the  sauce  known  as  soy  is  made.-  St.  Ignatius' 
beans,  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  Ignatii,  containing  strych- 
nine and  highly  poisonous.— Screw-bean,  the  twisted 
pod  of  Prosopis  f"'"  "'■  "■-■-  — Seaside  bean,  a  name  given 
i,,  some  creeping  leguminous  plants  of  the  tropics,  I  'ana- 

oalia  obtusifolia  and  Vigna  luteola,  c m i  rocky  or 

sandy  sea-shores.— To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake,  to 
succeed  in  defeating  one's  adversaries :  an  allusion  to  the 
old  custom  of  concealing  a  bean  in  the  Twelfth-night 
cake  and  naming  the  person  who  found  it  as  king  of  the 
festival.- Tonquin  or  Tonka  beans,  the  fragrant  seeds 

of  Dipteryz  odorata,  a  leguminous  tn f  Guiana,  used 

in  perfumery  and  for  scenting  siiutl.—  Vanilla  bean, 
the  fragrant  pod  of  a  climbing  orchid  of  tropical  America, 
Vanilla  planifoVa,  used  for  flavoring  confectionery,  etc. 
—  Wild  bean,  of  the  United  States,  the  ipios  taberosa. 
—Yam-bean,  a  leguminous  twiner,  Paehyrrhteua  angu- 
lotus,  with  large  tuberous  roots,  cultivated  throughout 
the  tropics. 
bean2  (ben),  a.  See  bein. 
bean-belly  (ben'beFi),  n.  A  great  eater  of 
beans:  a  vulgar  nickname  for  a  dweller  m  Lei- 
cestershire, England. 

bean-brush  (ben'brush),  n.  The  stubble  of 
beans. 

bean-cake  (ben'kak),  n.   A  large  cheese-shaped 

compressed  cake  of  beans  after  the  oil  has  been 

expressed,  used  largely  in  northern  China  as 

food  for  cattle,  and  in  the  sugar-plantations 

of  southern  China  as  manure. 

bean-caper  (ben'ka"per),  n.    ZygophyUum  Va- 

bat/0,  a  small  tree,  a  native  of  the  Levant.    The 

flower-buds  are  used  as  capers. 

onne,  bean.    Cf.  W.  ffaen,  pi.  ffa;  U.Jaba  =  jjean_cod  (ben'kod),  w.    1.  A  bean-pod.— 2.  A 

)Bulg.  Russ.  bobtl  =  OPruss.  baboon ^  bean. J     gma,,  jishing-vessel  or  pilot-boat  used  in  the 

rivers  of  Portugal.     It  is  sharp  forward,  and 
has  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve  and 
,    plated  with  iron.     Imp.  Diet. 
now  extended  to  include  the  seed  ot  the  allied  keancrake  (hen'krak),  re.      A  bird,  Crex  pra- 
genus  Phaseolus,  and,  with  a  specific  epithet,     ,,.„..,,.  the  corn-crake. 

of  other  genera.  — 2.  The  plant  producing  j,ean.c'urd  (ben'kerd),  n.  A  thick  white  jelly 
beans.  The  bean  known  to  the  ancients  from  prehistoric  reseinbling  blanc-mauge,  made  of  beans,  much 
times  was  the  Vicia  Faba  (or  Faba  ;»';"'-'  a  native  of  .       ,  tiv,.s  of  northern  China,  Corea, 

western  Asia,  and  the  same  as  the  field-,  horse-,  or  tick-     tan  11  u.> 

bean,  and  the  broad  or  Windsor  bean,  still  largely  culti-     and  Japan.  .,,»-..  m,  v- 
Mitel  in  the  helds  and  gardens  of  the  old  world.     It  is  bean-dolphin  (ben'dorim),    n.      ihe  aphis  or 
used  when  green  as  a  table-vegetable,  and  when  dry  as     T>l:mt-lous;e  which  infests  the  beau, 
feed  for  horses  and  sheep.    The  numerous  other  kinds  of     i         foa„+  /Ken'festl  n    1    A  feast  civen  bv  an 
cultivated  beans  are  of  American  origin,  and  belong  chiefly   bean-ieasH  ( oen  lcsij,  «.   j..  ^ 
to  the  genus  Phaseolus.    To  P.  vulgaris  belong  the  com- 
mon kidney-bean,  and  the  haricot  and  French  beans,  the 
string-bean,  and  the  pole-bean;  to  /'.  lunatus,  the  lama 
and  Carolina  beans,  the  sugar-bean,  and  the  butter  bean  ; 
and  to  P.  Bonus, the  dwarf,  tield-.  bush-,  navy-,  pea-,  and 
six  weeks  beans.    To  the  same  genus  belong  the  wild  kid- 
ney-bean,  /'.  perennis;  the  scarlet-runner  bean,  P.  mulU 
Horns,  cultivated  for  its  scarlet  flowers;  and  the  prairic- 
bean  of  Texas,  /'.  returns.    The  asparagus-bean,  Dohchos 
.,  iquipedalis,  with  very  long  cylindrical  pods,  frequently 
cultivated  in  Europe,  is  a  native  of  tropical  America. 
Beans  as  an  article  of  food  arc  very  nutritious,  i tabl- 
ing much  starch  and  a  large  percentage  of  a  nitrogei 

compound    called    legumin,  analogous   to   the   casein    in 
cheeae.    The  name  beam  is  also  given  to  many  leguminous 


bers  which  receive  the  stress  of  a  load  and  re- 
sist it,  the  one  by  compression  and  the  other 
by  tension.  They  are  connected  by  braces  and  tics, 
which  serve  to  keep  them  apart,  bind  the  whole  flnnly 
together,  and  transmit,  the  stress  due  to  a  load  upon 
any  one  part  to  the  points  of  support.    See  truss. 

beamy  (be'mi),  «•    [<  ME.  bemy ;  <  beam  + 

-//i.]  1.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and 
weight;  massy:  as,  "his  .  .  .  beamy  spear," 
Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1756.— 2.  Having 
horns  or  antlers:  as,  "beamy  stags,"  Dryden, 
tr.  of  Virgil. —  3.  Naut,  having  much  beam  or 
breadth;  broad  in  the  beam:  said  of  a  ship 
whose  beam  is  more  than  one  tenth  of  its 
length. 

The  speed  of  beamy  vessels  has  too  often  been  demon- 
strated. The  Century,  WIN .  671. 

4.  Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant;  shining. 

The  sun  .  .  . 
Brightening  the  twilight  with  its  l„,u„,i  gold. 

Tickell,  Royal  Progress. 
He  bears 
In  a  field  azure  a  sun  proper,  beamy. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

5.  Figuratively,  radiant;  joyous;  gladsome. 
Read  my  pardon  in  one  beamy  smile.  J.  Baillie. 

bean1  (ben),  n.  [<  ME.  bene,  ben,<  AS.  bean, 
=  D.  6oon  =  MLG.  bone  =  OHGr.  bona,  MHG. 
bone,  G.  bohne  =  Icel.  baun  =  Sw.  bona  =  Dan, 
¥ 

OB_.c 

1 .  Originally  and  properly,  a  smooth  kidney 
shaped  seed,  flattened   at  the  sides,  borne  in 
long  pods  by  a  leguminous  plant,  Vicia  Faba  : 


employer  to  those  whom  he  employs.    Brewer. 
— 2.   A  social  festival  originally  observed  in 
France,  and  afterward  in  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, on  the  evening  before  Twelfth  day,  or,  as 
the  Germans  call  it,  Three  Kings'  day.   Although 
confounded  with  the  christian  festival  of  the  Epiphany, 
which  occurs  on  the  same  day,  it  is  supposed  that  this 
custom   can  be   traced  back  to  the   Roman    Saturnalia. 
Sei  '~  an-king  and  tweffth-cake. 
bean-fed  (ben'fed),  a.    Fed  on  beans.    8hak. 
bean-fly  (hcu'lli).  re.    A  beautiful  fly  of  a  pale- 
purple  color,  produced  from  a  maggot  called 
mida,  and  found  on  bean-flowers. 
seals  which  arc  not  cultivated  or  used  as  food,  such  as  e      n  „..,.  (ben'iros),  II.      [So  named  from  tho 
the  algarroba,  Calabar,  and  coral  beans,  and  to  certain   Dean  goose  lutm  feo  ,  l 

Other  plants  and  their  seeds  which  arc  not  leg i.eus  at      likeness  ft  the  uppei  nail  Ot  t  111    lull  to  a  not  SI 

bean.]  A  species  of  wild  goose,  the  Ansel 
segetum,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn 
and  retires  to  the  north  in  the  end  of  April. 
Some  consider  it  a  mere  variety  of  the  Euro- 
pean wild  goose,  A.ferus. 

bean-king  (ben'king),  ».  [So  called  because 
the  honor  fell  to  him  who.  when  the  Twelfth- 
night  cake  was  distributed,  got  the  bean  buried 
in  itj  The  person  who  presided  as  king  over 
the  Twelfth-night  festivities. 

bean-meal  (ben'nml),  n.  Meal  made  from 
beans,  used  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as  feed 
for  horses,  and  for  fattening  hogs,  etc 

bean-mill  (ben'mii),  re.  A  mill  for  splitting 
bonus  for  cattle-feeding. 

bean-sheller  (ben'shel  er),  re.  A  machine  for 
removing  beans  Erom  the  pods. 

bean-Shooter  (ben'sho'ter),  ».  A  toy  for 
shooting  beans,  shot,  or  other  small  missiles; 
a  pea-shooter. 

bean-Shot  (ben'shot),  n.  Copper  grams  formed 
by  pouring  melted  metal  through  a  perforated 
ladle  into  warm  water.      If  cold  water  is  used, 

flakes  are  formed,  called  feather-shot. 


plant 

all.  as  the  coffee  bean. 

3.  A  small  oval  or  roundish  seed,  berry,  nut, 
or  lump:  as,  a  coffee-licrtH.— 4. ]>1.  In  eoal-min- 
iin/,  small  coals;  specifically,  coals  which  will 
pass  through  a  screen  with  half-inch  meshes. 
[North.  Eiig.]  —  5.  pi.  Money.  [Slang.] -Algar- 
roba, carob,  or  locust  bean,  the  fruit  of  the  carob- 
tree,  Ceratonla  .o7i7.i.(.— Buck-,  bog-,  or  brook-bean. 
/  bean.  Brazilian  or  Picnurim  bean,  the  fruit  of 
a  lauraceous  treeol  Brazil,  Nectandra  Pm-luirii.  —  Cala- 
bar or  ordeal  bean,  the  seed  of  an  African  leguminous 
climber,  Physostigma  venenosum,  a  violent  poison,  u  led 
as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  tetanus,  neuralgia, 
and  other  nervous  affections.  In  Bome  parts  oi  Lfrica  it 
Is  administered  to  persons  suspected  of  witchcraft;  if 
vomiting  results  and  the  poison  is  thrown  off,  the  inno- 
cence of  the  Buspected  person  is  regarded  as  established. 
Castor-bean,  the  seed  of  -.,  euphorbiaceous  plant, 
Rieinus  communis,  yielding  castor-oil.  China  bean, 
Uolicho  •,,<,,  ,  The  black-eyed  bean  is  one  of  Its  varie- 
ty Coffee-bean,  a  name  given  In  commerce  to  the 
coffee-berry.  Coral  bean,  of  Jamaica,  the  Beed  ot  a 
leguminous  shrub,  Erythrina  glauca;  but  thi  large  coral 
bean  is  obtained  from  the  bead-  or  necklace  tree,  Ormo- 
id  dasycarpa.    The  coral  bean  of  Texas  i-  Sophora   ■  cun 

diflora.     Culumary  beans,  tl tool   a   laurac - 

tree  of  Brazil,  Aydendron  Cujumary.an  esteemed  tonic 
and  stimulant  Egyptian,  hyacinth,  or  black  beans, 
tliu  Beed    oi  DolicKoB  Lablab,  cultivated  in  India.     Goa 


bean-stalk 

bean-stalk  (ben'stak),  n.  The  stem  of  a  bean, 
or  the  whole  planl :  aB,  Jack  and  the  beanstalk. 

bean-tree  (ben'tre),  ».  A  name  given  to  the 
Pyrus  intermedia  of  northern  Europe,  and  to 
species  of  Bauhinia;  in  Australia,  to  the  More- 
ton  Bay  chestnut,  Castanospermwm  Australe;  in 
the  United  Slates,  sometimes,  to  t'alalpa  bigno- 
nioides;  and  in  Jamaica,  to  Erythrina  Corrallo- 
dendron. 

bean-trefoil  (ben'tre  foil),  ».  1.  The  labur- 
num, Oytisus  Laburnum,  a  leguminous  shrub 
with  trifoliate  leaves.  See  laburnum. —  2.  The 
Anagyris  faiiiln,  a  similar  shrub  of  southern 
Europe,  whose  violet-colored  seeds  are  said  to 
be  poisonous  like  those  of  the  laburnum. —  3. 
The  buckbean,  Menyanthes  trifoliata.    [Rare.] 

bean-weevil  (ben'we'vil),  n.  An  American 
species  of  the  genus  Bruehus,  which  attacks 
beans.  It  has 
been  described  as 
Bruchuefabos  i  Eli- 
ley),  but  is  held 
by  Horn  to  be 
identical  with  the 
11.  obsoletus  (Say  I. 
The  species  aver- 
ages 3  millimeters 
in  length,  with  the 
general  color  dark 
and  piceous,  the 
whole  body  being 

covered  with  rath-  Bean.weev,l  {Bruchus Saba),    b,  Bean 

er  dense  CinereOUS      fronnvhich  the  beetles  have  issued.    (Small 
pubescence,      and     figure  shows  natural  size.) 
the    elytra    being 

indistinctly  mottled  by  transverse  bands  of  darker  pubes- 
cence. It  infests  stored  beans,  and  there  are  usually  sev- 
eral, sometimes  a-s  many  as  15,  specimens  in  a  single  bean. 

beany  (be'ni),  a.  [<  bean1  +  -i/1.]  In  good 
condition  (like  a  bean-fed  horse);  spirited; 
fresh.     [Slang.]     N.  E.  D. 

bear1  (bar),  v. ;  pret.  bore  (formerly,  and  still  in 
the  archaic  style,  bare),  pp.  borne,  born  (now  only 
in  a  single  sense :  see  note  at  end),  ppr.  bearing. 
[<  ME.  beren  (pret.  bar,  bun,  pi.  bare,  bere,  be- 
nn,  pp.  boren,  rarely  born),  <  AS.  bcran  (pret. 
bar.  pi.  batron,  pp.  Imrrn)  =  OS.  bcran  =  OFries. 
bera  =  D.  baren  =  OHG.  beran  =  Icel.  bcrn  = 
Sw.  bora  =  Dan.  bare  =  Goth,  bairan,  bear 
(also  in  eomp.  OS.  giberan  —  AS.  geberan  = 
OHG.  geberen,  MHG.  gebcrn,  G.  gebdren  =  Goth. 
gabairan,  bear,  in  MHG.  and  G.  bring  forth),  = 
L.  fern  =  ( ir.  i>/n  n-  =  Skt.  -i/  bhar,  bear,  carry. 
A  very  prolific  root  in  all  the  languages,  both 
in  form  and  senses.  From  the  AS.  come  bar- 
row2, bier,  barm1,  barn",  bairn,  birth1,  burthen1, 
burden1,  etc.;  from  the  L.  fertile,  confer,  defer, 
differ,  infer,  etc.,  Lucifer,  conifer,  etc.,  aurifer- 
ous, vociferous,  etc.,  and  other  words  in  -fer, 
-ferous;  from  the  Gr.  semaphore,  hydrophore, 
phosphorous,  eleetrophorus,  etc.,  andotherwords 
in  -phore,  -phorous,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sup- 
port; holdup;  sustain:  as,  a  pillar  or  a  girder 
bears  the  superincumbent  weight. 

Sage  he  stood, 
With  Atlautean  shoulders  tit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  To  support  in  movement ;  carry ;  convey. 
Whither  do  these  bear  the  ephah?  Zech.  v.  10. 

From  the  unshaken  rock  the  torrent  hoarse 
Bears  off  its  broken  waves,  and  seeks  a  devious  course. 
Scott,  Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  Conclusion,  st.  3. 
And  down  a  rocky  pathway  from  the  place 
There  came  a  fair-haird  youth,  that  in  his  hand 
Bare  victual  for  the  mowers.  Tennyson,  Oeraint. 

3.  To  suffer ;  endure ;  undergo :  as,  to  bear  pun- 
ishment, blame,  etc. 

Alas,  bow  many  bear  such  shameful  blows, 
Which  not  themselves  but  he  that  gives  them  knows  ! 
Shah.,  Lucrece,  1.  832. 

4.  To  endure  the  effects  of;  take  the  conse- 
quences of ;  be  answerable  for. 

He  shall  bear  their  iniquities.  Isa.  liii.  11. 

Sir,  let  her  bear  her  sins  on  her  own  head ; 
Vex  not  yourself. 

Bi  au.  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

5.  To  support  or  sustain  without  sinking, 
yielding,  shrinking,  or  suffering  injury. 

A  wounded  spirit  who  can  bear?  Prov.  xviii.  14. 

Console  if  you  will,  I  can  bear  it ; 
"lis  a  well-meant  alms  of  breath. 

Lowell,  After  the  Burial. 

Anger  and  jealousy  can  no  more  bear  to  lose  sight  of 
their  objects  than  love. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  10. 

6.  To  suffer  or  sustain  without  violence,  in- 
jury, or  change ;  admit  or  be  capable  of. 

In  all  criminal  cases  the  most  favourable  interpreta- 
tion should  be  put  on  words  that  they  can  possibly  bear. 

Sw(ft. 

The  motives  of  the  best  actions  will  not  bear  too  strict 
an  inquiry.  Swift,  Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects. 


ISil 

7.  To  suffer  without  resentment  or  effort  to 
prevent;  endure  patiently. 

It  was  not  an  enemy  that  reproached  me  ;  then  I  could 
have  borne  it.  Ps.  lv.  12. 

With  your  long  practis'd  patience  bear  afflictions. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  2. 

8.  To  sustain,  as  expense;  supply  the  means 
of  paying. 

Somi  what  that  will  bear  your  charges.  Dryden. 

9.  To  have,  or  have  a  right  to ;  be  entitled  to  ; 
have  the  rightful  use  of,  as  a  name,  a  title,  a 
coat  of  anus,  and  the  like. 

We  are  no  enemies  to  what  are  commonly  called  i  "ii 
ceits,  lint  authors  bear  them,  as  heralds  say.  with  a  differ- 
ence, Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  886. 
Who  in  the  Lord  God's  likeness  bears  the  keys 
To  bind  or  loose.  Swinburne,  Laus  Veneris. 

10.  To  cany,  as  in  show;  exhibit ;  show. 

/;,  nr  welcome  in  your  eye.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

Which,  like  a  waxen  image  "gainst  a  lire, 
Bears  no  impression  of  the  thing  it  was. 

Shak.,  T.  (.'.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

11.  To  bring  forward;  render;  give;  afford: 
as,  to  bear  testimony. 

Thou  shalt  not  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbour. 

Ex.  xx.  16. 

12.  To  carry  in  the  mind  ;  entertain  or  cherish, 
us  love,  hatred,  envy,  respect,  etc. 

If  I  can  catch  him  once  upon  the  hip, 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
The  reverent  care  T  bear  unto  my  lord 
Made  me  collect  these  dangers  in  the  duke. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  great  and  guilty  love  he  bare  the  queen. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

13.  To  possess,  as  a  property,  attribute,  or 
characteristic;  have  in  or  on;  contain:  as,  to 
bear  signs  or  traces;  to  bear  an  inscription; 

the  contents  which  the  letter  bears. 

What,  think  you  much  to  pay  two  thousand  crowns, 
And  bear  the  name  and  port  of  gentleman  ' 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

14.  To  possess  and  use,  as  power;  exercise; 
be  charged  with ;  administer :  as,  to  bear  sway. 

Here's  another  letter  to  her :  she  bears  the  purse  too ; 
she  is  a  region  in  Guiana,  all  gold  and  bounty. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,i.  3. 

Russia  soon  showed  that  she  was  resolved  to  bear  a 
part  in  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  negotiations  of  her 
neighbours.  Brougham. 

15f.  To  carry  on;  deal  with. 
This  can  be  no  trick  :  The  conference  was  sadly  borne. 
Shak.,  -Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Beware 
Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel ;  but,  being  in, 
Bear  't,  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

16.  To  manage  ;  direct;  use  (what  is  under  the 
immediate  control  of  one's  will). 

Bear  your  body  more  seeming. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

Hence,  with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  behave ; 
act  in  any  character:  as,  he  bore  himself  nobly. 
— 17.  To  sustain  by  vital  connection;  put  forth 
as  an  outgrowth  or  product ;  produce  by  natu- 
ral growth :  as,  plants  bear  leaves,  flowers,  and 
fruit ;  the  heroes  borne  by  ancient  Greece. 
Can  the  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive-berries  i  -las.  iii.  12. 
Here  dwelt  the  man  divine  whom  Santos  iiore. 

Dryden. 
Life  that  bears  immortal  fruit. 

Tennyson,  In  sfemoriam,  \1. 

18.  To  bring  forth  in  parturition ;  give  birth 
to,  as  young;  figuratively,  give  rise  or  origin 
to.  [The  past  participle  born  is  now  used  only 
in  this  sense.     See  remarks  below.] 

And  she  conceived,  and  bare  Cain,  and  said,  I  have  got- 
ten a  man  from  the  Lord.  Gen.  iv.  1. 
I  cawtell  thee  where  that  saying  was  born. 

Shak.,T.  N.,i.  5. 

19.  To  conduct;  guide;  take:  as,  he  tore  him 

off  to  his  quarters. 

Bear  me  forthwith  unto  his  creditor. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  4. 

20.  To  press;  thrust;  push;  drive:  urge:  with 
some  word  to  denote  the  direction  in  which  the 
object  is  driven :  as,  to  bear  down  a  scale ;  to 
bear  back  the  crowd. 

The  residue  were  so  disordered  as  they  could  not  con- 
veniently fight  or  fly,  and  not  only  justled  and  bore  down 
one  another,  but,  iii  their  confused  tumbling  back,  brake 
a  part  of  the  avant-guard.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

Confidence  then  bore  thee  on  ;  secure 
Either  to  meet  no  danger,  or  to  find 
Matter  of  glorious  trial.        Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  UTS. 
How  the  rushing  waves 
Bear  all  before  them. 

Bryant,  Flood  of  Years. 

21.  To  gain  or  win:  now  commonly  with  away 
or  off ;  formerly,  sometimes,  with  an  indefinite 
it  for  the  object. 


bear 

Some  ihink  to  bear  ii  by  speaking  a  great  word. 

Bacon,  Of  Seeming  Wise. 

22.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  to  throw  o!T  or 
remove,  as  the  men  from  the  board.  —  23.  To 
purport;  imply;  import;  state 

The  letters  bore  that  succour  was  at  hand.  Scott. 

{Hear,  signifying  to  bring  forth,  when  used  passively,  espe- 
cially as  an  adjective,  has  the  past  participle  bom  (horn), 
bui  when  1 1  sni  after  the  vert \have,  or  followed  by  by, borne 
(born),  the  fatter  having  a  more  'inert  reference  to  the  lit- 
eral sense.  Thus,  a  child  was  bom;  but,  she  has  bornen 
child.  In  all  the  other  senses  both  participles  are  spelled 
borne i  as,  I  have  borne  the  expi  nses;  the  expenses  must 
be  borne.  The  regular  form,  historically,  is  born  (horn), 
like  torn,  sworn,  'lie  distinction  is  artificial  and  recent 
(after  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century).!  To  bear  a 
hand,  to  lend  a  hand  quickly  ;  take  hold ;  give  aid  or  as- 
sistance.    [Naut.  and  colloq. ] 

All  hands  ahoy  !  bear  <i  /ewe/  and  make  sail. 

It.  II.  liana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  69. 

To  bear  arms.  See  arm*. — To  bear  away  the  bell. 
See  bell1.— To  bear  i  a  person)  company.  See  company. 
—To  bear  date,  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when  written 
or  executed :  as,  the  letter  bears  (tale  Sept.  30,  1887. 

A  public  letter  which  bears  date  just  a  month  after  the 
admission  of  Francis  Bacon  |to  Trinity  College). 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

To  bear  down,  to  force  down  ;  figuratively,  to  overcome  ; 
vanquish  :  as,  to  bear  down  all  opposition.  To  bear  in, 
in  coal-mining,  to  bole,  undercut,  or  kirve.  See  hole,  e.  t. 
[Pennsylvania  anthracite  region.]  — To  bear  in  handt, 
to  keep  in  hope  or  expectation  ;  amuse  with  false  pre- 
tenses ;  deceive. 

A  rascally  yea-forsooth  knave!  to  bear  a  gentleman  in 
hand,  and  then  stand  upon  security  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

Still  bearing  them  in  hand, 
Letting  the  cherry  knock  against  their  lips, 
And  draw  it  by  their  mouths,  and  back  again. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
What  I  take  from  her,  I  spend  upon  other  wenches  ; 
bear  her  in  hand  still:  she  has  wit  enough  to  rob  her 
husband,  and  I  ways  enough  to  consume  the  money. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  RoaringGirl,  ii.  1. 
To  bear  in  mind,  to  keep  in  remembrance;  have  fixed 
in  the  memory. 

With  reference  to  the  effects  of  intercrossing  and  of 
competition,  it  should  he  borne  in  mind  that  most  animals 
ami  plants  keep  to  their  proper  homes,  and  do  not  need- 
lessly wander  about.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  94. 
To  bear  Off.    («t)  To  sustain  ;  endure. 

Do  you  suppose  the  state  of  this  realm  to  be  now  so 
feeble  that  it  cannot  bear  off  a.  greater  blow  than  this? 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

(b)  Kant.,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  keep  clear  from  rub- 
bing against  anything  :  as,  to  bear  off  a  boat,     (c)  To  gain 
and  carry  olf :  as,  he  bore  off  the  prize.— To  bear  one 
hard*,  to  cherish  a  grudge  toward  a  person. 
Though  lie  bear  me  hard, 
I  yet  must  do  him  right.  B.  Jonson. 

To  bear  out.  («)  To  give  support  or  countenance  to. 
Company  only  can  bear  a  man  out  in  an  ill  thing.     Soxah. 

(b)  To  defend  ;  support ;  uphold  ;  second  :  with  a  personal 
object. 

If  I  cannot  once  or  twice  in  a  quarter  bear  out  a  knave 
against  an  honest  man,  I  have  but  a  very  tittle  credit 
with  your  worship.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  y. 

I  never  suspected  him  to  be  a  man  of  resolution  or 
courage  sufficient  to  bear  him  out  in  so  desperate  an  at- 
tempt. Swift,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

.Ksehines  by  no  means  bears  him  out;  and  Plutarch 
directly  contradicts  him. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist,  of  Greece. 

(c)  To  confirm  ;  corroborate ;  establish  ;  justify  :  with  a 
thing  for  the  object- 
That  such  oscillations  [of  climate]  occurred  during  the 

Tertiary  period  seems  to  be  borne  out  by  the  facts  of  ge- 
ology and  palaeontology. 

,/.  I  Y»//,  climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  160. 

(./I)  With  a  more  or  less  indefinite  it  for  the  object:  (1) 
To  last  through ;  endure. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks, 
But  bears  it  out  even  to  the  eitge  of  doom. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 
If  that  the  Turkish  fleet 
Be  not  enshelter'il  ami  embay'd,  they  are  drown'd  : 
It  is  impossible  to  bear  if  out.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

(2)  To  enable  to  endure  ;  render  supportable. 

Many  a  good  hanging  prevents  a  bad  marriage  :  and  for 
turning  away,  let  summer  bear  it  out.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  i.  5. 
Tobearthebag.  Sec /.not.  -  To  bear  the  bell.  See  Ml. 
-  To  bear  the  gree.  Seegree*.—  To  bear  throught.  («) 
To  run  through  with  a  sword  or  rapier.  (/*)  To  conduct  or 
manage. 

My  hope  is, 
So  to  bear  through,  and  nut,  the  consulship, 
As  spight  shall  lie  er  wound  you,  though  it  may  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 
To  bear  up.    (u)  To  support ;  keep  from  sinking. 

A  religious  hope  does  not  only  bear  up  the  mind  under 
her  sufferings,  but  makes  her  rejoice  in  them.  Addison. 
(it)  To  arrange  ;  contrive  ;  devise. 

Isab.  I  have  made  him  know 

I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along, 
That  stays  upon  me,  whose  persuasion  is 
I  come  about  my  brother. 
Duke.  "I'is  well  borne  on. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iv.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  capable  of  supporting 
or  carrying:  a~s,  the  floor  would  not  bear. 


tear 

Wyld  roring  Bala  he  would  him  make 
To  tame,  and  ryde  their  backes,  not  made  to  beare. 

ser,  I'.  Q.j  I.  vi.  24. 

2.  To  lean;   weigh;   rest   fixedly  or  burden- 

somt'ly:  as,  the  sides  ol'  two  inclining  objects 
/"  ar  upon  or  against  one  another. 

In  the  important  matter  ol  taxation,  the  point  in  which 
the  pressure  <>i  every  government  bears  the  most  con- 
stantly upon  the  whole  people.  Brougham. 

3.  To  tend;  U-  dirertrd  in  a  certain  way, 
whether  with  or  without  violence:  as,  to  bear 
away:  to  dear  back;  to  bear  in;  to  bear  out  to 
sea;  to  bear  upon;  to  bear  down  upon;  the 
fleet  bore  down  upon  the  enemy. 

Spinola,  with  his  shot,  did  bear  upon  those  within,  who 
appeared  upon  the  walls.  Sir.  J,  Hayward. 

Who's  there?  h  ar  back  there)    stand  from  the  door ! 

B,  Jonson,  Cynthia's  [levels,  v.  2. 
The  party  booh  set  sail,  and  bore  for  England. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  89. 
Down  upon  him  bare  the  bandit  three. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence — 4.  To  have  reference  (to) ;  relate  (to); 
come  into  practical  contact  (with.);  haveabear- 
ing:  as,  legislation  bearing  on  the  interests  of 
labor. 

There  was  one  broad  principle  which  bore  equally  upon 
every  class,  that  the  lands  of  England  must  provide  for 
the  defense  of  England.  Froitde,  Sketches,  p.  144. 

5.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass, with  respect  to  something  else:  as,  the 
land  bore  E.  N.  E.  from  the  ship. —  6.  To  suffer, 
as  with  pain;  endure. 

They  bore  as  heroes,  but  they  felt  as  men.  Pope. 

1  can  not,  can  not  bear.  Dryden. 

7.  To  be  patient.  [Rare.]  —  8.  To  produce 
fruit;  be  fruitful,  as  opposed  to  being  barren: 
as,  the  tree  still  continues  to  bear. 

Then  Abraham  fell  upon  his  face,  and  laughed,  and  said 
in  his  heart,  Shall  a  child  he  born  unto  him  that  is  an 
hundred  years  old?  and  shall  Sarah,  that  is  ninety  years 
old,  bear}  Gen.  xvii.  17. 

9.  To  take  effect ;  succeed. 

Having  pawned  a  full  suit  of  clothes  for  a  sum  of  money, 
which,  my  operator  assured  me,  was  the  last  he  should 
want  to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear.  Guardian. 

To  bear  against.  See  above,  2.— To  bear  away  (naut.), 
to  change  the  course  of  a  ship  more  away  from  the  wind. 
—  To  bear  in  with,  to  run  or  tend  toward  :  as,  a  ship 
bears  in  with  the  laud  ;  opposed  to  bear  offoi  keep  at  a 
greater  distance.— To  bear  on  or  upon.  See  above,  2, 3, 
and  4.  — To  bear  up.  (a)  Naut.,  to  put  the  helm  up  so  as 
to  bring  the  vessel  into  the  wind,  (b)  To  he  firm;  have 
fortitude. 

[If]  we  found  evil  fast  as  we  find  good 

In  our  first  years,  or  think  that  it  i.s  found. 

How  could  the  innocent  heart,  bear  up  and  live! 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  viii. 
Tobearup  foT(naut.\  to  sail  or  proceed  toward  :  as,  we 
made  all  sail  and  bore  up  for  Hong  Kong.— To  bear  up 
with  or  under,  to  sustain  with  courage;  endure  without 
succumbing  ;  he  firm  under:  as,  tu  bear  up  under  affliction. 
So  long  as  nature 
Will  bear  up  with  this  exercise,  so  long 
I  daily  vow  to  use  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

lie's  of  a  nature 
Too  bold  and  fierce  to  stoop  so,  but  bears  up, 
i'i  esuming  on  his  hopes. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

To  bear  up  with*,  to  keep  up  with ;  be  on  the  same  foot- 
in-  as. 

What  shoulde  he  doe?  Fain  he  would  have  the  name 
to  be  religious,  fain  he  would  bear  up  withlaa  neighbours 
in  that.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  39. 

To  bear  with,  to  endure;  be  indulgent  to;  forbear  to 
resent,  oppose .  or  punish. 

u  would  that  1  should  bear  with  you. 

Acts  xviii.  14. 
If  the  matter  be  meane,  and  meanly  handled,  I  pray  you 
toth  with  me  and  it. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  22. 
To  bring  to  bear.  Set  bring. 
bear-fbni),  n.  |<  ME.  farr,  <  as.  bera  =  T).  hm- 
=  ljG.baar  =  0\Hi.l>rr<>,  MHGK  ber,  G.  Bar,  m., 
=Icel.  bera}  t'.,  a  bear.  Cf.  Icel.  Sw.  Ban.  bj&rn, 
a  bear  (appar.  =  AS.  bcorn,  a  man,  a  warrior, 
orig.  a  bear ? — see  berifi),  an  extended  form 


490 

of  the  same  word.  Perhaps  nit.  =  L.  fans, 
wild,  fera}  a  wild  beast:  see  fierce.]  1.  A 
large  plantigrade  carnivorous  or  omnivorous 
mammal,  of  the  family  Ursula,  especially  of 

the  genus  Vrsus.  The  teeth  of  the  true  bears  are  42, 
and  none  of  the  molars  are  sectorial.  The  animals  are  less 
truly  carnivorous  than  m<>>i  of  the  order  to  which  they 
belong,  feeding  largely  upon  roots,  fruits,  etc.,  as  well  as 
honey  and  insects.  The  tail  is  rudimentary,  and  the  muz- 
zle is  prominent,  with  mobile  lips  and  a  slender,  some- 
times very  extensile,  tongue.  The  best-known  species  is 
the  brown  or  black  hear  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Ursus  arctos, 
found  chiefly  in  northerly  regions,  of  which  several  varie- 
ties are  described,  differing  much  in  size  and  color,  and 
to  -  ni  extent  in  shape  ;  it  is  ordinarily  about  4  feet  long 
and  2A  feet  high;  its  flesh  is  eaten,  its  pelt  is  used  for 
robes,  and  its  fat  is  in  great  demand  as  an  unguent  known 
as  Im  ar'a  grease.  The  grizzly  bear  oi  North  America,  /'. 
horribUis,  is  as  regards  specific  classification  hardly  sepa- 
rate from  the  last,  and  like  it  runs  into  several  varieties, 
as  the  cinnamon  bear,  etc.  It  is  ordinarily  larger  than  the 
European,  and  is  noted  for  its  ferocity  and  tenacity  of  life. 
It  inhabits  the  mountainous  portions  of  western  North 
America.  The  common  black  hear  of  North  America  is  a 
smaller  and  distinct  species,  I',  americanus,  usually  black 
with  a  tawny  snout,  but  it  also  runs  into  a  cinnamon  va- 
riety. See  cut  under  Ursus.  The  polar  bear  or  white 
bear,  Ursus  or  Thalassarctos  maritimus,  is  very  distinct, 


og's    II -^ 


Grizzly  bear   t'rsiti  turrititit). 


folar  Bear  U'rsns  maritimus). 

of  great  size,  peculiar  shape,  and  white  or  whitish  color, 
marine  and  maritime,  and  piscivorous  to  some  extent, 
though  seals  constitute  much  of  its  food.  The  Syrian 
bear,  U.  synacus,  and  the  Himalayan  bear,  U.  hinuilaya- 
nws,  respectively  inhabit  the  regions  whence  they  take 
their  names.  The  spectacled  bear,  Ursus  or  Tremairtos 
ornatus,  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  Ursidce  in  South 
America:  so  called  from  the  light-colored  rings  around  the 
eyes,  which  have  exactly  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of  spec- 
tacles,  the  rest  of  the  face  and  body  being  black.  The 
Malayan  bear  or  bruang,  U .  malayanus,  is  a  small,  black, 
close-haired  species,  with  a  white  mark  on  the  throat,  with 
protrusile  lips  and  slender  tongue,  capable  of  being  taught 
a  variety  of  amusing  tricks  in  confinement.  The  sloth-bear 
or  aswail  of  India  is  distinct  from  the  other  hears,  and  is 
usually  placed  in  a  different  genus,  Melursus  labiatus.  See 
Ursidce,  and  cut  under  as/rail. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  a  marsupial 
quadruped,  the  koala,  Pliascolarctos  cinereus. 
Si 'i'  koala. —  3.  [cap.]  The  name  of  two  con- 
stellations in  the  northern  hemisphere,  called 
the  Great  and  the  Little  Bear.  Both  these  figures 
have  long  tails.  The  principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear 
compose  the  figure  of  Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipper.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star.     See  Ursa. 

4.  A  rude,  gruff,  or  uncouth  man. 

You  are  a  great  bear,  I'm  sure,  to  abuse  my  relations. 
Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

5.  [Troll,  in  allusion  to  the  proverb  "  to  sell  a 
bear's  skin  before  ono  has  caught  the  bear." 
(There  is  a  similar  proverb  about  the  lion's  skin. ) 
One  who  sold  stocks  in  this  way  was  formerly 
called  a  bearskin  jobber,  later  simply  a  bear  ;  now 
usually  explained,  in  connection  with  its  cor- 
relative bull,  as  in  allusion  to  a  bear,  "which 
pulls  down  with  its  paws," 
as  opposed  to  a  bull,  "which 
tosses  with  its  horns."]  In 
exchanges:  («f)  Stock  which 
one  contracts  to  deliver  al  a 
tut  lire  il.it''.  (hough  fiol  in  I  lie 
possession  of  the  seller  at  the 
time  the  contract  is  made  :  in 
(ho  phrases  to  buy  or  sett  the 

benr.  (b)  ( hie  who  scllsstocks, 
grain,    provisions,    or    other 

conn lities    neither    owned 

nor  possessed  by  him  at  the 
time  of  selling  them,  but 
which  he  expects  to  buy  al  ;i 
lower  price  before  the  time 
(ixcil  for  milking  delivery,  (c) 
i  me  who  endeavors  to  bring 
down  prices,  in  order  thai  he 

may  buy  cheap  :  opposed  to  u 
hull,  who  tries  to  raise  the 
price,  that  he  may  sell  dear. 

('.very  One  who  draws  a  bill  or  is- 
sues  a  note  iinconsclousTj  a  I  b  b 
bear  upon  the  gold  market. 

Jtvons,  Money  and  Med       I  SKES^'ft^S* 

[Change,  p.  316.  la),  naturalize. 


bearbine 

6.  A  popular  name  for  certain  common  cater- 
pillars of  (lie  family  Arctiidce,  which  are  dense- 
ly covered  with  long  hair  resembling  the  fur 
of  a  bear.  They  undergo  their  transformation  under 
old  boards  or  other  sheltered  places,  forming  a  slight 

i n  composed  chiefly  of  their  own  hair.    SpUosoma 

Virgiraea  (Fahricius)  is  a  common  example;  the  ninth  is 
white  with  a  few  black  spots,  the  abdomen  orange-colored, 
banded  with  white,  and  ornamented  with  three  rows  of 
black  di'ts.     Sec  cut  in  preceding  column. 

7.  In  metal.,  ono  of  the  names  given  to  the 
metallic  mass,  consisting  of  more  or  less  mal- 
leable iron,  sometimes  found  in  the  bottom  of 
an  iron  furnace  after  it  has  goue  out  of  blast. — 

8.  Naut.,  a  square  block  of  wood 
weighted  with  iron,  or  a  rough  mat 
filled  with  sand,  dragged  to  and  Eri  i 
on  a  ship's  decks  instead  of  a  holy- 
stone (which  see).—  9.  In  nielal- 
irorking,  a  portable  puuehing-ma- 
chine  for  iron  plates.  E.  II.  Knight. 
—  Bear's  grease,  the  fat  of  bears,  exten- 
sively used  to  promote  the  growth  of  hair. 
The  unguents  sold  under  this  name,  how- 
ever, are  in  a  great  measure  made  of  hog's 
lard  or  veal-fat,  or  a  mixture  of  both,  Punchiny-Bear. 
scented  and  slightly  colored. —  Order  of 

the  Bear,  an  order  of  Knights  instituted  by  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  of  Germany,  and  centered  at  the  abbey  of 
st.  Gall,  in  what  is  now  Switzerland.  It  perished  when 
the  cantons  became  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
—Woolly  bear.    See  woolly. 

bear-  (bar),  ».  t.  [<  bear2,  «.,  5.]  In  the  stock 
exchange,  to  attempt  to  lower  the  price  of :  as, 
to  bear  stocks.     See  bear2,  «.,  5. 

bear3,  bere3  (ber),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beer, 
<  ME.  bere,  <  AS.  bere,  barley,  =  Icel.  hair  = 
North  Fries,  berre,  bar,  bar  =  Goth,  "bar is  (in 
adj.  barizeins),  barley,  =  L.  far,  corn.  See  bar- 
ley1 and  farina.]  Barley:  a  word  now  used 
chiefly  in  the  north  of  England  and  in  Scotland 
for  the  common  four-rowed  barley,  Hordeum 
rule/are.  The  six-rowed  kind,  H.  hexastichon, 
is  called  6/17. 

Malt  made  from  bere  or  bigg  only,  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, for  home  consumption. 

G.  Scamell,  Breweries  and  Malting,  p.  136. 
bear4  (ber),  n.     [Also  written  beer,  and  archai- 
cally bere,  <  ME.  bere  =  LG.  biirc,  >  G.  btihre,  a 
pillow-case.]     A  pillow-case:  usually  in  com- 
position, pillow-bear.     [Now  only  dialectal.] 

Many  a  pylowe  and  every  bere 
01  clothe  of  Keynes  to  slepe  softe. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  25-1. 

bearable  (bar'a-bl),  a.     [<  bear1  +  -able.']    Ca- 
pable of  being  borne ;   tolerable  ;   endurable ; 
supportable, 
bearably  (bar'a-bli),  adv.     In  a  bearable  man- 
ner. 

bearance  (bar'ans),  «.    [<  bear1  +  -ante.    Cf. 
forbearance.]     1.    Endurance;   patient  suffer- 
ing.    [Archaic]  —  2.  In  ntaeh.,  a  bearing. 
bear-animalcule  (bar'an-i-mal"kul),  re.    A  gen- 
eral name  for  one  of  the  minute  arachnidans  of 
the  order  Arctisea  or  Tardigrade),  and  family 
Maerobiotidce.   Also  called  water-bear.    See  cut 
under  Arctisea. 
bear-baiting  (bar'ba"ting),  re.     The  sport  of 
setting  dogs,  usually  mastiffs,   to   light  with 
captive  bears.    The  practice  was  prohibited  in 
Great  Britain  by  Parliament  in  1835. 
Let  him  alone :  I  see  his  vein  lies  only 
For  falling  out  ;it  wakes  and  bear-battings, 
That  may  express  him  sturdy. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  iv.  3. 

Bear-baiting,  then  afavourite  diversion  of  high  and  low, 

was  the  aliiiiiiinatinn  .  .  .  of  the  austere  sectaries.    The 

Puritans  hated  it,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear, 

but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  spectators. 

Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  if. 

bearbane  (bSr'ban),  re.    A  variety  of  the  wolfs- 
bane, Aeonituni  Lycoctonum. 
bearberry  (iiar'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  bearberries  (-iz). 

1.  A  trailing  evergreen  ericiiceous  shrub,  Arc- 
tostaphylos  wva-ursi,  found  throughout  the  arc- 
tic aitd  mountainous  portions  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  and  bearing  small  bright-red 

drupes.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent  and  slightly  bit- 
ter, and  under  the  name  veii-ursi  are  used  En  medicine  as 
im  astringent  tonic,  chiefly  in  affectionsof  the  bladder.  It 
is  the  kinnikinic  "Inch  the  [ndians of  western  America 
mix  with  their  tobacco  for  smoking.  Also  called  bear's- 
bUberry,  beards-grape,  and  foxberry. 

2.  In  the  Pacific  States,  a  species  of  Tthamnus, 
/,'.  I'lirshiiuia,  named  from  the  fondness  of  bears 
for  its  berries.  Also  called  In  arwood.—  Alpine 
or  black  bearberry,  a  dwarf  arctic-alpine  species  of  the 
genus  Arctostaphylos,  A.  alpina. 

bearbine, bearbind  (bir'bin,  -bind),  n.  [<  bear* 

+  bine,  land :  see  bine1.]  The  name  in  England 
of  several  common  species  of  Convolvulus,  as  ('. 
arvensis,  C.  septum,  and  C.  Soldanella,  from  (heir 
(wining  about  and  binding  (ogether  the  stalks 
of  barley.      Also  incorrectly  written  barebind. 


bearbine 

The  bearbint  with  the  lilac  interlaced, 

Hood,  Baunted  Souse,  i.  24. 

bear-caterpillar  (bar'kat'er-pil-ar),  n.  A  larva 
of  one  of  the  bombycid  moths:  so  called  ironi 
its  hairiness.    Sec  out  under  bear2. 

bear-cloth  (bar'kl6th),  n.     Same  as  bearing- 

beard  (berd),  n.  [<  ME.  berde,  herd,  <  AS. 
beard  =  D.  baard  =  OFries.  berd  =  OHG. 
Ml  Hi.  G.  hart  =  Ieel.  -bardhr,  in  eomp.  (cf. 
neut.  6ar^ft,  brim,  beak  of  a  ship  (see  bard'-): 
the  ordinary  term  for  'beard'  is  skegg  =  E. 
.v/im/)  =  OBulg.  Serv.  Bohem.  6rai/«  =  1'<>1. 
broda  =  Kuss.  fWorftf  =  Lith.  bargda,  harm  = 
Lett,  barda  =  OPruss.  bordus,  and  prob.  = 
L.  barba  (>  E.  barb*),  W.  and  Corn.  >»//;/,  a 
beard.  The  agreement  in  spelling  between 
mod.  E.  and  AS.  beard  is  merely  accidental: 
see  ca.]  1.  The  close  growth  of  hair  on  the 
ohin  and  parts  of  the  face  normally  character- 
istic of  an  adult  man;  more  specifically,  the 
hair  of  the  face  and  chin  when  allowed  to  re- 
main wholly  or  in  part  unshaved,  that  on  the 
upper  lip  being  distinguished  as  the  mustaeh  , 
and  the  remainder  as  the  whiskers,  or  the  side- 


491 

to  adapt  thom  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel. —  5. 
To  remove  the  beard  or  fringe  from,  as  from 
oysters. 

II.    intrans.   To  grow  a  beard,  or  become 
bearded.     [Rare]. 

Nur  laughing  girl,  nor  bearding  boy, 

Nor  full-pulsed  manhood,  lingering  here, 
shall  add,  to  life's  abounding  joy, 
The  charmed  repose  to  suffering  dear. 

Whittier,  Summer  by  Lakeside. 

bearded  (ber'ded),  a.    [<  ME.  herded;  <  beard 
+  -<</'-'.]     1.   Having  a  beard. 

Then  a  soldier, 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  paid. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
It  is  good  to  steal  away  from  the  soeiety  of  bearded  men, 
and  even  of  genUerwoman,  and  spend  an  hour  or  two  with 
children.  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  her. :  (a)  Same  as  barbed^,  3.  (b)  Having 
a  train  like  that  of  a  comet  or  meteor  (which 
see). — 3.  In  en  torn.:  («)  Having  a  tuft  of  hairs 
on  the  clypeus,  overhanging  the  mouth,  (b) 
Covered  on  one  side  with  short  and  thickly  set 
hairs:  said  of  antenna? — Bearded  argali.  See  or- 
gali.— Bearded  griffin.  See  griffin.—  Bearded  tit, 
bearded  titmouse,  the  Panurus  biarmicus.  Bearded 
vulture,  the  Qypaetua  barbatus. 


whiskers,  chin-whiskers  or  -beard,  etc.,  according  beard-grass  (berd'gras),  n.    The  common  name 

of  (a)  some  species  of  Polypogon,  especially  P. 
Monspeltensis  and  P.  littoralis,  from  the  dense- 
ly bearded  appearance  of  the  close  panicles; 
('&)  some  common  species  of  Andropogon,  as  A. 
nutans,  A.  scoparius,  etc — Woolly  beard-grass,  a 
name  given  to  species  of  Erianthus.— Naked  beard- 
grass,  a  name  of  speeies  of  Gymnopogon. 
teardie  (ber'di),  n.  Same  as  beat 
bearding  (ber'ding),  ».  [<  beard  +  ■4ngi.~\  1 
The  line  of  the  intersection  of  the  keel,  dead- 
wood,  stem,  and  stern-post  of  a  ship  with  the 
outer  surface  of  the  frame-timbers.  Also  called 
bearding-line  and  stepping-point — 2.  The  dimi- 
nution of  the  edge  or  surface  of  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber from  a  given  line,  as  in  the  stem,  dead- 
wood,  etc.,  of  a  ship.    Samersly. 

Sameas&enrrf- 


as  the  beard  is  trimmed:  as,  to  wear  a  beard, 
or  a  full  beard.— 2.  In  sool.,  some  part  or  ap- 
pendage likened  to  the  human  beard,  (a)  In 
mammal.,  long  hairs  about  the  head,  as  on  a  goat's  chin, 
etc  ('.)  In  ornith.,  a  cluster  of  line  feathers  at  the  base 
of  the  beak,  as  in  the  bearded  vulture  and  bearded  tit. 

Ill  some  breeds  of  the  coimnnn  hell,  as  the  bearded  I'ollsh, 

the  Boudan,  and  the  Russian,  this  appendage  has  been  , «    j.     Hier'dil    n       Same  as  beardii    2. 
made,  by  selection,  very  mil.     The  leathers  are  supported  pea  (DeTOl),  n.     i  veurmj,  *. 

by  a  pendulous  fold  of  skin,  and  often  extend  up  to  the 
eyes  (c)  In  ichth.,  the  barbels  of  a  fish,  as  the  loach  and 
catfish,  (if)  In  conch. :  (1)  The  byssus  of  some  bivalves, 
as  the  mussel.  (2)  The  gills  of  some  bivalves,  as  the  oyster, 
(e)  In  entom.,  one  of  a  pair  of  small  fleshy  bodies  of  some 
lepidopterous  and  dipterous  insects.     (/)  Whalebone. 

3.  In  hot.:  (a)  A  crest,  tuft,  or  covering  of 

spreading  hairs.     (6)  The  awn  or  bristle-like 

appendage  upon  the  chaff  of  grain  and  other 

grasses.    See  cut  under  barley,    (c)  With  some  bearding-line  (ber'ding-lin),  n 

authors,  a  name  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a    fag,  1.  . 

ringent  corolla.— 4.  A  barb  or  sharp  process  beardless  (berd'les),  a.     [<  ME.  berdles,  <  AS. 

of  an  arrow,  a  fish-hook,  or  other  instrument, 


bearing 

banking  and  cum.,  one  who  holds  or  presents 
tor  payment  a  check  or  order  for  money,  pay- 
ment of  which  is  not  limited  by  the  drawer 
to  a  specified  individual  or  firm.  Checks  pay- 
able to  bearer  need  no  indorsement. —  5.  <  hie 
who  wears  anything,  as  a  badge  or  SWOrd;  a. 
wearer. 
Thou  [the  crown],  most  fine,  most  honour'd,  most  re- 

nown'd, 
Baal  eal  thy  '"  on  r  up.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

6.  In  old  law,  one  who  bears  down  or  oppresses 
others  by  vexatiously  assisting  a  third  party  in 
maintaining  a  suit  against  them;  a  maintainor. 
— 7.  Any  part  of  a  structure  or  machine  thai 
serves  as  a  support  to  some  other  part  («)  a 
support  for  the  fire-bars  of  a  furnace.  (6)  The  support  of 
the  puppets  in  a  lathe,  (c)  pi.  In  a  roUing-mUl,  the  hous- 
ings or  standards  in  which  the  roller-gudgeons  turn,  (d) 
i  >nc  of  the  strips  which  extend  over  a  molding-trough  and 
serve  to  support  the  flask. 

8.  Iii  printing  :  (a)  A  strip  of  wood  or  metal, 
type-high,  put  in  any  exposed  place  in  a  form 
of  type  or  on  a  press,  for  the  purpose  of  bearing 
off  impression  and  preventing  injury  to  type  or 
woodcuts,  (b)  pi.  Type-high  pieces  of  metal 
placed  in  the  very  open  spaces  and  over  the 
heads  of  pages  to  be  stereotyped,  and  also  type- 
high  strips  of  metal  placed  around  pages  or 
forms  to  be  electrotyped,  to  prevent  injury  to 
the  face  of  the  type  or  the  plates  in  the  subse- 
quent processes,  and  cut  away  from  the  plates 
before  printing.— 9.  In  her.,  a  supporter. — 10t. 
A  roll  of  padding  forming  a  kind  of  bustle,  for- 
merly worn  by  women  to  support  and  distend 
their  skirts  "  at  their  setting  on  at  the  bodies.'' 
Fairhalt.— 11.  In  an  organ,  one  of  the  thin 
pieces  of  wood  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a 
sound-board,  to  form  guides  for  the  register- 
slides  which  command  the  openings  in  the  top 
of  a  wind-chest  leading  to  the  pipes  of  the  sepa- 
rate systems  of  pipes  which  form  the  stops. 
E.  11.  Knight— 12.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields 
fruit  or  flowers. 

This  way  of  procuring  autumnal  roses,  in  some  that  are 
good  bearers,  will  succeed.  Boyle. 


bent  backward  from  the  point,  to  prevent  it 
from  being  easily  drawn  out. —  5.  The  hook 
for  retaining  the  yarn  at  the  extremity  of  the 
needle  in  a  knitting-machine. —  6.  In  organ- 
building,  a  spring-piece  on  the  back  of  a  lock- 
bolt  to  hold  it  moderately  firm  and  prevent  it 
from  rattling  in  its  guides.— 7.  The  part  of  a 
horse  which  bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  under- 
neath the  lower  mandible  and  above  the  chin.— 

8.  The  train  of  a  comet  when  the  comet  is  reced- 
ing from  the  sun  (in  which  case 
the  train  precedes  the  head). — 

9.  In  \in  n  ting,  the  out ward-siop- 
ing  part  of  a  type  which  con- 
nects the  face  with  the  shoulder 
of  the  body.  It  is  obsolete,  type 
being  now  made  with  high 
square  shoulders,  to  lighten  the 
work  of  the  electrotyper. — 10. 
The  sharp  edge  of  a  board. — 
False  beard,  in  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  singu- 
lar artificial  beard,  often  represented 
on  monuments  and  mummy-cases,  held 
under  the  chin  by  bands  attached  to 
the  wearer's  casque  or  bead-dress. — To 
make  one's  beardt,  literally,  to  dress 
one's  beard  ;  hence,  to  play  a  trick  up- 
on ;  deceive ;  cheat. 

\  el  can  a  miller  make  a  elerkes  berd, 
For  al  his  art.        Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale. 
Mo  berdee  in  two  houres 
(Withoute  rasour  or  sisoures) 
l'tuade,  then  greynes  be  of  sondes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  181. 

To  one's  beard,  to  one's  face ;  in  defiance  of  one. 
Rail'd  at  their  covenant,  and  jeer'd 
Their  rev'rend  persons  to  my  beard. 

S.  Buffer,  Hudibras. 

beard  (berd),  r.     [<  late  ME.  berde;  from  the 
noun.]     I.    trans.    1.   To  take  by  the  beard;  bearer  (bar'er),  n 
seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard  of,  in  contempt 
or  anger.     Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  oppose 
to  the  face ;  set  at  defiance. 

It  is  to  them  most  disgraceful],  to  be  bearded  of  such  a 
base  varlett.  Spemcr,  State  of  Ireland. 

Dar'st  thou  then 
To  beard  the  lion  in  his  den, 
The  Douglas  in  his  hall? 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  14. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  beard,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word. — 4.  In  carp.,  to  chip,  plane,  or  otherwise 
diminish  from  a  given  line  or  to  a  given  curve: 
as,  to  beard  clamps,  plank-sheers,  etc.;  in  ship- 
building, to  round,  as  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
rudder  and  stern-post,  or  the  dead-wood,  so  as 


sir.]"  +  led*    -less  I    l'  bearer-bar  (bar'er-bSr),  n.    One  of  the  bars 
W   Cu  \  be^  heXof  persons  of  The  Uo    -hich  support  the  grate-bars  in a. furnace. 
sex,    immature;    adolescent:    as,   a   beardless  bearer-pin  (bar  cr-pm)   n      A  pm  se  «t 
youth.-2.  In  ornith.,  having  no'rictal  vibris-    the  strings  of  a  piano  at  the  point  where  the 
L:  as,  the  beardless  flycatcher,  Omithium  i,n-    length  is  determined      Wo r.  6 «W- 

»■  *  «*..  ^  »  barbels-4.  In  ft^^  £$32£ 

The  bear-garden  in  London  in  Elizabeth's  reign 
was  also  called  Paris-garden  and  bear's-college. 
Hurrying  me  from  the  playhouse,  and  the  scenes  there, 
to  the  bear-garden,  to  the  apes,  and  asses,  and  tigers. 

SOUingfieet. 

2.  Figuratively,  anyplace  of  tumult  ordisorder. 
Those  days  when  slavery  turned  the  Senate-chamber  Into 
a  bcar-gard,  u.  X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI. 


Beardless  drum,  the 
ellata,  which  has  no 


The  state  or 


False  Beard,  as 
represented  upon  a 
rock-cut  statue  of 
RamescsII.  at  Abou- 
Simbel. 


it;.. 


bat.,  without  beard  or  awn— 
icdlish  or  branded  drum,  Sdcena  < 
barbels.    See  cut  under  redjieh. 

beardlessness  (berd'les-nes),  n. 

condition  of  being  beardless. 
beardleted  (berd'let-ed),  a.     [<  "beardlet,  dim. 

of  beard  (cf.  barbulc),  +  -cri2.]     In  bot.,  having 

little  awns.     Paxton. 
beardling  (berd'ling),   n.     One  who  wears  a 

beard ;  formerly,  in  contrast  with  shaveling,  a  bear-grass  (biir'gras),  re.    A  name  given  to  the 

layman.     [Rare.]  camass,  Camassia  eseulenta,  of  Oregon;   also, 

beard-moss  (berd'mos),    n.      A  name   of  the    in   Texas,  to  Dasylirion   Texannm,  the   young 

Lichen  Usnea  barbata,  which,  often  intermixed    pulpy  stems  of  whieh  are  much  eaten  by  bears; 

with    others,    clothes    forest-trees    with    the    and.  to  species  of  the  genus  Yucca,  for  the  same 

shaggy  gray  fleece  of  its  pendulous  thread-like    reason. 

branches;  the  "idle  moss  "of  Shakspere  (C.  of  bearherd   (bar'herd),  n.      A  man  who   tends 

E.,  ii.  2).  _  _  bears;  a  bearward. 

bear-dog  (bar'dog),  n.    A  dog  for  baiting  bears.        yfrtne  is  of  so  little  regard  in  these  costermonger  times, 
True.    You  fought  high  and  fair.  .  .  .  that  true  valour  is  turned  bearherd. 

Daup.  Like  an  excellent  bear-dog.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  Z. 

B.  Jonson,  Epieoene,  iv.  1.  Dear.nounrl  (bar'hound),  ft.     A  hound  for  liuiit- 
beard-tongue  (berd'tung),  n.     A  name  given    ing  01.  baiting  the  bear. 

to  plants  of  the  genus  Pentstemon,  with  refer-       Few  v:irs  more  ami  the  wolf-hounds  shaU  fau  sup. 

euce  to  the  bearded  sterile  stamen.  pressed,  the  Bear-houndt,  the  Falconry. 

beardy  (ber'di),  ».;  pi.  beardies  (-diz).    [Dim.  of  CarlyU,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

Inanl.]     1.  A  name  of  the  white-throat,  M/hia  bearing  (bai-'ingl,  n.      [<  ME.  bering,  berynp; 

cinerea.   Macgillivray.   [Local,  British.] — 2.  In    verbal  n.  of  ftearl.]     If.  Support,  as  of  a  prin- 

Scotland,  a  name  of  the  loach,  NemachAhts  bar-    ,.\^\e  or  an  action  ;  maintenance  ;  defense. 

ha  I, it  us,  a  small    fresh-water  nialaeopterygian        i  sp,.:lk  against  the  bearing  of  bloodshed:  this  Searing 

fish,  family  CyprimdcB:  so  called  from  the  six 

b.-irbules  that  hang  from  the  mouth.    Also  spell- 
ed beardie. 

[ME.  berer,  berere ;  <  &<  ar1  + 


..'•!.]  1.  One  who  bears,  carries,  or  sustains; 
a  carrier;  specifically,  one  who  carries  any- 
thing as  the  attendant  of  another:  as,  St.  Chris- 
topher, or  the  Christ-ftranr  (the  meaning  of 
the  name) ;  a  sword-bearer,  an  armor-6earer,  a 
palanquin-uTarcr,  etc. 

His  armour-bearer  said  unto  him,  Do  all  that  is  in  thine 
heart.  I  Sam.  xiv.  7. 

Forgive  the  bearer  of  unhappy  news : 
Your  alter'd  father  openly  pursues 
Your  ruin.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  carries  a  body  to  the  grave;  a 
pall-bearer. —  3.  In  India:  (a)  A  palanquin-car- 
rier, (b)  A  domestic  servant  who  has  charge 
of  his  master's  clothes,  furniture,  etc.— 4.  In 


must  be  looked  upon. 

Latimer,  5th  Serm.  lief.  Edw.  \  I..  1649. 

2.  The  act  of  enduring,  especially  of  enduring 
patiently  or  without  complaining;  endurance. 

The  two  powers  which  constitute  a  wise  * an   are 

those  of  bearing  and  forbearing.  Epictetv*  (trans). 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  person  bears  <u- 
comports  himself ;  carriage;  mien;  behavior. 

A  man  of  good  repute,  carriage,  bearing,  and  estimation. 
Shak.,  b.  b.  I...  i.  l. 

I  had  reason  to  dread  a  fair  outside,  to  mistrust  a  pop- 
ular bearing,  to  shudder  before  distinction,  grace,  and 
courtesy.     '  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

4.  The  mutual  relation  of  the  parts  of  a  whole ; 
mode  of  connection. 

But  of  this  frame  the  bearings  and  the  ties, 
The  strung  connections,  nice  dependencies, 
Gradations  just,  has  thy  pervading  soul 
Luukd  through?  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  1.  29. 


bearing 

Transactions  which  have  .  .  .  direct  bearings  on  free- 
dom, I'M  health,  on  morals,  "ii  the  permanent  well-being 
ol  the  nation,  can  never  be  moralh;  indifferent. 

/;  .  .  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  213. 

5.  The  special  meaning  or  application  of  any- 
thing said  or  written. 

ng  nf  ;i  word. 

i  m  Hlemoriam,  rxxviii. 

6.  The  net  or  capability  of  producing  or  bring- 
ing forth:  as,  a  tree  past  bearing. 

In  travail  of  hi*  bearing,  his  mother  was  lirst  dead. 

G 

7.  Iu  arch.,  the  space  between  the  two  fixed 
extremes  of  a  beam  or  timber,  or  between  one 
extreme  and  a  supporter:  that  is,  its  unsup- 
ported span. — 8.  In  much.,  the  part  in  con- 
tact with  which  a  journal  moves:  that  part  of 
a  shaft  or  an  axle  which  is  in  contact  with  its 
supports;  in  general,  the  part  of  any  piece 
where  it  is  supported,  or  the  pari  of  another 
piece  on  which  it  rests.  —  9.  Same  as  bearing- 
note. — 10.  pi.  In.  ship-building,  the  widest  part 
of  a  vessel  below  the  plank-sheer;  the  line  of 
Dotation  which  is  formed  by  the  water  on  her 
sides  when  upright,  with  provisions,  stores,  etc., 
on  board  in  proper  trim. — 11.  In  her.,  any  sin- 
gle charge  of  a  coat  of  arms;  any  one  of  the 
ordinaries,  or  any  heraldic  bird,  beast,  or  other 
figure  (sec  ehargi  );  hence,  in  the  plural,  the 
whole  heraldic  display  to  which  a  person  is  en- 
titled. See  unifi,  1. — 12.  The  direction  or  point 
of  the  compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen,  or 

direction  of  one  object  from  another,  with 
reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass,  in  geol. 
and  mining,  used  in  speaking  either  of  the  outcrop  of  the 
strata  or  ol  the  direct] t  any  metalliferous  lode  or  de- 
posit, whether  under  ground  or  at  the  surface :  nearly  sy- 
oue  with  run,  course,  and  strike. 

"Before  the  sun  could  go  his  own  length,  the  little  wa- 
ter will  be  in  the  big."  .  .  . 

"1  thought  as  much,"  returned  the  scout,  .  .  .  "from 
thi   course  it  taki  s,  and  the  bearings  of  the  mountains." 

Cooper,  Last  of  tiie  Mohicans,  xxxii. 
Antifriction  bearing.  See  antifriction.— Conical  bear- 
ing,  an  end-bearing  fur  the  spindle  of  a  machine-tool, 
formed  by  abutting  the  spindle-end  against  the  end  of  a 
screw,  one  of  these  ends  is  brought  to  a  conical  point, 
and  the  other  is  correspondingly  countersunk.  The  screw 
serves  to  adjust  the  bearings  for  wear. — Continuous 
bearings.  See  continuous. — Sand-bearings,  in  ,„,,i,t- 
ing,  the  supports  for  the  core  in  the  sand  of  a  mold. — 
Side  bearings  of  a  car-truck,  plates,  blocks,  or  rollers 
placed  on  each  side  of  the  center- pin  to  prevent  a  too  great 
rocking  motion.. -To  bring  a  person  to  his  bearings, 
to  pat  him  in  his  proper  place  ;  take  him  down.  —  To  lose 
one's  bearings,  to  become  uncertain  or  confused  in  re- 
gard to  one's  position ;  become  bewildered  or  puzzled. — 
To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  on  what  point  of  the  com- 
pass an  object  lies.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  ascertain- 
ing the  situation  or  direction  of  any  object  estimated  with 
r  iiaic  to  some  part  of  a  ship,  as  on  the  beam,  before 
the  beam,  abaft  the  beam,  etc.  Hence,  to  determine  one's 
position  ;  make  one's  self  acquainted  with  the  locality  in 
which  one  is;  discover  how  matters  stand;  get  rid  of  be- 
wilderment or  misunderstanding. 

The  best  a-1  that  we  can  now  make  of  this  occasion,  it 
seems  tu  me,  is  to  look  about  us,  take  our  bearings,  and 
tell  the  fugitives  .  .  .  what  course,  in  our  opinion,  they 
should  pursue.  W.  PniUips,  Speeches,  p.  76. 

bearing  (bar'ing),  a.  1.  Supporting;  sustain- 
ing: as,  a  bearing  wall  or  partition  (that  is, 
all  or  partition  supporting  another). — 2\. 
Solid:  substantial:  as,  "  a  good  bearing  din- 
ner," Fletcher,  Women  Pleased,  ii.  2. 
bearing-cloth  (bar'ing-kldth),  n.  The  cloth 
with  which  a  child  is  covered  when  carried  to 
church  tube   baptized.     Also  called  bear-cloth. 

Thy  scarlet  rolies.  as  a  child's  bciiiiii'i-eh'th, 

I  M  as'-  t"  i  ana.  thee  out  of  this  place. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

bearing-feeler  (bar '  ing-fe " ler),  ».  An  auto- 
matic alarm  lor  signaling  the  overheating  of 
a  journal-bearing,  a  plug  "f  fusible  material  con- 
i  with  in.  bearing  melts  at  a  given  temperature, 
and  li\  suit'1  1-    i  onnections  I    made  to  sound  an  alarm. 

bearing-neck  (bar'ing-nek),  ii.  The  part  which 
turns  within   II  of  the   pedestal  of  a 

ear-truck,  and  sustains  the  strain;  the  journal 

"t  a  shaft. 

bearing-note  (bSr'ing-not),  n.  In  tuning  tem- 
pi i'  J  >i:  I  ill..-  the  pianoforte,  one  of 
the  notes  thai  arc  first  carefully  tuned  as  a  1  ni- 
si- in  tuning  lli'-  others.      Also  called  hairing. 

bearing-rein  (bar'ii  The   rein  by 

which  the  head  of  a  horse  is  h>  id  up  in  driving, 
bearing-robe  (bar'ing-rob),  n.    A  garment  an 
Bwering  the  same  purpose  as  a  bearing-cloth, 
It  was  formerly  customary  for  the  sponsors  to 
pros,  til  such  a  ruin-  to  i  he  child, 
bearish (bar'iBh), a.    [< bear%  +  -wfc1.]    1.  Par- 
taking of  the  qualities  of  a  hoar;  morose  or  un- 
couth in  manner. 
In  "in  I.--.  seem  to  allude  to  this  d<    -  a 

iinaii  nature  when  wc  call  men,  n>  waj  ot  e 
proach,  sheepish,  bearish   et 

Uomi  '  t,  ii"-     freatlsi       toti      i-     ' 


492 

2.    Iloavy  and   falling:  applied    on   the  stock- 
exchange  to  prices. 

bearishness  (bar'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bearish  in  nature,  appearance, 
Or  manner. 

bear-leader  (bar'le'dei),  «.  1.  A.  person  who 
Leads  about  a  trained  bear  for  exhibition. 
Hence  —  2.  A  tutor  or  governor  in  charge  of  a 

youth  of  rank  at  the  university  or  on  his  trav- 
els, or  one  iu  a  similar  relation.     [Humorous.] 

\  'oung  gentleman,  1  am  the  bear-leader, being  appointed 
your  tutor.  I  'olman  the  Younger. 

They  pounced  upon  the  stray  nobility,  and  seized  young 
lords  travelling  with  their  bearleaders. 

Tltaekt  run.  Hunk  of  Simlis,  vii. 

bear-moss  (bar'mos),  n.     Same  as  bear's-bed. 

bear-mouse  (bar'inous),  n.  A  book-name  of  a 
marmot  or  a  woodchuck,  translating  the  ge- 
neric name  Arctomys.   See  cut  under  Aretomys. 

beamt  (barn),  u.  [=  bairn  =  batnfi,  q.  v.]  An 
obsolete  form  of  bairn. 

bear-pig  (bar'pig),  n.  The  Indian  badger  or 
sand-bear,  Arctonyx  eoUaris.    See  badger2,  1. 

bear-pit  (bar'pit),  «.  A  pit  prepared  for  the 
keeping  of  bears  in  a  zoological  garden,  in  the 
center  a  stout  pule,  w  ith  cross-bars  or  steps  at  proper  .lis 
tances,  is  set  up  tu  enable  the  bear  to  indulge  in  his  in- 
stinctive habit  of  climbing. 

bearst,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  barse. 

bear's-bed  (barz'bed),  ».  The  hair-cap  moss, 
a  species  of  Polytrichum  which  grows  in  broad, 
soft  mats.     Also  called  bear-moss. 

bear's-bilberry  (barz'bil  ber-i),  n.  Same  as 
bearberry,  1. 

bear's-breech  (barz'breeh),  n.  1.  The  English 
name  of  Acanthus  Spi uncus.  See  Acanthus. — 
2.  The  cow-parsnip,  Heracleum  Sphondylium: 
so  called  on  account  of  its  roughness. 

bear's-colleget  (barz'kol'ej),  n.  See  bear-gar- 
den, 1. 

The  students  in  bear's-college. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Gypsies. 

bear's-ear  (barz'er),  n.     The  common  name  in 

England   of  the   auricula,    Primula    Auricula, 

from  its  early  Latin  name,  ursi  auricula,  given 

in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  its  leaf. 

bear's-foot  (barz'fut),  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Hi  lh  hnnis,  II.  fntidus.     See  I h  ilrbiiriis. 
bear's-garlic  (barz'gar//lik),   it.     A  species  of 

onion,  Allium  iirsiuuin. 
bear's-grape  (barz'grap),  n.  Same  as  bear- 
berry,  1. 
bearskin  (bar'skin),  n.  1.  The  skin  of  a  bear. 
—  2.  A  coarse  shaggy  woolen  cloth  for  over- 
coats.—  3.  A  tall  cap  made  of  black  fur  form- 
ing part  of  the  uniform  of  some  military  bodies, 
as  of  the  Guards  in  the  British  army  and  of 
soldiers  of  various  organizations  elsewhere. 

Tlic //"'.  /,'"s  "t  the  French  grenadiers  rose  above  the 
crest  of  the  hill.  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxxiii. 

Bearskin  jobber.    See  bear*,  n.,  6. 
bear's-paw  clam,  root.    See  clam,  root. 
bear's-weed  (barz'wed),  n.     The  yerba  santa 
of  California,  Eriodiction  glutinosum. 
bearward  (bar'ward),  n.     A  keeper  of  bears. 
We'll  hint  thy  hears  to  death. 
And  manacle  the  t»u i- iru id  in  their  chains. 

Shak.,  •!  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1, 

Those  who  worke  with  them  co'mand  them  as  our  '"  art 

wards  do  the  beares,  with  a  ring  through  the  nose,  and  a 

cad.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  21,  1044. 

I  entreated  a  bearward  "tie  day  to  come  down  with  the 

dog!  Of  some  four  parishes  that  way. 

Ii.  ./"/(.via.  Kpictetlc.  i.  1. 

bear-whelp  (bai-'hwel]i),  ».  [<  ME,  bere-hwelp; 
<  bear'1  +  whelp.']     The  whelp  of  a  bear. 
An  unlicked  bear^whelp.  Shak.,  3  Men.  VI.,  hi.  -2. 

bearwood  (bar'wud),  n.    The  Bhamnus  Pur- 

sliinua,    a    shrub   or  small   tree   of   the    Pacific 

Stales.        See   In  II  liil  CCI/,   2. 

bearwort  (bar'wert),  n.  The  mow  or  bald- 
money,  Mi  uin  alliamautieum. 

beast  (best  I,  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beest,  < 
ME.  hi, sir.  beste,  <  OF.  beste,  V.  bite  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  bestia=  D.  LG.  becst,  <  L.  bestia,  an  animal, 
including  all  animals  except  man.]  1.  A  liv- 
ing being;  an  animal:  in  this  extended  sense 
now  only  in  dialectal  or  colloquial  use. 

These  hen  the  eyryssh  [alrish]  bastes,  In. 

i  'haucer,  House  ol  Ft ,  I  932, 

To  k'-'|"-  tins  wurhlc  I". tin-  mure  and  I' 
A  sk.\liull  beeste  [mau]  than  will  y  make. 

rue/,  Plays,  p.  IS 

2.  Any  four-footed  animal,  as  distinguished 
from  fowls,  insects,  fishes,  and  man:  as,  hrnsls 

of  burden;  beasts  of  the  chase;  beasts  of  the 
forest.     It  is  applied  chiefly  to  large  animals. 

The  beasts,  the  fishes,  and  the  winged  (owls 

Shak.,  e   "I  I.  ,  ii    1 


beast's-bane 

One  deep  cry 
Of  great  wild  beasts.      Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

Beastt  oj  cka  tin-  buck,  the  doe.  the  fo\.  the  mar- 
ten, and  the  roc.  Beasts  "/  '/"'  forest  are  the  hart,  ttie 
hind,  the  hare,  tin-  hoar,  and  the  wolf.  Beasts  <•/  warn  " 
an  tin-  liar,  and  cony.  Cowett,  haw  Dictionary. 

3.  Any  irrational  animal,  as  opposed  to  man, 
as  in  the  phrase  man  ami  beast,  where  beast 
usually  means  horse. 

0  heaven!  aoeost,  that  wants  discourse  of  reason, 
Would  nave  mourn'd  longer.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

4.  jil.  In  rural  economy,  originally  all  domestic 
animals,  but  now  only  cattle;  especially,  fat- 
ting cattle  as  distinguished  from  other  animals. 
—  5.  In  a  limited  specific  use,  a  horse :  as,  my 
beast  is  tired  out.  [Local,  Scotland  and  U.  S. 
Compare  creature,  critter,  similarly  used.]  —  6. 
Figuratively,  a  brutal  man ;  a  person  rude, 
coarse,  filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy 
of  a  rational  creature. 

What  an  afflicted  conscience  do  I  live  with, 
And  what  a  beast  I  am  grown  ! 

/  V.  tcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  1. 

7t.  [Iu  this  use  also  spelled  as  orig.  pron.,  baste, 
<  P.  beste,  now  bi'te,  in  same  sense.]  (a)  An 
old  game  of  cards  resembling  loo.  (b)  A  pen- 
alty or  forfeit  at  this  game,  and  also  in  ombre 
and  quadrille.— Beast  royal,  the  lion:  used  also  of 
the  constellation  Leo. 

And  yet  ascending  was  the  brste  mint, 

The  gentil  Leon  with  his  Aldiran. 

Chaucer,  Squire  a  'tale,  1.  266. 

Blatant  beast.    SeeMotont.    • 
beasted  (bes'ted),  a.     [<  beast,  ».,  7,  +  -<■</'-.] 

Beaten  at  ombre  or  quadrille. 
beastee,  ».    See  bheesty. 
beast-hide   (best'hld),  n.    Solo-leather  which 

has  not  been  hammered.    It  is  used  for  glaziers' 

polishing- wheels. 
beasthood   (best'hud),   n.     [<  beast  +  -hood.] 

The  nature  or  condition  of  beasts.     <  'arlyle. 
beastie1  (bes'ti),  u.     [Dim.  of  beast.]     A  little 

animal.     [Scotch.] 
beastie-  (bes'ti),  n.    See  bluest!/. 
beastily  (bes'ti-li),  adv.    As  a  beast;  bestially. 

Shelley. 

beastingS,  "■  sing.  or  ]il.     See  brislings. 

beastish  (bes'tisn),  a.  [<  ME.  bestish;  <  beast 
+  -os/fl.]     Like  a  beast;  brutal. 

It  would  he  hut  a  kind  of  animal  or  beastish  meeting. 

Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  (did  MS.). 

beastliness  (best'li-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beastly;  brutality;  coarseness; 
vulgarity;  iilthiness. 

Rank  inundation  of  luxuriousness 

lias  tainted  him  with  such  gross  beastliness. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villaiuie.  ii.  7. 

2f.  Absence  of  reason ;  stupidity. 
Beastliness  ami  lack  ,.f  consideration.  North. 

beastly  (best'li),  a.     [<  ME.  beestely,  bestely, 

hrastliche ;  <  beast  +  -','/'■]  It.  Natural;  ani- 
mal: the  opposite  of  spiritual. 

It  is  sowun  a  ' stli  bodi ;  it  ahal  ryse  a  spiritual  bodi. 

Wyclif,  1  t'or.  XV.  14. 

2.  Like  a  beast  iu  form  or  nature ;  animal. 
Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of  gods.  Prim: 

3.  Like  a  beast  in  conduct  or  instincts ;  brutal ; 
filthy;  coarse. 

Thou  art  tin-  beastliest,  crosses!  baggage  that  ever  man 
met  withal !  MidtUeton  (and  others'),  The  Widow,  i.  2. 

4.  Befittingabeast;  unlit  for  human  use;  filthy; 
abominable. 

Lewd,  profane,  and  beastZy  phrase.  B.  Jonson. 

Thrown  Intobeastly  prisons.    Dickens,  Hist.  ..f  Eng.,  xvi. 

5.  Nasty;  disagreeable:  as,  beastly  weather. 
[Slang.]" 

Bj  laying  the  defeat  to  the  account  of  "this  beastly 
English  weather,  jmi  know."  American,  VI.  246. 

=  Syn.   lhut'ii.  Bestial,  etc    See  brute. 

beastlyt  (best'li),  adv.    [<  beast  +  -ly2.]    In 

the  manner  of  a  beast;  filthily;  abominably. 

lac  uii  h.-r  !  sic  how  beastly  she  doth  curt  him. 

Sl,„k..  T.  "I  the  S.,  iv.  ■_>. 

1  have  seen  a  handsome  cause  so  foully  lust,  sir. 

So  beastly  cast  away,  fur  want  of  witnesses. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  ('urate,  iii.  1. 

beastlyheadt  (best'li-hed),  ».     [<  beastly  + 

-head = -hood;  oneof  Spenser's  artificial  words.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  a  beast;  beastli- 
ness:  used  by  Spenser  as  a  greeting  to  a  beast. 

Sake,  BlCke,  alas'  and  little  lack  of  dead, 
But  I  lie  relieved  hv  \ hrnslhitiruil. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL,  May. 
beast's-bane  fbSsts'ban),  ».    A  variety  of  the 

wolf's-bane,  Acnuituiu  Lijcoctonum. 


beat 

beat1  (bet),  v. ;  pret.  beat,  pp.  beaten,  beat,  ppr. 
beating.  [<  MK.  &efen,  <  AS.  bedtan  (pret.  /"»/, 
pp.  &erffe»)  =  OHGL  /"-<///,  MI1U.  &d?en  =  Icel. 
&a«ta,  beat.  The  superficial  resemblance  to  P. 
battrc,  E.  /m/1,  hitter1,  is  accidental,  but  lias 
perhaps  influenced  some  of  the  meanings  of 
Sea*1.  Hence  fcceife1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike 
repeatedly;  lay  repeated  blows  upon. 

K'a&beat  me  twice,  and  beat  me  to  a  coward. 

t-'(<-trh,  r,  Eumoroua  Lieutenant, ii.  4. 

The  eagles  of  Mexitli  shall  beat  the  air  no  more. 

Whittier,  The  Crisis. 

2.  To  strike  in  order  to  produce  a  sound;  sound 
by  percussion:  as,  to  beat  a  drum  or  a  tam- 
bourine. 

Come,  beat  all  the  drums  up, 
\n<l  all  the  noble  instruments  of  war. 

Fletcher,  Bumorous  Lieutenant,  v.  5. 

3.  To  play  (a  particular  call  or  tattoo)  upon 
the  drum:*  as,  to  beat  a  charge;  to  beat  a  re- 
treat. [The  last  phrase  often  means  simply 
to  retire  or  retreat.] 

The  enemy  was  driven  back  all  day,  as  we  had  been  the 
day  before,  until  finally  he  beat  a  precipitate  retreat. 

U.  S,  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  350. 

4.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize 
by  beating  or  pounding,  as  any  hard  substance. 

Thou  shalt  beat  some  of  it  very  small.  Ex.  xxx.  36. 

5.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  mal- 
leable substance,  or  to  hammer  into  any  form; 
forge. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates.        Ex.  xxxix.  3. 

The  hammer  which  smote  the  Saracens  at  Tours  was  at 

last  successful  inbeatingthe  Netherlands  into  Christianity. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  21. 

6.  To  separate  by  concussion;  strike  apart; 
remove  by  striking  or  threshing:  with  out. 

So  she  .  .  .  beat  out  that  she  had  gleaned  :  and  it  was 
about  an  ephah  of  barley.  Ruth  ii.  17. 

7.  To  mix  by  a  striking  or  beating  motion; 
whip  into  the  desired  condition:  as,  to  beat  or 
beat  up  eggs  or  batter. —  8.  To  dash  or  strike 
against,  as  water  or  wind. 

Beyond  this  Hood  a  frozen  l tinent 

Lies,  dark  and  wild,  beat  with  perpetual  storm. 

Milton,?.  L.,  ii.  588. 

9.  To  strike  with  the  feet  in  moving;  treadupon. 

Tass  awful  gulfs  and  heat  my  painful  way. 

Sir  R.  Blackmore. 
Along  the  margin  of  the  moonlight  Bea 
We  beat  with  thundering  hoofs  the  level  sand. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  x. 
Amid  the  sound  of  steps  that  beat 
The  murmuring  walks  like  autumn  rain. 

Bryant,  The  Crowded  Street. 

10.  To  range  (fields  or  woods)  with  loud  blows 
or  other  noise  in  search  of  game. 

To  beat  the  woods  and  rouse  the  bounding  prey.    Prior. 
Together  let  us  beat  this  simple  field, 
Try  what  the  open,  what  the  covert  yield  ! 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  9. 

11.  To  overcome  in  battle,  contest,  or  strife; 
vanquish  or  conquer:  as,  one  beats  another  at 
play. 

Pyrrhus  .  .  .  beat  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.   Arbuthnot. 

12.  To  surpass;  excel;  go  beyond:  as,  he  beats 
them  all  at  swimming.     [Colloq.] 

Many  ladies  in  Strasburg  were  beautiful,  still 
They  were  beat  all  to  sticks  by  the  lovely  Odille. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  239. 
There  is  something  nut  til  common  here  that  beats  any- 
thing that  ever  came  in  my  way.  Dickens. 

13.  To  be  too  difficult  for,  whether  intellectu- 
ally or  physically;  baffle:  as,  it  beats  me  to 
make  it  out.  [Colloq.]  — 14.  To  harass;  ex- 
ercise severely;  cudgel  (one's  brains). 

Sirrah,  lay  by  your  foolish  study  there, 
And  beat  your  brains  about  your  nun  affairs, 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  1. 

Why  Bhould  any  one  .  .  .  beath\a  head  about  the  Latin 

grammar  \\  ho  does  not  intend  to  be  a  critic?  Locke. 

15.  To  exhaust :  as,  the  long  and  toilsome  jour- 
ney quite  beat  him.     [Colloq.] 

They  had  been  beaten  out  with  the  exposure  and  hard- 
ship. R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  365. 

16.  To  flutter;  flap:  as,  to  beat  the  wings:  said 
of  a  bird.  See  bate*. — 17.  In  medieval  embroi- 
dery, to  ornament  with  thin  plates  of  gold  or 
silver. 

Hur  clothys  weyth  bestea  and  byrdes  wer  bete, 
All  abowte  for  pryde. 

Quoted  in  Rock's  Textile  Fabrics. 
One  coat  for  my  lord's  body  beat  with  gold. 

Dugdale,  Baronage. 

18.  In  printing:  (a)  To  ink  with  beaters,  (b) 
To  impress  by  repeatedly  striking  with  a  mal- 
let a  proof-planer  pressed  agaiust  the  paper: 
as, beats,  proof  of  that  form. — 19.  To  obtain 


493 

an  unfair  advantage  of;  defraud:  as,  to  beat  a 
hotel.  [Slang,  W.  S.]-to  beat  a  bargain.  See 
bargain.— -To  beat  a  parley,  to  notify  the  enemy  bj  a 
ilium  or  trumpet  signal  that  conference  is  desired  under  a 
flag  of  truer.  To  beat  away,  in  mining,  to  excavate: 
usually  applied  to  hard  ground.  To  beat  back,  to  com 
pel  to  retire  or  return.  To  beat  cock-fighting.  See 
cock-fighting.-  To  beat  down,  (a)  To  break,  destroy,  or 
throw  down  by  beating  or  battering,  as  a  wall,  (o)  To 
press  down  or  lay  flat  (grass,  grain,  etc.)  by  anj  prostrat- 
ing action,  as  that  of  a  violent  wind,  a  current  of  water, 

or  the  passage  Of  person >  or  animals.     (<■)  Tn  cause  to  low  rr 

(a  price)  by  importunity  or  argument  ;  sink  or  lessen  the 
priec  or  value  of;  make  lower,  as  price  or  value. 

It  [usuryl  beats  down  the  price  of  land.  Bacon,  Usury. 
((/)  To  depress  or  crush :  as,  to  beat  down  opposition,—  To 
beat  into,  to  teach  or  Instil  by  repetition  of  instruction. 
—  To  beat  off,  to  repel  ordriveback.— To  beat  out.  (a) 
To  extend  by  hammering;  hence,  figuratively,  to  work  out 
fully  ;  amplify;  expand. 

A  man  thinking  on  his  legs  is  obliged  to  beat  out  his 
thought  for  his  own  sake,  if  not  for  the  sake  of  his  hearers. 

i  'ornhill  Man. 

(b)  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  piece  of  music,  by  or  as 
if  by  beats  with  the  hands  or  feet 

The  child's  feet  were  busy  beating  out  the  tune. 

Cornhjtl  Mag. 
Perplext  in  faith,  but  pure  in  deeds, 
At  last  ho  beat  his  music  out. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xcvi. 

(c)  To  drive  out  or  away. 

Intermediate  varieties,  from  existing  in  lesser  numbers 
than  the  forms  which  they  ennneet.  will  generally  be 
beaten  out  and  exterminated  during  the  course  of  further 
modification  and  improvement. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  266. 
To  beat  the  air,  to  right  to  im  purpose,  or  against  no  an- 
tagonist or  opposition. 

I  therefore  so  run,  not  as  uncertainly;  so  right  I,  not  as 
one  that  beateth  the  air.  1  Cor.  ix.  26. 

To  beat  the  bounds.  See  boundi.  -  To  beat  the  dust, 
in  the  manege:  (a)  To  take  in  too  little  ground  with  the 
forelegs,  as  ahorse.  (/»)  To  curvet  too  precipitately  or 
too  low,  as  a  horse.— To  beat  the  general,  to  sound 
the  roll  of  the  drum  which  calls  the  troops  together.— To 
beat  the  tattoo,  to  sound  the  drum  for  evening  roll-call, 
when  all  soldiers  except  those  absent  with  permission 
are  expected  to  be  present  in  their  quarters.  — To  beat 
the  Wind,  to  make  a  few  flourishes  in  the  air,  and  thus 
be  entitled  to  all  the  advantages  of  a  victor,  as  was  done 
under  the  medieval  system  of  trial  by  battle  when  the 
other  combatant  failed  to  appear.  — To  beat  time,  to 
measure  or  regulate  time  in  music  by  the  motion  of  the 
hand  or  foot.— To  beat  to  a  mummy.  See  mummy.— 
To  beat  up.  (a)  To  attack  suddenly  ;  alarm  or  disturb; 
hence,  to  eoine  to  or  upon  unexpectedly  :  as,  t<>  heat  up  an 
enemy's  quarters. 

A  distant  relation  left  him  an  estate  in  Ireland,  where 
he  had  resided  ever  since,  making  occasional  visits  to  the 
Continent  and  beating  up  his  old  quarters,  but  rarely  com- 
ing to  England.  Lawrence. 
(b)  To  summon  or  bring  together  as  by  beat  of  drum:  as, 
to  beat  up  recruits,  (c)  In  hunting,  to  rouse  and  drive 
(game)  by  ranging. 

They  beat  up  a  little  game  peradventure. 

Lamb,  Imperfect  Sympathies. 
00  In  engraving,  to  remove  (a  dent  or  mark)  from  the 
face  of  a  plate  by  striking  the  back  with  a  punch  while 
the  face  rests  on  a  sheet  of  tin-foil  on  an  anvil  or  a  stake. 
In  this  way  engravers  can  remove  marks  too  deep  to  be 
obliterated  by  the  scraper  or  burnisher.  =Syn.  1.  To 
pound,  bang,  buffet,  maul,  drub,  thump,  thwack,  baste, 
thrash,  pommel.  — 11.  Discomfit,  Rout,  etc.    See  defeat. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  repeatedly;  knock, 
as  at  a  door. 

The  men  of  the  city  .  .  .  beat  at  the  door.    Judges  xix.  22. 

2.  To  move  with  pulsation;  throb:  as,  the 
pulse  beats. 

A  thousand  hearts  beat  happily. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
With  unused  thoughts  and  sweet 
And  hurrying  hopes,  his  heart  began  to  beat. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

3.  To  act,  dash,  or  fall  with  force  or  violence, 
as  a  storm,  flood,  passion,  etc.:  as,  the  tempest 
beats  against  the  house. 

And  the  sun  beat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah,  that  he 
fainted,  and  wished  in  himself  to  die.  Jonah  iv.  S. 

Rolling  tempests  vainly  beat  below.  Dryden. 

For  the  noon  is  coming  on,  and  the  sunbeams  fiercely  beat. 

Bryant,  Damsel  of  fern. 

4.  To  be  tossed  so  as  to  strike  the  ground  vio- 
lently or  frequently. 

Floating  corps  lie  beating  on  the  shore.  Addison, 

5.  To  give  notice  by  beating  a  drum;  also,  to 
sound  on  being  beaten,  as  a  drum. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight 

When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night, 

Campbell,  Hohenlinden. 

6.  To  contain  beats  or  pulsations  of  sound,  as 
a  tone  formed  by  sounding  together  two  notes 
which  are  nearly  in  unison.  See  beat%  ».,  7. —  7. 
To  ponder;  be  incessantly  engaged;  be  anx- 
iously directed  to  something ;  be  in  agitation 
or  doubt. 

If  yon  be  pleaa'd,  retire  into  my  cell, 

And  there  repose  ;  a  turn  or  two  I'll  walk, 

To  still  my  beating  mind.      Shah.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 


beat 

Thy  heaven  is  on  eartli  ;  thine  eyes  and  thoughts 
Beat  on  a  crown,  thi  treasure  of  thy  heart. 

8kak.t  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  l. 

8.  Naxt.,  to  make  progress  against  tho  wind 
by  alternate  tacks  in  a  zigzag  line.  A  good 
square  rigged  vessel  will  make  a  airei  i.  gain  to  windward 
of  three  tenths  ol  the  distance  she  has  sailed  while  beat 
Ing,  while  the  gain  to  windward  of  anaverag  tore  and-aft 
rigged  vessel  will  be  equal  to  five  or  six  tenths  of  the  dis- 
tance sailed. 

We  took  a  pilot  on  board,  hove  up  our  anchor,  and  be- 
gan beating  down  the  bay. 

Ii.   It.   Itana,  Jr.,   Before  the   Mast,  p.  Ii. 

Many  yachtsmen  had  pronounced  it  to  be  an  impossi- 
bility for  our  vessel  to  beat  out  in  so  light  a  breeze. 

Ltlih/  tintype;/,   \  oya-e  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 

To  beat  about,  to  search  by  various  means  or  ways; 
make  efforts  at  discovery. 

To  find  an  honest  mate  I  beat  about 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  102. 
To  beat  about  the  bush,  to  approach  a  matter  in  a 
roundabout  or  circumlocutory  way.-  To  beat  to  quar- 
ters, to  summon  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  by  heat  oi  drum 
to  their  stations  for  battle.— To  beat  up  and  down,  in 
hunting,  to  run  first  one  way  and  then  another  :  said  of  a 
stag.— To  beat  up  for  recruits  or  soldiers,  to  go  about 
to  enlist  men  into  the  army  :  a  phrase  originating  in  the 
fact  that  a  recruiting  party  was  often  preceded  by  a  drum- 
mer with  his  instrument.  — To  beat  upon*,  to  enforce  by 
repetition  ;  reiterate. 

How  frequently  and  fervently  doth  the  Scripture  beat 
upon  this  cause.  Ilakeicill. 

beat1  (bet),  n.  [<  beat\  vJ]  1.  A  stroke;  a 
striking;  a  blow,  whether  with  the  hand  or 
with  a  weapon.    [Rare.] 

The  Smith  Divine,  as  with  a  careless  beat, 
Struck  out  the  mute  creation  at  a  heat. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  253. 
Thus  we  get  but  years  and  !>■  ats. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  ii.  3. 
2.  A  recurrent  stroke;  a  pulsation;  a  throb: 
as,  the  beat  of  the  pulse  ;  the  heart  makes  from 
sixty  to  seventy  beats  a  minute. —  3.  The  sound 
made  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  running ;  a 
footfall. 

The  beat  <>f  her  unseen  feet, 
Which  only  the  angels  hear. 

Shelley,  The  Cloud. 

4.  A  round  or  course  which  is  frequently  gone 
over:  as,  a  watchman's  beat;  a  milkman's  beat. 
We  had  to  descend  from  the  sea-wall,  and  walk  under 
it,  until  we  got  beyond  the  sentry's  beat. 

HoweUs,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 

Hence  —  5.  A  course  habitually  traversed,  or 
a  place  to  which  one  habitually  or  frequently 
resorts. —  6.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  the 
principal  subdivision  of  a  county ;  a  voting-pre- 
cinct.—  7.  In  music:  (a)  The  beating  or  pul- 
sation arising  from  the  interference  of  two 
musical  notes  differing  but  slightly  in  pitch. 
See  Interference.  The  number  of  beats  per  second  is 
equal  to  the  difference  between  the  numbers  of  vibrations 
of  the  two  notes.  Thus,  two  notes  having  256  and  255 
vibrations  per  second  respectively,  if  sounded  simultane- 
ously, will  give  rise  to  one  beat  each  second,  because  once 
in  each  second  the  two  wave-systems  (see  sound)  will  coin- 
cide and  produce  a  maximum  sound,  and  once  they  will 
be  half  a  wave-length  apart,  and  the  sound  will  almost 
disappear.  Also  called  beating,  (&)  The  motion  of 
the  hand,  foot,  or  baton  in  marking  the  divi- 
sions of  time  during  the  performance  of  a  piece 
of  music,  (c)  Used  vaguely  by  various  English 
writers  to  denote  different  kinds  of  ornamental 
notes  or  graces. —  8.  The  third  operation  in 
paper-making,  in  which  the  pulp  is  still  further 
divided  and  torn  apart  in  the  beating-engine. 
—  9.  The  blow  struck  by  a  valve  when  falling 
into  its  seat. — 10.  The  bearing  part  or  the 
facing  of  a  valve. 

The  inlet  and  outlet  valves  in  the  covers  of  the  air-cyl- 
inders are  of  brass  provided  with  leather  beats 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  740. 
11.  A  worthless,  dishonest,  shiftless  fellow;  a 
knave.  [Slang.]- Beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  the 
stroke  made  by  the  action  of  the  escapement.  A  clock  is 
said  to  be  in  beat  or  out  of  beat  according  as  the  stroke  is 
al  equal  or  unequal  intervals.  Beat  or  tuck  of  drum 
(mil it.),  a  succession  of  strokes  on  a  drum,  varied  in  differ- 
ent «ays  for  particular  purposes,  as  to  regulate  a  march, 
to  call  soldiers  to  their  arms  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  at- 
tack or  a  retreat,  etc.  -Dead  beat,  (a)  Formerly,  a  person 
without  money  or  resources;  now.  one  who  never  pays, 
but  lives  by  evasions  ;  an  utterly  dishonest,  worthless  fel- 
low :  an  intensified  expression  of  beat,  11,  above.  [Slang.  | 
(b)  A  stroke  or  blow  without  recoil,  as  in  the  dead-beat 
escapement.  See  excapement.  Double  beat,  in  music,  a 
beat  repeated.—  Out  of  one's  beat,  not  in  one's  sphere 
or  department.  [Colloq.] 
beat1  (bet),  pp.  [Shorter  form  of  beaten,  which 
is  the  only  form  used  attributively.]  Exhaust- 
ed by  exertion,  mentally  or  bodily;  fatigued; 
worn  out  by  toil.     [Colloq.] 

Quite  beat  and  very  much  vexed.  Dickens. 

Dead  beat,  completely  exhausted  or  worn  out,  bo  as  to 
be  incapable  of  further  exertion;  utterly  baffled,  as  by 

the  difficulty  of  a  ta^k  ;  thoroughly  defeated  in  a  contest 

or  struggle.    IColloq.] 


beat 

beat2  (bet),  ».  [Also  beet,  bait,  <  ME.  bt  U  . 
origin  unkiimvu.  perhaps  <  '»<//>,  i\,  or  perhaps 
connected  with  bait,  bate,  steep:  seeftate6.]  A 
bundle  of  flax  or  hemp  made  up  ready  for  steep- 
ing- 

beat:!  (bet),  it.  [Also  Soft,  baU  ;  origin  un- 
known, t'f.  /»■'/-,  make  a  tire.  /■<«.  is  appar. 
a  differenl  word.  ]  The  rough  sod  of  moorland, 
or  the  matted  growth  of  fallow  land,  which  is 
sliced  or  pared  off,  and  burned,  when  the  land 
bout  to  be  plowed.  See  Seats,  v.  y.  ]•:.  D. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

beat:t  (bet),  ».  t.  and  i.  [See  beats,  „.]  To 
sliee  oft'  (the  beat  or  rough  sod)  from  unculti- 
vated or  fallow  ground  with  a  beat-ax  or  breast 
plow,  in  order  to  burn  it,  foT  the  purpose  at 
< me,  ot  destroying  it  ami  of  converting  it  into 
manure  for  the  land.    X.  E.  D.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

beatse  memoriae  (be-a'te  me-mo'ri-e).  [L., 
gen.  of  beata  memoria,  blessed  memory:  see 
l„  atify  and  m  mory.]  ( >f  blessed  memory:  said 
of  the  dead. 

beat-ax  (bet'aks),  ».  [E.  dial.,  also  btaax, 
bidix;  <  beat3  +  ox1.]  The  ax  or  adz  with 
which  the  beat  is  pared  off  in  hand-beating. 
See  beat3,  ,■.     .v.  /;.  1>.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

beaten  (be'tn),   p.  a.     [<  ME.  beten,  <  AS. 

bedten,  pp.  of  bedtan,  beat:  see  beat1,  v.]     1. 

Wrought  upon  by  beating;  formed  or  affected 

in  any  way  by  blows  or  percussion:  as,  beaten 

work  (which  see,  below). 

This  work  uf  the  candlesticks  was  of  beaten  gold. 

Num.  viii.  4. 

Specifically— 2.  Worn  by  beating  or  treading; 

much  trodilen:  hence,  common  from  frequent 

us,'  or  repetition;  trite:  as,  to  follow  the  beaten 

course  of  reasoning. 

A  broad  and  b<  ati  n  «  ay.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  10-26. 

Truth  they  profeBs'd,  yet  often  left  the  true 

And  Beaten  prospect,  for  the  wild  and  new. 

Crabbe,  Tales. 

3.  Conquered;  vanquished. 
I  suppose  everything  is  right,  even  to  Woolert  being 

conqueror  and  I  the  beaten  man.  S.  TyUer. 

4.  Exhausted; -worn  out.— 5.  Baffled,  as  by  the 
difficulty  of  a  task,  intellectual  or  physical 
—Beaten  work, 
on  an  anvil  or  a  block  of  the  requls 

v Is  of  metal,  especially  those  of  rounded  form,  are  com- 

monlj  shaped  by  this  process.    (o)  Repousse  work.    See 

beater  (be'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  beats:  as,  a 
carpet-deafer;  a  drum-Seater. 

Euen  the  wisest  of  year  great  beaters  do  as  oft  punishe 
nature  as  they  do  correct*  faultes. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  32. 

2.  In  hunting,  one  who  rouses  or  beats  up  game. 
When  the  beaters  came  up  we  found  that  the  bag  con 

Sisteil  of    live  red-deer    -  namely,  one  small  stag  and  four 

hinds.  J-  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  369. 

3.  That  which  beats  or  is  used  in  beating. 
Specifically  -(«)  In  basket-making,  a  heavy  iron  used  for 
beating  the  work  close,  or  compacting  it.  lb)  In  cotton 
manuf.,  a  machine  for  cleaning  and  opening  the  cotton 
preparatory  to  carding.  This  is  accomplished  by  beat- 
ing the  cotton,  as  it  is  fed  through  rolls,  by  horizontal 
blades  attached  to  an  axle  revolving  with  great  rapid- 
ity, (c)  The  jack  of  a  knitting-machine,  (d)  A  mallet 
used  in  hat-making.  («)  A  tool  for  packing  powder  in  a 
blast  I,,.!,-.  (  f)  A  scutchlng-blade  for  breaking  flax  or 
hemp.    (</)  In  weaving,   the  lathe  or  batten  of  a  loom: 

it  drives  the  weft  into  the  shed,  and 
maki  -  the  fabric  mere  compact. 

beater-press  (be'ter-pres),  n.  A  machine  for 
compacting  materials  for  baling,  by  beating 
them  down  by  a  weight,  and  also  by  direct  and 
eont  inned  pressure, 

beath  (besH),  v.  t. 
bethen,  ■'  AS.  bethian,  a  parallel  form  of  bathv 
an,  >  K.  bathe,  q.  v.]     1.  To  bathe;  foment 


494 

The  act  of  beatifying  or  of  rendering  or  pro- 
nouncing happy;  the  stab'  of  being  blessed; 
blessedness. 

111.-  elcl  el   :i  Christian,   .    . 

the  beatification  of  his  spirit. 

2.  In  the  Bom.  Caih.  Ch.,  the  act  by  which  a 

deceased  person  is  declared  to  be  beatified,  or 


beaupere 

"blessed"  (in  the  Latin,  hi  ati),  with  which 
each  declaration  or  ascription  begins.  -Formal 
beatitude,  t  he  possession  oi  the  highest  good.— Objec- 
tive beatitude,  the  highest  good, 
the  rest  of  a  christian,  ami  r,pattle  (be-al'l),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.  (Exmoor  and 
■  S.illv  I  Uoss. )  and  T.  S. ;  appar.  <  be-1  +  attle  for 
addle.]  To  addle  the  brain  of;  make  a  fool  of . 
[Prov.  1'.  S.  (Massachusetts).] 


one  of  the  blessed,  and  therefore  a  proper  sub-  Deau  (bb),  o.  and  n.     [As  an  adj.  long  obsolete ; 

early  mod.  E.  bew,  <  ME.  beu.  Men,  Seatt,  <  OF. 
beau,  Watt,  earlier  bel,  beat,  bial,  mod.  F.  beau, 
bcl,  fern,  belle,  <  L.  bcttus,  fair,  beautiful,  fine: 
see  bel1,  bell5.  The  noun  is  mod.,  and  follows 
the  F.  in  prom;  the  ME.  adj.  if  still  existent 
would  be  pronounced  as  in  its  deriv.  beauty,  q. 
v.]  I.t  «■•  Good;  fair:  used  especially  in  ad- 
dress: as,  "beam  sir,"  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame, 
1. 643.    See  beausire,  beaupt  re,  etc. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  beaus  or  beaux  (boz).  1.  One  who 
is  very  neat  and  particular  about  his  dress,  and 
fond  of  ornaments  and  jewelry ;  a  fop ;  a  dandy : 
now  most  often  said  of  a  man  of  middle  age  or 
older:  as,  he  is  an  old  beau. 

Besides  thou  art  a  beau  .  what's  that,  my  child? 

A  fop,  well-dressed,  extravagant,  and  wild. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  iv.  42. 


jeet  of  a  certain  degree  or  kind  of  public  reli 
gious  honor.  This  is  now  an  exclusive  prerogative  of  the 
pope  bul  foi  several  centuries  it  was  also  exercised  by 
local  bishops  or  metropolitans.  It  is  usually  the  second 
step  toward  canonization,  and  cannot,  take  place  till  fifty 
years  after  the  death  of  the  person  to  be  beatified,  except 

in  the  case  of  martyrs.     The  process  is  an  elahorati 

consisting  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  stages,  and  extending 
over  many  years,  during  which  the  claims  of  the  reputed 
smnt  are  carefully  and  strictly  investigated.    If  the  final 

result   is  favorable,  the  pope's  decree  is  publlclj    lead   ill 

the  pontifical  church,  the  image  and  relics  of  the  newly 
beatified  are  incensed,  etc.     See  canonization. 

Ximenes  has  always  been  venerated  in  Spain.     Philip 
IV  endeavored  to  procure  his  beatification. 

G.  Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  424. 

beatify  (be-at'i-fi),  o.  ..;  pret.  and  pp.  beati- 
fied, ppr.  beatifying.  [<  F.  beaUfier,  <  LL.  beati- 
fieare,  make  happy,  bless,  <  beatificus,  making 
happy,  blessing,  <  L.  beatus,  happy,  blessed  (pp. 
of  beare,  make  happy,  akin  to  benus,  bonus,  good, 
bene,  well),  +  facere,  make.]  1.  To  make  su- 
premely happy ;  bless  with  the  completion  of 
celestial  enjoyment:  as,  "beatified  spirits,"  Dry- 
den.—2.  To  pronounce  or  regard  as  happy,  or 
as  conferring  happiness.     [Rare.] 

The  common  conceits  and  phrases  which  so  beatify 
wealth.  Barrow,  Works  (ed.  1686),  III.  161. 

Specifically— 3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  to  de- 
cree beatification. 

The  right  of  beatifying,  that  is,  declaring  a  holy  person 

a  saint,  and  decreeing  that  due  honour  might  be  laud  him, 

within  a  particular  diocese,  continued  to  be  exercised  in 

England  and  everywhere  else  by  the  bishops  of  the  church. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers, 


He  is  represented  on  his  tomb  by  the  figure  of  a  beau, 
dressed  in  a  long  periwig,  and  reposing  himself  upon  vel- 
vet cushions  under  a  canopy  of  state. 

Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

2.  A  man  who  is  suitor  to  or  is  attentive  to  a 
lady ;  a  lover ;  a  swain.  [Now  chiefly  colloq.  or 
rustic] 

Her  love  was  sought,  I  do  aver, 
By  twenty  beaux  and  more. 

Goldsmith,  Elegy  on  .Mrs.  Mary  Blaize. 

The  rural  beaux  their  best  attire  put  on, 

To  win  their  nymphs,  as  other  nymphs  are  won. 

Crabbe,  The  Village. 


III. 


=  Syn.  1.  Dandy,  Exquisite,  etc.    See  coxcomb. 

beau  (bo),  ».  t.    [<  beau,  n.]    To  act  the  beau 
to  ;  attend  or  escort  (a  lady). 
Hence— 4.  To  ascribe  extraordinary  virtue  or  l)eauceantt,  »■     See  beauseaiit. 
excellence  to ;  regard  as  saintly  or  exalted.         beauclerkt  (bo'klerk  or  -kliirk),  a.    [Early  mod. 
His  heroine  is  so  beatified  with  description,  that  she     g.  ajs0  beaudark,  <  ME.  beauclerk,  <  OF.  beau, 
loses  all  hold  upon  sympathy.  fine.  +  cierc,  clerk,  scholar.]     A  good  scholar ; 

WhxppU,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  128.     &  le'amed  man:  kn'own  especially  as  a  surname 
(<i)  Metal  shaped  by  being  hammered  .      ti        (be'tine),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  beat1,  v.]     of  Henry  I.  of  England  (Henry  Beauclerk-). 
■  for,,,.    Hand-made  »***$&  ^.t  of  striking]Lor  operating  by  blows  ;  beaufet,'".     An  erroneous  form  of  buffed. 

any  process  of  working  bv  percussion.  Specifl-  beaufin  (bif'in),  n.  [A  forced  spelling  of  biffin, 
cally— (a)  A  process  in  the  dressing  of  flax  and  hemp  by  as  if  <  F.  beau,  beautiful,  +  fin,  fine.]  Same 
which  they  are  made  soft  and  pliable.     (M  The  process  of  biffin 

hammering  gold  and  silver  into  leaf.    The  sheets  are  . '■-      a •  „  ban  frill-      Weale. 

placed  between  pieces  of  parchment,  and  hammered  on  a  peauireyt,  '■      e>a  »'    •>"  """■'''«        ,,  rp 

marble  block,  (c)  In  bookbinding,  the  process  of  Batting  beau-ideal  (bo'l-de'al  or  bo  e-da-al),  n. 
out  with  a  hammer  the  leaves  of  a  book  which  have  been 
badly  pressed,  or  which  have  been  buckled  or  twisted  bj 
bad  sewing  or  uneven  dampening. 
2.  Punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  a 
flogging.— 3.  The  state  of  being  beaten  or  out- 
done ;  a  defeat. 

Our  American  rifle-team  has  had  its  beating,  but  not  a 
bad  beating.  The  American,  VI.  245. 

4.  Regular  pulsation  or  throbbing. 
The  beatings  of  my  heart,     Wordsworth,  Tintem  Abbey. 

5.  In  music,  same  as  beat,  7  (a):  but  in  this 
form  more  frequently  applied  to  the  beats  of 
the  strings  of  a  piano  or  the  pipes  of  an  organ. 
—  6.  Naut,  the  act  of  advancing  in  a  zigzag 
line  againsl  the  wind. 

beating-bracket    (be'ting-brak"et), 
batten  of  a  loom. 

beating-engine  (be'ting-en"jin),  n.  1.  A  ma- 
ebine  with  rotating  cutters  for  preparing  rags 
in  paper-makiug.—  2.  Same  as  leating-maenine. 
[Now  only  E.  dial..  <  ME.  beating-hammer  (be'ting-ham'er),  n.  A  ham- 
mer having  two  slightly  rounded  faces,  used  in 
shaping  tie  backs  of  books. 

beating-machine  (be'ting-ma-shen"),  ».  A  ma- 
dune  For  opening  and  beating  cotton,  to  loosen     <>«   ''^'"''i.1 '" ul£?> 

i,  and  remove  trfe  dust.    Ms,,  called  wiUomng-  beaumont  te 
machine,  opener,  beating-engine,  etc.  Mm  do  Beaumont 

beatitude  (be-at'i-tud)  n.  [<  F.  beatitude,  < 
L.  beatitudo,  (.beatus,  happy,  blessed:  see  be- 
atify.'] 1.  Supreme  blessedness;  felicity  pj 
tln''liigliest  kind;  consummate'  bliss;  hence,  m 
a  less  restricted  sense,  any  extreme  pleasure  or 
satisfaction. 

True  beatitude  groweth  not  on  earth. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  in.  11. 

About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 

st I  tlmk  as  stars,  and  fi his  sight  received 

Beatitude  past  utterance.  MUUm,  P.  I.  .  11L  82. 

Thousands  of  the  Jews  find  a  peculiar  beatitude  In  hav- 
ing themselves  Interred  on  the  opposite  slope  of  the  Mount 

i.ces  /;.  Taylor,  leads  ol  the  Saracen,  p.  o>. 

2.  One  of  the  eight   ascriptions  of  blessed- 
ness to  those  who  possess   particular  virtues, 

pronounced  by  Chnsl  in  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,  Mat.  v.  3-11:  so  named  from  the  word 


The 


—  2.  To  beat  (unseasoned  wood)  for  the  pur- 
pose of  straightening  (it). 

\  till  young  oake  .  .  . 

'  d  in  tire  for  si. n  [el 

Spenser,  E\  (J.,  IV.  vii.  7. 

beatific  I  be-a-tif'ik  I,  a.    (<  LL.  beaUficus,  <  bea- 
tus, happy, "+  facere,  make;  cf.  beatify.]    1. 

Blessing  or  making  happy;   imparling  bliss. 
i :  ness  of  thi  bt  atifie  vision. 

South. 
2.  Blessed;  blissful;  exaltedly happy. 

II,  arrived  in  i  lc    nc  ol  mind. 

Threi  in  V  orway,  p    176. 
Beatific  vision,  in  tha  •  rision  of  Qod,  sup- 

posed to  constitute  the  i  I  angi  u 

in  heavea 
beatifical  (be-a-tif  'i-kal  i,  a.      Same  as  beatific. 
|  bare.] 

beatifically(i>e-a-tit"i-kal-i  i,  adv.    Inabeatific 

mam 


beatificatet  (b8-a-tif'i-ka1 1,  it.  t.    To  beatify. 
beatification  i  be-at  i-fi-ka'shon),  «.     [=  r. '» - 

atijication,  <  LL.  bvatificare :  see  beatify.]     1. 


lc  beau  itUal,  the  ideal  beautiful:  lc  beau,  the 
beautiful ;  ideal,  adj..  ideal.  Hence  in  E.  often 
taken  as  beau,  adj.,  qualifying  idtnl,  n.,  an  ex- 
cellent (one's  best)  ideal:  see  beau  and  ideal.] 
A  mental  conception  or  image  of  any  object, 
moral  or  physical,  in  its  perfect  typical  form, 
free  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and 
blemishes  aeeompam  ing  its  actual  existence; 
a  model  of  excellence  in  the  mind  or  fancy; 
ideal  excellence. 

My  ambition  is  to  give  them  a  beau-ideal  of  a  welcome. 
Charlotte  Bronte]  Jane  Eyre,  xxxiv. 

beauish  (bb'isln,  a.    [<  beau  +  -tsP.]    Like 

a  beau;  foppish;  line:  as,  "a  beauish  young 
spark,"  Byron,  Beau  and  Bedlamite. 

Beanjolais  (bo-zho-la'),  »•  [F.  Beaujolais,  a 
former  division  of  France,  now  chiefly  com- 
prised in  the  department  of  Eh6ne.]  A  kind 
of  red  wine  made  in  the  department  of  Rhdne, 
in  southeastern  (Trance. 

beau  monde  (bo  m6nd).  [F.:  beau.  <  L.  bet- 
lus.  line;  monde.  <  L.  miindns.  world.  See  beau 
and  mundane.]  The  fashionable  world;  people 
of  fashion  and  gayety,  collectively. 

moii-titi,    ii.      [After  Prof. 
.  of  Franco.]    In  mineral.,  a 
variety  of  heulandite  from  Jones's  Falls  near 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

beaumont-root  (bo'mpnt-rot),  ».  Same  as 
bmi  iiian's-root. 

Beaune  (bon),  n.     [F-]    A  r,,,]  wme  of  Bur" 

gundy.  The  inline  is  given  to  wines  produced  in  a  large 
district,  around  the  city  of  beaune,  and  varying  greatly  In 

beauperet,  beaupeert,  n,  [Early  mod.  E.,  also 
betepeer,  etc.  fin  the  sense  oi  'companion, 
sometimes  spelled  beauphac,  by  confusion  with 
phen,  an  erroneous  spelling  of  ME./ere,  a.  com- 
panion :  see  fen  ),  <  ME.  bewpere,  beaupere,  bur- 
pyr,  etc.,  <  (1)  OF.  beau  pere,  'good  father,  a 
polite  form  of  pere,  father  (mod.  !•'.  beaurpere, 

father-in-law.  or  stepfather).  <  beau,  lair,  good, 

+  inn,  P.  pere,<  L.  pater =  E.  father;  (2)  <>!•. 
beau,  fair,  good,  +  per,  peer  (mod.  F.  pair), 


beaupere 

peer,  equal.]  1.  A  term  of  courtesy  for  '  father,' 

used  especially  in  addressing  or  speaking  of 

priests. —  2.  A  companion,  compeer,  or  friend. 

Now  leading  him  into  a  secret  shade 

From  his  Beauperes,  ami  from  bright  heavens  vew. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  i.  SB. 

beauperst,  bewperst,  »•  [Also  bowpres;  per- 
haps, like  many  other  fabrics,  named  from  the 
place  of  its  original  manufacture,  conjectured 
in  this  case  to  be  Beauprgau,  a  town  in  France 
with  manufactures  of  linen  ami  woolen.]  A 
fabric,  apparently  of  linen,  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries.  Flags  were 
made  of  it. 

With  ray  cozen  Richard  Pepys  upon  the  'Change,  about 
supplying  us  with  bewpers  from  Norwich,  which  I  should 
be  glad  of,  if  cheap.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  130. 

beau-peruket,  »■  A  mime  given  to  periwigs  of 
exaggerated  length  worn  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam III. 

beau-pot  (bo 'pot),  ».  [An  erroneous  form 
(simulating  F.  beau,  beautiful)  of  bowpot  for 
boughpot,  q.  v.]  A  large  ornamental  vase  for 
cut  flowers. 

beauseantt,  beauceantt,  »•  [OF.  bauceant,  a 
flag  (see  def.),  perhaps  <  Imueent,  baucent,  etc. 
(>  E.  bausoiid,  q.  v.),  orig.  black-and-white  spot- 
ted, but  later  written  beauseant,  beaureant,  as  if 

<  F.  beau,  tine,  handsome,  comely,  +  st'ant,  suit- 
able, lit.  sitting,  ppr.  of  seoir,  sit:  see  stance.'] 
The  flag  of  the  order  of  the  Templars,  half 
black  and  half  white,  and  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Non  nobis,  Domine,  non  nobis,  sed  no- 
mini  tuo  da  gloriam." 

beau-semblantt,  n.  [F. :  beau,  fair ;  semblant, 
appearance:  see  semblance.]  Fair  appearance. 
Court  of  Lore,  1.  1085. 
beauship  (bo'ship),  n.  [<  beau  +  -ship.]  The 
character  and  quality  of  a  beau ;  the  state  of 
being  a  beau :  used  sometimes,  as  in  the  ex- 
tract, as  a  title. 

You  laugh  not,  gallants,  as  by  proof  appeal's, 
At  what  his  beauship  says,  but  what  he  wears. 
Congreve,  Prol.  to  Dryden  Jr.'s  Husband  his  own  Cuckold. 

beausiret,  »•     [ME.  also  beausir,  bewsher,  etc., 

<  OF.  beau  sire,  fair  sir :  see  beau  and  sir,  and 
cf.  beaupere.  See  also  belsire.]  Fair  sir:  an 
ancient  formal  mode  of  address. 

beauteous  (bu'te-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beautious,  beuteous,  bewtious,  beuteus,  <  ME. 
bewteous,  etc.,  <  bewte,  beaute,  beauty,  +  -ous.] 
Possessing  beauty ;  sensuously  beautiful. 
[Chiefly  poetical.] 

I  can,  Petruchio,  help  thee  to  a  wife, 

With  wealth  enough,  and  young,  and  beauteous. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  Handsome,  Pretty,  etc.  See  beautiful. 
beauteously  (bu'te-us-li),  ado.  [<  ME.  bewty- 
osely,  <  bewtyose,  bewteous,  beauteous,  +  -ly%.] 
In  a  beauteous  manner ;  in  a  manner  pleasing 
to  the  senses  ;  beautifully. 

Look  upon  pleasures  not  upon  that  side  that  is  next 
the  sun,  or  where  they  look  beauteously. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  1. 

beauteousness  (bu'te-us-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beauteous ;  beauty. 

beautification  (bu/'ti-fi-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  beauti- 
fy: see  -fieation.]  The  act  of  beautifying  or 
rendering  beautiful ;  decoration  ;  adornment ; 
embellishment. 

This  thing  and  that  necessary  to  the  beautification  of 
the  room.  Mrs.  Craik. 

beautified  (bu'ti-fid),  p.  a.  Adorned ;  made 
beautiful;  in  her.,  ornamented  with  jewels, 
feathers,  or  the  like  :  said  of  a  crown,  a  cap,  or 
any  garment  used  as  a  bearing.  The  blazon  should 
state  in  what  way  the  hearing  is  beautified,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, with  jewels. 

beautifier  (bu'ti-fi-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  beautiful. 

Semiramis,  the  founder  of  Babylon,  according  to  Justin 
and  Strabo ;  but  the  enlarger  only  and  beautifier  of  it, 
according  to  Herodotus. 

Costard,  Astron.  of  the  Ancients,  p.  102. 

beautiful  (bu'ti-ful),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beutiful,  be  wt  if  id,  butyful,  etc. ;  (.beauty  +  -Jul.] 
Full  of  beauty ;  possessing  qualities  that  de- 
light the  senses,  especially  the  eye  or  the  ear, 
or  awaken  admiration  or  approval  in  the  mind. 
See  beauty,  1. 

It  was  moated  round  after  the  old  manner,  but  it  is  now 
dry,  and  turfed  with  a  beautiful!  carpet. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  14, 1675. 

Idalian  Aphrodite  beautiful. 

Fresh  as  the  foam,  new-bathed  in  Paphian  wells. 

Tennyson,  (Enone. 
Silence,  beautiful  voice ! 
Be  still,  for  you  only  trouble  the  mind 
With  a  joy  in  which  I  cannot  rejoice. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  v.  3. 


495 

It  is  a  beautiful  necessity  of  our  nature  to  love  some- 
thing,  D.Jerrold. 

We  are  clearly  conscious  of  the  propriety  of  applying 
the  epithet  beautiful  t.i  virtues  such  as  charity,  reverence, 
en  devotion,  hut  we  cannot  apply  it  with  tin-  same  pro 
priety  to  duties  "f  perfect  obligation,  such  as  veracity  or 
Integrity.  Lecky,  Burop.  Morals,  1.  84. 

The  beautiful,  that  which  possesses  beauty;  beauty  iii 
the  abstract :  as,  the  beautiful  in  nature  or  ait;  the  good, 
the  true,  and  ///.■  beautiful. 

tin  we  conceive  ot  a  period  of  human  development  at 
which  religion  is  the  worship ol  the  beautiful!  J.  Caird. 
It  is  very  old,  this  architecture  [Duonio  at  Murano] ; 
but  the  eternal  youth  of  the  beautiful  belongs  to  it,  and 
there  is  scarce  a  stone  fallen  from  it  that  I  would  re- 
place. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 
=  Syn.  Beautiful,  Beauteous,  Handsome,  Pretty,  Fair, 
Lovely,  Comely,  charming,  all  apply  to  that  which  is  highly 
pleasing,  especially  to  the  eye  lieuuthul,  the  most  gen- 
eral of  these  words,  is  also  often  the  noblest  and  most 
spiritual,  expressing  that  which  gives  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  eye,  ear,  mind,  or  soul.  Beauteous  is  chiefly 
poetic,  and  covers  the  less  spiritual  part  of  beautiful. 
Handsome  is  founded  upon  the  notion  of  proportion,  sym- 
metry, as  the  result  of  cultivation  or  work;  a  handsome 
figure  is  strictly  one  that  has  been  developed  by  atten- 
tion to  physical  laws  into  the  right  proportions.  It  is 
less  spiritual  than  beautiful ;  a  handsome  face  is  not 
necessarily  a  beautiful  face.  Handsome  applies  to  larger 
or  more  important  things  than  pretty:  as.  a  handsome 
house;  a  pretty  cottage.  It  is  opposed  to  homely.  Pretty 
applies  to  that  which  has  symmetry  and  delicacy,  a  dimin- 
utive beauty,  without  tin-  higher  qualities  of  graceful- 
ness, dignity,  feeling,  purpose,  etc.  A  thing  not  small  of 
its  kind  may  be  called  pretty  if  it  is  of  little  dignity  or 
consequence:  as,  a  pretty  dress  or  shade  of  color;  hut 
pretty  is  not  used  of  men  or  their  belongings,  except  in 
contempt.  Fair  starts  from  the  notion  of  a  brightness 
thai  catches  the  eye  ;  it  notes  that  sort  of  beauty  which 
delights  the  rye  by  complexion  and  feature ;  in  this  sense 
it  is  now  less  common  in  prose.  Lovely  is  a  strong  word 
for  that  which  is  immediately  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  it  ap- 
plies primarily  to  that  which  excites  admiration  and  love. 
Comely  applies  rather  to  the  human  figure,  chiefly  in  its 
proportions ;  it  is  used  less  commonly  than  handsome  to 
express  the  result  of  care  or  training.  See  elegant. 
The  moon  was  pallid,  but  not  faint : 
And  beautiful  as  some  fair  saint. 

Longfellow,  Orion. 
And  there  a  vision  caught  my  eye ; 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
A  handsome  house,  to  lodge  a  friend  ; 
A  river  at  my  garden's  end. 

Pope,  limit,  of  Horace,  Satires,  II.  vi.  3. 
Nothing  more  beautiful — nothing  prettier,  at  least  — 
was  ever  made  than  Phoebe.    Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
The  lamps  shone  o'er  fair  women  and  brave  men. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  the  plain. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  1. 
I  doubt,  indeed,  if  the  shepherds  and  shepherdesses  of 
his  day  were  any  comelwr  and  any  cleaner  than  these 
their  descendants. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  114. 

beautifully  (bu'ti-ful-i),  adv.  In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma,  1.  323. 

beautifulness  (bu'ti-ful-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  beautiful ;  elegance  of  form  ;  beauty. 
beautify  (bu'ti-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beautified, 
ppr.  beautifying.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beutify, 
beutyfy,  bewtify,  -fie;  <  beauty  +  -fy.]  I.  trans. 
To  make  or  render  beautiful;  adorn;  deck; 
grace;  decorate;  embellish. 
The  aits  that  beautify  and  polish  life.  Burke. 

Mid  creeping  moss  and  ivy's  darker  green, 
How  much  thy  presence  beautifies  the  ground  ! 

Clare,  The  Primrose. 
=  Syn.  Adorn,  Ornament,  etc.    See  adorn  and  decorate. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  beautiful ;  advance  in 
beauty.     [Rare.] 

It  must  be  a  prospect  pleasing  to  God  himself,  to  see 
his  creation  for  ever  beautifying  in  his  eyes. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  111. 

beautiless  (bu'ti-les),  a.     [<  beauty  +  -less.] 
Destitute  of  beauty. 
Unamiable,  .  .  .  beautiless,  reprobate. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  7. 

beauty  (bu'ti),  ».;  pi.  beauties  (-tiz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  beuty,  bewty,  <  ME.  bewty,  bewte, 
beute,  beaute,  earliest  form  bealte,  <  OF.  biaute, 
bealtet,  beltet,  F.  beaute,  =  Pr.  beltat,  bcutat  = 
Sp.  bcldad  =  Pg.  beldade  =  It.  In  ltd,  <  ML. 
I»llitn(t-)s,  beauty,  <  L.  bellus,  beautiful,  fair: 
see  beau  and  belfi.]  1.  That  quality  of  an  ob- 
ject by  virtue  of  which  the  contemplation  of  it 
directly  excites  pleasurable  emotions.  The  word 
denotes  primarily  that  which  pleases  the  eye  or  ear,  but 
it  is  applied  also  to  that  quality  in  any  object  of  thought 
which  awakens  admiration  or  approval  :  as,  intellectual 
beauty,  moral  beauty,  the  beauty  ot  holiness,  the  beauty 
of  utility,  and  so  on. 

Me  hath  a  daily  beauty  in  bis  life 

That  makes  me  ugly.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever. 

Keats.  Bndymion,  1.  1. 

The  homely  beauty  of  the  g I  old  cause  is  gone. 

Wordsworth,  National  Independence,  i. 


beaver 

If  eyes  were  made  for  seeing, 

Then  beauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 

Em*  rson,  To  the  Rhodnra. 

[ienuty  results  from  adaptation  to  our  faculties,  and  a 

pel  i.t  state  of  health,  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual. 

C.  K.  Norton. 
The  sense  of  beauty  and  the  affection  'bat  follows  it  at- 
tach themselves  lather  to  modes  of  enthusiasm  and  feel- 
ing than  to  tbe  course  of  simple  duty  which  constitutes  a 
merely  truthful  and  upright  man. 

L<  cky,  Burop.  Morals,  I.  84. 

2.  A  particular  graco  or  charm  ;  an  embellish- 
ment or  ornament. —  3.  Any  particular  thing 
which  is  beautiful  ami  pleasing;  u  part  which 
surpasses  in  pleasing  qualities  that  with  which 
it  is  united:  generally  in  the  plural:  as,  the 
beauties  of  an  author;  the  beauties  of  nature. 
Look  in  thy  soul,  and  thou  shall  beauties  find, 
Like  those  which  drown  d  Narcissus  in  the  flood. 

Sir  J.  Dailies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

4.  A  beautiful  person ;  specifically,  a  beauti- 
ful woman;  collectively,  beautiful  women:  as, 
all  the  beauty  of  the  place  was  present. 

This  lady  was  not  onely  a  greate  beauty,  but  a  most 
virtuous  and  excellent  creatine 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  8,  1675. 
And  I  have  shadow'd  many  a  group 

Of  beauties,  that  were  born 
In  teacup-times  of  hood  and  hoop, 
Or  while  the  patch  was  worn. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 

5t.  Prevailing  style  or  taste ;  rage ;  fashion. 

She  stained  her  hair  yellow,  which  was  then  the  beauty. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
Camberwell  beauty,  the  Vanessa  Antiopa,  a  beautiful 
butterfly,  rare  in  Great  l'.ritain,  but  often  found  in  some 
parts  of  the  United  states:  so  named  from  having  been 
found  sometimes  at  Camberwell,  a  suburb  of  London.  The 
wings  are  deep,  rich,  velvety  brown,  with  a  band  of  black, 
containing  a  row  of  large  blue  spots  around  the  brown, 
and  an  outer  hand  or  margin  of  pale  yellow  dappled  with 
black  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  willow.— Curve 
of  beauty,  line  of  beauty.  See  curve.—  Dependent 
beauty,  that  beauty  which  does  not  appear  when  the  ob- 
ject is  contemplated  in  itself,  but  only  when  it  is  consid- 
ered in  its  adaptation  to  its  end. 

What  has  been  distinguished  as  dependent  or  relative 
beauty  is  nothing  more  than  a  beautified  utility  or  utilized 
beauty.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Ideal  beauty,  the  standard  of  esthetic  perfection  which 
the  mind  forms  and  seeks  to  express  in  the  fine  arts  and 
in  the  rules  which  govern  those  arts.— Mixed  beauty, 
the  character  of  an  object  which  is  beautiful  and  at  the 
same  time  affords  pleasure  of  another  kind.  =  Syn.  1. 
Loveliness,  fairness,  comeliness,  attractiveness ;  elegance, 
gracefulness,  adornment. 

beautyt  (bu'ti),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewtyen,<  bewty, 
etc.,  beauty:  see  beauty,  ».]  To  render  beau- 
tiful; adorn,  beautify,  or  embellish. 

The  harlot's  cheek,  beautied  with  plast'ring  art. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

beauty-of-the-night(bu'ti-ov-the-nit'), ».  The 
four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Jalapa. 

beauty-sleep  (bu'ti-slep),  n.  The  sleep  taken 
before  midnight,  popularly  regarded  as  the 
most  refreshing  portion  of  the  night's  rest. 

beauty-spot  (bu'ti-spot),  n.  1.  A  patch  or 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty, 
as  formerly  practised  by  women ;  hence,  some- 
thing that  heightens  beauty  by  contrast;  a 
foil. 

The  filthiness  of  swine  makes  them  the  beauty-spot  of 

the  animal  creation.  Grew. 

The  numberless  absurdities  into  which  this  copyism 

has  led  the  people,  from  nose-rings  to  ear-rings,  from 

painted  faces  to  beauty-spots, 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  90. 

2.  An  especially  beautiful  feature  or  thing. 
Bunyan. 

beauty-washt  (bu'ti-wosh),  n.     A  cosmetic. 

beaux,  n.     Plural  of  In  mi. 

beauxite,  ».     See  bauxite. 

beaver1  (be'ver),  it.  and  «.  [Eany  mod.  E. 
also  bearor,  be/oer,  <  ME.  bever,  <  AS.  beofer, 
befer  =  I).  LG.  bever  =  OHO.  bibar,  MHO.  G. 
bibcr  =  Icel.  bjorr  =  Sw.  bafiier  =  Dan.  bierer 
=  L.  fiber,  OL.  biber  (>  It.  bercro  =  Sp.  bibaro 
=  Pr.  vibrc  =  F.  bierre)  =  Gael,  beabhar  =  Corn. 
befr  =  OBulg.  bebrii,  bibru,  bobru,  Bohem.  Pol. 
bobr  =  Russ.  bobru  =  Lith.  bebrus  =  Lett,  bebris, 
OPruss.  bebrus,  a  beaver,  =  Skt.  babhru,  a  large 
ichneumon;  as  adj.,  brown,  tawny;  perhaps  a 
redupl.  of  1/  *bhru,  the  ult.  root  of  AS.  bruit, 
E.  brown:  see  brown.]  I.  11.  1.  A  rodent 
quadruped,  about  two  feet  in  length,  of  the 
family  Castoridte  and  genus  Castor.  C.  fiber,  at 
onetime  common  in  the  northern  regions  of 
both  hemispheres,  now  found  in  considerable 
numbers  only  in  North  America,  but  occurring 
solitary  in  central  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  short 
ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large  webbed  hind 
feet,  with  a  flat  ovate  tail  covered  with  scales  on  its  upper 
surface.  It  is  valued  for  its  fur  (which  used  to  be  largely 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  but  for  which  silk 
is  now  for  the  most  part  substituted)  and  for  an  odorife- 
rous secretion  named  castor  or  castoreum  (which  see). 


beaver 

Its  food  consists  of  the  bark  oi  trees,  leaves,  roots,  and 
berries.  The  ferorltc  haunts  "f  the  beavers  are  rivers 
and  lakes  which  are  hindered  by  forests.  When  they  And 
a  strean  ntlydeepfoi  their  purpose,  they  throw 

across  it  a  dam  constructed  with  great  Ingenuity  of  w I, 

stones,  and  mud,  gnawing  down  small  trees  for  the  pur- 
pose,  and  compacting  the  mud  by  blows  of  their  power* 
l'ul  tails.  In  winter  they  live  in  houses,  which  are  from  :> 
I  high,  aie  luiiit  on  the  water's  edge  with  subaque- 
ous entranci  s,  and  afford  them  protection  from  wolves  and 
other  wild  animals,  They  formerly  abounded  throughout 
northern  America,  hut  are  now  found  only  in  unsettled  or 
thinly  populated  regions.  Several  slightly  different  varie- 
ties of  the  European  beaver  have  received  BpecIaJ  names. 
riie  North  American  beaver  is  somewhat  larger  than  the 
European,  ami  exhibits  some  slight  cranial  peculiarities; 


496 


Beaver  I  Case  ■ 

it  is  commonly  rated  as  a  distinct  spirits  or  conspecies, 
under  tin-  name  of  <  'astor  canadensis.  The  so-called  fossil 
beaver  Castoroid*  s  ohioensis,  belongs  to  a  different  family, 

les  (which  Bee).    See  also  Castoridoe. 
2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver. — 3.  (a)  A  hat  made 
of  beaver  fur. 

This  day  I  put  on  my  half  cloth  black  Btockings  ami  my 
new  coate  of  tin-  fashion,  which  pleases  me  well,  and  with 
my  bever  1  was,  after  office  was  done,  ready  to  go  to  my 
Lord  Mayor's  feast  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  230. 

Hence  —  (ft)  A  hat  of  the  shape  of  a  beaver  hat, 
but  made  of  silk  or  other  material,  in  imitation 
of  the  fur.  The  modern  stiff  silk  hat  was  com- 
monly called  a  bearer  until  recently. —  4.  A 
glove  made  of  beaver's  fur.  Miss  Austen. —  5. 
A  thick  and  warm  cloth  used  for  garments  by 
both  sexes.  The  thickest  quality  is  used  for 
overcoats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver  or  of  the  fur  of  the  bea- 
ver: as,  a  beaver  hat ;  beaver  gloves, 
beaver-  (be'ver),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Sever, 
burnr,  etc.,  altered,  by  confusion  with  beaver1, 
in  "beaver  hat,"  from  earlier  haver,  burin-,  < 
late  ME.  baviere,  <  OP.  baviere  (=  Sp.  babera  = 
It.  baviera),  beaver  of  a  helmet,  prop,  a  bib,  < 
have,  foam,  froth,  saliva :  seebavette.]  In  medi- 
eval armor,  originally  a  protection  for  the  lower 


i,  Beaver  fixed  to  the  corselet :   B,  vizor :  I     beaver,    a.  Beaver 
work:!.  ble  of  being  raised  to  cover  the  face :  B, 

beavei  impfesof themiddleof  the  141I1  century.  (From 

Viollet-lc- Due's  "Diet  du  Mobilier  francais.") 

part  'if  the  face  and  cheeks,  fixed  securely  to 

tin-    armor  of    the  nock  anil   breast,  and   suffi- 

cientl]  large  to  allow  the  head  to  turn  behind  it. 
In  tin    form  it  was  worn  throughout  the  fifteenth  century 

with  1.      i ther  than  the  arinet.    In  English  armor 

it  wa-  the  movable  protection  for  the  hover  part  of  the 
face,  while  the  vrzoi  covered  the  upper  part ;  it  is  there, 
thi    ami  b    tie-  aventaile  < « (uch  Bee).     In  the 
sfxteei  flu    movable  beavei  was  confounded 

with  tin-  vizor. 

ii  oni    and  doen  upreare 
1  right  1  ach  other  for  to  greet 

Spm  .  ,    1    1.     11.  i.  29. 
lie  w.ie  hi        ■    :r  up.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i   2. 

■ town, 

1  Inn  .  yes  -1  lire  sparkling  through  Bights  ol  Bb  el 

Shak.,  -i  lien.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

beaver't,  »■  and  v.    Set  b 
beavered   (be'verd),  ".     f<  beaver®   +   -(</-.] 
Provided  wit li  or  wearing  a  beaver. 
Hi8t-"e,  i  brow  a  birchen  garland  wi 

/'"/"       I'1 .el.  IV.    1  11. 

beaver-poison  1  lie' m'i' |, 10  zn),  re.    The  water- 
hemlock,  ( 'icuta  maculata. 

beaver-rat  (be'ver-rat),  «.    1.  The  oami 
Australia  of  the  marine  rodents  of  the  family 
\lnriiiii  and  genus  Sydromy   (which  sei  i,    rhey 
art  aquatl 

the  bank    bord g  both  salt  and  fit  ~  1 1  \s . » t .  i     wimming 

and  diving  with  ease,  and  iu  general  economj  n  lembling 


Beaver-rat  \Hydromyi 

thewatel  vole  of  Europe,  Arviedla  amphibius,  or  the  musk- 

i  it  of  America. 

2.  A  name  of  the  ondatra,  inuskrat.  or  mus- 
quash of  North  America,  Fiber  ~ilu  thicus. 
beaver-root  (be'ver-rot),  n.    The  yellow  pond- 
lily,  Xuphar  iitlrt  in/. 

beaverteen  (be'ver-ten),  n.  [<  beaver1  +  -teen, 
after  velveteen.]  1.  A  cotton  twilled  fabric  in 
which  the  warp  is  drawn  up  into  loops,  form- 
ing a  pile,  which  is  left  uncut. —  2.  A  strong 
cotton  twilled  fabric  for  men's  wear.  It  is  a 
kind  of  smooth  fustian,  shorn  after  being  dyed.  If  shorn 
before  dyeing,  it  is  called  moleskin.    A'.  //.  Knight 

beaver-tongue  (be'ver-tung),  n.  Same  as  cost- 
mary. 

beaver-tree  (be'ver-tre),  n.  The  sweet-bay  of 
the  United  States,  Magnolia  glauca. 

beavor't,  beavor2t,  ».  Obsolete  forms  of  bea- 
rer1, hearer-. 

beballyt,  a.  [Late  ME.,  a  corruption  of  OF. 
(AF.)  *bi]ialh:,  <  bi-.  two,  twice,  +  "palle, 
party  par-pale :  a  term  of  blazon"  (Cotgrave).  ] 
In  her.,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  vertical 
line  ;  party  per  pale :   said  of  an  escutcheon. 

bebeastt  (be-best'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  beast.']  To 
make  a  beast  of;  consider  as  a  beast;  treat  as 
a  beast. 

bebeeric  (be-be'rik),  a.  [<  bebeeru  +  -ie.]  Of 
or  derived  from  bebeerin.  Also  written  bebirie. 
—  Bebeeric  acid,  a  white,  crystalline,  volatile  acid  ex- 
tracted from  the  seeds  of  Nectandra  Rodieei. 

bebeerin,  bebeerine  (be-be'rin),  n.  [<  bebeeru, 
q.  v.]  The  active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the 
bebeeru  or  greenheart-tree  of  Guiana,  it  is  said 
to  he  identical  with  liuxine,  ('tsHoNOs,  and  is  used  as  b 
bitter  tonic  and  febrifuge,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  the  crude 
sulphate.  Also  written  bebearine,  biberine,  bibirine,  be- 
beeria  etc. 

bebeeru  (bf-be'ro),  n.  [Native  name,  also 
spelled  bebearu,  bibvru.]  A  tree  of  British  Gui- 
ana, Nectandra  Rodieei,  natural  order Lauracew, 
the  timber  of  which  is  known  to  wood-mer- 
chants by  the  name  of  greenheart,  and  is  large- 
ly imported  into  England  for  the  building  of 
ships  and  submarine  structures,  being  remark- 
ably hard  and  durable,  and  not  subject  to  injury 
from  the  ship-worm  (  Teredo  navalis).  Its  bark 
contains  bebeerin,  and  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

bebization  (be-bi-za'shpn),  u.  In  music,  the 
system  of  indicating  the  tones  of  the  scale,  fur 
reference  or  practice,  by  the  syllables  la,  be, 
ce,  de,  me,  fe,  ge,  proposed  in  1G28  by  Daniel 
Eutzler,  and  apparently  applied  not  to  the 
scale  in  the  abstract,  but  to  the  scale  beginning 
on  A.     See  bobi:atinit,  solmizaUon,  etc. 

bebleedt  (be-bled'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bebleden;  < 
be-1  +  bleed.]  To  make  bloody.  Chaucer, 
Knight's  Tale,  1.  1144. 

beblott  (be-blof),  v.  t.  [<  he-1  +  blot1.]  To 
blot  all  over;  stain, 

Beblotte  it  with  thi  teerla  eke  a  Ivte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1027. 

beblubbered  (bf-blub'erd),  a.    [<  be-3  +  blub- 

liirnt.]      Befouled  or  bleared,  as  with  weeping. 

Her  eyefl  nil  '» blubbered  w  Ith  tears. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  13. 

beblurt,  ».  '■    \<  be-1  +  blur.  |   To  blur  all  over. 

bebung  (ba'bung),  «.    [G.,  a  trembling,  <  be- 
ben,  tremble. ]    A  certain  pulsation  or  trembling 
effect  given  in  a  sustained  note,  in  either  ro 
eal  in'  instrumental  music,  for  the  sake  of  ex 
pression.     (iron. 

bec't,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  heel:1. 

bee-  (bek),  ■«.  [F. , beak:  see //ee/,1, /eo/,1.]  A 
beak;  in  music,  n  mouthpiece  for  a  musical  in- 
strument. 

becafico,  becafigO  (bok-a-fc'ko,  -go),  n.  Same 
:is  ttm-it  tint. 

becall  (bf-kal'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bUsaUen,  bikal- 

Ii  II,  <   hi-,' In  -,   +    colli  n.  Call  :    see  hi    I  :mil  coll.  \ 
It.  To  accuse. —  2t.   To  call  upon;  call  forth; 
challenge. — 3t.  To  call;  summon.  —  4.  To  call 
names;  miscall.    .V.  /■.'.  It. 
becalm  (bf-kftm'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  coin.]    l. 

To  make  calm  or  still;  make  quiet  ;   calm. 
moon  shone  clear  on  the  becalmed  fJ I      D 


beccafico 

Banish  his  sorrows  and  bfcalm  his  soul  with  easy  dreams. 

Addison. 
2.  Xmit.,  to  deprive  (a  ship)  of  wind ;  delay  by 
or  subject  to  a  calm. 

A  man  /ler.Weoi/  at  sea.  out  of  sitfht  of  land,  in  a  fair 
day,  may  look  on  the  sun,  or  sea,  "V  ship,  a  whole  hour, 
anil  perceive  no  motion.  Locifci 

becalming  (be-ka'ming),  «.    The  state  of  being 
becalmed;  a  calm  at  sea.     [Bare  or  obsolete.] 
Other  unlucky  accidents  oftentimes   happen   in  these 
seas,  especially  in  becalmings. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,   Travels  In  Africa,  p.  6. 

becalmment  (be-kiim'ment),  n.  [<  becalm  + 
-ment.]    The  state  of  being  beealmed.    [Bare.] 

became  (be-kam').     Preterit  of  become. 

becap  (be-kap'),  v.  t . ;  pret.  and  pp.  becapped, 
ppr.  beedpping.  [<  fte-*  +  eapK]  To  cover 
with  a  cap. 

becard  (bek'iird),  n.  [<  F.  'becanl,  <  ha;  beak: 
see  beak1  ami  -onl.]  A  name  of  sundry  insec- 
tivorous birds  of  Central  and  South  America, 
such  as  those  of  the  genera  Tityra  and  Psaris, 
given  on  account  of  their  large  or  hooked  bill. 

becarpeted  (be-kiir'pet-ed),  a.  [<  be-1  +  car- 
pet +  -nl2.]  Furnished  or  covered  with  a  car- 
pet or  carpets ;  carpeted.     [Bare.] 

Is  there  another  country  under  the  sun  so  becuahioned, 
becarpeted,  and  becurtained  with  grassi 

The  Century,  XXVII.  no. 

becarve  (be-karv'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bekervi  n.  <  AS. 
beceorfan,  cut  off,  <  ftr-priv.  +  ecorfon,  cut.  In 
mod.  use,  <  be-1  +  carve.]  If.  To"cut  off.— 2f. 
To  cut  up  or  open  (land). —  3.  To  cut  to  pieces. 
N.  E.  D. 

becasse  (be-kas'),  n.  [<  F.  becasse,  awoodcock, 
</»c,  abeak:  see  heal1.]  The  European  wood- 
cock, Scolopax  nistictila. 

becassine  (be-ka-sen'),  n.  [<  F.  beeassine,  <  6c- 
casse:  see  becasse.]  The  European  snipe,  (lol- 
linago  media. 

because  (be-kaz'),  adv.  andean;".,  orig.  prep.phr. 
[Early  mod.  E.  tilso  by  cause:  <  ME.  because,  lo- 
calise, bycause,  also  and  prop,  written  apart,  be 
cause,  lo  came,  by  cause,  being  the  prep,  bywith 
the  governed  norm  cause.  The  phrase  by  cause 
of,  or  because  of  (cf.  the  similar  phrase  by  reason 
of),  was  used  as  equiv.  to  a  prep.,  and  the  phrase 
by  cause  that,  or  because  that,  afterward  short- 
ened to  because  (colloq.  and  dial,  cause),  as  a 
conj.]  I.  adr.  1.  By  reason  (of ) ;  on  account 
(of) :  followed  by  of. 
The  spirit  is  life,  because  of  righteousness,  Rom.  viii.  10. 
Let  no  self-reproach  weigh  on  you  because  o/me. 

George  Eliot.  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vii.  3. 
2t.  For  the  sake  (of);  in  order  (to). 
II.  eonj.  1.  For  the  reason  (that);  since. 

These  wickets  of  the  smile  are  plac'd  on  hie 
Because  all  sounds  doe  lightly  mount  aloft. 

Sir  J.  /Mr/e.v,   Nosce  Teipsuni. 

Why  is  our  food  so  verj  Bweet? 
Because  we  earn  before  weeat.  Cotton,  Fables,  i. 
Men  wdio  could  never  he  taught  to  do  what  was  right  he- 

cause  it  was  right,  B i  learned  to  do  right  because  it  was 

a  becoming  thin-  in  them,  as  knights  and  nolilcs.  todo  so. 
.si, lie,  stud.  Med.  Hist,  xii. 
2f.  To  the  end  that;  in  order  that. 

And  the  multitude  rebuked  them,  because  they  should 
hold  their  peace.  Mat.  xx.  81. 

[Because  introduces  a  clause  stating  sonic  particular  cir- 
cumstance, from  which,  (a)  by  virtue  of  a  general  truth 
not  usually  mentioned,  the  truth  of  the  preceding  clause 
necessarily  follows,  or  (/»)  in  consequence  of  a  general 
purpose,  the  agent  is  led  to  perform  the  act.  or  bring 
about  the  state  of  things,  mentioned  in  the  previous  clause. 
/;,  cause  is  not  properly  used  to  introduce  a  gi  neral  prin- 
ciple or  major  premise.  |     Syil.   1.  See 

becca(bek'a),  ii.;  pi.  In  ceo  (-so).  [NL.:  seeftie/l, 
beak1.]  1.  The  long  point  of  a  hood,  especial- 
ly in  the  fifteenth  century,  when  such  points 
reached  below  the  waist  behind.  —  2.  A  long 
scarf  or  streamer  attached  to  a  turban-shaped 
cap  in  the  fifteenth  century.     Fairholt. 

beccabunga  (bek-a-bung'gft),  n.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
Ijti.  beckeounge (=  I).  beelcbunge=&.  bachbunge), 
brooklime,  <  becke  (=  I).  beek  =  G.  bach  =  E. 
beck1),  a  brook,  +  bunge  =  OIIG.  bongo,  a  hunch, 
bulb.  Cf.  [eel.  Ioioji;  a  bolster,  a  heap:  see 
bing1.]    The  brooklune,  Veronica  Beccabunga. 

beccae,  «.    Plural  of  becca. 

beccafico  (bek-a-fe'ko),  it.  [Also  written  beca- 
fico, beccafico,  beccafigue,  etc.  (of.  P.  becfigui  . 

'<  It.  beccafico,  <hcecarc=  V.  In  ei/ucr  (( 'otgrave), 
also   hicijuchr,   jieek   with  the   beak  (<  In  ceo  = 

I',  lice,  >  E,  beck*,  beak1),  +fico,  a  lig,  <  L.ficus, 

;i    lig:    see    /;',/  ;i  ml    lie...  |       I.   All  old    on. I  ilisuseil 

aai I' sundry  small  European  birds,  chiefly 

of  the  famih  Si/lriitlii;  or  warblers,  which  peck 
figs,  or  were  supposed  to  do  so.  The  application 
nt  ike  wind  is  indeterminate;  hot  ii  has  been,  perhaps, 
most  frequently  used  in  connection  with  the  garden-war- 
bler, Sylvia   hortensis  (lleehstein),  Curruca  horteniris  of 

elm    authors. 


beccaflco 

In  extended  use  —  2.    One   of  sundry  small 
American  birds,  as  some  of  those  formerly  in- 
cluded in  a  genus  Ficcdnla. —  3.  The  European 
golden  oriole,  Oriolus  galbula. 
beccot,  "•     [It.,  a  goat.]     A  cuckold. 

Duke,  thou  art  a  becco,  a  oornuto. 

Itarston  and  Webster,  The  Malcontent,  i.  3. 

bec-de-corbint  (bek '  de-kor-baii '),  n.  [F.,  lit. 
crow's  beak:  see  beak1,  de2,  and  corbie]  1. 
A  name  given 
in  the  middle 
ages  to  the 
pointed  end 
of  the  mar- 
tel-de-fer,  or 
war  -  hammer. 
Hence-2.  The 
whole  weapon 
having  such 
a  point  or 
beak.  —  3.  A 
name  given  in 
the  eighteenth 
century  to  the 
head  of  a  walk- 
ing-cane hav- 
ing somewhat 
the  form  of  a 
bird's  beak. 

bechamel 
(besh'a-mel), 
n.  [<"F.  be- 
chamel: see 
definition.]  In 
cookery,  a  white  sauce  of  elaborate  composi- 
tion, named  from  its  inventor,  Louis  de  Becha- 
mel or  Bechameil,  marquis  of  Nointel,  steward 
to  Louis  XIV. 

bechance1  (be-chans'),  v.     [<  be-1  +  chance,  v.] 
I.  intraus.  To  happen  ;  chance. 
II.  trans.  To  befall ;  happen  to. 


ith 


Becs-de-corbin,  15th  century. 

A,  with  handle  of  wrought-iron ;  B. 
wooden  handle  sheathed  with  metal.    (From 
Viollet-le-Duc's    "  Diet,    du     Mobilier    fran- 
ca is."  ) 


My  sons  —  God  knows  what  hath  bechn  need  them. 
Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI., 


i.  4. 


bechance2t  (be-chans').  adv.  [For  by  chance ; 
of.  because.]     Accidentally;  by  chance. 

We  bechance  lost  our  sovereign  lord. 

Grafton,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

becharm  (be-charm'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-1  +  charm.'] 
To  charm ;  captivate  ;  enchain. 

The  lethargy  wherein  my  reason  long 
Hath  been  becharmed. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 
Prithee,  interrupt  not 
The  paradise  of  my  becharming  thoughts. 

Fotd,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

beche-de-mer  (bash'de-mar'),  «•  [F.,  lit.  spade 
of  the  sea  (be'che,  <  OF.  besche  (ML.  besca;  cf. 
equiv.  becca:  see  beck3),  spade;  de,  <  L.  de,  of; 
mer,<.\j.  mare,  sea,  =E.  mere),  a  name  explained 
as  having  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  animals 
when  dried  and  pressed,  but  really  an  accom- 
modation of  the  Pg.  name  bicho  do  mar,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug :  bicho  =  Sp.  bicho, 
aworm,  grub,  slug;  do,  of  the ;  mar,  <  L.  mare, 
sea.]  The  trepang,  a  species  of  the  genus 
Holothttria  (H.  argug),  or  sea-slugs,  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Chinese  as  a  culinary  delicacy. 
See  trepang. 

bechic  (be'kik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bechicus,  <  Gr. 
fijjXiK-iQ,  pertaining  to  a  cough,  <  jiiji  (jinx-),  a 
cough,  <  fii/amtv,  cough.]  I.  a.  Having  the 
property  of  curing  coughs. 

II.  n.  A  inedicine  for  relieving  coughs;  a 
pectoral. 

beck1  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  becc,  <  AS.  *bccc  (Bos- 
worth)  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  back  =  Dan.  bask; 
but  the  ME.  form  may  be  from  the  Scand.,  the 
only  authenticated  AS.  form  being  becc,  becce, 
dat.  of  becc  (giving  mod.  E.  *betch,  which  prob. 
exists  in  the  dial,  batch  :  see  batch2)  =  OS. 
beki  =  OD.  beke,  D.  beek  =  LG.  beke,  bdk  = 
OHG.  bah,  MHG.  bach,  a  brook.]  1.  A  brook  ; 
a  small  stream;  especially,  a  brook  with  a 
stony  bed  or  rugged  course. 

The  brooks,  the  becks,  the  rills. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i. 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form, 

A  glowing  arm,  a  gleaming  neck, 
As  when  a  sunbeam  wavers  warm 
Within  the  dark  and  dimpled  beck. 

Tennyson,  The  Millers  Daughter. 

2.  The  valley  of  a  beck ;  a  field  or  patch  of 
ground  adjacent  to  a  brook.  See  batch2. 
beck2  (bek),  v.  [<  ME.  becken,  bckken,  short 
for  beknen,  beckon  :  see  beckon.]  I.  intraus.  1. 
To  signal  by  a  nod  or  other  significant  gesture ; 
beckon. 
32 


497 

Who  'a  he  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  but  brekrd  > 

Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 
Let  us  follow 
The  becking  of  our  chance. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  N'obte  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

2.  To  recognize  a  person  by  a  slight  bow  or 
nod.     [Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  summon  or  intimato  some 
command  or  desire  to  by  a  nod  or  gesture ; 
beckon  to. 

Bell,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back, 
When  gold  ami  silver  bee/cs  me  to  come  on. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  express  by  a  gesture  :  as,  to  beck  thanks. 
[Rare.] 
beck'-  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  <  beken,  becken, 
beck:  see  beck'2,  r.]  1.  A  nod  of  the  head  or 
other  significant  gesture  intended  to  be  un- 
derstood as  expressive  of  a  desire,  or  as  a  sign 
of  command. 

Nods,  and  becks,  and  wreathed  smiles. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  28. 
My  guiltiness  had  need  of  such  a  master, 
That  with  a  beck  can  suppress  multitudes. 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  iv.  1. 
I  would  wish  myself  a  little  more  command  and  sove- 
reignty ;  that  all  the  court  were  subject  to  ray  absolute 
beck.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  gesture  of  salutation  or  recognition;  a 
bow;  a  courtesy.  [Scotch.]— At  one's  beck,  at 
one's  beck  and  call,  subject  to  one's  slightest  wish ; 
obliged  or  ready  to  obey  all  of  one's  orders  or  desires. 

It  was  necessary  for  him  to  have  always  at  his  beck  some 

men  of  letters  from  Paris  to  point  out  the  solecisms  ami 

false  rhymes  of  which,  to  the  last,  he  was  frequently 

guilty.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

We  move,  my  friend, 

At  no  man's  beck.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

beck3  (bek),  ».  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME.,  <  AS. 
becca,  glossed  ligo,  a  mattock;  cf.  ML.  becca  (cf. 
ML.  besca,  >OF.  besche,  mod.  F.  be'che),  a  spade; 
Pr.  beca,  a  hook,  Ir.  bacc,  a  hook.]  An  agricul- 
tural implement  with  two  hooks,  used  in  dress- 
ing turnips,  etc.;  a  form  of  mattock. 
beck4t  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  bee,  <  OF.  bee, 
beak ;  the  same  word,  retaining  the  orig.  short 
vowel,  as  the  now  more  common  beak1.]  1. 
A  beak. —  2.  Any  pointed  or  projecting  part  of 
the  dress,  especially  of  a  head-dress,  as  of  the 
bycocket. 

beck5  (bek),  n.     [Prob.  another  form  of  back3, 

q.  v.]     A  vat  or  vessel  used  in  a  dye-house ;  a 

back. —  Clearing -beck,  in  cdlico-prvnting,  a  vat  in  which 

cottons  printed  with  certain  colors  are  cleansed  or  scoured 

with  soap  and  water. 

beck6t,  n.     [Cf.  beak2.]     Same  as  beck-harman. 

becker  (bek'er),  n.    [E.  dial,  (also  becket1,  q.  v.), 

appar.  <  beck1    +  -er1.     Cf.    F.    beccard,  the 

female  salmon.]    A  name  of  the  fish  Sparus 

pagrus,  otherwise  called  braize  and  king  of  the 

sea-breams. 

beckern  (bek'ern),  n.     Same  as  bickcrn  and 

beak-iron. 
becket1  (bek'et),  n.     [E.  dial. ;  cf.  OF.  bequet, 
becltet,  a  pike  or  pickerel,  dim.  of  bee,  beak:  see 
beak1,  beck1.]     Same  as  becker. 
becket'- (bek'et),  ».     [Origin obscure.]     Kattt.: 
(a)  A  short  piece  of  rope,  with  a  knot  at  one 

end  and  an  eye 
in  the  other, 
for  tempora- 
rily confining 
ropes  or  small 
spars.  (b)  A 
handle  made 
of  a  rope  grom- 
met  or  ring. 
(c)  A  wooden 
cleat  or  hook, 
fastened  on 
the  fore-  or 
main-rigging  of 
a  ship,  for 
the   tacks    and 

shells    In   lie    ill 

when  not  in  use.  (d)  A  rope  grommot  in  the 
bottom  of  a  block  for  securing  the  standing  end 
of  the  fall,  (e)  A  cant  term  for  a  trousers-pocket. 

becket2  (bek'et),  v.  t.  [<  becket2,  n.]  To  fas- 
ten or  provide  with  beckets.     Cooper. 

beck-harmant,  "•  [Also  harman-bedk;  old 
slang,  of  obscure  origin;  with  beck  cf.  equiv. 
beak2.]     In  old  slang,  a  constable.    B.  Jonson. 

beckingt  (bek'ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  beck"2,  v.] 
The  act  of  making  a  beck;  the  act  of  bowing 
or  nodding. 

The  Communion  was  altogether  like  a  popish  mass, 
with  the  old  apish  tricks  of  Antichrist,  bowings  and  beck- 
ings,  kneeUnga  andfenockings,  the  Lord's  Death,  after  St. 
Paul's  doctrine,  neither  preached  nor  spoken  of. 

Bp.  Bale,  in  K.  W.  Dixon'3  Hist.  Ch,  of  Eng.,  xxi. 


become 

beck-iron  (bek'i  em),  ».  [<  beck*  +  iron.  Cf. 
beak-iron.]   1.  A  contrivance  for  holdinga  piece 

of  wood  firmly  while  it  is  planed,    it  is  mad 

iron  or  steel  rods  fastened  to  a  bench  and  bent  parallel  to 

the  surface  of  the  u I. 

2.  A  small  anvil  with  a  shallow  groove,  for 
rounding  the  inside  of  the  bows  of  scissors. 

beckon  (bek'n),  r.     [  lOarly  mod.  E.  also  In  el,  n, 

<  ME.  beknen,  becnen,  beknien.  <  AS.  becnian, 
bicenan,  later  also  bedenian  (OS.  boknian  = 
OHG.  bouhnen  =  ON.  bdkna),  <  bedcen,  a  sign, 
beacon:  see  beacon.]  I.  intraus.  To  make  a 
significant  gesture  with  the  head  or  hand,  in- 
tended as  a  hint  or  an  intimation,  especially  of  a 
desire  for  approach  or  departure,  or  tor  silence. 

Alexander  beckoned  with  the  hand,  and  would  have  made 
his  defence  unto  the  people.  Acta  xix.  33. 

II.  trans.  To  make  a  significant  sign  to ;  sum- 
mon or  direct  by  making  signs. 

I  see  a  hand  you  cannot  see, 
Which  beckons  me  away. 

Tickell,  Colin  and  Lucy. 

Beckoning  the  imagination  with  promises  better  than  any 

fulfilment.  Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  325. 

beckon  (bek'n),  n.  [<  beckon,  v.]  A  signifi- 
cant gesture:  as,  "at  the  first  beckon,"  Boling- 
broke,  Parties.     [Bare.] 

beckoner  (bek'n-er),  k.  One  who  beckons  or 
calls  by  signs. 

beclapt  (be-klap'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beclappen;  < 
be-1  +  clap1.]     To  catch;  grasp;  insnare. 

He  that  with  his  thousand  cordes  slye 
Continuelly  us  waiteth  to  biclappe. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  9. 

beclipt  (be-klip'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beclippen;  <  fte-1 
+  clip1.]    To  embrace;  clasp. 

And  sodenly,  ere  she  it  wiste, 
Beclipt  in  armes  he  her  kiste. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  I. 

becloud  (be-kloud'),  <•.  t.  [<  be-1  +  cloud.]  To 
overcloud;  obscure;  dim. 

Storms  of  tears  becloud  his  eyes. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  v.  15. 

The  subject  has  been  beclouded  by  the  mass  of  writings. 
The  American,  VIII.  60. 

become  (be-kum'),  v. ;  pret.  became,  pp.  become, 
ppr.  becoming.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beetint,  he- 
cume,  <  ME.  beeumen,  bicumen,  <  AS.  becuman, 
bicuman,  come,  happen  (=  D.  bckomen  =  OHG. 
biqueman,  MHG.  bckomen,  G.  bekommen,  reach, 
suit,  =  Goth,  bikwiman,  come  upon  one,  befall), 

<  be-  +  cuman,  come:  see  6c-1  and  come.  In 
the  sense  of  befit,  suit,  cf.  AS.  gecweme,  ME. 
icweme,  cweme,  and  OHG.  biqudmi,  MHG.  be- 
(pjtcvme,  G.  bequcm,  fit,  suitable ;  also  AS.  cym- 
lic,  E.  comely,  and  L.  convenieu(t-)s,  E.  conve- 
nient.] I.  intraus.  If.  To  come;  arrive;  betake 
one's  self;  go. 

But  when  they  saw  that  they  shoulde  become  vnder  the 
obedience  of  another  prince,  they  sttrfred  the  Greekes  to 
meet  Alexander.  ,/.  Beende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 

You  shall  have  sometimes  fair  houses  so  full  of  glass 
that  one  cannot  tell  where  to  become  to  be  out  of  the  sun 
or  cold.  Bacon,  Building. 

I  cannot  joy,  until  I  be  resolv'd 
Where  our  right  valiant  father  is  become. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  come  about;  come  into  being;  pass  from 
non-existence;  arise.     [Rare.] 

The  only  reals  for  him  [Hume  1  were  certain  irrelated  sen- 
sations, and  out  of  these  knowledge  arises  or  becomes. 

Mind,  XI.  3. 

3.  To  change  or  pass  from  one  state  of  exis- 
tence to  another;  come  to  be  something  differ- 
ent; come  or  grow  to  be:  as,  the  boy  rapidly 
becomes  the  man. 

The  Lord  God  .  .  .  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath 
of  life ;  and  man  became  a  living  soul.  t  len.  ii.  7. 

I  rue 
That  errour  now,  which  is  become  my  crime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1181. 

If  the  Bank  be  unconstitutional,  when  did  it  t,ccaate  so? 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Sept.  30,  1S34. 

4.  To  be  fit  or  proper ;  be  decorous  or  praise- 
worthy.    [Rare.] 

Set  this  diamond  safe 
In  golden  palaces,  as  it  becomes. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
To  become  of.  (at)  To  come  out  of ;  result  from.  See  1. 
(b)  To  be  the  fate  of;  be  the  end  of;  be  the  final  or  sub. 
sequent  condition:  after  what:  as,  what  will  become  oj 
our  commerce?  what  will  become  w  us?  It  applies  to  place 
as  well  as  condition  :  What  has  become  of  ray  friend'/  that 
is,  where  is  he?  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition? 

What  is  then  become  of  so  huge  a  multitude?    Raleigh. 

Sneer.  And  pray  what  becomes  <</her? 
Putf.  She  is  gone  to  throw  herself  into  the  sea,  to  be  sure. 
Sheridan.  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  to;  be 
congruous  with;  befit;  accord  with  in  charae- 


become 
ter  or  circumstances ;  be  worthy  of  or  proper 
arely  said  of  persons. 
If  I  I,,  amu  not  a  cart  ae  well  as  another  man,  a  plague 
on  my  bringing  up  :    I  hope  1  ahaUas  soon  bi   strangled 
with  a  halter  as  another.  Shak.,  I  Hen.  iv.,11.4. 

Nothing  in  hia  life 
,.  him  like  the  leaving  it 

Sftoi.,  Macbeth,  L  4. 

Idon'l  think  10  muchlearning  becomes  a  youngwoman. 
Sheridan,  Ihe  Rivals,  i.  i 

2.  To  befit  i"  appearance;  suit  estuetieally; 
grace  or  adorn. 
I  have  known  persona  so  anxious  to  havi   their  dress 
m   as  to  convert  it  at  length  into  their  proper 
self,  and  thus  actually  to  become  the  dress. 

Col  ridge.  Aids  to  Reflection,  p.  o3. 

[Formerly  becomed  was  sometimes  used  as  the 

past  participle.  ,   , 

1        '  \  b I  rebuke, 

Which  might  have  well  beam  d  thi  best  of  men, . 

To  taunt  at  slackness.  Sfto*.,   V  and  I    .  in.  ..] 

becomedt,  p.  "•    Prreg.  and  rare  pp.  of  fcccwne.] 
Becoming. 

I  nut  the  youthful  lord  at  Laurence'  pell, 
Ami  gave  iiini  what  becomed  love  1  might, 

""  '""""sfta* mR.eandJ.,iv.2. 
becomenesst,  "•  [< oecome,vp.,  +  -ness.  Ci.for- 
,„r,  „,.<,.  similarly  formed.]    Becorningness. 
becoming  (be-kum'ing),  p.  a.  andn.     [Ppr.  ol 
°,r.™..  ?.]     I.  p.  a.  1.  Fit;  suitable;  congru- 
ous;   proper:    belonging  to  the  character,   or 
adapted  to  the  circumstances:  formerly  some- 
times followed  by  of. 

Such  [discourses]  as  are  becoming  of  them.         Dryden. 

This  condescension,  my  Lord,  is  not  only  becoming  of 

vour  ancient  family,  but  of  your  personal  character  in 

toe  world  C'"''  "    lK(1-  of  L0™  Triumphant. 

2  Suitable  to  the  appearance  or  style  of;  be- 
fittiii"  esthetieally:  as,  a  becoming  dross.  =  syn. 
Meet   appropriate,  fitting,  seemly,  comely,  decent. 

II.  >i.  It.  Something  worn  as  an  ornament. 
Sir,  forgive  me, 
Since  my  becominn*  kill  me,  when  they  do  not 
Eye  well  to  you.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  l.  3. 

2.  That  which  is  suitable,  fit,  or  appropriate. 

Burnet,  among  whose   many  good  qualities  self-corn- 

man.l  anda  flni  -use  o£  the  becoming  cannot  be  reckoned. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Lug.,  i.\. 

3  In  metaph.,  the  transition  from  non-existence 
into  existence ;  an  intermediate  state  between 
being  and  not  being;  a  state  of  flux ;  the  state 
of  that  which  begins  to  be,  but  does  not  endure ; 
change;  development:  opposed  to  being. 

becomingly  (be-kum'ing-lO,  adv.  After  a  be- 
coming or  proper  manner. 
becomingness  (be-kum'ing-nes),  ».  Suitable- 
ness; congruitv;  propriety;  decency ;  gracerul- 
nessarising  from  fitness:  as,  " becommgness of 
virtue,"  Detany,  Christ  mas  Sermon. 
becaue  fbe-ka'),  a.     [F., <  bee  (ftecgi.-),  beak,  + 

-,'  =  E  -nl".]     In  her.,  same  as  beaked. 
becripple  (be-krip'l),  v.  t.    [<  be-*  +  cripple.] 
To  make  lame  ;  cripple.     [Rare.] 

whom  yon  bedwari  and  becrippU by  your  poison- 
ous medicines.  '  Dr.  E.More,  Mystery  of  Godliness,  vi.  19. 
becuiba-nut  (be-kwe'bii-nut),  n.      [<  beeuiba, 
bicuiba,  or  vicuiba,  the  native  name,  +  nut.] 

A  nut  produ 1  bva  Brazilian  tree.  MyrisUca 

Bieuhyba,  from  which  a  balsam  is  drawn  that 
ia  considered  of  value  in  rheumatism. 
becuna  (be-ku'na), ».    \Mh.becuna,  P.  Mcunej 
origin  unknown.  1   A  European  fish  ot  the  fami- 
ly Sphyrcenidas  {Sphyrama  spct),  somewhat  re- 


498 
1(  ,,  t01  shelter  and  warmth.    (c)  The  mattress  and 
bedclothes  together  with  the  bedstead,  a  permanent  atruc- 

ture  ol  i '  iP°n  whichtheyare  placed.    id) 

The  bedst  ad  by  itself. 

The  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 
Aiwdbj  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  to  oay. 

Qoldsmith,  Pes.  \  il.,  t.  230. 

1 1,,,,-* — 2.   Bv  extension,  the  resting-place  of 
an  animal.— 3.  Any  sleeping-place;  a  lodging; 
nimodation  for  the  night. 

On  mj  knees  T  beg 

That  von  vouchsafe  me  raiment,  bed,  and L 

Shak.,  l.i  ar.  n.  4. 


Becuna  (Sfliyraita  j/v.'j. 


Bembling  a  pike.     \  and  air-bladder  is 

obtain-  i  i  ml  i"  the  manufacture  of  artffl. 

dal  pearls.    The  flesh  is  well  flavored. 

becnrl  (be-kerl' ),«.*.  [<  '"-1  +  <■„,/.]  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  curls:  as,  a  becurled  dandy. 

bed1  (bed).  ».  [Early  mod.  B.  also  '»<'•'.  bedefe, 
<  MK.  bed,  fre&fe,  <  AS.  »"'<'.  bed  OS.  bed  = 
OFries.  bed  =D.  bed  =  OHG.  '-,  «,  b<  tti,  M  H«  '•■ 
bette,  bet.  G.  '<< ",  '»<'  =  feel.  bedhr=  Sw.  bddd 
=  Dan.  (V,J  =  Goth.  '»"  the  special 

sense  of  a  plat  of  ground  in  a  g  udei curs  in 

AS.,  Ml  in.,  etc.,  and  is  the  only  sense  of  Han. 
bed,  and  of  the  G.  form  beef);  perhaps  orig.  a 
place  dug  out,  a  lair,  and  thus  akin  to  I.,  fodi, 
dig:  see  foss,  fossil,  etc.]  1.  That  upon  or 
within  which  one  reposes  or  sleeps,  (o) 
flat  ban  fllled  with  feathers,  down  hair,  straw,  or  the  like; 
a  mattress.    (6)  Themattret   I  .veringa 


4.  Matrimonial  connection;   conjugal  union; 

matrimonial  rights  and  duties. 

George,  tl Lest  son  of  his  second  bed. 

Clan  ndon,  Hist.  Kef.,  I.  i.  -i. 

5.  Offspring;  progeny.— 6.  Anything  resem- 
bling, or  assumed  to  resemble,  a  bed  in  torm 
or  position,  (a)  A  plat  or  pie,  e  oi  ground  in  a  garden 
in  which  plants,  especially  flowers,  are  grown,  usually 
raised  a  little  above  the  adjoining  ground. 

Beds  of  hyacinths  and  roses.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  998. 

(M  The  bottom  of  a  river  or  other  stream,  or  of  anybody 
of  water. 

A  narrow  gully,  apparently  the  dry  bed  of  a  mountain 
torrent  Zranj7,  Sketch-Book,  p.  63. 

(c)  A  layer;  a  stratum;  an  extended  mass  of  anything, 
whether  upon  the  earth  or  within  it:  as,  a  bed  of  sulphur;  a 
bed  of  sand  or  clay.  In  geology  a  bed  is  a  layer  ol  rock;  a 
portion  of  a  rock-mass  which  has  so  much  homogeneity, 
and  is  so  separated  from  the  rock  which  lies  over  and  un- 
derit  that  it  has  a  character  of  itsown.  This  distinctness 
of  character  may  be  given  by  peculiarities  of  composition, 
texture,  or  color,  or  simply  by  a  facility  of  separation  from 
the  associated  beds.  Thus,  there  may  lie  a  bed  of  marble 
intercalated  in  a  mass  of  shale;  or  there  may  he  several 
beds  of  marble  associated  together,  each  bed  being  indi- 
vidualized by  peculiarities  of  texture  or  color  In  the 
latter  case  thee  would  ordinarily  lie  a  distinct  break  or 
solution  »f  continuity  between  the  different  beds,  so  that 
when  quarried  th,  >  would  separate  from  each  other  with- 
out difficulty  along  the  plane  of  contact.  The  Latin  word 
stratum  is  commonly  employed  in geological  wnttngs,  and 
is  almost  the  exact  equivalent  of  bed.  Bed  as  applied  to 
mineral  deposits,  implies  ordinarily  that  the  masses  of 
ore  thus  characterized  lie  flat,  and  have  more  or  less  of 
the  character  of  sedimentary  deposits,  in  distinction  from 
those  of  true  veins,  or  lodes.  , 

7  Anything  resembling  a  bed  m  function ;  that 
on  which  anything  lies,  or  in  which  anything 
is  embedded.  Particularly —(a)  In  building :  (1)  Either 
of  the  horizontal  surfaces  of  a  building-stone  in  position. 
The  surfaces  are  distinguished  as  the  --<./■-  .  and  the  lower 
bed  (21  The  under  surface  of  a  brick,  shingle,  slate,  or 
tile'  in  position.  ((.)  In  gun.,  the  foundation-piece  of  a 
gun-carriage.    The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a  solid  piece  of  hard 

wood  hollowed  out  in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech 
and  half  the  trunnions,  (c)  In  rnael,..  the  foundation-piece 
on  which  the  machine  is  constructed;  id)  In  a  .n-nuln,,,- 
mill  the  lower  grindstone,  (e)  In  printing,  the  table  of  a 
nrinting-presson  which  the  form  of  types  is  laid  It  is  now 
always  of  iron,  but  in  old  hand-presses  it  was  made  of  wood 
orstone  (/)  In  rnilimii-cnnsti  union,  the  superficial  earth- 
workwitti  the  ballasting.  <;,)  Naut.,  a  thick  flat  piece 
,,f  wood  placed  under  the  quarter  of  casks  m  a  ship  s  hold, 
to  relieve  the  bilge  or  thickest  part  of  the  cask  from  pres- 
sure Oi)  The  beams  or  shears  which  support  the  puppets 
or  stocks  of  a  lathe.  (0  In  masonry,  a  layer  of  cement  or 
mortar  in  whicha  Btone  is  embedded,  or  against  which  it 
be  in  (,)  In  a  plane, the  inclined  face  against  winch  the 
olanelironbears.  (t)T^elowerdiemapunching-machlne. 
?R  \n  sMfbTmtiJ,  the  cradle  of    a  ship  when    on    the 

stocks     fm)  inbooiknding.ttiei b  used  in  the  process 

of  marbUng  the  edges  of  hooks.  It  is  a  water-solution  of 
"inn  tragacanth.  ,  „  m., , 

8  A  flock  or  number  of  animals,  as  ot  wild 
fowl  on  the  water,  closely  packed  together.— 

9  A  division  of  the  ground  in  the  game  ot 
hop-scotch,  also  called  locally  the  game  of 
••  beds."- Aix  beds,  in  geol.,  thick  fresh-water  Tertiarj 
strata,  occurring  near  Aix,  in  Provence  France,  consist- 
,„ dcareous marls,  calcareo-s.lieious  grits,  and  gyp- 
sum, and  full  of  fossil  fishes,  insects,  and  plants.  Apple- 
Die  bed  s,e  »,-/./. -,./.-.- Bagshot  beds,  in  geol., certain 
b.fls  of  r,,,,„ 'Veriiarv  age  which  form  outliers  near 
Lond ngland,  and  ocenpy  a  considerable  area  around 

ol    in  Surrey,  and  in  the  Ne«   Forest,  Hamp 

i,    I  til  composed  of  ., and.  With IStona     lalers 

„,  cL  as  also  of  brick-earth  and  pebbles.  CheBagshot 
beds  rest  upon  the  London  clay.  They  are  usua lly  desti- 
tule  of  fos'ils.  Uso  called  Bagihot  sand.  Bala  beds, 
;,,,„„,  certain  bedsoi  Lower  3Uunan  age  which  are  par. 
Hcularlj  well  developed  near  the  town  and  lake iof  Bala 
InMerioneth  hire  Wales  Bedof  the  bowsprit, a  bear- 
,„  ,„„„.,  out  -I  the  bead  of  the  stem  and  the  apron 
to  support  the  bowsprit. -Bed  of  justice  (F.  W  de  jus- 
tice) .',)  Vthroni which  th.'  Ungoi  France  was  seated 

when  he  attended  parliament.     Hence,  @i iaJ  vtslj 

,,i  B  king  ol  France  to  his  parliament.    Ihi   e  in  il    had 

everal  objects   but  latterly,  when  the  pa ienl  became 

i  oowi  .  i"  thi    tate  beds  oi  justice  were  held  princlpaiij 

tor  thi   i  !"i i  compelling  the  partial I  ot  i  ans 

the  chiei  oi  the  French  parliaments,  to  register  edicts  o 
the  kino  when  II  Bhowed  unwillingness  to  do  bo.    inej 

w,iv   also  b.  Id   to   try  a  peer.  tO  Create   neu  taxes,  to  Mr 

SS  the  1*5  ue'i.nc    m,      Beinbridge  beds, 

'     a   roaalllferous  division  ol   the      I;-'     ' 

strata  principaUj  ft  reloped  in  the  tsle  ol  Wight,  Eng 
iVa      consisting  of  marls  and  clays    reating  or  a  com 

oart'pal^yellow  or  cream-colored  [imesl called  Bern- 

K  I i Theyah Ita ithe shell. rf :1mm 

and  Pianor&i  and  remains  of  two  species  ..f  Chara 
,  ,,, 'piani  MH  their  mosl  dl  tinctlv,  feature  is  Uie 
m:lIllli;,i,:,u  remaina  of  the  PotaratAmuw  and  A.nopU>- 


bedag 

therium  One  layer  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  the  re- 
mains of  a  minute  globular  species  of  /■-,/". /--r.-Brora 
beds,  in  geol.,  a  series  of  strata  occurring  near  Brora  In 
Sutherlandshire,  Scotland,  ol  theageof  the  Lower  Oolite. 

remarkable  for  containing  a  seam  .it  a coal  ...  feet 

thick,  which  is  the  thickest  bed  ol  true  coal  found  in  the 

s,,. Ian  strataofGri  at  luitam. -From bedand board, 

a  law  phrase  applied  to  a  separaO f  man  and   ,wfe 

without  dissolving  the  bands  of  matrimony:  now  called 
.,  judicial  s-r-ro/.o-.-Ganister  beds.    See  gam rti  -. 
Hydrostatic  bed.    8ee  water-bed.-  Maestricht  beds, 
mgeol    a  member  of  the  Cretaceous,  forming  the  lower 

division'  of   the  upper) t    subgroup  of    that  secies    mid 

interesting  on  account  of  the  fossils  ii  contains.  It  is 
,m  well  developed  at  Maestricht  In  the  Nether 
l,,„l,  n.e-e  bedscontain  a  mixture  of  true  tivtaceoua 
(onus  with  such  as  are  characteristic  of  the  older  ter- 
tiary Parade  bed,  In  some  ceremonial  funerals  par- 
ticularly of  great  peraoi is,  a  bed  or  bier  on  winch  a 

corpse  or  etligy  is  laid  out  in  state. 

The  effigy  of  the  deceased  with  his  hands  crossed  upon 
a  book,  lying  upon  a  parade  bed,  placed  on  the  top  of  a 
lion-footed  sarcophagus. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  120. 

Purbeck  beds,  in  geol.,  a  group  of  rocks  named  from  the 
Isle  of  Purbeck  Doraetshire,  England,  resting  on  the  Port- 

landian   and  forming  the  highest  divisi f  the  Jurassic 

,eiies  in  England.  The  fossils  of  the  Purbeck  are  fresh- 
water and  brackish,  and  there  are  in  this  formation  dirt- 
beds  ,,,    layers  of  ancient  soil  containing  stumps  ot  trees 

which  grew  in  them.    The  same  for Hon  hiaJso f ouna  in 

the  Jura,  in  the  valley  of  the  Iioiibs.- St.  Helen  s  beds. 
Same  as  Osborne  series  (which  see,  under  series).— TO  D6 
brought  to  bed,  to  be  confined  in  childbed  :  followed  by 
of:  aaltobe  brought  to  bed  oj  a  son.  To  make  a  bed, 
to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  been  used. 
bed1  (bed),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedded,  ppr.  bid- 
ding. [<  ME.  bedden,  beddi&n,  <  AS.  beddmn 
(OHG.  betton  =  Sw.  biiddii),  prepare  a  bed,  < 
bed,  a  bed.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  or  as  in 
a  bed. 


My  son  i'  the  ooze  is  bedded.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  go  to  bed  with ;  make  partaker  of  one's 

bed. 

They  have  married  me  : 
111  to  the  Tuscan  wars,  and  never  tied  her 

Shale.,  Alls  Well,  u.  3. 

3.  To  provide  a  bed  for;  furnish  with  accom- 
modations for  sleeping.— 4.  To  put  to  bed; 
specifically,  to  put  (a  couple)  to  bed  together, 
as  was  formerly  the  custom  at  weddings. 

The  Dauphin  and  the  Dauphiness  were  bedded. 

London  Gaz.  (1680),  No.  1494.    (N.  E.  D.) 

5.  To  make  a  bed  of,  or  plant  in  beds,  as  a 
mass  of  flowering  plants  or  foliage-plants ;  also, 
to  transplant  into  a  bed  or  beds,  as  from  pots 
or  a  hothouse:  often  with  out. 

Such  [cuttings)  as  are  too  weak  to  be  put  in  the  nursery 
rows  .  .  .  will  require  to  be  bedded  out ;  that  is,  set 
closely  in  beds  by  themselves,  where  they  can  remain  for 
one  or  two  years,  until  they  are  large  and  strong  enough 
for  root  grafting  or  for  the  nursery  rows 

p.  Barry,  Fruit  Garden,  p.  139. 

6  To  embed;  fix  or  set  in  a  permanent  posi- 
tion ;  furnish  with  a  bed:  as,  to  6(  d  a  stone. 

Rites  which  attest  that  Man  by  nature  lies 

Bedded  for  good  and  evil  in  a  gulf 

Fearfully  low.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  v. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum;  stratify;  lay  in  order 

or  flat. 

Your  bedded  hair  .  .  . 
starts  in.  and  stands  on  end. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  in.  4. 

8.  To  make  abed  for,  as  a  horse:  commonly 
used  with  down. 

After  bedding  down  the  horse  and  fastening  the  barn, 
he  returned  to  thi  kitchen. 

.;.  T.  Trowbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  ». 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  go  to  bed:  retire  to  sleep: 
by  extension  applied  to  animals.— 2.  To  co- 
habit ;  use  the  same  bed  ;  sleep  together. 

If  he  be  married  and  bed  with  his  wife. 

Wiseman,  surgery. 

Tbev  [the  wasps]  never  molested  me  seriously,  though 
thej  /J./.,/ with  inc.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  288. 

3.  To  rest  as  in  or  on  a  bed :  with  on. 

The  rail,  therefore,  beds  throughout  on  the  ballast. 

/  re,  Diet.,  1 1 1.  w*. 

4    To  flock  closely  together,  as  wild  fowl  on 
the  surface  of  the  water.— 5.  To  sleep;  pass 
the  night,  as  game  in  cover, 
bed-t.     An  occasional  Middle  English  predial 

bedabble  (be-dab'l),  v.  t.  [<  bc-l  +  dabble  1  To 
dabble  with  moisture:  make  wet:  as,  bedab- 
bled with  the  dew,"  Shak..  M.  N.  D.,  m.  2. 

bedad  tbr-dti.r  ).  <»"<;/.     An  Irish  minced  oath, 
a  corruption  of  begad,  for  by  Godl 
r..i.<.i  ahe'd  comeand  marrj  some  ot 'em.    Tha 

bedafft  (bf-daf')i  ''•  '•  &*■  '"'/'"'"'  \1'}K  'ft 
daffed),<ie-  +  daffe,a  fool:  see&e  '  and  ,/-./).] 
'IV,  befool;  make  a  fool  of.  Chaucer,  I  lerk  s 
Tale,  Envoye,  1.  15. 

bedaftt  (be-daft'Vp.  a.    stupid;  foolish. 

bedagt,  v.  /.  L<  MB-  bedaggen;  <  bi-i  +  dag.-] 
To  bcdaggle. 


bedaggle 

bedaggle  (be-dag'l),  r.  t.  [<  be-1  +  daggle.  Cf. 
betlag.]  To  soi1'  as  clothes,  by  trailing  the 
ends  in  the  mud,  or  spattering  them  with  dirty 
water.     ./.  Richardson,  Notes  on  Milton. 

bed-alet  (bed'al),  ».  Ale  brewed  for  a  confine- 
ment or  a  christening. 

bedaret  (be-dar'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  dare1.]  To 
dare;  defy. 

The  eagle  ...  is  emboldened 

With  rV-'S  inlriitiVr  to  lidlilte  the  SUM. 

Peek,  David  and  Bethsabe. 
bedarkt  (b§-d&rk'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bederken;  < 
be-1  +  dark,  ».]     To  darken. 

Whan  the  blacke  winter  night  .  .  . 
Bederked  hath  the  water  Btronde, 
Al  prively  they  gone  to  londe. 

Cfous  r,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  81. 

bedarken  (be-diir'kn),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  darken.] 

To  cover  with  darkness;  darken;  obscure. 
bedarkened  (be-dar'knd),  p.  a.     1.  Obscured. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  existing  in  mental  or  moral 
darkness;  sunk  in  ignorance :  as,  " this  bedark- 
ened race,"  Southey, 

bedash  (be-dash'),t).<.  [ibe-1  +  dash.~\  To  wet 
by  throwing  water  or  other  liquid  npon;  be- 
spatter with  water  or  mud :  as,  "  trees  bedash'd 
with  rain,"  Shah.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  2. 

So  terribly  bedash'd  .  .  .  that  you  would  swear 
He  were  lighted  from  a  horse-race. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

bedaub  (be-dab'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  daub.-]     To 
daub  over  ;  besmear ;  soil. 
Bedaub  fair  designs  with  a  foul  varnish. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  xv. 
Bedawi  (bed'a-we),  n. ;  pi.  Bedawin  (-wen).  See 

Bedouin,  1. 

bedazzle  (be-daz'l),  v.  t.   [<  be-1  +  daesle.]   To 

dazzle  by  too  strong  a  light;  blind  or  render 

incapable  of  seeing  clearly  by  excess  of  light. 

My  mistaking  eyes 

That  have  been  so  bedazzled  with  the  sun, 

That  everything  I  look  on  seemeth  green. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 
Sunrise  threw  a  golden  beam  into  the  study  and  laid  it 
right  across  the  minister's  bedazzled  eyes. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

bedazzlingly  (be-daz'ling-li),  adv.  So  as  to 
bedazzle. 

bed-boardt  (bed'bord),  n.  The  head-board  or 
foot -board  of  a  bedstead. 

bed-bolt  (bed'bolt),  n.  Naut.,  a  horizontal  bolt 
passing  through  both  the  brackets  of  a  gun- 
carriage  on  which  the  forward  end  of  the  stool- 
bed  rests. 

bedbug  (bed'bug),  n.  The  Cimex  leetidarius  or 
Aeanthia  It  etularia,  infesting  beds.     See  bug-. 

bed-chair  (bed'ehar),  n.  An  adjustable  frame 
designed  to  enable  invalids  to  sit  up  in  bed. 
Also  called  chair-bed. 

bedchamber  (bed'eham'ber),  v.  [<  ME.  bed- 
ehaumbrc  (=  MHG.  bettekammere);  <  bed1  + 
chamber.']  An  apartment  or  chamber  intended 
or  appropriated  for  a  bed,  or  for  sleep  and  re- 
pose— Lords  of  the  bedchamber,  officers  of  the  Brit- 
ish royal  household  under  the  groom  of  the  stole.  They 
are  twelve  in  number,  and  wait  a  week  each  in  turn. 
The  groom  of  the  stole  does  not  take  his  turn  of  duty, 
but  attends  the  king  on  all  state  occasions.  There  are 
thirteen  grooms  of  the  bedchamber,  who  wait  likewise 
in  turn.  In  the  case  of  a  queen  regnant  these  posts  are 
occupied  by  women,  called  ladies  of  the  bedchamber.  In 
either  case  they  are  generally  held  by  persons  of  the  high- 
est nobility. 

bed-clip  (bed'klip),  n.  In  coach-building,  a 
band  of  iron  designed  to  secure  the  wooden 
bed  of  the  vehicle  to  the  spring  or  to  the  axle. 

bedclothes  (bed'kloTHz),  n.pl.  The  coverings 
used  on  beds;  sheets,  blankets,  quilts,  etc.,  col- 
lectively. 

bed-cover  (bed'kuv"er),  n.  A  bedquilt  or  bed- 
spread. 

bedded  (bed'ed),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  bed1,  ».]  1. 
Provided  with  a  bed. —  2.  Laid  in  a  bed;  em- 
bedded.—  3.  Existing  in  beds,  layers,  or  strata; 
stratified,  or  included  between  stratified  masses 
of  rock.  Chiefly  used  in  combination,  as  thin-bedded, 
heavy-he  </</.</.  etc.  Masses  of  igneous  rock  formed  by  suc- 
cessive overflows  of  molten  material  are  often  said  to  be 
bedded,  but  not  ordinarily  stnitilied. 
4.  Growing  in  or  transplanted  into  beds,  as 
plants. 

Dost  sit  and  hearken 
The  dreary  melody  of  bedded  reeds 
In  desolate  places.       Keats,  Endymion,  i.  239. 

bedder  (bed'er),  n.  1.  One  who  puts  to  bed. 
—  2.  One  who  makes  beds  (mattresses);  an 
upholsterer.  [Local,  Eng.] — 3.  Abed-stone; 
specifically,  the  nether  stone  of  an  oil-mill. 
Phillips  (1706).  Also  bedetter—  4.  A  bedding- 
plant  (which  see). 

bedding  (bed'ing),  w.  [<  ME.  bedding,  <  AS. 
bedding  (for  "beddung)  =  G.  bettung  ;  <  bed1  + 


499 

■wig1.]  1.  The  act  of  placing  in  a  bed;  a 
putting  to  bed,  especially  of  a  newly  married 
couple.     See  bed,  V,  t.,  4. 

A  circumstantial  description  of  the  wedding,  bedding, 
and  throwing  the  stocking.  Scott,  Nigel,  txxvil. 

2.  A  bed  and  its  furniture ;  the  materials  of  a 
bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast. 

Pray  Sod  he  have  not  kept  such  open  houBe, 
That  he  hath  sold  my  hangings,  and  my  bedding! 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  I. 

3.  In  geol.,  as  used  by  most  geologists,  the 
exact  equivalent  of  stratification,  or  occurrence 
in  strata  or  beds.  See  bed,  bedded,  and  lamina- 
tion.— 4.  In  building,  a  foundation  or  bottom 
layer  of  any  kind.— 5.  The  seat  in  which  a 
steam-boiler  rests. 

bedding-molding  (bed'ing-niol'ding),  n.  Same 
as  bed-molding. 

bedding-plant  (bed'ing-plant),  n.  An  orna- 
mental flowering  plant  or  foliage-plant  suited 
by  habit  for  growing  in  beds  or  masses,  and  to 
produce  a  desired  effect,  generally  of  color, 
by  combination  with  other  plants. 

bedding-stone  (bed'ing-ston),  n.  In  bricklay- 
ing, a  straight  piece  of  marble  applied  to  the 
rubbed  side  of  the  brick  to  prove  whether  the 
surface  is  straight  or  not. 

beddy  (bed'i),  a.    Bold  ;  forward.     [Scotch.] 
But  if  my  puppies  once  were  ready, 
They'l  be  baith  clever,  keen,  and  beddy. 

Watson's  Collection,  I.  70. 

bedeM,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bead. 

bede2  (bed),  n.    [Etym.  unknown.]    In  English 

mining,  a  peculiar  kind  of  pickax. 
bedeadt  (be-ded'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  dead.]     To 

deaden. 

Others  that  are  bedeaded  and  stupefied  as  to    their 
morals.  Hallywell,  Melamproncea,  p.  1. 

bedeafen  (be-def'n),  v.   t.     [<  be-1  +  deafen.] 

To  render  deaf. 
bedeck   (be-dek'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  deck.]     To 
deck  out;  adorn;  grace:  as,  " bedecking  orna- 
ments," Shale,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1;  "bedecked,  or- 
nate, and  gay,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  712. 

Such  wonderful  and  priceless  gifts  as  these, 
Fit  to  bedeck  the  limbs  of  goddesses ! 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  245. 

bedeen  (be-den'),  adv.  [North.  E,  and  So.,  < 
ME.  beden'e,  beden,  bidenc,  biden ;  of  uncertain 
origin ;  appar.  <  bid-,  which  seems  to  be  an  un- 
explained substitute  for  bi,  E.  by,  prep,  (less 
prob.  a  corruption  of  mid,  with,  or  of  with),  + 
ene,  <  AS.  dine,  once,  at  once,  <  an,  one :  see  once, 
one,  and  cf.  anon,  of  somewhat  similar  forma- 
tion. Bedeen  is  often  a  mere  expletive.]  If.  In 
a  body;  together:  as,  all  bedeen. — 2f.  In  order ; 
one  after  another. —  3.  Forthwith;  straight- 
way.— 4.  Anon;  by  and  by. 

Read  on  our  Bibles,  pray  bedeen. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXVIII.  73S. 

bedegar,  bedeguar  (bed'e-gar),  n.     [<  F.  bede- 
gar,  bedeguar,  ult.  <  Ar.  Pers.  badawar,  a  kind 
of  white  thorn  or  this- 
tle, lit.  wind-brought, 

<  bad,  wind,  +  divnv, 

<  dwardau,  bring. 
Later,  in  the  form  bd- 
ddward,  appar.  taken 
as  bad,  wind,  +  Ar. 
ward,  rose.]  A  spon- 
gy excrescence  or  gall, 
sometimes  termed 
sweetbrier-sponge,  or 
robin-redbreast's  pin- 
cushion, found  on  va- 
rious species  of  roses, 
especially  the  sweet- 
brier,  produced  by  sev- 
eral insects,  as  Iiho- 
dites  rosa;  and  Ii.  bicolor,  as  the  result  of  punc- 
ture and  the  deposit  of  their  eggs,  and  contain- 
ing their  larvce :  once  supposed  to  have  medici- 
nal properties. 

bedehouse,  «.     See  bcadhouse. 

bedel,  bedell (be'dl,  be-del'),  n.  [< LL.  bedellus . 
see  beadle.]  In  the  medieval  universities,  a  ser- 
vant of  a  "nation"  or  faculty  (each  of  which 
companies  elected  two,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
termed  the  esquire  bedel  and  the  yeoman  bedel, 
terms  showing  the  classes  from  which  they  were 
chosen),  whose  duties  were  to  apportion  the 
"schools"  or  lecture-rooms  and  the  chapters  of 
the  colleges  and  halls,  to  cry  the  days  and  hours 
of  the  lectures,  to  publish  and  carry  out  the  de- 
crees of  the  company,  to  march  before  the  rec- 
tor, dean,  or  proctor  with  a  silver  mace  on  occa- 
sions of  ceremony,  etc.  See  beadle.  Grand  be- 
del, the  upper  bedel  of  the  faculty  of  theology. 


a,  Bedegars. 


bedight 

bedelvet,  v.  t.    [ME.  bedetaen,  <  AS.  bedel/an, 

<  be-,  about,  +  delfan,  dig;  see  In-1  and  delre.] 

1.  To  dig  round  or  about. —  2.  To  bury  in  tho 
earth. 

A  man  dali  the  erthe  .  .  .  and  fond  there  a  gobet  of 
golde  bydolven.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  v.  prose  1. 

bedeman,  it.     See  headsman. 

beden  (bo'den),  u.  [<Ax.baden.]  A  kind  of  ibex. 

bedenet,   «<'*'•       See  hnlerii. 

bederollt,  »•      See  bead-rnll. 

bedesmant,  "•    See  beadsman. 
bedettert,  u.    Same  as  In  deU  r,  :i,  of  which  it  ap- 
pears to  be  a  corruption. 

bedevil  (be-dev'l),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedeviled 
or  bedevilled,  ppr.  bedeviling  ot  bedevilling.     [< 

be-1  +  devil.]  1.  To  treat  with  diabolical  vio- 
lence or  abuse. 

Bedevilled  and  used  worse  than  St.  Bartholomew. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  I.  34. 

2.  To  possess  with  or  as  with  a  devil. 

One  age,  he  is  hagridden,  bewitched;  the  next,  priest- 
ridden,  befooled;  in  all  ages.  bedeviUed. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  "play  the  devil  with";  transform  or  con- 
fuse as  if  by  the  aid  or  agency  of  evil  spirits; 
confound ;  muddle  ;  corrupt ;  spoil. 

So  bedevil  a  bottle  "i  Geisenheim  .  .  .  you  wouldn't 
know  it  from  the  greenest  Tokay. 

Disraeli,  Vivian  ftrey,  vi. 

4.  To  bewilder  with  worry ;  torment;  bother; 
confuse. — 5.  To  make  a  devil  or  devils  of; 
bring  into  the  condition  of  a  devil :  as,  to  be- 
devil mankind. 

bedevilment  (be-dev'1-inent),  n.  [<  bedevil  + 
-ment.]  The  aet  of  bedeviling,  or  the  state  of 
being  bedeviled;  especially,  a  state  of  bewil- 
dering or  vexatious  disorder  or  confusion. 

The  lawyers  have  twisted  it  into  such  a  state  of  bedevil- 
ment that  the  original  merits  of  the  case  have  long  disap- 
peared. Dickens,  Bleak  lb. use,  \ iii. 

bedew  (be-du'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  beelewen,  bedea- 
iven  (=  MHG.  betouwen,  (i.  bcthauen);  <  be-1  + 
deiv.]  To  moisten  with  or  as  with  dew ;  moisten 
in  a  gentle  manner  with  any  liquid. 

The  most  precious  tears  are  those  with  which  heaven 
bedews  the  unburied  bead  of  a  soldier. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

bedewer  (be-dfi'er),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 
bedews. 
bedewyt   (bf-dti'i),   a.      [Erroneously  formed 
from  bedew,'  v. ;  prop,  dewy,  <  dew,  n.]     Moist 
with  dew. 

Dark  night  from  her  bedewy  wings 
Drops  sleepy  silence  to  the  eyes  of  all. 

.4.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  v.  16. 

bedfast  (bed'fast),  a.  [<  bed1  +  fast]  Con- 
fined to  bed;  bedridden. 

My  old  woman  is  bedfast. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  ii. 

bedfellow   (bed'fel'o),    n.      [<  ME.    bedfelow, 
-felawe;  <  bed1  +  fellow.]    One  who  shares  a 
bed  with  another. 
Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bedfeUovfS. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

bedferet  (bed'fer),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also, 
erroneously,  bedphere,  <  ME.  bedfere,  bedifere, 
<  bed  +  fere,  companion:  see  fere1.]  A  bed- 
fellow. 

Her  that  I  mean  to  choose  for  my  bed-phere. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  ii.  3. 

bed-frame  (bed'fram),  n.  The  frame  of  a  bed ; 
a  bedstead. 

bed-gown  (bed'goun),  n.  1.  A  night-gown  or 
night-dress. — 2.  A  kind  of  jacket  like  a  dressing- 
sack,  usually  of  printed  calico,  worn  in  Scotland 
by  women  of  the  working-class,  generally  to- 
gether with  a  drugget  or  colored  flannel  petti- 
coat.   Also  called  short-gown. 

She  had  wooden  shoes,  a  short  red  petticoat,  a  printed 
cotton  bed-gown;  her  face  was  broad,  her  physiognomy 
eminently  stupid.       Charlotte  Bronte,  The  Professor,  vii. 

bed-hangings  ibed'hang'ingz),  n.pl.    The  val- 
ance and  curtains  of  a  bed. 
bediamonded  (bf-di'a-mon-ded),  a.     [<  be-1  + 
diamond  +  -ed-.]    Covered  or  ornamented  with 
diamonds. 

Vstarte's  bediamonded  crescent. 

Poe,  Ulalume,  ii.  21. 

bedight  (bf-dif),  ».  t.;  generally  or  always  in 
pret.  and  pp.  bedight  or  bediqhtea.  [ME.,  only 
in  pp.  bediht,  bydyght;  <  be-1  +  dight.]  To  ar- 
ray; equip;  dress:  trick  out;  bedeck;  invest. 
[Archaic  and  poetical.] 

A  troope  of  men  the  most  in  armes  bedight. 

Kir.  for  Mags.,  p.  270. 

His  head  and  beard  with  sout  were  ill  bedight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  3. 


bedight 

Many  :i  rare  and  sumptuous  tome 
In  vellum  bound,  w  ui  gold  bedight. 

Uow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 

bedim  (be-dim'),  v.  /.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedimmed, 

ppr.  bedimming.    [</»-•  4-  </<«/.]    To  make  dim; 

obscuro  or  darken  ;  becloud. 

I  have  bedimm'd  the  noontide  sun.    Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  l. 

Phoebe,  coming  so  suddenly  from  the  sunny  daylight, 

altogether  bedimmed  in  such  density  of  shadow  as 

lurked  in  most  ol  the  passages  of  the  old  house. 

Hawthorn.  ,  Seven  Cables,  \x, 

bedimple  (be-dim'pl),  v.  t.  [<  6c-1  +  dimple.] 
To  cover  over  or  mark  with  dimples. 

bedirtt (be-derf), v.  t.  [< 6e-l  +  dirt.']  Todefile 
witb  dirt  :  figuratively,  throw  dirt  at:  vilify. 

bedismal  (be-diz'mal ).  r.  i.\  pret.  and  pp.  !><■- 
dismaled  or  bedismailed,  ppr.  bedismaling  or  be- 
dismaUing.    [<  bt  -1  +  dismal.]  To  make  dismal. 

bedizen  (be-diz'n  or-di'zn),  v.  t.  [Also  some- 
times  bedizzen;<.  be-1  +  dizen.]  To  deck  or 
dress  out,  especially  in  a  tawdry  manner  or  with 
vulgar  finery. 

Remnants  of  tapestried  hangings,  window  curtains,  and 
shreds  of  pictures,  with  which  he  had  bedizened  his  tatters. 
Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxvii. 
A  colossal  imagi  of  the  Virgin, .  .  .  bedizened  and  efful- 
gent, was  born*  aloft  upon  the  shoulders  of  her  adorers. 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  556. 

Like  clouds  which  bt  dizt  n 
At  sunset  the  western  horizon. 

Browning,  The  Glove. 

bedizenment  ibe-diz'n-  or  -di'zn-ment),  n.  [< 
b,  \izen  +  -ment.']  The  act  of  bedizening;  the 
state  of  being  bedizened ;  that  which  bedizens. 

The  tent  of  the  great  spirit's  sanctuary  with 

.  .  .  skulls.  /vMM/./,//,  Westward  Ho  !  p.  451. 

Strong  Damesof  the  Market,  .  .  .  with  oak-branches, 
trio  :  lent.        Carlyte,  French  Rev.,  III.  iv.  4. 

bed-key  (bed'ke),  n.     Same  as  bed-wt  rich. 

bedlam  (bed'lam),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bedXem,  Sethlem,  <  ME.  bedlem,  bedleem, 
bethiem,  a  corruption  of  Bethlehem  (ME.  B<  th- 
leem,  Bedlem):  see  Bethlehem.  See  def.  1.]  I. 
ii.  1.  [cop.]  The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Beth- 
lehem in  London,  originally  a  priory,  founded 
about  1247,  but  afterward  used  as  an  asylum 
for  lunatics. 

At  my  returns  I  stept  into  Bedlame,  where  I  saw  several 
poore  miserable  creatures  in  chaines. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  21,  1657. 

Hence  —  2.  A  madhouse;  a  lunatic  asylum. 

He's  past 
Recovery  ;  a  Bedlam  cannot  cure  him. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 

3.  A  scene  of  wild  uproar  and  confusion. 

A  general  division  of  possessions  would  make  the  coun- 
try a  Bcene  of  profligate  extravagance  for  one  year  and  of 
universal  desolation  the  next  — a  bedlam  fur  one  short 
i  and  a  charnel-house  ever  after.  Brougham. 

4t.  An  inmate  or  a  patient  of  Bethlehem  Hos- 
pital,  or  Bedlam;  specifically,  one  discharged 
as  cured  (though  often  only  partially  cured)  and 
licensed  to  beg.  Such  persons  wore  a  tin  plate  as  a 
badge  on  their  left  arm,  and  were  known  as  bedlam  beggars, 
bedlamitt  ■.  or  bedtamers. 

Let's  foi],.\y  t!u-  old  earl,  and  pet  the  Bedlam 

To  lead  him  where  he  would  ;  his  roguish  madness 

Allows  itseli  t  '  anything.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

Hence — 5f.  In  general,  a  madman  ;  a  lunatic. 
—  Jack  or  Tomo'  Bedlam,  a  madman. 

II.  u.   Belonging  to  or  fit  for  a  bedlam  or 
madhouse;  mad;  mentally  deranged. 
The  h  Ham  brain-sick  duchess.   Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
This  which  follow  p]         bedlam  stuffe,  this  is  the 

indeed. 

Stilton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

Bedlam  beggar.    Seel     I 
bedlamer  (bed'lam-er),  ».     [<  bedlam  +  -er1.] 

It.  A  heggar.      See  bedlam,  ii.,  4. 

country  Ith  i    then  much  troubled  with 

/.  /  Worth,  Lord  '  luilford,  I    ".  i 

2.  The  name  given  by  seal-hunters  to  the 
hooded  seal.  ('i/ylnphiirii  cristata,  when  a  year 
old,  fro  in  cries  and  actions  when  it 

cannol  esca  pi  ters. 

bedlamism   (bed'lam-izm),   n.      [<  bedlam  4- 
<t  »  uich  is  characteristic 

of  madness  or  of  mad   pi  opll  :   :i   trait  of  mad- 
ness.    Carlyle. 
bedlamite  (bed'lam-il  i,  «.    [<  bedlam  +  -itet.] 

A   mailman        See  /„  •lluiii,  /...   I. 

\\  hat  ni'  an    the  B  this  ft  eak  ■ 

Hawtl  Cold  Tales,  II. 

bedlamitish  fbed'lam-lt-ish),  a.  [(.bedlamite 
4-  -ish.~\     Resembling  or  cha  of  a 

bedlamite  or  madman. 

Their  /.'■  dlamiti  n  i  reation  ol  

Carlyl oude,  II.  236. 

bedlamize  ibcd'lnm-iz),  r.  /.:   |.ret.  and  pp.  bed- 

lamized,  ppr.  bedlamteing.    To  make  mad. 


500 

'fin-  Germans,  on  their  part,  calmly  conscious  of  their 
irresistible  stri  ngth,  proceeded  to  fasten  ever  more  coin 
pulsive  bonds  ami  sobering  Btraps  on  the  Bedlamised 
i  .i:i,t[ \  Lowe,  Bismarck,  I   690. 

bedlart,  bedlawert,  «•    [<  ME. in dlawere  (=G. 

hi  ttlagi  r).  <  bed  4-    "lain r,  appal'.  <  Ieel.  lint,    a 

lying;  of.  lair.]    A  bedridden  person.     [Old 

English  anil  Scotch.] 
bedless  (bed'les),  a.    [<  ban  4-  -less.]   Without 

a  bed. 
bed-linen  (bed'lin  en),  n.  Sheets,  iullow-cases, 

etc  originally  always  of  linen,  now  sometimes 

of  cotton, 
bed-lounge  (bed'lounj),   n.     A  combined  bed 

and  lounge;  a  lounge  or  plain  sofa  made  so  as 

to  open  and  form  a  bed. 
bedmaker  (bed'ma'ker),  n.    [<  ME.  bedmaker.] 

1.  One  who  manufactures  beds  or  bedsteads. 
—  2.  One  who  prepares  beds  for  use ;  espe- 
cially, in  English  universities,  a  man  or  woman 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  care  of  the  rooms  and 
make  the  beds  in  college.  Female  bedmakers 
were  forbidden  in  Cambridge  in  1625,  but  are 
now  usual. 

The  bed-makers  are  the  women  who  take  care  of  the 
rooms ;  there  is  about  one  to  each  staircase,  that  is  to 
say,  to  every  eight  rooms. 

('.  .1.  BriMal,  English  University,  p.  30. 

bedmate  (bed'mat),  n.  A  bedfellow.  Shak: 
bed-molding  (bed'moFding),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
molding  of  the  cornice  of  an  entablature,  situ- 
ated beneath  1  he  corona  and  immediately  above 
the  frieze.  Also  called  bedding-molding. 
bedotet  (be-dof),  r.  t.  [ME.,  <  be-1  +  dote.] 
To  make  to  dote  ;  befool ;  deceive. 

For  to  bedote  this  queene  was  her  cntcnt. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1. 1547. 

Bedouin  (bed'6-in),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
Bediein,  or  as  ML.  Baduini,  Beduini,  pi.  (ME. 
rarely  Bedoyncs);  mod.  E.  also  freq.  Bedoween, 
and  more  exactly  Bedawi,  sing.,  Bedawin,  pi., 
after  Ar.,  the  form  Bedouin  being  <  E.  Bedouin 
(OF.  Beduin  =  It.  Bcduino,  ML.  Beduinus,  etc.), 
<  Ar.  badawin,  pi.  of  badawiy,  a  dweller  in  the 
desert  (cf.  haddiei,  rural,  rustic),  <  badw,  desert, 
open  country.]  I.  n.  1 .  An  Arab  of  the  desert ; 
one  of  the  nomadic  Arabs,  divided  into  many 
tribes,  who  live  in  tents,  rear  flocks  and  herds, 
especially  of  camels,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabia,  parts  of  Syria,  and  Egypt  and  other 
parts  of  Africa.  Also  Bedawi,  plural  Bedawin. 
Professionally,  and  in  the  ordinary  course  of  their  lives, 
Bedouins  are  only  shepherds  and  herdsmen  :  their  raids 
on  each  other,  or  their  exploits  in  despoiling  travellers 
and  caravans,  are  but  occasional,  though  welcome  and 
even  exciting,  exceptions  to  the  common  routine. 

Encyc.  Brit,  II.  246. 

2.  A  vagabond  boy ;  ?  street  Arab. 
II.  a.   Relating  to  ;ne  Bedouins. 

bed-pan  (bed'pan),  n.  1.  A  pan  for  warming 
beds;  a  warming-pan. —  2.  A  necessary  utensil 
for  the  use  of  persons  confined  to  bed. 

bedpheert,  bedpheret,  n.  Erroneous  spellings 
of  bedfere. 

bed-plate,  bed-piece  (bed'plat,  -pes),  «.    In 

mi  cli.,  the  sole-plate  or  foundation-plate  of  an 
engine,  etc. 

bedpost  (bed'post),  n.  It.  Same  as  bedstaff. — 
2.  A  post  forming  an  angle  of  a  bedstead,  in 
old  bedsteads  often  rising  high  enough  to  sup- 
port the  canopy  and  rods  for  the  curtain — in 
the  twinkling  of  a  bedpost,  with  tin  utmost  rapidity. 
See  bedstaff. 

bed-presser  (bed'pres"er),  n.  A  lazy  fellow ; 
one  who  hives  his  bed. 

This  sanguine  coward,  this  bed-presser,  this  horse-back 
breaker,  this  huge  hill  of  flesh.      Shak.,  l  Hod.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bedquilt  (bed'kwilt),  w.    A  wadded  and  quilted 
covering  for  a  bed.     Also  used   for  bedspread 
and  comforter. 
The  king  [in  a  Sicilian  fairy-story]  issues  a  proclamation 

pr ising  a  large  reward  to  whoever  shall  steal  the  bed. 

quilt  of  a  certain  ogre.  A.  .1.  Rev.,  i  will.  84. 

bedrabble  (be-drab'l),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  4-  drabbh  .] 

To    make    wet    and    dirty   witli    rain   and  mud. 

Kingsley. 
bedraggle  (be-drag'l),  r.  I.  [<  In-1  +  draggle.] 
To  soil  or  wet  by  dragging  in  dirt,  mud,  moist 
], laces,  etc.,  us  the  bottom  of  a  garment  in 
walking;  cause  to  appear  wet  and  limp,  as  a 
Hag  when  rained  upon. 

bedral1  (bed'ral),  «.  [Also  bethral,  betherel; 
appar.  a  corruption  of  beadle,  vax.  beddel,  8c. 
beddal,  etc.  |    A  beadle.     [Scotch,  | 

I'll  hae  her  before  presbytery  and  synod;  I'm  half  a 
mini  i  i  n. j  i  !  ,  now  thi'  I  in  bedral  in  an  inhabited  par- 
ish. Scott, Bride  of  Lammennoor,  xxxiv. 

bedral-t  (bed'ral),  «.  [Also  bedrel,  a  corrup- 
tion of  bedred,  for  bedrid:  see  bedrid.]    A  per- 


bed-sore 

son  who  is  bedridden.    Knox.     Also  bed-thrall. 

[Scotch.] 

Ihs  father — who  as  Bedrel  lay 

I'.-  loir  his  gate.  Douguu,  tr.  of  Virgil. 

bedreintt.     <  Ibsolete  past  participle  of  In  drench. 

bedrench  (  be-drencb. ),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bedrenchen 
(pp.  bedreini);  <  hi-x   +   drench.]     To  drench 
thoroughly;  soak;  saturate  with  moisture. 
Reeeyve  our  billes  with  teres  al  bedreynt. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  577. 
Such  crimson  tempest  should  bedrench 
The  fresh  green  lap  of  fair  King  Richard's  land. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3. 

bedress  (be-dres'),  v.  I.  [<  be-1  +  dress.]  To 
dress  up. 

The  Bride  whose  tonish  inclination 
Attended  to  the  ruling  fashion, 
To  make  her  entry  had  bedressd 
Her  upright  form  in  all  her  best. 
II.  Combe,  Dr.  Syntax  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  v. 

bedridden,  bedrid  (bed'rid'n,  -rid),  a.    [<  ME. 

bedrid,   htdrede,  hedriden,   bedridden,   adj.   and 

n.,  <  AS.  bedreda,  bedrida,  bedryda,  oeddredda, 

n.,  one  bedridden,  lit.  a  bed-rider  (<  bed,  bed, 
4-  ridii.  riddii,  a  rider,  a  knight,  <  riilnn,  ride). 

Cf.  LG.  bedderede,  bedderedig,  bedridden;  OHG. 
pettiriso,  I  i.  bettrise,  of  same  sense.  The  second 
element  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  pp.  of  ride ; 
hence  the  now  usual  form  bedridden,  ME.  bed- 
ridni.]  Confined  to  bed  by  age,  infirmity,  or 
sickness. 

Is  not  your  father  grown  incapable 
Of  reasonable  affairs?  .  .  . 
Lies  he  not  bed-rid  f  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

What  an  over-worne  and  bedrid  Argument  is  this! 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
Old  bedridden  palsy.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

bed-rightt,  bed-ritet  (bed'rit),  n.    [<  bed1  4- 
right,  rite.]     The  privilege  of  the  man-iage-bed. 
No  bed-right  [in  some  eds.  bed-rite]  shall  be  paid 
Till  Hymen's  torch  be  lighted.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

bedript,  »■      [ME.,  also  bedripe,  bedrepe,  etc., 

<  AS.  iedrip,  <  bedu,  prayer,  4-  rip,  a  reaping: 
see  bead  and  reap.     Also  called  in  AS.  ben  rip, 

<  ben,  prayer,  4-  rip.]  Boon-work  at  harvest- 
time  :  a  service  which  some  tenants  had  to  per- 
form at  the  bidding  or  request  of  their  lord. 

bed-ritet,  "■    See  bed-right. 

bed-rock  (bed'rok),  «.  [<  bed1  +  rocl:]  1.  In 
mining,  the  older  crystalline  and  slaty  rocks 
which  underlie  the  unconsolidated  gravelly  and 
volcanic  beds  of  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary 
ages,  along  the  flanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  term  is  beginning  to  be  used  elsewhere  to  designate 
solid  rock  lying  under  loose  detrital  masses,  such  as  sand 
and  gravel. 

Hence  —  2.  That  which  underlies  anything  else, 
as  a  foundation;  bottom  layer;  lowest  stratum. 

Everywhere  life  and  energy,  working  on  a  gigantic  scale, 
have  plowed  furrows  into  the  institutional  bed  rock  of 
Western  Society. 

C.  H.  Shinn,  Land  Laws  of  Mining  Districts,  p.  44. 

bedroom  (bed'rom),  n.  1.  Room  in  a  bed; 
sleeping-room  in  bed.  [In  this  sense  properly 
with  a  hyphen.] 

Then  by  your  side  no  bed-room  me  deny. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  1).,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  room  or  apartment  containing  or  intended 
to  contain  a  bed:  a  sleeping-apartment. 
bedrop  (be-drop').  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  In  dropped 
(sometimes  hedrnjit),  ppr.  bedropping.  [<  ME. 
bedroppen;  <  be-1  4-  drop.]  1.  To  drop  upon; 
fall  upon  in  drops. 

\.  in,  u  si  or  the  dew  '"  droi'pe 
The  leves  and  the  Mowers  eke. 

Qower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iii.  254. 

2.  To  cover,  strew,  or  sprinkle  with  drops,  or 
as  if  with  drops ;  bespatter;  bespangle. 

The  yellow  carp,  in  scales  /,o(,i, /.;:,/  with  gold. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  144. 
Rueful  cheek, 
Pale  and  lirilro/iped  with  ever-tlnwing  tears. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  ix. 
bed-sacking  (bed'sak"ing),  «.  Canvas  designed 
to   be    stretched   on  the  framework  of  a  bed- 
stead to  support  the  mattresses  and  bedclothes, 
bed-screw  (bed'skriA,  ».     1.  A  bed-key  or  bed- 

ureiich. — 2.   Same  as  barrel-screw. 
bedside   (bed'sid),    n.      [<  Mi:,    bedsyde,    orig. 
bullies  side.    i.    p.,    bed's    side.l      The    side   of    a 

bed;  position  by  a  bed:  usually  with  reference 
to  attendance  'in  one  confined  to  bed:  as,  she 

Watched  by  bis  bedside  till  dawn. 

bedsistert'(bed'sis'-tcr),  n.    (<  ME.  ludsuster 

(Robert  of  < iloucester),  <  bid'  +  snslrr,  sister.] 
A  concubine. 

It  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  lost  Iwl  >  b  ■ 
b,r  concubine.  F.  Unit,  Mod.  Log.,  p.  165,  note. 

bed-sore  fbed'sor),  n.  A  very  troublesome  kind 
of  ulcer,  liable  to  appear  on  patients  long  con- 
fined in  bed  and  either  unable  or  not  allowed 


bed-sore 


50] 


bedung  (bf-dung'),  i:  I.    [<  be-1  +  dung.]    To 

rover  or  befoul  with  tlmifj. 

/;,  dvngi  d  with  calumny  and  filth. 

T.  Puller,  Mod.  "i  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  486. 

bedusk  (be-dusk'),  ''•  t.    [<  be-1  +  dusk.]    To 
smutch.    Cotgrave. 

bedust  (be-dusf),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  dust.}    To 
sprinkle,  soil,  or  cover  with  dust. 
ly~used~in  some  wayabout  abed,  and  frequent-  bed-vein  (bed' van).  n.    A  term  occasionally 

ly    serviug     as     usedin<7co/.  and  mining  (as  the  equivalent  ot  the 


to  change  their  position.  Bed-sores  occur  at  the 
parts  pressed  by  the  weight  of  the  body,  chiefly  over  the 
sacrum  and  trochanters,  and  on  the  elbows  and  heels. 
Also  called  decubitus. 

bedspread  (liod'spred),  n.  The  uppermost  quilt 

or  covering  of  a  bed,  generally  ornamental. 
bed-spring  (bed'spring),  n.     A  spring,  usually 

of  spiral  form,  used  in  making  spring-beds, 
bedstafft  fbed'staf),  n.    A  staff  or  stick  former 


Bedstaff.— From  a  French  manuscript 
of  the  15th  century. 


a  weapon,  111 
which  sense  the 
word  most  com- 
monly occurs. 
Specifically— (a)  A 
bid-slat.  (b)  The 
stick  or  start'  used 
to  spread  out  the 
bedclothes  in  mak- 
ing a  bed  placed  in 
a  recess,  (e)  A  bar 
or  post  placed  at 
each  side  of  a  bed 
to  keep  the  bed- 
clothes from  falling 
off.  (<0  One  of  the 
rods  used  in  form- 
ing the  "  tent ''  in 
old-fashioned  tent- 
beds. 


Now  do  I  feel  the  calf  of  my  right  leg 

Tingle,  and  dwindle  to  th'  stnallness  of  a  bed-staff. 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  ii.  3. 
He  gives  out 
He'll  take  a  Bedstaff,  or  an  holy  Wand 
And  baste  you  lustily  two  or  three  hours 
Before  you  go  to  Bed,  to  make  you  limber. 

Carturright,  Love's  Convert,  iv.  1. 

His  [trie  bewitched  boy's)  bed  cloathes  would  be  pulled 

from  him,  his  bed  shaken,  and  his  bed-staff  leap  forward 

and  backward.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Christ.,  vi.  7. 

In  her  hand  she  grasped  the  bed-staff,  a  weapon  of  bedye  (be-di') 


mickle  might,  as  her  husband's  bloody  cox-comb  could     stain 

now  well  testify.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends.  I.  2(16. 

[XTsed  in  the  colloquial  phrase  in  the  twinkling  of  a  bed- 

staff,  in  which,  when  bedstaff  became  obsolete,  bedpost  was  \.e-\   ,v.  =  \ 

substituted,  depriving  the  phrase  of  its  literal  force  in   uee     toe,,   it 


German  Lagergang)  to  denote  a  Hat  mass  of  ore 
having  characters  intermediate  between  those 
of  a  vein  and  those  of  a  sedimentary  deposit. 
bedward  (bed'ward),  adv.     [<  bed1  +  -ward.] 
Toward  bed. 

In  heart 
As  merry  as  when  our  nuptial  day  was  done, 
And  tapers  burn  d  to  bedward.        Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 
Meantime  the   two   young   Glendinnings    were  each 
wrapped  up  in  his  own  reflections,  and  only  interrupted 
in  them  by  the  signal  to  move  bedward. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

bedwarf  (bf-dwarf'),  »•  <•  [<  be-1  +  dwarf.] 
To  make  little;  stunt  or  hinder  the  growth  of. 

bedway  (bed'wa),  n.  A  line  of  indistinct  marks 
of  stratification  or  pseudo-stratification  in  the 
granitic  rocks. 

bedwind  (bed'wind),  n.  [Cf.  withwind.]  An 
English  name  for  Convolvulus  senium. 

bedwork  (bed'werk),  n.     Work  done  in  bed,  or 
as  in  bed,  that  is,  without  toil.     [Bare.] 
Bedwork,  mappery,  closet-war.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

bed-wrench  (bed'rench),  n.  A  wrench,  some- 
times having  sockets  of  different  sizes,  used  in 
setting  up  bedsteads  and  in  taking  them  apart : 
little  used  with  modern  bedsteads.  Also  called 
bed-key. 

'    v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  dye.]    To  dye ; 


Fieldes  with  Sarazin  blood  bedyde. 

F.  Q-, 


I.  xi. 


modern  use. 

I'll  do  it  instantly,  in  the  twinkling  of  a  bed-staff. 

Shadwell,  Virtuoso,  i,  1.] 

bedstead  (bed'sted),  ».    [<  ME.  bedstede  (=D. 

LG.  bedstede  =  MHG.  bettestat),  <  bed,  bed,  + 
stede,  place,  stead.]  A  frame  or  framework, 
more  or  less  elaborate,  for  supporting  a  bed : 
most  commonly  made  of  wood,  but  now  often 
of  iron,  and  sometimes  of  brass. 

bed-steps  (bed'steps),  n.  pi.  Steps  for  ascend- 
ing an  old-fashioned  high  bed. 

bedstock  (bed'stok),  n.  One  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  or  bars  of  a  bedstead  on  which  the  rungs 
or  slats  are  laid.  [Now  chiefly  used  in  Scot- 
land, the  north  of  England,  and  Ireland.] 

bedstone  (bed'ston),  n.  The  lower  or  station- 
ary millstone. 

bedstraw  (bed'stra),  n.  [<  ME.  beddestrawe, 
bedstre  (=  OHG.  bcttistro,  G.  bettstroh),  bed- 
straw,  bed;  <  bed1  +  straw.]  1.  Straw  used  in 
stuffing  a  mattress  or  bed.  [In  this  literal  sense 
properly  with  a  hyphen.]  —  2.  («)  A  popular 
name  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus  Ga- 
lium, from  the  old  practice  of  using  it  in  beds. 
Our  Lady's  or  yellow  bedstraw  is  Cf.  verum;  white 
bedstraw  is  G.  Mollugo.  See  Galium,  (b)  A 
name  given  to  Desmodium  Aparines. 

bed-swervert  (bed'swer"ver),  n.  One  who  is 
false  and  unfaithful  to  the  marriage-vow. 

She's 

A  bed-swerwr,  even  as  bad  as  those 
That  vulgars  give  bold'st  titles. 

SRofc.W.  T.,  ii.  1. 

bed-thrallt  (bed'tkral),  n.     [A  modification  of 

b<  lira/-,  as  if  <  bed1  +  thrall.]  Same  as  beared?. 
bedtick  (bed'tik),  n.    A  ease  of  strong  linen 

or  cotton  cloth  for  containing  the  feathers  or 

other  materials  of  a  bed. 
bedticking    (bed'tik"ing),   n.      The  material 

from  which  bedticks  are  made. 
bedtime  (bed'tlm),  n.     [<  ME.  bedtime  ;  <  bed1 

+   time.]     The  time  to  go  to  rest;  the  usual 

hour  of  going  to  bed. 
bed-tool  (bed'tol),  n.     A  block  with  openings 

or  holes  corresponding  to  the  shape  of  a  die 

or  punch,  in  connection  with  which  it  is  used. 
bedub  (be-dub'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedubbed, 

ppr.  bediibbint/.    [<  be-1  +  dub1.]    It.  To  adorn. 

—  2.  To  designate;  dub. 
beduck  (be-duk'),  0.  t.     [<  fie-1  +  duck1.]    To 

duck  or  immerse  thoroughly;  submerge. 
To  the  flood  he  came,  .  .  . 
And  deepe  him  selfe  beducked  in  the  same. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  42. 

beduke  (be-duk'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  beduked, 
ppr.  beduking.  [<  6c-1  +  duke.]  To  make  a  duke 
of;  style  or  dub  with  the  title  of  duke.     Swift. 


[Early  mod.  E.  also  be,  pi.  bees 
and  been,  <  ME.  See,  pi.  been,  <  AS.  bed,  also  bi, 
pi.  hunt,  =  OD.  bit ,  D.  bij,  bije  =  LG.  bigge  = 
OHG.  6*0,  G.  dial,  beie  =  Ieel.  by.  generally  in 
comp.  by-flygi,  by-fiuga  ('bee-fly'),  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bi;  also  with  added  -»,  OHG.  bina,  MHG.  bin, 
f.,  OHG.  bird,  neut.,  MHG.  bine,  bin,  G.  biene, 
f.  (cf.  Lith.  bilis,  a  bee);  supposed  to  come, 
through  the  notions  'fear,  tremble,  quiver, 
buzz,  hum'  (cf.  bumblebee  and  drone),  from 
the  root  *bi  (=  Skt.  ■/  bhi,  OBulg.  bojati  = 
Russ.  bojati  =  Lith.  bijoti,  etc.),  fear,  which 
appears  redupl.  in  AS.  beoftan  —  OS.  bibltoii 
=  OHG.  biben,  MHG.  biben,  G.  beben  =  Icel. 
bifa,  tremble.]  1.  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Apis;  a  hive-Dee  or  honey-bee.     See  Apis1. 

The  common  honey-bee,  A.  iitellifiea,  has  from  the  ear- 
liest periods  been  kept  in  hives  for  its  wax  and  honey. 
It  is  also  found  wild  in  great  numbers  (now  especially 
in  North  America,  where  the  bee  was  introduced  by  the 
European  colonists),  storing  honey  in  hollow  trees  or  in 
other  suitable  situations.  It  lives 
in  swarms  or  societies  of  from 
10,000 to 50,000 individuals.  These 
swarms  contain  three  classes  of 
bees  —  the  perfect  females  or 
queen  bees,  the  males  or  drones, 
and  the  imperfect  or  undeveloped 
females,  called  neuters,  constitut- 
ing the  working  bees.  In  each 
hive  or  swarm  there  is  only  one 
female  or  queen,  whose  sole  office 
is  to  propagate  the  species.  The 
queen  is  much  larger  than  the 
other   bees.     When    she  dies,   a 

young  working  bee  three  days  old  is  selected,  its  cell  is 
'enlarged  by  breaking  down  the  partitions,  its  food  is 
changed  to  roval  jelly  or  paste,  and  it  grows  into  a  queen. 
Hi.  queen  lavs  2,000  eggs  a  day.  The  drones  serve  merely 
for  impregnating  the  queen,  after 
which  they  are  destroyed  by  the 
neuters.  These  last  arc  the  laborers 
of  the  hive.  They  collect  the  honey, 
form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  a  proboscis  by  which 
they  suck  the  honey  from  flowers, 
and  a  mouth  by  which  they  swallow 
Neuter,  or  Worker.  it,  conveying  it  then  to  the  hive  in 
their  stomachs,  whence  they  dis- 
gorge it  into  the  cells.  The  pollen  of  flowers  settles  on  the 
bans  with  which  their  body  is  covered,  whence  it  is  col- 
lected into  pellets  by  a  brush  on  their  second  pair  of 
legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hollow  in  the  third  pair.  It  is 
called  lire-bread,  and  is  the  food 
of  the  larvre  or  young.  The 
adult  bees  feed  on  honey.  The 
wax  was  at  one  time  supposed 
to  be  formed  from  pollen  by  a 
digestive  process,  but  it  is  now 
ascertained  that  it  is  formed 
by  secretion  from  the  honey. 
The  females  and  neuters  have 
a  barbed  sting  attached  to  a 
bag  of  poison,  which  Hows  into 
the  wound  inflicted  by  the  stin^. 
overstocked  a  new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  direction 
of  aqueen  bee.    This  is  called  swarming,  besides  the  com- 


Eioney-bee  [Apis  mclli. 
jUa).    Queen. 


When  a  hive  becomes 


beech 

0100  bee,  .1.  meUifica,  there  arc  th.-  .1.  faseieata,  domes. 

ticated  In  Eg;  pi  .  the   1   ligu  two     ianbei  ol  Italy 

and  Greece,  introduced  generally  into  apiaries  In  other 
lauds;  tin-  .1.  wnicolor  "i  Madagasi  ar  .  the  .1.  indica,  1  tc 
2.  Any  aculeate  bymenopterous  insect  of  the 
division  MeUifera  or  dnthophila,  comprising 
the  families  Apida  and  Andrenidm,  and  in- 
cluding, besides  the  hive-bees  of  the  genus 
Apis,  the  mason-bees,  carpenter-bees,  bumble- 
bees, etc.  See  cuts  under  Antltoplmra,  car- 
penter-bee, mid  Hymenoptera. — 3.   An  assem- 

lilngo  of  |i.  r -   ,1  1 !    1,.  .  1,    a-.-.      '     10     I'd 

labor  for  the  benefit  of  an  individual  or  a  fam- 
ily, or  in  some  joint  amusement:  so  called 
from  the  combined  labor  of  the  bees  of  a  hive : 
as,  a  quilting-ftee,  a  husking-ciee,  a  spelling-Gee, 
etc.    [U.  S.] 

Now  were  instituted  " quilting  bees,"  and  "husking  Sees," 
and  other  rural  assemblages,  where,  under  the  inspiring 
influence  of  the  fiddle,  toil  was  enliven"!  bj  gayi  ty  and 
followed  up  by  the  dance.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  405. 
To  have  a  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  be  a  little  crack- 
brained  or  crazy ;  be  flighty  or  full  of  whims  or  uneasy 
notions.  [Originally Scotch.]  Sometimes  used  specifically: 

as,  tO  Inir.-  /Ik'  /.i  ::.  I'llru  I  in/   '"'•     171    0JW'«    l»nii:<t,    tO  '  I"  H-ll 

the  hope  of  i" ning  I'rrsidi  nt     ii    s      To  have  a 

bee  (or  bees)  in  one's  head,  (o)  To  be  choleric.  (6)  I  o  be 

restless  or  uneasy.    B.  Jonson.    (c)  To  be  somewhat  crazy. 

She's  whiles  crack-brained  and  has  a  bee  in  her  head. 

Scott. 

bee2  (be),  n.  [Prop.  North.  E.  dial.,  for  reg.  E. 
*bi/  or  *bii/li  (cf.  high,  nigh,  of  like  phonetic  re- 
lations), <  ME.  by,  bye,  bie,  beghe,  belts,  beg,  belt, 

<  AS.  betih,  betit/  (=  OS.  bog,  bag  =  OHG.  bouc 
=  Icel.   biiitt/r).  a  ring,  esp.   as  an  ornament, 

<  but/an  (pret.  bedlt),  E.  bow,  bend;  cf.  bow2,  a 
bend,  an  arch,  and  bail1,  a  hoop,  from  the 
same  source  :  see  bow1.]  It.  A  ring  of  metal, 
usually  an  ornament  for  the  arm  or  neck ;  a 
collar  or  brooch;  sometimes,  a  finger-ring. 

Bee  or  collar  of  gold  or  syluer,  torques.  llutoct. 

2.  Naut.,  a  ring  or  hoop   of  metal   through 
which  to  reeve  stays.     See  bee-block. 
beebee  (be'be),  n.     [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  bibi, 

<  Pers.,  orig.  Turk.,  Itihi,  a  lady,  a  lawful  wife.] 
1.  A  lady. —  2.  A  Hindu  mistress  or  concu- 
bine.    [India.] 

The  society  of  the  station  does  interfere  in  such  cases; 
and  though  it  does  not  mind  beebees  or  their  friends,  it 
rightly  taboos  him  who  entertains  their  rivals. 

W.  II.  Russell. 

bee-bird  (be'berd),  n.  The  small  spotted  fly- 
catcher, Muscicapa  grisola,  a  European  bird 
of  the  family  Museicapidoe :  so  called  because 
it  catches  bees.     [Local,  Eng.] 

bee-block  (be'blok),  ».  [<  See5  +  block.]  Naut, 
a  piece  of  hard  wood,  bolted  to  each  side  of  the 
bowsprit,  through 
which  the  fore- 
topmast-stays  are 
rove. 

bee-bread  (be'- 
bred),  n.  [Not 
found  in  ME. ;  AS. 
bed-bread,  bibredd 
=  MHG.  bie  brot, 
G.  bienen-brot  = 
Sw.  bibriit,  orig.  (in 
AS.)  the  honey- 
comb with  the 
honey,  <  bed,  bee, 
4-  bniitl,  bread.] 
1.  A  brown  bitter 
substance,  the  pol- 
len of  flowers,  col- 
ic,ted  by  bees  as  food  for  their  young.  See 
bee1. —  2.  A  plant  much  visited  by  bees  or  cul- 
tivated for  their  use,  as  red  clover,  Vrifolium 
pratense,  or  borage,  Borago  officinalis. 

beech1  (becb),  «.  [<  ME.  beche,  <  AS.  bece,  ear- 
lier beece,  by  umlaut  for  "boce  (=  OLG.  boke, 
boke,  LG.  baike),  a  deriv.  of  boc  C>  mod.  E.  buck 
in  comp.  buckmast  and  buckwheat)  =  OD.  6oi  fee, 
D.  beuk  =  Flem.  boek  =  OHG.  Ieel.  bok  =  Sw. 
bid.  =Dan.  bog  =  01W.  buohha,  MUH.  buoche, 
G.  buche  (>  OBulg.  bukui,  bukuve,  Bulg.  buk, 
Serv.  bukva,  Pol.  Bohem.  buk,  Puss,  buku, 
Lith.  buka,  Hung,  buk,  bik,  beech)  =  (loth. 
"Iioktt  (not  recorded),  beech,  =  L.  fagus  (see 
Fa i/its),  beech,  =  Gr.  Qnyic,  fd}6(,  an  esculent 
oak,  perhaps  orig.  a  tree  with  esculent  fruit, 
from  the  root  seen  in  Gr.  Qayeiv,  eat,  Skt. 
i/bhaj,  share.  For  the  connection  with  book, 
see  book.]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Fagus,  natural 
order  CupuUferce.  The  common  or  European  bi  i  b, 
F.  sylvatica,  .rows  to  a  large  size,  with  branches  forming 
a  beautiful  head  with  thick  foliage.  The  bark  is  smooth 
and  of  a  silvery  east.  The  nuts  or  mast  are  eaten  by 
swine,  poultry,  oxen,  and  other  animals,  and  yield  a  good 
oil  for  lamps.  The  timber  is  not  much  used  in  building, 
as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places,  but  it  is  used  for  piles  in 


Bowsprit  Bee-blocks. 
bee-blocks ;    *,  ti.  foretopmast- 


beech 

places  when  U  is  constantly  wet  It  is  manufactured 
into  a  great  variety  oi  tools,  for  which  it  is  fitted  on  ac 
count  •  •  i  it-  great  hardness,  toughness,  and  i  los<  .  uniform 
texture,  and  is  also  iw-il  to  some  extent  in  making  fur- 
niture, taking  a  beautiful  polish  and  varying  much  in 
color.  Several  ornamental  varieties  are  frequently  seen, 
as  the  red  beech  and  copper  beech  with  colored  leaves, 
ami  the  fcin  I  with  divided  leaves,  TheAmeri* 

can  bi         1  is  a  very  similar  tree,  sometimes 

100  feet  in  height  and  8  or  4  feet  in  diameter. — Austra- 
lian beech,  oft*,  a  species  of  teak. —  Beech- 
cherry.  See  cherry. — Blue  beech,  same  a-  uiati 
—  Seaside  beech,  of  the  West  indies,  Exostemnwt CarUh 
a  tree  bi  longing  to  tie  natural  order  Rul  iaceat.  It 
is  allied  to  cinchona,  ami  its  bark  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

beech'-'t,  »•    <  •bsolete  spelling  of  beach. 

beech-coal  (bech'kol),  h.   Charcoal  from  beeeh- 

WOod. 

beech-drops    (bech'drops),  n.     A   low  animal 
plant,  Epiphegus  Virginiana,  without  green  foli- 
age, parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  the  beech  in 
1  oited  States,     it  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Orobanchaceoe.    Albanyb  i  pine-dropSj  Ptero- 

spova  andronu  lea  and  false  beech-drops,  or  pine-sap, 
.1/..,;.  ■  tys,  are  similar  parasitic  plants  of  the 

natural  order  En, 

beechen  (be'ehen),  </.  [<  ME.  bechen,  <  AS. 
becen  (=D.  beuken  =  OHG.  buochin,  MHO.  G. 
buchen  =  L.  fdginus  =  i  rr.  <•>,:  tvoi ),  <  hhe,  beech, 
+ -en:  see  oeechl  and  -en.}  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  derived  from  the  beech:  as,  beechen 
boughs;  b,,  i-l,i  n  shade. 

His  aged  head,  crowned  with  beechen  wreath, 

li  d  like  a  poll  Of  ivy  ill  the  teeth 
in1  winter  hoar.  Keats. 

2.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  beech :  as,  beechen 
vessels. 

A  beechen  bowl, 
A  maple  dish,  my  furniture  should  he  ; 
Crisp,  yellow  leaves  my  bed. 

Wordsworth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  22. 

beech-fern  (bech'fern),  n.  A  fern  belonging 
to  the  genus  Phegopteris  (which  see). 

beech-finch  (bech'finch),  n.  The  chaffinch, 
Fringilla  Calebs.    HacgiUivray. 

beech-fungus  (beeh'fung'gus),  n.  An  edible 
fungus,  Cyttaria  Darwimi,  allied  to  the  morel. 
It  is  abundant  in  Terra  del  Fnego  upon  the  branches  of 
evergreen  beeches,  and  is  at  times  the  principal  food  of 
the  natives. 

beech-gall  (bech'gal),  n.  A  gall  or  excrescence 
formed  on  the  beech  by  insects. 

beech-hopper  (bech'hop*er),  u.  A  coleopter- 
ous insect,  Orchestes  fagi,  family  Curculionidee, 
or  weevils,  injurious  to  beech-trees,  between 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  which  they 
lay  their  eggs. 

beech-marten  (bech'mar//ten),  n.  lliistt  lafoina, 
one  of  two  species  or  varieties  <>!'  the  European 

marten,  usuallydistinguished  from  tin mmon 

pine-marten,  M.  martes,  by  the  white  throat 
and  some  other  external  feature--,  as  well  as  by 
some  differences  in  habits.  Also  called  stone- 
marten. 

beech-mast  (bech'mast),  «.  [<  beeeh1  +  mast-; 
=  b, irl.--inn.it.']  The  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tree,  from  which  an  oil  is  obtained.    The  cake 

which  remains  after  the  oil  has  been  expressed  is  a  g i 

fattening  food  for  oxen,  swine,  ami  poultry,  but  is  inju- 
rious to  horses.    See  beech-oil. 

beechnut  (bech  nut),  n.  One  of  the  nuts  or 
fruits  of  the  beech.  The  nuts  are  triangular, 
ami  inclosed  in  a  spiny  capsule  or  husk. 

beech-Oil  (bech'oil),  n.  A  bland  fixed  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beeeh- 
trie.  it  j.  used  in  Picardy and  in  otherpartsof  Prance 
instead  of  butter;  hut  it  is  said  to  occasion  heaviness  ami 
pains  in  tic  stomach. 

beech-owl  (bech'owl),  n.     A  name  of  the  tawny 
owl  or  wood-owl  of  Europe,  Syrniwm  aluco. 
beech-wheatt 

Sumo  as 
wheat. 
beechy  (be'chi), 
a.  [<  beech*  + 
-y1.]  in,  per 
tabling  to.  or 
abounding  in 
beeches:  as.  "  e 
%y  garland,  ' 
Fletcher,  Purpli 

Island,  vi. 

bee-culture 
( be'ku]  i  | 
The  rearing  of 

bees  in  a  state 
of  domestica- 
tion; apiculture. 

bee-eater      be' 

i       i  ',  «.    That 

which  eai 

as   a    bird;    an 

apiastel",     Bpi  dfl  European  Bee-cater  {Mtrofs  af  ulster). 


502 

cally— (a)  The  European  Merops  apiaster.  (6)  pi.  The 
birds  of  the  tauiih  Meropidos,  of  which  there  are  BeveraJ 
genera  and  numerous  species,  chiefly  African.  Sec  Jlferops, 
Meropidce. 

beef  (liefi,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becfe,  betife, 
hi,/, .  ,■(,•..  <  .ME.  beef,  befe,  b, ,,/.  bouf,  boef,  <  OF. 
boef,  I'm/.  b,;nf=  Pr.  bov  =sp./i«r//  =  Pg.  boi 
=  it.  bore  tcf.  S\v.  hill',  Dan.  biif,  beef,  from  E.; 
and  see  biit'shnl.).  <  L.  bovem,  ace.  of  bos  (see 
Bos  tint!  bovine),  =  Or.  flovc,  an  ox,  =  Ir.  and 
Gael,  bo,  a  cow,  =  W.  buw  =  Skt.  go,  a  cow, 
=  AS.  cu,  E.  cowl :  see  cow1,  which  is  thus 
ult.  identical  with  beef.]  1.  An  animal  of  the 
bovine  genus,  whether  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  in  the 
full-grown  state.  [In  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  beeves,  formerly  sometimes  beefs. 
The  singular  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

These  are  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  eat :  the  beef,  the 
sheep,  and  the  goat.  Deut.  xiv.  4  (ed.  1S7S). 

A  pound  uf  man's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man, 

Is  not  so  estimable,  profitable  neither, 

As  flesh  of  muttons,  beefs,  or  goats. 

ShaJc.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

A  herd  of  beeves,  fair  oxen,  and  fair  kine. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  647. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow  when  killed. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural.]  —  3.  A 
name  given  by  quarrymen  to  certain  beds  of 
fibrous  carbonate  of  lime  occurring  in  England 
in  the  middle  division  of  the  Purbeck  series, 
the  highest  part  of  the  Jurassic. — 4.  Brawn; 
muscularity;  weight  and  strength  combined: 
as,  the  crew  is  lacking  in  beef.  [Colloq.]  — Ala- 
mode  beef.  See  alamotle.  —  Baron  of  beef.  Seeoaron. 
—  Collared  beef,  beef  rolled,  boned,  slightly  salted  or 
corned,  and  seasoned  with  herbs  and  spices. — Hung  beef, 
beef  cured  by  being  hung  up  to  dry ;  dried  beef. — Jerked 
beef.    See  jerk. 

beef-brainedt  (lief 'brand),  a.  Having  the  brain 
or  wit  of  an  ox;  beef-witted:  as,  "the  most 
beef-brained  sensualist,"  Turniers,  Cure  of  Mis- 
prision, p.  29  (Ord  MS.). 

beef-cattle  (bef'kat'l),  n.  pi.  Bovine  animals 
adapted  or  intended  for  conversion  into  beef; 
bovine  animals  for  slaughter. 

beef-eater  (bef'e"ter),  n.  [<  beef  +  eater.  In 
sense  2,  merely  a  particular  use  of  the  same 
word;  cf.  AS.  hldf-ieta,  a  domestic  servant,  lit. 
'loaf-eater,'  contrasting  with  hlaford,  master, 
lit.  'loaf -keeper.'  Servants  are  often  thought 
of  as  eaters;  Ben  Jouson  uses  caters  in  the 
sense  of  'servants'  ("Epicome,"  iii.  2).  The 
oft-quoted  etymology  from  a  supposed  "buffe- 
tier,  <  buffet,  a  sideboard,  is  mere  fiction.]  1. 
One  who  eats  beef ;  hence,  a  well-fed  fellow ; 
a  stout  fleshy  man. —  2.  One  of  the  yeomen  of 
the  English  royal  guard,  who,  since  the  acces- 
sion of  Henry  VII.  in  1485,  have  attended  the 
sovereign  at  state  banquets  and  on  other 
ceremonial  occasions.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  the  warders  of  the  Tower  of  London,  who 
wear  a  similar  uniform.  [In  this  sense  com- 
monly without  a  hyphen.] 

Charles  had  begun  to  form  a  small  standing  army.  He 
felt  that  without  some  better  protection  than  that  of  the 
train-hands  and  beef-eaters  his  palace  and  person  would 
scarcely  he  secure  in  the  vicinity  of  a  great  city  swarming 
with  warlike  Fifth  Monarchy  men  who  had  been  just  dis- 
banded. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  An  African  insessorial  bird,  of  the  genus  />'«- 
phaga,  which  feeds  on  the  larvse  that  infest  the 
hides  of  oxen.  It  is  a  mere  hook-name,  translating  I'm- 
phaga  .  tic  more  frequent  term  is  oxpecker.    See  Buphaga. 

4.  Same  as  bluebottle,  2. 

bee-feed  (be'fed),  n.  A  name  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  tin  abundant  free-flowering  species  of 
I:,  ini/onum,  E.  fasciculatum,  much  visited  by 
bees. 

bee-feeder  (be'fe'der),  n.  An  arrangement 
used  for  feeding  bees  in  bad  weather  or  very 
long  winters. 

beefen  (bef'en),  n.    A  form  of  biffin. 

beef-herd  (bof'herd),  n.     A  drove  of  cattle  in- 
tended for  slaughter.     [Western  U.  S.] 
Following  the  dusty  trails  made  by  the  beef-herds  that 

had  been  driven  toward  f  the  Montana  .shipping 

towns.  T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  132. 

beefiness  (bef  'i-nes),  n.  1.  Beefy  quality. — 2. 
I'.ruwniuoss  ;  muscularity;   hardiness. 

beefing1  (bef'ing),  ».  [<  beef  +  -ijw1.]  A  bul- 
lock lit  for  slaughter.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

beefing-  (bef'ing),  ».  The  original  but  later 
recorded  ami  less  usual  form  of  biffin.     [Eng.] 

beefish  I  bef 'i.sh  ),  it.  1.  Stupid;  thick-headed; 
having  the  brain  Or  sense  of  an  ox. — 2.  Obese; 
solid;   beefy. 

This  degeneracy  has  turned  him  [ntothat  "beefieh,  por* 
e  rish,  bellowing  sort  of  a  John  Bull,  hardrj  endured  by 
his  own  kind,  Andover  Rev.,  \'II.  32. 

beef-kid  (  bcl 'kid),  It,  A  moss  utensil  used  by 
the  crew  of  a  merchant  ship  for  holding  cooked 

beet. 


beehive 

bee-flower  (be'flou  er),  n.    Same  as  bee-orchis. 

bee-fly  (be'fll).  ».  A  dipterous  insect,  I'lmrn 
incrassata,  which  is  a  formidablepesl  of  the  bee- 
hive, formerly  considered  capable  of  producing 
the  disease  called  foul-brood.     See  I'lmiiibr. 

beef-measle  (bef'me'zl),  ».  Themeasle  of  beef ; 
the  hydatid  or  scoleciform  stage  of  the  unarmed 
tapeworm  of  the  ox,  Taenia  mediocanellata. 

beefsteak  (bef'stak'),  n.     [<  beef  +  steak. 

Adopted  in  other  languages,  D.  birjslul:  (assiin- 
ilated  to  stuk,  piece),  G.  beefsteak,  Han.  bbfsteg, 
Sw.  biffstek,  V.  bifteck,  Sp.  (Cuban)  bifteq,  It. 
biftecco,  Euss.  bifsiil.sii,  etc.]  A  steak  or  slice 
of  beef,  cut  from  the  hind  quarter,  suitable  for 
broiling  or  frying. 
beefsteak-fungus  (bef'stak'fung"gus),  «.  An 
edible  hymenomycetous  fungus,  Fistulina  b, - 
patica,  belonging  to  the  family  Polyporei.    It 

sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  and  is  thought  to  resemble 
beefsteak  somewhat  in  appearance, 

beefsteak-plant  (bef  stak'plant),  «.  1.  A  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraga,  8.  sarmentosa,  with  fleshy 
purplish  leaves. —  2.  A  name  applied  to  species 
of  Begun  in. 

beefsuet-tree  (bef'su'et-tre),  n.  The  buffalo- 
berry,  Shepherdia  argentea. 

beef-tea  (bef'te'),  «.  An  aqueous  extract  of 
beef  obtained  by  soaking  and  heating  chopped 
beef  in  water,  straining  it,  and  seasoning  to 
taste.  It  contains  salts  ami  extractives,  a  little  gelatin, 
and  fat.  It  is  useful  as  a  stimulant,  and  forms  an  appro- 
priate introduction  to  a  meal. 

beef-witted  1 1  >ef '  wit '  ed),  a.     Having  the  wit  of 

an  ox;  dull  in  intellect;  heavy-headed ;  stupid. 

Thou  mongrel,  beef-witted  lord !     Sheik. ,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

beefwood  (bef'wud),  ».  [<  beef  (in  allusion  to 
its  grain  and  color)  +  icoorf.]  1.  The  timber  of 
some  species  of  Australian  trees  belonging  to 
the  genus  Casuarina  (which  see),  it  is  of  a  red- 
dish color,  hard  and  close-grained,  with  dark  and  whitish 
streaks.  It  is  used  chiefly  for  fine  ornamental  work, 
2.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  name  given  to  Pisonia 
obtusata,  with  soft  coarse-grained  wood.  — Red 

beefwood,  of  Jamaica,  Ardisia  coriaeea,  a  myrsinac - 

shrub.— White  beefwood,  Schcepfia  chrysophyUoides, 
natural  order  1  ihietwu;  o  . 

beefy  (bef'i),  a.  [<  beef  +  -y1."]  1.  Ox-like; 
hence,  fleshy ;  obese ;  solid. 

He  [Carlyle]  was  at  dinner  when  a  beefy  Tory  was  de- 
claiming to  this  effect.  The  American,  VIII.  390. 

2.  Brawny;  muscular;  hardy.     [Colloq.] 

bee-garden  (be'gar'dn),  n.  A  garden  or  inclo- 
sure  to  set  beehives  in ;  an  apiary.  Morti- 
mer. 

beegerite  (be'ger-it),  n.  [After  H.  Beegerot 
Denver,  Colorado.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth  and 
lead  occurring  in  dark-gray  masses  with  bril- 
liant metallic  luster,  rarely  crystallized,  found 
in  Colorado. 

bee-glue  (be'glo),  ».  A  soft,  unctuous  matter 
with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to  the  hives 
and  close  up  the  cells.     Also  called  propolis. 

bee-gum  (be'gurn),  ».  In  the  southern  United 
States,  a  hollowed  section  of  a  gum-tree  used 
as  a  beehive. 

bee-hawk  (be'hak),  n.  A  name  of  the  honey- 
buzzard  of  Europe,  Pernis  apivorus:  so  called 
because  it  preys  upon  bees,  wasps,  and  other 
insects Bee-hawk  moth,  a  name  of  various  lepidop 

tenuis  insects  of  the  families  SphingidoB  ami  SeeiidOB,  ami 
especially  of  the  genera  Maeroglossa  and  Seeia. 

beeheadt  (be'hed),  it.  A  crazy  or  flighty  per- 
son. 

beeheaded  (be'hed'ed),  «.  [=Se.  bee-headit.'] 
Crazy;  flighty. 

bee-herd  (bo'herd),  n.  A  person  wdio  takes 
care  of  lues;  a  bee-keeper.  I'liin,  Diet.  Api- 
culture, p.  bi. 

beehive  (be'hiv),  n.  [<  VSM.oeehyve ;  <  bee1  + 
liin.~)  1.  A  case  or  box  serving  as  a  habitation 
for  bees.  See  hire. — 2.  The  common  name  of 
a  species  of  medic,  itedicago  sent,  Hutu,  from 
the  shape  of  its  spirally  coiled  pod.  Beehive 
house,  the  popular  name  of  a  class  oi  very  ancient  I  "in 


Beelilvi  Houses  at  I  ahernamacturech,  County  Kerry,  [reload. 


beehive 

cal  buildings  in  Ireland,  •■!  small  size,  formed  of  long 
stones,  so  laid,  on  a  circular  plan,  thai  each  course  is  over- 
lapped by  that  resting  upon  it  Nocement  is  used,  and 
the  stones  remain  for  the  most  part  in  their  natural 
Btate.    These  houses  occur  alone  or  m  clusters,  often  i"- 

aid stories,  in  which  case  it  Is  believed  that  they  served 

as  dwellings  of  priests,  or.  when  in  groups,  sometimes  en 
circled  by  a  stone  wall,  fur  defense.  Occasionally  tin  > 
contain  more  than  one  apartment.  Housesof  this  kind 
occur  also  in  the  Western  1-sh-s  of  Scotland;  and  the 
•■  picta  houses  "ir  the  east  coast,  though  differing  in  be- 
ing under  ground,  resemble  them  in  their  mode  of  con- 
struction. They  are  referred  to  a  period  between  the 
seventh  and  twelfth  eentnries.  Beehive  oven,  a  low, 
square  furnace  with  a  dome-shaped  top.  It  has  an  open- 
ing at  tile  top  for  the  escape  of  gases,  ami  a  door  in  the 
side  through  which  to  admit  air,  to  charge  with  coal,  and 
to  discharge  the  coke.     Science,  III.  358. 

beehouse  (be'hous),  n.    A  house  or  repository 

for  bees;  an  apiary.     Goldsmith. 
beekt  (bek),  r.     [E.  dial.  (North.)  and  So.,  also 

written  beak,  beik,  beke,  <  ME.  luken,  warm  one's 

self,  perhaps  akin  to  bake.    Ci.bask1.]   1,  trims. 

To  warm;  bask. 

Go  home  now,  and  .  .  .  beck  thy  pampered  limbs  at  the 
Are.  Rev.  T.  Adams.  Works,  II.  9. 

II.  intrans.  To  bask;  aprieate.  [Scotch, 
colloq.] 

bee-killer  (be'kiFer),  n.  A  kind  of  robber-fly, 
Trupanea  apivora,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the 
family  Asilidce,  which  attacks  honey-bees  on 
the  wing  and  kills  them. 

bee-king  (be'king),  n.  A  kind  of  drongo-shrike, 
Dissemurus  paradiseus,  with  deeply  forked  tail. 
Also  called  Indian  bee-king. 

beeldt  (held),  n.  and  v.    See  bield. 

beele1  (bel),  n.  [Prob.  a  form  of  bill,  a  mat- 
tock (ef.  E.  dial,  heal,  the  bill  of  a  bird) :  see 
it'?/2.]  x  kind  of  pickax  used  by  miners  for 
separating  the  ores  from  the  rocks  in  which 
they  lie. 

beele'-t,  »•  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bill3  in  sense  of 
billet1,  q.  v.]     A  cross-bar;  a  yoke.     X.  E.  D. 

bee-line  (be'lin),  n.  The  most  direct  or  straight 
way  from  one  point  to  another,  as  that  of  bees 
in  returning  loaded  with  honey  to  their  hives. 

Our  footmarks,  seen  afterward,  showed  that  we  had 
steered  a  bee-line  for  the  brig. 

Kane,  See.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  19S. 

bee-louse  (be'lous),  n.  A  pupiparous  dipterous 
insect,  of  the  family  Braulidm,  parasitic  upon 
bees.  Braula  ca?ca  is  a  parasite  of  the  Italian 
bee,  Apis  liyustica. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'ze-bub),  ».  [Formerly  also, 
and  still  in  popular  speech,  Belzebub,  ME.  Bel- 
sebub,  <  L.  Beelzebub,  <  Gr.  BeeACe/3ou/3,  <  Heb. 
Ba'al-zebub,  a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  avert- 
er  of  insects,  <  ba'al,  lord,  +  zehttb,  e'bub,  a 
fly;  ef.  Ar.  dltubdb,  >  Pers.  eubdb,  a  fly.  See 
Beelzebul  and  Baal.]  1.  A  god  of  the  Philis- 
tines, who  had  a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He 
was  worshiped  as  the  destroyer  of  flies. — 2.  A 
name  of  the  Mycetes  ursinus,  a  howling  monkey 
of  South  America.     See  cut  under  holder. 

Beelzebul  (be-el  ze-bul),  n.  [<  L.  Beelzebul,  < 
Gr.  Bee'/.Ce lioi'S.,  <  Heb.  Ba'al-zebid,  a  name  given 
by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons;  com- 
monly explained  as  either  'lord  of  the  (heaven- 
ly) dwelling,'  or  'lord  of  dung'  (Heb.  zebel 
=  Ar.  zibl,  dung),  but  prob.  a  mere  variant  of 
Ba'al-zebub,  Beelzebub,  the  name  of  the  Philis- 
tine god,  which  came  to  be  applied  to  the  prince 
of  demons.  The  best  Gr.  manuscripts  have 
Bee/IJe/jocA  in  the  Gospels.  See  Beelzebub.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons, 
being  an  opprobrious  alteration  of  the  name 
Beelzebub. 

beemt,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  beam. 

bee-martin  (be'mar"tm),  v.  A  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  king-bird,  Tyra  units 
carolinensis.     See  cut  under  king-bird. 

bee-master  (be'mas"ter),  n.  One  who  keeps 
bees. 

bee  molt  (be  mol),  «.  [For  B  mol,  ML.  B  molle, 
that  is,  'B  soft':  opposed  to  B  tin  rum,  'B  hard.' 
See  moll.]     Same  as  bemol. 

bee-moth  (be'nioth),  n.  A  pyralid  moth  of  the 
genus  Galeria,  G.  eercana  (Fabricius).  It  lays 
its  eggs  in  beehives,  and  the  larvae  when  hatched  feed 
upon  tile  wax.  Also  called  wax-moth  (whence  its  specific 
name).    See  cut  in  next  column. 

been1  (ben  or  bin).  Past  participle,  and  ob- 
solete present  plural  and  infinitive,  of  it1. 

been-t,  »•    Obsolete  plural  of  bee1. 

been3,  a.     See  bein. 

been4  (ben),  n.  [Hind,  bin,  a  lute,  guitar,  fid- 
dle.] A  fretted  stringed  instrument  of  music 
of  the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen  frets,  used 
in  India. 

bee-nettle  (be'net'l),  n.  A  species  of  hemp- 
nettle,  Galeo/isis  rersicolor.     See  Galeopsis. 


503 


aUria   ccreana),  natural  size. 
a,  larva ;  t>,  cocoon  ;  c ,  pupa  ;  d,  moth  with  wings  spread  ;  e,  moth 
with  wings  closed. 

beent  (be'ent),  a.  [Aforeed  translation  by  J. 
H.  Stirling  of  G.  scieitd.]  In  metaph.,  having 
being  as  opposed  to  existence.     [Rare.] 

If  the  Eleatics  persist  in  the  dilemma,  the  world  is 
either  beent  or  non-beent,  HeracUtus  answers,  It  is  neither 
of  them,  because  it  is  both  of  them. 

./.  //.  Stirling,  tr.  of  Schwegler's  Hist.  Philos.,  p.  20. 

bee-orchis  (be'br'kis),  n.  A  European  orchid, 
Ophrys  apifera,  with  a  bee-like  flower.  Also 
called  bee-flower  and  gnat-flower.    See  Ophrys. 

bee-parasite  (be'par'a-sit),  n.  1.  A  stylops; 
an  insect  of  the  order Strepsiptera,  the  species 
of  which  are  parasitic  upon  bees.  Bees  so  in- 
fested are  said  to  be  stylopized.  See  Stylops. — 
2.  Some  other  insect  parasitic  upon  bees,  as  a 
bee-louse  or  bee-wolf. 

beer1  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  bere,  ber,  <  AS.  beor  = 
OFries.  Mar,  bier  =  V).  bier  =  LG.  ber,  beer  = 
OHG.  bior,  MHG.  G.  bier  (>  It.  birra=  F.  biere) ; 
cf.  Icel.  bjorr,  It.  Gael,  beoir,  from  AS.  or  E. 
(the  Scand.  word  is  that  cognate  with  E.  ale). 
Origin  uncertain ;  some  assume  a  loss  of  r  from 
orig.  "breor,  <  AS.  breowan,  etc.,  brew:  see  brew.] 

1 .  An  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  any  farina- 
ceous grain,  but  generally  from  barley,  which 
is  first  malted  and  ground,  and  its  fermentable 
substance  extracted  by  hot  water.  To  this  extract 
or  infusion  hops  or  some  other  vegetable  product  of  an 
agreeable  bitterness  is  added,  and  it  is  thereupon  boiled 
for  some  time,  botli  to  concentrate  it  and  to  extract  the 
useful  matters  from  the  hops.  The  liquor  is  then  suffered 
to  ferment  in  vats,  the  time  allowed  for  fermentation  de- 
pending upon  the  quality  and  kind  of  beer,  and  after  it 
has  become  clear  it  is  stored  away  or  sent  to  the  market* 
the  beers  of  England  and  France,  and  for  the  most  part 
those  of  Germany,  become  gradually  sour  by  exposure  to 
air.  Ale  and  beer  were  formerly  synonymous  terms,  ale 
being  the  earlier  in  use;  at  present,  beer  is  the  common 
name  for  all  malt  liquors,  and  ale  is  used  specifically  for 
a  carefully  made  beer  of  a  certain  strength,  and  rather 
light  than  dark:  thus,  small  beer,  ginger  beer,  and  the 
like,  are  not  ale,  nor  are  stout  and  porter.  A  distinction 
drawn  by  Andrew  Boorde,  in  1542,  is  that  ale  is  made  of 
malt  and  water,  and  should  contain  no  other  ingredients, 
while  beer  is  made  of  malt,  hops,  and  water. 

2.  A  fermented  extract  of  the  roots  and  other 
parts  or  products  of  various  plants,  as  ginger, 
spruce,  molasses,  beet,  etc — Beer  process,  in 
photag.,  a  collodion  dry-plate  process  in  which  the  sensi- 
tized plate,  after  being  washed,  is  treated  with  an  infu- 
sion of  malt  or  beer.  The  process  is  of  no  practical  value, 
and  is  disused.  — Beer  vinegar,  a  vinegar  prepared  from 
beerwort.— Bitter  beer.  See  ale.— Black  beer,  a  kind 
of  beer  manufactured  at  Dantzic.  It  is  of  a  hlack  color 
and  a  syrupy  consistence.  Also  called  Dantzic  beer. — 
Broken  beer,  remnants  or  leavings  of  beer:  as,  "a  bum- 
hard  of  broken  beer,"  B.  Jmtstin.—  Condensed  beer,  beer 
which  has  been  reduced  in  a  copper  vacuum-pan  to  one 
eighteenth  its  bulk  in  solids,  added  to  an  equal  quantity 
of  alcohol.— Dantzic  beer.  Same  as  black  beer.— Green 
beer,  beer  which  is  just  made.  -Lager-beer,  or  stock- 
beer,  a  light  German  beer  so  called  because  it  is  stored  for 
ripening  before  being  used.  It  is  extensively  manufactured 
in  the  United  States.— Schenk,  young,  or  winter  beer, 
a  German  beer  brewed  for  immediate  use.  (See  lager-beer.) 
It  was  formerly  brewed  only  between  October  and  April, 
but  now  is  manufactured  at  all  seasons.— Small  beer, 
weak  beer;  hence,  figuratively,  a  trilling  matter;  a  small 
or  unimportant  thing  or  person.  —  Stock-beer.  See  lager- 
beer.—  To  think  small  beer  of,  to  have  a  low  opinion  of ; 
hold  in  slight  esteem.     [Colloq.  ] 

She  thinks  small  beer  <>/  painters,  J.  J.— well,  well,  we 

don't  think  small  b\  er  of  ourselves,  my  noble  friend. 

Thackeray,  The  Newcomes,  \x\ix. 

Yeast-beer,  new  beer  with  which  a  small  quantity  of 

fermenting  wort  has  been  mixed  in  the  cask  in  order  to 

make  it  li\ ely. 
beer1  (ber),  v.  i.     [<  beer1,  ».]    To  drink  beer; 

tipple.     [Colloq.] 
beer-   (be'er),    n.     [<  ME.  beere;  <  6c1  +  -er1. 

Cf.  forebear.]     One  who  is  or  exists.    [Rare.] 
beer3t,  ><•     An  obsoleto  form  of  bier. 
beer4t,  »•     [<  D.  beer,  a  mole,  pier.]     A  mole  or 

pier.     N.  E.  D. 
beer5t.     Obsolete  present  and  preterit  of  bear*-. 

Chaucer. 


beestings 

beer''t,  "■    An  obsolete  form  of  hntr". 

beeregart,   «■      [Early    mod.   K.   also  biireager, 
bearegi  r,  etc..  <  bet  /■'  +  eager,  sour,    t  If,  aU 
rim .'/'"'■  I      Sour  boor;   vinegar  formed  by  tin- 
acetous  fermentation  of  boor. 

beer-engine  (ber'en'jin),  /<.  A  hydraulic  ma- 
chine for  raising  beer  and  other  liquors  out  of 
a  cask  in  : liar. 

beer-faucet  (ber'fa'set),  n.  A  faucet  lilted 
with  a  small  air-pump,  for  mixing  air  with  beer 
as  ii  is  drawn. 

beer-float  (ber'flot),  ».  In  distilling,  an  areom- 
eter or  hydrometer  designed  to  ascertain  from 
the  observed  density  of  a  grain-mash  the  pos- 
sible yield  of  spirit  therefrom.  The  scale  of  the 
instrument  is  graduated  to  indicate  directly,  at  thi 
aid  temperature,  the  perreutagi  In  v.  dnme  of  proof  spirits 
that  the  mash  will  yield,  provided  the  fermentation  pro- 
ceeds to  a  point  where  the  density  is  equal  to  that  of 
water.     E.  H.  Knight. 

beer-garden  (ber'gar"dn),  n.  A  garden  at- 
tached to  a  brewery,  tavern,  or  saloon,  in  which 
beer  is  served. 

beer-house  (ber'hous),  n.  A  house  where  malt 
liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house. 

beeriness  (ber'i-nes),  n.  [<  beery  +  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  beery  or  partially7  intoxicated; 
slight  intoxication  from  beer. 

beer-measure  (ber'mezh"ur),  n.  An  old  Eng- 
lish system  of  measures  of  capacity.  The  gallon 
contained  2S2  cubic  inches,  being  10  pounds  :;  ounces 
avoirdupois  of  water,  but  was  adopted  as  containing  s 
pounds  of  wheat. 

beer-money  (bei-'mun"!),  n.  An  allowance  of 
Id.  per  day  granted  in  1800  to  the  British 
soldier  in  addition  to  his  pay,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  allowance  of  beer  or  spirits;  also,  an 
allowance  given  to  domestic  servants  in  Eng- 
land in  lieu  of  beer,  to  save  trouble  in  serving 
it  out,  or  waste  by  leaving  the  cask  open. 

beerocracy  (ber-ok'ra-si),  n.  [<  beer  +  -o-eraey, 
as  in  aristocracy.]  The  brewing  and  beer-sell- 
ing interest ;  brewers  and  beer-sellers  collec- 
tively.    [Ludicrous.] 

beer-preserver  (ber'pre-zer"ver),  «.  A  device 
for  keeping  the  space  above  the  beer  in  a  cask 
or  barrel  tilled  with  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
supplied  from  a  reservoir. 

beer-pull  (ber'pul),  n.  The  handle  of  a  beer- 
pump;  also,  the  pump  itself. 

beer-pump  (ber'pump),  n.  A  pump  for  beer, 
especially  for  raising  beer  from  the  cellar  to 
the  liar  in  a  saloon  or  public  house. 

beer-saloon  (ber'sa-lon"),  n.  A  place  where 
beer  is  sold  and  drunk. 

beer-shop  (ber'shop),  n.  A  beer-saloon;  an 
ale-house. 

beerstone  (ber'ston),  n.  [<  beer1  +  stone.]  In 
brining,  a  hard  incrustation  like  stone  on  the 
interior  of  the  wort-coolers. 

In  time  a  greenish,  or  brownish,  shining,  thin  crust  is 
formed  on  the  sides  of  the  coolers  —  no  matter  what  ma- 
terial they  may  be  constructed  of —  which  adheres  to  them 
like  varnish,  ami  cannot  lie  removed  by  the  usual  wash- 
ing.   This  substance  is  called  beer-stone. 

Tint  using,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  473. 

Beer  stone.    See  stone. 

beer-swilling  (ber'swil'ing),  a.  Drinking  beer 
immoderately. 

In  beer-swilling  Copenhagen  I  have  drunk  your  Danesmau 

blind.  The".  Martin.  liirgeufthe  lirinker. 

beery  (ber'i),n.  [<  beer1  +  -y1.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  beer. — 2.  Stained  or  soiled 
with  beer. 

The  sloppy,  beery  tables.  Thackeray. 

3.  Addicted  to  beer;  affected  by  beer;  partial- 
ly intoxicated  from  drinking  beer;  maudlin. 

There  was  a  fair  proportion  of  kindness  in  Raveloe,  but 
it  was  of  a  beery  and  bungling  sort. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 
Hathorn  was  not  averse  to  ale,  especially  at  another 
man's  expense,  and,  thought  he,  "  Farmer  is  getting  beery  ; 
looks  pretty  red  in  the  face." 

C.  liea.le.  fiends  and  Sunshine,  p.  10. 

bee-skep,  bee-scap  (be'skep,  -skap),  n.  [<  bee1 
+  skep,  scap,  a  beehive,  a  basket:  see  skip.] 
A  I hive.     [Scotch.] 

beest  (best),  n.  [Found  in  ME.  only  in  deriv. 
beestings,  q.  v.;  <  AS.  bedst  (also  byst,  after 
busting,  beestings)  =  D.  biest  =  LG.  best  = 
North'.  Fries,  bjast,  bjiist  =  OHG.  biost.  MHG. 
G.  biest,  beest.  Origin  unknown;  some  sup- 
pose, from  the  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  briest,  Icel. 
d-brystur,  pi.,  beestings,  a  connection  with  AS. 
hn tisl,  etc.,  E.  breast.]     Same  as  beestings. 

beestie,  »•      See  hhtt sty. 

beestings  (bes'tingz),  n.  sing.  ovpl.  [Also  writ- 
ten beastings,  biestintjs,  etc..  dial,  htustin.  bis/ins, 
biskins,  etc.,  <  ME.  beestynge,  also  bestninge, 
bestynge,  <  AS.  bysting,  <  bedst,  beest,  +  -iny : 


beestings 

Bee  beesi  and  -ing.]  1.  The  first,  milk  given  by 
a  row  alter  calving. 

So  may  tb  our  t'  Us  be  tbinc, 

And  both  the  b\  esting  oi  our  goats  and  kiue. 

B,  Jon  '  n,  Pan's  Anniversary. 

2t.  A  disease  caused  bv  drinking  beestings. 
A.  /..  D. 
beeswax  (bez'waks),  n.  [<  bit's,  jkiss.  of  /"< . 
+  ira/.]  The  wax  secreted  by  bees,  of -which 
their  cells  are  constructed.  See  wax. 
beeswing  (bez'wing),  n.  [<  beefs,  poss.  of  '»<. 
+  mw/;  from  its  appearance.]  A  gauzy  film 
in  port  and  some  other  wines,  indicative  of  age ; 
hence,  sometimes,  the  wine  itself.  Also  writ- 
ten bee's-wing. 

Fetch'd 
Hia  richest  beeswing  from  a  binn  reserved 
I  01  banquets,  praised  the  waning  red,  and  told 
The  vintage.  T,  nnyeon,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Scott,  from  under  bushy  eyebrows,  winked  at  the  ap- 
parition oi  ..  Thackeray. 

beeswinged  (bez'wingd),  a.    So  old  as  to  be 
covered  with  beeswing:  said  of  wine,  especial- 
ly port. 
His  port  is  not  presentable,  unless  bees'-winged, 

/•'.  Hall,  -Mod.  Eng.,  p.  32. 

beet1  i  i"-t  i.  ».  [<  ME.  bete,  <  AS.  bete  (not 
'beta)  =  OFries.  bete  =  D.  bet  t  Wet  =  LG. 
bett  =OHG.  bieza,  MHO.  I>i<  ;e  (G.  beete,  after 
LG.  or  L.)  =  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  beile  =  P.  bette 
=  It.  Meto,  <  L.  beta,  beet.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Beta,  natural  order  Chenopodiaoew.  The 
various  forma  are  generally  referred  to  a  single  species, 
/;.  mthiari*,  tlit-  slender-rooted  variety  of  which,  known 
as  the  sea-Da  (,  is  found  wild  in  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
ami  is  occasionally  used  for  greens.  The  common  beet  is 
extensively  cultivated  in  many  varieties  for  the  usw  of  its 

Sweetish  SUCCUlent  root  as  a  vegetable  and  as  feed  for  cat- 

il.  rh<  mangel-wurzel  is  a  large  coarse  form  raised  ex- 
clusivel]  for  cattle.  The  sugar-beet  is  a  large,  white,  and 
jweet  variety,  from  the  root  of  which  large  quanti- 
ties of  sugar  (called  beet-root  sugar)  are  manufactured  in 
France,  Germany,  etc.  The  white  or  Sicilian  beet  and  the 
are  cultivated  for  their  leaves  only. 
beet'-'  (bet),  v.  t.  [E.  dial,  beet,  beat,  Sc.  beet, 
beit,  <  ME.  beten,  <  AS.  betan  (=  OS.  boUan  = 
OFries.  beta  =  D.  boeten  =  LG.  bbten  =  OHG. 
•  a.  JIHG.  biiez:en,  G.  biisscn  =  Ieel.  bwta 
=  Sw.  bota  =  Dan.  bode),  mend,  improve,  make 
good,  <  but,  improvement,  reparation,  boot : 
see  boot1,  which  is  related  to  beet  as  food  to 
feed,  brood  to  breed,  etc.  The  word  was  par- 
ticularly used  in  reference  to  mending,  and 
hence  by  extension  to  kindling,  fires:  ME.  beten 
fyr,  <  AS.  betan  fyr  =  D.  boeten  vitur  =  LG. 
I,i,i,ii  viler;  of.  Sw.  bota  eld,  etc.  Cf.  beat3.'] 
If.  To  make  better;  improve;  alleviate  or  re- 
lieve (hunger,  thirst,  grief,  the  needs  of  a  per- 
son, etc.). 

All  bis  craft  ne  coud  his  sorrow  bete. 

Chaucer,  T.  and  C,  i.  6C(i. 

2f.  To  mend;  repair;  put  to  rights. 

I'ipeu  be  coude,  and  fishe,  and  nettes  bete. 

I  'haucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  i.  7. 

Daily  wearing  neids  yearly  l„  ,t,,,:!.  Seuieh  jnneeelt. 

3.  To  make  or  kindle  (a  lire);  hence,  to  fire 

or  rouse. 

Two  tyres  on  the  auter  gan  she  beete. 

Cha  iicer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1434. 

It  warms  me.  it  charms  me, 
To  mention  but  her  name  ; 

H  beats  me,  it  beets  me, 
And  sets  me  a'  on  flame  ! 

Hunts,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i.  8. 

tiri  D  folk  to  love  and  beten  tire 
On  Venus  auter.  Court  o/Lovt    1  828. 

4.  To  mend  or  replenish  (a  fire) ;  add  fuel  to. 

to  beet  his  in- 1 
Alton  Ramsay,  To  Robert  ifarde  of  Devonshire. 

[Obsolete  or  dialectal  in  all  senses.] 

beet:i,  a.      Same  as  hull-. 

beet1,  a.    Same  as  beat3. 

beet-fly  (bet'fli),  n.    A.  two-winged  insect,  An- 

thomijia  beta;  smaller  than  the  house  fly,  in- 
festing crops  of  mangel-wurzel  and  other  va- 
rieties of  beet,  on  whose  leaves  it  deposits  its 

eggs,  the  larva'  afterward  devouring  the  soft 
parts. 

beetle1  (be'tl),  ».  [=Se.  Uttle,  bittill,  <  ME. 
betel  betylle,  bitel,  bittill,  bytylle,  <  AS.  biitel, 
betel,  bitel,  byte}  (bytl  VQ.  bt  tel,  bbtel  = 

MUG  In  i.  rl),  witli  to  ■!,<.  hi  lilnn,  beat  : 

see  beat1.']    1.  Ahea  oden  mallei  used  to 

di-ivi   wedgi  -.  eon  .1  :h.  etc.    n  i    made 

either  for  th  thi  handle  sel  In  the  middle  ot 

the  iron  bound  head  oi  foi  i  ammlnu  n  [th  the  handle 
(pro!  Idi  d  in  heavj  beetli  oss-pli  ci    foi 

the  hands)  1 1  In  one  i  ad  oi  thi  hi  ad     in  '  he  latter  form, 

for  the  use  of  pavei     It  1     timi     heavy  enough  to 

require  two  or  more  mi  n  to  opt  i  it  II  i  i  called  a 
maul,  and  in  the  second  form  a  ramnu  r. 


504 

If  I  do,  fillip  me  with  a  three-man  beetle. 

SAaA.,  2Hen.IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  wooden  pestle-shaped  utensil  used  for 
mashing  potatoes,  for  beating  linen,  etc. 

Aroint  ye,  ye  lininiiT,  out  of  an  honest  bouse,  or  shame 
fa'  me,  but  I'll  take  the  tattle  to  you.  Scott,  Pirate. 

3.  Same  as  beeMng-maehine — Between  the  beetle 
and  the  block,  in  an  awkward  or  dangerous  position. 

beetle1  (be'tl),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetling,  [(.beetle,  nC]  1.  To  use  a  beetle  on ; 
bent  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  as  linen  or 
cotton  cloth,  as  a  substitute  for  mangling. — 2. 
To  finish  cloth  by  means  of  a  beetling-machine. 

beetle-  (be'tl),  n.  [The  form  seems  to  have  been 
influenced  by  that  of  beetle1 ;  it  would  reg.  lie  as 
iti  mod.  dial,  hi  Wf,  early  mod.  E.  also  In  til.  In  I  He, 
bittil,  ctc.,<  ME.  bitle,  bityl,  betylle,  bytylle,  <  AS. 
hiti In,  bitula  (also  "betel,  once  in  pi.  betlns),  a 
beetle,  appar.<  "bifid,  *Utol,*bitel,  ME.  &i*  I,  bit- 
ing (of.  etui,  etcil,  eating:  with  suffix  -oi,  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs),  <  bitan  (pp.  hi  ten),  bite: 
seebite.  Cf.  bitter  and  beetle-browed.]  Any  insect 
belonging  to  the  order  Coleoptera  (which  see). 

Sometimes,  however,  the  term  is  used  in  a  more  restricted 
sense,  as  equivalent  in  the  plural  to  Searabceidie,  a  tribe  of 
t  bis  order  embracing  more  than  3,000  species,  characterized 
by  clavat.ed  antenna.1,  fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequent- 
ly dentated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases  or  sheaths 
called  elytra.  Beetles  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  bead 
to  nearly  that  of  a  man's  fist,  the  largest  being  the  elephant- 
beetle  of  South  America,  4  inches  long.  The  "black  beetles" 
of  kitchens  and  cellars  are  cockroaches,  and  belong  to  the 
order  Orthoptera.—  Bloody-nose  beetle,  a  large  species 
of  beetle  of  the  genus  Timarcha,  T.  laevigata  so  named 
because  when  disturbed  it  emits  a  red  fluid  from  the  joints. 
—  Colorado  beetle,  a  coleopterous  insect,  Doriijilo'iu. 
Chrijmmela,  or  Polygramma  decemlineata,  family  Chry- 


Colorado  BeeUe  I  Doryphora  decemlineata.  Say). 

a,  eggs ;  l>,  larva,  advanced  stage  ;  c,  pupa  :  d.  beetle  ;  e,  wing-cover, 

enlarged ;/,  leg.  enlarged. 

somelidce,  belonging  to  the  feetramerous  section  of  the  or- 
der. In  size  it  is  somewhat  larger  than  a  pea,  nearly  oval, 
convex,  of  a  yellowish  or  ocher-yellow  color,  marked  with 
black  spots  and  blotches,  and  on  the  elytra  with  ten  black 
longitudinal  stripes.  The  wings,  which  are  folded  under 
tbe  elytra,  are  of  a  blood-red  color.  This  insect  works 
great  havoc  upon  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  tbe  potato, 
ami  is  also  destructive  to  the  tomato  and  tbe  eggplant. 
It  was  first  observed  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  about 
]Sf,!l,  and  lias  since  spread  from  Colorado  over  tbe  whole 
ot  tbe  United  States  and  Canada.     Also  called  potato-bug. 

—  Harlequin  beetle.    8ee  harlequin Horned  beetle, 

a  lamellieorn  beetle  of  the  genus  Megalosoma  and  some 
related  genera,  belonging  to  the  cetonian  group  of  Scara- 

l„riil,r 

beetle-'  (be'tl),  a.  [Separate  use  of  beetle-  in 
beetle-browed.]  Shaggy;  prominent:  used  in 
beetle  brow  (also  written  bet  tie-brow). 

Here  are  the  beetle  brows  shall  blush  foi  me 

Shak..  It.  and  .1.,  i.  4. 
Bent  hollow  beetle  browes,  sharpc  staring  eyes, 
That  mad  or  foolish  scemd.    Spenser,  V.  <).,  II.  ix.  52. 

beetle:i  (be'tl),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetling.  [<  beetle*,  a.  First  used  by  Shak- 
spere.j  To  be  prominent;  extend  out;  over- 
hang; jut. 

What,  if  it  tempt  you  toward  the  Hood,  my  lord, 
in  to  tbe  dreadful  summit  of  tbe  cliff. 

That  bt'etl,'*  o'er  bis  base  into  tb 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 
i'.acli  '.<  I'tliwj  rampart  and  each  tower  sublime. 

Wordsworth. 
beetle-brOW  (be'tl-brou),  «.      See  /.<<//,  ■'■.  n. 

beetle-browed  (he'tl-broud),  a.  [<  ME.  bitel- 
browed,  bytelbrowed,  etc.  (used  in  "Piers  Plow- 
man" with  variants  bittur  browed  ami  bytter 
browid),  its  if  lit.  'having  biting  eyebrows,' 
thai  is,  projecting  eyebrows,  <  ME.  bitel,  adj., 
sharp,  biting,  <  AS.  "bitel  (see  birth-);  but 
more  prob.  '  with  eyebrows  like  abeetlo's,'  that 
is,  projecting  like  the  tufted  antenna.'  of  some 
beeiles.     See  beetle^   and  broil.]     1.    Having 


befall 

shaggy,  bushy,  prominent,  or  overhanging  eye- 
brows;  hence,  often,  sullen;  scowling, 

A  beetle-browed  sullen  face.  Howell,  Letters,  ii.  25. 

Its  beetle-browed  and  gloomy  front, 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  i. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  an  overhanging  or  pro- 
jecting top. 

beetle-head  (be'tl-hed),  ii.     1.   The  monkey  or 

weight  of  a  pile-driver. —  2.    A   1 tle-lieaded 

or  stupid  fellow. — 3.  A  name  of  the  Swiss  or 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  In  In  inn.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

beetle-headed  (be'tl -hedged),  a.  [Cf.  beetle- 
In ml.]  Having  a  head  like  a  beetle  or  mallet; 
dull;  stupid. 

Beetle-headed,  flap-ear'd  knave.     Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

beetle-mite  (be'tl-mit),  n.  [<  bntii-  +  mite1.] 
A  mite  of  the  family  Gamasida:  (which  see). 

beetle-Stock  (be'tl-stok),  n.  [<  beetle1  + 
stock:.]     The  handle  of  a  beetle. 

beetle-stone  (be'tl-st on),  «.  [<  beetle^  +  stone.] 
A  nodule  of  eoprolitic  ironstone,  so  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  inclosed  coprolite  to 
the  body  and  limbs  of  a  beetle. 

beetling  (bet'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beetle1,  v.] 
A  beating  with  a  beetle. 

When  tbe  desired  shade  is  obtained,  nothing  remains 
but  to  wash  tbe  silk,  and  give  it  two  beetlings  at  the 
river,  in  order  to  free  it  from  the  redundant  arnatto. 

/'..,  Diet.,  I.  209. 

beetling-machine  (bet'ling-ma-shen"),  n.     A 

machine  for  finishing  linen  or  cotton  cloth  by 
hammering  it:  for  this  purpose  stamps  are 
used,  which  are  raised  in  succession  and  per- 
mitted to  fall  by  their  own  weight.  Also  called 
beetle. 

beet-master  (bet'mas"ter),  n.  An  erroneous 
form  of  bcct-iiiixter. 

beet-mister  (bet'mis"ter),  n.  [Sc,  <  beet,  beit, 
mend,  supply,  +  mister,  want;  lint  n  mister, 
supply  a  want :  see  beet2  and  mister2.  Cf.  E. 
dial.  (North.)  beet-need,  assistance  in  the  hour 
of  distress.]  Whatever  supplies  a  want; 
hence,  a  substitute.     [Scotch.] 

Next  she  enlarged  on  the  advantage  of  saving  old 
clothes  to  be  what  she  called  beet-masters  to  the  new. 

Scott. 

beet-press  (bet'pres),  11.  A  hydraulic  or  steam- 
power  machine  for  expressing  the  juice  from 
beet-roots  in  the  process  of  making  beet-root 
sugar. 

beet-radish  (het'radlsh),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  red  beets  (Beta  vulgaris)  when 
raised  or  used  for  salad.     See  beet1. 

beet-rave  (bet'rav),  11.  [<  beet1  +  rave,  after 
F.  bette-rave,  heet-root,  <  bette,  beet  (see  beet1 ), 
+  rave,  <  L.  rapa,  a  turnip.]  Same  as  beet- 
radish.     In  Scotland  also  beetraw  and  hi  ctrir. 

bee-tree  (be'tre),  «.  1.  A  name  of  the  bass- 
wood  or  American  linden,  Tilia  Americana, 
from  the  richness  of  its  flowers  in  honey. — 2. 
A  hollow  tree  occupied  by  wild  bees. 

beet-root  (bet'rot),  n.  The  root  of  the  beet- 
plant.  See  biii1.  —  Beet-root  sugar,  sugar  made 
from  beet-roots.  The  roots  are  rasped  to  a  pulp,  ami  the 
Juice  is  separated  by  pressure,  maceration,  or  other  means, 
and  is  then  filtered  and  concentrated  by  evaporation  in  a 

vi mi  pan.    See  («■<•( i.-  -  Beet-root  vinegar,  vinegar 

prepared  from  the  juice  of  tbe  sugar-beet. 

beeve  (bev),  11.  [A  rare  singular,  erroneously 
formed  from  beeves,  pi.  of  bee)'.]  An  animal  of 
the  bovine  genus,  as  a  cow,  bull,  or  ox. 

They  would  knock  down  tbe  Inst  be,  re  tin  \  met  with. 

Irving, 
Each  stately  beeve  bespeaks  tbe  hand 
That  fed  him  unrcpniiii^ 

Whittiir,  Tbe  Drovers. 

beeves,  «.    Plural  of  beef. 
beevort,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  beaver2, 
bee-wolf  (be'wulf),   n.    1.    An  African  bee- 
ealer,   Mellitotheres  nubicus,  one  of  the  fitero- 
judir. — 2.  A  parasite  of  the  bee,  Trichodes  aju- 

II II  IIS. 

bee-worm  (be'werm),  n.  An  old  name  for  the 
larva  of  the  bee.      Bay. 

befall,  befal  (be-fal'),  v.;  pret.  befell,  pp.  fte- 
liillin,  ppr.   befaUing.     \<  ME.   befallen,   fall, 

happen,  belong,  <  AS.  hijinlhin.  fall  (=  OS.  W 

fattan  =  OFries.  hifnlln  =  lb  6t  vallen,  please,  = 
out;.  bifalUm,  MHG.  G.  befallen,  please),  <  bc- 
+  feallan,  fall:  see  be-1  and.  fall.]     I.  trans. 

To  fall  or  happen  to;  occur  to. 

But  1  beseech  your  grace  that  1  may  know 
Tbe  worst  that  may  befall  me. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

The  worst  that  can  befall  thee,  measured  right, 
Is  a  sound  slumber,  ami  a  long  good  night 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  05. 


befall 
II.  iittrans.    1.  To  happen;  come  to  pass. 

I  have  reveal'd  .  .  . 
The  discord  which  befell.     Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  897. 
The  ground  in  many  a  little  'It'll 
Was  broken,  up  ami  down  whose  steeps  befell 
Alternate  victory  and  defeat 

Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  vi.  16. 

2f.  To  fall  in  the  way;  come  to  hand. 
His  little  Goats  nan  drive  out  "f  their  stalls. 
To  feede  abroad,  where  pasture  besl  befalls. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  72. 

To  befall  oft,  to  lie  the  fate  of ;  become  of. 

Do  UK-  the  favour  to  dilate  at  full 

\\  hat  hath  In-full  it  qf  them,  and  thee,  till  now. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,i.  1. 

befana  (be-fa'na),  «.  [It.,  <  befania,  epiphany, 
<  LIi.  epiphania, epiphany :  sec  Epiphany."]     1. 

Primarily,  in  Italy,  an  Epiphany  present  or 
gift. —  2.  [<•«/>.]  The  witch  or  fairy  said  to 
bring  children  the  sweetmeats  and  other  re- 
wards given  them  on  the  eve  of  Epiphany,  or 
to  neglect  and  punish  them. 

In  nursery  parlance  the  fie/ana  has  two  aspects;  she 
not  only  brings  gifts  to  good  ehildren,  but  is  the  terror  of 
the  naughty.  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  IX.  422. 

3.  A  large  rag  doll,  representing  the  Befana, 
placed  on  the  chimneys  of  cottages,  etc.,  or 
displayed  in  shops,  in  Italy,  where  Epiphany 
gifts  are  sold,  for  the  terror  or  amusement  of 
children.  [The  above  meanings  and  customs  have  ref- 
erence to  the  gifts  of  gold,  frankincense,  and  myrrh  (Mat. 
ii.  11)  brought  by  the  Magi  to  the  child  Jesus,  which  the 
feast  of  the  Epiphany  commemorates.  The  grotesque 
blackened  figures  often  exhibited  are  explained  by  the 
tradition  that  one  of  the  three  wise  kings  was  an  Ethi- 
opian.! 

befeather  (be-fesH'er),  v.  t.    [<  fit--1  +  feather.] 

To  deck  with  feathers. 
befell  (be-fel').    Preterit  of  befall. 
befetter  "(be-fet'er),  v.  t.    [<  fie-1  +  fetter.]    To 

confine  with  fetters;  restrain  as  if  by  fetters. 

Tongue-tied,  befettered,  heavy-laden  nations. 

i  'arlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

beffroit,  n.     [F.]     See  belfry. 
beffroyt,  »•     In  her.,  same  as  fair. 
befilet,  <••  t.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  befyle,  <  ME. 
befylen,,  befilen  (mixed  with  befulen,  befoulen, 
which  rest  directly  upon  ful,foul,  foul),  <  AS. 
befylan,  <  be-  +fylan,  file,  foul,  </«/,  foul:  see 
file*,  foul1,   and   befoul,   and  cf.  defile*-.]     To 
make  filthy;  befoul;  soil. 
befit  (be-fif),  ».  i . ;  pret.  and  pp.  befitted,  ppr. 
befitting.     [<  fie-1  +  fit.]     1.  To  suit;  be  suit- 
able to ;  become. 

Dry  up  your  tears, 
Which  ill  befit  the  beauty  of  that  face. 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  3. 

Out  of  my  sight,  thou  serpent !    That  name  best 
Befits  thee.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  868. 

Robes  befitting  his  degree.  Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv. 
2f.  To  fit;  furnish  with  something  fit.    [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  had  seriously  befitted  him  with  just  such  a 
bridle  and  such  a  saddle.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

befitting  (be-fit'ing),  p.  a.     Of  a  suitable  kind 
or  character;  fit;  proper;  becoming:  as,  befit- 
ting wonts  ;  a  befitting  dress  or  manner. 
befittingly  (bf-fit'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  befitting  or 

appropriate  manner;  becomingly. 
beflatter  (be-flat'er),  v.  t.     [<  fie-1  +  flatter.] 

To  flatter;  cajole. 
beflea  (be-fle'),  v.  t.     [<  fie-1  +  flea*.]     To  pes- 
ter, as  fleas  do. 

One  of  those  bores 
Who  befiea'd  with  bad  verses  poor  Louis  Quatorze. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

beflecked  (bf-flekf),  a.  [<  fie-1  +  flecked.] 
Flecked;  spotted  or  streaked;  variegated.  Also 
spelled  befieckt. 

Dark  billows  of  an  earthquake  storm 
Befieeked  with  clouds  like  foam. 

Whtttier,  The  Hill-top. 

beflower  (be-flou'er),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  flower.] 
To  cover  or  besprinkle  with  flowers. 

Beside  a  be/lowered  and  garlanded  precipice. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  274. 

befluni  (be-flum'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beflummed, 
ppr.  beflumming.  [Sc. ;  also  in  the  appar.  per- 
verted forms  bleflum,  blaflum,  blephum,  v.  and 
».,  perhaps  <  fie-1  +  *ftum,  as  in  flummery,  or 
a  variant  of  flam.  Words  of  this  kind  are  very 
unstable.]  To  befool  by  cajoling  language; 
flatter.     Srott.     [Scotch.] 

befoam  (bf-fom'),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  foam.]  To 
cover  with  foam.     Dryden. 

befog  (be-fog'),  c.  ,.;  pret.  and  pp.  befogged, 
ppr.  befogging.  [<  fie-1  +  fog.]  To  involve  in 
fog ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  confuse ;  make  ob- 
scure or  uncertain;  bewilder:  as,  to  befog  the 
mind  with  sophistry 


505 

Intentional  and  persistent  efforts  have  been  .  .  .  made 
to  befog  the  whole  subjei  t 

/).  .1.  Welle,  Merchant  Marine,  p.  120. 

befool  (be-fol'h  ».  I.    [<  ME.  befolen;  <  fie-1  + 
fool*.]     i.  To  make  a  fool  of;  delude;  dupe, 

I  could  burst  with  rage, 
To  think  I  have  a  brother  so  befmd'd. 

Font,  Love  s  Sacrifice,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  treat  as  a  fool;  call  (a  person)  "fool." 
before  (be-for'),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
beforen,  6'e/brw,  biforen,  biforn,  etc.,  adv.  and 
prep.,  <  AS.  beforan,  biforan,  adv.  and  prep.,  be- 
fore (in  place  or  time :  in  the  latter  use  rare, 
the  ordinary  word  being  wr,  ere)  (=  OS.  bi- 
foran =  D.  bevoren  =  OHG.  bifora,  wB.Gr.  bevor, 
bevorn,  G.  bevor),  <  fie,  by,  about,  +  foran,  adv., 
before,  <  for,  for,  lit.  before  :  see  fore  and  for, 
and  cf.  afore.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  front;  on  the 
anterior  or  fore  side  ;  on  the  side  opposite  the 
back ;  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  in  advance ; 
ahead. 
The  battle  was  he/ore  and  behind.  2  Chron.  xiii.  14. 

Reaching  forth  unto  those  things  which  are  before. 

I'lul.  iii.  13. 
Had  he  his  hurts  before?  Shale.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

I  am  sent  with  broom  before, 
To  sweep  the  dust  behind  the  door. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 
If  you  will  walk  before,  sir,  I  will  overtake  you  in- 
stantly. Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  3. 

2.  In  time  preceding;  previously;  formerly; 
already. 

You  tell  me  what  I  knew  before.  Dryden. 

A  flatterer  is  a  dunce  to  him,  for  he  can  tell  him  nothing 
but  what  bee  knoweS  before. 
Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-eonceited  Man. 

[The  adverb  is  frequently  used  in  self-explain- 
ing compounds,  as  before-cited,  before-going, 
before-mentioned,  etc.] 

II.  prep.  1.  In  front  of,  in  time  or  position; 
on  the  anterior  or  fore  side  of ;  in  a  position  or 
at  a  point  in  advance  of:  as,  a  happy  future  lies 
before  you ;  before  the  house  ;  before  the  fire. 

The  golden  age,  which  a  blind  tradition  has  hitherto 
placed  in  the  Past,  is  before  us. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  5. 
Before  them  went  the  priest  reading  the  burial  service. 
Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  presence  of ;  in  sight  of ;  under  the  cog- 
nizance, jurisdiction,  or  consideration  of. 

Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  the  people  of  the 
land.  Gen.  xxiii.  12. 

They  tell  me,  if  they  might  be  brought  before  you, 
They  would  reveal  things  of  strange  consequence. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 
If  my  lady  die, 
I'll  be  sworn  before  a  jury,  thou  art  the  cause  on  't. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  1. 

3.  In  precedence  of;  in  advance  of,  as  regards 
rank,  condition,  development,  etc. 

He  that  Cometh  after  me  is  preferred  before  me. 

John  i.  15. 
I  can  shew  one  almost  of  the  same  nature,  but  much  be- 
fore it.  B.  Joneon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
The  eldest  son  is  before  the  younger  in  succession. 

Johnson. 

4.  In  preference  to ;  rather  than. 

One  joyous  howre  in  blisfull  happines, 
I  chose  before  a  life  of  wretchednes. 

Spenser.  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  984. 

I  love  my  friend  before  myself. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  6. 

We  think  poverty  to  be  infinitely  desirable  before  the 

torments  of  covetousness.  J<r.  Taylor. 

5.  Anterior  to  in  time;  previous  to:  as,  I 
shall  return  before  six  o'clock. 

Temple  sprang  from  a  family  which,  though  ancient  and 
honourable,  had  before  his  time  been  scarcely  mentioned 
in  our  history.  Macaiday,  Sir  William  Temple. 

They  arrived  close  to  Albania  about  two  hours  before 
daybreak.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  30. 

6.  Under  the  action,  influence,  or  power  of. 

Mordecai,  .  .  .  before  whom  thou  hast  begun  to  fall. 

Esther  vi.  13. 

Tower  and  town,  as  he  advanced,  went  down  before  him. 
Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. ,  ii.  2. 
Before  all.  See  all.—  Before  the  beam  (naut.),  in  a  po- 
sition or  direction  which  li  s  to  for.  i  lint  drawn  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel  at  the  midship  section  of  the  ship.—  Be- 
fore (or  afore)  the  mast,  as  a  common  sailor,  the  crew 
of  a  ship  being  berthed  in  the  forecastle  or  forward  of  the 
foremast.— Before  the  wind.  («)  Naut.,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind :  as,  to  sail  before  the  wind,  that  is,  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  wind  blows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

We  continued  running  dead  before,  the  wind,  knowing 
that  we  sailed  better  so. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  20. 
(b)  Figuratively  and  colloquially,  in  prosperous  circum- 
stances ;  out  of  debt  or  difficulty. 

III.  conj.  1.  Previous  to  the  time  when: 
formerly  sometimes  followed  by  that. 

Before  I  was  afflicted,  1  went  astray.  Ps.  cxix.  67. 


beg 

Jesus  answered  and  said  nnto  him,  Before  that  Philip 
called  thee  .  .  .  [sawthee.  John  i.  48, 

Before  this  treatise  can  tie  of  use,  two  points  are  neces 
sary.  Swift. 

Seventy  of  the  Moors  made  theirwaj  into  tic  streets 
before  an  alarm  was  given.  Irving,  Qranada,  p.  54. 

2.   Sooner  than;  rather  than. 

Then  take  my  soul  ;  my  body,  soul,  and  all, 
Before  that  England  give  the  French  the  foil. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

beforehand  (be-for'hand),  adv.  [<  ME.  before- 
hand, bifornhand,  Ik><h-<  nhond,  before,  previous- 
ly, <  beforen,  before,  +  hand,  hond,  hand.]  1. 
In  anticipation ;  in  advance. 

So  that  they  .  .  .  maybe  taught  beforehand  the  skill  of 
speaking.  Hooker. 

2f.  Before  there  is  time  for  anything  to  be 
done  ;  before  anything  is  done. 

What  is  aman's  contending  with  insuperable  difficul- 
ties but  the  rolling  of  Sisyphus  s  Btone  up  the  hill,  which 
is  soon  beforehand  to  return  upon  him  again  '.' 

Sir  if  I.'  l-.'.-t —  ■ 
To  be  beforehand  with,  to  anticipate ;  be  in  advance 
of;  be  prepared  or  ready  for. 
Agricola  .  .  .  resolves  to  be  beforehand  with  the  danger. 

Milton. 
The  last-cited  author  has  been  beforehand  with  me. 

Addison. 

beforehand  (be-for'hand),  a.  [<  beforehand, 
adv.  Cf .  forehanded.]  In  good  pecuniary  cir- 
cumstances; having  enough  to  meet  one's  obli- 
gations and  something  over;  forehanded:  as, 
"  rich  and  much  beforehand,"  Bacon.   [Archaic] 

I  now  began  to  think  of  getting  a  little  beforehand. 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  77. 

beforesaid  (be-for'sed),  a.  Aforesaid.  Chaucer. 

beforetime  (be-ior'tiin),  adv.  [<  ME.  before- 
tyme ;  <  before  +  lime.  Cf.  aforetime.]  For- 
merly;  of  old  time ;  aforetime.    [Obsolescent.] 

Beforetime  in  Israel,  when  a  man  went  to  enquire  of  God, 
thus"  he  spake.  1  Sam.  ix.  9. 

befortunet  (be-f6r'tun),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  fortune.] 
To  happen ;  betide. 
I  wish  all  good  befortune  you.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  3. 
befoul  (bo-foul'),  o.  t.     [<  ME.  befoulen,  befulen 
(mixed  with  befylen,  etc.:  see  befile),  <  fie-  + 
fonlen,  foul:  see  fie-1  and  foul*,  v.]     To  make 
foul ;  cover  with  filth ;  soil ;  tarnish. 
Lawyers  can  live  without  befouling  each  other's  names. 
Trouope,  Barchester  Towers,  xxi. 
Birds  of  prey  winged  their  way  to  the  stately  tree,  be- 
fouling  its  purity.  X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  263. 

befreckle  (bf-frek'l),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  freckle.] 
To  freckle ;  spot ;  color  with  various  spots  ;  va- 
riegate. 
Her  st&v-befreckled  face.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxii.  910. 
befret  (be-fret'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  befretted, 
ppr.  befretting.  [<  fie-1  +  fret1.]  To  fret  or 
gnaw  away. 

Accept  this  ring,  wherein  my  heart  is  set, 
A  constant  heart  with  burning  flames  befret. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  iv 
befriend  (be-frend'),  v.  t.    [<  fie-1  +  friend.]    To 
act  as  a  friend  to ;  countenance,  aid,  or  benefit ; 
assist;  favor:  as,  fortune  befriended  me. 
That  you  were  once  unkind,  befriends  me  now. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxx. 
The  climate  [of  Chseronea]  is  not  much  befriended  by  the 
heavens,  for  the  air  is  thick  and  foggy. 

Dryden,  Life  of  Plutarch. 
Every  little  pine  needle  expanded  and  swelled  with  sym- 
pathy and  befriended  me.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

befriendment  (be-frend'ment),  n.  [<  befriend 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  befriending.  Foster. 
[Rare.] 

befrill  (be-fril'),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  frill.]  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  a  frill  or  frills. 

The  vicar's  white  haired  mother,  he/rilled  .  .  .  with  dain- 
ty cleanliness.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xvii. 

befringe  (be-frinj'),  r.  ..     [<  fie-1  +  fringe.]    To 
furnish  with  a  fringe ;  adorn  as  with  fringe. 
Let  my  dirty  leaves  .  .  . 
Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  419. 

befriz  (be-friz'),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  befrizzed, 
ppr.   befrizzing.     [<  fie-1  +friz.]    To  curl  the 
hair  of;  friz. 
Befrizzed  and  bepowdered  courtiers.  Contemporary  Rev. 

befuddle  (be-fud'l),  v.  t.  [<  fie-1  +  fuddle.]  To 
stupefy  or  muddle  with  intoxicants;  make  stu- 
pidly drunk. 

befur  (be-fer'),  B.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befurred, 
ppr.  befurring.  [<  be-*  +  fur.]  1.  To  cover  or 
supply  with  fur. —  2f.  To  fur  over;  incrust. 
.V.  E.'D. 

beg1  (beg),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begged,  ppr.  beg- 
ging. [Early  mod.  E.  also  begg.  begge,  <  ME. 
beggen.  first  found  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century  (in  the  "Ancreu  Kiwle");  origin  un- 


beg 

certain.  Various  explanations  have  been  of- 
fered: (1)  <  ME.  baggi .  a  bag  (because  beggars 
carry  bags:  see  first  quotation  under  beggar, 
re.);  but  this  is  certainly 'wrong.  It  would  im- 
ply tlic  forms  'beggen,  "begge,  as  variants  of 
odggen,  bagge,  but  no  such  variants  are  found 
are  probable,  and  no  such  sense  as  'put 
into  a  bag,'  or  'carry  a  bat;.'  which  might 
connect  the  notion  of  'bag'  with  that  of  'beg,' 
belongs  to  the  ME.  verb  baggen,  which  is 
found  only  in  the  sense  of  'swell  out  like  a 
bag';  tin'  sense  of  'put  into  a  bag' is  modern. 
and  that  of  'carry  a  bag'  does  not  exist  ;  bag- 
gi  r,  moreover,  the  supposed  antecedent  of  beg- 
gar, is  only  modern.  (2)  <  AS.  bedecian,  beg 
(connected  with  Goth,  bidagira,  a  beggar,  ap- 
par.  <  bitl)>tu  =  AS.  biddan,  E.  bid,  ask;  cf.  D. 
h, ,1, !, ,<  =  OHG.  betalon,  MUG.  betelen,  G.  bet- 
teln.  beg,  freq.  of  D.  bidden  =  G.  bitten  =AS. 
biddan,  E.  bid,  ask);  but  the  AS.  bedecian  oc- 
curs but  once,  in  the  9th  century,  and  there 
are  no  intermediate  forms  to  connect  it  with 
ME.  beggen.  (3)  <  OFlem.  *beggcn,  beg:  but 
there  is  no  such  word.  (4)  <  OP.  beg-,  the  com- 
mon radical  of  begard,  begart,  In  guard,  begar 
(ML.  begardus,  beggaraus,  begliardus,  etc.),  and 
beguin  (ML.  begums,  begginus,  begliinus,  begui- 
nus,  etc.),  names  given  to  the  members  of  a  men- 
dicant lay  brotherhood  (see  Begliard  and  Be- 
gum) ;  also  applied  to  any  begging  friar  or  other 
beggar.  Such  mendicants  were  very  numerous 
at  the  time  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  E. 
verb,  and  the  derived  OF.  verb  beguiner,  be- 
tter (<  beguin),  with  AF.  lugger,  is  actually 
found  in  the  sense  of  '  beg.'  The  E.  verb  may 
be  a  back  formation  from  the  noun  beggar  (ME. 
begger,  beggere,  beggar,  beggare),  which  is,  in 
this  view,  an  adapted  form  (as  if  a  noun  of 
agent  in  -aA,  -er1)  of  the  OF.  begar,  begard, 
etc.,  a  Beghard.  Begliard  is  otherwise  not  found 
in  ME.,  though  the  precise  form  begger  is  found 
in  Wyclif  and  later  as  a  designation  of  the 
mendicant  friars  (Beghards),  appar.  without 
direct  reference  to  their  begging.]  1.  trans.  1. 
To  ask  for  or  supplicate  in  charity;  ask  as 
alms. 

\  el  have  I  not  seen  the  righteous  forsaken,  nor  his  seed 
begging  bread.  I'--  xxxvii.  _'5. 

For  all  thy  blessed  youth 
Becomes  as  aged,  and  doth  beg  tin-  alms 
Of  palsied  eld.  Shale,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  ask  for  earnestly;  crave. 

He  [Joseph]  .  .  .  begged  the  body  of  Jesus. 

M:il.  xxvii.  58. 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor;  hence,  to  beseech;  en- 
treat or  supplicate  with  humility  or  earnest- 
ness: as,  I  begged  him  to  use  his  influence  in 
favor  of  my  friend. 

And  "ii  our  knees  we  beg 
(As  recompense  of  our  dear  services, 
Past  and  to  come)  that  you  do  change  this  purpose. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

To  beg  a  person  for  a  foolt,  to  take  him  for,  or  regard 
him  as,  a  fooL 

In  tin  old  common  law  was  a  writ  .  .  .  under  which  if 
a  man  was  legally  proved  an  idiot,  the  profit  of  his  lands 
.  .  .  might  Iil-  granted  by  the  king  to  any  subject,  .  .  . 
Such  a  person,  when  this  grant  was  asked,  was  said  to  be 
a  fool.  Nares. 

To  beg  the  question,  in  logic,  to  assume  or  take  as 

granted  thai  which  is  nol  more  c,  rtaili  than  the  proposi- 
tion I  I  or  whirh  obviously  i ii vi lives  the  point 
in  question  ;  assume  as  a  premise  what  no  one  who  takes 
the  opposite  view  of  the  question  will  admit. 

The  sophism  of  begging  the  question  Is,  then,  when  any 
thin-  U  proved  either  by  itself  or  something  that  is  equal- 
ly unknown  with  itself. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman  (1607). 
'the  attempt  t<i  infer  hii    Shakspere's]  classical  educa 
tfon  from  the  interna]  evidence  ol  his  works  is  simply  a 
begging  oj  the  question. 

<t.  I'.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  82. 
Maintain,  as  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  dins,  that  32'  is 
the  temperature  ol  the  floor  on  which  tin'  Antarctic  ice- 
sheet  rests,  is  virticlk  lobegthi  question, 

1   '  ii  oamology,  p.  2'26. 

=Syn.  All  (see  «»A-i,;  to  pray  (for), 

conjure,  petition  (for). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  ask  alms  or  charity;  prac- 
tise begging;  live  l,s  a  king  alms. 

1  cannot  dig;  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

2.  In  the  game  of  all-fours,  to  ask  of  the  dealer 
a  concession  of  one  point  to  be  added  to  one's 

count .     1 1-  'i.  .'i i! t  ordeal 

out  threi   additional  card  Should  tin- 

suit  originally  turned  as  trump  appi  ai  aftt  i  this  new  deal, 
wer  if  so  agreed,  must  be  d<  all  to  each  until 
a  different  trump  appears.— TO  beg  off,  to  obtain 
from  a  penalty,  obligation,  it'  or  excuses. 

beg-  (beg),  «.     Same  as  bey\ 

bega,  biggah  (be'gft,  big'&),  n.     [Also  written 
beetja,  beet/ah.   beiglia,   etc.,   repr.   Hind,  biyha, 


506 

Marathi  bignd.  ]   A  Hindu  land-measure,  locally 

varying  in  extent,  but  usually  regarded  as  equal 
to  from  une  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  English 
acre.  'I'lio  bega  of  Calcutta  is  1,600  square 
yards,  or  about  a  third  of  an  acre. 
begad  ( 1  ie-gad ' ),  interj.  [A  minced  oath,  a  cor- 
rupt ion  of  tig  find!  Cf.  egad,  bedad.~\  A  sort 
of  exclamatory  oath,  employed  to  give  weight 
ti.  a  statement. 

Begad,  madam,  .  .  .  'tis  the  very  same  1  met. 

I-'uidi/hl,  Joseph  Andrews. 

begall  (be-gal'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  4-  gaW>.]  To  gall ; 
fret;  chafe;  rub  sore.     Bp.  Hall. 

began  (be-gan').     Preterit  of  begin. 

begat  (be-gaf).  Old  preterit  of  beget,  still 
sometimes  used  poetically. 

begaudt  (be-gad'),  r.  t.  [Also  written  be- 
gaird :  <  be-'1  +  gaud:  see  gaud1.'}  To  bedeck 
with  gaudy  things.     North. 

begaum,  n.     See  begunfi. 

begeckt  (bf-gek'),  v.  t.  [So.,  also  begeek  (=  D. 
b,  ,/t  lit  i,);<,  be-1  +  geek.  Cf.  begunk.]  To  be- 
fool; gull;  jilt.     A.  E.  D. 

begem  (be-jern'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begemmed, 
ppr.  begemming.  [<  be-1  +  gem.']  To  adorn 
with  gems,  or  as  with  gems ;  stud  with  gems, 
or  anything  suggesting  them. 

The  lawn 
Begemmed  with  dew-drops. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  2. 

beget  (be-gef),  v.  t.;  pret.  begot,  formerly  be- 
gal,  pp.  begotten,  begot,  ppr.  begetting.  [<  ME. 
begeten,  begiten,  bigiten,  etc.,  <  AS.  begitan, 
bigitan  (=  OS.  bigitan  =  OHG.  bigezan),  get,  ac- 
quire, <  be-  +  gitan,  getan,  get:  see  be-1  and 
get1.]  1.  To  procreate;  generate:  chiefly  used 
of  the  father  alone,  but  sometimes  of  both 
parents. 

Abraham  begat  Isaac  ;  and  Isaac  begat  Jacob ;  and  Jacob 
begat  Judas  and  his  brethren.  Mat.  i.  2. 

Yet  they  a  beauteous  offspring  shall  beget. 

BUton,  P.  L.,  xi.  613. 
Become  stout  Marses,  and  beget  young  Cupids. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  produce  as  an  effect;  cause  to  exist; 
generate;  occasion:  as,  luxury  begets  vice; 
"love  is  begot  by  fancy,"  Glanrilb . 

Intellectual  science  has  been  observed  to  benet  invaria- 
bly a  doubt  of  the  existence  of  matter.    Emerson,  Nature. 

Thought  is  essentially  independent  of  language,  and 
speech  could  never  have  begotten  reason. 

Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  167. 
=  Syn.  To  breed,  engender. 
begetter  (be-get'er),  re.  One  who  begets  or  pro- 
creates ;  a  father. 
begetting  (bf-get'ing),  re.  1.  The  act  of  pro- 
creating or  producing. —  2.  That  which  is  be- 
gotten :  progeny. 

beggable  (beg'a-bl),  a.     [<  beg1  +  -able.]     Ca- 
pable of  being  begged. 
Things  disposed  of  or  not  beggable.    Butler,  Characters. 

beggar  (beg'ar),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  more  com- 
monly begger,  <  ME.  begger,  beggere,  also  beg- 
gar, beggare,  a  beggar:  for  the  etym.,  see  beg1. 
The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is  begger  ;  the  ME.  vari- 
ant spelling  beggar,  beggare,  has  not  neces- 
sarily a  bearing  upon  the  conjectured  derivation 
from  OF.  begard,  the  suffix  -er  being  in  ME. 
often  variable  to  -ar ;  cf.  mod.  E.  liar.']  1. 
One  who  begs  or  asks  alms;  especially,  one 
who  lives  by  asking  alms  or  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  beg. 

Bidderes  ami  beggeres  fast  about  yede, 
With  hire  belies  and  here  bagges  of  brede  full  yerammed. 

Piers  Plowman. 

2.  One  who  is  in  indigent  circumstances;  one 
who  has  been  beggared. — 3t.  One  who  asks  a 
favor;  one  who  entreats ;  a  petitioner. 

Count.  Wilt  thou  needs  he  a  beggar/ 
Clo.  I  do  beg  your  good  will  in  chia  ease. 

Shah.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 

What  subjects  will  precarious  kings  regard? 

A  beggar  speaks  too  softly  to  he  heard,         Dryden, 

4.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he 
does  not  prove. 

These  shameful  beggars  of  principles.  TtiloUon. 

5.  A  fellow;  a  rogue:  used  (a)   i mtempt 

fur  a  low  fellow;  (b)  as  a  term  of  playful 
familiarity:  as,  he  is  a  good-hearted  little  In  g- 
.'/»''•  Masterful  beggar.  See  masterful.  To  go  or 
go  home  by  beggars  bush,  to  go  to  ruin      Brewer. 

beggar  fbeg'ftr),  »' .  t-  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beg- 
ger; (  beggar,  «.]  1.  To  make  a  beggar  of; 
reduce  to  beggary;  impoverish. 

\\  hose  heavy  hand  hath  how'd  yon  to  the  grave, 
And  beggar  d  yours  for  ever.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 


beggary 

Beggar'd  by  fools,  whom  still  In-  found  too  late  ; 
lie  had  his  jest,  and  they  had  his  estate. 

Dryden,  Al>s.  and  Aehit.,  i.  561. 
A  rapacious  government,  and  a  h:<r.iured  exchequer, 

B  i  tlvlllzation,  I.  653. 

2.   To  exhaust   the  resources   of;    exceed  the 
means  or  capacity  of;  outdo. 

When  the  tivnlnTn,',  met.  then  began  a  scene  of  war- 
like parade  that  beggars  all  description. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  328. 

Shakespeare  carries  us  to  such  a  loft]  Btrain  of  intel- 
ligent activity  as  to  suggest  a  wealth  which  beggars  his 
own,  Emerson, Essays,  1st    <i  ,  p,  262. 

beggardom  (beg'iii'-iluiii).  u.  The  state  of  beg- 
gary; the  body  or  fraternity  of  beggars. 

beggarhood  (beg '  ar-hud),  n.  [<  beggar  + 
-hood.]  The  character  or  state  of  being  a  beg- 
gar; beggars  collectively. 

beggarism  (beg'Sr-izm),  re.  [<  beggar  +  -ism.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  beggary. 

beggarlineSS  (beg'iir-li-nesi,  n.  [<  beggarly 
+  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  beggarly;  ex- 
treme poverty ;  meanness. 

beggarly  (beg'ar-li),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
In  ggi  lig  ;  i  beggar  +  -hi1.]  1.  In  the  condition 
of  or  becoming  a  beggar;  extremely  indigent; 
poor  ;  mean  ;  contemptible :  used  of  persons 
and  things. 

A  beniiarlo  account  of  empty  boxes. 

Shalt.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  1. 

Beggarly  sins,  that  is,  those  sins  which  idleness  and 

beggary  usually  betray  men  to,  such  as  lying,  flattery, 

stealing,  and  dissimulation  *  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  was  an  idle,  beggarly  fellow,  and  of  no  use  to  the 
public.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

2.  Of  or  for  beggars.     [Rare.] 

But  moralists,  sociologists,  political  economists,  and  taxes 
have  slowly  convinced  me  that  no  beggarly  sympathies 
were  a  sin  against  society.    Lowell.  Study  Windows,  p.  rill. 

beggarlyt  (beg'ar-li),  adv.     Meanly;  indigent- 
ly ;  despicably. 
It  is  liis  delight  to  dwell  begna  rhi. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  §  15. 

beggar-my-neighbor  (beg'ar-mi-ua'bpr),  ». 
[In  allusion  to  the  continued  loss  of  cards.]  A 
children's  game  at  cards.  In  one  variety  of  it  the 
players  hold  the  cards  with  the  backs  upward,  and  alter- 
nately lay  one  down  till  an  honor  is  turned  up,  which 
has  to  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  four  cards  for  an  ace, 
three  for  a  king,  etc.  ;  and  the  game  goes  on  thus  till  one 
has  gained  all  the  other's  cards. 

beggar's-basket  (beg'iirz-bas'/ket),  re.  The 
European  lungwort,  Pu'lmonaria  officinalis. 

beggar's-lice  (beg'arz-lls),  re.  1.  An  English 
name  of  Galium  Aparine,  or  goose-grass,  given 
to  it  because  its  burs  stick  to  the  clothes,  and 
somewhat  resemble  lice. —  2.  The  name  given 
in  the  United  States  to  species  of  Bidt  us  and  to 
Echinosperm urn  Virginicum,  the  seeds  of  which 
have  barbed  awns  which  cling  persistently  to 
clothing.     Also  called  beggeer's-ticks. 

beggar' s-needle  (beg'Sra-ne^dl),  re.  An  Eng- 
lish popular  name  for  the  Scandix Pecten,  from 
its  long-beaked  fronds. 

beggar's-ticks  (beg'arz-tiks),  re.  Same  as  beg- 
gar's-lice, 2.     Also  written  b< ggarlirks. 

It  [the  garden]  was  over-run  with  Unman  wormwood 
and  beggarticks,  which  last  stuck  to  my  clothes. 

Thoreau,  VValden,  p,  282. 

beggar-weed  (beg'ar-wed),  ».  [Cf.  beggary*, 
2.]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  England  to 
the  common  door-weed,  Polygonum  aviculare, 
to  Cuscuta  Trifolii,  and  to  some  other  plants. 

beggary1  (beg'ftr-i),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beggery,  <  ME.  beggerie,  <  beggere,  beggar.]    1. 

The  state  of  a  beggar;  a  condition  of  extreme 
indigence. 

lis  the  narrowness  "f  human  nature, 
Our  poverty  ami  beggary  ol  spirit, 
To  take  exception  at  these  things. 

/;.  Jonson,  The  New  Inn,  iv.  3. 

His  vessel  with    an  inestimable  cargo   has  just  gone 

down,  and  he  is  reduced  in  a  moment  from  opuletx  e  to 

beggary,  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2f.  The  act  or  practice  of  begging;  the  occu- 
pation of  a  beggar;  begging. 

We  must  he  careful  that  our  charity  do  not  minister  to 
idleness  ami  the  love  otbeggary, 

Jer.  Taylor,  (treat  Exemplar. 

3.  Beggars  collectively;  beggardom;  beggar- 
hood. 

The  Piazza  is  Invaded  by  the  legions  of  beggary,  and 

held  in  overpowering  numbers  against  all ners, 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xvlll. 

4.  A  state  of  bareness  or  deficiency. 
The  freedom  and  the  beggary  of  tin-  old  studio. 

Thackeray. 

beggary"  (beg'to-i),  a.  [<  beggar  +  -y1.]  1. 
Beggarly;  poor;  mean.  [Rare.]  —  2.  Full  of 
Weeds.      [Local,  Eng.] 


begger 

beggert,  beggeryt.     Former  and  more  regular 

spellings  of  beggar,  beggary. 
begging  (beg'ing),  ».  '['<  MK.  beggynge;  verbal 

n.  of  beg1.]     The  act  of  asking  or  soliciting; 

the  occupation  of  a  beggar, 
beggyt  (beg'i),  n.     Same  as  bey1. 

Then-  used  t<i  be  a  still  more  powerful  personage  at  the 

head  of  the  Ourf,  called  the  Divan  l'»:fni.  llrmtghuin. 

Beghard  (beg'Hid),  u.  [<  ML.  Beghardus,  be- 
qardus,  beggardus,  begehardus,  begihardus  (cf. 
It.  Sp.  Pg.  oegardo,  MHG.  beghart,  begehard,  G. 
beghart,  Flem.  beggaert,  OF.  begard,  begart, 
begar,  with  a  later  eqniv.  ML.  beghinus,  begi- 
nus,  etc.,  OP.  beguin,  etc.,  E.  Begum),  formed, 
with  the  suffix  -ardus,  -nrd  (and  later  -mux, 
-in,  after  the  fern.  ML.  Inghiitu,  bcgina,  etc., 
OF.  beguine,  etc.,  E.  Beguin,  Beguine),  from  the 
name  of  the  founder  of  the  sisterhood  of  Be- 
guius,  namely,  Lambert  Beguc  or  le  Begue :  see 
Beguin,  Beguine.']  One  of  a  body  of  religious 
enthusiasts  which  arose  in  Flanders  in  the  thir- 
teenth century;  a  Beguin  (which  see).  Also 
written  Beguard.     [Often  without  a  capital.] 

begild  (be-gild'),  o.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begilded, 
begilt,  ppr.  begilding.  [<  be-1  +  gitd1.]  To  gild: 
as,  "bride-laces  begilt,"  B.  Jonson,  King's  En- 
tertainment. 

The  lightning-flash  from  swords,  casks,  courtilaces, 
With  quiv'ring  beams  begiids  the  neighbour  grasses. 

Sylvester,  Battaile  of  Yvry  (trans.),  p.  102. 

begin  (be-gin'),  v.;  pret.  began,  sometimes  be- 
gun, pp.  begun,  ppr.  beginning.  [<  ME.  begin- 
nen, hajiiiiiiii  (pret.  began,  began,  pi.  begunne, 
begunncn,  begunne,  etc.,  pp.  begunnen,  begonnen, 
begunne,  etc.),  <  AS.  beginnan,  biginnan  (pret.  be- 
gan, pi.  begunnon,  pp.  begunnen)  =  OS.  biginnan 
=  OFries.  beginna,  bejenna  =  D.  beginnen  = 
OHG.  biginnan,  MHG.  G.  beginnen,  begin;  AS. 
more  commonly  onginuau,  rarely  dginnan,  ME. 
aginnen,  and  by  apheresis  ginnen,  mod.  E.  obs. 
or  poet,  gin;  also  with  still  different  prefixes, 
OHG.  inginnan,  enginnen,  and  Goth,  duginndn, 
begin ;  <  be-  (E.  be-1)  or  on-,  a-  (E.  a-2),  +  *gin- 
nan,  not  found  in  the  simple  form,  prob.  orig. 
'open,  open  up'  (a  sense  retained  also  by  the 
OHG.  inginnan,  MHG.  enginnen),  being  prob. 
connected  with  («)  AS.  ginian  =  OHG.  ginen. 
MHG.  ginen,  gencn,  G.  gdhnen,  gape,  yawn,  (6) 
AS.  ginan  =  Icel.  gina,  gape,  yawn,  (c)  AS. 
gdnian,  E.  yawn  =  OHG.  geinon,  MSGc.geinen, 
gape,  yawn  (cf.  Gr.  xaivclv>  gape,  yawn) ;  all 
variously  with  «-  formative  from  the  root  *gi, 
seen  also  in  OHG.  glen  and  giwen,  gewon,  MHG. 
giiren,  geioen  =  L.  hiare  =  OBulg.  sijati  =  Russ. 
sijati  =  Bohem.  zivati  =  Lith.  zhioti,  etc.,  gape, 
yawn  (cf.  Gr.  xaoumvj  yawn,  ,t'iioc,  chaos,  ^-(icr/zo, 
chasm,  etc.:  see  chaos,  chasm):  see  yawn  and 
hiatus.  Cf.  open  as  equiv.  to  begin,  and  close  as 
equiv.  to  end.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  the  first 
step  in;  set  about  the  performance  or  accom- 
plishment of ;  enter  upon ;  commence. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song. 

Pope,  Messiah,  1.  1. 

2.  To  originate;  be  the  originator  of:  as,  to 
begin  a  dynasty. 

Proud  Nimrod  first  the  savage  chase  began. 

Pope,  Windsor  forest,  1.  61. 

3.  To  trace  from  anything  as  the  first  ground; 
date  the  beginning  of. 

The  apostle  begins  our  knowledge  in  the  creatures 
which  leads  us  to  the  knowledge  of  God.  Locke. 

=  Svn.  1.  To  set  about,  institute,  undertake,  originate, 
initiate. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  into  existence ;  arise; 
originate :  as,  the  present  German  empire  be- 
gan with  William  I. 

Made  a  selfish  war  begin. 

Tennyson,  To  F.  D.  Maurice. 
2.  To  take  a  first  step ;  commence  in  any  course 
or  operation ;  make  a  start  or  commencement. 

No  change  of  disposition  begins  yet  to  show  itself  in 
England.  Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  436. 

The  contest  raged  from  morning  until  night,  when  the 
Moors  began  to  yield.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  35. 

To  begin  the  board.  See  board.— To  begin  with.  («) 
To  enter  upon  first;  use  or  employ  first:  as,  to  begin  with 
the  Latin  grammar;  /"  begin  with  prayer,  (b)  At  the  out- 
set ;  as  the  first  thing  to  he  considered  ;  first  of  all :  as,  to 
begin  with,  I  do  not  like  its  color. 

Animals  can  be  trained  to  behave  in  a  way  in  which,  to 
begin  with,  they  are  Incapable  of  behaving. 

t.  II.  Green,  I>rolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  113. 

begint  (be-gin'),  n.     [<  begin,  v.]    A  beginning. 

Let  no  whit  thee  dismay 
The  hard  beginne  that  meetes  thee  in  the  dore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  21. 

beginner  (be-gin'er),  n.  [ME.  begynner  ;  <  be- 
gin +  -cr1.]    1.  One  who  begins  or  originates  ; 


507 

one  who  starts  or  first  leads  off;  an  author  or 
originator. 

Where  are  the  vile  beginners  <>f  this  fray? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  Onebeginningto  learn  or  practise  ;  anovice; 
a  tyro:  as,  "a  sermon  of  a  new  beginner," 

Sw'i/t. 

There  are  noble  passages  in  it,  but  they  are  for  the  adept 
and  not  for  the  beginner. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  R.  W.  Emerson,  xiv. 

beginning  (be-gin'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  beginninge, 

beginnunge  (=  MHG.  bcginnunge) ;  verbal  n.  of 

begin.]     1.  The  origin;  source;  first  cause. 

I  am  .  .  .  the  beginning  and  the  ending.  Rev.  i.  8. 

2.  The  point  of  time  or  epoch  at  which  any- 
thing begins;  specifically,  the  time  when  the 
universe  began  to  be. 

In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  i.  1. 

It  was  reserved  for  Hutton  to  declare  for  the  first  time 
that  the  rocks  around  us  reveal  no  trace  of  the  beginning 
of  things.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 

3.  The  initial  stage  or  first  part  of  any  pro- 
cess or  proceeding;  the  starting-point:  as,  a 
small  beginning. 

He  was  come  to  that  height  of  honour  out  of  base  be- 
ginnings.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  564. 

The  beginning  of  writing  is  the  hieroglyphic  or  symbol- 
ical picture,  the  beginning  of  worship  is  fetishism  or  idol- 
atry, the  beginning  of  eloquence  is  pictorial,  sensuous, 
and  metaphorical,  the  beginning  of  philosophy  is  the 
myth.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  142. 

beginningless  (be-gin'ing-les),  a.  [<  beginning 
+ -less.]  Having  no  beginning:  correlative  to 
endless.     [Rare.] 

begird  (be-gerd'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begirt, 
begirded,  ppr.  begirding.  [<  ME.  begirden, 
only  in  pret.  or  pp.  begurt,  <  AS.  begyrdan 
(=  OHG.  bigurtjan  ;  cf.  Goth,  bigairdan,  strong 
verb),  <  be-  +  gyrdan,  gird  :  see  be-1  and  gird1.] 
1.  To  bind  with  a  band  or  girdle. —  2.  To  sur- 
round; inclose;  encompass. 

Uther's  son 
Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  581. 

begirdle  (be-ger'dl),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  girdle.] 
To  surround  or  encircle  as  with  a  girdle. 

Like  a  ring  of  lightning  they  .  .  .  begirdle  her  from 
shore  to  shore.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  vii.  3. 

begirtt  (be-gert')i  v.  t.  [A  form  of  begird,  inf., 
due  to  the  frequent  pp.  begirt,  pret.  and  pp. 
being  the  same  as  those  of  begird.]  To  be- 
gird ;  encompass. 

Begirt  the  wood,  and  fire  it. 

Massinger,  Bashful  Lover,  iii.  5. 
To  begirt  the  almighty  throne, 
Beseeching  or  besieging.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  868. 

beglare  (be-glar'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  glare.]  To 
glare  at  or  on.     [A  humorous  coinage.] 

So  that  a  bystander,  without  beholding  Mrs.  Witter  at 
all,  must  have  known  at  whom  she  was  glaring  by  seeing 
her  refracted  from  the  countenance  of  the  beglared  one. 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  I.  xvi. 

beglerbeg  (beg'ler-beg'),  n.   Same  as  beylerbey. 

beglerbeglic  (beg'ler-beg'lik),  n.  Same  as 
bei/li  rbeylik. 

begloom  (be-gloin'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  gloom.]  To 
make  gloomy;  darken.     [Rare.] 

begnaw  (be-na'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  found;  <  AS. 
begnagan,  gnaw,  <  be-  +  gnagan,  gnaw:  see 
be-1  and  gnaw.]  To  bite  or  gnaw;  eat  away; 
corrode  ;  nibble  at.     [Rare.] 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  be-aiuav  thy  soul. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

begot  (be-go'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  bewent,  pp.  begone. 
[<  ME.  begon,  bigon,  <  AS.  began  (=  D.  begaan 
=  OHG.  bigdn,  MHG.  begun,  begen.G.  begchen), 
<  be-,  by,  about,  +  gdn,  go:  see  6c-1  and  go.] 
1.  To  go  about;  encompass;  surround. —  2. 
To  clothe;  attire. —  3.  To  surround  or  beset; 
affect  as  a  circumstance  or  influence :  now 
only  in  the  perfect  participle  begone,  in  tvoebe- 
gone,  beset  with  woe  (originally  in  the  con- 
struction him  was  wo  begon,  in  which  wo  is  the 
subject  and  him  the  dative  object,  subsequent- 
ly made  the  subject). 

So  was  I  glad  and  wel  begon. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  171. 

begodt  (be-god'),  v.  t.  [<6c-l  +  god.]  To  dei- 
fy: as,  "begodded  saints,"  South,  Sermons,  V. 
xcvii. 
begone1  (be-gon').  [Prop,  two  words,  be  gone 
(be,  inf.  or  imp  v.;  gone,  pp.),  irreg.  united,  as 
also  in  beware.]  Begone;  go  away;  depart. 
Begone !  you  are  my  brother ;  that's  your  safety. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 
"  You  must  begone,''  said  Death  ;  "  these  walks  are  mine." 
Tennyson,  Love  and  Death, 
begone-t  (be-gon').     Past  participle  of  bego. 


Beguard 

Begonia  (bf-go'ni-a),  u.  [XL.,  named  after 
Michel  Jiii/mi  (163&-1710),  a  French  promoter 
of  science.]  A  very  large  genus  of  polypeta- 
lous  exogenous  plants,  tin-  type  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Begoniacex.  rhi  \  are  mo  tiy  herbaceous, 
natives  of  the  war regions  "t  the  globe,  and  are  fre- 


Begonia  pannosa. 
a,  branch  with  male  flowers  ;   e,  c,  two  forms  of  styles  and  stigmas  ; 
d,  fruit.     (From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  general  de  Bota- 
nique.") 

quent  in  cultivation  as  foliage-plants  and  for  their  showy 
or  singular  (lowers.  A  very  great  diversity  in  the  often 
brilliant  coloring  of  the  leaves  has  been  reached  by  skilful 
crossing.  From  the  shape  of  their  large,  oblique,  fleshy 
leaves  some  species  are  known  by  the  name  ol  elephant's- 
ear.  The  succulent  aeiil  stalks  of  several  species  are  u.-ed 
as  pot-herbs. 

Begoniaceae  (be-go-ni-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Be- 
gonia +  -tteece.]  A  natural  order  of  plants,  al- 
lied to  the  Cucurbitaeete  and  t.'aetaectv,  of  which 
I',i  in  in  in  is  the  typical  genus.  The  only  other  genera 
are  BiXUbrandia  ol  the  Sandwich  Islands,  monotypic,  and 
Begoniella  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  of  only  two 
species. 

begoniaceous  (be-go-ni-a'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  or  resembling  the  Begoniaa  a . 

begore  (be-gor'),  r.  t.  [<  be-1  +  yore1.]  To  be- 
smear with  gore.     Spenser. 

begot  (be-gof).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
In  in  I. 

begotten  (be-got'n).     Past  participle  of  beget. 

begrace  (be-'gras'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  grace.]  To 
say  "your  grace"  to;  address  by  the  title  of  a 
duke  or  bishop.    Holinshed.    [Rare.] 

begravet  (bf-grav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  begraven,  <  AS. 
In  ijriifiiii,  bury  (=  OS.  bigrabhan  =  D.  begraven 
=  OflG.  bigraban  =  Sw.  begrafla  =  Dan.  be- 
ijrurr,  bury,  =  Goth,  bigraban,  dig  around),  <  be- 
+  grafan,  grave,  dig:  see  be-1  and  grave1,  v.] 
1.  To  bury.  Gomer. — 2.  To  engrave. 
With  great  sleight 
Of  workmanship  it  was  6i 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 

begrease  (be-gres'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  grease.]  To 
soil  or  daub  with  grease  or  other  oily  matter. 

begrime  (be-grim'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  grime.]    To 
make  grimy;  cover  or  impress  as  with  dirt  or 
grime. 
Tlie  justice-room  begrimed  witli  ashes. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
-Syn.  Tarnish^  etc.    Seesoil. 

begrudge  (be-gruj'),  o.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
In ij in leli, {  ME.  begruccht  u  :  see/x-1  and  grudgi .] 
To  grudge ;  envy  the  possession  of. 

There  wants  no  teacher  to  make  a  poor  man  begrudge 
his  powerful  and  wealthy  neighbour  both  his  actual  share 
in  the  government,  and  his  disproportionate  share  of  the 
good  things  of  this  life.  Brougham. 

begruntlet  (be-grun'tl),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  gruntle. 
Cf.  disgruntle.]    To  render  uneasy ;  disconcert. 
The  Spaniards  were  begruntled  with  these  scruples. 

Dp.  Haeket,  Lite. if  Abp.  Williams, i.  131. 
begrutcht,  w.  t.    Obsolete  form  of  begrudge. 
begrutten  (be-grut'n),  a.    [<  be-1  +  grutten, 

pp.  of  greit,   ijn  i  f,  cry  :  see  greet-.]      Showing 
the  effects  of  much  weeping ;  marred  or  swollen 
in  face   through  sore  or  continued  weeping. 
[Scotch.] 
Poor  things,  .  .  .  they  are  sae  begrutten. 

Scott,  Monastery,  \  iii. 

begstert,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  beggar. 
Chaucer. 

Begtashi  (beg-ta'she),  «.  [Turk.]  A  secret 
religious  order  in  Turkey  resembling  the  order 
of  Freemasons,  employing  passwords  and  signs 
of  recognition  very  similar  to,  and  in  some 
eases  identical  with,  those  of  the  hitter  order, 
and  including  many  thousands  of  influential 
members.     Imp.  Diet. 

beguan  (beg'wan),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
A  bezoar  or  concretion  found  in  the  intestines 
of  the  iguana. 

Beguard,  n.    See  Beghard. 


beguile 

beguile  (be-gil'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  begilen,  begylen 

(=  Ml>.  beghijlen),  <  be-  +  gilen,  gylen,  gule, 

deceivi  ■:  see  fie-1  and  guile."]    1.  To  delude  with 

guilej  deceive;  impose  on  by  artifice  or  craft. 

The  serpent  beg       I  me,  and  I  did  eat        Gen.  iii.  18. 

Bj  expectation  everj  da]  ■'-  guU  >l. 

Dupeol  to  morrow  even  noma  child. 

Cowper,  M>  Mother's  Picture. 

2.  To  elude  or  cheek  by  artifice  or  craft ;  foil. 

Twas  yet  some  comfort 
When  misery  could  Intuit,-  tlie  tyrant's  rage, 
And  frustrate  his  proud  will.       Shah.,  Lear,  iv.  (>. 

3.  To  deprive  of  irksomeness  or  unpleasant- 
ness  by  diverting  the   mind;   render   unfeli  ; 

-.   id  pass  insensibly  and  pleasantly ;  while 
away. 

I  would  beguile 
The  tedious  day  with  Bleep.      Sheik.,  Hamlet,  iii.  'J. 
Chiefs  of  elder  Art ! 

Teachers  of  wisdom !  wh old  i 

M\  tedious  hours.  Bascoe,  To  my  Books. 

4.  To  transform  as  if  by  charm  or  guile ;  charm. 

Till  to  a  smile 

The  g Iwifi   ■  b  arful  face  he  did  beguile. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  225. 

5.  To  entertain  as  with  pastimes;  amuse. 

The  tales 
With  which  this  da}  the  children  she  beguiled 
She  glean'd  from  Breton  grandames  when  a  child. 

M.  Arnold,  Tristram  and  Iseult,  iii. 

To  beguile  of,  to  deprive  of  by  guile  or  pleasing  artifl(  e. 

The  writer  who  f"  nui.,-  ,,/  their  tediousness  the  dull 

hours  of  life.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  302. 

=  SyTL  1.  Cheat,  mislead,  inveigle.— 3-5.  Amuse,  Divert, 

etc  (see  amuse)',  cheer,  solace. 
beguilement  (be-gil'rnent),   n.      [<  beguile   + 

-mint.]    The  act  of  beguiling;  the  state  of  be- 
ing beguiled, 
beguiler  (be-gi'ler),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 

beguiles  or  deceives, 
beguilingly  (bf-gi'ling-li),  adv.     In  a  manner 

to  beguile  or  deceive. 
beguiltyt  (be-gil'ti),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  guilty.)   To 

render  guilty  ;  burden  with  a  sense  of  guilt. 
By  easy  commutations  of  public  penance  for  a  private 

pecuniary  mulct  [thou]  dost  at  once  beguilty  thine  own 

conscience  with  sordid  briber} 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  p.  275. 

Beguin,  Beguine  (beg'in;  sometimes,  as  mod. 
P.,  ba-gaii',  m.,  -gen',  f.),  n.  [(1)  Beguin,  Bc- 
guine,  fem. :  early  mod.  E.  also  begin,  begine, 
beghine,  beggin,  bigin,  biggayne,  <  ME.  begyne, 
bygynne,  <  OF.  beguine,  mod.  F.  beguine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  beguina  =  It.  beghina,  bighina  (MD.  beghijne, 
1).  begijn,  LGh  and  G-.  begine),  <  ML.  beghina, 
begina,  beggina,  beguina,  bigina,  etc.  (of.  E.  big- 
gin?-, from  the  same  source).  VI)  Beguin,  masc, 
<  OF.  beguin,  mod.  F.  beguin  =  Sp.  Pg.  beguvno 
=  It.  beghino,  bighino,  <  ML.  beghinus,  beginus, 
beggimis.  bvguinun,  biginus,  etc.:  formed,  first  as 
fem.,  with  suffix  -in,  ML.  -iua,  -inus,  from  the 
name  of  Lambert  Begue  or  le  Begue  (i.  e.,  the 
stammerer:  OF.  begue,  mod.  F.  begue,  dial. 
In igtu  .  bieque,  stammering;  of  unknown  origin), 
a  priest  of  Liege,  who  founded  the  sisterhood. 
See  also  Beghard.  The  origin  of  the  name  was 
not  generally  known,  and  the  forms  varied, 
Leading  to  many  etymological  conjectures. 
The  connection  with  E.  beggar  and  beg!  is  per- 
haps real;  in  the  sense  of  'hypocrite'  and 
'bigot'  las  in  It.  beghino),  the  word  was  later 
confused  with  bigot,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  given 
tu  the  members  of  various  religious  communi- 
ties of  women  who.  professing  a  life  of  poverty 
and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  undyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  i  thorting  the  people.  They  originated 
in  the  twelfth  oi  thirteenth  century,  and  formerly  flour* 
lahi  it  In  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  France,  and  Italy;  and 
munities  of  the  nam.-  still  exist  in  Belgium.  See  be- 
guinage.  [Now  generally  written  Beguine.] 
Ami  Dami  Abstinence  streyned, 
Toke  mi  a  robe  ol  kamelyne. 
And  gan  her  graft!  i    a  bygynne 

limn     „ J  II       I,  I 

Wanton  wenches  and  beguine.    World  of  Wonders,  1608. 

'        ■ l! hi     <  thi  ters  and  his  daugh- 

ter, who  was  a  beguin,  «  he  was  led  to 

execution  .    Dutch  Republic,  n    n  ! 

2.  [Onlj  Beguin.]  A  member  of  a  community 
of  men  founded  on  the  same  general  principle 
of  life  as  that  of  the  Beguines  (see  1).  They  be 
•  ami-  Infei  ted  w  Ith  vario  especially  h 

ol   Uluminism,  which  were  afterward   prop 
among  the  communities  of  women.   They  were  condemned 
bj  Pope  John  XXII.  in  the  earl}  part  ol  the  fourteenth 

v.    The  faithful  Beguina  Joined  themselves  in  num- 

with  Up  different  orders  ••!  trial         ■  ■        i   gener- 
ally obnoxious  and  n bit  ct  ol    -■  vere  na  had 

greatl}  diminished   bj   thi    following  centur]    bul   con- 

tiini'  'i  i '  nil  ai t  the  mlddli  of  thi    Ext 

-  ii.  'i  Beghard  |i  beee  names  have  been  frequently  used 
as  common  nouns,  without  capitals.] 


508 

beguinage  (beg'in-aj,  or,  as  mod.  F.,  ba-ge- 
nazh'),  n.  [F.  biguinage, OF.  beguinage  (>ML. 
beghinagium),  <  beguine,  a  Beguine.  See  Be- 
guin and  -age.]  A  community  of  Beguines. 
A  beguinage  usually  consists  of  a  large  walled  inclosure 
containing  a  number  of  small  detached  houses,  each  in- 
habited by  one  or  two  Beguines ;  there  are  also  sunn  com- 
mon houses,  especially  for  the  noi  ices  and  younger  mem- 
bers of  the  community.  In  the  center  is  the  church,  where 
certain  religious  offices  are  performed  in  common.  Each 
Beguine  keeps  possession  of  her  own  property,  and  may 
support  herself  from  it,  or  from  the  work  of  her  hands, 
or  by  serving  others  in  their  houses.  They  are  free  to 
I.  ave  at  any  time,  and  take  only  simple  vows  of  chastity 
and  obedience  during  residence.  Pious  women  may  also, 
under  eeit.iin  rc-trietiims.  rent  houses  and  live  inside  the 
inclosure  without  formally  joining  the  community.  Such 
establishments  are  now  chietly  met  with  in  Belgium;  the 
immense  one  near  Ghent,  built  by  the  Duke  of  Axemberg 
in  ls74,  is  the  finest  example,  and  one  of  the  most  recent. 

Beguine,  «.    See  Beguin. 

begum1  (be-gum'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begum  mid, 
ppr.  begumming.  [<  be-1  +  gum?.]  To  daub 
or  cover  with  gum.     Swift. 

begum-  (be'gum),  n.  [ Anglo-Ind. ,  also  bee- 
gum,  begaum,  <  Hind,  begum  (cf.  Pers.  btiigim, 
a  laely),  <  Turki  bigim,  a  princess,  fem.  of  big, 
bile  =  Turk,  beg,  beg,  a  prince :  see  bey1.]  The 
title  of  a  Hindu  princess  or  lady  of  high  rank. 

begun  (be-guu').  Past  participle  and  some- 
times preterit  of  begin. 

begunk  (bf-gungk  ),  v.  t.     [Also  spelled  be- 
gink,  perhaps  a  nasalized  variation  of  equiv. 
Sc.  begeck,  q.  v.    See  also  remark  under  beflum.] 
To  befool;  deceive;  balk;  jilt.     [Scotch.] 
Whose  sweetheart  has  bequnked  him. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  VIII.  426. 

begunk  (be-gungk'),  n.  [<  begunk,  v.]  An 
illusion ;  a  trick ;  a  cheat.     [Scotch.] 

If  I  havena'  gien  Inchgrabbit  and  Jamie  Howie  abonnie 
begunk,  they  ken  themsel's.        Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxxv. 

behad  (be-had'),  a.     [Contr.  of  Sc.  *behald  = 

E.  beholden.]  Beholden;  indebted.  [Scotch.] 
behalf  (be-haf'),  n.  [<  ME.  behalve,  bihalve,  in 
the  phrase  on  (or  upon,  or  in)  behalve,  in  be- 
half, incorrectly  used  for  on  halve  (<  AS.  on 
healfe,  on  the  side  or  part  of),  owing  to  confu- 
sion with  ME.  behalve,  behalmen,  behalves,  adv. 
and  prep.,  by  the  side  of,  near,  <  AS.  be  healfe, 
by  the  side:  see  be-2,  by1,  and  half,  n.  Cf.  be- 
hoof] 1.  Advantage,  benefit,  interest,  or  de- 
fense (of  somebody  or  something). 

In  the  behalf  of  his  mistress's  beauty.       Sir  P.  Sidney. 

I  was  moved  to  speak  in  behalf  of  the  absent. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

2f.  Affair;  cause;  matter. 

In  an  unjust  behalf.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

[Always  governed  by  the  preposition  in,  on, 
or  u/ion.  See  note  under  behoof.]  —  In  this  or 
that  behalf,  in  respect  of,  or  with  regard  to,  this  or  that 

matter. 

behapt  (be-hap'),  v.  i.  [<  be-1  +  hap1.]  To  hap- 
pen. 

behappent  (be-hap'n),  v.  i.  [<  be-1  +  happen, 
appar.  suggested  by  befall.]     To  happen. 

That  is  the  greatest  shame,  and  foulest  scorne, 
Which  unto  any  knight  behajijun  may. 

Spenser,  F.  Q..  V.  xi.  62. 

behatet,  ».  t-  [ME. ;  <  be-1  +  hate.]  To  hate  ; 
detest.     Chaucer. 

behave  (be-hav'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behaved, 
ppr.  behaving.  [<  late  ME.  behaven,  restrain, 
retl.  behave  (see  first  quot.),  <  6c-1  +  have 
(which  thus  compounded  took  the  full  inflec- 
tions (pret.  rarely  behad  and  irreg.  belief!)  and 
developed  reg.  into  the  moil.  pron.  hav).  The 
word  is  formally  identical  with  AS.  behabban, 
hold,  surround,  restrain  (=  I  IS.  lulu  hhiiin,  hold, 
surround,  =  OHi  '•■  bihaben,  MIK  i.  behaben,  hold, 
take  possession  of),  <  be,  about,  +  habban,  have, 
hold:  see  be-1  and  have.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  gov- 
ern; manage;  conduct;  regulate. 
To  Florence  they  can  hur  kenne, 
To  lernc  hur  to  hehave  hur  among  men. 

Le  Bone  Florence,!.  1567. 
lie  did  behave  his  anger  ere  'twas  spent. 

Shak.,  T,  of  A.,  iii.  6. 
[The  old  editions  read  behoove  in  this  passage.] 
—  2.  With  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  conduct, 
comport,  acquit,  or  demean,  (a)  In  some  speci- 
fied way. 

Those  that  behaved  themselves  manfully.      2  Mac.  ii.  21. 

We  behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you. 

2  Ihes,  iii.  7. 

(b)  Absolutely,  in  a  commendable  or  proper 
way;  well  or  properly:  as,  behave  yourself ';  they 

will   not   hi  hare  themselves. —  3f.    To  employ*  OI 

occupy. 

\\  In  re  ease  abowods  yt's  eath  to  doe  ami 

I'.nt   who  bi^  limbs  with  labours,  and  his  uivinl 

Behaves  with  cares,  cannot  so  easy  mis. 

Sjnusir,   V.  Q  ,   II     iii.  'It). 


behavior 

II.  intruns.  [The  reflexive  pronoun  omitted.  | 
To  act  in  any  relation;  have  or  exhibit  a  mode 
of  action  or  conduct  :  used  of  persons,  and  also 
of  things  having  motion  or  operation,  (a)  In 
a  particular  manner,  as  specified:  as,  tobelmn 
well  or  ill;  the  ship  behaves  well. 

But  he  was  wiser  and  well  beheft. 

II.  Jiiusiin,  I. lives  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

Electricity  behaves  like  an  incompressible  fluid. 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  ilaseait  and  Joubert,  I.  tin. 

(b)  Absolutely,  in  a  proper  manner:  as,  why 
do  you  not  behave? 
behaved  (be-havd').  p.  a.    Mannered;  conduct 
ed:  usually  with  some  qualifying  adverb:  as, 
a  well-In  Inn  ai  person. 

Gather  by  him,  as  he  is  behav'd, 
It  t  In-  the  affliction  of  bis  love,  or  no, 
that  thus  he  Buffers  for.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Why,  I  take  the  French-oeAaved  gentleman. 

/;  Jonson,  dynthia  s  Revels,  v.  2. 

A  very  pretty  behaved  gentleman. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

behavior,  behaviour  (be-hav' yor),  u.  [The 
latter  spelling  is  usual  in  England;  early  mod. 
E.  behavoure,  behavior,  behavier,  behaviour,  be- 
haver,  behavor,  behavour,  <  behave  +  -cure,  -iour, 
-tor,  appar.  in  simulation  of  havior,  haviour, 
havour,  var.  of  haver  for  aver,  possession,  hav- 
ing (see  aver2),  of  F.  origin.  In  poetry  some- 
times havior,  which  may  be  taken  as  formed 
directly  from  have;  cf.  Sc.  have,  behave,  hav- 
ings, behavior.]  1.  Manner  of  behaving,  whe- 
ther good  or  bad;  conduct;  mode  of  acting; 
manners;  deportment:  sometimes,  when  used 
absolutely,  implying  good  breeding  or  proper 
deportment. 

Some  men's  behaviour  is  like  a  verse  wherein  every  syl- 
lable is  measured. 

Bacon,  Essays,  Of  Ceremonies  and  Respects. 

A  gentleman  that  is  very  singular  in  his  behaviour. 

Steele. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  manner  in  which  anything 
acts  or  operates. 

The  behaviour  of  the  nitrous  salts  of  the  amines  is 
worthy  of  attention.      Austen-Pinner,  Org.  Chem.,  p.  40. 

The  phenomena  of  electricity  and  magnetism  were  re- 
duced to  the  same  category;  and  the  behaviour  of  the 
magnetic  needle  was  assimilated  to  that  of  a  needle  sub- 
jected to  the  influence  of  artificial  electric  currents. 

//.  Siiencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3f.  The  act  of  representing  another  person; 
the  manner  in  which  one  personates  the  char- 
acter of  another;  representative  character. 
[Very  rare,  possibly  unique.  Knight,  however,  believes 
that  the  word  is  vised  here  in  its  natural  sense,  that  is, 
the  manner  of  having  or  conducting  one's  self.] 

King  John.    Now,  say,  Chatillon,  what  would  France 
with  us? 

Chat.    Thus,  after  greeting,  speak-  the  king  of  France, 
In  my  behaviour,  to  the  majesty, 
The  borrow  d  majesty,  of  England  here. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
Behavior  as  heir  (law  Latin,  gestio  pro  hcerede),  in  Scots 
law,  a  passive  title,  by  which  an  heir,  by  intromission  with 
his  ancestor's  heritage,  incurs  a  universal  liability  for  his 
debts  and  obligations.— During  good  behavior,  as  long 
as  niie  remains  blameless  in  tlie  discharge  of  ones  duties 
or  the  conduct  of  one's  life  :  as,  an  office  held  during  good 
behavior;  a  convict  is  given  certain  privileges  during  good 
behavior. — On  one's  behavior  or  good  behavior.  (") 
Behaving  or  bound  to  behave  with  a  regard  t<»  conven- 
tional decorum  and  propriety.  [Colloq.]  CO  Inastateof 
probation;  battle  to  be  called  to  account  in  case  of  mis- 
conduct. 

Tyrants  themselves  are  upon  '/"  "  behaviour  to  a  su- 
perior power,  Sir  R.  I.  Estrange,  Fables. 
=  Syn.  1.  Carriage,  Behavior,  Conduct,  Deportment,  In- 
meanor.  bearing,  manner,  manners,  all  denote  primarily 
outward  manner  or  conduct,  but  naturally  are  freely  ex- 
tended to  Internal  states  or  activities.  Carriage,  the  way 
nf  carrying  one's  sett,  may  tie  mere  physical  attitude,  or  it 
may  be  personal  manners,  as  expressing  slates  nf  mind  : 
we  speak  nf  a  haughty  or  noble  carriage,  but  not  ordi- 
nal Uy  of  an  ignoble,  cringing,  or  base  carnage.  Behavior 
is  the  most  general  expression  of  one's  mode  of  acting ;  it 
also  refers  particularly  to  comparatively  conspicuous  ac- 
tions and  conduct.  Conduct  is  more  applicable  to  actions 
viewed  as  connected  into  a  course  ot  life,  especially  to  ac- 
tions considered  with  reference  t"  morality.  Deportment 
i  .  ipectaUy  behavior  In  the  line  of  tin  proprieties  or  duties 
of  life:  as.  Mr.  TuTVeydrop  was  a  model  "i  deportment; 

the  scholars'  rank  depends  partly  ui their  deportment. 

Demeanor  is  most  used  for  manners  as  expressing  charac- 
ter; it  is  a  i e  deli,  ate  wmd   than   tin    others,  and   is 

generally  used  in  a  l i  sense,    We  y  speak  of  lofty 

or  gracious  corriays;  good,  bad,  wise,  foolish, lest,  con- 
ceited behavior;  exemplary  conduct .  grand,  modest,  i  m 
rect deportment;  unlet,  refined  <i<n<<fin<>r. 

Nothing  can  be  more  delicate  without  being  fantasti- 
cal, nothing  re  Arm  and  based  in  nature  and  sentiment, 

than  the  courtship  and  mutual  carriage  of  the  sexes  [in 
England].  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  112. 

Men's  behaviour  should  be  like  their  apparel,  not  too 
strait  or  point  device,  but  free  for  exercise  or  motion. 

Huron.  Kssays,  liii. 

It  is  both  more  satisfactory  and  re  safe  to  trust  to 

111.    COndUCl  "I  a  party  than  their  professions. 

Ames,  Works,  II.  214. 


behavior 

Even  at  dancing  parties,  whore  it  would  Been)  that  the 
poetry  of  motion  might  do  something  to  soften  the  rigid 

bus f  Venetian  dei'ortnient.  tin-  poor  young  people 

separate  after  each  dance.       Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

An  elderly  gentleman,  large  and  portly  and  of  remark 
ably  dignified  demeanor,  passing  slow]]  along. 

Sawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  i\ 

behead  (bf-hed'},  ».  /.  [<  HE.  beheden,  bihef- 
iltn,  biheveden,  <  AS.  behedfdian  (=  MHG.  be- 
houbeten  ;  of.  G.  ent-haupten  =  I*,  on-thoofden), 
behead,  <  be-,  hero  priv.,  +  hedfod,  head:  see 
be-1  and  Ik  ad.]  1.  To  cut  off  the  head  of;  kill 
or  execute  by  decapitation. 

Russell  and  Sidney  were  beheaded  in  defiance  of  law 
and  justice.  MacaxUay,  Hist.  F.ng.,  ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  deprive  of  the  head,  top,  or 
foremost  part  of:  as,  to  behead  a  statue  or  a 
word, 
beheading  (be-hed'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  be- 
head.] The  act  of  cutting  off  the  head;  spe- 
cifically, execution  by  decapitation. 

In  Dahomey  there  are  frequent  beheadings  that  the  vic- 
tims, going  to  the  other  world  to  serve  the  dead  king,  may 
carry  messages  from  his  living  descendant. 

//.  Spencer,  J'rin.  of  Sociol.,  §  141. 
beheld  (be-held').    Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  behold. 

behellt  fbe-hel'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  bell.]  To  tor- 
ture as  with  pains  of  hell. 

Hid  In  lull  and  rack  him.  Hetvyt. 

behemoth  (be-he'moth),  n.  [<  Heb.  b'hemoth, 
appar.  pi.  of  excellence,  'great  beast,'  sing. 
b'hciuah,  a  beast,  but  supposed  to  be  an  adap- 
tation of  Egypt,  p-ehe-mau,  lit.  water-ox.]  An 
animal  mentioned  in  Job  xl.  15-24 ;  probably, 
from  the  details  given,  a  hippopotamus,  but 
sometimes  taken  for  some  other  animal,  or  for 
a  type  of  the  largest  land-animals  generally. 

Behold  now  behemoth,  which  I  made  with  thee,  he  eat- 
eth  grass  as  an  ox.  Job  xl.  15. 

Behold  in  plaited  mail 
Behemoth  rears  his  head. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  710. 
behen,  ben6  (be 'hen,  ben),  n.  [Also  written  be- 
ken,  been,  appar.  a  corruption  of  Ar.  bahniuii, 
behmeit,  a  kind  of  root,  also  the  flower  Rosa  ca- 
nina.]  An  old  name  of  the  bladder-campion, 
Silcne  infia  ta.  The  behen-root  of  old  pharmacists  is  said 
to  have  been  the  root  of  Centaurea  Behen  and  of  Statics 
Limonium,  distinguished  as  white  and  red  behen. 
behest  (be-hesf),  n.  [<  ME.  behest,  bihest,  be- 
heste,  etc.,  with  excrescent  t,  earlier  bebese,  < 
late  AS.  behees,  a  promise,  vow  (equiv.  to  bchdt 
=  OHG-.  bihei:,  a  promise ;  of.  behight,  n.),  <  be- 
hdtan,  promise:  see  behight,  v.,  and  best.]  If.  A 
vow;  a  promise.  Chaucer;  Gower;  Holland. — 
2.  A  command ;  precept ;  mandate. 

Where  I  have  learn'd  me  to  repent  the  sin 

Of  disobedient  opposition 

To  you  and  your  behests.       Shah.,  K.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

He  did  not  pause  to  parley  nor  protest, 

But  hastened  to  obey  the  Lord's  behest. 

Longfellow,  Torquemada. 

behestt  (be-hesf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  behesten,  prom- 
ise, <  beheste,  a  promise :  see  behest,  n.]  To 
promise ;  vow. 

behetet,  v.     A  Middle  English  form  of  behight. 

behewt,  V.  t.     [<  ME.  Iiehiinn,  hew  about,  carve, 

<  AS.  bebedwan,  hew  off,  <  be-  (in  AS.  priv.) 
+  hedwan,  cut,  hew.]  To  carve;  adorn;  embel- 
lish. 

Al  with  gold  behewe.  Chancer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1306. 
behightt  (be-hif),  v.  [The  common  spelling 
in  Spenser  and  his  contemporaries  of  both 
present  and  preterit  of  ME.  pres.  inf.  beheten, 
regularly  beboten,  earlier  behaten  (pret.  behight, 
behighte,  earlier  beheht,  behet,  pp.  beboten,  later 
behight),  <  AS.  behdtan  (pret.  belief,  pp.  behaten) 
(=  OHG.  bihaizan,  MHG.  behei~en),  promise, 

<  be-  +  hdtan,  command,  call :  see  be-1  and 
bight".  The  forms  in  ME.  were  confused,  like 
those  of  the  simple  verb.  The  proper  sense  of 
behight  is  'promise';  the  other  senses  (found 
only  in  Spenser  and  contemporary  arehaists) 
are  forced,  beiug  in  part  taken  from  bight".]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  promise;  vow. 

Tie  trayteresse  fals  and  ful  of  gyle, 
That  al  behoteth  and  nothing  halt. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 
Behight  by  vow  unto  the  chaste  Minerve. 

Surrey,  Mnck\,  ii 

2.  To  call ;  name. 

That  Geauntesse  Argante  is  behight. 

Spenser.  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  47. 

3.  To  address. 

Whom  soone  as  he  beheld  he  knew,  and  thus  behiaht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  25. 

4.  To  pronounce  ;  declare  to  be. 

Why  of  late' 
Didst  thou  behight  me  borne  of  F.nglish  blood? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  64. 


509 

5.  To  mean  ;  intend. 

w  "ids  sometimes  mean  more  than  the  heart  behiieth. 
Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  461. 

6.  To  commit;  intrust. 

The  kcies  are  to  thy  hand  behight. 

Spenser,  F.  t).,  1.  X.  50. 

7.  To  adjudge. 

There  was  it  judged,  by  those  worthie  wights, 
that  Satyrane  the  first  day  best  had  donne  :  .  .  . 
The  second  was  to  Triamond  hehuiht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  7. 

8.  To  command ;  ordain. 

So,  taking  i teous  congd,  la*  behight 

Those  gates  to  be  unbar  d,  and  forth  he  went. 

,s>  nser,  !•'.  Q.,  II.  xi.  17. 

II.  in  trans.  To  address  one's  self. 

And  lowly  to  her  lowting  thus  behight. 

Spi  nser,  F.  I).,  IV.  ii.  23. 

behightt  (be-hif ),».    [<  behight,  v.    Cf.UE.be- 

hct,  In  Imi,  In  hat,  <  AS.  behat,  a  promise.  See 
behest."]  A  promise  ;  vow;  pledge.  Surrey. 
behind  (be-hlnd'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
hinde,  belli nttcn,  <  AS. behindan  (=OS.  bihindan), 
adv.  and  prep.,  behind,  <  hi',  by,  +  hiiulan,  adv., 
behind,  from  behind,  at  the  back  :  see  be-"  and 
hind3.']  I.  adv.  1.  At  the  back  of  some  person 
or  thing ;  in  the  rear :  opposed  to  before. 

So  runn'st  thou  after  that  which  flies  from  thee, 
Whilst  I  thy  babe  chase  thee  afar  behind. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxliii. 

2.  Toward  the  back  part ;  backward :  as,  to 
look  behiml. 

She  that  could  think,  and  ne'er  disclose  her  mind, 
See  suitors  following,  and  not  look  beh  ind. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
Worse  things,  unheard,  unseen,  remain  behind. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i.  1. 

3.  Out  of  sight ;  not  produced  or  exhibited  to 
view ;  in  abeyance  or  reserve. 

And  fill  up  that  which  is  behind  of  the  afflictions  of 
Christ  in  my  flesh.  Col.  i.  24. 

We  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind. 

Locke. 

4.  Remaining  after  some  occurrence,  action, 
or  operation :  as,  he  departed  and  left  us  be- 
hind. 

Thou  shalt  live  in  this  fair  world  behind. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

Where  the  bee  can  suck  no  honey,  she  leaves  her  sting 

behind.     Beau,  and  Ft.,  Prol.  to  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle. 

5.  Past  in  the  progress  of  time. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behind.     Phil.  iii.  13. 

6.  In  arrear;  behindhand:  as,  he  is  behind  in 
his  rent. 

So  that  ye  come  behind  in  no  gift.  1  Cor.  i.  7. 

II.  prep.  1.  At  the  back  or  in  the  rear  of,  as 
regards  either  the  actual  or  the  assumed  front: 
the  opposite  of  be/ore :  as,  the  valet  stood  be- 
hind his  master;  crouching  behind  a  tree. 
Behind  yon  hills  where  Lugar  flows. 

Bum*,  My  Nannie,  0. 
A  tall  Brabanter  behiml  whom  I  stood. 

Ep.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 
The  lion  walk'd  along 
Behind  some  hedge. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1094. 

2.  Figuratively,  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  not 
so  far  advanced  as ;  in  the  rear  of,  as  regards 
progress,  knowledge,  development,  etc.;  not  on 
an  equality  with:  as,  behind  the  age;  he  is 
behind  the  others  in  mathematics. 

For  I  suppose  I  was  not  a  whit  behind  the  verychiefest 
apostles.  2  Cor.  xi.  5. 

In  my  devotion  to  the  Union  I  hope  I  am  behind  no  man 
in  the  nation.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  99. 

3.  In  existence  or  remaining  after  the  removal 
or  disappearance  of :  as,  he  left  a  large  family 
In  In  ml  him. 

What  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a  small  part  of 
what  he  left  behind  him.  Pope. 

Behind  one's  back.  See  600*1.—  Behind  the  curtain. 
See  curtain.-  Behind  the  scenes.    See  scene.— Behind 

the  times,  not  well  informedas  to  current  events  ;  hold- 
ing to  older  ideas  and  ways.— Behind  time,  later  than 
the  prop.-r  or  appointed  time  in  doing  anything.  =Syn.  Be. 
hind,  After.  Behind  relates  primarily  to  position  ;  after, 
to  time.  When  after  notes  position,  it  is  less  close  or  ex- 
act than  behind,  and  it  means  position  in  motion.  To  say 
that  men  stood  one  after  another  in  a  line  was  once  cor- 
rect (see  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  901,  "kneeled  .  .  . 
each  after  other"),  but  is  not  so  now.  They  may  come  one 
after  another,  that  is,  somewhat  irregularly  and  apart  ; 
they  came  one  behind  another,  that  is,  close  together, 
one  covering  another.  The  distinction  is  similar  to  that 
between  heneatli  and  Inline. 

Out  bounced  a  splendidly  spotted  creature  of  the  cat 
kind.  Immediately  behind  him  crept  out  his  mate  ;  and 
there  they  stood.         /'.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  144. 

On  him  they  laid  the  cross,  that  he  might  bear  it  after 
Jesus.  Luke  xxiii.  20. 

behindhand  (be-hind'hand),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 

or  a.  [<  behind  +  band;  of.  beforehand.]  1. 
In  the  rear;  in  a  backward  state:  not  sufficient- 


beholding 

ly  advanced  ;  not  equally  advanced  with  some 
other  person  or  lliing:  as,  behindhand  in  studies 
or  work. 

And  these  thy  offices, 
3o  rarely  kind,  are  a    mi.  1  jarters 
Of  my  Ihliind  Imnd  slackness. 

Shuk.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

'  p.  and  all  the  morning  within  doors,  beginning  to  set 

my  accounts  in  order  from  before  this  tire,  I  being  behind. 

hand  with  them  ever  since.  Pepys,  Diary,  1 1    i" 

Nothing  can  1  xceed  tin-  evils  of  this  spring.  All  agri- 
cultural operations  arc  at  Least  a  month  behindhand. 

Sydney  Smith,  '!"  Lady  Holland. 

2.  Late;  delayed  beyond  the  proper  time;  be- 
hind the  time  set  or  expected. 

Government  expeditions  are  generally  behindhand. 

Cnrnli, II    \lo  1      \l.11.  b.    |-62. 

3.  In  a  state  in  which  expenditure  has  gone 
beyond  income  ;  in  a  state  in  which  means  are 
not  adequate  to  the  supply  of  wants;  in  arrear: 
as,  to  be  behindhand  in  one's  circumstances ; 
you  are  behindhand  with  your  payments. 

Having  run  something  behindhand  in  the  world,  he  ob- 
tained the  favour  of  a  certain  lord  to  receive  him  into  his 
house.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

4.  Underhand;  secret;  clandestine.      [Rare.] 

Those  behindhand  and  paltry  manoeuvres  which  destroy 
confidence  between  human  beings  and  degrade  the  char- 
acter of  the  statesman  and  the  man. 

Leeky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

behithert  (be-hiTH'er),  prep.  [<  6e-2  as  in  be- 
yond, behind,  etc.,  +  hither.]     On  this  side  of. 

Two  miles  behither  Clifden. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  23,  1679. 

behold  (be-hold'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beheld,  ppr. 
In  holding.  [<  ME.  beholden,  hiholilan.  hihalili  n, 
hold,  bind  by  obligation  (in  this  sense  only  in 
pp.  beholden,  beholde:  see  beholden),  commonly 
observe,  see,  <  AS.  behealdan,  hold,  keep,  ob- 
serve, see  (=  OS.  bihaldan  =  OFries.  bihaltla 
=  D.  behouden  =  OHG.  bihaltan.  MHG.  G.  be- 
halien,  keep),  <  be-  +  healdan,  hold,  keep :  see 
be-1  and  hold1.  Other  words  combining  the 
senses  '  keep '  and  '  look  at '  are  observe  and 
regard.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  hold  by;  keep;  re- 
tain.— 2f.  To  hold ;  keep ;  observe  (a  com- 
mand).—  3.  To  hold  in  view;  fix  the  eyes 
upon;  look  at;  see  with  attention;  observe 
with  care. 

When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived. 

Num.  xxi.  9. 

Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.  John  i.  29. 

=  Syn.  Observg,  Witness,  etc.  (see  see);  look  upon,  con- 
sider, eye,  view,  survey,  contemplate,  regard. 

II.  intrans.   1.  To  look;    direct  the  eyes  to 
an  object;  view;  see:  in  a  physical  sense. 
Virginius  gan  niton  the  cherl  beholde. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  191. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne  .  .  . 
stood  a  Lamb  as  it  had  been  slain.  Rev.  v.  6. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object;  at- 
tend; direct  or  fix  the  mind :  in  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  imperative,  being  frequently  little 
more  than  an  exclamation  calling  attention,  or 
expressive  of  wonder,  admiration,  and  the  like. 
Behold,  I  stand  at  the  door  ami  knock.  Rev.  iii.  20. 

Prithee,  see  there!  behold  I  look!  lo! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
3f.  To  feel  obliged  or  bound. 

For  who  would  behold  to  gene  eounsell,  if  in  counselling 
there  should  be  any  perill? 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iii. 

beholden  (be-hol'du),  71.  a.  [Formerly  often 
erroneously  beholding;  <  ME.  beholden,  beholde, 
prop.  ppr.  of  behold,  v.]  Obliged:  bound  in 
gratitude ;  indebted ;  held  by  obligation. 

Little  are  we  beholden  to  your  love. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 
We  had  classics  of  our  own.  without  being  beholden  to 
"insolent  Greece  or  haughty  Rome.'' 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

beholder  (be-hol'der),  n.  [<  ME.  beholder, 
biholder,  -ere;  <  behold  +  -er1.]  One  who  be- 
holds ;  a  spectator ;  one  who  looks  upon  or 
sees. 

Was  this  the  face 
That,  like  the  sun,  did  make  beholders  wink? 

Shak..  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 

beholding1  (be-hol'ding),  11.  [<  ME.  hebold- 
ynge,  bihaldung'e  :  <  beholden,  behold.]  The  act 
of  looking  at ;  gaze  ;  view ;  sight. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  your  traitor- 
ous father  are  not  fit  for  your  bt  holding. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

beholding'-t  (be-hol'ding),  a.  [Corrupt  form  of 
beholden.]     1.  Under  obligation;  obliged. 

The  stage  is  more  beholding  lo  love  than  the  life  of  man. 

Bacon,  Love. 


beholding 

Oh,  I  thank  you,  I  :itn  much  beholding  to  yon. 

*  'hapman.  Blind  Beggaj 
It  i--  in  thi   power  of  every  hand  to  destroy  us,  ami  we 
one  we  meet,  he  doth  not  kill  us, 
i;  Li  i    M<  dicl,  i.  i  i 

2.  Attractive;  fascinating. 
Whi  i  assure  you,  my  beauty  was  not  more 

i  o  him  than  my  harmony 

Sir  r    Sfi  ' ■■■  •     'rcadia,  I   50 

beholdingness  ('".'"'"",''l''"~""|,s^  "■    Thestate 

ill  I .. -i u ir  beholden  or  under  obligation  to  any 
one. 

Thank  me,   ye  gods,  with  much  beholdi  For 

marke,  I  doe  not  i  ursi  you        Warston,  Sophonisba,  v.  2. 

behoney  (I'C'-hun'i).  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  honey."]  To 
cover  or  smear  with  honey  :  sweeten  with  honey, 
or  with  honeyed  words. 

behoof  (be-hbf),  «.  [<  Ml'..  '»/<"/  (chiefly  in 
the  dat.  tiehove,  with  prep,  to,  //'.  or /or),  <  AS. 
"behof,  advantage  (inderiv.  behoflic,  advantage- 
ous, bt  hefi  .  useful,  accessary  .  In  liotinn.  behoove: 
sir  behoove)  (=  OFries.  behof,  bihbf  =  D.  Se- 
tae/---- Ml.t..  behof  =  MHG.  6»ft«o/,  G.  6cA«/, 
advantage,  =  Sw.  behof  =  Dan.  /»/»»■,  need, 
D.eei  ssity;  i  E.  [i  el.  fco/,  moderation,  measure, 
Goth,  ga-hobains,  self-restraint),  <  "behebban 
(pret.  *behof)  =  MHG.  i„l,,i,,„.  take,  hold,  < 
/»-  +  hebban,  heave,  raise,  orig.  take  up,  take: 
see  oi-i  ami  heave.  In  the  phrase  ?'«  or  ow  /«- 
/;.»:/'  o/,  the  word  is  confused  with  behalf.] 
That  which  is  advantageous  to  a  person;  be- 
half; interest;  advantage;  profit;  benefit. 

\    ordeth  nought  to  the  behove 
Of  resonable  mannes  use. 

,  Conf.  Aruant.,  i.  15. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings 
•  To  your  '-  hoof.  Milton,  I'.  L.,  ii.  982. 

Who  wants  the  finer  politic  sense 
I   .  :i    i   !,    fcho'  lint  in  his  nun  behoof, 
With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 

Is  not,  indeed,  every  man  a  student,  and  do  not  all  things 

exist  for  tin  student  s  behoof!  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  73. 

[This  word  is  probably  never  used  as  a  nominative,  being 
.ii)  governed  by  one  of  the  prepositions  to,  for,  in, 

or  on,  and  limited  by  a  possessive  word  or  phrase.    Behalf 

is  used  similarly.] 
behooffult,  a.    The  more  correct  form  of  be- 

liooveful. 
behoovable  (b#-h8'va-bl),  a.    [<  behoove  + 

-able]    Useful;'  profitable;  needful;  fit.    Also 

spelled  behovable  and  behoveable.     [Rare.] 

All  spiritual  graces  behoveable  for  our  soul. 

Booifc  of  Homilies,  ii. 

behoove  (be-hbV),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behooved, 
ppr.  behooving.  [Also  spelled,  against  analogy, 
behove;  <  ME.  behoven,  behofen,  AS.  behofian, 
need,  lie  necessary  (=  <  'Fries,  hihiivia  =  D.  be- 
lt,,, r,  i,  —  MLG.  behovi  n,  LG.  fcefeo&em,  Inliiibcn  = 
G.  i,,i,„/,,i  (obs.)  =  Sw.  heiiiifnt  =  Dan. 6efto»e) ; 
from  the  noun:  see  behoof.  '  Cf.  Icel.  ftasfffl,  aim 
at,  hit,  behoove,  =  Sw.  hofvas,  beseem.  The 
pret.  In  homed  is  worn  down  in  Se.  to  bud.  bid, : 
see  f»d.]  I.  *ra««.  1.  To  be  fit  or  meet  for, 
with  respect  to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience: 
In.  necessary  for;  become:  now  used  only  in 
the  third  person  singular  with  it  as  subject. 

It  b\  hoves  tin-  high, 
For  theirown  sakes,  to  do  tilings  worthily. 

/;  Jon.  on,  <  ynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

Indeed,  ii  behoved  him  to  keep  on  good  terms  with  his 

pupils.  Irving,  Sketch-Book. 

Il<  is  sin.,  of  himself,  and  never  needs  to  ask  another 

what  in  any  crisis  it  behooves  him  to  do.      Emerson,  W  ar. 

2f.  To  ri  late  to  the  advantage  of;  concern  the 
well-being  of:  formerly  used  with  a  regular 
nominative. 

"  ii  doi    behove  my  knowledge 

Then  m'd,  impri  on  it  not 

In  igni  ilment.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  1.  2. 

II. t  intrans.  To  i"-  necessary,  suitable,  or  fit. 

Sometime  bel ieth  it  to  be  counselled. 

i  haueffi ,  Mellbeus. 
II.   had  all  those  endowment     mightily  at  command 

Which    '  in  a  scholar. 

/.■/.  Backet,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  I.  89. 
.  'spilled  i„ hove. 
behoovet,  «■     An  obsolete  form  (properly  da- 
tive !  of  behoof. 

behoovefult  (  be-hc^  'lid  |, ,,.  [  Prop.,  as  in  early 
mod.  E.,  behoofful,  <  Mil.  behoveful,  <  behof,  be- 
hoof, +  -fill.]     Needful:  useful;  lit;  profitable; 

advantageous. 

M:i'i;iin.  ....  have cull'd such necessai 

Shak  ,  a,  and  J.,  iv.  8. 
It  may  be  most 

t.i  transai  t  the  sum.  publi,  i>  Clarendon 

behoovefullyt  (be-hbVful-i),  adv.     Usefully: 

profit  a  lily;   necessarily. 


510 

behornt  ('H'-horn'),  r. /.     [<  &e-i  +  horn.]    To 

put  horns  on  :  cuckold. 
behotet,  ».     Same  as  behight. 
behourd,  «■    L(  "''■■  a's"  written  behourt,  behov/r, 

bihour,  bohourd,  etc.,  "a  juste  or  tourney  of 

many    together   with    launces   and   batleaxes; 

also  a  bustling  or  blustering  noise"  (Cot  grave); 

<  behourder,  behourdir,  "to  just  together  with 
launces,''  <  behourt,  a  lance.]  A  variety  of  the 
just  practised  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or,  in 
some  cases,  a  variety  of  the  tourney. 

behovable,  behoveable,  a.    See  behoovable. 

behove,  r.     Less  correct  spelling  of  behoove. 

behovelyt,  a.  [ME.  (mod.  as  if  *behoofly):  see 
behoof  and  -h/1.]  Necessary;  advantageous. 
Chaucer. 

behowl  (be-houl'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  howl.]  To 
howl  at. 

The  wolf  behowls  the  moon.  Shak.,  M.  N.  1).,  v.  2. 

behung  (be-hung'),  -p.  a.  [Pp.  of  "behang,  not 
used,  <  be-1  +  hang.]  Draped;  ornamented 
with  something  hanging:  as,  a  horse  behung 
with  trappings.     [Rare.] 

beid-el-sar  (bad-el-sar'),  n.  [Ar.]  A  plant,  used 
in  Africa  as  a  remedy  for  various  cutaneous 
affections.  It  is  the  Calotropis  procera,  an  aselepiada- 
ceous  shrub  of  tropical  Africa  and  southern  Asia.  The 
Egyptians  use  the  down  of  its  seeds  as  tinder. 

beige  (bazh),  a.  [F.,  <  It.  bigio,  gray:  see  bice.] 
Having  its  natural  color:  said  of  a  woolen  fab- 
ric made  of  undyed  wool. 

beild,  n.  and  v.  t.    See  Meld. 

beildy,  a.     See  bieldy. 

bein  (ben),  a.     [Also  been,  bene,  Sc.  also  Hen, 

<  ME.  been,  beene,  bene  ;  origin  unknown.  The 
Icel.  beinn,  hospitable,  lit.  straight,  is  a  different 
word,  the  source  of  E.  bainl,  ready,  willing, 
etc. :  see  bain1.]  1.  Wealthy;  well  to  do  :  as, 
a  bein  farmer;  a  bein  body. —  2.  Well  provided ; 
comfortable;  cozy. 

This  is  a  gey  bein  place,  and  it's  a  comfort  to  hae  sic  a 
corner  to  sit  in  in  a  bad  day.      Scott,  Antiquary,  II.  xxiv. 

[Now  only  Scotch.] 
bein  (ben),  adv.     [Also  bien;  <  bein,  a.]    Com- 
fortably.    [Scotch.] 

I  grudge  a  wee  the  great  folks'  gift, 
That  live  sae  bien  and  snug. 

Burns,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i. 

being  (be'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  beynge,  byinge,  verbal 
n.  of  been,  be.]  1.  Existence  in  its  most  com- 
prehensive sense,  as  opposed  to  non-existenee; 
existence,  whether  real  or  only  in  thought. —  2. 
In  mctaph.,  subsistence  in  a  state  not  necessa- 
rily amounting  to  actual  existence ;  rudimentary 
existence.  But  the  word  is  used  in  different  senses  by 
different  philosophers.  Hegel  defines  it  as  immediacy, 
that  is,  the  ahstract  character  of  the  present.  In  its  most 
proper  acceptation,  it  is  the  name  given  by  philosophical 
reflection  to  that  which  is  revealed  in  immediate  con- 
sciousness independently  of  the  distinction  of  subject  and 
object.  It  may  also  be  defined,  but  with  less  precision,  as 
the  ahstract  noun  corresponding  to  the  concrete  class  cm- 
bracing  every  object,  Bcin,j  is  also  used  in  philosophy  in- 
fluenced by  Aristotle  to  signify  the  rudiment  or  germ  of 
existence,  consisting  in  a  nature,  or  principle  of  growth, 
before  actual  existence.  It  is  also  frequently  used  to  mean 
actual  existence,  the  complete  preparation  to  produce  ef- 
fects on  the  senses  and  on  other  objects.  Psychologically, 
being  may  be  defined  as  the  objectiflcation  of  consciousness, 
though  the  distinction  of  subject  from  object  logically 

presupposes  being. 

Wee  may  well  reject  a  Liturgie  which  had  no  being  that 
w.e  can  know  of,  but  from  the  corruptest  times. 

Mill,,,,,    lief,  of   lllimli.    Pel -t 

First,  Thou  madest  things  which  should  have  being  with- 
out life.  lip.  Hull.  Contemplations,  The  Creation. 
Consider  everything  as  not  yet  in  being;  then  consider 
if  it  must  needs  have  been  at  all.  BenHey. 
out  noisy  years  seem  moments  in  the  being 
(it  the  eternal  Silence. 

Wordsworth,  ode  to  Immortality. 

3.  That  which  exists;  anything  that  is:  as, 
inanimate  beings. 

What  a  sweet  being  is  an  honest  mm. I  ' 

Widdleton  l,i,,<l  others),  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

4.  Life;   conscious  existence. 

1  will  sing  praises  unto  my  God  while  I  have  any  '<  vng. 

Ps.  exlvi.  2. 
I  fetch  my  life  and  being 
From  men  of  royal  siege.      Shak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 
I  felt  and  feel,  tbo'  left  ill" ii. 

His  being  working  in  mine  own 

Tennyson,  In  Menu. nam,  lxxxv. 

5.  Lifetime;  mortal  existence. 

Claudius,  thou 
Wast  follower  of  bis  fortunes  iii  bis  being. 

Webstar. 
It  is,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  our  present  being,  tin-  great 
end  of  education  to  raise  ourselves  above  the  vulgar. 

Steele,  Tatler,  n..  80 

6.  That  which  has  life;  a  living  existence,  in 
contradistinction  to  what  is  without  life;  a 
creature. 


bekiss 

It  is  folly  to  seek  the  approbation  of  any  being  besides 
the  supreme,  because  no  other  being  can  make  a  right 
judgment  of  us.  Addison,  Spectator. 

Accidental  being,  the  being  "f  an  accident,  mark,  or 
quality.-  Actual  being,  complete  being;  being  really 
brought  to  pass ;  actuality.  Being  in  itself,  being  apart 
from  the  sentient  consciousness;  being  per  se. -  Being  of 
existence,  historical  being  ;  existence.  -  Being  peracci- 
dens,  being  through  something  extraneous.  Being  per 
se,  essential  ami  necessary  being.-  Connotative  being, 
a  mode  of  being  relative  to  something  els,-.  Diminute 
being.  Seedimtnirfe.-  Intentional  m  spiritual  being, 
ihe  being  ..f  thai  which  is  in  the  mind.— Material  being, 
what  belongs  to  material  bodies.-  Natural  being,  that 
which  belongs  to  things  and  persons.  —  Objective  being, 
an  expression  formerly  applied  to  the  mode  of  being  of  an 
immediate  object  of  thought,  but  in  a  modern  writing  it 

wi.nl. I  he  undent 1  to  mean  the  beingof  a  real  thing, 

existing  independently  of  the  mind.  See  objective. — Po- 
tential being,  that  which  belongs  to  something  which 
satisfies  the  prerequisite  conditions  of  existence,  but  is 
not  yet  complete  ..r  mi  actual  fact.-  Pure  being,  in 
metaph.,  the  conception  of  being  as  Buch,  that  is,  devoid 
of  all  predicates  ;  being  of  which  nothing  can  lie  affirmed 
except  that  it  is.—  Quidditative  being,  or  being  of  es- 
sence, that  being  that  belongs  to  things  before  they  exist, 
in  the  bosom  of  the  eternal.  —  Substantial  being,  the 
being  of  a  substance.— To  differ  by  the  whole  of  be- 
ing.   See  differ. 

being-placet  (be'ing-plas),  «.  A  place  to  exist 
in  ;  a  state  of  existence. 

Before  this  worlds  great  frame,  in  which  al  things 
Are  now  containd,  found  any  being^olace. 

Spt  nser,  Heavenly  Love,  1.  23. 

beinly  (ben'li),  adv.    [<  bein  + -ly.]    Comforta- 
bly; abundantly;  happily;  well.    Also  spelled      • 
bieidy.     [Scotch.] 

The  children  were  likewise  Ucinhi  apparelled. 

Ii.  Gtlhaize,  iii.  104. 

beinness  (ben'nes),  n.  [Also  spelled  bienness, 
<bein,  bien,  +  -ness.]  Plenty;  affluence;  pros- 
perousness ;  the  state  of  being  well  off  or  well 
to  do.     [Scotch.] 

There  was  a  prevailing  air  of  comfort  and  bienness 
about  the  people  and  their  houses. 

W.  Black;  Princess  of  Thule,  ii. 

Beiram,  ».     See  Bairam. 
beistings,  «.  sing,  or  pi.     See  beestings. 
beit  (bet),  ».  t.     [Sc]     Same  as  beet?. 
bejadet  (he-jad'),  v.  t.     [<  6c-1  +  jade1.]     To 

tire. 

Lest  you  licjii'h  the  good  galloway. 

Mill, ,n,  Defc  of  llumb.  Remonst. 

bejan  (be'jan),  n.  [Sc,  <  F.  bejaioie,  <  OF. 
beejauiic,  a  novice,  lit.  a  yellow-beak,  i.  e.,  a 
young  bird,  <  bee,  beak,  +  jaune,  yellow,  a 
yellow  beak  being  characteristic  of  young  birds. 
See  beah1  and  jaundice.]  A  student  of  the 
first  or  lowest  class  in  the  universities  of  St. 
Andrews  and  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

bejapet  (be-jap'),  v.  t.  [ME.;  <  be-1  +  jape.] 
1.  To  trick;  deceive. 


Thou  .  .  .  hast  byjaped  lure  .Ink  Theseus. 

Chancer,  Knight  s  Tale,  1.  727. 

2.  To  laugh  at;  make  a  mock  of. 

I  shal  byjaped  ben  a  thousand  tyme 

More  than  that  fool  of  whos  folye  men  ryme. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  5S2. 

bejaundice  (be-j;in'dis),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  jaun- 
dice.]    To  infect  with  the  jaundice. 

bejesuit  (be-jez'u-it),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  Jesuit.] 
To  infect  or  influence  with  Jesuitry. 

Who  hath  so  bejesuited  us  that  we  should  trouble  that 
man  with  asking  license  to  doe  so  worthy  a  deed? 

Milt,',,,  Areiipagitiea,  p.  54. 

bejewel  (be-jo'el),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  jewel.]  To 
provide  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

Her  bejewelled  hands  lay  sprawling  in  her  amber  satin 
lap.  Thackeray,  Vanity  fair,  I.  xxi. 

bejuco  (Sp.  pron.  ba-ho'ko),  n.  [Sp.]  A  Span- 
ish name  for  several  species  of  the  lianes  or 
tall  climbing  plants  of  the  tropics,  such  as  Hip- 

jiocvatea  scniidi  ns,  etc 

'the  serpent  like  bejuco  winds  his  spiral  fold  on  fold 
Round  the  tall  and  Stately ceiba  till  it  withers  in  his  In. Id. 
WhUtier,  Slaves  of  Martinique. 

bejumble  (bo-jum'bl),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  jumble.] 
To  throw  into  confusion  ;  jumble.     Ash. 

bekah  (be'kii),  h.  [Heb.J  'An  ancient  Hebrew 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  half  a  shekel,  7.08 
grams,  or  100J  grains.     Ex.  xxxviii.  I'd. 

beken't,  v.  t.  [M10.  bekennen,  bikennen  ;  <  be-1 
+  ken1.]  1.  To  make  known. —  2.  To  deliver. 
—  3.  To  commit  or  commend  to  the  care  of. 

The  devil  1  bykenne  him. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  8  (Harleian  MS.). 

beken'-'t,  »•      Same  as  lichen. 
bekiss  (be-kis'),  v.  t.     [<  «'-'  +  kiss.]    To  kiss 
repeatedly;  cover  with  kisses.      [  Hare] 

she's  sick  of  tin-  young  shepherd  that  bekissed  her. 

B.  Jiiiiki'ii,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 


bekko-ware 

bekko-ware  (bek'6-war),  u.  [<  Jap.  bekko,  tor- 
toise-shell (<  Chinese  kioei,  tortoise,  +  Ma,  ar- 
mor), +  wore2.]  A  kind  of  pottery  anciently 
made  in  Japan,  imitating  tortoise-shell,  or 
veined  with  green,  yellow,  and  brown. 

beknave   (bf-naV),  v.   1.;   pret.  and  pp.   be- 
knaved,  pjx.'beknaving.     |<6<-'  +  knave. J    To 
call  (one)  a  knave.     [Rare.] 
The  lawyer  telmaves  the  divine      Cray,  Beggar's  Opera. 

beknight  (be-nif),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  knight]  1. 
To  make  a  knight  of.     [Rare.] 

The  last  belcn.igh.ted  booby.  T.  Honk. 

2.  To  address  as  a  knight,  or  by  the  title  Sir. 

beknit  (be^nit'),  »■  '•  [<  '"'-1  +  knit]  To  knit; 
girdle  or  encircle. 

Her  llltln  arms  beknit  wild  snakes  about. 

Oolding,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.  (Ord  MS.). 

beknotted  (be-not'ed),  a.  [<  fee-1  +  knotted.] 
Knotted  again  and  again  ;  covered  with  knots. 

beknottedness  (be-not'ed-nes),  n.  In  math., 
thr  degree  of  complication  of  a  knot ;  the  num- 
ber of  times  that  it  is  necessary  to  pass  one 
part  of  the  curve  of  the  knot  projected  upon 
a  plane  through  another  in  order  to  untie  the 
knot. 

beknowt  (be-no'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beknoiven,  bi- 
krwwen,  <  AS.  becnawan,  know,  <  be-  +  endw- 
an,  know:  see  be-1  and  know.]  1.  To  know; 
recognize. —  2.  To  acknowledge;  own;  con- 
fess.    Ayenbyte  of  Inwyt  i  L340,  ed.  Morris). 

For  I  dare  not  beknowe  niin  owen  name. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  60S. 

belH,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bell;  <  ME.  bele, 
bel-,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  bel,  beau,  fern,  belle,  <. 
L.  bellus,  fair,  fine,  beautiful:  see  beau,  beauty, 
belfi,  etc.]  1.  Fair;  fine;  beautiful. —  2.  [Lit. 
fair,  good,  as  in  beausire,  fair  sir,  beaupere,  good 
father,  used  in  F.  and  ME.  to  indicate  indirect 
or  adopted  secondary  relationship;  so  in  mod. 
F.  beau-  as  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
'step-',  '-in-law';  ME.  bel-,  'grand-',  as  in  bel- 
dame, grandmother,  belsire,  grandfather,  also 
with  purely  E.  names,  belmoder,  belfader,  and 
later  belchild.  Cf.  Be.  and  North.  E.  g'oodmother, 
good-father,  etc.,  mother-in-law,  father-in-law, 
etc.]  Grand-:  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
as  belsire,  grandfather,  beldam,  grandmother, 
etc.     See  etymology. 

Bel3  (bel),  n.     Same  as  Betas. 

bel3  (bel),  ii.  [Also  written,  less  prop.,  bhel, 
bael,  repr.  Hind.  6c/.]  The  East  Indian  name 
of  the  Bengal  quince-tree,  Mqle  Marmelos.  See 
JEgle,  1. 

bela  (be'lii),  ».  [Hind.]  The  Hindustani  name 
of  a  species  of  jasmin,  Jasminum  Sambac,  which 
is  often  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  flowers. 

belabor,  belabour  (be-la'bor),  r.  t  [<  be-1 
+  labor.]  If.  To  work  hard  upon ;  ply  dili- 
gently. 

If  the  earth  is  belaboured  with  culture,  it  yieldeth  corn. 
Barrow,  Works,  III.  xviii. 

2.  To  beat  soundly  ;  thump. 

They  so  cudgelled  and  belabored  him  bodily  that  he 
might  perhaps  have  lost  his  life  in  the  encounter  had  he 
not  been  protected  by  the  more  respectable  portion  of  the 
assembly.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  545. 

bel-accoilt,  bel-accoylet  (bel-a-koil'), ».  [< OF. 

bel  acoil,  fair  welcome:   see  6c/1   and  accoil.] 

Kindly  greeting  or  reception.     Spenser. 
belace1  (be-laV),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  lace.]     1.  To 

fasten  as  with  a  lace  or  cord. —  2.  To  adorn 

with  lace. 

When  thou  in  thy  bravest 
And  most  belaced  servitude  dost  strut, 
Some  newer  fashion  doth  usurp. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  xvi.  10. 

3+.  To  beat;  whip.     Wright. 

beiace2t,  v.  t  An  error  (by  misprint  or  con- 
fusion with  belace1)  in  Bailey  and  subsequent 
dictionaries  for  belage  or  In lay.     See  belage. 

belacedness  (be-la'sed-nes),  n.  In  math.,  the 
number  of  times  one  branch  of  a  lacing  must 
be  passed  through  another  to  undo  it. 

beladle  (be-la'dl),  ».  /.  [<  6c-1  +  ladle.]  To 
pour  out  with  a  ladle ;  ladle  out. 

The  honest  masters  of  the  roast  beladling  the  dripping. 

Thackeray. 

belady  (be-la'di),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beladied, 
ppr.  beladying.  [<  6e-i  +  lady :  cf .  belord,  be- 
grace,  beknigh  t.  ]  To  address  by  the  title  Lady, 
or  the  phrase  "  my  lady." 

belaget,  <'•  [Either  a  misprint  for  belaye,  belay, 
or  less  prob.  a  phonetic  variant  of  that  word 
(ME.  belcqqen,  etc.):  see  belay.]  Naut,  to  be- 
lay.    Phillips  (1678);  Kersey. 

belam  (be-lam'),  v.  t  [<  be-1  +  lam.]  To  beat; 
bang.     Sherwood.     [North.  Eng.] 


511 

belamourt  (beTa-mSr),  ».     [Also  bellamour,  < 

F.  bel  amour,  lit.  fair  love :  see  bel1  and  amour.] 

1.  A  gallant;  a  consort. 

I  ....  loe  !  how  brave  she  decks  her  bounteous  houre 
With  silkin  curtens  and  gold  coverletts, 
Therein  to  shroud  her  sumptuous  Belamoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  10. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  flower  which  cannot  now 
be  identified. 

Her  snowy  browes,  lyke  budded  Bellamoures. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  lxiv. 

belamyt  (bel'a-mi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also 
bellamy,  <  ME.  belamy,  belami,  <  OF.  6c/  ami, 
fair  friend:  see  bel1  and  amy.]  Good  friend; 
fair  friend:  used  principally  in  address. 

Thou  belamy,  thou  pardoner,  he  seyde. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  32. 
Nay,  bellamy,  thou  bus  [must]  be  smytte. 

York  Plays,  p.  391. 
His  dearest  Belamy.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  52. 

belandre  (be-lan'der;  F.  pron.  ba-loridr'),  n. 
[F.,<  D.  bijlmidcr,  whence  also  E.  bilander,  q.  v.] 
A  small  flat-bottomed  craft,  used  principally  on 
the  rivers,  canals,  and  roadsteads  of  France, 
belate  (be-laf),  ».  «•  [<  be-1  +  late.]  To  re- 
tard ;  make  late ;  benight. 

The  morn  is  young,  quoth  he, 
A  little  time  to  old  remembrance  given 
Will  not  belate  us.  Southey,  Madoc,  i.  10. 

belated  (be-la'ted),  ^).  a.  Coming  or  staying 
too  late ;  overtaken  by  lateness,  especially  at 
night;  benighted;  delayed. 

Faery  elves, 
Whose  midnight  revels,  by  a  forest  side, 
Or  fountain,  some  belated  peasant  sees. 

Milton,  P.  L.,i.  783. 

Who  were  the  parties?  who  inspected?  who  contested 

this  belated  account?  Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot's  Debts. 

belatedness  (be-la'ted-nes),  n.  [<  belated,  pp. 
of  belate,  +  -nes's.]  The  state  of  being  belated, 
or  of  being  too  late ;  slowness;  backwardness. 

That  you  may  see  I  am  sometimes  suspicious  of  myself, 
and  do  take  notice  of  a  certain  belatedness  in  me,  I  am 
the  bolder  to  send  you  some  of  my  nightward  thoughts. 
Milton,  Letter  in  Birch's  Life. 

belaud  (be-lad'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  laud.]  To 
load  with  praise ;  laud  highly. 

[Volumes]  which  were  commended  by  divines  from  pul- 
pits, and  belauded  all  Europe  over. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xxvi. 

belave  (be-lav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bilaren,  bathe,  < 
6i-,  6c-  +  laven,  lave:  see  6c-1  and  lave1.]  To 
lave  about;  wash  all  over;  wash. 

belawgivet  (be-la'giv),  v.  t.  [A  forced  word, 
used  only  in  the  passage  from  Milton,  <  6e-l  + 
"lawgive,  assumed  from  lawgiver.]  To  give  a 
law  to. 

The  Holy  One  of  Israel  hath  belawgiven  his  own  people 
with  this  very  allowance.  Milton,  Divorce. 

belay  (be-la'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beleggen,  bileggen,  < 
AS.  bele'egan,  lay  upon,  cover,  charge  (=  t>.  be- 
leggen, cover,  overlay;  as  a  naut.  term,  belay; 
=  OHG.  bilegen,  MHG.  G.  belegen),  <  be-,  about, 
around,  by,  +  lecgan,  lay.  The  naut.  use  is 
perhaps  due  to  the  D.  In  the  sense  of  'sur- 
round,' cf.  beleaguer.]  If.  To  surround;  en- 
viron; inclose.— 2f.  To  overlay;  adorn. 
All  in  a  woodman's  jacket  he  was  clad 
Of  Lincolne  greene,  belayd  with  silver  lace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  5. 

3f.  To  besiege  ;  invest ;  surround. 

Gaynst  such  stroug  castles  needeth  greater  might 
Then  those  small  forts  which  ye  were  wont  belay. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

So  when  Arabian  thieves  belayed  us  round. 

Sandys,  Hymn  to  God. 

4f.  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  order  to  attack;  hence, 
to  block  up  or  obstruct. 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay. 

Dryden,  .Encid,  ix. 

5.  Naut,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  winding 
round    a    belaying- 
pin,  cleat,  orcavel: 
applied    chiefly    to 
running  rigging. 

When  we  belayed  the 
halyards,  there  was  no- 
thing left  but  the  bolt- 
rope. 

11.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before 
[the  Mast,  p.  256. 

belaying-bitt    (b§- 

la'ing-bit),  n.     Any 

bitt  to  which  a  rope   BeUytoe-pta  in  lf;h^h  '"^  be" 

can  be  belayed. 
belaying-pin    (be-la 'iug-pin),    ».      Naut,    a 

wooden  or  iron  pin  to  which  running  rigging 

may  be  belayed. 


beleave 

belch  (belch),  r.  [Early  mod.  I'...  also  belche, 
bache,  ME.  belchen,  assibilated  form  of  early 
mod.  E.  and  E.dial.  (north.)  lull.;  <  ME.  beUcen, 
<  AS.  bceloian,  bealeian,  also  with  added  forma- 
tive, bealcettan,  belch,  ejaculate;  allied  (<>  balk2 
and  hoik,  all  [.roll.  ult.  imitative:  sir  lull.;  ball;-, 

bulk.]    I.  intrans.  1.  To  eject  wind  noisily  from 

the  stomach  through  the  mouth;  eructate. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  .   .  .  and  provoke  a  man  that 
eatcih  them  to  belch.  Holland,  tr.  ,,f  Pliny,  xi\.  5. 

2.  To  issue  out,  as  with  eructation :  as,  "belch- 
ing flames,"  Dryden. 

II.    trans.  1.    To  throw  or  eject  from  the 
stomach  with  violence  ;  eructate. 

Belching  raw  gobbets  front  bis  maw. 

Addison,  .F.neiil,  iii. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  within ;  cast  forth. 

The  gates,  that  now 
Stood  open  wide,  belching  outrageous  tlame. 

Milton,  I'.  L.,  x.  232. 
Though  heaven  drop  sulphur,  and  hell  belch  out  fire. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejauus,  ii.  2. 

3.  To  ejaculate;  vent  with  vehemence:  often 
with  out:  as,  to  belch  out  blasphemies;  to  belch 
out  one's  fury. 

belch  (belch),  n.  [<  belch,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
throwing  out  from  the  stomach  or  from  within ; 
eructation. —  2f.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor, 
from  its  causing  belching. 

A  sudden  reformation  would  follow  among  all  sorts  of 
people  ;  porters  would  no  longer  be  drunk  with  belch. 

/>.  nnis. 

belcher1  (bel'cher),  n.     One  who  belches. 

belcher2  (bel'cher),  n.  [So  called  from  an 
English  pugilist  named  Jim  Belcher.]  A  neck- 
erchief with  darkish-blue  ground  and  large 
white  spots  with  a  dark-blue  spot  in  the  center 
of  each.     [Slang.] 

belchildt  (bel'ehlld),  ».;  pi.  belchildren  (-ehil"- 
dren).  [<  6e/-,  grand-,  as  in  beldam,  belsire, 
etc.  (see  6c/i),  +  child.]    A  grandchild. 

To  Thomas  Doubledaye  and  Katherine   his  wife,  my 

daughter,  a  cowe.    To  their  children,  my  belchildren,  etc. 

Will  of  1504,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  77. 

beldam,  beldame  (bel'dam,  -dam),  ».  [<  ME. 
beldam,  beldame,  only  in  sense  of  grandmother 
(correlative  to  belsire,  grandfather),  <  ME.  6e/-, 
grand-,  as  in  belsire,  etc.  (see  6eH),  +  dame, 
mother.  The  word  was  thus  in  E.  use  lit.  '  good 
mother,'  used  distinctively  for  grandmother, 
not  as  in  F.  6c//e  dame,  lit.  fair  lady :  see  6c/1, 
6c//c,  and  dame.]  It.  Grandmother:  corre- 
sponding to  belsire,  grandfather :  sometimes 
applied  to  a  great-grandmother. 

To  show  the  beldame  daughters  of  her  daughter. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  953. 
2.  An  old  woman  in  general,  especially  an  ugly 
old  woman;  a  hag. 
Around  the  beldam  all  erect  they  hang.  Akenside. 

Our  witches  are  no  longer  old 
And  wrinkled  beldames,  Satan-sold. 

Whittier,  New-England  Legend. 

3f.  [A  forced  use  of  the  F.  6c//c  dame.]  Fair 
dame  or  lady.  Spenser. 
beleadt,  <'•  /•  [<  ME.  beleden,  <  AS.  belwdan,  <  6c- 
+  Id'dan,  lead:  see  6c-1  and  lead1.]  1.  To  lead 
away. — 2.  To  lead  ;  conduct. 
beleaguer  (be-le'ger),  v.  t.  [<  D.  belegeren,  be- 
siege ( =  G.  belagern  =  Sw.  belagra  =  Dan.  6e- 
Icegre,  also  belejre,  perhaps  <  D.  belegeren),  < 
6c-  +  leger,  a  camp,  encamping  army,  place  to 
lie  down,  a  bed  (=  E.  lair  and  layer  =  G.  lagt  r, 
a  camp,  =  Sw.  lager,  a  bed,  etc.):  see  6c-1  and 
leaguer,  ledger,  lair,  layer,  lager.]  To  besiege; 
surround  with  an  army  so  as  to  preclude  es- 
cape ;  blockade. 

The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleaguered  by  Turnus  and  the 
Latins.  Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

=  Syn.  To  invest,  lay  siege  to,  beset. 
beleaguerer   (be-le'ger-er),   n.     One   who  be- 
leaguers or  besieges;  a  besieger. 

O'er  the  walls 
The  wild  beleamterers  broke,  and,  one  by  one, 
The  strongholds  of  the  plain  were  forced. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

beleaguerment  (be-le'ger-ment),   n.     [<  6c- 
leaguer  +  -ment]    The  act  of  beleaguering,  or 
the  state  of  being  beleaguered. 
Fair,  fickle,  courtly  France,  .  .  . 
Shattered  by  hard  beleaguerment,  and  wild  ire, 
That  sacked  and  set  her  palaces  on  lire. 

B.  H.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State. 

beleavet  (be-leV),  v.  [<  ME.  beleven,  bileven, 
etc.,  also  by  syncope  blcven,  leave,  intrans. 
remain,  <  AS.  belcefan,  leave,  <  6e-  +  lafan, 
leave;  prop,  the  causal  of  belive1,  q.  v.  See  In  -• 
and  leave1.]  I.  trans.  To  leave  behind;  aban- 
don ;  let  go. 
There  was  nuthynge  belej'tc.       Qower,  Coni.  Amaut.,  il 


beleave 

H.  mtrans.  To  remain;  continue;  stay. 

Bot  the  lettres  bUt  ued  ful  large  upon  plaster. 

.    fed.  Morris),  EL  1549. 

belection  (be-lek'shon),  n.    Same  as  bolection. 
belecture  fbe-lek'tfif),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  lecture.} 

To  vex  with  lectin  is:   admonish  persistently. 

She  now  had  Bomebody,  or  rather  s ething,  to  Lecture 

and'  •  age,  Reuben  Medlieott,  I.  xvl. 

belee1  (be-le'),  ''■  '■  [<  be-1  +  lee1.]  To  place 
on  the  lee.  or  in  a  position  unfavorable  to  the 
wind.     [Kare.] 

I  .  .  .  must  be  belee'd  and  calm'd 

bitor  and  creditor.      Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

belee'-'t,  r.  t.  An  apocopated  form  of  In  h  evi .  now 
written  In Iii  n  . 

Foot    Belee  me,  sir. 

Chi.     1  would  I  could,  sir!      Fleteher,  Mad  Lover,  v.  4. 

beleftt.     Preterit  and  past  participle  of  /"  '<  OVt . 

belemnite  (be-lem'nit),  n.    [=  F.  belemnite,  < 

NL.  In  lc  in  a  itrs,  <  Gr.  .  poet,  for  f}&Ms, 

a    dart,    missile    ( < 

throw,  east),  +  -itcs.]     1.  A 

straight,  solid,  tapering,  dart- 
shaped    fossil,    the    internal 

bone  or  shell  of  a  molluscous 

animal  of  the  extinct  family 

Belemnitidce,  common  in  the 

Chalk  and  Jurassic  limestone. 

Belemnites  are  popularly  known  as 

arrow-heads  or  finger-stones,  from 

their   shape:    also  as  thunderbolts 

and  thunder-stones,  from  a  belief  as 

to  their  origin.     See  Belemnitidce. 

2.  The  animal  to  which  such 

a  bone  belonged. 
Also  called  ceraunite. 
Belemnitella     (be-lem-ni- 

tel'a),  a.     [NL.,  dim.  of  Be- 
lemnites.]    A  genus    of    the 

family    Belemnitidce,    charac- 
terized by  having  a  straight 

fissure  at  the  upper  end  of 

the  guard,  on  the  ventral  side 

of  the  alveolus.     The  species 

are  all  Cretaceous. 
Belemnites  (bel-em-ni'tez), 

n.    [NL. :  see  belemnite.]    The    Belemnite, 

typical  genus  of  the  family 

Belemnitidce. 
belemnitic  (bel-em-nit'ik),  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  belem- 
nite, or  to  the  family  to  which  it  belongs :  as,  a 

beUmnitica.Tn.xasX;  a  belemnitic  shell;  belemnitic 

deposits. 
belemnitid  (be-lem'ni-tid),  n.    A  cephalopod 

of  the  family  Jieh  mnitidce. 
Belemnitidae  (bel-em-nit'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Belemnites  +  -idce.~\     A  family  of  extinct  di- 

branchiate  cephalopods,  having  10  arms  near- 


with      re- 
mains of  the  animal. 
a,  arms  with  hooks; 
b,   head  ;    c .    ink-bag ; 
d,      phragmacone ;      e, 
guard,  or  rostrum. 


512 

belemnite.  Some  specimens  have  been  found  exhibiting 
other  points  ol  their  anatomy.  Thus  we  learn  that  the 
organs  were  inclosed  In  a  mantle;  that  there  were  10  arm- 
like  processes,  Sol  them  hooked  ;it  the  end,  railed  the  un- 
cinated  arms,  and  2  not  uncinated,  called  the  tentactUa  ; 
that  the  animal  was  furnished  with  an  ink-bag,  and  that 
its  mouth  was  armed  with  mandibles.  There  are  four 
known  genera,  BelemniteSi  Belemnoteuthis,  Belemnitella, 
and  XiphoteuthU. 

belemnoid  (iM'-lom'noul),  a.  [<  belemn-itc  + 
-oid."]     Like  a  belemnite. 

beleper  (b§-lep'6r),  v.  t.  [<  be-*  +  tepcr.]  To 
iiiln-t  with  or  :is  with  leprosy. 

/;./.  //rrr.l  ;i]]  tin.-  rki.-y  with  a  Mni-f  infect  it  111  than  Ge- 
hazi's.  MUton,  Bikonoklastes,  xiv. 

bel  esprit  (bel  es-pre');  pi.  beaux  esprits  (boz 
es-pre'),  [F.,  a  line  spirit:  see  heft  and  esprit.] 
A  tine  genius  or  man  of  wit. 

Men  who  look  up  to  me  as  a  man  of  letters  and  a  bel 
esprit.  Irvinff. 

belfried  (bel'frid),  a.  L<  h<Vni  +  -ff?2-]  Hav- 
ing a  belfry :  as,  a  belfried  tower. 

belfry  (bel'fri),  ».;  pi.  belfries  (-friz).     [Early 
mod.  E.  also  belfrey,  belfery,  bc/frie,  etc.,  <  ME. 
belfray,  earlier  berfray,  berfrey,  berfreitl,  ber- 
freit,  <  OF.  berfrai,  berfray,  berfrei,  berefreit, 
berfroi,  later  belfrei,  belefreit,  belefroi,  belfroi, 
befroi,  baffray,  etc,  mod.  P.  beffroi  =  It.  battifre- 
do,(.  ML.  berefredus,  berefridus,  berfredus,  with 
numerous    variations,    bel-,    bil-,    bal-,   berte-, 
balte-,  liati-,  but  if  reditu,  <  MHG.  berevrit,  bercfrit, 
berchfrit,  berhfride,  MP.  bergfert,  bcrafrede  (in 
sense  1),  lit.  'protecting  shelter,'  <  OHG.  ber- 
gan,  MHG.  G.  bergen  (=  AS.  beorgan),  cover, 
protect,  +  OIK),  fridu,  MHG.  fride,  G.  friede 
=  AS.  fritlni,  frith,  E.  obs.  frith,  peace,  secu- 
rity, shelter.     The  origin  of  the  word  was  not 
known,  or  felt,  in  Rom.,  and  the  forms  varied  : 
the  It.  battifretlo  (after  ML.  batif reditu)  simu- 
lates bnttere,  beat,  strike  (as  an  alarm-bell  or 
a  clock),  and  the  E.  form  (after  ML.  belfredus) 
simulates  bell,  whence  the  restriction  in  mod. 
E.   to  a  bell-tower.      The  same  first  element 
also    occurs    in    bainberg    and    hauberk ;    the 
second,  with  ac- 
cent, in  affray. .] 
It.     A  movable 
wooden       tower 
used  in  the  mid- 
dle   ages  in   at- 
tacking fortified 
places.    It  consist- 
ed of  several  stages, 
was      mounted      on 
wheels,  and  was  gen- 
erally covered   with 
raw  hides  to  protect 
those  under  it  from 
lire,  boiling  oil,  etc. 
The  lowermost  story 
sometimes  sheltered 
a  battering-ram ;  the 
stnries  intermediate 
between  it.  and  the 
uppermost  were  till- 
ed   with    bowmen, 
arbalisters,   etc.,  to 
gall  the.   defenders ; 
while  the  uppermost 
story  was  furnished 

with  a  drawbridge  to  let  down  on  the  wall,  over  which 
the  Storming  parly  rushed  to  the  assault. 

2f.  A  stationary  tower  near  a  fortified  place, 
in  which  were  stationed  sentinels  to  watch  the 
surrounding  country  and  give  notice  of  tho 
approach  of  an  enemy,     it  was  furnished  with  a 


Belemnites. 
i,  flrlrmnottiitliis  antiquus.  ventral  side.    ?,  Bttemnitts  Owenii 
t restored ) :  .4tguard;  ;  D,  muscular  tissue  ot  man- 

t,  uncinated  inns:  K,  K, tentacuta ;  N,  ink- 
bag.     3.  belemnite,  British  Ml 

ly  equally  developed  and  provided  with  hooks, 
an  internal  shell  terminated  behind  by  a  ros- 
trum of  \.i  b  id  a.  well-developed 

straight  phragmacom  ...   „,., 

in  tie  ■  ological  formation     ind  i   !'■  -  lallj  In 

the  Cretaceous,  an  he  cl  ar  liki     bi  11 

familiar  to  mm.  t  perooi     U  bere  the  1 '" 

taceou  -  sea   once  <  istsof  a  sub 

cylindrical  fibrous  borh  called  thi  •       h  he  \i 

la  hollowed  lnl  Lexcavation  called  thi   alveolus, 

in  which   is  lodged  the  phrat/Tnacoiu      rtii 

1 bei       .;...'.,  ■    ■ 

ores  for  the  passage  ol  the  tiphuncU  or  infu 
lum.    The  pen  ..i  the  common  squid  is  tie-  modem  rep 
resentative,  though  on  uti  inferior  scale,  ol  thi    ancient 


Belfry  used  in  the  assault  of  a  medieval 
fortress.  (From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  f>ict.  de 
I'  Architecture.") 


Belfry  of  the  Uuoiiio  in  Pisa,  Italy imonly  called  the 

I  .   ■..:    I  ..wlt. 


belie 

hell  to  give  the  alarm  to  the  garrison,  and  also  to  sum- 
mon   the    vaSSalS    "t    a    feudal    lord    tO   his   defense.        this 

circumstance  helped  the  belief  that  the  word  was  con- 
nected  with  i„n. 

3.  A  bell-tower,  generally  attached  to  a  church 
or  other  building,  but  sometimes  standing  apart 
as  an  independent  structure. 

I  be  same  dusky  walls 

in  cold,  graj  stone. 

The  same  cloisters  and  belfry  and  spire. 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  ii. 

4.  That  part  of  a  steeple  or  other  structure  in 
which  a  bell  is  hung;  particularly,  the  frame 
of  timberwork  which  sustains  the  bell.  Seo 
cut.  under  htll-gnlili. —  5.  Naut.,  the  ornamen- 
tal frame  in  which  the  ship's  bell  is  hung. 
[Eng.]  —  6.  A  shed  used  as  a  shelter  for  cat  I  fa 
or  for  farm  implements  or  produce.  [Local, 
Eng.] 

belfry-OWl  (bel'fri-owl),  ii.  A  name  of  the 
barn-owl  i  which  sec),  from  its  frequently  nest- 
ing in  a  belfry, 
belfry-turret  (bel'fri-tur'et),  ».  A  turret  at- 
tached to  an  angle  of  a  tower  or  belfry,  to  re- 
ceive the  stairs  which  give  access  to  its  upper 
stories.  Belfry-turrets  are  polygonal,  square,  or  round 
in  external  plan,  hut  always  round  within  for  convenient 
adaptation  to  winding  stairs, 
belgardt  (bel-giird'J,  ».  [<  It.  in  I  gitttrilii.  lovely 
look :  see  bel1  and  guard,  regard.']  A  kind  look 
or  glance. 

Upon  her  eyelids  many  Graces  sate, 
Under  the  shadow  of  her  even  browes, 
Working  belgardee,  and  amorous  retrate. 

Spenser,  V.  <;.,  II.  iii.  25. 

Belgian  (bel'jian),  a.  and  n.  [Seo  Bclgic.']  I. 
a.  Belonging  to  Belgium,  a  small  country  of 
Europe,  between  France  and  Germany,  for- 
merly part  of  the  Netherlands,  erected  into  an 
independent,  kingdom  in  1S30-31 Belgian  syl- 
lables, syllables  applied  to  the  musical  scale  by  the  Bel- 
gian W'aelraut  about  1550.  See  bobizatton  and  bocediza- 
tion. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  king- 
dom of  Belgium. 

Belgic  (bel'jik),  a.     [<  L.  Belgicus,  <  Belgce."] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  Belgai,  who  in  Ca-sar's 
time  possessed  the  country  bounded  by  the 
Ehine,  the  Seine,  the  North  Sea,  tho  Strait 
of  Dover,  and  the  English  Channel.  They  were 
probably  of  mixed  Teutonic  and  Celtic  origin.  At  the  time 
of  I'a-sar's  invasion  tribes  of  Beleir  wm  found  in  south- 
ern Britain,  whose  connection  with  the  continental  Belgte 
is  disputed. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Belgium. 

Belgravian  (bel-gra'vi-an),  o.  and  «.  I.  o.  Bo- 
longing  to  Belgravia,  au  aristocratic  district  of 
Loudon  around  Pimlieo;  hence,  aristocratic; 
fashionable.     Thackeray. 

II.  ".  An  inhabitant  of  Belgravia;  an  aris- 
tocrat;  a  member  of  the  upper  classes.  Thack- 
eray. 

Belial  (be'lial),  u.  [Early  mod.  v..  also  Belyall, 
ME.  Belial,  '<  LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial  <  Or.  Br- 
lia'A,  <  Heb.  I>' lit/tt'ti I,  used  in  the  (  lid  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  translated,  in  the  English 
version,  "  man  of  Belial,''  "son  of  Belial," as  if 
Belial  ware  a  proper  name  equiv,  to  Satan; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  BOiap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  tho 
Heb.  Vliya'al  is  a  common  noun,  meaning worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness ;  <  b'li,  without,  +  ya'al, 
use,  profit.]  The  spirit  of  evil  personified; 
the  devil;  Satan;  in  Milton,  one  of  the  fallen 
angels,  distinct  from  Satan. 

W  hat  concord  hath  Christ  with  Belial t        2  Cor.  vi.  15. 

Belial  came  last,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Fell  not  from  heaven.  Milton,  P.  I..,  i.  490. 

belibel  (be-li'bel),  v.  i.    [<  be-1  +  libel.]    To 

libel  or  traduce. 

Belideus  (bf-lid'e-us),  ».  TNI..]  A  o,.nils  of 
small  ih  ing  phalaingers,  of  the  family  Phalangis- 

tiiliv;  the  suurar-si|iiirrels.  'these  little  marsupials 
resemble  flying-squirrels  in  superficial  appearance,  having 
:i  large  parachute,  huge  naked  ears,  long  bushy  tail,  and 
\ei>  soft  fur.  Then  are  i  vera]  species,  such  as  B 
.,<<  ,  /;.  artel,  and  /;.  flaviventer,  Inhabiting  Australia, 
New  Guinea,  and  some  of  the  ni  Ighborfug  Islands, 

belie't  (Lc-li' ),  »,  I.  ■.  pret.  belay,  pp.  in  bun, 
ppr.  belying,  [<  Ml'.,  belyen,  beliggen,  <  AS.  6a- 
Ucgan,  tklicgan  (=  OHG.  biligan,  MHG.  biligen, 
li,  helietjen),  <  be-,  about,  by.  +  Ucgan,  lio:  see 
be-1  ami  lie1,  ami  of.  belay.]  To  lio  around; 
encompass;  especially,  to  lie  around,  as  an 
army;  beleaguer. 

belie-  (be-li'i,  v.  i.\  pret.  ami  pp.  belied,  ppr. 
belying.  [<  Ml),  belyen,  beleogen,  <  AS.  beteogan 
(='OFries.  biliaga  =  OHG.  biliugan,  MHG.  bi 
Hi  iii  ii,  t;.  beliigen),  <  be-,  about,  by,  +  ledgan, 
lie:  see  /«-i  and  lit-.]  1.  To  tell  lies  concern- 
ing;  calumniate  by  false  reports. 


belie 

Thou  (lost  belie  him,  Percy,  thou  (lost  belir  him  : 
lie  never  did  encounter  with  Glcndower. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  8. 
Who  is  lie  that  belies  the  hlond  ami  libels  the  fame  of 
his  own  ancestors? 

/).  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

The  clamor  ol  liars  belied  in  the  hubbub  of  lies. 

Tennyson,  Blaud,  iv.  9. 

2.  To  give  the  lie  to  ;  show  to  be  false ;  con- 
tradict. 

Their  trembling  hearts  belie  their  boastful  tongues. 

Dryden. 
Novels  (witness  ev'ry  month's  review) 
Belie  their  name,  and  offer  nothing  new. 

Cowper,  Retirement. 

3.  To  act  unworthily  of ;  fail  to  equal  or  eomo 
up  to;  disappoint :  as,  to  belie  one's  hopes  or 
expectations. 

shall  Hector,  born  to  war,  his  birthright  yield, 
Belie  his  courage,  and  forsake  the  held  ? 

Dryden,  Hector  and  Androm.,1.  109. 
Tuscan  Valerius  by  force  o'ercame, 
And  not  bely'd  his  mighty  father's  name. 

Dryden,  JEneid. 

4.  To  give  a  false  representation  of;  conceal 

the  true  character  of. 

Queen.     For  heaven's  sake,  speak  comfortable  words. 
York.     Should  I  do  so,  I  should  belie  my  thoughts. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 

5t.  To  fill  with  lies. 

Tis  slander,  .  .  .  whose  breath 
Rides  on  the  posting  winds,  and  doth  belie 
All  corners  of  the  world.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  Hi.  4. 

6f.  To  counterfeit ;  mimic ;  feign  resemblance 

to. 

With  dust,  with  horses'  hoofs,  that  heat  the  ground, 
And  martial  brass,  belie  the  thunder's  sound. 

Dryden,  Astrtea  Redux. 

belief  (be-lef),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleef,  6e- 
leeve,  <  ME.  beleve,  beleafe,  with  prefix  be-  (as 
in  beliere,  q.  v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leve, 
by  apheresis  for  Here,  <  AS.  geledfa_r=  OS.  gi- 
lobho  =  D.  geloof=  MLG.  gelove,  gelof  —  OHG. 
giloubo,  MHG.  gcloube,  G.  glaube,  masc,  =  Goth. 
galaubeins,  fern.,  belief,  <  galaubs,  dear,  valu- 
able: see  believe."]  1.  Confidence  reposed  in 
any  person  or  thing;  faith;  trust:  as,  a  child's 
belief  in  his  parents. 

To  make  the  worthy  Leonatus  mad, 
By  wounding  his  belief  in  her  renown. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

2.  A  conviction  of  the  truth  of  a  given  proposi- 
tion or  an  alleged  fact,  resting  upon  grounds 
insufficient  to  constitute  positive  knowledge. 
Knowledge  is  a  state  of  mind  which  necessarily  implies  a 
corresponding  state  of  things;  belief  is  a  state  of  mind 
merely,  and  does  not  necessarily  involve  a  corresponding 
state  of  things.  But  belief  is  sometimes  used  to  include 
the  absolute  conviction  or  certainty  which  accompanies 
knowledge. 

Neither  do  I  labor  for  a  greater  esteem  than  may  in 
some  little  measure  .haw  a  belief  irom  you,  to  do  yourself 
good,  and  not  to  grace  me.        Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  2. 

Belief  admits  of  all  degrees,  from  the  slightest  suspicii  in 
to  the  fullest  assurance.  Hcitl. 

He  [James  Mill]  uses  the  word  belief  as  the  most  gen- 
eral term  for  every  species  of  conviction  or  assurance  ;  the 
assurance  of  what  is  before  our  eyes,  as  well  as  of  that 
which  we  only  remember  or  expect;  of  what  we  know  by 
direct  perception,  as  well  as  of  what  we  accept  on  the 
evidence  of  testimony  or  of  reasoning.  J.  S.  Mill. 

By  a  singular  freak  of  language  we  use  the  word  belief 
to  designate  both  the  least  persistent  and  the  most  per- 
sistent coherence  among  our  states  of  consciousness, —  to 
describe  our  state  of  mind  with  reference  both  to  those 
propositions  of  the  truth  of  which  we  are  least  certain, 
and  to  those  of  the  truth  of  which  we  are  most  certain. 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  61. 

3.  Persuasion  of  the  truth  of  a  proposition, 
but  with  the  consciousness  that  the  positive 
evidence  for  it  is  insufficient  or  wanting ;  espe- 
cially, assurance  of  the  truth  of  what  rests 
chiefly  or  solely  upon  authority,  (a)  In  this  sense, 
the  word  sometimes  implies  that  the  proposition  is  ad- 
mitted as  only  probable,  (b)  It  sometimes  implies  that 
the  proposition  is  admitted  as  being  so  reasonable  that  it 
needs  no  proof,     (c)  Sometimes  used  for  religious  faith. 

Knowledge  and  belief  differ  not  only  in  degree  but  in 
kind.  Knowledge  is  a  certainty  founded  upon  insight; 
belief  is  a  certainty  founded  upon  feeling.  The  one  is 
perspicuous  and  objective:  the  other  is  obscure  and  sub- 
fective.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  xxvii. 

One  in  whom  persuasion  and  belief 
Had  ripened  into  faith,  and  faith  become 
A  passionate  intuition.   Wordsworth,  Excursion,  iv. 
They  [women]  persuade  rather  than  convince,  and  value 
belief  rather  as  a  source  of  consolation  than  as  a  faithful 
expression  of  the  reality  of  things. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  3S1. 

4.  That  which  is  believed;  an  object  of  belief. 
Superstitious  prophecies  are  the  belief  of  fools.  Bacon. 
We  have  hut  to  read  the  accounts  of  the  early  beliefs  of 

mankind,  or  the  present  beliefs  of  savages  and  semi-cul- 
tivated nations,  to  see  how  large  a  field  pure  fiction  occu- 
pies.      G.  11.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  .Mind,  II.  iii.  §  7. 
33 


513 

In  the  cathedrals,  the  popular  beliefs,  hopes,  fears,  fan- 
cies, and  aspirations  found  expression  and  were  perpet- 
uated in  :i  language  Intelligible  to  all. 

('.  A'.  Norton,  Travel  and  study  in  Italy,  p.  106. 

5.  The  whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  any  faith. 

In  the  heat  of  persecution,  to  which  theChristian  belief 
was  subject,  upon  its  first  promulgation.  Hooker. 

The'  belief  of  Christianity  is  s.oeliej  in  the  beauty  of  holi- 
ness; the  creed  of  Hellas  was  a  belief  in  the  beauty  ol  the 
world  and  of  mankind.  Keary,  Prim,  Belief,  iv. 

6.  A  creed;  a  formula  embodying  the  essential 
doctrines  of  a  religion  or  a  church. 

ye  ought  to  Bee  t  hem  have  their  belief,  to  know  the  com- 
mandments of  liod,  to  keep  their  holy-days,  and  not  to 
lose  their  time  iii  idleness.  Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  14. 

=Syn.l and %, Opinion,  Conviction,  etc.  (see persuasion); 
credence,  trust,  credit,  confidence.  — 4.  Doctrine. 

beliefful  (be-lef'ful),  a.  [<  .ME.  UUfful,  <  Ulef, 
beleve,  belief,  +  -Jul.  Cf.  AS.  ejeledful.]  Hav- 
ing belief  or  faith.     Vdall.     [Rare.] 

belieffulness  (be-lef'ful-nes),  n.  [<  beliefful  + 
-ness.]     The  state  of  being  beliefful.     [Rare.] 

The  godly  belieffulness  of  the  heathen. 

Udall,  On  Luke  iv. 

There  is  a  hopefulness  and  a  belieffulness,  so  to  say,  on 
your  side,  which  is  a  great  compensation.  Clouah. 

belier  (be-li'er),  n.  [<  belie2,  v.,  +  -er*.]  One 
who  belies. 

Foul-mouthed  beliers  of  the  Christian  faith. 

i  'olcridge.  Aids  to  Reflection,  i.  89. 

believability  (be-le-va-bil'i-ti),  h.  [<  believ- 
able: see  -bility.]  Credibility;  capability  of 
being  believed.     J.  S.  Mill. 

believable  (be-le'va-bl),  a.  [<  believe  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  believed;  credible. 

That  he  sinn'd,  is  not  believable. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

believableness  (be-le'va-bl-nes),  n.  Credi- 
bility. 

believe  (be-lev'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  believed,  ppr. 
believing.  '  [Early  mod.  E.  beleevc,  <  ME.  belevcn, 
bileven,  bilefen,  with  prefix  be-  (as  in  belief,  q. 
v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leven,  by  apheresis 
for  ileven,  <  AS.  geliefan,  gelyfan,  gelefan  =  OS. 
gilobliian.  =  D.  gelooven  =  MLG.  geloven  =  OHG. 
gilouben,  MHG.  gelouben,  gldubcn,  G.  gleuben, 
now  glauben,  =  Goth,  galaubjan,  believe,  lit. 
hold  dear  or  valuable  or  satisfactory,  be  pleased 
with,  <  Goth,  galaubs,  dear,  valuable  (found  only 
in  the  special  sense  of  'costly'),  <  go-  (AS., 
etc.,  ge-),  a  generalizing  prefix,  +  *laub,  a  form 
(pret.)  of  the  common  Teut.  root  *i«6,  whence 
also  Goth.  Hubs  =  AS.  /<<;/'.  E.  lief,  dear,  AS. 
lufu,  E.  love,  etc.:  see  lief,  leave2,  hue,  liberal, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  have  faith  or  confi- 
dence, (a)  As  to  a  person,  to  have  confidence  in  his 
honesty,  integrity,  virtue,  powers,  ability,  etc. ;  trust.  (o) 
As  to  a  thing,  to  have  faith  in  its  existence,  or  in  its  genu- 
ineness, efficacy,  virtue,  usefulness,  soundness,  anil  the 
like  ;  credit  its  reality  :  as,  to  believe  in  ghosts ;  to  believe 
in  the  Bible,  in  manhood  suffrage,  in  the  ballot,  in  repub- 
licanism, in  education,  etc.:  usually  with  in  or  on  (for- 
merly also  with  to),  rarely  absolutely. 

He  saith  unto  the  ruler  of  the  synagogue,  Be  not  afraid, 
only  believe.  M  ark  v.  36. 

2.  To  exercise  trust  orconfidence;  rely  through 
faith:  generally  with  on. 

And  they  said,  Believe  mi  the  Lord  .Tesus  Christ,  and 
thou  shalt  be  saved,  and  thy  house.  Acts  xvi.  31. 

And  many  believed  on  him  there.  John  x.  42. 

To  them  gave  he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  God,  even 
to  them  that  believe  on  his  name.  John  i.  12. 

3.  To  be  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  anything; 
accept  a  doctrine,  principle,  system,  etc.,  as 
true,  or  as  an  object  of  faith:  with  in :  as,  "I 
believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  holy  Catholic 
Church,  the  communion  of  saints,"  etc.,  Apos- 
tles' Creed;  to  believe  in  Buddhism.     See  belief. 

If  you  will  consider  the  nature  of  man,  you  will  find  that 
with  him  it  always  has  been  and  still  is  true,  that  that 
thing  in  all  his  inward  or  outward  world  which  he  sees 
worthy  of  worship  is  essentially  the  tiling  in  which  he  be- 
lieves. Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  i. 

To  make  believe.    See  make'. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  credit  upon  the  ground  of 
authority,  testimony,  argument,  or  any  other 
ground  than  complete  demonstration;  accept 
as  true ;  give  credence  to.     See  6eKe/. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason  ;  we  believe  what  rests 
upon  authority.  Sir  II'.  Hamilton. 

Our  senses  are  sceptics,  and  believe  only  the  impression 
of  the  moment.  Emerson,  Fanning. 

We  may  believe  what  goes  beyond  our  experience,  only 
when  it  is  inferred  from  that  experience  by  the  assump- 
tion that  what  we  do  not  know  is  like  what  we  know. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  210. 

Who  knows  not  what  to  believe 
Since  he  sees  nothing  clear. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles. 


belive 

2.  To  give  credence  to  (a  person  making  a 
statement,  anything  said,  etc.). 

I.o,  I  come  unto  thee  in  a  thick  cloud,  that,  the  peopli 
may  near  when  I  ipeak  with  thee,  and  believi  theefot 

Ex.  xi\.  9. 

You  are  now  bound  to  believehim.     Shaft., C.  of  I'.., v.  l. 

3.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence  ;  trust. 

|  Archaic.  J 

I  had  fainted  unless  I  had  believed  to  see  tl 
of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  living.  Ps.  xxvii.  13. 

4.  To  lie  of  opinion;  think;  understand:  as, 
I  believe  he  1ms  lefi  the  city. 

They  are,  I  believe,  as  high  as  most  steeples  in  England, 

a,  'travels  in  Italy. 

believer  (be-le'ver),  ».   [Early  mod.  E.  beleever, 

hih  rev  (not  in  ME.  or  AS.);  <  believe  +  -er*.] 

1.  One  who  believes;  one  who  gives  credit  to 
other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  know- 
ledge; one  who  is  firmly  persuaded  in  his  own 
mind  of  the  truth  or  existence  of  something: 
as,  a  believer  in  ghosts. 

Johnson,  incredulous  on  all  other  points,  was  a  ready 
believer  in  miracles  and  apparitions. 

Maeaulay,  Von  Kanke. 

2.  An  adherent  of  a  religious  faith ;  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  Christian ;  one  who  exercises 
faith  in  Christ. 

And  believers  were  the  more  added  to  the  Lord. 

Acts  v.  14. 

3.  In  the  early  church,  a  baptized  layman,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  clergy  on  the  one  hand, 
and  to  the  catechumens,  who  were  preparing 
for  baptism,  on  the  other. 

The  name  believer  is  here  taken  in  a  more  strict  sense 
only  for  one  order  of  Christians,  the  believing  or   bap- 
tized laity.  Bingham,  Antiquities,  I.  iii.  1. 
believing  (be-le'ving),  p.  a.     1.  Having  faith; 
ready  or  disposed  to  believe  or  to   exercise 
faith. 
Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 
Now,  God  be  prais'd  !  that  to  believing  souls 
Gives  light  in  darkness,  comfort  in  despair. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  number  of  those  who  are  disciples. 

And  they  that  have  believing  masters,  let  them  not  de- 
spise them,  because  they  are  brethren.  1  Tim.  vi.  2. 

believingly  (be-le'ving-li),  adv.     In  a  believ- 
ing manner ;  with  belief:   as,  to  receive  a  doc- 
trine believingly. 
belight  (be-lif),  v.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  light*.]    To 

light  up;  illuminate.  Cowley.  [Rare.] 
belike  (be-iik'),  adv.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
also  written  belyke,  bylyke;  also  belikcly,  q.  v.; 
appar.  of  dial,  origin.  <  be,  by,  prep.,  +  like, 
likely,  i.  e.,  by  what  is  likely;  but  pei-haps  a 
reduction  of  an  introductory  phrase  it  may  be 
(or  will  be)  like  or  likely.  Cf.  maybe  and  likely, 
as  similarly  used.]  Perhaps;  probably.  [Now 
chiefly  poetical.] 

Then  you,  belike,  suspect  these  noblemen 

As  guilty  of  Duke  Humphrey's  timeless  death. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

Belike  this  is  some  new  kind  of  subscription  the  gallants 

use.  B.  Jonson,  Every  .Man  out  of  ids  Humour,  iii.  2. 

If  he  came  in  for  a  reckoning,  belike  it  was  for  better 

treat  than  mine.  Scott. 

belikelyt  (be-lik'li),  adv.  [SeobeUkc.]  Prob- 
ably. 

Having  belikely  heard  some  better  words  of  me  than  I 
could  deserve.  Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 

belime  (bf-lim'),  »'•  <■  [<  be-*  +  lime*.]  To 
besmear  or  entangle  with  or  as  with  bird-lime. 
Bp.  Hall. 

belinkedness  (be-lingkt'nes),  n.  [<  6eJ  + 
link*  +  -'(/'-'  +  -iiess.]  In  math.,  the  number  of 
times  one  branch  of  a  link  must  be  passed 
through  the  other  in  order  to  undo  it. 

belittle  (be-lit'l),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belittled, 
ppr.  belittling.  [First  in  U.  S. ;  <  be-*  +  little.] 
1.  To  make  small  or  smaller;  reduce  in  pro- 
portion or  extent.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  cause  to 
appear  small ;  depreciate ;  lower  in  character  or 
importance;  speak  lightly  or  disparagingly  of. 

belittlement  (be-lit'1-ment),  «.  [<  belittle  + 
-meat.]  The  act  of  belittling,  or  detracting 
from  the  character  or  importance  of  a  person 
or  thing. 

A  systematic  belittlement  of  the  essential,  and  exaggera- 
tion of  the  non-essential,  in  the  story. 

Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XX.   170 

belive1!,  v.  *•  [ME.  (rare),  <  AS.  belifan  (pret. 
beldf,  pi.  belt  fun,  pp.  belifcn)  (=  OS.  hilibhitn  = 
OFries.  biliva,  bliva=  I)'.blijven  =  OW,.  biliban, 
MUG.  beltben,  bliben,  G.  bleiben  =  Goth,  bilei- 
baii),  remain,  <  5e-  +  *lifan  (pret.  Iii/).  remain. 
Hence  the  causal  beleav'e,  q.  v.,  now  also  obso- 
lete :  see  leave*.]     To  remain. 


belive 

belive-t,  adv.,  ori£.  prep,  phr.    [Now  only  F. 
dial.,    also   written   belyve,   Sc.    6e?i/e,    ■ 

;  <  ME.  &eZw£,  belyve,  belife^  bilife,  blife, 
blive,  also  IxliJ'S,  bilins,  etc.;  sometimes  used 
expletively;  prop,  two  words,  l><  live,  be  We, 
lit.  by  life,  i.  e.,  with  life  or  activity;  cf.  afiv« 
and  lively.]  1.  With  speed;  quickly;  eagerly. 
i: :  e.  rise  i>;diee. 
And  onto  itattiil  di ie  your  ■■•<  Ives  add] i 

iers  P.  Q.,  II.  viii.  IS. 
Thou  Bchalte  haue  delyueraunce 

York  !'■ 

2.  Presently;    ere    Long;    by  and   by;   anon: 
sometimes  merely  expletive. 

i  w<  hi >  swarm  of  bees, 
Wliilk  .-ill  the  summer  hum  about  the  hive* 
Ami  bring  me  «a\  ami  honey  iii  Wive, 

/;.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

v  the  elder  bairns  come  dropping  in. 

,  Cottar's  sat.  Night. 

[Obsolete  in  both  senses,  <  scent  in   Scotch.] 
belkt  (belk),  V.  t.     [E.  dial..  <   MK.  b,!!:,»,  the 
nnassibilated  form  of  iuU-)t<  n,  belch  :  see  belch, 
and  cf.  b((ll'~,  hoik.]     To  belch  ;  give  vent  to. 


Till  I  might  belhe  revenge  upon  his  eyes. 

Marston,  Antonio  am!  Mellida,  II. 


i.  1. 


bell1  (bel),  n.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  bel.  <  ME. 
bel,  belle,  <AS.  5e«e(==I>.&rf=MLG.lA  belle; 
cf.  Icel.  bjalla,  <  AS.  hi  U< ),  a  bell.  Perhaps  con- 
nected  with  /»//-,  v.j  roar.]  1.  A  hollow  metal- 
lic instrument  which  ^ives  forth  a  ringing 
sound,  generally  of  a  musical  quality,  when 
struck  with  a  clapper,  hammer,  or  other  appli- 
ance. Its  usual  shape  resembles  that  of  an  inverted  cup 
with  a  flaring  rim.  If  the  bell  is  sta- 
tionary, it  is  often  made  saucer - 
shaped,  ami  in  this  case  i-  commonly 
termed  &gong.  Bells  of  this  terra  are 
generally  used  as  call-hells  or  signal- 
bells.  Bells  are  made  for  many  pur- 
poses and  in  a  great  variety  of  forms 
and  sizes.  They  usually  consist  of  an 
alley  oi  copper  and  tin,  called  hell- 
metal  (which  .see).  Church-bells  are 
known  t<>  have  been  in  use  in  Italy 

about  A.  D.  100,  and   in  Frame  in  the 

sixth  century.  The  earlier  bells  were 
often  four-sided,  made  of  thin  plates 
of  iron  riveted  together.  The  manu- 
facture of  the  largest  and  finest 
bells  has  been  developed  since  the 
fifteenth  century.  'He-  largest  ever  made  is  the  great 
bell  of  Moscow,  called  tlie  <  v.ar  Kolokol,  cast  in  1733, 
and  computed  to  weigh  about  440,000 pounds.  Itis about 
1'.'  fi  ter  and  the  same  in  height.    It  is  sup- 

posed never  to  have  been  hung,  and  is  now  used  as  a 
chapel,  having  been  raised  in  ls:;i_;  alter  lying  half  buried 
since  L737,  when  a  piece  was  broken  out  of  its  side  in  a  fire. 
The  largest  b  1 1  In  actual  use  weighs  L28  tons,  and  is  also 
in  Moscow,  The  bell  of  the  Buddhist  monastery  Chi-on,  in 
Kioto,  Japan,  was  cast  in  in::,  and  weighs  125, 000  catties, 
or  over  71  tons  of  2,240  pounds  each.    Among  the  great 


Bell  (section). 
B,  clapper,  or  tongue ; 
C,  clapper-bolt ;  D. 
yoke ;  F,  cannon,  or 
ear  ;  J/,  mouth;  P  P. 
sound-bow  ;  S,  shoul- 
der; T  T,  barrel. 


Bell  called  Czar  Kolokol,  in  the  Kremlin,  Moscow. 

1 1  >m<  .  Paris,  weighs 

about  17  1  cath  dral,  16  tons ; 

i  i  tons.    In  England,  the 

Ben"  over  13  tone   bui  i ■■ 

cracKcd;    tie    "Gn  tl    Peter/'    al    Sfork,   10   tons;   and 

the  •■  Great  Tom,'  at  0  Vhe  new  "  i 

For  church- 
mad*  to  be  rung  in  unison,   &e  chime,     in  heraldry , 
are  ha  h  Its'  bell     in  i  ha  pe 
liki-  a  Bme  P  ted  with  I  hese 

hells  attached  i«  said  to  be  belled,     w  hi  n  a  bi  n  ■ 
oarj  toi  i'  I  church  bell  for 

Bon, 

bat  art  thou  that  seyst  this  tale, 
That  w  ■ 
And  on  tbj  tipi  I    uch  a 

i  ii-ii, 

2.  Anything  in  tin-  form  of  ;i  > m  1 1  or  compared 
to  a  bell.  Specifically— (a)  A  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a 
flower. 


514 
Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  1 ; 

In  a  cOWSlip'8  bell  1  lie,         Shah.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

('»)  In  arch.,  the  plain  echinus  of  a  Corinthian  or  compo- 

ipital,  around  which  the  foliage  and  volutes  arc  ar- 
ranged.   Also  called  basket    (c)  The  large  end  of  a  fun- 
nel, or  the  emi  of  a  pipe,  tube,  or  any  musical  instrument, 
its  edge  is  turned  out  and  enlarged  so  as  to  resem- 
ble a  belL   (a)  L*he   trobile, l  or  catkin  containing  the 

seed  of  the  hop.  (e)  The  pendulous  dermal  appendage 
under  the  throat  of  the  male  moose.  (/)  In  hydroid 
polyps,  the  umbrella  or  gelatinous  disk. 
3.  pi.  A  number  of  small  bells  in  the  form  of 
hawks'  bells  or  sleigh-bells,  fastened  to  a  han- 
dle ami  oonsl  it  ni  ing  a  toy  for  amusing  an  in- 
fant.— 4.  pi.  Naut.,the  term  employed  on  ship- 
board, as  o'clock  is  on  shore,  to  delude  the 
divisions  of  daily  lime,  from  their  being  mark- 
ed by  bells,  which  are  struck  every  half-hour. 
The  day.  beginning  at  midnight,  is  divided  into  watches 
oi  (our  hours  each,  except  the  watch  from  4  to  8  P.  m., 
which  is  subdivided  into  two  dog-watches.  A  full  watch 
thus  consists  of  eight  half-hours,  and  its  progress  is  noted 
by  the  number  of  strokes  on  the  bell.     For  instance,  1 

o'clock  P.  M.  is  equivalent  to  two  bells  in  the  aftei tn 

watch;  3  o'clock,  to  six  bells;  4  o'clock,  to  eight  bells,  etc. 
—  Angelus  bell,  Gabriel  bellt,  Lady  bell,  a  church- 
bell  rung  to  remind  those  within  hearing  to  recite  the 
aii-eius.  See  angelus.— Ave  bell,  Ave  Maria  bell,  or 
Ave  Mary  bell.    Same  as  angelus  bell. 

I  could  never  hear  the  Ave  Mary  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  — that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  3. 
Bell,  book,  and  candle,  a  phrase  popularly  used  in  con- 
nection with  a  mode  oi  solemn  excommunication  for- 
merly practised  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  After 
the  formula  had  been  read  and  the  book  closed,  the  assis- 
tants cast  the  lighted  candles  they  held  in  their  hands 
to  the  ground  so  as  to  extinguish  them,  and  the  bells 
were  rung  together  without  order ;  the  last  two  cere- 
monies symbolized  the  disorder  and  going  out  of  grace 
in  the  souls  of  the  persons  excommunicated. —  Blessed 
or  hallowed  bell,  m  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  which  has 
received  the  solemn  blessing  of  the  church,  in  which  the 
bishop  prays  that  its  sound  may  avail  to  summon  the 
faithful,  to  excite  their  devotion,  to  drive  away  storms, 
and  that  the  powers  of  the  air,  hearing  it,  may  tremble 
and  flee  before  the  standard  of  the  holy  cross  of  the 
Son  of  Cod  engraved  upon  it,  etc.— Elevation  or  Sanc- 
tus  bell,  in  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  rung  during  the 
celebration  of  mass  to  give  notification  of  the  more  solemn 
portions :  uow  usually  a  small  hand-bell,  but  in  pre- 
Reformation  English  churches  a  large  bell  often  hung 
in  a  bell-gable  erected  over  the  nave,  immediately  above 
the  entrance  of  the  chancel,  from  which  it  was  rung  by 
one  of  the  acolytes.  Oxford  Glossary,  p.  74.— In  the 
bell,  (a)  In  flower.  [Scotch.]  (6)  In  seed,  or  having  the 
seed-capsules  formed,  as  hops.— Mass  bell.  Same  as 
sacri-ng  /W/.  — Recording  bell,  a  bell  attached  to  a  hand- 
punch,  or  to  an  instrument  of  similar  purpose,  with  which 
fares  collected,  as  by  a  conductor,  etc,  or  moneys  taken 
in,  as  at  a  bar,  are  recorded.—  Sacring  bell,  a  bell  rung 
during  the  celebration  of  the  Roman  Catholic  mass,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host,  at  the  Sanctus,  and  at  other 
solemn  services.  When  rung  at  the  consecration  it  is 
also  called  the  Agnus  bell;  at  the  time  of  the  Sanctus, 
the  Sanctus  bell,  etc.  Also  called  saints'  bril.—  Saints' 
bell.  Same  as  wring  bell.  The  term  is  a  corrupted  form 
of  Sanctus  bell,  but  is  no  longer  specifically  restricted  to 
the  hell  rung  at  the  Sanctus.  The  saints'  hell  is  now  a 
small  hand-bell  rung  within  the  church,  but  formerly  it 
was  sometimes  a  small  church-bell  suspended  in  a  turret 
outside  the  church  and  rung  by  a  rope  from  within. 

And  it  is  said  that  his  people  would  let  their  plough 
rest  when  George  Herbert's  savnts'-bell  ran-  to  prayers, 

Walcott,  Sacred  Archteology,  p.  527. 
Sanctus  bell.  See  elevation  bell.— To  bear  away  (or 
gain,  etc.)  the  bell,  to  win  the  prize  at  a  race.  In  for- 
mer times  a  hell  was  a  usual  prize  at  a  horse-rare. 

Here  lyes  the  man  whose  horse  did  gaine 

The  bell  in  race  on  Salisbury  plain. 

Camden,  Epitaphes. 
To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the  first  or  leader:  in  allusion 
to  the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading  horse  of  a 
team  or  drove,  that  wears  a  hell  or  hells  on  its  collar. 

Lat  se  which  of  you  shal  bere  the  belle 

To  speke  of  love.  Chaucer,  Xroilus,  iii.  198. 

In  memory  of  the  man  hut  for  whom  had  gone  to  wrack 

All  that  France  saved  from  the  flght  whence  England  bore 
the  bell.  Browning,  Serve"  Riel. 

To  clamor  bells*.  See  clamor.— TO  lose  the  bell,  to 
be  worsted  in  contest. 

In  single  flght  he  lost  the  bell. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of   lasso,  xvh.  69. 

To  ring  the  bells  backward.  See  backward.— To 
ring  the  hallowed  bell,  to  ring  a  bell  consecrated  by  a 
priest,  as  was  formerly  done  m  the  belief  that  its  sound 
had  virtue  to  disperse  .storms,  drive  away  a  pestilence  or 
devils,  and  extinguish  fire.— To  shake  the  bellst,  to 
move,  or  give  notice  or  alarm  :  in  allusion  to  the  hellfl  OD 
a  falcon's  neck,  which  when  sounded  alarmed  its  prey. 
Neither  the  king,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best, 

The  proudest  he  that  holds  up  Lancaster 
DareB  Btlr  a  wing,  if  Warwick  tlvake  his  bells. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  Vl..  i.  l. 
To  take  one's  bells,  to  take  one's  di  pai  ture  :  from  the 
custom  in  falconry  of  attaching  bells  to  a  hawk's  leg  be- 
fore letting  it  fly. 

n  ev<  i  for  the  spring  you  do  but  sigh, 
I  take  my  bt  Us. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iii.  •>. 

bell1  (bel),  v.     [<  l"in-  "■)    I.  intrans.  To  pro- 
duce bells;  bo  in  bell  :  said  of  hops  when   the 
seed-vessels  ore  forming.     See  belli,  //.,  l2  (d). 
Hops  iu  the  beginning  of  August  bell.  Mortimer. 


belladonna 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bell  on. —  2.  To  swell 
or  puff  out  into  the  shape  of  a  beU. 

I  levies  for  /■•  Hun  out  dresses.  Mr<.  fiiil '<!■!!. 

To  bell  the  cat,  to  grapple  or  cope  with  an  adversary  of 
greatly  superior  power:  a  phrase  derived  from  a  well- 
known  fable,  according  to  which  the  mice  at  one  time  re- 
solved  to  put  a  u  n  on  the  cal  to  warn  them  of  its  ap- 
proa*  ii ;  but  afti  r  the  resolution  was  passed,  on  inquiry 
being  made,  "Who  will  undertake  it'.'"  none  was  found 
daring  enough  to  do  so. 

bell-  (bel),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel  (dial. 
also  beal),  <  ME.  bt  lie,  <  AS.  bellan,  roar,  bellow, 
ffrunt,  =  OHG-.  beOan,  MHG.  <:.  bellen,  bark,= 
Icel.  belja,  bellow:  perhaps  connected,  as  the 

Orig.  verb  (cf.  D.bcllcn,  riim;,  ML(i.  bciloi,  pro- 
claim  loudly),  with  AS.  belle,  E.  belli,  q..  v.  Cf. 
bellow,  a  later  form  parallel  to  hrii-,  v.,  and 
see  belk,  belch,  balk-,  bolk,  etc.,  a  series  of  verbs 
of  similar  form,  assumed  to  be  ult.  imitative. 
Hence  prob.  6m//1.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  bellow; 
roar. 

As  loud  as  belleth  wind  in  hell. 

Chaueer,  House  of  Kame,  1.  1803. 

Specifically — 2.  To  bellow  like  a  deer  in  rut- 
ting-time. 

The  wild  buck  bells  from  ferny  brake. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  15. 

Enjoining  perfect  silence,  we  crept  from  tree  to  tree  with 
stealthy  pace  and  occasionally  sweeping  the  opposite 
brow  of  Hangerton  with  a  deer  glass  to  discover  some  of 
the  numerous  harts  which  were  belling  and  calling. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV.  449. 

II.  trans.  To  bellow  forth.     [Rare.] 
bell-  (bel),  n.     [<  b<U'i,  r.]      The  bellow  of  the 
wild  deer  in  rutting-time. 

In  Ireland  the  deerstalker  has  to  put  aside  his  rifle  in 
October.  The  first  bell  of  the  hart  is  a  notice  for  him  to 
quit,  so  that  these  wild  denizens  of  the  woods  may  carry 
on  their  courting  at  their  leisure. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV.  149. 

bell-H,  ?'-  '.  [<  ME.  beUen  (pp.  bollen),  perhaps 
(with  loss  of  orig.  guttural)  <  AS.  belgan  (pp. 
bolgen)  =  OH.Gr.  belgan,  MHG.  bclgcn  =  Icel. 
*belgja,  in  pp.  bolginn,  swell  (in  AS.  and  <  HI*!, 
and  MHG.  also  be  angry).  Cf.  bell2  and  bel- 
bur,  repr.  parallel  forms  without  and  with  an 
orig.  guttural.  See  boln1.]  To  swell  up,  like  a 
boil  or  beal. 

Jesus  .  .  .  -was  pricked  both  with  nail  and  thorn.  H 
neither  wealed  nor  belted,  rankled  nor  honed. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  W,    ,_y.  /-;.  /,.) 

bell4  (bel),  v.  [<  late  ME.  belle  =  B.  bel,  a 
bubble;  cf.  OD.  (MD.)  bellen,  bubble;  origin 
uncertain,  perhaps  connected  with  E.  6eW3,  or 
with  L.  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  fcc//3.]  A  bubble 
formed  in  a  liquid. 

The  twinkling  of  a  fin,  the  rising  of  an  :nr-J<ell. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxvi. 

Certain  qualities  of  coloured  ejass  are  cast  by  ladling 
the  molten  metal  from  huge  pots,  .  .  .  By  this  ladling 
numerous  air  bells  are  enclosed  in  the  glass,  but  the  cir- 
cumstance does  not  affect  the  durability  and  usefulness 
of  the  glass.  Encyc,  Brit.,  X.  668. 

bell4  (bel),  V.  l.  [<  beffi,  ».]  To  bubble. 
[Scotch.] 

bellr,t, a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  h<  1.  <  ME.  bel,  brie, 
<  <  >1*\  (mod.  F.)  bel,  beau,  m.,  belief  f.,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  bello,  <  L.  belfois,  fair,  beautiful,  tine.  This 
;h1j..  the  uearest  representative  of  the  L.,  ob- 
tained a  bold  in  E.  chiefly  in  its  deriv.  beau  (if 
(>  beautiful,  etc.),  and  some  half-French  uses: 
sec  beV-j  /"//<,  beau,  etc.]      Fair;   beautiful. 

bellacityt  (be-las'i-ti).  v.  [<  L.  as  if  *beliaei- 
ta{t-)s,  \  bellax  ( &i  U«e-),  warlike,  <  helium,  war.] 
Tendency  to  war;  warlikeness.     [Rare.] 

belladonna  (bel-a-don'g,),  n.      [NL.,  <  bella 

donna,  lit.  beautiful  lady  (the  berries  of  tho 
plant  having  been  used  by  the  Italian  ladies  as 
a  cosmetic):  bella,  fern,  of  bello,  beautiful  (see 
belle)]  donna,  <  L.  domum.  Lady,  Inn.  of  doini- 


Bell&dODDB  \Atropa  Belladonna  . 
a,  fluwenny  branch,  with  fruit;  b,  fruit,  on  larger  scale. 

nus,  lord.      Fit.  a  doublet   of   beldam,  q.  v.]     A 
plant,  Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly  nightshade, 


belladonna 


515 


natural  order  Solanacece,  a  native  of  central  bell-cote  (bel'kot),  ».  In  arch.,  an  ornamental 
and  southern  Europe.  All  parts  ,,f  the  plant  are 
pois mis.  an. 1  depend  for  their  pharmacodynamic  prop- 
erties on  tlie  alkaloid  atropin.  The  plant  ami  Its  alkaloid 
air  largely  u-seil  in  medicine  to  relieve  pain,  t.i  check  spasm 
and  excessive  perspiration,  ami  especially  in  surgery  tod! 
late  tin'  pupil  ami  paralyze  the  accommodation  of  the  eye. 

bell-and-hopper  (bel'and-hop'er),  n.    A  charg- 
ing device  on  top  of  a  blast-furnace.     The  bol 
tin'ii  .it  Hi.-  linppir  isiliiseil  from  beneath  bya  bell-shaped 
piece,  which,  when  lowered,  permits  the  ore  to  tall  into 
the  stuck. 

bellandine  (bel'tin-din),  n.  [Sc.  ;  cf.  ballmi, 
a  fight,  combat.]  "A  quarrel;  a  squabble.  Hogg. 

bell-animal  (bel'anl-mal),  «.  Same  as  bell- 
animalcule. 

bell-animalcule  (bel'an-i-mal "kul),  n.    The  bell-crank(bel'- 
usual  English  name  of  a  peritrichous  ciliated     krangk),  n.     In 
infusorian,  of  the  family   Forticellida  (which 
see).     See  cut  under  Vorticella.     Also  called 
bell-polyp. 

bellarmine  (bel'ar-min),  ».  [See  def.]  A  largo 
stoneware  jug  with  a  capacious  belly  and  nar- 
row neck,  decorated  with  the  face  of  a  bearded 
man,  originally  designed  as  a  caricature  of  Car- 
dinal Bellarmin,  who  made  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  Protestant  party  in  the  Netherlands  as 
an  opponent  of  the  Reformation,  in  the  end  of 
the  sixteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth. 


nstruetiun  designed  In  contain  one  or  two 
lulls,  mill  often 
clowned  by  a 
small  spire.  The 
bell-cote  n  Bts  upon 
a  wall,  anil  is  sunie- 
times  supported  hy 
corbels ;  hut  no 
change  is  made  en 
arc. .nut  ..I  its  pres- 

i  m     Hi.-    archi 

tectural  disposition 

of  the  lower  parts 
of  the  building. 
See  beU-turret.  Also 
written  bell  <-"/. 


11  irnetal,  near  Ri 


,  Normandy. 


Or  like  a  larger  jug  that  some  men  call 

A  Bellarmine.         W.  Cartwright,  The  Ordinary. 

Large  globular  jugs,  stamped  in  relief  with  a  grotesque 
bearded  face  and  other  ornaments,  were  one  of  the  favour- 
ite forms  [in  stoneware).  Such  were  called  "greybeards  " 
or  I"  II, trinities,  from  the  unpopular  cardinal  of  that  name, 
of  whom  the  bearded  face  was  supposed  tube  a  caricature. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  631. 

bellasombra-tree  (bel-a-som'bra-tre),  re.  [< 
Sp.  bella,  beautiful,  +  so'mbra,  shade.]  A  South 
American  tree,  Phytolacca  dioica,  cultivated  as 
a  shade-tree  in  Spain,  Malta,  and  some  of  the 
cities  of  India. 

Bellatrix  (be-la'triks),  ».  [L.,  fern,  of  bellator, 
a  warrior,  <  bellare,  wage,  <  helium,  war:  see 
bellicose,  belligerent.  In  sense  1  it  is  the  trans- 
lation by  the'authors  of  the  Alphonsine  Tables 
of  the  Ar.  name  Alnddshid,  the  real  meaning  of 
which  is  doubtful.]  1.  A  very  white  glittering 
star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  Orion.  It  is  y  Orionis. —  2.  In  ornith.,  a 
genus  of  humming-birds.    Boie,  1831. 

bell-bind  (bel'blnd),  re.  Another  name  of  the 
hedge-bells  or  hedge-bindweed  of  Europe,  Cun- 
volvulus  septum. 

bell-bird  (bel'berd),  re.  1.  The  arapunga. — 2. 
An  Australian  bird  of  the  family  Meliphagidat, 
the  Manorhina  (or  My zaniha)melanophry8,irb.OBe 
notes  resemble  the  sound  of  a  bell. — 3.  An  Aus- 
tralian piping  crow,  of  the  genus  Strepera,  as  S. 
graculina.    Also  called  bell-magpie. 

bell-bloomt,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.  belle-blome.]  An 
old  name  of  the  daffodil. 

bell-bottle  (bel'bot"l),  re.  Another  name  of  one 
of  the  two  European  plants  called  bluebell, 
Scilla  nutans.     See  bluebell. 

bell-boy  (bel'boi),  re.  A  boy  who  answers  a 
bell ;  specifically,  an  employee  in  a  hotel  who 
attends  to  the  wants  of  guests  in  their  rooms 
when  summoned  by  bell. 

bell-buoy  (bel'boi),  re.     See  buoy. 

bell-cage  (bel'kaj),  re.     A  belfry. 

bell-call  (bel'kal),  n.     Same  as  call-bell. 

bell-canopy  (bel'kan"o-pi),  n.  A  canopy-like 
construction  of  wood  or  stone,  designed  to  pro- 
tect a  bell  and  its  fittings 
from  the  weather. 

bell-chamber  (bel'cham"- 
ber),  re.  The  portion  of 
a  tower,  usually  near  its 
summit,  in  which  bells 
are  hung.  It  is  commonly 
constructed  with  large  open- 
ings on  all  sides,  to  permit  the 
sound  of  the  hells  to  diffuse 
itself  without  impediment. 

bell-chuck  (bel'chuk),  ». 

A  bell-shaped  lathe- 
chuck,  which,  by  means 
of  set-screws,  holds  the 
piece  to  be  turned. 
bell-cord  (bel'kfird),  n.  A 
cord  attached  to  a  bell; 
specifically,  a  cord  at- 
tached to  a  bell  on  a 
locomotive  and  running 
through  the  cars  of  a 
train,  used  by  conductors 
or  brakemen  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
to  signal  the  engineer. 


much.,  a  reetan 
gular    lever   by 
which    the     di- 
rection  of    mo- 
tion is  changed 
through   an  an- 
gle of  90°,  and  by  which  its  velo- 
city-ratio and  range  may  be  altered 
at  pleasure  by  making  the  arms 
of  different  lengths,    it  is  much  em- 
ployed in  machinery,  and  is  named  from 
the  fact  that  it  is  tile  form  of  crank  em- 
Belt-crank.        ployed  in  changing  the  direction  of  the 
wires  of  house-bells.     F  in  the  cut  is  the 
center  of  motion  about  which  the  arms  oscillate.     See 
also  cut  under  crank. 

belle  (bel),  a.  and  >i.  [<  F.  belle,  fem.  of  beau, 
OF.  bel,  <  L.  bellus,  beautiful:  see  ben,  help.] 
I.  a.  Beautiful;  charming;  fair — Belle  cheret. 
[MK..<  ill'',  belle  chere:  see  belle  and  cheer.]  Good  enter- 
tainment ;  good  cheer. 

Bele  chere 
That  lie  hath  had  ful  ofte  tymes  here. 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  409. 

II.    11.   A  fair  lady;  a  handsome  woman  of 
society;  a  recognized  or  reigning  beauty. 

Where  none  admire,  'tis  useless  to  excel; 
Where  none  are  beaux,  'tis  vain  to  he  a  belle. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Beauty  in  the  Country. 

Beauty  alone  will  not  make  the  belle;  the  beauty  must 
be  lit  up  by  esprit. 

.1  rch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  14S. 

belled  (beld),  p.  a.     Hung  with  bells  ;  in  her., 
having  hawk-bells  attached :   said  of 
when  used  as  a  bearing. 

bellelettrist,  re.    See  bcllctrist. 

belleric  (be-ler'ik),  re.  [<  F.  bellcric,  ult.  <  Ar. 
balilaj,  <  Pers.  balUah.']  The  astringent  fruit  of 
Termiutiliii  Bellcrica,  one  of  the  fruits  imported 
from  India,  under  the  name  of  myrobalans,  for 
the  use  of  calico-printers. 

Bellerophon  (be-ler'o-fon),  n.  [L.,  <  Or.  Bc?.- 
TtzaoAav,  also  BcAlepotp6i>Ti/c,  a  local  hero  of  Cor- 
inth, in  Greek  myth,  the 
slayer  of  the  monstor 
Chima?ra;  <  "TiiXAepoc, 
supposed  to  mean  'mon- 
ster,'    +     -0ue,     -$6vTt)C, 

slayer,  <  *ipav,  kill,  akin 
to  E.  bane*,  q.  v.]    An 

extinct  genus  of  gastro- 
pods, typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Bellerophon  tida:    It  is 

one  of  the  genera  whose  shells  largely  enter  into  the  com- 
position of  limestone  beds  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and 
Carboniferous  epochs. 

bellerophontid  (be-ler-o-fon'tid),  n.  [<  Bellero- 
pliontidic]  A  gastropod  of  the  family  Bellero- 
phontidie. 

Bellerophontidae  (be-ler-o-fon'ti-de),  re.  j>l. 
[NL.,  <f  BeUertiphtiii(l-)  +  -idtc]  An  extinct 
family  of  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Bel- 
lerophon. The  shell  was  symmetrically  involute  and 
nautiliforni.  with  the  periphery  carinated  or  suleated  and 
notched  or  incised  at  the  lip.  The  species  flourished  and 
were  numerous  in  the  Paleozoic  age.  Their  affinities  are 
uncertain.  Formerly  they  were  associated  by  most  au- 
thors with  the  heteropod  Atlantithe,  but  they  are  now 
generally  approximated  to  the  Pleurotomariidce,  of  the 
order  Jihipidoolossa. 

belles-lettres  (bel'let'r),  re. pi  [F.,  lit.  'fine 
letters'  (like  beaux-arts,  fine  arts):  belle,  fine, 
beautiful;  lettre,  letter,  pi.  lettres,  literatru-e: 
see  belle  and  letter.']  Polite  or  elegant  litera- 
ture: a  word  of  somewhat  indefinite  applica- 
tion, including  poetry,  fiction,  and  other  imagi- 


bellied 

Reviewed  publications  not  purely  belletristic or ephem 
era!  In  their  nature  are  generally  writb  n  bj  professors. 
J.  M.  Hail,  Herman  I  nivi  rsitii    .  p.  -J7:i. 

bell-flower  (i»  I'll  mi  er),n.   1.  A  common  name 

for  the  s] ics  of   t'ttiuptiuulii,  from  tin-  sluipn 

of  the  flower,  which  resembles  a  bell.  See  cut 
under  Campanula. — 2.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, the  daffodil,  Narcissus  Pseudo-Narcissus. 
—  Autumn  bell-flower,  a  species  of  gentian,  Qentiana 
Pneumonanlhe. 
bell-founder  (bel'foun  der),  re.  A  man  whose 
upation  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

bell-foundry  (i>el'fouu"dri),  ».  A  place  where 
bolls  are  founded  or  east. 

bell-gable  (bel'ga'bl),  n.  1.  The  continuation 
upward  of  a  portion  of  a  wall  terminated  by  a 
small  gable,  and  pierced  to  receive  one  or  morn 
bells.    Such  a  feature  sometimes  surmounts  the 


Bell-gable,  Church  of  S.  S.  Annunziata,  Florence. 

apex  of  a  church-gable. —  2.  Any  gable  when 
the  wall  composing  it  is  pierced  for  bells. 
[Bell-gables  of  both  varieties  are  not  uncom- 
mon in  medieval  architecture.] 

n.     Same  as  cone- 


BrlUraphon  expansus.  Upper 
Silurian,  Britain. 


native  literature,  and  the  studies  and  criticism 

connected  therewith;  literature  regarded  as  a  bellicoust  (bel'i-kus) 


Bell-canopy,  Harvard  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  Mass. 


form  of  fine  art. 

belletrist,  bellelettrist  (be-let'rist),  re.     [< 

belles-lettres  +  -ist.]     One  devoted  to  belles- 
lettres. 

bellettristic  (bel-et-ris'tik),  a.  [<  belle(s)- 
lettr(es)  +  -ist  +  4c;  «!.  beUetristi$ch.~]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  belles-lettres. 


a  hawk  bell-gamba  (bel'gam"bii), 
gamba  (which  see). 

bell-gastrula  (bel'gas"tro-la),  re.  In  biol.,  the 
original,  primary  palingenetic  form  of  gas- 
trula,  according  to  the  views  of  Haeckel :  same 
as  archigastrula.    See  cut  under  gastrula. 

bell-glass  (bel'glas),  re.  A  bell-shaped  glass 
vessel  used  to  cover  objects  which  require  pro- 
tection from  variations  of  the  atmosphere,  dust, 
and  influences  of  like  character,  as  delicate 
plants,  bric-a-brac,  small  works  of  art,  clocks, 
etc.,  or  to  hold  gases  in  chemical  operations. 

bell-hanger  (bel'hang"er),  n.  One  who  hangs 
and  repairs  bells. 

bell-harp  (bel'harp),  re.  An  old  stringed  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  wooden  box  about 
two  feet  long,  containing  a  harp  or  lyre  with 
eight  or  more  steel  strings.  The  player  twanged  the 
strings  with  the  thumbs  of  both  hands  inserted  through 
holes  in  the  box,  meanwhile  swinging  the  box  from  side 
tn  side,  like  a  bell. 

bellibonet,  »•  [One  of  Spenser's  words,  appar. 
<  F.  belle  ct  bonne,  beautiful  and  good.  See 
belle,  bonne,  and  boon-.']     A  bonny  lass. 

bellict,  bellicalt  (bel'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [Also  bel- 
lique,  <  F.  bclliquc,  <  L.  bellicus,  warlike,  < 
In  limn,  war.]  Pertaining  to  war  ;  warlike  :  as, 
"  bellique  Csesar,"  Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  52. 

bellicose  (bel'i-kos),  a.  [<  L.  bellicosus,  <  bel- 
lum,  OL.  duellum,  war,  orig.  a  combat  between 
two,  <  duo  =  E.  two.  Cf.  duel.]  Inclined  or 
tending  to  war;  warlike;  pugnacious:  as,  bel- 
licose sentiments. 
Arnold  was  in  a  bellicose  vein.  Irving. 

I  saw  the  bull  always  alert  and  bellicose,  charging  the 
footmen,  who  pricked  and  baited,  and  enraged  him  with 
their  scarlet  mantles. 

C.  V.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  271. 

bellicosely  (bel'i-kos-li),  ado.  In  a  bellicose 
or  warlike  manner ;  pugnaciously. 

Anything  like  rallying  the  inure  beUicosely  inclined  of 
the  pilgrims  would,  under  the  circumstances,  be  out  of 
the  question.  O'Donavan,  Mei-v,  x. 

a.     [As  bellicose,  <  L.  bel- 


licosus; or  <  L.  bellicus:  see  bellicose.  In  ll/c.] 
Bellicose:  as,  "  In  Hiatus  nations,"  Sir  T.  Smith, 
Commonwealth  of  Eng. 

bellied  (bel'id),«.  [<  belly  +  -ed^.]  1.  Having 
a  belly  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composition): 
as,  big-bellied ;  \>ot-luilieil.—  2.  In  hot.,  ventri- 
cose;  swelling  out  in  the  middle. — 3.  In  anat., 


bellied 

having  a  swelling  fleshy  part,  or  belly,  as  a 
muscle.— 4.  Rounded:  bulging. 
When  a  raised  handle  .  .  .  is  used,  the  most  rounded 
le  ol  the  Ble  should  be  applied  to  the  work. 
./.  Bate,  Pract.  Machinist,  p.  '-'To. 

belligeratet  (be-lij'e-rat),  v.  i.      [<  h.bellige- 
ratus,  pp.  of  belliqerare,  wage  war.  (.belliger, 

waging   war,  <   billum.   war.  +  gwere,   eair] 
Bee  gest,  jest.     Cf.  belligerent.]     To  make  war. 

belligerence  (be-lij'o-rens),  n.     [<  belligerent: 
see  -,  «<■<  .J     The  act  of  carrying  on  war;  war- 
tare. 
Merely  diplomatic  peace,  which  Is  honeycombed  with 
icion.  .  .  .  bristles  with  the  apparatus  and  establish- 
ments ot  war  on  a  scale  far  beyond  what  was  formerly 
lired  for  actual  belligerence. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  Gi. 


516 

I  staid  up  till  the  beU-man  runic  by  with  liis  bell  just 
under  my  window  as  [  was  writing  oi  thisverj  line,  and 
cried  "  i'ast  one  ol  the  clock,  and  a  cold,  frosty,  windj 
mi  i  all  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  B. 

bell-mare  (bel'mar),  n.  A  mare  used  by  mule- 
herders  as  an  aid  in  keeping  their  herds  to- 
gether. The  mules  followthe  bell-mare  wher- 
ever she  goes.  Also  called  madrina  in  the 
originally  Spanish  parts  of  the  United  States. 

beffmetaKbel'met  al),«.  A  variety  of  bronze, 
an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  of  which  bells  are 
made.  The  proportions  in  which  the  two  metals  are 
employed  arc  variable.  In  some  very  large  English  bells 
there  is  from  22  to  24  per  cent,  of  tin  and  from  76  to  Ts  of 
.  i  per  Four  parts  ol  the  latter  metal  to  one  of  thefor- 
mer  is  said  to  be  the  proportion  used  in  many  of  the  lar- 
gest bells.  Seeffronze.— Bell-metal  ore,aname  by  which 
the  mineral  stannite,  or  sulphid  of  tin,  copper,  and  iron, 
in  Cornwall,  is  frequently  known,  owing  to  its  re- 


found  

si  mblance  In  appearance  to  bell-metal  or  bronze. 

belligerency  (be-lij'e-ren-si),  n.  [  <  m  Utger<  nt:  hell-metronome  (bel'met ."ro-nom),  n.  A  met- 
see -<«(•//.]  Position  or  statu-  as  a  belligerent;  ronome  provided  with  a  beli  that  may  be  set  to 
the  state  of  being  actually  engaged  in  war.  strike  after  a  given  number  of  oscillations  of 

They  were  acting  for  a  Government  wle.se  belligerency  the  pendulum,  thus  marking  the  beginning  of 
lia.liieeiiier._iu/.  ■!.    Soh     Bloi  kade  and  Cruisers,  p.  224.     measures  as  well  as  the  pulses  within  measures. 

I  cannot  conceive  of  the  i  itisti  nee  of  any  neutral  duties  bell-mouth  (bel'mouth),  n.  A  mouthpiece  ex- 
when   nowarexists.      Neutrality  ex  vi  tertiam implies     paneling  like  a  bell. 

„  &M&S&SSS} £f °^7  ierMmmdh maya,so havethc Sasf&sSS? 

belligerent  (be-Hj'e-rentb^tnd',,.  [Earlier  bellmouth^bermouth), ,-.  t.  [<  WWo.*,  ».] 
beUigerant,  <  F.  belhgerant,  <  L.  beUyg&ran{t-)s1 


fpr.'of  belligerare,  wage  war:  see  beMgerate.} 
,  a.  1.  Warlike;  given  to  waging  war;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  wage  or  carry  on  war. 

History  teaches  that  the  nations  possessing  the  greatest 
armaments  have  always  been  the  most  belligerent. 

Sumner,  orations,  I.  97. 

2.  Of  warlike  character;  constituting  or  tend- 
ing to  an  infraction  of  peace:  as,  a  belligerent 
tone  of  debate. 

Justice  requires  that  we  should  commit  no  beUigt  rent 
act  not  founded  in  strict  right  as  sanctioned  by  public 
jaw  IAneoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  16/. 

3.  Actually  engaged  in  war:  as,  the  belligerent 
powers. — 4.  Pertaining  to  war,  or  to  those  en- 
gaged in  war:  as,  belligerent  rights,  etc. 


To  provide   with  a  bell-shaped  mouthpiece; 
shape  like  the  mouth  of  a  bell. 
It  is  often  desirable  to  bellmouth  the  ends  of  pipes. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bell-mouthed  (bel'moutht),  a.     1.  Gradually 
expanded  at  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a  bell. 
His  belbmoutii'd  goblet  makes  me  feel  quite  Danish, 
Or  Dutch,  with  thirst.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  liii.  72. 

2.    Having  a  clear,  ringing  voice:  said  of  a 
hound. 
bell-nosed   (bel'nozd),   a.      Expanded  at  the 
muzzle  in  the  shape  of  a  bell:  said  of  firearms. 
In  blunderbusses  the  barrels  are  generally  bell-nosed. 
II'.  II'.  Greener,  Gun  anil  its  Development,  p.  77. 

bellon  (bel'on),  n.     [Origin  unknown.]     Lead- 
olic,  or  painters'  colic 


Bellows.—  French.  17th  century. 
I  From  "  L'Arl  pour  Tous.") 


igea  m  war:  as,  oemytrrtm* rigii-o,  tec.  eu...,  _._  t,™.~ »~~ 

II    n    A  nation,  power,  or  state  carrying  on  Bellona  (be-lo  na),  n.     [L-,  OU.Duetlona,  <.  bet- 

•***  '  ,.  /.I."  T /~\T  _J.  ...  77, .,.-__       T_-n  i»      I  1  -T.       /./.ill        )li  II  t  h  the 


war ;  also,  a  person  engaged  in  fighting. 

The  position  of  neutrals  in  relation  to  belligerents  is  ex- 
actly ascertained.  London  Times. 

The  possibility  of  intercourse  in  war  depends  on  the 
confidence  which  the  belligerents  repose  in  each  other's 
good  faith;  and  this  confidence,  on  the  unchangeable  Ba- 
credness  ol  truth.      Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  249. 

The  rebel  Poles  had  never  risen  to  the  rank  of  bellige- 
ren(s.  Loire.  Bismarck,  I.  309. 

belligeroust  (be-lij'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  belliger, 

waging  war,  <  6(  Hum,  war,  +  gerere,  carry  on.] 

Same  as  belligerent.     Bailey. 
belling1  (bel'ing),  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  fteR1,  ».]   In 

submarine  operations,  the  use  of  the  diving- 

l.cll. 

belling3   (bel'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  belh/nge ;  verbal 

n.  of  bell'2,  ».]  Formerly,  bellowing:  in  modern 

nse,  tli"  noise  made  by  a  deer  in  rutting-time. 
bellipotent  (be-lip'o-tent),  a.     [<  L.  bellipo- 

ten{U)s,  <  bellum,  war,  +  poten(t-)s,  powerful: 

see  potent.}  Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.  Blount. 

[Ran  1,  I 
Bellis  (bel'is),  n.    [L.,  <  bellus,  beautiful:  see 

bell5.]     The  daisy,  a  small  genus  of  annual  or 

perennial  herbs,"  natural  order  Composite,  in- 
digenous to  the  temperate  and  cold  regions  of 

the  northern  hemisphere.  Thi  dai  1  B.perennis,lt 

abundant  in  pastur.    1  meadows  of  Europe,  and  is  very 

.lit is :  1 1 1 . . 1 1       ■     0 Ij  ■  species  is 

B.  integri/olia,  the  western  daisy, 
bellitudet  (bel'i-tad),  ».    L<  L.  bettitudo,  <  bel- 
lus, beautiful:  see  '•,//"..]    Beauty  of  person; 

loveliness;  elegance;  neatness.     Cockeram. 
bell-jar  (bel'jar),  n.    A  bell-shaped  glass  jar, 

used  by  chemists,  in  physical  laboratories,  etc., 
ing  a  gas  lighter  than  the  atmosphere 

Oi  other   medium   in  which   it    is  plunged,  and   bellow  (bel'o),  " 


bell-roof 

gans  for  producing  (he  current  of  air  by  which 
the  pipes  and  reeds  are  sounded,  ft  consists  es- 
sentially " an  .  hanibi  1 

which  .an  i.e  alternately 
expanded  ami  contracted, 
and  a  nozle  by  which  the 
current  ..1  air  can  in- 
directed.  When  the  an 
chamber  Is  expanded,  air  is 
admitted  through  a  valve 
opening  inward.  The  pi.  s 
sure  produced  by  the  con- 
traction ot  tbe  alr-cham- 
bcr  closes  tin-  \..1\.  ,  and 
leaves  the  nozle  the  onlj 
available  avenue  <>i  escape 
t..i   tb.    an    in  tie-  .  haiuber. 

Bellows  arc  made  in  i\ 

.hit.  1.  nt  tonus,  a  usual  one 
being  the  small  hand-bel- 
lows, an  ornamented  sx 
ample  of  which  is  shown  in 
the  cut,  used  fur  promoting 
lb.  combustion  of  a  house- 
fire.  Bellows  of  great  pow- 
er are  called  blowing- ma- 
chines,  and  are  operated  by 
machinery  driven  by  steam. 
—  Blindman's  bellows. 
See  i.timimiin.  —  Hydro- 
static bellows.  See  hy- 
drostatic. 

bellows-camera  (bel'- 
oz-kam"e-ra),  n.  In 
photog.,k  form  of  ex- 
tensible camera  in  which  the  front  and  after 
bodies  are  connected,  for  the  sake  of  lightness 
and  economy  of  space  when  the  camera  is  not 
in  use,  by  a  folding  tube  or  chamber  made  of 
leather,  rubber,  or  a  similar  light-proof  mate- 
rial. The  tube  is  made  to  fold  upon  itself  in  the  same 
way  as  the  air-chamber  of  an  accordion  or  of  bellows  of 
the  usual  form;  that  is,  it  is  made  in  a  series  of  small 
folds,  each  carried  entirely  around  it  in  a  direction  per- 
pendicular to  its  axis,  and  having  their  edges  turned  alter- 
nately inward  and  outward.  The  edges  of  those  folds  which 
arc  turned  outward  are  usually  stiffened  by  a  wire  frame. 
When  the  tube  is  pulled  out  to  its  full  extent,  its  walls  are 
flat;  when  it  is  contracted,  it  requires  merely  the  space 
taken  up  by  the  folds  of  its  material.  In  use,  the  back  of 
a  camera  of  this  form  can  be  lixed.  by  a  sen  «  or  other 
device,  at  any  distance  from  the  front  or  K-ns  end,  within 
the  limits  of  the  contracted  or  expanded  tube,  that  the  fo- 
cus of  the  lens  or  the  particular  work  In  hand  may  require. 
In  Rom.  myth.,  the  bellows-fish,  (bel'oz-fish),  n.  1.  A  local  name 
in  England  of  the  trumpet-fish,  Centriseus  scolo- 
pax. —  2.  A  local  name  of  sundry  plectognath 
fishes,  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and  family 
TetrodonttdtB. — 3.  A  local  name  in  Rhode  Is- 
land of  the  angler,  Lophius  piscatorius.  See  cut 
under  angler. 

bellows-pump  (bel'oz-pump),  n.    A  sort  of 

atmospheric  pump,  in  which  the   valve   is  in 

the  lower  side  of  a  bellows-chamber,  while  the 

upper  side  performs  the  function  of  the  piston. 

bellows-SOUnd  (bel'oz-sound),   n.     In  pathol., 

an  abnormal  sound  of  the  heart,  resembling 

the  puffing  of  a  small  bellows. 

only  once),  bellow"  (as  a  bull),   appar.   with  bell-pepper  (bel'pep  er),  «.     The  fruit  of  ( 'ap- 

added  formative  and  umlaut  from  the  same    sicum  grossum,  inucn  used  f  or  pudding  and  as  a 

root  as  bellan,  low,  bellow,  E.  bell:  see  beW.1     vegetable;  Guinea  pepper. 

I.   in  trans.   1.  To  roar;  make  a  hollow,  loud  bell:polyp  (bel  pol  ip), 

noise,  as  a  bull,  cow,  or  deer, 


htm,  OL.  (luellum,  war.] 

goddess  of  war.  Her  temple  stood  in  the  Campus 
Martius,  without  the  walls,  and  was  held  to  symbolize 
enemies'  territory.  In  it  the  Senate  received  foreign  am- 
bassadors and  victorious  generals  entitled  to  a  triumph. 
2.  [NL.]  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  humming-birds. 
Mttlsant  and  Verreaux,  1865.— 3.  [J.  c]  [NL.] 
In  herpet,  the  specific  name  of  a  snake,  Pityo- 
phis  bellona. 

bellonion  (be-16'ni-on),  m.  A  musical  instru- 
ment, invented  at  Dresden  in  1812,  consisting 
of  twenty-four  trumpets  and  two  drums,  which 
were  played  by  machinery. 

bellow  (bel'o),  r.  [<  ME.  belowen,  belli  in  u, 
beliren,   bellow,  low,  <  AS.  bylgean  (oeourrin 


Jupiter 
Became  a  bull,  and  bellowd.      Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Of  persons,  to  make  any  violent  outcry;  vo- 
ciferate; clamor:  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 

This  gentleman  ...  is  accustomed  to  roar  and  bellow 
so  terribly  loud  .  .  .  that  he  frightens  us.    Tat fer,  No.  54. 

3.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the 
wind  when  violent ;  make  a  loud,  hollow,  con- 
tinued sound. 

Ever  overhead 
Bellow'd  the  tempest. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  loud  deep  voice;  vo- 
ciferate: generally  with  out  or  form. 
To  hellowout  "Green  peas."  under  my  window. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

[<  bellow,  r.  «'.]    A  roar,  as 


for  similar  uses.    It  is  a  form  of  bell-glass.  of  a  bull;  a  loud  outcry, 

bell-less  (I..  [<  beM  +  -less.]    Having  bellower  (bePo-er),  n.     One  who  bellows. 


no  I. ell.     Scott. 

bell-magnet  (bel'mag  net),  ».  An  alarm  in 
which  a  clapper  is  made  to  strike  a  bell  by  the 
completion  of  an  elect  ric  circuit, 

bell-magpie  (bel'mag  pi),  «.  Same  as  bell- 
bii-.l.  3. 

bellman  (bel'man),  «.  ;  pi.  Inllmeu  f-men). 
[Also  written  liilniiin:  <  belP  +  mini.']  1.  A 
man  who    rings   a    lull;    specifically,   one    em- 

0  cry  public  notices  ami  call  attention 
1.,  ringing  ale  '. —  2.  Formerly, 

a  night-watchman,  pari  "l  whose  dutj 

to  Call  out   tie-  In  nil's,  the   stale  of   I  lie   u.e.lli.  r. 

and  other  information,  as  he  pa 


bellows  (bel'oz  or  -us),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [Also, 
colloquially,  bellowses,  a  double  plural;  <  ME. 
belowes,  behoes,   also  belies,   a  bellows,   prop. 

pi.  of  belowe,  lulu,  also  bely,  beli,  a  bellows,  a 
|,ag,  the  li'lU  .same  word  as  belly),  <  AS.  bcelg, 

bull, 1.  biin.  belig,  s  bag,  a  bellows  (earlier  spe- 
cifloallj  bl<B8ibelig=I<iei.blastrbelar;  cf.  D.blaas- 
balg  =  Dan.  bliesebmlg  =  Bw.  blasbalg  =  OHG. 

bliisbalii,  (I.  bias,  bitlii,  lit.  blast-hag:  see  blast]  : 
see   brihi.  of  which  belli, irs   is   a   different  luted 

plural.]  An  instrument  or  machine  for  pro- 
ducing a  current  of  air:  principally  11s.1l  Eor 
1,1. .wing  lire,  either  in   private  dwellings  or  in 

forges,  tun es,  mines,  etc.;  also  used  in  or- 


Same  as  bcll-ani- 
malenle. 

bell-pull  (bel'pul),  n.  The  handle  or  knob  by 
which  a  bell  attached  to  a  wire  or  rope  is  rung, 
as  a  door-bell. 

bell-pump  (bel'pump),  n.  A  bell-shaped  pump 
used  in  cleaning  gas-  and  service-pipes. 

bell-punch  (bel'puneh),  n.  A  hand-punch  con- 
taining a  signal-hell,  used  for  punching  a  hole 
in  a  ticket,  trip- 
slip,  etc.,  in  or- 
der to  record 
and  call  atten- 
tion to  the  num- 
ber of  fans 
taken. 

bell-ringer 

(hcl'ring  or).  «. 
1.  One  whose 
business  is  to 
ring  a  bell,  espe- 
cially ii  church- 
bell  or  one  of  a 
chime  of  bells;  also,  a  performer  with  musical 
hand-bells.— 2.  An  automatic  device  upon  a 
locomotive  I'm- ringing  the  bell.— 3.  Mechanism 
for  ringing  chimes  by  hand,  by  means  of  li  vet 
handles  wnich  are  connected  by  wires  with  the 
clappers  Or  the  axes  of  the  1. ells,  or  by  water- 
power,  compressed  air,  or  steam  operating  in 
various  ways  to  accomplish  the  same  object. 
bell-rOOf  (bel'rSf),  n.  A  roof  shaped  some- 
what like  a  bell.  Its  figure  is  generated  by 
the  revolution  of  an  ogee  curve  about  the 
apex.     See  cut  on  next  page. 


Bell-punch. 

/,   1 1...... 01.11   lock;   B,   aperture  in 

which  trip-slip  or  ticket  is  inserted  ;  C.  door 
in,  losing  bell  ;  /'.is,  cptacle  for  counters. 


bell-rope 

bell-rope    (bel'rop), 

n.      1.    A   rope   tor 

ringing  :i  bell. — 2. 

A  bell-cord, 
bell-rose    (bel'rdz), 

it.     A   naino    some- 
times  used    for  the 

daffodil.      Narcissus 

Pst  udo-Narcissus. 
bell-screw        (bel'- 

skrii),  a.    A  rod  or 

bar  of  iron  with  an 

internally  threaded 

bell-shaped  end,  for 

recovering     broken 

or   lost    tools    in   a 

deep  bore-hole. 

Bell  s  disease,  finch 


Bell-roof. 

Contemporaneous  American. 


See  disease,  finch. 

bell-shaped  (bel'shapt),  it.  Having  the  form 
of  a  bell,  or  of  a  somewhat  deep  vessel  whose 
lip  turns  out  and  then  begins  to  turn  in  again; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  eampanulate.  See  cut 
under  Canijiiiniila.—  Bell-shaped  pa- 
rabola, a  divergent  parabola  having  nei- 
ther crunode  nor  cusp.  Some  geometri- 
cians, without  sufficient  reason  or  author- 
ity.  restrict  the  name  to  those  divergent 
parabolas  to  which  from  some  points  of 
the  plane  six  real  tangents  can  be  drawn.— 
Pure  bell-shaped  parabola,  one  which 
constitutes  the  entile  real  part  of  a  cubic 
curve  of  the  sixth  class. 

bell-sound  (bel'sound), ».  In  aus- 
cultation, a  peculiar  sound  indica- 
tive of  pneumothorax,  it  may  be 
observed  by  applying  a  small  piece  of 
metal,  as  a  coin,  to  the  affected  part  of  the 
chest,  and  striking  it  with  a  second  piece, 
when  a  clear,  bell-like  sound  is  heard 
through  the  stethoscope  applied  in  the 
vicinity. 

bell-telegraph  (bel'tel  e-graf),  n. 
1.  A  telegraphic  apparatus  in  which  two  dif- 
ferently toned  bells  take  the  place  of  a  vibrat- 
ing needle  in  giving  the  signals. —  2.  An  an- 
nunciator; a  fire- or  burglar-alarm. 

bell-tower  (bel'tou"er),  n.  A  tower  of  any 
kind  built  to  contain  one  or  more  bells.  See  cut 
under  campanile. 

The  unsurpassed  bell- 
tower  of  the  Duomo, 
known  and  admired  by- 
all  men  as  the  Campa- 
nile of  Giotto,  [is]  the 
most  splendid  memorial 
of  the  arts  of  Florence. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church- 
[building  in  Middle 
[Ages,  p.  222. 

bell-trap  (bel'trap), 
n.  A  small  stench- 
trap,  usually  fixed 
over  the  waste-pipe 
of  a  sink  or  other  in- 
let to  a  drain.    The 

foul  air  is  prevented 
from  rising  by  an  invert- 
ed cup  or  bell,  the  lips  of 
which  dip  into  a  cham- 
ber filled  with  water  sur- 
rounding the  top  of  the 
pipe. 

bell-turret      (bel'- 

tur'et),  n.  A  turret 
containing  a  bell- 
chamber,  and  usu- 
ally crowned  with 
a  spire  or  other  ornamental  feature,  in  medie- 
val architecture  the  lower  part  of  such  turrets  is  often 
used  as  a  staircase.  A  bell-turret  is  distinguished  from 
a  bell-cote  in  that  the  former  always  appears  upon  the 
ground-plan  of  the  building  to  which  it  belongs. 
Belluse  (bel'u-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  of  L. 
bellua.  prop,  belua,  a  beast,  particularly  a  large 
beast.]  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification 
(17G6),  the  fifth  of  the  six  orders  of  the  class 
Mammalia,  containing  hoofed  quadrupeds  with 
incisors  in  both  jaws,  and  consisting  of  the  four 
genera  Equtts,  Hippopotamus,  Sits,  and  Bhino- 
ceros.  It  is  occasionally  used  in  a  modified  sense,  cor- 
responding to  some  extent  with  the  T'arhmlermala  of 
I'uvicr,  for  the  perissodactyl  as  distinguished  from  the 
artiodactyl  ungulates,  though  the  Linnean  Bellua)  in- 
cluded representatives  of  both  these  suborders  of  Ungu- 
late. 

belluine  (bel'u-in),  a.  [<  L.  belluinus,  prop,  oe- 
luinus,  <  bellua,  prop,  belua,  abeast.]  If.  Beast- 
ly; pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  beasts; 
brutal:  as,  ''animal  and  belluine  life,"  Bp.  At- 
terbury. —  2.  In  zobl.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Beliuce. 

bellum  internecinum  (bel'nm  in-ter-nf-sl'- 
num).  [L. :  bt  Hum,  war;  internecinum,  interne- 
cine.] A  murderous  war ;  a  war  of  mutual  ex- 
termination ;  war  to  the  death. 


y 


Bell-turret. —  Abbaye-aux-Hommcs, 
Caen,  Normandy. 


517 

bell-wether  (bel'wesra'er),  «.  [<  ME.  bet- 
wether,  belleweder ;  <,  belP  +  wether,}  A  wether 
or  sheep  which  loads  the  Hock,  usually  carry- 
ing a  bell  on  its  i k. 

[As]  a  bell-wether  [will]  form  the  Hock's  connection 
By  tinkling  sounds,  when  they  go  forth  to  victual : 
Such  is  the  sway  of  our  great  men  o'er  little. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  48. 

bell-work  (bel'werk),  re.  Tn  mining,  a  system 
of  working  flat  ironstone-beds  by  underground 
excavations  in  the  form  of  a  bell  around  the 
pits  or  shafts;  also  used  on  a  grand  scale  in 
working  the  salt-mines  of  Transylvania. 
bellwort  (bel'wert),  h.  1.  A  general  name  for 
] (hints  of  the  natural  order  Ctiiiiiianitlitcta: —  2. 
In  the  United  Slates,  a  common  name  for  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Uvularia,  spring  flowers  of  the 
natural  order  Liliacece. 
belly  (bel'i),  n. ;  pi.  bellies  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  and  E.  dial,  also  bully, <  ME.  hehj,  beli,  belly, 
stomach,  womb  (in  early  ME.  the  body),  also 
a  bellows  (see  bellows),  <  AS.  belt/,  balg,  bielg, 
bylg  (also  baiig,  bclig,  bylig,  with  intrusive  ;')- 
also  btrlge,  bylge,  a  bag,  bell,  pouch,  purse,  hull, 
bellows,  a  bag  of  any  kind,  esp.  of  skin  (= 
OFries.  balga  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  =  OHG. 
balg,  MB.Gr.  bale,  G.  balg,  skin,  case,  bellows, 
paunch,  =  Ieel.  bclgr  (whence  perhaps  bbggr,  a 
bag,  baggi,  a  bag,  whence  perhaps  E.  bag*-)  = 
Sw.  balg=  Dan.  balg,  skin,  case,  pod,  belly,  "bel- 
lows, =  Goth,  balgs,  a  wine-skin,  orig.  a  bag, 
esp.  of  skin),  <  belgan  (pret.  bealg)  (=  011(1. 
belgan),  swell,  swell  up,  be  inflated.  C'f.  beU* 
and  boln.  Doublet  (orig.  pi.)  bellows,  q.  v. 
Similar  forms  are  Gael,  balg,  bolg  =  Ir.  balg, 
bolg,  bag,  belly,  =  W.  boi,  bola,  boly,  belly, 
appar.  an  old  Celtic  word,  >  LL.  bttlga,  bag:  see 
bulge,  bougel,  budge*,  etc.]  1.  That  part  of  the 
human  body  which  extends  from  the  breast  to 
the  groin,  and  contains  the  bowels;  the  part 
of  the  trunk  between  the  diaphragm  and  the 
pelvis,  considered  as  to  its  front  and  side  walls 
and  its  cavity  and  contents;  the  abdomen.  See 
cut  under  abdomen. —  2.  The  part  of  any  animal 
which  corresponds  to  the  human  belly ;  the  ab- 
domen in  general. 

Underneath  the  belly  of  their  steeds. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

3.  The  stomach  with  its  adjuncts :  as,  a  hungry 
belly. 
He  would  fain  have  filled  his  belly  with  the  husks. 

Luke  xv.  16. 
4f.  The  womb. —  5.  The  fleshy  part  of  a  muscle, 
as  distinguished  from  its  tendinous  portion :  as, 
the  anterior  belly  of  the  digastricus  muscle. — 

6.  The  hollow  or  interior  of  an  inclosed  place. 
Out  of  the  belly  of  hell  cried  I.  Jonah  ii.  2. 

7.  The  part  of  anything  which  resembles  the 
belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity,  as  of  a  bottle, 
a  tool,  a  sail  filled  by  the  wind,  a  blast-furnace, 
etc. 

If  you  were  to  fall  from  aloft  and  be  caught  in  the  belly 
of  a  sail,  and  thus  saved  from  instant  death,  it  would  not 
do  to  look  at  all  disturbed. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Hast,  p.  35. 

Neither  hollow  nor  swelling,  called  a  belly,  is  made  on 
the  Hat  part  of  the  brick.    C.  T.  Davis,  bricks,  etc.,  p.  \li. 

8.  In  technol.,  the  inner,  lower,  or  front  sur- 
face or  edge  of  anything,  (a)  In  engraving,  the 
lower  edge  of  a  graver,  (o)  In  locks,  the  lower  edge  of  a 
tumbler  against  which  the  bit  of  the  key  plays.  (•■)  In 
masonry,  the  batter  of  a  wall.  ((/)  In  saddlery,  a  piece  of 
leather  sometimes  attached  to  the  cantle  or  hind  pommel 
ot  ;i  saddle  to  serve  as  a  point  of  attachment  for  valise- 
straps.  (,)  In  shi/i-carp.,  the  inside  or  concave  side  of  a 
piece  of  curved  timber,  the  outside  being  termed  the  back. 
If)  In  earriaoe-ntaking,  the  wooden  covering  of  an  iron 
axle.  (g)  In  archery,  the  interior  side  of  a  how,  which  is 
concave  when  the  bow  is  bent.  See  back  of  a  bow,  under 
backl.  (It)  The  widest  partof  the  shaft  of  a  blast-furnace. 
(0  The  middle  or  bulging  part  of  a  cask.  Also  called  the 
bulge,  (j)  Theunburnt  side  of  a  slab  of  cork.  (k)  A  swell 
on  the  under  side  of  an  iron  bearer  or  girder,  (t)  The 
upper  plate  of  that  part  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  a 
violin,  which  is  designed  to  increase  its  resonance;  the 
sounding-board  of  a  piano.  In  instruments  of  the  violin 
class  the  bridge  rests  upon  the  belly,  (m)  In  mining,  a 
mass  of  ore  swelling  out  and  occupying  a  large  part  of  the 
breadtb  of  the  lode.— Back  and  belly.    See  backl-. 

belly  (bel'i),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bellied,  ppr.  bt ! til- 
ing,    [(.belly,  n.]    I.  trans.  To  fill;  swell  out. 
Your  breath  of  full  consent  bellied  his  sails. 

Shak.,  T.  and  I'.,  ii.  2. 

Norwere  they  [the  Pilgrim  fathers]  so  wanting  to  them. 

selves  in  faith  as  to  burn  their  ship,  but  could  see  the  fair 

west  wind  belly  the  homeward  sail,  and  then  turn  unre- 

pining  to  grapple  with  the  terrible  Unknown. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell  and  become  protuber- 
ant, like  the  belly ;  bulge  out. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  with  the  gale. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  054. 


belly-timber 
To  belly  out,  in  mining,  to  increase  rapidly  in  dimen 

sions  :  said  of  a  lode. 

belly-ache  (bel'i-ak),  ».    I'ain  in  the  bowels; 

Hie  eolie. 

'Mi.  belly  ■ 
Caused  by  an  Inundation  ol  pease-poi  i 

/;.  a  u.  oi"l  Fl.t  Mons.  i  i 

belly-band (bel'i-band),  u.    1.  A  band  thai  goes 

round  the    belly;    Specifically,   a  saddle- 
also,  a  band  fastened  to  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle, 
and  passing  under  the  belly  of  the  animal  dravi 
ing  it. —  2.    Naut.,  a    band   of   canvas    placed 
across  a  sail  to  strengl  hen  it. 

belly-boards  (bel'i-bordz),  re.  pi.  A  kind  of 
fir  and  pine  boards  produced  in  Switzerland, 
used  for  the  sounding-boards  of  musical  instru- 
ments. 

belly-bound  (bel'i-bormd),  a.  Constipated; 
costive.    [Vulgar.] 

belly-brace  (bel'i-bras),  n.  A  cross-brace  be- 
tween the  frames  of  a  locomotive,  stayed  to  the 
boiler. 

belly-button  (bel'i-but*n),  «.  The  navel. 
[Colloq.] 

belly-cheatt  (bel'i-chet),  re.  [<  belly  +  cheat, 
also  spelled  cltetc,  a  thing:  see  cheat*."]  An 
apron  or  covering  for  the  front  of  the  person. 
lleait.  and  Fl.     [Old  slang.] 

belly-cheert  (bel'i-eher),  n.  Good  cheer;  meat 
and  drink;  food.     Elyot,  Diet.,  1559. 

Bald-pate  friars,  whose  sumnntm  honum  is  in  belly-cheer. 

Marlowe. 
Loaves  and  belly-cheer.     Wilton,  Def.ofHumb.  Kemonst. 
belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  r.  i.     To  indulge  in 
belly-cheer;  feast;  revel. 

Let  them  assemble  in  consistory,  .  .  .  and  not  .  .  .  by 
themselves  to  belly-cheer  ...  or  to  promote  designs  to 
abuse  and  gull  the  simple  laity. 

Milton,  Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates  (Ord  MS.), 
belly-cheeringt  (bel'i-cher"ing),  re.     Feasting; 
revelry. 
Riotous  banqueting  and  beUy-cht 

Udall,  Prol.  toEphesians. 
belly-churlt  (bel'i-cherl),  n.    A  rustic  glutton. 
Drayton, 

belly-doublett  (bel'i-duVlet),  re.  A  doublet 
made  very  long  in  front,  and  stuffed  or  bom- 
basted  so  as  to  project  somewhat,  as  in  the 
representation  of  Punch  in  English  puppet- 
shows.  This  fashion  prevailed  about  1585  and 
after.  See  doublet. 
Your  arms  crossed  on  your  thin  belly-doublet. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 
belly-fretting  (bel'i -fret "ing),  n.  1.  The 
chafing  of  a  horse's  belly  with  a  fore-girth. — 2. 
A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms. 
bellyful  (bel'i-ful),  n.  As  much  as  fills  the  belly 
(stomach)  or  satisfies  the  appetite;  hence,  a 
great  abundance ;  more  than  enough. 

Every  jack-slave  has  his  belly-full  of  fighting,  and  I  must 
go  up  and  down  like  a  cock  that  no  body  can  match. 

Shak.,  t'ymbeliiie,  ii.  1. 

belly-god  (bel'i-god),  n.  One  who  makes  a  god 
of  his  belly,  that  is,  whose  great  business  or 
pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite;  a  glutton; 
an  epicure:  as,  "Apicius,  a  famous  belly-god," 
Hull  -trill,  Apology,  p.  378. 

belly-guy  (bel'i-gi),  re.  Naut.,  a  tackle  or  guy, 
attached  half-way  up  a  sheer-leg  or  spar  need- 
ing support  in  the  middle.     See  belly  stay. 

belly-piece  (bel'i-pes),  h.  If.  The  flesh  cover- 
ing the  belly;  hence,  an  apron. —  2.  The  piece 
forming  the  belly  of  a  violin,  etc. 

belly-pinched  (bel'i-pincht),  a.  Pinched  with 
hunger;  starved:  as,  "the  belly-pinched -wo]!," 
Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  1. 

belly-pipe  (bel'i-pip),  n.  A  flaring  nozlo  for  a 
blast-pipe  in  a  blast-furnace. 

belly-rail  (bel'i-ral),  n.  1.  In  a  pianoforte,  a 
transverse  rail  forming  a  portion  of  the  main 
body  of  the  framing. —  2.  In  railway  engin.,  a 
rail  with  a  fin  or  web  descending  between  the 
flanges  which  rest  on  the  ties. 

belly-roll  (bel'i -rol),  n.  A  roller  of  greater 
diameter  in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends,  used 
for  rolling  land  between  ridges  or  in  hollows. 

belly-slave  (bel'i-slav),  n.  A  person  who  is  a 
slave  to  his  appetite. 

Beastly  beUyslaves,  which,  .  .  .  not  once,  but  continu- 
ally, day  and  night,  give  themselves  wholly  to  bibbing 
and  banqueting.  Homily  against  Gluttony, 

belly-stay  (bel'i-sta),  it.  Naut.,  a  tackle  ap- 
plied from  above  half-mast  down  when  the 
mast  requires  support,  as  the  belly-guy  is  ap- 
plied from  below.     See  belly-guy. 

belly-timber  (bel'i-tim'ber),  n.  Food;  that 
which  supports  the  belly.  [Formerly  in  serious 
use,  but  now  only  humorous.] 


belly-timber 

Through  desert*  vast 
Ami  regions  desolate  thejr  pass'd, 
Wli,  i,  iove  ground 

or  under.  was  not  to  be  found. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  T.  i.  331. 

belly- vengeance  (bcl'i-ven  jens),  n.     A  name 

given  in  some  parts  of  England  to  weak  or  sour 

I..-  r. 

belly-wash  (bel'i-wosh),  ».    Any  kind  of  dnnk 

of  poor  quality.     [Vulgar.] 

belly-worm  (bel'i-werm),  ».      A  worm  that 

breeds  in  the  belly  or  stomach.     Hay. 
belock  (be-lok'),  v.  t.     [<  br-i  +  lockU  not  di- 
rectly <  ME.  belouken,  pp.  betoken,  <  AS.  W«- 
.  pp.  h,  loct  a.  <  l'<-  +  Mean,  look.]    To  lock, 
or  fasten  as  with  a  lock. 

This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a  vow'd  contract 
Was  fast  betocVd  in  thine.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.;  v.  1. 
Belodon(bel'6-don),H.  [NL.,<Gr.,^/of,adart, 
+  oooi'C  (bSovT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  The  typical  genus 
of  crocodiles  of  the  family  Belodontida,  belong- 
ing to  the  Triassio  age,  and  including  the  oldest 
known  eroeodilians,  remains  of  which  occur 
both  in  European  and  American  formations.  B. 
lepturus,  the  largest  species,  attained  a  length 
of  10  feet.  ,  ^      . ,    . 

belodontid  (bel-6-don'tid),  ».    [<  Belodonhdce.] 

A  crocodilian  reptile  of  the  family  Belodontidw. 
Belodontidse  (bel-o-don'ti-de),  ».  7''-  [NL.,  < 
Belodon{t-)  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  fossil  pre-Cre- 
taeeous  crocodiles,  order  Crocodilia.  They  have 
amphicoelous  vertebra,  pterygoids  separate  below  pos- 
terior nares  bounded  by  the  palatines,  and  external  nos- 
trils near  the  orbits  on  the  upper  part  of  the  base  of  the 
snout.  „  ,_  ,  T  ~      n  - 

belomancy  (bel'6-man-si),  n.  [<  LGr.  firtofiav- 
Tta,  <  Gr.  Ji'oc,  dart,  arrow,  +  fiavreia,  divma- 
t  inn.]  A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  arrows, 
practised  by  the  Scythians,  Babylonians,  Ara- 
bians, and  other  ancient  peoples.  A  number  of 
pointless  arrows  were  variously  marked  and  put  into  a  bag 
or  quiver,  and  then  drawn  out  at  random;  the  marks  or 
words  on  the  anow  drawn  were  taken  as  indications  of 
what  was  to  happen.  Tims,  Ezek.  xxi.  -21  (revised  version): 
'•For  the  king  of  Babylon  stood  at  the  parting  of  the  way, 
at  the  head  ol  the  two  ways,  to  use  divination  :  he  shook 
the  arrows  to  and  fro." 

The  arrow-divination  or  belomancy  here  mentioned 
[Ezek  xxi.  '211  was  dune  with  pointless  arrows  marked 
and  drawn  as  lots.  Eiiajc.  Brit.,  XV.  201. 

Belone  (bel'6-ne),  n.  [L.|»<  Gr.  (leUvtj,  any 
sharp  point,  a  needle,  <  fliM,  an  arrow,  dart, 
any  missile,  <  BaXkeai,  throw.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  remarkable  for  their  slender  and  elon- 
gated jaws,  representing  in  some  systems  a 
family  'Below  die,  in  others  referred  to  the  Scom- 
beresocidie :  the  garfishes. 
belong  (be-long'),  v.  i.  [<  ME  belongen  (=  D. 
hi  langen,  concern,  =  OHG.  belangen,  MHij.  It. 
In  langen,  reach  to,  attain,  concern,  affect;  asso- 
ciated with  the  adj.,  early  ME.  belong  (=  OS. 
bilang  =  MD.  belangh),  equiv.  to  AS.  gelang, 
ME.  ylong,  Hong,  along,  long,  mod.  E.  along?, 
Imiii-i,  belonging,  along),  <  6c-1  +  longen,  be 


:.  1- 

Sir,  monuments  and  eulogj  '■■  ■'""  rto  the  dead. 

1).  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Bill 

5  To  have  :i  settled  residence  (in);  be  domi- 
,.i'l(>,l  |  (,,  | :  :  , „ ic i lienllv.  have  a  legal  residence, 
settlement,  or  inhabitancy  (in),  whether  by 
birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as  to  be  charge- 
able upon  the  parish  or  town:  said  of  a  pau- 
per, or  one  likely  to  become  such. 

Bastards  also  are  BetUed  in  the  parishes  to  which  the 
„„„!,,,  Blackatom i,  Com.,  I.  xvi. 

6.  To  be  a  native  (of) ;  have  original  residence 
(in). 

There  is  no  other  country  in  the  world  to  winch  the 
gipsies  could  belong.  •"•  Baper. 

7.  To  have  its  (or  one's)  proper  place;  be  resi- 
dent :  as,  this  book  belongs  on  the  top  shell  ;  I 
h,  Ion, i  here  (in  this  house  or  town).     [U.  S.] 

belonging  (be-16ng'iug),  n.  [<  belong  +  -mmM 
That  which  belongs  to  one  :  used  generally,  it 
not  always,  in  the  plural,  (a)  Qualities;  endow- 
ments; faculties. 

Thyself  and  thy  belongings 
Are  not  thine  own  so  proper,  as  to  waste 
Thyself  upon  thy  virtues,  they  on  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  I.  1. 
lb)  Property;  possessions:  as,  "I  carryall  my  belongings 
with  me,"  Trottope.  le)  Members  of  one's  family  or  house- 
hold; relations  or  dependants.    [Humorous.] 

When  Lady  Kew  said,  "sir  nolo,  sic  jubeo,"  I  i>romise 
you  few  persons  of  her  ladyship's  belongings  stopped,  be- 
fore they  did  her  biddings,  to  ask  her  reasons. 

Thackeray,  New. ■nines,  xxxill. 

I  have  been  trouble  enough  to  my  belongings  in  my  day. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House,  II.  103. 
(d)  Appendages. 
The  bclonaimis  to  this  Indian-looking  robe. 

(_', , nil, ill  May. 

belonid  (bel'6-nid),  n.  [<  Belonidte.]  A  fish 
of  the  family  Behnidic. 

Belonida  (be-lon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Belone  + 
-idir.]  A  family  of  fishes,  represented  by  the 
genus  Belone,  containing  Synentognathi  with  an 


Silver  Garfish  (  Tylosurus  longirostris) 


elongate  stout  body,  oblong  wide  head  flat- 
tened above  and  terminating  in  long  stout 
jaws,  the  upper  of  which  is  composed  of  the 
coalesced  intermaxillaries,  supramaxillanes, 
and  facial  bones,  while  the  lower  has  an  addi- 
tional bone  behind.  The  vertebra?  have  zygapophj  ses, 
and  the  bones  are  generally  green.  The  species  arc  called 
garpikes,  garfish,  or  gars.  The  English  species  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Belone,  IS.  vulgaris,  but  those  of  the 
I  nitcd  states  belong  to  the  genus  Tylosurus,  of  which 
there  are  nine  species,  as  T.  ma  mm*.  T.  crassus,  T.exuw, 
T.  Iongiro8tri8,  etc. 
belonite  (bel'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  fSeUvn,  any  sharp 
point,  a  needle  (see  Belone),  +  -ite?.]  A  kind 
of  minute  imperfect  crystals,  usually  acicular  m 
form,  sometimes  dendritic,  observed  in  glassy 
volcanic  rocks.  The  term  is  now  limited  to 
such  as  exert  no  action  on  polarized  light, 
long  (there  is  no  AS.  'belangian  or  "belong):  foel0noid  (bel'6-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  pthtvoeidqc, 
s.n  along12,  long2,  longK]  1.  To  go  along  with  needle-shaped, '<  fitUmi,  a  needle  (see  Bt  um  ), 
anything,  or  accompany  it  as  an  adjunct  or  at-  +  £yof)  f0rm.]  Resembling  a  bodkin  or  nee- 
tribute  ;  pertain ;  appertain ;  be  a  property  (of) ;  (iie .  styloid :  applied  to  processes  of  bone, 
be  in  the  power  or  at  the  disposal  (of).  L1"  :,u  Beloochee  (be-lo'che),  n.  Same  as  Baluchi. 
senses  except  7  followed  by  to,  or  in  the  older  Bei0ptera  (be-lop'te-rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jieAoc, 
English  by  unto.]  dart,  +  irrepov,  wing.]    1.  Agenusof  dibranchi- 

II, t  haowas  to  light  on  a  partnf  the  field  belonging     ate  eephalopods,  with  a  wing-like  expansion  ot 

-2.    [I.  c]   Plural  of 


unto  Boaz.  Ruth  ii.  3. 

and  David  said  unto  him,  To  whom  belongest  thou? 

1  Sam.  xxx.  13. 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgivenesses. 

Dan.  ix.  !>. 


Be 


calclli  for  the  things  that  belong  to  the  1 1 

1  Cor.  vii.  :$2. 


Most  of  the  males  Bubject  to  him  [the  father  oi  the 

family]  are  n  allj  his  children,  but,  even  if  they  hai I 

sprung  from  him,  thi  j  are  subject  to  him,  they  form  part 
old,  th.  \  in  a  word  coloured  by  later  notions 
ng  in  him. 

\faine,  Barlj  Law  and  Custom,  p.  87. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  proper  business  (of) ; 
appertain  it",:  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to 

prove  the  title. 

Co  you  it  doth  bi  ■' 
Yourself  to  pardon  of  sell  doing 

Sonnets,  lviii. 

3.  To  be  appendant  (to);  be  connected  (wit  1 1 1; 
be  a  special  relation  (to):  as.  a  beam  or  rafter 
belongs  to  such  a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in 
the  building. 

llr  took  tin  in.  and  went  a  Ide  privab  !i  Into  a  di   erl 
pjg,  tl    city  i  alii  d  B.  thsaida.    Luke  ix.  10. 

4.  To  be  suilabln  ;    be  due. 

Strong  meal  '•  ton  s  "■  to  them  that  are  ol  full  use. 

Heh.  v.  14. 

IP  arlng  .  .  .  thy  beauty  Bound 
(Yet  nol  so  di  i  plj  as  tot 
Myself  am  mov  d  to  woo  thi  -  for  my  wife. 
'  Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  11.  1. 


the  sides  of  the  shells. 
belopteron.  .      ,  . 

belopterid  (be-lop'te-rid),  n.     [<  Beloptenats.] 

A  eephalopod  of  the  family  lleloptendic. 
Belopteridse  (bel-op-ter'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL     < 

Beloptura  +  -idle.]     A  family  of  dibrunchiato 

eephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Hilo/itera, 

closely  related  to  the  Brlemnitidae,  and  by  some 

authors  combined  in   the  same  family.     The 

species  are  extinct. 
belopteron  (be-lop'te-ron),   n.\  pi.   I„  In/, lira 

(-rii).      [NL.,  <  Gr.   /i'A«:,  a   dart    (see  II,  lion  ), 

+  KTipov,  a  wing.]     The  fossil 

internal   bone  of    an    extiimt 

eephalopod,  somewhat  like   a 

belemnito,    but    blunter    and 

having  a  wing-like  projection 

mi  each  side. 

belord  (be-16rd'),  v.  t.  [<  be-> 
+  lord.]  1.  To  apply  the  title 
Lord  to;  address bythe  phrase 
"my  lord."— 2.  To  domineer 
over.     [Rare.] 

Belostoma  (be-los'to-mjl),  "• 
[NL.,  <  fir.    I'/n,.  a   dart,  + 

ord//»,     mouth.]      The    typical 

genua  of  heteropterous  insects 
of  the  family  Belostomidiu,  for- 


i  .nn!       \\  Sti  i  bug 

id      gran, 
tit), 


below 

merly  referred  to  the  Xi/iida.  The  largest  species 
is  II.  arandis  o!  South  America,  the  great  water  hug,  at- 
taining  a  length  ol  i  inches,  H  amerieana  and  /.'.  grieea 
inhabit  the  Ulantic  States  of  North  America.    A  Chinese 

and  Indian  species  is  /.'.  ,,„l,ra. 

Belostomidae  (bel-os-tom'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,< 
Belostoma  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  heteropterous 
insects,  containing  the  largest  living  members 
of  the  order  Beteroptera.  They  are  huge,  broad, 
fiat  bodied  aquatic  insects,  with  powerful  swimming-legs 
and  curved  fore  tibial,  able  to  preyupon  fish  and  other 
aquatic  animals  of  considerable  Bize.  There  arc  about  12 
i  generally  distributed  in  temperate  and  torrid  re- 
gions. The  head  is  much  narrower  than  the  prothorax, 
with  prominent  eyes,  short  3-Jointed  rostrum,  and  short 
4-j,,inti'd  antenna':  Uie  prothorax  is  wide  and  trapezoi- 
dal; the  scutellum  is  laier  ami  triangular;  theelytraare 
distinguished  into  curium  and  membrane;  and  the  hody 
ends  in  a  pair  of  ligulate  extensile  appendages. 

beloutt  (be-louf),  r.  t.  [<  fce-l  +  lout.]  To 
call  (a  person)  a  "lout";  address  or  speak  of 
with  contemptuous  language. 

Sieur  Gaulard,  when  he  heard  a  gentleman  report  that 
at  supper  they  had  not  only  good  cheer  hut  also  savoury 
epigrams  and  tine  anagrams,  returning  home,  rated  and 
belowted  his  cook  as  an  ignorant  scullion,  that  never 
dressed  .  .  .  him  either  epigrams  or  anagrams. 

i  ■,,,,,, Ira,  Remains. 

belovet  (be-luv'),  v.  [<  ME.  beloven,  bihwen  (= 
D.  believen,  please,  gratify,  =  G.  betieben,  like, 
wish,  impers.  please),  love,  <  be-,  bi-,  +  ioven, 
luven :  see  6e-i  and  love.]  I.  introns.  To  please. 
[Early  Middle  English.] 

H.  trans.  1.  To  be  pleased  with ;  like.— 2. 
To  love.  [Little  used  except  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple] 

If  beauty  were  a  string  of  silke,  I  would  wear  it  about 
my  neck  for  a  certain  testimony  that  I  belone  it  much. 

Wodroephe,  French  and  Eng.  Grammar,  p.  322. 

beloved  (be-luv'ed  or  -luvd'),  p.  a.  and  w.     [< 

ME.  In  loved,  beluved,  biluved,  pp.:  see  love.]    I. 

p.  a.  Loved;  greatly  loved;  dear  to  the  heart. 

This  is  my  beloved  Son.  Mat.  iii.  17. 

Beloved  of  all,  and  dying  ne'er  forgot. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise.  II.  307. 

II.  n.  One  who  is  greatly  loved ;  one  very 
dear. 

He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep.  Ps.  exxvii.  2. 

below  (be-16'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  bilooghe 
(found  only  once),  adv.,  <  U,  be,  prep.,  by,  + 
loogh,  logh,  adv.,  low:  see  6e-2  and  low2.  The 
older  form  was  alow;  cf.  afore,  before,  ahind, 
behind.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  or  to  a  lower  place  or 
level ;  beneath ;  downward  from  a  higher  point : 
as,  look  below  ;  in  the  valley  below. 

Hear  the  rattling  thunder  far  below.  Wordsworth. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  in  the  heavens. 

The  blessed  spirits  above  rejoice  at  our  happiness  below. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ  Mor.,  in.  5. 

3  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead :  as,  ''the 
realms  below,"  Dryden.—l.  On  a  lower  floor ; 
downstairs. 

Sir  Anthony  Absolute  is  below,  inquiring  for  the  captain. 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  lv.  1. 

Hence  — 5.  Naut.,  off  duty:  as,  the  watch  below, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  watch  on  deck.—  6. 
At  a  later  point  in  a  page  or  writing;  further 
on  in  the  same  part  or  division :  as,  particulars 
are  given  below  :  see  the  statistics  below. —  7. 
Lower  down  in  a  course  or  direction,  as  toward 
the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  etc. :  as,  the 
vessel  has  just  arrived  from  below. — 8.  In  a 
lower  rank  or  grade:  as,  at  the  trial  below,  or 
in  the  court  below. 

II.  prep.   1.  Under  in  place ;  beneath;  not 
so  high  as:  as,  below  the  knee. 
The  .  .  .  dust  below  thy  feet.  Shak.,  bear,  v.  3. 

All  the  abhorred  births  below  crisp  heaven 
Whereon  Hyperions  quickeiiiim  lire  doth  vhine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Lower  than  in  position  or  direction;  lower 
down  :  as,  he  lives  a  little  below  our  house,  that 
is,  a  little  lower  down  the  street,  road,  hill,  etc. 

The  castle  was  now  taken ;  but  the  town  below  it  was  in 
arms.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

3.  Lower  than  in  degree,  amount,  weight,  price, 
value,  etc.— 4.  Later  in  time  than.     [Rare.] 

The  more  eminent  scholars  which  England  produced  be» 
f ore  and  even  below  the  twelfth  century,  were  educated  In 

our  religious  1 ses.     T.  Warton,  Hist.  Bug.  Poetry,  t  Ul- 

5.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity:  as, 
"one  degree  below  kings,"  Addison,  Remarks 
on  Italy,  Venice.— 6.  Too  low  to  be  worthy  of  ; 
inferior  to. 

They  beheld,  with  a  Just  loathing  and  disdain,  .  .  .  how 
Mow  all  history  the  persons  and  their  actions  were. 

Milton, 

The  works  of  Petrarch  were  below  both  bis  genius  and 
his  celebrity.  Macaulay,  Dante. 

Below  the  salt.  See  salt,  =Syn.  Below.  Under,  Beneath. 
Below,  lower  than  the  plane  ot  ;  under,  lower  in  the  per- 


below 

pendicular  lineol ;  beneath,  close  under :  as,  the  sun  sinks 
below  the  horizon;  a  thing  Is  under  a  chair  or  tree,  '" 
neatA  a  pile  of  rubbish,    lender  has  often  the  sense  ol 

beneath  .  as,  "  under  whose  wings,"  Ruth  11.  12.    0 pare 

Uie  old  use  ol  beneath  in  Ex.  xxxii.  19      "Beneath  the 
mount." 

[A  sail]  that  sinks  with  all  we  love  below  the  verge. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Whereon  :i  hundred  stately  beeches  grew, 
Ami  here  and  there  great  hollies  under  them. 

/.  nnyson,  Pelleas  and  Bttare, 

/;.  neath  the  milk-white  thorn  that  scents  the  cv'ning  Kale. 
Burns,  Cottar's  Sat  Night 

belsiret  (bel'sir),  n.  [<  ME.  belsire,  lit.  good 
sire,  <  bel,  fair,  good,  as  a  prefix,  grand-  (as  in 
beldam,  ci.  v.),  +  sire.  Cf.  beausire.]  1.  A 
grandfather:  correlative  to  beldam,  grand- 
mother.—  2.  An  ancestor.     Drayton. 

belswaggert  (bel'swag"er),  n.  [Perhaps  for 
belly-swagger,  a  form  given  by  Ash,  <  belly  + 
swag,  sway.]    A  bully;  a  pimp. 

belt' (belt)',  n.  [<  ME.  belt,  <  AS.  belt  =  OHG. 
bah  =  Icel.  belli  =  Sw.  feti'ife  =  Dan.  balte  = 
Ir.  and  Gael,  bait,  a 
belt  ,a  border ;  pro!..  E»_^»  ^ 
<  L.  battens,  a  belt.] 
1.  A  broad  flat  strip 
or  strap  of  leather  or 
other  flexible  mate- 
rial, used  to  encircle 
the  waist;  a  gir- 
dle ;  cincture ;  zone  ; 
band.  Ordinarily  it  is 
worn  buckled  or  hooked 
tight  to  the  waist,  and  in 
all  ages  it  has  been  a  com 
mon  article  of  apparel, 
both  to  keep  the  tor- 
ments in  place  and  to 
support  weapons,  or  a 
purse,  a  writing-case,  or 
the  like  :  it  may  he  made 
of  any  material.  The  mil- 
itary belt  of  the  middle 
ages  was  sometimes  com- 
posed of  small  plates  of 
metal  held  to  each  other 
by  rings,  was  attached  to 
the  armor,  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  fashion  of  the 
latter,  was  worn  more 
or  less  low,  sometimes 
resting  below  the  hips 
upon  the  skirt  of  plate- 
armor.  Sometimes  the 
sword  was  not  secured 
to  the  belt,  which  was 
then  rather  a  mark  of 
rank  and  dignity  than  a 
necessary  part  of  the 
dress.  (See  sword-belt  and 

baldric.)   The  broad  bauds  supporting  the  bayonet-sheath 
and  cartridge-box,  worn  by  infantry  in  Europe  during  the 
century  ending  about  1S50,  were  also  called  belts  or  cross- 
belts.    See  girdle. 
The  shining  belt  with  gold  inlaid.  Dryden. 


519 


belvedered 
in.  i,  n.    A  double  clamping- 


Quartcr-turn  Belt. 


belt-screw  (belt'stro;,  n. 
screw  with  broad,  flat  heads,  used  for  joining 
the  ends  ol  a  belt. 

belt-shifter  (belt'shif  ter),   n.     A  contrivance 

for  shifting  a   machi bell  from  one  pulley 

to  another,  in  order  to  stop  or  set  in  motion 
certain  parts  of  the  machine,  or  to  change  the 
mol  ion.     E.  II.  Knight. 

A  belt  shifter. 

A  eoiit  ri\  n 


a  belt  connecting  two  pulleys  and  crossed  between  them, 
so  as  to  cause  them  to  revolve  in  opposite  directions.  Roll- 
,  i  .  are   placed   between  the  belts, 
it  necessary,  to  prevent  rubbing.— 
Endless  belt,     see  endless.     Hy- 
draulic   belt.      See    hydraulic 
Quarter-turn  belt,  a  belt  having 
a    twist   of    90",    used    to    transmit 
motion  between  pulleys  on  Bhafts 
placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other;  a  quartering  belt. 

To  hold  the  belt,  t"  hob  1  tl hampionship  in  pugilism  belt-shipper  (belt 'ship  el  I,  n. 

or  some  other  athletic  exercise.  belt-sneeder  (belt  'sne  der)    n 

belt  (belt),  v.  t.  \iheii.,,.]  1.  To  gird  with  a  in  u  i,1,u,.,li,„.  for  transmitting  varying  rates 
belt;  specifically,  to  invest  with  a  distinctive  ,p|  ln(lti(111  b  m„;ms  o£  ;l  ,„.,,_-  „  b  nm,  h  ,ls,.,| 
belt,  as  in  knighting  some  one. — Z.  10  fasten  in  Bpinn|ng_machines  to  van  the  rate  oi  rotation  of  the 
or  secure  with  a  belt;  gird:  as,  to  belt  on  a  spool  as  the  cop  increases  in  . 
sword.— 3.  To  encircle ;  surround  as  if  with  a  belt-tightener  (belt'trl  ner),  n.  An  idle  or 
belt  or  girdle.  independent  pulley  resting  on  a  machine  In  it. 

Belted  with  young  children.  DeQv&neey.     and  tending   by  its   weight   to   keep   the  belt 

The  general  college  of  civilization  that  now  belted  the     strettdicd,  thus  securing  better  adhesion. 


Mi  diterranean.  l>e  tjnineeg,  Herodotus. 

Come  from  the  woods  that  belt  the  gray  bill-side. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory. 

4.  To  strike  with  or  as  with  a  belt ;  strap ;  flog. 
[Colloq.] 
Eeltane  (bel'tan),  n.  [Also  written  Beltein  and 
Billen;  <  GaeL  Bealllanni,  Heilteine  —  Ir.  Bcal- 
teine,  BeaUtaine,  olr.  Belltaine,  Beltene;  usual- 
ly explained  as  Beal's  fire,  <  *Beal,  *BiaI,  an 
alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  Belus  or  Baal), 
+  teine,  fire.  But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (old  style);  old  May- 
day, one  of  the  four  quarter-days  (the  others 
being  Lammas,  Hallow-mass,  and  Candlemas) 
anciently  observed  in  Scotland. —  2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 


belt-tool    (belt'tol),    ii.      A   combined    cutter, 
punch,  awl,  and  nippers,  used  in  making  belts. 

beluga  (be-lo'ga),  ».  [<  Russ.  bieluga,  <  bit  luii, 
white;  cf.  Lith"  balti,  be  white.]  1.  The  large 
white  sturgeon,  Acipenser  huso,  from  the  roe  of 
which,  sometimes  weighing  sou  pounds,  caviar 
or  botargo  is  prepared.  The  Bsh  is  from  \i  to  15  feet 
in  length,  weighing  in  some  cases  2,000  pounds  or  more. 
Isinglass  is  prepared  from  its  swim-bladder. 
2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  generic  name  of  the  white 
whales:  a  synonym  of  Delphinapterus.  The  only 
species  found  in  northern  seas  is  11.  aretiea,  Uueas,  or 
albicans,  which  from  its  color  is  commonly  called  white 
whale  or  whitefish.  It  is  from  12  to  18  feet  in  length. 
The  tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizontally,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  tin.  In  swimming,  the  animal  bends  its 
tail  under  its  body  like  a  lobster,  and  thrusts  itself  along 
It  is  found  in  the  arctic 


all  domestic  fires  having  been  previously  extinguished,  only 

to  be  relighted  from  the  embers  of  the  Beltane  tires.  This 
custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  worship 
of  the  sun,  or  fire  in  general,  which  was  formerly  in  vogue 
among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  heathen 
nations.  The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote  local- 
ities. [Sometimes  without  a  capital.] 
But  o'er  his  hills,  on  festal  day, 
How  blazed  Lord  Ronald's  beltane  tree! 

Scott,  Glenftnlas. 

side  anjr"  belt-clamp  (belt'klamp),  n.     An  apparatus  for 
hind  the  hip  in  a  similar  way i  b.    brinp-ing  together  and  holding  in  position  the 

leather  girdle   buckling  around   the  -  ^      e>        e>  o      ,      r 

ends  of  belts  while  they  are  being  cemented, 
laced,  or  coupled. 

belt-clasp  (belt'klasp;,  n.    A  clasp  for  a  belt; 

specifically,  in  mach.,  a  device  for  connecting 

the  ends  of  belting  so  as  to  make  a  continuous 

band. 

ict.  duMobiiierfraneais.-)  belt-coupling  (belt'kup"ling),  n.    In  mach.,  a 

device  for  connecting  the  ends  of  a  belt.     It  is 

a  substitute  for  the  ordinary  method  of  lacing 

them  together  with  thongs  of  leather. 

belt-cutter  (belt'kut"er).  a.     A  tool  or  machine 

for  slitting  tanned  hides  into  strips  for  belting. 

2.  Any  broad  band  or  strip  of  leather  or  other  belted   (bel'ted),  p.   a      [< .belt   +  -e^.ll. 

Wearing  a  belt;   specifically,  wearing  a  dis- 


Military  Belt,  end  of  14th  century. 

A,  the  belt,  consisting  of  plates  of 
metal  held  together  by  rings  or  links 
and  supporting  the  sword  Dy  chains 
secured  to  the  scabbard  :  the 


channel-shaped  steel  belt  to  which 
the  braconmere  is  attached ;  C,  brig- 
antine,  buckled  at  the  left  side ;  D, 
braconniere  of  plates  sliding  one  over 
another ;  E,  a  ring  secured  to  the 
brigantine  from  which  a  chain  passes 
to  the  barrel  of  the  sword-hilt  to  pre- 
vent it  from  falling  if  the  hand  lets  it 
go  during  combat.  (From  Viollet-le- 
Duc's 


with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow 

seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught  for  its  oil  and  its  skin. 
on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  m  Ire-  Beius  (he'lus),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  Bf/?.or,  the  tradi- 
land  on  June  21st.    Bonfires  were  kindled  on  the  hills,     tional  founder  of  Babylon;  the  Greek  form  of 

Baal,  q.  v.]  1.  The  chief  deity  of  the  Baby- 
lonians and  Assyrians ;  Baal  (which  see).  Also 
Bel. —  2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  weevils,  of  the 
family  ( 'iireiilionidte. 

belute  (be-luf),  ''•  '• !  pret.  ami  pp.  hinted,  ppr. 
beluting.'    [<  6e-i  +  lute%,<  L.   lutum,  mud.] 

1.  To  cover  or  bespatter  with  mud.     [Rare.] 

Never  was  a  Dr.  Slop  so  beluted. 

SU  me,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  9. 

2.  To  coat  with  lute  or  cement  of  any  kind. 
belvedere  (bel-ve-der',  It,  pron.  bel-ve-da're), 

n.  [Also  less  correctly  beleidere,  <  It.  belli dere, 
lit.  a  beautiful  view,  <  bel,  bello,  beautiful,  + 
vedere,  a  view,  <  L.  i-idere,  see:  see  vision,  view.'] 
1.  In  Italian  arch.,  an  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  portion  of  such  a  story,  open  to  the 


flexible  material,  designed  to  pass  round  any- 
thing, with  its  ends  joined,  (a)  In  mach.,  a  flexible 
cord  or  band  passing  about  the  periphery  of  wheels,  drums, 
or  pulleys,  for  the  purpose  of  transmitting  motion  from 
one  to  another.  Belts  are  usually  made  of  leather,  but 
india-rubber  and  gutta-percha  are  occasionally  used  ;  also 
hempen  cord,  wire  rope,  and  cords  for  small  pulleys.  See 
belting.  (6)  In  surg.,  a  bandage  or  baud  used  by  surgeons 
for  various  purposes. 

3.  Any  broad  band  or  stripe  or  continuous 
broad  line  distinguished  in  color  or  otherwise 
from  adjacent  objects,  and  encircling  or  ap- 

? earing  to  encircle  something.  Specifically— (a) 
n  astron.,  one  of  certain  girdles  or  rings  which  surround 
the  planet  Jupiter.  (6)  A  broad  band  or  stripe  on  the 
earth's  surface  extending  over  or  along  a  surface  or  re- 
gion, and  distinguished  from  it  by  difference  of  color,  as- 
pect, etc. ;  a  tract  or  district  long  in  proportion  to  its 
breadth,  and  characterized  by  the  presence,  occurrence, 
or  absence  of  some  marked  physical  or  other  peculiarity 
or  phenomenon  :  as,  the  oil  belt ;  a  belt  of  vegetation ;  the 
corn  belt,  wheat  belt,  etc. ;  a  belt  of  trees. 

Pinks  were  gleaming  in  every  direction  through  the 
clumps  and  belts  of  the  plantation.  Lawrence. 


You  see  green  trees  rising  above  the  belt  of  sand. 

W.  II.  Russell. 

The  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal  has  proved  to  lie  within 
the  earthquake  belt.  Sri.  Am<  r.,  X.  s..  I.Y.  64, 

The  manufacturers  of  this  favored  region  have  decidedly 
the  advantage  of  their  less  fortunate  competitors  away 
from  the  gas  belt.  Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  310. 

(c)  In  masonry,  a  band  Or  string-course. 

4.  That  which  restrains  or  confines  like  a  gir- 
dle. 

He  cannot  buckle  his  distemper'd  cause 

Within  the  belt  of  rule.  Shale.,  Macbeth,  v.  2. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep — Angular  chain- 
belt.  See  iiihinlar.— Belt  of  Orion.  See  Orion  and  ell- 
team/.— Black  belt.  Sec  Wmt.- Chain-belt,  a  chain 
forming  a  band  or  belt  for  conveying  or  transmitting  power. 
It  is  sometimes  covered  with  piping,  or  overlaid  with  str 
of  various  materials  to  form  a  round  belt.- 


tinotive  belt,  as  a  knight. 

A  prince  can  mak  a  belted  knight, 
A  marquis,  duke,  and  a'  that. 

Burtu,  For  A'  That. 
The  melodramatic  attitude  of  a  general,  belted  and 
plumed,  with  a  glittering  staff  of  officers  at  his  orders. 

De  Quinceg,  Essenes,  ii. 
With  puff  d  cheek  the  belted  hunter  blew. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 
2.  Marked  or  adorned  with  a  band  or  circle: 
as,  a  belted  stalk;  the  belted  kingfisher. —  3. 
Worn  in  the  belt,  or  hanging  from  the  belt : 
said  especially  of  a  sword  the  sheath  of  which 
is  secured  permanently  to  the  belt. 
Three  men  with  belted  brands.  Scott. 

He  was  dressed  in  his  pontifical  robes,  with  a  belted 
sword  at  his  side.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

Belted  plaid,  the  plaid  worn  by  the  Highlanders  of  scot- 
land  in  full  military  dress:  so  called  from  being  kept  tight 
to  the  boily  by  a  belt :  as,  "  wi'  belted  plaids  and  glittering 
blades,"  Alex.  Laing. 
Beltein,  Belten,  ».     See  Beltane. 
belting  (bel'ting),  n.    [<  belt  +  -ing.~\    Belts 
collectively  or  in  general;  the  material  of  which 
belts  are  made.    See  belt — Angular  belting.    See 
nmiiiinr.— Round  belting,  belting,  usually  made  from  a 
Hat  strap,  which  is  rolled  Into  a  tubular  form.  — Scandi- 
navian belting,  a  cotton  cloth  woven  solid  and  treated 
with  Stockholm  tar.     E.  II.  Km.iht. 
belt-lacing  (belt'la'sing),  n.     Leather  thongs 
for  lacing  together  the  ends  of  a  machine-belt 
to  make  it  continuous. 
belt-pipe  (belt'pip),  «.     In  a  steam-engine,  a 

steam-pipe  surrounding  the  cylinder. 
belt-rail  (belt'ral),  n.  A  longitudinal  strip  or 
guard  of  wood  along  the  outside  of  a  street- 
car, beneath  the  windows.  — Belt-rail  cap,  a  strip 
of  wooil  fastened  to  tlic  top  of  a  belt-rail  ami  forming  the 
seat  of  the  windoW'SUL 
Crossed  belt'  belt-saw  (belt'sa),  n.     Same  as  band-saw. 


Belvedere.— Palazzo  Durazzo,  Via  Balbi,  Genoa,  Italy. 

air.  at  least  on  one  side,  and  frecpiently  on  all, 
for  the  purpose  of  affording  a  view  of  the  coun- 
try and  providing  a  place  for  enjoying  the  cool 
evening  breeze.  The  belvedere  is  sometimes  a 
sort  of  lantern  or  kiosk  erected  on  the  roof. 

Here  and  there  among  the  low  mots  a  lofty  one  with 
round-topped  dormer  windows  and  a  breezy  <•■ 
looking  out  upon  the  plantations  of  coffee  and  indigo  be- 
yond the  town.  B.  W.  Cable,  The  Grandissimes,  p.  220. 
2.  In  France,  a  summer-house  on  an  eminence 
in  a  park  or  garden. 

They  build  their  palaces  and  belvederes 
With  musical  water-works. 

Webster,  Devil's  law-Case.  1.  L 

belvedered  (bel-ve-derd'),  a.    Provided  with  a 
belvedere. 

Gardened  and  belvedered  villas. 

(;.   II'.  ('if/./r,   I  lie  lirauilissimcs,  p.  14. 


Belvoisia 

Belvoisia  (bel-voi'si-S),  ».    fN I'-,  named  after 
M.  Bei      o   ,  a  French,  scientist.]    A  genus  of 
two-ringed  dies,  of  1 1  n- 
family  Tachinida .  com- 
prising numerous  gen- 
era, parasil  ic  on  other 
in-.-. -is.    1 1,,  \  are  most  diffi- 
cult to  distinguish  on  account 
uf   the    uniformity  of  their 
Bonibi  r  colors  and  the  simi- 
1.1  n  \    of     th  ir    structural 
chai  acters.    Theonlj  specii  a 
ol    Belvoisia    in  the  united 
States  is  exceptional  by  the 
itj  ol  ii-  coloration,  the  third  and  fourth  abdominal 
'.hi,      i   jht  goldeu  yellow,  with  only  the  hind  bor- 
ders black.     It  has  been  described  as  B.  tri/asciata  (Fa- 
bricius),  and  is  parasitic  on  the  green  striped  maple-worm, 
i  cunda,  and  allied  species. 

belyet,  v.  t.    An  old  spelling  of  belit '. 

belyret,  adv.      An  old  spelling  of  bclin  i. 

Belzebub  (bel'ze-bub),  n.    See  Beelzebub. 
bema  (be'ma),  ».;   pi.  bemata  (-ma  tS).     [Gr, 


520 

With  intellects  bemaz'd  in  endless  doubt 

Cmoper,  The  Task,  v. 

Bembecidae  (bem-bes'i-de),  «./<..  [NL.,prop. 
/;.  mbieidm,  <  /.'.  minx,  prop.  Bem6ia;(  Beminc-)  + 
-i,i,i.\    A  familj  of  solitary,  aculeate  or  sting- 


ben 


Bow  can  that  Judge 

wa>  ' 


,:.lk  right  that  is  herniated  in  his 
Feltham,  Resolves,  ii  f. 

bemitered,  bemitred  (bf-mi'terd),  «.  [<  6c-1 
+  miter  +  -id-.}  Crowned  with  or  wearing  a 
miter,    Carh/le. 


bearing    liymenopterous    insects,   resembling  bemoan  (bf-mdn'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  (with  change 


Eelzeisi.i  trifasciata,  natu- 
ral size. 


«as]is  or  bees,  and,  along  with  the  Spin  ,/nlir 
and  ether  kindled  families,  known  as  saiiil- 
irnsps.  Tin'  female  excavates  cells  in  the  sun. I.  in  whii  li 
she  deposits,  together  with  tier  eggs,  various  larva?  or  per- 
insects  Btung  int.)  insensibility,  us  support  for  her 
progeny  «  hen  hatched.  They  are  very  active,  fond  of  the 
n.  .tar  of  Bowers,  inhabitants  of  warm  countries,  and  de- 
limit in  sunshine.  Some  species  emit  an  odor  like  that 
,,i  roses.  Bembex  is  the  typical  genus.  See  cut  under 
Bembex.  Also  Bembicidee. 
Bembecinse  (bem-be-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bcm- 
A  subfamily  of  digger- 


of  vowel;  of.  mum,)  bemenen,  bimenen,  <  AS. 
I„  mil  nun,  bemoan,  <  be-  +  maniiii,  moan:  see 
be-1  and  moan.]  1.  To  lament;  bewail;  ex- 
press sorrow  for:  as,  to  bemoan  the  luss  of  a 
son. —  2.  Kefiexively,  to  bewail  one's  lot. 

People  grieve  and  bemoan  themselves,  but  it  is  not  half 
so  bad  with  them  as  they  say.  Emerson,  Experience. 

3f.  To  pity ;  feel  or  express  sympathy  with  or 
pity  for. 

Bastards,  .  .  .  if  proving  eminent,  are  much  bemoaned, 
b<  cause  merely  passive  in  the  blemish  of  their  birth. 


hex  (Bembec-)  +  -inn.] 

wasps,  of  the  family  Sphegidce,  typified  by  the  Fuller. 

genus  Bembex,  in  which  the  body  is  large  and  bemoanable  (be-mo'na-bl),   a.     [<  bemoan   + 

long,  the  head  large,  the  labrum  long,  triangu-  _,,,,/,..]     Capable  or  worthy  of  being  lamented. 

.     lar,  and  exserted,  and  the  legs  are  short.  Sherwood. 

,.    „..,:,  sii  p.a  sta-e,  plat  form,  <  flafev  (•/ */3a),  Bembex  (bem'beks),  n.     [NL.,  prop.  Bemln.r,  <  fcemoaner  (be-mo'ner),  n.     One  who  bemoans. 


!_'...  =  E.  come,  q.  v.]"  1.  In  Or.  mitiq.,  a  stage 
or  kind  of  pulpit  on  which  speakers  stood  when 
addressing  an  assembly. 

If  a  man  could  be  admitted  a-  an  orator,  as  a  regular 
demagogus,  from  the  popular  bema,  or  hustings,  in  that. 
cas  hi  obtained  a  hearing.  D,  Quineey,  Style,  iv. 

2.  In  the  '.'/'.  Church,  tin-  sanctuary  or  chan- 
cel;  the  inclosed  space  surrounding  the  altar. 
It  is  tin'  part  "t  an  oriental  church  furthest  from  the  front 
or  main  entrance,  originally  and  usually  raise. 1  above  the 
level  of  Hi.-  nave.  The  holj  table  (the  altar)  stands  in  its 
center  i    kirting  the  rear  wall  of  the 


apse 


the  synthronus,  or  seat  for  the  bishop  and  clergy. 


Gr.  jifi'i^'i  (feuput-),   a  spinning-top,  a  whirl 

pool,  a  buzzing  insect; 

prob.   imitative.]     The 

typical  genus  of  digger- 
wasps  of  the  subfamily 

Bernbecincn.    /•'.  rostrata 

and    the  American  B. 

fasciata  (Fabricius)  are 

examples.  XlsoBcmbix. 
Bembicidae   (bem-bis'i- 

de),  n.pl.  SameasBew- 

becidce. 
Bembidiidaa  (beni-bi-di'i-de),  11.   pi.     [NL.,   < 
family  of  adephagous 


Digger-wasp  [Bembex  fasci- 
ata), natural  size. 


bemock  (be-mok'),  v.t.     [<  be-1  +  mock.}     1. 
To  mock  repeatedly ;  flout. 

Have  we  not  seen  him  disappointed,  bemockedol  Des- 
tinv,  through  long  years  ? 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  111. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  mock  or  unreal;  excel 
or  surpass,  as  the  genuine  surpasses  the 
counterfeit. 

Her  beams  bevweked  the  sultry  main 
Like  April  hoar-frost  spread. 

Coleridge,  Ane.  Mariner,  iv. 

A  laugh  which  in  the  woodland  rang, 
Bemocking  April's  gladdest  bird. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iii. 


Hi  iiiliidiiun  +  -idee.]     A  j.« 

beetles,  typified  by  the  genus  Bembidium  :  now  bemoilt  (be-moil  ),  v.  t.     [<  be-1 


bedraggle;    bemire; 
mire  and  dirt. 


Thou  shouldst  have  heard  . 


usually  merged  in  Carabidce 

Bembidium  (liem-bid'i-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  i:<)ii- 
bex  +  dim.  -idiiim.]  A  genus  of  minute  preda- 
tory caraboid  beetles,  sometimes  forming  the 

type  of  a  family  Bcmbidiida;  sometimes  placed  bemoisteil  (be-moi  sn) 
in  Carabidce.     The  species  are  characterized     To  moisten;  wet 
by  an  ovate  body  and  large  eyes.     Also  Bem- 
bidion. 

BembiX  (bem'biks),  it.  [NL.]  1.  Same  as 
Bembex. —  2.  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Watson, 
1876. 

Bembridge  beds.    See  bed1. 

bemet,  »■  [ME.,  <  AS.  beme,  byme,  a  trumpet; 
supposed  to  be  ult.  imitative.  Cf.  boom1,  bum- 
ble, bomb1,  Bembex,  etc.]     A  trumpet. 

uf  brass  they  broughten  bemes. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  577. 

bemet,  v.     [<  ME.  bemen,  <  AS.  bijmian,  <  byme, 
a  trumpet:  see  beme,  «.]    I. 'intrans.  To  sound 
a  trumpet. 
II.  trans.  To  summon  with  a  trumpet. 


soil   or    encumber  with 


Bema.— Typical  plan  of  Byzantine  Church.  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 
A  D.  bema;  B  E  and  £  E  ,  parabemata  \B  E,  prothesis;  B  E  , 
diaconicon);  C,  altar:  /'.apse;  B,  £  .  secondary-  apses  ;  E  E,  icono- 
meandchoir;  /r'.nave;  II',  antiparabemata;  J  J  y, 
narthex  ;  A',  chief  entrance  ;  L,  south  porch  ;  M,  holy  doors,  or  dwarf 
folding  doors,  with  amphithyra. 

An  architectural  screen  (iconostaris)  with  a  curtain  (amphi- 
a  atil  '  .  or,  as  was  the  case  especially  in  early 
times,  a  .in  tain  nnly.  separates  the  bema  from  the  body 
of  tlie  church.    <m  either  side  of  the  bema  are  the  para- 

calh  i  i   spectivelj  the  prothesis  uxd,  the  diaamir  v        '      1(        t      pEarly  mod.  E.  bemenc,  <  ME. 

ton.     This.-  regularly  communicate  with  the  bema,  and    uciiicnn  t,  l    _     J  .  „„„     ,    ' 

in  poor  church,  soften  have  little  more  than  an  indication 

in  it.    Rubrically  they  are  often  counted 

:i^  pait  ..I  tip 
The  Jewish  type,  which,  if  anywhere,  prevails  in  the 

I    jtern  i  ii'ii'h.  requires  a  t fold  division;  tlie  Holy 

of  lloli.-s  answerini 
choir,  tlie  Com 
Gentiles  t<.  the  __ 

./.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  177. 

3.  A  step;  a  rough  measure  of  length  employed 
by  the  Greeks  and  Macedonians  when  stadia 
were  paced  off,  and  not  merely  estimated  by 
shouting.  It  was  considered  to  be  2J  feet  which  fortius 
purposi  ari  practically  Identical  with  English  feet.  In  a 
late  form  •>!  tie'  Philetsereian  (.'.  •'.,  Pergamenia,n)  system 
it  became  as  exact  measun  2j  feet :  but  these  feet  were 
of  the  Babylonian  cubit,  so  thai  the  bema  was  0.888  meter, 
according  to  Lepsius.  In  the  later  Jewish  system,  the 
■ .....  royal  cubit  -.  or  i .054  meters, 
bemadt  (be-mad'),  ''•  '•    [<  '"-1  +  mad.']    To 


.  how  she  was  bemoiled. 
Shah.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  moist,  n.  ] 


bemol  (ba'mol),  n.  [<  F.  hemol,  <  ML.  B  molle, 
soft  B.]  In  music,  K  tiat.  ;t  half  step  below  B 
natural:  the  general  term  in  French  for  a  flat 
on  any  note. 

bemorister  (be-mon'ster),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  mon- 
ster.]    To  make  monstrous.     [Rare.] 

Thou  changed  and  self-cover  d  thing,  for  shame, 
Be-monster  not  thy  feature.  Slink.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

t.       [<    be-1    + 


V. 

a  moral 


purpose. 


bemenen  (=  OHGF.  bimeinan,  MHG.  bememen), 
mean;  <  be-1  +  mean1.]      To  mean 
inform. 

The  croune  of  thorne  that  garte  me  blede, 

Itt  be-mems  my  dignite.  York  Plan*,  !'■  ■>-* 

a,  liiic  to  the  bema,  the  Holy  Place  to  the  i,0T„0.r2  /hs.mSn'1  h   t     K  be-1  +  menu2  1    To  i_"     "™"J  ™""  '    """r, 

Jews  to  the  nave,  and  that  of  the  Demean-  (De-men  ;,  i.  i.    i\  oe     -r  mean-.}    iu  i,emufje  (be-muf'l),  r.  t.    [< 
■narthex.  make  mean ;    debase;    lower:    as,  to   bcmian    ^  ag  wHh  a  m,,ffler. 

one's  self  by  low  associations;  to  bemean  hu- 
man nature.  [Demean  is  commonly  but  incor- 
rectly used  in  this  sense.    See  demean2.'] 

It  is  a  pity  that  men  should  .  .  .  bemean  themselves  by 
defending  themselves  against  charges  of  which  the  grand- 
jury  "i  their  own  heart  finds  them  innocent. 

Max  Mutter,  Biograph.  Essays,  p.  67. 
T  felt,  quite  ashamed  that  a  pal  of  mine  should  have 
s..  bemeaned  himself  for  a  few  ounces  .if  silver. 

James  Payn,  '  lanon's  Ward. 

bemercyt  (fee-mer'si),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  mercy.] 

To  treat  with  mere}  . 
bemetet  (be-mef),  v.  t.    [ME.  wanting;  <  AS. 
In  iiirlmi,  measure,  compare,  consider;  <  be-1  + 
null.]     To  measure.     Shah.     [Bare.] 
bemangle(be-mang'gl),v. *.  [< be-1  +  mangle1.]  bemingle  (bf-ming'gl),  v.  t.    [<  '«-i  +  mingle.] 
To  mangle;  tear  asunder.   Beaumont.   [Bare.]     t0  mingle;  mix.    Mir.  fur  Minis.     [Kan-.j 

"   [<  be-1  +  mire]     1. 


'larch  herein  did  bewitch  and  ''  """'  Godfrey. 
Fuller,  Holy  War,  ii.  5. 


bemartyr  (be-mar'ter),  v.t.   [<  6c-1  +  martyr.] 

'I  ..   put   t"  d'ot  ii  as  a    lunrt;,  r.       I'nlli  r. 

bemask  i1 a  I    i,  v.  i.    |<  be-1  +  mask.]    To 

ma-  i:  ;    COnCOB  I.      Slit  I  ton, 

bemata,  »-     Plural  "t  '»  '"". 

bematist  (be'ma-tist),  n.      [<  Or.  pti/iarioT^c, 
one  who  measures  by  paces,  »,  mea- 

sure by  paces,  pace.]    An 

official    road-mi  tnder     Alexander   the 

Greal  and  the  Ptolemies.    See  inmn.  3. 

bematter  (bf-mat'er),  v.t.    [<  be-1  +  mutter.] 
To  smear  01 ver  with  matter.    Swift, 

bemaul  (bf-mal'),  '•■  t.    ]  ■' '» -'  +  maul.] 
maul  or  beat  severely.    SU  em  . 

bemaze  (b  v.  t.    [ME.  in  ma 

+  ma:e.]     To  bewilder.     8co  maze. 


bemire  (be-mir'),  r.  t. 
To  soil  or  befoul  with  mire,   as  in  passing 
through  muddy  or  miry  places. 

His  clothes  were  Bomewhal  torn  ami  much  bemired, 

Itarhiint,  fngoldsby  Legends,  I.  149. 

2.   [Chiefly  in  Hie  passive.]     To  sink  or  stick 
in  the  mire;  be  or  become  bogged. 

/;.  ,iiii;,l  ami  benighted  in  the  hog. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
Bemired  in  the  deeply  rutted  road 

I'll,  Century,  XXV.  377. 

bemirement   (be-niir'ment),   »,     [<    bemire    + 

mi  ui.]     The  state  of  being  drilled  with  mud. 

[  Bare.] 

be-1  bemist  (bo-mist').  ».  i*.     [<  be-1  +  mist.]     To 

cover  or  involve  in  or  as  in  mist. 


To 


bemoralize  (be-mor'al-iz), 
moralize.]  To  apply  to 
Eclectic  Hi  c.  [Rare.] 
bemourn  (be-morn'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bemornen, 
bemurnen,  <  AS.  bcmitrnan  (=  OS.  bemornian), 
<.bc-+  m  ur  ii  a  ii,  mourn:  see  be-1  and  mourn.] 
To  weep  or  mourn  over:  as,  "women  that 
.  .  .  bemoumed  him,"  ll'yclif,  Luke  xxiii.  27. 
[Rare.] 
signify;  bemuddle  (be-mud'l),  V.  t.  [<  be-1  +  muddle.] 
To  confuse ;  stupefy. 

The  whole  subject  "f  the  statistics  of  pauperism  is  in  a 
hopi  Lessly  bemuddled  condition.      -V.  .1.  Rev.,  CXX.  320. 

be-1  +  muffle.]    To 

ap  up  : 

Bemuffled  with  the  externals  of  religion. 

Sterne,  Sermons,  xvii. 

bemuse  (be-miuz').  r.  t.  [<  be-1  +  muse?;  in 
sense  perhaps  affected  by  bemase.  Cf.  amuse.] 
To  put  into  a  muse  or  reverie  ;  confuse  ;  mud- 
dle; stupefy. 

We  almost  despair  of  convincing  a  Cabinet  bemused  with 
the  notion  that  danger  can  only  come  from  France. 

Spectator. 
The  archdeacon  must  have  been  slightly  bemused  when 
he  di  fined  aristarchy  as  we  have  seen. 

F.  Hull.  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  143,  note. 

ben1  (bon),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  hen,  bene, 
var.  of  bin,  binne,  <  AS.  binnan,  within:  see 
hin-.  |  In,  into,  or  toward  the  inner  apartment 
of  a  house;  in  or  into  the  parlor.  See  ben1,  n. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Wi'  kindly  welcome  Jenny  brings  him  ben. 

Burns,  Cottai  s  Sat.  Night. 
Ben  the  house,  into  the  inner  apartment,  or  into  the 
apartment  or  dwelling  cm  the  opposite  side  of  the  ball  or 

passage. 

That  she  might  run  ben  the  house. 

Scott,  Guy  Mann,  line,  I.  xxiii. 

To  be  far  ben  with  one,  to  he  on  terms  ,,t  intimacy  or 
familiarity  with  one;  he  in  great  honor  with  one.  To 
bring  far  ben,  to  treat  with  great  n  -pert  ami  hospitality. 
ben1  (ben),  n.  |  <  hcuK  mlr.  ]  The  inner  apart- 
ment of  a  house;  the  parlor  or  "room''  of  a 
dwelling  consisting  of  a  '"<'  or  outer  room, 
used  as  a  kitchen,  and  a  ben  or  inner  room, 
used  as  a  parlor  or  chamber,  access  to  the  ben 
being  originally  through  the  but  or  kitchen. 


ben 

Sometimes  from  the  ben  another  apartment,  called  the 
far-ben,  is  reached.  The  terms  but  and  ben  are  now  fre- 
quently  applied  to  kitchen  and  parlor  (or  bedroom)  of  a 
two  roomed  dwelling,  even  when  they  areon  opposite  Bides 
.if  a  little  hall  or  passage.  Hence,  to  live  but  and  ben  with 
anyoneis  tooccum  an  apartment  or  series  of  apartments 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  hall  or  passage  from  that  occu 
pied  by  him. 

ben-t,  beneH,  "•  [ME.,  also  bene,  <  AS.  ben,  a 
prayer,  =  Icel.  hicn,  a  prayer,  parallel  with  ban, 
>E.  boon\<i.  v.]    Aprayer;  a  petition. 

ben:,t-     Obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  been1. 

ben4  (ben),  n.  [<  Gael,  and  Ir.  beinn,  peak,  sum- 
mit, mountain,  =  W.  pen,  top,  summit,  head.] 
A  mountain-peak:  a  word  occurring  chiefly  in 
the  names  of  many  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
mountain-ranges  which  traverse  Scotland  north 
of  the  friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth:  as,  Ben  Nevis, 
Ben  Mac-Dhui.  Ben  Lawers,  etc. 

Sweet  was  the  red-blooming  heather 
And  the  river  that  flowed  from  the  Ben. 

Jacobite  So?ig. 

ben5  (ben),  n.     [Early  moil.  E.  also  benn,  <  Ar. 
ban,  the  tree  which  produces  the  ben-nut :  see 
ben-nut.']    The  ben-nut,  properly  the  ben-nut 
tree. 
benu,  ".     See  bclien. 

benamet,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  benamed,  benempt, 
ppr.  benaming.  [<ME.  benemnen,  <  AS.  benem- 
nan  (=  G.  benennen  =  Sw.  benamna),  <  be-1  + 
nemnan,  name:  see  be-1  and  name,  v.]  1.  To 
name;  denominate. 
He  that  is  so  oft  bynempt.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
And  therefore  he  a  courtier  was  benamed.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
2.  To  promise ;  give. 

Much  greater  gyfts  for  guerdon  thou  shalt  gayne, 
Than  Kidde  or  Cosset,  which  I  thee  bym  mpt 


521 

nr  to  stop,  as  the  work  requires.— Free  bench.  See  free, 
bench.  Front  bench,  In  British  parliamentary  usage,  the 
leaders  of  a  party:  so  called  because  the]  occupy  the  front 

In intics  on  tlu-ir  respective  sides  of  the  House  of  Coin- 
In.ilis. 

It  is  an  old  ami  honourable  practice  that  in  anychangi 

affecting  the  House  itself,  an  understanding  should  he 
en me  tn  In  tueen  tile  two  front  benelies. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  XXXIV  260. 

Ministerial  benches,  opposition  benches,  in  the  Bi  il 
ish  Parliament,  the  benches  occupied  respectively  hy  the 

supporters  and  the  opp nta  ol  the  administration. 

bench  (bench),  v.  [<  bench,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  furnish  with  benches.— 2f.  To  bank  up. 

'Twas  benched  with  turf.  Dryden. 

3f.  To  seat  on  a  bench;  place  on  a  seat  of 
honor. 

His  cup-bearer,  whom  1  from  meaner  form 
Have  bench'd.  and  rear  d  to  worship. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

4.  To  place  on  a  show-bench  for  exhibition,  as 
a  dog. —  5.  In  mining:  (a)  To  undercut,  kirve, 
or  hole  (the  coal).  [Eng.]  (6)  To  wedge  up 
the  bottoms  below  the  holing  when  this  is  done 
in  the  middle  of  the  seam.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.] 

II.   intrans.   To  sit  on    a   seat  of   justice. 
[Rare.] 

Thou  robed  man  of  justice,  take  thy  place ; 

And  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity, 

Bench  by  his  side.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  G. 

bench-clamp  (beneh'klamp),  n.  A  clamp  at- 
tached to  a  work-bench  for  holding  firm  an 
article  on  which  the  mechanic  is  working. 

bench-drill  (beneh'dril),  n.  A  hand-  or  ma- 
chine-drill so  made  that  it  can  be  attached  to 
a  bench. 


Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  November,  bencher  (ben'eber),  n.    [<  bench,  v.,  +  -er1.]    1. 


In  England,  one  of  the  senior  members  of  an 
inn  of  court,  who  have  the  government  of  the 
society.  Benchers  have  been  readers,  and,  being  ad- 
mitted to  plead  within  the  bar,  are  called  inner  barristers. 
These  were  followed  by  a  great  crowd  of  superannuated 
benchers  of  the  inns  of  court,  senior  fellows  of  colleges, 
and  defunct  statesmen. 

Addison,  Trial  of  the  Dead  in  Reason. 

2.  One  who  occupies  an  official  bench  ;  a  judge ; 
sometimes,  specifically,  a  municipal  or  local 
magistrate ;  an  alderman  or  justice.     [Bare.] 

You  are  well  understood  to  be  a  perfecter  giber  for  the 
table,  than  a  necessary  bencher  in  the  Capitol. 

Sftd*.,Cor.,ii.  1. 

This  corporation  [New  Windsor]  consists  of  a  mayor, 
two  bailiffs,  and  twenty-eight  other  persons,  .  .  .  thirteen 
of  which  are  called  fellows,  and  ten  of  them  aldermen  or 
chief  benchers.  Ashmole,  Berkshire,  iii.  58. 

Each  town  [of  colonial  Virginia]  was  to  be  a  free  bor- 
ough with  markets  and  an  annual  fair.  For  their  gov- 
ernment, whenever  the  number  of  inhabitants  should 
have  become  thirty  families,  they  were,  upon  summons 
from  the  Governor,  to  elect  eight  benchers  of  the  guild 
ball,  who  should  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  di- 
rector. Johns  Hopkins  Hist.  Studies,  3d  ser.,  p.  10(5. 

3f.  One  who  frequents  the  benches  of  a  tav- 
ern ;  an  idler. 

Excellence  on  the  bench  and  excellence  in  the  field  may  benchership  (ben'cher-ship),  n.      [<  bencher  + 
be  two  utterly  diverse  things.  ship.']     The  office  or  condition  of  a  bencher. 

f»re*f  and  Stream    XXII  361.  [twQ  henchers  of  the  Inner  Temple]  were  coevals, 

7.  Infn//iH.,aledgelett  on  the  edge  of  a  cutting  a,„i  iiarj  nothing  but  that  and  their  tienchership  in  com- 
in  earthwork  to  strengthen  it.— 8.  In  geol.  and  nion.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 
mining:  (a)  A  natural  terrace,  marking  the  bench-forge  (bench'forj),  n.  A  small  hearth 
outcrop  of  a  harder  seam  or  stratum,  and  thus  a,uj  blower  adapted  for  use  on  a  workman's 
indicating  a  change  in  the  character  of  the  rock,     bench. 

On  this  rest  argillaceous,  splendent,  siliceous  talc  schists,  bench-hammer  (bench'ham"er),   n.     A  finish- 
sometimes  containing  chiastolite ;   and  on  these,  three     ers*  or  blacksmiths' hammer. 
benches  of  conglomerates,  tuffs,  and  argillaceous  schists  hench-hook  (benen'huk),  n.     A  hook  with  pro- 

and  lime-stones,  which  be  refers  to  the   Potsdam  sand-    ucuui  uwii  \ u"  "  Jt      ,,„.{  +„ 

stones  Science  III  729.     jecting  teeth  used  on  a  carpenter's  bench  to 

(6)   In  coal-mining,  a  division  of  a  co'al-seam    * eep  tie  work .tarn: moving sid «"»*» "g£ 

.     ,  ..  ,,*"  .     -,         e  ,,      .     .  -. „      inamortise,  so  that  it  can  he  placed  at  an>  leqimeu  height. 

separated  from  the  remainder  ot  the  bed  by  a  It  js  also  macle  m  various  clasp-shapes,  and  called  a  bench- 
parting  of  shale  or  any  other  kind  of  rock  or     damp. 

mineral.  [Pennsylvania.] — 9.  A  small  area  benching  (ben'ching),  n.  [ibcnelt  + -iiit/1.]  1. 
of  nearly  level  or  gently  sloping  land,  rising     Benches;  seats  generally. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 


bench  (bench),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  benl; 
binl;  <  ME.  bench,  benl;  In/nl;  <  AS.  bene  (orig. 
»banki)  =  OS.  bank,  benH  =  J>.  bank  =  OHG. 
Iniiich,  MUG.  Gr.  bank  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  bank 
=  Dan.  ba-nl;  a  bench:  see  bank1,  bank2.]  1. 
A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  or  of 
stone,  differing  from  a  stool  in  its  greater 
length. 
He  took  his  place  once  more  on  the  bench  at  the  inn  door. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  6-t. 

2.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court;  the  seat 
of  justice. 

To  pluck  down  justice  from  your  awful  bench. 

Shak.,  2  Heu.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 3.  The  body  of  persons  who  sit  as 
judges;  the  court:  as,  the  case  is  to  go  before 
the  full  bench. — 4.  A  strong  table  on  which 
carpenters  or  other  mechanics  do  their  work ; 
a  work-bench.  In  this  sense  bench  forms  an  element 
in  a  number  of  compound  words  denoting  tools  used  on 
a  bench,  such  as  bench-drill,  bench-hammer,  beneh-plam 
5.  The  floor  or  ledge  which  supports  muffles 
and  retorts. — 6.  A  platform  or  a  series  of  ele- 
vated stalls  or  boxes  on  which  animals  are 
placed  for  exhibition,  as  at  a  dog-show. 


Bench-table.— Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Cha- 
lons-siir-Marne,  France. 

A  vise  which  may 


above  the  adjacent  low  region,  and  forming  a 
part  of  a  ten-ace  or  wash,  disunited  from  the 
remainder  by  erosion.  Sometimes,  though  rare- 
ly, used  as  synonymous  with  terrace. 

After  a  few  smooth,  grassy  benches  and  rounded  hills, 
here  come  precipitous  ranges  of  real  mountains,  scarcely 
less  imposing  than  those  of  the  central  mass. 

Science,  VII.  243. 

The  wide  level  benches  that  lay  between  the  foot-hills 
and  the  prairies  .  .  .  were  neglected. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  502. 

10.    The  driver's  seat  on  a  coach Bench  of 

bishops,  or  episcopal  bench,  a  collective  designation  of 
the  bishops  who  have  seats  in  the  English  Houseof  Lords.— 
Court  of  King's .  ir  Queen's  Bench.  See  am  rt.—  Edging- 
and-dividing  bench,  a  machine  for  cutting  wooden  blocks 
into  vousaoir  .shapes,  such  as  are  used  in  making  a  certain 
kind  of  car-wheels.  It  consists  of  a  circular  saw  with  a 
traveling  bed  which  is  moved  by  a  screw,  and  by  means  of 
a  system  of  levers  actuated  by  projecting  and  adjustable 
pins  throws  the  belt  automatically  from  one  to  another  of 
three  pulleys,  causing  the  action  to  be  direct  or  reversed, 


one  of  the  many  names  given  to  the  process  of 
getting  the  coal  after  it  has  been  holed.  See 
link1  and  kirve. 

bench-lathe  (bench'laTH),  n.  A  small  lathe 
which  can  be  mounted  on  a  post  placed  in  a 
socket  in  a  bench. 

bench-level  (beneh'lev"el),  n.  A  level  used  in 
setting  up  a  machine,  to  bring  its  bed  into  an 
exactly  horizontal  position. 

bench-mark  (bench'mSrk),  «.  [<  bench  + 
niark1 :  in  reference  to  the  angle-iron  which  in 
taking  a  reading  is  inserted  in  the  horizontal 
cut  so  as  to  form  a  support  or  bench  for  the 
leveling-staff.]  In  snrv.,  a  mark  cut  in  stone 
or  some  durable  material  as  a  starting-point  in 
a  line  of  levels  for  the  determination  of  alti- 
tudes over  any  region,  or  one  of  a  number  of 
similar  marks  made  at  suitable  distances  as 
the  survey  advances. 


bend 

They  [places  of  the  stars]  are  the  reference  points  and 
bench-marks  of  the  universe.  Science,  IV.  202. 

bench-master  (bench'mas  ter),».  tn  England, 
a  governor  of  an  inn  of  court;  an  alderman. 
Imp.  Diet. 

bench-plane  ( be  1 1. h'). Inn),  n.  Any  form  of  plane 

used   mi    Hal    surfaces,  as   1  lie    block  pla  lie,  I  he 

compass-plane,  the  jack-plane,  the  jointer,  the 

long  plane,  the  smoothing-plane,  anil  the  try- 

ing-ple  ne. 
bench-reel  (bench'rel),  ».    A  spinning-wheel 

on  the  pirn  or  bobbin  of  which  a  sailmaker 

winds  the  yarn.     E.  H.  Knight. 
bench-screw  (bench'skro),  n.    The  screw  which 

secures  the  vise-jaw  of  a  carpenter's  bench. 

bench-shears  (bench'sherz),  n.pl.  Large  hand- 
shears  for  cutting  metal. 

bench-show  (bench'sho),  n.  An  exhibition  of 
animals,  as  of  dogs  or  cats,  which  are  arranged 
on  benches  for  a  comparison  of  their  physical 
merits  according  to  a  fixed  scale  of  points:  in 
contradistinction  to  a  field-show,  or  fit  Id-trial, 
where  awards  are  made  for  performance. 

Bench-shows  and  field  trials  in  America  .  .  .  have  be- 
come  permanent  institutions.     Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  3. 

bench-stop  (bench'stop),  n.  Abench-hookmade 
to  be  fastened  down  on  a  piece  of  work,  some- 
times by  means  of  a  screw. 

bench-Strip  (bench'strip),  n.  A  strip  of  wood 
or  metal  capable  of  being  fixed  on  a  work- 
bench at  any 
required  dis- 
tance from  the 
edge,  to  assist 
in  steadying 
the  article  or 
material  being 
worked  on. 

bench-table 
(bench'ta"bl), 
n.  A  low  stone 
seat  carried 
around  the  in- 
terior walls  of 
many  medie- 
val churches. 

bench-vise  (bench'vis), 
be  attached  to  a  bench. 

bench-warrant  (bench'wor'ant),  n.  In  law, 
a  warrant  issued  by  a  judge  or  court,  or  by  order 
of  a  judge  or  court,  for  the  apprehension  of  an 
offender:  so  called  in  opposition  to  a  justice's 
warrant,  issued  by  an  ordinary  justice  of  the 
peaceorpolice magistrate.  Mozleyand  Whiteley. 

bend1  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  <  AS.  bend, 
rarely  band,  fern,  and  niasc.  (=  OS.  bendi  = 
OFries.  bende  =  OD.  bende  =  Goth,  bandi),  a 
band,  bond,  fetter;  cognate  with  "band,  E. 
band1,  <  bindan  (pret.  band),  bind:  see  band1. 
Bend1  is  practically  identical  with  band1,  the 
two  being  partly  merged  in  use  with  the  closely 
related  pair  band'2,  bend2.  In  senses  4-11  bend 
is  modern,  from  the  corresponding  verb :  see 
InmlK  v.]  If.  A  band;  a  bond;  a  fetter;  in 
plural,  bands;  bonds;  confinement. — 2f.  A 
band  or  clamp  of  metal  or  other  material  used 
to  strengthen  or  hold  together  a  box  or  frame. 
In  all  that  rowme  was  nothing  to  be  seene 
But  huge  great  yron  chests,  and  coffers  strong, 
All  bard  with  double  bends. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  30. 

3.  Naut.:  (a)  That  part  of  a  rope  which  is 
fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor,  (b)  A 
knot  by  which  a  rope  is  fastened  to  another 
rope  or  to  something  else.  The  different  sorts 
are  distinguished  as  fisherman's  bend,  carrick- 
bend,  etc.  See  cut  under  carrick-bend.  (e)  One 
of  the  small  ropes  used  to  confine  the  clinch  of 
a  cable.  (<l)  j<l.  The  thick  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  below  the  waterways  or  the  gun-deck  port- 
sills.  More  properly  called  teaks.  They  are  reck- 
oned from  the  water  as  first,  second,  or  third  bend.  They 
have  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot-hooks  bolted  to  them, 
and  arc  the  chief  strength  of  the  ship's  sides. 

4.  [See  etym.]  The  action  of  bending,  or  state 
of  being  bent  or  curved  ;  incurvation  ;  flexure : 
as,  to  give  a  bend  to  anything ;  to  have  a  In  ltd 
of  the  back. —  5.  An  inclination  of  the  body;  a 
bow. — 6f.  An  inclination  of  the  eye;  a  turn 
or  glance  of  the  eye. 

And  that  same  eye,  whose  bend  doth  awe  the  world. 
Did  lose  his  lustre.  Shale.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

7f.  Inclination  of  the  mind ;  disposition ;  bent. 
Farewell,  poor  swain  ;  thou  art  not  for  my  bend, 
I  must  have  quicker  souls. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  shepherdess,  i.  3. 

8.  A  part  that  is  bent ;  a  curve  or  flexure ;  a 
crook;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  river,  etc.:  as,  the 
bend  of  a  bow,  or  of  a  range  of  hills. 


bend 

Just  ahead  of  us  is  n  great  bend  in  thr  river,  beyond 
which  tlif  wind  drops  dead  and  the  current  hurls  us  up  un« 
der  a  '  *'   it.  Stoddard,  Biashallah,  p.  187. 

9.  A  curved   or  elbow-shaped  pipe  used  to 

change  direct  ion,  as  in  a  drain. —  10.  A  spring; 

a  leap;  a  bound.    Jamieson.    [Scotch.]  — 11. 

A  "pull"  of  liquor.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
I  -in*',  gie's  the  other  bend, 
u .  11  drink  their  health,  whatever  way  it  end. 

Allan  Ramsay,  Qentle  Shepherd,  iii.  2. 

12.  In  mining,  indurated  clay,  or  any  indurated 
argillaceous  substance. —close-return  bend,  a 
short  rj*shaped  tube  joining  the  extremities  of  two 
wrought-iron  pipes.— Grecian  bend,  a  mode  of  walking 
with  a  Blight  Btoop  forward,  at  our  time  affected  by  some 
women. 
bend1  (bend),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bent,  rarely  bend- 
kI,  ppr.  h,  iiiliuit.  [<  rVTFi.  benden,  <  AS.  bendan, 
bind,  fetter,  restrain,  bend  a  bow  (=  MHO. 
In  it  J:  a,  fetter,  =  [eel.  benda  =Sw.  banda  =  Dan. 
bande,  bend;  of.  OF.  bender,  mod.  P.  bander, 
tie,  bind,  bend,  hoodwink,  =  Pr.  bendar  =  Sp. 
Pg.  vender,  bind,  hoodwink,  =  It.  bendan  ,  hood- 
wink), prop,  fasten  with  a  bend  or  band,  <  bend, 
E.  bind1,  a  band,  the  noun  being  practically 
identical  with  band1,  n.  The  nouns  and  verbs 
of  these  groups  (band1,  bend1,  band2,  bend2, 
etc.)  reacted  en  each  other  both  in  Teut.  and 
Kom.,  developing  a  variety  of  senses  which 
have  a  double  reference.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
bring  or  strain  into  a  state  of  tension  by  cur- 
vature, as  a  bow  preparatory  to  launching  an 
arrow. 

What,  are  the  hounds  before  and  all  the  woodmen, 
Our  horses  ready  and  our  bows  bent  $ 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  I. 
Our  English  archers  bent  their  bowes, 

Their  harts  were  good  and  trew  ; 
Att  the  first  flight  of  arrowes  sent, 
Full  four-score  Scots  they  slew. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  142. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  brace  up  or  bring 
into  tension,  like  a  strong  bow :  generally  with 
up.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

Now  set  the  teeth,  and  stretch  the  nostril  wide  ; 
Hold  hard  the  breath,  audbend  up  every  spirit 
To  his  full  height !  Shale,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

Her  whole  mind  appareutly  bent  up  to  the  solemn  in- 
terview. Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

3.  To  curve  or  make  crooked ;  deflect  from  a 
normal  condition  of  straightness ;  flex:  as,  to 
/"  ml  a  stick;  to  bend  the  arm. 

In  duty  bend  thy  knee  to  me.       Shak.,  2  Hen.  VX,  v.  1. 

A  kindly  old  man,  .  .  .  somewhat  bent  by  his  legal  eru- 
dition, as  a  shelf  is  by  the  weight  of  the  books  upon  it. 

Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  xvi. 

4.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point :  as,  to  bend  one's 
course,  way,  or  steps ;  to  bend  one's  looks  or 
eyes. 

Towards  Coventry  bend  we  our  course. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 
Southwards,  you  may  be  sure,  they  bent  their  night, 
And  harbour'd  in  a  hollow  rock  at  night. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1747. 

How  sweet  are  looks  that  ladies  bend 
On  whom  their  favors  fall ! 

Tennyson,  sir  Galahad. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  apply  closely:  said  of  the 
mind. 

It  must  needs  be  they  should  bend  all  their  intentions 
and  services  to  no  other  ends  but  1 . .  bis 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii. 
To  bend  his  mind  to  any  public  business. 

Sir  IT.  Temple. 

6.  To  incline:  determine:  said  of  a  person 
or  of  his  disposition:  as,  to  be  bent  on  mis- 
chief. 

Where  will  inclineth  to  g Ines,  the  mynde  is  bent  to 

troth.  Ascham,  'the  Scholemaster,  p.  79. 

One  great  design  on  which  the  king's  whole  soul   was 
Maeamay,  Hist.  Bng.,  vi. 
still  bent  to  make  some  port  he  knows  nut  win  re, 

.V.  Arnold,  A  Summer  Night, 

7.  To  cause  to  bow  or  yield;  subdue;  make 
submissive:  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  one's  will. 

I  tier  humour. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  6. 
oh  there  are  words  and  looks 
To  bend  the  Bterni 

Shelley,  The  Cencl,  v.  4. 

8.  Naut.,  to  Fasten  by  means  of  a.  bend  or  knot, 
as  one  rope  to  another,  or  to  an  anchor;  to 
shackle,  as  a  chain-cable  to  an  anchor.  Bent 
lever,  trimmer,  graver,  et.  To  bend 
a  sail  dm »M,  to  make  it  f.i-i  to  its  propel  yard,  fail,  or 
stay,  readj  foi  setting.— To  bend  the  brow  or  brows, 

t..  knit  tin-  brOW  ;  si  owl  ;  frow  ii 

II.  in  trims.  1.  To  be  or  become  curved  or 
crooked. 

Then  was  I  as  a  1 1 ,  i 
Whose  boughs  did  bend  with  fruit. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  3. 


522 

2.  To  incline;  lean  or  turn;  be  directed:  as, 
the  road  bends  to  the  west. 

To  whom  our  vows  and  w  ishi is  bend. 

Milton,  Arcades,  1.  6. 
our  states  daily 
Bending  to  bad,  our  hopes  to  worse. 

/,'.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

Bescend  where  alleys  bend 
Into  the  sparry  hollows  of  the  world.        Keats. 

3.  To  jut  over ;  overhang. 

There  is  a  cliff  whose  high  and  bending  head 
Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  deep. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  bow  or  be  submissive : 
fate. 


as,  to  bend  to 


Most  humbly  therefore  bending  to  your  state. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

Must  we  bend  to  the  artist,  who  considers  us  as  nothing 
unless  we  are  canvas  or  marble  under  his  hands? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  \\:>. 

5.  To  spring;  bound.   Jamieson.    [Scotch.]  — 

6.  To  drink  hard.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.]— To 
bend  to  the  oars,  to  row  vigorously. 

bend2  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  bende,  partly 
<  AS.  bend,  a  band  used  as  an  ornament  (a 
sense  of  bend,  E.  bend1);  partly  <  OF.  bende, 
mod.  F.  bandc  =  Pr.  benda  =  Sp.  Pg.  venda 
and  banda  =  It.  benda,  banda,  <  ML.  benda, 
binda,  <  OHG.  binda,  a  band,  fillet,  tie,  mixed 
with  ML.  (etc.)  banda,  <  OHO.  bend,  etc.:  see 
band'2.  Bend2  is  thus  in  part  historically  iden- 
tical with  bend1,  but  in  part  with  band2.  The 
separation  is  now  merely  formal.]  If.  A  band 
or  strip  used  to  bind  around  anything ;  a  strip, 
whether  as  a  fastening  or  as  an  ornament ;  a 
fillet,  strap,  bandage,  etc. ;  specifically,  a  rib- 
bon or  bandeau  for  the  head,  used  by  ladies  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

And  on  her  legs  she  painted  buskins  wore, 
Basted  with  bends  of  gold  on  every  side. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  3. 

2.  Aname  in  the  leathertrade  f  ora  butt  or  round- 
ed crop  cut  in  two ;  the  half  of  a  hide  of  sole- 
leather  that  was  trimmed  and  divided  before 
tanning. —  3.  In  her.,  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries, 
consisting  of  a  diagonal  band  drawn  from  the 
dexter  chief  to  the  sinister  base :  when  charged, 
it  occupies  a  third  of  the  field ;  when  uncharged, 
a  fifth.    Bearings  are  said  to  be  in 
bend  when   they  are  placed  upon  the 
field  obliquely  in  the  direction  of  the 
bend  ;  the  field  is  said  to  be  divided  per 
bind  when  divided  diagonally  in  that 
direction,  usually  by  a  straight  line,  but 
sometimes  a  broken  line,  battled,  un- 
de,  or  the  like,  or  by  a  still  more  com- 
plicated mark  of  division.     See  bend- 
wise.    Also  applied  to  a  row  of  charges 
arranged  in    bend.      In  bend  sinister 
and  per  bend  sinister  are  used    in  a 
similar  way.—  Bend  archy,  in  her.,  a  band  differing  from 
the  bend  in  that  it  is  curved  toward  the  sinister  chief. 
Also  called  bend  enarched  or  bowed. — Bend  archy,  cor- 
onetty  on  the  top,  in  her.,  a  bend  archy  having  the 
points  or  ornaments  of  a  crown  on  the  upper  side.     This 
is  the  well-know  n  bearing  of  Saxony,  which  occurs  in  some 
English  royal  arms,  notably  in  those  of  the  present  Prince 
of  Wales.— Bend  arrondi,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  one  or 
both  sides  broken  into  concave  curves.      See  <ji>ri </ 
Bend  cottised,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  on  each  side  a 
eottise,  separated  from  the  bend  by  its  own  width.     A 
bend  maybe  double  cottised  or  treble  cottised;  that  is, 
it  may  have  two  or  three  cottises  on  each  side. —  Bend 
sinister,  in  her.    Same  as  bend,  3,  except  that  it  is  drawn 
from  the  sinister  chief  to  the  dexter  base. 

bend3t  (bend),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bende,  <  OF. 
bende,  var.  of  bande,  a  baud :  see  band?.]  An 
obsolete  form  of  band3. 

A  fayre  tlocke  of  faeries,  and  a  fresh  bend 
Of  lovely  Nymphs.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

The  Duke  of  Gloucester  .  .  .  and  other  Lords,  the  chief 
of  his  beml.  Speed,  Hist.  (it.  Brit.,  IX.  wiii.  1.1. 

bendable  (ben'da-bl),  a.      [<  bend1  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  hent  :  llexible.    Sherwood. 
bende  ( '"'nil),  «.    [Origin  unknown.]   A  variety 

of  the  abelmoschus,  used  in  cookery.  McElrath. 
bendelt,   «.     [ME.,   <   OF.  bendel,  'baud/ 1,  dim. 

of  bende,   bande,   a  band ;   doublet    of   bitudrl, 

bandeau. ]     1.  A  little  baud  or  fillet. —  2.  In 

her.,  a  little  bend. 
bender    (ben'der),   n.      1.    One  who  or  that 

which   bends. —  2.   A  sixpence.     [Eng.  slang.] 

—  3.  A  leg.    [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  prospectus  [of  a  new  fashionable  boarding  school] 
has  been  sent  to  our  bouse,  one  of  the  regulations  is, 
"  Young  ladies  arc  not  allowed  to  cross  their  beiuleri  in 
Bchooli'  Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  \ii. 

4.  A  spree ;  a  frolic.  [U.  S.  slang.]  — 5.  [Cf. 
In  ml1,  ii.,  11.]     A  hard  drinker.  [Scotch.] 

Now  Lend  your  lungs,  ye  ln'inl,  vi  line, 

W'lia  km  th,   benefit  ol  wine. 

Allan  Ramsay,  Poems,  III.  102(1848). 

Bendigo  ware.    See  pottery. 


A  Bend  between  two 
Bendlets  gules. 


A  Bend  azure. 


beneath 

bending1  (ben'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bend1, 
v.]  The  act  of  causing  to  bend,  or  the  state 
of  being  bent  or  deflected ;  a  deflection. 

If  matter  that  will  not  yield  at  each  bend  is  deposited 
while  the  bending*  are  continually  taking  place,  the  bend- 
i.e.swtll  m  untam  certain  pit,  is  of  discontinuity  in  tha 
dl  posit  //.  Spencer,  l'rin.  of  Biol.,  §  257. 

bending-t,  ».  L<  &<  »<'-'.  ».,  +  -ing.]  Decoration 
(of  clothes)  with  stripes  or  horizontal  bands. 
Chaucer. 

bending-machine  (ben'ding-ma-shen"),«.  An 
apparatus  for  bending  to  shape  timber,  rails, 
iron  beams  for  ships,  plates  for  boilers,  etc. 

bending-strake  (ben'ding-strak),  n.  In  ship- 
building,  one  of  two  strakes  wrought  near  the 
deck-coverings,  worked  all  fore  and  aft.  They 
are  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  thicker  than  the 
remainder  of  the  deck,  but  are  lowered  between  the  beams 
and  ledges  to  make  the  upper  side  even  with  the  rest. 
Their  use  is  to  make  a  more  complete  tie  between  the 
deck-frame  and  deek-plank. 

bend-leather  (bend'leTH"er),  «.  [<  bend1  + 
leather.]  The  strongest  kind  of  sole-leather 
for  shoes.     See  bend2,  '1. 

bendlet  (bend'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bendelet,  appar.  <  bendel  +  -et;  but  cf.  OF. 
bendelette.  dim.  of  bende,  band. 
Doublet  bandlet.]  1.  In  her., 
a  bearing  of  the  nature  of  the 
bend,  but  half  as  wide.  Also 
called  garter. —  2.  A  name  of 
the  common  British  sea-ane- 
mone, Actinia  mesembrijanthe- 
mum.  —  Bendlet  sinister,  in  her.,  a 
bendlet  drawn  from  the  sinister  chief 
to  the  dexter  base. 

bendsome  (bend'sum),  a.  [<  bend1  +  -some. 
Cf.  buxom.]     Flexible;  pliable.     [Rare.] 

bendways  (bend'wsiz),  adv.    Same  as  bendwise. 

bendwise  (bend'wiz),  adv.     [<  bend2  +  wise2.] 
In  Iter.,  lying  in  the  direction   of  the   bend : 
said  of  any  bearing :  as,  a  sword 
bendwise. 

bendwitht,  ».  [ME.  benwyt-tn 
(latervar.  benewith  tre — Prompt. 
Parv.) ;  perhaps  <  bend1  +  with2 
(cf.  bindwith);  but  cf.  Sw.  ben- 
red,  dogberry-tree,  Icel.  bein- 
ridlir,  beinvidhi,  ebony  (lit.  bone- 
wood);  also  Icel.  beinvidhir,  a 
willow  (Salix  arbusoula),  lit.  bone-withy.]  An 
old  name  of  a  shrub  not  identified.  Its  twigs 
were  used  to  tie  up  fagots. 

bendy  (ben'di),  a.  [<  OF.  bende,  F.  bande;  pp. 
of  bander,  cross  with  bands:  see  betid2.]  In 
her.,  divided  into  four  or  more  diagonal  parts 
in  the  direction  of  the  bend :  said  of  the  field. 
This  word  is  used,  no  matter  how  great  the  number  of 
the  divisions,  as  bendletii  and  enttisil,  which  would  be  the 

regular  forms,  are  awkward  in  use.— Bendy  barry,  in 
her.  *n:  barry  bendy,  under  barryti.—  Bendy  paly,  in 
her.,  divided  l»y  lines  bendwise  and  palewisc,  and  there- 
fore divided  into  lozengi  s. 

bendy-tree  (ben'di-tre),  ».  The  Thespcsia  po- 
pulnea,  an  ornamental  tree  of  rapid  growth, 
often  planted  in  gardens  and  avenues  in  India. 

bene1!,  ».    See  ben2. 

bene-t,  a.     See  bein. 

bene-',  n.    See  benne, 

bene-.  [L.  bene-,  sometimes  beni-,  combining 
form  of  bene,  adv.,  well,  <  bonus,  good:  see 
boon2,  bonus.]  An  clement  of  some  words  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  well,  good,  as  in  bene- 
dii'linu.  In  ni jit,  benevolence,  etc.:  opposed  to 
mule-,  inn/-. 

beneaped  (bf-nepf),  a.  [<  be-1  +  neap  +  -ed2.] 
Naut.,  same  as  neaped. 

beneath  (be-neth'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
in  tin,  binethe,  him/Inn,  adv.  and  prep..  <  AS. 
beneothan,  binithan,  prep.  (=()Fries.  oinetha  = 
D.  beneden  =  Lit .  benedaen = Or.  benieden),K.be, 
by,  +  ncothan,  nithan,  neothane  (=OS.  nithana 
=  OHO.  niilnnti.  MW '.  nidi  »< .  nidi  n.  1 1 .  nit  den), 
below,  orig.,  like  nithe,  below,  from  compar. 
Hither,  nether:  sec  nether.  Hence  by  apheresis 
ninth,  'iinitlt.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  a  lower  place, 
position,  or  state,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Thou  shalt  be  above  only,  and  thou  shalt  not  be  beneath. 

IN  ut.  xxviii.  13. 
Every  brain 
That  looks  so  many  fathoms  t"  (be  sea, 
And  hears  it  roar  beneath.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

The  general's  disdain'd 

By  him  one  step  below  ;  he,  by  the  next  ; 

That  next,  by  him  beneath.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  on  high,  or  in  heaven 
or  other  superior  region. 

Thou  shalt  not  make  .  .  .  any  likeness  of  anything  that 
is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  the  earth  beneath. 

Ex.  xx.  4. 


A  Sword  Bendwise. 


beneath 

II.  prep.  1.  Below;  under:  with  reference 
1 . >  what,  is  overhead  or  towers  aloft:  as,  beneath 
the  same  roof. 

For  all  beneath  the  moon 
Would  I  not  hup  upright.  shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

As  I  lay  beneath  the  woodland  trie. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone, 
Ihey  sat 
Beneath  a  world-old  yew-tree,  darkening  half 
'the  cloisters.  Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Underneath,  whether  in  immediate  contact 
with  the  under  side  of,  or  further  down  than  ; 
lower  in  place  than  :  as,  to  place  a  cushion  6(  - 
ninth  one;  beneath  one's  feet;  beneath  the  sur- 
face: sometimes  with  verbs  of  motion:  as, 
he  sank  beneath  the  wave. 

As  he  was  raising  his  arm  to  make  a  blow,  an  arrow 
pierced  him,  just  beneath  the  shoulder,  at  the  open  part 
of  the  corselet.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  69. 

3.  Under  the  weight  or  pressure  of;  under  the 
action  or  influence  of :  as,  to  sink  beneath  a 
burden. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke. 

Shak:,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
It  is  my  fate 
To  bear  and  how  beneath  a  thousand  griefs. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

Wherever  lights  appeared,  the  flashing  scimetar  was  at 

its  deadly  work,  ami  all  who  attempted  resistance  fell 

beneath  its  edge.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  21. 

4.  Lower  than,  in  rank,  dignity,  degree,  or  ex- 
cellence; below:  as,  brutes  are  beneath  man; 
man  is  beneath  the  angels. 

Maintain 
Thy  father's  soul :  thou  hast  no  hloud  to  mix 
With  any  beneath  prince.     Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  i.  1. 

Beyond  the  limits  of  a  vulgar  fate, 

Beneath  the  Good  how  far — but  far  above  the  Great. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poetry,  iii.  3. 

5.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to; 
below  the  level  of:  as,  beneath  contempt. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 

Atterbury. 

He  had  never  sullied  himself  with  business,  but  had 
chosen  to  starve  like  a  man  of  honour,  than  do  anything 
beneath  his  quality.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

Beneath  the  saltt,  in  a  subordinate  or  inferior  position. 
My  proud  lady 
Admits  him  to  her  table  ;  marry,  ever 
Beneath  the  salt,  and  there  he  sits  the  subject 
Of  her  contempt  and  scorn. 

Massinyer,  The  City  Madam,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  Under,  etc.    See  below. 
beneatht  (be-neth'),  a.    Lower. 

This  beneath  world.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

Benedic  (ben'e-dik),  ii.  [LL.,  prop.  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  imp'v.  of  benedicere,  bless:  see  bene- 
dict.~]  1.  The  canticle  beginning  in  Latin 
"Benedic,  animamea/'and  in  English  "Praise 
the  Lord,  O  my  soul,"  from  Psalm  ciii.  In  the 
American  Prayer-Book  it  is  an  alternative  of  the  Ileus 
misereatur  (as  ordered  in  1886,  either  of  the  Nunc  diuitt- 
tis  or  Deus  misereatur)  at  Evening  Prayer. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 

Benedicite  (ben-e-dis'i-te),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d 
pers.  pi.  pres.  impv.  of  benedicere,  bless:  see 
benedict.']  1.  The  canticle  or  hymn  beginning 
in  Latin  "Benedicite  omnia  opera  Domini,"  and 
in  English  "  0  all  ye  works  of  the  Lord,  bless  ye 
the  Lord,"  taken  from  "The  Song  of  the  Three 
Holy  Children  "  forming  part  of  the  Apocrypha 
in  the  English  Bible.  It  is  essentially  an  expansion 
of  Psalm  cxlviii.,  and  has  been  used  from  a  very  early 
period  in  the  Christian  church.  In  the  Anglican  service 
it  is  used  as  an  alternate  to  the  Tc  Drum. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. — 3. 
[I.  c]  An  invocation  of  a  blessing,  especially  a 
blessing  before  a  repast,  as  said  in  religious 
communities,  etc.,  answering  to  the  grace  or 
thanksgiving  after  it. —  4f.  [A  common  use  in 
ME.,  where  the  word  was  often  contracted  ben- 
dicitc.bcnste.]  Usedinterjectionally:  (a)  Bless 
you!  expressing  a  wish.  (5)  Bless  us!  bless  me! 
expressing  surprise. 

benedick  (ben'e-dik),  n.     See  benedict. 

benedict  (ben'e-dikt),  a.  and  n.  [In  ME.  bene- 
dight,  <  LL.  benedictus,  blessed  (in  ML.  often  as 
a  proper  name  Benedictus,  whence  in  E.  Bene- 
dict, Benedick,  and  (through  F.)  Bennet,  Ben- 
nett; cf.  also  benctV,  bennet-),  pp.  of  benedicere, 
bless,  use  words  of  good  omen,  in  class.  L.  al- 
ways as  two  words,  bene  dicere:  bene,  well; 
dicere,  say,  speak.]  I.t  a.  Blessed;  benign; 
salutary;  especially,  in  med.,  having  mild  and 
salubrious  qualities :  as,  "medicines  that  are 
benedict,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  19. 

II.  n.  [In  allusion  to  Benedick,  one  of  the 
characters  in  Shakspere's  play  of  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing  " ;  esp.  to  the  phrase, "  Benedick, 
the  married  man"  (i.  1.).  Benedick  is  an  easy 
form  of  Benedict.']     A   sportive   name   for  a 


523 

newly  married  man,  especially  one  who  has 
been  lout,'  8  bachelor,  or  who  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  ridiculing  marriage. 

Eavlng  abandoned  all  his  old  misogyny,  and  his  pro- 
fess  3  "i   single   independence,  Ccelebs  has  become  a 

benedick.  ff,  /'.  A'.  James,  Henry  Masterton. 

Benedictine  (ben-e-dik'tin),  <<.  and  u.  [<  Ml.. 
/.'<  in  dictinus,  <  Benedictus:  see  benedict.]  I.". 
Pertaining  to  si.  Benedict,  or  to  the  order  of 
monks  or  the  monastic  rulo  originating  from 
him. 

II.  ii.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  monks 
founded  .-it  Monte  < 'assino,  between  Pome  and 
Naples,  by  St.  Benedict  of  Nursia,  about  a.  d. 
o30.  The  rules  of  the  order  (which  was  open  to  persons 
of  all  ages,  conditions,  and  callings)  enjoined  silence  and 
some  useful  employment  when  not  engaged  in  divine  ser- 
vice. Every  monastery  had  a  library,  every  monk  a  pen 
and  tablets,  and  study  and  the  copying  of  manuscripts 
were  encouraged.  The  monasteries  became  centers  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  and  the  name  of  the  order 
synonymous  with  scholarship  and  erudition.  The  order 
was  introduced  into  England  about  a.  d.  600,  by  .St.  Au- 
gustine nl    1  :nil,  i  Inn  \.       I'he  oldest    establishment  in  the 

I  nited  states  is  that  <>f  St.  Vincent  s  Abbey  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Penns)  Lvania,  founded  by  a  colony  of  monks 
from  Bavaria  in  1846.  There  are  also  different  congrega- 
tions of  nuns  known  as  Benedictines,  and  following  the 
rule  of  St.  Benedict ;  they  date  from  the  same  time,  owing 
their  foundation  to  his  sister,  St.  Scholastica. 
2.  A  cordial  or  liqueur,  resembling  chartreuse, 
distilled  at  Fecamp  in  Normandy.  It  was  ori- 
ginally prepared  by  the  Benedictine  monks,  but  since  the 
French  revolution  has  been  made  by  a  secular  company. 
benediction  (ben-e-dik'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictiu(n-),  blessing,  <  benedicere,  bless,  use  words 
of  good  omen :  see  benedict.  Benison  is  a  shorter 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  The  act  of  speak- 
ing well  to  or  of;  blessing. — 2.  (a)  An  invo- 
cation of  divine  blessing,  either  by  a  private 
individual  or  a  church  official ;  specifically,  in 
the  Christian  church  generally,  the  form  of 
blessing  pronounced  by  the  person  officiating, 
at  the  close  of  divine  service  and  on  several 
other  occasions,  as  marriages,  the  visitation  of 
the  sick,  etc. 

The  benedictions  of  the  good  Franciscans  accompanied 
us  as  we  rode  away  from  the  convent. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  103. 
The  benediction  .  .  .  is  given  in  a  different  manner  by 
the  Oriental  Church  from  that  used  by  the  Latins.  The 
Priest  joins  his  thumb  and  third  finger,  and  erects  and 
joins  the  other  three :  and  is  thus  supposed  to  symbolise 
the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father  alone; 
and,  according  to  others,  to  form  the  sacred  letters  I  U  C 
by  the  position  of  his  fingers. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  352,  note. 
When  the  benediction  is  pronounced  officially  by  a  priest 
or  clergyman,  he  usually  stands  with  hands  uplifted,  and 
the  congregation  receive  it  with  bowed  heads.  Illustra- 
tions of  ancient  benedictions  are  afforded  by  Gen.  xxiv.  60 
(a  nuptial  blessing);  Gen.  xxvii.  27-29  (a  death-bed  bless- 
ing); Num.  vi.  24-27  (a  priestly  blessing).  The  apostolic 
hi, i<  diction  is  that  proceeding  from  the  pope,  and  is  either 
given  personally,  as  at  Rome,  or  by  delegation  in  other 
parts  of  the  world.  See  blessing,  (b)  The  rite  of  in- 
stituting an  abbot  or  an  abbess,  and  of  receiving 
the  profession  of  a  nun  or  of  a  religious  knight. 

The  action  of  the  archbishops  was  excluded,  and  the 
abbots  elect  sought  confirmation,  if  not  benediction  also, 
at  Rome.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  710. 

(c)  An  additional  ceremony  performed  by  a 
priest  after  the  regular  celebration  of  matri- 
mony: called  the  nuptial  benediction,  (d)  The 
ceremony  by  which  things  are  set  aside  for 
sacred  uses,  as  a  church  or  vestments,  bells, 
etc.,  or  things  for  ordinary  use  are  hallowed, 
as  houses,  etc. —  3.  The  advantage  conferred 
by  blessing  or  the  invocation  of  blessings. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament;  adver- 
sity is  the  blessing  of  the  New,  which  carried  the  greater 
benediction,  and  the  clearer  revelation  of  God's  favour. 

Bacon,  Of  Adversity. 

Over  and  above  this  [sense  for  light  and  shade)  we  have 
received  yet  one  more  gift,  something  not  quite  necessary, 
a  benediction,  as  it  were,  in  our  sense  for  and  enjoyment 
of  colour.  0.  X.  Rood,  .Modern  Chromatics,  p.  304. 

Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  one  of  the 
more  common  religious  services  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  in  which,  after  the  solemn  exposition,  incensing, 
and  adoration  of  the  eucharist,  which  is  inclosed  in  a 
monstrance  and  placed  under  a  canopy  on  the  altar,  the 
officiating  priest,  taking  the  monstrance  in  his  hands, 
makes  the  sign  of  the  cross  with  it  in  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  faithful— The  apostolic  benediction,  a  bene- 
diction in  the  words  of  2  Cor.  \n\.  14. 

benedictional,  benedictionale  (ben-e-dik'- 

shon-al,  ben-e-dik-shp-na'le),  n.  [<  ML.  benc- 
dietionalis  (so.  liber,  book),  <  LL.  benedictio(n-): 
see  benediction.]  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  book 
containing  a  collection  of  benedictions  or  bless- 
ings used  in  its  religious  services. 

Psalters,  books  of  Gospels,  Benedictionals,  Canons,  and 
other  treatises  relating  to  the  discipline  and  ceremonial 
of  the  chunh.  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  63. 

The  Sarum,  like  the  Anglo-Saxon  Benedictional,  con- 
tained the  forms  bo  blessing  the  people,  by  the  bishop,  at 
high  mass.  lluek.  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  213. 


benefic 
benedictionary(ben-f-dik'shon-a-ri), ».    [< 

M  I.,  a  sit  '  In  uiilieliiiiiiiriunt/-,  I.I..  ticncilictio(n-): 
see  benediction.]     A  collection  of  benedictions 
or  blessings;  a  benedictional. 
The  benedictionary  of  Bishop  Vtlielw 1.         Bp.  Still. 

benedictive  (ben-e-dik'tiv),  «.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictus isoi-  benedict)  +  -in.]  Tending  to  bless; 
giving  a  blessing. 

His  paternal  pi  ayi  i    and  bi  m  dictivt nprei  a 

Bp.  Gauden,  Mem,  ol  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  201. 

benedictory  (ben-e-dik'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  as 
it  *  in  in  dictori/us,  <  benedictus:  sec  benedict."] 
Blessing;  expressing  a  benediction  or  wishes 
for  good:  as,  "a  benedictory  prayer,"  Thack- 
eray. 

Benedictus  (ben-e-dik'tus),  n.  [LL.,  blessed: 
see  benedict.]  1.  The  short  canticle  or  hymn, 
also  distinctively  called  the  Benedictus  qui  re- 
nit,  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedictus  qui  venit 
in  nomine  Domini,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
is  He  that  cometh  in  the  name  of  the  Lord," 
preceded  and  followed  by  "Hosanna  in  Excel- 
sis,"  that  is,  "Hosanna  in  the  highest," which 
is  usually  appended  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
mass  to  the  Sanctus,  from  Psalm  cxviii.  26, 
Luke  xix.  38,  etc.  The  /;>  nedictus  qui  oenit  was  re- 
tained in  the  Prayer-Book  of  1549,  and  is  sung  in  some 
Anglican  churches  at  choral  or  solemn  celebrations  of  the 
holy  communion,  just  before  tie-  prayer  of  consecration. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle,  forming 
a  separate  movement  in  a  mass. —  3.  The  can- 
ticle or  hymn  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedictus 
Dominus  Deus  Israel,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
be  the  Lord  God  of  Israel";  the  song  of  Zaeh- 
arias,  Luke  i.  68-71.  In  the  English  Prayer-Book  it 
is  the  canticle  following  the  second  lesson  with  the  Jubi- 
late as  its  alternate.  Ih  the  American  Prayer-Book  only 
the  first  four  verses  are  given ;  alterations  made  in  1886 
direct  the  use  of  the  whole  canticle  on  Sundays  in  Advent, 
but  permit  the  omission  at  other  times  of  the  portion  fol- 
lowing the  fourth  verse. 
4.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 

benedightt  (ben'e-dit),  a.  [ME.  benedyght,  ben- 
edight,  <  LL.  benedictus :  see  benedict.]   Blessed. 

And  soul  more  white 
Never  through  martyrdom  of  fire  was  led 
To  its  repose  ;  nor  can  in  books  be  read 
The  legend  of  a  life  more  b  nedight. 

Longfellow,  The  Cross  of  Snow. 

bene  discessit  (be'ne  di-ses'it).  [L.,  he  has  de- 
parted honorably.]  In  English  universities, 
a  permission  by  the  master  and  fellows  of  a 
college  to  a  student  to  leave  that  college  and 
enter  another. 

Mr.  Pope,  being  about  to  remove  from  Trinity  to  Em- 
manuel by  bene  discessit,  was  desirous  of  taking  my  rooms. 

Alma  Mater,  i.  167. 

bene  exeat  (be'ne  ek'se-at).  [L.,  let  him  depart 
honorably.]  A  certificate  of  good  character 
given  by  a  bishop  to  one  of  his  clergy  removing 
to  another  diocese  :  as,  he  brought  a  bene  exeat 
from  his  last  bishop. 

benefaction  (ben-e-fak'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
factio(n-),  <  bene/actus,  pp.  of  benefacere,  in 
class.  L.  always  written  as  two  words,  bene 
faccre,  do  good  to,  benefit :  bi  ne,  "ell ;  facere, 
do.  Cf.  benefit.]  1.  The  act  of  conferring  a 
benefit;  a  doing  of  good ;  beneficence. 

Worshipping  God  and  the  Lamb  in  the  temple :  God,  for 
his  benefaction  in  creating  all  things,  and  the  Lamb,  for 
his  benefaction  in  redeeming  us  with  his  blood.     Newton. 

2.  A  benefit  conferred;  especially,  a  charitable 
donation. 

A  man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  manner  to 
render  his  benefaction  most  advantageous. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vii.  18. 

=  Syn.  1.  Kindness. —  2.  Gift,  contribution,  alms,  charity. 
benefactor  (ben-e-fak'tor),  n.  [<  LL.  benefactor, 
<  benefacere,  do  good  to:  see  benefaction.]  1. 
Literally,  a  well-doer;  one  who  does  good. 
[Rare.] 

Benefactors  ?  Well  ;  what  lunefactors  are  they?  are  they 
not  malefactors?  Shak..  M.  for  M.,  ii.  1. 

2.  One  who  confers  a  benefit ;  a  kindly  helper: 
as,  "  the  great  benefactor  of  mankind,"  Milton, 
P.  E.,  iii.  82. 

He  is  the  true  benefactor  and  alone  worthy  of  Honor 
who  brings  comfort  where  before  was  wretchedness,  who 
dries  the  tear  of  sorrow. 

Sumner,  True  Grandeur  of  Nations. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  benefaction  to  or  endows 
a  charitable  or  other  institution ;  one  who 
makes  a  bequest. 

benefactress  (ben-e-fak'tres),  ».     [<  benefactor 

+  -ens.]     A  female  benefactor. 
benefic  (be-nef'ik),  a.  and  n.     [Formerly  bene- 

Jit/ue  ;  <  Li.  In  in  liens.  <  bene,  well,  +  facere,  do.] 

I.  a.  1.  Beneficent.     [Rare.] 


benefic 

He  being  equally  neere  bo  hi*  whole  Creation  of  Man- 
kind, and  of  ti  ■.  powi  r  to  turn  his  '•■  nefick  and  fatherly 
i  to  what  Region  or  Kingdome  he  pleases,  hath  yet 
had  this  [land  under  the  special]  indulgent  eye  oi 
his  provide  □  Milton,  Def,  of  Bumb.  Remonst. 

2.  In  astrol.,  of  good  or  favorable  influence. 
The  kind  and  ii  u!\  ■  ]  acolos. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  :i. 
II.  n.  In  astral.,  a  favorable  planet ;  Jupiter 
or  Venus. 

benefice  (ben'e-fis),  n.  [<  ME.  benefice,  bene- 
jlsi .  <  <  >l\  bt  nefia .  F.  bin4fice,  <  LL.  beneficium, 
estate  granted,  L.  beneficium,  a  favor,  kind- 
ness, <  beneficus,  kind,  liberal:  see  benefits."]  1. 
In  feudal  lawl  originally,  a  fee  or  an  estate  in 
lands  granted  for  life  only,  and  held  ex  mero 
icio  (on  the  mere  good  pleasure)  of  the 
donor.  Such  estates  afterward  becoming  hereditary, 
the  word  feud  was  used  for  grants  to  individuals,  and 
benefice  became  restricted  to  church  livings. 

The  Beneficium,  or  Benefice,  an  assignment  of  land  by  a 
conquering  Teutonic  king  as  the  reward  or  price  of  mili- 
tary Bervice,  is  allowed  on  all  sides  to  have  had  much  to 
do  with  this  great  change  [from  allodial  to  feudal]  in  the 
legal  point  of  view.   Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  345. 

The  kings  gave  their  leading  chiefs  portions  of  con- 
quered land  or  of  the  royal  domains,  under  the  name  of 
benefices.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  2H6. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  living;  a  church  office 
endowed  with  a  revenue  for  its  proper  fulfil- 
ment ;  the  revenue  itself.  The  following  terms 
oi  canon  law  are  frequently  found  associated  with  this 
word,  which  is  of  historical  importance:  A  benefice  in- 
volving ii"  other  obligation  than  service  in  the  public 
offices  "i  the  church  is  simple  ;  if  the  cure  of  souls  is  at- 
tached to  it,  double;  if  with  a  certain  rank  attached,  dig- 
y  or  major;  the  two  former  without  rank,  minor. 
Thus,  ii  chantry  was  a  simple  benefice;  a  prebend  gives 
the  right  t"  only  a  part  of  the  income  of  a  canonry  at- 
tached to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral  church  ;  while  the  bene- 
fice in  perpetual  and  has  a  charge,  though  there  are  some 
(called  manual,  from  their  being  in  the  hands  of  the  one 
conferring  them)  revocable.  The  benefice  is  said  tohe  regu- 
lar if  held  by  one  qualified  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  the  office  ; 
secular  if  held  by  a  layman  ;  and  in  commendam  when 
in  the  charge  of  one  commended  by  the  proper  authori- 
ties until  i.»ne  duly  qualified  to  fulfil  its  duties  is  appoint- 
ed. In  the  last-named  case  the  discharge  of  the  office  is 
provided  for  at  the  expense  of  the  holder.  (See  abbe".)  A 
benefice  is  received  by  election,  for  example,  by  a  chapter, 
or  from  a  patron,  who  is  properly  said  to  present  to  it, 
or  is  conferred  by  the  proper  ecclesiastical  superior ;  these 
nominations,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  regularly 
di  ed  confirmation  from  the  pope.  His  action  may  cause 
a  benefice  to  be  reserved  or  affected  (which  see);  or  the 
collation  is  made  alternative,  that  is,  to  the  pope  and 
regular  patron  or  superior,  according  to  the  months  in 
which  the  benefice  falls  vacant,  by  definite  system. 

Ful  thredbare  was  his  overeste  courtepy, 
For  he  hadde  geten  him  yet  no  benefice. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  291. 
The  estates  of  a  bishop  or  abbot  came  now  to  be  looked 
on  as  a  fief,  a  benefice,  held  personally  of  the  King. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  V.  87. 
One  priest,   being  little  learned,   would  hold  ten  or 
twelve  benefices,  and  reside  on  none. 

Ji.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 
3f.  Benefit. 

Yen  ly,  this  thyng  by  the  benefice  of  philosophic  was 
roted  in  bym,  that  he  stride  in  dredeof  no  man  liuying. 

L'liail,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegmes,  p.  70. 
Benefice  de  discussion,  in  French  law,  the  legal  right 
of  a  debtor  who  is  secondarily  liable  to  demand  that  the 
creditor  should  be  required  first  to  reach  and  compel 
application  of  the  property  of  the  principal  debtor  before 
discussing  his  property. 
beneficed  (ben'e-fist),  a.  [<  benefice  +  -ed2.] 
Possessed  of  a  benefice  or  church  preferment. 

All  manner  persons  of  holy  church  .  .  .  beneficed  in  the 

realm  uf  France.  Hall,  Hen.  V.,  an.  8. 

My  Father  sent  me  thither  to  one  Mr.  George  Bradshaw 
(noin  yet  the  son  of  an  excellent  father,  bene- 

ficed in  Bum  1 i  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  10,  111:17. 

>■■  ■■■■  i  men  instead  of  residing,  were  found  lying  at 
the  Court  in  lords'  houses ;  they  took  all  from  their  parish- 
ioners, and  did  nothing  for  them. 

/;.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 

beneficeless  (ben'e-fis-les),  a.  [<  benefice  + 
-/'  .]  Having  no  benefice:  as,  "beneficeless 
precisians,''  Siuldon,  Miracles,  p.  100. 

beneficence  (be-nef'i-sens),  n.  [<  L.  beneficcn- 
tia,  <  'i»  nefiet  jii  t-)  ■,  beneficent :  see  beneficent] 

1.  The  practice  of  doing  good;  active  good- 
ness, kindness,  or  charity. 

3  0  pn  id  abundance  in  the  land,  he[Stuyvei  ant]  obliged 
the  bal    1  ■  thirteen  loaves  to  the  dozen      1    olden 

rule  which  remains  a  monument  ol  his  '■•  ru  Hcence. 

/' '  ing,  Knii  ki  rooi  ker,  p.  403. 
Trui  i  k  hich  helps  a  man  i<>  do  the 

work  which  he  Is  most  fitted  for,  not  thai  which  keeps  and 
encourages  him  in  idlen 

if.  K.  Clifford   !..  1  tun    .  11    202 

2.  A  benefaction;  ;i  benefieenl  acl  or  gift. 
=Syn.  Ben*  ool  n&  B<  ru  fii  1  nee,  Bounty,  IAbt  ■ 
Generosity,  Munificence  Charity.  Benevolence  literally 
well-wishing,  is  exprea  ive  oi  the  di  po  Ltion  to  do  good; 
hence  it  easilj  cairn  to  hi  applied  to  chaiitabli 
Ilf'iitficrttrc,  literal])  well-doing  Is  the  outcome  and  visi- 
ble exprei  ion  oi  benevolenci  n  \>  a  strong  though 
general  word  for  active  and  abundant  helpfulness  to  those 


524 

who  are  in  need.  Benevolence  may  exist  without  the 
means  or  opportunity  for  beneficence,  but  beneficence  al- 
ways presupposes  benevolence.  Bounty  is  expressive  of 
kiml  feeling,  bui  more  expressive  of  abundant  giving. 
Liberality  is  giving  which  is  large  in  proportion  to  the 
means  of  the  giver.  Generosity  adds  to  the  notion  of 
liberality  that  of  largeness  or  nobleness  of  spirit  in  con- 
nection with  the  gift.  Munificence  is  giving  on  a  large 
scale,  not  restricting  itself  to  necessary  things,  but  giving 
lavishly;  it  is  the  one  of  these  words  most  likely  to  be 
applied  to  ostentatious  or  self-seeking  liberality,  out  not 
necessarily  so.  Charity,  while  having  thi  best  original 
meaning,  lias  come  to  be  a  general  word  ;  as  to  gifts,  it  is 
what  is  bestowed  upon  the  poor  or  needy,  but  not  always 
with  warm  or  kindly  feelings  :  as,  official  charity. 

With  a  bow  to  Hepzibah,  and  a  degree  of  paternal  benev- 
oh  nee  in  his  parting  nod  to  Phoebe,  the  Judge  left  the 
shop,  and  went  smiling  along  the  street. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 

Few  men  have  used  the  influence  of  a  grand  seigneur 
with  such  enlightened  beneficence,  with  such  lasting  re- 
sults on  human  culture  and  civilization,  with  such  genu- 
ine simplicity  and  cordial  loyalty  [as  Maecenas]. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  195. 

Deserted  at  his  utmost  need 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  st.  4. 
Over  and  beside 
Signior  Baptista's  liberality, 
I'll  mend  it  with  a  largess. 

Shah.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 

With  disinterested  generosity,  [Byron]  resolved  to  de- 
vote his  fortune,  his  pen,  and  his  sword  to  the  [Greek] 
cause.  Godwin's  Biog.  Cyc. 

Such  were  his  temperance  and  moderation,  such  the 
excellence  of  his  breeding,  the  purity  of  his  life,  his  lib- 
erality and  munificence,  and  such  the  sweetness  of  his 
demeanor,  that  no  one  thing  seemed  wanting  in  him 
which  belongs  to  a  true  and  perfect  prince. 

Quoted  by  Prescott,  in  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  2. 

Chanty  finds  an  extended  scope  for  action  only  where 
there  exists  a  large  class  of  men  at  once  independent  and 
impoverished.      .  tacky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  78. 

beneficency  (be-nef ' i-sen-si),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  beneficent. 
beneficent   (be-nef'i-sent),   a.     [<  L.   *benefi- 

ccn(t-)s,  compar.  beneficcntior,  assumed  from  the 
noun  beneficentia,  but  the  L.  adj.  is  beneficus : 
see  benefic  and  beneficence.]  Doing  or  effecting 
good ;  performing  acts  of  kindness  and  charity ; 
marked  by  or  resulting  from  good  will. 
The  beneficent  truths  of  Christianity.  Prescott. 

She  longed  for  work  which  would  be  directly  beneficent, 
like  the  sunshine  and  the  rain. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  II.  55. 

The  worship  of  the  beneficent  powers  of  nature  so  per- 
vades Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  religion,  that  it  may 
almost  be  said  to  constitute  that  religion. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  232. 
=  Syn.  Beneficent,  Beneficial,  bountiful,  bounteous,  liberal, 
munificent,  generous,  kind.  Beneficent  always  implies  a 
kind  and  worthy  purpose  back  of  that  to  which  the  adjec- 
tive applies  ;  beneficial  does  not. 

Power  of  any  kind  readily  appears  in  the  manners;  and 
beneficent  power  .  .  .  gives  a  majesty  which  cannot  be 
concealed  or  resisted.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  187. 

That  such  a  beech  can  with  his  very  bulk 
Take  up  the  rays  o'  the  beneficial  sun. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
Iodide  of  potassium  has  been  tried  in  large  doses  [in 
chyluria],  and  in  some  cases  appears  to  have  been  bene- 
ficial. Quoin,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  253. 

beneficential  (be-nef-i-sen'shal),  a.  [<  L.  be- 
neficentia  (see  beneficence)  +  -al.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  beneficence;  concerned  with  what 
is  most  beneficial  to  mankind.     N.  E.  IK 

beneficently  (be-nef'i-sent-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
neficent manner. 

beneficia,  n.     Plural  of  beneficium. 

beneficial  (ben-e-fish'al),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
bmcficialiSf  <  L.  beneficium,  a  benefit:  see  bene- 
fice.] I.  a.  1 .  Contributing  to  a  valuable  end ; 
conferring  benefit;  advantageous;  profitable; 
useful ;  helpful. 
The  war  which  would  have  been  most  beneficial  to  us. 

Swift. 

That  which  la  beneficial  to  the  community  as  a  whole,  it 

will  become  the  private  interest  ol  gome  part  of  the  emu 

munity  to  accomplish.    //.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  4-1:;. 

2.  Having  or  conferring  the  right  to  the  use  or 
he  ii  cfi(,  ns  of  property;  pertaining  or  entitled 
to  the  usufruct:  as,  a  beneficial  owner  (which 
see,  below) ;  a  beneficial  interest  in  an  estate. — 
3f.  Pertaining  to  or  having  a  benefice ;  bene- 
ficed. 

An  engagement  was  tendered  to  all  civil  officers  and 
beneficial  clergy.  Hallam. 

4f.  Kind;  generous:  as,  a  "  beneficial  foe  "  R. 
J  on  s»ni,.  -Beneficial  owner,  one  who,  though  not  hav- 
ing apparent  legal  title,  is  in  equity  entitled  to  enjoy  the 
advantage  <>f  ownership.  ^Syn.  1.  Beneficent,  Beneficial 
I   er  beneficent),  guud,  salutary. 

II. t  ».  A  benefice;  a  church  living. 

For  that  the  ground-worke  Is,  and  end  of  all, 
How  to  obtaine  a  Beneficiall. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  I.  4b6. 


benefit 

[A  license  for  the  sake  of  the  rhyme,  benefice 
being  also  used  several  times  in  the  same  pas- 
sage of  the  poem.] 

beneficially  (ben-e-fish'al-i),  adv.  If.  Liber- 
ally; bountifully;  with  open  hand.  Cotgrave. 
—  2.  In  a  beneficial  manner;  advantageously; 
profitably;  helpfully. 

beneficialness  (ben-e-fish'al-nes),  w.     [<  bene- 
ficial  +  -ness.]    It.  Beneficence. —  2.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beneficial;  usefulness;  profitable- 
ness. 
Usefulness  and  beneficialness. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orlg,  of  Mankind,  p.  5. 
For  the  eternal  and  inevitable  law  in  this  matter  is.  that 
the  beneficialness  of  the  Inequality  depends,  first,  on  the 
methods  by  which  it  was  accomplished. 

lit/skin,  I'nto  this  Last.  ii. 

beneficiary  (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri),  <t.  and  n.  [<  L. 
beneficiariu8)  K  beneficium:  Bee  benefice.]  I,  a.  1. 

Arising  from  feudal  tenure;  feudatory;  hold- 
ing under  a  feudal  or  other  superior;  subor- 
dinate: as,  "beneficiary  services,'7  Spelman, 
Feuds  and  Tenures,  xxv. ;  *'a  feudatory  or 
beneficiary  king,"  Bacon. —  2.  Connected  with 
the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits,  or  advantages; 
freely  bestowed:  as,  beneficiary  gifts  or  privi- 
leges. 

There  is  no  reason  whatever  to  suppose  that  Beneficiary 
grants  and  Commendation  arose  suddenly  in  the  world  at 
the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Insts.,  p.  158. 

II.   n. ;  pi.  beneficiaries   (ben-e-fisb/i-a-riz). 

1.  One  who  holds  a  benefice. 

The  beneficiary  is  obliged  to  serve  the  parish  church  in 
his  own  proper  person.  Ayliffe,  l'arergon,  p.  112. 

2.  In  feudal  late,  a  feudatory  or  vassal. —  3. 
One  who  is  in  the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits, 
or  advantages;  one  who  receives  something  as 
a  free  gift.  Specifically  — (a)  In  American  colleges,  a 
student  supported  from  a  fund  or  by  a  religious  or  edu- 
cational society,  (b)  One  in  receipt  of  the  profits  arising 
from  an  estate  held  in  trust;  one  for  whose  benefit  a  trust 
exists. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and  the 
beneficiary,  shall  .  .  .  bind  each  other  in  the  eternal  in- 
closures  and  circlings  of  immortality. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  II.  xiii. 

beneficiate  (ben-e-fish'i-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
beneficiatedj  ppr.   beneficiating.     [<  NL.  *bene- 

ficiatus,  pp.  of  beneficiare,  after  Sp.  beneficiary 
benefit,  improve,  cultivate  the  ground,  work 
and  improve  mines,  <  L.  beneficium  (>  Sp.  bene- 
ficio)t  benefit,  improvement  (in  Sp.  of  ground, 
mines,  etc.).]  1.  To  work  and  improve,  as  a 
mine;  turn  to  good  account;  utilize. —  2.  To 
reduce  (ores);  treat  metallurgically.  Also 
called  benefit.  [Little  used  except  by  writers 
on  Mexican  mining  and  metallurgy.] 

There  are  a  great  number  of  mines  located  and  owned 
by  natives,  some  of  whom  have  arrastras,  and  others  not 
even  those,  to  beneficiate  their  minerals  extracted. 

Quoted  in  Hamilton's  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  230. 

beneficiation  (ben-e-fish-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  bene- 
ficiate  +  -ion.]  The  reduction  or  metallurgical 
treatment  of  the  metalliferous  ores. 

beneficience,  beneficient.  Erroneous  forms  of 
beneficence,  benefit*  nt. 

beneficioust  (ben-e-fisb/us),  a.  [<  L.  beneficium, 
benefit  (see  benefice),  +  -ous.]     Beneficent. 

beneficium  (ben-e-fish'i-um),  u.;  pi.  beneficia 
(-a).  [<  LL.,  L. :  see  bt  nefice.  ]  1.  A  right  or 
privilege:  a  term  more  especially  of  the  civil 
law:  as,  beneficium  abstinendi,  (hat  is,  right  of 
abstaining,  the  power  of  an  heir  to  abstain  from 
accepting  the  inheritance. — 2.  In  feudal  law,  a 
benefice. 

The  beneficium  originated  partly  in  gifts  of  land  made 
by  the  kings  out  of  their  own  estates  to  their  own  kins- 
men and  servants,  with  a  special  undertaking  t"  be  faith- 
ful ;  partly  in  the  surrender  by  landowners  of  their  es- 
tates to  churches  or  powerful  men,  i<>  be  received  buck 
again  and  held  by  them  as  tenants  torrent  or  service.  By 
l  he  latter  arrangement  the  weaker  man  obtained  the  pro- 
tectinri  nf  tin-  stnnigi t,  ami  be  who  felt  himself  insecure 
placed  his  title  under  the  defence  of  the  church. 

Stvhbsl  Const  Hist,  I.  275. 

benefit  (ben'e-fit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  &ent- 
fit}  benyfit,  etc.  (also  benefact,  after  L.) ;  <  ME. 
benefet,  benfeetj  benfet.  benfait,  benfeyte,  etc,  < 
AF.  benfet,'  bienfet,  OF.  bienfait,  F.  Uenfait  = 
It.  benefatlo,  <  LL.  benefaction,  a  kindness, 
benefit,  neut.  of  bnu foetus,  pp.  ol'  /»  in focere,  do 
good  to:  see  bent  faction.  The  same  terminal 
element  occurs  in  counterfeit,  forfeit,  and  sur- 
feit.]    If.  A  thing  well  done;  a  good  deed. — 

2.  An  act  of  kindness;  a  favor  conferred;  good 
done  to  a  person. 

Bless  the  Lord,  0  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. 

Vs.  ciii.  '2. 

3.  Advantage;  profit;  concretely,  anything 
that  is  for  the  good  or  advantage  of  a  person 


benefit 

or  thing;  a  particular  kind  of  good  receivable 
or  received. 


Men  have  no  right  to  what  is  not  for  their  benefit. 


Burke. 

The  benefits  of  affection  are  immense. 

Emerson,  Society  ami  9olitude. 

Certain  benefits  arise  [to  herbivorous  animals]  from  liv- 
ing together.  II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  503. 

4f.  Bestowal,  as  of  property,  office,  etc.,  out  of 
good  will,  grace,  or  favor;  liberality;  gene- 
rosity. 

Either  accept  the  title  thou  usurp'st, 

Of  benefit  proceeding  from  our  king, 

And  not  of  any  challenge  of  desert, 

Or  we  will  plague  thee  with  incessant  wars. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

5.  A  performance  at  a  theater  or  other  place 
of  public  entertainment,  the  proceeds  of  which 
go  to  one  or  more  of  the  actors,  some  indigent 
or  deserving  person,  some  charitable  institu- 
tion, or  the  like.  In  Great  Britain  also  called 
a  bespeak. — 6.  A  natural  advantage;  endow- 
ment; accomplishment.     [Rare.] 

Look  you  lisp  and  wear  strange  suits ;  disable  [under- 
value] all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 

When  these  so  noble  benefits  shall  prove 

Not  well  dispos'd,  the  mind  growing  once  corrupt, 

They  turn  to  vicious  forms.       Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

Benefit  of  clergy,  in  law.  See  clergy.— Benefit  of  dis- 
cussion.  See  discussion.— Benefit  of  inventory.    See 

inventory.—  Benefit  play,  a  play  acted  for  some  one's 
benefit  or  advantage.  — Benefit  society,  a  friendly  so- 
ciety. See  friendly.— Benefit  ticket,  a  winning  ticket 
at  a  lottery.— By  the  benefit  Oft,  by  the  kindness  or 
favor  of;  by  the  help  of.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Advantage, 
Benefit,  etc.  (see  advantage),  service,  gain,  good,  avail,  use. 

benefit  (ben'e-fit),  v.     [<  benefit,  «.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  good  to;  be  of  service  to;  advantage: 
as,  exercise  benefits  health ;  trade  benefits  a  na- 
tion. 

What  course  I  mean  to  hold 
Shall  nothing  benefit  your  knowledge. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Same  as  beneficiate,  2. 

These  ores  [silver]  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water 
cannot  be  benefited  in  Catorce. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Rep.,  No.  lxvii.  (1886),  p.  619. 

II.  intrans.  To  gain  advantage;  make  im- 
provement: as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  ad- 
vice. 

To  tell  you  what  I  have  benefited  herein. 

Milton,  Education. 

Each,  therefore,  benefits  egoistically  by  such  altruism 
as  aids  in  raising  the  average  intelligence. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  78. 

benegrot  (be-ne'gro),  v.  t.     [<  6c-1  +  negro.~\ 

1.  To  render  dark ;  blacken. 

The  sun  shall  be  benegroed  in  darkness. 

Hewyt,  Sermons,  p.  79. 

2.  To  people  with  negroes.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
benemptt.     Obsolete  preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bename. 

beneplacitt,  a,  and  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitus,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  pp.  of  beneplacere,  please,  < 
bene,  well,  +  placere,  please  :  see  please.]  I.  a. 
Well  pleased ;  satisfied. 

God's  Beneplacite  wil,  commonly  stiled  his  wil  of  good 
pleasure,  ...  is  that  whereby  he  decrees,  effects  or  per- 
mits al  events  &  effects.    Gale,  Works,  III.  18.    'N.  E.  D.) 

II.  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitiint,  good  pleasure, 
will,  decree,  neut.  of  beneplacitus,  pleasing,  ac- 
ceptable: seel.  Cf.  placitum,  pleasure,  what  is 
decreed,  neut.  of  placitits,  pp.  otplacere,  please.] 
Good  pleasure  ;  will ;  choice.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

bene  placito  (ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It. :  bene,  < 
L.  bene  (see  bene-);  placito,  <  L.  placitum:  see 
bencplacit.]     In  music,  at  pleasure. 

beneplacituret,  "•  [K.beneplacit  +  -we.]  Same 
as  bencplacit. 

Hath  he  by  his  holy  penmen  told  us,  that  either  of  the 
other  ways  was  more  suitable  to  Ids  beneplaciture? 

Glanville,  Preexistence  of  Souls,  iv. 

benetH  (be-nef),  v.  t.  [<  &c-i  +  mA]  To 
catch  in  a  net ;  insnare. 

Being  thus  benetted  round  with  villains. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

benet2t  (ben'et),  n.  [<  ME.  benet,  <  OP.  beneit, 
mod.  F.  beni,  <  LL.  benedictus,  blessed:  see 
In  indict.]  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  exorcist, 
the  third  of  the  four  lesser  orders. 

benevolence  (be-nev'o-]ens),  n.  [<  ME.  benev- 
olence, benivolence,  <  OF.  benivolence  (vernacu- 
larly bit envoittance,  bienvouillance,  mod.  F.  bien- 
veillancc),  <  L.  benevolentia,  <  benevolen(1-)s, 
well-wishing:  see  benevolent!]  1.  The  disposi- 
tion to  do  good;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with  a  desire  to  promote  their  happi- 
ness ;  good  will ;  kindness ;  charitableness. 


525 

The  man  whom  benevolence  warms 
Is  an  angel  who  lives  but  to  bless. 

Itloomfield,  Hanks  of  Wye. 

Of  another  saint  it  is  recorded  that  his  benevolence  was 

such  that  lie  was  never  known  to  be  hard  or  inhuman  to 

any  one  except  his  relations.  Lechy,  Burop.  Morals,  LI.  144. 

2.  An  act  of  kindness;  good  done;  charity 
given. 

The  Courtier  needes  must  recompenced  bee 
With  a  Benevolence. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  516. 
That  which  we  distribute  to  the  poor,  St.  Paul  calleth  a 
blessing  or  a  benevolena  . 

Outred,  tr.  of  Cope  on  Proverbs,  fol.  151  b. 

3.  In  England,  an  arbitrary  contribution  or  tax 
illegally  exacted  in  the  guise  of  a  gratuity  to 
the  sovereign,  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV., 
and  forbidden  by  act  of  Parliament  under  Wil- 
liam and  Mary :  sometimes  used  of  similar  ex- 
actions elsewhere. 

The  same  year  [1173]  Edward  began  to  collect  the  con- 
tributions which  were  so  long  and  painfully  familiar  un- 
der the  inappropriate  name  of  Benevolences  .  a  method  of 
extortion  worse  than  even  the  forced  loans  and  black 
charters  of  Richard  II.  Stubbs,  (oust.  Hist.,  §  682. 

Love  of  benevolence,  in  New  England  theol.,  that  af- 
fection or  propensity  of  the  heart  to  any  being  wiiich 
causes  it  to  incline  to  its  well-being,  or  disposes  it  to 
desire  and  take  pleasure  in  its  happiness :  distinguished 
from  Hie  love  of  complacency,  or  the  disposition  to  take  de- 
light in  a  person  for  his  moral  excellence.  =  Syn.  1.  Boun- 
ty. Charity,  etc.  (see  beneficence),  benignity,  humanity. 

benevolencyt  (be-nev'o-len-si),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  benevolent ;  benevolence. 

benevolent  (be-nev'o-lent),  a.  [<  late  ME. 
benevolent,  benyvolent,  <  OF.  benivolent,  <  L.  be- 
nevolen(t-)s  (usually  benevoltis),  well-wishing,  < 
bene,  well,  +  volens,  ppr.  of  velle,  wish,  =  E. 
will.]  1.  Having  or  manifesting  a  desire  to 
do  good ;  possessing  or  characterized  by  love 
toward  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their 
prosperity  and  happiness;  kind:  as,  a  benevo- 
lent disposition  or  aetion. 

Beloved  old  man !  benevolent  as  wise. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iii.  456. 
The  benevolent  affections  are  independent  springs  of  ac- 
tion equally  with  the  self-regarding  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  77. 

2.  Intended  for  the  conferring  of  benefits,  as 
distinguished  from  the  making  of  profit :  as,  a 
benevolent  enterprise;  a  benevolent  institution. 
-Syn.  Kind-hearted, humane,  charitable,  generous. 

benevolently  (be-nev'o-lent-li),  adv.  In  a 
benevolent  manner;  with  good  will ;  kindly. 

benevolentness(be-nev'o-lent-nes),  n.  Benev- 
olence.    [Rare.] 

benevoloust  (be-nev'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  benevolus, 
well-wishing:  see  benevolent.]  Kind;  benevo- 
lent. 

A  benevolous  inclination  is  implanted  into  the  very  frame 
and  temper  of  our  church's  constitution. 

T.  Puller,  Mod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  509. 

beng  (beng),  n.     Same  as  bhang. 

bengal  (ben-gal'),  n.  [From  the  province  of 
Bengal,  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangdl:  said  to  be 
named  from  a  city  called  Bdngdld;  in  Skt., 
Banga.]  1 .  A  thin  stuff  made  of  silk  and  hair, 
used  for  women's  apparel:  formerly  made  in 
Bengal. — 2.  An  imitation  of  striped  muslin. 
Also  called  Bengal  stripe. 

Bengalee,  a.  and  n.     See  Bengali. 

Bengalese  (ben-ga-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Bengal  +  -esc.]  t.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ben- 
gal, a  province  of  British  India,  and  also  a  lieu- 
tenant-governorship comprising  several  other 
provinces. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  natives  of 
Bengal ;  a  Bengali  or  the  Bengalis. 

Bengal  grass,  light,  quince,  root,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Bengali,  Bengalee  (ben-ga'le  or  -gii'le),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangdli.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Bengal,  its  inhabitants,  or  their 
language ;  Bengalese. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ben- 
gal ;  a  Bengalese. 
The  wretched  Bengalis  fled  in  shoals  across  the  Ganges. 
J.'T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  267. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bengalis. 

benic  (bon'ik),  a.  [<  ben5  +  -ic.]  Obtained 
from  oil  of  ben :  as,  benic  acid. 

Beni  Carlos  (ba'ni  kar'los), n.  [Formerly  beni- 
carlo,  benecarlo,  <  Benicarlo,  a  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Castellon,  Spain.]  A  red  wine  of 
dark  color  and  considerable  strength,  made  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  eastern 
Spain.  Much  of  it  is  exported  to  Prance,  where 
it  is  mixed  with  lighter  wine  for  table  use. 

benight  (be-nif),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  night.]  1. 
To  overtake  with  night.  [Hare  in  this  sense, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 


benignity 

Some  virgin,  sure,  .  .  . 
Benighted  in  these  w Is.      Milton,  c'omus,  L  160. 

2.  To  involve  in  darkness,  as  wiili  the  shades 
of    night;     shroud     in    gloom;     overshadow; 
eclipse;  figuratively,  to  involve  in  moral  dark- 
ness or  ignorance. 
And  let  ourselves  benight  our  happiest  day. 

Donne,  I  lie  Expiration. 
Her  visage  was  benighted  with  :i  taffeta  mask,  to  fray 
away  the  naughty  wind  from  her  face. 

Mobil,  i. ,n.  Father  Hubbard's  Call 
but  oh  !  alas  !  what  Sudden  cloud  is  spread 
About  this  glorious  king's  eclipsed  head  ! 
It  all  his  fame  benights.  Cowley,  Uavideis,  ii. 

Shalt  h  i-  to  inch  benighted 
flic  lamp  of  life  deny  ' 

Bp.  Seber,  Missionary  Hymn. 

benighten  (be-ni'tn),  v.  t.  [<  benight  +  -<//i. 
after  enlighten,  etc.]     To  benight.     [Rare.] 

benighter  (be-nl'ter),  n.  [<  benight  +  -eri.] 
One  who  benights  or  keeps  others  in  darkm-ss. 

benightment  (be-nlt'ment),  u.  [<  benight  + 
-nit at.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  be- 
nighted. 

benign  (be-nln'),  a.  [<  ME.  benigne,  <  OF.  be- 
nigne,  ben'in,  P.  benin  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  benigno,  <  L. 
hcnigniis.  kind,  <  bentts,  old  form  of  bonus,  good, 
+  -genus,  born,  (.gignere,  UL.  genere,  beget:  see 
-gt  units,  etc.  Cf.  malign.]  1.  Of  a  kind  disposi- 
tion; gracious;  kind;  benignant;  favorable. 

Thou  hast  fullill'd 
Thy  words,  Creator  bounteous  and  beiioiu. 
Giver  of  all  things  fair  !        Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  492. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  gentle- 
ness, kindness,  or  benignity. 

To  whom  thus  Michael,  with  regard  benign. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  334. 

What  did  the  benign  lips  seem  to  say? 

Hawthorne,  Great  Stone  Face. 

3.  Favorable;  propitious:  as,  benign  planets. 

Godlike  exercise 
Of  influence  benign  on  planets  pale. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  1. 

4.  Genial;  mild;  salubrious:  applied  to  weather, 
etc. —  5.  Mild;  not  severe;  not  violent;  not  ma- 
lignant: used  especially  in  medicine:  as,  a  be- 
nign medicine;  a  benign  disease.  =Syn.  Gracious, 
etc.    See  benignant. 

benignancy  (be-nig'nan-si),  n.  [<  benignant: 
see  -unci/.]     Benignant  quality  or  manner. 

benignant  (be-nig'nant),  a.  [In  sense  like 
benign;  in  form  <  LL.  benigniin(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
benignari,  rejoice,  ML.  benignnre,  appease,  <  L. 
benignus,  benign,  kind:  see  benign.  Cf.  malig- 
nant, malign.]  1.  Kind;  gracious;  favorable: 
as,  a  benignant  sovereign. 

And  thank  benignant  nature  most  for  thee. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 
2.  Exerting  a  good,  kindly,  or  softening  influ- 
ence ;  salutary;  beneficial:  as,  the  benignant 
influences  of  Christianity  on  the  mind. — 3.  In 
nuil.,  not  malignant;  not  dangerous:   said  of 

diseases.  =Syn.  1.  Benignant,  Gracious,  Benign,  Kind, 
Gootl-ncttured.  Benignant  and  gracious  are  generally  ap- 
plied to  superiors,  and  imply  especially  a  certain  manner 
of  kindness  or  favor.  Benignant  is  mote  tender  or  gentle  ; 
gracious  is  more  civil  or  condescending ;  both  are  winning. 
Benign  has  largely  given  up  to  benignant  the  associations 
with  activity  or  manner,  and  is  applied  especially  to  looks 
and  influences:  as,  a  benign  smile.  Kind  often  implies 
some  superiority  of  circumstances  on  the  part  of  the  per- 
son acting  :  thus,  we  do  not  speak  of  a  servant  as  being  kind 
to  his  master,  unless  the  latter  is  ill  or  otherwise  made  de- 
pendent on  his  servant  for  aid.  A  good-natured  person  is 
one  who  is  not  only  willing  to  oblige,  but  will  [Hit  up  with 
a  good  deal  of  annoyance.  Kind  implies  discrimination 
in  benevolence  ;  good-natured  does  not,  hut  often  implies 
a  weakness  for  indiscriminate  giving  to  those  who  solicit 
help  or  favors. 

Stern  lawgiver  !  yet  thou  dost  wear 

The  Godhead's  most  benignant  grace ; 
Nor  know  we  anything  so  fair 
As  is  the  smile  upon  thy  face. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Duty. 
She,  having  the  truth  of  honour  in  her,  hath  made  him 
that  gracious  denial  which  he  is  most  glad  to  receive. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
There  she  lost  a  noble  and  renowned  brother,  in  his  love 
toward  her  ever  most  kind  and  natural. 

Shak..  M.  for  M..  iii.  1. 

An  entertainment  throughout  with  which  everybody  was 
pleased,  and  the  good-natured  fathers  seemed  to  be  moved 
with  a  delight  no  less  hearty  than  that  of  the  boys  them- 
selves. Howells,  Venetian  Life.  xiii. 

benignantly  (be-nig'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
nignant manner;  with  kindly  or  gracious 
manner  or  intent. 

benignity  (bf-nig'ni-ti),  n. ;  pi.  benignitit  s  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  beuigni'ta(t-)s,  <  benignus,  benign:  see  be- 
nign.] 1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  benign; 
goodness  of  disposition;  kindness  of  nature; 
graciousness ;  beneficence. 

The  benignity  of  Providence  is  nowhere  more  clearly  to 
be  seen  than  in  its  compensations. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  349. 


benignity 

2.  Mildness;  want  of  severity. 

Like  tin  mildness,  the  serenity,  the  continuing  benignity 
of  a  summers  day.  I>.  Webster,  A. lams  and  Jefferson. 

3.  A  benign  or  beneficent  ileecl ;  a  kindness, 
benignly  (iu;-nin'li),  adr.    In  a  benign  manner; 

favorably;  kindly;  graciously. 
benimt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  benimen,  binimen,  <  AS. 
man  (=  OS.  biniman  =  ( 'Fries,  binima  =  I). 
benemen  =  OHGK  bineman,  M I li  i .  benemen,  G. 
In  nehmen  =  Goth,  biniman),  take  away,  <  6#  + 
niman,  take:  see  &e-l  and  nim,  and  of.  pp.  and 
deriv.  verb  benum,  benumb.]  To  take  awaj  ; 
deprive. 

All  togider  he  is  benome 

The  power  both  uf  hemle  and  fote. 

Qower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iii.  2. 
Ire  .  .  .  benimeth  the  man  from  God. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 
benincasa  (ben-in-ka'sii),  >i.  [NL.,  named  af- 
ter Giuseppe Benincasa,  an  early  patron  of  bot- 
any, and  founder  of  the  garden  at  Pisa.]  The 
white  gourd-melon,  Benincasa  hispida,  resem- 
bling the  pumpkin,  but  covered  with  a  waxy- 
pulverulent  coat.  It  is  very  generally  culti- 
vated in  tropical  countries. 
benish  (be-nesh'),  n.  [At.  benish.]  A  kind  of 
pelisse  worn  by  Arabs. 

A  l>-  which  is  a  rohe  of  cloth,  with 

long  sleeves.  E.  II'.  Lane,  Modem  Egyptians,  I.  34. 

benison  (ben'i-zn),  ».  [<  ME.  benisoun,  bene- 
son,  h,  iiisini,  i,<  neysun,  <  OF.  beneison,  In  neicun, 
beneicon,  <  LL.  benedictio(n-),  a  blessing:  see 
benediction,  and  of .  malediction,  malison.']  Bless- 
ing; benediction.  [Chiefly  in  poetry.] 
God's  benison  go  with  you.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  4. 

More  precious  than  the  benison  of  friends. 

Talfourd,  Ion,  i.  2. 

Ben-Israel  (ben'iz"ra-el),  n.     An  Abyssinian 
pygmy  antelope  of  the  genus  Xeotragus. 

benitier  (F.  pron.  ba-ne'tia),  n.  [F.,  <  ML. 
In  nedictarium,  holy-water  font,  <  LL.  benedic- 
tus,  blessed  :  see 
benedict.]  A  font 
or  vase  for  holy 
water,  placed  in 
a  niche  in  the 
chief  porch  or 
entrance  of  a 
Roman  Catholic 
church,  or,  com- 
monly, against 
one  of  the  in- 
terior pillars 
close  to  the 
door,  into  which 
the  members  of 
the  congrega- 
tion on  entering 
dip  the  fingers  of 
the  right  hand, 
blessing  them- 
selves by  mak- 
ing the  sign  of 
the  cross.  Also 
called  asperso- 
ri'iin.  st, iii i..  and 
holy-water  font 
(which  see,  un- 
der  /o«/). 

benjamin^ben'- 
ja-min),  «.  [Appar.  from  the  proper  name  Ben- 
jamin.] A  kind  of  top  coat  or  overcoat  for- 
merly worn  by  men. 

sir  Telegraph  proceeded  to  peel,  and  emerge  from  his 
four  benjamins,  like  a  butterfly  from  its  chrysalis. 

Peacock,  Melineonrt,  xxi. 
».      [=  G.  benjamin  ; 


Benitier.—  Villeneuve-le-Roi,  France : 
13th  century.  (From  Viollet-  le-  Due's 
"  I  net.  <Ie  1' Architecture."  j 


benjamin-   I  ben'ja-mrn). 
a  corrupt  oin,  in  earlier  form  of  ben- 

<i,  <|.  v.]     1.  Gum  benjamin.    See  In  u  oin. 

—  2.  An  essence  made  from  benzoin. 

ited  scent  that  ever  awaked 
a  Neapolitan  nostril       /;  Jon  on,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  v.  -2. 

benjamin-bush  (i'en'j:i-inin-bush),  n.  An  aro- 
matic slirul)  of  North  America,  lAndera  Ben- 
zoin, natural  order  l.aurne,  ,e.    Also  called  .s'/mv- 

l,u  I,. 

benjamin-tree  (ben'ja  min-tre),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  (a)  of  the  "tree  Styraa  Ben  oin,  of 
Sumatra  (see  benzoin  1,  and  1 6    of  /  icus  Ben- 

jiiiiiiin  a.  an  East   Indian  1  1 

benjoint  (ben'jo-iii),  n.    An  earlier  form  of  ben 

mil. 

benjy  (ben'ji).  n.  [Origin  obscure;  perhaps 
from  Benjy,  dim.  of  Benjamin,  a  proper  uami  .  ] 
A  low-crowned  straw  hat  baying  a  very  broad 

brim. 

ben-kit  (benlrit),  n.    A  large   wooden  vessel 

with  a  cover  to  it.     Thoresby.     [Local,  Eng.J 


526 

benmost  (ben'most),  a.  [<  beni  +  -most.  Cf. 
inmost.]     Innermost.    See  ben1.     [Scotch.] 

benne,  bene:!(hen'e),  h.  [Of  Malay  origin.]  An 
annual  plant,  Sesamum  Indicum,  natural  order 
Pedaliacem,  a  native  of  India,  but  largely  cul- 
tivated in  most  tropi- 
cal and  subtropical 
countries  for  thesake 
of  the  seeds  and  the 
oil  expressed  from  it. 
'the  leaves  are  very  muci- 
laginous, ami  readily  iin- 
j.arl  this  .nialiU  m  wati  1 
llie  seeds  have  from  an- 
cient  times  been  classed 
with  tiie  most  nutritious 
grains,  and  are  still  exten- 
sively used  for  food  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  They  yield 
about  half  their  weight 
of  eil  (known  as  In  nne 
gingili-,  teel-,  or  sesame- 
oil),  which  is  inodorous, 

not  readily  turned  rancid      Bennc-plant  (Sesamum /ndicum). 

by  exposure,  and  in  uni- 
versal use  in  India  in  cooking  and  anointing,  for  snaps, 
etc.  Large  quantities  of  both  oil  and  seeds  are  imported 
into  France,  England,  and  the  United  States,  and  are  used 
chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  for  the  adultera- 
tion of  olive-oil,  or  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

bennet1  (ben'et),  n.  [Var.  of  benfi,  ult.  <  AS. 
*beonet :  see  bent".]  A  grass-stalk ;  an  old  stalk 
of  grass.     [Prov.  Eng.j 

bennet-  (ben'et),  n.  [<  ME.  benet,  beneit,  in 
herbc  beneit,  <  OF.  *herhe  beneite  (mod.  F.  be- 
noile)  =  It.  erba  benedeltn,  <  ML.  herhit  bene- 
dicta,  i.  e.,  'blessed  herb':  see  herb  and  bene- 
iliet.]  The  herb-bennet,  or  common  avens, 
Geum  urbanum. 

bennick,  binnick  (ben'ik,  bin'ik),  n.  [E.  dial. 
(Somerset);  origin  obscure.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  minnow. 

ben-nut  (ben'nut),  «.  [<  benP  +  nut.]  The 
winged  seed  of  the  horseradish-tree,  Moringa 
pterygosperma,  yielding  oil  of  ben,  or  ben-oil. 
See  horseradish-tree. 

ben-oil  (ben'oil),  n.  [<  beifi  +  oil.]  The  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  ben-nut,  bland  and  inodorous, 
and  remarkable  for  remaining  many  years 
without  becoming  rancid.  At  a  temperature  near 
the  freezing-point  it  deposits  its  solid  fats,  and  the  re- 
maining Liquid  portion  is  used  in  extracting  the  perfumes 
of  flowers,  and  by  watchmakers  for  the  lubrication  of  deli- 
cate machinery.  The  true  ben-oil,  however,  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  seeds  of  Moringa  aptera  of  Abyssinia 
and  Arabia.    Also  called  oil  of  ben. 

benome H,  P-  a.     See  benumb. 

benome2t,  benoment.  [See  bemmib,  benim.] 
Earlier  forms  of  benum,  past  participle  of  benim. 

benorth  (be-north'),  prep.  [<  ME.  be  (bi,  by) 
northe,  <  AS.  be-northan  (=  MLG.  benorden), 
<  be,  prep.,  +  northan,  from  the  north :  see  fee-2 
and  north,  and  cf.  besoutk,  etc.]  North  of:  as, 
benorth  the  Tweed.     [Scotch.] 

benote  (be-not')j  "•  t.    [<  be-1 
annotate  or  make  notes  upon. 

benothing  (be-nuth'ing),  v.  t. 
thing.]     To  reduce  to  nothing;  annihilate. 

bensel  (ben'sel),  v.  [Also  bensall,  bensil,  hen- 
sail,  and  bentsail  (simulating  bent  +  sail),  < 
Icel.  bcn:l,  bending,  tension,  <  benda,  bend : 
see  bend1.]  1.  Force ;  violence ;  impetus. —  2. 
A  severe  stroke  or  blow,  properly  that  re- 
ceived from  a  push  or  shove.  [Scotch  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bensel  (ben'sel),  v.  t.  [<  bensel,  n.]  To  beat ; 
bang.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

benshie  (ben'she),  n.     Same  as  banshee. 

bent1  (bent),  a.  [Pret.  ami  pp,  of  bend1.]  1. 
Curved;  deflected;  crooked:  as,  a  bent  stick. 
—  2\.  Determined;  set. 

The  bent  111.  nil.    against  Cml  and  good  order. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  87. 

bent1   (bent),  n.     [Var.   of  bend1,   n..  perhaps 

after  bent1,  pret.  and  pp.;  but  cf.  descent,  <  de- 

serml ;  aseeut,  <   aseind,  etc.]      1.    The  state  of 

being  bent;  curved  form  or  position;  flexure; 
curvature.     [Now  rare.] 

With  reverence  and  lowly  bent  of  knee. 

'."  ens,  Mcnaphou's  Eclogue. 
Hold  your  rod  at  a  bent  a  little 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 
2f.  A  curved  part ;  a  crook  or  bend. — 3.  De- 
gree of  flexure  or  curvature ;  tension;  strain- 
ing; utmost  force  or  power :  an  archery  expres- 
sion, but  used  figuratively  of  mental  disposi- 
tion. 

Her  affections  have-  their  full  bent. 

Shale.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
'then  I-  I  thj   lovi    be  youngi  1  than  thyself, 

or  thy  affection  cannot  hold  the  /..  nt. 

Slink.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

Phen  an  dlverseubtli  Inquiries  concerning  the  strength 

required  to  the  bending  of  bows;  the  force  they  have  in 


+   note.] 
[<  or-1  + 


'I'., 


ben-teak 

tie  discharge  according  to  the  several  bents,  and  the 
strength  required  to  be  In  the  string  ol  them.   Bp.  ivilkins. 

4.  Declivity;  slope.     [Kare.] 

And  downward  on  an  lull  under  a  bente 

Ther  st 1  the  temple  of  Marz  armipotent. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Pale,  1.  1123. 
The  free  hours  that  we  have  spent, 
Together,  on  the  brown  bill's  bent. 

Scott,  Maiiiiinn.  Int.,  ii. 

5.  Inclination  ;  disposition  ;  a  leaning  or  bias 
of  mind;  propensity:  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind 
or  will ;  the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object. 

It  is  his  (the  legislator's]  best  policy  to  comply  with  the 
common  bent  of  mankind.         Hume,  Essays,  Commerce. 

My  smiling  at  this  observation  gave  her  spirits  to  pur- 
sue  the  bent  of  her  inclination.    Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

The  strong  bent  of  nature  is  seen  in  the  proportion 
which  this  topic  of  personal  relations  usurps  in  the  con- 
versation of  society.  Enwrson,  love. 

6.  Direction  taken  ;  turn  or  winding. 

For  souls  already  warp'd  receive  an  easy  bent. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  399. 
If  your  thoughts  should  assume  so  unhappy  a  bent,  you 

will  the   •(■  want  some  mild  and  affectionate  spirit  to 

watch  over  and  console  you.      Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

7.  In  carp.,  a  segment  or  section  of  a  framed 
building,  as  of  a  long  barn  or  warehouse. — 

8.  A  framed  portion  of  a  wooden  scaffolding 
or  trestlework,  usually  put  together  on  the 
ground  and  then  raised  to  its  place. — 9.  A 
large  piece  of  timber. —  10f.  A  cast,  as  of  the 
eye;  direction. 

Who  neither  looks  on  heaven,  nor  on  earth, 
But  gives  all  gaze  and  bent  of  amorous  view 
On  the  fair  Cressid.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

=  Syn.  5.  Bent,  Propensity,  Bias,  Inclination,  Tendency, 
Proneness,  Disposition,  all  keep  more  or  less  of  their  ori- 
ginal figurativeness.  Rent  is  the  general  and  natural  state 
of  the  mind  as  disposed  tow  aid  something;  a  decided  and 
fixed  turning  of  the  mind  toward  a  particular  object  or 
mode  of  action.  Propensiti/  is  less  deep  than  bent,  less  a 
matter  of  the  whole  nature,  and  is  often  applied  tea  strong 
appetency  toward  that  which  is  evil.  Bias  has  often  the 
same  meaning  as  bent,  but  tends  specially  to  denote  a 
sort  of  external  and  continued  action  upon  the  mind: 
as,  "morality  influences  men's  minds  ami  gives  a  bias  to 
all  their  actions,"  hick.'.  Bias  is  often  little  more  than 
prejudice.  Inclination  is  a  sort  of  bent ;  a  leaning,  more 
or  less  decided,  in  some  direction.  1.  nd\  ncy  1-  a  little 
more  than  inclinatiim,  stronger  and  more  permanent. 
Proneness  is  by  derivation  a  downward  tendency,  a  strong 
natural  inclination  toward  that  which  is  in  some  degree 
evil :  as,  proneness  to  err,  to  self-j'ustitication.  to  vice ; 
but  it  is  also  used  in  a  good  sense.  Disposition  is  often  a 
matter  of  character,  -with  more  of  choice  in  it  than  in  the 
others,  but  it  is  used  with  freedom  in  lighter  senses  :  as, 
the  disposition  to  work ;  the  disposition  of  a  plant  to  climb. 
They  fool  nie  to  the  top  of  my  bent, 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Without  the  least  propensity  to  jeer. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  42. 

The  bias  of  human  nature  to  tie  slow  in  correspondence 

triumphs  even  over  the  present  quickening  in  the  general 

pace  of  things.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  II.  '2<i3. 

It  is  so  much  your  inclination  to  do  good,  that  you  stay 
not  to  be  asked;  which  is  an  approach  so  nigh  to  the 
Deity,  that  human  nature  is  not  capable  .a  a  nearer. 

Dryden,  Ded.  to  Indian  Emperor. 

Everywhere  the  history  of  religion  betrays  a  tendency  to 
enthusiasm.  Emeesmi,  Essays,  1st  ser..  p.  256. 

Actions  that  promote  society  and  mutual  fellowship 
seem  reducible  to  a  proneness  to  do  good  to  others  ami  a 
ie.nl>  si  use  ot  any  e I  done  by  others.  South. 

It  cannot  he  denied  that  there  is  now  a  greater  disposi- 
tion amongst  men  toward  the  assertion  of  individual  lib- 
erty than  existed  during  the  feudal  ages. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  statics,  p.  187. 

bent-  (bent),  n.  [Also  dial,  bennet;  <  ME.  bent, 
<  AS.  *beonet  (found  only  in  comp.,  in  local 
names,  as  in  Beonetledh,  >  E.  Bentley)  =  OS. 
'binet  (not  authenticated)  =  LGr.  In/mil  (Brem. 
Worterb.)  =  OHG.  binuz,  binez,  Ullli.  binz.  ii. 
binse,  a  bent,  rush;  origin  unknown.]  1.  Any 
stiff  or  wiry  grass,  such  as  grows  on  commons 
or  neglected  ground,  'filename  is  given  to  many  spe- 
cies, as  Agrostis  vulgaris,  Agropyrum  junceum,  species  of 
Aira,  etc. ;  in  America  it  Is  applied  exclusively  to  Agrostis 
vulgaris  and  .1.  amino.     Also  bent-grass. 

2.  The  culm  or  stalk  of  bent ;  a  stalk  of  coarse 
withered  f?rass;  a  dead  stem  of  grass  which 
has  borne  seed. 

His  spear  a  bent  both  stiff  and  strong. 

Drayton,  Ctymphidia. 

3.  A  place  covered  with  grass;  a  field;  unin- 
closed  pasture-land;  a  heath. 

Vehe  beste  to  the  bent  that  that  bytes  on  erbeg. 

Alliterative  Poems(ed.  Morris),  ii.  532. 

Black  bent,  Alopecurus  agrestis.— Hog  or  brown  bent, 
Agrostis  canxna.— Harsh,  creeping,  fine,  or  white 
bent,  Agrostis  vulgaris.  Reed  bent,  AmmophUa  arun- 
dinacea  Wire  bent,  Nardus  etricla.  To  take  the 
bent,  to  take  to  the  bent;  tun  away.     [Scotch.] 

/'.//,.  'A.  bent,  Mr,  Itaslllcigh.  Make  ae  pair  0'  legs 
worth  twa  pair  o   bands.  ,SVn^,  Kob  Key,  II.  4. 

ben-teak  (ben'tek),  n.  A  (dose-grained,  infe- 
rior kind  of  teak,  used  in  India  for  buildings 


ben-teak  527  bequeath 

and  other  ordinary  purposes.   It  is  tho  wood  of  benumbedness  (be-numd'nes),  n.    [<  benumbed,  benzyl  (ben'zil),  n.    f<  benz(pie)  +  -yl.]     An 
Lagerstramia  microcarpa.  j,p.  of  benumb,  +' -ness.]     Tho  state  of  being    organic  radical    i  (;l  l-,(  II.,)  which  'Iocs  not  ex- 
bent-grass  (bont'gras),  «.    Same  ms  h,  at-,  i.        benumbed  ;  ahscn I' sensation  or  feeding.  ist  in  the  free  state,  but  in  combination  forms 

benthal  (ben' thai),  it.    [<  t!i-. .  Ii  vdoc,  the  depths  benumbment  (bf-num'menl ),  n.     [<  benumb  +  a  considerable  number  of  compounds. 

of  tho  sea,  + -til.}    Of  or  pertaining  to  depths  -ment]    The  act  of  benumbing;  the  state  of  benzylation  (ben-zi-la'shon),  n.     [<  benzyl  + 

of  the  sea  of  a  thousand  fathoms  and  more,  being  benumbed;  torpor.  -ation.]     The  act  of  adding  benzene  to  rosani- 

See  extract.  benweed  (ben'wed),  n.     [Also  bin-,  bind-,  butt-  line  orsomo  similar  substance. 

In  his  presidential  addreBS  to  the  biological  Becti f  weed;  <  be  it  (uncertain)  +  ireeiO.    Cf.  benthvilh,  The  tendency  of  the  bmzylatkm  being  to  give  Die  colour 

the  British   las ition  at  Ply ith  in  1877,  Mr.  Gwyn  bindweed.']     Ragwort.      [Scotland   and   North,  abluershade. 

Jeffreys  suggested  the  use  of  the  name  "benthal  .  .  .  for  Ireland   I  Craee^alvert,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  p.  399 

depths  ef  one  thousand  fathoms  anil  more,"  while  retain-   , .      u   i_    j     /,             ,,,-  1 -j\           ,-•  ,        /    ■  \  i*A*%..*ri;  .  n  ....  .  ;i'-i  \     .       r/  i          ,  _■           ■      ■>„ 

ing  the  term  "abyssal"  tor  depths  down  to  one  thousand  benzaldehyde  (ben-zal'de-hid),  n.    [<  bemfftws)  benzyhc  (ben-zil  lk),  a.     [<  benzyl  +  -jc.]    Ke- 

fathoms.                  P.  H.  Carpenter,  in  Science,  IV.  223.  +  ahleln/ile.]     The  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  C0  lated  to  or  containing  the  radical  benzyl. 

Benthamic  (ben-tham'ik),  a.    Of  or  pertaining     ¥OH.»  colorless  liquid  having  a  pleasant  bepaint  (be-pant'),  ».  I      l<be-\+ paint.]     To 

to  Jeremy  Bentham  or  to  his  system    See  Ben-  odo1'  and  soluble  m  water,    it  is.  prepared  artifl.  paint;  cover  with  paint,  or  as  with  pamt. 

,,               -                                           J  cially  on  a  large  scale,  and  used  in  making  benzoic  ai  id  Else  would  a  maiden  blush  bepaint  mi  i  heck. 

"""'"'"'•  as  well  as  various  pigmi  at  shak.,  ft.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 

The />V»M« mo- standard  of  the  greatest  happiness  was  benzamide    (ben'za-mid  or  -mid),  It.       [<    ben-  Vionalo    ibo  nnl'l     «     /       K  7i/>  1    +  „„/»2  1      Tn 

that  which  I  had  always  been  taught  to  apply  z(oic)  +  amide.]    A  white  crystalline  substance,  make  nak f                                              * 

J.  A.  .l/i//,  AutoDlOg.,  p.  64.  f,n     r,n  xTtt    j     ,  .    ,                \                     3     -,           , ■,    '  mdKe  pale. 

Benthamism  fben'tham  izm)    1       U  Bentham  C6??-CO.NH2,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  Those  perjured  lips  of  thine,  bepaled  with  blasting  sighs. 

isentnamism  (in  n  inam-izm;,  n.    y\  nentitam  amide  of  benzoyl.                                                                                          ,■„,■,  „.,  To  an  la. Btant  Servant. 

+  -,*,«.]     The  poetical  and  ethical   system  benzene  (ben'zen),  ».    [<  benzoic)  +  -ene.]    1.  bepat  (be-paf),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bepatted, 

taught  by  Jeremy  Bentham  (1/48-1832),  who  A  hydrocarbon  (0GH6)  formed   whenever  or-  p£r.  bepdtUng.     [</„-!  +  pat.]    To  beat  upon 

held  that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  great-  ganie  bodies  are  subjected  to  destructive  dis-  natter  utxin 

est  number  is  the  rational  end  of  moral  rules,  filiation  at  a  high  temperature,  and  obtained  V              as  timing  well  the  equal  sound 

and  ought  to  be  the  aim  of  governments  and  commercially  from  coal-tar.    It  is  a  clear  colorless  Thy  clutching  feet  bepat  the  ground. 

individuals  alike;  utilitarianism  (which  see).  liquid,  of  a  peculiar  ethereal,  agreeable  odor,  used  in  the  •/.  BaiUie,  The  Kitten. 

My  previous  education  (that  is,  before  1821-2]  had  been,  arts  as  a  solvent  for  gums,  resins,  fats,  etc.,  and  aa  the  bepearl  (be-pei'P),  I).  t.      [</«-!   +  pearl.]     To 

i„  a  certain  sense,  already  a  e^  ^Benthamism.      ^  material  from  which  «*"«*«•  -line  colors  are  J        ^  ^  Qr  ^  sMqU^  ^  ^ 

,   „    ,.      .          .    ,  .  ,   ..    .    ,i  .,     ,,     '       .  2.  Same  as  benzin  or  benzine.  pearls. 

Is  Bentham  ism  so  absolutely  the  truth,  that  the  Pope  is  Von^il  H.pn'^in   „       r<  hen  -t„i„\  4-    ;;  1     A  ™m  This  primrose  aU  iwpeoried  with  dew. 

to  he  denounced  because  he  has  not  yet  become  a  convert  DenZll  (ben  zil),  h.      |_<  bciu(oin)  +  -if.  J     Acom-  *         Corew  The  Primrose 

to  it?                      J.  ff.  Newman,  Letters  (1875),  p.  114.  pound  (CiiHioOr,)   obtained  by  the  oxidation  ,         ,.,,-       ,,,,              r,  ,     ,    ,        '„,  ,    m        ,'. 

Benthamite  (ben'tham-it),  „.     [<«/,»+  of ;  benzoin,  anSakoby  heating bromotoluylene  ^t/^-P^  >»  "• '■     [<^+J^J    To  pelt 

fflamisn^^dherenfofihe  Samic  benzillc  (be^-zil'ikU.    [<  benzil  +  -ic]    Of,  bepepper  (be-pep'er)  v  t     [<  ^  +  paper.] 

nhi  otX              adherent  of  the  Benthamlc  pertaining  to,  or  formed  from  benzil:  as.  ben-  .lo  pepper;  pelt  with  thickly  fa  lmg  blows, 

pnitosopnj.  eilie  &aii  bepester  (be-pes'ter),  v.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  pester.] 

atmfterftansSet.to?iamrsiD8anagestilldimmedby  benziinide  (ben 'zi -mid  or  -mid),  11.     [<  ben-  To  perter  greatly ;  plague ;  harass 

1      mSte0tranSLet'T™o1/rf,  Essays  in  Criticism,  p.  !3.  K(m)  +  («^4i]     A  compound  (C23H18N203)  bepinch  (be-pinch  ),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  pmeh.]    To 

hpntinck  rben'tine-kl    v      TProin  Tantaiii  Bph  formed  by  the  action  of  hydrocyanic  acid  on  Pluen  01  Oiuise  an  over. 

^0^0737-75)    tilT mventor 1     Naif  Tl WaT  hydrid  of  benzoyl.    It  occurs  also  in  the  resinous  resi-  J"  ll»f!f8'  a"",s'  shoulders  all  bepincht         ... 

(1//1A  (i/di    ,0),  tne  inventor,  j     jyaur.,  a  Wian-  a5e  o(  the  rectiflcafion  of  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds.  Ran  thick  the  weals.              Chapman,  Iliad,  xxin. 

gular  course   used  as  a  trysail :  now  generally  fe       j     benzine  (ben'zin,  ben-zen'),  n.    [<  ben-  bepinkt  (be-pingk'),  r.  f.     [<  be-1  +  pink.]     To 

ZSStfSL  h^on  SSt»^  ^-)  +  -2,  ■**]     A  colorless  Imipidlnpud  pmk;  eut^^^lops  or  pierce  with  s,,,all  holes. 

Bentinck  shrouds,  ropes  extending  from  the  weather  consisting  ot  a  mixture  of  volatile  hydrocarbons  bepiSS  (be-pis  ),  v.  t.    [<  te-i  +  piss.]     To  piss 

futtock-Btaff  to  the  lee-channels,  to  support  the  mast  when  and  having  a  specific  gravity  of  between  62°  upon;  wet  with  urine. 

theriiip  is  rolling  heavily     [No  longer  used.]             _  and65°B.    It  is  obtained  bythe  fractional  distillation  of  bepitcht  (bf-pich'),  V.  t.     [<  be-1  +  pitch?.]    To 

bentmess  (ben  ti-nes),  n.     the  state  01  being  petroleum.    It  is  essentially  different  from  benzene,  being  cover  or  stain  with  pitch ;  hence,  to  blacken  or 

benty.  a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons,  while  benzene  is  a  single  hy-  darken       Xiileevtei' 

bentiilg  (ben'ting).  H.      [<  ben&  + -in<].]     The  drocarbon  of  constant  composition.    Its  chief  use  in  the  b  '  j+ v('be-i',it'i)    r     t  •  nret    and  DD    benitied 

act  of  ?eekino-nr  collectimr  bents  or  bent  stalts  arts  is  as  a  solvent  for  fats,  resins,  caoutchouc,  and  certain  oepny  toe  pit  I),  v.   r. ,  pier,   ana  ]<p.   uipiuett, 

act  01  seeKmg  or  collecting  Dents  01  bent-stalks,  alkaloids.    Also  improperly  written  ben;en.:  ppr.  bepitymg.     [<  6e-l  +  pity.]     To  pity  ex- 

The  pigeon  never  knoweth  woe  benzoate  (ben'zo-at),  11.     [<  bcnzo(ie)  +  -afel.]  ceedingly. 

1  ntil  she  doth  a  benhng  go.     Ray's  Proverbs.  A  salt  of  benzoic  acid.  Mercy  on  him,  poor  heart !    I  bepitied  him,  so  I  did. 

benting-time  (ben'ting-tim),  11.   The  time  when  benzoated  (ben'zo-a-ted),  a.     Mixed  with  ben-  Fielding,  Tom  Jones,  x.  9. 

pigeons  feed  on  bents  before  peas  are  ripe :  as,  zoin  or  benzoic  acid.  beplait  (be-plaf),  v.  t.     [<  6c-1  +  plait.]     To 

••rare  benUng-times,"  Dnjtlen,  Hind  and  Pan-  benzoic   (ben-zo'ik),    a.      [<  benzo(in)    +   4e.]  lllait- 

ther,  iii.  1283.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  benzoin.- Ben-  beplaster  (be-plas'ter),  r.  t.     [<  5e-l  +  plastt  r.  1 

bentivi,   bentiveo  (ben-te've,  -te-va'o),  n.  zoic  acid,  CgHBCOOH,  a  peculiar  vegetable  acid,  oh-  To  cover  with  plaster;   cover  or  smear  over 

[Said  to  be  Braz.]     A  name,  said  to  be  used  in  t»"ied  from  benzoin  and  other  balsams  hy  sublimation  or  thickly  ;  bedaub. 

Brazil,  of  a  clamatorial  passerine  bird  of  the  "rand"  t£Sh?5tfl2£5  SlgMy  ailalk- :  it  B^Mer'd  wIth  ">***■             GM^'h'  Retaliation, 

family  lyranmda,  tho  Pttangus  sulphuratus  of  is  used  in  making  incense  and  pastils. -Benzoic  ether,  a  beplume  (be-plom'),  r.   t.     [<  6e-l  +  plume.] 

authors  in  general,  Tyrannus sulphuratus  (Vieil-  substance  obtained  by  distilling  together  4  parts  of  alco-  t0  furnish  or  adorn  with  feathers  ■  plume 

lot),  Lnnim  stdplutrittiis  (Linmeus),  originally  ^^V^^^rTi^^^tnZ  bepommel  (be-pum'el),  *.  t.     [<  )«-l  +  pom- 

described  in  1760  by  Brisson  as  la  pie-grieseU  i^a  feeble  an, maticsniefl ^UkS "thai  nflruita,  ami  a  mel.]     To  pommel  soundly;  drub. 

jaune  de  Cayenne,  and  hence  long  supposed  to  pungent  aromatic  taste— Benzoic  fermentation.    See  bepowder  (be-pou'der),  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  powder.] 

be  a  shrike.  fermentation.                                                   %  To  powder;' sprinkle  or  cover  aU  over  with 

bentrovatO(bantr6-vii't6).  [It.:  ben,<li.bene,  benzoin  (ben  zo-m  or -zom),  w.     [hirst  in  16th  powdel.  as  the  hair 

well;  trovato  (pi.  irnvati),  pp.  of  trovare,  find,  century;  also  written  benjoin,  bemjetri/ne   ben-        u  „„,  ;,;„,  „„.„,,;       inst  his  ,vill  , e     , 

invent:   see  trove]      Well   feigned;   well  in-  !/":i»,  later  benzvon,  etc.  (also  corruptly  benja-  .  .  .  aii  the  thought  withinside  his  noddle  to  bepowder 

vented :  a  part  of  a  familiar  Italian  saying,  Se  "";"2'  1- v- )>  =  D-  bcnjttin  =  Gr.  benzoe,  benzoin  =  and  becurl  the  outside? 

noil  e  vero,  e  ben   trovato  (If  it  is  not  true,  it  ^an.  benzoe,  <   F.  benjoin,  <  Pg.   beyoim  =   Sp.  A-  Tucker,  Freewill,  Foreknowledge,  etc.,  p.  98. 

is  well   imagined),  sometimes  introduced,  in  benjtti,  nititjtii  =  It.  benzoi,  <  Ar.   Inbtin  jatva,  bepraise  (bf-praz'),  v.  1.    [<  5e-l  +  praise.]    To 

various  relations,  in  English.  lit. 'incense  of  Java' (Sumatra).   The  omission  praise  greatly  or  extravagantly ;  puff. 

Various  anecdotesof  him  (Dante)are  related  byBoccac-  !n  .Rom-.of  the  syllabic  lu-  was  prob.  due  to  its  Bepiaised  by  newspapers  and  magazines. 

cio,  Sacchetti,  and  others,  none  of  them  verisimilar,  and  being  mistaken  tor  the  del.  art.]     Crura  benja-  Goldsmith,  Essays,  viii. 

some  of  them  at  least  fifteen  centuries  old  when  revamped,  rain;    the   concrete   resinous   juice   of   Styrax  Hardly  any  man,  and  certainly  no  politician,  has  been 

Most  of  them  are  neither  veri  nor  ben  trovati.  Benzoin    a  tree  of  Sumatra   Java   and  the  Ma  s0  bepraised  as  Burke.                Contemporary  Rev.,  t.  27. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  LMscr,  p.  19.  iay  peninsula,  obtained  by  incisions  into  the  bepray   (be-pra'),  0.  t.     [<  ir-l   +  pray.]     To 

benty  (ben'ti),  (?.     [<  bent*  +  -yl.]     1.  Of,  per-  bark.    The  benzoin  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  both  pray ;   beseech.     Shale. 

taming  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bent  or  bent-  Sumatra  and  Siam,  that  from  Siam  being  much  superior  beprose  (be-proz'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  -I-»tosc.]     To 

grass.— 2.   Covered  with  or  abounding  in  bent,  to  the  other  in  quality.    When  rubbed  or  heated,  it  has  reduce  to  rirose. 

benumt,  p.  a.  and  „.  t.     An  earlier  form  of  be-  i£ffi£ffiS^ffiic£ ?  %&SZ!aS>Sto  To  **»"  •"  *^ 

nitinli.  and  Greek  ehurelies,  and  is  the  base  of  the  tincture  called  bepucker  (be-jmk'er),  r.  f.      [<  6a-1  +  pucker.] 

benumbt,  benome't,  p.  a.      [Early  mod.  E.,  <  friars'  or  Turlington's  balsam,  long  famous  as  a  remedy  To  pucker 

ME.  Iienonic,  benomen,  <  AS.  bentinien,  pp.  of  be-  im  bronchitis  ami  an  effective  applieati..,.  to  indolent  benuff  (be-mif)  v   t      T<  fte-1  +  nufM      To  nuff- 

,,;.,,„,,    derive-    see  benim  ~\     P.enombed  sores,  etc.    It  forms  the  medicinal  ingredient  of  court-  Oepim  loe-pui  ),V.  T.     \_\.  oe-    fpuy.]      10  pun, 

mman, ,aepnve.  see  oemrn^     tsenumoed.  piaster.    See  Styrax.  bepraise. 

benumb  (be-num  )   v.  I.    [Early  mod.  E.  benttm,  benzol  (ben'z'ol),  11.     [Less  prop,  benzole;  <  ben-  Doggeries  never  so  diplomaed,  bepuffed,  gaslighted,  con- 

litiitniilir,  benome,  <  benumb,  bentnii,  beiioine,  p.  a.:  z(oic)  +  -ol.]     Same  as  benzene,  1.  tinue  doggeries.              CoWyJ«,  Past  and  Present,  p.  392. 

see  benumb,  ]i.  a.]     1.  To  make  torpid;  deprive  benzolin   (ben'zo-lin),    «.      [<  benzol  +   -in?.]  bepurple   (be-per'pl),  v.   t.     [<  be-1  +  purple.] 

of  sensation:  as,  a  hand  or  toot  benumbed  by  Samo  as  benzene,  1.  To  tinge  or  dye  with  a  purple  color.     Digges. 

cold.— 2.  lo  stupefy;  render  inactive.  benzolize  (ben'zo-liz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  ben-  bepuzzle  (be-puz'l),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  puzzle.']    To 

Itseizesuponthevitals,and(icHiiKi(«  thesenses.    South,  zoliznl,  ppr.  benzotiziug.     [<  benzol  +  -ize.]     To  puzzle  greatly  ;  perplex. 

My  mind  revolts  at  the  reverence  for  foreign  authors,  treat,  impregnate,  or  cause  to  combine   with  bepuzzlement  (be-puz'1-ment).  n.     [<  bepuzzle 

which  stilh-s  inquiry,  restrains  investigation,  benumbs  the  benzene  or  a  benzene  derivative.  +  -ment.]     Perplexity. 

vigor  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  subdues  and  debases  benzoyl  (ben'zo-il  or  -zoil),   «.    [<  benzo(ie)   +  bequeath  (be-kweTH'').  B.  t.      [<  ME.  beiiurtlien, 

t"em""'-                        lV-  »<•(«<"•,  m  bcudder,  p.  230.  _,,,-]  The  radical  (C7HB0)  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil  biquethen,  earUer  bicwethen,  <   AS.  beSwethan, 

benumbed  (bf-numd'),  p.  a.     Numb  or  torpid,  of  bitter  almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series  of  declare,  affirm,  give   by  will,  <   be- +  cwethan, 

either  physically    or    morally:    as,    benumbed  compounds  derived  from  this  oil,  or  connected  say.     The  simple  verb  became  obsolete  in  the 

limbs;  benumbed  faith.  with  it  by  certain  relations.  ME.  period,  except  in  the  pret.  quoth,  which 


bequeath 

remains  archaically  in  an  idiomatic  construe-  berat  (be-raf),  n 
tion  (see  quoth).    The  compound  has  been  pre- 
served through  its  technical  use  in  wills. J     If. 
To  give  away;  transfer  the  possession  of ;  as- 
sign as  a  gift. 

Wilt  thou  forsake  thy  fortune, 
Bequeath  thy  land  to  him,  and  follow 

M>nk.,  K.  John,  i.  l. 

2.  To  give  or  leave  by  will;  assign  as  a  legacy: 
more  commonly,  but  not  necessarily,  used  el' 
personal  property,  in  contradistinction  to  Peal 
property,  which  is  said  to  be  devised. 

Mine  heritage, 
Which  mv  dead  father  <  1  i> I  bequeath  to  me. 

sl,<t!,.,  lv  rules,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  hand  down ;  transmit. 
due  generation  has  bequeathed  its  religious  gloom  and 

the  counterfeit  of  Us  religious  ardor  to  the  next. 

lla/ettmrue.  Main  Street. 

Greece  has  bequeathed  to  us  her  ever  living  tongue,  and 
the  immortal  productions  of  her  intellect. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  16. 

4f.  To  commit;  commend;  intrust. 

We  to  flames  our  slaughtered  friends  bequeath. 

Pope,  Iliad,  vii.  399. 

5f.  To  give  or  yield;  furnish;  impart. 
A  niggards  purse  shall  scarce  bequeath  his  master  a 

e 1  <iii r. 

l;  tmyl      Pari.,  in  Hail.  Misc.  (Malh.),  III.  72.   (A.  E.  D.) 

That  which  bequeaths  it  this  slow  pace. 

A.  Fairfax,  l'.ulk  and  Selv.,  p.  122.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

6f.  Reflcxivcly,  to  commit ;  dedicate;  devote. 

Orpheus  .  .  .  bequeaths  himself  to  a  solitary  life  in  the 

deserts.  K.  Diijby,  Broad stoncof  Honour,  1. 166.  {X.E.D.) 

bequeatht  (be-kwiSH'),  n.    [<  bequeath,  ».]    A 

bequest. 
bequeathable  (be-kwe'THa-bl).  a.    [<  bequeath 

+  -ahle.]     Callable  of  being  bequeathed. 
bequeathal  (be-kwe'THal),  n.    [<  bequeath  + 
-at.]     The  aet  of  bequeathing;  bequest. 

The  beqw  atfud  of  their  savings  may  be  a  means  of  giv- 
ing unalloyed  happiness.  The  American,  VI.  324. 

bequeather   (be-kwe'THer),  re.     One  who  be- 
queaths. 
bequeathment    (be-kweTH '  ment),  n.    [<  be- 


528  berg 

[Armen.]      A  warrant  or  berdasht,  »■     See  burdash. 
patent  of  dignity  or  privilege  given  by  an  t>ri-  berdet,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  beard. 


qitcath  +  ->neiit.~]  The  act  of  bequeathing;  a 
bequest. 

bequest  (be-kwosf),  n.  [<  ME.  bequeste,  by- 
quyste,  prob.  (with  excrescent  -t,  as  in  be- 
hest, and  shifted  accent,  after  the  verb)  <  AS. 
bicwis  lequiv.  to  bictoide,  ME.  bequide,  after 
/.,  cwt  than.  M  B.  '»  qut  th  n  ),<  hi-,  accented  form, 
in  nouns,  of  hi-,  he-,  +  ewis  (cwiss-),  saying,  < 
cwethan,  say:  see  bequeath."]  1.  The  act  of 
bequeathing  or  leaving  by  will. 

He  claimed  the  crown  to  himself,  pretending  an  adop-  TJorViorio  /h&1.'>iB_T;n1 
tion,  or  bequest  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the  Confes-  W* 

Sir  M.  Hale. 

Possession,  with  the  right  of  bequest  and  inheritance,  is 
the  stimulant  which  raises  property  to  its  highest  value. 
JV.  A.  Rev.,  OXLIII.  58. 

2.  That  which  is  left  by  will;  a  legacy. —  3. 
That  which  is  or  has  been  handed  down  or 
transmitted. 

our  cathedrals,  our  creeds,  our  liturgies,  our  varied 
minis! ii    >ol  compassion  for  every  form  of  human  sutfer- 
[rom  the  age  of  faith. 
//.  X.  Oxenham.  short  Studies,  p.  263. 

bequestt  (be-kwesf),  v.  t.     [<  bequest,  re.]    To 
give  as  a.  bequest;  bequeath. 
bequethet,  r.  t.     An  obsolete  form  of  bequeath. 

Chaucer. 
bequia-sweet   (ba-ke'ii-swet),  it.     [See  quot.] 
An  oscine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Ictcridie 
and  sal. family  Quiscalinw ;  the  Quiscalus  lumi- 
nosus,  a  grakle  found  in  the  Caribbees:  so  named 
its  note. 
In  Bequla  [in  the  Caribbees],  and  extending  through- 
out I  ds],  is  a  blackbird,  a  new  species 
nam                        isluminosus,  which  makes  the  air  re- 
i  with  it    joyous  cry:  "Bequia  sweet,  sweet,  Bequia 
Camps  in  the  I  'ariliticcs,  p.  :'I0. 

bequote  Hie-kwot' I,  c. /.     [<   be-1  +  quote.']     To 

quote  Eti  qui  nth  or  much. 
beraftt,  pp.    A  -Middle  English  past  participle  $$£gj?  (Wber-i), 

beraint  (be-ran').  ''■  '•  \'  ME.  berat/ncn,  bcrci- 
iii  a  i=  OHG.  bireganon,  G-.  beregnen),  <  be-  + 
ri  nn  n,  rail  :  Bei  ■■•   landratre1.]   To  rain  upon. 

With  med. 

Chaud  r,  I  roini    iv.  1 172. 

Berardius  (be-rar'di-us),  n.  [  Nl...  named  alter 
M.  liinnit.]  A  genus  of  odontocete  whales, 
of  the  family  Physt  nbfamily  Ziphii 


ental  monarch. 
berate  (l'V-rat '),''■  <■    [<  be-1  +  rate".]   To  chide 
vehemently;  scold. 

Zopyrus  berated  Socrates  as  if  he  had  caught  a  pick- 
pocket  ''"/'•  Sei.  Ho.,  XXII.  05. 

berattlet  (be-rat'l),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  rattle.]  To 
cry  down;  abuse;  rundown.     Shak.     [Hare.] 

beraunite  (be-ra'nit),  n.  [<  Jieraitn  (see  def.) 
+  -(7c".]  A  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron  of  a 
reddish-brown  color,  found  at  St.  Benigua  near 
Beraun  in  Bohemia. 

berayt  (be-ra'),  v.  t.  [<  he-1  +  ray3.]  1.  To 
make  foul;  defile;  soil. 

Beraying  the  font  and  water  while  the  bishop  was  bap- 
tizing him.  UUton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  To  scent. 

How  conies  your  handkercher 
So  sweetly  thus  be  in 'ill : 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

berbe  (herb),  n.  The  name  of  an  African  genet, 
Genetta  paraina. 

Berber  (ber'ber),  n.  and  a.  [<  Ar.  Berber,  Bar- 
bar,  the  Berbers:  see  barbarij  and  i/«W)3.]  I.  re. 
1.  A  person  belonging  to  any  one  of  a  group 
of  tribes  inhabiting  the  mountainous  parts  of 
Barbary  and  portions  of  the  Sahara,  descended 
from  the  primitive  race  of  those  regions. —  2. 
The  language  spoken  by  the  Berbers.  It  is 
one  of  the  Hamitic  languages. 

II,  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Berbers  or 
their  language. 

Berberidaceas  (ber"be-ri-da'se-e),  re.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bain  ris  (  Hi  tin  rid-)  +  -a'eea1.]  A  natural 
order  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  thalamifloral 
dicotyledons,  distinguished  from  allied  orders 
by  having  the  few  stamens  in  two  or  three 
whorls  and  the  anthers  opening  by  valves.  The 
genera  are  widely  distributed,  hut  are  small,  with  the 
exception  of  Berberis.  Of  the  smaller  genera,  the  blue 
cohosh  (CaulophyUum),  the  mandrake  (Podophyllum),  and 
the  twin-leaf  (Jeffersonia)  are  of  more  or  less  repute  in 
medicine,  and  the  Akebui  is  an  ornamental  climber.  See 
cut  under  Berberis. 

berberidaceous  (ber"be-ri-da'shius),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bcrberidacew. 

berberine  (ber'be-rin),  re.  [<  NL.  berberina : 
see  Berberis  and  -ine%.]  An  alkaloid  (C20.H17 
NO4)  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, being  found  in  the  barberry  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  plants,  or  parts  of  plants, 
whose  extracts  combine  a  yellow  color  and  bit- 
ter taste.  It  forms  tine  yellow  acicular  crystals,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  having  a  bitter  taste.  The  sul- 
phate and  hydrochlorate  are  soluble,  but  with  difficulty. 

n.  [NL. :  see  barberry.] 
The  principal  genus  of  the  natural  order  Ber- 
beridaeece,  including   the    common    barberry. 

It  contains    about   50 
species     of      shrubby 
plants,  mostly  Ameri- 
can, and  ranging  from 
Oregon  to    Tierra  del 
Fuego.    The    common 
barberry.   It.  vulgaris, 
the  only  European  spe- 
cies ami  extensively  na- 
turalized in  the  United 
States,  is  well  known 
for  its  red  arid  berries, 
which  make  a  pleasant 
preserve.    The    leaves 
also  are  acid,  and  the 
bark   and  root,   as  in 
many  other  species,  are 
astringent  and  yield  a 
yellow  dye.     The  hark 
of  the  root  of  this  and 
of  several    Asiatic  spe- 
cies, as   />'.   L/ieiniii,   ]:. 
Axiiitii'",   and    It.   arts- 
tata,  is  used  as  a  hitter  tonic 
berberine  (which  see).    Some 
species,    rh  -inr-ui-h.-d   by   pinnati    1  v.  run  1  11 
including  the  Oregon  grape  of  the  Pacific  coast,  /;.  .I'/in- 
folium,  arc  frequently   cultivated   for  ornament.    The 
stamens  in  this  genus  arc  curiously  irritable,  springing 
forward  upon  the  pistil  when  the  inner  side  of  the  tlla- 
Ineiil  is  touched. 

Same  as  hitrhemj. 


bere't,  v.,  bere2t,  »•>  etc.    An  obsolete  form  of 

bear1,  hear-,  etc.,  herri/*,  etc. 
Berean  (be-re'an),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written  iSe- 
raaii,  <  L'.  BehrttH,  <  lieraa,  <  <lr.  Bipoia,  Bep- 
pma.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  town 
of  Berea  (Bercea,  now  Verria)  in  Macedonia; 
in  religious  use,  resembling  the  people  of  Berea 
as  described  in  the  Acts.     See  II.,  2. 

II.  11.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Berea. — 
2.  ( >nc  of  a  sect  of  dissenters  from  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  who  took  their  name  from  and 
profess  to  follow  the  ancient  Bereans  men- 
tioned in  Acts  xvii.  11,  in  building  their  sys- 
tem of  faith  and  practice  upon  the  Scriptures 
alone,  without  regard  to  human  authority. 
Also  called  Barclayites,  from  their  founder, 
John  Barclay  (1734-98),  of  Muthill,  Perthshire. 
Berea  sandstone.  See  sandstone. 
bereave  (be-reV),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bereaved  or 
bereft,  ppr."  bereaving.  [<  MB.  bereven,  bireoen 
(pret.  berevede,  berefte,  bereft,  berafte,  pp.  be- 
reved,  bereft,  beraft),  <  AS.  hereof  an  (=  OFries. 
hirdra  =  OS.  birobhon  =  D.  berooven  =  OHG. 
hiriiubon,  MHG.  herouhen,  G.  beraitben  =  Goth. 
biraubon),  rob,  bereave,  <  he-  +  redfian,  plun- 
der, rob:  see  be-1  and  ruin. ]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
deprive  by  or  as  if  by  violence;  rob;  strip: 
with  of  before  the  thing  taken  away. 
Me  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  children.  Gen.  xlii.  36. 

fate  had  weaveu 
The  twist  of  life,  and  her  of  life  bereaven. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
Wilt  thou  die  e'en  thus, 
Ruined  'midst  ruin,  ruining,  bereft 
O/name  and  honor? 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  18. 
[It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  more  especially  in  the 
passive,  the  subject  of  the  verb  being  either  the  person 
deprived  or  the  thing  taken  away. 

And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so. 

Shah:,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  381. 
All  your  interest  in  those  territories 
Is  utterly  bereft  you.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.1 

2f.  To  take  away  by  destroying,  impairing,  or 
spoiling;  take  away  by  violence. 
Shall  move  you  to  bereave  my  life.  Marlowe. 

I  think  his  understanding  is  liereft. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

3f.  To  deprive  of  power;  prevent. 
No  thing  may  bireve 
A  man  to  love,  til  that  him  list  to  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  685. 

II.  intraiift.  To  destroy  life  ;  cut  off.     [Rare.] 

bereavement  (be -rev 'ment),  n.     [<  bereave  + 

-ment.]    1.  The  act  of  bereaving. — 2.  The  state 

of  being  bereaved ;  grievous  loss ;  particularly, 

the  loss  of  a  relative  or  friend  by  death. 

He  bore  his  bereavement  with  stoical  fortitude. 

//,  Smith,  tor  Hill. 

bereaver  fbe-re'ver),  n.  One  who  bereaves  or 
deprives  another  of  something  valued. 

bereft  (be-reff).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bereave. 

Berengarian  (ber-cn-ga'ri-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Hirniqariits,  Berengar.  a  theologian,  born 
about  A.  D.'  998.  died  about  1088.]  I.  ».  One  of 
a  sect  which  followed  Berengarius  or  Berengar 
of  Tours,  archdeacon  of  Angers  in  the  eleventh 
century,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Berengarians 
or  their  opinions. 

Berengarianism  (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm),  re.  [< 
Berengarian  +  -ism.]  The  opinions  or  doctrines 
of  Berengarius  and  his  followers.  See  Beren- 
garian. 

;""'  l,1'„"l''  ,A"',rl I  Berenice's  hair.    See  Coma  Bt  renices. 

el    tile    Millmitiit     group    ot     wvh,,hvv  g  uwu. 

>ate  evergreei ves,  and  beresite  (her  e-sil ).  11.     [<  rirres(orsl)  +  -ite-.] 

A  iine-grained  granite  found  near  Beresovsk, 
Russia,  in  the  Ural,  associated  with  gold-bear- 
ing quartz. 

beret,  berret1  (ber'et),  re.  [F.  ht'ret,  <  ML.  be- 
ritta,  liinila.  a  cap:  see  liar  ret-  and  birctta.] 
1.  A  round  flat  woolen  cap  worn  by  the  Basque 
peasantry.     X.  E.  D. — 2.  Same  as  birctta. 


Barbeny  {Berberis  vulgaris),  with 
font,  tl'iwer,  and  anther  \n  a)  in  the 
act  of  dehiscence. 


berbine"(i»''r'liin),  ».    [<  Berb(eris)   +  -/«<-.] 

An  alkaloid  extracted  from  the  root  and  inner 

bark  of  the   barberry.    It  is  an  amorphous  beretta,  n.     See  biretta 

white  powder,  bitter  to  the  taste.  berettina,  n.     See  birrettina. 

berceuse  ( I ni r-se/. '),  h.    [  P.,  a  rocker,  a  lullaby,  berewickt,  »•     See  bennrk. 

<'f.    h, ,;;„,,.   a   cradle,   <  bercer,   rock,  lull   to  berg1  (berg),  »•    ,<  Icel.  S\v.  Norw.  her,, 


:Dan. 


sleep.]    a  cradle-song;  especially,  a  vocal  or 

instrumental   composition    of   a  tender,   quiet. 

and  sunt  long  character. 
we,  having  two  rn                "  "'""  ,:"'1' 's"''' "'  bercheroot   (ber'che-r8t),   re.     The    Russian 
the  mandibular  symphysis,    iti   relatedlng .1     ,„„m,i,   the  unit  of  weight  in  Russia.    The 

'     1      toZipl eel    1/ II j      I ,  ,.,,,,].,, .a     ,,.•     ,^->r,     ,,, |u     d.OO'ilT.l     .rviiTTW       nr 

1 In  tal 80feel    1    1 in,     standa.id    o      lK.iS    equals    1(1.1.. .1/4    grams,    or 

,  ,  0.9028307  oi  a  pound  avoirdupois. 

Berard  steel.    See  steel.  bercowetz,  «.    See  hnkarets. 


bjerg,  a  rock.  Gt.  herg  =  E.  barrow\  a  hill.]    A 

rock.      [Shetland.] 

berg-  (berg),  11.  [From  -berg  in  iceberg,  <  Ot. 
1  isberg :  see  iceberg.  Not  from  AS.  beorg,  a  bill, 
which  gives  10.  barrow1,*  mound  (but  of.  bergh) : 
see  harrow1.]  A  large  floating  mass  or  moun- 
tain of  ice ;  an  iceberg. 
Like  glittering  bergs  of  ice.         Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 


bergall 
;al),  n.    [Also  written  burgaU,  var. 


520 


bergall  (Wr'.. 

of  bergell,  bergle,  <\.  v.]  The  ounner  or  blue- 
peroh,  a  very  common  New  England  fish,  Cft  reo- 
tofrnw  mlsjii  rsiis.    See  bin-null,  and  out  under 

CUnner. 

Bergamask  (ber'ga-mask),  a.  ami  re.  [<  It. 
Bergamasco,  adj.,  <  lingaiuo,  a  town  in  lt.il> 
Cf.  'bei-gnim  1*1.  |'  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tli 
city  or  province  of  Bergamo  in  northern  Italy, 
or'tlie  distriel  of  Bergamasea:  as,  Bergamask 
traditions;  the  Bergamask  Alps;  "a  Bergamask 
dance,"  */<o/.\.  M.  N.  D.,v.  1. 

II.  ii.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Bergamo  or  Ber- 
gamasca. 

A  gibe  at  the  poverty  ol  the  BergamtuHa,  anions  whom, 
moreover,  the  extremes  of  stupidity  and  cunning  are 
must  usually  found,  according  to  the  popular  notion  in 
[taly,  Howelts,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

2.  [=  F.  bergamasque.]  A  rustic  dance  in  im- 
itation of  the  people  of  Borganiasca,  who  were 
ridiculed  as  clownish  in  manners  and  speech. 

bergamot1  (ber'ga-mot),  re.  [Formerly  also 
burgamot,  burgembtt,  bourgamot,  appar.  <  Ber- 
gamo, a  town  in  Italy.  Cf.  bergamot2.']  1.  A 
Variety  of  the  lime  or  lemon,  ( 'Urns  im  dica,  with 
a  very  aromatic  rind,  from  which,  either  by  me- 
chanical means  orby  distillation,  the  volatile  oil 
of  bergamot  (known  in  trade  as  essence  of  ber- 
gamot) is  obtained.  The  essence  is  a  product 
chiefly  of  southern  Italy,  and  is  much  em- 
ployed in  perfumery. —  2.  The  popular  name 
of  several  labiate  plants,  as  in  England  of 
Mentha  eitratn.  and  in  the  United  States  of 
Monarda  fistulosa  and  M.  iliilyma.—  Z.  A  kind 
of  snuff  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

Gives  the  nose  its  bergamot.  Couper,  Task,  ii. 

4.  A  coarse  tapestry  manufactured  from  flocks 
of  wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  from  the  hair 


tain-meal  or  fossil  farina,  a  geological  deposit 
in  the  form  of  an  extremely  fine  powder,  eon-  ,     ,. 

sisting almost  entirely  of  the  silicions frustules  BffiS  iPJ 
or  cell-walls  of  diatoms.    It  lias  been  eaten  In  Lap- 
land in  season,  oi  great  scarcity,  mixed  with  ground  corn 
and  bark, 
bergmote  (berg'mot),  re.    Same  as  barmote. 
ge  bergy  (ber'gi),  «■    [<  &«rff2  + -91.]     1.  lull  of 
bergs  or  icebergs. —  2.  Resembling  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  berg. 

\  considerable  bergy  mass  of  ice. 

C.  /■'.  //"",  Polar  Expedition,  p.  2S& 

bergylt  (ber'gilt),  n.  [Also  written  berguylt 
(see  also  bergle,  bergall,  ourgatt);  <  Norw.  berg- 
gylta,  dial,  berggalt,  appar.  <  berg,  cliff,  preci- 
pice, hill,  +  </'/''"  =  Icel.  gylta  and  gyltr,  a  sow.] 
A  name  in  Shetland  of  the  rose-fish,  Sebastes 
marinus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Scorpamidee.  Also 
called  Norwegian  haddock.  See  cut  under  Se- 
bastes. 

berhyme,  v.  t.    See  berime. 

beriberi  (ber'i-ber-i),  ».  [Singhalese;  an  in- 
tensive redupl.  of  beri,  weakness.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  anemia,  muscular  and  sen- 


Bernicla 

A  fat.  man  in  black  tights  and  elon.lv  Berlin 

Dickm  .  I  ii--  i  s  al  Bamsgate. 

^j-lin-',  berling,  n.    See  birlin. 

Berlin  blue,  iron,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

berloque  ii'er-ioi;').  ».  fl-'.j  MUit.,  the  tattoo 
n| a  drum  announcing  a  meal-time. 

berm  (berm),  re.  [Also Written  berme,  rarely 
hirw,  harm;  ef.  V.  berme,  =  Buss,  berma,  etc., 
<  Ml>.  berme,  D.  berm,  berme,  =  MLG.  berme, 
barm,  =  I  i.  bi  run .  a  berm,  prob.  =  Icel.  bat  mr, 
edge,  border,  brim,  as  of  a  river  or  the  sea,  etc.: 
see  luitiil.]  1.  A  narrow  ledge;  specifically, 
in  fort.,  a  space  of  ground  or  a  ten-nee  from  3  to 
5  feet  in -width,  left  between  theramparl  and 
tho  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the  ruins 
of  the  rampart  in  tho  even!  of  a  bombardment, 
and  to  prevent  the  earth  from  filling  the  loss. 
Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  In  the  Netherlands  it  is 
generally  planted  with  a  quickset  hedge. 

If  we  accept  the  Hindu  Kush  as  our  mountain  Fortress, 
then,  to  use  a  technical  phrase,  Afghan  Turkistan  Is  oui 
berm  and  the  Oxus  our  ditch. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  (Mis. 

2.  The  bank  or  side  of  a  canal  which  is  oppo- 
site to  the  towing  path.    Also  called  berm-banl;. 


sory  paralysis,  more  or  less  pain,  general  drop-  bermeH,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  barm? 
sicul  symptoms,  effusion  into  the  serous  cavi-  berme-,  »•     See  berm. 


iptc 
ties,  and  dyspnoea  on  exertion.  Hydropic  and  dry 
forms  are  distinguished  by  the  presence  or  absence  of 
dropsy.  It  may  be  acute,  or  subacute,  or  chronic.  It 
does  not  appear  to  be  contagious,  though  it  infects  local- 
ities. Beriberi  occurs  in  India  and  adjacent  countries, 
is  frequent  in  Japan  under  the  name  of  kakke,  and  seems 
to  be  identical  with  the  "sleeping  sickness"  of  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  It  is  said  to  occur  in  South  America 
also. 

Beridae  (ber'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Beri{d-)s  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  tetrachastous  or  tanysto- 
matous  brachycerous  Diptera,  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Berts,  Xylophagus,  etc.  Also 
called  Xylopnagidai. 


of  oxen  and  goats,  said  to  have  been  made  origi-  beridelt,  «.     [Origin  obscure.]     A  garment  of 
nally  at  Bergamo.  linen,  worn  in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Henry 

bergamot-  (ber'ga-mot),  11.     [<  F.  bergamote,  <     VIII.     Blanche. 
It.  bergamotto,  appar.  a  perversion,  simulating  berigora  (ber-i-go'rii),  ».     A  name  of  an  Aus- 
a  connection  with  Bergamo,  a  town  in  Italy  (cf.     tralian  falcon,  the  "berigora  hawk,  Bieraddea 
bergamot1),  of  Turk,  begarmudi,  lit.  (like  the  G.     (0r  leracidea)  berigora. 

name  furstenbirne)  prince's  pear,  <  beg,  a  prince  berime  (be-rim'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  rime1.']    To 
( see  b'eii"),  +  armiiil,  a  pear.]    A  variety  of  pear,     celebrate  in  rime  or  verse.     Also  berhyme. 

bergander  (ber'gan-der),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
Urgander,  burgander,  appar.  <  ME.  berge,  a  bur- 
row i  see  In ■rrif-K  burrow*),  +  gander  (i.  e.,  burrow-  Ijeringed  (be-ringd'), 
gander;  cf .  its  other  name,  burrow-duck).  Cf.  D. 
bergeend  =  NPries.  bargaand  =  MLG.  bercliant 
=  G.  bergente,  lit.  'hill-duck,'  G.  erdgans,  lit. 
'earth-goose.']  A  name  of  the  sheldrake  or 
burrow-duck,  Tadorna  vulpanser.  See  sheldrake. 

bergell,  ».     See  bergle, 

bergert,  ». 


[Appar. <F.bergere a  neglige  style  Berkeleian  (b'erk'le-an),  a.  and  n. 
of  dressing  the  ban-.]     A  lock  of  hair  wo rn  »™     .  T^.       ^  Berk 

long,  and  with  the  end  curled,  by  ladies  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II. 
Bergerac  (ber'je-rak ;  F.  pron.  berzh-rak'),  n. 

1.  A  red  wine  of  good  quality,  made  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  in  southwestern 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Bergerac. 
It  is  seldom  in  the  market  under  its  own  name,  but  is  ex- 
ported from  Bordeaux,  and  confounded  with  claret.  It  is 
very  popular  throughout  central  France. 

2.  A  white  wine  from  the  same  district,  gen- 
erally very  sweet  and  of  a  high  flavor. —  3.  A 
dry  wine  not  unlike  Barsac. 

bergerett,  »•  [OF.,  <  berger,  a  shepherd,  <  ML. 
berbicarius,  a  shepherd,  <  berbex,  L.  vervex,  a 
wether.]  A  pastoral  or  rustic  song  or  dance. 
Also  bargeret,  bargaret. 

There  began  anon 
A  lady  for  to  singe  right  womanly 
A  baniurct  in  praising  the  daisie. 

Flower  anrl  Leaf,  1.  348. 

berght,   »■     [Cf.   bargh;   obsolete  form  (after 

Scand.)  of  barrow1,  a  hill.]     A  bill. 
berglax  (berg'laks),  n.     [Norw.  berglax,  berg- 

laks,   lit.   rock-salmon   (=  Dan.  bjerglax,   the 

common  hake),  <  berg  =  Sw.  berg,  Dan.  bjerg, 

a  hill,  rock,  +  Norw.  Sw.  Dan.  lax  =  AS.  h  a  c  = 

G.  lachs,  salmon.]     The  Norwegian  name  of  a 

gadoid  fish.   Coryphatnoides   norvegieus,  of  the 

family  Macruridce. 
bergle  (ber'gl),  n.     [Also  written  bergell,  ber- 

gill  (and  bergall,  liiirgall,  i\.  v.),  appar.  a  var.  of 

bergylt,  q.  v.]     A  name  in  the  Shetland  islands 

of  the  ballan-wrasse.  Labrus  maculatus. 
bergmanite(berg'man-it),  re.  [<  T.  O.  Bergman, 

a  Swedish  mineralogist  (1735-84),  +  -it<~.]     A 

variety  of  the  zeolite  natrolite.    it  occurs  massive 

and  fibrous  in  the  zirconsyenite  of  Brevig  in  Norway.    Its 

colors  are  greenish,  grayish-white,  and  red. 
bergmaster  (berg'mas"t.e.r),  re.     [After  G.  berg- 

meister:  see  barniastcr.]     Same  as  but-master. 
bergmehl  (berg'mal),  re.    [G.,  <  berg  =  E.  bar- 
row1, a  mountain,  +  mchl  =  E.  meal".]   Moun- 
34 


She  had  a  better  love  to  berime  las  in  old  editions]  her. 
ShaJc.,  K.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

a.     [<   be-1    +    ringed.] 

Supplied  or  surrounded  with  rings. 

A  curiously  beringed  disc  [Saturn]. 

E.  F.  Burr,  Ecce  Coclum,  p.  99. 

BeriS  (ber'is),  ra.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Beridw,  or  Xylophagidce.  B.  clavipes 
is  an  example. 

I.  a.  Per- 
Berkeley,  bishop 
of  Cloyne,  Ireland  (born  1684,  died  1753),  or  to 
Berkeleianism. 

The  Berkeleian  idealism  is  little  move  than  the  easy 
demonstration  that  this  view  [that  the  world  of  reality 
exists  quite  independently  of  being  known  hy  any  know- 
ing beings  in  it],  from  a  philosophical  standing  point,  is 
untenable.         J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  185. 

II.  n.  One  who  holds  Bishop  Berkeley's  sys- 
tem of  idealism ;  one  who  denies  the  existence 
of  a  material  world. 

Berkeleianism  (berk'le-an-izm).  n.  The  phi- 
losophy of  Bishop  Berkeley.  Seo  Berkeleian. 
He  holds  that  material  things  exist  only  in  so  far  as 
they  are  perceived;  their  esse  is  percipi.  It  is  by  think- 
ing them,  and  making  us  think  them,  that  the  Divine 
Being  creates  the  material  universe.  But  Berkeley  gives 
to  souls  a  substantive  existence,  so  they  must  be  created 
otherwise.  The  Berkeleian  idealism  is  intimately  inter- 
woven with  an  extreme  nominalism,  which  denies  the  exis- 
tence of  general  conceptions.  Berkeley's  theory  of  vision, 
which  in  a  modified  form  is  now  generally  adopted  by 
scientific  men,  is  that  while  \\<  see  two  dimensions  of 
space,  the  third  is  recognized  by  touch  (that  is,  by  the  mus 
cular  sense),  until  the  eyes  become  educated  to  associat- 
ing certain  appearances  with  certain  feelings  of  touch. 

Berkeley's  Act.    See  act. 

berkovets  (ber'ko-vets),  n.  [Russ.  berkovetsu.] 
A  Russian  weight,  legally  equal  to  400  Russian 
pounds,  or  361  pounds  L'  ounces  avoirdupois. 
In  other  parts  of  Russia,  where  older  pounds 
have  not  gone  out  of  use,  the  value  of  this  unit 
is  somewhat  greater.    Also  bercowetz. 

berkowitz  (ber'ko-vitz),  n.  [G.  berkowitz,  repr. 
Buss,  berkovetsu.]    Same  as  berkovets. 

berlin1  (ber'lin  orber-lin'),  ><■  [In  fil'st  sense, 
=  Sp.  IJg.  It.  berlina  =  G.  berline,  <  P.  berUne; 
<  llerlin.  the  capital  of  Prussia.]  1.  A  large 
four-wheeled  carriage  with  a  suspended  body, 
two  interior  seats,  and  a  top  or  hood  that  can 
be  raised  or  lowered :  so  called  because  first 
made  in  Berlin,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
from  the  designs  of  an  architect  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg.— 2.  A  knitted  glove. 


bermill'ians  (ber-mil'yanz),  n.  pi.  [Origin  un- 
known.]    Pieces  of  liiien  or  fustian. 

Bermuda  grass,  fan-palm,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

Bermudian  (ber-mu'di-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Bermudas  or  to 
their  inhabitants. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bermuda 
or  tlie  Bermudas,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  At- 
lantic, about  600  miles  east  of  Cape  Hatteras  in 
North  Carolina,  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 
bemH,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  barn1. 
bern-'t,  bernet,  «•    [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  ME. 
berne,  I"  rn,  burne,  burn,  etc.,  <  AS.  h,  <>ru,  biorn, 
a  warrior,  hero,  a  word  used  only  in  poetry,  and 
prob.  =  Icel.  bjbrn,  a  bear,  appar.  a  deriv.  of 
*beri,  m.  (bcra,  f.),  =  AS.  bera,  a  bear,  E.  bear'2. 
It  was  a  common  poetical  practice  to  give  the 
names  of  fierce  animals  to  warriors;  ef.  AS. 
eofor,  a  boar,  =  Icel.  jofurr,  a  warrior,  hero.] 
A  warrior;  a  hero;  a  man  of  valor;   in  later 
use,  a  poetic  term  for  man. 
bernacle1  (ber'na-kl),  re.     Same  as  barnacle1. 
bernacle'2t,  "•     Same  as  barnacle^. 
Bernardine  (ber'nar-din),  11.  and  a.    [F.  Ber- 
nards, <  ML.  Bcrnardiniis,  <  Bemardus,  Ber- 
nard.]    I.  re.  The  name  given  in  France  to  the 
members  of  the  Cistercian  order  of  monks.    It 
is  derived  from  St.  Bernard  (1091-1163),  who  was  the  most 
distinguished  member  of  the  order  and  was  regarded  as  its 
second  founder.    See  Cistercian. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard  or  the  Ber- 
nardines. 

Bernard's  canal.    See  ennai. 
bernet,  »•    See  benfi. 

bernert,  »■  [<  ME.  berner,  <  OF.  bemer,  bemier, 
brenier  (ML.  bernarius),  a  feeder  of  hounds,  < 
bren,  bran,  bran :  see  bran.]  An  attendant  in 
charge  of  a  paek  of  hounds.  X.  E.  D. 
Bernese  (ber-nes'  or  -nez'),  "■  and  re.  [<  G. 
Bern,  F.  Berne,  in  Switzerland,  +  -ese.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Bern  or  its  inhabitants. 

II.  re.  sing,  and  pi.  A  citizen  or  citizens  of 
Bern,  tie  capital  of  Switzerland,  or  of  the  can- 
ton of  the  same  mime. 

bernesque  (ber-nesk'),  a.  [<  It.  Bernesco,  < 
lSniii :  see  -esque.]  In  the  humorous  and  bur- 
lesque style  of  the  writings  of  Francesco  Berni, 
an  Italian  poet,  who  died  in  1536. 

Bernesque  poetry  is  the  clearest  reflexion  of  that  reli- 
gious and  moral  scepticism  which  was  one  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  Italian  social  life  in  the  tilth  century,  and 
which  showed  itself  more  or  less  in  all  the  works  of  that 
period,  that  .scepticism  which  stopped  the  religious  Refor- 
mation in  Italy,  and  which  in  its  turn  was  an  effect  of  his- 
torical conditions.  Euc'te.  Dili.,  XIII.  510. 

Bernicla  (ber'ni-kla),  n.  [NL.  (adopted  as  a 
genus  name  by  Stephens,  1S:M),  <  ML.  bernicla, 


^  *e 


Canada  Goose    Berui,  .' 


Bernicla 

the  barnacle :  sec  barnacle1.]  A  genus  of  geese, 
containing  the  barnacle-goose,  brent-goose,  and 
related  species,  which  have  black  bills,  black 
dead  and  neck  with  white  markings,  and  the 
general  color  dark,  with  white  or  light  tail-cov- 
erts. The  type-species  is  I  rwi  i  bt  rnicla,  now  /.'.  leucopsie; 
tlie  brent-goose  is  />.  brenta;  tin'  blink  brent  of  North 
America  is  /■  .  the  common  wild  goose  of  North 

America,  or  Canada  goose,  is/;,  canadensis;  Hutchins'a 
is  a  similar  but  smaller  species,  /.'.  hutchinsi;  there 
are  others  also.    See  cuts  under  barnacle  and  bn  n) 

bernicle,  bernicle-goose  (ber'ni-kl,  -g<">s).   ». 

[A  form  of  barnacle*,  historically  obsolete,  hut 
now  occasionally  used  -with  ref.  to  the  NL. 
generic  name  Bernicla.']  The  barnacle  or  bar- 
nacle-goose.    See  barnacle1,  1. 

Bernissartia  (ber-ni-saVti-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ber- 
nissart,  name  of  a  quarry  in  Belgium.]  A  ge- 
nus of  extinct  Wealden"  crocodiles,  typical  of 
the  family  BernissarHidce,  whose  remains  have 
been  found  in  a  quarry  in  Bernissart,  Belgium. 

Bernissartiidae  (ber'ni-sax-fi'i-de ).  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bernissartia  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
crocodilians.  The  technical  characteristics  are:  the 
rh. '.Line  comparatively  approximated;  the  supratemporal 
tosses  smaller  than  the  orbits;  a  well-defined  orbitolatero- 
temporal  sinus;  thedorsal  plates  imbricated  and  forming 
more  than  two  longitudinal  rows;  ami  the  ventral  arma- 
ture reduced  to  one  buckler  of  imbricated  plates.  The 
family  occurs  in  the  Wealden  and  Purbeck  formations. 

Bernoullian  (ber-n8'lian),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  discovered  by  one  of  several  famous  mathe- 
maticians belonging  to  the  Basle  family  Ber- 
noulli, which  originated  in  Antwerp — Bernoul- 
lian function,  a  function  defined  by  an  equation  of  the 
form  a  l'(x)  =  j-.— Bernoullian  numbers,  a  certain 
Beries  of  numbers  discovered  by  Jacob  Bernoulli  (1654- 
1705),  of  which  the  first  members  are : 

B2  =  i    B4  =  ;rV    B6  =  ;rV    B8  =  ;&    B10  =  &. 
Bernoullian  series,  in  math.,  the  series /o  =  Jz  —  xf'x 
+  .7?/"x  —  tJ'"x  +>  etc- 

bernouse,  n.    See  burnoose. 
berob  (be-rob'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  berobben .;  <  be-1 
+  rub.]  'To  rob;  plunder. 

What  evill  starre 
On  you  hath  frownd,  and  pourd  bis  influence  bad, 
That  ol  your  selfe  ye  thus  berobbeel  arre? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  42. 

Beroe'  (ber'o-e),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Bcpdn,  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  The  typical  genus  of  eteno- 
phorans  of  the  family  Bcroidcc.  B.  forskali  is  an 
example.  The  species  are  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small 
lemon.  The  genus  was  formerly  of  much  greater  extent 
than  now,  including  species  now  referred  to  other  fami- 
lies, as  Cydippe,  etc. 

beroid  (ber'o-id),  n.  A  ctenophoran  of  the 
family  BeroMce. 

Beroiclce  (be-ro'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Beroe  + 
-iibr.]  A  family  of  the  class  Ctenophora,  sub- 
kingdom  '  'a  It  a  ii  rata,  having  the  body  globular 
or  oval,  without  oral  lobes  or  tentacles,  and 
with  fringed  appendages  of  the  periphery  of 
the  polar  spaces.  They  are  transparent  jelly-like  ma- 
rine organisms,  differing  from  most  of  the  ctenophorans 
in  having  a  large  mouth  and  digestive  cavity.  Represen- 
tative genera  are  Beroe,  Tdyvct,  and  Pandora. 

beroon  fbe-ron'),  n.  [Pers.  birnn,  without,  ex- 
terior.] The  chief  court  of  a  Persian  dwelling- 
house.  S.  (i.  W.  Benjamin,  Persia  and  the  Per- 
sians. 

berret1,  n.    See  beret. 

berret'2  (ber'et),  n.  A  kind  of  opal  bead  of  the 
size  of  a  marble. 

It  was  most  amusing  to  witness  his  [the  chief  of  baton- 
ka's]  delight  at  a  string  of  fifty  little  berrets  .  .  .  which 
1  bad  brought  into  the  country  for  the  first  time. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  xvi. 

berretta,  ».    See  bin  tta. 

berrettina  (ber-e-te'nS),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  ber- 
retta  :  see  biretta.]  A' scarlet  skull-cap  worn 
bj  cardinals.    Also  '«  n  tHna. 

berri,  ».  The  Turkish  mile,  of  which  there  are 
said  to  be  66$  to  a  degree. 

berried  (ber'id),  a.  [<  berrtj1  +  -ed2.]  1. 
Furti  i  she,  i  with  berries:  as,  "the  berried  holly," 
hmis. —  2.  of  the  form  or  nature  of  a  berry; 
baccate. —  3.  Having  eggs  or  spawn,  as  a  fe- 
male lobster  or  other  crustacean. 

berry1  (ber'i),  n.;  pL  berries  (-iz).  [Earlymod. 
E.  also  berrie,  <  ME.  bery,  bene,  <  AS.  berie, 
berigi  =  OS.  beri  (in  winberi,  grape)  =  Ml>. 
bere,'alBoh  e,T>.bezie,bes='i/iLOc.ber<  =<  >  1 1  <  i . 
beri,  MHG.  bere,  ber,  G.  beere  =  Icel.  her  =  Sw, 
bar  =  Ban.  bar  —  Goth,  bast  (in  weinabasi  = 
( is.  winberi  =AS. winberie,  'wine  berry,'  grape) 
(neut.  and  fern,  forms  mixed  ),  a  berry.    '  irigin 

unknown;   by  some  referred  to  theroot   of  bare, 

as  if  the  'bare'  or  'uncovered'  fruit.]  1.  In 

bot. :    (a)    In   ordinary   use,    any   small  pulpy 
fruit,    as  the   huckle/«rry,    strawlx  rry, 

in  rry,  mulberry,  checkevberry,  etc.,  of  which 


530 

only  the  first  is  a  berry  in  the  technical  sense. 
(6)  Technically,  a  simple  fruit  in  which  the 
entire  pericarp  is  fleshy,  excepting  the  outer 
skin  or  epicarp,  as  the  banana,  tomato,  grape, 
currant,  etc.  (c)  The  dry  kernel  of  certain 
kinds  of  grain,  etc.,  as  the'  berry  of  wheat  and 
barley,  or  the  coffee-oerry.  See  out  under 
wheat. — 2.  Something  resembling  a  berry,  as 
one  of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  lobsters,  crabs,  or 
other  crustaceans,  or  the  drupe  of  Bhamnus 
infectorius,  used  in  dyeing — Avignon  berry,  the 
drupe  of  Rhamnnus  alaternue,  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
\i-.i  called  French  berry. 
berry1  (ber'i),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berrying.  [<  berry1,  >/.]  1.  To  bear  or  pro- 
duce berries. —  2. 'To  gather  berries;  as,  to  go 
In trying. 
berry-  (ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  berries  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  berye,  berie,  <  ME.  berghe,  berge  (prop. 
dat.),  a  barrow:  see  barrow1.]  A  mound;  a 
barrow.  [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
This  little  berry  some  yeleep 
An  hillock. 

It'.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  2. 
The  theatres  are  berries  for  the  fair  : 
Like  ants  on  mole-hills  thither  they  repair. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  i.  103. 

berry3t  (ber'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  late  ME.  bery: 
see  burrow2.]  1.  A  burrow,  especially  a  rab- 
bit's burrow. —  2.  An  excavation;  a  military 
mine. 

berry4  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berrying.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,<  ME.  beryen,  berii  n, 
<  AS.  *berian  (only  in  pp.  gebered)  =  OHG. 
berja,  MHG.  berren,  bercn  =  Icel.  bcrja  =  L. 
ferire  (>  ult.  E.  ferule,  interfere),  strike.]  1. 
To  beat ;  give  a  beating  to. 

Here  this  boy  is.  3e  bade  vs  go  bary 

With  battis. 
We  are  compered  his  corpus  for  to  carry. 

For*  Ptays,  p.  334. 
2.  To  thresh  (grain,  etc.). 

Ill  berry  your  crap  by  the  light  o'  the  moon. 

W.  Nicholson. 

berry5t,  "■  [Also  berrie;  a  corrupt  form  of 
perrie,  pi/rrie:  see pirrie.]    A  gust  of  wind. 

bersaglieri  (bar-sa-lya'ri),  n.  pi.  [It.,  pi.  of  ber- 
sagliere,  a  sharpshooter,  <  bersagUo  (=  OF.  ber- 
sail,  berseil),  a  mark,  butt,  <  "berciarc,  in  im- 
bcrciare,  aim  at  (=  OF.  bercn;  brrscr);  ef.  ML. 
bersare,  shoot  with  the  bow,  hunt.  Cf.  ML.  bcr- 
cellum  (var.  barbizellum),  a  battering-ram;  per- 
haps <  bcrbcx,  L.  vervex,  a  wether,  ram.]  The 
name  for  riflemen  or  sharpshooters  in  the  Ital- 
ian army. 

berserk  (ber'serk),  «.  [<  Icel.  berserkr  (omit- 
ting, as  usual,  the  nom.  suffix  -r) :  see  berser- 
l.i  r.]    Same  as  berserker. 

berserker  (ber'ser-ker),  n.  [Also  bcrserkir  and 
berserk,  <  Icel.  berserkr  (the  E.  retaining  the 
nom.  suffix  -r),  pi.  bcrserkir;  commonly  ex- 
plained as  '  bare-sark,'  <  berr,  =  E.  bare1,  + 
si  rkr,  >  E.  sari;  coat,  shirt ;  but  prob.  rather 
'bear-sark,'  <  *beri,  m.  (only  in  comp.)  (bcra,  f.), 
=  AS.  bcra,  E.  bear-,  +  serJcr.  "  In  olden  ages 
athletes  and  champions  used  to  wear  hides  of 
bears,  wolves,  and  reindeer  "  (Vigfusson).  The 
"berserker's  rage"  is  expressed  by  Icel.  ber- 
serksgangr,  <  berserkr  +  ijungr,  a  going,  esp.  a 
rapid  going,  furious  rush :  see  gang.]  1.  A  wild 
warrior  or  champion  of  heathen  times  in  Scan- 
dinavia. In  battle  the  berserkers  are  said  t"  have  been 
subject  to  fits  of  fury,  when  they  bowled  like  wild  beasts, 
foamed  at  the  mouth,  gnawed  the  rim  of  their  shields. 
etc. ;  and  on  such  occasions  they  were  popularly  believed 
to  be  proof  against  tire  and  steel.  [Commonly  written 
with  a  capital.] 

Out  of  unhandseled  savage  nature,  out  of  terrible  Druids 
and  /■'■  rserldi-s,  come  at  last  Alfred  and  Shakspire. 

Emerson,  .Misc.,  p.  B6. 
The  wild  pirates  of  the  North  Sea  have  become  con- 
verted into  warriors  of  order  and  champions  of  peaceful 

(reed exhausting  what  still  remains  of  the  old  Ber 

s,  rk  spirit  in  subduing  nature,  and  tinning  the  wilderness 
Into  a  Harden.  Iliixliif,  Ann  r.  Addresses,  p.  PJ4. 

Hence  —  2.  A  person  of  extreme  violence  and 
fury, 
berstlet,  n.  A  variant  of  bristle.  ( liauet  r. 
berth't,  ".  An  obsolete  spelling  of  InrlliK 
berth-  (berth),  «.  [First  found  at  the  end  of 
the  Kith  century;  also  written  bijrtli,  birth  (the 
latter  spelling  being  but  recently  obsolete);  ori- 
gin unknown  (the  10.  dial,  birth,  a  place,  sta- 
tion, is  but  a  later  use  of  the  same  word) ;  per- 
haps ult.  derived  (like  I  he  earlier  berth*  =birth1) 
In. in  bear1.]  1.  Naut:  (a)  Sea-room;  space 
i  ep1  or  to  be  kept  for  safety  or  convenience 
between  a  vessel  under  sail  and  other  vessels 
or  the  shore,  rocks,  etc. ;  especially  in  the 
phrases,  also  used  figuratively,  to  ijirc  n  good, 
clear,  or  wide  berth  to,  keep  a  wide  both  of 


berwick 

(to  keep  clear  of,  keep  well  away  from).  (6) 
Boom  for  a  vessel  to  turn  around  or  to  ride  at 
anchor.  (<•)  A  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or 
can  lie.  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a  wharf.  ('0 
A  room  or  an  apartment  in  a  ship  where  a 
number  of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside. 
(c)  The  shelf-like  space  allotted  to  a  passen- 
ger in  a  vessel  (and  hence  in  a  railroad  sleep- 
ing-car) as  a  sleeping-plaee ;  a  sailor's  bunk 
on  board  ship ;  a  place  for  a  hammock,  or 
a  repository  for  chests. —  2.  A  post  or  an 
appointment ;  situation  ;  employment :  as,  he 
has  got  a  good  berth  at  last — Berth  and  space,  in 

Ship-bnilding,  the  distance   between  the  IdiliL'-edge  of 

one  timber  and  the  molding-edge  of  the  one  next  to  it. 

berth-  (berth),  r.  f.    [<  berth2,  n.]     Naut.:  (a) 

To  assign  or  allot  anehoring-ground  to;  give 
space  to  lie  in,  as  a  ship  in  a  dock.  (6)  To  al- 
lot a  berth  or  berths  to :  as,  to  berth  a  ship's 
company. 

The  special  object  of  these  [changes  on  the  approach  of 
winter]  was  the  economy  of  fuel  and  the  berthing  of  tin' 
whole  crew  below  deck.       C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  122. 

berth3  (berth),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  byrth,  per- 
haps <  "berth,  n.  (not  found),  <  Icel.  bi/rdlii, 
board  or  side  of  a  ship,  <  bordh,  board:  see 
board.]  To  board ;  cover  with  boards  :  chiefly 
in  ship-building. 

bertha  (ber'tha),  n.  [Also  berthe,  after  F. ;  from 
the  proper  name  Bertha.]  1 .  A  small  cape  worn 
by  women  over  the  shoulders,  usually  crossed 
in  front  and  open  at  the  throat. —  2.  A  trim- 
ming of  lace  or  of  other  material  in  the  shape 
of  a  small  cape  worn  round  the  upper  edge  of  a 
low-necked  waist,  or  in  a  corresponding  posi- 
tion on  the  body  in  the  ease  of  a  high-necked 
waist. 

berthage  (ber'thaj),  «.  [<  berth-  +  -age.]  1. 
The  dues  paid  by  a  vessel  anchored  in  a  harbor 
or  dock,  or  berthed  at  a  wharf. —  2.  Accommo- 
dation for  anchoring;  harborage. 

berth-brace  (berth/bras),  n.  A  metal  rod, 
rope,  or  chain  for  supporting  the  upper  berths 
of  a  sleeping-ear. 

berth-deck  (berth'dek),  ».  In  a  man-of-war, 
the  deck  next  below  the  gun-deck.     See  deck. 

berthe  (berth),  n.     [F.]     Same  as  bertha. 

berthierite  (ber'thi-er-It),  ».  [After  Pierre 
Berthier,  a  French  mineralogist,  died  1861.]  A 
sulphid  of  antimony  and  iron  occurring  in  dark 
steel-gray  prismatic  crystals  or  fibrous  masses. 

berthing1  (ber'thing),  »).  [<  berth'2  +  -ing1.] 
The  arrangement  of  berths  in  a  ship;  the 
berths  collectively. 

Berthing  requires  the  earliest  attention,  and  the  opera- 
tion may  be  facilitated  by  having  a  plan  of  the  decks. 

Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  2D4. 

berthing2  (ber'thing),  >i.  [<  berth*  +  4ng1.] 
1.  The  exterior  plankiug  of  a  ship's  side  above 
the  sheer-strake,  designated  as  the  berthing  of 
the  quarter-deck,  of  the  poop,  or  of  the  forecas- 
tle, as  the  case  may  be;  the  bulwark.  [Eng.] 
—  2.  The  rising  or  working  up  of  the  planks  of  a 
ship's  side.     Hamersly. 

berthing-rail  (ber'thmg-ral),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing.   See  extract. 

The  bertliinn-rail,  which  was  the  uppermost  rail  in  the 
ship,  was  let  into  the  lace  piece,  and  had  an  iron  knee  at 
the  fore  end  embracing  the  rails  on  each  side.  It  also 
abutted  against  the  cathead,  and  an  iron  knee  connected 
it  with  the  cathead  and  ship's  side. 

T/ti-nrle,  Naval  Arch.,  §232. 

berth-latch  (berth'laeh),  n.  A  spring-catch 
for  keeping  the  upper  berth  of  a  sleeping-car 
in  plaee  when  closed. 

Bertholletia  (ber-tho-le'shi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named 
after  Claude  Louis  Bcrtholht,  a  French  chem- 
ist, 1748-1822.]  A  genus  of  Myrtaeea,  of  which 
only  one  species,  B.  excelsa,  is  known,    it  is  a 

tree  of  large  dimensions,  and  forms  vast  forests  on  the 
banks  of  the  Amazon,  Rio  Negro,  ami  Orinoco.    It  grows 

to  a  height  .  > I    151 1  feet,  and  its  stem   is  I .:  to  I  feel   in 

diameter.  The  fruit  is  known  as  the  Brazil  -nut  (which 
see), 
bertram,  bartram(ber'-,  bar'tram ),  n.  |  A  cor- 
ruption  of  L.  jn/rcthriiiii :  see  I'l/rcthritm.]  An 
old  name  of  tlie  plant  Vyrcthrum  Parthenium, 
bastard  pellitorv  or  feverfew. 

bertrandite  (ber'trand-it),  ».  [After  E.  Bcr- 
tniinl,  a  French  crys'tallographer.]  A  hydrous 
silicate  of  glucinum,  occurring  in  minute  orth.0- 
rhombie  crystals  in  pegmatite  near  Nantes  in 
France. 

berwickt,  berewickt,  »■  [Used  only  as  a  his- 
torical term.  <  ME.  berewike,  <  AS.  berewie,  < 

In  n  .  barley,  +  inr.  dwelling,  village:  see  bear* 
and  /nr/,-,'and  cf.  barton.  |  Same  as  barton,  1. 
In  the  courts  of  tlie  Forest  of  Knaresborough  each  of 
the  townships  or  berewics  which  form  tie  manor  of  the 
forest  is  represented  by  the  constable  and  four  men ;  from 


these  Hie  JuroTB  of  the  Ieet  are  chosen  ; 
praepositus  or  grave,  and  the  bedel 


berwick 

and  by  them  the 
Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  120. 

berycid  (ber'i-sid),  n.   A  lisli  of  the  family  Bery- 
cidce.    Also  /><  rycoid. 
Berycidse  (be-ns'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Beryx 


531 


honey-yellow  masses,  also  loss  frequently  in 
isometric  crystals. 

berzeline(ber'ze-lin), ».    [<  y/rr.w/w.v  vse<>  i»r-  „v,onn 

zelianite)  +  -i»c'J.]  1.  The  copper  sclonide  Descvucneon 
usually  called  berzrliniiitc—2.  A  name  early  ^' "'..",,''" :,(,,. 
iven  to  the  mineral  hatiyne 


beset 

\  critic  thai  all  the  world  bescumbert 
With  satirical  humours  and  lyrical  numbers. 
B  /on  cm.  Poetaster, 


tlienje-)  +  -JoV.]    A  family  of  ncnnthopteryginn  bes  (lies),  «.    [L.,  rarely  bessU  (6ess-)>  <  M-,two 


fishes,  of  which  /.'M//J  is  tile  typical  genus.     Van 

lug  limits  have  been  assigned  to  it.    (a)  In  Gunther's  Bys 


Caulchpis  lotlgidtHS. 

tern  it  is  the  only  family  of  the  Beryctformes.  C>)  In  Gill's 
system  it  is  limited  to  fieriteoidea,  with  a  single  dorsal  tin 
having  few  spines  in  front,  and  ventral  tins  with  main  sofl 
rays  and  moderate  spines.  It  includes  the  genera  Beryx, 
Anoplogaster,  Caulotepis,  and  others. 

beryciform  (be-ris'i-f&rm),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Beri/ciformcs. 

Beryciformes  (be-ris-i-fdr'mez),  n.  pi.  [XL., 
<  Bcrijx  (Beryc-)  +  L.  forma,  shape.]    In  ichth 


+  as  \nss-).  as.  unit :  see  as-1.]  In  Hum.  metrol- 
ogy, two  thirds  of  a  unit  or  eight  twelfths  of  an 
as ;  especially,  eight  eyathi  or  two  thirds  of 
a  sextarius;  also,  the  name  of  a  small  copper 
coin.    Also  bessis. 

besa  (be'sa),  n.  [Heb.]  A  measure  of  capacity 
ineiit  ioned  in  rabbinical  writings,  equal  to  about 
one  sixth  of  a  United  States  pint . 

besabol  (bes'a-bol),  n.  [Ar.]  A  fragrant  res 
inous  balsam  obtained  from  a  burseraceous 
tree.  Commiphora  kataf,  of  the  Somali  country 
in  eastern  Africa,  it  was  formerly  called  Kn.it  Indian 
iinn-rh,  and  differs  from  true  myrrh  chiefly  in  its  odor. 
Also  hissabol. 

besagne  (be-san'),  n.  [OF.  besange  (Roque- 
fort ),  a  piece,  bit ;  perhaps  same  as  OF.  besant, 
bezant:  see  bezant]  In  medieval  armor,  a 
round  plate  protecting  the  interval  between 
two  pieces  of  plate-armor,  as  at  the  knee-joint 
or  elbow-joint.  During  the  period  from  the  first  in- 
troduction of  plate  in  the  earliest  rerebrace  to  the  com- 
plete suit  of  steel  (nearly  a  century  and  a  half),  the  protec- 
tion of  these  joints  was  one  of  the  most  difficult  problems, 
and  the  use  of  the  roundel  of  steel  (easy  to  forge  and  to 
attach),  to  protect  the  outer  side  of  the  elhow  or  knee,  was 
almost  universal;  if  it  disappeared  for  a  few  years,  it  was 
nly  to  come  into  use  again.    See  roundel. 


1. 

(be-skuch'on),   v.   t.     [<   he-1   + 
To  ornament  with  a  scutcheon: 

•■  beSCutclieoueil    ami    hotagged,''   Churchill, 
The  Ghost,  iv. 

beseet  (be-se'),  v.  [<  ME.  besen,  beseon,  biseon, 
<  as.  besein,  look,  look  about  (=  <  >S.  bisehan, 
OFries.  bisia  =  Goth.  bisaihwan),  <  be-  +  sedn, 
see:  see  /«-'  and  see1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  look 
at;  see. — 2.  To  look  to:  see  to;  attend  to;  ar- 
range.—  3.  Kelhxively,  to  look  about  one's  self ; 
look  to  one's  self. 

II.  iiitriius.  To  look  about;  look. 

beseech  (be-sech')j  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besought, 
mx.  beseeching.  [Early  mod.  E.  (north.)  also 
beseek,  <  ME.  besechen,  bisechen,  also  beseken 
(not  in  AS.)  (=OFries.  biseka  =  T>.  bezoeken  = 

OIIK.    hisiliiehuu.    MIKI.   hisuiielien.  G.    hisueliiii 

=  Sw.  besoka  =  Dan.  besoge,  visit,  go  to  see),  < 
be-  +  seken,  seek:  see  be-1  and  seek.']  1.  To 
entreat ;  supplicate ;  implore;  ask  or  pray  with 
urgency:  followed  by  a  personal  object. 

I  Paul  myself  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  and  gentle- 
ness  of  Christ.  -  Cot.  x.  1. 

I  do  beseech  you 
(Chiefly,  that  I  might  set  it  in  my  prayers), 
What  is  your  name?  Slink.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

2.    To  beg  eagerly  for;    solicit:   followed  by 


the  thing  solicited. 


Besagues.    (  From  Viollet-le-Duc's  ' 
Mobilier  fran^ais." ) 


in  Gunther's' system  of  classification,  the  second  besague  (bes'a-gu),  n.  [OF.,  also  Irisaigue,  F. 
division  of  the  order  AcanthopterygU,  character- 
ized by  a  compressed  oblong  body,  a  head  with 
large  muciferous  cavities  covered  with  thin 
skiii  only,  and  the  ventral  fins  thoracic  with 
one  spine  and  more  than  live  soft  rays  (in  Mo- 
nocentris  with  only  two). 

berycoid  (ber'i-koid),  «.  and  «.     I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  superfamily  Beryeoidea  or  family 
Beryddce. 
II.  ii.  Same  as  berycid. 

Beryeoidea  (ber-i-koi'de-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Be- 
ryx  (Beryc-)  +  -oidea.]  A'  superfamily  of  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes  having  nearly  the  same 
limits  as  the  group  Beryciformes,  and  including 
the  families  It, ■ryciilir,  Monocentridai,  Stephano- 
berycidce,  and  Holoct utridie. 

beryl  (ber'il),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  beril,  betel,  ber- 
rel,  etc.,  <  ME.  beryl,  beril,  berel,  <  OF.  beril,  < 
L.  beryUus,  berillus,  <  Gr.  ffipvMoc,  beryl,  per- 
haps <  Skt.  vaidurya  (with  lingual  cl),  beryl.  Cf. 
Ar.  Pers.  ballur,  bellaur,  crystal.]  A  colorless, 
bluish,  pinkish,  yellow,  or  more  commonly 
green  mineral,  occurring  in  hexagonal  prisms. 
The  precious  emerald  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  beauty 
of  color  to  the  presence  of  a  small  amount  of  chromium. 
See  emerald.  Aquamarine  is  a  pale-green  transparent  va- 
riety, also  used  as  a  gem,  though  not  highly  prized.  Beryl 
is  a  silicate  of  aluminium  and  beryllium  (glucinum).  The 
best  beryls  are  found  in  Brazil  and  (cyl.m,  and  in  Transbai- 
kalia and  elsewhere  in  Siberia.  Beryls  occur  also  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  New  Eng- 
land States  and  North  Carolina;  the  latter  State  has  af- 
forded some  good  emeralds. 

beryllia(be-ril'i-a),  n.  [NL.,<  beryllium.]  Same  bescatter  (be-skat'er) 
as  gluoina.  To  scatter  over. 

Beryllian  (be-ril'ian),  re.  One  of  a  sect  found- 
ed in  the  third  century  by  BeryUus,  bishop  of 
Bostra  in  Arabia,  who  taught  that  Christ  was 
non-existent  previous  to  his  incarnation,  and 
that  at  his  birth  a  portion  of  the  divine  nature 
entered  into  him. 

berylline  (ber'i-lin), «.  [<  beryl  +  -ine\]  Like 
a  beryl ;  of  a  light-  or  bluish-green  color. 

beryllium!  I 'c-riri-um),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  jh//>i'?.7iiov, 
dim.  of  i'v/ii>>or,  beryl.]     Same  as  glucinum. 

berylloid  (ber'i-loid),  n.  [<  beryl  +  -oid.]  A 
solid  consisting  of  two  twelve-sided  pyramids 
placed  base  to  base:  so  called  because  the 
planes  of  this  form  are  common  in  crystals  of 
beryl. 

Berytidae  (be-rit'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NE.,  <  Berytus 
+  -1(111'.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
containing  the  most  aberrant  bugs  of  the  series 
Coreoidea. 
Berytus  (be-ri'tus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  he- 
mipterous  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Bc- 
rytidoi. 
Beryx  (ber'iks),  11.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  percoid 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Berycidce. 


.  912. 


besaigue  =  Pri  bezagudo',  <  L.  bis,  double,  + 
acuta,  nciiiiis, 
pointed,  sharp: 
see  bis-  and 
acute,  and  cf. 
E.  twibilh]  In 
medieval  antiq.: 
(a)  A  two- 
edged  or  two- 
pointed  wea- 
pon, especial- 
ly a  sort  of 
pick  having 
one  short  point 
and  one   blunt 

or  four-pointed  head ;  a  variety  of  the  martel- 
de-fer  (which  see),  (b)  A  carpenter's  tool  with 
perhaps  an  ax-blade  on  one  side  and  an  adz- 
blade  on  the  other. 

besaint  (be-sanf),  v.  t.    [<  in-1  +  saint.]     To 
make  a  saint  of. 

Their  canonizing  .  .  .  and  besainting  themselves. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  ix. 

besant,  ».    See  bezant. 

bes-antler,  ».    See  bez-antler. 

besaylet,  <>■     [ME.,  <  OF.  besayel,  besaiol  (F. 

Insiiiciil),  a  great-grandfather,  <  Ins-,  his-  (<  L. 
bis,  twice)  +  ayel,  aiol,  aieul,  grandfather:  see 
bis-  and  ayle.]  A  great-grandfather — Writ  of 
besayle,  in  old  law,  a  writ  by  which  a  great-grandchild, 
wrongfully  excluded  from  an  ancestor's  property,  vindi- 
cated his  or  her  claim  to  it. 

t.     [<  be-1  +  scatter.] 


berzelianite  (ber-ze  ban-it)  »      [<  Berzehan  (<  bert  (lje.skum'ber),  v.  t.     [A 

Berlins,  a  celebrated  Swedish  chenust,  177&-   ^.u        J  <    V,,,,,/,,,  0r  scmmiii,: 
1848)  +  -*fc2.]    A  rare  selenide  of  copper,  found  .    ,     ,     b 


in  thin  incrustations  of  ;i  silver-white  color. 
berzeliite  (ber-ze'li-it),  n.    [<  BerzeUus  (see 
berzeliaiiiii  )  +  -it,2.]     An  arseniate  of  calci- 
um, magnesium,  and  manganese  occuiTing  in 


With  flowres  bescattered.  Spenser,  p.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  46. 

The  battlemented  pine-ien»t(en  '  ridges  on  the  further 

side.  The  Century,  XXVII.  — 

bescorn  (be-sk6rn'),  >'■  '•    [<  h'A  +  scorn.] 
treat  with  scorn ;  mock  at. 

Then  was  he  hescorned  that  onely  should  have  been  hon- 
oured in  all  things.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

bescratch  (be-skraeh'),  «'■  <•  [<  '"-1  +  scratch.] 
To  scratch ;  'tear  with  the  nails.  Spenser,  F. 
Q.,  III.  v.  3. 

bescrawl  (bf-skral'),  »■  t.  [<  l»--1  +  scrawl.] 
To  scrawl;  scribble  over. 

So  far  is  it  from  the  kenne  of  these  wretched  projectors 
of  ours  that  bescraull  their  Pamffets  every  day  with  new 
formes  of  government  for  our  Church. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

bescreen  (be-skren'),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  scrim.] 
To  cover  with  a  screen,  or  as  with  a  screen ; 
shelter ;  conceal. 
Bescreened  in  night.  Shal  .  R.  and  J.,  ii.  z. 

bescribble  (be-skrib'l),u.  t.    [<  he-1  +  scribble.] 
To  scribble  over. 
Bi- 

12. 

[Also  bescum- 
]     To  dis- 
charge ordure  upon;  befoul;  besmear.    Mar- 
ston. 

Did  P.loek  liesciimber 
Statute's  white  suit  with  the  parchment  lace  there? 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  v.  2. 


cribbled  with  a  thousand  trilling  impertinences. 
Milton,  Divorce,  i 


But  Eve  ...  at  his  feet 
Fell  humble;  and,  embracing  them,  besmi,iht 
His  peace.  Milton,  P.  I.,  X 

nis  sad  eyes  did  beseech 
Some  look  from  hers,  so  blind'  to  him,  so  blind  ! 

William  Mum:,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  207. 
=  Syn.  Ask,  firnitcst,  l;<:i,  etc.  (see  ask),  plead  for  or  » ith, 
petition,  conjure,  appeal  to. 
beseecht  (be-sech'),  n.      [<  beseech,  v.]     A  re- 
quest:  as,   "such  submiss  beseeches,''  Fletcher 
(anil  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  2. 
beseecher  (be-se'eher),  n.    One  who  beseeches, 
beseechingly   (be-se'ching-li),   adc.     In  a  be- 
seeching manner, 
beseechingness  (be-se'ehing-nes),  «.   The  state 
or  quality  of  being  beseeching  or  earnestly  so- 
licitous,    (leorge  Eliot. 

beseechment  (be-sech'ment),  «.     [<  beseech  + 
-incut.]     The  act  of  beseeching.     Goodwin. 
beseekt  (be-seV),  v.  t.    Obsolete  variant  of  be- 
seech.    Chaucer. 

There  with  prayers  meeke 
And  mvld  entreaty  lodging  did  for  her  b,  s.  eke, 

Spt  nser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  37. 

beseem  (be-sem'),  "■    [<  ME.  besemen,  bisemen, 

<  be-  +  semen,  seem :  see  be-1  and  seem.]     I.t 
inlriius.  1.  To  seem. 
As  l„>seei,tr,l  right.  Spemer,  F.  q.,  II.  ix.  26. 

2.  To  be  seemly;  be  meet. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  become;  be  fit  for  or  wor- 
thy of. 

Grave,  beseeming  ornament.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

In  general,  it  has  a  quiet,  didactic  tone,  such  as  beseems 

its  subject  and  its  age.  Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  91. 

2f.  To  seem  fit  for. 

But  foure  of  them  the  battel]  best  beseemed. 

Spenser,  F.  •).,  IV.  ix.  20. 

beseemingt  (be-se'ming),  n.     Comeliness. 

beseemingly  (be-se'ming-li),  adv.     In  a  be- 
seeming manner. 
To  beseemingness  (be-se'ming-nes),  ».  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beseeming. 

beseemlyt  (be-sem 'li),Vt.  [<  beseem,  confused 
with  seemly.]  Seemly;  fit;  suitable:  as,  "be- 
seeml/y  order,''  Shenstone,  Schoolmistress. 

beseeht  (be-sen'),  pp.  [<  ME.  beseyn,  besein, 
beseye,  byseyn,  eta.,  provided,  arrayed,  having 
a  certain  appearance,  pp.  of  besen,  beseon,  lie- 
see:  see  besee.]  1.  Seen;  viewed;  with  refer- 
ence to  appearance,  looking :  as,  a  \vel\-beseen 
man. 

Arayd  iu  .  .  .  sad  habiliments  right  well  heseene. 

Spenser,  V.  i).,  I.  xii.  5. 

Hence — 2.  Clad;  arrayed;  equipped. 

The  Curate  in  his  best,  lieseene.  solemnly  received  him  at 
the  Churchyard  stile. 

B.  Careto,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  p.  b)7  b. 

3.  Provided  with   as   accomplishments;   fur- 
nished. 

beseket,  >'•  <•  A  Middle  English  spelling  of  be- 
seech. 

besenna  (be-sen'a),  n.    Same  as  mesenna. 

beset  (be-sef),  r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  beset,  ppr. 
besetting'.     [<  ME.  besetten,  bisetten,  <  AS. 


6c- 


settun  (=  OFries.  biselta  =  I),  bezetten  =  LG. 
besetten  =  OHO.  bisezan,  MHO.  G.  besetzen  = 
Sw.  besdtta  =  D.  Insait,  =  Goth,  hisutjun),  sur- 
round, <  be-,  about,  +  settan,  set :  see  be-1  and 


beset 

set."}  It.  To  set  or  place. —  2.  To  set  or  place 
upon;  distribute  over;  bestud;  besprinkle:  now 
onlj  in  the  perfect  participle. 

The  garden  is  so  beset  with  all  manner  "f  sweete  shrubbs, 
that  u  perfumes  the  aire.        Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct  22,  1885. 

A  robe  of  azure  beset  with  drops  of  gold. 

Spectator,  No.  4_.r>. 

lieset  mi  its  external  surface  with  spines. 

II .  B.  CarpenU  r,  Micros  . 

3.  To  come  upon  or  against;  set  upon  in  :tt- 
tack,  or  so  us  to  perplex,  endanger,  or  hem  in: 

press  upon  severely,  vigorously,  or  from  all 
sides:  us,  to  beset  one  with  blows  or  with  en- 
treaties. 

Let  us  lay  aside  .  .  .  the  sin  which  doth  so  easily  61 

11.  o.  xii.  1. 


We  are  beset  with  thieves.         Skak.,  T.  of  the  s.,  iii.  2 
Adam  sore  b,s,  (  replied.  Mill.:,,,  P.  I...  x.  124 

Let  thy  troops  beset  our  gates.  Addison,  Cato. 

We  had  been  beset  [with  ice]  fifteen  days,  and  had 
drifteil  twenty  two  miles  to  the  southward. 

A.  W.  Qreely,  Arctic  Service,  XXXViii. 

The  main  difficulty  besetting  the  theory  of  the  excava 
tion  of  the  roi  1.  b  isins  by  ice  is  t"  explain  how  the  ice 
alter  entering  the  basin  manages  to  get  out  again. 

.;.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  254. 

4f.  To  employ;  spend;  use  up.     Chaucer. — 5f. 
To  become ;  suit ;  look  well  on — To  be  beset  ont, 
to  be  occupied  with  ;  have  one's  mind  fixed  on. 
God  wolde, 
Syn  then  most  love  thurgh  thy  destenee 
I  hat  th. hi  beset  were  on  swich  on  that  sholde 
K  n  >u  al  thi  wo,  al  lakkede  here  pitee. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  521. 

besetment  (be-set'ment),  n.    [<  beset  +  ■merit.'] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  beset. 

The  breeze  freshened  off  shore,  breaking  up  and  send- 
ing out  tin  floes,  the  leads  rapidly  closing.  Fearing  a  be- 
Mfiiii  „.'.  1  determined  to  fasten  to  an  iceberg. 

Kane,  See.  Grinn.  Exp.,  1.  33. 

2.  The  sin  or  failing  to  which  one  is  most  li- 
able; a  besetting  sin  or  tendency.  [From  the 
expression  in  Heb.  xii.  1.] 

It's  my  besetment  to  forget  where  1  am,  and  everything 
around  me.  George  Eliot. 

besetting  (be-set'ing),  p.  a.  Habitually  at- 
tacking or  waylaying. 

We  have  all  nf  us  our  besetting  sins,  our  special  moral 
danger,  and  our  special  moral  strength. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ix. 

•  besewt  (be-so'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  besewen,  <  be-  +  seie- 
en,  sew:  see  be-1  and  sew1.]    To  sew.    Gower. 

beseyet,  /'/>•     A  Middle  English  form  of  beseen. 

besha  (be  sha),  n.  An  ancient  Egyptian  mea- 
sure of  capacity,  said  to  be  equal  to  4.5  liters, 
or  one  imperial  gallon. 

beshett,  pp.  A  past  participle  of  beshut.  Chau- 
ct  r. 

beshinet  (be-shin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beshone, 
ppr.  beshining.  [<  Mil  beshinen,  bischinen,  < 
AS.  beseinan  (=OFries.  bischina  =D.  beschijnen 
=  OHH.  biseeinan,  MHG.  beschinen,  GK  besclu  int  n 
=  Goth.  biskeinan),  shine  upon,  <  be-  +  soman, 
shine:  see  In-1  ands/w'ne.]  To  shine  about  or 
upon.     Chaucer. 

[She]  was  as  fair  a  creature  as  the  sun  might  beshine. 

Benin,  1.  381. 

beshlik  (besh'lik),  n.  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  of 
Hie  value  of  L'l  United  States  cents.    Alsobcslik. 

beshmet  (besh'met),  n.  [Native  term.]  An 
article  of  food  consisting  of  grapes  made  into 
the  consistence  of  honey,  used  among  the  tribes 
of  the  mountainous  districts  of  Asia  Minor. 

beshonet  (be-shon').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  I"  shin,  . 

beshow  (be-sho'),  n.  A  name  given  by  the  In- 
dian- of  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  to  the  can- 
dle-fish, dnoplopoma  fimbria.  See  cut  under 
eandU  -fish. 

beshrew  (bf-shrS'),  >'■  '•      l<  ME.  beshrewen, 
curse,   pervert,   <   be-  +  shrew:  see  In-1  and 
.slinti1.)     If.  To  wish  a  curse  to;  execrate. 
Alle  huele  freendis  I  beshrewe.  Som.qfthe  Rost 

in  from  the  In tugh 
hwbeshrew hia  heart  thai  pull'd  it. 

1  aithful  Shepherdess,  h 
vo   qnoth  the  cock ;  but  I  beshrew  us  both, 

Iff believi    1    ainl  upon  1 Oh. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  l"x 

2.  In  modern  use,  a  mildly  imprecatory  or 
merely  expletive  introductory  exclamation,  in 
1  in-  form  of  the  imperative. 

art, 

fair  daughter  '   V"'i  do  draw  my  -pints  from  me. 

Shak.,  ■  Hen.  IV,  U.  :i. 
/:.  hrt "  mi    ''Mi  11  wa   ai 

/,.  Jonson,  Evi  rj  Man  In  hi    Humour,  iii  2. 
Beshrew  the  sombre  pencil '.  said  1  vauntingly. 

Si:  me,  St  niiiiii  hial  Journey. 


532 

It  was  an  idle  licit  1  sent,  against  the  villain  crow; 
Fair  sir.  I  fear  it  harmed  thy  hand  ;  beshrew  my  erring  bow! 
Bryant,  Strange  Lad] . 

beshroud  (be-shroud'),  r.  t.    [<  In  -1  +  shroud.] 

To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  shroud;  hide  in 
darkness,  us  with  a  cloak. 

beshutt  (bf-shuf),  ''■  '•  [<  ME.  beshutten,  bi- 
shetten,  <  be-  +  shitttcn,  shut:  see  In  >  and.s/iMf.J 
To  slnit  in  or  inclose;  shut  up  or  conliuo. 

besiclometer  (bes-i-klom'e-ter),  n.  [<  F.  besi- 
des, spectacles  (modified  (as  if  <  bes,  L.  bis, 
twice,  +  L.  oeulus,  eye)  <  OF.  bericle,  crystal, 
spectacles,  dim.  <  L.  beryllus:  see  beryl  and 
briUs),  +  Hi',  /lirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment lor  measuring  the  distance  between  the 
hinges  of  a  pair  of  spectacles;  a  forehead-mea- 
sure. 

beside  (be-sid'),  adv.  and  prep.,  prop,  prep.phr. 

[<  ME.  beside,  biside,  bi/snli.  Insulin,  Insulin, 
etc.,  also  (with  adv.  gen.  suffix -es)  besides,  bi- 
sides,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS.  be  sidan  (=  MHO. 
besiten,  besite),  by  (the)  side:  be,  prep.,  E.  by; 
sidan,  dat.  of  side,  side.]  I.  adv.  Same  as  be- 
sides, which  is  now  the  common  form. 

II.  prep.  1.  At  the  side  of;  near:  as,  sit  down 
beside  me,  or  beside  the  stream. 

Beside  him  hung  his  bow.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  763. 

I  walking  to  and  fro  beside  a  stream. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Over  and  above;  distinct  from.  [In  this 
sense  now  rare,  besides  being  used  instead.] 

A  woollen  shirt  is  generally  the  only  article  of  dress 
worn  by  the  monks,  beside  the  turban. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  316. 

3t.  Out  of ;  away  from. 

One  of  them  taking  displeasure  with  his  father  .  .  .  step- 
ped to  him,  and  plucking  her  (a  falcon]  beside  [out  of]  bis 
fist,  wrong  her  neck. 

Ilolinshed,  Chron.,  Scotland  (ed.  1S06),  II.  60. 

Neleus,  Son  of  Codrus,  being  put  beside  [out  of]  the  King. 
dom  of  Athens  by  bis  younger  Brother  Medon. 

Stanley,  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  1701).    (if.  E.  D.) 

4.  Apart  from;  not  connected  with;  not  ac- 
cording to. 

It  is  beside  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon  this 
speculation.  Locke. 

5t.  Contrary  to. 
At  Durham,  beside  all  expectation,  I  met  an  old  friend. 
Johnson,  Letters  (ed.  1788),  I.  lxxiii.  106. 

6.  Out  of;  in  a  state  deviating  from. 
Enough 
To  put  him  quite  beside  his  patience. 


7t.  Without. 

Execut  was  al  byside  hire  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  622. 
Beside  the  mark,  away  from  the  mark  aimed  at;  not  tc 
the  point ;  irrelevant  or  irrelevantly  :  as,  to  shoot  or  tc 
argue  beside  the  murk. 


besmear 
3.  Not  included  in  that  mentioned;  otherwise; 
else. 

She  dees  "rite  t"  me 
As  if  her  heart  were  mines  of  adamant 
'In  all  tile  world  besides. 

Ihaii.  and  l'l.,  I'hilaster,  iii.  1. 

4f.   On  one  side  ;  aside. 

To  eon  besydes  in  the  weye. 

Chaucer,  Ci n'a  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  405. 

Thou  canst  not  fight  :  the  blows  thou  tnak'st  al  me 
Are  quite  besidi  ■     Beau,  ami  l'l..  Maids  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
Sometimes  beside. 

II.  prep.  It.  By  the  side  of;  near.  Spenser. — 
2.  Over  and  above;  separate  or  distinct  from; 
in  addition  to:  as,  besides  these  honors  he  re- 
ceived much  money. —  3.  Other  than;  except; 
bating. 
No  living  creature  ever  walks  in  it  besidet  the  chaplain. 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  110. 

4t.  Beyond;  away  from:  as,  quite  besides  the 
subject.— Besides  himselft,  beside  himself.    Holland, 

tl'.  Of  LiVy,   p.  4f>6.  =  Syn.    Inside.    In. ahs.       See  tiesid.  .    II. 

besiege  '(be-sej'),  »•  '•  ;  pret.  and  pp.  besieged, 
ppr.  besieging.  [<  ME.  besegen,  bisegen,  <  be-  + 
segen,  besiege:  see  be-1  and  Siege,  v.]  1.  To  lay 
siege  to;  beleaguer;  beset  or  surround  with 
armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  to 
surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks :  as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

Till  Paris  was  besieg'd,  famish'd,  and  lost. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

2.  To  beset ;  throng  around ;  harass. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood. 

SI, iik.,  Sonnets,  cix. 
The  arras,  rich  with  horseman,  hawk,  and  bound, 
Flutter'd  in  the  besieging  wind's  uproar, 
And  the  long  carpets  rose  along  the  gusty  floor. 

Keats,  live  ef  St.  Agues,  xh 
=  Syn.  1.  To  beset,  hem  in,  invest,  blockade. 
besieged  (bf-sejd'),  p.  a.     In  astrol.,  said  of  a 

planet  which  is  between  two  others. 
besiegement   (be-sej'meut),    ».     [<   besiege  + 
-ment.]     1.  The  act  of  besieging. —  2.  A  state 
of  siege ;  beleaguerment. 

It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  Pemberton  would  have 
permitted  a  close  besiegement.  t 

U.  S.  (leant.  Personal  .Memoirs,  I.  495. 

besieger  (be-se'jer),  n.     One  who  besieges. 
On  the  27th  of  November,  the  besiegers  made  a  despe- 
rate though  ineffectual  assault  on  the  city. 

Prescolt,  Fcnl.  and  Isa.,  ii.  23. 

besieging  (be-se'jing),  p.  a.     Surrounding  in  a 

hostile  manner ;   employed  in  a  siege :  as,  a 

besieging  army. 

In  a  besieging 


Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1.  besie'gingly  (be-se'jing-li),  adr 
manner.     [Rare.] 
besilver   (be-sil'ver), 


/.     [<  6c-1  +  silver.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  silver.     '■'.  Fletcher. 
besing  (be-sing'),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  sing.]   To  sing 
about;  celebrate  in  song.     Cqrlyle. 


To  reason  with  such  a  writer  is  like  talking  to  a  deaf  besitt  (bf-sit'),  V.t.      [<  ME.  Iiesitlrn,  <  AS.  be- 


sittan,  sit  about,  <  be-,  about,  +  sittan,  sit:  see 
be-1  and  sit,  and  cf.  the  causal  form  6cse*.]  1. 
To  sit  about;  besiege. —  2.  To  sit  upon. —  3. 
To  sit  properly  upon,  as  clothes ;  suit ;  be- 
come. 

That  which  is  for  Ladies  must  besiltiim. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  p.i. 
raul,  thou  art  beside  thyself;  much  learning  doth  make  beslabbert  (be-slab'er),  V.  t.      [<  ME.  beslaber- 

en,  also  brsloberen  (=  LG-.  Inslnhhirn),  <  6c-  -t 


man  who  catches  at  a  stray  word,  makes  answer  Inside  th 
mink,  and  is  led  further  and  further  into  error  by  every 
attempt  to  explain. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

To  be  beside  one's  self,  to  be  out  of  one's  wits  or  scums  ; 
be  in  a  high  state  of  mental  exaltation  or  excitement ;  lose 
one's  self-command  through  strong  feeling. 


thee  mad. 

He  came  down  with  a  huge  long  naked  weapon  in  both 
his  hands,  and  looked  so  dreadfully  !  sure  lies  beside  him- 
sglf,  B.  Jonson,  F.pieiene,  iv.  2. 

To  go  besidet,  to  pass  by ;  passover.— To  look  besidet, 
to  overlook  ;  fall  to  see  ;  miss  seeing. 
Let  vs  but  open  our  eves,  we  cannot  looks  beside  a  lesaon. 
Bp.  Hall  (11127),  Epistles,  iv.  Ml. 

=  Syn.  Beside,  Besides.    Beside,  by  the  side  of ;  besides,  in 

addition  to. 

Then  went  Sir  Bedivere  the  second  time 
Across  the  ridge,  and  paced  beside  the  mere. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

IlislMuley  Ahul  Hassan's] kingdom  now  contained  nun 
teen  cities,  ninety-seven  fortified  places,  besides  numerous 

Mliwalleil  towns  and  villages  defended  by  formidable  cas- 
tles. Irving,  <  Iranada,  p.  18. 

besideryt  (be-si'de-ri),  It.  [Origin  unknown.] 
A  species  of  [.car.    Johnson. 

besides  (be-sidz'),  adv.  and  prep.  (<  ME.  be- 
sides, bisides,  <  beside  +  adv.  gen.  sullix  -is :  see 
Instill .  ]  I.  (c/c.  1.  Moreover;  more  than  that; 
further. 

The  match 
Were  rich  and  honourable  ;  besides,  the  gentleman 
Is  lull  i.t  virtue,  bounty,  worth,  and  qualities 
Bi   eemlng  such  a  wife  as  your  fair  daughter. 

Shak.,  T.  8.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 

2.  In  addition  ;  over  and  above ;  as  well. 

The  men  said  Onto  Lot,  Hast  tin. 11  here  any  besides' 

Hell.  xix.  12. 

There  are  besides  many  pompous  volumes,  Bomeemboaa'd 
with  gold,  and  Intaglias  on  achate,  medailea,  etc 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept  2,  1680. 


sldbercn,  slabber,  slobber:  see  /n-i  and  slabber, 
slobber.]    To  beslaver;  beslobber.    Piers  Plow- 
man. 
beslave  (be-slav'),  ''•  <•    [<  '"'-1  +  slave.]    To 
make  a  slave  of;  enslave. 
[Covetouaness]  beslaves  the  affections. 

Quarles,  Judgment  ami  Mi  rcy, 

beslaver  (be-slav'er),  v.  t.  [<  '"-1  +  slaver*-. 
Cf.  beslobber.]  To  cover  with  slaver,  or  any- 
ihing  suggesting  slaver;  hence,  to  cover  with 
fulsome  flattery. 
beslik  (bes'lik).  n.  Same  as  beshlik. 
beslime  (be-slim'),  o.  t.  [<  be-1  +  slime.]  To 
daub  with  or  as  with  slime;  soil. 

our  fry  of  writers  vasybeslims  his  fame. 

B.  Jonson,  I'oii  0.  Poetaster, 
beslobber  (be-slob'er),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besloberen, 
same  us  besloberen  :  see  beslobber. ]  To  besmear 
or  befoul  with  spittle  or  anything  running  from 
the  mouth;  slobber  over  with  effusive  kisses; 
hence,  to  flatter  in  a  fulsome  manner  or  to  a 
fulsome  degree. 
beslubber  (bf-slub'er),  r.  I.  [Var.  of  beslobber.] 
To  besmear  or  befoul. 

Beslubber  our  garments  with  it  [blood], 

Sfta*.,  1  Men.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

beslurry(be-slur'i),  v.  t.  r<'"-'  +  E. dial. slurry, 
soil:  see  slur.]    To  soil.     Drayton.     [Bare.] 

besmear  (be-smer')j  ''•  '•     [Early  1 1.  E.  also 

besmeer,  besmen,  Insiiiire.  etc.,   <  ME.   bismeor- 


besmear 

wen,<  AS.  "bismerwian,  besmyrian  (=  Mlli;.  be- 
smirwen),  besmear,  <  be-  +  smyrwan,  smierwan, 
smear:  Bee  be-1  and  smear."]  To  smear  over  or 
about:  bedaub;  overspread  with  any  viscous 

matter,  or  with  any  soft  substance  that  adheres ; 
hence,  to  foul;   soil;  sully. 

My  honour  would  not  let  ingratitude 
So  much  besmear  it.  Shak.,  >l.  ol  v.,  v.  i. 

Hi-,  dear  Friends  Acates  and  \<  anthes 
Lie  in  the  field  bumired  in  their  bloods. 

Chapman,  I'.linii  Bege.ur. 

Her  gushing  blood  the  pavement  all  besmear'd. 

I'/  ydl  'i 

besmearer  (be-smer'er),  n.  One  who  besmears. 

besmirch  (be-smereh'),  ».  t.    [<  be-1  +  smirch.] 

To  soil ;  discolor,  as  with  soot  or  mud;  hence, 

to  sully;  obscure.     [The  figurative  use  is  now 

the  more  common  one.] 

Ourgayness,  and  our  gilt,  are  all  besmirck'd 
With  rainy  marching  in  the  painful  field. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iv. :). 
The  dishonor  that  besmirchss  the  husband  of  a  faithless 

woman.  //"  irthorne,  Sral'let  Letter,  p.  S7. 

besmoke  (be-smok'),  ».  t.  [<  ME.  besmoken,  ( 
In-1  +  smolcen,  smoke:  see  be-1  and  smoke.'] 
1.  To  befoul  or  fill  with  smoke. —  2.  To  harden 
or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson. — 3.  To  fumigate. 
[Rare.] 
besmooth  (be-sm6TH'),  v.  t.    [(  be-1  +  smooth.] 

To  make  smooth.     Chapman. 
besmoteredt,  pp.     [ME.,  pp.  of  *besmoteren; 
appar.  freq.  of  besmut,  which,  however,  does 
not  appear  in  ME.]     Smutted;  spotted;  made 
dirty. 

A  gepoun 
Al  bysmotered  with  his  habergeoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  76. 

besmut  (be-smuf),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  besmut- 
ted,  ppr.  besnuitting.  [<  be-1  +  smut.]  To 
blacken  with  smut ;  foul  with  soot. 

besmutch  (be-smuch'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-1  +  smutch.] 
To  besmirch.    Carlyle. 

besilOW  (be-sno'),  v.  t.  [With  altered  vowel 
(after  snow),  for  earlier  besnew,  (  ME.  besnewen, 

<  AV3.  besniwan  (=MHG.  besnien,  G.  beschneien), 

<  be-  +  sniwan,  snow:  see  be-1  and  snow.]  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  snow ;  whiten. 

A  third  thy  white  and  small  hand  shall  besnow. 

Carew,  To  Lady  Anne  Hay. 

besnuff  (be-snuf'),  v.  '•  [<  be-1  +  snuff.]  To 
befoul  with  snuff.     [Bare.] 

Unwashed  her  hands,  and  much  besnuffed  her  fare. 

Young,  Satires,  vi. 

besogniot,  »•    See  bisognio. 

besOll  (be-soil'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  besotjlen.  <  be-1  + 
snilen,  soil:  see  be-1  and  soil.]  To  soil;  stain; 
sully. 

Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  face,  all  weather-tanned, 
besoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Itesartus,  iii.  4. 

besom  (be'zum),  n.  [<  ME.  besum,  besem,  besme, 
a  broom,  a  rod, <  AS.  besema,  besma,  a  rod,  in  pi. 
a  bundle  of  twigs  or  rods  used  as  a  broom,  also 
as  an  instrument  of  punishment,  =  OFries. 
besma  =  OD.  bessem,  D.  bezem  =  LG.  bessen  = 
OHG.  besamo,  MHG.  beseme,  G.  besen,  a  broom, 
a  rod ;  orig.  perhaps  a  twig,  hence  a  bundle 
of  twigs,  a  broom.]  1.  A  brush  of  twigs  for 
sweeping;  hence,  a  broom  of  any  kind. 

I  will  sweep  it  with  the  besom  of  destruction,  saitli  the 
Lord  of  hosts.  Is.  xiv.  2:;. 

The  Lord  Bacon  was  wont  to  commend  the  advice  of 
the  plain  old  man  at  Buxton,  that  sold  besoms. 

Bacon's  Apophthegms,  p.  190. 

There  is  little  to  the  rake  to  get  after  the  bissome. 

Scotch  proverb,  in  Bay  (1678),  p.  390. 

Z.  A  name  given  to  the  common  broom  of  Eu- 
rope, Ci/tisiis  seopariiis,  and  to  the  heather,  Cal- 
luna  vulgaris,  because  both  are  used  for  besoms. 
—  3.  [Pron.  bi/.'um.]  A  contemptuous  epithet 
for  a  low,  worthless  woman.     [Scotch.] 

besom  (be'zum),  v.  t.  [(besom,  «.]  To  sweep 
as  with  a  besom.     Cowper.     [Rare.] 

besomer  (be'zum-er),  n.   One  who  uses  a  besom. 

besoothment  (bf-s85H'ment),  n.  [<  "besoothe 
(not  in  use)  (<  be-1  +  soothe)  +  -merit.]  That 
which  yields  consolation ;  solace ;  comfort. 
Quarterly  Iter.     [Rare.] 

besortt  (be-sorf),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  sort.]     To 
suit;  fit;  become. 
Such  men  as  may  besort  your  age.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

besortt  (he-sort'),  ».  [<.  besort,  v.]  Something 
fitting  or  appropriate ;  suitable  company. 

I  crave  fit  disposition  for  my  wife,  .  .  . 

With  such  accommodation  and  besort 

As  levels  with  her  breeding.       Shah..  Othello,  i.  3. 

besot  (be-sof),  r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  besotted, 
ppr.  besotting.  [<  be-1  +  sot.]  1.  To  infat- 
uate ;  make  a  dotard  of. 


533 

A  fellow  sincerely  besotted  Oil  hi*  own  wife. 

/;.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  I'rcf. 

2.  To  stupefy;  affect  with  mental  or  moral 
stupidity  or  blindness. 

A  weak  and  besotted  prince-  Who  had  .  .  .  produced 
a  revolt  in  which  six  thousand  lives  wen-  lost  is  per- 
mitted, unmolested  and  in  safely,  to  leave  the  city. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  517. 

3.  To  make    sottish,  as  with  drink;    make  a 

Sol     of. 

Permitted  .  .  .  tobesot  themselves  in  the  company  of 
their  favourite  revellers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

besotment  (be-sot'meut),  «.  [<  besot  +  -men!.] 
The  act  of  making  one's  self  sottish  by  drink; 
the  state  of  being  besotted. 

The  debasing  habit  of  unsocial  besotment  is  not  brought 
under  the  eyes  of  his  superior.  Bulwer. 

besotted,  (be-sot'ed),  p.  a.    1.  Characterized  by 

or  indicative  of  stupidity;  stupid;  infatuated. 

Besotted,  base  ingratitude.  Wilton,  Comus,  1.  77s. 

Historical  painting  had  sunk  .  .  .  on  the  north  into  the 

patient  devotion  of  besotted  lives  to  delineations  of  bricks 

and  fogs,  fat  cattle  and  ditch  water.  Ruskin. 

2.  Made  sottish  by  drink ;  stupefied  by  habit- 
ual intoxication. 

besottedly  (be-sot'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  besotted 
or  foolish  manner. 

besottedness  (bf-sot'ed-nes),  ».    The  state  of 

being  besotted;  stupidity  ;  arrant  folly;  infat- 
uation. 

besottingly  (be-sot'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  besotting 
manner. 

besought  (be-sof).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  beseech, 

besour  (be-sour'),  v.  t.  [(  be-1  +  sour.]  To 
make  sour.     Hammond. 

besouth  (be-south'),  prep.  [<  ME.  be-sowth;  < 
fee-2  +  south.  Of.  benorth.]  To  the  south  of. 
[Scotch.] 

bespangle  (be-spang'gl),  v.  t.  [(be-1  +  span- 
gle. ]  To  adorn  with  spangles ;  dot  or  sprinkle 
with  small  glittering  objects. 

Not  Berenice's  luck  first  rose  so  bright, 

The  heav'ns  bespangling  with  dishevell'd  light. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  v.  130. 

bespat  (be-spaf).     Preterit  of  bespit. 
bespatter  (be-spat'er),  v.  t.    [<  be-1  +  spatter.] 

1.  To  soil  by  spattering;  sprinkle  with  any- 
thing liquid,  or  with  any  wet  or  adhesive 
substance. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  asperse  with 
calumny  or  reproach. 

Whom  never  faction  could  bespatter.    Sunft,  <  in  Poetry. 
bespattlet  (be-spat'l),  r.  t.     [(  be-1  +  spattle.] 

To  spit  on.     lip.  Hale. 
bespawlt  (be-spal'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  spat*?.] 
To  soil  or  make  foul  with  or  as  with  spittle. 

Bespawls 
The  conscious  time  with  humorous  foam  and  brawls. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
This  remonstrant  would  invest  himself  conditionally 
with  all  the  rheum  "f  the  town,  that  he  might  have  suffi- 
cient to  bespa  ai  his  brethren. 

Milton,  l>ef.  of  liuiub.  Remonst. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  v.;  pret.  bespoke  (formerly 
bespoke),  pp.  bespoken,  bespoke,  ppr.  bespeak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bespeken,  bispeken,  speak,  agree 
upon,  complain,  <  AS.  besprecan,  complain  (= 
OS.  bisprekan  =  <  (Fries.  Inspn  ka  =  D.  bespreken 
=  OHG.  bisprehlian,  MHG.  G.  besprechen,  be- 
speak), <  be-  +  sprecan,  speak:  see  be-1  and 
speak.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  speak  for  beforehand ; 
engage  in  advance;  make  arrangements  for: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  place  in  a  theater. 

Staying  in  Paul's  Churchyard,  to  iwspeirirOgilby's  d&op's 
Fables  and  Tully's  Olficys  to  he  bound  for  me. 

Pepye,  Diary,  I.  138. 

'Tis  very  true,  ma'am  ;  every  thing  is  fixed,  and  the  wed- 
ding liveries  bespoke.      Sheridan.  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

2.  To  stipulate,  solicit,  or  ask  for,  as  a  favor: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  calm  hearing. 

This  is  a  sinister  and  politic  kind  of  charity,  whereby 

we  seem  to  bespeak  the  pities  of  men  in  the  like  occasions. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  2. 

3f.  To  forebode;  foretell. 

They  started  fears,  bespoke  dangers,  and  formed  omi- 
nous prognostieks,  to  scare  the  allies.  Swift. 

4.  To  speak  to ;  address.  [In  this  sense  mostly 
poetical.] 

He  thus  the  queen  bespob1.  Driiden. 

5.  To  betoken;  show;  indicate,  as  by  signs. 
When  the  abbot  of  St.  Martin  was  born,  he  had  so  little 

the  figure  of  a  man  that  it  bespoke  him  rather  a  monster. 

Loeke. 
His  face  bespeaks 
A  deep  and  simple  meekness. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 
The  object,  alike  paltry  and  impossible,  of  this  alula 
tion,  bespoke  the  narrow  mind. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  513. 


Bessel's  function 

II. t  intrans.  To  speak  up  or  out;  exclaim; 
speak, 

Until  their  Lord  himself  bespoke,  and  bid  thi 

Milton,  Nati\  tty,  vi 

And  thus  th,  chiel  bespoke.  Cowpi  r,  Iliad,  ii.  201. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  n.  [<.  bespeak,  ».,  1.]  Among 
actors  in  Great  Britain,  a  benefit  :  so  called 
from  the  bespeaking  of  patronage  l>\  I  lie  actors, 
or  of  the  |,la\   by  the  patrons.     See  benefit,  5. 

bespeaker  (be-spe'ker).  ».     One  who  bespeaks. 

bespeaking  (be-spe'king),  «.  |  Verbal  n.  of  be- 
spmk.]  The  act  of  speaking  for  or  soliciting; 
solicitation. 

A  preface,  therefore,  which  is  lint  a  bespeaking ot  favour, 
Ib  altogether  useless.      Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  Pret 

bespeckle  (be-spek'l),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  speckle.] 
To  mark  with  speckles,  spots,  or  bright  patches. 

Bespeckled  her  with  .  .  .  gaudy  allurements, 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

bespendt  (be-spend'),  r.  t.  [(be-1  +  spend.] 
To  expend ;  bestow ;  employ. 

All  his  craft 
Bespent  about  the  bed. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  viii. 

bespett,  v.  t.     [ME.  bespeten  (weak  verbLpp. 
bespet,  bespat).  (  be-1   +  speten,  (  AS.  spa-tan, 
spit:  see  spit,  and  of.  bespit.]     To  bespit. 
bespew  (be-spiV),  v.  t.     [(  be-1  +  spew.]     To 

spew  or  vomit  on. 
bespice  (be-spis'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  sjrice.]     To 
season  with  spices  or  drugs ;  hence,  to  drug ; 
poison. 

Ay,  and  thou, 
His  cup-hearer,  .  .  .  inightst  bespice  a  cup, 
To  give  mine  eueinv  a  lasting  wink. 

Shak.,  W.T.,  i.  2. 

bespirtt,  v.  t.    See  be^purt. 

bespit  (be-s)iit'),  r.  t.\  pret.  bespit,  bespat,  pp. 
bespit,  bespitten,  bespitted,  ppr.  bespitting.  [( 
ME.  bispitten,  (  l>i-  +  spitten,  spit:  see  be-1  and 
spit,  and  cf.  bespet]  To  spit  upon;  soil  with 
spittle. 

bespoke  (be-spok').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bespeak. 

bespot  (be-spof),  v.  t.  [(  ME.  bispotten,  (  bi- 
+  spotten,  spot:  see  he-1  and  spot.]  To  make 
spots  on ;  mark  with  spots :  cover  with  or  as 
with  blots  or  blemishes. 

/;,  spotted  so  w  it li  sin.        Drayton,  Matilda  to  K.  John. 

bespread  fbe-spred'),  v.  t.  [(  be-1  +  sj>rcad.] 
To  spread  over ;  cover  with. 

His  nuptial  bed, 
With  curious  needles  wrought,  and  painted  flowers  be- 
spread.  Dryden. 

bespreng  (be-spreng'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  hesprengen, 
bisprengen  (pp.  besprenged,  bespreynt,  etc.),  < 
AS.  besprengan  (=  1>.  and  G.  hesprengen).  be- 
sprinkle, (  be-  t  sprengan,  sprinkle:  see  be-1 
and  spreng,  and  cf.  besprinkle.]  1.  To  sprinkle 
over;  besprinkle:  as,  "besprent  with  teares," 
Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  26. 

The  floor  with  tassels  of  fir  was  besprent. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  King  Olaf,  iv. 

2.  To  spread ;  scatter. 

His  silver  tresses  thin  besprent. 

'/'.  Warton,  Grave  of  King  Arthur. 

[Obsolete  except  in  the  perfect  participle  be- 
sprent.] 
besprent  (be-sprent'),  ji.  a.     [Pp.  of  bespreng.] 
Besprinkled. 

In  the  flower-frorprenf  meadows  his  genius  we  trace. 

Wordsworth,  At  Vullomhrosa. 

besprinkle  (be  -  spring 'kl),  v.  t.  [(  be-1  + 
sprinkle.  Cf.  bespreng.]  To  sprinkle  over; 
scatter  over:  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust. 

Herodotus  .  .  .    bath  besprinkled  his  work  with  many 

fabulosities.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Besprinkles  with  Cimmerian  dew.    Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  4. 

besprinkler  (bf-spring'kler),  n.  One  who  be- 
sprinkles. 

bespurt,  bespirtt  (be-sperf),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  + 
spurt.]  To  spurt  out  or  over;  throw  out  in  a 
stream  or  streams. 

Well  bespurted  with  his  own  holy  water. 

.Villon,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

bespurtlet  (bf-sper'tl),  ».  t.  [(  be-1  +  spurtle.] 
To  bespatter,  as  with  contumely;  asperse. 

I  give  thy  dogged  sullennes  free  libertie :  trot  about,  and 
bespurtle  whom  thou  pleasest. 

Marston  and  Webster,  The  Malcontent,  i.  2. 

besputter  (be-sput'er),  r.  t.  [(  be-1  +  sputter.] 
To  sputter  over. 

Besselian  (be-sel'yan),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ori- 
ginated by  the  German  astronomer  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  Bessel  ( 1784-lS4(i).  Besselian  function. 
Same  as  Bessel '8  function  iuhi.  h  see,  under  function). 

Bessel's  function.    SeeJ^nctto». 


Bessemer  converter 

Bessemer  converter,  iron,  process,  steel,  etc. 
See  the  nouns. 

BeSSOTa  (bes'e-rii),  it.  [XL.,  ii;inuil  aft  it  tin- 
Russian  naturalist  Hisser.]  A  genus  of  Mexi- 
can bulbous  liliaceous  plants,  consisting  of  a 
single  species.  />'.  eleijans,  frequently  cultivated. 
Its  showy  crimson  flowers  are  borne  in  a  termi- 
nal umbel. 

bessis  (bes'is),  n.    Same  as  beg. 

bessognet,  "•    See  bisogno. 

best  (best),  a.  and  n.  (superlative  of  good). 
[See  In  Iti  r,a.,  and  i/oik/.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  highest 
quality,  excellence,  or  standing:  said  of  both 
persons  and  things  in  regard  to  mental,  moral, 
or  physical  qualities,  whether  inherent  or  ac- 
quired: as.  the  best  writers  and  speakers;  the 
best  families ;  the  best  judgment  :  the&estyears 
of  one's  life ;  a  house  built  of  the  best  materials. 

When  Ik-  is  best,  hi-  is  a  little  worse  than  a  man;  ami 
when  hi-  is  worst,  he  is  little  better  than  a  beast. 

Sin, I,:,  _M.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

What  she  wills  to  do  or  say 

Seems  wisest,  virtuoiisi-st,  ilisiavetest,  best. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  550. 

2.  Of  greatest  advantage,  usefulness,  or  suita- 
bility for  the  purpose  intended;  most  advan- 
tageous, suitable,  appropriate,  or  desirable: 
as,  the  best  mati  for  the  place  ;  the  best  way  to 
do  anything. 

His  best  companions,  innocence  and  health, 
And  his  best  riches,  ignorance  of  wealth. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  61. 

3.  Most  kind,  beneficent,  or  good :  applied  to 
persons:  as,  the  best  husband  imaginable ;  which 
of  your  brothers  is  best  to  you?  —  4.  Largest; 
greatest ;  most :  as,  we  spent  the  best  part  of 

three   days    in  getting  there Best  man,   the 

groomsman  or  chief  attendant  on  the  bridegroom  at  a 
wedding. 

I  acted  in  the  capacity  of  backer  or  best  man  to  the 
bridegroom.  Dickens. 

In  onr  own  marriages  tin-  best  man  seems  originally 
to  have  been  the  chief  abettor  of  the  bridegroom  in  the 
act  of  capture.  Darwin,  Des.  of  Man,  II.  xx. 

Best  work,  in  mining,  the  richest  class  of  ore. — To  put 
one's  best  foot  foremost.    See  foot. 

II.  n.  1.  The  highest  possible  state  of  ex- 
cellence; the  best  quality  or  property  of  a 
person  or  thing. 

Yf  thou  wylte  leve  in  peas  &  Reste, 
Here,  it  see,  &  sey  the  beste. 

Prov.  of  Good  Counsel,  52. 
But  you,  O  you, 
So  perfect,  and  so  peerless,  are  created 
of  every  creature's  best.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

2.  All  that  one  can  do,  or  show  in  one's  self: 
often  used  in  this  sense  with  the  possessive 
pronouns  my,  tin/,  liis,  their,  ete. :  as,  I  will  do 
mil  best  to  advance  your  interests;  she  is  bent 
on  looking  her  best ;  he  did  all  he  could  to  ap- 
pear at  his  Inst  in  that  performance. 

Then  gan  I  him  to  comfort  all  my  best. 

Spenser,  Daphiiaida,  1.  190. 

Win  shall  I  not,  but  do  my  best  to  win. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

At  best,  in  tin-  utmost  degree  or  extent  applicable  to  the 
case:  as,  life  is  at  best  very  short. 

Tin-  Law  of  England  is  at  best  but  the  reason  of  Parlia- 
ment. Hilton,  Eikonoklastes,  X, 
For  bestt,  Anally ;  for  good  and  all. 


Those  constitutions  .  . 
and  not  to  be  mended. 


are  now  established  for  best, 
M  iltmi. 


For  the  best,  so  as  to  secure  the  most  advantageous  re- 
sult;  uiih  the  beat  intentions.   -The  best,    (a)  The  best 

1 pi'    i  "IK  -  ti\<  -h  ;  those  of  the  highest  standing  iii  any 

respei  t.  hut  i  specialty  Bocially  or  intellectually. 

I  lining,  their  rags  and  they, 
The  basest,  far  into  that  council-hall 
Where  sit  '/<■  best  and  stateliest  of  the  land, 

Tt  nnyson,  Lucretius. 
(ft)  The  best  things  orathingof  the  best  quality:  as,  he 
always  buys  thi  '■■  t;  dressed  [n  one's  best. 
-i    and  lassies  in  their  best 
u  en  dressed  from  top  to  toe. 

K    lout   I..,,/    i:\psying. 

The  best  Of,  the  advanta'-'i-  in  la  i-ontest  or  proceeding) 

or  over  (a  per I:  at  fi be   tart  A.  I'.,  had  the  best  oj  it. 

As  far  as  dignit]  i    concerned    Heele  has  certainly  the 
btxt  a/  tla-  quarrel.    .1   Dobson,  Introd.  to  Steele,  p.  xxxix. 

To  make  the  best  of,  to  use  to  the  last  advantage  ;  get 
all  that  one  can  out  of. 

l.i  t  there  he  freedom  to  carrj  theii  commodities  where 
they  may  make  tin  best  "'them.  Bacon. 

Often  used  in  speaking  of  things  or  events  that  are  not 
pected  or  was  to  be  wished 
as,  U)  nmln  tin  l„  I  o)  ill  fortuni  01  a  bad  bargain.  —  To 
make  the  best  of  one's  way,  '-<  travel  oi  proceed  with 
all  possible  Bpeed. 
best  (best),  adv.  (superlative  of  well).  [See 
oi  iti  r.  mil.]  1.  [n  the  most  excellent  or  most 
suitable  manner;  with  most  advantage  or  buc- 
cess:  as,  he  who  runs  best  gets  the  prize;  the 


534 

Inst  l.ehave, I  lxij  in  tin-  school;  the  ocve-culti- 
vateil  fields. 

Speak  ye,  who  best  can  tell. 

Mill, m,  T.  L.,  v.  160. 
Most,  solicitous  how  best 
He  ma)  compensate  for  a  day  of  sloth. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv. 
Hi-  prayeth  best  who  loveth  best 
All  things  both  great  and  small. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  vii.  23. 

2.  In  or  to  the  highest  degree;  to  the  fullest 
extent ;  most  fully :  as,  those  who  know  him 
best  speak  highly  of  him ;  those  best  informed 
say  so ;  the  iesc-abused  man  in  town. 

old  fashions  please  me  best.      Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

Tell  whom  thou  Invest  best.        Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

I  relish  best  tin-  free  gifts  of  Providence. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 
best  (best),  ?'.  t.     [<  best,  a.  or  n.]     1.  To  get 
the  better  of ;  outdo  ;  surpass. 

I  cannot  stand  quiet  and  see  the  dissenters  best  the  es- 
tablishment.     Trafford,  World  in  Ch.,  ii.  77.    <N.  A.  />.) 

2.  To  overreach  or  outwit :  as,  to  best  a  client. 

—  3.  To  defeat  in  a  contest;  do  better  than; 

beat ;  hence,  in  pugilism,  to  thrash  soundly ; 

drub ;  defeat  at  fisticuffs. 
bestadt.   An  obsolete  preterit  corresponding  to 

the  past  participle  bestead^. 
bestain  (be-stan'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  stain.']     To 

mark  with  stains ;  discolor ;  spot. 

All  with  blood  bestain  his  cheeks. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  184. 

bestand  (be-stand'),  ?'•  t.  [<  be-1  +  stand.']  To 
serve ;  be  of  service  to ;  be  ready  to  serve  or 
aid.     [Rare.] 

To  such  practical  lessons  as  would  always  bestand  them 
well.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

best-best  (best'best),  a.  The  very  best:  some- 
times used  in  trade  to  indicate  the  very  best 
quality. 
bestead1  (be-sted'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestead- 
ed, bested,  ppr.  besteading.  [<  be-1  +  stead,  v., 
support,  help.]  1.  To  help;  assist. — 2.  To 
profit ;  benefit ;  serve ;  avail. 

Remember  this.  Oil  Bias,  .  .  .  pay  your  court  to  Signior 
Rodriguez,  .  .  .  his  friendship  will  bestead  you  much. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  iii.  3. 
In  this  ship  was  great  store  of  dry  Newfoundland  fish, 
.  .  .  the  same  being  so  new  and  good  as  it  did  very  greatly 
bestead  us  in  the  whole  course  of  our  voyage. 

Sir  I'.  Drake,  West  India  Voyage, 
Hence,  vain  deluding  .Toys, 
The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred  ! 
How  little  you  bested 
Or  nil  the  fixed  mind  with  all  your  toys  ! 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  ::. 
bestead2t  (be-sted'),  v.  t.   [<  be-1  +  stead,  place.] 
To  take  the  place  of. 

Hys  missing  of  the  Vniuersitie  Oratorship,  wherein  Doc- 
tor Feme  besteaded  him. 

Sash,  Haue  with  you  to  Saffronwalden. 

bestead3,  p.  a.  See  bested. 
bested,  bestead  (be-sted'),  p.  a.  [Prop,  only 
as  a  pp.  or  p.  a. ; '  but  Spenser  uses  a  pret. 
Instiid  and  pp.  bestedded,  and  other  authors 
have  adopted  present  forms;  <  ME.  lusted, 
bisted,  commonly  bestad,  bistad,  earliest  forms 
bistathe.d,  bisteathet,  pp.,  without  pres.  or  pret. 
(=  Dan.  bestedt),  <  be-  +  stad,  stadd,  later 
stnl,  etc.,  <  Icel.  staddr  =  Sw.  stadd,  circum- 
stanced, pp.  otstedhja,  fix,  appoint,  =AS.  stosth- 
than,  set,  set  fast,  plant,  \  steeth,  a  place,  re- 
lated to  stede,  a  place,  stead:  see  stead  and 
steady.]  1.  Placed;  situated:  of  things. —  2. 
Placed  or  circumstanced  as  to  condition,  con- 
venience, benefit,  and  the  like;  situated:  of 
persons. 

She  saith  that  she  shall  not  be  glad, 

Till  that  she  se  hym  so  bestad. 

Gower,  t'onf.  Amant.,  i. 
Many  far  worse  bestead  than  ourselves.  Barron: 

In  old  Bassora's  schools  I  seemed 

Eermit  vowed  to  books  and  gloom,— 

111  bested  for  gay  bridegroom. 

Emerson,  Helliiioni-, 

3f.  Disposed  mentally ;  affected  :  as,  "sorrow- 
fully bestad"  Chaucer. —  4f.  Provided;  fur- 
nished. 

The  Ladie,  ill  of  friends  hestedded. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  3. 

[This  word  is  scarcely  if  at  all  used  now,  ex- 
ii|.l  in  such  phrases  as  ill  or  sore  bested.] 
Bestiae  (bes'ti-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,pl.  of  L.  bestia, 
a  beast  :  see  beast.]  A  suborder  of  the  mam- 
malian order  Insietirtirti,  including  the  true  in- 
sei-tivores  as  distinguished   from   the  frugivo- 

rous  Galeopithecidce,  having  the  limbs  fitted  (or 

walking,  but  not   for  Hying  (being  devoid  of  a 
parachute),   and  the  lower  incisors  not   pecti- 
The  group  contains  the  vrhole  of  the  or- 
der, excepting  the  family  just  named. 


bestorm 

bestial  (bes'tial),  a.  and  n.      [<  L.  besiialis,  < 

histia,  beast:  se.-  hmsl.]  I,  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  a  beast  or  to  the  class  of  beasts;  animal. 

Of  shape  part  human,  part,  bestial.  'roller,  \o   t'.i. 

2.  Daring  the  qualities  of  a  beast ;  brutal;  be- 
low the  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity;  carnal: 
as,  a  bestial  appetite. 

I  have  lost  tin-  Immortal  part  of  myself,  and  what  re- 
mains is  besttnl  Sloth.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Bestial  automaton.  See  automaton.  --  Bestial  sign, 
in  astrol.jS.  zodiacal  sign  denoted  by  a  quadruped,  Aries, 
Taurus,  Leo,  Sagittarius,  or  Capricornus.  =SylL  Brutish, 
Bestial,  etc  (see  brute)',   vile,  depraved,  sensual. 

II.  n.  [<  LL.  bestiale,  cattle,  neut.  of  L.  bes- 
tialis :  see  above.]  1.  In  Scots  lair,  the  cattle 
on  a  farm  taken  collectively. —  2f.  A  work  on 
zoology.     Brevn  r. 

bestiality  (bes-tial'i-ti),  n.  [<  LL.  bestialitas,  < 
bestialis :  see  bestial.]  1.  The  qualities  or  na- 
ture of  a  beast ;  conduct  or  mental  condition 
unworthy  of  human  nature  ;  beastliness. 

What  can  be  a  greater  absurdity  than  to  affirm  bestial- 
ity to  be  the  essence  of  humanity,  and  darkness  the  centre 
of  light?  Martinus  Scriblerus. 

2.   Unnatural  connection  with  a  beast, 
bestialize  (bes'tial-iz),  o.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bes- 
Halized,  ppr.  besUalizing.    [<  bestial,  a.,  +  -ize.] 
To  make  like  a  beast ;  bring  or  reduce  to  the 
state  or  condition  of  a  beast. 

The  process  of  bestializimi  humanity.  Hare. 

bestially  (bes'tial-i),  adr.  In  a  bestial  man- 
ner; brutally ;  as  a  brute  beast . 

bestiant  (bes'tian),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
beast  spoken  of  in  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xiii. 
xx.). 

bestianismt  (bes'tian-izrn),  n.  [<  bestian  + 
-ism.]     The  power  of  the  beast.     See  bestian. 

bestiarian  (bes-ti-a'ri-an),  n.  [<  L.  bestia,  a 
beast,  +  -arian  ;  suggested  by  humanitarian.] 
One  who  is  an  advocate  of  the  kind  treatment 
of  animals ;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  an 
antiviviseetiouist. 

bestiary  (bes'ti-a-ri),  «.  [<  ML.  bestiarium, 
neut.  of  L.  bestiarins,  pertaining  to  wild  beasts 
(as  a  n.,  a  beast-fighter),  <  besUa,  a  wild  beast.] 
It.  A  fighter  with  wild  beasts  in  the  ancient 
Roman  amphitheater. —  2.  A  name  formerly 
sometimes  given  to  a  book  treating  of  animals. 
Mi-.  Watkinshas,  however,  gone  further  back,  and  com- 
mences with  Homer  and  Hesiod.  His  opening  chapter, 
"  A  Homeric  Bestiary,"  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic 
and  satisfactory  portions  of  his  work. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser..  XI.  260. 

bestiate  (bes'ti-at),  v.  t  :  pret.  and  pp.  bestt- 
atid,  ppr.  bestiaUng.  [<  L.  bestia,  a  beast,  + 
-ate?.]     To  make  beastly ;  bestialize.     [Rare.] 

Drunkenness  bestiates  the  heart. 

It.  Junius,  sin  in-  Stigmatized,  p.  286. 

bestick  (be-stik'),  v.  1.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestial:, 

ppr.  bi'stii-kimi.     [<  6c-1  +  stick1.]     1.  To  slick 

on  the  surface  of ;    cover  over. —  2.  To  pierce 

in  various  places;  pierce  through  and  through. 

Truth  shall  retire, 

Bestuck  with  slanderous  darts. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xii.  536. 

In  these  little  visual  interpretations  [valentines]  no 
emblem  is  so  common  as  the  heart,  .  .  .  the  bestuck  and 
bleeding  heart.  Lamb,  Valentine's  Day. 

bestill  (be-stil'),  <•  '•  [<  i('-i  +  still1.]  To 
make  quiet  or  still. 

Commerce  bcstitled  her  many-nationed  tongue. 

J.  Cunningham,  Elegiac  Ode. 
[In  the  following  passage  uncertain  : 

They,  bestill'd 
Almost  to  jelly  with  tin-  ait  of  fear, 
stand  dumb,  and  speak  not  to  him. 

Shirk.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios;  the  quartos  and  mod- 
ern editions  read  distilled. 
bestir  (be-ster'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bestirred, 
ppr.  bestirring.  [<  ME.  bestyrien,  Instirien,  be- 
sliiu  ii,  bestir,  <  AS.  besti/rian,  heap  up,  pile  up, 
<  be-  +  styrian,  stir:  see  be-'1  and  stir?]  To  put 
into  brisk  or  vigorous  action ;  rerlexively,  move 
with  life  and  vigor:  as,  bestir  i/oitrsi-lf. 

You  have  .  .  .  bestirred  your  valour. 

Slink.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

Come  on,  clowns,  forsake  your  dumps, 
And  bestir  your  hobnailed  stumps. 

II.  .lonson,  The  Satyr. 

Louse  and  bestir  themselves  ere  well  awake. 

Milton,  I'.  I...  i.  334. 

bestness  (best'nes),  n.     [<  best  +  -ness.]    Tho 

quality  of  being  best.      [Bare.] 

The  bestness  of  a  tiling. 

/,>.  Moetoo,  Episcopacy  Isserted,  §4. 

bestorm  (bf-8t6rm'),  v.  t.  {<  be-  +  storm  :  not 
descended  from  AS.  bestyrman  =  (!.  bestiirmen 

=  Sw.  bestornta  =  Dan.  bestorme,  attack  with 


bestorm 

storm,  agitate.]  To  overtake  with  a  storm; 
assail  with  storms:  as,  "boats  bcsttirim </,"  Sir 
II'.  Davenant,  Grondiberb,  Hi.  <i. 

All  is  sea  besides, 
Sinks  under  us,  bestorms,  and  then  devours. 

Young,  N  i^lit  Thoughts,  iv. 

bestow  (be-sto'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bestowen,  bistow- 
cn;  <  fce-1'+  slim;  place:  see  stow.]  1.  To  lay 
up  in  storo;  deposit  for  safe  keeping;  stow; 
place. 

I  have  no  room  where  tooertoM  my  fruits.    Luke  xii.  17. 

He  bestowed  it  in  a  pouch  lined  with  perfumed  leather. 

Scult. 


535 

bestride  (bS-strid'),  ».  t. ;  pret.  bestrode  or  bc- 

striil,  pp.  'tiisiniiiiiii.  instnti,  improperly  be- 
siridedi  (Sterne),  ppr.  bestriding.  [<  ME.  be- 
slriilin  (pret.  bestrood,  bestrode,  pp.  wanting), 
<  AS.  Iiestriilan  (hois  bestriiluii —  Lye),  <  be-  + 
slrnlnu,  stride.]  1.  To  straddle  over;  mount 
astride  of;  stretch  the  legs  or  corresponding 


beteach 

to  another  who  pledges  a   forfeit  in  return  on 

the  opposite  contingency. —  2.  That  which  is 
wagered;  also,  thai  about  which  a  wager  is 
made. 

But,  on:  -i\  Barbarj  horsi  s  against  bIx  French  swords, 
their  assigns,  and  three  liberal  conceited  carriagi  that's 
the  French  te«  against  the  Danish.      Sfta*.,  Hamlet 


horse;  spectacles  bestriding  the  nose. 
Why,  man,  he  doth  bi  stride  the  narrow  world 
Like  :i  Colossus.  Slink:,  .1.  <'.,  1.  2. 

The  animal  he  bestrode  was  a  broken-down  plough-horse. 
Irving,  .Sketch-Book,  p.  430. 

2.  To  step  over ;  cross  by  stepping. 

When  I  Dratmy  wedded  mistress  saw 

Bestride  mj  threshold.  Shak.,  for.,  iv.  5. 

bestrode  (be-strod').     Preterit  of  bestride. 
2.  To  lodge,  or  find  quarters  for;  provide  with  bestrow,  r.  t.     See  bestrew. 

bestrutt  (be-strut')j  »•  *■    [<  &?-1  +  strut.] 


parts  acrossso  as  to  embrace :  as,  to  bestride  a  bet:it.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  beat1. 

Beta1  (be'tii),  n.     [L.,  a  beet:   see  beet1.]     A 


To  all  appearance  I  must  he  [engaged]  for  many  months 
t,,  come  ei  turning  out,  examining,  sorting,  and  bestowing 
these  materials. 

Dr.  J.  A.  11.  Hurray,  Sth  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 


To 


distend. 
Her  paps  bestrut  with  milk. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p. 


519. 


bestuck  (be-stuk').     Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bestir/:. 
bestud  (be-stud'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestudded, 
ppr.  bestiidding.    [<  be-1  +  stud?.]   To  set  with 
or  as  with  studs;  adorn  with  bosses. 
The  unsought  diamonds 
Would  so  imhlaze  the  forehead  of  the  deep, 
And  so  bestud  with  stars,  that  they  below 
Would  grow  inured  to  light.     Miltmi,  Comus,  I.  734. 


accommodation. 

Well,  my  masters,  I'll  leave  him  with  you ;  now  I  see 
him  bestowed,  I'll  go  look  for  my  goods. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  dispose  of. 
Give  me  but  the  name  and  nature  of  your  malefactor, 

and  I'll  bestow  him  according  to  his  merits. 

Middletou  (and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

4.  To  give ;  confer ;  impart  gratuitously :  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon  before  the  recipient:  as, 
to  bestow  praise  or  blame  impartially. 

Consecrate  yourselves  .  .  .  to  the  Lord,  .  .  .  that  he  may 
bestow  upon  you  a  blessing.  Ex.  xxxii.  29. 

Though  I  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor  .  .  .  and  foeswaddle  (be-swod'l),  V.  t.     [<  or-1   +  swad- 

have  not  charity,  it  proflteth  me  nothing.       1  Cor.  xm.  3.  rffe  ,      To  envel        in   SWaddJing-clothes.       W. 

Around  its  entry  nodding  poppies  grow,  Whitehead 

And  all  cool  simples  that  sweet  rest  bestow.  '         .,      *         ,       m.^i    j.        ■  ,         /    \a     *„„...„-„„., 

Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  l.  287.  beswiket,  ».  t.     [ME.  beswiken,  <  AS.  beswtcan 

Did  you  bestow  your  fortune,  or  did  you  only  lend  it? 
Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  lxvi. 

5.  To  give  in  marriage. 
I  could  have  bestowed  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman.    Tatter, 

6.  To  apply ;  make  use  of ;  use ;  employ. 

I  determine  to  bestow 
Some  time  in  learning  languages  abroad. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 

Otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  war  would  have  been 
infallibly  bestowed  there.  Su'i/t. 

7f.  To  behave  or  deport. 

The  hoy  .  .  .  bestows  himself 
Like  a  ripe  sister.     Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
=  Syn.  4.  Confer,  Grant,  etc.    See  give. 
bestowable  (be-sto'a-bl),  a.    [<  bestow  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  bestowed. 
bestowaget,  "•     [<  bestow  +  -age.]     Stowage. 
bestowal  (be-sto'al),  h.    [<  bestow  +  -ah]    Be- 
sto  wment. 

The  one  did  himself  honour  in  the  bestowal,  the  other 
in  the  acceptance,  of  such  a  gratuity. 

Miliiutn,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  3. 

bestower   (be-sto'er),   n.    One  who  bestows; 

a  giver ;  a  disposer. 
bestowment  (be-sto'ment),  n.     [<  bestow  + 

-ment.]     1.  The' act  of  giving  gratuitously;  a 

conferring. —  2.    That  which  is  conferred  or 

given ;  a  donation. 

They  almost  refuse  to  give  due  praise  and  credit  to 
God's  own  bestowments.  Is.  Taylor. 

bestraddle  (be-strad'l),  v.  t.  [<  he-1  +  straddle.] 
To  bestride.   '  See  straddle. 

bestraughtt  ( be-strat'),  pp.  [A  modification  of 
distraught,  with  prefix  be-  for  dis-:  see  dis- 
traught.] Distracted;  mad:  as,  "I  am  not 
bestraught,"  shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Lnd.,  ii. 

bestraughtedt  (be-stra'ted),  a.  [Irreg.  <  be- 
straught.]    Distracted.     Norden.     [Rare.] 

bestrawt  (be-stra'),  »'•  t.  [<  be-1  +  straw  for 
strew.]    An  obsolete  form  of  bestrt  w. 

bestreak  (be-strek'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  streak.] 
To  mark  or  cover  with  streaks. 

bestrew,  bestrow  (bf-stro',  -stro'),  v.  t.:  pret. 
bestrewed,  bestrowed,  pp.  bestrewed,  bestrewn,  be- 
stroweil,  bestrown,  ppr.  bestrewing,  bestrowing. 
[<  ME.  bistrewen,  <  AS.  bestreoman  (=  D.  be- 
strooijen  =  MHG.  bestrouwen,  G.  bestreuen  =  Sw. 
bestro  =  Dan.  bestro),  <  be-  +  stredwian,  strew : 
see  bi-1  and  strew,  straw.]  1.  To  strew  or  scat- 
ter about ;  throw  or  drop  here  and  there. 
Those  blossoms  also,  and  those  dropping  gums, 
That  lie  bestrown.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  631. 

2.  To  strew  anything  upon  ;  cover  or  partially 
cover  with  things  strewn  or  scattered. 
Discord  shall  bestrew 
The  union  of  your  bed  with  weeds  so  loathly, 
That  you  shall  hate  it  both.      Slink.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Strip  the  bough  whose  mellow  fruit  bestrews 
The  ripening  corn  beneath  it. 

Wordsworth,  Between  Namur  and  Liege. 

bestrid  (be-strid').  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bestride. 


a 
mis  of  apetalous  plants,  natural  order  Che- 
nopodiact  ce.    See  beefl. 

beta-  (be'tii),  n.  [L.,  repr.  Gr.  liijra,  name  of  the 
character  IS,  ,.<.]  1.  The  second  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  corresponding  to  English  B  or 
b. —  2.  As  a  classifier  in  astronomy,  chemistry, 
etc.,  the  second  in  any  series.    See  alpha,  3. 

betacism  (be'ta-sizin),  n.  [<  NL.  betacismus, 
<  L.  beta,  the  (Greek)  letter  /3,  &.  (  f .  iotacism, 
rliiitacisin.]  Conversion  of  other  sounds  to,  or 
their  confusion  with,  a  6-sound. 

Even  these  forms  were  threatened  with  destruction  by 
Chespread  ol  Betacismus,  whereby  amavit  waspronounced 
like  amabit,  and  vice  versa.    Anier.  Jour.  Philol.',  VI.  501. 

betag  (be-tag'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  betagged, 

ppr.  befogging.    [<  be-1  +  tag.]   To  furnish  with 
a  tag;  deck  with  tags. 
Betagged  with  verse.  rim, -chill,  The  Ghost,  iv. 

betail  (bf-tal'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  tail1.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  a  tail:  as,  "betailed  and  bepow- 
dered,"  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii. — 
2.  To  take  the  tail  off:  a  word  jocularly  form- 
ed on  the  analogy  of  behead. 

[The  sportsman)  puts  his  heavy  boot  on  the  beast's  body, 
and  there  both  beheads  and  betails  him.  Trollope. 

(=OS.  biswikan  =  D.  bezwijken  =  OKli.  brswih-  betaill  (be'ta-in),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  beta  +  -in-.] 
ham  =  Sw.  besvika  =  Dan.  beseige),  deceive,  be-  a  chemical  base  found  in  the  common  beet  and 
tray,  <  be-  +  swiean  (=  OS.  swikan  =  OFries.     mangel-wurzel. 

swi'kn  =  OHG.  swihhan  =  Ieel.  svikja  =  Sw.  betake1  (be-tak'),  v.  [<  &e-l  +  take.  Thecorre- 
svtka  —  Dan.  srige),  deceive,  weaken.]    To  al-    sponding  ME.  form  betaken,  bitaken(piet.  betok, 


lure.  Gain  r. 
beswinget  (be-swinj'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  found; 
AS.  beswingaii,  only  in  pp.  besumngen,  scourge, 
beat,  <  be-  +  swingan,  scourge,  swinge.]  To 
scourge;  beat. 

Vou  had  best  to  use  your  sword  better,  lest  I  beswinge 
you.  Greene,  Orlando  Furiosu. 

beswinkt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besioinken,  <  AS.  beswin- 
i-iui,  earn  by  toil,  <  be-  +  swincan,  swink,  toil: 
see  be-1  and  swink.]     To  earn. 

That  of  a  poison  which  they  drunke 
They  hadden  that  they  have  beswunke. 

Qower,  Conf.  Amant,  i.  131. 

besyt,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  busy. 

bet't  (bet),  adv.  [<  ME.  bet,  <  AS.  bet  =  OFries. 
bet  =  OS.  bat,  bet  —  OD.  bat,  bet  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bag,  G.  bass  =  Icel.  betr  =  Goth,  'batis  (in  adj. 
batiza),  better,  orig.  adj.  in  the  neut.  ace.  with 
reg.  compar.  suffix  (lost  in  AS.,  etc.;  hence  the 
later  form  betere,  betre,  E.  better,  adv.,  prop, 
neut.  of  the  inflected  adj.  betera:  see  better?), 
<  "bat,  a  positive  not  used,  from  the  root  which 
appears  also  in  Icel.  batna,  E.  batten1,  become 
or  make  better,  improve,  AS.  bot,  E.  boot1,  ad- 
vantage, improvement,  AS.  betan,  E.  beet2,  im- 
prove, etc. :  see  batten1,  battle^,  boot1,  beet?, 
etc.]  Obsolete  and  earlier  Middle  English  form 
of  better1. 

"Go  bet,"  quod  he,  "and  axe  redily 
What  cors  is  this  that  passeth  heer  forby." 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  205. 

It  had  been  bet  for  me  still  to  have  kept  my  quiet  chair. 

Gascoignt 


pp.  betaken)  seems  to  have  been  used  only  in 
the  senses  of  betake-  or  beteach,  with  which  it 
was  confused.  There  is  no  AS.  "betaean  ;  but 
ef.  Sw.  betaka  =  Dan.  betage,  take,  deprive, 
cutoff.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  seize;  take  hold  of; 
take. 

Then  to  his  handes  that  writt  he  did  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  25. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  take  one's  self  (to);  repair; 
resort ;  have  recourse. 

The  rest,  in  imitatiou,  to  like  arms 

Betook  them.  Stttton,  P.  L.,  vi.  663. 

Betake  you  to  your  silence,  and  your  sleep. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

They  betook  themselves  to  treaty  and  submission. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  take  one's  self. 

But  here  ly  downe,  and  to  thy  rest  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  44. 

betake'2t,  <'•  f.;pret.  betook,  beta-tight,  pp.  betaught, 
ppr.  betaking.  [ME.  betaken,  etc.,  with  forms 
prop,  belonging  to  betake1,  q.  v.,  but  with  va- 
rious senses  of  beUecen,  bctcchen,  beteach:  see 
beteach.]     Same  as  beteach. 

betalkt  (be-tak'),  v.  i.  [<  be-1  +  talk.]  To  talk 
repeatedly.     Drai/ton. 

betallow  (be-tal'o),  ».  t.  [<  be-1  +  tallow.]  To 
cover  with  tallow.     Ford. 

betaughtt  (be-taf).  Preterit  of  betake2  and  6c- 
teach. 

bete1!,  ».,  bete'-'t,  »•,  bete;5t,  <'.,  etc.  Obsolete 
form  of  beat1,  beet1,  beet2,  etc. 


bet2  (bet),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bet  or  betted,  ppr.  fogte  (bat),  «.     [P.,  <  OF.  beste,  a  beast :    see 


betting.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.;  prob.  short 
for  abet  (ef.  bate2,  short  for  abate);  if  so,  prob. 
first  as  a  noun,  instigation,  encouragement, 
support,  backing,  whence  the  verb,  to  give  sup- 
port, etc.]  I.  trans.  To  pledge  as  a  forfeit  to 
another  who  makes  a  similar  pledge  in  return, 
on  a  future  contingency,  in  support  of  an  affir- 
mation or  opinion ;  stake ;  wager. 

John  of  Gaunt  loved  him  well,  and  betted  much  money 
on  bis  head.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  lay  a  wager;  stake  money  or 
anything  of  value  upon  a  contingency — You 
bet,  certainly;  of  course.  [U.  S.,  originally  California, 
slang.] 

"  Friend,"  said  I  to  a  Jehu,  whose  breath  suggested  gin, 
"Can  thee  convey  me  straightway  to  a  reputable  inn  .' ' 
His  answer's  gross  irrelevance  I  shall  not  Boon  forget- 
Instead  of  simply  yea  or  nay,  he  gruffly  said,  '•Vou  bet .'" 
The  Century,  XI.  142. 

bet2  (bet),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  The  pledging 
of  some  valuable  thing,  as  money  (or  of  the  do- 
ing of  some  onerous  act) ,  to  be  forfeited,  in  case 
some  future  event  happens  contrary  to  the  as- 
sertion or  belief  of  the  one  making  the  pledge, 


beast]     In  the  game  of  solo,  a  forfeit Bete 

noire  (F.  pron.  bat  nwor).  [F.,  literally  black  beast.]  A 
bugbear  ;  a  person  or  thing  regarded  with  special  dislike 
or  aversion. 

The  newspapers  have  some  words  of  this  sort  dear  to 
them,  but  the  bites  noires  of  all  lovers  of  straightforward 
English,  such  as  "peruse"  and  "replete." 

The  Atlantic,   I.VII.  425. 

beteacht  (be-teeh/),  v.  f.  [<  ME.  betechen,  bitech- 
en,  between  (pret.  betauhte,  betahte,  pp.  betauht, 
betaht), <  AS.  betwean  ( [net .  In  Uiehte,  pp.  betceht), 
show,  assign,  give  over,  deliver,  commit,  <  be- 
+  tdican,  show,  teach:  see  6c-1  and  teach.  Ow- 
ing to  a  similarity  of  form,  the  ME.  betah  u 
(pret.  betook,  betok,  pp.  betaken),  <  be-  +  tah  n, 
take  (see  betake1),  was  confused  with  betechen, 
and  used  in  the  same  senses.]  1.  To  give; 
hand  over;  deliver  up. 

Judas  Iscariot  wente  forth  to  the  princis  of  prestis,  and 
said  to  hem.  What  wolen  ye  give  to  me  and  I  scha]  hitake 
him  to  you?  Wyelif,  Mat.  xxvi.  14,  15. 

2.  To  intrust ;  commit ;  recommend  to  the 
care  of. 

Such  a  rvui  tin-  devel  I  byteche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Tale  of  Melibeus,  1.  6. 


beteach 

And  hem  ahe  yaf  hire  moebles  and  hire  thine, 
And  to  the  pope  Urban  bitook  hem  tho. 

CA.iw  r,  Second  Nuns  Tale,  1 


Dame  Phcebe  to  a  Nymphe  her  babe  I*  took, . 

Sp,  riser,  F.  <J.,  III.  vi.  2a 
To  impart  nr  teach. 

Whereof  that  lu-  was  fully  taughl 
Of  wisdom  which  was  him  betaught. 

1 


Btthink  thee  of 'thy  Lord, 
\\  ln>  healed  again  the  smitten  ear, 
541.  And  sheathed  his  follower's  sword. 

Whittier,The  Exiles. 

(b)  To  reflect ;  deliberate  ;  commune  with  one's 
self. 


nf.  Amant.,  vii. 

betear  (be-ter'),  v.  t.    [< 6e-i  +  fear2.]    Towel 
with  tears.    Sir  I'.  Sidney. 
betechet,  v.  t    Same  ;is  beteach. 
beteemH  (be-tem'), ».  t.    [<  be-1  4-  teem1.'] 

bring  forth;  produce;  shed. 


leys.  Why  is  your  eheek  so  pale? 

How  chance  the  roses  there  do  fade  bo 

lb  r.   Belike  for  want  of  rain  ;  which  I  could  well 
/.'  to  m  tluiii  from  the  tempest  of  mine  eyes. 

Shak..  M.  X.  Ii.,  i.  1. 

beteem2t  (be-tem'),   ''•  <•      [Appar.  <  be-1  + 
teem3.]     1.  To  allow;  permit;  suffer. 

So  loi  ing  t<>  my  mother, 
That  he  might  not  beteem  tin-  winds  id  heaven 
A'isit  her  faee  too  roughly.  slink.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  To  vouchsafe;  accord;  give. 

'So  would  I,"  said  the  Enchanter,  "glad  and  faine 


Kip  bethought  himself  &  moment  and  inquired. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  CO. 
II.  intrans.  To  deliberate ;  consider. 
Bethink  ere  thou  dismiss  us.  Byron.  .Manfred,  i.  1. 

Bethlehem  (beth'le-em),  ».    See  bedlam. 
m.  Bethlehemite  (bet'lrie-ein-it),  n.     [<  Betide-  wii-i'l'Vi. 

.    BM.MUrJ    1.  An  inhabitant  **"•  tKr^  %,.  C4K,+  " MutU* 

man;  a  "picture  .  .  .  betitled,  Glorious  Revo- 


betrap 

Having  engaged  our  guide  and  horses  the  night  before, 
we  set  out  betimes  this  morning  for  '  Irlevano. 

Lou-til,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  240. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tires  betimes,  that  spurs  too  fast  betimes. 

Shale.,  Rieb.  II.,  n   l. 

3.  Occasionally ;    at  times.      [Scotch.]  =  syn. 
Early,  .s'i'i-iv,  Betimes.    See  early. 

betinet,  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  tine  for  tind,  kindle.! 

To  set  lire  to. 
betitt,  v.     Obsolete  shortened  form  of  betideth. 

t  In  nicer. 


of  Bethlehem  of  Judea  (2  Sam.  xxi.  19). —  2. 
An  inmate  of  Bethlehem  hospital  or  other  luna- 
tic asylum;  a  bedlamite.  See  bedlam  and  bed- 
lamite.—S.  Eccles.:  (a)  One  of  an  order  of 
monks  introduced  into  England  in  the  year 


lution,"  Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  82. 
betle,  «.     See  betel. 
betoilt  (be-toil'),  o.  t.     [<  be-1  +  toil1.]     To 

worry  with  toil. 


!xce;,t1harXvhtu:e^1llteflrtlvvit?Ti?ieanS'    bet°^      MidtUe'  E"Slish  Preterit  of  6«to^2- 

£^^V«^JSS.tS:^fl^iS5  betoken  (b|-to;kn),  r.  t.    [<  me.  „,„*,„„,, 


in  memory  of  the  comet  or  star  which  appeared 
over  Bethlehem  at  the  birth  of  Christ,  (b)  One 
of  an  order  founded  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury for  the  service  of  the  hospitals  in  Spanish 
America. 

Same  as  Beth- 


bi- 


Beteeme  to  you  this  sword."   Spenser^.  Q.,  II.  viii.  19.   Bethlemitet  (beth'lein-it),  n. 
Although  bee  could  have  well  beteem'd  to  have  thankt     lehennte. 
him  of  the  ease  hee  profer'd,  yet  loving  ids  owne  handi-  bethought  (be-thof).     Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bethink. 
bethrall  (be-thral'),  v.   t.     [<  be-1   +  thrall.] 
To  enslave;   reduce  to  bondage;   bring  into 
subjection. 

She  it  is  that  did  my  Lord  bethrall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  28. 
bethroot  (beth'rot),  n.     Same  as  birthroot. 


worke,  modestly  refus'd  him 

Milton,  Lief,  of  Ilunih.  Reruonst. 

betel  (be'tl),  n.  [Also  written  betle,  and  for- 
merly also  betele,  In  tti !.  etc. ;  =  F.  betel  =  Sp. 
betel,  betle,  <  Pg.  betel,  bethel,  betelhe,  formerly 
also  betle,  vitele,  <  Malayalam  rettila  =  Tamil 
vettilei  (cerebral  t),  betel;  cf.  Hind,  bird  or  biri 


<  Skt.  vitika  (cerebral  t),  betel.]  1.  A  species  bethule  (beth'ul),  n.  [<  Bethyhts.]  A  bird  of 
of  pepper.  Piper  betle,  a  creeping  or  climbing  the  genus  Bethylus  (Cuvier),  or  Cissopis  (Vieil- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  natural  order    lot). 

Pirn  raa  m.  The  leaves  are  used  as  a  wrapper  for  the  bethump  (be-thump'),  V.  t.  [<  be-1  +  thump.] 
little  pellets  ofareea-nut  and  lime  which  are  extensively      To  beat  Souildly. 

I  was  never  so  bethump'd  with  words 
Since  I  first  call'd  my  brother's  father  dad. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 
bethwack  (be-thwak'),  ».  t.    [<  be-1  +  thwack.] 
To  thrash  soundly. 


chewed  in  the  East,     The  pellet  is  hot  and  acrid,  but  has 
aromatic  and  astringent  properties.     It  tinges  the  saliva 
red  and  blackens  the  teeth.    Also  called  betel-pepper. 
2.  A  piece  of  betel-nut. 
betel-box  (be'tl-boks),  n.    A  box  for  carrying 
pellets    prepared    of   betel-leaves,    lime,  "and 


j.^mio     pct(lwni     y.i     nfiei-icines,     nine,     and   t>a4.-i i .,     +1  ,.%       .,  r,TT    -,      ,        , 

areea-nuts.     Such  boxes  are  commonly  made  Betnylus  (beth  l-lus),  n.     [NL.]     1.  A  genus 


Areca-palm  [Areca  Catecjiu  ,  with 
its  fruit,  die  Betel-nut. 


of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Proctotrypida;  having  an  elongated  and 
somewhat  triangular  prothorax,  a  flattened 
head,  and  Ki-jointed  antenna?. —  2.  In  ornith., 
a  genus  of  South  American  tanagroid  Passeres, 
based  on  the  Lanius  leverianus  of  Shaw,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  shrike.  Antedated  by  Cissopis  of 
Vieillot,  1816,  based  upon  the  same  bird,  and  also  in  en- 
tomology. Also  spelled  Bethyllus.  [Not  in  use.] 
betide  (be-tid'),  v.  [<  ME.  bitiden,  <  bi-,  be-,  + 
tiden,  happen:  see  be-1  and  tide,  v.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  happen;  befall;  come  to. 
What  will  betide  the  few?  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  4S0. 

"Ill  luck  betide  them  all" — he  cried. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2.  To  betoken ;  signify.     [Rare.] 
How  could  I  hut  muse 

At  what  such  a  dream  should  betide  ! 

Cowper,  The  Morning  Dream. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  to  pass;  happen To 

betide  ont,  to  become  of. 

If  he  were  dead,  what  would  betide  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
\F»\l>eth-el,  hou^e  of  betidet (be-tid'),  ».    [_< betide, v.]  Hap;  fortune. 

—  Bad  betidet,  ill  hap  ;  misfortune  :  a  forced  use. 
My  wretched  heart  wounded  with  bad  betide. 

Greene,  Francesco's  Sonnet. 
betightt  (be-tif).   An  erroneously  formed  past 
participle  of  betide:   one  of  Spenser's  forced 
forms. 

Why  wayle  we  then ?  why  weary  we  the  Gods  with  playnts, 
As  if  some  evil]  were  to  her  betightt 

Spenser,  9hep.  Cal.,  November, 
betimet  (be-tim'),  adv.,  orig.  prep.  2>hr.    [<  ME. 
heti/ine,  hitime,  prop,  separate,  bi  time,  by  time.] 
Older  form  of  hi  times. 

Loke  thou  go  to  he-le  by  tyme. 
//..«•  the  Qoode  Wiii,'  'I'.ueihi  hyr  Daughter,  1.  165. 
All  in  the  morning  betime.    Shut:..  Hamlet,  iv.  6  (song). 

I  «int  inn  day  myself  betime  in  the  morning  to  a  great 
man's  house  to  speak  with  him. 

Latimer,  Serm.  hef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

betimes  (be-tim?.'),  adv.  [<  ME.  betymes,  l>>- 
tymes,  •',  In  tune  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -*-.]  '  1.  Sea- 
sonably ;  in  good  season  or  time ;  before  it  is 
too  late;  early. 

Not  to  In-  a  lull  after  midnight  is  to  lie  up  i>,  time* 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 
To  measure  life  learn  thou  betimes. 

Milton.  Sonnets,  xvi. 
Partake  we  their  blithe  cheer 
Who  gathered  in  betimet  the  unshorn  flock 
To  wash  the  lleeee.   Wordsumrth,  River  Duddoll,  xxiii. 


of  silver  filigree, 
betel-nut  (be'tl-nut), 

n.  [<  betel  +  nut.] 
The  nut  of  the  areca- 
palm,  Areca  fall  eh  u, 
of  the  East  Indies, 
highly  esteemed 

among  the  Asiatics 
as  a  masticatory. 
See  areca-Hiit. 

betel-pepper  (be'tl- 
pep'er),  n.  Same  as 
betel,  1. 

betht,  r.  i.  impv. 
[.ME.,<  AS.  be6th,2& 
pers.  pi.  •'!'  hum,  be: 
seet-e.]  Be  ye.  chau- 
ci  r. 

bethankit  (be-thang'kit),  n.  [So.,  humorously 
adajited  from  the  formula  t;,ul  he  thankit,  where 
thankit=~Ei.  thanked,  pp.]  Grace  after  meat. 
Burns. 

bethel  (beth'el),  u. 
(i.nl,  <  belli,  house,  +  el,  God;  hence  Bethel 
(Beth-el),  name  of  a  place:  see  Elohim.]  1. 
A  hallowed  spot. —  2.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  place  of  worship  in  England,  espe- 
cially tu  a  dissenting  chapel. — 3.  A  church  or 
chapel  lor  seamen,  whether  located  on  shore 
or,  as  is  often  the  ease,  afloat  in  a  harbor. 

Bethell  process.    See  process. 

bethink  (bf-thingk'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
tliuiiiihl.  |,pr.  hilliiiikimj.  [<  ME.  bellieiikni,  h<- 
thinkiu,  commonly  bethenchen,  <  AS.  bethencan, 
bithencan  (=  l>.  bedenken  =  OHG.  bidenchan, 
MUG.  (.  :  Bw.  hitanka  =  Dan.  6c- 

tanli  },  consider,  think  about,  <  be-  +  thencan, 
think:  see  hi -l  ami  think.]  I.  trans.  If.  To 
think;   imagine. 

H'    pak  more  harm  than  h maj  bethinks 

Chaucer,  ProL  to  w  it.  oi  Bath'   Tale,  1.  772. 

2t.  To  think  about;  reflect  apon;  consider. 

w  nil  patient  e  calm  the  Btorm, 
While  we  '<'  think  a  means  in  break  u  nil 

Shak.,  S  Hi  n    \'I .,  iii,  3, 

3.  K'lllexively:  (a)  To  call  to  mind ;  take  into 
consideration  ;  remind  inn's  Belf:  «  iih  of(loi- 

merlyalso  m,  m-  »/..,„  i  )  >.  t .  u  .  the  name 'of  the 
object  i,f  thought. 

Bethink  yourselves  beforehand  what  mercies  you  want. 
Bp.  Deveridge,  Sermons,  tl   cxlv. 


Inciien,  <  AS.  "beh'tenian  (not  found;  equiv.  to 
getdenian,  with  diff.  prefix;  cf.  believe)  (= 
OFries.  bitekna  =  D.  beteekenen  =  LG.  beteik- 
en  =  OHG.  bizeichanon,  G.  bezeichnen  =  Sw. 
betcckna  =  Dan.  betegne),  <  be-  +  tden,  tdcen, 
token:  see  be-1  and  token.]  If.  To  signify; 
mean ;  denote  in  words. —  2.  To  be  a  token  of ; 
be  a  visible  sign  of;  give  promise  of. 

A  dewy  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow,  .  .  . 

/;.  tokening  peace  from  God.   Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  867. 

3.  To  foreshow  by  signs ;  be  or  furnish  a  pre- 
monition of ;  indicate  the  probability  of:  as, 
this  fact  betokens  a  good  result. 

The  morning  betokened  foul  weather. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  261. 

4.  To  give  evidence  of ;  show. 

This  doth  betoken 
The  corse  they  follow  did  with  desperate  hand 
Fordo  its  own  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  To  signify;  presage,  portend,  augur,  bode. 
beton   (bet'on;   F.   pron.  ba-ton'),   n.      [<   P. 
hctini,  <  OF.  betun,  rubble,  of  disputed  origin, 
but  prob.  <  Pr.  beton  =  Sp.  betun,  <  L.  bitumen, 
bitumen :  see  bitumen.     Some  compare  F.  be- 
tun, beestings,  curded  milk,  <  OF.  beter,  co- 
agulate.]    A  mixture  of  lime,  sand,  and  grav- 
el, forming  a  kind  of  concrete,    it.  is  much  used 
as  a  hydraulic  cement  in  submarine  works,  and  whole 
buildings  have  been  constructed  of  it. 
betongue  (be-tung'),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +   tongue.] 
To  scold  ;  attack  with  the  tongue  ;  rail  at. 
How  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakspere  betongued  each  other. 

North  British  Iter. 
betonica  (be-ton'i-ka),  n.    Same  as  betony. 
betony   (bet'o-ni),    ii.      [Early    mod.    E.   also 
betonie,    bettoky,   etc.,    <    ME.    betony,    betony, 
earlier  betone,  beton  (cf.  ML.  betonia),  <  OF. 
beteinc,  F.   betoine  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.   It.  betonica  = 
G.  betonie  =  AS.  betonica,  <  L.   betonica,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  rettonica,  so  named,  according  to 
Pliny,  from  the  Vettones,  otherwise  Vectoms,  a 
people  of  Lusitania  in  the  Spanish  peninsu- 
la.]    The  popular  name  of  Stachys  Betonica  or 
Betonica  officinalis,  a  European  labiate  plant, 
growing  in  woods.    It  is  sometimes  used  to  dye  wool, 
producing  a  dark-yellow  color.   It  is  usually  distinguished 
from  water-betony  tan  aquatic  plant,  Scrophularia  aguati- 
ca)  as  wood-betoitii,  which  name  is  also  given  in  the  United 
States  to  Pcdicularis  Canadensis,  ami  sometimes  tu  l.n 
ropii.i    i'irginicus.     The    IVrionVn   scr/mlli folia    is    called 
Paul's  betony,  because  described  as  a  betony  by  an  old 
herbalist,  l'aulus  yEgineta. 
betook  (be-tiik').     Preterit  of  betake1  and  he- 
take-. 
betornt  (be-torn'),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  verb  'betear? 
(not  used),  <  be-1  +  tear1.]     1.  Torn. 
Whose  heart  betorn  otit  of  his  panting  breast, 

Norton  nmi  SackvUb,  Gorboduc,  iv.  1. 
2.  Torn  in  pieces. 
betoss(be-tos'),  r.  t.    [<  be-1  +  toss.]    To  toss  ; 
agitate;  disturb;  put  in  violent  motion. 
The  miserable  betossed  squire. 

Shetton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  3. 
My  betossed  soul.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

betraiset,  betrasht,  <■• '.    [ME.  betraisen,  betray- 

sin,  bitraisshen,  bitrasshen,  <  be-  +  <  >F.  traiss-, 

stem  of  certain  parts  of  trair,  F.  Iraliir,  betray: 

see  betray  and  -ish'2.]    To  betray. 

They  have  betraised  thee.  Robert  of  Bnmne. 

betrap't  (be-trap'),  «i.   t. ;   pret.  and  pp.  bc- 

trapped,  ppr.  betrappimi.  [<  ME.  hetrappen,  < 
AS.  betncppaii,  lielreppau,  insiiai'e.  <  be-  + 
tricjipau,  tri/ipaii.  trap:  see  be-1  and  trap1.] 
To  entrap;  insnare.  iloioer. 
betrap'-'t  (be-trap'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
trapped,  ppr.  betrapping.  [<  be-1  +  trap*?]  To 
put  trappings  on;  clothe;  deck. 

Alter  them  followed  two  other  chariots  covered  with 
red  satin,  and  the  horses  betrapped  with  the  same. 

Stow,  Queen  Mary,  an.  155& 


betrash 

betrasht,  ''•  t.     See  betraise. 

betray  (be  bra'),  v.  t.  |<  ME.  betrayen,  betraim, 
<  be-  +  fniii a,  betray,  <  OF.  trair,  F.  trahir,  < 
L.  tradere.  deliver,  give  over:  see  traitor,  trea- 
son, tradition.  The  form  of  betray  was  influ- 
enced by  that  of  bewray,  a  quite different  word.] 

1.  To  deliver  I o,  or  expose  to  the  power  of,  an 
enemy  by  treachery  or  disloyalty:  as,  an  officer 
betrayal  the  eity. 

The  s.  ,n  ol  man  shall  be  betrayed  into  the  hands  of 
men.  Mat.  xvii.  22. 

2.  To  violate  by  fraud  or  unfaithfulness  j  be 
unfaithful  in  keeping  or  upholding:  as,  to  be- 
tray a  trust. 

Betray  d  her  cause  and  mine.        Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

3.  To  act  treacherously  to ;  be  disloyal  to ; 
disappoint  the  hopes  or  expectations  of. 

Do  not  betray  me,  sir.     I  fear  you  love  Mistress  Page. 
Shalt.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
I  will  betray 
Tawny-finn'il  fishes  ;  my  bended  hook  shall  pierce 
Their  slimy  jaws.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  5. 

But  when  I  rise,  I  shall  find  my  legs  betraying  me. 

BosweU. 

Men  of  unquiet  minds  and  violent  ambition  followed  a 

fearfully  eccentric  course,  .  .  .  served  and  betrayed  all 

parties  in  turn.  Macaulay,  .sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  deceive ;  beguile ;  mislead ;  seduce. 

Far,  far  beneath  the  shallow  maid 
He  left  believing  and  betrayed. 

Byron,  The  Giaour. 
Our  impatience  betrays  us  into  rash  and  foolish  alli- 
ances which  no  God  attends. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  195. 

5.  To  reveal  or  disclose  in  violation  of  confi- 
dence ;  make  known  through  breach  of  faith  or 
obligation:  as,  to  betray  a  person's  secrets  or 
designs. 

Secrets  are  rarely  betrayed  or  discovered  according  to 
any  programme  our  fear  has  sketched  out. 

Qeorge  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  5. 

6.  To  show  in  true  character;  allow  to  be  seen; 
permit  to  appear  in  spite  of  will  or  desire. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  cautious  of  your  tongue,  lest  you 
betray  your  ignorance.  Watts. 

Ami  scarcely  look  or  tone  betrays 
How  the  heart  strives  beneath  its  chain. 

Whittle/;  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
My  own  too-fearful  guilt, 
Simpler  than  any  child,  betrays  itself. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

7.  To  indicate;  give  indication  or  evidence  of: 
said  of  something  not  obvious  at  first  view,  or 
that  would  otherwise  be  concealed. 

Scon  azure  smoke  betrays  the  lurking  town. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  iv. 
All  the  names  in  the  country  betray  great  antiquity. 

Bryant. 

A  turned  leaf,  a  broken  twig,  the  faintest  film  of  smoke 

against  the  sky,  betrayed  to  him  the  passage  or  presence  of 

an  enemy.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  v. 

betrayal  (be-tra'al),  n.  [<  betray  +  -«?.]  The 
act  of  betraying." 

Gained  his  freedom  by  the  betrayal  of  his  country's 
cause.  5.  Sharpe,  Hist,  of  Egypt,  xii. 

He  seldom  lost  his  self-control,  and  shrank  with  the 
most  sensitive  pride  from  any  noticeable  betrayal  of  emo- 
tion. George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  7. 

betrayer  (be-tra'er),  n.     One  who  betrays;  a 

traitor;  a  seducer, 
betraymentt  (be-tra'ment),   n.      [<  betray  + 

-went.]     Betrayal ;  the  state  of  being  betrayed. 

Confessing  him  to  be  innocent  whose  betrayment  they 

had  sou-lil  I'llall,  Com.  on  -Mat.  xwii. 

betrendt  (be-trend'),  r.  t.  [ME.  betrenden  ;  < 
be-1  +  trend.']  To  wind  about ;  twist ;  turn 
round. 

Aboute  a  tre  with  many  a  twiste 
Bytrent  and  wrythe  the  soote  wodebynde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1231. 

betrilll  (be-trim'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betritnninl, 
ppr.  betriminiitrj.  [<  be-1  +  trim.']  To  trim; 
set  in  order ;  decorate ;  beautify. 

Thy  banks  with  pioned  and  twilled  brims, 
Which  spongy  April  at  thy  best  betrims. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

betroth  (be-troth'  or  -troth').  ».  t.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  be'trothe,  betroath,  betrouth,  <  ME.  bc- 
trouthen,  betreuthen,  bitreuthien,  betroth,  <  bi-, 
be-,  +  treuthe,  treowthe,  <  AS.  ireowth,  troth, 
truth:  see  be-1  and  truth,  truth.]  1.  To  con- 
tract to  give  in  marriage  to  another;  promise 
or  pledge  one's  troth  for  the  marriage  of ;  affi- 
ance. 

You,  to  remove  that  siege  of  grief  from  her, 
Betroth'd  and  would  have  married  her  perforce 
To  County  Paris.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  engage  to  take  in  marriage  ;  pledge  one's 
troth  to  marry. 


r>37 

What  man  is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a  wife  and  hath 
not  taken  her.'  Dent.  xx.  7. 

To  her,  my  lord, 
\\  as  i  betroth'd  ere  I  Baw  Hermia. 

Shak.,  St  X.  D.,  iv.  1. 
3t.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric  in  order  to  con- 
secration. 

If  any  person  be  consecrated  a  bishop  to  that  church 
w hereunto  he  was  not  before betrothi  >i.     Ayliffe,  Parergon, 

betrothal  (be-trdth'-  or  bf-troth'al),  «.     [<  be- 
troth +  -til.]     The  act  of  betrothing;  betroth- 
inent. 
The  feast  c,i  betrothal.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  iv. 

betrothment  (bo-troth'-  or  be-troth'ment).  n. 
[<  betroth  +  -ment.]  A  mutual  and  formal 
promise  or  contract  made  for  or  by  a  man  and 
a  woman  with  a  view  to  their  marriage;  be- 
trothal ;  the  act  or  state  of  being  betrothed,  or 
promised  in  marriage. 

How  the  strange  betrothment  was  to  end. 

Tennyson,  Princess. 

betrUSt  (bo-trust'),  V.  t.  [<  be-1  +  trust."]  1. 
To  intrust;  commit  to  another  in  confidence 
of  fidelity. 

Whatsoever  you  would  betrust  to  your  memory,  let  it 
be  disposed  in  a  proper  method.  Watts. 

2.  To  confide  in. 

To  esteem  themselves  Maisters,  both  of  that  great  trust 
which  they  serve,  and  of  the  People  that  betrusted  them. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiii. 
[Rare  in  both  senses.] 
betrustment  (be-trust'nient),  n.     [<  betrust  + 
-ment.]     The  act  of  intrusting;  the  thing  in- 
trusted.    [Rare.] 
betsot,  betsat  (bet'so,  -sa),  n.    [<  It.  bczzo  (pron. 
bet'so),  farthing,  piece  of  money;  appar.  same 
as  It.  pezzo,  a  piece,  bit  (see  piece);  but  cf.  G. 
betz,  biitz,  also  batzeii,  a  small  Swiss  coin:  see 
bat:.]     A  small  copper  coin  of  Venice,  current 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,    in 
the  system  established  in  1750  it  was  equal  to  a  quarter 
of  a  United  States  cent,  being  the  fortieth  part  of  a  lira 
piccola;  abagattino. 

The  last  and  least  [coin]  is  the  betsa,  which  is  half  a  sol ; 
that  is,  almost  a  farthing. 

Coryat,  Crudities  (ed.  1776),  II.  69. 

bettt,  bettet,  adv.    Middle  English  forms  of  bet1. 

better1  (bet'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bettere,  be- 
tere,  <  AS.  betera,  In  tra  =  OFries.  betere,  betre  = 
OS.  betara,  In  lent  =  D.  beter  =  OHG.  bezziro, 
MHG.  bezzer,  G.  besser  =  Icel.  bctri  =  Sw.  bcit- 
tre  =  Da,D.  bedre  =  Goth,  batizet ;  compar.  with 
weak  inflection;  with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  beste, 
<  AS.  betst,  betest  =  OFries.  beste  =  OS.  betsto 
=  D.  best  =  OHG.  bezzisto,  MHG.  bezzist,  best, 
G.  best  =  Icel.  beztr,  older  baztr,  =  Sw.  bast  = 
Dan.  bedst  =  Goth,  batists;  with  regular  com- 
par. and  superl.  suffixes  from  a  positive  not  in 
use,  Teut.  "bat,  of  which  the  compar.,  with  loss 
of  the  suffix,  appears  in  the  AS.,  ME.,  and 
early  mod.  E.  adv.  bet:  see  bet1.]  I.  a.  1.  As 
comparative  of  pood :  (a)  Of  superior  quality  or 
excellence,  whether  personal,  physical,  mental, 
moral,  or  social,  essential  or  acquired :  as,  he 
is  a  better  man  than  his  brother;  better  times 
are  at  hand ;  a  better  position. 

Man's  better  nature  triumphed  then. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 
Our  institutions  had  been  so  good  that  they  had  edu- 
cated us  into  a  capacity  for  better  institutions. 

Macaulay,  Mirabeau. 
((<)  Of  superior  value,  use,  fitness,  acceptable- 
ness,  etc. ;  more  profitable  or  suitable  for  a 
purpose ;  more  useful,  eligible,  or  desirable : 
as,  copper  is  a  better  conductor  than  iron. 

Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  where  love  is,  than  a  stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

Sleep 
Doth,  in  my  estimate  of  good,  appear 
A  better  state  than  waking  ;  death  than  sleep. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  iii. 

(c)  Larger ;  greater :  as,  the  better  part  of  a 
day  was  spent  in  shopping. 

You  are  as  a  candle,  the  better  part  burnt  out. 

Shak.,  i  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 
How  have  we  wander'd,  that  tile  better  part 
Of  this  good  night  is  perish 'd  ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  4. 

2.  As  comparative  of  well:  (a)  More  in  accor- 
dance with  one's  wish  or  desire ;  more  satis- 
factory. (/))  More  healthy :  having  sounder 
health,  (c)  More  just,  right,  or  proper.  — Better 
arm.  See  armi.— Better  half,  a  wife.  [Colloq.]— Tobe 
better,  (a)  To  be  improved,  as  in  health,  estate,  etc. : 
as,  the  patient  is  better.  (/>)  To  be  quite  well  again;  be 
fully  recovered.    [Scotland.] 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  has  superior  excellence ; 
that  which  is  better. 

That  ideal  better,  towards  which  both  men  and  institu- 
tions must  progress,  if  they  would  not  retrograde. 

Huxley,  Universities. 


betterment 

2.  A  superior;  one  who  has  it  claim  to  prece- 
dence on  account  of  rank,  age,  merit,  skill, 
power,  or  office:  as,  give  place  to  your  In  Hi  is. 
[In  this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and 

with  a  possessive  pronoun.] 

hi  al  Yngleloud  was i  hys  beter 

Rich.  C.  de  L. 
Their  betters  would  hardly  be  found.  Hook*  < 

Thou  poor  shadow  of  a  soldier,  I  will  make  thee  know 
my  master  keeps  servants  thv  betters  in  quality  and  per- 
formance. Ford,    lis  Pity,  i.  2. 

The  better,    (a)  Improvement :  generally  in  the  adver- 
bial phrase  for  the  better,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  im- 
provement. 
If  I  have  altered  him  anywhere  for  the  better. 

Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
(6)  Advantage ;  superiority  ;  victory :  chiefly  in  the  phrases 
to  yet,  gain,  or  ham  the  better  of  (a  person  or  thing). 

Dionysius,  his  countryman,  in  an  epistle  to  Ponipey, 
after  an  express  comparison,  affords  him  the  Letter  of 
Thucydides.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

She  took  her  leave,  charmed  with  the  prospect  of  Anally 
getting  the  better  of  the  only  woman  in  London  whom  she 
acknowledged  as  her  equal  in  subtlety  and  intrigue. 

./.  Hawthorne,  bust,  p.  334. 

better1  (bet'er),  adv.  (comparative  of  w<  11,  adv.). 
[<  ME.  better,  beter,  betre,  <  AS.  betere,  betre  ; 
with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  best,  <  AS.  betst,  In  tost ; 
prop.  neut.  ace.  of  the  adj.:  see  better1,  a.  The 
older  adv.  was  bet:  see  bet1.]  1.  In  a  more 
excellent  way  or  manner:  as,  to  behave  better; 
the  land  is  better  cultivated  and  the  govern- 
ment better  administered. 

The  plays  of  Shakspeare  were  better  acted,  better  edited, 
and  better  known  than  they  had  ever  been. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

2.  In  a  superior  degree :  as,  to  know  a  man 
better  than  some  one  else  knows  him. 

Which  is  the  better  able  to  defend  himself:  astrong  man 
with  nothing  but  his  fists,  or  a  paralytic  cripple  encum- 
bered with  a  sword  which  he  cannot  lift? 

.Vara, day,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

3.  More,  without  any  idea  of  superior  excel- 
lence: as,  it  is  better  than  a  mile  to  the  town. 
[Colloq.] 

Dorlcote  Mill  has  been  in  our  family  a  hundred  year  and 
better.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

To  be  better  off,  to  be  in  improved  circumstances. 

The  mechanic  teaches  us  how  we  may  in  a  small  degree 
be  better  off  than  we  were.  The  Utilitarian  advises  us  with 
great  pomp  to  be  as  well  off  as  we  can. 

Macaulay,  West.  Reviewer's  Def.  of  Mill. 

Men  had  become  Romans  ;  they  were  proud  of  the  Ro- 
man name  ;  .  .  .  they  felt  that  they  were  better  off  as  mem- 
bers of  a  civilized  community  ordered  by  law-  than  they 
could  lie  under  the  dominion  of  any  barbarian. 

E.  A.  Freeman.  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  126. 

To  go  one  better.  See  go,  v.  t. 
better1  (bet'er),  v.  [<  ME.  bettren,  betren,  <  AS. 
beterian,  helrian,  intr.,  be  better,  ge-beterian, 
ye-betrhiit,  trans.,  make  better  (=  OFries.  be- 
teria  =  Icel.  betra  =  Sw.  battra  =  Dan.  bedre 
=  OHG.  bezziron.  MHG.  G.  bessern  :  ef.  OS. 
betiau,  <  bet,  the  older  compar.  adv.),  <  betera, 
better:  see  better1,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
better ;  improve ;  ameliorate ;  increase  the 
good  qualities  ot  as,  manure  betters  land;  dis- 
cipline may  better  the  morals. 

The  cause  of  his  taking  upon  him  our  nature  was  to  bet- 
ter the  quality,  and  to  advance  the  condition  thereof. 

Hooker. 

2.  To  improve  upon ;  surpass;  exceed;  outdo. 

He  hath  borne  himself  beyond  the  promise  of  his  age ; 

.  .  .  he  hath,  indeed,  better  hetl,  red  expectation  than  you 

must  expect  of  me  to  tell  you  how.     Shalt.,  Much  Ado, i.  1. 

What  you  do 

Still  betters  what  is  done.       Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  advance  the  interest  of;  support;  give 
advantage  to. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet, 
May  serve  to  better  us  and  worse  our  foes. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  440. 

=  Syn.  1.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.  (see  amend),  meli- 
orate, promote. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  better;  become  better; 
improve  :  as,  his  condition  is  bettering.    [Rare.] 
better2  (bet'er),  ».     [<  5e«a  +  -er1.]     One  who 
lays  bets  or  wagers.     Also  bettor. 

Be  able  to  give  them  the  character  of  every  bowler  or 
better  on  the  green.  B.  Jonson,  Epiceene,  i.  1. 

bettering-houset  (bet /er-ing-hous),  n.  A  refor- 
matory. 

Soldiers  buried  in  this  ground,  from  the  hospital  and 
the  bettering-house.       Annals  of  Phil,  and  Penn.,  I.  406. 

betterment  (bet'er-ment),  «.  [<  better1,  v.,  + 
-ment.]  1.  A  making  better;  improvement. — 
2.  In  American  lair,  an  improvement  of  real 
property  which  adds  to  its  value  otherwise 
than  by  mere  repairs :  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 


bettermost 
bettermost  (bet'er-most),  a.  and  n.     [<  better* 

+  -must.]     I.  ii.    Best:  highest  in  any  respect, 
as  in  social  rank  or  mental  qualities. 

It  first  became  opi  rative  in  the  diffusion  "f  knowledge 
among  the  people,  at  least  amongthe  bettermost  classes. 

Brougham. 

II.  ii.  That  whieh  is  best:  especially,  one's 
best  clothes.  [Local  in  England  anil  United 
States.] 

Sc  Hepzibah  and  her  brother  made  themselves  ready 
...  in  their  faded  bettermost,  to  go  to  church. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 

bettemess  (bet'er-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  betternes;  < 
hi  tti  r  +  -„iss.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  better; 
superiority.  Sir  J'.  Sidney. —  2.  In  minting,  the 
amount  by  which  a  precious  metal  exceeds  the 
standard  of  fineness. 

bettet  (bet'et),  ii.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  an  Indian  parrot,  Paleeornis pondiceriamts. 

bettong  (bet'ong),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Bettongia,  a  group  of  small 
brush-tailed  kangaroos. 

bettor  (bet'or),  >i.     Another  form  of  better'2. 

betty(bet'i),'  n. :  pi.  betties  (-iz).  [From  the  fern, 
name  Betty,  dim.  of  Bet  (cf.  equiv.  OF.  Beti, 
Beth .  also  Betiaine,  Betion,  Betionette),  abbr.  of 
I  :.  atitt,  Elizabeth.]  1.  A  man -who  interferes 
with  the  domestic  duties  of  women,  or  engages 
in  female  occupations.  Also  called  cot-hetty. 
[Used  in  contempt.] — 2f.  A  short  bar  used 
by  thieves  to  wrench  doors  open.  Also  called 
a  bess,  a  jenny,  and  now  a  jimmy  or  jemmy. 
[Thieves'  slang.] 
The  powerful  betty  or  the  artful  picklock. 

Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull. 

3.  A  pear-shaped  bottle,  covered  with  maize- 
leaves  or  the  like,  iu  whieh  olive-oil  is  exported 
from  Italy;  a  Florence  flask. 
Betula  (bet'u-la ),  n.    [L., the  birch,  also  spelled 
In  tiilla  (>  It.  betula,  betulla,  also  beclello,  =  Pg. 

betllllil   =    Sp.  ilhnllll  = 

F.  dim.  bouleau) ;  cf. 
Corn.  In  -tin),  lu~o=tiret. 
bezo  =  W.  Iieilw  =  Gael. 
htli  =  Ir.  beth,  belt, 
the  birch.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  the  north 
temperate  and  arctic 
regions;  the  birches. 
It  is  the  type  of  the  order 
Betulaceae,  and  is  distin- 
guished from  the  acconi- 
panying  genus  Alnus  by  a 
difference  of  babft  and  by  its 
winged  nutlet.  There  are 
about  30  species  ol  /;, tula, 
of  which  In  arc  North  Amer- 
ican. 

Betulaceae  fbet-u-la'- 

sf-e),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Betula  +  -acece.~\  Anat- 
ural  order  of  apetalous 
dicotyledonous  trees 
and  shrubs,  of  which 
Betula  is  the  typical 
genus,  and  containing 
besides  this  only  the  genus  Ahrns,  with  60  spe- 
cies belonging  to  the  two  genera.  See  cut  un- 
der tilth  r. 

betulin,  betuline  (bet'u-lin),  n.  [<  Betula, 
birch,  +  -in-,  -ine-.]  An  alkaloid  (C3^H60O<i) 
obtained  from  tho  bark  of  the  white  birch.  It 
crystallizes  in  the  form  of  long  needles,  which 
arc  fusible  and  volatile. 

betumble  (bf-tum'bl),  ».  t.  [<  be-1  +  tumble.'} 
To  tumble;  disarrange  the  parts  of. 

hei  '    tumbled  couch  she  starteth. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1037. 

betutor  (be-tu'tor),  v.  t.     [<  be-1  +  tutor.']    To 

instruct  ;  tutor.      Coh  ridge. 

between  (be-twen'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  (1)  ME. 
in  in,  i,,,  bitwenen,  etc.,  <  AS.  betweonum,  be- 
twynum,  bt  Hirinun,  bi  imednan,  in  twinan,  In  in  <  mi 
mi',  etc.  (orig.  bi  parate,  as  in  be  stem  twednum, 
between  tin-  sc,,.  lit.  -by  seas  twain'),  <  be. 
Prep.,  by,  +  tin  in, inn,   dat.   pi.   of   *tiliini:    (2) 

.Mi;,  hiiinn,  betwene  bitwene,  etc.  (mixed  with 
preceding),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  between,,  betwen, 
hii„,„.  etc.,  <  be,  prep.,  by,  +  'tween,  ace.  of 
i, <,•■„.  pi,  twen  (=  us.  OFries.  tn-ine  = 
OHG.  Ml  Hi.  zwene,  G,  ween),  two,  twain,  orig. 
•list  rili.  (=  Goth  < "  ihnai =1j.  bini,  OL.  '■!,,,„,,. 
two  each,  <  tied  (tiri-),  two:  see  two,  and  cf. 
in  a,,  twain.  The  forms  of  betwi  < n  Iu  re  a  I  ■•.  aj  s 
interchanged  with  those  of  6<  twixi  (which  see).] 
I.  prep.  1.  In  the  space  which  separates  (two 
points,  places,  objects,  or  lines);  at  any  point 
of  the  distance  from  one  to  the  other  of :  as,  be- 


Betula. 
a,  branch  of  ft.  pumila.  with 
male  and  female  anients;  b,  a 
single  scale  of  fertile  ament, 
with  fruit.  I  From  Le  Maout  and 
Decaisne's  "Traite  general  de 
Botanique." ) 


538 

I  in  i  n  the  eyes;  In  I  in  in  Washington  and  Phila- 
delphia; the  prisoner  was  placed  between  two 
policemen. 

The  sea 
Swallows  him  with  his  host,  hut  them  lets  pass 
As  mi  dry  land,  between  two  crystal  walls. 

Mill, ,n.  i:  L.,  xii.  197. 

2.  In  intermediate  relation  to,  as  regards  time, 
quantity,  or  degree:  as,  it  occurred  between  his 
incoming  and  outgoing;  a  baronet  is  between 
a  knight  and  a  baron ;  they  cost  between  §5  and 
$6  each;  between  12  and  1  o'clock. 

Bolus  arrived,  and  gave  a  doubtful  tap, 
Between  a  single  and  a  double  rap. 

<\>li,,,in.  Broad  Grins. 

Her  lips  to  mine  how  often  hath  she  Joined, 
Between  each  kiss  her  oaths  of  true  love  swearing! 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  vii. 

3.  In  the  mutual  relations  of:  as,  discord  ex- 
ists between  the  two  families. 

Friendship  requires  that  it  be  t„  tween  two  at  hast. 

SotitA. 

An  intestine  struggle,  open  or  secret,  between  authority 
and  liberty.  11  nine,  Essays,  v. 

The  war  between  Castile  and  Portugal  had  come  to  a 
close;  the  factions  of  the  Spanish  nobles  were  for  the 
most  part  quelled.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  26. 

Differences  of  relative  position  can  be  known  only 
through  differences  between  the  states  of  consciousness 
accompanying  the  disclosure  of  the  positions. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  93. 

4.  From  one  to  another  of,  as  in  the  exchange 
of  actions  or  intercourse. 

If  tilings  should  go  so  between  them. 

Bacon,  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 

Thus  graceless  holds  he  disputation 

'Tween  frozen  conscience  and  hot-burning  will. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  247. 

France  has  been  the  interpreter  between  England  and 

mankind.  Macaulay,  Eorace  Walpole. 

5.  In  the  joint  interest  or  possession  of:  as, 
they  own  the  property  between  them. 

There  is  between  us  one  common  name  and  appellation. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Rcligio  Medici,  i.  3. 
Castor  and  Pollux  with  only  one  soul  between  them. 

Locke. 

6.  By  the  action,  power,  or  effort  of  one  or 
both  of. 

Unless  you  send  some  present  help, 
Between  them  they  will  kill  the  conjurer. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

7.  In  regard  to  the  respective  natures  or  qual- 
ities of :  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and 
wrong. 

There  is  an  essential  difference  between  a  land  of  which 
we  can  trace  the  gradual  formation  from  the  sixth  century 
onwards  ami  a  land  whose  name  is  not  heard  of  till  the 
eleventh  century.        E.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  120. 

8.  In  regard  to  one  or  the  other  of:  as,  to 
choose  between  two  things. 

Between  two  dogs,  which  hath  the  deeper  mouth ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 

[Between  is  literally  applicable  only  to  tun  objects;  but  it 
may  be  and  commonly  is  used  of  more  than  two  where 
they  are  spoken  of  distributively,  or  so  that  they  can  be 
thought  of  as  divided  into  two  parts  or  categories,  or  with 
reference  to  the  action  or  being  of  each  individually  as 
compared  with  that  of  any  other  or  all  the  others.  When 
more  than  two  objects  are  spoken  of  collectively  or  in. 
divisibly,  among  is  the  proper  word.]  —  Between  our- 
selves, nut  to  lie  communicated  to  others  ;  in  confidence. 
—  Between  the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetlei.— 
To  go  between.  -Sec  go.  =Syn.  Amidst,  In  the  midst  of, 
etc.     See  among. 

II.  adv.  In  the  intermediate  space ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  as  regards  time,  etc.:  with  an 
object  understood. 

if  our  lady  seeks  my  life ;  —  come  you  between, 
And  savo  poor  me."  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

between  (be-twen'),  n.  [<  between,  prep.]  One 
of  a  grade  of  needles  between  shurjis  and  hi  mils. 

between-decks  (be-twen'deks),  adv.  and  «.  I. 
adr.  Iu  tho  space  between  two  decks  of  a  ship  : 
on  any  deck  but  the  upper  one. 

II.  «.  Tho  space  between  two  decks  of  a  ship, 
or  the  whole  space  between  the  upper  ami  the 
lowest,  deck. 

betweenity  (bf-twen'i-ti),  n.  [<  between  +  -ity, 
as  in  extremity'.]  The  stale  orqualityof  being 
between;  intermediati m  lit  ion  ;  anything  in- 
termediate.    [Colloq.] 

To  rejoin  heads,  tails,  and  belli;  ein'lies. 

Southey,  Lettei  i,  III.  44s. 
The  house  is  not  Gothic,  but  of  1  hat  betweenity  that  in- 
tervened when  Gothic  declined  and  Palladian  was  creep 
in- in.  H.  Walpole,  Lettera(ed,  1820),  [I.  174. 

betweenwhiles  (be-twen 'hwilz),  ado.,  prop. 

prep.  phr.     Al  intervals, 
betwit  (be-twit'),  V.  t.    [</«->  +  twit1.  J    Totwil. 

Strange  hon  these  men,  who  at  other  times  are  ah*  wi  e 

men,  do  now,  in  their  drink,  betwitt  and  reproach  one  an- 
other with  then  former  conditions,      Pepys,  Diary,  1.  lot. 

betwixt,  prep,  and  adr.     See  betwixt. 


bevel 

betwixet,  betwixent,  prep.     [Now  only  dial. 
or  archaic;  <  ME.  betwixe,  beticixen,  betwexen, 

hitiriixen,  etc.,  hilirixt,  hitirixrii,  etc.,  <  AS.  *be- 
tweoxan  (occurs  once  spelled  betweoxn),  prob. 
for  earlier  *betweoxwn  (=  OFries.  hilwtskum,  bi- 
twischa),  <  be,  prep., by,  +  "tweoxum  for  *tinh- 
suin,  *twiscum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twisc  =  OS.  twisk  = 
OHG.  ?wi«k.  zwiski,  JUKI,  -wise,  twofold,  < 
tied  (■»'/-),  two,  +  -se,  -ise,  E.  -iahX.  Forms 
with  other  prepositions  appear  in  OS.  iindar 
twisk,  OFries.  entwiska,  ontwiska,  atwiska,  abbr. 
tiriska,  twisk,  tiriselia,  NFries.  twissche,  D.  tits- 
selieii.  OHO.  in  ,:irisl.rii,  iintir  -iriski  n,  MHO.  in 
-wiseheii.  iintir  ,:irisrlnii,  (1.  abbr.  ,:uiselien,  be- 
tween. This  form  was  early  mixed  with  Iniwix, 
betwixt.]  Betwixt;  between. 
betwixt  (be-twikst' ),prep.  and  adv.  [Also  by 
apheresis  twixt,  'twixt,  Sc.  betwisht,  betweesht,  < 
late  ME.  betwixt,  bijlwyxte,  earlier  betwix,  In  luxt, 
betuixte,  betwex,  betwix,  bitwix,  etc.,  <  AS.  be- 
twyxt,  betwuxt  (with  excrescent  -0,  betwyx,  be- 
twcox,  betweohs,  betwux,  betux,  appar.  shortened 
from  the  dat.  form  (or  perhaps  repr.  an  orig. 
ace.  form)  "betweoxvm,  >  ME.  betwixen,  betwixe, 
q.  v.  In  ME.  the  words  were  mixed.]  I.  prep. 
Between ;  in  the  space  that  separates ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  to  as  regards  time,  quantity, 
or  degree ;  passing  between ;  from  one  to  an- 
other, etc.,  in  most  of  the  uses  of  between 
(whieh  see). 
Betwixt  two  aged  oaks.  Milton,  I.'Allegro,  1.  82. 

The  morning  light,  however,  soon  stole  into  the  aper- 
ture at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  betwixt  those  faded  curtains. 
Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

There  was  some  speech  of  marriage 

Betwixt  myself  and  her.     Shak..  BI.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  See  comparison  under  among. 

II.  adv.  Between,  in  either  space  or  time. 
—Betwixt  and  between,  in  an  intermediate  position; 

neither  the  one  nor  the  other:  a  colloquial  intensive  of 
betwixt  or  of  between. 

betylUS,  «.     See  lueti/his. 

beudantite  (bu' dan-tit),  n.  [After  the  French 
mineralogist  Beudan  I  (1787-1850).]  A  hydrous 
phosphate  and  arseniate  of  iron,  occurring  in 
small,  closely  aggregated  crystals  in  Nassau, 
Prussia,  and  also  near  Cork,  Ireland. 

beuk  (buk),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bunk. 

My  grannie  she  boughl  me  a  beuk, 
And  I  held  awa'  to  the  school. 

Bums,  The  Jolly  Beggars. 

bevel  (bev'el),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  bin  II, 
as  a  term  of  heraldry  beril,  beetle,  <  OF.  'berel 
or  *burel  (not  recorded),  mod.  F.  biveaii,  also 
spelled  bureau,  bureau,  beneeitu.  luaureait,  etc. 
(cf .  Sp.  baivel),  bevel ;  origin  unknown.]  I.  n. 
1.  The  obliquity  or  inclination  of  a  particular 
surface  of  a  solid  body  to  another  surface  of 
the  same  body;  the  angle  contained  by  two 
adjacent  sides  of  anything,  as  of  a  timber  used 
in  ship-building.  When  this  angle  is  acute  it 
is  called  an  under  berel  (or  /»  relintj),  and  when 
obtuse    a   standing 


bevel. —  2.  An  in- 
strument used  by 
mechanics  for 

drawing  angles  and 
for  adjusting  the 
abutting  surfaces 
of  work  to  the 
same  inclination. 
It  consists  of  two  limbs 
jointed  together,  one 
called  the  stock  or 
handle  and  the  otlier 
the  blade  ;  the  latter  is 
movable  on  a  pivot  at 

the  joint,  anil  can  lie 
adjusted  so  as  to  Include 
any    angle    between     it 

and  the  stock.    The  blade  is  often  curved  on  the  edge  to 

suit  the  sweep  of  an  arch  or  vault.     Bee  bevt  I  square, 

3.  A  piece  of  type-metal  nearly  type-liigh,  with 

a  beveled  edge,  used  by  stereo- 

typers  to  form  the  flange  on  the 

sides  of  the  plates.    Worcester. 

— 4.   Same  as  bevel-angle. —  5. 

In  her.,  an  angular  break  in  any 

right  line. 
II.  a.   Having  the  form  of  a 

bevel;    aslant;    sloping;  out  of 

the  perpendicular;   not  upright  : 

used  figuratively  by  Shakspere. 

1  may  be  straight  though  they  themselves  he  bevel. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxjtJ. 

Their  houses  are  very  ill  built,  the  walls  bevel,  without 
one  right  angle  in  any  apartment. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iii.  2. 

bevel  (bev'el),  r. ;   pret.  and  pp.  In  riled  or  bev- 
elled, ppr.  beveliiaj  or  bevelling.    [<  bevel,  «.]    I. 


Mechanics'  Bevels. 


T 


^: 


llrr.llih.     Iti-vol. 

e/eef,  3. ) 


bevel 

trans.  To  cut  to  a  bevel-angle:  as,  to  bevel  :i 
piece  of  wood. 

II.  in  trims.  To  incline  toward  a  point  or 
from  a  direct  line;  slant  or  incline  off  to  a 
bevel-angle, 
bevel-angle  (bevVl-nng  gll,  n.  Any  angle  ex- 
cept a  rigid  angle,  whether  it  be  acute  or  ob- 
tuse.    Also  called  bevel. 

beveled,  bevelled  (bev'eld),  ]>.  a.  1.  Having 
a  bevel;  formed  with  a  bevel-angle. —  2.  In 
mi  111  ■nil.,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining  equal- 
ly upon  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edge ;  hav- 
ing its  edgea  replaced  as  above,  as  a  cube  or 
other  solid. —  3.  In  her.,  broken  by  au  acute 
angle :  thus,  iu  the  cut  under  bevel,  the  blazon 

would  be  a  chief  vert,  beveled Beveled  bushing, 

a  bushing  in  which  the  sides  are  inclined  to  the  ends. — 
Beveled  double,  in  her.,  beveled  on  either  side.— Bev- 
eled furniture,  in  printing:  (a)  The  tapering  side-sticks 
and  toot-sticks  used  ill  imposing  forms  or  locking  lip  gal- 
leys, (b)  Beveled  pieces  of  wood  less  than  type-high. 
Beveled  gearing.  See  gearing.  -Beveled  washer,  a 
washer  having  its  two  faces  not  parallel  to  eaeli  other, 
used  to  give  a  proper  bearing  to  a  head  or  nut  when  the 
rod  or  bolt  is  not  perpendicular  to  the  surface  against 
which  the  washer  presses. 

bevel-gear  (bev'el-ger),  n.  In  much.,  a  species 
of  wheelwork  in  which  the  axis  or  shaft  of  the 
leader  or  driver 
forms  an  angle 
with  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  fol- 
lower or  the  wheel 
driven. 

bevel-hub  (bev'el- 
hub),  ii.  A  hub 
or  short  connect- 
ing-pipe having  a 
bend. 

beveling,  bevel- 
ling (bev'el-ing), 
n.  Same  as  bef- 
ell. 

Bevel-gear. 

It  is  evident  from 
the  preceding,  that  by  applying  the  bevel  in  the  work- 
man's usual  manner,  viz.,  u  ith  the  stuck  against  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  board  and  directed  towards  his  body,  all 
the  beveling*  will  be  under,  that  is,  less  than  a  right  angle. 
.  .  .  We  thus  find  that  when  the  first  futtuek  frames  are 
en  the  a  midship  side  of  the  joint,  their  beveliiigs  are  always 
standing,  or  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  p.  53. 

beveling-board  (bev'el-ing-bord),  n.  1.  A 
board  cut  to  any  required  bevel.  It  is  used  in 
adjusting  frames  or  the  parts  of  an  angular 
construction,  as  in  a  ship. — 2.  A  flat  board 
upon  which  the  bevelings  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  a  construction,  as  the  framework  of  a 
ship,  are  marked. 

beveling-frame  (bev'el-ing-fraru),  n.  A  wooden 
frame  in  which  a  beveling-board  is  placed  to 
be  marked.  It  consists  of  a  wide  board,  on  one  edge  of 
which  is  placed  a  fixed,  and  on  the  opposite  a  movable, 
batten.     Across  both  battens  parallel  lines  are  marked. 

beveling-machine  (bev'el-ing-nia-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  beveling  or  angling  the  outer  edges 
of  a  book-cover,  or  of  an  electrotyped  plate  for 
printing. 

bevel-jack  (bev'el-jak),  «.  A  device  used  in 
transmitting  motion  from  a  motor  to  a  machine. 
It  consists  of  a  pair  of  bevel-gears,  one  of  which  is  con- 
nected with  a  tumbling-shaft  turned  by  the  motor,  while 
the  other  has  a  pulley  which  by  a  belt  drives  the  machine. 

bevel-joint  (bev'el-joint),  n.  A  miter  or  slop- 
ing joint  having  its  faces  dressed  to  an  angle, 
generally  of  45°. 

bevelled,  bevelling.    See  beveled,  beveling. 

bevelment  (bev'el-meut),  n. 

[(bevel  +  -mint.]    In  mini  nil., 

the  replacement  of  au  edge  by 

two   similar   planes,   equally 

inclined  to  the  includin g  faces 

or  adjacent  planes. 
bevel-plater  ( bev'el-pla'ter), 

n.    A  machine  for  rolling  the 

bevel-edged   plates   of   shin- 
gling and  veneering  saws. 
bevel-protractor  (bev'el-pro-trak"tor),  n.     A 

drafting  instrument  with  a  pivoted  arm  sliding 

upon    a    graduated   sector, 

used  in  laying  off  angles. 
bevel-rest  (bev'el-rest),  n. 

A  clamp  for  holding  wood 

to  a  saw  in  making  a  bevel- 
ed CUt.  Bevel-protractor. 

bevel-square  (bev'el-skwar),  n.  A  try-square 
the  blade  of  which  can  be  adjusted  to  any 
angle  with  the  stock,  and  held  at  such  an  angle 
by  a  set-screw.  It  is  an  artisan's  instrument  for  try- 
ing his  work  to  see  if  it  has  been  made  with  the  proper 
angle.    Also  called  angle-bevel. 


539 


be-west 


bevel-ways  (bev'el-waz),  adv.    Same  as  bevel-    4.   A  small  collection   of  objects;  an  assem- 
blage of  tilings.     [Rare  or  obsolete.]  =syn.  1. 

I  ',.,,  i:     .I.  -..     ffOCfc. 

bewail  (bf-wal'),  r.  [<  ME.  bewailin,  bewiihn, 
hiiiiii/i  a.  etc.,  (.  be-  +  wailiii,  wail:  see  fee-1  and 
trait.]  I.  trans.  To  mourn  aloud  for;  bemoan; 
lament ;  express  deep  Borrow  for:  as, to  bewail 

the  loss  of  a  child. 


Bevelment  of  the  edges 
of  a  cube  by  planes  of  a 
tetrahexahearon. 


bevel-wheel  (bev'ol-hwol),  n.  In  much.,  a 
cog-wheel  of  which  the  working-face  is  oblique 
to  Hie  axis.  Such  a  wheel  is  commonly  used  in  con- 
nection with  another  revolving  with   a  shaft  at  right 

alleles  to  licit  ill  the  tirst.      These  wheels  are  often  called 

conical  "beds,  as  their  general  form  is  that  of  frusta  of 
cones,    See  beveUgear. 

bevel-wise  (bev'el-wiz),  adv.  In  her.,  in  the 
form  or  direction  of  a  bevel:  said  of  a  ribbon 
or  pennon  charged  thus  upon  the  field.     Also 

liinl-lnil/s. 

beverH,  '<•  An  obsolete  form  of  beaver*-. 
bever'-'t,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 
bever3t  (be'ver),  n.  [Now chiefly  E.  dial.;  also 
written  beaver,  <  ME.  bever,  later  also  beooi/r, 
boever,  <  OF.  beore,  boiore,  mod.  F.  boire  =  It. 
iniire,  here  (ML.  biber),  a  drink,  prop,  inf., 
drink,  <  L.  bibere,  drink:  see  mb\  bibber. 
Hence  beverage.]  1.  A  collation  or  slight  re- 
past between  meals. 

Are.  What,  at  your  bever,  gallants? 

Mor.  Will  t  please  your  ladyship  to  drink? 

B.  Joneon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Some  twenty  mark  a-year  !  will  that  maintain 
Scarlet  and  gold  lace,  play  at  th'  ordinary, 
And  bevers  at  the  tavern? 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  life,  i.  1. 
2.  Formerly,  at  some  colleges  and  schools,  a 
slight  meal  which  the  students  received  at  the 
buttery-hatch  and  took  to  their  rooms. 

No  scholar  shall  be  absent  above  an  hour  at  morning 
bever  and  half  an  hour  at  evening  bever. 

Quincy,  Hist.  Harv.  Univ.,  I.  517. 
When  I  was  at  Eton— now  more  than  thirty  years  ago 
—  the  boys  on  the  foundation  were  supplied  in  the  dining- 
hall  with  an  intermediate  meal  (if  meal  it  could  be  called), 
which  went  under  the  name  of  beaver.  According  to  my 
recollection  it  consisted  of  beer  only,  and  the  hour  was 
4  P.  M.  .V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  454. 

bever3t  (be'ver),  v.  i.  [<  bever3,  n.]  To  take  a 
bever  or  slight  repast  between  meals. 

Your  gallants  never  sup,  breakfast,  nor  bever  without 
me.  A.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  ii.  1. 

beverage  (bev'e-raj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bereridge,  bcurragr,  etc.,  <  ME.  Inn  rage,  brr- 
ercge,  berrrache,  bcurage,  etc.  (of.  ML.  bevera- 
giiim),  <  OF.  bevrage,  beuvrage,  breuvraige,  mod. 
F.  breurage  (=  Pr.  beuragc  =  Sp.  bebrage  = 
Pg.  beberagem  =  It.  beveraggio;  ML.  as  if  *bi- 
liiriitiriim).  <  bevre,  boivre  =  It.  bevere,<.  L.  bi- 
bere,drink:  see  beverS,  n.,  and  -age."]  1.  Drink 
of  any  kind;  liquor  for  drinking:  as,  water  is 
the  common  beverage ;  intoxicating  beverages. 
A  pleasant  be-i  >  rage  in-  prepared  before 
Of  wine  and  honey  mixed. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  ii. 

2.  A  name  given  specifically  to  various  kinds 
of  refreshing  drinks,  (a)  In  Devonshire,  England, 
water-cider;  a  drink  made  by  passing  water  through  the 
crushed  apples  from  which  cider  has  been  made.  (6)  A 
liquor  made  by  passing  water  through  the  pressed  grapes 
after  the  wine  has  been  expressed. 

Touching  price  and  quality  of  a  liquor  or  drink  called 
in  England  '"  &<  varadge  "  and  in  France  "  pimpeene." 

/,'.  imil  >.,.-.  Litii'-a<lnr<'  ami  Ctn^hir,-,  xi.  117. 
(c)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  drink  made  of  sugar-cane  juice 
ami  water. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  drink-money,  or  a  treat 
provided  with  drink-money,  as  on  wearing  a 
new  suit  of  clothes,  or  on  receiving  a  suit  from 
the  tailor;  a  treat  on  first  coming  into  prison; 
a  garnish.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

bevewt,  «•    See  bevue. 

bevil,  bevile,  n.     In  her.,  same  as  bevel,  5. 

bevort,  »•    See  beaver^. 

bevue  (be-vii'),  n.  [Formerly  also  bevew,  <  F. 
bevue,  OF.  besrne,  <  be-,  bes-  (<  L.  bis-,  double), 
+  vue,  view :  see  view/]  An  error  of  inadver- 
tence ;  a  slip.     [Bare.] 

bevy  (bev'i),  «.;  pi.  bevies  (-iz).  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  heavy,  oeavie,  <  ME.  bevy,  I"  vey,  beve,  <  OF. 
beveye  ("  beueye  [printed  dcueye]  des  heronez," 
in  a  poem  cited  by  Leo,  Beet.  Sing.  Perso- 
narum,  p.  40);  cf.  It.  "turn,  a  beavie,"  Florio: 
applied  esp.  to  a  flock  of  birds  and  thence  to  a 
company  of  ladies;  orig.,  perhaps,  a  chunking 
company,  or  a  number  of  animals  at  a  water- 
ing-place, being  thus  a  particular  use  of  OF. 
In  i  re,  buvee,  drink,  drinking  (ef.  It.  beva,  a 
drink),  <  berre.  =  It.  bevere,  drink :  see  bever3, 
n.,  and  beverage.']  1.  A  Hock  of  birds,  espe- 
cially of  larks  or  quails. — 2.  A  small  company 
or  troop,  as  of  roebucks,  heifers,  etc. —  3.  A 
group  or  small  company  of  persons,  especially 
of  girls  or  women,  but  also  used  of  the  male 
sex:  as,  "a  bevy  of  powdered  coxcombs,"  Gold- 
smith; "a  bevy  of  renegades,"  AlaeauUiy,  Hist. 
Eng. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 
Courted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  34. 


Go,  give  your  tears  to  those  that  Lose  their  worths. 
Bewail  their  miseries.         Fletcher,  Yalciitinian,  iv.  4. 
'Hie  nightingale 
Her  ancient,  hapless  sorrow  must  /..  wail. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  394. 

II.  intrans.  To  express  grief. 

Mourning  and  bewailing  exceedingly. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  70. 

bewailable  (be-wa'la-bl),  a.  [<  bewail  +  -able.] 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  bewailed. 

bewailer  (be-wa'ler),  n.  One  who  bewails  or 
laments. 

bewailing  (be-wa'ling),  n.    Lamentation. 

bewailingly  (be-wa'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  bewail- 
ing manner. 

bewailment  (be-wal'ment),  n.  [<  bewail  + 
-meut.]     The  act  of  bewailing;  a  lamentation. 

bewaket  (be-wak'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bewaken,  watch, 
"  wake"  a  dead  body,  watch  through  (=  D.  be- 
waken =  G.  bewachen  =  Sw.  bevaica),  <  be-  + 
waken,  wake:  see  be-1  and  wake1,  and  cf.  hi- 
vouac]  To  watch,  especially  a  dead  body;  ob- 
serve funeral  rites  for.     (lower. 

beware  (be-war'),  v.,  prop.phr.  [Formerly  and 
prop,  written  separately,  be  ware,  a  phrase  com- 
posed of  the  impv.  or  inf.  of  the  verb  be  and  the 
adj.  ware  ;  as  in  AS.  bed  tveer  'bed,  2d  pers.  sing. 
impv.  of  beon),  bed  the  wcer  (the,  thee,  reflexive 
dative),  be  ware,  just  like  E.  be  careful.  So 
ME.  "be  war  therfor"  (Chaucer);  "A  ha!  fel- 
awes!  beth  H'wof  suchaIape!"(Chaucer),  where 
beth  is  2d  pers.  pi.  impv.,  <  AS.  bcotli.  (See 
other  ME.  examples  below.)  Like  be  gone,  now 
begone,  he  ware  came  to  be  written  as  one  word, 
In  ware,  and  then  was  classed  by  some  authors 
with  the  numerous  verbs  in  be-*-,  and  inflected 
accordingly;  hence  the  erroneous  fonns  be- 
wares in  Ben  Jonson,  and  bewared  in  Dryden. 
This  confusion  may  have  been  promoted  by  the 
existence  of  a  ME.  verb  bewaren,  show,  exhibit, 
descended,  with  some  change  of  sense,  from 
AS.  bavarian,  guard,  keep,  preserve  (=OFries. 
Iiiiniria  =  D.  bewaren  =  OHG.  biwaron,  MHG. 
bewaren,  G.  bewahrcn  =  Sw.  bevara  =  Dan.  be- 
vare,  keep,  guard),  <  be-  +  warian,  guard,  <  M-<rr, 
cautious,  observant,  E.  ware1,  as  in  be  ware 
above.  In  the  quotation  from  Chaucer,  below, 
both  forms  appear.  See  ware1.]  To  be  wary 
or  cautious;  be  on  one's  guard;  exercise  care 
or  vigilance :  properly  two  words,  be  ware,  con- 
sisting of  the  infinitive  or  imperative  of  be  with 
the  adjective  ware :  followed  by  of,  expressed 
or  understood,  with  the  force  of  'against,'  'in 
regard  to':  as,  beware  of  evil  associations;  be- 
ware how  you  step;  "  beware  the  bear,"  Hcott. 

Thus  oughte  wise  men  ben  ware  of  folis ; 

If  thou  do  so  thi  witte  is  wele  bywared  [shown]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  1.  635. 

Be  ye  war  of  false  prophets.  Wijriif,  Mat.  vii.  15. 

That  no  man  no  scholde  .  .  .  war  o/him  '"". 

Life  of  Thomas  Beket  (ed.  Black),  1150. 
Beware  o/all,  but  most  beware  of  man. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  114. 

Every  one  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  beivare  what  he 
admits  for  a  principle.  Locke. 

Beware  the  pine-tree's  withered  branch, 

Beware  the  awful  avalanche.     Longfellow,  Excelsior. 

bewash  (be-wosh'),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  wash.]  To 
drench  with  water.     [Bare.] 

Let  the  maids  bewash  the  men. 

Herriek,  St.  Distaff's  Day. 

beweep  (be-wep'),  »■ ;  pret.  and  pp.  bewept,  ppr. 
beweeping.'  [<  ME.  bein pi  n,  liiwepcn,  <  AS.  be- 
wepan  (=  OFries.  biwepa  =  OS.  biwopian),  <  be- 
+  wepan,  weep :  see  be-1  and  weep.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  weep  over;  deplore. 

Old  fond  eyes, 
Beweep  this  cause  again,  I'll  pluck  ye  out. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

2.  To  bedew  or  wet  with  tears ;  disfigure  or 
mark  with  the  signs  of  weeping. 

Fast  by  her  syde  doth  wery  labour  stand, 
Pale  fere  also,  and  sorrow  all  bewept. 

Sir  T.  More,  To  Them  that  Trust  in  Fortune. 

II. t  intrans.  To  weep  ;  make  lamentation. 

bewest  (be-west'),  prep.     [<  ME.  be  west,  bi- 

westen,  <  AS.  be  westan  :  be,  prep.,  by;  westnn, 

adv.,  west,  from  the  west.     Cf.  be-east,  bvnorth, 

besouth.]     To  the  west  of.     [Scotch.] 


bewet 

bewet1  (bf-wet')i  '■  '• !  l"'1-  :mi1  PI'-  bewetted, 
bewet,  ppr.  bewetting.  [<  ME.  beta  ten,  <  be-  + 
«•</.»,  wet:  see  be-1  and  wet]   To  wet;  moisten. 

His  napkin  with  his  true  tears  :ill  beuwt. 

Shak.,  lit.  And.,  HI.  I. 

bewet'-1,  bewit  fbu'et, -it),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bew- 
ttte,  dim.  of  OP.  6e«e,  bue,  earlier  buie,  boie,  a 
collar,  chain,  fetter,  <  L.  ooiee,  a  collar  for  the 
also  ult.  E.  buoy,  q.  v.]  In  /«'- 
v.  the  leather  with  which  the  bell  was  at- 
tached to  a  hawk's  leg.  [Commonly  in  the 
plural.] 

bewhisper  (be-hwis'per),  v.  t.  [<  In  -i  +  reftts- 
I'tr.]     To  whisper.     Fairfax.     [Bare.] 

bewhoret  (bf-hor'),  ''■  '•  f<  '""-1  +  whore."]  1. 
To  make  a  whore  of.  Beau,  and  l'l. —  2.  To 
call  or  pronounce  a  whore.    Shah. 

bewield  (be-weld'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewelden,  < 
1„-  +  welden,  wield:  see  be-1  and  iweW.]  To 
wield,  handle,  or  control;  manage.  ./.  Harri- 
son.    [Bare.] 

bewigged  (be-wigd'  I,  p.  a.  [<  6e-J  +  wiggid.] 
Wearing  a  wig. 


540 

The  more  he  considered   It,  the  more   bewitching  the 
scene  appeared  to  him.       Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  5. 

bewitchingly  (be-wieh'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
witching manner. 

bewitcbingness  (be-wioh'ing-nes),  ».  The 
quality  whirl,  makes  a  person  or  thing  be- 
witching. 
bewitchment  (be-wich'ment),  ».  [<  bewitch  + 
-menf]  Fascination;  power  of  charming ;  the 
effects  of  witchcraft. 

I  will  counterfeit  the  '»■  witchment  ol  Borne  popular  man, 
and  give  it  bountifullj  to  the  desirers,     Shak.,  Cur.,  ii.  S. 
To  wash  in  May  de«  guards  against  b<  witchment. 

Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  378. 

bewith  (be'wiTH),  n.  [<  be*-  +  mW :  what  one  iJ^II'  ', 
ran  be  with  or  do  with.]  A  makeshift;  a  sub-  {JjJJiUJJj 
si  it  ute.     [Scotch.] 

bewonder  (be-wun'der\  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  wondt  r ; 
=  D.  bewonderen  =  G.  bewundern,  admire.]  1. 
To  fill  with  wonder;  amaze. 

Seeing  his  astonishment, 
How  lie  bewondered  was. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  17. 

2.  To  wonder  at ;  admire 


Ancient  ladies  and  bewigged  gentlemen  seemed  hurry-        •        ,      na§_we].kV\    „    t      r<  ME.  bewurchen,  < 
ing  to  enjoy  a  social  cup  of  tea.  ...    ,     '  \   •_._  ,      *V  - 


I..  .17.  Ato.it,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  20. 
bewilder  (be-wil'der),  v.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  wilder: 
see  lottaer.]     1.  To  confuse  as  to  direction  or 
situation;    cause  to  lose   the  proper  road  or 
course:  as.  the  intricacy  of  the  streets  bewil- 
dered hint;  to  be  bewildered  in  the  woods. 
Can  this  be  the  bird,  to  man  so  good, 
That,  after  their  bewildering, 
Covered  with  leaves  the  little  children, 

So  painfully  in  the  « I  '■ 

in  ast  Chasing  the  Butterfly. 

2.  To  lead  into  perplexity  or  confusiou;  per- 
plex ;  puzzle ;  contuse. 

odors  floating,  dulled  her  sense, 
And  killed  her  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  259. 

We  have  elementarj  disturbances  of  consciousness  in  bewravt  (be-ra'),r. ..  [<  ME. bewraien, biwreyen, 
diseases  ol   the   mind,  such  as  epileptic .states,  ecstacy,     .,-„,.,.,;,',  v^„oul",_  npWs    Mmrnau,  -  OHG. 


A»S.  bewyirean  (==  L>.  bewerken  =  G.  bewirken  = 
Dan.  bevirke),  work,  work  in,  adorn,  <  be-  + 
wyrean,  work:  see  6c-1  and  work.']  To  work, 
as  with  thread  ;  embroider. 

The  mantelle  and  the  gyrdylle  both 
That  rychely  was  bewtroght.    Sir  Eglamour,  1. 1152. 
Smocks  all  bewrought.  B.  Jomon,  Masque  of  owls. 

bewpers,  ".  See  beaupers. 
bewrap  ( be-rap' ),  o.  *. ;.  pret.  and  pp.  bewrapped, 
h,  irrupt,  ppr.  bewrapping.  [<  ME.  bewrappen, 
also  bewrabben  (with  var.  bewlappen),  <  be-  + 
wrappen,  wrap:  see  be-1  and  wrap.]  To  wrap 
up;  clothe;  envelop. 

His  sword,  .  .  . 
Bewrapt  with  flowers,  hunt;  idlic  by  his  side. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  30. 


.  and  the  bewildered  state  of  the  mind  in  paralytic  de- 
mentia. £'■  (.'.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  35. 
=  Syn.  To  confound,  confuse,  mystify,  nonplus. 

bewilderedness  (be-wil'derd-nes),  ».  The 
state  ,,f  being  bewildered;  bewilderment. 

bewilderingly  Cbe-wil'der-ing-li),  adc.  In  a 
bewildering  manner  ;  so  as  to  bewilder. 

bewilderment  (be-wil'der-ment),  n.  [<  bewil- 
der +  -mint.]    The  state  of  being  bewildered. 

Thought  was  an.  M'.i  bj  utter  bewilderment. 

Qeorge  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ii. 

bewimple  (be-wim'pl),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bewimplen 
(=  1).  bewimpelen),  <  In-  +  wimpelen,  wimple: 
see  In  -'  and  wimple.]  To  cover  with  a  wimple  ; 
veil.  Gower. 
bewinter  I  be-win'ter),  v.  t.  [<  be-1  +  winter.] 
To  make  like  winter. 

1 1  ar    that  bewinter  all  my  year. 

Cowley,  sleep. 

bewit,  «.    See  bewet2. 

bewitch  (be-wich')j  »•  '•    [<ME.  bewicehen,  bi- 

wicchen,  <  In-  +  wicchen,  witch:  see  be-1  and 

<       1  .    To    subject    to    the    inlluellee    of 

witchcraft;   affeel    by  witchcraft   or  sorcery; 
throw  a  charm  or  spell  over. 

I k  how  I  am  '>■  witch  d  .  behold,  mine  arm 

a  blasted  Bapling,  witherd  up. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  charm;  fascinate;  please  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. 

and  strangel]  change  us. 

Burton,  Anat.  oi  Mel.,  p.  4CS. 

The  charm  itch. 

■  n,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 
His  [Teni  ■  '■  witch  youths  and  amis 

by  their  sentiments  and  beauty,  but  their  thought  takes 
world. 

....  v  icfc  Poets,  p.  160, 

bewitchedness  (bf-wieht'nes), n.  [(bewitched, 
pp.  of  in  witch,  +  -new.  ]  The  state  of  being  be- 
witched. 

bewitcher  '».  ■■  ich'<  r  i,  n.  <  tae  who  bewitches 
or  fa 

bewitchery  (be-wich'6r-i),   ».     [<  bewitch,  in 


disclose,  reveal  (=  OFries.  Uwrogia 
biruogan,  MHG.  beriigeti),  <  be-  +  wraien,  wrey- 
en,  obs.  E.  wray,  disclose,  reveal,  <  AS.  wre- 
(jini,  accuse  (=  OFries.  wrogia,  wreia  =  OS.  wru- 
gian  —  D.  wroegen,  accuse,  =  OH(i.  ruogen, 
MHG.  ruegen,  Qt.rugen,  censure,  =  Icel.  ratgja, 
slander,  =  Sw.  rt'ija,  betray,  =  Goth,  wrohjan, 
accuse),  from  a  noun  repr.  by  (ioth.  wrohs,  an 
accusation,  =  Icel.  rog,  a  slander.  Somewhat 
affected  in  sense  by  betray,  a  quite  different 
woid.]  1.  To  accuse;  malign. —  2.  To  re- 
veal; divulge;  mako  known;  declare. 

Write  down  thy  mind,  bewray  thy  meaning. 
Shak. 


T.  of  A.,  ii.  5. 
Whoso  is  partner  with  a  thief  hateth  his  own  soul:  he 
heareth  cursing  and  bewrayeth  it  not  Prov.  xxix.  -ii. 

3.  To  disclose  or  reveal  (the  identity  or  the 
secrets  of  a  person)  perfidiously  or  prejudi- 
cially; betray;  expose. 

Thou  be  an:  lest  alle  secrenesse. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  676. 

For  feare  to  be  enforced  by  torments  to  bewray  his  eon- 
federates.  Knolles,  ilist.  Turks,  p.  7.    (.V.  E.  l>.) 
Like  slaves  you  sold  your  souls  for  golden  dross, 
Bewraying  her  to  death. 

Maminger,  Virgin  Martyr,  ii.  3. 

Hide  the  outcast,  bewray  not  him  that  wandereth,  is 
the  simplest  lesson  of  common  humanity. 

II'.  rhillijis.  Speeches,  p.  97. 

4.  To  reveal  or  disclose  unintentionally  or  in- 
cidentally ;  show  the  presence  or  true  character 
of;  show  or  make  visible. 

The  ointment  of  his  right  hand  which  bewrayeth  itself. 

Prov.  xwii.  16. 

Thy  speech  bmvrayeth  thee.  Mat  mri.  7::, 

[Bewray  is  still  sometimes  used,  especially  in 
poetry,  as  an  archaic  word.] 
bewrayert   (be-ra'cr),    n.      A   betrayer   or   di- 
vulger. 

\  bewrayer  of  secrets.         dddieon,  Spectator,  No.  2-ir,. 
bewrayinglyt  (be-ra'iug-li),  «<•''.    In  a  manner 
to  bewray, 
bewraym'entt  (be-ra'ment),  «.     L<  bewray  + 

-Hit  ill.}     The  act  of  bewraying. 


beyond 

bey1  (ha),  >>■  [=  E.  Sp.  beij,  <  Turk,  bey,  h<-g  = 
l'ers.  Iniiii,  a  lord:  see  beg2,  beglerbeg,  and  be- 
gum.]  1.  The  governor  of  a  minor  province 
or  sanjak  of  the  Turkish  empire. —  2.  A  title 
of  respect  given  in  Turkey  to  members  of 
princely  families,  sons  of  pashas,  military  offi- 
cers above  the  rank  of  major,  the  wealthy  gen- 
try, and,  by  courtesy,  to  eminent  foreigners. 

We-  therefore  rode  out  of  Beyrout  as  a  pair  of  Syrian 
Beye.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

3.  The  title  usually  given  by  foreigners  to  the 
former  Mohammedan  rulers  of  Tunis. 
Frequently  written  beg. 

bey'-'t,  i'.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buy. 

t.     A  Middle  English  form  of  beget. 

beylerbey  (ba'ler-ba'),  it.  [<  Turk,  beylerbey, 
beglerbeg,  prince  of  princes,  lit.  'bey  of  beys.'] 
The  title  of  the  governor-general  of  a  province 
of  the  Turkish  empire,  ranking  next  to  the 
grand  vizir,  and  so  called  because  he  has  under 
him  the  beys  at  the  head  of  the  several  san- 
jaks  or  districts  composing  his  province.  Also 
written  begU  r&<  <i. 

beylerbeylik  (ba'ler-ba'lii),  ».  [Turk.,  <  bey- 
lerbey +  -lilc,  a  common  noun  formative;  cf. 
beyli'k.]  The  territory  governed  by  a  beyler- 
bey.   Also  beglerbeglik  or  beglerbeglic. 

beylik  (ba'lik),  n.  [Turk.,  <  bey,  a  bey,  +  -MA;  ; 
el.  beylerbeylik.]     The  district  ruled  by  a  bey. 

beyond  (be-yond'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  be- 
yonde,  bey'ende,  etc.,  <  AS.  begeondan,  <  be.  by, 
+  geondan,  from  the  further  side,  <  geond, 
prep.,  across,  over,  beyond  (=  Goth,  jdiits, 
yonder),  +  -an,  adv.  suffix:  see  be-'*  and  yon, 
yonder.]  I.  prep.  1.  On  or  to  the  other  side  of : 
as,  beyond  the  river;  beyond  the  horizon;  "be- 
yond that  flaming  hill,"  G.  Fletcher,  Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph, 

We  send  our  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas. 

Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  To  the  Header,  p.  69. 

2.  Further  on  than;  more  distant  than:  as,  a 
mile  beyond  the  river;  a  hundred  miles  be- 
yond  Omaha ;  he  never  could  get  beyond  simple 
equations. 

So  far  your  knowledge  all  their  power  transcends, 
As  what  should  be  beyond  what  is  extends. 

Dryden,  1'rol.  to  Univ.  of  Oxford,  1.  39. 

it  is  not  necessary  to  look  beyond  Nature  or  beyond  ex- 
perience  in  order  to' find  that  unique  Object  of  which  the- 
ology speaks.  J.  Ii.  Seeley,  Nat  Religion,  p.  62. 

3.  Past  in  time;  later  than:  as,  a  day  beyond 

the  proper  time. — 4.  At  a  place  or  time  not 
yet  reached  by ;  before  ;  ahead  or  in  advance  of. 

What's  fame?    A  fancied  life  in  others'  breath; 
A  thing  beyond  us,  even  before  our  death. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  238. 

5.  Out  of  reach  of;  outside  of  the  capacity, 
limits,  <>r  sphere  of;  past  :  as.  beyond  our  power; 
beyond  comprehension;  that  is  beyond  me. 

We  bring  a  welcome  to  the  highest  lessons  of  religion 
and  of  poetry  out  of  all  proportion  beyond  our  skill  to 
teach.  Emereon,  Success. 

That  the  Antarctic  continent  lias  a  flat  and  even  sur- 
face, the  character  of  the  icebergs  shows  beyond  dispute. 
./.  Crott,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  74. 

6.  Above;  superior  to;  iu  or  to  a  degree 
which  rivals,  exceeds,  or  surpasses,  as  in  dig- 
nity, excellence,  or  quality  of  any  kind. 


imitationof  witchery.]    Witchery;  fascination;  b"ewreakt  (be-rek'),  «.  t.  '(<  ME.  bewreken,  < 


charm.     [Bare.] 

'lb- 1  ination  in  word 

-    Works,  II.  ix. 

bewitchful  (be-wich'ful),  a.     I    bewitch  +  -ful 
(irregularly  suffixed   to  a    verb).]     Alluring; 
[Bare.] 
in   i  away.        tr  ■       Letters, 

bewitching  (be-wich'ing),  o.  [Ppr.  of  bewitch.] 
Saving  power  to  bewitch  or  fascinate;  fasci- 
nating: charming:  as.  "bi  »    tckingt  ndi  rnoss."   beWTOUghtt  (bc-rot '  | 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  223.  otbework. 


be-  +  wreken,  wreak.    Cf.  As.  bewrecan,  exile, 

send  forth:    see  i<-l  and  wreak.]     To  avenge; 
revenge. 

Thus  much  am  I  bewreke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  "I  Lath  s  Talc  (ed.  Speght),  1.  soil. 

bewreckt  (bc-rek'),  v.  t.     [<  '»-'  +  wreck.    Cf. 

AS.  bewrecan,  drive  or  bring  to,  of  ships:  see 

in  i  and  wreck.]    To  ruin;  destroy. 

\ .  t  was  I,  or  I  parted  thence,  bewreckt.   Mir.  for  Ha 


Beyond  any  of  the  great  men  of  my  country. 

Sir  I'.  Sidney. 

Dangle.  Egad,  we  were  just,  speaking  of  your  tragedy.— 
Admirable,  Sir  Fretful,  admirable! 

Sneer.  \  ou  never  did  anything  beyond  it,  sir  Fretful— 
nevi  i  in  your  life.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

She  is  beautiful  beyond  the  race  of  women. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  ii3. 

7.   More  than;  in  excess  of ;  over  and  above. 
0,  I've  been  \  exed 
And  tortured  with  him  beyond  forty  lexers. 

/;.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 

lb'  [Pitt]  refused  to  accept  one  farthing  beyond  the  sal- 
ary  Which  the  law  bad  annexed  to  bis  office. 

Macavlay,  William  Pitt. 
Beyond  all.  See  all.  Beyond  seas,  out  of  the  country ; 
abroad.  To  go  beyond,  to  exceed  in  operation,  ability, 
attainment,  or  the  like  ;  hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  deceive 
or  circunn  ent 

That  no  man  go  beyond  and  defraud  his  brothel'  in  any 
in:, lb  I  1  Thes.  IV.  Ii. 

The  king  has  gone  beyond  me;  all  my  glories 

In  thai ■  woman  I  have  lost  for  ever. 

Shak.,  Hen    VIII.,  iii.  2. 

To  go  beyond  one's  self,  to  be  much  excited  by  any- 
thing; be  beside  one's  self,     Narea. 

II.  udr.   At  a  distance;  yonder. 

1.  (,i..  III.  i.  38. 


Beyond  he  lyeth,  languishing.    Spen 

Obsolete  past  participle  beyond  (bS-yond'),   it.      That  place  or  state 

which  lies  on  the  other  side;  an  expenonco  or 


beyond 

life  beyond  our  present  life  or  experience :  as. 
the  great  beyond. 
They  are  the  All,  with  no  beyond. 

J.  Martiueau,  Eth.  Theory,  I.  281.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

The  back  of  beyond,  a  very  distant  or  out-of-the-way 

place.    [Colloq.] 
beyond-sea  (be-yond'se),  a.     From  beyond  the 

sea ;  foreign ;  outlandish :  as,  beyond-sea  words. 
Nay,  my  beyond-sea  sir.  we  will  proclaim  you: 
Vni  would  be  kins  !     Beau,  and  i'L,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

beyship  (ba'ship),  n.    [<  bey1  +  ship.']    The 

office  of  a  bey ;  incumbency  of  such  office. 

Those  small  political  offences,  which  in  the  days  of  the 
Mamelukes  would  have  led  to  a  beyshipoTh  bowstring, 
receive  four-fold  punishment  by  deportation  to  Faizoghli, 
the  local  Cayenne.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  31. 

bezan  (bez'an),  n.  [=  F.  bezan,  prob.  of  E.  Ind. 
origin.]  A  white  or  striped  cotton  cloth  from 
Bengal. 

bezant  (bez'ant  or  be-zant'),  n.  [<  ME.  bezant, 
besant,  bcsaii,  <  OF.  besant,  bezan,  besan  =  Pr. 
began  =  Sp.  bezante  =  Pg.  besante  =  It.  bisante, 
<  ML.  Bezantius,  L.  Byzantius  (sc.  nitmmus),  a 
Byzantine  coin,  <  Byzantium,  <  Gt.  Biffavraw, 
older  name  of  Constantinople.  Cf.  florin.']  1. 
A  gold  coin  (the  proper  name  of  which  was 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bezant  (Solidus)  of  Romanus  III.— British  Museum. 

( Size  of  the  original,  t 

solidus)  issued  by  the  emperors  at  Constanti- 
nople in  the  middle  ages.  Bezants  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Europe  till  the  fall  of  the  Eastern  Empire, 
more  especially  during  the  period  from  about  A.  D.  800  to 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  when  European 
countries,  except  Spain,  had  no  gold  currencies  of  their 
own.    Also  called  byzant,  byzantine. 

And  who  that  did  best  should  have  a  rich  circlet  of  gold 
worth  a  thousand  bezants.   Sir  T.  Malory,  Morte  d  Arthur. 

2.  In  her.,  a  small  circle  or;  a  gold  roundel.  It 
is  a  common  bearing,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
from  the  coins  of  Constantinople,  assumed  as  bearings  by 
crusaders. 

Also  spelled  besant. 
White  bezant,  a  silver  coin  of  Byzantium,  worth  about 
70  cents. 

bezante,  bezantee, 
bezanted  (bez-an- 
ta',  be-zan'ted),  a. 
In  her.,  same  as  be- 
zel nti/. 

bezantee  (bez-an-ta'), 
«.  [OF.,  prop.  fern, 
of  bezante,  besante: 
see  bezanti/.]  A  mold- 
ing ornamented  with 
roundels  or  small 
disks  resembling  be- 
zants, of  frequent  oc- 
currence in  Norman 
architecture.  Enci/c. 
Brit.,  II.  461. 

bez-antler  (bez-anf- 
ler),  «.  [Also  bes-ant- 
ler  and  bay-antler ;  < 
OF.  bez-,  bes-,  secon- 
dary, inferior  (prob.  < 

L.  bis,  twice),  +  E.  antler.]  The  branch  of  a 
deer's  horn  next  above  the  brow-antler;  the 
bay-antler.    See  antler. 

bezanty  (be-zan'ti),  a.  [Also  bezante,  bezantee, 
<  F.  besante,  <  besant,  bezant.]  In  her.,  strewn 
or  studded  with  bezants:  said  of  the  field,  or  of 
any  charge.     Also  bezanted. 

bezel  (bez'el),  »?.  [Also  bezil,  basil,  and  for- 
merly beazel,  basil,  bezle,  etc..  <  OF.  *besel,  bisel 
(F.  biseau),  sloping  edge,  a  bevel,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
bisel :  origin  unknown ;  perhaps  (a)  <  L.  bis,  dou- 
ble, +  dim.  suffix  -el,  or  (6)  <  ML.  bisalus,  a  stone 
with  two  angles  or  slopes,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  + 
ala,  a  wing.  Cf .  axil  and  aisle.]  1.  The  slope 
at  the  edge  of  a  cutting-tool,  as  a  chisel  or 
plane.  It  is  generally  single,  but  sometimes 
double.  [In  this  sense  commonly  basil.] — 2. 
The  oblique  side  or  face  of  a  gem ;  specifically, 
one  of  four  similarly  situated  four-sided  facets 
on  the  top  or  crown  of  a  brilliant,  which  are 
sometimes  called  templets.  See  cut  under  bril- 
liant. Bezel  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  space 
between  the  table  and  the  girdle,  that  is,  the  "crown," 
with  the  exception  of  the  table. 


Bezantee. —  Tower  of  Church  of  La 

Charite-sur-Loire.  France. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 

1' Architecture.") 


541 

3.  In  jewelry  :  (a)  That  part  of  the  setting  of 
a  precious  stone  which  incloses  it  and  by  which 
it  is  hold  in  place,  (b)  A  flat  surface  of  gold 
engraved  witli  any  device  to  serve  as  a  seal, 
when  a  stone  is  not  used.  Heeeliaton.  [Rare.] 
—  4.  In  match-making,  the  grooved  flange  or  rim 
in  which  the  crystal  of  a  watch  is  set. 

bezel  (bez'el),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  bezelcd  or 
bezelled,  ppr.  oezeling or  bezelling.  {Alsobasil; 
<  bezel,  n.]  To  grind  to  an  edge ;  cut  to  a  slop- 
ing edge ;  bevel. 

bezesteen  (bez'es-ten),  «.  [Also  written  bezes- 
tein,  bezestan,  <  Turk,  bazistdn,  orig.  Pers.,  a 
clothes-market.]  An  exchange,  bazaar,  or  mar- 
ket-place in  the  East.     X  E.  D. 

bezetta  (be-zet'S),  n.  [A  corruption  of  It. 
pczzetia,  red  paint,  prop,  a  piece  of  cloth  dyed 
red  used  for  rouging,  lit.  a  little  piece,  dim.  of 
pezza,  apiece,  esp.of  cloth:  see^iece.]  Coarse 
linen  rags  or  sacking  soaked  in  certain  pig- 
ments, which  are  prepared  thus  for  exporta- 
tion; the  pigment  itself.  Red  bezetta  is  colored 
with  cochineal,  mid  the  pigment  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 
Blue  bezetta  is  prepared  from  the  juice  of  some  enphor- 
biaceous  plants,  treated  with  dung  and  urine,  and  is  used 
to  color  the  rind  of  Dutch  cheese. 

Beziers  (ba-zia'),  n.  A  sweet  wine,  named 
from  the  town  of  Beziers  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France. 

bezique  (be-zek'),  n.  [Also  bazique  ;  <  F.  bc- 
sigue,  bezigue,  besy ;  of  obscure  origin.  Some 
compare  Pers.  bazichi,  sport,  a  game,  <  bdzi, 
play,  sport;  but  the  resemblance  is  appar.  ac- 
cidental.] 1.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  two, 
three,  or  four  persons,  with  two  packs  from 
which  the  cards  having  from  two  to  six  spots 
have  been  removed.  The  object  of  the  game  is  to 
win  the  aces  and  tens,  and  to  secure  various  combinations 
of  cards,  which  when  shown  or  "declared"  entitle  the 
player  to  score  a  certain  number  of  points. 
2.  The  queen  of  spades  and  knave  of  diamonds, 
one  of  the  counting  combinations  in  the  game 

of  bezique.  — Double  bezique,  the  two  queens  of 
spades  ami  two  knaves  of  diamonds,  the  highest  counting 
combination  in  bezique. 

bezoar  (be'zor),  n.  [Also  beznard,  early  mod. 
E.  bezor.  beazor,  beazer,  bezar,  bezer=T.  bezoard, 
formerly  bezar,  bezahar,  =  Sp.  bezoar,  bezoar, 
bezar,  =  Pg.  bezoar  =  NL.  bezoar,  bezaar,  bc- 
zahar,  <  Ar.  bdzahr,  bddizahr,  <  Pers.  bddzahr, 
pddzahr,  the  bezoar-stone,  <.j)dd,  expelling,  + 
zalir,  poison:  so  called  because  it  was  consid- 
ered an  antidote  to  poison.]  A  name  for  certain 
calculi  or  concretions  found  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines  of  some  animals  (especially  rumi- 
nants), formerly  supposed  to  be  efficacious  in 
preventing  the  fatal  effects  of  poison,  and  still 
held  in  estimation  in  some  eastern  countries. 
They  are  used  in  China  both  as  a  pigment  and  as  a  drug. 
Such  calculi  are  generally  formed  around  some  foreign 
substance,  as  a  bit  of  wood,  straw,  hair,  etc.  Many  vari- 
eties have  been  mentioned,  but  most  value  was  put  on  the 
bezoar  from  the  East  Indies  and  that  from  Peru.— Be- 
zoar mineral,  an  oxid  of  antimony,  or  antimonic  acid, 
especially  that  prepared  from  butter  of  antimony  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid.— Fossil  bezoar,  a  formation  like 
animal  bezoar,  consisting  of  several  layers  around  some 
extraneous  body  which  serves  as  a  nucleus. — Vegetable 
bezoar.    3ame  as  ealapitte. 

bezoardic  (bez-o-ar'dikl,  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  be'zo- 
ardique  (NL.  b'ezoanliciis,  bezoarticus),  <  bezo- 
ard, bezoar.]  I.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  per- 
taining to  bezoar;  compounded  of  or  possess- 
ing the  supposed  antidotal  properties  of  bezoar ; 

serving  as  an  antidote Bezoardic  acid.   Same  as 

ellame  acid  (which  see,  under  ellagic). 

II.  n.   A  medicine  having  the  properties  of 
bezoar;  an  antidote. 

bezoar-goat  (be'zor-got),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  wild  goat,  Copra  cegagrus,  from  the  fact 
that  it  produces  the  bezoar.     See  a  i/agrus. 

bezoartict,  bezoarticalt  (bez-o-iir'tik,  -ti-kal), 
a.  [<  NL.  bezoarticus :  see  bezoardic.]  Same  as 
bezoardic. 

The  healing  bezoartical  virtue  of  grace. 

Chillingworth,  Works,  p.  378. 

bezonian  (be-zo'ni-au).  n.  [Also  besonian,  bi- 
sonian,  <  besbnio,  besognio,  bisogno,  etc.,  a  beg- 
gar: see  bisogno.]  An  indigent  wretch;  a 
beggar  or  scoundrel. 

Underwhich  king,  Bezonian}   Speak  or  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

Bezoutian  (be-zo'ti-an),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
French  mathematician  Etienne  Bezout  (1730- 

83).-  Bezoutian  method  of  elimination,  a  method 
published  by  Bezout  in  1765. 
bezoutiant  (be-zo'ti-ant),  n.  [<  Bezout  (see 
Bezoutian)  +  -i-ant.]  In  math.:  (a)  The  ho- 
mogeneous quadratic  function  of  n  variables, 
whose  discriminant  is  the  resultant  of  two 
equations,  each  of  the  «th  degree,  (b)  Incor- 
rectly used  for  bezuutoid. 


Bhutanese 

bezoutoid  (be-z8'toid),  n.  [<  ll<zout  (see  Be- 
zoutian) +  -did.]  In  ninth.,  the  bezoutiant  to 
two  homogeneous  functions  obtained  by  differ- 
ent inti.>n  from  one  homogeneous  function  of 
two  variables. 

bezzle  (bez'l),  '■. :  pret.  and  pp.  bezzled,  ppr.  b<  z- 
zling.  |.\o\\  ..nly  E.  dial.;  early  mod.  E.  al>.> 
bezzel,  In  <  I.  In .  I, .'  bisst  I,  <  late  M  B.  In  HU  ,  <  OF. 
In-.il,  r,  beziUer,  In  sillier,  by  apheresis  for  embe- 
sittier,  waste,  embezzle  :  see  i /»'»  :.:'< .  |   I.  trans. 

1.  To  purloin  or  make  away  with;  embezzle. 

I  must  be  shut  up  and  my  substance  ' 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  consume  a  large  quantity  of,  as  food  or 
drink;  waste  or  squander,  as  money.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  drink  to  excess.     Jiekker. 

bezzlet  (bez'l),  n.  [<  In  zzle,  v.]  A  debauchee; 
a  sot.     Nash. 

bezzlert  (bez'ler),  ft.     Same  as  bezzle,  n. 

bezzlingt  (bez'ling),  n.  [<  bezzle,  v.]  Dissipa- 
tion ;  excessive  drinking. 

From  haughty  Spayne,  what  brought'st  thou  els  besido 
Cut  lofty  lo. .lies  and  their  Lueifrian  pride? 
From  Belgia,  what  but  their  deep  bezelinff, 
Their  boote-carouse,  and  their  beere-buttering? 

Marston,  Satyres,  ii. 
I  have  proposed  and  determined  with  myself  to  leave 
the  bezelings  of  these  knights  and  return  to  my  village. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  1'.  .11  Quixote,  fol.  ld8. 

bhadoee  (bii'do-e),  n.  [<  Hind,  bhddui  or  Vha- 
douwi,  adj.,  relative  to  the  month  Bhddon.  the 
fifth  month  of  the  Hindu  year,  answering  to 
the  last  half  of  August  and  the  first  of  Septem- 
ber.] The  earliest  of  the  three  annual  crops 
in  Hindustan,  consisting  of  rice,  maize,  etc.  It 
is  laid  down  during  the  rainfall  in  April  ami  May,  and  is 
reaped  in  August  and  September.  It  furnishes  about  one 
fourth  of  the  food-supply  in  a  normal  year. 

bhainsa  (bin'sS,),  n.  [Hind,  bhainsa  (masc), 
bhains  (fern.).]"  A  name  of  the  domestic  Indian 
buffalo,  Bos  bubalis. 

bhang,  bang3  (bang),  ».  [Also  bhung,  and 
formerly  bangue,  also  (after  Ar. )  benj ;  <  Hind. 
eta.  bhang,  bhang,  bhung  (=  Pers.  bang,  >  Ar. 
banj,  benj),  bhang,  <  Skt.  bhangd,  hemp.]  The 
driedleaves  of  the  hemp-plant,  ( 'annabislndiea, 
which  as  grown  in  India  contain  a  powerfully 
narcotic  resin  and  a  volatile  oil.  in  India  bhang  is 
used  for  smoking,  either  with  or  without  tobacco,  and  is 
also  made  up  with  flour,  sugar,  etc.,  into  a  kind  of  sweet- 
meat called  majun  (majun).  An  intoxicating  drink  is 
prepared  by  infusing  the  pounded  leaves  in  eol.l  water. 
As  prepared  and  used  by  the  Arabs,  it  is  known  as  hashish. 
(See  hempl.}  It  is  also  employed  in  medicine  for  its  ano- 
dyne, hypnotic,  and  antispasmodic  qualities. 

bharadar  (bar'a-dar),  n.  [Hind,  bharaddr.] 
One  of  the  Gorkha  chiefs  who  invaded  Nepal  in 
1768,  and  parceled  out  the  land  among  them- 
selves. The  bharadars  form  a  kind  of  feudal  aristoc- 
racy, and  in  times  of  emergency  act  as  a  council  ..f  state. 

bharsiah  (bar'se-a),  11.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native 
name  of  an  East  Indian  badger-like  quadruped, 
Ursitaxus  inauritus  of  Hodgson. 

bhat  (bat),  n.  [Hind,  blidl,  also  bhdrata.]  In 
India,  a  man  of  a  tribe  of  mixed  descent,  the 
members  of  which  are  professed  genealogists 
and  poets;  a  bard.  These  men  in  Rajputana  and 
Guzerat  had  also  extraordinary  privileges  as  the  guaran- 
tors ..f  travelers,  whom  they  accompanied,  against  attack 
..r  robbery.     Yule  and  Bur/nil,  Gloss. 

Bheel,  «.     See  Bhil. 

bheesty,  bheestie  (bes'ti),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  also 
written  bnslij,  beestie,  beasty,  beastte,  <  Hind. 
bhisti,  bihisti,  Pers.  bihisli,  a  water-carrier,  lit. 
heavenly,  <  bihist  (>  Hind,  bihist),  paradise, 
heaven.]  An  Indian  water-carrier,  who  sup- 
plies domestic  establishments  with  water  from 
the  nearest  river  or  reservoir,  carrying  it  in  a 
sheepskin  bucket  or  bag. 

In  particular  there  is  a  queer  creature,  like  what  I  fancy 
a  brownie  should  be,  called  a  beestie  or  bhestie,  whose 
special  calling  is  to  till  the  baths  in  that  refreshing  apart- 
ment .  .  .  attached  to  every  Indian  bedroom.   X.  Macleod. 

bhel  (bel),  11.     See  bclS. 

Bhil  (bel),  ».  [Also  spelled  Bheel.  repr.  Hind. 
Bhil.]  1.  A  member  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  India  which  occupy  the  valleys  of  the  Ner- 
budda  and  Tapti,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Vind- 
hya  and  Satpura  mountains. 

The  language  of  the  Bkils  in  the  Bombay  province, 
Rajpootana,  and  Central  India,  is  understood  to  be  a  dia- 
lect of  Hindi.  Ii.  X.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs.  B.  Ind.,  p.  49. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bhils. 

bhogai  (bo'gi),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  inferior  cot- 
ton made  in  India. 

Bhotanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or-nez'),  a.  and  ».  See 
Bhutanese. 

Bhutanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or  -nez'l,  a.  ami  ».  [< 
Bhutan,  the  country  (Bhutiii.  a  native  of  Bhu- 
tan), +  -ese.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Bhutan,  its 
people,  or  their  language. 


Bhutanese 

In  reality  the  Bhutanese  authorities  did  not  want  to  re- 
ceive B  mission  at  all 

./.  T.  Whaler,  Sh..rt  Hist.  India,  p.  t;74. 

II,  h.  1.  Sing,  or  yd.  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Bhutan,  a  mountainous  state  in  the 
Himalayas,  having  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bengal 
and  Assam  on  the  south,  and  Sikhim  on  the 
west .  The  Bhutanese  have  Bat  faces,  high  chi  ek  bones, 
brown  complexion,  almond  eyes,  ami  black  hair.  Chey 
profess  a  corrupt  form  of  Buddhism,  and  are  .subjects  of 

a  dual  government  under  a  i till  and  a  prince. 

2.  The  language  Of  Bhutan. 

Also  written  Bhotanese  and  Bootanese  (Bho- 
ttin.  Bootan). 

bhyree  O'i'vei.  «.  [E.  Lnd.]  A  kind  of  falcon 
used  in  hawking  in  India.     Also  In  line. 

bit,  prep.  [ME.,  <  AS.  be,  in  comp.  with  nouns 
In :  see  by1,  In-1.}  A  common  Middle  English 
form  of  the  preposition  by. 

Bi.    The  chemical  symbol  of  bismuth. 

bi-H-  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  form 
of  if-1  or  In  -'-'. 

bi-'-'.  [L.  hi-,  combining  form  of  bis  (=Gr.  die-, 
it-  =  Skt.  dri-  =  OHG.  MHO.  :tn-.  0.  ewie-  = 
AS.  twi-,  E.  twi-),  orig.  'duis,  twice,  doubly, 
two-,  <  duo  =  E.  two:  see  two,  tui-,  di-2.]  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  cognate  with  di-  and 
tui-,  meaning  two,  two-,  twice,  double,  twofold, 
as  in  biaxial,  bicornous,  bimanous,  biped,  bifur- 
cate, etc.:  especially  in  chemical  terms,  where 
it  denotes  two  parts  or  equivalents  of  the  in- 
gredient referred  to,  as  in  bicarbonate,  bichro- 
mate, etc.  Such  words  are  properly  adjectives,  to  be 
analyzed  as  bi-  -)-  noun  +  adjective  suliix  (for  example, 
bi-axi-al,  bi-furc-ate,  two-fork-ed,  bi-man-ous,  two-hand- 
ed etc.  I,  but  may  also  be  briefly  treated  as  bi.  -f  adjective 
■  ,  etc).  Words  in  bi-  rest  actually  or 
theoretically  upon  Latin  or  New  Latin  forms,  'biaxialis, 
*biacuminatu8,  biangulatus,  biartieulatus,  etc. ;  but  it 
is  often  convenient  to  refer  them  to  English  elements. 

biacid  (bi-as'id),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  acid.}  In  chem., 
capable  of  combining  with  an  acid  in  two  dif- 
ferent proportions:  said  of  a  base. 

biacuminate  (bi-a-ku'mi-nat),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  acu- 
minate.] In  hot.,  having  two  diverging  points, 
as  the  hairs  on  the  leaves  of  some  Mrdjdyhiaceee, 
which  are  attached  by  the  middle  and  taper  to- 
ward the  ends. 

bialar  (bi-a'lar),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  alar.]  Having 
two  wings. — Bialar  determinant,  in  ninth.,  one  in 
which  the  constituents  of  the  principal  diagonal  are  all 
zeros. 

bialate  (bl-a'lat),  a.    [<  bi-2  +  alate2.]  Having 

two  alffl  or  wings;  two-winged, 
bianco  secco  (oiang'ko  sek'6).  [It.,  lit.  dry 
white :  bianco  =  F.  blanc,  white,  <  OHG.  blanch, 
shining  (see  blank);  secco,  <  L.  siccus,  dry:  see 
sec,  sack3.]  A  white  pigment  used  in  fresco- 
painting.  It  consists  of  lime  and  pulverized  marble, 
the  former  before  mixing  being  macerated  in  water  un- 
til its  causticity  is  removed. 

I izzo  observes  (Trattato,  p.  104)  that  Perino  del 

Vaga  invented  a  colour  formed  of  Verdetto  and  bianco 
■  that  is,  Umewhite  in  powder. 

Mrs.  Merrifield,  Art  of  Fresco  fainting,  lii. 

biangular  (bl-ang'gu-liir),  o.  [<  ft;'-2  +  angu- 
lar.]    Having  two  angles  or  corners.     [Rare.] 

biangulate,  biangulated  (bi-ang'gu-lat,  -la- 
ted),  n.  [<  bi--  +  angulate.]  Same  as  biangu- 
lar. 

biangulous  (bi-ang'gu-lus),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  angu- 
Ions.  I     Same  as  biangular. 

biannual  i'i-oi>'n-:ili,«.  \<  bi-"  +  annual.  Cf. 
biennial.']  Occurring  twice  a  year:  arbitrarily 
distinguished  from  biennial  (which  see). 

biannually  (bi-an'u-al-i),  am.  Twice  a  year. 
il  a  change  in  the  fashion 

lit  her  clOtll  .it    I.  ii    t 

Tht  Century,  will   017. 
biannulate  (bi-an'u-lat),  ".  [<  in--  +  annulate.] 

In  zool.,  having  two  encircling  rings,  generally 

of  color. 
biantberiferous  (bi-an-the-rif'e-rus),  a.    [<  bi-2 

+  antht  nil  a  "is.  ]     In  Imi..  having  two  anthers. 
biarchy  (ra|8r-ki),  n. ;  pi.  biarehies  (-kiz).    [< 

In--  +  (Jr.  &pxto,i  0    1  ■■. .  rule;  after  monarchy, 

etc.    Cf.  diarchy.]    Dual  government  or  sover- 

<       nly. 

biarcuate,  biarcuated  (bi-ar'ku-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  bi--  +  arcuaU .  |  T«  ice  curved :  as,  a  biarcu- 
nii  margin,  one  having  a  irve  passing 

into  a  concave  oni 

Biar  glass,    ft 

Biarmian  Cbiavr'mi-an  .  ".  and  a.  [<  Biarmia, 
Latinized  from  [eel.  Bjarmaland,  tin-  land  of 
the  Bjarmar,  .-.  AS.  Beorma  .  novi  called  Per- 
mian sei  Pi  rmton.  |  I.  n.  I  toe  oi  I  be  Fin- 
nish inhabitante  of  Perm  in  Russia;  a  Per- 
mian |  which  see). 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Biarmians  or 
Permian  s. 


542 

biarritz  (biar'its),  "•  [Named  from  Biarrit:.  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyrenees, 
Prance.]    A  thin  corded  woolen  cloth. 

Particulate  (bi-ar-tdk'u-lat),  «.  [<  bi-"  +  ar- 
ticulate.] Having  two  joints,  as  the  antenna? 
of  some  insects. 

bias  (bi'as),  n.,  a.,  and  adr.;  pi.  biases,  improp. 
biasses  (-ez),  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biass,  hi/as, 
biace,  buns.  <  P.  (and<  >P.)  Wow,  aslant,  a  slope, 
=  I'r.  6tais  =  OCat.  biais,Ca,t.biax  =  It.s-biescio, 
dial,  biasciu,  slims,  bias  1  cf.  also  It.  bieeo,  squint- 
ing, oblique,  bias);  origin  unknown;  hardly  < 
1. 1.,  bifacem,  ace.  of  bifax,  squinting  (cf.  .ML. 
bifacius.  two-faced),  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  fades, 
face.]  I.  n.  1.  An  oblique  or  diagonal  line; 
especially,  a  cut  which  is  oblique  to  the  tex- 
ture of  a  fabric;  hence,  in  dressmaking,  a  seam 
formed  by  bringing  together  two  pieces  thus 
cut ;  specifically,  one  of  the  front  seams  of  a 
close-fitting  waist:  sometimes  called  a  dart. — 
2.  In  bowling,  a  bulge  or  greater  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  bowl;  a  difference  in  the  shape  and 
weight  of  the  two  sides  or  poles  of  a  bowl, 
causing  it  to  curve  in  its  course  toward  tin- 
lighter  and  less  bulged  side ;  hence,  the  curved 
course  of  such  a  bowl. —  3.  A  one-sided  ten- 
dency of  the  mind;  undue  propensity  toward 
an  object;  a  particular  leaning  or  inclination; 
bent;  specifically,  in  laic,  prejudice,  as  of  a 
witness :  used  most  frequently  to  denote  preju- 
dice and  habits  of  thought  which  prevent  the 
fair  or  dispassionate  consideration  of  any  sub- 
ject or  question. 

Morality  influences  men's  lives,  and  gives  a  bias  to  all 
their  actions.  Locke. 

Alas  !  what  years  you  thus  consume  in  vain, 
Ruled  by  this  wretched  bias  of  the  brain  ! 

*  'rabbe,  The  Newspaper. 
One  cannot  mistake  the  prevailing  bias  of  her  mind. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  202. 
The  bias  of  education,  the  bias  of  class-relationships, 
the  bias  of  nationality,  the  political  bias,  the  theological 
bias — these,  added  to  the  constitutional  sympathies  and 
antipathies,  have  much  more  influence  in  determining 
beliefs  on  social  questions  than  has  the  small  amount  of 
evidence  collected.  //.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  11. 
On  the  bias,  diagonally ;  slantingly.  =  Syn.  3.  Propensity, 
Inclination,  etc.  (see  benO),  prepossession,  predisposition, 
predilection,  partiality. 

II.  a.  1.  Oblique;  slanting;  diagonal  to  the 
outline  or  to  the  texture :  now  used  only  or 
chiefly  of  fabrics  or  dress:  as,  a  bias  line  (in 
former  use)  in  a  drawing;  a  bias  piece  in  a  gar- 
ment.—  2f.  Loaded  or  swelled  on  one  side, 
like  a  biased  bowl. 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  purf'd  Aquilon. 

Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  iv.  5. 

III.  ado.  [<  bias,  a.]  In  a  slanting  man- 
ner; obliquely. 

Trial  did  draw 
Bias  and  thwart,  not  answering  the  aim. 

Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  i.  3. 

bias  (bi'as),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  biased  or  biassed, 
ppr.  biasing  or  Massing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
biass,  biace,  bgas  (cf.  F.  biaiscr  =  Pr.  biaisar); 
from  the  noun.]  1.  To  give  a  bias  to,  as  a 
bowl;  furnish  with  a  bias.     See  bias,  n.,  '_'. 

To  giue  you  the  Morall  of  it  [game  of  bowls] :  It  is  the 
Embleme  of  tic  world  or  the  world's  ambition;  where 
most  are  short,  or  over,  or  wide,  or  wrong  Byas't,  and 
some  few  justle  in  to  the  Mistris  Fortune. 

Bp.  /.'<'</■.  Micro-Cosmographie,  xli. 
2.  To  incline  to  one  side;  give  a  particular 
direction  to  the  mind  of;  prejudice;  warp: 
prepossess:  as,  the  judgment  is  often  biased, 
by  interest. 

My  judgment  "f  desert  hath  not  been  biassed  by  per- 
sons being  of  my  own  parti  (Ulai  judgment,  in  mailers  of 
disputation,  among  the  churches  of  God. 

('.   Mnrln  ,     Mag.  Chris.,  Int. 
No  man  is  allowed  to  be  a  judge  in  his  ,.\mi  cause  ;  be- 
cause his  interest  will  certainly  bias  his  judgment,  ami, 
not  improbably,  corrupt  lii^  integrity. 

Madison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

bias-drawing  (bi'as -dr:i    ing),  n.    A  turning 

awry;  hence,  partiality;  prepossession.    Shak. 

biasness  (bi'as-nes),  n.    [<  bias  +  -ness.]    The 

State  of  being  biased  ;   i  no  linn  I  ion  to  a  particu- 
lar Bide :  part  iality.     Shi  rwood. 
Biatora  (bi-a-to'r;i),  11.    [NL.]    An  extensive 

genus  of  licti'ens  which  have  .1  orustuiooous  thal- 
lus  adhering  closely  to  the  substance  on  which 

it  grOWB,  and  sessile  apothecia,  of  which  the  ex- 
oiplo  is  colored  or  blackening. 

biatorine  (bi-a-t6'rin),  ".  |<  Biatora  +  -<<"  '.  I 
In  lichens,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ge- 
nus Biatora;  having  a  proper  exciple,  which 

is  not  coal-black,    but    colored   or    blackening, 

as  in  many  species  of  the  tribe  l.eciilcaci  1. 

biatoroid  (bi-a-to'roid),  a.    [<  Biatora  +  -oid.] 

Same  as  biatorine. 


bibble 

biauriculate  (bi-ft-rik'u-lat),  a.  [<  hi--  +  auric- 
nlate.]  1.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  having  two  au- 
ricles, in  any  sense  of  thai  wind:  especially 

applied  to  the  heart  of  the  higher  vertebrates. 
—  2.  In  hot.,  having  tun  ear-like  projections, 
as  a  leaf. 

Also  biawrite. 
biaxal  (bi-ak'saJ  I,  a.    Same  as  biaxial. 

The  great,  majority  ol  non  isotropic  substances  are  doub- 
ly refracting,  and  In  general  are  biaxal,  i.  c,  have  two 
equally  important  optic  axes,  whose  mutual  inclination 
may  have  any  value  from  0  to  90°.         Tait,  Light.  §290. 

biaxial  (lii-ak'si-nl),  n.  [<  6i-2  +  axial.]  Hav- 
ing two  axes:  us.  a  biaxial  crystal.    See  opftc. 

biaxialityfbl-.-ik-si-al'i.-ti ),  ».  [<  biaxial  +  -il)/.] 
The  quality  Of  being  biaxial;  biaxial  character. 

biaxially  (bi-ak'si-al-i),  adv.    With  two  axes. 

biaz  (be'az),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  cotton 
cloth  resembling  linen,  manufactured  in  cen- 
tral Asia  for  home  use  and  for  export  to  Rus- 
sia.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

bib't  (bib),  v.  t.  and  i.\  pret.  and  pp.  bibbed, 
ppr.  bibbing.  [=  North.  K.  bib,  <  ME.  biblun, 
tipple,  drink;  cf.  freq.  bibble,  nearly  =  OD.  bib- 
eren,  drink  frequently.  ME.  bibben  "must  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  L.  bibere,  to  drink, 
and  may  be  imagined  to  have  been  .  .  .  used 
jocularly  by  those  familiar  with  a  little  monkish 
Latin"  (Skeat);  but  perhaps  of  natural  origin. 
See  imbibe,  bibulous,  bevers,  and  beverage.]  To 
sip;  tipple;  drink  frequently. 

This  meller  [miller]  hath  so  wysly  bibbed  ale. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  242. 
He  was  constantly  bibbing,  and  drank  more  in  twenty- 
four  hours  than  I  did.  Locke,  Education,  §  18. 

bib'2  (bib),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  verb  bib1,  because  it  absorbs  moisture. 
Cf.  barelte  and  bearer'2.]  1.  A  cloth  worn  by 
children  under  the  chin  to  keep  the  front  of 
the  dress  clean,  especially  when  eating. —  2. 
A  similar  article  worn  by  adults,  especially  as 
forming  the  upper  part  of  an  apron. 

We'll  have  a  bib,  for  spoiling  of  thy  doublet. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  iii.  5. 

3.  A  curved  vent  or  nozle  used  to  alter  the 
direction  of  the  flow  of  liquids. —  4.  JS'aul., 
same  as  bibb,  the  usual  spelling  in  this  sense. 

bib3  (bib),  n.  [So  called  from  a  membrane 
which  covers  the  eyes  and  other  parts  about 
the  head,  and  which,  when  inflated,  may  be 
compared  to  a  bib;  <  bib2.]  The  most  com- 
mon name  of  the  whiting-pout,  Cailns  luscus,  a 
fish  of  the  family  (lailiilie.     See  blens,  '2. 

bibacious  (bi-ba'shus),  a.  [<  L.  bibax  (bibaci-), 
given  to  drink  (<  bibere,  drink).  +  -aus.]  Ad- 
dicted to  drinking;  disposed  to  imbibe.  [Rare.] 

bibacity  (bi-bas'i-ti).   ».     [Formerly  bibaeitie, 

<  L.  as  if  *bihacitas,  <  bibax:  see  bibacious.] 
The  quality  of  being  bibacious,  or  addicted  to 
drink.     Blount.     [Rare.] 

bibasic  (bi-ba'sik),  o.  [<  bi-2  +  basic.]  Liter- 
ally, having  two  bases:  mehi  in.,  a  pi  died  to  acids 
(such  as  sulphuric  acid.  H._.S( ).,)  which  have  two 
hydrogen  atoms  replaceable  by  a  base  or  bases. 
See  monobasic,  tribasic,  dibasic,  and  polybasic. 

bibation  (bi-ba'shon),  n.     [Irreg.  for  "bibiUon, 

<  ML.  hihitio(n-).  Cf.  imbibition,  and  see  bib1.] 
The  act  of  drinking ;  a  drink  or  draught. 

Royal  cheer  and  deep  bibation, 

s.  \a.nler.  Reynard  the  Fox,  4. 

bibativeness  (bib'a-tiv-nes),  «.    [<  biV1  +  -attve 

+   -ness.]     Fondness  for  liquor;  tendency  to 

drink:  a  term  used  in  phrenology. 
bibb  (bib),  n.     [A  particular  use  of  bib2.    A 

somewhat  similar  comparison   appears  in  the 

case  of  bearer-,   originally    a    bib.  |       Na/ut.,  a 

bracket  of  timber  bolt-  . 

ed  to  the  hound  of  a 

lower  mast  for  the  pur-  

pose  of  supporting  the   — £ — 

trestletree.  

bibber  (bib'er),  n.  [< 
InlA  +  -ci-1.  Cf.  (ill. 
biln  n  r,  a  bibber.  See 
bib1.]  A  tippler;  a 
person  given  to  drink- 
ing:   chiefly  used    in 

posit  ion  :       as,      a. 

\\  hw-hihher. 

here, 


Ah  !   Zephyrusl   art 

and  Flora  too  r 
Ye    tender  bibbers  of    the 

rain  and  dew. 
Keats,  Endymlon,  iv. 


n 


Bibb  -ii.  1  mast. 

.(.in. e,t;  A.lit.b;  c,  trestletree. 


bibblet,  ''•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bible,  bibil  (cf. 
equiv.  i)I>.  Iiiberen),  freq.  of  bib1.]  I.  trans.  To 
drink  ;  drink  of  or  from. 

II.    intrans.    1.  To  drink  often. —  2.  To  sip. 


Biberon.—  Oiron  faience  (France), 
i  South  Kensington  Museum,  Lon- 
(From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 


bibble-babble 

bibble-babble  (bib'l-bab'l),  it.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bible-bable,  a  varied  redupl.  of  babble. 

Cf.  tittle-tattle,  shillyshally,   etc.]     I<Ue  talk; 
prating  to  no  purpose. 

Thy  wits  the  heavens  restore!  endeavour  thyself  to  sleep, 
ami  leave  thy  vain  bibble-babble.  Sin, I;.,  T.  N\,  iv.  2. 

bibblert  (bib'ler),  n.     One  who  bibbles;  a  bib- 
ber. 
Fare  ye  well,  bibbler.  Udall,  Roister  Doister,  iii.  5. 

bib-cock  (bib'kok),  n.  [<  bibs  (in  reference  to 
the  bent-down  nozle)  +  cock\  3.]  A  cock  or 
faucet  having  a  bent-down  nozle.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

bibebt  (bib'16),  h.  [F.]  A  small  object  of 
curiosity,  beauty,  or  rarity;  especially,  an  ob- 
ject of  this  kind  which  can  be  kept  in  a  cabinet 
or  on  a  shelf.     See  curio. 

biberon  (bib'rpn),  n.     [F.,  artificially  formed, 

<  L.  bibere,  drink,  and  F.  suffix  -mi.]  1.  Aves- 
sel  having  a  spout 
through  which  to 
drink,  designed  for 
the  use  of  sick  per- 
sons and  children. — 
2.  An  infant's  nurs- 
ing-bottle. 

Bibio  (bib'i-6),  n. 
[XL.,  <  LL.  bibio,  a 
small  insect  said  to 
be  generated  in  wine, 
ih.lribere, drink.]  A 
genus  of  dipterous 
insects,  typical  of 
the  family  Billion  i- 
dte.  The  sexes  are  col- 
ored differently.  B.  hor- 
tulamw  is  an  example ; 
the  male  is  black,  the 
female  brick-red  with  a 
black  head. 

Bibionidae(bib-i-on'- 

i-de),  n.  pi.      [NL., 

<  Bibio(n-)  +  -itlic] 
A  family  of  nemo-  don 
cerous  dipterous  in- 
sects, typified  by  the  genus  Bibio,  having  the 
prothorax  much  developed,  no  transverse  tho- 
racic suture,  7  abdominal  segments,  6  to  11 
antenual  joints,  3  ocelli,  wings  without  a  discal 
cell,  and  the  coxse  not  prolonged.  There  are 
about  300  described  species.  The  family  formerly  in- 
cluded the  genus  Simulium,  now  separated  as  the  type 
of  another  family. 

bibiru  (bi-be'ro),  n.    See  bebeeru. 
bibitory  (bib'i-to-ri),  a.    [<  NL.  bibitorius,  <  LL. 
bibitor,  a  drinker,  toper,  <  L.  bibere,  drink.]   Per- 
taining to  drinking  or  tippling.     [Rare.] 
Bible  (bi'bl),  n.     [<  ME.  bible,  bibel,  <  OF.  bi- 
ble (F.  bible  =  Pr.  bibla  =  Sp.  Pg.  biblia  =  It. 
bibbia  =  D.  bijbel  =  MHG.  and  G.  bibel  =  Icel. 
biblia,  old  form  bibla  =  Sw.  Dan.  bibel),  <  LL. 
biblia  (usually  biblia  sacra)  (prop.  neut.  pi., 
but  in  ML.  taken  also  as  fern,  sing.),  <  Or. 
jitjiXta  (rd  fiifitea  to.  ayia,  i.  e.,  biblia  sacra,  the 
holy  books),  pi.  of  jliBMov,  often  spelled  jiv- 
fj'Aioc,  a  little  book,  a  book  as  a  division  of  a 
large  work,  dim.  of  /3o3Aoc,  also  /Ju/SAoc,  a  book, 
writing,  scroll,  lit.  paper,  same  as  /36/3/loc,  the 
Egyptian  papyrus,  of  the  inner  bark  of  which 
paper  was  made.    Cf.  L.  liber,  a  book,  <  liber, 
the  inner  bark  of  a  tree ;  E.  book,  <  AS.  boc,  a 
book,  as  related  to  boc,  a  beech-tree ;  and  cf. 
paper.    The  orig.  sense  of  LL.  biblia,  the  books, 
is  made  prominent  in  ML.  bibliotheca,  the  Bi- 
ble, lit.  a  library:   see   bibliotheca.']     1.    The 
Book,  or  rather  the  Books  (see  etyni. ),  by  way 
of  eminence ;   the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments.    The  word  bible  is  not  found  in  the 
English  version,  hut  the  Greek  word  occurs  frequently, 
being  always  translated  "hook "  or  "books,"  sometimes  in- 
dicating the  books  of  the  (lid  Testament.     The  Bible  con- 
sists of  two  parts  :  the  Old  Testament,  written  in  Hebrew, 
containing  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  and  the  sacred  writings, 
or  Hagiographa ;  and  the  New  Testament,  written  in  Greek, 
consisting  of  the   four  Gospels,    the  Book  of   Acts,  the 
Epistlesof  Paul  and  other  apostolic  writers,  and  the  Apoc- 
alypse or  Book  of  Revelation,  the  only  strictly  prophetic 
book  which  it  contains.     Roman  Catholic  writers  accept, 
in  addition  to  these,  most  of  the  books  contained  in  the 
Apocrypha  of  the  King  James  version,  which  occur  in  the 
Septuagint  (see  below)  and  Vulgate,  distributed  among 
the  other  books  of  the  Did  Testament.     The  principal  an- 
cient versions  of  the  Bible,  or  of  portions  of  it,  are  the 
Targums,  a  Chaldee  or  Aramaic  paraphrase  or  interpreta- 
tion of  the  more  ancient  Hebrew  Scriptures  ;  the  Samar- 
itan I'entuteaeh,  a  Hebrew  version  of  the  first  five  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  ancient  in  its  character,  and  pre- 
served with  jealous  care  among  the  Samaritans;  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  a  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament  prepared 
by  Jewish  scholars  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptolemies, 
principally  in  the  third  century  B.  c. ;  the  Vulgate,  a  Latin 
version  of  both  Old  Testament  and  New  Testament,  pre- 
pared by  Jerome  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  A.  I>.  ; 
and  the  Peshito,  a  Syriae  version  of  the  Old  Testament 


bibliolatrous 

or  to  tlio  sacred  writings:  as,  biblical  Learning; 
biblical  criticism.  —  2.  In  accord  wit  li  1  lie  teach- 
ings ol'  the  Bible;  scriptural.  Hence  — 3.  Au- 
thoritative;  true. 

First  and  last,  eloquence  must  still  be  al  bottom  a  MKi- 
eal  statement  of  fact.  Emerion,  Eloqueno 

[Often  written  with  a  capital,  as  a  proper 
adjective.] 

Biblical  geography.    Bee  geography.     Biblical  her- 
meneutics.    See  hermem  u*w«.=8yn.  See  scriptural. 
biblicality  (bib-li-kal'i-ti),   n.      [<  biblical  + 
-Hi/.]     1.  The   quality" of  being  biblical. — 2. 
That  which  has  the  quality  of  being  biblical. 
[Rare.] 
f  minor  versions  is  Tjiblicallv  (bib'li-kal-i).  tulr.     In  a  biblical  man- 
ner;  according  to  the  Bible. 
Biblicism(bib'li-sizm),  n.   [<  ML.  biblicus,  bib- 
lical, +  -ism.]     1.  Adherence  to  the  letter  of 
the  Bible.— 2.  Biblical  doctrine,  learning,  or 
literature.     Eclectic  Rev. 
Biblicist  (bib'li-sist),  n.    [<  ML.  biblicus,  bibli- 
cal, 4-  -ist.]     1.  A  professed  adherent  of  the 
letter  of  the  Bible ;  specifically,  in  the  twelfth 
century,  one  who  adhered  to  the  Bible  as  the 
sole  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  as  opposed  to  a 
scholastic,  who  professed  to  bring  all  the  doc- 
trines of  faith  to  the  test  of  philosophy.— 2. 
A  biblical  scholar. 
Also  Biblist. 

<  Gr. 

use.] 

The  use  of  books. 

The  public  librarian  may  soon  deserve  the  additional 

title  of  Master  .if  Bibtiochresis.    The  Nation,  \  XX  VI.  297. 

bibliognost  (bib'li-og-nost),  n.      [<    F.  biblio- 

gnoste,<  Gr.  AiMov,  a  book,  +  yvaaH/g,  one  who 

10  anr^e         PaSS™  7l  knows:   see  .„«/«,   .,/.,.«/*.]     One   versed  in 

That  owher  [anywhere]  is.  |\  bibliography  or  the  history  of  books.     I.  D  Is- 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  ,      I  I  \\  raeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  251. 

[Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  354.  /    |I|A  bibliognostic    (bib"li-og-nos'tik),   a.      [<    bibli- 

4.    II.  c]    A  medie-         jL   M^ffi.r-a  oijnost  +  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliog- 

val  military  engine        //j&PtfMh  ^V^jSO       nost,  or  to  a  knowledge  of  bibliography. 

for    throwing    large       //SB  fj_Mi_\~f^l~      bibliogony  (bib-li-og'o-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  pipXiov, 

stones.  Grose — Bible       iPWS— ^ — v~~i         book,  +  -yovia,  production:  see  -gony.]     The 

Christian,  one  of  a  re-       '•  n g»y  i  idL.         production  of  books.     Southey. 

2S"V35f  "sometmes       S^^^^        bibliograph    (bib'li-o-gmf >,    n.      [<   Gr.  fltfAio- 

catd   tnlanuef  from   |&— -^> «p  —  1     yp^of:   see  bibliographer.]     Same  as  bibhog- 

their    founder,    William  Bible  for  hurling  missiles.  rapher. 

Bryan,  a  Wesleyan  local        (From  a  drawing  dated  1475.)  A  tnoroUgh  librarian  must  be  a  combination  of  the  trio, 

preacher,  who  separated  —biblioaravhe.  bibliognoste,  and  bibliophile. 

from  the  Wesleyans  in  1S15.    In  doctrines  and  forms  of  ,  £  £      lh/ki.   ,.1PI,ks  ,„1(|  H,,w  t„  Isc  Them,  p.  132. 

worship  they  do  not  ditfer  widely  from  the  Armmian  "'.,,.         ,         ...  r,    „ 

Methodists.— Bible  Communist.  Same  as  Perfectionist  bibliographer    (bib-li-og   ra-ter),   11.     [<    (jr. 

(which  see).— Bible  Society,  an  association  forthe  pur-     SiBTuovpadoc :   see  bibliography.']     It.  One  who 

pose,  of  printing  and  .circulating :  the  Bible.- Breedb-M     ^j^g"^   e0pies  books.— 2.   One  who  writes 


543 

and  the  major  part  of  the  New  Testament,  probably 
prepared  In  the  second  century  A.  D.  Translations  weir 
early  made  Into  the  principal  languages  of  Christendom. 
The  llrst  complete  translation  into  English  was  that  Ol 
Wyclif,  about  1388  ;  and  the  first  printed  English  versions 
were  those  of  Tyndale  and  Covcrdale,  1524-35.  other  Im- 
portant versions  an-  the  1, ulh.ru n,  ill  the  German,  by 
Martin  Luther,  1621  S*— the  basis  of  the  Swedish,  Da- 
nish, Icelandic,  Dutch,  and  Finnish  versions;  the  viuffcor- 
i  td  or  Kiti'i  .Ium.:i,  iireparcd  by  a  special  commission  oi 
scholars  In  England  under  James  I.,  1004-11  ;  the  Dcruay, 
a  popular  as  given  to  a  translation  into  English  pre- 
pared by  Roman  ratlede-  divines  the  Old  Testament  at 
Douay(1609  in),  the  New  Testament  at.  ReimB  (1682) ;  and 
the  ReviscU,  :,  recension  of  the  King  James  Bible  prepared 
by  a  committee  of  British  and  American  Protestant  di- 
vines, the  New  Testament  appearing  ill  1881,  and  the  Old 
Testament  in  1885.  The  number  of  minor  versions  is 
indicate I  by  the  fact  that,  since  l.si'14,  translations  of  the 
Bible  or  portions  "f  it  have  been  published  In  upward  of 
225  languages.  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  diner 
in  the  degree  of  authority  which  they  attach  to  the  Bible. 
The  Roman  Catholic  Church  "receives  with  piety  and 
reverence  all  the  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments, 
since  one  God  is  the  Author  of  each  "  (Council  of  Trent); 
but  "at  the  same  time  it  maintains  that  there  is  an  un- 
written word  of  God  over  and  above  Scripture"  (Cath. 
Diet.).  Protestants  generally  hold  that  "the  Supreme 
Judge,  by  which  all  controversies  of  religion  are  to  be  de- 
termined, and  all  decrees  of  councils,  opinions  of  ancient 
writers,  and  private  spirits  are  to  be  examined,  and  in 
whose  sentence  we  arc  to  rest,  can  be  no  other  but  the 
Holy  Spirit  speaking  in  Scripture"  (Westminster  Conf. 
of  Faith). 
Hence  —  2.  Any  book  or  collection  of  religious 


ri^^r.Cel?dt1bI  US  adbere"tS  "  a  dlVi"e  bibUochresis  h»Vli-6-kre'sis),  „.    [NL., 

kZI  Bible  of  r^s 1  ar*"". a  *°°H.  +  #*»*.  use>  <  ^a6al' 


Koran  is  the  Bible  of 
the  Mohammedans ; 
the  Mormon  Bible. — 
3f.  ['.  c]  Any  great 
book. 


Bible.  See  Geneva  Bible.— Geneva  Bible,  an  English 
translation  of  the  Bible  issued  from  Geneva  in  15(io  by  sev- 
eral English  divines  who  had  tied  thither  to  escape  the 
persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary.  It  was  the  first  complete 
Bible  to  appear  in  Roman  type,  the  first  to  omit  the  Apoc- 
rypha, and  the  first  to  recognize  the  division  into  verses. 
This  translation  was  in  common  use  in  England  till  the 
version  made  by  order  of  King  James  was  introduced  in 
1611.  The  Geneva  Bible  has  also  been  called  the  Breechei 
Bible,  because  Gen.  iii.  7  is  translated,  "Then  the  eyes  of 
them  both  were  opeued,  and  they  knew  that  they  were 
naked,  and  they  sewed  tig  leaves  together  and  made  them- 
selves breeches."  "Breeches  "  occurs  in  previous  transla- 
tions, though  the  name  is  given  especially  to  this  one.— Ma- 
zarin  Bible,  an  edition  of  the  Bible  printed  by  Gutenberg 
at  Mentz  in  1450-55,  being  the  first  book  ever  printed  with 
movable  types.  It  was  so  called  because  the  first  known 
copy  of  it  "was  discovered  in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris 
in  1700.— Vinegar  Bible,  an  edition  printed  at  the  Claren- 
don press,  Oxford, in  1717,  with  the  heading  to  Luke  XX.  as 
the  "Parable  of  the  Vinegar,"  instead  ol  the  "  Parable  of 
the  Vinnia ni."— Wicked  Bible,  an  edition  printed  in  1032 
in  which' the  word  not  is  omitted  from  the  seventh  com- 
mandment. 

Bible-clerk  (bi'bl-klerk),  "•  1.  In  English  uni- 
versities, a  student  whose  duty  it  originally 
was  to  read  the  Bible  during  meals:  now  often 
required  to  note  absences  from  chapel.— 2. 
The  holder  of  a  certain  scholarship  in  Corpus 


about  books,  especially  in  regard  to  their  au- 
thorship, date,  typography,  editions,  etc.;  one 
skilled  in  bibliography. 
bibliographic,  bibliographical  (bibli-o-graf '- 
ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [As  bibliography  +  -ic,  -ical.]  Per- 
taining to  bibliography. 

bibliographically  (bib  li-o-graf'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  bibliographical  manner. 

bibliography  (bib-li-og'ra-fi),  ».  [=F.  biblio- 
graphie,  <  Gr.  fiipkvoypatyia,  the  act  or  habit  of 
writing  books,  <  /3^/UMypd^oc,  a  writer  of  books, 
<  ,ii,»Jm>,  a  book,  +  ypafeiv,  write :  see  Bible.] 
If.  The  writing  of  books. —  2.  The  science 
which  treats  of  books,  their  materials,  authors, 
typography,  editions,  dates,  subjects,  classifica- 
tion, history,  etc. 

Bibliography  .  .  .  being  the  knowledge  of  1 Its,  which 

now  is  not  confined  to  an  "erudition  of  title-pages,"  but 
embraces  the  subject-division  of  all  the  branches  of  hu- 
man learning. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  Books  and  How  to  Use  Them,  p.  113. 

3.  A  classified  list  of  authorities  or  books  on 
any  theme :  as,  the  bibliography  of  political 
economy. 


Christi  College,  Cambridge,  established  in  1473.  biblioklept  (bib'li-o-klept),  n.     [<  Gr.  Ihfilwv, 
Bible-oath  (bi'bl-6th),n,   An  oath  on  the  Bible ;     book,  +  i&tirnig,  a  thief.]     A  book-thief;  one 
a  sacred  obligation.  who  purloins  or  steals  books.     [Rare.]  _ 

Bo  long  as  it  was  not  a  Bible-Oath,  we  may  break  it  with  bibliokleptomailiaC    (bib    ll  -  o  -  klep  \  to  -  ma  ' 
a  safe  conscience.  I  longreve,  Way  of  the  YV  orld,  v.  2.      ni.ak) 


I  doubted  the  correctness  of  your  statement,  though 
backed  by  your  lordship's  Bible-oath. 

Thackeray, Virginians,  xeu. 

bible-press  (bi'bl-pres),  «.  [<  bibb;  appar. 
with  thought  of  'a  large  book  bound  in  heavy 
boards,'  +  press.]  Naitt.,  a  hand-rolling  board 
for  cartridges,  and  for  rocket-  and  port-fire 
cases.     [Eng.] 

biblic  (bib'lik),  n.  [<  ML.  bibU(  us,  <  LL.  biblia, 
Bible.]  In  the  medieval  universities,  the  lowest 
grade  of  bachelor  of  theology.  The  ordinary  bib- 
Tic  reail  and  expounded  the  Bible  on  the  days  of  the  ordi- 
nary lectures ;  the  cursory  biblic  did  so  in  extraordinary 
courses.    See  bachelor,  2. 

biblical  (bib'li-kal),  a.  [<  ML.  bihlicus,  <  LL. 
biblia,  Bible,  +  -al.]    1.  Pertaining  to  the  Bible 


[<  Gr.  jiijiAiov,  book,  +  kleptoma- 
niac] One  affected  by  a  mania  for  stealing 
books.  [Rare.] 
bibliolater  (bib-li-ol'a-ter),  n.  [See  bibliola try  ; 
of.  idolater.]  1.  A  book-worshiper;  one  who 
pays  undue  regard  to  books.  Specifically  —  2. 
One  who  is  supposed  to  regard  the  mere  letter 
of  the  Bible  with  undue  or  extravagant  respect ; 
a  worshiper  of  the  Bible.     De  Qiiincey. 

The  mistaken  zeal  of  Bibliolaters. 

lhixl.it.  1-ay  Sermons,  p.  278. 

bibliolatrist  (bib-li-ol'a-trist),  n.     [<  bibliola- 

tril  +  -ist.]     Same  as  bibliolater. 

bibliolatrous  (bib-li-ol'a-trus),  a.  [<  bibliola- 
try  +  -mis.]  Given  to  or  characterized  by  bib- 
liolatry. 


bibliolatry 

bibliolatry  (bib-li-ol'a-tri),  ».  [<  Gr.  A/Mto, 
book,+  '/arpita,  worship,  Cf.  idolatry.]  1.  Wor- 
ship or  homage  paid  to  books. — 2.  Specifi- 
cally, excessive  reverence  for  I  lie  letter  of  the 
Bible. 

It  was  on  account  of  this  exclusive  reference  to  Scrip- 
ture that  the  Protestant  divines  laid  more  stress  on  the  In- 
spiration of  tl»e  holy  writings  than  the  theologians  of  the 
t'laireh  of  Rome ;  and  that  the  Protestants  were  accused 

of  bilil' 

s     0.  C.  i  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  t. 

bibliolite  (bib'li-o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  Qt  iKov,  book, 
+  MBoc,  stone.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
certain  laminated  schistose  rocks,  otherwise 
called  book-stones. 

bibliological  (bib  li-o-loj'i-kal),  <j.  [<  bibliol- 
ogy +  -!(-<//.]    Relating  to  bibliology. 

bibliologist  (bib-li-ol'o-jist),  ».  [<  bibliology  + 
-iff.]    One  versed  in  bibliology. 

After  so  much  careful  investigation  by  the  most  emi- 
nent b\ 

Southeii,  The  Doctor,  Intercliapter  xviii. 

bibliology  (bib-li-ol'o-ji),  ».     [<  Gr.  /3<  ttlov, 

book,  +  -/./;■«,  <  /.-;f/i,  speak:  see  -ology.]  1. 
Biblical  literature,  doctrine,  or  theology. —  2. 
A  treatise  on  books;  bibliography. 

bibliomancy  (bib'li-u-man-si),  n.  [<Gr.  fit jiliov, 
book,  +  itavnia.  divination.]  A  kind  of  divi- 
nation pei  funned  by  moans  of  a  book  ;  specifi- 
cally, divination  by  means  of  the  Bible,  con- 
sisting in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture  at 
hazard  and  drawing  from  them  indications 
concerning  the  future. 

Another  kind  of  bibliomancy  .  .  .  consisted  in  appeal- 
ing to  tin  verj  Bret  words  heard  from  any  one  when  read- 
ing the  Scriptures.  Encyc.  Metropolitana. 

bibliomane  (bib'li-o-man),  «.  Same  as  biblio- 
maniac.    I.  D' Israeli;  De  Quincey. 

bibliomania  (bib  li-o-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (>  F. 
bibliomanie),  <  Or.  lifftiov,  book,  +  pavia,  mad- 
ness, mania.]  Book-madness;  a  rage  for  col- 
lecting and  possessing  books,  especially  rare 
and  curious  ones.     Also  bibliomany. 

bibliomaniac  (bib"li-o-ina'ni-ak),  «.  and  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniac.']  I.  n.  One  affected 
with  bibliomania. 

I  found,  in  the  owner  of  a  choice  collection  of  hooks,  a 
well-bred  gentleman  and  a  most  hearty  bibliomaniac. 

Inhdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  155. 

II.  a.  Affected  by  or  pertaining  to  biblio- 
mania ;  book-mad. 
Also  bibliomanian. 

bibliomaniacal  (bib'li-o-ma-m'a-kal),  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniacal.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  bibliomania  or  bibliomaniacs. 

bibliomanian  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
bibliomania  +  -an.]  '  Same  as  bibliomaniac. 
[Hare.] 

bibliomanianism  (bib/'li-o-ma'ni-an-izin),  n.  [< 
bibliomanian  + -ism.]  Book-madness;  biblio- 
mania.    [Bare.] 

bibliomanist  (bib-li-om'a-nist),  n.  [As  bibliom- 
any +  -ist.]     A  bibliomaniac. 

Sot  bit  !  i  uougb  to  like  black-letter. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  Ainsworth. 

bibliomany  (bib-li-om'a-ni),  n.  [<  F.  biblio- 
manie, <  NL.  bibliomania:  see  bibliomania.] 
Same  as  bibliomania.    Imp.  Diet. 

bibliopegic  (bibli-o-pej'ik),  a.  [<  bibliopegy  + 
4c.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  bookbinding.   [Rare.] 

A  magnificent  specimen  of  bibliopegic  art. 

X.  V  Tribune,  April  21, 1884. 

bibliopegist  (bib-li-op'e-jist),  n.  [<  bibliology 
+  -ist.]     A  bookbinder.     [Rare.] 

bibliopegistic  (bib'li-o-pf-jis'tik),  a.  [<  bib- 
liopegist +  -a-.  ]  ( if  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliope- 
gist  or  to  bibliopegy:  as,  bibliopegistic  skill. 

bibliopegy  (bib-li-op'e-ji),  n.  [(  Gr.  @iB7ilov, 
book,  +  -"'//»'.  <  ~'/;  vi  vat,  fasten,  lis.,  bind  :  see 
pact.]     The  art  of  binding  books.     [Rare.] 

During  the  16th  and  L7tfa  centnries  bindings  were  pro 

duced  in  England  which  raff<  r  no  dl  grace  bj  c parison 

with  contemporary  masterpieces  of  French,  Italian,  and 
German  btblu  Encyc.  Brit.,  I  v.  4-j. 

bibliophile  (bib'li-o-fil),  ».  [<  F.  bibliophile,  < 
Gr.  h  '•■  on,  book,  +  tbiXoc,  loving.]  A  lover  of 
books.    Sometimes  written  bibliopMl. 

bibliophilic  (bib  ti-6-fil'ik),  a.  [<  bibliophile  + 
4c.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliophile  or  book- 
fancier. 

A  '"'  rst    American 

plaj      I  ft  ashing- 

ton.  Art  Agi  ,111.  200, 

bibliophilism  (bib-li-of'i-lizm),  n.  [<  biblio- 
phile +  -i-iit. ]     Love  of  books. 

bibliophilist  ibib-ii-of'i-list ),  «.  [<  bibUophUt 
+  -ist.]    a  loverofl ks;  a  bibliophile. 

bibliophily  (bib-li-of i-li),  n.  \=  F.bibliophi- 
lie ;  as  bibliophile  +  -y.]     Love  of  books. 


544 

bibliophobia  (bib'li-o-fd'bi-ji),  ».     [<  Gr. 

i.  book,  -*-  -<;><i, iia,  fear:  see  -phobia.]     A 
dread  or  hatred  of  books. 

bibliopoesy  (tiiii  ii-o-p<Vo-/.i),  «.  [ <  <  if.  iVi/mr, 
a  book,  +  Koinoia,' making:  see  poesy.]  The 
making  of  books.     Carb/le. 

bibliopolar  (bib-li-o-po'lSr),  a.  [<  bibliopole  + 
-ar.]     Bibliopolic.     [Hare.] 

bibliopole  (bib'li-o-poi),  «.  [<  L.  bibliopola,  < 
Gr.  ^i.J/m-iS/ijc,  a  bookseller,  <  ^i,t/.iov,  book, 
+  iruikav,  sell.]  A  bookseller;  now,  especially, 
a  dealer  in  rare  and  curious  books. 

bibliopolic,    bibliopolical   (bib  "li-6-pol'ik, 

-i-kal),  a.  [<  bibliopole  +  -ie,  -ical.]  Relating 
to  bookselling  or  booksellers. 

bibliopolically  (bib"li-o-pol'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
bibliopoles;  as  a  bibliopole. 

bibliopolism  (bib-li-op'o-lizm),  n.  [<  bibliopole 
+  -ism.]  Bookselling;  the  business  of  a  bibli- 
opolist.     Dibdin.     [Rare.] 

bibliopolist  (bib-li-op'6-list),  n.  [<  bibliopole 
+ -ist.]    A  bookseller;  a  bibliopole. 

If  civility,  quickness,  and  intelligence  be  the  chief  requi- 
sites of  a  bibliopolist,  the  young  Krerc  stands  not  in  need 
of  parental  aid  for  the  pro>iM  nt  \  ni  liis  business. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  149. 

bibliopolistic  (bib-li-op-o-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
opolist +  -ic]  Relating  to  a  bookseller  or  to 
bookselling.     [Rare.] 

bibliotaph  (bib'li-o-taf),  n.  [<  F.  bibliotaphe,  < 
Gr.  .ii.i'/iov,  a  book',  +  rd^oc,  a  tomb  (cf.  raritvc, 
a  btirier),  <  0&men>,  bury.]  One  who  hides  or 
buries  books,  or  keeps  them  under  lock  and  key. 

A  bibliotaphe  buries  his  books  by  keeping  them  under 
lock,  or  framing  them  in  glass  cases. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit,  IV.  252. 

bibliotaphistt  (bib-li-ot'a-fist),  n.  [As  biblio- 
taph +  -ist.]  A  bibliotaph.  Crabbe. 
bibliothec(bib'li-o-thek),  n.  [<  L.  bibiiotheca : 
see  bibliotheke,  bibiiotheca.]  A  library, 
bibiiotheca  (bib'Ti-6-the'kii),  ».  [Cf.  AS.  bib- 
liothece,  the  Bible ;  =  F.  btbliotheqite  =  Pg.  bib- 
iiotheca =  Sp.  It.  biblioteca  =  G.  Dan.  bibliothek; 
a  library,  <  L.  bibiiotheca,  a  library,  collection 
of  books,  in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  the  Bible,  <  Gr. 
jiifiAioBijiiii,  a  library,  a  bookcase,  <  jiip.iov,  book, 
+  dijKTi,  case,  place  to  put  things,  <  TiBevai,  put : 
see  Bible  and  tlieca.]  1.  A  library;  a  place  to 
keep  books ;  a  collection  of  books. 

Cairo  was  once  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  collection 
of  books.  Besides  private  libraries,  each  large  mosque 
had  its  bibiiotheca.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  "9. 

2f.  The  Bible. 

From  the  circumstance  of  the  Bible  tilling  many  rolls  it 
acquired  such  titles  as  pandectes  and  bibliutheca,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  remained  in  use  down  to  the  14th  century. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 
It  is  a  bibiiotheca,  or  a  copy  of  the  Bible  of  the  large 
folio  size,  and  now  bound  up  into  several  large  volumes. 
liock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  284. 

bibliothecal  (biVli-o-the'kaV),  a.  [<  L.  biblio- 
tluealis,  <  bibiiotheca  :  see  bibiiotheca.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  library. 

bibliothecarian  (biVli-o-the-ka'ri-an),  a.     [< 

bibliotltecai  n  +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bib- 
liothecary  or  librarian. 

We  confess  e.  bibliothecarian  avarice  that  gives  all  books 
a  value  in  our  ryes.  Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  292. 

bibliothecary  (bib-li-oih'e-ka-ri),  «.  and  a.     [< 

LL.  bihliothtcariits,  a  librarian,  prop,  adj.,  <  L. 
bibliiilhieii  :  see  bililiotlireil.  and  cf.  apothecary.] 
I.  n.  1.  A  librarian. — 2.  [<  LL.  *biblioihecari- 
um.]     A  library. 

II.  a.  <  >f  or  pertaining  to  a  library  or  libra- 
rian. 

bibliotheket  (bib'li-o-thok),  n.     [Also  written 

bibliothek,  -tine,  -the'que,<  F.billiotheque,  <  L. 

bibliothi  en  :  see  bibiiotheca.]    A  place  for  books. 

The  king  asked  him  how  many  thousand  volumes  lie 

had  gotten  together  in  his  bibliotheke.  Donne. 

Biblist  (bib'list),  n.  [=  F.  bibliste,  <  ML.  bib- 
lista:  see  Bible  and  -ist.]    Same  as  Biblicist. 

biblus  (bili'lus),  ».*  [L.,  <Gr.     i/i/or,  also  [i'e- 

?Aoc,  papyrus:  Bee  Bible.]    Same  &s papyrus. 
Bibos  (bi  bos),  «.     [NI ...  <  bi-  (either  fur  hi--, 

twice,  here  in  sense  of  s tndary,  or  short  for 

bison)  +  Bos,  q.  v. J     A  genus  or  subgenus  of 

In. vine  ruminants,  of  the  family  JioriiUe  and 
subfamily  Bovina,  with  prominent  front  and 
depressed  horns  directed  outward.  Itcontains 
the   Indian  gayal  or  gaur  and   the  banteng  or 

Sondaic  "x.    See  cut  under  gayal. 
bibracteate  (bi-brak'tf-51 ).  a.    [<  '"'-2  +  brac- 

teate.]      In  but.,  having  two  bracts. 

bibracteolate  (bi-brak'tf-o-lat),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
bracteolate.]     In  /«■(..  having  two  bractlets. 

bibulose  (blb'fl-los),  "■      Same  as  bibulous,  1. 

bibulous  (bib'u-lus),  a.  (<  I.,  bibulus,  <  where, 
drink:    see  InhK]      1.    Having  the  quality  of 


bice 

absorbing  or  imbibing  fluids  or  moisture ;  ab- 
sorbent ;  spongy. 

Tin-  soul  that  ascends  to  worship  the  great  God  is  plain 
and  true,  ,  .  .  having  heroine  porous  to  thought  and  bib- 
iilvnsni  the  sea  of  light.      Eiiterxon,  Kssays,  1st  ser.,  p.  264. 

The  carbon  is  replaced  by  bibulous  paper. 

ft  /;.  Pre, te  Elect  Invent,  p.  527. 

2.  Fond  of  drinking  intoxicating  liquors;  ad- 
dicted to  drink  :  proceeding  from  or  character- 
ized by  such  tendency  :  as.bibiilons  propensities. 
—  3.  Relating  to  drink  or  drinking:  as,  bibulous 
lore.     [Rare.] 

bibulously  (bib'u-lus-li),  adv.  In  a  bibulous 
ma r;  by  drinking  in  or  absorbing. 

bicalcarate  (bi-kal'ka-ral ).  ".  L<  bi--  +  calca- 
rate.]  Armed  with  or  having  two  spurs,  as  the 
limbs  of  some  animals  and  the  anthers  of  some 
plants. 

bicallose  (bi-kal'6s),  a.  _[<  hi--  +  caTlose.]  In 
hot.,  having  two  callosities  or  hard  protuber- 
ances. 

bicallous  (bi-kal'us),  a.     Same  as  bicallose. 

bicameral  (bi-kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  hi--  +  L.  ca- 
mera, a  chamber:  see  camera.]  Two-cham- 
bered; pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two  cham- 
bers: as,  a  bicameral  legislature. 

An  increase  of  the  number  of  Houses  beyond  two  gives 
no  advantage  which  the  bicameral  plan  does  not  afford. 
Sir  E.  i  v.  a.,ii.  Eng.  Const,  p.  179. 

bicamerist  (bi-kam'e-rist).  n.  [As  bieamcr-al 
+  -ist.]  One  who  advocates  the  bicameral 
system  of  legislation. 

Not  only  as  to  the  mode  in  which  their  senate  is  to  be 
elected  are  the  Bicarnerists  at  fault 

Contemporary  Bev.,  XI.VII.  323. 

bicapitate  (bi-kap'i-tat),  a.    [<  hi--  +  capitate.] 

Having  two  heads:   two-headed. 

bicapitated  (bi-kap'i-ta-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  two  heads. 

bicapsular  (bl-kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  bi--  +  cap- 
sular.]    In  bot.,  having  two  capsules. 

bicarbonate  (bi-kar'bo-nat).  n.  [<  bi--  +  car- 
bonate.] A  carbonate  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  a  base;  one  of 
the  supercarbonates. 

bicarbureted,  bicarburetted  (bi-kSr'bu-ret- 
-ed),  a.  [<  bi--  +  carbureted,  carburetted.]  Com- 
bined with  or  containing  two  atoms  of  carbon  : 
as,  bicarbureted  hydrogen,  C0H4. 

bicarinate  (bi-kar'i-nat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  earinate.] 
1.  In  hot.  and  zobl.,  two-keeled;  doubly  eari- 
nate ;  having  two  keel-like  projections,  as  the 
upper  palea  of  grasses. — 2.  In  entom.,  having 
two  carina?  or  sharp  longitudinal  raised  lines. 

bicarpellary(bi-kar'pe-la-ri),a.  [<  hi--  +  car- 
pellari/.]  In  hot.,  formed  of  two  carpels  or 
seed-vessels,  whether  distinct  or  united;  di- 
carpellary  (the  more  common  word). 

bicaudal  (bi-ka'dal),  a.  [<  hi--  +  caudal.  Cf. 
LL.  bicoilnliis,  having  two  tails.]  Double-tailed; 
terminating  in  two  tails  or  prolonged  extremi- 
ties. 

bicaudate  (bi-ka'dat),  a.  [<  hi--  +  caudate."] 
In  entom..  having  two  circi  or  jointed  appen- 
dages at  the  end  of  the  abdomen,  or  two  tail- 
like  posterior  processes,  as  the  posterior  wings 
of  some  insects. 

bicavitary  (bl-kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  cav- 
ity +  -ary.]  Consisting  of  or  possessing  two 
cavities. 

bicchedt,  «.  [ME.,  also  written  bicchiil,  hycheil, 
beecheil,  hieehi;  a  word  of  uncertain  meaning, 
applied  to  the  basilisk,  to  a  body,  to  dice,  anil 
later  to  the  conscience,  a  burden,  etc,  in  a 
vaguely  opprobrious  sense,  appar.  •cursed,' and 
hence  taken  by  some  to  be  a  contraction  of  ME. 

biiriceheil,  bewitched  ;  but  biiriceheilisuoi  Eound 
in  such  a  sense,  and  t  he  contract  ion  is  improba- 
ble. Prob.  at  first  Ineeln  .  being,  in  this  view,  an 
attrib.  use  (and  hence  SOOn  Willi  added  pp. adj. 
formative  -<'/'-' :  both  readings  occur  in  differ- 
ent Mss.  iii  the  first  instance  quoted) of  bicche, 
a  bitch,  used  opprobriously.  Cf.  shrewd,  earlier 
shrined,  in  sense  of 'cursed, '  'curst.'  similarly 
formed  (but  supported  by  a  verb)  from  the 
earlier  attrib.  shrewe:  see  shine.  In  the  allit- 
erative phrase  bicched  bones,  dice,  the  word  has 
evidently  tin'  same  sense  (the  'cursed  bones'); 
there  is  no  connection  with  I),  bikkel  =  (J. 
bickel,  astragalus,  ankle,  ankle-bone,  a  die.] 
Cursed:  an  opprobrious  word  of  uncertain 
meaning. 

This  fruyt  cometh  of  the  bicched  bones  two, 
Forswering,  Ire,  talsni  Bse,  and  homicide. 

I'baiicr.   I';ie loner's  Tale,  1.  194. 

bice  (bis),  n.  [Also  written  bise,  <  ME.  bise, 
bys,  bis,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bis,  fern,  bise,  brown, 


bice 


545 


formerly  dusky    dark  (of    OF.   azvr  bis,  dark  the  moat  interesting  features  in  connection  with  tlie  fish 

hliie    «ert  Ms    dark  tooii    V    hi- ■  hhnic   whitv  i*  tlnit,  in  the  young,  external  giUs  are  present.    Two 

piue,  air  in.-,  '1,11k  gr<  in,   i.  in.-  i'kuk,  wnu\  ((|r         i(.     ,.    S1, ,„.„., |,,, isis  and   p.  endlicheri,  are 
brown),  =Pr.  In.- =  lt.  btgio, grayish, pro D.=Pg. 


known. 'All  live  in  the  deeper  pools,  and  apparently 
buzio,  brown,  dusky;  cf.  ML.  "twins.  Eealu,"     burj  themselves  In  the  slime  and  ooze  on  the  bottom, 
i.  e„   fallow,   in  an  AS.  glossary.     The  same     where  they  feed  on  fishes  and  other  aquatic  animals, 
word  (P.  Use  =  Pr.  bisa  =  It.  dial,  bisa  =  Bret.  *"""'■  ■'"'■  **■  '  "•  0j' 

bis  =  Swiss  Use,  beise)  was  applied  to  the  bichlorid,  bichloride  (bi-klo'rnl,  -ml  or -rid  i,  n. 
north  or  northeast  wind,  from  the  accompany-  A  compound  in  which  two  equivalents  of  ohlo- 
ing  darkness,  like  L.  aquilo,  <  aquilw,  dark,  rine  arc  combined  with  a  base:  as,  a  bichlorid 
dusky:   see  bise.     The  origin  of  the  word  is     of  mercury.  ^ 

uncertain.]  A  name  given  to  two  colors  used  bicho-do-mar  (be'eho-do-mar  ),  n.  [Pg.,_  lit. 
in  painting,  one  blue,  the  other  green,  both  worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug.]  Same  as  Mehe- 
native   carbonates   of  copper.     Inferior  kinds  of     '!c~""'r;  ,  ,  ,    „    ,      ,      ,  , 

them  are  also  prepared  artificially.    The  former  is  often  bichord   (bl'kdrd),  a.  and  ».     [<  hi--  +  chord.] 
called  mountain-blue,  the  latter  mountain-green,  mala-     J_  ,/.   Having  two  chords. 
ohite-green,  etc    Also  called  biadetto.  jj    „_   iu  mwjCj  a  general  name  for  an  in- 


Ground  smalts,  blue  verditer,  and  other  pigments  have 
passed  under  the  name  of  bice ;  which  has  therefore  be- 
come a  very  equivocal  pigment,  and  its  name  nearly  obso- 
lete :  nor  is  it  at  present  to  be  found  in  the  shops,  although 
much  commended  by  old  writers  on  the  art. 
Field's  Grammar  of  Colouring  (Davidson's  ed.,  1877),  p.  63. 

Bicellaria  (bl-se-la'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-, 
two-,  +  cella,  cell,  +  -aria.']  A  genus  of  ehilo- 
stomatous  gymnoltematous  polyzoans,  typical 
of  the  family  Bicellariiila: 

Bicellariidae  (bi'sel-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bicellaria  +  -idee.]    A  family  of  Chilostomata. 

bicellular  (bi-sel'u-lar),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  cellular.'] 
Having  two  cells  ;  consisting  of  two  cells. 


strument  having  two  strings  tuned  in  unison 
for  each  note,  as  the  mandolin  and  several 
other  instruments  of  the  lute  or  guitar  class. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  n.  [<  6»-2  +  chro- 
iiiate.]  A  compound  containing  twice  as  much 
chromic  acid,  combined  with  the  same  amount 
of  base,  as  the  normal  chromate  contains. — 
Bichromate  <  ir  Dichromic  battery,    see  cell,  8. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
bichromated,  ppr.  bichromating.  [<  bichromate, 
«.]     Same  as  oichromatize. 

The  gelatine  mass  may  be  bichromated  after  it  is  set  by 
soaking  it  in  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potassium  or 
ammonium.  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  161. 


Bicelluli  (bi-sel'u-H),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  NL.  ceUula,  dim.  of  L.  cella,  cell.]    A  group  bichromatic  (bi-kro-mat'ik),  a.     [<  hi-2  + 
of  heteropterous  hemipterous  insects  contain-     chromatic.]     Same  as  dichromatic. 
ing  bugs  of  the  division  Geocorisa  or  Auro-  bichromatize  (bi-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;   pret.  and 


pp.  bidhromatized,  ppr.  bichromatizing.  [<  bi- 
chromate, n.,  +  -ize.]  To  treat  with  a  bichro- 
mate, especially  bichromate  of  potassium. 
Also  bichromate. 

The  film  of  a  bickromatised  gelatine,  used  as  a  photo- 
graphic negative.  Ure,  Diet.,  II.  299. 

+  centenary.]     I.  a.  Relating  to  or  consisting  bichromic  (bl-kro'mik),  a.     [<  bichroin(ate)  + 

of  two  hundred,  especially  two  hundred  years;     -jc]     Pertaining  to  or  using  a  bichromate. 

bicentennial:  as,  a  bicentenary  celebration.  In  the  construction  of  the  induction  balance  a  bichro- 

II.  II.   1.   That  which  consists  of  or  compre-     mic  battery  is  used.  Science,  IX.  190. 

bends   two  hundred  (commonly  the  space   of  j^y  (bich'i),  n.     [Appar.  a  native  name.]     A 

name  sometimes  given  to  the  tola  acuminata, 
a  tree  of  the  natural  order  titer  culiacece.     See 


corisa,  which  have  two  basal  cells  of  the  mem- 
branous hemielytra.     [Not  in  use.] 

bicensal  (bi-sen'sal),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  census  +  -ah] 
In  geom.,  consisting  of  two  ovals,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, finite  or  infinite. 

bicentenary  (bi-sen'te-na-ri),  a.  and  n.    [<  hi-2 


-2.  A  two  hundredth  an- 


two  hundred  years 
niversary. 

Part  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  bi-centenary. 

The  American,  VI.  23. 

bicentennial  (bi-sen-ten'i-al),  a.  and  n.     [<  hi-2 

+  centennial.]  I.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  last- 
ing two  hundred  years:  as,  a  bicentennial  pe- 
riod.—  2.  Occurring  every  two  hundred  years. 

II.   n.   The   two  hundredth  anniversary  of  bicipital  (bi-sip'i-tal) 

an  event ;  a  bicentenary. 
bicephalic  (bi-se-fal'ik  or  bi-sef'a-lik),  a.     [< 

L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  Ke<t>a?J/,  head:  see  cephalic.] 

Having  two  heads  ;  bicephalous  ;  specifically, 

ornamented  with  two  heads  or  busts,  as  an 

engraved  gem  or  the  like.     Jour.   Arehaol., 

XXIX.  311. 
bicephalous   (bl-sef'a-lus),  a.     [As  bicephalic 

+  -ous.]     Having  two  heads, 
biceps  (bi'seps),  a.  and  ».    [<  L.  biceps  (bici]>>t-), 

<  bi-,  two-,  +  caput,  head.]    I.  a.  Two-headed, 

or  having  two  distinct  origins :  specifically,  in 

anat.,  applied  to  certain  muscles. 
II.  ii.  1.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  having  two  heads 

or  origins;  specifically,  the  biceps  brachii. — 2. 

Figuratively,  strength   or  muscular  develop- 


cola-n  ii  t. 
biciliate  (bi-sil'i-at),  a.    [<  bi-2  +  ciliatc]  Hav- 
ing two  cilia. 

The  biciliate  swarmspores  that  escaped  were  observed 
for  some  hours  under  the  microscope. 

Trans.  Hoy.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  XXXII.  597. 

[<  L.  biceps  (bieipit-), 
two-headed  (see  biceps),  +  -al.]  1.  Having 
two  heads;  two-headed.  [Rare.]  —  2.  In  anat.: 
(a)  Having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biceps,  (b)  Pertaining  to  the  biceps  mus- 
cles.— 3.  In  hot.,  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the 
top  or  bottom.  . 
Also  Hcipitous. 
Bicipital  fascia,  an  expansion  of  the  tendon  of  the  bi- 
ceps brachii  into  the  deep  fascia  id  the  forearm.— Bicipi- 
tal groove,  a  furrow  all  mg the  upper  part  of  the  humerus, 
in  which  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle 
lies.  See  cut  under  humerus.—  Bicipital  ridges,  the  lips 
nf  the  bicipital  groove. 

bicipitosus  (bi-sip-i-to'sus),  n. ;  pi.  bicipitosi 
(-si).  [NL.,  <  L.  biceps  (bieipit-),  two-headed: 
see  biceps.]  The  bicipital  muscle  of  the  thigh ; 
the  biceps  femoris. 


ability  to  use  the  arm  effectively :  from  such 
strength  or  ability  depending  on  the  devel- 
opment of  the  biceps  muscle Biceps  brachii, 

or  biceps  humeri,  the  two-headed  muscle  of  t he  arm, 
arising  by  its  long  head  from  the  glenoid  fossa,  and.  by  its 
short  head  from  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula,  and 
inserted  into  the  tuberosity  of  the  radius.  It  is  a  strong 
flexor  and  supinator  of  the  forearm,  and  a  guide  to  the 
brachial  artery  in  surgical  operations  upon  that  vessel. 
See  cut  under  muscle.—  Biceps  femoris,  the  two-headed 
muscle  of  the  thigh,  arising  05  its  long  head  from  the  tube- 
rosity of  the  ischium,  and  by  its  short  head  from  the  shaft 
of  the  femur,  and  inserted  into  the  head  of  the  fibula,  its 
tendon  forming  the  outer  hamstring.  Its  action  is  to  flex 
the  leg  upon  the  thigh. 

bicessis  (bi-ses'is),  n.  [L.,  <  bic-,  a  reduced 
form  of  viginti,  =  E.  twenty,  +  as  (ass-),  an  as,  a 
unit :  see  as*.]   In  Horn,  metrology,  twenty  asses. 

bichet,  »•  [<  F.  biche,  OF.  also  bisse  =  Wal- 
loon bih  =  mod.  Pr.  bicho  =  It.  dial,  becia,  a 
hind  or  roe ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A  kind  of 
fur ;  the  skin  of  the  female  deer. 

bichir  (bich'er),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  re- 
markable living  ganoid  fish.  Polypterus  bichir, 
of  the  family  Polypteridm  and  order  Crosso- 
pterygii,  inhabiting  the  Nile  and  other  African 
rivers,  attaining  a  length  of  18  inches,  and 
esteemed  as  food.    See  Polypterus. 

In  the  system  of  Cuvier.  the  bichir  was  placed  among 
the  bony  fishes,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  herrings.    One  of 
35 


Fig.  2. 
First  genus,  second 
division ;      one      real 
oval. 


Fig.  3- 
Second  genus,  no- 
dal curve. 


Fig.  4. 
Third  genus,  cuspi- 
dal curve. 


ment. —  3.   Muscular   strength   of    the   arm  ;  bicipitous  (bi-sip'i-tus),  a.     Same  as  bicipital. 

Bidpitous  serpents.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  15. 

bicircloid  (bi-ser'kloid),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  circle  + 
-oid.]  A  curve  generated  by  the  uniform  mo- 
tion of  a  point  around  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  the  center  of  which  itself  uniformly  de- 
scribes a  circle. 

bicircular  (bi-ser'ku-lar),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  circu- 
lar.] Composed  of  of  similar  to  two  circles. 
—  Bicircular  oval,  a  real  branch  of  a  bicircular  quartic. 
—Bicircular  quartic,  a  quartic  curve  which  passes  twice 
through  each  of  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  having  thus 


Fig.  1. 

Bicircular  Quartic. 

Curve  of  first  genus,  first  division  ;  two  real  ovals  with  focal  circle 

and  central  hyperbola. 

an  essential  analytical  similarity  to  a  pair  of  circles,  win.  h 
it  also  somewhat  resembles  to  the  eye.  For  the  purpose 
of  tracing  it.  it  may  be  defined  as  the  envelop  of  all  the 
circles  having  their  centers  on  a  fixed  ellipse  or  hyper- 


bickerer 

bola,  and  cutting  a  fixed  circle  orthogonally.  This  circle  is 
called  the  focal  circle,  because  Its  intei  1  tlon  with  the 
rtxed  conic  are  fori  <,i  (In-  quartic. 
The  latter  has,  besid<  -  two  double 
foci,  h tilch  are  tin   foci  "1  the  conic. 

tin    perpendiculars  ti 1 1 inter 

,,f  the  focal  circle  i"  the  asymptotes 
of  the  conic  aie  bitangents  of  the 
quartic,  (See  tig.  1.)  The  Intersec- 
tions of  the  focal  circle  with  the 
quartic  are  cyclic  i>"iitt<  of  the  lat- 
ter. There  arc  tine,-  genera  of  bi- 
circular quartics.  The  hist  embraces 
all  tlie  bicursal  forms,  and  these  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class.  For  these  there  are  two  real 
focal  circles  and  two  imaginary  ones.  The  two  real  conies 
of  centers  are  an  ellipse  and  a  cuntoea!  h>  perhola.  Ihere 
are  four  real  foci  and  lour  real  cyclic  points.  This  genus 
has  two  divisions.  In  the  first,  tlie  four  real  fori  are  con. 
cyclic,  and  tin'  real  curve  consists  of  two  ovals,  one  of  which 
lies  without  or  within  the  other,  accord- 
ing as  the  four  real  foci  are  on  a  central 
ellipse  or  hyperbola.  Fig.  1  shows  the 
latter  case,  and  fig.  2,  modified  so  as  to 
make  the  upper  part  like  the  lower, 
would  show  the  former.  Bicircular 
quartics  of  this  division  have  the  prop- 
erty that  three  points  can  lie  taken  s,> 
that  the  distances  rj,  /■■_•,  r$,  of  any  point 
of  the  curve  therefrom  shall  be  express- 
able  by  an  equation  ar\  -f-  br%  4-  cr^  =  0. 
The  second  division  of  the  first  genus  embraces  curves 
whose  four  real  foci  lie  in  two  pairs  or  two  focal  circles. 
These  real  curves  consist  of  single  ovals,  as  in  fig.  2.  'the 
second  genus  comprises  unicursal  curves  witli  one  node 
(besides  those  at  the  circular  points). 
They  are  of  the  sixth  class.  There  is 
one  real  and  one  imaginary  focal  circle. 
The  node  may  be  a  crunode  with  an 
outloop  (shown  by  slightly  modifying 
fig.  2  in  the  upper  part)  or  with  an  in- 
loop,  as  in  fig.  3;  or  it  may  be  an  ac- 
node  without  or  within  the  oval.  The 
third  genus  contains  eurves  with  an 
ordinary  cusp.  These  are  of  the  fourth 
class.  There  is  but  one  focal  circle  and 
but  one  focus.  The  cusp  may  point  out- 
ward, as  in  fig.  4,  or  inward,  as  in  a  modification  of  fig.  3. 
bicker1  (bik'er),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becker, 
<  ME.  bichercn,  bikkeren,  belcercn,  bilceren,  appar. 
a  freq.  in  -cr ;  origin  unknown.  The  \V.  oicra, 
fight,  is  appar.  from  the  E.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  exchange  blows ;  skirmish  ;  fight  off  and  on : 
said  particularly  of  the  skirmishing  of  archers 
and  slingers. 
Two  eagles  had  a  conflict  and  bickered  together. 

Hollaiul,  tr.  of  Suetonius,  p.  243. 

2.  To  quarrel;  contend  in  words;  engage  in 
petulant  altercation ;  wrangle. 

Those  petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and  bicker. 

Barrow. 
Tho'  men  may  bicker  with  the  things  they  love. 

Tennyson.  Geraint. 

Henee  —  3.  To  make  a  brawling  sound;  make 
any  repeated  noisy  action  ;  clatter. 
Meantime  unnumber'd  glittering  streamlets  played,  .  .   . 
That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  shade, 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur  made. 
Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  iii.  26. 

4.  To  run  rapidly;  move  quickly;  quiver;  be 
tremulous,  like  flame  or  water. 

I  make  a  sudden  sally 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 
To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

There  is  a  keen  relish  of  contrast  about  the  bickering 

flame  as  it  gives  an  emphasis  beyond  Gherardo  della  V'tte 

to  loved  faces.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  38. 

5.  To  make  a  short  rapid  run.  [Middle  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  To  strike  repeatedly. 
bicker1  (bik'er),  n.     [<  ME.   biker,  hel-er:  see 
bicker1,  v.]     1.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused 
fight. 
Bickers  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.  Campbell. 

2.  A  quarrel ;  an  angry  dispute ;  an  alterca- 
tion. 

If  thou  say  nay,  we  two  shal  make  a  bycker. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2660. 

3.  A  confused  or  rapid  succession  of  sounds; 
a  rattling  or  clattering  noise. 

A  bicker  of  musketry-fire  rattled  down  in  the  valley,  in- 
termingled with  the  wild  yells  and  defiances  of  the  hill- 
men,  who  were  making  a  chapao  or  night  attack  on  the 
camp.    Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  194. 

4.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  staggering  run, 
as  from  loss  of  equilibrium.  [Middle  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  will, 
I  took  a  bicker. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

bicker2  (bik'er),  11.  [Vnr.  nf  beaker,  q.  v.]  A 
bowl  or  dish  for  containing  liquor,  properly  one 
made  of  wood;  a  drinking-cup:  also,  specifi- 
cally, in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  a  wooden  dish 
made  of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  hold- 
ing food.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bickerer  (bik'er-er),  n.  One  who  bickers,  or 
engages  in  petty  quarrels. 


bickering 

bickering  (bik'er-ing),   n.     [<  ME.   bikering, 
verbal  n.  of  bik<  r<  n  .  see  bicker1, ».]   If.  A  skir- 

iuisli. 

1  h.  ii  was  the  \v :u  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays 
and  Milton,  Hist.  Bng.  (ed.  i>.".i>,  ii.  55. 

2.  Petulant  contention;  altercation. 


546 

bicornous  (bl-kfir'nus),  a.    [<  bicorn  +  -o«n.] 
lla\  i 1 1 jx  two  horns  or  antlers;  erescent-shaned; 

(■specially,  in  diuil.,  having  two  prolongations 

likened  to  horns. 

The  letter  Y.  or  bicornous  element  of  Pythagoras. 

Sir  '/'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  19. 


There  :   always  carried  on  with  bicornuate  (bl-kdr'nu-at),  a.    (<  L. /»('-,  two-, + 

nu  =  E.  horn,  +  -ate1."]    Same  as  bicornous. 


the  best  I  iste  or  with  the  best  temper,  between  the  man- 

of  the  impeachment  and  the  counsel  for  the  defence. 

Macaulay,  \\  arn  n  Eastings. 

bickermentt  (bik'er-ment),  ».  [<  bich  r1,  ».,  + 
-mini.]    Contention;  conflict.     Spenser. 

bickern  (bik'ern),  „.  [Also  by  popular  etym. 
bickhorn,  and  biel.iinu.  beak-iron,  q.  v.,  also  pifc- 
iron;  prop,  bieom,  early  mod.  E.  byckorne,  by- 
ciirm  ,  <  W.bigorne,a  bickern  (cf.  OF.  bicorne,< 

ML.  Income,  liiennius,  a  t  uo-ha lulled  cup),  =Sp. 
Pg.  bignrnia  =  It.  bicornia,  a  bickern,  <  L.  m- 
ciiruin.  neut.  pi.  of  iiicm-iiis.  two-homed  :  see  W- 
<w«.]  1.  An  anvil  with  two  projecting,  taper- 
ing ends;  hence,  one  such  end;  a  beak-iron. — 

2.  Medieval  milit.,  a  name  for  the  martel-de- 
fer.  in  allusion  to  its  double  head,  of  w  bich  one 
side  was  made  pointed  and  the  other  blunt; 
any  similar  double-headed  weapon  or  tool. — 

3.  Any  iron  implement  ending  in  a  beak:  as 
if  a  contracted  form  of  beak-iron  (which  see). 

Also  beckern. 

bickiron  (bik'i  ern),  n.  Same  as  bickern,  leak- 
iron. 

biclavate  (bi-kla'vat),  a.  [<  '«'-"  +  clavate.] 
Doubly  clavate;  consisting  of  two  club-shaped 
bodies. 

Bicceca  (bi-se'ka ),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3ucoc,  a  drink- 
ing-bowl  (see  beaker),  +  ot/toc ,  house.]    A  genus 


bid 

clus  i  see  cycle)  +  4c.  ]  Consisting  of  or  having 
two  circles;  specifically,  in  hoi.,  in  two  whorls, 
as  the  stamens  of  a  flower.  Bicyclic  chuck.  See 
ch  »cA- 1 . 

bicyclic2  (bi-sik'lik),  a.  [<  bicycle  +  -*c.]  Re- 
lating to  or  connected  with  bicycles. 

bicycling  (bi'si-kling),  u.  [<  bicycle  +  -ing.] 
The  art  or  practice  or  riding  on  a  bicycle. 

),  a.     [<  bicycle  +  -ism.'] 

ling  the  bicycle.    A',  and 

Q.,  7th  ser.,  T.  290. 


bicornuous  (bi-k6r'nu-us),  a.   [<  L.  U-,  two-,  +  bicyclism  (bi'si-klizu, 

cornu  =  E.  horn,  +  -ous.]    Same  as  bicornous. 
bicomute  (bi-kdr'nut),  a.      [<  W-2  +  cornnte. 

Of.  Weorn.]     Two-horned;  bicornous  ;  specifi-  bicyclist  t  bi'si-klist),  it. 

•  ally,  in  '»>...  having  two  horn-like  processes, 


as  the  l'ruit  of  Trapa  bieornis. 

bicorporal  (bi-k6r'po-ral),  a.  [<  L.  bicorpor, 
later  bicorporeus,  double-bodied,  <  hi-,  two-,  + 
corpus  (corpor-),  body.]  In  her.,  same  as  bicor- 
porate.  Bicorporal  sign,  in  astrol.,  a  zodiacal  sign 
whose  figure  represents  two  animals,  namely,  Pisces,  Gem- 
ini, or  Sagittarius. 

bicorporate  (bl-k6r'p6-rat),  a. 
[<  hi-'2  +  corporate,  «.]  In  her,, 
having  two  bodies:  said  of  a 
beast  or  bird  used  as  a  bearing. 

Bicosoeca  (bi-ko-se'ka),  ».  [XL., 
irng.  <  Or.  )'im«,  a  wine-jar,  a 
bowl,  +  oikoc,  a  house.]  Same 
as  Bicaeca. 

bicrenate  (bi-kre'nat),  a.    [<  bi-2 
+  crenate.]     In  hot.,  doubly  crenate :  applied  to 
erenate  leaves  when  the  erenatures  are  them- 
selves crenate. 

bicrescentic  (bi-kre-sen'tik),  a.  [<  hi-2  + 
en  sci  ii  tic]  Having  the  form  of  a  double  cres- 
cent. 


Bicorpurate. 


of  infusorians,  typical  of  the  family  Biccecidos.  bicrural  (bi-kro'ral),  a.     [<   hi-2  +  crural.} 

T-'reviousl V  written   BiCOSOBCO  TTmnnrr    twn    lucre      ni*    two.    plono-fltinns    rpspm- 

Bicoecidae  tbi-se'si-de).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bicceca 
+  -idee]  A  family  of  sedentary  animalcules. 
They  are  ovate  or  pyriform  in  shape,  with  :i  usually  more 
projecting  anterior  lip-like  prominence,  are  soli- 
tary or  associated  in  colonies,  and  secrete  separate  horny 
sheath  lories  which  are  mostly  stalked.  They  have 
two  terminal  flagella,  one  long  and  one  Bhort,  transparent 
pari  m  hyma,  no  distinct  oral  aperture,  and  the  endoplast 
and  one  er  more  contractile  vesicles  usually  conspicuous. 
Reproduction  results  from  transverse  subdivision  and  by 
the  separation  of  the  body  into  a  mass  of  sporalar  ele- 
ments.   They  inhabit  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 

bicollateral  (bi-kp-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  col- 
lateral.] In  bot.,  having  the  two  sides  alike: 
applied  to  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which  the 
woody  portion  lies  between  two  layers  of  li- 
ber, or  vice  versa. 

In  Cucurbita,  Solanum,  and  others  the  bundles  are  bi- 
cMateral.  TOncyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

bicolligate  (bi-kol'i-gat),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  col- 
Ugatus,  bound  togeth- 
er:  see  In--  and  cnlli- 
gate,  v.]  In  ornith., 
palmate,  but  not  toti- 
palmate;  having  the 
three  front  toes  unit- 
ed by  two  webs . 

bicolor  (bi'kul-or),  a. 
[<  L.  bicolor,  of  two 
colors,  <  In-,  two-,  +  color,  color.] 
colored,. 

bicolored  (bl'kul-prd),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  colored. 
Cf.  L.  bicolor,  of  two  colors.]  Of  two  colors,  as 
a  flower. 

bicolorous  (bi-knl'o-rus),  a.    Same  as  bicolor*  d. 

biconcave  (bi-kon'iav),  a.  [<  ft*-2  +  concavi .  ] 
Hollow  or  concave  ..n  both  sides;  doubly  eon- 
cave,  as  a  lens.      See  UmS. 

biconic,  biconical  ( bi-kon'ik,  -i-kal),  o.    [<("'-- 


Bi  olligate. — 1 t  "t  1  »uck. 

Same  as  bi- 


Ha\ing  two  legs,  or  two  elongations  resem 
bling  legs. 

bicuspid  (bi-kus'pid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  bicus- 
pis  (-pid-),  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cuspis  {cuspid-),  a 
point.]  I.  a.  Having  two  points,  fangs,  or 
cusps.  Specifically  applied— (a)  In  aeom.,  to  a  curve 
having  two  cusps.  (6)  In  human  anat.,  (it  t<>  the  premo- 
lar teeth  or  false  molars,  of  which  there  are  two  on  each 
side  above  and  below,  replacing  the  milk-molars;  (2)  to  the 
mitral  valve  guarding  the  left  auriculoventricular  orifice 
ol  the  heart,  the  corresponding  right  orifice  being  guarded 
by  the  tricuspid  valve,  (c)  Inentom.,  to  a  claw  or  mandible 
having  two  pointed  processes  or  teeth.  Also  bicusjiiil'il, 
bicuspidate.  Bicuspid  forceps,  dentists'  forceps  with 
curved  beaks  for  extracting  bicuspid  teeth. 

II.  ii.  One  of  the  premolars  or  false  molars 
in  man,  of  which  there  are  in  the  adult  two  on 
each  side,  above  and  below,  between  the  canines 
and  the  true  molars.  They  are  the  teeth  which  suc- 
ceed and  replace  the  milk-molars  of  the  child.  Also  bi- 
cuspis. 

bicuspidal  (bl-kus'pi-dal),  a.  Same  as  bicus- 
pid: the  usual  form  of  the  word  in  geometry. 

bicuspidate  (bi-kus'pi-dat),  a.  [<  bi--  +  cus- 
pidate.    Cf.  bicuspid.']     Same  as  bicun/ml. 

bicuspis  (bi-ktis'pis),». ;  pi.  bicttspides  (-pi-dez). 
[NL. :  see  bicuspid.]     Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  n.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  cyelus,  < 
(jr.  kvkXoc,  a  circle,  a  wheel:  see  cycle.]  A 
modification  of  the  two-wheeled  velocipede 
(which  see).  The  velocipede  of  1869  was  worked  by 
In  miles  operating  cranks  on  the  axle  of  the  front  wheel. 
This  was  modified  by  greatly  increasing  the  relative  size 


,  conical.]     Doubly  conical;  resembling 
two  cones  placed  base  to  b 

[The]  eKt-rs  of  the    Gri  bes     ...   which  also   have  both 
end.-  i.  ui  pointed, are  si.  wide  In  the  middle 

■  a  biconical  appearance. 

Encyc,  Brit.,  in.  775. 

biconjugate  (bi-kon'j8-ga1 1,  a.  (<  /"-'-'  +  con- 
jugate/] 1.  In  pairs;  placed  side  by  side. — 
2.  In  but.,  twice  paired,  as  when  each  of  the 
divisions  of  a  forked  petiole  bears  a  pair  of 

biconsonantal  (bi-kon-so-nan'tal),  a.  Com- 
ic, -i  .1  ..I  or tainiiig  two  consonants. 

biconvex  (bi-koi  a.     [<  hi--  +  convex.'] 

Convex  on  both  side-:   doubly  convex,  as  a 
lens.     See  /,  ns. 

(if  the  vai  lot  onlj  consider 

thi  I  ave.  net,  Light,  p.  89. 

bicoquett,  «.    Same  as  bycocket.     Favrholt. 

bicorn  (bi'kdrn  i,  a.     [<  L.  b  ..horned,  bicycle  (hi 'si  kl),t>.t.;  pret.andpp.  wcjc(ea,ppr. 

<  bi-,  two-,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.     Cf.  biekern.]    bicycling.     [<bieycle,n.]    To  nae  on  a  bicycle. 

Having  two  horns;  bicorni  bicycler  (bi'si-kler),  n.    [<  bicycle  +  -er.]    One 

bicorned  (bi'kdrnd;,  «.    [<  bicorn  +  -ed2.]    Pi-    who  rides  a  bicycle. 

oornute.  bicyclic1  (bi-sik'lik),  a.     [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  cy- 


Bicyclcs. 
A,  man's  bicycle ;  B,  woman's  bicycle;  C.  hollow  runs  ol  wheel! 
wit),  pneumati    tire   ;  D,  rrame;  a,  saddle-like  scat,  supported  by 
springs;  J,  front  tube  of  frame,  with  handle  foi  st< .....  i 

lever  with  conn...  tion  to  braki   .       kel  wheel  with  ped 

,-nid  chain-belt  connecting   with   rear  wheel;  c,  pneumatic  tiri 
cilv,  for  inflating  pneumati.  tire;  pi  guard  to  protect  the  dothin  : 

ol  Hi.  drivin  ;-wheel  and  bringing  the  rider  directly  over 
it.     Later  the  "safely"  bicycle  was  introduced,  in  which 

the  wheels  were  i le  of  c  nearly  equal  size,  and  for 

the  direct  action  upim  the  fi  .oil  wheel  was  substituted  in- 
dlrecl  action  upon  the  rear  wheel,  by  means  of  a  chain 
and  sprocket-wheels,  the  diameters  of  the  sprocket  whei  If 
bi  ... ■  ..  proportioned  as  to  compensate  the  decrease  in 
i ...  of  the  driving-wheel. 


who  rides  on  a  bicycle.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  44. 
bid  (bid),  v.;  prei.  bade,  bad,  or  bid,  pp.  bidden 
or  bid,  ppr.  bidding.  [Under  t  his  form  two 
verbs,  orig.  distinct  in  form  and  sense,  have 
been  confounded  from  the  li'tli  century  or  ear- 
lier: (1)  Bid*,  ask,  pray,  <  ME.  bidden  (pret. 
bad,  pi.  beden,  baden,  pp.  beden,  biden),  ask, 
pray,  invite,  wish,  and  also  (by  confusion  with 
hiil-)  command,  <  AS.  biddan  (pret.  had,  pi. 
Innliiii,  pp.  baden),  ask,  pray,  invite,  in  some 
cases  equiv.  to  command,  =  (IS.  hiddian  = 
OFries.  Indda  =U.  hidden  =  i  IHG. bittan,  -Mild. 
G.  bitten  ==Icel.  bidhja  =  Sw.  iedja  =  Dan.  bede 
=  Goth,  bidjan  (pret.  bath,  pi.  Indian,  pp.  bi- 
dans)  (cf.  Goth,  bidagwn,  a  beggar,  and  AS.  hnli- 
rimi,  beg:  see  beg1), perhaps  =  Gr.  \/  *nS  (orig. 
*<j>id)  in  neideiv,  mffeiv,  persuade,  move  by  en- 
treaty, mid.  treiOeaflai,  -idiatiai,  be  persuaded, 
obey,  trust,  =L./»t<r<,  trust.  Hence,  from  the 
AS.,  E.  bead;  from  the  L.,  E.  faith,  fidelity, 
affy,  affidavit,  confide,  confident,  infidel,  perfidy, 
etc.  (2)  Bid2,  command,  order,  direct,  pro- 
pose, offer,  etc.,  <  ME.  beden,  beoden  (which 
would  regularly  give  E.  *beed  or  'bead),  com- 
mand, order,  offer,  announce,  also  invite  (pret. 
bead,  bed,  head,  pi.  beden,  boden,  pp.  boden), 
<  AS.  heiidan  (pret.  betid,  pi.  hiidnn,  pp.  bnib  n), 
command,  order,  offer,  announce,  threaten, 
etc.,  =os.  biodan  =  OFries.  biada  =  D.  bieden 
=  (illii.  biotau.  MHG.  G.  bieten  =  leel.  bjodha 
=  Sw.  bjuda  =  Dan.  byde  =  Goth,  biudan  (pret. 
bauth,  pi.  biidiim.  pp.  budans;  only  in  eomp., 
niiiibtiidiiii,  command,  fniiibiiidiiii  =  E. forbid), 
command,  offer,  announce,  etc.,  =  Gr.  -\/  "tn* 
(orig.  *tpv8),  in  ww6dvea8ai,  irvdeaBai,  learn  by. 
asking,  ask,  =  Skt.  -\f  budh  (orig.  *bhudh),  be 
awake,  understand  (see  Buddha);  cf.  OBulg. 
budeti,  be  awake.  From  AS.  bi  6dan  come  boda, 
E.  bade,  a  messenger,  bodinn,  E.  htide,  announce, 
portend,  AS.  hydel,  E.  beadle,  etc.:  see  bode1, 
biiile-,  beadle.  While  some  senses  of  bid  are 
obviously  those  of  AS.  biddan,  and  others  ob- 
viously those  of  AS.  heijdan,  no  formal  sepa- 
ration can  conveniently  be  made.  The  mod. 
forms  correspond  to  those  of  AS.  biddan,  the 
senses  chiefly  to  those  of  AS.  bcodaii.]   I.  trans. 

1.  To  ask;  request  ;  invite. 
Go  ye  therefore  into  the  highways,  and  as  many  as  ye 

shall  find  hid  to  the  marriage.  Mat.  wii.  9. 

Provide  the  feast,  father,  ami  bid  the  guests. 

N/..I/...  T.  of  theS.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Topray;  wish  earnestly  or  devoutly;  hence, 
to  say  by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction:  as, 
to  bid  good-day,  farewell,  etc. 

Neither  bid  him  God  speed.  2  John  10. 

3.  To  command ;  order  or  direct ;  enjoin. 

Ami  I'eter  answered  him  ami  sai.l,  Lord,  if  it  be  thou, 
bill  me  nunc  unto  thee  on  the  water.  Mat.  xiv.  28. 

I  was  Md!  to  come  for  you.      Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

Because  God  his  father  hail  not  bidden  him  to  do  it, 
and  therefore  He  would  not  tempt  the  Lord  his  God. 

Kvngsley. 
[Occasionally  a  simple  infinitive  fellows:  as,  "the  lady 
/...,/.  tak,  away  tin-  fool,"  Shak.,  T   V.  i.  5.] 

4.  To  offer ;  propose :  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

The  king  will  bid  you  battle  presently. 

Shall  .  1  Men.  IV.,  v.  ■>. 

Four  guineas  !  Cad's   life,  yon  ,l..n  I  bid  me  the  price  of 
his  wig,  Sheriilait.  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1, 

Inbn\iim  l;..oks  i.r  ..thcr  Commodities,  'tis  not  always 
the  best  way  to  bid  half  -so  much  as  the  seller  asks. 

Seiden,  Table-Talk,  p  80. 

5.  To  raise  the  price  of  in  bidding;  increase 
the  amount  offered  for:  with  up  :  as,  to  bid  n/i 
a  thing  beyond  its  value.  —  6.  To  proclaim; 
make  known  by  a  public  announcement;  de- 
clare: ns,  "our  bans  thrice  bid."  Gay,  What 
d'ye  Call  it  ?     To  bid  beads,  to  praj  with  beads.   Bee 

/.,  Ihl. 

All  night  she  spent  in  bidding  of  her  bedes. 

Spenser,  F.  <).,  I.  x.  :s. 
To  bid  defiance  to.  s.r  .1.  b.u/.y.  To  bid  the  banns. 
Sec  banns.  To  bid  the  or  a  basei.  See  base*.  Syn. 
1.  Invite,  Summon,  etc,    See  call. 

II.  inliiins.  To  make  an  offer;  offer  a  price: 
as,  In  bid  at  an  auction. 


bid 

Antagonisms  between  different  powers  in  the  State,  or 
different  factions,  have  caused  one  or  otheroi  them  to  bid 
tor  popular  Bupport,  with  the  result  of  increasing  popular 
power.  "■  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  498. 

To  bid  fair,  to  open  or  offer  a  good  prospect ;  seem  likelj 
bid  (bid),  n.    An  offer  of  a  price;  specifically, 
an  offer  made  or  the  price  offered  at  an  auet  ion  : 
as,  to  increase  another's  bid. 

bidactyl  (bi-dak'til),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
d&KTvhos,  finger,  toe.]     Same  as  didaetgl. 

bidagova  (bid-a-go'vii),  ii.  [Braz.]  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  a  substitute  for  coffee  pre- 
pared from  the  seeds  of  the  Cassia  oecidentmis. 
MeElrath. 

bidale  (bid'al),  ».  [<  bid,  invite,  +  ate.]  An 
entertainment  to  which  persons  were  invited 
for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  relief  of 
some  one  in  distress.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Also  writ- 
ten hlditll. 

There  was  an  anticnt  Custom  called  a  Bid-Ale  or  Bid- 
der-Ale, from  the  Saxon  Bidden  [biddan],  to  pray  or  sup- 
plicate, when  any  honest  Man  decayed  in  his  Estate,  was 
setup  again  by  the  liberal  Benevolence  and  Contributions 
of  Friends  at  a  Feast,  to  wineh  those  Friends  were  bid  or 
invited.  It  was  most  used  in  the  West  of  England,  and 
in  some  Counties  called  a  Help  Ale. 

Brand's  Pup.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  339,  note. 

bidarkee  (bi-diir'ke),  n.  [Also  written  bidarka  ; 
native  name.]  A  boat  of  skins  used  by  the 
Aleutian  Islanders. 

There  are  three  miles  to  traverse  to  reach  the  nearest 
river,  and  here  I  trusted  myself  to  one  of  the  far-famed 
bidarkies.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  XLI.  399. 

biddable  (bid'a-bl),  a.  [<  bid  +  -able']  Obe- 
dient to  a  bidding  or  command  ;  willing  to  do 
what  is  bidden  ;  complying;  docile. 

She  is  exceedingly  attentive  and  useful ;  .  .  .  indeed, 
I  never  saw  a  more  biddable  woman. 

Dickens,  Donibey  and  Son,  viii. 
A  more  gentle,  biddable  invalid  than  the  poor  fellow 
made  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

II.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  xliv. 

biddance  (bid'ans),  n.  [<  bid  +  -ance.]  Bid- 
ding;  invitation.     [Rare.] 

bidder  (bid'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bidder,  biddere; 
<  bid,  ask,  offer,  +  -er1.]  One  who  bids;  spe- 
cifically, (a)  one  who  begs;  (6)  one  who  com- 
mands or  orders;  (c)  one  who  asks  or  invites; 
(rf)  one  who  offers  to  pay  a  specified  price  for 
an  article,  as  at  a  public  auction. 
Bidders  at  the  auction  of  popularity.  Burke. 

biddery-ware  (bid'e-ri-war),  n.   Same  as  bidri. 

bidding  (bid'ing),  ii.     [ME.  bidding,  biddings  : 

verbal  n.  of  bid  in  both  the  original  senses.] 

1.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proclama- 
tion or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  fled. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  Hi.  712. 
They  had  chalked  upon  a  slate  the  psalmes  that  were  to 
be  sung,  so  that  all  the  congregation  might  see  it  without 
the  bidding  of  a  Cleark.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1641. 

Henry  .  .  .  nominated  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Gray- 
son for  the  two  senators  from  Virginia,  and  they  were 
chosen  at  his  bidding.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  354. 

2.  The  act  of  making  an  offer  at  an  auction: 
as,  the  bidding  was  lively. 

bidding-prayer  (bid'ing-prar),  n.  [See  be- 
low.] Ln  England,  the  prayer  before  the  ser- 
mon. As  directed  in  the  55th  canon  of  the  Church  of 
England,  this  is  a  form  in  which  the  preacher  calls  on  the 
congregation  to  pray  for  the  church  catholic,  the  sover- 
eign, and  different  estates  of  men.  A  similar  form  of 
prayer  preceding  the  sermon  has  been  in  use  since  long 
before  the  Reformation.  At  first  it  was  called  bidding  of 
the  beads  (literally,  praying  of  the  prayers),  after  the 
Reformation  bidding  of  the  common  prayers,  bidding  (of) 
prayers  or  prayer  (the  last  word  being  object  of  the  first) ; 
but  after  the  sixteenth  century  the  word  bidding  came 
to  be  pi  ipularly  regarded  as  an  adjective,  or  the  phrase  bid- 
ding prayer  as  a  quasi-compound,  a  prayer  which  bids  or 
directs  what  is  to  be  prayed  for.  A  collect  is  now  generally 
substituted  for  the  bidding-prayer  (and  sometimes  called 
by  tile  same  name),  but  on  special  occasions,  and  in 
cathedrals  and  at  university  sermons,  the  bidding-prayer 
is  always  used.  Liturgiologists  often  designate  the  dea- 
con's litanies  of  the  primitive  and  the  Greek  Church  as 
bidding-prayers.     See  cctcne  and  litany. 

Our  people,  as  of  yore,  may  all  join  their  priest  and 
say  along  with  him,  before  he  begins  his  sermon,  the 
truly  Catholic  petitions  of  the  bidding-prayer. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  354. 

biddy1  (bid'i),  h.;  pi.  biddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial,  and 
U.  S.,  perhaps  of  imitative  origin.  Cf.  chicka- 
biddy.]    A  familiar  name  for  a  hen. 

Biddy2  (bid'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  Bridget,  a  fern, 
proper  name,  usually  given  in  honor  of  St. 
Bridget  (Ir.  and  Gael.  Brighid  (gen.  BrigMde, 
Bride,  whence  the  form  St.  Bride),  <  brigli, 
strength),  who  lived  in  Ireland  in  the  5th  and 
6th  centuries.]  An  Irish  female  domestic;  a 
servant-girl.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bide  (bid),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bode,  ppr.  biding. 
[<  ME.  biden,  <  AS.  bidan  (pret.  bail,  pi.  bidon, 
pp.  biden)  =  OS.  bidan  =OFries.  bida  =  D.  bvi- 


547 

den  =  ORQr.  bitan,  MHGL  biten,  ('..dial.  beiten= 
Ioel.  bidha  =  Sw.  biila  =  Dan.  bie  =  Goth,  bei- 
dttn,  wait.  Cf.  Ir.  feilliini,  I  wait,  =  Gael,  feith, 
wait.  So.-  abide1  and  abode."]  I.  intrans.  It. 
To  remain  in  expectation  ;  wait. —  2.  To  be  or 
remain  in  a  place  or  state;  wait. 

In  whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  honour  bides. 

Shak,  :;  Hen.  VI.,  i.  l. 

Safe  in  a  ditch  he  bides, 
With  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  Ins  head. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  t. 
3.  To  dwell ;  reside. 

All  knees  to  thee  shall  bow,  of  them  that  bide 
In  heaven,  or  earth,  or  under  earth  in  lull. 

Milton,  r.  L.,  iii.  321. 
And  Lancelot  saw  that  she  withheld  her  wish, 
And  bode  among  them  yet  a  little  space 
Till  he  should  learn  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  trans,  1.  To  wait  for;  await. 

He  has  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him,  and  he 
patiently  bides  bis  time.  Prescott. 

1  will  bide  you  at  King  Tryggve's  hill 
Outside  the  city  gates. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  9. 

2.  To  endure;  suffer;  bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are, 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 

Oh,  humble  me  !  I  cannot  bide  the  joy 
That  in  my  Saviour's  presence  ever  flows. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  5S. 

Bidens  (bi'denz),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  bidens,  having 
two  teeth:  see  Indent.]  1.  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous composite  plants,  closely  related  to  Dah- 
lia and  to  Coreopsis,  having  achenes  armed 
with  two  or  more  rigid,  persistent,  retrorsely 
barbed  awns.  They  are  coarse,  useless  weeds,  but 
some  of  the  species  have  conspicuous  yellow  flowers  and 
are  known  as  bur-marigolds.  The  persistency  with  which 
the  achenes  adhere  to  clothing  and  the  coats  of  animals 
has  given  rise  to  the  common  name  of  beggar' s-ticks  or 
beggar's-lice.  The  root  and  seeds  of  B.  bipinnata,  known 
as  Spanish  needles,  have  had  an  ill-founded  reputation  as 
emmenagogues  and  as  a  remedy  for  acute  bronchial  affec- 
tions. 

2.  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  hawks  with  two-toothed 
beak ;  same  as  Diodon  or  Harpagus  (which  see). 
Spix,  1834. 

bident  (bi'dent),  n.  [<  L.  bidcn(t-)s,  OL.  dui- 
den(t-)s,  with  two  teeth,  <  bi-,  did-,  =  E.  twi-, 
two-,  +  den(t-)s=E.  tooth.  CI.  trident.]  1. 
In  arehaol.,  an  instrument  or  a  weapon  with 
two  prongs.  Hence  —  2.  Any  two-pronged  in- 
strument. 

The  conversion  of  the  bident  into  a  trident,  by  which, 
instead  of  two,  you  chalk  three  for  one. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote,  cv. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  a.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  with 
two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -al.]  Same  asbidentate. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  re.  [L.,  so  called  from 
the  animal  sacrificed  at  its  consecration  (<  bi- 
den(t-)s,  an  animal  for  sacrifice  whose  two  rows 
of  teeth  are  complete),  or  from  the  forked  light- 
ning (a  sense  of  bidental  in  ML.),  <  biden(t-)s, 
with  two  teeth  or  prongs:  see  bident.]  In  Rom. 
antiq.,  a  monument  marking  a  place  that  had 
been  struck  by  lightning.  It  consisted  of  a  wall,  not 
roofed,  carried  around  the  site,  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred  and  neither  to  be  trodden  nor  looked  upon, 
and  often  resembled  a  raised  well-curb.  Such  monuments 
were  consecrated  by  the  pontiffs,  or,  later,  by  the  haras- 
pices,  by  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  other  victim,  and 
were  probably  given  in  charge  of  guardians,  themselves 
called  bidentales. 

bidentate  (bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  hav- 
ing two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -ate1.]  Having 
two  teeth  or  processes  like  teeth;  two-toothed. 
Other  forms  are  bidentated,  bidental,  bidenUal, 
and  (rarely)  bidented. 

bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.     Same  as  bidentate. 

bidenticulate  (bi-deh-tik'u-lat),  a.  [<  bi-"  + 
denticulate.  Cf.  bidentate.]  Having  two  mi- 
nute teeth. 

bidery  (bid'e-ri),  n.    See  bidri. 

bidet  (bi-det?;  P.  pron.  be-da'),  n.  [<  P.  bi- 
det (>prob.  It.  bidetto),  a  small  horse;  of  un- 
known origin.]  1.  A  small  horse;  formerly, 
in  the  British  army,  a  horse  allowed  to  each 
trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 

For  joy  of  which  I  will  .  .  .  mount  my  bidet  in  a  dance, 
and  curvet  upon  my  curtal.  B.  Jonson,  Chloridia. 

2.  The  basin  of  a  water-closet  so  made  that, 
in  addition  to  the  ordinary  places  of  entrance 
of  water-  and  discharge-pipe,  there  is  a  contri- 
vance for  washing  or  administering  injections : 
sometimes  made  as  a  separate  article  of  bed- 
room furniture. 

bid-hook  (bid'huk),  n.  [A  variant  of  bead- 
hook.]     Xant.,  a  small  kind  of  boat-hook. 

bidigitate  (bi-dij'i-tat),  a.  [<  bi--  +  digitate.] 
Having  two  digits,  or  two  finger-like  processes. 


bienseance 
biding  (bi'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  biding,  bydyng;  ver- 
bal n.  of  bide.]      1.  An  awaiting;  expectation. 
—  2.  Residence :  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  billing  bi  i  n 

Souk,  Jane  Shore,  i.  2. 

bidiri,  ".    See  bidri. 

bidogyn  (bi-dd'gin),  «.  [W.,  a  dagger:  see  un- 
der bodkin.]     In  t.'i  II"-  antiq.,  a  dagger. 

bidri,  bidry,  bidree  (bid'n,  bid-re'),  re.  [An- 
glo-ind.,  also  bidery,  bidiri,  <  Hind,  bidri,  < 
Bidar,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Hyderabad,  In- 
dia.] A  kind  of  ornamental  metal-work  of  In- 
dia, consisting  essentially  of  damascening  of 
silver  upon  some  metal  ground  which  is  mado 
black  by  coating  it  with  certain  chemicals.  The 
alloy  used  as  the  basis  of  the  damascene  work  varies  in 
.urn  position  in  different  localities  ;  it  may  be  either  bronze 
or  brass,  in  the  latter  case  sometimes  containing  a  very 
large  k  rcentage  of  zinc    Also  railed  biddi  < u  ware. 

bidri-ware,  bidri-work,  ».    Same  as  bidri. 
bid-standt  (bid'stand),  ».    A  cant  term  for  a 
highwayman. 

Why,  I  tell  you,  sir:  he  has  been  the  only  Bid-Stand 

that  ever  kept   Newmarket,  Salisbury-plain,  Hockley  i' 

the  lb  ii,,  cads. hill,  and  all  the  high  placi  3  0(  .ha  request. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

biduous  (bid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  biduus,  <  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  dies,  day"]  '  Lasting  two  days  only,  as  some 
flowers. 

bieberite  (be'ber-It), n.  [<  Bicber  (see  def.)  + 
-iff 2.]  Native  cobalt  sulphate  or  cobalt  vitriol : 
a  decomposition-product  of  other  cobalt  min- 
erals found  at  Bieber,  near  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

bielaga.w.  The  Russian  sturgeon, Acipenser  huso. 

bield  (held),  re.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Bo., 
in  So.  also  written  bcild,  bid ;  early  mod.  E. 
bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beeld,  held,  belde,  <  AS. 
byldo  (=  OHG.  baldi,  MHO.  belde  =  Goth,  bal- 
thei), boldness,  courage,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold.] 
If.  Boldness;  courage;  confidence;  feeling  of 
security. —  2f.  Resource;  help;  relief;  means 
of  help  or  relief ;  support ;  sustenance. 
For  fold  thou  gettis  nane  uther  bcild, 
But  eit  the  herbis  upon  the  field. 

Str  D.  Lyndsay,  The  .Monarchic,  1.  1087. 

3.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 
This  bosom  soft  shall  be  thy  beeld. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  49. 
The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.  Burns. 

Folk  maun  bow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  beild  frae. 

Hogg,  Brownie,  ii.  197. 

4.  A  place  of  shelter. 
These  evil  showers  make  the  low  bush  better  than  no 

beild.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  iii. 

bield  (held),  v.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc, 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biel,  etc.;  early  mod. 
E.  bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beelden,  belden,  <  AS. 
bieldan,  byldan  (=  OS.  beldjan  =  OHG.  balden, 
MHG.  belden  =  Goth,  balthjan,  intr.),  make 
bold,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold,  a.,  and  cf.  bold, 
v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  bold;  give  courage 
or  confidence  to.— 2.  To  defend;  protect;  shel- 
ter. 
Scorn  not  the  bush  that  beilds  you. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

II. t  intrans.  To  be  bold  or  confident;  grow 
bold  or  strong. 
bieldy  (bel'di),  a.     [Sc,  also  written  beildy,  < 
bield  +  ->/.]    Sheltered  from  the  weather;  af- 
fording shelter. 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a'  day,  and  whiles 
a'  night,  in  the  cove  in  the  dun  hag;  .  .  .  it's  a  beildy 
enough  bit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

biemarginate  (bi-e-miir'ji-nat),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
eniargiiuite.]  In  cntom.,  having  two  emargina- 
tions  or  concavities  in  the  margin. 

bien,  bienly,  bienness.    See  bein.  etc. 

biennial  (bi-en'i-al),  a.  and  re.  [<  L.  biennium, 
a  space  of  two  years,  <  biennis,  lasting  two  years 
(>  biemialis,  adj.),  <  l>i-  +  annus,  year:  see  hi-- 
and  annual.]  I.  a.  1.  Happening  or  taking 
place  once  in  two  years:  as,  biennial  games. 

I  consider  biennial  elections  as  a  security  that  the  sober 
second  thought  of  the  people  shall  he  law.  .1  mes  (17S8). 
2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  two  years;  changed 
or  renewed  every  two  years:  said  especially  of 
plants. 

II.  n.  1.  A  plant  which  requires  two  seasons 
of  growth  to  produce  its  flowers  and  fruit, 
growing  one  year  and  flowering,  fruiting,  and 
dying  the  next. — 2.  An  exercise,  as  a  college 
examination,  occurring  once  in  two  years. 
Sometimes  also  bisanunal. 

biennially  (bi-en'i-al-i),  adv.  Once  in  two 
years;  at  the  return  of  two  years. 

bienseance  (F.  pron.  byah-sa-ohs'),  11.  [P.,  < 
bienscant,  becoming,  seemly,  <  bien  (<  L.  bene), 
well,  +  scant,  becoming,  seemly,  lit.  sitting, 


bienseance 

ppr.  of  seoir,  sit,  befit,  <  L.  sub  re  =  E.  si*.] 
Decency;  decorum;  propriety;  seemliness. 
The  rule  ol  observing  what  the  French  call  the  i>i>n- 
in  allusion  has  been  found  outof  Latei  years, 
and  in  the  colder  regions  "t  the  world. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No    LflO. 
He  [Sir  Robert   Peel]  scarcely  ever  offended  against 

qvi  ntional  01  thi   essential  I 

ciety.  It.  R.  Qreg,  Misc.  Essays,  2dser.,  p.  219. 

bienvenuet  (F.  pron.  byan-ve-nii'),  u.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  benvenue,  ME.  bienvenu,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  hi' in;  inn,  <  ftjen,  well,  +  yereu,  com- 
ing,  pp.  of  venir,  <  L.  renin;  come.]  1.  Wel- 
come. 

They  by  this  have  met  him, 
And  given  him  the 

'/./.  */,w.  i ,  The  Picture,  ii.  '2. 

2.  A  foe  exacted  I'roiii  a  new  workman  by  bis 
fellows,  especially  in  printing-offices. 

\  i  '   or  sum  for  drink,  was  demanded  of 

me  by  the  compositors.    I  thought  it  an  imposition,  as  1 
had  paid  it  below  [to  the 

Franklin,  Autobiography, 

bier  (ber),  n.  [The  present  spelling  is  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  the  P.  biere;  early  mod.  E.  reg. 
beer,  <  ME.  beere,  bar,  bey.  <  As.  birr  (= 
OPries.  here  =  OS.  »e7w  =  D.  &a<w  =  OHG-. 
Sara,  MHG.  '-"■•,  G.  ftaftn  i>  Pr.  bera  =  F. 
e)  =  [eel.  barm;  mini,  hiirnr,  pi.,  =  Sw. 
Mr  =  Dan.  6oan  I,  a  bier,  <  &eran  (pret.  6cw, 
pi.  baron),  bear.  Cf.  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr.  qiperpov, 
and  E.  barroic-,  from  the  same  nit.  root.  See 
fiear1.]  It.  Aframe,  usually  of  wood,  on  which 
In  carry  a  Load;  a  barrow;  a  litter;  a  stretch- 
er. Specifically  —  2.  A  framework  on  which  a 
corpse,  or  the  coffin  containing  it,  is  laid  be- 
fore burial;  also,  one  on  which  it  is  carried  to 
the  grave  by  hand. 

After  Mass  was  done,  the  priest  walked  down  and  stood 
by  the  bier  whereon  lay  Btretched  the  corpse. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  fathers,  ii.  306. 

3.  A  count  of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or 
chain  of  woolen  cloth.     Imp.  Diet. 

bier-balkt  (ber'bak),  n.    [<  bier  +   balk1,  a 
ridge,  a  path.]     A  balk  left  in  a  field  for  the 
passage  of  funerals. 
A  broad  and  sufficient  bier-balk. 

Homily  for  Rogation  Week,  iv. 

bier-right  (ber'rlt),  m.  An  ancient  ordeal,  in 
which  those  who  were  suspected  or  accused  of 
murder  were  required  to  approach  and  touch 
the  corpse  of  the  murdered  person  as  it,  lay  on 
the  bier.  If  when  touched  the  corpse  bled,  this  was 
supposed  to  indicate  the  guilt  of  the  person  touching  it. 

biest,  biestings,  n.    See  beestings. 

bietle  (be'tl),  it.  [Amer.  link]  A  kind  of 
jacket,  made  of  an  entire  deer-skin,  worn  by 
the  women  of  the  Apaches.  L.  Hamilton,  Mex. 
Handbook,  p.  49. 

bifacial  (bi-fa'shial),  «.  [<  bi-2  +  facial.]  1. 
Having  the  opposite  surfaces  alike. —  2.  In  bot., 
having  the  opposite  faces  unlike:  as,  the  bi- 
facial  arrangement  of  the  parenchyma  or  green 
pulp  upon  the  two  laces  of  a  leaf.  Also  aorsi- 
ventral. —  3.  Having  two  fronts  or  principal 
[aces;  specifically,  having  two  human  faces 
turned  in  opposite  directions,  as  a  medal  or  an 
image. 

bifara  (bif'a-ra),  n.    [It.,  also  biffara,  pifara, 

pifli  ro,  a  pipe:  see  pipe.]  In  organ-building,  a 
Stop  the  pipes  of  which  are  cither  two-mouthed 

or  sounded  in  pairs,  and  are  so  tuned  that  the 

two  tunes  emitted  differ  slightly  in  pitch,  thus 

Lucing  a  wavy  tone.     Also  called  piffero, 

,1,,'hi  mm  is,  eeh  sli nil,  etc. 

bifarious  (bi-fa'ri-us),  o.  [<  L.  hifirius  (= 
Gr.  dujiaoioe),  twofold,  <  hi-  +  -farim,  < /o-ri 
(=  Gr.  <pii-vai),  speak.  Cf.  multifarious.]  Di- 
vided into  two  pails  ;  double;  twofold.  Specifl- 
callj  '  ,■  I '  bot.,  pi  Inting  in  two  ways,  or  arranged  in  t  \\  ■ . 
ite  rowB,  as  leaves  that  grow  onlj  mi  opposite  idi 
two  rowed  ;  two  ranked  ;  <lis- 
tichous  or  dichotomous,  as  the  hairs  <<t  a  squirrel's  tail, 
,i  thi 

bifariously  (bl-fa'ri-us-li),  adv.     In  a  bifarious 

manner. 
bifasciate  (bi-fag'i-at),  a.     [<  W-2  +  faseiate.] 

In  tool.,   having  two  transverse  or  encircling 

bands  of  color. 
Bifaxaria  i  ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  bifax, 

two-faced,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  ■  |     A  genus 

ol  pi  iih  two  rows  i.f  cells  facing  in 

opposite  directions,  typical  ol  the  familj  Bifax- 

minht . 

Bifaxariida?  (bl-fak-sa-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bifaxaria  +  -idee.]  A  familj  •  •!'  chuostomatous 
polyzoans,  typified  by  thi  genu    Bifaxaria.   The 

eilai-y  orzoariu Igld,  oisei idvai    oslybrani  hed 

tin-  i  ells  oi  /"I  i  ia  .in-  nil-  in'' 

and  facing  in  opposite  direction       I  i  Kisting 

species  are  known. 


548 

biferous  (bif' e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bifer,  bearingtwioe 

(<  hi-,  twiee,  +  ferre  =  K.  bear1),  +  -mix.]  In 
hut.,  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twiee  a  year,  as 

some  plants  in  warm  climates. 

biffin  (Infill),  it.  [Also  spelled  litefin,  heefen 
(anil,  by  a  false  etyni.,  btaufiu.  as  if  <  F.  hum, 
beautiful,  +  fin,  line);  a  dial,  corruption  of 
hi  eii up.  <  lii if  +  -iiiij :  so  called  from  the  red 
color  of  the  apple.]  1.  An  excellent  cooking- 
apple  cultivated  in  England,  especially  in  the 
county  of  Norfolk.  It  is  often  sold  in  a  dried 
and  flattened  condition.  Hence  —  2.  Abaked 
apple  crushed  into  a  flat,  round  cake. 

bifid  i  bi'lid  I,  a.  [<  L.  bifidus,  forked,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  findcre  (fid-),  cleave,  divide,  =  E.  bite,  q.  v.] 
cleft  or  divided  into  two  parts;  forked,  as 
the  tongue  of  a  snake;  specifically,  in  bot., 
divided  half-way  down  into  two  parts;  open- 
ing with  a,  cleft;  divided  by  a  linear  sinus,  with 
straight  margins. 

It  will  lie  observed  that  each  of  tin-  simple  cells  has 
a  bifid  wait-like  projection  of  the  cellulose  wall  on  either 
side.  H'.  11  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  263. 

Bifid  circle,  a  circle  cut  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter 
by  another  circle,  in  regard  to  which  it  is  said  to  he  bifid. 
—  Bifid  substitution,  in  ninth.,  a  substitution  relating 
in  pairs  ni  s  letters  as  elements,  and  proceeding  by  the 
rule  that  the  whole  8  are  to  be  distinguished  into  2sets 
of  4,  and  that  every  pah-  both  members  of  which  belong 
to  the  same  set  of  4  is  to  he  replaced  by  the  other  pair 
of  the  same  set  of  4,  while  the  rest  of  the  pairs  remain 
unchanged. 

bifidate,  bifidated  (bif'i-dat,  -da-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
bifidatus,  equiv.  to  bifidus:  see  bifid.]  Same 
as  bifid.     [Rare.] 

bifidi'ty  (bi-fid'i-ti),  n.  [<  bifid  +  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  bifid. 

bifilar  (bi-fi'lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  bi-2  +  filar,  < 
L.filum,  thread:  Bee  file3.']  I.  a.  Two-thread- 
ed; having  two  threads.  Bifilar  magnetometer, 
an  instrument  invented  in  1837  by  the  mathematician 
Gauss,  depending  on  the  use  of  the  bifilar  suspension. — 
Bifilar  suspension,  an  important  contrivance  for  mea- 
suring horizontal  couples  or  forces  of  rotation,  first  used 
in  the  bifilar  magnetometer.  The  needle,  bar,  disk,  or 
other  body  which  tin-  couple  to  be  measured  is  to  turn  is 
suspended  at  equal  distances  from  and  on  opposite  sides 
of  its  center  of  gravity  by  two  equally  long  threads  from 
two  fixed  points  on  one  higher  level.  Thus,  under  the 
influence  of  gravity  alone,  the  suspended  body  comes  to 
equilibrium  with  the  two  threads  in  a  vertical  plane. 
When  it  is  turned  through  any  angle  about  a  vertical 
axis  through  its  center,  its  weight  tends  to  restore  it  to 
its  original  position ;  and  the  moment  of  this  force  of 
restitution  can  be  accurately  calculated  from  the  lengths 
•  if  the  threads,  the  distances  of  their  attachments,  ami 
the  weight  of  the  suspended  body.  This  moment  in- 
creases with  the  angle  of  displacement  up  to  90r  ;  conse- 
quently, if  the  force  to  be  measured  is  not  too  great,  it 
will,  when  it  is  applied,  bring  the  suspended  body  to  equi- 
librium in  a  new  position,  the  inclination  of  which  from 
the  old  position  being  observed  affords  the  means  of  calcu- 
lating tlte  magnitude  of  the  force. 
II.  n.  A  micrometer  fitted  with  two  threads. 

bifilarly  (bi-fi'lar-li),  adv.  In  a  bifilar  man- 
ner ;  by  means  of  two  threads :  as,  "  supported 
iiifilarli/,"  «S'.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p. 
298. 

bifistular,  bifistulous  (bi-fis'tu-lar,  -lus),  a. 
[<  bi--  +  fisttdur,  fistulous.']  Having  two  tubes 
or  channels. 

biflabellate  (bi-fla-bel'at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  fiaoc\. 
late]  In  entom.,  having  short,  joints,  as  an 
antenna,  each  provided  on  two  opposite  sides 
with  a  very  long,  somewhat  flattened  process, 
the  processes  lying  close  together,  so  that,  the 
whole  organ  is  somewhat  fan-like.  It  is  an 
extreme  modification  of  the  bipectinate  type. 

biflagellate  (bi-fla-jel'at),  a.  [<  W-2  +  flagel- 
Inni  +  -ate1.]  Having  two  whip-like  appen- 
dages or  flagella:  as,  a  biflagellate  infusorian. 

The  '-  1 keil  .Monad  "  is  aiiutluT  hi-ilmte/hitr  form. 

it,  /;.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  420. 
biflecnode (bi-flek'nod),  n.  [Irreg.<  L.  bi-,  twice, 
+  flrc(tirr),  bend,  +  mains,  node.]  In  math.,  a 
node  or  point  at  which  a  curve  crosses  itself, 
and  which  is  at,  the  same 
time  a  point  of  inflection,  or 
a  |iiniil  where  tin-  direction 
of  the  bending  changes. 
This  is  a  singularity  found 
among  quartac  and   higher 

curves.  Biflecnode. 

biflorate  (bi-fto'rat),  a.    [< 

In--  +  Jloratc.]     In  bot.,  bearing  two  flowers. 

biflorous  (bi-flo'rus),  a.    [<  NL.  bifi<>rus,<  L.bi-, 

two-,  +  Jios  ( fior-),  (lower.]     Same  as  liifioriitt . 
bifocal  (iu-fo'kal),  «.    [<  bi-2  +  focal.]    Having 

I  Wo  foci, 
bifoil  (bi'foil),    It.      [<    ///-'-'   +  fnil\    leaf.]      All 

old  arid  synonymous  name  of  tho  British  plant 

i  wayblade,  Listera  ovata. 
bifold  (bi'fold),  a.     \  <  K-2  +  -fold.]    Twofold ; 

double;  of  two  kinds,  degrees,  etc. 


big 

O  madness  of  discourse, 
That  cause  sets  up  with  and  against  thyself ! 
Bt-/oZd  authority  !  ShaJc.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

bifolia,  «.    Plural  of  bifolium, 

bifoliate  (bi-lo'li-at ),  ,/.     l<  bi-2  +  foliate.]     In 

hot.,  having  two  leaves. 

bifoliolate  (bi-fo'li-o-lat),  a.  [<  K-2  i- folio- 
late.]  In  bot.,  having  two  leaflets:  applied  to 
a  compound  leaf. 

bifolium  ( bi-fo'li-um),  «.;  pi.  bifolia  (-ii).   [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  folium,  leaf.]  In  math.,  a  plane 
curve  having  two  folia  or  depressions.  See  cut 
under  bitmap  ill. 

bifollicular'(bi-fo-lik'u-lar),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  fol- 
licular.] In  hot.,  having  a  double  follicle,  as 
apocynacoous  plants. 

biforate  (bi-fo'rat),  a.  [<  Ij.  bi-  +  foratus,  per- 
forated, pp.  of  forare  =  E.  bore'.]  In  bot., 
having  two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  an- 
thers of  a  rhododendron.     Also  biforous. 

biforine  (bif'o-rin),  n.  [<  L.  biforis,  two- 
doored,  <  hi-,  two-,  4-  foris =E.  door.]  In  Imt., 
a  minute  oval  sac  found  in  tho  interior  of  the 
green  pulpy  part,  of  the  leaves  of  some  arace- 
ous  plants,  yvith  an  aperture  at  each  end  through 
which  raphides  are  expelled. 

Biforipalla  (bl-fo-ri-pal'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  foris  =  E.  ilmir,  +  jialla,  mantle.] 
An  order  of  bivalve  rnollusks,  supposed  to  be 
distinguished  by  having  two  openings  in  the 
mantle,  one  for  the  foot  and  the  other  for  ex- 
crement. It  was  thus  based  on  a  misconception. 
Its  constituents  were  the  ilytilacea  and  Nat/a- 

lies.      Lll tn  ille. 

biforked  (bi'forkt),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  forked.  Cf. 
bifurcate]  Having  two  forks  or  prongs  ;  two- 
forked  :  as,  " a  biforked  beam,"  Southey. 

biform,  biformed  (bi'form,  -formd),  a.  [<  L. 
biformis,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having 
two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes ;  double-bodied. 

biformity  (bi-for'mi-tii,  ».  [<  biform  +  -it;/.] 
The  state  of  being  biform ;  a  doubleness  of 
form. 

biforous  (bi-fo'rus),  a.    Same  as  biforate. 

bifoveolate,  bifoveolated  (bi-fo've-o-lSt,  -la- 
ted),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  foveolate.]  In  entom.,  hav- 
ing two  round  shallow  pits  or  fovese  on  the 
surface. 

bifrons  (bi'fronz),  a.  [L. :  see  bifront.]  Same 
as  bif  rout. 

bifront  (bi'frunt),  a.  [<  L.  bifronft-)s,  having 
two  foreheads  (an  epithet  of  Janus),  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  fron(t-)s,  forehead,  front.]  Having  two 
fronts  or  faces,  as  the  god  Janus. 

bifronted  (bi-frun'ted),  a.  [As  bifront  +  -cil'-.] 
Same  as  bif  emit. 

bifurcate  (bi-fer'kat),  i\  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bifur- 
cated, ppr.  hifiircaliinj.  [<  ML.  hi  lit  renins,  pp. 
adj.,  two-forked  (cf.   L.  bif  mens,  I  wo-forked), 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  f urea  tus,  forked:  Bee  furcate.] 
To  divide  into  two  forks  or  branches. 

The  central  trunk  which  runs  up  the  foot-stalk  bifur- 
cates near  the  centre  of  the  leaf. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  247. 

At  present  the  Gulf  Stream  bifurcates  in  mid-Atlantic, 
one  branch  passing  north-eastwards  into  the  Arctic  re- 
gions, whilst  th,-  larger  branch  turns  south-eastwards  by 
the  Azores.  ./.  Croll.  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  148. 

bifurcate,  bifurcated  (bi-fer'kat,  -ka-ted),  a. 
[<ML.  bif 'urcatiis:  see  the  verb.]  Two-forked; 
divided  into  two  branches. 

bifurcately  (bi-fer'kat-li),  adv.  In  a  bifurcate 
manner. 

bifurcation  (bi-fer-ka'shon),  n.  [<  bifurcate 
+  -ion.]  1.  A  forking  or  division  into  two 
branches;  separation  into  two  parts  or  things; 
in  optics,  same  as  double  refraction.  See  refrac- 
tion.—  2.  A  point  at  which  forking  occurs;  one 
or  both  of  the  bifurcating  parts. 

bifurcous  (bi-fer'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bifurcus,  two- 
forked,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  furca,  a  fork.]  Same  as 
bif  it  rente. 

big1  (big),  a.  [<  ME.  hiii.  bigg,  bigge,  bijg,  etc., 
powerful,  strong,  large;  origin  unknown.  The 
K.  dial.  Inn/,  bog,  proud,  important,  self-suffi- 
cient, agrees  partly  in  sense,  but  appears  to 
be  unrelated:  see  bog3,  lntgi.]  If.  Of  great 
strength  or  power. —  2.  Having  great  size  ;  largo 
iu  bulk  or  magnitude,  absolutely  or  relatively. 
Methinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his  head. 

Shak.,  I.ear,  iv.  6. 

The  world  wagged  on  in  its  accustomed  way,  bringing 

all  manner  of  changes  Inn  and  little.  W.  liltuk. 

3.  Great  with  young;  pregnant ;  ready  to  give 

birth  ;  hence,  figuratively,  full  of  something  im- 
portant; ready  to  produce ;  teeming. 
At  length  the  momentous  hour  arrives,  as  big  with  con- 
in  cs  to  man  as  any  that  ever  struck  in  his  history. 
Everett,  illations,  p.  81. 


big 

4.  Distended ;  full,  as  of  grief,  passion,  cour- 
age, determination,  goodness,  etc. 

Thy  heart  is  hiij ;  get  thee  apart  ami  weep. 

Shah.,  J.  C,  iii.  1. 

For  myself,  I  find  my  heart  too  big ;  I  feel  I  have  not  pa- 
tience to  look  on,  whilst  yon  inn  these  forbidden  courses. 
Beau,  ■mil  Ft.,  King  ami  No  King,  iii.  '■'•. 

5.  Tumid;    inflated,    as   with    pride;  hence, 
.   haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughti- 
ness ;  pompous ;  proud ;  boastful :  as,  big  looks ; 
big  words. 

He  began  to  look  big,  and  take  mightily  upon  him. 

Siei/f,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

6.  Great  as  regards  influence,  standing,  wealth, 
etc.  [Colloq.]  —Big  game.  See  oaim-i.— Big  tree, 
the  mammoth  tree,  Sequoia  gigantea,  found  on  the  slopes 
of  the  Siena  Nevada,  central  California,  particularly  in 
the  "big-tree  grove"  in  Calaveras  county.  =Syn.  2.  Large, 
etc.  (see  great),  balky,  huge,  massive. — 5.  Lofty,  pompous, 
arrogant,  important. 

big'-,  bigg2  (big),  »'.  [<  ME.  biggen,  byggen,  < 
Icel.  byggja,  older  form  byggra  (=  Sw.  bygga 
=  Dan.  bygge  =  AS.  buiait),  build,  dwell  in,  in- 
habit, a  secondary  form  of  bua  (pret.  pi.  bjoggu) 
=  AS.  burnt,  dwell:  see  ie1,  bower,  boor.}  I. 
trans.  If.  To  inhabit;  occupy. —  2f.  Reflex- 
ively,  to  locate  one's  self. —  3.  To  build;  erect; 
fashion.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

o  lagged  hae  they  a  bigly  hour 

Fast  by  the  roaring  strond. 
Rose  the  Re<l,  and  White  lAlly,  in  child's  Ballads,  V.  174. 

II.  t  intra  its.  To  dwell;  have  a  dwelling. 

big3,  bigg3  (big),  >t.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  more 
commonly  bigg,  early  mod.  E.  also  bygg,  bygge, 
late  ME.  byge,  <  Icel.  bygg  =  Sw.  bjttgg  =  Dan. 
byg,  barley,  =  AS.  beow,  grain,  nit.,  like  the 
remotely  related  big2,  bigg2,  <  y/  bit,  grow,  be, 
Skt.  t/  bit  it,  be,  Gr.  tpbeaHat,  grow:  see  Be1.]  A 
kind  of  winter  barley  cultivated  in  northern 
Europe,  especially  in  Scotland;  properly,  four- 
rowed  barley,  llordctim  vulgarc,  inferior  to  but 
hardier  than  H.  he.rastichon,  of  which  it  is  some- 
times called  a  variety.     See  bear3. 

biga  (bi'ga),  n.  [L.,  sing,  from  earlier  pi. 
bigte,  a  pair  of  horses,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  them,  contr.  of  bijuga;  fern.  pi.  of  bijugus, 
yoked  two  together,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  jiigiint  =  E. 
yoke.~]  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

bigamt  (big'ani),  n.  [<  ME.  bigam,  <  OF.  big- 
ante,  <  LL.  bigamus,  twice  married:  see  big- 
amy.']    A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teach  us  ordinances  of  some  apostle, 
as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  St.  Paul's  ordaining  that  a  bigam 
should  not  be  a  deacon  or  priest. 

Bp.  Pecuek,  in  his  Life  by  J.  Lewis,  p.  286. 

bigamist  (big'a-mist),   n.     [<  bigamy  +  ^ist.'] 

One  who  has  committed  bigamy,  or  had  two 

or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 

Lamech  the  prime  bigamist  and  corrupter  of  marriage. 

Donne,  Hist,  of  the  Septuagint,  p.  202. 

bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  bigam  us: 
see  bigamy.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  bigamy; 
guilty  of  bigamy;  involving  bigamy:  as,  a  big- 
amous marriage. 

And  very  good  reading  they  [the  novels  of  our  grand- 
mothers] were  too  iu  their  way,  though  it  was  not  the 
way  of  the  bigamoun  and  murderous  school  that  has  come 
after  them.  A'.  A.  Rev.,  C'XXIII.  223. 

bigamy  (big'a-mi),  n.  [<  ME.  bigamie,  <  OF. 
bigamie,  <  ML.  bigamia,  bigainy,  <  LL.  bigamns, 
twice  married,  a  bigamist  (equiv.  to  Gr.  o'iya/ioc, 
>  Stya/iia,  bigamy),  <  L.  bi-  (=  Gr.  6t-),  twice,  + 
yafioc,  marriage.]  1.  Literally,  double  mar- 
riage ;  remarriage  during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage ;  in  law,  the  offense  of  having 
two  or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time.  To  constitute  the  offense,  which  by  statute  law 
is  a  felony,  it  is  necessary,  by  the  law  of  many  jurisdic- 
tions, that  the  accused  should  have  actual  or  constructive 
knowledge  that  the  first  wife  or  husband  was  still  living 
when  the  second  one  was  taken,  and  that  the  second  mar- 
riage should  have  been  one  solemnized  under  the  forms  of 
law,  and  not  merely  an  informal  marriage  resting  on  the 
contract  of  the  parties,  or  their  holding  out  each  other  to 
the  world  as  husband  and  wife.  Where  these  elements  of 
knowledge  and  of  formality  are  wanting,  the  second  mar- 
riage is  still  generally  invalid,  but  not  bigamous  iu  the 
criminal  sense. 

2f.  Second  marriage ;  remarriage  of  a  widow 
or'widower.  In  the  early  church,  before  the  establish- 
ment of  clerical  celibacy,  such  remarriage  on  the  part  of 
a  man  was  generally  regarded  as  an  impediment  to  holy 
orders.  Marriage  with  a  widow  is  called  bigamy  by  Shak- 
spere  in  Richard  III.,  iii.  7. 

bigarade  (big'a-rad),  n.  [F.]  The  bitter  or 
Seville  orange,  Citrus  Aurantium,  variety  Biga- 
radia. 

bigarooil  (big-a-ron'),  n.  [With  term,  altered 
in  E.,  <  F.  bigarrettu.  white-heart  cherry  (cf. 
bigarrttre,  motley,  medley,  mixture),  <  bigarrer, 
streak,  checker,  variegate;  of  disputed  origin.] 


549 

The  large  white-heart  cherry,  rod  on  one  side 
and  white  on  the  other. 

bigaster  (bi-gas'ter),  it.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
yasrri/p,  belly.]     Same  as  biventer. 

big-bellied  (big'bel"id),  a.  1.  Having  a  large 
or  protuberant  belly. 

He  [William  Rufus]  was  iu  stature  somewhat  below  tin- 
usual  si/e,  and  big-bellied.  Swift,  Hist.  Eng. 

2.  Advanced  in  pregnancy.     [Vulgar.] 
big-boned  (big'bond),  a.    Having  large  bones; 

stout ;  very  strong. 

Big-boned,  and  large  of  limb,  with  sinews  strong. 

Drydeu,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  45. 

big-COmedt  (big'kornd),  a.  Having  large  grains. 
The  strength  of  big-eorn'd  powder. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  ii.  149. 

Bigelovia  (big-e-16'vi-a),  m.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow  (1787-1879),  a  physician  and 
botanist  of  Boston,  U.  S.  A.]  A  genus  of  t  .»«- 
jmsila;  nearly  related  to  Solidugo,  containing 
over  30  species,  natives  of  western  North  Amer- 
ica. They  arc  mostly  suffrutescetit  or  shrubby,  with  nar- 
row and  entire  leaves,  and  small  rayless  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  B.  oeneta,  from  the  borders  of  Mexico,  is  one 
of  the  sources  of  a  drug  called  damiana. 

bigemina,  n.     Plural  of  bigi  titinitm. 

bigeminate,  bigeminated  (bi-jem'i-uat,  -na- 

ted),  a.  [<  bi--  +  geminate.  Cf.  L.  bigemiitits, 
doubled.]  Twin-forked;  doubly  paired;  bi- 
con jugate:  in  bot.,  said  of  a  decompound  leaf 
having  a  forked  petiole,  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
at  the  end  of  each  division. 

bigeminum  (bl-jem'i-num),  ».;  pi.  bigejnma 
(-nil).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  bigeminus,  doubled,  < 
bi-,  twice,  +  gentians,  twin.]  One  of  the  cor- 
pora bigemina  or  twin  bodies  of  the  brain;  one 
of  the  anterior  pair  (nates  cerebri)  of  the  cor- 
pora quadrigemina ;  one  of  the  optic  lobes, 
when  there  are  only  two.  instead  of  four  as  in 
the  higher  mammals.     Wittier. 

big-endian  (big-en'di-au),  it.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
member  of  the  Lilliputian  party  in  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels"  who  maintained,  in  op- 
position to  the  little-endians,  that  boiled  eggs 
should  be  cracked  at  the  big  end ;  hence,  one  of 
any  corresponding  set  of  disputers  about  trifles. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  big  end 
of  an  egg,  or  any  equally  foolish  matter,  as  a 
subject  of  controversy. 

bigener  (bi'je-ner),  n.  [L.,  hybrid,  mongrel,  < 
bi-,  two-,  +  (jentts (gener-),  kind:  see  genus.]  A 
cross  between  two  species  of  different  genera ; 
a  mule. 

bigeneric  (bi-je-ner'ik),  a.  [As  bigener  +  -ic: 
see  bi-V  and  generic:]  Having  the  characters 
of  two  different  genera;  having  the  character 
of  a  bigener. 

bigential  (bi-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  bigeu(t-)s,  of 
two  nations,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  gen{t-)s,  a  nation.] 
Comprising  two  tribes  or  peoples. 

big-eye  (big'i),  «.  A  fish  of  the  genus  I'riaeaii- 
tlnis  and  family  Priacantltidee :  so  called  from 
its  very  large  round  eyes. 

big-foot  (big'fut),  n.  [Tr.  of  the  generic  name 
Mcgapodius.]  A  book-name  of  a  mound-bird 
of  the  genus  Megapodius. 

biggH,  a..    An  obsolete  spelling  of  big1. 

bigg'2,  ».     See  big2. 

bigg3,  n.     See  big3. 

biggah,  n.     See  bega. 

biggen  (big'n),  v.  [<  big1  +  -en1.]  I.t  trans. 
To  make  big ;  increase. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  big;  become  larger. 
[Dialectal.] — 2.  To  gain  strength  after  con- 
finement.    [North.  Eng.] 
The  gossips  regularly  wish  the  lady  a  good  biggening. 
Brocket!,  North  Country  Words,  p.  16. 

bigger  (big'er),  n.  [<  big2,  bigg2,  +  -er1.]  A 
builder.     [Scotch.] 

biggin1  (big'in),  ».  [Also  written  biggen,  big- 
gon,  early  mod.  E.  also  byggen,  begin,  <  OF.  be- 
guin,  mod.  F.  begttin  =  It.  beghino,  a  cap,  so 
named  from  that  worn  by  the  nuns  called  Be- 
gittttes.  ME.  begine,  beggin  (early  mod.  E.  bigin, 
biggayne,  etc.):  see  Beguin.]  1.  A  child's  cap. 
—2.  A  nightcap. 

Brow  with  homely  biggin  bound. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
An  old  woman's  biggin  for  a  nightcap. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  iv.  2. 

3.  In  England,  the  coif  of  a  Serjeant  at  law. — 

4.  A  head-dress  worn  in  the  later  middle  ages, 
and  throughout  the  seventeenth  century,  by 
both  men  and  women.  That  worn  by  women 
was  broad  at  the  top,  with  projecting  corners, 
like  ears, 

biggin-  (big'in),  n.  [Another  form  of  piggin, 
q.  v.]     A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  can. 


biglandular 

biggin3  (big'in),  it.  [Named  from  the  inventor, 
Mr.  Biggin,  about  1800.]  A  kind  of  coffee-pot 
containing  a  strainer  for  the  infusion  of  tho 
coffee,  without  allowing  the  grounds  to  mix 
with  the  infusion.     A'.  /..  /'. 

bigging  (big'ing),  n.  [Also  biggin,  <  ME.  big- 
ging,  a  building.  <  bit/grit,  build:  see  bit)".]  A 
building;  a  habitation;  a  home.  [Scotch  and 
North.  Eng.] 

biggont,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  biggin1. 

biggonet  (big'o-net),  n.  [Also  bigom-l,  after 
equiv.  (IF.  beguinet;  dim.  of  biggon,  biggin1,  q. 
v.]  A  cap  or  head-dress;  a  biggin.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  gi'e  to  me  my  biggonet, 

My  bishop's  satin  ^"\\  n 
Fori  maun  till  the  bailie's  wife 

That  Colin's  come  to  town. 

Jean  Adam-.  There's nae  Luck. 

bigha  (big'ii),  n.    Same  as  bega. 

bighead  (big'hed),  n.  A  local  name  of  aCali- 
fornian  species  of  sculpin,  St-orim niehthys  mar- 
morattts,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottida:  Also  call- 
ed cabezon. 

bighorn  (big'horn),  ii.  1.  Tho  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep,  Oris  montana:  so  called  from  the 
immense sizeof  thehorns,  whiehresemble  those 
of  the  argali,  but  are  shorter  and  comparatively 
stouter  and  not  so  spiral.  The  animal  in  other  re- 
spects resembles  and  is  closely  related    t.,   the   alkali,  ol 


Bighorn  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Oris  Montana). 

which  it  is  the  American  representative.  In  color  it  is 
grayish-brown,  with  whitish  buttocks,  like  the  other  wild 
sheep.  It  stands  about  ::l  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and 
is  very  stoutly  built.  It  inhabits  tin  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  United  states  from  New  Mexico 
and  southern  California  northward,  down  nearly  or  quite 
to  sea-level  in  the  higher  latitudes,  and  is  abundant  in 
suitable  localities  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho, 
etc.  It  is  much  hunted  for  its  flesh,  which  makes  excel- 
lent mutton.     Like  other  wild  sheep,  it  is  gregarious. 

2.  The  great  fossil  Irish  elk  of  the  peat-bogs, 
Verms  megaceros.     [Rare.] 

bight  (bit),  «.  [<  ME.  byeht,  bygt,  <  AS.  byht, 
a  bend,  a  corner  (=  I),  boclit  —  G.  bucht,  a  bay, 
bight,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bugt,  bend,  bight  of  a  rope, 
a  bay) ;  cf.  byge,  a  bend,  angle,  <  biigan  (pp. 
bogen),  bend,  bow:  see  bow1,  and  cf.  the  ult. 
identical  E.  bought1,  bout1,  and  the  related  bail1, 
a  ring,  hoop:  see  bout1.]  If.  Abend  or  bend- 
ing; an  angle,  especially  in  a  living  body,  as 
of  the  elbow,  or  the  inward  bend  of  a  horse's 
chambrel,  or  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees. — 2. 
A  loop  of  a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the  ends; 
any  bent  part  or  turn  of  a  rope  between  the 
ends. 

They  put  the  bightot  a  rope  round  Ben's  neck  andslung 
him  right  up  to  the  yard-arm. 

S.  0.  Jeu'ctt,  Deephaven,  p.  95. 

3.  A  narrow  bay  or  recess  in  a  sea-coast  be- 
tween comparatively  distant  headlands ;  a  long 
and  gradual  bend  of  a  coast-line:  used  especial- 
ly in  the  names  Bight  of  Benin  and  of  Biafra 
in  Africa,  and  the  Great  Australian  Bight  (on 
the  south  coast). 

The  spangle  dances  in  bight  and  bay. 

Tennyson,  Sea-Fairies. 

On  the  warm  bi'ikts  of  the  Florida  shores. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  iii. 

4.  A  similar  bend  in  the  shore  of  a  river  or  a 
bay,  or  recess  in  a  mountain ;  a  bay-like  inden- 
tation.    [Rare.] 

In  the  very  bite  or  nook  of  the  bay  there  was  a  great 
inlet  of  water. 

De  Foe,  Voyage  around  the  World.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

BowUne  on  a  bight.    See  bowline. 
bight  (bit),  V.  t.    [<  bight,  ii.]    To  fold  or  double 

so  as  to  make  one  or  more  bights. 
biglandular   (bi-glan'du-litr),  «.      [<  bi-2  + 

glandular.]     Having  two  glands. 


biglot 

biglot  (Wglot),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Or.  j/.urrn, 
tongue.]  In  two  languages;  bilingual.  N.E.D. 
[Rare.] 
biglyt  (big'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  high/,  powerfully, 
bravely  :  <  big1  +  -hi-.]  In  a  tumid,  swelling, 
blustering  manner;  haughtily;  arrogantly. 
ltt  brawletb  bigly.  Sir  T.  .'/<  re,  Works,  p.  701. 

bigmouth  (big'mouth),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Centrarchidce,  <  hamobryttusgtilosus.  Also  called 
warmouth.  See  out  under  Centrarchidce. 
bignessii'i-:  oe8),w.  [<  big1  +  -hiss.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  big;  largeness  of  propor- 
tions; size,  whether  large  or  small;  bulk,  ab- 
solute or  relative. 

Hayle  of  suche  bygnesss  that  it  Blewe  both  men  and 
beestys.  Fabyan,  I 

Their  legs  arc  both  of  a  bigness.   Shak.,  2  Hen.  I\'.,  ii.  4. 
The  bigness  and  uncouth  deformity  of  the  came]. 

Sir  R.  /.  1 
Large  oak,  walnut,  hickory,   ash,   beech,  poplar,  and 
many  other  sorts  of  timber,  of  surprisii  - 

!i  y,  Virginia,  ii.  •  -. 

Bignonia  (big-no'ni-ii),  n.  [XL.,  named  after 
Bignon,  librarian  to'  Louis  XV.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  natural  order  Bigno- 
niacew,  natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
new  world.  The  species  arc  characterized  by  a  twin- 
ing or  climbing  stem,  frequently  in  the  tropics  reaching 
the  tops  of  the  highest  ti  es,  with  divided  leaves  and  often 
magnificent  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  In  the  stems  of 
some  species  the  wood  is  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  cross- 
like appearai Ih st  northern  species, 

B.  capreblala  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  frequent- 
ly cultivated  in  gardens,  and  others  are  ornaments  of 
i  houses.    B.  Chica  of  South  America  yields  an  orange- 
loring  matter  called  ckico  (which  see). 

Bignortiaceae  (big-no-ni-a'sf-e),  ».  />/.  [XL., 
< Bignonia  +  -aa a.]  A  natural  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledonous  plants  with  irregular 


Flowering  Branch  of  Trumpet-creeper  [Tecoma  radicans).  a, 
opened  follicle  of  same,  showing  seeds;  *,  seed  of  Catalfa  bignoni. 
oides.  From  Le  Mae-ut  and  Duc.usne's  "  Traite  general  de  Bota- 
nique." } 

flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit,  and  winged  seeds 
Without  albumen.  They  arc  trees  or  shrubby  climli- 
hli  By  of  warm  regions,  and  are 
i  ipecialbj  abundant  in  South  America.  Of  the  many 
Bignonia,  Tecoma  (the  trum- 
p< '  mm   trees  that  furnish  hard  ami 

close-grained  woi  tia  (the  calabash-tree),  and 

r,,<,<ir,i  ,,f  ii,,.  United  mm. 

bignoniaceous  (big-no-ni-a'shius),  a.     In  /»<</.. 

pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 

Bignoniact  at. 
bigoldt  (bi'gold  i.  ii.    The  yellow  oxeyc  or  eorn- 

marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segetum.    Gerard. 

bigot  (big'pt),  n.  and  a.  [First  at  end  of  With 
century,  <  V.  bigot,  a  bigot,  a  hypocrite,  <  OF. 
bigot ;  id'  disputed  origin.  Under  this  form  t  wo 
or  more  independent  words  appear  to  have 
been  eonl'nsi  d.  involving  the  etyin.  in  a  mass 
of  fable  and  GOnjei  I  nxi  Whatever  its  origin, 
bigot,  ae  a  ( ague  term  ol  contempt,  came  lo  be 
confused  with  Begtiin  and  Beghard.  Thii  eon 
fusion  appears  in  ML.  BigutH,  Biguttat,  used  in 
the  loth  century  asequivali  at  -  of  Beghardi  and 
Beguinw.  See  BeghardanA  Begum."]  I.  »,  it. 
A  hypocritical  professor  of  religion:  a  I 

Clite;    also,   a    Superstitious    adherent  of    reli- 
gion.   A .  E.  I). —  2.  A  person  who  is  obstiuate- 


650 

ly  and  unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 
religious  or  other  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or 
ritual;  a  person  who  is  illiberally  attached  to 
any  opinion,  system  of  belief,  or  party  organi- 
zation; an  intolerant  dogmatist. 

In  philosophy  ami  religion  the  bigots  of  all  parties  arc 
generally  the  most  positive.  Watts. 

The  bigots  "f  the  iron  time 

Had  called  his  harmless  art  a  clinic. 

Scott,  I.,  of  I..  M.,  Int. 
The  existence  of  genuine  piety  amid  serious  errors  is 
in  n,  nr  rather  rejected,  by  certain  illihcral  minds, 
tin    bigots  hi  exclusive  ecclesiastical  hypotheses,  who.  in 
maintaining  that  "out  of  the  church  there  can  he  no  salva- 
tion,1 would  have  us  believe  that  there  is  uont t  ol  their 

own.  Is.  Taylor,  Spiritual  Despotism,  §  10. 

Il.t  «.  Same  as  bigoted. 

In  a  country  more  bigot  than  ours. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Limberham. 

bigoted  (big'ot-ed),  o.  [<  bigot  +  -«fi2.]  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot ;  obstinately  and  blind- 
ly wedded  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual;  unreasonably  and  intolerantly 
devoted  to  a  system  of  belief,  an  opinion,  or  a 
party.    Also  rarely  spelled  bigotted. 

A  more  abject,  slavish,  and  bigoted  generation.     Steele. 

So  nursed  and  bigoted  to  strife.  Byron. 

A  bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  wii. 

bigotedly  (big'pt-ed-li),  adv.     In  a  bigoted 

manner;  with  irrational  zeal, 
bigoticalt  (bi-got'i-kal),  a.     [<  bigot  +  -ical.] 

Bigoted. 

Some  bigotieal  religionists. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  IS. 

bigotry  (big'pt-ri),  n. ;  pi.  bigotries  (-riz).  [<  F. 
bigoterie,  <  bigot.']  The  character  or  mode  of 
thought  of  a  bigot;  obstinate  and  unreasona- 
ble attachment  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  ritual,  or  party  organization;  exces- 
sive zeal  or  warmth  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect, 
or  opinion;  intolerance  of  the  opinions  of 
others. 

Those  bigotries  which  all  good  and  sensible  men  despise. 

Pope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could 
hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked,  and  bloody 
principles  should  pretend  to  support  themselves  by  the 
gospel.  Watts. 

James  was  now  a  Roman  Catholic.  Religious  bigotry 
had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  of  his  narrow  and 
stubborn  mind.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

=  Syn.  Credulity,  Fanaticism,  etc.  (see  superstition),  nar- 
row-mindedness^ prejudice,  intolerance. 

bigroot  (big'rbt),  n.  The  name  in  California 
of  species  of  Megarrhiza,  a  cueurbitaceous  vine 
the  roots  of  which  grow  to  an  immense  size. 

big-sounding  (big 'soun"  ding),  a.  Having  a 
pompous  sound. 

Big-sounding  sentences  and  words  of  state. 

IIjk  Hall,  Satires,  i.  3. 

big-SWOllen,  big-SWOln  (big'swo"len,  -swoln), 
a.  Greatly  inflated;  swelled  to  great  bulk; 
turgid;  ready  to  burst. 

\lv  big  swoln  heart,  Skak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

biguttate  (bi-gut'at),  o.     [<  hi--  +  giittale.] 

In  zoiil.,  marked  with  two  small  spots. 
bigwig  (big'wig),  n.  [<  big1  +  irig,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  large  wigs  worn  in  Great  Britain 
by  judges  and  others  in  authority.]  A  great 
man;  a  person  of  consequence ;  one  high  in  au- 
thority or  rank.     [Slang.] 

Her  husband  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
a  Conselller  d'Etat,  or  other  French  big  wig. 

Thackeray,  Ncweonies,  xlvi. 

bigwigged  (big'wigd),  a.  Pompous;  solemnly 
authoritative. 

'Inwards  nightfall  conies  the  chariot  of  a  physician  and 
deposits  its  biywiyyed  and  solemn  burden. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Talcs,  I. 

bihamate  (bi-ha'mat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  hamate] 
Doubly  hooked ;  having  two  hooks. 

the  bihamaU  "spicules  of  the  Barcode"  so  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Esperia  and  its  allies. 

Sir  V.  W.  Thornton,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  113. 

bihourly  (bi-our'li),  a.  and  otto.    [<  6i-2  + 

hoiirlj/.]  Every  two  hours;  once  every  two 
hours:  as,  bihourly  observations. 

bihydroguret  (bi-hi-drog'u-ret),  >i.  [<  hi--  + 
hi/ilini/(i  ii)  +  -urct.]  A  compound  of  hydrogen 
with  a.  non-metallic  or  negative  element,  or 
radical,  in  the  proportion  id'  two  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen to  one  atom  or  group  of  the  oilier  mem- 
ber of  ih impound. 

bijou  1 1"'  zb.8'),  ».  [F.;  of  unknown  origin.] 
1.  A  jewel;  specifically,  a  jewel  of  gold  tidily 
wrought  in  the  metal  itself  without  the  aid  of 
precious  stones,     bee  bijouterie.     Henco — 2. 


bilander 

An  object  of  beauty  of  small  size ;  something 
delicately  pretty  ;  any  relatively  small  charm- 
ing object. 

bijouterie  (be-zln'i't re).  «.  pp.,  <  bijou.]  Jew- 
elry ;  small  ornaments  lor  personal  decoration; 
specifically,  jewelry  of  gol.l  richly  adorned  in 
the  metal  itself ,  with  little  or  no  use  of  precious 
stones. 

bijoutry  (be-zho'tri ),  ii.    Same  &s  bijouterie. 

bijugate  (bi-jii'gat).  (i.  [<  hi--  +  jugate.]  1. 
In  minus.,  bearing  two  profile  heads,  one  of 
them  overlapping  the  other.  See  cut  under  ac- 
eolated. — 2.  In  but.,  having  two  pail's  of  leaf- 
lets or  pinna?:  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

bijUgOUS  (bi-jii'gus),  a.  [<  L.  bijugus,  yoked 
two  together:  see  biga.]     Same  as  oijugate. 

bijugue  (bi'jog),  u.  [<  L.  bijugus,  yoked  two  to- 
gether: see  liijiigtiiis.]  A  double  bottle  consist- 
ing of  two  complete  vessels  attached  to  each 
other  by  strips  of  the  same  material,  so  that 
they  form  one  piece. 

bike  (bik),  «.  [So.,  also  written  byke,  <  ME. 
bike,  byke,  a  hive.]  A  nest  of  wild  bees,  hor- 
nets, or  wasps. 

The  simile  of  my  son  is  lyke 

To  a  fehl  with  tlouris,  or  hony  byke. 

Toiciu  ley  Mysteries,  p.  43. 

bikh  (bik),  n.  The  name  given  by  the  natives 
of  Xepal  to  a  most  virulent  poison  derived 
from  the  roots  of  Aconitum  ferox  and  proba- 
bly other  species  of  aconite,  and  to  the  roots 
themselves ;  Xepal  aconite.  Also  called  lush, 
hishnia,  or  bisk. 

bikos  (bi'kos),  n. ;  pi.  bikoi  (-koi).  [Or.  jiinoc'. 
see  beaker.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  form  of  earthen- 
ware vase,  usually  of  large  size,  used,  like  other 
large  vases  of  similar  character,  for  storing  pro- 
visions, liquids,  etc.  it  was  shaped  like  a  Btamuos 
with  handles,  and  is  mentioned  also  as  made  of  .small 
size,  sometimes  in  glass,  to  serve  as  a  drinking-vess, 1  ol 
a  perfume-jar. 

bikshu  (bik'sho),  «.  [Skt.  bhikshu.]  A  Bud- 
dhist mendicant  monk. 

bikshuni  (bik'sho-ne),  n.  [Skt.  bhikshuni.]  A 
Buddhist  nun. 

bil  (bil),  n.  [Also  called  billard  and  billet ;  ori- 
gin obscure;  perhaps  connected  with  billet2,  a 
stick  or  club.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
coal-fish,  Pollachius  virens. 

bilabe  (bi'lab),  n.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  labium,  lip.] 
In  surg..  an  instrument  for  removing  small  for- 
eign bodies  from  the  bladder  through  the  ure- 
thra. 

bilabiate  (bi-la'bi-at),  a.    [<  W-2  +  labiate.] 

1.  Possessing,  or  having  the  appearance  of 
possessing,  two  lips:  in  bot., 
applied  to  an  irregular  corolla 
or  calyx  whose  lobes  are  so 
arranged  as  to  form  an  upper 
and  a  lower  lip.  This  character 
prevails  in  the  natural  order  Labiatce, 
and  is  frequent  in  some  other  orders. 

2.  In  eoiieh.,  having  the  outer 
lip  doubled  by  a  thickening 
behind  the  margin  or  true  lip. 

bilabiation  (bi-la-bi-a'shon), 
ii.  [<  bilabiate  +  -ion.]  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being 
two-lipped,  or  having  two  lips : 
a  bilabiate  formation.  Amer. 
.lour.  Sri..M  ser.,  XXIX.  319, 

bilaciniate  (bl-la-sin'i-at),  a. 

iate.]  In  bot.,  doubly  laeiniate. 
bilalo  (bi-lii'ld),  n.  [Also  written  gnilaht ;  a 
native  name.]  A  two-masted  passenger-boat, 
about  65  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  peculiar 
to  Manila  bay.  It  carries  an  outrigger  for  use  when 
the  wind  blows  fresh,  and  has  a  large  cabin  behind  the 
mainmast. 

bilamellate  (bi-lam'e-lat),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  lamel- 
late.] Doubly  lamellate  ;  having  two  lamellte; 
specifically,  in  bot.,  composed  of  two  plates  and 
as  many  stigmas  and  placentas,  or  bearing  two 
plates,  as  the  lip  of  some  orchids. 

bilamellated  (bi-lam'e-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  bi- 
Innn  Hate. 

bilaminar  (bi-lam'i-nftr),  a.  [<  hi--  +  laminar.] 
Consisting  of  two  thin  plates  or  lamina' ;  I  un- 
l.i'.  ered, 

bilaminate  (bi-lam'i-nat),  a.  [<  hi--  +  lami- 
nate.]    Having  two  plates  or  lamina'. 

bilan  (F.  pron.  bS-lon'),  «.    [F.,  <  LL.  bilanx 

(80.  libra),  a  balance:  srr  haittnee.]  A  balance- 
sheet  :  the  name  given  in  Louisiana,  to  a  book 
in  which  merchants  keep  account  of  their  assets 
and  liabilities. 

bilandt,  »•    See  byland. 
bilander  ( bil'an-derorbi'lan-der),  n.    [Alsoo-i/- 
lander  (cf.  F.'belandre),  <  "D.  bijlandcr,  <  bij,  = 


Bilabiate  Calyx  and 
Corolla  of  Salvia 
(sage). 


lacin- 


[<  bi- 


bilander 

E.  hi/1,  +  land  =  E.  land.]  A  small  merchant 
vessel  with  two  masts,  and  the  mainsail  bent 

to  the  whole 
length  of  a 
yard,  hanging 
fore  and  aft, 
and  inclined 
to  the  horizon 
at  an  angle 
of  about  45 
degrees,  the 
foremost  low- 
er comer, 
called  the 
tack,  being 
secured  to  a 
ring-bolt  in 
the  deck,  and 

'  Bilander.  *n6  after- 

most,  or  sheet, 
to  the  taffrail.  Few  vessels  are  now  rigged  in  this 
manner.  The  bilander  is  a  kind  of  hoy,  manageable  by 
four  or  five  men,  and  used  chiefly  in  the  canals  of  the  Low 
Countries. 

Why  choose  we,  then,  like  inlanders  to  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep? 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  128. 

bilateral  (bi-lat'e-ral),  a.     [<  NL.  bilateralis,  < 

L.  bi-   +  In/us  ('inter-),  side:  see  lateral.]     1. 

Having  two  sides ;    of  or  pertaining  to  two 

sides ;  two-sided. 

The  bilateral  movements  escape  in  cases  of  hemiplegia 
in  spite  of  destruction  of  some  of  the  nervous  arrange- 
ments representing  them.  Pop.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXV.  175. 

2.  In  hot.,  having  the  sides  different. 

The  vegetation  in  all  Hepaticie  is  bilateral,  that  is,  dif- 
ferently developed  on  the  upper  and  under  sides. 

Hall,  a/  III.  State  Laboratory,  II.  6. 

3.  In  binl.,  having  the  sides  symmetrical Bilat- 
eral contract,  in  law,  a  contract  which  binds  the  parties 
to  perform  reciprocal  obligations  each  toward  the  other, 
Bapalje  ami  Lawrence.—  Bilateral  restriction,  in  logic, 
the  restriction  of  a  proposition  at  once  in  its  .subject  and 
in  its  predicate,  as  in  the  following  example:  All  triangle 
is  all  trilateral  ;  some  trianele  is  some  trilateral.—  Bilat- 
eral symmetry,  the  symmetry  of  right  and  left  halves 
or  other  parts  of  the  body;  sinistrodextral  symmetry; 
transverse  antitypy.     Also  called  laterUypy. 

In  both  the  foregoing  cases  it  is  the  bilateral  symmetry 

which  is  so  peculiarly  characteristic  of  locomotive  power. 

W.  /.'.  Carpenter,  Prin.  of  Physiol. 

Bilateralia  (bi-lat-e-ra'li-a),  n.  ,>l.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bilateralis:  see  bilateral.']  1.  A  collec- 
tive name  of  those  animals  which  exhibit  bilat- 
erality  or  bilateral  symmetry,  as  of  right,  and 
left  sides.  J.  A.  Ryder. — 2.  A  division  of  Am- 
bulacraria  represented  by  Balanoglossus  alone, 
contrasted  with  other  echinoderms  which  are 
called  Radiata.     Metschnikoff. 

bilateralism  (bl-lat'e-ral-izm),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ism.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilate- 
ral; bilateral  symmetry. 

bilaterality  fjbi-lat-e-ral'i-ti),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -it//.]     Same  as  bilateralism. 

bilaterally  (bl-Iat'e-ral-i),  adv.  In  a  bilateral 
manner;  on  both  sides:  as,  a  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical larva. 

bilateralliess  (bi-lat'e-ral-nes),  ».  [<  bilateral 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilat- 
eral ;  bilateralism ;  in  zo'dl.,  bilateral  symmetry. 

In  the  Sycamore  ami  the  Vine  we  have  a  cleft  type  of 
leaf  in  which  a  decided  bilateralness  of  form  co-exists 
with  a  decided  bilateral  nets  of  conditions. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  229. 

bilberry  (bil'ber"i),  «. ;  pi.  bilberries  (-iz). 
[Formerly  also  spelled  bill-berry  and  bull-berry. 
The  last  form,  if  not  simulated,  is  prob.  right, 
<  bull1  +  berry1.  Another  species,  the  red 
whortleberry,  is  named  cowberry,  and  the  NL. 
name  of  the  genus,  Vaccinium,  means  'cow- 
berry.' The  word  bull  enters  into  the  names 
of  several  other  plants,  as  bullweed,  bullwort, 
bulrush.  Cf.  hartberry,  another  name  for  bil- 
berry. But  the  relation  of  the  equiv.  Dan.  bblle- 
bar,  also  simply  biille,  whortleberry,  to  Dan. 
boll,  a  castrated  bull  (cf.  Icel.  boli  =  Norw.  bol 
=  E.  bull1),  is  not  clear.  The  usual  Dan.  term 
for  bull  is  tyr  =  Sw.  tjur  =  Icel.  stjorr  =  E. 
steer.  The  uanie  blaeberry  is  of  different  origin : 
see  blaeberry.]  1.  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  I'ae- 
Cinium  Myriillus.  In  Scotland  the  bilberry  is  usually 
called  blaeberry,  from  its  blae  or  dark-blue  color.  See 
Vaccinium  and  whortleberry. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  fruit  of  the  shad-bush,  Amelan- 
chier  Canadensis.  —  Bog-bilberry,  Vaccinium  uligi- 
nosum  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.  — Dwarf  bil- 
berry, V.  ccespitumm.  —  Jamaica  bilberry,  r.  meridio- 

llilli  . 

bilbo1  (bil'bo),  n. ;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilboe,  bilboa,  prop, 
a  sword  of  Bilbao  (in  E.  formerly  Bilboa)  in 


551 


bilifulvin 


Spain,  such  swords  being,  like  those  of  Toledo  bileveH,  ».     See  beleave. 
(see  Toledo),  held  in  high  esteem  for  their  tern-  bileve'-'t,  ''.     See  In  Here. 

per.]     1.  Formerly,  a  sword  or  sword-blade,  bilge  (bilj),   n.     [In   17th  century  also   bildge 

famous  for  extreme  elasticity,  mado  in  Bilbao     and  billai/i  l;\;tr.  <<f  Imlgi :  see  bulge.]     1.  The 

in  Spain.  wider  part  or  belly  of  u  cask,  which  is  usually 

Compass'd  like  a  good  bUbo  in  the  circumference  of  a     in  the   middle. —  2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's 

peck,  hilt  to  point,  fieel  In  lead 

Shak.,  M.  w.  of  w.,  iii.  5.  , 

Hence  —  2.  Any  sword.     [Poetical.] 

At  Poitiers  bath'd  their  bilboes  in  French  blood. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  72. 

bilbo2  (bil'bo),  n. ;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilboe,  usually  in 
pi. ;  prob.  so  named,  like  bilbo1,  from  Bilbao 
in  Spain ;  but  direct  evidenco  is  lacking.]     A 


^^ 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  having  sliding  shackles 
and  a  lock,  formerly  used  to  confine  the  feet 
of  prisoners  or  offenders,  especially  on  board 
ship :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Methought  I  lay 
Worse  than  the  mutines  in  the  bilboes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
bilbo-mant  (bil'bo-man),  ».     A  swordsman. 
You  are  much  bound  to  your  bilbo-men  ; 
I  am  glad  you  are  straight  again,  captain. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

bilboquet  (bil-bo-kef),  n.  [Also  dial.,  in  def. 
2,  bilboketeh,  bilbocatch,  bilverkctcho,  etc.,  <  F. 
bilboquet,  OF.  billcboquet,  billebauquet ;  origin 
obscure.]  If.  A  gardener's  measuring-cord  or 
-line.  Cotgrave. —  2.  The  toy  called  eup-and- 
ball. —  3f.  An  8-inch  mortar  for  throwing  shells. 
—  4.  An  implement  for  curling  hair.    Fairholt. 

bilcock  (bil'kok),  n.  [Also  called  bidcock;  < 
bil-  or  bid-  (origin  unknown)  +  cock1.]  The 
water-rail  of  Europe,  Rail  us  aqnttticus. 

bildt,  bildert.    <  'Id  spellings  of  build,  builder. 

bildstein  (bild'stin),  n.  [G.,  <  bild,  image,  fig- 
ure «  MHG.  bildc,  <  OHG.  bilidi  (=  OS.  bilithi 
=  OFries.  "bilethe,  byld  =  D.  beeld  =  Sw.  be- 
liite  (also  bild,  prob.  borrowed)  =  Dan.  biUede, 
billed),  prob.  <  bi-  =  E.  AS.  bi-,  by-,  +  lid  =  OS. 
lith  =  Goth,  lithus  =  E.  lith.  a  limb,  member: 
see  by-,  be-1,  and  lith),  +  stein  =  E.  stone.]  Same 
as  agaJ/matoKte. 

bileH  (bil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  byte,  <  ME. 
bile,  byle  (occasionally  biel,  beel,  >  E.  hud,  prop, 
a  dial!  form:  see  bad1),  <  AS.  byle  =  OFries. 
beil,  bel  =  JID.  bule,  D.  bull  =  LG.  bule,  bule  = 
MHG.  Mule,  G.  beule,  bile,  =  Icel.  beijla  =  Sw. 
liula  =  Dan.  huh,  bugle,  a  swelling;  cf.  Icel. 
bdla  =  Sw.  bold  =  Dan.  byld,  a  blain,  a  blister ; 
<  Teut.  -y/  *bul,  seen  in  causal  form  in  the  Goth. 
ufbauljan,  puff  up:  cf.  boll1.  Bile  is  the  true  E. 
form,  still  retained  in  the  vernacular  speech ; 
but,  owing  to  a  confusion  with  the  verb  boil2 
(or  perhaps  with  the  D.  form  buil,  pron.  nearly 
as  E.  boil),  the  word  has  taken  in  mod.  literary 
E.  the  corrupt  form  boil.  See  boil1.]  An  in- 
flamed tumor;  aboil.     See  boil1. 

bile2  (bil),  u.  [<  F.  bile,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger; 
atra  (or  nigra)  bilis,  equiv.  to  Gr.  utlayxo'Aia, 
black  bile:  see  atrabile,  melancholy.]  1.  A 
yellow  bitter  liquid  secreted  by  the  liver  and 
collected  by  the  biliary  ducts  to  be  conveyed 
into  the  duodenum,  its  most  important  constituents 
are  the  bile-salts,  sodium  glycocholate  and  sodium  tauro- 
cholate,  and  the  bile-pigments,  bilirubin  and  biliverdin, 
with  cholesterin.  The  bile  renders  the  contents  of  the 
duodenum  alkaline.  It  aids  the  emulsionizing  of  the 
fats,  apparently  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  soaps, 
assists  the  passage  of  the  fats  through  the  intestinal 
walls,  and  stimulates  peristalsis.  Also  called  gall. 
2.  Figuratively,  ill  nature  ;  peevishness ;  bit- 
terness of  feeling :  because  the  bile  was  fancied 
to  bo  the  seat  of  ill  humor. 

Nothing  appears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at 
Ynste  as  the  proceedings  of  some  members  of  the  board 
of  trade  at  Seville.  Prescutt. 

Black  bile.     See  atrabile. 

bileat,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bill1. 

bilection  (bi-lek'shon),  n.     Same  as  bolection. 

bile-cyst  (bil'sist),  n.   lnanat.,  the  gall-bladder. 

bile-duct  (bil'dukt),  «.  A  duct  or  canal  con- 
veying bile;  a  gall-duct. 

bile-pigment  (bil'pig"inent),  n.  One  of  the 
coloring  matters  in  the  bile.  Bilirubin  is  the  chief 
coloring  matter  in  the  bile  of  carnivorous  animals  and  of 
man;  biliverdin  is  the  greenish  pigment  in  the  bile  of 
herbivorous  animals.  A  considerable  number  of  other 
bile-pigments  have  been  described,  some  of  which  are  prob- 
ably mixtures  of  pigments,  and  others  oxidation  or  reduc- 
tion products  not  existing  in  the  living  body. 

bilestone  (bil'ston),  n.  A  biliary  calculus  or 
gallstone. 


Hard  Bilge. 


Easy  Bilge. 


bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches a  horizontal  direction,  and  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  aground. 

bilge  (bilj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bilged,  ppr.  bilg- 
ing. [<  bilge,  n.]  I.  intrans.  1.  Xaut.,  to  suf- 
fer a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  spring  a  leak  by  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge. —  2.  To  bulge  or  swell  out. 
II.  Irons.  To  break  or  stave  in  (the  bilge  or 
bottom  of  a  ship). 

bilge-board  (bilj'bord),  n.  In  ship-building, 
one  of  the  boards  used  to  cover  the  timbers 
where  the  bilge-water  collects. 

bilge-coad  (bilj'kod),  w.     Same  as  bilgeways. 

bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  a.  Xaut.,  so  stowed  on 
beds  that  no  weight  rests  on  the  bilge:  said  of 
a  cask. 

bilge-keel(bilj'kel),  n.  [< bilge  +  Jeeel1,]  Xnut., 
a  piece  of  timber  fastened  edgewise  under 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping 
her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  lee- 
ward. Also  called  bilge- 
piece. 

bilge-keelson  (bilj'kel"- 

spn),  n.  A  timber  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft  in  a 
ship,  inside  the  bilge,  to 
strengthen  the  frame. 

bilge-piece  (bilj'pes),  ».     Same  as  bilge-keel. 

bilge-plank  (bilj'plangk),  n.  Xaut.,  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  run  round  the  bilge  of 
a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside. 

bilge-pump  (bilj'pump),  n.  Xaut.,  a  pump  for 
removing  bilge-water  from  a  ship. 

bilge-water  (bilj'wa'ter),  n.  X/mt.,  water 
which  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or 
bottom.  If  allowed  to  remain,  it  acquires  an 
offensive  penetrating  smell Bilge-water  dis- 
charge, a  device  for  discharging  bilge-water  automati- 
cally. 

bilgeways  (bilj'waz),  «.  pi.  Xaut..  a  series  of 
timbers  placed  on  each  side  of  a  vessel  on  tho 
laimching-ways,  to  assist  in  supporting  her 
hull  in  launching.  Also  called  bnlgi  ways  and 
bilge-coad.     See  cut  under  laiinehing-ways. 

bilgy  (bil'ji),  a.  [<  bilge  +  -y1.]  Having  the 
properties  (as  the  smell,  etc.)  of  bilge-water. 

Bilharzia  (bil-har'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Theodor  Bilharz,  an  old  helminthologist.]  A 
genus  of  the  order  Trematoidea,  or  fluke-worms, 
endoparasitic  in  the  blood-vessels  of  man,  espe- 
cially in  the  urinary  organs,  the  ova  escaping 
through  an  ulceration  which  the  presence  of 
the  parent  causes.  The  animal  is  dioecious,  the  male 
being  the  larger  and  retaining  the  female  in  a  gymeco- 
phore  or  canal  formed  by  an  involution  of  the  edges  of 
the  concave  side  of  the  body. 

biliary  (bil'i-a-ri),  «.'  [=  F.  biliaire,  <  NL. 
biliaris,  <  L.  bilis,  bile.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
bile;  conveying  the  bile:  as,  a  biliary  duct. — 
2.  Bilious.      [Rare.]-  Biliary  calculus,  a  com  re- 

tion  which  forms  in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile  ducts;  gall- 
stone. These  calculi  are  usually  composed  for  the  most 
part  of  cholesterin.—  Biliary  colic.  -See  colic. —  Biliary 
duct.     See  duet. 

biliation  (bil-i-a'shqn),  n.  [<  NL.  *biliatio(n-), 
<  L.  bilis,  bile.]  The  excretion  of  bile,  liun- 
qlison. 

bllicyanin  (bil-i-si'a-nin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  E.  eyanin.]  A  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin  which  appears  blue  in  an  acid  and 
violet  in  a  neutral  solution.     See  bilirubin. 

bilifulvin  (bil-i-ful'vin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
Julfits,  fulvous.]  An  old  name  for  more  or  less 
impure  bilirubin. 


bilifuscin 

bilifuscin  (bil-i-fus'in),  ii.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
fuscus,  fuscous,  +  -;'»'-.]  A  substance  described 
as  existing  in  very  small  quantities  in  gall- 
stones, ii  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  Insoluble  in  water, 
chloroform,  and  ether,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  alkalis, 
and  reacts  with  nitric  acid  like  bilirubin,  lis  formula  i 
C,6Ho0N?04. 

bilihumin  (bil-i-hu'min),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
humus,  ground,  +  -in2.]  The  insoluble  black- 
ish residue  left  after  bile  or  gallstones  have 
been  exhausted  by  ether,  water,  chloroform, 
alcohol,  ami  dilute  acids. 

bilimbi,  bilimbing  (bi-lim'bi,  -bing),  n.  [Also 
bilimbi/,  blimbing,  repr.  Tamil  bilimbi,  Malay  bi- 
limbing,  Singhalese  bilin.]    The  native  name  of 

tin-  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tr sorrel,  Aver- 

rkoa  Bilimbi.  It  is  very  acid,  but  is  much 
esteemed  when  made  into  syrup,  candied,  or 
pickled.    See  Averrhoa. 

bilimentt,  ».  [Also  billiment,  belliment,  etc.,  by 
apheresis  for  habilimi  nt.  ]  An  ornamental  pari 
of  a  woman's  dress;  especially,  the  attire  of 
the  head  or  neck. 

Then  beganne  alle  the  gentylwomen  <>f  England  to  were 

1  frenche  n  I i.  s  „  cii  bt  Hi  m*  ■•'>  s  of  golde, 

.  i  Cfrey  Friars  (1556),  ed.  Camden  Soo. 

Biliment  lace,  an  ornamental  lace  used  in  the  sixteenth 
century  for  trimming. 

bilin  (bil'in),  u.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  +  -in'-.]  The 
mixture  of  sodium  glycooholate  and  taurocho- 
late  isolated  from  the  bile,  constituting  a  gum- 
my mass  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

bilinear  (bl-lin'e-ar),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  Unco,  line,  + 
-or.]  Consisting  of  or  having  reference  to  two 
lines:  as.  bilinear  coordinates. 

bilineate  (bi-lin'e-at),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
Inn  n,  line,  +  -ate'-.]  In  ;oiil.,  marked  with  two 
lines,  generally  parallel. 

bilineated  (bi-lin'e-a-ted),  a.    Same  asbilim  ate. 

bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis, 
speaking  two  languages,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  lingua 
=  E.  tongue,  language.]  1.  Containing  or  ex- 
pressed  in  two  languages  ;  recorded  in  two  ver- 
sions of  different  language. 

I  endeavored  by  the  help  of  a  bilingual  inscription  to 

determine  the  values  of  certain  of  the  Hittite  characters. 

A.  H.  Satjce,  Pref.  to  Schliemann's  Troja,  p.  xxiii. 

2.  Speaking  two  languages  or  a  mixture  of  two. 
[Rare.] 

Large  numbers  of  Chinese,  Arabs,  and  Africans,  who 
come  to  India  for  a  short  or  long  time,  and  become  prac- 
tically bilingual.      Ii.  .V.  Cust,  Med.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  n>. 

bilinguar  (bi-ling'gwar),  a.    Same  as  bilingual. 

bilinguist  (bi-ling'gwist),  n.  [<  L.  bilinguis 
I  see  bilingual),  after  linguist.]  One  who  speaks 
two  languages.    Hamilton. 

bilingUOUS  (bi-ling'gwus).  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis: 
see  bilingual.]  Having  two  tongues,  or  speak- 
ing two  languages.    Johnson. 

bilious  (bil'yus),  ii.  [<  L.  biliosus,  full  of  bile,  < 
bilis,  bile  :  see  bile2."]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  bile. —  2.  Inpathol., 
noting,  subject  to,  or  characterized  by  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  system,  once  supposed 
to  depend  on  a  derangement  of  the  secretion  of 
bile,  marked  by  anorexia,  furred  tongue,  a  bad 

taste  in  the  nth,  dull  headache,  drowsiness, 

disturbed  sleep,  with  general  malaise  and  de- 
pression, it  is  peculiarly  amenable  to  mercurial  ca- 
thartics. 'I  h  ems  to  de] 1  on  a  subacute  dys- 
pepsia, with  possibly  a  derangement  of  the  elaborative 
functions  •>[  tin-  liver. 

3.  Suffering  from  biliousness. — 4.  Figurative- 
ly, choleric;   i.sty;  cross. 

iltogethei   to  havi    been  the  very 
breath  ol  his  no  nil;  hi  was  called,  and  not  wit  limit  rea- 
son. "I  .1.  II'.  Ward,  laic-  Dram.  Lit, I.  105. 
At  constant  quarrel  with  tin-  angr]  ami  bUious  Island 
legislature.  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

Bargain  struck, 
lit  grew  bilious,  wished  their  money  back, 
Repented  them,  no  doubt. 

ing   Ring  and  Keek,  I.  -Jin. 

biliousness  (biryus-nes),  ;i.     [<  bilious  +  -nm.] 

The  eondil  ion   "f  being  bilious. 

biliphaein  (bil-i-fe'in),   n,     (Also  written  bili- 

plti in,   biliphain,  <  L.   bilis,  bile,  +  (ir.  <f>ac6c, 

•..  dun-gray.  +   -in2.]      A   name   formerlj 

given  to  an  impure  bilirubin.    Also  eholophann. 
biliprasin  (bil  i  pra'sin),  ».     [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 

'mi.  a  leek  ( see  i-  -ill2.]    A 

bile  pigment    found    in    human    gall-tones   and 

ill    tile    bile  of    He;  i  I    .■;,!  I  le,    :i|„  |    pee;i  n|i-d  by  SOmO 

authorities  as  identical  with  bihverdin. 
bilipurpin  (bil-i-per'pin),  ».     [<  I,,  bilis,  bile. 

+  purp(ura),  purple  color,  +  -in2.]    A  purple 

compound  obtained  from  biliverdin.    See  bile- 

pigmt  "i. 
bilirubin  (bil-i-r5'bin),  n.     [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 

rub(cr),  red,  +  -in2.]    A  red  bile-pigment, the 


552 

chief  coloring  matter  of  human  bile  and  that 
of  carnivorous  animals,  to  which  the  formula 
''li;"is^2' ':;  bas  been  given,  when  isolated  it 
fmi  i  is  an  orangi  red  powder  or  red  rhombic  prisms.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water,  little  soluble  In  alcohol  and  ether,  but 
readilj  soluble  in  chloroform  or  alkalis. 
biliteral  (bi-lit'e-ral),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  litera,  littera,  Letter:  sec  literal.']  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  letters:  as,  a  biliteral  root  in 
language.      Sir   W.  .lours. 

UtheiiLih  we  may  call  all  these  verbal  bases  roots,  they 
stand  te  the  first  class  in  about  the  same  relation  as  the 
triliteral  Semitic  rents  t;   the  mere  primitive  l,,l't:ral 

Wax  Muller,  Sci.  of  Lang.,  p.  203. 

II.  n.   A  word,  root,  or  syllable  formed  of 

two  letters. 

-bility.  [F.  -bilitr  =  Sp.  -bilidad  =  Pg.  -bilidade 
=  It.  -bilitii,  also  in  older  form  F.  -bleti,  OF. 
-hill,'  (>  ME.  -bill,),  etc.,  <  L.  -biiita(.t-)s  (aoo. 
-bilitatem),  <  -bili-s  (E.  -ble)  +  -ta(t-)s  (E.  -Uj), 
being  the  termination  of  nouns  from  adjectives 
m. -bilis:  see  -ble.]  A  termination  of  English 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ble,  as  in  nubility, 
capability,  credibility,  etc.,  from  noble,  capable, 
credible,  etc.     See  -able. 

bilive't.  bilive'-'t.    See  belive\  brim-. 

biliverdin  (bil-i-ver'din),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,+ 
F.  verd  (see  vert),  green,  +  -in".]  The  green 
pigment  found  in  the  bile  of  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, to  which  the  formula  CagHaoNjjOs  has 
been  given.  It  is  produced  artificially  by  the 
oxidation  of  bilirubin.     See  biliprasin. 

bilk  (bilk),  r.  t.  [Origin  obscure;  appar.  slaug; 
by  some  supposed  to  be  a  minced  form  of  balk1. 
Cf.  the  senses  of  bilk,  n.]  1.  In  cribbage,  to 
balk  or  spoil  any  one's  score  in  his  crib. — 2. 
To  frustrate  or  disappoint. — 3.  To  deceive  or 
defraud;  leave  in  the  lurch;  cheat:  often  with 
of:  as,  to  bilk  one  of  his  due;  to  bilk  a  credi- 
tor; "don't  you  bilk  me,"  Spectator. —  4.  To 
evade  or  escape  from  ;  dodge ;  elude. 
I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.  Fielding. 

H<-  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score, 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error,  I.  193. 

bilk  (bilk),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  In  cribbage, 
the  spoiling  of  one's  score  in  the  crib. — 2f. 
Nothing;  vain  words. 

Tub.  He  will  have  the  last  word,  though  he  talk  bilk 
for't. 

Hugh.    Bilk:  what's  that? 

Tub.  Why,  nothing ;  a  word  signifying  nothing,  and 
borrowed  here  to  express  nothing. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  1. 

Bilk  is  said  to  be  an  Arabick  word,  and  signifies  no- 
thing ;  cribbidge  players  understand  it  best. 

Blount,  Glossographia  (ed.  1681),  p.  85. 

[To  i  all  a  word  "Arabic"  or  "Hebrew"  was  and  still  is 
a  way  of  dignifying  slang  or  jargon.] 
3.  A  trick;  a  fraud.    [Rare.] — 4.  A  cheat;  a 
swindler, 
bilkt  (bilk),o.    [See  the  verb.]    Fallacious;  un- 
reliable. 

To  that  [Oates's  plot)  and  the  author's  bilk  account  of  it 
I  am  approaching.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  129. 

bill1  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bil,  billr,  bile,  <  AS. 
bile,  beak,  also  used  of  an  elephant's  proboscis ; 
not  found  in  other 
Teut.  languages ;  prob. 
connected  with  bill?. 
The  Ir.  (iael.  bil,  beak, 
mouth,  is  appar.  of  I',, 
origin.]  1.  The  beak  or 
neb  of  a  bird.  It  consists 
of  the  upper  and  lower  man- 
dibles, so  far  as  these  arc 
sheathed  in  horn.  The  ap- 
posed edges  ef  Mir  iicuidiblcs 
are  flu-  tomia  :  tin-  line  of 
apposition,  the  commissure; 
tic  highest  middle  Length- 
wise line  ef  the  upper  mandi- 
ble, tic  ■■ni m,  i,  .I  ridge  ;  and 

the  corres] ling  line  ol  tin 

lower  mandible,  tin  gonys or 
keel.  The  nasal  fossa  Is  a 
pit,  usually  close  to  tin  base 
ef  iim  upper  mandible,  in 
which  tlic  iiestrils  open ;  a 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the 
hill  is  the  cere.  The  leading  Bhapes  ei  the  bill  among 
birds  are  technically  expressed  by  derivatives  ami  com- 
pounds ef  rostrv/m  (which  see),  us  conirostral,  dentlros- 
ti  al,  teiitiirostral,  tls-ire-t  ral,  eurvirest  ral,  j o  <  --ii.li.il. 
loiigirustral,  cultrirestral,  Lamellirostral,  etc.;  ami  many 
Othl  r  descriptive  terms  are  equally  technical  in  this  ap- 

plication. 
The  hill  is  hand  ami  mouth  In  one;  the  instrument  of 

prehension      is  hand,  it  takes,  holds  ami.. no.    i lot 

.tin  i  Bubstances,  and  in  many  Instances  fee]      ath.it 

tears  cuts,  or  crushes,  according  to  tie  nature  of  the  sub- 
Btances  taken;  assuming  the  functions  of  both  lips  and 

teeth,  neither  of  which  lie  any  recent  lards  pessess. 

Cuues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  100. 


bill 


J 

Diagram  of  Bill. 
a,  upper  mandible  ;  b,  culmen ; 
r.  ii. e.al  fossa  ;  d,  nostril;  e,  com- 
missural point;  /,  up]"  '  i  hi 
mi,  ;  x'.  nstus  ;  k,  forehead  ;  l'. 
,.  I. aver  timiiim;  k, 
gonys ;  /,  lower  mandible. 


Birds-  Bills. 

a,  conirostral ;  b,  dentirostral ;  c,  tenuirostral ;  d,  fissirostral ;  e,  longi- 

rostral ;  /,  pressirostral ;  g,  cultrirostral ;  ft,  lamellirostral. 

2.  The  beak,  snout,  rostrum,  or  jaws  of  sundry 
other  animals,  as  turtles,  cephalopods,  many 
fishes,  etc. 

bill1  (bil),  ».  ..  [<  ME.  bitten,  peck  as  birds,  < 
6j7,  bile,  beak:  see  bill1,  «.]  1.  To  join  bills  or 
beaks,  as  doves ;  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  bill. 
After  their  pecking  and  their  murmuring. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

2f.  To  rub  the  bill.     [Rare.] 

Thanne  geth  he  [the  eagle]  to  a  ston, 

And  he  bilb  Hi  ther  en, 

Billeth  til  his  bee  bib  irn 

Havetli  the  wrengthe  (crookedness]  forloren. 
Bestiary,  in  Old  t'ng.  Mis.-,  (ed.  Morris),  p.  82. 
Bill  and  COO,  to  kiss  and  caress  and  talk  nonsense,  as 
lovers  :  a  phrase  derived  from  the  habits  of  doves. 

Come,  we  must  interrupt  your  billing  and  cooing  awhile. 
Shi  ri'liui,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

bill'2  (bil),  ii.  [<  ME.  bill,  billr,  bil,  a  pick  or 
mattock,  poet,  a  sword,  <  AS.  bil,  bill  (only 
poet.)  =08.  bil,  a  sword,  =  MD.  bilk  =  OIK,. 
bill,  fern.,  MHO.  bil,  neut.,  G.  billr,  a  pick  to 
sharpen  millstones,  =  Sw.  bill,  a 
plowshare;  prob.  connected  with 
bill1,  a  beak,  and  perhaps  ult.  with 
Skt.  V  bhid,  split,  cleave.  Associ- 
ated in  sense  with  these  words  and 
somewhat  confused  with  them,  but 
etymol.  distinct,  are  OHG.  bilial,  bi- 
aL  bil.  MUG.  biliel,  bil,  G.  beil  = 
MD.  bijl,  an  ax,  hatchet,  =  Dan.  bil 
=  Sw.  bila  :  prob.  =  Icel.  bildr.  bilda, 
an  ax ;  cf .  Ir.  Gael,  biail,  ax,  hatchet. 
In  sense  5,  bill2  may  be  an  applica- 
tion of  billl.]  If.  In  the  earliest 
use,  a  kind  of  broadsword. —  2.  An 
obsolete  military  weapon,  consist- 
ing of  a  broad  hook-shaped  blade, 
having  a  short  pike  at  the  back 
and  another  at  the  summit,  fixed 
to  a  long  handle,  it  was  used  until  the 
fifteenth  century  by  the  English  infantry,  especially  in 

defending  themselves  against  cavalry,  and  te  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century  liv  civic  glial' Is  or  watchmen,  etc. 
They  were  formerly  sometimes  called  brown-bills  or  hlui-k- 
hills,  probably  because  not  brightened,  hut  colored  like 
the  modern  rule-barrel. 

I  cannot  see  how  sleeping  should  offend,  only  have  a 
care  that  your  bills  benotstolen.    Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3. 

Make  us  a  round  ring  with  year  bills,  my  Hectors, 
And  let  us  see  What  this  trim  man  dares  do. 

Beau,  iiml  VI..  Philaster,  v.  4. 

3.  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  blade  hook- 
shaped  toward  the  point,  or  having  a  concave 
culling  edge,  used  by  plumbers,  basket-mak- 
ers, gardeners,  and  others,  such  instruments, when 
used  by  gardeners  for  pruning  hedges,  trees,  etc.,  arc  called 
hedge-bills  or  bill-hooKS.    See  bill-hook. 

The  Bhomakcr  must  net  gee  ahem-  his  latchet,  nor  the 
hedger  meddle  with  any  thing  hut  his  bil. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat,  ef  wit.  p.  203. 

4.  A  pickax;  a  mattock. —  5.  Xaut.:  (a)  The 
point  or  extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor. 
(Ii)  The  eu.l  of  compass-  or  knee-timber.— Bows 
and  bills.    See  '<«"•-'. 

bill*  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  billr.  a  letter,  writing, 
<  AF.  billr,  <  ML.  (Anglo-L.)  bilin,  a  writing, 
also  a  seal,  another  form  of  bulla,  :i  writing,  an 
edict,  prop,  a  sealed  writing,  a  particular  use 
of  bulla,  a  seal,  stamp,  same  as  I.,  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble;  hence  bull2,  of  which  lulP 
is  a  doublet.]  If.  A  writing  of  any  kind,  as  a 
will,  a  medical  prescription,  etc. ;  a  billet. 
Ili.s  bill 
In  which  that  he  iwritcn  had  his  will. 

Cham  ■  r,  Merchant's  Talc,  1.  093. 
The  Patient  sendeth  for  a  Physician,  who  feeleth  bis 

Pulse  ami  .  .   .  then  preseribeth  a  Receipt  in  a  Bill. 

Comenius,  Visible  World,  p.  183. 

2t.  A  written  petition;  a  prayer. 

And  thanne  reme  IVesiido  parleincnt  and  put  forth  ttbille, 
Iiow  Wrouge  U3eines  his  willc  had  his  wyf  taken. 

Piers  Plowman  (13),  iv.  47. 


Old  English 

Bill,    time    of 
Elizabeth. 


bill 
3.  In  law,  a  nnme  given  to  several  papers  in 
Uwsuits;  particularly,  when  used  alone,  tothe 

plained  of  t        •     ;V'  ;, .'  ■'  „  ia  *ed  ,,„„,  lnequlb 

^?nVrim?nal  cases ,  In  &oto  tow,  every  BummaryappU. 
S«onln^"bTww  oi  petition  to  the  Court . of  &B- 

^"l,r;;;;!;:!  ;;';vr,tl,n  statement  of  the  names, 
quantities  ami  pri'-oa  of  articles  sold  by  one 
person  to  another,  with  the  date  of  sale,  or  a 
statement  of  work  done,  with  the  amount 
charged;  an  account  of  money  claimed  for 
goods  supplied  or  services  rendered. 

Why    please,  ma'am,  it  is  only  thy  little  bill,  a  very 
BmaU  a^eounM  wa„^eeffto  Betde.^^  ^  ^ 

5    An  acknowledgment  of  debt;  a  promissory 
note:  now  obsolete  except  as  sometimes  used, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  for  bank-note. 
See  10  —6    A   bill  of  exchange   (which  see, 
belowi— 7    Anv  written  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  particulars:  as,  a  bill  of  charges 
or  expenditures;  a  bill  of  fare  or  provisions, 
etc  —8    A  form  or  draft  of  a  proposed  statute 
presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not  yet  enacted 
or  passed  and  made  law.    In  some  cases  statutes  are 
called  MBt,  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  de- 
srrintion  :  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 
9    A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  intended 
to  give  public  notice  of  something,  especially 
bv  being  exhibited  in  some  pubUc.  place ;  an  ad- 
vertisement posted ;  a  placard.- 10    A  bank- 
note: usually  with  its  amount:  as,  a  hve-dollar 
bill.     [U-  S.I- Accommodation  bill.    See lacamwrw- 
datio,,,-  Appropriation  bill.   See  &*"£&%£££& 
proved  biU  or  note.    «ee  «WMwi.-BanK  post-pui, 
?  Idll  "r  a  sum  not  less  than  £10  issued  by  the  B k 
of  England  without  charge,  payable  at  seven  days  sit,  it 
and  accepted  at  time  of  drawing,  for  convenience  in  re- 
n  ittin-  to  post.    Bills  of  this  kind  originated  in  1738, 
when  mau-n.bbcrics  were  fra.uent.in  England,  and  are 
not  now  in  use.- Bill  inequity,  in  an  equity  suit,  the 
putahlg  in  which  the   plaintitf  sets  forth  the  circun,. 
Stances  on  which  he  bases  his  claim  for  relief.    It  corre- 

ponds  tonth! wtaM  or  ^^VnvTShS 

—  Hill  of  adventure,  a  writing  signed  by  a  merchant, 
shhTown er  ,7r  master  to  show  that  goods  shipped  on  board 
I  certain  vessel  are  at  the  venture  of  ano  her  person^  he 
himself  being  answerable  only  for  their  deliveij  .-Bill  01 
credit.  («)  A  letter  sentbyanagent  or  other  person  to 
a  merchant  requesting  him  to  give  credit  to  the  bearer  for 
good  or  money,  (b)  Paper  issued  by  the  authority  ami 
on  the  faith  of  a  State  to  be  circulated  as  money.  Ihe 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  (Art.  I.  §  U>)  providi  s 
-  toat  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of  credit,  or  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts 


553 


Mr.  Bancroft  shows  by  a  careful  upturning  of  the  colo- 
nial records  that  MB.  of  credit  were  nothn.g  else  than 
Government  legal- tender  notes.  The  Century,  XXOI.  160. 
Bill  Of  debt  an  old  term  including  promissory  notes  and 
b,m  Isf-r  the  payment  of  money. -Bill  Of  entry,  a  « ;   • 

J,.,,  account  of  g Is  entered  at  the  custom-house,  whether 

taported  or  intended  for  export-Mil  of  exceptions. 
",  ereeption  -Bill  of  exchange,  an  order  in  writing, 
aldreS  by  one  person  to  another,  to  pay  on  demand  or 
at  a  fixed  or  determinable  future  time  a  certain  sum  in 
money  to  a  speeifled  person  or  to  his  ordei ^v^om- 
Dieted  bill  of  exchange  should  bear  on  its  face  the  follow 
I  g     (a)  three  names,  namely,  those  of  the  drawer  the 
drawee  and  the  payee ;  (b)  the  sum  to  be  paid;  (c)  two 
dates    nan  ely  the  date  of  drawing  and  a  time  for  pay- 
men  'or  the  means  of  determining  the  H"a»"*»«2 
bill  is  payable  at  sight  or  a  certain  time  after  sight,  that 
is,  presentment;  (d)  the  place  where  it  is  drawn     if  the 
drawer  and  drawee  are  the  same  person,  even  in  legal 
effect  of 'name    as  where  a  corporation  by  one  officer 
draws  on  itself  by  naming  another  officer,  as  such,  as  the 
navee   the  paper  is  not  a  bill  of  exchange  but  a  mere 
St  or  promissory  note.    The  drawer  and  the  payee 
however  may  be  the  same,  as  where  one  draws  to  his  own 
Srder  and  indorses  to  a  third  person.     If  the  paper  is  not 
payable  absolutely,  as  where  it  is  expressed  to  be  paya- 
ble only  out  of  a  particular  fund,  it  is  not  a  bill  of  ex- 
change-  but  a  payment  absolutely  ordered   may  be  di- 
rectedto  be  charged  to  a  particular  account  of  the  drawer. 
Th  ,  words" •  v alue  received  "  are  usually  inserted  but  are 
not  essential  to  validity.     The  drawee  of  a  bill  becomes 
Uable  bv  accepting  it,  usually  done  by  writing  his  name 
across  it's  face,  and  he  is  thereafter  called  the  accepter;  but 
a  bill  is  nego  table  before  acceptance.     In  a  foreign  bill 
of  exchange  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  residents  of  differ- 
ent countries.    In  this  respect,  in  the  United  States j  the 
residents  of  the  different  States  are  f.  .reign  to  one  another, 
mils  of  exchange  acts,  a  short  name  by  which  are 
tao^n sev.f.d  P.riTisf,  statutes  (IsTl,  1878,  and  1882),  the 
fast  of  which  codifies  the  whole  body  of  British  law  re- 
toting to  negotiable  paper.-MU  of  fare  in  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  a  list  of  dishes  to  be  served  in  *■«"!£"&? 
regular  meal,  or  which  may  be  ordered.  —  Bill  Of  healtn, 
a  certificate  'signed  by  a  consul  or  other  . inttarty  as  to 
the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  the  time  of  her  clear 
ing  anv  port  or  place.    A  cfeon  bill  imports  that  the  ship 
SeTat\timewhennoinfectiuu.dl^erw.up,,..s^ 
to  exist:  a  lunected  or  touched  bill  imp" rts  t   it  tta 
were  rumors  of  such  a  disorder,  but  that  it  had  not  ap- 
peared ;  a/oul  bill,  or  the  absence  o   ■  ■  lea .      11  .  .  poits 
that  the  place  of  departure  was  infected  when  the  vessel 
left -Bill   of  indictment.    See  indictment.— Bill  01 
lading    a  receipt  for  goods  delivered  to  a  carrier  for 
toSrtatioii.    It  is  usually  of  goods  shipped  on  board 
of  "vessel   and   signed  bv  the  master  ot  the  vessel,    ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  usually  prom- 
b    g to  deliver  them  in  good  condition  at  the  place  di- 


■    in  trip     at'es,  one  of  which  goes  to  the  shipper,  one  to 

transitu  and  claims  for  freight.  SimUw  atatuteeuirthei 
jurisdictions  are  varlousij  k,.vw,,.-Bill  of  mortamy 
See  mortaKty.-MU  of  parcels,  an  account  given iby ^tne 
.seller  to  the  buyer,  containing  P^c^n°VXllc£ 
bought  and  of  1 1...,  prices  :  an  invoice-  Bp  oi  pariicu 
lars,  a  writing  setting  forth  ind;  tail  the  Paj^cularB  of  a 
matter  stated  in  a  more  genera   torn,  n.  a  plea  u  g.- BUI 

lot  and  settling  the  succession  of the  crown  mViUnun 
of  Orange  and  Mary,  and  to  the  rightful  heirs  of  the  Ut- 
ter it  ex"  i  ding  any  being  Roman  Catholics;  it  also 
pro'v  11  tl:  t  l'rot.  slants  night  have  in  their  possession 
aZ  for  deVel.se  suitable  to  their  conditions^)  A  sniu- 
lar  statement  or  declaration  ot  persona  rgll s  lit  be 
constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American  t  in  on, ■  ml  iiicor 
oorated  in  the  amendments  to  the  (  onstituHon  of  the 
Umted  States.-  Bill  of  sale,  a  forma  ins  rumen for 
the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal  c^ls^house 
hold  furniture,  stock  in  a  shop,  shares  of  a  ship,  orthe like. 
It  is  often  given  to  a  creditor  in  security  for  money  ( bar- 
rowed,  or  an  obligation  otherwise  incurred  hen  it    i 

pressly  empowers  the  receiver  to  se  the  g ... is  if  t  he 
money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the  appointed  tune, 
or  the  obligation  not  otherwise  discharged,  the |«>M 

-Bill  Of  sight,  a  form  of  entry  at  a  custom-house  > 
which  go!odsSres,,eeting  which  the  importer  *-»**• 
full  particulars  may  be  provisionally  >f  "'."',"  . 

tion  -Bill  of  stores,  a  license  granted  atacustom-h  m 
to  merchant-ships  to  carry  stores  and  piousi.  lis  0  i 
voyage  duty-free.- BUI  of  sufferance,  a  coasting  Ucense 
totefde  from  port  to  port  without  P*.™^* 
the  dutiable  goods  being  loaded  and  landed  at  sutterante 
whar  s  -Bill  payable,  biU  receivable, . a  bill  of  ex- 
1  '  e'e  proinlsso^  note  or  other  commercial  paper.  It 
is  caUed'a  (.,'«  mnMe  by  the  person  who  is  topayit^ and 
a  (,.7/  nreinhle  bv  the  person  who  holds  it.  Separate  ai- 
co,  its  under  these  names  are  usually  kept  in  mercantile 
book  -B  ackstone's  Hard-labor  BIU. an  fnghshstat- 
ute  of  17711 IW  Ceo.  III.,  c.  74)  relating  to  the  transporta- 
tion imprisonment,  and  punishment  of  convicts.  It  es- 
aMishcd''  penitentiary  lionses,  '  -M»jrrf  Uiat^pnsoners 
should  be  put  to  severe  work  according  to  then  ability 
and  be  separately  confined  when  at  rest,  and  presented 
minute  regulations  for  their  car e  and  con  rol- Bland 
SUver  BiU.  a  United  States  statute  of  1878  (ZO  Stat.,  £>). 
so  called  frT  m  its  author,  Richard  P.  Bland,  a  member  of 
e  H  us e  fr  ...  Missouri.  It  reestablished  he  silver  dol- 
lar contiinin"  4121  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal 
tender    buTits  social  feature  was  a  dn>>V>B|>lto 

,  .li,.,.  other  iiarts  of  Ameica.- -  Creditor's 

Sin  "; '  ,^:"  -Deceased  Wife's  Sister  BUI  a  bill 
nwatcdlv  introduced  into  the  British  Parliament  to  ab- 
•  K      e  rule  of  English  law  which  forbids  a  mdower  to 

loan  or  advance  made  to  the  Br.t.sh  govern,  ent  I  y  the 
li  ink  of  England  whenever  the  taxes  received  are  msui 
U  'n  to  pav  the  dividends  due  on  government  stocks 
lb\  A  le  dslative  bill  appropriating  an  amount  of  money 
^uireTto  make  up  th'e  deficiency  of ajwgi. appro- 
pr iation  which  has  proved  inadequate --  Exchequer 
hill  See  exchequer.  —  General  Deficiency  Bill,  trie 
nom'e  of  that  one  of  the  appropriation  bills. passed  by 
•',  ,  r.ss  which  covers  the  deficiencies  of  previous  appro- 
■  V  ,,bols  Home-Rule  BUI.  a  bill  introduced  into 
{he  1  r  i Bh '  PariSS  by" Mlf  Gladstone,  in  1SS6  to  pro- 
vide  a  aenarate  parUinent  for  Ireland.  It  was  defeated 
i,  its  sec  and  e m  ing,  June  7, 1886.-  Jew  BUI,  an  English 
statute  ,  7V  (rep,"  led  in  177,4)  enabling  Jews  who  were 
statute  oi  V    ,.y.,i. ,.,.„,  „.i,l„,„t  first  nartakini;  of  the 


billet 
&doi»^^^ 

or  association,  or  of  a  grot u.dn.dn:.]-    .1.  .  gu  -b 

Jhewordcha^tS^thebiU.    For  others tattar  k i 

bj  the  termact,«tn,-,/c,  ,-ic,  see  those  woids.l 
bill3  fl.il),  r.  t.  [<  bill*,  n.]  1.  To  ..nter  in  a 
bill;  make  a  bul  or  list  of;  ch  ni-o,-  ,,,-  .,,t..i ■  m 
an  accoimt  for  future  payment:  as,  to  bill  goods 
or  freight  to  a  consignee;  to  bill  passengers  in  a 
stage-foaeh;  to  bill  a  customer's  purchases. 
See  book,  v.  t. 

Parties  in  the  United  States  having  goods  to  ship  t-. 
Corel  may  as  heretofore,  have  then,  billed  to  ^  okohama 
\"y  AmSin  or  other  lines  andjhen  reMled  *>  aj-L^ 

2  To  advertise  by  bill  or  public  notice;  an- 
nounce on  a  play-bill:    as,   ho  was  billed   to 

birO^»°th[Va°,  of  E.  dial,  beel,  beal,<  M 
vTvar.  of  bell*.]  A  bellow  or  roar:  applied  to 
the  boom  of  the  bittern. 

The  bitterns  hollow  Ml  was  heard. 

Wordsworth,  Evening  »  alk. 

billaee1  (bil'ai),  n.  [K.  dial.,  prob.  <  ML.  '»'- 
kffi*^  bfttkl  A  method  of  settling  dis- 
putes about  boundaries  by  arbitration.  [Local, 
Eng.  (Kent).]  .  , 

billaee2*  «.  and  v.    A  corruption  of  bilge. 

billafd  (bil'iird),  n.  [See  ML]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  coalfish. 

Billbergia  (bil-ber'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
J  li  liillbcnj,  a  Swedish  botanist]  A  genus 
of  epiphytic  plants,  natural  order  Bromdtaceai. 

There  are  ~<0  species,  with  cr,  .wded  spinosely  serrate  leaves 

.  ,     ',',.       efed    .1  race se  iloWers.      They  grow  on  trees  in 

toPka   i mer  ,  ,  m,d  have  been  introduced  „,.o  hothouses 
or'thelake  of  their  beautiful  and  fragrant, lluw., ■>. 

bill-board1  (bil'bord),  ».  [<  bill-  +  board.} 
Naut.,  m  projection  sheathed  with  iron  placed 
abaft    the    cathead, 


for  the  bill  of  the  an 
chor  to  rest  on.  See 
anchor-lining. 
bill-board-  (bil'- 
bord), n.  [<  bill3  + 
board.]  A  board  or 
tablet  on  which  ad- 
vertising bills  or  pla- 
cards may  be  posted. 
bill-bOOk  (bil'buk), 
n.  A  book  in  which 
a  merchant  keeps  a 


I,  Bill-board  ;  2.  Bill-port. 


p^erUote^^^ 

t'rtes'of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.     It  abrogate^ ^  that  pro- 
vision  of  the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820  which  1,1. ...... 

vy  north  of  latitude  3b™  30'  (the  southern  boundary  of 
\I  ,  uri)  left  the  decision  of  all  questions  as  to  slavery 
i,  h  T  rrUories  or  States  formed  from  them  to  the  rep 
res  ntities  "f  the  people  residing  there,  extended  the 
f uri  v "slave  law  to  these  Territories,  and  allowed  appeal 
bt''scs  affecting  the  title  to  slaves  ftmttjW  eeurU 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  1  otirt.  he  I  "it  ■  1  "s 
quences  of  the  bill  were  moat  taporten^causlngtte  de 
struction  of  the  Whig  party  at^AeiBtru^ebetween  the 
nroslaverv  and  ant  slavery  parties  for  the  lontroi  oi  ... 

one  growing  out  of  a  matter  before  litigated  in  the  imut 
l.vti,..  soV.e  ,,,1-son  standing  in  the  same  interests.  -  Pen- 
dJeton  BUl'a  '  ted  States  statuteof  188S  (22  Stat.,403) 
o.o.Tour:  ,  inio.ovin-  the  civil  service  :  so  called  after 
^  ote     senat,,,  tleorge  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio.     It 

rn-ovides  for  the  competitive  examination  of  applicants  for 
office  md  their  appointment  to  vacancies  according  to 
ttir'gn!,!e  as  established  by  the  ewf^^Srt 
—  Poland  BUI  a  United  states  statute  of  18,4(18  stai., 
^1)  so  °UUm1  after  its  author,  Luke  P.  Poland,  a  member  of 
the  I  u  e  of  lleprescntatives  from  Vermont,  the  design  of 
whic.  was  .render  effective  the  authority  of  the  officerB 
and  courts  of  the  United  States  in  the  Territory  of  Utah 
by  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  United  States  marshal 


record  of  the  details  of  his  bills  of  exchange, 
promissory  notes,  etc.,  payable  and  receivable, 
bill-broker  (bil'bro'ker),  n.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  negotiate  the  discount  of  bills  of 
exchange,  either  simply  as  agent  or  by  buying 
and  selling  again,  with  or  without  a  guaranty. 

bill-Chamber  (bil'eham'ber),  n.  [<  bill* '  + 
chan™.]  A  department  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  Scotland  in  which  one  of  the  judges 
officiates  at  all  times  during  session  and  vaca- 
tion. All  proceedings  for  summary  remedies  oi r  for_ pro- 
tection against  some  threatened  aetion  as  ,,  xauude 
interdicts  begin  in  the  hi  lcl.amber.  The  process  oi  se 
questraUon .or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department  of 
the  court.  ,  ,         ,„  , 

hilled  (bild),  a.     [ME.   billi'l:  <  Ml1  +  -<<l-.\ 
Furnished  with  or  having  a  bill  or  beak:  used 
chiefly  in  composition  :  as,  a  short-fttHea  bird, 
■hillpmpntt  n.     See  bilinient. 
bSlwet),  n.     [<  M  E.  billette  <  AF.  hillctte 
(ML.  billeta,  F.  biUet,  billette),  "1™-  of  '"'f-.a 
writing :  see  bill3.]    1 .  A  small  paper  or  note  m 
writing ;  a  short  letter  or  document. 
J  got  your  melancholy  billet  before  we  sridown  Win- 

2  A  ticket  given  by  a  billet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ad- 
dressed to  provide  board  and  lodging  for  the 
soldier  bearing  it. 

The  soldiers  distributed  themselves  among  the  houses 
of  the  most  opulent  citizens,  no  one  escaping  a  billet  who 
was  rich  enough  to  receive^  ggg"^,^  „.  647. 

Hence  — 3  The  place  where  a  soldier  is  lodged; 
lodging;  accommodation.-4  The  place  (mark- 
ed by  a  numbered  hammock-hook)  assigned  to 
each  of  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  tor  slinging 
his  hammock.  Hence-5.  A  place,  situation, 
position,  or  appointment:  as,  he  is  '"oking 
forafc-i/k      [Vulgar.]-6t.    A  ballot  or  vot- 


ing-paper.-Act  of  Billets  (Scot,!,  Parliament ^662), 
a  measure  by  which  the  twelve  persons  exempted  from 


Three  Billets  azure 
in  chief. 


billet 

the  King's  Indemnity  were  to  be  chosen  by  secret  voting. 
N.E.D.  Billet  de  change.  [F.]  In  tew,  a  contract  to 
furnish  a  bill  of  exchange  ;  a  contract  t"  pay  the  value  of 
a  bill  of  exchange  already  furnished,  Boutiier.— Every 
bullet  has  its  billet,  even  bullet  has  its  destination  as- 
signed  thai  is,  onrj  those  are  killed  In  battle  whose  death 
has  been  ordained  by  Providence  :  a  saj  mil;  attributed  to 
King  William  III.  of  England. 
billet1  (bil'et),  ti.  [<tollefl,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
direct  (a  Boldier)  by  a  ticket  or  note  where  to 
lodgo;  hence,  to  quarter  or  place  in  lodgings, 
as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 

Retire  thee  ;  go  where  thou  art  billeted. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

If  at  home  any  peace  "ere  intended  US,  what  meant 
those  billeted  Soldiers  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  and 
the  design  of  German  Mors,',  to  subdue  us  in  our  peace' 
full  Houses  1  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

The  rude,  insolent  unpaid  and  therefon  insubordinate 
soldiery  were  billeted  in  every  house  in  the  city, 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  289. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  quartered;  lodge:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  soldiers. 

He  Mists  in  my  lodgings.  !•>-  Prideavx,To  ibp.  Cssher. 
billet-  (bil'et),  n.  [Also  billot,  <  ME.  toilette, 
bi/l,  t,  <  ( )F.  tolU  te,  V.  toilette,  also  tollot,  a  block 
or  log  of  wood,  diminutives  of  tolle,  <  ML.  tollus, 
a  log,  a  stock  of  a  tree  ;  origin  unknown.  Cf. 
billiards.']  1.  A  small  stick  of  wood;  especial- 
ly, a  stick  of  wood  cut  for  fuel.    A  billet  of  fire- 

n 1  must,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  measure  3  feet  4 

inches  In  length.    Bundles  of  billets  are  called  billet-mod. 

What  shall  these  biUett  do?  lie  pil'd  in  my  wood-yard? 
Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  floor,  with  a  bil- 
let of  wood  for  his  pillow.       Prescott, Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  small 
rectangle,  usually  set  with  the  long  sides  verti- 
cal. The  number,  position,  and  tincture  must  always  be 
specified  :  thus,  the  illustration  shows 

three  billets  azure  in  chief.     Billets    ^ —  _  s 

should  always  he  represented  flat,  with- 
out shadow  or  relief.     See  brickz,  4. 

3.  In  arch.:  (a)  An  ornament 
much  used  in  early  medieval 
work,  consisting  of  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet,  or  a  small 
section  of  a  rod,  of  which  a  se- 
ries are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals in  or  upon  a  molding,  usu- 
ally a  concave  molding.  See  cut  under  toilet- 
molding,  (b)  A  checker. — 4.  A  short  strap 
used  for  connecting  various  straps  and  portions 
of  a  harness. —  5.  A  pocket  or  loop  into  which 
the  end  of  a  strap  is  inserted  after  passing 
through  a  buckle. —  6.  A  small  bloom;  a  short 
bar  of  iron  or  steel,  with  a  square  section,  and 
of  smaller  size  than  an  ordinary  "pile."  A  billet 
is  rolled  of  the  size  and  weight  required  for  the  finished 
article  which  is  to  be  produced  from  it.  -Billet  and  zig- 
zag, a  frequent  molding  in  medieval  architecture,  consist- 
ing ,.f  a  torus  ornamented  byalternate  checkers.  — Cast 
billet,  a  moderate-sized  billet,  formerly,  bylaw,  10  inches 
in  circumference.  — Single  billet,  a  small  billet,  former. 
ly.  l.ylaw,  7!  inches  in  circumference. — Two-cast  billet, 
a  large  billet,  formerly,  by  law,  14  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence. 

billet1  (bil'et).  n.  [Cf.  billard  and  bit.]  A 
local  Knglish  name  of  the  coal-fish,  especially 
when  year  old. 

billet-cable (bil'et-ka"bl),  n.  [<  hill,  I-  +  cable.) 
A  molding  occurring  in  early  medieval  archi- 
tecture, consisting  of  a  torus  or  cable  orna- 
mented with  billets. 

billet-doux  fbil-e-d8'),  «.:  pi.  billets-doux.    [F. ; 

lit.,  sweet    letter:   hill'  I,  see  hilled,    II.  j  lloll.r,  <  L. 

(inicis,  sweet.]    A  love-note  or  short  love-letter. 

Valentine's  I'ay  kepi  courting  pretty  .May,  who  sate  next 
him,  Blipping  amorous  billets.doux  under  the  table. 

Lamb,  New  Veal's  Coining  of  Age. 

billet§e  I  bil-e-ta'  I,  a.    [F.  biUete".  -te,  <  tolU  tte: 

Bee  htllel-.]      In  In  /-..  same  as  lull,  In. 

billet-head  (bil'et-hed),  ».     [<  tollef  +  head.'] 

1.  Sunt.-,  iii  \  cylindrical  piece  of  timber  fixed 
in  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  whaling-boat,  round 
which  the  line  is  run  out  when  the  whale  darts 

off  after  be  ii  i<_r  1 1  :i  i  j mil.    Also  called  bollard. 

(h)  Si  mi         ' -roll-head. —  2.  A  loggerhead. 

billeting-roll  (bil'et-ing-rol),  ».  [<  billeting 
(<  bill,  I-,  a  stick,  +  -mgl)  +  roll.]  A  set  of 
rollers  having  flattening  and  edging  grooves, 
used  ni  rolling  iron  into  merchantable  bars. 

billet-master  (bil'et-mas  t6r),  n.  One  whose 
duty  i-  to  issue  billets  to  soldiers. 

billet-molding  (bil'et-mol'ding),  n. 
any  molding  ornamented 
w ith  billets. 

billets-doux,  ».  Rural 
of  billet-doux. 

billety  (i'irc-ti>.  »•  [See 
hill,  h,  .\  In  her.:  (a)  l«i- 
vided  into  billets :  saun- 
as barrypaly:  said  of  the  Bilkt-moiatog. 


In  arch., 


554 

field.  Also  called  biUety  connlcr-billcty.  (b) 
Strewed  all  over  with  billets.  It  is  usual  to 
arrange  the  billets  alternately,  each  coming 
under  a  Bpace,  and  the  reverse. 
bill-flsh  (bil'fish),  n.  [<luin  (cf.  its  L.  name, 
belone,  <  Gr,  Ii  •"•■■,.  a  sharp  point)  +  fish.]  1. 
The  long-nosed  gar,  or  common  garpike,  Lepi- 
dosU  us  ossi  us,  a  fish  of  the  family  Lepidosteiaw. 
See  garpike. — 2.  The  skipper,  Scomberesox salt- 
nts,  a  synentognathous  fish  of  the  family  Scoin- 
h,i-,  sncidic  or  family  Exoccetidce.  Also  called 
saury. — 3.  The  spear-fish,  Tetrapturus  ulhidiis. 
of  the  family  BisUophoridce.    it  has  a  prolonged 

leak  like  a  swordlish,  and  occurs  along  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Caribbean  sea. 

4.  One  of  the  garfishes,  Tylosurus  longirostris, 
of  the  family  Belonidai.  See  garfish,  and  cut 
under  Belonidce. 

bill-hawk  (bil'hak),  n.  A  form  of  saw-tooth, 
so  called  from  a  certain  resemblance  to  a  hawk's 
bill. . 

bill-head  (bil'hed),  n.  [<  bills  +  head.]  A 
printed  paper  containing  the  name,  address, 
and  business  of  a  person  or  firm,  etc.,  with 
space  below  for  adding  an  account  in  writing. 

bill-hook  (bil'huk),  n.  [<  toll*  +  hook.]  A 
form  of  small  hatchet  curved  inward 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge,  used 
for  pruning  trees,  hedges,  and  the 
like,  and  by  sappers  and  miners  to  cut 
pickets,  rods,  and  withes  for  gabions, 
fascines,  hurdles,  saprollers,  etc. 

billiard,  n.     See  billiards. 

billiard-ball  (bil'yard-bal),  ».  A 
small  round  ivory  ball  used  in  play- 
ing billiards. 

billiard-cloth  (bil'yard-kloth),  n.    A 
fine  green  woolen  cloth,  piece-dyed, 
from  72  to  81  inches  wide,  manufactured  to 
cover  billiard-tables. 

billiard-cue  (bil'ySrd-ku),  n.  The  tapering 
stick  with  which  billiard-players  strike  the 
balls. 

billiardist  (bil'yar-dist),  n.  [<  billiards  +  -ist] 
One  skilled  in  the  game  of  billiards  ;  a  profes- 
sional billiard-player. 

billiard-marker  (bil'yard-mar'ker),  n.  1.  One 
who  attends  on  players' at  billiards  and  records 
the  progress  of  the  game. —  2.  An  apparatus 
for  registering  the  points  and  games  scored  at 
billiards. 

billiards  (bil'yH,rdz),».  [Formerly  also  spelled 
billiard,  tollyar'ds  (-Hi-,  -lly-,  to  indicate  the  for- 
mer pronunciation  of  F.  -II-).  billards,  etc. ;  <  F. 
hillurd,  billiards,  billiard-table,  formerly  a  bil- 
liard-cue, orig.  a  stick  with  a  curved  eud,<  tolle, 
a  log  of  wood,  a  young  stock  of  a  tree  (sec  toi- 
let-); a  different  word  from  billc,  a  ball,  a  bil- 
liard-ball,=  Sp.  billa  =It.  bilia,  biglia;  ML.  billa, 
n  ball,  same  as  billa,  a  seal,  a  writing,  a  bill:  see 
bill?.]  A  game  played  by  two  or  more  persons, 
on  a  rectangular  table  of  special  construction 
(see  biUiard-tithlc),  with  ivory  balls,  which  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues,  cause  to  strike 
against  each  other.  Formerly  in  the  United  states 
the  game  was  played  with  four  balls  on  a  table  having  six 
pockets,  the  players  scoring  both  for  caroms  and  for  driv- 
ing the  balls  into  the  pockets.  (Seecarom.)  This  is  nearly 
the  present  English  game.  Since,  however,  expert  players 
could  continue  an  Inning  at  the  game  thus  played  almost 
without  limit,  the  pockets  were  dispensed  with  and  cunt 
ing  was  made  to  depend  entirely  upon  caroms.    Later,  pro- 

fessi d  players  adopted  what  is  known  as  the  French 

iiame,  in  which  only  three  balls  are  used,  and  this  was  mod 
ilied  tothecAamptong'  game,  in  which  a  line,  called  a  hulk 
line,  is  drawn  crossing  each  corner  of  the  table  diagonally. 
within  which  two  counts  only  can  be  made.  Experts  now 
play  also  cushion-caroms,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  touch 
theenshion  before  hitting  the  second  object-ball,  or  hit  the 
s<  e.nid  ball  again  on  a  return  from  the  cushion  ;  the  balk- 
in,,  game,  which  is  the  same  as  the  champions'  game,  but 
with' balk-lines  ii  Inches  from  the  cushion  all  round  the 
table ;  and  the  bank-game,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  hit 
the  cushion  before  touching  any  other  ball.  [The  singular 
form,  biUiard,  Is  occasionally  used,  ami  is  always  employed 
in  composition. 

With  aching  heart,  and  discontented  looks, 

Itclurns  at  i n  to  billiard  or  to  I ks. 

Cowper,  Retirement.] 

billiard-table  (bil'y&rd-ta*bl),  n.    A  tabic  on 

which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played,     it  is  made 

of  mahogany  or  other  hod  n I,  of  strong  and  heavy 

construction,  and  has  a  raised  cushio 1  ledge  all  round, 

the  area  thus  formed  consisting  of  a  bed  of  slate  or  marble 
covered  with  fine  green  cloth.    The  size  varies,  (he  smallest 

com n  size  being  10  by  B  feet,  and  the  largest  I2by6feet. 

Some  tables  areprovided  with  six  i kets.  .me  at  each  cor- 

in  rand  one  in  the  middle  of  each  of  the  lung  sides ;  others 
havi  tent  poi  lets ;  but  billiard-tables  are  now,  except  in 
i  n  land,  emu ly  made  without  pockets. 

billicock,  "•     See  billycncl;. 

billing  (hiring),  «.  [I'pr.  of  hill1,  r.]  A  caress- 
ing after  the  tashi i  doves ;  love-making: 

as,  ''your  billings  and  cooings,"  Leigh  Hunt. 


billowy 

billingsgate  (bil'ingz-giit),  n.  [Formerly  also 
Billinsgate,  Beelingsgate,  <  MDE.  Bellinges  gate, 
i.  e.,  Billing's  gate  (cf.  AS.  Hilling,  a  patro- 
nymic name),  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
gates  of  the  city  of  London,  and  of  a  fish- 
market  near  it,  noted  for  the  foulness  of  the 
language  used  there.]  Profane  or  scurrilous 
language  or  abuse ;  blackguardism. 

Satire  is  nothing  but  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 

Addison,  Papers. 

billion  (bil'ypn),  n.  [F.,  contracted  from  *bi- 
million,  <  L.  bi-,  twice  (second  power),  +  F.  mil- 
lion, million.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  a  million 
of  millions ;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units 
in  a  million  (1,000,000,000,000).— 2.  In  France 
and  the  United  States,  a  thousand  millions 
(1,000,000,000).  [The  word  billion  was  introduced  into 
French  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  sense  of  a  million 
to  the  second  power,  as  a  trillion  was  a  million  to  the  third 
power.  At  that  time  numbers  were  usually  pointed  off 
in  periods  of  six  figures.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the 
custom  prevailed  of  pointing  off  numbers  in  periods  of 
three,  and  this  led  to  tile  change  ill  the  meaning  of  the 
word  I, ilium  in  French.  The  words  billion,  trillion,  etc., 
did  id  apparently  come  into  use  in  English  until  a  later 
date,  for  Locke  ("Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding," 
ii.  16,  §  6, 1690)  speaks  of  the  use  of  i>,iii,<>,  as  a  novelty. 
The  English  meaning  of  the  word  is  thus  the  original  and 
most  systematic.  The  word  billion  is  not  used  in  the 
French  of  every-day  life,  one  thousand  millions  being 
called  a  milliard.] 

billionaire  (bil'ypn-ar),  n.  [<  billion  +  -aire, 
as  in  millionaire.] '  One  who  possesses  property 
worth  a  billion  reckoned  in  standard  coin  of 
the  country.     [Rare.] 

One  would  like  to  give  a  party  now  and  then,  if  one 
could  be  a  billionaire.      O.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  V'enner,  vii. 

billman  (bil'man),  v.;  pi.  tollmen  (-men).  [<  bill" 
+  man.]  1.  A  soldier  or  civic  guardsman  of 
former  times  armed  with  a  bill. 

In  rushed  his  bill-men.  Mir.  fur  Hags.,  p.  427. 

A  billman  of  the  guard.         Saville,  tr.  of  Tacitus,  i.  24. 

When  the  bill-men  saw  that  the  fire  was  overaw'd,  and 
could  not  doe  the  deed  [burn  the  martyr],  one  of  them 
steps  to  him,  and  stabs  him  with  a  sword. 

Milton,  rrelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  A  laborer  who  uses  a  bill  for  cutting. 
[Rare.] 
billon  (bil'on),  n.  [F.,  copper  coin,  base  coin, 
a  mint  for  such  coin  (=  Pr.  tollo  =  Sp.  vellon  = 
Pg.  bilhao  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  billio(n-),  bil- 
lon), orig.  a  'mass'  of  metal,  <  bills,  a  log:  see 
billet2,  billot.  In  older  E.  form  (by  confusion) 
bullion:  nop  hull  inn-.]  1.  Gold  or  silver  alloyed 
with  copper  in  large  proportions,  so  as  to  make 
a  base  metal. 

In  many  continental  countries  the  smaller  currency  has 
been  made  of  a  very  low  alloy  of  silver  and  copper,  called 
billon.  .  .  .  According  to  an  analysis  performed  at  the 
Owen's  College  chemical  laboratory,  one  part  of  silver  and 
thrde  -if  Clipper.  Billon  is  still  being  coined  in  Austria. 
Jevons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  125. 

2.  f'oin  struck  from  an  alloy  over  half  copper. 

billot  (bil'ot),  k.  [F.,  dim.  of  tolle  :  see  billet'-'.] 
Same  us  billet2. 

billow  (bil'6),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bellow : 
prob.  <  Icel.  bylgja  (through  an  unrecorded 
ME.  *bylge)  =  Sw.  hiilju  =  Dan.  hdU/c,  a  billow, 
=  OD.  bolghe,  toilghe  =  LG.  bulge  =  OHG. 
*bulga,  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  billow,  prob.  related 
to  OHG.  bulgd.  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  bag;  ult,  < 
AS.  (etc.)  bclgan,  swell,  swell  up,  whence  also 
bellows,  belly,  etc.  Cf.  bulge]  A  great  wave 
or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usually  by  a 
violent  wind :  much  used  in  figurative  applica- 
tions, and  often,  especially  in  the  plural,  as 
merely  equivalent  to  trace:  as,  the  billows  of 
sorrow  rolled  over  him. 

you  stand  upon  the  rivage  and  behold 
A  city  on  the  inconstant  billows  dancing. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iii.  (cho.). 

Strongly  it  bears  us  along,  in  swelling  and  limitless  M- 

(otiw.     Coleridge,  tr.  oi  Schiller,  Homeric  Hexameter. 

=Syn.    See  wave. 
billow  (bil'6),  c.     [<billow.  n.]     I.  in  trans.  To 
swell ;  riso  and  roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

The  black-browed  Marselllese  .  .  .  do  billow  on  towards 
the  Tuihries,  where  their  errand  is. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  7. 

II.    trans.    To  raise  in  waves  or  billows. 
Young. 
billowed  (bil'od),  p.   a.     [Pp.  of  billow,  ».] 

Swelled  like  a  billow. 
billowy  (bil'6-i).  a.  [<  billow  +  -i/l.]  Swell- 
ing or  swelled  into  large  waves;  full  of  bil- 
lows or  surges;  having  an  appearance  or  effect 
as  of  billows:  as.  "I  lie  hillouie  ocean,"  Chap- 
man, <  Mysscy,  v.;  billowy  flames. 

We  had  glimpses  of  the  billowy  I'ainpagna,  with  the 
great  dome  bulging  from  its  rim. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  206. 


bill-poster 

bill-poster  (bil'pos"ter),  re.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  post  up  bills  and  advertisements. 
Also  called  hill-sticker. 

bill-scale  (bil'skal),  «.  The  hard  scale  or  nib 
on  the  tip  of  the  beak  of  a  chick,  aiding  it  to 
peek  the  shell  in  order  to  make  its  escape  from 
the  egg. 

bill-sticker  (bil'stik'er),  re.  Same  as  biU-poster. 

billy1  (bil'i),  ».;  pi.  billies  (-iz).  [Also  spelled 
billic  ,-  of  unkuown  origin.  The  sense  is  rather 
too  definite  to  be  considered  an  application 
(like  "Jack,"  "Jill,"  "Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry") 
of  the  familiar  proper  name  Billy,  dim.  of  Bill,  a 
corruption  of  Will,  which  is  short  for  William.] 
A  comrade  ;  a  companion  ;  a  brother  in  arms, 
trade,  and  the  like ;  a  fellow ;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

When  chapman  billies  leave  the  street. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

billy2  (bil'i),  11. ;  pi.  billies  (-iz).  [A  slang  word, 
perhaps  a  particular  application  of  the  familiar 
proper  name  Billy  :  see  billy1,  and  cf.  betty  and 
jimmy.  Cf.  also  F.  bille,  a  stick  or  stock,  under 
billet*  and  billiards.'}  1.  Stolen  metal  of  any 
kind.  [Slang.]  —  2.  A  small  metal  bludgeon 
that  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket ;  hence,  a 
policeman's  club.  [Slang.]  —  3.  A  slubbing- 
machine.     See  slubber. 

billy-biter  (bil'i-bl'ter),  11.  [<  Billy,  a  familiar 
name,  +  bite r.]  A  name  for  the  blue  titmouse, 
Pants  carillons.  Macgillivray,  [Local,  Brit- 
ish.] 

Billy-blind  (bil'i-blind),  «.  1.  In  ballads,  the 
name  of  a  benevolent  household  demon  or  fa- 
miliar spirit.  Also  written  Billy  Blind. —  2. 
[I.  c.]    The  game  of  blind-man's  buff.    N.M.I). 

billyboy  (bil'i-boi),  it.  [Appar.  a  humorous 
application  of  Billy  boy  (<  billy1  +  boy),  a  fa- 
miliar phrase  of  address ;  but  prob.  an  accom. 
to  this  form 
of  some 

other  name.] 
A  flat-bot- 
tomed, bluff- 
bowed  barge, 
of  very  light 
draft,  espe- 
cially built 
for  the  navi- 
gation of  the 
river  Huniber 
in  England 
and  its  tribu- 
taries. Sea-go- 
ing billyboys  are 
generally  clincher-built  and  sloop-rigged,  but  some  are 
canal-built  ami  schooner-rigged.  Many  carry  a  square 
topsail  and  lee-boards.  The  mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by 
a  hiuge,  so  that  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under 
a  bridge. 

You  look  at  the  clustered  houses,  and  at  the  wharves 
with  the  black  old  billyboys  Bquattering  alongside. 

W.  C.  Rwssell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ii. 

billycock  (bil'i-kok),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
stiff,  round,  low-crowned  felt  hat:  often  called 
a,  billycock  hat.  Also  spelled  billicock.  [Colloq.] 

billy-gate  (bil'i-gat),  re.  The  moving  carriage 
in  a  slubbing-machine. 

billy-goat  (bil'i-got),  n.  A  familiar  name  for 
a  he-goat,  as  nanny-goat  is  for  a  she-goat. 

billy-piecer  (bil'i-pe"ser),  «.  In  irooleii-manii/., 
a  child  who  pieces  or  joins  together  roving  on 
a  carding-engine  called  a  billy  or  slubbing- 
billy.     [Not  used  in  U.  S.] 

billy-roller  (bil'i-ro*ler),  re.  In  woolcn-manuf., 
a  wooden  roller  in  the  slubbing-machine,  under 
which  cardings  are  passed,  and  by  which  they 
are  slightly  compressed. 

billy-web  (bil'i-web),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  the  wood  of  a  little-known  timber- 
tree. 

bilobate  (bi-16'bat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  lobate.]  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  two  lobes:  as,  a  bilobate 
leaf. 

bilobed  (bi'lobd),  a.     Same  as  bilobate. 

bilobular  (bi-lob  u-liir),  a.    Same  as  bilobate. 

Round  or  bilobular  structures  of  very  variable  size. 

Frey,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  29. 

bilocation  (bi-lo-ka'shon),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  loca- 
tion.} The  power  of  being  in  two  places  at 
the  same  time.     See  extract. 

The  word  bilocation  has  been  invented  to  express  the 
miraculous  faculty  possessed  by  certain  saints  of  the 
Roman  Church,  of  being  in  two  places  at  once. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  404. 

bilocellate  (bl-16-sel'at),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  locellus 
+  -ate1.']  In  bot.,  divided  into  two  locelli  or 
secondary  cells.     See  cut  in  next  column. 


Bilocellate.— Enlarged  section  of 
a  bilocellate  anther,  in  which  each 
of  the  two  cells  is  also  bilocellate. 


Billyboy. 


555 

bilocular  (bi-lok'u-liir),  a.      [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  + 
loculus,  a  cell  (<  locus,  a  place),  +  -ar[i.]    Divid- 
ed into  two  cells,  or 
containing  two  cells 
internally :  as,  a  bilo- 
eiilur  pericarp. 

biloculate  (bi-lok'u- 

lat),«.  [Asbilocul-ar 

+  -ate1.]      Same  as 

bilocular. 
bilophodont  (bi-lof - 

o-dont),  a.    [<  L.  hi-, 

two-,  +  Gr.  /tci^of,  a 

crest,  +  odovr  (onovr-) 

=  E.  tooth.]    Having 

two  transverse  crests  on  a  molar  tooth,  as  the 

tapirs,  dinotheriids,  and  kangaroos. 
The  bilophodont  sub-type  becomes  more  marked  in  Di- 

notherium  and  in  the  anterior  small  molar  of  Mastodon. 
Owen,  Anat.  Vert,  III.  343. 

biloquial  (bi-16'kwi-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
loijiii,  speak;  after  colloquial.]  Speaking  with 
two  different  voices.     N.  E.  D. 

biloquist  (bil'o-kwist),  n.  [As  biloquial  +  -ist] 
One  who  can  speak  with  two  different  voices. 
N.  E.  D. 

bilsah  (bil'sii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  fine  kind  of 
tobacco  grown  in  the  district  of  Malwa  in  cen- 
tral India. 

bilsted  (bil'sted),  «.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Another  name  of  the  American  sweet-gum  tree, 
l.iijuidambar  Styraciflua. 

biltong,  biltongue  "(bil'tong,  -tung),  n.  [S. 
African  D.  biltong,  <  D.  bil,  buttock,  pi.  rump, 
+  tong  =  E.  tongue.]  A  South  African  name 
for  lean  meat  cut  into  thin  strips  and  dried  irj 
the  sun. 

bimaculate,  bimaculated  (bi-mak'u-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.     [<  bi-'2  +    maculate.]     Having  two 

spots;   marked  with  two  spots Bimaculated 

duck,  Anas  glocitans  01  Queruucdula  bimaculata,  a  Euro- 
pean species  of  teal. 

Bimana  (bim'a-na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  (sc. 
animalia)  of  bimanus,  two-handed:  see  bima- 
nous.]  An  order  of  Mammalia,  including  man 
alone,  established  by  Blumenbach,  and  retained 
by  Cuvier  and  most  naturalists  until  quite  re- 
cently. The  order  is  now  practically  abolished,  since  it 
has  been  shown  that,  zoologically  and  morphologically, 
man  differs  less  from  the  anthropoid  apes  than  these  apes 
do  from  most  monkeys.  The  custom  is  now  to  revert  in 
this  particular  to  the  classification  of  Linnams,  who  in- 
cluded man  with  the  apes,  monkeys,  and  lemurs  in  one 
order,  Primates.  The  zoological  rank  now  usually  assigned 
to  the  genus  Homo  is  that  of  the  type  of  a  family  Homi- 
ui'ltc  or  Anthropidce,  the  term  Bimana  being  used,  if  at 
all,  as  the  name  of  a  superfamily  or  suborder,  by  means  of 
which  man  alone  is  thus  contrasted  with  Simice. 

bimanet  (bi'man),  a.     [<  P.  bimane,  <  NL.  bi- 
manus: see  bimanous.]     Same  as  bimanous. 
bimanous  (bi'nia-nus),  a.     [<  NL.   bimanus, 
two-handed,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,   +    manus,   hand. 
Cf.  Bimana.]     1.  Having  two  hands. 

Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanous  and  biped. 

Laicrena1,  Lectures,  p.  159  (Orel  MS.). 

Specifically — 2.  In  zobl.,  belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Bimana. 

bimanual  (bl-man'u-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
manus  (manu-),  hand, "+  -al.  Ci.  manual.]  In- 
volving the  employment  of  both  hands. 

bimarginate  (bi-miir'ji-nat),  a.  [<  bi-"  + 
marginate.]  In  conch.,  furnished  with  a  dou- 
ble margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 

bimbo  (bim'bo),  ii.  A  kind  of  punch,  drunk  as 
a  liqueur,  made  with  six  lemons  and  a  pound 
of  sugar  to  a  quart  of  brandy  and  a  quart  of 
water. 

bimedial  (bi-me'di-al),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  medial; 
tr.  of  Gr.  ck  6bo  fieauv,  from  two  medials.]  In 
anc.  math.,  a  line  compounded  of  two  medials. 
If  these  latter  make  a  rational  rectangle,  the  compound 
is  called  a  first  bimedial ;  if  they  make  a  medial  rec- 
tangle, the  compound  is  termed  a  second  bimedial.  In 
modern  language  this  would  be  expressed  by  saying  that 
a  bimedial  is  a  quantity  of  the  form  (i/a  +  Yh)  Vct  where 
a,  b,  and  c  are  commensurable.  It  is  a  first  or  a  second 
bimedial  according  as  a  b  c  is  or  is  not  a  perfect  square. 

bimembral  (bi-mem'bral),  a.  [<  L.  bimembris, 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  membrum,  member.]  Consisting 
of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.     Gibhs. 

bimenet,  v.  t.   A  Middle  English  form  of  bemoan. 

bimensal  (bi-men'sal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
mensis,  a  month.  Cf.  bimestrial.]  Occurring 
once  in  two  months ;  bimonthly. 

Bimeria  (bi-ine'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  Gr.  ,ufpof,  part.]  A  genus  of  hydrozoans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bimeriidce. 

Bimeriidae  (bi-nie-ri'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bi- 
meria +  -ida\]  A  family  of  tubulariau  hydro- 
zoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Bimeria.  The  polyp- 
stock  is  covered  with  it  perisarc,  the  generative  buds  are 
sessile,  and  the  tentacles  of  the  polyps  are  simple. 


bin 
bimestrial  (bi-mes'tri-al).  a.    [<  L.  bimestris, 

of  two  months'  duration,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  mensis,  a 
month.]  Happening  every  two  months;  con- 
tinuing two  months. 

Dante  beca ne  oi  tin'  six  priors  (.lour,  1300),  an 

office  which  the  Florentines  had  made  bimestrial  in  its 
tenure,  in  order  apparently  i<.  *rcun  at  least  six  constitu- 
tional chances  "f  revolution  in  the  year. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  11. 

bimetallic  (bl-me-tal'ik),  a.   [<  P.  bimt  tallique, 

<  bi-  (<  L.  bi-,  two-)  +  mitaUigue;  or  <  hi-2  + 
metallic.  This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  of 
recont  origin,  M.  Cernuschi  haviug  been  the 
first  to  use  hiinctiillii/ue  in  1869,  and  bimetallic  in 
1876.  N.  E.  D.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  two  met- 
als; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  currency.  See  bi- 
metallism. 

The  fallacy  that  prices  depend  directly  on  the  volume 

of  currency,  that  a  bi-metallic  standard  is  practicable,  etc. 

N.  A.  Bee.,  CWVII.  352. 

bimetallism  (bi-met'al-izm),  re.  [<  himetall-ic 
+  -ism.]  The  use  of  two  metals  as  money  at 
relative  values  set  by  legislative  enactment; 
the  union  of  two  metals  in  circulation  as  money 
at  a  fixed  rate.  Specifically,  that  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  both  coins  of  silver  and  coins  ot  gold 
as  legal  tender  to  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  >>f 
coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  fixed 
relative  value. 

This  coinage  was  superseded  by  the  bimetallic  (gold  and 
silver)  coinage  of  Crcesus,  and  bimetallism  was  the  rule  in 
Asia  down  to  Alexander's  time  in  the  fixed  ratio  of  one  to 
thirteen  and  a  half  between  the  two  metals.       Academy. 

bimetallist  (bi-rnet'al-ist),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic  + 
-ist.  Ci.  bimetallism.]  One  who  advocates  the 
use  of  a  double  metallic  standard  in  currency. 

bimetallistic  (bi-rnet-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bimetal- 
list  +  -ic]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  bimetal- 
lism.    Contemporary  Rev. 

bimodular  (bi-mod'u-lar),  «.  [<  bimodulus  + 
-or3.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  bimodulus. — 2. 
Having  two  moduli. 

bimodulus  (bx-mod'u-lus),  re. ;  pi.  bimoduli  (-li). 
[NL.,  <  hi-2  +  modulus.]  In  math.,  the  double 
of  the  modulus  of  a  system  of  logarithms. 

bimonthly  (bi-munth'li),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  monthly.] 
Occurring  every  two  months.  Sometimes  errone- 
ously used  for  semi-monthly,  as  applied  to  periodicals  ap- 
pearing twice  a  month. 

bimucronate  (bi-mu'kro-nat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  mu- 
cronate.]  In  zoiil.,  having  two  mucros  or  angu- 
lar projections:  as,  bimucronate  elytra. 

bimuscular  (bi-mus'ku-lar),  a.  [< bi-2  +  muscu- 
lar.] In  conch.,  haviug  two  adductor  muscles, 
as  some  bivalves ;  dimyarian. 

Bimusculosa   (bi-mus-ku-16'sa),  n.  j>?.     [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +-museulosus,  muscular,  <  mus- 
culus,  muscle.]  In  coneli.,  an  order  of  bivalve 
mollusks:  synonymous  with  Dimyaria.  Gould, 
1841. 

bin1  (bin),  n.  [<  ME.  binne,  bynnc,  byn,  a  re- 
pository for  grain  or  bread,  usually  a  manger, 

<  AS.  binn,  a  manger.  Origin  uncertain :  per- 
haps, like  D.  hemic,  ben,  =  G.  benne,  a  basket- 
wagon,  =  It.  henna,  a  sleigh,  cart,  =  F.  banne, 
benne,  a  basket,  creel,  pannier,  basket-wagon,  < 
ML.  henna,  a  basket,  a  hamper,  appar.  the  same 
as  L.  benna,  quoted  as  an  old  Gaulish  name  for 
a  kind  of  vehicle;  cf.  W.  ben,  a  cart,  wagon.] 
1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  repository 
for  any  commodity :  as,  a  corn-bin;  a  coal-bin. 

—  2.  One  of  the  open  subdivisions  of  a  cellar 
for  the  reception  of  wine-bottles. 

Also  spelled  binn. 

bin1  (bin),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  binned,  ppr.  bin- 
ning. [<  bin1,  ».]  To  put  into  or  storo  in  a  bin: 
as,  to  bin  liquor. 

bin'-'t  (bin),  adv.  and  prep.  [=E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
hen  (see  ben1),  <  ME.  hinnc,  binnen,  hinnon,  < 
AS.  binnan,  ONorth.  binna  (=  OS.  *binnan  = 
OFries.  binna  =  D.  binnen  =  MHG.  G.  binnen), 
within,  <  be-,  by,  +  iniian,  within:  see  be-2  and 
in1:  ex.  but1.]  I.  adv.  Within;  inside. 
II.  prep.  1.  Of  place,  within;  inside  of;  in. 

—  2.  Of  time,  within  ;  during. 

bin:!t,  v.  A  shortened  form  of  been,  past  partici- 
ple, and  obsolete  infinitive  and  present  indica- 
tive plural,  of  be.  Bin  is  the  ordinary  pronun- 
ciation in  the  United  States  of  the  past  partici- 
ple been. 

out  of  whom  [Beda]  eheitly  bath  bin  gatherd  since  the 
Saxons  arrival,  such  as  hath  bin  deliverd,  a  scatterd  story 
pickt  out  heer  and  there.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

With  rvry  thing  that  pretty  bin 
My  lady  sweet  arise. 

Shak.,  Cynibeline,  ii.  3  (song). 
Blushes  that  bin 
The  burnish  of  no  sin. 
Crashaw,  Wishes  to  his  supposed  Mistress. 
As  fresh  as  bin  the  flowers  in  May.  Pecle. 


bina 

bina  (be'nS),  ».    [<  Hind.  bin.    Cf.  been*.]    An 

East  Indian  guitar  with  seven  strings.     Also 

called  vina. 

binacle,  n.    See  binnaclt  . 
binal  (bi'nal),  a.    [<  .ML.  binalis,  double.  <  I.. 

bini,   two   by   two:    see    binary.]      Twofold; 

double:    binary:    as,    "  binal   revenge."    Ford, 

Witob  of  Edmonton,  iii.  2. 

attempt  ol   the  French  to  compel  the  use  ol  the 
rial  system  shows  the  difficult}  of  such  an  undertak- 
ing.    Popular  necessities  compelled  the  introduction  ol 
binal  divisions.  So.  Mo.,  XIII.  423. 

binariant  (bi-na'ri-ant),  u.    A  solution  of  the 

differential  equation,  bDa  +  cDb  +.  etc.,  =  0. 

binary  (bJ'na-ri),   «.  and  n.     [<  L.  binarius, 

consisting  of  two  things.  <  hint,  pi.  (rarely 
sing,  binus),  two  by  two,  two,  <  bis,  double: 
see  6i'-2.  Cf.  /w«r,».]  I.  a.  1.  Twofold; 
dual;  double;  twain;  twin;  paired:  said  of 
anything  which  is  composed  of  two  things  or 
considered  as  divided  into  two  things. —  2.  In 
bot.,  having  the  organs  in  twos:  applied  to 
flowers:  equivalent  to  dimerous.  Binary  arith- 
metic, that  system,  inv<  nted  by  Leibnitz,  in  which  two 
figures  only,  0  and  l.  arc  used  in  lien  of  ten,  the  cipher 
being  placed  as  in  common  arithmetic,  but  denoting  mul- 
tiplication bj  -  instead  of  by  in.  Thus,  l  is  one;  10  is 
two;  n  Is  three;  100  is  four;  101  is  five;  UOissix;  111  is 
seven;  1000 ia eight;  1001  is  nine;  mio  is  ten.— Binary 
classification,  binary  system,  in  zoGl.,  one  which  di- 
vide, a  group  of  objects  into  two  series,  as  the  class  of 
birds  into  two  subclasses,  Altrices  and  Proecoces;  adichot- 
omous  arrangement  ;  opposed  to  quinary,  etc. —  Binary 
compound,  in  chem.,  a  compound  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  and  a  compound  performing  the  function  of 
an  element,  or  of  two  compounds  performing  the  functions 
according  to  the  laws  of  combination.  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a  binary  com- 
pound  thai  it  admits,  if  electrolysis.  — Binary  cubic.  See 
Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the  piston  of 
one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam  which,  being  exhausted 
into  another  part  ol  the  apparatus,  communicates  its  un- 
utilized heat  to  some  volatile  liquid  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture; the  vapor  of  this  second  liquid,  by  its  expansion  in  a 
second  cylinder,  yields  additional  force-  Binary  enun- 
ciation, inlogic,  a  categorical  proposition  whose  verb  is 
not  to  be:  as,  Socrates  dies.  Usually  called  a  proposition 
o/ second  adjacent.— Binary  form,  or  binary  quantic, 
in  alg.,  a  homogeneous  function  of  two  variables  ;  as : 
ax  +  by, 
bxy  +  c?/2, 
axS  +  bx'Mj  +  cxyZ  +  dj/3,  etc. 

Bo  binary  cubic,  guartic,  etc.— Binary  form,  in  music, 
a  movement  based  upon  two  subjects  or  divided  into  two 
distinct  or  contrasted  sections.— Binary  logarithms,  a 
Bystem  of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated  by  EuSer 
fin  facilitating  musical  calculations.  In  this  system  1  is 
the  logarithm  of  2,  2  of  4,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  1.442- 
696  whereas  in  the  kind  commonly  used  1  is  the  loga- 
rithm of  10,  2  of  loo,  etc..  and  the  modulus  is  .43429448. 

—  Binary  measure,  in  music,  the  measure  used  in  com- 
mon time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  equal 
to  the  time  of  falling.  -  Binary  nomenclature,  binary 
name,  in  zool.  and  bot  .  a  binomial  nomenclature  or  bino- 
mial name.  See  binomial.—  Binary  number,  a  number 
which  i-  composed  of  two  units.— Binary  scale,  the  scale 

of  notai used  in  binary  arithmetic-  Binary  star,  a 

double  star  whose  members  have  a  revolution  around 
their  common  center  of  gravity.— Binary  theory  of 
salts,  the  theory  which  regards  salts  as  consisting  of  two 
elements,  a  basic  on  lectropositive,  which  may  be  a  metal 
or  a  radical,  and  an  acid  or  electronegative  element  or  rad- 
ical: a-,  potassium  nitrate,  K-Mljl  potassium  acetate 
K-CoHjOc 

II.  n. ;    pi.   binaries  (-riz).    A 
whole  composed  of  two ;  a  dyad,    fig 

alee  two,  or  a  binary,  .  .   .   add 
but  one  unto  one. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  307. 

binate  (bi'nat),  a.     [<  NT,,  bma- 

tiiK.<   ],.  bun,  two  and  two:  see 
binary.]     In  but.,  being  double  or 
in  couples;  having  only  two  leaflets  to  a  peti- 
ole ;  growing  in  pairs. 

binaural  (bin-a'ral),  a.     f<  L.  bird,  two  and 
two,  +  auris  =  H'.'ear1.]     1.  Having  two  ears. 

—  2.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  tin-  use  of  both 

:   fitted  for  being  simultaneously  used  by 

two  ears:  ...   :,    binaural  stethoscope,  which 
has  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  small  ear- 
pieces. 
There  Is  even  a  1  lural  audition,  by  means  of 

which  ire  ]Udgl    imperfectly  of  din  .  I I  sound 

/ 1  Conte,  sicjd,  |. 
binching  (bin'cliing),  n.      [Appar.  a  dial,  form 

of  benching.  Cf.  dial,  bink,  benk  =  bench.]  In 
coalmining,  the  led  or  n.  ,,  i,  it  iilVer  of 

coal  rests.  (Somersetshire,  lino.] 
bind  (bind),  v.;  pret.  bound,  pp.  bound  (for- 
merly boundt  ,,.,,,•  ,  rib.),  ppr.  binding. 
[<  MS,.  Una  .  band,  bond,  later  bounds, 
pi.  bounden,  bounde,jrp.  bounden),  <  A&.bindan 
(pret.  /»"»</,  id.  bunion,  pp.  bunden)  =08.  bu,- 
dan  =  OPries.  binda  =  1).  binden  =  OHG.  bin- 
tan.  Mile.  (I.  Inn, I, a  =Icel.  binda  =  8vr.  bm,!,, 
=  Dan.  binds  =  Goth,  bindan,  bind,  tie,  =  Skt. 
y/bii,i,lli.  orig.  'bit, until,  bind.  tie.  Tlie  ami  rool 
prob.  appears  in  L.  of-find-u;  tf.fi  nti-,,,,,  ntum, 


Uinate  Leaves. 


B56 

the  knot  of  a  band,  Gr.  neiaua  (for  "tctC/hj, 
*<pev8ua),  a  rope.  See  band1,  band2,  bend1, 
btnti-,  etc.,  bond*-,  bundle,  ete.]    I.  trans.  1.  To 

make  fast  (to.  on,  or  upon)  with  a  band  or  bond 
of  any  kind. 

Thou  shall  bind  them  for  a  sjl'Ii  upon  thine  hand. 

licul.  vi.  s. 
'  the  chariot  to  the  swiff  beast  Micah  i.  13. 

2.  To  unite  by  any  legal  or  moral  tie;  attach  by 
considerations  of  love,  duty,  interest,  obliga- 
tion, etc.:  as,  bound  in  the  bonds  of  matrimony ; 
bound  by  gratitude,  duty,  debt,  etc. 

Distrust  and  grief 
Will  bind  to  us  each  Western  chief. 

Scoff,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  30. 

3.  To  put  in  bonds  or  fetters;  deprive  of  lib- 
erty or  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  by  making  fast 
physically. 

Bind  him  hand  and  foot,  and  take  him  away. 

Mat.  xxii.  13. 

He  took  Paul's  girdle,  and  bound  his  own  hands  and 
feet,  and  said,  .  .  .  So  shall  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  bind 
the  man  that  owneth  this  girdle.  Acta  xxi.  11. 

4.  To  restrain ;  hold  to  a  particular  state, 
place,  employment,  etc. 

He  bindetli  the  floods  from  overflowing.    Job  xxviii.  11. 
I  have  no  official  business  to  bind  me. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  II.  vii. 

5.  To  hinder  or  restrain  (the  bowels)  from 
their  natural  operations  ;  make  costive  ;  con- 
stipate.—  6.  To  fasten  around  anything ;  fix  in 
place  by  girding  or  tying :  as,  to  bind  a  cord 
round  the  arm. 

I,  maiden,  round  thee,  maiden,  bind  my  belt. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  To  encircle  with  a  band  or  ligature ;  gird ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  girding:  as,  '-bind  up 
those  tresses,"  Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

A  fillet  binds  her  hair.        Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  17S. 

8.  To  swathe  or  bandage;  cover  and  swathe 
with  dressings  :  with  up. 

He  healeth  the  broken  in  heart,  and  bindeth  up  their 
wounds.  Ps,  clxvii.  3. 

Give  me  another  horse,  bind  up  my  wounds. 

Shah.,  Rich  III.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  form  a  border  or  edge  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  strengthening  or  ornamenting  ;  edge : 
as,  to  bind  a  wheel  with  a  tire  ;  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  a  carpet. 

Her  mantle  rich,  whose  borders  round 
A  deep  and  fretted  broidery  bound. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  3. 
Black  cliffs  and  high, 
With  green  grass  growing  on  the  tops  of  them, 
Binding  them  round  as  gold  a  garment's  hem. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  172. 

10.  To  tie  or  fasten  (loose  things)  together 
with  a  band,  cord,  or  tie ;  tie  up  into  one  bun- 
dle or  mass:  as,  to  bind  sheaves  of  grain. — 11. 
To  fasten  or  secure  within  a  cover,  as  a  book 
or  pamphlet.  See  bookbinding. — 12.  In  fen- 
cing, to  secure  (the  sword  of  an  adversary). 
See  binding,  n.,  3. — 13.  To  cause  to  cohere; 
cement;  knit;  unite  firmly:  as,  to  bind  the 
loose  sand. 

The  sooner  to  effect, 
And  surer  bind,  this  knot  of  amity,— 
The  Earl  of  Armagnac  .  .  . 
Proffers  his  only  (laughter  to  your  grace 
In  marriage.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

God  has  so  bound  society  together  that  if  one  member 
suffer,  all  suffer.  J.  K  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  00. 

Have  enough  oil  in  the  colours  to  bind  them. 

Workshop  Receipts,  lstser.,  it.  423. 
Binding  the  ink  to  prevent  its  smearing. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  343. 

14.  To  place  under  obligation  or  compulsion: 
as,  all  are  bound  to  obey  the  laws. 

This  ring  I  gave  him,  when  lie  parted  from  me, 
To  bind  him  to  remember  my  good-will. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  [v.  4. 
"1'is  true,  by  my  father's  will,  I  am  for  a  short  period 
bound  to  regard  you  as  his  substitute. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  l. 

15.  To  put  under  legal  obligation:  often  with 
over:  as.  to  bind  a  man  on  r  to  keep  the  peace. 
Specifically  — 16.  To  indenture  as  an  appren- 
tice: often  with  out. 

My  mother  she  wanted  to  bind  me  out  to  a  blacksmith. 
Mrs.  st, ,ire,  Oldtown,  p.  83. 

To  bind  hand  and  foot.  See  hand.—  To  bind  in,  to 
inclose ;  surround. 

Round  u,  with  the  triumphant  sea. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
A  costly  jewel  .  .  .  bound  in  with  diamonds 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Hi.  2. 
To  bind  up  in,  tocausc  to  l„    wholly  cn-.-ro.sed  with  ;  ab- 
sorb in;  connect  Ultimately  with  :  chiefly  in  the  passive, 
seeing  that  his  life  is  bound  tip  in  the  lad's  life. 

Gen.  xliv.  30. 


binding 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  cohere ;  stick  together. — 
2.  To  become  indurated,  hard,  or  stiff:  as, 
clay  binds  by  heat.— 3.  To  be  obligatory  or  of 
force. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have  ii"l 
been  received  here  do  not  bind.  Sir  M.  Bale. 

4.  To  tie  up  anything;  specifically,  to  tie  up 

sheaves. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind. 

Sha*     is  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  falconry,  to  seize  a  bird  in  the  air  and 
cling  to  it :  said  of  a  hawk. 

bind  (bind),  n.  [<  bind,  r.  In  third  sense,  cf. 
bundle,  anil  see  tit;  n.  In  tin-  botanical  sense, 
<  ME.  bynde,  a  climbing  stem,  esp.  woodbine, 
ivy  ;  chiefly  in  coinp.  as  wudebinde,  woodbind. 
The  word,  by  its  use  in  coinp.,  has  suffered  cor- 
ruption to  Sine,  Se.  bin-,  ben-:  seebine1,  woodbine, 
bttubine,  etc.,  and  the  compounds  of  bind  be- 
low.] 1.  A  tie  or  band;  anything  that  binds. 
Specifically  —  (a)  A  connecting  timber  in  a 
ship.  (6)  In  music,  a  tie,  slur,  or  brace. —  2. 
In  coal-mining,  indurated,  argillaceous  shale 
or  clay,  such  as  frequently  forms  the  roof  of 
a  coal-seam:  same  as  bend1,  12,  and  bat1,  10. 
[Eng.j—  3.  A  unit  of  tale.  A  bind  of  eels  is 
250.  A  bind  of  skins  is  32,  or  of  some  kinds  40. 
[Eng.] — 4.  Bounds;  limit;  stint:  as,  I  am  at 
my  bind.     [Scotch.] 

Their  bind  was  just  a  Scots  pint  overhead,  and  a  tappit- 
hen  to  the  bill,  and  no  man  ever  saw  them  tin  want-  o't, 
Scott,  St.  Konan's  Well,  I.  i. 

5.  A  climbing  stem;  a  bine;   specifically,   a 
stalk  of  hops.     See  bine1. 
The  whyle  God  of  his  grace  ded  growe  of  that  soyle 
Thefayrest  byndehym  [Jonah]  abof  that  overborne  wyste. 
Alliterative  Poems  (e&  Morris),  iii. '444. 

binder  (brn'der),  n.  [<  ME.  bandar,  <  AS.  bin- 
dere,  <  bunion,  bind:  see  bind,  r.,  and  -er1.]  1. 
A  person  who  binds.  Specifically  —  (a)  One 
who  binds  books  ;  a  bookbinder,  (b)  One  who 
binds  sheaves. —  2.  Anything  that  binds,  in  any 
sense  of  that  verb. — 3.  In  bricklaying,  a  header 
which  extends  partly  through  a  wall;  a  bonder. 

—  4.  In  carp.,  a  tie-beam  ;  a  binding-joist  serv- 
ing as  a  transverse  support  for  the  bridging- 
joists  above  and  the  ceiling-joists  below. —  5. 
An  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine  for  folding 
an  edge  or  a  binding.  —  6.  In  agri.:  (a)  An  at- 
tachment to  a  reaper  for  tying  the  bundles  of 
grain.  (6)  A  separate  horse-power  machine  for 
gathering  up  and  binding  grain  already  cut. — 
7.  An  arrester  or  stop  for  the  shuttle  of  a  loom. 

—  8.  A  temporary  cover  for  loose  sheets  of  mu- 
sic, papers,  etc. —  9.  pi.  Same   as   binding,  4. 

—  Binders' board,  thick,  smooth,  calendered  pasteboard 
used  for  the  coi  ers  ol  books. 

binder-frame  (bin'der-fram),  ».    In  mach.,  a 

hanger  supporting  shafting,  and  having  adjust- 
able bearings  by  which  the  position  of  the  pul- 
leys can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  direction  of 
tin-  motion  of  the  belts. 

bindery  (bin'der-i),  ».;  pi.  binderies  (-iz).  [< 
bind,  v.,  +  -erg.]  A  place  where  books  are 
bound. 

bindheimite  (bind'hi-mit),  n.  [<  Bindheim  (a 
German  chemist)  +  -t'te2.]  An  amorphous an- 
timoniate  of  lead  produced  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  antimonial  minerals,  especially  jaine- 
sonite. 

binding  (bin'ding).p.  it.  [Ppr.  of  bind,  v.]  1. 
Serving  to  bind,  fasten,  or  connect;  making 
fast. — 2.  Having  power  to  bind  or  oblige ;  obli- 
gatory: as,  a  binding  engagement. 

civil  contracts  may  be  held  binding  although  made  by 
lunatics.  Ji.  c.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  87. 

3.  Astringent. — 4.  Causing  constipation;  con- 
stipating.    [Colloq.] 

binding  (bin'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bind,  v.]  1. 
The  act  or  action  of  making  fast,  securing,  unit- 
ing, etc.,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  bind:  as,  the 
buitliiui  of  prisoners;  wire  that  serves  for  bind- 
ing.—  2.  Anything  that  binds;  a  bandage;  the 
cover  of  a  book,  with  the  sewing  and  accom- 
panying work;  something  that  secures  the  edges 
of  cloth  or  of  a  garment. —  3.  In  fencing,  a 
method  of  securing  the  adversary's  sword,  con- 
sist ing  in  crossing  it  with  a  pressure,  accom- 
panied with  a  spring  of  the  wrist. — 4.  ///.  In 
ship-building,  t  he  beams,  transoms,  knees,  wales, 
keelson,  and  other  chief  timbers  used  for  con- 
necting and  strengthening  tin-  various  parts  of 
a  vessel.  Also  called  binders. —  5.  The  condi- 
tion assumed  by  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry  sea- 
sous:  a  similar  condition  in  the  soil  of  flower- 
pots in  which  plants  have  been  kept  too  long  or 
too  dry;  closeness,  dryness,  or  hardness  of  tex- 
ture.—  6.  In  notch.,  the  prevention  of  free  mo- 


binding 

tion  in  one  part  of  a  machine  by  the  sagging  or 
any  deviation  from  a  straight  line  of  another 
portion.— 7.  A  projection  of  a  part  of  a  struc- 
ture or  machine  by  which  parts  intended  to 
touch  are  prevented  from  coming  into  perfect 
contact.— 8.  Naut.,  a  wrought -iron  ring  around 
a  dead-eye.- Binding-cloth,  a  dyed  and  J |<«M«d 
fabric  ..sot  for  the  binding  ,,f  h.H.ks  -BmcUng-Jo  sts, 
beams  in  flooring  which  support  the  briuigh^-iolsra  aoove 
and  the  ceiling-joists   below.-   Binding-piece,  a  piece 

nailed  between  two  opposite  beai r  joists,  to  prevent 

,..,,.,.,1  deflect! i  Btrnttlng-  or  straining-piece.  -  Bind- 

to-raf^alongitudinalHmber  which  supports  the  roof- 
rXribetwoen  the  ridge  and  the  eaves  or  he  comb  and 
the  cave,  See  purlin.  -  Binding -strake  In  *l„,»i'»  "'■ 
L.athick  Bbratog-wale,  placcl  where  d  ajhWW 
totnees,  etc.  Binding-wire,  a  wire  made  of  verj  soft 
iron  used  to  connect  pieces  which  are  to  be  soldered 
gather!  -  Extra  binding.  See  bound exbv,rmtoT  towuP. 
-Half  binding,  in  SMtuKtw  b .leather  back and  pa 
pered-board  aides.- Quarter  binding,  m .<""*'» m  » ■  . 
,rh(>;ll,  father  or  cloth  back  with  hoard  Bides  cut  flush 
with  the  k-aves. -Three-quarter  binding,  m  hoM„,„i 
in,,,  a  leather  back  of  extra  width  with  leather  corners 
and  papered  hoard  sides.  . 

bindingly  (bin'ding-li),  adv.    In  a  binding  man- 
ner; so  as  to  bind, 
bindingness  (bin'ding-nes),  ».   [<  bvndmg,  p.  a., 

+  -,,<•*.]     The  quality  of  being  binding  or  ob- 
ligatory. 
The  unconditional  bindingness  of  the  practicaln-as. on . 

binding-post  (bm'ding-post),  re.  In  an  elec- 
trical apparatus,  a  small  post  having  a  hole 
into  which  a  wire  is  inserted,  or  through  which 
it  passes  and  is  held  by  a  screw. 
binding-screw  (bln'dmg-skrd),  re.  1.  A  screw 
designed  to  bind  and  fasten  two  parts  ot  any 
adjustable  tool  or  apparatus,  as  the  blade  ot 
a  bevel ;  a  set-screw ;  espe- 
cially, a  screw  set  in  at  right 
angles  to  another,  either 
abutting  against  it  or  tight- 
ening the  female,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  male  from  turn- 
ing.—2.  In  elect.,  a  simple 
arrangement  by  which  two 
electrical  conductors  may  be 
brought  into  metallic  con- 
nection. (See  cut.)  A  sim- 
ilar stationary  arrangement 
is  called  a  binding-post — Binding-screw  clamp,  a 
combined  clamp  and  set-screw  used  to  connect  awrre  with 
the  elements  of  a  galvanic  battery. 

bind-rail  (bind'ral),  re.  1.  In  engin.,  a  piece 
to  which  the  heads  of  pipes  are  secured.— 2. 
A  timber  cap  or  tie  placed  on  top  of  a  group 
of  piles,  to  hold  them  together  and  make  a 
support  for  floor-beams. 

bindweb  (bind'web),  «.     In  anat.,  neuroglia. 

bindweed  (biud'wed),  n.  [Also  btneweed;  early 
mod.  E.  byndeweed :  <  bind  +  weed?-.]  The  com- 
mon name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Convoioulus, 
especially  of  C.  arvensis,  C.  (or  Calystegia)  se- 
nium, and  C.  (or  Calysteqia)  SoldanelUi . -Black 

bindweed.    («)  Polygonum  Convolvulus     (/,)  Tamusann- 

muiriiol Burope.-Blue bindweed,  thcbitterswcct.. s.y«- 
warn  Dulcamara.— Rough  bindweed,  a  species  of  smihuc, 
Smilnx  eupera. 
bindwith  (bind'with),n.    [<  bind  +  with?.]     A 

name  given  to  the  plant  Clematis  Vitalba  (the 
traveler's  joy),  from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind 
up  fagots. 

bindwood  (bind'wud),  re.  [<  bind  +  wood*.] 
A  Scotch  name  for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or 
binding  itself  around  stronger  plants,  etc. 

bine1  (bin),  ».  [A  dial,  form  of  bind,  n.,  now 
accepted  in  the  botanical  use,  esp.  in  com- 
pounds, as  woodbine,  hopbine,  bearbine :  see  bind, 
re.]     The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant. 

When  burr  and  bine  were  gathered. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer  s  Field. 

bine2  (bin),  h.     See  boijn. 

binervate  (bi-ner'vat),  a.    [<  ?n-2  +  nervate.] 

1.  Two-nerved;  especially,  in  bot.,  having  two 
longitudinal  ribs:  applied  to  certain  leaves.— 

2.  In  entom.,  having  two  nervures  or  veins,  as 
an  insect's  wing. 

Binet's  function.    See  function. 

bing1  (bing),  «.  [<  ME.  bing,  binge,  benge,  < 
Icel.  bi)t<ir  =  S-w.  binge,  aheap;  also,  with  trans- 
ferred sense,  Dan.  bing,  a  bin.  Cf.  bin1,  with 
which  bing  has  prob.  been  confused.]  1.  Aheap 
or  pile  of  anything:  as,  a  bing  of  corn,  potatoes, 
coal,  ore,  etc.— 2.  A  definite  quantity  of  lead 
ore,  equal  to  8  hundredweight.     [North.  Eng.J 

bing2  (bing),  v.  i.     To  go.     [Old  slang.] 


557 


£& 


Binding-screw. 


Binq  out  and  tour,  yc  auld  devil. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xxviu. 

binge  (binj),  v.  i. ;  pret  and  pp.  hinged,  ppr. 

bingcing.   [Sc.,  also  bcenge,  beenjc,  appar.  formed 


bv  fusing  bend  and  cringe.']     1 .  To  make  a  low 
obeisance;  courtesy.— 2.  To  cringe;  fawn, 
bing-ore  (bing'or),  re.    Load  ore  in  small  lumps. 

bingstead  (bing'sted),  ».  In  mining,  Replace 
where  bing-ore  is  stored  ready  to  go  to  the 
smelter.     [North.  Eng.] 

bink  (bingk),  n.  [Sc.  and  North.  B.;  <  MB. 
hud,;  binke,  var.  of  brut,  benkc,  unassibilated 
form  of  bench,  q.  v.  Cf.  bank*-,  hank-.]  1.  A 
bench:  a  sent.— 2.  A  wooden  frame,  fixed  to 
the  wall  of  a  house,  for  holding  dishes.— 3. 
A  bank;  an  acclivity.— 4.  In  cotton-manuf.,  a 
stock  of  cotton  composed  of  successive  layers 
from  different  bales;   a  bunker.     In  supplying 

eottori  to  the  machinery,  the  stock  is  raked  down  ill  such 
a  manner  as  to  mix  the  material  thoroughly. 

binn,  n.    See  Wn*. 

binna  (bin'a).  [Sc,  =  be  na,  be  not:  no,  =  E. 
H,ii,  adv.  Cf.  dinna,  do  not,  wmna,  will  not.J 
Be  not.  .  ,       . .       , 

binnacle  (biu'a-kl),  n.    [Also  written  bmaclc  a 
corruption  of  earlier  hittacle,  bitUcle,  <  l'g.   '"'- 
cola  =  Sp.  bitdcora  =  F.  nabita- 
cli;  a  binnacle,  orig.  an  abode, 
<  L.  habitaculum,  a  little  dwell- 
r)W:~:S-~~,W\     ing,  <  habitarc,  dwell :  see  hahi- 
4'jlL  *     Jm&     tation.]    A  framework  or  case 
on  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  front 
of  the  steersman,  and  also  in 
various  other  positions,  con- 
taining a  nautical   compass, 
and  fitted  with  lights  by  which 
the  compass  can  be  read  at 

night.  Men-of-war  generally  carry 
two  steering-binnacles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  steering-wheel,  for  the 
steering-compasses,  and  an  azimuth 
binnacle  in  a  convenient  place  to 
hold  the  azimuth  compass. 

binnacle-list  (bin'a-kl-list), 

n.     A  list  of  the  sick  men  on 
board  a  man-of-war,  placed  in 
the  binnacle  for  the  information  of  the  officer 
of  the  deck. 

Binneya  (bin'e-yft),  re.  [NL.,  after  Bmney,  an 
American  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  land-snails, 
family  Helicidos,  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia. The  shell  is  too  small  to  contain  the  whole  body, 
so  that  when  the  animals  retreat,  as  they  do  at  the  ap- 
proach of  the  dry  season,  the  parts  of  the  body  which 
would  otherwise  be  exposed  are  covered  and  protected  bv 
the  greatly  enlarged  epiphragm. 

binnick,  n.    See  bennick. 

binnite  (bin'it),  re.  [<  Bmn  (see  def.)  +  _-tte-.J 
A  sulphid  of  arsenic  and  copper  occurring  in 
isometric  crystals  in  the  dolomite  ot  the  Bin- 
nenthal,  or  valley  of  Binn,  in  the  canton  of 
Valais,  Switzerland. 

binnogue  (bin'nog),  re.  A  head-dress  formerly 
worn  by  the  women  of  the  Irish  peasantry, 
described  as  a  kind  of  kerchief.    Planche. 

binny  (bin'i),  «.;  pi.  binnics  (-iz).  [Appar. .of 
native  origin.]  A  fish  (Barbus  ftwtm)  ot  the 
family  ( 'iqtrinida;  related  to  the  barbel,  it  in- 
habits tlie  Nile.  , 

binocle  (bin'6-kl),  re.  [=  F.  bmocU  =  Sp.  bind- 
colo,  <  L.  biui,  two  and  two,  double,  +  oculu.-- 
eve:  see  ocular.]  A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted 
with  two  tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes  at  once : 
also  used  for  opera-glass.       ,,,...  r .  T 

binocular  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok  u-lar), a.  [<E 
hini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -ar'2.  Cf.  binocle.] 
1  Having  two  eyes:  as,  "most  animals  are 
binocular,"  Derliam.  Also  binoculatc  [Rare.] 
—  2  Referring  to  both  eyes;  suited  for  the 
simultaneous  use  of  both  eyes:  as,  a  binocular 
telescope  or  microscope. 

The  want  of  binocular  perspective  in  paintings  interferes 
seriously  with  the  completeness  of  t^jjg""^  ^  ^ 

Binocular  microscope.    See  microscope. 

binocularity  (bi-nok-  or  bm-ok-ii-lar  i-ti),  . 
[<  hinocular  +  -4ty.]  Binocular  quality  or  eo  i- 
dition;  the  simultaneous  employment  ot  both 
eyes.    Le  Conte. 

bihocularly  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok  u-lar-h),  adv. 
By  means  of  two  eyes;  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  viewed  by  both  eyes. 

The  reticulation  presents  itself  in  clear  relief,  when 
viewed  binomlnrhj  with  a  sufficiently  high  power. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  270. 

If  these  two  photographs  be  biiweiilarly ■  eonihincd,  .  .  . 

thev  ought  to  and  must  produce  a  visual  effect  eve  tlj   IKl 

an  actual  object  or  scene.  Le  Conte,  sight,  p.  I-,. 

binoculate  (bi-nok'-  or  bm-ok'u-lat)  a.  [<  L. 
hini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -uteK]  Same  as 
hinocular,  1.  .    . 

Binoculus  (bi-nok'ii-lus),  re.  [NT..,  <  L.  OMit, 
two  and  two,  +  oculus,  eye.]  1.  A  genus  of 
brauchiopod  crustaceans.    See  Apus,  2. — 2.  A 


binomialism 

genus  of  neiu-oiiterons  insects,  of  the  family 
hphemenda>.  LatreOle,  1802.— 3.  \l.  c]  An 
X-shupeil  bandage  for  maintaining  dressings 
on  both  eves.    Also  called  diophthalmus. 

binodal  I  bi-no'dal),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot,  node,  +  -'(/.]  Having  two  nodes  or  joints. 

binode  (bi'nod),  re.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot.]     1.  In  math.,  a  singularity  of  a  surface 


Fig.  =.  F«-  3- 

Binode  and  Neighborinj;  Parts  of  the  Surface  ?3  =  xy. 
Fig.  I.   View  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  «.      Fjfi   Sections 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  x.     Fig.  3-  Sections  inclined  45°  to  the  axes  or 
x  andjK- 

consisting  of  a  point  at  which  there  are  two 
tangent  planes.  In  the  surface  shown  in  fig. 
1  each  of  these  planes  is  tangent 
along  the  whole  length  of  a  line ;  but 
this  circumstance  is  not  a  necessary 
concomitant  of  the  singularity.— 2. 
A  crunode  formed  by  the  crossing  of 
two  branches  of  a  curve.      _  Binode  of  a 

binodose,binodous(bi-no'd6s,-diis).   curve 

a.     i<  E-  oir,  two-,  +  nodus,  knot, 
+  -Le,  -0US.]     In  zool.,  having  two  knot-like 
swellings.  ,,T      ,  . 

binomial  (bl-no'mi-al),  a.  and  re.     [<  ME.  61- 
nomius,  tr.  of  Gr.  in  Mio  bvojLaruv,  having  two 
names  (<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name),  +  -at ; 
the  fidler  form  would  be  binominal,  q.  v.]    I.  a. 
1    In  al,/.,  consisting  of  two  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  +  or—;  pertaining  to  binomials. 
—  2    In  zool.  and  bot. :  («)  Using  or  having  two 
names:    appUed  to  the  system  of  nomencla- 
ture introduced  by  Linussus,  in  which  every 
plant  and  animal  receives  two  names,  one  in- 
dicating the  genus,  the  other  the  species:  as, 
Felis  leo,  the  lion;   Bellis  perennis,  the  daisy. 
The  generic  word  is  always  written  first,  and  with  a  capital 
initial  letter;  it  is,  or  is  taken  as,  a  noun.    The  specific 
word  follows,  and  is  usually  an  adjective,  or  used  adjec- 
tivelv.  though  it  may  be  a  noun.    In  zoology  the  practice 
is  now  to  write  all  specific  words  with  a  lower-case  (or 
small)  initial,  though  substantive  and  personal  and  geo- 
graphical  words  are  often  written  with  a  capital  which 
is  the  common  practice  in  botany.    Hence  —  (/')  Con- 
sisting of  two  names :  as,  binomial  terms.    Also 
binominal.—  Binomial  coefficient,  the  numerical  co- 
efficient of  any  term  in  the  develt  rpment  i  if  ( c  +  S/£  where 
n  is   any   whole   number.— Binomial    development 
a  development    by  the    binomial  theorem.-   Binomial 
equation,  an   algebraical   equation   consisting  ol  two 
terms:  as, '«a-±  bx- =0.- Binomial  theorem,  the  the- 
orem Invented  by  sir  Isaac  Newton  for  raising .a .hinomial 
t,.  anv  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it  bj  m  ap- 
proximating infinite  series.    According  to  this  theorem, 
we  have : 

(j+ '/)'-  =j:=  +  iri/+F2     „       . 

la-  j  l,y'  =  x:'+Sx-u+'ixy-+ys  .  , 


(x  +  y)"  =  x~  +  nx"  -i  y  + : 


-*"-->/-  +  - 


x~-*y3+,etc. 
II    re.  1.  In  alg.,  an  expression  or  quantity 
consisting  of  two  terms  connect ed  by  the  sign 
+  or  __  denoting  the  sum  or  the  difference  of 
the  two  terms:  as,  a  +  b,  da  —  2c,  fl2  +  b.  /-- 
2  tJ  i/.—  Z.  In  sool.  and  bot,  a  name  consisting 
of  two  terms,  generic,  and  specific,  as  the  proper 
name  of  a  species,  the  generic  always  preced- 
ing the  specific  word:  as,  Felis  leo,  the  non. 
binomialism (bi-no'mi-al-izm),  re.  [<  binomial-* 
-ism  ]     1    The  binomial  method  ot  nomencla- 
ture, especially    in   zoology   and   botany.— «J. 
The  doctrine  or  use  of  that  method. 
Also  binomiality. 


Binomial. — The  full  lines 
show  a  cylinder  with  a  helix 
drawn  upon  it  and  two  ln- 
nornials.  The  dotted  lines 
show  the  tangents  and  prin- 
cipal normals  at  the  same 
two  points  of  the  helix  and 
the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 


binomialist 
binomialist(bi-n6'rui-.;il-ist).  «.   [<  binomial,  u., 

+  -is/.]  One  who  uses  tin-  binomial  system  of 
nomenclature  in.  zoology  and  botany.  Sec  bi- 
nomiul,  'i..  2. 

binomiality  (bi-no-nri-al'i-ti),  ».  [<  binomial 
+  -ily.)     .Saint'  as  binomialism. 

binomially  (bi-ncVini-ul-i),  adv.  In  a  binomial 
manner ;  after  the  binomial  method  of  nomen- 
clature in  zoology  and  botany. 

binominal  (bi-nom'i-nal),  a.  [<  L.  binominis, 
having  two  names  (<  bi-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name), 
+  -<(/.]     Same  as  binomial,  2. 

binominated  (bi-nom'i-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  hi-, 
two-,  +  nominatus,  named  (see  nominate),  + 
-<il-.]    Having  two  personal  names. 

binominoust  (bi-nom'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  binomi- 
nis: see  binominal.]  Having  or  bearing  two 
names. 

binormal  (bi-n6r'mal),  ».  [<  hi--  +  normal.'] 
In  math.,  a  normal  to  two  consecutive  elements 
of  a  curve  in  space;  a  nor- 
mal perpendicular  to  the 
osculating  plane. 

binotate,  binotated  (bi- 
no'tat,  -ta-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
bi-,  two,  +  imt, i,  mark,  + 
-ate1,  -iitnL]  In  2067., mark- 
ed with  two  dots. 

binotonous  (bi-uot'o-nus), 

a.  [<  L.  bini,  two  by 
two  (see  binary),  +  tonus, 
note,  tone  I  see  torn  \;  after 
monotonous.]  Consisting 
of  two  tones  or  notes  :  as, 
a  binotonous  sound. 

binous  (bi'nus),  a.    [<  L. 
.  usually  in  pi.  bini, 
two  ami  two,  double:  see  binary  and  between.] 
Double;  in  a  pair;  binate. 

binoxalate  (bi-nok'sa-lat),  n.  [<  L.  bini,  two 
and  two  (see  binary),  +  oxalate]  In  chem., 
an  oxalate  in  which  only  one  of  the  hydrogen 
atoms  of  the  aeid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 

binoxid,  binoxide  (bl-nok'sid,  -sid  or  -sid),  «. 
[<  L.  bini,  two  and  two  (see  binary),  +  o.iiil.] 
In  chem.,  same  as  dioxid. 

binoxyde,  ».    See  binoxid. 

bintt.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
tracted form  of  bindeth,  the  third  person  singu- 
lar of  bind. 

binturong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  The  native  name, 
and  now  the  usual  book-name,  of  Arcticiis  bin- 
turong, an  Indian  prehensile-tailed  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  family  Viverridai and  subfamily 
Aretiitiilina:  Also  called  Ietides  ater  or  /.  al- 
bifrons,  and  formerly  Yiverra  binturong.  See 
Arcticiis. 

binuclear  (bi-nu'kle-ar).  fl.  [<  bi-"  +  nuclear.] 
Having  two  nuclei  or  central  points. 

binucleate  (bi-nu'kle-at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  nucle- 
oli .  ]     Saving  two  nuclei,  as  a  cell. 

binucleolate  (bi-nu'kle-o-lat),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
nucleolate.]  In  biol.,  having  two  nucleoli:  ap- 
plied In  cells. 

bio-.  [NL.  etc.  bio-,  <  Gr.  jiior,  life,  akin  to  L. 
vims,  living  (>  vita,  life:  see  vivid,  vital),  = 
i  loth,  lewius  =  AS.  cuicu,  E.  quick,  living:  see 
ijiin-l;.]  An  element  in  many  compound  words, 
chiefly  scientific,  meaning  life. 

bio-bibliographical  (bi"6-bib"li-o-graf'i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  [i'tiic,  life,  +  bibliographical.]  Treat- 
ing of  or  dealing  with  both  the  life  and  the 
writings  of  an  author. 

bioblast  (bx'o-blast),  «.  [<  Gr.  piog,  life,  + 
Arur.Tut ,  a  germ,  <  inwravuv,  bud, sprout,  grow.] 
In  biol.,s  formative  cell  of  any  kind ;  a  minute 
mass  of  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  about  to  be- 
comi  i  cell  of  any  kind.   Thus,  osteoblasts, 

whit  01   Leucocytes,  lymph-corpuscles, 

<  i      are  nil  iiielilasts. 

bioblastic  I  bi-o-blas'tik),  a.  [<  bioblast  +  -ic] 
i  >t.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  natureof  bioblasts. 

biocellate  (bi-o-sel'at),  a.  [<  hi--  +  ocellate.] 
Marked  with  two  eye-like  spots,  as  the  wings 
ne  insects. 

biocentric  'in  5  sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  flior,  life, 
+■  Ktvrpov,  center.]     Treating  fife  as  a  central 

ta.-t. 

biochemic  tiii-o-kem'ik),  n.    [<Gr.   \ioc ,  life,  + 

rln  „nr.\     Of  or  pert  a  i  u  i  n"  1 1 .  i  In   'hemistry  of 
life, 
biod  (bi'od),  ».    [<  Or.  ...'»...  life,  +  od,  q,  v.] 

Tin-   ml    el'  animal    life;    liiogen;   animal    

netdem,  so  called.     Inn  Heicnenbach. 
biodynamic  (bi  o-di-nam'ik),  a.     |<  Gr,       <. 
lite.  +  dynamic.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc 

trine  of  vital  force  or  energy ;  biophysiological. 


558 

biodynamical  (bi'o-di-nani'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
biodynamic. 

The  biostatica]  and  the  biodyTiamicaZ — i.  e.,  the  consid- 
eration nl  the  structure  ready  to  act,  ami  the  considera- 
tion of  the  .structure  acting. 

II.  11.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  ami  Mind,  I.  119. 

biodynamics  (bro-di-nam'iks),  re.  [<  Gr.  /3fof, 
life,  +  dynamics.]  The  doctrine  of  vital  force 
or  energy,  or  the  action  of  living  organisms: 
opposed  to  biostatics. 

biogen  (bi'o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiioc,  life,  +  -yevfit, 
producing:  see  -gen.]  A  hypothetical  soul- 
stuff;  the  substance  of  a  supposed  spiritual 
body  :  the  od  of  organic  life.     Cones. 

biogenation  (br'o-je-na'shon),  n.  [<  biogen  + 
-ation.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  affected 
by  biogen ;  animation ;  vitalization. 

All  animals  are  probably  also  susceptible  of  biogenation, 
which  is  the  affection  resulting  from  the  influence  of  bio- 
gen. Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

biogenesis  (bi-o-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiior,  life, 
+  yhieacc,  generation:  see  genesis.]  1.  The 
genesis  or  production  of  living  beings  from  liv- 
ing beings;  generation  in  an  ordinary  sense: 
the  converse  of  spontaneous  generation,  or  abio- 
genesis.  Various  methods  in  which  biogenesis  is  known 
ti»  occur  ^ive  rise  to  special  terms,  as</<o/o»/<'m'M.v,  pm-llic- 
nogenesis,  etc. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the  genesis 
of  living  beings  from  living  beings  is  the  only 
one  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  and 
which  investigates  or  speculates  upon  the  facts 
in  the  case  upon  such  premises:  the  opposite 
of  abiogenesis. — 3.  Same  as  biogeny,  1. 

biogenesist  (bi-o-jen'e-sist),  n.  [<  biogenesis 
+  -ist.]  One  who  favors  the  theory  of  biogen- 
esis.    Also  called  biogenist. 

biogenetic  (bl'o-jf-nei'ik),  a.  [<  biogenesis  (in 
sense  2,  <  biogen),  after  genetic.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  biogenesis  or  biogeny  in  anyway: 
as,  a  biogenetic  process;  a  biogenetic  law  or 
principle. 

This  fundamental  biogenetic  law.  Haeckel  (trans.). 

2.  Consisting  of  biogen ;  done  by  means  of  bio- 
gen ;  relating  to  the  theory  of  biogen.     Coues. 

biogenetically  (br'o-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
biogenetic  manner;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  the  principles  of  biogenesis  or  biogeny. 

biogenist  (bi-oj'e-nist),  n.  [<  biogeny  +  -ist.] 
Same  as  biogenesist. 

biogeny  (bi-oj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiioc,  life,  + 
-yeveca,  generation:  see  -geny.     Cf.  biogenesis.] 

1.  The  genesis  or  evolution  of  the  forms  of 
matter  which  manifest  the  phenomena  of  life. 
It  is  divided  into  two  main  brandies :  ontogeny,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  individual  organism,  and  phytogeny,  or  the 
genesis  of  tile  species,  race,  stock,  or  trilje  to  which  the 
individual  belongs.    Also  biogenesis. 

2.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  biogenesis ;  the 
history  of  organic  evolution.  As  in  the  preced- 
ing sense,  it  is  divided  into  ontogeny,  or  germ-history,  or 
the  history  of  the  embryological  development  of  the  indi- 
vidual organism,  and  phytogeny,  or  tribal  history,  or  the 
history  of  the  paleontological  evolution  of  organic  species. 

The  first  of  these  studies  [biology]  gives  rise  to  the 
sciences  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  as  well  as  to  the  sub- 
sidiary  science  of  pathology.  On  the  other  hand,  Biogeny 
comprises  embryology,  morphology,  and  questions  relating 
to  the  origin  of  species.      J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  1.  221, 

biographer  (bi-og'ra-fer),  n.  [<  ML.  biogra- 
jilius  (see  biography)' +  -erl.  Cf.  philosopher.^ 
One  who  writes  a  biography,  or  an  account  of 
the  life  and  actions  of  a  particular  person;  a 
writer  of  lives. 

biographic (bi-o-graf'ik),«.  [<biograj)hy  +  -ic.~] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  biography. 

To  all  which  questions,  not  unessential  in  a  biographic 

work,  mere  conjecture  must  for  most  part  return  answer. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  95. 

biographical  (bi-6-graf'i-kal),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  life  of  an  individual ;  dealing 
with  or  containing  biographies:  as.  biographi- 
i-al details;  a  biographical  dictionary. 

The  historian  should  rarely  digress  into  biographical 
particulars  except  in  as  far  as  tins  contribute  t"  the 
clearness  of  his  narrative  of  political  occurrences. 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh,  sir  Tims.  More. 

biographically  (bi-o-graf  'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
biographical  sense  or  manner;  with  reference 
to  biography. 

biographist  (bi-og'ra-fist),  n.  [<  biography  + 
-ist.]    A  biographer.     [Rare.] 

Wantof  honest  heart  in  the  [iiugra}>hists  of  these  Saints 

.  .  .  betrayed  their  pens  to  Buch  abominable  untruths. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  iii. 

biographize  (bi-og'ra-fiz),  v.  t. ;   pret.  and  pp. 

biographized,  ppr.  biographizing.     (<  biography 

+  -i;e.]     To  write  the  biography  or  a  history  of 

i  In    life  of.     [Rare.] 

Now  do  I  hli  ss  the  man  who  undertook 
These  monks  and  martyrs  to  biographize. 

Southey,  St.  Gualberto,  at.  25. 


biomagnetic 

biography  (M-og'ra-fi),  «.;  pi.  biographies  (-Hz), 
[=  F.  biographie,  <  LGr.  (SioypaQla,  biography,  < 
*iiu)}i>u<;u>r  o  ML.  biographus,  >  F.  biographe,  a 
biographer),  <  Gr.  jiior,  life,  +  yp&ijietv,  write.] 

1.  The  history  of  the  life  of  a  particular  person. 
There  is  mi  heroic  poem  in  the  world  but  is  at  bottom 

a  biography,  the  life  of  a  man.  Carlyle,  Essays. 

2.  Biographical  writing  in  general,  or  as  a  de- 
partment of  literature. 

This,  then,  was  tin-  tirst  great  merit  nf  Montesquieu, 
that  In-  effected  a  complete  separation  between  biography 
and  history,  and  taught  historians  to  study,  not  tin-  pecu- 
liarities of  individual  character,  Imt  tin  general  aspect  of 
the  society  in  which  the  peculiarities  appeared. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xiii. 

3.  In  nat.  liist.,  the  Ufe-history  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant.  =  Syn.  1.  Biography,  Memoir.  When  there  is 
a  difference  between  these  words,  it  may  be  that  memoir 
indicates  a  less  complete  or  minute  account  of  a  person  3 
life,  or  it  may  be  that  the  person  himself  records  ins  own 
recollections  of  the  past,  especially  as  connected  with  his 
oh  n  lite  ;  in  the  latter  case  memoir  should  be  in  the  plural, 

biokinetics  (bi"6-ki-net'iks),  n.  [<  Gr.  liinr, 
life,  +  kinetics.]  That  part  of  biological  science 
which  treats  of  the  successive  changes  through 
which  organisms  pass  during  the  different 
stages  of  their  development. 

biologian  (bi-o-16'jian),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ian.] 
A  biologist. 

Those  great  classes  into  which  systematists  and  biolo- 
giaus  have  divided  existing  vertebrate  forms. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  352. 

biologic  (bi-o-loj'ik),  a.  [(.biology  +  -ic]  Same 
as  biological. 

The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by  two 
subsidiary  divisions  of  biologic  inquiry,  named  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Morphology)  and 
Comparative  Embryology.  //.  Spencer. 

biological  (bi-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
biology  or  the  science  of  life. 

t  They  [the  discoveries  of  Cuvier]  contain  a  far  larger  por- 
tion of  important  anatomical  and  biological  truth  than  it 
ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  contribute. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct  Sciences,  I.  629. 

The  prick  of  a  needle  will  yield,  in  a  drop  of  one's  blood, 

material  for  microscopic  observation  of  phenomena  which 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  bioUviicttl  conceptions. 

Huxley,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XI.  C70. 

2.  In  zoo'l.,  illustrating  the  whole  life-history 
of  a  group  or  species  of  animals:  as,  a  biologi- 
cal collection  of  insects. 
biologically  (bi-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  biologi- 
cal manner ;  according  to  the  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  biology. 

That  which  was  physically  defined  as  a  moving  equilib- 
rium we  define  biologically  as  a  balance  of  functions. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  39. 

Ethics,  if  positive,  must  rest  on  some  empirical  data. 
These  data  are  furnished  partly  by  history,  partly  by  hu- 
man nature,  either  biologically  or  psychologically  consid- 
ered. .V.  .1.  Rev.,  i  XX.  255. 

biologist  (bi-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in,  or  a  student  of,  biology. 

biologizet  (bi-ol'o-jiz),  v.  t.  [<  biology  +  -ize.] 
To  mesmerize. 

biologizert  (bi-ol'o-ji-zer),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises mesmerism. 

biology  (bi-ol'6-ji),  n.  [=F.  biologic,  <  Gr.  ftioe, 
life,  +  -Xo)  ia,  {  y.h. nv,  speak  (see  -ology) ;  cf.  Gr. 
jiio'/.ojoc,  a  player,  one  who  represents  to  the 
life.]  1.  The  science  of  life  and  living  things 
in  the  widest  sense;  the  body  of  doctrine  re- 
specting living  beings;  the  knowledge  of  vital 
phenomena. 

It  is  remarkable  that  each  of  these  writers  ITreviranus 
and  Lamarck]  seems  to  have  been  led,  independently  ami 
contemporaneously,  to  invent  the  same  name  of  Biology 
foe  the  science  of  the  phenomena  of  life.  .  .  .  Ami  it  is 
hard  lo  say  whether  Lamarck  or  Treviranus  has  the  pri- 
ority. .  .  .  Though  tie  first  volume  nf  Treviranus' " Bio- 
logie "  appeared  only  in  1802,  he  says  .  .  .  that  he  wrote 
the  first  volume  .  .  .  about  1796.  The  "  Itc.herches," 
etc,  in  which  the  outlines  of  Lamarck's  doctrines  are 
given,  was  published  in  1802. 

Huxley,  Science  and  Culture  (Am.  cd.,  1S82),  p.  302. 

2.  In  a  more  special  sense,  physiology ;  bio- 
physiology;  biotics. —  3.  In  a  technical  sense, 
the  life-history  of  an  animal :  especially  used 
in  entomology. — 4f.   Animal  magnetism. 

biolysis  (bi-ol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3loj,  life, 
+  /imr,  loosening,  solution,  <  '/inv,  loose,  dis- 
solve.] Dissolution  of  a  living  being:  death, 
as  the  resolution  of  an  organism  into  ilseonstit- 
iient  purls,  and  consequently  the  destruction 
nl'  the  phenomena  of  life. 

biolytic  (bi-o-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (Iioc,  life,  + 
/eriMir,  able' to  loose,  <  /hirer,  verbal  adj.  of 
/mi-.  Loose.]  In  mid.,  tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life :  as,  a  biolytic  agent. 

biomagnetic  (lu'o-mag-net'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (iiot;, 
life,  +  magnetic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
biomagnetism. 


biomagnetism 

biomagnetism  (bi-6-mag'ne-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Bios,  'if*'.  ~*~  magnetism.}  Animal  magnotism. 
See  magnetism.    Kraulh. 

biometry  (bi-oin'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiios,  life,  + 
-fierpia,  <  fiirpov,  a  measure.]  The  measure- 
ment of  life;  specifically,  the  calculation  of 
the  probable  duration  of  human  life. 

biomorphotic  (bi'o-mdr-fot'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  bio- 
morphoticus,  <  Gr.  jiios,  life,  +  MGr.  popt/iuTi- 
k6s,  fit  for  shaping,  <  Gr.  */toptpuTur,  verbal  adj.  of 
/toptpuvv,  shape,  <  noptjii/,  form,  shape.]  In  en- 
turn.,  having  an  active  pupa.     JVestwood. 

Biomorphotica  (bi  o-mor-fot'i-kii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  biomorphoticus  :  see  biomorphotic] 
In  eiitom.,  a  name  proposed  by  Westwood  for 
those  insects  of  the  old  order  Neurojitera  hav- 
ing an  active  pupa.  They  are  now  generally 
known  as  Pseudoneuroptera. 

bionomy  (bi-on'o-ini),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  /3/oc,  life, 
+  i'u/ioi;,  law:  see  nome.]  1.  The  science  of  the 
laws  of  life,  or  of  living  functions;  dynamic 
biology. 

He  [Comte]  also  employs  the  term  bionomy  as  embra- 
cing the  genera]  science  of  the  laws  of  living  [unctions,  or 
dynamic  biology.  L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  120. 
2.  In  anthropology,  the  third  and  final  or  deduc- 
tive and  predictive  stage  of  anthropobiology. 
0.  T.  Mason. 

biophagous  (bi-of'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Bios,  life,  + 
(pa)civ,  eat.]  Feeding  on  living  organisms  :  ap- 
plied especially  to  insectivorous  plants. 

biophysiography  (bi  'o-fiz-i-og'ra-fi),  ».  [<  Gr. 
Bios,  life,  +  physiography.]  The  physical  nat- 
ural history  of  organized  beings;  descriptive 
and  systematic  zoology  and  botany,  as  distin- 
guished from  physiological  zoology  and  botany, 
or  biotics ;  organography :  distinguished  from 
biophysiology. 

biophysiolbgical  (bi"6-fiz"i-a-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
biophysiology  +  -ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bio- 
physiology. 

biophysioiogist  (Wo-fiz-i-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bio- 
physwlogy  +  -ist.~\  A  student  of  biophysiology ; 
a  student  of  biology,  or  an  expert  in  the  science 
of  biotics.     Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  1G0. 

biophysiology  (bi"o-fiz-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Bios, 
life,  t  physiology.']  The  science  of  organized 
beings,  embracing  organogeny,  morphology, 
and  physiological  zoology  and  botany :  distin- 
guished from  biophysiography. 

bioplasm  (bi'o-plazm),  a.  [<  Gr.  Bios,  life,  + 
irldofia,  anything  formed,  <  nMooeiv,  form.] 
Living  and  germinal  matter;  formative,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  formed,  matter.  The  term  was 
introduced  by  Prof.  L.  S.  Beale,  about  1872,  for  the  state 
or  condition  of  protoplasm  ill  which  it  is  living  and  ger- 
minating. 

Bioplasm  .  .  .  moves  and  grows.  ...  It  may  be  cor- 
rectly called  living  or  forming  matter,  for  by  its  agency 
every  kind  of  living  thing  is  made,  and  without  it,  as  far 
as  is  known,  no  living  thing  ever  has  been  made;  .  .  .  but 
the  most  convenient  and  least  objectionable  name  for  it  is 
living  plasma  or  bioplasm  (0ios,  life,  7rAatrjaa,  plasm,  that 
which  is  capable  of  being  fashioned). 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  14. 

bioplasmic  (bl-o-plaz'inik),  a.  [<  bioplasm  + 
-ic]     Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm. 

bioplast  (bi'o-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiios,  life,  + 
TtXanros,  verbal  adj.  of  nlaaoetv,  mold,  form.] 
A  particle  of  bioplasm;  a  living  germinal  cell, 
such  as  a  white  blood-corpuscle  or  a  lymph- 
corpuscle  ;  an  amoeboid ;  a  plastidule. 

In  many  diseases  these  bioplasts  of  the  capillary  walls 
are  much  altered,  and  in  cholera  I  have  found  that  num- 
bers of  them  have  been  completely  destroyed. 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  298. 

bioplastic  (bi-5-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Bios,  life, 
+  TTAaoTinos :  see  plastic]  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  bioplast. 

biordinal  Qn-dr'di-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  bi-2  + 
ordinal.]     I.  a.  Of  die  second  order. 

II.  it.  In  math.,  a  differential  equation  of 
the  second  order. 

biostatical  (bi-o-stat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiios, 
life,  +  oraTiKdr,  causing  to  stand:  see  static] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  biostatics. 

No  philosophic  biologist  now  tries  to  reach  and  modify 
a  vital  force,  but  only  to  reach  and  modify  those  bio- 
stat teal  conditions  which,  when  considering  themascauses, 
and  condensing  them  all  into  a  single  expression,  he  calls 
Vitality,  or  the  Vital  Forces. 

67.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind.  I.  ii.  §  2. 

biostatics  (bi-o-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  biostatic: 
see  -ics.]  That  branch  of  biology  which  deals 
with  the  statical  and  coexistent  relations  of 
structure  and  function:  opposed  to  biodynam- 
ics  and  bioldnetics. 

biotaxy  (bl'o-tak-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  Bioc,  life,  + 
-rofi'a,  <  rdf(c,  arrangement:  see  tactic]  The 
classification,  arrangement,  or  coordination  of 
living  organisms,  according  to  the  sum  of  their 


559 

morphological  characters ;  a  biological  system ; 
taxonomy. 

biotic  (bi-ot'ik),  a.     Same  as  biotical. 

biotical  (W-ot'x-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  (1iutik6s,  relat- 
ing to  life  (<  jiiurds,  verbal  adj.  of  Biovv,  live, 
<  jiinr,  life),  +  -al.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  life, 
or  to  biotics ;  biophysiological. 
The  biotical  activities  of  matter.  T.  Sterry  Hunt. 

Organization  and  bivtieal  functions  arise  from  the  nat- 
ural operations  of  forces  inherent  in  elemental  matter. 
ir   /;.  Carpenter,  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  Phys.,  III.  151. 

biotics  (bi-ot/iks),  a,  [<  Gr.  jiiurmos,  pertaining 
to  life :  see  biotical.]  The  science  of  vital  func- 
tions ami  manifestations;  the  powers,  proper- 
ties, and  qualities  ] n liar  to  living  organisms  ; 

vital  activities  proper,  us  distinguished  from  the 
chemical  and  physical  attributes  of  vitality. 

These  activities  are  often  designated  as  vital ;  but  since 
this  word  is  generally  made  to  include  at  the  same  time 
other  manifestations  which  are  simply  dynamical  or 
chemical,  [have  .  .  .  proposed  for  the  activities  charac- 
teristic of  the  organism  the  term  biotics.    T.  Sterry  Hunt. 

biotite  (bi'o-tit ),  n.  [<  J.  B.  Biot  (1774-1862),  a 
French  physicist,  +  -ite2.]  An  important  mem- 
ber of  the  mica  group  of  minerals.  See  mica. 
It  occurs  in  hexagonal  prisms,  sometimes  tabular,  of  a 
black  or  dark-greerj  color.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  iron  with  magnesium  and  potassium,  and  is  often 
called  magnesia  mica,  in  distinction  from  Muscovite  or 
potash  mica.  It  is  sometimes  divided  into  two  varieties, 
called  anomite  and  meroxene,  which  are  distinguished  by 
optical  characteristics. 

biotome  (bi'o-toin),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiios,  life,  +  Topr/, 
a  cutting,  section  :  sec  anatomy.]  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Cobbold  to  a  life-epoch  in  the  develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  lower  animals,  as  Entozoa. 

biovulate  (bi-6'vu-lat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  ovulate.] 
In  hot.,  having  two  ovules. 

bipaleolate  (bi-pa'le-6-lat),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  paleo- 
latc]  Having  two  paleohe  or  diminutive  scales 
(lodicules),  as  the  flowers  of  some  grasses. 

bipalmate  (bi-pal'mat),  a.    [<  hi-2  +  palmate] 

In  hot.,  doubly  or  subordinately  palmate. 
biparietal  (bi-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  parietal.] 

Pertaining  to  both  parietal  bones Biparietal 

diameter,  the  diameter  of  the  skull  from  one  parietal 
eminence  to  the  other. 

biparous  (bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pa- 
rerc,  bring  forth.]  1.  Bringing  forth  two  at 
a  birth. — 2.  In  bot.,  having  two  branches  or 
axes:  applied  to  a  cyme. 

biparted  ( bi-par'ted),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  parted.  Cf. 
bipartite]  1.  In  her.,  bipartite :  applied  to  any- 
thing cut  off  in  the  form  of  an  indent,  showing 
two  projecting  pieces. —  2.  In  zool.,  divided  in- 
to two  parts ;  bipartite. 

bipartible  (bi-piir'ti-bl),  a,  [<  bi-"  +  partible.] 
Divisible  into  two  parts.     Also  bipartite. 

bipartient  (bi-par'ti-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipar- 
tien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  bipartire :  see  bipartite.]  I.  a. 
Dividing  into  two  parts ;  serving  to  divide  into 

two.  — Bipartient  factor,  a  number  whose  square  di- 
vides a  given  number  without  remainder. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  a  number  that  divides  an- 
other into  two  equal  parts  without  remainder: 
thus,  2  is  the  bipartient  of  4. 
bipartile  (bl-par'til),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  LL. 
partilis,  <  L.  partire,  part :  see  part,  v.]  Same 
as  bipartible. 

bipartite  (bi-par'tlt),  a.  [<  L.  bipartitus,  pp. 
of  bipartire,  divide  into  two  parts,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  partire,  divide :  see 
part,  c]  1.  In  two 
parts  ;  having  two 
correspondent  parts, 
as  a  legal  contract,  or 

O  writing,  one  for  each 

I  party;  duplicate. 

The  divine  fate  is  also 
bipartite. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual 
(System,  Pref.,  p.  1. 

2.  In  bot.,  divided 
into  two  parts  near- 
ly to  the  base,  as 
the  leaves  of  many 
passion-flowers.  — Bipartite  curve,  in  oeom.,  a  curve 
consisting  of  two  distinct  continuous  series  of  points. 

Bipartiti  (bi-par-ta'tl),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 

bipartitus:  see  bipartite]  In  Latreille's system 
of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous  Colcop- 
tcra  containing  fossorial  earaboid  beetles. 

bipartition  (bi-piir-tish'on),  n.  [<  L.  bipartire 
tsee  bipartite),  Suiter  partition.]  The  act  of  di- 
viding into  two  parts,  or  of  making  two  cor- 
respondent parts. 

bipaschal  (bi-pas'kal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
LL.  pascha,  passover:  see  paschal.]  Including 
or  relating  to  two  consecutive  passover  feasts: 
applied  by  theologians  to  the  scheme  of  chro- 
nology which  limits  Christ's  public  ministry  to 


Bipartite  Curve. 
^2  =jt(*-  il  (jr-a). 


Bipinnaria 

a  period  continuing   only  two   passover  anni- 
versaries. 

ai t  the  length  .  .  .  [of  Christ's  public  ministry]  then 

are  (besides  the  isolated  and  decidedl)  err iousvie«  oi 

Irciceiis)  three  i  Ic,  ,ries,  allowing  respectively  one,  two,  or 

three  years  and  a  few  i lbs,  and  designated  as  the  bi 

paschal,  tripaschal,  and  uuadripaschal  schemes,  accord- 
ing to  the  Quml t  Passovers. 

Schaff,  Ih  i.  Christ,  church.  I.  5  lti,  iv. 

bipectinate  (bi-pek'ti-nat),  «.  [<  hi-"  +  pec- 
tinate.] Saving  two  margins  toothed  like  a 
comb:  used  especially  in  botany  and  zoology. — 
Bipectinate  antennae,  in  entom  .  antenna?  in  whii  h  the 
bodies  of  the  joints  are  Bhort,  but  with  both  sides  pro- 
longed  into  more  or  less  slender  processes,  which  are 
turned  obliquely  outward,  giving  the  whole  organ  a 
feather-like  appearance,  as  In  many  moths.  This  form  is 
often  called  pectinate;  but  this  word  is  properly  used 
where  the  processes  are  on  one  side  of  the  joint  only. 

biped  (bi'ped),  «.  and  it.  [<  L.  bipes  {hi/ml-)  (= 
Gr.  diirovs  (oOTOif-):  see  dipody),  two-fooled. <  hi-, 
two-,  +  pes  ( ped-)  =  E.  foot.  Cf.  quadruped, 
centiped,  millipedjj  I.  ".  1.  Having  two  feet. 
An  helpless,  naked,  biped  beast.  Byrom,  An  Epistle. 
2.  In  herpet.,  having  hind  limbs  only. 
II.  it.  An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 

bipedal  (bi'ped-al),  a.  [<  L.  bipalalis.  measur- 
ing two  feet,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  pes  (ped-),  foot.  ( If. 
hi  ped.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  biped;  hav- 
ing or  walking  upon  two  feet. 

The  erect  or  bipedal  mode  of  progression. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  335. 

2f.  Measuring  two  feet  in  length. 

bipedality  (bi-pe-dal'i-ti),  »'•  [<  bipedal  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  of  being  two-footed. 

Bipeltata  (bi-pel-ta'ta),  n. pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  bipeltatus :  see  bipiltttte]  A  term  adopted 
by  Cuvier  from  Latreille  as  a  family  name  for 
sundry  organisms  known  as  glass-crabs,  of  a 
certain  genus  called  Phyllosoma  by  Leach. 
The  forms  in  question  are  larvae  of  scyllaroid  crustaceans. 
See  glass-crab,  Phyllosomata.     I  Not  in  use.] 

bipeltate  (bi-pel'tat),  a.  [<  NL.  bipt  I  tutus,  <  L. 
bi-,  two-,  +  pelta,  shield:  see  bi-"  and  pillule  ] 
1.  In  soiil.,  having  a  defense  like  a  double 
shield. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bipt  Itata. 
bipennate,  bipennated  (bi-pen'at,  -it-ted),  a. 
[\  L.  bijicnnis,  bipinnis,  two-winged,  <  bi-  + 
penna,  pinna,  wing:  see  pen1.]  1.  Having 
two  wings:  as,  "  bipennated  insects,"  Derham, 
Phys.  Theol.,  viii.  4,  note. —  2.  In  bot.,  same 
as  bipinnate,  (a). 
bipennatifid,  «.  See  bipinnatifid. 
bipennis  (bi-pen'is),  «. ;  pi.  bipennes  (-ez). 
[L.,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  securis,  ax),  two-edged ; 
confused  with  bipen- 
nis, bipinnis,  two- 
winged,  but  accord- 
ing to  Quintilian 
and  other  Latin 
writers  a  different 
word,  <  bi-,  two-,  + 
* pennits  or  *pinnus, 
sharp.  Cf.  pin1  and 
penK]  An  ancient 
ax  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of 
the  handle.  In  art  it  is 
a  characteristic  weapon 
often  depicted  in  the 
hands  of  the  Amazons, 
ami  also  attributed  to  Hephtestus  or  Vulcan. 
Bipes  (bi'pez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bipes,  two-foot- 
ed: see  biped.]  1.  A  genus  of  lizards,  of  the 
family  Anquitltc  or  Gerrltonotitlte  :  by  some 
united  with  Ophisaurus.  Oppel,  1811. —  2.  A 
genus  of  lizards,  of  the  family  Seincidte:  now 
called  Scelotes.  The  species  are  African ;  the 
S.  hijies  inhabits  South  Africa,  ilerrem,  1820. 
bipetalous  (bi-pet'a-lus),  a.  [< 
bi-'2  +  petalotts.]  Having  two 
flower-leaves  or  petals. 
Biphora  (bi'fo-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  -eiipos,  < 
(j>ipetv  =  'E.bcar1.]  A  group  of 
aseidians,  such  as  the  Salpidai. 
The  term  is  sometimes  used  as  the 
name  of  an  order  of  the  class  Tunica- 
tfi  or  Ascidia,  containing  the  families 
Salpidte  and  Dolvolidce,  characterized 
Ity  their  single  ribbon-like  branchia. 
They  are  free-swimming  forms  with 
the  sexes  distinct. 

biphore(bi'for),  n.  [<  Biphora.] 

One  of  the  Biphora. 
Bipinnaria  (bl-pi-na'ri-S),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pinna, 
penna,  wing:  see  pen1.]  A 
generic  name  given  to  the  bi- 
lateral larval  form  of  some 
echinoderms,  as  a  starfish, 
under  the  impression  that    it 


,- 


Bipennis. 
(From  a  Greek  red-figured  vase.) 


Stages  of  develop- 
ment  -!  -i  larval  aste- 
rid  tinned  RipDina- 
rt'a.  Upper  figure, 
later  Pluteus;  lower, 
earlier  Echinofadi' 
urn. 


Bipinnate  Leaf. 


Bipinnaria 

was  a   distinol   animal:    nearly  the   same  as 
Brachiolaria.   The  term  is  n  t  ained  to  designate 
suck  larvaj  or  stage  of  development.     Sec  also 
eut  under  Asteroid*  a. 
bipinnate,  bipinnated  (bi-pin'at,  -ii-ted),  a. 

[<  bi-2  +  jiiiiimli .    Ci.bipeiinatc]    Doubly  pin- 
nate,   (a)  In  bat.,  applied  to  a  pinnate  leaf  when  its  divi- 

ire  themselves  again  pin- 
nate. Also  bipi  imate  and 
wit''!,  (b)  In  zool.,  having  op- 
posite pinna' ;  feathered  on  two 
opposite  sides  ol  a  main  or  axial 
line :   in  ent  int.,  spei  [flcalTj  ap- 

to  certain  feather}  forms 
of  am. una'.  See  antenna,  (c)  In 
unit.,  havmu'  the  fleshy  fibers 
rted  on  opposite  sides  ol  a 
tendinous  intersection  :  saiil  of 
a  muscle.  The  rectus  femoris 
muscle  is  an  example, 
bipinnately  (bi-pin'at-li), 
adr.  In  a  bipiuuate  man- 
ner. 

bipinnatifid,  bipennatifid  (bi-pi-,  bl-pe-nat'i- 
tid),  a.     L<  bi--  +  pinnatifld,  pennatifid.]    In 
.  doubly  pinnatifld;  having  the  primary  and 
secondary  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 

bipinnatiform  (bi-pi-nat'i-f6rm),  a.  [As  bi- 
pinnati  +  -form.']  Doubly  pinnate  in  form; 
bipinnate:  as.  a  bipinnatiform  muscle. 

bipinnatipartite  (bi-pi-nat-i-par'tat),  a.  [As 
bipinnaU  +  L. partitas,  divided:  see  partition.] 
Bipinnatifid.  but  having  the  divisions  extend- 
ing to  near  the  rnidrib. 

bipinnatisect,  bipinnatisected  (bi-pi-nat'i- 
sekt,  -sek-ted),  «.  [As  bipinnate  +  L.  sectus, 
eut:  see  section.]  In  hot.,  twice  divided  pin- 
nately. 

The  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnatifid,  bipinnatipartite,  or 
bipinnatisected.  Bentleij,  Botany,  p.  153. 

biplanar  (bi-pla'nar),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
l)l:in  us,  plane. ]  Lying  or  situated  in  two  planes. 

biplane  (bi'plan),  n.  In  math.,  the  pair  of  co- 
incident planes  to  which  the  tangent  cone  of  a 
node  reduces,  when  that  node  is  a  binode. 

biplicate  (bi'pli-kat),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  plicate.] 
Doubly  folded;  twice  folded  together,  trans- 
versely, as  the  cotyledons  of  some  plants. 
Henslow. 

biplicity  (bi-plis'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  biplex  (fiipUc-) 
(equiv.  to  duplex,  in  a  glossary)  (<  bi-,  twice,  + 
plicare,  fold)  +  -ity.  Cf.  duplicity.]  The  state 
of  being  biplicate  or  twice  folded;  the  quality 
of  being  twofold  ;  doubling.     Rogct.     [Rare.] 

bipolar  (bl-po'l&r),  a.  [<  bi--  +  polar.]  1. 
Doubly  polar;  having  two  poles. 

The  best  modern  metaphysicians,  with  rare  exceptions, 
are  now  agreed  that,  whatever  may  be  the  case  with  ulti- 
mate existences,  the  phenomena  we  deal  with  are  bipolar, 
on  the  one  side  objective  and  on  the  other  subjective;  and 
these  are  the  twofold  aspects  of  reality. 

G.  II  /,.  w,  t,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  29. 
Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  having  two  process- 
es from  opposite  poles:  said  of  certain  nerve- 
cells. 

bipolarity  (bl-po-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  bipolar  +  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  bipolar  ;  double  polarity. 

Bipont,  Bipontine  (bi'pont,  bi-pon'tin),  a.  [< 
NL.  Bipontinus,  <  Bipontium  (a  tr.  of  German 
ZweibrucJcen,  1'.  Deux-Ponts,  lit.  two  bridges), 
<  L.  ii-,  two-,  +  pon(t-)s,  bridge.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bipontium  (the  Latin  name  of  Zwei- 
briicken  or  Deux-Ponts)  in  Rhenish  Bavaria: 
applied  to  editions  of  the  classics  the  printing 
ol  which  was  begun  there  in  1779. 

biporose  (bl-po'ros),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
poms,  a  pore.]  Having  two  pores;  opening 
by  two  pores,  as  the  anthers  in  the  genus  '  'as- 
.sin  and  most   l.iiinceCB. 

Bipositores  (bi-poz-i-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  bi-,  two-,  +  positor,  layer.]  In.  ornith..  an- 
t  name  Eor  the  Columbm,  an  order  of  birds 
including  till  the  pigeons  and  doves:  so  called 
because  these  birds  for  the  most  part  lay  only 
two  eggs.      |  Not  in  use.] 

biprism  (bi  prizm),  «.  [<  bi--  +  prism."]  A 
prism  with  two  refractive  edges  each  of  small 
tingle,  its  cross-section  being  an  obtuse-angled 
isosceles  triangle. 

bipulmonary  fM-pul'mo-na-ri),  a.  [<  hi-2  + 
pulmonary.]  In  Arachnida,  having  only  one 
pair  of  pulmonary  sacs:  opposed  to  quadripul- 
monary. 

bipunctate  (W-pungk'tat),  a.  [<  W-2  +  punc- 
tate.]     Having  two  punctures  or  spots. 

bipunctual  (K-pungk'tu-al),  a.  [<  hi-2  + 
punctual,  in  the  literal  sense.]  Having  two 
points.     Bipunctual  coordinates.    Si 

bipupillate  (bi-pu'pi-lat),  a.  [<  M-2  +  pupil- 
late?]  Having  a  double  pupil:  in entam.,  said 
of  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing  of  a  butterfly 


560 

when  it  has  within  it  two  dots  or  pupils  of  a 
different  color. 

bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram'i-dal),  a.  [<  bi--  + 
pyramidal.]  In  crystal.,  having  the  form  of 
two  pyramids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 
crystals. 

biquadrate  (bi-kwod'rat),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quad- 
rate]    Same  as  biquadratic. 

biquadratic  fbi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  bi-2 
+  quadratic]  I.  a.  Containing  or  referring 
to  a  fourth  power,  or  the  square  of  a  square ; 
quartic.  The  word  quartie  lias  now  completely  super- 
seded biquadratic,  except  in  the  following  phrases.— Bi- 
quadratic equation,  an  equation  with  one  unknown 
quantity  the  highest  power  of  which  contained  in  the 
equation  is  the  fourth.  Biquadratic  equations  are  always 
susceptible  of  algebraic  solution  ;  equations  of  higher 
degrees  are  generally  capable  only  of  numerical  solution. 
—  Biquadratic  function,  involution.  See  the  nouns. 
— Biquadratic  parabola,  in  geom.,  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the  same 
way.  — Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  the  square  root 
of  the  square  root  of  that  number.  Thus,  the  square  root 
of  81  is  9,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which  is  the  bi- 
quadratic root  of  81. 

II.  n.  Ln  math.,  the  fourth  power,  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  square  number 
or  quantity  by  itself.  Thus,  4  x  4  =  16,  which  is  the 
square  of  4,  and  16  x  16  =  256,  the  biquadratic  of  4. 

biquarterly  fbi-kwar'ter-li),  a.  [<  ii-2  + 
quarterly.]  Properly,  happening  or  appearing 
once  every  two  quarters,  or  semi-annually, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  semi-quar- 
terly, twice  in  each  quarter.     [Rare.] 

biquartz  (bi'kwartz),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quartz^  A 
double  quartz  plate  used  in  a  form  of  saccha- 
rimeter  (which  see).  It  consists  of  two  semicircular 
plates  of  quartz  joined  in  a  vertical  line  ;  the  two  halves 
are  so  taken  that  they  respectively  deviate  the  plane  of 
polarization  of  incident  plane-polarized  light  through  90= 
in  opposite  directions. 

biquaternion  (bi"kwa-ter'ni-on),  n.  [<  bi  (see 
def .)  +  quaternion.]  1.  In  math.,  an  imaginary 
quaternion ;  a  quantity  expressible  in  the  form 
a  +  bi  +  ej  +  dk,  where  i,  j,  k  are  three  mu- 
tually perpendicular  vectors,  and  a,  b,  c,  d  are 
real  or  imaginary  numbers.  This  is  the  sense  in 
which  Sir  W.  it.  Hamilton  used  the  word.  He  distin- 
guished sucll  a  quantity  from  a  real  quaternion,  because 
the  whole  algebraic  procedure  with  imaginary  quaternions 
is  different  from  and  more  difficult  than  that  with  real 
quaternions,  instead  of  being  essentially  the  same  but 
more  easy,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  imaginary  alge- 
bra as  compared  with  real  algebra. 

2.  The  ratio  of  two  rotors.  This  meaning  was  given 
to  the  word  by  W.  K.  Clifford,  who  conceived  that  Hamil- 
ton's biquaternions  did  not  deserve  a  separate  name.  In 
this  sense  a  biquaternion  is  the  sum  of  two  quaternions 
belonging  to  different  systems,  so  that  their  product  van- 
ishes. 

biquintile  (bi-kwin'til),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quintile.] 
In  astral.,  an  aspect  of  the  planets  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  by  twice  the  fifth 
part  of  a  great  circle,  that  is,  144°  or  twice  72°. 

biradiate,  biradiated  (bi-ra'di-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  bi-'2  +  radiate.]  Having  two  rays:  as,  a  bi- 
radiate &a. 

birambi  (bi-ram'bi),  ».  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  the  Avcrrhoa  Bilimbi,  a  plant  of  British 
Guiana,  from  which  an  excellent  preserve  is 
made. 

biramose  (bl-ra'mos),  a.    Same  as  biramous. 

Six  pail's  of  powerful  biramose  natatory  feet. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  652. 

biramous  (bl-ra'mus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
ramus,  a  branch.]  Possessing  or  consisting  of 
two  branches;  dividing  into  two  branches,  as 
the  limbs  of  cirripeds.     II.  A.  Nicholson. 

birch  (berch),  n.  [=  Se.  and  North.  E.  birk,  < 
ME.  birch,  birche,  birke,  <  AS.  birce,  bicrce, 
byrcc  (=  Oil*;,  bircha,  piricha,  MHG.  G.  birhe), 
weak  fem.,  parallel  with  berc,  beorc  (=  MD. 
berch,  \K  berk  (Jberken-boom)  =  Icel.  bjor k  (in 
comp.  birki-)  =  Sw.  bjiirk  =  Dan.  birk),  strong 
fem.,  =  OBulg.  breza  =  Russ.  berc:a  =  l.nh. 
In  r  has,  birch,  =  Skt.  bhurja,  a  kind  of  birch. 
Root  unknown;  connected  by  some  with  AS. 
beorht,  OHG.  beraht,  etc.,  bright,  white,  shin- 
ing, in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  bark.     Not 

cot cted  with  L.  biliila,  birch:  see  lictidn.] 

1.  A  tree  or  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  />'<- 
tula  (which  see).  The  birches  have  smooth,  lami- 
nated outer  bark  and  close  grained  wood,  which  in  some 
species  is  hard  and  tough,  taking  a  line  polish,  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  many  other  pur- 
poses.    The  white,  gray,  or  poplar  birch,  Betuia  alba,  the 

principal    European    species,    is    a    small    tree,    but    is   put 

to  many  uses,  especially  in  the  old  world.    The  baric  is 

used  for  tanning  and  thatching,  ami  yields  an  oil  which 

is  said  to  be  used  to  give  Russui  leather  its  peculiar  odor; 

pruce  "ii  i-  also  used  for  this  purpose.    The  leavi     as 

well  as  the  sap  and  oil,  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  \.,n 
oils  chronic  diseases,  and  the  wood  is  used  for  fuel  and 
many  other  purposes.  Several  varietiesof  this  Bpecies,  as 
the  weeping,  cut  leafed,  and  purple  lurches,  are  much 
cultivated  for  ornament.     The  canoe-  or  paper-birch  of 


bird 

North  America,  B.  papyrifera,  is  a  large  tree  with  a  very 
tough,  durable  bark,  which  is  largely  used  by  the  Indiana 
in  we  manufacture  of  canoes  ami  tents.  The  timber  is 
valuable.  The  yellow  or  gray  birch,  B.  lulea,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  At- 
lantic forests,  growing  to  a  very  large  size;  its  wood  is 
heavy,  very  strong,  and  hard.  The  black,  sweet,  cherry-, 
or  mahogany-birch,  /.'.  liulu,  has  a  very  spicy,  aromatic 
bark,  yielding  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  winter- 
green,  and  its  heavy,  dark  colored  wood  is  largely  used 
for  making  furniture  and  in  ship-building.  '  Ither  promi- 
nent species  are  tin-  red  or  river-birch,  /-'.  nigra,  of  the 
Southern  States,  and  the  black  birch.  B.  occidentalis,  of 
the  Koeky  Mountains  and  westward.  Several  shrubby 
species  are  widely  distributed  in  mountainous  and  arctic 
regions,  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  other  decidu- 
ous tree,  as  the  alpine  birch  (/;.  nana),  the  low  or  dwarf 
birch  (/>'.  /miiiil'i).  ami  the  scrub  birch  t /.'.  glanduloea). 
2.  A  birch  rod,  or  a  number  of  birch-twigs 
bound  together,  sometimes  used  for  punishing 
children. —  3.  A  birch-bark  canoe.  Lowell. — 
Jamaica  c  ir  West  Indian  birch,  or  gumbo-limbo,  a 
species  of  Bursera,  1>.  iniiiiinij'-ra,  a  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly soft,  light,  and  spongy  wood,  yielding  a  kind  of 
gum  elemi.  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  lor  gout  and  as  the 
chief  ingredient  of  a  valuable  varnish. 

birch  (berch),  v.  t.  [<  birch,  ».]  To  beat  or 
punish  with  a  birch  rod;  Hog. 

From  the  child  sentenced  to  be  birched,  to  the  assassin 
doomed  to  lose  his  life.    Higginson,  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.270. 
There  I  was  birched,  there  I  was  bred, 
There  like  a  little  Adam  fed 
From  Learning's  woeful  treel 

Hood,  Olapham  Academy. 

birch-broom  (berch'brom'),  n.  A  coarse  broom 
made  of  the  twigs  and  small  branches  of  the 
birch-tree,  used  for  sweeping  stables,  streets, 
etc. 

birch-camphor  (berch'kam"for),  n.  A  resin- 
ous substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
black  birch. 

birchen  (ber'chen),  a.  [=  Se.  Darken,  birkiu.  < 
ME.  birchen,  birkiu,  <  AS.  "bircen  (Somner)  (= 
D.  LG.  bcrken =OHG.  birchin,  MHG.  G.  bvrltt  n ), 
<  birce,  birch  :  see  birch.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
birch;  consisting  or  made  of  birch  :  us,  '-birchen 
brooms,"  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Loyal  Subject. 

We  say  of  a  wanton  child,  ...  he  must  be  annoynted 
with  byrehin  salve. 

Tijndale,  Works  (1573),  p.  166.    (#.  E.  D.) 

His  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

birch-Oil  (berch'oil),  n.  An  oil  extracted  from 
birch-bark,  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  Russia 
leather. 

birch-water  (berch'wa"ter),  ».  The  sap  of  the 
birch.     See  birch-wine. 

birch- wine  (berch 'win),  n.  A  fermented  li- 
quor made  from  the  sap  of  the  birch-tree,  which 
is  collected  in  the  spring  throughout  the  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  districts  of  Germany  and 
Scandinavia.  It  is  called  by  names  which  signify  birch- 
water  or  birch-wine  in  the  different  languages.  It  is  said 
to  be  possessi  d  of  diuretic  ami  antiscorbutic  properties. 

bird1  (herd),  n.  [<  ME.  bird,  herd,  byrde,  a  me- 
tathesis of  the  usual  form  brid,  bred,  bryd,  pi. 
briddes,  a  bird,  also,  as  orig.,  the  young  of  any 
bird,  <  AS.  brid,  pi.  briddus  (( .(North,  bird,  bird- 
as),  the  young  of  any  bird.  Origin  unknown;  it 
can  hardly  be  connected  with  brood,  as  usually 
stated.  Possibly  the  form  bird  is  the  more 
orig.  form,  standing  for  *byrd,  <  boren,  born, 
pp.  of  bcrau,  bear;  ef.  byrde,  (well-)  born,  <je- 
byrd,  birth,  of  same  origin :  see  birth1.  For  the 
metathesis,  cf.  that  of  bird2.  For  the  devel- 
opment of  sense,  cf.  the  history  of  pullet  and 
pillion.  The  common  Teut.  word  for  'bird' 
(def.  2)  is  fowl,  now  restricted  in  English:  see 
fowl.]  If.  The  young  of  any  fowl. 
Being  fed  by  us,  you  used  us  so 
As  tli.it  ungentle  gull  the  cuckoo's  bird 
Uaeth  the  sparrow.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

2.  A  feathered  vertebrate  animal  of  the  class 
Ares,  frequently  included  with  reptiles  in  a  sw- 
perclass  Saurop sidn,  but  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing warm  blood,  by  being  covered  with  fea- 
thers, and  by  having  the  fore  limbs  so  modified 
as  to  form  wings.  See  Arcs. —  3.  Any  small 
feathered  game,  as  a  partridge,  quail,  snipe,  or 
woodcock,  as  distinguished  from  water-fowl, 

etc Aerial  birds.    Bee  »•  rial    A  little  bird  told 

me,  I  heard  in  a  way  I  will  not  reveal. 

Imagine  any  one  explaining  the  trivial  saying,  "A  little 
bird  told  me,  without  knowing  of  the  old  belief  in  the 
language  of  birds  and  beasts. 

K.  is.  Tylor,  Prim,  Culture,  I.  i. 
Aquatic  birds.  Sec  mymific  — Arabian  bird,  the  fab. 
ulons  phenix.  Set ■  Arabian.  Baltimore  bird.  Seeori- 
ole.— Bird-conjurer.  See  conjurer.  Bird  of  freedom, 
tin  American  bald  eagle,  [An  Americanism.]  Bird  of 
Jove,  the  eagle.  Bird  of  Juno,  the  peacock.— Bird  of 
Minerva,  the  owl.-  Bird  of  night,  the  owl  Bird  of 
paradise.  (">  One  of  the  ParaaiseidtB,  osolne  passerine 
birds,  related  to  (lie  corvine  and  Bturnoid  passerines, 
confined  to  the  Papuan  region,  and  long  famous  for  mag- 
nificence of  plumage  and  for  the  extraordinary  devel- 


bird 


Topography  of  a  Bird.  (From  Coues's  "  Key  to  North  American  Birds.") 
i,  forehead  i/rotts) ;  2,  lore ;  3.  circumocular  region:  4,  crown  {-vertex);  5,  eye : 
6,  hind  head  {occiput)  ;  7,  nape  [nucha);  8,  hind  neck  {cervix) ;  9,  side  of  neck ; 
10,  interscapular  region  ;  n,  dorsum,  or  back  proper,  including  10;  r2,  notctutn,  or 
upper  part  of  body  proper,  including  10,  n,  and  13  ;  13,  rump  {uropygium) ;  14,  up- 
per tad-coverts;  is,  tail;  16,  under  tail-coverts  {crtssum);  17,  tarsus;  18,  abdo- 
men; 10,  hind  toe  {Hallux) ;  2o,gostr.e,iui,  including  18  and  24  ;  21,  outer  or  fourth 
toe;  22,  middle  or  third  toe ;  23,  side  of  body:  24,  breast  {pectus) ;  25,  primaries; 
26,  secondaries  ;  27.  tertiaries  ( Mos.  25,  26,  ana  27  are  all  retires) ;  28,  primary  cov- 
erts ;  20,  alula,  or  bastard  wing ;  30,  greater  coverts;  31,  median  coverts ;  32,  lesser 
coverts:  33.  the  throat,  including  34,  37,  and  38;  34,  juguliim,  or  lower  throat ; 
35,  auriciiiars;  36,  malar  region ;  yi.gitla,  or  middle  throat;  38,  inentuttt,  or  chin; 
39,  angle  of  commissure,  or  corner  of  mouth  ;  40,  ramus  of  under  mandible ;  41,  side 
of  under  mandible  ;  42,  gonys ;  43,  apex,  or  tip  of  bill :  44,  tontia,  or  cutting  edges 
of  the  bill ;  45,  (  Hlmen,  or  ridge  of  upper  mandible,  corresponding  to  gonys ;  46,  side 
of  upper  mandible ;  47,  nostril ;  48  passes  across  the  bill  a  little  in  front  of  its  base. 


opment  of  some  of  the  feathers  in  most  species.  There 
are  about  forty  species  of  birds  of  paradise,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  which,  Paradisea  apoda,  is  also  the  best 
known;  it  was  railed  apode  from  the  fable  that  it  was 
always  on  the  wing  and  had  no  feet,  a  notion  which  was 


Bird  of  Paradise  {Paradisea  apoda 


strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  specimens  which  used 
to  reach  naturalists  were  without  feet,  these  having  been 
removed  in  preparing  the  skins.  The  packets  of  beautiful 
orange  and  yellow  plumes  worn  as  ornaments  are  from 
this  species  and  a  near  relative,  P.  minor.  P.  sanguined 
is  a  still  more  gorgeous  bird.  The  king  bird  of  paradise, 
Cincinnitru*  regins,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent.  Schle- 
gtHia  wilsoni,  Diphyllodee  speciosa,  Parotia  sexpennis,  and 
Lopkorhina  atra  are  other  leading  species.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  few  species  which  are  excluded  from  the 
technical  definition  of  Paradiseidoc  (which  see).  (/>)  In 
attron.,  a  southern  constellation.  See  Apus,  1. — Bird  of 
passage,  a  migratory  bird  ;  a  migrant ;  a  bird  which  regu- 
larly passes  in  the  spring  from  a  wanner  to  a  colder  cli- 
mate, and  back  in  tile  fall.  .See  migration  and  isepipteses. 
—  Bird  of  peace,  the  dove,  with  reference  to  the  story  of 
Noah.  — Bird  Of  prey,  any  member  of  the  tinier  Raptures 
or  Aecipitres,  as  the  hawk,  eagle,  owl,  etc. — Bird  of  the 
year,  a  bird  less  than  a  year  old.— Bird  of  wonder,  the 
pbenix.  — Birds  Of  a  feather,  persons  of  similar  tastes  and 
habits:  chiefly  in  the  saying,  "Birds  of  a  feather  flock 
together,"  indicating  the  usual  association  with  one  an- 
other of  persons  of  like  proclivities.  —  Early  bird,  an  early 
riser;  one  who  gits  up  betimes  in  the  morning:  in  allusion 
to  the  proverb,  "The  early  bird  catches  the  worm.  "—Man- 
of-war  bird.  Same  as  frigate-bird. — Sea-cow  bird,  the 
treble-collared  plover  of  Africa,  .Egiutitis  tricdUarie:  so 
called  by  Chapman,  a  traveler  in  southern  Africa.  — To 
hear  a  bird  sing,  to  receive  private  communication ;  lie 
informed  privately  or  secretly. 

I  heard  a  bird  so  sing.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  5. 

I  heard  a.  bird  sing,  they  mean  him  no  good  office. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

bird1  (berd),  v.  i.     [<  bird1,  ».]     1.  To  catch 
birds;  go  bird-shooting  or  fowling. 

I  do  invite  you  to-morrow  morning  to  my  house  to  break- 
fast; after,  we'll  a.-birding  together. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

Hence  —  2f.  To  look  for  plunder ;  thieve. 

Warn.   These  day  owls 

Sur.   That  are  birding  in  men's  purses. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  3. 
bird'2t  (herd),  n.  [Sc.  bird,  btird,  etc. ;  <  ME. 
bird,  berd,  bant,  byrd,  etc.,  a  transposition  of 
the  somewhat  less  common  brid,  bride,  etc., 
prop,  a  bride,  but  much  used  in  poetry  in  the 
general  sense  of  'maiden,'  'girl,'  with  the  epi- 
36 


661 

thets  bright,  comely,  etc. :  see  bride1.'] 

A  maiden;  a  girl ;  a  young  woman. 

Ther  nis  no  buyrde  so  briht  in  boure  .  .  . 
Thai  heo  [she]  lie  Bchal  lade  as  a  Hour. 

Early  Eng.  Poem*(ed.  Furnivall),  p.  134. 
Hire  cheerc  w;is  simple,  as  birde  in  boure. 
Bom.  of  the  Rote,  1.  1014. 
And  by  my  word  the  bonuie  bird 
In  danger  shall  not  tarry. 

Campbell,  Lord  lllin's  Daughter. 
[In  this,  as  in  other  modern   instances,  th.' 
word  is  archaic,  and  is  probably  associated 
with  bird)  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 
bird-baiting  (berd'ba/ting),  n.    The 
catching    of    birds   with    clap-nets. 
Fielding, 
bird-bolt1  (berd'bolt),  «.   [<  birdi  + 
btilt1."]    A  blunt-headed  arrow  for  the 
longbow  or  crossbow,  formerly  used 
In'  shooting  birds.     It  was  intended 
to  stun  without  piercing. 
bird-bolt-  (berd'bolt),  it.    [A  corrup- 
tion  of   burbot."]     A   local   English 
namo  of  the  burbot,  Uolca  lota. 
bird-cage  (berd'kag),  n.    A  portable 
inclosuro  for  birds, 
bird-call   (berd'kal),  n.     An  instru- 
ment for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds 
in  order  to  attract  or  decoy  them. 
It  is  generally  a  short  metal  pipe,  having  a 
circular  plate  at  eaclt  end  pierced  with  a 
small  hole. 
bird-catcher  (berd'kach"er),  n.    One 
who  or  that  which  catches  birds,  as  a  person,  a 
bird,  or  an  insect. 

bird-catching  (berd'kaoh'ing),  n.    The  act  of 
catching  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for  food  or 
pleasure,  or  for  their  destruction  when  perni- 
cious to  the  husbandman. 
bird-dog  (berd'dog),  n.    A  dog  used  by  sports- 
men in  the  field  in  hunting  game-birds, 
bird-duffer  (berd'tluf't'i'),  it.    A  dishonest  deal- 
er in  birds,  who  "makes  up"  his  wares,  either 
by  painting  the  plumage  of  live  birds,  or  by 
fabricating    bird-skins,   affixing   false   labels, 
etc. 
birdet,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  bird. 
birder  (ber'der), it.    [<  late  ME.  byrder ;  <  bird1, 
v.  i.,  +  -er1.]     If.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowler. 

As  the  byrder  begttyleth  the  byrdeB.  Vivet. 

2.  One  who  breeds  birds. — 3.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  wild  cat.     A".  E.  I). 
bird-eye  (berd'i),  a.    See  bird's-eye. 
bird-eyed  (berd'id),  a.    Having  eyes  like  those 
of  a  bird;  quick-sighted;  catching  a  glimpse  as 
one  goes. 

Where  was  your  dear  sight. 
When  it  did  so,  forsooth !  what  now  !  bird-eyed? 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  2. 

bird-fancier  (berd'fan"si-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
takes  pleasure  in  rearing  or  collecting  birds, 
especially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious. — 2.  A 
dealer  in  the  various  kinds  of  birds  which  are 
kept  in  cages. 

bird-fauna  (berd'fa"na),  n.     Same  as  avifauna. 

bird-foot  (berd'fut),  a.  Divided  like  a  bird's 
foot;  pedate,  as  the  leaves  of  the  bird-foot 
violet,  Viola pt ■data. 

birdgazer  (berd'ga"zer),  n.     [<  bird1  +  gazer  ; 
a  tr.  of  L.  auspex:  see  auspex.]     An  augur  or 
haruspex. 
Accius  Navius,  the  great  birdgazer  of  Rome. 

Trewnesse  of  the  Christian  Religion,  p.  401. 

bird-house  (berd'hous),  ».  A  box,  pen,  or  small 
house  for  birds;  a  place  in  which  birds  are 
housed. 

birdie1  (ber'di),  n.  [<  bird1  +  dim.  -»<■.]  1.  A 
childish  diminutive  of  bird1. —  2.  A  term  of 
endearment  for  a  child  or  a  young  woman. 

birdie3  (ber'di),  it.  A  name  about  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  of  the  young  halibut. 

birding-piecet  (ber 'ding- pes),  n.  A  fowling- 
piece.    Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

My  Lord  Hinchinghroke,  I  am  told,  hath  had  a  mis- 
chance to  kill  his  boy  by  his  birding-piece  going  off  as  tic 
was  a-fowling.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  420. 

bird-lime  (berd'llm),  it.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly,  Ilex 
Aquifolium,  used  for  entangling  small  birds  in 
order  to  capture  them,  twigs  being  smeared 
with  it  at  places  where  birds  resort  or  are  like- 
ly to  alight. 

Holly  is  of  so  viscous  a  juice,  as  thev  make  birdlime  of 
the  bark  of  it.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  692. 

Not  bird-lime  or  Idean  pitch  produce 
A  more  tenacious  mass  of  clammy  juice. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv.  57. 

birdlime  (berd'Hni),  v.  t.  To  smear  with  bird- 
lime. 


bird's-nest 

When  the  heart  i>  thus  bird-limed,  then  it  cleaves  to 

everything  it. its  with. 

'.'    id  "in,  A  christian's  Growth,  ii.  :t. 

bird-louse  (berd'lous),  n.  One  of  a  kind  of  lice 
which  infest  the  plumage  of  birds.  The  genera 
and  species  are  numerous.  Thej  ate  mostly  degraded 
parasitic  insects  of  ttie  order  Mallophaga,  and stitute 

most  ol  that  older. 

birdman  (berd'man),  «.;  pi.  birdmen  (-men). 
[<  bird1  +  mail.]  1.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowl- 
er.—  2.  An  ornithologist. — 3.  One  who  stuffs 
birds. 

birdnest  (bcrd'urst),  r.  i.  To  hunt  or  search 
for  the  nests  of  birds. 

bird-net  (berd'net),  n.  A  net  used  for  catch- 
ing birds. 

bird-organ  (berd'6r"gan),  n.  A  small  barrel- 
organ  used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes. 

bird-plant  (herd '  plant),  n.  A  lobeliaceous 
plant,  lliiiratoma  lobelioides,  from  Mexico,  with 
yellow  irregular  ilowers  somewhat  resembling 
a  bird.     Also  called  canary-bird  flower. 

bird's-bread  (bSrdz'bred),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  stonecrop,  Sedum  acre, 

bird-seed  (berd'sed),  n.  Small  seeds  used  for 
feeding  birds,  as  those  of  hemp  or  millet ;  more 
specifically,  the  seed  of  Phalaris  <  'anariensis,  or 
canary-grass. 

bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  it.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  In  bot. : 
(a)  The  pheasant's-eye,  Adonis autumnalis.  (6) 
The  speedwell,  Veronica  Chamcedrys:  so  named 
from  its  bright-blue  flower,  (c)  A  species  of 
primrose,  Primula  farinosa. —  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  tobacco,  partly  manufactured  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  plant,  and  forming,  when  ready 
for  use,  a  loose  fibrous  mass  with  thin  slices 
of  stalk  interspersed,  the  latter  marked  some- 
what like  a  bird's  eye Red  bird's-eye,  the  herb- 

rnlicrt,  Grnru/iiin  Robert  iunum. 

II.  a.  1.  Seen  from  above,  as  if  by  a  flying 
bird;  embraced  at  a  glance;  hence,  general; 
not  minute  or  entering  into  details:  as,  a 
bird's-eye  landscape;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  sub- 
ject. 

Thereupon  she  took 
A  bird's-eye  view  of  all  the  ungracious  past. 

/",  nnyeon,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  Resembling  a  bird's  eye;   having  spots  or 
markings  somewhat  resembling  birds'  eyes. 

He  wore  a  blue  bird's-eye  handkerchief  round  his  neck. 
Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xviii. 

Bird's-eye  crape, diaper,  limestone,  maple,  etc.  See 
the  nouns. —  Bird's-eye  view,  a  mode  of  perspective 
representation  in  which  portions  of  country,  towns,  etc., 
appear  as  they  would  if  viewed  from  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. 
bird's-foot  (berdz'fut),  it.  1.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Orniilwpus,  their  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylindrical,  and  bent  in  like 
claws. —  2.  The  name  of  a  spurge,  Euphorbia 
Ornithopus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope Bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  the  popular  name  of  Lotus  corniculatus :  so 
called  because  its  legumes  spread  like  a  crow's  foot.  See 
Lotus. 

bird's-mouth  (berdz'mouth),  n.  In  carp.,  an 
interior  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the  grain  at 
the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another  piece, 
bird's-nest  (berdz'nest),  it.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  plants,  from  some  sug- 
gestion of  a  bird's  nest  in  their  form  or  manner 
of  growth,  (a)  Xeottia  Xidusan's,  a  British  orchid  found 
in  beech  woods  :  so  called  because  of  the  mass  of  stout  in- 
terlaced fibers  which  form  its  runts,  (b)  Monotropa  Hypa. 
pitgs,  a  parasitic  ericaceous  plant  growing  on  the  roots  of 
trees  in  fir  woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  which  resemble  a 
nest  of  sticks,  (c)  A  s- 
pleuiuui  Sntus,  from 
the  manner  in  which 
the  fronds  grow,  leav- 
ing a  nest  like  hollow 
iii  the  center,  (d)  The 
wild  carrot.  Daueue 
Carota,  from  tin'  form 
of  (tie  umbel  in  fruit, 
2.  Same  as  crow's- 
nest. —  3.  pi.  An 
article  of  com- 
merce between 
Java  and  China, 
consisting  of  the 
gelatinous  brack- 
ets which  the 
swifts  of  the  fam- 
ily Cypselidce  and 
genus  Collocalia 
attach  to  cliffs, 
and  on  which  tiny 
build  their  nests. 
These  so-called  bird's. 
nests  consist  principal- 
Bui-spHer  lAvicularia  avicularia).     ly  of   the    inspissated 


bird's-nest 

saliva  «<f  the  birds,  and  arc  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese, 
who  use  them  in  making  the  well-known  bird's-nest  soup. 
—  Bird's-nest  fungus,  any  spit  its  ol  fungus  belonging 
to  the  group  bUdutariaceoB,  which  resemble  small  nests 
containing;  eggs.    Alsocalledfi  iza. 

bird-spider  (berd'spi  der),  n.  A  large  hairy 
sjiiilrr  of  the  family  Theraphosida  and  genus 
jivicularia  (often  called  Mygalt  >.  A.avicularia, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  is  able  to  capture 

nnd  kill  small  birds.    See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

bird's-tares,  bird's-tongue  (berdz'tarz,  -tung), 
n.    Names  <>f  the  Bpeoies  of  Ornithoglossum,  a 

genus  of  1  mil  a  .us  plants  from  the  Cape  Of  Good 
Hope.  The  nana1  bird's-tongue  is  also  applied  to  the 
door-weed.  Polygonum  aviculare,  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves,  and  sometimes  to  the  keys  ol  the  European  ash, 

bird-tick  (berd'tik),  n.  A  name  of  some  pupip- 
arous  dipterous  insects  which  infest  the  plu- 
mage of  birds,  creeping  quickly  about  among 
the  feathers.  A  good  example  is  Olfersia  amt  ri- 
i-iiii,i,  which  is  found  on  many  species  of  birds. 

bird-witted  (bi'Til'wit  e.K  a.  Havingonlythe 
wit  of  a  bird;  passing  rapidly  from  one  subject 
to  another;  flighty. 

If  a  child  be  bird  wilted,  that  K  hath  not  the  faculty  of 
ait,  an, hi.  the  niatheniaticks  giveth  a  remedy  thereunto. 
Bacon,  Works,  1.  lilt. 

birectangular  (bi-rek-tang'gu-l&r),  a.  [<  In-" 
+  rectangular."]  Having  two  right  angles  :  as, 
a  birectangular  Bpherical  triangle. 

birefractive  (bi-re-frak'tiv),  «.  [<  6t-2  +  re- 
fractive.']    Same  as  birefringent. 

birefringent  (bi-rf-frin'jent),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  re- 
fringent.]  Doubly  refractive ;  possessing  the 
property  of  separating  a  ray  of  light  into  two 
rays  by  double  refraction.     See  refraction. 

bireme  (bi'retn),  «.  [<  L.  biremis,  <  hi-,  two-, 
+  mints,  an  oar.]  An  ancient  galley  having 
two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 

A  few  were  biremes,  the  rest  stout  triremes. 

/..  Wallace,  Ken-Hur,  p.  149. 

biretta  (bi-ret'ft),  n.     [Also  birretta,  berretta; 

<  It.  berretta  =  Sp.  bvrreta  =  1'r.  berreta,  bar- 
r<  tn  =  F.  burette  (>  E.  barret-),  fern. ;  in  niase. 
form.  Pr.  birret  = 
Cat.  baret=¥.  beret 
(see  beret), Cilh.hir- 
rettiim,  birretum,  al- 
so bereta,  etc.,  dim. 
of  birrus,  a  hood  or 
cape,  LL.  a  eloak: 
seebirrus.]  1.  Origi- 
nally, any  small  cap 
worn  as  distinctive 
of  a  trade  or  pro- 
fession; afterward, 
a  scholastic  cap,  or 
such  as  was  worn 
indoors     by    mem-  Biretta. 

bers  of  the  learned 

professions;  now,  in  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the 
rrrlrsiasl  ieal  cap.  '[  In,  last  is  square,  and  has  three 
and  sometimes  four  horns  or  projections  on  top,  crossing 
it  at  equal  angles,  anil  frequently  having  a  tuft  or  tassel 
when  the  horn,  meet  in  the  middle,  lor  priests  and  the 
lower  orders  its  color  la  hhuk,  and  for  bishops  also,  at 

lea  i   in  home,  though   elsewhere   they  com nly  wear 

one  of  violet,  corresponding  with  the  color  of  the  cassock  ; 
for  cardinals  it  is  red.  It  seems  to  have  been  introduced 
in  offices  of  the  church  when  the  amice  cease, 1  to  he  worn 
over  the  head  in  proceeding  to  and  from  the  altar  at  mass. 

2.  By  extension,  a  Tunis  cap;  a  smoking-cap. 

birgandert, ».    See  bergander. 

birhomboidal  (bi-rom-boi'dali.  u.  [<  hi-2  + 
rhomboidal^]  Having  a  surface  composed  of 
twelve  rhombic  faces,  which,  being  taken  six 
and  six.  and  prolonged  in  idea  t  ill  they  intercept 
each  other,  would  form  two  rliomboho, Irons. 

birimose  (M-ri'mos),  a.   |<  L. bi-,  two-,  4-  rimu. 
ink.  ]    Opening  by  two  slits,  as  the  anthers 

of  most  plants. 
birk1  (berk),  n.     Northern  English  and  Scotch 

form  of  bit  •  h. 

Shadows  of  the  silver  birk 

Sweep  He  gri  i  n  that  told,  tin  gravi 

7'.  ii IIIC..IN,  \  Dirge,  i. 

birk-   (berk),  v.  i.     [Sc. ;  origin  obscure;  ef. 

,<i.  leu!..  I, luster.  |      To  give  a  tart,  an- 
swer;   converse  in   a  sharp  and    cutting  way. 

.In, mi  si, ii. 

birken  (ber'ken),   a.     Northern    English  and 

Scotch  form  of  birch* ,,. 
birkent  (ber'ken),   v.  t.     |<  birken,  a.,  or  birW 

+  -en1.  ]      To  beat  with  a  birch  or  rod. 

'they  ran   up  and  down  like  fine  tied  those 

they  net  with. 

CAri  'fan  Religion      i    peal,  p.  01. 

birkie  (bte'ki),  u.  and  ».  |s.-.,  also  spelled  bvr- 
ky;  et.  birk2,]  I.  a.  Lively;  spirited;  tart  in 
speech. 


birth-hour 

older  rrvpadc,   red,   tlame-colored ;   c\\  irvpoor;,  a 

fire-brand,    usually   referred   to   trip  =  E.    fire. 

Hence  ult.  biretta,  berretta,  etc.  (see  biretta), 

bum l,  Imn  nn,  etc.  ]  1.  ruder  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and  later,  a  cloak  with  a  hood  worn  as 
an  outer  ga run -nt  lor  protection  from  the  wea 

titer.       It-  Wa-S  Strict  ly    ;iln:i\\    .Hid    rOUgl  I  g  :i  I  I  nei  d  ,  w  o\  en 

of  coarse  wool  in  its  Natural  color ;  hat  after  a  time  cloaks 
of  the  same  form  and  name  came  to  In  made  of  line  qual- 
ity also. 

2.  A  species  of  coarse  thick  woolen  cloth  used 
by  the  poorer  classes  in  the  middle  ages  for 
cloaks  and  external  clothing. 
birse  (bers),  ii.  [Sc.,  also  hirs,  <  ME.  hmst,  < 
AS.  byrst  =  OHG.  burst,  bursta,  MBG.borst, 
burst,  borste,  ti.  borste  =  Icel.  burst  =  Sw. 
hurst  =  Dan.  borste,  bristle:  tin'  primitive  of 
bristle,  q.  v.]    A  bristle;  collectively,  bristles. 

[Scotch.]  -  To  set  up  one's  birse,  to  put  one  on  his 
mettle;  put  one  in  a  towering  passion, 

birsle  (ber'sl),  v.  t.:  prof,  and  pp.  birsled,  ppr. 
bir sling.  [Sc,  also  brissle,  bruste  =  E.  brusile, 
make  a  crackling  noise:  see  brustle1.]  1.  To 
scorch  or  toast,  as  before  a  lire:  as.  to  birsle 
one's  self  or  one's  shanks  before  the  tire. — 2. 
To  parch  or  broil:  as,  to  birsle  peas  or  potatoes. 
[Scotch.] 

birt  (hert),  v.  [Also  written  hurl,  and  formerly 
bert,  byrt;  also  brit,  lint.  q.  v. J  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  turbot,  Psetta  maxima. 

birt-fish  (bert'fish),  it.    Same  as  birt. 

birth1  (berth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  berth, 
<  ME.  birth,  berth,  byrth,  birfhe,  burthe,  byrthe 

(appar.  assimilated  to  lcel.  'hijrdlir,  later  hnrdhr 
=  OSw.  byrth.  Sw.  bord  =  Dan.  byrd),  reg.  ME. 
byrde,  burde,  <  AS.  gebyrd  (  =  <  'Fries.  I„  rd,  in  rth 
=  OS.  <iihiird=l >.  geboorU  =  OEGt.giburt,  JIHti. 
G.  geburt  =  Goth,  qabaurths.  birth,  nativity; 
of.  Ir.  brith  =  Gael,  hreith,  birth;  Skt.  hlirili). 
with  formative  -d  (and  prefix  (/<-),  <  beran, 
bear:  see  bear*-.]  1.  The  fact  of  being  horn ; 
nativity. 

Had  our  prince 
(Jewel  of  children)  seen  this  hour,  he  had  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord;  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Slink:,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

2.  By  extension,  any  act  or  fact  of  coming  into 
existence;  beginning;  origination:  as,  the  birth 
of  Protestantism. 

After  an  hour's  strict  search  we  discover  the  cause  of 
the  reports.     They  announce  the  birtli  of  a  crevasse. 

Tyndall,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  93. 

3.  The  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth ;  par- 
turition: as,  "at  her  next  birth,"  Miltmi,  Ep. 
M.  of  Win.,  1.  07. — 4.  The  condition  into  which 
a  person  is  born ;  lineage ;  extraction ;  descent : 
as,  Grecian  birth  :  noble  birth  :  sometimes,  ab- 
solutely, descent  from  noble  or  honorable  pa- 
rents and  ancestors:   as.  a  man  of  birth. 

lie  [.lames]  had  an  obvious  interest  in  Inculcating  the 

superstitious  notion  that  birth  confers  rights  anterior  to 

law  ami  unalterable  bj  law.  Maeaulay. 

5.  That  which  is  born;  that  which  is  produced. 

Poets  are  far  rani  births  than  kings. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 

Others  hatch  their  coos  ami  tend  the  birth  till  it  is  aide 

to  shift  for  itself.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  120. 

fines,  the  hiril,  of  sot hanee  morning  or  evening  at 

an  Ionian  festival,  or  among  the  Sabine  hills,  have  lasted 
generation  after  generation. 

J.  Ii.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  75. 

6f.  Nature;  kind;  sex;  natural  character. 
.V.  /.'.  />.— 7t.  In  astrol.,  nativity;  fortune. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  liirtli, 

Ami  told  me  that  by  water  I  si Id  die. 

Shak.,  2  ll<  a.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
New  birth,  regeneration  (which  see), 
birth",  n.     See  berth". 

birth-childtl  hit  Hi' child),  ».  A  child  ascribed  to 
the  domain  of  its  birth,  or  to  the  ruler  of  it:  as, 
•■Thetis'  birth-child" (Shah., Pericles, iv.  I), that 

is,  one  born  on  the  sea,  the  domain  of  Thetis. 

birthday  (berth'da),  ».  and  «■  [ME.  birthdai, 
birtheday  (of.  AS.  gebyrd-dmg) ;  <  birth!  +  day.] 

I.  II.  The  day  on  w  liich  a  person  is  born,  or  the 
anniversary  of  the  day;  hence,  day  or  timo  of 
origin  or  commencement. 

Tin    is  my  Mrtfi  day,  as  this  very  day 
Was  Cassias  horn.  Shak.,  .1.  ('.,  v.  1. 

Those  barbarous  ages  past,  succeeded  next 
The  birth-day  of  invention  Cowper,  Task.  i. 

II.  it.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  day  of 

a   person's   birth,  or   tb    its   anniversary:  as,  a 
i, nil, ,1,,,/  ode  or  oift ;  birthday  festivities. 
birr-  (ber),  n.    [</<»T-...l    1.  A  whirring  noise,   birthdomt  (bertii'duinl.  ».     [<  birtW  +  -dom.] 

—  2.    Strong  trilling  pronunciation.     See  bur-,      pjjyjlege  of  birtli:   that   which  belongs  to  one 

[Scotch.]  by  birth;  birthright.    Shak. 

birretta,".    See  biretta.  birth-hour  (berth'our),  n.    The  hour  at  which 

birrus  (bir'us),  a.:  pi.  Wm(-i).  |  LI...  a  cloak  of    ,„„.  is  born 

wool  or  silk,  orig.  of  a  reddish  color,  worn  to  Worse  than  a  slavish  wipe  or  a  birth-hour's  blot 

keep  oil'  rain,  <  ( >L.  Imrriis.  red     '  i.  ■  i  it.     lyimc,  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  637. 


562 

II.  n.  1.  A  lively  young  fellow;  a  self-as- 
sert ive  fellow. 

\  e  see   \o|,   lull.!,-  ea'd   a  lord, 

Wha  strut-,  .m    9tares,  an'  a'  that. 

Burn*,  for  A'  That. 

2.  l-Soggar-m\ -neighbor:  a  game  at  cards.    Auld 
Dirkie,  old  hoy'.    [Cofioq.] 
birl1   (bcrl),    r.      [Sc.   and  E.   dial.,  also  burl,  < 

ME..  I, iri,  a.  byrleh,  <  AS.  byrelian,  byrlian,  bir- 

linii  (>  led.  Iii/rlu).  pour  out  drink,  <  byrt  If  (> 
lei.  byrli),  a  cupbearer,  butler  (perhaps  con- 
nected  with  I  >S.  hiril  =  OHG.  biril,  a  basket  >, 
prop,  a  carrier,  bearer,  <  beran,  bear:  see  bear1.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  pour  out  (wine,  etc.)  for. 

Dame  Blynour  entrete 
To  byrlc  them  of  the  best. 

Skelton,  Blynour  Kumniyng,  1.  269. 

2.  To  supply  or  ply  with  drink. 
II.  intrans.  To  drink  in  company;  carouse. 

[A  modern  forced  use.] 
birl-  (berl),  v.  [Appar.  imitative;  of.  birr", 
bur",  whirl,  whir,  tirl,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  To 
move  or  rotate  rapidly;  make  a  noise  like  that 
made  by  wheels  moving  rapidly  over  stones  or 
gravel. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  rotate;  twirl  or  spin 
(as  a  coin)  in  the  air  or  on  a  table,  as  in  pitch- 
and-toss;  hence,  to  toss  out  (a  coin  or  coins) 
on  the  table  as  one's  contribution;  contribute 
as  one's  share  in  paying  for  drinks:  as,  "I'll 
birl  my  bawbee,''  Seidell  smnj. 

birlaw,  birley,  birlie,  ".    See  byrlaw. 

birlawman,  birlieman,  birlyman,  n.  See  byr- 
lawman. 

birlin  (ber'lin),  n.  [Also  birlinn,  birling,  berlin, 
haling;  <  Gael,  birlinn,  bioirliwn,  a  barge  or 
pleasure-boat.]  A  kind  of  boat  used  in  the 
Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight  long 
oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

There's  a  place  where  their  berlins  and  gallies,  as  they 
ca'd  them,  used  to  lie  in  lang  syne. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xl. 

Sailing  from  Ireland  in  a  birlinn  or  galley. 

Quoted  in  A-,  and  Q.,  tithser.,  XII.  7:1. 

birling1  (ber'ling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  birl1,  v.] 
A  drinking-match. 

The  Tod's-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment  where  there 
has  been  niony  a  blithe  birling.  Scott. 

birling"  (ber'ling),  n.     Same  as  hiiiin. 

birn1  (bem),  n.  [Sc. :  see  6am1.]  A  stem  of 
dry  heather;  specifically,  one  of  the  stems  of 
burnt  heath  which  remain  after  the  smaller 
twigs  have  been  consumed,  as  in  moor-burning. 

birn'2  (bem),  n.  [<  G.  birne,  a  pear,  dial,  bir,  < 
MUG.  bir,  pi.  birn,  <  OHG.  bira  =  L.  pirum,  pi. 
pint,  whence  also  ult.  E.  pear,  q.  v.]  That  part 
of  an  instrument  of  the  clarinet  class  into  which 
the  mouthpiece  fits:  so  called  from  its  shape. 

birny  (ber'ni),  a.  [<  UrnX  +  -y\]  Abounding 
in  bints.     [Scotch.] 

birostrate,  birostrated  (bl-ros'trat,  -tra-ted), 
<t.  [<  bi-2  +  rostrate.]  Having  a  double  beak, 
or  pr 'ss  resembling  a  beak. 

birotation  (bi-ro-ta'shon),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  rota- 
tion.] Double  rotation  or  rotatory  power.  The 
name  was  given  by  Dubrunfauttoa  phenomenon  exhibited 
bysome  sugar,  which  possesses  a  rotatory  power  that  is  at 
first  nearly  equal  to  twice  the  normal  amount,  hut  gradu- 
ally diminishes  and  remains  constant  when  the  normal 
[loner  is  reached.  The  sugar  having  this  property  is  called 
birotatory  <!,■ , '  >  o  ■• 

birotatory  (bi-ro'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  '"'--  +  rota- 
tory.] Possessing  double  rotatory  power.  See 
birotation. 

birotine  (hir'o-tin),  ».      [Origin  uncertain.]     A 

kind  of  silk  from  the  Levant. 
birotulate  (bi-ro'tu-lal),  a.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 

ridida,   a  little  wheel:  see  roll.]     Having  two 

wheels  or  disks  connected  by  a  conim ixis. 

birr1  (ber;  Sc  pron.  ber),  ii.    [Sc.,  also  bir.  In  r, 

beir,  bere,  '»"'.  burr,  etc.,  <  ME.  bir,  byr,  byrre, 

hum;  hnr,  <  led.  byrr(=  Sw.  Dan.  '""').  a  fa- 
voring wind,  <   beta   (=  AS.  beran),  bear:   see 

ImiiK]     If.   A  strong  wind. —  2.   The  for if 

the  wind:  impetus;  momentum.  —  3.  A  thrust 
or  push.— 4.  Force;  vigor;  energy.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.  ] 

birr-  (her).  <■•  i.   (*so.,  also  bir,  her.  etc.,  appar. 

imitative,  like  Imr".  burr",  and  birl".<\.  v.]  To 
make  a  whirring  noise;  make  a  noise  like  that 
of  revolving  wheels,  or  of  millstones  at  work. 
(Scotch.] 


birthing 

birthing,  ».    See  berthing. 
birthland  (bexth'land),  ».     Tho  land  of  one's 
birth,  or  whci-c  one  was  born. 

In  the  dlrecti f  their  birthland. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Kesartus,  p.  104. 

So  mai  the  dead  return  to  their  liirtltlaitil. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  47. 

birthless  (berth'les),  a.  [<  birth*  +  -less.'] 
Not  of  good  or  honorable  birth ;  of  low  or  com- 
mon lineage.     Scott. 

birth-mark  (berlh'miirk),  n.  Some  congenital 
mark  or  blemish  on  a  person's  body;  a  straw- 
berry-mark ;  a  mole  ;  a  mevus. 


563 


bishop 


of  the  three  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  or  to  its  bisector  (bi-sok'tor),  n.    fNL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 

+  sector  (sec  sector);  E.  as  if  <  bisect  +  -or.] 
A  lino  drawn  through  the  vertex  of  S  triangle 
so  as  to  bisect 


pool 


>pie. 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Biscay. 
—  2.  [I.e.]  Milit.:  (a)  Along  and  heavy  mus- 
ket, usually  carried  on  a  permanent  pivot,  for 
rise  on  fortifications  or  the  like.  [Obsolete.] 
(&)  A  heavy  bullet,  usually  of  tho  size  of  an 
egg ;  one  of  the  separate  balls  of  grape-  or 
case-shot. 

biscoctiform  (bis-kok'ti-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
'biscoctus,  biscuit  (<  bis,  twice,  +  coctus,  cooked : 
see  biscuit),  +  forma,  form.]  In  hot.,  biscuit- 
shaped  :  as,  biscoctiform  spores.    Tuckcrman. 


M..st  part  ol  tins  noble  lineage  oai  ried  upon  their  body  biscomet,  »■     Same  as  bicker u. 
even  for  a  naturall  MrtA-mori,  from  their  mother's  womb,  biscotin   (bis'ko-tin),   it.      [F.,  <  It.   biscottino, 
a  snake.  North,  tr.  of  l'lutarch,  p.  917.     aim.  ot  biscottii  =  V.  biscuit :  see  biscuit]     A 


birthnight  (berth'nit),  ».  The  night  of  the  day 
on  which  a  person  is  born ;  the  anniversary  of 
that  night. 

birthplace  (berth'plas),  «.  The  place  of  one's 
birth;  the  town,  city,  or  country  where  a  per- 
son is  born;  more  generally,  place  of  origin. 

birth-rate  (berth'ral ),  «.  The  proportion  of 
births  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
district,  country,  etc.,  generally  stated  as  so 
many  per  thousand  of  the  population. 

An  increase  in  prosperity,  as  measured  by  the  birth- 
rate, is  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  the  ratio  of  boy- 
birtlis,  and  vice  versa.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI,  327. 

birthright  (berth'rit),  n.  Any  right  or  privi- 
lege to  which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution; 
specifically,  the  right  of  primogeniture. 

And  they  sat  before  him,  the  first-born  according  to  his 
birthright,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his  youth. 

Gen.  xiiii.  33. 

For  Titan  (as  ye  all  acknowledge  must) 
Was  Saturnes  elder  brother  by  birthright. 

Spenser,  F.  <;.,  VII.  vi.  27. 
We  were  very  nearly  dead,  .  .  .  and  my  idea  of  happi- 
ness was  an  English  beefsteak  and  a  bottle  of  pale  ale; 
for  such  a  luxury  I  would  most  willingly  have  sold  my 
birthright  at  that  hungry  moment. 

Sir  S.  If.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  264. 

birthroot  (berth'rot),  n.    In  hot.,  a  name  given 


confection  made  of  flour,  sugar,  marmalade, 
and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit. 

biscroma  (Dis'kro-ma),  n.    [It.,  <  bis-,  twice 
-I-  aroma,  a  quaver:  see  croma.] 
semiquaver;  a  sixteenth-note. 

biscuit  (bis'kit),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bisket ; 
<  ME.  bysket,  biscute,  bysquyte,  besquite  (=  D. 
bescluiit,' >  Dan.  beskojt),  <  OF.  bescoit,  bescuit, 
later  biscut,  1".  biscuit  =  l'r.  bescueit  =  Sp.  bie- 
cocho  =  1'g.  biscouto  =  It.  biscotto,  lit.  twice 
cooked,  <  E.  bis,  twice,  +  coctus,  pp.  of  coquere, 
cook.]  1.  A  kind  of  hard,  dry  bread,  consist- 
ing of  flour,  water  or  milk,  and  salt,  and  baked 
in  thin  flat  cakes.  The  name  is  also  extended 
to  similar  articles  very  variously  made  and  fla- 
vored.   See  cracker. 

As  dry  as  the  remainder  biscuit 
After  a  voyage.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

2.  A  small,  round,  soft  cake  made  from  dough 
raised  with  yeast  or  soda,  sometimes  shortened 


either  tl |i|mi- 

site  side  (bisec- 
tor of  till  hi,  I 
or  t  he  angle  i  ln- 
scctor  of  the  mi- 
gle,  or  internal 
bisector),  or  to 
bisect  the  exter- 
nal angle  form- 
ed by  the  adja- 
cent sides  (ex- 
ternal bisector). 
Thus,  in  the  figure, 


ABC  being  the  triangle,  At)  is  the  bisector  of  the  side 
BC;  AE  is  the  internal  bisector,  and  AV  the  external  bi- 
sector, of  the  angle  A. 

In  music,  a  bisectrix  (bi-sek'triks),  n. ;  pi.  bisectrices  (bi- 

sek-tri'sez).  [NL.,  fem.  of  bisector:  see  liisee- 
tor.]  1.  in.  crystal.,  the  line  which  bisects  the 
angle  of  the  optic  axes.  That  bisecting  the  acute 
angle  is  called  the  acute  bisectrix,  the  other  is  the  obtuse 
bisectrix.  These  are  also  called  the^Sr**  mean  line  (oi  mi 
dian  line)  and  the  second  mean  line  respectively.  The 
bisectrix,  or  mean  line,  is  said  to  be  positive  or  negative, 
according  to  the  character  of  the  double  refraction.  See 
refraction. 

2.  In  geom.,  same  as  bisector — Dispersion  of 
the  bisectrices.    See  dispersion. 

bisegment  (bl-seg'ment),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  seg- 
ment.] One  of  the  parts  of  a  line  which  has 
been  bisected,  or  divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

bisegmental  (bi-seg-men'tal),  <t.  [<  W-2  + 
segment  +  -al.]     Consisting  of  two  segments. 

The  bisegmental  constitution  of  the  region  in  question. 

B.  G.  Wilder. 


with  lard,  etc.     [U.  S.]  — 3.  In  eeriim.,  porce-  biseptate  (bi-sep'tat),  a.     [<  &i-2  +  septum  + 


lain,  stoneware,  or  pottery  after  the  first  bak 
ing,  and  before  the  application  of  the  glaze. 
Formerly  bisque Meat  biscuit,  a  preparation  con- 
sisting of  the  matter  extracted  from  meat  by  boiling,  com- 
bined with  flour,  and  baked  in  the  form  of  biscuits. 
biscuit-oven  (bis'kit-uv"n),  n.  In  ccram.,  the 
oven  used  for  the  first  baking  of  porcelain, 
bringing  it  to  the  state  known  as  biscuit. 


to   various   species   of    Trillium,  especially   T.  biscuit-root  (bis'kit-rot),  n.     A  name  given  to 


Sin  from  birth;  origi- 

Book  of  Common  Prayer. 
A  song  sung  at  a 


pi  illinium,  the  roots  of  which  are  reputed  to  be 
astringent,  tonic,  and  alterative,  and  to  have 
a  special  effect  upon  the  uterus  and  connected 
organs.     Also  called  birthwort,  and  corruptly 
bethroot  and  bafhwort. 
birth-sin  (berth'sin),  n. 
nal  sin.     [Rare.] 
Original  or  birth  sin. 
birth-song  (berth'song), 
birth,  or  in  celebration  of  a  birth  or  birthday. 
A  joyful  birth-song.  Fitz-Geoffry,  Blessed  Birthday,  p.  45. 
birth-Strangled  (berth'strang"gld),  a.     Stran- 
gled or  suffocated  at  birth. 

Finger  of  birth-strangled  babe.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

birthwort  (berth' wert),  n.  [<  birth*  +  wort1.] 
In  hot. ;  (a)  The  common  name  of  the  European 
species  of  Aristolochia,  A.  Vb iimtitis,  from  its 
supposed  remedial  powers  in  parturition,  and 
from  it  transferred  to  some  American  species, 
which  are  more  usually  known  as  snakcroot. 
(b)  Same  as  birthroot. 

bis  (his),  adv.  [L.,  twice,  for  'etuis,  <  duo  =  E. 
two  ;  in  compounds,  bi- :  see  bi-2.]  Twice,  (a) 
In  accounts,  tabular  statements,  books,  etc.,  used  to  de- 
note a  duplicate  or  repetition  of  an  item  or  number  or 
page  :  as,  p.  10  bis.  (b)  In  music,  a  term  indicating  that  a 
passage  or  section  is  to  be  repeated,  (c)  An  exclamation, 
used  like  encore,  as  a  request  for  the  repetition  of  a  mu- 
sical performance,  etc.  (rf)  As  a  prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two  : 
in  this  sense  it  generally  becomes  bi-.     See  bi--. 

bisa,  biza  (be'za),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  coin 
used  in  Pegu  in  British  Burma,  worth  about 
27J  cents. 

bisaccate  (bi-sak'iit),  a.     [<  bi-"  +  saccate;  cf. 


ate1.]     Having  two  septa  or  partitions, 
biserial  (bi-se'ri-al),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  serial.]    Con- 
sisting of  or  arranged  in  two  series  or  rows ;  bi- 
farious  ;  distichous.     Also  biscriate. 

Thus  we  are  led  to  the  biserial  arrangement  of  the 

chambers,  winch  is  characteristic  of  the  Textulariaii  group. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  457. 

Biserial  perianth,  in  hot.,  a  perianth  consisting  of  both 

calyx  and  corol" 


Also  bi- 


several  kinds  of  wild  esculent  roots  which  are  biserially   (bi-se'ri-al-i),    adv.      In    a   biserial 

extensively  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the 

Columbia  river  region,  especially  to  species  of 

Camassia  and  Peuecdttnum. 
biscutate  (bi-sku'tat),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  scutate.] 

In   bot.,    resembling  two   shields 

placed  side  by  side ;  having  parts 

of  such  a  character. 
bisdiapason  (bis''di-a-pa'zon),  n. 

[<  bis  +  diapason.]     In  music,  an 

interval  of  two  octaves,  or  a  fif- 
teenth. 
bise  (bez),  n.     [F. :  see  bice.]    A 

dry   cold    north    and    northeast 

wind,    prevailing    especially    in 

Provence  and  the  Rhone  valley, 

and  very  destructive  to  vegeta- 
tion, so  that  "  to  be  struck  by  the 

bise"  has  become  a  proverb  in 

Provence,  meaning  to  be   over- 
taken by  misfortune:  nearly  the 

same  as  mistral. 
bisect  (bl-sekf),  v.  t.     [<  L.  bi-, 

two-,  +  scctus,  pp.  of  sccarc,  cut : 

see  section.]     To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts ; 

specifically,  in  geom.,  to  cut  or  divide  into  two 

equal  parts.    One  line  bisects  another  when  it  crosses 

it,  leaving  an  equal  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the 

point  of  intersection. 
He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal.  Gladstone. 
An  inevitable  dualism  bisects  nature,  so  that  each  thing 

is  a  half,  and  suggests  another  thing  to  make  it  whole  :  as, 

spirit,  matter  ;  man,  woman.        Emerson,  Compensation. 

Bisecting  dividers.     See  divider.-  Bisecting   gage. 


[<  bisect,  after  sec- 
tion.] 1.  The  act  of  bisecting,  or  cutting  or 
dividing  into  two  parts ;  specifically,  the  act  of 


L.  bisaceium,  a  saddle-bag:  see  bisaccia.]   Hav- 
ing two  little  bags  or  pouches  attached :  used  bisection  (m-sek  short),  n, 
especially  in  botany. 

bisaccia  (be-zach'a),  n.  [It.  bisaccia,  a  saddle- 
bag, <  L.  bisaceium,  pi.  bisaccia,  saddle-bag, 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  saccus,  a  bag :  see  sack1.]  A 
Sicilian  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.94 
bushels. 

bisannualt  (bis-an'u-al),  a.  [=  F.  bisannuel;  < 
L.  bis,  twice,  +  E.  annual,  F.  annuel.]  Same  as 
biennial. 

biscacha  (bis-kaoh'S),  n.    Same  as  viseaeha. 

biscalloped    (lu-skoi'upt),    a.      [<   bi-2    +    seal-  center  of  the  equant. 

loped.]     Finished  in  or  ornamented  with  two  bisectional  (bi-sek'shon-al),  a.     Pertaining  to 

scallops  ;  bilobate.  or  of  the  nature  of  bisection. 

Biscayan   (bis'ka-an),   a.   and  n.      [Formerly  bisectionally  (bi-sek'shon-al-i),  adv.    Bybisec- 

also  Jliscan,   Biskiiinc:  <  Biscay,  Sp.  Vizcaija.  tion  ;  so  as  to  bisect,  or  divide  into  two  parts, 

See  Basque1.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Biscay,  one  especially  equal  parts. 


manner  or  order;  in  a  double  row. 
seriately. 

The  chambers  are  arranged  biseriaUy  along  a  straight 
axis.  II'.  Ii.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  482. 

or  bucklers  bjseriate  (bi-se'ri-at),  a.     [<   bi-2  +  seriate.] 
Same  as  biserial. 
biseriately   (bi-se'ri-at-li),  adv.      Same  as  bi- 
serially. 

The  anterior  tarsi  of  the  males  are  dilated  and  biseri- 
atetii  squamulose.  Horn. 

biserrate  (bi-ser'at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  serrate.]  1. 
In  bot.,  doubly  serrate:  said  of  leaves  the  ser- 
ratures  of  which  are  themselves  serrate. —  2. 
In  entom.,  having  two  small  triangular  teeth 
placed  close  together,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 
[Rare.]  —  Biserrate  antennae,  antenna;  in  which  the 
joints  are  compressed  and  triangular,  each  attached  to  the 
center  of  the  base  of  the  preceding  one  by  one  of  its  points, 
so  that  both  sides  of  the  organ  present  a  serrate  outline. 

bisetigerous  (bi-se-tij'e-rus),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  se- 
tigcrous.]  In  entom.,  having  two  terminal  seta? 
or  bristles;  bisetose. 

bisetose  (bi-se'tos),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  setose.]  In 
eool.  and  bot.,  furnished  with  two  seta?  or  bris- 
tle-like appendages. 

bisetous  (bl-se'tus),  a.     Same  as  bisetose. 

bisette  (bi-zef),  ».  [F.  (of.  masc.  biset,  a  rock- 
dove),  coarse  brown  stuff,  dim.  of  OF.  bise, 
dark-brown  or  gray.]      A  narrow  French  lace. 

bisexed  (bi'sekst),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  sex  +  -id'-.] 
Same  as  bisexual. 

bisexoust  (bi-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
sexus,  sex.     Cf.  bisexual.]     Same  as  bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been  of  both 
sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  confirmed  it,  but  that  the 
whole  species  or  kind  should  be  bisexous  we  cannot  af- 
firm. Sir  T.  Browne,  \  nig.  Err.,  iii.  17. 


Biscutate  Leaf 
(Dt'enan  tnusci- 
pula). 


cutting  into  two  equal  parts;  the  division  of  bisexual  0)i-sek'su-al\  <k  [<  6t-2_  +  sexual] 
any  line,  angle,  figure,  or  quantity  into  two  equal 
parts. —  2.  One  of  two  sections  composing  any- 
thing, or  into  which  it  may  be  divided:  as, 
"  one  whole  bisection  of  literature,"  Dc  Quinccy, 
Herodotus — Bisection  of  the  eccentricity,  in  ou- 
tran., a  contrivance  of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of 


Having  the  organs  of  both  sexes  in  ono  indi- 
vidual; of  two  sexes;  hermaphrodite,  in  bot., 
said  of  flowers  which  contain  both  stamen  and  pistil  with- 
in the  same  perianth,  and  of  mosses  having  autlteridia 
and  archegonia  in  the  same  involucre  ;  svneecious.  Also 
bisexed. 
bish,  bishma  (bish,  bisli'mii).  n.    Same  as  bikh. 


by  which  the  center  of  the  orbit  of  every  superior  planet  t;_i,'  /liisli'iin  1  ,i  TC  lttF.  hiihnn  ftls's/imi 
and  of  Venus  is  placed  midway  between  the  earth  and  the  DlSHop  (IJIShup),  ».  l<.  Mb.  DlSHOp,  Olssnop, 
center  of  the  equant.  bischop,  bishltp,  bl/shop,   etc,  <  AS.   blSCOji,  tns- 


ccop  =  OFries.  biskop  =  OS.  biskop  =  D. 
schop  =  OHG.  biscof,  MHG.  G.  biscliof=  Icel. 
biskuji  =  Sw.  biskop  =  Dan.  biskop,  bisp  =  It. 
vescovo  =  Sp.  obispo  =  Pg.  bispo  =  Pr.  reskes  = 
OF.  evesque,  vesque,  F.  evequc  =  Gael,  easbuig 


bishop 

=  Ir.  easbog  =  W.  cstjob  =  Bret,  eskop  =  (prob. 
<  Teut.)  OBulg.  biskiipu  =  Sitv.  Bohem.  Pol. 
biskup  =  Sloven.  shkof=  Lath,  nsl.npas  =  Lett. 
bishops  =  Alb.  wpesAfc  =  Finn,  piispa,  <  LL. 
episcopus,  corruptly  "Wscopas,  =  Goth,  aipiskau- 
pus  =  Euss.  ' pi<i;»pi't,  <6r.  E?r('(7KOjrof,  a  bishop, 
mi  overseer,  <  eiri,  upon  (see  <///-),  +  ff» 
at,  view  i  >  '-m'Tm,,  a  watcher),  <  v7 
=  L.  specere,  look  at:  Bee  scope,  species,  specta- 
cle, spy,  etc.]  1.  An  overseer:  once  applied 
to  Christ  i"  the  New  Testament. 

For  ye  were  as  sheep  going  astraj  ;  but  are  now  return- 
ed unto  tin'  Shepherd  and  Bishop  oi  your  souls. 

l  Pet.  ii.  25. 

2.  In  the  earliest  usage  of  the  Christian  church, 
a  spiritual  overseer,  whether  of  a  local  churcn 
or  of  a  number  of  churches;  a  ruler  or  director 
in  the  church.     See  elder  and  presbyter. 

Paul  and  Timotheus  .  .  .  to  all  the  saints  in  Christ 
Jesus  which  are  at  Philippi,  with  the  bishops  and  deacons. 

Philip,  i.  l. 

The  English  version  has  hardly  dealt  fairly  in  this  ■  i  e 
with  the  sacred  text,  in  rendering  eiriMdirovs,  verse  18 
(Acts  x\. i.  "overseers";  whereas  it  ought  there,  as  in 
all  other  places,  to  have  been  "bishops";  that  the  fact 
of  elders  and  bishops  having  been  originally  and  apostoh- 
cally  synonymous  might  be  apparent  to  the  ordinary  Eng- 
lish reader,  which  now  it  is  not. 

7vi!/i  Alford,  Greek  Test.,  Acts  \s.  17. 

Bishops  and  Presbyters,  literally  overseers  and  elders, 
are  universally  admitted  to  be  terms  equivalent  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  often,  at  hast,  applied  to  the  same 
officers.  Smith,  students  Eccles.  Hist.,  p.  170. 

3.  From  an  early  time,  an  overseer  over  a 
number  of  local  churches;  particularly,  in  the 
Greek,  Oriental,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Angli- 
can churches,  the  title  of  the  highest  order  in 
the  ministry.  See  episcopacy.  The  origin  of  the 
office  of  bishop  in  the  Christian  church  is  a  matter  of 
dispute  The  terms  bishop  and  presbyter  appear  to  be 
used  interchangeably  in  the  New  Testament;  but  those 
who  support  the  episcopal  form  of  government  maintain 
that  while  these  terms  were  not  yet  limited  to  their  later 
meanings  a  difference  of  rank  was  indicated  by  them,  that 
the  office  of  the  apostles,  as  overseers  over  the  local 
churches  and  their  pastors,  was  episcopal  in  its  nature,  and 
that  the  term  bishop  is  appropriately  used  to  designate 
those  whom  they  ordained  as  their  successors  in  an  office 
which  was  intended  to  be  permanent;  while  those  who 
reject  the  episcopal  form  of  government  hold  that  the 
apostolic  office  was  purely  personal,  and  that  the  apostles 
had  not  and  could  not  have  successors.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  the  Greek  and  other  Oriental  churches,  and 
the  Anglican  Church  claim  an  unbroken  succession  of 
bishops  from  apostolic  times.  Moravian  bishops  also  claim 
an  unbroken  episcopal  succession,  but  exercise  jurisdic- 
tion not  as  diocesans,  hut  jointly.  The  first  Methodist 
superintendent,  the  title  afterward  superseded  by  bishop, 
was  ordained  by  Wesley  in  1784.  (See  itinerant  bishop.) 
In  the  Greek,  Oriental,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  the 
different  grades  of  the  office,  besides  simple  or  ordinary 
bishop,  are  archbishop,  metropolitan,  primate,  exarch,  and 
patriarch;  these  were  ecclesiastically  instituted  for  conve- 
nience of  government.  (See  pojie.)  The  Anglican  Church 
also  has  archbishops  and  metropolitans.  I'.y  virtue  of  eon. 
cordats,  the  nomination  of  Roman  Catholic  bishops  is  some- 
times made  by  the  temporal  power;  the  former  election 
by  the  clergy  remains  in  some  cathedral  chapters,  but 
more  commonly  names  are  proposed  by  the  fellow-suffra- 
gans and  metropolitan,  and  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
to  be  provided  for,  to  the  Pope,  who  directly  appoints  and 
in  any  case  confirms  the  new  bishop.  In  England  bish- 
ops are  nominated  by  the  sovereign,  who,  upon  request 
of  the  dean  and  chapter  for  leave  to  elect  a  bishop, 
sends  a  comjf  d'elire,  or  license  to  elect,  with  a  letter 
missive,  nominating  the  person  whom  he  would  have 
chosen.  The  election,  by  the  chapter,  must  be  made  with- 
in twelve  days,  or  the  sovereign  has  a  right  to  appoint 
whom  he  pleases.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  1'nited  States  the  bishops  are  elected  by  the  clergy 
and  laity.  Bishops  are  said  to  be  consecrated  rather  than 
ordained.  Enthronization  is  the  solemn  installation  fol- 
lowing the  consecration.  A  bishop  changed  from  one  see 
to  another  is  said  to  be  translated ;  the  church  contain- 
ing his  cathedra  or  episcopal  throne  is  called  cathedral 
and  the  local  Jurisdiction  indicated  by  this  throne,  and 
the  city  or  locality  in  which  this  stands,  together  with  the 
dn.cese  or  territory  attached  to  it,  his  see,  to  which  he  is 
said  to  be  wedded,  and  which  is  widowed  when  deprived 
of  him.  This  relation  is  symbolized  by  the  bishop's  ring, 
which  in  the  Western  Church  is  a  part  of  the  insignia  of 
his  office,  together  with  the  miter,  staff,  and  ctobs.  To 
this  Office  also  arc  applied  the  term  pontiff  and  its  deriva- 
tives. Twenty-four  of  the  English  bishops  and  the  two 
archbishops  are  peers ol  the  realm,  with  seats  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  certain  political  and  Judicial  or  quasi-Judi- 
cial functions.  In  the  Mormon  church  the  bishop  is  an 
office!  of  the  Aal or  lesser  priesthood,  presides OV61  It, 

ministers  in  outward  ordinances  conducts  the  temporal 
business  of  the  church  judge  on  transgress- 

ors.   Often  abbrei  i  ■  ■>    and  I  <  at 

apost 

4t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  chief  priest  of 
any  religion. —  5.  A  name  given  in  the  United 
States  about  1850  to  a  m's  bustle. — 6.  A 

hoi  drink  made  will,  Inii,  ro ranges,  cloves,  and 
port,  wine. 

He  and  tie    I  I  re  drinking  a  howl  of  bishop  to 

gather.  Dickens. 

7.  In  entom. :  {a)  A  name  of  various  heterop- 
terous  bemipterous  insects,  also  called  bishop's- 
miters.  They  injure  fruit  by  piercing  it.  and 
emit  an  intolerable  odor,     (b)  A  name  of  the 


..el 


bishop's-weed 


lady-birds,  the  small  beetles  of  the  family  Coc-  dee,  especially  of  the  restricted  -onus  Buptec- 
einellida  8  One  of  thi  pieces  or  men  in  chess,  tea  (Swainson)  or  Pyromelano.  (Bonaparte), 
having  its  upper  part  carved  into  the  shape  of  bishopdom  (bish'up  dum),  ».  [<  bishop  + 
a  miter.  Formerly  called  archer.  Seedless.—  -dum:  not  found  in  Mi:.;  el.  AS.  hisccupdoni  = 
Assistant  bishop,  a  fiishop  who  assists  a  diocesan  bishop.  OHG.  biscoftuom,  biscetuom,  MHO.  bischlitom, 
— Bench  of  bishops.  See&encA.— Bishop's  court,  a  mime    <;    Upturn  =  1>.  Uspdom  =  Icel.  biskups-ddmr  = 


gland  to  an^ccle^ticaUourthdd    I);m    ,„■,,■■„„,,.  =  Su,   Uskopdome^     1.   The 

jurisdiction  of  a  bishop;  episcopate;  episco- 
Also  bishopship. 


s<  .no  tin 

in  the  cathedral  ol  each  diocese,  the  ] 

bishop's  chancellor,  who  judges  by  the  civil  canon  law 

The  proper  name  is  the  consistory  court.—  Bishop's 
cross,  same  as  pastoral  stl  ill  '(which  see,  under  staff).— 
Bishop's  cross-staff,  a  stall  bearing  a  simple  cross.  See 
,  pi  copal  staff,  under  stall'.—  Bishop's  lawn,  a  variety  of 

line  lawn,  used  for  tile  sleeves  of  the  vestments  of  Anglican 

bishops  (whence  the  name),  and  also  bj  » in  for  many 

purposes.—  Bishop's  ring,  a  part  of  the  pontificals  or  in- 
signia of  office  of  a  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
It  is  a  massive  ring  of  gold,  set  with  a  sapphire,  emerald, 
or  ruby,  worn  on  the  third  finger  of  the  right  hand 
Bishop's  staff.  See  crazier.  Bishop's  throne,  the  offi- 
cial or  ceremonial  scat  of  the  bishop  in  the  chancel  or  choir 


pacy. 

He  would  persuade  us  that  the  succession  and  divine 
right  oi  !ii  hopdom  hath  been  unquestionable  through  all 
ages.  Milton,  i',f.  of  Humb.  Remonst 

2.  Bishops  collectively. 

bishopess  (bish'up-es),  n.  [<  bishop  +  -ess.] 
The  wife  of  a  bishop.  Thackeray.  [Bare.] 
bishophood  (bish'u|>-liudi.  n.  [<ME.bischop- 
liimil,  <  AS.  bisceoplidd,  <  bisceop,  bishop,  -t- 
hctd,  condition:  see  bishop  and  -hood.']  The  of- 
fice, dignity,  or  rank  of  bishop. 
bishoplyt  i  bish'up-li),  a.  [<  ME.  bisshopty,  etc., 
<  AS.  biseeoplic:  see  bishop  and  -///'.]  Bishop- 
like  ;  episcopal. 

If  he  preach  .  .  .  before  a  bishop,  then  let  him  treat 
otbishoply  duties  and  orders. 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 

Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoply,  is  only  a  Latin 

word  in  an  English  dress.    Trench,  Study  ol  Words,  p.  164. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  adv.  [<  bishop  +  -ly-.] 
In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

bishop-ray  (bish'up-ra),  n.  1.  A  raioid  sela- 
chian of  the  family  Myliobatidai,  JStobatis  (or 
Stoasodon)  narinari,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas,  sometimes  wandering  in  summer  north- 
ward along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  to 
Virginia.  Its  disk  is  twice  as  wide  as  long,  and  is 
brownish  diversified  with  small  round  pale  spots. 
2.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  JEtobatis. 

bishopric  (bish'np-rik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bishopriche,  bishopries ;  <  ME.  bisshoprike,  bis- 
schopriche,  also  contracted  bispriche,  <  AS.  bis- 
eeoprice  (=  Icel.  biskupsriki),  <  bisceop,  bishop, 
+  r/Ve,  jurisdiction,  kingdom,  =  Icel.  iil:i  =  G. 
reich,  kingdom;  connected  with  AS.  rice,  pow- 
erful, rich:  see  -vie,  rich.]  1.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  bishop. 

A  virtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 
man  does  a  bishoprick;  but  I  would  advise  neither  to  per- 
sist in  refusing.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  39. 
2.  The  district  over  which  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop  extends ;  a  dioeese. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1429,  a  question  was  raised  in 
council  which  involved  his  right  to  retain  the  bishopi  ie  of 
Winchester.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist 

3f.   The  charge  of  instructing  and   governing 
in  spiritual  concerns ;  overseership. 
His  bishopric  let  another  take. 


Bishop's  Throne  and  Synthronus.—  Basilica  of  Torcello,  near  Venice. 

,  ,f  the  principal  or  cathedral  church  of  his  diocese.  In  the 
early  church,  as  still  in  the  Greek  church  and  in  some 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  it  stood  behind  the  altar  in  the 
apse,  and  formed  the  central  and  highest  scat  of  the  syn- 
thronus  (which  sec).  According  to  a  later  arrangement, 
which  continues  to  he  the  general  rule  in  Roman  (allelic 
and  Anglican  cathedrals,  it  is  placed  at  the  extreme  east 
cud  ,,f  the  stalls  on  either  (preferably  the  northern  orgos- 
pebside,  and  is  generally  separate,  but  sometimes  forms 
part  of  the  stalls.  It  is  usually  of  wood,  but  often  of  mar- 
ble or  bronze.  Also  called  cathedra.—  Boy-bishop.  See 
6oi/i.—  Cardinal  bishop.  See  cardinal.— Case  of  the 
seven  bishops,  a  famous  English  trial,  in  less,  of  the  pri- 
mate and  six  bishops  on  a  charge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a 
petition  to  James  II.,  against  his  order  that  his  "declara- 
tions for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churches. 
—  Chancellor  of  a  bishop.  See  chancellor  —  Coadju- 
tor bishop,  a  bishop  who  assists  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  bishopric.— Dio- 
cesan bishop,  a  bishop  having  jurisdiction  over  the 
churches  and  clergy  in  a  regularly  organized  diocese,  and 
having  his  canonical  place  of  residence  and  his  cathedral 
church  in  a  city  (called  his  see-city  or  cathedral  city),  from 
which  he  usually  takes  his  title,  and  from  which  he  governs 

and  visits  his  diocese:  opposed  to  an  assistant,  coadjutor.  -        ...  h,         ,-.     -,   ,,       A  name  of  two 

missionary,  or  itinerant  6i»Aoj).-Ecumenical  bishop,  bishop  S-Cap  jbisli  Ups--Kap;,  ».     A  nam.  OX  WO 


See  ecumenical  —  Itinerant  bishop,  a  bishop  not  having 
a  separate  territorial  jurisdiction,  tint  possessing  joint 
authority  with  others  over  all  the  churches  of  the  same 
organization.  The  bishops  of  the  Methodist  and  Moravian 
churches  are  itinerant  bishops.—  Suffragan  bishop,  (a) 
A  bishop  consecrated  to  assist  another  bishop  who  is  dis- 
abled by  age,  illness,  or  other  cause;  an  auxiliary  bishop. 

He  differs  from  a  coadjutor  bishop  in  having  no  power  to  ij{qilot)lq.elder  (bish'ups-el"der), 
exercise  jurisdiction.    (J.)  A  bishop  in  relation  to  his  com-  DlSIlOp  S  ewer  (  uisn  u-jya  m      c  ,, 
provincial  bishops  and  their  archbishop  or  metropolitan.     msnop-8-weea,±. 
This  title  is  used  of  the  other  bishops  of  the  Church  of  bishop  S-hat  (bish  ups-hat ),  Ii.     Another  nam.6 
England  in  relation  to  the  archbishops.  0f  the  barretnvort,  F.pinu ilium  alpinum. 

bishop  (bish'up),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bishopeA for  bishopship  (bish  '  up  -ship),  n.     L<  bishop  + 

bishtipjictl,  ppr.  bishopmg  or  bishoppuKj.^  [<  Mt.     ship.]     Same  as  bishopdom,  1.     Milton. 

bishop's-leaves  (bish  ups-levz), 


species  of  Mitella  (M.  diphylla  and  .1/.  nuda), 
natural  order  Saxifragoceos,  which  are  natives 
of  the  United  States:  so  called  from  the  form 
of  the  pod.    Also  called  miterwort. 

And  bishiqi's-caps  have  golden  rings. 

Longfellow,  I'rel.  to  Voices  of  the  Night. 
n.     Same  a3 


bischopen,  <  AS.  biscopian,  <  biscoji ;  from  the 
noun.     In  the  last  two  senses,  from  the  proper 


f  figwori,  Snuiiliuliiriii  aquatica. 


A  species 


of  confirmation  to;   admit  solemnly  into  the 
church;  confirm.     [Archaic] 

They  are  prophane,  imperfect,  oh  !  too  bad  . 

Except  contlnn'd  and  bwhopped  by  thee. 

limine.  Poems,  p 

2.  To  con 

And  chose  to  I 


.  17 


name   Bishop.]      1.    To   administer   the    rite  bishop-sleeve  (bish '  up-slev),   it.     A  peculiar 

wide  form  of  sleeve  formerly  worn  by  women: 

so    in >d    from    its    r,  semblance    to    the    full 

sleeve,  drawn  in  at  the  wrist,  worn  by  Augli- 

i  bishopvi'ength  (bish'ups-length), «.  Inpaint- 

firm  (anything)  formally.  [Jocular.]   ",,,   £lnva7moasuring  f,S  inches  by  94.     The 

„,      „      .      ,A;"V'I"T,I",',":";  -  half-bishop  measures  45  inches  by  56. 

The  name  of  fool  confirmed  and  buhoped  by  the  fair.  ,,„„.„  J;i.m  n.isl,',,,,s  ,.,,  t,'.,.t    »      1     Same 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iphig.,  I.  24a   bishop  S-mlter  (fnsli  upS-TXU  til),  ».     1.   same 
„.       ',.  ,  •  ,  as   h,. simp,  7  Oi).— 2.  A   name  of  the  miter- 

3t.  To  appoint  to  the  office  of  bishop.  "^     ^  eptecopalis,  of  I  he  family  Mitrida  . 

This  tradition  of  Bwftoyfoo  Timothy  over  Ephesuswas  i,jshoD-StO0lt  (bish'up-StSl),  ».    L<  ME.  bisseop- 
but  taken  for  granted  out  ,,f  that  place  in  St.  Paul,  which    Disnop  swwiT    I-  hiafvruuttSU—  Sw 

was  only  an   i. .treating  him  to  tarry  at   Ephesus,  to  do      StOl,  <  AS.  hisrvops  ol  ( =  1    .  1.  tl.sl.up.-.s.oll        bW. 
thine  i.  it  iii iii  In  charge.  btskopstol  =  Dan.  btsptslol),  <  bisceop,  bishop,  + 

Milt,,, i.  Prelatical  Episcopacy.     s^  s,..,t,  stool.]     A  bishop's  see  or  seal. 
4    To  let  (milk,  etc.)  burn  w  hilc   cooking  :  in        According  to  a  custom  in  which  we  differed  iron,  con- 
al'lusioii  to  the  proverb,  "The  bishop  has  put     tinental  churches  and  strangelj   agreed  with  our  Celtic 

(,„,;„  il  "     liroelilt      IN'., HI.    Ene    di'ilf     neighbours,  .  .  ,   the  ten ral  capital  was  not  in  early 

'     times  the  seat  of  the  bishop  stool.  >■■■  A.  Freeman. 

,-Weed  (bish'ups-,  bisli'- 
iii  podagraria.  See 
ipularly  believed  to  have 
..,:,!  difficult]  oi  extirpat- 
,1, reive  purchasers. — 6.  [from  a  man  named  ingit.  also  called  6tsAop'<-e!der. 
lu  Imp.  who  iii  is:;|  drowned  a  boy  in  order  to  <j.  A  name  given  to  the  plants  of  the  genus 
sidl   his  body  for  dissection.     Cf.    burke.]     To      Jnimi,  and  in  the  United  States  to  a  somewhat 

minder  by  drowning.                                            similar  umbelliferous  plant,  Discopleura  eapilr 
bishop-bird  (bish'np-berd  ),  n.    A  name  of  sun-    lacea True  bishop's-weed,  the  ajowau,  Carum  Cop- 

dry  African  weaver-birds  of  the  family  1'locci-     ticum. 


bishop's-wort 

bishop's-wort  (bish'ups-wert),  «.  A  name 
given  i"  i  lie  devil-in-a-bush,  Nigella  Damascena, 
and  i"  betony,  Stachys  B<  tonica. 

bishop-weed,  «.    Sec  bishop's-weed,. 

bisilicate   (bi-sil'i-kat),  n.     [<  fte-2  +  silicate.] 

1.  A  sail  formed  by  tie  union  of  a  base  and  a 
silicic  acid  containing  two  atoms  of  silicon.  It 
may  lie  a  bibasio  or  a  polybasic  acid. —  2.  A 
salt  of  metasilicic  acid,  HoSiOg,  in  which  the 
ratio  of  oxygen  atoms  combined  with  the  baso 
and  silicon  respectively  is  as  1 : 2:  for  example, 
ia liium  metasilicate  (the  mineral  wollaston- 
ite),  CaSiOs  or  CaO.Si03. 

bisiliquous  (bi-sil'i-kwus),  a.  [<  ft/-2  +  sili- 
auous.]     In  hot.,  having  two  pods. 

bisinuate  (bi-sin'u-at),  a.  [<  ft/--  +  sinuate.'] 
In  eool.,  having  two  concave  curves  meeting  in 
a  convex  curve:  as.  a  bisinuate  margin. 

bisinuation  (bi-sm-u-a'shon),  n.  L<  bisinuate, 
after  sinuation."]  In  entoih.,  the  state  of  being 
bisinuate  ;  a  double  curve  on  a  margin. 

bisk1,  a-    See  bisque*. 

bisk'-',  bisque-1  (bisk),  «.  [<  P.  bisque,  odds  at 
play,  a  fault  at  tennis:  cf.  It.  bisca,  a  gaming- 
house; origin  unknown.]  Odds  at  tennis-play ; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
player  to  equalize  the  parties. 

bisk1  (bisk),  a.    Same  as  bikh. 

bisketf  (bis'ket),  ».  A  former  spelling- of  6*8- 
euit. 

Biskra  bouton,  Biskra  button.  Same  as  .ti<p- 
po  ulcer  (which  see.  under  ulcer). 

bismar,  «.    See  bismer2. 

Bismarck  brown.    See  brown. 

bismet,  ».     An  apheretic  form  of  abisme. 

bismerH,  ».  [ME.,  also  bismar,  bisemer^ etc.;  < 
AS.  bismer,  bismor  (=  OS.  bismer  =  UH(i.  ft/- 
smer,  reproach,  opprobrium,  derision,  abuse), 
<  bi-  (accented),  by,  +  -smer,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  MUG.  smieren,  smile.  AS.smercian, 
E.  smirk,  and  ult.  with  E.  smile,  hence  orig.  a 
laughing  at,  ridicule.  Hence  the  verb  bisun  ri- 
an,  bismrian,  reproach,  deride,  abuse.]  1.  Abu- 
six  e  speech:  as.  "  bakbitynge  and  bismer," 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  89. 

Ful  of  hoker,  and  of  bissemare. 

t  im  ucer,  Reeve'a  talc,  1.  15. 

2.  A  person  worthy  of  scorn. 

bismer'-',  bismar  (bis'mer,  -mar),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten bj/snii  r,  bismore,  sometimes  bissimar;  <  Icel. 
bismari  =  OSw.  bismore,  Sw.  besman  =  Dan.  bis- 
mer =  MD.  besemer=  SILG.  best  mer,  bisemi  r,  a 
steelyard,  balance;  <  Lett,  besmens,  besmers, 
Lith.  bezmenas,  K'uss.  In  :nn  mi,  Pol.  bezmian,  a 
balance.]  A  balance  or  steelyard  used  in  the 
northeast  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  islands. 

bismer3  (bis'mer),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  The 
name  in  the  (  b-kney  islands  of  the  sea-stickle- 
back, Spinachia  vulgaris. 

bismerpund  (bis'mer-pSnd),  n.  [Dan.,  <  Bis- 
mer, a  steelyard,  +  pund  =  E.  pound.']  A 
weight  used  in  Denmark,  equal  to  6  kilograms 
precisely,  or  13  pounds  3$  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. It  was  formerly  one  three-hundredth  part 

less. 

bismillah  (bis-mil'S),  iutcrj.  [Turk.  Ar.  bi- 
'sm-illah,  in  the  name  of  Allah:  see  Allah.]  In 
God's  name :  an  adjuration  or  exclamation 
common  among  Moslems.  Sometimes  written 
bi:mi  Huh. 

bismite  (biz'mit),  u.  [<  bism(uth)  +  -/te2.] 
Native  oxid  of  bismuth,  or  bismuth  ocher. 

bismore  (bis'mor),  n.     Same  as  bismer-. 

bismuth  (biz'muth),  n.  [=  P.  bismuth,  <  G. 
bismuth,  now  commonly  wismut,  wismuth,  orig. 
uHssmuth  ;  of  mod.  (17th  century)  but  unknown 
origin.]  Chemical  symbol.  Hi  :  atomic  weight, 
208  ;  specific  gravity,  9.0  to  9.8.  A  metal  of  a 
peculiar  light-reddish  color,  highly  crystalline, 
and  so  brittle  that  it  can  be  pulverized,  its  n  >  5. 
talline  form  is  rhombohedral,  closely  approximating  that 
of  the  cube,  ft  occurs  native  in  imperfect  crystallizations, 
filiform  shapes,  and  disseminated  particles,  in  the  crystal- 
line rocks;  also  as  ;i  sulphuret,  ami  in  combination  with 
tellurium  ami  some  other  metals,  ami  in  various  oxidized 

binations.    The  native  metal  ami  the  carbonate  (bis- 

mutite)  air  the  chief  important  sources  of  the  bismuth  of 
commerce.  I  ntil  recently,  almost  the  entire  supply  of 
the  metal  came  from  Schneeberg  in  -Saxony,  where  it  oc- 
curs in  combination  with  ores  of  cobalt,  arsenic,  ami  sil- 
ver. Nearly  all  the  bismuth  of  commerce  contains  at 
bast  a  trace  of  silver.  Bismuth  is  a  remarkable  metal  in 
that  its  specific  gravity  is  diminished,  instead  of  being  in- 
creased, by  pressure.  It  is  the  most  diamagnetic  el  the 
metals.  It  fuses  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature 
(507°),  and  is  volatilized  at  a  white  heat.  Alloys  of  bis 
nulth  with  tin  and  lead  fuse  at  a  temperature  considerably 
less  than  that  of  boiling  water.  (See  Newton's  and  Rose's 
metals,  under  metal.)  Alleys  of  the  same  metals  with 
the  addition  of  cadmium  fuse  at  still  lower  temperatures ; 


565 
one  prepared  bj  Lipowitz  remains  perfectly  fluid  at  UO9, 

These  alloys  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  Cliches  and 

fni-  stereotyping,  but  are  new  of  little  practical  impor- 
tance, 'the  chief  uses  of  bismuth  are  as  a  medicine  and  as  :i 
cosmetic.     For  these  pnt'|  loses  it  is  prepared  in  the  form  Of 

the  Bubnitrate  called  in  the  old  pharmaceutical  langnagi 
magisterium  bismuthi.    The  cosmetic,  in  preparing  which 

the  basic  chlorid  has  also  been  employed,  Is  known  as 
pearl-powder  or  blanc  a  Gspagne.     Bismuth  has  of  late 

years  been  -||  cxpcl'i Iltc.l  with  as  a  possible  Compo- 
nent •  •!  Useful  alleys,  fur  several  of  wllirll  patents  b.ive 
been  issued  J   but  no  one  of   these  alloys  is   know  II  te  have 

come  into  general  use.     Bismuth  has  also  been  used  tea 

limited  extent  in  the  iniiiiifiiiir    of  highly  refractive 

la       ami  of  strass  (which  see).     It  is  used  with  antimony 

in  the  thermo-electric  pile  or  battery.    (See  ( hermo-elec. 

tricitjf.)     It  has  also  begun    to  be  used   te  seme  extent   in 

tin-  manufacture  of  porcelain,  for  I  be  purpose  of  giving  te 
its  surface  a  peculiar  colorle  I,  irised  luster,  which  can 
also  he  icel  ei  various  colors  when  other  metals  are  used 
in  combination  with  the  bismuth.  This  metal  is  one  for 
which  the  demand  is  extremely  fluctuating,  hut  on  the 
whole  increasing;  and,  as  its s  have  nowhere  been  dis- 
covered in  large  quantity,  Its  price  has  been  i e  variable 

than  that  of  any  ether  natal,  with  tile  possible  exeeptieti 

of  nickel,  running  between  55  cento  and  s:.  a  pound.  The 
total  consumption  of  the  metal  is  probabl)  between  25 

and  50  tens   a  year,  and    it  comes   chiefly   from  the    ErZ- 

gebirge  (between  Saxon]  and  Bohemia),  France,  South 
America,  and  New  South  Wales.  It  was  called  by  the  al- 
chemists, while  iii  their  uncertain  i lition  of  knowledge 

as  to  its  nature,  by  various  names,  as  marcasita  argentea, 
plumbum  cinert  am.,  etannwn  cinereum,  etc  ;  also  called 
formerly  in  French  itain  de  glace,  corrupted  in  English 
into  tvn-glosse. —  Bismuth-blende,  the  mineral  eulytite 
(which  see).  ~Bismuth-glance.au  ore  of  bismuth.  Pris- 
matic bismuth-glance  is  a  sulphid  of  bismuth  or  bismuth- 
inite,  and  acicular  bismuth-glance  is  the  same  as  needle- 
ore  er  aikinite.  -  Bismuth  ocher,  the  mineral  bismite.— 
Bismuth  silver.  Seeargi  < ■  ■■■■■  r.nttomi  ins 
muth,  an  eld  name  for  the  chlorid  of  bismuth.— Flowers 
Of  bismuth,  a  yellow-colored  oxid  formed  by  the  subli- 
mation of  bismuth.— Magistery  of  bismuth,  the  subni- 
trate  er  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth.-  Telluric  bismuth, 
the  mineral  tetradymite. 

bismuthal  (biz'muth-al),  a.  [<  bismuth  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  bismuth. 

bismuthic  (biz'muth-ik),  a.  [<  bismuth  +  -»&] 
Of  bismuth:  as,  bismuthic  oxid  and  bismuthic 
acid. 

bismuthid  (biz'muth-id), n.  [<  bismuth  +  -id-.] 
An  alloy  of  bismuth  with  another  metal. 

bismuthiferous  (biz-muth-if  'e-rus),  a.  [<  bis- 
muth +  -i-ferous.]    Containing  bismuth. 

Bismuthiferous  calcium  carbonate  yields  only  a  violet 
fluorescence,  differing  little  from  that  produced  without 
the  bismuth.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9121. 

bismuthin,  bismuthine  (biz'muth-in),  ».  [< 
bismuth  +  -in-,  -/»(-.]     See  bismulhiuih . 

bismuthinite  (biz-muth'i-nit),  n.  [<  bismuth- 
in +  -He-.]  Native  bismuth  sulphid,  a  mine- 
ral of  a  lead-gray  color  and  metallic  luster  oc- 
curring in  acieular  crystals,  also  massive,  witli 
a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure.  It  resembles 
stibnite,  with  which  it  is  isornorphous. 

bismuthite,  «.     See  bismutite. 

bismuthous  (biz'muth-us),  a.  [<  bismuth  + 
-mis.]  In  chem.,  combined  with  bismuth  as  a 
triad:  as,  bismuthous  oxid,  Bi.103. 

bismutite,  bismuthite  (biz'mut-it,  -muth-it), 
11.  [<  bismuth  +  -/te2.]  A  hydrous  carbonate 
of  bismuth. 

bismutosphaerite  (biz*mut-o-sfe'rit),  re.  [<ft/.s-- 
miith  4-  Or.  atpac/ia,  sphere,  +'-ite-.]  Anhydrous 
bismuth  carbonate  (Bi2C05),  sometimes  occur- 
ring iu  spherical  forms  with  radiated  structure. 

bisogniot,  bisognot  (bi-so'nyo),  «.  [Also  writ- 
leu  besognio,  bessogne,  bessogno,  bezonian,  etc. ; 
<  It.  bisogno,  need,  a  needy  fellow,  beggar.]  A 
person  of  low  rank;  a  beggar. 

Spurn'd  out  hy  grooms  like  a  base  bisogno. 

I  'hapiuaii,  Widow  's  Tears,  i.  4. 

Beat  the  bessognee  that  lie  hid  in  the  carriages.    Brome. 

He  that  would  refuse-  to  Bwallow  a  do/en  healths  en 
such  an  evening,  is  a  base  besognio,  and  a  puckfoist,  ami 
shall  swallow  six  inches  of  my  dagger. 

Scott,  Keiiiluerth,  I.  xviii. 

bison  (bi'son),  n.  [=  D.  bison  =  (!.  bison  =  Sw. 
bison  =  Dan.  bison  (-oxc),  <  P.  bison  =  Pr.  biynu 
=  Sp.  bisonte  =  Pg.  bisSo  =  It.  bissonte,  <  L. 
bison(t-)  (first  in  Pliny  and  Seneca),  >  Gr. 
j-liauv  (in  Pausanias) ;  prob.  from  OTeut. :  cf. 
OHG.  wisuut,  irisiint,  wisint,  MHO.  G.  wiseni 
=  Icel.  (perhaps  borrowed)  visundr,  bison,  = 
AS.  ircsiiid,  a  wild  ox;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
The  aurochs,  or  bonasus,  a  European  wild  ox: 
hence  applied  to  several  similar  animals,  re- 
cent and  extinct. —  2.  Bison  or  Bos  amerieatius, 
improperly  called  the  buffalo,  an  animal  which 
formerly  ranged  over  most  of  the  United  States 
and  much  of  British  America  in  countless  num- 
bers, now  reduced  to  probably  a  few  thousands, 
and  apparently  soon  to  become  extinct  as  a  wild 
animal.  It  formerly  extended  int..  Bomeof  the  Atlantic 
States,  as  Virginia :  the  contraction  of  the  area  of  its  habi- 
tat and  tbc  reduction  of  its  numbers  have  gone  on  steadily 
with  the  advance  of  European  occupation  ;  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Uniou  Pacific  railroad  cut  the  great  herd  iu 


bissextile 

two,  leaving  a  souther ■  Texan  herd,  chiefly  in  tin-  re- 

I  the  itaki  ■!  Plains,  ami  a  northern  or  v.  llowsi i 

or  Saskatchewan  herd,  In  the  region  ol  the  nop.  r  Missouri 

and thwar.l.    The  animal  r<   .nil.!.  .  the  auroi  hs  (which 

:-. .  )  i.ni  is  considerably  smaller ;  tin-  hump  is  very  high 
and  large;  the  hind  quarters  are  light;  the  tail  Is  about 


oa 


American  Bis.in  {Rison  amfrfcanuf). 

20  inches  long,  .inline  jM  ;,  wisp  ..f  hairs  of  i' I  6  inches 

additional:  the  horns,  especially  in  tin-  male,  an-  short, 
thick,  ami  much  curved  ;  the  head  is  carried  verj  lew  ;  the 
long  shaggy  hair  of  the  fore  parts  sometimes  Bwet  ps  the 

ground  ;  the  color  is  blackish  in  fresh  pelages, re  brown 

..r  gray  in  worn  ones  and  in  aged  individuals;  the  calvi  a 
are  reddish.  Formerly  the  hair-covered  -kins  w.  re  much 
used  as  robes,  hut  only  the  cows  were  killed  for  them, 
the  hides  of  the  bulls  being  net  easily  manageable.  In 
summer,  alter  shedding  its  hair,  the  animal  is  nearly 
naked. 

3.  [cap.]  [XIj.J  A  genus  or  subgenus  of  the 
family  liovidat,  including  the  aurochs,  B.  bona- 
sus (see  cut  under  aurochs),  the  American  bi- 
son, B.  ami ricniiiis,  and  several  related  fossil 
species,  as  B.  latifrons. 

bisonant  (bi'so-nant),  a.  [<  ft/--  +  sonant.  Cf. 
LL.  bisoiiiis,  sounding  twice.]  Having  two 
sounds,  as  an  alphabetical  letter. 

bisontine  (bi'son-tin),  a.  [<  >>'!..  bisontinus,  <  L. 
bison(t-),  bison.]  Bison-like;  related  to  or  re- 
sembling a  bison;  belonging  to  the  genus  Bison. 

bispherical  (bl-sfer'i-kal),  a.  [<  ft/-2  +  spheri- 
cal.]    Composed  of  two  spheres. 

The  second  form  [of  Schizophytce]  is  bispherical:  the 
spherical  cell  has  grown  and  become  contracted,  or  in- 
dented iu  the  middle,  forming  two  united  granules. 

Science,  III.  157. 

bispinose  (bi-spi'nos),  «.  [<  ft/-2  +  spinose.] 
In  zool.  ami  but.,  having  two  spines.— Bispinose 
elytra,  in  entom.,  these  having  each  two  apical,  spine-like 
pi sses. 

bispinous  (bi-spi'nus),  a.  [<  ft/-2  +  spinous.] 
Same  as  bispinose. 

bispiral  (bi-spi'rai),  a.  [<  ft/-'-  4-  spiral.]  Con- 
taining two  spiral  fibers;  doubly  spiral:  ap- 
plied to  the  elaters  of  some  Hepaticce. 

bispore  (bi'sjior).  ».  [<  bi-2  +  spore.]  One  of 
a  pair  of  spores  formed  by  the  division  of  a 
vegetative  cell  in  red  alga?,  Floridea .  It  is  the 
same  as  a  tetraspore,  except  as  regards  num- 
ber.    See  ti  traspore. 

bisporous  (bl-spo'rus),  a.  [<  ft/-2  +  sporous.] 
Containing  or  bearing  two  spores. 

bisque1  (bisk),  «.  [See  biscuit.]  In  ceram. :  (a) 
Formerly,  same  :is  biscuit,  3.  (ft)  A  variety  of 
unglazed  white  porcelain  used  for  statuettes 
and  other  small  figures. 

bisque2  (bisk),  n.  [P.,  crawfish  soup;  origin 
unknown.]  In  cookery,  a  soup  made  of  meat  or 
fish  slowdy  stewed  until  all  the  strength  is  ex- 
tracted, and  thickened  with  finely  minced  or 
shredded  forcemeat;  specifically,  such  a  soup 
made  from  crabs,  crawfish,  shrimps,  and  the 

like.       Also  spelled  bisk. 

bisque:\  n.     See  bisk2. 

bissabol  (bis'a-bol).  it.     Same  as  bcsabol. 

bisse1  (bis),  n.  [<  OF.  bisse,  an  adder.]  In 
her.,  a  snake  borne  as  a  charge. 

bisse2  (bis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  used  in 
Pondicherry.  a  French  possession  in  India.  It 
is  exactly  l";  French  pounds,  or  about  3  pounds 
2  ounces  avoirdupois. 

bisself,  '•.    A  variant  of  bezzle. 

bissemaret,  n.  An  unusual  Middle  English 
form  of  bismer1. 

bissett,  »'•     Same  as  bisettc.     [Scotch.] 

bissex  (bis'seks),  n.  [<  L.  bis,  twice,  4-  sex  = 
E.  six.]  A  musical  instrument  of  the  guitar 
kind  having  twelve  strings,  the  pitch  of  t lie  up- 
per six  of  which  could  be  altered  by  stopping 
on  frets.  It  was  invented  in  1770,  but  never 
extensively  used. 

bissextt,  ».  [<  ME.  bise.rt,  <  Li.  bisr.rius.  bissex- 
tus  (sc.  dies,  day),  an  intercalary  day.  <  ft/-,  bis, 
twice,  +  serins  =  E.  sixth  :  so  called  because 
the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March  xvas 
reckoned  twice  in  every  fourth  year.  See  ft/s- 
sc.rtus.]     The  intercalary  day  in  leap-year. 

bissextile  (bi-seks'til),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  bis- 
se.itilis,  bise.rtilis  (sc.  annus,  year),  leap-year.  < 
L.  bisextus,  bissextus:  see  bissext.]  I.  a.  Con- 
taining the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day:   ap- 


bissextile 


5  GO 


plied  to  those  years  which  have  :tii(i  days,  ilu<    upon  a  medieval  fortification-wall;  a  bartizan: 
extra  day  being  inserted  in  the  month  of  Pebru-     sometimes  equivalenl  to  barbican1.      Sec  out 
ary.    See  bissextus.    This  occurs  every  fourth  year,     ander  bartizan. 
taken  as  each  year  of  which  the  number  ia  divisible  by  4  bisulct   (bi'sulk),   a.     [<    L.    bisulcus,    two-fuT- 


without  remainder.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  a  year  of  365J 
days  i  ki  1 1  ds  the  true  length  <>i  a  Bolar  astronomical  year 
|.\  1 1  minutes  and  li  seconds,  amounting  t"  an  erroi  ol  b 
day  in  128  years,  it  whs  provided  in  the  Gregorian  calendar 
that  tin-  intercalary  day  should  be  omitted  in  ill  cente- 
nary years  except  those  which  arc  multiples  of  400. 
II.  n.  A  leap-year  (which  see), 
bissextus  ii'i-siks'tusi. /i.  \\,.-.  seebissext,sn$ 
of.  hiss,  xtilt .]  The  extra  or  intercalary  day  in- 
serted by  the  Julian  calendar  in  the  month  of 
February  every  fourth  year,  in  order  to  make 
up  the  six  hours  by  which  (it  was  reckoned)  the 
natural  or  solar  year  exceeds  the  10111111011  year 
of  365  davs.  This  extra  dav  was  provided  for  by  reckon- 
ing twice  the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  (or  first)  oi  Man  h 
(„r  the  sixth  day  from  the  calends  of  March,  both  days  in- 
cluded, reckoning  backward  from  the  succeeding  month, 
a>  was  the  custom  of  the  Romans),  the  "sixth*  ("i  first 
sixth)  day  proper  thus  corresponding  t<>  February  25th 


rowed:  see  hisulcnus.\     Same  as  hisulcatc. 

bisulcate  (bi-sul'kat),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  sulcate.] 
1.  Haying  two  furrows  or  grooves. —  2.  In 
cool.,  cloven-footed,  as  oxen,  or  having  two 
hoofed  digits,  as  swine — Bisulcate  antennae,  mi 
tennffi  iti  which  the  joints  arc  longitudinally  grooved  <»m 
each  side. 

bisulcoust  (bi-sul'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bisuleus,  two- 
furrowed,  <  bi-,  two-,  -I-  sulcus,  furrow.]  Same 
as  bisulcate. 

Swine,  .  .  .  being  bisulcous,  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  other  bisulcous  animals. 

Sir  T.  Brmtme,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  (i. 

bisulphate  (bl-sul'fat),  n.  [<  In-2  +  sulphate.] 
In  chem.,  a  salt  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by 
metal. 


ling  to  our  reckoning,  and  theextra_sixOi,orJ'second  bisulpnid  (bl-sul  fid),  n.    [<  bi—  +  sulpha!.]    A 

compound  of  sulphur  with  another  element  or 
radical,  forming  a  sulphid  which  contains  two 
atoms  of  sulphur  to  one  atom  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound:  as,  carbon  bisulphid,  CS3. 
—  Bisulphid  of  carbon  (CS^,  a  compound  <if  carbon  and 
sulphur  which  forms  a  enlorless  mnbile  lii|iii<l.  liaving  usu- 
ally a  fetid  odor,  due  to  impurities,  and  a  sharp  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as  a  solvent  for  vegetable 
nils  and  for  caoutchouc.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  violent 
poison.  Externally  it  is  used  as  a  counter-irritant  and 
local  anesthetic  — Bisulphid  prism,  a  prism  tilled  with 
carbou  bisulphid. 


sixth,"  to  our  February  24th.    Since  1662,  when  the  Angll 

can  liturgy  was  revised,  the  29th  .lay  of  February  has  been, 

conveniently,  regarded  as  the  intercalated  day  in  ali 

English-speaking  countries.    In  the  ecclesiastical  ealen- 

d .u  -  ol  tin uutries  of  continental  Europe,  however,  the 

24th  day  of  February  is  still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or 
intercalary  day. 

bissont  (bis'pn),  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  beesen,  bee- 
een  :  <  ME.  b'iscn.  hisne,  ONorth.  bisrne,  blind,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  <  AS.  bi,  be,  by,  + 
"sine,  'syne,  as  in  gesyne,  adj.,  seen,  visible,  < 
se&n,  see.  Cf .  D.  bijziend,  short-sighted,  <  mj, 
=  E.  In/.  +  eiend,  ppr.  of  zien,  =  E.  see;  G.  bei 


sichtid,  short-sighted,  <  bei,  =  E.  h,,,  +  sicht  =  bisulphite  (bi-sul  fit)  «      [<  6;-  +  sulphite] 
ght.]     Blind  or  purblind;    blinding:   as,     Iu  Wee™.-,  a  salt  of  sulphurous  acid,  m  which 
"bissoi,  rheum."  slial,:.  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  oue  hillt  °*  tte  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced 

.    ,     by  a  metal. 

\Vln,t  ballil  call  your  bissnll  cotispectuitlcs  eUan  out  of    ,.-,,.     nii-siirffl-vetl      »         f<    hi-"    +    slll- 

tbis  character?  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1.    DISUlpnuret  (M-sul  miet],   n.     \\  ui      -r  sin 

„     ,.,  .  ,,,.„,  ,  iiliuret.]     In  chem.,  a  compound  of  sulphur  and 

bistephanic  (bi-ste-fan  ik),  a.    [<  hi-  +  stcpha-    another  element,  coutaining  two  atoms  of  sul- 
nion  +  -«■.]     In  crniiioiii..  pertaining  to   both     ^^j. 

stephanions:  as,  bistephanic  diameter.  bisunique  (bis-u-nek'),  n.    [<  bis  +  unique.]    A 

bister,  bistre  (bis  ter),  m.  and  a.     [==  G.  blester    name    iven  ab-Qut  1850  to  a  reVersible  jacket, 
=  Sw.  bist>  r,  bister,  <  F.  bistre,  a  dark-brown     eoat  or  the  Hk     made  with  two  faceS- 
color.     Origin  uncertain;  prob.  not  connected  DisyliaDic  (bi-si-lab'ik),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  syllabic.] 
with  tr.  dial,  biestcr,  dark,  gloomy,  =  D.  buster,     Composed  of  two  syllables;  dissyllabic. 
confused   troubled,  =  Icel.  bistr  =  Sw.  bister       ^  verM  stems  exh[bit  ljisyllal)ism  with  „uch  ,.e. 

=  Dan.  bister,  angry,  tierce. J     1.   n.  In  paint-     markahle  uniformity  that  it  would  lead  to  the  impress 

ing,  a  brown  pigment  extracted  from  the  soot     that  the  roots  also  must  have  been  bisyllabic. 

Of  wood.    To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech  is  the  best)  Smith's  Bible  Dkt,  art.  Confusion  of  Tongues. 

is  put  into  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  pounds  to  a  gal-  bisyllabism  (bl-sil'a-bizm),  «.     [<  bisi/llah-ie  + 

Ion.  and  boiled  half  an  hour;  after  standing  to  settle,  and       ■*    -,     n-o  „  „r„t„  orniialitv  of  hems*  bisvllabic 

w  Ink-  hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  off     "'*'"iJ,     i.ne  s;ate  0r ,?', ,  Uy  g  DisyliaDic, 

to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sediment  (which  is  bister)     or  ot  having  two  syllables.  _ 

evaporated  to  dryness.    It  has  been  much  used  as  a  water-  bisymmetrical  (bi-si-met'ri-kal),  a.      [\  hi--  + 

color,  particularly  by  the  old  masters,  for  tinting  drawings     symmetrical.]    Bilaterally  symmetrical;  having 

and  shading  Bketches,  before  India  ink  came  into  general     b,cvmmetrv 

use  for  such  work.     In  oil  it  dries  very  slowly.  ui.^mmeuy.  _  , 

II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  bister;  blackish-brown,  bisyrnmetry  (bi-sim  e-tri),  n.     [<  hi-  +  sym- 
metry.]    The  state  of  being  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical ;    correspondence   of   right  and  left 
parts,  or  of  the  two  equal  sections  of  anything. 
bit1  (bit),  n.     [Also  in  some  senses  occasionally 
hilt;  early  mod.  E.  bit,  bitt,  bittc.  bytte,<  ME. 
byt,  byte,  bite,  <  AS.  bite  (=  OFries.  biti,  bite,  bit 
=  OS.  biti  =  MD.  bete,  D.  beet  =  LG.  bet  =  OHG. 
Ml  Hi.  biz,  if.  hiss,  strong  masc,  =  Icel.  bit  = 
Ssv.  oett=Dan.  but,  neut.),  a  bite,  act,  of  biting, 
<  hitnn  (pp.  biten),  bite:  see  bite.     In  ME.  and 
mod.  E.  (as  well  as  in  some  other  languages) 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  hit",  which 
is  from  the  same  verb,  but  with  an  orig.  differ- 
ent formative.    In  the  general  sense,  now  rep- 
resented  by  bite,   ».,  directly  from    the  mod. 
verb:  see   bite,    n.      The  concrete    senses   are 
later,  and  are  expressed  in  part  by  forms  with 
other  suffixes:  cf.  ME.  bittc,  bijttc,  bytt  =  M  I .( i. 
bete,  bet,  bittc,  bit,  LG.  bit,  neut-.,  =  Sw.  bett, 
neut.,  bridle-bit,  =  G.  gebiss,  neut,,  bridle-bit 
(=  AS.  (libit,  biting);  cf.  Icel.  bitjll,  bridle-bit ; 
AS.  gebcetel,  bridle-bit,  <  AS.  baton,  gebeetan, 
bit,  curb:  see  baifl,  and 
cf.  bitt.    The  other  con- 
crete senses  are  recent.] 
It.  The  act  of  biting;  a 
bite. 


bistered,  bistred  (bis'terd),  a.  [<  bister,  bis- 
tre, +  -ill-.]  Of  the  color  of  bister;  swarthy; 
browned. 

The  beak  that  crowned  the  lii.<t,-nl  face 
Betrayed  the  mould  of  Abraham's  race. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  At  the  Pantomime. 

bistipulate  (bi-stip'u-lat),  «.    [<  hi-2  +  stipu- 
late^    Same  as  histi/iulcd. 
bistipuled  (bl-stip'iild),  «.    [<  hi--  +  stipuled.] 

In  Imt.,  having  two  stipules. 

bistort  (bis'tort),  «.  [=  F.  bistorte  =  It.  bis- 
tiirtn.  <  NL.  histnrta,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  torta, 
fern,  of  tortus,  pp.  of  torquere,  twist:  see  tort.] 
A  plant,  Polygonum  Histnrta,  so  called  because 
of  its  twisted  roots :  popularly  called  snakeweed 
and  aihh  r's-imrt.  Alpine  bistort  is  a  dwarf  allied  spe- 
cies, alpme  and  antic.  /'.  viviparum, 

bistoumage  (bis'tSr-naj),  n.  [F.,  <  bistourner 
(=  It.  bistornare),  twist,  deform  by  twisting,  < 
Ins-,  a  pejorative  prefix  (prob.  ult.  <  L. 
Ins,  twice),  +  tourner,  turn.]  In  vet.  surg.,  an 
operation  which  consists  in  twisting  the  testi- 
cles of  bulls  and  other  male  animals  round  the 
cord,  so  as  to  produce  atrophy,  but  leave  the 
scrotum  i nt act  :  a  form  of  ca>trul  ii •  gelding. 

bistoury  (bis'tn-ri  i.  ».;  pi.  bistouries (-tiz).  [< 
I',  bit  touri,  a  bistoury,  <  OF.  bistorie,  a  dagger,  a 
bistoury.  Origin  uncertain;  commonly  conjec- 
tured to  be  so  called  from  Pistorium,  It.  Pistoja, 
a  town  in  Tuscany,  whence  also  the  E,  words 
ol  and  pi  tole.]  A  small,  narrow  surgical 
knife,  with  a  straight,  convex,  or  concave  edge, 
and  a  Bharp  or  blunt  point,  used  lor  making 
incisions  and  for  other  purposes. 

bistre,  bistred.    See  bister,  bistered. 
bistriate  I  bi  Btri'at ),  a.    [<  hi-2  +  striate.]    In 

/,o/.  and  •  nil  on.,  marked  with  two  parallel  StriBB 
or  grooves. 
bisturris  (bis-tur'is),  ».;   pi.  bisturres  (-§»,,. 

[ML.,  <  I.,  bis,  twice.  +  turns,  a  tower:  see  tur- 
ret, tower.]     One  of  a  series  of  small  towers 


You  may.  if  you  stand  close, 
be  sure  of  a  bit,  but  not  sure 
to  catch  1  ii i ii. 

J.  Walton,  Complete  Angler, 
[p.  66. 


Splial  Bits. 


a.  Countersink  Bit;  /',  Lxpuiidint; 
Center-bit. 


bit 

2f.  The  action  of  biting  foodj  eatingj  grazing. — 
3f.  The  biting,  cutting,  or  penetrating  action  of 
an  edged  weapon  or  tool. —  4.  The  biting,  catch- 
ing, holding,  cutting,  or  boring  pari  <>i  a  tool. 
Specifically-  (a)  The  cutting  blade  oi  an  ax,  hatchet, 
plane,  drill,  etc.  (b)  pi.  The  blades  of  the  eutter-head  --i  a 
molding-machine,  (c)  pi.  The  jawsol  a  pail  of  tonga.  (</) 
The  part  <>i  :i  kej  which  inters  the  lock  and  acta  on  the 
hulls  and  tumblers. 

5.  A  boring-tool  used  in  a  carpenter's  brace. 
Bits  are  of  various  kinds,  and  are  applied  in  a  variety  of 

ways.      Tin-   similar   t<»'i   Used    for    nirtal,   ami   applied    by 

the  drill-bow,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drilling  mai  bine,  is 
termed  s  drill,  or  drill-bit  See  auger,  hor\  r,  drill,  center- 
bit,  gouge  bit,  quill-bit,  rose-bit,  shell-bit,  spoon-bit,  and 
phrases  below. 

6.  The  metal  part  of  ;i  bridle  which  is  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  with  the  appendages 
(rings,  etc.)  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses  .  .  . 
Stop  their  mouths  with  Btubborn  bits,  and  spur  them 
Till  they  obey  the  manage.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2. 

7.  The  joint  of  an  umbrella. — 8.  A  hammer  used 
by  masons  for  dressing  granite  and  for  rough 
picking. —  9.  In  musiCj  a  short  piece  of  tube 
us.'«  I  i.i  alter  slightly  the  pitch  of  such  wind  in- 
struments as  the  trumpet,  cornet-a-pistons,  etc. 
^Annular  bit.  See  aiumbtr.— Baldwin  bit,  ;■  bit  hav- 
ing two  mouthpieces,  used  for  controlling  vicious  horses. 
— Brace-bit,  a  bit  intended  to  be  used  with  a  brace, 
Chifney  bit,  a  curb-bit  having  a  slim  t  movable  arm  con- 
nected with  the  cheek-piece,  just  above  the  mouthpiece, 
for  receiving  the  check-straps  of  the  bridle,  while  the 
strap  or  gag-rein  is  attached  to  the  short  arm  of  the 
cheek-piece.  E.  II.  A'/nV/if.—  Coal-bormg  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  having  an  entering  point  and  a  succession  of  cutting 
edges  of  increasing  radius. —  Copper  bit  or  bolt,  a  name 
given  to  a  soldering-iron. —  Cornish  bit,  a  lathe-drill  in 
which  the  cutter  is  inserted  diametrically  in  a  mortise  at 
the  end  of  the  drill-stock. — Ducknose  bit,  a  boring  bit 
the  end  of  which  is  bent  horizontally  into  a  semicircular 
form.— Duck's-biU  bit,  a  wood-boring  tool  which  has 
no  lip,  the  screw  cylinder  forming  the  barrel  of  the  tool 
ending  in  a  sharp-edited  rounding  part  which  forms  the 
cutter:  used  in  a  brace.— Expanding  bit,  a  boring-tool 

of  which  the  cutting  diameter  is  ad- 
justable.—German  bit,  a  wood-boring 
tool  with  a  long  elliptical  pod  ami  a 
screw-point.  It  is  used  in  a  brace,  and 
makes  a  taper  toward  the  end  of  the  hole 
when   not   driven    entirely    through    the 

wood.— Half-round  bit,  or  cylinder- 
bit,  a  drill  used  for  hard  woods  and  met- 
als. Its  section  is  a  semicircle,  the  cut- 
ting edges  at  end  and  side  making  an 
angle  of  85°  or  86°.— Hanoverian  bit,  a 
cheek-bit  for  horses  having  on  the  long 
or  lower  arm  two  or  more  loops  for  reins, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  short  cheek 
a  loop  which  receives  the  leather  cheek  ; 
there  is  a  rein-ring  at  the  cheek-piece.-- Hessian  bit,  a 
peculiar  kind  of  jointed  bit  for  bridles.— Plug-center 
bit,  a  boring-tool  having  a  cylinder  of  metal  in  the  center 
instead  of  a  point.  The  cylinder  fits  a  hole  ready  made, 
and  the  bit  countersinks  or  removes  the  metal  above  it. — 
Slit-nose  bit.  same  as  nose-bit— To  take  the  bit  in 
the  teeth,  to  hold  the  bit  between  the  teeth,  so  that  it 
cannot  hurt  the  mouth  when  pulled  upon,  and  run;  be- 
come unmanageable  :  said  of  a  horse,  and,  figuratively,  of 
p,  ix.ns.— Twisted  bit,  a  boring-tool  formed  of  a  bar  bent 
Into  a  spiral,  as  in  the  auger. 

bit1  (bit),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bitted,  ppr.  bitting. 
[<  bit\  n.]  To  put  a  bridle  upon;  put  t he  bit 
in  the  mouth  of  (a  horse) ;  accustom  to  the  bit ; 
hence,  to  curb  ;  restrain. 
bit2  (bit),  n.  [<  ME.  bite,  a  bit,  morsel,  <  AS. 
Mta,  a  bit,  piece  bitten  off  (=  OFries.  bita  = 
P.  beet,  a  morsel,  beefje,  a  small  portion,  = 
MLG.  bete,  bet,  LG.  beten  =OHG.  bizzo,  MRU. 
bizze,  <!.  bisse,  bissen  =  Icel.  biti  =  Sw.  bit  = 
Dan.  bid,  a  morsel),  weak  masc,  <  bitan  (pp. 
biten),  bite:  see  bite,  v.,  bite,  ».,  and  bit\  with 
w  bich  bit2  has  been  in  part  confused.]  If.  A 
portion  of  food  bitten  off  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  bite. 
—  2.  A  morsel  or  a  little  piece  of  food. 

Follow  your  function,  go  !  and  batten sold  bits. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 
Dainty  bUs 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

Shak.,  L  I,  l„,  i.  l. 

Hence  —  3.  A  small  quantity  of  Pood;  a  modi- 
cum or  moderate  supply  of  provisions:  as,  to 
take  a  bit  and  a  sup.     [Dialectal.] 
He  desires  no  more  in  this  world  but  a  M(  and  a  brat; 

that  is,  only  as  much  food  and  raiment  as  nature  crai  BI, 

Scotch  Presbyterian  Eloquence,  p,  8a 
4.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  of  anything;  a 
small  portion  or  quantity  ;  a  little  :  as.  a  bit  of 
glass;  abitoi  land;  a  bit  of  one's  mind.  n,r 
word  a  often  used  in  certain  phrases  expressive  ot  ex- 
tent or  degree  ;  thus,  "a  bit  older  means  Bomewhat  old- 
er, ohhi  to  some  extent ;  "  not  a  bit,"  not  a  whit,  not  in 
anj  degree  ;  "a  good  bit  older,"  a  good  deal  older ;  "  a  bit 
ol  a  humorist,"  somewhat  ol  a  humorist,  etc.  It  Is  used 
depreciatingly  or  compassionately  :  as,  a  little  bit  ot  a 
man  ;  bits  ot  children,  that  is,  poor  little  children, 

Ills  majesty  lias   power  to  grant  a  patent  for  Stamping 

round  bits  of  copper.  Swift. 

There  are  Beveral  bits  at  Valmontone  to  delight  an  artist, 

especially  at  the  entrance  ol  the  town,  when- a  magnifi- 
cent fragment  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the  foreground 
to  some  picturesque  houses.  A.  G,  C,  Hare 


Expanding  Bit. 


bit 

Your  rase  is  not  a  bit  clearer  than  it  was  seven  years 
ago.  Arbutknot. 

My  young  companion  was  a  bit  oi  :i  poet,  a  bit  of  an  ai 
tisi,  a  bit  of  a  musician, and  .  .  .  a  bit  of  an  actor. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  i. 

5.  Crisis;  nick  of  time.    [Scotch.] — 6.  A  small 

piece  of  ground  ;  :\  spot.      [Scotch.  I 

li  -  a  1.1.  I.I)  ,  i gh  bit.  Scott,  Wavi  pley,  II   win 

7.  Any  small  coin  :  as,  a  £ourpenny-Wt;  a  six- 
penny-/)//. Specifically,  the  name  of  a  small  West  In- 
dian  coin  worth  about  10  cents;  also,  in  parts  <>f  the 
United  States,  <-i  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  (in  some 

stai.s  called  a  Mexican  shilling),  of  the  vali t  12} cents; 

now.  chiefly  in  the  West,  the  sinn  of  l'-'l  cents. 

With  six  bits  in  his  pocket  ami  an  axe  upon  his  shoul- 
der. Tlu  Century,  XXVII.  29. 
A  bit  of  blood.  See  blood.  A  long  bit,  fifteen  cents. 
[Western  U.S.]     A  short  bit,  ten  cents.    [Western  U.S.] 

—  Bit  by  bit,  little  by  little;  imperceptibly. 

Ami.  bit  by  hit, 
'the  cunning  years  steal  all  from  us  but  woe. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 
To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  t,i  speak  out  frankly  what 
nne  thinks  of  a  person  or  a  transaction  ;  express  one's  can- 
did eon  viet  ion  unrestrained  i>\  resen  e  or  delicacy :  gener- 
ally tu  the  person  himself,  and  in  unflattering  terms. 

fie  had  given  the  house  what  was  called  a  bit  of  fu's  mind 
on  the  subject,  and  lie  wished  very  much  that  lie  would 
give  them  the  whole. 

Lord  Campbell,  London  Times,  April  12,  1S64. 
=  Syn.  4.  Scrap,  fragment,  morsel,  particle,  atom. 

bit3  (bit).  Preterit  and  occasional  past  partici- 
ple of  bite. 

blt4t.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
traction of  biddetli,  third  person  singular  indi- 
cative present  of  bid. 

bitr>t,  m.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bitt. 

bit6t,  '<•    A  Middle  English  form  of  butt3. 

bitangent  (bi-tan'jent),  n.     [<  hi--  +  tangent.] 
Iu  math.,   a  double  tangent;    a  straight  line 
which  touches  a  given  curve  at 
two  points.    If  in  denotes  the  degree 
and  n  the  class  of  a  curve,  then  (n —  m) 
(n  +  lit  —  9)  is  the  excess  of  the  number 
of  its  bitangents  over  the  number  of  its 
double  points. — Isolated  bitangent,  a     Bitangent  to  cas- 
real  line  tangent  to  a  curve  at  two  ima-         suuan  oval, 
cinary  points. 

bitangential  (bi-tan-jen'shal),  a.  [<  bitangt  ni 
+  -ial.]     In  math.,  pertaining  to  a  bitangent. 

—  Bitangential  curve,  a  curve  which  passes  through  the 
points  of  contact  of  the  bitangents  of  a  given  curve. 

bitartrate  (bi-tar'trat),  n.    [<  hi--  +  tartrate.'] 

A  tartrate  which  contains  one  hydrogen  atom 
replaceable  by  a  base— potassium  bitartrate. 
.Same  as  cream  of  tartar,  or  argol  (which  see). 

bit-brace  (bit'bras),  «.      A  tool  for  holding 

and  turning  a  boring-bit ;  a  brace ;  a  bit-stock. 

-Bit-brace  die,  a  small  screw-cutting  die  used  with  a 

bitch  (bich),  n.  [<  ME.  bin-he,  biche,  <  AS. 
bicce,  also  bicge,  =  Icel.  bikkja  =  Norw.  bikkjc, 
a  bitch.  Cf.  G.  betee,  petee,  a  bitch,  and  P.  biche, 
a  bitch,  also  a  fawn.  The  relations  of  these 
forms  are  undetermined.]  1.  The  female  of 
the  dog;  also,  by  extension,  the  female  of  other 
canine  animals,  as  of  the  wolf  and  fox. —  2.  A 
coarse  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-madding  so  long  had  it  not  been 
for  an  extravagant  bitch  of  a  wife. 

Arbutknot,  John  Hull.  p.  9. 

bitcheryt  (bich'e-ri),  n.  [<  bitch  +  -ery.]  Vile- 
ness  or  coarseness  in  a  woman ;  unchastity  or 
lewdness  in  general. 

bitch-WOOd  (bich'wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Lonchocarpus  laHfolius,  of  the 
Wot  Indies  and  tropical  South  America. 

bite  (bit),  v. ;  pret.  bit,  pp.  bitten,  sometimes  bit, 
ppr.  biting.  [<  ME.  biten  (pret.  but,  boot, pi.  biten, 
pp.  biten),  <  AS.  bitan  (pret.  bat,  pi.  biton,  pp. 
biten)  =  OS.  6ito»  =  OPries.  bita  =  T>.  by  ten  = 
MLii.  luii  a.  LG.  biten  =  OHG.  Mean,  MHG.  bi- 
zen,  <;.  beissen  =  Icel.  bita  =  Sw.  Iiiiu  =  Dan. 
bide  =  Goth,  beitan,  bite,  =  L.findere  (V*Ji'0, 
cleave.  =  Skt.  -/  bliiil.  divide.  From  the  AS. 
come  lulr.  h.,  hit1,  hit-,  hitler1,  beetle?,  beetle3; 
to  the  Icel.  are  due  bait1,  and  prob.  bitt;  from 
L.  timbre  come  fissile,  fissure,  bifid,  etc.]  I. 
trans.    1.   To  cut,   pierce,   or  divide  with  the 

'teeth:  as,  to  bite  an  apple. 

The  fish  that  once  was  caughl  mw  bait  w  il  hardly  byte. 
Spenser,  V.  IJ.,  II.  i.  i. 

2.  To  remove  with  the  teeth;  cut  away  by  bit- 
ing: with  off,  nut,  etc. :  as,  to  bite  off  Si  piece  of 
an  apple,  or  bite  a  piece  nut  of  it;  to  bite  off 
one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

1 11  bite  my  tongue  out,  ere  it  prove  a  traitor. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  grasp  or  grip  with  the  teeth  ;  press  the 
teeth  strongly  upon:  as,  to  bite  the  thumb  or 
lip.     (See  phrases  below.) 

There  faction  roar,  Rebellion  bite  her  chain. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  421. 


567 

4.  To  sting,  as  an  insect :  as,  to  be  bitten  by  a 
Ilea. —  5.  TO  cause  a  sharp  or  smarting  pain  in  ; 
cause  to  smart:  as,  pepper  Sites  Hie  mouth. — 

6.  To  nip,  as  with  frost  ;  blast,  blight,  or  injure. 

Like  an  envious  sneaping  frost, 

that  bites  the  lirst  iiorn  infants  of  the  -| 

Shak.,  I,   I..  I...  i    I 
All  three  of  them  are  desperate  ;  their  great  guilt, 
Like  poison  given  to  work  a  greal  time  after, 
N.o\   Liins  to  bite  tin-  spirits.        Shak.,  'tempest,  iii.  :;. 

7.  To  take  fast  hold  of:  grip  or  catch  into  or 
on,  so  as  to  act  with  effect  ;  get  purchase  from, 
as  by  friction:  as,  the  anchor  bites  the  ground ; 
the  tile  bites  the  iron;  the  wheels  bile  the  rails. 

The  last  screw  ,,|  the  rack  having  been  turned  so  often 
that  its  purchase  crumbled,  ami  it  now  turned  ami  turned 
with  nothing  to  bite.  Dickens. 

8.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into  with  aqua- 
fortis or  other  mordant,  as  a  metal  surface 
that  has  been  laid  bare  with  an  etching-needle: 
often  with  in :  as,  the  plate  is  now  bitten  in. — 

9.  To  cheat;  trick;  deceive;  overreach:  now 
only  in  the  past  participle :  as,  the  biter  was  bit. 

The  rogue  was  bit.  Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  3(14. 

At  last  she  played  for  her  left  eye  :  .  .  .  this  too  she  lost; 
however,  she  had  the  consolation  of  biting  the  sharper, 
for  he  never  perceived  that  it  was  made  of  glass  till  it  he- 
came  his  own.  Goldsmith,  citizen  <>f  tin-  World,  cii. 
To  bite  the  dust  or  the  ground,  to  fall ;  be  thrown  or 
struck  down  ;  he  vanquished  or  humbled. 

His  vanquished  rival  was  to  bite  tin-  di>*t  before  him. 

Disraeli, 
To  bite  the  glove.  Seeglove.  To  bite  the  lip,  to  press 
the  lip  between  the  teeth  ill  order  to  repress  signs  of  an- 
ger, mirth]  or  other  emotion.  (Compare  to  bite  tin'  tongue.) 
—  To  bite  the  thumb  att,  to  insult  or  defy  by  putting 
the  thumb-nail  into  the  mouth,  and  with  a  jerk  making 
it  knack. 

1  will  bite  mi/  thumb  at  them,  which  is  a  disgrace  to 
them,  if  they  bear  it.  Shak.,  K.  and  .!.,  i.  1. 

To  bite  the  tongue,  to  hold  one's  tongue;  repress  (an* 

grj  i  speech  ;  maintain  nxed  silence.  (Compare  to  hit'  ilir 
til', ami  to  hold  one's  tongue.) 

So  York  must  sit,  and  fret,  and  bite  his  tongue. 
While  his  own  lands  are  bargain'd  for  and  sold. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  See  eat. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  have  a  habit,  of  biting  or 

snapping  at  persons  or  things :  as,  a  dog  that 

biles:  a  biting  horse. —  2.  To  pierce,  sting,  or 

inflict  injury  by  biting,  literally  or  figuratively. 

It  [wine]  biteth  like  a  serpent  and  stiugeth  like  an  adder. 

I'rov.  xxiii.  32. 
Look,  when  he  fawns  he  bites;  and  when  lie  bites, 
His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
.Smiling  and  careless,  casting  words  that  bit 
Like  poisoned  darts. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  327. 

3.  To  take  a  bait,  as  a  fish:  either  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Bait  the  hook  well :  this  fish  will  bite. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
We'll  bait  that  men  may  bite  fair. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase. 

4.  To  take  and  keep  hold ;  grip  or  catch  into 
another  object,  so  as  to  aet  on  it  with  effect, 
obtain  purchase  or  leverage-power  from  it,  ami 
the  like:  as,  the  anchor  bites;  cog-wheels  bite 
when  the  teeth  of  one  enter  into  the  notches 
of  the  other  and  cause  it  to  revolve. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  he  watered  before 
being  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bite.  Mayhew. 

To  bite  at,  to  snap  at  with  the  teeth ;  hence,  figuratively, 
to  snarl  or  carp  at;  inveigh  against. 

No  marvel,  though  you  bite  so  sharp  at  reasons, 
Von  are  so  empty  oi"  them.        Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

To  bite  in.  (a)  To  corrode,  as  the  acid  used  in  etching. 
Co  To  repress  one's  thoughts,  or  restrain  one's  feelings. 
bite  (bit),  n.  [<  late  ME.  byte,  bite  (bite),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  earlier  bite  (bite),  in  mod.  E. 
bit  (see  bit1);  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  aet  of 
cutting,  piercing,  or  wounding  with  the  teeth 
or  as  with  the  teeth:  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog;  the 
bite  of  a  crab. —  2.  The  seizing  of  bait  by  a 
fish:  as,  waiting  for  a  bite. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four 
or  six  hours  for  a  river  carp,  and  not  have  a  bite. 

I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

3.  A  wound  made  by  the  teeth  of  an  animal  or 
by  any  of  the  biting,  piercing,  or  stinging  or- 
gans of  the  lower  animals:  as,  a  dog's  bite;  a 
mosquito-bio";  a  Won-bitc. 

Their  venom'd  bite.        Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

4.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting;  a 
mouthful:  as,  a  bite  of  bread. 

Better  one  bite  at  forty,  of  Truth's  hitter  rind, 
Than  the  hot  wine  I  hat  gushed  from  the  vintage  of  twenty  ! 
Lowell,  Life  of  Blondel. 

5.  Eood;  victuals:  as,  three  days  without 
either  bite  or  sup. — 6.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  one  part  of  a  mechanical  appa- 
ratus has  on  another ;  specifically,  in  a  file,  the 


bitnoben 
roughness  or  power  of  abrasion :  as,  the  hi  /cot' 

an  anchor  on  the  ground;   the  bile  of  I  lie  wheels 

of  a  Locomotive  on  the  rails, 
'the  shorter  the  &tfi  ..i  a  crowbar,  the  greater  is  the 

POM  .1   gained. 

W.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  mi. 
7.  In  etching,  the  corrosion  effected  by  the  acid. 

—  8.  In  printing,  an  imperfection  in  a  printed 

sheet  caused    |>y  part   of  the  impression   being 

received  on  the  frisket  or  paper  mask. — 9t.  A 

cheat  ;  a  hick  ;   a  fraud. 

I'll  teaeh  you  a  way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson;  it  is  a 
new-fangled  way  of  being  witty,  ami  they  call  it  a  bite. 

Sir, tt:  '[.,  a  Friend  oi  Mrs,  Johnson,  1703. 

10f.  A  sharper;  one  who  cheats.     Johnson. — 
His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite.    See  bark1. 
biteless  (bit'les),  a.    [<  biti,  ».,  +  •less.']   With- 
out bite;  wanting  iu  ability  or  desire  to  bite; 
harmless. 
chilled  them  [midges]  Bpeechless  and  biteless. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  780. 

bitentaculate  (bi-ten-tak'u-lat),  a.  [<  hi--  + 
tentaculate.]  Having  two  tentacles,  or  a  pair 
of  organs  likened  to  tentacles. 

The  gonophorc  contained  in  a  gonangium.  somewhat 
like  that  of  Laomedea,  is  set  free  as  a  ciliated  bitentacu- 
late  body.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert,,  p.  120. 

biter  (bi'ter),  n.    [ME.  biter,  bitere;  <  bite  + 

-ii1.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  bites;  an 
animal  given  to  biting;  a  lish  apt  to  take  bait. 

Cleat  barkers  are  no  biters.  Camden. 

A  bold  biter.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds;  also,  formerly, 
one  who  deceives  by  way  of  joke. 

A  biter  is  one  wdio  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no  reason 
to  disbelieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughs 
in  your  face,  and  triumphs  that  he-  has  deceived  you. 

Spectator,  No.  504. 

biterminal  (bl-ter'mi-nal),  n.  [Tr.  of  Or.  h  Sim 
bvojiaruv.]  A  binomial  line  ;  a  line  that  is  the 
sum  of  two  incommensurable  lines. 

biternate  (bi-ter'nat),  a.  [<  hi-'-2  +  ternate.] 
In  hot.,  doubly  ternate,  as  when  each  of  tho 
partial  petioles  of  a  ternate  leaf  bears  three 
leaflets. 

bite-sheept  (blt'shep),  n.  [So  MLG.  biteschdp, 
G.  biss-selinf,  with  the  same  allusion.]  A  once 
favorite  pun  upon  bishop,  as  if  one  who  bites 
the  sheep  which  he  ought  to  feed.     AT.  E.  D. 

bitheism  (bi'the-izm),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  tin  ism.] 
Belief  in  two  gods,  specifically  a  good  and  an 
evil  one;  dualism.     [Rare.] 

biti  (be'te),  n.  [E.Ind.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  species  of  Dalbergia,  especially  D.  latifolia, 
one  of  the  East  Indian  rosewoods. 

biting  (bi'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  biting;  verbal  n.  of 
bite,  v.]  1.  The  action  of  cutting,  piercing,  etc., 
in  any  sense  of  bite. —  2.  The  corroding  action 
of  a  mordant  upon  a  metal  plate,  wherever 
the  lines  of  a  design,  drawn  upon  a  prepared 
ground,  have  been  laid  bare  with  a  needle,  as 
in  etching,  or  the  surface  is  alternately  stopped 
out  and  exposed,  as  iu  aquatint. 

biting  (bi'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bite,  v.]    1.  Nip- 
ping; keen:  as,  biting  cold ;  biting  weather. 
The  western  breeze, 
And  years  of  biting  frost  ami  biting  rain, 
Had  made  the  carver's  labor  wellingh  vain. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  325. 

2.  Severe;  sharp;  bitter;  painful:  as,  a  "fti/- 
ing  affliction,"  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.-3. 
Acrid;  hot;  pungent:  as,  a  biting  taste.  Hence 
— A..  Sharp;  severe;  cutting;  sarcastic:  as,  a 
biting  remark. 

This  was  a  nipping  sermon,  a  pinching  sermon,  a  biting 
ser n.  Latimer,  Sen hef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Pope's  provocation  was  too  often  the  mere  opportunity 
to  say  a  biting  thing,  where  he  could  do  it  safely. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  70. 

biting-dragon  (bi'ting -drag "on),  n.    An  old 

name  for  tarragon,  Artemisia  ihaeiiiteiilits. 

bitingly  (bi'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  biting  manner; 
sarcastically  ;  sneeringly. 

bitingness(bi'ting-nes), «.  Pungency;  acridity. 

bit-key  (bit'ke),  n.  A  key  designed  to  fit  a 
permutation-lock,  the  steps  of  which  are  form- 
ed by  movable  bits.     See  lock. 

bitless  (bit'les),  a.  [<  bit1,  n..  +  -less.]  With- 
out bit  or  bridle. 

Bitless  Nuinidian  horse.  Fanshawe,  .Eneid.  iv. 

bitlingt  (bit'ling),  n.  [<  bit-  +  dim.  -ling.]  A 
very  small  bit  or  piece. 

bitmoutht  (bit'mouth),  n.  The  bit  or  iron  put 
into  a  horse's  mouth.    Bailey. 

bitnoben  (bit-no 'ben),  h.  [A  corruption  of 
the  Hind,  name  bit  laran,  or  hnl  Innin  :  hit.  hid 
(cerebral  (or  d)  is  of  uncertain  meaning;  laran, 
dial,  laban,  Ion,  lun,  etc.,  <  Skt.  lavanu,  salt.]   A 


bitnoben 

white  saline  substance  obtained  from  India.  :i 
ohlorid  of  sodium  or  common  salt  fused  with 
myrobalan  and  a  portion  of  iron.  Bitnoben  has 
been  used  in  India  from  times  oi  high  antiquity,  and  is 
applied  to  an  infinite  varietj  ol  purposes  It  is  regarded 
there  as  a  spi  ciflc  tor  almost  every  disorder. 

bito-tree  (b6'to-tre),  n.    Same  as  Iwjilij. 

bitouret,  n.      A   Middle  Englisb  form  of  bit- 
tern*. 

bit-pincers  (bit'pin  serz),  u.  !•!. 
Pincers  with  curved  jaws,  used 
by  Locksmiths. 

bit-stock  (bit'stok),  n.  Thehan- 
.11.-  .ir  stm-k  by  which  a  boring- 
l.ii  is  held  and  rotated ;  a  car- 
penter's brace. 

bit-strap  (bit'strap),  »-  A  short 
strap  connecting  the  hit  to  a  short 
check-bridle  or  to  a  halter.  E.  II. 
Knight. 

bitt  (bit).  «.  [Formerly,  and  still 
occasionally,  written  hit.  but  usu- 
ally in  pi.  oitts,  bits,  early  mod.  E. 
beetes;  hence  F.  bittes,  formerly 
bites,  pi.,  =  Sp.  bitas,  pi.,  =  Pg- 
abitas,  pi.,  =  It.  bitte,  pi.,  bitts.  Origin  uncer- 
tain; connected  in  sense  and,  in  the  early 
mod.  E.  spelling  beetes,  in  form,  with  Sw.  be- 
ting =  Kan.  beding,  a  bitt,  bitts,  >  D.  beting  = 
Gr.  bating,  a  bitt  ;  with  compounds,  Sw.  beting- 
hult  =  Dan.  bedingsbolt,  a  bitt-bolt;  D.  beting- 
houten,  pi.,  =  ft.  bdtingholzer,  pi.,  bitts  (D.  hout 
=  G.  holz,  wood).  Sw.  beting,  =  Dan.  beding, 
means  lit.  'baiting,  pasturing,' as  a  horse,  by 
tethering  it  (=  AS.  bating,  beting,  a  rope,  a 
cable),  <  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede  =  Icel.  beita, 
i  pasture,  =  AS.  boetan.  In-idle,  rein  in,  curb, 
orig.  causal  of  Sw.  bita  =  Dan.  biik  =  Icel.  lata 
=  AS.  bitan,  bite :  see  6aiti,  Mte,  Mi1.  The  ML. 
bitus,  a  whipping-post,  and  Icel.  Z»'ft,  a  cross- 
beam in  a  house,  a  thwart  in  a  boat,  are,  for 
different  reasons,  prob.  neither  of  them  the 
sourer  of  the  E.  word.]  Naut.,  a  strong  post 
of  wood  or  iron  to  which  cables  are  made  fast. 
Bitts  are  fastened  to  the  deck,  generally  in  pairs,  and  are 
named  according  to  their  uses:  as,  riding-oftte,  towing- 


bitts, windlass-MMs ,etc.  bitter-head  (bit'er-hed),  m.     A! 

"   1°  ?i    f'T      P«ta  "f  °hi°  fo1' the  calico-bass, 


bitt  (bit),  v.  t.    [<  bitt,  n.]    Naut.,  t 
the  bitts:  as,  to  hill  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten 


568 

in  which  they  occur,  rhe  term  is  now  restricted  t"  the 
brown  amorphous  bitter  extract,  generall]  not  ,,i  definite 
composition,  obtained  from  many  plants  by  boiling  In  wa- 
i,  i    evaporating  t<>  dryness,  and  treating  with  alcohol  t" 

oi.i ■■> i,  etc     To  the  bitter  end,  to  the  last  and 

direst  extremitj  ;  to  death  itself.  =Syn.  3.  Grievous,  dis- 
tn   sing,  afflictive,  poignant. 
II.  n.   1.  That  which  is  bitter;  bitterness. 

Hi  no  conne  deme  ljudge]  betuene  zuete  [sweet]  and 
byter.  Ayenbite  oj  Invnt,  ]..  82. 

The  siek  man  Lath  been  offended  at  the  wholesome  tit- 
ter of  the  medicine.  Scott,  Ahh.it,  1.  65. 

Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 
Byron,  t 'bible  Harold,  i.  82. 

Specifically— 2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bitter 
hark  m  mot.  or  an  infusion  made  from  it.  See 
bitters. 
bitter1  (bit'er).  r.  1.  [<  MK.  hi  term,  <  AS.  bi- 
tt nan  (=  OHG.  hittaren,  MHG.  G.  bittern),  < 
biter,  bitter:  see  bitter1,  a.]  To  make  bitter; 
give  a  bitter  taste  to  ;  embitter.     [Rare.] 

Would  not  horse-aloes  bitter  it  [beer]  as  well? 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

bitter-  (bit'er),  «,  [<  bitt  +  -er*.]  Naut.,  a 
turn  of  a  cable  round  the  bitts. 

bitter3t  (bit'er),  n.    An  old  form  of  bittern1. 

bitter-blain  (bit'er-blan),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Guiana  to  a  scrophulariaceous  herb,  vandellia 
diffusa,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  fever  and 
Liver-complaints. 

bitter-bloom  (bit'er-bl8m),  n.  The  American 
centaury,  Sabbatia  annularis,  a  geutianaceous 
herb,  used  as  a  simple  bitter  in  the  treatment 
of  fevers,  etc. 

bitter-bush  (bit'er-bush),  n.  The  name  in  Ja- 
maica for  Eupatorium  nervosum,  which  is  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  in  cholera,  smallpox,  and 
other  diseases. 

bitter-earth  (bit 'er-erth),  n.  [<  hitter  +  earth; 
=  G.  bitter-erde.]     Calcined  magnesia. 

bitter-end  (bit'er-end),  n.  [<  bitter*  +  end.'] 
Naut.,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship 
rides  at  anchor. 

bitter-grass  (bit'er-gras),  ».  The  colic-root  of 
the  United  States,  Aletris  farinosa. 

local  name  in 

Pomoxys  spa~ 

r aides. 


it  or  to  let  it  out  gradually.    The  latter  process  bitter.'nerD  (bit'er-erb),  n.     1.  The  European 


is  called  veering  away. 

The  chain  is  then  passed  through  the  hawse-hole  and 
round  the  windlass,  and  bitted. 

II.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  7:s. 

bittaclet  (bit'a-kl),  n.  The  earlier  form  of  bin- 
nacle. 

bitter1  (bit'er).  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bitter,  biter, 
<  AS.  biter,  bitor  (=  OS.  bittar  =  D.  MLU.  LG. 
bitter  =  OHG.  bittar.  MHG.  G.  bitter  =  Icel. 
Itilr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bitter  =  Goth,  (with  irreg.  ai 
for  i)  baitrs),  bitter,  <  bitan,  bite  :  see  bite.]  I. 
a.  1.  Having  a  harsh  taste,  like  that  of  worm- 
wood or  quinine.  Formerly  the  word  was  applied  to 
pungent  and  to  salt  things,  as  well  as  to  those  to  which  it 
is  now  nearly  always  restricted. 

All  men  are  agreed  t<.  call  vinegar  bout,  honey  sweet, 
ami  ai,,,-,  Mtfi  r.  Burke,  sublime  and  Beautiful. 

lien, •,•  — 2.    Unpalatable;  hard  to  swallow,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively:   as,  a  bitter  pill;  a  bitter 

lesson. 

But  thou  art  man.  ami  eanst  abide  a  truth, 

Tho' bitter,  Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

3.  Hani  to  i.e  borne:  grievous;  distressful; 
calamitous  :  as,  a  bittt  r  mi nt  ;  bitter  late. 

Nailed 

her  our  advantag Hi,'  bitter  cross. 

Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

4.  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense  of  feel- 
ing;  piercing ;  painful;  biting:  as,  bitter  cold; 

"tt&bitter  blast,"  lh  ydt  «.— 5.  Harsh,  as  winds; 

reproachful ; sarcastic;  cutting;  sharp:  as,"W*- 

ter  taunts,"  Shak.,  '■'■  lien.  VI..  ii.  (i. 

n  istings  complained  in  bitter  terms  "f  tin-  way  in  which 
he  was  treated.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

6.  Cherishing  or  exhibiting  animosity,  hale, 
auger,  or  severity;  cruel;  severe;  harsh; 
.. :  a-.  "  h,ii,  rest  enmity,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  4; 
"bitter  i  m  mil  "  Watts,  Logic. —  7._Evincing 
or  betokening  intense  pun  or  suffering:  as,  a 
bittt  r  cry. 

Our  bill  rteai 
Stream,  d    theeyi    of  those!  tiat  love  us  close. 

Bryant,  The  \  i      i 
Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer  Bitter-almond  oil. 

dmond-oti.     Bitter  ash,  bark,  cucumber,  1 1 
the  nouns.— Bitter  principles,  d  term  applied  t,,  certain 
1 Utcts  arising  from  tt,,  actl t  nitrii   ai  i,l  hi ani- 
mal :.                                                           I   h;o  in      .hi   .' 

\,n  man}  plants  contain  pei  nil  u    oft  n  i  rj  tal 

li/al.le,  COm] Is,  having  a  bitter  taste,  Which  an    ,,!!,  Ii 

doubtless  the  active  medicinal  principle  el  tie  n    - 1  ibli 


bitters 

bellows  like  a  bull:  (2)  also  erroneously  iden- 
tified by  some  with  ML.  Wforras,  bituriitf, 
which,  with  ;i  var.  pintorus,  is  explained  in 
AS.  glosses  by 
wrenna,  irraii- 
na  (>  E.  wren), 
and    once    by 

i  nil  i  mi  (>  E. 
arling) ;  but 
(3)  prob.  a  var. 
of  L.  Iilttia(n-) 
(>  Pg.  hull,,), 
a  bittern — a 
word  supposed 
to  be  of  imita- 
tive origin,  re- 
lated to  bubere, 
cry  like  a  bit- 
tern, buba,  an 
owl,  etc.  Cf. 
the  equiv.  E. 
dial.  butter- 
bump,  Se.  mire- 
drum,  E.  dial. 
baij-hitll,V.tuu- 
rean  aitang, 
'  bull  of  the 
swamp,'  I,,,  uf 
de  niarais,  G. 
moosochse,  '  ox 

of  the  marsh,'  etc. ;  and  see  boom\  bump*,  hull1. 
bawl1,  bellow,  etc.]  1.  A  European  wading  bird, 
of  the  family  Ardeidce  and  subfamily  Botauri- 
nes;  the  Botaurus  stellaris,  a  kind  of  heron,  it 
is  about  2  feet  long,  is  speckled,  mottled,  ami  freckled 
with  several  shades  of  blackish-brown,  buff,  etc.,  lives 
solitary  in  bogs  an. I  morasses,  has  a  hollow  guttural  cry, 
and  nests  usually  on  the  ground. 

As  a  Ktore  bumbleth  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  lit',. 

Where  hawks,  sea-owls,  ami  long-tongued  Mttours  bred. 

Chapman. 

2.  Any  heron  of  tlie  subfamily  BnUiuriniv.  The 
American  bittern  is  Botaurus  mugttans  or  />'.  lentigiwh 
s-n.s-.  The  very  small  rail-like  herons  of  the  genera  -4r- 
delta,  Ardeola,  etc.,  are  called  little  or  least  bitterns;  the 
European  species  is  Ardetta  minuta^  the  North  American, 
A.  exUis  ;  and  there  are  others.  The  fferer  bitterns  are 
beautifully  striped  species  of  the  genus  Tigrisoma,  as  T. 
brasUiensis. 
bittern'2  (bit'ern),  n.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
(through  "bitterin)  of  bittervng,  <  bitter*-  + 
-JHjf1.]  1.  In  salt-works,  the  brine  remaining 
aftertho  salt  is  concreted.  This,  after  being  ladled 
off  and  the  salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  ami, 
being  again  boiled,  yields  mure  salt.  It  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  Epsom  salt  (the  sulphate  of  magnesia)  and 
Glauber  salt  (the  sulphate  of  soda),  and  contains  also 
chlorid  oi  magnesium,  ami  iodine  ami  bromine. 
2.  A  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia,  cocoulus 
indicus,  licorice,  tobacco,  etc.,  used  for  adul- 
terating beer.     Also  called  bittering. 


mi., .ii  Bittern  [Retail 


centaury,  Erijthnea  et  ntaitriiiiii. —  2.  The  bal- 

mony  of  the  United  States,  Chelone  glabra. 
bittering  (bit'er-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  hitter'1, 

«•.]    1.  Same  as  bittern?,  2.-2.  The  acquiring 

by  wine  of  a  bitter  flavor,  due  to  the  formation 

of  brown  aldehyde  resin  or  other  bitter  sub- 
stance, from  age  or  high  temperature, 
bitterish  (bit'er-ish),  a.    [<  bitter*  +    -isfti.] 

Somewhat  bitter;  moderately  bitter, 
bitter-king  (bit'er-king),  «.    K  Utter1  +  king.']  bitterness  (bit'er-nes),  n.     [<  ME.  bitternesse, 


A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  Soula- 
mea  amara,  natural  order  Pah/galacea;  all  parts 
of  which  are  intensely  bitter  and  are  reputed 
to  possess  antiperiodic  properties. 
bitterling  (bit'er-ling),  n.  [<  hitter  +  -ling*.] 
A  eyprinoid  iish,  Bhodeus  amarus,  of  the  fresh 
waters  of  central  Europe.  It  resembles  a  bream  in 
form,  but  the  anal  tin  is  comparatively  short  (with  12  rays), 
the  lateral  line  is  imperfect,  and  the  female  has  a  lung  ex- 
ternal urogenital  tube. 

bitterly  (bit'er-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  bitterly,  bitter- 
liehe,  <  AS.  biterlice,  adv.  (<  *biterlic,  adj.,  = 
D.  bitterlijk  =  Icel.  oitrligr  =  Dan.  bitterlig  = 
G.  bitterlich,  adj.),  <  biter  +  -lice:  see  hitter*,  a., 
ami  -lit".]  In  a  bitter  manner,  (it)  Mournfully; 
sorrowfully  ;  in  a  manner  expressing  poignant  grief  or  re- 
morse. 

And  he  went  out  anil  wept  bitterly.  Mat.  jotvi.  75. 

Everybody  knows  how  bitterly  bonis  the  Fourteenth, 
towards  the  'lose  of  his  life,  lamented  his  tenner  ex- 
travagance.  Macaulay,  Mill ,,"  Government. 

iM  In  a  s.'vnv  or  harsh  manner;  sharply;  severely;  an- 
grily :  as,  to  censure  bitterly. 

The  almighty  hath  dealt  very  bitterly  with  me. 

Ruth  i.  20. 

bittern1  (bit'em),  n.  [Early  mod.  V..  also  hit- 
torn,  bitturn,  with  irreg.  suffixed  -n  ;  earlier 
bitter,  bittor,  bittour,  bytter,  bitoure,  buttour, 
hniiir.  boter,  luiiiirr,  etc.  (E.  dial,  bitter-bump, 
butter-bump,  Be.  huin;  butter);  <  ME.  bitter, 
bitoure,  byttoure,  buttmrre,  butor,  botor,  botore, 
etc.,  =  l>,  I'Mom.  butoor,  formerly  tils,,  putoor,  < 
OP.  butor,  mod.  p.  butor,  =  It.  oittore  (Plorio), 

a  bittern,  =  Sp.  bitur.   a    bittern,   also   a    rail 

(bird),  <  ML.  butorius,  a  bittern:  (I)  errone- 
ously supposed  by  some  to  he  a  corruption  of 
a  1..'  'botaurus  (whence  the  NL.  Botaurus,  as- 
sumed as  the  name  of  the  ^enus),  as  if  <  bos,  ox, 
+  taurus,  a  bull,  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  bird  that 


biteniesse,  <  AS.  biternys,  <  biter  +  -nys:  see  bit- 
ter*, a.,  and  -ness.]    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing bitter,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 
She  was  in  bitterness  of  soul.  1  Sam.  i.  10. 

shall  we  be  thus  afflicted  in  his  wreaks, 
His  tits,  bis  frenzy,  ami  his  bitterness! 

,s7/.i*\.  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 

The  bitterness  and  animosity  between  the  commanders 
was  such  that  a  great  part  of  the  army  was  marched 


The  bitte 


Clarendon. 
Lonafellow. 


of  anger. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  astute  of  extreme  impiety 
or  enmity  to  God.  Acta  vtii.  23.  Root  of  bitterness, 
a  dangerous  error  or  Bchism  tending  to  draw  persons  to 
apostasy.  Heb.  xii.  ir..  =  Syn.  Acrim&ny,  Asm  nty,  Harsh- 
ness, etc.  (see  acrimony),  spite,  ill  will,  malignity,  heart- 
burning; grief,  distress,  heaviness. 

bitternut  (bit'er-nut),  n.  The  swamp-hickory 
of  the  United  States,  Carya  amain.  Its  nuts 
are  very  thin-shelled,  with  an  intensely  bitter 
kernel. 

bitter-root  (bit 'er-r6t),».  1.  The  bio  mot.  Me- 
garrhiza  CaMforniea.—2,  The  Lewisia  rediviva, 
a  plant,  which  gives  its  name  to  the  Hitter  hoot 
mountains  Lj  Lng  between  Idaho  and  Montana. 
— 3.  Dogbane,  Apocynum  androsamifolium. 

bitters  (bit'erz),  ».  pi.  [PI.  of  bitter*,  ».]  l. 
I'.itt.r  medicines  generally,  as  cinchona,  qui- 
nine, etc.— 2.  Specifically,  a  liquor  (general- 
ly a  spirituous  Liquor)  in  which  bitter  herbs 
or  roots  are  steeped.  Hitters  are  employed 
ns  stoi hies,  aiithelmintliies,  ami  in  vari- 
ous other  ways.  Angostura  bitters,  a  bitter  tonic, 
much  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  preventive  against  ma 
lariat  (everaand  the  lik.-.  Originally  made  at  Angostura 
or  Cludad  Bolivar,  a  citj  In  venezuela.it  is  now  made 
also  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad.  Prairie  bitters,  a 
bi  iterage  common  among  the  hunters  and  mountaineers 
uf  western  Vmerica,  made  with  a  pint  ot  water  and  a 
quarter  of  a  gill  of  buffalo-gall,  it  is  considered  by  them 
an  excellent  medicine. 


bitter-salt 

bitter-salt  (bit'er-salt),  n.  L<  bitter*  +  salt,  ».; 
=  <;.  Mttersalz  =  D.  bittersout.]  Epsom  salt; 
magnesium  sulphate. 

bittersgall  (bit'erz-g&l),  n.  An  old  English 
name  tor  the  fruit  of  the  wild  crab,  Pyrus 
mains. 
bitter-spar  (bit'er-spiir),  »■  Khoinb-spar,  n 
mineral  crystallizing  in  rhombohedrons.  It  is 
the  same  a's  dolomite,  or  carbonate  of  calcium 
and  magnesium. 

bitter-stem,  bitter-stick  (bit'er-stem,  -stick  i, 
n.  The  chiretta  of  India,  Ophelia  Chirata,  a 
gentianaceous  plant  furnishing  a  valuable  bit- 
ter tunic. 

bitter-sweet  (bit'er-swet),  </.  and  u.  I.  a. 
Uniting  bitterness  ami  sweetness;  pleasant 
and  painful  at  the  same  time. 

One  by  kill'  the  fresh-stirred  memories, 
So  bitter-sweet,  flickered  and  died  away. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  LS9. 
II.  ».  That  which  is  both  bitter  and  sweet  : 
as,  the  bittersweet  of  life. 

I  have  known  seme  few . 
And  read  of  more,  who  have  had  their  dose,  and  deep, 
Of  these  sharp  bitter-sweets. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bittersweet  (bit'er-swet),  ii.  1.  The  woody 
nightshade,  Solanum  Dulcamara,  a  trailing 
plant,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States.     Its  root  and  branches 


669 
\ ■cut  the  chain  from  jumping  off  while  veering. 

See  cut  under  hilt-stopper. 

bitt-stopper  (bit 'stop  er),  «.     tfaut.,  a  ro] r 


Flowering;  branch  of  the  Climbing  Bittersweet  {Celttstrtts  scan- 
dens),  with  fruit  and  flower  on  larger  scale.  I  From  Gray's  "  Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States." ) 

when  chewed  produce  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet  taste; 
they  have  long  been  used  as  a  remedy  in  various  skin-dis- 
eases. Its  smalt  scarlet  berries,  resembling  red  currants, 
though  not  absolutely  poisonous,  are  not  wholesome.  The 
shrubby,  false,  or  climbing  bittersweet  of  the  United  states 
is  the  Celastrus  scandens,  also  known  as  the  staff-tree, 
2.   Same  as  bitter-sweeting. 

bitter-sweetingt  (bit'er-swe/'ting),  ii.  Avariety 
of  apple. 
Thy  wit  is  a  very  hitter  stceetinti.     Slnxk.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4, 

bitter-vetch  (bit'er-veoh),  n.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  two  kinds  of  leguminous  plants : 
(a)  to  Ercnm  Emilia,  a  lentil  cultivated  for 
fodder;  and  (b)  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Orobtis,  now  included  in  the  genus  Lathyrus. 
Common  bitter-vetch  is  L.  macrorrhizus. 

bitter-weed  (bit'er-wed),  ».  A  name  given  to 
American  species  of  ragweed,  Ambrosia  arte- 
misia/aliit  and  -I.  tritida. 

bitter-wood  (bit'er-wud),  it.  1.  The  timber  of 
Xijlopia  glabra,  and  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  All  of  them  are  noted  for  the  extreme 
bitterness  of  their  wood. — 2.  A  name  applied  to 
the  quassia  woods  of  commerce,  the  West  Indian 
Picrama  excel-so.  and  the  Surinam  Quassia  auia- 
ra.     See  epiassia.-  White  bitter-wood,  of  Jamaica, 

a  ineliaceolis  lice.  Trirtiidei  xt'omlioiiles. 

bitterwort  (bit'er-wert),  ii.  Yellow  gentian, 
Geiitiana  lutea,  and  some  other  species:  so 
called  from  their  remarkably  bitter  taste. 

bitt-head  (bit'hed),  n.  Naut.,  the  upper  part 
of  a  bitt. 

bitting-hamess  (bit'ing-har"nes),  ii.  A  har- 
ness used  in  training  colts. 

bittillg-rigging  (bit'ing-rig"ing),  ii.  A  bridle, 
surcingle,  back-strap,  and  crupper  placed  on 
young  horses  to  give  them  a  good  carriage. 

blttle  (bit'l),  n.  A  Scotch  and  Knglisb  dia- 
lectal form  of  hectic1. 

bittlin  (bit'liu),  it.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  for  *bit- 
tting,  <  hilt,  bifi  (=  butt*)  +  dim.  -ling.]  A 
milk-bowl.     Oram, 

bittock  (bit/ ok),  u.  [<  bit2  +  dim.  -ack.'i  A 
little  bit;  a  short  distance.  Scott;  Mrs.  Care. 
[Scotch.] 

bittort,  bittourt,  it.  Obsolete  forms  of  bittern1. 

bitt-pin  (bit'piii),  it.  Naut.,  a,  large  iron  pin 
placed  in  the  head  of  the  cable-bitts  to  pre- 


Ritt  and  Hitt- stopper  on  Chain-cable,     <r,  bitt-pin. 

chain  stopper  made  last  to  the  bills,  and  used 
to  hold  a  cable  while  bitting  or  unbitting  it. 
bituberculate,  bituberculated  (bi-tu-ber'ku- 

lat,  -la-ted),  a.  [<  bi--  +  tiihcrcnlitlr.]  In  eu- 
tom.,  having  two  tubercles  or  small  blunt  ele- 
vations. 

bitumet  fbi-tum'),  n.  [<  F.  bitume,  <  L.  bi- 
tumen :  see  hitiiiia  ii.  ]  Bitumen  :  as,  "  hellebore 
and  black  bitume,"  Mat/. 

bitume  (bi-tum')>  >'•  '■';  pret.  and  pp.  bitumed, 
ppr.  bituming.  [<  bitume,  n.]  To  cover  or  be- 
smear with  bitumen;  bituminate. 

We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and  bi- 
tumed. Shah.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 
The  basket  of  bulrushes  for  the  infant  Moses,  when 
thoroughly  tntuim'd,  "as  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  made.          It*.  M.  Thomson,  Land  and  Book. 

bitumen  (bi-tu'men),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hittiiiiien,  betumen  (also  bitume,  betume,  betune: 
see  bitume)  =  F.  bitume  =  Pr.  hetuin  =  Sp.  hi  hut 
=  Pg.  betume  =  It.  bitume,  <  L.  bitumen.]  The 
name  given  by  Latin  writers,  especially  by 
Pliny,  to  various  forms  of  hydrocarbons  now 
included  under  the  names  of  asphalttim,  maltha, 
and  petrtih  tun  (see  these  words).  Bitumen,  as  used 
by  artists,  is  a  mixture  of  asphaltunt  with  a  drying-oil.  It 
produces  a  rich  brown  transparent  surface,  but  is  liable  to 
crack  and  blacken.  -Bitumen  process,  in  photog.,  an 
early  method  of  producing  pictures  resting  upon  the  prop- 
erty of  sensitiveness  to  light  possessed  by  asphaltum  or 
bitumen  of  Judsea.  The  process  has  received  a  modern 
application  in  some  systems  of  photo-engraving.  Sec 
photography,  and  Gillet  process,  under  photo-engraving. 
—  Elastic  bitumen.    Sec  elaterite. 

bituminate  (bi-tu'mi-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bituminated,  ppr.  bituminating.  [<  L.  hitumi- 
natus,  pp.  of  bittimiitare,  impregnate  with  bitu- 
men, <  bitumen  (bitiimiii-),  bitumen.]  1.  To 
cement  with  bitumen. 

P.ituminateJ  walls  of  Babylon.     Feltham,  Resolves,  i.  46. 

2.  To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 
bituminiferous  (bi-tu-rni-nif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L. 
bitumen,  bitumen,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]     Pro- 
ducing bitumen. 

The  bituminiferous  substance  known  as  boghead  Can- 
nel  [mat].  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  1 1537. 

bituminization  (bi-tu"rni-ni-za'shon),  u.  [<  bi- 
titmiiti-e  +  -ation.]  The  transformation  of  or- 
ganic matters  into  bitumen,  as  the  conversion 
of  wood  by  natural  processes  into  several  va- 
rieties of  coal.    Also  spelled  bituminisation. 

bituminize  (bi-tu'mi-niz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
bituminized,  ppr.  bituminizing.  [<  bitumen  (bi- 
tttmin-)  +  -ice.]  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumeu.     Also  spelled  bituminise. 

bituminous  (bi-tu'mi-nus),  a.  [=  F.  hititmi- 
ia  tt.r.  <  L.  bituminosus,  <  bitumen  (bitumin-),  bitu- 
men.] 1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  bitu- 
men.—  2.  Containing  bitumen,  or  made  up  in 
part  of  the  hydrocarbons  which  form  asphal- 
tum, maltha,  and  petroleum.     See  petroleum. 

Near  that  bituminous  lake  where  Sod flamed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  562. 

Bituminous  cement,  or  bituminous  mastic,  a  cement 
or  mastic  in  which  bitumen,  especially  in  the  form  of  as- 
phalt, is  the  most  important  ingredient :  it  is  used  for  roofs, 
pavements,  cisterns,  etc.— Bituminous  coal,  soft  coal,  or 
coal  which  burns  with  a  bright-yellow  flame.  Soft  coal, 
scinibituniinoits  coal,  and  hard  coal,  or  anthracite,  are  the 
three  most  important  varieties  of  coal.  See  coal.—  Bitu- 
minous limestone,  limestone  containing  bituminous 
matter.  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and  when  rubbed 
emits  an  unpleasant  odor.  That  of  Dalmatia  is  so  charged 
with  bitumen  that  it  maybe  cut  like  soap.— Bituminous 
shale,  or  bituminous  schist,  an  argillaceous  shale  much 
impregnated  with  bitumen,  and  very  common  in  various 
geological  formations,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and 
hewer  Silurian.  Before  the  discovery  "f  petroleum  in 
Pennsylvania  it  was  worked  to  some  extent  for  the  pro- 
duction oi  paraffin  and  other  useful  products.  -Bitumi- 
nous springs,  springs  impregnated  with  petroleum, 
naphtha,  etc 

biunguiculate  (bi-ung-gwik'u-lat),  a.  [<  ht-- 
+  mguiculate.]  Having  two  claws,  or  two 
parts  likened  to  claws;  doubly  hooked. 

biunity  (bi-ii'ni-ti),  n.  [<  hi--  +  unity.]  The 
state  or  mode  of  being  two  in  one,  as  trinity 
is  the  state  of  being  three  in  one. 


bivious 

biuret  (bi'u-ret ),  ».  l<  '«--  +  urea  :  see  .«/•<  t  \ 
A  compound  t<  '.jl  lr,\':tf  >-j  +  H20)  formed  by 
exposing  urea  t.i  a  Kigh  temperature  for  a  long 

lime,      ll  forms  crystals  readily  solid  ile  in  u  at  er 

and  alcohol, 
bivalence  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lens),  n.     In  clam., 

a  valence  or  saturating  power  which  is  double 

that  of  the  hydrogen  atom, 
bivalency  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-len-si),  «.     Same 

as  hirah  net . 
bivalentt  bi'va-  or  biv' anient ),  «.  I  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 

+  rahn(t-)s.  having  power.  Cf.  equi/vdU  nl.\ 
In  c/icm.,  applied  to  an  element  an  atom  of 
which  can  replace  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  or 
other  univalent  element,  or  to  a  radical  which 
has  the  same  valence  as  a  bivalent  atom.  Thus, 
calcium  in  itschlorid,  I'ai'l-.,  replaces  two  atoms ol  hydro 
gen  in  hydroohloric  acid,  EC] ;  the  bivalent  radical  niethy- 

len,  cil-j,  in  its  chlorid,  c II ■_•< '!•_■.  Bhow    the    i valence. 

bivalve  (bi'valv),  a.  and  m.  [=F.  bivalve,  <  L. 
hi-,  two-,  +  ralra,  door,  in  mod.  sense  'valve.'] 
I,  ((.  1.  Having  two  leaves  or  folding  parts: 
as.  a  biralre  speculum. — 2.  In  zo'61.,  having 
two  shells  united  by  a  hinge. — 3.  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing two  valves,  as  a  seed-ease. 

II.  n.  It.  pl.  Folding  doors. —  2.  In  2o67.,  a 
headless  lainellibranch  mollusk  whose  shell  has 
two  hinged  valves,  which  are  opened  and  shut 

by  appropri- 
ate muscles: 
opposed  to 
univalve.      in 

rare     cases,     as 
Pholas,  ill-  i e  are 
also       a' 
valves       besides 
the  two  principal 

Ones.  See      CUt 

under  accessory. 
familiar  exam- 
ples are  the 
oyster,  scallop, 
mussel,  etc. 

These  belong  to 
the  asiphonate 
division  of  bi- 
valves ;  the  clam, 
cob,  cockle,  ra- 
zor-shell, and 
many  others  are 
siphonate.      The 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cythtrea  chionc. 
A,  right  valve;  B,  left  valve;  C.  dorsal  mar- 

f;in ;  3,  ventral  margin;  E,  anterior  side  ,,r 
rout  margin ;  /•'.  posterior  side  or  hinder  mar- 
gin :  G,  umbo  ;  H,  hinge  and  hinge-teeth  ;  o, 
cardinal  tooth  ;  x,  x,  lateral  teeth  ;  /,  ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove  ;  J,  lnnule  ;  A",  .intern. r 
muscular  impression  ;  /-,  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression ;  M,  pallia]  impression  ;  A",  abdominal 
imrfrcssion  ;  O,  pallial  sinus. 


piddock  belongs  to  the  venus  Pholas.  The  ship-worm, 
Teredo,  is  also  technically  a  bivalve.  Sec  lamellibranch. 
3.  In  hat.,  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-ease 
opens  or  splits  into  two  parts — Equilateral  bi- 
valve. See  equilateral. 
bivalved  (bl'valvd),  a.      [<  bi-"  +  valued.    Cf. 

biralre.]     Having  two  valves.     Also  biralrnns. 

Bivalvia  (bi-val'vi-a),  n.  pl.     [NL.,  neut.  pl.of 

laralriiis,  <  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  ralea,  door,  in  mod. 
sense  'valve.'  Cf.  bivalve.]  A  term  formerly 
used  for  all  the  bivalve  shells  or  lamellibran- 
ehiate  mollusks,  but  now  superseded  by  the 
class  names  Aerpltala,  lanchifcra,  and  Lninelli- 
hraneliiata. 

bivalvous  (bi-val'vus),  a.  [<  biralre  +  -aus.] 
Same  as  biraln  d. 

bivalvular  (bi-val'vu-lar),  a.  [<  biralre.  after 
valvular.]  Having  two  valves:  said  especial- 
ly of  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks  and  of  lie 
seed-vessels  of  certain  plants.     See  bivalve. 

bivascular  (bl-vas'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  vasculum,  a  small  vessel;  after  vascular.] 
Having  two  cells,  compartments,  or  vessels. 

bivaulted  (bi'vfil-ted),  a.  \<  la--  +  faulted.] 
Having  two  vaults  or  arches. 

biventer  (bi-ven'ter),  u.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  renter,  belly.]  A  muscle  of  the  back  of  the 
neek,  so  called  from  having  two  fleshy  bellies, 
with  an  intervening  tendinous  portion.  It  is  com- 
monly distinguished  from  other  biventral  or  digastric  mus- 
cles as  the  biventer  ceroids.  It  occurs  in  man.  various 
mammals,  birds,  etc.     Also  called  bigaster. 

biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  it.    [<  bi--  +  ventral.] 

Digastric ;    having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 

See  hi  renter. 
biverb  (bi'verb),  n.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  verbum, 

word.]     A  name  composed  of  two  words, 
biverbal  (bi-ver'bal),  it.    [<  In--  +  verbal.    Cf. 

biverb.]     Relating'to  two  words;  punning. 

As  some  stories  arc  said  to  be  too  good  to  be  true,  it  may 
with  equal  truth  be  asserted  of  this  biverbal  allusion,  that 
it  Is  too  g I  to  be  natural.         Lamb,  Popular  fallacies. 

bivial  (biv'i-al),  a.  [<  L.  hiritts  (see  bivious) 
+  -al.  Cf.  trivial.]  1.  Going  in  two  direc- 
tions.—  2.  In  echinoderms,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  bivium:  as,  the  bivial  (posterior)  ambu- 
lacra.   Huxley. 

bivioust  (biv'i-ns),  u.  [<  1,.  bivius,  having  two 
ways,  <  //,'-,  two-,  +  via  =  E.  way.]  Having 
two  ways,  or  leading  two  ways. 

Bivious  theorems,  and  Janus-faced  doctrines. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ  Mor.,  ii.  3. 


bivittate 

bivittate  (bi-vit'St),  o.  [<  W-2  +  villa  +  -ate1.] 
1.  1m  but.,  having  two  vittse  or  oil-tubes:  up- 
plied  to  the  fruit  of  some  Umbelliferee. —  2.  In 
zool.,  marked  with  two  longitudinal  stripes. 

bivium  (biv'i-um),  ».  [XL.,  neut.  of  E.  bivius: 
Bee  bit  inns.]  In  cehinoderms.  I  he  ambulacra  of 
the  two  posterior  arms  or  rays  taken  together 

and  distinguished  from  the  three  anterior  rays 
collectively.    Sec  trivium,  ami  cut  under  Spa- 

tangoida. 

In  the  fossil  la  Dysaster  this  separation  of  the  am. 

bulacra  into  trivium  and  bivium  exists  naturally. 

Huxley,  \  n.i  t    Invert  .  p.  188. 

bivocalized  (bl-vo'kal-izd),  a.  Placed  between 
two  vowels. 

bivouac  i  I'iv'v-ak ).  „.  [Also  bivouack,  in  1st h 
century  occasionally  biouac,  biovac,  Inhume  < 
V.  bivouac,  formerly  biouac,  orig.  bivac,  prob.  < 
G.  dial.  iSwiss)  beiwacht,  a  patrol  of  citizens 
added  in  time  of  alarm  or  commotion  to  the 
regular  town  watch  (cf.  <).  bciwache,  a  keep- 
ing watch  ).<  bei,=~E.  by,  +  *waeht,  Gr.  u>ache  = 
E.  watch,  a.  \  An  encampment  of  soldiers  in  the 
open  air  without  tents,  each  soldier  remaining 
dressed  and  with  his  weapons  by  him;  hence, 
figuratively,  a  position  or  situation  of  readi- 
ness for  n  s.ora  situation  demanding 
extreme  watchfulness. 

\\ ,  followed  up  our  victory  until  night  overtook  us 
atiout  two  miles  from  Port  Gibson  ;  then  the  troops  went 
into  bivouac  for  the  night 

r.  s.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  4S4. 

In  the  world's  broad  field  of  liattie, 

In  the  bivouac  of  Life, 
Jli-  not  like  ilirnih.  driven  cattle  ' 

p..  a  hero  in  the  strife : 

Longfellow,  Psalm  cf  I.ife. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  v.  «'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bivou- 
acked,  ~pf>T.  bivouacking.  [<  bivouac,n.~]  To  en- 
camp in  the  open  air  without  tents  or  cover- 
ing, as  soldiers  on  a  march  or  in  expectation 
of  an  engagement. 

We  passed  on  for  about  half  a  mile  in  advance,  and 
bivouacked  on  some  rising  ground. 

Sir  S.  II .  Boil  r,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  ISO. 
The  Chasseurs  Norinandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty,  after  a 
hard  day's  ride,  Put  can  find  iu»  billet-master.  .  .  .  Nor- 
iiiaiidie  must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dust  and  thirst. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev. 

biwa1  (be'wii),  n.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  the 
Chinese  medlar.]  The  loquat ;  the  fruit  of  the 
I'lmtiiiiii  Japonica. 

biwa-  (be'wii),  n.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  a 
guitar.]  A  Japanese  musical  instrument  with 
four  strings,  resembling  a  flat  mandolin. 

biweekly  fbi-wek'li),  a.  and  udr.  [<  In--  + 
in  1 1:1  il.]  I.  a.  Occurring  or  appearing  every 
two  weeks:  its,  a  biweekly  magazine.    Sometimes 

err ..iisiv  used  in  place  of  semiweekly,  for  or  occurring 

tw  ice  in  a  week. 

II.  adv.    Fortnightly. 

biwepet,  ''•     An  obsolete  form  of  beweep. 

Bixaceae  (bik-sa'se-e),  n. pi.  [ML.,  <  Bixa,  the 
typical  genus,  +-111111.]  A  natural  order  of 
polypetalons  exogenous  plants,  nearly  related 
(,,  tlie  Vwlacew.  They  are  mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  "i  tin  globe,  ami  of  little 
economic  importance.  There  arc  atiout  3U  genera,  mostly 
small  'lie  most  prominent  species  is  Bixa  Orellana, 
yielding  arnotto.    See  cut  under  arnotto. 

bixin  (bik'sin),  n.  [<  libra  + -in-.]  1.  The  or- 
ange-coloring principle  (C1(!Hon()o)  of  arnotto, 
a  vermilion-red  powder,  insoluble  in  water  or 
ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol. —  2. 
A  variety  of  arnotto.  having  from  six  to  ten 
times  the  coloring  power  of  common  arnotto, 
from  quicker  extraction. 

biza,  n.    Bee  bisa. 

bizardt  (biz'&rd),  n.    Same  as  bizarre. 

bizarre  (bi-zSr'),  a.  and  n.  \V.  (formerly  also 
bigearre,  bijarre),  strange,  capricious,  formerly 
head  ry,  orig.  valiant,  =  It.  bizzarro, 
irascible,  choleric,  <  Sp.  Pg.  oizarro,  gallant, 
brave,  valiant,  perhaps  <  Basque  bizarra,  a 
beard;  cf.  Sp.  hombre  de  bigote,  a  man  of  spirit 
(bigote,  mustache).]  I.  a.  Odd;  fanciful;  tan 
1.1  1  ica  1 :   a] eal;  grotesque. 

Uthough  1-  a  1  ■  ■  )  ave  in  bis  ow  n  person,  he  low  d 
the  DQ  h  its, 

:  Lord  Guilford,  i.  117. 

Blatter  ami  Motions  are  frizarr  things,  in u  ■  ami 

capricious  to  exo  Gentleman  Instructed   p    S9 

These  paintii  de] led  from  the  walls  not  only 

in  their  main     irl it  in  very  t  h    » liii  h  the 

I  neceasarj 

/■■,.  ,1.1.     1    iae 

II.  n.  A  variety  of  carnation  in  which  the 

while  ground-color  ie  striped  with  two  colors, 

one  darker  1  ban  tin-  other. 

bizarrerie  (bi-za're-ri),  ».     [<  P.  bizarrerie,  < 

bizarre]     Bizarre  quality. 


570 

bizcacha  (bith-ka'cliii  1.  ».    Same  as  viscacha. 
bizelt,  a-     An  obsolete  form  of  bezel. 
Bizen  ware.    Seepottery. 
bizlet,  '■■    Same  its  in   .1,  . 

bizmellaht  (bi/.-mel'a),  111I1/J.  Same  as  bismil- 
luli. 

bizygomatic  (bi-zi-go-mat'ik),  a.  [<  hi--  + 
zygomatic]     Pertaining  to  the  two  zygomatic 

arches:  as.  the  bi-i/gniua  lie  breadth. 

bjelkite  (biel'Mt),  11.  [<  Bjelke  (see  def.)  + 
-He-.]  A  variety  of  the  mineral  cosalite  from 
the  l'.jelke  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden. 

bk.,  bks.    Abbreviations  of  book,  books. 

B.  L.  An  abbreviation  K/)  of  Bachelor  of  Law  ; 
(b)  in  com.,  of  bill  of  lading. 

blab1  (blab),  t>. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blabbed,  ppr. 
blabbing.  [In  ME.  only  in  the  freq.  form 
(which  is  preferred  for  such  words;  cf.  babble, 
gabble,  gabber,  jabber,  etc.),  but  the  derived 
noun  blabbe,  a  blab,  telltale,  occurs:  see  blab1, 
».,  and  blabber1,  v. ]  I.  trans.  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  (what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret) ;  let  out  (secrets). 

oli,  tiiat  delightful  engine  of  her  thoughts, 
That  blabb'd  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
Yonder  a  vile  physician,  blabbing 
The  case  of  his  patient. 

/',  nnyson,  \iaml.  xxvii.  S. 

II.  intrans.  To  talk  indiscreetly;  tattle  ;  tell 
tales. 
You're  sure  the  little  milliner  won't  blab? 

Sheridtm,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
But  letters,  however  carefully  drilled  to  lie  circumspect, 
are  sure  to  blab,  and  those  of  Tope  leave  in  the  lead,  r's 
mind  an  unpleasant  feeling  of  circumspection. 

LoweU,  Study  Windows,  p.   !..'7 

blab1  (blab),  n.     [<  ME.  blabbe:  see  blab1,  ,-.] 
A  babbler;  a  telltale;  one  who  betrays  secrets, 
or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 
Good  merchant,  lay  your  fingers  on  your  mouth  ; 
Be  not  a  blab.  Greene,  James  IV.,  v. 

Excluded 
All  friendship,  and  avoided  as  a  blab, 
The  mark  of  fool  set  on  his  front ! 

Milton,  s.  A.,  1.  4'.ia. 
Show  me  a  very  inquisitive  body,  I'll  show  you  a  blub. 

Sir  II.  L'Estrange. 

blab-t  (blab),  n.  [Another  form  of  bleb,  blob.'] 
A  bubble  ;  a  blister ;  a  swelling. 

blab-t  (blab),  r.  i.  or  t.  l<  blab-,  n.]  To  swell 
out  or  up  ;  make  swollen,  as  the  cheeks. 

blabber^  (blab'er),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  blaberen,  stam- 
mer, talk  without  reason,  blabber,  blab,  =  LG. 
blabbern  =  G.  plappern,  blab,  babble,  =  Dan. 
blabbre,  blabber,  gabble:  imitative  words,  prob. 
in  part  of  independent  origin.  Similar  forms 
of  imitative  origin  are  Sw.  dial,  bladdra,  lilaf- 
frn.  prattle,  D.  LG.  G.  blaffen  (>  E.  blaff), 
yelp;  OHG.  blabbizon,  MUG.  blepzen,  babble; 
ML.  blaberare,  for  L.  blaterare,  babble;  Gael. 
blabaran,  a  stammerer,  blabhdach,  babbling, 
plabair,  a  babbler;  E.  blather,  blether1,  bab- 
ble, etc.]  1.  To  speak  inarticulately;  babble; 
mumble. 

Now  you  may  see  how  easie  it  is  to  speak  right,  and  not 

to  blabber  like  I is  in  any  speech. 

Wodroephe,  Fr.  ami  long.  Gram.  (1623),  p.  128. 

2.  To  tell  tales;  blab;  talk  idly.— 3.  To  lib; 
falter.  Skinner. — 4.  To  whistle  to  a  horse. 
Skinner. 

blabber1  (blab'er),  ».  [<  blabber1,  ,.]  A  tat- 
tler; a  telltale. 

"Pis  fairies'  treasure, 
w  hich  lull  i  eveal'd,  brings  on  the  blabber's  ruin. 

Massinger  and  Field,  Fatal  Howry,  iv.  1, 

blabber-  (blab'er),  a.     [<  ME.  bldber,  blabyr. 

Cf.  blab-,  hleb.  blob,  blabber,  blubber,  etc.  | 
Swollen;  protruding:  as,  ftfaftoer-lipped ;  blab- 

bi  r  cheeks. 

blabberingt  (blaD'er-ing),  a.  Inarticulate; 
babbling. 

blabber-lippedt  (blab'er-lipt),  a.  [<  ME.  bla- 
byrlypped,  also  blabberlipped:  see  blabber^  and 
blubber-lipped.]    Having  swollen  or  protruding 

lips;   blubber-lipped. 

blabbing  (blab^ng),  />.  ".     [Ppr.  of  blab1,  ».] 

Having  the  character  of  a  blab;   talking  indis- 
creetly;   tattling:    as,    "the    blabbing  eastern 
scout,"  Milton,  ( 'oinus,  I.  138, 
black  (blak),  a.  and  ».     [<  M  E.  blak,  lil,  /.-,  bleke, 
<  AS.  blue  (iii  .lei',  inflection  blaca,  blctce, some 

in with  long  vowel  blaca,  bluer,  and  thus 

confused  with  woe,  bine.  ME.  blake,  etc.,  shin- 
ing, white  (see  hleaH  ),  =OHGr.  (in  comp.)  blah, 

blaeh),  black,  =  (with  appar.  dill',  orig.  Suffix) 
Icel.  blal.ir,  dark,  dusky,  =  Sw.  black,  grayish, 
dark.  =    Dan.    blal:,    dark    (whence    Ho      noun, 

AS.  bUec  =  iSIS   black,hQ.  6Zofc  =  MHG.  black 


black 

=  Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  bldel:  —  Dan  blal:,  ink:  see 
bleck);  prob.  from  a  verb  repr.  secondarily  by 
D.  blaken,  burn,  scorch,  freq.  blakeren,  scorch. 
M  Li  i.  (>  (i. )  blaken,  bum  with  much  smoke,  EC. 
verblekken,  scorch  as  the  sun  scorches  grain  ; 
perhaps  akin  to  h.flagrart .  I  rr.  ■  ,  en  ,  burn  :  see 
flagrant,  flame,  phlegm.     Hence  Match,  bleck, 

bbleli.  bl, mil-;  l.ul  not  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  bleak1,  bleach1,  q.  v.)  I.  «.  1. 
Possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  property 
of  absorbing  light ;  reflecting  and  transmitting 
little  or  no  light ;  of  I  he  color  of  soot  or  coal: 
of  the  darkest  possible  hue;  sable;  optically, 
wholly  destitute  of  color,  or  absolutely  dark, 
whether  from  the  absence  or  from  I  he  total  ab- 
sorption of  light :  opposed  to  white. 

I  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threat'ning  cloud. 

Shak.,  S  lien.  VI.,  v.  3. 

On  either  hand,  as  far  as  eye  could  Bl 

A  great  black  swamp  and  of  an  evil  smell. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

A  black  body  is  one  which  absorbs  every  ray  which  falls 
on  it    It  can,  therefore,  neither  reflect  nortransmit    A 

mass  uf  coke  suggests  the  conception  of  such  a  hod  v. 

Tail,  Light,  §  307. 

Hence  —  2.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of 
light;  involved  or  enveloped  in  darkness. 

In  tin.  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  Prov.  vii.  9. 

And,  beauty  dead,  black  chaos  comes  again. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1020. 

3.  Dismal;  gloomy;  sullen  and  forbidding:  as, 
a  black  prospect. —  4.  Destitute  of  moral  light 
or  goodness;  evil;  wicked;  atrocious:  as,  black 

deeds. 

"  Thou  art,"  quoth  she.  "  a  sea,  a  sovereign  King, 
Ami,  lo,  there  falls  into  thy  boundless  flood 
Black  lust,  dishonour,  shame  misgoverning." 

SlUXk.,    1,11,  O -ee,   1.  654. 

During  stages  in  which  maintenance  of  authority  is 
most  imperative,  direct  disloyalty  is  considered  theblack. 
eat  of  crimes.  //,  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  532. 

5.  Calamitous:  disastrous;  bringing  ruin  or 
desolation:  as,  black  tidings ;  black  Friday. 

Black  tidings  these,  .  .  .  blacker  never  came  to  (few 
England.  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

6.  Deadly;  malignant;  baneful:  as,  a  black 
augury. 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rush',!  aside  the  law, 
And  turned  that  black  word  death  to  banishment 

Shak.,  t;.  ami  .1.,  iii.  3. 

7.  Clouded  with  anger;  frowning;  threaten- 
ing; boding  ill:  as,  Stack  looks. 

she  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train  ; 

Look'd  black  upon  me;  struck  me  with  her  tongue. 

Shak.,  hear,  ii.  4. 

8.  Wearing  black  or  dark  clothing,  armor,  etc. : 
as,  Edward  the  Black  Prince;   black  friars. — 

9.  Stained  with  dirt;  soiled:  dirty:  as,  black 
hands.  [Colloq.]  Black  Act,  Black  acts.  See  act. 
-  Black  amber,  same  as>/.-Blackandblue,  having 
the  dark  livid  color  of  a  bruise  in  the  flesh,  which  is  ac- 
companied with  a  mixture  of  blue.    See  blue  and  bias. 

Mistress  Ford  ...  is  beaten  black  and  blue,  that  you 
cannot  see  a  white  spot  about  her. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 
Black  and  tan,  having  black  hair  upon  the  hack,  and 
tan  or  yellowish-brown  upon  the  face,  flanks,  ami  legs,  as 
some  dogs  :  said  specifically  of  a  kind  of  t.rricr  dog,  and 
sometimes  used  elliptically  as  a  substantive. 

Consider  the  st,  Bernards  ami  the  mastiffs,  the  pugs 
ami  tin-  imll  dogs,  the  black-and-tans  and  the  King  Char- 
lies.  Pop.  See  M,r.  X  X  \  III.  599. 

Black  antimony,  art,  assembly,  bead-tree,  bear- 
berry,  etc.  See  under  the  nouns. — Black  belt,  thai  region 

of  the  southern  United  states,  comprising  portion-  of 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Loui- 
siana, in  which  the  ratio  of  the  colored  population  to  tile 
wiui,  is  greatest.— Black  bile.  See  atrabile.  Black 
bindweed,  book,  canker,  chalk,  death,  etc  see  the 
nouns.  Black  drink,  a  decoction  ol  the  leaves  of  Ilex 
cassine, used  l>\  the  Indians  ol  the  southern  United  states 
as  a  medicine  ami  as  a  drink  of  ceremony.-  Black  earth. 
s,-e  earth.  Black  Flags,  hands  of  Irri  gular  soldiers  in- 
festing tlie  upper  valley  of  the  l;e,l  l;iv<  i  iii  "l'oni|uin. 
IP.,  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Talplng  rebellion  in 
China;  increased  by  the  accession  of  various  adventurers, 
they  fought  against  tiie  French  in  their  wars  w  ith  Annani, 
about  1878-85.— Black  Friday,  frost,  etc.  See  lie  nouns. 
Black  glass,  a  glass  mad  i  [n  Venice  of  sand,  sulphur,  and 
peiovid  ot  manganese.  Itisofa  deep-black  color.  Black 
hagden.  See  hagden.—  Black  Hand,  an  anarchistic 
society  in  Spain  composed  of  members  of  He-  laboring 
(lasses.  Many  of  its  members  in  southern  Spain  were 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  1888.     Black  Harry,  Black 

Will,   local   names   in   tlie    I  nited  Slates  of  tlie  sea  Pass, 

Centropristea  furvus.— Black  herring.  See  herring.— 
Black  in  the  flesh,  and  waxed  and  black  in  the  grain, 

i.  mi  applied  to  Bkins  curried  on  i  he  inner  a  ml  outer  sides 
n  p.  lively.  The  former  is  applied  to  the  uppers  of 
n  n  -hoes,  and  the  latter  of  women's.  Black  japan. 
See  ,,i inn.  Black  Maria,  a  closely  covered  vehicle,  usu- 
ally painted  black,  used  in  conveying  prisoners  to  and 
from  jail.  Black  martin,  Monday,  naphtha,  ocher, 
etc.  See  the  nouns.  Black  rent,  exactions  formerly 
levied  by  native  chieftains  in  Ireland,  particularly  upou 
districts  where  English  were  settled. 


black 

Besides  the  payment  <>f  Mac*  rent,  the  commons  oi  [re 
land  were  oppressed  by  Innumerable  exactions. 

Bagwell,  Ireland  under  the  Tudors. 

Black  rot,  rust.  See  the  nouns.  Black  silver.  See 
stephanite.  Black-spot,  adiseaseof  rose  bushes,  charac- 
terized by  diffuse,  dark-colored  spots  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves.  It  is  caused  by  a  parasitic  fungus,  Asteroma 
Rosa.  Black  sugar,  Spanish  licorice.  [Scotch.]  Black 
tin.  Si-c  (i'ji. -Black  ware.  Sameas6o«oi(  ieara(which 
see, under  basalt).  -Black  witch.  See  ani.  [Fora  num- 
ber of  compounds  with  black  as  their  first  member,  see 
below  .  in  manj  of  these  cases  ii  is  generally  printed  as  n 
separate  word.] 

II.  ii.  1.  Black  color;  tho  darkest  color. 
properly  the  negation  of  all  color:  the  opposite 
of  white.  Hie  darkness  of  this  color  arises  from  the 
circumstance  that  the  substances  composing  or  producing 
it,  as  in  a  pigment  or  dye,  absorb  all  the  rays  of  light  and 
reflect  none.  I ■•  heraldry  tliis  hue  or  tincture  is  termed 
gable. 

2.  A  black  dye  or  pigment:  as,  blacks  and 
grays. — 3.  A  black  part  of  something,  as  that 
of  the  eye;  specifically,  the  opening  in  the  iris; 
the  pupil:  in  opposition  to  the  white. 

The  black  i.r  sight  of  tin-  eye.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

4.  Black  clothing,  especially  when  worn  as  a 
sign  of  mourning :  as,  to  be  in  black :  sometimes 
used  iu  the  plural. 

He  has  now  put  off 
The  funeral  black  your  rich  heir  wears  with  joy, 
\\  hen  he  pretends  to  weep  for  his  dead  father. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
Should  I  nut  put  mi  blacks  when  each  one  here 
Comes  with  his  cypress  ami  devotes  a  tear? 

llerriek,  Death  of  II.  I. awes. 

5.  pi.  Funeral  drapery,  consisting  of  hangings 

of  black  cloth.  —  6f.  A  mute;  one  of  the  hired 
mourners  at  a  funeral. 

I  it"  pray  ye 
To  give  me  leave  to  live  a  little  lunger. 
Yi.ii  .stand  about  me  like  my  Blacks. 

Fletcher,  Mnns.  Thomas,  iii.  1. 

7.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-colored  races ; 
a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person. —  8f.  One 
with  the  face  blacked  or  disguised;  specifi- 
cally, a  deer-stealer ;  a  poacher. 

The  Waltham  Maeifcs.it  length  committed  such  enormi- 
ties, that  government  was  forced  to  interfere,  with  that 
severe  and  sanguinary  act,  called  the  "  Black  Act." 

Gilbert  White,  Hist,  of  Sclbiirne,  vii. 

9.  A  small  flake  of  soot ;  smut:  usually  plural. 

A  fog  out  of  doors  that  tastes  of  blacks  and  smells  of  de- 
composed frost  SirC.  Young. 

fan  I  help  it  if  the  Hacks  will  fly,  and  the  things  must 
be  rinsed  again?  Ii.  Jerrold,  Caudle  Lectures,  xvii. 

10.  A  dark  stain  or  smear. — 11.  pi.  Ink  used 
in  copperplate  printing,  prepared  from  the 
charred  husks  of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of 
the  wine-press. — 12.  Iu  printing,  any  mark  on 
the  paper  between  the  lines  or  letters  caused 
by  the  rising  of  the  leads,  etc.,  to  the  level  of 
the  type:  commonly  in  the  plural.— Aniline 
black,  a  color  produced. by  dyers  directly  upon  the  fiber 
itself,  liythe  oxidation  of  ttie  hydrochloric!  of  aniline  with 
bichromate  of  potash.  It  is  a  very  permanent  dye. — 
Animal  black.  Same  as  bone-black.— Brunswick  black. 
Same  as  japan  faeguer  (which  see,  under  japan). — Chem- 
ical black,  a  color  formerly  obtained  in  dyeing  cotton  by 
boiling  galluuts  in  pyroligneous  acid,  adding  "  nitrate  of 
iron"  and  Hour.— Chrome-black,  a  color  produced  in 
dyeing  cotton  or  wool  try  mordanting  with  bichromate  of 
potash  and  dyeing  with  logwood.— Common  black,  a 
color  produced  by  dyeing  with  logwood,  sumac,  fustic, 
and  a  mixture  of  green  and  blue  vitriol.—  Copperas- 
black,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  inferior  carpets,  etc., 
by  mordanting  witli  a  mixture  of  ferrous  sulphate  and 
copper  sulphate  and  dyeing  with  logwood.—  Cork-black, 
a  black  obtained  by  burning  cork  in  closed  vessels. — 
Drop-black,  a  better  grade  of  bone-black  ground  in  wa- 
ter, and  in  this  pasty  state  formed  into  drops  and  dried. 

—  Frankfort  black,  a  pigment  formerly  made  by  burn- 
ing the  lees  of  wine,  hut  now  merely  a  better  grade  of 
bone-black.  Also  called  German  Win*.  — Gas-black,  a 
species  of  lampblack  obtained  by  burning  natural  gas  in 
small  jets  against  a  revolving  iron  cylinder.— German 
black.  Same  as  Frankfort  black.  —  Hart's  black,  a 
black  made  from  harts'  horns.— Hydrocarbon  black. 
Same  as  ijan-black.—  In  black  and  white,  (a)  In  writ- 
ing or  print:  as,  to  put  a  statement  in  black  ami  while. 
(b)  In  the  tine  arts,  with  no  colors  but  black  and  white. 
The  term  is  often  extended  to  include  (as  in  exhibitions 
of  "works  in  black  and  white")  monochromes  of  any 
sort,  as  sepia  drawings.  — Iron-black,  a  powder  consist- 
ing of  finely  divided  antimony  obtained  by  precipitating 
it  from  its  solution  in  an  acid  by  means  of  metallic  zinc. 

—  Logwood-black,  in  dyeing,  a  black  obtained  by  mor- 
danting the  cotton  with  a  salt  of  iron  and  then  dyeing 
with  a  decoction  of  logwood.— Mineral  black.  See 
mineral.— Plate-black,  a  combination  of  lampblack  and 
bone-black  in  various  proportions,  used  in  plate-printing. 

—  Sedan  black,  an  intense  black  color  produced  by  first 
dyeing  cloth  blue  with  woad,  then  washing  it  in  water 
containing  logwood  and  sumac,  and  boiling  it  for  several 
hours  in  a  liquor  to  which  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate  is 
added. — Spanish  black,  a  black  pigment  obtained  from 
burnt  cork. —Vine-black.  Same  asblue-black,  n.,  '2.  (Sec 
bane-black,  ivory-black,  lampblack,  peach-black,  and  plati- 
num-black.') 

black  (blak),  c.  [<  ME.  blacken,  bldken  :  <  black, 
a.]  I.  trails.  1.  To  make  black;  blacken  or  put 
a  black  color  on  ;  soil;  stain:  as,  to  black  one's 
hands. —  2.  To  clean  and  polish  (shoes,  etc.)  by 


671 

blacking  and  brushing  them.— 3.  To  blacken: 
stain ;  sully;  defame.    [Bare.  | 

II I,;, id,,, I  si  no  man's  character,  devoured  >t  no  man's 

bn  i.i  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  84. 

To  black  down  (»« nt.),  to  tar  and  black  (u  Ship's  rigging). 
II.  inlraits.  1.   To  become  black;  lake  on  a 
black  color.— 2f.   To  pi h.      See  lilac/:,  n.,  8. 

blackamoor  (blak'a-mSr),  «.  [Also  formerly 
blackmoor,  blackambre,  blackemore,  ■'moor,  etc., 
Se.   blackymort  ;   orig.   and   prop,    blackmoor, 

black  uto'or,  <  black  +  Munr.  The  inserted  a 
is  meaningless;  of.  blackavised.]  A  negro;  a 
black  man  or  woman. 

1  run'  ict  an  Bhe  were  a  black-a-moor. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  I. 

I  am  sure  I  bated  your  poordear  ii  in  le  before  marriage 
as  if  he'd  been  Ablack-a-moor.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  ■>. 

blackavised  (blak'a-visd),  a.  [Se.,  also  black- 
aviced,  blackavi  ed;  <  black  +  !•'.  vis,  face,  vis- 
age, +  -nl-.  The  inserted  n  is  meaningless; 
cf.  blackamoor."]    Dark-complexioned. 

I  would  advise  her  blackaviced  suitor  to  look  out:  if 
another  comes  with  a  longer  or  clearer  rent-roll,  he's 
dished.  Charlotte  Bronte,  .Tane  Eyre,  xix. 

blackback  (blak'bak),  n.  1.  The  great  black- 
backed  gull.  Lara*  marinus.  Kingsley.  Also 
called  saddle-back,  coffin-carrier,  and  cob. — 2. 
A  local  Irish  name  (about  Belfast)  of  the  com- 
mon flounder. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  ».  1.  A  blacking  com- 
position  used  by  shoemakers,  etc.  Also  called 
heel-ball. —  2.  A  name  applied  to  both  the  smut 
and  the  bunt  of  wheat. — 3.  An  adverse  vote. 
See  blackball,  r.  t. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  ».  t.  To  reject  (as  a  can- 
didate for  election  to  membership  or  office  in 
any  club,  society,  etc.)  by  placing  black  balls 
in  the  ballot-box ;  exclude  or  defeat  by  ad- 
verse vote;  also,  simply  to  vote  against.  See 
ballot^,  •».,  3. 

If  you  do  not  tell  me  who  she  is  directly,  you  shall  never 
get  into  Whites.     I  will  blackball  you  regularly. 

Disraeli,  Jfoung  Duke,  II.  ii. 

blackballing  (blak'bal-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
blackball,  v.]  The  act  of  rejecting  or  voting 
against  a  candidate  by  tho  use  of  black  balls. 

Your  story  of  the  blackballing  amused  me. 

lamb,  Letter  to  B.  barton. 

blackband  (blak'band),  n.  In  mining  and 
metal.,  a  kind  of  iron  ore,  which  consists  essen- 
tially of  carbonate  of  iron  intimately  mixed 
with  coal.  It  is  a  very  important  oreof  iron,  especially 
in  Scotland,  where  its  true  nature  was  discovered  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Often  called  black- 
band  ironstom 

black-bass  (blak'bas'),  n.    1.  A  centrarchoid 

American  fish  of  the  genus  Micropterus.  The  body 
isoblong;  the  dorsal  tin  is  low,  especially  the  spinous  por- 
tion of  it,  which  is  separated  from  the  soft  part  by  an  cmar- 
gination ;  the  anal  lin  is  shorter  than  the  soft  part  of  the 
dorsal,  with  three  small  spines  ;  and  the  caudal  tin  is  emar- 
ginate.  The  color  is  dark,  and  the  cheeks  and  opercules 
are  crossed  by  three  dark  oblique  stripes.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  large-mouthed  black-bass,  Micropterus  salmo- 
ides,  extending  from  Canada  and  the  great  lakes  south- 
west into  Texas  and  southeast  into  Florida,  and  the  small- 
mouthed  black-bass,  Micrvpterus  duluniieii,  ranging  from 


black-brush 

blackberry  (blak'ber'i),  ».:  pi.  blackberries 
(-iz).  |<  MB.  blakberye,  blakeberie,  <  AS.  bltec- 
berie,  prop,  written  apart,  bkecberie,  pi.  blace 

Iniiiin  :  see  blacl  unit  berry1.']     1.  The  Eruil  of 

those  species  of  1,'nbiis  in  which  the  recepta- 
cle be is  juicy  and  lulls  off  with  the  drupe- 
lets, in  distinction  from  the  raspberry.  The 
principal  European  specii  i  /.'  fruticosus.  in  the 
i  mi.  ,i  States  there  are  Beveral  kind-  i  the  high  black* 
tuns.  /.'.  vUlosus,  some  varietfesof  which  an-  extensively 
cultivated;  the  low  blackberrj  or  dewberry,  /.'  Can 
six;  the  bush-blackberry,  /.'.  trivialis,  of  the  Southern 
States;  therunning  jwamp-blackberry,  R. hispidus;  and 
t In- Mind  blackberry,  It. cuneif alius,  in  Scotland  generally 
called  bramble,  and  in  tin-  w<  -t  "i  Scotland  black-boyd  or 
black-bide. 
2.  In  some  parts  nl'  England,  the  black  currant, 

Ribes  nigrum. 

blackberryingfblak'bor  i-ing),  „.  [<  blackb,  mi 

+  -iiiij1;  ns  if  from  a  verb  blacicbt  rry.    See  the 
quot.  from  Chaucer,  below.]    The  gathering  uf 

blackberries Goablakeberyedt.a  doubtful  phrase 

occurring  once  iu  Chaucer  m  the  Pardoner's  Tale: 
I  rekke  never,  whan  that  ben  beryed, 
Though  that  her  snides  gon  n  blakeberyi  ■>. 
[Skcat  explains  blakeberyed,  apparently  a  past  participle, 
as  a  verbal  substantive,  and  the  whole  phrase  as  meaning 
"go  a  blackberrying,"  that  is.  en  where  tiny  please.     The 
grammatical  explanation  is  doubtless  correct;  hut  the 
context  seems  to  show  that  the  phrase  is  a  humorous  eu- 
phemism for  "go  to  hell."] 

blackbird  (blak 'herd),  n.  1.  The  English 
name  of  a  species  of  thrush,  Merula  merula, 
Junius    merula,  or  Merula   vulgaris,   common 

throughout  Europe.     It  is  larger  than  the  common  or 


^^m. 


Small-mouthed  Black-bass  {Microfloras  dolomieu). 

the  great  lakes  southward  to  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas, 
both  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  game  qualities,  hut  the 
small-mouthed  is  regarded  by  most  anglers  as  superior. 
The  sexes  during  the  breeding  season  consort  in  pairs. 
clear  a  suhcircular  spot  near  the  shore  for  a  nest,  and 

guard  tin-  cues  tilt  batched,      both  species,  tint  especially 

the  small-mouthed,  have  received  the  attention  of  pisci- 
culturists and  been  introduced  into  foreign  countries.  In 
some  partsof  the  state  of  New  Vork  the  small-mouthed  is 
specifically  called  the  black-bass  and  the  large-mouthed 
the  Oswego  or  green  bass.  Other  names  given  to  one  or 
both  species  arc  trout,  in  the  -.111111,  and,  locally,  chub, 
fumper,  mast-bass,  and  Welshman. 

2.  A  local  name,  along  portions  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  of  a  scorpsenoid 
fish,  Sebastichthys  melanops,  or  black  rock-fish. 

black-beetle  (lihtk'be  tl),  h.  An  English  name 
of  the  common  cockroach  of  Great  Britain, 
Blatta  (Periplaneta)  orientalis,  a  large  black 
orthopterous  insect,  of  the  family  Blattidce.  See 
cut  under  Blattidai. 

blackbelly  (blak'bel'i),  n.  A  local  name  iu 
Massachusetts  of  a  variety  of  the  alewife, 
( 'lupea  vernalis. 


European  Blackbird    Merula  merula). 

song  thrush  ;  the  male  is  wholly  black,  except  the  hill  and 
tile  orhitsof  the  eyes,  which  are  yellnw  ;  the  female  is  dark 

rusty-brown.  The  male  has  a  fine,  rich,  mellow  note,  hut 
its  song  has  little  compass  or  variety.  Also  called  merle 
and  ouzel. 

2.  In  America,  a  bird  of  the  family  Icteridos 
(which  see).  These  birds  have  no  relation  to  the  Euro- 
pean blackbird,  hut  are  nearer  the  old-world  starlings. 
There  are  very  many  species  of  the  family,  to  several  of 
which,  as  the  bobolink,  the  oriole,  and  the  meadow-lark, 
the  term  blackbird  is  not  .specifically  applied.  The  lead- 
ing species  are  the  several  crow-blackbirds,  of  the  genera 
Quiscalus  and  Scolecophagus,  and  the  marsh-blackbirds, 
.in.ni :us  and  Xanthoct phalus.  The  common  crow-black- 
bird is  i,r  purpureus;  the  common  red-winged  marsh- 
blackbird,  .1.  phceniceus;  the  yellow-headed  blackbird,  A'. 

icterocephalus.     See  cut  under  AgeloHncB. 

3.  In  the  "West  Indies,  the  ani,  Crotophaga  ani, 
of  the  family  Cuciilidos,  or  cuckoos;  the  sa- 
vanna-blackbird. See  cut  under  ani. — 4.  A 
cant  term  on  the  coast  of  Africa  for  a  slave. 

blackboard  (bhik'bordb  «.  1.  Aboardpainted 
black,  used  in  schools,  lecture-rooms,  etc., 
for  writing,  drawing,  or  ciphering  with  chalk. 
Hence  —  2.  Any  prepared  surface,  as  of  plasl <  r 
or  slate,  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

blackbonnet  (blak'bon'et),  it.  fine  of  the 
names  of  the  reed-bunting.     [Local,  Scotland.] 

blackboy  (blak'boi),  ».  The  common  name 
of  the  Australian  grass-tree,  Xanthorrhaa  ar- 
borea,  etc.,  a  juncaceous  plant  with  a  thick 
blackened  trunk  and  a  terminal  tuft  of  wiry, 
grass-like  leaves.     The  different    species    mid  an 

abundance  Of  fragrant  resin,  either  led.  known  as  black- 
boy  gum,  or  yellow,  called  acaroid  num. 

blackbreast  (blak'brest),  ».  1.  Anameofthe 
red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa  alpina,  variety 

iiiiirricana. — 2.  A  local  name  in  the  United 
States  of  the  black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola 
helvetica. 

black-browed  (blak'broud),  a.  Having  black 
eyebrows;  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening:  as, 
"a  black-browed  gust,"  Dryden. 

black-brush  (blak 'brush  1,  11.  A  term  used  only 
in  the  phrase  black-brush  iron  ore,  a  brown 
hematite  or  limonite,  found  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean,  England,  and  used  chiefly  for  making 
tin-plate. 


572 
Air  blackened,  rolled  the  thunder.  Dryden. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  black ;  darken. 
The  little  cloud  .  .  .  gre«  and  spread,  and  Ua 
Hi,  face  ol  the  whole  heaven.  SoutA. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sully ;  make  infamous;  de- 
fame; cause  to  appear  immoral  or  vile:  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

To  this  system  ol  literarj  ra poly  was  joined  an  un- 
remitting lmiii  mi  to  blacken  and  discredit  in  every  way 
.  .  .  all  those  who  did  not  hold  to  their  faction. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

blackener  (blak'ner),  n.    One  who  blackens, 
blackening  (blak'ning),  n.     Any  preparation 

used  to  render  the  surface  of  iron,  leather,  etc., 
black.     See  blacking. 


blackbur 

blackbur  (blak'ber),  ».  A  local  name  in  the 
United  States  oi  the  plant  Geum  strictum. 

black-burning  (blak'ber'ning),  a.  Scandal- 
ous: used  only  in  the  phrase  black-burning 
shame.     [Scotch.] 

blackcap  (blak'kap),  «.     1.  One  who  wea 
black  cup. — 2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds 
having  tin'   top    of    the    head   black,    fa)  The 
Europ  in  black-capped  warbler,  >'■  'a.    (6) 

The  European  titmouse,  Parusmajor.  (cJThe  \. 
black-capped  fly-catching  warbler,  Myiodioctes  p 
also  called  IPitawi  (d)  The  chickadee 

i. )  I  in-  black  beaded  gull,  /."<  i 
3.  The  cattail  reed,  Typha  latifolia.— 4.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  plant  and  fruit  of  the  black- 
Cruited  raspberry,  Rubus  oceidentalis,  occurring 

wild  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States,  and  blackening  (blak'ning).  a.  Blackish;  approach- 
also  cultivated  in  several  varieties.   Alsocalled    ing  black:  as,  in  lichens,  a  biatorine  exciple  is 
thbnbleberry. — 5.  An  apple  roasted  until  it  is    colored  or  blackening,  but  n..t  coal-black, 
black.  blacker    (blak'er),    n.     One   who   blacks   or 

black-capped   (blak'kapt),  a.    Having  black    blackens, 
on  tlie  top  of  the  head:  applied  to  sundry  birds,  black-extract  (blak|eks  fcrakt  I,  «.    A  prepara- 
See  blackcap,  -.  tion  from  eocculns  indicus,  used  in  adulterat- 

black-cat  (blak'kat),  n.     A  name  of  the  fisher,     ing  beer. 
pekan,  or  Pennant's  marten,  Mustcla  p<  nnanti,a  blackey,  ».    See  blacky. 

large  blackish  marten  peculiar  to  the  northerly  blackfln  (blak'fin),  n.  1.  A  local  name  of  the 
parts  ni  North  America.  Alsocalled  black-fox.  smolt  or  young  salmon  of  the  first  year.— 2.  A 
See  cut  under  fish  r.  local  English  name  of  the  little  weever.—  3.  A 

black-cattle  (blak'kat  1).  n.  Cattle  reared  whitefish,  Coregonus  nigripinnis,  of  the  deep 
for  slaughter,  in  distinction  from  dairy-cattle:  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  conspicuous  by  its 
used  without  reference  to  color.  [Great  Britain.]     blackish  fins,  but  otherwise  resembling  a  ciseo. 

blackcoat  (blak'kot),  n.  1.  One  who  wears  a  blackfish  (blak'fish),  n.  [<  black  +  fish.  Cf. 
black  coat:  a  common  and  familiar  name  for  a  MLH.  blackyisch,  LG.  blakfish,  >  G.  blackfisch. 
clergyman,  as  redcoat  is,  in  England,  for  a  sol- 
dier.—2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  German 
reiters,  or  mercenary  troops,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  from  their  black 
armor  and  dress. 

blackcock  (blak'kok),  n.  The  male  black- 
grouse  or  black-game;  the  heath-cock;  a 
grouse,  Tetrao  U  irix,  or  Lyrurus  tctrix,  of  the 


inkfish.]  1.  A  name  of  several  fishes,  (a)  A 
local  English  name  of  the  female  salmon  about  the  time  of 
spawning.  (It)  A  name  of  the  tautog,  Tautoga  onitis.  See 
cut  under  tautog.  (<■)  A  local  Alaskan  name  of  Dallia 
pectoralis,  a  tlsii  which  alone  represents  the  sulinnU-r 
Xenomi.  See  Dallia.  (<J)  A  local  name  in  New  England  of 
tlie  common  sea-bass,  Centropristis  .litritth- :  also  applied  to 
other  species  of  the  same  genus.  (*)  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean scombroid  fish,  Centrolophus  pompilus.  (/)  A  lo- 
cal name  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Scotland,  of  the  tadpole- 
fish,  Raniceps  trifurcattts.    Parnell,  Mag.  Zool.  and  Hot.. 

1.  104. 

2.  A  name  of  several  delphinoid  cetaceans, 
especially  of  the  genus  Globicephalus.  Also 
called  black-whale. 

black-fisher  (blak'fish'er),  n.  [<  blackfish,  1 
(a),  +  -ci'l.]  A  poacher;  one  who  kills  salmon 
in  close  time.     [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  latitudinarian  poachers  ami 
black-fishers,  Mr.  II.  completed  the  quota  of  men  which 
fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  li.  Scot*. 

black-flea  (blak'fle),  n.  A  coleopterous  insect 
injurious  to  turnips;  the  Haltica  nemorum  of 
naturalists.     Also  called  turnip-flea. 

black-fly  (blak'tli),  h.  1.  A  small  dipterous  in- 
sect, Smulium  molestum,  with  a  black  body 
and  transparent  wings,  abounding  in  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  parts  of  New  York,  New 
England,  and  northward,  and  exceedingly  an- 
noying to  both  man  and  beast.  It  is  closely 
related  to  the  buffalo-gnat.  See  Simulium. — 
2.  The  bean-plant  louse,  Aphis  faba). 

blackfoot  (blak'fut),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  matri- 
monial go-between,  who  in  a  friendly  way  acts 
as  introducer,  and  generally  facilitates  the  ear- 
lier stages  of  courtship.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  [cap.  ] 
One  of  a  certain  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, the  most  western  division  of  the  Algon- 
kin  stock.  [In  this  sense  the  plural  is  properly 
Blackfoots,  but  commonly  Blackfeet.] 

black-fox  (blak'foks),  ». '  Same  as  bliirk-rnt. 

.    [So  called  from  the 
Cf.  gray-friar,  white- 


faniily  T<  traonida;,  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, n  [s  mostly  black,  with  a  lyrate  tail.  The  female 
i>  called  ii  gray  /"■",  inn!  tin-  young  are  called  poults. 
black-damp  (blak'damp),  «.  Carbon  dioxid 
gas,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantity 
in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by  many  coals, 
either  mixed  «ith  fire-damp,  or  separately,  or 
produced  in  various  other  ways,  as  by  the  ex- 
halations of  the  men.  by  tires,  and  by  explo-  black-friar  (l)lak'l'ri'  Mr) 
Bions  of  fire-damp.     Also  called  choke-damp.        distinctive  black  gown. 

black-dog  (blak'doo;), //.      If.    A  bad  shilling  or  friar."]     A  friar  of  the  Dominican  order.     Vlso 

other  base  silver  corn. —  2.   Hypochondria;  the  called  a  predicant  or  preaching  friar,  and  in  Fra Jaco- 

blues.      [Slang  in  both  senses'.]  bin.    See  D intern.    [Properlj  written  as  two i  words.] 

A  popular  pur-  black-game  (blak'gam),  «.     See  blackcock  and 

-      l/ritllsr. 

black-grass  (blak'gras),  n.    1.  A  dark-colored 

rush  {Juncus  Gerardi)  of  salt-marshes.     [U.S.] 


of 


black-draught  I  blak'drafl ).  ». 
gative  medicine,  consisting  of  an  infusion 

senna  w  it  h  EpSOm  salts. 
black-drop  (blak'drop),  n.  A  liquid  prepara- 
t i. hi  of  opium  in  vinegar  or  verjuice.  Also 
called  vinegar  of  opium.  Lancaster  black-drop, 
a  solul  "i  in  verjuice  with  sugar  and  nutmeg. 

i  in    black  iii"]i  oi  the 
i  nil  pceia,  Acetumopii,  is  similar, ex- 

black-duck  (blak'duk),  n.  1.  The  black  seo- 
iir.  CEdemia  nigra,  one  of  the  sea-ducks  or 
/  hdigulina ■-.  See  cut  under  scoter. — 2.  The 
dusky  duel,  of  North  America,  imis  obseura, 
one  oi  the  Inatince,  or  river-ducks,  and  a  near 
relative  of  the  mallard,  ii I ly  black- 
ish, with  white  lining  of  the  wings  and  a  violet  speculum; 
tie  fi 

black-dye  (blak'di),  n.  \  compound  of  oxid 
of  iron  with  gallic  acid  a  ad  in  I 

blacken  (blak'n  \,v.  |  \l  E.  blaknt  n,  blackom  n  ;  < 
black,  a..  +  -i"1.]  I.  intrans.  To  grow  black 
or  dark. 


blacking 

llnw  prevent  your  sons  from  consorting  with  the  black 
guard 

i    Fucker,  Light  of  Nature  (176S),  II.  14S.    (-V.  /•;.  D.) 

i,/i  The  vagabond   children  of  great  towns; 

"city  Arabs,"  who  run  errands,  black  shoes, 
or  dii  odd  jobs.  —  2.  A  man  of  coarse  and  offen- 
sive manners  and  speech ;  a  fellow  of  low  char- 
acter; a  scamp :  a  scoundrel. 

The  troops  which  he  commanded  were  tin-  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  "1  the  earth. 

C.  /».  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  \\\i. 

II.  a.    It-   Belonging    to   the    menials   of  a 

household;  serving;   waiting. 

Let  a  blackguard  boy  in-  always  about  the  house  to  send 

on  your  errands,  and  go  to  market  for  you  on  rainy  days. 

Sir,//.  Directions  to  Servants,  Cook. 

2.  Of  bad  character;  vicious;  vile;  low;  worth- 
less: said  of  persons  anil  things. 

Marking  certain  things  as  low  ami  blackguard,  ami  .-it- 
ta i  hers  as  lawful  and  right.  /'■  Hughes. 

3.  Scurrilous;  abusive;  befitting  a  blackguard: 
as.  blackguard  language. 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  ».  [<  blackguard,  ».] 
I.  trans.  To  revile  in  scurrilous  language. 

I  have  been  called  names  and  blackguarded  quite  suffi- 
ciently for  one  sitting.  Thackeray,  Newconies,  xxix. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be,  act,  or  talk  like  a  black- 
guard; behave  riotously. 

And  there  a  batch  o'  wabster  lads, 
Blackguarding  frae  Kilmarnock, 

For  fun  this  day.  Burn*,  Holy  Fair. 

blackguardism  (blag'ard-izni),  ii.  [<  black- 
guard +  ■ism.]  The  conduct  or  language  of  a 
blackguard ;  ruffianism. 

This  ignominious  dissoluteness,  or  rather,  if  we  may 
venture  to  designate  it  by  the  only  proper  word,  black- 
guardism, of  feeling  and  manners,  could  not  but  spread 
from  public  to  private  life. 

Macaulay,  Ballam's  Const  Mist. 

blackguardly  (blag'ard-li),  a.  [<  blackguard 
+ -/.i/l.]  Characteristic  of  a  blackguard;  ras- 
cally; villainous:  as,  a  blackguardly  business. 

blackguardry  (blag'Mrd-ri),  it.  [<  blackguard 
+  -n/.]  Blackguards  or  scoundrels  collecti\  ely. 
[Hare.] 

black-gum  (blak'gum),  n.  A  North  American 
tree,  Nyssa  multiflora,  40  to  70  feet  high,  bearing 
a  dark-blue  berry.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  and 
unwedgeable,  and  is  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
for  yokes,  etc.    Also  called  pepperidge  and  sour-gum. 

blackhead  (blak'hed).  (i.  1.  A  popular  name 
of  the  scaups  or  sea-ducks  of  the  genus  J  i th yia : 
as,  the  greater  and  lesser  blackheads,  A.  marila 
and  J.  afflnis.  See  scaup. —  2.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  black-headed  min- 
now, or  fathead.  Pimphales promelas. 

blackheart  (blak'hart),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
cherry  of  many  varieties:  so  called  from  the 
fruit  being  somewhat  heart-shaped  and  having 
a  skin  nearly  black. 

The  unuetted  black-hearts  ripen  dark, 
All  thine,  against  the  garden  wall. 

Tennyson,  The  Blackbird. 

2.  A  wood  obtained  from  British  Guiana,  suit- 
able for  use  in  building  and  in  furniture-mak- 
ing. 
black-hearted  (blak'liMr'tod),  a.     Having  a 

black  oi'  malignant  heart. 

black-helmet  (blak'lml  met),  n.  A  shell  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  mollusk,  and  used  by 
cameo-cutters.     MeElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

black-hole  (blak'hol),  «.  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  in  a  prison ;  a  place  of  confinement  for  sol- 
diers; any  dismal  place  for  confinement  by 
way  of  punishment. 

There  grew  up  .  .  .  Ian  academic]  discipline  of  onlim* 
ited  autocracy  upheld  by  rods,  ami  ferules,  ami  the  fifocJI:- 

hoU  ll  Spi  "<•"•,  Education,  p.  98. 

The  black-hole  of  Calcutta,  the  garrison  strong-room 
or  black-hole  at  Calcutta,  measuring  about  18  feet  square, 

into  which  Hii  British  prls irs  were  thrust  at  the  point 

o1  the  Bword,  bj  tie-  Nawah  Siraj  ud  Daula,  "ii  June  '-'i>, 
1766.     I  In  next  morning  all  but  23  "en-  dead  from  suffo. 

I   lit  lull 

black-horse  (blak'hdrs),  ».  A  local  name  of 
the  Missouri  sucker,  Cycleptus elongatus,  of  the 
family  Catostomidw. 


2.   A    species    of    foxtail    grass,    Mopecurus 

agrestis.    [Eng.] 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  n.  and  a.     [<  ltlm-1:  + 
guard.    See  def.]   I.  n.  If.  [n  collective  senses 

i  properly  as  two  words):   (")  The  so  nil  ions  and 

lowest  menials  connected  with  a  great  house- 
hold, who  attended  to  the  pots,  coals,  etc.,  and  blacking  (blak'ing),  n.     [verbaln.oi  black,  ».] 

1.  A  ]  ire  pa  rat  ion  for  blacking  boots  and  shoes, 

usually  ma.le  of  powdered  bone-black,  sperm 

or  linseed-oil,  molasses,  sour  heel-  or  vinegar, 
oil  of  vitriol,  and  copperas.  Throughout  the  mid- 
dle av i     i i    were  worn  ol  Hi,-  brown  color  natural  to 

tin-  leather,  or  of  a  dark-red  color,  not  unlike  the  modern 
Russia  leather.  There  is  mention  of  blacking  as  early  as 
iih  i mi ;  of  tin-  seventeenth  century. 

2.  In  leather-working,  any  one  of  a  number  of 


look.-. I   after  them  when   the  household  inov.-.l 
from  one  place  to  another. 
A  lousy  slave,  that  within  tin-  twenty  y.-ars  rode  with 

th.-  black  guard  In  the  duke'i  i  arriage  ■■  i    pil 

dripping  i I  Webster,  w  hit.-  Devil,  i,   :, 

(M  A   guard   of   attendants,   black   in  color  of 
the  skin  ..r  dress,  or  in  character. 

Pelagius,  Celestlus,  ami  other  like  herel  ii  a  of  the  devils 
blackguard.        Fulke,  Defence (1588),  v  888.    i  \.  /•-'.  I>.) 

(c)  The  idle  criminal  class;  vagabonds  gener- 
ally. 


>reparation8  used  in  dyeing  or  staining  leather 

black. —  3.  The  name  given  by  founders  to  a 

black  wash,  eon  1 1  lose.  I  of  ela_\.  water,  and  pow- 


blacking 

dered  ohareoal,  with  which  cores  and  loam- 
molds  are  ooated,  to  give  the  requisite  smooth- 
ness to  the  surfaces  which  come  into  contacl 
with  tho  melted  metal.  Brass  blacking,  a  d.a.i- 
black  ornamental  surface  formed  on  brass  work  [I  i 
madebj  plunging  the  brass  into  a  mixture  of  a    tronj    o 

l„i, >f  nitrate  of  silver  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  ol  i  ip- 

per,  and  heating  It,  after  withdrawal,  until  the  desired 
depth  of  color  Is  obtained.  .,110 

blackish (blak'ish),  a.  [<  hi,,,*  +  -ish  .  I  ^ ■ 

whal  black;  moderately  black  or  dark. 
1..  .„,  to  be  blackish.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vi.  19 

black-jack  (blak'jak),  n.   1.  A  capacious  drink- 

ing-ouporcanformerly 

made  of  waxed  leather, 

but  now  of  thin  metal, 

the  outside   being  ja- 
panned black,  except 

the  edge,  which  is  left 

bright,  in  imitation  of 

the    anoienl    leathern 

black-jacks  with  silver 

rims. 
There's    a    Dead-sea    of 

drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 

g lly  vessels  lie  wrecked; 

and  iii  iIh-  middle  of  this 

deluge  appear  the  tops  of 

flagons  and  black-jacks,  like  churches  drowned  in  the 

Marshes.  Bea  v..  ami  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  11.  2. 


Leathern  Black-jacks. 


2   The  ensign  of  a  pirate.—  3.  ACornishininors. 
term  for  the  common  ferruginous  zinc  sulphid, 
of  which  the  mineralogical  name  is  sphah  ntt . 
and  the  common  name  blende.  Also  called/otse 
galena.— 4.  Caramel  or  burnt  sugar  used  tor 
coloring  spirits,   vinegar,   coffee,   etc.— -5.    A 
trade-name  for  adulterated  butter.— 6.  A  local 
English  name  of  the  enalfish.  I'ollachtus  mrens. 
—  7.  A  common  name  in  the  United  States  for 
a  species  of  oak,  yucrcits  nigra,  and  also,  m  the 
Gulf  States,  for  Q.  CatesbaH,  small  trees  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel.— 8.   The  larva  of  a  saw- 
fly    Ithalia  centifolia  or  A.  spinarum,  one  ot  the 
Tenthredinidoe,  destructive  to   turnips.  _  Also 
called  nigger.  J.O.  Westwood.    [Local  British.  J 
—9    A  kind  of  hand-weapon  consisting  oi  a 
short  elastic  shaft  having  at  one  end  a  heavy 
metal  head  cased  in  netting,  leather,  etc. 
black-knot  (blak'not),  n.     1.  A  fast  knot:  op- 
posed to  running-knot.— 2.  A  species  of  pyre- 
nomycetous  fungus,  Splncrai  morbiisa,  which  at- 
tack's plum-trees  and  some  varieties  of  cherry, 
forming  large,  black,  knot-like  masses  upou 
the  branches.  , 

black-lead  (blak'led'),  »•  1.  Amorphous  gra- 
phite; plumbago.  Bee  graphite.  [Black-lead  is  a 
misnomer,  as  the  mineral  contains  nu  lead.) 
2.  A  pencil  made  of  graphite. 
Sir  1  have  ben  bold  to  note  places  with  my  black-leads, 
and  peradventure  some  expressions  may  be  advan- 
iageousl,  altered  at  yourjleasure^  ^  ^  r  ^^ 

blacklead  (blak'led'),  «.  *•  [<  black-lead,  ».] 
To  cover  with  i>lumbago  or  black-lead;  apply 
black-lead  to. 

The  deposit  would  not  spread  over  a  black-leaded  surface 
in  the  liquid.  <?•  Sore,  Electro-Metall. ,  p.  112. 

RlackleadinE-machine,  an  apparatus  for  applying  pow- 
deSdgraphlS  m  the  sutface  of  wax-molds  previous  to 
coating  them  with  copper.         „',,.,  m, 

blackleg  (blak'leg),  n.  [<  black  +  leg.  The 
allusion  in  def.  3  is  not  clear;  some  suppose 
the  term  was  orig.  applied  to  racing  men  who 
wore  black  top-boots.  The  term  black  is  now 
understood  iu  an  opprobrious  sense;  cf.  hlncl.- 
gitard.]  1.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep  winch 
affects  the  legs;  symptomatic  anthrax.  See 
anthrax.— 2.  A  severe  form  of  purpura.— 3. 
One  who  systematically  tries  to  gain  money 
fraudulently  in  connection  with  races,  or  with 
cards,  billiards,  or  other  games;  a  rook;  a 
swindler.  The  term  implies  the  habitual  frequenting 
ol  places  where  wagers  are  made  and  games  of  chance  are 
played  and  the  seelnng  of  subsistence  by  dishonorable  bet- 
ting, inn  does  not  always  imply  direct  cheating.  Some- 
times contracted  to  leg. 
4.  Same  as  lilack-nob. 

The  police  were  used  to  watch  the  strikers  or  to  protect 
the  black-legi  as  those  are  called  who  work  outside  the 
Onion  movement.   I;.'.  if inton,  Eng.  Rad.  Leaders,  p.  338. 
blacklegism  (blak'leg-izm),  n.     [<  bUckUg  + 
-ism.]     The  profession  or  practices  of  a  black- 
leg; cheating;  swindling.    Bentley's  Mag. 
black-letter  (blak'let  er).  n.  and  a.     I.  «...  A 
name  now  given  to  the  Gothic  or  Old  English 
letter,  which  was  introduced  into  England  about 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  was 
the  character  generally  used  in  manuseripl  sand 
in  the  first  printed  books.    It  is  still,  wit  b  van 
ous  modifications,  in  common  use  in  Germany. 
<Cbie  is  blacfc-imcr. 


573 
II    a.     Written   or  printed  in  black-letter: 
as,  a   b'lack-lrllir  manuscript    or  hook      Black- 
letter  dav  any  day  inscribed  in  the  ancient  calendars  in 

SSSUttSr'^.JdWn ledfromt  Mmonfawr 

taut,  which  were  entered  In  red-letter;  hence,  anoij  uaj 

,„  :ll,  11 or  character  and  dignitj  .  an  inauspicious  day, 

■is  opposi  d  i"  a  red  letter  or  auspicious  day. 

black-liquor  (i-lak'iik  ..,■>.».    A  crude  acetate 

Of    iron   prepared    from    scrap-iron   and    crude 
aeetic  acid,  ve,a  generally  used  111  dyeing  as  a 

mordant   instead  ..f  green  copperas. 

black-list  (blak'list),  n.  1.  A  list  ol  default 
ers:  specifically  applied  to  printed  lists  01  in- 
solvents and  bankrupts,  published  oflieiaiiy. 
Private  lists  however,  of  a  more  searching  character,  are 
furnished  bj  certain  societies  and  private  individuals  to 
subscribers,  with  the  view  of  affording  protection  against 
bad  debts,  frauds   1  tc. 

2.  An\  list  of  persons  who  are  for  any  reason 
deemed  objectionable  by  the  makers  or  users 

of  the  list',  as  for  political  or  social  miscon- 
duct, for  joining  in  or  assisting  a  strike1,  etc.— 
3  Waut.,  a  list  kept  on  board  a  man-of-war  01 
delinquents  to  whom  extra  duty  is  assigned  as 
a  puuishuienl . 

blacklist  (blak'list),  v.  t.    [<  black-list,  ■».]     to 

place  on  a,  black-list. 

blackly  (blak'li),  adv.  With  a  black  or  dark 
appearance;  darkly;  atrociously. 

Lastly  stood  Warre,  in  glittering  arms  yclad, 

With  visage  grim,  steiae  looks,  and  blackely  hewed. 

SackvUle,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Deeds  so  blackly  grim  and  horrid. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  u.  31. 


black-mackt,  »■  [Early  mod.  E.;  <  black  + 
mack  (uncertain).]    A  blackbird. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  n.  [Lit.  black  rent  (cf. 
black  rent,  under  black);  <  black  +  mail,  rent: 
see  mo«3.]  1.  A  tribute  of  money,  corn,  cat- 
tle, or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  111  the  north  ot 
England  and  in  Scotland,  to  meu  who  were  al- 
lied with  robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage.  Blackmail  was  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 

Hence— 2.  Extortion  in  any  mode  by  means 
of  intimidation,  as  the  extortion  of  money  by 
threats  of  accusation  or  exposure,  or  of  unfa- 
vorable criticism  in  the  press.    It  usually  implies 
that  the  payment  is  involuntary,  and  the  ground  for  de- 
manding  it  unlawful  or  pretended  and  fraudulent. 
3f.  Rent  paid  in  produce,  or  in  baser  money, 
in  opposition  to  rent  paid  in  silver. 
blackmail  (blak'mal),  v.  t.    [<  blackmail,  ».] 
To  extort  money  or  goods  from,  by  means  ot 
intimidation  or  threats  of  injury  of  any  kind, 
as  exposure  of  actual  or  supposed  wrong-doing, 
etc.     See  the  noun. 
black-match  (blak'niach),  ■«.    Same  as  amadou. 
blackmoort  (blak'mSr),  n.    Same  as  blacka- 
moor.    Beau,  and  Fl. 
black-moss  (blak'm6s),  n.    The  Spanish  moss 
Tillandsia   usneoides,  of  the  southern  tinted 
States :  so  called  from  the  black  fiber  that  re- 
mains after  the  outer  covering  of  the  stem  is 
removed.     It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  horse- 
hair in  mattresses,  etc. 
blackmouth  (blak'mouth),  n.     Afoul-mouthed 
person  ;  a  slanderer.     [Bare.] 
blackmouthed  (blak'moutht),  a.    Slanderous , 
calumnious ;  foul-mouthed. 

Whatever  else  the  most  Uack-moutVd  atheists  charged 
It  with  Kittingbeck,  Sermons,  p.  us. 

black-mullet  (blak'mul"et),  n.  A  local  name 
about  Chesapeake  Bay  of  a  scirenoid  fish  Men- 
ticirrus  ncbulosus.  See  cut  under  kmgfish. 
black-neb  (blak'neb),  «.  1.  A  name  of  the 
,  anion-crow.-2t.  A  person  accused  of  sympa- 
thy with  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion; a  democrat.     [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  that  I  was  giving  cause  for  many  to 

thh  k  1.  'an  cnemv  to  the  king  and  government       lint  so 

',s     \    i,v  ol  the  heritors  considered  me  a  btack-neb, 

though  I  knew  it  not.    Gait,  Annals  ol  the  Parish,  p.  269. 

blackness  (blak'nes),  n.  [<  black  +  -«<«■] 
1  Th,  quality  of  being  black;  black  color; 
darkness. 

His  faults,  in  him,  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven 
Mo,,-  fiery  by  night's  blackness.    Shak.,  A.  and ( !.,  1.  4. 
Blackness  as  a  solid  wall.  Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.    Moral  darkness;  atrocity  or  enormity  in 
wickedness. 

O'er  a  world  of  light  and  beauty 
ft  11  the  blackness  ot  his  crime. 

Wnittier,  Slave  Ship. 

black-nob  (blak'nob),  «.  An  opprobrious  name 
given  in  England  by  trades-unionists  to  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  a  trades-union;  a 
knobstick.     Also  called  blackleg. 


black-snake 

Reports  were  submitted  from  th.   varlou    wi  rks 

showed  that  all  the  mei ployed  bj  tl mp 

wen itrike,  with  the.  ico  pt '    i       "      ■""' 

Stool -  1  ui  «  papa  1  1. 

black-peopled  (blak'pe'pld),  a.  Inhabited  by 
black  pei>..us:  as,  "black-peopled  empire,  San- 
dys, Christ's  Passion. 

black-pigment  (blak'pig  ment),  n.    A  fine, 

lioht    carbonaci  ou     substai ,  or  lampblack, 

prepared  cWefly  for  the  manufacture  of  printers 
ink.  It  isobtained  bj  burningi men  coal  tar. 

black-plate  (blak'plat),  n.  Sheet-iron  plate 
before  it  is  tinned. 

black-pot  (blak'pot),  n.  It.  A  beer-mug; 
hencefa  toper.— 2.  The  name  given  in  Eng- 
lish to  a  variety  of  crockery  made  m  Denmark. 

1,   ,    ,  x nl  while  burning  to  a  verj  Btrong  and 

Smoke,  which  penetrates  its  substance  and  answei 
nmroseoi     1                    '  P"t- a.,  cheap  and  wholesome 
?oo&ng-veB8els,  having  1 1   the   inconveniences  of 

black-pudding  (blak'pudnng),  n.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  blood  and  suet,  seasoned  with 
salt,  pepper,  onions,  etc.,  sometimes  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  oatmeal.  Also  called  blood- 
pudding.  „  c,  ,,    ,    . 

black-quarter  (blak'kwar'ter),  n.  [<  black  + 
guarter,  the  shoulder.]  A  disease  in  animals; 
symptomatic  anthrax.     See  anthrax. 

black-rod  (blak'rod),  n.  In  England,  the  usher 
belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter  more 
fully  styled  gentleman  usher  oj  the  black  rod: 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  which  he,  carries. 
1 1 ,  ,  of  the  king's  chamber  and  usher  of  Parliament.  His 
deputy  is  stvled  the  yeoman  usher.  1  -  s  are  >■  official 
messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords  ;  and  1  ithi  >  the  gentle- 
man ,„  -the  veonian  usher  summons  the  .Commons  to  the 
;!,M.  of  ir.,ils«li.,i  the  royal  assents  given  to  Mis 
and  also  executes  orders  for  the  eoiniuitinent, it  ; 
guilty  of  breach  of  privilege  and  contempt.  II10  nam,  s 
also  given  to  similar  functionaries  in  the  legislatures  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  other  British  colonies. 

black-root  (blak'rot),    n.      1.   Culvers  root  or 

Culver's  physic,  Veronica  Vtrgimca.— 2.  Ptero- 
caulon  pyenostachyum,  a  perennial  herbaceous 
composite  plant   of  the   pine-barrens   of  the 
southern  United  States. 
black-salter  (blak'sal  ter),  n.   One  who  makes 

black-salts   (blak'salts),   ».    pi.    Wood-ashes 

after  they  have  been  lixiviated  and  the  so- 
lutiou  has  been  evaporated  until  the  mass  has 
become  black.     [U.  S.] 

black-sampson  (blak'samp'spn),  n  A  popu- 
lar name  in  the  United  States  for  the  species 
of  Echinacea,  the  thick  black  roots  ot  which 
u, ire  formerly  supposed  to  have  powerful  me- 
dicinal virtues. 

blackseed  (blak'sed),  n.  The  nonesuch.  Med*. 
cago  lupulina  :  so  called  from  its  black,  seed- 

black-snell  (blak'shel),  n  A  univalve  shell 
of  the  family  Haliotida;  inhabiting  tho  Pacific 
ocean.     See  extract. 

The  blatk-shdl  ...  is  so  called  because,  when  I'ohshed 
it  throws  out  a  ve.v  dark  shade,  full,  however,  of  beauti- 
ful rainbow  tints  exquisitely  blended. 

M.  S.  Lowell,  British  Edible  Mollusca,  p.  182. 

blacksize  (blak'siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  black- 
sized,  ppr.  blaeksizing.  In  kathcr-m.rknig,  to 
cover  with  a  coat  of  stiff  size  and  tallow  The 
size  is  laid  on  with  a  soft  brush  or  sponge,  ami  the  leather 
is  then  well  rubbed  with  a  glass  slicker,  after  which  it 
receives  a  dual  gloss  from  a  little  thm  size  applied  with  a 

blacksmith  (blak' smith),  n.  [<  late  ME.  black- 
smith, <  black  (in  ref.  to  iron  or  black  metal) 
+  smith.  Cf.  whitesmith.']  1.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils;  an 
ironsmith ;  especially,  in  the  United  States,  ono 
who  makes  horseshoes  and  shoes  horses.— 2. 
,  A  translation  of  a  native  name.]  In  aniilli., 
a  name  of  the  bare-necked  bell-bird  of  Bra- 
zil Chasmorhynchus  nudicollis.S.  In  ichth.,  a 
pomacentroid  fish,  Chromis  punctipinnis,  hav- 
ing conical  teeth  in  two  or  more  rows  111  each 
jaw,  a  blackish  color  with  violet  luster  above 
relieved  by  greenish  edgings  of  some  ot  the 
scales,  ami  bluish-black  fins  with  small  brown 
spots.  It  is  not  uncommon  along  the  southern 
e.mst  of  California. 

blacksmithing  (blak'smith  ing),  n.  [<  black- 
smith +  -iinjK)  The  trade  or  process  of  work- 
ing in  iron.  . 

black-snake  (blak'snak'),  n.     1.  A  name  of 

various  serpents  of  a  more  or  less  black  coloi. 
The  most  noteworthy  are:  (a)  Serpent  Bmcowot  con 
strictor,oi  the  famUj  Colubrida,oi  black  color,  not iven- 

omous,  but  attaining  a  large  size,  and  sing  great 

strength  and  agility,  so  that  it  is  capable  of  exerting  much 
constrictive  force.  It  climbs  trees  ea.ily.  is  often  6  feel 
„  length,  ami  is  eoimum,  in  the  I  nitcl  Sla.es  eas .    o f      .• 

Mississim.i     Son ther  related  specie   i ve  ibes.ine 

name"    ('-I  A  eoiubrokl  snake,  Coluber  obsolete,  differing 


black-snake 


674 


from  the  former  by  having  ke 

scales,  and  preferring  highlands  :  also  known  as  the  mown. 

fain  black-snake  and  racer,    (c)  A  colubroid  snake,  Ocyo- 

habits,  peculiar  to  the  island  of  Jamai- 


eled  instead  of  smooth  black-work  (blak'werk),  n.  Iron  wrought  by 
blacksmiths:  so  called  m  distinction  irom  that 
wrought  by  whitesmiths. 

blackwort  (blak'wert),  ».  1.  The  conifrey, 
Symphytum  officinale. —  2.  An  English  name  of 
the  whortleberry,  the  fruit  of  Vaccinium  Myr- 
ttllus. 

blacky  (blak'i),  ». ;  pi.  blackies  (-iz).  [Also  less 
prop,  blackey;  dim.  of  black.  Cf.  darky.]  1. 
A  black  person;  a  negro. —  2.  A  name  used 
colloquially  for  any  black  bird  or  animal,  as  a 
rook. 
I  wonder  if  the  old  blackies  do  talk. 

blacky-top  (blak'i-top),  n.      A 
stoneekat,  Saxicola  or  PraUncola  rubicola.  Mac- 
giUwray.     [Local  British.] 

blad1  (blad),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Madded,  ppr. 
bladding.  [Also  Maud;  perhaps  imitative.  Cf. 
dad",  beat,  thump.]     1.  To  slap;  strike  with 

es  mostly  red/and  with  ventral  shields  mar.  tjfi&FfSj,  ?fa*'_?;  u°  malt*eat;     [Scotch.] 

gined  with  black.    f«)  A  venomous  snake  of  tlie  family  D-iaa*   (bind),   n.     [<  blad1,  v.]     A  slap;   a  Hat 
\       i.r,  Boploeephalus  curtm  or  //.  fuscus,  inhabiting     blow.     [Scotch.] 

Australia  and  Tasmania.    It  is  the  common  black-snake  blad2  (blad),  n.     [Also  bhnal  ■  prob  (blad1   V  • 

2.  A  'kind'  of  cowhide  or  horsewhip  made  with-     frtfa^^S  ^tr^'J'T'  ST*"3 
out  distinction  of  stock  and  lash,  braided  and    fg^ehl      fragment;  a  large  pieCe  or  lumP" 

SSS25.SSS  M^&SS^  t^f^I  Wad«  (blad),  ,,.     [Appar  =  E.  blads  =  Sw.  Dan. 

blad,  a,  leaf.]    A  portfolio;  a  blottmg-book  or 


T.  Hughes. 
name   of  the 


blade 

bladder-ketmia  0>lad'er-ket"mi-ii),  n.  A  cul- 
tivated annual  species  of  plants, "of  the  genus 
Hibiscus,  II.  Trionum,  with  a  bladdery  calyx. 

bladder-nose  (blad'er-noz),  «.  A  name  of  the 
hooded  seal,  Oustophora  cristata.  Encvc.  Brit., 
XXI.  582. 

bladder-nosed  (hl&d'er-nozd),  a.  Having  an 
inflatable  bladdery  appendage  on  the  snoul  : 
applied  to  the  so-called  hooded  seal,  Cystophora 
cristata. 

bladder-nut  (blad'er-nut),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylea,  natu- 


Black-snakc  (Bascam'on  constrictor). 

ca.  It  reaches  a  length  of  about  5  feet  (d)  A  poisonous 
snake  of  the  family  Najidee,  Pseudeehie  porphyriacus, 
inhabiting  low  marshy  places  in  nearly  every  part  of  Aus- 
tralia.    It  is  black  above,  with  each  scale  of  the  outer 


and  pliant  and  flexible  throughout.  It  is  a  terribly 
effective  instrument  of  torture,  used  by  drivers  in  parts  of 
the  United  States,  especially  hy  the  class  who  are  known 
as  "mule-skinners  "  from  their  use  of  the  instrument. 

black-spaul  (blak'spal),  n.  Symptomatic  an- 
thrax.    See  anthrax. 

Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill.    See  bills. 

black-strap  (blak'strap),  ».  A  name  of  vari- 
ous beverages,  (a)  In  the  United  States,  a  mixture  of 
spirituous  liquor,  generally  rum  or  whisky,  with  molasses 
and  vim 

A  mug  of  the  right  black-strap  goes  round  from  lip  to 
lip.  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

(6)  A  sailors'  term  for  any  strong,  dark-colored  liquor  : 
hence  applied  to  the  dark-red  wines  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean coasts. 

black-stripe  (blak'strlp),  n.  Same  as  black- 
strap. 

blacktail  (blak'tal),  n.  1.  A  pereoid  fish,  the 
Acerina  cerrvua.  More  generally  called  ruff  or 
2>opc.  See  ruff. — 2.  A  common  name  among 
hunters  (a)  of  the  black-tailed  deer  or  mule- 
deer.  Cariacus  macrotis  (see  mule-deer):  (b)  of 
the  Columbian  deer,  C.  columbianus :  in  both 
cases  in  distinction  from  the  common  or 
white-tailed  deer,  C.  virginianus. — 3.  In  India, 
a  name  of  the  chikara  or  ravine-deer,  Tragojis 
bennetti. 

blackthorn  (blak'thfirn),  n.  1.  The  sloe,  Pru- 
nus  spinosa.  See  slue—  2.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  stem  of  this  shrub. 

black-tongue  (blak'tung),  n.  A  form  of  an- 
thrax exhibiting  dark  bloody  vesicles  and  ul- 
cerating spots  on  the  tongue,  affecting  horses 
and  cattle.     See  anthrax. 


blotting-pad.  [Scotch.] 
bladder  (blad'er),  n.  [Sc.  also  blather,  blether; 
<  ME.  bladder,  blader,  bledder,  blrdrr.  bladdre, 
bleddre,  bledre,  <  AS.  hlin/dn;  prop,  with  long 
vowel  and  single  d,  blwdre,  bledre,  a  blister,  a 
bladder  (=  MD.  bleeder,  D.  blaar  =  MLG.  bld- 
di  re,  LG.  bladere,  bledder,  blare  =  OHG.  bldtara, 
blattara,  bldtra,  MHG.  blatere,  blatter,  (J.  blatter 
=  Icel.  bladhra  =  Sw.  bladdra  =  Dan.  bkere, 
bladder),  with  suffix  -are,  <  bldtean,  blow:  see 
blow1.']  1.  A  thin,  elastic,  highly  distensible 
and  contractile  muscular  and  membranous  sac 
forming  that  portion  of  the  urinary  passages  in 
which  urine,  constantly  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys, is  retained  until  it  is  discharged  from  the 
body.  Such  a  vesicle  is  specially  characteristic  of  mam- 
mals, its  size  and  shape  varying  with  the  species.  Its  cavity- 
is  primitively  that  of  the  allantois.  It  is  lined  with  mu- 
cous membrane,  is  more  or  less  invested  with  peritoneum, 
and  is  supplied  with  vessels  and  nerves. 
2.  Any  similar  receptacle,  sac,  or  vesicle,  com- 
monly distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix.  See 
air-bladder,  brain-bladder,  gall-bladder,  swim- 
bladder. —  3.  Any  vesicle,  blister,  bleb,  Main, 
or  pustule  containing  fluid  or  air. — 4.  In  hut.  \ 
(a)  A  hollow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricularia,  filled  with  air  and  float- 
ing the  plant,  (b)  A  cellular  expansion  of  the 
substance  of  many  alga)  filled  with  air.  See 
cut  under  air-cell. — 5.  Anything  inflated,  emp- 
ty, or  unsound:   as,  "bladders  of  philosophy," 

Rochester,  Sat.  against  Mankind Atony  of  the 

bladder.    See  atony. 


black-turpeth  (blak'ter'peth),  n.    Mercury  di-  bladder ;  (blad'er),  v.  t.     [<  bladder,  «.]     1.  To 


oxid  or  suboxid,  IlgoO:  commonly  called  the 
gray,  ash,  or  black  oxid. 

black-varnish  tree.  See  Rhus  and  Melanor- 
rhcea. 

black-wad  (blak'wod),  n.  An  ore  of  manga- 
nese used  as  a  drying  ingredient,  in  paints. 

Blackwall  hitch.'    See  hitch. 

black-ward  (blak'ward),  n.    Under  the  feudal 


put  up  in  a  bladder:  as.  bladdered  lard. —  2.  To 
puff  up;  fill,  as  with  wind.     [Rare.] 

A  hollow  globe  of  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  bladdered. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph. 

bladder-blight  (blad'er-blit),  n.     See  blight. 
bladder-brand  (blad'er-brand),  n.     Same   as 
bunt*',  1. 


system,    a  subvassal   who  held  ward  of  the  bladder-campion  (blad'er-kampi-pn),  n.    The 
kings  vassal.  popular  name   of  the  plant  Sitene  in  /lata:  so 

black-wash  (blak'wosh),  n.    1.  A  lotion  com 
posed  of  calomel  and  lime-water.  - 

wash  that  blackens. 


Remove  .  .  .  the  modern  layers  of  black-wash,  and  let 
the  man  himself  .  .  .  beseen.  Kingsley 

3.  In  molding,  a  clav  wash  to  which  powdered  Madder-fern   (blad'er-fern), 

char, 1  I,, si„  eD  added.    See  blacking,  i.  I-lame.ot  tystoptens, * genvs 

black-water  (blak'wa"ter),  u.     A   disease   of 

sheep. 

black-whale  (blak'hwal),  ».    A  delphinoid  ee- 

fcacean,  Globicephalm  svineval,  more  generally 

called  blackftsh. 
blackwood'(blak'wii,l),  „.    i.  The  wood  of  a 

large  leguminous  tree  of  the  East   Indies,  Ital- 


called  from  its  inflated  calyx. 
Any  bladdered  (blad'erd),  p.  a.    Swelled  like  a  blad- 
der; puffed  up;  vain. 
A  bladdered-  greatness.  Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 

n.  The  common 
of  ferns :  so  called 
from  the  bladder-like  indusi  um. 
five,  species  are  known  ;  Crcat  Britain 
and  North  America  have  three  each, 
and  of  these  two  are  common  to  both 
countries;  the  fifth  occurs  in  Silesia 
and  the  Carpathian  mountains. 

bladder-gastrula      (blad '  er- 

gas"tro-lii),  n.     Same   as  /„  rt- 
gastrula. 


bergia  lati/nlia      :tremely  hard,  mostly  of  adark-  bladder-frrPPn    fblnd'er  o-renl 

purple  color,  and  is  very  valuable  for  furniture  and  carv-  01cluQer-green  u>iau  ir-gren;, 


[ng,  as  well  as  for  carl  wheels,  gun  carriages,  etc.  Also 
called  East  Indian  r<,srir""d. 

2.  Tlie  wood  of  the  Araciii  M,  liinn.njliin .  the 
most  valuable  timber  of  Australia,  note, I  for 
its  hardness  and  durability. —  3.  In  the  W'esi 
Indies,  the  name  given  to  the  black  mangrove, 
Avicennianitida,  a  small  tree  of  sen -coast  marsh- 
es, with  very  heavy,  hard,  and  dark-brown  or 
nearly  black  wood.  The  tree  is  also  found  in 
southern  Florida. 


n.     Same  as  sap-green 

bladder-herb  (Mad'er-erb),  n. 
The  winter-cherry,  PhysaUs  Al- 
keki  ngi :  so  called  from  its  in- 
flated  calyx. 

bladder-kelp  (blad'er-kelp),  n 
bladder-wrack. — 2.  A  seaweed  of  the  California 
coast,  of  the  genus  Nereocystis,  having  an  ex- 
ceedingly long  stem  which  dilates  above  into 
a  bladder  several  feet  in  length. 


ladder-fern. —  Pin- 
nule   of    C&stopterit 

fra£tl: 
shaped  in  I 

1.    S;i as 


Bladder-nut.— Flowering  node  of  Sttiphylca  tn/olia. 

a,  fruit;  t>,  section  of  same.    (From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants 

ol  the  United  States.") 

ral  order  Kapindarta;  given  on  account  of  their 
inflated  fruit-capsule.  The  European  S.  pinnata  and 
the  ,s'.  Inhilia  of  tile  Atlantic  States  arc  occasionally  cul- 
tivated as  ornamental  shruhs.  Central  Asia,  Japan,  and 
California  have  also  each  a  peculiar  Bpecies. 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pistachio, 
Pistacia  vera. 

bladder-pod  (Mad'er-pod),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a 
leguminous  plant  of  southern  Africa,  Physolo- 
bium,  with  bladdery  pods.  — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  Vesicaria  Shortii,  a  cruciferous  plant 
with  globose  capsules. 

bladder-senna  (blad '  er-sen  "  ii),  n.  A  species 
of  Colutea,  V.  arborescens,  natural  order  Leait- 
iiiinnste,  frequently  cultivated,  it  is  a  shrub  with 
y.  How  Mowers  ami  iil.i.M.  i  like  pods,  a  nam,  ni  southern 
Europe.  It  derives  its  name  of  senna  from  its  popular 
use  as  a  purgative.     Also  called  bastard  snma. 

bladder-snout  (hlad'er-snont),  n.  The  common 
bladderwort,  Utricularia  vulgaris:  so  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 

bladder-worm  (blad'er-werm),  it.  A  tape- 
worm in  its  cystic  stage ;  a  hydatid  or  scolex. 
See  cystic,  and  cut  under  Tcenia. 

bladderwort  (blad'er-wert),  ii.  The  common 
name  of  members  of  the  genus  Utricularia, 
slender  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
furnished  with  floating-bladders.  See  Utricu- 
lar ia. 

bladder-wrack  (blad'er-rak),  n.  A  seaweed, 
Fiiciis  vcsiculosits :  so  named  from  the  floating- 
vesicles  in  its  fronds.  Also  called  bladder-kelp, 
sea-oak;  and  sea-wrack.     See  Fucus. 

bladdery  (blad'er-i),  a.  [<  bladder  +  -t/i.] 
Thin,  membranous,  and  inflated  or  distended, 
like  a  bladder ;  vesicular ;  blistered  ;  pustular. 
—  Bladdery  fever.    Same  as  pemphigus. 

blade  (blad),  n.  [<  ME.  blad,  blade,  bladde,  a 
leaf  of  grass  or  corn  (not  found  in  the  general 
sense  of  'leaf'),  commonly  the  cutting  part  of 
a  knife  or  sword,  the  sword  itself,  <  AS.  bleed 
(pi.  bladn,  blado),  a  leaf,  broad  part  of  a  thing, 
as  of  an  oar  (=  ( >S.  blad  =  OPries.  bled  =  D. 
blad  =  MLG.  Mat,  LG.  Mad  =  OHG.  MHG.  hint, 
G.  Matt  =  Icel.  Madh  =  Sw.  Dan.  blad,  a  leaf), 
perhaps,  with  orig.  pp.  suffix  -d  (as  in  sad,  cola, 
Old,  loud,  etc),  <  blvwaii  (y/*hla,  *bto),  blow, 
bloom,  whence  also  E.  bloom1,  blossom,  akin 
to  L.  flos  (flor-),  >  E.  flower.  To  the  same  ult. 
root  belongs  perhaps  L.  folium  =  Gr.  QvXhov, 
leaf:  see  folio,  foil1.  The  reg.  mod.  E.  form 
would  be  Mad  (like  sad,  glad,  etc.);  the  long 
vowel  is  due  to  the  ME.  inflected  forms,  blade, 
etc.]  1.  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  particularly  (now 
perhaps  exclusively )  of  gramineous  plants;  also, 
the  young  stalk  or  spiro  of  gramineous  plants. 
Bui  when  the  blade  was  sprung  up  and  brought  forth 
fruit,  then  appeared  the  tares  also.  Mai.  \iii.  '_'ii. 

Whoever  could  make  .  .  .  bwobladesot  grass  to  grow 
.  .  .  where  onlj  one  grew  before,  would  deserve  better  of 
mankind  .   .  .   than  the  whole  race  of  politicians. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  'travels,  ii.  7. 
flu  varying  Mai  with  blade  ami  sheaf. 

Tennyson,  bay- bream. 
2.  In  hot,  the  lamina  or  broad  part  of  a  leaf, 
petal,  sepal,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
petiole  or  footstalk.     See  cut  under  leaf. —  3. 

Anything  resembling  a  blade.  <,,)  ,\  sword;  also, 
the  Hat,  thin,  cutting  part  of  a  knife  or  other  cutting-tool. 


blade 

If  ere  your  blades 
Bad  point  or  prowess,  prove  them  now. 

Moore,  bulla  Rookh. 

The  famous  Damascus  blades,  so  renowned  in  the  time 
of  the  Crusaders,  arc  made  here  no  Longer, 

li.  'I'uiihir,  I. amis  of  the  Sal'an  n,  p,    180. 

(b)  The  broad,  flatte I  pari  oi  certain  instruments  and 

utensils,  as  of  an  oar,  a  paddle,  a  .spade,  etc 
The  Hade  of  her  light  ear  threw  ""  its  shower  of  spray. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 
(.•)  A  broad  flattened  part  of  a  bone:  as,  a  faw-blade; 
specifically,  the  Bcapula  or  shoulder-blade. 

Atrides'  lance  did  gore 
Pyleemen's  shoulder  in  the  blade. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  y. 
(d)  Tile  front  flat  part  of  the  tongue.  11.  Swat,  Hand- 
book of  Phonetics.  ('  )  A  eonunereial  name  for  the  four 
large  plates  on  the  sides,  and  the  five  large  plates  in  the 
middle,  of  the  upper  shell  of  the  sea-turtle,  which  yield 
the  best  tortoise-shell.  (/)  That  limb  of  a  level  which  is 
movable  on  a  pivot  at  the  joint,  in  order  that  it  may  he 
adjusted  to  in,  bide  any  angle  between  it  and  the  stock. 
fa)  The  float  or  vane  nt  a  propeller  or  paddle-wheel.  (/<) 
The  web  or  plate  of  a  saw.  (i)  The  edge  of  a  sectorial 
tooth.  ( /)  In  entom.,  one  of  the  Hat,  two-edged  plates 
forming  the  Bword-like  ovipositor  of  certain  Orthoptera 

and  Homoptera  .   in  a  w  ider  sense,  the  ovipositor  itself. 

4.  A  dashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  aswaggerer; 
a  rakish  fellow;  Btrictly,  perhaps,  one  who  is 
sharp  and  wide  awake:  as,  "jolly  blades,"  Eve- 
lyn, Memoirs,  i. 

The  soldiers  of  the  city,  valiant  blades. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetiek  Lady,  iii.  4. 

A  brisk  young  fellow,  with  his  hat  cocked  like  a  fool 
behind,  as  the  present  fashion  among  tie-  blades  is. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  142. 
He  saw  a  turnkey  in  a  triee 
Fetter  a  troublesome  blade. 

Coleridge,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

5.  One  of  the  principal  rafters  of  a  roof.    Gwilt. 
blade  (blad),   ».;   pret.   and  pp.   bladed,   ppr. 

blading.  [  <  ME,  hidden  (=  MLG.  Uaden  =  Sw. 
bliidn,  thin  out  plants);  from  tlie  noun.]  I. 
trims.  1.  To  take  off  the  blades  of  (herbs). 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  To  furnish  with  a 

"blade;  fit  a  blade  to To  blade  itt,  to  fight  with 

blades  or  swords. 

II.   intrans.   To  eome  into  blade;   produce 
blades. 

As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  flower  is  faded, 
As  ever  in  the  .Muse's  garden  bladed. 

I'.  Fletcher,  Eliza,  an  Elegy. 

blade-bone  (blad'bon),  n.  The  scapula  or  shoul- 
der-blade. 

bladed  (bla'ded),  p.  a.  [<  blade  +  -«<-.]  1. 
Having  a  blade  or  blades,  as  a  plant,  a  knife, 
etc.:  as,  "bladed  grass,"  Shah.,  M.  N.  D.,  i. 
1;  "bladed  field,"  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  57. — 
2.  Stripped  of  blades  or  leaves. — 3.  himineral., 
composed  of  long  and  narrow  plates  like  the 


Bladed  Structure.  Cyanite. 

blade  of  a  knife :  as,  bladed  structure. —  4.  In 
her.,  used  when  the  stalk  or  the  blade  of  any 
kind  of  grain  is  borne  of  a  color  different  from 
the  ear  or  fruit:  as,  an  ear  of  corn  or,  bladed 
vert. 

blade-fish  (blad'fish),  n.  A  name  in  England 
of  the  hairtail,  Trichiurus  le/iturus. 

blade-metal  (Dlad'met'al),  ».  Metal forsword- 
blades.     Milton. 

blade-mill  (blad'mil),  n.  A  mill  fur  grinding 
off  the  rough  surfaces  of  tools  preparatory  to 
polishing  them. 

blade-ore  (blad'or),  n.  A  general  name  for 
the  species  of  seaweed  belonging  to  the  genus 
Luminal  in  (which  see). 

blader  (bla'der),  n.  If.  One  who  makes 
swords. —  2t.  A  swordsman. —  3.  In  composi- 
tion with  numerals,  a  tool  having  the  number 
of  blades  indicated  by  the  prefix :  as,  three-Wa- 
der.     [Colloq.] 

bladesmitht  ( blad'smith),  ».  [<  ME.  bladsmyth, 
<  blad,  blade,  +  smith.']  A  sword-cutler.  York 
Plays. 

blade-Spring  (blad'spring),  n.  A  form  of  spring 
used  to  hold  piston-rings  in  place. 

Four  arms,  which  serve  a  double  purpose,  connecting 
the  boss  with  the  top  and  bottom  of  tlu-  piston,  and  earry- 
ing  at  their  extremities  the  blade-s/ninas. 

Campin,  Meeh.  Engineering,  p.  142. 


C75 

blady  (bla'di),  a.  [<  blade  +  -y1.]  Consisting 
of  blades;  provided  wilh  blades  or  leaves: 
as.  "tite  blady  grass,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion, 
xix.  73. 

blae  (bla  or  ble),  a.  and  u.  [Sc.  and  North.  E. ; 
also  written  Idea,  bley,  blay ,- <  ME.  bla,  blaa, 
the  north,  dial,  form  (after  loci,  hldi;  dark- 
blue,  livid,  =  Sw.  bid  —  Dan.  blaa,  blue)  corre- 
sponding to  the  reg.  southern  bio,  bloo,  bloe, 
hhnre,  mod.  E.  dial,  hlou;  <  AS.  *hldw  (in  dcriv. 
blieiren,  bluish)  =  OFries.  bldu;  bldu  =  MI),  bid, 
bldit,  later  blaeuio,  D.  blaauw  =  MLG-.  blow,  LG. 
hi, ni  =  011(1.  blao  (bldw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldir-), 
(i.  hlmi  (whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bldvus,  >It. 
hiaro  =  OSp.  blaro  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  blava,  =  OF. 
and  mod.  F.  bleu,  >  ME.  bleu,  bleioe  (perhaps  in 
part  <  AS.  "blefw  (as  in  bhciccn)  for  *bldw),  mod. 
E.  blue,  i|.  v.),  blue,  prob.  =  L.  fldvus,  yellow 
(color-names  are  unstable  in  application):  see 
blue.']  I.  a.  1.  Blue;  blaekish-bluo ;  livid; 
also,  bluish-gray;  lead-colored:  a  color-name 
applied  to  various  shades  of  blue. — 2.  Livid; 
pale-blue:  applied  to  a  person's  complexion,  us 
affected  by  cold,  terror,  or  contusion. 

tib  !  sirs,  some  of  you  "ill  stand  with  ablae  countenance 
before  the  tribunal  of  God.  M.  Bruce. 

II.  n.  [Commonly  in  pi.  blaes ;  also  written 
blui~e,  blaze.]  In  coalmining,  indurated  argil- 
laceous shale  or  clay,  sometimes  containing 
nodules  of  iron  ore.  The  same  term  is  also 
applied  to  beds  of  hard  sandstone. 

blaeberry  (bla'ber"i),  re. ;  pi.  blaeberries  (-iz). 
[Sc. ;  also  spelled  bledberry,  blaybcrry ;  <  blae 
+  berry,  after  Icel.  hldlur  =  Sw.  bltibdr  =  Dan. 
blaabcer :  see  bilberry.]  The  Scotch  name  of  the 
bilberry. 

blae-linen  (bla'lin"en),  re.  A  slate-colored 
linen  beetled  in  the  manufacture.     Also  blay- 

llllrn. 

blaesitas  (ble'si-tas),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  blcesus, 
lisping,  stammering;  cf.  Gr.  ji'Aaiaoc,  crooked, 
bandy-legged.]  1.  Stuttering  or  stammering. 
—  2.  An  imperfection  of  speech  consisting  in 
the  substitution  of  d  for  t,  b  for  j),  etc.  See  psel- 
lismus.     [Rare.] 

blafft,  ».  i.  [Prob.  <  D.  blaffen  =  MLG.  LG. 
blaffen,  bark;  cf.  ME.  wlaffen,  and  baffen,  E. 
baff1,  bark:  all  appar.  imitative.]     To  bark. 

Seals  whieh  would  rise  out  of  the  water,  and  blaff  like  a 
dee.  Capt.  Cowley,  Voy.  (1729),  p.  6.    (N.  E.  D.) 

blaffert  (blaf'ert),  re.  [<  MHG.  blaphart,  pla- 
jihart,  plappert  =  MLG.  blaffert  =  MD.  hlaf- 
ferd,  blaffaert  (ML.  blaffardus),  a  silver  coin 
with  a  blank  face,  <  blaffaert,  having  a  blank 
or  plane  face,  <  blttf,  having  a  blank  or  broad 
face :  see  blaff1.]  An  old  silver  coin  of  Cologne, 
worth  about  4  cents. 

blaflum  (blaf'lum),  re.  [Also  bleflum.  Cf.  he- 
lium.] Deception;  imposition;  hoax.   [Scotch.] 

blague  (blag),  re.  [F.]  Humbug;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  pretentious  falsehood. 

blague  (blag),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blagued,  ppr. 
blaguing.  [<  F.  blaguer,  humbug,  hoax;  from 
tin' noun.]     To  humbug;  boast;  lie  jestingly. 

She  [a  Belgian  shopkeeper]  laughed,  and  said  I  blagued. 
The  Bread-Winners,  vi. 

blain  (blan),  «.      [<  ME.  Wane,   blayn,   bleyn, 

blein,  <  AS.  bleijen  (=  D.  blcin  =  LG.  ble'un  = 
Dan.  blegn),  perhaps,  like  bladder,  ult.  from  the 
root  of  bldiran,  blow,  puff:  see  blow1.]  1.  A 
pustule  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  blister. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xii.  ISO. 

2.  A  bubble  of  water. —  3.  In  farriery,  a  blad- 
der growing  oti  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  windpipe,  and  tending  to  cause  suffocation. 

blaize,  ".  pt.    See  blae,  n. 

blakt,  blaket,  a.    Middle  English  forms  of  black. 

blake  (blak),  a.  -[E.  dial.,  <  ME.  blalee,  blah, 
the  northern  form  corresponding  to  the  reg. 
southern  early  ME.  bloke,  blue,  <  AS.  bloc  (var. 
blase,  >  ME.  bleche,  mod.  E.  bleach1,  adj.,  also 
prob.  without  assibilation  ME.  'bleke,  mod.  E. 
bleak1:  see  bleach1,  a.,  and  bleak1)  (=  OS.  blek 
=  I).  bleek  =  MLG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG. 
G.  bleieh  =  Icel.  bleikr),  shining,  white,  pale,  < 
bliean  (pret.  bide),  shine,  gleam:  see  blick1.]  1. 
Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue,  as  the  com- 
plexion ;  of  a  pale-green  or  yellow  hue,  as  vege- 
tation.—  2.  Yellow,  as  butter,  cheese,  etc.  —  3. 
Bleak;  cold;  bare;  naked.  Halliicell.  [North. 
Eng.  | 

blaket,  e.  i.  [ME.  blaken,  the  northern  form 
corresponding  to  the  reg.  southern  early  ME. 
bloken,  <  AS.  bldeian,  become  pale,  <  bide,  pale: 
see  blake,  a.]    To  become  pale. 


blamelessly 

blakeling  (blak'ling),  ».  [10.  dial.,  <  hlake,  yel- 
low, +  -ling1.]  The  yellow  bunting.  Ilalh- 
nrll.     [North.  Eng. J 

blamable,  blameable  (bla'ma-bl),  a.  [<  hiumr 
+  -able.]  Deserving  of  blame  or  censure; 
faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible;  censurable. 

Such  feelings,  though  blamable,  were  natural  and  not 
wholly  inexcusable.  Haeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

blamableness,   blameableness    (bla'ma-bl- 

nis),  n.     The  stale  or  quality  of  being  blama- 
ble ;  culpability;  faultiness. 
If  we  are  to  measure  degrees  of  blwmeabU.'nesa,  one 

Wrong  must  be  set  oil  aeainst  the  other. 

Edinburgh  Her.,  CLXIV.  450. 

blamably,  blameably  (bla'ma-bli),  ado.  In 
a  blamable  manner;  culpably. 

I  .  .  .  took  oceasion  to  observe,  that  the  world  in  gen- 
eral began  to  he  blameably  indifferent  as  to  doctrinal 
matters.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

blame  (blam),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blamed,  ppr. 
blaming.  [<  ME.  blamen  =  MD.  blaiuen  (also 
bin  mm  ii,    D.  bin  mm  u),  <  <  )F.  blasmer,   bin  mi  r, 

F.  bldmer  =  Pr.  blasmar  =  OSp.  blasmar  = 
It.  biasimare,  <  LE.  blasphemare,  speak  ill  of, 

blame,  also  blaspheme,  <  Gr.  li'Aaaaiyfitiv,  speak 
ill,  whence  the  full  E.  form  blaspheme,  q.v.J  1. 
To  express  disapprobation  of ;  find  fault  with ; 
censure:  opposed  to  praise  or  commend. 

No  lesse  is  to  he  blam'd  their  odd  pronouncing  of  Latine, 
so  that  out  of  England  none  were  able  to  understand  or 
endure  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  13,  1661. 

We  Illumed  him,  and  with  perfect  justice  and  propriety, 
for  saying  what  he  did  not  mean. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

Formerly  it  might  bo  followed  by  of. 
Tomoreus  be  blam'd  of  inconsiderate  rashness. 

Knnllex,  Hist.  Turks. 

2.  To  charge ;  impute  as  a  fault ;  lay  the  re- 
sponsibility of:  as,  he  blames  the  failure  on 
you.  [Colloq.]  —  3f.  To  bring  reproach  upon ; 
blemish ;  injure. 

This  ill  state  in  which  she  stood ; 
To  whieh  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herselfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  11. 
[In  such  phrases  as  he  is  to  blame,  to  blame,  by  an  old 
and  common  construction,  has  the  passive  meaning  'to 
be  blamed,  blamable.'  Compare  a  house  to  let,  hire,  build ; 
grain  ready  to  cut,  etc. 

You  were  to  blame,  I  must  he  plain  with  you. 

Shah.,  M.  "f  v.,  v.  1. 
I  was  to  blame  to  be  so  rash  ;  I  am  sorry. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
In  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period  it  was  often  written 
too  Illume,  blame  apparently  being  mistaken  for  an  adjec- 
tive. ]-Syn.  1.  To  reprove,  reproach,  chide,  upbraid, 
reprehend.  See  decry. 
blame  (blam),  re.  [<  ME.  blame  =  MD.  blame, 
D.  blaam,  <  OF.  blasme,  V.  hldme  (=  Pr.  blasme 
=  OSp.  Pg.  blasmo  =  It.  biasimo),  <  blasmer,  v., 
blame:  see  blame,  v.]  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approval of  something  deemed  to  be  wrong ; 
imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure  ;  reprehension. 
Let  me  bear  the  blame  for  ever.  Gen.  xliii.  -l. 

2.  That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or  dis- 
approbation ;  fault ;  crime  ;  sin. 

That  we  should  be  holy  and  without  blame  before  him. 

Eph.  i.  4. 

3.  Culpability;  responsibility  for  something 
that  is  wrong:  as,  the  blame  is  yours. —  4f. 
Hurt ;  injury. 

And  [the  blow]  glauncing  downe  his  shield  from  blame  him 
fairly  blest.  Spenser,  V.  <£.,  1.  ii.  18. 

blameable,  blameableness,  blameably.    See 

blamable,  blamableness,  blamably. 
blameful  (blam'ful),  a.     [<  blame,  v.,  +  -ful.] 

1.  Meriting  blame;  reprehensible;  faulty; 
guilty;  criminal:  as,  "blameful  thinges,"  Chau- 
cer, Melibeus. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  blameful  bed 
Some  stern  untutor'd  churl. 

Slink.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Faultfinding;  blaming:  as,  a  blameful  look 
or  word.     Buskin. 

blamefully  (blam'ful-i),  adr.  In  a  blameful 
manner. 

blamefulness  (blam'ful-nes),  ».  [<  blameful 
+  -ness.]     The  state  of  being  blameful. 

blameless  (blam'les),  a.  [ME.  blameles ;  < 
hliintc  +  -less.]  Not  meriting  blame  or  censure; 
without  fault;  undeserving  of  reproof:  inno- 
cent; guiltless:  as,  "the  blameless  Indians," 
Thomson,  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 
We  will  be  blameless  of  this  thine  oath.  Josh.  ii.  17. 

Wearing  the  white  flower  of  a  blameless  life. 

Tennyson,  Ded.  of  Idylls. 
—  Syn.  Faultless,  irreproachable,  unimpeachable,  unsul- 
lied, spotless,  stainless,  unblemished. 

blamelessly  (blam'les-li),  adv.  In  a  blameless 
manner ;  without  fault  or  crime ;  innocently. 


blamelessness 

blamelessness  (blam'les-nes),  n.    The  state  or 

quality  of  being  blameless ;  innocence;  purity. 

Thy  white  blamelessness  accounted  Mame. 

Tennyson,  Berlin  ami  Vivien, 
blamer  (bla'mer),  «.  One  who  blames,  finds 
fault,  or  censures :  ;is.  "blamers  of  the  times," 
Domic,  To  Countess  of  Bedford,  iii. 
blameworthiness  (blam '  wer  Tiii  -ues),  ».  [< 
blameworthy  +  -mess.]  The  quality  of  being 
blamew  on  iiy  ;  blaniableness. 

Praise  and  Mann'  express  what  actually  are,  praisewor* 
thiness  and  blameworthiness  what  naturally  oughl  to  be, 
the  sentiments  of  other  people  with  regard  t<>  our  charac- 
ter and  conduct 

Adam  Smitli,  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  iii.  3. 
Blame  I  can  bear,  though  not  blameworthiness. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  140. 

blameworthy  (blam' -wer *5Hi),   a.      [<   ME. 

blameworthy ,   <   blame   +    worthy.]     Deserving 
blame  ;  censurable  ;  culpable ;  reprehensible. 

That  the  sending  oi  a  divorce  t<>  her  husband  Mas  not 
nameworthy,  he  affirms,  because  the  man  was  heinously 
vicious.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  22. 

blanc  (blangk;  F.  pron.  bloh),  «.     [OF.  blanc, 

a  silver  coin  (sit  def.  2),  <  blanc,  a.,  white:  sec 
blank.']      1.  A  silver  coin,  weighing  about  47 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Henry  VI.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

grains,  struck  by  Henry  VI.  of  England  (1422- 
14(>1)  for  his  French  dominions.     Sometimes 
spelled  blaul:  or  blanch. 
Have  you  any  money?  he  answered,  Not  a  blanch. 

B.  Jonson,  Gayton's  Fest.  Night. 
2.  A  French  silver  coin,  first,  issued  by  Philip  of 
Valois  (1328-1350)  at  the  value  of  10  deniers, 
or  5L<  livre.  Under  King  John  the  Good  (1350-1364) 
the  blanc  was  coined  at  5  deniers.   Under  Charles  VI.  and 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  British  Museum.  (Size  of  the  original.) 

his  successors  the  blanc  was  worth  10  deniers,  ami  the 
demi-blanc  5  deniers.  From  Louis  XI.  to  Francis  1.  a 
grand  blanc  was  issued  worth  12  deniers,  or  -5^  livre,  and 
a  petit  blanc  of  one  half  that  value.  After  the  time  of 
I-iancis  I.  the  grand  blanc  was  no  longer  coined;  but  the 
petit  blanc  was  retained  as  a  money  of  account,  and  was 
reckoned  at  5  deniers,  or  -£$  livre;  it  was  commonly  called 
simply  blanc.  The  blanc  was  coined  according  to  both  the 
tournois  and  tie'  parisis  systems,  the  latter  coins,  like 
others  of  the  same  system,  being  worth  one  quarter  more 
than  those  of  the  same  name  in  the  former  system. 
3.  A  white  paint,  especially  for  the  face. — 4. 
A  piece  of  ware  such  as  is  generally  decorated, 
sold  or  delivered  without  its  decoration.  At  the 
-  ami  other  porcelain-factories  pieces  ri"t  quite  per- 
fect in  shape  in''  suhl  undecorated,  hut  bearing  a  special 
ineffaceable  mark,  which  distinguishes  them  from  those 
finished  in  tie  tactoi  y. 

5.  A  rich  stock  or  gravy  in  which  made  dishes 
or  entrees  an-  sometimes  served.  — Blanc  d'ar- 
gent,  a  pigment,  the  carbonate  "f  lead,  or  white  lead,  usu- 
ali\  found  in  commerce  in  small  drops.— Blanc  fixe,  an 

artificially  pr.pHi".  I  Miljihute  1,1  l.aiium.  mad.'  t.y  ilissi.lv- 
ingwj  onateof  barium)  in  hydrochloric  acid, 

ami  precipitating  this  solution  with  sulphuric  acid.    It  is 

nut  wiiii  in  e mi  rce  in  a  pulpj  Btate  In  water,  mi' I  is  used 

:i    an  adulterant  mi  til     etc. 

blancard  fblang'kard),  n.  (!•'.,  <  blam;  white 
(see  bbi„l),  +  -afd.]  A  kind  of  linen  cloth 
manufactured  in  Normandy:  so  en  lie.  1  because 
the  thread  is  half  blanched  before  it  is  woven. 

blanch1  (blanch),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written 
blench;  <  ME.  blanche,  blaunche,\  of.  blanche, 
tern,  of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  «."]  I.  ».  It- 
White;  pale. —  2t.  Same  as  blend fi.  Blanch 
farm.  See  Hanch-farm.  Blanch  feveri  IF.  "femes 
blanches,  the  agues  whei  Ldens  thai   lee,    the 

green-sickness  be  troubled,"  Cotoravt  literally,  pale 
fever;  heme,  to  have  tie-  blanch  fevei  Is  either  to  i>.  in 
love  or  to  he  sick  with  wantonni 

Ami  som,  tin  ni  Beydi   I  hadde  .  blanche  fevers, 
And  preycdist  (loil  he  sholde  nevei'e  kevi  ri 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  016. 


576 

Blanch  lion,  anciently,  the  title  .>f  one  of  the  pursuivants 
of  arms. 

II.  «.  It-  Same  as  blanc.  3. — 2f.  A  white 
spot  on  the  skin. —  3.  In  mining,  a  piece  of  ore 
foimd  isolated  in  the  hard  rock.  B.  Hunt. 
[Eng.] 
blanch1  (blanch),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaunch  :  <  ME.  blauncht  n.  blanchen,  <  OF.  blan- 
chir  (F.  blanchir),  <  blanc  (>  ME.  blank,  blanch), 
white:  see  blank.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  white; 
whiten  by  depriving  of  color;  render  colorless: 
us.  in  blanch  linen. — 2.  In  hort.,  to  whiten  or 
prevent  from  becoming  green  by  excluding  the 
light :  a  process  applied  to  the  stems  or  leaves 
of  plants,  such  as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale.  etc. 
It  is  dune  by  hanking  up  earth  about  the  stems  of  the 
plants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep  the  inner  ones 
from  the  light,  or  covering  with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like. 
3.  To  make  pale,  as  with  sickness,  fear,  cold, 
etc. 

Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks, 
When  mine  are  blanch'd  with  fear. 

Shah.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
4f.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to, 
as  an  immoral  act;  palliate;  slur;  pass  over. 

They  extoll  Constantine  because  be  extol'd  them ;  as 

our  homebred  Monks  in  their  Histories  blanch  the  Kings 

their  Benefactors,  and  brand  those  that  went  about  to  be 

their  Correctors.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

Blanch  over  the  blackest  and  most  absurd  things. 

TUlotson,  Works,  I.  30. 
5.  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot,  water,  or  to  scald  by  a  short,  rapid  boil- 
ing, for  the  purpose  of  producing  firmness  or 
whiteness. —  6.  In  the  arts,  to  whiten  or  make 
lustrous  (as  metals)  by  acids  or  other  means; 

also,  to  cover  with  a  thin  coating  of  tin To 

blanch  almonds,  to  deprive  them  of  their  skins  by  im- 
mersion in  hot  water  and  a  little  friction,  after  their  shells 
have  been  removed. 

One  word  more,  and  111  blanch  thee  like  an  almond. 
Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Etiolate,  etc.     See  u'kiten. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  white;  turn  pale. 
The  ripple  would  hardly  blanch  into  spray 
At  the  feet  of  the  cliff.         Tennyson,  The  Wreck. 
Drew  bis  toil-worn  sleeve  across 

To  brush  the  manly  tear 
From  cheeks  that  never  changed  in  woe, 
And  never  blanched  in  fear. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Pilgrim's  Vision. 

blanch-t  (blanch),  v.  [A  corruption  of  blench1, 
simulating    blanch1,    turn   pale:    see   blencli1.] 

1.  trans.  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear;  evade. 

The  judges  .  .  .  thought  it  .  .  .  dangerous  ...  to  ad- 
mit ifs  ami  anils  to  qualitie  the  words  of  treason,  whereby 
every  man  might  expresse  his  malice  ami  blanch  his  date 
ger.  Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  134. 

By  whose  importunitie  was  the  saile  slacken  <1  in  the 
first  encounter  with  the  Dutch,  or  whether  I  am  to  blanch 
this  particular?  Evelyn,  To  my  Lord  Treasurer. 

II.  intrans.  To  shrink;  shift;  equivocate. 
Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 

Bacon,  of  Counsel, 
blanched  (blancht), p.  a.    Whitened;  deprived 
of  color ;  bleached. 

And  still  she  slept  an  azure-lidded  sleep, 
In  blanched  linen,  smooth,  and  lavender'd. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxx. 
Specifically  applied  to  coins  and  silver  articles  contain- 
ing copper  which  have  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  hot 
dilute  sulphuric  acid,  to  dissolve  a  part  of  the  copper  of  the 
alloy  on  the  surface,  and  leave  a  film  or  coating  richer  in 
silver.— Blanched  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  arse- 
nic, in  about  the  proportion  of  10  of  the  former  to  1  of  the 
latter.  It  is  used  for  clock-dials  and  thermometer-  and 
barometer-scales.  It  is  prepared  by  heating  copper  clip- 
pings with  white  arsenic  (arsenious  acid),  arranged  in  al- 
ternate layers  and  covered  with  common  salt,  in  an  earth- 
en crucible. 

blancher1  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaunchcr,  <  ME.  blancher;  <  blanch1  +  -er1.] 
<  me  who  Munches  or  whitens,  in  any  sense  of 
the  verb  blanch1. 

blancher2t  (blan'oher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blauncher,  blaunsher,  etc. ;  <  blanch"  (=  blench1) 
+  -cr1.]  1.  One  who  turns  aside  or  causes 
to  turn  aside;  a  perverter. 

These  blanchers  will  he  ready  to  whisper  the  king  in  the 

ear,  and  to  tell  him  that  this  abuse  is  hut  a  small  matter. 

Latimer,  Sermon  el'  tic  Plough. 

2.  One  stationed  for  the  purpose  of  turning 
game  in  some  direction ;  a  sewel  (which  see). 

Zelmane  "us  like  one  that  stood  in  a  tree  waiting  a 
good  occasion  to  shoot,  and  Gynecia  a  blancher  which 
kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her.    SirP.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

And  there  we  found  one  Mi    Greenfield, a  gentleman  of 

Buckinghamshire,  gathering  up  part  of  the  said  1 laV 

leaves  (as   be  Bald),   therewith  t"  make  him  Bewels  or 

h/airilslnrrs    to    keep    the    deer    within    the  wood,    tlli'l'i'l'V 

to  have  the  better  cry  with  his  hounds. 

Layton,  in  H.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Ch.  of  Eng.,  i\ 

3.  Onewho  starts  or  balks  at  anything.  A.  E.  /'. 
blanch-farm,  blanch-ferm,  n.    [<  OF.  blanche 

ferine,    lit.    white    rent:    see   blanch1,    a.,    ami 


blandiloquence 

farm.]  Rent  paid  in  silver  instead  of  in  ser- 
vice or  produce ;  also,  a  kind  of  nominal  tjuit- 
rent,  paid  with  a  small  piece  of  silver  or  othei'- 
wise.  Also  written  bleneh-J'ann,  blcncli-Ji  rin, 
and  blench-firm. 

blanch-holding  (blanch'  hoi  'ding),  n.  A 
Scotch  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bound  to 
pay  only  a  nominal  or  trifling  yearly  duty  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
right,  and  only  if  demanded.  Also  written 
blenchr-holding. 

blanchimeter  (blan-chim'e-ter),  n.     [Irreg. 

<  blanch  +  meter.  Cf.  altimeter.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  bleaching  power  of 
oxymuriate  (chlorid)  of  lime  and  potash. 

blanching  (blan'ching),  n.  The  act  of  render- 
ing blancheel  or  white;  specifically,  any  pro- 
cess applied  to  silver  or  other  metals  to  impart 
whiteness  and  luster. 

blanching-liquor  (blan'ching-lik"or),  n.  The 
solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  used  for  bleaching. 
Also  called  bleaching-liquid. 

blanckt,  "•  and;).   An  obsolete  spelling  of  blank. 

blanc-mange,  blanc-manger  (blii-monzh', 
-mon-zha' ),  n.  [The  present  spelling  and  pron. 
imitate  the  mod.  F.  Also  written  blamange,  blo- 
mange,  blumange,  bluemange,  according  to  the 
current  pronunciation ;  early  mod.  E.  also  blatcc- 
manger,  blowmanger,  ote.,<  ME.  blamaiiger,  blaic- 
manger,  blammanger,  blanmanger,  blankmanger, 
blancmangcr,  etc.,  a  preparation  of  different 
kinds;  <  OF.  (and  F.)  blanc-manger  (=  Sp. 
manjar  bianco),  lit.  white  food,  <  blanc,  white, 
+  manger,  eating,  prop,  inf.,  eat:  see  blank 
and  manger.]  In  cookery,  a  name  of  different 
preparations  of  the  consistency  of  jelly,  vari- 
ously composed  of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow- 
root, corn-starch,  etc.,  with  milk  and  flavoring 
substances.  It  is  frequently  made  from  a  marine  alga, 
Chondrus  crispus,  called  Irish  moss,  which  is  common  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America.  The  blanc- 
manger  mentioned  by  Chaucer  in  the  General  Prologue  to 
the  Canterbury  Tales,  1.  387,  was  apparently  a  compound 
made  of  capon  minced  with  Hour,  sugar,  and  cream. 

bianco  (blang'ko),  w.  [Sp.,  <  bianco,  a.,  white  : 
see  blank.]  A  grade  of  cochineal-bugs,  often 
called  silver-whites,  from  their  peculiar  lus- 
trous appearance,  in  distinction  from  the  black 
bugs  or  zacatillas.  They  are  picked  int..  hags  and 
immediately  dried  in  a  stove,  while  the  others  are  first 
thrown  into  hot  water. 

blandH,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  ME.  blan- 
(len,  blonder),  <  AS.  blandan  (pret.  blcond,  pp. 
blanden)  =OS.  blandan  =  OHG.  blantan  =  Icel. 
blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  WflNtfc  =  Goth.  blan- 
dan (redupl.  verb,  pret.  baibland,  pp.  blandans), 
mix;  rare  in  AS.,  and  in  later  use  superseded 
by  blend1,  q.  v.]     To  mix;    blend. 

bland1  (bland),  «.  [(1)  ME.,  <  AS.  bland  (= 
Icel.  bland),  mixture  (Icel.  »  bland,  in  union,  to- 
gether), <  blandan,  mix;  (2)  <  Icel.  blanda,  a 
mixture  of  liquids,  esp.  of  hot  whey  with  water, 

<  blanda  =  AS.  blandan,  mix, blend:  see  bland1, 
v.]  If.  Mixture;  union. —  2.  An  agreeable 
summer  beverage  prepared  from  the  whey  of 
churned  milk,  common  among  the  inhabitants 

of  the   Shetland    islands In  blandt,  together; 

blended. 

bland2  (bland),  a.  [<  L.  hlaniliis,  caressing, 
soft,  agreeable,  flattering,  perhaps  orig.  *mlan- 
dus,  akin  to  mollis,  mild,  Skt.  mridu,  Or.  fieih- 
Xoc,  E.  mild,  etc.:  see  mild,  moll.]  1.  Mild; 
sut'l  ;  gentle;  balmy. 
Exhilarating  vapour  bland.  Milton,  V.  I,.,  ix.  1047. 

The  weather  .  .  .  being  for  the  most  part,  of  a  bland  and 
equal  temperature.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  14. 

2.  Affable;  suave;  soothing;  kindly:  as," bland 
words,"  Milton,  P.  L.,ix.  855. 

His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  blood. 

Goldsmith,  Retaliation,  1.  140. 

Bland  the  smile  that  like  a  wrinkling  wind 
«>n  glassy  water  drove  his  cheek  in  lines. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

3.  Mild;  free  from  irritating  qualities:  said 
of  certain    medicines:    as,  bland   oils. — -4.   Not 

stimulating:   said  of  food.  =Syn.  Mild,  etc.    See 

,/,'/(?/,'. 
bland-t,    ''-    t.      [Early  mod.    E.    (Sc),    <   ME. 
blanden,  blonden,  blaunden  =  MI),   blanden,  < 

<  IP.  blandir  (> also  E.  blandish,  q.  v.),  <  L.  blan- 
tliri,  flatter,  caress:  see  blandish.]  To  flatter; 
blandish. 

blandationt   (blan-da'shon),   n.     [<  L.   as  if 

blantialin(n-),   equiv.   to    blandilia,  <   blandiri, 

pp,   blandiliis,   flatter:  see  blandish.]     A  piece 

of  flattery;  blandishment.     Camden. 
blandiloquence  (blan-dil'o-kwens),  n.     [<  L. 
blandiloquentia,  <    blandiloqitcn'(t-)s,    speaking 


blandiloquence 

flatteringly,  <  blandus,  flattering,  +  loquen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  toqui,  speak. J  Fair,  mild,  or  flatter- 
ing speech ;  courteous  language;  compliment. 
[Rare.] 
blandimentt  (blan'oi-ment),  ».  [=  Sp.  blan- 
dimiento  =  It.  bUmcHmento,  <  L.  blandimentum,<, 
blandiri,  flatter:  sec  blandish.)  Blandishment; 
allurement ;  enticement. 
Allure  do  man  with  suasions  and  blandiments, 

Bp.  Burnet,  injunctions  to  the  Monasteries, 
[temp.  Ben.  VIII.,  [.,  App. 

blandiset,  <'•   A  Middle  English  form  of  blandish. 

blandish  (blan'dish),  ».  [<  ME.  blaundislwn, 
blandisen,  <  OF.  blandiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  blandir  =  Pr.  Sp.  blandir  =  It.  blandire,  <  L. 
blandiri,  flatter,  caress,  <   blandus,  caressing, 

fentle,  bland:  see  bland?,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
atter;  caress;  coax  or  cajole  with  complai- 
sant speech  or  caressing  act. — 2.  To  render 
pleasing,  alluring,  or  enticing. 

in  former  days  a  country-life, 
For  so  time-honoured  poets  sing, 

Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  blandish'd  by  perpetual  spring. 

J.  G.  Cooper,  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  Ep.  i. 

3.  To  offer  or  bestow  blandly  or  caressingly: 
as,  to  blandish  words  or  favors.  [Rare  and 
archaic  in  all  uses.] 

II. t  i i<t runs.  To  assume  a  caressing  or  blan- 
dishing manner. 

How  she  blandishing 

By  Dunsmore  drives  along. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  31S. 

blandished  (blan'disht),  p.  a.  Invested  with 
flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  blandish'd  parlies,  feminine  assaults. 

Miltun,  S.  A.,  1.  403. 

blandisher  (blan'dish-er),  re.  One  who  blan- 
dishes; a  flatterer. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-iug),  ».  [<  ME.  blan- 
disinge ;  verbal  n.  of  blandish.']    Blandishment. 

Double-hearted  friends,  whose  blandishings 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  sting  our  bosoms. 

./.  lieanmont,  Psyche,  vi.  3. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  a.  [<  ME.  blaun- 
dyshing ;  ppr.  of  blandish!)    Mild;  soothing. 

The  see  hath  eke  his  ryght  to  be  somtime  calm  ami 
b/aiinilyshing  with  sniothe  water. 

Chaucer,  Eoethius,  ii.,  prose  2. 

blandishment  (blan'dish-rnent),  n.  [<  OF.  bliin- 
dissement,  <  blandir:  see  blandish  and  -ment.~\ 

1.  Speech  or  action  expressive  of  affection  or 
kindness,  and  tending  to  win  the  heart;  an  art- 
ful caress ;  flattering  attention  ;  cajolery ;  en- 
dearment. 

As  thus  he  spake,  each  bird  and  beast  behold 
Approaching  two  and  two  ;  these  cowering  low 
With  blaadisbua'nl :  each  bird  stoop'd  on  his  wing. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  351. 
Blandish  meats  will  not  fascinate  us. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

2.  Something  bland  or  pleasing ;  that  which 
pleases  or  allures. 

The  rose  yields  her  sweete  blandishment. 

Habington,  Castara,  ii. 
The  blandishments  of  early  friendships. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  5. 

hlandly  (bland'li),  adv.     In  a  bland  manner; 

with  suavity ;  mildly;  gently. 
blandness  (bland'nes),  re.     [<  bland  +  -ness.) 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  bland;  mildness; 

gentleness ;  soothingness. 

Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  blandness  of   Albemarle's 

temper.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

hlandurilla  (blan-du-ril'a),_n.  [Sp.,dim.  of  blan- 
tlura,  softness,  a  white  paint  used  by  women, 
<  blando,  soft,  bland,  <  L.  blandus:  see  bland-, 
a.]     A  fine  soft  pomatum  made  in  Spain. 

blank  (blangk),  a.  and  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blanc,  blanch ;  <  ME.  blank,  fern,  blanche  (see 
blanch1,  a.),  <  OF.  blanc,  fern,  blanche,  white 
(=  Pr.  blanc  =  Sp.  bianco  =  Pg.  branco  =  It. 
bianco;  ML.  blancus),  <  OHG.  blanch,  MHO. 
blanc,  (i.  blank,  shining,  bright  (=  ML.G.  blank 
=  D.  blank  =  Sw.  Dan.  blank,  shining,  =  AS. 
"blanc,  only  in  poet,  deriv.  blanca,  a  white  or 
gray  horse,  ME.  blanke,  blonke,  Sc.  blank;  cf. 
Icei.  blakkr,  poet.,  a  horse,  steed) ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  a  Teut.  verb  *blinkan  (pret.  *hlank), 
shine,  which,  however,  is  not  found  in  the 
older  tongues :  see  blink.  In  the  sense  of  a 
coin  (II.,  7,  8),  OF.  blanc,  MLG.  blank,  MD. 
blancke  (ML.  blanca ),  orig.  with  ref.  to  the  color 
of  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  White  or  pale:  as,  "the 
blanc  moon,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  656. 

Blank  as  death  in  marble.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror ;  hence,  dispirited; 
dejected;  confounded;  confused. 
37 


577 

Adam,  soon  as  he  heard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve,  amazed, 

Astonied  b( I  and  blank.     MUton,  e.  l„,  ix.  8EI0. 

Th'  old  woman  wox  half  blanch  those  wordes  to  heare. 
Spenser,  v.  »)..  III.  Hi.  17. 

3.  Empty  or  unoccupied ;  void;  bare. 

So  blacken'd  all  her  world  in  secret,  blank 
And  waste  il  sec  m'd  and  vain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 
Now  slowly  falls  the  dull  blank  night. 

Bryant,  Rain-Dream. 
specifically  (a)  free  from  written  or  printed  characters ; 
not  written  upon :  as,ao2an£  book;  blank  paper;  blank 
spaces,  (b)  Not  tilled  up  :  applied  to  legal,  banking,  emu 
menial,  or  other  forms:  us,  a  blank  check  or  order;  a 
blank  ballot  ;  a  I'lauk  bond.  (<)  "f  uniform  surface  ;  un- 
relieved or  unbroken  by  ornament  or  opening :  as,  a  blank 
wall,  (d)  Empty  of  results,  of  interest,  etc. :  as,  a  blank 
outlook  for  the  future. 

4.  Without  contents ;  especially,  wanting  some 
part  necessary  to  completeness:  as,  blank  car- 
tridges, that  is,  cartridges  containing  powder 
but  no  ball. — 5.  Vacant  in  expression;  exhib- 
iting perplexity,  real  or  feigned;  nonplussed; 
disconcerted. 

Never  be  blank,  Alonzo, 
Because  this  fellow  has  outstnpt  thy  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  2. 
the  Damsel!  of  Buigundie,  at  Bight  of  her  own  letter, 
was  soon  blank,  and  more  ingenuous  then  to  stand  out- 
facing. Milton,  Eikonoklastes.  xxi. 

6.  Complete;  utter;  unmitigated:  as,  "blank 
stupidity,"  Percival. 

All  but  the  Buffering  heart  was  dead 
For  him  abandoned  to  blank  awe, 
To  vacancy,  and  horror  strong. 

Wordsworth,  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  vi. 

7.  Unrimed:  applied  to  verse,  particularly  to 
the  heroic  verse  of  five  feet  without  rime,  such 
as  that  commonly  adopted  in  English  dramatic 
and  epic  poetry — Blank  bar,  bond,  cartridge, 
charter,  door,  flange,  indorsement,  wheel,  etc.  See 
the  nouns. 

II.  re.  1.  Any  void  space  or  vacant  surface; 
a  spaee  from  which  something  is  absent  or 
omitted;  a  void;  a  vacancy:  as,  a  blank  in 
one's  memory;  to  leave  blanks  in  writing. 

I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet  I 
will  not  forgive  a  blank  of  half  an  inch  from  you.     Swift 
From  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off,  and  for  the  book  of  knowledge  fair 
Presented  with  a  universal  blank 
Of  nature's  works,  to  me  expunged  and  rased. 

Milton,  T.  L.,  iii.  48. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  prepared  for  some  spe- 
cial use,  but  without  writing  or  printed  matter 
on  it. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  inscribed 
vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.  Palfrey. 

3.  A  form  or  document  containing  blank  spaces ; 
a  document  remaining  incomplete  till  some- 
thing essential  is  filled  in. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devis'd  — 

As  blank's,  benevolences,  and  I  wot  not  what. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  parliamentary  usage,  provisional  words 
printed  in  italics  in  a  bill,  the  final  form  of 
which  is  to  be  settled  in  committee. —  5.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated ;  a  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained. 

In  a  lottery  where  there  arc  (at  the  lowest  computation) 
ten  thousand  blanks  to  a  prize,  it  is  the  most  prudent 
choice  not  to  venture. 

Lady  M.  II'.  Montagu,  Letters,  Jan.  2S,  1753. 

6.  In  archery,  the  white  mark  in  the  center  of 
a  butt  or  target  at  which  an  arrow  is  aimed; 
hence  (archaically),  the  object  toward  which 
anything  is  directed ;  aim;  target. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 
Let  me  still  remain 
The  true  blank  of  thine  eye. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Quite  beyond  my  arm,  out  of  the  blank 
And  level  of  my  brain.  Shak.,  w.  T.,  ii.  3. 

7.  Same  as  blanc,  1. —  8.  A  small  copper  coin 
formerly  current  in  France. 

Refuse  not  amarvedi,  a  blank. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 
9.  A  piece  of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed  into 
some  finished  object  by  a  further  operation: 
as,  a  blank  for  a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in 
coining,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  shaped,  but  not  stamped. — 10.  A  blank 
verse. 

Five  lines  of  that  number, 
Such  pretty,  begging  blanks. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  ii.  2. 
lit.  A  weight,  equal  to  »-3,!tuu  of  a  grain. 
blank  (blangk),  r.  t.    [<  blank,  a.]    If.  To  make 
blank;  make  white  or  pale;  blanch. 

Blount  arose  and  left  the  hall,  while  Raleigh  looked 
after  him  with  an  expression  that  blanked  for  a  moment 
his  bold  and  animated  countenance. 

Scott,  Keuilworth,  I.  xvii. 


blanketing 

2t.  To  confuse ;  put  out  of  countenance ;  dis- 
concert; nonplus. 

Despoil  him,  .  .  . 

And  with  confusion  blank  his  worshippers. 

Milton,  s.  A..  1.  471. 

3f.  To  frustrate;  make  void  ;  bring  to  naught. 

All  former  purposes  were  blanched. 

Spt  nser,  Mate  ,,f  Ireland. 

4.  A  common  euphemistic  substitute  tor  damn, 
referring  to  the  blank  or  dash  which  is  common- 
ly substituted  in  printing  for  that  word  when  it 
is  used  as  it  profane  expression.     [Slang.] 

blank-book  (blangk'buk),  w.  A  book  of  ruled 
or  unruled  writing-paper  for  accounts,  memo- 
randa, etc. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  blanket,  blan- 
ket, <  OF.  blanket  (V.  blunrh,!.  ML.  blanketus, 
blanche tus),  also  fern,  blankete,  blanquette,  dim. 
of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  a.)  It.  A  coarse 
woolen  fabric,  white  oruudyed,  used  for  cloth- 
ing.—  2.  A  large  oblong  piece  of  soft,  loosely 
woven  woolen  cloth,  used  for  the  sake  of  its 
warmth  as  a  bed-covering,  or  (usually  made 
of  coarser  material  and  closer  texture)  as  a 
covering  for  a  horse  when  standing  or  exposed 
to  cold,  and  sometimes  worn  as  a  garment,  es- 
pecially among  rude  or  uncivilized  people. — 
3.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  woolen  cloth,  white 
baize,  or  rubber,  laid  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tympans  of  a  hand-press,  or  on  a  ma- 
chine-cylinder, to  moderate  and  equalize  the 
pressure  on  the  type. —  4.  In  cloth-jinntintj,  the 
cover  of  the  printing-table. —  5.  Same  as  blan- 
quette, 4. —  6.  In  paper-making,  an  endless  felt 
upon  which  the  pulp  is  laid.  — A  wet  blanket,  one 
who  or  that  which  damps,  depresses,  or  disappoints  any 
hope,  expectation,  or  enjoyment. 

"But,"  said  the  chairman,  and  that  "but"  was  the 
usual  wet  blanket.  Dickens. 

Born  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket,  of  illegiti- 
mate  birth. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  v.  t.     [<  blanket,  «.]     1. 
To  cover  with  a  blanket  or  as  with  a  blanket : 
as,  to  blanket  a  horse. 
I'll  .  .  .  blanket  my  loins.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  3. 

Blanketted  like  a  dog, 
And  like  a  cut-purse  whipt. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  b. 
The  importance  of  the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmo- 
spheric constituents  has  been  in  no  way  over-stated. 

Scienee,  V.  450. 

2.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punishment 
or  practical  joke. 

Weil  have  our  men  blanket  'era  i'  the  hall. 

B.  .Jonson,  Epiccene,  v.  4. 

3.  To  take  the  wind  out  of  the  sails  of,  as  the 
sails  of  one  vessel  when  it  is  passing  close  to 
windward  of  another. 

B's  helmsman  will  be  apt  to  sail  his  boat  as  close  to  the 
wind  as  possible,  and  try  to  "claw  to  windward,"  and 
prevent  A  from  blanketing  him. 

Quallrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  135. 

blanket-bar  (blang'ket-biir),  n.     An  iron  liar 

used  to  keep  the  blanket  of  a  printing-press  in 

place. 
blanket-clause  (blang'ket-klaz),  n.    A  general 

or  indefinite  clause  framed  so  as  to  provide  for 

a  number  of  contingencies. 

Suitable  annual  appropriations  .  .  .  require  no  blan- 
ket-elaiise  to  justify  or  cover  them. 

Report  of  See.  r.  S.  Treasury,  1886, 1,  xli. 

blanket-deposit  (blang'ket-de-poz"it),  h.  The 
name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region,  especially  in  Colorado  and  Utah, 
to  deposits  of  ore  occurring  in  a  form  having 
some  of  the  characters  of  those  elsewhere  des- 
ignated as  flat  sheets,  bedded  reins,  beds,  or  flat 
masses.  They  are  frequently  intercalated  between  rocks 
of  dillereiit  lithological  character  and  origin,  in  which 
case  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  contact-deposits.  The 
occurrences  of  ore  at  Leadvillc  are  of  this  nature. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  n.  [<  blanket  + 
-eer.~\  If.  One  who  tosses  in  a  blanket. —  2. 
One  of  the  radical  reformers  of  Lancashire 
who,  on  March  10th,  1817,  at  a  meeting  in  St. 
Peter's  Fields,  Manchester,  decided  to  march 
to  London  with  a  petition  for  parliamentary  re- 
form, each  man  having  a  rug  or  blanket  strapped 
on  his  shoulder,  so  that  he  might  bivouac  on  the 
road  if  necessary. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  v.  i.  [<  blanketeer, 
«.]     To  act  as  a  blanketeer. 

This  epistle  awaited  her  at  Beamish 's  inn  on  returning 
from  her  blanketeerina  adventure. 

The  Husband  Hunter  (1830),  iii.  230.    (.V.  and  Q., 
[7th  ser.,  II.  8.) 

blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  n.  1.  Coarse 
woolen  cloth  of  which  blankets  are  made. — 
2.  A  supply  or  quantity  of  blankets. —  3.  The 


blanketing 

process  of  obtaining  i_r< •!< I  tiy  collecting  it  as 
it  ...Mies  from  the  stamps  on  a  blanket  or  in  a 
blanket-sluice. —  4.  j,l.  The  gold  so  obtained. — 
5.  The  operation  of  tossing  in  a  blanket  as  a 
punishment  or  a  joke. 

1 1:  it  affairof  the  blanketiny  happened  to  thee  for  the 
fault  thou  wast  guilty  of. 

SmoUett,  fcr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iii.  5. 

blanket-leaf  (blang'ket-lef),  n.  The  common 
mullon,  Verbascum  Thapsus. 

blanket-mortgage  (blang'ket-m6r,gfj), ».  A 
mortgage  intended  to  cover  an  aggregation  of 
property,  or  secure  or  provide  for  indebtedness 
previously  existing  in  various  forms. 

blanket-sheet  (blang'ket-shet),  »v  A  large 
newspaper  in  folio  form.    Amer.  Bookmah  r, 

blanket-sluice  (blang'ket-sl8s),  n.  In  mining 
and  metal.,  a  long  trough  or  sluice  in  which 
blankets  are  laid  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
the  particles  of  gold  or  amalgam  which  pass 
over  them  as  the  materia]  Hows  from  under  the 
stamps. 

blankillo  (blang-kil'6),  n.  Same  as  blanquillo,  1. 

blanking-press  (blang'king-pres),  n.  A  stamp- 
Lng-press  used  to  cut  out  blanks. 

blankly  (blangk'li),  adv.     1.  In  a  blank  or  va- 
cant manner;   vacuously;   aimlessly. — 2.  Di- 
rectly; point-blank;  flatly;  utterly. 
\\  e  in  short  blankly  deny  the  possibility  of  loss. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  540. 

blankness  (blangk'nes),  n.  [<  blank  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blank. 

There  was  nothing  external  by  which  lie  [Casaubon] 
could  account  for  a  certain  blankness  of  sensibility  which 
came  over  him  just  when  his  expected  gladness  should 
have  been  most  lively,      G,  oeite  Eliot ,  Middlemareh,  I.  '.(4. 

Blanquefort  (blonk'fort),  «.  [F.  Blanquefort, 
a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]  A  red  wine  grown 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  in  France. 

blanquette  (bloh-kef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  Wane, 
white.  Cf.  blanket.']  1.  In  cookery,  a  white 
fricassee  ;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of  cold  veal. 
—  2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained  at  Aigues- 
Mortes,  in  France,  by  the  incineration  of  Sal- 
sola  Tragus  and  8.  Kali, —  3.  A  kind  of  white 
sparkling  wine  made  in  southern  France,  often 
called  blanquette  de  Limoux. — 4.  A  large  va- 
riety of  pear.     Also  written  blanket. 

blanquil  (blang-kel'),  n.     Same  as  blanquillo. 

blanquillo  (blang-ke'lyo),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small 
coin,  <  blanquillo,  whitish,  dim.  of  bianco,  white : 
see  blank,  a.]  1.  A  small  copper  coin  equiva- 
lent to  about  6  centimes,  or  a  little  over  1  cent, 
current  in  Morocco  and  on  the  Barbary  coast. 
Also  blankillo. —  2.  A  name  of  a  fish  of  the 


Blanquillo  {Laulolatilus  tnicrops). 

genus  CaulolaHlu8  and   family  LaUlidce,  such 
as  C.  ehrysops,  ( '.  microps,  or  C.  prineeps.    c.  mi- 
le oi  moderately  elongate  form,  and  has  7  dorsal 
spines  and  26  rays,  is  of  a  reddish  color  marked  with  yellow, 

and  has  a  yellow  band  below  the  eyes  and  a  dark  axillary 
blotch.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  the  southern 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  is  esteemed  for  the  table.  ('.  prin- 
'  clo  i  tj  related  Bpecies,  olivaceous  with  bluish  re- 
Qi  ctlon  i,  I.  curring  along  the  southern  <  lalifornian  coast, 
when  n  i-  known  as  blanquillo  and  whitefish. 
Blaps  (Maps),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
generally  referred  to  the  family  TenebrionidoB, 
but   by  some  taken   as  the  type  of  a  family 

Blapsida'.  [Hops  mortis,,,,,,  is  a  common  European  spc- 
cli  called  i  hurt  h]  ai  'i  beetle  in 
<  l1  Britain  ;  /.'.  muenmata  is 
found  in  kin  i,.  i,  and  cellars;  /(. 
1  i  .J  -.  ,1  w  ith  butter  and 
eaten  by  Egyptian  women  to  make 
them  grow  fat. 
Blapsidae  (blap'si-de),  „.  pi. 

[NL..   <    Blaps    +    -ahv.\      A 

family  of  atracheliate  hete- 
romerous  beetles,  generally 
merged      in      Tenebrionida, 

Iprisillg   nocturnal    black-  Churchyard        Beetle 

beetle..,!    Im.lo.n,     Size,  the       !  „,„aT^c'*°""' 

wings  oi  which  are  gener- 
ally oi, -dot,-  and   tie    elytra    fused  together. 

Izeddl  charge  in 

Bell  di  fen  te  a  Liquid  ol  b  i liar  and  pi  ni  ti  ating  odor 

blare1  (blSr)j  '•'•  pret.  blared,  ppr.  blaring.  [So. 
also  blair,  eti tiy  moil.  10.  blear(Se,  hi, ir);  <  [ate 
M  E.  bit  n a.  earlier  blort  n  |  see  olort  '  I,  and  prob. 
"blaren,  cry,  weep,  =  Ml),  blaren,  blaeren,  low, 
bleat,  =  Mlh.  blarri a,  I.e.  blarren,  blaren  = 


678 

MHG.  bleren,  blerren,  cry  aloud,  bleat,  G.  blar- 
ren, blarren,  plan-en,  roar,  bellow,  bleat,  blare; 
prob.  an  imitative  word.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
roar;  bellow;  cry;  low.  [Now  chiefly  prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  To  give  forth  a  loud  sound  like  a 
trumpet ;  give  otit  a  brazen  sound ;  bellow. 

Warble,  0  bugle,  and  trumpet  blare. 

v.  tinyson,  Welcome  to  Alexandra. 

II.  trans.  To  sound  loudly;  proclaim  noisily. 
And  such  a  tongue 
To  blare  its  own  interpretation. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
blare1  (blar),  ».     [<  blare1,  v.]    1.  A  roaring; 
loud  or  bellowing  noise. 

Whitman  .  .  .  Bang  the  blare  and  brawn  that  he  found 
in  tlic  Btreets.  Stedman,  foots  of  America,  p.  355. 

2.  Sound  like  that  of  a  (rum pet. 

And  his  ears  are  stunned  with  the  thunder's  blare. 

J.  S.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 
With  blare  of  bugle,  clamor  of  men, 
Roll  of  cannon  and  clash  of  arms. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  "Wellington. 

3.  The  bleat  of  a  sheep,  the  bellowing  of  a 
calf,  or  the  weeping  of  a  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blare-  (blar),  it.  [Origin  unknown.]  Naut.,  a 
paste  of  hair  and  tar  used  for  calking  the  seams 
of  boats. 

blare3  (blar),  n.  [Swiss.]  A  petty  copper 
coin,  of  about  the  value  of  2  cents,  struck  at 
Bern,  Switzerland. 

Blarina  (bla-ri'na),  it.  [NL. ;  a  nonsense- 
name.]  A  genus  of  American  shrews,  with  32 
or  30  colored  teeth,  concealed  ears,  and  short 
tail.    It  is  the  short-tailed  mole-shrew  of  North  America, 


Mole-shrew  {Blarina  brcuicaitda). 

of  which  there  are  several  species,  of  two  subgenera,  Bla- 

iiiim  proper,  with  ::•!  teeth,  anil  Sorieiseos.  with  30  teeth. 

The  best-known  is  2>.  brevieauda,  the  common  mole- 
shrew  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fam- 
ily Sorieidce. 
blarney  (blar'ni),  n.  [Popularly  referred  to 
Castle  Blarney,  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  the 
wall  of  which  is  a  stone  (the  "Blarney  stone") 
said  to  endow  those  who  kiss  it  with  uuusual 
facility  and  unserupulousness  in  the  use  of  flat- 
tery and  compliment.]  Exceedingly  compli- 
mentary language;  flattery;  smooth,  wheedling 
talk;  pleasing  cajolery. 

The  blarney  's  so  great  a  deceiver.  5.  Lover. 

Madame  de  Stael  was  regretting  to  Lord  Castlereagh 
that  there  was  no  word  in  the  English  language  which 
answered  to  their  "Sentiment."  "No,"  he  said,  "there 
is  no  English  word,  but  the  Irish  have  one  that  corre- 
sponds exactly, — blarney ! "    Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  121. 

blarney  (blar'ni),  v.  I.  [<  blarney,  n.]  To  talk 
over  or  beguile  by  wheedling  speeches ;  flatter ; 
humbug  with  agreeable  talk. 

The  General  has  yet  to  learn  that  my  father's  country- 
men (I  have  ever  felt  proud  of  my  descent  from  tin  Irish- 
man), though  they  sometimes  do  blarney  others,  are  yet 
hard  to  be  blarneyed  themselves. 

./.  Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  63. 

blast,  «•  [Invented  by  Van  Helmont  (1577- 
1644).  Cf.  gas.]  A  subtle  kind  of  matter  sup- 
posed by  Van  Helmont,  a  Dutch  mystic  philos- 
opher, to  be  radiated  from  the  stars  and  to 
produce  effects  opposite  to  those  of  heat. 

blase  (bla-za'),n.  [F.,pp.  of  blaser,  cloy,  satiate, 
blunt,  of  uncertain  origin.]  Exhausted  by  en- 
joyment, especially  by  sensuous  pleasures; 
having  the  healthy  energies  exhausted;  weary 
and  disgusted  with  life. 

blash  (blash),  i .  /.  [An  imitative  word,  assimi- 
lated lo  plash,  splash,  dash,  flash,  etc.]     1.  To 

dash  or  splash  with  a  quantity  of  liquid;  drench. 
—  2.  To  pour  in  suddenly  and  in  great  quantity. 
[Scotch  anil  North.  Eng.] 

blash  (blash),  n.    [<  blash,  ?•.]    1.  A  dash  or 

plash,  as  id'  rain  falling  in  sheets. 

A  snaw  storm  came  down  frae  the  mountains,  .  .  .  noo 
a  whirl,  and  noo  a  blush.         ./.  Wilson,  Noctes  \mi>r<>s. 

2.  A  quantity  of  thin,  watery  stuff,  especially 
an  excessive  quantity:  as,  a  blash  of  tea. — 3.  A 

I. lend    hla/.e  or  Hare. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
Blash-boggart,  a  goblin  who  appears  and  disappears  in 
a  Hash,    sec  boggaraX.    [Scotch.] 
blashy(blash'i).  a.     [<bUtsl,  +  -.!/!.]     1.  Char- 
acterized by  sudden  drenching  showers;  delug- 


blasphemy 

ing;  wet:  as,  blush,/  weather;  blashy walking. 
—  2.  Thin;  weak;  watery;  of  poor  quality:  ap- 
plied to  food  or  drink. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

blasphematoryt  (blas-fe'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  blas- 
pheme  +  -atory.  Cf.  LL.  blasphemator,  a  blas- 
phemer.]    Blasphemous. 

blasphemet  (blas'fem),  a.  and  uA  [ME.,  also 
blasfeme,  <  (  if.  blasfeme  (mod.  F.  blaspheme), 

<  ML.  blasfemus,  LL.  blasphemus,  <  Gr.  :/.,- 
opi/ioc,  evil-speaking,  <  /Wao-,  prob.  for  ,i/«v- 
(cf.  ,YAa^nc,  damage,  injury,  harm)  (<  J'/arr-Tstv, 
damage,  harm,  injure),  +■  fq/iii,  speech  (=  L. 
fama,  fame),  <  tfdvai  =  L.  fori,  speak.]  I.  a. 
Blasphemous. 

II.  n.  A  blasphemer.  Wyclif. 
blasphemet  (blas'fem),  nfi  [ME.  b1a.<iih,in,-, 
blasfeme,  blafeme,  <  OF.  blafeme,  blaspheme, 
mod.  F.  blaspheme  =  Pr.  blaspheme,  <  LL.  l,lns- 
pheinia  (ML.  also  blttsfeinia),  <  Gr.  Ittaafqula, 
evil-speaking,  <  filuatpn/ioc,  evil-speaking :  see 
blaspheme,  a.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  vernacular  OF.  blasme,  comes  E.  blame,  n., 
q.  v.]     Blasphemy. 

In  blasfeme  of  this  goddis. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  to  Scogan,  1.  15. 

blaspheme  (blas-fem'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blas- 
phemed, ppr.  bias/, h<  mint,.     [<  ME.  blasfemen, 

<  OF.  blasfemer,  mod.  F.  blasphemer  =  Pr.  Sp. 
blasfemar  =  Pg.  blasjihemar  =  Olt.  blasfemare 
(mod.  It.  blnstemiare,  bestemmiare),  <  LL.  blas- 
phemarc,  <  Gr.  p.atytp?ni.eiv,  speak  evil  of,  <  ,i'/u- 
apl/ioc,  evil-speaking :  see  blaspheme,  a.  From 
the  same  verb,  through  the  vernacular  OF.  blas- 
mer,  comes  E.  blame,  v.,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
speak  impiously  or  irreverently  of  (God  or  sa- 
cred things).     See  blasphemy. 

Thou  didst  blaspheme  God  and  the  king.      1  Ki.  xxi.  10. 

0  God,  how  long  shall  the  adversary  reproach  V  shall  the 

enemy  blaspheme  thy  name  for  ever?  I's.  Ixxiv.  10. 

So  should  thy  goodness  and  thy  greatness  both 
Be  question'd  and  blaspheme,/  without  defence. 

Milton.  Y.  L.,  iii.  166. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of ;  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against ;  speak  reproachfully  of. 

Vou  do  blaspheme  the  good,  in  mocking  me. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  5. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  utter  blasphemy;  use  pro- 
fane or  impious  words;  talk  profanely  or  dis- 
respectfully of  God  or  of  sacred  things :  follow- 
ed by  against. 

He  that  shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath 
never  forgiveness.  Mark  iii.  29. 

2f.  To  rail;  utter  abusive  words.  Greene. 
[Rare.] 
blasphemer  (bliis-fe'mer),  n.  [<  ME.  blasfe- 
m,  r, .  \  blasfemen,  blaspheme.]  One  who  blas- 
phemes ;  one  who  speaks  of  God  or  of  religion 
in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

Must  .  .  .  each  blasphemer  quite  escape  the  rod, 
Because  the  insult's  not  on  man  but  God? 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  195. 

blasphemeress  (blas-fe'mer-es),  n.  [<  blas- 
phemer +  -ess.]  A  female  blasphemer.  [Rare.] 

A  diabolical  blaspheme,;  -se  of  (bid. 

Hall.  Hen.  VI.,  an.  9. 

blasphemous  (blas'fe-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  blasphe- 
mus (ML.  also  blasfemus,  >  ME.  blasfeme,  blas- 
pheming, a  blasphemer),  <  Gr.  ji/nntpiitior,  evil- 
speaking:  see  blaspheme,  a.]  1.  Uttering,  con- 
taining, or  exhibiting  blasphemy;  impiously 
irreverent  toward  (tod  or  sacred  things:  as, 
"blasphemous  publications,"  Bji.  I'nrttus,  Lec- 
tures, I.  i. 

We  hale   heard   him  speak  blasjihemotis  words  against 
Moses  and  against  God.  Acts  vi.  11. 

Mythologies  ill  undrrst I  tit  first,  then  perverted  into 

feeble  sensualities,  take  the  place  of  representations  of 
Christian  subjects,  which  had  become  blasphemous  under 
the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caracci.  Ruskin. 

[Formerly  accented  on  the  sii d  syllable,  as  below. 

Oh  argument  blasphemous,  false,  and  proud  1 

Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  S09.] 

2f.  Abusive;  defamatory;  railing. 
blasphemously  (blas'fe-mus-li),  atlv.     Impi- 
ously; profanely. 

Terribly  curseth  and  blasphemously  sweareth  he  never 
committed  any  such  act.         Stow,  Queen  Mary,  an.  1657. 

blasphemy  (blas'fe-mi),  «.;  pi.  blasphemies 
(-miz).  [<  ME.  blasfcmie  =  Sp.  blasfemia  =  Pg. 
blasphemia  =OIt.  blasfemia, K  LL.  blasphemia,i 

Gr.  (i\aaa>7iiua,<,  ji'Aaatjimmc :  see  blaspheme,  a.,  blas- 
pheme, M.2]  1,  In  Old  Testament  usage,  any 
attempt  to  diminish  the  reverence  with  which 
Jehovah's  name  was  invested  as  the  Sovereign 
Kino  id  I  he  .lews,  or  to  turn  the  hearts  of  the 
people  from  their  complete  allegiance  to  him. 


blasphemy 


579 


It  was  a  orime  answering  to  treason  In  our  own  time,  and 
„■„  carefuUj  defined  and  rigorously  punished  by  the  Mo- 
rale laws,  it  was  oi  this  orime  that  Jesus  was  accused, 
and  for  it  condemned,  because  he  assumed  the  divine 
character  and  accepted  divine  honors. 

For  a  B 1  work  we  Btone  thee  not,  but  for  i.l„srl,c,,,„, 

and  because  that  thou,  being  a  man,  makest  tif^^'£ 

Hence— 8.  Any  impious  or  profane  speaking 
of  God  or  of  saored  things;  reproachful,  con- 
temptuous, or  irreverenl  words  tittered  impi- 
ously against  God  or  religion. 

Blasphemy  is  an  injurs ered  to  God.  by  denying  that 

which  is  due  and  belonging  to  him,  or  attributing  to  him 

that  which  is  not  agreeable  to  hisnature.  /-""'' ■ 

BlasDhemy  cognizable  by  common  law  is  described  by 
Blackstone  to  be  "  denying  the  being  or  providence  oi 
(i,i,l  contumelious  reproaches  of  our  Saviour  Christ,  pro- 
fane scoffing  at  the  Holy  Scripture,  or  exposing  it  to  con- 
tempt or  ridicule";  by  Kent  as  " maliciously  reviling 
God  o'  religion";  and  by  Chief  Justice  Lemuel  Shaw  as 

■  ■ . ,i,iir'  evil  of  the  Deity  with  an  impious  purpose  to 

,1,  , ,tr  from  the  Divine  Majesty,  ami  to  alienate  the 

minds  of  others  from  the  love  ami  reverence  of  God. 
Blasphemj  is  punished  as  a  crime  or  a  misdemeanor  by 
the  lawsof  many  nations.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
language  irreverent  toward  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
samt-  is  also  held  to  be  blasphemy. 
3  Evil  speaking  or  abusive  language  against 
anything  held  saored:  as,  "blasphemy  against 
learning,"  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
(Latham.)  —  4.  An  indecent  or  scurrilous  ut- 
terance, as  distinguished  from  fair  and  respect- 
ful discussion;  grossly  irreverent  or  outrage- 
ous language. 

That  in  the  captain's  but  a  choleric  word, 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  n.  2. 

5t.    A   blasphemer;     a  blasphemous    person. 

[Rare.]  XT       ,,      , 

L  Now,  blasphemy, 

That  swear  st  grace  o'erboard,  not  an  oath  on  shore. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

=  Svn  Blasphemv,  Profanity,  agree  in  expressing  the  ir- 
reverent use  ..f  words,  but  the  former  is  the  stronger,  and 
the  latter  the  wider.  Profanity  is  language  irreverent  to- 
wardGodor  holy  things,  covering  especially  all  oaths  that, 
literally  interpreted,  treat  lightly  the  attributes  or  acts 
God  K«s;j/ie//i»  is  generally  more  direct,  intentional,  and 
defiant  in  its  impiety,  and  is  directed  toward  the  most  sa- 
cred things  in  religion. 

And  he  [the  dragon]  opened  bis  mouth  in  blasphemy 
against  God,  to  blaspheme  his  name,  and  his  tabernacle, 
and  them  that  dwell  in  heaven.  Rev.  xm.  o. 

If  indecency  and  profanity,  inspired  by  "  potations  pot- 
tle-deep "  were  heard  anywhere  with  peculiar  emphasis 
and  shameless  vociferation,  it  was  at  the  board  of  Eng- 
land's prime  minister  [Sir  Robert  WalpolcJ. 

Whipple,  H.  Fielding. 

blast  (blast),  re.  [<  ME.  blast,  blest,  <  AS.  bUiest 
(=t  )H(t.  blast,  MHG.  G.  blast=  Icel.  blastr=bw. 
blast  =  Dan.  bhest),  a  gust  of  wind,  a  blowing, 
<  'bld'san  (=  D.  blasen  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
blasan,  MHG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  blasa  = 
Sw  bUsa  =  T>a-a.blwse  =  Goth.  blesan  (incoinp.), 
blow,  breathe,  >  E.  blase*,  q.  v.),  akin  to  bla- 
wan,  blow:  see  blow*,  v.  Perhaps  ult.  connect- 
ed with  AS.  blast,  a  flame,  blase,  a  flame,  >  K 
blage1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  blowing;  a  gust  or  puff  of 
wind;  especially,  a  strong  and  sudden  gust. 

Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  blast. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  ll. 

Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar  white.  . 

Tennyson,  In  Memonam, Ixxu. 

2.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like. 

At  the  blast  of  his  mouth  were  the  rest  of  the  creatures 
made,  and  at  his  bare  word  they  started  out  of  nothing. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  1.  36. 

Hence— 3  A  jet  of  exhaust-steam  thrown  into 
a  smoke-stack  to  assist  the  draft—  4.  In  metal., 
the  air  forced  into  a  furnace  for  the  purpose  of 
accelerating  combustion.  A  furnace  is  said  to  be  in 
blast  when  it  is  in  operation,  out  <•/  blast  when  stopped, 
either  temporarily  or  permanently.  _ 

5  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind-instru- 
ment, as  a  horn  or  trumpet;  strictly,  the  sound 
produced  by  one  breath. 

One  blast  upon  his  bugle-horn 
Were  worth  a  thousand  men. 

Scott,  L.  of  theL.,  vi.  18. 

6.  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants ;  the  infection 
of  anything  pestilential ;  a  blight. 
Blasts  and  fogs  upon  thee !  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  Mast  he  died, 
Hut  fell  like  autumn  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

Dryden,  (Edrpus,  iv.  l 

Hence  — 7.  Any  withering  or  destructive  in- 
fluence ;  a  curse. 

By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

8.  The  product  of  a  blast  or  blight ;  a  bud  which 
never  blossoms. 


As  in  all  gardoins,  some  (lowers,  some  weedes,  and  as  in 
al  trees,  some  blossoms.  some  blasts. 

hilly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  l»u. 

9  The  charge  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive 
used  al  one  tiring  in  Masting  operations.— 
10.  The  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine.— 11.  A  flatulenl  disease  in  sheep.— 12. 

Asmoke  of  tobacco.  [Scotch.]  At  oneblast.at 
once.  For  a  blastt,  for  »nee-  Hot  blast,  air  raised  to  a 
high  temperature  and  forced  into  a  blast  furnace  in  smelt- 
ing and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron,  I  Im 
plan  oi  beating  the  blast  originated  with  Mr.  James  Beau 

lllont  Neilson  ol  Glasgow,  and  a  patent  was  issued  to  I 

in  1828.  The  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  has  had  an  im- 
portant influence  on  the  development  of  the  Iron  bu  | 
Ince  bj  tins  method  the  amount  of  fuel  required  is 
considerably  lesseiic.l.-In  full  blast,  in  lull  "Pcration 
referring  to  a  blast-furnace  when  worked  to  its  fullest  ex- 
tent or  capacity. 
The  business  of  the  day  was  in  full  blast. 

CD.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  165. 

=Syn.  Gust,  etc.  See  wind,  n. 
hlast  (blast),  r.  [<  ME.  blasten,  blow,  breathe 
hard ;  trans.,  blow,  as  a  trumpet ;  <  blast,  a  blow- 
ing: see  blast,  ».]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  blow;  puff ; 
1  ir'eatho  hard ;  pant.  [Scotch  and  Middle  Eng- 
lish.] 

Dragouns  .  .  . 
That  grisely  whistleden  and  blasten 
Ind  of  her  mouthe  fyre  outcasten. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  5348. 

To  puffen  and  to  blaste,  

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1866. 

2.  To  smoke  tobacco.  [Scotch.]  —3.  To  boast ; 
brag;  speak  ostentatiously.  Scott.  [Scotch.]— 

4.  To  wither;  be  blighted. 
Blasting  in  the  bud, 

Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime. 

5.  To  burst  as  by  an  explosion ;  blow  up. 
This  project 

Should  have  a  bai  k.  or  second,  that  might  hold, 

If  this  shuuld  blast  in  proof.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  blow  forth  or  abroad; 
hence,  to  utter  loudly ;  proclaim.— 2.  To  break 
or  tear  to  pieces  (rocks  or  similar  materials)  by 
the  agency  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive. 
In  the  ordinary  operations  of  mining  the  rocks  are  at- 
tacked, or  broken  into  fragments  of  manageable  size,  by 
blasting. 

He  spoke  ;  and,  high  above,  I  heard  them  Won! 

The  steep  slate-quarry.         Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

3.  To  confound  or  stun  by  a  loud  blast  or  din ; 

split;  burst.     [Rare.] 
r  Trumpeters, 

With  brazen  din  Wast  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  andC,  iv.  8. 
I  have  seen  you  stand 
As  vou  were  blasted  'midst  of  all  your  mirth. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  -Maid's  Tragedy,  in.  2. 

4.  To  blow  or  breathe  on  so  as  to  injure,  as 
a'sudden  gust  or  destructive  wind;  cause  to 
fade,  shrivel,  or  wither ;  check  the  growth  of 
and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and  pro- 
ducing fruit;  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  Xll.  6. 

Say  .  .  .  why 
Upon  this  Wasted  heath  you  stop  our  way? 

Sliuk.,  Macbeth,  l.  3. 

Since  this  I  live  to  see, 
Some  bitter  north  wind  Wast  my  Hocks  and  me! 

;■'/.  tchcr.  1'aithfnl  shepherdess,  m.  1. 

5  To  blight  or  cause  to  come  to  nothing,  as  by 
some  pernicious  influence;  bring  destruction, 
calamity,  or  infamy  upon;  ruin :  as,  to  blast 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness. 

With  Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

The  prosecutor  urged  that  this  might  blast  her  reputa- 
tion ami  that  it  was  in  effect  a  boasting  of  favours  which 
he  had  never  received.    Addison,  Cases  of  False  Delicacy. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  if  he  knows  I  deserve 
credit  and  yet  goes  about  to  Wast  it,  StMmgJtei t. 

6.  To  curse ;  strike  with  the  wrath  of  heaven. 
His  name  be  ever  blasted ! 
For  his  accursed  shadow  has  betray  d 
The  sweetness  of  all  youth. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  J. 

Tallin"  on  their  Maker  to  curse  them,  .  .  .  blast  then;, 
and  damn  them.  Mucaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ill. 

blast-, -blast.    See  blasUh. 

Blastactinota  (blas-tak-ta-no'ta),  ».  pi.    [NL., 

<  tir.  A'/nnrui .  a  germ  (see  blast  us),  +  ajcrwurof, 
furnished  with  rays :  see  aoUnote. )  A  class  of 
radiate  animals:  same  as  Blastoidea.    Brown, 

blastaea  (blas-te'6),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  foaordc,  a 
germ:  see  blitslits.}  The  hypothetical  parent 
form  of  tlic  llhistiriila: 


blasting 

tent  animals,  as  the  Norwegian  dimmer-ball, 
which  permanently  resemble  a  blastula  or  pla- 
nula.  ,     ,        ..j. 

blastseid  (blas-te'id),  n.  <  )ne  ol  the  hypotheti- 
cal Blastceidte. 

Blastaeidse  (blas-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  '''"'s'- 
toea  +  -kIii.]  A  hypothetical  group  of  animals 
having  permanently  the  form  of  a  blastula, 
j. lunula,  or  vesicular  morula.  Less  correctly 
written  Blastceada. 

blast-box  (blast'boks),  n.  A  chamber  into 
or  through  which  the  air  of  a  blowing-engine 
passes, 


We  call  this  the  Plansea  or  Blastam. 

Uaeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  61. 

blastsad  (blas-te'ad),  n.     [<  blastma  +  -adl.] 
1.  Same  as  blastand.— 3.  One  of  certain  exis- 


These  bearers  may  connect  al  their  front  ends  m  any 
desired  manner  with  the  blast  ptpe.andat  theirreai  ends 
with  a  blast-box.  ''"    Diet.,  IV.  4d8. 

blasted  (blas'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Confounded;  exe- 
crable ;  detestable :  used  as  a  milder  form  ol 
imprecation  than  damned. 

Some  of  her  own  blasted  gypsies. 

Scoff,  Guy  Mannenng,  II.  13. 

2.  In  her.,  deprived  of  leaves:  said  of  a  tree 
or  a  branch, 
blastelasma  (blas-te-las'niii),  n. ;  pi.  blastelas- 
mata  (-ma-ta).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  fOxtardc,  a  germ  (see 
blastus),  "+ "c?Maiia,  a  (metal)  plate  <   e/.aivetv 
(fXn-),  drive,  strike,  beat  out.]     In  embryol.,  a 
secondary  germ-layer ;   a  germ-layer,  as  the 
mesoderm,  appearing,  if  at  all,  after  the  for- 
mation of  the  two  primary  layers  called  en- 
doderm  and  ectoderm,  or  blastophylla. 
blastema  (blas-te'ma),  «.;  pi.  blastemata  (-ma- 
ts).     [NL.,  <  Gr.   BMam/ia,  a  shoot,   sprout, 
<"  i/aoTEiv,   iTAnaravtiv,  sprout,  bud.  shoot.]      1. 
In  bot. :  («)  Originally,  the  axis  of  an  embryo, 
consisting  of   the    radicle   and   the   growing- 
point  at  its  summit.     (6)  In  later  use,  the  ini- 
tial point  of  growth  from  which  any  organ  or 
part  of  an  organ  is  developed,     (c)  Sometimes, 
the  thallus  of   cryptogamous  plants.— 2.    In 
anat.  and  phys.,  the  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  ol 
a  germinating  ovum;    the   substance  of  the 
blastomeres,  blastoderm,  etc.  ;  granular  forma- 
tive material.     [The  term  is  now  being  super-  ' 
seded  by  more   special  names  of  substances 
and  stages  of  germination.] 
blastemal  (blas-te'mal),  a.    [<  blastema  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  blastema;  rudimentary:  as, 
blastemal  formations, 
blastematic  (blas-te-mat'ik),  a.    Blastemic. 
blastemic  (blas-tem'ii),  a.    [<  blastema  +  -mj.] 
Pertaining  to  blastema;   consisting  of    blas- 
tema ;  bioplasmic ;  bioplastic. 
blast-engine  (blast'en  "jin),  n.    1.  A  ventilat- 
iug-machine  used,  especially  on  shipboard,  to 
draw  off  foul  air.— 2.  A  machine  for  producing 
a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  use  in  urging 
the  fire  of  a  furnace. 
blaster  (blas'ter),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 
blasts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

I  am  no  blaster  of  a  lady's  beauty, 

Nor  bold  intruder  on  her  special  favours. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  l.  1. 

Blasteroidea   (blas-te-roi'de-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.] 

Same  as  Blastoidea. 

blastful  (blast'ful),  a.     [<  blast  +  -Jul.]    Full 

of  blasts;  exposed  to  blasts ;  windy. 

blast-furnace  (blast'fer'nas),  ».     A  furnace, 

usually  vertical,  or  a  so-called  shaft-furnace, 

in  which  ores  are  smelted  by  the  aid  of  a  blast 
of  air.     See  funnier. 

blast-gate  (blast'gat),  n.  The  valved  nozle  or 
stop-cock  of  a  blast-pipe 

blast-hearth  (blast'harth),  n.  The  Scotch  ore- 
hearth  for  reducing  lead  ores. 

blast-hole  (blast'hol),  n.  1.  In  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom  or 
wind-bore  of  a  pump.— 2.  The  hole  into  which 
a  cartridge  is  inserted  in  blasting. 

blasti,  n.    Plural  of  blastus. 

blastide  (blas'tid  or  -tad),  n.  [<  Gr.  ,»aoT<ic, 
a  germ,  +  -«te2.]  In  '"'"'■•  a  minute  clear 
space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecundated  ovuin 
of  an  organism,  which  is  the  primary  indica- 
tion of  the  cvtoblast  or  nucleus. 

blastie  (blas'ti),  n.  [<  blast  +  dim.  -ie.]  A 
blasted  or  shriveled  dwarf;  a  wicked  or  trouble- 
some creature.     Burns.     [Scotch.] 

blasting  (blas'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  blastynge :  verbal 
n.  of  blast,  c]     1.  A  blast;  destruction  by  a 
pernicious  cause ;  blight. 
I  have  smitten  you  with  Hasting  and  mildew. 

.A.HIOS  IV.  *7* 


2.  The  operation  of  splitting  rocks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  explosive.  -  Blasting-compounds, 
substances  used    in  blasting      The  more  important  are 


blasting 

guncotton,  blasting-gelatin,  blasting-powder,  dunlin,  dyna- 
mite, gunpowder, haloxylin, and  litliofracteur.  See  these 
w  ords. 

blasting  (blas'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  blast,  v.] 
Affecting  with  injury  or  blight ;  destructive. 
A  bloating  and  a  scandalous  breath. 

Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

blasting-cartridge  (blas'ting-kar  ti-i.j),  n.    A 

cartridge  containing  a  substance  to  lie  used  in 
blasting.  Such  cartridges  arc  made  with  various  de- 
vici  -  to  prevent  premature  explosion,  and  arc  commonly 
exploded  by  means  of  electricity. 

blasting-fuse  (blas'ting-fuz),  it.  A  fuse  con- 
sisting of  a  cord  the  axis  of  which  has  been 
filled  with  fine  powder  during  the  manufacture. 
This  burns  slowly  and  gives  the  workmen  time 
to  get  to  a  safe  distance  before  the  explosion. 

blasting-gelatin  (blas'ting-jel"a-tm),  n.  A 
blasting-compound  consisting  of  7  parts  of  gun- 
cotton  and  4  of  camphor  dissolved  in  89  parts 
of  nitroglycerin.  Also  called  nitrogelatin  and 
explosivi  gelatin. 

blasting-needle  (blas'ting-ne''dl),  «.  A  slen- 
der, tapering  rod  which  is  inserted  into  the 
powder  and  kept  in  its  place  during  the  opera- 
tion of  tamping,  in  preparing  a  blast.  Its  object 
is  tn  preserve  a  channel  through  which  the  match  may 
reach  the  powder  or  other  explosive.  At  the  present  day 
the  use  of  the  needle  is  almost  entirely  done  away  with, 
the  so-called  safety-fuse,  or  simply  fuse,  being  used  in  its 
pli Also  called,  in  England,  a  stemmer. 

blasting-oil  (blas'ting-oil),  «.  Same  as  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blasting-tube  (blas'ting-tub),  n.  India-rubber 
tubing  employed  to  hold  a  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blast-lamp  (blast'lamp),  n.  A  lamp  in  which 
combustion  is  assisted  by  an  artificially  pro- 
duced draft  of  air. 

blastmentt  (blast'ment),  n.  [<  blast,  v.,  + 
-mint.]  Blast;  a  sudden  stroke  of  some  de- 
structive cause. 

In  the  morn  and  liquid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  blastments  are  most  imminent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

blast-meter  (blast'me'ter),  n.  An  anemome- 
ter placed  at  the  nozle  of  a  blowing-engine. 

blast-nozle,  blast-orifice  (blast'noz"],  -or"i- 
fis),  n.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice  in  the 
delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blasto-.  [<  Gr.  p'AaoTdt;,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot: 
see  blastus.~\  An  element  in  technical  terms 
meaning  germ:  written  before  a  vowel  blast-, 
also  terminally  -blast. 

blastocarpous  (blas-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  fi'to- 
or<Sf,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot,  sucker,  equiv.  to 
.i'/nariiua  (see  blastema),  +  Kapiroe,  fruit.]  In 
Dot.,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp:  applied 
to  certain  fruits,  such  as  the  mangrove. 

blastocheme  iblas'to-keni),  n.  [<  Gr.  p7iam6c, 
genu.  +  "i'/"«.  vehicle,  <  oXcw;  carry,  hold, 
sustain,  freq.  of  ijptv,  hold,  have.]  In  eoo'l., 
one  of  the  special  generative  buds  of  the  Me- 
dusa; a  medusiform  planoblast  which  gives 
origin  to  the  generative  elements,  not  directly, 
but  through  the  medium  of  special  sexual  buds 
which  are  developed  from  it.     All/man. 

blastocoele  (blas'to-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/taardc,  a 
germ,  +  koZAoc,  hollow.]    In  embryo!.,  the  cavity 


Free-swimming  Ciliated  Embryo  (Pianula)  of  Ascrtta  mirabilii, 
one  of  the  Calcuponrfa,  outsit  and  in  optical  longitudinal  section, 
f.epibl.ist;  f,  bypobfa  ';  v,  blastocoslf> 

of  a  vesicular  morula:  the  hollow  interior  of 
a  blastula  or  blastosphere.  See  gastrulation. 
Also  blaetoccelom,  blastoeceloma. 

The  ovum,  after  Impregnation,  becomes  a  morula,  with 
n  central  i  li  at  toccele. 

Huxley,  Anat,  Invert.,  p.  10fi. 

blastocrjelic  ibiu-,-1.1  r-'lik), «.  [<  blastocoele  + 
-ic.]  lii  embryol.,  pertaining  to  a  blastoouilo; 
cont tii ned  iii  a  blasii.cii-le:  us. a  blastoccelic  11 1 1 id. 

blastoccelom,  blastoeceloma  (i>lus-to-se'lom, 
Idas  to-se-16'ma),  n.  [NL.  blastoeceloma,  as 
blostocwle  +  -oma.]    Same  as  blastocoele. 

blastocolla  (bias -to  kol'a),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
,i/.ur,rnr,  a  germ,  +  m<>>«,  glue.]    The  balsam 

covering  the   leaf  buds  Of  some    plants,   as  of 

Populux  balsamifera. 


580 

blastocyst  (blas'to-sist),  n.  [<  Gr.  fllaardc,  a 
germ,  +  m  it7/(  ,  bladder  (cyst).]  The  germinal 
vesicle.      .Y.  /■.'.  /'.      See  blaStOCU  riu . 

blastoderm  (blas'to-derm),  n.  [<  Gr.  /Mar/roc, 
a  germ,  +  Skppa,  skin:  see  (form.]  In  embryol., 
the  primitive  membrane  or  layer  of  cells  re- 
sulting from  the  subdivision  of  the  germ  (the 
segmentation  of  the  vitellusoryolk).  Itis  further 
differentiated  in  all  Metazoa  into  at.  least  two  membranes 
in  cell-layers,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  the  endoderm  and 
the  ectoderm;  and  still  further  modified  in  most  Metazoa 
by  the  production  of  a  third  layer,  the  mesoderm,  between 
the  other  two.  The  outer  layer  is  also  called  epiblast;  the 
inner,  hypoblast ;  the  middle,  mesbblast.  See  extract  un- 
der Metazoa,  and  cut  under  cyathozooid, 

blastoderma  (blas-to-der'mii),  ii. ;  pi.  blastoder- 
mata  (-ma-ta).     [NL.]     Same  as  blastoderm. 

blastoderma!  (blas-to-der'mal),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm +  -al.]     Same  as  blastodermic. 

blastodermata,  ».    Plural  of  blastoderma. 

blastodermatic  (blas"to-der-mat 'ik),  a.  [<  blas- 
toderma{t-)  +  -ic.']    Same  as  blastodermic. 

blastodermic  (blas-to-der'mik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  blastoderm. 
Alsoblastodermal,  blastodermatic.—  Blastodermic 
disk,  in  enibrydl.,  the  germ-disk  of  an  impregnated  mero- 
blastie  egg  wliich  has  undergone  segmentation  of  the  vi t.l- 
lus;  a  flattened  morula  capping  a  portion  of  the  food-yolk. 
—  Blastodermic  membrane,  the  blastoderm.— Blasto- 
dermic vesicle,  the  vesicular  blastoderm  in  mammalian 
embryos. 

blastodisc  (bias 'to -disk),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/laoT6Y,  a 
germ,  +  Sianoc,  a  disk :  see  dish.]  An  aggrega- 
tion of  formative  protoplasm  at  one  pole  of  the 
fertilized  ovum. 

The  fertilised  ovum  .  .  .  consists  of  a  .  .  .  yolk,  at 
one  pole  of  which  is  a  mass  of  protoplasm  forming  the 
blastodisc 

J.  T.  Cunningham,  Microscopical  Science,  No.  ci.  5. 

blastogenesis  (blas-to-jen'e-sis),  ii.  [<  Gr. 
fiXtiOTOc,  a  germ,  +  ytveaig,  generation.]  In  hint., 
reproduction  by  gemmation  or  budding. 

blastogeny  (blas-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiAUGToc,  a 
germ,  +  -yb/eia,  generation:  see  -gcnij.]  The 
germ-history  of  an  individual  living  organism ; 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  a  body  as  a 
whole,  as  distinguished  from  histogeny  and  or- 
ganogeny, which  relate  to  the  special  germ-his- 
tory of  the  tissues  and  organs.  It  is  a  term  used 
by  Haeckel  for  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  morphogeny,  it- 
self a  division  of  ontogeny. 

blastoid  (blas'toid),  a.  and  n.  [See  Blastoidea.] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Blastoidea:  as,  a  blastoid  crinoid. 

II.  ii.  An  echinoderm  of  the  group  Blas- 
toidea. 

Blastoidea  (blas-toi'de-a),  n.pl.  [NTj.,  <  Gr. 
ji"/.aaTuc,  a  germ,  +  elboe,  form.]  A  group  of 
fossil  pelmatozoan  echinoderms  without  arms, 
with  ambulacra  fringed  on  each  side  by  pointed 
appendages  in  close  relation  with  side-plates, 
which  rest  on  or  against  a  subambulacral  lan- 
cet-plate pierced  by  a  canal  which  lodges  a 
water-vessel,  and  with  bydrospires  arranged  in 
10  or  8  groups  limited  to  the  radial  and  inter- 
radial  plates.  The  group  was  (<i)  originally  proposed 
by  Say  in  1825  as  a  family  ;  {b)  accepted  by  Leuekart  in  1848 
as  an  order ;  (c)  by  Roemer  in  1852  as  a  suborder ;  (</)  by 
Brown  in  I860  as  a  class ;  (e)  by  others  as  a  subclass ;  and 
(/)  modified  by  Etheridge  and  Carpenter  in  1886  as  a 
class  divided  into  two  orders,  Rerjidares  and  Trregulares. 
The  species  range  from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Car- 
boniferous.   Also  Blasteroidea. 

blastomere  fblas'to-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  fiXaaroc, 
a  germ,  +  /upoc,  a  part.]  In  embryol.,  one  of 
the  segments  or  derivative  cells  into  which  the 
vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  ovum  of  one  of  the  Meta- 
zoa divides  after  fecundation.  See  cut  under 
gastrulation. 

blastomeric  (blas-to-mer'ik),  a.  [<  blastomere 
+  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
blastomere ;  characterized  by  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  or  vitellus. 

blastoneuropore  (blas-to-nu'ro-por),  ».    [< 

blastopore)  +  in  ur<>]>ore.~\  A  transient  ori- 
fice in  the  embryo  of  some  animals,  resulting 
from  the  fusion  of  a  neuropore  with  the  blasto- 
pore.    See  neuropore. 

blastophore  (blas'to-for),  H.  [<<ir.  i/immi',  a 
germ,  +  -<j)6pos,  -bearing,  <  (fiipciv  =  E.  bear*-.] 
The  passive  portion  of  a  sporm-cell  or  spermo- 
spore  which  does  not  give  rise  to  spermatozoa. 

blastophyllum  (blas-to-fil'um),  «.;  pi.  blasto- 

phylla  (-ii).  [XL.,  <  Gr.  A'/aaToe,  a  germ,  + 
<p(iA/iov=  L.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  embryol.,  either 
one  of  the  two  primary  germ-layers  of  a  gas- 
trula  of  the  Metazoa;  an  endoderm  or  an  ecto- 
derm. 
blastophyly  (blas-tof'i-li),  n.  [<  Gr.  QXaarde, 
a  germ,  +  fvA$,  tribe.]  The  tribal  history  of 
persons  or  of  individual  living  organisms. 
Haeckel. 


blastus 

Blastopolypidse  (bias " to -po- lip'  i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  "Blastiijioli/jius  ( <  Gr.  ,Y/<WTue,  a  germ,  + 
-oavttovc,  polyp)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  Hydro- 
polypinee,  forming  colonies  of  zooids,  which  at- 
tain different  shapes,  adapting  themselves  to 
different  parts  of  the  work  that  has  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  whole.  There  are  always  alimentary 
zooids  or  trophosomes  and  generative  zooids  or  polypo* 
styles  in  ouecolony.  The  alimentary  zobids  never  mature 
the  genital  products,  this  duty  devolving  exclusively  on 
the  polypostyles. 

blastoporal  (blas-to-po'ral),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -al.~]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  blastopore;  blas- 
toporic. 

blastopore  (blas'to-por),  n.  [<  Gr.  ,V/aaT6e, 
germ,  +  -opor,  passage,  pore.]  In  embryol., 
the  aperture  of  invagination  of  a  blastula  or 
vesicular  morula  which  has  become  a  gastrula ; 
the  orifice  of  an  archenteron ;  the  primitive 
combined  mouth  and  anus  of  a  gasti'Bea-form ; 
an  archseostoma.  See  cut  under  gastrulation. 
As  this  unfolding,  or  invagination  of  the  blastoderm, 
goes  on,  the  pouch  thus  produced  increases,  while  its  ex- 
ternal opening,  termed  the  blastopore,  .  .  .  diminishes  in 
size.  flu  vUy,  Crayfish,  p.  209. 

blastoporic  (blas-to-por'ik),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  a  blastopore:  as,  a  blas- 
toporic  area.     A.  Hyatt. 

blast-orifice,  ii.    See  blast-im  le. 

blastosphaera  (blas-to-sfe'rii),  ». ;  pi.  blasto- 
spharm  (-re).     [NL.]     Same  as  blastosphere. 

blastosphere  (blas'to-sfer),  n.  [<  NL.  blasto- 
Sjihtcra,  <  Gr.  [j'/ac-oc,  germ,  +  aipaipa,  sphere.] 
In  embryol. :  (a)  A  hollow  sphere  (vesicular 
morula)  composed  of  a  single  layer  of  blasto- 
meres  or  derivative  cells,  inclosing  a  central 
cavity  or  blastocoele.  The  blastomeres  of  one  hemi- 
sphere of  the  vesicle  may  have  proceeded  from  the  macro- 
mere  ;  of  the  other,  from  a  micromere.  See  these  words. 
The  blastomeres  arrange  themselves  into  a  hollow 
sphere,  the  blastosphere.       Buxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  415. 

(6)  By  Haeckel  restricted  to  the  germ-vesicle, 
vesicular  embryo,  or  blastodermic  vesicle  of 
the  Mammalia,  which  follows  after  gastrula- 
tion, and  is  called  by  him  a  gastrocystis,  or  in- 
testinal germ-vesicle.     Also  called  blastula. 

blastospheric  (blas-to-sfer'ik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
sphere +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  a  blastosphere: 
as,  blastospheric  cells. 

blastostylar  (blas-to-sti'liir),  a.  [<  blastostyle 
+  -ar.]     Pertaining  to  a  blastostyle. 

blastostyle  (blas'to-stil),  «.  [<  Gr.  /3Xaorof,  a 
germ,  +  c-v'loc,  a  pillar:  see  style2.]  In  zodl., 
a  columniform  zooid  destined  to  give  origin  to 
generative  buds ;  a  long  simple  zooid,  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Also  called  gonoblastidium. 
In  some  blastostyles,  during  the  development  of  the 
buds  of  the  gonophores,  the  ectoderm  splits  into  two 
layers.  .  .  .  Into  the  interspace  between  these  two,  the 
budding  gonophores  project,  and  may  emerge  from  the 
summit  of  the  gonangium  thus  funned. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  119. 

blast-pipe  (blast'plp),  n.  The  exhaust-pipe  of 
a  Steam-engine.  In  locomotives  and  in  some  station- 
ary steam-engines  it  is  directed  into  the  smoke-stack, 
with  the  effect  of  inducing  a  strong  draft. 

blast-recorder  (blast're-kor"der),  n.  A  con- 
trivance for  recording  automatically  the  time 
during  which  a  hot-blast  stove  is  in  blast  or 
out  of  blast.  It  is  operated  by  clockwork,  and  is  de- 
signed to  give  an  uninterrupted  record  of  the  work  and 
rest  of  a  number  of  stoves  for  a  week. 

blast-regulator  (blaT5t'reg"u-la-tqr),  n.  In 
milling,  a  governor  for  controlling  the  blast  of 
a  grain-separator. 

blastula  (blas'tu-lii),  n. ;  pi.  blastula:  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  filaoTdc,  a  germ:  see  blas- 
tus.] In  embryol.:  (a)  An  embryo  of  one  of  the 
Metazoa,  in  the  stage  in  which  it  consists  of 
a  sac  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  cells,  (b)  In 
Haeckel's  vocabulary  of  embryology,  same  as 
blastosphere,  (b). 

blastulapore  (blas'tu-la-por),  ii.  [Prop,  "blas- 
tuloporc,  <  XL.  blastula,  q.  v..  +  L.  porus,  pore.] 
The  pore  or  orifice  of  a  blastula. 

blastulation  (blas-tu-la'shon),  n.  [<  blastula  + 
-atioii.]  In  embryol.,  the  process  by  which  a 
germ  becomes  a  blastula;  the  conversion  of  a 
germ  into  a  blastula.  See  blastula.  in  most  ani- 
mals it  j. recedes  the  process  of  gastrulation  (which  see), 
and  consists  in  the  conversion  of  u  solid  mulberry-mass  of 
cleavage-cells  (morula  proper)  into  a  hollow  sphere  or 
blastosphere  (vesicular  morula).  In  case  it  follows  gas- 
trulation, as  in  a  mammal,  it  consists  in  the  conversion  of 

what  is  called  a  kinogeuetic  mctauast  rllla  (  which  see)  into 

a  physiologically  similar  but   rphologically  different 

hollow  ball,  commonly  known  as  the  blastodermic  vesicle. 
blastUS  (blas'tusj,  ii.;  ]il.  blasti  (-ti).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  . Uaordf;,  a  germ,  bud,  sprout,  shoot,  <  jiXa- 
cTavctv  ((Bodr-),  bud,  sprout,  grow,  prop,  of 
plants,  but  also  of  animals.]  In  bot.,  the 
plumule  of  grasses. 


blasty 

blasty  (blas'ti),  a.  [<  blast  +  -Jf*.]  1.  Stormy; 
gusty:  as.  a  blasty  day.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] — 2.  Causing  a  blast  or  blight  upon 
vegetation:  as,  "a  blasty  noon,"  Boyle,  Works, 
III.  154. 

blatancy  (bla'tan-si),  u.  [<  blatant:  see  -aney.] 
Blatant  quality! 

blatant  (bla'tant),  a.     [Also  written  blattant; 

line  of  Spenser's  words,  in  blatant  beast,  per- 
haps a  mere  alliterative  invention;  otherwise 
intended  for  "blataiul,  Se.  blailanil,  archaic 
ppr.  of  I'l'iti  '■'•,  var.  of  bleat.  |  Bellowing;  bawl- 
ing; noisy;  loud-talking  or  loud-sounding. 

Glory,  that  blatant  word,  which  haunts  some  military 
minds  like  the  bray  of  the  trumpet.  Irving. 

Blatant  (or  blattant)  beast,  calumny;  scandal:  aym- 
bolized  by  Spenser  as  a  dreadful  tlend,  with  a  thousand 
tongues,  begotten  of  Cerberus  and  Cnimeera.  Spenser, 
F.  Q,,  VI.  i.  7. 

The  Isle  of  Dogges  where  the  blatant  beast  doth  rule 
and  raigne.  Return/rom  Parnassus  (1606),  v.  4. 

blatantly  (bla'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  blatant  man- 
ner. 

blatcht,  )>■  [<  ME.  blaeche,  appar.  <  AS.  *bla:ccc 
(not  found),  <  blcec,  black:  see  black,  and  ef. 
blctch.]  Blacking, 
blatcht,  ''•  t.  [<  ME.  "blacehen,  blarchen  :  from 
the  noun.  Cf.  black,  v.,  and  blctclt.  v.  Not  con- 
nected with  blotch,  q.  v.]  To  smear  with  black- 
ing; black. 

No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Watched  in  his  face. 
Haritmr,  tr.  of  Beza's  Sermons,  p.  195. 
blate1  (blat),  a.  [Formerly  also  written  blait, 
bleat;  appar.  <  ME.  (Sc.)  Mate,  <  AS.  blat, 
pale,  ghastly;  cf.  OHO.  bleisza,  lividness.] 
It.  Pale;  ghastly. — 2f.  Dull;  spiritless;  stu- 
pid.— 3f.  Blunt;  curt. — 4.  Bashful;  diffident. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

The  youngster's  artless  heart  overflows  wi1  joy, 
But  blate  and  laithfu',  scarce  can  weel  behave. 

Hunts,  Cottar's  Saturday  Night. 
Says  Lord  Mark  Car,  "Ye  are  na  blate 
To  bring  us  the  news  o'  your  ain  defeat  — 
Get  out  o'  my  sight  this  morning." 

Jacobite  Ballad,  Johnnie  Cope. 

blate2  (blat),  a.  [Also  written  blait :  appar. 
<  ME.  blete,  naked,  bare,  <  AS.  bleat,  miserable 
(naked?),  =  OPries.  blat,  NPries.  bleat,  naked, 
miserable,  =  MD.  blot,  D.  bloot,  naked,  bare,  = 
MLG.  blot,  naked,  bare,  miserable,  mere,  = 
OHO.  MHO.  bio:,  G.  bloss,  naked,  bare,  mere. 
Cf.  blot2.]     Naked;  bare.     [Scotch.] 

blate3  (blat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  Mated,  ppr.  hint- 
ing. [Appar.  a  dial.  var.  of  bleat  (formerly 
pron.  as  blate).  Cf.  blatant.}  I.  intrans.  To 
babble ;  prate. 
II.  trims.  To  babble  or  prate  about. 
He  blates  to  me  what  has  passed  between  other  people 
and  him.  Pepys,  Diary  (ed.  1879),  IV.  46. 

blateratet,  v.  i.  [<  L.  blateratus,  pp.  of  blate- 
rnre,  babble.     Cf.  blatter.']     To  babble. 

blateration  (blat-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  blate- 
ratio(n-),<,~L.  blat&rare,  babble :  see  blaterate.] 
Senseless  babble.     [Rare.] 

blather  (blaTH'er),  v.  i.  [Sc.  also  blether,  = 
Icel.  bladhra,  talk  inarticulately,  talk  nonsense 
(bladhr,  nonsense),  =  G.  dial,  bladdern,  talk  non- 
sense ;  partly  imitative,  and  the  same  as  blat- 
ter, q.  v.]     To  talk  nonsense. 

blather  (blaTH'er),  n.  [Sc.  also  blether;  cf. 
Icel.  bladhr,  nonsense;  from  the  verb.]  1. 
Nonsense;  foolish  talk. — 2.  A  person  who 
talks  nonsense. 

blatherskite  (blaTH'er-skit),  n.  [Also  in  Sc. 
blctherskite,  bletherskate;  <  blather,  blether,  + 
skate,  a  term  of  contempt.]  1.  One  who  talks 
nonsense  in  a  blustering  way;  a  blusterer. 
Hence  — 2.  A  good-for-nothing  fellow;  a 
"beat."     [Scotch  and  Amer.] 

blathery  (blaTH'e-ri),  a.  and  n.  [Sc,  <  blather 
+  -i/1.]     I.  "•   Unsubstantial;  trashy. 

II.   it.   That  which  is  unsubstantial,  trashy, 
or  deceptive. 

Blatta1  (blat'a),  ».  [L.,  an  insect  that  shuns  the 
light,  a  cockroach,  etc.]  1.  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Blattidce:  formerly  coextensive 
with  the  family,  but  now  greatly  restricted. 
Thus,  the  cockroach  or  common  black-beetle,  introduced 
from  the  East  into  Europe  and  America,  is  Blatta  (Peri- 
plane/a)  orientalis.  See  cut  under  Blattidce. 
2.   [/.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

blatta2  (blat'a),  n.  [ML.]  A  purple  silk  inter- 
woven with  gold,  used  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
Rock,  Textile  Fabrics. 

blatteant  (blat'f-au),  a.  [<  blatta2  +  -ean.] 
Purple  ;  of  a  purple  color. 

blatter  (Wafer),  v.  i.  [=  G.  dial,  blattern, 
bladdern,  prate;  cf.  L.  hlaterare,  blactcrare,  talk 
nonsense,  blatire,  babble  (cf.  blaterate) ;  cf. 
blather,  blate'Z,  bleat,  blab,  blabber,  babble,  brab- 


ir 


: 


581 

hie,  prattle,  etc.,  all  more  or  less  imitative.]  1. 
To  give  forth  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of 
slight  sounds;  patter:  as,  "the  rain  blattered," 
Jeffrey. — 2.  To  speak  or  prato  volubly;  rail  or 
rage.     [Bare.] 

Eowever   envy   list   to   blatter 
against  him. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

blatter  (blat  'er),  ».  [<  blat- 
ter, i-.]  1.  A  rattling  or  clat- 
tering noise  (as  id'  boards 
falling).— 2.  A  volley  of 
clattering  words. 

blatterer  (blat'er-er),  «. 
One  who  blatters;  a  noisy 
blustering  boaster. 

blattering  (blat'er-ing),  n. 
[Verbal  n.  of  blatter,  ».] 
Senseless  blustering. 

blatteroont  (blat-e-r8n'),  "• 
[<  L.  blntero(n-),  a  babbler, 

<  hlaterare,  babble  :  see  blat- 
ter.']    A  senseless  babbler. 

I  trusted  T.  P.  witha  weight  j    e- 

cret,  conjuring  him  that  it  should 
not  take  air  and  go  abroad,  .  .  . 
but  it  went  out  of  him  the  very 
next  day.  ...  I  hate  such  blat- 
'<  roons.        llmr.ll.  betters,  ii.  75. 

Blattidae  (blat'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Blatta}  +  -iihc]  A 
family  of  cursorial  orthop- 
terous  insects,  the  cock- 
roaches,   coextensive   with  „AIJa,,°S17„ 

,         -,..'.  n,     ...  .         roach   [Blatta    (Ptnfila- 

the  division  Blattina  01'  SUb-    neta)     orientalis).—  Fe- 

order  Cursoria,  or  even  the  S'ASrSS 

Older  DiCtVOptera.  They  have  a  body;  i-ii,  abdominal  so- 
flattened  lengthened,  ovate  body,  $£!Jh£g!Ri&& 
With  head  retracted  into  the  large    ganglia  ;  a.  mouth  ;  t.  eso- 

shield-like  prothorax ;  long,  flla-  phagus :  c.  ingluvies  or 
mentous,  many -jointed  antennae;  "°P;  *  proventriculus ; 
long,  strung  cursorial  legs,  with  SBSffiTBiSSPS 
setose  tibia;;  5-jointed  tarsi,  with  Malpighian  caxai  h.  in- 
an  accessory  joint  or  plantula  be-  testine;  i,  rectum;  k. saii- 
tween  the  claws ;  large  coriaceous  vary  'f«ptade  ;  /,  sali- 
fore  wings  which  overlap, .  and  S?™E£j  '&$™ 
longitudinal  folded  hind  wings,  vulva ;  x.  cera. 
both    sometimes  undeveloped  in 

females.  The  genera,  species,  and  individuals  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Some  attain 
a  very  large  size  in  the  tropics.  They  are  mostly  noc- 
turnal, or  live  in  dark  places,  and  most  of  them  are 
omnivorous.  When  numerous  they  cause  much  annoy- 
ance and  injury,  as  ill  bakeries,  granaries,  etc.  See  also 
cut  under  Insecta. 

blattiform  (blat'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  blatta,  a 
cockroach,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  blatta  or  cockroach. 

Blattina  (bla-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blatta1  + 
-ina-.]  A  group  of  cursorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, including  only  the  family  Blattidce :  same 
as  Cursoria,  2. 

blattoid(blat'oid),  a.  [<  Blatta^  +  -oid.]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
Blatttaw;  like  a  cockroach. 

blaubok,  n.     See  blautchok. 

blaud  (bliid),  it.  [Sc,  also  hlad,  perhaps  same 
as  blade  (see  blad3  and  blade):  but  ef.  Gael. 
bladh  =  Ir.  hladh,  a  part.]  1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything ;  a  considerable  portion ;  a  flat  piece 
of  anything. —  2.  A  slap ;  a  blow  or  stroke. 

blaufish  (bla'nsh),  n.  [<  *hlau,  prob.  same  as 
Sc.  bla,  blae,  dark,  livid  (see  blue),  +  fish.]  Ac- 
cording to  Pennant,  a  name  of  the  blackfish, 
ft  ntrobqthiis  pitmpilus.  See  cut  under  Centro- 
lophus. 

blauncht,  «■    An  obsolete  form  of  blanch1. 

blauwbok  (blou'bok),  ».     [D.,  lit.  blue  buck, 

<  blame  (blaaaw),  —  E.  blue,  +  bok  =  E.  buck1.] 

1.  The  Dutch  colonial  name  of  a  South  African 
antelope,  Hippotracjus  (or  JEgoceros)  leucophceus, 
given  on  account  of  its  bluish  appearance, 
caused  by  the  dark  hide  showing  through  light 
hair.  It  is  related  to  the  oryx,  addax,  etc.,  and  has 
rather  large  horns  curving  backward.  Also  called  blue- 
buck,  blue  antelope,  and  etaac 

2.  A  small  South  African  antelope  with  very 
short  straight  horns  and  heavy  hind  quarters. 

Also  spelled  blaubok. 
blaver,  blavert   (bla'ver,  -vert),  n.     Corrupt 
forms  of  blawort.     [Scotch.] 

Your  gloves  shall  be  o'  the  green  clover 

Come  loekerin'  to  your  hand, 

Well  dropper  o'er  wi'  blue  blavers, 

That  grow  amang  white  land. 

Qardener  Lad  (Anon.). 
blaw  (bla),  v.;  pret.  hlcir,  pp.  hhurn,  ppr.  biatr- 
ial/. [Sc,  =  E.  blow1.]  I.  intrans.  To  blow; 
breathe;  publish;  brag;  boast;  magnify  in  nar- 
rative— To  blaw  in  one's  lug,  to  cajole;  flatter  a 
person.  Heme,  blaa'-iti-tntf-luij,  a  flatterer;  a  wheedler. 
Scott 
II.  trans.  To  natter;  eoax, 


blaze 

blawort  (bla'w6rt),  n.  [Sc,  also  blavert,  bla- 
cm.  i|.  v.,  <  /(/(»,  /i/(/e,  blue,  +  wort1:  see  blae 
and  irartK]  1.  The  blur  corn-flower;  the 
bluebottle. — 2.  The  round-leafed  bell  tlower. 
Jamieson. 

blay'  (bla),  n.  [Also  written  bley;  <  ME.  "blaye, 
bit  tit .  AS.  blMge  =  D.  blei  =  il.  bleihe,  a  blay.j 
A  local  English  uame  of  the  bleak. 

Way2,  a.  and  n.     Same  as  blue. 

blayberry,  ».    Same  as  blaeberry. 

blay-linen,  «.    Same  as  blae-linen. 

blaze1  (bla/.),  a.     [Early  i I.  B.  also  blase  (Se. 

bleeze,  earlier  hirst);  <  ME.  blase,  aflame,  <  AS. 
blcest ,  blase,  a  flame,  torch,  =  MLii.  LG-.  bias  = 
MHG.  bias,  a  torch  (cf.  AS.  blcest,  a  flame);  akin 
to  biased,  q.  v.,  but  only  remotely,  if  at  all,  lo 
blase*,  q.v.  The  AS.  forms  blysa,  blysige,  a  torch, 
etc,  belong  to  another  root:  see  blush.]  If.  A 
torch  ;  a  fire-brand. —  2.  A  flame ;  a  flaming 
fire ;  a  conflagration. 
To  heaven  the  blaze  uprolled.  Croly. 

What  heaps  of  books  and  pamphlets  !    now   we  shall 
have  a  glorious  blaze.  Hawthorne,  <  dd  Manse,  I. 

3.  Figuratively,  brilliant  sunlight;  effulgence; 
brilliance :  as,  the  hla:c  of  day. 

As  thy  beautie  hath  made  thee  the  blaze  of  Italy,  so  wil 
thy  lightnesse  make  thee  the  bye  word  of  the  worlde. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  102. 

0,  dark,  dark,  dark,  amid  the  blaze  of  noon  ! 

Wilton,  s.  A.,1.  80. 

4.  A  sudden  kindling  up  or  bursting  out,  as  of 
fire,  passion,  etc  ;  an  active  or  violent  display ; 
wide  diffusion. 

In  his  blaze  of  wrath.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

The  main  blaze  of  it  is  past,  but  a  small  thing  would 
make  it  flame  again.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  3. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  hand  (now  seldom 
or  never  used)  consisting  of  five  court-cards, 
ranking  between  two  pairs  and  three  of  a  kind: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  blaze  of  color  dis- 
played.—  in  a  blaze,  on  tire ;  in  flames.—  Like  blazes, 
furiously  ;  in  or  to  an  excessive  degree.    [Low.] 

The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry  like  blazes.      Mayhcw. 

The  horse  was  so  maddened  by  the  wound,  and  the 
road  so  steep,  that  he  went  like  blazes. 

De  Qitiiicett,  Spanish  Nun.  p.  24. 

The  blazes,  hell;  perdition.  Hence,  to  go  to  blazt  to 
go  to  perdition,  or  to  tiie  deuce.  [Slang.]  =  Syn.  2.  Glare, 
etc.  Seejiame,  n. 
blaze1  (blaz),  i<. ;  pret.  blazed,  ppr.  blazing. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  blase  (=  Sc.  bleeze,  hlese) ; 
<  ME",  blasen,  blaze ;  from  the  noun.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  burst  into  flame;  burn  with  a 
bright  flame  or  fervent  heat ;  flame :  either 
literally  or  figuratively. 

Two  red  flres  in  both  their  faces  blazed. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1. 1353. 
Starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets.     Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  728. 

2.  To  send  forth  a  bright  light;  shine  like 
flame  or  fire  :  as,  a  blazing  diamond. 

I  lift  mine  eyes,  and  all  the  windows  hlazc 
With  forms  of  saints  and  holy  men  who  died. 

Longfellow,  Sonnets  on  the  Divina  Commedia,  iv. 

The  cupola  blazes  with  gigantic  archangels,  stationed 
in  a  ring  beneath  the  supreme  figure  and  tare  of  Christ. 
J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  169. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous  ;  shine  brightly  with  the 
brilliancy  of  talents,  heroic  deeds,  etc.  [Poetic] 

Mighty  names 
Have  blazed  upon  the  world  and  passed  away. 

Bryant.  Fifty  Vears. 
To  blaze  away,  to  fire  away  ;  keep  on  tiring  (with  gnus 
or  artillery) ;  work  vigorously  or  with  enthusiasm.  9ee 
away,  12.— To  blaze  out.  («)  To  throw  out  flame  or 
light;  shine  forth,  (o)  To  go  out  with  a  flare,  (c)  To 
break  out  with  passion  or  excitement;  speak  or  aet  vio- 
lently.— To  blaze  up,  to  burst  into  flame,  and  hence  into 
passion,  anger,  etc. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  set  in  a  blaze.  [Rare.] 
Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.  Hood. 

2.  To  temper  (steel)  by  covering  it  while  hot 
with  tallow  or  oil,  which  is  then  burned  off. — 

3.  To  cause  to  shine  forth  ;  exhibit  vividly. 

Fiery  eyes  blaze  forth  her  wrong. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  219. 
So  spake  the  Father  ;  and,  unfolding  bright 
Toward  the  right  hand  bis  glory,  on  tin  Son 
Blazed  forth  unci led  deity.    Mt/t>>n,  V.  I...  x.  05. 

To  blaze  outt,  to  burn  out;  figuratively,  exhaust  in  a 
blaze  of  passion  or  excess. 
blaze2  (blaz),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing.  [<  ME.  blasen,  blow,  as  a  trumpet,  < 
AS.  "oUesan,  blow  (=  MP.  blaesen,  T>.  hlazen, 
blow,  sound  a  trumpet,  =MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
bldsan,  MHG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  hldsa  = 
Sw.  blasa  =  Dan.  blase,  blow,  =  Goth,  hlesan, 
in  eomp.  ufblesan,  puff  up);  prob.,  with  forma- 
tive -s,  from  the  root  *bld  of  bldwan,  blow, 
breathe  :  see  blow1,  and  cf.  blast.     In  the  later 


blaze 

senses    confused  with    blazon,   q.  v.]     If.  To 

blow,  as  from  a  trumpet. 

With  liis  blake  clarioun 

He  gan  to  blasen  out  a  soun 

As  lowde  as  beloweth  wynde  in  helle. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Faint',  1.  1802. 

Hence  —  2.    To  publish;    make  well  known; 
announce  in  a  public  manner. 

Till  we  can  find  a  time 
To  blaze  your  marriage.      Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

To  tell  you  truth,  lady,  his  conceit  was  tar  better  than 
I  have  blazed  it  yet. 

/;■  au.  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 
Such  miisiek  worthiest  were  to  blaze 
The  peerless  highth  of  her  immortal  praise. 

Milton,  Arcades,  i.  74. 
Sf.  To  disclose  ;  betray  ;  defame. 

To  cover  shame,  I  took  thee;  never  fear 
That  I  would  Maze  myself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  her.,  to  blazon.     See  blazon,  u.,  1  and  2. 

You  should  have  blazed  it  thus  :  he  bears  a  tierce  sable 
between  two  tierces  or.  Pcacham. 

Braggadochio  .  .  .  did  shew  his  shield, 
Which  bore  the  Sunne  brode  blazed  in  a  golden  field. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  14. 

blaze2  (blaz),  n.    [<  blazed,  ».]   Publication  :  the 

act  of  spreading  w  idely  by  report.     [Poetic] 

For  what  is  glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame  ? 

Mill:;,,  R  K.,  iii.  47. 

blaze3  (blaz),  n.  [=  D.  bles  =  MLG.  blesse  = 
MHll.  hl<ts.i< .  i ;.  blasse  =  Icel.  blest  =  Sw.  bias 
and  blasa  =  Dan.  blis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on 
the  forehead  (ti.  blasse  also  paleness) ;  from  the 
adj.  represented  by  OHG.  bias,  whitish,  MHG. 
bias,  bald,  pale,  weak,  G.  blass,  pale,  wan,  orig. 
'shining';  connected  with  blaze1,  a  torch,  flame: 
see  blaze1 ;  cf.  Icel.  blasa,  lie  open  to  view.]  1. 
A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse,  cow,  ox, 
etc.  See  cut  under  blcsbok. 
A  square  blaze  in  his  [a  sacred  ox's]  forehead. 

Cowley,  Plagues  of  Egypt,  note  to  st.  16. 

2.  A  white  mark  made  on  a  tree,  as  by  remov- 
ing a  piece  of  the  bark,  to  indicate  a  boundary, 
or  a  path  or  trail  in  a  forest.  [Orig.  American.] 
— 3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 
blaze3  (blaz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing.     [=  MLG.   blesset,  pp. ;    <  blaze3,  n.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  white  spot  on  the  face,  as 
a  horse :  only  in  the  perfect  participle  blazed. — 

2.  To  set  a  mark  on,  as  a  tree,  usually  by  cut- 
ting off  a  piece  of  its  bark,  so  as  to  show  a 
•white  spot. 

As  for  me,  the  son  and  the  father  of  Uncas,  I  am  a  blazed 
pine  in  the  clearing  of  the  pale-faces. 

Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxxiii. 

3.  To  indicate  or  mark  out,  as  by  cutting  off 
pieces  of  the  bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  suc- 
cession :  as,  to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest. 

Champollion  died  in  1S32,  having  done  little  more  than 
blaze  out  the  road  to  be  traveled  by  others.  Nott. 

blaze4  (blaz),  n.  [E.  dial,  (not  found  in  ME. 
or  AS.),  =  MLG.  blase,  a  bladder,  =  OHG.  bla- 
sa, MHG.  blase,  G.  blascn,  a  bladder,  bubble, 
blister,  pimple;  from  the  verb  blaze'2  (=  OHG. 
blasan,  MHG.  G.  blast  it),  blow:  see  blaze",  and 
cf.  bltt.it  mid  blister.']    A  pimple.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

blaze3  (blaz),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  Same  as 
lintshl ,    )  (a). 

blaze"  (blaz),  n.  pi.  Irregular  spelling  of  blaes, 
plural  of  blue.     See  blae,  n. 

blazer1  (bla'zer),H.  [<  blaze1  +  -cr1.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  blazes,  or  is  intensely  luminous  or 
hut  :  as.  the  day  was  a  blazer. — 2.  A  dish  under 
which  there  is  a  receptacle  for  coals  to  keep  it 
hot. —  3.  A  bright-colored  loose  coat,  usually  of 
flannel,  worn  by  tennis-  and  cricket-players. 

The  origin  of  the  word  i    as  follows  :    The  uniform  of 

thi   i  id]  Margarel  Boat  Club  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 

i   nil  the  Johnian  jackets  have  for 

been  called  blazers.     Up  to  a  few  years  ago 

tb'   inaci  urate  modern  a  •  lor  a  jacket,  of  any 

other  colour  than  red  was  unknown. 

A.  ",„l  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  436. 

blazer"  I  bla'zer),  n.  [<  blase*  +  -eri.]  1.  One 
who  blazi  h.o  publishes  and  spreads  re- 

ports: as,  "bla  ers  of  oryme,"  Spenser.  P.  Q., 
II.  ix.  St.— 2t.  Ablazoner. 

blazer:;  (bla'zer),  n.  [<  blase*  +  -eri.]  One 
ulio  blazes  a  fcrei 

blazingly  (bla'zing-li  |,  adv.  In  ablazing  man- 
mi. 

blazing-Star  (bla'zing-etar'),  ».  l.  In  her.,  a 
comet  used  us  :i  bearing,  [tUn ,,,.  ,  nted  bend 
wises  Ix  points  with  a  tail  streaming  from  it. 

2.  A  name  in  the  United  States  for  several 
very  different  plants,    (a)  The  Aietn    tarii 
low  herbaceous  plant,  natural  order  Htemodoracece,  with 
whitish  meal}  How*  i        i  hi    roots  are  bitter,  and 
some  repute  in  medicine.    Also  called  cofte-root,     (&)  lie 


682 

starwort  (Chamatllrium  Carolinianum),  natural  order  Li- 
liacece,  the  roots  of  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic,  (c)  A  spe- 
cies of  l/iatris,  I.,  eguarrosa.  natural  order Compoeitos,  one 
of  the  man}  popular  remedies  lor  rattlesnake. bites. 
3.  A  stampede  of  pack-mules  or  other  animals 
from  a  central  point.  [Western  TJ.  S.  slang.] 
blazon  (bla'zn),  n.  [<  ME.  blason,  blasoun,  a 
shield,  =  MI),  blasoen,  D.  blazoen,  <  OF.  blason, 
blazon  (=  Pr.  blezo,  blizo  =  Sp.  blason  =  Pg.  bla- 
sao,  brasao  =  It.  blasone),  a  shield  with  a  coat  of 
nuns  painted  on  it,  the  coat  of  arms  itself  (the 
Pr.  and  Sp.  terms  mean  also  honor,  glory,  fame) ; 
usually  referred  to  MHG.  blascn,  OHG.  blasan, 
blow,  hence  sound  a  trumpet,  proclaim,  blaze 
(see  blaze") ;  by  some  to  blaze1 ;  but  the  orig. 
sense  'shield,'  with  other  facts,  is  against  such 
derivation.  In  ME.  and  mod.  E.  blaze*  and 
blazon  are  of  course  associated  in  thought.]  1. 
In  her.,  a  shield  with  arms  on  it ;  armorial  bear- 
a  coat  of  arms;  a  banner  bearing  arms. 

...  all 
-honored 
III.  633. 


blazy  (bla'zi), 


bleach-field 
[<  blase*  + 


■y1.]    Burning 


mgs; 

The  chief  functionaries  of  city  and  province 
marching  under  emblematical  standards  or  timi 
blazons.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic 


2.  A  description  in  technical  language  of  ar- 
morial bearings.  Peculiar  and  fantastic  changes  in- 
troduced by  certain  heralds  are  chiefly  in  the  blazon,  and 
not  in  the  graphic  representation :  thus,  when  the  arms  of 
nobles  are  described  by  precious  stones  (sapphire  instead 
of  azure,  topaz  instead  of  or,  and  the  like),  or  when  the 
arms  of  sovereigns  are  described  by  the  planets,  the 
description  only  is  peculiar,  the  drawing  and  coloring  of 
the  achievement  being  of  the  same  character  as  those  of 
ordinary  bearings. 

3f.  Interpretation;  explanation. 
I  think  your  blazon  to  he  true.    Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 


4.    Publication ;  show ;  celebration ;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  lie 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.     Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

blazon  (bla'zn),  v.  t.     [=  MD.  blasocnen  =  G. 

blasoniren,  <  F.  blasonncr,  blazon,  =  Sp.  blaso- 

nar,  blazon,  brag,  boast,  =  It.  blasonare,  blazon 

/lvrT     n„  \      £  .i  ns    i\       a  •         lu^  aiumiiuni  or  wune  woou.         i-;ii 

^idtlZ    *\'   f°V  6  Tm--  Ct-  hUlSel lU  bleaberry,  n.    Same  as  blaeberry. 

flTi    tl,^fm]       •  TofPlainlM»'operher-  bleach  (bleeh),  <>.     [<ME.I,w;'„,< 
aldie  terms  (the  arms  or  bearings  on  a  shield) 


brightly;  blazing:  as,  a  blazi/  fire.     [Rare.] 

blet,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  bice. 

-ble.  [ME.  -ble  (-bel,  -bil,  -byl,  -bid),  <  OF.  -ble, 
mod.  F.  -ble  =  Pr.  Sp.  -ble  =  Pg.  -eel  =  It.  -bile, 
<  L.  -bills,  aec.  -bilcm,  a  suffix  (<  -bi-  +  -li-s), 
forming  adjectives,  usually  with  a  passive  sig- 
nification, from  verbs  ending  with  one  of  the 
vowels  -a,  -e,  -I,  -i,  -6,  -it,  being  the  root-  or 
stem-vowel  or  (as  usually  -i)  a  mere  insertion, 
as  in  adinird-bilis,  dele-bilis,  sepeli-bilis,  crttl-i- 
bilis,  igno-bilis,  mo-bilis,  volu-bilis,  etc. ;  rarely 
from  perfect  participles,  as  in  flex-4-bilis,  plaus- 
i-hilis,  etc.  See  further  under  -able.  Adjec- 
tives in  -ble  are  accompanied  by  adverbs  in 
-bly,  contr.  from  -ble-ltj,  and  nouns  in  -ble-ncss 
or,  according  to  the  L.,  in  -bil-ity,  as  credi-ble, 
erttli-lilcncss,  credi-bility.  In  many  words  the 
term,  -ble  is  of  different  origin,  as  in  nimble, 
Itttnihlc,  humble,  marble,  parable,  syllable,  etc., 
divided  etymologically  itimb-le,  humb-le,  etc., 
the  real  term,  being  -le,  of  various  origin.] 
A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  adjectives 
having  originally  a  passive  signification,  which 
is  retained  more  or  less  fully  in  adjectives  ac- 
companied by  verbs  derived  from  the  infinitive 
or  perfect  participle  (English  -ate  or  -it)  of  the 
same  Latin  verb,  as  in  commendable,  admirable, 
dissoluble,  etc.,  habitable,  imitable,  tolerable,  navi- 
gable, etc.,  credible,  etc.,  but  is  not  obvious  in 
adjectives  not  accompanied  by  such  verbs,  as 
in  equable,  delectable,  horrible,  terrible,  ignoble, 
voluble,  feeble,  etc.  In  English  it  is  felt  and  used 
as  a  suffix  only  with  the  preceding  vowel,  -able 
or  -iblc.     See  -abb?,  -iblc. 

blea1,  ".  and  n.     See  blae. 

blea'2  (ble),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  < 
blea1  =  blae,  pale  (see  blae).  Cf.  Sc.  blae,  blay, 
rough  parts  of  wood  left  in  sawing  or  boring.] 
The  part  of  a  tree  immediately  under  the  bark; 
the  alburnum  or  white  wood.     [Rare.] 


King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coat  of  arms  which  I  am 
not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addison. 

2.  To  depict  (armorial  bearings)  according  to 
the  rules  of  heraldry.      [An  incorrect  use  of 


AS.  bleecan 
(=  D.  bleel-en  =  OHG.  blcichen,  MHG.  G.  blei- 
chen  =  Icel.  bleikja  =  Sw.  bleka  =  Dan.  blege), 
make  white,  cause  to  fade  (cf.  bldcian,  become 
white  or  pale),  <  bide,  pale,  bleak:  see  bleak1, 
blake."]    I.  trans.  To  make  white  or  whiter  by 


the  word,  not  recognized  by  heralds.]  —  3.  To    removing  color;  whiten;  blanch;  make  pale; 

specifically,  to  whiten  (as  linen,  etc.)  by  wash- 
ing and  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
sunlight,  or  by  chemical   preparations.     See 
bleaching. 
Immortal  liberty,  whose  look  sublime 
Hath  bleached  the  tyrant's  cheek  in  every  varying  clime. 
Smollett,  Ode  to  Independence. 
The  bones  of  men, 
In  some  forgotten  battle  slain, 
And  bleached  by  drifting  wind  and  rain. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  5. 

The  rolled  and  mitred  apostles,  bleached  and  rain-washed 

by  the  ages,  rose  into  the  blue  air  like  huge  snow  figures. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  210. 

=  Syn.  Blanch,  etc.    SeewAiten. 

II.  intrant,:  1.  To  become  white  in  any  man- 
ner ;  become  pale  or  colorless. 

Along  the  snows  a  stiffened  corse, 

Stretched  out  and  bleaching  in  the -them  blast. 

Thomson,  Winter,  1.  321. 

2.  To  become  morally  pure.     [Rare.] 
bleachH,  "■     [<  ME.  blcchc  (bleche),  <  AS.  blwc, 
var.  of  blae,  pale:  see  bleak1,  blake,  and  cf. 
bleach1,  r.]     1.  Pale.— 2.  Bleak. 
bleach1  (bleeh),  «.     [<  ME.  blcchc,  <  AS.  blceco, 
paleness,  <  bide,  pale:  see  bleak1.]     If.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  skin.     Holland,  tr.   of  Pliny. —  2. 
[<  bleach1,  v.]   An  act  of  bleaching;  exposure 
to  the  sun  or  other  bleaching  agency  or  influ- 
ence. 
What  is  known  as  ' 


inscribe  with  arms,  or  some  ornament ;  adorn 
with  blazonry. 

The  blood-red  flag  of  the  Sacred  Office  .  .  .  blazoned 
upon  either  side  with  the  portraits  of  Alexander  and  of 
Ferdinand.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  iii.  166. 

What  matter  whose  the  hillside  grave, 
Or  whose  the  blazoned  stone? 

Whittier,  The  Countess. 

4.  To  deck;   embellish;   adorn   as   with   bla- 
zonry. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 
The  bottom  of  the  valley  was  a  bed  of  glorious  grass, 
blazoned  with  flowers. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  280. 

5.  To  display;  exhibit  conspicuously;   make 
known;  publish. 

For  better  farre  it  were  to  hide  their  names, 
Than  telling  them  to  blazon  out  their  blames. 

Spenser,  Teares  of  the  Muses. 
Blazoning  our  injustice  everywhere. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 
And  blazon  o'er  the  door  their  names  in  brass. 

Byron,  lion  Juan,  xi.  31. 

6.  To  proclaim  or  publish  boastingly;  boast  of. 
My  friend  Lancelot  is  not  a  man  to  blazon  anything. 

Irving,  Salmagundi,  p.  124. 

blazoner  (bla'zn-er),  ?t.  1.  One  who  blazons ; 
a  herald. —  2.  One  who  publishes  or  proclaims 
with  strong  or  extravagant  praise. 

blazoning  (bla'zn-ing),  n.  In  her.,  the  art  of 
describing  armorial  bearings.     See  blazon,  n. 

blazonment  (bla'zn-ment),  «.  [<  hiii:tui  + 
-ment.]     The  act  of  blazoning;  emblazonment. 

blazonry  (bla'zn-ri),  n.  [<  blazon  +  -ry.]  1. 
The  art  of  describing  or  explaining  coats  of 
arms  in  proper  heraldic  terms  and  method. 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  the  public  right  on  this  im- 
portant point  of  blazonry  than  the  whole  College  of  Her- 
aids.  Lamb, Newspapers  lloii>  ii\.   8*eai    ago. 


the  three-quarter  bleach  "  with  flax. 
Set.  -loo  ...  V  s.,  I. VI.  249. 

bleach'-'t  (bleeh),  n.  [A  var.  of  blcteh,  q.  v.] 
Blacking;  any  substance  used  for  blacking. 
Cotgravt . 

bleacher  (ble'cher),  n.  1.  One  who  bleaches; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  whiten  cloth. —  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  bleaching. — 3.  A  large  shal- 
low wooden  tub,  lined  with  metal,  used  in  dis- 
tilling petroleum:  a  settling-tub. 


2.  Emblazonry;  decoration  in  color,   as   with  bleachery  (bleVhcr-i),  n.;  pi.  bleacherie.i  (-iz) 


heraldic  devices 
dor, 


brilliant  decoration ;  splen- 


I  In  gorgeous  building  and  wild  blttz'omi  of  that  shrine 
of  St.  Marks.  Ruekim,. 

So  much  subtler  is  a  human  mind  than  the  outside 
1 1    tie    «  hich  make  a  sort  of  blazonry  or  i  loi  lie  e  for  ii. 
George  I'Jiot,  Middle-march,  I.  12. 
3.  Figuratively,  display. 


[<  bleach1,  t\,  +  -try.]  A  place  fur  bleaching; 
an  establishment  where  the  bleaching  of  tex- 
tile fabrics,  etc.,  is  carried  on. 

Young  reprobates  dyed  in  the  wool  with  perversity  an 
taken  into  a  kind  of  moral  bleachery  ami  come  out  white 
as  lambs  0.  II'.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  354. 


bleach-field  (blech'fold),  n. 
or  yarn  is  bleached. 


A  field  where  cloth 


bleaching 

bleaching  (ble'ehing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bleach1.} 
The  art  or  process  of  freeing  textile  fibers  and 
fabrics,  and  various  other  substances  (such  as 
materials  for  paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils),  from 
their  natural  color,  and  rendering  them  white, 
or  nearly  so.  The  ancient  method  of  bleaching  by 
exposing  to  the  action  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  frequent 
wetting,  lias  been  nearly  superseded,  at  hast  where  the 
business  is  prosecuted  on  a  large  scale,  by  more  compli- 
cated processes  in  connection  with  powerful  chemical 
preparations.  Among  these  preparations,  the  chief  are 
ehlorin  and  sulphurous  acid,  the  latter  heine,  employed 
more  (specially  in  the  case  of  animal  nbers(silk  and  wool), 
while  cotton,  flax,  and  other  vegetable  libers  are  operated 
upon  with  ehlorin,  the  bleaching  in  both  cases  being  pre- 
ceded by  certain  cleansing  processes.  Glass  is  bleached 
by  the  use  of  chemical  agents,  usually  braunite,  saltpeter, 
arsenious  acid,  and  minium  or  red  lead. 

bleaching-liquid  (ble'ehing-lik"  wid),  n.  A 
liquid  for  bleaching;  specifically,  blanching- 
liquor. 

bleaching-powder  (Me'ehing-pou'der),  «.  A 
powder  made  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the 
action  of  ehlorin ;  chlorid  of  lime.  It  may  he 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  a  double  salt  of 
calcium  chlorid  and  calcium  hypochlorite.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal agent  used  in  bleaching  textile  fabrics,  and  is  also  a 
powerful  disinfectant. 

bleak1  (blek),  a.  [Also  assibilated  bleach 
(obs.),  dial,  blake,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  bleke  (assibilated 
bleche)  (also  bleike,  prob.  due  to  Ieel.),  earlior 
blake,  blak  (i.  e.,  blak,  different  from  blah,  black, 
though  to  some  extent  confused  with  it),  pale, 
wan,  <  AS.  bide  (var.  blwe,  whence  prob.  lift.  E. 
vleach1,  a.,  q.  v.),  pale,  wan,  also  bright,  shining 
(=  OS.  blek,  pale,  shining,  =  D.  bleek  =  MLG. 
blek,  LG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG.  G.  bleich  = 
Ioel.  bleikr  =  Sw.  blek  =  Dan.  bieg,  pale,  wan),  < 
blican  (pret.  bide,  pp.  blicen),  shine,  =  OS.  blikan 
=  OFries.  blika,  shine,  =  D.  blijken  (pret.  bleek), 
appear,  =  Ioel.  blikja,  blika,  shine,  =  OHG.  blih- 
han,  shine  (MHG.  blican,  G.  bleichen,  grow  pale, 
mixed  with  weak  verb  bleichen,  bleach:  see 
bleach1,  v.),  akin  to  Skt,  -J  bhrdj,  shine,  and 
perhaps  to  Gr.  tpteyeiv,  burn,  blaze,  <p2.6£,  flame, 
h.flamma,  flame,  fulgere,  shine,  etc.:  see  flame, 
fulgent,  phlegm,  phlox,  ete.  Related  E.  words 
are  blank,  blink,  bleach1,  perhaps  black,  and 
bright1.}  If.  Pale;  pallid;  wan;  of  a  sickly  hue. 
With  a  face  dedly,  bleijk,  and  pale.  Lydgate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  bleak  as  one  laid  out  dead. 

Foxe,  Martyrs  (Agnes  Wardall). 

2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds  ;  desolate  ;  bare 
of  vegetation. 

Say,  will  ye  bless  the  bleak  Atlantic  shore? 

Pope,  Cho.  to  Brutus. 
Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common  growth  of  earth. 

Wordsworth. 

It  is  rich  land,  but  upon  a  clay,  and  in  a  very  bleak, 

high,  exposed  situation.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  258. 

3.  Cheerless ;  dreary. 

Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak  and 
barren  prospects.  Addison. 

4.  Cold ;  chill ;  piercing  ;  desolating. 

Entreat  the  north 
To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7. 
The  night  was  bleak  ;  the  rain  fell ;  the  wind  roared. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bleak1!,  !'•     [<  bleak1,  a. ;  var.  of  bleach1.}     I. 
trans.  To  make  white  or  pale  ;  bleach. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  white  or  pale. 

hleak3  (blek),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bleke,  dial. 
blick;  =  Ieel.  bleikja  =  OHG.  bleicha,  MHG. 
blicke;  from  the  adj.  bleak  (Ieel.  bleikr,  OHG. 
bleih),  from  the  pale  color  of  its  scales  (see 
bleak1).  The  synonymous  term  blay1,  <  AS. 
blcege  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihe,  is  not  directly  con- 
nected with  bleak2.}  An  English  name  of  a 
small  cyprinoid  fish,  Jlbnrnus  lucidus.  Other 
forms  of  the  name  are  bleik,  blick.  Also  called 
blay. 

hleak3t,  ''•  t-  [Var.  of  bleach2  and  black,  v.} 
To  blacken;  darken.     Cotgrave. 

bleakish  (ble'kish),  a.  [<  bleak1  +  -ish1.} 
Moderately  bleak ;  somewhat  bleak. 

A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind. 

Dr.  G.  Cheyne,  Ess.  on  Health. 

bleakly  (blek'li),  adv.  In  a  bleak  manner  or 
situation:  as,  the  wind  howls  bleakly. 

Neere  the  sea-coast  they  bleakely  seated  are. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan,  ix. 

bleakness  (blek'nes),  n.  [<  bleak1  +  -ness.} 
The  quality  of  being  bleak;  coldness;  desola- 
tion: as,  "the  bleakness  of  the  air,"  Addison. 

The  landscape  will  lose  its  melancholy  bleakness  and 
acquire  a  beauty  of  its  own. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 
bleaky  (ble'ki),  a.    [Extended  form  of  bleak1, a.} 
Bleak;  open;  unsheltered;  cold;  chill.   [Rare.] 
The  bleaky  top  of  rugged  hills. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iii. 


583 

blear1  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren,  make  dim  or 
rheumy,  in  reference  to  the  eyes,  esp.  in  the 
phrase  blear  one's  eyes,  i.  e.,  deceive,  hood- 
wink one;  rarely  intrans.,  blink;  cf.  Dan. 
blvre,  also  plwe,  blink,  =  Sw.  plira,  dial.  bUra, 
and  blura,  blink  (cf.  dial,  blirra  fojr  a/ugu, 
quiver  before  the  eyes,  of  summer  heat),  = 
LG.  pliirm,  /ili/nii,  plircn  (also  bleer-  in  bleer- 
oged  =  E.  blear-eyed.  q.  v.),  blink;  cf.  G.  dial. 
blerr,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
affect  (the  eyes)  with  flowing  tears  or  rheum 
so  that  the  sight  is  dimmed  and  indistinct; 
make  rheumy  and  dim:  as,  "blered  her  eyes," 
Piers  Plowman. 

To  his  bleared  and  offended  sense, 
There  seems  a  hideous  fault  blazed  in  the  object. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

Tease  the  lungs  and  blear  the  sight.  Cowper,  Task,  iii. 
2.  To  blur,  as  the  face  with  weeping ;  obscure ; 
obfuscate. 

Stern  faces  bleared  with  immemorial  watch. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

To  blear  one's  eyeat,  figuratively,  to  deceive ;  hood- 
wink; blind. 

They  wenen  that  no  man  may  hem  bigile, 
But  by  my  thrift,  yet  shal  I  blere  her  eye. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 129. 

Entising  dames  my  patience  still  did  proue, 
And  blear'd  mine  eyes. 

Gaseoiyne,  The  Fruits  of  Fetters. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  bleared  or  inflamed 
eyes ;  be  blear-eyed. 
blear1  (bier),  a.  and  n.  [Not  an  orig.  adj.,  but 
assumed  from  blear-eyed,  where  blear  is  directly 
from  the  verb.  See  blear-eyed.}  I.  a.  1 .  Sore 
or  dim  from  a  watery  discharge  or  other  super- 
ficial affection :  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

A  wit  that  can  make  your  perfections  so  transparent, 
that  every  blear  eye  may  look  through  them. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 

Hall  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard,  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  i. 

2.  Producing  dimness  of    vision;    blinding. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  blear  illusion. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  155. 

3.  Dim;    indistinct;    confused    in    outlines. 
[Rare.] 

II.  «.  Something  that  obscures  the  sight. 
[Scotch.] 

Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy  o'er  her  e'e. 

A.  Moss,  Helenore,  p.  91. 

blear2t  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren;  origin  ob- 
scure.] I.  Prang.  To  thrust  (out);  protrude: 
with  out. 

[They]  stood  staring  and  gaping  upon  Him,  wagging 
their  heads,  writhing  their  mouths,  yea  blearing  out  their 
tongues.  Bp.  Andrews,  Sermons,  ii.  173. 

II.  intrans.  To  thrust  out  the  tongue  in  mock- 
ery. 

He  baltyrde,  he  bleryde,  he  braundyschte  ther-after. 

'  Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  782. 

blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  n.  [<  bleared,  pp. 
of  blear1,  +  -ness.}  The  state  of  being  bleared 
or  blurred  with  rheum.     Holland. 

blear-eye  (bler'i),  n.  [Rather  from  blear-eyed, 
a.,  than  from  blear1,  a.,  +  eye.  Cf.  LG.  bleer-oge, 
pliir-oge,  blear-eye,  from  the  adj.  See  blear- 
eyed.}  In  med.,  a  disease  of  the  eyelids,  con- 
sisting in  chronic  inflammation  of  the  margins, 
with  a  gummy  secretion  from  the  Meibomian 
glands;  lippitude.    Also  called  blear-eyedness. 

blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  [<  ME.  blcrey'ed,  bler- 
eighed,  etc.,  <  bleren,  blear,  +  eye,  eighe,  eye; 
cf.  Dan.  plir-ojet  =  LG.  bleer-oged,  also  jiliir- 
oged,  blear-eyed,  of  similar  formation.  Cf.  also 
LG.  blarr-oged,  with  noun  blarr-oge,  due  to  con- 
fusion with,  blarren,  cry,  howl,  weep,  =  G.  Iilur- 
ren,  bterren,  usually pldrren,  roar,  bellow,  =  E. 
blare1;  but  there  is  no  etymological  connection. 
See  blear1.}  1.  Having  sore  eyes;  having  the 
eyes  dimmed  or  inflamed  by  flowing  tears  or 
rheum ;  dim-sighted. 

C'rook-baek'd  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  blear-ey'd. 

Saekville,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding; 

short-sighted. 
blear-eyedness  (bler'id-nes),  ».    Same  as  blear- 

i  y . 
bleariness  (bler'i-nes),  n.     [<  bleary  +  -ness.} 

Blearedness. 
blearnesst  (bler'nes),  n.     [<  blear1,  a.,  +  -ness.} 

The  state  of  being  blear.     Udall,  Mark  x. 
blear-witted  (bler'wit'ed),  n.     Dull;  stupid. 

They  were  very  blear- nutted,  i'  faith,  that  could  not  dis- 
cern the  gentleman  in  him. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  2. 


bleed 

bleary1  (bler'i),  a.  [<  blear1  +  -y1.}  1.  Bleared; 
rheumy  ;  dim  :  as,  bleary  redeyes. —  2.  Blurred; 
confused;  cloudy;  misty. 

oh  give  me  back  my  native  hills, 
11  bleak  or  bleary,  grim  or  gray. 

Cumberland  /;.///././. 

bleary2,  ».    See  blcery. 

bleat  (Met),  r.  i.     [<'ME.  bleten,  <  AS.  blietan 

=  D.  blaten,  bleeten  =  MLG.  LG.  bleten  =  OHG. 

blazon,  MHG.  bldzen,  G.  dial,  bldssen,  bldt  <». 

bleat;  cf.  G.  blijken,  bleat,  bellow  (see  bull,-, 

bolk),  L.   balare,   bleat   (see  balant),  Gr.    </'/- 

\un(l,:t.   Meat,  •  (/'/  |  v.    I  >"1'.  :'i'ti  \<>.  n  Ideating  :  all 

perhaps  ult.  of  imitative  origin,  like  baa,  q.  v.] 
To  cry  as  a  sheep, goat,  or  call';  also,  as  :i  snipe. 
Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main 
To  low  the  ox,  to  bleat  the  woolly  train. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xii. 

bleat  (Met),  n.  [<  bleat,  v.}  The  cry  of  a 
sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  of  a  snipe. 

The  bleat  of  flocks,  the  breath  of  flowers. 

Moir,  Harebell. 
And  got  a  calf  .  .  . 
Much  like  to  you,  for  you  have  just  his  bleat. 

Sltak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 

bleater  (ble'ter),  n.  An  animal  that  bleats; 
specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  Heaters  oft  complain 

Of  gouty  ails.  John  Dyer,  Fleece,  i. 

bleauntt,  n.  [ME.,  also  written  bleeaunt,  blc- 
hand,  blinud,  hlihand;  =MLG.  bliant (with term, 
varied  from  orig.)  =  MHG.  blialt,  bliat,  <  OF. 
bliaut,  bliaud,  bliat,  earlier  blialt  (mod.  F.  dial. 
blaude,  hiaude:  see  blouse)  =  Pr.  blial,  bliau, 
hlimil,  blizaut  =  Sp.  Pg.  brial;  ML.  blialdus, 
bliaudus,  blisaudus,  a  kind  of  tunic ;  origin  un- 
known.] A  garment  common  to  both  sexes 
in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. As  worn  by  women,  it  was  a  tunic  placed  over 
the  chemise,  usually  with  long  and  loose  sleeves,  and  held 
by  a  girdle,  except  perhaps  when  a  garment  was  worn 
above  it.  That  for  men  was  worn  as  an  outer  garment, 
and  especially  over  the  armor,  in  which  case  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  tabard,  which  afterward  re- 
placed it.  For  mounted  men  it  was  divided  nearly  to  the 
girdle,  to  enable  the  rider  to  sit  in  the  saddle. 
A  blewe  bleaunt  obofe  brade  him  al  ovir. 

King  Alisaunder,  p.  167. 
Blysnande  whyt  wat3  hyr  bleaunt. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  163. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.     [Another  form  of  blob,  q.  v.] 

1.  A  blister  or  pustule. — 2.  A  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  other  fluid,  or  in  a  substance  that  has 
been  fluid,  as  glass. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  blebs.  Kirwan. 

blebby  (bleb'i),  «.     [<  bleb  +  -y1.}     Full  of 
blebs,  blisters,  or  bubbles. 
[Meionite]  fuses  ...  to  a  white  blebby  glass. 

Dana,  System  of  Mineral.  (1868),  p.  318. 

bleek  (blek),  n.     [Also  (in  def.  1)  assibilated 
bletch;  <  ME.  blek,  bleke,  appar.  <  AS.  blwc  (= 
Ieel.  blek  =  Sw.  black  =  Dan.  bla:k,  ink),  prop, 
neut.  of  the  adj.  bla'c,  black:  see  black,  «.]     1. 
Any  black  fluid  substance,  as  black  ink,  black- 
ing for  leather,  or  black  grease. — 2.    Soot; 
smut. — 3t.  A  black  man. — 4.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  coalfish,  Pollachius  rirens. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 
bleckbok  (blek'bok),  n.     Same  as  bleekbok. 
bled  (bled).      Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

bleed. 
bleet  (Me),  ».  [<  ME.  bice,  lie,  bleo,  <  AS.  bleoh, 
bliiih,  usually  contr.  bled,  blid,  color,  hue,  com- 
plexion, =  OS.  bli  =  OFries.  bit,  blie,  North 
Fries,  blay,  color.]  Color;  hue;  complexion. 
Thou  art  bryght  of  blee.  Eglamour,  1.  933. 

I  have  a  lennnan 
As  bright  of  blee  as  is  the  silver  moon. 

Greens,  George-a-Green. 
White  of  blee  with  waiting  for  me 
Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chambere. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Romaunt  of  the  Page. 

bleed  (bled),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bled,  ppr.  bleed- 
ing. [<  ME.  bleclen,  <  AS.  bledan,  bleed  (= 
OFries.  bleda  =  D.  bloeden  =  LG.  bidden  = 
OHG.  Mitotan,  MHG.  G.  bluten,  =  Ieel.  bhedha 
=  Sw.  bloda  =  Dan.  blikle),  <  blod,  Mood:  see 
blood,  and  cf.  bless1.}  I.  intrans.  1.  To  void  or 
emit  Mood;  drop,  or  run  with,  blood:  as,  the 
wound  bled  profusely ;  his  nose  bleeds. 

M;my  upon  the  srciim  of  others  bleed  .  .  .  themselves 
are  ready  to  faint,  as  if  they  bled.  Bacon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  feel  pity,  sorrow,  or  an- 
guish; be  filled  with  sympathy  or  grief:  with 
for :  as,  my  heart  bleeds  for  him. 

Take  your  own  will ;  my  very  heart  bleeds  for  thee. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  3. 
I  bleed  inwardly  for  my  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 

3t.  To  come  to  light:  in  allusion  to  the  old 
superstitious  belief  that  the  body  of  a  murdered 


bleed 

person  would  begin  to  bleed  if  the  murderer 
approached  it. 

The  murdering  of  her  Marquis  of  Aurre  will  yet  bleed, 
as  some  fear.  Bowell,  Letters.  [.  i.  19, 

4.  To  shed  one's  blood ;  be  severely  wounded 
or  die,  us  in  battle  or  the  like. 

Csesar  must  bl  ed  for  it.  Shak.,  .1.  C,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice,  as  a  tree  or  a  vine. 

For  me  tlie  balm  .shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  393. 

6.  To  pay  or  lose  money  freely ;  be  subjected 
to  extortion  of  money:  as,  they  made  him  hh  i  <l 
freely  for  that  whim.  [Slang.]  —  7.  In  dyeing, 
to  be  washed  out:  said  of  the  color  of  a  dyed 
fabric  when  it  stains  water  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. <i\\i  ill.  Dyeing  and  Cal.  Printing,  p. 
105. — 8.  To  leak;  become  leaky. 

The  defeets  hi  the  plates,  whose  presence  may  not  even 
be  suspected,  become  exposed,  and  being  attacked  anew 
by  the  aeids  in  the  water  used  fur  washing  out  the  boiler, 
which  are  not  neutralized  by  the  soda,  are  caused  t<> 
bleed.  R,  Wilson,  steam  Boilers,  p.  174. 

9.  To  vield;  produce:  applied  to  grain. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  blood,  as  by 
wounding;  take  blood  from  by  opening  a  vein, 
as  in  phlebotomy. —  2.  To  lose,  as  blood;  emit 
or  distil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum. 

A  decaj  ing  pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber.    Miller. 

3.  To  extort  or  exact  money  from;  sponge 
on:  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him  freely.     [Slang.] 

He  [Shaykh  Musud]  returned  in  a  depressed  state,  hav- 
ing been  bled  by  the  soldiery  at  the  well  to  the  extent  of 
forty  piastres,  or  about  eight  shillings. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  350. 

4.  In  dyeing,  to  extract  the  coloring  matter 
from  (a  dye-drug).  Napier. —  5.  In  bookbind- 
ing, to  trim  the  margin  of  (a  book)  so  closely 

as  to    mutilate  the    print To  bleed  a  buoy 

(mint.),  to  let  out  of  a  buoy  water  which  has  leaked  into 
it.—  To  bleed  the  brakes,  in  a  locomotive,  to  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  air-brakes  by  opening  the  bleeding-valve 
or  release-cock  of  the  brake-cylinder. 

bleeder  (ble'der),  n.  1.  One  who  lets  blood. 
—  2.  A  person  who  is  naturally  predisposed  to 
bleed.     See  hemophilia. 

bleed-hearts  (bled'harts),  n.  The  scarlet  lych- 
nis, Lychnis  Chalccdonica. 

bleeding  (ble'ding),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bleed, v.] 
1 .  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as  from  the 
nose ;  a  hemorrhage ;  the  operation  of  letting 
blood,  as  in  surgery. —  2.  The  drawing  of  sap 
from  a  tree  or  plant. —  3.  In  bookbinding,  an 
excessive  trimming  down  of  the  margins  of  a 
book,  which  cuts  into  and  mutilates  the  print. 

bleeding-heart  (ble'ding-hart),  «.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  name  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. —  2.  A  common  name  of  some  species 
of  Dicentra,  especially  D.  spectabilis  from 
China,  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. —  3.  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  cultivated  forms  of 
Colocasia  with  colored  leaves. 

bleeding-tooth  (ble'ding-toth),  n.  A  common 
name  of  a  shell  of  the  family  Neritidw,  Nerita 
peloronta,  the  toothed  columella  of  which  has 
a  red  blotch  suggesting  the  name.     See  Nerita. 

bleekbok  (Mek'bok),  n.  [D.,  <  Meek,  =  E. 
Vh  ok1,  pale,  +  bok  =  E.  buck1,  a  goat.]  The 
Dutch  colonial  name  of  the  ourebi,  Scopophorus 
ourebi,  a  small  pale-colored  antelope  of  South 
Attica,  related  to  the  steinboks.  Another  form 
is  bleekbok. 

bleery  (bler'i),  n.     A  burning  brand;  a  fagot. 
Also  spelled  bleary.     [Scotch.] 
Scowder  their  harigals  de'ils  wi'  a  bleary.  Hogg. 

bleeze1  (blez),  n.  and  v.   A  Scotch  form  of  blaze1. 
bleeze-',  ''.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bleezed,  ppr.  blcez- 
))ii/.  To  become  slightly  sour,  asmilk,   [Scotch.] 
bleik't,  ".      See  bleak1. 
bleik-t,  ».     See  bleak-. 
bleint,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  blain. 
bleis,  n.  pi.     Bee  blta  .  n. 
bleit1,  bleit-  (Mat  ),  n.      Same  as  lilate1,  blaU'-, 

[Scotch.] 
blellum  (blel'um),   n.     [Appar.   imitative  of 
senseless  babble.   Cf.  blether1.]    An  idle,  sense- 
less, talking,  o]  i     -\ 'fellow.     [Scotch.] 

\  blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellum. 

Burns,  Tam  o'  Shunter. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  blemisshen, 
blemissen  (see-is/t2),  wound,  injure,  spoil,  <  OF. 
blemiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  bit  mir,  blesmir 
(F.blemir,  grow  pale,  =  Pr.  blesmar,  strike,  soil), 

<  blcme,  blcsme,  pale,  wan;  origin  uncertain.! 
1.  To  damage  or  impair  (especially  something 
that  is  well  formed,  or  in  other  respects  excel- 


584 

lent) ;  mar  or  make  defective ;  destroy  the  per- 
fection of ;  deface;  sully. 

Vanish  ;  or  I  shall  give  thee  thy  deserving, 

And  blemish  Csesar's  triumph.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

sin  is  a  soil  which  blemisheth  the  beauty  of  thv  soul. 

/,'.  Brathwaite. 
2.  To  impair  morally;  tarnish,  as  reputation 
or  character;  defame;  stain:  as,  to  blemish 
one's  fair  fame. 

(tn  a  general  review  of  the  long  administration  of  Has- 
tings, it  is  impossible  to  deny  that,  against  the  great  crimes 
by  which  it  is  blemished,  we  have  to  set  off  great  public 
servici   .  Maeavlay,  Warren  Bastings. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  n.  [<  blemish,  v.]  1.  A 
defect,  flaw,  or  imperfection;  something  that 
mars  beauty,  completeness,  or  perfection. 

Ashe  hathcauseda  blemish  in  a  man, so  shall  it  be  done 
to  him  again.  Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

Naught  had  blemish  there  or  spot, 
For  in  that  place  decay  was  not. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  358. 
2.  A  moral  defect  or  injury;  reproach;  dis- 
grace ;  that  which  impairs  reputation ;  imputa- 
tion. 

That  cleare  she  dide  from  blemish  criminal! 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  37. 

That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or 

discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 

blemished  (blem'isht),  p.  a.     Having  a  fault  or 
blemish;  specifically,   in  her.,  broken   or  cut 
short:    said  of  a  cross,  weapon,  or  the   like, 
used  as  a  bearing. 
blemishless  (blem'ish-les),  a.     [<  blemish,  n., 
+  -less.~]     Without  blemish ;  spotless ;  perfect; 
without  defect. 
A  life  in  all  so  blemishless.       Feltham,  Lusoria,  xxxvii. 
blemishment  (blem'ish-ment),  n.     [<  blemish, 
n.,  +  -ment.]     Damage;  flaw;  impairment. 
For  dread  of  blame  and  honours  blemishment. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  36. 

blemmatrope  (blem'a-trop),  n.    [<  Gr.  jiM^ua, 

look,  glance,  eye  (<  ffoinuv,  look),  +  Tpttrew, 
turn.]  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  va- 
rious positions  of  the  eye. 
blench1  (blench),  v.  [In  early  mod.  E.  some- 
times spelled  blanch  by  confusion  with  blanch, 
make  white  (see  blanch1  and  blanch2);  <  ME. 
Iilenelicn,  also  blenken,  occasionally  blinchen, 
turn  aside,  evade,  disconcert,  usually  intrans., 
shrink  back,  give  way,  <  AS.  blencan  (=  Icel. 
blekkja),  deceive,  supposed  to  be  a  causal  form 
of  *blincan,  blink  (cf.  drench1,  causal  of  drink), 
but  the  latter  verb  does  not  occur  in  the  older 
language:  see  blink.  For  the  sense  'deceive,' 
cf.  blear  one's  eyes,  deceive,  under  blear1."]  I. 
nitrons.  1.  To  shrink  ;  start  back;  give  way; 
flinch ;  turn  aside  or  fly  off. 

Though  sometimes  you  do  blench  from  this  to  that. 

Shak.,  M.  lorM.,  iv.  6. 
I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick ;  if  he  hut  blench, 
I  know  my  course.  Shak. ,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

I  know  his  people 
Are  of  his  own  choice,  men  that  will  not  totter 
Nor  blench  much  at  a  bullet. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  To  quail :  said  of  the  eye. 
Il.t   trans.    1.    To  deceive;   cheat. — 2.    To 

draw  back  from ;   shirk ;  avoid ;   elude ;  deny 
from  fear. 
He  now  blenched  what  before  ...  he  affirmed.    Evelyn. 

3.  To  hinder  or  obstruct ;  disconcert;  foil. 
The  rebels  besieged  them,  winning  the  even  ground  on 

tin   top,  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  before  them 
to  blench  the  defendants'  sight  and  dead  their  shot. 

6.  Vlli'tr. 

blench1! (blench),n.  [< blench1, v.]  l.Adeceit; 
a  trick. — 2.  A  sidelong  glance. 

These  blenches  gave  my  heart  another  youth. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ex. 

blench"  (blench),  a.  or  adv.     [A  variant  form 

of  blanch1,  a.:  see  blanch1  and  blank.']     Upon 

or  based  upon  the  payment  of  a  nominal  or 

1  rifling  yearly  duty :  applied  to  a  sort  of  tenure 

of  land  :  as,  the  estate  is  held  blench  of  the  crown. 

See  hhtneh-holding. 

blench-  (blench),  v.    [Var.  of  blanch1,  partly 

phonetic  and  partly  by  notional  confusion  with 

blench1.]    I.  intrans.  To  become  pale ;  blanch. 

II.  trans.  To  make  white;  blanch. 

blencher  (blen'cher),  n.     [<  blench1,   v.:  see 

liliinrliii-.]      If.    A    scarecrow,   or    whatever 

frightens  or  turns  aside  or  away.    Sir  '/'.  Elyot. 

—  2f.  In  hunting,  one  placed  where  he  can  turn 

the  deer  from  going  in  a  particular  direct  ion ;  a 

blaucher. 

I  led  the  old  man's  master'd  by  much  passion, 
Ami  In.,  liii'h-rack'd,  which  makes  linn  u\  irshoot  all 
Mis  valour  should  direct  at,  and  hurt  those 
That  stand  but  by  as  blenchers. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  ii.  1. 


blend-water 

3.  One  who  blenches  or  flinches. 

blench-firmt  (blench  ferm),  ».  Same  as  blanch- 
farm. 

b'lench-holding  (blench'h61"ding),  n.  Same  as 
blancli-holdini). 

blend1  (blend),  r. ;  pret.  blended,  pp.  blended 
or  blent,  ppr.  Wending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  mix, 
sometimes  intrans.,  a  secondary  form  of  blmi- 
d(  n, (  AS.  blandan,  a  strong  verb  (=  OS.  blondan 
=  Icel.  blanila  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blonde  = 
OHG.  blantan,  MHO.  blanden  =  Goth,  blandan), 
mix:  see  bland1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  to- 
gether in  such  a  way  that  the  things  mixed  lie- 
come  inseparable,  orcannol  easily  be  separated. 
In  particular:  (a)  To  mix  (different  sorts  or  qualities  of 
a  commodity)  in  order  to  produce  a  particular  brand,  kind, 
or  quality :  as,  to  blend  teas ;  to  blend  tobacco,  (b)  To  mix 
so  intimately  or  harmoniously  that  the  identity  or  individ- 
uality of  the  things  mixed  is  lost  or  obscured  in  a  new 
product :  as,  many  races  are  blended  in  the  modern  Eng- 
lishman. 
Rider  and  horse,— friend,  foe, —  in  one  red  burial  blent 
Huron.  Childe  Harold,  iii.  29. 
Blended  and  intertwisted  in  this  life  are  the  sources  of 
joys  and  tears.  DeQuincey, 

I  blend  in  song  thy  flowers  and  thee. 

Whittier,  First  Flowers, 
(c)  To  cause  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  one  another ; 
unite  so  that  there  shall  be  no  perceptible  line  of  division  : 
as,  to  blend  the  colors  of  a  painting. 
2f.  To  mix  up  in  the  mind ;  confound  (one 
thing  with  another). —  3f.  To  stir  up  (a  liquid); 
hence,  to  render  turbid;  figuratively,  disturb. 
—  4f.  To  pollute  by  mixture;  spoil  or  corrupt. 

And  all  these  stormes,  which  now  his  beauty  blend. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  lxii. 
And  thy  throne  royall  with  dishonour  blent. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1330. 
=  Syn,  Mix,  etc.    See  mingle. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  mix  or  mingle;  unite  in- 
timately so  as  to  form  a  harmonious  whole ; 
unite  so  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

And  Rupert's  oath,  and  Cromwell's  prayer, 

With  battle  thunder  blended.       Whittle*;  The  Exiles. 

Changed  seemed  all  the  fashion  of  the  world, 
And  past  and  future  into  one  did  blend. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  349. 

2.  To  pass  imperceptibly  into  each  other :  as, 
sea  and  sky  seemed  to  blend. 

The  distant  peaks  gradually  blended  with  the  white  at- 
mosphere above  them.  Tyndall,  Glaciers,  p.  196. 

It  would  clearly  lie  advantageous  to  two  varieties  or 
incipient  species  if  they  could  be  kept  from  blending,  on 
the  same  principle  that,  when  man  is  selecting  at  the 
same  time  two  varieties,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
keep  them  separate.       Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  246. 

blend1  (blend),  h.  [<  blend1,  ».]  1.  A  mixing 
or  mixture,  as  of  liquids,  colors,  etc. :  as,  tea 
of  our  own  blend. —  2.  The  brand,  kind,  or 
quality  produced  by  mixing  together  different 
sorts  or  qualities  of  a  commodity:  as,  a  fine 
blend  of  tea ;  the  finest  blend  of  whisky. 

blend2t,  ''.  '•;  pret.  and  pp.  blended,  blent,  ppr. 
blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  <  AS.  blendan  (= 
OFries.  blenda,  blinda  =  Dan.  blernde  =  LG. 
Wc»i»=OHG.  blentjan,  blenden,  MHG.  G.  blen- 
den), make  blind;  factitive  verb  of  blind,  blind: 
see  blind1,  a.  and  v.]     To  blind;  deceive. 

This  multiplying  blent  [blindeth]  so  many  oon. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  380. 
Reason  blent  through  passion.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  7. 

blendcorn  (blend'korn),  n.  [<  blend1  +  corn. 
Cf.  Dan.  dial,  blandekorn.]  Wheat  and  rye 
sown  and  grown  together.     X.  E.  D. 

blende  (blend),  n.  [Also  blind,  blind,  blindc;  < 
G.  blende,  blende,  <  blenden,  blind,  dazzle :  see 
blend2.]  An  ore  of  zinc ;  a  native  sulphid  of  zinc, 
but  commonly  containing  more  or  less  iron, 
also  a  little  cadmium,  and  sometimes  rarer  ele- 
ments (gallium,  indium).  Its  color  is  mostly  brown 
ami  black,  but  when  pun-  it  is  yellow  or  even  white.  The 
word  blende  is  also  employed  in  such  compound  terms  as 
manganese-blende,  zinc  -blende,  ruby-blende,  to  designate 
certain  minerals  (sulphids  of  the  metals)  characterized  by  a 
brilliant  non-metallic  luster.  Alsocalled  sphalerite, false 
galena,  and  by  English  miners  mock  lend  and  black-jack. 

blender  (blen'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blends;  specifically,  a  brush  made  of  badgers' 
hair,  used  by  grainers  and  artists  in  blending. 
See  blending. 

blending  (blen'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blend1, 
v.]  The  act  or  process  of  combining  or  min- 
gling. Specifically,  in  painting:  (a)  A  method  of  laying 
on  different  tints  bo  that  they  may  mingle  together  while 
wet  and  fuse  into  each  other  insensibly,  (b)  The  process 
of  causing  pigments  tn  melt  or  blend  together  by  passing  a 
soft  brush  of  fitch  er  badgers'  hair,  called  a  blender  or  soft- 
ener, over  them  with  a  delicate,  feathery  touch. 

blendous  (blen'dus),  a.  [<  blend*  +  -ous.]  In 
mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  blende. 

blend-water  (blend'wa/ter),  n.  A  distemper 
of  cattle.     Also  called  more-hough. 


Blenheim 

Blenheim  (blen'em),  ii.  [From  Hlenhr iw  TTouse, 
erected  by  the  English  Parliament  for  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  recognition  of  his  military 
services,  and  especially  of  his  great  victory  at 
Blenheim,  Gr.  Blindheim,  in  Bavaria,  Aug.  13, 
17iH.]  One  of  a  breed  of  dogs  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  preserved  in  perfection  at  Blenheim 
House,  near  Oxford,  England,  since  the  begin- 
ning 01  the  eighteenth  century. 

Blenheim  orange,  wig.    See  'the  nouns. 

blenkt,  r.  ..  [A  var.  ol  blink,  q.  v.;  partly  con- 
fused wiih  blench1.]  1.  Toshine;  gleam;  glit- 
ter.—  2.  To  glance;  give  a  look. 

Scarslie   .    .  .   having  the  leisure  to  blerik  upon  any 
paper.  James  J.,  in  Disraeli's  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  147. 

blennadenitis  (blen'ad-e-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ji'A.ivroc,  li'Aivvu,  mueus,  +  a6i]v,  a  gland,  + 
-His.  Cf.  adenitis.]  In  jiathol.,  inflammation 
of  the  mucous  glands. 

blennelytria  (bleu-e-lit'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i'/  rro.,  mucus,  +  e'Avrpov,  sheath  (vagina).] 
Same  as  Icucorrliea. 

blennenteria  (blen-en-te'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i/.i'i'oc,  mucus,  +  cvTipov,  intestine.]  lnpathol., 
a  mucous  flow  from  the  intestines. 

blennentery  (blen'en-te-ri),  u.  Same  as  blen- 
nenteria. 

blenniid  (blen'i-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Blenniidce. 

Blenniidse  (ble-m'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Blennius,  adopted  by  various  authors 
with  different  limits.     In  Giinther's  system  of  classi- 


Blenny  [Blennius  gattorngitu). 

tieation  it  is  a  family  of  Acanthopteryffii  blenniiformes, 
having  the  ventral  tins  jugular  and  composed  of  a  few 
rays  (sometimes  absent),  a  prominent  anal  papilla,  and 
few  or  no  anal  spines. 

blenniiform  (blen'i-i-form),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Blenniiformes  : 
having  the  form  of  a  blenny. 

Blenniiformes  (blen"i-i-for'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  blennius,  blenny,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  division 
of  Acanthopterygii,  having  the  body  low,  sub- 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  and  elongate  (rare- 
ly oblong) ;  the  dorsal  fin  long ;  the  spinous 
portion  of  the  dorsal,  if  distinct,  very  long,  as 
well  developed  as  the  soft  portion,  or  more  so ; 
the  whole  fin  sometimes  composed  of  spines 
only ;  the  anal  more  or  less  lengthened ;  the 
caudal  subtruncate  or  rounded,  and  the  ven- 
trals  thoracic  or  jugular,  if  present. 

Blenniinse  (blen-i-I'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -ina;.]  A  subfamily  of  Blenniida;  typified  by 
the  genus  Blennius,  to'  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned. 

blennioid  (blen'i-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  blennius, 
blenny,  + -o/rf.]  I.  a.  Like  a  blenny ;  blennii- 
form.    Also  blennoid. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Blenniidce  ;  a  blen- 
niid.    Sir  J.  Richardson. 

Blennioidea  (blen-i-oi'de-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Blennius  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  nearly  equivalent  to  Blenniidw. 
The  principal  families  are  the  Blenniida .  Clini- 
dce,  Miirccnaidida;  Stichceidw,  and  Anarrhicha- 
didte. 

Blennioidei  (blen-i-oi'df-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  A 
family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes :  synony- 
mous with  Blenniida:    Agassi?. 

Blennius  (blen'i-us),  «.  [L.,  also  hirudins  and 
blendea,  <  Gr.  /Wwoc,  a  blenny,  <  fiAhvos,  also 
fiXivva,  mucus,  slime :  in  reference  to  the  mucous 
coating  of  its  skin.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Blenniidce,  originally  containing  numer- 
ous species  now  dispersed  in  many  different 
genera:  the  term  is  at  present  restricted  to 
those  species  which  are  closely  related  to  the 
common  blenny  of  Europe.  See  cut  under 
Blenniidce. 

blennogenic  (blen-o-jen'ik),  a.  [As  hlinnoiien- 
ous  +  -ic.~]  Generating  mucus;  muciparous. 
blennogenous (ble-noj'e-nus),  a.  [< Gr.  /J/iwoc, 
mucus,  +  -yev>)(,  producing:  see  -genuus.]  In 
nud.,  producing  or  generating  mucus. 
blennoid  (blen  oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3Aewoc,  mucus, 
+  tiSoc,  form.]     Resembling  mucus. 


585 

blennometritis  (blcn"o-me-tri'tis),  n.    [NL., 

<  Qr.  A'/ivna.  mucus,  +  metritis,  q.  v.]  In  pa- 
tlml.,  mucous  flow  accompanying  metritis. 

blennophthalmia(blcn-of-thal'mi-ii),  n.  [NL., 

<  (Jr.  ji'Atvvor,  mucus,  +  XL.  ophthalmia.]  In 
jiathol.,  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  eye;  conjunctivitis. 

blennorrhagia  (blen-o-ra'ji-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
■■ :  rnr,  mucus,  +  -payia,  <  piryvbvai,  burst, 
break.]  In  /latliol.,  a  discharge  of  mucus;  spe- 
cifically, gonorrhea. 

blennorrhagic  (blen-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<  hlennor- 
rlaii/iii  +  -a-.]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by, 
or  suffering  from  blennorrhagia. 

blennorrhea  (blen-o-re'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fltev- 
vof,  mucus,  +  poia,  a  flow,  <  peer,  flow.]  In 
piitlml.,  a  flow  of  mucus.  The  term  is  applicable  to 
an  increased  discharge  from  any  of  the  mucous  surfaces. 
but  is  usually  restricted  to  that  from  the  urethra  and  va- 
gina, g rrnea.     Also  spelled  blennorrhea. 

blennorrheal  (blen-o-re'al),  a.  [<  blennorlna 
+  -al.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
blennorrhea.    Also  spelled  blennorrhceal. 

blenny (blen'i),  n. ;  pi.  blennies  (-iz).  [<L.  blen- 
nius: see  Blennius.]  A  fish  of  the  genus  Blen- 
nius, of  the  family  Blenniida',  and  especially  of 
the  subfamily  lllcniiiina: 

blennymenitis  (blen"i-me-ni'tis),  n,  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ji'/.i  ri  i« ,  mucus,  +  vpip>,  membrane,  +  -ills.] 
In  putlud.,  inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

blens  (blenz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  blinds:  see 
def.  2.]  1.  A  local  English  name  of  the  com- 
mon cod. —  2.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  bib,  a 
fish  of  the  cod  family.  The  fish  is  said  to  have  been 
so  named  from  a  sort  of  loose  bag  capable  of  inflation  and 
resembling  a  bleb  or  blain,  which  is  formed  of  an  outer 
l;i\  er  (Hissing  from  the  checks  over  the  eye,  and  a  second 
layer  passing  over  the  eyeball.    Day. 

blent1  (blent).     Past  participle  of  blend1. 

blent2t.  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  blend2. 
Chaucer. 

blepharadenitis  (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  jJMipapov,  eyelid,  +  aiSijv  (adev-),  gland,  + 
-itis.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands.     Also  written  blepharoadeniUs. 

blepharal  (blef'a-ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  jl'Aieiapov,  eye- 
lid, +  -al.]     Pertaining  to  the  eyelids. 

blepharedema  (blef-a-re-de'mii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  pAripapov,  eyelid,  +  o'uh/ua,  swelling :  see 
edema.]     In  pathol.,  edema  of  the  eyelids. 

blepharitis  (blef-a-ii'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3/li- 
tyapov,  eyelid,  +  -iiis.  Cf.  Gr.  jiWEe>apiTi(,  adj.,  of 
or  on  the  eyelids.]  lnpathol.,  inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

blepharoadenitis  (blef"a-ro-ad-e-ni'tis),  n. 

[NL.]     Same  as  blcphariulenitis. 

blepharophimosis  (blef'a-ro-fi-ino'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (i'/.iipapov,  eyelid,  +  <pipwoic,  a  muz- 
zling, shutting  up  of  an  orifice,  <  ifupovv,  muz- 
zle, shut  up,  <  <pip6c,  a  muzzle.]  In  jiathol., 
congenital  diminution  of  the  space  between  the 
eyelids.     Dunglison. 

blepharophthalmia  (blef"a-rof-thal'mi-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  j-S/Jipapov,  eyelid,  +  btpda'Apia,  oph- 
thalmia.] In  pathol.,  conjunctivitis  accom- 
panied by  blepharitis. 

blepharophthalmic  (blef'a-rof-thal'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  blepharophthalmia. 

blepharoplastic  (blef'/a-ro-plas'tik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  blepharoplasty. 

blepharoplasty  (blef'a-ro-plas"ti),  «.  [<  Gr. 
fJActyapov,  eyelid,  +  nlaoroi;,  verbal  adj.  of 
nlaoaeiv,  form,  mold.]  In  surg.,  the  operation 
of  making  a  new  eyelid  from  a  piece  of  skin 
transplanted  from  an  adjacent  part. 

blepharoplegia   (blef"a-ro-ple'ji-a),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  pMQapov,  eyelid,  '+  nAiflq,  a  stroke.] 
Same  as  ptosis. 

blepharoptosis  (blef"a-rop-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fiMipapov,  eyelid,  '+  irraaic,  a  fall.]  Same 
as  ptosis. 

blepharorhaphy  (blef'a-ro-rafi),  n.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  li'/tQiijun;  eyelid,  +  jiaipi/,  a  sewing,  seam,  < 
pdirTEiv,  sew.]  The  surgical  operation  of  unit- 
ing the  edges  of  the  eyelids  to  each  other,  as 
after  enucleation. 

blepharospasm  (blef'a-ro-spazm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ji'Aajiapov,  eyelid,  +  oxaapoc,  a  spasm.]  Spasm 
of  the  orbicular  muscle  of  the  eyelid. 

ste-no'sis),  n. 
orivuaic,  a  nar- 
rowing, <  arevovv,  contract,  narrow,  <  otcvoq, 
narrow.]  lnpathol.,  a  diminution  of  the  space 
between  the  eyelids,  not  of  congenital  origin. 
See  blepharophimosis. 

blesbok,  blessbok  (bles'bok).  n.  [Also  Eng- 
lished blessbuck;  <  D.  blesbok,  <bles,  =E.  blaze3, 


bless 


\>L     ULiC^     Wl  W1V.1  Uldl      1UUOL1U     V/i     UJJU     f  T 

bleDharostenosis  (blef  "a-ro-si 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  fi'Aiipapov,  eyelid,  +  a 


Blesbok  {Alcelaphus  albi/rtms). 

+  bok  =  E.  buck1.]    A  large  bubaline  or  alcela- 
phine   antelope   of   South  Africa,  Damalis  or 
Alcclaphus  alliifrons,  with  a  white  face  or  blaze. 
bleschet,  >'•  t.    See  bbsh. 

blesht,  V.  t.  [ME.  Iilesshen,  hlcscheii,  hlessen, 
blisscn,  prob.  of  LG.  origin :  MD.  blesschen, 
lilussehcn,  I),  blusschen  =  LG.  bluschen,  quench, 
extinguish,  appar.  contr.  of  *belesehen,  <  lie-  + 
MLG.  leschen  =  MD.  lesschen  =  OHG.  lesken, 
MHG.  leschen,  G.  loschen,  put  out,  causal  of 
OHG.  leskan,  MUG.  leschen  (G.  loschen),  go  out, 
as  fire;  prob.,  with  present-formative  -sk  (= 
AS.  -sc,  E.  -sh,  as  in  thresh,  wash,  etc.),  from 
the  root  of  AS.  lecgan,  OHG.  legen,  etc.,  lay: 
see  lay1.]  To  quench  ;  extinguish ;  put  out  (a 
fire). 
Bleschyn  [var.  blesshyn],  or  qwenchyn,  extinguo. 

Prompt.  Parv.t  p.  39. 

bless1  (bles),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blessed  or  blest, 
ppr.  blessing.  [<  ME.  blesscn,  blessicn,  blescen, 
bletsien  (also  blisseu,  etc. ), <  AS.  bletsian,  bledsian 
=  ONorth.  blcedsia,  gi-blcedsia,  bless  (>  Icel. 
bletza,  bleza,  mod.  blessa,  bless),  originally 
"blodison,  which  may  have  meant  'consecrate 
the  altar  by  sprinkling  it  with  the  blood  of  the 
sacrifice'  (Sweet),  lit.  make  bloody,  <  liloil. 
blood,  with  verb-formative  -s,  as  in  clcensian, 
cleanse,  ininsian,  grow  small  (see  cleanse  and 
nuiiee).  Confused  in  ME.  and  since  with  the 
unrelated  bliss  ;  hence  the  ME.  parallel  forms 
blisscn,  blissien,  bliscen;  and  see  blcssfully,  bless- 
f illness.]  1.  To  consecrate  or  set  apart  to 
holy  or  sacred  purposes ;  make  or  pronounce 
holy :  formerly  occasionally  used  of  persons. 

And  God  blessed  the  seventh  day,  and  sanctified  it. 

Gen.  ii.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  (a  thing)  by  a  religious  rite, 
as  with  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  consecrate 
or  hallow  by  asking  God's  blessing  on :  as,  to 
bless  food. 

Wltere  the  master  is  too  resty  or  too  rich  ...  to  bless 
his  own  table.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

And  now  the  bishop  had  blest  the  meat. 

Southey,  Bishop  Bruno. 

3.  To  sanctify  (one's  self)  by  making  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  especially  as  a  defense  against 
evil  influences  or  agencies:  used  reflexively. 

Aryse  be  tyme  oute  of  thi  bedde, 
And  blysse  tin  brest  iv  tin  forhede. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 
When  they  heard  these  words,  some  .  .  .  blest  them- 
selves with  both  bands,  thinking  .  .  .  that  he  had  been  a 
devil  disguised.         Urquhart,  Rabelais,  i.  35.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
I  fancv  I  see  you  bless  yourself  at  this  terrible  relation. 
Lady  M.  It'.  Montagu,  Letters,  II.  47.    (.V.  E.  D.} 

4f.  To  defend;  preserve;  protect  or  guard 
from  evil ;  reflexively,  to  guard  one's  self  from ; 
avoid;  eschew. 

And,  were  nut  heveiilv  u'luee  Unit  did  liini  t<l'S,<-\ 
He  had  beene  pouldred  all,  as  thin  as  flowre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  12. 
Bless  me  from  this  woman  !  I  would  stand  the  cannon, 
Before  ten  words  of  hers. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  3. 
And  therefore  God  bless  us  from  that  [separation  by 
death],  and  I  will  hope  well  of  the  rest. 

Arabella  Stuart,  in  l>"Israeli's  Curios,  of  Lit.,  II.  -77. 

5.  To  invoke  or  pronounce  a  blessing  upon 
(another  or  others) ;  commend  to  God's  favor 
or  protection. 

And  Isaac  called  Jacob,  ami  blessed  him.     Gen.  xxviii.  1. 

A  thousand  times  I  blest  him,  as  he  knelt  beside  m\  bed 

Tennyson,  May  Queen. 

6.  To  confer  well-being  upon;  bestow  happi- 
ness, prosperity,  or  good  of  any  kind  upon; 
make  happy,  prosperous,  or  fortunate;  prosper 
with  temporal  or  spiritual  benefits :  as,  a  nation 
blessed  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  bless  thee  in  all  that  thoudoest. 

I  lent.  xv.  18. 
Heaven  bless  your  expedition.      Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 


bless 

If  I  do  well  I  shall  be  blessed,  whether  any  Mess  me  or 
not.  Seldcii,  Table-Talk,  p.  17. 

7.  To  favor  (with);  make  happy  or  fortunate 
by  some  specified  means:  as,  blessed  with  a 
good  constitution;  blessed  with  filial  children. 

You  will  to  your  lute,  I  heard  you  could  touch  it  cun- 
ningly ;  pray  bless  my  ears  a  little. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  i.  3. 
Mrs.  Bull  .  .  .  blessed  John  with  three  daughters. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  30.     i  -\  .  E  /'  ) 

8.  To  praise  or  extol  (or)  as  holy  or  worthy  of 
reverence,  or  (b)  as  the  giver  of  benefits;  ex-  blessed-herb  (bles'ed-erb) 


586  blight 

8.    By    euphemism:    Cursed;    damned;    con-    grave),  also  blessc,  blosse,  blot  (Roquefort).   The 
founded:  a  term  of  mitigated  objurgation,  and    relations  of  these  forms,  and  their  origin,  are 

"''ten    mereh    emphatic    without    objurgation:     uncertain.]    Tobec i  "sleepy "or internally 

as,  the  blessed  thing  gave  way;  our  blessed  sys-    decayed,  as  a  pear  which  ripens  after  being 

tern  of  caucusing;  he  lost  every  blessed  cent  he     picked. 

had.— Blessed  bell.    See  belli.— Blessed  thistle.   See 

thistle  — The  blessed, tlie saints  in  heaven;  the  beatified 

saints. 


tol  or  glorify  with  thankful  acknowledgment 
of  benefits  received. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul :  and  all  that  is  within  me, 
bless  His  holy  name.  j?s.  ciii.  1. 

I  am  content  with  this,  and  bless  my  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 


9   To  esteem  or  account  happy;  congratulate;  blessedness  (bles'ed-nes).M.  [< blessed  +  -nc'ss.] 


felicitate :  used  retlexively 

The  nations  shall  bless  themselves  m  him.  Jer.  iv.  2. 

Bless  not  thyself  only  that  thou  wert  born  in  Athens. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  35. 
[Often  used  in  exclamations  with  various  shades  of  mean- 
ing departing  more  or  less  widely  from  the  literal  sense: 
as,  'mi<i  bless  me!  bless  you!  bless  the  mark!  etc.] — God 
bless  the  mark.  Set-  ma  rk,  —  Not  to  have  a  penny  to 
bless  one's  self  with,  to  be  penniless  :  in  allusion  to  the 
cross  on  the  silver  penny  (cf.  Ger.  Kreuzer),  or  to  the  prac- 
tice of  crossing  the  palm  with  a  piece  of  silver.  N.  JC.  D. 
—  To  be  blessed,  a  euphemism  for  to  be  damned:  as,  I'm 
i  idn  t  run  away ;  1  «i  blessed  if  I  know.  [Slang.] 

I'm   blessed  if  1  don't  expect  the  cur  back  to-morrow 
morning.  Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  II.  xi. 

An  emphatic   and  earnest  desire  to  be  blessed  if  she 
would.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xiii. 


Its  |the  medlar's]  fruit  is  hard,  acid,  and  unfit  for  eating 
till  it  loses  its  green  colour  and  bcuuues  blettrd. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  271. 

The  state  also  of  the  blessed  in  Paradise,  though  never  Vla+nhi     ,.    /       rTl,»    .,„„n,:i.,A,.j    *  c  i  i     i 

pert, ,-t,  is  nut  therefore  left  without  discipline  bletcht,  »'.  f.     [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck, 

Milton,  Church-Government,  J. 1.     "■     Lt.  Match,  black.]     To  black;  make  black. 
Lcrins. 
bletcht,  it.     [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck,  n. 
Cf.  bletch,  v.]     Blacking.     Levins. 
blether1  (bleTH'6r),  v.  it    Same  as  blather. 
blether1  (blera'er),  n.     Same  as  blather. 

stiingin'  blethers  up  in  rhyme.  Burns,  The  Vision. 

blether2  (ble?H'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  blad- 
der. 

bletherskate  (bleTH'er-skat),  n.  Same  as 
blatherskite. 

bletonism  (blet'on-izm),  n.  [So  called  from  M. 
Bleton,  a  Frenchman  living  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  century,  who  was  said  to  have  this  fac- 
ulty.] The  pretended  faculty  of  perceiving 
and  indicating  subterraneous  springs  and  cur- 
rents by  peculiar  sensations. 


[A  tr.  of  ML. 
herba  benedicta,  >  E.  herb-bennet.]     The  com- 
mon European  avens,  Gcum  urbanum. 
blessedly  (bles'ed-li),  adv.    In  a  blessed  man- 
ner; happily;  in  a  fortunate  manner ;  joyfully. 
One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to  depart. 
Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 


The  state  of  being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity 
heavenly  joys;  the  favor  of  God. 

His  [Wulsey's]  overthrow  heap'd  happiness  upon  him; 
For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself, 
And  found  the  blessedness  of  being  little. 

Sheik.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 


Nor  lily,  nor  no  glorious  hyacinth, 

Are  of  that  sweetness,  whiteness,  tenderness. 

Softness,  and  satisfying  blessedness, 


AsmyEvanthe.       Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1.  bletonist  (blet'pn-ist),  H.    [See  bletonism.}    One 


It  is  such  an  one  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes  into 
glory,  blessedness,  and  immortality.  South. 

Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state 


;  celibacy. 
Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  in  single  blessedness. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D., 


i.  1. 


=  Syn.  Felicity,  Bliss,  etc.  (see  happiness),  joy,  beatitude. 


who  possesses  or  pretends  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  bletonism. 
bletting  (blet'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  Wet,  ».] 
The  slow  internal  decay  or  "sleepiness"  that 
takes  place  in  some  fruits,  as  apples  and  pears, 
after  they  are  gathered.     Lindley. 


To  bless  one's  self.   («)  To  felicitate  one's  self;  exult,  blesser  (bles'er),  n.     One  who  bestows  a  bless-  bleu-de-roi  (ble'de-rwo'),  n.     [P.,  king's  blue 
(6)  To  ejaculate  "Bless  me,    "God  bless  me."  or  the  like,     ino--  nn«  wlm  Vdooooo  ™.  „o„coo  +«  ™^„„-  Men  ,aoo  hiu^\  ■  ,,/>  <  T.    ,?«    ^f.  ..„;    !,;„„.  »„, 


(o)  To  ejaculate  "  Bless  me,"  "  God  bless  me,"  or  the  like.  mg  •  one  who  blesses  or  causes  to  m-nsTinT 

-  To  bless  one's  stars,  to  congratulate  or  felicitate  ones  B '                    o  lesses  oi  causes  to  pi  osper. 

self.  God,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser  of  the  action. 

bless2t  (bles),  v.  t.  and  i.    [<  ME.  blessen,  blyssen,  Jer-  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  §  4. 

birchen,  strike,  wound,  <  OF.  blecier,  blechicr,  blessfully  (bles'ful-i),  adv.     [For  blissfully,  by 

F.  blesser,  wound,  injure;  of  uncertain  origin,  confusion  of  bless1  with  bliss;  so  ME.  blesfuU 


perhaps  <  MHG.  ze-bletzen,  cut  to  pieces,  <  ze-, 
G.  zer-  (=  AS.  to-,  E.  to-2),  apart,  +  blete,  blez, 
OHG.  bletz,  a  patch,  a  piece.]  1.  To  wound; 
hurt;  beat;  thump.  Skelton. —  2.  [Appar.  a  de- 
flection of  sense  1.  Some  fancy  that  it  refers 
to  "the  old  rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing  blessfulness  (bles'ful-nes),  n.   [For  blissfulness. 


bleu  (see  blue) ;  dc,  <  L.  de,  of ;  roi,  king :  see 
my.]  In  ceram.,  the  name  given  to  the  cobalt- 
blue  color  in  European  porcelain,  first  pro- 
duced m  Sevres.  It  is  sometimes  uniform,  and  some- 
times mottled  or  marbled.  It  was  one  of  the  first  colors 
used  in  European  porcelain  decoration. 
blevet,  «.  t.  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
beleare. 


and  even  Messedful,  as  variations  of  blissful 
See  bless1  and  bliss.}     Blissfully.     [Bare.] 

Of  these  many  are  bless/ally  incognizant  of  the  opinion,   blew1,  blew2  (bl6).     Preterit  of  blow*,  blow'2. 
its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name.  V.la<nr3i    „       e„X  7,7,.., 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 


the  hands  to  all  parts  of  it"  (see  bless1).}  To 
wave;  brandish. 

He  priked  in  formest 
&  blessed  so  with  his  briijt  bront  aboute  in  eche  side 
That  what  rink  so  he  rau3t  he  ros  never  after. 

William  of  Palerne,  1. 1191. 
His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  22. 

blessbok,  «.    See  blesbok. 

blessed  (bles'ed  or  blest;  as  pret.  and  pp.  com- 
monly pronounced  blest,  and  often  so  written), 
I'.ti.  [Pp. of  bless1.']  1.  Consecrated;  holy:  as, 
the  blessed  sacrament. 

I  .  .  .  dipped  my  finger  in  the  blessed  water. 

Marryat,  Phantom  Ship,  i.     (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  Worthy  of  adoration :  as,  the  blessed  Trinity. 

O  run.  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode, 
And  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  25. 
Jesus,  the  Christ  of  God, 
The  Father's  blessed  Son. 

Bonar,  Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope. 

3.  Enjoying  supreme  happiness  or  felicity; 
favored  with  blessings ;  highly  favored ;  happy ; 
fortunate:  as,  "  England's  blessed  shore,"  Shak., 
2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2;  the  blessedest  of  mortals. 


The  days  are  coming 
are  the  barren. 


in  the  which  they  shall  say,  Blessed 
Luke  xxiii.  2:t. 


blew3t,  "•     See  blue. 

blewart  (ble'wiirt),  v.  [Sc.  Cf.  blawort.]  In 
Scotland,  the  germander  speedwell,  Veronica 
Chamwdrys. 

blewits  (blo'its),  it.  [Prob.  same  as  bluets,  pi. 
of  bluet,  a  name  applied  to  several  different 
flowers.]  The  popular  name  of  Agaricus  perso- 
iiatus,  an  edible  purplish  mushroom  common  in 
meadows  in  autumn. 

bleymet,  n.  [<  F.  bleime,  of  same  sense,  re- 
ferred by  some  to  bUme,  formerly  blaime,  OF. 
bleme,  blesine,  pale:  see  blemish.}  An  inflam- 
mation in  the  foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  sole 
and  the  bone.    Bradley. 

bleynt,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  blain. 

bleyntet.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  blench1. 

Therwithal  he  bleynte  and  cryede,  A ! 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  220. 

bliandf,  n.    See  bleaunt. 

bliaust,  bliautt,  ».    See  bleaunt. 

blickH,  ''.  i.  [In  mod.  E.  appar.  only  in  dial. 
bliekent,  shining,  bright,  orig.  (as  in  2d  extract 
below)  ppr.  of  blick;  (a)  <  ME.  blikkeii,  bliki,  n, 
blikeii,  <  AS.*bUcian  =  MD.  blicken,  shine,  gleam, 
D.  blikkeii,  twinkle,  turn  pale,  =  MLG.  blicken, 
shine,  gleam,  =  G.  blicken,  glance,  look,  =  Ieel. 
blikit,  shine,  gleam,  =  Sw.  blicka,  glauce,  look ; 

_y  —  w.»       v+       ~..iy       ......     ,,       um,!  wu       lllvllOglUU4      \JX        lilt      HO.IUC     \JX  f  ■•  .  flri""!  •  1  •       1  1  « 

Christ.    In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (or  two  fingers     a  weak  verb,  m  Mi,,  mixed  with  the  orig.  strong 


Farewell,  lady; 
Happy  and  blessed  lady,  goodness  keep  yon  ' 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 
Man  never  Is,  but  always  To  be,  blest. 

/'"/"',  Essay  on  Man,  i.  96. 
Specifically — 4.  Enjoying  spiritual  blessings 
and  the  favor  of  God;  enjoying  heavenly  feli- 
city; beatified. 

Blessed  are  the  merciful :  for  they  shall  obtain  mercy. 

Mat.  v.  7. 
Keverenc'd  like  a  "       /   aiut    shak.,  1  Hen.  vi.,  iii.  3. 

5.  Fraught  with  or  imparting  blessings;  be- 
stowing happiness,  health,  or  prosperity. 

■|  hi  qualitj  ol  mi  rey  .  .  .  is  twice  bless'd; 
It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iv.  1. 

Thou  blessed  star,  I  thank  1 01  thy  light. 

I'''  '  a   ii.  '2. 

6.  Bringing  happiness;   pleasurable;  joyful: 
as,  a  most  blessed  time;    "a  blessed  sight  to  K 
eee,"  J'i  pys.  Diary,  May  23,  1G60.— 7.  Endowed  D.1.et  {    f}'\! 
with  or  possessing  healing  virtues. 

I  have  .  .  .  made  familiar 
To  me  and  to  no  aid  the  '•'<     d  Infusions 
That  dwell  in  yegetives,  in  mi  tal 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 


Cf.  blessfully.}    Blissfulness.    Drant.     [Rare.] 
blessing  (bles'ing),  »i.     [<  ME.  blessinge,  Mes- 
suage, etc.,  <  AS.  bletsung,  bledsung,  verbal  n.  of 
bletsian,  bless:  see  bless1.}     1.  The  act  of  in- 
voking or  pronouncing  happiness  upon  another 
or  others;   benediction.    Specifically,  in  the  Latin 
and  Greek  churches,  the  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction 
on  the  laity  or  inferior  clergy,  performed  by  a  bishop  or 
other  priest.    In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  the  blessing 
is  now  given  with  all  the  lingers  joined  and  extended,  but 
formerly       with 
the    thumb    and 
the  first  two  fin- 
gers of  the  right 
hand     extended 
and      the      two 
remaining      fin- 
gers turned 
down.     In      the 
Greek      Church, 
the   thumb    and 
the  third   finger 
of  the  same  hand 
are    joined,    the 
other  fingers  be- 
ing      extended. 
Some       Eastern 
writers     see     in 
this    position    a 

symbol  of  the  Greek  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of 
Christ.    In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (0 
and  thumb)  extended  symbolize  the  Trinity.     In  the  An 
glican  Church,  either  the  former  or  the  present  Latin  ges- 
ture is  used. 

2.  The  form  of  words  used  in  this  invocation 
or  declaration  ;  a  (or  the)  benediction. — 3.  The 
bestowal  of  divine  favor,  or  of  hallowing,  pro- 
tecting, or  prospering  influences:  as,  to  ask 
God's  blessing  on  any  undertaking. —  4.  A  tem- 
poral or  spiritual  benefit ;  anything  which  makes 
happy  or  prosperous ;  something  to  be  thank- 
ful for;  a  boon  or  mercy:  as.  tlie  blessings  of 
life,  of  health,  or  of  civilization;  it  is  a  bless- 
ing we  fared  so  well. 

Nature's  full  blessings  would  be  well  dispensed. 

Milton,  Cniiiiis,  1.  772. 


Latin  Church  (old  use).  Greek  Church. 

Position  of  Hand  in  Blessing. 


verb  (b)  b/ikeii,  <  AS.  Mica n  (pret.  Mac,  pp.  bli- 
ceu)  =  OS.  Mikan,  shine,  gleam,  =  OFries.  Mika 
(pp.  Miken),  appear,  =  MD.  bliken,  D.  Mijken, 
look,  appear,  =  OHG.  Milihan  (in  comp.),  MHG. 
blieheii,  shine,  gleam  ;  perhaps  =  OBulg.  blis- 
kati,  sparkle,  =  L.  fulgere,  shine,  lighten,  = 
Gr.  ttMyew,  burn:  Bee  fulgent,  phlegm,  phlox. 
Hence  ult.  (from  AS.  Mica'n)  E.  bleak1,  bleach1, 
q.  v.  Cf .  blink,  blank.]  To  shine ;  gleam. 
Bryjt  blykked  the  bem  of  the  brode  lieuen. 

Alliterettire  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  it  60S. 

Tlie  hlykkiinde  In  It  lie  here  theraboute. 
Sir  Oiimiiinc  and  the  linen  Knight  (ed.  .Morris),  1.  2485. 

blick1  (blik),  11.  [<  G.  blick  =  D.  Dan.  Mil,;  a 
look,  glance,  twinkle,  flash,  =  MLG.  blick, 
gleam,  sheen  j  from  the  verb:  see  blick1,  v.] 
The  brightening  or  iridescence  appearing  on 
silver  or  gold  at  the  end  of  the  cupeling  or  re- 
fining process.     1,'ni/moitd,  Mining  Glossary. 

blick- (blik),  ■«.    [E.  dial.  var. of  bleak2.]    Same 

as  Ideal;-. 

A  small  pail  or 


5.  Euphemistically,  a  curse;  a  scolding;  a  oas- 
tigation  with  words.-To  ask  a  blessing,  tosaygrace 
before  a  meal. 
blest  (blest),  jirct.,  pp.,  and  p.  a.     A  contracted 
form  of  blessed. 

i.;  pret.  and  pp.  bletted,  ppr.  blet- 
hhttir,  become  'sleepy,'  <   blctte, 
'sleepy,'  applied  to  a  pear  (unr  poire  bUtte),  blickey,  blickie  (blik'i), 
•'••m.  of  a  disused  masc  *blet,  <  OF.  blet,  fom.     bucket.     [New  Jersey.] 

blette,  soft,  mellow,  overripe;  cf.  equiv.  bleche,   blight  (blit),  11.    |  First  certain  instances  iuCot- 
blegue,  applied  also  to  an  overripo  apple  (Cot-    grave  and  Sherwood,  17th  century;  later  also 


blight 

spelled  Wife.  Origin  unknown ;  the  various  ex- 
planations offered  all  fail  for  lack  of  evidence.] 

1.  Some  influence,  usually  hidden  or  not  con- 
spicuous, that  nips,  blasts",  or  destroys  plants; 
a  diseased  state  of  plants  caused  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influences,  insects, 

fiarasitio  plants,  etc. ;  smut,  mildew,  or  the  like. 
n  botany  it  Ea  Bometimes  restricted  to  a  class  of  minute 
parasitic  fungi,  the  Bryaiphaeeoe,  which  grow  upon  the 
surface  of  leaves  or  stems  without  entering  the  tissues,  and 
produce  a  whitish  appearance,  tint  is  frequently  applied  also 
to  those  of  other  groups  which  are  destructive  to  crops. 
The  garden  fears  no  blight,  and  needs  no  fence. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  772. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  malignant  or  mysterious 
influence  that  "nips,  blasts,  destroys,  or  brings 
to  naught ;  anything  which  withers  hope,  blasts 
one's  prospects,  or  checks  prosperity, 

A  blight  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes. 

Disraeli, 
The  biting  presence  of  a  petty  degrading  care,  such  as 
casts  the  blight  of  irony  over  all  higher  effort. 

George  EUut,  Middlemarch,  II.  178. 

3.  In  med. :  (a)  A  slight  facial  paralysis  in- 
duced by  sudden  cold  or  damp.  (6)  See  bligh  ts. 
—  Bladder-blight,  a  disease  of  peach-trees  caused  by  the 
parasitic  fungus  Exoascus  •  l.jnrmons,  which  produces  in- 
flated distortions  in  the  leaves.  See  Ezoaseus. — Pear- 
blight,  an  epidemic  disease  attacking  pear-trees,  also 
known  as  fire-blight,  and  when  affecting  the  apple  and 
quince  as  twig-blight,  caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus, 
Micrococcus  omglocorus,  one  of  the  bacteria.  Also  called 
anthrax  and  van-scald. 

blight  (bUt),  v.  t.  [<  blight,  ».]  1.  To  affect 
with  blight;  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  nip, 
blast,  or  destroy. 

A  cold  and  wet  summer  blighted  the  corn. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  58. 

2.  To  exert  a  malignant  or  baleful  influence 
on;  blast  or  mar  the  beauty,  hopes,  or  pros- 
pects of ;  frustrate. 

The  standard  of  police  is  the  measure  of  political  justice. 
The  atmosphere  will  /flight  it,  it  cannot  live  here. 

Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy  of  Last  Century. 

blight-bird  (bUt'berd),  n.  A  bird,  as  a  species 
of  Zosterops,  useful  in  clearing  trees  of  blight 
and  of  insects. 

blighted  (bU'ted),  p.  a.  Smitten  with  blight; 
blasted. 

blighting  (bb'ting),  p.  a.  Producing  the  ef- 
fects of  blight. 

I  found  it  [Tintoretto's  house]  had  nothing  to  offer  me 
but  the  usual  number  of  commonplace  rooms  in  the  usual 
blighting  state  of  restoration.     Huwells,  Venetian  Life,  xv. 

blightillgly  (bli'ting-li),  adv.  By  blighting; 
with  blighting  influence  or  effect. 

blights  (blits),  n.  pi.  [See  Might, «.]  A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  urticaria  or  nettle-rash. 

bliket,  v.  i.  [ME.  bliken  and  bllken  :  see  Mick1.'] 
To  shine;  gleam. 

blikent,  <'•  <■  [ME.  bliknen  (=  Ieel.  blikna),  < 
bliken,  shine:  see  Mike,  Mick1.]  1.  To  become 
pale. — 2.  To  shine. 

blimbing  (blim'bing),  n.    Same  as  bilimbi. 

blinif  (blin),  t'.  [<  ME.  bliwnen,  rarely  bilinnen, 
usually  intrans.,  <  AS.  blinnan,  intrans.,  cease, 
contr.  of  "belinnan  (=  OHG.  bilinnan),  <  be-  + 
linnan,  ME.  linnen,  mod.  dial,  tin,  Sc.  lin.  It  tin, 
leen,  cease,  =  Ieel.  linna  =  Dan.  linne,  Unde  = 
OHG.  *liniian,  in  bi-linnan  above,  and  MHO. 
ge-linnen  =  Goth,  "linnan,  in  af-linnan,  leave 
off.]  I.  intrans.  To  cease;  leave  off. 
I  'gan  cry  ere  I  blin, 
O,  her  eyes  are  paths  to  sin ! 

Greene,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 

II.  trans.   To  put  a  stop  to. 
For  nathemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 
Did  th'  other  two  their  cruell  vengeaunce  blin. 
But  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  22. 

blin1!  (blin),  n.  [<  ME.  Mm,  <  AS.  Minn,  cessa- 
tion, <  blinnan,  cease:  see  the  verb.]  End; 
cessation.     B.  Jonson. 

blin-  (blin),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  blind. 

blind1  (blind),  a.  [<  ME.  blind,  Mynd,  <  AS. 
Mind  =  OS.  Mind  =  OFries.  blind  =  D.  Mind  = 
OHG.  MHG.  Mint,  G.  Mind  =  Ieel.  blindr  =  Sw. 
blind  =  Dan.  blind  =  Goth,  blinds,  blind ;  cf. 
Lith.  blendzas,  blind,  Lett,  blenst,  see  dimly, 
OBulg.  bledii,  pale,  dim;  with  factitive  verb 
AS.  blendan,  etc.,  make  blind  (see  blend").  The 
supposed  connection  with  AS.  blandan,  etc.,  E. 
bbt ml1,  as  if  '  with  confused  sight,'  is  doubtful.] 
1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by 
natural  defect  or  by  deprivation,  permanently 
or  temporarily ;  not  having  sight. 

They  be  blind  leaders  of  the  blind.  Mat.  xv.  14. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  lacking  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  discernment ;  destitute  of  intellectual, 


587 

moral,  or  spiritual  sight ;  unable  to  understand 
or  judge. 

I  am  full  blynde  in  Poetfi  Arte, 

thereof  I  ,an  no  skill: 
All  elluquence  I  put  apart, 
following  myne  owne  wyll. 
Rhodes,  Hoke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  71. 
At  a  solemn  prooession  I  have  wept  abundantly,  while 
my  consorts,  blind  with  opposition  and  prejudice,  have 
fallen  into  an  access  of  scorn  and  laughter. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  3. 
He  fought  his  doubts  and  gather'd  Btrength, 
He  would  not  make  his  judgment  blind, 

l>  nnyson,  In  Memoriam,  xcvi. 

3.  Not  directed  or  governed  by  sight,  physical 
or  mental ;  not  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
by  reason:  as,  blind  groping;  Mind  tenacity. 

That  which  is  thought  to  have  done  the  Bishops  hurt, 
is  their  going  about  to  bring  men  to  a  Idind  obedience. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  23. 
SpecificaUy — 4.  Undiscriminating  ;  heedless  ; 
inconsiderate;  unreflecting;  headlong. 

His  feare  of  God  may  be  as  faulty  as  a  blind  zeale. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

This  plan  is  recommended  neither  to  blind  approbation 

nor  to  blind  reprobation.  Jay. 

5.  Not  possessing  or  proceeding  from  intelli- 
gence or  consciousness ;  without  direction  or 
control ;  irrational ;  fortuitous :  as,  a  blind  force 
or  agency;  blind  chance. —  6.  Filled  with  or  en- 
veloped in  darkness;  dark;  obscure;  not  easily 
discernible:  as,  a  blind  corner.  [Archaic.] 
The  blind  cave  of  eternal  night.    Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  181. 

Mr.  Pierce  hath  let  his  wife's  closet,  and  the  little  blind 

bedchamber,  and  a  garret,  to  a  silk-man  for  507.  fine,  and 

301.  per  annum.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  45ft. 

Hence  —  7.  Difficult  to  see,  Uterally  or  figura- 
tively ;  bard  to  understand ;  bard  to  make  out ; 
uninteUigible :  as,  Mind  outlines;  blind  writing; 
blind  reasoning. 
Written  in  such  a  queer  blind  .  .  .  hand. 

Hawthorne,  Grandfather's  Chair. 

8f.  Unlighted:  as,  blind  candles. —  9.  Covered; 
concealed  from  sight ;  hidden. 

On  the  blind  rocks  are  lost.  Drydcn. 

10f.  Out  of  sight  or  public  view;  out  of  the 
way ;  private  ;  secret. 

A  blind  place  where  Mr.  Goldsborough  was  to  meet  me. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Oct.  15, 1661. 

I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  blind  chophouse,  and  dine  for 
tenpence.  Swi/t,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  5. 

11.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through:  as,  a  blind  window;  "blind 
walls,"  Tennyson,  Godiva. — 12.  Not  serving 
any  apparent  purpose  ;  wanting  something  or- 
dinarily essential  to  completeness ;  not  fulfil- 
ling its  purpose :  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen  with- 
out exploding. — 13.  Closed  at  one  end ;  having 
no  outlet ;  csecal :  as,  a  blind  alley. 

Blind  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  air-bladder.  Owen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind  an 
iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  consisting  of 
a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  blind  alley  some  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit,  vi. 

Blind  arcade.    See  arcade.— Blind  arch.     See  archi. 

—  Blind  area,  a  space  about  the  basement  of  a  house 
designed  to  prevent  moisture  from  reaching  the  walls  of 
thebuilding;  anambit.— Blind  axle.  See  axle.—  Blind 
beetle,  a  name  given  to  two  insects :  (a)  the  cockchafer 
(Melolontha  vulgaris),  so  called  because  it  Hies  against 
persons  as  if  it  were  blind;  (b)  a  small  chestnut-colored 
beetle  destitute  of  eyes,  found  in  rice.— Blind  blocking. 
So.,  blocking.— Blind  buckler,  the  stopper  of  a  hawse- 
hole.— Blind  bud,  an  abortive  bud;  a  bud  that  bears 
no  bloom  or  fruit.  Hence  plants  are  said  by  florists  to 
go  blind  when  they  fail  to  form  flower-buds.— Blind 
boal,  coal  altered  by  the  passage  of  a  trap  dike  through 
or  near  it.  |Eng.]  —  BUnd  copy,  i"  printing, obscurely 
written  copy;  any  copy  hard  to  read.  — Blind  door.  See 
blind  window,  below.—  Blind  fire,  fuel  arranged  on  the 
grate  or  fireplace  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  ignited 
on  the  application  of  a  lighted  match. —  Blind  holes, 
holes,  as  in  plates  to  be  riveted,  which  are  not  coincident, 

—  Blind  lantern,  a  dark  or  unlighted  lantern.  — Blind 
level,  in  mining,  a  level  or  drainage  gallery  winch  has  a 
vertical  shaft  at  each  end  and  acts  as  an  inverted  siphon. — 
Blind  plants,  abortive  plants  ;  plants,  as  of  the  cabbage 
and  other  members  of  the  genus  Brassica,  which  have 
failed  to  produce  central  buds.—  Blind  side,  the  weak 
or  unguarded  side  of  a  person  or  thing. 

Ail  people  have  their  blind  side  —  their  superstitions. 

Lamb,  l  (pinions  on  Whist. 
Blind  spot,  the  point  in  the  retina,  not  sensitive  to  light, 
at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the  eye.— Blind  stitch, 
(a)  A  stitch  taken  on  the  under  side  of  any  fabric  in  such  a 
way  that  it  is  not  seen,  (b)  Ornamental  sewing  on  leather, 
designed  to  lie  seen  oti  only  one  side  of  the  material 
Blind  story,  (a)  A  pointless  tale.  (/<)  Same  as  blind- 
story.— Blind  tooling,  see  tooling.-  Blind  vessel,  in 
chem.,  a  vessel  with  an  opening  on  one  side  only. —  Blind 
window,  door,  in  arch.,  a  feature  of  design  introduced 
for  the  sake  of  symmetry  or  harmony,  identical  in  treat- 
ment and  ornament  with  a  true  window  or  door,  but 
closed  with  a  wall. 


blind-born 

blind1  (blind),  r.  [<  ME.  Iilhulen,  become  blind, 
make  blind,  deceive  (=  D.  blinden  =  OFries. 
Iiltntlit  =  011(1.  blimlen,  become  blind,  =  Dan. 
blimde  =Goth.  ga-blindjan,  make  blind),  <  blind, 
a.,  blind.  The  more  common  ME.  verb  is  that 
represented  by  blend%,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  blind ;  deprive  of  sight ;  render  incapable 
of  seeing,  wholly  or  partially. 

The  curtain  drawn,  his  eyes  begun 
I'm  wink,  being  blinded  with  .i  greater  light. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  375. 

2.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discernment  of; 
make  morally  or  intellectually  blind. 

And  thou  shalt  take  no  gift:  for  the  gift  blindeth  the 
wise,  and  perverteth  the  words  of  the  righteous. 

Ex.  xxiii.  8. 
Superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  599. 
Whom  passion  hath  not  blinded. 

Tennyson,  ode  to  Memory,  v. 

3.  To  render  dark,  literally  or  figuratively; 
obscure  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind ;  conceal. 

Such  darkness  blinds  the  sky.  Dryden. 

The  state  of  the  controversy  between  ushe  endeavoured, 

with  all  his  art,  to  blind  and  confound.  Stillingfleet. 

4.  To  dim  or  obscure  by  excess  of  light;  out- 
shine; eclipse.     [Rare.] 

Thirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind. 
That  she  alone  seeni'd  worthy  of  my  love. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  vi. 
Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine, 
Ere  yet  they  Wind  the  stars.       Tennyson,  Tithonus. 

5.  In  road-making,  to  fill  with  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones;  cover  with  gravel  or 
earth:  as,  to  blind  road-metal. —  6.  In  gwnnery, 
to  provide  with  bUndages — Blinded  battery. 
See  battery. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blind  or  dim. 
That  ho  [she,  a  pearl]  blyndes  of  ble  in  bour  ther  ho  lygges, 
No-hot  wasch  hir  wyth  wourchyp  in  wyn  as  ho  askes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1126. 

blind1  (bUnd),  n.  [<  blind1,  v.]  1.  Anything 
which  obstructs  the  sight,  intercepts  the  view, 
or  keeps  out  light. 

If  I  have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbour's 
ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  obstruct  the  light. 
Blackstone,  Com.,  II.  26. 
Specifically — (a)  A  screen  of  some  sort  to  prevent  too 
strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a  window,  or  to  keep 
people  from  seeing  in ;  a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  win- 
dow, made  of  cloth,  laths,  etc.,  and  used  either  inside  or 
outside,  {b)  One  of  a  pair  of  pieces  of  leather,  generally 
square,  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle  on  either  side  of  his 
head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidewise  or  backward;  a 
blinder  or  blinker,  (c)  A  strong  plank  shutter  placed  in 
front  of  a  port-hole  as  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  discharged. 

2.  Something  intended  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  understanding  by  eonceaUng,  or  diverting 
attention  from,  the  principal  object  or  true  de- 
sign; a  pretense  or  pretext. 

Making  the  one  a  blind  for  the  execution  of  the  other. 
Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

3.  A  hiding-place ;  an  ambush  or  covert,  es- 
pecially one  prepared  for  concealing  a  hunter 
or  fowler  from  his  game. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  blind, 
Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dryden,  .-Eneid,  iv. 

4.  Milit.,  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for  men 
or  material ;  a  bUndage.  A  single  blind  is  commonly 
made  of  three  strong  perpendicular  posts  with  planks  be- 
tween them,  covered  with  plates  of  iron  on  the  outside, 
rendering  them  shot-proof.  It  is  used  as  a  protection  to 
laborers  in  the  trenches.  A  double  blind  is  made  by  filling 
large  wooden  chests  with  earth  or  bags  of  sand. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  the  stake  deposited 

in  the  pool  previous  to  the  deal Stamped  in 

the  blind,  in  bookbinding,  said  of  ornaments  to  be  printed 
in  ink  when  the  pattern  is  first  stamped  with  a  heated  die, 
preparatory  to  a  second  stamping  in  ink  of  the  same  de- 
sign over  the  first.— Venetian  blinds,  window-blind-  or 
-shades  made  of  thin  light  laths  or  strips  of  wood  fixed  on 
strips  of  webbing. 

blind-  (blind),  n.    Same  as  blende. 

blindage  (blin'daj),  n.  [<  blind1  +  -age.]  1. 
Milit.,  a  blind;  a  screen  made  of  timber  and 
earth,  used  to  protect  men  in  a  trench  or  cov- 
ered way ;  also,  a  mantelet. 

When  a  trench  has  to  he  pushed  forward  in  a  position 
where  the  command  of  the  dangerous  point  is  so  great 
that  it  cannot  be  sheltered  from  the  plunging  fire  by 
traverses,  it  is  covered  on  the  top  and  on  the  Bides  by  fas- 
cines atid  earth  supported  by  a  framework,  and  is  termed 
a  blindage.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

2.  A  hood  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  made 

to  cover  the  eyes  of  a  horse  if  he  essays  to  run 

away. 
blindage-frame  (bUn'daj-frain),  n.     A  wooden 

frame  used  in  the  construction  of  a  blindage 

to  support  fascines,  earth,  etc. 
blind-ball  (blind'bal),  n.    Same  as  Mindman's- 

hitir,  2. 

blihd-bom  (bliud'bom),  a.  Born  blind;  con- 
genitally  blind.     [Bare.  ] 


blind-born 


588 


A  person  ...  is  api  t. 
such  habits  of  thought  .  . 


blinkard 


attribute  to  the  Mind-born  .  .  . 
own. 

Whately,  Rhetoric 
blinde  (blind),  n.     Same  as  blende. 
blinded  (blin'ded),  a.     1.  Provided -with,  blinds, 
blinders,  or  'blindages :    as,   a   blinded  house; 
blinded    batteries. — 2.    Having    the  window- 
shades  drawn  down;  with  the  blinds  (dosed. 
I  found  the  windows  weir  blinded. 

Addison,  Tatter,  No.  120. 

He  paced  under  the  blinded  houses  and  along  the  vacant 

streets.  R.  J..  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  IS. 

blindedly  (blin'ded-li),  adv.    As  if  blinded. 

blinder  i  blin'der),  ».  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
blinds. —  2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. 

blind-fast  (blind 'fast),  ».  The  catch  or  fas- 
tening of  a  blind  or  shutter. 

blind-fish  (blind'fisht.  a.    1.  A  eave-fish,  one  of 

the  Jinli/i/njisitbr,  having  eyes  rudimentary  and 
useless  for  vision.    The  best-known  is  the  Amblyopias 
I  us,  or  blind-Ash  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky; 
another  is   Typhlichthys   sublerraneus.     Amblyopsis  spe- 
isionally  a  Length  of  3  to  5  inches  ;  it  has 
rudimentary  and  functionless  eyes,  and  ventral  tins  small 
an.l  of  4  rays  each.    The  color  is  pale  as  if  bleached.    It 
inhabits  the  subterranean  streams  of  Kentucky  ami  Indi- 
ana, especially  those  in  the  Mammoth  <  'aye.    Typhlichthys 
sis  a  much  smaller  species  and  destitute  of 
ventral  tins.     It  is  an  occasional  associate  of  the  Amhhi- 
opsis.     See  cut  under  A  mblyopsis. 
2.  A  myzont  of  the  family  Myrinidw,  My.rine 
glutinosa  :  the  hag.     [Local,  Eng.] 
blindfold  (blind'fold),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  blind- 
fold, blindfeld,   blyndfield,   etc.,  <  ME.   blind- 
felled,  -fell,  -fttlil,  pp.'  of  Uindfellen,  blindfold  : 
see  blindfold,  r.]     1.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
or  bandaged,  so  as  to  be  unable  to  see. 
To  he  .-pit  in  the  face  and  he  bofet  and  Uyndfuld,  alas  ' 

.i  udelay,  p.  tin. 
2.  Having  the  mental  eye  darkened;  hence, 
rash ;    inconsiderate  ;    without   foresight :    as, 
"  blindfold  fury,"  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  554. 
Fate's  blindfold  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 

JOryden,  Suum  Cuique. 
3f.  Obscure;  dark. 

If  execution  be  remisse  or  blindfold  now  and  in  this  par- 
ticular, what  will  it  he  hereafter  and  in  other  hooks? 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  27. 
blindfold  (blind'fold),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  blind- 
fold, blindfeld,  blindfeld,  blind/ell  (the  second 
element  being  altered  by  confusion  with  fold, 
wrap  up),  <  ME.  blindfi  Hen,  blinfellen,  blyndfellen 
(pret.  blvndfelde,  pp.  blindfelle'd,  -feld,  -folds),  < 
blind,  blind,  +  fellen,  fell,  strike:  see  blind  and 
fell1.}  If.  To  strike  blind;  to  blind.— 2.  To 
cover  the  eyes  of ;  hinder  from  seeing  by  cov- 
ering the  eyes. 

Thanh  thu  thin  eien  vor  his  luv  ...  blind fcllie  on 

eorthe.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  100. 

When  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him  on  the 

Luke  xxii.  (.14. 


England  hath  long  been  mad  and  scarr'd  herself; 

t  be  brother  blindly  shed  tie-  brother's  blood, 

The  lather  rashly  slaughter  d  hi-  own  

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4. 
flow  reads  zeal  for  interest  and  party  is  to  charge 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  without  examining, sub- 
mit, ami  blindly  swallow  their  nonsense.  Locke. 
blindman  (blind'man),  «.;  pi.  blindmen  (-men). 
1.  A  clerk  in  n  post-office  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  let- 
ters. [Eng.]  Called  blind-render  in  the  United 
States. —  2.  A  blind  or  blinded  person:  used  as 
a  single  word  in  certain  phrases  and  names. — 
Blindman's  ball,  blindman's  bellows.  Seeblindmaris- 

''"'/. '^-Blindman's  holiday,  the  tinic,  iust  i.eioiv  th,  blink  (blin"k)  r  [=  Sc 
lamps  are  lighted,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work,  and  one  is  /,/„„/-,.„  ,..,w>  .„„i  .,,„*.,,.  ^, 
obliged  to  rest ;  twilight;  gloaming  «//»/.<».  Lite  and  appar.  0 


Blindworm  {Angttisfragilis). 


blindfold  (blind'fold),  n.     [<  blindfold,  v.]     A 
disguise;  a  ruse;  a  blind.     See  blind1,  «.,  2. 
The  egotism  of  a  Roman  is  a  blindfold,  impenetrabl 
hi-  breastplate.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

blindfolded  (blind'f61"ded), p.  a.  [Pp.  of  blind- 
fold, ».]  Having  the  eyes  covered;  hindered 
from  seeing. 

blind-Harry  (blind'har'i),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
blindman's-buff. — 2.  A  name  for  a  puff-ball. 

blinding  ( Min'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blind1,  v.] 
1.  The  act  of  making  blind. —  2.  A  layer  of 
sand  and  fine  gravel  laid  over  a  road  which 
has  been  recently  paved,  to  fill  the  interstices 

between   t  ho  stones. 

blinding  (blin'ding);  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bUncP-,  ».] 
Soaking  blind;  depriving  of  sight  or  of  under- 
standing: as,  a  blinding  storm  of  rain. 
sorrows  eye  glazed  with  blinding  tears. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  ii.  2. 

blindingly  (blin'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  blinding 
manner;  so  as  to  blind. 

blind-ink  (blind'ink),  «.  A  writing-ink  de- 
signed lor  the  use  of  blind  persons,  on  being 
applied  to  the  panel    it     wells   forming  raised  characters 

which  can  he-  read  by  tile  touch. 

blindless  (blind'les),  «.    [<  blind1,  ».,  +  -less.] 

Without  a  blind  or  shade. 

I iw  sun 

Beat  thro'  the  blindless  casement  of  the  room. 

T<  nnyson,  Qeraint. 
blind-lift  fblind'liit  ,.  ,,.  ,\  metal  hook  or  catch 
on  a  sliding  window-blind,  by  means  of  which  it 
can  be  raised  or  lowered.  Also  called  blind-putt. 
blindly  (blind'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  blyndly,  C AS. 
blindUce,  <  bh„ii,  blind.]  l.  in  .-,.  blind  manner; 
as  a  blind  person ;  without  sight. — 2.  Without 
reasoning;  without  discernment;   without  re- 

quiriiiL'    reasons;    without    examination;    t 
lessly :  as,  to  be  led  blindly  by  another. 


blink,  bind::  <  ME. 
blynken,  van-  and  appar.  only  as  var.  of  blenk- 
en  (see  bind:,  bit  neli ):  not  found  earlier  (though 
an  AS.  'blincan  appears  to  be  indicated  by  the 
causal  verb  bleneitn,  deceive,  >  K.  blench1)  ;'=D. 
blinken  =  ti.  blinken  =  Sw.  blinka  =  Dan.  blinle. 
shine,  twinkle,  blink,  nasalized  forms  parallel 
with  D.  blikken  =  G.  blieken  =  Sw.  blieka  = 
Dan.  blikke.  look,  glance,  from  a  strong  verb 
repr.  by  AS.  blican,  shine:  see  bliel:1.  bid.,. 
bleaki;  and  cf.  blench1  and  blink,  «.]  I.  >n- 
tntns.  1.  To  wink  rapidly  and  repeatedly; 
nictitate. 

A  snake's  small  eye  Minks  dull  and  sly. 

Coleridge,  Chiistabel,  ii. 
He  blinked  with  his  yellow  eyes,  that  seemed 
All  sightless  and  blank  to  be. 

C.  Theater,  Great  White  Owl. 

2.  To  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  with  fre- 
quent winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes; 
hence,  to  get  a  glimpse ;  peep. 

show  me  thy  chink,  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 
Shak.,  M.  X.  D.,  v.  l. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  look  askance  or  indiffer- 
ently. 

Why  then  ignore  or  blink  at  moral  purpose? 

Mag.  "/  Art,  March,  1884. 

4.  To  intermit  light;  glimmer :  as  "a  blinking 
lamp,"  Cotton,  An  Epigram. —  5.  To  gleam  tran- 
siently but  cheerfully ;  smile ;  look  kindly. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  To  become  a  lit- 
tle stale  or  sour :  said  of  milk  or  beer.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  If.  To  deceive;  elude;  shun.— 2. 
To  see  or  catch  sight  of  with  half-shut  eyes ; 
dimly  see  ;  wink  at. 

I  beard  the  imp  brushing  over  the  dry  leaves  like  a 
black  snake,  and,  blinking  a  glimpse  of  him,  just  over 
agin  yon  big  pine,  I  pulled  as  it  might  he  on  the  scent. 
Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  shut  one's  eyes  to;  avoid 
or  purposely  evade  ;  shirk :  as,  to  blink  a  ques- 
tion. 

How  can  I  blink  the  fact? 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  214. 

Understand  us.     We  blink  no  fair  issue.  .  .  .     We  have 

counted  the  cost.  II'.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  34. 

4.  To  balk  at ;  pass  by ;  shirk :  as,  a  dog  that 
never  blinked  a  bird. 

In  fear  lie  comes  there,  and  consequently  "blinks  his 
birds."  Dogs  of  Great  Brit.  and  America,  p.  240. 

5f.   To  blindfold;  hoodwink.     Landor. 
blink  (blingk),  n.     [<  ME.  blink,  a  glance,  =  Sw. 
blink  =  Dan.  blink;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  glance 
of  the  eye ;  a  glimpse. 

I.o.  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 

Bp.  Hall.  Works,  II.  108. 

2.  A  gleam;  a  glimmer;  specifically,  the  gleam 
or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice  in  the  polar  re- 
gions: hence  the  term  ice-blink  (which  see). 

Not  a  hi  ink  of  light  was  there.    Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  vii. 

After  breakfast  this  morning.  I  ascended  to  the  crows 

nest,   and   saw   to    my  sorrow   the   omii s   blink   ol    lee 

ahead.  Kane,  Sec.  Qrinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

And  where  north  and  south  the  coast  line's  run. 
The  blink  of  the  sea  in  breeze  and  sun. 

Whittier.  Prophecy  of  Samuel  Scwall. 

3.  A  very  short  time;  a  twinkling:  as,  bide  a 
bind:.  [Scotch.] — 4f.  A  trick;  a  scheme. — 5. 
pi.  Boughs  thrown  to  turn  aside  deer  from  their 
course ;  also,  feathers,  etc.,  on  a  thread  to  scare 
birds.  A.  /.'.  J). —  6.  A  fishermen's  name  for 
I  he  mackerel  when  about  a  year  old.  See  spike 
and  tinker. 

x.  \>:n\.hlindorm);  <  blind  +  worm.]   blinkardt  (hliiig'kiird),  n.      [<  blinl:  +  -eird,  as 

in  drunkard,  dotard.']  1.  A  person  who  blinks 
or  sees  imperfectly;  one  who  squints. 

Among  the  blind  the  one-eyed  blinkard  reigns. 

(7m/-.  of  Holland,  in  Marl.  Misc.  (,d.  1810),  V.  618. 

for  1  was  of  Clirist's  choosing,  I  Cod's  knight. 
No  blinkard  heathen  stumbling  for  scant  light. 

Swinburne,  Laus  Veneris. 
2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  which  appears  and  tlisappoars. 


What  will  not  blind  Cupid  doe  in  the  night,  which  is 
his  blindman's  holiday  ; 

Nashe,  Lenten  stullc  (llarl.  Misc.,  VI.  167). 

Indeed,  madam,  it  is  blindman's  holiday  :  we  shall  soon 
he  all  of  a  colour.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

blindman's-buff  (blind'manz-buf'),  u.  [<  blind- 
man's  +  buff,  a  buffet,  blow.]  1.  A  game  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and  tries  to 
catch  and  identify  some  one  of  the  company. 
Sometimes  called  blindman-buff. 

My  light's  out, 
And  I  grope  up  and  down  like  blind- man-buff. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  ii.  2. 
As  once  I  play'd  at  Blind-man's  Buff,  it  hapt 
About  my  Eyes  the  Towel  thick  was  wrapt; 
I  miss'd  the  Swains,  and  seiz'd  on  Blouzaliml, 
True  speaks  that  ancient  Proverb,  "Love  is  Blind." 
Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  i.  95. 
2.  A  name  of  certain  puff-balls  of  the  genera 
Borista  and  Lycoperdon.    Also  blindman's  ball 
or  bellows,  and  blind-ball. 
blindness  (blind  'nes),  n.    [ME.  blindnes,  -nesse, 
<  AS.  blindnysse;  <  blind  +  -ness.]    1.  The  state 
of  being  blind,     (a)  Want  of  sight,     (b)  Want 
of  intellectual  discernment;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance ;  heedlessness. 

Whensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  difficulties,  and 
can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blindness  and 
ignorance.  Locke. 

2f.  Concealment. 

.Muffle  your  false  love  with  some  show  of  blindness. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
blind-officer  (blind'of'i-ser),  n.    Same  as  blind- 
man,  1.     [Eng.  J 
blind-pull  (bllnd'pul),  re.     Same  as  blind-lift. 
blind-reader  (blind're"der),  n.    In  the  United 
States  postal  service,  a  clerk  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  mail- 
matter. 
blinds,  n.     See  blens. 

blind-snake  (blmd'snak),  re.     A  snake  of  the 
family  Typhlopidw. 
blind-stiie  (blind'stll),  re.     The  stile  of  a  blind. 
—  Blind-stile  machine,  a  machine  for  making  the  mor- 
tises and  tenons  in 


blinds,  and  for  h 
ing    tile    holes    for 
the  slats. 

;,.s  blindstitch 

(blind'stlch),  v. 
t.  To  sew  or 
take  stitches  in 
(anything)  in 
such  a  way  that 
they  will  show 
only  on  one  side 
of  the  thing 
sewed  or  stitch- 
ed, ornot  tit  all. 
blind-story 

(  blind  '  sto  "  ri), 
re.  In  medieval 
eh  n  reb  -a  rrli., 
the  triforiiim: 
properly  re- 
sl  rioted  I.,  such 
examples  as 
possess  no  ex- 
terior  windows, 
as  opposed  to 
the  clerestory, 
from  which  the 


Blind-story. —  Triforium  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral. 


ehief  light  ing  of  the  interior  is  derived. 
blindworm  (blind'wenrj  I.  ».   |  ME.  blyndworme, 


A  small  European  lizard,  Anguis fragilis,  of  the 
family  Anguidce,  having  a  slender' limbless  bodj 
and  tail,  like  .a  snake,  rudimentary  Bhoulder- 
girdle,  breast-bone,  and  pelvis,  a  scaly  skin. 
concealed  ears,  and  small  eyes  furnished  with 
movable  litis:  so  called  because  supposed  to  bo 

a  sightless  worm,  a  notion  as  erroni s  as  is  the 

supposition  that  it  is  poisonous.  Also  called 
orvi  i  and  slow-worm. 


blinkard 

In  some  parts  we  sec  ninny  glorious  and  eminent  stars, 
in  others  few  of  any  remarkable  greatness,  ami,  in  sunie, 
none  but  blinkarda  ami  obscure  ones. 

HakewiU,  Apology,  p.  287. 

3.  Onewho  lacks  intellectual  perception.  Skelr 

ton. —  4.    One  who  wilfully  shuts   his  eyes   to 
what  is   happening;    one   who   blinks   facts. 

[Somen s  used  attributively.] 

blink-beer  (blingk'ber), ».  [<  blink,  v.,  I.,  6,  + 
beer.]  Beer  kept  unbroaohed  (ill  it  is  sharp, 
blinker  (bling'ker),  n.  1.  One  who  blinks. —  2. 
One  of  two  leather  Haps  placed  on  the  sides  of 
a  horse's  head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing 
sidewise  or  backward;  a  blind  or  blinder; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  obstruction  to  sight  or 
discernment. 

Nor  bigots  who  but  one  way  see, 
Through  blinkers  of  authority. 

H  Green,  The  Grotto. 

Horses  splashed  to  their  very  blinkers.  Dickens. 

blink-eyed  (blingk'id),  a.    Having  blinking  or 

winking  eyes. 

The  foolish  blink-eyed  boy.  Gascoigne,  Hearbes. 

blinking  (bling'king),  n.   In  Sporting,  the  fault 

in  dogs  of  leaving  the  game  as  soon  as  it  is 

found. 

The  Wee  of  blinking  has  been  caused  by  over-severity  in 
punishment  for  chasing  poultry,,  etc. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  240. 

blinking-chickweed  (bling'kmg-ckik'wed),  n. 
The  MonUa  fontana,  asmall  marsh-herb,  natu- 
ral order  Portulacacca; :  so  called  from  its  small 
half-closed  flowers  looking  out  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.     Also  called  blinks. 

blinkingly  (bling'king-li),  adv.  In  a  blinking 
or  winking  manner ;  evasively. 

Death,  that  fatal  necessity  which  so  many  would  over- 
look, or  blinkingly  survey,  the  old  Egyptians  held  con- 
tinually before  their  eyes.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Mummies. 

blinks  (blingks),  n.  [<  blink,  n. ;  a  quasi-plural 
form.]     Same  as  blinking-chickwt  i  il. 

blinky  (bling'ki),  a.  [<  blink  +  -y1.]  Prone  to 
blink. 

We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became  quite 
blinky  watching  for  the  flash  from  the  bow. 

W.  II.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1881. 

blirt  (blert),  n.  [A  var.  of  blurt.']  An  outburst 
of  wind,  rain,  or  tears;  specifically,  naut.,  a 
gust  of  wind  and  rain.     [Scotch.] 

blirty,  blirtie  (bler'ti),  a.  [<  blirt  +  -yi.] 
Characterized  by  blirts  or  gusts  of  wind  and 
rain:  as,  a  blirt;/  day.     [Scotch.] 

bliss  (blis),  «.  [<  ME.  bits,  blisse,  <  AS.  blis,  bliss, 
contr.  of  the  unusual  bliils,  blillis  (=  OS.  blklsea, 
blitzed,  blizza),  joy,  <  blithe,  joyful,  blithe:  see 
blithe,  and  cf .  bless'1,  with  which  the  word  has 
been  notionally  associated.]  1.  Blitheness; 
gladness;  lightness  of  heart. —  2.  The  highest 
degree  of  happiness,  especially  spiritual  joy; 
perfect  felicity ;  supreme  delight;  blessedness: 
often,  specifically,  the  joy  of  heaven. 

How  sweet  a  thing  it  is  to  wear  a  crown, 

Within  whose  circuit  is  Elysium, 

And  all  that  poets  feign  of  bliss  and  joy. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
All  my  redeem'd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss. 

Milton,  V.  1...  xi.  4:;. 
=  Syn.  Felicity,  Blessedness,  etc.  (see  happiness),  trans- 
port, rapture,  ecstasy,  blissfulness. 
blissful  (blis'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  blisful :  <  bliss  + 
-ful.~\  1.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  enjoying,  or 
conferring  bliss;  full  of  felicity:  as.  "blissful 
joy,"  Spenser,  F.  Q. ;  "  blissful  solitude,"  Milton, 
P.  L.,  iii.  69. 

The  blissful  shore  of  rural  ease. 

Thomson,  Liberty,  v. 
Ever  as  those  blissful  creatures  do  I  fare. 

Wordsworth, 
2t.   [Cf.  blessful.]     Blessed;  holy. 
blissfully  (bus'ful-i),  adv.     [<  ME.  blissfuliche, 
etc.,  <  blisful  +  -liche,  -ly2.]   In  a  blissful  man- 
ner ;  happily. 

blissfulness  (blis'ful-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  blisful- 
>ies,  -nesse,  <  blisful  +  -nes,  -ness.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blissful ;  exalted  happiness ; 
supreme  felicity;  fullness  of  joy. 

God  is  all-sufficient  and  incapable  of  admitting  any  ac- 
cession to  his  perfect  blissfulness.    Barrow,  Works,  I.viii. 

Blissinse  (bli-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blissus  + 
-inic]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 
of  the  family  Lyr/teiihr,  typified  by  the  genus 
Blissus.     See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 

blissless  (blis'les),  «.  [<  bliss  +  -less.]  Desti- 
tute of  bliss;  wretched  ;  hapless:  as,  "my  bliss- 
less  lot,"  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blissom  (blis'um),  a.  [<  Icel.  blwsma,  in  heat 
(said  of  a  ewe  or  goat),  =  OD.  blesme.]  In 
heat,  as  a  ewe.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blissom  (blis'um),  v.  [<  blissom,  a.]  I.  trans. 
To  couple  with  a  ewe :  said  of  a  ram. 


689 

II.  intrans.  To  be  in  heat,  as  a  ewe.    [Prov. 

Eng.] 
Blissus  (blis'us),  n.    [NXi.]    A  genus  of   lot 
eropterous  insects,  the  type  of  the  subfamily 
BUssinn .     II.  Itucnplerus  is  the  common  chinch- 
bug.     See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 
blistt.     '  >bsolete  preterit  of  bless1  and  bless2. 
And  with  bis  club  him  all  about  so  blist. 
That  he  which  way  to  tunic  him  scarcely  wist. 

Spenser,  V.  ().,  VI.  viii.  13. 

blister  (blis'ter),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ras- 
ter, bluster;  <  HE.  blister,  and  perhaps  "Wyster, 

<  AS.  'lilyster  =  MD.  bluyster,  a  blister  (but  the 
AS.  form  is  not  found,  and  the  ME.  may  be 
taken  from  OF.  blestre,  blostre,  a  swelling  (cf. 
bloustre,  hloutri ,  blottc,  a  chid,  blosse,  a  swelling 
due  to  a  In-uise;.  of  Ml),  or  Sound,  origin);  of. 
Icel.  bldstr,  a  swelling  (in  the  medical  sense), 
lit.  a  blast,  a  blowing,  =  AS.  blasst,  a  blowing, 
blast;  cf,  blcedre,  a  blister,  bladder,  etc.,  D. 
blaas,  G.  blase,  a  blister,  etc.,  E.  dial,  blaze", 
i)..  a  pimple,  etc.;  ult.  from  the  root  of  AS. 
blawan,  etc.,  blow:  see  bluihler,  blast,  blaze-, 
blow1.]  1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  the  skin,  con- 
taining watery  matter  or  serum,  whether  oc- 
casioned by  a  burn  or  other  injury,  by  a  vesi- 
catory, or  by  disease ;  a  pustule.  It  is  formed  (a) 
by  disintegration  and  effusion  of  serum  into  some  of  the 
softer  epidermal  layers,  or  (ft)  by  an  effusion  of  serum  be- 
tween the  epidermis  and  corium. 
2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  lifting  up  of  an 
external  film  or  skin  by  confined  air  or  fluid, 
as  on  plants,  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. —  3.  Some- 
thing applied  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister,  as 
a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  mustard,  etc.,  as  a 
means  of  counter-irritation;  a  vesicatory. —  4. 
In  castings  of  different  materials,  an  effect 
caused  by  the  presence  of  confined  bubbles  of 
air  or  gas. — 5.  A  distortion  of  peach-leaves 
causedby  the  fungus  Exoaseus  deformans;  blad- 
der-blight. See  Exoaseus.  Also  called  blister- 
ing.— Flying  blister,  a  blister  applied  for  a  time  too 
short  to  cause  vesication. 
blister  (blis'ter),  v.  [<  blister,  n.]  I.trans.i.. 
To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters  on,  as  by  a  bum, 
medical  application,  or  friction:  as,  to  blister 
one's  hands. — 2.  To  raise  filmy  vesicles  on  by 
heat:  as,  too  high  a  temperature  will  blister 
paint;  blistered  steel.  See  blister-steel. — 3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  cause  to  suffer  as  if  from  blisters ; 
subject  to  burning  shame  or  disgrace. 

Look,  here  comes  one :  a  gentlewoman  of  mine, 

Who,  falling  in  the  flaws  of  her  own  youth, 

Hath  blistee'd  her  report.  Shak.,  M.  for  M..  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.   To  rise  in  blisters,  or  become 
blistered. 

If  I  prove  honev-mouth'd,  let  my  tongue  blister. 

Skak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  2. 
The  house  walls  seemed 
Blistering  in  the  sun,  without  a  tree  or  vine 
To  east  the  tremulous  shadow  of  its  leaves. 

Whittier,  Prel.  to  Among  the  Hills. 

blister-beetle  (blis'ter-be"tl),  n.  A  popular- 
name  of  beetles  of  the  family  Meloidce,  de- 
rived from  the  pecu- 
liar poison  (canthar- 
idin)  which  is  con- 
tained in  their  tis- 
sues. This  poison,  when 
brought  in  to  contact  with 
the  skin,  produces  blis- 
ters, and  on  account  of 
this  vesicatory  property 
the  dried  beetles  are 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
In  their  earlier  states  the 
blister-beetles  are  para- 
sitic on  grasshopper-eggs 
or  in  the  cells  of  mason- 
bees.  Theimagosof  many 
American  species  are  of- 
ten very  injurious  to  fleld- 
and  garden-crops.  The 
development  of  the  larva, 

which  assumes  successively  several  forms,  is  very  remark- 
aide.    See  hypermetamorphosis  ami  Epicauta. 

blistered  (blis'terd),  p.  a.  Having  the  disease 
called  blister.     See  blister,  n.,  5. 

blister-fly  (blis'ter-fli),  «.  A  beetle,  also  known 
as  the  Spanish  fly,  used  in  blistering;  one  of 
the  blister-beetles.     See  Cantharis. 

blistering  (blis'ter-ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Caus- 
ing or  tending  to  cause  blisters Blistering  fly. 

Same  as  blister-flu. 
II.  h.  Same  as  blister,  5. 

blister-plaster  (blis'ter-plas'ter),  n.  A  plaster 
of  Spanish  flies,  designed  to  raise  a  blister. 

blister-Steel  (blis'ter-stel),  n.  Steel  made  by 
the  earburization  of  bar-iron  in  a  converting- 
furnace,  the  iron  being  heated  in  contact  with 
charcoal.  See  cementation.  After  the  conversion 
into  steel,  the  bars  become  covered  with  blisters,  some  not 


Ash-gray  Blister-beetle  tAfacroba- 
sis  cuurea).  (Vertical  iine  shows 
natural  size.  1  a.  b.  male  and  female 
antenna;,  enlarged. 


blithesome 

larger  than  peas,  others  as  much  as  an  inch  in  diameter. 

\< ling  to  Peres ,ii :i  ',.i     n    probablj  due  to  the 

reduction  of  a  part  of  the  protoxld  ol   Iron  i  tasting  in 
thi  m:i--  in  tie  form  "i  ;i  -lie  ;ii,  ol  'he  protoxld,  and  the 
consequent  evolution  oi  carbonii  oxid.    lite  process  is  a 
very  "i<l  one. 
blistery  (blis'ter-i),  a.    [<  blister  +  -yl.]    Full 

of  blisters.      Ilnoki  r. 
blitt,  «•      See  Wife2. 

blite't,  n.    See  blight. 

blite-'  (blit),  n.  [Also  blit  and  early  mod.  E. 
blittt .  I'll  it,  hh  te;  <  F.  bUtU  =  Pr.  i>li<l"  =  I  lal . 
blet=zSp.  bledo,(.  L.  blitum  :  see  Blittwm.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  several  succulent-leafed  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  genus  (In -mi/  luliitiu  (or  Blitum), 

sometimes  used  as  pot-herbs.    |  In-  na i-  -].*  i  it 

cally  given  to  good-King-Henry  (f\  Bonus-Henricus)  and 
to  Amarantus  Blitum.  The  strawberry-blite,  Cheno\ 
um  eapitutum,  is  so  called  from  its  red  tleshy  clusters  of 
fruit.  The  coast-blite,  C.  maritvmwm,  t-  found  in  salini 
localities.  The  sea-Mite,  Suieilu  nmritima.  is  a  cheno. 
podiaceous  coast-plant  with  nearly  terete  or  cylindrical 
tleshy  leaves, 
blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  With*  . 
Wythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  joyful,  glad,  kind,  gentle, 
peaceful,  =  OS.  blithi  =  OFries.  'hliile  (in 
composition  blid-skip,  joy).  North  Fries,  hliil 
=  D.  bli/ile,  blij=  OHO.'  blhli,  MHO.  hliile  = 
Icel.  blklhr  =  Sw.  bliti  =  Dan.  Olid  =  Goth. 
bleiths,  merciful,  kind ;  root  uncertain :  see 
bliss.]  I.  a.  If.  Kind:  kindly.  Levins (1570). 
—  2.  Glad;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  mirth- 
ful; gay:  in  colloquial  use  only  in  Scotland: 
as,  "I'm  blithe  to  see  you." 

Ful  blithe  .  .  .  was  every  wight. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Piol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  846. 
No  lark  more  blithe  than  he. 

Bickerstaff,  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  2. 
Hail  to  thee,  blithe  spirit ! 
Bird  thou  never  wert. 

Shelley,  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 

3.    Characterized  by  or   full   of    enjoyment  ; 
gladsome :  said  of  things. 
O  !  how  changed  since  yon  blithe  night !  Scott. 

Blithe  would  her  brother's  acceptance  be. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x.  2. 

In  June  'tis  good  to  lie  beneath  a  tree 
While  the  blithe  season  comforts  every  sense. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

=  Syn.  Cheerful,  light-hearted,  elated,  buoyant. 

Il.t   "•    1-    A    blithe    one. —  2.    Kindness; 
goodwill;  favor. —  3.  Gladness;  delight. 
blithet  (bliTH  or  With),  v.    [ME.  Uithen   (= 
(UK;,  hliilcn,  rejoice,  be  blithe,  =  Goth,  bleith 
jan,  gableithjan,  be  merciful,  pity);  from  the 
adj.]     I.  intrans.  To  be  blithe  or  merry. 
II.  trans.  To  make  blithe  ;  gladden. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 

blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  adv.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
blythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  adv.,  <  blithe,  a. :  see 
blithe,  a.]      If.  Kindlv.—  2.  Gladly;   blithelv. 

blitheful  (bliTH'-  or  blith'ful).  a.  [<  ME. 
btitheful,  bUtliful,  <  blithe,  n.,  kindness,  favor  (= 
Icel.  blidha),  +  -ful.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Glad; 
joyous;   joyful.     [Poetic] 

The  seas  with  blitheful  western  blasts 
We  still  d  amain. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
[Samuel]  Lover,   a  versatile  artist,  blitheful  humorist 
and  poet.  Stedman,  Vict  Poets,  p.  258. 

blithely  (With'-  or  blitk'li),  adv.  [<  ME. 
blitheliche,  blethely,  -liche,  etc.,  <  AS.  blithi  /in 
(=  OHG.  blltllicho),  <  blithe  +  -lice:  see  blithe, 
a.,  and  -ly?.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  joyful- 
ly; gaily. 

blithemeat  (bliTH'-  or  blith'met),  «.  [Sc,  < 
blithe,  glad,  +  meat.]  The  entertainment  or 
refreshment  provided  at  the  birth  or  christen- 
ing of  a  child.     [Scotch.] 

blithen  (bli'THen  or  -then),  v.  t.  [<  blithe,  a., 
+  --«!.   Cf.hlit'hc.r.]    To  make  blithe.    [Rare.] 

blitheness  (bliTH'-  or  bhth'nes),  n.  [<  ME. 
blithenesse,  <  AS.  blithnes,  <  blithe  +  -nes:  see 
blithe,  a.,  and  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  blithe ; 
gaiety;  sprightliness. 

The  delightfulness  and  blitheness  of  their  Ipoets']  com- 
positions. Sir  K.  Digby,  On  the  Soul,  iii. 

Legend  told  of  his  [Eadward's]  pious  simplicity,  his 
blitheness  and  gentleness  of  mood. 

J.  II.  Grei  n.  I'onq.  of  Eng.,  p.  407. 

blithesome  (bliTH'-  or  blith'sum),  a.  [<  hlilln 
+  -some.]  Full  of  blitheness  or  gaiety  :  gay ; 
merry ;  cheerful ;  causing  joy  or  gladness. 

on  blithesome  frolics  bent.  Thomson,  Winter. 

The  rising  sun,  emerging  from  amidst  golden  and  pur- 
ple clouds,  shed  his  blithesome  rays  on  the  tin  weather- 
cocks of  Communipaw.         levin:!.  Knickerbocker,  p.  109. 

Charmed  by  the  spirit,  alternately  tender  and  blithe- 
some, of  Procter's  songs.        Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  110. 


blithesomeness 

blithesomeness  (With'-  or  bllth'stim-nes),  ». 
[<  blithesonu  +  -mess.]  The  quality  of  being 
blithesome ;  gaiety. 

Lffladblithesani,  :iuss  belonged  toller,  potent  to  conquer 
ill  health  and  suffering.   New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  78. 

Blitum  (bli'tum),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  /3/Urov,  a  cer- 
tain plant  used  as  a  salad.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  ( lu  nopodiacece,  now  included  in 
Chi  nopodium.    See  blile-. 

blivet,  adv.  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
hilin-.     Chaucer. 

blizzard  (bliz'&rd),  n.  [An  expressive  word, 
originating  in  the  United  States,  appar.  at  first 
locally  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (sec  first  quot.), 
and  carried  thence  to  the  West,  where,  in  a 
new  application,  it  came  into  general  notice 
and  use  in  the  winter  <>f  1880-81.  The  word 
is  evidently  a  popular  formation,  and  is  prob. 
based,  with  the  usual  imitative  variation  ob- 
servable in  such  formations,  on  what  to  the 
popular  consciousness  is  the  common  root  of 
blase,  blast,  blow  (the  hitler  notions  at  least  be- 
ing appar.  present  in  the  familiar  third  sense). 
In  the  orig.  sense  a  blizzard  is  essentially  a 
■•  bin:,  r,"ol  which  word,  indeed,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  manipulated  form:  see  blaze\  and  cf. 
blaze*,  blast,  bluster.]  1.  [Appar.  the  earliest 
sense,  but  not  recorded,  except  in  the  figura- 
tive use,  until  recently.]  A  general  discharge 
of  guns;  a  rattling  volley  ;  a  general  "  blazing 
away."     See  extract. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  anion-  the  gunners  who  often 
hunt  in  parties  stationed  mar  together  behind  blinds, 
waiting  for  the  flocks  of  migratory  birds,  the  word  bliz- 
zard means  a  general  discharge  of  all  the  guns,  nearly  but 
not  ipiite  together— a  rattling  volley,  differing  from  a 
broadside  in  not  being  quite  simultaneous.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  familiar  to  every  longshore  man  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  Currituck,  and  goes  back  at  least  forty  years,  as 
my  own  memory  attests.  .  .  .  The 'longshore  men  of 
forty  years  ago  were  all  sailors,  and  many  of  them  had 
1  in  the  navy.  That  they  may  have  learned  the  word 
there  is  rendered  probable  by  the  rather  notable  accuracy 
with  which  they  always  distinguished  between  a  blizzard 
oil  a  broadside.  This  points  to  a  nautical  origin  of  the 
word,  though  it  made  no  progress  in  general  use  till  it 
struck  the  Western  imagination  as  a  term  for  that  con- 
vulsion of  the  elements  for  which  '•snow-storm,"  with 
whatever  descriptive  epithet,  was  no  adequate  name,  and 
the  keen  ear  of  the  newspaper  reporter  caught  it  and  gave 
it  currency  as  "reportonal "  English. 

,V.  r.  Evening  Post,  March  24, 1887. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  volley;  a  sudden 
(oratorical)  attack;  an  overwhelming  retort. 
[This  seems  to  be  the  sense  in  the  following  passage,  where 
Bartlett  explains  the  word  ("  not  known  in  the  Eastern 
States,"  he  says)  as  "  a  poser."] 

A  gentleman  at  dinner  asked  me  for  a  toast ;  and  sup- 
posing he  meant  to  have  some  fun  at  my  expense,  I  con- 
cluded to  go  ahead,  ami  give  hitn  and  his  likes  a  blizzard. 
Dai  id  I  vockett,  Tour  Down  East,  p.  10. 

3.  A  gale  or  hurricane  accompanied  by  intense 
cold  and  dry,  driving  snow,  common  in  winter 
on  the  great  plains  of  tin-  States  and  Territories 
of  the  northwestern  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  especially  Dakota,  and  in 
Manitoba  in  British  America.  It  is  described  in 
the  "American  Meteorological  Journal"  as  "amad rush- 
ing combination  of  wind  and  snow  which  neither  man  nor 
beast  could  face." 
Whew  !  how  the  wind  howls;  there  must  be  a  terrible 
ard  west  of  us,  and  how  ill  prepared  are  most  frontier 
homes  for  such  severe  cold.  Chicago  Advance,  Jan.  8,  1880. 

blizzardly  (bliz'jtrd-li),  a.  Blizzard-like ;  re- 
sembling a  blizzard.     [Rare.] 

bloak,  n.     See  Vkikt  . 

bloat*  (l.l'd),  n.  [Formerly  also  blote,  <  ME. 
blote  (uncertain),  possibly  <  As.  hint,  pale, livid 
(see  /»'"'<  '  I,  bu1  prob.  a  var.  or  parallel  form 
of  bloute  (see  bloafi)  =  [eel.  blautr,  soaked,  = 
.--.\ .  blot  =  Dan.  ///'»</,  soft,  =  Norw.  bluut,  soft, 
wet;  cf.  [eel.  blautr  fiskr,  fresh  (soft)  fish,  op- 
posed to  hardhr fiskr,  dried  (hard)  fish,  =  Sw. 
blb'tfisk,  snake, i   Bah,  =   Norw.  blotfisk;  Icel. 

blotna  =  Sw.  bld'tna  =  Norw.  hlnlita.  In  soften. 
See  We/.  1  and  bind  In;  and  cf.  bloatP.]  Cured 
by  smoking:  as,  a  Stoat  herring.     See  bloater. 

Lav  lurtier  on  the  coals  like  b 

at  herring,  B.  Jonson,  Mercury  Vindicated 

bloat1  (blot ), '-.  '.  [Appar.  <  bloafi,  a.]  Tocure 
by  smoking,  as  herrings,   l-'onnerh  spelled  oMc. 

J  have  i '    moke  in  nvj  mouth  than  would  blote 

A  hundred  herrings.      Fletcher,  I  land  Prini  -       II  6, 

bloat-  (Mot ),  a.     (  Earlier  blcnot  (as  orig.  in  the 

passage  cited  from  Shakspere,  where  hlnnl  is 
an  18th  century  emendation,  though   it  OCCur 

elsewhere  in  17th  cent  tiry  I,  blmrli;  bloute,  prob. 

<  Ieol.  blautr  =  Sw.  blot,  soft,  etc.;  see  stoat1, 

and  cf.  blnti1.     The  word  is  now   i 
pp.  of  i-iniil-,  v.]    Buffed;  sw"l  id:  as, 

"the  blnn I  king,"  .SW.-..  II  .1.     |  Now- 

only  in  rare  literary  use  ] 


590 

bloat2  (blot),  v.     [<  Moot?,  a.]    I.   trans.  To 

make  turgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  etc.; 
cause  io  sw.  II,  as  «  itli  a  dropsical  humor;   in- 
flate ;  puff  up ;  hence,  make  vain,  conceited,  etc. 
His  rude  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  Wont  him  up  with  praise 

liiinl,  n,  I'rol.  to  Circe. 

And  then  bi  gan  to  bloat  himself,  and  ooze 

Ul  over  with  the  fat  affectionate  smile 

Thai  makes  the  widow  lean.    Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  swollen;  be  pulled 
out  or  dilated;  dilate. 
If  a  person  of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat. 

Arbuthnot. 

bloated (blo'ted),  p.  a.    [Rp.  of  bloats, ».]    l. 

Swollen;  puffed  up;   inflated;   overgrown,   so 
as  to  be  unwieldy,  especially  from  over-indul- 
i    in  eating  and  drinking;  pampered:  as, 
"a  bloated, mass,"  Goldsmith. 

Grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  human,  dropping 
with  wine,  blunted  with  gluttony,  and  reeling  in  obscene 
dances.  Xocauloy,  Milton. 

2.  Connected  with  or  arising  from  self-indul- 
gence: as,  "  bloated  slumber,"  ilickh;  A  Sonnet. 
— 3.  Inordinately  swollen  in  amount,  posses- 
sions, self-esteem,  etc.;  puffed  up  with  pride 
or  wealth:  as,  a  bloated  estate;  blodted  capi- 
talists ;  a  bloated  pretender. 

bloatedness  (blo'ted-nes),  n.  [<  bloated  + 
-»im.]  The  state  of  being  bloated;  turgidity; 
an  inflated  state  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
dilatation  from  any  morbid  cause.     Arbuthnot. 

bloater  (blo'ter),  it.  [<  bloafl  +  -er\]  An 
English  name  for  a  herring  which  has  been 
steeped  for  a  short  time,  slightly  salted,  and 
partially  smoke-dried,  but  not  split  open. 

blob  (blob),  n.  [Also  bleb,  Sc.  bleb,  bleib,  blab, 
Id, ib;  cf.  blubber,  blubber.']  1.  A  small  globe  of 
liquid;  a  dewdrop;  a  blister;  a  bubble;  a  small 
lump,  splotch,  or  daub. 

Flawed  rubies  and  emeralds,  which  have  no  value  as 
precious  stones,  but  only  as  barbaric  blobs  of  colour. 

Birdwood,  Indian  Arts,  II.  9. 

2.  The  bag  of  a  honey-bee.  [Brov.Eng.]  —  3f. 
The  under  lip.  Halliwell.  [Rare.]  —  4.  Acot- 
toid  fish,  Uranidea  ricliardsoni,  a  kind  of  mill- 
er's-thumb On  the  blob,  by  word  of  mouth.  [Slang.] 

blobber  (blob'er),  n.    Same  as  blubber. 

blobber-lip  (blob'er-lip),  n.  Same  as  blubber-Up. 

His  blabber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

blobber-lipped  (blob'er-lipt),  a.  Same  as  blub- 
ber-lipped. 

blobby  (blob'i),  a.  [<  blob  +  -y1.]  Like  a 
blob ;  abounding  in  blobs. 

blob-kite  (blob'kit),  «.  A  local  English  name 
of  the  burbot. 

blob-lipped  (blob'lipt),  a.  [See  blob.]  Same 
as  blubber-lipped. 

blob-talet  (blob'tal),  n.    A  telltale ;  a  blabber. 

'these  lihili-tiihx  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep  their 

tongues  in  motion.         Bp.  Ilacket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  67. 

block1  (blok),  n.  [<  ME.  blolc,  a  block  (of  wood) ; 
not  in  AS.,  but  borrowed  from  LG.  or  OF. :  MD. 
bloc,  block,  D.  blolc  =  MLG.  block,  LG.  blok  = 
( )]  1G.  blnli,  MHG.  bloch  G.  block  =  Sw.  block  = 
Norw.  hlnkk  —  Dan.  blok  (=  Icel.  blokl;  Haldor- 
sen),  >  ML.  blocus,  OF.  and  F.  bloc;  all  in  the 
general  sense  of  'block,  log.  lump,  mass,' but 
confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms  cited  un- 
der blocks.  There  are  similar  Celtic  forms :  W. 
ploc,  a  block,  =  Gael,  ploc,  a  round  mass,  blud- 
geon, block,  stump  of  a  tree,  =  Ir.  ploc,  a  plug, 
bung,  blur, in,  a  little  block,  perhaps  akin  to  Ir. 
blni/li,  ( ilr.  Iilni/,  a  fragment,  from  same  root  as 
E.  break  and  fragment  {seeping);  but  the  rela- 
tion of  these  to  the  Tent,  forms  is  uncertain. 
'I'he  sens,?,  ..I'  /./ee/ 1  and  block-  run  into  each 
other,  ami  some  identify  the  words.]  1.  Any 
solid  mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
plane  or  approximately  plane  faces:  as,  a  block 
of  wood,  stone,  or  ice ;  sometimes,  specifically, 
a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  our  neighbours'  chimneys  smoke, 

And  Christmas  blocks  arc  burning.  Withrr. 

What  sculpture  is  to  a  block  of  marble,  education  is  to 

an  human  soul.  Spectator,  No.  216. 

2.  A  solid  mass  of  wood  the  upper  surface  of 

which   is   used  for  some  specific  purpose,     in 

pail  Icular  (<t)  fill'  large  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  butcher 
I  hop     meat,  or  on  which  ftre-WOOd  is  split. 

Sard  by,  a  flesher  on  a  block  had  laid  bis  n  Kittle  down. 

Mill,, tibitt,  Virginia, 

(/<)  The  piece  of  wood  on  which  is  placed  the  neck  of  a  per- 
son condemned  to  be  decapitated. 
Thenobli  heads  which  have  been  brought  to  the  block. 

F.r,  ii  It 
Slave  !  to  the  block  /  —  or  I,  or  tiny. 
Shall  face  the  judgment-scat  the  On  ' 

Scott,  Kokcby,  vi.  31. 


block 

(c)  A  piece  of  hard  wood  prepared  for  cutting  by  an  en- 
graver,   (d)  The  statu 1  on  which  a  slave  was  placed  when 

being  SOld  by  allot  ion.      (c)  "bi  falconry,  tile  perch  whereon 

a  bird  of  prey  is  kept. 

3.  A  mass  of  wood  or  stone  used  in  mounting 
and  dismounting ;  a  horse-block. —  4.  A  mold 
or  piece  on  which  something  is  shaped,  or  placed 
to  make  it  keep  in  shape.  In  particular— (a)  the 
wooden  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed ;  hence,  some- 
times, the  shape  or  style  of  a  hat.  or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  bat  ;  it  ever 
changes  with  the  next  block.  Shak.,  Much  Ado.  i.  l. 

TheMc.i-Av  f..r  his  hea.le  alt ers  faster  than  the  Feltmak.  r 
can  fitte  bun,  and  thereupon  we  are  called  in  scorneTilock- 
heades.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  37. 

(6)  A  wooilen  head  lor  a  wig;  a  barber's  block;  hence, 
sometimes,  the  wig  itself. 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked  me  to 
play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  block  close  by. 

IStiltcei;  Pelham,  xxiii. 

5.  A  person  with  no  more  sense  or  life  than  a 
block;  a  blockhead;  a  stupid  fellow. 

What  tongueless  blink*  were  they  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

6.  In  ship-building,  one  of  the  pieces  of  timber, 
or  supports  constructed  from  such  pieces,  upon 
which  the  keel  is  laid. 

"Thus,"  said  he,  "  will  we  build  this  ship! 
Lay  square  the  blocks  upon  the  slip." 

Longfellow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

7.  The  solid  metal  stamp  used  by  bookbinders 
for  impressing  a  design  on  a  book-cover. —  8. 
A  piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  edges  of  two  other  pieces. —  9.  A 
wooden  rubber  covered  with  thick  felt,  used 
in  polishing  marble. — 10.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
metal  serving  as  a  support.  (a)  in  a  sawmill,  one 
of  the  frames  supporting  and  feeding  the  log  to  the  saw. 
(6)  In  vehicles,  a  piece,  generally  carved  or  ornamented, 
placed  over  or  under  the  springs  of  a  carriage.  (.)  In 
printing,  the  piece  on  which  a  stereotype  plate  is  fastened 
to  make  it  type-high. 

11.  A  mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of 
one  or  more  grooved  pulleys  mounted  in  a  cas- 
ing or  shell,  which  is  furnished  with  a  hook, 
eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  be  attached :  it  is 


I,  2,  single  and  double  blocks  with  rope  strap  ;  3.  4.  double  and 
single  blocks  with  iron  strap;  5.  metallic  block  ;  b,  snatch-block;  7, 
secret  block  ;  8,  clump-block  ;  9,  tail-block  ;  10.  fiddle-block. 

used  to  transmit  power,  or  change  the  direction 
of  motion,  by  means  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing 
round  the  movable  pulleys.  Blocks  arc  sinele. 
double,  treble,  or  fourfold,  according  as  the  number  of 
sheaves  or  pulleys  is  one,  two.  three,  or  four.  A  running 
block  is  attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved  ;  a 
standing  blocl  isfixed  to  some  permanent  support  Bloi  I, 
also  receive  different  names  from  their  shape,  purpose, 
or  mode  of  application.  Those  to  which  the  name  dead. 
1 111's  has  been  given  arc  not  pulleys,  being  unprovided  with 
sheaves.  Many  of  the  blocks  used  in  ships  an-  named  after 
the  ropes  or  chains  which  are  rove  through  them :  as,  bow. 
line  blocks,  <■/...  line  and  clve.gamet  blocks.  They  are  made 
of  cither  wood  or  metal.  See  clue-garnet,  and  cut  under 
cat-block. 

12.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings:  as,  a  block 
of  houses. — 13.   A   portion  of  a  city  inclosed 

by  sti ts,  whether  occupied  by  buildings  or 

consisting  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  city  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  each 
Uocl  containing  thirty  building  lots.     Such  an  avei  i 
block,  comprising    282  houses  and  covering  '.'  acres  oi 
ground,    exists    in    Oxford    Street.     It   forms    a   compact 
Square  mass.  Quarter!, I  Rett 

14.  Oti  the  Ktock-cxchange,  a  large  number  of 
shares  massed  together  and  bought  or  sold  in 
a  lump Antifriction  block.  See  antifriction.— Be- 
tween the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetle^.  Block 
and  block,  the  position  of  two  blocks  of  a  tackle  when 
drawn  close  to  each  other.  Also  called  two  blocks.  The 
act  oi  drawing  the  blocks  apart  is  called  tinting  the 
■purchase.  Block-and-cross  bond.  See&ona1.  Block 
and  tackle,  tin  pullej  blocks  and  ropes  used  for  hoist- 
ing. Block  brake.  See  brake*.  Block  cornices  and 
entablatures,  ornamental  features,  corresponding  in 
position  to  classical  cornices  and  entablatures,  in  archi- 
tectural elevations  not  composed  of  the  regular  orders, — 


block 

Center-plate  block,  a  piece  "f  wood  placed  beneath  the 
center-plate  ol  a  oar-truck  to  bring  it  to  the  required 
bright.— Chip  of  the  old  block.  See  <7u>i.— Dead 
block,  "Tie  of  the  pair  of  blocks  placed,  one  on  each  Bide 
of  the  draw-bar  of  a  railroad-car,  t<>  lessen  the  concussion 
w  in  a  two  cars  conic  together  after  the  I m tier-springs  are 
compressed,  -Differential  block,  a  double  block  hav- 
ing sheaves  ol  different  sizes.  B.  II.  Knight.— Erratic 
block.  See  erratic.  -Fly-block,  naut.,  a  movable  block 
in  a  purchase  or  compound  tacklelikea  Spanish  burton. 
Hydraulic  block.  See  hydraulic.— Long-tackle  block, 
a  pulley-block  having  two  sheaves  in  the  same  plane,  one 
above  the  other.-  Made  block,  a  pulley-Mock  formed  of 
several  pieces— Ninepin  block,  a  block  shaped  some- 
what like  a  ninepin,  with  a  single  sheave  pivoted  at  the 
top  and  bottom  that  it  may  accommodate  itself  to  the 

tnoti >f  the  rope  for  which  it  serves  as  a  guide.    It 

is  placed  under  the  cross-pieces  of  the  bitts  on  a  vessel. — 
Purchase  block,  a  double-strapped  block  with  two  scores 
in  the  shell,  used  for  moving  heavy  weights  on  shipboard. 
—Rouse-about  block,  a  large  snatch-block.— Thick- 
and-thin  block,  a  fiddle-block. 
block1  (blok),  v.  t.  [<  block*,  n.  Cf.  block* 
c.(.]  1.  To  strengthen  or  support  by  blocks  ; 
make  firm,  as  two  boards  at  their  inferior  angle 
of  intersection,  by  pieces  of  wood  glued  to- 
gether.—  2.  To  form  into  blocks. — 3.  To  mold, 
shape,  or  stretch  ou  a  block :  as,  to  block  a  hat. 
— 4.  In  bookbinding,  to  ornament  by  means  of 
brass  stamps;  stamp:  as,  to  block  the  boards 
of  a  book.  [Eng.]  —  5.  In  calico-printing,  to 
press  up  or  apply  to  the  blocks  containing  the 
colors. —  6.  To  straighten  and  toughen  by  lay- 
ing on  a  block  of  wood  and  striking  with  a 
narrow,  flat-faced  hammer;   planish:   said  of 

saw-blades.  —  To  block  down,  to  force  sheet-metal, 
without  breaking  it,  into  a  die,  in  cases  where  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  mold  are  so  great  that  the  metal  is  likely  to 
be  torn,  by  covering  it  with  a  block  of  lead,  which  is  then 
carefully  hammered.  The  yielding  of  the  lead  gives  a 
slow  drawing  action  to  the  metal  beneath  it,  enabling  it 
to  he  gradually  brought  to  its  bed. — To  block  in,  in  Btat- 
tturit  or  painting,  to  outline  roughly  or  bring  approxi- 
mately to  the  desired  shape;  form  the  outlines,  founda- 
tion, or  general  plan  of  any  work,  disregarding  the  details  ; 
execute  roughly. 

The  next  step  is  to  block  in  the  shadows  in  their  general 
forms,  dividing  the  whole  head  into  two  distinct  masses 
of  light  and  shade.      F.  Fowler,  Charcoal  Drawing,  p.  40. 

To  block  out,  to  form  the  plan  or  outlines  of ;  sketch. 

But  Washington  had  some  hand  in  Mocking  out  this  r< 
public.  S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  50. 

block2  (blok),  «.  [In  this  sense  the  noun,  in 
E.,  is  in  most  senses  due  rather  to  the  verb: 
see  block2,  v.  The  orig.  noun  is  found  once  in 
ME.  blok,  an  inclosed  space ;  cf.  OP.  bloc,  bar- 
rier, post,  wall  (>  OF.  bloquer,  F.  bloquer,  stop, 
block :  see  the  verb;  the  mod.  F.  bloc  goes  with 
block1);  MD.  block,  post,  stocks  (cf.  blocklanda, 
an  inclosed  piece  of  ground,  ditch,  swamp, 
MLG.  block,  post,  stocks,  LG.  blokland,  an  in- 
closed swamp),  =  OFries.  *blokk,  in  comp. 
block-syl,  a  sluice;  OHO.  biloh,  confinement 
(MHO.  block,  a  kind  of  trap,  O.  block,  stocks, 
prison),  <  bi-,  =  AS.  &*-,  be-,  E.  be-*,  +  loh, 
MUG.  G.  loch,  a  confined  space,  hole,  dun- 
geon, =  AS.  loc,  E.  lock,  a  place  shut  in.  etc. : 
see  lock1.  Confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms 
cited  under  block1,  with  which  it  is  by  some 
identified.  See  the  verb  following.]  1.  Any 
obstruction  or  cause  of  obstruction;  a  stop; 
a  hindrance  ;  an  obstacle. 

The  good  gods  assuage  thy  wrath,  and  turn  the  dregs  of 
it  upon  this  varlet  here  ;  this,  who,  like  a  block,  hath  de- 
nied my  access  to  thee.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 2.  The  state  of  being  blocked  or 
stopped  up ;  a  stoppage,  as  of  carriages :  as,  a 

block  on  a  railway  ;  a  block  in  the  street Block 

system,  a  system  of  working  railway  traffic,  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of  a  mile  or  more, 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end  of 
each  section ;  the  principle  of  the  system  being  that  no 
train  is  allowed  to  leave  any  one  section  till  the  next 
succeeding  section  is  entirely  clear,  so  that  between  two 
successive  trains  there  is  preserved  not  merely  a  definite 
interval  of  time,  but  also  a  definite  interval  of  space. 
block2  (blok),  v.  t.  [Associated  with  the  noun 
block2,  but  orig.  (as  an  E.  word)  <  OF.  bloquer, 

F.  bloquer  (>  also  Pr.  blocar  =  Sp.  Pg.  bloquear 
=  It.  bloccare),  block,  blockade,  stop  up,  <  OF. 
bloc,  block,  barrier,  obstruction :  see  block2,  n. 
Cf.  D.  blokkeren  =  S\v.  blockera  =  Dan.  blok- 
kere  =  G.  blockiercn,  blockade ;  D.  hlnkkcn   = 

G.  block/  n,  study  hard,  plod,  =  LG.  bl/ikk/n, 
stay  at  home  and  study  or  work,  orig.,  it  seems, 
lock  one's  self  in ;  MLG.  blacken,  put  into  the 
stocks.]  1.  To  hinder  passage  from  or  to; 
prevent  ingress  or  egress;  stop  up;  obstruct 
by  placing  obstacles  in  the  way :  often  follow- 
ed by  up :  as,  to  block  up  a  town  or  a  road. 

Witli  moles  would  block  the  port. 

Route,  tr.  of  [. noun's  Pharsalia,  ii. 

There  is  no  small  despair,  sir,  of  their  safety, 
Whose  ears  are  blocked  op  against  the  truth. 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  1. 


691 

Weak  saints  being  as  formidable  impediments  as  the 
strong  sinners,  both  blocking  the  ways  of  amendment. 

Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  148. 

2.  In  base-ball  and  cricket,  to  stop  (a  ball)  with 
the  bat  without  knocking  it  to  a  distance. —  3. 
In  foot-ball,  to  stop  (a  player)  when  running 
with  the  ball. 
blockade  (blo-kad'),  n.  [Cf.  D.  blokknde  =  G. 
blockade  =  Sw.  blockad  =  Dan.  blokkadc,  from 
theE.;  from  the  verb  W<>c/c2(F.  bloqucr)+  -ode* ; 
cf.  Stockade,  barric/i/le,  /lalisadc,  etc..  Cf.  Sp. 
bloqueo,  Pg.  bloqueio,  It.  blocco,  also  bloccatura, 
blockade,  from  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
block2,  q.  v.]  1.  The  shutting  up  of  a  place, 
particularly  a  port,  harbor,  or  line  of  coast,  by 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  so  as  to  stop  all  ingress 
or  egress,  and  to  hinder  the  entrance  of  sup- 
plies of  provisions,  ammunition,  or  reinforce- 
ments. 

The  word  blockad*  properly  denotes  obstructing  the  pas- 
sive into  or  from  a  place  on  either  element,  but  is  more 
especially  applied  to  naval  forces  preventing  communi- 
cation by  water.        Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  186. 

Hence  —  2.  A  hindrance  to  progress  or  action 

caused    by  obstructions   of   any  kind Paper 

blockade,  a  constructive  blockade;  a  blockade  estab- 
lished bj  proclamation,  without  the  actual  presence  of  a 
force  adequate  to  make  it  effectual.— To  break  a  block- 
ade. See  break.— To  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or 
break  up  a  blockade,  either  by  withdrawing  the  ships  or 
troops  that  keep  the  place  blocked  up,  or  by  driving 
them  away  from  their  respective  stations.  — To  run  a 
blockade,  to  pass  through  a  blockading  squadron  and 
enter  the  port  blockaded  by  it. 
blockade  (blo-kad'),  v.  t.;  pret,  and  pp.  block- 
aded,  ppr.  blockading.  [<  blockade,  ».]  1. 
To  subject  to  a  blockade ;  prevent  ingress  or 
egress  from  by  warlike  means. 

The  building  .  .  .  was  on  every  side  blockaded  by  the 
insurgents.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Hence — 2.  To  shut  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ; 
block;  obstruct. 

Every  avenue  to  the  hall  was  blockaded. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  19. 
blockader  (blo-ka/der),  n.     One  who  or  that 
which  blockades;  especially,  a  vessel  employed 
in  blockading. 

Having  a  good  pilot  and  little  depth,  she  could  general- 
ly run  well  inside  of  the  blockade™. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  160. 

blockade-runner  (blo-kad'run"er),  n.  A  per- 
son or  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  business  of  run- 
ning a  blockade. 

blockage  (blok'aj),  ».  [<  block2  +  -age]  Ob- 
struction ;  the  state  of  being  blocked  up  or  ob- 
structed. 

blockan  (blok'an),  n.  [Appar.  due  to  E.  black. 
Ci.bleck.  Ir.  biocan  means  '  a  little  lump.']  A 
local  Irish  (County  Down)  name  of  the  young 
coalfish. 

block-and-block  (blok'and-blok'),  a.  See  block 
null  block,  under  block1,  n. 

block-bond  (blok'bond),  n.  In  bricklaying,  an 
arrangement  in  which  headers  and  stretchers, 
or  bricks  laid  lengthwise  and  across,  succeed 
each  other  alternately.  Also  called  garden- 
bond. 

block-book  (blok'biik),  n.  Abook  printed  from 
blocks  of  wood  having  the  letters  or  figures  cut 
on  them  in  relief.  Specifically,  a  kind  of  small  book 
so  printed  in  Europe  before  the  invention  of  movable 
types,  consisting  generally  of  coarsely  cut  religious  or 
historical  pictures,  with  illustrative  texts  or  descriptions 
in  Gothic  letters. 

The  next  step  in  the  progress  of  wood  engraving,  subse- 
quent to  the  production  of  single  cuts,  .  .  .  was  the  appli- 
cation of  the  art  to  the  production  of  those  works  which 
are  known  to  bibliographers  by  the  name  of  block-books. 
Chatto,  Wood  Engraving,  p.  58. 

block-coal  (blok'kol),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
coal,  found  in  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  which 
breaks  readily  into  large  square  blocks,  and  is 
used  raw,  or  without  coking,  in  the  smelting  of 
iron. 

block-colors  (blok'kul"orz),  n.  pi.  Colors  laid 
on  with  blocks,  as  in  block-printing. 

blocker  (blok'er),  h.  1.  One  who  blocks:  used 
specifically  in  hat-making,  shoemaking,  book- 
binding, etc. —  2.  A  blocking-tool  or  -machine. 

block-furnace  (blok'fer"nas),  n.  Same  as 
bloomer y. 

blockhead  (blok'hed),  n.  [<  block1  +  head;  cf. 
block1,  ».,  5.]  If.  A  head-shaped  piece  of  wood 
used  as  a  block  for  hats  or  wigs.  Hence  —  2f. 
A  head  containing  no  more  intelligence  or 
sense  than  a  block;  a  blockish  head. 
Your  wit  ...  is  strongly  wedged  up  in  a  block  head. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 
Are  not  you  a  Portuguese  born,  descended  o'  the  Moors, 
and  came  hither  into  Seville  with  your  toaster,  an  arrant 
tailor,  in  your  red  bonnet  and  your  blue  jacket,  lousy; 
though  now  your  block-head  tie  covered  with  the  Spanish 
block?  Fletcher  {and  another),  Love's  Cure,  ii.  1. 


Blockhouse. 
,  loopholes  for  musketry. 


blockish 

That  I  could  not  think  of  this  as  well  as  he  1 
0, 1  could  beat  my  infinite  blockhead. 

i:  Jonson,  The  Devi]  is  an  Ass,  iii.  1. 

3.  A  person  possessing  such  a  head;  a  stupid 
fellow;  a  dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  under- 
standing. 

Madam,  'twere  dulness  past  the  ignorance 

of  common  blockheads  not  to  understand 

Whereto  this  favour  tends. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  2. 

The  liookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read, 

With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  In-  te  ."I 

/'"/»■,  F.ssay  on  Criticism.  1.  (112. 

blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.    [<  block*  + 

I1/111I  +  -ed2.]    Stupid:  dull:  a,s,"a,blockheade/l 
boy,''  Sir  I!.  VEstrange.     [Rare.] 
blockheadism  (blok'hed-izm),  n.    [<  blockhead 
+  -ism.]     The  character  of  a  blockhead;  stu- 
pidity.    [Rare.] 

Reduced  to  that  state  of  blockheadism  which  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  his  master.  C.  Smart. 

blockheadly  (blok'hed-li),  a.  [<  blockhead  + 
-ly1.]  Acting  like  a  blockhead;  densely  stupid: 
as,  "some  blockheadly  hero,"  Dryden,  Amphi- 
tryon, i.  2.     [Rare.] 

blockhouse  (blok'hous),  n.  [<  block2  +  house; 
=  D.  blokhms,  OD.  blockhuys  =  MLG.  UockhOs 
=  G.  blockhaus  (>  F.  blockhaus)  =  Dan.  blokhus 
=  Sw.  blockhus,  blockhouse,  older  form  Hocus; 
orig.  a  house  that  blocks  a  passage,  though 
later  taken  as  a  house  made  of  logs  (<  block1 
+  house).]  Originally,  a  detached  fort  block- 
ing the  access  to  a  landing,  a  mountain 
pass,  narrow  channel,  etc. ;  in  later  use,  an  edi- 
fice of  one  or  more  stories,  constructed  chiefly 
of  hewn  timber,  and  supplied  with  loopholes 

for  musketry 
and  sometimes 
with  embra- 
sures for  can- ' 
non.  When  of 
more  than  one 
story,  the  upper  is 
made  to  overhang 
the  lower,  and  is 
furnished  with 
machicolations  or 
loopholes  in  the 
overhung  floor,  so 
that  a  hinging  tire 
can  be  directed 
against  the  enemy 
in  close  attack.  When  a  blockhouse  stands  alone,  it  con- 
stitutes an  independent  fort,  a  form  which  is  often  very 
useful  in  a  rough  country ;  when  it  is  erected  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  fieldwork,  it  becomes  a  retrenchment  or  re- 
doubt.    Stockades  are  sometimes  called  blockhouses. 

blockiness (blok'i-nes),  n.  In  phatog.,  the  state 
of  being  bloeky;  indistinctness  and  uneven- 
ness  of  shading. 

blocking  (blok'ing),  n.    [Verbaln.  of  block1.  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  blocking,  or  the  state  of  being 
blocked,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  block1.  Specifi- 
cally— (a)  The  impressing,  either  in  gold  or  ink,  or  with- 
out color,  of  a  design  on  the  covers  of  a  book  :  in  the 
United  States  usually  called  slum  pi  no.  {b)  The  process  of 
bending  leather  into  shapes  for  the  fronts  or  soles  of  boots. 

2.  Blocks  used  to  support  anything  temporarily. 
— 3.  A  small  rough  piece  of  wood  fitted  in 
and  glued  to  the  interior  angle  formed  by  two 
boards,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  joint  be- 
tween them — Blind  blocking, 
in  bookbinding,  blind  stamping;  the 
processof  decoratinga  book  by  pres- 
sure, usually  with  heat,  but  without 
the  use  of  ink  or  gold-leaf. 

blocking-course  (blok '  ing- 
kors),  n.  In  arch.,  a  plain 
member  of  square  profile, 
either  a  single  course  of  stone, 
or  built  up  of  bricks  or  the 
like  to  the  required  height, 
surmounting  a  cornice  in  the 
Roman  and  Renaissance  styles.  Its  vertical 
face  is  usually  in  the  plane  of  the  wall  or  frieze 
below  the  cornice. 

blocking-hammer  (blok'ing-ham"er),  n.  A 
hammer  used  in  straightening  saw-blades. 

blocking-kettle  (blok'ing-ket  1),  n.  In  hat- 
making,  the  hot  bath  in  which  felts  are  soften- 
ed before  being  blocked. 

blocking-machine  (blok'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  An 
apparatus  for  pulling,  forming,  pressing,  and 
blocking  the  bodies  of  hats ;  a  blocker. 

blocking-press  (blok'ing-pres),  n.  A  press 
used  for  stamping  designs  on  book-covers: 
known  in  the  United  States  as  a  stain/mni-press. 

blockish  (blok'ish),  a.  [< block*  +  -tofti.]  Like 
a  block;  stupid;  dull;  deficient  in  understand- 
ing: as,  "blockish  Ajux,"  Shak. ,  T.  andC.,i.  3. 

beauty,  say  we,  is  the  maintainor  of  valour.  Who  is  so 
blunt  as  knows  it  not?  who  is  so  blockish  as  will  not  —  and 
may  with  justice  —  defend  it ! 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  ii. 


a,  blocking-course; 
,  cornice  ;  c,  face  of 
all. 


blockish 


592 


white,  black,  or  colored  silk,  manufactured  at 
chantiliv  and  other  places  in  France.  The 
name  lias  also  I n  given  to  a  kind  of  thread- 

biond-metal  (blond' met*  al),  ».     A  peculiar 

variety  of  clay-ironstone  of  the  coal-measures 
occurring  near   Wednesbury   in  Staffordshire, 
England. 
Like  a  block;  stupid,  blondness  (blond'nes),  n.     [<   blond  +  -"<«,■.] 

Ami8and-bUn.il  twice ,.  th.  bh  The  state  of   being  blond;   fairness  of  com- 

I  would  arrive  at,  and  blocklike  never  knov.  it.  plosion. 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  Iv.  1.         Wlth  ^j  infantine  blondness  showing  bo  much  ready, 
block-machine  (blok'ma-shen   ),n.   Amachine,     self-possessed  grace.         George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xvi. 
or  an  assemblage  of  machines,  for  making  the  blonkett,  a.  and  n.     A  variant  of  blunket. 
shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood  blocks  used  for  blood  (bind),  n.    [=  Se.  Watd,  Mode;  <  ME. 
ship-tackle.  blood,  bloud.  Hud,  hind,  <  AS.  blod  (=  OS.  Mod 

block-plane  (bl ok' )ilan i.  re.     A  planethe  iron     _  oi-'ries.  ldnd  =  D.  blned  =  MLG.  Wo«,  LG. 
of  which  is  set  very  obliquely  to  the  direction    hUln,i  _  ouo.  hhmt,  MINI.  '</»»..  ti.  M»/  =  Icel. 


Destitute  of  Beda:  left  only  to  obscure  and  blockish 
icleg]  tftlton,  Bist.  Eng.,  h 

blockishly  (blok'ish-li),  »'?'■.     In  a  blockish  or 

Stupid    manner:    as.  "SO   blOOkislUy   ignorant," 

Hakluyt,  Voyages,  II.  ii.  174. 
blockishness    (blok '  ish  -  ncs),  ».     Stupidity; 

dullness:    as.    "incurable    blockishness,"   II  Inl- 
ine!:. Manners  of  English  People,  p.  140. 
block-like  (blok'lik).  o. 


in  which  it  is  moved,  so  that  il  can  [.bine  across 
the  grain  of  the  w L 

block-printed (blok'iirin  ted),«.  Printedfrom 
blocks.     See  block-printing. 

block-printing  (blok'prin  "Hugh  ii.  1.  The 
act,  process,  or  art  of  printing  from  blocks  of 
wood  on  which  the  letters  or  characters  have 
been  carved  in  relief:  specifically,  the  Chinese 
method  of  printing  books,  and  that  employed 
to  some  extent  iii  Europe  before  the  invention 
of  movable  types.  See  block-book.— 2.  The  pro- 
cess of  impressing  patterns  on  textile  fabrics, 
especiallv  calicos,  bv  means  of  wooden  blocks 
having  the  pattern  cut  in  relief  on  their  sur- 
face and  eharged  with  color.  A  similar  method 
is  frequently  used  in  printing  paper-hangings. 

block-ship  (blok'ship),  n.  1.  A  ship  used  to 
block  the  entrance  to  a  harbor  or  port. —  2.  An 
old  man-of-war.  unfit  for  operations  in  the  open 
sea,  used  as  a  store-ship  or  receiving-vessel, 
etc.  :  a  hulk. 

block-tin  (blok'tin),  n.  [<  block*  +  tin  ;  =D. 
blokUn  =  Sw.  blocktenn.~]  Metallic  tin  after 
being  refined  and  east  in  molds. 

block-trail  (blok'tral),  ».  The  solid  trail  of  a 
gun-carriage.  The  stuck  is  made  either  of  a  single 
piece  of  timber  or  of  two  longitudinal  pieces  properly 
secure  I  togi  ther.     (Eng.] 

block-truck  (blok'truk),  «.  A  three-  or  four- 
wheeled  hand-truck  for  moving  heavy  boxes, 
without  handles  or  shafts. 

blocky  (blok'i),  o.  [< 
block*  +  -.i/1.]  laphotog., 
having  the  appearance  of 
being  printed  in  blocks, 
from  an  unequal  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  shade. 

blodbendet,  re.  In  phlebotomy,  a  tape  or  narrow 
bandage,  usually  of  silk,  used  to  bind  the  arm 
before  or  after  blood-letting. 

blodite  (bled'it ),  ».  [<  Blode  (name  of  a  chem- 
ist i  +  -<t<-.~\  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  mague- 
sium  and  sodium,  found  in  the  salt-mines  of 
Ischl  in  Upper  Austria,  and  elsewhere. 

bloke  (blok),  a.  [Also  spelled  bloak;  a  word 
of  obscure  origin.]  Man;  fellow:  a  term  of 
disrespect  or  contumely.      [Slang.] 

blomary,  ".      Same  as  Ijlnoiniri/. 

blond  blond),  a.  and  ,i.  [=  I).  G.  Dan.  blond 
(MHG.  blunt),  <OP.  P.  blond,  fern,  blonde,  light, 
fair,  =  IV.  Mow  =  Sp.  blondo  =  It.  bUmdo,  < 
ML.  blondus,  blundus  (glossed  flamis),  yellow. 
Origin  unknown.  The  supposed  connection 
with  As.  blonden-feax,  gray-haired,  lit.  having 
mixed  hair,  <  bkmden,  blanden,  pp.  of  blandan, 
mix  (see  blend*),  +  feax,  hair,  is  hardly  prob- 
able.] I.  ".  Of  a  light  golden-brown  or  golden 
color:  applied  to  hair;  hence,  light-colored; 
fair:  applied  to  complexion,  and  by  extension 
In  persons  having  light  hair  or  a  fair  complex- 
ion: as,  "Godfrey's  blond  countenance,"  Georgt 
I  iot,  Silas  Marner,  iii.  Syn.  Fair,  etc.  See  white. 
II.  a-  1.  A  person  with  blond  hair  and  fair 
plexion.— 2.   Blond-lace  (which  see). 

bydia.    Heigh  ho  1     What  are  those  I ka  bj  the  glass': 

;,,,,  onlj  "i  he  u  hole  Dutj  oi  Stan, 

wher<   [pi 

Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  i.  2. 

blonde  (blond),  a.  and  n.  The  feminine  of  blond. 

~h.  w;l-  a  line  and  somewhat  full  blown  Wi 

Juan,  \iv.  42, 

blonde-cendr6e  (bio  a.     [P.,  / 

blond,  fern,  blonde,  Men. I,  +  cendri,  fern,  cen- 

i  /-).  ashes.  I  Ash-colored  :  applied  to  bair 
which  is  light-brown  in  color,  and  uiiin.ni  red 
or  yellow  tints. 

blond-lace  (bluinl'lasi.  «.     Lai Ii 

originally  of  unbleached  silk  (from  the  yellovi 
ish  color  of  which  the  name  arose),  now  of 


Human     Blood-corpus- 
cles, magnified  225  diam- 


blodh  =  Sw.  blod  =  Dan.  bind  =  Goth,  blnlh), 
blood;  perhaps,  with  formative  -d  (-th),  from 
the  root  of  blowan,  E.  hloit-,  bloom,  flourish, 
with  reference  to  either  life  or  color.]  1.  The 
fluid  which  circulates  in  the  arteries  and  veins. 
From  it  the  solid  tissues  take  their  food  and  oxygen,  and 
into  it  they  discharge  their  waste  products.  The  blood 
is  red  in  vertebrates,  except  amphioxus,  and  colorless, 
red,  bluish,  greenish,  or  milky  in  other  anunalB.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  lungs  (see  circulation)  it  is  oxygenated 
and  gives  up  carbon  dioxid  :  then,  after  passing  through 
the  heart,  it  is  earned  as  arterial  Mhi.i1  by  tlie  arteries 

tu  the  tissues ;  fr tin- tissues  it  is  returned  to  the  heart 

through  the  veins,  deprived  of  its  nutrient  properties,  as 
,,  nous  Li I.    The  venous  blood  of  the  Craniota  is  dark- 
red   the  arterial  bright-scarlet.    The  specific  gravity  of 
human  blood  in  health  is  about  1.055.    The  blood  con- 
sists of  a  fluid  pale-yellow  plasma  and  semi-solid  corpus- 
cles ;  the  latter  constitute  between 
one  third  and  one  half  of  it;  they 
are  of  two  kinds,  red  and  white. 
In  a  cubic  millimeter  of  healthy  hu- 
man blood  there  are  about  5,000,- 
000  corpuscles,  the  red  being  to  the 
white  on  the  average  about  as  350 
to  1.   The  red  corpuscles  are  flat  bi- 
concave disks,  non-nucleated  and 
almost  always  round  in  mammals, 
and  nucleated  ami  almost  always 
oval  in  other  Craniota.     Their  di- 
.niii  t.  i  averages  in  man  about  :.:> 

micromillimeters  (,,',„,  inch),  while  in  Amphiuma  trulac- 
tylum  the  longer  diameter  is  67.2  micromillimeters  (,»3 
inch).  Their  color  iB  due  to  hemoglobin,  which  constitutes 
about  90  per  cent,  of  their  dried  substance.  The  white 
corpuscles  are  nucleated,  slightly  larger  than  the  rod  in 
man  and  exhibit  active  amoeboid  movements.  Animal 
blood  is  used  in  clarifying  sugar,  in  making  animal  char- 
coal, as  a  manure,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

2.  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed;  slaughter; 
murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house  of 
Jehu.  "os.  '■  4- 

So  wills  tile  tin..    nM'ligiug  sprite. 

Till  Wood  for  blood  atones. 

Hood,  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram. 

3.  The  responsibility  or  guilt  of  shedding  the 
blood  of  others. 

His  blood  be  on  us,  and  on  our  children.     Mat,  xxvii.  26. 

4.  Prom  being  popularly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  which  more  especially  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary  quali- 
ties, etc.,  the  word  blood  has  corne  to  be  used 
typically,  or  with  certain  associated  ideas,  in  a 
number  of  different  ways.  Thus— (at)  The  vital 
principle  ;  life. 

Romeo  slew  him,  he  slew  Mclcutin  ; 

Win.  now  the  price  of  his  dear  Wimi/  dolli  owe  ' 

Shak.,  K.  and  .1.,  iii.  1. 
(6)  fleshly  nature  ;  the  carnal  part  Of  man,  as  opposed  to 
the  spiritual  nature  or  divine  life. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  Wood. 

Shak.,  Sunnets,  cix. 

For  beauty  is  a  Witch, 

Against  whose  charms  faith  melteth  into  blood. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

(,.)  Triiiin  i  oi  mind;  natural  disposition;  high  spirit; 
mettle;  passion;  anger:  in  this  sense  of  ten  accompanied 
with  cold  or  warm,  or  other  qualifying  word.    Thus,  to 

i urn  an  act  in  cold  blood  is  to  do  it  delibi  rati  Ij  and 

without  sii.l.len  passion,  lint  or  icirui  blood  denotes  a 
temper  inflamed  or  irritated;  to  worm  or  heat  the  blood 
.    toexi  ii.  the  passionB. 

our  bloods 
No  more  obey  the  heavens. 

slmk:.  Cymbeline,  i.  1. 

Strange,  unusual  blood, 

\\  hen  mail's  worst  sin  is,  lie  does  t..,.  much  good 

Shak.,  T.  "I  V,  Iv.  -J. 
Blest  gods, 
Make  all  their  actions  answer  to  their  bloods. 

/;.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  I. 

Ihe  words  '  'don     and  "Invasion"  are  much  used 

these  days,  and  often  with  some  temper  and  hot  blood, 

,  i  l_ ]      ..      UO 


Lincoln,  In  Rayi I,  p.  B0. 

n.i    \  man  of  lire  or  »pll  it  .  a  hoi  spark  ;  0  rake. 

i  he  gallants  oi  thi  k  timi     prett)  much  resembled  the 
I  Ismith,  Reverie  at  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 


(e)  Pel    DUB  of  any  specified   rare. 
Idered  collectively. 


nationality,  or  family 


blood 

Indian  Wood,  thus  far  in  the  history  of  this  country,  has 
tended  decidedly  toward  extinction. 

Quoted  in  Pop.  Set  Jfo.,  XXVI.  233. 

(/)  Birth :  extraction  ;  parentage  ;  breed  ;  absolutely,  high 
birth;  good  extraction  :  often  qualified  by  such  adjectives 

as  hi  ."/.  hif.s'r,  el  e. 

A  prime  of  blond,  a  sun  of  Priam. 

Shak.,  I    and  C,  iii.  3. 
i; 1  Mood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but  be- 
tween g I  blood  and  Ihe  privileges  of  peerage  then   was 

nonecessarj  c iction.     Pedigrees  as  long,  ami  Bcutch- 

eons  as  old   were  to  be  found  out  of  the  House  oi  Lords 

as  in  It.  M.oooUni. 

[Iii  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  of 
horses. 

she  b  a  tine  mare,  and  a  thing  of  shape  and  M '. 

Colman,  .leal. His  \\  lie.  ii.  1.] 

(p)  One  wh..  inherits  the  bl 1  "f  another;  child;  col- 
lectively, offspring;  progeny. 

Ihe  world  will  say— He  is  not  Talbot's  Wood 
That  basely  tied,  when  noble  Talbot  stood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI..  iv.  5. 
Oi)  Relationship  by  descent  from  a  common  ancestor; 
consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  kindred  ;  family. 

1  hope  I  do  not  break  tlie  tlfth  eommandment,  if  I  con- 
ceive  1  may  love  my  friend  before  the  nearest  of  my 
blood.  Sir  r.  Browns,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  5. 

And  politicians  have  ever,  with  great  reason,  i si.lered 

the  ties  of  blood  as  feeble  and  precarious  links  of  political 
connection.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  24. 

Nearer  in  Wood  to  the  Spanish  throne  than  his  grand- 
father the  Emperor.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 
It  is  a  maxim  that  none  shall  claim  as  heir  who  is  not 
of  the  Wood  (i.  e.,  kindred)  of  tlie  purchaser. 

Wharton,  Law  Lex. 

5.  That  which  resembles  blood:  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red:  as,  "the  blood  of 
grapes,''  Gen.  xlix.  11. —  6t.  A  disease  in  cattle. 

—  7.  A  commercial  name  for  red  coral — A  bit 
of  blood,  an  animal  of  good  pedigree;  a  thoroughbred. 

—  Bad  blood,  111  blood,  disagreement;  disunion  ;  strife; 
angry  feeling;  unfriendliness. 

Partly  to  make  bad  blood,  .  .  .  they  instituted  a  method 
of  petitioning  the  king  that  the  parliament  might  meet 
and  sit.  Roger  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  ii.  25. 

Hot  words  passed  on  both  sides,  and  ill  blood  was  plen- 
tifully bred.  Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 
Baptism  of  blood.  See  baptism. — Blood  on  bread. 
See  Woodw  bread,  under  Moody.     Blue  blood,  aristocratic 

bl 1 ;  blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  and  aristocratic 

families.  The  phrase  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Spain, 
from  a  notion  that  the  blood  of  some  of  the  oldest  and 
proudest  families,  having  never  been  tainted  by  intermix- 
ture wiili  that  of  the  M 'ish  invaders,  was  of  a  bluer 

tint  than  that  of  the  common  people. 

Tlie  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modern  Spaniard  to 
prove  that  only  tbe'sangre  azul,  blue-blood,  flows  till. .ugh 
his  veins,  uncoiitamiuated  by  any  Moorish  or  Jewish 
taint,  may  be  thought  to  afford  some  evidence  of  the  in- 
timacy which  once  existed  between  his  forefathers  and 
the  tribes  of  eastern  origin.  Prescott. 

Corruption  of  blood.  See  attainder,  1.— Dissolution 
of  the  bloodt.  See  dissolution.— Doctrine  of  blood- 
atonement.  Seenfnm'i/i.  nt.  Flesh  and  blood,  (a)  The 
body  as  the  seat  of  human  passions  and  desires  ;  human 
nature  :  as,  it  was  too  much  for  flesh  nod  blood  to  endure. 
(6)  Offspring;  progeny  ;  child  or  children  :  as.  one's  own 
tUsh  mid  blood  should  be  preferred  to  strangers.  Flower 
of  blood,  froth  of  blood,  names  used  in  commerce  to 
denote  coral  of  certain  degrees  of  hardness  and  brilliancy 
of  color.  For  the  blood  of  mmt,  for  the  life  of  him.— 
Fresh  blood,  blood  of  another  strain  ;  hence,  new  mem- 
bers, or  new  elements  of  vigor  or  strength;  prisons.. i  new 

or  fresh  ideas  and  wavs  of  thinking:  as.  fresh  bl I  is 

nerded  iii  the  management  of  the  party.  Half  blood, 
relationship  through  one  parent  only,  as  that  of  half 
brothers  or  sisters,  or  of  persons  of  the  Bame  race  on  one 
side  and  different  races  on  the  other.— Dl  blood,  in  a 
state  of  perfect  health  and  vigor:  properly  a  term  of  the 
chase. 

But  when  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again,  and  the 
man  /«  Wood,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows  like  conies 
after  rain.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

In  cold  blood,  in  hot  blood.    See  i  (c),  above.    Man 
of  blood,  a  murderous  or  bloodthirsty  man  ;  a  murderer. 
The  secret'st  man  qf  blood.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

Out  of  blood,  in  bad  condition;  without  vigor;  lifeless: 
said  of  hounds,  The  blood,  royal  family  or  lineage  .is. 
primes  of  the  blood.- -To  be  let  bloodt.  (a)  To  have  a 
vein  opened  (or  the  withdrawal  of  blood  as  a  remedy  in 

sirkliess. 

You  look  as  vmi  were  not  well,  sir,  ami  would  be 
Shortly  let  blood.  Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  v.  2. 

(b)  To  be  put  to  death. 

Con ml  me  to  Lord  William  ;  till  him  .  .  . 

His  ancient  knot  of  dangerous  adversaries 

To  morrow  on-  let  blond  at    I'.ililfni  -rustle. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 
To  let  blood,  in  surg.,  to  draw  blood  from  (any  oni  I  bj 
opening  a  vein. 

II,-  is  feverish,  and  hath  Bent  for  Mi  Pearce  to  let  him 
blood.  Pcpys,  Diary,  I   87*. 

To  restore  to  or  in  blood,  to  free  from  the  con 

quences  •>!  attainder;  readmit  to  the  privileges nea 

birth  and  rank.     To  run  in  the  blood,  to  be  hereditary 

in  tin    family,  naii iliiy.  or  race.-   To  the  bloodt,  t.. 

the  quick  ;  through  the  skin. 

I  could  not  get  mi  my  boots,  which  vexed  me  to  the 
blood.  Pcpys,  Wary,  I  S32, 

Whole  blood,  relationship  through  both  father  and 
mother,  see  hull  blood,  above.  Young  blood,  young 
people  generally;  the  younger  members  of  a  community, 
party,  etc. 


blood 

blood  (bind),  r.  t.    [<  blood,  ».]     If.  To  lot 

blood  from;  bleed  by  opening  a  vein.  John- 
son.—  2f.  To  stain  with  blood. 

Reach  out  their  spears  afar, 
Ami  blood  their  points  to  prove  their  partnership  in  war. 

Vrydcn,  i'ablcs. 

Ilenee  —  3.  To  give  a  taste  of  blood;  mnre  to 
the  sight  of  blood. 

It  was  most  important  too  that  his  troops  should  lie 
blooded.  Macaulay,  llist.  Eng.,  ix. 

He  | the  deerhound]  must  lie  made  steady  from  all 
"riot,    ami,  if   possible,  should  be  taken  up  in  couples 

to  the  death  of   a  deer  nnee  01  twice  and  blooded,  SO  as  to 

make  him  understand  the  nature  of  the  scent. 

Dogs  0/  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  221. 

4f.  To  heat  the  blood  of;  exeite;  exasperate. 
The  auxiliary  forces  of  French  and  English  were  much 
blooded  one  against  another.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

5f.  To  victimize ;  extract  money  from  (a  per- 
son); bleed.     [Slang.] 

blood-baptism  (blud'bap"tizm),  ft.  A  term 
applied  by  the  early  Christians  to  the  martyr- 
dom of  those  converts  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tized.    See  baptism  of  blood,  under  baptism. 

blood-bespotted  (bliid'be-spof'ed),  a.     Spot- 
ted with  blood. 
O  blood-bespotted  Neapolitan.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

blood-bolteredt  (blud'bol"terd),  a,  [<  blond  + 
battered,  pp.  of  bolter,  a  rare  word:  see  bolter*.] 
Clotted  or  clogged  with  blood. 

The  blood-bolter' d  Banquo  smiles  upon  me. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
In  Warwickshire,  when  a  horse,  sheep,  or  other  animal 
perspires  much,  and  any  of  the  hair  or  wool  hecomeB 
matted  into  tufts  with  grime  and  sweat,  he  is  said  to  lie 
boltered  ;  and  whenever  the  blood  issues  out  and  coagu- 
lates, forming  the  locks  into  hard  clotted  bunches,  the 
beast  is  said  to  be  Mood-boltered. 

H.  N.  Hudson,  note  on  Macbeth,  iv.  1, 123. 

blood-bought  (blud'bot),  o.  Bought  or  ob- 
tained at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  as  in  the  crucifixion  of  Christ. 

blood-cell  (blud'sel),  «.  A  blood-corpuscle, 
especially  an  oval  nucleated  one.     See  blood. 

In  many  Nemertina  the  blood-cells  have  a  red  colour 
(Borlasia).  Qegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  172. 

blood-consuming  (blnd'kon-su'ming),  «.  Life- 
wasting;  deathlv:  as,  "blood-consuming sighs," 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

blood-corpuscle  (blud'kdr*pus-l),  ».  One  of 
the  corpuscles  of  the  blood;  a  blood-cell  or 
blood-disk.     See  blood. 

blood-cups  (bind 'knps),  ».  pi.  A  name  given 
to  the  discomycetous  fungus  Peziza  coccinea,  in 
reference  to  the  bright-red  color  of  its  cup-like 
forms,  and  also  to  some  allied  species  of  Peziza. 

blood-disk  (blud'disk),  ».  A  red,  disk-shaped, 
non-nucleated  blood-corpuscle,  such  as  the 
mammalia  possess. 

blood-drier  (blud'dri"er),  n.  One  who  pre- 
pares blood  for  use  in  sugar-refining  and  for 
other  purposes. 

blood-drinking  (blud'dring"king),  a.  Drink- 
ing blood.      Specifically,  in  Shakspere  —  («)  Taking  in 

or  snaked  with  lilood:  as,  "this  detested,  dark,  blood- 
drinking  pit,"  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3.  {b)  Bloodthirsty:  as,  "my 
blood-drinking  hide,"  1  Hen.  VI,,  ii.  4.    (c)  Preying  on  the 

lil 1  or  life;  wasting:  as,  "  blood-drinking  sighs,"  2Hen. 

VI.,  iii.  2. 

blooded  (blud'ed),  a.  [<  blood,  n.,  +  -ed?.] 
1.  Of  pure  blood,  or  good  breed;  thorough- 
bred ;  derived  from  ancestors  of  good  blood ; 
having  a  good  pedigree:  said  of  horses  and 
other  stock. — 2.  Having  blood  of  a  kind  noted 
or  specified :  used  in  composition :  as,  warm- 
blooded  animals. — 3.  Figuratively,  character- 
ized by  a  temper  or  state  of  mind  noted  in  the 
prefix:  used  in  composition :  as,  a  cold-blooded 
murder ;  a  hot-blooded  answer. 

blood-finch  (blud'fmeh),  ft.  A  name  of  the 
small  finch-like  birds  of  the  genus  Lagenosticta, 
as  L.  minima,  known  to  bird-dealers  as  the  lit- 
tle Senegal. 

blood-fine  (blud'fm),  n.     Same  as  blood-toite. 

blood-flower  (blud'flou"er),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
Kcemanthus,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  natives 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. —  2.  The  name  in 
the  West  Indies  of  Asclepias  Curassaviea,  a  spe- 
cies with  crimson  flowers,  common  in  tropical 
latitudes. 

blood-frozen (blud'fro'zn),  a.  Havingthe blood 
frozen;  chilled.     Spenser,  P.  Q.,  I.  ix.  25. 

blood-guiltiness  (blud'gil'ti-nes),  n.  [<  blood- 
guilty  +  -ness.]  The  guilt  or  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood.     Ps.  Ii.  14. 

He  hath  confessed  both  to  God  and  man  the  bloodguilt- 
iness  of  all  this  war  to  lie  upon  bis  own  head. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes.  xix. 
38 


593 

blood-guiltless  (blud'gilties),  a.     Free  from 
the  guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  lilood ;  not  guilty 
of  murder.     Wdlpole.    [Bare.] 
blood-guilty  (blud'gil"t.i),  a.   Guilty  of  murder; 
responsible  for  the  death  of  another. 
This  blood  guUtU  life. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Godfrey  of  Bullogne,  xii.  66. 

blood-heat  (blud'het),  n.  A  degree  of  heat 
equal  to  that  of  human  blood,  that  is,  about 
99°  F.  (though  commonly  marked  on  thermom- 
eters as  98°). 

blood-horse  (blud'hors),  ft.  [<  blood,  4  (/),  + 
horse.']  1.  A  horse  of  a  breed  derived  origi- 
nally from  a  cross  with  the  Arabian  horse, 
combining  in  a  remarkable  degree  lightness, 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurance. —  2.  A 
blooded  horse. 

blood-hot  (blud'hot),  o.  As  warm  as  blood  at 
its  natural  temperature. 

bloodhound  (blnd'honnd),  ft.  [<  ME.  blod- 
hoimd,  -bond  (=  1).  bloedhond  =  MLG.  blothiint 
=  G.  Iilut/iiind  =  Dan.  S\v.  blodhiind);  <  blood 
+  hoitn<l.~\  1.  A  variety  of  dog  with  long, 
smooth,  and  pendulous  ears,  remarkable  for  the 
acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed  to  recover 
game  or  prey  which  has  escaped,  tracing  a 
wounded  animal  by  the  blood  it  has  spilled 
(whence  its  name),  or  by  any  other  effluvium 
or  halitus  left  on  a  trail  which  it  follows  by 
scent.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  animal,  as 
the  English,  the  Cuban,  and  the  African  bloodhound. 
Bloodhounds  are  often  trained  not  only  to  the  pursuit  of 
game,  but  also  of  man,  as  of  fugitive  criminals ;  in  the 
United  States  they  were  formerly  employed  in  hunting 
fugitive  slaves. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  man  who  hunts  for  blood ; 
a  relentless  persecutor. 

Wide  was  the  ruin  occasioned  by  the  indefatigable  zeal 
with  which  the  bloodhounds  of  the  tribunal  followed  up 
the  scent.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  12. 

bloodily  (blud'i-li),  adv.    In  a  bloody  manner ; 
cruelly  ;  with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood. 
O  proud  death  ! 
What  feast  is  toward  in  thine  eternal  cell, 
That  thou  so  many  princes,  at  a  shoot, 
So  blond ilii  hast  struck'.'  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  n.     [<  bloody  +  -ness.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  bloody. — 2.  Disposition 
to  shed  blood. 

This  bloodiness  of  Saul's  intention. 

Delany,  Life  of  David,  i.  S. 

bloodingt  (blud'ing),  ft.     A  blood-pudding. 

blood-islands  (blud'i"landz),  n.pl.  In  embryol., 
the  isolated  red  patches  in  the  vascular  area 
of  the  embryo,  in  which  red  blood-corpuscles 
are  in  process  of  development. 

blood-leech  (blud'lech),  ».  One  of  the  Ilini- 
dinea  which  sucks  blood,  as  the  common  medi- 
cinal leech. 

bloodless  (blud'les),  a.  [<  ME.  blodles,  <  AS. 
blodleds  (=  D.  bloedeloos  =  G.  blutlos  =  Icel. 
blodhlaus  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodlos),  <  blod,  blood,  + 
-leas,  -less.]  1.  Without  blood;  drained  of 
blood ;  dead  from  loss  of  blood. 
The  bloodless  carcass  of  my  Hector.        Dryden,  JSneid. 

2.  Pale  or  colorless  from  defect  of  blood;  pal- 
lid: as,  bloodless  lips. —  3.  Free  from  blood- 
shed; unattended  by  blood :  as,  a  bloodless  vic- 
tory ;  "with  bloodless  stroke,"  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

Carrying  the  bloodless  conquests  of  fancy  over  regions 
laid  down  upon  no  map. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  243. 

4.  Without  spirit  or  energy. 

Thou  bloodless,  brainless  fool. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage. 

5.  Cold-hearted:  as,  bloodless  charity  or  cere- 
mony. 

bloodlessness  (blud'les-nes),  n.  [<  bloodless 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
without  blood,  or  of  being  deficient  in  blood ; 
anemia. 

If  a  man  were  placed  on  a  revolving  table,  with  bis  feet 
toward  the  centre,  the  blood  in  his  body  would  be  urged 
towards  his  bead  ;  and  this  has  actually  been  proposed  as 
treatment  in  bloodlessness  of  the  brain. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  148. 

bloodlet  (blud '  let),  ».  i.  [<  ME.  blodleten,  < 
AS.  blodlietan  (cf.  Icel.  blodhldtmn,  pp.),  <  blbd, 
blood,  +  la-tan,  let:  see  tet1.]  To  bleed;  let 
blood;  phlebotomize.     [Rare.] 

bloodletter  (blud'let'er),  ».  [<ME.  blodletter, 
-leter,  <  AS.  blodlieterc,  <  blodlietan,  bloodlet.] 
One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  diseases  ;  a  phlebot- 
oinist. 

bloodletting  (blnd'let'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blod- 
leting,  -letunge,  <  blodleten,  bloodlet.  Cf.  G.  blut- 
lassen,  bloodletting.]  In  med.,  the  act  of  letting 
blood  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein,  as  a  reme- 
dial measure  in  the  treatment  of  disease;  phle- 
botomy. 


bloodshedding 

blood-mare  (blud'mar),  n.  A  mare  of  blooded 
breed  ;   a  female  Id 1-lmrse. 

blood-money  (blud'mun  i),  n.  Money  paid  as 
the  price  of  blood.  <./)  Compensation  or  reward  for 
bringing  about  thedeath  of  another^  either  by  in  im  m  .i 
capital  charge  against  him  or  by  giving  such  t<  I 
as  will  lead  to  conviction.  (6)  Compensation  formerly, 
and  still  in  some  non-Christian  countries,  paid  to  the  next 

of  kill  tiir  tin'  killing  'it  a  relative. 

blood-pheasant  (blud'i'o/.'ant),  ft.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Ithaginis  (which  see). 

blood-plaque  (bind  plak),  ».  Same  as  blood- 
plate. 

blood-plate  (blud'plat),  n.  One  of  the  minute 
discoidal  bodies  found  in  largo  numbers  in  the 
blood  of  mammals.  They  are  from  on,-  fourth  to  one 
half  the  size  of  the  red  corpuscles,  and  are  many  times  more 

numerous  than  the  white  corpuscles.    See  bl i   oil  blood 

corpuscle.  Also  called  kematoblasts  of  Hayem,  and  cor 
muscles  or  elementary  particles  of  Zvnvmermann. 

blood-poisoning  (blud'poi"zn-ing),  n.  See 
toxemia. 

blood-pudding  (bind' pud "ing),  n.  Same  as 
black-pudding. 

blood-red  (blud'red),  a.  [<  ME.  blodrede,  <  AS. 
blodrcdd  (=  D.  blocdrood  =  G.  blutroth  =  Icel. 
blddhraudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodrbd),  <  Mod,  blood, 
+  redd,  red.]     Blood-colored ;  red  with  blood. 

He  wrapped  his  colours  round  his  breast, 
On  a  blood-red  field  of  Spain.  lletnans. 

Blood-red  hand,  in  her.,  the  badge  of  Ulstt  r.  See  badge! 
and  baronet. 

The  event  which  was  to  place  the  blood-red  bond  of  the 
Newcome  baronetcy  on  his  own  brougham. 

Thackeray,  Xewcomes. 
Blood-red  heat,  the  degree  of  heat,  shown  by  the  color, 
required  to  reduce  the  protuberances  on  coarse  iron  by  the 
hammer,  after  it  has  been  brought  to  its  shape,  to  prepare 
it  for  tiling.  Small  pieces  of  iron  are  often  brought  to  this 
heat  preparatory  to  punching. 

blood-relation  (blud're-la''shon),  ft.  One  re- 
lated by  blood  or  descent ;  a  kinsman. 

blood-relationship  (blud're-la"sbon-ship),  n. 
Consanguinity ;  kinship. 

The  hypothesis  of  differing  gradations  of  blood-relo-i  un- 
ship. Clous,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  157. 

bloodroot  (blud'rbt), «.  1.  The  tormentil  (Po- 
tentilla  Tormcntilla)  of  Europe  and  northern 
Asia:  named  from  the  color  of  its  root,  which 
is  rich  in  a  red  coloring 
matter.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  and  has  been  used 
as  an  astringent. —  2.  The 
common  name  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  a  papavera- 
ceous herb,  Sanguinaria 
<  Canadensis,  one  of  the  earli- 
est spring  flowers.  Its  fleshy 
roots  yield  a  dark-red  juice,  are 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  contain  a 
peculiar  alkaloid,  sanguinarui. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimu- 
lant, expectorant,  and  emetic. 

blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak"- 

ri-fis),  ft.    A  sacrifice  mado 

with    shedding  of   blood; 

the  sacrifice  of    a    living 

being. 

Cannot  my  body,  nor  blood-sacri- 
fice, 

Entreat  you  to  your  wonted  fur- 
therance 1 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

blood-shakent  (blud'sha"kn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  set  in  commotion.     Ii.  Jbnson. 

bloodshed  (blud'shed),  n.  [Due  partly  to 
bloodshedding,  and  partly  to  the  phrase  'bbmil 
shed  as  used  in  such  sentences  as  "I  feared 
there  would  be  blood  shed,"  "there  was  much 
blood shi-il,"  etc..  where  sluil  is  the  pp.  agreeing 
with  blood.  See  blood  and  shed1.']  1.  The  shed- 
ding or  spilling  of  blood;  slaughter;  destruc- 
tion of  life:  as,  "deadly  bloodshed,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  v.  3. 

In  my  view  of  the  present  aspect  of  affairs,  there  need 
be  no  bloodshed  or  war.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  105. 

2f.  The  shedding  of  one's  own  blood;  specifi- 
cally, the  death  of  Christ.—  3t.  A  bloodshot 
condition  or  appearance  ;  an  effusion  of  blood 
in  the  eye. 
bloodshedder  (blud'shed  er),  n.  One  who 
sheds  blood;  a  murderer.     [Rare.] 

He  that  defraudeth  the  laborer  of  his  hire  is  a  blood- 
shedder. Ecclus.  xxxiv.  22. 

bloodshedding  (blud 'shed "ing),  n.  [<  ME. 
blodeshedynge,  <  blod  +  shedynge,  shedding.] 
1.  The  shedding  of  blood;  the  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood  or  taking  human  life. 

In  feight  and  blodeshedynyes 
Vs  used  gladly  clarionynges. 

Chancer,  House  of  Fame. 


Bloodroot  {SaHJZiiinaria 
Canaet  ■ 


bloodshedding 

These  hands  are  fr 


504 


from  guiltless  bloodsh    I 

B  ll.n.  VI.,  Iv. 


He  governed  with  a  cruelty  and  M tthirstiness  that 

have  obtai I  f"i  him  the  nam.-  ..f  the  northern  Nerp. 

Brougham. 

2t.  'I  bedding  one's  own  blood.  vi„„j4.i,j„,*„   ,  i,i,„i '  tiicrs  '  til   a      K  blood  + 

bloodshot  (blud'shot),  a.      Red  and  inflamed  bloodthirsty  (blud  tim^ii.« 
by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  ;ls  in  cer- 


tain weak  or  excited  states:  said  of  the  eye 

Retiring  late,  at  earlj  hour  to  rise, 
With  shrunken  features,  and  with  N  - 

u  orks,  v.  21, 

bloodshottent  (blud' shot 'n),  a.    Bloodshot. 

Johnson. 
bloodshottennesst  (blud'shol  n-nes),  ».    The 

state  of  being  bl tshot. 

Th,'  ,  :i.  mil  -  ol  the  i  I. 

of  the  i i  people  .  .  .  toofo  and  fury. 

/.  Walton,  Life  of  Hooker. 

blood-sized  (blud'sizd),  a.    sized  or 
with  bl  lod:  as,  "the  blood-sized  Meld,"  Fletcher 
[and  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.     [Rare.] 

blood-spavin  (blud'spav  in),  ».  A  dilatation 
(.1"  the  vein  that  runs  along  the  inside  of  the 
hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  sofl  swelling. 

blood-spiller  (blud'spil'er),  n.  one  who  spills 
orshi  ds  blood;  a  bloodshedder.  Quarterly  Rev. 
[Rare.] 

blood-spilling    (blud 'spil*  ing),   n.      [<  MB. 
lespylling;  <  blood  +  spilling.}     The  act  ol 
spilling   or    shedding   blood;    bloodshedding. 
[Rare.] 

blood-stain  (blud'stan),  n.     A  spot  or  trace  of 

bio.  »d. 
bloodstain  (blud'stan  I,  l>.  t.     [<  Wood-stain,  It.  ; 
but  due  rather  to  blood-stained.]    To  Stain  Willi 

1.     Byron,     [liar..-.] 
blood-stained  (blud'stand),  a.    stained  with 
blood:  guilty  of  bloodshed  or  slaughter. 
Hi,..  bloodstairid,  deserves  to  hleed. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  353. 

blood-stanch  (blud'stanch),   n.     One  of  the 

various  names  given  to  the  common  tleabane, 
I  .  gei-on  Canadensis,  from  its  use  in  arresting 
hemorrhages, 
blood-stick  (blud'stik),  n.    A  stick  weighted  at 


thirsty;  =  1  >•  bVaeddorstig  =G.  blutdiirstig  =  Dan. 
Sw.  blodtorstig.']  Eager  to  shed  blood;  mur- 
derous: as,  -'his  bloodihirsUe  blade,"  Spenser, 
l'.  a  [.  riii,  16;  " bloodthirsty  lord,"  Shah.,  1 
Ben.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

Evi  ii  the  most  bloodthirsty  monsters  may  have  a  sincere 
partialis  i'n  their  own  belongings,  paramour  ,,r  friend  or 
child.  "■  -V.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  60. 

blood-tree  (blud'trc).  ».      In  the  West   Indies,  a 
native  ml  .orescent  species  of  Croton,  C.gossypi- 
folius,  which  yields  a  kind  of  kino  sometimes 
'ealhd  dragon's-blood. 
'  'ti'i'v "oed  blood-vascular  (blud'vas'ku-lar), a.    Vascular 

with  blood-vessels;  permeated  with  blood-ves- 
sels; pertaining  to  the  circulation  of  blood. — 
Blood-vascular  gland.  Sec  aland.—  Blood-vascular 
system,  the  svstcni  of  hi l-vessi  Is :  the  circulatory  sys- 
tem of  vessels  containing  blood:  distinguished  from  uiati  r- 
vascular  system. 

blood-vessel  (blud'ves'el),  n.    Any  vessel  in 

which   blood   circulates   in   an    animal    body. 

whether  artery,  vein,  or  capillary. 
blood-warm  (blud'warm),  o.    Warm  as  blood; 

lukewarm. 
blood-warmed (blud'warmd),  a.     Having  one's 

blood  warmed  by  excitement,  as  by  a  bloody 

contest.     [Rare.] 

lie  meets  the  blood-warmed  soldier  in  his  mail. 

J.  Baillie. 

blood-witet  (blud'wit),  n.  [<  ME.  blodwite,  < 
AS.  blodwite,  <  blod,  blood,  +  wite,  fine,  pen- 
alty: see  blood  and  wite.  Used  only  histori- 
cally;  sometimes  improp.  bloodwit."]     In  anc. 

Ion-':  (o)  A  wite,  fine,  or  amercement  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 

The  bloodwite,  or  compensation  in  in \  for  pers ,1 

wrong,  was  the  first  effortof  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  regu- 
late private  revenge. 

Quoted  in  //.  0.  Forbes's  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  174. 
(b)  The  right  to  such  compensation,  (c)  A  riot 
in  which  blood  was  shed 


bloom 

8.  In  low  language :  («)  Excessive;  atrocious; 
heinous:  as,  he's  a  bloody  fool,  or  a  bloody  ras- 
cal. (6)  Used  as  an  intensive  expletive,  espe- 
cially in  negative  expressions:  as,  there  wasn't 
a  hlooih/  soul  there.  Bloody  bill.  Same  as /,.,«•- 
bill  (which  sec,  under  force).  Bloody  bread,  blood  on 
bread,  blood  of  the  host,  an  appearance  resembling 
drops  of  blood  which  sometimes  occurs  upon  bread  and 
other  starchy  substances.  The  red  pigment  is  a  product 
.i  i  [ther  of  two  microscopic  fungi  growing  In  the  suh- 
atani  e  discolored.  One  of  them  is  Micrococcus  prodigiotus, 
bi  longing  to  the  bacteria,  and  the  other  Saccharomyces 

glutinus, ■  of  the  yeast  fnn^i. — Bloody  chasm.    See 

chasm.  Bloody  flux,  dysentery.  — Bloody  hand,  (a)  v 
hand  stained  with  the  blood  of  a  de,r.  which,  111  the  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient  evidenci  ol  a  mans 
trespass  against  venison  in  the  forest.  (6)  same  as  badge 
of  Ulster,  sec  (.m/./.' i.--  Bloody  murrain.  Same  an  symp- 
tomatic anthrax  (which  Bee,  under  anthrax).  Bloody 
shirt.  See  shirt.—  Bloody  statute,  a  name  bywhich  the 
English  statute  of  1589,  the    let  of  the  Six  Articles,  is 

s 'times  referred  to.   See  Wte  Six  Articles,  under  article. 

-Syn.  6.  Sec  sanguinary. 
bloody  (blud'i),  v.  /.;  pret.  and  pp.  bloodied, 
ppr.  bloodying.     [<  bloody,  a.    Of.  AS.  geblode- 
gian  (=  OHG.  bluotagon,  bluotegon),  <  blodig, 
bloody.]     To  stain  with  blood. 

With  mj  own  wounds  I'll  bloody  my  own  sword. 

Beau,  and  FL,  l'hilnster,  iv.  4. 

bloody  (blud'i),  adv.  [<bloody;  a.]  Very;  ex- 
ceedingly; desperately:  as,  ''bloody  drunk," 
Dryden,  Prol.  to  Southerne's  Disappointment. 
[Vulgar.] 

"Are  you  not  sick,  my  dear?"  .  .  .  "Bloody  sick." 

Swift,  Poisoning  of  Curll. 

bloody-bones  (blud'i-bonz),  n.  A  nursery 
name  of  a  bugbear. 

Why  does  the  Nurse  tell  the  Child  of  Raw  lead  and 
Bloudy-bones,  to  keep  it  in  awel   &  Idi  n,  Table-Talk,  p.  99. 
Are  you  Milan's  general,  thai 
Great  bugbear  Bloody-bones,  at  whose  very  name 
All  women,  from  the  lady  to  the  laundress, 
Shake  like  a  cold  tit  V 

lUuii.  and  FL.  Woman  Hater,  hi.  1. 


one  end  with  lead,  used  for  striking  the  fleam,  bloodwood  (blud'wud),  n.    1.  A  name  given  to 


or  veterinary  lancet,  into  a  vein. 

bloodstone  (blud'ston),  h.      [<  blond  +  stone; 

=  I),  bloedsteen  =  G.  blutstein  =  Dan.  Sw.  blod- 

s!<  «.]     1.  A  variety  of  hematite,  having  a  finely 

fibrous  structure  and  a  rcniform  surface.    The 

varies  from  dark  steel-gray  to  blood-red.    It  was 

isively employed  in  ancient  tunes,  manj  ol  the  Baby- 

taglios  bi  ne-  in  this  material ;  now 

it  is  much  less  used,  except  for  signet-rings,  and  as  a  polish 
for  other  stones  and  metals. 

2.  A  variety  of  quart/,  having  a  greenish  base, 
with  small'spois  of  red  jasper,  looking  like 
drops  of  blood,  scattered  through  it.  This  kind 
of  id 1st  one  is  also  called  heliotrope. 

blood-stranget,  »•  [A  compound  having  no  ob- 
vious meaning,  as  to  its  second  element,  in  E.. 
hence  (being  appar.  only  a  book-name) 
prob.  an  adaptation  of  some  foreign  name,  per- 
t  mi  unrecorded  G.  "blutstrenge,  <  blut, 
=  E.  blood,  +  Strenge,  tightness,  strictness.  < 
strong,  tight,  strict,  strong,  =  E.  strong:  see 
Strong  and  string.  The  name  would  have  refer- 
ence to  the  i  supposed  I  styptic  qualities  of  the 
plant.  s,e  N.E.D.]  The mousetail, Myosurus 
minimui 


blood-stroke  (blud'strok),  n.    Apoplexy  from  bloody  (blud'i),  a.    [E 

encephalic  hemorrhage  or  congestion. 
bloodsucker  (blud'suk  er),  n.     [<  ME.  blood- 

soukere  =  D.  bloodzuiger  =  MHG.  bluotsuger  = 

Dan.   blodsuger  =  Sw.   blodsugare;  <  blood  + 

sucker.]  1.  Any  animal  that  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech,  a  mosquito,  etc; — 2.  A  name  of  a  com- 
mon agamoid  Ea  I  indmn  lizard,  Calotes versi- 
o  called  from  the  reddish  hue 
of  the  throat,  as  it  does  not  suck  blood. — 
3.  A  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  man;  hence,  one 
who  sucks  the  blood  of  or  preys  upon  another; 
an  extortioner  ;   a  spo 

Gtodkei  :n  all  tic  pick  of  you ! 

A  ke  "i  damned  Moo 

Shak.,  Rich,  III.,  hi.  ::. 
Thou  forget 

\  bl< 

/  i     i.  night  "i  Malt 

blood-sucking  (blud'suk  ing),  o.    Sucking  or 

drawing  blood;  preying  on  the  blood:  as,  "blood- 

ghs,    shak.,  3  I  [en.  VI.,  iv.  4. 
blood-swelling  (blua'swel  ing),  ».     Same  as 

hemab 
blood-swollen  (blud'swoln  I,  a.    Swelled  orsuf- 

lii-ed  with  1,1 1  :   as,  "thl  ii   blood 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  vi. 
bloodthirstiness  (blud'thera   ti-nes),  n.     [< 
bloodthirsty  +  -ness.']    Thirsl  for  bl I; 

■  dding  1,1 re  to  slay. 


bloody-eyed  (blud'i-Id),  a.  Having  bloody  or 
cruel  eves.     Lord  Brooke. 

bloody-faced  (blud'i-fast),  a.  Having  a  bloody 
face  or  appearance.     Shak. 

bloody-fluxed  (blud'i-flukst),  a.  Having  a 
lil ly  flux;  afflicted  with  dysentery. 

The  bloody-fluxed  woman  fingered  but  the  hem  of  his 
garment.  Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 

bloody-man's-finger  (bludyi-manz-fing'ger),  n. 
The  cuckoo-pint,  Arum  maculatum:  so  called 
from  its  lurid  purple  spadix  or  flower-spike. 
See  cut  under  Arum. 

bloody-minded  (blud'i-min"ded),  o.  Having 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition;  barbarous;  in- 
clined to  shed  blood. 

she  is  bloody-minded, 
And  turns  the  justice  of  the  law  t,,  rigour. 

Beau.  ,oe'  FL,  faws  ol  Candy,  v.  1. 

,    bloody-nose  beetle.    8ee6ee«e2. 
erte   (applied   to   several  plants),  \  Ab.  bloody-red  (blud'i-red),  a.    Red  with  or  as  with 
■iryrt    (=  Sw.   blodort)%<   bloil,  blood,    +      i,i00a;  blood-red. 

Housing  and  saddle  bloody  red, 
Lord  Marmions  steed  rush'd  by, 

Scott,  Marillion,  vi.  27. 

bloody-sceptered,   bloody-sceptred   (blud'i- 

sep"terd),   O.     Having   a   scepter  obtained  by 
blood  or  slaughter.    [Rare.] 
An  untitled  tyrant,  bloody-sceptr'd.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  8. 


logwood,  from  its  color. —  2.  In  Jamaica,  a  tree 
of  the  natural  order  Ternstramiacea,  laplacea 
ha;matoxylon,  with  dark-red  wood. — 3.  In  Aus- 
tralia, a' name  of  species  of  Eucalyptus,  espe- 
cially /.'.  corymbosa,  yielding  the  Australian 
kino. — 4.  A  huge  timber-tree  of  India,  Log,  r- 
strcemia  Flos-Regina,  natural  order  Lyfhraeem, 
with  soft  but.  durable  blood-red  wood,  which  is 
largely  used  for  boat-building  and  ship-knees. 
Also  called  jurool-trcc. 

blood-worm  (blud'werm),  n.  The  active  blood- 
colored  or  scarlet  larva  of  the  species  of  Chi- 
ronowiis,  found  in  the  rain-water  of  tanks  and 
cisterns. 

bloodwort  (blud'wert),  n.    [<  ME.  blodwurt, 
blodw 
'blod-    „ 

irt/rt,  wort.]  A  name  applied  to  various  plants, 
tishi)  Ihebl lydiick,  Unmix  sanguineus,  a  spe- 
cies of  dock  with  the  stem  and  veins  of  the 
leaves  ,,('  a  blood-red  color;  (6)  the  dwarf  elder, 
Sambucus  Ebulus;  (c)  in  the  United  States,  the 
Hi,  racium   oenosum,  the  leaves  of  which  are 

Veined  With  red 


arly  mod.  E.  also  blottdy ;  .  . .     „„,_i„_  ,i,i,,,i 

„/,',ic    <   \s   blddia  (-  bloody-warrior  (bind 
"';,'•,:  L^S-  ,  ,>Z     colored  variety  of  the 


<  ME.  blody,  bludy,  bind, 

(IS.  Iilodoii  =  OFries.  blotliclt  =  D.  bloedig  = 
ollii.  bluotac,  MHG.  bluotec,  G.  bluUg  =  feel. 
blddhigr=  Sw.  Dan.  blodig).  <  blod,  blood:  see 
blood  and  -//'.l  1.  Of,  of  the  nature  of,  or  per- 
taining to  blood;  containing  or  composed  of 
blood:  as.  a  bloody  stream;  "bloody  drops," 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5.—  2f.  Existing  in 
the  blood. 

Lust  is  but  a  W,,e,/;/  lire.  Shak.,  M.  w.of  \v.,  v.  6 (song), 
3.  Stained  with  blood;  exhibiting  signs  or 
traces  of  blood:  as,  a  bloody  knife.— 4.  Of  the 
,  olor  of  blood;  blood-red. 

I  num. I  your  bloody  flag.  Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  i.  2. 

6.   Cruel;  murderous:  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood,  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  disposition. 
The  hoar,  that  bloody  Least. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  900. 

lie  was  :.  bloudye  man.  and  regarded  not  the  life  ,,f  her 
Bubjectes  noe  more  then  doggea,  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

6.  Attended  with  or  committing  bloodshed; 
marked  bj  cruelty:  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

I  In  In  l.m  was  a  stout  rel,  ell,  and  had  ton  very  Uoudy 
to  the  Km  ■     party.  En  lyn,  Diary,  March  6,  li  S 

7.  Concerned  with  or  portending  bl Ished; 

sanguinary. 

v.  magicke  arts  hi  reot  had  any  might, 
.Vu  bloody  wurdes  of  hold  Bnchaunters  call. 

Sptnser,  F.  y.,  I.  vil,  35. 


i-wor"i-er!.  it,     A  dark- 

ety  of  the  wall-flower,  Cluironthus 

( In  in. 

bloom1  (bloin),  n.     [=  S.c.  blume;  early  mod.  E. 

lit, mini,  blume,  lilonme ;  <  ME.  blom,  blome,  <  AS. 

•Iildinn.  a  blossom  (not  found  in  this  sense,  for 

which  reg.  blostma,  blostm  (see  blossom),  but 

prob.  the   original  of  which   bloina.   a  mass  of 

iron  t  >  E.  bloom?),  is  a  deflected  sense;  the  ME. 
maybe  in  pari  from  theScand.)  (=08.  blomo  = 
late  OFries.  bUem,  blom,  NFries.  blomme=  MD. 

bloeme,  D.  Iiloini.  f..  =  MLG.  blome  =  OH&. 
bliionm,  in.,  Illinium.  (.,  MHG.  blitome.  m.,f.,  G. 
blume,  I'.,  =  feel.  Iilonn,  in.,  blom,  neut.,  =  Norw. 

blom  =  Sw.  blomma.  1'.,  =  Dan.  blomme  =Groth. 
iiio, no.  m..  a  (lower),  with  formative  -in  (orig. 

•-Ulfltl),  <  bbiirau,  etc.,  E.  blow*,  bloom,  whence 

also  bled,  bleed,    M  E.  blede  (=  MLG.  blot  =OHG. 

MIli;.  hiuoi.  MHG.  pi.  I'luetij:.  I, luii  i,  a  flower, 

blossom,  fruit,  and  AS.  bloslum.  Iiloslm,  >  E. 
blossom,  and  perhaps  AS.  hliid.  E.  blond;  also 
from  the  same  nil.  root,  L.  floS  (Jlor-),  >  alt.  E. 

flower,  Hour :  see  these  words.]  l.Ablossomj 
tho  flower  of  a  plant,  especially  of  an  orna- 
mental plant;  an  expanded  bud. 

While  opening  blooms  dilluse  their  sweets  around. 

Pope,  Spring,  1.  100. 

Now  sleeps  fhe  h u iiiiuiiiK-lrird,  that,  iii  the  sun, 
Wandered  from  bloom  to  Woom.     Bryant,  .May  Evening. 


bloom 

2.  The  state  of  blossoming;  the  opening  of 
lowers  in  general;  flowera  collectively:  :is.  (lie 
j. hmi  is  in  bloom,  or  covered  with  bloom. 

Ancient  pear-trees  that  with  spring-time  burst 
Into  such  breadth  of  bloom. 

Bryant,  Anions  the  I  fees. 

3.  A  state  of  health  and  growth  promising 
higher  perfection;  a  flourishing  condition;  a 

palmy  time:  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

He  look'd,  and  saw  a  creature  heavenlj  (air, 
in  bloom  .>(  youth,  and  of  a  charming  atr. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Hath,  I.  581. 

In  our  suit  world's  best  bloom.       Tennyson,  The  Brook, 

4.  The  rosy  hue  on  the  cheek  indicative  of 
youth  and  health;  aglow:  a  flush. 

And  such  a  lovely  bloom, 
Disdaining  all  adulterated  aids  of  art, 
Kept  a  perpetual  Bpring  upon  her  Eai  e. 

Uassinger,  I  itural  Combat,  ii.  3. 

5.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  minerals  having 
a  bright  color:  as.  the  rose-red  cobalt  bloom,  or 
erythrite,  etc. —  6.  A  powdery  deposit  or  rent- 
ing of  various  kinds,  (a)  The  delicate,  powdery, 
waxy  coating  upon  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums,  etc., 
ami  Leaves,  as  of  the  cabbage. 

the  finest  qualities  of  our  nature,  like  the  bloom  on 
fruits,  can  be  preserved  only  by  the  most  delicate  han- 
dling. Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  9. 
(b)  The  powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals,  and  the 
like,  when  newly  struck,  (c)  In  painting,  a  cloudy  ap- 
pearance on  the  surface  of  varnish,  (d)  The  yellowish 
fawn-colored  deposit  from  the  tanning-liquor  on  the  sur- 
face  of  leather,  and  penetrating  it  to  a  Blight  depth. 

In  tannine  it  [rock  chestnut -oak  bark]  is  used  unmixi  d, 
and  gives  a  beautiful  bloom.    C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  1 19. 

7.  A  fine  variety  of  raisin. 

These  raisins  [dried  on  the  vines]  are  muscatel-  or 
blooms.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  692. 

bloom1  (blOm),  v.     [<  ME.   blomen  (=  MLG. 
blomen  =  Norw.  bloma,  bloma),  bloom ;  from  the 
noun.]    I.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  or  yield  blos- 
soms ;  flower,  literally  or  figuratively. 
The  first  time  a  tree  bloometk.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  Lotos  blooms  below  the  barren  peak. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song,  viii. 

2.  To  glow  with  a  warm  color.— 3.  To  be  in  a 
state  of  healthful  beauty  and  vigor;  show  the 
beauty  of  youth ;  flourish;  glow. 

Hearts  are  warm'd  and  faces  bloom. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Epil. 
A  better  country  blooms  to  view, 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan,  A  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  forth,  as  blossoms. 

Behold,  the  rod  of  Aaron  .  .  .  bloomed  blossoms,  and 
yielded  almonds.  .Num.  xvii.  S. 

2.  To  impart  a  bloom  to ;  invest  with  luster  or 
beauty. 

Rites  and  customs,  now  superstitious,  when  .  .  .  chari- 
table affection  bloomed  them,  no  man  could  justly  have 
condemned  as  eviL  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol, 

bloom2  (Worn),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  in 
late  AS. ;  <  AS.  bloma,  a  bloom  of  metal  (glossed 
massa  or  melailnm  ;  of.  bloma  oththe  diili,  'bloom 
or  dough'  (of  metal);  isenes  bloma,  a  bloom  of 
iron;  gold-bloma,  lit.  '  gold-bloom,'  applied  once 
(as  elsewhere  gold-hord,  'gold-hoard,'  'trea- 
sure') figuratively  to  Christ  as  incarnated); 
not  found  in  other  languages  in  this  sense, 
and  prob.  a  particular  use  of  "bloma,  a  flower, 
which  is  not  found  in  AS.  in  that  sense :  see 
bloom1.  The  reference  may  have  been  to  the 
glowing  mass  of  metal  as  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace; but  this  sense  as  recorded  is  only  re- 
cent.] A  roughly  prepared  mass  of  iron,  nearly 
square  in  section,  and  short  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  intended  to  be  drawn  out  under 
the  hammer  or  between  the  rolls  into  bars. 

Some  blooms  are  made  directly  from  the  ore  in  hi e 

eries,  but  most  of  them  by  shingling  the  puddled  balls 
from  the  puddling-furnace.  See  bloomery,  blooming-mill, 
forge,  and  puddle,  v. 

bloomary,  «.    See  bloomery. 

bloomed  (bloind),  a.  Covered  with  blooms  or 
blossoms. 

bloomer1  (blo'mer),  n.  [<  bloom1,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
A  plant  which  blooms. 

This  "  lily"  of  Scripture  [Nymphaia  lotus]  was  a  prolific 
bloom,,-.      '  N.  ami  (J.,  7th  ser.,  III.  25. 

bloomer2  (blo'mer),  a.  and  n.  [After  Mrs. 
Bloomer:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Having  the  charac- 
ter of  the  style  of  female  dress  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Bloomer  of  New  York  in  1849-50:  as,  a 
bloomer  costume ;  a  bloomer  hat. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dress  or  costume  for  women, 
the  distinctive  features  of  which  are  a  short 
skirt,  loose  trousers  buttoned  round  the  ankle, 
and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowrned  hat.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  A  bloomer  hat. —  3.  pi.  The  arti- 
cles composing  a  bloomer  costume :  as,  to  be 


595 

dressed  in  bloomer.':. — 4.  A  woman  who  assumes 
such  a  dress. 
bloomerism  (bMJ'mer-izan),  «.     [<  bloomer2  + 

-ism.]  The  wearing  oradoption  of  a  dress  sim- 
ilar to  that  recommended  by  Mrs.  Bloomer. 
See  bloomer2,  ».,  1 . 
bloomer-pit  (blii'mer-pit),  ».  A  tan-pit  in  which 
hides  are  placed  to  be  acted  upon  by  strong 
ooze,  a  process  which  produces  a  bloom  upon 
the  skin. 

bloomery  (bl8'mer-i),  ».;  pi.  bloomeriea  (-iz). 
[Less  prop,  bloomary,  blomary,  early  mod.  E. 
blomdrie;  <  bloom-  +  -en/.  J  An  establishmenl 
in  which  wrought-iron  is  made  by  the  direct 
process,  that  is.  from  the  ore  directly,  or  with- 
out having  been  lirst  produced  in  the  form  of 
cast-iron.  The  direct  process  was  the  original  one  bj 
which  wrought-iron  was  made  wherever  that  metal  was 
employed,  and  is  still  in  use  among  nations  where  modern 
metallurgical  methods  arc  not  yet  introduced,  especially 
in  Burma.  Borneo,  and  Africa;  ii  is  also  employed,  though 
to  a  very  limited  extent,  in  Europe  and  in  the  United  States, 
■  spi  cially  in  the  Champlain  district  of  New  York.  The 
irun  made  in  bloomeries  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  blooms 
(sec  bloom2)      Uso  called  block-furnace. 

bloom-hook  (blSm'huk),  n  A  tool  for  han- 
dling metal  blooms.     Also  called  bloom-tongs. 

blooming1  I  blS'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bloom1, 
v.]  1.  A  clouded  or  smoked  appearance  on  the 
surface  of  varnish;  bloom. — 2.  In  dyeing,  the 
addition  of  an  agent,  usually  stannous  chlorid, 
to  the  dye-1  lath,  toward  the  end  of  the  operation, 
for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  color  lighter 
and  brighter.     Also  called  brightening. 

blooming1  (blo'ming),  p.  a.   [Ppr.  of  bloom1,  v.] 

1.  Blossoming;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 

And.  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies, 
Designs  the  blooming  wonders  of  the  next. 

Covtper,  Task,  vi.  197. 
Now  May  with  life  and  music 
The  blooming  valley  tills. 

Helmut,  The  Serenade. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth. 

The  lovely  Thais,  by  his  side, 
Sate  like  a  blooming  Eastern  bride. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  10. 

3.  Flourishing ;  showing  high  or  the  highest 
perfection  or  prosperity. 

The  modern  [arabesque]  rose  again  in  the  blooming 
period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt,  Diet,  of  Art,  p.  37. 

4.  Great;  full-blown;  'blessed,'  'blamed,' 
■dallied.'  etc.:  as,  he  talked  like  a  blooming 
idiot.     [Slang.] 

blooming2  (blo'ming),  n.  [<  bloom"  +  -inej1.] 
In  metal.,  same  as  shingling. 

bloomingly  (blci'ining-ii),  adv.  In  a  blooming 
manner. 

blooming-mill  (bIB'ming-mil),  n.  A  mill  in 
which  puddled  balls  of  iron  are  squeezed,  roll- 
ed, or  hammered  into  blooms  or  rough  bars, 
and  thus  prepared  for  further  treatment  in  the 
rolling-mill  proper. 

bloomingness  (blo'rning-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  blooming;  a  blooming  condition. 

blooming-sally  (blo'ming-sal"i),  h.  The  wil- 
low-herb, T&pilobium  angustifolium. 

bloomless  (bloni'les),  a.  [<  bloom?-  +  -less;  = 
Norw.  blomlaus.~\   Having  no  bloom  or  blossom. 

bloom-tongs  (blSm'tdngz),  it.  pi.  Same  as 
bloom-hook. 

bloomy  (blo'ini),  a.  [=  D.  bloemig  =  G.  blumig 
=  Sit.  blommig;  <  bloom1  +  -y1.]  1.  Full  of 
bloom  or  blossoms ;  flowery. 

We  wandered  up  the  bloomy  land, 
To  talk  with  shepherds  on  the  lea. 

Bryant,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Having  a  bloom,  or  delicate  powdery  ap- 
pearance, as  fresh  fruit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hybla  sweets  distill. 

Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  lull?     Campbell. 

3.  Having  freshness  or  vigor  as  of  youth. 

What  if,  in  both,  life's  bloomy  flush  was  lost, 
And  their  full  autumn  felt  the  mellowing  frost? 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  89. 

blooth  (bloth),  n.  An  English  dialectal  varia- 
tion of  blowth. 

blore1  (blor),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  blared,  ppr. 
bloring.  [<  ME.  bloren,  weep,  a  var.  of  blan  n, 
blare:  see  blare1.]  To  cry;  cry  out;  weep; 
bray;  bellow.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blor'e-t  (blor),  n.     [Prob.  a  var.  of  blare1  (after 
blore1),  affected  by  blow1.]     The  act  of  blow- 
ing; a  roaring  wind;  a  blast. 
Like  rude  and  raging  waves  roused  with  the  fervent  blore 
(if  th'east  and  south  winds.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ii.  122. 

blosmet,  "■  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
blossom. 


blosmyt,  «• 

somy. 


A  Middle  English  form  of  blos- 


blot 

blossom  (blos'um),  n.  [Early  mod.  B.  also- 
blossum, '.  ME.  blossome,  mbssum,  usually  blosme, 
earlier  blostme,  <  AS.  blostma,  blosthma,  some- 
times eontr.  blosma  (once  blosan,  glossed  by  L. 
flos,  appar.  an  error  for  blosma),  w<  ak  masc, 
bWsttn,  strong  masc,  flower,  blossom  (=OD. 
blosem,  D.  bloesem  —  MLG.  olosem,  blossem 
blossom,  flower,  with  suffixes  -St  +  -mil,<  V  'Id,,, 
in  AS.  blowan,   blow,  bloom   (see    bluir-);    less 

prob.  <  "bids-  (=L.  florere,  "floseri  i,  extended 

stem  of  Id, ,u, iii,  blow.  The  first  sums  ap- 
pears  in   MHG.   bluost,   a    blossom,   the   si ml 

m ME.  blome,  E.  bloom},  etc..  ami  both,  trans- 
posed, in  leel.  blomstr  =  Sw.  blomster  =  Dan. 
blomst,  a  flower;  ef.  L.flos  (flor-),  a  flower: 
see  blow2  ami  flower.']  1.  The  flower  oi  a 
plant,  usually  more  or  less  conspicuous  from 
the  colored  leaflets  which  form  it  and  which 
are  generally  of  more  delicate  texture  than  the 

leaves  of  the  plant.    It  is  a  general  te 

to  the  essential  organs  "i  reproduction,  \\  1 1 1 1  their  appen- 
dages, of  every  species  of  tree  or  plant. 
2.  The  state  of  flowering  or  bearing  flowers; 
bloom:  as,  the  apple-tree  is  in  blossom. — 3. 
Any  person,  thing,  state,  or  condition  likened 
to  a  blossom  or  to  the  bloom  of  a  plant. 

And  there  died, 
My  Icarus,  my  blossom,  in  his  pride 

.S'/irofc.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

This  beauty  in  the  blossom  of  my  youth  .  .  . 
I  sued  and  served, 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Very  Woman,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  color  consisting  of  a  white  ground 
mingled  evenly  with  sorrel  and  bay,  occurring 
in  the  coats  of  some  horses. —  5.  The  outcrop  of 
a  coal-seam,  usually  consisting  of  decomposed 
shale  mixed  with  coaly  matter;  also,  some- 
times, the  appearance  about  the  outcrop  of  any 
mineral  lode  in  which  oxidizablo  ores  occur. — 
To  nip  in  the  blossom.  See  nip. 
blossom  (blos'um),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  blossomen,  blos- 
men,  <  AS.  blostmian  (=  D.  bloesemen),  <  blost- 
ma, blossom:  see  blossom,  n.]  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers  ;  bloom ;  blow  ;  flower : 
often  used  figuratively. 

Fruits  that  blossom  first  will  first  be  ripe. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

They  make  the  dark  and  dreary  hours 
Open  and  blossom  into  (lowers  ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  i. 

blossomed  (blos'umd),  a.  Covered  with  blos- 
soms ;  in  bloom. 

Blossomed  furze,  unprofitably  gay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil. 

Not  Ariel  lived  more  merrily 
Under  the  blossom'd  bough,  than  we. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.,  Int. 

blossomless  (bios  '  um  -  les),  a.  [<  blossom  + 
-less.]     Without  blossoms. 

blossom-pecker  (blos'um-pek"er),  v.  A  book- 
name  of  sundry  small  parine  birds  of  Africa,  of 
the  restricted  genus  J  u  thoscopus :  as.  the  dwarf 
blossom-pecker,  .1.  minutus. 

blossom-rifler  (blos'um-ri"ner),  n.  A  name  of 
species  of  sun-birds  or  honey-suckers  of  the 
genus  Cinnyris,  as  C.  austraUs  of  Australia. 

blossomy  (blos'um-i),  a.  [ME.  blossemy,  blos- 
my;  <  blossom  +  -y1.]  Full  of  or  covered  with 
blossoms. 

A  blossemy  tre  is  neither  drye  ne  deed. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  219. 

The  flavor  and  picturesque  detail  of  Shakespeare's  blos- 
somy descriptions.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  105. 

blot1  (blot),  n.  [<  ME.  blot,  blotte,  a  blot ;  ori- 
gin unknown.  By  some  connected  with  leel. 
blettr,  blot,  spot,  spot  of  ground,  Dan.  plet,  a 
blot,  speck,  stain,  spot,  plette,  v.,  speck,  spot, 
Sw.  plotter,  a  scrawl,  plottra,  scribble;  but 
these  forms  have  appar.  no  phonetic  relation 
to  the  E.]  1.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink  on 
paper;  a  blur;  a  disfiguring  stain  or  mark:  as, 
"one  universal  blot,"  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  1143. 
— 2.  A  scoring  out;  an  erasure  or  oblitera- 
tion, as  in  a  writing. —  3.  A  spot  upon  charac- 
ter or  reputation ;  a  moral  stain ;  a  disgrace ;  a 
reproach;  a  blemish. 

A  lie  is  a  foul  blot  in  a  man.  Ecclus.  xx.  -2i. 

If  there  has  been  a  blot  in  my  family  for  these  ten  gi  a- 

erations,  it  hath  been  discovered  by  s e  "i  other  of  my 

correspondents.  Steele,  Tath  r.  No.  164. 

4.  Imputed  disgrace  or  stain;  defamation:  as, 
to  cast  a  blot  upon  one's  character. 

He  that  rel.ukcth  a  wicked  man  getteth  himself  a  blot. 

Prov.  ix.  7. 

blot1  (blot),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blotted,  ppr.  blot- 
ting. [<  ME.  blotte n :  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  spot,  stain,' or  bespatter,  as  with 
ink,  mud,  or  any  discoloring  matter. 


blot 

Oh  !  never  may  the  purple  stain 
Of  combat  blot  these  fields  again. 

Bryant,  Battle  of  Bennington. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  stain  as  with  disgrace  or 
infamy;  tarnish;  disgrace;  disfigure. 

not  thy  innocence  with  guiltless  bl I.  Rows. 

Take  him  !  farewell :  henceforth  I  am  thy  foe  : 
Ami  what  disgraces  I  can  blot  thee  with  look  foi 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 


596 

blotting-pad  (blot'ing-pad),  «.  A  pad  consist- 
ing  of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper,  which 
can  be  successively  removed  as  they  become 
Boiled  or  saturated  with  ink. 

blotting-paper  (blot'mg-pa"per),  n.  Abibu- 
lous,  unsized  paper,  used  to  absorb  an  excess  of 
ink  from  freshly  written  paper  without  blur- 
ring. 

blotty  (blot'i),  fl.  [<  blot1  +  -jl.]  Full  of 
1)1. .Is. 


iM.i  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters  with  blouse  (blouz),  ».     [Also  less  prop,  blowse;  < 

P.  Mouse,  of  uncertain  origin,  by  some  identified 
with  F.'liul.  Mamie,  hinude,  a  smock-frock,  <  OF. 
1,1  in  at.  hi  haul.  pi.  Mi  a  us.  bliauz,  an  upper  gar- 
ment: see  bleaunt.  But  the  connection  is  pho- 
netically improbable.]  1.  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  made  of  linen  or  cotton,  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  in  place  of  a  coat. 
A  blue  linen  blouse  is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workingmen. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.   He  wore  a  blouse  when 
he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman. 

H.  S.  Edwards,  Polish  Captivity,  I.  270. 

2.  A  loosely  fitting  dress-body  worn  by  women 
and  children. 
bloused  (blouzd),  a.     [<  blouse  +  -ed2.]     Wear- 
ing a  blouse. 
There  was  a  bloused  ami  bearded  Frenchman  or  two. 

KingsUy,  Alton  Locke,  xxxiii. 


ink:  generally  with  out  :  as,  t..  hint  ,,,ii  a  word 

or  a  sentence. 

To  Hot  old  books  ami  alter  their  contents. 

Lucrece,  1.  948. 

Hence  — 4.  To  efface;  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten;  destroy;  annihilate:  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  blot  out  a  crime,  orthe  remembrance 
of  anything. 

Will  not  a  tiny  speck  very  close  to  our  vision  Uotout 
the  glorj  of  the  world,  and  leave  only  a  margin  by  winch 
we  see  the  blot?  i   Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  458. 

'  the  far-away  blue  sky, 
The  hard  and  close-packed  clouds  spread  silently. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

5.  To  darken  or  obscure ;  eclipse.     [Rare.] 

He  sung  bow  earth  Mots  the  moon's  gilded  wane. 

Cowley. 


The  moon,  in  all  her  brother's  beams  array  d, 
Was      '    d  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  r   bloutH,  "•  and  v.     Same  as  hi, nit-. 

6.  To  drvbv  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the  blout2t,fl.    [Appar .<  D.  Moot, b^naked, mth 

•     •  perhaps  some  confusion  as  to  form  with  leel. 

nKe-  ,.,,.,.  ,     ,-,    ,,„,-,      blautr,  soft,  wet.    Cf.  blot?,  Mate1,  and  bloat1.! 

The  ship  .handler  cubbed  the  paper,  hastily  blotted*,  '      k  '  d     Douglas.   (Jamieson.)    [Scotch.] 

and  thrust  ,.  mto  h,s  bosom.    {    ^  ^  SMp.chamlk„.    ^^  (blout)]  „_   [AVr.  imitative,  after  blow*, 

blast,  etc.]     The  sudden  breaking  of  a  storm; 
a  sudden  downpour  of  rain,  hail,  etc.,  accom- 
panied by  wind.     Jamicsoit.     [Scotch.] 
blow1  (bio),  V. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown  (also  dial, 
and  colloq.  pret.  and  pp.  Mowed),  ppr.  blowing. 


II.  intrans.  1.  To  obliterate  something  writ- 
ten. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 
tii   last  and  greatest  art,  the  ait  t"  1,1,'t. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  280. 

2.  To  become  blotted  or  stained :  as,  this  paper 
blots  easily. 
blot2  (blot),  ».  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century  ;  origin  unknown.  Plausibly  referred 
to  Dan",  blot  =  Sw.  blott,  bare,  exposed  ;  cf .  Dan. 
blottt  =  Sw.  hlottit,  lay  bare,  expose  one's 
self:  Sw.  blottstalla  =  D.  blootstellen,  expose 
(the  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LCt.  origin,  < 
1).  bloot,  bare,  naked,  exposed);  but  there  is 
no  historical  evidence  for  the  connection.] 
In  backgammon:  at)  A  single  exposed  piece 
which  is  liable  to  be  forfeited  or  taken  up. 
(/;)  The  exposure  of  a  piece  in  this  way — To 
hit  the  blot,  to  take  a  single  exposed  piece  in-the  game 
of  backgammon  :  often  used  figuratively. 

.Mr.  bib-  hits  Hi.'  blot  when  he  says  that  "  absolute  cer- 
tainty an. I  a  mechanical  mode  of  procedure,  such  that  all 

men  should  he  capable  of  employing  it.  al'e  the  ttt"  great 

featur.  b  of  the  Baconian  system." 

The  Nation,  April  24, 1SS4,  p.  369. 

blotch  (bloch),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  or  in 
oth.r  languages;  appar.  a  var.  of  blot1,  affected 
in  sense  and  form  by  botch1,  a  pustule,  and 
perhaps  by  dial.  Match,  q.  v.]     1.  A  pustule 

upon  the  skin. 

:  ,urs  that  break  out  in  the  body. 

Spectator,  No.  16. 

2.  A  spot  of  any  kind,  especially  a  large  irregu- 
lar spot  or  blot;  hence,  anything  likened  to  a 

spot  ..r  blot,  as  a  poor  painting;  a  daub. 

i  haves,  frequently  marked  with  dark  blotches. 

i ,.  ovary  of  Botany. 

3.  A  disease  of  dogs. 

blotch  (bloch),  v.  t.      [<   blotch,  ».]     To  mark 
In  - :   blot,  spot,  or  blur. 

blotchy  I  bloeh'i  i,  ".  |<  blotch  +  -;/1.]  Having 
blotches;  disfigured  with  blotches:  as,  "his 
big,  bloated,  blotchy  face,"  it  <<<  r<  », 

blotet,  ".  ami  ..    obsolete  spelling  of  bloat1. 

blotter  (blot'er),  h.  1.  A  piece  of  blotting- 
paper  or  other  device  Eor  absorbing'  an  excess 
of  ink  or  other  fluid,  eia  Uj  in  vi  ri1  ing. 

—  2.  In  com.,  a  wast.--i.ook  in  whi.-li  are  record- 
ed all  transactions  in  tin-  order  of  their  occur- 

ce. — 3.  The  current  record  of  . 
charges    in   a    police  office:    called  in  Great 
Britain  b  chargt  sliei '. 

blottesque  (biot-esk'),  a.  an. I  ».  (<  blot  + 
-i  si  i  a, .  ]  I,  a.  In  painting,  executed  with  heavy 
blot  lies. 

II.   a.   A  painting  execute. 1  in  this  stylo. 

blottesquely  i  bi..i-.-k'b  i.  "./(.    Inn  blottesque 

manner:    with    blot-like  touches:    as,    to   paint 

hhilh  sijiii  hj. 

blotting-book  (blot'ing-buk),  /..  1.  A  book 
formed   of   Laves  of   blotting-paper. —  2.   Iu 

emu.,  a  blotter.      8(  8  blotU  r.  -. 

blottingly  (blot'ing-li),  adv.     Bj  blotting. 


[=  Sc.  bldwj  <  ME.  blowen,  blawen  (pret.  hh  w, 
hleire.  hit  it,  hhre,  hlu,  pp.  Iiloicn,  blowen,  hhiiiu, 
blawen),  <  AS.  bldwan  (strongverb,  pret.  bledw, 
pp.  blawen),  blow,  =  OHG.  bldhan  (strongverb, 
pp.  hldlian,  bhhi).  blow,  also  blden,  lihijnu, 
MUG.  hltetreu,  hlajen,  G.  hltiliiu  (weak  verb), 
blow,  puff  up,  swell,  =  L.  flare,  blow.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
E.  blaee2,  blast,  bladder,  perhaps  blister,  and, 
from  the  L.,  flatus,  afflatus,  flatulent,  inflate, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  a  current  of 
air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bellows,  etc. — 2.  To 
constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air.  as  the  win. I. 
A  keen  north  wind  that,  blowing  dry, 
Wrinkled  the  face  of  deluge.      Milton,  1'.  I...  xi.  842. 

3f.  To  make  a  blowing  sound;  whistle. — 4.  To 
pant;  puff;  breathe  hard  or  quickly. 
Here's  Mistress  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and  blowing. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a  horn 

or  trumpet. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  Won'. 

Milton,  II  I'enseroso,  1.  161. 

6.  To  spout  as  a  whale. 

A  porpoise  comes  to  the  surface  to  blow. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  848. 

7.  To  explode,  as  gunpowder  or  dynamite :  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  an  explosion:  with  up  :  as,  the 
magazine  blew  up.—  8.  To  boast ;  brag.  [Col- 
loq.] 

You  Mow  behind  my  back,  but  .Ian-  not  say  anything  to 
inj  hue.  Barttett,  Diet,  of  Americanisms,  p.  18. 

9.  In  founding,  to  throw  masses  of  fluid  metal 
from  the  mold,  as  a  easting',  when,  insufficient 
vent  having'  been  provided,  the  gases  and 
strain  are  unable  to  pass  off  quietly.-  Blowing 

Off,  in  i'ii'Uii..  the  process  of  ejecting  water  or  sediment 

from  a  boiler  by  means  of  a  current  of  steam  passing 
through  the  blow-off  pipe-  Blowing  through,  mo™., 
the  net  of  removing  the  air  from  the  cylinders,  valveB, 
,ie  ,  of  a  steam-engine  by  a  jet  ..i  steam  previous  to  set 
ting  the  engine  in  motion.  Blow-through  valves  are  m 
ted  for  this  purpose.—  To  blow  down,  to  discharg.  the 
contents  of  a  steam  boiler.— To  blow  hot  and  cold,  to 
be  favorable  and  then  unfavorable;  be  irresolute- To 
blow  in,  to  start  up  a  blast-furnace,  or  put  it  m  blast.  - 
To  blow  off.  to  escape  with  violence  and  noise:  said  of 
steam,  wis.  etc.  To  blow  out,  to  be  out  oi  breath,  or 
blown.  To  blow  over,  to  pass  over;  pass  awaj  after  the 
torce  is  expended;  case,  subside,  or  be  dissipated:  as, 

the  pre  i  nl  dl  itui  bances  \\  ill  B blow  ov<  r. 

\  man  conscious  ol  acting  so  infamous  a  part,  would 

have  undertakei lefence,  bul   let  the  accusations, 

which  could  nol  materially  affect  him.  blow 

Goldsmith,  Bolingbroke 

To  blow  short,  to  be  broken-winded  :  said  of  a  horse. 
To  blow  the  buck's  hornb    Sec  bucKl.    To  blow  up. 

i   v.      (»)  I  •■  arise,  come  Into  existence,  or  In- 

creasi  Inii Ity:  said  of  the  wind,  a  storm,  etc. 

II.  Wans.  1.  To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of 
air  upon;  fan:  as,  to  blow  the  fire. 


blow 

I  with  blowing  the  fire  shall  warm  myself. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,iv.l. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  by  means  of  a  current  of 
air:  as,  the  tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

North-east  winds  blow 
Sabiean  odours  from  the  spicy  shore. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  161. 
Along  the  grass  sweet  airs  are  blown. 

D.  G.  Rossetli,  A  New  Year's  Burden. 

3.  To  force  air  into  or  through,  in  order — (a) 
To  clear  of  obstructing  matter,  as  the  nose. 
(b)  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  wind-instrument. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  Woui  a  horn  before  her? 

Shalr.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
The  bells  she  jingled  and  the  whistle  blew. 

Pope,  It.  of  the  L.,  v.  114. 

4.  To  form  by  inflation  ;  inflate  ;  swell  by  in- 
jecting air  into :  as,  to  blow  bubbles ;  to  blow 
glass. —  5.  To  empty  (an  egg)  of  its  contents 
by  blowing  air  or  water  into  the  shell. —  6.  To 
put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue:  as,  to  bloio  a 
horse  by  hard  riding. 

Blowing  himself  in  his  exertions  to  get  to  close  quarters. 

T.  Hughes. 

7.  To  inflate,  as  with  pride ;  puff  up.  [Poetic 
when  up  is  omitted.] 

Look,  how  imagination  blows  him.      Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

8.  To  spread  by  report,  as  if  "on  the  wings  of 
the  wind." 

She's  afraid  it  will  be  blown  abroad, 
And  hurt  her  marriage.    B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
Through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  blown.         Dryden. 

9.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by  lire- 
arms  or  explosives:  now  always  with  modifying 
words  t  up,  away,  to  pieces,  etc.) :  as,  to  blow  the 
walls  up  or  to  pieces  'with  cannon  or  gunpowder; 
but  formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 

And  't  shall  go  hard, 
But  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  their  mines, 
And  Mow  them  at  the  moon.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  deposit  eggs  in;  cause  to  putrefy  and 
swarm  with  maggots  ;  make  fly-blown :  said  of 

flies. 

Rather  on  Nilus'  mud 
Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water-flies 
Blow  me  into  abhorring  !  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
To  blow  a  coal.  See  coal.  —  To  blow  one's  own  trum- 
pet, to  sound  one's  own  praises.  — To  blow  out.  (a)  To 
extinguish  by  a  current  of  air,  as  a  candle.  <b)  To  destroy 
by  lirearn.s  :  as,  to  blow  out  one's  brains  ;  to  blow  an  ene- 
my's ship  out  of  the  water.  —  To  blow  up.  ('<)  To  till  with 
air  ;  swell :  as,  to  blme  »/<  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

In  suinnie,  he  is  a  bladder  blown  vp  with  wind,  which 
the  least  flaw  crushes  to  nothing. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmogi'aphie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 
(6)  To  inflate  ;  puff  up :  as,  to  blow  up  one  with  flattery. 
Blown  up  with  high  conceits  ingendering  pride. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  iv.  809. 

(c)  To  fan  or  kindle :  as,  to  blow  up  a  contention. 

His  presence  soon  bloies  up  the  unkindly  fight. 

Dryden. 

(d)  To  burst  in  pieces  by  explosion  :  as,  to  blow  «/'  a  ship 
by  setting  tire  to  the  magazine,  (e)  Figuratively,  to  seal 
teror  bring  to  naught  suddenly  :  as,  to  Mow  up  a  scheme. 
(/)  To  scold  ;  abuse  ;  tlnd  fault  with.    [Colloq.] 

He  rails  at  his  cousin,  and  blows  up  his  mother. 

Bailinin.  Ingoldsb]  Legends,  I.  295. 
Lord  Gravelton  .  .  .  was  blowing  up  the  waiters  in  the 
coffee-room.  Bulwer,  l'clbani,  iv. 

(g)  To  raise  or  produce  by  blowing. 

This  windy  tempest,  till  it  Wove  up  rain, 
Held  back  his  sorrow's  tide,  to  make  it  more. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1788. 
To  blow  upon,  (a)  To  bring  into  disfavor  or  discredit ; 
render  stale,  unsavory,  or  worthless. 

.Since  that  time,  .  .  .  many  of  the  topics,  which  were 
first  started  here,  have  been  hunted  down,  and  many  of 
the  thoughts  Wn.™  upon.        Goldsmith,  Essays,  Preface. 
Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses  had   been   Mown 
upon.  Miiemiliiii.  Hist.  Eng. 

(ii)  To  turn  informer  against :  as,  to  blow  upon  an  accom- 
plice. [Slang.] 
blow1  (bio),  ».  [<  blow1,  ».]  1.  A  blowing;  a 
blast;  hence,  a  gale  of  wind:  as,  there  came  a 
hlmr  from  the  northeast.— 2.  The  breathing  or 
spooling'  of  a  whale.— 3.  In  metal.:  (fl)  The 
time  during  which  a  blast  is  continued.  (/.)That 

portion  of  time  occupied  by  a  certain  stage  of  a 
metallurgical  process  in  which  the  blast  is  use.  1. 

'thus,  il peration  of  converting  cast  iron  into  steel  by 

the  B.  isemei  process  is  often  spoken  ol  as  "the  blow,'' 
and  bus  Srst  portion  is  sometimes  called  the  "Bessemer 
bleu  "or  the  blow  proper,  tin  second  Btage  being  denomi- 
nated the  "boil,"  and  the  third  the  "fining,  ' 
4.  All  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  llesh  or  other 
substance  ;  a  flyblow. 

blow2  (bio),  e.j  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown,  ppr. 
blowing.  [<  J1K.  blowen  (pret.  'blewe,  bleou, 
pp.  blown,  blowen,  blowe),  v  AS.  bldwan  (pret. 
bledw,  pp.  geblowen),  blossom,  flower,  flourish, 

i  is.  blojan  =  OFries.  bloia  =  P.  bloeijcn  = 
OHG.  hiunjiiu,  llllti.  hliiijen.  hliiin,  ii.  Mulien, 
blow,  bloom,  =  L>.  Jhrerc  (a  secondary  fonn), 


blow 

bloom,  flourish  ;  cf.  flos  (flor-),  a  flower.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
bloom1  (and  prob.  bloom-),  blossom,  blowili, 
blood,  and,  from  the  L.,  flower,  flour,  flourish, 
effloresce,  etc.]  I.  intrnns.  1.  To  blossom  or 
put  forth  flowers,  as  a  plant ;  open  out,  as  a 
flower:  as,  a  uew-blown  rose. 
How  blows  the  citron  grove.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  22. 

To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 

Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  t leep  for  tears. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Immortality. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  flourish ;  bloom ;  become 
perfected. 

II.  trans.  To  make  to  blow  or  blossom ;  cause 
to  produce,  as  flowers  or  blossoms.     [Poetic] 
The  odorous  hanks,  that  blow 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hew. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  993. 
For  these  Favonius  here  shall  blow 
New  flowers.     B.  Jonson,  Masque  at  Highgate. 

blow2  (bio),  n.  [<  blow",  t\]  1.  Blossoms  in 
general:  a  mass  or  bed  of  blossoms:  as,  the 
blow  is  good  this  season. 

He  believed  he  could  show  me  such  a  blow  of  tulips  as 
was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Addison,  Tatler,  No.  218. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering ;  hence,  the  highest  state  or  perfec- 
tion of  anything;  bloom:  as,  a  tree  in  Ml  blow. 

Her  beauty  hardly  yet  in  its  full  blow. 

Richardson,  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  I.  ii. 

blow3  (bio),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blowe,  bloc, 
<  late  ME.  (Sc.)  blow;  origin  uncertain.  Plau- 
sibly explained  as  from  an  unrecorded  verb, 
ME.  "blewen,  <  AS.  'blcdwan  (strong  verb,  pret. 
'bledw,  pp.  "blowen)  =  MD.  blouwen,  blaeuwen, 
strike,  beat,  D.  blouwen,  beat,  esp.  beat  or 
break  flax  or  hemp,  =ML(j.  blmoen,  L(4.  blauen 
=  OHG.  blinwan,  bliwan,  MHG.  bliuwen,  bliioen, 
G.  blauen,  beat,  drub  (in  G.  and  LG.  modified 
under  association  with  blttit,  blue,  as  in  'beat 
black  and  blue ' ),  =  Goth,  bliggwan,  strike,  beat ; 
not  related  to  L.  fligere,  strike,  beat  (>  ult.  E. 
afflict,  inflict,  etc.),  flaqellum,  a  flail  (>  ult.  E. 
flail,  flagellate,  etc.).  The  absence  of  the  verb 
from  ME.  and  AS.  records  is  remarkable  (the 
ordinary  AS.  word  for  'strike'  was  sledn,  >  E. 
slay),  but  the  cognate  forms  favor  its  exis- 
tence.] 1.  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist  or  a 
weapon ;  a  thump ;  a  bang ;  a  thwack ;  a  knock ; 
hence,  an  act  of  hostility:  as,  to  give  one  a 
blow ;  to  strike  a  blow. 

He  struck  so  plainly.  I  could  too  well  feel  his  blows; 
and  withal  so  doubtfully  that  I  could  scarce  understand 
them.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

2.  A  sudden  shock  or  calamity;  mischief  or 
damage  suddenly  inflicted:  as,  the  conflagra- 
tion was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town. 

It  was  a  dreadful  blow  to  many  in  the  days  of  the  Re- 
formation to  find  that  they  had  been  misled. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  243. 
At  a  blow,  by  one  single  action  ;  at  one  effort ;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town  ;  but  if  they 
are  once  defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a  blow.  Dryden. 
Opposed  or  solid  blow,  in  metal-working,  a  blow  which 
stretches  or  thins  the  metal ;  unopposed  or  hollow 
blow,  a  blow  which  tends  to  thicken  and  bend  it.  —  To 
catch  one  a  blow.  See  catch.— To  come  to  blows,  to 
engage  in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be  individuals, 
armies,  fleets,  or  nations. 

In  17r>6  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  actually  came  to 
blows  over  the  navigation  of  the  .Savannah  river. 

J.  Fiskc,  Amer.  Pol.   Ideas  p.  95. 

blow-ball  (blo'bal),  11.  The  downy  head  of  the 
dandelion,  salsify,  etc.,  formed  by  the  pappus 
after  the  blossom  has  fallen. 

Her  treading  would  not  bend  a  blade  of  grass, 
Or  shake  the  downy  blow-ball  from  his  stalk ! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  1. 

blow-cock  (blo'kok),  «.  A  cock  in  a  steam- 
boiler  by  means  of  which  the  water  may  be 
partly  or  entirely  blown  out  when  desired. 

blowen  (blo'en),  h.  [Also  blowing;  equiv.  to 
blowess,  a  form  of  blowze,  q.  v.]  A  showy,  flaunt- 
ing woman;  a  courtezan;  a  prostitute.  For- 
merly also  blowess  anil  blowing.     [Low  slang.] 

blower1  (blo'er),  n.  [<  ME.  blower,  blawere,  < 
AS.  blawere,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see  blow1."]  1. 
One  who  blows.  Specifically  — (a)  One  who  is  em- 
ployed in  a  blowing-house  for  smelting  tin.  Cornwall.  (b) 
In  a  glass-factory,  the  workman  who  blows  the  melted 
glass  into  shape. 

2.  A  screen  or  cover  of  metal  fitted  to  an  open 
fireplace  in  such  a  way  that  when  it  is  placed 
in  position  access  of  air  to  the  chimney  is 
closed  except  from  the  bottom,  or  through  the 
fire  itself:  used  to  promote  combustion,  espe- 
cially when  the  fire  is  first  kindled,  by  concen- 
trating the  draft  upon  the   substance   to   be 


Rol  try  Blower. 
A,  £.  cams;  C,  box. 


597 

ignited. — 3.  In  coal-mining,  an  escape,  under 
pressure  and  with  high  velocity,  of  gas  or  fire- 
damp from  the  coal.  Such  escapes  are  sometimes 
sudden  and  of  short  duration;  but  they  occasionally  con- 
tinue for  weeks  and  sunn)  inns  for  years. 
4.  A  man  employed  in  amine  in  blasting. —  5. 
A  machine  for  forcing  air  into  it  furnace,  mine, 
cistern,  hold  of  a  ship,  public  building,  etc.,  to 
assist  in  drying,  evaporating,  and  the  like;  a 
blowing-machine.  See  blowing-i ugiix;  blowing- 
machine. —  6.  A  marine  animal,  as  a  whale, 
which  spouts  up  water.  —  7. 
One  who  brags;  a  boaster. 
[Slang.] —Blower  and  spread- 
er, a  machine  uniting  the  action  of 
beaters  and  blowers  in  forming  cot- 
ton into  a  lap.— Hydraulic  blow- 
er. See  hydraulic--  Oscillating 
blower,  a  blower  having  one  or 
more  blades  hinged  or  pivoted  at 
'cue  edge, and  vibrating  through  an 
arc  of  a  circle.— Rotary  blower,  a 
blower  similar  in  construction  to  a 
rotary  pump.  It  has  vanes  the  mo- 
tions of  which  are  governed  by  cam-faces,  or  which  are 
shaped  in  various  ways  to  interlock,  inclosing  between 
themselves  and  the  casing  volumes  of  air,  which  they  car- 
ry forward. 
blower2  (blo'er),  n.  [<  blow2,  v.,  +  -er1.]  A 
plant  that  blows.  JV.  E.  D. 
blowesst  (blo'es),  n.  [A  form  of  blowze,  per- 
haps in  simulation  of  blow1,  with  fem.  sufiix.] 
Same  as  blowen. 
blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.  The  common  name  of 
Musca  (Calliphora)  voitiitoria,  Sarcophaga  car- 
naria,  and  other  species  of  dipterous  insects, 
which  deposit  their  eggs  (flyblow)  on  flesh,  and 
thus  taint  it.  Also  called  flesh-fly.  See  cut 
under  flesh-fly. 

blow-gun  (blo'gun),  n.  A  pipe  or  tube  through 
whieh  missiles  are  blown  by  the  breath.  Those 
used  by  certain  Indians  of  South  America  are  of  wood, 
from  7  to  10  feet  long,  with  a  bore  not  larger  than  the 
little  finger;  through  them  are  blown  poisoned  arrows 
made  of  split  cane  or  other  light  material,  from  a  foot  to 
15  inches  in  length,  and  wound  at  the  butt  with  some 
tibrous  material  so  as  to  fit  the  bore  of  the  blow-gun.  A 
similar  blow-gun  is  in  use  among  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo. 
Also  called  blow-tube  and  blowpipe. 
blow-hole  (blo'hol),  n.  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  generally  situated  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  head.  In  the  whalebone  whales  the  blow-holes 
form  two  longitudinal  flits,  placed  side  by  side.  In  por- 
poises, grampuses,  etc.,  they  are  reduced  to  a  single  cres- 
cent-shaped opening. 

2.  A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and  seals 
come  to  breathe. — 3.  Same  as  air-hole,  2. —  4. 
In  steel-manuf.,  a  defect  in  the  iron  or  steel, 
caused  by  the  escape  of  air  or  gas  while  solidi- 
fication was  taking  place. 

The  following  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  pre- 
pare solid  steel  without  blow-holes  by  the  crucible  process, 
which  would  give  a  good  resistance  and  a  proper  elonga- 
tion, lire,  Diet.,  IV.  835. 

blowing1  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blow1,  v.~) 
A  defect  in  china  caused  by  the  development 
of  gas,  by  the  reaction  upon  each  other  of  the 
constituents  of  the  glaze,  or  by  a  too  strong 
firing. 

blowing1  (blo'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blow1,  v.]  1. 
Causing  a  current  of  wind  ;  breathing  strongly. 
—  2.  In  the  following  phrase,  liable  to  be 
blown  about Blowing  lands,  lauds  whose  surface- 
soil  is  so  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be  blown  away 
by  the  wind. 

blowing'-'t  (blo'ing),  n.     Same  as  blowen. 
On  a  lark  with  black-eyed  Sal  (his  blowing). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  19. 

blowing-charge  (blo'ing-chaij),  n .  In  gunnery, 
a  small  charge  of  powder  in  a  shell,  sufficient  to 
blow  out  the  fuse-plug  but  not  to  burst  the  shell. 
It  is  used  in  firing  for  practice,  or  for  testing  time-fuses 
when  it  is  desired  to  recover  the  shells  and  use  them 
again.  If  it  is  desired  to  fill  the  cavity  of  the  shell,  coal- 
dusi  is  added  to  the  charge  to  increase  its  volume. 

blowing-cylinder  (bl6'ing-sil"in-der),  ».  The 
air-cylinder  of  a  blowing-engine  or  other  form 
of  blast-machine. 

blowing-engine  (blo'ing-en"jin),  n.  1.  A  mo- 
tor used  for  driving  a  blower  or  blowing-ma- 
chine.—  2.  A  combined  motor  and  blower. 

blowing-fan  (blo'ing-fan),  n.  A  revolving 
wheel  with  vanes,  used  to  produce  a  blast. 

blowing-furnace  (blo'ing-fer"nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace in  which  partially  formed  glassware  may 
be  placed  to  be  softened  when  it  becomes  cooled 
and  stiff  in  working;  sometimes,  the  secondary 
furnace  following  the  melting-furnace. 

blowing-house  (blo'ing-hous),  n.  A  house  in 
which  the  process  of  smelting  tin  ore  is  car- 
ried on. 

blowing-iron,  n.    Same  as  blowpipe,  1. 

blowing-machine  (blo'ing-ma-shen''),  n.  Any 
apparatus  for  creating  a  blast  of  air,  as  for 


blowpipe 

ventilating,  urging  (ires  in  boilers  or  furnaces 
in  glass-making,  cold  storage,  removing  dust, 
etc.  See  blower,  5— Piston  blowing-machine  a 
form  of  blowing-machine  in  which  the  air  Is  expelled 
from  a  cylinder  by  a  reciprocating  piston.    K.  11.  Knight. 

blowing-pipe  (blo'ing-plp),  n.  A  glass-blower's 
pipe ;  n  pontee. 

blowing-pot  (blo'ing-pot),  n.  In  the  manufac- 
ture of  pottery,  tin  apparatus  for  distributing 
slip  over  the  ware  before  burning. 

blowing-snake  (blo'ing-snak),  «.  A  non-ven- 
omous snake  of  the  family  Colubridai  and  genus 
Hi  ft  ruthm,  notable  for  the  noise  it  makes  by 
the  depression  of  its  anterior  parts  and  the  ex- 
pulsion of  air.  The  best-known  species  is  H. 
platyrrhinus  of  the  eastern  United  States,  which 
is  also  called  buckwheat-nose  snake,  spread  mg- 
aililcr,  etc. 

blowing-tube  (blo'ing-tub),  n.  In  glass-work- 
ing, a  tube  4  or 5  feet  long,  with  a  bore  varying 
in  size  according  to  the  character  of  the  work, 
used  in  blowing  glass. 

blow-milk  (blo'milk),  n.  Milk  from  which  the 
cream  is  blown  off ;  skimmed  milk.     [Eng.] 

blown1  (blon), />.  a.  [<ME.  blowen,  blawen,< AB. 
blowen,  pp.  of  bldwan :  see  blow1.]  1.  Swelled; 
inflated. 

No  bloum  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  i. 
I  come  with  no  blown  spirit  to  abuse  you. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

2.  Spongy  or  porous  from  the  presence  of  bub- 
bles of  air  or  gas:  said  of  metal  castings. — 3. 
Stale  from  exposure,  as  to  air  or  flies ;  hence, 
tainted;  unsavory:  as,  blown  drink  (obsolete); 
blown  meat;  a  blown  reputation.  See  flyblown. — 

4.  Out  of  breath ;  tired ;  exhausted :  as,  "  their 
horses  much  blown,"  Scott. 

'Zounds !  I  am  quite  out  of  breath  —  Sir,  I  am  come  to — 
Whew  !  I  beg  pardon  —  lint,  as  yon  perceive,  I  am  devilish- 
ly bloum.  Column  the  younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iii.  3. 

5.  In  farriery,  having  the  stomach  distended 
by  gorging  green  food:  said  of  cattle. —  6. 
Emptied  by  blowing,  as  an  egg. 

blown2  (blon),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  <  AS. 
*bldwen,  geblowen,  pp.  of  bldwan :  see  blow2.] 
Fully  expanded  or  opened,  as  a  flower:  as, 
"the  blown  rose,"  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 

blow-off  (blo'of),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in 
blowing  off  (which  see,  under  blow1,  v.,  I.). 

The  blow-off  apparatus  consists,  in  fresh-water  boilers, 
simply  of  a  large  cock  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler. 

Rankine,  Steam  Engine,  §  305. 

Blow-oft*  cock,  a  faucet  in  the  blow-off  pipe  of  a  steam- 
boiler.— Blow-off  pipe,  a  pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler 
of  a  steam-engine,  communicating  with  the  ash-pit  (or 
with  the  sea  in  marine  boilers),  ami  furnished  with  a  i  ock, 
the  opening  of  which  causes  the  water  and  the  sediment 
or  brine  to  be  forced  out  by  the  steam. 
blow-out  (blo'out),  «.     A  feast;  an  entertain- 
ment; a  great  demonstration ;  a  spree.  [Colloq.] 
The  Russian  [sailors]  .  .  .  had  celebrated  their  Christ- 
mas eleven  days  before,  when  they  had  a  grand  bin"  ■<>"' . 
R.  II.  liana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  269. 

blOW-OVer  (blo'o'ver),  n.  In  glass-making,  the 
surplus  glass,  which,  when  a  vessel  is  blown  in 
a  mold,  is  forced  out  above  the  lip  of  the  mold. 

blowpipe  (blo'pip),  n.  and  a.  I.  it.  1.  An  in- 
strument by  which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is 

driven   through     a  t 

the  flame  of  a 
lamp,  candle,  or 
gas-jet,  to  di- 
rect the  flame 
upon     a     sub- 


J 


Blowpipes. 

a,  common  blowpipe  ;  &,  Gahn's  blowpipe, 
made  with  chamber  near  the  jet. 


stance,  in  order  to  fuse  it,  an  intense  heat  be- 
ing created  by  the  rapid  supply  of  oxygen  and 
the  concentration  of  the  flame  upon  a  small 
area.  In  its  simplest  form,  as  used,  for  example,  by  gas- 
fitters,  it  is  merely  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass,  or  other 
substance,  usually  about  7  inches  long. :,'  inch  in  diameter 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  so  as  to  have  a  very  small  aper- 
ture at  tlu-  other,  within  2  inches  or  so  of  which  it  is 
In-lit  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  The  blowpipe  of  the  min- 
eralogist is  provided  with  a  small  chamber  mar  the  jet, 
in  which  the  moisture  from  the  mouth  collects.  The 
current  of  air  is  often  formed  by  a  pair  of  bellows  in- 
stead of  the  human  breath,  the  instrument  being  fixed 
in  a  proper  frame  for  the  purpose.  The  moat  powerful 
blowpipe  is  the  oxyhydrogen  or  compound  blowpipe,  an 
instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (in  the  propor- 
tions necessary  for  their  combination),  propelled  by  hydro- 
static or  other  pressure,  and  coming  from  separate  r<  si  r 
voire,  are  made  to  form  a  united  current  in  a  capillary 
orifice  at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  Tin  heal 
produced  is  such  as  to  consume  the  diamond  and  to  fuse 
or  vaporize  many  substances  refractory  at  lower  tempera- 
tures. The  blowpipe  is  used  by  goldsmithe  and  jewelers 
in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers  in  softening  and  shaping 
glass,  and  extensively  by  chemists  and  mineralogists  in  test- 
ing the  nature  and  composition  <>\  substances.  Also  called 
by  workmen  a  blowing-iron. 

2.  Same  as  W»'«'-f//o/.-  Airohydrogen  blowpipe,  a. 
modification  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 


n. 


blowpipe 
i,  Relating  in  any  way  to  a  blowpipe,  or  blubt  (blub), 


598 


v.     [Vat.  of  blcib;  cf.   blubber.'] 
owpiping:  as.  &toM>p»pe"analysis.    '  I.  trans.  To  swell;  puff  out, 

blowpipe  (bld'pip),  V.  i.',    pret.   and  pp.  blow-  My  face  w«    blown  and  blub'd  with  dropsy  wan, 

n»ped,ppr.  g.    [<  blowpipe,  n.j   Tonse  Mir. /or Mags., p.  112. 

the  blowpipe;  eonduei  chemical  experiments       n.  intrans.   To  swell;  protrude. 
or  perform  mechanical  operations  by  means  of  blubber  (blub'er),  ''.    [Also  blqbber;  <  ME.  M«&- 
the  blowpipe. 


blow-pointt  (blo'point),  ».    A  game  supposed 
to  have  consisted  in  Mowing  small  pins  or  ar- 
rows through  a  tube  al  certain  numbers. 
Shortly  boys  shall  not  plaj 
At  span-counter  or  blow-point,  but  shall  pay 
Tull  :■  ui  tier.  Donne,  Satires,  iv. 

blowse1,  ".     See  blouse. 

blowse-,  n.     See  blow  • . 

blowser  (blou'zer),  n.  [E.  dial.]  In  pilchard- 
fishing,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  one  of 
the  men  engaged  in  landing  and  carrying  the 
fish  to  the  curing-houses.    Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  i">4. 

blowth  (bloth),  n.  [<  blow2  +  -th,  after  growth, 
<  grow.]  Bloom  or  blossom;  blossoms  in  a  col- 
lective sense :  the  state  of  blossoming.  [Now 
only  dialectal  in  S.  \V.  England  (in  the  form 
blooth)  and  in  New  England.] 

The  seeds  and  effects  .  .      wen  as  yet  but  potential,  and 
in  the  blowth  and  bud.         Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  I.  ix.  §  3. 


;■<«,  bloberen,  weep,  earlier  bubble,  boil,  as  wa- 
ter in  agitation.  Cf.  0.  dial,  blubbern,  cast  up 
bubbles,  .as  water,  LG.  herut  blubbern,  bab- 
ble, chatter.  Appar.  an  imitative  word,  hav- 
ing, like  many  such,  a  freq.  form.  The  short 
forms  blub  and  blob  are  modern.  Cf.  blub,  blob, 
blab,  bleb.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or  dis- 
Sgurethe  face  ;  burst  into  a  tit  of  weeping:  used 
chiefly  in  sarcasm  or  ridicule. 

Even  so  lies  she, 
Blubberiwi  and  weeping,  weeping  and  blubberinn. 

Shale.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Hector's  infant  Uubber'd  at  a  pinna-.      Mrs.  Browning. 
2f.  To  bubble ;  foam. 

Ther  faure  eitees  wern  set,  nov  is  a  see  called, 
That  ay  is  drouy  »v-  dym,  &  ded  in  hit  kynde, 
Bio,  blubrande,  &  blak,  vnblythe  tonege. 

Alliterative  Poena  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1017. 

II.  trans.  To  disfigure  with  weeping. 


With  us  a  single  blossom  is  a  blow, while  blowth  means  blubber  (blub'er),  n.    [Also  blabber;  <  M~E.bl.ub- 


th,  i,i mingin  general.     A  farmer  would  say  that  there 

was  a  g I  blowth  on  his  fruit-trees. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  set-..  Int. 

blow-through  (blo'thrS),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  the  process  of  blowing  through  (which 
see.  under  blow1,  v.,  1.).  — Blow-through  cock,  a 
faucet  through  which  the  air  that  may  be  contained  in  a 
mber  is  blown  out  when  steam  is  admitted. — 
Blow-through  valve,  n  valve  in  the  opening  through 
which  steam  enters  a  condensing  steam-engine,  used  in 
blowing  through. 

blow-tube  (blo'tub),  n.  1.  A  hollow  iron  rod, 
from  5  to  G  feet  long,  by  blowing  through  which 
a  glass-blower  expands    the    semi-fluid   metal 


ber,  a  bubble,  blubcr,  blober,  surge,  agitation  of 

water,  bubble:  see  the  verb.]     It.  A  bubble. 

At  his  mouth  a  blubber  stode  of  forue. 

II.  tiryson,  'lest,  of  Creseide,  1.  192. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  cetaceans,  from 
wrhich  train-oil  is  obtained.  The  blubber  lies  under 
the  skin  ami  over  the  muscles.  The  whole  quantity  yield- 
ed hy  a  large  whale  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  aO  hun- 
dreds eight,  but  sometimes  to  so  or  more. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance ;  hence,  an  acaleph 
or  sea-nettle;  a  medusa, — 4.  [<  blubber,  v.] 
The  act  or  state  of  blubbering:  as,  to  be  in  a 
blubber. —  5.   One  who  blubs.     Carhjle. 


gathered  on  its  further  end  while  shaping  it  on  blubbered  (blub'erdj,  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  blubber,  v.] 


the  marver. —  2.   Same  as  blow-gun. 
blow-up  (blo'up),  n.     [From  the  phrase  ta  blow 
up:  see  Woir1,  c,  II.]    1.  A  scolding;  aquarrel. 
[Colloq.] 

The  Captain  .  .  .  cave  him  a  grand  blow-up,  in  true 
nautii  al  style.  /.'  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  22. 
2.  One  of  the  rooms  in  a  sugar-refinery,  usu- 
ally on  the  top  floor,  where  the  raw  sugar  is 
first  melted.  -Blow-up  pan,  in  sugar-refining,  the 


Swollen;  big;  turgid:  as,  a  blubbered  lip;  "her 
blubbered  cheeks,"  Drytlen,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone, 
i.  392. 
blubberer  (blub'er-er),  n.  One  who  blubbers. 
blubber-lip  (blub'er-lip),  n.  [<  blubber  +  lip.] 
A  swollen  lip;  a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a 
negro.     Also  written  blabber-lip. 

His  blobber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires, 


pan  in  which  the  raw  sugar,  after  being  sifted,  is  placed  ,,    ,,    __  ... -  ,,  ,    ,* , .     ,.„.-.    „ 

with  water  to  be  dissolved.    At  the  bottom  ol  the  pan  is  blubber-lipped  (blub  er-hpt ),  a.  _[ME.  bUber 
a  perforated  Bteam-pipe  through  which  steam  Mows  up 
through  the  solution;  hence  tie-  name  of  the  pan  and  of 


the  room  ia  which  tie-  operation  is  carried  on. 


lipped;  <  blubber  +  lip  +  -ed2.]  Having  blub- 
ber-lips. Also  written  blobber-lipped:  as,  "a 
blobber-lipped  shell,"  N.  Grew. 

[<    blubber 
keen-edged 
pade  used  to  remove  the  layerof  blubber  which 
envelops  a  whale's  body. 

blubber  +  -;/1.] 


blow-valve    bio  valy),  n.     The  snifting-valve  blubber.^ade   (blnb'6r-sPful),   n. 
ofacondensmg-engine.  (wS  blubber)   +   spade.]'  A 

blow-well  (bh-  wel  i.  „     In  some  parts  o   Eng-     ^     deused  to  ,,.,„,„.,.  the  layerof  bl 
laud,  a  popular  name  tor  an  artesian  well. 

At  Merton  in  Surrey,  at   Brighton,  at  Southampton,  all  vi-t-i,.-       /     .Vh'ar-il     it        K    / 
alongtheeast  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  and  in  the  lowdis-   D.luDDery   (D™°™  l>'  !'•       ^    uuwuir  -r     ij 
trict  between  thi  chalk  wolds  near  Louth  and  the  Wash,      Uesemblmg  blubber;  tat,  as  a  cetacean. 
Artesian  borings  have  long  been  known,  and  go  by  the  blucher  (blo'cher),  n.     A  strong  leather  half- 
nameofblou  thi  people  of  the  district  boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field-marshal 

,,  ,.v  r.    ,,     ,     fneycBra^l.me.     von  Blucher,  commander  of  the  Prussian  army 

blowy  (bh.  ii,  a.     [<   blow*   +    -.y1.]     Windy;     jn  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon. 

blowze",  * ';.''■)/.   I  Also  spelled  blowse^  blouse.    ^^^^^^^It^AZ^^l 

blouze,  E.  dial,  blawse;  Cf.  blowess.     Origin  un-     less,  in  his  bluchers.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

certain]  It.  A  beggar's  trull;  a  beggar  wench ;  bludgeon  (bluj'on),  n.  [Not  found  before 
'  "eu-  1730  (Bailey);  origin  unknown.     A  plausible 

conjecture  connects  it  with  I),  bludsen,  blutsen, 
bruise,  beat  (parallel  with  butsen  with  same 
meaning:  see  boteli2).  The  E.  word,  if  from 
this  source,  may  have  been  introduced  as  a 
cant  term  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  along 
with  many  other  cant  terms  from  the  I),  which 
never,  or  not  until  much  later,  emerged  in 
literary  use.]  A  heavy  stick,  particularly  one 
with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and  heavier 
than  the  other,  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Anns  were  costly,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  fyrd 
eaaie  equipped  with  bludgeons  and  he, lee  stakes,  which 
could  do  little  to  meet,  the  spear  and  hattle-axe  of  the 
Invader.  ./.  U.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  127. 

blue  (bio),  a.  and  n.  [Early  moil.  E.  reg.  blew, 
blewe,  rarely  blue;  <  ME.  blew,  blewe,  occasion- 
ally bl/uwe,  blue,  blwe,  blu,  bleu,  possibly  <  AS. 

hi, in-    (iii     deriv.     blirireu,    bluish)     for    ^hhiir 

(whence  the  reg.  ME.  bio,  bloo,  mod.  E.  dial. 
blow,  north.  ME.  bla,  blaa,  mod.  north.  E.  and 
Se.  Iilm.  hit  a,  after  the  Sound. :  see  him  |  (cf. 
E.  mew,  <  AS.  mteir,  a  gull);  but  more  prob. 
from,  anil  in  any  ease  merged  with,  OF.  hhu, 
blef,  mod.  F.  hleu'—  l'r.  blau,  fern,  blara  =  <  >Sp. 
hhiro.  Sp.  I'g.  blao  =  It.  hiaro  (obs.  or  dial.) 
mod.  It.  ///»,<  I'',  or  E.  ),<  ML.  bldvus,  bliinns, 
i  Mb;,  blao  (hlair-),  MHG.  bid  (Wow-),  G.  hlan 

Mil.    hlaeinr,    ]>.   hlaauir   =   OFries.    blow   = 
MLO.  bid,  bldw,  blauwc,  L(j.  blau,  blaag,  blue,  = 


Ay.  and  r,  too,  a  trull,  a  blowa  ' 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iv.  l, 
Venus  herself,   the  .picen  of  Cythenai,  ...  is  but  a 
Shirley,  hove  Tricks,  iii.  a. 
2.  A  ruddy,    fat-faced   wench:    a   blowzy  wo- 
man: applied  in  Shakspere  to  an  infant. 

you  are  a  beaut,  oua  U^—oni  sure. 

Sh«k..  'fit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

blowzed  (blouzd),  a.  [<  blowze  +  -ed?.]  Blowzy; 
made  nal.ly  and  coarse-complexioned,  as  by  ex- 
posure to  the  weather;  fat  and  high-colored. 

I  doi  I  hi  ia,  i    trudging  up  to  their 

pew  all  d  icl  with  walking. 

.."th,  \  ii-ar,  x. 
women  blowzed  with  health  and  wind  and  lain. 

/  ■  ...../  on,  la  lie-,  .     o 

blowzing  (bh.u'/.ing),  a.  [<  blowze  +  4ng%.] 
Blowzy;  daunting;  llutTy:  as,  "thai  blou  ing 
wig-  of  hi--,"  ■'.  Baillie. 

blowzy(blou'zi), a.  \\<blowze+ -yl.]  l.Kuddy- 
faced  ;   tat  and  ruddy  :  higli-co, 

A  face  made  blOWZy  bj  I  Old  and  damp. 

e    Eliot,  ~\\;\.  Marner,  xi. 

2.  Disheveled;  unkempt:  as,  /././,.-  .,  hair. 
B.   L.   R.     -\n    abbreviation   of  breech-loading 

,  ,ih  ,,i-  h,-i  i  <  u  loading  riJU  a  :  a  ed  in  th 

uical  description  of  gams. 

In  naval  serviot  /.'   /.  /•'  pins  of  cast-iron,  strengthened 

by  rings,  have  been  employed,  ran.  i 

pounders.  II.  665. 


blue 

AS.  *bldw  (above)  =  Icel.  bldr  =  Sw.  bid  =  Ban. 
blaa,  blue,  livid  (see  Mac);  perhaps  =  li.fldvus, 
yellow  (color-names  being  variable  in  applica- 
tion). Some  of  the  uses  of  blue  originally  be- 
longed to  the  parallel  form  blue  in  the  sense  of 
•livid.' as  in  black  and  blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the 
color  of  the  clear  sky;  of  the  color  of  the 
spectrum  between  wave-lengths  .505  and  .415 
micron,  and  more  especially  .487  to  .460,  or  of 
such  light  mixed  with  white;  azure;  cerulean. 

—  2.  Livid;  lead-colored:  said  of  the  skin  or 
complexion  as  affected  by  cold,  contusion,  or 
fear  (see  blae):  hence  the  phrase  block  and  blue. 
See  black. —  3.  Figuratively,  afflicted  with  low 
spirits ;  despondent ;  depressed ;  hypochondria- 
cal ;  having  the  bines. 

E'en  I  or  you, 
If  we'd  nothing  to  do, 
Should  And  ourselves  looking  remarkably  blue. 

Barha/m,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  10. 

Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedg. 

Disraeli,  Young  Puke.  ii.  5. 

4.  Dismal;  unpromising:  applied  to  things:  as, 
a  blue  lookout.  [Colloq.j  —  5.  Inflexible;  rigid  ; 
strict  in  morals  or  religion  ;  puritanic :  as,  a  blue 
Presbyterian:  often  in  the  form  true  blue  (which 
see,  below). —  6.  [With  ref.  to  blue-stocking,  q. 
v.]     Learned ;  pedantic :  applied  to  women. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  blue  and  well  informed. 

Thackeray. 

7.  Indecent;  obscene:  as,  blue  stories.   [Colloq.] 

—  Black  and  blue.  See  Muck.—  Blue  antelope.  Same 
as  hhiiiirhiik.— Blue  asbestos.  See  crocidolite. — Blue 
ashes,  a  hydrated  basic  copper  carbonate,  prepared  arti- 
ficially. It  is  found  native  ("mountain  hlue  ")  in  Cum- 
berland, England.— Blue   beech.    Same  as  water-beech. 

—  Blue  bindweed,  blood,  bream,  carmine,  clay,  etc. 
See  the  nouns.— Blue  copperas.  Same  as  Muestone.— 
Blue  flesh-fly.  sane  as  bluebottle,  2.-  Blue  funk, .  x- 
treme  nervousness  or  nervous  agitation;  nervous  appre- 
nension  or  dread,— Blue  glass,  glass  colored  with  cobalt 
manganese.— Blue  ground.    Same  as  blue  rock  (bote). 

—  Blue  lake,  a  pigment  similar  to  Antwerp  hlue,—  Blue 
magnetism,  that  which  characterizes  the  south  pole  ol 
amagnet.  Blue  malachite.  See  malachite. — Blue  met- 
al, copper  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  process  of  refining. 

—  Blue  milk,  Monday,  etc.  See  the  nouns.-  Blue 
ocher.  See  ocher. — Blue  pole,  the  south  pole  of  a  mag- 
net.—  Blue  pulp,  a  name  of  various  mixtures  known  to 
calico-printers  and  -dyers,  made  up  of  yellow  prussiate  of 
potash  and  protochlorid  or  hichlorid  of  tin  and  water. — 
Blue  ribbon.  Sec  ribbon. — Blue  rock.  («)  The  name 
in  parts  of  Ireland  of  an  arenaceous  shah*,  (h)  In  Austra- 
lia, the  volcanic  (basaltic)  material  in  places  overlying  the 
Tertiary  auriferous  gravels,  (c)  The  biuish-colored  matrix 
in  which  the  South  African  diamonds  are  often  found  em- 
bedded. It  is  a  kind  of  breccia.— Blue  sand,  a  cobalt 
smalt  used  by  potters  for  painting  hlue  figures  on  pottery. 

—  Blue  shark.  See  shark.—  Blue  verditer.  same  as 
Bremen  t>/m-  (see  below). —Blue  vitriol.  See  vitriol.— 
To  burn  blue,  to  burn  with  a  bluish  dame  like  that  of 
brimstone.— True  blue  [that  is,  genuine,  lasting  hlue: 
blue  being  taken  as  a  type  of  constancy,  and  used  in  this 
and  other  phrases  often  with  an  added  allusion  to  some 
other  sense  of  Kite], constant;  unwavering;  stanch;  ster- 
ling; unflinching;  upright  and  downright:  specifically 
applied  to  the  Scotch  i'rcshyteriaiis  or  whig  party  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  from  the  color  (hlue)  adopted  by  the 
Covenanters  in  contradistinction  to  the  royal  red. 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  of 
natural  ultramarine,  or  a  shade  or  a  tint  re- 
sembling it;  azure.  See  I.,  1. —  2.  A  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  hue.  The  substances  used  as  blue  pig- 
ments are  of  very  different  natures,  ami  derived  from  va- 
rious sources ;  they  are  all  compound  bodies,  some  being 
natural  and  others  artificial.  See  phrases  below. 
3.  Bluing. — 4.  The  sky;  the  atmosphere.  [Po- 
etic] 

I  came  and  sat 
Below  tie-  chestnuts,  w  hen  their  buds 
Were  glistening  in  the  breezy  blue. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

5.  The  sea;  the  deep  sea.  [Poetic]  —  6.  A 
member  of  a  party,  or  of  any  company  of  per- 
sons, which  has  adopted  blue  as  its  distinctive 
color. — 7.  The  heavy  winter  coat  of  the  deer. 
See  phrase  in  (he  blue,  below. —  8.  A  butt,  i  ll\ 
of  the  family  Lijcicnida;  found  in  (Ireat  Britain 
and  other  parts  of  Europe. —  9.  [Short  for  blue- 
Stocking.]     A  pedantic  woman. 

Next  to  a  lady  I  mast  hid  adieu  — 

Whom  some  in  mirth  or  malice  call  a  blue. 

Crabbe. 
Alexandria  blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, composed  of  the  silicates  of  copper  and  lime  Uso 
called  EgypHanblue.  Alizarin  blue,  i'17h,,m>i  acoal- 
tar  color  used  for  dyeing,  pre]. and  by  heating  nitro  aliza- 
rin with  glycerin  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterward  wash- 
ing with  water.  It  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  dark  violet 
pa  o  containing  about  10 per  cent,  of  drj  sui.staaee.  ami  [a 
used  ill  wool  dyeing  and  caliioprilltiiig  in  place  of  indigo. 
under  certain  conditions.     Also  called  anthracene  blue. 

—  Alkali  blue,  in  dyeing,  a  coal-tar  color  used  for  bright- 
blue  shades  on    silk  and    wool,    hut   unsuite.l   for  cotton, 

because  it  will  not  combine  with  acid  mordants.  It  eon- 
sista  essentially  of  th.  sodium  salt  of  monosulphonlc  acid 

..f  losaniline  hlue,  and  U  applied  in  a  slightly  alkaline 
bath  (heme  the  name).  Also  called  fast  blue  and  Quern- 
seu  Mae.  Aniline  blue,  a  generic  name  for  spirit-blue, 
soluble  blue,  and  alkali  hlue.    See  these  terms. —  Ant.lira 


blue 

cnne  blue  Same  as  alizarin  blue.— Antwerp  blue,  a 
Prussian  blue  made  somewhat  lighter  in  , a  by  the  ad- 
dition .if  alumina.  It  is  more  greenish  than  i  russian  blue. 
Also  ,-:.ll.-.l  Haarlem  blue,  mineral  blue.  —  Armenian 
blue  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancients,  probablj  a  native 
ultramarine.  -Azure  blue,  a  name  given  to  various pig- 
ments rach  as  cobalt  blue,  ultramarine,  and  carbonate  of 
copper.— BaBlO  blue,  a.  more  carefully  prepared  spirit- 
blur  of  the  llrst  kind.  See  spirit-blue.  Also  called  opal- 
W.ic-Berlinblue.  Same  as  Prussian  blue,  but  usual  y  a 
little  lighter  in  color.  Also  called  steeWue.— Mackley 
blue  same  as  soluble  blue  (<T).-Bremen  blue,  a  hydrat- 
ed  copper  oxid  formed  by  precipitating  nitrate  of  copper 
with  lime.  It  is  mostly  used  tor  fresco-painting,  and  re- 
tains its  bine  color  under  artificial  light.  Also  called  blue 
mrditer  -Cerulean  blue,  a  pigment  composed  ol  the 
,i\ul.  ,,f  till  and  cobalt.  It  retains  its  blue  color  by  artifi- 
cial light. -Chemie  blue,  a  term  used  by  dyers  for  a  very 
acid  solution  of  indigo  in  sulphuric  acid  which  resembles 
Saxony  blue-China  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  similar  to 
soluble  blue,  used  in  dyeing.- Chinese  blue,  a  pigment 
similar  to  Prussian  blue,  but  when  dry  and  in  a  lump  form 
bavin"  a  peculiar  reddish-bronze  cast,  Its  tints  are  purer 
than  those  of  Prussian  blue.— Cobalt  blue,  a  pure  blue 
tending  toward  cyan-blue  and  of  high  luminosity.  Also 
called  Bungary  blue,  Leithner's  blue,  and  Parts  blue.— 
Coupler's  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.    It  is  a 

spirit-induline,  and  is  the  hydrochlorid  of  som lor-base, 

such  as  tripbenvl-violaniline.  It  yields  a  dark-blue  color 
not  unlike  indigo,  and  can  be  dyed  on  wool,  silk,  and  cot- 
ton   also  called  azodiphenyl,  Elberfeld  blue,  Roubaix  blue. 

—  Cvanineblue  Same  as  Le itch's  blue.— Distilled  blue, 
a  purified  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo.—  Dumont's  blue, 
a  carefully  prepared  smalt  used  by  decorators  of  china. 

—  Eevntian blue.  Some  &s  Alexandria  blue.— Elberfeld 
blue  Same  as  Coupler's  blue.  —  Esehel  blue.  Same  as 
smalt  -Fast  blue.  Same  as  alkali  blue.— Fluorescent 
resorcinal  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  azo-resorufin  in  potash,  adding  bro- 
mine and  precipitating  with  hydrochloric  acid  the  licx- 
abroni-diazo  resoiurtnate,  and  converting  this  into  the  so- 
dium salt  It  dyes  wool  and  silk  a  fast  blue  with  a  red 
fluorescence,  especially  in  artificial  light.  Also  called  re- 
sorcin  blue.— French  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultrama- 
rine (which  sec,  under  ultramarine).—  Gentiana  Blue. 
Same  as  siii rit-blue.  -  Gold  blue,  a  color  similar  to  purple 
ofca-sius.  See  purple.-  Guernsey  blue.  SameasattwA 
blue.—  Gulmet  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultranm 
(which  see,  under  ultramarine).— Haarlem  blue 


599 


as  Ant.e,  ™  w»e.-Humboldt  blue.  Same  as  smrti-blue. 
-  Hungary  blue.  Same  as  cobalt  blue.-  Imperial  blue. 
Same  as  smrit-blue.— Indian  blue.  Same  as  mdigo.— 
Intense  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  refining  mdigo.—  in 
the  blue,  wearing  the  blue  coat,  as  a  deer. 

There  is  a  bluish  shade  observed  on  the  common  deer, 
which  is  so  prevalent  as  to  have  given  the  winter  coat  the 
general  appellation  of  the  blue  among  frontiersmen  and 
hunters,  who  say  the  deer  is  in  the  red  or  the  blue,  as  he 
may  be  in  the  summer  or  the  winter  coat. 

J.  D.  Caton,  Antelope  and  Deer  of  America,  p.  149. 

T  Pitch's  blue  a  compound  of  cobalt  blue  and  Prussian 
Hue     Also  called  euanine  blue.-  Leithner's  blue.    Same 
as  cobalt   Mhc  — Lyons    blue,   one  of  the  commercial 
names  of  spirit-blue.-  Mineral  blue.    Same  as  Antwerp 
Mue.-Monthier's  blue,  a  special  kind  of  Prussian  blue, 
in  the  making  of  which  ammonia  is  used  -Mountain 
blue     Sec  «;««!.•.- Napoleon  blue,  a  blue  color  dyed 
on  silk  by  means  of  basic  ferric  sulphate  and  yellow  pius- 
siate  of  potash,  forming  a  Prussian  blue.    Also  called  Bay- 
„„„„fxM«c- Native  Prussian  blue.  Same  as  blue  other 
< «  hich  see,  under  ochef).—  Navy  blue.    Same  as  soluble 
blue  ('<).—  Nemours  blue,  a  color  produced  m  dyeing,  hy 
first  dyeing  with  sandal-wood  and  afterward  with  indigo, 
giving  a  purple  hue  by  reflected  light,- Neutral  blue, 
a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  the  hydrochlorid  ol  the 
color-base  safranine.    It  is  useful  only  in  dyeing  cotton  — 
New  blue    Same  as  artificial  ultramarine,  or,  in  coal-tar 
colors  same  as  neutral  taw.— Night  blue,   (a)  Same  as 
Victoria  blue,  but  of  a  purer  shade,     (b)  Soluble   blue. 
(c)  Any  blue  that  is  free  from  violet,  and  retains  a  true 
blue  color  in  artificial  light-Paris  blue,    (o)  Same  as 
cobalt  blue,    lb)  A  somewhat  light  shade  of  Prussian  blue. 
—  Parma  blue,  a  spirit-blue  of  the  first  kind,  with  a  de- 
cided violet  tone.- Paste  blue,   (a)  Sulphate  of  indigo. 
CO  Prussian  blue  In  a  pasty  state.— Permanent  blue. 
Same  as  artificial  ultramarine  (which  see,  under  ultra- 
,„„r,»o.- Prussian  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  precipi- 
tating ferric  sulphate  with  yellow  prussiate  of  potash, 
forming  a  ferrocvanide  of  iron.    It  is  a  cyan-blue  like  that 
of  the  spectrum  of  wave-length  .420  micron;  its  chroma  Is 
strong,  but  its  luminosity  is  low.     Sometimes  called  royal 
blue. -Raymond's  blue,    same  as  Napoleon  ''<"''■ -Ke- 
boulleau's  blue,  same  as  Sch  went urth  blue.- Resorcin 
blue      Same   as   fluorescent    resoeeinal   blue.—  Kouoaix 
blue'     Same  as  f»«,»Vr'«  blue.  -Royal  blue.     Same  as 
tmalt     In  dyeing,  Prussian  blue  is  sometimes  so  named. 
—  Sanders  or  saunders  blue,  a  corrupt  name  for  the 
French  cendres  bleues (ultramarine  ashes).— Saxony  blue, 
the  BUlphlndlgotic  acid  of  commerce,  prepared  by  dissolv- 
ing indigo  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  used  tor 
dyeing  on  wool  and  silk.    It  is  brighter  in  color  than  that 
obtained  from  the  indigo-vat,  but  is  not  so  fast  either  to 
light  or  to  the  action  of  soap.  —  Schweinfurth  blue,  a 
pigment  made  by  fusing  together  copper  arseniatc,  potas- 
sium arseniate,  and  niter.    The  product  soon  turns  blue 
when  mixed  with  oil.    Also  called  Reboulleaus  blue.— 
Soluble  blue.    («)  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  ob- 
tained by  heating  a  spirit-blue  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
the  product  with  oxalic  acid.    Such  blues  arc  soluble  in 
water,  in  distinction  from  the  spirit-blues,  which  arc  solu- 
ble only  in  alcohol.     Also  called   Itlackleit  blue,    (u)  A 
Prussian  blue  to  which  has  been  added  an  excess  of  prus- 
siate of  potash.     Also  called  ball-blue,  navy  blue.— The 
blues     (a)  [Contraction   for  blue-devUs.]     Low  spirits; 
melancholy;  despondency;  hypochondria.     See  Ifae-dev- 
Us.    (6)  [cap.]  The  name  popularly  given  to  the  Engllsn 
regiment  properly  called  the  Royal  Horse  Guards,  or  Ox- 
ford nines,  first  mustered  in  Mil,  and  so  called  from  their 
blue  uniforms.— To  be  a  blue,  to  have  won  ones  blue 
(which  see,  below).    (Eng.l— To  win  one's  blue,  to  lie 
chosen  to  represent  a  university  (Oxford  or  Cambridge)  OT 
school  (Harrow  or  Etou)  in  athletic  contests :  from  the 


distinctive  colors  (dark  blue  for  Oxford  «ndB*n0W,«*a 
light  bine  for  Cambridge  and  Eton)  adopted  by  students 
at  those  institutions.  I  Bng.]  -  Ultramarine  blue.  See 
uMramarin<s.-Vat-blue.  Same  as  indigo-blue.  -  Vic- 
toria blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.     It  is  a  it.u  k- 

blue  powder  soluble  in  water 1  can  be  dyed  on  wool. 

silk,    or   cotton.- Violet-blue,    a    blue    tending    toward 

uoiot,  th lor  "f  the  spectrum  between  wave-lengths 

lco  to  .415  micron,  or  of  such  light  mixed  with  white. 
Wine-blue,  oenocyan,  used  as  a  coloring  matter  tor  rcu 

blue  (Wo),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blued,  ppr.  bluing. 
[<  blue,  it.']  I.  trans.  To  make  blue;  dye  a 
blue  color;  color  with  bluing;  make  blue  by 
heating,  as  metals,  etc. 

II. t  intrans.  To  blush. 
blueback   (blo'bak),   n.      1.   A  local  English 
name  (cm-rent  in  Yorkshire)  of  the  coal-fish,  in 
allusion  to  the  bluish  color  of  the  back.— 2. 
The  blue-backed  salmon  or  nerka,  Oncorhynchus 
nerka,  known  in  Idaho  as  the  red-fish.—  3.  In 
Maryland   and  Virginia,   the  glut-herring ;   a 
herring-like  fish,  Clupea  aestivalis,  without  vo- 
merine or  palatine  teeth,  with  the  lower  jaw 
projecting  but  little,  and  the  peritoneum  black- 
ish.'    It  is  much  like  the  alewife,  but  of  less 
value.— 4.  A  local  name  in  Maine  of  the  blue- 
backed  trout,  Salvelinus  oquansa. 
bluebell  (blo'bel),  n.      The  popular  name   of 
several  different  plants:    (a)    In  Scotland,   ot 
I 'ampanula  rotundifolia,  a  plant  bearing  a  loose 
panicle  of  blue  bell-shaped  flowers.    See  hare- 
bell.    (It)  In  England,  of  StiUa  nutans,  the  wild 
hyacinth,  from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flow- 
ers,    (c)  Of  the  grape-hyacinth,  Museari  botry- 
oides.     ('/)  Occasionally,  of  other  plants  with 
Muo  bell-shaped  flowers. 

blueberry  (blo'ber"i),  «.;  pi.  blueberries  (-iz). 
[<  blue  +  berry*.  Ct.  blaeberry.']  In  America: 
(«)  The  fruit  of  several  species  of  Vaccintum, 
ordinarily  distinguished  from  the  various  kinds 
of  huckleberry  by  its  blue  color  and  smaller 
seeds.  The  swamp  or  tall  blueberry  is  the  (  ac- 
tinium corymbosum;  the  low  blueberry,  I .  vacil- 
lans;  and  the  dwarf  blueberry,  V.  Pemisyl- 
vanicum.  See  bilberry,  (b)  Another  name  ot 
the  cohosh,  Caulophyttwm  thalictroides. 
bluebill  (blo'bil),  n.  A  scaup  duck;  the  black- 
head (which  see). 

blue-billy  (blo'biFi),  n.  [<  blue  +  My,  per- 
haps the  proper  name  Billy  used  familiarly,  as 
in  other  instances:  see  bill yl.  billy-.]  In  metal, 
the  residuum  from  pyrites,  roasted  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  sulphuric  acid,  or  for  the  extrac- 
tion in  the  moist  way  of  the  copper  which  it 
contains.  This  residuum,  consisting  mainly  of  peroxid 
of  iron,  is  largely  used  as  fettling  in  the  puddlmg-fur- 
tea  in  parts  of  England. 

bluebird  (blo'berd),  ».  [In  17th  century,  Men- 
bird.]  1.  An  American  oscme  passerine  bird, 
of  the  genus  Sialia,  of  which  blue  is  the  chief 
color.  There  are  several  species.  The  common  or  \\  il- 
son's  bluebird,  Sialia  sialis.  inhabits  eastern  North  Amer- 
ica It  is  about  M,  inches  long,  blue  above  and  dull-red- 
dish and  white  below.  In  most  parts  of  the  I  nited  Stati  s 
it  is  a  harbinger  of  spring,  coming  with  a  melodious  song. 
It  nests  ill  holes,  and  lays  plain  pale-bluish  eggs.  The 
western  or  Mexican  bluebird,  S.  memcana.is  wry  similar, 
but  has  a  reddish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  throat  blue. 
The  arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  bluebird,  S.  arcttca,  is  a 
larger  species,  of  a  paler  blue  than  the  others,  fading  into 
white  below,  without  any  red. 

2.  Some  other  bird  of  a  blue  color:  as,  the 
fairy  bluebird  of  Java,  Irene  turcosa. 
blue-black  (bl6 '  blak),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Ot  a 
bluish-black  color. 

II    n.    1.   A  name  of  ivory-black,  from  its 
bluish  hue  ;  a  color  resembling  ivory-black.— 
2     A  well-burnt  and  levigated  charcoal  pre- 
pared from  vine-twigs.    Also  called  vine-black. 
blueblawt   (blo'bla),   n.      [Also  written  blu* 
bloti;  early  mod.  E.  blewblaw,  <  blew,  blue,  + 
*blctw  appar.  a  varied  form  of  blue  or  blae  (ME. 
Ha,  etc.),  later  modified  to  blow.]   An  old  name 
of  the  bluebottle  Centaurea  Oyanus. 
blue-blazer  (blB'bla'zer),  «.    A  sweetened  and 
flavored   drink  made   of   Scotch  whisky   and 
water  mixed,  after  being  set  on  fire,  by  pour- 
in.' back  and  forth  between  two  mugs. 
blue-blind  (blo'blind),  a.     Unable  to  distin- 
guish the  color  blue  from  other  colors. 

From  the  rarity  and.  in  many  cases,  the  entire  absence 
,,f  reference  to  blue  in  ancient  literature,  Geiger  .  .  . 
has  maintained  that,  even  as  recently  as  the  time  of  Ho- 
mer, our  ancestors  were  blue-blind.  .....  ,m 

Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  200. 


bluefish 
from  the  color  of  their  bonnets;  also,  any  Scotch- 
man :  generally  as  two  words.     Also  bluecap. 
England  shall  many  a  day 

Tellofthebl ly  tray 

When  the  111  tie  lion  ml:,  came  over  the  Holder. 

Scott,  Ballad,  Monastery,  xxv. 

bluebottle  (bl«'bot"l),  re.    [In  def.  1  with  ref. 

to  the  blue  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in  a 
bottle-shaped  involucre  or  whorl.]  1.  In  hot., 
Cinliturtn  fi/nnus,  a  composite  plant,  a  weed  m 
Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament  in  America. 
Also  called  bluebonnet and  bluecap.— 2.  tneool., 

a  dipterous  insect  with  ;i  blue  abdomen,  ot  the 
family  Mustida  and  genus  Musca,  <  ir  <  'alliphora. 
Also  popularly  called  beef-eater  and  blueflesh-fly. 
Under  the  term  bluebottle  at  least  two  species  are  in- 
cluded [in  England  1,  namely,  Musca  vonutoria  and  M. 
erythrocephala.  The,  both  have  the  under  surfaceo  the 
1,,-ad  red.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  n 

3.  A  policeman,  a  beadle,  or  other  officer  wear- 
ing a  blue  dress.     [Slang.] 
bluebreast  (blb'brest),  n.    Same  as  bluefhroat. 
bluebuck  (blo'buk),  u.    [Tr.  of  D.  blauwbok.  ] 

Same  as  bhnncbnk. 
bluebush  (blB'bush),  n.    A  Mexican  shrub,  Ce- 
anothus  azureus,  with  abundant  blue  flowers. 
bluebuttons  (blo'buf'onz),  n.     Same  as  blue- 
cttti,  :s  la).  .  ,        „ 

bluecap  (blO'kap),  ».  1-  A  fish  said  to  ,.■  ol 
the  salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 
Imp  Diet.— 2.  Same  as  bluebonnet,  l.—  S.  in 
boi  :  (a)  Some  blue-flowered  species  of  Srabi- 
osa,  as  S.  suetisa  and  S.  arvengis.  (6)  The  blue- 
bottle, Centaurea  Oyanus.— 4.  Same  as  blue- 
bonnet, 3.  .. 

A  thousand  blue-caps  more.  Sliak.,  1  Hen.  lv .,  u.  4. 
5  i„  coalmining,  a  blue  or  brownish  halo 
around  the  flame  of  the  safety-lamp,  indicat- 
ing the  presence  of  a  dangerous  quantity  ot 
liiv-dainp.  , 

bluecoat  (blo'kot),  n.  A  person  who  wears  a 
blue  coat,  especially  as  a  uniform  or  livery. 
Specifically -(a)  A  serving-man,  especially  in  the  bouse 
of  an  English  country  gentleman,  ihe  blue  coat  and 
badge  v  ere  formerly  the  common  livery  of  all  the  male  ser- 
vants and  attendants  in  a  large  establishment.  (MA  sot 
dm  in  the  army  of  the  United  States.- Bluecoat  boy  a 
pupil  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  a  foundation  dating 
from  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  the  beneficiaries  of  winch, 
who  are  young  boys,  still  wear  the  dress  common  to  boys 
at  that  time,  or  a  slight  modification  of  it,  consisting  o  a 
long  blue  coat  girded  with  a  leather  belt,  knee-breeches 
yellow  stockings,  and  low  shoes.  Their  head-dress  is  what 
is  called  a  muffin-cap  (which  see),  but  generally  they  wear 
no  caps,  even  in  the  coldest  weather. 

blue-cod  (blo'kod),  n.     A  choroid  fish,  Opteo- 
donelongatus,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  Lmte.l 
States,  better  known  as  cultus-cod. 
blue-creeper  (blo'kre"per),  n.    Agraceful twin- 
ing plant  of  Tasmania,   Comesperma  volubile, 
natural  order  Polygalacea,   bearing  an  abun- 
dance of  bright-blue  flowers. 
blue-curls  (blO'kerlz),  re.     A  low  labiate  plant 
of  the  United  States,  Trichostema  dicliotomum, 
with  blue  flowers  and  very  long  coiled  fila- 
ments. ,      ,._       , , 
blue-devils  (blo'dev'lz),  n.  pi.    [See  blue,  a., 
3  i.]     1.  Low  spirits;  depression  ot  mind.— 
2.   [With  allusion  to  the  apparitions  of  such 
delirium.]     Delirium  tremens. 
blue-disease  (blo'di-zez"),  "•   Same  as  cyanosis. 
blue-eyed  (blS'id),  a.    Having  blue  eyes :  as, 
"the  blue-eyed  Norseman,"  Longfellow,    labs 
of  a  Wayside  Inn.— Blue-eyed  grass,  in  hot.,  the 
nam.'  in  the  United  States  of  species  of  Sisynnchmm.— 
Rlue-eved  Marv   the  name  of  a  boragmaceous  plant, 
Omplatl.^s^m:  of  Europe,  with  small  blue  Bowers, 
resembling  the  forget-me-not.  . 
bluefin    (blo'fin),    n.     A   local   name   in   the 
United  States  of  the  lake-herring  orwnitensD 
of  Lake  Michigan,  Coregonus  nigripinnis.    See 
Cisco.                                 '             ,  . 
bluefish  (blo'fish),  re.     1.  The  usual  name  oi  a 
fish  of  the  family  Fomatomida;  the  Pomatomus 
saltatrix,  also  called  tailor,  skipjack,  blu<  -snap- 
per, and  green-fish.    It  is  of  compressed  subfusiform 
shape,  greenish  oi-  bluish  above  and  silvery  below.     It 


hlueblowt,  n.     Seeblueblaw. 

bluebonnet  (bW'bon'et),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
the  blue  titmouse,  Parus  carnleus.  Also  called 
bluecap.  Macgimeray.—  Z.  In  bot.,  same  as 
bluebottle,  1.—  3.  A  name  given  to  the  soldiery 
of  Scotland  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom, 


Bluefish  tPomatamits  saltatrix). 

(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

sometimes  attains  a  length  of  about  3  feet,  though  it  is 
usually  much  smaller.  It  is  common  111 manj  seas, but ;a 
best  known  along  the  Atlantic  coast  oi  the  (Jnited  States 
Its  teeth  are  small  but  trenchant,  and  the  flsh  «  exceed- 
ingly ravenous  and  destructive  to  other  flshes.  It  afforda 
excellent  sport,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 


84. 


tf,iuift/'Siin^s,''ll''',n,l  blue-mold  (blo'mold),  n.    A  common  minute  blue-rock  (blo'rok),  n.     A  popular  name  of  the 


bluefish 

2.  An  occasional  (New  England)  name  of  the  blue^leg  (blS'leg),  «. 
common  cunner,   Ctenolabrlts  adspersus.     See 

i-iiitmr. —  3.  A  Californian  seuenoid  fish,  <'iim>- 
scion  parmpinne,  related  to  the  weakfish  of  the 

n,   riiit.il  states.— 4.   A  pimelepteroid 

lisli  .,1'  tin     I': oast  of  the  I'nite. I  States. 

<;,,-,  v,  of  a  bluish-brown  color,  with 

tricuspid  incisors  in  tin  outer  row,  and  a  band 

of  smaller  teeth   within.— 5.   A   West   In.liau  blueling(bl,viing),».   [<hlue  +  -ling1.]  A  small 

and  Floridian  labroid  fish,  Platyglossusradiatus,     imttevtly  of  tlie  genus  Pnli/omniatus  or  Lyetena, 

witli  9 dorsal  spines,  cheeks  and  opercles  naked,     notable  for  its  blue  color. 

andwell-ilevelopeil  posterior  eauines.    The  adult  bluely  (blS'li), adv.    With  a  blue  color.     Swift. 

,    i  with  a  longitudinal  band  on  the  anal  fln  and  ^Jug-mantle  (bio 'man'tl),  n.     The  title  of  one 

a  blue  margin  on  the  dorsal  f  {h     English  pursuivants-at-arms.     The  office 

blue-glede  (bl8  gled),  ».    An  English  name  oi     j^"^^  elthe^  Dy  Edward  In.  or  by  Henry  v.,  and 

the  ring-tailed  harrier,   Circus  eyaneus.     Also     named  m  aiiusta,,  to  the  robes  oi  the  order  of  the  Garter, 

Called  blue-kite  and  bUie-hawk.  or,  as  some  suppose,  to  the  color  of  the  arms  of  France. 

blue-gown  (blS'eoun  ),  ».    One  of  a  former  order  blue-mass  (blb'mas),  «.     A  drug  made  liy  rub- 

of  paupers  in  Scotland,  also  called  the  kin^s     bing  up  metallic  mercury  with  confection  of 
men,  to  whom  the  king  annually  distrib-    roses  until  all  the  globules  disappear,     Of  this 

lit.  d  certain  alms  on  condition  of  their  praying     blue-pills  are  made. 

for  his  welfare.    Their  number  was  equal  tothenum-  blue-metal  (blo'mefal),  n.    See  Hue  metal,  un- 

ber  ol  years  the  king  had  lived.    The  alms  consisted  of  a     ,!,-,,■  metal. 

blue  gown  or  cloak,  a  pur.-.-  i  om 

Scots  i  ling)  as  the  year 

;,  badgi  l)i  .i  i"-  thi   word  i  '   Pass  and  repass,'  »  hi.  h  pro 

tected  them  from  all  laws  against  mendii  Ity.    Ed hil- 

tree,  in  Sir  u    Scott's  novel  "The  Antiquary,"  is  a  type  of 

tl,    clas       The  practiced  appointing  beadsmen  was  dis- 
continued in  183  '■ 
blue-grass  (blo'gras),  ».     [<  blue  +  grass.     Cf. 

[eel.  bld-gras   {Geranium  pratense).\    In  hot., 

the  name  of  several  species  of  Poa.    The  blue- 
of  England  is  /•.  compressa  ;  of  Kentucky,  P.  pro- 

tensis,  highly  valued  in  the  United  states  for  pasturage 

and  hay  ;  and  of  Texas,  /'.  arachmfera.    The  red-topped 

blue-grass  of  Montana  and  westward  is  P.  tenuifolia.— 

Blue-grass  region.    See  grass. 
blue-gum  (blo'gum),  ».     1.  In  pathol.,  a  blue 

coloration  of  the  free  edge  of  the  gums,  fre- 
quent in  cases  of  lead-poisoning. —  2.  The  blue- 
gum  tree.  — Blue-gum  tree,  the  Eucalyptus  globulus, 

an  Important  tree  of  Australia,  of  extremely  rapid  growth, 

nil  i  known  to  have  attained  a  height  of  350  feet.    It  is 

reputed  t,.  be  a  preventive  of  malaria,  and  is  now  largely 

planted  in  California  and  other  countries.    Its  leaves  are 

odoriferous  when  bruised,  and  are  used  as  a  febrifuge. 
blue-hafit    (blo'haf'it),    n.      A   local   Scotch 

name  of  the  bird  better  known  as  the  hedge- 
chanter,  Accentor  nodularis.     See  cut  under 

Accentor. 
blue-hawk  (blo'hak),  n.    1.  Same  as  blue-glede. 

—  2.  The  adult  peregrine  falcon,    Falco  pere- 

grinus. — 3.  The  American  goshawk,  Asturatrir 
II  us. 
blue-hearts  (blo'harts),  n.   The  common  name 

of  Jin, ■Inn  r«  Ann  rieana,  natural  order  Scrophu- 

tariaciir,  a   perennial  herb  with  deep-purple 

flowers, 
blue-hot  (blo'hot),  a.     Blue  with  heat:  said  of 


bluet 

n.     A  pill  made  from  blue- 

n.      The    common    lilac. 


600 

[A  sportive  adaptation  blue-pill  (blo'pil'), 
of  bliu-sh Hiking, n.  J    A  blue-stocking;  a  literary     mass, 
person.  blue-pipe    (blii'pip) 

When  Madame  de  StaSl  resided  at  Coppet,  it  was iher    Bay. 

custom  t n.   t  around  her  in  the  evening  a  circle  of  blue-pod  (bio  pod\  h.     Ihe  name  in  California 

literati,  tit.  blue  legs  of  Geneva,  by  someone  of  whom  an     0f  species  of  Godetia,  natural  order  Onagraceas 
essay,  a  disquisition,  or  a  portion  of  a  work  in  progress, 
was  frequently  read  aloud  to  entertain  the  rest. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  i. 


of  species 

noxious  weeds,  with  showy  purple  flowers. 

blue-poker  (blii'po'kerl,  it.  The  pochard,  Fn- 
lignln  (or  Aijtlnja)  ftriint.  See  jmelinrtl.  [Lo- 
cal in  Great  Britain.] 

blue-pot  (blo'pot),  it.  A  black-lead  crucible 
made  of  a  mixture  of  coarse  plumbago  and  clay. 

blue-pox  (blo'poks),  v.    Malignant  pustule. 

blue-print  (blo'print),  n.  An  impression  pro- 
duced by  blue-printing. 

blue-printing  (blB'prin'ting),  n.  A  method  of 
photo-printing  by  the  agency  of  paper  sensi- 
tized with  ferroprussiate  of  potash.  See  blue- 
papt  r. 

blue-racer  (blo'ra"ser),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
western  United  States  of  a  variety  of  the  com- 
mon black-snake,  Bascanion  constrictor  Jlari- 
ventris. 


fungus,  I'citirillitim  crustaceum,  of  bluish  or 
greenish  color, 
found  on  moldy 
bread  and  a 
large  number 
of  foods  and 
other  substan- 
ces. The  myceU- 
mu  or  spawn  sends 
up  numerous  slen- 
der filaments  or  hy- 
phse,  which  branch 
at  the  top  and  bear 
chains  of  repro- 
ductive cells  or  co- 
nidia.  In  rare  cases 
spores  are  pro- 
duced in  asci. 

blueness  (bl8'- 
nes),  re.  [<  blue 
+  -ness.']  The 
quality  of  be- 
ing blue  in  any 
sense. 

blue-nose  (blO'noz),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia:  a  colloquial  designation,  in  allusion 
either  to  the  hue  given  to  the  noses  of  its  in- 
habitants by  its  severe  winter,  or  to  a  kind  of 
potato  so  named  which  is  largely  produced 
there.    Halliburton. — 2.  A  Nova  Scotian  vessel. 

blue-ointment  (blo'omt*ment),  n.  Mercurial 
ointment. 

blue-paidle  (blo'pa/dl),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of 
the  lumpsucker. 


Penicillium    crustaceum), 
chains  of  conidia,    highly 


a  beulv  at  so  high  a  temperature  that  the  more  blue-paper  (blo'pa"per)  n.    Paper  sensitive  to 


refrangible  rays,  that  is,  the  blue  and  violet, 
preponderate  iii  its  total  radiation,  so  that  the 
light  it  emits  appears  iilue. 

blueing,  n.     See  bluing. 

blue-jack  (blo'jak),  «.  A  species  of  oak,  Quer- 
ent rim  n  ".  a  small  tree  with  hard,  strong,  and 
heavy  wood,  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  south- 
ern 1   l.lte.l  States. 

blue-jacket  (bir.'jaket),  h.    1.  In  the  navalser- 
vice,  a  sailor  as  distinguished  from  a  marine: 
,11. -.1   from  the  color  of  his  jacket. —  2.  A 
name  given  in  the  I'nited  States  to   hymenop- 
terous  insects  ol  the  family  SpliegidOS.    The  pre- 
dominant color  is  blue.   The  best-Known  are  the  Pelopceus 
,i  northern  species,  and  the  Chlorion  cyaneum, 
whose  ran  e  .    mon   to  the  south.     Both  are  known  un- 
der the  collective  name  of  mud-daubers.    Sec  cuts  under 
and  mud-dauber, 
blue-john  ».    The  local  name  in  Der- 

byshire. England,  of  a  blue  variety  of  fluor- 
spar. 

a  name  given  by  the  n ra  who  Hi  I 

,,  to  a  variety  ..t  tluor  spar.  In  order  to  diatin 

gnish  it  from  Black  .lack,  which  is  at i  zinc. 

\ll,  :,..... 

bluejoint-grassfblb'.ioint-gias),  n.  A  common 
nam.-  in  the  United  States  of  two  stout  bluish- 
gten  alamagrostis)  Ca- 

nadensis, and,  west  of  the  Rock}    Mom 
Igropyrum  qlau* 

blue-kite  >  i.l.'Kii  ,.  n.    Same  -,, 

blue-laid   ■  i  -making,  h-.w  Lng 

a  Line  i ,  i  pers. 

blue-laws  (bl8'14z),  n.  pi.     A   supposititious 

e.,de  of  sever,-  laws  tot  the  legidalioii   of   re 

Ipei  oi  d  conduct  in  the  colonies  of  blue-pie  (blB'pi) 


light,  prepared  by  floating  white  paper  on  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide.  It  is  used 
for  copying  maps  and  plans,  printing  photographic  nega- 
tives, etc.  After  exposure  to  light  during  a  proper  inter- 
val beneath  the  subject  to  be  reproduced,  the  print  is 
finished  by  immersion  in  several  changes  of  clean  water, 
which  diss. .Ives  from  the  paper  that  part  of  the  ferro- 
prussiate which  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  light,  and 
brines  out  a  tine  blue  color  in  place  of  the  original  dull 
gray  or  greenish  color  in  these  portions  of  the  surface 
which  have  been  affected,  failed  in  the  trade  blue  pro- 
cess paper. 

blue-perch  (blo'perch),  «.  1.  A  local  name  of 
the  common  New  England  dinner,  Ctenoldbrus 
adspersus.  See  cut  under  cuumr. — 2.  A  Cali- 
fornian  embiotocoid  lish,  Ditrtiua  Infertile,  a 
kind  of  surf-fish. 

blue-peter  (blo'pe'ter),  n.  [<  blue  +  peter, 
orig.    repeater : 


see  peter,  re- 
in nil  r.  \  Naut.,s 
blue  Hag  having 
a  white  square 
in  the  center, 
hoisted  at  the 
i,.re  royalmast- 

head  Of  mer- 
chant vessels  as 
a  signal  thai  lie- 
ship  is  read}  to 
sail,  to  recall 
boats,  etc. 

\  large  brand-new  red  ensign  pulling  in  rich  colorat 
ill,  halllardf  al  the  peak,  and  blue  Peter  lazily  fluttering 
above  the  fore-royal  yard 

W.  C.  Russell,  A  strange  Voyage,  h 

( die   of    the    species   of 


Bluc-pctcr. 


Connecticut' and  New  Haven  ;  hence,  an  j  rigid     Asiatic  jays  ofthe  genus  Urocissa. 
Sunday  la  ws  or  r.  n     ,    ..    blue-pigeon   (blb'pi.j'on),   n.    A  name  for  a 

hat     sounoing-lead. 

I  l.l./pik  I.    n.      A    local    name    in  the 
States  of  the  wall-eyed  pike-perch,  SU- 

:ostedion  (or  Lueiopereu)  oitrt  vim. 


tl.ill  l.v  seine  who  i  .  ii"    i, in,    law-  nas       souilllnlg-l 

no  other  basis  than  I   eadopl  i  first  authoritl,    ol  blue-Dike 
ii„   [Jew  Haven  colon}  ol  I                                                   ,  •    (f»  ,  Sl. 

law  and  trlct  application  of  Mosaic     u"     "  '    ' 


commonest  variety  of  domestic  pigeon,  Colum- 
ba  1 1  na,  of  a  bluish  color,  with  two  black  bands 
on  the  wings. 

blue-ruin  (bl6'ro"in),  n.  A  cant  name  for  gin, 
rum,  etc.,  especially  when  bad. 

bluesides  (blo'sidz),  «.  A  half-grown  harp- 
seal,  Phoca  ijrn  iiiniiiiien. 

blue-snapper  (blo'snap"er),  n.  A  local  name 
in  Massachusetts  of  the  bluefish,  Pomatum  us 
saltatrix. 

blue-spar  (blo'spar),  ».     Azure-spar;  lazulite. 

bluestart  (blo'start),  n.  [<  blue  +  start",  tail; 
=  G.  blauster-.  Cf.  redstart  =  G.  rothstere.'] 
A  name  of  the  blue-tailed  warbler,  Ianthia  cy- 
a  intra. 

blue-stem  (blo'stem),  ».  The  name  of  some 
coarse  but  useful  grasses  in  the  United  States, 
chiefly  Andropogon  fureatus  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Agrqpyrwm  glaueitm  further 
westward. 

blue-stocking  (bl6'stok"ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  u. 
Wearing  blue  stockings;  specifically,  wearing 
blue  or  gray  worsted  stockings,  as  opposed  to 
those  of  black  silk  worn  in  court  or  ceremonial 
dress ;  hence,  not  in  full  dress ;  in  plain  dress. 
lei  Appli- id  t..  tie-  Little  Parliament  of  lo-'..'*. 

That  Blew-stocking  Parliament,  Barebone  Parliament,  a 
cempaiiie  of  fellowes  called  togeather  by  Cromwell. 
Sir  J.  Bramston,  Autobiog.  (ed.  1846),  p.  89.  (-Y.  K  /',) 
(b)  Applied  to  assemblies  held  iii  London  about  1750  at 
the  houses  of  Mrs.  Montague  ami  ..ther  ladies,  in  win.  li 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  enjoyments 
were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip,  and  which  were 
characterized  by  a  studied  plainness  of  dress  on  the  part 
of  some  of  the  guests.  Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin 
stillinetlect.  who  always  were  blue  stockings,  and  in  ref- 
erence to  wli.ini,  especially,  the  coterie  was  .ailed  in  de- 
rision the  "  Blue-stocking  society  "  or  the  "  Blue-stocking 
(Tub,"  and  the  members,  especially  the  ladies,  "  blue- 
st, ickingcrs."  "blue-stocking  ladies, "  and  later  simply 
"blue-stockings"  or  "blues." 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  "Bine-stocking 
Club,"  especially  a  woman  (see  above);  b\  ex- 
tension, any  woman  with  a  taste  for  learning  or 
literature;  a  literary  woman:  originally  used 
in  derision  or  contempt,  and  implying  a  neglect 
on  the  part  of  such  women  of  their  domestic 
duties  or  a  departure  from  their  "proper 
sphere";  now  hardly  used  except  historically  or 
humorously. —  2.  A  name  of  the  American  avo- 

set,  Becurvirostra  americana.  See  avoset.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

blue-stockingism  (bl8'stok'ing-izm),  ».  [< 
bluestocking  +  -ism.]  The  character,  manner, 
or  habits  of  a  blue-stocking;  female  learning 
or  pedantry. 

blue-Stone  (bh'i'ston).  ».  1.  Sulphate  of  cop- 
per, or  blue  vitriol.  Also  called  blue  eopperas. 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  a  more  or  less  argilla- 

, us   sandstone    of    bluish    color,  extensively 

quarried  at  various  points   along  the  Hudson 

river,  and  used  for  building  purposes  and  [or 
flagging.     Most  "f  the  quarries  of  tins  rock  arc  in  the 

fewer  Silurian  (Hudson  river  group),  lint  the  important 
ones  at   Maiden  are  in  the  Devonian  (lower  part  of  the 
Portage  group).    |  In  this  sense  commonly  as  one  word.] 
bluet  (blb'et),  n.    [(1)  <  ME.  bluett,  blouet,  <  F. 
(OK.)  blitette,  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  prop.  fern. 

dim.  otbleu,  blue.  (2)  Also  blewet,  blewit,  <  F. 
bluet,   "blew-blaw,    blew-bottle,    corn-flower, 

hurt-sickle"    (Cot grave),    mase.    dim.    of   bleu, 

blue:  see  blue  and-et.]  It.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth  of  a  bluish  color.  — 2.  In  but.,  a  name 
given  to  several    plants  with  blue  flowers:  (a) 

to  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cyanus;  (6)  in  the 
i  in led  states,  to  Soustonia  (formerly  Olden- 

Iniiiliiit  earitlea  ;  (c)  to  a  species  of  bilberry. — 


bluet 

3.  In  ormth.,  a  humming-bird  of  the  subgenus 
Basil  inna,  as  the  Mexican  It.  leucotis,  or  the  Cali- 
fornian  B.  xantusi,  one  of  the  queen-hummers. 

bluetail  (blo'tal),  n.  An  American  lizard  of 
the  family  Scineidce,  Eumeces  quinque-lini  aius 
or  faseialns,  with  a  blue  tail,  inhabiting  the 
southern  and  middle  United  States.  It  is  the 
most  northern  species  of  the  genus. 

bluetangle  (blo'tang"gl),  ft.  The  blue  huckle- 
berry of  the    Cnited   Stales,  (iai/lussaeia  j'ron 

dosa.    Also  called  dangleberry. 
bluethroat   (blo'throt),  ».     A  small  sylviine 
bird  of  the  genus  Cyauecula,  inhabiting  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia,  and  occasionally  found 


Bluethroat  (Cya 


also  in  Alaska ;  a  kind  of  redstart  or  red- 
tailed  warbler,  having  a  spot  of  rich  blue  on 
the  throat.  There  are  two  species  or  varieties, 
C.  suecica  and  C.  wolf.  Also  called  bluebreast 
and  blue-throated  redstart. 

blueweed  (blS'wed),  n.  The  viper's  bugloss, 
Keliiiait  vulgare,  a  foreign  weed  with  showy 
blue  flowers  which  has  been  introduced  into 
the  United  States. 

bluewing  (blo'wing),  ».  The  blue-winged  teal 
of  North  America,  Querquedula  diseors,  a  very 
common  small  duck  with  blue  wing-coverts, 
much  esteemed  for  the  table.  See  cut  under 
teal 

bluewood  (blo'wud),  ft.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
Condalia  obovata,  of  the  natural  order  Ehamna- 
cecc,  found  iu  Texas  and  westward,  often  form- 
ing dense  chaparral  or  thickets.  It  makes  an 
effective  hedge.  The  wood  is  hard  and  very  heavy,  of  a 
light-red  color,  and  the  berries  are  edible. 

bluey  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blue  +  -y1.]  Somewhat 
blue;  bluish.     Southey. 

bluff1  (bluf),  a.  and  it.  [Origin  unknown;  per- 
haps connected  with  MD.  blaf  (Kilian),  flat, 
broad,  as  in  blaf  aensicht,  a  broad  flat  face,  blaf- 
faert,  one  who  has  a  flat  broad  face,  a  coin  with 
a  blank  face  (see  blaffert)  (also  a  boaster,  but 
in  tliis  sense  prob.  a  different  word,  equiv.  to 
mod.  D.  blaffer,  <  blaffen,  bark,  yelp:  see  blaff). 
The  suggested  D.  origin  is  favored  by  the  nau- 
tical associations  of  the  word.  There  is  prob. 
no  connection  with  bluff2.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  or 
presenting  a  broad,  flattened  front,  as  a  ship 
witli  broad  bows  and  nearly  vertical  stem. —  2. 
Rising  abruptly  and  boldly,  as  a  high  bank  on 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or  river ;  presenting  a 
boltl  and  nearly  perpendicular  front,  as  a  coast- 
line or  a  range  of  low  hills. 

The  roek  Tabra,  a  bluff,  peninsular  prominence  that  juts 
out  from  the  bottom  of  the  cliff. 

A  tkins.  Voyage  to  Guinea,  p.  102. 
3.  Broad  and  full :  specially  applied  to  a  full 
countenance,  indicative  of  frankness  and  good 
humor. 

His  broad,  bright  eye,  atid  bluff  face,  .  .  .  like  the  sun 
on  frost-work,  melted  down  displeasure.       //.  S.  Riddell. 

Hence  —  4.  Rough  and  hearty  ;  plain  and  frank; 
somewhat  abrupt  and  unconventional  in  man- 
ner. 

Bluff  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 
In  ripeness  of  mind  and  bluff  heartiness  of  expression, 
he  [Dryden]  takes  rank  with  the  best. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 
5.  Blustering;  pompous;  surly  ;  churlish.  [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

A  pert  or  bluff  important  wight.  Armstrong,  Taste. 

To  stand  bluff  t,  to  stand  firm  or  stiff.    X.  E.  D. 

II.  u.   [First  used  in  the  American  colonies 
in  the  18th  century.]   A  bill,  bank,  or  headland 


601 

with  a  steep,  broad  face;  a  high  bank  present- 
ing a  steep  or  nearly  perpendicular  front, 
especially  one  on  the  shore  of  a  sea.  lake,  or 
river;  also,  u  steep  rise  between  bottom-land 
and  a  higher  table-hind. 

Beach,  bluff,  and  wave,  adieu  1  Wkittier. 

Bound  tin-  hills  from  bluff  to  bluff. 

Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

bluff2  (bluf),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  bluft,  blindfold; 
origin  uncertain,  perhaps  from  two  or  more 
sources.  The  senso  of  'deceive  or  impose  up- 
on' may  come  from  that  of  '  blindfold,  hood- 
wink,' but  ef.  Sc.  "get  the  bluff,"  be  taken  in  ; 
prob.  of  LGh  origin:  l,<i.  bluffen,  verbluffen,  1». 
verbluffen,  >  G.  verbluffen  =  Dan.  forbloffe,  baf- 
fle, confound,  stupefy.  In  popular  apprehen- 
sion prob.  often  associated  with  bluff1,  a.,  as  if 
'assume  a  bluff  or  bold  front.']  I.  trans.  It. 
To  blindfold  or  hoodwink.  Bailey. — 2.  In  the 
game  of  poker,  to  deceive  or  impose  upon  (an 
opponent)  by  betting  heavily  on  a  worthless 
hand,  or  by  acting  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause 
the  other  players  to  believe  that  one's  hand 
is  stronger  than  it  really  is,  in  order  to  make 
them  throw  up  their  cards  or  stay  out  of  the 
betting.  Hence  —  3.  To  daunt  or  deter  from 
the  accomplishment  of  some  design  by  boast- 
ful language  or  demeanor;  repulse  or  frighten 
off  by  assuming  a  bold  front,  or  by  a  make- 
believe  show  of  resources,  strength,  etc.:  fre- 
quently followed  by  of:  as,  to  bluff' off  a  dun. 
[Chiefly  U.  S.] 

II.  intra iik.  1.  In  the  game  of  poker,  to  bet 
heavily  and  with  an  air  of  confident  assurance 
on  a  poor  hand,  in  order  to  deceive  an  oppo- 
nent and  cause  him  to  throw  up  his  cards. 
Hence — 2.  To  assume  a  bold,  boastful  front, 
so  as  to  hoodwink  an  opponent  as  to  one's 
real  resources,  strength,  etc. 

bluff2  (bluf),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  bluffer,  a  blinker: 
see  the  verb.]  1.  A  blinker  for  a  horse. —  2.  A 
game  at  cards  ;  poker.  [U.  S.]  — 3.  The  act  of 
deceiving  or  influencing,  as  in  the  game  of 
poker,  by  a  show  of  confident  assurance  and 
boastful  betting  or  language ;  hence,  language 
or  demeanor  intended  to  blind,  frighten,  or 
daunt,  an  opponent  in  anything. 

bluff-bowed  (bluf 'bond),  a.  Naut.,  broad,  full, 
and  square  in  the  bows. 

bluffer  (bluf'er),  n.     One  who  bluffs. 

bluff-headed  (blufhed'ed),  a.  Kaut.,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

bluffly  (bluf  'li).  ailr.  In  a  bluff  manner ;  blunt- 
ly; in  an  unconventional  or  offhand  way. 

bluffness  (bluf'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bluff;  bluntness;  frankness;  abruptness. 

No  such  bluffness  of  meaning  is  implied  in  the  Greek. 
Bushnell,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

bluffy  (bluf  'i),ffl.  [<««fl,  «., +  -.V1-]  1.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  bluff ;  precipitous  or  steep. 

We  could  see  the  syenites  we  hail  just  left  again  crop- 
ping out  much  less  bluffy,  and  terminating  the  tableland 
to  the  eastward  by  a  continuous  line,  trending  generally 
northwest  and  southeast.     Kane,  See.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  3-13. 

2.  Inclining  to  bluffness  in  appearance  or  man- 
ner. 

bluft  (bluft),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.:  see  bluff*.]  To 
blindfold.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

blufter (bluf 'ter), n.  [< bluft  +  -erl.]  Ablink- 
er.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bluid  (bind),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  blood. 

bluing  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blue,  ».]  1. 
The  act  of  making  blue ;  specifically,  the  pro- 
cess of  giving  a  blue  color  to  iron  and  other 
metals  by  heating. —  2.  A  blue  tint  given  to 
iron  by  boiling  in  a  bath  of  hyposulphite  of  soda 
ami  acetate  of  lead. — 3.  The  indigo,  soluble 
Prussian  blue,  or  other  material,  used  in  the 
laundry  to  give  a  bluish  tint  to  linen. 
Also  spelled  blueing. 

bluish  (blo'ish),  a.  [<  blue  +  -Ml.]  Blue  in 
a  small  degree  ;  somewhat  blue. 

bluishly  (blS'ish-li),  adv.     In  a  bluish  manner. 

bluishness  (.blo'ish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bluish;  a  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

bluism  (blS'izm),  ».  [<  blue,  a.,  6,  ».,  9,  + 
-ism.]     Blue-stockingism. 

A  wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learned  world, 
without  one  hit  of  .  .  .  Mnixiii  about  herself. 

7'.  //no/.-.  Gilbert  Gurney,  II,  iv. 

blumanget,  "•    See  blanc-mange. 

blunder  (blun'der),  v.  [<  ME.  blondren,  hlnn- 
deren,  a  freq.  form  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps 
of  double  origin:  (I)  prop,  blondren,  freq.  of 
blonden,  blanden, mix  (see  bland1,  r.);  (2)  prop. 
blundren,  freq.  of  blunden,  which  occurs  once  in 


blunderbuss 

the  doubtful  sense  of  'stagger,  stumble,'  <  Ieel. 

blumda,  doze,  =  Sw.  blunda  =  Dan,  blunde,  doze, 
slinnlier:  el'.  Ieel.  blundltr  =  Sw.  Dan.  hlund.  a 
doze,  nap.  Cf.  blunt.']  I.  in  trans.  1.  To  move 
or  net  blindly,  stupidly,  or  without  direction  or 
steady  guidance;  flounder;  stumble:  frequent- 
ly with  mi  or  along. 

Bayard  the  blinde, 
That  blundreth  forth. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  403. 
It  is  one  thing  to  forget  matter  of  fart,  and  another  to 
blunder  upon  the  reason  of  it.  Sir  R.  L'JSstrange. 

Here  he  delights  the  weekly  news  to  con, 

And  mingle  comment  ■  as  he  blundi  n 

Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 

2.  To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially  through 
mental  confusion;  err  widely  or  stupidly. 
Was  there  a  man  dismay  d.' 
.Not  tho-  the  soldier  knew 
.Some  one  had  blunder'd. 

Tennyson,  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  mix  (things)  confusedly; 
confuse. 
He  blunders  and  confounds  all  these  together. 

StUlingrfleet. 

2f.  To  confound;  confuse;  distract;  cause  to 
make  blunders:  as,  "to  blunder  an  adversary," 
Ditton,  On  the  Resurrection,  p.  63. — 3f.  To  in- 
jure or  destroy  by  blundering;  mismanage: 
as,  "to  darken  or  blunder  the  cause,"  Ditton, 
On  the  Resurrection,  p.  211.— 4.  To  do  or 
make  faultily  or  erroneously;  make  mistakes 
in  through  ignorance  or  stupidity;  bungle. 
[Rare.] 

[Inscriptions]  usually  of  very  barbarous  work  and  blun- 
dered. B.  r.  Head,  Historia  Numorum,  p.  687. 

Some  fine  pilgrim-flasks  of  blue  and  green  have  blun- 
dered copies  of  hieroglyphs  and  representations  of  Egyp- 
tian deities  incised  in  the  moist  clay. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  606. 

The  banker's  clerk  who  was  directed  to  sum  my  cash- 
account,  blundered  it  three  times.      Scott,  Antiquary,  vi. 

5.  To  utter  thoughtlessly  or  in  a  blundering 
manner;  blurt  out:  generally  with  out:  as,  to 
blunder  out  an  excuse. 

blunder  (blun'der),  n.  [<  ME.  blunder,  blonder, 
error,  misfortune,  <  blunderen,  blondren,  blun- 
der, v.]  A  mistake  made  through  precipitance 
or  mental  confusion;  a  gross  or  stupid  mistake. 

It  is  worse  than  a  crime  ;  it  is  a  blunder. 

Memoirs  of  Fouchi  (trans.). 

The  "Magnalia"  has  great  merits;  it  has.  also,  fatal 
defects.  In  its  mighty  chaos  of  fables  and  blunders  and 
misrepresentations  are  of  course  lodged  many  single  facts 
of  the  utmost  value.  M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  S3. 
=  Syn.  Error,  Mistake,  Blunder,  Bull.  An  error  is  a  wan- 
dering from  truth,  primarily  in  impression,  judgment,  or 
calculation,  and,  by  extension  of  the  idea,  in  conduct;  it 
may  be  a  state.  A  mistake  is  a  false  judgment  or  choice  ; 
it  does  not,  as  error  sometimes  does,  imply  moral  obliquity, 
the  defect  being  placed  wholly  in  the  wisdom  of  the  actor, 
and  in  its  treatment  of  this  defect  the  word  is  altogether 
gentle.  Blunder  is  a  strong  word  for  a  mistake  which  is 
stupid,  agross  error  in  action  or  speech.  A  bull  is  a  blun- 
der in  language,  involving  generally  a  very  obvious  and 
comical  contradiction  ;  but  the  word  is  sometimes  applied 
to  any  particularly  inapt  or  ludicrously  inappropriate  re- 
mark. 

Speculative  errors,  which  have  no  influence  on  the  life 
and  conversation,  cannot  be  near  so  dangerous  as  those 
errors  which  lead  men  out  of  the  way  of  their  duty. 

J.  Blair,  Sermon,  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  '262. 

Ill  general,  pride  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  great  mistah  s. 
Ruskin,  True  and  Beautiful. 

It  was  the  advice  of  Schomberg  to  an  historian,  that  he 
should  avoid  Vicing  particular  in  the  drawing  up  of  an 
army  .  .  .;  for  that  he  had  observed  notorious  blunders 
and  absurdities  committed  by  writers  not  conversant  in 
tlte  art  of  war.  Addison. 

Lord  Orford  pronounced  this  to  lie  the  best  bull  be  had 
ever  heard  :  "I  hate  that  woman,''  said  a  gentleman,  look- 
ing at  one  who  had  been  his  nurse,  "I  hate  that  woman, 
for  she  changed  me  at  nurse." 

.1/in,v  h'thieinirth,  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls. 

blunderbuss  (blun'der-bus),  n.  [In  17th  cen- 
tury also  blundcrbus  and  bluntlerbitsli  :  appar.  a 
modification,  prob.  with  humorous  allusion  to 
its  blundering  or  random  action,  of  D.  doittlt  r- 
bus  (=  G.  ibiiint  rbiiehse),  a  blunderbuss.  <  dan- 
der (=  6.  donner  =  E.  thunder)  +  bus,  a  box, 
urn,  barrel  of  a  gun,  same  as  bins.  :i  tube,  pipe, 
=  G.  biichse,  a  box,  pot,  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe, 
etc.,  =  E.  Iiiu-.  Cf.  the  equiv.  G.  blunderbuehse, 
in  imitation  of  the  E.,  but  prob.  wilh  a  thought 
of  plunder,  baggage,  lumber  (E.  plunder),  in  al- 
lusion to  its  heaviness.  A  charter  of  James  I. 
(1617)  mentions  "  plantier-busse,  alias  blanter- 
busse,"  as  equiv.  to  harquebuse,  but  the  first  ele- 
ment here  is  different,  ult.  <  E.  plantare,  plant 
(lix).  Cf.  Sc.  blumjierd,  an  old  gun.  any  old 
rusty  weapon.]  1.  A  short  gun  or  firearm 
with  a  large  bore  and  funnel-shaped  muzzle, 
capable  ..I'  holding  a  number  of  bulls  or  sluos, 
and  intended  to  be  used  at  a  limited  range 


blunderbuss 


Blumlcrbuss. —  Armory,  Tower  of  London. 


without  exact  aim.  It  has  been  long  obsolete 
in  civilized  countries. —  2.  A  stupid,  blunder- 
ing person, 
blunderer  I  blun'der-er),  ».  [<  ME.  "blunderer, 
or  blunt  warkere  [worker]"  (Prompt.  Parv.), 
<  blunderen,  blondren,  blunder,  v.]  One  who 
blunders,  i  'i  mi.-  wlio  Hounden  about  blindly  or 
bunglingly  in  his  work:  as,  "meei   Blunderers   in  that 

i  retology,    Cudumrth.     (.v.   B.    D.)    c  

who,   through  carelessness  or  wan!  of  capacity,   makes 
mistakes 

blunderhead  (blun'der-hed),  n.  [<  blunder  + 
land.  Cf.  dunderhead.]  Astupid  fellow;  one 
who  blundi  rs. 

ilii-  thick-akulled  blundi  rht  ad.         Sir  It   L'Estrange. 

blunderingly  (blun'd6r-ing-li),  adv.    Inablun- 

dering  manner;  by  mistake. 

The  tyro  who  had  so  blunderingly  botched  the  business, 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  iii. 

i;»  i  ltl<  ss  I-  n  ■  rsions  of  meaning,  whether  intentionally 

.„.,/«  made.  If.  A.  Bet).,  I'XXIII.  205. 

blunge  (blunj),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  blunged,  ppr. 
blunging.  [Appar.  a  popular  formation,  after 
plunge,  with  ref.  to  the  plunging  action  of  the 
instrument  used.]  To  mix  (clay)  with  a  blun- 
e<  r. 

blunger  (blun'jer),  n.  [<  blunge  +  -er1.  Cf. 
plunger.']  An  instrument  used  for  mixingclay 
in  potteries.  It  is  shaped  like  a  shovel,  but  has  a 
larger  blade,  and  a  cross-handle  by  which  it  is  wielded. 
I'he  mine'  is  also  sometimes  given  to  ililterelit  vale  I  .  ..I 
ill.  pug-mill. 

blunging  (blun'jing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunge, 
v.]  The  process  of  mixing  clay  in  potteries. 
I  ii  proper  amount  of  the  clay  ami  the  necessary  quantity 
i  water  are  placed  in  a  trough,  ami  mixed  with  a  blun- 
ger, until  reduced  to  a  homogeneous  mass,  in  large  pot- 
tins  work  is  sometimes  done  by  the  machine  i  ailed 
a  pug-mill. 

blunk't, ''•  [Origin  uncertain ;  appar.  a  corrup- 
tion of  blenk  or  blink.]  I.  intrans.  To  blench; 
blink;  turn  aside. 

II.  trans.  To  spoil;  mismanage.     Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

blunk-  ibltingk),  it.  [Cf.  Ill  unlet.]  In  plural, 
linen  or  cotton  cloths  for  printing;  calicos. 
[Scotch.] 
blunker1  (blung'ker),  n.  [<  blunk^,  v.,  II.,  + 
-er1.]  A  bungler;  one  who  spoils  everything 
he  meddles  with.      [Scotch.] 

I  lunbog  i^  mi.'  mair  a  gentleman  than  the  blunker  that's 
biggil  thr  bonnie  house  doun  in  the  howm. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  iii. 

blunker2  (blung'ker),  n.    [<  blunk?  +  -er1.]    A 

calico-printer.     [Scotch.] 
blunkett,  »■  and  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  blon- 

hi.  bloncket,  blancket,  <  ME.  blanket  (a.),  /</»«- 

ket,  also  plunket,  plonkete  (n.),  appar.  <  UK. 
■in,  i.  var.  of  blanchet,  dim.  of  blane,  white: 

see  blanket,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  blanket.] 

1.  ".  Gray;  grayish  or  light-blue. 

Out        icket  liveryes  bene  all  to  sadde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

II.  a.  A  kind  of  cloth;  apparently  the  same 
'.   1. 
blunt  (blunt),  ".  and  «.     [<  ME.  blunt,  blunt,  of 

Igc  or  point,  dull,  not    i-hat'p;   of  manner. 

rude;  of  mind,  dull,  stupid,  blind;  prob.  <  AS. 

tnl  in  tin-  deriv.  Blunta,  a  man's  name 

(of.  the  moil.  E.  surnames   Blunt,  Blount).     The 

sense  of  'dull,  stupid,'  appears  to  be  the  orig. 

(see  the  quotation   from  the  Ormnlum), 

ing  to  i in  -ti. m  with  icel.  blunda  = 

-.'  =  Dan.  i  und  .  doze,  slumber.  Cf. 
der,  and  the  sense  of  blunt  in  the  quotation 
from  the  Prompt.  Parv.  under  blunderer.]  I. 
a.  1.  Obtuse,  thick,  or  dull,  as  an  angle,  edge, 
or  point;  having  an  obtuse,  thick,  or  dull  edge 
or  point,  as  a  foil,  sword,  pencil,  etc.;  not 
sharp  "i  av 

tbt  the  murtheroua  knife  was  dull  and 
'lill  it  »a,  whetted  on  thy  st bard  h 

:t     p.    i 

An  Individual  act  of  wrong  i   sharp 

I '  '"  a  blunt  dagger.        0.  W.  Holm     Emei  o 

2.  l)ull  in  understanding;  Blow  of  discernment. 

i  iimu i-  iiiio.t,  i  -  Uun "■'  and  blind 

on  herrteaa  cghc  slhhf  M.) 

His  wita  are  not  so  blunt.  Shak  .  Much  Adi 

3.  Obtuse;  free  from  sharp  angularities,  pro- 
jections, or  corners, 


602 

From  the  hark  the  shore  ..f  Sicily  curves  with  delicately 
indented  bays  toward  Messina:  then  come  the  straits, 
and  the  blunt  mass  of  the  Calabrian  mountains  terminat- 
ing Italy  at  Spartlvento. 

./.  .1.  Siniiiiiiils,  Italy  an. I  lll'ccc.     |i    2n». 

4.  Bough  in  manner  or  speech;  rude;  unpol- 
ished: hence,  abrupt  in  address  or  manner; 
plain-spoken;  unceremonious:  applied  toper- 
suns. 

no  ..tutor,  as  Hiatus  is  ; 
But,  as  you  know  me  all,  a  plain  hhint  man. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

Thou'rt  honest,  blunt,  and  rude  enough,  o'  conscience. 

I'm-d,  Lovers  .Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

5.  Plain;  plain-spoken;  unceremonious  or  un- 
conventional:  direct;  free  from  circumlocu- 
tion; as,  blunt  truths ;  a  blunt  bearing. 

In  blunt  terms,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer?      Coleridgi 
To  his  blunt  manner  and  to  his  want  ot  consideration 
for  the  feelings  of  others  he  owed  a  much  higher  reputa- 
tion for  sincerity  than  he  at  all  deserve. 1. 

Miirtnilmi,  Hist.  Kng.,  vi. 

6.  Hard  to  penetrate.     [Rare.] 

I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  blunt  to  new  impressions. 

Pope. 
7t.  Faint. 

Such  a  burre  mygt  make  myn  lierte  blunt. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  17C. 
=  Syn.  4.  Brusk,  bluff,  uncivil,  rude,  uncourteous. 

II.  n.  If.  A  blunt  sword  for  fencing;  a  foil. — 
2.  A  needle  of  a  grade  shorter  and  less  sharply 
pointed  than  a  sharp.  See  needle. —  3.  [Slang, 
and  perhaps  of  different  origin.]  Money ;  ready 
money. 

'■Well,  bow  goes  it?"  said  one.  "I  have  been  the 
rounds.    The  blunt' s  going  like  the  ward-pump." 

Disraeli,  <  loningsby,  ix. 

blunt  (blunt),  r.  [<  blunt,  a.]  I.  trims.  1. 
To  make  blunt,  as  an  edge  or  point;  dull  the 
edge  or  point  of,  as  a  kn  i  fe  or  bodkin,  by  making 
it  thicker. 

A  less  deadly  sword,  of  which  he  carefully  blunted  the 
point  and  edge.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

Knowledge  neither  blunts  the  point  of  the  lance,  nor 
weakens  the  arm  that  wields  a  knightly  sword, 

Tteknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  33-t. 

2.  To  weaken  or  deaden,  as  appetite,  desire, 
or  power  of  the  mind;  impair  the  force,  keen- 
ness, or  susceptibility  of. 
Blunt  not  his  love.  Skak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blunt :  as,  the  blade 
blunts  easily. 
blunthead  (blunt'hed),  n.  An  East  Indian  ser- 
pent, Anihliieejiliitlus  bun,  of  the  family  t'nlu- 
bridai  and  subfamily  Leplniinulliinii;  of  Java, 
Borneo,  etc. 
blunting  (blun'tdng),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunt, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  dulling.- — 2.  Something 
that  dulls  or  blunts.     [Rare.] 

Not  impediments  or  bluntings,  hut  rather  as  whetstones, 
to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires. 

././-.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  73. 

bluntish  (blun'tish),  a.  [<  blunt  +  -ish1.] 
Somewhat  blunt. 

bluntishnesstblun'tish-ncs),  it.  [<  bluntish  + 
-ness.]     A  slight  degree  of  bluntness. 

Tempered  witli  an  honest  bluntishneas. 

Wood,  Athenx  O.xon.  (ed.  1815),  II.  582. 

bluntly  (blunt'li),  adv.  It.  Stupidly.— 2.  With- 
out sharpness  or  tenuity;  obtusely:  as,  bluntly 
serrate. — 3.  In  a  blunt  manner;  abruptly; 
without  delicacy,  or  the  usual  forms  of  civil- 
ity; in  an  abrupt,  offhand,  or  curt  manner; 
without  circumlocution:  as,  to  tell  a  man  some- 
thing bluntly. 

Fathers  are 
u  ,.ii  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  our  masters 
Or  wronged  friends  are. 

uekker  and  I'm,/,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  i.  l. 

bluntness  (blunt'nes),  ».    [<  biuui  +  -mss.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  blunt.  un  Want  of 
sharpness;  dullness;  obtuseness.  ('<)  Plainness,  direct- 
ness, or  abruptness  of  address  ;  want  of  ceremony  in  man- 
ners;  rudeness  of  manner  or  address:  as,  "honest  blunt- 

Diil'tiii  :    "  tiluntuens  of  speech, "  liijljle. 

To  keep  up  Friendship,  there  must  he  little  Addi 
and  Applications,  whereas  Bluntness  spoil-  it  quickly. 
Selden,  Table-Talk   p 

blunt-witted  (blunt'wifed),   o.     [<  blunt  + 

ini  +  -ed-.  Cf.  Mi;,  "blunt of  wytte," Prompt. 
Parv.]     Dull;  stupid. 

;,/„„/  wilted  lord,  ignoble  in  demeanour  I 

.stud-.,  2  Hen.  VI.    in   2 

blur  (bier),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  blurred,  ppr.  blur- 
ring. [=Sc.  binn  :  first  inearly mod.  E7 blurre; 
perhaps  n  deflected  form  of  blear,  early  mod.  E. 
bb  n  (see  blear1),  but  it  may  be  an  independent 
formation.   Ct.blot1,  blotch.]  I.  /  -tins.  1.  To  ob- 


blush 

s.-ure  or  sully  (a  thing)  with  something  which 
detracts  from  its  fairness  or  beauty. 

The  usually  mirrored  surface  of  the  river  was  blurred 
by  an  infinity  of  raindrops.        Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  i. 

2.  To  sully;   stain;   blemish:  as.  to  blur  one's 

reputation. 

Never  yet  ili.l  has./  dishonour  blur  our  name, 
But  with  our  sword  we  wip'd  away  the  blot. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  obscure  without  quite  effacing;  render 
indistinct;  confuse  and  bedim,  as  the  outlines 
of  a  figure. 

on.-  low  light  betwixt  them  huin'.l, 

lllurrd  hy  the  creeping  mist. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  To  dim  the  perception  or  susceptibility  of; 
make  dull  or  insensible  to  impression:  as,  blur- 
red  eyesight;  to  blur  the  judgment. 

Her  eyesare  blurred  with  the  lightning's  glare.  X.  Drake. 
To  blur  out,  to  efface. 

We  saw  forked  flashes  once  and  again  .  .  .  lighting  up 
the  valleys  for  a  moment,  ami  leaving  tin-  darkness  blacker 
...  as  the  storm  blurred  nut  the  landscape  forty  miles 
away.  J.  A.  Symonde,  Italy  an. I  Greece,  p.  22s. 

To  blur  over,  to  obscure  hy  a  blur;  put  out  of  sight. 

II.  Intrans.  To  make  blurs  in  writing. 
blur  (bier),  n.  [<  blur,  v.]  1.  A  smudge  or 
smear,  such  as  that  made  by  brushing  writing 
or  painting  before  it  is  dry;  a  blot  which  par- 
tially defaces  or  obscures. —  2.  Figuratively, 
a  bh'.t,  stain,  or  injury  affecting  character,  rep- 
utation, and  the  like. 

Her  raillyng  sette  a  greate  blurre  on  myne  honestie  and 
go. nl  name'.  ITdall,  tr.  of  Erasmus,  Luke  xviii. 

These  blurs  are  too  apparent  in  his  Life. 

Mi/tun,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

3.  A  blurred  condition ;  a  dim,  confused  ap- 
pearance; indistinctness. 

The  eye  learns  to  discriminate  colors,  and  shades  of 

color,  where  at  first  there  was  only  a  vague  blurot  feeling. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  ami  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  lo. 

blurry  (bler'i),  «.  [<  blur,  n.,  +  -yl.j  Full  of 
blurs;  confused  and  indistinct. 

blurt  (blert),  v.  [=  Sc.  blirt  (see  blirt) ;  appar. 
imitative,  with  the  initial  sound  as  in  blow1, 
blast,  blash,  bluster,  etc.,  and  the  final  sound 
as  in  spurt,  spirt,  squirt,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently ;  divulge  un- 
advisedly: commonly  with  out. 

Others    .    .   .    cannot  hold,    hut    I, lull    mil    those    words 

which  afterwards  they  are  forced  to  eat.  Hakewill. 

And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  its  grace, 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  face. 

Lloyd,  The  Nightingale. 

At  last  to  blurt  nut  the  broad,  staring  question  of, 
"  Madam,  will  you  marry  me?  " 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

2f.  To  treat  contemptuously. 

An. I.  I  confess,  I  never  was  so  blurted. 
.Nor  never  .so  ahns'il. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  ii.  2. 
To  blurt  att,  to  speak  contemptuously  of;  ridicule. 
None  would  look  on  her, 
But  east  their  gazes  on  Marina's  face; 
Whilst  ours  was  blurted  at.    Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  puff  or  emit  the  breath  ex- 
plosively as  in  sleep,  or  contemptuously  as  in 
saying  "pooh";  puff  in  scorn  or  with  a  con- 
temptuous expression  of  the  lips. — 2.  To  burst 
out  weeping. 

blurt  (blert),  n.  [<  blurt,  v.]  A  sudden  puff  or 
emission  of  the  breath,  especially  in  contempt, 
as  when  Baying  "  I h." 

blush  (blush),  i'.  [<  ME.  blushen,  bluschen, 
blyschen,  glow,  rarely  blush,  usually  look, 
glance,  prob.  <  AS.  bluncuu,  bliseun  (glossed 
riitilare),  glow,  =  MLti.  bloschen,  LC.  bliiskeu, 
blush;  cf.  AS.  'Illusion,  in  conip.  ublision  for 
"ably sian,  blush  (verbal  n.  ablysung,  dblysgung, 
blushing),  =  Ml>.  biusen,  D.  bloeen  =  ML& 

b/osen,  blush ;  connected  with  AS.  bli/so,  bltStt, 
also  blysige,  a  torch,  *blys  (in  comp.  bcelblys),  a 
flame,  =  MLG.  bins,  LG.  bliise,  a  Hume,  =  Sw. 
bloss  =  Dan.  blus,  a  torch;  LG.  biusen,  set  on 
fire,  inflame,  =  Sw.  blossa,  blaze,  =  Dan.  bhtsse, 
blaze,  flame,  blush  in  I  he  lace;  from  the  noun. 
Xot  phonetically  connected,  though  prob.  no- 
tionally  associated,  with  blaze1 :  see  blaze1,  «.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  shine,  as  the  sun. — 2f.  To 
glance  ;  look.  [In  these  senses  only  in  Middle 
English;  but  see  blush,  u.,  1,  2.] 

Tyl  on  a  hyl  that  1  asspyed 

A  blueched  on  the  burghe,  as  1  forth  dreued, 

Alliterative  Poems  (ei.  Morris),  i.  979. 

3.  To  become  red  in  the  face  ;  redden  all  over 
the  face:  especially  froi idesty,  embarrass- 
ment, confusion,  or  shame. 

Ask  him  a  question, 
He  blushes  like  a  girl,  anil  answers  little. 

Fletcher,  Kulo  a  Wife,  i.  1. 


blush 


60:? 


boar 


In  tin'  presence  of  the  shameless  and  unblushing  the   bluster  (blus'tor) 
young  offender  is  ashamed  to  blush,  Buckminster. 

4.  To  appear  as  if  blushing;  exhibit  a  red  or 
roseate  hue;  bloom  freshly  or  modestly. 

The  sun  of  heavenj  ntethought,  was  loth  to  Bet, 
But  staj  d,  and  made  the  «  estern  welkin  blush. 

si, <il.\,  K,  John,  v.  5. 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

Gray,  Elegy. 

5.  To  be  ashamed:  with  at  or  for. 
He  blushes  for  the  "  dlslngenuousness  of  the  most  de- 
voted worshipper  of  speculative  truth." 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  19. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  red.     [Rare.] 
Which  [blood]  .  .  .  ne'er  returneth 
To  blush  and  beautify  the  cheek  again. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  express,  show,  or  make  known  by  blush- 
ing, or  by  a  change  of  color  similar  to  a  blush. 
[Kan-  and  poetical.] 

Pass  the  happy  news, 

Blush  it  thro'  the  West. 

Tennyson,  Maud.  xvii. 

blush  (blush),  ii.    [<  ME.  bluseli,  gleam,  glimpse; 
from  the  verb.]     If.   A  gleam. 

To  hide  a  blisful  bluseh  of  the  bryat  sunne. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  tin  Green  KmghttfiO.  Morris),  1.  520. 

2.  A  glance  ;  glimpse ;  look ;  view  :  obsolete 
except  in  the  phrase  at  first  blush. 

ai  the  first  blush  we  thought  they  had  beene  shippes 
come  from  France.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  III.  336. 

This  sounds,  nt  first  blush,  very  neat,  if  not  even  very 
profound;  hut  a  closer  examination  dissolves  it  into 
nothing.  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  61S. 

3.  Look ;  resemblance :  as,  she  has  a  bhtsh  of 
her  father.  [North.  Eng.]  [Hence,  collective- 
ly, tin  assembly,  company,  in  the  isolated  ex- 
ample, a  blush  of  boyes  =  a  company  of  boys 
("Book  of  St.  Albans").]— 4.  The  suffusion  of 
the  checks  m-  the  lace  with  a  red  color  through  footer  (blus'ter),  n.     |     bluster,  ».]      1.   The 

noise  of  a  storm  or  of  violent  wind ;  a  blast ;  a 


[Origin  obsoure.    Hardly    ambi-,  amphi-),  =  (with  an  added  element  I  tcel 
oneoted  with  ME.  blusteren,  wander  about     badhir,  etc.,  ME.  bathe,  botlie,  mod.  E.  both, 
aimlessly  =  LG.  blustern,  bUstem,  flutter  about     see  both.  ]    The  earlier  word  for  both. 
anxiously;  but  prob.  one  of  the  imitative  words  bo2  (bo),  interj.    [Also  written  bohamd  formerly 
attached  loosely  to  what  is  felt  to  be  the  com-     also  Inn  ,■  a  mere  exclamation.     Cf.  D.  "hij  In,, 


mou  root  of  ///.(«'•!,  blast.  The  E.  Pries,  bliistern, 
bluster,  freq.  of  bliisscn,  var.  of  blasen  (=  E. 
blase2),  blow,  is  appar.  a   parallel   t'orniiitiou.] 

1.  iiilruns.  1.  To  roar  ami  bo  tumultuous,  as 
wind:  blow  boisterously:  as,  the  storm  blus- 
li is  without. 

Bluster  the  winds  and  tides. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  To  bo  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering;  swagger, 
as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person;  utter  loud 
empty  menaces  or  protests. 

Your  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants 
here.  Burki .  American  Taxation. 

Let  your  demagogues  lead  crowds,  lest  they  lead  armies; 
let  them  bluster,  lest  they  massacre. 

Macaulay,  Conversation  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

3t.  [Duly  in  ME. ;  perhaps  a  different  word. 
Cf.  L(i.  blustern,  blistern,  flutter  in  alarm.]  To 
wander  or  run  about  aimlessly. 

Thatthay  Must,  red  as  blynde  as  bayard  watj  euer. 

Allii,  nil".  Poems (ed.  Morris),  ii.  886. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  compel  or  force  by  mere 
bluster.     [Rare.] 

He  meant  to  bluster  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obedi- 
ence. Fuller. 

2.  To  utter  with  bluster,  or  with  noise  and  vio- 
lence :  generally  with  out  or  forth. 

Bluweth  and  blustereth  out  ■  .  .  blasphemy. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  374. 

To  bluster  downt,  to  blow  down  with  violence,  as  of 
the  wind. 
By  a  tempestuous  gust  bluster  down  the  house. 

Seasonable  Sermons,  p.  26. 


boe  noeh  ba  .:<</</<  u"  eipiiv.  to  E.  "In  cannot 
say  bo  to  a  goose."  Cf.  bool.~\  An  exclamation 
used  to  inspire  surprise  or  fright  ;  especially,  i 
cry  uttered  bj  children  to  frighten  their  fellows. 
Also  boo. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  nose  and  my  flaming 
face,  and  come  wrapped  in  8  calf's  skin,  and  cry  bo,bo! 
Ill  fray  the  scholar,  t  wai  rani  thee. 

iii.i  I'luii,  w  fly  Beguiled. 

Not  able  to  say  bo!  to  a  goose,  very  fooli  h  or  timid 
b.  0.  A  common  abbreviation  in  stock-ex- 
change reports  and  documents  of  biuji  r's  up- 
turn :  as,  b.  o.  3  (that  is,  at  the  buyer's  option 
within  3  days). 
boa  (bo'ii), '».  [NL.,  <  L.  boa,  also  burn,  ap- 
plied to  a  large  serpent;  perhaps  <  bos  {bov-), 
an  ox,  in  allusion  to  its  large  size :  see  Bos  and 
bovine.]  1.  [cop.]  In  herpet,  a  genus  of  very 
large  non-venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Boidce,  notable  for  their  power  of  constriction. 
ft  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  modern  fam- 
ily, and  included  all  the  boas,  anaemias,  etc.,  but  is  now 
restricted  to  certain  South  American  species  congeneric 


confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like. 
If  impious  acts 
Have  left  thee  blood  enough  to  make  a  blush, 
I  11  paint  it  on  thy  cheeks. 

Flil.lnr.  Spanish  t 'urate,  iii.  3. 

Her  blush  of  maiden  shame.      Bryant,  Autumn  Woods. 
5.  A  red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 
And  light's  last  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Uncertainty,  i. 
To  put  to  the  blush,  to  cause  to  blush  or  lie  ashamed, 
blusher  (blush'er),  re.     One  who  blushes,  or  is 
given  to  blushing. 

Mulatto,-*  are  often  great  blushers,  blush  succeeding 
blush  over  their  faces. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  320. 

blushett  (blush'et),  n. 
blusher ;  a  modest  young  girl. 
Go  to,  little  blushet.  B.  Jonson,  Entertainments. 

blushful  (blush'ful),  a.  [<  blush  +  -ful.~]  Full 
of  blushes. 

From  his  [the  sun's]  ardent  look  the  turning  Spring 
Averts  her  blushful  face.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  7. 

The  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

blushfully   (blush  'ful-i),    adv.      With    many 

blushes. 
blushing  (blush'ing),  re.    [Verbal  n.  of  blush,  v.  ] 
The  act  of  becoming  red  in  the  face  through 
modesty,  confusion,  or  shame ;  suffusion  with 
a  roseate  tint. 
The  blushiivjs  of  the  evening. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  140, 

Blushing  is  the  most  peculiar  and  the  most  human 
all  expressions.      Monkeys  redden  from  passion,  but  it 
would  require  an  overwhelming  amount  of  evidence  to 
make  us  believe  that  any  animal  could  blush. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  310. 

blushing  (blush'ing),  /).  (i.  [Ppr.  of  blush,  ».] 
1.  Modest ;  bashful ;  given  to  blushing  or  suf- 
fused with  blushes:  as,  a  blushing  maiden. —  2. 
Freshly  blooming;  roseate,  literally  or  figura- 
tively. 

The  dappled  pink  and  blushing  rose. 

J'rin r.  The  Garland. 


gust. 

The  skies  took  grimly 
And  threaten  present  blusters. 

Slink.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  boisterous  blast,  or  loud  tumultuous  noise. 
The  brazen  trumpets  bluster.  Swift,  Prometheus. 

3.  Noisy  but  empty  talk  or  menace ;  swagger; 
boisterous  self-assertion. 

A  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a  man 
of  honour.  Sir  Ii.  LEstrange. 

The  real  weather  gods  are  free  from  blag  and  bluster. 
The  Century,  XXV.  074. 

=  Syn   3.  Turbulence,  boasting,  bragging,  bullying. 

''""'." '""^ ''..-, ;  hlusteration  (blus-te-ra'shon),  re.    [<  bluster  + 
-ilium.]     Noisy  boasting;  blustering;  boister- 
ous conduct.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Amer.] 
blusterer    (blus'ter-er),  n.    One  who  or  that 
which    blusters;    especially,  a    swaggerer;   a 
bully ;  a  noisy,  boastful,  or  boisterous  fellow. 
Sometime  a  bluster,  r,  that  the  raffle  knew 
Of  court,  of  city.       Shuk.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  58. 

blustering  (blus'ter-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blus- 
ter, ».]  1.  Stormy;  windy;  tempestuous:  as, 
blustering  weather";  "a  blustering  day,"  Shak., 
1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. —  2.  Noisy;  violent;  self-as- 
serting; swaggering:  as,  a  blustering feEow. 

A  policy  of  blusterimi  menace  and  arrogant  interference. 
X.  A.  Rev.,  XXXIX.  410. 

In  a  blus- 


To-day  he  puts  forth 
The  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  blossoms, 
And  bears  his  blushing  honours  thick  upon  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

blushingly  (blush'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blushing 
manner:  with  blushes;  modestly. 

blushless  (blush'les),  a.  [<  blush  +  -less.] 
Without  a  blush  ;  unblushing ;  past  blushing ; 
impudent;  barefaced;  shameless:  as,  "blush- 
less  crimes,"  Sandys. 

blushwort  (blush'wert),  n.  A  name  given  to 
cultivated  species  of  JEschynanthus. 

blushy  (blush'i),  a.     [<  blush  +  -j/1.]     Like  a 
blush  ;  having  the  color  of  a  blusli.     [Rare.] 
Blossoms  of  apples  .  .  .  are  blushy. 


blusteringly  (blus'ter-ing-li),  adv 
tering  manner. 
,,,  blusterous,  blustrous  (blus'ter-us,  -trus),  a. 
[<  bluster  +  -ous.]      1.    Noisy;  tempestuous; 
rough;  stormy. 

Now.  mild  may  be  thy  life ! 
For  a  more  blust'rous  birth  had  never  babe. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

2.  Violent;  truculent;  swaggering. 
blustery  (blus'ter-i),  a.   [<  bluster  +  -yi.]  Blus- 
tering;  blusterous;  raging;  uoisy. 

A  hollow,  blustery,  pusillanimous,  and  unsound  [char- 
acter]. Carlyle,  Life  of  Sterling. 

blustrous,  <i.    See  blusterous. 

-bly.  A  termination  of  adverbs.  See  the  ety- 
mology of  -ble . 

blype  (blip),  re.  [Origin  uncertain.]  1.  A 
shred;  a  piece  of  skin  rubbed  off.  Bums. — 2. 
A  stroke  or  blow.     [Scotch.] 

blythet,  a.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  blithe. 

B.  M.   An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

B.  M.  E.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Min- 
imi Engineering. 

B.  Mus.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Music. 

boH,  a.,  pron.,  and  conj.     [ME.,  also  boo,  <  AS. 

bit,  fern,  (in  ME.  common  and  neut. ),  with  begen 

(ME.  begin,  beien,  beyne,  bayne,  beie,  beye,  baye), 

masc,  bit,  neut.,  =  Goth,  bai,  in.,  ba,  neut.,  = 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  507.     (with  a  prefix)  L.  um-bo  =  Gr.  au-e&u,  both  (see 


Boa  {Boa  constrictor). 

with  Boa  constrictor,  '['he  genus  includes  some  of  the 
largest  known  serpents  (sometimes  more  than  20  feet 
long),  callable  of  enveloping  and  crushing  mammals  as 
large  as  a  deer. 

2.  In  ordinary  language,  some  large  serpent, 
as  a  boa-constrictor,  anaconda,  or  python :  auy 
member  of  the  family  Boida>  or  Pythonidw. — 3. 
A  long  and  slender  cylindrical  wrap  of  fur,  worn 
by  women  round  the  neck. 

boa-constrictor  (bo'a-kon-strik'tor),  n.  A 
name  popularly  applied  to  any  large  serpent 
of  the  family  Boidm  or  Pythonida:  same  as 
boa,  -. 

boalee  (bo'a-le),  re.  [<  boi/ari,  the  Bengalese 
native  name.]  A  fish  of  the  family  Sihiriila1. 
II  nil, tiji>  iillu.  which  has  been  also  named  Silu- 
rus  boalis,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  India 
and  Burma.  It  has  a  long  body,  deeply  .bit  mouth, 
forked  caudal,  very  long  anal,  and  small  dorsal.  It  attains 
a  length  of  about  6  feet,  and  is  edible. 

In  India  the  jawbone  of  the  boalee  fish  (Silurua  boalis) 
is  employed  by  the  natives  about  Docca.  The  teeth, 
being  small,  recurved,  and  closely  set,  act  as  a  fine  comb 
for  carding  cotton. 

Simmonds,  Com.  Troducts  of  the  Sea,  p.  255. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez),  n.  pi.  [LL.,<  Gr.  Eo- 
avepyee,  from  an  Aramaic  form  equiv.  to  Heb. 
line  hat-gem,  sons  of  thunder  (<  bne,  pi.  of  ben, 
son,  +  ha,  the,  +  ra'am,  thunder),  or  to  the 
synonymous  Heb.  bin?  regeshJ]  1.  Sons  of  thun- 
der: a  name  given  by  Christ  to  two  of  his  dis- 
ciples, James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee. 

And  he  surname, I  them  Boanerges,  which  is,  The  sons 
of  thunder.  Mark  iii.  17. 

Hence  —  2.  sing.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a 
vociferous  preacher  or  orator. 
boar1  (bor),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bore  : 
<  ME.  boor,  bore,  bor,  <  AS.  bar  =  OS.  ber  { -sum. 
swine)  =  D.  beer  =  MLG.  ber,  LG.  ber  =  <  »Ht .. 
ber,  MHG.  ber,  a  boar,  G.  bar,  a  young  boar. 
Cf.  Russ.  borovu,  a  boar.]  I.  re.  i.  The  male 
of  swine  (not  castrated). — 2.  A  military  engine 
used  in  the  middle  ages.  Grose.-  Ethiopian  wild 
boar.  Same  as  halluf. —  Wild  boar(Su»«cro/a  or  ap,  r), 
an  ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  family  Suitlir.  the  origi- 
nal of  the  tame  hog.  Wild  boars  are  found  in  most  parts 
of  Europe,  excepting  the  British  islands  (where,  however, 
tliev  formerly  abounded),  and  also  in  the  greater  part  of 
Asia,  and  on  the  liarbary  coast  of  Africa.  The  wild  boar 
differs  in  several  respects  from  the  tame  species  .  its  body 
is  smaller,  its  snout  longer,  and  its  ears  (which  arc  always 
black)  rounder  and  shorter ;  its  color  is  Iron-gray,  inclin- 
ing to  black.  The  tusks,  formed  by  the  enlarged  canine 
teeth,  arc  larger  than  those  of  the  tame  boar,  being  some- 
times nearly  a  foot  in  length.  The  chase  of  the  wild  boar 
is  one  of  trie  most  exciting  sports  of  Europe  and  India. 


boar 


Wild  Boar  [Sus  scro/a). 

In  heraldry  the  wild  boar  is  represented  with  large  tusks 
and  open  mouth. 
II.  a.  Male:  as.  a  boar  squirrel. 

boar'-'t,    boar::t.      Obsolete    spelling    of    htin.1, 

bort  -. 
board  (bord),  re.  [Under  this  I'oitn  and  the  cog- 
nate forms  in  the  other  languages  are  merged 
two  different  words  :  (1)M  E.  bord,  boord,  borde, 
<  As.  bord,  a  board,  plank,  table,  shield,  =  < >S. 
bord  =  OFries.  hard  =  D.  hord  =  MUi.  hurt, 
LG.  boord  =  [eel.  bordh  =  OHG.  MHG.  bort,  G. 
bord,  hurt  =  Sw.  and  Dan.  bord=  Goth,  bawd 
(in fotu-baurd,  'footboard,' footstool),  neut.,  a 
board,   plank,    table   (in  AS.   also  shield):    (2) 

ME.  bord,  boord,  /ionic,  <  AS.  bord  (=  t  is.  bord 
=  D.  boord  =  Midi,  bort,  L(i.  boord  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bort,  G.  bord  =  Icel.  bordh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bord),  masc.  (and,  by  confusion  with  the  pre- 
ceding, neut.),  border,  brim,  rim.  side,  esp. 
side  of  a  ship.  From  the  Teut.  comes  F.  bord 
=  OSp.  borda,  Sp.  bordo  =  Pg.  bordo  =  It. 
bordo,  side,  edge,  esp.  in  the  nautical  use, 
whence  in  E.  some  uses  of  board,  n.  and  v., 
after  the  F.  Hence  border,  etc.  Connection  of 
tin-  two  original  words  is  uncertain.  Another 
form  of  AS.  bord,  a  plank,  appears  transposed 
in  AS.  bred,  a  board,  flat  surface,  E.  dial,  on  <h  , 
a  board,  =  <  il).  hntl,  D.  hrnl,  a  floor,  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bret,  G.  brett,  a  board,  plank,  =  Sw. 
brddt  =  Dan.  brcedt,  board.  Not  connected  with 
broad,  as  is  usually  supposed.  (_'f.  Ir.  (lael. 
Corn,  bord  =  YV.  bord  and  bwrdd,  a  board, 
table.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and 
of  considerable  length  and  breadth  compared 
with  the  thickness.     The  name  is  usually  given  to 

l -  of  timber  (in  this  ami  similar  ti Tins  called  laad/er 

in  the  United  states)  more  than  4A  inches  wide  and  less 

than   2  inches  thick.    Thicker  pieces  of  the  same  form 

are  called  planks,  and  narrower  ones  battens.     When 

boards  are  thinner  on  one  edge  than  on  the  other,  they 

died  feather-edged  boards;  and  to  riven  pieces  of 

the  kind,  no)  more  than  :;  feet  long,  used  for  roofing,  the 

I  i    ■      Lusively  applied  in  the  southern  United 

Stab  -. 

But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  hut  men. 

Shak.,  M.of  V.,  i.S. 
2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 
She  gathi  rs,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  board 
H-aps  with  unsparing  hand.      Milton,  P.  I..,  v.  ?,13. 

Henei — 3.  (a)  That  which  is  served  on  a 
board  or  table ;  entertainment;  food;  diet. 

ft-hil      1 1  ]  i .  s  did  their  haves  alford, 

w'ith  wIimI.  tomendhish iyboard. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil    Geoi  gdci   h 
Thej      .       lie  i  from  cold  and  hunger  in  their  tireless 
houses  and  at  their  meagre  boai 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  x\i. 
(h)    [Provision    for   a  person's   daily   meals,   or 

1'... id  and  lodging,  especially  as  furnished  by 

agn  tor  a    price :  applied   also  to  the 

like    provision   fur   horses   and    other  animals, 
is  often  distinguished  i  ithi  r  a 

■ 

4.   A  table  al   « bieh  a  council  or  I 
Of  a  tribunal  is  held. 

[wish  ii"'  kin  i  would  be  pli  e     •  i     tobepn 

cut  ai  that  board  .  it  adds  a  ma] est)  to  II  Bacon, 

d  with  affair  othi  r  w  ho    al 

<  'hi,  ndon. 
Hence,  by  metonymy  —  5.   A   numb  c  of  per 
having  the   management,   direetioi     or 
rintendem £  some  publi    i     |      ate  of- 
fice or  trust :  as.  b  board  ol  :  the  board 
<d  Had'  :  the  board  of  health ;  a  school-board. 
i  honourable  board               1.    Shak    HcnA  [IX.,!.  1. 

i  a  part  of  tin-  inconvenii 
nblfes.     lli.ii  dec! 
theii  i 

same  abilities  and  knowledge  ae  an  nd 
gle  mi  n  .1.  Hamilton,  Wbi  I 

6.  A  Mai  ■  lab  of  v,  ood  ns<  d  fox  ome  specific 
purpose:  as,  an  ironing-board;  a  bake-board; 


604 

a  knife-/«><ir<f. —  7.  A  tablet :  especially,  a  tab- 
let  upon  which  public   notices  are   written,  or 

to  which  they  are  affixed:  as,  a  notice-board; 

a  bullet m-biitird. —  8.  A  table,  tablet,  or  frame 
on  which  games  are  played:  as.  a  chess-  or 
baeki_'aniiii'iti-/<o«r'/.'  a  bagatelle-board. —  9.  pi. 
The  stage  of  a  theater:  as,  to  go  upon  the 
boards,  in  Leave  tin-  boards  (that  is,  to  enter 

upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profession). 

Our  place  on  (tie  boards  may  In-  taken  by  better  and 
younger  mimes.  Thackeray. 

There  is  not  -  -never  was  —  any  evidence  that  Lodge,  "ho 
was  a  verj  meagre  dramatist,  ever  trod  the  boards. 

V,  andQ.:  nth  ser.,  XI.  107. 

10.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper;  a  sheet  form- 
ed by  layers  of  paper  pasted  together;  paste- 
board: usually  employed  in  compounds:  as, 
cardboard,  millboard,  Bristol-board.    Hence  — 

11.  lu  bookbinding,  one  of  the  two  stiff  covers 
on  the  sides  of  a  book.     By  a  book  /„  boards  is  usually 

to  he  undersi t  a  1 k  that  has  the  boards  covered  only 

with  paper,  in  distinction  from  one  which  is  covered  with 

cloth  or  leather.     The  boards  were  at  first  made  of  \\ 1. 

hut  are  now  made  of  hard-pressed  rough  paper-stock  and 
shredded  rope.    Often  abbreviated  to  bds. 

The  board*  used  in  bookbinding  are  formed  of  the  pulp 
obtained  from  refuse  brown  paper,  old  rope,  straw,  or 
other  vegetable  material  more  or  less  fibrous. 

Ore,  Diet.,  1.421. 

12.  pi.  In  printing,  thin  sheets  of  very  hard 
paper-stock  placed  between  printed  sheets  in 
a  press  to  remove  the  indentation  of  impres- 
sion: distinctively  called  press-boards. — 13. 
Naut.:  (a)  The  deck  and  interior  of  a  ship  or 
boat:  used  in  the  phrase  on  hoard,  aboard,  (b) 
The  side  of  a  ship. 

Now  board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.  Dryden. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between 
tack  and  tack. — 14.  In  mining,  as  generally 
used  in  England:  (a)  Nearly  equivalent  to 
breast,  as  used  among  Pemisylvania  miners. 
See  breast,  (b)  An  equivalent  of  cleat.  In  York- 
shire, when  the  coal  is  worked  parallel  to  the  cleat,  it  is 
said  to  he  worked  board  or  bord,  the  more  usual  term  i  Ise- 
where  being/ace  on  :  when  worked  at  right  angles  to  the 
cleat,  the  term  used  is  end  mi.  — Academy  board.  See 
academy.—  Binders'  board,  see  binder.  —  Board  and 
pillar,  in  coal-Tnining,  a  method  <>f  winning  coal.  See  pil- 
lar and  breast,  under  pillar.— Board  of  control,  direc- 
tors, equalization,  health,  ordnance,  trade,  etc.  Bee 
the  nouns.  -  Board  on  board,  board  and  board  (»« irf.), 
side  by  side.  — By  the  board,  over  the  ships  side.— 
From  bed  and  board.  See  bed'.— London  board,  a 
variety  of  sized  cardboard.—* On  board,  "ii  or  in  a  ship 
or  conveyance.— Police  board.  See  police.  To  begin 
the  board*,  to  take  a  seat  at  the  head  of  the  table  ;  take 
precedence  at  table. 

f'ul  ofte  tyme  he  hadde  //"■  bord  byaonne 
Aboven  alle  nai  iouus  in  l'ruce. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  52. 
To  go  by  the  board.  (<t>  Naut,  said  of  a  mast  which  is 
broken  off  a  short  distance  ahove  tic  deck.  Hence  —  (b) 
J,,  he  completely  destroyed  or  carried  away.— To  keep 
one's  name  on  the  boards,  at  Cambridge  University, 
to  remain  a  member  of  a  college :  iii  allusion  to  the  custom 
there  of  inscribing  the  names  of  members  on  a  hoard  or 
tablet— To  make  a  board,  to  make  a  stretch  on  any 
tack  when  a  ship  is  working  to  windward.  -  To  make  a 
good  board,  to  get  well  on  in  a  stretch  to  windward.— 
To  make  a  half  board  {naut.),  to  luff  into  the  wind  till 
the  headway  ceases,  and  then  to  fill  away  on  the  same 
tail,  -To  make  a  stern  board,  to  force  a  ship  astern 
by  the  sails.— To  make  short  boards,  to  tack  frequent- 
ly.—To  sweep  the  board,  Ingaming,  to  take  everything; 
pocket  all  the  stakes. 
board  (bord),  v.  [<  hoard,  n.  In  sense  8, 
after  F.  aboraer,  come  to,  accost:  see  aboard^, 
abord1,  r.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cover  with  boards  ; 
inclose  or  close  up  with  boards  :  lay  or  spread 
with  boards:  often  with  up,  in,  orover. — 2.  In 
leatlii r-mannf.,  to  villi  (leather)  with  a  pummel 
or  graining-board,  in  order  to  give  it  a  grauu- 
lar  appearance,  and  make  it  supple. 

If  after  "  Btoning  out "  i  he  leather  should  require  soften- 
in-.',  it  i.^  boarded.  c.  '/'.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  431. 

3.  To  place  at  board:  as,  he  boarded  his  son 
with  Mrs.  So-and-so. — 4.  To  furnish  with  fund, 
or  I'm  id  and  lodging,  I'm'  a  compensation:  as. 
his  landlady  boards  him  al  a  reasonable  price. 

Me  was  .    .    .    boarded  and   Lodged  at   the   houses  of  the 

farmers  whose  children  he  Instructed, 

/ 1  <  ing,  Sketch  Book,  p   121. 

5.  To  come  up  alongside  of  (in  order  to  at- 
tack): fall  aboard  of.  —  6.  To  go  on  board  of 
ia   vessel ).    Spei  iflcallj     en  To  embark.    ('.)  To  had 

anil   i  officially,  as  a  customhouse  ther  officer. 

i   i  To  enter  bj  force,  or  in  a  hostile  manner. 
You  board  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and  a  stranger  to 
n.  i-.    or  make  communications.  Tottt  n. 

7t.  'I'"  put  mi  board;  slow  away. 

it  i  ill :  Bhall  we  board  your  trunks? 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Changeling,  i.  1. 

8f.  To  approach ;  accost;  make  advances  to. 
Him  the  Prince  with  gentle  court  did  bord. 

Spenser,  F.  t)..  II.  i\.  '2. 


board-wages 

In  his  next  pithy  symbol  I  dare  nol  board  him.  for  he 

passes  all  tile  seven  wist-  Masters  of  lln  eCl 

Miliar,  Apology  for  Sniectymnuus. 

9f.  To  border  on  ;  approach. 

Tin-  st ill d mi  ne  Niu  r,  whose  waicrs  gray 
By  fair  Kilkenny  and  Kosscpontc  booed. 

Spi  a  i  I',  K.  I}.,  IV.  xi.  43. 

To  board  OUt.  (a)  T"  exclude  with  hoard-  or  h\  hoard- 
ing. CO  To  send  out  to  board  I  hire  or  procure  the  hoard 
of  elsewhere:  as,  to  board  oat  a  child  or  a  horse.— To 
board  up.  (o)  To  stop  or  close  by  putting  up  hoards :  as, 
to  board  o/i  a  road.  (/*)  'To  shut  in  with  hoards:  as,  to 
board  una  flock  of  chickens,  (c)  To  case  with  boards:  as, 
to  board  up  a  room  or  a  house. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  one's  meals,  or  be 
supplied  with  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
house  of  another,  at  a  fixed  price. 

We  are  several  of  us,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who  board 
in  the  same  house.  Speehtloe,  No   2i<ii. 

2.   Naut.,  to  tack. 
boardable  (bor'da-bl),  a.  [<  board,  r..  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  boarded,  as  a  ship, 
board-clip  (bord'klip),  n.    A  spring-clasp  for 

holding  sheets  of  paper  upon  a  board,  desk,  or 

printer's  case. 
board-cutter  (bord'kut'er),  n.  A  bookbinders' 

machine  for  cutting  millboards  for  the  covers 

and  backs  of  books. 
boarder  (bor'der),  ».    One  who  boards,    (a)  One 

who  gets  liis  meals,  or  both  meals  and  lodging,  in  the 

house  of  another  for  a  price  agreed  upon. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  Moor  ahove  nn- :  and.  to  my  tor- 
ture, he  practises  music.         Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

(6)  pi,  tin  a  man-of-war,  the  officers  and  men  detailed  to 
attack  an  enemy  by  hoarding.  They  are  armed  with  cut- 
lases  and  pistols. 

Hi  ading  for  the  steamer,  he  formed  his  boarders  on  the 
bow.  J.  Ii.  Soley,  blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  163. 

boarding  (bor'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  board, 
!'.]     1.  Wooden  boards  collectively. 

The  supply  of  material,  wood,  and  boarding  for  build- 
ing, repairing,  or  constructing  public  and  sacred  build. 
ings.  Seebohm,  Eng.  Yil.  Communities,  p.  299. 

2.  Boards  put  together,  as  in  a  fence  or  a  floor. 
—  3.  The  operation  of  rubbing  leather  with  a 
pommel  or  graining-board  to  make  it  granular 
and  supple,  after  it  has  been  shaved,  daubed, 
and  dried. —  4.  The  act  of  entering  a  ship,  es- 
pecially by  assault. —  5.  The  practice  of  obtain- 
ing one's  food,  or  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
homo  of  another,  for  a  stipulated  charge. — 
Luffer  boarding,  in  carp.,  a  style  of  hoarding  in  which 
one  hoard  projects  and  partly  covers  another,  and  in  its 
turn  is  partly  covered  by  still  another,  as  in  claplioardiiig. 

boarding-clerk  (bor'ding-klerk),  n.  The  em- 
ployee of  a  custom-house  agent  or  shipping 
firm  whose  duty  is  to  communicate  with  ships 
on  their  arrival  in  port.     [Eng.] 

boarding-house  (bor'ding-hous),  n.  Ahouseof 
entertainment,  more  home-like  than  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  where  persons  are  furnished  with 
board  for  a  fixed  price. 

boarding-joist  (bor'ding-joist),  n.  One  of  the 
ji lists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the  boards  are 
fastened. 

boarding-machine  (bdr'ding-ma-shen  ),  n.  A 
machine  for  rubbing  the  surface  of  leather  to 

raise  tin-  grain. 

boarding-nettings  (bcV ding-net  ingz).  ».  pi. 

Nettings  of  small  rope  or  wire  fixed  around  the 
bulwarks  of  a  ship  to  prevent  her  from  being 
boarded.     See  netting. 

boarding-officer  (lioi'ding-of"i-ser),  n.  An  offi- 
cer of  the  custom-house  who  boards  ships  on 
their  arrival  in  port  in  order  to  examine  their 
papers  and  to  prevent  smuggling. 

boarding-pike  (bdr'ding-pik),  n.    A  short  pike 

used  in  naval  warfare  in  boarding  or  in  repel- 
ling boarders.     See  half-pike. 

boarding-school  (bor'ding-skol),  ».  A  school 
which  provides  board  fur  its  pupils:  a  school 
at  which  the  pupils  are  fed  and  lodged. 

board-rack  (bora'rak),  ».  In  printing,  a  rack 
inr  sliding;   shelves   (called   letter-boards)  on 

which  to  lay  away  composed  type. 

board-rule  (bdrd'n'il  i,  n.  A  figured  scale  for 
finding  the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board, 
w  ii  limit  calculation. 

board-school  (I iord 'skill ),  ii.  InGreal  Britain, 
a  school  under  the  management  of  a  school- 
board  consisting  (except  in  London  I  of  from  5 
to  15  n i embers,  elected  by  I  he  rate-payers  of  a 

school  district  :   a  public  clemenlary  school. 

board-wages  (bord'wa  gez),  ».  sing,  ami  pi.  A 
fixed  payment  made  to  domestic  servants  in 
lien  uf  board,  especially  when  it  is  necessary 

fur  them  to  live  mil  during  the  I  em  porary  ab- 
sence from  home  ..I'  their  employers. 


Nol  ■  tgb  is  left  him  to  supply 

Board^mges,  or  a  footman's  livery. 


Dryden. 


boar-fish 

boar-fish  (bor'fisli),  ».  A  name  applied  lo  vari- 
ous dissimilar  fishes  which  have  a  projecting 
snout.  («)  lii  England,  the  Capros  aper,  ;i  flsh  of  the 
family  Caproidos.  it  has  the  power  of  extending  and 
contracting  its  mouth  at  will.  When  extended  the  mouth 
takes  the  form  of  a  hog's  snout,  whence  the  name.     It  is 


Boar-fish  (Capros  aper). 


6  inches  long,  ami  inhabits  tin-  Mediterranean  and  At- 
lantic northward  to  the  British  coasts.  (b)  In  New  Zea- 
land, the  Cyttus  australis,  a  Bpecies  of  the  family  Zenidce. 
It  is  related  to  the  jolm-dory,  but  has  a  rough  skin  and  is 
destitute  of  large  plates  and  the  black  lateral  Bpots.  (c) 
In  southern  Australia  (Melbourne,  etc.),  the  Pentaceropsis 
reevrvirostris,  a  species  of  the  family  Pentaeerotidos.  It  is 
esteemed  as  a  f<  tod-fish, 
boarish  (bor'ish),  a.  [<  boar  +  -ish1.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  boar ;  resembling  a  boar ;  swin- 
ish; sensual;  cruel. 

In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  boorish  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

boar-spear  (bor'sper),  n.  [<  ME.  boresper,  < 
AS.  bdrspere,  <  bar,  boar,  +  spere,  spear.]  A 
spear  used  in  hunting  boars. 

boar-stag  (bor'stag),  ».    A  gelded  boar. 

boar's-tusk  (borz'tusk),  re.  A  common  name 
given  to  shells  of  the  genus  Dentalium.  J.  B. 
Sowerby,  Jr. 

boart  (bort),  re.    Same  as  bort. 

boast1  (bost),  v.  [<  ME.  bosten,  boosten,  <  host, 
boast:  origin  unknown.  The  W.  hostio,  bos- 
tian  =  Corn,  bostye  =  Gael,  hosd,  boast,  are 
from  the  E.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  threaten;  ut- 
ter a  threat. —  2.  To  brag;  vaunt;  speak  vain- 
gloriously  or  exaggeratedly,  as  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  deeds,  etc. 

A' ste  nut,  myche,  it  is  hut  waast; 

Bi  boostynge,  men  rnowe  foolis  knowe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  52. 

By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  .  .  .  not  of  works, 

Lest  any  man  should  boost.  Eph.  ii.  8,  9. 

3.  To  glory  or  exult  on  account  (of);  speak 
with  laudable  pride. 

I  boast  of  you  to  them  of  Macedonia.  2  Cor.  ix.  2. 

4.  To  be  possessed,  as  of  something  remarka- 
ble or  admirable  :  often  used  jocosely. 

It  [the  cathedral]  does  not  appear  so  rich  as  the  small- 
est church,  but  boasts  of  a  little  organ,  which  sent  forth 
singularly  inharmonious  cries. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  4. 
=  Syn.  To  bluster  (about),  vapor,  crow  (about  a  thing,  or 
over  a  person),  swell,  talk  big,  put  on  airs. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  brag  of;  speak  of  witli 
pride,  vanity,  or  exultation :  as,  to  boast  what 
arms  can  do. 

But  let  him  boast 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  86. 
He  boasts  his  life  as  purer  than  thine  own. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

2.  To  glory  or  exult  in  possessing;  have  as  a 
source  of  pride :  often  in  a  jocose  sense :  as,  the 
village  boasts  a  public  pump. 

(iod  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Boasts  two  soul-sides,  one  to  face  the  world  with, 
One  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her. 

Browning,  tine  Word  More. 

3.  To  magnify  or  exalt ;  makeover-confident; 
vaunt :  with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

They  that  trust  in  their  wealth,  and  boast  themsdris  in 

the  multitude  of  their  riches.  Ps.  xli.v.  6. 

Boast  not  thyself  ot  to-morrow.  Prov.  xxvii.  1. 

Many  there  be  that  boost  themselves  that  they  have 

faith.  Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 

boast1  (bost),  tt.     [<  ME.  Iioost,   bost:  see  the 

verb.     The   W.  bost  (=  Corn,  bost  =  Lr.  and 

Gael,   bosd),  a   boast,   is  from  the  E.]      If. 

Clamor;  outcry. 

He  crakkede  bost  and  swor  it  was  nat  so. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  SI. 
2f.  Threatening ;  menace. —  3.  Brag  ;  vaunt- 
ing; language  expressive  of  ostentation,  pride, 
or  vanity. 

Reason  and  morals?  and  where  live  they  most, 
In  Christian  comfort  or  in  Stoic  boast? 

Byrom,  Enthusiasm. 

4.  A  cause  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation :  as,  Shakspere, 
the  boast  of  English  literature. 

His  Candle  is  alwayes  a  longer  sitter  vp  then  himselfe, 
and  the  boast  of  his  Window  at  Midnight. 

Bp.  Earle,  Sfficro-cosmographie,  A  Pretender  to  Learning. 
=  Svn.  Vaunt,  brag.    See  boosting!. 


Boasting-chisels. 


605 

boast2  (bost),  ».  t.  [Origin  unknown;  perhaps 
;i  corruption  of  bosh1,  q.  v.]  1.  In  masonry, 
to  dross  off  the  surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 

chisel  and  mallet. — 2.  In  sculp.,  to  reduce  or- 
naments or  other  work  to  their  general  contour 
or  form,  preparatory  to  working  out  the  details. 

boast-  (bost),  it.  [Appar.  in  allusion  to  the 
ball's  rubbing  or  scraping  tin'  wall;  <  boast1*, 
r.]  In  tennis,  :i  stroke  by  which  the  ball  is 
driven  against  the  wall  of  a  court  at  an  acute 
angle.  The  rubbing  against  the  wall  makes 
the  ball  spin. 

boastancet,  ».  [<  boast1  +  -ance.]  Boasting. 
Chaucer. 

boaster1  (bos'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  hosier,  hostour, 
<  bosten,  boast.]  One  who  boasts,  glories,  or 
vaunts  with  exaggeration,  or  ostentatiously;  a 
bragger. 

boaster2  (bos'ter),  n.  [<  boast?  +  -«•!.]  A 
broad  chisel  used  in  rough-hewing  and  dressing 
off  the  surface  of  a  stone;  a  boasting-chisel. 

boastful  (bost'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  bostful,  <  bost, 
boast,  + -Jul.]  Given  to  boasting;  vaunting; 
bragging. 

Boastful  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  squire. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  1.  151. 
i    i    oasifvl  eloquence  declaim 
i  if  honor,  liberty,  ami  fame. 

WhitHer,  Prisoner  for  Debt. 

boastfully  (bost'ful-i),  adv.     In   a   boastful 
manner. 
boastfulness  (bost'ful-nes),  n.     [<  boastful  + 
-reess.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  boastful. 
boasting1  (bos'ting),  n.    [<  ME.  hosting ;  verbal 
n.  of  boast1,  v.]   A  glorying  or  vaunting ;  boast- 
ful or  ostentatious  words  ;  bragging  language. 
When  boasting  ends,  then  dignity  begins.  Young. 

=  Syn.  Brag,  bravado,  bluster,  swagger,  swaggering,  vain- 
glory, rodomontade,  parade,  vaporing,  rant. 
boasting2  (bos'ting),  re.     [Verbal  n.  of  boast", 
v.]     1.  In  masonry,  the  process  of  dressing  the 
surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. —  2.  In  sculp. 
and  earring,  the  act  of  cutting 
a  stone  roughly  with  a  boasting- 
chisel,  so  as  to  give  it  the  general 
contour  of  a  statue  or  an  orna- 
ment.   Also  called  scabbling. 
boastingly  (bos'ting-li),  atlr.    In  an  ostenta- 
tious manner;  with  boasting. 
boastive  (bos'tiv),  a.     [<  boast1  +  -ire.']     Pre- 
sumptuous; boastful.     Shenstoiie.     [Rare.] 
boastless  (bost'les),  a.      [<  boast1   +  -less.] 
Without  boasting  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Diffusing  kind  beneficence  around. 
Boastless,  as  now  descends  the  Bilent  dew. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1644. 

boat  (bot),  ii.    [<  ME.  boot,  bote,  bot,  <  AS.  bat  = 

Icel.  belt  (rare),  a  boat;  appar.  not  found  as  an 
orig.  word  elsewhere,  being  in  the  later  lan- 
guages appar.  borrowed  from  ME.  or  AS. ; 
namely  (from  ME.),  MD.  and  D.  boot  =  MLG. 
hot,  LG.  hoot  (>  G.  boot),  and  (from  AS.)  Icel. 
batr  =  Sw.  hilt  =  Dan.  baad,  also  W.  bail  =  lr. 
had  =  Gael,  hata,  and  ML.  bains,  battus,  It. 
hatto  =  OF.  bat;  with  dim.  It.  butt,!/,,  =  Sp. 
batel  =  Pr.  batclh  =  OF.  batel,  F.  bateau:  see 
bateau.']  1.  A  small  vessel  or  water-craft;  espe- 
cially, a  small  open  vessel  moved  by  oars.  The 
forms,  dimensions,  and  uses  of  boats  are  very  various.  The 
boats  in  use  in  the  United  States  naval  service  are  steam- 
launches,  launches,  steam-cutters,  cutters,  barges,  gigs, 
whale-boats,  and  dinghies. 

2.  Any  vessel  for  navigation :  usually  described 
by  another  word  or  by  a  prefix  denoting  its  use 
or  mode  of  propulsion:  as,  a  packet-toa,,  pas- 
sage-boat,  ste&mboat,  etc.  The  term  is  frequent- 
ly applied  colloquially  to  vessels  even  of  the 
largest  size. — 3.  Any  open  dish  or  vessel  re- 
sembling a  boat:  as,  a  gvavy-boat ;  a  butter- 
boat. 

The  crude  red  [in  the  decomposition  of  aniline]  has  left 
a  violet  deposit  in  the  bottom  of  the  boats  in  which  It  was 
cooled.  Pop.  .See  Mo..  XXV.  207. 

4.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  vessel  contain- 
ing the  incense  to  be  placed  in  the  thurible 
when  needed — AU  in  the  same  boat,  all  engaged 
in  the  same  enterprise;  all  in  the  same  condition,  espe- 
cially unfortunate  condition;  all  to  have  tile  same  fate 
or  fortune.—  Boat-compass.  See  compass.  —  High  boat. 
See  hiijh.  —  Paper  boat,  a  light  boat,  used  especially  for 
racing  and  sporting  purposes,  made  of  sheets  of  inanila 
paper,  or  of  paper  made  from  superior  unbleached  linen 
stock,  lie  first  sheet  is  fastened  to  a  model  which  cor- 
responds to  the  interior  of  the  boat,  and  coated  with  ad- 
hesive varnish  ;  another  sheet  is  then  put  over  the  first; 
and  so  mi  until  a  sufficient  thickness  is  obtained. 

boat  (bot),  i'.  [Kboat,n.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  trans- 
port in  a  boat :  as,  to  boat  goods  across  a  lake. 
—  2.  To  provide  with  boats.     [Rare.] 


boat's-gripes 

ilur  little  Ann  is  net  boated  like  the  Thames. 

ti  alpolt.  Letters,  i.  39. 
To  boat  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  tie    rowlocks 

and  place  them  lore  and  alt  on  the  thwarts. 

II.  intrans.  To  go  in  a  boat;  row. 

I  boated  over,  ran 
M  J  craft  aground 

/.  nnyson,  Bdwin  Moi 1 1 

boatable  (bo'ta-bl),  a.  [<  boat  +  -able.']  Navi- 
gable by  boats  or  small  river-craft. 

boatage  (bo'taj),  n.  [<  boat  +  -age.]  1.  Car- 
riage by  boat,  or  Hie  charge  tor  carrying  by 
boat. —  2f.  Boats  collectively. —  3.  The  aggre- 
gate carrying  capacity  of  the  boats  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

It  is  generally  assumed  that  sufficient  boatage  is  invari- 
ably provided.  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CXV,  loo. 

boatbill  (bot'bil),  ii.  A  South  American  bird, 
Cochlearia  (or  Cancroma)  cochlearia,  related  to 
the  true  herons:  so  named  from  the  shape  and 


Boatbill  (Cancroma  cochlearia   . 

size  of  the  bill,  which  is  very  broad  and  much 
vaulted.  The  boatbill  is  about  thesize<>t  and  Bomewhat 
resembles  a  night-heron  (apart  from  the  bill),  but  is  the 
type  of  a  distinct  subfamily,  Cancromince  (which  see). 
Also  called  boat-billed  heron  and  savacou. 

boat-builder  (bot'biFder),  n.  One  who  makes 
boats ;  a  boatwright. 

boat-fly  (bot'fii),  n.  An  aquatic  heteropterous 
hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  NotonecUdce, 
which  swims  upon  its  back.  See  Notonecta. 
Also  called  back-swimmer  and  boat-insect. 

boat-hook  (bot'huk),  v.  A  brass  or  iron  hook 
and  spike  fixed  to  a  staff  or  pole,  used  for  pull- 
ing or  pushing  a  boat.  Also  called  gaff-st  tt<  r, 
setting-pole,  pole-hook,  and  hilehcr. 

boat-house  (bot'hous),  n.  A  house  or  shed  for 
storing  boats  and  protecting  them  from  the 
weather. 

boating   (bo'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  boat,   v.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  rowing  or  sailing  a 
boat,  especially  as  a  means  of  exercise  or 
amusement. —  2.  Transportation  by  boats. —  3. 
A  punishment  in  ancient  Persia,  consisting  in 
fastening  an  offender  on  his  back  in  a  boat  and 
leaving  him  to  perish  or  be  eaten  by  vermin. 

boat-insect  (bot'in"sekt),  n.     Same  as  boat-tig. 

boationt  (bo-a'shon),  n.  [<L.  as  if  *hoatio{n-), 
equiv.  to  hoatus,  a  crying  out,  <  hoare,  earlier 
borare,  =  Gr.  jioav,  cry  out,  roar,  bellow.]  A 
reverberation;  a  roar;  loud  noise.     [Rare.] 

The  guns  were  heard  .  .  .   about  a  hundred   Italian 
miles,  in  loud  boations.  Derham,  Physico-Theology. 

boat-keeper  (bot'ke'per),  re.       1,   One  of   the 

crew  of  a  ship's  boat  left  in  charge  of  it  during 
the  absence  of  the  others. —  2.  One  who  keeps 
boats  for  hire. 

boatman  (bot'man),  re.;  pi.  boatmen  (-men).  1. 
A  man  who  manages  or  is  employed  on  a  boat ; 
a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  boatman  plied  the  oar,  the  boat 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Southey. 

2.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Corisiila: 
and  genus  Notonecta. 

boat-racing  (bot'ra'sing),  n.    A  trial  of  speed 

between  boats ;  racing  with  boats. 
boat-rope   (bot'rop),   «.     A  rope  to  fasten  a 

boat,  usually  called  a  painter. 


Boat's-gripes. 

boat's-gripes  (bots'grips),  n.  pi.    Lashings  used 
to  secure  boats  hoisted  at  the  davits. 


boat-shaped 

boat-shaped  (bot'shapt),  a.     Having  the  shape 

of  a  boat;  navicular;  cymbiform;  hollow  like 

i  boat,  as  (in  60*. )  the  valves  of  some  pericarps. 

[flcally,  in  ornith.,  applied  to  the  tail  of  certain  birds, 


Boat-shaped. — Tail  of  a  Grackle. 


.   boat  tail*  d  in  which  the 

plane  of  the  feathers  ol  each  half  meets  that  of  the  other 
ti  .1!  obliquely,  alanting  downward  and  toward  the  me- 
dian line,  and  tlms  induces  a  reentrance  or  hollow  of  the 

uppi  1         10  : 1  !.<■'  1  below 

boat-shell  (bot'shel),  u.  The  English  name  of 
the  shells  of  the  genus  Cymbium  or  Cymba,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Volutidce.    See  cut  under 

'  '■mm. 

boat-skid  (bot'skid),  ».  Naut,  a  piece  of  wood 
fastened  to  ;t  ship's  Bide  to  prevent  chafing 
when  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 

boatsmant  (bots'man),  n.  [<  bunt's,  poss.  of 
boat,  +  man  ;  =  D.  bootsman  =  Sw.  b&tsman  = 
Dan.  bandsman,  boatswain.]  1.  A  boatswain. 
—  2.  A  boatman. 

boat-song  (bot'sdng),  n.  A  vocal,  or  occasion- 
ally an  instrumental,  musical  composition, 
either  intended  actually  to  be  sung  while  row- 
ing or  sailing  or  written  iu  imitation  of  a  song 
thus  used.     See  barcarole. 

boatswain  (hot 'swan;  colloq.  and  in  naut. 
use,  [Also  colloq.  and  naut.  boson 

:  terly  in  good  literary  use);  early  mod.  E. 
boatswain,  boatson,  boteswayne,  <  late  ME.  bot- 
swayru  :  <  600/  +  swain,  in  the  sense  of  'boy ser- 
vant.' The  alleged  AS.  *bdtswdn  is  not  author- 
ized.] 1.  A  subordinate  officer  of  a  ship,  who 
has  eharge  of  the  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  and 
cordage.  It  is  his  duty  also  to  Bummon  the  crew  for  any 
evolution,  and  to  assist  the  executive  officer  in  the  neces- 
lusinessof  theship.  His  station  is  always  on  the  fore- 
castle, and  a  silver  call  or  whistle  is  the  badge  oi  his  office. 

2.  A  j&ger  or  skua  :  any  bird  of  the  genus 
Lestris  or  SU  rcorarius. 

Dr.  Bessels  killed  three  fork-tailed  gulls,  and  two  boat- 
C.  F.  Halt,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  388. 

3.  A  name  of  birds  of  the  genus  Phaethon.  See 
tropic-bird. — Boatswain's  mate,  an  assistant  of  aboat- 
swain.  Boatswain's  mates  inflicted  corporal  punishment 
before  it  was  abolished. 

boat-tailed  (bot'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  boat- 
ghaped.     See  boat-shaped. 

boattails  (bot'talz),  n.  pi.  In  ornith.,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  American  grackles, 
subfamily  Quiscalince,  family  Icteridx,  from  the 
fact  thai  their  tails  are  boat-shaped.  See  cut 
under  boat-shaped. 

boatwright  (bot'rit),  n.    A  boat-builder. 

bob1  (bob),  n.  [Under  the  form  606  are  in- 
eluded  several  words  of  obscure  origin,  mostly 
colloquial  and  without  a  definite  literary  his- 
tmv.  and  iu  consequence  now  more  or  less  con- 
fused in  sense  as  well  as  in  form.  The  differ- 
ent senses,  in  their  noun  and  verb  uses,  have 
ted  on  each  other,  and  cannot  now  be  en- 
tirely  disentangled.  Bob1,  it.,  a  cluster,  etc., 
=  Sc.  bob,  baa,  a  cluster,  bunch,  nosegay,  < 
ME.  606,  bobbe,  a  cluster;  <•)'.  [eel.  bobbi,  a  knot 
(nodus,  Haldorsen  ),  and  Gael,  babag,  a  cluster, 
baban,  a  tassel,  fringe.    In  senses  5, 6,  7,  rather 

from  t„it,\.  ,-.  /.,   i;   j„  senses   HI.  11.  13,  bob  is 

short  for  bob-wig,  bob-sUck,  bob-sled,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  bunch;  a  (duster;  a  nosegay.  [Now  chiefly 
Scotch.] 

es  .  .  .  with  wondere  grete  SoMw  of  grapes. 

MS.  i"  Hdlliwell. 

lie  rose  an' hawthorn  sweet  [TJ  twine 

Ton  - 1  thee.    Hogg,  The  Hay-makers. 

2f.  The  seed-vessel  of  flax,  hops,  etc. — 3.  Any 

small  round  object  swinging  or  playing  loosely 

at  the  end  ible  chain,  «  ire, 

rod,  or  the  like.    Spe<  Lfli  all}     (a)  \  littli   | lanl  01 

ornament  bo  attached  :  an  ear-drop. 

In  ji  dt  .  bob. 

I'  Juvenal's  satins,  vl, 

'I'h'"     I  to  m  u  ill!  tile  gold  they 

have  in  the  world  in  a  606  at  thi 

:i  of  the  World,  lii. 
1  edit  at  the  end  ol  a  pendulum,  plumb 

hie .  and  thi  like. 

ther 

1  to  trlng,  with  or  »  Ithoul  1  hook  and  used 
in  angling.  («)  Formerly,  a  grub  or  Ian  10I  a  beetle  u  ■ .  1 
for  bait 

\  ellon  b  b   tut  in  1  up  b  I  in  the  plough 
biefest  ball  h iih  1  ork  and  [< 

•'■  D  n.  (1618). 

(/)  A  1 ks. 

The  bob  .  .  .   Is  formi  1  bj  tying  threi  1 h    to  'ether, 

back  to  hack,  and  covering  their  shanks  w 1th  a] 


G06 

a  deer's  tail:  .  .  .  strips  of  red  flannel  or  red  feathers  are 
sometimes  added,  .  .  .  forming  a  kind  of  tassel,  with  the 
points  of  the  hooks  projecting  at  equal  distances. 

The  Century,  AW  I.  883. 
(a)  A  limit  or  col  k  for  a  fish-line. 

4.  A  small  wheel  mm  l>  entirely  of  a  thick  piece 
of  bull-neck  or  sea-cow  leather,  perforated  Eor 

the  ri ption  of  the  spindle,  used  for  polishing 

the  inside  of  the  bowls  of  spoons  and  the  eon- 
cave  portions  of  other  articles. —  5f.  The  words 
repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza;  the  burden  of 
a  song. 
"  To  bed,  tn  bed,"  will  he  the  bob  of  the  song. 

Sir  It.  L'JBstrange,  Failles. 

6.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion:  as,  a  bob 
of  the  head. —  7.  In  change-ringing,  a  set  of 
changes  which  may  be  rung  on  6,  8,  10,  or  12 
bells.  That  rung  on  (J  hells  is  called  a  bob  minor  ;  on  8 
bells,  a  bob  major;  on  10  hells,  a  bob  royal;  and  on  12 
bells,  a  bob  maximws. 

8.  A  triangular  or  four-sided  frame  of  iron  or 
wood,  vibrating  on  an  axis,  by  the  aid  of  which 
the  motion  of  the  connecting-rod  of  an  engine 
is  communicated  to  a  pump-rod,  the  former 
being  usually  horizontal,  the  latter  vertical  or 
considerably  inclined. —  9.  A  dance.  [Scotch.] 

0  what'n  a  bob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

Jacobite  Song. 

10.  A  particular  kind  of  wig;  a  bob-wig. 

A  plain  brown  bob  he  wore. 

Shenstone,  Extent  of  Cookery. 
He  had  seen  flaxen  bobs  succeeded  by  majors,  which  in 
their  turn  gave  way  to  negligents,  which  were  at  hist  total- 
ly routed  by  bags  and  ramilies.    Goldsmith,  Richard  Nash. 

11.  A  shilling.     Formerly  bobsUck.     [Slang.] 

"  "Well,  please  yourself,"  quoth  the  tinker;  "you  shall 
have  the  I ks.  for  four  bob."  .  .  .  "  Vonr  bobs  —  four  shil- 
lings: it  is  a  great  sum,"  said  Lenny. 

Bulwt  r,  My  Novel,  iv.  5. 

12.  An  infantry  soldier:  as,  the  light  bobs :  pos- 
sibly so  called  because  soldiers  were  enlisted 
in  England  with  a  shilling.  [Slang.]  — 13.  A 
seat  mounted  on  short  runners,  used  either  for 
pleasure  coasting  or  for  the  conveyance  of 
loads  over  ice  or  snow;  a  sled.  [American.]  — 
Bob  at  the  bolster.  Same  as  cushionrdance.—jyry  bob, 
at  Eton  College,  England,  a  hoy  who  devotes  himself  to 
cricket  or  foot-hall:  in  opposition  to  wet  bob,  one  who 
makes  boating  his  principal  recreation.— Oscillating  or 
rocking  bob.    Same  as  balance-bob. 

bob1  (bob),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing.  [<  bob1,  n.,  3,  from  the  vibrating  move- 
ment; cf.  Icel.  boppa,  wave  up  and  down.  In 
sense  I.,  2,  there  is  reference  to  the  short,  cut- 
off appearance  of  bobs.  In  sense  II.,  4,  <  bob1, 
n.,  3  (d)  (e).  This  verb  is  probably  in  part 
vaguely  imitative,  and  not  directly  connected 
with  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  a  short 
jerky  motion  of ;  effect  by  a  short  jerking  move- 
ment: as,  "he  bobbed  his  head,"  Irving;  to  bob 
a  courtesy. 

When  Ionian  shoals 
Of  dolphins  bob  their  noses  through  the  brine. 

Keats,  Endyniion,  i. 
2.  To  cut  short;  dock:  often  with  off:  as,  to 
bob  or  bob  off  a  horse's  tail. 

II.  in  trims.  1.  To  act  jerkily,  or  by  short 
quick  motions;  move  or  play  loosely,  in  a  sway- 
ing or  vibrating  manner:  as,  to  bob  against  a 
person;  to  bob  up  and  down,  or  back  and  forth, 
as  a  pith-ball  or  other  object,  or  a  person. 
A  birthday  jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  make  a  jerky  bow  or  obeisance. 

He  rolled  in  upon  two  little  turned  legs,  and  having 
bobbed  gravely  to  the  bar,  who  bobbed  gravel]  to  him,  put 
his  little  legs  tinder  his  table.      Dickens,  Pickwick,  xxxiv. 

3.  To  dance.  [Scotch.] — 4.  To  angle  or  fish 
with  a  bob,  as  for  eels,  or  by  giving  the  hook  a 
jerking  mot  inn  in  the  water. 

I'll  bob  for  no  more  eels.  Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  v.  2. 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Captain,  hi.  4. 

bob2  (bob),  r.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bin//. [<  ISO!,  boltben,  strike.  Origin  obscure, 
perhaps  in  part  imitative;  of.  bob&t  v,  Cf.  Sc. 
boli,  a  mark  or  butt.]     1.  To  strike;  beat. 

With  the  tut  el  his  blade  he  bobbit  him  so  .  .  . 
it'  clefe  him  to  the  coler. 

Destruction  oj  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7310. 
I'll  not  be  bob'd  In  th'  nose. 

I'l,  tcher,  M.ins.  'I'h, mias,  ii.  2. 

2.  To  jog;  shako;  nudge. 

Mr.  Hurley  bobbed  me  at  every  line  to  ink"  notice  of 
the  In:."  Svkft,  Journal  to  Stella,  U  tti  r  8 

bob'-'t  (bob),  n.  [<  holV,  v.]  A  shako  or  jog; 
:i  blow:  :is,  "pinches,  nips,  and  bobs,"  Ascham, 

The  Scholemaster. 

lii  thai  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit 

Doth  verj  foolii  hly,  alt] gh  he  smart, 

Net  in  seem senselest  "i  the  bob. 

/'/.,  As  you  i.ikc  it,  it  7. 


bobbin 

bob:!t  (bob),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing. [<  ME.  Iintiliin,  <  OF.  bolter,  mock,  de- 
ceive, cheat.]     1.  To  mock;  deride;   insult. 

Si i  by  Biche  teynyd  niyraelis  men  by  gylenhemsilf  and 
dispisen  God,  as  the  tormentours  that  bobbiden  I  Irist 

Rel.  Antiij.,  ii.  47. 

2.  To  deceive ;  delude ;  cheat. 

Play  her  pranks  and  /'»•/'  the  foole. 

TurberviUe,  A  Pretle  Epigram. 

You're  bobb'oZ;  'twas  but  a  deed  in  trust. 

Midflbhiu  ("in/  nlhrrs),  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

3.  To  gain  by  fraud  or  cheating. 

Cold,  and  jewels,  that  I  bobb'd  from  him. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v   L. 

bob3  (bob),  ii.  [<&0&3,  V.  Cf.  OP.  bobe,  mocking, 
deception.]    A  taunt;  a  jeer  or  flout ;  a  trick. 

Let  her  leave  her  bobs; 
I  have  had  loo  many  of  them  ;  and  her  quUletS. 

Fletcher,  Tamer  'famed. 

I  am  beholding  to  you 
For  all  your  merry  tricks  > . . 1 1  put  upon  me, 
\  our  bobs,  ami  base  accounts. 

/ '/.  tcher,  Wildgoose  chase,  iii.  1. 

To  give  the  bob  tot,  t"  make  a  fool  of  -,  impose  upon. 
It  can  he  mi  ether  [business] 
But  to  give  me  the  bob. 

Waeeinffer,  Maid  of  Honour,  iv.  5. 

bob4  (bob),  n.  [<  ME.  bobbe,  an  insect  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  spiders  and  lice;  = 

■  Sw.  bobba,  a -certain  insect,  buprestis.  Perhaps 
the  same  word  as  bobl,  a  bunch,  of  which  a  dial, 
sense  is  'ball';  cf.  attercop,  a  spider,  lit.  'poi- 
son-head'or  'poison-bunch';  cf .  also  pill-beetle. 
Cf.  Icel.  bobbi,  a  snail-shell;  leomast  i  bobba, 
get  into  a  puzzle.]  A  louse;  any  small  insect. 
Hull, in  II.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

bobac,  bobak  (bob'ak),  n.  [Pol.  bobak.'i  The 
Polish  marmot,  Arctomys  bobac. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  n.  [The  name  of  a  boast- 
ful character  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Every  Man  in 
his  Humour."]     A  blustering  braggart. 

Bobadilian  (bob-a-dil'ian),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  a  Bobadil,  or  a  blustering  fellow 
who  makes  pretenses  to  prowess. 

Bobadilism  (bob'a-dil-izm),  n.  [<  Bobuilil  + 
-ism.~\     Blustering  conduct  or  braggadocio. 

bobak,  ii.    See  bobac. 

bobancet,  »■  [MP.,  also  bobaunce,  <  OP.  bobance 
(F.  bonibaiiee)  =  Pr.  bobansa,  ostentation,  dis- 
play, =  It.  bombanza,  exultation.  Cf.  ML.  bom- 
bicus,  proud,  ostentatious,  <  L.  bonibus,  a  buz- 
zing sound:  see  bomb'2.~\     Boasting.     Chaucer. 

bobber1  (bob'er),  n.  [<  bolA  +  -cr1.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  bobs. — 2.  One  who  fishes 
with  a  b..b. — 3.  One  of  the  artificial  flies  of  an 
angler's  cast. 

bobber'-'t,  «.    [<  6o63  +  -erl.]    1.  One  who  scoffs. 

Bitter   tauntcrs,  dry    bobbers,  nyppinge   gybers,   and 
skorneful  mockers  of  others. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions  (1575). 
2.  A  deceiver, 
bobbery  (bob'er-i),  n. ;  pi.  bobberies  (-iz).  [Bop- 
ularly  regarded  as  a  native  E.  term,  <  bob1,  v., 
bob",  v.,  +  -re//,  but  really  of  Anglo-Indian  ori- 
gin, bein^  an  accom.  of  Hind,  biip  re,  O  father! 
a  common  exclamation  of  surprise :  bap,  father ; 
re,  a  vocative  particle  expressing  surprise.]  A 
squabble;  a  row;  a  disturbance:  as,  to  kick  up 
:t  bobbin/.     [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

I  heard  something  yesterday  of  his  kicking  up  a  liobbery 
in  the  kitchen.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  36. 

bobbin  (bob'in),  n.  [Formerly  bohin  ;  =  D.  bobijn 
=  It.  dial,  bobitia,  <  P.  bobine,  a  bobbin ;  of  un- 
known origin,  perhaps  Celtic;  cf.  Gael,  baban, 
a  tassel,  fringe,  babag,  a  cluster,  tassel.  This 
would  bring  bobine  into  connection  with  E.  dial. 
bobbin,  a  small  fagot  (unless  this  is  a  var.  of 
bobbin  =  bavin1),  and  bobbin,  a  little  knob  hang- 
ing by  a  string  attached  to  a  latch.  See  bob1.'] 
1.  A  reel  or  spool  for  holding  thread.  Specifl- 
eaih  (a)  One  ox  the  weights  used  tosteadj  the  threads 
in  pillov  fee  milking,  each  bobbin  having  a  slender  neck 
around  which  a  part  of  the  thread  is  wound  ;  (ormerlymade 

of  hone,  but  now  commonly  ot  " i.    (6)  &.s] i  with  a 

hen  I  at  one  or  both  ends,  intended  to  have  thread  or  yam 
wound  on  it.  and  used  in  spinning,  in  weaving,  ami  in 
sew  [ng-machines. 

Hence — 2.  Either  of  the  two  spool-shaped  parts 
of  an  electromagnet,  consisting  of  a  eentrafeore 
of  suit  iron  wound  around  with  a  considerable 
length  of  tine  insulated  copper  wire. —  3.  A 
□arrow  tape  or  small  cord  of  cotton  or  linen. 
— 4.  A  hank  of  Russian  tlux,  consisting  of  G, 
9,  or  12  heads,  according  to  the  quality—  Bob- 
bin and  fly-frame,  ("i  A  machine  used  tn  cotton-man. 
hi. e  tun  he  taking  the  sliver  as  received  from  the  draw- 
ing ii. ime  ami  converting  it  into  roving  or  slubbing;  this 
is  the  first  "i  coarse  frame,  (b)  A  machine  which  takes 
the  slubbing  from  the  Hist  frame  and  converts  it  into  a 
coarse  yarn. 


bobbin 

bobbin  (boh'in),  v.  t.  [<  bobbin,  ».]  To  wind 
on  bobbins  or  spools,  as  thread. 

bobbinet  (bob-in-t't' or  bob'in-et),  n.  A  com- 
mon contracted  form  of  bobbin-net. 

bobbing  (bob'ing),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  bobbing; 
verbal  n.  of  bob1,  v.,  II..  4.]  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  fishing  with  a  bob. 

bobbin-net  (bob-in-net'),  n.  A  machine-made 
cotton  netting,  consisting  of  parallel  threads 
which  form  the  warp,  upon  which  two  systems 
of  oblique  threads  are  laid  in  such  away  thai 
each  of  the  oblique  threads  makes  a  turn  around 
each  of  the  warp-threads,  producing  a  nearly 
hexagonal  mesh.  See  tulle.  Often  contracted 
to  bobbinet. 

In  1808,  Mr.  John  Heathcoat  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
bobbin-net  machine,  being  the  tirst  successful  attempt  to 
produce  by  machinery  an  imitation  of  pillow  lace. 

A.  Harlow,  Weaving,  p.  360. 

bobbin-winder  (bob 'in -win  "der),  re.  A  ma- 
chine for  winding  thread  or  yarn  upon  a  bob- 
bin, spool,  or  shuttle,  having  a  device  for  dis- 
tributing the  thread  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
form  in  winding  any  desired  shape. 

bobbin-work  (bob'in-werk),  n.  Work  woven 
with  bobbins. 

bobbish  (bob'ish),  a.  [Of.  bob1,  v.]  Hearty; 
in  good  spirits  and  condition.     [Colloq.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbled,  ppr. 
hobbling.  [Freq.  of  bob1,  v.  (_'f.  bubble*.]  To 
bob  up  and  down ;  move  with  continual  bob- 
bing.    [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobble  (bob'l  i,  n.  [<  bobble,  v.]  The  move- 
ment of  agitated  water.     [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobby  (bob'i),  ».;  pi.  bobbies  (-iz).  [A  slang 
term,  from  Bobby,  dim.  of  Bob,  familiar  form  of 
Robert,  in  allusion  to  Sir  Bobert  Peel.  Also 
called  peeler,  fromhis  surname.]  A  policeman: 
a  nickname  first  given  to  the  members  of  the 
police  force  established  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
act  (passed  in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  in 
and  near  London. 

bob-cherry  (bob'cher'i),  u.  [<  bob1  +  cherry.'] 
A  child's  play  consisting  in  catching  with  the 
teeth  a  cherry  or  other  fruit  hung  from  the  ceil- 
ing, lintel  of  a  door,  or  other  high  place,  as  it 
swings  to  and  fro. 

bob-fishing  (bob '  fish '  ing),  re.  Same  as  clod- 
fishing. 

bobizationt  (bo-bi-za'shqn),  n.  [<  bo  +  bi,  syl- 
lables used  in  singing,  +  -z-aUon.]  In  musk-, 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  a 
general  term  for  the  various  methods  of  naming 
the  tones  of  the  scale  (for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence and  accuracy  of  singing)  by  syllables.  See 
solmization,  bebization,  hoccdization,  dameniza- 
tion.  labecedization. 

bob-lincoln  (bob-ling'kon),  n.  [Also  boblincon, 
bob-o-lincolii,  as  if  it  were  Bob  o'  Lincoln,  and 
hence  still  further  expanded  to  Robert  of  Lin- 
coln, in  allusion  to  the  proper  names  Robert 
(see  bobby)  and  Lincoln ;  a  fanciful  imitation  of 
the  bird's  note.  Now  usually  bobolink,  q.  v.] 
The  bobolink. 

The  luxurious  little  boblincon  revels  among  the  clover 
blossoms  of  the  meadows.     Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  147. 
Over  the  mountain-side  or  mead, 
Robert  of  Lincoln  is  telling  his  name. 

Bryant,  Robert  of  Lincoln. 

bobolink  (bob'o-lingk'),  n.  [Also  boblmk,  and 
earlier  hobliucoln,  boblincon  (see  above) ;  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note.]  An  American 
oscine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  leteridte 
and  subfamily  Agelaina;  the  Dolichonyx  oryzi- 
vorus,  named  from  its  hearty  voluble  song  in 


607 

male  wears  the  black  livery  only  in  the  breeding  sea- 
Bon,  and  is  only  then  in  song,  lie  molts  in  midsummer 
or  in  August,  acquiring  a  plumage  like  that  of  the  female. 
Both  sexes  are  then  known  as  reed-birds  in  the  -Middle 
Slates,  as  rice-birds  in  the  Southern  States,  and  aa  butti  r- 
birds  In  Jamaica.  In  the  spring  the  male  acqulreB  bis 
black  and  bull'  suit  without  molting  anj  feathers  :  «  hi  m 
the  correct  popular  notion,  based,  however,  on  erroneous 
premises,  thai  the  reed-birds  turn  into  bobolinks  in  the 

spring.    The  bird  is  abundant   in  Bi   of  the  I  nited 

Stati  b,  and  is  a  regular  migrant,  breeding  on  the  gr I 

in  meadows  In  the  Northern  stales  and  Canada.  In  the 
fall,  when  fat  and  flocking  in  the  marshes  to  feed  upon 
wild  oats  (Zizania),  it  is  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 
Also  called  bob-lincoln,  facetiously  Robert  of  Lincoln,  (see 
bob-lincoln),  skunk-blackbird,  from  its  coloring,  which  re- 
sembles that  of  the  skunk,  and  meadowink. 

The  crack-brained  bobolink  courts  his  crazy  mate, 
Poised  .in  a  bulrush  tipsy  with  his  weight 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Spring. 

bob-sled  (bob'sled),  n.  A  sled  consisting  of  a 
body  resting  on  two  short  sleds  called  bobs, 
placed  one  behind  the  other.  Bob-sleds  are  used 
for  the  transportation  of  timber,  etc.,  and,  when  of  lighter 
build  for  casting,  arc-  also  called  doubli  -runners  or  simply 
bobs.     |  American.  | 

bob-sleigh  (bob'sla),  re.    A  sleigh  constructed 

upon  the  same  principle  as  a  bob-sled.    [U.  S.] 

bobstay  (bob'sta),  n.    [<  bob1  +  stay1.]    Naut., 

one  of  two  or  three  ropes  or  chains  extending 
from  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  cut- 


Bobolink  { Dolichonyx  oryzivorus). 

spring.  The  male  is  about  "A  inches  long,  black,  with  a 
butf  nape,  and  much  white  or  pale  ash  on  the  back  and 
wings ;  the  tail-feathers  are  very  acute.  The  female  is 
smaller,  yellowish,  darker  above,  and   streaked.     The 


a.  Bowsprit ;  l\  Bobstay. 

water.  Their  function  is  to  hold  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  j'lace,  and  counteract  the  upward 

strain  exerted  by  the  headstays Bobstay  holes, 

holes  in  the  fore  part  of  the  knee  of  the  head  in  a  ship, 
formerly  serving  to  secure  the  bobstay.  Weale.-  Bob- 
Stay  piece,  a  timber  fastened  to  the  main  piece  of  the 
head  in  a  ship,  to  which  the  bobstay  is  secured.— Bob- 
stay  plates,  iron  plates  by  which  the  lower  ends  of  the 
bobstays  are  secured  to  the  stem. 

bobstickt  (bob'stik),  re.  [<  hob1  +  stick;  the 
application  is  not  clear.]  A  shilling;  a  bob. 
[Slang.] 

bobtail  (bob'tal),  re.     [<  boh1,  «.,  or  bob1,  v.,  I., 

2,  +  tail1.]  1.  A  short  tail,  or  a  tail  cut  short. 
—  2t.  A  contemptible  fellow ;  a  cur.  .V.  /•-'.  /'. — 

3.  Collectively, the  rabble:  used  in  contempt, 
most  frequently  in  the  phrase  rag-tag  and  bob- 
tail.— 4.  A  kind  of  short  arrow-head.   Planche. 

bobtailed(bob'tald),«.  [<  bobtail  +  -ecP.]  Hav- 
ing the  tail  cut  short:  as,  "a  bobtuilcd  cur,"  Sir 
It.  V Estrange Bobtailed  car,  a  small  street-car  de- 
signed to  be  used  without  a  conductor  or  guard,  and  drawn 
usually  by  one  horse.     [Local,  V.  S.] 

bobtail-wig  (bob'tal-wig'),  n.  A  wig  with  a 
short  cue,  worn  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

bob-white  (bob'hwit'),  re.  [So  called  from  its 
note.]  A  name  of  the'  bird  Ortyx  vwginianus, 
commonly  known  in  America  as  the  quail  or 
partridge.     See  cut  under  quail. 

In  the  North  and  East,  he  is  called  Quail :  in  the  South 
and  West,  he  is  Partridge  ;  while  everywhere  lie  is  known 
as  Bob  White. 

A.  M.  Mayer,  Sport  with  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  663. 

bob-wig  (bob'wig),  re.  [Short  for  bobtail-wig.] 
A  bobtail-wig. 

A  bub-wiy  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

bocaget,  n.     A  by-form  of  boscage. 

bocal  (bo'kal),  re.  [=  T>.  bokaal  =  G-.  pokal,  < 
P.  bocal  =  Sp.  Pg.  bocal  =  It.  boccale;  ef.  ML. 
bucalis,  baucalis,  <  Gr.  /tetka/Wc,  also  KabitaTuc,  a 
vessel  in  which  wine  or  water  is  cooled ;  cf. 
LGr.  ttavnaliov,  also  navKtihov,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  when  water  is  poured  in  or 
out:  said  to  be  imitative  ;  cf .  Gr.  ftavicaAav,  lull, 
sing  a  lullaby.]  1 .  A  cylindrical  glass  vessel 
with  a  shortjwide  neck  and  large  mouth,  used 
to  contain  anatomical  specimens  and  the  like, 
preserved  in  spirits. — 2.  The  mouthpiece  of  a 
brass  musical  instrument,  as  a  horn,  a  trumpet, 
or  a  trombone. 

bocan,  n.     Same  as  bucan. 

bocardo  (bo-kar'do),  n.  [An  artificial  term.] 
1.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic  name  of  that  mood 
of  the  third  figure  of  syllogism  in  which  the  ma- 


bock-beer 

jor  premise  is  a  particular  negative,  the  minor 
a  universal  affirmative,  and  the  conclusion  a 

particular  negative  proposition:  a-.  Some  pa- 
triarchs (Enoch,  Elijah)  :"'o  not  mortal;  but 
all  patriarchs  arc  men;   hence,  sonic    men  are 

nut  mortal,    in  the  seven  letters  which  ■ post   the 

word,  five  are  significant.  The  three  vowels,  o,  ",  ",  indi- 
cate the  qualit)  "t  the  premises  and  conclusion  ;  b  rtiovi 
that  the  n d  is  t"  lie  reduced  to  barbars  "i  th<  first  fig- 
ure; c,  that  the  reduction  is  per  impossibile.  The  word 
was  probably  invented  by  Petrus  Hispanus.  Sec  mood%. 
2.  A  prison:  so  called  from  t lie  old  north  gate 
of  Oxford,  which  had  this  name  and  was  at  one 
time  used  as  a  prison.     Nares. 

Was  not  this  (Achanl  a  seditious  fellow'.'— Was  lie  nut 
worthy  to  be  cast  in  bocardo  or  little-ease? 

Lotion,,  Sermons,  fol.  105 C. 

bocasine  (bok'a-sin),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boccasime,  boce'dsm  (late  ME.  bokesy),  <  1".  boc- 
easin,  now  boucassin  =  It.  boccacdno  =  Sp.  bo- 
eaeitt,  htteaci  =  Pg.  hocacim,  buckram,  <  Turk. 
boltdsi,  boghdsi,  cotton  cloth.]  It.  A  linen  stuff 
woven  so  fine  as  to  look  like  silk. — 2.  At  the 
present  day,  in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  cotton 
cloth.    Schuyler. 

bOCCa    (bok'jL),    It.        [It.,   =   Sp.    Pg.    Inn-it   =   F. 

tn»tciie,  <  h.  bucca,  cheek,  esp.  as  puffed  out: 
sec  Imeea.]  The  round  hole  in  a  glass-furnace 
by  which  the  fused  glass  is  taken  out. 

boccaccio  (bo-ka'chio),  re.  [It.,  one  having  a 
large  mouth,  boccaccia,  f..  a  large  ugly  mouth, 
<  bocca,  mouth  (<  L.  bucca,  cheek:  see  bucca), 
+  aug.  -accio :  see  -ace.  Hence  the  surname 
Boccaccio.]  A  name  given  by  the  Italians 
about  San  Francisco  to  the  Sebastodes  pauei- 
sjiin  is,  a  scorpamoid  fish  of  California,  it  has  very 
small  scales  and  a  projecting  lower  jaw,  attains  a  length 

of  30  inches,  and  is  a  - I  f l-tisli.  abundant  in  rather 

.I.-,  p  water  along  the  coast. 

boccale  (bo-kii'le),  ».  [It. :  see  local.]  A  liquid 
measure  used  in  most  parts  of  Italy,  before  tho 
introduction  of  the  metric  system,  for  wine  and 
oil.  Its  capacity  in  different  cities  is  shown  in 
the  following  table : 

.  .,  British       U.  S. 

L,,e,s-  Qts.  Ills. 

Bologna 1.255  1.10  1.33 

Florence  — for  wine 1.140  1.00  1.20 

■'    oil 1.044  0.02  1.10 

Leghorn 1.064  0.94  1.12 

Modena  — for  wine 1.697  1.40  1.79 

Nice— for  wine 0.684  0.60  0.72 

Borne— for  wine,  old  ..  ..1.493  1.31  1.58 

new. ...1.823  1.60  1.92 

for  oil,  old   1.992  1.75  2.10 

'■      new      .    .   2.053  1.81  2.17 

Trieste— for  wine,  old.  ..1.847  1.63  1.95 

new     .1.415  1.25  1.49 

Turin 0.684  0.60  0.72 

Venice   1.012  0.89  1.07 

boccamela  (bok-a-me'lii),  re.  [NL.]  A  kind  of 
weasel  found  in  southern  Europe.  Putorius  boc- 
camela. 

boccarelt,  »•    See  bockerel. 

boccarella  (bok-a-rel'a),  re.  [It..  <  bocca,  q.  v.] 
A  small  aperture  in  a  glass-furnace,  made  on 
each  side  of  the  bocca ;  a  nose-hole. 

boccarett,  "•    See  bockerel. 

Boccius  light.     See  light1. 

Bocconia  (bo-ko'ni-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  named  after 
a  Sicilian  botanist,  Paolo  Boccone,  1(333-1 70L] 
A  genus  of  tall,  coarse,  herbaceous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Papaveracea,  with  large  lobed  leaves 
and  large  panicles  of  flowers.  Some  species  are 
cultivated,  as  B.  Japonica  and  11.  cordata  from  china,  but 
rather  for  their  ornamental  habit  than  for  their  flowers. 

bocet,  n.     Same  as  hogue". 

bocedizationt  (bo-se-di-za'shon),  re.  [<  bo  + 
<r  +  di  (see  def.)  +  -z-aUon.]  In  music,  the 
application  of  the  syllables  bo,  ce.  di,  ga,  lo, 
ma,  ui  to  the  tones  of  the  scale:  a  system  in- 
troduced about  1550  by  the  Belgian  musician 
Waelrant. 

bochet,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  botch1. 

bochka  (boch'ka),  n.  [Euss.]  A  Russian  li- 
quid measure,  containing  40  vedros,  or  about 
130  gallons. 

bock  (bok),  o.  i.  [So.,  =  fco/.-c2,  q.  v.;  <  ME. 
bocken,  boken,  belch,  vomit,  also  croak;  var.  of 
bolk,  ME.  bolhn,  belch :  see  ««//,.]  1 .  To  retch ; 
vomit. —  2.  To  gush  intermittingly,  as  liquid 
from  a  bottle.     Hums. 

bock-beer  (bok'ber),  n.  [Also,  as  G.,  bockbii  r, 
G.  also  simply  hocl;  popularly  associated  with 
bock,  a  goat,  =  E.  buck1,  but  in  fact  shortened 
from  Eimbockbier,  now  Einbecker  bier,  from 
Eimbock,  Eimbeck,  now  Einbeck,  a  town  in  Prus- 
sia formerly  famous  for  its  beer.]  A  double- 
strong  variety  of  German  beer,  darker  in  color 
than  the  ordinary  kinds,  less  bitter  in  taste,  and 
considerably  more  intoxicating.  It  is  brewed 
in  December  and  January,  and  is  drunk  in  May. 


bockelet 

bockelett,  »•    Bee  boekerel. 
bockerelt  (bok'o-rel),  n.      [Also  written   boc- 
carel,  with  fern!' forms  boekerel  and  boccaret, 
dim.  fonns  of  unknown  origin; 

possibly    from   the    same    source    (OF.    line)   as 

butcher,  of.  bolder,  boukier,  F.  boucher;  of.  E. 

6«,«7»  r-Wrd,  the  great  gray  shrike.]  The  male 
of  a  kind  of  falcon,  the  female  being  designated 
.-.  /  or  boccart  t. 

bockerett,  ».     See  boekerel. 

bockey  (bok'i),  „.  [Prob.  <  D.  bakje,  a  small 
bowl  or  v(  ssel,  dim.  oibak:  see  ftocfcs.]  _  A  bowl 
or  vessel  made  from  a  gourd.     [New  York.] 

booking1  (bok'ing),  „.  A  coarse  woolen  drug- 
gel  "i-  baize,  named  from  Booking,  iu  Kssex, 
England,  where  it  was  first  made. 

bocking-  (bok'ing),  ».  [<  I>.  hokking  (=  MHG. 
In, chine,  G.  bucking),  a  smoked  herring,  appar. 
<  boh  (-  E.  /»«cA-l),  a  goat.  +  -ing.]  A  rod  her- 
ring.    CraVb. 

bocklandt,  «•    Bee  boeland. 

bockmant,  "•    See  boctm 

bock-pot  (bok'pot).  n.     Sam.-  as  hack*. 

boclandt,  ».  [That  is.  boeland,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  of  bookland.]     Same  as  bookland. 

boclet  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  buckle*. 

bocmant,  "•  [That  is,  bocman,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  (recorded  only  in  legal  (ML.) 
documents  of  bookman.']  A  holder  of  "book- 
land  (which  see  I. 

boco-wood  (bo'ko-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Bocoa  Provacensis,  of  Guiana. 
It  is  very  hard  and  dark-colored,  and  is  much 


COS 


bid,   and  ef.  bodel,  v.]     It.  A  command 
order. —  2f.  An  announcement;  a  message. 
The  owle  eke,  that  of  deth  the  bode  biingeth. 

i  7 ia  .,.  r,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  343. 

3t.  Omen;  premonition;  auguiy. 
If  no  fate 
Have  an  unlucky  bode.       Shirley,  Love  in  a  Maze,  v.  5. 

4t.   A  foreboding;   presentiment.— 5.  A  bid; 
the  price  offered  bv  a  buyer  or  asked  by  a  sel- 
ler.    [Scotch.] 
Ye  should  never  tak'  a  fish-wife's  first  bode. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

bode-  (bod),  v.  I. ;  pret.  boele,  pp.  bodcu,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  bode2,  a.,  5.]  To  bid  for;  make  an  offer 
for;  buy.     [Scotch.] 

bode3  (bod).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  hide. 

bode't  (bod),  ii.  [<  ME.  bode,  bade,  a  stop,  delay, 
<  biden  (pret .  boele,  bod,  bad),  bide.  Cf.  abode1, 
n.,  of  similar  formation.]     A  stop;  delay. 

Withouten  bode  liis  heste  she  obeyed. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Are.,  1.  110. 

bode5t,  bodent,  pp.  [ME.  forms  of  the  pp.  of 
he/leu,  bid,  command:  see  bid.']  Bidden;  com- 
manded. 

bodeful  (bod'ful),  a.    [<  bode*,  n.,  +  -Jul.]   Omi- 
nous; threatening;  foreboding. 
Uttering  the  dismal  bodeful  sounds  of  death.   J.  Baillie. 
Poor  Weber   almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  (he.se 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bodeful  raven-note. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  s. 
Lady  Macbeth  hears  not  so  much  the  voice  of  the  bodi 
fid  bird  as  of  her  own  premeditated  murder,  and  we  are 
thusrnade  her  shuddering  accomplices  before  the  fact. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  180. 


bodily 

an  bodhisattva  (bo-di-sat'vii),  ».  [Skt.  (>  Sin- 
ghalese  bodhisat,  bodisat,  Jap.  bosatsii,  Chin. 
poosah),  <  bodhi,  intelligence,  wisdom  (<  ■/ 
biiilli,  know:  see  Buddha),  +  sattva,  being,  es- 
sence, <  saw*  (=  L.  ens),  being,  ppr.  of  ■/  as,  be : 
see  6c1.]  In  Buddhism  of  the  northern  school, 
or  the  later  development  called  the  Mahayana, 
one  of  a  numerous  class  of  beings  who,  having 
arrived  at  supreme  wisdom  (bodhi),  have  to  pass 
through  human  existence  only  once  more  be- 
fore attaining  to  Buddhahood,  or  complete  en- 
lightenment, and  entrance  into  Nirvana.  Among 
Singhalese  Buddhists  called  bodhisat  and  bodisat,  among 
the  Chinese poosah,  and  among  the  Japanese  bosatsii. 

bodhi-tree  (bo'di-tre),  n.     Same  as  bo-tree. 

bodice  (bod'is),  n.  [Sometimes  spelled  hod/lice. 
formerly  bodies,  being  orig.  pi.  of  body.  '  !f.  cor- 
set] If.  A  sort  of  inner  stays  or  corset,  laced 
in  front,  worn  by  women,  and  sometimes  by 
men:  also  called  a  pair  of  bodies,  or  a  bodies. — 
2.  An  outer  laced  garment,  covering  tin-  waist 
and  bust,  worn  by  women  in  some  European 
styles  of  costume,  often  as  an  ornament. —  3. 
More  generally,  the  close-fitting  waist  or  body 
of  a  gown. 

bodiced  (bod'ist),  a.   [<  bodice  +  -ed*.]  Clothed 
in  a  bodice ;  furnished  with  a  bodice. 
Slim  her  little  waist, 
Comfortably  bodiced. 

Thackeray,  Peg  of  Limavaddy. 


used  for  furniture,  and  for  carving  and  turning.         ,.,  ., 

bodach  (bo'dach),  n.    [Gael.,  a  churlish  old  bodega  (bo-de  ga)-^.    [Sp.,  <  ML.  apotheea 

man,  a  rustic.  =  Ir.   bodach,  a   rustic,   clown.] 

1.    An   old   man.     Scott. — 2.   A  local   British 

name  of  the  small  ringed  seal.   Phoca  fwtida. 
bodark  (bo'dark),  n.      [Corruption  of  F.  hois 

(Cure.  lit.  bow-wood:  sec  bins,  hush1,  and  arc1, 

archi.]     A  local  name  for  the  ( (sage  orange,  or 

bow-wood.  Also  spelled  bowdark.  See  Madura. 
boddice,  „■    See  bodice. 
boddle1,  ".     See  bodle. 


boddle->'   [10.  dial. :  origin  obscure.]   A  small  boden  (bo'den),  a      [Se     also  written  hod,,,. 

1  ,  L  J  -o  J . -,    f        „0,.l,r  l.nthhn    <    \W.     ( Ke.i   hodllu.  hinllll. 


__  instrument  used  by  woodmen  for  peelin 

oaks  and  other  trees,    ihilliuell.    [North.  Eng.] 
boddum  (bod'um),  n.     [E.  dial,  and  So.]    A 

dialectal  foi  m  of  bottom1. 
bode1  i  bod  i.  ".     [In  mod.  E.  archaic,  early  ME. 

bodi ,  <  AS.  hud,,  i  =  ( (Fries,  boda  =  OS.  bodo  = 

1 1.  bode  =  ( (11U.  hot,,,  MHG.  G.  5ote  =  Icel.  bodhi 

=  Sw.    Kan.   bud),  a  messenger,  <  heddmi  (pp. 

bodt  I, ).  announce:  see  bid,  and  cf.  beadle,  also  a 

noun  of  agent  from  the  same  verb.]     A  mes- 

senger;  a  herald;  one  who  announces  or  con- 
veys a 
bode1  (bod  i,  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boded,  ppr.  bod- 

ni'i.      [<   MK.  boden,  bodien,  <  AS.  bodian  (= 

i  >!']  u's.  bodia  =  tcel.  bodha  =  *\\.  b&da  =  Dan. 

h, -l, nd,  ),  tell,  announce,  <  boda,  a  messenger: 

see  bode1,  n.,  and  ef.  bode*,  it.    Henee  forebode, 

<|.  v.]     I.    trans.    If.   To  announce;  proclaim; 

preach. — 2t.   To  decree  ;  command;   bid. —  3. 

To  announce  beforehand;  prognosticate;  pre 

diet;  presage.     [Archaic.] 

Prophet  "f  plagues,  for  ever  boding  ill. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  182 

4.  To  portend;  augur;  be  an  omen  or  indiea-  podgeH  (boj),  n. 
tionof;  betoken:  with  a  non-personal  subject.     })0tcli;  a  patch. 
In  thi  i  ope  "f  my  opinion, 

This  bodes  some  strange  eruption  to  our  state. 

Slink..  Han, Id,  i    1 


They  appear  habited  in  bodiced  gowns. 

Archovol.  Jour.,  XXXV.  256. 

bodied  (bod'id),  a.  [<  body  +  -ed*.]  Having 
body,  or  a  body,  of  the  kind  indicated  by  the 
context:  used  chiefly  in  composition:  as,  an 
able-ow/ier.  man. 

I  was  told  by  a  very  g 1  judge  who  tasted  it  [wine 

made  from  wild  grapes],  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong, 
and  full-oodied  wine.  /«  oerli  y,  \  irginia,  ii.  ",  15. 

bodieron  (bo-di-e'ron),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
local  name  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States  of  sundry  fishes  of  the  family  Chirithr 
and  genus  Hexagrammus.  Also  called  rock- 
trout,  rock-cod,  sea-trout,  boregat,  and  starling. 
See  cut  under  Hexagrammus. 

bodikint  (bod'i-kin),  »•  [<  body  +  dim.  -kin.] 
A  diminutive  of  bodi/,  forming  part  of  the  ex- 
clamatory phrase  "odd's  bodikin,"  a  corruption 
of  God's  body.    Also  spelled  bodykin. 

Pol.  My  lord,  I  will  use  them  according  to  their  desert. 
11, tut.   Odd'S  bodikin,  man,  better.     Slutk..  Hamlet,  ii.  i. 

bodiless  (bod'i-les),  a.  [<  body  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  body  or  material  form;  incorporeal: 
as,  "phantoms  bodiless  and  vain."  Swift, 

Man  is  a  concrete  whole.     He  is  neither  a  soulless  body 
_     ,      ,     ,  nor  a  bodiless  soul.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  259. 

^m^^en^U^'A  w^fwnie  bodiliness  (bod'i-li-nes).  „.     [<  bodily  +  —.] 


see  apoihe'e]     A  wine-cellar,  or  a  shop  where 
wine  is  sold  from  the  wood ;  a  wine-vault. 
A  wine  bodega  near  the  Grand  Theatre  caught  fire. 

Xetr  York  Herald. 

bodementt  (bod'ment),  n.  [<  6oe?e1,  ?;.,  + 
-ment.]  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing:  as,  "sweet  bodements!"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

bodent,  PP-    See  bode^. 


and  formerly  lioddin,  <  ME.  (Sc.)  bodyii,  bodin, 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  boden,  pp.  of  ME. 
Iinlcit,  bid  (see  bid);  but  the  sense  suggests 
some  confusion  with  6o«h,  ready:  see  /»«», 
bound'1.]  Accoutred;  armed;  fitted  out;  pro- 
vided; prepared. 

The  Baron  of  Avenel  never  rides  with  fewer  than  ten 
jack-men  at  his  hack,  and  oftener  with  fifty,  bodin  in  all 
that  etteirs  to  war,  as  if  they  were  to  do  battle  for  a  king- 
dom. Scott,  Monastery,  II.  181. 


grown  near  Mainz  in  Germany. 

Bode's  law.    See  laic. 

bode-wasb.  (bod'wosh),  n.  [Corruption  of  F. 
bois  tic  raehc,  lit.  cow's  wood,  or  idiomatically 
"buffalo-chip."]  The  dried  dung  of  the  Amer- 
ican bison  or  buffalo,  used  for  fuel.  Bartlctt. 
See  buffalo-chip. 
'  bodge1  (boj),  v.i.  [Another  form  of  botch*,v.]  To 
boggle;  botch;  patch.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

All  the  actions  of  his  life  arc  like  so  many  things  badg'd 
in  without  any  naturall  cadence  or  connexion  at.  all. 

/,'/».   Unit,  ,  Micro-cos graphic,  All  Atfcctcd  Man. 

[Another  form  of  boteh'^.]    A 


I  pray  God,  his  Lad  voice  bode  no  misi  hlef ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ad...  ii.  X 


Taking  revenge  on  Thomas  Nash,  Gabriel!  Harvey  taxes 
him  with  having  forged  "a  misshapen  rabblement  of  ab- 
surd and  ridiculous  words,  the  propel  bodges  of  his  new- 
fanu'le.l  figure,  called  foolrisme.  ' 

/'.  II, ill,  M...1.  Eng.,  p.  110. 


nted  and  his  horse  wept :  and  then  bodge-t  (boj), 


how  i'ii     le'uid  bode  his  death 

/.   Quinc  ...  ii   "I  Cretan  Ballad. 

5.  To  forebode  or  have  a  presentiment  of  (ill, 
or  coming  disaster). 

v  soul,  dark.stirred  with  the  prophet's  a i 

Bod,    e 

./.  .s'.  Blackie,  u    "i   Bschylus,  ii.  229. 

=Syn.  4.  To  augur,  betoken,  portend. 

II.    uttftnis.    1.   To   promise;  porlend:  with 

as,  this  bodes  Hi  ii  foi'  your  success. — 

2.  To  presage  something  evil ;  be  of  evil  omen. 

I  u.ml. 1  creak  like  a  raven  ;  I  would  /,.,./.',  I  would  bode. 
Shak.,  T.  and  l'.,  v.  ::. 
i  .    ■  foi  lered  over 

/'.'„..  /  on  Compel 

bode2  (bod),  ?!.     (<  Ml-'.,  bode,  bod,a  oomn 1. 

an  aim. .1.  a  bid,  price  offered,      4S. 

/<o</.  usually  giliod  (or  beOOd)  i  r-  I  (Fries,  hud  = 

i  >g,  ,,.,/„„/  —  ii.  ,/.  bo  mand,  /»»'.  a  bid, 

r,  =  OHG.  gobot,  MHG.  G.  gebot,  6ot=Icel. 
6od7i  =  Sw.  Kan.  hud.  a  command,  etc,  i,  <  bed- 
dan  (pp.  boden),  announce,  command,  bid:  see 


[Appar.   a  var.  of  hiuli/t  '.  | 


To  budge;  give  way:  used  only  in  the  passage 
cited. 

With  this,  we  charg'd  again  :  hut  out.  alas  I 

\\ .-  badg'd  again.  Shak., :;  lien.  VI.,  i.  J. 

bodgerH  (boj'er),  n.     [<  bodge  +  -er1 ;  var.  of 
botcher1.]    A  botcher. 

bodger-  (boj'ir),  «.      [Appar.  a  var.  of  htithjt  t'-'\ 

(|.  v.]    A  peddler;  a  hawker.     [Prov.Eng.] 
bodhisat  (bo'di-sat),  u.    Same  as  hiulhisattra. 
iiM   I,,  in :    w  ,..  w  ill  iii  .hie  course  become  Buddhas  arc 
called  BidMsat.    Ihey  arc  numberli  bs. 

S,  Hardy,  Manual  of  Buddhism. 

bodhisatship(bo'di-sat-sliip),  ,,.   In  Buddhism, 

Hie  highest  degree  of  saintship.     Bee  htitlltisatl- 

ctt.    Also  spelled  bodisatship. 

I  he  leaders  of  the  Great  Vehicle  [that  is,  tin    Mahayana 
development  ..I  Buddhism]  urged  their  followers  to  seek 

te  attain,  nol  BO  much  to  A rliatshi |i,  which  would  involve 

onlj  their  own  salvation,  i.ut   to  Bodisatship,  bj  the  at 

t i  ei  win.  h  thej  weni. I  be  conferring  the  blessings 

et   the  liliauuna  |l.iw  ..i    I  ■  ■  i  ■  1 . 1 1  ■ ;  ■  I  ii]..  01  ...iiiitlcss  multi- 
tudes in  the  long  ages  of  the  future. 

ICnajc.  lint.,  XIV,  226, 


Corporeality.     Minsheu. 
bodily  (bod'i-li),  a.     [<  ME.  bodily,  bodili,  bodi- 

lieltc,  etc.;  <  body  +  -ly1.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerning  the  'body ;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution ;  not  men- 
tal;  corporeal:  as,  bodily  dimensions;  bodily 
exertions ;  bodily  pain. 

Von  arc  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
bodily  (.ait  ..f  us.  Tatter,  No.  15. 

Since  we  are  creatures  with  bodies,  if  we  desire  to  ex- 
press  a  real  sentiment  ..t  reverence  for  anyone,  we  must 
use  seine  bodily  act  -  some  form  of  words  or  gestures. 

Micutl,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  2:13. 

2t.  Having  a  material  body. 

There  are  three  bodily  inhabitants  Of  heaven  ;  Henoch. 
Elijah,  our  Saviour  Christ. 

/!;..  Hall,  Rapture  ..f  Elijah  (Ord  MS  I 
=  Syn.  1.  Bodily,  Physical,  Corporal,  Corporeal.  Bodily 
generally  means  connected  with  the  body  or  a  body,  and 
is  frequently  opposed  to  mental,  as.  bodily  pains,  bodily 

strength.    Physical  in  this  co iction  is  often  the  same  as 

bodily,  but  maj  cover  everything  that  is  material,  as  op- 
posed to  mental  or  spiritual:  as,  physical  distress.  Cor- 
poral relates  t..  the  bodj  in  Its  outward  bearings  i  as.  cor- 
poral punishment  :  corporeal,  to  its  substance,  being  op- 
posed to  spiritual  or  immaterial:  as,  corpor,  al  existence. 

w  c  s|..al>  of  Sliakspeare's  mind,  bui  Jonson  starts  up  al 
ways  in  bodily  proportions.    Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  11.26. 

in    Beddoe  .  .  .  believes  that  wherever  a  race  attains 

Its  maximum  of  physical  development  it  rises  highest  in 

energj  and  moral  vigour.     Darwin,  Desceni  oi  Man.  1.  in. 

The  poor  beetle,  that  we  tread  upon, 

In  corporal  sufferance  finds  a  pang  as  great 

As  when  a  giani  dies.  Shot  .  M.  foi  M,  iii.  1. 

When  [the  soul]  is  freed  from  all  corporeal  alliance. 

then  it  null  exists.      Xenophon  (trans.), Cyras  the  Elder. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  «<fi'.    [ME.  bodily,  -li,  -Uch;  < 

body  +  -hi2-]    1.  Corporeally;  in  connection 

witn  a  body  or  matter;  in  the  flesh  ;  in  person. 

It  is  his  human  nature,  in  which  the  Godhead  dwells 
i„„i,ht  Warn. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass;  en- 
tirely; completely:  as,  to  carry  a  thing  away 
bodily. 


bodin 

bodin  (li'Vdin),  a.      Same  as  boden. 

boding  (bo'ding),  ».    [<  ME.  bodynge,  bodwnge, 

omen,  preaching,  <  AS.  hoduntj,  preaching,  ver- 
bal n.  of  bodian,  announce,  bode:  see  bodeK  r.  | 

1.  An  omen;  a  prognostic;  a  foroboding  pre- 
monition ;  presentiment. 

Ominous  bodinag,  and  fearful  expectations. 

Bp,  Ward,  Sermon,  Jan.  30,  1674. 

Tin'  lninils  of  men  were  tilled  with  dismal  bodingt  of 

some  inevitable  evil.  Pnteott,  Kenl.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

2.  Prediction;  prophecy  of  evil.     Coleridge. 
boding  (bo'ding),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  lode\   ».] 

Foreboding;  ominous. 

So  Joseph,  yet  a  youth,  expnumleil  well 
The  boding  dream,  and  ili>l  tli'  event  foretell. 

Dnjden,  To  J.  Northleigh. 

Nor  knew  what  siunify'il  the  boding  sign, 

But  found  the  powers  displeas'il,  and  fear'd  the  wrath 

divine.  Driiden,  Pal.  and  Are.,  iii. 

Sou  might  have  heard  .  .  .  a  cricket  sing, 

An  owlet  Map  his  boding  wing.      Scott,  Marmion,  v.  20. 

bodingly   (bo'ding-li),   adv.    Ominously;   por- 
tentously. 
All  is  so  bodingly  still.  Lowell,  Summer  Storm. 

bodisat,  »•  Same  as  bodhisattra. 
bodisatship,  ».  See  bodhisatship. 
bodkin1  (bod'kin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bod- 
lane,  botkin,  boidken  (ef.  So.  boikm),  <  ME. 
bodekyn,  earlier  boydekyn,  boidehyn  ;  origin  un- 
known. The  Celtic  forms,  W.  bidogyn,  Udogan 
(with  accent  on  second  syllable),  dim.  of  bidog 
=  Gael,  biodag  =  Ir.  bideog,  a  dagger  (of.  W. 
pirf  =  Gael,  biod,  a  point),  are  not  near  enough 
to  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  E.  word.] 
It.  A  small  dagger;  a  stiletto. 

Who  would  bear  the  whips  and  scorns  of  time,  .  .  . 

When  he  himself  might  his  quietus  make 

With  a  bare  bodkin  '  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Out  with  your  bodkin, 
Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto  ;  out  with  it. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Custom  of  the  Country,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  small  pointed  instrument  of  steel,  bone, 
or  ivory,  used  for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc. 

With  knyf  or  boydekin.         Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  40. 

3.  A  similar  but  blunt  instrument,  with  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a 
loop,  hem,  etc. —  4.  A  long  pin-shaped  instru- 
ment used  by  women  to  fasten  up  the  hair. 

The  bodkin,  comb,  and  essence.  Pope,  R.  of  the  L..  iv.  98. 
5.  A  thick  needle  or  straight  awl  of  steel,  used 
by  bookbinders  to  make  holes  in  boards  and 
to  trace  lines  for  cutting. —  6.  A  printers'  tool 
for  picking  letters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
correcting — To  be,  sit,  ride,  or  travel  bodkin,  to 
sit  as  a  third  person  between  two  others  on  the  seat  of  a 
carriage  suited  for  two  only. 

He's  too  liij;  to  trarel  bodkin  between  you  and  me. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bodkin2t,  »■     A  corruption  of  baudekin. 

bodkin-work  (bod'kin-werk),  «.  A  rich  trim- 
ming formerly  used  for  garments :  probably  a 
corruption  of  baudekin. 

bodle  (bod'l),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  boddle ;  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  mint-master 
named  Both- 
well.  Cf.atch- 
ison  and 

bawbee.]  A 
Scotch  cop- 
per coin  first 
issued  under 
Charles  II., 
and  worth  at 
that  time  2d. 
Scotch,  or 
one  sixth  of  an  English  penny;  hence,  a  very 
small  coin.  The  name  turner  was  also  applied 
to  it. 

I  care  not  a  brass  boddle  for  the  feud. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  xiii. 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  who  began 
in  1597  the  restoration  of  the  public  library  of 
Oxford  University,  hence  since  called  the  Bod- 
h  inn  Library;  also,  belonging  to  that  library: 
as,  Bodleian  majniscripts. 

bodragt,  bodraget,  »•  [Also  written  bordrag 
(and  bordroijiiKi).  simulating  E.  border;  appar. 
a  corruption  of  some  Ir.  word;  cf.  Ir.  buaidh- 
readh,  disturbance,  buadre,  tumult.]  An  in- 
cursion; a  raid. 

No  wayling  there  nor  wretchednesse  is  heard,  .  .  . 
No  nightly  badrags,  nor  no  hue  and  cries. 

Spenser.  Colin  Clout,  1.  315. 

[In  some  editions  printed  bordrags.J 
bod-worm  (bod'werm),  n.     Same  as  boll-worm. 
body  (bod'i),  «.;  pi.  bodies  (-iz).     [<  ME.  body, 

fiodi,  <  AS.  bodig,  body,  =  OHG.  botalt,  botaeh, 
39 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bodle  of  Charles  II..  British  Museum.     (Size 

of  the  original.) 


609 

MHC(.  hoteeh,  botich,  body;  perhaps  akin  to 
OHGr.  botahhk  Mini,  botechc,  botech, Q. botHch, 
;t.  Large  vessel,  tub,  vat;  but  this  may  come 
from  another  sourer,  that  of  boo*2.    The  Gael. 

i»>dh<ti</,  body,  is  from  E.]  1.  The  physical 
Structure  of  an  animal;  the  material  organize.  I 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  vital 
principle. 

For  of  the  soule  the  bodie  forme  doth  take, 
For  soulu  is  forme,  ami  doth  the  bod  if  make. 

Spenser,  Hymne  in  Honour  of  Itcautic,  1. 132. 
2.  The  main  portion  of  an  animal,  tree,  etc. ; 
the  trunk,  as  distinct  from  the  head  and  limbs 
or  branches;  in  ichth.,  often  used  for  the  whole 
fish  exclusive  of  the  fins. —  3.  The  part  of  a 
•  In iss  which  covers  the  body,  as  distinct  from 
the  parts  which  cover  the  arms  or  extremities ; 
in  female  dress,  a  bodice;  a  waist.  « 

Their  bodies  were  of  tarnation  cloth  of  silver,  richly 
wrought.  Ii.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Hymen. 

4.  The  main,  central,  or  principal  part  of  any- 
thing, as  of  an  army,  country,  building,  etc., 
as  distinguished  from  subordinate  or  less  im- 
portant parts. 

Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limb.     Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general  .  .  .; 
in  the  body  was  the  king  and  the  prince,  Clare?idon. 

Specifically  —  (a)  In  a  blast-furnace,  the  core  or  main  por- 
tion between  the  top,  or  opening  at  the  throat,  ami  the 
boshes,  (b)  In  m  itsic :  (1)  The  whole  of  the  hollow  part  of 
a  string-instrument,  designed  to  imrease  its  resonance. 

(2)  All  that  part  of  a  w  md-instrument  that  remains  after 
removing  its  appendages,  mouthpiece,  crooks,  and  bell 

(3)  The  higher  resonant  part  of  an  organ-pipe,  above  the 
reed  or  the  mouth,  which  causes  the  air  to  vibrate,  (c) 
The  shank  of  a  type,  as  determining  its  size :  as,  minion 
on  nonpareil  body,  (d)  The  main  part  of  a  tool ;  the  main 
part  of  a  blade,  as  of  a  sword,  as  distinguished  from  the 
heel  and  point,  etc.  (<•)  That  part  of  a  wagon,  railroad- 
car,  etc.,  which  contains  the  load. 

5.  The  main  portion;  the  bulk  of  anything; 
the  larger  part ;  the  majority :  as,  the  body  of 
the  people  are  opposed  to  the  measure. —  6. 
The  person ;  an  individual  as  recognized  by 
law :  as,  body  execution ;  held  in  body  and 
goods.  [Chiefly  legal.]  —  7.  A  person;  a  hu- 
man being:  now  generally  combined  with  any, 
every,  some,  or  no  :  as,  somebody,  nobody. 

There  cannot  a  poor  body  buy  a  sack  of  coals,  but  it 
must  come  through  their  hands. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
A  body  would  think  so,  at  these  years. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Comin'  thro'  the  rye.  Burns,  Song. 

But  human  bodies  are  sic  fools. 
For  a'  their  colleges  an"  schools. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 
A  dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.  Irving. 

8.  A  number  of  individuals  spoken  of  collec- 
tively, usually  associated  for  a  common  pur- 
pose, joined  in  a  certain  cause,  or  united  by 
some  common  tie  or  occupation ;  an  incorpo- 
rated or  other  aggregate :  as,  a  legislative  body ; 
the  body  of  the  clergy  ;  a  body  corporate. 

So  please  you,  my  lord,  it  is  a  body  of  horse  — and  .  .  . 
there  is  a  still  larger  body  of  foot  behind  it. 

Barham,  Ingoklsby  Legends,  I.  86. 

The  trading  body  may  lie  a  single  individual  in  one  ease  ; 
it  maybe  the  whole  inhabitants  of  a  continent  in  another; 
it  may  be  the  individuals  of  a  trade  diffused  through  a 
country  in  a  third.  Jem,,*,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  96. 

9.  A  material  thing;  anything  having  inertia. 
See  matter. — 10.  In  geom.,  any  solid  having  the 
three  dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.— 11.  A  united  mass ;  a  number  of  things 
or  particulars  taken  together ;  a  general  collec- 
tion; a  code;  a  system:  as,  a  body  of  laws. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  reading,  collected  out  of 
ancient  authors  this  short  summary  of  a  body  of  philoso- 
phy and  divinity.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

He  was  furnished  with  every  requisite  for  making  an 
extensive  body  of  natural  history. 

Goldsmith,  Pn  if.  to  Brookes's  Nat.  II i >t . 

The  mind  unequal  to  a  complete  analysis  of  the  motives 
which  carry  it  on  to  a  particular  conclusion  .  .  .  is  swayed 
ami  determined  by  a  body  of  proof,  which  it  recognizes 
only  as  a  body,  and  not  in  its  constituent  parts. 

./.  //.  Xnvman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  2S1. 

12.  A  certain  consistency  or  density;  sub- 
stance; strength,  as  opposed  to  thinness,  weak- 
ness, transparency,  or  flimsiness:  as,  wine,  pa- 
per, etc.,  of  good  body.  As  applied  to  paints,  body 
lb  notes  opacitj  or  density,  as  opposed  to  transparency. 

It  was  a  fragrant  Port,  with  plenty  of  body  and  a  Large 
proportion  of  soul.  V.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  xiii. 

13.  In  music,  the  resonance  of  a  tone,  whether 
instrumental  or  vocal.— Adipose  body,  astral 
body.  See  the  adjectives.— Bodies  of  Arantius.  see 
corpora  Arantii,  under  corpus.—  Body  center-plate,  a 
metal  plate  on  the  body-bolster  of  a  car.  It  rests  upon  a 
similar  plate  on  the  center  of  a  truck.  The  center-boll  ^r 
king-bolt  passes  through  these  plates.  —  Body  corporate. 
See  body  politic—  Body  hand-rail.      See   hand-rail.— 


body-color 


Body  of  a  column,  the  part  between  the  base  and  the  capi- 
tal ,  the  shaft.  Body  of  a  gun,  that  part  of  the  gun  which 
i  situated  behind  the  trunnions.  Body  of  a  place,  in 
fort. :  (a)  The  works  nexl  to  and  urrounding  a  town,  in 
the  form  ol  a  polygon,  regular  or  irregular  (p)  I  be  ip  ■>■  ■ 
inclosed  within  the  Interior  works  of  a  fortification. 
Body  of  the  fornix.  See  ./""">  —Body  politic,  the 
whole  bodj  of  p<  ople  living  under  an  organized  political 
in  conl radisttnetion  to  body  corporate, 
■  i  iation  of  persons  legally  incorporated  for  the  pro- 
motion of  some  specific  object,  A  body  politic  and  cor~ 
porate  is  a  municipality  governed  according  to  a  legisla- 
tive act  of  Incorporation,  and  thus  possessing  corporate 
political  powers. 

We  may  fairly  conclude  that  the  body  politic  cannot  sub- 
sist, any  more  than  the  animal  body,  without  a  head. 

./,  Adams,  Works,  IV.  379. 
Cavernous  bodies,  centrobaric  body,  ciliary  body. 
See  the  adjectives.  Descent  of  bodies.  See  descent.— 
Deviation  of  a  falling  body.  See  deviation.  Diplo- 
matic body.  See  diplomatic.  -Elementary  body.  See 
element.-  Fifth  body,  the  ether  or  fifth  element,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  heavenly  bodies,  according  to  the  Aristo- 
telians—Fixed bodies,  geniculate  bodies,  hetero- 
geneous body,  main  body,  etc.  See  the  adjectivi 
Mathematical  body,  a  body  in  sense  io,  Mystical 
body  of  the  church,  the  aggregate  of  believers  as  con- 
stituting the  bride  of  Christ  Okenian  body,  olivary 
body.  See  the  adjectives.— Regular  body,  a  polyhedron 
in  which  the  relations  of  anyone  face,  edge,  or  summit  are 
the  same  as  those  of  any  other.  1'ytha^.iias  enumerated 
the  five  regular  bodies  (the  sphere  is  not  included  among 
them):  the  tetrahedron,  the  cube,  the  octahedron,  thedode- 
cahedron,  and  the  icosahedron.  These  are  often  called 
the  fire  bt>di>'.-t  simply:  also  the  <■•■  iniail  i><, ,!,,,_  breau.se 
Timieus  of  Locri  held  that  the  tetrahedron  is  the  shape 
of  fire,  the  octahedron  of  air,  the  icosahedron  of  water, 
the  cube  of  earth,  and  the  dodecahedron  of  God ;  also 
the  Platonic  bodies,  because  mentioned  by  Plato  in  his 
dialogue  "Timseus."  Four  other  regular  bodies  which 
envelop  the  center  more  than  once  were  discovered  by 
Kepler  and  by  Poinsot,  These  are  named  by  Cayley  the 
great  icosahedron,  the  great  dodecahedron,  the  great  stel- 
lated dodecahedron,  and  the  small  stellated  dodecahedron. 
For  illustrations  of  all  these  bodies,  see  solid.—  Irregu- 
lar bodies,  such  as  are  not  bounded  by  equal  and  like 
surfaces.— The  bodies  seven,  in  alchemy,  the  metals 
corresponding  to  the  planets. 

The  bodies  seven,  eek,  Io  hem  heer  anon  : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe  [call], 
Mars  yren.  Mercurie  quiksilver  we  clepe, 
Saturnus  leed,  and  Jupiter  is  tin, 
And  Venus  coper. 

Chaucer,  Pro],  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  L  272. 

body  (bod'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.   bodied,  ppr. 

bodying.     [<  body,  ».]     1.  To  provide  with  a 

body;   embody.— 2.  To  form  into  a  body  or 

company. 

A  new  exotick  way  of  bodying,  that  is,  formally  cove- 
nanting and  verbally  engaging  with  them  and  to  them 
beyond  the  baptismall  bond  and  vow, 

Bp.  Gairtien,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 

3.  To  represent  in  bodily  form;   exhibit  in 
tangible  form  or  outward  reality :  with  forth. 

As  imagination  bud  its  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name.     Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 
Bodied  forth  the  tourney  high, 
Held  for  the  hand  of  Emily! 

Scott,  Rokeby,  vi.  26. 

body-bagt  (bod'i-bag),  ».     A  bag  to  sleep  in. 

body-bolster  (bod'i-bol  ster),  n.  A  cross-beam 
of  wood,  iron,  or  the  two  in  combination,  on 
the  under  side  of  a  railroad-car,  which  supports 
it  and  transmits  its  weight  to  the  truck.  The 
upper  end  of  the  king-bolt,  which  forms  the  pivot  for  the 
truck,  is  fastened  to  a  body-bolster. 

body-cavity  (bod'i-kav//i-ti),  n.  In  zool.,  the 
general  or  common  cavity  of  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  special  cavities,  or  those  of 
particular  organs ;  the  eoelom  or  cceloma.  in 
vertebrates  the  body-cavity  is  formed  by  the  splitting  of 
the  mesoblast  into  its  somatopleural  and  Bplanchnopleu- 
ral  layers,  and  consists  of  the  cavities  of  the  thorax,  ab- 
domen (divided  or  not  by  a  diaphragm),  and  t»  h  is. 

body-cloth  (bod'i-kloth),  n,  A  cloth  for  the 
body ;  specifically,  a  large  rug  or  cloth  for  cov- 
ering a  horse.     See  body-clothes,  -. 

Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body  cloths. 

Bulwer,  I'elham,  lxi. 

body-clothes(bod'i-kloTHz),  n.pl.  1.  Garments 
for  the  body,  intended  to  be  worn  by  day,  as 
distinguished  from  bedclothes.  [This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  be  confined  in  recent  times  to 
Scotland.]  —  2.  Coverings  for  a  horse  or  other 
animal:  properly,  body-cloths.  See  body-cloth. 
I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  in  body-clothes 
and  sweated  every  morning  upon  the  heath.  Addison 

body-coat  (bod'i-kot),  n.  1.  A  close-fitting 
coat. —  2.  In  coach-painting,  a  coat  of  paint 
made  opaque  by  the  admixture  of  white  lead, 
laid  on  before  the  transparent  coats. 

body-color  (bod'i-kuFor),  ».  In  painting,  a 
pigment  possessing  body  or  a  high  degree  of 
consistence,  substance,  and  covering  power. 
In  water-color  painting,  works  are  said  to  be  executed  in 
body-colors  when,  in  contradistinction  to  the  more  com- 
mon mode  of  proceeding  by  transparent  tints  and  washes, 
the  pigments  are  mixed  with  white  and  thus  rendered 
opaque. 


body-guard 

body-guard  (bod'i-g&rd),  ".  One  who  protects 
or  defends  the  person]  a  life-guard;  collec- 
tively, the  guard  charged  with  the  protection  of 
some  person,  as  a  prince  or  an  officer;  hence, 
retinue;  attendance;  following. 

It  might  possibly  be  convenient  that,  when  the  Parlia- 
ment assembled,  the  King  should  repair  to  Westminster 
Maaiulnii,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

body-hoop  (bod'i-h8p),  b.  A  band  securing  the 
arris  pieces  of  a  built  mast. 

body -horse  (bod'i-hors),  n.  A  shaft-horse. 
[Prov.  Eug.] 

body-loop  (bod'i-lop),  ».  A  strap  or  iron  arm 
connecting  a  wagon-body  with  the  gearing. 

body-louse  (bod'i-lous),  «.     A  kind  of  louse, 

the  Pediculus  corporis  or  P.  restimenti,  which 

is  parasitic  on  man.    It  is  generally  found  on  the 

body,  or  concealed  in  the  clothing,  while  the  Pediculus 

or  head-louse,  infests  the  head. 

body-plan  (bod'i-plan),  n.  In  ship-building, 
a  plan  upon  which  are  projected  the  intersec- 
tions of  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  transverse 


010 

df  species  yield  tenacious  fibers,  used  tor  making  ropes, 
i «  in,  11,  i,  mill  sewing-thread,  The  most  important  spe- 
cies ]  i  lu'ubby  plant  of  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies, which  affords  the  valuable  rhea-flberor  grass-cloth 


c 

Body-plan. 

A,  after-body ;  B,  fore-body  ;  C,  C,  center-line  ;  D,  D,  load-line  ; 

E,  E,  base-line. 

vertical  planes  passing  through  certain  fixed 
points,  the  intersections  with  the  fore-body 
being  shown  upon  one  side  and  those  with  the 
after-body  on  the  other. 

body-post  (bod'i-post),  H.  1.  An  upright  tim- 
ber  in  the  sill  and  plate  of  a  freight-car,  form- 
ing one  of  the  vertical  members  of  the  frame 
of  the  body.  It  corresponds  to  the  window- 
is  in  a  passenger-car. —  2.  A  post  at  the 
forward  end  of  the  opening  in  the  deadwood 
of  a  steamship,  within  which  the  screw  turns. 

body-servant  (bod'i-ser'vant),  n.  A  servant 
wlio  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer ; 
.1  valet;  a  personal  attendant. 

body-snatcher  (bod'i-snach'er),  n.  One  who 
secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead  as  sub- 
jects for  dissection,  or  for  the  purpose  of  exact- 
ing a  ransom;  a  resurrectionist. 

body-snatching  (bod'i-snach"ing),  ».  The  act 
of  robbing  a,  grave  to  obtain  a  subject  for  dis- 
Bi  id  ion. 

body-varnish  (bod'i-viir "nish),  n.  A  thick  and 
quick-drying  copal  varnish,  used  for  carriages 
and  other  objects  that  are  to  be  polished. 

body-wall  (bod'i-wal).  n.  Iii  eool.,  the  general 
envelop  or  parietes  of  a  body,  especially  of  a 
low  organism  ;  a  cell-wall. 

body-whorl  (bod  i-hwerl),  «.  The  last-formed 
ami  generally  largest  whorl  of  a  univalve  shell. 
Bee  univalve. 

Boedromia  (bo-e-dro'mi-ii),  n.pl.  See  Boedro- 
mion . 

Boedromion  (bo-e-dro'mi-on),  n.  [Gr.  Boi/o/io- 
///i.ji,  the  month  in  which  Were  celebrated  the 
p6/ua,  <  ,1<>  toT/Spd/ioi,  giving  succor 

■  i  mi  to  a  i  i  s  for  aid),  <  pofi,  Dor. 
tiout,  cry  (<  todv,  to  cry;  see  boatiori), 
+  -dpouoc,  <  dpapelv,  run.  |  The  third  month  of 
the  Athenian  year,  corresponding  to  the  latter 
pari  of  September  and  tin  i:nl\  part  of  Octo- 
ber. I-:,:  thU  month  the  Festival  called  BoSdromia 
ition  of  the  succor  given  by 

boef 't,  "■    An  obsolete  form  of  beef. 

boef,Jt,  '»''  i.i-    See  buf. 

Boehm  flute.    See  fluted,  1. 

Boehmeria  (be-me'ri-tt),  «.  [NL.,  after  G.  R. 
/;•»  I,im  i-  or  Bohrm  r,  a  German  botanist  of  the 
18th  century :  cf .  G.  Boh  me,  a  Bohemian,  Boh 
nun,  Bohemia.]  A  genus  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  natural  order  Urticacew,  allied  to  the 
nettle,  but  without  its  stinging  hairs,  a  number 


The  Ramie-plant  [Bahmeria  in'-ra}. 

fiber,  also  known  under  its  Malay  name  of  rami''.  It  has 
been  long  in  cultivation  in  China  and  India,  and  success- 
ful attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  it  in  the  United 
States.  The  species  B.  Puya,  from  which  the  Puya-fiber 
is  obtained,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Maoutia.  See 
grass-cloth. 
bceotarch  (be-o'tark),  11.  [<  L.  Ba'otarclies,  < 
Gr.  Moiuriipx7^,  <  Boioiria,  Bceotia,  +  apx'k.  ruler : 
see  arch-.]  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Boeotian  confederacy.  Two  were  chosen  by 
Thebes,  and  one  by  each  of  the  other  members 
of  the  league. 

Pelopidas  and  two  others  of  the  liberators  were  elected 
boeotarchs,  or  chief  magistrates  of  Bceotia. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  479. 

Boeotian  (be-6'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bceotia, 
<  Gr.  Boiuria,  Bceotia,  HotuTim,  the  Boeotians.] 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Bceotia,  a  division  of 
central  Greece,  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere, 
which  was  supposed  to  communicate  its  dull- 
ness to  the  intellect  of  the  inhabitants.     Hence 

—  2.  Dull;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

II.  n.  1 .  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bceotia. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dull,  ignorant,  stupid  person. 

Bceotic  (be-ot'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  Bceotia  or  the  Boeotians;  Boeotian: 
as,  the  Bceotic  dialect. 

Boer  (bor),  n.  [Also  written  Boor,  <  D.  boer,  a 
farmer,  a  peasant:  seeftoor.]  The  name  given 
to  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South  Africa,  who 
are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture  or  cattle- 
breeding. 

boffle  (bof  '1),  v.     A  dialectal  form  of  baffle. 

bog1  (bog),  n.  [Formerly  bogge,  <  Ir.  b'ogach  = 
Gael,  bogan,  a  bog,  morass,  <  Ir.  Gael,  bog,  soft, 
moist,  tender,  in  comp.  bog-.']  1.  Wet,  soft, 
and  spongy  ground,  where  the  soil  is  composed 
mainly  of  decayed  and  decaying  vegetable  mat- 
ter; a  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other 
plants;  a  piece  of  mossy  or  peaty  ground;  a 
moss. 

All  the  infections  that  the  sun  sucks  up 

From  bogs,  fens,  flats,  on  Prosper  fall,  and  make  him 

By  inch-meal  a  disease !  Shah,,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass.  Web- 
ster.    [Local,  U.  S.]  —  Bog-asphodel.  See  asphodel. 

—  Bog-bilberry.  See  bilberry.—  Bog-iron  ore,  an  im- 
pure ore  of  iron,  essentially  a  hydrous  oxid,  of  which  the 

mint  j:il<  'j  ii.tl   name  is  lininnilr     found    frequently   at   the 

bottom  of  lakes  and  in  swampy  Localities,  and  OBually  of 
very  recent  origin.  =  Syn.  1.  Quagmire,  etc.  See  marsh. 
bog1  (bog)  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging, [i  bog1,  «.]  I.  trans.  To  sink  or  sub- 
merge in  a  bog,  or  in  mud  and  mire:  used 
chiefly  in  the  passive,  to  be  hogged. 

Bid  liim  t<>  be  gone 
As  far  a.s  he  can  fly,  or  follow  day, 
Bather  than  here  so  bogged  in  vires  stay. 

B.  Jonson,  Cndcrwoods,  xxxii. 

'Twas  time;  his  invention  had  been  bogged  else. 

8.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  .'(. 
iii  Middlemen's  horse  three  hundred  men  were  taken, 
and  one  hundred  were  bogged. 

Wliitrliii-k.  Memoirs  lio-i'i.  p.  >o 

II.  intrans.  To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog;  hence, 
t ci  (blunder  among  obstacles  ;  be  stopped. 
bog-  (bog),  ii.  [  Early  mod.  Iv  Imiige,  appar.  a  var. 
el  the  equiv.  bug1,  ME.  bugge,  connecting  the 
latter  with  the  equiv.  boggle*-,  bogle,  bogy,  bog- 
gard*:  see  these  words.]   A  specter;  a  bugbear. 

'—To  take  bogt,  to  boggle;  shy  ;  shrink. 

bog:f  (bog),  a.  and  n.  HE.  dial.,  formerly  also 
bugge,  earlier  in  deriv.  form  hoggish-,  q.  v.    Cf. 


boggle 

bug*,  big1.]    I,  a.  Bold;  sturdy;  self-sufficient; 
petulant ;  saucy. 

II.  n.  Brag;  boastfulness.   Salliwell.    [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bog^  (bog),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging. K  bog®,  a.  or  ».]  I.  intrans.  To  boast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

II. t  trans.  [Perhaps  of  other  origin.]  To 
provoke. 

bog4  (bog),  ».  i.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.]  To 
ease  the  body  by  stool. 

boga  (bo'ga),  n.     Same  as  hngiu-. 

bog-bean  (bog'ben),  n.  The  common  name  of 
t  lie  l/i  nyanthes  trifoliata,  a  gentianaceous  bog- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  more  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  It  is  a  bitter  tonic.  The 
fringed  bog-bean  is  an  aquatic  plant  of  the  same  order, 
Limnanthemum  nympkeeoides,  with  large  yellow  fringed 
flowers,    AIbo  called  buck-bean. 

bogberry  (bog'ber'i),  ».;  pi.  hogberrics  (-iz). 
The  cranberry,  Vaceinium  Oxycoccus. 

bog-blitter  (bog'blit'er),  n.  [See  bog-hluiter.] 
Same  as  Img-bumper.      [Scotch.] 

bog-bluiter  (bog'blo'ter),  n.  [Also  bog-Mutt  r, 
bog-blitter;  <  bog  +  Sc.  hi  niter,  bluter,  make  a 
rumbling  noise,  blurt,  also  speak  foolishly  (in 
last  sense  cf.  blatter,  blather,  blether1).]  Same 
as  biig-biiiiijier.     [Scotch.] 

bog-bull  (bog'bul),  n.  [Cf.  Botaurus  and  bit- 
tern1.] A  name  of  the  bittern,  Botaurus  stel- 
liins,  from  its  habitual  resorts  and  its  hollow, 
booming  cry.     See  cut.  under  bittern. 

bog-bumper  (bog'bum'per),  n.  A  name  of  the 
bitterns  or  heron-like  birds  of  the  genus  Botau- 
rus (especially  B.  lentiginosus),  in  allusion  to 
the  sound  made  by  the  male  in  the  breeding 
season.  This  sound  seems  "to  be  uttered  in  a  deep 
choking  tone,"  and  has  been  compared  by  Nuttall  to  the 
syllables  "  pomp-au-gur."  Also  bog-jumper,  and  in  Scot- 
land bog-blitter,  bog-bluiter. 

bog-butter  (bog'but/'er),  n.  A  fatty  sperma- 
ceti-like mineral  resin,  composed  of  carbon, 
oxygen,  and  hydrogen,  found  in  masses  in  peat- 
bogs. 

A  large  copper  basin  consisting  of  small  pieces  riveted 
together  and  several  wooden  kegs  containing  bog-butter 
were  recently  found  at  a  depth  of  7  feet  in  a  peat-moss, 
Kylealsin,  Skye.  Nature,  XXX.  181. 

bog-earth  (bog'erth),  n.  An  earth  or  soil  com- 
posed of  light  silicious  sand  and  a  considerable 
I  Kiit  ion  of  vegetable  fiber  in  a  half -decomposed 
state.  It  is  employed  by  gardeners  for  pro- 
moting the  growth  of  flowers. 

boger  (bci'ger),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
in  ( 'ornwall,  England,  for  the  half-grown  sea- 
bream,  I'agellus  ei  iitroduntus, 

bogey1,  bogeyism.    See  bogy,  bogyism. 

bogey2,  n.     See  bogie2. 

bogga  (bog'si),  b.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian 
measure  of  land,  ecpual  to  three  fifths  of  an 
acre. 

boggard1,  boggart  (bog'Srd,  -art),  «.  [E.  dial. 
and  Sc,  also  written  bogart,  and  formerly  bug- 
ijunl,  haggard:  appar.  a  var.,  with  term,  -ard, 
of  boggle*,  bugle;  in  form  as  if  <  bog2  +  -ard: 
see  boggle*-,  bogle,  bog2,  hug1.]  1.  A  specter, 
goblin,  or  bogy,  especially  one  supposed  to 
haunt  a  particular  spot. 

The  belief  in  elves  and  bogarts  which  once  was  universal. 
J.  Fiske,  Idea  <<l  God,  p.  60. 

2t.  Any  object,  real  or  imaginary,  at  which  a 
horse  shies.  X.  E.  D. —  3.  Figuratively,  a  bug- 
bear; a  thing  of  fear. 

bOggard2t,  «•     [As  bog*  +  -ard.]     A  privy. 

boggifyt,  v.  t.    [<  bog*  '+  -i-J'n-]   To  make  boggy. 

boggingt  (bog'ing),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  per- 
haps a  var.  of  "bagging  for  bodging,  verbal  n. 
of  badge2;  cf.  hodger-.]  Peddling;  hawking. 
.Y.  /•;.  I>. 

boggish1  (bog'ish),  a.   [<  bog*  +  -ish*.]  Boggy. 

boggish'-'t.  a.  [ME.,  written  boggisshe,  bog- 
gysche;  <  bog$  (not  found  in  ME!)  +  -ish1.] 
Hold;   puffed  up;  boastful. 

boggle1,  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  boglt . 

boggle-  (bog'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boggled,  ppr. 
boggling,  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bogle,  buggel,  < 
boggh  1  =  bogle,  a  specter,  with  ref.  to  the  shy- 
ing of  a  horse  at  unusual  objects;  cf.  ME.  huge- 
u  a,  occurring  but  once,  in  the  sense  of  'deny,' 
i.  e.,  scare  off.]  1.  To  take  alarm;  start  with 
fright;  shy,  as  a  horse. 

When  a  sinner  is  first  tempted  to  the  commission  of  a 
more  gross  and  notorious  sin,  his  conscience  is  apt  to 
boggle  and  start  at  it,  he  doth  it  witll  great  difficulty  and 
regret,  TiUotson,  Works,  I.  x. 

\\  i  Btarl  and  buggle  at  every  unusual  appearance. 

CfranvUU. 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  stop,  as  if  afraid  to  proceed,  or 
as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  difficulties ;  waver; 


boggle 


611 


shrink.— 3.  To  play  fast  and  loose  ;  dissemble ;  Bogoda  (bo-go'dii),  ».    [NL.]    A  genus  of  East 


quibble ;  equivocate 

When  summoned  tn  his  last  end  it  was  no  time  for 
him  to  bogglt  with  the  world  Howell.  Bogodidae  (bo-god  l-de),  it.  pi. 

4.  To  bungle;  be  awkward;  make  clumsy  at- 
tempts. 
boggle2  (bog'l),  it.    1.  The  act  of  shying  or  tak- 
ing alarm.— 2f.  Objection;  scruple;  demur. 

The  Dutch  do  make  a  further  bogle  with  m  about  two 
or  three  things.  I'cpns,  Diary,  1007. 

3.  A  bungle;  a  botch.     [Colloq.]  —  Boggle-de- 

botch,  boggledy-botch,  a  complete  botch  or  bungle. 
boggle3  (bog'l),  n.    [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 

same  as  boggle1,  bogle,  a  scarecrow.]   A  pitcher 

or  jug  wrought  in  the  figure  of  a  man,  not  un- 
like a  toby  or  toby-pitcher, 
bog-glede  (bog'gled),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of  the 

moor-buzzard,  Circus  wrugiitosus. 
boggier  (bog'ler),  n.    [<  boggle*  +  -er1.]    1.  A 

doubter ;  a  timorous  man.—  2f.  A  jilt ;  one  false  bog-ore  (bofj  or)^  it.  ^  Same  as  bog-iron  ore 

in  love. 
You  have  been  a  boggier  ever.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 

3.   One  who  bungles  or  is   clumsy  in  doing 

things. 
bogglisht    (bog'lish),   o.     [<   boggle*   +   -ish.] 

Doubtful ;  wavering. 
Nothing  is  more  sly,  touchy,  and  bogglish  .  .  .  than  that 

opinion  ...  of  the  many  or  common  people. 

Jer.  Taylor  ('?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 


Indian  fishes,  considered  l>y  some  as  typical  of 
a  family  Bogodoidei  or  Bogodidce. 

[NL.,  <  Bogoda 
+  -idee.']  A  family  of  percoideous  fishes:  sy- 
nonymous with  Ambassidce. 

Bogomile  (bog'o-mil),  n.  [Cf.  Russ.  bogii,  God; 
milosti,  grace.]'  One  of  a  medieval  Catharisl 
soot,  having  its  principal  seat  in  Bulgaria,  anti- 
clerical in  its  polity,  dualistic  in  its  doctrine, 
and  in  general  similar  to  the  Docetre  and  the 
Manichseans.  The  views  and  practices  of  the  Bogo- 
milcs  were  very  fanatical.    They  were  little  known,  and 

by  some  are  supposed  to  have  bet le  extinct  soon  after 

the  execution  of  their  leader,  Basil  of  Philippopolis,  at 
•  lonstantinople,  in  1118. 

Bogomilian  (bog-o-mn'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bogomiles  or  their  doctrines. 

bog-orchis  (bog'6r"kis),  n.  A  low  orchid  of 
boggy  places.     See  Malaxis. 


boggy  (bog'i),  o.  [<  bog\  ».,  +  -4/1.]  Contain- 
ing bogs ;  full  of  bogs ;  like  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  a  bog. 

Quench'd  in  a  boggy  Syrtis,  neither  sea 

Nor  good  dry  land.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  939. 

boggybo   (bog'i-bo),  n.     [North.  E.   dial.]     A 

dialectal  form  of  bugaboo. 
Boghead  coal.  See  coal. 
boghouse  (bog'hous),  n.    [<  bog1  +  house.]    A 

privy.     Johnson. 
bogie1,  it-     See  bogy. 
bogie2,  bogey2  ( bo'gi),  it.    [Of  uncertain  origin. 

Sometimes  explained  from  bogie1,  bogy,  a  fiend, 

the  bogie  coal-wagon  when  first  introduced 

being  so  called,  it  is  said,  because,  from  its 

suddenly  turning  when  people  least  expected 

it,  they  used  to  exclaim  that  the  new  wagon 

was  '  Old  Bogy '  himself.     But  this  is  mere  in- 
vention.    See'  bogle_J     1.   A  name  first  given  boguext  (bog),  t> 


Bogota  bark.    See  bark*. 

bog-rush  (bog'rush),  n.  1.  The  name  of  va- 
rious cyperaceous  plants.  See  rush. —  2.  Some 
small  undetermined  species  of  warbler.  [Lo- 
cal, Great  Britain.] 

bog-spavin  (bog'spav"in),  n.  In  farriery,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse,  containing  a  gelatinous  matter. 

bog-sucker  (bog'suk"er),  ii.  A  name  of  the 
woodcock  of  North  America,  Philohela  minor. 

bog-trotter  (bog'trof'er),  n.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  especially,  a 
contemptuous  appellation  given  to  the  Irish 
peasantry,  probably  from  the  skill  shown  by 
many  of  them  in  crossing  the  extensive  bogs 
of  the  country  by  leaping  from  tussock  to  tus- 
sock, where  a  stranger  would  find  no  footing, 
and  from  the  frequent  use  they  make  of  this 
skill  to  escape  from  the  soldiery,  the  police,  etc. 

bog-trotting  (bog'trof'ing),  a.  Trotting  among 
bogs,  or,  more  usually,  living  among  bogs :  as, 
a  bog-trotting  Irishman. 


Beware  of  bog-trotting  quacks. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  lxviii. 

With  his  inherited  Irish  poverty  .  .  .  not  to  rise  in  this 
world,  he  nor  his  posterity,  till  their  wading  webbed  (»»;• 
trotting  feet  get  talaria  to  their  heels. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  225. 

[Prob.  <  Sp.  bogar,  row  (cf. 


at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  England,  to  a  coal- 
wagon  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easily 
in  moving  about  the  quays ;  a  trolly. —  2.  An 
English  term  for  a  four-wheeled  truck  support- 
ing the  front  part  of  a  locomotive  engine,  or 
placed  one  under  each  end  of  a  railway-car- 
riage, and  turning  beneath  it  by  means  of  a 
central  pin  or  pivot,  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  sudden  curves. —  3.  In  a  saw-mill,  a  small 
carriage  running  on  a  transverse  track  on  a  , 

log-carriage,  use!  to  change  the  position  of  the  bpgue2  (bog),  n.     [<  OF.  bogue,  formerly  also 
log  in  relation  to  the  saw.S  bocque,  =  Pr.  buga  =  Sp   Pg  boga  =  It  boca 


bogar  a  sotavento,  row  to  leeward),  =  Pg.  Pr. 
vogar  =  It.  vogare  =  P.  voguer,  row,  sail,  > 
vogue,  E.  vogue,  q.  v.]  Naut.,  to  drop  off  from 
the  wind ;  edge  away  to  leeward  with  the  wind, 
as  some  vessels  of  inferior  sailing  qualities  do. 
—  To  bogue  in,  to  "sail  in";  take  a  hand;  engage  in  a 
work.     [Local,  New  England.] 

[A  farmer  says :]  "  I  don't  git  much  done  'thout  I  bogue 
right  in  along  'th  mv  men." 

Quoted  by  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 


bogie-engine  (bo'gi-en"jin),  n.  A  locomotive 
used  in  moving  cars  and  making  up  trains  at 
a  railroad  station.  The  driving-wheels  and  cyl- 
inders are  on  a  truck  which  turns  freely  on  a 
center-pin. 

bog-jumper  (bog'jum"per),  n.  Same  as  bog- 
iHinijier. 

bog-land  (bog'land),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Boggy  or 
marshy  land:  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-land. 


bot/hc  (Florio),  now  boga,  <  ML.  boca,  for  L.  box 
(b'oc-),  <  Gr.  fi£>i,  contr.  of  /3<5af,  a  certain  sea- 
fish,  so  named  from  the  sound  it  makes.]  An 
acanthopterygian  fish,  Box  vulgaris,  of  the  fami- 
ly Sparidce,  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  rare  cases  on  the 
coasts  of  Britain.  The  body  is  oblong  and  compressed, 
the  head  and  mouth  are  small,  the  teeth  notched,  the  eyes 
large,  and  the  general  coloring  is  brilliant.  Also  called 
boi'i1  ami  boga. 


II.  a.  Living  in  or  pertaining  to  a  marshy  bogue3  (bog),  «.     [OP.,  =  F.  bouche :  see  cm- 

country.     [Rare.]  bogue.]   A  mouth;  an  embouchure.  Usedspeclfl- 

Each  brings  his  love  a  bogland  captive  home.  caily  in  the  name  Me  Bogue,  the  principal  mouth  ol  the 

Dnjdch,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  31.     Canton  river  in  China  (also  called  Boca  Tigris,  the  Tiger  s 

bogle  (bo'gi),  n.     [Also  dial,  boggle,  Sc.  bogle,  -honest  (bo'gest),  «.    [E.  dial.,  appar.  barquest 
bogill,  bugit,  a  specter,  hobgoblin ;  prob.  of  Cel-    val.jeci  toward  bogy1 :  see  these  words.]   A  spec- 


tic  origin;  cf.  W.  bwgwl,  bygwl,  a  threat,  men 
ace,  bygel,  a  bugbear,  scarecrow,  hobgoblin, 
hmg,  a  specter,  >  E.  bug1 :  see  bug1  and  bugbear. 
Cf.  bog*,  boggard1-,  and  G.  bbgge,  boggel-mttnu, 
a  bogy,  bogle.]  A  phantom;  a  specter;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  a  bogy ;  a  bugbear. 
boglet  (bog'le't),  n.  [<  bug1  +  -let.]  A  little 
bog ;  a  boggy  place  or  spot  of  small  extent. 

And  of  this  tufty,  flaggy  ground,  pocked  with  bogs  and 
hogleta.  R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  432. 

bog-manganese  (bog'mang"ga-nez),  n.  Same 
as  wad. 

bog-moss  (bog'mos),  n.  Peat-moss.  See  Sphag- 
num. 

bog-oak  (bog 'ok),  n.  Trunks  and  large 
branches  of  oak  found  embedded  in  bogs  and 
preserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties  of  peat. 
It  is  of  a  shining  black  or  ebony  color,  or  of  a  deep  green- 
ish-gray, mottled  and  shading  into  black,  derived  from  its 
impregnation  with  iron,  and  is  frequently  converted  into 
ornamental  pieces  of  furniture  and  smaller  ornaments,  as 
brooches,  ear-rings,  etc.    Also  called  bog-wood. 


ter;  a  ghost.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
bogus1  (bo'gus),  n.  and  a.  [A  slang  word,  of 
which  many  conjectural  explanations  have  been 
offered,  e.  g.,  that  it  is  a  corruption  of  bagasse, 
sugar-cane  refuse,  etc.  Dr.  Samuel  Willard  of 
Chicago,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  New 
Eng.  Diet.,"  quotes  from  the  'Painesville(Ohio) 
Telegraph'  of  July  6  and  Nov.  2, 1827,  the  word 
bogus  as  a  substantive  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  coining  false  money.  Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe, 
who  was  then  editor  of  that  paper,  describes 
in  his  'Autobiography'  (1878)  the  discovery  of 
such  apiece  of  mechanism  in  the  hands  of  a  gang 
of  coiners  at  Painesville  in  May,  1827 ;  it  was 
a  mysterious-looking  object,  and  some  one  in 
the  crowd  styled  it  a  'bogus,'  a  designation 
adopted  in  the  succeeding  numbers  of  the  pa- 
per. Dr.  Willard  considers  this  to  have  been 
short  for  tantrabogus,  a  word  familiar  to  him 
from  his  childhood,  and  which  in  his  father's 
time  was  commonly'applied  in  Vermont  to  any 


Bohemian 

ill-looking  object;  he  points  out  that  tantara- 
bobs  is  given  in  Ilalliwoll  as  a  Devonshire  word 
for  the  devil.  Bogus  seems  thus  to  be  related 
t..  bogy,  etc."  (N.  E.  D.)  The  E.  dial,  word 
may  have  been  transported  to  New  England 
and  undergone  there  the  alteration  to  which 
such  terms  are  subject.]  I.t  n.  An  apparatus 
for  coining  counterfeit  money. 

II.  a.  Counterfeit;  spurious;  sham:  origi- 
nally applied  in  the  United  States  to  counter- 
feit 'money,  but  now  to  anything  based  on  sham 
or  false  pretense:  as,  a  bogus  claim;  a  bogus 
government. 

But  our  bogua  theologians,  who  systematically  convert 
the  line  gold  of  the  gospel  into  glittering  tinsel,  and  sell 
it  for  lucre,  occupy  the  highest  seats  in  our  synagogues. 
//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  177. 

bogus2  (bo'gus),  «.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
a  use  of  bogus1.  Some  refer  it  to  bagasse,  su- 
gar-cane refuse.]  A  liquor  made  of  rum  and 
molasses.     Bartlett.     [U.  S.] 

bog-Violet  (bog'vi"o-let),  ».  The  butterwort. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 

bog-wood  (bog'wud),  n.     Same  as  bog-oak. 

bogwort  (bog'wert),  n.  [<  bog1  +  wort1.]  Same 
as  cranberry. 

bogy,  bogey1  (bo'gi),  n.;  pi.  bogies,  bogeys 
(-giz).  [Also  written  bogie;  a  comparatively 
recent  word,  appar.  a  var.  (perhaps  arising 
from  nursery  speech)  of  bogle,  or  from  the  same 
source:  see'bogle.]  1.  The  devil:  often  as  a 
quasi-proper  name,  and  usually  with  an  epithet 
(in  this  use  with  a  capital) :  as,  Old  Bogy. 
I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes. 
2.  A  hobgoblin ;  a  bugbear. 

The  humble  Northumbrian  bogie  who"  flitted  "with  the 
farmer  when  he  removed  his  furniture. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 

There  is  no  reasoning  .  .  ,  with  men  to  whom  party 

considerations  are  of  the  first  moment,  and  who  feel  bound 

to  discover  bogies  in  every  measure  adopted  bv  the  party 

in  power.  Sir  G.  WoUeley,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVIII.  135. 

bogyism,  bogeyism  (bo'gi-izm),  ».     [<  bogy, 

bogey1,  +  -ism.]     1.  That  which  pertains  to  or 

is  characteristic  of  a  bogy. —  2.   Belief  in  or 

dread  of  sprites  or  goblins.    Thackeray. 

bo-hacky  (bo-hak'i),  n.     [E.  dial.]     A  donkey. 

Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
bohea  (bo-he'),  n.  [<  Chinese  Woo-ye  or  Voo- 
ye,  the  name  of  two  ranges  of  hills  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Fuhkien,  China,  where  the  tea-shrub  is 
largely  grown,  and  whence  tea  was  first  im- 
ported into  England  in  1666.  In  the  dialects 
of  Fuhkien  b  is  used  for  w  and  ».]  1.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  tea. 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea. 
To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Miss  Blount,  ii.  16. 
For  if  my  pure  libations  exceed  three, 

I  feel  my  heart  become  so  sympathetic, 

That  I  must  have  recourse  to  black  Bohea.     Byron. 

By  way  of  entertainment  in  the  evening,  to  make  a  party 

with  the  sergeant's  wife  to  drink  bohea  tea,  and  play  at 

all-fours  on  a  drum-head.    Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  2. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  black  tea,  grown  on  the 
Woo-ye  hills  of  China,  or  tea  of  a  similar  qual- 
ity grown  in  other  districts  of  the  same  country. 
See  tea. 
Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  Bo- 
lirmien,  a  Bohemian,  and  in  a  secondary  signi- 
fication a  gipsy,  <  Boheme,  ML.  Bohemia,  the 
country  of  the  Bohemi,  Boihemi,  or  Boiemi, 
Latinized  form  repr.  by  G.  Biiltmen,  Bohemia, 
<  L.  Boii,  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  of  whom  a 
portion  settled  in  what  is  now  Bohemia,  + 
*-hem,  OHG.  heim  =  E.  home.]  I.  n.  1.  A  na- 
tive or  an  inhabitant  of  Bohemia,  a  crownland 
and  kingdom  of  the  Austrian  empire. —  2.  A 
follower  of  John  Huss ;  a  Hussite. —  3.  [F.  bo- 
hemieti,  because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race 
that  entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Bo- 
hemians or  Hussites,  driven  from  their  native 
country.]     A  gipsy. 

"How!  of  no  country?"  repeated  the  Scot.  "No," 
answered  the  Bohemian,  "of  none.  I  am  a  Zingaro,  a 
Bohemian,  an  Egyptian,  or  whatever  the  Europeans,  in 
their  different  languages,  may  choose  to  call  our  people, 
but  I  have  no  country."  Scorr,  Q.  Durward,  xvi. 

4.  A  person,  especially  an  artist  or  a  literary 
man,  who  leads  a  free  and  often  somewhat 
dissipated  life,  having  little  regard  to  what  so- 
ciety he  frequents,  and  despising  convention- 
alities generally.  [Sometimes  without  a  cap- 
ital.] 

By  Bohemian  I  do  not  mean  to  be  uncomplimentary.  I 
mean  merely  a  class  of  persons  who  prefer  adventure  and 
speculation  to  settled  industry,  and  who  do  not  work  well 
in  the  harness  of  ordinary  life.     Froude,  Sketches,  p.  217. 

5.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohemia,  a  member 
of  the  Slavic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family. 


Bohemian 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bohemia  or  its 
language. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to.  or  charac- 
teristic of,  the  so-called  Bohemians;  uncon- 
ventional; free  from  social  restraints:  us.  a 
Bohemian  life. — 3.  In  unii/h..  erratic;  wander- 
ing; irregularly  migratory ;  of  unset  i  Led  habits. 
--  Bohemian  bole,  See /».(<-''.— Bohemian  Brethren, 
the  popular  name  of  a  religions  denomination  which  de 
relopea  from  the  followers  oi  Peter  Chelczicky  in  the  tlf- 
teenth  century.  It  reached  its  greatest  influence  in  the 
-i\t,  enth  century,  and  was  suppressed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in 
the  seventeenth  century  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  hm 
ii  in  Poland  and  Eungary.  It  was  revived  in  tin* 
eighteenth  century  as  tin'  Moravian  Church.  The  mem 
oi  the  denomination  called  themselves  the  I  nity 
of  Brethren  [Unitas  Fratrum).—  Bohemian  glass.  See 
glass.  —  Bohemian  pheasant,  see  peasant.— Bohe- 
mian waxwing,  Bohemian  chatterer,  a  bird,  the 
Ampelis  garrulus,  so  called  from  tin'  extent  ami 
laritv  of  its  wanderings.   See  waxwing. 

Bohemianism  (bd-he'mi-an-izm),  n.  [<  Bohe- 
mian, n.,  4,  +  ■ism.']  The  life  or  habits  of  a 
Bohemian,  in  the  figurative  sense.  See  Bohe- 
mian, n..  4. 

bohor  fbo'hdr),  ».  A  variety  of  reedbuck  of 
western  Afri- 
ca, the  Cervi- 
•  i  boltor,  a 
kind  of  ante- 
lope. 

boiar,  b.  See 
boyar. 

boid  (bo'id),  n. 
A  snake  of  the 
family  Boida : 
a  boa  or  ana- 
conda. 

Boidas 
de  . 
[XL. 


Bohor  {Cervicapra  bohor). 


(bo'i- 
n.  pi. 
<  Boa 
+  -ida>.]  A 
family  of  non- 
venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  with  two  mobile 
hooks  or  spurs,  the  rudiments  of  bind  legs,  near 
the  anus.  The  name  has  been  adopted  with  varying 
limits,  ami  latterly  generally  rest, icted  to  American  spe- 
cies: in  t'olubrine  snakes  with  the  belly  covered  with 
narrow,  elongate  shields  or  scales,  nearly  resembling 
those  of  the  back,  ami  with  spur-like  rudimentary  legs  on 
each  side  of  the  vent.  It  included  the  Jioidcn  as  well  as 
Pythonidce,  CharinidoB,  and  Tortricidai  of  recent  ophi- 
,  Burystomatous  serpents  with  rudiments  of 
posterior  extremities,  it  included  the  Boida?,  Pythonidos, 
and  Charinidce.  (,'t)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudi- 
mentary posterior  appendages,  coronoid  bone  in  lower 
jaw.  no  supraorbital,  but  postorbital,  bones  in  cranium, 
and  with  teeth  developed  in  the  premaxillary.  In  this 
Limited  sense  there  are  still  many  species  peculiar  to  the 
tvai  mer  regions  of  America,  and  among  them  are  some  of 

gigantic  size,  such  as  the  boa-constrictor  and  anai la, 

nurinus.    They  sometimes  attack  animals  of  a 
size  and  kill  them  by  constriction  round  the  body. 
See  i  at  -  under  boa  aid  python. 
boil1  (boil),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boile,  boyh  • 
ii  corrupt  form  of  bile1,  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
uection  with   boil2:   see   bile1.]     An  inflamed 
and  painful  suppurating  tumor ;  a  furuncle. 
boil-  (boil),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  boyl,  boyle, 
<  Mi:,  boilen,  boylen,  <  OF.  boillir,  F.  bouiUir 
=  Pr.  bulhir,  buillir,  boil,  =  Sp.  buUir,  boil,  also 
as  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  active  (see  budge1), 
=  it.  boUire,  boil,  <  L.  bullire,  also  bullare, bub- 
ble,  boil,  <  India,  a  bubble,   any  small  round 
object  (see  bulla),  >  10.  bull*   bill?,  indict,  Ind- 
'.  etc.    Cf.  ebullition.']    I.   intrans.   1.   To 
bubble  up  or  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition,  espe- 
cially through  the  action  of  hint,  the  bubbles 
of  gaseous  vapor  which  have  been  formed  in 
lower  portion  rising  to  the  surface  and  es- 
caping: said  of  a  liquid,  and  sometimes  of  the 
containing  vessel:  as,  the  water  boils;  the  pot 
'rim  same  action  is  Induced  bv  diminished  pres- 
sure, a-  when  water  boils  under  the  •  v 1 1 . 1 1 1 - 1 . ■  1 1  reci  ivi  i 
pump,  or  when  carbon  dioxid  liquefied  under 
high]  'he  removal  of  the  pressure     See 

boiling-point  and  ebullition. 

2.  To  ho  in  nil  agitated  state  like  that  of  boil- 
ing, through  any  other  cause  than  heal  or  dimin- 
ished pressure;  exhibit  a  swirling  or  swelling 
motion;  seethe:  as.  the  waves  boil. 

lb  iiiaketi,  the  deep  t"  boil.  Jul.  \li.  :u. 

3.  To  be  agitated  by  vehement  or  angry  feel- 
ing: In-  hot  or  excited:  as,  my  blood  boils  at 
this  injustice. 

wrath. 

i  I,  ic 

'I  he  plain  truth  i-  that  Eastings  had  a tted  some 

I    hat       1    he     the     i 

the  bl I  "i  Hm ke  boil  In  to-  veins, 

'.',  ,,,,,,  Hastings. 

4.  To  undergo  or  lie  Bubjected  to  the  action  of 
wnt. tner  liquid  when   nt    the    point    of 

dlition:  as,  the  meat  is  now  hailing.  To  boll 
away,  to  evaporate  In  boiling.— To  boll  over,  to  run 
over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as  liquor  when  thro 


612 

lent  agitation  by  heat  or  other  cause  of  effervesc 

hence,  figuratively,  to  be  unable  on  account  o!  excite- 
ment, Indignation,  or  the  like,  to  refrain  from  speaking; 
t..  i, leak  out  mt"  He  language  "t  strong  feeling,  especial- 
ly oi  Indignation.  To  boil  up,  t"  rise  or  he  increased  in 
volume  by  ebullition  :  as.  paste  is  ready  for  use  as  soon  as 
it  has  once  boiled  up  :  let  it  boil  up  two  or  three  times. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition  ; 
cause  to  bo  agitated  or  to  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  Hence  —  2.  To  collect,  form, 
or  separate  by  the  application  of  heat,  as  sugar, 
salt,  etc. —  3.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  heat 
in  ;i  liquid  raised  to  its  point  of  ebullition,  so 
ns  to  produce  some  specific  effect;  cook  or 
s.ethe  in  a  boiling  liquid:  as,  to  boil  meat, 

potatoes,  etc. ;  to  boil  silk,  thread,  etc To  boil 

clear,  in  soap-manuf.,ta  remove  tin-  excess  of  water  from 
suit  soap  by  boiling  it.  A  concentrated  lye  i^  employed 
to  shorten  the  time  of  evaporation.  —  To  boil  down,  to 
reduce  in  bulk  by  boiling:  hence,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
compass  by  removal  of  what  can  best  be  spared;  con- 
dense by  elimination. 

After  a  while  be  [Bowles]  developed  a  talent  for  con- 
densing into  brief  ami  readable  form  the  lone  ami  heavy 
articles  in  which  the  great  political  papers  of  the  day  dis- 
charged their  thunder.  On  these  he  I, man  to  practice 
that  great  art  of  boiling  down  which  his  paper  afterward 
carried  to  such  perfection.  G.  .S'.  M&rriam,  S.  I'.ow  les,  I.  '23. 

To  boil  dry,  in  sugar-rnanvf.,  to  reduce  the  thin  juice 
to  thick  juice  by  boiling  it  until  it  reaches  the  point  of 
crystallization. 

boil-  (boil),  n.  [<  boin,  v.]  1.  The  state  or  act 
of  boiling;  boiling-point:  as,  to  bring  water  to 
aboil.  [Colloq.] — 2.  That  which  is  boiled;  a 
boiling  preparation.  N.E.D.  [Rare.] —At  the 
boil,  boiling ;  at  the  boiling-point:  as,  the  solution  should 
he  kept  at  the  bail  for  at  least  half  an  hour. 

boilary,  n.    See  boilery. 

boiled  (boild),  p.  a.  1.  Raised  to  the  boiling- 
point. — 2.  Prepared  by  being  subjected  to 
the  heat  of  boiling  water:  sometimes  substan- 
tively (from  its  use  as  a  heading  on  bills  of 
fare)  for  meat  dressed  or  cooked  by  boiling: 
as,  "a  great  piece  of  cold  boiled,"  Dickens, 
Christmas  Carol. 

boiler  (boi'ler),  «.  1.  A  person  who  boils. — 2. 
A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boiled.  Specifi- 
cally —  (a)  A  large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
used  in  distilleries,  potash-works,  etc.,  for  boiling  large 
quantities  of  liquor  at  once,  (b)  A  large  vessel  of  metal 
in  which  soiled  clothes  are  boiled  to  cleanse  them;  a 
wash-boiler. 

3.  A  strong  metallic  structure  in  which  steam 
is  generated  for  driving  engines  or  for  other 
purposes.  Sec  steam-boiler. — 4.  Something,  as 
a  vegetable,  that  is  suitable  for  boiling.  [Rare.] 

boiler-alarm  (boi'ler-a-larm"),  n.  A  device 
for  showing  when  the  water  in  a  steam-boiler 
is  too  low  for  safety. 

boiler-clamp  (boi'ler-klamp),  n.  A  clamp  used 
for  holding  the  plates  and  parts  of  boilers  to- 
gether, so  that  they  can  be  drilled  or  riveted. 

boiler-feeder  (boi'ler-fe'der),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  supplying  water  to  a  steam-boiler. 

boiler-float  (boi'ler-flot),  n.  A  float  connected 
with  the  water-feeding  mechanism  of  a  steam- 
boiler.  It  opens  a  supply-valve  when  the  water  falls  to 
a  certain  point,  and  closes  the  valve  when  the  water  has 
attained  the  proper  height. 

boiler-iron  (boi'ler-l"ern),  n.  Iron  rolled  into 
the  form  of  a  flat  plate,  from  i  to  I  inch  in 
thickness,  used  for  making  boilers,  tanks,  ves- 
sels, etc.     Also  boiler-plate. 

boiler-meter  (boi'ler-me"ter),  n.  A  meter  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  water  used  in  a 
steam-boiler. 

boiler-plate  (boi'ler-plat),  n.    Same  as  boiler- 
iron. 
boiler-protector  (boi'ler-pro-tek'tor), it.    A 

non-conducting  covering  or  jacket  for  a  steam- 
boiler,  designed  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat. 

boiler-shell  (boi'ler-shel),  n.  The  main  or 
outside  portion  of  a  steam-boiler. 

A  steel  boih'r-xliill  may  therefore  be  made  of  plates  at 
least  one-third  less  in  thickness  than  a  similar  shell  of 
wrought  iron.  R.  Wilson,  steam  boilers,  p.  49. 

boiler-shop  (boi'ler-shop),  n.  A  workshop 
while  boilers  arc  made. 

boilery  (boi'ler-i),  n.:  pi.  boileries  (-iz).  [< 
hmll  +  -ery.]  1.  A  place  or  an  apparatus  for 
boiling. —  2.  A  salt-house  or  place  for  evapo- 
rating brine. —  3.  In  law,  water  arising  from  a 
salt-well  belonging  to  one  who  is  not  the  owner 
of  the  soil. 
Also  boilary. 

boiling  (boi'ling),  p.  a.  1.  At  the  temperature 
at  which  any  specified  liquid  passes  into  a- 
ga  scons  state  ;    bubbling   up   under  I  lie  act  ion 

of  beat:  ns.  boiling  water;  boiling  springs. — 

2.  Figuratively  —  (a)  fiercely  agitated;  rag- 
ing: as.  the  boiling  sons.  (6)  Heated  ;  inflamed  ; 
bursting  with  passion:  as,  boiling  indignation. 
—  Boiling  spring,  a  spring  or  fountain  which  gives  out 

water  at  tile  boiling  I t  or  at  a  high  temperature.     The 


boist 

most  remarkable  boiling  springs  arc  the  geysers,  which 
throw  up  columns  ol  water  and  Bteam;  but  then  are 
many  others  In  various  parts  of  the  world,  often  associ- 
ated  wnii  geysers,  characterized  only  by  ebullition  and 
emission  of  steam.  Some  of  the  latter,  as  in  California 
and  New  Zealand,  arc  strongly  impregnated  with  mineral 
matters  and  variously  colored,  while  others  are  charged 
with  liquid  mud.  Seegeyser. 
boilingly  (boi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling  man- 
ner. 

The  lakes  of  bitumen 
Rise  boilingly  higher.         Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

boiling-point  (boi 'ling-point),  n.  The  tempera- 
ture nt  which  a  liquid  is  converted  into  vapor 
with  ebullition ;  more  strictly,  the  tempera- 
ture at  which  the  tension  of  the  vapor  is  equal 
to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  This  point 
varies  for  different  liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  atdif 
i«] -nt  pressures,  being  higher  when  the  pressure  is  in- 
creased, ami  lower  when  it  is  diminished.  Under  the 
normal  atmospheric  pressure  (see  atmosphere)  water  boils 
at  212*  F.  (mo  C.,80  l;i.  and  it  is  found  that  the  boiling- 
point  varies  .88  of  a  degree  F.  for  a  variation  in  the  ba- 
rometer of  half  an  inch.  Hence  water  will  boil  at  a  lower 
temperature  at  the  topof  a  mountain  than  at  the  bottom, 
owing  to  diminution  in  the  pressure;  a  fact  which  leads 
to  a  method  of  measuring  the  height  of  a  mountain  by 
ob  erving  the  temperature  at  which  water  boils  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  and  at  the  top.  At  the  top  of 
Mont  Blanc  water  boils  at  ls.Y  F.  Tuder  a  pressure  of 
about  y^g-  of  an  atmosphere  water  would  boil  at  40°  F., 
while  under  a  pressure  of  10  atmospheres  the  boiling-point 
would  be  raised  to  356*  F.  A  liquid  may  be  heated  much 
above  its  true  boiling-point  without  boiling;  but  the 
superheated  vapor  immediately  expands  until  its  temper- 
ature is  reduced  to  the  boiling-point.  Hence,  in  deter- 
munitions  of  the  boiling-point,  the  thermometer  is  never 
Immersed  in  the  liquid,  but  in  the  vapor  just  above  it. - 
Kopp's  law  of  boiling-points,  the  proposition  that  in 

certain  homologous  scries  of  chemical  BUbstances  each  ad- 
dition of  CHo  is  accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the  boiling- 
point  of  about  19°.5  C. 

boin  (boin),  n.    Another  form  of  boyn. 

boine  (boin),  «.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  boin,  boyn.]  A 
swelling.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

This  Iuan  Vasilowich  wich  performing  of  the  same  cere- 
luonie  causeth  his  forehead  to  be  ful  of  boines  and  swell- 
ings, and  sometimes  to  be  black  and  blew. 

Hahluyfs  Voyages,  I.  2*24. 

boiobi,  n.    See  bojobi. 

bois  (i1.  pron.  bwo),  n.  [F.,  wood,  timber,  a 
wood,  forest,  <  OF.  bois,  bos  =  Pr.  base  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bosque  =  It.  boseo,  <  ML.  boscus,  buschus,  a 
bush,  wood,  forest:  see  busli1,  boscage,  etc.] 
Wood:  a  French  word  occurring  in  several 
phrases  occasionally  found  in  English ;  it  also 
occurs  as  the  terminal  element  in  hautboy. — 
Bois  d'arc  <F.  pron.  bwo  dark).  [F. :  bois,  wood;  de,  of; 
arc,  bow.]    See  bodark,  bow-wood,  and  Madura. 

boisbrule  (P.  pron.  bwo-bro-la'),  «.  [Canadian 
F.,  <  F.  bois,  wood,  +  liriile,  pp.  of  briiler,  burn, 
scorch.]  Literally,  burnt-wood:  a  name  for- 
merly given  to  a  Canadian  half-breed. 

bois-chene  (F.  pron.  bwo-shan'),  n.  [F.,  oak- 
wood  :  hois,  wood  (see  bois) ;  chine,  oak,  <  OF. 
ehesne  (chesnin,  adj.),  quesne  (cf.  ML.  casnus), 
oak,  <  LL.  quercinus,  prop,  ad.i.,  of  the  oak  (of. 
It.  querela,  the  oak,  <  L.  qucrcca,  fern,  adj.),  < 
L.  quercus,  oak.]  Oak-wood:  the  name  of  a 
timber  obtained  from  San  Domingo,  used  in 
ship-building.     McElrath. 

bois-durci  (F.  pron.  bwo-diir-se'),  n.  [F.:  bois, 
wood  (see  bois) ;  dnrei,  hardened,  pp.  of  clurcir, 

<  L.  durescere,  harden.  <  durns,  hard.]  In  com., 
an  artificial  hard  wood  made  of  a  paste  of 
blood  and  the  sawdust  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
and  other  fine-grained  woods,  molded  into  va- 
rious forms.  When  hardened  it  takes  a  high 
polish. 

boisseau  (F.  pron.  bwo-sd'),  ii.;  pi.  boisseaux 
(-sn?/).  [F. :  see  bushel*-.]  An  old  French  dry 
measure,  corresponding  in  name  to  the  English 
bushel,  but  much  smaller  in  capacity.  The  Paris 
boisseau  is  now  reckoned  at  1'J'  liters  (one  eighth  of  a  hi  ,■ 
toliter),  or  about  2j  gallons,  which  is  a  slight  reduction 
from  its  capacity  before  the  introduction  of  the  metric 
system;  but  in  small  trade  the  name  is  used  for  the  il< 
caliter  (one  tenth  of  a  hectoliter).  In  other  pa  its  of  France 
lie   boisseau  in  old  reckoning  was  generally  much  less 

than  that  of  Talis. 
boist't,  ».     [Early  mod.  K.  also  boost,  Sc.  Intist, 

<  ME.  boist,  boiste,  also  buist,  bust,  busts,  bouste, 
bost  (=  Bret,  boest),  <  OF.  boiste,  F.  boite  = 
Pr,  bostia,  <  ML.  bustia,  a  form  of  buxida,  prop, 
ace,  corrupted  form  of  pyxida,  -.«■<■.  of  ouxts, 

I'l/.ns.  a  box:  see  ho.rl,  ho.i ■'-,  and  Inislui1.]  A 
bos  ;  especially,  a  box  for  holding  ointment. 

Every  boist  full  of  thy  Letuarie. 

Chaucer,  l'mi.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  21. 

boist'-'  (boist),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  survival 
in  a  particular  use  of  boist1,  or  a  var.  of  boost 
(or  boose,  pro]),  a  cow  stall:  hoc  honsc1.]  A  rude 
hut,  such  as  those  erected  along  the  line  of  a 
railway  for  the  temporary  use  of  laborers: 
called  in  the  United  States  a  shanty.     [Eng.] 


boisterous 

boisterous  (bois'ter-ous),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  boystrotts,  bottstrous,  bowstrous,  boisterous; 

<  late  ME.  hoist  roits,  rough,  coarse,  a  develop- 
ment, through  the  forms  boisteous,  boystuous, 
of  the  earlier  form  boistous,  which  it  has  now 
superseded:  see  boistous.']  It.  Rough;  coarse; 
stout;  stiff. 

The  leathern  outside,  boisterous  as  it  was. 
Gave  way,  and  bent  beneath  her  strict  embrace. 

Dryden,  Stginnonda  and  Quiscardo,  1.  159. 

2t.  Rough   and  massive;    bulky;    cumbrous; 

clumsy. 

Hi*  boystroits  club,  so  buried  In  the  grownd, 
He  could  not  reareu  up  againe  so  light. 

Spenser,  v.  Q.,  I.  viii.  10. 

3f.  Rough   in  operation  or  action;    violent; 
vehement.     [Rare.] 
The  heat  becomes  too  powerful  ami  boisterous  for  them. 
Woodward,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Mist,  of  the  Earth. 

4.  Rough  and  stormy :  applied  to  the  weather, 
the  waves,  etc. —  5.  Exposed  to  the  turbulence 
of  the  elements :  as,  a  boisterous  headland;  a 
boisterous  passage. — 6t.  Pierce;  savage;  truc- 
ulent ;  full  of  violence :  as,  boisterous  war. 

Boist'rous  Clifford,  thou  hast  slain 
The  flower  of  Europe  for  his  chivalry. 

Shak.,  3  lieu.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

7.  Turbulent ;  rough  and  noisy ;  clamorous : 
applied  to  persons  or  their  actions:  as,  a  bois- 
terous man;  boisterous  merriment;  a,  boisterous 
game. 

They  love  a  captain  to  obey, 
Boisterous  as  March,  yet  fresh  as  May. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physique,  and  an  almost  boisterous 
capacity  for  enjoyment,  he  was  an  English  counterpart  of 
the  Scotch  Christopher  North.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  boys- 
trously  :  <  boisterous  +  -ly-.  Cf.  boistonsly.']   In 

a  boisterous  manner;  roughly;  with  noisy 
energy  or  activity. 

When  you  come  next  to  woo,  pray  you,  come  not  boister- 
ously. 
And  furnish'd  like  a  bear- ward. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 
Halloo'd  it  as  boisterously  as  the  rest. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  20. 

boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  n.  [<  bois- 
terous +  -ness.~]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
boisterous;  rough,  noisy  behavior;  turbulence. 

Behaved  with  the  boisterousiwss  of  men  elated  by  recent 
authority.  Johnson,  Life  of  Prior. 

boistoust,  <t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  boys- 
tous,  boisteous,  hoystcous,  boistious,  boystuous, 
etc.,  Sc.  bousteous,  busteous,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bois- 
tous, boystous,  buystous,  etc. ;  cf.  mod.  E.  dial. 
(Cornwall)  boustous,  boostis,  boustis,  bustioits, 
fat,  corpulent,  hoist,  corpulence  (perhaps  a 
back-formation,  from  the  adj.);  origin  un- 
known. The  ME.  agrees  in  form  with  AF. 
boistous,  OP.  boisteus,  mod.  P.  boiteux,  lame, 
but  no  connection  of  sense  is  apparent.  The 
W.  bwystus,  wild,  ferocious,  is  perhaps  from  E.] 

1.  Rude;  rough;  churlish;  rustic;  coarse: 
applied  to  persons.  [The  earliest  recorded 
sense.] 

I  am  a  boystous  man,  right  thus  say  I. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Talc,  1.  107. 

2.  Rough  ;  fierce  ;  savage. 

Myghte  no   blonkes  [horses]  theme  here,  thos  bicstous 

churlles, 
Bot  coverde  camellez  of  toures,  enclosyde  in  maylez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  X.  615. 

3.  Rough  and  massive  ;  bulky ;  clumsy.  [Still 
in  dial,  use.] — 4.  Coarse  in  texture;  rough; 
stout;  thick. —  5.  Loud;  violent;  boisterous. 

boistouslyt,  adv.  [<  ME.  boistonsly,  etc. ;  <  bois- 
tous +  -ly'-.]  Roughly;  violently;  boister- 
ously. 

boistousnesst,  «.  [<  ME.  boistousnesse,  etc.;  < 
boistous  +  -ness.]  Roughness;  violence;  bois- 
terousness. 

bojobi,  boiobi  (boi-6'bi),  n.  [Native  name.] 
The  dog-headed  boa,  or  Xiphosoma  caninum,  a 
South  American  snake,  family  Boidat,  notable 
for  the  beautiful  green  color  of  its  skin,  it  is 
distinguished  by  having  smooth  scales,  the  marginal  scales 
of  the  mouth  pitted,  and  regular  shields  on  the  snout. 
Also  called  araramboya. 

bokark  (bo'kark),'  n.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  basket 
of  birch-bark,  used  by  Lake  Superior  Indians 
to  hold  maple-sugar. 

boke1  (bok),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boked,  ppr.  bok- 
ing.  [E.  dial.,  also  buck;  in  part  a  var.  of 
poke:  seebuck*  andpoke1.]  I.  trans.  Tothrust; 
push;  poke.     [Eng.] 

Il.t  intrans.  Tothrust;  push;  butt.    Holland. 

boke-,  v .    A  dialectal  form  of  bock,  bolk. 


613 

boke:!  (bok),  it.  In  mining,  a  small  run  in  pipes, 
found  connecting  the  ore  running  through  the 
vein.     II.  Hunt. 

boke4t,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  book. 

bokelt,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buckle-. 

bokelert,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buckler. 

bolar  (bo'l&r),  a.  [<  bole?  +  -ar.~\  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bole :  as,  bolar  earths. 

bolaryt  (bo'la-ri),  a.  |<  boh-  +  -ary]  Pertain- 
ing to  bolo  or  clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities. 

Consisting  of  a  bolary  and  clammy  substance. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  3. 

bolas't,  u.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buUttec. 

bolas-  (bo'las),  n.  sing,  or  pi.  [Sp.,  pi.  of  bola, 
a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  round  object: 
see  bull-,  bilt's.]  A  weapon  of  war  and  the 
chase,  consisting  of  two  or  three  balls  of  stone 
or  metal  attached  to  the  ends  of  strong  lines, 
which  are  knotted  together,  used  by  the  Gau- 
ehos  and  Indians  of  western  and  southern  South 
America.  It  is  used  by  throwing  it  in  such  a  way  that 
the  line  winds  around  the  object  aimed  at,  as  the  legs  of 
an  animal.  A  smaller  weapon  of  the  same  sort  is  in  use 
among  the  Eskimos  for  killing  birds. 

The  bolas,  or  balls,  are  oi  two  kinds:  the  simplest, 
which  is  used  chiefly  for  catching  ostriches,  consists  of 
two  round  stones,  covered  with  leather,  and  united  by  a 
thin,  plaited  thong,  about  eight  feet  long.  The  other  kind 
differs  only  in  having  three  balls  united  by  thongs  to  a 
common  centre.  The  Gaucho  holds  the  smallest  of  the 
three  in  his  hand,  and  whirls  the  other  two  around  his 
head ;  then,  taking  aim,  sends  them  like  chain  shot  revolv- 
ing through  the  air.  The  balls  no  sooner  strike  any  ob- 
ject, than,  winding  round  it,  they  cross  each  other  and 
become  firmly  hitched.    Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  iii.  50. 

bolbonact,  »•    The  satin-flower,  I/unaria  biennis. 

bold  (bold),  a.  [<  ME.  bold,  bald,  <  AS.  beald, 
bald  =  OS.  bald  =  D.  boud,  bold  (=  MLG.  balde, 
bolde.  adv.,  quickly,  at  once),  =  OHO.  bald, 
MHO.  bait,  bold  (G.  bald,  adv.,  soon),  =  Icel. 
ballr  =  ODan.  bold  =  Goth,  "balths,  bold  (in 
deriv.  balthaba,  boldly,  baltltei=E.  bicld,  bold- 
ness, etc.).  Hence  bold,  v.,  bicld,  n.  and  v., 
and  (from  OHG.)  It.  baldo,  OP.  bald,  baud, 
bold, gay:  see  bawd1.]  1.  Daring;  courageous; 
brave ;  intrepid ;  fearless :  applied  to  men  or 
animals:  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

He  has  called  him  forty  Marchmen  bavld. 

Kinmonl  Willie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VI.  61. 
*  Uir  speech  at  best  is  half  alive  and  cold, 
And  save  that  tenderer  moments  make  us  bold, 
Out  whitening  lips  would  close,  their  truest  truth  untold. 
0.  W.  Holme*.  To  H.  \V.  Longfellow. 

2.  Requiring  or  exhibiting  courage;  planned 
or  executed  with  courage  and  spirit :  as,  a  bold 
enterprise. 

The  bold  design 
Pleased  highly  those  infernal  States. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  u.  386. 

3f.  Confident;  trusting;  assured. 

I  am  bold  her  honour 
Will  remain  hers.        Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 

4.  Forward ;  impudent ;  audacious :  as,  a  bold 
huzzy. 

Men  can  cover  crimes  with  bold,  stern  looks. 

Shak. ,  Lucrece,  1.  1252. 

5.  Overstepping  usual  bounds ;  presuming  up- 
on sympathy  or  forbearance  ;  showing  liberty 
or  license,  as  in  style  or  expression:  as,  a  bold 
metaphor. 

Which  no  bold  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell, 

But  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell.     Waller. 

It  is  hardly  too  bold  to  claim  the  whole  Netherlands  as 
in  the  widest  sense  Old  England. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  31. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view ;  striking  to  the  eye ; 
markedly  conspicuous ;  prominent :  as,  a  bold 
headland ;  a  bold  handwriting. 

Cataehreses  and  hyperboles  are  to  be  used  judiciously, 
and  placed  in  poetry,  as  heightenings  and  shadows  in 
painting,  to  make  the  figure  bolder,  and  cause  it  to  stand 
off  to  sight.  Dryden. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt:  as,  a  bold  shore  (one  that 
enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly). 

Her  dominions  have  hold  accessible  coasts.  Howell. 

The  coast  [Virginia]  is  a  bold  and  even  coast,  with  regu- 
lar soundings,  and  is  open  all  the  year  round. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  TI  2. 

8.  Deep,  as  water,  close  to  the  shore;  navi- 
gable very  near  to  the  land. 

The  line  [of  soundings]  was  extended  to. Jacmel,  showing 
bold  water  to  the  cape.  Science,  III.  591. 

To  be  bold  or  so  bold,  to  venture  ;  presume  so  far  (as  to 
do  something). 

Sir,  let  me  be  so  bold  as  to  ask  you, 

Did  you  yet  ever  see  Baptista's  daughter? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
I  will  he  hold,  since  you  will  have  it  so, 
To  ask  a  noble  favour  of  you. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  1. 


bole 

To  make  bold,  to  take  the  liberty  ;  use  the  freedom  :  as, 
I  have  mads  hold  to  call  on  you.  =  Syn.  1.  Dauntless, 
doughty,  valiant,  manful,  stout-hearted,  intrepid,  auda- 
cious, adventurous.  4.  Saucy,  impertinent,  assuming,  bra- 
zen-faced. 

boldt  (bold),  v.  [<  ME.  bolden,  balden,  be.  and 
i ii 1 1-..  <  AS.  bealdian,  intr.  be  bold  (=OHG. 
balden,  MIKi.  belden,  trans,  make  bold,  =  Goth. 
balthjan,  intr.  be  bold,  dare),  <  beald,  bold.  Cf. 
Held,  v.,  a  parallel  form  (<  AS.  byldan),  and  <  m- 
bolden.]  I.  trans.  To  make  bold;  embolden; 
encourage. 

For  this  business. 
It  toucheth  us,  as  France  invades  our  land, 
N.it  holds  the  king.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  bold. 

For  with  that  on  encresede  my  fere, 
And  with  that  othir  gan  ui>  n  herte  hold,-. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  144. 

bold-beatingt  (bold'be'ting),  a.  Browbeating: 
as,  "bold-beating  oaths,"  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W., 
ii.  2. 

boldent  (bol'dn).  r.  ,.  l<bold  +  -eni.  ('{.em- 
bolden.] To  make  bold;  give  confidence;  en- 
courage. 

I  am  much  too  venturous 
In  tempting  of  your  patience  ;  but  am  bolden'd 
Under  your  promis'd  pardon.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII., i. 2. 

bold-face  (bold'fas),  >!*  1.  One  who  has  a 
bold  face  ;  an  impudent  person. 

A  sauce-box,  and  a  bold-face,  and  a  pert. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  xix. 

2.  In  printing,  same  as  full-face. 
bold-faced  (bold'fast),  a.     Having  a  bold  face; 
impudent. 

The  bold-faced  atheists  of  this  age. 

Bp.  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 

boldheadt,  »•     [ME.  boldhcde;  <  bold  +  head.] 
Boldness;  courage. 
Ifallen  is  al  his  boldhede.     Owl  and  Nightingale,  1.  514. 

boldine  (bol'din),  h.  [(.boldo  +  -ine'2.]  An  alka- 
loid extracted  from  the  leaves  of  I'eumus  liol- 
ilus.    See  boldo. 

boldly  (bold'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  boldly,  boldliche, 
etc.,  <  AS.  bealdlice,  baldlice  (=  OS.  baldhco  = 
OHG.  baldlicho),  <  beald,  bold.]  In  a  bold  man- 
ner, (a)  Courageously  ;  intrepidly  ;  fearlessly  ;  bravely. 
(&)  With  confident  assurance  ;  without  hesitation  or  doubt, 
(c)  Vigorously  ;  strongly  ;  strikingly,  (d)  Impudently  ; 
insolently ;  with  effrontery  or  shamelessness.  (e)  Steeply  ; 
abruptly  ;  conspicuously. 

boldness  (bold'nes),  n.  [<  bold  +  -ness.  For 
the  earlier  noun,  see  bicld.]  The  quality  of 
being  bold,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word. 

Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you.   2  Cor.  vii.  4. 

Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  intend, 
before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder, 

Locke,  Human  Understanding. 

The  boldness  of  the  figures  is  to  be  hidden  sometimes  by 
the  address  of  the  poet,  that  they  may  work  their  effect 
upon  the  mind.  Dryden. 

I  cannot,  with  Johnson,  interpret  this  word  by  fortitude 
or  magnanimity.  Boldness  does  not,  I  think,  imply  the 
firmness  of  mind  which  constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  ele- 
vation and  generosity  of  magnanimity.  N.  Webster. 

boldo  (bol'do),  h.  [Chilian.]  An  aromatic  ever- 
green shrub  of  Chili,  I'eumus  Boldus  (Boldoa 
Jragrans),  of  the  natural  order  Moiiimiacew. 
The  fruit  of  the  plant  is  sweet  and  edible,  and  the  bark  is 
used  for  tanning.  The  leaves  and  bark  are  also  used  in 
medicine.     See  boldine, 

bold-spirited  (bold'spir"i-ted),  a.  Having  a 
bold  spirit  or  courage. 

bole1  (bol),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boat,  boll; 
<  ME.  bole,  <  Icel.  bolr,  bulr,  trunk  of  a  tree, 
=  OSw.  bol,  but,  Sw.  b&l,  a  trunk,  body,  =  Dan. 
Intl.  trunk,  stump,  log,  =  MHG.  bole,  G.  bohle,  a 
thick  plank;  prob.  akin,  through  the  notion  of 
roundness,  to  boll1,  bowl1,  hall1,  etc.  Bole  is 
the  first  element  of  bulwark  and  of  its  perver- 
sion boulevard,  q.  v.]  1.  The  body  or  stem  of 
a  tree. 

Huge  trees,  a  thousand  rings  of  Spring 
In  every  bole.  Tennyson,  Princess,  V. 

The  nerves  of  hearing  clasp  the  roots  of  the  brain  as  a 
creeping  vine  clings  to  the  bole  of  an  elm. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Hid  Vol.  .if  Life.  p.  271. 

2.  Anything  of  cylindrical  shape  ;  a  roll;  a  pil- 
lar: as,  boles  of  stone.     [Rare.] 

Make  it  up  into  little  long  hides  or  routes. 

True  Gentlewoman's  Delight  (1676). 

3.  A  small  boat  suited  for  a  rough  sea.  Imp. 
Diet.     [Eng.] 

bole2  (bol),  >i.  [<  ME.  bol  (in  bol  armoniak, 
Armenian  bole),  <  OF.  hoi.  F.  bol  =  Vr.  Sp.  bol 
=  Pg.  It.  bolo,  <  L.  bolus,  clay,  a  lump,  choice 
bit,  nice  morsel,  <  Gr.  t1Ci?.or,  a  clod  or  lump  of 
earth.]  1.  A  general  term  including  certain 
compact,  amorphous,  soft,  more  or  less  brittle, 
unctuous  clays,  having  a  conehoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  luster,  and  varying  in  color  from 


bole 

yellow,  red,  Or  brown  to  nearly  black.     Tiny  Bolivian  (bo-liv'i-an),  ».nn.l  n. 
are  hydrous  silicates  ol  aluminium,  with  more  or  less 
iron   to  which  thi !  owe  their  color,  and  are  used  as  pig. 
I'!.,   red  letters  in  old  manuscripts  were  painted 
with  bole,      i  '  bob  is  a  native  clay,  or  silicate  ol 

aluminium,  containing  considerable  oxid  of  iron,  formerlj 
brought  no in  Armenia,  but  more  recently  obtained  in 
various  parts  ol  Europe.  It  is  pale-red,  soft  and  unc- 
tuous t..  the  touch,  and  lias  been  used  as  an  astringent 
and  absorbent,  and  also  as  a  pigment     Bolt   oJ  Blow  is 

yeUow,  lighter  than  the  other  kinds,  and  effervi  Bees  with        ,.."'J    ,       i;,_  ;  a/_;;\ 
adds     Bohemian  bo&isofa  yellow  color  withacast  oi  boliviano    (bo-Iiv-i-a  no), 
h  bole  is  of  a  pale  red 


red,  and  ol  a  flaky  texture.  Frm 
color,  variegated  with  specks  ol  white  and  yellow.  hem- 
is  of  a  pale-red  color.  Silesian  bole  is  of  a  pale- 
yellow  oolor.  These  earths  were  formerlj  employed  as 
astringent,  absorbent,  and  tonic  medicineB,  and  thej  are 
still  in  repute  in  the  Bast ;  tin  >  are  also  used  occasionally 
asvt  terinarj  medicines  in  Europe, 
2f.  A  bolus ;  a  dose.     Coleridge.     [Eaxe.] 

bole3,  a.    Another  spelling  of  boll". 

bole4  (bol),  ii.  [Also  spelled  boal;  ofuneertap 
origin.]  1.  A  small  square  recess  or  cavitj  in 
a  wall;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  with  a  wooden  shutter  in- 
stead of  glass.  Scott.  [Scotch.]— 2.  A  name 
given  in  the  north  of  England  to  a  place 
lead  was  anciently  smelted.  These  boles,  which  are 
identified  bj  the  piles  of  slag  left  by  the  ancient  smeltei  i, 
are  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  simply  placing  stones 
around  a  central  tire,  and  in  situations  where  there  would 
he  likely  to  be  a  good  draft,  since  no  artificial  blast  was 
used.    Also  called  bayle  hill..: 

Close  to  the  spot  .  .  .  there  was  a  bole,  by  which  is 
meant  a  place  where  in  ancient  times  .  .  .  miners  used 
to  smelt  their  lead  ores.  Archceologia,  vii.  170  (1785). 


L" 


Bolection-molding. 


bolection  (bo-lek'shon),  n.  [Also  written  balec- 
tmn,  belectio'n.  bilecUon,  bolexion,  beUexion (in .p. 
a.);  a  Latin-seeming  form,  appar.  a  corruption 
of  some  undiscovered  origi- 
nal.] In  joinery,  a  kind  of 
molding  which  projects  be- 
yond the  surface  of  the  work 
which  it  decorates.  It  is  used 
chiefly  for  surrounding  panels  in 
doors,  and  in  like  positions.  The  word  is  generally  used 
attributively  or  in  composition,  as  bolection-molding. 
bolectioned  (bo-lek'shond),  a.  Having  bolec- 
tion-moldings. 

bolero  (bo-la'ro),  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A  Spanish  dance 
in  J  time,  accompanied  by  the  voice  and  casta- 
nets, intended  to  represent,  the  course  of  love 
from  extreme  shyness  to  extreme  passion. 

Fandango's  wriggle  or  bolero's  bound. 

Byron,  The  Waltz. 

2.  A  musical  composition  for  such  a  dance. 

boletic  (bo-let'ik),  a.  [<  Boletus  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  the.  genus  Boletus. 

Boletus  (bo- 
le'tus),  n.  [L.,  j 
a  kind  of  mush- 
room, <  Gr. 
■ii,)'/ irrje,  a  kim: 
of  mushroom,  < 

fia'Aoc,    a    lump  1BJ  \ 

of      earth,      a  ™  ,      ,       ^f:   „ 

clod:  see  bole*.]  """""• en,,re  a"<1  cut  l»«*"B»n'-  ^ 
An  extensive  genus  of  hymenomyeetous  fungi, 
generally  found  growing  on  the  ground  in  woods 
and  meadows,  especially  in  pine  woods.  In  Bole- 
r.  ti,.  pores  are  easily  separable  from  the  cap  and  from 
each  other,  while  in  the  related  genus  Polyporwi  they  are 
adherent  to  the  cap,  and  are  hound  to  eai  h  "tin  I  h)  mi 
interstitial  tissue,  the  trama.    A  few  species  are  edible. 

boleyt  (bo'li),  n.     See  booty. 

bolide  (bo'lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  L.  bolis  (bolid-), 
a  ftery  meteor,  <  Gr.  ,*»><>  (  i„'/n\-),  a  missile, 
dart,  <  fJa'/.'/ctv,  throw.]     A  brilliant  meteor. 

bolint,  "•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bowline. 

Ma.k  the  '«.'.      then  Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

Bolina  (bo-li'na), «.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  cteno- 
])horans,  typical  of  the  family  liolinulie. 

Bolina  is  one  of  the  most  transparent  of  the  comb-bear- 
Ing  medusas.  The  body  is  yery  gelatinous  and  highly 
phosphorescent  The  Bides  of  the  body  are  developed 
into  two  larger  iappeb  or  lobes,  which  ari  carried  or  hang 

vertli  .  I  (n  i ni  of  the  con- 

tractil  [  the  body  walls    Bolina  can  vary  its  out- 

is  a  rule,  however,  when  the 

body  is  b i  from  the  sidi    it  hai   an  oi  al  oi  elongated 

form.  Stand.   \  at   Hi  t.t  I.  110. 

Bolinidae  (bo-lin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bolina  + 
-i, in .  |    a  [aim]  -  .■' 

bolita  (b6-l§'t&),  «.  [Dim.  of  Sp.  bola,  a  ball,  | 
A  three-banded  armadillo,  family  Dasypodidee 
and  genus  Tolypeutes,  which  can  roll  itself  up 
into  a  ball.  It  is  also  called  hull  armadillo, 
rnatico,  and  a/mr.     See  cut  under  apar. 

bolivar  (bol'i-vjlr),  n.     [Named  after  General 
/tolirnr.]    A  gold,  and  also  ;i  silver,  & 
Venezuela,  worth  aboul  19  cents. 

The  receipts  for  the  i.  cal  peal 
cannot  exoeed  50,000,000  bolivai 

r.  s.  Com.  '■/. .  No  ix  (1886),  p.  152. 


..riled  from  General  Bolwar.]  1.  a. 
ing  or  relating  to  Bolivia,  or  to  the  people  oi 
Bolivia,  a  republic  of  South  America,  between 
Brazil,  Peru,  Chili,  and  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic n.iw  entirely  inland,  having  lost  its  only  port 
(on  tin-  Pacific)  by  war  with  Chili  (lS79-s:i).— 
Bolivian  bark.    Seeoarta.  ..  . 

II.  ii.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bolivia. 
Uiviano    (bo-liv-i-a'no),   n.     [Bolivian    Sp.] 
The  monetary  unit  of  Bolivia;   the  Bolivian 
dollar,  equal  to  81.2  cents. 
States  Tariff. 

bolk  (bok),  i\  [=  E-  dial,  hob;  hock,  Sc.  bonk; 
boke,  bock,  honk,  hunk,  early  mod.  E.  hoik,  hoick, 
.  <  ME.  bolken,  a  var.  of  earlier  balkcn,  E. 
hull-:  gee  hulk",  bclk,  belch,  and  the  forms  there 
cited,  all  appar.  imitative  variations  of  one  ori- 
ginal tvpe.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  belch.— 2.  To 
vomit;"  retch.— 3.  To  heave.— 4.  To  gush  out. 

II.  trans.  To  belch  out;  give  vent  to;  ejacu- 
late.    [Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.] 

X^fi  boiii  (b61>'  "■   tEarly mod-  E-  al,so  b0,>  t'C' 

also  bowl  (which  is  now  the  prevalent  spelling 
in  the  first  sense) ;  <  AS.  holla,  a  bowl,  a  round 
vessel  (also  in  comp.,  hedfodbolla,  head-boll, 
skull,  throtbolla,  throat-boll),  =  MD.  bolle,  D. 
bol,  m.,  =  OHG.  polio,  MUG.  bolle,  f.,  a  round 
vessel,  bud,  =  Ieel.  bolli,  in.,  =  Dan.  bolli ,  a 
bowl,  <  Teut.  V  *bul,  swell,  in 
Goth,  ufbauljan,  puff  up,  cf.  OHG.  bolon,  MUG. 
boln,  roll ;  not  directly,  but  perhaps  remotely, 
connected  with  boll3,  boln,  swell :  see  boll3, 
boln.']  If.  A  round  vessel  for  containing  li- 
quids; a  bowl.  See  bowl1,  of  which  boll1  is  the 
earlier  spelling. 

His  bolle  of  a  galun.  King  Horn,  1,  1123. 

2t.  A  vesicle  or  bubble.— 3.  A  rounded  pod  or 
capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax  or  cotton.  See 
cut  under  cotton-plant. — 4.  A  round  knob. 


[<  Bolivia,  so  boiling  (bo'ling), 
I.  a.  Pertain- 


614  bolster 

[Appar.  from  hole'1,  but 
the  form  suggests  a  confusion  with  poffl-.  See 
jiiiIP  ■AUiipnlliiril.  J  A  tree-  the  tnpsand  branches 
of  which  are  cut  off;  a  pollard.     [Rare.] 

bollito  (bo-le'to),  n.  [It.,  <  bollito,  boiled,  done, 
fermented,  pp.  of  bollire,  <  L.  bullire,  boil:  see 
hml-.l  A  name  given  in  Italian  glass-works  to 
an  artificial  crystal  of  a  sea-green  color. 

bollman  (bo'man),  n.  [<  Icel.  bol,  an  abode,  + 
E.  man.]  In  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  islands, 
a  cottager.  X.  E.  J). 
Morgan,  United  bollock-block  (bol'ok-blok),  ii.  Naut,  one  of 
two  blocks  formerly  fastened  on  either  side  of 
a  topmast-head  to  reeve  a  topsail-tie. 

boll-rot  (bol'rot),  n.  A  disease  to  which  the 
boll  of  the  cotton-plant  is  liable,  manifesting 
itself  at  first  by  a  slight  discoloration  resem- 
bling a  spot  of  grease,  and  culminating  in  the 
rupture  of  the  boll  and  the  discharge  of  a  pu- 
trid mass.     It  has  been  attributed  to  various 


causes. 
boll-worm  (bol'werm),  n.    The  larva  or  cater- 
pillar of  a  lepidopterous  insect  of  the  family 
Xoetuidic,  Heliotliis  armigera,  very  destructive 
in  some  seasons  to  the  cotton-crop  on  account 
of  its  attacks  on  the  bolls.     It  also  molests  other 
plants,  and  is  known,  under  varying  circumstances,  as  the 
bvil-iriirm.  .."'/i  n-iin/i.  iurin<riii,  tassrf-irorni,  and  tomato- 
fruit  worm.    See  cut  under  HefiothU. 
rau.    »"o;.    »  b'  j    t  (i)6in)    lK  ,;.       r<  ME.  bolnen  (also  bollen  : 
causal  form    gee  hM3)^  <  IceL  i(%„a  (=  gw_  ,,„,„„  _  Dan. 

bolnc),  swell,  be  swollen,  <  bolgmn,  prop.  *bol- 
ginn,  =  AS.  bolgen  (angry),  pp.  of  betgan,  swell 
( be  angry),  a  strong  verb  represented  in  Scand. 
by  weak  forms,  and  the  prob.  ult.  source  of  bel- 
ly, bellows,  bag,  etc. ;  cf.  bell3  and  bollen.]  To 
swell. 

But  after  that  his  bodye  began  to  bolnc  with  stripes, 
and  that  he  could  not  ahyde  the  scourges,  which  pearced 
to  the  hare  bones.     J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  vi. 

bolnt  (boln),  p.  a.    See  bollen. 


[<  boll1,  «.]    To  form  into  or  Bologna  phosphorus,  sausage,  stone,  vial 


boll1  (bol),  v.  k 
produce  bolls  or  rounded  seed-vessels. 

The  barley  was  in  the  ear,  and  the  flax  was  boiled. 

Ex.  ix.  31. 

boll2  (bol),  it.  [Sc.  also  bow ;  earlier  bole,  bonle, 
<  ME.  (Sc.)  bolle,  appar.  <  Icel.  bolli,  a  bowl, 
also  used  for  a  measure;  same  word  as  E. 
hull1  and  bow!1.]  An  old  Scotch  dry  measure, 
also  used  in  Durham,  Northumberland,  West- 
moreland, and  the  Isle  of  Man.  In  Scotland  it 
was  by  statute  5.9626  Winchester  bushels.  The  usual 
boll  for  grain  varied  in  different  shires  from  6  to  6J  Win- 
chester bushels,  or  even  more,  the  standard  sent  from 
Linlithgow  being  purposely  made  too  large.  See  firlot. 
The  wheat-boll,  also  used  for  peas  and  beans,  was  gen- 
erally 4  to  41,  Winchester  bushels.  The  boll  for  potatoes 
was  s',  to  !)  Winchester  bushels.  But  there  was  much  va- 
riation, with  the  substance  measured,  the  locality,  and 
even  the  time  of  the  year.  Thus,  in  Kintyre  the  boll  of 
grain  was  9  Winchester  bushels  and  1  quart  before  I'atrick- 
mas,  but  16  Scotch  pecks  after  that  date.  The  statute 
boll  contained  4  tirlots.  A  boll  of  meal  is  now  reckoned 
140  pounds  avoirdupois.— Boll  of  canvas,  35  yards.— 
Boll  of  land,  about  a  Scotch  acre. 

boll3t,  ('■ '.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bollen,  appar. 
an  assimilated  form  of  the  equiv.  bolnen,  mod. 
E.  boln:  see  boln.]     1.  Same  as  boln. —  2.  To 

lHCr6fliS6 

Bollandist  (bol'an-dist),  n.  [From  Bolland 
(1596-1665),  who  first  undertook  the  systematic 
arrangement  and  publication  of  material,  al- 
ready collected  by  his  fellow-Jesuit  Rosweyd, 


See  the  nouns. 

Bolognese  (bo-lo-nyes'  or  -nyez'),  a.  [<  It.  Bo- 
loqncse  (L.  Bonbniensis),  <  Bologna.  L.  Bononia, 
orig.  an  Etruscan  town  called  Felsina.]  Per- 
taining to  Bologna,  a  city  of  northern  central 
Italy,  famous  during  the  middle  ages  for  its 
university,  or  to  a  school  of  painting  founded 
there  by  Lodovico  Carraeci  (1555-1G19),  and 
also  called  the  Eclectic  School,  from  its  de- 
clared intent  (in  the  fulfilment  of  which  it  fell 
very  far  short)  to  combine  the  excellences  of 
all  other  schools. 

Bolognian  (bo-16'nyan),  a.  [<  It.  Bologna.] 
Same  as  Bolognese — Bolognian  phosphorus.  See 
],hosi>hnrus.— Bolognian  stone.    Sees 


bolometer  (bo-lom'e-ter), 


[<  Gr.  fto/iii,   a 


throw,  a  glance,  a  ray  (<  jlaMetv,  throw),  +  <»- 
rpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument  devised  by 
Professor  S.  P.  Langley  of  the  United  States 
for  measuring  very  small  amounts  of  radiant 
heat.  Its  action  is  based  upon  the  variation  of  electrical 
resistance  produced  by  changes  of  temperature  in  a  metal. 
lie  conductor,  as  a  minute  strip  of  platinum.  This  strip 
forms  one  arm  of  an  electric  balance,  and  the  change  m 
the  strength  of  the  electric  current  passing  through  it  be- 
cause of  this  change  of  resistance  is  registered  by  a  deli- 
cate galvanometer.  It  indicates  accurately  changes  of 
temperature  of  much  less  than  .0001'  V.  It  has  been  used 
in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  heat-energy  in  the  solar, 
lunar,  and  other  spectra.  Also  called  thi  rmus  balance  and 
aclinic  balance.  _  , 

for  the  lives  of  the  saints.]     One  of  a  series  of  bolometric  (bo-16-met'rik),  o.     Of  or  indicated 


Jesuit  writers  who  published,  under  tho  title 
"Acta  Sanctorum,"  the  well-known  collection 
of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.    See  acta. 

bollard  (bol'ard),  n.  [Perhaps  <  boh1  +  -artl. 
CI.  pollard.]"  1.  Naut.,  a  strong  post  fixed  ver- 
tically alongside  of  a  dock,  on  which  to  fasten 
hawsers  for  securing  or  hauling  ships. — 2. 
Same  as  billet-head,  1  («■)• 

bollard-timber  (bol'tod-tim  ber),  ».  In  ship- 
building, a  knighthead;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
stanchions  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  Bide  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 

bolle1!,  bolle-t,  etc.  Obsolete  form  of  boll1, 
boll?,  etc. 

bollent,  /»■  a-     [Early  I.  E.  also  boln,  howUe, 

So.  botcten,  bowden;  <  ME.  bollen,  boUun,  bolle, 
pp.  of  bellen,  swell   (cf.  swollen,  swoln,  pp.  of 
swell).:  see  bell3,  and  cf.  boln.]      Swollen;  in- 
llated. 
Ill    mantle  of  sea-green  or  water-colour,  thin,  and  bolne 

OUt  like  B  sail. 

/.    '. ...    ...  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 

bollert,  "■    Same  as  howler1. 
bolletrie,  »■    Sit  bullytree. 
bollimony,  ».    See  bullimong. 


by  the  bolometer:  as,  bolometric  measures. 

bo'longaro  (bo-long-'ga'ro),  n.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  kind  of  snuff  made  of  various 
grades  of  loaves  and  stalks  of  tobacco,  ground 
to  powder  and  sifted. 

bolster  (bol'ster),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bouU 
she.  Se.  bovoster;  <  ME.  bolstre,<  AS.  bolster  = 

l).holsl,r  =  0\Ui.  hoist,,,;  M11C.  bolster,  ti.  I'ol- 
sh  r  =  Icel.  bolstr  =  Sw.  bolster,  bed,  =  Dan. 
bolster,  bed-ticking;  with  suffix  -stet;  <  Teut. 
V  *hul,  swell  (in  Goth,  ufbauljan,  puff  up), 
whence  also  boll1,  etc.]  1.  Something  on 
which  to  rest  the  head  while  reclining;  specifi- 
cally, a  long  cylindrical  cushion  stuffed  with 
feathers,  hair,  straw,  or  other  materials,  and 
generally  laid  under  the  pillows. 

Perhaps  some  cold  bank  is  her  bolster  uow. 

Millnu,  ('.mills,  1.  353. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bolster  in  form  or 
use.      Specifically      ("1    Any   kind  of  padding  about  a 

dress,  Buch  as  the  cylindrical  rolls  or  cush s,  called 

bean  re,  formerly  worn  by  women  to  support  and  puff  out 

tin  ir  skirts  at  the  hips. 

A  gown  of  green  cloth  made  with  boUtcn  stutfed  with 
wool  Quoted  in  ,V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  313. 

(b)  \  pud  or  quilt  used  to  prevent  pressure,  support  any 
part  01  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy  upon  a  wound- 


bolster 

eil  part. ;  a  compress,  (is)  A  cushioned  or  padded  part  of  a 
saddle  (d)  Naut.,pl.,  pieces  oi  BOff  wood  covered  with 
tarred  canvas,  placed  underthe  eyes  of  the  rigging  to  pre- 
ventchaflng  from  the  sharp  edge  pf  the  trestletrees.  («) 
A  part  of  a  bridge  intervening  between  the  truss  and  the 
masonry  (/')  Incutto-y,  the  partof  surli  instruments  and 
tools  as' knives,  chisels,  etc.,  which  adjoins  the  end  oi  the 
handle  :  also,  a  metallic  plate  on  the  end  oi  a  pocket-knife 
handle     (a)  In  gun.,  a  block  of  wood  on  the  carriage  of 

a8j :..,in  upon  which  the  breech  of  the  gun  rests  when 

[tismoved.  (MInarcA.,  sameas&atater,2.  (t)Ini 

the  raised  ridge  which  holds  the  tuning-pins  oi  a  piano. 
(i)   \  cap piece  or  short  timber  plai-i-il  at  the  topoi  a  post 

as  a  bearing  for  a  string-piece,    (k)  A  perforated  « li  n 

block  upon  wliii-li  sheet-metal  is  placed  to  In-  punelleii. 
(I)  A  Bleeve-beaiing  through  which  a  spindle  passes,    (...) 

In  stone-sawing, 
one  of  the  loose 
wooden  blocks 
against  which  the 
ends  of  the  pole  of 
the  saw  n-st.  (n) 
A  bar  placed  trans- 
versely over  tin 
axle  of  a  wagon  or 
in  the  middle  of  a 
car-truck   to   sup- 


615 


Wagon-bolster. 
.  axle-bar ;  0.  bolster. 


port  the  body,  (o)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces  of  an  aich- 
ccuteriug,  extending  hetweeu  the  ribs  anil  sustaining  tin 
voussoirs  during  construction.— Bob  at  the  holster. 
Same  as  cushion-dance.  —  Compound  bolster,  in  ear- 
building,  a  bolster  formed  of  timbers  stiffened  by  vertical 
iron  plates.  .. 

bolster  (bol'ster),  v.  t.     [<  bolster,  ».] 
support  with  a  bolster. 


r.  Double-headed  bolt.  5.  Eye-bolt.  3.  Lewis  bolt,  a,  head  ;  t, 
shank;  ..  washei  .  i,  nut]  ....  pieces  secured  by  the  nut  to  the  object 
/;  S.  collar ;  i,  barbed  shank  surrounded  by  lead,  *. 

glass.— 5.  A  metallic  pin  or  rod,  used  to 
hold  objects  together.  It  generally  has  screw- 
threads  cut  at  one  end,  and 
sometimes  at  both,  to  receive 
a  nut. — 6.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,   gate, 


1.  To 


Suppose  I  bolster  him  up  in  bed. 

And  fix  the  crown  again  on  his  brow? 
R   II.  Stoddard,  The  rum 


is  Cold. 


2.  To  prop;  support;  uphold;  maintain:  gen- 
erally implying  support  of  a  weak,  falling,  or 
unworthy  cause  or  object,  or  support  based  on 
insufficient  grounds:  now  usually  with  up:  as, 
to  bolster  up  his  pretensions  with  lies. 

O  Lord,  what  bearing,  what  bolstering  of  naughty  mat- 
ters is  this  in  a  Christian  realm ! 

Latimer,  5th  Serni.  bef.  Edw.  V  I.,  1549. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to  bolster 
error.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  111.  §  ■»■ 

Still  farther  to  appropriate  and  confirm  the  exciting 

narrative  of  this  forgery,  he  had  artfully  bolstered  it  up 

by  an  accompanying  anecdote.  ,,..    „   ,,,, 

/.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  41b. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  bolster  in  dress;  pad; 

stuff  out  with  padding. 

Three  pair  of  stays  bolstered  below  the  left  shoulder. 

Tatler,  No.  245. 


bolsterer  (bol'ster-er),  n.    One  who  bolsters; 
a  supporter, 
bolstering  (bol'ster-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bol- 
ster, r.]     A  prop  or  support ;  padding. 
bolster-plate  (bol'ster-plat),  n.     An  iron  plate 
placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  bolster  of  a 
wagon,  to  serve  as  a  wearing  surface. 
bolster-spring  (bol'ster-spring),  n.    A  spring 
placed  on  the  beam  of  a-  car-truck,  to  support 
the  bolster  and  the  body  of  the  car. 
bolster-work   (bol'ster -werk),  n.     Architec- 
tural features,  or  courses  of  masonry,  which 
are  curved  or  bowed  outward  like  the  sides  of 
a  cushion. 
bolt1   (bolt),   it.     [<  ME.  bolt  (in  most  of  the 
mod.  senses),  <  AS.  bolt  (only  in  the  first  sense: 
twice  in  glosses,  "eatapultas,   speru,  boltas, 
to  which  is  due,  perhaps,  the  erroneous  sug- 
gestion that  AS.  bolt  is  a  reduced  form  of  L. 
catapulta,  catapult)  =  MD.  bolt,  an  arrow,  later 
bout,  D.  bout,  a  pin,  =  MLG.  bolte,  bolten,  LGr. 
bolte,  an  arrow,  pin,  round  stick,  fetter,  roll  of 
linen,  =  OHO.  MHO.  boh,  G.  bole,  bolzeh,  an  ar- 
row, a  pin,  =  Icel.  bolti,  a  pin,  a  roll  of  linen 
(Haldorsen),  =  Dan.    bolt   a   pin,  band    (the 
Scand.  forms  prob.  from  E.  orLG.);  appar.  tin 
orig.  Teut.  word  with  the  primary  meaning  "I 
'arrow'  or  'missile.']    1.  An  arrow;  especially, 
in  archery,  the  arrow  of  a  crossbow,  which  was 
short  and  thick  as  compared  with  a  shaft. 
A  fool's  bolt  is  soon  shot.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  infidel  has  shot  his  bolts  away, 
Till,  his  exhausted  quiver  yielding  none, 
He  "leans  the  blunted  Bhafts  thai  have  recoii'd, 
And  aims  them  at  the  shield  of  truth  again. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  873. 

2.  A  thunderbolt;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  apparently  darting  like  a  bolt. 

The  bolts  that  spare  the  mountain  side 
His  cloud-capt  eminence  divide, 
And  spread  the  ruin  round. 

Coisper,  tr.  of  Hoi-ace,  Odes,  ii.  10. 

Harmless  as  summer  lightning  plays 

From  a  low,  hidden  cloud  by  night, 

A  light  to  set  the  hills  ablaze, 

But  not  a  bolt  to  smite.     Whitticr,  KenozaLake. 

3.  An  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon. — 

4.  A  cylindrical  jet,  as  of  water  or  molten 


Door-bolt. 
a,  carriage-bolt ;  6,  tire- 

bolt;  c,  wagon-skem  window-sash,  or  the  like; 
specifically,  that  portion  of 
a  lock  which  is  protruded  from  or  drawn  back 
within  the  case  by  the  action  of  the  key,  and 
makes  a  fastening  by  being  shot  into  a  socket 
or  keeper.— 7.  An  iron  to  fasten  the  legs  of  a 
prisoner;  a  shackle. 
Awav  with  him  to  prison,  lay  doits  enough  upon  him. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

8.  In  firearms :  («)  In  a  needle-gun,  the  slid- 
ing piece  that  thrusts  the  cartridge  forward 
into  the  chamber  and  carries  the  firing-pin.  It 
has  a  motion  of  rotation  about  its  longer  axis  for  the 
purpose  of  locking  the  breech-mechanism  before  firing, 
(h)  In  a  snap-gun,  the  part  that  holds  the  barrel 
to  the  breech-mechanism. — 9.  A  roll  or  defi- 
nite length  of  silk,  canvas,  tape,  or  other  tex- 
tile fabric,  and  also  of  wall-paper,  as  it  comes 
from  the  maker  ready  for  sale  or  use. 

Face.         Where  be  the  French  petticoats. 
And  girdles  and  hangers? 

Soli  Here,  in  the  trunk, 

And  the  bolts  of  lawn.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 
10  A  bundle,  (a)  Of  straw,  a  quantity  loosely 
tied  up.  MaobolUngorbolton.  (6)  Of  osierrods, 
a  quantity  bound  up  for  market,  31  feet  around 
the  lower  band,  (c)  Of  reeds,  one  of  3  feet  in  cir- 
cumference. [Eng.]  —  11.  The  closed  ends  of 
leaves  of  an  uncut  book  which  present  a  double 
or  quadruple  fold.— 12.  The  comb  of  a  bobbin- 
net  machine  on  which  the  carriages  move.— 
13.  In  u-ood-tcorlciiHj:  (a)  A  mass  of  wood 
from  which  anything  may  be  cut  or  formed. 
(6)  Boards  held  together,  after  being  sawed 
from  the  log,  by  an  uncut  end  or  stub-shot.— 
14f.  A  name  for  certain  plants,  as  the  globe- 
flower  and  marsh-marigold.—  15.  [In  this  and 
the  next  sense  from  the  verb.]  The  act  ot 
running  off  suddenly ;  a  sudden  spring  or  start: 
as,  the  horse  made  a  bolt. 

The  Egyptian  soldiers,  as  usual,  made  an  immediate 
bolt,  throwing  away  their  arms  and  even  their  clothes 

E.  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  65. 

16.  In  politics,  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
nominating  convention  as  a  manifestation  of 
disapproval  of  its  acts;  hence,  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  candidate  or  the  ticket  presented  by 
or  in  the  name  of  the  party  to  which  one  has 
hitherto  been  attached;  a  partial  or  temporary 
desertion  of  one's  party.  [TJ.  S.]  — 17.  The  act 
of  bolting  food.  -  Barbed  bolt,  a  l n ilt  with  points  pro- 
jecting outward,  which  bear  against  or  enter  into  the  sur- 
rounding material,  and  thus  pi-event  its  withdrawal  - 
Bolt  and  shutter,  in  dock-making,  an  adjustment  of  a 
spiral  spring  in  a  turret  clock,  such  that  while  the  clock 
is  winding  there  niav  be  another  siding  m  action  to  pre- 
vent  a  stoppage  of  the  works.- Bolt  and  tun,  in  her.,  a 
term  applied  to  a  bird-bolt  in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun. 
—  Bringing-to  bolt,  a  holt  with  an  eye  at  one  end  and  a 
screw-thread  and  nut  at  the  other,  used  in  drawing  parts 
toward  each  other.  -Chain-plate  bolt.  Same  as  ehain- 
6oi,.- Copper  bolt.  See  copper  bit  under  «d .-Coun- 
tersunk bolt,  a  bolt  having  its  head  beveled  andset  int.. 
a  corresponding  cavity  in  one  of  the  parts  which  it  con- 
nects.-Dormant  bolt,  a  door-bolt  operated  by  a  special 
kev  or  knob.-  Key-head  bolt,  a  bolt  with  a  projection 
from  the  chamfer  of  its  head  to  hold  it  so  that  it  will  not 
revolve  with  the  nut.— Liphead  bolt,  a  bolt  of  which 
the  head  projects  sidcwise.-- Roller  bolts,  in  coach- 
building,  the  bolts  on  the  splinter  bar  to  which  the  traces 
are  attached. 


bolt 
bolt1  (bolt),r.  [=  So.  ooult,bout,bou>t;<ME.bol- 
tin,  bulten  (in  the  latter  form  varying  in  one  in- 
stance with  pulten,  mod.E.  pelfi^g-v.),  spring, 
start,  also  fetter,  shackle  (=  MHG.  bulzen,  go 
off  like  an  arrow) ;  the  other  senses  are  modern, 
all  being  derived  from  bolt\  «.,  in  its  two  mam 
senses. .1'  '  missile'  and  'pin  for  fastening ' :  see 
bolfi, «.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  go  off  like  a  bolt  or 
arrow;  shoot  forth  suddenly ;  spring  out  with 
speed  ami  suddenness:  commonly  followed  by 
out :  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the  house. 

Angry  Cupid,  bolting  from  her  eyes, 
Hath  shot  himself  into  me  like  a  flame.  _. 

/;.  Jonson,  v.ilpone,  u.  2. 
This  Puck  seems  but  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  bush  doth  bolt. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

2.  To  spring  aside  or  away  suddenly;  start  and 
run  off ;  make  a  bolt. 

sta-i-.i-na.-hi-s  were  upsetting  in  all  directions,  horses 
were  bolting,  boats  were  overturning,  and  boilers  were 
bursting.     '  ""kem- 

The  gun,  absolutely  the  most  useless  weapon  among  us, 
could  do  nothing,  even  if  the  gunners  did  not  bolt  at  the 
first  sight  of  the  enemy.  0  Donovan,  Merv,  x. 

3.  In  politics,  to  withdraw  from  a  nominating 
convention  as  a  means  of  showing  disapproval 
of  its  acts;  hence,  to  cease  to  act  in  full  accord 
with  one's  party ;  refuse  to  support  a  measure 
or  candidate  adopted  by  a  majority  of  one  s  col- 
leagues or  party  associates.     [U.S.] 

Mr.  Raymond  agreed,  .  .  .  after  some  hesitation  but 
with  the  understanding  that,  if  it  [the  Philadelphia  Con- 
vention of  18681  fell  underthe  control  of  the  Copperheads, 
he  would  bolt.  TkeNatum,  VI.  2. 

4f.  To  fall  suddenly,  like  a  thunderbolt. 
As  an  eagle 
His  cloudless  thunder  bolted  on  their  heads. 

Milton.  S.  A.,  1.  1696. 

5  To  run  to  seed  prematurely,  as  early-sown 
root -crops  (turnips,  etc.),  without  the  usual 
thickening  of  the  root,  or  after  it. 

II  trans.  1.  To  send  off  like  a  bolt  or  ar- 
row;' shoot;  discharge— 2.  To  start  or  spring 
(game) ;  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as  hares,  rab- 
bits, and  the  like. 

Jack  Ferret,  welcome.  .  . 
What  canst  thou  bolt  us  now?  a  coney  or  two  _  _ 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  in.  1. 


8.  To  expel ;  drive  out  suddenly. 

To  have  been  bolted  forth, 
Thrust  out  abruptly  into  Fortune's  way, 

Among  the  conflicts  of  substantial  life. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  in.  77. 

4.  To  blurt  out;  ejaculate  or  utter  hastily.— 

5.  To  swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing: 
as,  to  bolt  one's  food. 

These  treacherous  pellets  are  thrown  to  the  bear,  who 
bolts  them  whole.  N.  A.  Bee.,  CXX.  39. 

6.  [After  I.,  3.]  In  polities,  to  Tjreak  away from 
and  refuse  to  support  (the  candidate,  the  ticket, 
or  the  platform  presented  by  or  in  the  name  of 
the  partv  to  which  one  has  hitherto  adhered); 
leave  or  abandon:  as,  to  bolt  the  presidential 
candidate. 

A  man  does  not  bolt  his  party,  but  the  candidate  or  can- 
didates  his  party  has  put  up.  Sometimes,  though  less 
Pl-operlv.  lie  is  said  to  bolt  the  platform  oi  principles  it 
has  enunciated.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  bolter 
does  not  necessarily,  in  fact  does  not  usually,  abandon 
the  political  organization  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  not  infrequently  votes  for  some  men  upon  its  ticket, 
and  at  the  same  time  bolts  others  by  "scratching"  their 
names.  N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Aug.  20,  1887. 

7  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  an  iron  pin, 
as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  anything  else  — 
8.  To  fasten  as  with  bolts;  shackle;  restrain. 

It  is  great 
To  do  that  thing  that  ends  all  other  deeds  ; 
Which  shackles  accidents,  and  bolts  up  change. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

That  I  could  reach  the  axle,  where  the  pins  are 
Which  bolt  this  frame  ;  that  I  might  pull  them  out. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ill.  1. 
To  bolt  a  fox,  in  fox-hunting,  when  a  fox  has  run  to 
earth,  to  put  a  terrier  into  the  hole,  ami.   when  he  is 
heard  barking,  to  dig  over  the  spot  from  which  the  sound 
proceeds,  and  so  get  at  the  fox. 
bolt1  (bolt),  adv.    [<  bol0-,  n.  or  ».]    1.  Like  a 
bolt  or  arrow:  as,  " rising  bolt  from  his  seat, 
G.  P.  B.  James. 
There  she  sat  bolt  upright! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends.  I.  266. 
2.  Suddenly;  with  sudden  meeting  or  collision. 
[He]  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  dragoonj,Affl(,j. 

bolt*  (bolt),  «.  t.  [Early  mod  E  also  boult, 
bowlt,  boolt,  Sc.  bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  bulten,  <  OF. 
butter,  earlier  bulcter  (mod.  F.  bluter;  ML.  re- 
flex bulctare)  for  'bureter  (=  It.  burattare), 
sift  <  *lmret,  burete.  bitrate,  a  coarse  woolen 
cloth  (cf.  dim.  buretel,  burtel,  mod.  F.  bluteav 
=  It.  burattelln,  a  bolter,  meal-sieve:  see  boul- 


bolt 


trl-)  (=  It.  bunitlo,  a  meal-sieve,  a  fine  trans- 
parent cloth),  dim.  of  bure,  mod.  F.  burc,  a 
coarse  woolen  cloth,  <  ML.  burnt,  a  coarse 
woolen  cloth  (whenee  also  ult.  K.  borel,  bum  I, 
bun  mi).  <  L..  burrus,  reddish:  Bee  burn  l,  />«- 
nmi,  birrus,  biretta,  etc.  Cf.  bimi'-K]  1.  To 
sift  nr  pass  through  a  sieve  or  bolter  so  as  to 
separate  the  coarser  from  the  liner  particles, 
a-s  brat)  from  Hour;  sift  out:  as,  to  bolt  meal; 
to  bait  out  the  bran. 

This  hand, 

As  soft  as  dove's  down,  and  as  white  as  it ; 

.  .  .  or  the  fann'd  mow. 

That's  bolted  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting; 

sift:  examine  thorougb.lv:  sometimes  without,     '1'°.clot*1   .,    ,,-,,.. 
and  often  in  an  old  proverbial  expression,  to  bolter-cloth  (bol  ter-kloth),  n. 
bolt  to  tin-  bran. 

For  I  lie  can  Mot  bolt  it  /"  //<■ 
\,  can  tin-  holy  Doctor  Augustin, 
Or  Boece  or  the  Bishop  Bradwardin. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1. 420. 

Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 

Sir  /;.  L' Estrange. 

The  report  of  tin  was  examined  and  sifted 

and  bolted  to  the  bran.  Burh  .  A  Regicide  Feace,  iii. 

3.  To  moot,  or  bring  forward  for  discussion, 
as  in  a  moot-court.     See  bolting2,  2. 

I  hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  her  arguments, 
And  Virtue  has  no  tongue  to  cheek  her  pride. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  760. 

bolt-  (bolt),  n.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  boult,  8c. 
bout,  bowt;  <  MB.  bait,  <  luiltcn,  bolt.]  1.  A 
sieve;  a  machine  for  sifting  flour. —  2.  In  the 
English  inns  of  court,  a  hypothetical  point  or 
case  discussed  for  the  sake  of  practice. 


616  bombace 

Massachusetts.  It  is  a  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  also  a  little  iron  protoxid. 
bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  ».  A  superior  kind  of 
hemp  cordage  sewed  on  the  edges  of  sails  to 
strengthen  them.  That  part  of  it  on  the  perpendicu- 
lar side  is  called  the  leeeb -rape ;  that  at  the  bottom,  tile 
foot-rape ;  that  at  the  fop.  the  head-rope.  To  the  bolt- 
rope  is  attached  all  the  gear  used  in  clewing  up  the  sail 
and  setting  it. 

We  heard  a  sound  like  the  short,  quick  rattling  of 
thunder,  ami  the  jili  was  blown  to  atoms  out  of  the  I'alt- 
rope.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  254. 

bolt's-head,  n.    See  bolt-head. 

boltsprit  (bolt'sprit),  n.     A  corruption  of  boiv- 

sjirit. 
See  blood-boltered  and  baiter.]  bolt-strake  (bolt'strak),  ».     Xeittt.,  the  strake 

or  wale  through  which  the  fastenings  of  the 


silt.  Ci.  boultel2.']  A  sieve ;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  separating  bran  from  Hour,  or  the 
coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 

Host.    1  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

]■■„!     i  >, . .-.  I.,     mho  dowlas:  1  have  given  them  away  to 
baki  i  -  «  Ives  and  they  have  made  baiters  of  them. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

bolter'  (bol'tor),  11.  [Also  boulter,  bultir:  same 
as  bultOW.]     A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

These  hakes,  and  divers  others  of  the  fore-cited,  are 
taken  with  threads,  and  some  of  them  with  the  bolter, 

which  i-  a  spill,  r  of  a  lugger  size. 

R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bolter4t,  '<"•  «•  and  '•  [A  variant  of  halter,  clot, 
known  chiefly  in  the  compound  blood-boltered, 
in  Shakspere. 

To  clot. 


Cloth  used  for    beams  pass, 
making  bolters;  bolting-cloth.  bolty,  «.     See  bol  ti. 

bolt-feeder  (b61t'fe"der),  ».     An  apparatus  for  bolus  (bo'lus),  n.       s  L.  bolus,  >  E.  bole*,  q.  v.] 


controlling  the  supply  of  flour  in  a  bolting- 
mill. 

bolt-head,  bolt's-head  (bolt'-,  bolts'hed),  n.  A 
long  straight-necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical 
distillations.    Also  called  matrass  and  reeewer. 

He 
Will  close  you  so  much  gold,  in  a  bolts-head, 
And,  on  a  turn,  convey  in  the  stead  another 
With  sublimed  mercury,  that  shall  hurst  in  the  heat. 
B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 


1.  A  soft  round  mass  of  anything  medicinal, 
larger  than  an  ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed 
at  once.— 2.  Figuratively,  anything  disagree- 
able, as  an  unpalatable  doctrine  or  argument, 
that  has  to  be  accepted  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it.  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if  she 
cannot  convince  by  argument,  hursts  into  tears,  and  the  re- 
cusant finds  himself,  at  the  end  of  the  contest,  taking  dow  n 
the  bolus,  saying,  "  Well,  well,  Bodgers  be  it."   Thackeray. 

bolyet,  "•    See  booly. 


bolt-hole  (bolt'hol),  «.     In  coal-mining,  a  short,  j,om  (bom),  n.      [Also  boma,  bomma,  aboma; 


The  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  have  lately  established  lec- 


nan'ow  opening  made  to  connect  the  mam 
workings  with  the  air-head  or  ventilating  drift: 
used  in  the  working  of  the  Dudley  thick  seam, 
in  the  South  Staffordshire  (England)  coal- 
field. 

bolt-hook  (bolt'huk),  n.    A  check-rein  hook 
bolted  to  the  plates  of  a  saddletree. 


ine  lenipie  auu  uray  s  inn  luic  laecij  tswuimiti(  .,.,.-  -,/..,  rr    a        /  ~i*.  ■  .  n       \    a  A,   ~e  +1,~ 

tures,  and  moots  and  boults  may  again  be  propounded  boltl (bol  ti),  n.     [<  Ar.  boltliii/.]     A  fish  ot  the 


and  argued  in  these  venerable  buildings. 

X.  and  (/.,  7th  ser.,  III.  84. 

boltant  (bol'tant),  a.  [<  bolt*,  v.,  +  -ant.']  In 
her.,  springing  forward:  applied  to  hares  and 
rabbits  when  represented  in  this  attitude. 

bolt-auger  (bolt'a"ger),  n.  A  large  auger  used 
in  ship-building  to  bore  holes  for  bolts,  etc. 


orig.  a  native  name  in  Congo,  subsequently  ap- 
plied to  a  Brazilian  serpent.]     Same  as  aboma. 

bomah-nut  (bo'mii-nut),  n.  [<  bomah  (native 
name)  +  nut.]  The  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous 
shrub,  Pycnocoma  macrophylla,  of  southern 
Africa,  used  for  tanning. 

Bomarea  (bo-ma're-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Valmont  de 
Bonaire,  a  French 'naturalist  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury.] A  genus  of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  roots 
are  tuberiferous,  the  leafy  stems  frequently  twining,  and 
the  flowers,  which  are  often  showy,  in  simple  or  compound 
umbels.    There  are  over  50  species.    See  salsilla. 

bombH,  "■  i-  [<  ME.  bomben,  hiimben,  variant 
forms  of  bommen,  buminen,  >  bum1,  later  boom1: 

A  variant 


family  Cichlidw  (or  Chromididce),  Tilapia  (or 
Chromis)  nilotica,  found  in  Egypt  and  Palestine. 
It  is  an  oblong  fish,  with  15  to  18  spines  and  12  to  14  rays 
in  the  dorsal  fin.  The  color  is  greenish  olive,  darker  in 
the  center  of  each  scale,  and  the  vertical  fins  are  spotted 
with  white.  It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  flesh,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Nile  fish.  Also  called 
Dotty  and  bulti. 

bolt-boat   (bolt'bot),  ii.     A  strong  boat  that  bolting1  (bol'ting),  n.    [Also  written  boltin,  hoi-    see <bum\  boom1,  and  cf.  bomb2,  v.] 
will  endure  a  rough  sea.  ton;  <  boW,  n.,  +  -ing1.]    A  bundle  or  1" 

bolt-chisel  (bolt'ohiz'el),  ».    A  deep,  narrow-    straw:  in   Gloucestershire,  21  pounds, 
edged  cross-cut  chisel.  called  bolt.     [Eng.] 

bolt-clipper  (bolt'klip'er),  n.     A  hand-tool  fit-  bolting'2  (bol'ting),  «.     [Also written boult  tug; 
ted  to  different  sizes  of  bolts,  and  used  to  cut     <  ME.  bultingc;  verbal  n.  of  holt-,  v.]     1.  I  he 

act  of  sifting. 

Bakers  in  their  linnen  bases  and  mealy  vizards,  new 
come  from  boultinff. 

Marston  and  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  ii. 

2f.  In  the  English  inns  of  court,  a  private  argu- 
ing of  fiases  for  practice.  — Bolting-millstone,  a 
lower  stone  having  metallic  boxes  alternating  with  the  fur- 
rows. These  boxes  contain  wire  screens,  through  which 
the  meal  escapes  before  it  reaches  the  skirt. 


Also 


What  overcharged  piece  of  melancholia 

Is  this,  breakes  in  betweene  my  wishes  thus, 

With  bombing  sighs? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fortunate  Isles. 


off  the  end  of  a  bolt  projecting  beyond  a  nut 
bolt-cutter  (bolt '  kut '  er),  it.  1.  One  who 
makes  bolts. —  2.  A  machine  for  making  the 
threads  on  a  screw-bolt;  a  bolt-threader  or 
bolt-screwing  machine. — 3.  A  tool  for  cutting 
off  the  ends  of  bolts, 
boltel  (bol'tel),  n.  [Also  written  boultel,  early 
mod.  E.  (and  mod.  archaic)  boutel,  bowtell,  also 


which  a  bolt  in  a  flour-mill  is  inclosed 
bolting-cloth  (bol'ting-kloth),  ii.  [<  ME.  but- 
ting-doth.] A  cloth  for  bolting  or  sifting;  a 
linen,  silk,  or  hair  cloth,  of  which  bolters  are 
made  for  sifting  meal,  etc. 

The  finest  and  most  expensive  silk  fabric  made  is  bolting- 
cloth,  for  the  use  of  millers,  woven  almost  altogether  in 
Switzerland.  Harper's  Mag.,  I.XXI.  266. 


corruptly  bottle;  <  late  ME.  boltell,  bowtell :  ori-  bolting-chest  (bor ting-chest),  n.^  The  case  in 
gin  uncertain;  perhaps  <  bolt1,  an  arrow,  shaft, 
roll  (with  ref.  to  its  shape;  cf.  shaft,  in  its 
architectural  sense),  4-  -el.  Formations  with 
the  F.  dim.  suffix  -el  on  native  words  were 
not  usual  in  the  ME.  period,  but  this  may  be 
an  artificial  book-name.  The  18th  century  boul- 
tui.  boulUne,  seems  to  be  an  arbitrary  varia- 
tion. Cotgravo  has  F.  "bozel,  a  thick  or  great 
boultel  (commonlv)  in  or  near  unto  the  basis  bolting-cord  (bol  tmg-kord),  n.  A  stiff  piece 
of  a  pillar."]  1.  "in  arch.,  a  convex  molding  of  rope  havtng  the  strands  unraveled  at  one 
of  which  the  section  is  an  arc  of  a  circle;  a  extremity,  used  as  a  probang  to  remove  any- 
medieval  term  for  the  torus  or  roundel.—  2.  A  thing  sticking  m  an  animal's  throat, 
rounded  ridge  or  border  used  for  stiffening  a  bolting-house  (bol  tmg-hpus),  n.  A  house 
cover,  dish,  tray,  or  other  utensil.  where  meal  or  flour  ts  sifted. 

Boltenia  (bol-te'ni-a),  n.  [NIj.,  after  Dr.  The  jade  is  returned  as  white  and  as  powdered  as  If  she 
Unit,  „,  of  I  lainburg.']  A  genus  of  tunicates,  had  been  at  work  to  a  bottUfg-Junae.  Dennu,  Letters. 
by  mo-!  recent  authors  referred  to  the  family  bolting-hutcht  (bol'ting-huch),  n.  A  tub  or 
Cynthiidai,  but  by  a  few  made  type  of  a  family     wooden  trough  for  bolted  flour 


/M/<  ainbr. 

bolteniid  id),  n. 

fa  mily  /,''-//,  niidtB. 

Bolteniidse  (bol-te-ni'i-de),  «.  /<'. 


A  tunicate  of  the 


[NL.,<BoJ- 


t.iuii  +  -„/,,   i     \  faindyol  simple  aseidrans,  bolting.mill  (bol'ting-mil),  n. 

■vl ."  •■'"';  />«"<<"".  having  »  |.yn-    ,iiine  for  sifting  meat  or  flour. 

form  body  support e,l   upon  ■,  long  peduncle  or  bolting.tub    (1,7,1' ting-tub), 

stalk.    By  most   recent   Bystematists  ft  is  de-    .",..  r n. 


l. 

ma- 
sift 


Take  all  mv  cushions  down  and  thwack  them  soundly. 

After  mv  feast  of  millers ;  .  .  .  beat  them  carefully 

Over  a  bolting-hutch,  there  will  be  enough 

For  :i  pan-pudding. 

Widdleton  {and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough 

A  mill  or 

ting 

,,ii.    A  tub  to 

graded  to  the  rank  of  a  subfamilyof  Cynthiidai.  ""  a      ''  The  larders  have  been  searched 

bolter1  (bol'ter),  n.     [<bolt\  r..+-r,K]     One  The  bakehouses  and  boulting  tub,  the  ovens. ' 

who  bolts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb.    Specifically—  "  Jonton,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  6. 

bolts  or  turn    isidi     a  horse  that  bolts     Co  holt-knife  (bolt'nif),  it.     A  knife  used  by  book- 

i„  ,„J,t,r.  -..mi  ■  »!,.  partj    irrefus.     • binders,  for  cult  ing  through  a  bolt  or  the  folded 

port  the  candidal    ticket    oi   platform  of  thi    party,  to  ,.    H 

which  I lehl  led.    [U.  8.]  leaves  ot  a  section. 

Mr.  Converse  .  .  .  had  thi   Indecencj  to  denouncethe  boltless  (bolt  h'S),  a 

-    boUert  n 1 1"  If  pal  ty,  out  a  bolt. 

Tin    i. mi  vill.  loo.  holtonj  ii.     A  corruption  of  bolting*: 

bolter2  (bol'ter),  n.     [Early  mod    K.  also  bniil-  boltonite  (bol'toit-it),  ii.     [<  liolion,  in  Missa 
tir.  <  ME.  bultir,  bulttiri,  <  hiiltm,  I. oil.  sill  :  see 

bolt-  and  -er1.    Cf.  <  IP.  buU  tear, sifter,  <  bult  U  r, 


[<b,,ia  +  -less.]    With- 


chtfsetts,  +  -i/c'-.]     A  mineral  of  the  chrysolite 
group,  occurring  in  granular  form  at  Bolton, 


bomb1t,  »•  [Tar.  of  bum1,  the  earlier  form  of 
boom1.  Cf.  bomb1,  i\]  A  great  noise ;  a  loud 
hollow  sound ;  the  stroke  of  a  bell. 

A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  you  had  struck  would 
make  a  little  flat  noise  in  the  room,  but  a  great  bomb  in 
the  chamber  beneath.  Bacon, 

bomb'-'  (bom  or  bum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
toiif,  also  bombe,  bombo,  and  (simulating  boom* 
=  bomb1)  boomb;  =  G.  bombe,  <  F.  bombe  =  Sp. 
It.  bomba,  a  bomb,  <  L.  bombus,  <  Gr.  fiifi^oc,  a 
deep  hollow  sound  ;  prob.  imitative,  like  bomb1, 
boom1,  bum1,  bumble,  bump-,  etc.  The  histori- 
cal pron.  is  bum.]  1.  An  explosive  projec- 
tile, consisting  of  a  hollow  ball  or  spherical 
shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,  filled  w'ith  a  burst- 
ing charge,  fired  from  a  mortar,  and 
usually  exploded  by  means  of  a  fuse 
or  tube  tilled  with  a  slow-burning 
compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
exploding  powder  when  the  mortar 
is  discharged.  Bombs  may  be  thrown  in 
such  a  direction  as  to  fall  into  a  fort,  a  city, 
or  an  enemy's  camp,  where  thej  burst  will) 
great  violence,  and  of  ten  with  terrible  effect. 

The  length  and  composition  Of  the  fuse  must 
be  calculated  in  such  a  way  that  tin  bomb 
shall  burst  the  moment  if  arrives  at  the  des- 
Bombs  are  now  commonly  termed  shells, 
though  shell  in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider  mean- 
ing. See  skeU.  Also  called  bombshell. 
Hence  —  2.  Anymissile  constructed  upon  sim- 
ilar principles:  as,  a  dynamite  bomb. — 3.  In 
grul..  a  block  of  scoria  ejected  from  the  crater 
of  a  volcano. 

Ibis  deposit  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  sand,  stones. 
and  bombs  which  arc  shot  out  of  modern  volcanoes;  it  is 
a  true  ash.  Oeileie. 

4f.  A  small  war-vessel   carrying  mortars  for 
throwing  bombs;  abomb-ketoh. 
bomb-t  (bom  or  bum),  11.  I.     [<  bomb2,  )(.]     To 
attack  with  bombs ;  bombard. 
Villeroy,  who  ne'er  afraid  is. 

To  Bruxelles  inarches  on  secure, 
To  bomb  the  monks  ami  scare  the  ladies. 

Prior,  <>n  taking  Naniur. 

bombacet,  »•      [Early  mod.  E.  also  bombase, 
bombage;  <  OF.  bombace,  <  ML.  bombax  (ace. 

bun,  I, tire  in),  cotton:  see  litiinbii.r.  The  form  bom- 
bacc  subsequently  gave  way  to  bombast,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  down  of  the  cotton-plant;  raw  cotton. 


a.  a.  walls  of 
shell ;  l<,  fuse- 
hole  ;  c,  cavity 
for  powder. 

titled    place. 


bombace 

—  2.  Cotton-wool,  or  wadding. —  3.  Pudding; 
stuffing.    Fuller. 

Bombace.T  (bom-ba'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
bax +  -ami.]  An  arboreous  tribe  or  suborder 
of  Midracca,  by  some  considered  :i  distinct  or- 
der, distinguished  chiefly  by  the  live-  to  eight- 
cleft  stamineal  column.  There  are  about  20  small 
genera,  principally  tropical,  including  the  baobab  (. i. /'op- 
sonin), the  cotton-tree  (Eriodendron  and  Bombax),  the 
dorian  (Durto),  etc 

bombaceous  (bom-ba'shius),  a.  In  hut.,  relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  plants  of  the  natural  order 
BombacecB. 

bombard  (bom'-  or  buin'biird),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  biimbard,  <  ME.  bumbardc,  bombards 
(in  sense  4),  <  OF.  bumbardc,  a  cannon,  a  mu- 
sical instrument,  F.  bonibarde  (=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bomburda,  a  cannon,  It.  bombardo,  a  musical 
instrument),  <  ML.  bombarda,  orig.  an  engine 
for  throwing  large  stones,  prob.  (with  suffix 
-arda,  E.  -aid)  <  L.  bombus,  a  loud  noise,  in  ML. 
a  fireball,  a  bomb:  see  bomb",  «.]  1.  The  name 
generally  given  in  Europe  to  the  cannon  dur- 
ing the  first  century  of  its  use.  The  earliest  bom- 
bards were  more  like  mortars  than  modern  cannon,  throw- 
ing their  shot  (originally  stone  balls)  at  a  great  elevation  ; 
many  were  open  at  both  ends,  the  shot  being  introduced 
at  the  breech,  which  was  afterward  stopped  by  a  piece 
wedged  or  bolted  into  place. 

Which  with  our  bombards  shot,  and  basilisk, 

We  rent  in  sunder.       Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  v.  3. 

2.  See  bombardelle. — 3.  A  small  vessel  with 
two  masts,  like  the  English  ketch,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean;  a  bomb-ketch. — 4.  A  large 
leathern  jug  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.  See 
block-jack,  1. 

That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  huge  bombard  of 
sack.  Shalt.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Yond'  same  black  cloud  .  .  .  looks  like  a  iou\  bombard 
that  would  shed  bis  liquor.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

They'd  ha'  heat  out 
His  brains  with  bombards. 

Middleton,  Inner-Temple  Masque. 

5f.  Figuratively,  a  toper. —  6f.  A  medieval  mu- 
sical instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  having  a 
reed  mouthpiece  and  a  wooden  tube.  The  name 
was  properly  applied  to  a  large  and  low-pitched  instru- 
ment (whence  the  name  bombardon  for  a  heavy  reed-stop 
in  organ-building) ;  hut  it  was  also  used  for  small  instru- 
ments of  tlie  same  class,  which  were  known  as  basset-bom- 
bards and  bombardi  piccoli. 

7.  pi.  A  style  of  breeches  worn  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  before  the  introduction  of 
tight-fitting  knee-breeches.  They  reached  to  the 
knee,  and  were  probably  so  named  because  they  hung 
loose  and  resembled  the  leathern  drinking-vessels  called 
bombards. 

8.  [From  the  verb.]  An  attack  with  bombs; 
a  bombardment.     [Rare.] 

bombard  (bom-  or  bum-bard'),  v.  [<  F.  bom- 
barder,  batter  with  a  bombard  or  cannon,  < 
bonibarde,  >  E.  bombard,  a  cannon:  see  bom- 
bard, n.  The  relation  to  bomb'2  is  thus  only 
indirect.]  I.  intrans.  To  fire  off  bombards  or 
cannon. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cannonade;  attack  with 
bombs ;  fire  shot  and  shell  at  or  into ;  batter 
with  shot  and  shell. 

Next  she  [France]  intends  to  bombard  Naples. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 

2.  To  attack  with  missiles  of  any  kind;  figura- 
tively, assail  vigorously:  as,  to  bombard  one 
with  questions. 
bombardellet  (bom-bar-del'),  n.  [Dim.  of  F. 
bonibarde.']  A  portable  bombard,  or  hand-bom- 
bard ;  the  primitive  portable  firearm  of  Europe, 
consisting  simply  of  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a 
touch-hole  for  firing  with  a  match,  and  attach- 
ed to  a  long  staff  for  handling. 

The  first  portable  firearm  of  which  we  have  any  repre- 
sentation .  .  .  was  called  the  bombard  or  bombardelle. 

Am.  Cm.,  XII.  90. 

The  Man  on  Foot,  clad  in  light  armor,  held  the  bom. 
bardelle  up.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  490. 

bombardier  (bom-  or  bum-biir-der'),  n.  [For- 
merly also  bumbardier,  bombardier ;  <  F.  bom- 
bardier (=  Sp.  bombardero  =  Pg.  bombardeiro 
=  It.  bombardiero),  <  bombardc,  bombard.]  1. 
Properly,  a  soldier  in  charge  of  a  bombard  or 
cannon;  specifically,  in  the  British  army,  a 
non-commissioned  officer  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery, ranking  next  below  a  corporal,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  etc.,  and  to 
fix  the  fuses,  and  who  is  particularly  appointed 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. —  2. 
A  bombardier-beetle. — 3.  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean frog,  Boinbinator  iijnciis. 

bombardier-beetle  (bom-bar-der'be'tl),  n.  The 
common  name  of  many  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidm  and  genera  Brachinus  aud-Jjj- 


Romhardier-beetle  {Bra- 
i  /tin us  sivgicornis)-  (Verti- 
cal line  showsnatural  size.) 


617 

Units,  found  under  stones.  When  irritated,  they  are 
apt  t"  expel  violently  from  t lie  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  Quid, 
accompanied  by  a  slight  sound. 

bombard-mant        (bom'- 

biird-man),  n.  One  who 
delivered  liquor  in  bom- 
bards to  customers. 

I  in  \   made  room  for  a  bom- 

haed-mau    that     lirollght     liollge 

for  a  countrey  lady. 

B.  Jonson,  Masques,  Love 
1  Restored. 

bombardment  (bom-  or 
bum-biird'ment),  it.  [< 
bombard  +  -incut;  =  F. 
bnmbiirdeiiii nt.]  A  con- 
tinuous attack  with  shot 
and  shell  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  other  position ;  the 
act  of  throwing  shot  and  shell  into  an  enemy's 
town  in  order  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

Genoa  isuot  yet  secure  from  a  bombardment,  though  it 
is  not  so  exposed  as  formerly.     Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

bombardot,  «.     Same  as  bombardon. 

bombardon,  bombardone  (bom-biir'don,  bom- 
biir-do'ne),  n.  [<  It.  bombardone,  aug.  of 
bombardo:  see  bom- 
Imril,  ».]  1.  A  large- 
sized  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  trumpet 
kind,  in  tone  not  un- 
like the  ophicleide.  its 
■  ■  - : 1 1 ; i . i  :  uerally  is  from 
F  on  the  fourth  Ledger-line 
below  the  bass  start  to  the 
lower  D  of  the  treble  staff. 
It  is  not  capable  of  rapid 
execution. 

2.  The  lowest  of  the 
sax -horns.  —  3.  For- 
merly, a  bass  reed-stop 
of  the  organ. 

bombard-phraset 
(bom'bard-fraz),  n.    A 
boasting,     loud-sound- 
ing, bombastic  phrase. 

Their  bombard-phrase,  their  foot  and  half-foot  words. 
B.  Jonson,  tr.  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 
bombaset,  »■     See  bombace. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  ».    See  bombazine. 
bombast  (bom'-  or  bum 'bast,  formerly  bum- 
bast'),  n.  and  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bumbast; 
a  var.,  with  excrescent  -t,  of  bombast ,  bombace  : 
Bee  bombace.]  I.  n.  If.  Cotton;  the  cotton-plant. 
Clothes  made  of  cotton  or  bombstt. 

Uakloyt's  Voyaaes,  I.  93. 
Bombast,  the  cotton  plant  growing  in  Asia. 

E.  Phillips,  World  of  Words. 
2f.  Cotton  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose  texture, 
used  to  stuff  garments ;  padding. 
Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bombast  and  with  bags. 
Gascoiane,  Challenge  to  Beautie. 

Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  high-sounding  words; 
inflated  or  extravagant  language ;  fustian ; 
speech  too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  oc- 
casion. 

Bombast  is  commonly  the  delight  of  that  audience  which 
loves  poetry,  but  understands  it  not. 

Dryden,  Criticism  in  Tragedy. 
=  Syn.  3.  Bombast,  Fustian.  Bathos,  Turgidness,  Tumid- 
ness, Rant.  "  Bombast  was  originally  applied  to  a  stuff 
of  soft,  loose  texture,  used  to  swell  tile  garment.  Fustian 
was  also  a  kind  of  cloth  of  stiff,  expansive  character. 
These  terms  are  applied  to  a  high,  swelling  style  of  writing, 
full  of  extravagant  sentiments  and  expressions.  Bathos  is 
a  word  which  lias  the  same  application,  meaning  generally 
the  mock-heroic  —  that  'depth'  into  which  one  falls  who 
overleaps  the  sublime  :  the  step  which  one  makes  in  pass- 
ing from  the  sublime  to  the  ridiculous."  (De  Mille.  Ele- 
ments of  Rhetoric,  p.  '225.)  Bombast  is  rather  stronger  than 
fustian.  Turgidness  and  tumidness  are  words  drawn 
from  the  swelling  of  the  body,  and  express  mere  infla- 
tion of  style  without  reference  to  sentiment.  Rant  is  ex- 
travagant or  violent  language,  proceeding  from  enthusiasm 
or  fanaticism,  generally  in  support  of  extreme  opinions  or 
against  those  holding  opinions  of  a  milder  or  different  sort. 

The  first  victory  of  good  taste  is  over  the  bombast  and 
conceits  which  deform  such  times  as  these. 

Maeaulay,  Dryden. 
And  he,  whose  fustian's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  but  prose  run  mad. 

Pope,  Pro],  to  Satires,  1. 187. 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  I  think,  be  said  to 
have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathos. 

Mnruutau,  Petrarch. 

The  critics  of  that  day.  the  most  flattering  equally  with 
the  severest,  concurred  in  objecting  to  them  obscurity,  a 
general  turgidness  of  diction,  and  a  profusion  of  new- 
coined  double  epithets.  Coleridge,  Biog.  Lit.,  i. 

All  rant  about  the  rights  of  man,  all  whining  and  whim- 
pering about  the  clashing  interests  of  body  and  soul,  are 
treated  with  haughty  scorn,  or  made  the  butt  of  contemp- 
tuous ridicule.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  26. 

II. t  "•  High-sounding;  inflated;  big  with- 
out meaning. 

A  tall  metaphor  in  bombast  way,     Cowley,  Ode,  Of  Wit. 


bombinate 

bombastt  (bom'-  or  bum/bast),  v.  t.  [<  bom- 
bast, it.]  1.  To  pad  cmt;  stuff,  as  a  doublet 
with  cotton;   hence,  to  inflate;  swell  out  witli 

high-sounding  or  bombastic  Language. 

Let  them  pretend  whai  zeal  thej  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  world's  eyes,  bombast  themselves. 

Burton,  Anat,  of  Mel.,  p.  195. 

Then  strives  he  t.i  bombast  his  feeble  lines 

With  far  fctch'd  phrase.        Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  4. 

2.  To  beat ;  baste. 

I  will  so  codgell  and  bombaste  thee  that  thou  shalt  not 
be  able  to  sturre  thyself.  Palace  of  Pleasure  (1570). 

bombastic,  bombastical  (bom-  or  bum-bas'tik, 
-ti-kal),  a.  [<  bombast,  ».,  +  -ic,  -ical.]  Char- 
acterized by  bombast;  high-sounding;  inflat- 
ed; extravagant. 

A  theatrical,  bombastic,  and  windy  phraseology. 

Burkt ,   \  Etegi  ide  Peace. 

He  indulges  without  measure  in  vague,  bombastic  dec- 
lamation. Maeaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 
=  Syn.  Swelling,  tumid,  stilted,  pompous,  lofty,  grandilo- 
quent, high-flown. 

bombastically  (bom-  orbum-bas'ti-knl-i),  adv. 
In  a  bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or  style. 

bombastry  (bom'-  or  bum'bas-tri),  n.  [<  bom- 
bast +  -ry.~\     Bombastic  words  ;  fustian. 

Bombastry kbA  buffoonery,  by  nature  lofty  and  light,  soar 
highest  of  all.  '    Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Int. 

Bombax  (l>om'baks),  n.  [ML.,  cotton,  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  bombyx :  see  Bombyx.]  1.  A  genus  of 
silk-cotton  trees,  natural  order  Malcaa  iv,  chief- 
ly natives  of  tropical  America.  The  seeds  are  cov- 
ered with  a  silky  fiber,  but  this  is  too  short  for  textile 
uses.  The  wood  is  soft  and  light.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
sou  ic  species  is  used  for  making  ropes. 

2f.  [/".  c.]   Same  as  bombazine. 
Bombay  duck.    See  bummalo. 
Bombay  shell.    See  shell. 
bombazeen  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zen'),  n.     Same 

as  bombazine. 
bombazet,  bombazette  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zet'), 

n.     [<  bomlui-(ine)  +  dim.  -et,  -ette.]     A  sort 

of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

bombazine,  bombasine  (bom-or  bum-ba-zen'), 
n.  [Also  oombazin,  bombasin,  bombazeen,  for- 
merly bumbazine,  bumbasine;  <  F.  bombasin 
(obs.)  =  Bp.  bombasi  =  Pg.  bombazina  (prob. 

<  E.)  =  It.  bambagino,  <  ML.  bombasinum,  prop. 
bombijciiinin,  a  silk  texture,  neut.  of  bombasi- 
nus,  bombacinus,  prop,  (as  L.)  bombyeinus  (see 
bombycine),  made  of  silk  or  cotton,  <  bombax, 
prop,  (as  L.)  bombyx,  silk,  cotton:  see  bombace, 
bombast,  Bombax,  Bombyx.']  It.  Raw  cotton. 
JV.  E.  D. —  2.  Originally,  a  stuff  woven  of  silk 
and  wool,  made  in  England  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth;  afterward,  a  stuff  made  of  silk 
alone,  but  apparently  always  of  one  color,  and 
inexpensive. —  3.  In  modern  usage,  a  stuff  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An 
imitation  of  it  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 

Also  spelled  bombazeen,  bombasin. 

bomb-chest  (bom'chest),  n.  Milit.,  a  chest  fill- 
ed with  bombs  or  gunpowder,  buried  to  serve 
as  an  explosible  mine. 

bombernickel  (bom'ber-nik"l),  n.  Same  as 
pumpernickel.    Imp.  Diet, 

bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  ».  [<  bomhi(c)  +  -ate1.] 
A  salt  formed  by  bombic  acid  and  a  base. 

bombic  (bom'bik),  a.  [<  L.  bomb(yx),  a  silk- 
worm, +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  silkworm. 
—  Bombic  acid,  acid  of  the  silkworm,  obtained  from  an 
acid  liquor  contained  in  a  reservoir  placed  near  the  anus. 
The  liquor  is  especially  abundant  in  the  chrysalis. 

Bombidas  (bom'bi-de),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Bombus  + 
-itla:]  A  family  of  bees,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bombus;  the  bumblebees.  [Scarcely  used,  the 
bumblebees  having  been  merged  in  Apidat.] 

bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  v.  i.;  pret.  arid  pp.  bom- 
bilated,  ppr.  bombilating.  [<  ML.  bombilare  (pp. 
bombilatiis),  an  erroneous  form  of  LL.  bombi- 
tare,  freq.  of  *bombare,  ML.  also  bombire,  buzz, 

<  L.  bombus,  a  humming,  buzzing  sound.  Cf. 
bomb1,  bomb*,  bum1,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
buzzing  or  humming,  like  a  bee,  or  a  top  when 
spinning.     X.  A.  Rev.     [Rare.] 

bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  n.  [<  bombilate  ; 
see  -ation.~]  A  buzzing  or  droning  sound;  re- 
port; noise.    Also  bombulation.    [Rare.] 

To  abate  the  vigour  thereof  or  sileneeits  [powder's]  &o»t- 
bulation.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 

bombilioust,  «•    See  bombylious. 

bombilla  (bom-bil'yii),  ».  [S.  Amer.  Sp.,  dim. 
of  Sp.  bomba,  a  pump:  sec  pump1.']  A  tube  used 
in  Paraguay  for  drinking  mate).  It  is  6  or  7  inches 
long,  formed  of  metal  or  a  reed,  with  a  perforated  bulb  at 
one  end,  to  prevent  the  tea-leaves  from  beiug  drawn  up 
into  the  mouth. 

bombinate  (bom'bi-nat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bombinatcd,  ppr.  boinhiuatiiiii.     [<  ML.  "bombi- 


618 

Bombyx  commonly  referred  to  this  family  are  Satmmia, 
Mtacus,  Odonestis,  tasiocampa,  and  Elisiocampa.  Bee  cut 
under  Bombyx. 

bombyciform  (bom-bis'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  bom- 
byx (bombye-),  a  silkworm,  +  forma,  form.] 
Saving  the  characters  of  a  bombycid  moth. 

Bombycilla  (bom-bi-sil'a),  n.    [XL.,  <  L.  bom- 

byx  (bombye-),  silk.  +  -cula,  taken  from  Mota- 

ni  the  assumed  sense  of  'tail.']    A  genus 

of  hue  Is,  thesilktailsorwaxwings:  same  as  Am- 

peftsin  the  most  restricted  sense.    See  Am/a  lis. 

Bombycillidae  (bom-bi-sil'i-de),  n.pl.  [XL.,  < 
Bombycilla  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Bombycilla  :  same  as  Am- 
pelidce  in  the  most  restricted  sense.    [Disused.] 

Bombycina  (bom-bi-si'na),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
byx [Bombye-)  +  -ina.]  A  tribe  or  superfamily 
of  moths  containing  the  bombycids,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  sphinxes  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  Microlcpidoptera  in  general  on  the  other. 
Bombinator.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  group,  the  species  of  bombycine  (bom'bi-sin),  a.  [<  L.  bombycinus, 
which  belong  to  the  families JHscoglossidoe,  Pelobatida,     <  bombyx,  silk:  see  Bombyx.     Cf.  bombazine.] 

J""1;   ,,''„,,  .  „     t         ,       1.  Silken;    silk.— 2.    Of  cotton,  or  of  paper 

bomb-ketch  (boin'kech)   n.    A  small,  strongly    made  rf  ^^     y  E  D 

built,  ketch-rigged  vessel   carrying  one  mortal  Dombycinous  (bom-bis'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  bomby- 

pa      fru.   cw\-,nc.    in     o.    Vl^m  ho  wl  ,T1P,1T..  Also  .  ^  """ ""    V  ,,,,,  -,  „       -li 

aims :  see  liumbiirinc.]  1.  Silken;  made  ot  silk. 
—  2.  Silky;  feeling  like  silk.— 3.  Of  the  color 
of  the  silkworm-moth;  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 


bombinate 

natits,  pp.  of  *bombinare,  erroneous  form  of  LL. 
bombitare:  see  bombilate.]  To  buzz:  make  a 
buzzing  sound ;   hoinhilatc.     [Hare.] 

\^  .  as3  and  a-  profitable  a  problem  to  solve  thi   E) 

■  . .,  *  chfmsera  with  its  poten- 
tial or  hypothetical  faculty  of  deriving  Bustenan.ee  from  a 
second  intentions. 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  L99. 

bombination  (bom-bi-na'shon'l,  n.  [<  bombi- 
nate.   Ci.  bombilation.']    Buzz;  humming  noise. 

Bombinator  (bom'bi-na-tor),  n.  [XL.  (Mer- 
retu.  1820),  <  ML.  'bombinare,  buzz:  see  bombi- 
imii .  ]  A  genus  of  European  frogs,  made  typi- 
cal of  a  family  BombiiKttorida;  now  referred  to 

the  family  Discoglossidas.  B.  igneus  is  the  typi- 
cal species,  called  bombardier. 
Bombinatoridae  (bom  bi-na-tor'i-de),  ».  pi. 
[XL..  <  Bombinator  +  -ida.]  '  A  family  of  anu- 
rous batraehians,  having  a  tongue,  maxillary 
teeth,  and  toes  not  dilated,  typified  by  the  genus 


bonail 


Silkworm  [Bombyx 


),  about  natural  sue. 


or  more,  for  service  in  a  bombardment, 
called  bnmb-nssi  I. 

Swartwout  ana  Ogden  .  .  .  were  then  confined  ou  one 
of  the  bomb-ketches  in  the  harbor. 


a.  w.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  153. 


/•.'.  Diiririii. 


bomb-lance  (bom'lans),  ».  A  lanee  or  harpoon  Bombycistoma,  Bombycistomus  (bom-bi-sis'- 

'" t  gunpowder,     to-ma,  -mus),  n.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  B6/ifSv£,  silk,  + 


Synonyms  of  Bairaehostomus 


having  a  hollow  head  charged  with  0. 

which  is  automatically  fired  when  thrust  into  a    oTOua,  mouth.] 

whale  (which  see). 

bombo'lo   (bom'bo-lo),  n.     [<  It.  bombola,  a  bombycoid  (bom'bi-koid),  a.    Of  or  relating  to 

pitcher,  bottle,  <  b'omba:  see  bomb2.]    A  sphe-    the  Bombytida. 

roidal  vessel  of  flint-glass,  used  in  subliming  bombylll,  «.     Plural  ot  bombylvus. 

crude  camphor.     It  is  usually  about  12  inches  Bombyliidae  (bom-bi-li   l-de),  n.pl.     [XL.,  < 

in  diameter.    Also  bumbelo,  bumbolo.  Bombylius  +  -ida:]    A  family  of  brachycerous 

bombous  (bom'-  or  bum'bus),  a.   [<  L.  bombus,    dipterous  insects,  of  the  section  Tetraeiuetw 


n..  taken  as  adj.:  see  bomb2.]  If.  Booming; 
humming. —  2.  [<  bomb2  +  -ous.]  Convexly 
round,  like  a  segment  of  a  bomb ;  spherical. 

In  some  parts  [of  the  integument  of  the  Selachiil,  as  for 
example  "it  the  head,  they  [the  dermal  denticles]  often 
have  a  bombout  surface,  and  are  set  irregularly. 

Qegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat,  (trans.),  p.  4-23. 

bomb-proof  (bom/prof),  a.  and  n.   I.  a.  Strong 


or  Tanystomttta ;  the  humbleflies.  They  have 
long  proboscis,  the  third  antennal  joint  not  annulate, 
three  prolonged  basal  oil.,  and  usually  four  posterior 
eells.  The  family  is  large,  containing  upward  of  1,400 
species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  usually  have 
hairy  bodies,  are  very  swift  in  flight,  and  are  sometimes 
called  flower-flies,  from  their  feeding  upon  pollen  and 
honey  extracted  by  means  of  the  long  proboscis.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  BombyUus;  other  genera  ore  Anthrax,  L< 'ma- 
tin, and  Nem 


Bomb-proof. 

the  shattering  force  of  shells.    Such  structures  are 

tj  of  ways,  but  are  usually,  at  least  in  part, 

beneath  the  level  of  the  '.'round.  They  may  he  entirely  of 
metal,  so  shaped  that  shot  and  shell  w  ill  glance  from  the 
surface  without  piercing  them,  or  they  may  he  of  vaulted 
inry,  or  even  of  timber  covered  and  faced  with  mas- 
sive embankments  of  earth,  the  latter  forming  the  most 
effei  tive  shield  against  modern  projectiles.  Bomb-proofs 
ovided  in  permanent  and  often  in  temporary  forti- 
fications to  place  the  magazine  and  stores  in  safety  during 
a  bombardment,  and  also  to  afford  shelter  to  the  garrison 
or  to  non-combatants. 

We  entered  a  lofty  bombproof  which  was  the  bedroom 
of  the  commanding  officer. 

M'.  //.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1861. 

bombshell  (bom'shol),  n.      Same  as  bomb-,  1. 

bombus  (bom'bns),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  36/iBoq,  a 
buzzing  noise :  see  oo»t&2.]  1.  hi  pathol.:  (a) 
A  humming;  or  buzzing  noise  in  the  ears.  ('<) 
A  rumbling  noise  in  the  intestines;  borboryg- 
mus.  —  2.  le<//i.)  A  genus  of  bees,  family  dpi- 
ibi ,  containing  the  honey-producing  aculeate 
or  sting-possessing  hymenopterous  insects  com- 
monly called  bumblebees.  See  bumblebee,  and 
eut  under  Hynu  nopU  m. 

bomb-vessel  (b<  el),  n.    Same  as  bomb- 

ketch. 

bombycid  (bom/bi-sid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Per- 
taining  bo  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Bom- 
bycidce. 
Seen  Science,  VII.  505. 

II.  a.  i  ine  .,!'  •  i..   Bombycidos. 

Bombycidae  (bom-bis'i-de  i,  n.  /■/.  |  NL.,<  Bom- 
i,',:  i  Bombye-)  +  ■idee.']  A  Eamilj  o£  nocturnal 
heterocerous  Lepidoptera,  or  moths,  important 
as  containing  the  silkworm-motli,  having  the 
antennas  liipectinate,  the  palpi  small,  and  the 

maxillfc  rudimi  utai  j Its  ol  tie  family  and 

consequently  its  definition  vary  much.    Genera  besides 


enough  to  resist  the  impact  and  explosive  force  bombylioust   (bom-bil'i-us),  a.     [<  Gr.  Boufiv- 
of  bombs  or  shells  striking  on  the  outside.  >,(;,.;  a  bumblebee  (see  bombylius),  +  -ous.']  Buz- 

II.  ».  In  fort.,  a  structure  of  such  design    zmg;  humming  like  a  bee. 

and  strength  as  to  resist  the  penetration  and        vexatious not  by  stinging,  .  .  .  but  only  by  their 

bombylious  noise.  Derha/m,  Physico-Theol.,  iv.  14. 

bombylius  (bom-bil'i-us), ».;  pi.  bombylii  (-i).  [< 

Gr.  (a)  lio/ifSv'Aidg  or  f)ofi[3v?.io£,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  in  pour- 
ing; (b)  j3ofi/iv?Mr,  a  bumble- 
bee ;  <   /36///3oc,  a  humming, 
buzzing:  seebomlms,  bomb2.  | 

1.  In  archmol.,  a  form  of 
Greek  vase,  of  moderate 
size,  varying  between  the 
types  of  the  lekythos  and 
the  aryballus.  It  was  used 
for  containing  perfumes,  and 
also  for  pouring  liquids,  etc. 
—  2.  leap.]  [XL.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Bom- 
byliidce. 

Bombyx  (bom'biks),  n.  [L. 
bombyx  (in  ML.  corruptly 
biimbiij- :  see  bombace,  bum- 
bast,  bombazine),  <  Gr.  /36/i- 
/?uf,  a  silkworm,  silk,  cot- 
ton; origin  uncertain.]  1. 
A  Linnean  genus  of  leiiidopterous  insects,  now 
the  type  of  the  family  Bomhycidai.  The  caterpillar 
of  tin'  Bombyx  m<<ri  is  well  known  by  the  name  oi  silk- 
worm. When  full-grown  it  is :-;  inches  long,  whitish  gray, 
smooth,  with  a  horn  on  the  penultimate  segment  oi  the 

body.  It  feeds  ell  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  (ill  the 
I  in'ted  States  also  on  those  of  the  Osage  orange),  and 
spins  an  oval  cocoon  of  the  size  of  a  pigeons  egg,  of  a 
.  10  s  tissue,  with  very  line  sill,,  usually  of  a  yellow  color, 
hut  sometimes  "bile  Each  Bilk-fiber  is  double,  and  is 
spun  from  a  viscid  substance  contained  in  two  tubular  or- 
gans ending  in  a  spinneret  at  the  mouth.  A  single  fiber 
is  often  1,100  feet  long.  It  requires  1,600  worms  to  pro- 
duce 1  pound  of  silk.  Greek  missionaries  first  brought 
Hi.  eggs  of  the  silkworm  from  china  to  Constantinople  in 
the  reign  of  Justinian  (A.  D.  5  !7  666).  [n  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury the  cultivation  of  silk  was  Introduced  into  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  from  the  \ion  a,  and  sr,,  ral  centuries  afterward 

into  ti  ai The  silkworm  undergoes  a  variety  of  changi 

during  the  short  period  ol  it  i  lite     u  leu  hatched  it  ar> 

pr  ;n    a-  a  black  worm  ;  after  n  has  finished  its  c n  ii 

,i  i  Iim.iMs.  and  finally  a  perfect  cream  colored 

inset  or  moth,  » iih  four  wings,  for  other  silk  spinning 
bombycids,  see  silkworm.    See  cut  in  next  column. 

2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  id'  pulnionate  gastropods. 
Humphreys,  17H7.     [Xot  in  use.] 

bominablet,  "•    An  abbreviated  form  of  abom- 
inable. 


Btack-figiired  Bomby- 


Juliana  Berners,  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sopwell 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  informs  us  that  in  her  time  "a 
l»>uunmi>/>  syght  of  nionkcs'*  was  elegant  English  for  "a 
large  company  of  friars." 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  viii. 

Bomolochidae  (bo-mo-lok'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Hmiiiiliii-liits  +  -iilir.]  A  family  of  copepod  crus- 
taceans, of  the  group  Siphonostomata,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bomolochus.  The  species  are  few 
in  number,  and  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Bomolochus  (bo-mol'o-kus),  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  8u- 
fioUxor,  a  beggar,  low  jester,  buffoon,  prop,  one 
who  waited  about  the  altars  to  beg  or  steal 
some  of  the  meat  offered  thereon,  <  (lupAq,  an 
altar,  +  lox&v,  lie  in  wait,  <  /o,ro?,  ambush,  lying 
in  wait,  <  "kiytiv,  lay  asleep,  in  pass,  lie  asleep, 
lie:  see  lay1,  lie1.]  A  genus  of  crustaceans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bomolocliidw. 

bon1!,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  bone1. 

bon-t,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  boon1. 

bonst,  "-     Obsolete  form  of  boon$. 

bon-1  (F.  pron.  bon),  «.  [F..  <  OF.  bon,  >  ME. 
bone,  mod.  E.  boon'-*,  q.  v.]  Good:  a  French 
word  occurring  in  several  phrases  familiar  in 
English,  but  not  Anglicized,  as  bon  mot,  bon  ton, 
bon  nriint,  etc. 

bona  (bo'na),  «.  }'l.  [L.,  property,  goods,  pi.  of 
bonum,  a  good  thing,  neut.  of  bonus,  good.  <  'f . 
E.  goods,  a  translation  of  bona.]  Literally, 
goods;  in  ciril  law,  all  sorts  of  property,  mova- 
ble and  immovable. 

bon  accord  (bon  a-kord')-  [F. :  see  bon*  and 
accord,  n.]  1.  Agreement;  good  will. —  2.  An 
expression  or  token  of  good  will  —  The  city  of 

bon  accord,  Aberdeen.  Scotland,  Bt'ii  accord  being  the 
motto  of  the  town's  alius. 

bonace-tree  (bon'as-tre),  n.  [<  bonace  (uncer- 
tain) +  tree.]  A  small  tree  of  Jamaica,  Diipli- 
nopsis  Unifolia,  natural  order  Thymeleacem,  the 
inner  bark  of  which  is  very  fibrous  and  is  used 
for  cordage,  etc.     Also  called  biirn-nusc  tree. 

bona  fide  (bo'na  fi  de).  [L.,  abl.  of  bona  fides, 
good  faith :  see  bona  fides.]  In  or  with  good 
faith ;  without  fraud  or  deception ;  with  sincer- 
ity; genuinely:  frequently  used  as  a  compound 
adjective  in  the  sense  of  honest;  genuine;  not 
make-believe.  An  act  done  bo  naflde,  in  law,  is  one  done 
without  fraud,  or  without  knowledge  or  notice  of  any  de- 
ceit or  impropriety,  in  contradistinction  to  an  act  done 
deceitfully,  with  laid  faith,  fraudulently,  or  with  know- 
ledge of  previous  facts  rendering  the  act  to  be  set  up  in- 
valid. -Bona-fide  possessor,  in  law,  a  person  who  not 
only  possesses  a  subject  upon  a  title  which  he  ho  nest  1\  be- 
lieves to  be  good,  but  is  ignorant  of  am  attempt  to  contest 
his  title  by  some  other  person  claiming  a  better  right.— 
Bona-fide  purchaser,  in  law,  one  who  has  bought  prop- 
erty without  notice  of  aii  adverse  claim,  and  has  paid  a 
full  price  for  it  before  having  such  notice,  or  who  has  been 
unaware  of  any  circumstances  making  it  prudent  to  in- 
quire whether  an  adverse  claim  existed. 

bona  fides  0>o'na  fi'dez).  [L. :  bona,  fern,  of 
bonus  0  ult.  E.  boon''1),  good;  fides,  >  ult.  E. 
faith.]  Good  faith;  fair  dealing.  See  bona 
fide. 

bonaget,  bonnaget  (bon'aj),  ».  [So.,  appar.  a 
var.  (simulating  bondage)  of  boonage,  q.  v.] 
Services  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his  landlord 
as  part  payment  id'  rent. 

bonaght,   n.      [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  bt>- 

nogh,  bonough,  repr.  Dr.  buana,  a  billeted  soldier, 
bti'iiiiiidli,   a'    soldier.]     A  permanent   soldier. 

.v.  /•:.  a. 

bonaghtt,  ".  [Early  moil.  E.,  also  bonniujbt, 
bonaught,  etc.,  repr.  Ir.  buanacht,  quartering  of 
soldiers.]  A  tax  or  tribute  formerly  levied  by 
Irish  chiefs  fur  I  he  maintenance  of  soldiers. 
.V.  /•'.  /'. 

bonailt,  bonailliet,  »■    [Sc.]    Same  as  bonally. 


bonail 

On  the  brave  vessel's  gunwale  I  drank  his  bonail 
And  farewell  to  Mackenzie.  High  Chief  <>f  Kintail. 

Scott.  Farewell  to  Mackenzie. 


G19 


bonasus,  bonassus  (bo-na'sus,  -nas'iis),  n. 

[L.  bonasus,  <  Or.  fiovaaos  or  (iovaaaor,  the  wild 
ox.]  1.  The  wild  bison  of  Europe;  the  au- 
rochs (which  see).— 2.  [cup.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
neric name  of  the  bisons,  and  thus  a  synonym 
of  Bison  (which  see). 
bonbatzen  (boa-bat'eeu  I,  n.    Same  as  bate. 


bonairt  (bo-nar'),  a.  [<  ME.  bonair,  bonaire, 
bonere;  short  for  debonair,  q.  v.]  Complaisant; 
courteous;  kind;  yielding. 

Bonair  ;iml  buxom  to  the  bishop  of  home. 

/,,,.  J(  mil,  Det  of  Apol.  for  Church  oi  Eng.,  p.  688.  . 

,bonerte;  short  bonbon  <  ■'"'  '•<"> i /■  Prfm-  b(m  bo?>'  »•. 

•  I  li;    .  .    1    I    I    ■    .        I    .   .  .  I    t    t    .    .    ,  ..I  I      ....  ,...:,,  '  Willi         /,.,/,      I 


bonairtet,  »•  [ME.,  also  bonairt  u 
for  ii<  bmiiiirti;  q.  v.]    Complaisance;  courtesy. 
i  'haucer. 

bonallyt  (bo-nal'i),  w.  [Sc,  also  written  bonail- 
He,  bonnaittie,  bonnaiUe,  bonail,  bonnail;  <  F.&oh, 
good,  +  a(7er,  go :  see  boon3  and  alley1.']  Good- 
speed  :  farewell :  as.  to  drink  one's  bonalty. 

bonang  ibo-nang'),  re.     A  Javanese  musical  in 


a  reduplication  of  bon,  good:  see  6o»*,  boon3. 

Cf.  equiv.  E.  goodies.}     A  sugar-plum;  in  the 

plural,  sugar-confectionery, 
bonbonniere  (bon-bon-iar'),  n.     [F.]    A  box 

for  holding  bonbons  or  confections, 
bonce  (bons),  re.    [Origin  obscure.]    1.  A  large 

marble  for  playing  with. —  2.  Ajame  played 


strument,  consisting  of  gongs  mounted  on  a    with  such  marbles.     N.  E.  D.     [Eng.] 
frame.  bonchieft,  «•    [<  ME.  bonchef,  bonechief,  boon- 

bona  notabilia  (bo'nii  no-ta-bil'i-ii).  [Law  chief,  <  bone,  good  (see  boon*),  +  chef,  chitf, 
L.:  L.  bona,  goods;  notabilia,  nent.  pi.  of  nota-  head,  end,  issue,  prob.  after  analogy  of  mischief, 
bilis,  to  be  noted:  see  bona  and  notable.']  In  q.  v.]  Good  fortune ;  prosperity. 
laic,  assets  situated  in  a  jurisdiction  other  than  bon-chretien  (F.  pron.  bon-kra'tian),  n.  [F., 
that  in  which  the  owner  died.  Formerly  in  Eng-  good  Christian:  see  boon3  and  Christian.]  A 
land,  when  the  goods,  amounting  to  at  least  £5,  werein     highly  esteemed  kind  of  pear. 


success  (ir  en  bonanza,  sail  with  fair  wind  and 
weather,  go  on  prosperously)  (cf.  It.  bonaccia 
=  Pr.  bonassa,  >  F.  bonace,  a  calm  at  sea),  < 
L.  bonus  (>  Sp.  bueno  =  Pg.  bom  =  It.  buono  = 
F.  bon),  good;  cf.  OSp.  malina,  stormy  weather 
at  sea,  <  L.  mains,  bad.]  1.  A  term  in  common 
use  in  the  Pacific  States,  signifying  a  rich  mass 
of  ore:  opposed  to  borrasea.  Hence  —  2.  A 
mine  of  wealth ;  a  profitable  thing;  good  luck: 
as,  to  strike  a  bonanza.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  — The 
Bonanza  mines,  specifically,  those  silver-mines  on  the 
Comstock  lode  in  Nevada  which  yielded  enormously  for  a 
few  years. 

Bonapartean  (bo'na-par-te-an),  a.  [<  Bona- 
parte, It.  Buonaparte,  family  name  of  Napo- 
leon.] Pertaining  to  Bonaparte  or  the  Bona- 
partes:  as,  "Bonapartean  dynasty,"  Craig. 

Bonapartism  (bo'na-piir-tiztn),  re.  [<  F.  Bona- 
partisme,  <  Bonaparte  +  -ismc,  -ism.]  1.  The 
policy  or  political  system  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte' and  his  dynasty. —  2.  Devotion  to  the 
Bonaparte  family;  adherence  to  the  cause  or 
the  dynastic  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

Bonapartist  (bo'na-par-tist),  n.  and  a.  [<  F. 
Bonapartiste,  <  Bonaparte  +  -iste,  -ist.]  I.  n. 
1.  An  adherent  of  the  Bonapartes,  or  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  his  dynasty. 
—  2.  One  who  favors  the  claims  of  the  Bona- 
parte family  to  the  imperial  throne  of  France. 
II.  a.  Adhering  to  or  favoring  the  dynasty, 
policy,  or  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

bona  peritura  (bo'na  per-i-tu'ra).  [Law  L. : 
L.  bona,  goods;  peritura,  neut.  pi.  of  periturus, 
fut.  part,  of  perire,  perish :  see  bona  and  per- 
ish.]    In  law,  perishable  goods. 

bona-robat  (bo'na-ro'ba),  n.  [It.  bnonarobba, 
"a  good  wholesome  plum-cheeked  wench" 
(Florio),  lit.  a  fine  gown,  <  buona,  fern,  of  buono, 
good,  fine,  4-  robba,  roba,  gown:  see  bonanza, 
boon3,  and  robe.]  A  showy  wanton ;  a  wench 
of  the  town;  a  courtezan. 
A  bouncing  bona-roba.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn. 

Some  prefer  the  French, 
For  their  conceited  dressings  ;  some  the  plump 
Italian  timut-rnbas.        Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (bo-na'sa,  -si-a),  n.  [NL. 
Cf.  bonasus.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
of  the  family  TetraonicUe,  containing  especially 
B.  betulina,  the  hazel-grouse  of  Europe,  and  B. 
wnbella,  the  ruffed  grouse,  pheasant,  or  par- 
tridge of  North  America.     They  have  a  ruffle  of 


Ruffed  Grouse  [Bomim  wnbella). 

feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  a  broad  fan-shaped 
tail,  partly  feathered  shanks,  and  a  small  crest.  They 
are  woodland  birds,  noted  for  their  habit  of  drumming, 
whence  probably  their  name,  the  noise  being  likened  to 
the  bellowing  of  a  bull. 
3 


together,  as  a  cord,  chain,  rope,  band,  or  ban- 
dage ;  a  ligament. 

I  tore  them  [hairs]  from  their  bonds. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

Specifically — 2.   pi.   Fetters;   chains  for  re- 
straint ;  hence,  imprisonment ;  captivity. 
This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bonds. 

Acts  xxvi.  31. 

3.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence; 
cause  of  union;  link  of  connection;  a  uniting 
tie :  as,  the  bonds  of  affection. 

Farewell,  thou  worthy  man !    There  were  two  bonds 

That  tied  our  loves,  a  brother  and  a  king. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  2. 

There  is  a  strong  bond  of  affection  between  us  and  our 
parents.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  14. 

I  have  struggled  through  much  discouragement  .  .  . 
for  a  people  with  whom  I  have  no  tie  but  the  common 
bond  of  mankind.  Burke,  To  Sir  H.  Langrishe. 

4.  Something  that  constrains  the  mind  or  will ; 
obligation;  duty. 

I  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bond ,  nor  more  nor  less. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Sir  Aylmer,  reddening  from  the  storm  within, 
Then  broke  all  bonds  of  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

5.  An  agreement  or  engagement;  a  covenant 
between  two  or  more  persons. 

I  will  briug  you  into  the  bond  of  the  covenant. 

Ezek.  xx.  3". 
A  bond  offensive  and  defensive. 

Sir  J.  Melvil  (1610),  Mem.,  p.  12. 

6.  [<  D.  bond,  league.]  A  league  or  confed- 
eration: used  of  the  Dutch-speaking  popula- 
tions of  southern  Africa.— -7.  In  law,  an  in- 
strument under  seal  by  which  the  maker  binds 
himself,  and  usually  also  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators  (or,  if  a  corporation,  their 
successors),  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  specified  act. 
If  it  is  merely  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before 
a  future  day  appointed,  it  is  called  a  single  bond.  But 
the  usual  form  is  for  the  obligor  to  hind  himself,  his  exec- 
utors, etc.,  in  a  specified  sum  or  penalty,  with  a  condition 
added,  on  performance  of  which  it  is  declared  the  obliga- 
tion shall  be  void.  When  such  a  condition  is  added,  the 
bond  is  called  a  penal  bond  or  obligation.  The  person  to 
whom  the  bond  is  granted  is  called  the  obligee. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  a  bonded  warehouse 
or  store  in  charge  of  custom-house  or  excise  offi- 
cers :  said  of  goods  or  merchandise :  as,  tea  and 
wine  still  in  bond. —  9f.  Asurety;  abondsman; 
bail.  Pepys,  Diary. — 10.  Acertificate  of  owner- 
ship of  a  specified  portion  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  a  government,  a  city,  a  railroad,  or  other 
corporation  to  individual  holders,  and  usually 
bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  The  bonds  of  the 
tinted  States  are  of  two  classes:  (1)  coupon  bonds,  both 
principal  and  interest  of  which  are  payable  to  bearer, 
and  which  pass  by  delivery,  usually  without  indorsement ; 
(2)  registered  binds,  which  are  payable  only  to  the  parties 
whose  names  are  inscribed  upon  them,  and  can  be  trans- 
ferred only  by  indorsed  assignment. 

11.  In  diem.,  a  unit  of  combining  or  satu- 
ratiug  power  equivalent  to  that  of  one  hydro- 
gen atom.  The  valence  of  an  element  or  group  is  in- 
dicated by  the  number  of  its  bonds.  Thus,  the  carbon 
atom  is  said  to  have  four  bonds,  that  is,  it  may  combine 
directly  with  four  hydrogen  atoms  or  their  equivalents. 
Bonds  are  usually  represented  graphically  by  short  dashes. 
For  instance,  the  valence  of  a  carbon  atom  may  be  repre- 
sented thus :  C=. 

One  or  more  pairs  of  bonds  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
atom  of  an  element  can  unite,  and,  having  saturated  each 
other,  become  as  it  were  latent.     Franklund.  Chemistry. 

12.  In  building:  (a)  Tho  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  made  by  lapping 


bond 

one  over  the  other  as  the  work  is  carried  up.  mi 

thai  a  homogeneous  ami  coherent  mass  maj 

I"-  formed,  which  could  not  i.o  tin-  case  it'  every 

vertical    joint    wore   over  that    below    it.     See 

chain-bond,  cross-bond,  heart-bond,  and  phrases 

below.     (/))  pi.  The  whole  of  the  timbers  dis- 

posed  in  the  walls  of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers, 
trail-plates,  lintels,  and  templets. — 13.  The 
distance  between  the  nail  of  one  slate  in  a  roof 
and  the  lower  edge  of  the  slate  above  it — Active 
bonds,  se. ■  ueiii,  —Arbitration  bond.  Sei  arbitra 
tion.— Average  bond,  in  marine  insurance,  an  under- 
taking in  the  form  of  a  bond,  given  to  the  captain  of  a 
ship  by  consigni  i  B  oi  cargo  subject  to  general  average, 
guaranteeing  payment  oi  their  contribution  when  ascer- 
tained, provided  delivery  of  their  goods  be  made  at  once. 
See  no  co./,-'. —Blank  bond,  a  bond  formerly  used  in 
which  the  space  for  the  creditor's  name  was  hit  blank.— 
Block-and-cross  bond,  a  method  of  building  in  which 
the  outer  face  of  the  wall  is  built  in  cross-bond  and  the 
inmr  face  in  block-bond.—  Bond  for  land,  bond  for  a 
deed,  a  bond  given  by  the  seller  of  land  to  on,,  agreeing 
to  buy  it,  binding  him  to  convey  on  receiving  the  agreed 
price.— Bond  Of  caution,  in  Scots  lair,  aii  obligation  by 
one  person  as  surety  for  another  either  that  he  shall  pay 
a  certain  sum  or  perform  a  certain  act. — Bond  of  cor- 
roboration, an  additional  obligation  granted  by  the 
debtor  in  a  bond,  by  which  he  corroborates  the  original 
obligation.—  Bond  of  indemnity,  a  bond  conditioned  to 
indemnify  the  obligee  against  some  loss  or  liability. — 
Bond  of  presentation,  in  Seots  lair,  a  bond  to  present  a 
debtor  so  that  he  may  be  subjected  to  the  diligence  of  his 
creditor.— Bond  of  relief,  in  Scots  lair,  a  bond  by  the 
principal  debtor  granted  in  favor  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  debtor  binds  himself  to  relieve  the  cautioner  from 
the  consequences  of  his  obligation.— Collateral  trust- 
bonds,  bonds  issued  by  a  corporation  and  secured,  not, 
as  is  usual,  by  a  mortgage  on  its  own  property,  but  by 

plriMll-   ,,1    ilrpoHtlll-.   Ml   tl  U-t.  oil    I  nil  111  f  of  t  lie  1  lollllllold- 

ers  to  be  secured,  mortgage-bonds  of  other  companies  held 
by  it  as  security.  The  interest  paid  on  these  collateral 
trust-bonds  is  usually  less  than  that  received  on  the  bonds 
pledged,  the  surplus  being  used  to  form  a  sinking-fund  for 
the  redemption  of  the  former.— Consolidated  bonds, 
the  name  commonly  given  to  railroad  bonds  secured  by 
mortgage  on  the  entire  line  formed  by  several  consoli- 
dated roads,  in  contradistinction  to  divisional  bonds, 
which  are  obligations  of  the  consolidated  company  se- 
cured by  mortgage  on  some  particular  division  of  the  rail- 
road.—Convertible  bonds,  evidences  of  debt  issued  by 
a  stock  company  which  contain  a  provision  that  they  may 
be  converted  at  the  holder's  will  into  an  equivalent  amount 

of  stock.  —  Di- 
agonal bond,  in 
bricklaying,  the 
simplest  form  of 
raking  bond,  in 
which  the  courses 
are  all  parallel  to 
each  other. —  Di- 
visional bonds. 
See  under  con- 
solidated bonds, 
above.  —  English 
bond,  that  dispo- 
sition of  bricks  in 
a  wall  in  which 
the  courses  are 
alternately  com- 
posed entirely  of 
headers,  or  bricks 
laid  with  their  heads  or  ends  toward  the  face  of  the  wall, 
/aid  ; if  stretchers,  or  bricks  with  their  length  parallel 
to  the  face  of  the 
wall.  —  Flemish 
bond,  that  dis- 
position of  bricks 
in  a  wall  in 
which  each  course 
is  ci  imposed  of 
headers  and 

Btxetchers     alter- 
nately. 

What  is  in  Eng- 
land called  Flem- 
ish bund  is  un- 
known in  Flan- 
ders, and  is  prac- 
tised in  the  Brit- 
ish Isles  alone. 
Enei/c.  Brit..  IV. 

[461. 

Forthcoming  bond,  a  bond  given  by  some  one  guaran- 
teeing that  something  shall  be  produced  or  forthcoming 
at  a  particular  time,  or  when  called  tor.— Garden-bond. 
Same  as  block-burnt.— General  mortgage-bonds,  the 
name  commonly  given  to  a  corporate  mortgage,  which, 
though  nominally  covering  all  property  of  the  company,  is 
of  inferior  security  because  subject  to  prior  mortgages  ot 
various  kinds.  — Good  bond,  an  expression  used  i 

penters  to  denote  the  firm  fastening  of  two  or  more  1 B 

together,  by  tenoning,  mortising,  or  dovetailing.-  Herit- 
able bond,  in  Scots  laic,  a  1 1  for  a  sum  of  money,  to 

which  is  joined  for  the  creditor's  further  security  a  con- 
veyance of  land  or  of  heritage,  to  be  held  by  the  creditor 
in  security  of  the  debt.  — Herring-bone  bond,  in  brick- 
laying, a  kind  of  raking  bond  in  which  the  courses  lie  al 
temately  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so  that  ever.v  t «  ■ 
courses,  taken  together,  present  an  appearance  similar  to 
the  backbone  of  a  fish.— Income-bonds,  bonds  of  a  cor- 
poration  secured  by  a  pledge  of  or  lieu  upon  the  net  in- 
come, after  payment  of  interest  upon  senior  mortgages. 
Cumulative  income-bonds  arc  those  so  expressed  that,  if 
the  net  surplus  income  ot  any  year  i*  not  sufficient  t;>  pay 
full  interest  on  the  income-bond,  the  deficit  is  carried  for- 
ward as  a  lien  upon  such  income  in  following  years,  until 
paid  in  full.— Lloyd's  bond,  a  form  of  legal  instrument 
devised  by  an  English  barrister  named  Lloyd,  to  enable 
railway  and  other  corporate  companies  in  England  to  in. 
crease  their  indebtedness  without  infringing  the  statutes 


]    B 


English  Bond. 
,  face  of  wait ;    s,  end  of  wall :    3,  first- 
course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


1      '1      '  ' . 

h      1  1      II      II      ,1      1 

II      

Il       II       1 

II      II      1 

Il      II      II      II      II      1 

I'll      II      1  1      II 

1       II       II       II       1 

1      I  1      II 

II      M      II      1 

.1— 

"'-"-"F  - 

11  11   11   1 

Flemish  Bond. 
1,  face  of  wall ;    2,  end  of  wall  ;    3,  first- 
course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


bond 

under  which  they  were  incorporated  and  which  prohibited 

borrowing.    This  end  was  act plished  by  issuing  bonds 

bearing  interest  for  work  done  or  for  goods  delivered 
Passive  bonds.  See  active  bonds,  underactive.  Quarry- 
stone  bond,  rubble  masonry.  Raking  bond,  a  method 
of  bricklaying  in  which  the  bricks  are  laid  at  an  angle  in 
tin-  face  of  the  wall  There  are  two  kin. Is.  diagonal  and 
herring  bone.—  Registered  bond,  an  obligation,  usually 
of  a  state  or  corporation,  for  the  payment  of  money,  regis- 
1. 1  i  in  the  holder's  name  on  the  books  of  the  debtor,  and 
represented  by  a  single  certificate  delivered  to  the  credi- 
Running  bond,  in  bricklaying,  same  as  English 
Straw  bond,  a  bond  upon  which  either  fictitious 
names  or  the  names  of  persons  unable  to  pay  the  sum 
guaranteed  are  written  as  names  of  sureties, 
bond1  (bond),  v.  [<  boneP-,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
juit  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded  warehouse,  as 
goods  liable  for  customs  or  exeise  duties,  the 
duties  remaining  unpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken 
out,  but  bonds  being  given  for  their  payment : 
as,  to  l>n/i<I  1,000  pounds  of  tobaeeo. —  2.  To 
grant  a  bond  or  bond  and  mortgage  on  :  as.  to 
bond  property. — 3.  To  convert  into  bonds:  as, 
to  bond  a  debt, — 4.  To  place  a  bonded  debt  up- 
on: a>,  to  bond  a  railroad. —  5.  In  building,  to 
bind  or  hold  together  (bricks  or  stones  in  a  wall) 
by  a  proper  disposition  of  headers  and  stretch- 
ers, or  by  cement,  mortar,  etc.   See  bond1,  n.,12. 

The  lower  parts  i  if  the  palace-walls,  which  are  preserved 
to  a  height  of  eighteen  incites  to  three  feet,  consist  of  quar- 
ry-stones bonded  with  clay.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  526. 
Town-bonding  acts  or  laws,  laws  enacted  by  several  of 
the  United  stales,  authorizing  towns,  counties,  and  other 
municipal  corporations  to  issue  their  corporate  bonds  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  the  construction  of  railroads. 

II.  in  trans.  To  hold  together  from  being 
bonded,  as  bricks  in  a  wall. 

The  imperfectly  shaped  and  variously  sized  stone  as 
dressed  rubble  can  neither  bed  nor  bond  truly. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  448. 
bond-  (bond),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bonde,  peasant, 
servant,  bondman.  ME.  bonde  occurs  in  its 
proper  sense  of  'man  of  inferior  rank,'  also 
as  adj.,  unfree,  bond  (>  ML.  bondus,  AF.  bond, 
bonde),  <  AS.  lunula,  bunda,  a  householder, 
head  of  a  family,  husband  (see  husband),  < 
Icel.  bondi,  contr.  of  boandi,  Intandi,  a  husband- 
man, householder  (=  OSw.  boandi,  bondi,  Sw. 
Dan.  bondi,  a  farmer,  husbandman,  peasant), 
prop.  ppr.  (=  AS.  biicnde)  of  bua  =  AS.  Iiuau, 
dwell,  trans,  occupy,  till.  From  the  same  root 
come  boor,  Boer,  bower3-,  bowers,  bom,  bound*, 
big®,  and  tilt.  fie1.  The  same  element  bond  oc- 
curs unt'elt  in  husband, earlier husband  :  seehus- 
liaiid.  The  word  bond,  prop,  a  noun,  acquired 
an  adjective  use  from  its  frequent  occurrence 
a-  the  antithesis  oifree.  The  notion  of  servi- 
tude is  not  original,  but  is  due  partly  to  the 
inferior  nature  of  the  tenure  held  by  the  tomd 
(def.  2),  and  partly  to  a  confusion  with  the  un- 
related bondi  and  bound,  pp.  of  bind.']     I.t  n. 

1.  A  peasant;  a  churl. — 2.  A  vassal;  a  serf; 
one  held  in  bondage  to  a  superior. 

II.  a.  If.  Subject  to  the  tenure  called  bond- 
age.—  2.  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery; 
not  free. 

Whether  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be  bond 
or  1 1  ■  ICor.  xii.  13. 

Etiche  «V  pore,  free  &  bonde,  that  wol  axe  grace. 

Hymns  to  the  Virgin,  p.  53. 
ten  i  men  A  lay.  fir  &  bond  of  toune. 

Robert  oj  Brvnne,  tr.  by  Langtoft,  p.  171. 

Makyng  then,  selues  bonde  to  vanitie  and  vice  at  home. 

th<      u    i  .  iiu  nt  to  beare  the  yoke  of  seruyng  straungers 

abroad.  Aschaut.  The  Scholemaster,  p.  72. 

3f.  Servile;  slavish;  pertaining  to  or  befitting 
a  slave  :  as,  bond  fear. 

bond-t  (bun. I  i,  r.  t.  [<  bond-,  n.  or  a.]  To 
subject  to  bonds 

bondage  (bon'dag),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boundage;  <  MK.  bondage,  AF.  bondage,  Ml.. 
bondagium,  an  Inferior  tenure  held  bya  bond 
or  husbandman  :  see  /">//>/'-'.  «.,  2.  In  mod.  use 
associated  with  bondi  and  bound1.']  1.  In  old 
Ian-,  villeinage;  tenure  of  land  by  per- 
forming tin-  meanest  services  for  a  superior. 

Li  i  t..  th.viii  beyde, 
I  <  dyke  and  deli,  bere  and  draw, 
And  to  do  alle  unhonesl  deyde. 

Toum*  i  y  WysU  ries,  p.  57. 

2.  In  Scot,  agri.,  tin-  stale  of,  or  services  due 
by,  a  bondager.     See  bondager. 

Anol  I    in  services  called 

h  nda  •  Hi  ewerei  iai  tedi  ithi  in.  ei  .1  timi  ...  plough- 
ing and  harrowing  th.  propi  i.  i  ...  Bummer  in 
ih.  .  arriage  of  his  coals  or  other  fuel,  and  in  harvi  >l  in 

'  nttiii  ■  down  111   .  rop        I   1 1  .  Sui  ..  j   K ardim   hiri . 

[From  .th  win  I..   -. .  ii  thai  formerly 

tem  had  placi    ".a  only,  as  now,  betwi  i  n  farmer 
ami  laborer,  em  ,,  proprii  tor  an. I  fai  mi 

3t.  Obligation;  tic  of  duty;  binding  power  or 
influence. 

ii.  iiin-t  resolve  by  do  mi  am  t..  be  i  nslaved  and  to  be 
brought  under  the  bondage  of  observing  oaths.         South. 


620 

4.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude;  serfdom. 

A  sadly  toiling  slaw  I, 
Dragging  the  slowly  lengthening  chain  of  bondage  t..  the 
grave.  WhUtUr,  Cassandra  Southwick. 

5.  Captivity;  imprisonment;  restraint  of  a 
person's  liberty  by  compulsion. 

\  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage. 

Aihti.-nm.  Cato,  ii.  1. 

6.  Figuratively,  subjection  to  some  power  or 
influence :  as,  he  is  in  bondage  to  his  appetites. 
=  Syn.  4.  Slavery,  etc.  (see  servitude),  thraldom,  serfdom. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bondaged, 
ppr.  bandaging.  [<  bondage,  ».]  To  reduce  to 
blindage  or  slavery;  enslave.  [Obsoleteorrare.] 

bondager  (bon'da-jer),  n.  [<  bondage,  ».,  + 
-i  ;■>.]  In  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England, 
one  who  rents  a  cottage  on  a  farm  and  is 
bound,  as  a  condition  of  his  tenancy,  to  work 
for  the  farmer  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  tur- 
nip-hoeing or  harvest-time,  or  to  supply  it  work- 
er from  his  own  family,  at  current  wages.  See 
bondage,  n.,  2. 

bond-cooper  (bond'kup"er),  n.  One  who  has 
charge  of  casks  of  wine  and  spirits  held  in  bond. 

bond-creditor  (bond'kred'i-tpr),  n.  A  creditor 
who  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

bond-debt  (bond'det),  n.  A  debt  contracted 
under  the  obligation  of  a  bond. 

bonded  (bon'ded),jj.«.  [<  bond1,  v.,  +  -ed?.]  l. 
Secured  by  bonds,  as  duties. —  2.  Put  or  placed 
in  bond :  as,  bonded  goods. —  3.  Encumbered ; 
mortgaged:  as,  heavily  bonded  property. — 4. 
Secured  by  or  consisting  of  bonds:  as,  bonded 
debt — Bonded  debt,  that  part  of  the  entire  indebted- 
ness of  a  corporation,  state,  etc.,  which  is  represented 
by  the  bonds  it  lias  issued,  as  distinguished  from  floating 
debt.— Bonded  warehouse,  or  bonded  store,  a  build- 
ing or  warehouse  in  which  imported  goods  subject  to  duty, 
or  goods  chargeable  with  internal -re  venue  taxes,  are  stored 
until  the  importer  or  bonder  withdraws  them  for  exporta- 
tion without  payment  of  duty  or  tax,  or  makes  payment 
of  the  duties  or  taxes  and  takes  delivery  of  bis  ia>.iiis. 

bonder1  (bon'der),  n.  [<  bond1,  v.,  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  bonds ;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
bonded  warehouse. —  2.  In  masonry,  a  stone 
which  reaches  a  considerable  distance  into  or 
entirely  through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  bind- 
ing it  together :  principally  used  when  the  wall 
is  faced  with  ashler  for  the  purpose  of  tying 
the  facing  to  the  rough  backing.  Also  called 
bond-stone.     See  cut  under  ashler. 

bonder2  (bon'der),  n.  [Erroneously  <  Dan. 
Sw.  Norw.  bonde  (pi.  bonder) :  see  bond",  n.] 
A  yeoman  of  Norway,  Sweden,  or  Denmark. 

The  bonders  gathered  to  the  thing  as  the  ceorls  to  the 
moot.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  55. 

Gradually  arms  were  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  free- 
men and  the  bonders,  and  they  sank  to  the  condition  of 
serfs.  Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  458. 

bonderman  (bon'der-inan),  n.  Same  as  bon- 
der". 

bondfolk  (bond'fok),  n.  [<  ME.  bondefolk  (= 
Sw.  bondjhll:  =  Dan.  bondefolk) ;  <  bond?  +  folic] 
Persons  held  in  bondage.     Chaucer. 

bondholder  (bond'hol"der),  n.  One  who  holds 
or  owns  a  bond  or  bonds  issued  by  a  govern- 
ment, a  corporation,  or  an  individual. 

The  South  had  bonds  and  bondholders  as  well  as  the 
North,  and  their  bondholders  have  memories  as  well  as 
ours.  JV.  A.  Iter..  CXXVZ  498. 

bondland  (bond'land),  n.  [<  bond"  +  laud.] 
Land  held  by  bondage  tenure.  See  bondage, 
«.,  1. 

bondless  (bond'les),  a.  [<  bond1  +  -less.] 
Without  bonds  or  fetters;  unfettered. 

bondlyt,  adr.    [<  lioial-  +  -li/-.]    As  a  serf  or 

slave;  servilely. 
bondmaid  (bond'mad),  n.     [<  bond2  +  maid.] 
A  femalo  slave,  or  a  female  bound  to  service 
without  wages. 
Thy  bondmen  and  thy  bondmaids.  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

bondman  (bond'man),  n. ;  pi.  bondmen  (-men.) 
[ME.  Iioudeiuau  =  Dan.  bondeiuaud :  <  bund"  + 
man.]  1.  In  old  ling,  law,  a  villein,  or  tenant 
in  villeinage. 

Sometimes  a  farmer  when  seed-time  was  over  mustered 
his  bondmen  for  a  harvest  of  pillage  ere  the  time  came 
for  harvesting  bis  fields.    ./.  /.'.  Green,  Conq.,  of  Eng.,  p.  ail. 

2.  A  man  slave,  or  a  man  bound  In  service 
without  wages.  Also  improperly  written  bonds- 
man.    Bondman  blind i.    Same  as  blindman'e-buff,  l. 

bond-paper  (bond'pa'per),  n.  A  kind  of  thin, 
imcalendered  paper  made  of  extra  stock,  used 
lor  printing  bonds,  etc. 

bond-servant  (boti'l'ser  vant),  M.  A  slave;  one 
who  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  another, 
and  who  must  give  his  service  without  hire. 


bone 

If  thy  brother  ...  be  waxen  poor,  and  be  sold  unto 
thee,  thou  shalt  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  bond-ser- 
vant. Lev.  xxv.  39. 

bond-service  (bond'ser"vis),  n.  Service  with- 
out hire,  as  of  a  bond-servant ;  slavery. 

Upon  those  did  Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  bondservice. 

1  Ki,  ix.  21. 

bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a  state 
of  slavery;  one  whoso  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master ;  a  slave ; 
a  bondman. 

bondsman1  (bondz ' man),  n. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  [<  bond's,  poss.  of  bond1,  +  man.] 
In  law,  a  surety;  one  who  is  bound  or  who 
by  bond  becomes  surety  for  another. 

bondsman'-'  (bondz 'man),  «.;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).     Same  as  bondman,  2. 

bond-Stone  (bond'ston),  n.  [<  bond1, 12  («),  + 
stone.]     Same  as  bonder1,  2. 

bondswoman  (bondz'wum'an),  n.;  pi.  bonds- 
women (-wim"en).     See  bondwoman. 

The  senators 
Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  bondswomen. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

bond-tenant  (bond'ten"ant),  n.  [<  bond?  + 
tenant.]  In  law,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
copyholders  and  customary  tenants. 

bond-timber  (bond'tini"ber),  n.  [<  bond1,  12 
(b),  +  timber.]  One  of  the  timbers  placed  in 
horizontal  tiers  at  certain  intervals  in  the  walls 
of  buildings,  for  fixing  battens,  laths,  and  other 
finishings  of  wood,  and  for  strengthening  the 
wall  longitudinally.     Also  called  chain-timber. 

bonduc-seeds  (bon'duk-sedz),  n.  pi.  [<  bonduc 
(<  F.  bonduc,  <  Ar.  bonduq,  a  hazel-nut,  for- 
merly applied  to  some  other  nut;  cf.Ar.  funiluq 
=  Hind,  finduq,  <  Pers.  funduq,  fmduq,  OPers. 
feudal:,  ptndak,  a  filbert,  perhaps  =  Skt.  pin- 
daka,  dim.  of  pinda,  a  ball,  lump,  cake)  + 
seeds.]  The  seeds  of  t'a-sal/iiuia  BonduceUa,  a 
common  leguminous  climber  ou  tropical  shores. 

They  are  of  a  clear  slate-color,  and  are  used  for  necklaceB, 
rosaries,  etc.     Also  called  nicker-7iuts. 

bondwoman  (bond'wum"an),  ». ;  pi.  bondwomt  u 

(-wim"en).  [<  ME.  bond-innumau,  <  bonde  (see 
bond")  +  womman,  woman.]  A  female  slave. 
Also  improperly  written  bondswoman. 
bone1  (bon),  «.  [=  Sc.  bane,  bain  ;  <  ME.  boon, 
lion,  ban,  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  a  bone,  =  OS.  ben  = 
OFries.  ben  =  D.  been  =  MLG.  ben,  LO.  been  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  bcin,  a  bone,  =  Icel.  bein  =  Sw. 
ben  =  Dan.  ben,  been  (D.  G.  Icel.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  also  in  sense  of  'leg');  perhaps  akin 
to  Icel.  beinn,  straight.]     1.  An  animal  tissue, 


mm ': 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone. 
A,  cross-section  showing  two  Haversian  canals,  a,  <i.  and  mimeroiis 
corpuscles,  b.  b.     F,  longitudinal  section  showing  a,  «,  a,  Haversian 
canals,  and  b,  many  corpuscles. 

consisting  of  branching  cells  lying  in  an  in- 
tercellular substance  made  hard  with  earthy 
salts  (consisting  of  calcium  phosphate  with 
small  amounts  of  calcium  earhonate  ;ui<l  mag- 
nesium  phosphate,  etc.),  ami  forming  tin-  snii- 
slaiH-e  of  the  skeleton  or  hard  framework  of 
tlic  body  of  most  vertebrate  animals.  When  t h>- 
i  Miiiiy  salts  are  removed,  the  remaining  Intercellular 
substance  is  of  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  la  called 
ossein  nr  bone-cartilage. 

Through  the  substance  of  hour  arc  scattered  minute 
cavities  -the  lacunas,  which  Bend  nut  multitudinous 
ramifications,  the  caualiculi.  The  canaliculi  of  differ*  nt 
lacuna  unite  together,  ami  thus  establish  a  communi- 
cation between  the  different  lacuna'.  It  the  earthy 
matter  be  extracted  by  dilute  acids,  a  nucleus  ma]  be 
found  in  each  lacuna;  ami,  .  .  .  not  unfrequently,  the 
intermediate  substance  appears  minutely  flbrillated.  .  .  . 
In  :i  dry  bone,  the  lacuna;  are  usually  tilled  with  air. 
When  a  thin  section  of  such  a  bone  is  .  .  .  covered  with 
water  and  a  thin  glass,  and  placed  under  the  microscope, 
the  air  in  the  lacunas  refracts  the  light  which  passes 
through  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  its  reach- 
ing the  eye,  and  they  appear  black Ul  bones,  ex- 
cept the  smallest,  are  traversed  by  small  canals,  con- 
verted by  side  branches  into  a  net-work,  and  containing 
*>•  ■■■■'  Is  supported  by  more  or  less  connective  tissue  and 
fatty  matter.    These  are  called  Haversian  canals. 

Huxley  and  Yov/mwnx,  Physiol.,  §  350. 
2.  One  of  the  parts  which  make  up  the  skele- 
ton or  framework  of  vertebrate  animals:  ns,  a 
bom  nf  the  leg  or  head.  Bones  of  cattle  and  other 
animals  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts  in  forming  knitr- 
handles,  buttons,  combs,  etc.,  in  making  Blze,  gelatin, 
lampblack,  and  animal  charcoal,  and  for  various  other 
purposes.    They  are  also  extensively  employed  as  a  ma- 


bone 

nure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  best  effect,  betas  ground 
to  dust,  bruised,  or  broken  Into  small  fragments  in  mills, 

or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  arid.    The  great  utility  of  I <-s 

as  a  manure  arises  from  the  phosphate  of  lime  they  sup- 
ply t"  the  soil. 

3.  j)l.  The  boues  of  the  body  taken  collectively ; 
the  skeleton;  hence,  the  bodily  frame;  a  body. 

Night  hangs  upon  mine  eyes:  my  bones  would  rest 
That  luiye  hut  labour'd  to  attain  tins  hour. 

Shak.,  .1.  c.  v.  :,. 

4.  pi.  Mortal  remains :  the  skeleton  or  bony 
structure  being  the  most  permanent  pari  of  8 
dead  body. 

And  Moses  took  the  bones  of  Joseph  with  him  :  for  he 
had  straitly  sworn  the  children  of  Israel,  saying,  God  will 
surely  visit  you;  and  ye  shall  carry  up  my  bones  awaj 
hence  with  you.  Ex.  xiii.  19. 

5.  The  internal  shell  of  cuttlefishes  of  the  fam- 
ily Sepiidce,  having  the  consistency  of  bone. 
Generally  called  cuttle-bone  or  cuttlefish-bone. — 

6.  Something  made  of  bone,  or  of  a  substance 
resembling  bone,    as   ivory,   whalebone,   etc. 

(a)  pi.  Dice.    [Slang  or  colloq.] 

lie  felt,  a  little  odd  when  he  first  rattled  the  bones. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  ti. 

(b)  }>!.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  bobbins  used  in  mak- 
ing lace,  because  made  of  bone. 

The  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the  sun, 
And  the  free  maids,  that  weave  their  thread  with  bones. 

Shale,  T.  N.,ii.  4. 

(c)  pi.  Pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  wood,  used  in  pairs,  held 
between  the  fingers,  and  rattled  together  to  produce  a 
kind  of  music,  or  to  keep  time  to  music. 

I  have  a  reasonable  good  ear  in  music;  let  us  have  the 
tongs  and  the  bones.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

Peter  rolling  about  in  the  chair  like  a  serenader  play- 
ing the  bones.  Mayhew. 

(d)  A  strip  of  whalebone  used  to  stiffen  stays,  etc. 

7.  pi.  A  person  who  performs  with  the  bones. 
There  were  five  of  them  —  Pell  was  bones.  Mayhew. 

8\.  Half  of  the  stake  in  the  game  of  bone-ace 
(which  see). — 9.  In  coal-mining,  slaty  or  clayey 

portions  or  partings  in  coal A  hone  to  pick, 

something  to  occupy  one;  a  difficulty,  dispute,  etc.,  to 
solve  or  settle  ;  a  cause  of  contention. — Angular  bone. 
See  angu tor.— Articular  bone.  Same  as  articularc  — 
Bag  of  bones.  See  bagi.—  Bone  of  contention,  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  or  rivalry :  probably  from  the  manner  in 
which  dogs  quarrel  over  a  bone. 

While  any  flesh  remains  on  a  bone,  it  continues  a  i»>nr 
of  contention.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  249. 

Sardinia  was  one  of  the  chief  bonesof  contention  between 
Genoa  and  Pisa.  Brougham. 

Bone  porcelain,  a  name  given  to  fine  pottery  in  the  com- 
position of  which  hone-dust  has  been  used.  — BoneS  Of 
Berlin  in  anat.,  two  small,  triangular,  turbinated  bones, 
often  found  beneath  the  small  opening  of  the  sphenoidal 
sinus;  the  sphenoidal  spongy  bones,  or  sphenoturbinals. 

—  Canaliculi  of  bone.  See  canaliculus.—  Coracoid, 
coronary,  cotyloid,  cranial  bone.  See  the  adjectives. 
—Crazy  bone,  same  as  funny-bone— Cuneiform,  cy- 
lindrical, etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.  — Earth  Of 
bone.  See  earth.—  Epactal  bone,  in  anat.,  the  Wormian 
bone  at  the  superior  angle  of  the  occipital  bone. —  Eth- 
moid bone.  See  ethmoid.  -Funny  bone.  See  funny- 
bone.— Hyoid  bone.  Same  as  Avoid,  ».— Hyomandibu- 
lar,  marsupial,  etc,  bone.  See  the  adjectives— Na- 
vicular, occipital,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— The 
ten  bones,  the  ten  fingers. 

By  these  ten  bones,  my  lords,  he  did  speak  them  to  me 
in  the  garret  one  night.  Shak.,  '2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

To  be  upon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.   [Rare  and  vulgar.] 

Puss  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bones  of  him, 
but  was  not  willing  to  pick  a  quarrel.     Sir  It.  L'Estraw.ie. 

To  carry  a  bone  in  the  mouth,  to  throw  up  a  foam  or 
spray  under  the  bows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

See  how  she  leaps,  as  the  blasts  o'ertake  her, 
And  speeds  away  with  a  bone  in  her  mouth  ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  v. 
To  find  bones  in,  to  be  unable  to  swallow :  in  allusion  to 
the  occurrence  of  fish-bones  in  soup.  — To  have  a  bone 
in  one's  leg,  throat,  etc.,  to  he  unable  to  go,  talk,  etc.; 
a  feigned  excuse.  — To  make  no  bones  of,  to  make  or 
have  no  scruples  about,  or  in  regard  to.  [Now  only 
colloq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  made  no 
boms  of  inurther.  Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

To  put  a  bone  in  any  one's  hoodt,  to  break  a  person's 
head,  or  cut  it  off.— Without  more  bones,  without 
further  objection  or  scruple. —  Wormian  bones,  small 
or  irregular  bones  frequently  found  in  the  course  of  the 
sutures  of  the  skull.  They  occur  chiefly  in  the  sutures 
between  the  parietals  and  other  bones,  and  are  of  no  de- 
terminate size,  shape,  or  number.  Sometimes  there  are 
none,  sometimes  several  hundred. 
bone1  (bon),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  boned,  ppr.  bon- 
ing. [<  bone1,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  out 
the  bones  of:  as,  to  bone  a  tirrkey,  a  ham,  etc. 

—  2.  To  put  whalebone  into. — 3.  To  manure 
with  bone-dust. — 4.  To  seize;  make  off  with, 
as  a  dog  makes  off  with  a  bone  ;  get  possession 
of ;  appropriate ;  steal.     [Slang.] 

Why  you  were  living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
who  you  boned  it  from,  wasn't  it?  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  [Appar.  <  bone1,  n.,  in  allusion 
to  the  knuckle;  cf.  the  equiv.  phrase  knuckle 
down  (to  a  task).]  To  apply  one's  self  dili- 
gently;  set  one's  self  determinedly  to  work: 


621 

as,  to  bone  down  (o  hard  work;  ho  boned  hard. 
[SlangJ 
bone-',  born'-',  bourn''  (bon,  bom),  v.  t.  \  A 
word  of  uncertain  Conn  and  origin,  commonly 
bone  (chiefly  in  tin1  verbal  a.  boning),  but  prdb. 
orig.  bourn,  being  appar.  a  particular  (trade  i 
use  of  bourn-,  bourne-,  its  u  verb,  limit:  Bee 
bourn-,  bourne-.]  'I'.,  take  I  lie  level  of  (a  piece 
of  land,  a  wall,  enrpontry-woi-k,  and  the  like) 
by  means  of  an  instrument.     See  boning. 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  mason  said  to  me,  "lake  a  squint, 
please,  and  see  if  the  ridge-piece  is  square  and  level  ; 
bourne  it  by  the  wall  plate."    Bourne  is  in  common  use 

in  this  neighbour!) 1      twenty  miles  from  Stratford-on- 

Avon.  .V  and  ','.,  7th  ser.,  III.  95. 

bone3t  (bon),  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
boon1.     Chauci  r, 

bone4t  (bon),  a.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
boon-. 

bone-acet  (bon'iis),  n.  1.  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  the  third  card  dealt  to  each  person  is 
turned  up,  and  the  player  who  has  the  highest 
card  wins  the  bone,  that  is,  half  the  stake. — 
2.  The  ace  of  diamonds,  the  highest  card  in  this 
game. 

bone-ache  (bon'ak),  n.    Pain  in  the  bones. 

bone-ash  (bon'ash),  n.    Same  as  bone-earth. 

bone-bed  (bon'bed),  n.  In  geol.,  any  stratum 
of  rock  which  is  largely  made  up  of  fragments 
of  bones,  or  in  which  bones  and  teeth  occur  in 
such  quantity  as  to  be  conspicuous.  There  are 
two  especially  well-known  bone-beds  in  Europe.  One, 
called  the  Ludlow,  in  England,  is  near  the  tup  of  the  Up- 
per Silurian  ;  although  only  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  it 
is  continuous  over  an  area  of  at  least  a  thousand  square 
miles;  it  is  full  of  fragments  of  fish-bones,  crustaceans,  and 

shells.    The  other  I bed  is  on  the  Rhsetic,  at  the  top 

of  the  Trias  ;  this  contains  the  bones  and  teeth  of  fishes, 
with  coprolites,  etc.;  it  is  found  both  in  England  and  in 
Germany. 

bone-binder  (b6n'bin"der),  h.  A  name  for  os- 
teoeolla  (which  see). 

bone-black  (bou'blak),  n.  The  black  carbo- 
naceous substance  into  which  bones  are  con- 
verted by  calcination  in  closed  vessels.  This 
kind  of  charcoal  is  employed  to  deprive  various  solutions, 
particularly  syrups,  of  their  coloring  matters,  and  to  fur- 
nish a  black  pigment.  Artificial  bone-black  consists  of 
woody  matters  impregnated  with  calcium  phosphate  dis- 
solved in  hyilinrlil.ii  ir  acid,  thus  resembling  the  real  bone- 
black  in  composition.  Also  called  animal  black,  animal 
charcoal.—  Bone-black  furnace,  a  furnace  used  in  re- 
moving from  hone-black,  by  burning,  impurities  collected 
in  it  during  its  use  in  filtration,  decolorization,  etc. 

bone-breaker  (bon'bra"ker),  »i.  1.  Anameof 
the  giant  fulmar  petrel,  Ossifraga  gigtmtca. — 
2.  A  book-name  of  the  osprey,  fish-hawk,  or 
ossifrage,  Pandion  hdliaetus. 

bone-breccia  (bon'brecb/i-a),  n.  In  geol.,  a  con- 
glomerate of  fragments  of  bones  and  limestone 
cemented  into  a  rock  by  calcareous  matter. 
Such  deposits  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  caverns  which 
in  prehistoric  times  were  resorted  to  by  man  and  wild 
beasts. 

bone-brown  (bon'broun),  ii.  A  brown  pigment 
produced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they 
become  brown  throughout. 

bone-cartilage  (bOn'kiirti-laj),  n.  laphysiol., 
same  as  ossein. 

bone-cave  (bon'kav),  n.  A  cave  in  which  are 
found  bones  of  animals  of  living  or  extinct 
species,  or  species  living  only  in  far  distant  lo- 
calities or  a  different  climate  within  historic 
times,  sometimes  wit  h  the  bones  of  man  or  other 
traces  of  his  contemporaneous  existence. 

The  brick-earths  also  contain  the  remains  of  a  species 
of  lion  (Felis  spelsea),  no  longer  living,  hut  which  is  like- 
wise found  in  some  of  the  l^um-ein-es  of  this  country. 

Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  283. 

boned  (bond),  p.  a.  [<  bone1  +  -ed1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bones  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composi- 
tion):  as,  high-boned;  strong-Sowed. —  2.  In 
cookery,  freed  from  bones:  as,  a  honed  fowl. 

bone-dog  (bon'dog),  n.  A  local  English  name 
of  the  common  dogfish,  Squalus  acanthias.  See 
cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-dust  ( bon'dust),  n.  Bones  ground  to  dust 
for  use  as  manure.     See  bone1,  «.,  2. 

bone-earth  (bon'erth),  n.  The  earthy  or  min- 
eral residue  of  bones  which  have  been  calcined 
or  burned  with  free  access  of  air  so  as  to  destroy 
the  animal  matter  and  carbon,  it  is  a  white,  po- 
rous, and  friable  substance,  composed  chiefly  of  calcium 
phosphate,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the  material  for 
cupels  and  in  making  china,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
called  bone-ash, 

bone-eater  (bon'e'ter),  n.  A  sailors'  corrup- 
tion of  lionito. 

bonefiret  (bon'fir),  n.    See  bonfire. 

bone-fish  (bon'fisu),  h.  1.  A  name  of  the  lady- 
fish,  macabe,  or  French  mullet,  Albula  wipes. 
See  cut  under  lady  fish, —  2.  A  fish  of  the  fami- 


bone-spirit 

ly  Tcutliididic  and  genus  Teuthis  or  .tciiuthurus ; 
a  Burgeon-  or  doctor-fish.  —  3.  A  name  of  the 
common  dogfish,  Squalus  acanthias,  in  southern 
New  England.    See  cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-flower  (b6n'flou"er),  n.  In  the  north  of 
England,  the  daisy,  Bellis perennis. 

bone-glass  (bon'glas),  u.  A  glass  made  by 
adding  to  white  glnsx  from  into  120  per  cent,  of 
white  bone-earth,  or  a  corresponding  quantity 
of  mineral  phosphates.  It  is  of  a  milk-white 
color,  semi-opaque,  and  is  used  for  lamp-shades, 
etc. 

bone-glue  (bon'glo),  ».  An  inferior  kind  of 
glue  obtained  from  bones. 

bone-lace  (bon'las),  n.  Lace,  usually  of  linen 
thread,  made  on  a  cushion  with  bobbins,  and 
taking  its  sole  or  chief  decorative  character 
from  the  pattern  woven  into  it,  as  distinguished 
from  point-lace:  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
the  bobbins  were  originally  made  of  bone. 

boneless  (bon'les),  a.  [<'  ME.  /amies,  <  AS. 
honbiis,  <  ban,  bone,  +  -leas,  -less.]  Without 
bones;  wanting  bones:  as,  "his  boneless  gums," 
Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

bonelet  (bon'let),  «.  [<  bone1  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
small  bone ;  an  ossicle :  as,  bonelets  of  the  ear. 

Bonellia  (bo-nel'i-a),  w.  [XL.,  named  after 
Francesco  Andrea  Bonelli,  aft  Italian  naturalist 
(died  in  1830).]  1.  A  genus  of  ehsetophorous 
gephyreans,  related  to  Echiurus,  and  having, 
like  it,  a  pair  of  tubular  ciliated  organs  opening 
communication  between  the  rectum  and  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  It  is  provided  with  a  single 
long  tentacular  appendage  upon  the  head. —  2. 
A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Desvoidy,  1830. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  gastropodous  mollusks.  Des- 
hayes,  1838. 

bohelliid  (bo-nel'i-id),  n.  A  gephyrean  of  the 
family  Bonelliidce. 

Bonelliidae  (bo-ne-H'i-de),  n.  pi.  [ML.,  <  Bonel- 
lia +  -idee.']  A  family  of  gephyreans,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bonellia  (which  see). 

bone-manure  (bon'ma-nur"),  n.  Manure  con- 
sisting of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken  in  small 
pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  See 
bone1,  «.,  2. 

bone-mill  (bon'inil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  or 
bruising  bones,  used  in  the  preparation  of  fer- 
tilizers, bone-black,  etc. 

bone-naphtha  (bon'naftha),  n.  A  volatile  li- 
quid, boiling  at  150°  F.,  obtained  by  the  repeat- 
ed rectification  of  the  more  volatile  portion  of 
Dippel's  oil. 

bone-nippers  (bon'nip'erz),  n.  pi.  A  strong 
forceps  with  cutting  edges  touching  each  other, 
used  in  cutting  off  splinters  of  bone  and  car- 
tilages. 

bone-oil  (bon'oil),  n.  A  fetid,  tarry  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  bone.  See 
Dippel's  oil,  under  oil. 

bone-phosphate  (b6n'fos"fat),  n.  Acommercial 
name  for  tricalcium  phosphate,  Ca3(PO.t)o ;  the 
phosphate  which  forms  bone-tissue,  and  which 
makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  phosphatic 
rock  of  South  Carolina  and  other  localities. 

bone-pot  (bon'pot),  ».  1.  A  cast-iron  pot  in 
which  bones  are  carbonized:  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  animal  charcoal. — 2.  A  common 
name  of  the  ancient  British  funeral  urns  often 
found  under  ground  in  England. 

boneset  (bon'set),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  boncset, 
ppr.  bonesetting.  To  set  bones;  practise  the 
setting  of  broken  bones.     Wiseman.    [Rare.] 

boneset  (bon'set),  n.  [<  honest  t.  v. ;  from  its 
supposed  properties.]  1.  The  thoroughwort, 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum.  See  Eupatorium. — 2. 
In  England,  an  old  name  for  the  comfrey,  Sym- 
phytum officinale. 

bone-setter  (bon'sefer),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones; 
one  who  has  a  knack  at  setting  bones:  gen- 
erally applied  to  one  who  is  not  a  regularly 
qualified  surgeon. 

bone-setting  (bou'sefing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
boneset,  c]  The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. 

bone-shark  (bon'shark),  n.  A  common  name 
along  the  New  England  coast  of  Cetorhinus 
maximus,  the  basking-shark.  See  cut  under 
luisking-sliark. 

bone-shawt,  «•    Sciatica  or  hip-gout.    X.  E.  D. 

bone-spavin  (bon'spavnn),  n.  In  farriery,  a 
disease  of  the  bones  at  the  hock-joint. 

bone-spirit  (bon'spir'it),  n.  Crude  ammonia- 
cal  liquor  containing  various  substances,  ob- 
tained in  the  process  of  manufacturing  charcoal 
from  bones. 


bone-turquoise 
bone-turquoise  (bon'ter-koiz'),  n.    A  fossil 

bone  or  tooth  colored  l>ii<;ht-l>luo,  probably  by 
phosphate  of  iron:  early  used  :i~  an  imitation 
of  inn'  turquoise.    Sometimes  called  odontolitt . 

bone-waste  (bon'wast),  »•  The  dust  or  refuse 
of  bones  after  the  gelatin  has  been  extra. -ted 
from  them. 

bone-yard  (bon'yard),  n.  1.  A  knacker's  yard. 
—  2.  Agraveyard.    [Slang.] — 3.  In  the  game 

of  dominoes,  the  pieces  reserved  to  draw  from. 

bonfire  (bon'fir),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.boonjire, 
bondfire,  bounfire,  later  burnfire,  but  reg.  bon- 
ftn  orbonefire,  Se.banefire;  < late  ME.  bonefyre, 


622 


bonnet 


<  faccre,  make.    Cf.  benefit.]     To  convert  into  bonnet  (bon'et),  n,     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonet, 


So.  banefyre  (the  earliest  known  instance  is 
"banefyre,  ignis  osshun,"  in  the  "Catholieon 
Anglicum,"  a.  d.  1483);  <  bom  '  (So.  bane,  ME. 
bone,  bon,  Sane,  etc.)  +fire.  The  vowel  is  short- 
ened before  two  consonants,  as  in  collier,  etc. 
The  W.  banffagl,  also  spelled  bonffagl,  a  bonfire, 

as  if  <  ban,  lofty,  +  ffagl,  name,  blaze,  appears  boning-rod  (bo'ning-rod),  n. 
to  have   been  'formed   in   imitation  of  the   E.     boning.     See  bonmg. 
word.]     If.  A  fire  of  bones.— 2f.   A  funeral  bonitarian  (bon-i-ta'ri-nn),  it 


good;  make  good;  ameliorate:  as. ''to  bonifie 
evils,"  Cudtoorth,  Intellectual  System.   [Rare.] 

boniness  (bo'ni-nes),  n.  [<  bony  +  -»(»■.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  bony. 

\  painful  reminder  ol  the  exceeding  Sorriness  of  Orem- 
nitz'aknuokles.  Tl,<  Century, XXVin.  89. 

boning, homing  (bo'ning, bor'ning), n .  [Verbal 
n.  of  bone2,  born-,  and  thus  prob.  orig.  *bourn- 
ing:  see  bone2.']  The  act  or  art  of  determin- 
ing a  level  or  plane  surface  or  a  straight  level 
line  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners  and  ma- 
sons "try  up"  their  work  by  boning  with  two  straight- 
edges, a  process  which  determines  whether  the  surface  is 
uneven  or  is  a  true  plane.  Surveyors  anil  architects  per- 
form the  operation  by  means  of  poles,  called  boning- or 
borning-rods,  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These  are  ad- 
justed to  the  required  line  by  looking  along  their  vertical 
surfaces.  Gardeners  also  employ  a  similar  simple  device 
in  laying  out  grounds,  to  guide  them  in  making  the  sur- 
face level  or  of  regular  slope. 

The  rod  used  in 


<  ME.  bonet,  bonette,  bonat.  <  OF.  bond,  bonnet, 
bonnet,  mod.  1*.  bonnet  (=  Pr.  boneta  =  Sp.  bo- 
rn i<  ;  cf.  I).  bonnet  =  MHG.  bonit  =  Gael,  bo- 
Htiiil.-TilL.boiii liis.bonctiini.alsoboneta.bonneta), 
bonnet,  cap  (hence  the  naut.  sense,  ME.  bonet, 

<  OF.  bonette,  V.  bonnette,  bonnet);  prop,  the 
name  of  a  stuff  (ML.  bonetus,  bonnetus,  bonetum, 
bonnctiim)  of  which  the  thing  (chapel  de  bonet, 
hat  or  cap  of  bonet)  was  made.  Perhaps  of 
Eastern  origin ;  ef .  Hind,  bandt,  woolen  cloth, 
broadcloth.]  1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  worn 
by  men  and  boys,  and  differing  from  a  hat 
chiefly  in  having  no  brim;  a  cap,  usually  of 
Some  soft  material.  In  Scotland  tlic  term  is  applied 
to  any  kind  of  cap  worn  by  men,  but  specifically  to  the 
distinctively  Scotch  closely  woven  and  seamless  caps  of 
wool,  usually  of  a  dark-blue  color,  known  as  glengarry* 
(worn  liy  the  Highland  regiments  in  undress  uniform),  bat- 
morals,  braid  bonnets,  kilmarnocKs,  etc. 


Off  goes  his  bonnet  to  an  oyster-wench. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II., 


.  4. 


pile ;  a  pyre.—  3.  A  lire  for  the  bunting  of  here- 
tics, proscribed  books,  etc.  Hence— 4.  Any 
great  blazing  fire  made  in  the  open  air  for 
amusement,  or  for  the  burning  of  brushwood, 
weeds,  rubbish,  etc.  Specifically  — 5.  A  fire 
kindled,  usually  in  some  open  and  conspicu- 
ous place,  such  as  a  hill-top  or  public  square, 
as  ;m  expression  of  public  joy  or  exultation,  or 
as  a  beacon. 

Ring  ye  the  bels,  to  make  it  weare  away, 

Ami  bon*  /  •  rs  make  all  day. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  275. 


[<  L.  bon  i tax, 


goodness,  bounty  (see  ftoiwi .//),  +  -arian.]  Equi- 
table: used  to  characterize  a  class  or  form  of 
rights  recognized  by  Roman  law,  in  contra- 
distinction t  o  qniritarian,  which  corresponds  to 
legal  in  modem  law — Bonitarian  ownership  or 
title,  the  title  or  ownership  recognized  in  Roman  law  by 
the  pretors  in  a  person  not  having  ahsolute  legal  (or  ((Uni- 
tarian) title,  liccause  claiming  by  an  informal  transfer,  or 
claiming,  under  some  circumstances,  by  a  formal  transfer 
made  by  one  not  the  true  owner.  It  corresponded  some- 
what to  the  equitable  ownership  recognized  by  courts  of 
equity,  as  distinguished  from  legal  title  at  common  law. 

bonitary  (bon'i-ta-ri),  a.     k=™«  »«  hnn.itn.nnm. 


Same  as  bonitarian. 


The  Citizens  and  Subjects  of  Bohemia,  .  .  .  ioyfullthat  bonitO  (bo-ne'to);    •».     [Formerly  also   boneto 


there  wasan  lliyie  apparent  to  the  Kingdome,  made  Bone 
nd  Bhewes  throughout  all  the  Cittie. 

liieenc,  Pandosto. 
There  was  however  order  given  for  bonfires  and  bells  ; 
lull  God   knows  it  was  rather  a  deliverance  than  a  tri- 
umph. Evelyn,  Diary,  June  6,  1666. 

bongar  (bon'giir),  h.  [Native  name.]  A  large 
venomous  East  Indian  serpent:  also  called 
rochsnafo .     See  Bungarus. 

Bongarus,  n.    See  Bungarus. 

bongracet  (bon'gras),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hum-,  bond-,  Imiiii-,  linn-,  boongrace,  <  F.  bonne- 
grace,  "the  uppermost  Hap  of  the  down-hang- 
ino;  tail  of  a  French  hood,  whence  belike  our 
Boongract  "  (Cotgrave);  <  6on»e,  fem.  of  bon, 
good,  +  nme,  i  new  i/r, ice),  grace:  see  boon3 
and  grace.']  A  shade  formerly  worn  by  women 
on  the  front  of  a  bonnet  to  protect  the  com- 
plexion from  the  sun ;  also,  a  large  bonnet  or 
broad-brimmed  hat  serving  the  same  purpose. 
[My  face)  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a  bongrace  when  I  was 
young.  '•-  ""   and  Ft.,  The  Captain,  ii.  1. 

Ye  wad  laugh  well  to  see  my  round  face  at  the  far  end 
of  a  strae  bongrace,  that  looks  as  muckle  and  round  as 
the  middle  aisle  in  Libberton  Kirk. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

bongret,  t'lr.  and  )irep.,  orig.  phr.  [Early  mod. 
E.  boiiii  gree,  <  ME.  bongre,  <  OF.  {de)  bon  gre, 
(of)  good  will:  see  bon±,  boon3,  and  gree2,  and 
ctmaugre.]  I.  adv.  With  good  will:  now  used 
only  as  French  lion  gre,  in  the  phrase  bon  gre 
mill  gre,  willingly  or  unwillingly ;  willy-nilly. 
II.  prep.  Agreeably  to. 

bonhomie  (bon-o-me  ),  re.    [F.,  <  bonhomme,  a 

simple,  easy  man,  <  bun,  good   (see  Innnfi),  + 

hiiiiiini ,  <  L.  homo, man.    (9.  goodman.]    Frank 

and  simple  good-heartedness ;  a  good-natured  bonityt 

manner. 

other  redeeming  qualities  of  the  Meccan  are  his 

co hi  lus   manly  suavity  of  manners, 

.  .  .  ami  his  general  knowledge 

/.',  F.  Burton,  El  Mcdinah,  p.  4111. 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas),  «.  [From  the  namo  of  the 
landlord  in  Farquhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem." 
It  is  the  V.  form  of  ML.  Bonifacius,  a  frequent 
proper  name,  meaning  'beneficent,'  <  L.  bo- 
iod,  +  (mere,  do.]  A  landlord  or  inn- 
keeper. 

bonification  (bon'i-fi-ka'shon),  re.     [<  ML.  as 
it'    bi  ■-),  <iniiiiiieiiri :  Bee  bonify.]   If. 

Amelioration ;  bel  terment. 

Mr  v.  ker,  in  his  discourse,  proposes,  among  his  boni- 
fication if  revenue  >  uppression  of  our  two  free  ports 
of  Bayonne  ami  [/Orient. 

ion,  Correspondence,  1 1.  462. 
2.  The  paving  of  a  bonus.     V.  /.'.  I). 

boniform  (bon'i-fdrm),  a.     [<  L.  bonus,  g 1. 

+  fur  urn.  form.  |  Saving  tin-  nature  of  good- 
ie -;  akin  to  what  is  good  or  to  the  chief  good. 
[Rare.] 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  both  bi  aid  to  be 
boniform  tbi  I  nteuectual  Sj  tern. 

bonify  (bon'i-fi),  r.    t.;   pret.  and    pp.   Imnilinl, 

ppr.  bonifying.  [<  V.  bonifier,  <  ML.  bonificare, 
make  good  or  better,  '  L.  bonus,  good,  +  -flcari , 


bonita,  boneta,  bonuto,  etc.;  =  F.  bonitc,  former- 
ly bonito  =  G.  bonit,  bonitf.seh,  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bo- 
nito,  said  to  be  <  Ar.  hainith,  bainis,  a  bonito, 
but  perhaps  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bonito,  pretty  good, 
good,  pretty,  dim.  of  bueno  (—  Pg.  bom),  good: 
see  boon3.]  A  name  applied  primarily  to  pela- 
gic fishes  of  the  family  ScombridoB,  of  a  robust 
fusiform  shape,  and  secondarily  to  others  sup- 
posed to  resemble  them  or  be  related  to  them. 
(a)  A  scomhiid.  Euthynnus pelamys, having  a  bluish  back 
and  4  longitudinal  brownish  bands  on  the  belly.  It.  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  Indian 
oceans,  (b)  A  scombrid,  Sarda  mediterranea,  distinguished 


Bonito  {Sarda  mediterranean. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

by  the  oblique  stripes  on  the  bluish  back  and  the  silvery 
belly  It  is  the  bonito  of  the  American  fishermen  and  mar- 
kets, ami  the  belted  bonito  of  hooks,  (c)  A  scombrid, 
Santa  chilensis,  closely  related  to  the  S.  mediterranea,  hut 
occurring  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  everywhere  known 
as  bonita  along  the  Californian  coast,  but  also  miscalled 
Spanish  mackerel,  ski'iijack,  and  tuna.  (<0  A  scombrid, 
Auxis  thazard,  with  a  bine  back  and  silvery  belly.  The 
second  dorsal  fin  is  widely  separated  from  the  first,  and 
the  body  is  more  slender  than  in  Sarda  chilensis.  It  is 
the  plain  bonito  of  the  English,  but  called  along  the  New 
England  coast  frigate  mackerel,  (e)  A  carangid,  Seriola 
fasciata  ;  the  madrigal.  [Bermuda.]  (/)  A  fish  of  the 
family  Elaratidir,  Elacate  canada,  so  called  about  Chesa- 
peake Bay  ;  the  cobia.  [U.  S.  (Chesapeake  Bay).]  Sec  cut 
under  cobia. 

.,  n.  [<  L.  bonitas,  goodness:  see  bounty, 
an  older  form  from  the  same  source.]  Good- 
ness.     Ilnel.it. 

Bonjean's  ergotine.    See  ergoUne. 

bon  jour  (F.pron.  bon  zhor).  [F. :  bon,  good; 
jour,  day:  see  bon*  and  journal.]  Good  day  ; 
good  morning. 

bon  mot  (F.  pron.  bon  mo);  pi.  bans  mots  (boh 
mo,  or,  as  E.,  moz).  [F. :  bon,  good ;  mot,  word : 
see  bon*  and  wot.]  A  witticism;  a  clever  or 
witty  saying;  a  witty  repartee. 

Some  of  us  have  written  down  several  of  her  sayings,  or 
whai  tie  v h  i  all  bons  mots,  wherein  she  excelled  be- 
yond belief.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 
You  need  not  hurry  when  the  object,  is  only  to  prevent 
my  saving  a  lum  mot,  for  there  is  not  the  least  wit  in  my 
nature,                           Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  ix. 

bonnage,  ».    See  bonage. 

bonnailet,  »•     Same  as  bonitUij. 
bonne   (bon),  n.     [P.,  fem.  of  bon,  good:  see 
luuiK]  A  child's  nursemaid,  especially  a  French 

nurse. 

bonne  bouche  (hon  bosh);  pi.  bonnes  bouches 
(bon  bosh).  [F.:  see  bonne  and  boitche.]  A 
choice  mouthful  of  food ;  a  dainty  morsel :  said 

,  spooialh  of  something  very  excellent  reserved 
to  the  end  of  a  repast.    |In  French  use,  as  an  Idiom- 

:,h,    |,hi,e-,    i, mil i.    I, "ii. In    -i^nitle.s  an  agreeable  taste  in 
the  mouth.] 


2.  A  form  of  hat  or  head-covering  worn  by 
women  out  of  doors.  It  incloses  the  bead  more  or 
less  at  the  sides  and  generally  the  back,  and  is  usually 
trimmed  with  some  elaborateness,  and  tied  on  the  head 
with  ribbons.  It  differs  from  a  hat  of  ordinary  form 
especially  in  having  no  brim. 

A  sudden  scud  of  rain  .  .  .  fixed  all  her  thoughts  on  the 
welfare  of  her  new  straw  bonnet. 

Jane  Austen,  Nbrthanger  Abbey,  p.  128. 

3.  The  cap,  usually  of  velvet,  within  the  me- 
tallic part  of  a  crown,  covering  the  head  when 
the  crown  is  worn. — 4.  In  fort.,  a  small  work 
with  two  faces,  having  only'a  parapet  with  two 
rows  of  palisades  about  10  or  12  feet  apart. 
Generally  it  is  raised  above  the  salient  angle  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, and  communicates  with  the  covered  way.  Its 
object  is  to  retard 
a  lodgment  by  be- 
siegers, or  to  pre- 
vent one  from  being 
made. 

5.  Naut.,  an  ad- 
dition to  a  sail, 
or  an  additional 
part  laced  to  the 
foot  of  a  sail. 

A  storm  jib,  with 
the  bun  net  off.  was 
bent  and  furled  to 
the  boom. 
E.   H.    Dana,   Jr., 

[Before  the  Mast, 
[p.  260. 

6.  A   cast-iron 

plate     covering  a,  Bonnet, 

the  openings  in 

the  valve-chambers  of  a  pump. —  7.  A  frame 
of  wire  netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
used  chiefly  in  engines  which  burn  wood.  [U. 
S.]  —  8.  In  mining,  a  shield  or  cover  over  the 
cage  to  protect  the  miners  in  case  anything 
should  fall  down  the  shaft.— 9.  A  cowl  or 
wind-cap  for  a  chimney;  a  hood  for  ventila- 
tion.— 10.  The  hood  over  the  platform  of  a 
railroad-car. — 11.  A  sliding  lid  or  cover  for  a 
hole  in  an  iron  pipe. — 12.  A  protuberance  oc- 
curring chiefly  on  the  snout  of  one  of  the  right 
whales.  It  appears  to  be  primitively  smooth, 
but  becomes  honeycombed  by  the  barnacles 
which  attach  themselves  to  it. — 13.  A  decoy; 
a  player  at  a  gaming-table,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, whose  business  it  is  to  lure  others  toplay  or 
buy:  so  called  because  such  a  person  figurative- 
ly bonnets  or  blinds  the  eyes  of  the  victims. 

When  a  stranger  appears,  the  bonnet  generally  wins. 

London  Times. 

14.  A  local  name  in  Florida  of  the  yellow 
water-lily,  Nuphar  mliena.  -Bonnet  a  pretre,  or 
priest's  bonnet,  In  fort.,  an  outwork  having  at  the  bead 
three  salient  and  two  reentrant  angles.  Also  called  snnl- 
hurinil.-  Braid  bonnet,  a   thick,  closely  woven  Scotch 

eap  of  wool,  usually  of  a  dark-blue  color,  and  sum tiled 

by  a  bob  or  stumpy  tassel  of  a  different  color.  It  is  round 
in  shape,  the  upper  part  being  iniicli  wider  than  the  bund, 
oi  pan  which  tits  the  bead.  -  Coal-scuttle  bonnet.  See 
coal  tcuttle.  -Kilmarnock  bonnet,  a  cap  of  similar  make 
to  th,  braid  bonnet, but  less  wide  at  the  top,  and  furnished 
with  a  peak  of  the  same  material  :  so  called  because  made 
extensively  at  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire.  — To  have  a  bee 
in  ones  bonnet.  See  iesi.— To  have  a  green  bon- 
nett,  to  have  failed  in  trade.  To  vail  (or  vale)  the 
bonnett,  to  doit  the  bonnet  in  respect. 

0  bonny  F.we  tree, 
Needes  to  thy  boughs  will  how   this  knee  and  vaile  my 
Ii,,,,  net.  Nash,  Strange  Newes  (1M2),  sig.D  2. 

bonnet  (bon'et),  V.  [<  bonnet,  ».]  I.  trans.  To 
force  the  bonnet  or  hat  over  the  eyes  of,  with 
the  view  of  mobbing  or  hustling. 

Bonnet  him  by  knocking  his  hat  over  his  eyes,  and  he  is 
at  the  mercy  of  his  opponent. 

U.  If.  Uolmes,  Elsie  Venner,  xxiii. 


bonnet 

II. t   intrans.  To  (mil  off  the  bonnet;  make 

obeisance.     Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  U. 
bonnet-block  (bon'et-blok),  u.   A.  wooden  shape 

ou  which  a  bonnet  is  put  to  be  pressed. 
bonneted  (bon'et-ed),  «.    Wearing  a  bonnet, 

or  furnished  with  a  bonnet,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. 

bonneter  (bon'et-er),  u.    [<  bonnet,  ».,  13,  + 

-re1.]     One  who  induces  another  to  gamble;  a 

bonnet.     [Slang.] 
bonnet-fleuk,  «.     Same  as  hoinirt-Jtiike. 
bonnet-fluke  (bon'et-flSk),  n.    A  Scotch  name 

of  the  brill,  Rhombus  Icevis.    See  brill. 
bonnet-grass    (bon'et-gras),  n.     White  bent- 

grass,  Agrostis  alba. 
bonnet-laird  (bon'et-lard),  n.    One  who  farms 

his  own    property;    a  yeoman;  a  freeholder. 

[Scotch.] 

A  lang  word  or  bit  o'  learning  that  our  farmers  and 
bonnet-lairds  canna'  sae  weel  follow.  Scott. 

bonnet-limpet  (bon'et-lim'pet),  n.  A  mollnsk 
of  the  family  Calyptrecida:  The  Hungarian 
bonnet-limpet  is  Pileopsis  hungarica. 

bonnet-macaque  (bon'et-ma-kak"),  n.  A 
monkey  {Macacus  sinicus),  a  native  of  Bengal 


iff 


f  L>*$k 


Bonnet-macaque  (  Macacus  sinicus). 

and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  confinement, 
which  its  hardy  constitution  enables  it  to  en- 
dure in  any  climate.  It  receives  its  name  from  tin- 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the  crown  of  its 
head,  which  seem  to  form  a  kind  of  cap  or  bonnet.  Its 
general  color  is  a  somewhat  bright  olive-gray,  and  the 
skin  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  flesh-color.  Also  called 
munga. 

bonnet-monkey  (bon'et-mung"ki),  n.  Same  as 
bonnet-macaque. 

bonnet-piece  (bon'et-pes),  n.  [From  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  bonnet  on  the  king's  head.] 
A  Scotch  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1539  by  James 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bonnet-piece  of  James  V.,  British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 

V.  of  Scotland,  weighing  about  88+  grains,  and 
worth  at  the  time  of  issue  40s.  Scotch.  Also 
called  braid-bonnet. 

There  is  a  high  price  upon  thy  head,  and  Julian  Avenel 
loves  the  glance  of  gold  bonnet-pieces. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  v. 

bonnet-rouge  (P.  pron.  bon-a-rozh'),  n.  [F., 
lit.  red  cap:  see  bonnet  and  rouge.]  1.  The 
cap  of  liberty  of  the  French  revolutionists  of 
1793.  See  liberty-cap.  Hence  —  2.  A  wearer 
of  such  a  cap;  a  sans-culotte. —  3.  A  red  re- 
publican; an  anarchist  or  communist. 

Bonnet's  capsule.    See  capsule. 

bonnet-shark  (bon'et-shark),  n.  A  kind  of 
hammer-headed  shark,  Sphyrna  tiliuro ;  a  shov- 
elhead.  It  is  smaller  than  S.  zygoma,  but  may- 
attain  a  length  of  6  feet.  It  is  a  widely  dis- 
tributed species. 

bonnet-shell  (bon'et-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  the 
bonnet-limpet. 

bonnet-worm  (bou'et-werin),  n.  A  worm  or 
insect-larva  occurring  in  Florida  in  the  bonnet 
or  yellow  water-lily  (Nuphar  advena),  and  used 
as  bait  for  the  black-bass. 

bonney,  ".    See  bonny2. 


623 
bonnibelt(bon'i-bol),  n.  [<  bonny1  +  befi.  belU  ; 

or  <  F.  bourn  it  In  lie.  good  and  beautiful.  (  T. 
heitiiiiine.\  A  handsome  girl;  a  fair  maid;  a 
bonny  lass.     Spenser. 

w  ell,  look  to  him,  dame  ;  beehrew  me,  were  I 

MoiiL-rst  lluse  Ixiiiitilirll.-..  you  si Id  need  a  good  eye. 

/.'.  Jonson,  riir  Penates. 

bonnilasset,  »•  [For  bonny  lass.']  A  beautiful 
girl ;  a  sweetheart. 

As  tin'  bonilasse  passed  by,  .  .  . 
She  rovde  at  mee  with  glauncing  eye. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  August. 

bonnily  (bon'i-li),  adv.  In  a  bonny  manner; 
beautifully;  finely;  pleasantly. 

His  wee  bit  ingle,  blinkin1  bonnily. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

bonniness  (bon'i-nes),  n.     [<  bonny1  +  -ness.] 

1.  The  qualify  of  being  bonny;  beauty. —  2f. 
Gaiety ;  blitheness. 

bonny1  (bon'i),  a.  [Also  written  bonnie,  for- 
merly also  bony,  borne,  <  ME.  bonie,  appar.  ex- 
tended, as  if  dim.,  from  the  reg.  ME.  bon,  bone, 
good,  <  OF.  bun,  leva,  bonne,  good:  see  bon1, 
boon3.]  1.  Beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look 
upon;  pretty;  tint'. 

He  wolde,  after  fyght, 
Bonie  landes  to  heom  dyght. 
King  Alisaunder,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  1.  3002. 

Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain. 

Ga>i,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  160. 

2.  Gay ;  merry ;  frolicsome  ;  cheerful ;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so, 
But  let  them  go, 
Ajttl  be  you  blithe  and  bonny. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 

[Bonny  ami  its  derivatives  are  now  chiefly  Scotch.    The 
Scotch  often  use  t:,<n,i>i  ironically,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
English  fine  or  pretty    as,  a  bonny  penny  to  pay  ;  a  bonny 
state  of  things. 
Ye'll  see  the  toun  intill  a  bonny  steer  [stir,  hubbub], 

A.  Jtoss,  Helenore,  p.  90.] 

bonny2t  (bon'i),  n.  [Also  written  bonney, 
bunny.  Origin  unknown.]  In  mining,  a  mass 
of  ore  adjacent  to  a  vein,  but  not  distinctly 
connected  with  it;  ''a  great  collection  of  ore, 
without  any  vein  coming  into  or  going  from  it," 
Pryce.     [Cornwall.     Rare.]      See  carbona. 

bonnyclabber  (bon'i-klab-er),  n.  [Also  former- 
ly written  bonny  clabber,  bonniclapper,  bony- 
clabo,  etc.;  <  Ir.  bainne,  milk  (cf.  baine,  compar. 
of  ban,  white),  +  claba,  thick  mud.]  1.  Milk 
that  is  turned  or  has  become  thick  in  the  pro- 
cess of  souring. — 2.  A  drink  made  of  boer  and 
buttermilk  or  soured  cream. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

The  feasts,  the  manly  stomachs, 
The  healths  in  usquebaugh  and  bonny-clabber. 

Flint,  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  2. 

bonny-dame  (bon'i-dam),  n.  The  garden- 
oraehe,  Atriplex  hortensis. 

bonsilate  (bon'si-lat),  n.  [Irreg.  <  bone1  + 
sil{ic)ate.~\  A  composition  of  finely  ground 
bones  and  sodium  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute 
for  ivory  and  hard  wood  in  the  manufacture  of 
clock-cases,  canes,  dominoes,  etc.     Haldeman. 

bon  soir  (F.  pron.  bon  swor).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
soir,  evening:  see  bon*  and  soiree.']  Good  even- 
ing ;  good  night. 

bonspiel  (bon'spel),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  bon- 
speel,  bonspel;  origin  unknown;  referred  by 
some  to  an  assumed  Dan.  "bomlespil,  a  rustic 
game,  <  bonde  (AS.  bonda,  ME.  bondc,  a  farmer, 
rustic:  see  bond-)  +  spil  =  G.  spiel,  a  game; 
by  others  to  an  assumed  D.  "bondspel,  <  bond, 
verbond,  covenant,  alliance,  +  spel,  a  game.]  A 
match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as  two 
parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  curling,  etc. :  now 
generally  restricted  to  the  last-mentioned  game. 

Curling  is  the  Scotchman's  bonspiel,  but  the  toboggan 
belongs  exclusively  to  Canada. 

Montreal  Daily  star.  Carnival  Number,  1S84. 

bontebok  (bon'te-bok),  n.  [D.,  <  bont  (=  G. 
bunt),  spotted,  +  bok  =  E.  buck1.]  Alcelaphus 
pygargus,  a  large  bubaline  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  closely  allied  to  the  blesbok,  and  having 
a  similar  blaze  on  the  face.  Also  written  bunt- 
bok. 

bonte-quagga  (bon'tf-kwag*a),  n.  [<  D.  bont, 
spotted  (see  above),  +  epiagga.]  The  dauw 
(which  see). 

bon-ton  (F.  pron.  boh'ton'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  good 
tone:  see  bon*,  boon'*,  ton'2,  ami  tone.]  1.  The 
style  of  persons  in  high  life  ;  good  breeding. — 
2.  Polite  or  fashionable  society. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  n.  [Appar.  a  trade  word,  <  L. 
bonus,  masc,  good,  erroneously  put  for  bonutn, 


booby-hut 

neut.,  a  good  thing:  see  bona  antl  boon3.] 
Something  of  the  nature  of  an  honorarium  or 
voluntary  additional  compensation  for  a  ser- 
vice or  advantage;  a  sum  given  or  paid  over 
and  above  what  is  required  to  be  paid  or  is 
regularly  payable,  (a)  \  premium  given  roraloan, 
■  a  1'ir  a  charter  or  other  privilege  granted  to  a  company, 
(6)  \n  extra  dividend  or  allowance  to  the  shareholders  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  holders  of  insurance  policies,  etc., 
out  of  accumulated  profits. 

'riir  banks  which  now  hold  the  deposits  pay  nothing  to 
the  public;  thej  give  no  bonus,  tiny  pay  no  annuity. 

Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7, 1834. 

(c)  A  sum  paid  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the  captain 
of  a  vessel,  oyer  ami  almvi  his  tati-il  pay,  in  proportion 
tn  the  success  of  his  labors,  ami  as  a  .-.t  in  in  I  us  to  extra  ex- 
ertion ;  al ii.    i<i)  Euphemistically,  a  bribe. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  v.  t.  [<  bonus,  ».]  To  give  or 
add  a  bonus  to;  promote  by  the  payment  of 
bonuses. 

bon  vivant  (F.  pron.  bon  ve-voii').  [F. :  bon, 
good;  vivant,  ppr.  of^vivre,  <  L.  vivere,  live:  see 
6om*  and  vital, vine.]  A  generous  liver;  a  jovial 
companion. 

bonxie  (bonk'si),  n.  [E.  dial.;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  dial,  bonx,  beat  up  batter  for  pud- 
dings ;  origin  unknown.]  A  name  for  the  skua, 
Stereorarius  catarrhactes.  Montagu.  [Local, 
British.] 

bony  (bo'ni),  a.  [<  bone1  +  -y1.]  1.  Consist- 
ing of  bone  or  bones;  full  of  bones;  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bone. —  2.  Having  large 
or  prominent  bones ;  stout;  strong. 

Burning  for  blood,  bony,  ami  gaunt,  and  grim, 
Assembling  wolves  in  raging  troops  descend, 

Thomson.  Winter,  1.  394. 

3.  Reduced  to  bones;  thin;  attenuated. — 4. 
Hard  and  tough  like  bone,  as  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  some  plants. 

bony-fish  (bo'ni-fish),  ».  A  local  (Connecticut) 
name  of  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  tyrannus. 

bonzary  (bon'za-ri),  n.  [<  boma  (see  bonze)  + 
-rii,  after  monastery.]    A  Buddhist  monastery. 

bonze  (bonz),  n.  [Also  bonza;  =  F.  bonze  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  bongo  (NL.  bonzus,  bonzius),  <  Jap. 
bonzo,  the  Jap.  way  of  pronouncing  the  Chinese 
fan  siing,  an  ordinary  (member)  of  the  assem- 
bly, i.  e.,  the  monastery,  or  monks  collectively: 
fan,  ordinary,  common;  sung,  repr.  Skt.  san- 
gha  (samgha),  an  assembly,  <  sam,  together,  + 
\/  hen,  strike.]  A  Buddhist  monk,  especially 
of  China  and  Japan. 

A  priest  in  England  is  not  the  same  mortified  creature 
with  a  bonze  in  China. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxvii. 

bonzian  (bon'zi-an),  <(.  [<  bonze  +  -ietn.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bonzes  or  Buddhist  monks 
of  China  and'Japan ;  monkish :  as,  bonzian  max- 
ims; bonzian  mysteries. 

boo1  (bo),  inter].     Same  as  bo2. 

boo2  (bo),  n.     Same  as  bit. 

booby  (bo'bi),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  boobie, 
boobee  (the  E.  word  as  applied  to  the  bird  is 
the  source  of  F.  boubie,  the  bird  called  booby); 
prob.  <  Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  dunce,  dolt,  buffoon, 
also  a  bird  so  called  from  its  apparent  stupid- 
ity; =  Pg.  bobo,  a  buffoon,  =  OF.  banbe,  a  stam- 
merer, <  L.  balbus,  stammering,  lisping,  inar- 
ticulate, akin  to  Gr.  ft&pjiapoQ,  orig.  inarticulate : 
see  balbuties  and  barbarous.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  tumbles 
(-biz).  1.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dull  or  foolish 
person ;  a  lubber. 

When  blows  ensue  that  break  the  arm  of  toil, 

And  rustic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broil.  Crabbe. 

An  ayvkyvard  booby,  reared  up  and  spoiled  at  his  mother's 
apron-string.  Gnbtsmith,  site  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2. 

2.  The  pupil  at  the  foot  of  a  class :  the  dunce 
of  the  class  or  of  the  school. — 3.  In  progressive 
i  iielire,  the  player  who  has  failed  most  conspic- 
uously in  the  game. — 4.  The  name  of  various 
species  of  brown  ami  white  gannets,  birds  of 
the  family  Snlida;  genus  Sula.  The  common  booby 
of  the  United  .states  is  Sula  leucogastra,  a  well-known 
species  of  the  South  Atlantic  coast.  Others  are  the  red- 
footed  booby,  Sula  piscator,  and  the  blue-faced  booby,  S. 
cyanops,  found  on  many  coasts  and  islands  of  the  wanner 
parts  of  the  world. 

5.  In  New  England,  a  hack  on  runners;  a 
sleigh  kept  for  hire. 

It.  a.  Of  or  pertainingto  a  booby  or  boobies ; 
foolish ;  stupid. 

He  burned  his  fingers,  and  to  cool  them  he  applied  them 
in  his  booby  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb,  Roast  Pig. 

booby-hatch  (bo'bi-hach),  n.  Naut.,  a  wooden 
framework  with  sashes  ami  a  sliding  cover, 
used  in  merchant  vessels  to  cover  the  after- 
hatch. 

booby-hut  (bo'bi-hut),  n.  A  kind  of  hooded 
sleigh.     [Local,  U.  S.] 


booby-hutch 

booby-hutch  (b8'bi-hueh),  n.  A  clumsy,  ill- 
contrived  covered  carriage  used  in  the  eastern 
part  of  England. 

boobyish  (bo'bi-ish),  a.  [<  booby  +  -fefc1.]  Re- 
sembling a  booby ;  silly;  stupid. 

boobyism  (bo'bi-izm),  n.  [<  booby  +  -i«».] 
The  oharaoter  or  actions  of  a  booby;  stupid- 
ity; foolishness. 

The  donkeys  who  are  prevailed  upon  to  pay  for  permis- 
sion to  exhibit  their  lamentable  ignorance  and  boobyism  on 
the  stage  of  a  private  theatre.    Dickens,  Sketches  bj  Boa 

bood  (bud).  A  Scotch  contraction  of  behoovt  d. 
Also  written  buid. 

Boodha,  Boodhism,  Boodhist,  etc.  See  Bud- 
illm.  Buddhism,  Buddhist,  etc. 

boodle1  (bii'dl),  n.  [Also  in  17th  century  (see 
def.  1,  fii'st  extract)  huddle:  in  the  U.  S.  also  by 
apparent  corruption  caboodle;  origin  obscure. 
Tin-  word  agrees  in  pron.  with  1>.  boedel,  es- 
tate, possession,  inheritance,  household  goods, 
stuff,  lumber,  from  which,  with  other  slang 
terms,  it  may  have  been  taken  in  the  Elizabeth- 
an period  in  the  general  sense  of  'the  whole 
property,'  'the  whole  lot.']  1.  Crowd;  pack; 
lot:  in  a  contemptuous  sense,  especially  in  the 
phrase  the  trim/,  lit  mid  boodle. 

Men  curiously  and  carefully  chosen  out  (from  all  the 
Buddie  and  masse  of  '-rent  ones)  for  their  approoued  wise- 
dome.  F.  Mark-hum.  Bk.  of  Honour,  IV.  ii.  (.V.  E.  1>.) 
He  would  lik,:-  to  have  the  whole  boodle  of  them  (I  re- 
monstrated against  this  word,  but  the  professor  said  it 
wasadiabolishgoodword  .  .  .  )  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
hipwrecked  on  .1  remote  island. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Autocrat,  p.  139. 

2.  Money  fraudulently  obtained  in  public  ser- 
vice;  especially,  money  given  to  or  received  by 
officials  in  bribery,  or  gained  by  collusive  con- 
tracts, appointments,  etc. ;  by  extension,  gain 
from  public  cheating  of  any  kind :  often  used 
attributively.     [Recent,  U.  S.] 

Some  years  ago,  Dr.  McDonald,  then  superintendent  of 
Blackwell's  Island  Asylum,  attempted  to  introduce  the 
[Turkish]  bath  there,  but  ignorance,  politics  and  boodle 
had  more  influence  with  the  New  York  aldermen  than 
science  or  the  claims  of  humanity,  and  the  attempt  was 
ultimately  abandoned.         Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VIII.  239. 

3.  Counterfeit  money. 

boodle-  (bo'dl),  n.  [Appar.  a  slang  variation  of 
noodle.']     A  blockhead;  a  noodle. 

boodle3  (bo'dl),  n.  An  old  English  name  for 
the  corn-marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segetum. 
Also  written  buddlt . 

boodler  (bod'ler),  n.  [<  boodle1  +  -er1.]  One 
who  accepts  or  acquires  boodle ;  one  who  sells 
his  vote  or  influence  for  a  bribe,  or  acquires 
money  fraudulently  from  the  public.    [U.  S.] 

boody  (bo'di),  v.  >.;  pret.  and  pp.  boodicd,  ppr. 
boodying.     [Cf.  F.  bonder,  sulk,  pout:  see  bou- 
doir.]    To  look  angry  or  gruff.    [Colloq.] 
don't  boody  with  me;  don't  be  angry. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xxvii. 

boof  (b5f),  11.  Peach-brandy:  a  word  in  use 
among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans. 

boohoo1  (bS'ho'),  interj.  A  word  imitating  the 
sound  of  noisy  weeping. 

boohoo1  (bd'hcV).  '■.  i.  [<  boohoo,  interj.]  To 
cry  noisily;   blubber  outright. 

boohoo2  (bo-ho' ),  n.  A  sailors'  name  of  the  His- 
liophorns  americanus,  or  sail-fish.  Also  called 
woohoo. 

booid1  (bo'oid),  as.  [<  boa  +  -oid.~\  Of  or  per- 
taining to  tin'  /Inula;  or  family  of  the  boas. 

booid2  (bo'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Boiiidea.]    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Booidea;  bovine,  in  a 
broiiil  sen 
II.  a.  <  »ne  of  the  Booidea. 

Booidea  (bo-oi'de-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Or.  (iovc, 
an  ox,  +  cldoc,  appearance,  form.]  A  super- 
family  of  typical  ruminants,  the  bovine,  ovine, 
antilopine,  and  cervine  ruminants  collectively, 
as  contrasted  with  other  ruminants.    Th<   Bo  i 

dea  typica  tain  the  families  lUn-idir  (with  the  goats, 

well  as  the  oxen),  Saigidce,  and 
AntUocapridos.     the  Bodidea  cerv^formia  consist  of  the 
single  famil]  ( fen  idee. 
book  Hail,  i,  11.    1  Early  mod.  E.  also  boock,  bock; 

<  ME.  ' 1.  booke,  boke,  bol  (north,  buk,  buke, 

>  So.  buik,  i«  hi-,  buke),  <  As.  boc  (pi.  bee),  f.,  a 

writing,   t rd,    charter,    book,  =  OS.    /ml:  = 

OPries.  boh  =  MI>.  boeck,  D.  boek  =  OLG.  bok, 
l.i ;.  book=  OHG.  buoh,  Ml  in.  buoch,  G.  buck, 
neut.,  =  [eel.  bok,  1.,  =  Sw.  bok  =  Dan.  bog, 
book,  =Goth.  boka,  (..  bok,  aeut.,  a  loiter  of  tin. 
alphabet,  pi.  a  writing,  document,  book  (cf. 
oliulg.  imliii.  letter,  in  pi.  writing,  bukmari, 
abecedarium,  I'.ulg.  Buss,  bukva,  letter;  from 
the  Teut.),  orig.  Teut.  "bol  .  a  u  af,  sheet,  or 
tablet  tor  writ  bag:  usually  referred,  in  spite  of 
philological  difficulties,  to  AS.  n  tc.)  hoc  (usually 
in  deriv.  form  bece,  beech),  cf .  AS.  bocstwf,  early 


624 

mod.  E.  bokstaf(moi.  E.  as  if  "book-staffer  "buck- 
staff)  (=  OS.  bokstaf=  SID.  boeckstdf,  D.  boek- 
staaf  =  OHG.  buohstab,  MHG.  buochstap,  G. 
buchstdbe  =  Icel.  bdkstafr=  Sw.  bokstaf=D&n. 

bogstav),  a  letter  of  the  alphabet,  lit.  appar. 
'beech-staff'  (<  AS.  hoc,  beech,  +  stcef,  staff), 
an  interpretation  resting  on  the  fact,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  similarity  of  form  between 
AS.  (etc.)  hoc,  book,  and  boc,  beech,  that  in- 
scriptions were  made  on  tablets  of  wood  or 
bark,  presumably  often  of  beech  (Venantius 
Fortunatus,  about  A.  D.  600,  refers  to  the  writ- 
ing of  runes  on  tablets  of  ash ;  cf .  L.  liber,  book, 
libi  r,  bark,  Gr.  fiiBMov,  book,  jiip.oc,  book,  papy- 
rus: see  liber,  Bible,  paper) ;  but  AS.  bocstwf,  if 
lit.  '  beech-staff,'  would  hardly  come  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  single  character  inscribed  thereon ;  it 
is  rather  '  book-staff,'  i.  e.,  a  character  employed 
in  writing,  <  boc,  a  waiting,  +  staf,  a  letter  (cf. 
runstcef,  a  runic  character,  staff-crceft,  gram- 
mar). The  connection  with  beech1  remains  un- 
certain: see  beech,  bueW .]  If.  A  writing;  a 
written  instrument  or  document,  especially  one 

granting  land ;  a  deed.    The  use  of  1 ksorwritten 

charters  was  introduced  in  Anglo-Saxon  times  by  the  ec- 
clesiastics, as  affording  more  permanent  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  a  grant  or  conveyance  of  land  than  the  sym- 
bolical or  actual  delivery  of  possession  before  witnesses, 
which  was  the  method  then  in  vogue. 

By  that  time  will  our  book,  I  think,  be  drawn. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Come,  let 's  seal  the  book  first, 
For  my  daughter's  jointure. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  3. 

Mr.  Kemble  divides  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  a  will, 
contract,  or  synodal  decree,  into  six  parts, — I.  The  Invo- 
cation; II.  The  Proem;  III.  The  Grant;  IV.  The  Sanc- 
tion; V.  The  Date;  VI.  The  Teste.  The  first,  second  and 
fourth  of  these  divisions  are  purely  religious,  and  require 
no  detailed  examination.  Five  and  six  are  merely  formal, 
useful  only  in  questions  of  chronology  and  genuineness, 
or  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  Witan.  The  third  divi- 
sion is  the  grant,  which  contains  all  the  important  legal 
matter  of  the  charter.  H.  Cabot  Lodge. 

Lastly,  there  was  bocland,  or  bookland,  the  land  held  in 
several  property  under  the  express  terms  of  a  written  in- 
strument, or  book  as  it  was  then  called. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  22. 

2.  A  treatise,  written  or  printed  on  any  mate- 
rial, and  put  together  in  any  convenient  form, 
as  in  the  long  parchment  rolls  of  the  Jews,  in 
the  bundles  of  bamboo  tablets  in  use  among 
the  Chinese  before  the  invention  of  paper,  or 
in  leaves  of  paper  bound  together,  as  is  usual 
in  modern  times;  a  literary  composition,  espe- 
cially one  of  considerable  length,  whether  writ- 
ten or  printed. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a  master-spirit 
embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a  life  beyond 
life.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 

Who  can  give  an  oath  ?  where  is  a  hook? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  S. 

4.  A  collection  of  written  or  printed  sheets 
fastened  or  bound  together,  especially  one 
larger  than  a  pamphlet;  a  volume:  as,  this 
book  is  one  of  a  set  or  series. —  5.  A  particular 
subdivision  of  a  literary  composition  ;  one  of 
the  larger  divisions  used  in  classifying  topics, 
periods,  etc. — 6.  Figuratively,  anything  that 
serves  for  the  recording  of  facts  or  events:  as, 
the  book  of  Nature. 

I  have  been 
The  book  of  his  good  acts,  whence  men  have  read 
His  fame  unparallel'd.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

7.  A  number  of  sheets  of  blank  writing-paper 
bound  together  and  used  for  making  entries: 
as,  a  note- or  memorandum-iooA;  ,•  specifically, 
such  a  book  used  for  recording  commercial  or 
other  transactions:  as,  a  day-book;  a  cash-6oo&, 
a  vaiaute-book,  etc. —  8.  The  words  of  an  opera; 
a  libretto  (which  see). —  9.  In  betting,  an  ar- 
rangement of  bets  recorded  in  a  book ;  a  list  of 
bets  made  against  a  specific  result  in  a  contest 
of  any  kind:  as,  to  make  a  book;  a  thousand- 
dollar  toot.  See  book-maker,  3. — 10.  In  whist, 
six  tricks  taken  by  either  side. — 11.  A  pile  or 
package  of  tobacco-leaves,  arranged  with  all 
the  stems  in  the  same  direction. — 12.  A 
package  of  gold-leaf,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
leaves  laid   between  si ts  of  folded  paper 

stitched  at    Hie  back.     The  leaves  are  usually 

3|  inches  square. 

Often  abbreviated  to  bk. 
Back  of  a  book.     See  backl.     Bamboo  books.     See 
bamboo.     Bell,  book,  and  candle.     See  Mil,     Black 
book,  one  of  several  hooks,  mostly  of  apolitical  charai  ter, 

so  failed   either    from    the    nature   of   their  eontent*   or 

from  the  color  of  their  binding.    Specifically  —  (")  A  hook 

of  the  Exchequer  in  r.ngland  composed  by  Nigel,  Bishop 
of  Ely  (died  1169),  and  wrongly  attributed  to  Gervase  of 

Tilbury.  It  eontains  ;i  ,lese ription  of  the  Court  ot  Exche- 
quer as  it  existed  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  its  offi- 
cers, their  rank  and  privileges,  wages,  perquisites,  and 


book 

jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the  crown  in  money, 
grain,  and  cattle,  (b)  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII.,  containing  a 
detailed  account  of  the  alleged  abuses  in  religious  houses, 
to  blacken  them  and  to  hasten  their  dissolution.  This 
hook  disappeared  not  long  after  the  accomplishment  of 
its  purpose,  (e)  A  hook  kept  at  some  universities  as  a  regis- 
ter of  faults  and  misdemeanors ;  hence,  to  he  in  one's  black 
book*,  to  be  in  disfavor  with  one.  id)  An  ancient  book  of 
admiralty  law.  always  held  to  he  of  very  high  authority, 
compiled  in  the  fourteenth  century,  (el  A  book  treating  of 
necromancy,  or  the  black  art.—  Blue  book,  (a)  A  name 
popularly  applied  to  the  reports  and  other  papers  printed 
by  order  of  the  British  Parliament  or  issued  by  the  privy 
council  or  other  departments  of  government,  because  their 
covers  are  usually  blue.  The  corresponding  books  of  offi- 
cial reports  are  yellow  and  blue  in  France,  green  in  Italy, 
ami  red  and  white  in  various  other  countries. 

At  home  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  perusal  of  blue- 
books.  Thackeray. 
(b)  In  the  United  States,  a  book  containing  the  names  and 
salaries  of  all  the  persons  in  the  employment  of  the  govern- 
ment, (c)  The  book  containing  the  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  United  states  navy,  [often  written 
with  a  hyphen. 1— Book  of  adjournal  concord,  disci- 
pline, etc.     See  the  nouns.  — Book  Of  Books,  the  Bible. 

—  Book  of  Homilies.  See  homily.—  Book  of  ties,  an 
old  name  for  a  weaver's  memorandum-hook  of  patterns. 

Formerly  .  .  .  the  weaver  was  expected  to  tie-up  or  ar- 
range his  loom  to  produce  satins,  twills,  spots,  and  small 
figures,  .  .  .  and  if  be  was  a  careful  man  be  would  have  a 
number  of  the  most  prevailing  patterns  drawn  in  his 
Book  0/  Ties.  A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  314. 

Books  of  Council  and  Session.  See  council— By 
book,  by  the  book,  by  line  and  rule ;  accurately :  as,  to 
speak  by  the  book. 

There  are  so  many  circumstances  to  piece  up  one  good 
action,  that  it  is  a  lesson  to  be  good,  and  we  are  forced  to 
he  virtuous  by  the  book. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  55. 

Canonical  books.  See  canonical. — Christ's  Book,  the 
Gospels. 

A  Latin  copy  of  the  Gospels,  or,  as  the  Anglo-Saxons 
well  called  it,  a  Christ's  Book. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  357. 
Fleet  books.  See  fleet*.— In  one's  books,  in  kind  re- 
memhrance ;  in  favor ;  in  mind  with  reference  to  future 
favors,  gifts,  or  bequests. 

I  must  have  him  wise  as  well  as  proper.  He  conies  not 
in  imi  books  else.    Middleton  {and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

I  was  so  much  in  his  hooks  that  at  his  decease  lie  left  me 
his  lamp.  Addison. 

Orderly  book.    See  orderly.— Symbolical  books.    See 

symbolical.— Tie  Book  Annexed.     See  annex,  v.— The 

devil's  books  or  picture-books,  playing-cards. 

They  sip  the  scandal  potion  pretty; 

or  lee-lang  nights  wi'  crabbit  leuks 

fore  owre  the  devil's  pictur'd  beaks. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  224. 
To  balance  books.  See  balance.— To  bring  to  book, 
to  bring  to  account.— To  close  the  books,  to  cease 
making  entries  for  a  time,  as  is  done  by  corporations  and 
business  concerns  when  about  to  declare  a  dividend,  etc. 

—  To  hear  a  bookt,  in  the  old  universities,  to  attend  a 
course  of  lectures  in  which  the  book  was  read  and  ex- 
pounded.—To  speak  like  a  book,  to  speak  accurately, 
or  as  if  from  a  book  ;  speak  with  full  and  precise  informa- 
tion ;  hence  the  similar  phrase  to  know  like  a  hook  (that 
is,  know  thoroughly). —  To  suit  one's  book,  to  accord 
with  one's  arrangements  or  wishes. —  To  take  a  leaf  out 
of  one's  book,  to  follow  one's  example.-  Without  book. 

(a)  By  memory  ;  without  reading  ;  without  notes  :  as,  a 
sermon  delivered  without  hook. 

His  writing  is  more  then  his  reading;  for  hee  reades 
onely  what  hee  gets  without  booke. 
Bp.  Earle,  Miero-cosniographie,  A  Young  Rawe  Preacher. 

(b)  Without  authority ;  as,  something  asserted  without 
book. 

book  (buk),  v.  [<  ME.  boken,  <  book,  n. ;  cf. 
AS.  bocian,  give  by  charter  (=  OFries.  bokia  = 
Icel.  boka),  <  boc,  book,  charter :  see  book;  ».] 

1.  trans.  It.  To  convey  by  book  or  charter. 

It  was  .in  infringement  of  the  law  to  book  family  or 
hereditary  lands.  //.  Cabot  Lodge. 

2.  To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book;  re- 
cord. 

Let  it  be  booked  with  the  rest  of  this  day's  deeds. 

Shak.,  2 Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

I  always  from  my  youth  have  endeavoured  to  get  the 

rarest  secrets,  and  book  them.     B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  enter  in  a  list ;  enroll ;  enlist  for  service. 
This  indeede  (Eudoxus)  hath  bene  hitherto,  and  yet  is, 

a  eoniiiioii  order  aniongest  them,  to  have  all  the  people 
booked  by  the  lordes  and  gentellmen,  but  yet  it  is  the 
woorst  order  that  ever  was  devised. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

4.  To  engage  or  secure  beforehand  by  regis- 
try or  payment,  as  a  seat  in  a  stage-coach  or  a 
box  at  the  opera. —  5.  To  deliver,  and  pay  for 
the  transmission  of,  as  a  parcel  or  merchan- 
dise: as,  the  luggage  was  booked  through  to 
London. — 6.  To  reserve  accommodation  for; 
receive,  and  undertake  lo  forward:  as,  at  that 
office  passengers  (or  parcels)  were  booked  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.  [In  senses  4,  5,  and  6, 
confined  to  the  British  islands.]  —  7.  To  make 
into  a  book,  as  gold-leaf,  tobacco-leaves,  etc. 

—  Booked  at  last,  caught  and  disposed  of. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  register  one's  name  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  something  in  advance ; 
put  one's  name  down  for  something:  as,  to  book 


book 

for  the  play;  I  booked  through  to  London. 
[Groat  Britain.]  —  2.  In  Scotland,  to  register 
in  the  Session  record  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
proclamation  of  the  banns  of  marriage 

book-account  (buk'a-kount"),  ».  1.  An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
— 2.  Specifically,  in  bookkeeping  by  double  en- 
try, an  account  showing  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular  •com- 
modity or  branch  of  trade  placed  under  a  head- 
ing such  as  "stock,"  "cotton,"  etc.,  and  not 
referred  to  a  person  with  whom  they  may  have 
been  effected. 

bookbinder  (buk'bro/der),  n.  [<  ME.  book- 
bynder /<  book  +  binder.]  1.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  the  binding  of  books. — 2.  A  binder 
for  preserving  loose  printed  sheets,  etc.  Sec 
binder,  8. —Bookbinders'  cloth.    See  cloth. 

bookbindery  (buk'bin"der-i),  «.;  pi.  bookbind- 
eries  (-iz).     A  place  where  books  are  bound. 

bookbinding  (buk'bin'ding),  n.  The  opera- 
tion of  binding  books ;  the  process  of  securing 
the  sheets  of  a  book  within  a  permanent  casing 
of  bookbinders'  board  and  leather  or  cloth,  or 
other  suitable  materials,  covering  the  sides  and 
back,  and  jointed  at  their  junction. 

bookcase1  (buk'kas),  n.  A  case  with  shelves 
for  holding  books. 

book-case-t  (buk'kas),  n.  In  law,  a  case  stated 
or  mentioned  in  legal  works;  a  recorded  case; 
a  precedent. 

book-clamp  (buk'klamp),  n.  1.  A  book- 
binder's vise  for  holding  books  in  the  process  of 
binding. — 2.  A  device  for  carrying  books,  con- 
sisting generally  of  two  narrow  pieces  of  wood 
or  iron,  connected  by  cords  attached  to  a  han- 
dle. The  books  are  placed  between  the  pieces,  and  when 
the  handle  is  turned  the  cords  are  tightened  anil  the  books 
secured. 

book-debt  (buk'det),  ».  A  debt  standing 
against  a,  person  in  an  account-book. 

bookery  (buk'er-h,  ». ;  pi.  bookeries  (-iz).  [< 
book  +  -cry.]     1.  A  collection  of  books. 

Tile  Abbe-  Morellet  .  .  .  has  a  bookery  in  such  elegant 
order  that  people  beg  to  go  and  sir  it. 

Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  VI.  346. 

2.  Study  of  or  passion  for  books. 

Let  them  that  mean  by  bookish  business 
To  earn  their  bread,  or  hopen  to  profess 
Their  hard  got  skill,  let  them  alone,  for  me, 
Busy  their  brains  with  deeper  l">i>kr>n. 

lip.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  ii.  28. 

[Rare  in  both  uses.] 

book-fair  (biik'far),  n.    A  fair  or  market  for 

books.    The  most  noted  t k-fairs  are  tlmse  of  Leipsic 

in  Saxony,  which  occur  at  Easter  and  Michaelmas,  and  at 
which  many  other  objects  of  commerce  are  disposed  of  be- 
sides books. 

book-fold  (buk'fold),  n.  A  piece  of  muslin 
containing  24  yards. 

book-formed    (buk'formd),    a.      Having    the 
mind  trained  or  formed  by  the  study  of  books  ; 
imbued  with  learning.     [Rare.] 
With  every  table-wit  ami  book-formed  sage.     J.  BaUlie. 

bookfult  fbuk'ful),  (i.  [<  book  +  -fid,  1.]  Full 
of  book-knowledge  ;  stuffed  with  ideas  gleaned 
from  books. 

The  book/id  blockhead,  ignorantly  read, 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  iiis  head. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

bookful  (buk'ful),  n.  [<  book  +  -fid,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  book  contains.      ( 'owper. 

book-holder  (buk'hol'der),  n.  If.  The  prompt- 
er at  a  theater. 

They  are  out  of  their  parts,  sure :  it  may  be  'tis  the 
book-holder's  fault ;  I'll  go  see. 

Fletcher  ami  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  reading-desk  or  other  device  for  support- 
ing a  book  while  open. 

book-hunter  (buk'hun"ter),  n.  An  eager  col- 
lector of  books;  especially,  one  who  seeks  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions  ;  a  bibliophile. 

booking-clerk  ( Ln'ik'ing-klerk),  ii.  The  clerk  or 
official  who  has  charge  of  a  register  or  book  of 
entry ;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  ticket- 
clerk  at  a  railway-station,  theater,  etc. 

booking-machine  (buk'ing-ma-shen"),  ii.  An 
apparatus  for  making  tobacco-leaves  into  pack- 
ages called  books. 

booking-office  (buk'ing-of'is),  n.  In  Great 
Britain,  an  office  where  applications,  etc.,  are 
received  and  entered  in  a  book ;  specifically, 
the  office  in  connection  with  a  railway,  theater, 
etc.,  where  tickets  are  sold,  or  applications  for 
them  registered. 

bookish  (buk'ish),  a.  [<  book  +  -feftl.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  books;  literary:  as,  "book- 
ish skill,"  lip.  Hull,  Satires,  II.  ii.  19.— 2.  Given 
to  reading;  fond  of  study;  hence,  more  ac- 
40 


625 

quainted  with  books  than  with  men  ;  familiar 
with  books,  but  not  with  practical  life:  as,  "a 
bookish  man,"  Addison,  spectator,  No.  482. — 

3.    Learned;  stilted;   pedantic:  applied  either 
to  individuals  or  to  diction:  as,  a  bookish  ex- 
pression, 
bookishly  (buk'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  bookish  man- 
ner or  way;  studiously;  pedantically. 

She  [Christina  of  Sweden]  was  bookishly  given. 

Lord  Thurlow,  stale  Papers,  ii.  lot. 

bookishness  (biik'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bookish. 

The  language  of  high  life  has  always  tended  to  simpli- 
city ami  the  vernacular  ideal,  receding  from  every  mode 
of  bookishness.  lo  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

bookkeeper  (biik'ke"per),  n.  One  who  keeps 
accounts ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  make  a 
formal  balanced  record  of  pecuniary  transac- 
tions in  account-books. 

bookkeeping  (buk' keeping),  «.  The  art  of 
recording  pecuniary  transactions  in  a  regular 
and  systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  ac- 
counts in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  permanent 
record  of  business  transactions  from  which  the 
true  state  or  history  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs 
or  mercantile  dealings  may  at  any  time  be  as- 
certained. Properly  kept  books  show  what  a  merchant 
has,  what  he  owes,  and  what  is  owing  to  him,  as  well  as 
what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid,  the  losses  he  has  in- 
curred, etc.  hooks  are  kept  aceordingtn  oneof  two  chief 
methods,  viz.,  by  single  or  by  double  entry.  The  former 
is  mere  simple  and  less  perfect  than  the  latter,  and  is  now 
in  use  chiefly  in  retail  business.  In  bookkeeping  by  single 
entry,  three  books,  a  day-book,  a  cash-book,  and  a  ledger, 
are  commonly  used,  but  the  essential  book  is  the  ledger, 
containing  accounts  under  the  names  of  the  persons  \\  ith 
whom  a  trader-  deals,  goods  or  money  received  from  any 
one  of  them  being  entered  en  one  side  of  the  account, 
called  the  credit  side,  and  goods  sold  or  money  paid  to 
that  person  being  entered  on  the  opposite  or  debit  side  of 
the  account.  In  bookkeeping  by  double  entry,  the  Ledger 
accounts  are  of  two  kinds,  personal  accounts  such  as  these 
just  described,  and  book-accounts,  in  which  the  commod- 
ities dealt  in  are  made  the  subjects  of  separate  accounts, 
and  have  a  debit  and  a  credit  side,  as  in  personal  accounts. 
Thus,  if  a  trader  purchase  100  bales  of  cotton  from  A.  11. , 
the  account  in  the  ledger  headed  A.  B.  is  credited  with  100 
bales  of  cotton,  so  much,  while  the  account  headed  Cotton 
is  debited  with  the  same  quantity  and  amount ;  should  the 
trader  sell  10  bales  to  C.  Ii.,  the  account  headed I  C.  I),  is 
debited  with  lo  hales  at  so  much,  and  the  account  headed 
Cotton  is  credited  with  to  hales ;  and  so  on.  These  book- 
accounts  are  based  en  the  principle  that  all  money  and  ar- 
ticles received  become  debtors  to  him  from  whom  or  to 
that  for  which  they  are  received,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  all 
those  who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become  debtors 
to  cash  or  to  the  goods.  In  this  way  every  transaction  is 
entered  in  the  ledger  on  the  creditor  .side  ef  one  account 
ami  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.  The  books  used  in 
double  entry  vary  in  number  and  arrangement  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  business  and  the  manner  of  recording 
the  facts.  Transactions  as  they  take  place  from  day  to 
day  are  generally  recorded  in  such  books  as  the  stock- 
book,  cash-book,  bill-book,  invoice-book,  and  sales  book,  or 

they  may  all  lie  recorded  in  order  in  a  waste  1 k  or  day- 

1 1..     I  pen   these    hooks  er  additional  deeuments   are 

based  the  journal  and  ledger.  The  former  contains  a 
periodical  abstract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordinate  hooks  er  in  documents  not  entered  in 
these,  classified  into  debits  and  credits,  while  the  latter 
contains  an  abstract  ef  all  the  entries  made  in  the  former, 
classified  under  the  heads  ef  their  respective  accounts. 

book-knowledge  (buk'nol"ej),  n.    Knowledge 

gained  by  reading  books,  in  distinction  from 
that  obtained  through  observation  and  expe- 
rience. 

bookland  (buk'land),  n.  [Also  bockland,  often 
cited  in  the  old  legal  form  hneliind,  <  AS.  boe- 
land,  <  boc,  charter,  book,  +  land,  land.]  In 
old  Eng.  bur,  charter  land,  held  by  deed  under 
certain  rents  and  free  services;  free  socage 
land.  This  species  of  tenure  has  given  rise  to 
the  modem  freeholds. 

The  title  to  boc-land  was  based  upon  the  possession  of  a 
boc,  or  written  grant. 

D.  W.  lioss,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  170. 

This  process  of  turning  public  property  into  private 
went  on  largely  in  later  times.  The  alienation  was  now 
commonly  made  by  a  document  in  writing,  under  the  sig- 
natures of  the  King  and  his  Witan ;  laud  so  granted  was 
therefore  said  to  be  booked  te  the  grantee,  and  was  known 
as  bookland.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  I.  64. 

book-learned  (buk'ler"ned),  a.  [<  book  + 
learned;  of.  ME.  bnk-ilcred,  book-taught:  see 
fear1.]  Versed  in  books;  acquainted  with 
books  and  literature ;  hence,  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  with  men  and  the  common 
concerns  of  life ;  bookish. 

\\  hate'er  these  book-learned  blockheads  say, 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.        Dryden. 

book-learning  (buk'ler*ning),  n.  Learning 
acquired  by  reading ;  acquaintance  with  books 
and  literature:  generally  opposed  to  knowledge 
gained  from  experience  of  men  and  things. 

Neither  does  it  so  much  require  book-learninij  ami  schol- 
arship as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true  and  false. 
T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 


book-post 

bookless  (buk'les),  a.     [<  book  +  -less.]     With- 
out books  or  book-knowledge  j  unlearned. 
The  bookless,  sauntering  youth.   SomeruMe,  The  t  ihace,  i. 
booklet  (buk'let),  n.     [<  book  +  dim.  -let.]    A 

little  1 k. 

Little  paper-covered  booklets.    The  Century,  XXV.  244. 
book-lore  (buk'lor),  n.     Book-learning;  know- 
ledge gained  from  books. 
book-louse  (buk'lous),  ».    A  minute neuropter- 

oiis  insect  of  the  family  Psocidw,  distinguished 
by  having  the  tarsi  composed  of  only  two  or 
three  joints,  and  the  posterior  wings  smaller 
than  the  anterior.  Atropus  pulsatorius  is  destitute  of 
wings,  and  is  very  destructive  to  old  books,  especially  in 
damp  places,  and  t"  collections  of  'ii  led  plants,  etc. 

book-madness  (biik'mad"nes),  ii.  A  rago  f or 
possessing  books;  bibliomania. 

book-maker  (buk'ma"ker),  n.  If.  A  printer 
and  binder  of  books. —  2.  One  who  writes  and 
publishes  books;  especially,  a  mere  compiler. 
An  outsider  whose  knowledge  ef  Dai  Nippon  is  derived 
from  our  eld  text-books  ami  cyelopa-dias,  er  from  mac 
resident  book-makers,  maybe  so  far  dazed  as  to  imagine 
the  Japanese  demigods  in  statecraft,  even  as  the  Ameri- 
can newspapers  make  them  all  princes. 

W.  E.  Griffis,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  283. 
3.  One  who  makes  a  book  (see  book,  n.,  9)  on 
a  race  or  other  doubtful  event;  a  professional 
betting  man.     See  extract. 

In  betting  there  arc  two  parties  —  one  called  "  layers,"  as 
the  book-makers  are  termed,  and  the  others  "backers,"  in 
which  class  may  be  included  owners  of  horses  as  well  as 
the  public.  The  backer  takes  the  odds  which  the  book- 
maker lays  against  a  horse,  the  former  speculating  upon  the 
success  of  the  animal,  the  latter  upon  its  defeat  ;  and  tak- 
ing the  case  of  Cremorne  fortbe  Derby  of  1H72,  just  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  would  have  laid  3  to  1,  er  perhaps 
£1000  to  £300  against  him,  by  which  transaction,  if  the 
horse  won,  as  he  did,  the  backer  would  win  £1000  for 
risking  £300,  and  the  book-maker  lose  tlie  £1000  which  he 
risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum.  At.  first  sight  this  may  ap- 
pear an  act  of  very  questionable  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
book-maker;  hut  really  it  is  net  so;  because,  so  far  from 
running  a  greater  risk  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less,  inas- 
much as  it  is  his  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£1000) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be  but 
one  winner,  he  would  in  all  prebability  receive  more  than 
enough  money  from  the  many  losers  to  pay  the  stated  sum 
of  £1000  which  the  chances  are  he  has  laid'  against  the  one 
winner,  whichever  it  is.  Eng.  Encye. 

book-making  (lmk'ma"king),  ii.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  printing  and  binding  books. —  2.  The 
writing  and  publishing  of  books ;  the  act  of 
compiling  books. —  3.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  a  book  on  a  race  or  other  doubtful 
event.    See  extract  under  book-maker,  3. 

bookman  (buk'man),  ii.;  pi.  bookmen  (-men). 
[AS.  *boeman  in  def.  1;  <  hoc,  book,  charter,  + 
man,  man.]  If.  In  old  Eng.  law,  one  who  held 
bookland. — 2.  A  studious  or  learned  man;  a 
scholar;  a  student;  hence,  one  who  is  more 
familiar  with  books  than  with  men  and  things. 

Von  two  ari'  h<<,,kao  u     ran  yen  tell  by  yourwit 
What  was  a  n  leutli  eh  I  at  Cain's  birth  that's  not  five  weeks 
old  yet.'  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

There  lie  some  clergymen  who  arc  mere  book-men. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  3. 

book-mark  (buk'mark),  n.  A  ribbon  or  other 
device  placed  between  the  pages  of  a  book,  to 
mark  a  place  where  reading  is  to  begin,  or  to 
which  reference  is  to  be  made. 

bookmatet  (buk'mat),  n.  A  schoolfellow;  a 
fellow-student:  as,  "the  prince  and  his  book- 
males,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

bookmonger  (buk'mung''ger),  n.  A  dealer  in 
books. 

book-muslin  (buk'miiz'lin),  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
transparent  muslin  having  a  stiff  or  elastic  fin- 
ish :  so  called  from  being  folded  in  book  form. 

book-name  (buk'nam),  n.  In  zobl.  and  bot.,  a 
name  (other  than  the  technical  name)  of  an 
animal  or  plant  found  only  in  scientific  trea- 
tises— that  is,  not  in  use  as  a  vernacular  name. 
It  is  often  a  mere  adaptation  of  the  Latin  or  technical 
term,  as  yaradoxure.  for  an  animal  of  the  genus  Para- 
doxwrus. 

book-notice  (buk'no'tis),  n.  A  short  notice  or 
review  of  a  book  in  a  magazine  or  newspaper. 

book-oath  (buk'dth),  n.  An  oath  made  on  the 
Bible ;  a  Bible-oath. 

I  put  thee  now  to  thy  book-oath;  deny  it,  if  thou  canst. 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

book-plate  (buk'plat),  n.  A  label,  bearing  a 
name,  crest,  monogram,  or  other  design,  pasted 
in  or  on  a  book  to  indicate  its  ownership,  its 
position  in  a  library,  etc. 

The  book-plates  described  by  W.  M.  M.  are  those  of  the 
libraries  founded  by  Dr.  Bray  in  his  lifetime  and  by  the 
"Associates  of  Dr.  Bray  "  since  his  death. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  152. 

book-post  (buk'post),  «.  An  arrangement  in 
the  British  postal  service  by  which  books  and 
printed  matter  other  than  newspapers,  as  well 
as  manuscripts  intended  for  publication,  are 


book-post 

conveyed  at  reduced  rates  of  postage,  when  the 
wrappers  are  left  open  at  the  ends. 

book-rack  (buk'rak),  ».  A  ruck  or  frame  for 
supporting  an  open  book,  or  for  holding  a  nuni- 
ber  of  books. 

book-scorpion  (buk'skfir  pi-on),  ».  A  small 
arachnidan  of  the  genus  Chetifi  r;  a  little  false 
scorpion,  found  in  old  books  and  dark  musty 
places,  Chel\fer  caneroides,  scarcely  n  twelfth  of  an 
Inch  long,  and  dark-reddish  in  appearance,  is  an  example. 

bookseller  (buk'sel'er),  u.  A  person  who  car- 
ries  "ii  tin'  business  of  selling  books. 

bookselling  (buk'sel  ing), ».  The  business  of 
selling  books. 

book-shop  (buk'shop),  n.    A  book-store. 

book-slide  (buk'slict),  ».    Same  as  book-tray. 

book-stall  (buk'stal),  n.  A  stand  or  stall  on 
which  hooks,  generally  second  band,  are  dis- 
played for  sale. 

book-stand  (buk'stand),  ».  1.  A  stand  or  sup- 
port to  hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — 
2.  A  stand  or  frame  for  con  laming  books  ot- 
tered lor  sale  on  the  streets,  etc. — 3.  A  set  of 
shelves  for  books. 

book-stone  (buk'ston),  i<-     Sana'  as  hibliolite. 

book-store  (buk'stor),  u.  A  store  orshop  where 
books  are  sold.      [U.  S.] 

book-trade  (buk'triid).  «.     1.   The  buying  and 

Belling  of  1 ks;  the  business  of  printing  and 

publishing  books.— 2.  Those,  collectively,  who 
are  engaged  in  this  business. 

book-tray  (biik'tra),  n.  A  board  for  holding 
books,  made  generally  of  some  cabinet-wood, 
with  sliding  ends,  often  richly  ornamented. 
Also  called  book-slide. 

book-trimmer  (buk'trim't'-r).  n.  A  machine 
for  squaring  the  edges  of  unbound  books. 

book-work  (buk'werk),  n.  1.  The  study  of 
text-books,  as  distinguished  from  experimental 
studies,  or  from  instruction  imparted  by  lec- 
tures.—  2.  In  printing,  work  on  books  and 
pamphlets,  as  distinguished  from  newspaper- 
work  and  job-work. 

book-worm  (buk'werm),  ».  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  larvae  of  various  insects,  which  gnaw  and 
injure  books,  but  particularly  to  those  of  two 
species  of  small  beetles,  Anobium  (Sitodrepa) 
paniceum  and  Ptmus  brunneus,  belonging  to  the 
family  PtinidCB.    They  infest  old,  unused  books,  work- 


626 

the  solution  of  logical  problems — Boolian  alge- 
bra.   Sec  algebra. 

II.  ».  An  expression  of  logical  algebra,  sub- 
led  to  the  rules  of  Boole's  system,  with  modi- 
tied  addition,  and  slating  a  relation  between 
certain  individual  objects,  without  indicating 
how  those  objects  are  to  be  chosen. 
boolyt,  >'■  [  Also  written  boley,  boll/,  <  Ir.  bniiile 
=  Gael.  buaile,  a  fold,  place  for  milking  cows. 
Cf.  Ir.  liutiiliilli  =  Gael,  bualaidh,  a  cow-house, 
ox-stall  (cf.  equiv.  L.  bovile),  <  Ir.  Gael,  bo  = 
E.cow1.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland:  (a)  A  place  of 
shelter  for  cattle."  (b)  A  company  of  people 
and  their  cuttle  that  wandered  from  place  to 
place  in  search  of  pasture. 

This  keeping  of  cowes  is  of  it  selfe  a  verve  idle  lit 
a  fitt  nurserye  for  a  theefe.     For  which  cause  ye  remem 
her  that  I  disliked  tlie  Irisli  manner  of  keeping  Bolyes 
in  Sommer  upon  the  mountaynes  and  living  alter  that 
savadge  sorte.  Sjit'nser,  State  of  Ireland. 

boom1  (bom),  v.  i.  [An  imitative  word,  a  re- 
vival of  ME.  bummen,  mod.  E.  bam1,  in  its  orig. 
sound  (ME.  «  usually  represented  the  sound 
now  indicated  by  oo  long  or  short) :  see  bum1, 
bomb1,    bomb2,    hump1,    bumble,   etc.,   and  cf. 


booming 

Mr  MrCuIlagh,  in  a  letter  to  cue  of  the  editors  of  this 
Dictionary,  says:  ' !  cannot  explain  how  1  came  to  use  it, 
except  that,  white  on  the  gunboats  on  the  Mississippi  river 
during  the  war,  I  used  to  hear  the  pilots  say  of  the  river, 
w  lien  rising  rapidly  and  overflowing  its  banks,  that  it  (the 

river)  was  '1 ming.'    The  idea  I  wished  tn  convey  was 

that  the  Hi  ant  in.iveinriit was  rising—  swelling,  etc.  The 
wi ird  seemed  i<>  be  a  uit.nl  one  to  tin-  ear.  ami  I  kept  it  up. 
It  was  generally  adopted  about  a  year  afterward.    I  used 

it  as  a  tie ifter  awhile,  and  spoke  of  "the  Grant  boom.'  "] 

They  all  say  that  one  railroad  spoils  a  tofl  n,  two  bring 
it  to  par  again,  and  three  make  it  boom. 

E.  Man-tun,  Frank's  Ranehe,  p.  36. 

II.  trans.  To  bring  into  prominence  or  public 
notice  by  calculated  means;  push  with  vigor 
or  spirit :  as,  to  boom  a  commercial  venture,  or 
the  candidacy  of  an  aspirant  for  office, 
l  boom3  (biim),  ».  [<  boom3,  ».]  A  sudden  in- 
crease of  activity;  a  rush.  Specifically— (a)  In 
politics,  a  movement  seeming,  or  meant  to  seem,  spon- 
taneous in  favor  of  a  candidate  for  office,  or  in  behalf  of 
some  cause,  (b)  In  com.,  a  sudden  and  great  increase  of 
business;  a  rapid  advance  of  prices:  as,  a  boom  En  real 
estate;  a  boom  in  petroleum.    [TJ.  S.] 

Capital  was  enticed  thither  [to  New  Mexico]  for  invest- 
ment, and  a  great  number  of  enterprises  Bprang  up  in  al- 
ini.st  every  direction.  The  boom,  however,  fell  almost  as 
rapidly  as  it  arose.  The  Nation,  Jan.  28,  1S86. 


booms.]     To  make  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  boomage  (bo'maj),  n.     [<  boom2  +  -age.-]     1 

sound.      Iir\  T. ,  1,1177    hum    ill'  .Irene    as  a  bee  or  beetle.  a-*  ,..a l :-j :*:——  e  —  1 1 


sound, 


(a)  To  buzz,  hum,  or  drone,  as  a  bee  or  beetle. 
At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 
Athwart  the  thicket  lone. 

Tennyson,  Clarihel. 
(0)  To  drum  or  cry,  as  a  bittern. 

And  the  bittern  sound  his  drum, 
Booming  from  the  sedgy  shallow. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 
(c)  To  roar,  rumble,  or  reverberate,  as  distant  guns. 


Naut.,  aduty  levied  as  a  composition  for  harbor- 
dues,  anchorage,  and  soundage. —  2.  Compensa- 
tion or  toll  for  the  use  of  a  boom,  or  for  the 
service  rendered  by  the  owner  of  a  boom  in 
receiving,  handling,  driving,  and  assorting  logs 
floating  in  a  stream.     [U.  S.] 
boom-boat   (bom'bot),   n.    One  of  the  boats 
stowed  in  the  booms.     See  boom2,  n.,  5. 
The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  booms  into  the  far  ■hnnrn  rnvPT  nrom'kuv'-'er'l  n       Naut     the  lare-e 
ning  rooms  of  the  Chaussee  d'Antin.  DOOm-COVer  (Ooni  kuv  er;,  it.     Maui.,  ine  large 

Carl iile,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3.     tarpaulin  used  to  cover  over  the  space  where 
(if)  To  roar,  as  waves  when  they  rush  with  violence  upon     the  boom-boats  and  booms  are  stowed, 
the  shore,  or  as  a  river  during  a  freshet,  or  as  a  ship  when  boomer1  (bo'rner),  n.     [Appar.  in  ref.  to  the 
rushing  along  before  a  fair  wind  under  a  press  of  sail.  SOUnd  made  by  the  animal;  <  boom1  +  -er1.] 

She  conies  b      .tng  down  before  the  wind.  x  _  Iu  Austrai  ja;  a  name  of  the  male  of  a  species 


dining  1 


Book-worm  Beetles. 

a,  Sito.lrrfi  f.iitu  >! ;        iiiu   ■  I   tntenaa  of  same ;  c.Plinus 

brunneus.     (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

ing  chief!}  in  tic   leather  binding,  but  also  riddling  the 

with  small  heirs.    The  larva'  of  lintli  species  are 
Lj  similar,  being  cylindrical  and  curved  like  those  of 


boom1  (bom),  n.  [<  boom1,  v.]  A  deep,  hollow, 
continued  sound,  (a)  A  buzzing,  humming,  or  dron- 
ing, as  of  a  bee  or  beetle,  (b)  The  cry  of  the  bittern,  (c) 
A  roaring,  rumbling,  or  reverberation,  as  of  distant  guns. 
Meantime  came  up  the  boom  of  cannon,  slowly  receding 
in  the  same  direction.  J.  K.  llusmer,  The  Color  Guard,  vi. 
(d)  A  roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of 
waves. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for  whom 
the  boom  i  'f  the  wave  has  no  sound,  and  the  march  of  the 
deep  no  tide.  Bulwer. 

boom2  (bom),  it.  [A  naut.  word  of  D.  origin, 
<  D.  boom  =  LG.  boom,  a  tree,  beam,  bar,  pole, 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bom,  a  bar,  rail,  perch,  boom,  = 
Norw.  bnmiii,  biinim,  bit  nib  (according  to  Aasen 
from  LG.  or  D.),  a  bar,  boom,  =  G.  baiim,  a 
tree,  beam,  bar,  booin,  =E.  beam,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  long  pole  or  spar  used  to  extend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails  of  c  ship:  as,  the  main-boom,  jib- 
biioiii,  studdingsail-6ooi«. —  2.  A  strong  barrier, 
as  of  beams,  or  an  iron  chain  or  cable  fastened 
to  spars,  extended  across  a  river  or  the  mouth 
of  a  harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing. — 3.  A  chain  of  floating  logs  fastened 
together  at  the  ends  and  stretched  across  a 
river,  etc,  to  stop  floating  timber.  [U.  S.]  — 
4.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen 
how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. —  5. 
/(,.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist  used  for  stowing 
boats  and  spare  spars.-  Bentinck  boom.  Seeocii- 
tinck.-  Fore-boom,  an  old  name  for  the  jib-boom;  the 
boom  of  a  fore-and-aft  fi  iresail.—  Guess- warp  boom.  See 
guess-warp.     Ringtail  boom.    See  ringtail. 


i.iit  furnished  with  well-developed  legs,  ami  boom"  (biim),  c.  t.     [=  D.  boomen,  push  with  a 


with  rather  long,  Bparse  pubescence.    In  tic  imago  state. 

however,  tin   species  arc  readily  distinguished,  /'.  bran- 

being  much  more  Blender  in  every  respect  than  A. 

2.  A  person  closely  addicted  to  study;  one  de- 
vote, I  to  i  he  reading  of  or  to  research  in  books: 
as,  "these  poring  book-worms,"  Tatler,  No.  27s. 
[In  this  sense  more  commonly  as  one  word.] 

Though  I  rm,  noi  one  that  deals  by  art,  to 

give  you  rlc '  /.  Jonson-i  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

tiinking,  we  ban  in,'  i kworm, 

Emt  i  :<<ii.  Misc.,  p.  77. 

bookwright  (buk'rit),  n.  A  writer  of  books; 
an  author:  a  term  expressive  of  slight  dispar- 
agement. 

In  London,  at  this  mi  ,-oung   man  of  real 

power  will  find  frli  and  '"->  man]  among  his 

fellow  King  tley,  Two  ^  ears  \   ■     ■ 

bool1  (boT),  n.  [8c.  form  of  bowl?.]  1.  A  bowl 
used  in  bowling. —  2.  A  marble  used  by  boys 
in  play. —  3.  pi.  The  game  of  bowls. 

bool'-',  a-    See  boul. 

Boole's  canon.    See  canon. 

booleyt,  »•    See  /«<«/;/. 

Boolian  (bii'li-an  i,  a.  and  ».  I.  a.  Relating  to 
the  mathematician Georgi  Boole  |  L815  tit i,  the 
author  of  a  system  of  algebraic  notation  for 


pole,  <  boom,  a  pole,  boom:  sec  huum-,  n.  Cf. 
In  it m,  v.]  1.  To  shove  with  a  boom  or  spar. — 
2.  To  drive  or  guide  (logs)  down  a  stream  with 
a  boom  or  pole. — 3.  To  pen  or  confine  (logs) 
with  a  boom. —  To  boom  off,  to  shove  (a  vessel  or  boat) 
away  with  spars. 
boom:1  (biim).  r.  [A  recent  American  use.  ori- 
ginating in  the  West,  and  first  made  familiar  in 
IS7S;  a  particular  application  of  boom1,  r.  /., 
(d)  (with  ref.  also  to  boom'',  n.,  (<!)),  from  the 
of  sudden  and  rapid  motion    with 


thought 
roaring 

some  assume  also  an  allusion  to  linom-,  n.,  3. 
When  a  boom  of  logs  breaks,  the  logs  rush 
with  violence  down  I  he  stream,  and  tire  then 
said  to  be  ••  booming":  but  Ihis  appears  to  be 
the  ordinary  ppr.  adj.  booming,  roaring,  rush- 
ing with  violence,  and  to  have  no  connection 
with  boom",  n.  or  r.]     I.  iiitriiii*.  To  goon  with 

a  rush;  1 me  suddenly  active;  be  "lively," 

as  business;  be  prosperous  or  flourishing.  |Tlie 
earliest  instance  of  the  word  m  this  sense  appearstn  be  in 
tlie  following  passage : 

"flic  Republicans  of  every  other  State  are  of  the  same 
way  of  thinking.     The  fact  is,  tile  Grant  movement  Ifora 

third  in i  the  presidency]  Is boonvvng." 

J.  B.  McCullayh,  iu  St.  Louis  Ulubc-Democrat,  July  18, 1878. 


of  kangaroo. —  2.  A  name  of  the  showt'l  or 
mountain  beaver,  HapUubin  rufus  or  Aplodontia 
leporina.  See  cut  under  Haplodon.  —  Mountain 
boomer,  the  common  red  squirrel.  [Local,  V.  s. ) 
boomer-  tbo'mer),  «.  [<  boonfi  +  -er1.]  One 
who  booms ;  one  who  starts  and  keeps  up  an 
agitation  in  favor  of  any  project  or  person ; 
one  who  assists  in  the  organization  or  further- 
ance of  a  boom.     [U.  S.] 

The  Federal  Government  holds  them  [the  reservations 
in  the  Indian  Territory]  as  a  trustee  for  tlie  Indians;  and 
it  will  be  a  hundred  fold  better  to  let  some  acres  remain 
uncultivated  and  unoccupied  rather  than  that  all  shall  he 
given  over  to  the  rapacity  uf  white  boomers. 

The  Nation,  Jan.  7,  1886. 

boomerang  (bo'me-rang),  n.  [Recently  also 
boomering,  bomerang,  bomarang  ;  from  a  native 
name  in  New  South  Wales;  wo-nutr-raiii/  and 

bitmarin  are 
cited  as  abo- 
riginal names 
of  clubs.] 
1.  A  mis- 
sile weapon 
of  war  and 
the        chase, 

Boomerangs.  "*'''      by     the 

aborigines  of 
Australia,  consisting  of  a  rather  flat  piece  of 
hard  wood  bent  or  curved  in  its  own  plane,  and 
from  16  inches  to  2  feet  long.  Generally,  but  not 
always,  it  is  natter  on  one  side  than  on  tlie  other.  In 
some  cases  the  curve  from  end  to  end  is  nearly  an  are  of  a 
i  irele,  in  others  it  is  rather  an  obtuse  angle  than  a  curve, 
and  in  a  few  examples  there  is  a  slight  reverse  curve 
tow anl  each  enil.  In  the  hands  of  a  skilful  thrower  the 
boomerang  can  be  projected  to  great  distances,  and  can  be 
made  to  ricochet  almost  at  will;  it  can  In'  thrown  in  a 
curved  path,  Bomewhat  as  a  bowl  can  be  "screwed"  or 
" twisted,"  anil  it  can  lie  made  to  return  to  the  thrower, 
and  strike  the  ground  behind  him.  It  is  capable  of  in- 
dicting serious  wounds. 

lleiiiu — 2.  Figuratively,  any  plan,  measure, 
or  project  the  consei|iiences  of  which  recoil 
upon  tlie  projector,  and  are  therefore  the  oppo- 
site of  those  intended  or  expected. 


mil   in. -reusing   sound.     In    later  use  booming1   (bo'ming),  it.     [Verbal  n.  of  boom1, 

v.]  The  act  of  making  n  deep,  hollow,  contin- 
ued sound,  or  the  sound  itself.  (,<)  A  buzzing  or 
droning,  as  of  a  bee  or  luetic  (A)  'the  crying  of  a  bittern. 
rbc  marsh  bittern's  weird  booming,  the  drumming  of 
tin-  capercailzie.  /'.  Robinson,  t  nder  the  Sun,  p.  G5. 

(c)  A  roaring  or  reverberating,  as  of  distant  guns.  ((/)  A 
roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  "f  waves. 
booming1  (homing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  /«»</« i,  r.\ 
Making  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  sound  (in 
any  of  the  senses  of  the  verb). 

All  night  the  itt't'iiiiitti  minute  gun 

Had  pealed  along  the  deep.   Bemant,  The  Wreck. 

Still  darker  grows  the  spreading  cloud 

i'rom  which  the  booming  thumb-is  sound. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  the  Delawares. 


booming 

booming2  (bci'ming),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  boomS,  v.] 
Active;  lively;  advancing;  buoyant:  as,  a 
boontiiitf  market. 
[U.S.] 

boom-iron  (b8m'- 

l'eru),  It.  Xtiut., 
a  metal  ring  on 
a  yard,  through 
which  a  studding- 

sail-1 in    is  run 

in  and  out. 
boom-jigger 

(bom'jig'er),   n. 


Boom  i on  j 


\iiiiI.,  the  small  purchase 
used  in  rigging  out  a  studdingsail-boom,  and, 
by  shifting  the  tackle,  in  rigging  it  in.  Also 
called  in-and-out  jigger. 

boomkin  (bom'kin),  n.     Same  as  buiiikin. 

boom-mainsail  (bom'man  sal),  n.  A  fore-and- 
aft  mainsail,  the  foot  of  which  is  extended  by 
a  boom. 

boomslang  (bom'slang),  n.  [D.  (in  S.  Af- 
rica), <  boom,  tree,  +  slang  (=OHG.  slango, 
MHG.  slange,  G.  schlange),  a  snake,  <  "slingen, 
only  in  freq.  slingeren,  turn,  toss,  sling,  =  <  >H< ;. 
slingan,  MUG.  slingen,  G.  sehliui/eti,  wind,  twist, 
sling,  =  E.  sling,  q.  v.]  An  African  tree-snake, 
Bucephalus  eapensis. 

boomster  (boin'ster),  n.  [<  boom?  +  -ster.] 
One  engaged  in  booming  the  market  or  a  polit- 
ical candidate  for  office ;  one  who  works  up  a 
boom.     [Rare,  U.  S.] 

Moreover,  he  [the  Seeretary  of  the  Interior]  dismissed 
him  "when  under  fire'"  —  that  is,  while  the  Board's  en- 
quiry was  still  in  progress — an  act  which  every  boomster 
must  regard  with  loathing.         The  Varum,  Feb.  12,  1880. 

boom-tackle  (born'tak"l),  n.  A  tackle  consist- 
ing of  a  double  and  a  single  block  and  fall, 
used  in  guying  out  the  main-boom  of  a  fore- 
and-aft  rigged  vessel. 

boon1  (bon),  n.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  also  boyn, 
boi/nc,  <  Icel.  bon,  a  prayer,  petition,  with  a 
parallel  umlauted  form  been  for  *bcen  =  Sw. 
Dan.  bon  =  AS.  ben,  ME.  ben,  bene,  a  prayer: 
see  ben2.  In  the  sense  of  'favor,  privilege,' 
there  is  confusion  with  booii'*.]  If.  A  prayer; 
a  petition. 

Our  king  unto  God  made  his  boon.  Minot. 

The  wofull  husbandman  doth  lowd  complaine 

To  see  his  whole  yeares  labor  lost  so  soone, 

For  which  to  God  he  made  so  many  an  idle  boone. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  34. 

2.  That  which  is  asked;  a  favor;  a  thing  de- 
sired ;  a  benefaction. 

Vouchsafe  me,  for  my  meed,  but  one  fair  look ; 
A  smaller  boon  than  this  I  cannot  beg. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

All  our  trade  with  the  West  Indies  was  a  boon,  granted 
to  us  by  the  indulgence  of  England. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Jan.  24,  1832. 

Hence  —  3.  A  good ;  a  benefit  enjoyed ;  a  bless- 
ing ;  a  great  privilege ;  a  thing  to  be  thankful 
for. 

The  boon  of  religious  freedom. 

Sydney  Smith,  Peter  Plymley's  Letters,  ii. 

Is  this  the  duty  of  rulers?  Are  men  in  such  stations  to 
give  all  that  may  be  asked  .  .  .  without  regarding  wheth- 
er it  be  a  boon  or  a  bane?  Brougham,  Lord  North. 

4.  An  unpaid  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

boon1  (bon),  v.  t.  [<  boon1,  n.,  4.]  To  do  gra- 
tuitous service  to  another,  as  a  tenant  to  a  land- 
lord.    Hay ;  Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boon2  (bon),  ii.  [Also  E.  dial,  bun  (soe  bun2),  < 
ME.  bone,  later  also  bnnne  ;  cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  bu- 
imeli,  coarse  tow,  the  refuse  of  flax,  <  Gael,  and 
Ir.  bun,  stump,  stock,  root:  see  bun2.]  The 
refuse  stalk  of  hemp  or  flax  after  the  fiber  has 
been  removed  by  retting  and  breaking. 

boon3  (bon),  a.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  <  Norm.  F. 
boon,  OP.  linn,  F.  bon,  <  L.  bonus,  good:  see 
bonus,  bonne,  luinui/1,  etc.]  If.  Good:  as,  boon 
cheer. — 2f.  Favorable;  fortunate;  prosperous: 
as,  a  boon  voyage. — 3f.  Kiud;  bounteous;  yield- 
ing abundance:  as,  "nature  boon,"  Milton,  P. 
L.,  iv.  242. 

To  a  boon  southern  country  he  is  fled. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 

4.  Gay ;  merry ;  jolly ;  jovial ;  convivial :  as,  a 
boon  companion;  "jocund  and  boon,"  Milton, 
P.  L.,  ix.  793. 

tied  all  the  boon  companions  of  the  Earl. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

boonaget,  «•  [Also  bonage;  <  boon1,  4,  4-  -age.] 
Boon-work. 

boon-dayt  (bon'da),  n.  A  day  on  which  boon- 
work  was  performed  by  a  tenant  for  his  lord, 
as  in  harvesting  his  crops. 


627 

boongary  (bong'ga-ri),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
tree-kangaroo,  Dehdrolagus  lumholtzi,  of  north- 
ern Queensland,  Austral  in. 

boonk  ( liiingk),  n,  [Imitative,  like  bump1  and 
bumble,  «.,  q.  v.]  The  little  bittern  of  Europe, 
Ardetta  ininuta.    Montagu. 

boon-loaf t  (bon'lof),  n.  A  loaf  allowed  to  a 
tenant  when  working  on  a  boon-day. 

boon-work  i  bdn'wcrk),  m.  1.  Unpaid  work  or 
service  formerly  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord:  boon. — 2.  Work  or  service  given  gratu- 
itously to  a  farmer  by  his  neighbors  on  some 
special  occasion. 

boopic  (bo-op'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  fHoSmtg,  ox-eyed: 
sic  boohs."]     Having  eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 

boops  (bo'ops),  n.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  (So&irtc,  ox-eyed, 
<  poiic,  ox  (see  Bos),  +  Slip,  eye.]  An  old  book- 
name  of  the  Box  boops,  a  sparoid  fish  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  adjoining  ocean.  It  is 
peculiar  iu  the  development  of  only  one  row  of 
notched  trenchant  teeth  in  the  jaws. 

boor  (biir),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boore,  bour 
(also  improp.  bore,  hoar),  possibly,  in  the  form 
bour  (mod.  E.  prop.  *bower,  bou'er)  (cf.  E.  dial. 
tar,  neighbor,  as  a  form  of  address),  <  ME. 
*bour,  <  AS.  gebur,  a  dweller,  husbandman, 
farmer,  countryman  (a  word  surviving  without 
distinctive  meaning  in  the  compound  neighbour, 
in  ighbor,  <  AS.  nedh-gebur) ;  but  in  the  ordi- 
nary form  and  pronunciation,  boor,  <  LG.  bur, 
bum;  MLG.  bur,  gebur,  a  husbandman,  farmer, 
=  D.  bum;  MD.  ghebure,  ghebuer,  neighbor,  D. 
boer,  MD.  geboer  (a  later  form,  prob.  borrowed 
from  LG.),  a  husbandman,  farmer,  rustic,  knave 
at  cards,  =  OHG.  gibur,  giburo,  MHG.  gebur,  ge- 
bitrc,  G.  baiter,  a  husbandman,  peasant,  rustic, 
=  AS.  gebur,  as  above;  lit.  one  who  occupies 
the  same  dwelling  (house,  village,  farm)  with 
another,  one  who  dwells  with  or  near  another 
(a  sense  more  definitely  expressed  by  the  AS. 
in  dh-gebur,  'nigh-dweller,'  neighbor:  see  neigh- 
bor), <  ge-,  together,  a  generalizing  or  coordi- 
nating prefix  (see  ge-),  +  bur,  >  E.  bower,  a 
dwelling:  see  bower1.  The  forms,  as  those  of 
others  from  the  same  root  (AS.  buan,  dwell, 
etc.),  are  somewhat  confused  in  the  several 
languages.  See  bower1,  bower5,  bower§,  etc., 
and  neighbor.]  1.  A  countryman;  a  peasant; 
a  rustic;  a  clown;  particularly,  a  Dutch  or 
German  peasant. 

Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  lad  ;  .  .  .  villain  than 
peasant;  a  boor  was  only  a  farmer;  a  varlet  was  but  a 
serving-man  ;  .  .  .  a  churl  but  a  strong  fellow. 

Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  56. 
There  were  others,  the  boors,  who  seem  to  have  bad  no 
land  of  their  own,  but  worked  on  the  lord's  private  land 
like  the  laborers  of  to-day. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  316. 

Hence  —  2.  One  who  is  rude  in  manners,  or  il- 
literate ;  a  clown ;  a  clownish  person. 

The  profoundest  philosopher  differs  in  degree  only,  not 
in  kind,  from  the  most  uncultivated  boor. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  172. 
The  habits  and  cunning  of  a  boor.  Thackeray. 

Tramped  down  by  that  Northern  boor,  Peter  the  Great. 
D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 
3.   [eiqi.]  Same  as  Boer. 
boord1!,  ».  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  board. 
boord'-'t,  a-     A  variant  form  of  bounl1. 
boorish  (bor'ish),   a.     [<  boor  +  -ish1;   =  D. 
boersch  =  G.  bauerisch,  clownish,  rustic]     1. 
Resembling  a  boor  ;   clownish ;   rustic  ;   awk- 
ward in  manners;  illiterate. 

No  lusty  neatherd  thither  drove  his  kine, 
No  boorish  hogherd  fed  his  rooting  swine. 

ir.  Browne,  Brit.  Past.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  fit  for  a  boor. 

A  gross  and  boorish  opinion.  Milton,  On  Divorce,  i.  9. 
=  Syn.  Boorish,  Churlish,  Clownish,  Loutish.  He  who  is 
boorish  is  so  low-bred  in  habits  and  ways  as  to  be  posi- 
tively offensive.  He  who  is  churlish  offends  by  his  lan- 
guage and  manners,  they  being  such  as  would  naturally  be 
found  in  one  who  is  coarse  and  selfish,  and  therefore  gener- 
ally insolent  or  crusty  and  rough  ;  the  opposite  of  kimt  mid 
courteous:  as,  it  is  churlish  to  refuse  to  answer  a  civil  ques- 
tion. The  opposite  of  boorish  is  refined  or  polite  ;  the  op- 
posite of  clownish  is  elegant.  Clownish  is  a  somewhat 
weaker  word  than  boorish,  implying  less  that  is  disgusting 
in  manner  and  speech  ;  it  often  notes  mere  lack  of  refine- 
ment. The  difference  between  clownish  and  loutish  is 
that  lie  who  is  clownish  is  generally  stupid  and  some- 
times ludicrous,  while  lie  who  is  loutish  is  perhaps  slov- 
enly and  worthy  of  blame. 

In  some  countries  the  large  cities  absorb  the  wealth  and 
fashion  of  the  nation,  .  .  .  and  the  country  is  inhabited 
almost  entirely  by  boorish  peasantry. 

Ir  ring,  Sketch-Book,  p.  SO. 
My  master  is  of  churlish  disposition, 
Anil  little  reeks  to  find  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 

'Tis  clownish  toinsiston  doing  all  with  one'sown  hands, 
as  if  every  man  should  build  his  own  clumsy  house,  forge 
his  hammer,  and  bake  his  dough.  Emerson,  success. 


boot 

He  [Lord  Chesterfield)  labored  for  years  to  mould  his 
dull,  heavy,  loutish  Bon,  Stanhope,  into  a  graceful  man  of 
fashion,  W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  iu  the  World,  p.  42. 

boorishly  (bor'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  boorish  man- 
ner. 

Limbs  .  .  .  neither  weak  nor  boorishly  robust. 

Fenton,  tr.  of  Martial  s  Epigrams,  x.  47. 

boorishness  (b8r'ish-nes),  ».  [<  boorish  + 
-ness.]  The  state  of  being  boorish;  clownish- 
ness  ;  rusticity;  coarseness  of  manners. 

boornouse  (bor-nds'),  "•    Same  as  bwrnoose. 

boost,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  boss1.     Chaucer. 

boose1  (bSz),  n.  [=  Sc.  boose,  buise,  bust-;  <  ME. 
boose,  bose,  <  AS.  "bos  (represented  only  by  the 
ONorth.  bosig,  >  boos//1,  q.  v.)  =  Icel.  bass  = 
Sw.  b&s  =  Dan.  baas,  a  cow-stall;  of.  G.  banse, 
=  Goth,  bansts,  a  barn.]  A  stall  or  inclosure 
for  cattle.     Also  boost/,  bouse.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boose'-',  ''.  and  n.     See  booze. 

DOOSer,  «.     See  boozer. 

boost1  (bost),  v.  t.  [Etym.  unknown.]  To  lift 
or  raise  by  pushing  from  behind,  as  a  person 
climbing  a  tree;  push  up:  often  used  figura- 
tively: as,  to  boost  a  person  over  a  fence,  or  in- 
to power.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boost1  (bost),  n.  An  upward  shove  or  push; 
the  act  of  boosting;  the  result  of  boosting^  a 
lift,  either  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  to  give 
one  a  boost.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boost2t,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  boast1. 

boost:,t,  »■  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bost;  a  variant 
of  Iniist1,  q.  v.]     Same  as  hoist1. 

boost4  (bost),  «.  and  v.     Same  as  buist. 

boosy1  (bci'zi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boosey, 
bousie,  <  ME.  (not  found),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  bo- 
sig, bosih,  <  "bos,  a  stall:  see  boose1.]  Same  as 
boose1. 

boosy-,  a.     See  boozy. 

boot1  (Dot),  ii.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  bot,  <  AS.  bot, 
advantage,  amendment,  reparation  (esp.  in  the 
phrase  to  bote  (lit.  'for  reparation,'  E.  to  boot), 
frequent  in  the  AS.  laws),  =  OS.  bota  =  OFries. 
bote  =  D.  boete  =  LG.  bote  =  OHG.  buoga,  MHG. 
buoze,  G.  busse  =  Icel.  bot  =  Sw.  bot  =  Dan. 
boil  =  Goth,  bota,  boot,  advantage,  profit,  re- 
pair, reparation,  etc. ;  <  Teut.*bata?i  (pret.  *bot), 
be  good,  be  useful,  profit,  avail,  whence  ult.  E. 
bet1, better1, batten1,  battle3,  etc.,  and  (as  a  deriv. 
of  boot),  beet2,  mend,  repair:  see  these  words.] 
If.  Profit;  gain;  advantage. 

If  then  the  reward  bee  to  bee  measured  by  thy  merites, 
what  boote  canst  thou  seeke  for,  but  eternall  paine. 

1. ol It,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  181. 
O  !  spare  thy  happy  daies,  and  them  apply 
To  better  boot.  Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  xi.  19. 

2.  Something  whicli  is  thrown  in  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  as  an  additional  considera- 
tion, or  to  make  the  exchange  equal. 

Ill  give  you  boot,  I'll  give  you  three  for  one. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

3f.  Help  or  deliverance;  assistance;  relief; 
remedy :  as,  boot  for  every  bale. 

She  is  .  .  .  the  rote  of  bountee  .  .  .  and  soules  bote. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  14. 
Anon  he  yaf  the  syke  man  his  bote. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  424. 

Next  her  son,  our  soul's  best  boot.  Wordsworth. 

4f.  Resource ;  alternative. 

There  was  none  other  boote  for  him,  but  to  arm  him. 

Lord  Iirrners,  tr.  of  Froissart,  I.  674. 

It  is  no  boot,  it  is  useless  or  of  no  avail. 

Whereupon  we  thought  it  no  boot  to  sit  longer,  since  we 
could  escape  unobserved. 

R.  Knox,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  418. 
To  boot  [AS.  to  bote],  to  the  advantage ;  into  the  bargain ; 
in  addition;  over  and  above;  besides;  as,  I  will  give  my 
house  for  yours  with  S500  to  boot. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  boot. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  2. 
We  are  a  people  of  prayer  and  good  works  to  boot. 

Hawthorne,  old  Manse,  I. 
To  make  boot  of,  to  make  profit  of;  gain  by. 

Give  him  no  breath,  but  now 
Make  boot  o/his  distraction. 

shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  1. 

boot1  (bot),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  boten,  profit,  <  bote, 
boot,  profit.  The  earlier  verb  was  AS.  betan, 
>  ME.  lull n.  mod.  E.  beet:  see  bee&.]  1.  To 
profit ;  advantage ;  avail :  now  only  used  im- 
personally: as,  it  boots  us  little. 

What  bootes  it  al  to  have,  and  nothing  use? 

Spenser,  F,  <;.,  II.  vi.  17. 

For  what  I  have,  I  need  not  to  repeat ; 
And  what  1  want,  it  boots  not  to  complain. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  4. 

2f.  To  present  into  the  bargain  ;  enrich ;  ben- 
efit. 

I  will  boot  thee  with  what  gift  beside 
Thy  modesty  can  beg.  S/ittk.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 


Boot. 


A:  a,  front;  *.  side-seam ; 
c,  back ;  <it  strap ;  e.  instep  ; 
/,  vamp,  or  front;  /r,  quar- 
ter, or  counter;  /i,  rand  ;  »', 
heel,  of  which  the  front  is  the 
breast  and  the  bottom  the 
face;  J,  lifts  of  the  heel;  k, 
shank;  /,  welt;  m,  sole;  n, 
toe  ;  o,  ball  of  sole.  B  (sec- 
tion) :  a,  upper  :  b,  insole  ;  c, 
outsole  ;  d,  welt ;  e,  stitching  of 
the  sole  to  the  welt ;  /,  stitch- 
ing <>f  the  upper  to  the  welt ; 
jf,  channeling,  or  depression 
for  the  bights  of  the  stitches. 


boot 

boot2  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  <  OF.  bote, 
a  boot,  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bota  (ML.  bota, 
botta)  (of.  Gael,  bot,  botttinn,  prob.  from  E.),  a 
boot;  origin  uncertain.  Prob.  not  connected, 
as  supposed,  with  OF.  bovte,  mod.  F.  bottc  = 
It.  hull,  (ML.  Iinl la,  bota),  a  butt,  cask,  leathern 
vessel:  Bee  butfl.]  1.  A  covering  (usually 
of  leather)  for  tie  fool 
and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
reaching  as  far  up  as  the 
middle  of  the  calf,  and 
sometimes  to  the  knee. 
In  most  styles  the  leg  part 
keeps  it s  place  by  its  stiffness 
alone,  although  in  certain  fash- 
ions it  has  been  laced  around 
the  calf.  Boots  seem  to  have 
appeared  in  Europe  about  the 
middleofthe  fifteenth  century. 
They  were  not  much  worn  at 
first,  because  persons  « if  the 
wealthier  classes,  when  abroad, 
were  generally  clad  in  armor. 
At  the  time  of  the  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  armor  very  high 
boots  of  thick  leather  came  into 
favor  as  covering  for  the  legs, 
and  by  the  sixteenth  century 
they  were  already  in  common 
use.  (See  jack-boot.)  Late  in 
tlie  eighteenth  century  Loots 
became  a  usual  part  of  elegant 
costume,  and  were  made  lighter 
and  more  close-fitting.  In  Eng- 
land boots  ceased  to  be  common 
in  elegant  costume  as  early  as 
1855,  and  about  fifteen  years 
later  they  began  to  disappear  in 
the  United  States;  but  they  are 
still  worn  for  special  purposes 
and  occupations,  as  by  horse- 
men, seamen,  etc. 
Hence  —  2.  In  modern 
usage,  also,  any  shoe  or 
outer  foot-coveringwhich 
reaches  above  the  ankle, 
whether  for  men  or  women:  more  properly 
called  half-boot  or  ankle-boot. —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  made  of 
iron,  or  a  combination 
of  iron  and  wood,  fas- 
tened on  the  leg,  be- 
tween which  and  the 
boot  wedges  were  in- 
troduced and  driven  in 
by  repeated  blows  of  a 
mallet,  with  such  vio- 
lence as  to  crush  both 
muscles  and  bones.  The 
boots  and  thumb-screw  were 
the  special  Scotch  instru- 
ments for  "putting  to  the 
question."  A  much  milder 
variety  consisted  of  a  boot 
or     buskin,    made    wet    and  Torture  with  the  Boot. 

drawn    upon    tie*    legs    and 

then  dried  by  heat,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  the  legs. 
The  Scottish  Privy  Council  had  potter  to  put  state  pris- 
oners to  the  question.    But  the  sittht  was  so  dreadful  that, 
'ii  as  the  boots  appeared,  even  the  most  servile  and 
hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened  out  of  tlie  chamber. 

Macaiitaii. 

4.  A  protective  covering  for  a  horse's  foot. 
—  5f.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  drinking- 
vessel:  from  the  use  of  leathern  jacks  to  drink 
from. 

To  charge  whole  boots  full  to  their  friend's  welfare. 

Bp.  II, ill,  Satires,  VI.  i.  B2. 

6.  In  ornith.,  a  continuous  or  entire  tarsal  en- 
velop, formed  liy  fusion  of  the  tarsal  scutella. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  birds  of  the  thrush  and  war- 
bler groups.  Sec  cut  under  booted. —  7t.  The 
fixed  step  on  each  side  of  a  coach. —  8f.  An  mi- 
red Space  mi  or  by  the  steps  on  each  side 
of  a  coach,  allotted  to  the  servants  and  atten- 
dants; later,  a  low  outside  compartment,  either 
between  the  coachman's  box  and  the  body  of 
the  coach  or  at  tlie  rear. 

'flic    Infanta  sat    in  the  '»«,/  with  a  bine  ribl about 

her  arm,  of  purpose  that  the  Prince  might  distinguish  her. 
Howeu,  I  ■  1 1  rs,  I.  iii.  15. 

Mi-  coach  being  come,  he  causeth  him  to  he  hud  Bottly, 

and    o,  he  in  on.   / and  the  two  chlrurgeons  in  the 

other,  tie  v  drive  away  to  the  very  m  k1  country  house. 

J.  Reynolds. 
9.  A  receptacle  for  baggage  in  a  coach,  either 

under  the  sent  of  the  coachman  or  under  that 
of  the  guard,  or,  as  in  American    tage iches, 

behind  the  liodv  of  the  COaeh,  C01  I  I'd   lit   a  ll:i|, 

of  leather.— 10.  A  leather  apron  attached  to 

the  dashboard  of  an  open  carriage  and  de 

to  he  used  as  a  protection  from  ram  or  mud. — 

Balmoral  boots,    see  Balmoral.     Boots  and  saddles. 

[An  adaptation  of  F.  boute-eeU    tie    Ignaltoh 

telle,  put  the  saddle  on;  bouter,  put  .  addli 

butt*  and  -e//'j.|    MUit.,  the  first  tr pet  call  for  mounted 

drill  ur  other  formations  mounted ;  also,  a  signal  for  the 


assembly  of  trumpeters.— Clumsy-boots,  an  awkward, 
careless  person.     [Collou..] 

you're  the  most  creasing  and  tumbling  clumsy  boots  of 
a  packer.  Dickens,  <hir  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 
Congress  boots  or  gaiters,  high  shoes  with  elastic  sides, 
by  stretching  which  they  arc  drawn  on  to  the  feet.-  Hes- 
sian boots.a  kind  of  long  1 ts,  originally  introduced  in 

the  uniform  of  Hessian  troops.—  Salisbury  boot,  a  car- 
riage-boot  of  rounded  form,  used  chiefly  in  court  vehicles. 
[Eng.]  —  Skeleton  boot,  a  carriage  hoot  framed  with  thin 
pieces  of  iron  instead  of  wood,  and  supporting  the  driver's 
scat.  Sly-boots,  a  cunning,  artful  person.— To  put  the 
boot  on  the  wrong  leg,  to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the 
wrong  party;  make  a  mistake  in  attribution. 

boot-  (bot),  v.  t.  [<  boot-,  ».]  1.  To  put  boots 
on.— 2.  To  torture  with  the  boot.— 3.  To 
kick;  drive  by  kicking:  as,  boot  him  out  of  the 
room.  [Slang.] — 4.  To  beat,  formerly  with  a 
long  jack-boot,  now  with  a  leather  surcingle  or 
waist-belt:  an  irregular  conventional  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  soldiers  on  a  comrade  guilty 
of  dishonesty  or  shirking  duty.  N.  E.  1).  [Eng. 
military  slang.] 

boot3t  ('nit),  n.  [Appar.  same  as  boot1,  used 
for  booty ;  or  merely  short  for  booty.']  Booty; 
spoil;  plunder. 

Heavy  laden  with  the  spoyle 
Of  harvest's  riches,  which  he  made  his  boot. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  38. 

Like  soldiers,  [bees]  armed  in  their  stings, 
Make  boot  upon  the  summer's  velvet  buds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

A  true  Attic  bee,  be  [Milton]  made  boot  on  every  lip 
where  there  was  a  trace  of  truly  classic  honey. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  271. 

boot4t.     Obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 

Bootanese,  "-  and  n.    See  Bhutanese. 

boot-black  (boVblak),  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  clean  and  black  boots  and  shoes. 
Also  called  shoe-black. 

boot-catchert  (b6t'kaoh*er),  n.  The  person  at 
an  inn  whose  business  was  to  pull  off  boots  and 
clean  them ;  a  boots. 

The  ostler  and  the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake. 

Swift,  Advice  to  Servants. 

boot-clamp  (bot'klamp),  it.  A  device  for  hold- 
ing a  boot  so  that  it  can  be  sewed. 

boot-closer  (bot'klo "zer),  n.  One  who  sews  to- 
gether the  upper  leathers  of  boots  or  shoes. 

boot-crimp  (bSt'krimp),  «.  A  frame  or  last 
used  by  bootmakers  for  drawing  and  shaping 
the  body  of  a  boot. 

boot-cuff  (bot'kuf ),  n.  A  form  of  cuff  worn  in 
England  in  the  eighteenth  century.    See  cuff. 

booted  (ho 'ted),  a.  [<  boot2, 
v.,  +  -erf2.]  1.  Having  boots  on; 
equipped  with  boots ;  especially, 
equipped  for  riding:  as,  booted 
and  spurred;  "a  booted  judge;" 
liri/dfii. — 2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  Hav- 
ing the  tarsi  covered  with  fea- 
thers; braccate:  as,  the  booted 
eagle.  See  cut  under  braccate. 
(b)  Having  the  tarsi  enveloped 
in  a  boot,  that  is,  not  divitled 
along  the  acrotarsium,  or  having 
only  a  few  scales  or  scutella  near 
the  toes;  holothecal;  ocreate: 
as,  a  booted  tarsus.     See  boot2,  6. 

bootee1  (bii-te'),  n.  [<  boot2  + 
dim.  -«'.]  A  trade-name  for  a 
half  or  short  boot  for  women. 

bootee-'  (bo'te),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A 
white,  spotted  Dacca  muslin. 

Bootes  (bo-6'tez),  1>.  [L.,  <  Or.  foirrnc,  a  name 
given  to  the  constellation  containing  Arcturus, 
lit.  an  ox-driver,  plowman,  <  /ioi'r,  an  ox.]  A 
northern  constellation 
containing  the  bright 
star  Arcturus,  and  situ- 
ated behind  the  I  Ireal 
Bear,     it  is  supposed   to 

represent  a  man  holding  a 
crook  and  driving  the  Bear. 
In  modern  times  the  constel 
latioii  of  the  Hounds  has  been 
interposed  between  Bootes 
and  the  Bear, 
booth  (both),  n.  [=Se. 
hiiilli,  early  mod.  North. 
E.  bouthe,  butiie;  <  ME. 
bothe,  <  ODan.  '»<»///, 
Dan.  bod  =  Sw.  6orf, 
booth,  stall,  =  Ieol.  biidh, 
dwelling,  =  MII(i./>«orfc, 

hut,  tent,  1 1.  hide, booth, 

Stall    (cf.     liolleln.   Ik, (old 

=  Pol.  buda  =  Sorbian 
buda=  Buss.  budka,eto., 
from  i !.:  f  lael.  buih  =  Ir. 

both,    boith  =   W.    birth,         The  Constellation  Bootes. 


Booted  Tarsus 
(Robin). 

a,  acrotarsium, 
or  front  of  the  tar- 
sus; b,  planta,  or 
sides  and  back  of 
the  tarsus. 


fWW 


bootlessness 

perhaps  from  E.);  with  formative  -th  (-rf),  < 
Icel.  66a,  luitt  =  AS.  hum,,  etc.,  dwell,  whence 
also  AS.  hur,  K.  bmrer1,  etc.:  see  bower\  boor, 
etc.]  1.  A  temporary  structure  or  dwelling 
made  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight 
materials,  or  of  canvas,  as  a  tent. 

The  ruder  tribes .  .  .  follow  the  herd,  living  through  the 
summer  in  booth*  on  the  higher  pasture-grounds,  and  only 
returning  to  the  valleys  to  And  shelter  from  the  winter- 
storms.  C.  Elton,  Origins  of  F.ng.  Hist.,  p.  241. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods 
or  refreshments  at  a  fair  or  market,  for  show- 
men's and  jugglers'  exhibitions,  etc Polling- 
booth,  a  temporary  stliietuieof  hoards,  used  at  elections, 
in  Great  Britain  for  receiving  totes,  and  in  the  United 
states  as  a  stand  from  whit  li  to  distribute  1 'allots. 

boothage  (bo'thaj),  n.  [<  booth  +  -aye.']  Cus- 
tomary dues  paid  for  leave  to  erect  booths  in 
fairs  anil  markets. 

boothalet  (bot'hal),  y.  ..  [<  boot3,  for  booty,  4- 
ftafes.]    To  plunder;  pillage.    Beau,  and  Fl. 

boothalert  (bot'ha"ler),  n.  A  robber;  a  free- 
booter. 

My  own  father  laid  these  London  boothalers,  the  catch- 
polls, in  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

bootholder  (bot'hol'dor),  n.  A  jack  or  other 
■  ley  ice  for  holding  a  boot  while  it  is  being  made 
or  cleaned. 

boot-hook  (bot'huk),  ».  1.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
with  which  long  boots  are  pulled  on  the  legs. 

—  2.  A  button-hook  for  buttoning  shoes. 
boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  pi.     1.   Stocking-hose 

or  spatterdashes,  worn  instead  of  boots. 

Let  the  waistcoat  I  have  last  wrought 
Be  made  up  for  my  father  :  I  will  have 
A  cap  and  boot-hose  suitable  to  it, 

Fletcher  {,ti, ,(  another),  Love's  Cure,  i.  2. 

2.  Extra  stockings  or  leggings  formerly  worn 
with  boots,  and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  and  a  part  of  the  thigh,  but  not  the  ankles 
and  feet. 

bootied  (bo'tid),  a.  [<  booty  +  -erf2.]  Laden 
with  booty ;  carrying  off  booty. 

Charged 
The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer'd  and  released 
Tlie  wretched  prey.  J.  Baillie. 

bootikin  (bo'ti-kin),  it.  [<  boot1  +  dim.  -i-kin. 
Cf.  manikin.]  1.  A  little  boot.— 2.  A  soft 
boot  or  glove  made  of  oiled  skin,  formerly 
worn  by  persons  affected  with  gout.  That  for  the 
hand  was  a  kind  of  mitten  with  a  partition  for  the  thumb, 
but  none  for  the  fingers. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my  tits 
[of  the  gout].  //.  Walpole. 

3.  Same  as  boot2,  ».,  3. 

booting't  (bS'ting),  it.  [<  ME.  boting,  increase, 
gain,  <  bote  (see  boot1) ;  partly  confused  with 
booty,  boot3.]  1.  Advantage;  service;  avail. 
Harrington. — 2.  Payment  in  addition  or  into 
the  bargain. 

booting'-'  (bo'ting), ».  [<  boot2,  v.,  2,  +  -inn1.] 
Torture  by  means  of  the  boot.     See  boot2,  «., :!. 

booting:lt  (bo'ting),  it.  [Appar.  <  boot'3  +  -ing ; 
but  in  sense  1  prob.  an  adaptation  of  hnlm, 
booty:  see  booty,  bittin.]     1.  Booty;  plunder. 

—  2.  The  taking  of  booty. 

I'll  tell  you  of  a  brave  booting 

That  befell  Robin  Hood.  til, I  Ballad. 

booting-comt  (bo'ting-korn),  n.  [Formerly 
spelled  botiiitj-einii :  <  booting'-  +  corn^-J]  Kent- 
corn;  compensation  paid  in  corn.    Blount. 

bootjack  (bdt'jak),  it.  1.  An  implement  of 
wood  or  iron  used  to  hold  aboot  while  the  foot 
is  di'awn  out  of  it. —  2.  An  actor  of  utility  parts. 
[Theat.  slang.] 

boot-lace  (bot'las),  it.  The  string  or  cord  for 
fastening  a  boot  or  half-boot:  a  shoe-string. 

boot-last  (lidt'last),  n.    See  boot-tree. 

boot-leg  (bot'leg),  n.  The  part  of  a  boot  above 
the  upper;  leather  cut  out  for  the  leg  of  a 
boot. 

bootless  (hot  'lex),  a.      [<  ME.  botles,  <  AS.  bot- 

leds  (=:OFries.  boteltls  =  Icel.  botalauss),  <  bot, 
boot,  +  leas,  -less.]  Without  boot  or  advan- 
tage; unavailing;  unprofitable;  useless;  with- 
out profit  or  success. 

It  is  bootelsss  to  thinke  to  restrayne  them  by  any  penal- 
tyes  or  learc  of  punishment.        Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 
Till  the  foiled  King,  from  pathless  glen. 
Shall  bootless  turn  him  home  again 

ScoM,  l..  ot  the  l...  ii.  30. 
}\,-  certainly  had  ample  leisure  to  repent  the  haste  with 
which  he  had'  got  out  of  his  warm  lied  in  Vienna  to  take 
his  bootless  journey  to  Brussels. 

I/.-//-  „.  Hutch  Republic,  III.  MS. 

bootlessly  (lidt'les-li),  adv.  Without  use,  profit, 

or  success. 

bootlessness  (b6Vles-nes),  n.  [<  bootless  + 
-mss.]  The  state  of  being  unavailing  or  use- 
less. 


bootmaker 

bootmaker  (bot'ma  kor),  ».  One  who  makes 
boots. 

boot-pattern  (bot'pafern),  re.  A  templet  con- 
sisting of  plates  wniob  can  be  adjusted  to  dif- 
ferent sizes,  used  in  marking  out  patterns  of 
boots  for  the  cutter. 

boot-powder  (bbVpouMer),  re.     Massive  talc 

or  soapstone  reduced  to  powder,  used  to  dust 
the  inside  of  a  new  or  tightly  fitting  shoe,  to 
facilitate  drawing  it  on. 

boot-rack  (bot'rak),  it.  A  frame  or  stand  to 
hold  boots,  especially  with  their  tops  turned 
downward. 

boots1  (bots),  n.    [PI.  of  boot*.]    1.  The  por- 
ter or  servant  in  a  hotel  who  blacks  the  boots 
of  guests  and  in  some  eases  attends  to  the  bag- 
gage.    Formerly  called  a  boot-cateher. 
He  begun  life  ;ls  a  boots,  lie  »ill  probably  cud  as  a  peer. 

Hood. 
To  gain  but  your  smiles,  were  I  Sardauapalus, 
I'd  descend  from  my  throne,  and  be  boots  at  an  alehouse, 
Barham,  [ngoldsby  Legends,  II.  39. 
2.  In  tales  of  Norse  mythology,  the  youngest- 
son  of  a  family,  always  represented  as  espe- 
cially clever  and  successful. — 3.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  youngest  officer  in  a  British  regi- 
ment, or  to  the  youngest  member  of  a  club,  etc. 
[Eng.  slang.] 

boots-,  bouts  (biits),  n.  The  marsh-marigold, 
Caltliu  palustris. 

boot-stocking  (bot'stok"ing),  re.  A  large  stock- 
ing of  stout  and  thick  material,  made  to  wear 
over  the  ordinary  shoes  and  other  leg-covering 
in  cold  weather  or  at  times  of  great  exposure. 
His  boot-stockings  coming  high  above  the  knees. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  lvii. 

boot-stretcher  (bSt'strecMer),  «.  An  appa- 
ratus for  stretching  the  uppers  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

boot-top  (b<it 'top),  n.  1.  The  upper  part  of 
the  leg  of  a  boot. —  2.  (a)  In  boots  of  the  sev- 
enteenth and  eighteenth  centuries,  the  large 
flaring  upper  part  of  the  boot-leg,  capable  of 
being  turned  over.  Hence  —  (b)  A  lace  ruffle 
worn  around  the  leg,  and  covering  the  inside 
of  the  leather  boot-top. — 3.  In  some  modern 
boots,  a  reverse  of  light-colored  leather,  as  if 
a  part  of  the  lining,  turned  over  the  top  of  the 
boot-leg.     See  top-boot. 

boot-topping  (bot'top"ing),  «..  Naut.:  (a)  The 
operation  of  painting  that  part  of  a  ship's  copper 
which  is  above  the  water-line,  (b)  The  pro- 
cess of  removing  grass,  slime,  etc.,  from  the 
side  of  a  ship,  and  daubing  it  over  with  a  mix- 
ture of  tallow,  sulphur,  and  resin. 

boot-tree  (bSt'tre),  n.  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  wooden  blocks,  constituting  a  front 
and  a  rear  portion,  which  together  form  the 
shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and  are  inserted  into 
a  boot  and  then  forced  apart  by  a  wedge  for 
the  purpose  of  stretching  it. 

booty  (bii'ti),  ii.  ;  pi.  booties  (-tiz).    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  bootie,  boty,  botie,  <  late  ME.  botye,  Intty, 
prob.  <  MD.  huel.'lK  hint,  booty,  =  MLG-.  Iniic, 
liiuti,  LG.  biite,  booty,  also  exchange,  barter, 
=  MHG.  biute,  G.  bcntc,  booty  (prob.  <  LG.),  = 
Icel.  bi/ti,  exchange,  barter,  =  Sw.  byte  =  Dan. 
bytte,  exchange,  barter,  share,  booty ;  connected 
with  MLG.  buten,  exchange,  distribute,  make 
booty,  LG.  biitni,  exchange,  barter,  =  Icel. 
bijta,  give  out,  distribute,  exchange,  =  Sw.  byta, 
exchange,  =  Dan.  byttc,  exchange,  barter  (also, 
from  the  noun,  D.  buiten  =  G.  batten,  make 
booty) ;  appar.  a  Teut.  word,  but  not  found 
in  early  use.  Cf.  F.  butin  =  Sp.  botin  =  It.  bot- 
tino  (ML.  botinum,  bntiituin,  with  ad.j.  term.), 
from  the  LG.  The  E.  form  booty,  instead  of 
the  expected  boot  (which  does  occur  later,  ap- 
par. as  short  for  booty),  or  rather  *boute,  *bout, 
or  "boit,  from  the  D.  or  LG.,  seems  to  be  due  to 
association  with  the  orig.  unrelated  boot1,  profit, 
etc.,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  influence  of  the 

F.  butin,  which  was  also  for  a  time  used  in  E.] 

1 .  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war ;  plunder ; 
pillage. 

When  he  reckons  that  he  has  gotten  a  booty,  he  has 
only  caught  a  Tartar.  Sir  E.  L'JSstrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
bery. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquer'd  booty. 

Shall.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

3.  A  prize;  gain:  without  reference  to  its  being 
taken  by  force. 

I  have  spread  the  nets  o'  the  law,  to  catch  rich  booties, 
And  they  come  fluttering  in, 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
Flowers  growing  in  large  numbers  afford  a  rich  booty  to 
the  bees,  and  arc  conspicuous  from  a  distance. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  434. 


029 

To  play  booty,  to  join  w iili  confederates  in  order  to  vic- 
timize another  player,  and  thus  share  In  the  plunder; 
hence,  to  play  dishonestly;  give  an  opponent  the  advan 
tage  at  first  in  order  to  induce  him  to  play  tor  higher 

Stakes,    Which  he  Will   lose. 

( thing  alone  remained  to  be  lost— what  he  called 

his  honour  — which  was  already  on  tin- scent  In  plan  boot;/. 
Disraeli,  \  oung  Duke. 
=  Syn.  1.    Plunder,  etc.    See  pillage,  n, 

booze,  boose-  (boz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  boo  ed, 
boosed,  ppr.  boozing,  boosing.  [A  var.,  prob. 
orig.  dial.,  of  bouse,  retaining  the  ME.  pronun- 
ciation (ME.  on,  pron.  6,  now  ou):  see  bouse, 
which  is  historically  the  normal  form.]  To 
drink  deeply,  especially  with  a  boon  companion 
and  to  partial  intoxication  ;  guzzle  liquor;  tip- 
ple.    Also  bouse,  houze,  bowse. 

He  was  a  wild  and  roving  lad, 
For  ever  in  the  alehouse  boozing. 

Barham,  [ngoldsby  Legends,  I.  182. 

booze, boose"  (biiz).  ».  [ibooze,v.  Cf.  bouse, 
re.]  1.  Liquor;  drink. — 2.  A  drinking-bout; 
a  spree. 

boozed  (bozd),  a.     Fuddled;  intoxicated. 

boozer  (bo'zer),  h.  [<  booze  +  -erl.  Cf.bouser.~\ 
A  tippler.     Also  booser. 

boozy,  boosy"  (bo'zi),  a.  [Also  bousy,  bowsy; 
<  booze,  v.,  +  -y.  Cf.  bousy.']  Showing  the 
effects  of  a  booze;  somewhat  intoxicated; 
nierry  or  foolish  with  liquor.     [Colloq.] 

bo-peep  (bo-pep'),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boh- 
peepe,  boo-peep,  bo-pipe,  etc. ;  <  bo  +  peep.  Cf. 
Sc.  bokeik,  keekbo.]  An  alternate  withdrawing 
or  concealing  of  the  face  or  person  and  sudden 
peeping  out  again  in  a  playful  manner  or  in 
some  unexpected  place,  often  resorted  to  as  an 
amusement  for  very  small  children,  and  gen- 
erally accompanied  by  drawling  out  the  word 
"bo"  when  concealed,  while  "peep"  is  abrupt- 
ly enunciated  on  reappearing:  as,  to  play  bo- 
peep.  In  the  United  States  more  generally 
known  as  peek-a-boo. 

I  for  sorrow  sung. 
That  such  a  king  should  play  bo-peep. 
And  go  the  fools  among.     Shah.,  Lear,  i.  4  (song). 

bopyrid  (bop'i-rid),  n.  A  crustacean  of  the 
family  Bopyrida: 

Bopyridse  (bo-pir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bopyrus 
+  -iila:']  A  family  of  edriophthalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the  order  Isopoda,  the  species  of 
which  are  parasitic  on  the  gills  of  other  crus- 
taceans. They  undergo  metamorphosis,  and  the  sexes 
are  distinct.  The  female  is  discoidal  and  asymmetrical, 
without  eyes,  while  the  much  smaller  male  is  elongated, 
segmented  distinctly,  and  furnished  with  eyes.  There  are 
several  genera  besides  Bopyrus,  ttie  typical  genus,  as  lone, 
Liriope,  Gyge,  Phryxus. 

Bopyrus  (bo-pl'rus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
isopods,  typical  of  the  family  Bopyrida?.  B. 
squillarum,  a  parasite  of  other  crustaceans,  is 
an  example. 

bora  (bo'rii),  n.  [It.,  etc.,  prob.  dial.  (Venetian, 
Milanese,'  etc.)  form  of  borea,  north  wind, 
Boreas,  confused  with  Illyrian  and  Dalmatian 
1'iirii,  Turk,  bora,  Serv.Bulg.  burn,  OBulg.  Russ. 
bitrya,  Pol.  burza,  a  storm,  tempest,  Lith.  buris, 
a  shower.  Cf.  boraseo.]  The  name  given  on 
the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  sea  to  a  violent  dry 
wind  blowing  from  a  northeasterly  direction. 

borable  (bor'a-bl),  a.  [<  bore\  v.,  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  bored.     [Rare.] 

borachiot  (bo-raeh'io),  re.  [Also  written  borra- 
eliio,  borracho,  borraccio,  boraccio,  etc.,  from 
Sp.  or  It.:  Sp.  borracha  (=  It.  borraccia,  later 
also  borraccio),  a  leathern  wine-bottle,  borracho, 
a  drunkard,  drunken,  prob.  <  hurra,  botro,  a 
lamb,  <  borra  (=  Pr.  It.  borra,  P.  bourn),  short 
hair  or  wool,  <  ML.  hurra,  rough  hair,  LL.  a 
shaggy  garment:  see  burnt.]  1.  A  large  lea- 
thern bottle  or  bag,  used  in  Spain  and  through- 
out the  Levant  for  holding  wine  or  other  li- 
quor; a  wine-skin  (now  the  current  name  in 
English).  It  is  made  of  the  skin  of  a  beast,  most  com- 
monly that  of  a  goat  or  hog,  from  which  the  can  ass  has 
been  removed  piecemeal,  leaving  the  hide  whole,  except 
at  the  neck  and  the  places  where  the  limbs  were.  These 
openings  are  strongly  sewed  up,  that  at  the  neck  being 
furnished  with  a  leather  tube.  When  used  for  carrying 
water,  the  borachio  is  hung  with  the  mouth  downward,  so 
that  the  tube  can  be  untied  whenever  necessary,  and  any 
desired  quantity  be  withdrawn.    See  cut  under  bottle. 

Two  hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two  skins 
or  borachiot)  of  wine.  Delany,  Life  of  David. 

Dead  wine,  that  stinks  of  the  borraehio,  sup 
i'rom  a  foul  jack,  or  greasy  maplecup: 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  v.  216. 

Hence  —  2.   A  drunkard,  as  if  a  mere  wine- 
bottle. 

How  you  stink  of  wine  !  Do  you  think  my  niece  will 
ever  endure  such  a  borachio?  You're  an  absolute  bora- 
chio. Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv,  10. 


Borassus 

boracic  (bo-ras'ik),  a.  [<  borax  {borac-)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  borax.     AI30 

boric.    Boracic  acfd,  boric  acid,  EI3BO3,  aconipound 

of  boron  with  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  having  the  properties 
of  a  weak  acid,  it  Is  a  whiti ,  re  arlj  tastt Ii  -s,  crystalline 
solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water,  and,  when  the  solution 
boiled,  volatile  with  the  water-vapor.  It  is  obtained  in 
the  free  state  from  bhewaterol  tie-  Tuscan  lagoons  and 
En  the  volcanic  formations  of  theLipari  islands.  In  the 
t  nited  states  it  is  made  from  the  borax  ol  Borax  lake 
iu  California,  by  decomposing  it  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
tike  borax,  it  is  an  efficient  antiseptic, 
boraciferous  (bo-ra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  ML.  borax 
{borac-),  borax,  +  L.  ferre  =  E.  bear1.']  Con- 
taining or  yielding  borax. 

The  boraciferous  baa 1   'be  Sultan  chair,  near  the 

Simaov  River.  s<i.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9093. 

boracite  (bo'ra-sit),  n.  [<  homx  (horac-)  + 
->t:'-.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  borato  and 
chlorid  of  magnesium.  It  crystallizes  in  the  isomet- 
ric Bystem  with  tetrahedral  hemihedrism,  and  is  remark- 
able for  its  pyro-electrical  properties.  It  usually  exhibits 
to  a  marked  degree  anomalous  double  refraction,  on  which 
account  some  authors  doubt  its  isometric  charai  It  r. 

boracium  (bo-ras'i-um),  re.  [NL.,  <  borax 
(borac-),  borax.]  The  name  originally  given 
by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  boron,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  a  metal. 

boracous  (bo'ra-kus),  a.  [<  borax  (borac-)  + 
-ous.]     Consisting  of  or  derived  from  borax. 

borage  (bur'aj),  re.  [Until  recently  also  writ- 
ten borrage,  barrage,  burridge,  early  mod.  E. 
barrage,  bourrage,  bourage,  borage,  <  ME.  bo- 
rage,  burage,  <  AF.  burage,  OF.  bourrace,  bour- 
ra'clie,  mod.  F.  bourraehe  =  Pr.  borrage  =  Sp. 
boraja  (cf.  D.  boraadje,  G.  boretsch,  borretsch, 
Dan.  borasurt)  =  Pg.  horragem  =  It.  borraggine, 
borrace,  bor- 
ra no,  <  ML. 
borrago,  bora- 
go,  NL.  bora- 
go  (horagin-), 
MGr.  Kovpd- 
kiov,  borage, 
prob.  <  ML. 
borra,  burra, 
rough  hair, 
short  wool, 
in  ref.  to  the 
roughness  of 
the  foliage ; 
cf.  borachio, 
barrel,  etc. 
The  histori- 
cal pron.,  in- 
dicatedbythe 
spelling  hur- 
rage,  rimes 
with  courage; 
the  present  spelling  borage  is  in  imitation  of 
the  ML.  and  NL.  borage]  A  European  plant, 
Borago  officinalis,  the  principal  representative 
of  the  genus,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its 
blue  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  salad,  occa- 
sionally in  medicine  in  acute  fevers,  etc.,  and  also  in  mak- 
ing claret-cup,  cool-tankard,  etc. 

If  you  have  no  bottle-ale,  command  some  claret  wine 
and  bourrage.  Marston,  What  You  Will,  iv.  1. 

Boraginaceae  (bo-raj-i-na'se-e),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Borago  (Bonn/in-)  +  -accic]  A  large  order  of 
gamopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  herbs  or 
shrubs,  natives  mostly  of  northern  temperate 
regions,  distinguished  by  regular  flowers  and 
by  a  fruit  consisting  of  four  distinct  nutlets  or 
of  a  drupe  containing  four  nutlets.  The  leaves 
are  often  rough  and  hairy.  Some  tropica]  species,  as  of 
Cordia,  are  timber-trees,  "theis  yield  dyes,  but  the  order 
generally  is  of  little  economical  value.  It  includes  the 
heliotrope  (HeliQtropvum),  forget-nie-nol  (Myoeotu),  alka- 
net  (Anchusd),  comfrey  (Symphytum),  bugloss  (Lycopsis), 
gromwell(Z,&Aospernium),  borage  (which  see),  etc.  Often 
spelled  BorraginaceoB.    Also  called  Asperifoltce. 

boraginaceous  (bo-raj-i-na'shius),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Boraginacece. 

boragineous  (bo-ra-jin'e-us),  a.  [<  ML.  borago 
(boragin-),  borage,  +  -eons.]  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characteristics  of  the  Boraginew,  a 
tribe  of  Boraginacece;  boraginaceous. 

Borago  (bo-ra'go),  «.  [NL.,  ML.:  see  borage.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Boraginacew. 
See  borage.     Also  spelled  Borrago. 

boramez,  n.     See  barometz. 

borast,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  borax.    Chaucer. 

borasco  (bo-ras'ko),  n.  [Also  borasca,  burrasca 
(and  borasque,  borrasque,  <  F.  bourrasque);  = 
Sp.  Pg.  borrasca,  <  It.  burasca,  now  burrasca, 
prob.  aug.  of  bora  (bura) :  see  bora.]  A  violent 
squall  of  wind ;  a  storm  accompanied  with  thun- 
der and  lightning. 

Borassus  (bo-ras'us),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fopaooor, 
the  palm-fruit  (Dioscorides).]    A  genus  of  dioe- 


Flowering  branch  of  Borage  l.Borago  offici. 
aits).  (From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's 
Traite  general  de  Botanique." ) 


Borassus 

cious  palms,  containing  a  single  species,  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  and  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
East  Indies.  See  palmyra. 
borate  (bo'rat),  n.  [<  bor(ax)  +  -afei.]  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid  with 
any  base. 

boratto  (bo-rat'd),  n.  [Also  borato,  boratta  (of. 
D.  burnt,  a  kind  of  wool  or  woolen  thread);  <  It. 
buratto,  a  thin  fabric:  see  6oft2.]  A  stuff  woven 
of  silk  and  wool,  used  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth : 
perhaps  identical  with  bombazine.  Fairholt. 
borax  (bo'raks),  n.  [In  this  form  <  ML.  borax; 
early  mud.  E.  boras,  borras,  boraee,  borraee,i 
ME.  hums.  <  OF.  borax,  borras,  btnirras,  mod. 
F.  borax  =  Sp.  borraj,  earlier  borrax,  =  Pg.  bo- 
rax =  It.  borrace  =  Gr.  Dan.  Sw.  hnm.r,<.  Uh, 
h»rar  (home-),  borae,  boracum,  bauraeh,  <  Ar. 
boraq,  buraq,  bauraq,  borax,  prop,  natron,  < 
Pers.  hiirali,  borax;  by  seme  referred  to  \x. 
baraqa,  shine,  glisten. 1  Sodium  tetraborate 
orpyroborate,  Xa.jB4(  >7  +  IOH20, a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  boracic  acid  and  soda,  it  is 
:i  white  crystalline  solid  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
having  a  Bweetish  alkaline  taste.  It  occurs  in  nature  in 
solution  in  the  water  of  lakes  in  Tibet.  Tatary,  China,  and 
California,  and  is  obtained  from  these  waters  by  evapora- 
tion and  crystallization.  The  i  nited  States  is  now  almost 
wholly  supplied  with  borax  from  California  Borax  is 
also  prepared  artificially  from  soda  and  boracic  acid.  It  is 
much  used  as  a  Mux  in  assaying  operations,  and  for  clean- 
in-  the  surfaces  of  difficultly  fusible  metals  previous  to 
soldering,  since  when  melted  it  dissolves  the  metallic  ox  ids 
which  form  on  their  surf  aces  when  heated.  Itisalsoused 
in  glass  and  enamel  manufacture  ;  as  an  antiseptic,  par- 

tieularly  in  i Is,  because  its  action  on  the  system  is  fee- 

bleeven  in  comparatively  targe  doses;  and  as  a  detergent. 
Crude  borax  is  also  called  tioeat.  Glass  Of  borax. 
3<  'is-. -Honey  of  borax.  See  honey. 
Borborite  (bor'bo-rit),  n.  [<  LL.  Borborita,  < 
Ltir.  popBopirat,  pi.,  <  Gr.  fidpftopoc,  mud,  mire, 
filth.]  A  nickname  for  certain  Ophitic  Gnos- 
tics, and  also  in  general  for  one  who  holds  or 
is  supposed  to  hold  filthy  or  immoral  doctrines: 
in  modern  times  specifically  applied  to  a  branch 
of  the  Mennonites. 

borborygm  (bor'bo-rirn),  n.    Same  as  borboryg- 

m  us. 

borborygmus  (b5r-bo-rig'mus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

to/a  hpvy/idg,  <  f3opf3opbreiii,  have  a  rumbling  in 

the  bowels;   cf.  K0pKopvy/i6e  and   nopnopvyi],  of 

same  sense;  imitative  words.]     The  rumbling 

noise  caused  by  wind  within  the  intestines. 

Borchardt's  functions,  modulus.     See  the 

nouns. 

bord't,  ».  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
boanl. 

bord2t,  n.     Same  as  bourcU. 

bords  (bord),  n.  A  striped  material  for  gar- 
ments, made  in  the  Levant. 

bordage1  (bdr'daj),  re.  [<  F.  bordage,  <  bord,  a 
ship's  side,  +  -age:  see  board  and  -age.]  The 
planking  on  a  ship's  side. 

bordage'-'  (bdr'daj),  n.  [Law  F.  (LL.  borda- 
gium),  <  OF.  horde,  a  hut,  cot  (see  bordar),  + 
-"./'.]  Under  the  Norman  kings  of  England, 
the  tenure  by  which  a  bordar  held  his  cot;  the 
services  due  by  a  bordar  to  his  lord. 

bordalisaundert,  »•  [ME.,  also  boord,  borde, 
bunt  alisaundre,  bourde  de  Alisaundre,  etc.,  i.  e., 
'border  (embroidery)  of  Alexandria,'  Alexan- 
drian work,  so  named  from  Alexandria  in 
Egypt  .J  A  stuff  used  in  the  middle  ages,  prob- 
ably of  silk,  or  silk  and  wool,  and  striped.  Also 
burdaUsaundi  r. 

bordar,  «.  [Also  border;  <  ME.  bordarius,  cot- 
tager,  borda  /  OF.  borde  =  I'r.  (Jut.  borda  = 
Sp.  It.  borda),  a  cottage,  hut,  perhaps  <  Teut. 
(AS.  etc.  i  bord,  a  board:  see  hoard.]  In  Nor- 
man times,  in  England,  a  villein  who  held  a 
cot  at  his  lord's  pleasure,  usually  with  a  small 
holding  of  land  in  the  open  field,  for  which  he 
rendered  menial  service ;  a  cottar. 

bordet,  ».     A  Middle  English  f orm  of  board. 

Bordeaux  fhdt-.lo'),  ».  1.  A  general  term  for 
ti"  h  ines,  both  fed  ami  white,  produced  in 
the  region  about  Bordeaux,  Prance,  including 
several  departmi  nts,  among  which  Gironde  is 

preSl  pecificallv,  any  of  the  red  wines 

of  this  region,  commonly  known  in  English  as 
clarets.— 2.  A  general  name  of  azo-dyes  from 
tie  a/.o  derivatives  of  naphthy]  amine.  The; 
'  i  -  of  a  vinous  I'd  color. 
bordelt  (bdr'del),  it.  (<  ME.  bordel,  <  OF.  bor- 
del =  I-,-.  I'g.  bordel  =  Sp.  burdel  =  It.  bordello, 
<  ME.  bordeOum,  a  brothel,  orig.  a  little  hut. 
dim.  of  borda,  >  <  if.  bord  /;.,, 

(/'/  has  been  displ id  bj  brothel2,  q.  \.)    a 

brothel;    a  bawdy-house:  ,!,  ,.,.i,,|   |(, 

prostitution. 

Makillk'  evrn  his  Own  house  a  stew,  ibordel    I    ,        | | 

of  lewd 


630 

bordelert  (b6r'del-6r),  «.  [ME.,  also  bordiller, 
<  OF.  bordeler,  bordelier,  <  bordel:  see  bordel.] 
The  keeper  of  a  brothel.    Gower. 

bordello  (hoi-'hl'o),  «.  [It.]  Same  as  bordel. 
/>'.  Jonson  :   Milton. 

border  (b&r'der),  u.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bordure,  Sc.  bordour;  <  ME.  border,  bor- 
dure,  bordeure,  earliest  form  bordure,  <  OF. 
bordurt ,  earlier  bordeure,  mod.  F.  bordure  =  Pr. 
Sp.  I'g.  bordadura  =  It.  bordatura,  <  ME.  bor- 
datura,  border,  edging,  <  *bordare  (pp.  borda- 
tus)  ( >  It.  hordare  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bordar  =  F. 
border),  edge,  bonier.  <  bordusiyit.  Sp.  bord<>  = 
Pg.  borda  =  F.  bord),  edge,  side,  <  Tent.  (AS. 
etc. )  Intnl.  edge,  side,  mixed  with  bord,  a  board: 
see  hoard,  where  the  two  orig.  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished. In  termination,  border  is  parallel 
phonetically  with  armor,  the  earlier  accented 
suffix  -urc  having  weakened  under  loss  of  ac- 
cent to  -er,  -or.]  I,  re.  1.  A  side,  edge,  brink, 
or  margin;  a  limit  or  boundary. 

Take  heed  to  yourselves,  that  ye  go  not  up  into  the 
mount,  or  touch  the  border  of  it.  Ex.  xi\.  1 1?. 

2.  The  line  which  separates  one  country,  state, 
or  province  from  another;  a  frontier  line  or 
march. 

In  bringing  his  border  into  contact  with  that  of  the 
Danelaw,  Eadward  announced  that  the  time  of  rest  was 
over,  and  that  a  time  of  action  had  begun. 

J.  N.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  188. 

3.  The  district  or  territory  which  lies  along  the 
edge  or  boundary-line  of  a  country ;  the  fron- 
tier; specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  marches  or 
border  districts:  hence,  in  English  and  Scot- 
tish history,  "the  borders,"  the  districts  ad- 
joining the  line  separating  the  two  countries. 

These  outlaws,  as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon  the 
border*.  Bp.  Patrick,  Com.  on  Genesis,  xlvi.  34. 

4.  Territory;  domain. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  enlarge  thy  border.    Deut.  xii.  20. 

5.  Figuratively,  a  limit,  boundary,  or  verge; 
brink:  as,  he  is  on  the  border  of  threescore; 
driven  by  disaster  to  the  border  of  despair; 
"in  the  borders  of  death,"  Barrow,  Works,  III. 
xvii. — 6.  A  strip,  band,  or  edging  surrounding 
any  general  area  or  plane  surface,  or  placed 
along  its  margin,  and  differing  from  it  by  some 
well-defined  character,  as  in  material,  color, 
design,  or  purpose.  («.)  A  narrow  bed  or  strip  of 
ground  in  a  garden  inclosing  a  portion  of  it,  and  gen- 
erally divided  from  it  by  a  path  or  walk,  (b)  Ornamental 
work  surrounding  a  printed  page,  a  handbill,  a  drawing, 
etc.,  the  black  hand  around  mourning  stationery,  or  the 
like,  (c)  A  piece  of  ornamental  trimming  about  the  edge 
of  a  garment,  a  cap,  etc.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
perhaps  earlier,  borders  of  garments  were  made  detach- 
able, similar  to  the  apparels  of  the  alb,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  garment  to  another;  they  were  then  rich- 
ly embroidered,  and  are  especially  mentioned  in  wills  and 
inventories. 

And  beneath  the  cap's  border  gray  mingles  with  brown. 
WAittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 
(r/i  In  her.,  the  outer  edge  of  the  field  when  of  different 
tincture  from  the  center.     Its  width  is  uniform,   and 
should  be  one   tifth  the  width  of  the 
Held.    French  heralds  consider  the  bor- 
der as  one  of  the  ordinaries  ;  in  English 
heraldry  it  is  sometimes  a  mark  of  dif- 
ference.   The  border  always  covers  the 
end  of  any  ordinary,  as  the  chevron,  f ess, 
etc.    When  a  coat  of  arms  is  impaled 


m 


A  Border  Paly. 


with  another,  if  either  of  them  has  a 
border,  it  is  not  carried  along  the  pale, 
lint  surrounds  the  outside  of  the  field 
only.  The  border  when  charged  with 
an  ordinary  shows  only  so  mueli  of  the  ordinary  as  comes 
naturally  upon  that  part  of  the  field  occupied  by  the  bor- 
der ;  thus,  the  cut  represents  a  border  paly  of  six  pieces, 
azure  and  argent. 

7f.  A  plait  or  braid  of  hair  worn  round  the  fore- 
head. 

I  did  try  two  or  tlrree  borders  and  periwigs,  meaning  to 
wear  one.  Pepys,  Diary,  May  9,  inn:-;. 

8.  In  million,  B  hoop,  rim,  or  curb  about  a  bed- 
stone or  bed-plate,  which  prevents  the  meal 
from  falling  off  except  at  the  proper  opening. 
—  9.  /)/.  The  portions  of  scenery  in  a  theater 
which  hang  from  above  and  represent  foliage, 
clouds,  beams,  etc.  Alveolar  border.  See  alveo- 
'<"-.-  Mitered  border,  in  a  hearth,  the  edging  about  the 
lab  -toue.=Syn.  Bounds,  Confines,  etc.    See  boundary. 

II.    a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  border  OI  a 

country.    sperillcaUj     no  tn England  and  Scotland,  of 

oi  pertaining  to  " the  borders  " of  those  countries :  as,  the 

i  barons;  border  thieves.    Co  In  the  United  States, 

of  or  pertaining  to  the  frontier-line  between  the  settled 

an. I  unsettled  parte  "i  the  country  :  as,  a  border  quarrel. 

Border  ruffian,  in  ''.  S.  hist.,  one  of  the  proslavery 

partj  In  Missouri   who  in  ism  58  habituallj  crossed  the 

i  into  Kansas  for  the  purpose  Of  voting  illegally  and 

"i  intimidating  free-State  colonists. 

border  (bdr'der),  v.    |  Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 

diin  ,  Se.  honlaitr :  <    ME.  hanliireii,   hourduren, 

border;  from  the  noun.   Cf.  braider,  brouder.} 

I.    trans.    1.   To  make  a  border  about  ;   adorn 


bord-lode 

with  a  border:  as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

Rivulets  bordered  with  the  softest  grass. 

/'.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

2.  To  form  a  border  or  boundary  to. —  3.  To 
lie  on  the  border  of;  be  contiguous  to;  ad- 
join; lie  next. 

Sheba  and  Raamah  border  the  Persian  Gulf.  Rxtfeigh. 
4f.  To  confine  or  keep  within  bounds;  limit. 

That  nature,  which  contemns  its  origin, 
Cannot  be  border'd  certain  in  itself. 

Shale. ,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  have  a  contiguous  boundary 
or  dividing  line;  abut  exteriorly:  with  on  or 
upon:  as,  the  United  States  border  on  the  two 
great  oceans. 

Virtue  and  Honour  had  their  temples  bordering  on 
each  other  and  are  sometimes  both  on  the  same  eoite 

Addison,  Dialogues  on  Medals,  ii. 
To  border  on  or  upon,  figuratively,  to  approach  closely 
in  i diameter;  verge  on  ;  resemble  closely:  as,  his  conduct 
borders  upon  vulgarity. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves  to 
lie  branded  as  folly.  Titfotson,  Works  (ed.  1728),  I.  33. 

bordered  (bor'derd),  p.  a.  [<  harder  +  -ed~.] 
Having  a  border:  specifically,  inmath.,  applied 
to  a  determinant  f  ormed  from  another  by  adding 
one  or  more  rows  and  columns.  Thus,  a  bordered 
symmetrical  determinant  is  a  determinant  formed  by  add- 
ing a  row  and  column  to  a  symmetrical  determinant. 

borderer  (bor'der-er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Se.) 
also  bordurer,  bourdurer  ;  <  late  ME.  borderer  : 
<  border  +  -eel.]  1.  One  who  dwells  on  a  bor- 
der, or  at  the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a 
country,  region,  or  tract  of  land;  one  who 
dwells  near  to  a  place. —  2.  One  who  approach- 
es near  to  another  in  any  relation.     [Rare.] 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

3.  One  who  makes  borders  or  bordering. 
bordering  (bor'der-ingl,  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
der, r.]  1.  The  act  of  making  a  border,  or  of 
surrounding  with  a  border.— 2.  Material  for 
a  border;  a  border  of  any  kind;  particularly, 
an  ornamental  baud  of  paper  placed  around  the 
upper  part  of  the  walls  of  a  room. 

bordering-wax  (bor'der-ing-waks),  n.  Wax 
used  by  etchers  and  aquatint  engravers  for 
forming  a  bordering  about  plates  which  are  to 
be  etched,  to  retain  the  acid.  It  is  made  of  3  parts 
of  Burgundy  pitch  to  1  part  of  yellow  beeswax.  To  these 
ingredients,  when  melted,  sweet  oil  is  added,  and,  after 
cooling,  the  mixture  is  poured  into  water. 

border-knife  (bor'der-nif),  re.  A  knife  with  a 
convex  blade  fixed  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  to  trim  the  edges  of  sods;  an  edging- 
knife  or  sod-cutter. 

border-land  (b6r'der-land),  ».  Land  forming  a 
border  or  frontier:  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district  or  space:  often  used  figuratively. 

The  indefinite  border-hunt  between  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms.  //.  Spencer,  first  Principles. 

border-lights  (b6r'der-Htz),  n.  pi.    The  row  of 

gaslights  behind  the  borders  in  a  theater, 
border-plane  (b6r'd6r-plan),  n.     A  joiner's 

edging-plane. 

border-tower  (bor'der-tou"er),  n.  A  small 
fort  died  post,  consisting  usually  of  a  high  square 
tower  with  a  flat  roof  and  battlements,  and  one 
or  more  machicolated  protections  for  the  gate, 
drawbridge,  and  the  like,  and  surrounded  by  a 
strong  wall  inclosing  a  court.  Such  dwellings, for- 
merly occupied  by  petty  landowners  in  exposed  positions, 
are  frequent  along  the  border  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land :    hence  the  name. 

border-warrant  (bor'der-wor"ant),  re.  In  Scots 
lair,  a  warrant  issued  by  the  judge  ordinary, 
on  the  borders  between  Scotland  and  England, 
on  the  application  of  a  creditor,  for  arresting 
the  effects  of  a  debtor  residing  on  the  English 
side  of  the  border,  and  detaining  him  until  he 
finds  caution  that  he  shall  sist  himself  in  judg- 
ment in  any  action  which  may  be  brought  for 
the  debt  within  six  months. 

bord-halfpennyt,  ».   Same  as  burgh-halfpenny. 
bord-landf,  n.   [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 

a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  bordage", 
q.  v.),  +  land.]  In  feudal  law,  a  term  of  un- 
certain meaning,  defined,  from  the  apparent 
etymology,  as  the  domain  land  which  a  lord 
kepi  in  his  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  his 
board  or  table,  but  more  probably  land  held 
by  a  tenant  in  bordage. 
bord-lodet,  »•  [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  horilagt", 
q.  v.),  +  lode,  a  leading,  conveyance.]  In  feudal 
lair,  some  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord, 
involving  tho  carrying  of  wood,  etc.,  to  the 
lord's  house. 


bordman 

bordmant,  »■  [ME.  "bordman  (only  in  ML. 
bordmannus),  <  oord,  a  table,  board  (but  prob. 
with  ref.  to  bordage,  q.  v.),  +  mini.}  In  taw,  a 
tenant  of  bord-land  ;  a  boidar. 

bordont,  "•    A  form  of  bourdon. 

bordraget,  »•    See  bodrag. 

bord-service  (bdrd'ser  vis),  ».  [<  bord-,  as  in 
bordage,  bordman,  etc,  +  service.]  ha.  feudal 
law,  the  tenure  of  bord-lands;  bordage. 

bordure  (bdr'dur),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.,'  <  ME. 
bordure,  <  OF.  (and  P.)  bordure:  see  owder.] 
An  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  border,  retained 
in  heraldry. 
The  netherest  hem  or  bordure  of  these  clothes. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 
Instead  of  railes  and  balusters,  there  is  a  bordure  < if 
capital  letters.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31,  1654. 

Bordure  compone\    See  compont. 

bore1  (bor),  i'.;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  boring. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  sometimes  boor ;  <  ME.  /"< 
ren,  borien,  <  AS.  borian  =  D.  boren  =  OH6. 
boron,  MHG.  born,  G.  bohrcn  =  Icel.  bora  =  Sw. 
borra  =  Dan.  bore,  bore,  =  L.  forurc,  bore,  per- 
forate (see  foramen,  perforate),  =  Gr.  tpapav, 
(fiapovv,  plow:  a  secondary  verb,  from,  or  from 
the  same  root  as,  the  formally  more  primitive 
noun,  AS.  bor  (=  D.  boor  =  ML.G.  bor  =  G.  boltr 
=  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  borr  =  Dan.  bor),  an  auger, 
gimlet;  cf.  Gr.  ipdpoc,  a  plow,  connected  with 
idpayf,  a  ravine,  tpdpv};,  pharynx:  Bee  pharynx. 
See  bore1,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate with  a  rotatory  cutting  instrument; 
make  a  circular  hole  in  by  turning  an  auger, 
gimlet,  drill,  or  anything  that  will  produce  the 
same  effect:  as,  to  bore  a  plank  or  a  cannon; 
to  bore  the  ground  for  water,  or  with  a  stick. 
I'll  believe  as  soon, 
This  whole  earth  may  he  bored,  and  that  the  moon 
May  through  the  centre  creep.     Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  f orm  or  produce  by  rotatory  perforation : 
as,  to  bore  a  hole  or  a  well. 

Where  wells  are  completely  drained  bysome  excavations 
situated  lower  down,  several  holes  are  bored  in  the  bottom 
of  the  well,  and  a  fresh  supply  of  water  is  obtained  by 
means  of  explosives. 

Eissler,  Modem  High  Explosives,  p.  311. 

3.  To  penetrate,  make,  or  gain  as  if  by  boring; 
push  or  drive  through  or  into  by  any  pene- 
trating action :  as,  to  bore  a  plank,  or  a  hole  in 
a  plank,  with  a  rifle-ball. 

Bustling  crowds  I  bored.  Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  395. 

With  great  difficulty  we  bored  our  way  through  the 

moving  (ice]  pack.       A.  W.  Greely,  Arctic  Service,  p.  103. 

4f.  To  befool ;  trick ;  overreach. 

At  this  instant 
He  bores  me  with  some  trick. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
I  am  abused,  betrayed,  I  am  laughed  at,  scorned,  baf- 
fled, and  bored,  it  seems.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 
II,  intrans.  1.  To  pierce  or  penetrate,  as  a 
gimlet  or  similar  instrument;  make  a  hole  or 
holes:  as,  the  auger  bores  well. —  2.  To  sink  a 
bore-hole,  as  in  searching  for  water,  coal,  etc. 
—  3.  To  be  suited  for  piercing  with  an  auger  or 
other  boring-tool :  as,  wood  that  bores  well  or 
ill. — 4.  To  push  forward  or  through  toward  a 
certain  point :  as,  "  boring  to  the  west,"  Dryden. 

The  elder  streets  [of  Florence]  go  boring  away  into  the 
heart  of  tile  city  in  narrow  dusky  vistas  of  a  fascinating 
picturesqueness.    //.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  271. 

5.  In  the  manege,  to  thrust  the  head  forward 
as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a  horse.  =  Syn.  1.  Per- 
forate, etc.    See  penetrate. 

bore1  (bor),  h.  [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bore,  <  AS. 
bor'=  D.  boor,  fern.,  =  MLG.  bor,  m.,  =  OHG. 
bora,  f.,  G.  bohr  =  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  borr,  m.,  = 
Dan.  bor,  neut.),  an  auger,  a  gimlet;  in  sense  3, 
<  ME.  bore  =  Icel.  bora,  a  hole  ;  in  other  senses 
directly  from  the  verb:  see  bore1,  v.]  If.  Any 
instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or  turn- 
ing, as  an  auger  or  gimlet. 
A  hole  fit  for  the  tile  or  square  bore.  Jos.  Moxon. 

2.  A  hollow  hand-tool  used  in  nail-making  to 
hold  a  nail  while  its  head  is  being  formed. — 

3.  A  hole  made  by  boring,  or  as  if  by  boring: 
as,  "an  auger's  bore,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6.  Specifi- 
cally— (a)  A  deep  vertical  perforation  made  in  the  earth 
in  search  of  water,  or  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  un- 
derlying strata,  as  in  searching  for  coal  or  other  minerals ; 
a  bore-hole,  (b)  The  cylindrical  cavity  or  perforation  of 
a  tube,  rifle,  cannon,  etc. 

Hence — 4.  The  caliber  or  internal  diameter 
of  a  hole  or  perforation,  whether  made  by  bor- 
ing or  not,  especially  of  the  cavity  of  a  gun  or 
tube. 

Beside  th'  Artillery 
Of  fourscore  pieces  of  a  mighty  Boare. 

Drayton,  Noah's  Fioud  (ed.  1630),  p.  103. 
The  bores  of  wind  instruments.  Bacon. 

5f.  A  wound  or  thrust.-Blue  bore,  an  opening  in 
the  clouds  showing  the  blue  sky.     [Scotch.]     To  wick  a 


631 

bore,  in  the  game  of  curling,  to  drive  a  stone  dexterously 
through  an  opening  between  two  guards, 
bore-  (bor),  ».    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boar,  boer; 
appar.<MB.  ban  ,  a  wave,  billow  (once,  indoubt- 

fuluso)  (of.  P.  ham,  a  bore);  prob.  <  loci.  Intra 
=  N(irw.  him  in,  a  billow  caused  by  wind;  cf.  Sw. 
dial.  Mr,  a  hill,  mound;  prob.  connected  with 
[eel.  bera  =  E.  bear1.']  An  abrupt  tidalwave 
which  breaks  in  an  estuary,  the  water  then  rush- 
ing up  the  channel  with  great  violence  and 
noise.  Tin-  tidal  wave  being  a  wave  ol  translation,  the 
shoaling  and  narrowing  of  channels  where  the  tide  rises 
very  rapidly  produce  a  great  increase  in  the  height  of  the 
wave.  The  forward  parts  of  the  wave,  too,  in  shoaling 
water  advance  less  rapidly  than  the  backward  parts,  and 
bo  cause  a  great  accumulation  in  1'nmt.  The  most  cele- 
brated bores  in  the  old  world  are  those  of  the  Ganges,  In- 
dus, and  Brahmaputra.  The  last  is  said  to  rise  to  a  height 
of  12  feet.  In  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers  in  Brazil  the 
bore  reaches  a  height  ot  from  12  to  16  feet.  In  England 
the  bore  is  observed  more  especially  in  the  Severn,  Trent, 
and  Wye,  and  in  the  Solway  Frith.  The  bores  in  some 
bays  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are  very  remarkable. 
In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  called eaper (which  see) ;  on 
the  Amazon,  the  prororoea  :  on  the  Seine,  the  barre;  and 
on  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne  in  France,  the  mascaret. 

When  the  rise  of  the  tide  begins,  the  surface  of  the  water 
is  disturbed  in  mid-channel ;  but  the  water  is  not  broken, 
it  is  merely  like  a  common  wave.  But  as  this  rapid  rise 
elevates  the  surface  suddenly  above  the  level  of  the  flat 
sands,  the  Mater  immediately  rushes  over  them  with  great 
velocity,  and  with  a  broken  front,  making  a  great  noise. 
And  this  is  the  whole  of  the  bore. 

.lien,  Encyc.  Metrop.,  Tides  and  Waves,  p.  514. 

bore3  (bor),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  bor- 
ing. [This  word,  verb  and  noun  (the  noun  in 
senses  1  and  2  appar.  preceding  the  verb),  came 
into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ; 
usually  considered  a  particular  use  of  bore1. 
and  compared  with  G.  drillen,  bore,  drill,  also 
bore,  weary ;  but  an  immediate  derivation  from 
bore1  is  philologically  improbable,  though  it 
may  be  explained  as  a  twist  of  fashionable 
slang  (to  which,  indeed,  the  word  has  always 
belonged),  perhaps  resting  on  some  forgotten 
anecdote.  At  any  rate,  the  word  is  now  inde- 
pendent of  bore1.]  1.  To  weary  by  tedious 
iteration  or  repetition ;  tire,  especially  in  con- 
versation, by  insufferable  dullness  ;  tease ;  an- 
noy; pester. 

"I  will  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Buckhurst.  "Oh!  no, 
no;  don't  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Millbank.  "Don't&ore 
him."  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  10. 

Bolting  away  to  a  chamber  remote. 
Inconceivably  bored  by  bis  VViten-geniote, 
Edwy  left  them  all  joking, 
And  drinking,  and  smoking. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  215. 

2.  In  racing,  to  annoy  or  impede  by  crowding 
against  or  out  of  the  way. 
bore3  (bor),  n.  [See .  tmrr'A,  v.]  If.  Ennui ;  a  fit 
of  ennui  or  listless  disgust  or  weariness. — 2t. 
One  who  suffers  from  ennui. — 3.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  one,  or  causes  ennui  or  annoy- 
ance ;  anything  which  by  dullness  taxes  the 
patience,  or  otherwise  causes  trouble  or  an- 
noyance ;  specifically,  a  dull,  tiresome,  or  un- 
congenial person  who  tires  or  annoys  by  forcing 
his  company  or  conversation  on  others,  or  who 
persists  in  uninteresting  talk  or  undesired  at- 
tentions. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde, 

Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  95. 

Learned  folk 
Who  drench  you  with  aesthetics  till  you  feel 
As  if  all  beauty  were  a  ghastly  bore, 
The  faucet  to  let  loose  a  wash  of  wi 'ids. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

A  sort  of  good-natured  persistency,  which  induced  the 
impression  that  he  was  nothing  worse  than  a  well-mean- 
ing bore,  who  was  to  be  endured  at  all  times  for  the  sake 
of  his  occasional  usefulness  and  universal  cheerfulness 

Tourge'e,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  32. 

bore'  (bor).     Preterit  of  bear1. 
bore5t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  boar. 
bore15  (bor),  n.    [E.  dial.,  short  forborecole,  q.v.] 
A  kind  of  cabbage ;  borecole.     Tttsscr. 
Boread  (bo're-ad),  n.  and  a.     [<  Gr.  BopEadrjc,  a 
son  of  Boreas,  Moprac  (Bnpeav*-),  a  daughter  of 
Boreas,  adj.  (fem.),  boreal;  <  Hopkac,  Boreas.] 
I.  n.   A  child  of  Boreas. 

II.  a.  [I.e.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  north- 
ern regions;  boreal.  [Rare.] 
boreal(b6're-al),  a.  [<  ME.  boriall,<  LL.  bo- 
reatis,  <  L.  Boreas,  Boreas.]  Pertaining  to,  situ- 
ated in,  or  issuing  from  the  north ;  relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  north  or  to  the  north  wind ; 
northern. 

a.bove  the  Siberian  snows 
We'll  sport  amid  the  boreal  morning. 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell. 
In  boreal  Dakota,  whose  capital  hears  his  name,  Ger- 
many and  Bismarck  are  connected  conceptions  of  the 
mind.  A".  A.  Rev.,  CLXIH.  105. 


borer 

Boreal  pole,  in  French  terminology,  the  pole  oJ  the  mag 
netie  needle  which  points  t"  thi  south.    Si  e  austral  j">t''. 

under  austral.     Boreal  province,  in   om  of  the 

provinces  established  with  reference  t<>  the  distribution 

of  marine  a tals.    It  embraces  the  North  Atlantic  - Mi 

of  the  arctic  province  to  s  lim   pa    tng  through  the  naze 

el    No]  w  :i>   and  Cape  I  '"'! 

borean  (bo're-an),  n.    [<  Boreas  +  -an.]    Same 

as  luiii  ill. 

Boreas  (bo'rf-as),  ».     [L.,  also  Borras,  <  Gr. 

b'v  ■  > .  Attic  Boppa) rth  wind,  the  god  of  the 

north  wind;  of.  Buss,  burya,  storm,  buranu,  a 
tempest  with  snow :  see  bora.]   1.  in.Gr.myth., 

the  god  of  the  nurt  li  wind. —  2.  Tile  north  wind 
personified;   a  eulil,  northerly  wind. 

borecole  (bor'kol),  n.    [Also  formerly  boorcole; 

<  D.  boerenkool,  borecole,  lit.  peasant's  cab- 
bage, <  boer,  peasant,   +  kool,  cabbage:   see 

hour  and  euli .  ]      A  variety  of  llrassieo  nli  run  u. 
a  cabbage  with  curled  or  wrinkled  leaves  which 
have  no  tendency  to  form  into  a  hard  head.     It 
is  valued  chiefly  for  winter  use. 
boredom  (bor'dum),  n.     [(.bore3,  n.,  +  -dom.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  bore,  or  the  tendency 
to  become  tiresome  and  uninteresting. 

I  presently  found  that  here  too  the  male  could  assert 
bis  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  boredom. 

George  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  xv. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bored ;  tedium  ;  ennui. 

Some,  stretching  their  legs,  presented  symptoms  of  an 
escape  from  boredom.  Disraeli,  Young  Duke. 

Our  "Sea-anemone,"  a  creature  with  which  everybody, 
since  the  great  aquarium  mania,  must  have  become  famil- 
iar, even  to  the  limits  of  boredom. 

Huxley,  Critiques  and  Addresses,  p.  113. 

3.  Bores  collectively. 

boreet  (bo're),  n.     [Also  written  bory,  bourree ; 

<  F.  bourree,  a  rustic  dance.]  A  dance  or  move- 
ment in  common  time. 

Dick  could  neatly  dance  a  jig, 
But  Tom  was  best  at  borees. 

Swift,  Tom  and  Dick. 

boreen  (bo-ren'),  n.  [<  Ir.  bothar  (pron.  bo'her), 
a  road,  +  dim.  -in.]  A  lane  or  narrow  road. 
[Anglo-Irish.] 

boregat  (bor'e-gat),  n.  A  chiroid  fish  of  the 
genus  Hexagram  mils :  better  known  as  bodieron 
and  rock-trout.     See  cut  under  Hexagrammus. 

bore-hole  (bor'hSl),  it.  A  hole  made  in  boring 
for  minerals,  water,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  is  placed.  See  bor- 
ing. 2. 

boreism  (bor'izni),  re.  [Also  written  borism;  < 
bore3  +  -ism.]  The  action  of  a  bore;  the  con- 
dition of  being  a  bore.     [Rare.] 

borelH,  borrel:t,  >'■  [Early  mod.  E.,  prop,  buret, 
burrel,  burrell,  <  ME.  borel,  buret,  <  OF.  buret, 
later  bureau,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff  (mod.  F. 
bureau,  a  desk,  writing-table,  bureau,  >  E.  bu- 
reau,  q.  v.):  see  barrel,  and  cf.  birrus.]  1.  A 
coarse  woolen  stuff,  or  garments  made  of  it; 
hence,  clothing  in  general. 

I  wol  renne  out  my  borel  for  to  shewe. 

Chancer,  I'lol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  356. 

2.  A  kind  of  light  stuff  the  warp  of  which  was 
silk  and  the  woof  wool ;  a  kind  of  serge. 
borel-t,  borrel'2t,  «•  [ME.,  also  buret,  supposed 
to  be  a  particular  use  of  borel1,  it.,  q.  v.  Some- 
times used  archaically  in  mod.  E.]  1 .  Belong- 
ing to  the  laity,  as  opposed  to  the  clergy. 

And  more  we  se  of  Cbristes  secre  thlnges 
Than  borel  folk,  although  that  they  ben  kinges, 
We  live  in  povert  and  in  abstinence, 
And  borel  folk  in  richesse  and  dispense. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  164. 
2.  Rude ;  unlearned. 

But,  sires,  because  I  am  a  buret  man  .  .  . 
Haveth  me  excused  of  my  rude  speche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  44. 
I  am  but  rude  and  barrel.         Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
Thou  wert  ever  of  a  tender  conscience,  son  Wilkin, 
though  thou  hast  but  a  rough  and  barrel  bearing. 

Scott,  Betrothed,  vii. 

borelyt,  "-     An  obsolete  form  of  burly. 

borent.  Obsolete  form  of  born,  borne,  pp.  of 
Inar1.     Chaucer. 

borer  (bor'er),  n.  [<  bore1,  v.,  +  -cr1;  =  G. 
luihrer.]  1.  One  who  bores  or  pierces. —  2.  A 
tool  or  instrument  used  for  boring;  an  auger; 
specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  drill,  an  imple- 
ment used  in  boring  holes  in  rock. — 3.  A  name 
common  to  many  minute  coleopterous  insects 
of  the  group  Xijlophaga,  whose  larva;  eat  their 
way  into  old  wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of 
the  holes  a  little  cocoon,  whence  they  emerge 
as  small  beetles. — 4.  Some  other  insect  which 
bores,  either  in  the  larval  or  adult  state. —  5. 
A  local  English  name  of  the  glutinous  hag,  Myx- 
ine  glutinosa.  See  cut  under  hag.  —  6.  A  bi- 
valve mollusk  which  bores  into  wood  or  stone, 


borer  632  borough 

especially  one  of  the  family  Pholadid&.—7.  In  boring-head  (bor'ing-hed),  «.    1.  The  cutter-     To  be  born  with  a  silver  spoon  in  one's  mouth  to 
entom.,  the  tere  bra  or  ovipositor  when  it  is  used     head  <-i  a  diamond  drill.— 2.   A  short  cylinder     inheri*  a  fortune  by  birth  :  be  born  t..  good  luck, 
for  boring,  as  in  many  beetles,  ilies,  ete.-Annu-    carrying  cutting-tools,  fitted  upon  a  boring-bar    }>orn~»  ''•  '•     See  /"""'J- 

££ffS  £  '  ff^Si^^^ttteVS^  boring-machine  (bor'ing-ma-shen^),  n.     Any  Cornel  (born).    [See  taL]    Past  participle  of 
Europe  into  AnieHca  and  ve>y  iitfurioun  to  clover     The     apparatus  employing bor- 
larva  is  cylindrical,  ol  Blightly  curved  form  whitish  with     mg-tools,  such  as  tin-  bit, 

drill. 


a  yellowish  head.  The  perfect  beetle  is  a  little  ove 
Umeters  In  length, 
elongate  oval  in  form, 
and  of  a  brownish- 
itlm-k  color,  the  ely- 
tra being  reddish  and 
somewhat  shining,— 
Grape-root  borer, 
the  larva  of  Eg  ia 
poliittformis,  a  moth 
of  the  family  /  •■  > i. 
idtv,  which  lays  its 
-  ggs  in  July  or  Au- 
gust at  the  base  of 
the  grape-vine,  close 
t«i  the  ground.  They 
are  white  fleshy  grubs 
which  eat  the  bark 
and  Bap-wood  <>f  the 
grape-root,  and  trans- 
form to  the  pupa  state 
within  a  pod-like  co- 
coon of  ^iiniiiiy  silk, 
t<>  which  bits  of 
wood  and  bark  are 
attached. 

boresont,  a.     An 

obsolete    variant 

of  bauson. 
bore-tree,  n.    See 

hour-tret . 
bore-worm  (bor'- 

werm),     n.        A 

name     for      the 

ship-worm,  Te- 
redo   navalis:    so 

called  on  account 

of  its  boring  into    Urged.' 

submerged     tim 


auger,  or  drill.  Such  ma 
chines  are  used  for  boring 
both  metal  and  wood.  In  the 
first  i  asi  tin  boring-tool  is  a 
revolving  cutter-head,  and  the 
machine  is  essentially  a  drill, 
In  these  machines  the  work 
may  be  stationary  while  the 
cutter-head  advances  as  the 
cut  is  made,  or  the  work  may 
be  advanced  or  fed  to  the  rela- 
tively stationary  cutter-head. 
In  all  there  are  appliances 
for  securing  a  variable  speed 
and  for  adjusting  one  tool  to 
many  kinds  of  work.  Tiny  are 
used  to  bore  out  heavy  cast- 
ings, guns,  cylinders,  wheel- 
hubs,  etc.      The  w 1-boring 

machines  are  essentially  ma- 
chine-augers.     The    auger 


Boring-machine. 


Clover-root  Borer  (Hylesinus  trifolii). 

a,  a,  a,  burrows  made  by  the  insect; 

',  larva,  lateral  view ;  c,  pupa,  ventral 

J,  beetle,  dorsal  view.     All  en- 


i7,  f>,  nests   of  pulleys:    c, 

horizontal  face-plate:  d,  bor- 

ing-shaft;  g,  hand-wheel;  A, 

automatic  feed  arrangement; 

bit  may   be  fixed,  or  may  have     *'   handle  which  acts  upon  a 

a  slight  journal  movement  as  R'e°rn  ?h*  face  ul£'x  £ 
the  work  proceeds.  Theblock-  iSShifta.  face-Pla,e-  "> 
boring  machine  is  an  apparatus 

consisting  of  two  augers  driven  by  band  and  a  vise  for 
holding  the  bolt  of  wood  from  which  a  block  is  to  be  made. 
The  carpenters' 
boring-machine  is 
an  auger  supported 
on  a  movable  frame 
in  such  a  way  that 
holes  can  lie  limed 
with  it  at  any  an- 
gle. It  is  operated 
by  two  handles  and 
bevel  gearing,  the 
operator  sitting 
astride  the  machine 
while  at  work. 

boring-mill 

(bor 'ing-mil), 
n.  Same  as 
boring-machine. 
boring-rod 
(bor'  ing-rod), 
n.      A    jointed 


ber,  as  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  piles,  and  the  like. 

borhame  (bor'am),  u.  [E.  dial. :  origin  ob- 
scure.] A  local  English  name,  in  Northum- 
berland, of  the  lemon  or  sand-sole. 

boric  (bo'rik),  «.  [<  bor{ax)  +  -ie.]  Same  as 
boracic. 

boride  (bo'rid  or  -rid),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -ide.] 
A  primary  compound  of  boron  with  a  metallic 
element. 

boring  (bor'ing),    n.     [Verbal  n.  of  Bore*    el 

1.  TSeactof  ^ereingLor  perforating;  spec  fi-  £:"SM'  t- 
cally,  in  mining  and  similar  operations,  tie  act  ^"S"?,^01  2$**  ^  ." 

a  hole  »'  ' k  -  «*  W  means  £%££?  teeTollZ*  *"" 

tins  is  often  executed  on  a  large  Tinritb*    ,,      re  n     ?,„ 
scab-  by  the  aid  ,,f  machinery.     Wells  and  shafts  several     .?f,    ,''."•,,  L^^  •..<".' 
feet  in  diameter  are  now  bored  without  blasting,  as  has 
been  done  in  Paris  in  sinking  artesian  wells,  in  the  gri  at 
northern  coal-fields  "f  France  and  Belgium,  and  else*  here. 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Holes  of  small  depth 
bored  with  the  drill  for  blasting  are  called  bore-holes. 
IJeep  holes  bored  for  any  purpose  are  called  borings,  ami 
if  of  large  diameter  shafts  or  wells,  according  as  they 
are  Intended  for  use  in  milling  or  for  supplying  water 


Carpenters'  Boring-machine. 

rod  to  which  the  tools  used  in  earth-boring  and 
rock-drilling  are  attached. 
boring-sponge  (bor'ing-spunj), n.  A  salt-water 
sponge  of  the  genus  Cliona,  which  bores  into 
shells  and  limestone. 

The  platform  *£»  <* ™k 
boring-machine. 


making 

'  loritht,  «.  [<  LL.  borith,  <  Heb.  borith  (Jer.  11, 
22),  tr.  in  the  Englisli  version  '  soap.']  A  plant 
producing  an  alkali  used  in  cleansing. 
Borja  (bdr'ja;  Sp.  pron.  bor'ha),  n.  A  sweet 
white  wine  grown  near  Saragossa  in  Spain. 
borley  (bor'li),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  boat  used  by 
trawlers  about  the  estuary  of  the   Thames. 

3.  pi.  The  chips,  fragments,  or  dust  produced  borling  (bor'ling),  n.     [E.  dial.]     A  local  Eng- 
Also   called    boring-dust.-Three-    lish  name  of  the  river-lamprey. 

born1  (bom),  p.  a.     [<  ME.  born,  borcn  (often 
shortened  bore),   <  AS.   bort-n,   pp.   of  bcran. 


handed  boring  in  mining,  boring  in  which  a  hand  drill 
is  operated  l.j  three  men,  one  of  whom  holds  the  drill 
and  turns  it  as  the  work  proceeds,  while  the  others  alter- 
nately strike  upon  or  beat  it  with  a  heavy  hammer  or 
sledge.  H  hen  one  man  holds  the  drill  and  another  beats 
It,  the  boring  is  two-handed;  when  the  same  person  holds 
""'  drill  »ith  ..in-  hand,  and  beats  it  with  the  other,  it  is 
tie  hand*  I      i  Bng. 

boring-anchor  (bor'ing-ang"kor),  n.    Same  as 

>'■/■'  <e-p,l,  , 

boring-bar  (bor'ing-bar),  n.  A  bar  to  which 
the  cutters  in  a  drilling-  or  boring-machine  are 
secured.     See  cutter-bar. 

boring-bit  (bor'ing-bit),  n.  1.  Atoolor  instru- 
i  .it  v:ni. his  shapes  and  sizes,  used  for 
making;  holes  in  wood  and  other  solid  sub- 
stances. Bee  bit1.— 2.  A  tool  much  like  a 
priming-wire,    but    more    highlv   tempered  and 

Wl,h  'mewhat  like  an  auger,  used  for 

cleaning oul  the  venl  of  a  gun  when  it  is  el., so. I 
by  some  metallic  obstruction;  a  vent-gimlet. 

boring-block  Jbor'ing-blok),  ».  In  mech  a 
strong  cylindrical  piece  fitted  on  the  boring- 
bar  of  a  bormg-machine,  and  having  the  cut- 
tere  hx.-il  in  it. 

boring-collar  (bor'ing-kol  ar),  n.     A  circular 

disk    ma    lathe,   v.h eh    can    |„.    ,„,.,,,  ,|   :i|H,l|t    jts 

center  in  a  v.rt  teal  plane,  bo  as  to  bring  any  one 

"I  a  Dumber  of  taper  holes  of  different  Bizescon- 

tamed  m  ij  in  hue  with  the  pi, 

I  in-  end  .,)  the  pieci  ed  at  the  hole  to 

a  boring-tool  which  is  held  against  it. 
boring-dust ibor'ing-dust),  „.  81  „,,  :; 

boring-gage  (bor'ing-gaj),  n.     A  clamp  ■ 

nzed  t,,  the  s-hniik  ,.i'  .a  hit  ,,i-  ,,ti,,.,.  boring  t,„,i 

to  regulate  the  depth  ,,l  the  work. 


bear,  carry,  bring  forth.  The  distinction  be- 
tween born*  and  borne1  is  recent:  see  bear1.'] 

1.  Possessing  from  birth  the  quality  or  char- 
acter stated:  as,  a  born  poet ;  a  born  fool. 

Dunstan  resumed  .Alfred's  task,  not,  indeed,  in  the  wide 
and  generous  spirit  of  the  king,  but  with  the  activitj  of  a 
bum  administrator.        J.  A'.  Green,  Cone,,  of  Eng.,  p.  325. 

2.  Innate;  inherited;  produced  with  a  person 
at  birth:  as,  born  wit;  born  dignity:  in  both 
senses  opposed  to  acquired  after  birth  or  from 
experience. 

Often  abbreviated  to  6. 
Born  In  or  with,  inherited  by  birth;  received  or  im- 
planted at  birth. 

Wit  and  wisdom  are  born  with  a  man. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  6a. 
Born  Of,  sprung  from. 

None  of  woman  born  shall  barm  Macbeth. 

Shalt. ,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

Born  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket.    See  blanket. 
Born  to,  destined  to  from  birth,  or  by  right  of  birth. 

I  was  /,../■„  to  a  good  estate. 

Swift,  story  of  an  Injured  l-ady. 
In  one's  born  days,  in  ones  lifetime.    [Colloq.] 

Phere  was  one  Miss  Byi a  Northamptonshire  lady, 

whom  1  never  saw  before  in  my  born  ,/«,i/.«. 

Richardson,  Grandlson,  I.  108. 
/.,  all  his  h„,„  days  he  never  beam  such  screeches  and 
yells  as  the  wind  give  over  that  chimbley. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  is. 
To  be  bom  again,  to  become  regenerate  in  spirit  and 
character ;  be  converted. 

Except  a  man  be  bum  ayain,  he  cannot  sec  the  kingdom 
"'God.  JohnUI.  8. 


borne'-'t  (born),  n.    Same  as  bourn2. 

borne  (b6r-na'),  «•  [E.,  pp.  of  borner,  bound, 
limit,  <  borne,  boundary,  limit:  see  bourn-.] 
Bounded;  limited;  narrow-minded;  of  re- 
stricted intelligence. 

He  [Sir  Robert  Peel]  hegan  life  as  the  underling  of  Lord 

Sidiiioiith      the  shallowest,   narrowest,  most    Imnn',   and 
most  benighted  of  the  old  Tory  crew. 

W.  li.  Greg,  -Misc.  Essays,  2,1  ser.,  p.  234. 

Bornean  (b8r'nf-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  Borneo  + 

-an.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Borneo,  the  largest 
island  of  the  Malay  archipelago. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Borneo. 
bornedt,  p.  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  burned. 

Clutiici  r. 
borneene  (bor'ne-en),  n.     [<  lii)rni(ul)  +  -cue.] 
A  liquid   hydrocarbon    (C10Hi6)   secreted  by 
Dryobalanops  camphora,  and  holding  in  solu- 
tion a  solid  substance,  borneol  (Ci0H18O),  or 
camphor  of  Borneo.     See  Dryobalanops. 
Borneo  camphor.    See  camphor. 
borneol  (bor'ne-ol),  «.     [<  Borneo  +  -ol.]    Same 
as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under  camphor). 
bornine  (bdr'nin),  n.     [Appar.  as  born-ite  + 
-ine-.]    Telluric  bismuth:  same  as  tctradi/mite. 
borning,  borning-rod.    See  boning,  boning-rod. 
bomite  (bflr'nit),  n.     [After  Dr.  Ignatius  von 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist   (1742-91),  + 
-ite2.]    A  valuable  copper  ore,   consisting  of 
about  GO  parts  of  copper,  14  of  iron,  and  26  of 
sulphur,  found  mostly  massive,    also  in  iso- 
metric crystals.      It   has  a  peculiar  bronze-color  on 
the  fresh  fracture  (hence  called  by  Cornish  miners  liurx- 
flesh  .ire),  hut  soon  tarnishes  ;  and  from  the  bright  colors 
it  then  assumes  it  is  often  named  purple  or  variegated 
nipper  and  erubescite. 
bornous,  bornouse,  «.     Same  as  burnoose. 
borocalcite  (bo-ro-kal'slt),  «.     [<  boron  +  caU 
eiti .]     A  hydrous  calcium  borate,  supposed  to 
occur  with  other  borates  in  Peru, 
boroglyceride  (bo-ro-glis'e-rid  or  -rid),  n.      [< 
boron  +  glycerin)  +  -ide.]"  An  antiseptic  sub- 
stance containing  about  25  per  cent,  of  glyceryl 
borate,  or  propenyl  borate  (C3H6B03),  and  75 
per  cent,  of  free  boric  acid  and  glycerin  in 
equivalent  proportions. 

lOron  (bo'ron),  w.  [NL.,  <  bor(a.r)  +  -on.] 
Chemical  symbol,  B ;  atomic  weight,  11.  A 
chemical  element  belonging  to  the  group  of 
non-metals.  Two  allotropic  forms  of  this  element  are 
known,  one  a  brown,  amorphous  powder,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  the  other  (adamantine  boron)  crystalline,  and 
with  a  luster  and  hardness  inferior  only  to  that  of  the 
diamond.  In  all  its  compounds  boron  appears  to  be  triva- 
lent.  It  does  not  occur  in  nature  in  the  tree  state,  hut 
some  of  its  compounds  are  well-known  articles  of  com- 
merce. It  is  prepared  by  heating  boric  acid  at  a  high 
temperature  with  Borne  powerful  reducing  agent,  such  as 

potaBstui ■  aluminium.     Its  oxygen  acid,  boracic  acid, 

and  the  soda  salt,  borax,  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts. 

boronatrocalcite  (bo-ro-na-tro-kal'sit),  n. 

[<  boron  +  natron  +  caleiti .]  A  hydrous  borate 
of  sodium  and  calcium  :  the  mineral  ulexite. 

borosilicate  (bo-ro-sil'i-kat),  n.  [<  bor(ic)  + 
silicyi)  +  -ate1.]  'A  double  salt,  in  which  both 
boric  and  silicic  acids  are  combined  with  a 
basic  radical,  as  datolite,  which  is  a  borosili- 
cate of  calcium.     Also  called  silicoborate. 

borough1  (bur'6),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6or- 
rough,  burrough,  borrow,  burrow,  borow,  burow, 
etc.;  sometimes,  esp.  in  comp.,  written  boro  or 
boro';  <  ME.  borwe,  boroioe,  borgh,  burgh,  borug, 
bnruli,  etc.,  burii ,  hini.  bery,  etc.,  <  AS.  burh, 
bur  nil,  burg  (gen.  a  n.l  ilnt.  byrig,  whence  the  sec- 
ond set  of  ME.  forms  above,  Inuii .  etc..  E.biiry1, 
q.  v.),  a  town,  a  fortified  place  (=  OS.  bur'ug, 
burg  =  OPries.  buricli,  burch  =MD.burch,  borch, 
P.  burg,  burgt  =  MLG.  borch  =  OHti.  burug, 
burue,  bun:  MHti.  burc,  G.  burg  =  Icel.  borg  = 
Sw.  I)an.  borg  =  Goth,  baurgs;  hence,  from 
OHG.  etc.,  ML.  burgus,  >  OF.  burc,  borg,  F. 
bourg  =  TV.  bore  =  Sp.  Pg.  burgo  =  It.  bo'rgo); 
prob.  <  AS.  beorgan  (pp.  oorgen)  =  Goth,  bair- 
gan  —  (J.  bergen,  etc.,  protect:  see  bury1,  bur- 
row1,  biirgl .  burgh,  bourg1  (all  tdt.  identical  with 
borough),  burgess,  bourgeois,  etc.  The  word  ap- 
pears in  various  forms  in  many  names  of  towns: 
l'eU'vlninnigli,  FMmburgh  or  Edinboro,  Canter- 
bury, 3.&mourg,  Burgos,  etc.]  1.  Formerly,  a 
fortified  town,  or  a  town  possessing  municipal 
Organization;  also,  a  town  or  city  in  general. 
—  2.  In  England:  (a)  A  corporate  town  pos- 
sessing a  regularly  organized  municipal  gov- 
ernment and  special  privileges  conferred  by 
nival  charter:  usually  called  a  municipal  bor- 
ough,    (b)  A  town  having  the  right  to  send  one 


borough  633 

or  more  representatives  to  Parliament:  usually  boroughship1  (bur'o-ship) 
borough. 


boscage 
[<  borough1  +  borrow2  (bor'o),  v.  i. 


called  a  parliamentary  borough.  Under  tho  general 
laws  regulating  municipal  government,  with  some  excep- 
tions, the  burgesses  of  each  borough  elect  s  certain  num- 
ber of  councilors  every  three  years,  and  these  eleci  the 
mayor  annually  and  hall  the  aldermen  (who  serve  six 
years)  triennially.  Mayor,  aldermen,  and  councilors  form 
the  council.  The  corresponding  term  in  Scotland  is  burgh. 
3.  In  Connecticut,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  an  incorporated  municipality 
less  populous  than  a  city  and  differently  gov- 
erned: in  general,  corresponding  to  town  in 
other  States.  In  Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania  its 
boundaries  are  identical  with  those  of  one  <>f  the  primary 
divisions  of  the  county;  in  Connecticut  ami  New  Jersey 
they  include  only  the  space  occupied  by  houses  adjoining 
or  nearly  adjoining. 
4t.  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 

The  flat,  levell,  and  plalne  fields  not  able  to  alford  us 
,  .   .   any  borough  to  shelter  us. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Ammiamis,  p.  114. 

5t.  At  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
perhaps  other  northern  old  corporate  towns,  a 
property  held  by  burgage,  and  formerly  quali- 
fying for  a  vote  for  members  of  Parliament. 
JV.  E.  I).—  Close  borough,  a  pocket  borough, 

Lansmere  is  neither  a  rotten  borough,  to  lie  bought,  nor 
a  clone  borough,  under  one  mans  nomination.         Bulwer. 


[Origin  uncertain;  prob. 
Jiip."]  A  township;  the  fact  of  constituting  a  orig.  'take  shelter';  el.  burrowz,  shelter.] 
borough  or  township.      S.  E.  D.  Sunt.,    to   approach    either    laid    or    the   wind 

boroughship'-' (bur'6-ship),  «.      [<  borough*  +    closely.    Smyth. 

-ship*     Th ndition  of  being  security  for  borrow^,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  borough1. 

the  good  behavior  of  neighbors;  frank-pledge,  borrower  (bor'o-er),  ».      L.  One  who  borrows 


3. 


Pocket  borough,  in  England,  before  tile  passage  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1832  and  tile  subsequent  legislation  deal- 
ing «ith  the  elective  franchise,  a  borough  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  which  was  practically  in  the  hands 
of  some  individual  or  family.  -  Rotten  borough,  a  name 
given  before  the  passing  of  th.'  Reform  Hill  of  1882  to  cer- 
tain boroughs  in  England  which  had  fallen  into  decay  and 
had  a  mere  handful  of  voters,  but.  which  still  retained  the 
privilege  of  sending  members  to  Parliament.  At  the  head 
of  the  list  of  these  stood  old  Sarum,  the  abandoned  site  of 
an  old  town,  which  returned  two  representatives  though 
without  a  single  inhabitant,  the  proprietors  nominating 
whom  they  pleased.  — To  buy  a  borough,  to  purchase 
the  power  of  controlling  the  election  of  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  a  borough.  Under  recent  British  legislation 
tins  is  no  longer  possible. 

borough-t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  burrow2. 

borough:,t,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  borrow1. 

borough-court  (bur'd-kort),  n.  The  court  of 
record  for  an  English  borough,  generally  pre- 
sided over  by  the  recorder. 

borough-English  (bur'o-ing'glish),  it.  [Irreg. 
translation  of  AP.  tenure  en  burgh  engloys, 
tenure  in  an  English  borough.]  In  law,  a  cus- 
tomary descent  of  some  estates  in  England 
to  the  youngest  son  instead  of  the  eldest,  or, 

if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  youngest  borrow1  (bor'o),  v. 
brother.  etc.,  <  AS.  borgian  t 

It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  an  institution 
closely  resembling  Borough  English  is  found  in  the  Laws 
of  Wales,  giving  the  rule  of  descent  for  all  cultivating 
villeins.  Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  223. 

borough-head,  ».    See  borrow-head. 

borough-holder  (bur'6-hol'dcr),  h.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  headborough ;  a  borsholder.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]  — 2.  In  some  parts  of  northern  Eng- 
land, a  person  who  holds  property  by  burgage 
tenure. 

The  Borough-holders  [Gateshead]  are  qualified  by  ten- 
ure of  burgage  tenements,  which  are  particular  freehold 
houses,  about  150  in  number.    They  have  an  estate  in  fee. 
Municip.  Corp.  Reports  (1835),  p.  1526. 

borough-master  (bur'6-tnas"ter),  n.  [<  bor- 
ough1 +  master.  Cf.  bwghmaster,  burgomaster.] 

The  mayor,  governor,  or  bailiff  of  an  English 
borough. 
boroughmonger  (bur'6-inung"ger),  n.     For- 
merly, one  who  bought  or  sold  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  an  English  borough. 

These  were  called  rotten  boroughs,  and  those  who  owned 
and  supported  them  borough-mongers. 

A.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  How  we  are  Governed,  v. 

boroughmongering  (bur'6-mung"ger-ing),  n. 
Trafficking  in  the  parliamentary  representa- 
tion of  a  borough,  a  practice  at  one  time  com- 
mon in  England. 

We  owe  the  English  peerage  to  three  sources  :  the  spo- 
liation of  the  church  ;  the  open  and  flagrant  sale  of  its 
honours  by  the  elder  Stuarts;  and  the  boroughmongering 
of  our  own  times.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iv.  4. 

borough-reeve  (bur'6-rev),  «.  [<  borough'1  + 
reeve1,  after  ME.  burhrere,  <  AS.  burh-gcrefa.] 
1.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  the  governor 
of  an  English  town  or  city. 


V.  E.  I). 

borough-town  (bur'o-toun),  ».  [<  ME.  burg- 
town,  borowton,  a  town  which  is  a  borough,  <  AS. 
Iturlttun,  an  Lnclosure  surrounding  a  castle,  < 
liurh,  a  castle,  borough,  +  tun,  inolosure,  town. 
Hence  the  place-name  Burton.']  A  town  which 
is  a  borough. 

borowe't,  borowe'-'t,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
borrow^-,  borough1,  etc. 

borrachiot,  borrachot,  ».     Same  as  borachio. 

Borraginaceae,  etc    See  Boraginacem,  etc. 

borrasca  (bo-ras'kS),  u.  [<  Sp.  borrasea,  storm, 
tempest,  obstruction  (see  borasco)',  dar  or  caer 
i  a  borrasca,  in  mining,  strike  or  light  upon  an 
unprofitable  lead;  antithetical  to  bonanza,  lit. 
fair  weather;  see  him<tn:a.]  In  mining,  barren 
rock:  the  opposite  of  bonanza,  1  (which  see). 

borrel't,  borrel-t.    See  bore!1,  borel2. 

Borrelist  (bor'el-ist),  ».  [<  Adam  Barrel,  their 
founder,  +  -i.it.]  In  eecles.  hist.,  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  founded  in  the  Netherlands  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  rejected  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship,  and  led  a  very  austere  life. 

borrow^  I  bor'o),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  borowc, 
borough,  etc. ;  <  ME.  borowc,  borwe,  etc.,  <  AS. 


opposed  to  lender. 

Neither  a  borrow  r  nor  a  lender  be  : 

For  loan  oft  loseth  both  itself  and  friend; 
And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  husbandry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  8. 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own ;  specifically,  in  literature, 
a  plagiarist. 

Some  say  I  am  a  great  borrower.  Pope. 

borrow-headt,  »•  [Also  written  borough-head; 
orig.  (AS.)  *frithborhhedfod,  written  frithborh- 
heved  in  the'  (Latin)  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; <  frithborh,a  tithing  (<  frith,  peace,  + 
borh,  pledge,  security:  sec  borrow1-,  ».),  +  hed- 
fod,  head.]  The  head  of  a  tithing ;  a  headbor- 
ough or  borsholder. 

borrowing  (bor'o-ing),  u.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
ruw1,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or  obtaining 
anything  on  loan  or  at  second-hand. — 2.  The 
act  of  taking  and  using  as  one's  own. 

Such  kind  of  borrowing  as  this,  if  it  lie  not  better'd&y 
the  Borrower,  among  good  Authors  is  accounted  l'la- 
giarie.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxiii. 

3.  The  thing  borrowed. 

Yet  are  not  these  thefts  but  borrowings ;  not  impious 
falsities,  but  elegant  flowers  of  speech. 

Jer.  Taylor  (.'),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p. 


.  165. 

borh,  borg,  a  security,  pledge,  also  a  surety,  borrowing-days  (bor'6-ing-daz),  «.  pi-  The 
bondsman  (=  OFries.  borh,  borch  =  D.  borg  =  iast  th,^  jays  0f  March,  old  style:  said  to 
MHG.  borg,  G.  borg,  pledge,  security),  <  bcor-  have  been  borrowed  from  April,  and  supposed 
gan  (pp.  borgen)  =  D.  and  G.  bergen,  protect,  t0  be  especially  stormy.  [Scotch.] 
secure:  see  borough1.  The  verb  borrow*  is  from  borsella  (bor-sel'ii),  ».  [It.  *borsella,  fern.,  cor- 
the  noun.]    1.  A  pledge  or  surety ;  bail;  secu-    responding  to  ftorseKo,  masc,  a  bag,  purse,  pock 


rity :  applied  both  to  the  thing  given  as  secu- 
rity and  to  the  person  giving  it :  as,  "with  baile 
nor  borrowe,"  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

Ye  may  retain  as  borrow  my  two  priests.  Scott. 

2.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 


Yet  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 
The  borrow  of  a  week.  Shak.,W. 


T.,  i.  2. 


et,  dim.  olborsa,  a  purse:  see  burse  and  purse.] 
In  glass-mating,  an  instrument  for  extending 
or  contracting  glass. 

borsholder  (b6rs'hol-der),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bosholder,  bor solder,  burseholder,  <  AF.  bori- 
salder,  borghisaldre,  repr.  ME.  borghes  alder: 
borghes,  gen.  of  borgh,  a  tithing,  frank-pledge; 
alder,  chief:  see  borrow1,  n.,  4,  and  elder1,  n.] 
Originally,  in  England,  the  head  or  chief  of  a 
tithing  or  frank-pledge ;  a  headborough ;  after- 
ward, a  petty  constable.  [Now  only  local.] 
[<  ME.  borowen,  borwen,  bort  (bort),  n.  [Formerly  also  boart,  bourt;  cf. 
r  OFries.  borga  =  D.Jior-  F.  bort,  bord,  bastard.  Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
collective  name  for  diamonds  of  inferior  quality, 
especially  such  as  have  a  radiating  crystalliza- 
tion, so  that  they  will  not  take  a  polish.  These 
are  crushed  to  form  diamond-powder  or  diamond-dust, 
which  is  used  for  rutting  and  polishing  diamonds  and  other 
precious  stones. 

2.  An  amorphous  variety  of  diamond,  brown, 
gray,  or  black  in  color,  and  Icnown  also  as  black 
diamond  or  carbonado,  found  massive  in  Brazil 
in  association  with  pure  diamonds.  This  is  exten- 
sively used  as  the  cutting  material  in  diamond  drills  and 
stone-saws,  for  which  ordinary  diamonds  are  unsuited 
from  their  crumbling  and  cleaving. 

boruret  (bo'rb-ret),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -wet.] 
The  older  form  for  boride. 

borwet,  »■     A  Middle  English  form  of  borrow1-. 

Bos  (bos),  n.  [L.,  ace.  bovem,  =  Gr.  (lobe,  an 
ox,  =  E.  cow,  q.  v.  See  bovine,  beef,  bucolic, 
etc.]  A  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants, 
having  simple  horns  in  both  sexes,  typical  of 
the  family  Bovidw  and  subfamily  Bovinee,  con- 
taining the  Oxen,  or  cattle.  Its  limits  vary;  it  is 
now  commonly  restricted  to  the  B.  taunts,  the  domestic 
ox,  bull,  or  cow,  and  closely  related  species.  Formerly  it 
was  about  equivalent  to  the  subfamily  Bovinoe,  as  that  term 
is  now  used.     See  cut  under  ox. 

bosa,  n.     See  boza. 
That  is  the  way  we  are  strong  by  borrowing  the  might  j,0sardt,  „.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buzzard. 
of  the  elements.  Emerson,  Civilization.    "*""»*■  "'i  e 

Boscades  (bos  ka-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  lioamc 
(pi.  lioamScc),  a  small  kind  of  duck,  lit.  feed- 
ing, <  iloo-netv,  feed.]  In  Merrem's  classification 
(1813),  a  group  of  anserine  birds  nearly  coex- 
tensive with  the  modern  family  Anatidec. 

boscage,  boskage  (bos'kaj), ». '  [<  ME.  boskage, 
buscagc,  <  OP.  boscage,  mod.  F.  bocage  =  Pr. 


Cost;  expense. 

That  great  Tan  bought  with  deare  borrow. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

4.  A  tithing ;  a  frank-pledge. 


gen  (>  prob.  Icel.  borga  =  Sw.  borga  =  Dan. 
borg<  )  =  <  II  It  l.  borgen,  MHG.  G.  borgen),  borrow, 
lit.  give  a  pledge,  <  borh,  burg,  a  pledge,  se- 
curity: see oorrow^n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  or 
obtain  (a  thing)  on  pledge  given  for  its  return, 
or  without  pledge,  but  on  the  understanding 
that  the  thing  obtained  is  to  be  returned,  or  an 
equivalent  of  the  same  kind  is  to  be  substituted 
for  it;  henee,  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of: 
with  of  or  from  (formerly  at):  as,  to  borrow 
a  book  from  a  friend ;  to  borrow  money  of  a 
stranger. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute,  and 
that  upon  our  lands  and  vineyards.  Neil.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  gratuitously  from  another 
or  from  a  foreign  source  and  apply  to  one's  own 
use ;  adopt ;  appropriate ;  by  euphemism,  to 
steal  or  plagiarize  :  as,  to  borrow  aid ;  English 
has  many  borrowed  words ;  to  borrow  an  author's 
style,  ideas,  or  language. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borrow  from  others, 
and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in  abun- 
dance. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 


They  .  .  .  also  freely  rlmse  their  own  buroti'tli-rc'VC,  or 
port-reeve,  as  their  head  of  the  civic  community  was 
termed.  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  50. 

2.  The  chief  municipal  officer  in  certain  unin- 
corporated English  towns  before  the  passage, 
in  1835,  of  the  Municipal  Corporations  Act. 
borough-sessions  (bur'6-sesh'onz),  n.  j>l.  The 
sessions  held  quarterly,  or  oftener,  in  an  Eng- 
lish borough  before  the  recorder,  on  a  day  ap- 
pointed by  him. 


3.  To  assume  or  usurp,  as  something  counter- 
feit, feigned,  or  not  real ;  assume  out  of  some 
pretense. 

those  borrow'd  tears  that  Sinon  sheds. 

Shak.,  Luerece,  1.  1549. 
Each  part,  depriv'd  of  supple  government, 
Shall,  stiff  and  stark  and  cold,  appear  like  death: 
And  in  this  borrow'd  likeness  of  shrunk  death 
Thou  shalt  continue  two-and-forty  hours. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

4t-  To  be  surety  for ;  hence,  to  redeem;  ransom. 
I  pray  you,  let  me  borrow  my  arms  again. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

II.  in  trans.  To  practise  borrowing;  take  or 
receive  loans ;  appropriate  to  one's  self  what 
belongs  to  another  or  others :  as,  I  neither  bor- 
row nor  lend ;  he  borrows  freely  from  other  au- 
thors. 

Whoever  borroie'd  could  not  be  tei  blame, 
Since  the  whole  House  did  afterwards  tlie  same. 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  169. 


boscatge  =  Sp.  boscajc  =  It.  boseaggio,  <  ME. 
"boscaticum  (found  only  in  sense  of  'a  tax  on 
firewood  brought  to  town'),  <  boscus,  buschus, 
a  thicket,  wood,  <  OHG.  busc,  a  thicket,  =  E. 
bush1:  see  bush1,  bosk,  basket,  bouquet.]  1.  A 
mass  of  growing  trees  or  shrubs ;  woods,  groves, 
or  thickets ;  sylvan  scenery. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  is  made  into  severall  Enclosures 
(all  hedge-worke  or  rowes  of  frees) of  whole  fields,  mea- 
dowes,  boscages,  some  of  them  containing  divers  ackers. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  April  1,  1644. 
"Gloryto  God,''  she  sang,  and  past  afar, 
Thridding  the  sombre  boska  je  "t  the  wood. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 


boscage 

2.  In  old  law,  probably,  food  or  sustenance  for 
cattle  which  is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees. 

bosch,  ».    See  bosh*. 

boschbok,  boshbok  Cbosh'bok;  D.  pron.  bosk'- 
bok),  a.    [1).  boschbok,  <  bosch,  wood,  =  E.  bush1 


634 


boss 


potarma,  who  dwelt  upon  the  mountains,  never  bosomer  (buz'um-or  or  bo'zum-er),  n 
ooi  iipied  a  house,  lived  entirely  on  herbs,  and    or  that  which  embosoms.     [Kare.] 


One  who 


devoted  their  whole  time  to  the  worship  of 
God  in  prayers  and  hymns.  Sometimes  called 
Graei  rs 


huslnj.] 

bushes ; 


=E.6uefci.]    A.  name  given  by  the  Dutch  bosky  (bos^M),  a.    [<  bosk  +^-.'/1-    Cf.  busky^ 
sts  to  an  antelope  of  the  genus  Tragela- 

phttS,B&    '/'.  slilnitinis.      Also  writ  I  ell  Inislil,,,!.. 

boschvark,  boshvark  (bosh'vark;  1).  pron. 
bosk'fark),  n.  L"-  boschvark,  <  bosch,  wood,  = 
7ii.  +  curl;  used  only  in  dim.  varken,  hog, 
=  E.  farrow,  q.  v.]  The  name  given  by  the 
Dutch  colonists  to  the  African  bush-hog,  bush- 
pig,  river-pig,  or  guinea-pig,  as  the  species  of  B  niac  (bos'm-ak),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bosnia  +  -ac]  b'osomy 
aquatic  swine  of  the  genus  Potamocfuerus  are  ^^^aKBosnian,  +  -,,!.] 


Woody;  consisting  of  or  covered  with 
full  of  thickets. 
This  is  Britain:  a  little  island  with  little  lakes, little 
rivers,  quirt  bosky  fields,  but  mighty  interests  ;un I  power 
that  reach  round  the  world.       The  Century,  XXVII.  102. 
In  lowliest  depths  of  bosky  ib-lls 
The  hermit  Contemplation  dwells. 

Whittier,  Questions  of  Life. 


variously  called.     /'.  nfriennus,  or  P.  pictus,  is  a  mid- 

dle  sized  svi  ine  with  large,  strong,  protrusive  canine  teetli 

and  penciled  i  ars 
Boselaphuc  i  bos-el'a-fus),  n.     [NL..  irreg.  <  L. 

60s  (Gr.  3ovc),  ox  (or  rather  NL.  Bos  as  a  ge- 
neric name),  +  Gr.  tXcujw,  stag.]      A  genus  of 

large  hubalino  antelopes,  including  the  nylghau 

(7>.  tragocamelus),  etc. 
boshH  (bosh),  11.     [I'rob.  <  F.  clmiichc  (cf.  flebosh 

and  debauch),  a  sketch,  <  OF.  "esboche  =  Sp. 

esboso  =  Pg.  esboco  =  It.  sbozzo  (also,  with  dif-  bosom ^(birz  urn  or  bo  zum), 

ferent  prefix,  nlih',,: .,,-,,  a  sketch;  with  verb,  F. 

Sbauchcr.  <  OF.  esbaucher,  esbocher  =  Pg.  c.v'io- 

far=  It.  sbozzan  |  also  abbozzare,  sketch),  <  pre- 
fix g-,  es-,  L.  ar-,  out,  +  IWza,  a  rough  draft,  a 

blotch,  swelling.  =  P.  bosse,  > E.  boss1,  q.  v.     ( 'f. 

01). '»'»  tee,  iinntsr,  a  sketch,  D.  boetseren,  mold, 

emboss,  of  same  ult.  origin.]    A  rough  sketch; 

an  outline ;  a  figure. 

The  bosh  of  an  argument,  .  .  .  the  shadow  of  a  syllo- 
gism. The  Student,  II.  28". 
To  cut  a  bosh,  to  make  a  display ;  cut  a  figure. 

boshH  (bosh), «. ».  [<6o«fel,».]  To  cut  a  figure; 
make  a  show.     Tatter. 

bosh-  (bosh),  ii.  [<  Turk,  bosh,  empty,  vain, 
useless,  futile,  void  of  meaning:  a  word  adopt- 
ed into  E.  use  from  Morier's  novel  "Ayesha" 
(1834),  in  which  it  frequently  occurs  in  its  Turk, 
sense:  as,  "this  finnan  is  bosh — nothing."] 
Utter  nonsense  :  absurd  or  foolish  talk  or  opin- 
ions; stuff;  trash.     [Colloq.] 


Same  as 

All  this  petty  persecution  has  made  Austrian  rule  odious 
among  the  Bosniacs. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  146. 

Bosnian  (bos'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  Bosnia  +  -an.'] 

1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bosnia,  a  nominal 
province  of  Turkey,  lying  west  of  Servia,  the 
administration  of  which  was  transferred  to  Aus- 
tria-Hungary by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  1878. 

II.  a.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bosnia, 
and  a.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  bosome,  boosome;  <  ME.  bosom, 
bosurn,  bosern,  <  AS.  bosum,  bosm  (=  OS.  bosom  = 
OFries.  bosm  =  D.  boezein  =  MLG.  buscm,  bosun, 
bossen,  LG.  bussem  =  OHG.  buosum,  buosum, 
MHG.  buosem,  buosen,  G.  busen),  bosom;  per- 
haps orig.,like/ortio»i.  the  space  between  the 
two  arms;  with  formative  -sm,i  boh,  bog,  arm: 
see  bough1.]  I.  n.  1.  The  breast;  the  subcla- 
vian and  mammary  regions  of  the  thorax  of  a 
human  being;  the  upper  part  of  the  chest. 
And  she  turn'd  —  her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm 
of  sighs.  Tennyson,  Loeksley  Hall. 

2.  That  part  of  one's  clothing  which  covers  the 
breast;  especially,  that  portion  of  a  shirt  which 
covers  the  bosom,  generally  made  of  finer  ma- 
terial than  the  rest. 


nine!  'Tis  the  life  of  heaven  -  the  domain 
Of  Cynthia  .  .  .  the  bosomer  of  clouds. 

Keats,  Sonnet. 

bosom-spring  (buz'um-spring),  «.  A  spring 
rising  in  the  bosom  or  heart;  heart-spring; 
heart-joy.     [Bare.] 

From  thee  that  bosom-spring  <>f  rapture  flows 
\\  bich  only  Virtue,  tranquil  Virtue,  knows. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  ii. 

bosom-staff  (buz'um-staf),  u.  An  instrument 
for  testing  the  symmetry  of  the  bosom  or  cen- 
tral concavity  of  a  millstone. 

(buz  um-i  or  bo'zum-i),  a.     [<  bosom 
Full  of  sheltered  recesses  or  hollows. 


This  is  what  Turks  and  Englishmen  call  bosh. 

II'.  //.  Russell. 

I  always  like  to  read  old  Darwin's  Loves  of  the  Plants, 
bosh  as  it  is  in  a  scientific  point  of  view. 

Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  x. 

bosh2  (bosh),  v.  t.     [<h,,sl^.n.]     To  make  bosh 

or  nonsense  of;  treat  as  bosh;  spoil;  humbug. 

[Slang.] 
bosh:i  (bosh),  n.      [See  boshes.]      1.   See  boshes. 

—  2.   A  trough  in  which  bloomery  tools  (or,  in 

copper-smelting,  hot  ingots)  are  cooled.     Ray- 
mond, Mining  Glossary. 
bosh1,  bosch  (bosh),  n.    [Short  for  Bosch  butter, 

i.  e.,  imitation  butter  made  at 's  Sertogenbosch 

or  den  Bosch  (P.  Bois-le-Due),  lit.  'the  duke's 

wood,'  a  city  of  the  Netherlands:  I>.  bosch  = 

E.  bush1.]    A  kind  of  imitation  butter;  butter- 

ine:  a  trade-name  in  England, 
boshah  (bosh'si),  n.     [Turk.]     A  silk  handker- 
chief made  in  Turkey, 
boshes  (bosh'ez),   ii.   pi.     [Cf.  <i.  bdschung,   a 

slope,  <  bosclien,  slope,  <  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bosch, 

turf,  sod.]     The  lower  part  of  a  blast-furnace, 

extending  from  the  widest  part  to  the  top  of  the 

heart  a.     In  the  older  forms  of  blast-furnace  there  was  a 

marked  division  into  BpeclflC  zones.     In  many  of  the  more 

approved  modern  form    thi  re  are  no  such  definite  limits, 

but  a  gradual  curvature  from  top  to  bottom.     In  such 

cases  it  is  difficult  to  say  w  here  the  boshes  begin  or  end. 

Bosjesman  (bosh'ez-man),  n.    [S.  African  D.] 

I    It, mill,   '_'. 

bosk  (bosk),  n.     [<  ME.  boske,  also  buske,  unas- 
sibilated  forms  of  bushX,  <\.\.  <  't.boscage,  bosky.] 
A  thicket;  a    small    close  natural    wood,  espe- 
cially of  bushes.     [Old  and  poetical.] 
Blowing  bosks  of  wilderness.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

The  wondrous  elm  that  seemed 
j  like  an  airj 
Poised  bj  the  earth. 

./.  Q.  Holland,  Kattnina.  i. 

boskage,  n.    Sei  60  icage. 

bosket,  bosquet  (bos'ket  1,  n.     [<  P.  bosquet  (= 

Bp.  bosquete  =  If.  boschetto),  dim.  of  OF.  bos,  a 

thick  f  :  see  hois,  bosk,  bush1,  and  cf.  bouquet 

and  boscagi .  ]    A  grove;  a  thicket  or  small  plan- 
tation in  park,  etc.,  formed  of  trees, 

shrubs,  or  tall  plants.     Also  written  busket. 
boskiness  (bos  ki  nes);  n.     [<  bosky  +  -nessA 

The  quality  of  being  bosky,  or  covered  with 

thickets. 
Boskoi  tbos'koii.  n.  pi,    [tir.  foam!,  pi.  of   lo-  bosom-board  (bu/Zuin-bord) 


X  E.  1). 
boson1  (bo'sn),  n.     A  corruption  of  boatswain, 
representing  its  common  pronunciation. 
The  merry  boson  from  his  side 
His  whistle  takes. 

Dryden,  Albion  and  Allianius,  ii.  3. 

boson'2t,  »■  [Appar.  <  OF.  *bocpn,  Uvea,  of  boce, 
a  boss:  see  boss1.]  A  bolt  for  the  crossbow, 
having  a  round  knot)  at  the  end,  with  a  small 
point  projecting  from  it. 

bosporian  (bos-po'ri-an),  a.  [<  bosporus  + 
-i -a n.]  Pertaining  to  a  bosporus,  particularly 
(with  a  capital)  to  the  Thracian  or  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  or  to  the  Greek  kingdom  of 
Bosporus  named  from  the  latter  (about  500 
B.  c.  to  A.  D.  259). 

The  Alans  forced  the  Bosporian  kings  to  pay  them 
tribute,  and  exterminated  the  Taurians.  Tooke. 

bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  n.  [L.,  sometimes  in 
erroneous  fonn  bosphorus,  <  Gr.  iiucs~opoc,  a 
name  applied  to  several  straits,  for  jiooc  irdpoc, 
lit.  ox's  ford  (cf.  E.  Oxford,  <  AS.  Oxenaford, 
oxen's  ford) :  @o6c,  gen.  of  jiovc,  an  ox  (see  Bos) ; 
w6pog,  passage,  ford  (akin  to  E.fortl)  ( >  E.  pore), 
<  irepav,  pass  over,  cross,  =  E.  fare,  go :  see 
fare,  jiorc^.]  A  strait  or  channel  between  two 
seas,  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake.  More  particu- 
larly applied  as  a  proper  name  to  the  strait  between  the 
sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea,  formerly  the  Thracian 
Bosporus,  and  to  the  strait  of  Yenikale,  or  '  iininerian  Bos- 

rhe  inclosure  formed  by  the  breast  and  the     l"""*;  ».hw'  """^  *JJ f.ea  of  Azov  witn  the  Black  Sea' 
s ;  hence  embrace ;  compass ;  inelosure :  as,  {^™*0*j   ^"mE.  bos,  base,  bocc,  a  boss,  < 

c,  the  boss  of  a  buckler,  a  botch  or  boil, 


a  herdsman,  <    l6o*  iv,  feed,  graze.]    An 

ancient  bo.h  of  monks  in  Pali    tint   I  Meso- 


And  he  put  his  band  into  bis  liustnii  again  ;  and  plucked 
it  out  of  his  bosom,  and,  behold,  it  was  turned  again  as 
his  other  flesh.  Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  The 

arms 

to  lie  in  one's  bosom. 

They  which  live  within  the  bosom  of  that  church. 

Hooker. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  beggar  died,  and  was  car- 
ried by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  bosom.       Luke  xvi.  22. 

4.  The  breast  as  the  supposed  abode  of  tender 
affections,  desires,  and  passions. 

Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mothers'  /-,<.,,. m. 

Lam.  ii.  12. 

Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccl.  vii.  if. 

Hence  the  weighing  of  motives  must  always  be  confined 

to  the  bosom  of  the  individual.    Jevons,  Polit.  Econ.,  p.  16. 

5,.  Inclination ;  desire. 

You  shall  have  your  bosom,  on  this  wretch. 

Slink.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  3. 

6.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  repre- 
senting  in  some  respect  the  human  bosom  as  a 
sustaining  surface,  an  inclosed  place,  the  inte- 
rior, the  inmost  recess,  etc.:  as,  the  bosom  of 
the  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

Upon  the  bosom  of  the  ground.       Shnk.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
Slips  into  the  bosom  of  the  lake.    Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

7.  A  recess  or  shelving  depression  around  the 
eye  of  a  millstone.  — in  Abraham's  bosom,  in  the 
abode  of  the  blessed:  in  allusion  to  the  parable  of  Dives 
and  Lazarus,  Luke  wi.  19-31.-  In  the  bosom  of  one's 
family,  in  the  privacy  of  one's  home,  and  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  family  affection  and  confidence. — To  take  to 
one's  bosom,  to  marry. 

II.  "•  [The  noun  used  attributively.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bosom,  either  literally  or 
figuratively.    In  particular     (o)  Worn  or  carried  on  or 

in  the  bosom:  as.  a  bosom  br in.     <M  Cherished  in  the 

bosom:  as,  a  bosom  sin;  a  bosom  secret,  (el  Intimate; 
familiar;  confidential:  as.  tkbosom  friend. 

I  know  you  are  bis  bomm-counsellor. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maul  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 

The  bosome  admonition  of  a  Friend  is  a  Presbytery  and 
a  Consistory  to  them.  Milton,  Ret.  in  Dug.,  i. 

bosom  (buz'um  or  bo'/.um),  »'.  t.     [<  hnsuni,  n.] 

1.  To  inclose,  harbor,  or  cherish  in  the  bosom  ; 

embrace;  keep  with  care ;  cherish  Ultimately. 

JUision  up  my  counsel. 
You'll  find  it  wholesome.     Shuk.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

1'ull  from  tin-  lion's  hug  bis  bosom', I  whelp.      ./.  litiillie. 

2.  To  conceal ;  hide  from  view;  embosom. 

To  happy  convents,  7"  om  d  deep  in  vines. 

Pope,  Inineiad,  iv.  :J01. 

A  board  upon 


OF.  boei 

F.  bosse,  boss,  hump,  swelling,  =  Pr.  bossa  = 
It.  bozza,  a  blotch,  swelling  (also  OF.  (Norm.) 
boche,  >  ME.  bocche,  E.  boteh1,  q.  v.);  prob.  < 
OHG.  bozo,  a  bundle  (of  flax),  boz,  a  blow,  < 
bozan,  MHG.  bosen,  G.  bossen,  strike,  beat,  =E. 
beat1:  see  beat1.  Cf.  emboss.]  1.  A  protuber- 
ant part ;  a  round,  swelling  process  or  excres- 
cence on  the  body  or  upon  some  organ  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Hence  —  2f.  (a)  A  hump  or 
hunch  on  the  back ;  a  humpback,  (b)  A  bulky 
animal,     (c)  A  fat  woman. 

Be  she  neuer  so  straight,  tliinke  her  croked.  And  wrest 
all  parts  of  liir  body  to  the  worst,  be  she  neuer  so  worthy. 
If  sli.e  lie  Hell  sette,  then  call  bir  a  llosse,  if  slender,  a 
Hasill  twygge.  /-.«'.",  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  116. 

Disdainful  Turkess  and  unreverend  boss! 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iii.  3. 

3.  A  stud  or  knob.  Specifically,  a  knob  or  protuberant 
ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bri- 
dles, harness,  the  centers  of  ancient  shields,  etc..  or  af- 
fixed to  any  object,  bosses  are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals on  the  sides  of  some  hook-covers,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  gilding  or  the  leather  of  the  cover  from 
abrasion. 

lie  runneth  .  .  .  upon  the  thick  bosses  of  his  bucklers. 

Job  xv.  Jii. 

(in  the  high  altar  is  placed  flic  statue  of  the  B.  Virgin 
and  can-  Saviour  in  white  marble,  which  has  a  b,,*se  in  the 
girdle  consisting  of  a  very  faire  and  rich  sapphire,  with 
divers  other  stones  of  price.      Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct  4, 1641. 

A  number  of  prominent  crags  and  bosses  of  rock  project 
beyond  tile  general  surface  of  tile  ground. 

Qeikie,  Ice  Age.  p.  17. 

4.  In  sculp.,  a  projecting  mass  to  bo  after- 
ward out  or  carved. —  5.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 


which  the  bosom  of  a  shirt  or  other  garment  is 
ironed. 


Architcctur.il  Bosses       Frem  b,  13th  century. 
A,  from  sanctuary  of  the  collegia^   church  of  Semur^en-Auxols    B, 

1, in    refectory  of  the  Abbey  ol  St.  Martin  des  Champs,  fans. 

(From  Vlollet-Ie-Duc's  "  l*ct.  «le  ('Architecture."] 

placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  ribs  or  groins 
in  vaulted  or  flat  roofs,  sometimes  richly  sculp- 


boss 

tured  with  armorial  bearings  or  other  devices; 
also,  any  projecting  ball  or  knot  of  foliage,  etc., 
wherever  placed. — 6.  In  mccit.:  (a)  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  shaft  on  which  a  wheel  is  to 
be  keyed,  or  any  enlarged  part  of  the  diame- 
ter, as  the  end  of  a  separate  piece  in  a  line  of 
shafts  connected  by  couplings.  Hollow  shafts 
through  which  others  pass  are  sometimes  also 
called  tosses,  but  improperly,  (b)  A  swage  or 
die  used  for  shaping  metals. —  7.  In  ordnance: 
(a)  A  cast-iron  plate  fastened  to  the  back  of  a 
traveling-forge  hearth.  (/;)  Any  protuberance 
or  lug  upon  a  piece  of  ordnance. —  8.  A  soft 
leather  cushion  or  pad  used  for  bossing  (which 
gee),  and  also  for  cleaning  gilded  surfaces  and 
the  like  in  porcelain-  and  glass-manufacture. — 
9f.  A  water-conduit  in  the  form  of  a  tun-bellied 
figure ;  a  head  or  reservoir  of  water.  /;.  Jonson. 
boss1  (bos),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  *bossen,  bocen  ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  ornament  with  bosses  ;  be- 
Stud. 

Turkey  cushions  boss'd  with  pearl. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

His  glorious  rapier  and  hangers  all  bost  with  pillars  of 
gold.  Middleton,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

2.  Same  as  emboss1. 

Bt>8s'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  In  ceram.,  to  bring  (a  surface  of  boiled  oil) 
to  perfect  uniformity.     See  bossinij,  1. 

boss'2t  (bos),  n.  [<  ME.  bose,  boce,  a  cask;  cf. 
OF.  busse,  a  cask,  D.  bus,  a  box,  bos,  a  pack- 
age: seeftoJ2.]    A  cask,  especially  a  small  cask; 

a  leather  bottle  for  wine Oldbosst.   [A  term  of 

contempt,  prob.  a  particular  use  of  0088s,  a  cask,  butt ;  but 
cf.  Icel.  bossi,  Sw.  buns,  a  fellow.]    A  toper. 

boss3  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.;  ef.  MD.  bosse,  busse, 
D.  bus,  a  box,  bids,  a  tube,  pipe,  channel,  = 
Dan.  bosse  =  Sw.  bdssa,  a  box :  see  box"*,  and  cf. 
boss".']  A  wooden  vessel  used  by  plasterers 
for  holding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook  on  a  ladder 
or  a  wall. 

boss4  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
equiv.  bass-,  q.  v.  ;  but  cf.  D.  bos,  a  bundle,  as 
of  straw.]     A  hassock;  a  bass. 

boss5  (bos),  a.  [Also  written  bos,  bois ;  origin 
obscure.]  Hollow;  empty:  as,  "his  thick  boss 
head,"  Ramsay,  Poems,  I.  285.     [Scotch.  ] 

boss6  (bos),  n.  and  a.  [A  word  derived  from  the 
Dutch  settlers  in  New  York  ;  <  D.  baas,  master, 
foreman  (used  literally  and  figuratively  like 
buss  in  American  use:  een  tiiiimcrmans-baas,  a 
boss  carpenter,  de  vrouw  is  de  baas,  the  wife  is 
the  boss  ;  hij  is  hem  de  baas  in  hi  t  zingen,  he  is 
the  boss  in  singing,  etc. ),  MD.  baes,  master  of 
the  house,  also  a  friend,  fem.  baesinne,  mis- 
tress of  the  house,  also  a  friend,  =  Flem.  baes 
=  LG.  baas,  master,  foreman  (>  Dan.  has,  mas- 
ter), =  OHG.  basa  =  MHG.  base,  f.,  aunt,  G.  base, 
f.,  cousin  (dial,  also  aunt,  niece),  appar.  ult. 
identical  with  G.  wase  =  LG.  wase,  f.,  cousin, 
aunt.  The  word,  in  the  masc,  seems  to  have 
meant '  kinsman,  cousin,'  and  to  have  been  used 
especially  as  ref .  to  the  master  of  the  household, 
the  chief  'kinsman,'  in  fact  or  by  courtesy,  of 
the  inmates.  ]     I.  n.  1.  A  master.    Specifically 

(a)  One  who  employs  or  superintends  workmen ;  a  head 
man,  foreman,  or  manager :  as,  the  bosses  have  decided  to 
cut  down  wages.    [C  s.] 

The  actions  of  the  superintendent,  or  boss,  very  often 
tended  to  widen  the  breach  between  employer  and  em- 
ployee. X.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  503. 

The  line  looked  at  its  prostrate  champion,  and  then  at 
the  new  boss  standing  there,  cool  and  brave,  and  nut  afraid 
of  a  regiment  of  sledge-hammers. 

T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 

(b)  In  V.  S.  politics,  an  influential  politician  who  uses  the 
machinery  of  a  party  for  private  ends,  or  for  the  advantage 
of  a  ring  or  clique  ;  a  professional  politician  having  para- 
mount local  influence. 

2.  The  chief ;  the  master ;  the  champion ;  the 
best  or  leading  person  or  thing.  [Colloq.,  U.S.] 
II.  a.  Chief;  master;  hence,  first-rate :  as,  a 
boss  mason;  a  boss  player.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

boss6  (bos),  r.t.  [<iosA-6,  «.]  To  be  master  of  or 
over;  manage;  direct;  control:  as,  to  boss  the 
house.  [Slang,  U.  S.  ]  -  To  boss  it,  to  act  the  master. 
—  To  boss  one  around  or  about,  to  order  one  about ; 
control  one's  actions  or  movements.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

boss7  (bos),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
orig.  a  learnedly  humorous  use  of  L.  bos,  cow; 
cf.  Icel.  bas,  has,  an  exclamation  used  in  driv- 
ing cows  into  their  stalls  (bass,  a  stall,  boose : 
see  boose1).]  In  the  United  States:  (a)  A  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  cow,  or  any  of  the  bovine 
genus:  chiefly  used  in  calling  or  in  soothing. 
(b)  On  the  Western  plains,  a  name  for  the  bison 
or  so-called  buffalo. 

bossage  (bos'aj),  n.  [<  F.  bossage,  <  bosse, 
boss,  knob:  see  buss*  and  -age.']  In  building: 
(a)  A  stone  which  projects  beyond  the  face  of 


635 

the  adjacent  work,  and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  af- 
terward carved  into  some  ornamental  or  sig- 
nificant form,  (/')  Rustic  work,  consisting  of 
stones  which  advance  beyond  the  face  of  the 
building,  with  indentures  or  channels  left  in  the 
joinings:  used  chiefly  upon  projecting  corners. 
The  cavities  are  sometimes  round  and  sometimes  beveled 
or  in  a  diamond  form,  sometimes  inclosed  with  a  cavetto 
and  sometimes  with  a  listel.    Also  called  rustic  quoins. 

bosse  (bos),  a.  [P.  bosse,  a  boss,  hump,  etc.: 
sir  boss1.  Cf.  boss%,  a  small  cask.]  A  largo 
glass  bottle  filled  with  powder  and  having 
strands  of  quickmateh  attached  to  the  neck, 
used  tor  incendiary  purposes. 

bosselated  (bos'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  F.  bosseler, 
emboss,  <  bosse,  boss:  see  boss1.]  Covered  with 
inequalities  or  protuberances. 

bosset  (bos'et),  re.  [<  boss1  +  dim.  -et]  1. 
A  small  boss  or  knob,  especially  one  of  a  series: 
as,  "a  sword-belt  studded  with  bassets,"  Jour. 
Arcluvnl.  Ass..  XXX.  93. —  2.  The  rudimentary 
antler  of  the  male  red  deer, 

bossiness  (bos'i-nes),  re.  The  quality  of  being 
bossy  or  in  relief:  applied  especially  to  sculp- 
ture and  ornament:  as,  "a  pleasant  bossiness," 
Ruskin,  Aratra  Pentelici,  i.  v  21. 

bossing  (bos'ing),  n.      [Verbal  n.  of  boss1,  v.] 

1.  In  ccraiu.,  the  process  by  which  a  surface  of 
color  is  made  level  and  uniform.  This  is  done  by 
first  laying  on  a  coat  of  boiled  oil,  usually  with  a  camel's- 
hair  brush,  upon  which  the  color  is  deposited,  generally 
by  being  dusted  from  cottonwool.  The  coat  of  oil  is  then 
made  perfectly  uniform  and  smooth  by  means  of  a  leather 
boss.     Also  called  ground-laying. 

2.  The  film  of  boiled  oil  thus  spread  over 
earthenware  to  hold  the  coloring  materials. 

bossism  (bos'izm),  n.  [<  bossG  +  -ism.]  The 
control  of  politics  by  bosses.     [U.  S.] 

The  vote  of  Pennsylvania  would  be  worse  than  doubtful 
if  bossism  .  .  .  were  found  ...  to  be  still  the  potential 
force.  Tlie  American,  VI.  38. 

bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  [<  boss1  +  -ice.  Cf.  F. 
bossu,  hump-backed.]  Crooked;  deformed:  as, 
"a  bossice  birth,"  Osborne,  Advice  to  his  Son, 
p.  70  (1658). 

bossy1    (bos'i),  a.     [<  boss1  +  -i/l.]      1.    Fur- 
nished or  ornamented  with  a  boss  or  bosses. 
His  head  reclining  on  his  bossi/  shield. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  173. 
2.  Projecting  in  the  round ;  boldly  prominent, 
as  if  composed  of  bosses:  said  of  sculpture,  etc. 
Cornice  or  frieze  with  bossy  sculptures  graven. 

Wilton,  P.  L.,  i.  710. 

bossy2  (bos'i),  a.  [<  boss&  +  -y1.]  Acting  like  a 
boss;  masterful;  domineering.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bossy3  (bos'i),  ii.  [Dim.  of  boss1?.]  A  familiar 
name  for  a  cow  or  calf.     See  bossi  (a). 

bostal  (bos'tal),  ii.  [E.  dial.]  A  winding  way 
up  a  very  steep  hill.  Ralliircll.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Suffolk)!] 

bostanji  (bos-tan'ji),  n.pl.  [Turk,  bostdnji,  < 
bnstan,  <  Pers.  bustdn,  a  garden.]  A  class  of 
men  in  Turkey,  originally  the  sultan's  garden- 
ers, but  now  also  employed  in  various  ways 
about  his  person,  as  in  mounting  guard  at  the 
seraglio,  rowing  his  barge,  etc.,  and  also  in 
attending  the  officers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  600,  but  were  former- 
ly much  more  numerous. 

boston  (bos'tpn),  re.  [So  called  from  the  city 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  invent- 
ed by  French  officers  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war.]  1.  A  game  of  cards.  The  hands 
are  dealt  ami  played  as  in  whist,  each  of  the  four  players 
having  the  right  to  bid  or  offer  to  take  unassisted  a  certain 
number  of  tricks,  to  lose  every  trick  but  one.  or  every 
trick,  etc.  The  highest  bidder  plays  against  the  rest,  and 
if  successful  gains,  if  defeated  loses,  according  to  the 
size  of  his  bid.  There  are  varieties  of  the  game  known  as 
boston  de  Fontai-nebleau  and  Hussion  boston. 
2.  The  first  five  tricks  taken  by  a  player  in  the 
game  of  boston. 

Boston  Port  Bill.    See  bias. 

Bostrichidae,  Bostrichus.  See  Bostryehida', 
Bostrychus. 

Bostrychidae  (bos-trik'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NX..,  <  Bos- 
trychus +  -idee.]  A  family  of  xylophagous  cryp- 
topentamerous  Coleoptera,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Bostrychus,  containing  small  cylindrical 
beetles,  the  larvae  of  which  are  limbless :  by 
many  associated  with  the  family  I'tinida: 

Bostryehida  .  .  .  live  in  companies,  and  belong  to  the 
most  dreaded  destroyers  of  forests  of  conifers.  The  way 
in  which  they  eat  into  the  bark  is  very  peculiar,  being 
characteristic  of  the  individual  species  and  indicative  of 
their  mode  of  life.  The  two  sexes  meet  in  the  superficial 
passages,  which  the  female,  after  copulation,  continues 
and  lengthens  in  order  to  lay  her  eggs  in  pits  which  she 
hollows  out  for  that  purpose.  The  larva-,  when  hatched, 
eat  out  lateral  passages,  which,  as  the  larva'  increase  in 
size  and  get  farther  from  the  main  passage,  become 
larger,  and  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  markings  on  the 
inside  of  the  bark.  Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  588. 


botanic 

bostrychite  fbos'tri-kii  i,  n.  [<  fir.  Uiarpvxoc,  a 
our]  or  lock  of  hair,  +  -ill-.]  A  gem  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  n  lock  of  hair, 

bostrychoid,  bostrychoidal  (bos'tri-koid,  bos- 
tri-koi'dal),  a.  \<  &r.  'Poorpvxoeid'fc,  route.  /3o- 
nrt>  r\,  .»'/,.,<•  in  I  \,-  \6arrn  fOff,  Curl,  +  eWoi  .  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  character  of  a  bostrvx. 

Bostrychus  (bos'tri-kus),  n.    [XL.,  <  dr.  ,*«;- 

arpvxoc,  a  curl  or  lock  of  hair,  also  a  certain  in- 
sect i according  to  some,  the  male  of  the  glow- 
worm) ;  also  written  (Jdrpir^oc ;  cf.  d&rpvi ,  a  dus- 
ter of  grapes.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Bostryehida-  and  subfamily  Bostry- 
ehinir,  species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 
woo*  I.  One  of  the  most  injurious  species  i-  B.  typographi 
eus.  the  typographer  beetle,  which  Infest  iconil ts  trees, 

devouring,  ill  both   the  larval   and    the  perfect    state,   t  be 

soft  w 1  beneath  the  bark,  thus  causing  the  death  ol  the 

trees.     Other  Bpecies  are  /.'.  chalcographus,  /.'.  sten 
phUB,  etc.    The  trees  thus    affected  are   pirn  s,  Bpruces, 
larches,  tirs,  etc.,  as  well  as  fruit-trees  of  tie  orchard,  as 
tlie  apple.    Alsospelled  Bostrichus.    See  Bostrychidos. 

bostryx  (bos'triks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gt.  as  if 
c'i>vi;  for  lioarpvxoc,  a  curl.  etc. :  see  Bostrychus.] 
In  hot.,  a  uniparous  helieoid  cyme — that  is,  a 
raceme-like  cyme,  or  flower-cluster,  with  all 
the  branches  or  pedicels  upon  one  side.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  coiled. 

bostwyst,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  boisterous. 

Boswellia  Cboz-wel'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  John  Boswett  of  Edinburgh.]  A  genus  of 
balsamic  plants,  natural  order  Burseraecee,  the 
species  of  which  are  imperfectly  known.  B.  Car- 
ted and  some  other  species  of  the  hot  and  dry  regions  of 
eastern  Africa  and  southern  Arabia  furnish  olibanum 
(which  see),  the  frankincense  of  antiquity.  B.  Frereana 
of  the  Somali  region  yields  a  highly  fragrant  resin,  the 
primitive  gum  elemi,  largely  used  in  the  East  as  a  masti- 
catory. B.  serrata,  of  India,  the  salai-tree.  also  yields  a 
resin  which  is  used  in  that  country  as  incense. 

Boswellian  (boz-wel'i-an),  a.  [<  Boswell  (see 
def.)  +  -tare.]  Relating  to  or  resembling  James 
Boswell,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son ;  characterized  by  an  uncritical  and  simple 
admiration  for  some  person:  used  especially  of 
biographers  and  biography. 

Boswellism  (boz'wel-izm),  n.  [<  Boswell  + 
-ism.]  The  style  or  manner  of  Boswell  as  a 
biographer ;  uncritical  admiration  of  one's  hero, 
with  faithful  but  indiscriminate  narration  of 
details. 

We  think  that  there  is  no  more  certain  indication  of 
a  weak  and  ill-regulated  intellect  than  that  propensity 
which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  we  will  venture  to 
christen  BostoeUism.  Maeaulay,  Milton. 

Boswellize  (boz'wel-iz),  v.  i.  or  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
BosiDellized,  ppr.  Boswellizing.  [<  Boswell  + 
-ize.]  To  write  in  the  style  of  Boswell,  the 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson;  report  or  repro- 
duce with  minuteness  of  detail  or  without  the 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty. 

One  cannot  help  wishing  that  Bonstetten  had  Boswel- 

lized  sonic  of  these  endless  conversations,  for  the  talk  of 

Gray  was,  on  the  testimony  of  all  who  heard  it,  admirable 

for  fulness  of  knowledge,  point,  and  originality  of  thought. 

Lou-ell,  in  New  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  185. 

bot1,  bott1  (bot),  ».  [Generally  used  in  pi.  hots, 
hulls,  —  So.  bats,  baits :  ef.  Gael,  botus,  a  belly- 
worm,  boiteag,  a  maggot.]  A  name  given  to 
the  larva  or  maggot  of  several  species  of  gad- 
fly when  found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  un- 
der the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  bots  which  infest  horses  are  the  larva?  of  the 
GastenphUus  equi,  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  mane, 
whence  they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and  swallowed. 
They  remain  in  great  numbers  in  the  stomach  for  several 
months,  and  are  expelled  in  the  excrement  and  become 
pupa1,  which  in  five  weeks  become  perfect  insects,  woolly, 
and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long.    See  cut  under  bot-fly. 

Peas  and  beans  arc  as  dank  here  as  a  dog,  and  this  is 
the  next  way  to  give  poor  jades  the  bots. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

bot'Jt  (AS.  pron.  bot),  n.  The  Anglo-Saxon  form 
(bot)  of  boot1,  a  fine,  etc.:  only  in  historical 
use. 

A  theft  committed  on  any  one  of  these  three  days  [the 
Gang  days]  was.  by  Alfred's  laws,  sconced  in  a  two-fold 
bot  or  fine,  as  if  it  had  been  a  Sunday  or  one  of  the  higher 
Church  holydays.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  107. 

bot3t.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 

bot4t,  prep,  and  com.     A  Middle  English  form 

of  bun. 

bot.  1.  An  abbreviation  of  botany,  botanical, 
and  botanist. —  2.  A  contraction  of  bought-. 

botanic  (bo-tau'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  botanique, 
<  ML.  botanicus,  <  Or.  fioravui&c,  <  fioravn,  an 
herb,  plant:  see  botany.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
botany,  or  the  scientific  study  of  plants .Bo- 
tanic garden,  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of  plants 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  science  of 
botany. 
Il.t  n.  A  botanist. 


botanical 

botanical  (bo-tan'i-kal),  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerned  with  the  study  or  cultivation  of 

plants.     Botanical  geography.    '  ographv 

tany). 

botanically  (bo-tan'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  botani- 
cal manner;  after  the  manner  of  a  botanist; 

a rding  to  8  system  of  botany. 

botanise,  v.    Sei 

botanist  (bot'a-nist),  ».  [<  botany  +  -ist;  = 
F.  o  (  toe  who  studies  or  is  skilled  in 

botany;  one  versed  in  the  structure,  habits, 
geographical  distribution,  and  systematic  clas- 
sification of  plants. 
Then  spring  the  living  herbs,  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 
mist  to  number  up  their  tribes. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  224. 

botanize (bot'a-niz),  v.;  pret.and  pp. botanized, 
ppr.  botanizing.  L<  botany  +  -tee;  =  F.  bota- 
niser.    Cf.  Gr.  .  rout  up  weeds.]    I. 

ans.    'I'ii  examh r  seek  for  plants  for 

the  purpose  of  studying  and  classifying  them, 
etc.;  investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom  as  a 
botanist. 

II.   trail*.  To  explore  botanically:  as,  to  bat- 
anize  a  neighborhood. 
Also  spelled  botanise. 

botanologert  (bot-a-nol'o-jer),  n.  [<  botanology 
+  -(ri.]     A  botanist.     Sir  '/'.  Browne. 

botanologyt  (bot-a-nol'o-ji),  ».  [=  F.  botano- 
logie,  <  Gr.  ioTavrj,  an  herb.  +  -Xoyia,  <  Tiiyeai, 
speak:  see  -ology.]  The  science  of  botany. 
Bailey. 

botanomancy  (bot'a-no-man-si),  ».  [=F.  5o- 
tanomancie,  <  Gr.  fforavn,  an  herb,  +  fiavrela, 
divination.]  An  ancient  method  of  divination 
by  means  of  plants,  especially  by  means  of  the 
leaves  of  the  sage  and  fig.  A  person's  name  ami 
the  question  to  which  an  answer  was  desired  were  written 
on  the  leaves,  which  were  then  laid  out  exposed  to  the 
wind;  as  many  of  tie'  letters  as  remained  in  their  places 
were  taken  up  and  joined  together  to  form  si. me  word, 
which  was  supposed  to  be  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Botanophaga  (bot-a-nof'a-gji),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Sordini,  an  herb,  +  Qaytiv,  eat.]  A  name  of 
the  herbivorous  marsupial  mammals,  as  distin- 
guished collectively  from  the  Zobphaga,  or  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  marsupials.  The 
kangaroo  is  au  example. 

botany  (bot'a-ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bot- 
anie,  formed  from  botanic,  as  if  <  Gr.  fioravla, 
a  rare  var.  of  jioravrj,  an  herb,  grass,  fodder,  < 
fioaKav,  feed,  mid.  Qdoxeodat,  feed  one's  self;  cf. 
L.  vesci,  eat.]  The  science  of  plants,  it  treats  of 
tie-  forms  of  plants,  their  structure,  the  nature  of  the 
tissues  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  vital  phenomena 
connected  with  them,  the  arrangement  of  them  into  larger 
and  smaller  groups  according  to  their  affinities,  and  the 
classification  of  these  groups  so  as  to  exhil 
relations  and  their  p> 


liliC, 


both 


they  have  become  putrid:  much  used  on  the  botchery  (booh'er-i ».  n. 
cast  of  tin-  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to     botching,  or  that  whiol 
thirst.    The  great  white  Russian  sturgeon,  Acipenser 
huso,  is  one  oi  the  prim  ipal  Bources  of  botargo.    Tin  bt  Bt 
botargo  comes  from  Tunis,  is  dry  and  reddish,  and  is  eaten 
with  olive-nil  and  lemon-juice.     Also  bottargo. 

We  staid  talking  and  singing  and  drinking  great  draughts 
oi  claret,  and  eating  botargo  and  bread  and  butter,  till 
twelve  at  night,  it  being  moonshine.    Pepys,  Diary,  1.  191. 

Botaurinae(b6-ta-ri'iie),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Botaurus 
+  -ina:]     A  subfamily  of  Ardeukc,  or  herons, 
containing   the    bitterns,    distinguished   from 
true  herons  by  having  only  ten  tail-feathers  botchy- (boch'i)  a 
and  two  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts,  and  the    ft.c.t;  botched, 
outer  toe  shorter  than  the  inner.     In  habits  the  " 
Botaurinas  also  differ  from  the  other  Ardeides,  being  soli- 
tary, nesting  on  the  ground,  and  laying  eggs  unlike  those 
of  true  herons.    See  cut  under  bittern. 

Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  ».  LNIj..  irreg.  <  L.  bos, 
an  ox,  +  taiirus,  a  bull;  suggested  by  the  old 
form  (ME.  butor,  OF.  butor,  botor)  of  bittern1, 
<[.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Bo- 
laiiriiiir.     See  bittern1. 

botchH  (I'o.li),  11.  [<  ME.  botcbe,  bocclie,  <  OF. 
Inula;  a  botch,  sore,  var.  of  bocc,  a  botch,  swell- 
ing, >  mod.  F.  basse,  E.  boss1:  see  boss1.  Cf. 
OD.  butse,  a  boil,  swelling,  <  butsen,  D.  botsen, 
strike, beat,  akmtoOHG.&dzaw  =E.  beat1.  Cf. 
In, irli-.'}  A  swelling  on  the  skin;  a  large  ulcer- 
ous affection ;  a  boil. 

Yet  who  more  foul,  disrobed  of  attire? 

Pearl'd  with  the  botch  as  children  burnt  with  tin. 

Mi, 1,11,1, ,11,  Uicro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 

Botefti 


[<  botch*  +  -o']/.]    A 
is  botched;  clumsy  or 
bungling  work  or  workmanship.     [Rare.] 

If  we  speak  of  base  i,„t,'l,,  ry,  were  it  a  comely  thing  to 
see  :i  great  lord  or  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two  parishes, 
one  half  of  worsted,  tin-  other  of  velvet '.' 

World  of  Wonders  (1608),  p.  235. 

botchka  (boch'ka),  ».    Same  as  boclika. 
botchy1  (boch'i),  «.     |<  ME.  botchy,  bochy.eta.: 

<  botch1  +  -//!.]  Marked  with  botches; 'full  of 
or  covered  with  botches:  as,  "a  botchy  core," 
Shale.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 


[<  batch-  +  -y1.]     Imper- 


;  and  Mains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  Y.  L.,  xii.  180. 

botchM  (boeh),  v.  t.     To  mark  with  botches. 

Young  Etylas,  boteh'd  with  stains. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  ii.  150. 

botch2  (boeh),  v.   [Also  E.  dial,  or  eolloq.  bodgt  , 

ij.  v.  ;  <  ME.  hncchrii,  repair,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MD.  botsen,  butsen,  boetsen,  repair, 
patch,  same  word  as  butsen,  D.  botsen,  strike, 
beat,  knock  together,  akin  to  <  >HU.  /«>../».  In  ;tt, 
=  E.  beat1.   Cf.  botch1  and  boss1.]     I.  trans.  1. 


bote1  (hot),  11.  [The  ME.  and  AS.  (dat.)  form 
of  boot1,  ML.  botit,  retained  archaically  in  law 
writings:  see  boot1.]  If.  Help;  aid;  relief: 
salvation  ;  remedy  in  illness:  boot  (which  see). 
Specifically — 2.  ia.  old  law:  (a)  Compensation, 
as  for  an  injury ;  amends;  satisfaction;  a  pay- 
ment in  expiation  of  an  offense:  as,  mnu-liati; 
a  compensation  for  a  man  slain,  (i)  A  privi- 
lege or  allowance  of  necessaries  for  repair  or 
support;  estovers:  as,  house-Sote,  enough  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  plow-fiote,  cart- 
botc,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  instruments 
of  husbandly  ;  hzy-bate  or  kedgv-bote,  wood  for 
hedges  or  fences,  etc. 

bote-'t.    Middle  English  preterit  of  bite. 

bote:ft,  prep,  and  canj.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  but1. 

botelt,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  battle2. 

botelert,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  butler. 

botelesst,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  bootless. 

boterol,  boteroll  (bot'e-rol),  n.  [<  F.  boute- 
rolle,  "the  chape  of  a  sheath  or  scabbard"  (Cot- 
grave),  <  bolder,  place,  adapt:  see  butt1.]  In 
la  r.,  the  chape  or  crampet  of  a  scabbard  used 
as  a  bearing.    Also  bauteroll. 

botewt,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boatt  we,  botowe, 
<  late  ME.  botew,  butewe,  lattice,  botwe,  <  bote, 
boot,  +  -1  w,  -ewe,  repr.  F.  -eau,  <  L.  -ems,  dim. 
termination.]     A  short  boot. 


insects  of  the  family  (Estrida;  the  larvre  of 
which  infest  different  parts  of  living  animals. 
See  bot1.    The  horse  hot,  Gasterophilus  ejui(Fabricras), 


lit  their  mutual 
in  the  vegetable  kingdo 


To  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a  bot-fly  (bot'fli),  11.     A  name  given  to  dipterous 
garment:  often  used  figuratively. 

To  boteh  up  what  they  hail  torn  ami  rent. 

Religion  and  the  government.    .S'.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

Tom  coming,  with  whom  1  was  angry  for  his  botching 

my  camlott  coat,  to  tell  me  that  my  father  was  at  our 

church,  1  -Ht  me  ready.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  407. 

2.   To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully; 
perforin,  express,  etc.,  in  a  bungling  manner; 
hence,  to  spoil  by  unskilful  work ;  bungle. 
For  treason  boteh'd  in  rhyme  will  he  thy  bane. 

Dryden,  A I  >s.  and  A  chit.,  ii.  485. 

II.  intrans.  To  mend  or  patch  things  in  an 
unskilful  manner;  be  a  bungler  or  botcher. 


a  whole.    The  science  further  investigates  the  nature  of  botch-  (boeh),  n.     [(.batch-,  1:]     1.   A  bungled 

or  ill-finished  part;  a  flaw;  a  blemish. 

To  leave  no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  patch,  or  a  part  of  a  garment  patched 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  manner. —  3.  That 
which  is  botched ;  ill-finished  or  bungled  work 
generally. 

Fane)  tin-  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his  u  In,  I  ; 
reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous  botches,  by 
mere  kneading  and  baking.  Cartyle. 

A  poorly  paid  teacher,  whose  work  is  a  botch,  and 
therefore  all  injury  to  the  growing  mind. 

Jour,  o)  Education,  XIX.  11. 

4.  A  bungling,  unskilful  workman  or  operator 
of  any  kind;  a  botcher. 

botchedly  (1 h'ed-li  or  booht'li),  adv.    [< 

botched,  pp.  of  botch?,  v..  +  -/.'/'-'•]  In  a  botched 
or  clumsy  manner;  with  botches  or  patches. 


tin-  vegetation  which  at  former  epochs  lived  on  the  earth 
as  well  as  tin-  distribution  of  plants  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  thus  divided  into  several  sections,  fa)  St  nut  11  nil 
or  mo  that   branch  of  the  science  of 

botany  which  relates  to  the  structure  and  organization  of 
plants,  internal  or  external,  independently  "f  the  pres- 
ence of  a  vital  principli  Uso  called  organography.  (/') 
Physiological  or  biological  botany,  that  branch  which  re- 
lates to  the  history  in  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants,  and  their  minute  structure  and 
method  of  growth.  <<■)  Descriptive  botany,  that  branch 
which  relates  to  tin-  , lescri pi iui  1  ami  nomenclature  of 
plants.  Also  called  phytography.  (d)  Systematic  botany, 
thai  branch  which  relates  to  tie-  principles  upon  which 
plants  me  to  be  classified  or  arranged  with  reference  to 

their  degrees  of  relal ship     The  sy  stem  of  classification 

now  universally  adopted  is  that  proposed  by  Antoine  Lau- 
rent de  .inssieii,  an  1  improved  ami  enlarged  byDeCan- 
dnlle.  Brown,  ami  others.  It  is  gem  rally  called  the  nat- 
t  is  intended  to  express,  as  far  as 
possible,  tin-  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  plants 
as  these  exist  iii  nature,  an  i  to  group  next  t"  each  other 
til--  vai  eni  ra,   ami  orders  which  an-  most 

alike  in  all  1  o-rai  artificial  systems  have  been 

proposed   as  thai  of  Tournefort,  based  on  tin-  modifies 
lis  ;   l.nl   the   best  known    is  that  of  Lin- 
ided  on  the  stamens  and  pistils,     'this  system, 

whii  (1  ■    :   bj    1 to  be  "ni\  temporary, 

to  tin-  science  of  botany,  but  it  has 

no«  -.  1   1    -I  •  d  -mi'-  a    .1  partial 

able  kim_'il-n  ,  hical  botany, 

that  branch  which  relates  to  the  natural  dlstributi 1 

nd  to  the  inquiry  into  thi 
which  ha-,-,   influi  1.  ,Min  thi,  distribution.    <  I  > 

botany,  that  branch  which  -  ra 
ina-  -  -  He  study  of  the  1  .mi,    plant 

found  in  a    i  1 , 1 . : li  the 

earth  i-  composed. 

Botany  Bay  gum,  kino,  oak,  resin,  tea,  etc. 
•-•<   1 1,,-  nouns. 

botargo,  botarga  (bo-tar'go,  -ga),  n.    [<  Sp. 
botarga  1=  It.  botargo,  botarga  butta- 

i/ni,  now  bottarga,  bottarica  =  V.  boutargut  ),  < 

At',  till  tin  I.  In  ill,  <  Co],  lie   1,11  tn  1  11 1.  Ill  1 11.  ■'  ml-,   in,  lei. 

arf.,  +  Gr,  dim,  of  1  dead  body 

preserved  by  embalming,  a  mummy,  meat  pre- 
served by  salting  or  pickUng.]     \  relish 
of  the  roes  of  certain  ashes  strongly  salted  after 


Thus  patch  they  heaven,  more  botch'dly  then  old  1  lothes. 
Iir.  II.  More,  I'syehathanasin.  III.  iii.  67. 

botcher1  (boch'&r),  «.  [<  ME.  *bocchere (spelled 
bochchare,  Prompt.  Parv.);  <  botch*  +  -a1.] 

1.  A  mender;  a  repairer  or  patcher;    specifi- 
cally, a  tailor  who  does  repairing. 

fit  the  botcher  mend  him:  Anything  that's  mended  is 
but  patched.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

Physicians  an-  the  body's  cobblers,  rather  the  botchers 
of  men's  bodies;  as  the  one  patches  our  tatter'd  clothes, 
so  the  other  solders  our  diseased  flesh. 

Ford,  Lovers  Melancholy,  i.  2. 

2.  One  who  botches;  a  clumsy,  bungling  work- 
nein  :  a  bungler. 

botcher'-' ( boeh 'or),  h.  [Origin  uiikiiown."|  The 
grilse:  a  local  English  name  in  the  Severn  val- 
ley. 

botcherly  (boch'er-li),  a.  [<  botcher1  +  -Zy1.] 
Clumsy;  unworkmanlike.    [Rare.] 

Boteh,  i-tji  mingle  mangle  oi  collections. 

Hartiib,  tr.  of  Comenins,  p.  30. 
Botchcrtu  pi.i  try,  botcherly  ' 

Mid&UUm  ana  Rowley,  Spanish  Qypsy,  if  1. 


Horse  Bot-fly  {Gasterophilus  equi',,  about  natural  size. 
a,  lateral  view;  r,  .l-.rs.il  view. 

is  taken  into  the  stomach  of  the  horse;  the  ox-hot  lives 
just  underthe  cuticle  of  the  ox;  ami  the  sheep-bot,  CEstrus 

,,r,'s  (Linnaeus),  ill  tin-  frontal  sinuses  of  the  sheep.     Other 

animals  an-  affected  by  particular  species. 
both  (both),  a.  and  pron.  [=  8c.  haith,  <  ME. 
both,  booth,  earlier  OOthe,  luitlit ,  etc.;  not  found 
in  AS.  except  in  the  simple  form  hit,  etc.  (see 
below),  but  perhaps  existent,  being  in  OS., 
etc.;  otherwise  taken  from  Scand.;  =  I  >S.  bedhie, 
bedhia  =  OFries.  betlie,  beds  =  OHG.  hide,  hi  ide, 
MHG-.  G.  beide  =  Icel.  bddhir,  in.,  badhar,  (., 
liaillii.  tinillii,  111-iit..  =  Sw.  Inula  =  Dan.  baadi; 
both;  cf.  Goth,  bajoths,  n.  pi.,  both;  <  Goth. 
hat  =  AS.  bd  {begen,  bu),  both,  ME.  ha,  ha ;  cf. 
L.  audio  =  Gr.  o-/«/«.i  =  Skt.  iihlain,  both:  see 
bo1 ;  with  a  termination  of  obscure  origin,  per- 
haps orig.  the  def.  art.  in  pi.  (AS.  Did  =  Goth. 
thai,  (ho,  etc.)  coalesced  with  the  adj.  ;  but  this 

explanation  does  noi  apply  to  the  Goth,  bajoths.] 

The  one  and  the  other;  the  two ;  the  pair  or  the 
couple,  in  reference  to  two  persons  or  things 
specially  mentioned,  and  denoting  that  neither 
of  them  is  to  be  excluded,  either  absolutely 
or  (as  with  either)  as  an  alternative,  from  tho 
statement. 

Yoitre  bother  love  [the  love  of  von  both], 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  168. 

Ami  Abraham  took  sheep  ami  oxen,  ami  gave  them 
unto  Abimelech;  and  Imtli  of  them  made  a  covenant. 

lien.  x.xi.  27. 

lie  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  because  he  can 
bear  the  loss  of  his  estate ;  but  he  will  bear  '■"'/'  because 
h.  1.  prepared  for  both.  Bolingbrolce. 

Hull,  had  been  presidents,  '•""'  ha.l  lived  to  great  age, 
tintl,  were  early  patriots,  ami  both  were  distinguished  and 
ever  honored  by  their  Immediate  agency  in  tin-  act  of  in- 

if  1 lence,  /'.  Webster,  Ailainsaml.leilersi.n. 

[The  genitive  bath's  (Ml'.,  bothes,  bothers,  earlier  bother, 

bull, ,r)  is  now  ilistiseil  ;  ill  tlte  earlier  period  it  was  joi I 

USUall]  with  the  genitive  plural  of  tin-  personal  pronoun. 
Subsequently  tin   simple  both,  equivalent  to  of  both,  was 

IIS,  ,1 


both 

One  hath  wounded  me, 
That's  by  me  wounded  ;  both  our  remedies 
\\  it liin  thy  help  ami  holy  physic  Lies. 

Slink.,  li.  and  .1.,  ii.  3.] 
Both  two,  both  the  two,  pleonastically  fur  both. 
Both  the  two  cities  reached  a  high  pitch  of  prosperity 
Brote,  Hist.  Greece,  il    i  - 
both  (both),  <t<lv.  or  conj.    [<  ME.  bothe,  bothen, 
bathe,  eta.;  from  the  adj.]     Including  the  t«" 
(terms  or  notions  mentioned):  an  adverb  pre- 
ceding two  coordinate  terms  ( worda  or  phrases) 
joined  by  and,  ami  standing  thus  in  an  apparent 
conjunctional  correlation,  both  .  .  .  and,  equiv- 
alent to  not  only  .  .  .  but  also.     Both  is  tints 
used  sometimes  before  three  or  more  coordi- 
nate terms. 

I  thought  g 1  now  to  present  vnto  your  Grace  not  any 

better  gift  of  mine  owne,  .  .  .  but  surely  an  excellent  gift 
of  an  other  mans  deuise  and  making,  which  imth  hath 

(inn,-,  Until,  and  shal  do  much  good  to  many  other  g 1 

folke,  and  to  your  Noble  Grace  also. 

John  Fouler,  Pref.  to  sir  X.  More's  Cumfort  against 
[Tribulation  (1573). 
[He]  was  indeed  his  country's  both  minion,  mirror,  "."/ 
wonder.  Ford,  Line  uf  Life. 

A  great  multitude  both  of  the  Jews  and  also  of  the 
Greeks  believed.  Acts  xiv.  1. 

Which  I  suppose  they  doe  resigne  with  much  willing- 
ness, both  Livery,  Badge,  and  Cognizance. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxi. 
But  these  discourses  were  both  written  and  delivered  in 
the  freshness  of  his  complete  manhood. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  v. 

bother  (boWH'er),  v.  [First  in  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century,  also  written  bodder,  8c. 
bauthcr,  bather  ;  origin  unknown ;  possibly  a  cor- 
ruption of  pother.  Tho  earliest  instances  seem 
to  be  from  Swift  and  other  Irishmen,  which 
would  seem  to  favor  the  supposed  Ir.  deriva- 
tion, <  Ir.  buaidhrim,  I  vex,  disturb  (cf.  buaidhirt, 
trouble,  affliction) ;  but  the  Ir.  words  as  pro- 
nounced have  no  resemblance  to  bother,  except 
as  to  the  initial  b.~\  I.  trans.  If.  To  bewilder; 
confuse. 

With  the  din  of  which  tube  my  head  you  so  bother. 

T.  Sheridan,  To  Swift. 

2.  To  give  trouble  to ;  annoy;  pester;  worry. 

Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him  have  it. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 

lie  bothered  his  audience  with  no  accidental  effects. 

Stedman,  Poets  « »f  America,  p.  280. 
[T'scd  in  the  imperative  as  an  expression  of  impatience, 
or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 

Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me!  Farrar.] 

=Syn.  Pester,  Worry,  etc.    See  tease,  o.  t. 

II.  in  trans.  To  trouble  one's  self ;  make  many 
words  ormuehado:  as,  don't  bother  about  that, 
bother  (boSH'er),  n.    [<  bother,  v.]     It.  Blar- 
ney; humbug;  palaver.  N.E.  D. — 2.  Trouble; 
vexation ;  plague :  as,  what  a  bother  it  is ! 

The  bother  with  Mr.  Emerson  is,  that,  though  lie  writes 
in  prose,  he  is  essentially  a  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  376. 
At  night,  they  [the  ponies]  were  a  bother;  if  picketed 
out,  they  fed  badly  and  got  thin,  and  if  they  were  not 
picketed,  they  sometimes  strayed  away. 

The  Century,  XXX.  223. 

botheration  (boTH-e-ra'shon),  ».  [<  bother  + 
-ation.~\  The  act  of  bothering,  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  annoyance ;  trouble ;  vexation ; 
perplexity. 

A  man  must  have  a  good  stomach  that,  can  swallow  this 
botheration  [autograph  albums]  as  a  compliment. 

Scott,  Diary,  Nov.  20,  1S25. 
Their  smallness,  their  folly,  their  rascality,  and  their 
simple  power  of  botheration. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  250. 
botherer  (boTH'er-er),  n.  One  who  bothers, 
vexes,  or  annoys:  as,' 'such  botherers  of  judges," 
Warren. 
botherment  (boTH'er-ment),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-incut.]  The  act  of  bothering  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  trouble ;  annoyance  ;  bothera- 
tion.    [Bare.] 

I'm  sure  't  would  be  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul  to  lose 
so  much  money.  J.  F.  Cooper. 

bothersome    (boTH'cr-sum),   a.      [<    liothcr  + 
-some."]  Troublesome;  annoying;  inconvenient. 
By  his  bothersome  questioning  of  all  traditional  assump- 
tions. The  American,  VII.  235. 
They  [casements]  open  sidewise,  in  two  wings,  and  are 
screwed  together  by  that  bothersome  little  iron  handle 
over  which  we  have  fumbled  so  often  in  European  inns. 
S.  James,  Jr. ,  Portraits  uf  Places,  p.  353. 

both-handedness  (both'han*ded-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  using  either  hand  with  equal  ease; 
ambidexterity. 

The  tendency  toward  what  might  be  called  both-handed- 
nets  in  the  use  of  the  brush.  The  Stud  //'.  III.  -_'s4. 

both-handst  (both'handa),  n.    A  person  indis- 
pensable to  another;  a  factotum. 
He  is  his  master's  bath-hands,  I  assure  you. 

/;,  Jorum,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
bothie,  n.     See  both  it. 


637 

bothock  (both'ok),  n.  A  name  of  the  fish  other- 
wise called  the'bib.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bothomt,  >i.  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
Chancer. 

bothrenchyma  (both-reng'ki-mS).  n.  [NL.,  < 
(ir.  f3ot?poc,  a  |iit,  +  i)  yr/m,  an  infusion  (>  NL. 
enchyma,  a  tissue),  <  i-.  trteiv,  [.our  in.  <  iv,  = 
E.  in1.  +  ,(""'•  akin  to  AS.  geotan,  pour.]  In 
tint.,  tissue  composed  of  pitted  ducts. 

bothria,  ».    Plural  of  bothrium. 

Bothriocephalidae  (both*ri-o-se-fal'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Bothriocephalus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
cestoid  or  tieniate  worms,  order  Ccstoiilca,  in- 
cluding the  broad  tapew  onus,  which  have  only 
two  bothria.  or  suckers  on  the  head  (whence 
(luv  ore  also  called  Dibothriitltr).  It  includes 
the  genera  Bothriocephalus  and  Dibothrium. 

Bothriocephalus  (both  ri-o-se£'a-lus),«.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  fiodptov,  a  small  tiench  (sec-  bothrium),  + 
KtipalJ/,  head.]  A  genus  of  the  '  'estoidi  a,  or  ces- 
toid worms,  of  which  the  broad  tapeworm,  B. 
latus,  is  the  type.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of 
the  I'si  ititnplii/lliilni  (which  see).  Also  Botryo- 
cephalus. 

bothrium  (both'ri-um),  ».:  pl.  bothria  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fiodpiov,  a  small  trench,  dim.  of 
,)'""/»".  a  pit,  trench.]  One  of  the  facets  or  fos- 
settes  upon  the  head  of  a  tapeworm. 

The  common  tape-worm  .  .  .  wants  the  opposite  both- 
ria, or  loss,  (l  E.  R.   Wright,  Animal  Life,  p.  582. 

Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'dron),  «.     [NL., 

<  (ir.  (iddpoCj  a  ['it,  +  dfaSpov,  a  tree.]  In  hot., 
an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal  era,  re- 
lated 1"  Lepidodendron. 

Bothrophera  (both-rof'e-ra),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  prop. 
*Bothrophora,  <  Gr.  ,iutipo'g,  a  trench,  a  pit,  + 
-f6po£,  <  tpeprtv  =  E.  bear1.]  The  solenoglyph 
venomous  serpents  of  the  new  world,  so  called 
from  having  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose : 
corresponding  to  the  family  (  rntalitla;  and  con- 
trasting with  the  Abothrophera. 

both-sided  (both'si'ded),  a.  Complete;  com- 
prehensive ;  not  limited  or  partial. 

There  is  forced  on  us  the  truth  that  a  scientific  morality 
arises  onlyas  fast  as  the  onesided  conceptions  adapted  to 
transitory  conditions  are  developed  into  both-sided  con- 
ceptions. //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  9S. 

both-sidedness  (b6th'si"ded-nes),  n.  Impar- 
tiality; completeness  or  comprehensiveness  of 
view  or  thought. 

Even  in  our  country  and  age  there  are  dangers  from  the 
want  of  a  due  both-sidedness.     11.  Spencer,  Sociol.,  p.  397. 

both-sidestO'oth'sidx),  a.  Being  or  speaking  on 
both  sides;  double-tongued  ;  deceitful.    [Rare.] 
Damnable  both-sides  rogue  !  Slink.,  All's  Well,  iv.  S. 

bothum't,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
bothum-t,  it-     An  obsolete  form  of  tuition. 
bothy,  bothie  (both'i),  n. ;  pl.   bothies  (-iz). 
[Also  written  bothay ;  appar.  <  Gael,  boihag, 
a  cottage,  hut,  dim.  of  Gael,  and  Ir.  both,  a, 
hut;  but  the  th  is  not  sounded  in  these  words. 
See  booth.]     1.  A  small  cottage;  a  hut. 
The  salt  sea  we'll  harry, 
And  bring  to  our  Charlie 
The  cream  from  flic  bothy 
And  curd  from  the  pen. 

Com.  o'er  the  Stream,  Charlie. 
That  young  nobleman  who  has  just  now  left  the  bothy. 

Scott. 

To  accept  the  hospitality  of  a  very  poor  Highland  bothie. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  019. 

2.  A  house  for  the  accommodation  of  a  num- 
ber of  workpeople  in  the  employment  of  tho 
same  person  or  company.  More  especially,  a  kind 
of  barrack  in  connection  with  a  large  farm,  where  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  are  lodged. — 
Bothy  system,  the  practice,  common  in  Aberdeenshire 
and  other  northern  counties  of  Scotland,  of  lodging  tin- 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  employed  on  the 
larger  farms  in  barrack-like  buildings  apart  from  their  em- 
ployer's residence 

botone  (bot'on-a),  a.    Same  as  bottony. 

bo-tree  (bo'tre),  n.  [<  Singhalese  bo  (also  boaa- 
ha :  {/aha,  tree),  a  shortened  form  of  Pali  bodhi, 
the  bo-tree,  short  for  bodhi-taru,  bo-tree  (<  bodhi 
(<  Skt.  bodhi),  wisdom,  enlightenment,  +  turn, 
tree),  answering  to  Skt.  bodhi-vriksha  (vriksha, 
tree).  See  Buddha.]  The  Reus  religiosa,  or 
pipul-tree, under  which  Sakyamuni,the  founder 
of  Buddhism,  is  said  to  have  become  "enlight- 
ened "  (Buddha),  after  forty  days'  fixed  contem- 
plation, during  which  time  he  was  subjected  to 
all  manner  of  temptation,  and  to  have  evolved 
the  four  noble  truths  by  which  mankind  may 
be  delivered  from  the  miseries  attending  up- 
on birth,  lib-,  and  death.  The  particular  bo-tree 
under  which  this  happened  is  said  to  have  been  produced 
at  th.    moment  of  his  birth. 

Botrychium  (bo-trik'i-uni),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
[ju-pvxw;,  equiv.  to  jSuarpvxoi,  a  curl  or  lock,  a 


Moonwort     Bfitryi  in:. 


n,  entire  plant  ;   A.  brand)  of  the 
fertile  frond,  showing  sporangia. 


bottine 

cluster:  see  Bostrychus.]     A  genus  of  crypto- 
gamous  plants,  natural  order  Ophioglossacem, 

allied  to  the  ferns. 
They  bear  clustered,  vein 
1-  a  porangia  in  contracted 
paneled  spikes  above  the 
variously  divided  frond, 
tin  re  are  several  \\  idelj 
distributed  sped*  -.  know  n 
by   (lie    popular    name    --i 

mooiiieort,    fi i     tic     I  i 

cut  shape  of  (in-  divisions 

of  the   ftund   in   some  eon, 

mou     kinds.      The    name 

grape-fern  is  also  given  to 

them,   and  one  spei  ies,    /■'. 

Yiroiiiio  on  in,  is  called  rat- 

tlesnake-fem. 
botryllid  (bo -toil' id), 

n.     A  tunicate  of  the 

family  Botryllidce. 
Botryllidse    (bo-tril'i- 

de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bo- 
tryllus  +  -idee.]  A  fam- 
ily of  compound  ascid- 
ians  or  tunicaries,  of  the  order  Ascidioidea.  They 
have  a  definite  number  of  ascidjozooids  grouped  about 
a  common  doaea  of  the  ascidiarium,  the  viscera  of  each 
single  body,  winch  is  not  divided  into  thorax  ami  abdo- 
men, lying  by  the  side  of  the  respiratory  cavity,  and  no 
lobes  ar I  the  inhalent  orifice.  There  are  several  gen- 
era besides  Botryllus.    Also  Botryllacea  and  Botryllovdes. 

Botryllus  (bo-toil'us),  ».  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
B&rpvQ,  a  cluster  or  bunch  of  grapes,  a  curl  or 
lock.]  A  genus  of  compound  ascidians,  typical 
of  the  family  Botn/lliace.  It.  stellatus  and  B. 
violaceus  are  examples. 

Botryocephalus  (bofri-6-sef'a-lus),  n.  Same 
as  Bothriocephalus.    Oken,  1815. 

botryogen  (bot'ri-o-jen),  ix.  [<  Gr.  p&rpvc,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  +  -yen/r,  producing,  etc. :  see 
-gen.]  A  red  or  ocher-ycllow  mineral  from 
Falun  in  Sweden,  consisting  of  tho  hydrous 
sulphates  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  calcium. 

botryoid,  botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri-oi'dal), 
.  a.  [<  Gr.  fhrpvoei- 
t%,  like  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  <  /id- 
rpvr,  a  cluster  of 
grapes,  +  fMoc, 
form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes  ;  like 
grains,  as  a  min- 
eral presenting  an 
aggregation  of 
small  globes,  in 
hot.,  applied  to  forms  of  inflorescence  which  are  appa- 
rently botryose,  but  in  reality  cymose. 

botryoidally  (bot-ri-oi'dal-i),  adv.  In  a  bot- 
ryoidal manner;  so  as  to  resemble  a  bunch  of 
grapes:  as,  vessels  hotryoitlally  disposed. 

botryolite  (bot'ri-o-Ht),  «.  [<  Gr.  f}6rpvc,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  -f-  'Ai6or,  a,  stone.]  Avariety 
of  datolite  or  borosilicate  of  calcium,  occurring 
in  mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in  a 
lied  of  magnetic  iron  in  gneiss,  near  Arendal  in 
Norway,  and  elsewhere,  its  colors  arc  pearl  gray, 
grayish-  or  reddish-white,  and  pale  rose  red.  It  is  said  to 
differ  from  datolite  in  containing  mote  water. 

botryose  (bot'ri-6s),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiiiTfive,  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  +  -use.]  In  hot. :  (n)  Of  the  type  of 
the  raceme,  corymb,  umbel,  etc.:  applied  to 
indeterminate  forms  of  inflorescence,  (b)  Clus- 
tered, like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Botrytis  (bo-tri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  f}6rpvc,  a 
cluster  of  grapes.]  A  large  genus  of  muce- 
dinous  fungi,  usually  growing  upon  dead  wood 
and  leaves,  characterized  by  the  somewhat 
dendroid  mode  of  branching  of  the  fertile  hy- 
[ilue,  which  bear  simple  spores  more  or  less 
grouped  near  the  tips.  One  species,  B.  Bassiana, 
grows  upon  living  silkworms,  and  causes  the  disease  known 
as  muscardine.  A  large  number  of  species  growing  upon 
living  plants  were  formerly  included  in  this  genus,  but 
are  now  referred  to  Peronospora. 

botS  (bots),  ».  pl.     See  hot1. 

bott1,  n.     See  botX. 

bott-  (bot),  ».  [<  F.  botte,  a  bundle,  a  truss 
(OF.  dim.  hotel:  see  bottle3).]  The  name 
given  by  lace-makers  to  the  round  cushion, 
held  on  the  knee,  on  which  the  lace  is  woven. 

bottargo,  ».    Same  as  botargo. 

Bottger  ware.    See  ware2. 

bottelt,  n-     Same  as  boltel. 
botterollt,  »•      Same  as  lintcrol. 

botthammer  (bot'ham'er),  ».  [<  bott  (prob.  < 
Ml],  botte,  a  form  of  tVtfl)  +  hammer.]  A 
wooden  mallet  with  a  fluted  face,  used  in 
breaking  flax. 

bottine  (bo-ten'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  boot: 
sec  boot2.]  1.  A  half-boot ;  a  woman's  fine 
shoe. —  2.    An  appliance  resembling  a  boot, 


Botryoidal  strnc 


bottine 


638 


with  straps,  springs,  buckles,  etc.,  to  correct  bottle-bump  (bot'1-bump),  n.     [A  corruption 


or  prevent  distortion  of  the  lower  limbs  and 
feel  of  children. 

botting  (bot'ing),  n.  [Perhaps  Eor  batting,  < 
bafl,  ME.  occasionally  botte,  a  club,  stick.] 
The  operation  of  restopping  the  tap-hole  of  e 
furnace  with  a  plug  or  clay  on  the  end  of  a 
wooden  rod,  after  a  portion  of  the  charge  has 
been  removed. 

bottleH,  a.    [ME.,  also  botte,  buttle,  <  AS.  bott 


of  butter-bump,  bitter-bump.]  A  name  given  in 
some  districts  to  the  bittern,  Botaurus sit  Huns. 

bottle-carrier  (bot'1-kar  i-er),  re.  A  device  for 
carrying  a  number  of  uncorked  bottles,  used 
in  wine-cellars,  it  consists  of  a  frame  with  a  handle, 
in  which  each  bottle  is  held  by  a  spring-pad  at  the  bottom 
and  by  a  boss  or  projection  which  enters  the  mouth. 

bottle-case  (bot'1-kas),  n.  The  wicker- or  bas- 
ket-work covering  of  a  demijohn  or  carboy. — 
Bottle-case  loom,  a  machine  tor  weaving  bottle-caaes. 


exhibiting  tin1 


i=  OS.  bodl  =  OFries.  bodel  =  [eel.  bol  (also  bottle-chart  (bot'l-chart),  n.    A  marine  chart 
deriv.  ha  In.  a  dwelling,  abode,  farm,  also  lair, 
den,  =  Dan.  bol,  a  form,  bol,  bolle,  in  local 
names  I ;  of.  bold,  a  dwelling  (>  hyldan,  E.  build, 
q.  v.  i.  and  inn-  (>E.  bom  c1  >,  a  dwelling;  <  buan 

(•y/   *'<«),   dwell:    see   bower*-,    bond2,   etc]      A 
dwelling;  a  habitation:   a  word  extant  (as  -bot- 
tlt,  -battb  i  (.nly  in  sunn-  local  English  names, 
a-  Harbottle,  Nevobottle,  Morbattle. 
bottle-  (bot'l),  >i.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 


compiled  from  papers  bearing  date,  latitude, 
and  longitude,  found  in  bottles  which  have 
been  thrown  from  ships  and  washed  upon  the 
beach  or  picked  up  by  other  ships.  Tin-  time  be- 
tween tin.-  throwing  "1  such  bottles  and  their  recovery  on 
shore  has  varied  from  :i  few  days  to  sixteen  years,  and  the 
distance  from  a  few  miles  to  five  thousand  miles. 
bottle-clip  (bot'1-klip),  re.  A  device  for  closing 
both;  <  ME.  hotel,  bo~ttelle~=  1 ».  bot  '-  . ' '«' mouth  of  a  bottle ;  a  substitute  for  a  cork 

U  I  I'wl'lii.  <  <  >F.  boti  I.  .,...  also  boutelle,  bouUlle,  bottle-coaster  (bot  l-kos"ter),  re.     A  kmd  of 


P.  hmiiiillr  —  Pr.  Pg.  botelha  =  Sp.  botella  =  It. 
bottiglia,  <  ML.  buUeula,  f.,  dim.  of  butts,  but- 

Us,  hut  tn  (> 
OF.  boute,  r. 
both  ).  a  butt: 
see  butt3.'] 
1.  A  hollow 
mouthed  ves- 
sel of  glass, 
wood,  leather, 
or  other  ma- 
terial, for 
holding  and 
carrying  li- 
quids. Oriental 
nations  use  skins 


Oriental  Goat-skin  Bottles,  or  Wine-skins. 


Methinks  I  have  a  meat  desire  to  a  bottle  of  hay. 

Shak,,  It,  X.  P.,  iv.  1. 

To  look  for  a  needle  in  a  bottle  of  hay  (  =  in  <i  l"".i 
I gage  in  a  hopeless  search. 

bottle-alet  ('"'t'l-ai  i,  ".    Bottled  ale. 

Selling  cheese  and  prunes,  and  retail  <l  bottle-ale. 

5i  %u.  '""I  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  "2. 

bottle-bellied  i  bot '1-bcl  id),a.  Having  a  belly 
shaped  like  a  bottle;  having  a  swelling,  pro- 
tuberant belly  ;  pot-bellied. 

i  holeric,  bottl  S  Ui  d  old  spider. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  381. 

bottle-bird  (bot'l  herd),  n.  A  bird  that  builds 
a  bottle-shaped  pensile  nest. 

We  came  across,  in  our  meanderings,  a  small  tree,  from 

the  brand  n«  mber  of  bottle- 

Their  shap  elongated  egg,  verj 

sharp  at  the    tnall  end    rather,  bulgin     at  1 1 ther 

end,  whilt   tl  at  thesic        Lite  bird  is  some- 

tiiln    I  iw,  with  a  considerable  touch  ol  Me   yi  i 

low  of  a  canary.  /.'.  Sartorius,  in  theSoudan,  p.  185. 

bottle-boot  (bot'l-bdt ),  „.  ,\  leathern  case  to 
hold  a  bottle  while  ii  is  being  corked. 

bottle-brush  (bot'l-brush),  n.  1.  A  brush 
tor  cleaning  bottles. —  2.  The  field  hor  i  tail, 
Equisiiiiiii  urmisr. —  3.  The  mare's-tail,  Hip- 
j.uii  vulgari  .  4.  In  Australia,  the  Calliste- 
:„",'  Imiri  "lulus.  See  Colli  !■  ""■".  Bottle-brush 
gTaas,  a  eniimion  name'  in  the  I  nited  state,  foi  i 
prella  Uystriz. 


bottom 

2.  In  med.,  an  eruption  of  small,  red,  suppu- 
rating tubercles  on  the  nose,  such  as  is  pro- 
duced by  intemperate  drinking.     Dunglison. — 

3.  Alamo  at  St.  Andrews.  (Scotland,  of  the  sea- 
stickleback,  Spinachia  vulgaris. — 4.  A  name 
for  the  puffin,  Fratercula  arctica,  from  its  large 
red-and-blue  beak.  See  bottle-nosed. —  5.  A 
name  of  the  sea-elephant  or  elephant-seal, 
Macrorhinus  leoninus,  and  others  of  the  same 
genus.  Bottlenose  oil.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  Botte- 
leau's  (name  of  a  manufacturer)  oil.]    An  inferior  grade 

of  olive-oil  used  in  making  <  'astile  soLip. 

set  of  ocean  surface-currents  bottle-nosed  (bot'1-nozd),  a.  Having  a  bottle- 
shaped  nose;  having  a  nose  full  and  swollen 
about  the  wings  and  end,  or  inflamed  by  drink- 
ing. 

bottle-ore  (bot'l-or),  n.  A  name  for  coarse 
seaweeds,  especially  one  of  the  rock-weeds, 
I'hciis  nodosus. 

bottle-pump  (bot'1-pump),  re.  A  device  for  i-e- 
moving  the  fluid  contents  of  a  bottle.  A  com- 
mon form  is  that  of  a  rubber  bulb  for  forcing  air  into  the 
bottle,  and  a  bent  tube  through  which  the  liquid  is  driven 
out  liv  tile  pressure  of  tile  air. 

bottler  (bot'ler),  ii.  [<  ME.  boteller ;  in  mod. 
use  as  if  <  bottle2,  v.,  +  -erl ;  but  historically 
a  var.  of  butter.]  One  who  bottles  ;  specifically, 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bottle  wine,  spirits, 
ale,  etc. 

bottle-rack  (bot'1-rak),  n.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles  placed  in  it  mouth  downward  to  drain. 

bottle-screw  (bot'1-skro),  n.     A  corkscrew. 

bottle-stand  (bot'l-stand),  n.  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. —  2.  A  wooden  rest  for  draining  bottles 
after  washing. 

bottle-Stoop  (bot'1-stop),  re.  In  med.,  a  wooden 
block  grooved  above  to  hold  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle  obliquely  so  that  a  powder  may  be  easily 
extracted  from  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

A  name  of  the  long- 
caudatus  or  Acredula 
caudata:  so  called  from  its  curious  large,  pen- 
sile, bottle-shaped  nest.  See  cut  under  titmouse. 

bottle-track  (bot'1-trak),  re.  The  course  pur- 
sued in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown  over- 
board with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude,  and 
date,  and  so  affording  some  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  set  and  velocity  of  currents.  See 
bottle-chart. 

bottle-tree  (bot'1-tre),  «.  An  Australian  tree, 
Sterculia  rupestris,  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  trunk, 
which  re- 
sembles a 
soda  -  water 
bottle.  The 
natives  make 
nets  of  its  tillers 
ami  ipii  iieh 
their  thirst 
from  reservoirs 
of  sap  which 
are   formed  in 

the  stem. 

bottle-wax 

(bot'1-waks), 

n.  A  si  iff  wax 

used  to  seal 

the    mouths 

of       bottles 

and  jars, 
bottling-machine  (bot'ling-ma-shen*),  «.     A 

machine  for  filling  and  corking  bottles. 
j. .  jx  more  concc.  bottom  (bot'um),  ii.  and  <i.     [E.  dial,  also  bot- 
though  not  common  name  for  the  whale  called     ,..,,._  £,„   ;.,.,7,i'„ 
the  bottlenose  (which  see). — 2.  A  name  of  the 


leep  tray  with  divisions  for  bottles,  in  which 
decanters  of  wine  or  cordial  are  passed  round 
a  dinner-  or  banquet-table  after  the  dessert: 
sometimes  made  for  one  decauter  only. 

The  two  Lady  R.'s,  .  .  .  like  two  deeanters  in  a  bottle- 
coaster,  with  such  magnificent  diamond  labels  round  their 
necks.  Miss  Edgeworth,  Belinda,  v. 

bottle-cod   (bot'1-kod),  n.      A  name   given  in 
Jamaica  to  the  plant  Capparis  cynophallophora, 

from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 

bottle-companion,  bottle-friend  (bot'1-kom- 

pan"ypn,  -trend),  it.  A  companion  or  friend  in 
drinking  or  conviviality. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  good  bottle-eontpanion,  has  been  the 
diversion  of  his  friends.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  89. 

bottle-conjurer  (bot'l-kun"jer-er),  re.    One  who 

exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a  bottle,  as  bottle-tit  (bot'1-tit), 
extracting  from  it  a  variety  of  liquids  or  more     tailed  titmouse,    Parus 
than  was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-conjurer,  John  Bull, 
Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  M. 

bottled  (bot'ld),  a.    [<  bottle*  +  -erf2.]    1.  Kept 

or  contained  in  a  bottle :  as,  bottled  porter. — 

2.  Big-bellied:  as,  "that  bottled  spider,"  Shak., 

Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.     [Rare.] 
bottle-dropsy  (bot'l-drop"si),  «.    A  dropsy 

which  affects  the  abdomen  only;  ascites. 
bottle-fish  (botT-fish),  tt.    1.  A  name  of  sundry 

pleetognath  fishes  of  the  family  TetrodonUdtB. 

—  2.  A  name  of  the  Saccopharynx  ampullaeeus, 

a  remarkable  fish  representing  a  peculiar  fam- 
ily of  the  order  Lyome.ri.     Hoe  iSaceoplianitigida: 
bottle-flower  (bo't'l-flou"er),  re.    A  plant,  Cen- 

taurea  Cyanus;  the  bluebottle. 


or  leather  for  this  purpose,  ami  of  the  nature  of  these 
wine-skins  are  the  bottles  mentioned  in  Scripture:  "Put 
new  wine  into  new  bottles. "  In  Europe  and  North  America 
glass  is  generally  used  tor  liquids  of  all  kinds,  hut  wine  is 
still  largely  stored  in  skins  in  Spain  and  Greece.  Small 
bottles  are  often  called  vials. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle ;  as  much  as  a  bot- 
tle contains:  as,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  of  porter. 

—  Capillary  bottle.  Seecapttlary.— The  bottle,  figura- 
tively, strong  drink  in  general ;  the  practice  of  drinking. 

In  the  bottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
courage,  ami  bashfulness  for  confidence. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

bottle2  (bot'l),  v.  t.  :  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  ppr. 
bottling.  [<  bottle*,  ».]  1.  To  put  into  bot- 
tles for  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  of  stor- 
ing away:  as,  to  bottle  wine  or  porter.     Hence 

—  2.  To  store  up  as  in  a  bottle  ;  preserve  as  if 
by  bottling;  shut  in  or  hold  back  (eolloq.  "cork 
up"),  as  anger  or  other  strong  feeling:  usually 
with  u p. 

Can  economy  of  time  or  money  go  further  than  toanni-  ,  „i+i„  friOTlf]    .„       aPP  hottle-riminniiion 
hilate  tine  and  space,  ami  bottle  up  [as  does  the  phono-   DOtt  e-lnenO   ».     See  oottlt  companion. 
graph]  for  posterity  the  mere  utters m  e  of  man,  without  bottle-glaSS  (bot  1-glas),  n.     A  cheap  grade  ot 
Mil,.  ;  ,  Sort  on  his  part  than  to  speak  the  words?  glass,  usually  of  a  dull  deep-green  color,  used 

A.  .1.  av,.,  cxxvi.  536.     for  maMng  common  bottles,  etc. 
bottle3  (bot'l),  re.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottrl,  bottle-gourd  (bot'1-gord),  n.     The  fruit  of  La- 
botelle,  botle;<.  ME.  botel,  <  OP.  botel,  m.,  equiv.     genaria  vulgaris,  natural  order  Ciicurbitacca;. 
to  botelle.  fern.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  bundle:  see     See  gourd  and  Lagenaria. 

bott*.]     A  quantity,  as  of  hay  or  grass,  tied  or  bottle-grass  (bot'l-gras),  it.     A  kind  of  grass, 
bundled  up.     [Now  chiefly  prov.  Eug.]  Setaria  riritlis.    See  Setaria. 

Althoughit  benal  worth  a  botel  hay.  bottle-green  (bot'1-gren),   n.  and  a.      I.  n.  A 

,  Prol.  lo  .Manciple's  Tale,  1. 14.     green  color  like  that  of  common  bottle-glass. 

II.  a.  Of  a  dark-green  color, 
bottlehead  (bot'1-hed),  «.     1.  A  more  correct 

ton;  =  Sc.  bodthin,  boddum,  etc 


rculia  rupestris). 


black-bellied  plover,  Sqitatitrola  helvetica. 
bottle-holder  (bot'l-hol"der),  n.  1.  A  glass- 
maker's  tool  for  holding  the  body  of  a  bottle 
while  forming  the  neck. — 2.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles. —  3.  One  who  waits  upon  another  in 
a  prize-fight,  administering  refreshment,  etc.; 
hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  supporter,  en- 
courager,  or  adviser  in  a  conflict  or  trial  of 
any  kind. 

An  old  bruiser  makes  a  g 1  botUe-holder. 

Smollett,  Adv.  of  Fenl.,  Count  Fathom. 

Lord  Talnierstoii  considered  himself  tin'  bottie-kolder  of 
oppressed  states.  London  Times. 

bottle-imp  (bot'1-imp),  n.  See  Cartesian  tit  til, 
under  Car  testa  it. 

bottle-jack  (bot'1-jak),  «■  1.  A  roasting-jack 
Bhaped  like  a  bottle. — 2.  A  kind  of  lifting-jack. 

bottle-mold  (bol'1-mold),  n.  An  iron  mold 
within  which  a  bottle  is  blown. 

bottlenose  (bot 'bno7,),  ».  1.  A  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  cetaceans  having  bottle-shaped 
noses,    (a)  Of  the  species  of  Hyperoodon,  like  //   bidens 

of  the -thein  se;l    about   15  feet  long.    (6)  Of  the  species 

cenopteru* or  Ulubicepludux,  the  caaing- whales.  Also 
called  bottlehead. 


<  ME.  bottom, 

botiotne.  botome,  botym,  botme,  earlier  bothom, 
bothitm,  botham,  <  AS.  botm  =  OS.  liotlnm  = 
OFries.  *bodcm,  botltn,  North  Fries,  bom, 
NFries.  boem,  beam  =  D.  botlini  =  LG.  Iiotltlt  n 
=  OHG.  bodam,  MHO.  bodem,  (1.  boden  =  led. 
botn  =  OSw.  Itiitii,  Sw.  botten  =  ODan.  bodn, 
Dan.  bund,  bottom;  prob.  =  L.  fundus  (for 
*t'titltnts)  (whence  ult.  E.  fund,  found?,  founda- 
tion, fundamental,  etc.)  =  Gr.  irvBfifiv,  bottom, 
=  Sk't,  biullina,  depth,  ground.  Cf.  Gael,  bonn, 
sole,  foundation,  bottom,  =  Ir.  lumn,  sole,  =  W. 
lout,  stem,  base,  slock.]  I.  n.  1.  The  lowest 
or  deepest  part  of  anything,  as  distinguished 
from  the  top;  utmost  depth,  either  literally  or 
figuratively;  base;  foundation;  root:  as,  the 
In, limn  of  a  hill,  a  tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or 
other  cavity,  of  a  page  or  a  column  of  figures. 

Yc  consider  not  the  matter  to  the  bottom. 

Latimer,  ..th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  ir,49. 

Objections  .  .  .  built  on  the  same  bot  torn.     Atterbwry. 

All  customs  were  founded  upon  some  bottom  of  reason. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  i. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water:  as,  a 

rocky    bottom;   a    sandy  I'olltiin;   to   lie   on  the 

bottom  of  the  sea. — 3."  In  phys.  geog.,  the  low 


bottom 

laud  adjacent  to  a  river,  especially  when  tlio 
river  is  large  and  the  level  are:i  is  of  considor- 

able  extent.    Also  sailed  bottom-land. 

On  l>"th  shores  of  that  fruitful  bottom  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  marks  <»f  ancient  edifices. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

For  weeks  together  Indians  would  have  their  squalid 
camps  about  J 11  i 1 1< -is  Town,  and  in  tin-  bottoms  toward  the 
Big  Mound.  W.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  103. 

4.  In  mining,  that  which  is  lowest;  in  Penn- 
sylvania eoal-iiiiiiing.the  floor,  bottom-rock,  or 
stratum  on  which  a  coal-seam  rests. —  5.  The 
lower  or  hinder  extremity  of  the  trunk  of  an 
animal ;  the  buttocks ;  the  sitting  part  of  man. 
Hence  —  6.  The  portion  of  a 
one  sits ;  the  seat. 

No  two  chairs  were  alike;  such  high  backs  and  low 
backs,  and  leather  bottoms  and  worsted  bottoms.     Irving. 

7.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  below  the  wales  ; 

hence,  the  ship  itself. 

Tiny  had  a  well-rigg"d  bottom,  fully mann'd. 

Mtissin>.ici\  The  Ctlurdian,  v.  3. 

I  am  informed  .  .  .  that  the  governor  .  .  .  hail  deter- 
mined  to  issue  a  proclamation  for  admitting  provisions  in 
American  bottoms,  hut  an  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Con- 
necticut prevented  it. 

S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  468. 

8.  The  heavy  impurities  which  collect  at  the 
bottoms  of  vessels  in  which  fluids  are  left  to 
settle:  as,  "the  bottom  of  beer,"  Johnson. —  9. 
pi.  The  residuum,  consisting  of  impure  metal, 
often  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  smelting-fur- 
nace  when  the  operation  has  not  been  skil- 
fully conducted:  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
copper-smelting. — 10.  Power  of  endurance; 
stamina;  native  strength:  as,  a  horse  of  good 
bottom. — 11.  HiHt.:  (a)  A  circular  disk  with 
holes  to  hold  the  rods  in  the  formation  of  a 
gabion,  (b)  Same  as  bottom-plate. — 12.  In  shoe- 
making,  the  sole,  heel,  and  shank  of  a  shoe  ;  all 
that  is  below  the  upper. — 13.  In  railroads,  the 
ballasting  about  the  ties. — 14.  A  platform  sus- 
pended from  a  scale,  on  which  the  thing  to  be 
weighed  is  placed. —  15t.  A  clue  or  nucleus  on 
which  to  wind  thread;  the  thread  so  wound. 
Bp.  Warburton ;  Bacon. 

And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  bottom  of  brown  thread. 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

16f.  The  cocoon  of  a  silkworm. 

Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  about  fifteen  days. 

Mortimer. 

17.  In  dyeing,  a  color  applied  to  a  fabric  with 
a  view  of  giving  a  peculiar  hue  to  a  dye  which 
is  to  be  subsequently  applied. 

Sandal  wood  is  employed,  chiefly  on  the  continent,  to 
give  a  bottom  to  woolen  cloth  which  is  to  be  afterwards 
dyed  with  indigo. 

Calvert,  Dyeing  and  Calico  -Printing,  p.  131. 
At  bottom,  in  reality,  especially  as  opposed  to  external 
appearance ;  fundamentally ;  essentially  :  as,  he  is  sincere 
at  bottom. 

Every  body  was  sure  there  was  some  reason  for  it  at 
hollo,,,'.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Bottom-discharge  water-wheel,  a  turbine  which  dis 


(l.'iil 


They  [worsted  goods)  should  he  bottomed  with  indigo. 
Fibre  ood  Fabric,  V.  16. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rest;  be  based. 

On  what  foundation  any  proposition  advanced  bottoms. 

Locke. 

2.  To  strike  against  Hie  bottom  or  end:  as,  a 
piston  halt, nits  when  it  strikes  against  the  eud 
of  the  cylinder.  Bottoming  of  gear-teeth,  the 
rubbing  of  the  points  of  the  teeth  of  one  of  a  pair  "i  gear 

wheels  against  the  rim  between  the  t ts  "t  the  teeth  "f 

tlie  other  :  a  result  of  a  false  adjustment. 

bottom-captain  (bot'um-kap'tan),  ».    In  <<<<» 

ing,  the  superintendent  of  miners  in  the  deep- 
est working  pari . 
hair  on  which  bottomed  (bot'umd),  a.  [<  bottom  +  -"'-'.  ] 
1.  Having  a  bottom  (of  the  particular  kind 
indicated  in  composition):  as.  tint-bottomed; 
broad-bottomed;  a.  full-bottomed  wis,'. — 2.  Un- 
derlaid; furnished  with  a  bottom  or  foundation: 
as,  bolt, mi, ,t  by  clay.— 8.  Based;  grounded:  as, 
u  well-bottomed  character.    Morley. 

bottom-fishing  (bof  urn-fish ''ing),  n.  Same  as 
ground-angling. 

bottom-glade  (bot'um-glad),  n.  An  open  val- 
ley between  hills ;  a  dale. 

Tending  mj  Hocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts 

That  brow  this  bottom-glade.    Wilton,  Comus,  L  632. 

bottom-grass  (bot'um-gras),  ».  Grass  growing 
on  lowlands  or  bottom-lands. 

bottom-ice  (bot'um-is)j».  Ground-ice;  anchor- 
ice;  ground-gru. 

The  curious  phenomenon  of  the  formation  of  bottom-ice, 
and  its  rise  to  the  surface,  is  more  frequently  seen  in  the 
Baltic  and  the  Cattegat  than  in  the  open  ocean  — chiefly, 
it  seems  probable,  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  these 
seas.  Enajc.  Brit.,  III.  295. 

bottoming-hole  (bot'um-ing-hol),  n.  In  gUm- 
iiiaking,  the  open  mouth  of  a  furnace  at  which 
a  globe  of  crown-glass  is  exposed  during  the 
progress  of  its  manufacture,  in  order  to  soften 
it  and  allow  it  to  assume  an  oblate  form. 

bottoming-tap  (bot'um-ing-tap),  n. 
used  for  cutting  a  perfect  thread  to  the  bottom 
of  a  hole. 

bottom-land  (bot'um-land),  n.  Same  as  bot- 
tom, 3. 

After  making  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  pond,  they 
diverged  from  the  water-course,  and  began  to  ascend  to 
the  level  of  a  slight  elevation  in  that  bottom-land  over 
which  they  journeyed.         Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxii. 

bottomless  (bot'um-les),  a.  [<  bottom  +  -less.'] 
Without  a  bottom.  Hence  — (a)  Groundless; 
unsubstantial;  false:  as,  " bottomless  specula- 
tions," Burlcc. 

He  fond  but  botmeles  behestes. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1431. 

(6)  Fathomless ;  unfathomable ;  inexhaustible : 
as,  a  bottomless  abyss  or  ocean. 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom? 

Then  be  my  passions  bottomless  with  them. 


<*> 

A    Cra      i 
tuny  Ur. 

botts  (bots 


boudoir 

bottom-tool  (bot'um-toT),  n.  In  turning,  a  tool 
with  a  bent  end,  used  for  working  on  the  inside 
of  the  bottoms  oi  hollow  work. 

bottone  (hot-on-a.'  i,  />.  a.     Same  as  Initially. 

bottony  (bot'on-i),  a.  [Also  written  botton4, 
botoni,  <  OF.  botonne",  pp.  of  botonner  ( i'.  bou- 
tonner),  ornament  with  buds  or  but- 
tons, <  hot, ,n.  I'.  bOUtOn,  a  bud.  but- 
ton :  gee  button.  ]  In  her.,  decorated 
with  buds,  knobs,  or  buttons  :it  the 

extremities,  generally  in  groups  of 
three,  forming  trefoils.  Also  called 
bottoned,  botoned,  and  sometimes 
irij'1,1,,1  or  trt  in, 'i.    See  crass. 

,  II.  pi.      See  I)o0. 

botuliform  (bot'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  botulus,  a 
sausage  (>  ult.  E.  bowel),  +  forma,  form.] 
Shaped  like  a  small  sausage;  allantoid. 

botulinic  (bot-u-lin'ik),  a.  [<  L.  hatulus,  a  sau- 
sage, +  -/«<i  +  -«■.]  Pertaining  to  orderived 
from  sausages :  as,  botulinic  acid.     Thomas. 

boucan  (bo'kan),  n.  and  B.     Soe  bucan. 

bouche  (bosh),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  bottche,  bonce, 
haiite,  bitehe,  etc.,  mouth,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek:  see 
bucca,  and  cf .  bocca.]  It.  In  the  ancient  French 
monarchy,  the  service  of  the  king's  table,  under 
the  direction  of  the  master  of  the  king's  house- 
hold. A  large  number  of  officers  of  different  ranks,  and 
having  accurately  defined  duties,  formed  this  establish- 
ment. 

2.  A  certain  allowance  of  provisions  made  by 
a  king  to  those  who  obeyed  his  summons  to  the 
field,  according  to  the  feudal  system  of  military 
service.  Hence — 3f.  Any  supply  of  provisions ; 
food.    Formerly  corruptly  bouge. 

A  bombard-man  that  brought  bouge  for  a  country  lady 
or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

li.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Love  Restored. 


ottoni  inste 


charges  the  wat 

Bottom  of  a  wig,  the  portion  of  a  wig  which  hangs  over 
the  shoulder.— False  bottom,  a  horizontal  partition  in- 
serted iuto  the  lower  part  of  a  box,  desk,  etc.,  so  as  to 
simulate  the  bottom  and  form  a  secret  compartment. — 
To  be  at  the  bottom  of,  to  underlie  as  a  cause ;  be  the 
real  author,  source,  or  cause  of. 

She  has  another  lover,  one  Beverley,  who.  I  am  told,  is 
now  in  Bath.— Odds  slanders  and  lies !  be  must  be  at  the 
bottom  of  it.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

To  drain  the  cup  to  the  bottom.  See  cup.— To  stand 
on  one's  own  bottom,  to  be  independent ;  act  for  one's 
self. 

II.  a.  [Attrib.  use  of  noun.]  Situated  at  the 
bottom;  lowest;  undermost;  fundamental:  as, 
the  bottom  stair;  the  bottom  coin  of  a  pile. 

This  is  the  bottom  fact  of  the  whole  political  situation. 
Nineteenth  Centarii,  XX.  296. 
Bottom  heat.  See  heat. 
bottom  (bot'um),  v.  [<  bottom,  n.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bottom:  as,  to  bottom  a, 
shoe  or  a  chair. —  2.  To  found  or  build  upon ; 
fix  upon  as  a  support;  base. 

Those  false  and  deceiving  grounds  upon  which  many 
bottom  their  eternal  state.  South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  he  bottomed  upon  principle. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  fathom;  reach  or  get  to  the  bottom  of. 

The  spirit  of  self-will,  of  insistence  on  our  own  views, 
which  we  have  probably  never  really  bottomed,  or  traced 
to  principles.  Contemporary  Rev..  L.  350. 

4f.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a 

ball  of  thread. 

Therefore,  as  you  unwind  her  love  from  him, 
Lest  it  should  ravel,  and  he  good  to  none, 
You  must  provide  to  bottom  it  on  me. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  dyeing,  to  dye  first  with  a  certain  color 
in  preparation  for  another. 


bottom-lift  (bot'um-lift),  n.    In 
deepest  or  bottom  tier  of  pumps 


4.  In  medieval  armor,  a  notch  or  indentation  in 
the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  shield,  allow- 

A  tap     hug  a  weapon  to  be  passed  through  it.    In  the 
lOttom     justing  shield,    this   was   sometimes  of  the    form  of   a 

diagonal  slit  terminating  in  a  round  hole  of  the  size  of 

the  lance-shaft. 

5.  In  ordnance,  a  short  cylinder  of  copper 
placed  in  a  counterbore  in  the  face  of  the 
breech-block,  and  through  which  the  vent  of  a 
piece  of  breech-loading  ordnance  is  drilled ;  a 
bushing.  When  this  copper  cylinder  extends  through 
the  walls  of  the  piece,  it  is  called  a  vent-piece  or  vent-bush- 
ing.   See  bushing. 

6.  The  mouth  of  a  firearm  of  any  kind;  the 
bore. 

bouche,  bouch  (bosh),  v.   t.;    pret.   and  pp. 

bouched,    ppr.    handling.     [<    boiicltc,    it.]      To 

form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as  in  a 

gun  which  has  been  spiked. 
bouchee  (bo-sha'),  »■     [F-,  <  bouche,  mouth.] 

A  patty  or  small  pie;  a  bonbon;  any  dainty 

supposed  to  be  a  mouthful. 
Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1.  bouchert,  „.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bowchyer,  late 


milling, 


the 


f  at  the  sides.—  bottommost    (bot'um-most),    a.     [<    bottom  + 


ME.  bowger,  appar.  <  bouge,  a  bag,  wallet:  see 
bouge1.  But  perhaps  a  var.  of  bowser,  q.  v.]  A 
treasurer;  a  bursar.     Stonyhurst. 


most.     Cf.  topmost,  etc.]    Situated  at  the  very  boucherize    (bo'sher-Iz),  v.   t. ;   pret.  and  pp. 


bottom;  lowest.     [Rare.] 
bottom-plate  (bot'um-plat),   n.     1.   The  bed 

supporting  the  carriage  of  a  printing-press. — 
2.  The  bed  of  knives  immediately  beneath  the 
cylinder  of  a  pulping-engine.  it  is  formed  of  a 
number  of  knife-plates  placed  Hat  against  each  other, 
with  their  upper  knife-edges  adjusted  to  conform  to  the 
curve  of  the  cylinder  above,  which  also  contains  knives. 
Between  these  two  sets  of  knives  the  raw  material,  as 
rags,  wood,  or  other  substance,  is  ground  to  pulp. 


boucherized,  ppr.  boucherizing.  [<  Auguste  Bou- 
eht  ric  (1801-1871),  a  French  chemist,  inventor 
of  the  process,  +  -i~e.]  To  impregnate  (tim- 
ber) with  sulphate  of  copperas  a  preservative. 

bouchette  (bb-shef),  re.  [Appar.  F.,  dim.  of 
bouche,  a  mouth.]  In  medieval  armor,  the  large 
buckle  used  for  fastening  the  lower  part  of  the 
breastplate  to  the  upper  one.     Fairholt. 

bouching  (bo'shing),  ii.     Same  as  bushing. 


3.  In  ordnance,  a  plate  used  in   building  up  bouching-bit  (hci'shing-bit),  n.     [<  bouching, 


grape  and  canister  iuto  a  cylinder  ready  for 
loading  into  a  gun.  Cast-iron  top-  and  bottom-plates 
are  used  for  grape,  and  wrought-iron  ones  for  canister. 
Also  called  huttotn. 
bottomry  (bot'nm-ri),  ».  [Formerly  also  bot- 
tomery,  bottomary,  bottommarie,  bodomery,  etc.; 
=  F.  bomcrit  =  ( t.  bodmerei  =  Dan.  Sw.  bodmeri, 
<  D.  bodemcrij,  bottomry:  see  bottom  and  -trt/, 
-ry.]  In  marine  laic,  the  act  of  borrowing  money 
and  pledging  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  that  is,  the 
ship  itself,  as  security  for  its  repayment.  The 
contract  of  bottomry  is  in  the  nature  oi  a  mortgage,  the 


rbal  n.  of  bouche,  v.,  +  bit1.]  An  instru- 
ment used  for  boring  a  hole  in  the  vent-field 
of  a  gun  to  receive  the  copper  plug,  or  bouche, 
through  which  the  vent  is  afterward  drilled. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 
boud1,  bowd  (bond),  n.  [<  ME.  bude,  bttddc, 
liattdc,  origin  uncertain;  cf.  AS.  budda,  *scearn- 
budda  (occurs  once  improp.  written  sccaridiu- 
doa),  ME.  seharnboddc,  a  dung-beetle.]  An  in- 
sect that  breeds  in  grain;  a  weevil.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 


Itiair    oi    rHiimiiil'>    is  mi   on-    miilimi     im    a    oionu.i^e,   on-  <:-    ..  ....  r  .  ,  ...  ,  ,       J,„,J.,      1,^,,-./ 

ner  of  a  ship  borrowing  money  to  enable  him  to  carry  boud"  (bod).      [Also   written   bond,   iiitti,  Doot, 


etc.,  eontr.  of  behooved,  pret.  of  behoove.] 

Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 


on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the 

money.     If  the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money  , 

but  if  the  ship  arrives  safe,  be  is  to  receive  the  money  lent, 

with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated,  although  it  may 

exceed  tin  legal  rate  of  interest,    The  tackle  of  the  ship 

also  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the 

borrower.     When  a  loan  is  made  upon  the  goods  shipped,  .  .  rT,     ,  ,        ,  .    „„,i 

the  borrower  is  said  to  take  up  money  at  respondentia,  as  boudoir  (bo'dworl,  ii.     [I  .,  <  lioitdn  .  pout,  sulk, 

he  is  hound  personally  to  answer  the  contract    When  the 

ship  alone  is  pledged',  the  contract  is  called  a  bottomry 

bond;  but  when  both  ship  and  cargo  are  pledged,  it  is 

called  a  respondentia  bond. 

A  master  of  a  ship,  who  had  borrowed  twice  his  money 
upon  the  bottomarg.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  69 


They  both  did  cry  to  Him  above 

To  save  their  souls,  for  they  baud  die. 

Border  Minstrehn,  iii.  140.    (Jamicson.) 


+  -air,  denoting  place.]  A  small  room  to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 

They  sang  to  him  in  cozy  boudoirs. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 


bouffant  640 

bouffant  (P.  pron.  b5-fon'),  "•    [F.,  ppr.  of  bough-pot  (bou'pot),  n. 

bouffer,  puff,  swell.]    Puffed  out:  as.  a  skirt    and  perversely;  beau-pot 

very  fcouffanf  at  the  back. 
bouffe't,""-     [Late  ME.,  <  OF.  <<o»/<<.  a  puff 

(of.  bouffe,  a  swollen  or  swelling  cheek),  <  bouf- 

f,  r,  swell  the  eheeks:  see  buff*,  puff.}    A  puff, 

as  of  flame.     '  a 

bouffe-  (b8f), «.    I  <  P.  '»"'/'•  <  It.  /<«/".  jest :  Bee 

m.]  i  ipera  bouffe;  comieopera.  Seeopi  ra. 

bouffons  (bS'fonz),  ».    [P.  bouffon,  a  buffoon.] 

Same  as  BUJtassMW. 


<  bought  +  i>oi.]     1. 
A  pot  orvase'for  holding  flowers  or  boughs  for 
ornament. 
Sir  Oliver  S.  Sou  have  no  land,  I  suppose! 

s    Not  a  mole-hill,  nor  a  twig,  but  what  s  In 
:;  .',  pots  out  ol  the  window. 


boule 

[Also  written  botrpot,  bouk1   (bouk  or  biik),  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  also 


Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  nosegay  or  bouquet. 
And  I  smell  at  the  beautiful,  beautiful  bow-pot  he  brings  bouk'-t,  "• 
luntry-house at  Haver-     /,„//■] 


Bougainvillea  (bb-gan-vil' §-&),»>.  1  N 1  •-.,  named 
after  \.  de  Bougainville,  a  French  navigator  oi 
the  18th  century.  |  A  nyctaginaceous  genus  of 
climbing  shrub's,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical South  America.  The  numerous  flowers  are 
in  clusters  of  three,  subtended  by  as  many  large  colored 
bracts.     /»'.  specta  roie  other  Bpecies  are   fre- 

quentl)   cultivated  in  greenhouses,  and  are  verj   orna 
mental 

bougar  fbo'gar),  ».  One  of  a  series  of  cross- 
spars  which  form  the  roof  of  a  cottage,  and 
serve  instead  of  laths.     [Scotch.] 

bouge1  (b8i),  ».  [Also  bowgt  :  <  ME.  boii'i<  (< 
OP.  bougt .  bugt .  F.  bougt  I,  now  spelled  and  pro- 
nounced /'«•'</'  (see  budge*,  budgi  f,ete.);  earlier 
bulge,  q.  v.  Cf.  bouge^.']  If.  A  bag  or  wallet, 
especially  of  leather. 

tlier  like  Madders. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I.ivy,  p.  408. 
2.  The  bilge  or  swelling  part  of  a  cask :  hence, 
the  cask  itself.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  cowrie. 
./< 

bouge'-'t  i  b&j),  v.  [Also  bowge;  a  form  of  bulge, 
bilge;  ult.  related  to  bouge\~]  I.  intrans.  To  be 
bilged;  spring  a  leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked 
in  the  bottom;  founder. 

Which  anchor  cast   we  soone  the  same  forsooke, 
ill  n  off,  for  fear  least  thereupon 
lippes  should  bowge. 

Qascoigne,  Voyage  into  Holland. 

II.  trans.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  ship), 
and  thus  cause  her  to  spring  a  leak;  knock  a 
hole  in. 


me  winterand  summer,  from  his  country 
stock-hill.  '■'■  -'■  Sala,  llu' latl'  >Ir-  " 


bouke,  So.  buik,  <  ME.  bouk,  bouke,  buke,  book,  < 
AS.  hue.  the  belly,  =  OS. bilk  —  D. buik  =  MLG. 
buk  =  <  >1  U  i.  buh,ii  I  IG.buch,  G.  Saucfc,  the  belly, 
=  Icel.  bukr,  trunk  of  the  body,  =  Sw.  huh-  = 
Dan.  bug,  the  belly.  In  later  ME.  and  mod.  E. 
confused  with  bouk2  =  hull1,  q.  v.]  If.  Tho 
belly.— 2.  The  trunk  of  the  body;  hence,  the 
body  itself.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

[ME.,  var.  of  hull:1,  q.  v.]     Same  as 


3.  The  more  or  less  conventional  representa- 
tion in  ornamental  work  of  a  bouquet  or  vase 
full  of  flowers.  Dutch  cabinets  of  inlaid  wood  have 
for  their  most  common  decoration  bough-pots  in  panels, 
bought't  (bout),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  written 
boughte,  bughte,  etc.,  also  hunt,  bowt,  etc.,  now 
reg.  with  partial  differentiation  of  meaning  bout 
(see  boufi);  <  ME.  bought,  bowght,  bougt,  "bugt, 
prob.  a  var.,  reverting  to  the  original  vowel 
of  the  verb,  of  ME.  bygt,  bigt,  bight  (mod. 
E.  bight,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  hi/1,1,  a  bend  (=  MLG. 
LG.  huclit,  >  1>.  hni/t,  G.  bucht,  Sw.  Dan.  bugt, 
a  bend,  turn,  bay,  bight;  cf.  Icel.  bugdha, 
a  bend,  a  coil),  <  bugan  (pp.  bogen),  E.  bow, 
bend:  see  bow1.]  1.  Abend;  flexure;  curve; 
a  hollow  angle. 
Mul  feru,  a  malander  in  the  bought  of  a  horse's  knee. 

Cotgrave. 


bouk:i  (bouk),  v.     A  dialectal  form  of  hoik. 

bouk4,  V.  t.     A  dialectal  fonn  of  luirkS. 

boul.bool-  (bol),  ii.  [North.  E.  and  So.,  earlier 
also  hmrli ,  boule;  perhaps  <  MI),  boghel  =  MLG. 
lo„ i,  I  (=6.  biigel),  a  bow,  hoop,  ring;  ult.  =  E. 
baifl-,  q.  v.]  1.  Abend;  curvature. —  2.  The 
curved  or  semicircular  handle  of  a  pot,  kettle, 
etc.;  especially,  in  the  plural,  a  movable  han- 
dle in  two  parts,  jointed  in  the  middle,  for  a 
pot  with  ears;  a  bail. —  3.  A  loop  or  annular 
part  serving  as  a  handle  for  something.  Specin- 
cally—Co)  One  of  tlie  hoops  or  rounded  openings  for  the 
thumb  or  finger  in  the  handles  of  scissors.  (6)  The  loop 
which  forms  the  handle  of  a  key.  (e)  The  ring  on  the 
case  of  a  watch  to  which  the  el  nun  or  guard  is  attached. 

boulangerite  (bS-lan'jer-It),  n.     [<  Boulanger, 

the  discoverer,  +  -ilr-.]  In  mineral.,  a  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occurring  in  plumose, 
granular,  and  compact  masses,  of  a  bluish  lead- 


er,, 7.;„;,+      gray  color  and  metallic  luster 
±£Y?^E^E££?^ttf&***  (bo-lon'Jizm),   , 


—  3.  A  bend,  flexure,  turn,  loop,  coil,  or  knot, 
as  in  a  rope  or  chain,  or  in  a  serpent ;  a  fold  in 
cloth.     See  bout1. 

In  knots  and  many  boughtes  upwound. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  15. 

The  dragon-Oou^Afs  and  elvish  emblemings 
Began  to  move,  seethe,  twine,  and  curl. 

Tennyson,  iiareth  and  I.ynette. 

bought't,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bowght, 
boat:  <  bought\  ».]     To  bend;  fold;  wind. 

bought2  (bat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
buy. 

bought3,  boucht  (bucht),  n.     Same  as  bught. 


tJ'st^randtl';:,  hfrt&^PEsChaSed  lKir"  "  boufhten  (ba 
Hull,  ll.ii.  VIII.,  an.  4. 
To  bowge  and  pierce  any  enemy  ship  which  they  do  en 
counter.  Holland 

bouge't,  a.    A  corrupt  form  of  bouche. 


bouget  (bo'jet  or  b8-zha'),  n. 
spelled  bowgt  l :  <  F.  bougette,  a 
The  regular  E.  form     .  - 

is  hiulqi  l,  q.   V.      See        \>^S??/l 
bOUgi  I.]      If.   A  bud- 
get or  pouch.    Spen- 
.  P.O.,  111.  x.  29. 
—  2.    In    her.,   the 


|  Sometimes 
little  pouch. 

z 


Bmigets. 


of  a  vessel  for  carrying  water.    It  is  meant  bouehv  (bou'i)  a 
«nli  t«o  leathern  pouches  attached     .     ; p.  ',         ,      ' 
to  it,  formerly  used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an     "'«  '.    '.   .71.     „ 
army.     \i    1  called  water-bouget.  bougie  ( bo  .P  ;  I'  • ; 


past  participle  of  buy,  used  adjectively,  and 
assimilated  to  strong  participial  forms  in  -en: 
chietlj  used  in  poetrj .  and  colloquiallj  in  the 
United  States  in  the  sense  oi  purchased,  as  op- 
posed to  I1111111  -lililih  . 

For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 
Keeked  not  of  boughten  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 

Southey,  Madoc  in  Wales,  xiv. 
She  had  some  good  clothes  in  a  chist  in  the  bedroom, 
and  a  boughten  bonnet  with  a  good  cypress  veil. 

S.  o.  Jeuvtt,  Deephaven,  p.  201. 

boughtyt  (bou'ti),«.   [<  boughfl-  +  -yl.]  Having 

boughts  or  bends:  bending.     Sherwood. 

[<  bough1  +  -)/1.]     Abound- 


bough1  1  bou  ).  11.  [  Karly  mod.  E.  also  hair,  hoin , 
etc.;  <  ME.  bough,  bogh,  bog,  h,,r,-,  hum;  etc.,  < 
As.  bog,  h,,li.  the  arm,  Bhoulderof  an  animal, 
also  a  branch  of  a  tree  (the  latter  sense  pecu- 
liar to  E.  and  AS.),  =  Ml),  boech,  1>.  boeg,  bow 
of  a  ship.  =  MLG.  boch,  buch,  shoulder,  bow  of 
n ;  OHG.  buog,  upper  part  of  the  arm 
'.  shoulder,  hip,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
MHO.  buoe,  '•.  bug,  shoulder,  withers  (of 
horses),  =  Icel.  bogr  =  Norw.  '«»/  =  Sw.  bog= 
Dan.  bov,  shoulder  of  an  animal,  bow  of  a  ship 
(>  E.  6ou>8),  =  <ir.  "'/vrc,  dial.  »)Tr,  the  fore 
arm,  =  Skt.  bahu,  tht  arm.  forearm;  root  un- 
known, but  not  connected  with  &<w]  (AS.  bugan, 
bend,  with  some  derivatives  of  which, 
however,  the  word  ha-  linen  iii  part  confused. 
A  doublet  of  bolt3,  q.  v.]  1.  An  arm  or  branch 
of  a  tree. 

I  carved  her  name, 

1  came 
I ..  res)  beneath  thy  boughs. 

Talking  Oak 
2f.  The  gallows. 

me  who  have  not  deserved  judgement  of  death,  though 

otherwise  p  nun 1 

sake  caught  up,  and  aighl  to  the  bough, 

tati    Ol  Ireland. 

bough1   (bou),   l).   '.    [<  bough1,   ».]    To  cover 
over  or  shade  with  boughs.     [Poetic] 

v  track,  all  over  h 

bough'-'t,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of 
bough:,t,  n.     An  1  b  peliing  of  b 

bough't,  inter j.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  fto2. 
bough -house  1  i">u'h  ou- 1,  n.  Ablindconsti 

of  boughs  tor  the  concealment  ol  a  sportsman 

from  the  game. 


pron.  bo-zhe').  n.  [F.,  a  wax 
candle,  a  bougie,  =  Pr.  bugia  =  It.  bugia  =  Sp. 
bujia  =  I'g.  hnt/iti.  a  wax  candle,  <  Bugia,  V. 
Bougie,  Ar.  Bijiyah,  a  town  in  Algeria,  whence 
these    caudles   were    imported    into   Europe.] 

1.  A  wax  candle  or  waxlight. 
Sometimes  the  bougies  are  perfumed  with  essences,  so 

that  in  burning  they  may  give  off  an  agreeable  odour. 

Workshop  Receipts,  Lstser.,  p.  :tf>i». 

2.  A   slender  cylinder,   smooth   and  flexible, 

used  to  dilate  or  open  the  rectum,  urethra,  or 
esophagus,  in  eases  of  stricture  or  other  dis- 
eases of  those  parts. 

bouillabaisse  (bo-lya-bas'),»/.  [E.,<  Pr.  bouille- 
abaisse,  equiv.  to  P.  bouillon  aoaissi :  bouillon, 

broth,  soup  l  see  hi  1  mil, 1 1:);    Ithltissr,  pp.  of  llhllis- 

ser,  reduce:  see  al>a.ic.~]  In  cookery,  a  kind  of 
fish-chowder  popular  in  some  parts  of  France, 
especially  at  .Marseilles. 

This  Bouillabaisse  a  noble  dish  is, 

A  sori  of  Boup,  or  broth,  or  stew, 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorts  of  fishes, 

Thai  Greenwich  never  could  out-do: 
Green  herds,  red  peppers,  mussels,  saltern, 

Soles,  one  hi     garlic,  roach  and  dace ; 
All  these  >ou  eat  at  Terre'S  tavern 
In  that  one  disli  of  Bouillabaisse. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  BouiUabali  ie 
bouilli  (bd'lve;  V.  pron.  bc'i-ye'),  it.  |  l'\,  prop, 
pp.  of  bouillir,  boil:  see  boil?.]  Meat  boiled 
with  vegetables,  especially  iii  making  bouillon; 
boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  any  kind. 
bouillon  (bii'lyon;  F.  pron.  b8-y8n'),  n.  [F., 
broth,  soup,  etc.  (see  bullion?), < bouillir,  boil: 

see  boil-.]  1.  A  kind  of  clear  soup,  consisting 
of  the  strained  liquid  from  a  slow  and  prolong- 
ed boiling  of  meat  (usually  beef)  in  the  piece 
and  sometimes  whole  vegetables. —  2.  In  fur- 
riery, an  excrescence  of  flesh  in  a  wound; 
proud  flesh. 


policy  and  methods  represented  in  France  by 
General  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie  Boulanger 
(1837-91)  from  about  1SS6  to  1889.  Its  chief 
features  were  militarism  and  revenge  upon 
Germany. 

Boulangist  (bo-lon'jist),  n.  A  political  fol- 
lower of  General  Boulanger. 

boulder  (bol'der),  n.  [Also  written  bowlder, 
bolder,  dial,  bowder,  boother;  short  Eorthe  ear- 
lier boulder-stone,  dial,  bowther-,  boother-stone, 
Se.  bowlderstane ;  <  ME.  bulderston,  a  boulder; 
cf.  Sw.  dial,  hiillirsh  11,  a  large  pebble  or  stone 
in  a  stream,  one  that  causes  a  rippling  in  the 
water  (opposed  to  khtpprrstrn,  small  pebble), < 
bullra  (=  Dan.  buldre),  make  a  loud  noise,  + 
sirn  =  E.  stone.']  A  loose  rock,  or  one  which 
has  been  torn  from  its  native  bed  and  trans- 
ported to  some  distance.  As  ordinarily  used,  the 
word  indicates  a  piece  of  rock  which  is  larger  than  a  pebble 

or  cobble,  whose  edges  have  licence  u  e.it  bcl'-wnrn  and 
more  or  less  rounded,  and  which  lies  upon  the  surface. 

boulder  (bol'der),  v.  t.  [<  boulder,  w.]  To  wear 
smooth,  as  an  emery-wheel,  by  abrading  with 
small  flint  pebbles.'  \lso  spelled  bowlder.— 
Bouldered  down,  said  of  metal  poushing-wheels  or  laps 
when  emery  and  oil  are  spread  over  them,  then  pressed 
into  the  metal  and  worn  down  with  bouldering-stones. 

boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  ».  still',  unlami- 
natcd,  tenacious  (day,  especially  that  of  the 
glacial  or  drift  epoch  or  ice  ago.  Also  called 
drift,  till. 

boulder-head  (bol'der-hed),  n.  A  row  of  piles 
driven  before  a  sea-dike  to  resist  the  action  of 
the  wave-. 

bouldering-stone(bdrder-ing-st6n),  n.  Smooth 
translucent  flint  pebbles,  found  in  gravel-pits 
and  used  to  smooth  the  faces  of  emery-wheels 
and  glazers  by  abrading  any  large  grains  of 
emery  or  other  powder  on  their  surfaces. 

boulder-paving  (hol'der-pii  ving),  n.  A  pave- 
ment of  cobble-stones. 

boulder-stone  (bol'der-ston),  n.  Same  as  boul- 
der, of  which  it  is  the  older  form. 

bouldery  (bol'der  i),  tr.  [<  boulder  +  *y1.']  Ee- 
sembling  a  boulder;  full  of  boulders. 

The  superjacent  lads  consist  of  coarse  bouldery  shingle 
in  ;i  sandy  clay  matrix.  tVe.lo  ,  [ce   \^c,  p.  192. 

boule1  (bid),  11.  The  proper  French  spelling  of 
buhl. 

boule-  (bd'le),  n.  [Gr.  pnv'M/,  will,  counsel,  ad- 
vice, plan,  a  council,  senate,  <  Am'/intlai,  dial. 
11,11,  =  L.  vette=  AS.  uillan.  E.  will:  see 
nill.  ».]  1.  In  Or.  anUq.,  a  legislative  coun- 
cil, originally  aristocratic,  consisting  of  the 
heads  of  the  citizen  families,  sitting  under  the 
presidency  of  the  king,  hater,  in  Ionian  states, 
where  a  democratic  polity  had  prevailed,  the  boule,  par- 
tienlarlv  at  Athens,  became  a  second  or  higher  popular 
assembly  corresponding  to  the  senate  i lern  govern- 
ments.    At  Athens  the  lionlc  consisted  of  600  citizens  over 

80  years  of  age,  chosen  annually  by  lot,  60  h each  tribe. 

11  had  charge  ol  the  official  religions  rites  important  in 
in,  ancient  world,  and  Its  chief  legislative  duties  were  to 
examine  or  prepare  hills  for  presentation  to  the  popular 
asseinidv  ithe  real  governing  body),  which  could  modify 
01  reject  the  com  luslons  n  ai  bed  bj  the  senate,  and  to 
advise  the  assembly  regarding  afTaii  -  ol  tate.  The  Athe- 
nian boule  had  also  s ■  executive  functions,  especially 

in  connection  with  the  management  ol  the  navy  and  tho 
cavalry.    Compare  gerusia. 


boule 

2.  The  legislative  assembly  of  modern  Greece. 

A  Greek  diplomat  once  told  me  that  in  the  BouU,  or 

Assembly,  of  his  country  no  part  of  the  government  e\ 
pensea  was  watched  so  closely  as  those  of  the  diplomatic 
service.  yew  Princeton  Rev.,  1.  225. 

boule:1t.      An  obsolete  form  of  bowl. 

Boulenge's  chronograph.    See  chronograph. 

boule-saw,  ».     See  buhl-saw. 

boulet,  boulette  (b8-la',  Ixi-let'),  n.  [F.,  a 
bullet,  a  fetloek,  >  E.  bullet,  q.  v.]  In  the 
manege,  a  horse  whose  fetloek  or  pastern  joint 
bends  forward  and  out  of  its  natural  position. 

bouleuterion  (bo-lu-te'ri-on),  n. ;  pi.  bouleute- 

Ha  (-&).  [Gr.  ,Jov'/evTi/iuor,  <  ,-iov/irnr,  advise, 
take  counsel,  <  0ov"ai/,  counsel:  see  boule2.]  In 
ancient  and  modern  Greece,  a  senate-house  or 
assembh   chamber. 

boulevard  (bb'le-vard;  F.pron.bol'var),  h.  [F.; 
older  forms  boulevcrt,  bouleverc,  <  D.  or  MLG. 
bolwerk,  Q-.  bollwerk,  bulwark:  see  bulwark.] 
Originally,  a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortifica- 
tion or  fortified  town  ;  hence,  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  fortifi- 
cations. The  name  is  now  sometimes  extended  to  any 
street  of  walk  encircling  a  town,  and  also  to  a  street  which 
is  of  especial  width,  is  given  a  park-like  appearance  by  re- 
serving spaces  at  the  sides  or  center  for  shade-trees,  flow- 
ers, scats,  ami  the  like,  and  is  not  used  for  heavy  teaming. 

boulevardier  (bo'le-var-der;  F.  pron.  bol-viir- 
dya'),  n.  [F.,  <  boulevard,  boulevard.]  One  who 
frequents  a  boulevard,  especially  in  Paris. 

bouleversement  (b6-le-vers'ment),  n.  [F.,  < 
bouleverscr,  overthrow,  overturn,  <  boule,  a  ball 
(>  E.  bowl2),  +  terser,  turn,  overturn,  <  L.  ver- 
sare,  turn :  see  verse,  etc.]  A  turning  upside 
down  ;  the  act  of  overturning  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing  overturned ;  overthrow;  overturn;  subver- 
sion; hence,  generally,  convulsion  or  confusion. 

boule-work  (bbl'werk),  n.     Same  as  buhl. 

boulimia,  boulimy  (bo-lirn'i-ii,  bo'li-mi),  n. 
Same  as  bulimia. 

boulinikon  (bS-lin'i-kon),  n.  [A  trade-name, 
<  Gr.  iiovg,  ox,  +  Tiivov,  flax,  linen.]  A  kind  of 
oilcloth  made  from  a  pulp  composed  of  buffalo 
or  other  raw  hide,  cotton  or  linen  rags,  and 
coarse  hair.     Encyc.  Brit. 

boulon  (bo'lon),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  harp 
with  fibrous  strings,  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Senesambia  and  Guinea. 

boultelH,  ».     Same  as  boltel. 

boultel-'t,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boutell ;  <  ME. 
bultelle,  bultell,  <  OF.  *buletel  (earlier  buretel), 
mod.  F.  blutcau,  a  meal-sieve,  <  buletcr,  mod.  F. 
Muter,  sift,  bolt :  see  bait'-1.]  1.  A  kind  of  cloth 
made  for  sifting ;  hence,  a  sieve. —  2.  The  bran 
or  refuse  of  meal  after  dressing. 

boultert,  n.     See  bolter2. 

boultint,  «•     Same  as  boltel. 

boulting,  n.     See  bolting2. 

bount  (boun),  a.  [The  earlier  and  proper  form 
of  boundi,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared^ Icel.  biiinn  (>  ODan.  bune),  ready,  pre- 
pared, pp.  of  biia,  till,  get  ready:  see  bond2, 
boor,  bower1,  etc.]  Ready  ;  prepared ;  on  the 
point  of  going  or  intending  to  go. 

She  was  boun  to  go  the  way  forthright. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  759. 
Well  chanced  it  that  Adolf  the  night  when  he  wed 
Had  confess'd  and  had  sain'd  him  ere  boune  to  his  bed. 
Scott,  Harold  the  Dauntless,  iv.  14. 

bount  (boun),  v.  [<  ME.  bounen,  bownen,  <  burnt, 
prepared:  see  boun,  a.]  I.  trans.  To  prepare; 
make  ready. 

The  kyng  hoskes  lettres  anon,  to  bownen  his  hemes  [men], 

Joseph  o/  Arimathie  (ed.  Skeat),  1. 414. 

I  wold  boun  me  to  batell.        Destruction  of  Troy,  1.  827. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  ready  to  go ;  go  :  as,  to 
busk  and  boun,  a  common  expression  in  old 
ballads. 

So  mourned  lie,  till  Lord  Dacre's  band 
Were  bowning  back  to  Cumberland. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  v.  30. 
bounce  (bouns),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  bounced,  ppr. 
bouncing.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bounsc,  <  ME. 
bounsen,  bunsen,  beat,  strike  suddenly;  cf.  LG. 
htinsiii,  (i.  dial,  humbscn,  beat,  knock,  =  D.  bon- 
een,  bounce,  throw;  cf.  D.  bons,  a  bounce,  Sw. 
bus,  dial,  bums  =  G.  hums,  bumbs,  bumps,  adv. 
interj.,  at  a  bounce,   at  once  ;  cf.  Icel.  bops, 
imitating  the  sound  of  a  fall.     All  prob.  orig. 
imitative;  at  bound2  ami  httniji2.]   I.  trans.  If. 
To  beat;  thump;  knock;  bang. 
Wilfully  him  throwing  on  the  gras 
Did  beat  and  bourne  Ins  head  and  brest  ful  sore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  27. 
He  bounced  his  head  at  every  post.  S/ei/t. 

2.  To  cause  to  bound  or  spring:  as,  to  bounce 
a  ball. — 3.  To  eject  or  turn  out  without  cere- 
mony; expel  vigorously;  hence,  to  dismiss  or 
41 


641 

discharge  summarily,  as  from  one's  employ- 
ment or  post.    [Slant;,  U.  S.] 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  boat  hard  or  thump,  so  as 
to  make  a  sudden  noise. 

^  ei  -till  be  liit  ami  bounst  upon  the  dure. 

Si.cit.ier,  K.  (;.,  V.  ii,  21. 
I  p,  then,  [  say,  both  young  and  old,  both  man  anil  maid 

a-liia}  hjg, 
With  drums,  and  guns  that  bounce  aloud,  and  merry  tabor 
play  in-  ! 

Beau,  and  /-v..  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iv.  5. 
Another  bounces  as  hard  as  In-  can  knock.  Su-ilt. 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to 
rebound;  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring;  spring  up 
with  a  rebound. 

Against  his  bosom  limine',!  his  heaving  heart. 

Dryden,  1'al.  and  Arc,  i.  55G. 

3.  To  leap  or  spring;  come  or  go  unceremoni- 
ously. 

As  1  sat  quietly  meditating  at  my  table,  I  heard  some- 
thing bounce  in  at  the  closet-window. 

Stet/t,  Gulliver'a  Travels,  ii.  5. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster;  exaggerate;  lie. 

He  gives  away  countries,  and  disposes  of  kingdoms;  and 
bounces,  blusters,  ami  swaggers,  as  if  he  were  reallysover- 
eign  lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 

Bp,  Lowth,  Letter  to  Warhurton,  p.  14. 

If  it  bad  coin,  to  an  oath,  I  don't  think  he  would  have 
bounced,  neither  ;  but,  in  common  occurrences,  there  is  no 
repeating  after  him.  Foote,  The  Liar,  ii.  1. 

bounce  (bouns),  u.  [<  bounce, v.]  1.  A  sudden 
spring  or  leap. —  2.  A  bound  or  rebound:  as, 
you  must  strike  the  ball  on  the  bounce. — 3.  A 
heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump. 

I  heard  two  or  three  irregular  bounces  at  my  landlady's 
door,  and  upon  the  opening  of  it,  a  loud  cheerful  voice  in- 
quiring whether  the  philosopher  was  at  home. 

Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 
4f.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  of  an  explosion ;  a 
sudden  crack  or  noise. 

I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

5.  A  boast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. — 6.  A  bold  or  im- 
pudent lie ;  a  downright  falsehood ;  a  bouncer. 
[Oolloq.] 

"  Why,  whose  should  it  be?"  cried  I,  with  a  flounce; 
"I  get  these  things  often  ;"— but  that  was  a  bounce. 

Goldsmith,  Haunch  of  Venison,  1.  42. 
oh,  Cicero!  .  .  .  not  once  did  you  give  utterance  to 
such  a  bounce  as  when  you  asserted,  that  never  yet  did 
human  reason  say  one  thing,  and  Nature  say  another. 

lie  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 
7.  Expulsion;  discharge;  dismissal.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  8.  [Perhaps  of  cliff,  origin.]  A  local 
English  name  of  the  dogfish  or  shark,  Scyllio- 
rltinus  catulus — To  get  the  grand  bounce,  to  be  put 
out  or  discharged  summarily  from  one's  post  or  employ- 
ment. [Slang,  U.  S.] 
bounce  (bouns),  adv.  [(.bounce,  v.  and  «.]  With 
a  bounce ;  suddenly. 

Rapp'd  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask, 
But  bounce  into  the  parlour  entered. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

bounceable  (boun'sa-bl),  a.   [<  bounce  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  bounced,  as  a  ball. —  2.  In- 
clined to  bounce,  or  lie.     [Rare.] 
bouncer  (boun'ser),  n.     [<  bounce  +  -er1.]     1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bounces. —  2.  Something 
big  or  large  of  its  kind. 

The  stone  must  be  a  bouncer.  De  Quincey. 

3.  A  large,  strong,  vigorous  person :  as,  she  is 
a  bouncer. — 4.  A  strong  muscular  fellow  kept 
in  a  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  public  resort,  to 
bounce  or  expel  disorderly  persons.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  5.  A  liar;  a  boaster;  a  bully. —  6.  A 
barefaced  lie.     [Colloq.] 

Hut  you  are  not  deceiving  me  ?  You  know  the  first  time 
you  came  into  my  shop  what  a  bouncer  you  told  me. 

Colman  the  Younger,  John  Bull,  ii.  3. 

bouncing  (boun'sing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bounce,  v.] 
1.  Vigorous;  strong;  stout:  as,  "the  bouncing 
Amazon,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2;  "a  bouncing 
lass,"  Bulwer,  Pelham,  xlix. — 2.  Exaggerated; 
excessive ;  big.     [Colloq.] 
We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary, 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  ami  a  bouncing  reckoning. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  2. 
3.  Lying;  bragging;  boastful. 

I  never  saw  such  a  bouncing,  swaggering  puppy  since  I 
was  born.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

bouncing-bet  (boun 'sing-bet'),  «.  [That  is, 
bouncing  Bet;  Bet,  Betsy,  familiar  forms  of  Eli- 
zabeth.] A  name  of  the  common  soapwort,  Sa- 
panaria  oilieinttlis.     See  Sa-jionaria. 

bouncingly  (boun'sing-li),  adv.  Boastingly. 
Harrow,  Pope's  Supremacy. 

bound1  (bound),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bownde, 
bonne ;  <  ME.  bounde,  bourne,  bunne,  <  OF.  bunne, 
bonne,  bone,  bune,  also  bunde,  bonde  (AF. 
bounde),  earlier  bodne,  <  ML.  bodiita,  both  no 
(also,  after  OF.,  bunna,  bonna),  earlier  butina, 


bound 

a  bound,  limit.  Cf.  bourn2,  a  variant  of  the 
same  word.]  1.  That  whiek limits  or  circum- 
scribes; an  external  or  limiting  line;   lei , 

that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains;   limit  ;  cute 
fine:  as,  the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 
Illimitable  ocean,  without  bound, 
Without  dimension  !  Milton,  1\  I...  ii.  h',12. 

Tin-  dismal  night— a  night 

In  which  the  bounds  of  heaven  and  earth  were  lost. 

Vt  nnyson,  I ' n-  of  Vrthur. 

But  the  power  of  the  West  Saxon  ruler  stretched  beyond 
the  bounds  of  Wessex,  where,  eastward  of  the  Andreda- 
weahl,  the  so-called  "Eastern  Kingdom"  grouped  itself 
round  the  centre  of  Kent.    ./.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,p  ■ 

2.  pi.  The  territory  included  within  boundary- 
lines;  domain. 

These  rascals  who  come  hither  to  annoy  a  noble  lady  on 
my  bounds.  Scott,  Peverll,  I.  vii. 

3.  A  limited  portion  or  piece  of  land,  enjoyed 
by  the  owner  of  it  in  respect  of  tin  only,  and 
by  virtue  of  an  ancient  prescription  or  liberty 
for  encouragement  to  the  tinners.  Fryce.  [Corn- 
wall.]—Butts  and  bounds.  SeebutW.  To  beat  the 
boundst,  to  trace  out  the  boundaries  of  a  parish  by  touch- 
itig  certain  points  with  a  rod.  =  Syn.  1.  Binder,  Confine, 
etc.    See  boundary. 

bound1  (bound),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bounden,  <  bounde, 
n.]  If.  To  confine  within  fixed  limits;  restrain 
by  limitation. 

O  God  !  I  could  be  bounded  in  a  nut-shell,  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  infinite  space,  were  it  not  that  I  have  bad 
dreams.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

It  is  not  Italy,  nor  France,  nor  F.urope, 
That  must  bound  me,  if  my  fates  call  me  forth. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  limit  to ;  constitute  the  extent 
of ;  restrain  in  amount,  degree,  etc. :  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 

Quaff  immortality  and  joy,  secure 

Of  surfeit,  where  full  measure  only  bounds 

Excess.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  639. 

3.  To  form  or  constitute  the  boundary  of; 
serve  as  a  bound  or  limit  to :  as,  the  Pacific 
ocean  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  west. 

The  lasting  dominion  of  Rome  was  bounded  by  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.        E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  107. 

4.  To  name  the  boundaries  of:  as,  to  bound 
the  State  of  New  York.  =  Syn.  To  circumscribe,  re- 
strict,  hem  in,  border. 

bound2  (bound),  v.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
<  F.  bondir,  leap,  bound,  orig.  make  a  loud  re- 
sounding noise;  perhaps  <  LL.  bomhitare,  hum, 
buzz,  freq.  verb  <  L.  bonibus,  a  humming  or 
buzzing,  >bomb2,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  leap; 
jump ;  spring ;  move  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds. 

Pope.  Windsor  Forest,  1.  99. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball.  =  Syn.  Leap, 
Spring,  etc.    See  skip,  o.  i . 
II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  leap.     [Rare.] 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  or  bound  my  horse  for 
her  favours,  I  could  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and  sit  like  a 
jackanapes,  never  off.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  To  cause  to  rebound :  as,  to  bound  a  ball. 
bound2  (bound),  it.     [<  bound2,  r.]     1.  A  leap 
onward  or  upward ;  a  jump ;  a  rebound. 

The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.  Addison. 

These  inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  bounds  of  this 
bah  of  contention.  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

2.  In  ordnance,  the  path  of  a  shot  between 
two  grazes:  generally  applied  to  the  horizon- 
tal distance  passed  over  by  the  shot  between 
the  points  of  impact. 

bound3  (bound),  j).  a.  [Pp.  of  bind;  as  an 
adj.,  in  the  sense  of  obligatory,  usually  in  the 
fuller  form,  bounden,  <  ME.  bounden,  <  AS. 
bunden,  pp.  of  bindan,  bind:  see  bind.]  1. 
Made  fast  by  a  band,  tie,  or  bond ;  specifically, 
in  fetters  or  chains ;  in  the  condition  of  a  pris- 
oner. 
Now  Annas  had  sent  him  bound  unto  Caiaphas. 

John  xviii.  24. 

Hence  —  2.  Made  fast  by  other  than  physical 
bonds. 

We  are  Imuntt  together  for  good  or  for  evil  in  our  great 
political  interests. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1833. 

3.  Confined ;  restrained ;  restricted ;  held  firmly. 
Besides  all  this,  he  was  bound  to  certain  tributes  all 

more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Hence — 4.  Obliged  by  moral,  legal,  or  com- 
pellable ties  ;  under  obligation  or  compulsion. 

When  the  case  had  been  heard,  it  was  evident  toall  men 
that  the  bishop  bad  done  only  what  he  was  bound  to  do. 
Macnulau,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

5.  Certain;  sure.     [Colloq.] 

those  of  his  following  considered  him  as  smart  as  chain- 
lightning  and  bound  to  rise. 

llowells,  Modern  Instance,  xxx. 


bound 

6.  Determined:  resolved:  as.  Iip  is  hound  to 
doit.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.] — 7.  In  entom.,  atts 

i,>  posterior  extremity  t<>  a  perpendicular 
i     et,  and  supported  in  an  upright  position 


642 

The  meaner  cares  "f  life  were  all  he  knew  ; 
pleasures,  and  his  wishes  few. 

Ihi   Library. 

An  eye  well-practised  In  nature,  a  spirit  bounded  and  i r. 

/  ,  eee>,,,,,    Maud,  IV.  7. 


againsl  it,  bj  a  silken  thread  passing  across  bount}edness  (bouii'ded-nes),  n.    The  quality 


the  thorax,  as  the  chrysalides  of  certain  Lepi 

doptera-  8.  Constipated  in  the  bowels;  his- 
t i \  i ■ . —  9t.  Pregnant  :  said  of  a  woman. — 10. 
l'ro\  idedwith  binding  or  a  cover:  said  of  books, 
etc. :  can  be  obtained  in  ex- 

change for  separate  parts;  bound  in  leather. — 
Bound  electricity.    Set  Bound  extra,  i" 

full  i.i  pposed  i"  half- or  quarter-binding),  fun- 

ded and  finished  with  extra  care  (gener- 
ally  by  hand)  and  in  the  best  materials :  applied  to  hound 
Bound  up  In.     (")  Embodied  in;  inseparably 
,  ted  with. 
The  whole  Mate  .  .  .  beit  ■   reign. 

Brougham. 

lot  rashly  with  adversities  not  yet  undei  ito  id 
aiul  oi  rcii     often  bound  up  in  them. 

I    Browne,  Christ  Mor.,  i.  29. 

(M  Having  all  the  affections  centered  in 

to. 

she  is  the  only  child  of  a  decrepit  father  whose  life  is 
bound  hi:  in  hers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  449. 

bound1  (hound),  <t.  [With  excrescent  -d  after 
n,  ;ls  in  ound1,  etc.,  or  I >y  confusion 

with  bound?,  <  -ME.  !>,, in,,  hmiiir,  ready,  pre- 
pared:  see6oMtt,o.]  Prepared;  ready;  hence, 
going  or  intending  to  go;  destined:  with  to 
. ...  1  am  bound  for  London;  the  ship  is 
bound  for  the  Mediterranean. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Highlands  bound. 

Lord  ruins  Daughter. 

:  li.ur  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
ii,  we  found. 
Dryden,    laicid,  vii.  294. 

"oound4t  (bound),  v.  i.     [Var.  of  boun,  v.,  as 
..  of  boun,  a.]    To  lead  ;  go.     [Bare.] 

The  way  that  does  to  heaven  boumd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  \.  67. 

boundary  (boun'da-ri),  n. ;  pi.  boundaries  (-riz). 
[<  bound'-  +  -ary  ;' of.  ML.  bunnarium,  bonna- 
ninn.  a  field  with  certain  limits.]  That  which 
serves  to  indicate  the  bounds  or  limits  of  any- 
thing; hence,  a  limiting  or  bounding  line;  a 
bound  :  as.  the  horizon  is  the  boundary  of  vision; 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

Sleep  hath  its  own  world, 
between  the  things  misnamed 
Death  and  existence.  Byron,  The  Dream,  i. 

The  Tamar  was  to.,  d  ass  boundary  for  the  West  Welsh 


:;  bounded,   limited,  or  circumscribed 

en  I  or  range. 

Both  an     Ingularly  bounded,  our  working-class  repro 

ducing,  bra  waj  unusual  in  other  countries,  the  bounded 

the  middle.     Jf,  Arnold,  The  Nadir  of  Liberalism. 

bounden  (boun'den  or  -dn).  />.  a.    [Older  form  bountifully  (boun'ti-lul-i).  adr 


bouquet-holder 

Ood,  the  bountiful  author  of  our  being.  Locke. 

our  kin-  spans  nothing  to  give  them  the  share  of  that 
felicity  of  which  he  Is  bo  bountiful  to  his  kingdom. 

Dryden. 
2.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  bounty; 
abundant;  liberal;  ample:  as,  a  bountiful  sup- 

ply- 

.Nurse  went  up  si  airs  with  a  most  bountiful  cut  of  home- 
baki  'i  bread  and  butter.     Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  107. 
The  late  bountiful  grant  from  His  -Majesty's  ministers. 
Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot. 

In  a  bountiful 


wndS,  pp.  of  bind.]     1.  Obliged;  bound,  or 
under  obligation;  beholden. 

1  am  much  bounden  to  your  i 

slmk..  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
It  i-  no  common  thin::  when  one  like  you 
Performs  the  delicate  set  \  ices,  and  therefore 
1  feel  myself  much  bounden  to  you,  Oswald. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

2.  Appointed;  indispensable;  obligatory. 
1  otter  this  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice.         Coleridge. 
[In  both  senses  archaic,  its  only  present  com- 
mon use  being  in  the  phrase  bounden  duty.] 
boundenlyt  (ooun'den-li  or  -dn-li),  adv.    In  a 


manner;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bountifully  provided  than  the  rich  with 
the  materials  ol  for  the  present  life, 

Bp.  Porteous,  Lectures,  11.  wii. 

bountifulness  (boun'ti-ful-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bountiful :  liberality  in  thobestow- 
nient  of  gifts  and  favors. 

bountiheadt,  bountihoodt  (boun'ti-hed,  hud  i, 
n.  [One  of  Spenser's  words;  <  bounty  +  -head, 
-hood.]     Bounteousness;  goodness;  virtue. 

On  flrme  foundation  of  true  bmiutnheil. 

Spenser,  v.  t).,  II.  xii.  1. 

bountith,  »■    See  bounteth. 
bounden'or  dutiful  manner:   as,  "  most  boun-  boun-tree  (bon'tre),  «.     [An  unexplained  var. 


ili  nhi  obedient,"  Ochin,  Sermons  (trans.),  Epist. 
Dedicatory.  1583. 
bounder  (boun'der),  n.    1.  One  who  limits;  one 
who  establishes  or  imposes  bounds. 
Now  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  God  himself. 

Fotht  rby,  Uheomastix,  p.  274. 
2f.  Boundary. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  bounders,  as  it  were 
in  bands.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 

3t.  Formerly,  in  Cornwall,  England,  an  officer 
whose  business  it  was  yearly  to  renew  (hence 
also  called  the  renewer  or  tollur)  the  marks  in- 
dicating the  corners  of  a  tin-bound.  This  bad  to 
be  done  once  a  year,  and  usually  on  a  saint's  day,  and  the 
operation  consisted  in  cutting  out  a  turf  from  each  corner, 
and  piling  it  on  the  top  of  the  little  bank  of  turf  already- 
laid  there.  Pryce. 
boundless  (bound'les),  a.  [<  bound1  +  -/ess.] 
Without  bounds  or  limits;  unlimited;  uneon- 
lincd:  immeasurable;  illimitable;  infinite:  as, 
boundless  space;  boundless  power. 

He  who,  from  zone  to  zone. 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight. 

Bryant,  To  a  Waterfowl. 
In  England  there  is  no  written  constitution;  the  powers 
of  Parliament,  of  King,  Lords,  and  Commons,  acting  to- 
gether, are  literally  boundless. 

E.  A.  freeman,  Imer.  Lects.,  p.  191. 


of  Cornwall  as  the  Wye  had  been  made  a  boundary  for  kounfliessly(bound'les-li),  «r/r.    Ina boundless 

the  North  Welsh  of  our  W  ales.  uwuuuiwoij   y 


=Syn. 


./.  /;.  Qreen,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  212.     manner 
/,•„,„„/,„.,  i  mfine,  Frontier.    A  boundlessness  (bound'les-nes) 


.      is  a  visible  mark  indicat- 

:  two  things,  or  it  is  that  line  bounduret  (boun'dur).  n 

1..     .,     ,v     , ,1.;,...     f>nn<    ntt,ap  ttiinmi  titra      wvw**.****^!      \     _       .     ,*.'' 


n.     The  state 
or  quality  of  being  boundless  of  without  limits. 


itself;  it  marks  off  a  given  thing  from  other  things  lik* 
in  kind,  as  one  field  or  c try  from  another.    A  bound,  on 

the  other  hand,  is  the  limit  Or    furthest  point  of  extension 

ol given  thing,  that  which  limits  it  not  being  specially 

considi  1  of    that  which  is  not  limited 

by  anything  like  in  kind:  as.  the  boundaries  of  a  field, 
but  thi  pace;    the  boundaries  of  a  science,  but 

the  bounds  ol  knowledge.     Hence   the  figurative  uses  of 
I  believe]  speak  within  bounds,"  when 

ibsurd.    Thus,  the  bounds  of  a  parish  may 
be  denned  by  certain  marks   or  boundaries  as  leaps  of 
dikes,  hedge  parating  it  from  the 

adjoining  parishes.  But  the  two  words  are  often  inter- 
changeable, s  belt  or  band  of  territory  lying 
along  a  bound  or  boundary,  \  confiru  is  the  region  at  oi 
mar  the  edge,  and  generally  a   narrower  margin  than  a 

.  i    ived  a    a  fr,  .ill  or  place  of 

,      i.     ...  ntier.    The  wool  Is 

in  w  itb    military  operations  :  as, 

Fortresses. 

I  at  least,  who,  in  my  own  W.-t  Saxon  home,  find  my 

own  ibid-  and  my  own  parish  bounded  by  a  boundary 

disbelieve  the 
a  l< '1  to  tie-  fixing  of  that  boun- 
dary, i:    i  m.  t    i   .  i    ,  p.  105. 

lb   paSS'd  the  llaming  bo  and  time. 

-y,  iii.  2. 
ihs  princedom  lay 

Wnei  indlt  earls,  and  caitiff  knights. 

Me  ' 

me,  1  154. 

,ftlnB(  bounteousness  (iioun  te-us-nes} 

rrom  the  Welsh  by  lie   , .,,  ction 
north. 


[<  bound1  + 


Cf.  boundary.  ]  A  limit  or  bound.  Sir  T.  Herbt  rt. 
bounteous  (boun'te-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bountuous;  <  TtlE.  bountyuous,  bonteuous, 
earlier  bountevous,  bountyveus,  hontyvous,  <  OF. 
him  i if,  bontive,  benevolent,  <  bonte,  goodness, 
bounty:  see  bounty  and  -ous.]  1.  Full  of  good- 
ness to  others;  giving  ordisposed  to  give  free- 
ly; free  in  bestowing  gifts;  bountiful;  gener- 
ously liberal. 

Such  was  her  soul ;  abhorring  avarice, 
Bounteous,  but  almost  bounteous  to  a  vice. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  86. 
I  wonder'd  at.  the  bounteous  hours, 

The   slow   leslllt   of  willtl'l'  sboWel 

\  on  scarce  could  see  the  grass  for  flowers. 

Tennyson,  Two  \  oices. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  emanating  from  bounty; 

freely  liestowed 

Bi  auteous  niggard,  why  dost  thou  abuse 
The  bounteous  large  a  given  thee  to  give? 

Slmk.,  Sonnets,  iv. 

=  Syn.  1.  Munificent,  generous,  beneficent,  kind, 
bounteously  (Doun'te-us-li),  adv.    In  a  boun- 
teous manner;  with  generous  liberality;  liber- 
ally; generously;  largely;  freely. 

la  t  me  know  that  man, 

u  I..  >  love  Is  so  si  in-,  re  to  spend  his  i»i i 

I  .a  mi  Bake  ;  I  will  bounteously  requite  bun. 

/.  .hi    and  Fl.,  II I  Man     Fortune,  ii.  2. 

n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bounteous;  liberality  in  bestowing 
gifts  or  favors ;   munificence;  kindness 


of  hour-tree.]  Same  as  hour-tree.  [Scotch.] 
bounty  (boun'ti),.n. ;  pi.  bounties  (-tiz).  [<  ME. 
bountee,  bounte,<.  AF.  bountee,  OF.  bonte,  oontt  it, 
bontet,  hunii  i,  mod.  F.  bonU  =  Pr.  bontat  =  Sp. 
bondad  =  Pg.  bondade  =  It.  bonta,  <  L.  boni- 
ta(t-)s,  goodness,  <  bonus,  good:  see  boon3.] 
If.  Goodness;  virtue. 

Ne  Mott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 

'Mongst  thousands  good,  one  wanton  dame  to  find. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  49. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors; 
generosity;  munificence. 

Let  us  adore  Him  for  the  streams  of  bounty,  which  flow- 
unceasingly,  from  the  fountains  of  His  life,  to  all  His 
countless  creatures.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  84. 

3.  A  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition; that  which  is  given  bounteously;  a  free 
gift:  as,  "thy  morning  bounties,"  Cowper. 

We  concluded  our  visit  with  a  bounty,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Addison,  sir  Roger  and  the  Witches. 

4.  A  premium  or  reward ;  specifically,  a  pre- 
mium offered  by  a  government  to  induce  men 
to  enlist  into  the  public  service,  or  to  encourage 
some  branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry,  manu- 
factures, or  commerce — Bounty  emigrant,  one 
whose  passage  to  the  country  where  he  intends  to  remain 
is  partly  or  wholly  paid  by  the  government  of  that  coun- 
try. Bounty  Land  Act,  a  United  states  statute  of  1850 
(9 Stat.,  620),  granting  lauds  to  those  engaged  in  the  tuili- 
t,ir\  service,  or  to  their  widows  or  minor  children,  in 
amounts  proportioned  to  time  of  service.— Queen  Anne's 
bounty,  a  fund  instituted  by  Queen  Anne  from  the  first 
fruits  and  tithes  of  the  larger  benefices  of  the  English 
Church  to  augment  the  smaller  clerical  livings.  =  Syu.  2. 
XAberality,  Generosity,  etc    See  beneficence, 

bounty-jumper  (boun'ti-jum  perl,  h.  One  who 
enlists  as  a.  soldier  for  the  sake  of  a  bounty 
offered,  and  then  deserts,  as  during  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  of  1801-65. 

Bringing  into  the  service  many  bounty-jumpers,  as  they 
were  called,  who  enlisted  merely  for  money,  and  soon  de- 
serted to  enlist  again. 

Eigginson,  Young  Folks'  Hist.  V.  S.,  p.  306. 

Bouphonia  (bS-fo'ni-a),  ».  pt.  [Gr.  ftmy&via,  a 
festival  with  sacrifices  of  oxen,  <  ifoi'^oYof,  ox- 
slaying  (  luryori/r,  slaughter  oxen).  <  rjoiif,  an 
ox,"+  -(fiovur,  slaying  (cf.  ijnivoe,  tjiovi/,  slaughter, 
murder),  <  *',"|,f".  slay,  kill.]  An  ancient  Attic 
festival  in  honor  of  Zeus,  more  commonly  called 


onq.  of  Eng.,  p.  190.  bounteth,  bountith  (iioun'teth, -fnlo.  ».   [Sc, 


bound-bailifft  iiiound'i,:,  nn.  „.    [<  bound?  + 
■  called,  i ording  to  i  me,  in 

allusion  to  th.  r  he  bailiff  fo 

rge  of  in-  duties ;  but  the  '■ 
merely  a  fictitious  explanation  of  bumba 
A  sheriffs  officer;  a  bumbailiff. 


bounded    (boun'ded),    p.    ».       Having    bounds  bountiful   fboun'ti-ful),   a.      [<  homitji  +  -fid.] 
oi  limits;   limited;   circumscribed;  confined;     1.  Liberal  in  bestowing  gifts,  favors,  or  boun- 
L;  narrow.  ties;  munificent;  generous. 


Diipolia  (which  see). 
liberal;  plentiful;  abundant,  bouquet  (bd-ka/),  n.     [F.,  a  nosegay,  a  plume, 

<  OF.  bousquet,  bosquet  =  Pr.  bosquet,  lit.  a  lit- 
tle bush,  dim.  of  hose  =  OF.  bos,  a  wood,  bush : 
see  hois,  bosket,  busket,  and  bush.]  1.  A  nose- 
gay; a  bunch  of  flowers;  hence,  something  re- 
sembling a  bunch  of  flowers,  as  a  cluster  of 
precious  stones,  a  piece  or  flight  of  fireworks, 
etc. 

lie  entered  the  room  thus  set  off,  with  his  hair  dressed 
in  the  first  style,  and  with  a  handsome  l«<miiiit  in  bis 
breast.  Sterne,  Sent aid  Journey,  p.  97. 

I  have  a  bouquet  to  com,  home  to-morrow  made  up  of 
diamonds,  and  rubies,  and  emeralds. 

Colman  cm'  Oarrick,  Clandestine  Marriage,  I.  2. 

2.  An  agreeable  non-spiritous  perfume  char- 
acteristic of  some  wines. 
bouquet-holder  (bd-ka'hol"der),  ».  A  contri- 
vance tor  holding  together  the  stems  of  cut 
flowers,  whether  held  in  the  hand  or  secured  to 
the  dress,  iiouquet-holdersheld  in  the  hand  are  n  pre 
sented  in  ancient  l.evptian  ba-  reliefs  and  paintings;  they 
have  always  been  used  in  I  lima  made  "1  Inn  I  b&  ikl  it  «  01  k 
and  of  valuable  minerals',  and  in  the  eighteenth  century, 

in  western  Burope,  w en  carried  flat  flasks  ol  metal  or 

glass  inserted  within  the  corsage,  holding  tall  nosegays 
which  covered  the  bosom.     Also  called  bouguetier. 


<  late  ME,  bountith,  <  <>F.  bunU  I.  bonix  i,  earlier 
form  of  bonte,  >  ME,  bounte,  E,  bounty,  q.  v.] 
Bounty;  specifically,  the  bounty  given  in  addi- 
t  imi  in  stipulated  wages. 

bounteVOUSt,  "■    A  Middle  Kngli.sh  form  of  boun- 

d  out .     i  haucor. 


bouquetier 

bouquetier  (b8-ke-ter' ;  P.  pron.  b8-ke-tya'),  n. 

[F.,  a  llower-vase,  bouquet-holder,  <  bom/in  I  : 
see  bouquet.]  A  bouquet-holder,  especially  one 
designed  to  be  carried  in  the  hand, 
bouquetin  ( V.  pron.  bo-ke-tah'),  n.  [F.,  earlier 
bouc-estain,  bouc-cHestain  (Cotgrave),  lit.  'wool- 
goat'  (banc,  goat  ;   tit;  of;  estain,  mud.  F.  <:,<t,H, 

carded  wool),  bu1  appar.  orig.  a  transposition 
of  G.  steinbock,  1).  steeribok:  see  steinbok.]  The 
European  ibex  or  steinbok,  <'ni>ra  ibex;  hence, 
a  name  of  the  rook-goats  of  the  genus  Ibex. 

bourt,  bouret,  "•  Middle  English  forms  of 
botft  rK 

bourach1,  bourock  (bor'ach,  -ok),  n.  [Se., 
also  written  bowrock,  boorick,  prob.  dim.  of 
hour,  boure,  =  E.  bower1,  q.  v.  Of.  bourach".]  1. 
An  inclosure :  applied  to  the  little  houses  built 
in  play  by  children.— 2.  A  small  cot  or  hut. 

bourach2 "(bor'ach),  n.  [Se.  (cf.  burnt,  borradh, 
a  heap  of  stones),  <  Gael,  borraeh,  a  projecting 
bank;  cf.  borra,  borr,  a  knob  or  bunch,  borradh, 
a  swelling.  Cf .  bourach1.']  1.  A  small  knoll. 
Hoyg. —  2.  A  heap;  a  confused  heap;  a  clus- 
ter, as  of  trees  or  people;  a  crowd. 

bourasque  (bb-rask'),  n.  [F.  bourasque,  now 
bourrasque  =  It.  borasco,  a  storm,  tempest, 
gust:  see  borasco.]    A  tempest;  a  storm. 

These  were  members  of  the  Helter  Skelter  ( bib,  of  the 
Wildfire  Club,  and  other  associations  formed  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  getting  rid  of  care  and  sobriety.  Such 
dashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  Meg's  house  and 
many  a  bourasque  in  Meg's  temper. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  27. 

Bourbon  (bSr'bon),  n.  [<  F.  Bourbon,  >  Sp. 
Borbon,  It.  Borbone.]  1.  A  member  of  the  last 
royal  family  of  France,  or  of  any  of  its  branches. 
The  family  took  its  name  from  its  ancient  seigniory  of 
Buurlion  (mm  Bourbon  t'Archambault,  in  the  department 
hi  Ulier),  and  succeeded  to  the  thr i  by  collateral  inheri- 
tance in  1589,  in  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  The  Bourbon 
dynasty  was  deposed  in  1702,  and  restored  in  1S14.  The 
revolution  of  1S30  brought  to  the  throne  Louis  Philippe 
(who  was  deposed  in  1848),  of  the  younger  or  Orleans 
branch,  which  succeeded  to  all  the  claims  of  the  family  on 
the  extinction  of  the  older  branch  in  1SS3.  A  line  of  Bour- 
bon sovereigns  has  reigned  in  Spain  (with  two  interrup- 
tions) since  1700,  and  a  branch  of  this  line  held  the  throne 
of  Naples  hi  lie  Two  Sicilies  from  1735  to  1801. 
2.  One  who,  as  was  said  of  the  Bourbons,  "for- 
gets nothing  and  learns  nothing";  hence,  in 
XJ.  8.  politics,  an  extreme  conservative;  espe- 
cially, one  who  is  behind  the  time  and  is  op- 
posed to  all  progress:  originally  applied  to 
certain  members  of  the  Democratic  party. —  3. 
[I.  c]  A  kind  of  whisky  made  of  wheat  or  In- 
dian corn :  originally  limited  to  the  corn-whisky 
made  in  Bourbon  county.  Kentucky. 

Bourbonian  (bor-bo'ni-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  family  or  dynasties  of  the  Bourbons. 

Bourbonism  (bor'bon-izm),  n.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-ism;  =  F.  Bourbon isnie.]  1.  The  opinions  of 
those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bourbon ; 
legitimism. —  2.  In  U.  S. politics,  obstinate  con- 
servatism; opposition  to  progress. 

Bourbonist  (bor'bon-ist),  n.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-ist ;  =  F.  Bourbouiste.]  One  who  supports  the 
claims  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon to  the  thrones  they  held ;  specifically,  a 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  members  of  this 
family  to  the  throne  of  France. 

Bourbon  palm.    See  palm. 

bourdH  (b6rd),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boirard, 
boorde,  <  ME.  boorde,  bourde,  borde,  burde  = 
MD.  boerdt;  D.  boert  =  OFries.  bord  =  LG.  boert, 
a  jest,  <  OF.  bourde,  borde,  mockery,  banter, 
jest,  F.  bourde,  bouncer,  humbug,  =  Pr.  borda, 
a  jest,  a  cheat,  a  lie ;  cf.  Bret,  bourd,  a  jest  (prob. 
<  F.),  Gael,  buirte,  a  gibe,  taunt,  hurt,  buirt. 
mockery,  =  Ir.  buirt,  a  gibe,  taunt.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain.]    1.  A  jest;  a  joke;  fun. 

Whether  our  maister  speake  earnest  or  borde. 

Udalt,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 

Gramcrcy,  Borrill,  for  thy  company, 
For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  oourds. 

Drayton,  Shepherd's  Garland,  p.  53. 

2.  Mockery;  scoffing. 
bourde  (bord),  v.     [<  ME.  bourden,  <  OF.  bour- 
der,  sport;  from  the  noun:  see  bourd1,  n.]    I. 
intrans.  To  jest;  joke;  say  things  in  jest. 

My  wit  is  greet,  though  that  I  bourde  and  pleye. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  310. 

II.  trans.  To  make  game  of. 
Shew 

But  any  least  aversion  in  your  loofc 

To  him  that  bourds  you  next,  and  your  throat  opens. 

B.  Jtmxtiu,  <  'atiline,  i.  1. 

bourd2t,  n.     An  obsolete  variant  of  board. 

bourdert  (bor'der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boorder,  boarder,  bourdour;  <  ME.  bourdour, 
burdoure,  bordere,  etc.,  <   AF.  bourdour,   OF. 


r,l.i 

bordeor,  a  jester,  <  bourder,  border,  jest:  son 
bourd1.]     A  jester;  a  joker;  a  buffoon. 

bourdon1  (bor'don),  n.    [<  ME.  In, union,  <  OF. 

bourdon  =  Pr.  ho'nlo  =  Sp.  hordou  =  Pg.  bordao 
=  It.  bonbon;  a  stall',  prob.  <  EL.  hurdo(n-),  an 
ass,  mule;  cf.  Sp.  niulrtn,  a.  crutch,  prop,  sup- 
port, a  particular  use  of  muleta,  fern,  dim.  of 
mulo,  a  mule.]  1.  (a)  A  staff  used  by  pilgrims 
in  the  middle  age-.  (6)  \  baton oreautoral  staff, 
(fl)  A  plain  thick  silver  wand  used  as  a  badge  of 

office.— 2.  A  lance  used  in  the  just.    See  lance. 

— 3.  In  Iter.,  a  pilgrim's  stall  used  ;is  ;i  bearing. 

bourdon-  (bor'don),  n.  [<  ME.  bourdon,  bur- 
doun,  bordoun,  <  OF.  hounlou.  mod.  P.  bour- 
don, drone  of  a  bagpipe,  bass  in  music,  =  Sp. 
honlon  =  Pg.  bordao  =  It.  bonlone,  <  11  L.  bur- 
</"(»-),  a  drone.  The  E.  word  is  now  burden, 
the  refrain  of  a  song:  see  burden3.]  In  music- 
al) 'Plie  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  or  a  monotonous 
and  repetitious  ground-melody.  See  burden3. 
(h)  An  organ-stop,  usually  of  16-feet  tone,  the 
pipes  of  which  are  generally  made  of  wood,  and 
produce  hollow,  smooth  tones,  deficient  in  har- 
monics and  easily  blended  with  other  tones. 

bourdon'2  (bor'don),  v.  i.  [<  bourdon2,  ».]  In 
music,  to  drone,"  as  an  instrument  during  a 
pause  in  singing. 

bourdonasset,  ».  [<  OF.  hourdonas.se,  <  bour- 
don, a  staff:  see  bourdon1.]  A  lance  having  a 
light  hollow  handle  of  great  diameter:  appa- 
rently the  same  as  bourdon1,  2. 

bourdonne  (bSr-do-na'),  a.  [OF.,  <  bourdon,  a 
staff.]  In  her.,  terminating  in  knobs  or  balls: 
as,  a  bourdonne  cross,  which  is  the  same  as  a 
cross  pommee.     See  pommee. 

bourg1  (borg),  n.  [F.,  <  ML.  bun/us,  <  OHG. 
MHO.  burc,  G.  bury  =  E.  borough1,  q.  v.  Cf. 
burg1,  burgh.]  A  town;  aborough:  chiefly  with 
reference  to  French  towns.     [Rare.] 

Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  (mum./ 

The  murmur  of  the  world !       Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Bourg2  (borg),  u.  A  name  given  to  the  red  wine 
of  a  large  district  in  France  in  the  department 
of  t  i iri  hi de,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Dordogne. 

bourgade  (bor-giid'),  n.  [F.,  <  bourg,  a  town, 
market-town:  see  bourg1.]  A  straggling  vil- 
lage ;  a  small  French  or  Swiss  market-town. 

The  canton  consists  only  of  villages  and  little  towns  or 
bourgades.  ■'.  Adams,  Works, IV.  32. 

bourgeois1  (bor-zhwo'),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  mod. 
form  of  OF.  burgeis,  a  citizen,  >  E.  burgess,  q. 
v.]  I.  n.  1.  In  France,  a  citizen;  a  burgher; 
a  man  of  middle  rank. — 2.  A  small  French 
coin  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  bourgeois 
simple  was  worth  about  a  cent  and  a  half,  the  bourgeois 
fort  twice  as  much. 

II.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  consisting  of  trades- 
people or  citizens  of  middle  rank:  as,  bourgeois 
surroundings;  the  bourgeois  class  of  France. 
Hence  —  2.  Wanting  in  dignity  or  refinement; 
common;  mean. 

We  have  no  word  in  English  that  will  exactly  define 
this  want  of  propriety  in  diction.  Vulgar  is  too  strong, 
and  commonplace  ton  weak.  Perhaps  bourgeois  comes 
as  in  ar  as  any.     Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  26. 

bourgeois2,  burgeois  (ber-jois'),  n.  [Supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  a  type-founder  named 
Bourgeois:  see  bourgeois1.  The  F.  name  for 
this  type  is  gaiUarde:  see  gailliarde,  galliard.] 
A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  about  100 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  brevier  and 
smaller  than  long-primer. 

This  line  is  printed  in  bourgeois. 

bourgeoisie  (bor-zhwo-ze'),  n.  [F.,  <  bour- 
ili  nis,  a  citizen  :  see  bourgeois1.]  Properly,  the 
French  middle  classes,  but  often  applied  to  the 
middle  classes  of  any  country,  especially  those 
depending  on  trade. 

There  is  no  bowgeoisie  to  speak  of ;  immediately  after 
the  aristocracy  come  the  poor  people,  who  are  very  poor 
indeed.  H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  203. 

bourgeon,  ».  and  w.    See  burgeon. 
bourgignot,  bourginot,  ».    Variants  of  burga- 

mt. 

Bourguignon  (F.  pron.  bor-ge-nyoii'),  n.  [F., 
<  Bourgogne,  Burgundy.]  A  native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Burgundy;  a Burgundian. 

Bourignian  (bo-rin'yan),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bourignonists  or  to  their  doctrines. 

Bourignonist  (b8-rin'yon-ist),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
founded  by  Antoinette  Bourignon  (1616-80), 
a  religious  enthusiast  who  assumed  the  Au- 
gustinian  habit,  and  traveled  in  France,  Hol- 
land,  England,  and  Scotland,  she  maintained  that 
Christianity  docs  not  consist  in  faith  and  practice,  but  in 
inward  feeling  and  supernatural  impulse. 

bourn1,  bourne1  (bora),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boorne,  borne,  <  ME.  bourne,  borne,  var.  of  earlier 


bouse 

bnrne  (whence  tic-  reg.  northern  form  burn-,  a. 
v.),  <  AS.  burnt,  hiirutt,  a  stream:  see  burn". 
Cf.  E.  mourn,  <  AS.  murnan.]  A  stream;  a 
brook:  same  as  hum-. 

Come  o  cr  die  bourn,  Bessy,  to  me. 

Shak.,  bear,  iii.  c. 
[The  word  occurs  in  various  place-names  in  Great  Britain, 
as  Bournemouth  (that  is,  mouth  of  the  burn  or  rivulet), 
Westbourne,  etc] 

bourn2,  bourne'-'  I  born  or  bSrn ),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  borne  :  <  E.  borne,  formerly  also  bournt .  a 
var.  of  ()F.  bodne,  bonne,  a  limit,  bound,  boun- 
dary, >  E.  bound1, q. v.]  Abound;  limit;  desti- 
nation ;  goal:  as.  "beyond  the  bourn  of  sunset," 
Tennyson,  Princess,  (''inclusion. 

The  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bourn 
No  traveller  returns.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  l. 

There  at  last  it  lay.  the  bourn  of  my  long  and  weary 
pilgrimage,  realizing  the  plans  ami  hopes  of  many  and 
many  a  year.  /•'   F.  Burton,  El-  bledinah    p 

boum:!,  bourne3  (born  ).  ».  t.    See  bom  -'. 

bournless  (born'-  or  bSrn'les),  a.  [<  bourn2  + 
-less.]     Having  no  bourn  or  limit.     [Raro.] 

boumonite  (bor'no-nit),  n.  [After  Count  do 
Bournon,  a  French  mineralogist  (1751-1825).] 
A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  copper,  of 
a  steel-gray  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
found  in  the  Harz  mountains,  Cornwall,  anil 
Mexico.    Wheel-ore  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  name  to 

the  fur f  tlie  twin  crystals,  resembling  a  cog-wheel. 

Also  called  endellionite. 

bournous  (b6r-n8s'),  n.  A  French  spelling  of 
burnoose. 

bourock,  ».    See  bourach1. 

bourran,  «.     See  buran. 

bourree(no-ra'),  n.  [F. :  see  boree.]  1.  A  lively 
dance,  originating  either  in  Auvergne  or  in  Bis- 
cay.—  2.  A  musical  composition  in  which  the 
strict,  rhythm  and  cheerful  character  of  such  a 
dance  are  embodied,  it  is  usually  written  in  duple 
rhythm,  the  phrases  being  two  measures  long,  beginning 
with  the  last  half  of  the 
up-beat.  It  was  much 
used  as  one  member  of 
the  old-fashioned  suit  . 
and  is  still  popular  as  a 
form  of  composition.  It 
is  allied  t"  the  gavot. 

bourrelet  (bor-la/), 
n.  [F. :  see  burlet.] 
1.  The  stuffed  roll 
(see  burlet)  which 
formed  a  part  of  fe- 
male head-dress  in 
the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.—  2.  In  milit. 
costume,  a  wreath  or 
turban  of  stuff,  worn 
upon  the  helmet. — 
3.  In  Inr.    See  tortil. 

bourse (bors), ».  [E., 

a     purse,'    bursary, 

an  exchange,  <  OF. 

borse,{  ML.  bursa,  a 

purse,  bag,  etc. :  see  burse,  purse.]     1.  A  stock 

exchange;  specifically,  the  stock  exchange  of 

Paris,  and  hence  used  of  continental  European 

exchanges  in  general. 

Fraternities  and  companies  I  approve  of,  as  merchants' 

bourses,  colleges  of  druggists,  physicians,  musicians,  etc. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  05. 

2f.  The  bag  of  a  wig.     See  bag1,  3. 

bour-tree  (bor'tre),  n.  [Sc,  also  spelled  bur- 
tree,  bore-tree,  and  bouu-iree,  and  formerly  hurt- 
tret;  <  ME.  burin;  <  bur-  (uncertain,  but  not, 
as  supposed  by  some,  <  bore1,  as  if  from  the  use 
of  elder-twigs,  with  the  pith  removed,  as  tubes; 
cf.  Sc.  bourlne-,  houutrij-gun,  an  air-gun  of  el- 
der) +  tree.]  A  Scotch  name  of  the  elder-tree, 
Sambueus  nigra.  —  Bourtree-gun,  a  pop-gun  or  bean- 
shooter  made  of  the  wood  of  the  bour-tree  alter  the  pith 
lias  been  removed. 

bousa  (bo'sa),  n.     Same  as  boM. 

bouse1  (bou'z,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  written  boo~e),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boused, 
ppr.  bousing.     [Also  written  bouse,  lu>u~e,  and 
also,  repr.  the  now  most  common  though  dial. 
pron.,  boose,  booze;  early  mod.  E.  bouse,  bowse, 
<  ME.  bousen  (rare),  appar.  <  MI',  hiisen,  later 
buiseu,  buysen  =  (!.  bausen,  drink,  guzzle;  cf. 
MD.  buise,  a  large  drinking-vessel,  appar.  iden- 
tical with  D.  huts,  a  tube,  pipe,  conduit,  chan- 
nel.   Cf.  bus,  a  box,  barrel,  and  see  boss2,  box2.] 
Same  as  boose,  which  is  now  the  usual  form. 
As  though  bold  Robin  Sood 
Would,  with  his  Maid  Marian. 
Sup  and  bowse  from  horn  and  can. 

Keats,  Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 

bouse1  (bouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  written  booze,  q.  v.),  n.     Same  as  booze. 
No  bouse?  nor  no  tobacco? 

Massinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  i.  1. 


Bourrelet  in  head-dress  of  Queen 
Isabeau  of  Bavaria ;  about  1395. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du 
Mobilier  francais." ) 


bouse 

bouse'-',  bowse-  (bous),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
boused,  bowsed,  ppp.  1  .    [Former- 

ly also  written  bowss;  origin  unknown.  |    Naut., 
to  haul  with  tackle. 

'  :       :    .        I 

placed,  which  is  a  very  nic<    | 

of  M  li.   It     i  '     ISt,  1'.   It'. 

To  bouse  up  the  jib,  figuratively,  t"  get  "tight"  or 

.Inn 

bouse:!  fbous or  bos),  «.  [E.  dial.,  formerly bous : 
origin  obscure.]     In  mining,  ore  mixed  with 
class  ore,  w bich  must  un- 
dergo further  preparation  before  going  to  the 
'.  ■,     [North.  Eng.  lead-mining  districts.] 
bouse1,  ".    Same  as  boosi '. 
bouse-team  (bous'tem  i,  u.    In  mining,  tie'  place 
i  re  bouse  is  deposited  outside  of  tie'  mine, 
;v  i .  ■  !>.■  dressed  >>r  prepared  for  the  smelter. 
[North.  Eng.] 
boustrophedon  (bo-stro-fe'don  i,n.     [<  Gt 

.  turning  backward  and  forward  like 
oxen  in  plowing,  <  loir,  ox,  +  orpeQsiv,  turn.] 
A  method  of  writing  shown  in  early  Greek  in- 
scriptions, in  which  the  lines  run  alternately 
from  righ  im  Left  to  right,  as  the 

furrows  made  in  plowing  a  field,  the  plow  pass- 
ing alternately  backward  and  forward. 

I  kh  and  Franz  that  in  th<  ear 

lies!  examples  ol  n  writing  the  Hrst  line  is 

left,  and  the  second  from  left  to  right. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  34,  note. 

bousy  (bo'zi).  a.    [(.bouse*  +  -y*.    Cf.  boo  i/.\ 

Sane-  as  bo 
bout1  (bout),  n.     [A  later  and  parallel  spelling 
of  bought1,  q.  v.]     1.  A  turn,  loop,  coil,  or 
knot,  as  in  a  rope  or  chain;  a  bend  or  flexure. 

And  at  thelowestend  forget  it  aot 

;        like  an  eye, 

The  link  that  holds  your  1 k  to  hang  upon. 

John  Dt  nny8,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  1.  150. 
In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 
(if  linked  Bweetness  inn-  drawn  nut. 

Milton,  [/Allegro,  1.  139. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
— 3.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  plowing, 
reaping,  etc.;  hence,  as  much  of  an  action  as 
is  performed  at  one  time;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  «hirh  is  carried  on  at  successive  inter- 
1.  \  i.mnd  at  anything,  as  in  some  con- 
fcest;  a  set-to;  atrial:  as,  a  bout  at  single-stick 
or  fisticuffs. 

The  gentleman  will,  for  his  honour's  sake,  have  one  bout 
with  you.  Shah.,!.  X.,  iii.  4. 

Look'ee,  master,  if  you'd  wanted  a  bunt  at  hexing,  i|iiar- 

I  -tail',  I  should  never  be  tin'  man  to  bid 

you  cry  off.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  i 

5.  A  round  of  indulgence,  as  in  drink:  as,  a 
drunken  bout. 

if.  n  .  replenish  again  ;  another  bout. 

I;.  Joneon,  Epicoene,  iv.  i. 

6.  A  turn  or  tit  of  illness:  as,  a.  severe  bout  of 

imatism. —  7.  In  music,  an  inward  curve  of 

a  rib  of  an  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  by 

which  the  waisl  is  formed — This  (or  that)  bout, 

i  that)  time  or  occasion. 

i  off  for  that  bout.  .Sir  /,',  VEetrange, 

The  Prince  .  .  .  lias  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  I  am 
in  no  danger  of  starving  for  this  bout. 

n,itb .  The  Bee,  No,  i 

bout"f,  adv.  and  prep.     [Early  mod.  E.  and  E. 

dial  .■',  q.  v.]    Same  as  but*. 

bout:i  (bout  .  niir.  and  prep.     [Abbr.of  about, 

q.  v.:  now  commonly  written  'bout.-]     About. 

[Co  .t.] 

boutadet  (bfr-tad').  ».     [P.,  <  bouter,  thrust. 

butt:  see&iiWL]    1.  A  sudden  outburst  orout- 

break. 

was  to  kick  both  their  wives  one  morn - 
i.   Sun\ft, Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

2.  1  a)  Especially,  in  the  early  eigh- 

th c-ntury.   a    composition  having  an    iin- 
iptu  and  capricious  character.    tl>)  An  im- 

boutant  i  b8-ton'  -.«.    1 1'.,  ppr.of  u-oufer,  thrust: 

int  under  arc'-. 
boute-feut  1 I-'.,  a  forked  matoh- 

I   for  tiring  cannon, 
thrust,  +  feu,  lire.  <  |,.  /,„ 
An  incendiarj  ;  one  who  incites  to  Btrife. 

the] 

horror,  that 
from  - 

bouterollet,  as  t„,i, ,.,/. 


644 

bout-hammert,  »■  [For  ohuiil-lninimer.  eipiiv. 
to  about-sledge,  q.  v.]  A  blacksmiths'  ham- 
mer; an  about-sledge. 

I  am  for  Vulcan  new.  for  Mars  no  mon  : 
If  my  wife  sroht,  my  bout-hammer  sliall  rear. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  faithful  Friends,  iv.  .'.. 

boutisalet,    "■       [An    isolated    instance:    prop. 

booty-sale.]  A.  sale  of  booty ;  a  cheap  sale,  as 
a  sale  of  booty  commonly  is. 

lisale  of  colleges  and  chant:  ii  s. 

Sir  J.  Uayward,  Edward  VI.,  p.  88. 

bouton  (b8'ton), «.  [P.]  Button,  Biskra  bou- 
ton.  same  as  Aleppo  button  or  ulcer  (which  see,  undi  r 
ulcer). 

boutonniere  0'<i-ton-iar').  «.  [F.]  A  button- 
hole bouquet. 

bouts,  >i.     See  hunts-. 

bouts-rimes  (bo're-ma'),  n.jil.   [P.:  bouts,  pi.  of 

bout,  end  (see  halt-);  rimes,  mase.  pi.  of  rime, 
pp.  of  rimer,  rime.  <  rime,  ii.,  rime:  see  rime1.] 
Riming  words  given  out  as  the  line-endings  of  a 

stanza,  tl I  lur  parts  of  the  lines  having  to 

be  supplied  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  words  are  given. 
Bouvardia  (bB-var'di-a),  n.  [XL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Jardin 
des  l'lantes,  Paris.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Rubiacea;  natives  of  Mexico  and 
<  'entral  America,  '['hey  arc  herbs  or  low  Bhrubs  with 
showy  corymbs  of  red,  yellow,  or  white  flowers.  Several 
species  arc  found  in  greenhouses. 

bouweryt,  n.    .Same  as  bowery*.     Irving. 

bouza  (bd'zii),  it.    Same  as  bona. 

bouze,  a-  and  1).     See  boose. 

bouzy1,  ('.    See  boozy. 

Bouzy-   (bo'zi),  it.    A  name  given  to  certain 
sparkling  wines  from  the  small  town  and  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  department  of 
Marne  in  France.     The  name  is  also  given,  in 
appropriately,  to  many  other  sparkling  wines. 

bovate  (bo'vat),  «.  [<  ML.  bovata,  <  L.  bos 
(bor-),  ox:  see  Bus.]  An  allotment  of  land  in 
early  English  village  communities,  the  holder 
of  which  was  bound  to  furnish  one  ox  to  the 
plow-team ;  an  oxgang. 

The  full  husband-land,  or  virgate,  was  composed  of  two 
bovates,  or  oxgangs,  the  bovate  or  oxgang  being  thus  the 
eighth  of  the  hide  or  carucate. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Com.,  p.  61. 

Manifestly  the  bovate  or  oxgang  represented  the  tillage, 
not  of  an  ox-team,  but  of  one  ox  of  the  team,  that  is,  it 
was  the  share  of  the  tilled  land  appropriated  to  theowner 
of  one  of  the  eight  associated  oxen  contributed  to  the 
cooperative  eight-ox  plough.     .V.  and  tj.,  7th  ser.,  II.  481. 

Bovese  (bo've-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bor-)  + 
-itt'.]  A  division  of  Borhltc,  practically  equiva- 
lent to  the  genus  Bos  in  a  large  sense,  or  to 
the  modern  subfamily  Bovinee. 

Bovey  coal.     See  coal. 

Bovichthyidae  (bo-vik-thl'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bovichthys  +  -idee.~]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bovichthys, 
having  the  lower  pectoral  rays  unliranohod  and 
simply  articulated,  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and 
separated  by  a  vt  ide  area,  the  anal  fin  moderate. 
and  no  scales.  Only  two  or  three  species  are 
known  ;  they  inhabit  antarctic  seas. 

Bovichthys  (bo-vik'this),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  bos 
(=  (ir.  i«i.  ).  us,  +  Or.  uftV,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bovichthyidce. 

boviculture  (bo'vi-kul-tur),  n.    [<  L.  bos  I  bov- ), 

ox,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  breeding  and  rear 
ing  of  cattle  ;   stock-raising.     [Rare.] 

bovid  (bo'vid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bovidce;  bovine. 
II.  a.  < »i f  the  Bovidce. 

Bovidse  (bd'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-), 
ox,  +  -iilir.]  A  family  of  hollow-horned  ru- 
minants, the  ox  tribe,  containing  the  bovines. 
The  family  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  g< 

nils  B08  in  a  large  sense,  Including  cattle  as  distinguished 

from  goats,  Bheep,  and  antelopes,     in   this  acceptation 

the  familj  corresponds  to  the  modern  subfamily  Bovines. 

bei  n  found  Impossible,  however,  to  draw  any  sharp 

dividing   line   between  cattle  and  other  hollow-hor i 

ruminant  among  some  of  which,  as  the  antelopes,  con- 
necting link  occur  Mi'  refore,  notwithstanding  the  fa- 
miliar din.  nil. ,  betwee x  and  a  she.  p,  for  exam 

pie,  or  a  goat  an. I  aii  antelope,  the  family  Bovidce  now 
Ins  all  of  these  which  have  hollow,  persistent  horns 
i.ii  to  both  sexes,  generally  two,  sometimes  four, 

and   certain  .-..., i , ,  1 i.iniai   characters  by  which  they 

collective^  differ  fr the  .saiga  on  tl e  hand  and 

from    the   pronghorn    on    the   other,   these   two   so  called 
antelopes  being  made  respectively  the  types  of  thefami 
la    and    Antilocapridce.     lie    Bovidce  as  thus 
a  are  conventionally  nil  Ided  Into  live  Bubfamiliea 
i.  ,  Ovibovince,  muskoxen;  Ovince, sheep ;  Co- 
orina  i  ntilopince,  antelopes    8©  these  ^ out 

boviform  (bo'vi-fflrm),  ".  |<  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox, 
+  forma,  form.]  Saving  the  form  of  an  ox; 
bovine  in  form  and  structure. 

BoVill'S  Act.       See  net. 


JSovista  a  tnmoph  tin . 
(From  Le  Maoutand  De- 
caisne's  "  Traits  gin^ral 
de  Botanique.") 


bow 

Bovina?  (bo-vi'nS),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bos  ( Bov-)  + 
urn.  Cf.  bovine.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  BovidtB;  cattle;  Oxen;  bovines.  They 
are  of  large  size  and  moreoi  less  massive  form.  The  head 
is  carried  lov,  upon  a  short  neck,  the  tegs  are  relatively 
short,  wiih  the  canon  bones  little  or  no  Longei  than  the 
phalanges,  the  hoofs  broad,  the  mufHe  naked  the  horns 
simple  and  nil). ranch,  d,  and  the  tail  lulled  at  the  end. 
There  are   tour  inguinal    feats.       the  leading    genera  are 

Bos,  Bubalue,  Anoa,  fi£#on,and  Poe'phagus,  or oxi  n  birffa 
Iocs,  bisons,  and  yaks, 
bovine  i  bo'vin  or  -vin  I,  «.  and  n.     [=  F.  bovine 
=  Pr.  bovin,  <  LL.  bovmus,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox.] 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  oxen,  or 
specifically  to  the  Bovina  :  boviform.  Hence  — 

2.  Ox-like;  stolid;   inert:  dull. 

This  /'..roe  comfort  in  the  sense  alone. 

Lowell,  Three  Mem    p...  ms. 

II.  a.   ( Ine  of  the  Bovinee. 

Bovista  (bo-vis'ta),  a.  [XL.,<  G.  bofist(=Sw. 
bofist),  <  ho-  (of  uncertain  orig'iu;  cf.  buffen, 
puffen  =  'E.puff)  +Jist  =  E.  fist*,  foist*,  n.,  in 
its  orig.  sense.  Cf.  I/ycoperdon.]  A  genus  of 
gasteromyeetous  fungi,  or  puffballs,  closely 
allied  to  Lycoperdon,  but  dif- 
fering from  the  latter  in  the 
absence  of  a  sterile  base,  and 
in  the  structure  of  the  cover- 
ing or  peridium,  the  outer 
part  of  which  shells  off.  Three 
species  arc  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  a  number  more  in  North  Ameri- 
ca.   Several  species  arc  edible: 

bow1  (bou),  v.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  howe,  boittjh ;  <  ME. 
/..or,  „,  /,/,,.-,  „,  bugen,  <  AS. 
hutjnti  (pret.  hitih,  pi.  bugon, 
pp.  bogen),  bend,  bow,  flee, 
strong  verb,  only  intrans.,  = 
OS.  *bugan  =  MI>.  bughen, 
^>.  buigen  =  MLGr.  hinini  = 
OHG.  biogan,  MHO.  O.  bie- 
gen  =  Icel.  *hju<ja  (preserved  in  pp,  boginn  and 
pret.  3d  pers.  pi.  refl.  bugusk),  bend:  prob.  = 
L.  future  =  Or.  o.  t  ;;ir,  flee.  =  Skt.-v/  hliuj,  bond. 
Orig,  and  prop,  intrans.;  whence  the  derived 
factitive  form,  AS.  bygan,  biegan,  began,  ME. 
bugen,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay,  weak  verb,  trans., 
cause  to  bend:  see  htit/O.  Of.  Icel.  buaa  =  Sw. 
Inti/it,  weak  verb,  bow,  make  a  bow.  Hence  ult. 
the  secondary  verbs  bay9,  buck'-,  buckle*,  and 
the  nouns  bou-,  bought*  =  bout*  =  hit/lit,  boil1, 
hint/,  etc]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  become  bent  or 
crooked ;  assume  a  curved  form  ;  bend ;  curve. 
[Still  in  colloquial  use  in  Scotland.] 
Better  bow  than  break.  Proverb. 

Like  an  ass  whose  hack  with  ingots  bows. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
2f.  To  tend;   turn;   incline. 

Thei  bowiden  awei  fro  the  lawe  of  God. 

Wyclif,  Baruch  iv.  l^. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  downward ;  take  a  bent 
posture  or  attitude  ;  stoop. 

The  flame  o"  the  taper 
I'mirs  toward  her,  and  would  iliider-peep  her  lids. 

sluik..  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 

As  to  soft  gales  top-heavv  Jiines  bOW  low. 

Pope,  Duuciad,  ii.  391. 

4.  To  bend  the  neck  under  a  yoke;  submit  or 
become  subject  ;  yield:  as,  to  liow  to  the  in- 
evitable. 

'Ill  of  !l>  two  mot   I'i'irr  iloiiteles, 

Chiin,;i;  I'rol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  440. 
lifted  tvine  it  is  hctere  to  lunr  than  to  In  1st. 

;,'„/„,,.■  Book(E.  E.  T.  s.i,  p.  84. 

5.  rl'o  bend  the  body  or  head  in  worship,  or 
in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  submission: 
with    to  0V  Injure,   and  sometimes   emphasized 

by  down. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bowed  down  upon  their  knees. 

.1  lldges  vii.  6, 

The  evil  &omi  Ill-fun'  the  good.  Prov.  xiv.  10. 

To  bow  and  sue  for  grace 
w  ith  suppliant  knee  ilfifton,  P.  L.,  i.  ill. 

6.  To  make  a  bow:  incline  the  body  or  the 
head  toward  a    person  by  way  of  salutation  01 

friendly  recognition,  or  iii  acknowledgment  of 

soi jourtesj  ■ 

II.  trims.  1.  To  cause  to  bend ;  make  curved 
or  crooked;  cause  to  assume  and  retain  a  benl 
shape. 

They  rather  breake  him,  than  6o«js  him,  rather  marre 
him   thei nd  him.     Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  31. 

2.  To  cause  to  stoop  or  become  bent,  as  with 

old  age  or  a  burden  :   hence,  to  crush. 

w  hoM  heavy  hand  hath  bowd  you  to  the  grave. 

stmk..  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

Bow  him,  yei  bow  him  more 
l  ia  hi  hat    aiie    glass  of  w  ater  ill  his  face. 

/;.  Joneon,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 


bow 
3.  To  cause  to  bend  in  submission ;  cause  to 
submit;  subdue. 

Bow  not  mine  honour. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iii.  6. 
Authority  forgets  a  dying  king. 
Laid  widow'd  of  the  power  in  his  eye 
That  bow'd  the  will.    Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur 

4f.  To  bend;  inflect;  cause  to  deviate  from  a 
given  condition. 

w  e  '"<»■  tilings  the  i trarv  way  to  make  them  come  to 

their  natural  straightness.  Bacon,  Atheism. 

5f.  To  incline;  turn  in  a  particular  direction; 
influence. 

Not  to  bow  and  Idas  their  opinions.  Fuller. 

For  troubles  and  adversities  do  more  bote  men's  minds 
to  religion.  Bacon. 

6.  To  bend  or  incline  in  worship  or  adoration, 
or  in  token  of  submission,  homage,  respect, 
civility,  condescension,  or  attention. 

And  they  cried  before  him,  />'"»'  the  knee;  and  he  made 
him  ruler  over  all  the  land  of  Egypt.  Gen.  xli.  43. 

And  Moses  made  haste,  and  bowed  his  head  toward  the 
earth.  Ex.  xxxiv.  8. 

They  came  to  meet  him,  and  bowed  themselves  to  the 
ground  before  him.  2  Ki.  ii.  15. 

Bow  down  thine  ear,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  wise. 

Prov.  xxii.  17. 

7.  To  express  by  a  bow  or  by  bowing:  as,  to 
bow  one's  thanks  or  assent. —  8.  To  accompany 
or  usher  in,  out,  etc,  witli  a  bow  or  bows. 

I  saw  the  station-master  bow  them  into  the  carriage. 

Dickens. 
Ancient  Hospitality,  long  since, 
With  ceremonious  thrift,  bowed  out  of  doors. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

To  bow  down  the  back,    see  backi. 

bow1  (bou),  «.  [<  ME.  Iiowe,  a  bend,  <  bowen, 
bend :  see  bowl,  ,-.  Cf .  bowK]  An  inclination 
of  the  bead  or  a  bending  of  the  body  in  salu- 
tation, or  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civil- 
ity, submission,  assent,  or  thanks. 

bow-  (bo),  it.  [<  ME.  bowe,  boghe,  boge,  etc.,  a 
bend,  curve,  bow  for  shooting,  etc.,  <  AS.  boga, 
a  bow  for  shooting,  a  rainbow  (in  general  sense 
'bend'  only  in  eomp.)  (=  OS.  bogo  =  OFries. 
boga  =  D.  boot)  =  MLG.  boge  =  OHG.  6030, 
MHG.  boge,  G-.  bogen  =  Icel.  bogi  =  OSw.  boghi, 
Sw.  bage  =  Dan.  hue,  a  bow,  etc.),  <  bugan  (pp. 
bogen),  bow,  bend:  see  bow1,  v.]  If.  A  bend; 
a  curve. 

The  bowe  of  the  ryver  of  Humher. 

J'/vn.»,  tr.  of  Higden  (ed.  1S65),  II.  8". 

2.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  strong  strip  of  elas- 
tic wood  or  other  elastic  material,  with  a  string 


645 

more  loosely,  polygonal  in  plan.  (<)  In  drafting,  a  flexible 
strip  which  can  be  bent  toanj  desired  curve ;  anarcograph. 
5.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking  the 

sun's  altitude  at  sea,  consisting  of  it  large  arch 

of  90    graduated,  a  shank  or  staff,  :i  side  v: 

a  sight-vane,  and  a  horizon-vane. —  6.  A  knot 
composed  of  one  or  two  loops  and  two  ends;  a 

bow-knot;  lie , a  ("single  how''  or  "double 

bow")  looped  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon, etc. ; 
a  ribbon,  neck-tie,  etc.,  tied  in  such  a  knot. — 
7.  A  stroke  of  the  bow  of  a  violin  :  as,  the  up- 
6010  or  the  down-dote. — 8.  A  ring  or  loop  of 
metal  forming  a  handle.  (a)  The  loop  at  the  end  of 
the  handle  of  a  key.  (/,)  One  of  the  two  hoops  01  a  pair  Of 
scissors  fitted  for  the  thumb  and  the  lingers.  See  Innn  and 
boul.  Backofabow.  See&acii.—  Bows  and  bills,  the 
cry  raised  in  old  times  by  the  English  to  give  an  alarm  in 
their  camp  or  to  encourage  the  people  to  take  to  arms. — 
Bow  top,  or  top  bOW,  in  ei"(rli-hin'l<!iii!f,  a  piece  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  roof-boards  or  the  leather  of  the  top 
of  a  carriage.— Compound  bow,  a  bow  made  of  two  or 
more  pieces  lashed  or  riveted  together. — Grafted  bow, 
a  compound  bow  formed  of  two  pieces  joined  together  at 
the  handle.— Self-bow,  in  archery,  a  bow  made  of  one 
entire  piece  of  wood.  Also  called  s///</o-y<nr.  /hoc.— 
Sinew-backed  bow,  a  bow  whose  elasticity  is  increased 

by  tin'   use  of  sinew    al.me    lie     lis.  k,  either  in  a  cable  of 

twine,  as  among  the  Eskimos,  or  laid  on  solid  by  means  of 
glue,  as  with  many  tribes  in  the  western  United  States.— 
Single-piece  bow.  same  as  self-bow. — To  bend  or  draw 
a  bow,  to  shunt  wiib  a  imw.— to  draw  the  (or  a)  long- 
bow, to  exaggerate;  lie.— To  have  two  strings  (or 
more  than  one  string)  to  one's  bow,  to  have  more 
than  one  means  of  accomplishing  something. 

.Miss  Bertram  .  .  .  might  be  said  to  haw  two  strings  to 
her  bow.  She  had  Etushworth-feelings  and  Crawford-feel- 
ings, and  in  the  vicinity  of  Sotherton  the  former  had  con- 
siderable etfeet.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

bow2  (bo),  v.  [<  how'-,  11.  In  some  cases  6o«'2 
(bo),  v.,  can  hardly  be  distinguished,  as  writ 


bowel 

bow-bearer  (bo'bar  or),  ».  In  old  Eng,  law, 
:m  ander-officer  of  a  forest,  whose  duty  was  to 
give  information  of  trespasses. 

bow-bellt  (bo'bel),  «.  One  born  within  the 
sound  of  the  bells  of  the  church  of  Bow,  which 
is  near  the  center  of  the  City  of  London;  a 
cockney.     Beau,  and  II. 

bOW-beht  (bo 'bent),  (I.  Bent  like  a  bow; 
crooked. 

A  sibyl  old,  bow-bent  with  crooked  a 

Milton,  Vac  Ex.,  1.  69. 

bow-billed  (bo'bild),  a.  Having  the  bill  bowed 
or  arcuate,  as  some  birds. 

bow-boy  (bo'boi),  ».  A  boy  who  uses  a  bow ; 
specifically,  Cupid.    Shah. 

bow-brace  (bo'bras),  n.  A  covering  of  bone, 
metal,  or  leather  for  protecting  the  left  arm  of  a 
l.ou  man  from  the  percussion  of  the  bow-string. 

bow-case  (bo'kas),  ».  A  long  bag  of  wood, 
leather,  or  cloth,  in  which  a  bow  is  kept  when 
not  in  use. 

bow-chaser  (bou'eha/ser),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
over  the  bow  of  a  ship  of  war,  for  firing  at  a 
chased  vessel. 

bow-clavier  (b6'kla"vi-er),  11.  A  musical  in- 
strument having  a  keyboard  and  strings  like 
a  harpsichord  or  piano,  in  which  the  tones 
were  produced  by  the  friction  of  little  bows  or 
resiued  wheels  pressed  against  the  strings. 
such  an  instrument  is  said  to  have  been  attempted  about 
li'iiio  at  Nuremberg,  and  many  were  constructed  in  the 
eighteenth  century.     Also  called  bnw-harpsiclwi-d. 

bow-compass,  bow-compasses  (bo'kuxr/pas, 
-ez),  11.    See  compass, 
bowd,  a.    See  bowl1. 
bowdark,  n.    See  bodark. 


ten,  from  bore1  (bou), v.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  bend  Bowdleri'sm    (bod'ler-izm),  n.     [<    Bowdler 

into  the  form  of  a  bow;  inflect;  curve:  as,  to     rThnmax  Rowdier,  who nublished  in  1818  an  ex- 
bow  a  ribbon;  bowed  shutters. 


A  three-pence  bow'd  would  hire  me. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

Insects  in  inserting  and  withdrawing  their  proboscides, 
bow  them  forwards  or  upwards. 

Darwin,  Fertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  113. 

2.  In  music:  (a)  To  perforin  by  means  of  a  bow 
upon  a  stringed  instrument:  as,  to  bow  a  pas- 
sage well.  (6)  To  mark  (a  passage)  so  as  to  in- 
dicate the  proper  method  of  bowing. —  3.  In 
liiil-niiil.iinl,  to  separate  and  distribute  in  the 
basket  (the  filaments  of  felting-fur)  by  means 
of  a  bow. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  be  curved  or  bent. —  2. 
To  perform  or  play  by  means  of  the  bow:  as, 
a  violinist  who  bows  with  great  taste. 


stretched  between  its  ends,  used  for  shooting  qow3  (bou),  re.     [Same  word  as  bough1,  but  in 


arrows.  When  the  bow  has  been  bent  to  its  full  extent 
by  pulling  the  string  back  from  it,  the  recoil  of  the  string 
(against  the  inner  side  of  which  the  notch  of  the  arrow 
is  placed)  when  released  impels  the  arrow.  The  bow 
and  arrow  have  been  used  in  all  ages  and  by  many  peoples 
as  a  weapon,  and,  though  superseded  in  the  advance  of 
civilization  by  firearms,  are  still  in  use  among  savage 
tribes,  and  are  the  officially  recognized  weapon  of  the 
Manchu  garrisons  of  China,  where  archery  is  still  one  of 
the  subjects  of  examination  for  officers  in  the  regular  army. 
Bows  were  at  one  time  divided  into  longbows  and  cross- 
bows. During  the  middle  ages  the  nations  of  Europe  used 
longbows  of  5  or  6  feet  in  length,  the  shorter  ones  being 
used  by  horsemen,  and  the  longer  by  the  foot-archers.  The 
bows  now  commonly  used  in  archery  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
single-piece  bow,  or  self-bow,  and  the  back  or  union  bow. 
The  single-piece  bow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory,  lauce- 

w 1,  or  yew,  the  last,  if  perfectly  free  from  knots,  being 

considered  the  most  suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made 
of  two  or  sometimes  three  pieces  glued  together.  See  cuts 
under  arbalister,  bowman,  and  crossbow. 

3.  The  name  of  several  implements  shaped  like 
a  bent  bow.  (a)  In  music,  an  implement  originally 
curved,  but  now  almost  straight,  by  means  of  which  the 
tone  is  produced  from  instruments  of  the  violin  kind.  It 
is  made  of  a  slender  statf  of  elastic  wood,  to  the  two  slightly 
projecting  ends  of  which  a  quantity  of  horse-hairs  (about 
so  or  100)  are  fastened.  These,  being  rubbed  with  resin 
and  drawn  over  the  strings  of  the  instrument,  cause  it  to 
sound,  (b)  An  implement  consisting  of  a  piece  of  wood 
curved,  and  having  a  string  extended  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other,  used  (1)  by  smiths  in  turning  a  drill,  (2)  by 
turners  in  turning  wood,  and  (3)  by  hatters  in  preparing 
fur  and  wool  for  their  use. 

4.  Any  bent  or  curved  thing.  Specifically— (a)  A 
ralnbOM 

And  it  shall  come  to  pass,  when  I  bring  a  cloud  over  the 
earth,  that  the  bow  shall  lie  seen  in  the  cloud.  Gen.  ix.  14. 
(l>)  The  part  of  a  yoke  which  embraces  the  animal's  neck ; 
hence,  the  yoke  itself. 

As  the  ox  hath  his  bow,  sir,  the  horse  his  curb,  and  the 
falcon  her  bells,  so  man  hath  his  desires. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 
(c)  In  saddlery,  one  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  united  so  as  to 
form  an  arch  fitting  the  horse's  back,  which  serve  to  give 
the  saddle  its  proper  form,  (d)  In  firearms,  the  guard  nf 
the  trigger,  (e)  The  bent  guard  of  a  sword-hilt.  (/)  One 
of  the  bent  slats  which  support  the  hood,  canopy,  or  tilt 
of  a  covered  wagon  or  carriage,  (r/)  The  framing  of  the 
lenses  of  a  pair  of  spectacles.  (A)  In  arch.  :  (It)  An  arch 
(of  masonry),  as  in  a  gateway  or  bridge  or  in  a  Hying  but- 
tress. If.  E.  D.  (2)  A  part  of  a  building  which  projects 
from  a  straight  wall,  properly  curved,  hut  sometimes, 


the  naut.  sense,  first  in  the  17th  century,  and  of 

l.( !.  m-  Scan. I.  origin  :   Icel.  Imgr  =  Norw.  bog=  bow-drill  (bo'dril),  11 


(Thomas  Bowdler,  who  published  in  1818  an  ex- 
purgated edition  of  Shakspere)  +  -ism.']  The 
practice  of  omitting  from  an  author's  edited 
writings  words  or  passages  considered  offensive 
or  indelicate. 

Bowdlerization  (b6d"ler-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
Bowdlerize  +  -aUon.]  Expurgation  of  offensive 
or  indelicate  passages  or  words  from  an  edited 
book  or  writing. 

Bowdlerize  (bod'ler-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Bowdlerized,  ppr.  Bowdlerizing.  [<  Bowdler  (see 
Bowdlerism)  +  4ze.]  To  expurgate  in  editing 
by  expunging  words  or  passages  considered 
offensive  or  indelicate. 

Hence,  when  the  incessant  human  sacrifices  in  Israel 
during  the  age  of  the  kings  are  all  put  down  to  the  in- 
fluence of  foreign  idolatries,  we  may  fairly  inquire  whether 
editorial  Bowdlerising  has  not  prevailed  over  historical 
truth.  Huxley,  in  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  4S9. 


Sw.  bog  =  Dan.  bong,  bov,  bow  of  a  ship,  also 
shoulder  of  an  animal,  =  D.  boeg,  bow  of  a  ship, 
=  MLG.  boeh,  buch,  bow  of  a  ship,  shoulder 
(>  G.  bug  in  this  sense),  =  AS.  bog,  boh,  arm, 
branch:  see  bough1.']  If.  Same  as  bough1. 
Compare  with  bowpot  for  boughpot. — 2.  Naut., 
the  forward  part  or  head  of  a  ship,  beginning 
where  the  sides  trend  inward,  and  terminating 
where  they  close  or  unite  in  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one, 
a  bold  or  bin  f  bow. — 3.  The  foremost  oar  used 


A  drill  worked  by  means 


in  rowing  a  boat,  or  the  person  who  pulls  that   DOwe(i  (b6d),  p.  a.    [< 


of  a  bow  and  String.     The  string  is  turned  about  the 
spindle  of  the  drill,  which 
is  moved  by  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion  of  the  bow. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  it. 

A  kind  of  scarlet 
color,  superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior 
to  the  true  scarlet 
grain  for  fixedness 
and  duration :  first 
used  in  Bow,  London. 


oar;  the  bow-oar. —Doubling  of  the  bow  (»«»(.), 
thick  planking  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to  protect  it  from 
injury  by  the  anchor-bill.—  On  the  bow  (naut.),  an  that 
part  of  the  horizon  which  is  within  45"  of  the  line  ahead. 
bow4  (bou),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  boll?. 

I  trust  you  remember  you  are  owing  to  the  laird  four 
stones  of  barley-meal,  ami  a  bow  of  oats. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

bow5  (bo),  re.  [Also  written  6m;  <  Icel.  bu,  a 
farm,  stock,  cattle  (=  Dan.  Sw.  bo,  dwelling, 
=  AS.  bu  =  OS.  bu,  dwelling,  =  D.  bouw,  tillage, 
building,  =  (dlii.  I'u.  dwelling,  tillage,  build- 
ing, MHO.  bu,  bou,  C.  him.  tillage,  building), 
<  bua  =  AS.  hi'ian,  dwell :  see  bijl,  bower1,  boor, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.]  A  herd  of  cattle; 
the  stock  of  cattle  on  a  farm:  as,  a  bow  of  kye 
(that  is,  cows).  [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  England.] 

bow'H,  bowet,  «•  [Prob.  a  reduced  form  of 
bull3.]  The  provisions  of  a  benefice  granted 
by  the  pope.    N.  E.  D.    [Scotch.] 

bo'wablet  (bou'a-bl),  a.  [<  bow1  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  bowed  or  bent;  flexible. 

bow-arm  (lio'iirm),  h.  1.  The  arm  that  moves 
the  bow  in  playing  an  instrument  of  the  violin 
family;  a  violinist's  right  arm.  See  bow-hand. 
—  2.  In  archery,  the  arm  employed  in  holding 
the  bow,  ordinarily  the  left  arm. 

bow-backed  (bo'bakt),  a.  Having  a  back  bent 
like  a  bow.     Tennyson. 


low2  +  -t-d'K]  1.  Bent  like  a  bow;  embowed. 
In  heraldry  also  termed  Reefed  or  reflected. — 2. 
Having  a  convex  or  bulging  form :  as,  a  bowed 
shield. 

bowed-embowed  (bod'em-bod"),  a.  See  em- 
bowed. 

bowel  (bou'el),  n.  [<  ME.  bowel,  bowele,  bouel, 
hin  I.  bot  I.  <  OF.  boel,  bnel,  m.,  also  bocle,  buele, 
f.,  F.  boyau  (whence  prob.  E.  bayou,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
budel  =  It.  hinlello,  <  ML.  boteUus,  an  intestine, 
<  L.  botellus,  a  sausage,  dim.  of  botulus,  a  sau- 
sage, orig.  an  intestine.]  1.  One  of  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal;  a  division  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  below  the  stomach;  a  gut,  especially 
of  man :  chiefly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
intestines  collectively. —  2f.  One  of  the  viscera; 
any  internal  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  stomach, 
liver,  brain,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The  interior  part  of 
anything. 

Rush'd  into  the  bowels  of  the  battle. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
It  was  great  pity,  so  it  was, 
That  villainous  saltpetre  should  be  digg*d 
Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  harmless  earth. 

Shah:,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

4.  pi.  The  inner  parts  as  the  seat  of  pity  or 
kindness ;  hence,  tenderness ;  compassion. 

He  that  relieves  another  upon  the  bare  suggestion  and 
bowels  of  pity,  doth  not  this  so  much  fur  his  sake  as  for  his 
own.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  2. 


bowel 

What  '  to]    pool 

-  hool  for  Scandal,  iii.  :s. 
5f.  pi.  Offspring;  children. 

which  do  <':iil  thee  sire, 
The  in  propi  r  loins. 

Shale.    U    tor  M..  iii.  1. 

To  move  the  bowels,  to  produce  evacuat f  the 

!  a  suitable  aperient  '  n  catharl  Ic 

bowelt  (bou'el),  v.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  boweled  or 

bowetted,  ppr.  limn  Unit  or  bowelling.     [<  ME. 

■i.  OF.  boeler;  from  the  noun.]    To 

take  out  the  bowels  of;  eviscerate;  penetrate 

tin-  bowels  of;  disembowel. 

Drawn  ami  hanged  in  his  armour,  taken  down  aliveand 
Edward  II.,  an.  1326. 

bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  a.  [<  bowel  +  -less.'] 
Without  tenderness  or  pity;  unfeeling. 

Miserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves;  bozvelless 
unto  others,  ami  merciless  unto  their  own  bowels, 

.    Browne,  Christ  Moi  .  i   , 

bowel-pryert  i  bnu'el-pri  er),  «.  Onewhoprac- 
tises  divination  by  examining  the  intestines  of 
animals.     Holland. 

bowel-pryingt  (bou'el-prring),  n.    Divination 
in  examining  the  bowels  of  animals.    HnUitml. 
bowenite   (bo 'en -It),  n.      [After  George  T. 
limn, i,  who  ilcscribed  it  in  1822.]     A  variety 
oi   serpentine  from  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island, 
of  light-green  color  and  fine  granular  texture. 
It    is  remarkable   for  its  hardness   and  its  re- 
semblance to  jade. 
bower1     bou'er).  it.     [Early  moil.  E.  also  hour, 
boure,    etc. ;  <  ME.   hour,  <  AS.  bur,  a  dwell- 
ing, bouse,  room,  chamber  (=  OS.  biir  =  M  U  l, 
.  b  house,  cage,  LG.  biiur,  a  cage,  =  OHG. 
bur,  a  chamber.  MUG.  bur,  G.  baiter,  a  cage, 
=  Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  larder,  store-room,  = 
bur  =  Dan.  bur,  formerly  buur),  <  buan  = 
.  i  tc,  dwell.    Cf.  booth,  bottle1,  build, 
ii  the  same  root.    Henee  ult.   6oor, 
bower5,  and  neigh-bour,  neigh-bor.]    1.  A  dwell- 
ing or  habitation;  particularly,  a  cottage;  an 
unpretentious  residence;  a  rustic  abode.   [Now 

only  i tieal.  | 

Courtesy  oft-times  in  simple  bowers 

.  -  in  the  stately  towers. 
Sir  J.  Harington,  tr.  of  Ariosto,  xiv.  62. 

2f.  An  inner  room;  any  room  in  a  house  ex- 
cept the  hall  or  public  room;  hence,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

rushing  forth  from  inner  bowre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  6. 

3.  Especially,  a  lady's  private  chamber;  a  bou- 
doir.    [Poetical.] 

r  in  Branksome  tower, 
Ami  tin-  badye  had  gone  to  her  secret  bowi  r. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  IS.,  i.  1. 

4.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
plants;  an  arbor;  a  shady  recess. 

begged  a  little  woodbine  boiver 
Where  1  might  >it  ami  weep. 

a    Wason,  English  Garden,  8. 
bower't  (bou'er),  v.    [<  bower1-,  u.]    I.  trans. 
To  inclose  in  s  or  as  in  a  bower;  em- 

it nature  !  what  hadst  'lion  to  do  in  hell, 
Winn  tleai  didst  bowt  I  tile  spirit  of  a  Bend 
In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  flesh  '! 

Slink.,  Ii.  and  .1.,  iii.  2. 

Ii.  intrans.  To  take  shelter;  Lodge. 
Spredding  pavilions  for  the  birds  to  tmwre. 

Spenser,  I',  I).,  VI.  x.  6. 

bower2  (bou'er),  re.  [<  bow1  +  -er1.]  One  who 
that  which  bows  or  bends;  specifically,  a 
ele  that  bends  the  joints. 

e  udghty  brawrn  'i  < 
■    plates.    Sp>  nser,  F.  Q.,1  viii.  41. 

bower  :  (bou'er),  «.    [<  bow3  +  -erl.]    An  an- 

'  d  at    tin-   \„,\\  ,if  a   ship.     Th.'  two  bowi  i 
ancl  .:  „,  re  ,  ;,n,  ,i 

the  '  l1(;t   „  | 

erali'  ,,,,  known  as  th>'  starboard 

ami  port  bowers. 
The  whaler  .  .  .  made  a  clumsy  piece  of  work  in  get. 

I     to    lot     gO    Ii 

'■'  //    I  the  Mast,  p.  260. 

bower1  (bou'er),  n.      \  -  bough1, 

+   -"•'■]      I"/'  young  hawk  when    it 

nd  to  clamber  on  the 

boughs.    Al-i.  called  ! i 

bower't,  n.     [Late  ME.  boueer,  <  D.  bom 

i  (in  this  sen-,    prop.  boer).  also 
a  builder,  =<:.  bauer,s  pi 
maboor,  and  cf.  bowi  ,■>;.  |    .\  peasant  tat, 
bower6  (bou'er),  n.    [E.  spelling  of  G.  6a 

the   knave  or  jack;  =    1).   boei  .   the 

kiia  rds,  >  E.  boor,  q.  v.  |     In  <  m  hrt . 

■  ■  highest  cards,  or,  ii 
is  used,  the  second  or  third  higl 


646 

are  the  knave  of  trumps,  the  higher  "f  the  two,  called  the 

■  i.nai .  .a  tin  -nit  hai  Hi"  i  ii'    ameoolor 
as  the  trump,  called  the  <'<  ft  bower. 

Bui  the  bands  that  were  played 

Bj  Hi.it  In  atlan  Chinee, 
Ami  tin  points  iiini  in-  made, 
Were  quite  frightful  to  see  — 
Till  a!  la-i  in'  put  ilown  a  right  bower. 
Which  the  same  Nye  hail  dealt  unto  me. 

Bn  (  Harte,  Heathen  Chinee. 

bower"  (bo'er),  u.  [<  bow2,  «.  and  v.,  +  -er1. 
Cf.  bowyer.]    It.  A  bow-maker;  a  bowyer. — 

2.  One  who  plays  with  a  bow  on  a  violin  or 
hi  lier  si  ringed  instrument. 

bowers  (bo'er  or  bou'er),  n.  [Also  written 
booer;  <  bow5,  a  head  of  cattle,  farm-stock,  + 
-eT1.]  A  person  who  rents  or  leases  the  dairy 
stock  on  a  farm,  together  with  pasture  and  fod- 
der for  them,  and  makes  what  he  can  from 
their  produce,  the  cultivation  of  the  farm  still 
remaining  with  the  farmer  or  proprietor.  [S. 
W.  counties  of  Scotland.] 

bower-anchor  (bou'er-ang"kor),  ».  An  anchor 
carried  at  a  ship's  bows.     See  bower3. 

bower-bird  (bou'er-berd),  u.  The  name  of  the 
Australian  oseine  passerine  birds  of  the  gen- 
eva Ptilonorhynchus,  Chlamydodera,  etc.,  eonsti- 


Satin  Bower-bird  {Ptilonorhynchus  holosericeus). 

tuting  with  some  authors  a  subfamily  PUlono- 
rhynchince,  of  the  family  Oriolidce.  They  are  re- 
markable for  building  what  are  called  bowers,  runs,  or  play- 
houses, which  they  adorn  with  gay  feathers,  rags,  bones, 
.shells,  ami  other  white,  bright,  or  conspicuous  objects. 
There  are  several  species  of  both  the  genera  named;  tin 
best-known  are  the  satin  bower-bird,  P.  holosericeus,  ami 
the  spotted  bower-bird,  C.  maculata.  The  bowers  are  not 
the  nests  of  the  birds,  but  places  of  resort  where  they 
amuse  themselves, 
bower-eaves  (bou'er-evz),  re.  }il.  The  eaves  of 
a  bower  or  bedchamber. 

A  how-shot  from  her  bower-eaves. 

Tt  nnyson,  baity  of  Shalott,  iii. 

bowered  (bou'erd),  a.  [<  bower1  +  -erf-.]  Fur- 
nished with  bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  Ten- 
nyson. 

bowerly  (bou'er-li),  a.  [See  burly1.']  Large; 
stout  :  burly.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

bower-maid  (bou'er-mad  i,  n.  [<  bower1  + 
maid.  Cf.  ME.  bourmaiden.]  A  young  won, an 
in  a 1 1  endance  on  a  lady ;  a  lady's-maid ;  a  wait- 
ing-woman.    [Now  only  poetical.] 

bower-thane  (bou'er-than),  «.  [Mod,  form  of 
ME.  burthem,  <  AS.  bur-thegn,  <  bur,  bower, 
+  tlirijii,  thane.]  A  chamberlain  under  the 
Saxon  longs. 

tin-  chamberlain,  or  bower-thane,  was  also  the  royal 
treasurer.  Thorpe,  tr.  of  Lappenberg's  Hist,  in    ,* 

bower-woman  (bou'er-wum*an),  ".    Same  as 
bower-maid.    Scott. 
bowery1  (bou'er-i),  u.    [<  bower1  +  -y1.]    Of 
the  nature   of  a  bower;  containing   bowers; 
leafy;  shady. 

bowery2 (bou'er-i),  ».;  pi.  boweries  (-iz).  [Also 
written  bowerie  and  bouwery ;  <  1».  bouwerij,  a 
farm,  prop,  farming,  husbandry,  <  bouwer,  a 
farmer:  see  bower"  and  boor.]  Among  the 
I  tut  eh  settlers  of  New  York,  a  farm;  a  country 
seat;  a  rural  retreat.  Beno  the  name  of  the  Bowery, 
a  long,  wide  in  it  in  the  cits  nl  N,'\\  STork,  originally  a 
mail  through  tin  bowery  or  farm  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the 
-eli  colonial  governor  of  New  Netherlands, 

\  II v  bowerie  or  farm  was  allotted  to  the  sumo  Oloffe 

"  idi  mil i   tin   service  he  had  rendered  to  tin 

public  by  his  talent  at  dreaming. 

/.  low   Knickerbocker,  p.  188. 

bowess,  bowet1  (bou'es, -et),  «.  [See  bower*.] 
hi  falconry,  a  young  hawk  when  it  begins  in 

1         nest. 
bOWet1    '  I 'el   i,    II.       See  hliirrsx. 

bowet-  (bo'et),  )i.     Same  as  bunt. 


bow-knot 

bow-fast  (bou'fast),  ».  Naut.,  a  rope  or  chain 
by  which  a  ship  is  secured  at  the  bow. 

bow-file  (ho'l'il),  n.  A  file  having  a  bowed  or 
curved  edge;  a  riffler. 

bowfin  (bou'nn),  ».  A  name  of  the  mudfish, 
Alum  mini.  Also  called  brindle,  grindle,  law- 
yer, dogfish,  ete.      See  cut  under  Alllinlir. 

bOWget,   ''.       See  Ih,iii/i-. 

bow-grace  (bou'gras),  «.  Sunt.,  a  frame,  or 
Composition  of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  stem, 
in-  bows  of  a  ship  to  secure  it  from  injury  by  ice. 

bow-hand  (bo'nand),   n.    1.   In  archery,  the 

hand  that   holds  the  bow,   commonly   the    loll 
hand. —  2.    In  music,  the  band   that   draws  the 

bow;  a  vi.ilinist's  rio'ht  hand.- On  the  bow-hand, 
(a)  On  the  wrong  side;  wrongly;  inaccurately. 

He  sbootes  wyde  on  the  bows  hand,  and  verj  farre  from 
the  niarke.  i .  State  ol  Ireland. 

(/')  Wrong  in  nne's  calculations. 

Tiber.  Well,  you  must  have  this  wench,  then  ? 
Ric.  I  hope  so  ; 

I  am  much  "'  the  bow-hand  else. 

Beau,  and  Ft..  Coxcomb,  i.  :i. 

bow-harpsichord  (bo'harp"si-k6rd),  n.  Same 
as  bow-clavier. 

bow-head  (bo'hed),  «.  A  species  of  right 
whale ;  the  polar  right  whale  or  Greenland 
whale,  Balama  mysticetus.  See  also  cut  under 
whale. 

bow-headed  (bo'hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  bowed 
or  bent  head,  as  a  right  whale. 

bowie  (bou'i),  ii.  [Perhaps  from  OF.  buie,  prob. 
same  as  buirc,  a  water-pitcher,  vessel  for  wine, 
<  buire,  F.  Inure,  <  L.  Inhere,  drink.]  A  large 
wooden  milk-bowl.     [Scotch.] 

bowie-knife  (bo'e-nif;  in  the  Southwest  pro- 
nounced bo'e-uif),  n.  [After  its  inventor, 
Colonel  James  Bowie,  died  1836.]  A  heavy 
sheath-knife  first  used  in  the  early  part  nl  the 
present  century  in  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States  which  were  then  on  the-  bor- 
ders of  civilization.  The  blade  is  from  9  to  in  inches 
long,  and  has  only  one  edge ;  the  hack  is  .straight  for  three 


quarters  of  its  length, and  then  curves  toward  the  edge  in 
a  slightl]  concave  sweep,  while  the  edge  finishes  toward 

the  point  in  a  convex  curve.  Tin-  guard  is  very  small, 
ami  the  tongue  is  of  the  full  breadth  of  the  grip  or  barrel, 
which  is  formed  of  two  rounded  pieces  of  wood  or  bone. 
The  Iii  st  knives  were  made  by  frontier  hlacksiniths,  of  old 
horse-rasps  ami  the  like,  and  naturally  differed  much  in 
size  ainl  pattern.  The  term  is  used  at  present  for  almost 
any  large  sheath-knife. 

bowing1  (bo' ingt,  ii.  [Verbal n.  of  6oi»2,  v.]  1. 
The  operation  of  separating  and  arranging  as 
desired  the  filaments  of  some  fibrous  material, 
as  hatters'  fur  or  (in  Eastern  countries)  cotton, 
by  vibrating  a  bow-string  upon  it.  in  hat-making, 
as  pracl  Ised  on  a  -mall  scale,  the  felting  of  the  fur  or  \u ml 
is  partly  accomplished  by  bowing. 
2.  In  music:  (a)  The  general  method  of  using 
tin-  bow  in  playing  upon  an  instrument  of  the 
violin  family.  It  includes  the  method  of  holding  the 
how,  the  direction  in  which  it  is  moved,  the  pressure  put 
upon  it,  the  part  of  the  hair  that  is  employed,  the  place 
upon  the  strings  where  it  is  applied,  ami  every  other  di  tail 
in  the  management  of  the  how  which  influences  the  quality 
ami  loudness  of  the  tone  produced,  (ft)  The  method  by 
which  the  notes  of  a  given  passage  are  distrib- 
uted between  up-  and  down-strokes  of  the  bow. 
To  si  'lire  an  intended  effect,  or  genera]  uniformits  aim  nig 
man}  players,  the  bowing  of  a  passage  is  indicated  bj  vari- 
ous marks;  i — i  or  i — >  indicates  a  stroke  beginning  with 
the  nut,  that  is,  down  ;  while  v  or  •%  indicates  a  stroke 
beginning  with  tin-  point,  that  is,  up. 

bowing- (bti'ing),  «.    [<  bow°,  n.,  +  -ing\]    A 

lease  of  the  dairy  slock  on  a  farm.     See  bower®. 

[Scotch.] 

bowingly  (bou'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  bending  man- 
ner.     Iluh>t  I. 

bow-instrument  (b6'in"strii-ment),  ii.  \ 
stringed  instrument  play  ml  by  means  of  a  bow, 
as  Ihe  double-bass,  the  small  bass  or  violon- 
cello, the  tenor,  the  violin  proper,  etc. 

bow-iron  (boT'ern),  ».  A  clasp  or  holder  used 
to  secure  Ihe  bows  of  a.  carriage-top. 

bowk1  (bmiki,  a.    Same  as  buW-.    (Scotch.] 

bowk-  (bonk),  »'.  t.     Same  as  burl:3.     [Scotch.] 
bow-kail  (bou'kal),   /'.     [Cf.   borecole.]     Cab- 
bage.    Burns.     [Scotch.] 
bowking  (bou'kbag),  u.    Same  as  bucking^. 

bow-knot  (bb'not),  n.  A  slip  knot  made  by 
drawing  a  portion  of  a  cord,  ribbon,  etc..  in  the 
form  of  u  bow  through  an  involution,  which  is 


bow-knot 

then  tightened  round  the  bow.  The  knot  is 
simple  it'  there  is  only  one  bow,  double  if  (here 
are  two;  it  can  he  easily  untied  by  drawing  the 
bow  back. 

bowl1  (bol),  re.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E., 
hall,  and  still  so  spelled  in  some  senses  (see 
boll1  nnd  boll2);  <  ME.  boHe,<  As.  bolla,  a  bowl, 
=  OFries.  bolla  (in  eomp.)  =  OHO.  bolla,  MHG. 
bolle,  a  round  vessel,  G.  bollc,  a  bulb,  onion,  = 
Ieel.  bolli  =  Sw.  b&l  =  Dan.  bollc,  a  bowl ;  ef.  V. 
bol,  a  bowl,  O.  bowle,  a  bowl,  <  E.  hotel1.  Some- 
what eonfused  with  hmeP  and  ether  forms  from 
L.  bulla  (see  bull2,  bill3,  boil",  etc  i:  prob.  nit. 
akin  to  bole3-,  hall1,  etc.]  1.  A  low-standing 
concave  vessel  used  for  various  domestic  and 
other  purposes,  chiefly  for  holding  liquids  or 
liquid  food.  A  bowl  is  properly  Bomewhat  hemispheri- 
cal, larger  than  a  cup  and  deeper  and  less  flaring  than  a 
basin  (although  in  Creat  Britain  bowls  for  table  use  are 
commonly  called  basins),  and  without  a  cover ;  but  bowls 
for  some  specific  uses,  as  sugar-bowls,  are  widely  varied 
in  shape  and  provided  with  covers. 

And  thou  shalt  make  the  dishes  thereof,  and  sp s 

thereof,  .  .  .  and  bowls  thereof,  to  cover  [margin,  pour 
outj  withal.  Ex.  xxv.  29. 

More  specifically — 2.  A  large  drinking-eup ;  a 
goblet:  in  this  sense  now  chiefly  figurative,  as 
an  emblem  of  festivity  or  dissipation. 

Conic,  forward,  gentlemen,  to  church,  my  boys! 

"When  we  have  done,  I'll  give  you  cheer  in  bowls. 

Bran,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 

There  St.  John  mingles  with  my  friendly  bowl 

The  feast  of  reason  and  the  now  of  soul. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  127. 
But  let  no  footstep  beat  the  floor, 
Nor  bowl  of  wassail  mantle  warm. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  cv. 
3.  Anytliing  having  the  general  shape  or  use  of 
a  bowl,  as  a  natural  depression  in  the  ground, 
the  pound  or  central  portion  of  a  fishing-weir, 
the  hollow  or  containing  part  of  a  vessel  or 
utensil  having  a  stem  or  a  handle,  etc. :  as,  the 
bowl  of  a  chalice,  a  spoon,  or  a  tobacco-pipe. 
bowl2  (bol;  E.  dial,  boul  (the  reg.  historical 
pron.) ;  Sc.  bol),  n.  [<  ME.  bowle,  boule,  <  OF. 
bottle,  F.  bottle  =  Pr.  bola  =  Sp.  Pg.  bola  =  It. 
bolla,  bulla,  a  ball,  <  L.  bttlltt,  a  bubble,  a  stud, 
any  round  object,  >  E.  bull'2,  bill3,  etc.  Some- 
what confused  with  hotel1,  bole1,  and  bull1.]  If. 
A  ball ;  any  sphere  or  globe.  [So  used  till  late 
in  the  seventeenth  century.]  — 2.  A  large  solid 
ball  of  hard  wood  used  in  playing  (a)  the  game 
of  bowls  on  a  level  plat  of  greensward  called 
a  bowling-green,  or  (b)  the  game  of  skittles  or 
ninepins  on  a  long,  floored  surface  of  wood 
called  a  bowling-alley.  (See  bonis.)  In  the  for- 
mer game  the  howls  are  made  with  a  bias,  that  is,  oblate 
on  one  side  and  prolate  on  the  other,  and  are  of  a  size 
which  admits  of  their  hciuu  eia^ped  more  or  less  firmly 
between  the  thumb  and  the  fingers.  In  the  latter  game 
the  balls  are  sometimes  much  larger,  and  furnished  with 
holes  to  facilitate  grasping  them,  and  are  but  slightly 
biased,  if  at  all. 

Like  an  uninstructed  bowler,  he  thinks  to  attain  the 
jack  by  delivering  his  bowl  straightforward  upon  it.     Scott. 

3.  A  turn  at  a  game  of  bowls:  as,  it  is  his  bowl 
next. — 4  (pron.  bol).  A  marble  used  by  boys  in 
play;  in  the  plural,  the  game  itself.    [Scotch.] 

—  5.  In  a  knitting-machine,  the  roller  or  anti- 
friction wheel  on  which  the  carriage  traverses. 

—  6.  One  of  the  buoys  or  floats  used  by  herring- 
fishers  about  Yarmouth,  England,  to  support 
the  drift-net  and  keep  its  edge  uppermost. 
These  bowls  are  colored  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  the  fleet  of  nets.  -Burnt  bowl,  etc.    See  burnt. 

bowl2  (bol),  t\  [<  bowl2,  ».]  I.  inteans.  1. 
To  play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling:  as,  "  chal- 
lenge her  to  bowl,"  Slink.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. —  2. 
To  roll  a  bowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. —  3. 
To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  bats- 
man at  cricket. — 4.  To  move  horizontally, 
with  a  rapid  and  easy  motion,  like  a  ball :  as, 
the  carriage  howled  along. 

We  bunted  along  the  great  North  road.  Mrs.  Gore. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  roll  or  trundle,  as  a  bowl. 

Break  all  the  spokes  and  fellies  from  her  wheel, 
Aud  bowl  the  round  nave  down  the  hill  of  heaven. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
2.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

I  had  rather  be  set  quick  i'  th'  earth, 
And  boni'd  to  death  with  turnips. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iii.  i. 
To  bowl  out,  in  cricket,  to  put  out  of  plaj  by  knocking 
down  one's  bails  or  stumps  by  a  ball  delivered  by  the 
bowler:  as,  Smith  was  bowled  out  at  the  first  ball. — To 
bowl  over,  to  knock  down;  kill.    [Hunting  slang.] 

If  the  animal  passes  near  him  it  requires  but  little  skill 
to  bowt  it  over  with  his  double  barrel  as  it  goes  by. 

(Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  82. 
bowl-alleyt  (bol'aFi),  n.     Same  as   bowUng- 
alley. 
bowlder,  ».     See  boulder. 


647 

bow-legged  (bo'leg  'ed  or  -legd),  a.  Having  the 
legs  bowed  outward;  bandy-legged. 

In  person  the  duke  was  of  the  middle  size,  well  made, 
except  that  he  was  somewhat  bow  legged.  Prescott. 

bowler1  (bo'ler),  re.  [<  bawl1  +  -ef1.]  1.  A 
workman  who  shapes  the  bowl  of  a  spoon. — 
2f.   <  hie  who  makes  bowls. 

bowler'-'  (bo'ler),  «.  [<  bowl2,  v.,  +  -er1.]  1. 
tine  who  plays  at  bowls.  —  2.  In  cricket,  the 
player  who  bowls  or  serves  the  ball;  the 
pitcher. —  3.  [<  bowl2,  n.,  +  -er1.]  A  lew- 
crowned  stiff  fell  hat;  a  "billycock."  Also 
bowler-hat.     X.  E.  J). 

bowline  (bo'lin  or  -lin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  boielin,  boliiie,  holin,  bowling,  bollinge,  bo- 
lyn,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bowelyne,  bouUne,  a  compound 
prob.  not  formed  in  lv.  but  ef  Scand.  origin  : 
Ieel.  boglina  (rare)  =  Norw.  boglina  =  Sw.  bog- 

limi,  holin  —  Han.  botiine  (or  buglitte,  formerly 

bougline)  =  I).  boeglijn  (>  OF.  boeline,  boline,  V. 
bouline,  (I.  boleine);  <  Ieel.  hog,  Sw.  bog,  etc., 
shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship  (see  buw3),  +  Una  =  E. 
line2  ;  the  first  (dement  is  then  the  same  as  E. 
bow$,  and  the  strict  E.  pron.  would  be  bou'lin. 
Cf .  bowsprit.]  1 .  Xiutt.,  a  rope  leading  forward 
and  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  square  sail.  It  is 
used  to  stead}  the  weather-leech  of  the  sail  and  keep  it 
forward,  and  thus  to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wind. 

He  afterwards  said  that  we  sailed  well  enough  with  the 
\\  ind  free,  but  that  give  him  a  taut  timeline,  and  he  would 
beat  us,  if  we  had  all  the  canvas  of  the  Royal  George. 

E.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  before  the  .Mast,  p.  7:i. 

2.  In  ship-building,  a  curve  representing  a  ver- 
tical section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship Bow- 
line on  a  bight,  a  bowline-knot  made  on  the  bight  of  a 
rope. —  On  a  bowline,  said  of  a  ship  when  sailing  close  to 
the  wind. 

Tlie  Ayaeucho  went  off  on  a  bowline,  which  brought 
her  to  windward  of  us. 

Ii.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  tie   Mast. 

To  check  the  bowline,  to  slacken  it  when  the  wind  be- 
comes more  favorable.— To  sharp  the  main  bowline 
or  bale  the  bowline,  to  pull  it  harder. 

bowline-bridle  I  bo'lin-bri'dl),  n.  The  span  on 
the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  at- 
tached. 

bowline-cringle  (b6'lin-kring"gl),  re.  The  loops 
worked  in  the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bow- 
line or  bowline-bridle  is  attached. 

bowline-knot  (bo'lin-not),  n.  A  certain  knot 
much  used  by  sailors.     See  knot1. 

bowling1  (boiling),  w.     [<  bowU  +  -lug1.]     In 
dyeing,  the  washing  of  fabrics  by  passing  them 
over  rollers  in  a  vessel  of  water. 
The  pieces,  after  the  last  dip,  are  washed  over  rollers  by 

the  process  know  n  as  txartina. 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  List. 

bowling2  (bo'ling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  bowl?,  e.] 

The  act  of  playing  with  or  at  bowls. 
We  grant  you,  sir, 
The  only  benefactor  to  our  bawling, 
To  all  our  merry  sports  the  first  provoker. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  2. 

bowling-alley  (bo' ling -al  "i),  n.  A  covered 
place  for  the  game  of  bowls,  provided  with  a 
passage  or  alley  of  smooth  planking  on  which 
to  roll  the  balls.     See  ninepins. 

bowling-crease  (bo'ling-kres),  re.    See  crease1. 

bowling-green  (bo'liug-greii),  n.  A  level  piece 
of  greensward  kept  smooth  for  bowling. 

bowling-ground  (bo'ling-ground),  n.     A  bowl- 
ing-green. 
The  subtlest  bowling-ground  in  all  Taitarv. 

Ii.  Jonson,  M:e 5, 

bowl-machine  (bbrma-shen"),  n.     A  lathe  for 

making    wooden 
bowls. 

bowls  (bolz),  n. 
[PI.  of  bowl-.  ».] 
A  game  played 
with  bowls  on 
a  bowling-green: 
applied  also  to 
skittles  or  nine- 
pins (which  see). 
—American  bowls. 

Same  as  niiafiins. 
Carpet  bowls,  a 
parlor  game  similar 
to  that  played  on 
a  bowling-green,  in 
which  small  lulls  of 
porcelain  or  earthen- 
ware are  used. 

bowl-spirit  (boF- 
spir'it),  n.  In 
dyeing,  nitrate  of 

an  Viollet-le-  V-"'    1,1'<.'1KI1'''"       • 

Due's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  francais."  I  dissolving       pure 

His  armor  consists  of  a  short  hauberk  fin  ill  nitric  acid 

covered  by  a  leather  jack,  a  steel  cap,  e   ooo   m               -n 

and  a  steel  bracer  on  the  left  forearm.  01    66"    Iff.,   With 


bowsprit 

the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  hydrochloric 
acid. 

bowman1  (bo'mant,  «.;  pi.  bnwHteit  i -men).  [< 
ME.  boweman;  <  bote"  +  man.]  A  man  who 
uses  a  bow;  an  archer.  See  cut  in  preceding 
column. 

bowman2  (bou'man),  n. ;  pi.  bowmen  (-men). 
[<  bow8,  3,  +  man.]  The  man  who  rows  the 
foremost  ear  in  a  boal :  the  bow-oar.     Totten. 

Bowman's  corneal  tubes.    See  corneal. 

Bowman's  disks,  glands.    See  disk,  gland. 

bowman's-root  (bo'manz-r8t),  n.  1.  A  popu- 
lar name  given  in  the  United  States  to  plants 
of  the  genus  GiUenia,  perennial  rosaceous  herbs, 
the  roots  of  which  are  used  as  a  mild  emetic. — 
2.  A  name  of  Ludwigia  alternifolia. 
Also  called  beaumont-root. 

bow-net  (bo'net),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME. ;  <  AS. 
boga-net,  boge-net :  see  bow2  and  nefi.-]  A  con- 
trivance for  catching  lobsters  and  crawfish, 
made  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at 
the  end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent  in- 
ward to  oppose  the  return  of  the  fish. 

bow-oar  (bou'or),  n.  1.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  pulling  a  boat. —  2.  The  person  who  pulls 
the  bow-oar. — 3.  In  a  whale-boat,  the  oar  next 
to  the  forward  one.     C.  M.  Scammon. 

bow-pen  (bo'pen),  n.  A  drafting-compass,  car- 
rying a  pen  (or  pencil) 
at  the  extremity  of  one 
leg.  The  two  legs  of  the  com- 
pass form  a  bow  or  spring 
which  tends  to  open  it,  but 
is  retained  in  any  desired  po- 
sition by  means  of  a  set-screw. 

bow-piece  (bou'pes),  n. 
A  piece  of  ordnance  car- 
ried in  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-pin  (bo'pin),  n.  1. 
A  cotter  or  key  for  keep- 
ing the  bows  of  an  ox- 
yoke  in  place. — 2.  A 
small  pin  or  piece  of 
wood  with  a  head  or 
knot,  used  by  hatters  in 

vibrating  the  string  of  the  bow  used  in  bowing 
fur  or  wool. 

bowpot,  n.     See  bougltpot. 

bow-saw  (bey sa),  n.  A  sweep-saw;  a  turning- 
saw.     See  frame-saw. 

bowse1  (bouz),  v.  i.    Same  as  boose. 

bowse2,  ».  1.     See  bouse2. 

bowsert,  »■  [Early  mod.  E.  bowsier,  appar.  a 
corruption  of  OF.  boursier,  a  bursar:  see  bur- 
sar.]    The  bursar  or  treasurer  of  a  college. 

bowseryt,  »•  [Early  mod.  E. :  see  bowser  and 
bursary.]  A  bursary  or  treasurer's  office  in  a 
college. 

bow-shot  (bo'shot),  n.  1.  A  shot  from  a  bow. 
—  2.  The  distance  traversed  by  an  arrow  in 
its  flight  from  a  bow. 

Three  bow-shots  from  the  Sachem's  dwelling 
They  laid  her  in  the  walnut  shade. 

Whittict;  Bridal  id  Pennacook,  iii. 

bowsprit  (bo'-  or  bou'sprit),  n.  [Alsobollxjntt, 
early  mod.  E.  also  bolesprit,  boresprit,  -spreet, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bouspret;  cf.  Sw.  bogsprot  =  Norw. 
bogspryt  =  Ban.  bugspryd  (formerly  bougspryd, 
hoi'sjirotl)  =  MEG.  boehspret,  EG.  hi'iogsprt-t  =  B. 
boegspriet,  >  G.  bugspriet,  bowsprit.  The  var. 
E.  forms  show  that  the  word  was  not  a  native 
compound,  but  is  rather  of  Scand.  or  LG.  ori- 
gin ;  <  Sw.  bog,  etc.,  =  E.  bow3  (of  a  ship),  + 
sprot,  etc.,  =  E.  sprit:  see  bow3  and  sprit,  and 
cf.  bowline.]  A  largo  spar  which  projects  for- 
ward from  the  stem  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

beyond  it  extend  the  jib-boom  and  the  flying-jib  boom,     flu 

bowsprit  is  secured  downward  by  the  bobstays  and  the 


a,  Bowsprit ;  *,  Bobstays. 

gammoning  (which  see),  and  at  the  sides  by  the  bowsprit. 
shrouds,  which  are  secured  to  the  hows  of  the  ship.  From 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  a  spar  .ailed  the  martingale 
or  dolphin-st/t  Ucer  projects  downward  to  support  the  mar- 
tingale-stays, and  two  smaller  spare,  called  whiskers,  pro- 
ject sidewi'se  to  support  the  jib-guys.  On  the  foretopmast- 


bowsprit 

stay,  the  fib-stay,  and  the  flying-jib  stay  (which  extend 
down1  id  and  th<    fi 

gallan  bowsprit,  jib 

and  :'  :i   sei  the  foretopmast-staysail,  the 

jib,  and  the  flying  jib.    Corruptly  writ!  it,     Bed 

of  the  bowsprit  Bowsprit-cap,  tin'  cap  on 

the  outer  end  of  tin  bowsprit,  through  which  the  jib-1 m 

traverses,  Sec  cap.  Running  bowsprit,  a  bo*  prll 
that  can  be  run  . •  1 1 1  and  in  like  a  jib-boom.—  Standing 
bowsprit,  a  pennani  ntly  fixed  bowsprit 

bowssenH,  »•  '•    Same  as  booze. 
bowssen'-'t,  v.  t.  [<Corn.  beuei,  immerse,  drown.] 
luck:  immerse  (especiallj  in  ;i  holy  well, 
as  for  the  cure  of  madness).    See  extract. 

i  into  a  close  walled  plot ;  upon  this  wall 
was  the  frantick  person  set,  and  from  thence  tumbled 
headlongint  ong  fellow  tossed  him 

ap  and  down,  until  the  patient,  by  foregoing  liis  Btrength 
had  somewhat  forgot  his  fury;  but  if  there  appeared  small 
amendment,  he  was  [again  and  again,  while  there 

remained  in  him  anj  hope  of  life  for  recovi  rj 

/.'  '  'an  '-.  Survej  of » lornwaU. 

bowstaff  (bo'staf),  ».;  pi.  bowstaves  (-stavz). 
In  arch  ry,  a  selected  ami  prepared  [>ie<  e  of  tim- 
ber for  a  bow;  the  bow  in  a  rough  state.    Yew 
nerally  preferred,  and  prior  to  tin  usi  ol 
gunpowder  bowstaves  were  an  important  article  of  com- 

bowstring (bS'string),  n.  [< bow3  +  string ;  of. 
AS.  601701   (for   bogan,   yen.  of  boga)  streng.~\ 

1.  The  string  of  a  bow,  by  which  it  is  drawn 
and  t lie-  arrow  discharged.     Bowstrings  are  madi 

of    In  U.   a   \er\    ciiliilimn  nil,'    I,,  in-    ]  awllidc, 

which  does  not  stretch  easily.     Bows  from  western  An  1.  a 
rings  "t  twisted  "!■  plaited  cane;  those  oi  the 
Hindu-  are  frequently  of  silk,  not  twisted,  but  of  parallel 
threads  bound  together  at  intervals. 

2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strangling  offend- 
ers in  tin-  Ottoman  empire;  hence,  by  meton- 
ymy, execution  by  strangling. 

There  was  h"  difference  whatever  between  the  polity  of 
our  country  alal  that  of  Turkey,  and  ...  if  the  king  did 
not  .  .  .  send  mutes  with  bow-strings  to  Sancroft  and  Hali- 
fax, this  was  only  because  liis  Majesty  was  too  gracious 
to  use  the  whole  power  which  he  derived  from  heaven. 

Maraulail,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  v.  t.  [(.bowstring,  «.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bowstring. —  2.  Tostran- 
gle  with  a  bowstring. 

bowstring-bridge  (bo'string-brij),  ».  A  bridge 
in  which  the  horizontal  thrust  of  the  arch  is 


sustained  by  a  horizontal  tie  attached  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  1  lie  chord-line  of  the  arch.  Also 
called  U  nsion-bridgi . 

bowstring-girder  (bo' string- ger'der),  n.    A 

or  wrought-iron  or  built-up  girder,  having 

a  tie-rod  that  forms  an  integral  part  of  it :  much 

used  in  store-fronts,  etc.   See  bowstring-bridge. 

bowsy,  "•     Same  as  boo  </. 

bOWtt,   II.       Sic  IiiiiiIK 

bowtell  (bo'tel ),  //.    Same  as  boltel. 
bow-timbers  (icoi'i 'in  berz),».j>Z.    Naut.,  the 

timbers  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 
bow-window  bo'win'do),  n.  A  window  built  so 
:  Crom  a  Brail;  properly,  one  that  is 

in  plan  a    1  jment  of  a  circle,   See  bay-wimdow. 
bow-wiset  i  bo'wiz),  adv.     In  the  form  or  figure 

of  a  bow.      Tims, 1. 
bow-wood   (bo'wud),   n.      1.  Wood  used  for 

making  bows;  timber  suitable  lor  bows. — 2. 

Tin   1  mge,  Murium  aurantiaca,  of  the 

Mississippi  val]  and  1  lastic  « 

■  the  Indians  for  their  hows.     See  >/" 

boW-WOW  'biiii'wiiu'  ,  a.      [Early  mod.  E.  also 

ii-iiim./ii,  bowgh-wausgh,  ban  waw,  etc.,  imi- 
tate.- ipeated bark  of  adog;  ef.L.oau- 
iiim.  Gr.    c.o.m',  bark:  see  Daw2,  bawl1,  etc.] 

The  loud  bark  of  a  dog,  or  an   imitati I   it. 

—  Gone  to  the  bow-wowa,  gone  to  ruin;  utterly  lost. 

The  bow-wow  theory.    - 

bowyer1  bo'yer),  «.    [  Daily  mod.  E.  also  bowier; 

I  E.  bowyeri  bowere,  <  bowi .  bogt 

(see  in, a-,  a.  1,  +    ere,    er.     The  y  represents 

orig.  11  .■ 

tawy,  ■  I  iw.    Cf.  bower?.]     It. 

An  archi  e :  on'  ,',  ho  uses  a  bow:  as.  "tic 
yer  kin-."  Dryden,  Diad,  i 

I  li.  '.    I.e.    I 

Bryan     I 
2.  One  who  makes  bows. 

upii  d  to  the 

protlt  of  all  OphilUS. 

bowyer'-'t,  ».    Same  as  foyer.    Skinner. 

bowze,  bowzy.    See  booze,  boo 

bos1  (boks),  r>.    [<  ME.  box,  <  As.  box=X>.  bus 

(-boom,  -tree)  =  OHG.  Mill;,  buhs  (-him: 


648 

bucks  =  Sw.  bux  (-bom)  =  Dan.  bux  (-bom)  = 
1".  buis  =  I'r.  bois  =  Sp.  Im.r  =  Pg.  bii.rn  =  It. 

bosso,  busso,  <  1j.  buxus  =  Gr.  irifoc,  box-tree, 
boxwood;  hence  In  ix2,  q.  v.  Cf.  box-tree.]  A 
small  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  Buxus  senwer- 
virens,  a  dwarfed  variety  of  which  is  used  for 
ornamental  hedges,  and  in  gardening  as  an 
edging  for  flower-beds.     See  Buxus  and  box- 

WOOd.     African  box,  a  name  given  to  Myrsint  Afrieana. 
Marmalade  box.    Same  as  ornijiaji. 
box-  (boks),  n.     [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box,  a  box, 

Chest,  —  I  >  I  I  <  i .  hulisn.  MHO.  biihsi.  (I.  hiirhs,  ,  a 

box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun,  =  MD.  buisc,  buyse, 
a  iliinking-vessel  (>  prob.  E.  bouse1,  q.  v.),  D. 
buis,  a  pipe.  tube,  channel,  bus,  a  box, pot,  bar- 
rel of  a  gun  (cf.  E.  blunderbuss),  link,  box  of  a 
coach,  =  MXiGr.  Inisse,  a  box,  pipe,  =Icel.  byssa, 
a  box,  mod.  a  gun  (the  D.,  MLG.,  and  Icel.  forms 
have  been  affected  by  the  P.  forms :  see  boist1), 

<  L.  buxus,  liii.iinii,  anything  made  of  boxwood 
(cf.  (ir.  -1  i'r,  a  box,  >  E.  j>yx),  <  buxus  =  Or. 
trif of,  box-tree,  boxwood:  see  box1.  The  forms 
in  Rom.  and  Teut.  are  numerous  and  involved : 
see  boist1,  boost3,  bush2,  bushel,  boss2,  etc.]  1. 
A  case  or  receptacle  for  articles  or  materials  of 
any  kind.  When  used  absolutely,  boa;  usually  signifies 
a  rectangular  case  of  wood  with  a  lid  or  a  removable 
cover,  and  with  a  clear  inner  space  for  storing  1  ir  packing  ; 
but  for  specific  uses  boxes  are  made  of  any  adaptable  ma- 
terial, and  of  any  size  or  shape,  or  may  consist  of  com- 
partments in  a  larger  receptacle,  with  or  without  covers, 
or  with  permanent  covers  and  top  or  side  openings. 
Among  such  specific  kinds  are  cash-boxes,  bandboxes, 
pill. boxes,  ballot-boxes,  dice-boxes,  the  boxes  in  a  print- 
ers' case.  etc.  For  boxes  known  by  other  names,  see 
chest  and  trunk. 

2.  A  money-chest,  especially  one  in  which 
money  for  some  particular  purpose  is  collected 
or  kept :  as,  a  poor-ioj  ;  a  missionary-ftoj;. 

So  manic  nine,  so  everie  one  was  used, 
That  to  give  largely  to  the  hoxr  refused. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1224. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains. — 4.  A 
receptacle  under  the  driver's  seat  on  a  carriage ; 
hence,  the  seat  itself. 

Where  would  you  like  to  sit?  In  or  out?  Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  front?   Get  you  the  box,  if  you  like. 

Disraeli,  The  Young  Duke. 

5.  A  package  or  case  of  presents,  especially 
Christmas  presents. 

Such  a  box  as  cur  prentices  beg  before  Christmas. 

Cotgrave. 

6.  A  compartment  or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  small  number  of  peo- 
ple in  a  public  place,     (a)  A  compartment  in  the 

<  .in  mi  in  room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of  refreshment. 
(b)  A  seated  compartment  in  a  theater  or  other  place  of 
amusement:  as.  "the  boxes  and  the  pit,"  Dryden.  (<•)  In 
courts  of  justice,  the  seats  set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the 
stand  fur  witnesses. 

The  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus  of 
the  system,  and  its  varied  workings,  end  in  simply  bring- 
ing twelve  -nod  men  into  a  box. 

Brougham,  Present  State  of  the  Law,  Feb.  7,  1828. 
00  A  separate  compartment  or  a  roomy  stall  for  a  horse 
in  a  stable  or  railroad-ear. 

7.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men  en- 
gaged in  the  performance  of  certain  duties: 
us,  a  sentry-boa;;  a  signalman's  box. — 8.  A 
snug  house;  a  small  country-house  for  tempo- 
rary use  during  the  continuance  of  some  sport, 
as  of  hunting:  as,  a  shooting-cicw. 

lat  me  keep  a  brace  of  hunters— a  cozy  box  —  a  bit  of 
land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  I'll  cry  units 
with  you.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  txxvii. 

9.  In  much. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  hollow  iron  in  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  axle  runs,  (b)  In  a  pump: 
(1)  The  cap  covering  the  top  of  the  pump.  (2) 
A  pump-bucket.  (:i)  A  hollow  plunger  with  a 
lifting-valve,  (i)  A  casing  about  a  valve,  (c) 
The  pulley-case  in  a  draw-loom  on  which  resi 
Hie  rollers  that  conduct  the  tail-cords.  (</) 
Tin'  receptacle  for  a  shuttle  at  the  end  of  the 
lathe  ol'  -,i  loom,  (e)  The  socket  for  the  screw 
in  a  screw-vise.  (/)  The  opening  into  which 
theend  of  a  rib-saw  is  wedged. — 10.  In  carp., 
a  trough  lor  cutting  miters.  See  uiiler-box. — 
11.  Sunt.,  flic  space  between  the  back-board 
and  the  stern-post  of  a  boat,  where  the  coxswain 
sits. — 12.  In  founding,  the  flask  or  frame  which 
holds  the  sand. —  13.  The  keeper  into  which 
the  bolt  of  a  lock  enters  in  locking.  Also  called 
the  staph  of  the  lock. —  14.  In  a  printers' case, 
the  compartment  for  a  single  character:  as, 
the  n-box  is  empty;  the  comma-/io.r. — 15.  A 
battery    tor  wild-fowl    shooting;    a    sink-box. 

Antifriction  box.    See  onhn  ,.■!>.,,,      Aquatic  box. 
fustic.     Hot  box,  a  journal-box  heated  bj  the  fric- 
tion nt  a  rapidly  revolving  axle  or  arbor,  as  in  a  Locomo- 
tive "i  railroad  1  ar 

A  real  American  i1-  not  comfortable  without  a  hot  box 
occasionall)  in  t  of  a  long  journey. 

C,  D,  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  3. 


box-coil 


a  perplexing  or  embarrass- 
In  the  ("i  a)  wrong  box, 

listaken. 


In  a  box,  in  a  tight  box, 
in-  situation  ;  in  a  difficulty. 
in  an  awkward  situation  ; 

"Sir,"  quoth  I,  "if  you  will  hear  turn  St,  Augustine  ex- 
pounded that  place,  you  shall  perceive  that  you  are  in  a 
wrongbox."  Ridley,  Works,  p.  103(1554). 

I  perceive  that  you  and  1  are  in  n  wrong  box, 

.1 .  Udall,  Diotrephes,  p.  81. 

He'd  soon  find  himself  in  the  wrong  box  with  Sarah  Jane 

D ,  I  warrant.  (,'    .1.  Sola,  The  late  Mr.  D . 

Omnibus-box.  See  omnibus.  Salting-box  {unlit.),  a 
small  box  containing  mealed  powder  which  is  sprinkled 
upon  the  fuses  of  shells  that  they  may  take  fire  from  tiie 
blast  of  the  powder  in  the  chamber, 
box-  (boks),  c.  t.  [<  box'-.  11.]  1.  To  place  in 
a  box;  inciose  as  in  a  box ;  confine;  hoard. 

Saving  never  ceased 

Till  he  had  box'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel. — 3.  To 
make  a  hole  or  cut  (in  a  tree)  for  the  sap  to  col- 
lect: as,  to  fro.?  amaple. — 4.  Naut.,  to  cause  (a 
vessel)  to  turn  short  round  on  her  heel  by  bra- 
cing the  head-yards  aback:  sometimes  followed 
by  off:  as,  to  box  off  a.  vessel.  See  hiiul. — 5. 
To  form  into  a  box  or  the  shape  of  a  box :  as, 
to  box  the  scenes  on  a  stage To  box  the  com- 

f>ass,  to  name  the  points  of  the  compass  in  their  order; 
mm.  1  .  figuratively,  to  make  a  complete  turn  or  round. 
box3  (boks),  «.  [<  ME.  box,  a  blow,  buffet 
(the  verb  is  not  found  in  ME. ) ;  supposed  to 
be  of  Scand.  origin:  Dan.  bask,  a  slap,  blow, 
baske,  strike,  slap,  thwack,  but  this  is  repre- 
sented in  E.by&os/)1,  q.  v.,  while  Sw.  basa,  beat, 
whip,  flog,  has,  a  beating,  is  represented  by 
hnsiti,  q.  v.  Cf.  MD.  Iii'il.r,  early  mod.  D.  beuk, 
MHG.  hue,  a  blow,  connected  with  the  verb, 
MD.  boh  11.  MII<;.  bochen, strike, slap :  Beebuck*. 
None  of  these  forms  suits  the  case;  and  it  is 
most  probable  that  the  sense  has  originated  in 
some  particular  use  of  box2,  n.  or  ».]  If.  A 
blow  of  any  kind. 

The  kyne;  castes  up  his  sehelde,  and  covers  hym  faiie. 
And  with  his  burlyche  biandc  a  box  he  hymc  reaches. 
Jforte  Arthure(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1111. 

2.  A  blow;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the  head 
with  the  fist,  or  on  the  ear  with  the  open  hand. 

Give  him  a  box,  hard,  hard,  on  his  left  ear. 

£.  Jonson,  Magnetiek  Lady,  iii.  4. 

lie  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentleman 

could  take  a  box  on  the  ear.  ..."  I  know  that ;  but  this 

was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  slap  o'  the  face." 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  June  22,  1759. 

box3  (boks),  1:  [<  box*,  11.  Cf .  P.  boxer  =  D. 
boksen  =  LG.  baaksen  =  Icel.  byxa  =  Norw. 
hnl.su  =  Sw.  baxn  =  Dan.  baxe=  O.  hn.n  n,  boxen, 
all  <  E.  bn.r'-K]  I.  trans.  To  beat;  thrash; 
strike  with  the  fist  or  hand;  especially,  to  strike 
on  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head:  as,  "they  hn.,  her 
about  the  ears,"  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  115. 
By  heaven  !  a  little  thine  would  make  me  box  you. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists,  whether 
bare  or  incased  in  boxing-gloves;  combat  with 
or  as  with  the  hands  or  fists. 

A  leopard  is  like  a  eat,  he  boxes  with  his  fore  feet. 

S.  Grew. 

box-and-tap  (boks'and-tap'),  n.  An  apparatus 

for  cutting  the  v\ jeu  screws  used  for  carpen- 
ters' benches,  etc. 

boX-barrOW  (boks'bar'6),  n.  A  large  four- 
sided  wheelbarrow  for  carrying  bulky  loads. 

box-beam  (boks'bem),  n.  A  hollow  beam  hav- 
ing sides  ..I'  plate-iron  united  b\  angle-irons. 

box-bed  (bokVbed),  n.  A  boxed-in  bed,  or  a 
bed  that  folds  up  in  the  form  of  a  box. 

boxberry  (boks'berl),  n. ;  pi.  boxberries  (-iz). 
The  wintergreen  or  checkerberry  of  North 
America,  Gaultheria  procumbi  us. 

box-car  (boks'kiir),  11.  An  inclosed  and  cov- 
ered freight-ear. 

box-coat  (boks'kot),  v.  1.  A  heavy  overcoat 
worn  by  coachmen. —  2.  Early  in  tin-  present 
century,  an  overcoat  with  a  cape,  approximately 
ol'  Hie  form  of  the  coachman's  great-coat :  in- 
I  ended  originally  for  travelers  on  the  outside  of 
coaches. 

I  shall  believe  it 

.  .  .  when  I  shall 
sic  the  traveller  for 
some  rich  trades- 
man pall  with  his 
admired  box-coat,  to 
spread  it  over  tic 
defenceless  shoiil- 
ders  "1  Hi,  1 1  wo- 
man, etc. 

Lamb,  Modern 
[Icillantry. 

box-coil  (boks'- 

koil),  11.  A  slcain-hoaling  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  a  series  of  straight  tubes  connected  by 


Box-coil  with  rctu 


box-coil 

return  bends,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelopipedon. 

box-crab  (boks'krab),  ».  The  popular  name 
of  a  crab  of  the  genus  Calappa  :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  when  at  rest  to  a  box.  Seo  cut 
under  Calappa. 

box-day  (boks'da).  ii.  In  the  Scottish  law- 
courts,  a  day  appointed  by  the  judges  during 
the  vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  the  court  have  to  be  lodged.  Also 
boxing-day. 

box-drain  (boks'dran),  ii.  An  underground 
drain  regularly  built  with  upright  sides  and 
a  flat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  section 
has  the  appearance  of  a  square  box. 

boxent  (bok'sn),  a.  [<  ME.  boxen,  replacing 
AS.  bixen  for  "byxen  for  *boxen,  <  box  (see  box*) 
+  -cn.~\  1.  Made  of  boxwood:  as,  "boxen  haut- 
boy," Gay,  I'rol.  to  Shep.  Week.— 2.  Resem- 
bling box. 
Her  faded  cheeks  are  ehang.l  boboxen  hue.       Dryden. 

boxer1  (bok'ser),  ».  [<  box2  +  -er1.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  pack  or  put  up  things  in  boxes. 

boxer2  (bok'ser),  n.  [<  box3  +  -er1.]  One  who 
fights  with  his  fists  ;  a  pugilist. 

Boxer  shrapnel.    See  shrapnel. 

box-fish  (boks'fish),  n.  A  name  of  sundry  plec- 
tognath  fishes  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and 
family  Tetroilontidai.     [Rare.] 

box-frame  (boks'fram),  n.  The  inclosed  space 
inside  a  window-casing  in  which  the  balance- 
weights  are  hung. 

box-girder  (boks'ger"der),  11.  In  inecli.,  a  kind 
of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made  of  boiler- 
plates fastened  together  by  angle-irons  riveted 
to  the  top  and  bottom  plates.  Such  girders  are 
much  used  for  spans  of  from  30  to  o'O  feet,  on  account  of 
their  elasticity  and  power  of  resisting  impact. 

boxhaul  (boks'hal),  v.  t.  Navi.,  to  veer  (a  ship) 
round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  impracticable  to 
tack.  This  is  effected  by  putting  the  helm  a-lee,  bracing 
the  head-yards  Hat  aback,  squaring  the  after-yards,  taking 
in  tire  drivers,  and  hauling  the  head-sheets  to  windward. 
When  tile  vessel  begins  to  gather  sternway  the  helm  is 
shifted  and  the  sails  trimmed.     Smyth. 

box-hook  (boks'hiik),  n.  1.  A  hand-tool  resem- 
bling a  cotton-hook,  used  in  handling  heavy 
freight. — 2.  A  cant-hook  used  in  pressing 
down  the  covers  of  boxes  so  that  they  can  be 
nailed  or  screwed. —  3.  Gripping-irons  used  in 
hoisting  heavy  boxes  or  bales. 

boxiana  ( bok-si-an'a  or  -a'nii), ii. pi.  [A  feigned 
Latin  form,  <  box3  +  -i-mta  :  see  ana1,  -ana.'] 
The  annals  of  prize-fighting;  the  literature  of, 
or  gossip  or  anecdotes  concerning,  pugilism. 

boxing1  (bok'sing),  n.  [<  box2  +  -ing1.]  1. 
Naut.,  a  square  piece  of  dry  hard  wood  used 
in  connecting  the  frame-timbers  of  a  ship. —  2. 
One  of  the  cases  on  each  side  of  a  window  into 
which  the  inside  shutters  are  folded. —  3.  7)/. 
The  sides  of  a  window-frame  where  the  weights 
hang. — 4.  pi.  Among  millers,  coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting. — 5.  The  pro- 
cess of  fitting  a  piece  of  wood  to  receive  a 
tenon.— 6.  The  giving  of  a  box  or  present,  as 
at  Christinas.     See  boxing-day. 

boxing2  (bok'sing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  box3,  v.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  fighting  with  the  fists, 
with  or  without  boxing-gloves ;  sparring. 

boxing-day  (bok'sing-da),  n.  1.  In  England, 
the  first  week-day  after  Christmas,  when  Christ- 
mas boxes  or  presents  are  given  to  one's  em- 
ployees, to  postmen,  etc. —  2.  In  the  Scottish 
law-courts,  same  as  box-day. 

boxing-glove  (bok'sing-gluv),  n.  A  padded 
glove  used  in  sparring. 

boxing-machine  (bok'sing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  used  for  boring  out  the  boxes  of  the 
hubs  of  car-wheels. 

boxing-match  (bok'sing-maeh),  11.  A  contest 
at  boxing;  a  pugilistic  encounter;  a  prize-fight. 

boxing-night  (bok'sing-nit),  n.  In  England, 
the  first  week-night  after  Christmas;  the  night 
of  boxing-day. 

boxing-off  (bok'sing-6f),  11.  Naut.,  the  act  of 
forcing  the  ship's  head  off  the  wind  by  bracing 
the  head-yards  aback. 

box-iron  (boks '  i '  ern),  «.  A  smoothing-iron 
containing  an  inclosed  space  for  live  coals  to 
keep  it  hot. 

box-keeper  (boks'ke'per),  n.  An  attendant  at 
the  boxes  of  a  theater. 

box-key  (boks'ke),  n.  A  socket-key  for  turn- 
ing large  nuts. 

box-lobby  (boks'lob"i),  ».  In  a  theater,  the 
lobby  leading  to  the  boxes. 

box-lock  (boks'lok),  11.  A  door-lock  designed 
to  be  fastened  to  the  surface  of  the  door. 


649 

box-metal  (boks'mefal),  n.  A  brass,  bronze, 
or  antifriction  alloy  used  for  the  journal-boxes 
of  axles  or  shafting. 

box-money  (boks'mun"i),  11.  At  hazard,  money 
paid  to  the  person  who  furnishes  the  box  and 
dice. 

box-office  (boks'of  "is),  11.  The  office  in  a  thea- 
ter in  which  tickets  arc  sold. 

box-packing  (boks'pak"ing),  n.  Cotton- waste 
or  similar  material,  saturated  with  a  lubricant, 
fur  packing  the  journal-box  of  an  axle  or  shaft. 

box-plait  (boks'plat),  n.  A  double  fold  <>v  plait, 
as  mi  a  shirt-bosom  or  in  the  skirt  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

box-plaiting  (boks-pla"ting),  n.  1.  A  method 
of  folding  cloth  alternately  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  double  plait  or 
fold  on  each  side. — 2.  The  plaits  formed  in  this 
manner. 

box-seat  (boks'set),  n.  A  seat  in  a  theater- 
box,  or  on  the  box  of  a  coach. 

box-set  (boks'set),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  scene 
which  is  boxed  in  with  walls  and  ceiling. 

box-setter  (boks'sef'er),  11.  An  apparatus  for 
fitting  axle-boxes  to  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

box-slater  (boks'sla"ter),  11.  An  isopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  family  Idnkula:     H.  A.  Xicholnon. 

box-slip  (boks'slip),  n.  A  slip  of  boxwood  in- 
laid in  the  beechwood  of  which  molding,  tongu- 
iug,  and  grooving  planes  are  made,  to  form  an 
edge  or  wearing  part. 

box-snuffers  (boks'snuforz).  n.  pi.  Snuffers 
having  a  receptacle  for  the  burnt  wick  cut  off. 

box-stall  (boks'stal),  n.  A  roomy  inclosed  stall 
in  which  horses  or  cattle  can  be  kept  without 
tying. 

box-strap  (boks'strap),  n.  In  macli.  and  build- 
ing, ;\.  flat  bar  with  right-angled  bends,  used  to 
confine  a  rectangular  bar  or  projection. 

box-thorn  (boks'thorn),  11.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Lycium,  more  particularly 
L.  barbarian. 

box-tortoise  (boks't6r"tis),  n.  A  tortoise  with 
a  hinged  plastron  which  can  be  so  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  edge  of  the  carapace,  when  the 
head,  tail,  and  limbs  have  been  drawn  in,  that 
the  animal  is  practically  boxed  up  in  the  shell ; 
a  tortoise  of  the  family  Cistudinidce.  Generally 
called  box-turtle  in  the  United  States. 

box-trap  (boks'trap),  h.  1.  A  contrivance  for- 
merly used  in  firing  military  mines,  consisting 
of  a  rectangular  box  placed  vertically  in  com- 
munication with  the  mine.  The  upper  end  was 
closed,  and  a  few  inches  below  the  top  was  a  sliding  shelf 
upon  which  was  placed  a  piece  of  ignited  punk.  The 
mine  was  fired  by  withdrawing  the  shelf  by  means  of  a 
long  cord,  and  allowing  the  lighted  punk  to  fall  upon  the 
powder-train  below. 

2.  A  trap  in  the  form  of  a  box,  used  for  cap- 
turing small  animals. 

box- turtle  (boks'ter'tl),  11.  The  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  box-tortoise. 

box-valve  (boks'valv),  n.  A  box-shaped  por- 
tion of  a  pipe,  in  which  a  valve  is  placed. 

boxwood   (boks'wud),   it.      [<  box1  +  wood1.] 

1.  The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the  box, 
much  used  by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, tool-handles,  etc.  The  largest  supplies  come 
from  the  Levant.  The  wood  is  very  free  from  gritty 
matter,  and  on  that  account  its  sawdust  is  much  used  for 
cleaning  jewelry  and  for  other  purposes.    See  Buxus. 

2.  The  name  given  to  several  trees  which 
have  hard,  compact  wood,  taking  a  fine  polish : 
in  the  United  States  to  Cornus  florida,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Schasfferia  frutescens,  Yitex 
umbrosa,  and  Tecotna  pentaphyUa.  Some  spe- 
cies of  Eucalyptus  and  of  Tristania  are  so  called 
in  Australia. 

boy1  (boi),  11.  [<ME.  boy,  boijc,  boi ;  of  obscure 
origin,  prob.  LG. :  ef.  E.  Fries,  boi,  boy,  ayoung 
man;  not  easily  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
horr,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  MD.  boef,  a  boy,  D. 
boef,  a  knave,  =  OHG.  *buobo  (only  as  a  proper 
name,  Buobo),  MHG.  buobe,  G.  bube,  dial,  bub, 
bua,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  Icel.  bofi  =  Sw.  bof,  a 
knave.  Cf .  Icel.  Bui,  Dan.  Boye,  a  proper  name.] 

1.  A  male  child,  from  birth  to  full  growth, 
but  especially  from  the  end  of  infancy  to  the 
beginning  of  youth :  also  applied  to  a  young 
man,  implying  immaturity,  want  of  vigor  or 
judgment,  etc. 

Speak  thou,  boy  ; 
Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Men  of  worth  and  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the  famil- 
iarity of  boys,  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor.        Locke. 

2.  In  familiar  or  playful  use  (usually  in  the 
plural),  a  grown  man  regarded  as  one  of  the 


boycott 

younger  members  of  a  family,  as  an  intimate 
friend  or  associate,  or  as  having  in  any  respect 
a  boyish  relation  or  character. 

Then,  1  Shah.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

\\e  an'  Roman  boys  all.  and  boys  <>f  mettle. 

FA  teh  1 .  Bonduca,  ii.  4. 
Specifically,  in  tbc  Inited  states  — (a)  In  the  South,  es- 
peclallj  before  the  abolition  >>f  slavery,  a  negro  man.  (b) 
An  unscrupulous  local  politician,  especially  in  a  large 
city;  one  oi  the  managers  or  subordinates  of  tin  '  ma 
chine"  of  a  party  in  local  politics  and  elections:  as,  a 
ticket  not  acceptable  to  the  boys. 

3.  A  young  servant;  a  page:  us.  "boys,  grooms, 
and  lackeys,"  Slink.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2.  Hence  in 
compound  words  sometimes  applied  t<>  grown  men  with- 
out any  idea  of  youth  or  contempt  :  as,  a  /n>thnii. 

4.  [Supposed  by  some  to  be  "a  corruption  of 
Hind,  hhiiin;  a  servanl  ";  but  the  Hind,  word, 
prop,  bhdi,  means  'brother,'  and  liny  in  this 
use  is  merely  the  E.  word.  Cf.  boy2.']  In  India 
and  the  treaty-ports  of  China  and  Japan,  etc., 
a  native  male  servant,  especially  a  personal 
servant;  a  butler  or  waiter,  house-boy,  office- 
boy,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  a  coolie  or 
porter :  in  common  use  among  foreigners. — 
Boy-bishop,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  St.  Nicholas, 
the  patron  of  scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, from  the  fact  that  be  was  remarkable  for  very  early 
piety:  also,  a  name  given,  according  to  a  very  ancient 
custom,  which  was  abolished  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
to  a  boychosen  from  the  cathedral  choir  on  St.  Nicholas's 
day  (December  6th)  as  a  mock  bishop.  The  boy  enjoyed 
episcopal  honors  till  Innocents'  Day  ( December  28th),  and 
the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his  prebends. 

In  those  bygone  times  all  little  boys  either  sang,  or  served, 
about  the  altar,  at  church ;  and  the  first  thing  they  did 
upon  the  eve  of  their  patron's  festival  was  to  elect  from 
among  themselves,  in  every  parish  church,  cathedral,  and 
nobleman's  chapel,  a  bishop  and  his  officials,  or,  as  they 
were  then  called,  "a  Nicholas  ami  bis  clerks."  This  boy- 
bishop  and  bis  ministers  afterwards  sang  the  first  vespers 
of  their  saint;  and,  in  the  evening,  annual  in  their  ap- 
propriate vestments,  walked  all  about  the  parish. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  215. 
Old  boy,  a  familiar  name  for  the  devil. 

They  used  to  have  witch  Sabba'  days  and  witch  sacra- 
ments, and  sell  their  souls  to  the  old  boy. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  194. 
Roaring  boys.  See  roaring.— Yellow-boys,  gold  coins; 
guineas,  eagles,  napoleons,  etc.  [Slang. 
boy1  (boi),  r.  t.  [<  boy1,  ».]  If.  To  treat  as  a 
boy,  or  as  something  belonging  to  or  befitting 
a  boy. 

My  credit's  murder'd, 
Baffled,  and  boy*d. 

Beatt.  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  3. 
2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the  manner  of  a  boy: 
in  allusion  to  the  acting  by  boys  of  women's 
parts  on  the  stage.     [Rare.] 

I  shall  see 
Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boi/  my  greatness. 

Slut'k.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

boy2  (boi),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  boyee, 
bhoijee,  boee,  bhoee,  repr.  Hind,  bhoi,  <  Telugu 
boi,  prop,  a  man  of  the  fisherman  caste,  whose 
usual  occupation  is  the  carrying  of  litters  and 
palankins,  or,  as  in  Madras,  domestic  service.] 
In  India,  as  far  north  as  the  Nerbudda  river,  a 
palankin-bearer.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Ariglo-lnd. 
Glossary. 

boyar  (boi'ar),  n.  [<  Russ.  boyarinU,  pi.  boyare, 
formerly  bolyarinu  =  Bulg.  bolerin  =  Serv.  boi- 
i/ar  =  Pol.  bojar  (>  Turk,  boyar  =  Hung,  bojdr 
=  Lith.  bajoras  =  MGr.  ftoiladi,  fiolmdai,  etc.),  < 
OBulg.  bolyarinu,  appar.  <  boliy,  great,  illustri- 
ous.] A  personal  title  given  to  the  highest  class 
of  Russian  officials  previous  to  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  title  conferred  a  rank  in  the  state,  but 
brought  no  special  duties  with  it.  There  was,  however,  a 
council  of  boyars,  and  it  was  customary  to  add  to  pub- 
lic papers,  "  The  boyars  have  approved  of  it."  The  title 
gradually  died  out  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  as  it 
was  no  longer  newly  conferred.  (Schuyler,  Peter  the 
Great.)  The  term  in  popular  usage  came  to  signify  the 
higher  aristocracy.  It  still  lingers  in  Rumania,  where  the 
popular  name  for  the  conservatives  is  the  boyar  party. 

boyard  (boi'iird),  «.     Same  as  boyar. 

boyau  (bwo-yo'),  «.;  pi.  boyaux  (-yoz').  [P., 
<  OP.  boel,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel:  see  bowel  and 
bayou.]  In  fort.,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  para- 
pet, serving  as  a  means  of  communication  be- 
tween two  trenches,  especially  between  the 
first  and  third  parallels.  Also  called  a  ag-ag 
or  an  approach. 

boy-blindt  (boi'blind),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy; 
undiscerning :  as,  "so  boy-blind  and  foolish," 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  2. 
[Rare.] 

boycott  (boi'kot),  v.  t.  [From  the  name  of  the 
first  prominent  victim  of  the  system,  Captain 
Boycott,  a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  Connemara, 
and  the  agent  of  Lord  Erne,  an  Irish  land- 
lord.] To  combine  (a)  in  refusing  to  work  for, 
buy  from,  sell  to,  give  assistance  to,  or  have 
any  kind  of  dealings  with,  and  (b)  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  working  for,  buying  from,  sell- 


boycott 

ing  to,  assisting,  or  having  any  kind  of  deal- 

-  with  (a  person  or  I pany),  on  account 

of  political  or  other  differences,  or  of  disagree- 
ments in  business  matters,  as  a  mi 
dieting  punishment,  or  of  coercing  or  intimi- 
dating.    The  word  was  introduced  in  Ireland 

(like  the  practice)  com d  throughout 

ilir  I  i  Id,  and  was  adopted  by  the  news- 

uropean  langu 

boycott  (boi'kot),  ».  [<  boycott,  v.]  An  or- 
rce  a  person  or  party 
into  compliance  with  some  demand,  by  com- 
bining to  abstain,  and  compel  others  to  abstain, 
from  having  any  business  or  social  relations 
with  him  or  it :  an  organized  persecution  of  a 
person  or  company,  a-  a  means  of  coercion  or 
intimidation,  or  ot  retaliation  for  some  act,  or 
tsal  to  act  in  a  particular  way. 

boycottee  (boi-kot-e'),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -eel.] 
One  who  is  boycotted.     [Bare.] 

boycotter  (boi'kot-er),  n.  [<  boycott  +  -er1.] 
One  who  boycotts  ;  one  who  takes  pari  in  the 
sized  persecution  called  a  boycott. 

boycotting  (boi'kot-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boy- 
cott,  v.]  The  act  or  practice  of  subjecting  an 
obnoxious  person  or  company  to  the  organized 
persecution  called  a  boycott.    See  boycott,  v. 

mplied  the  organized  persecution 

ii  ic  n  immunity;  as  transplanted 
to  this  country    1  it  implies  the  persecution 

of  an  individual  by  organized  forces,  and  it  is  a  phrase 
which  at  the  present  time  i>  much  in  the  mouths  of  those 
who  call  themselves  workinguicn. 

1.  Record,  No.  4529,  p.  2. 
aot  only  used  to  punish  evicting  land- 
lords .nei  agents,  tenants  guilty  of  paying  rent,  ami  trades- 
who  ventured  to  hold  dealings  with  those  against 
whom  the  [Landj  League  had  pronounced  its  anathema; 
imt  the  League  was  now  strong  enough  to  use  tin-  means 
a-  an  instrument  of  extending  it*  organization  and  ailing 
Shopkeepers  whorefused  to  join  and  subscribe 
believe  that  they  would  be  deprived  of 
their  custom ;  recalcitrant  farmers  found  themselves  with- 
out a  market  for  their  crops  and  cattle. 

Annual  Register,  1880, 

boydekint,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  bodkin1. 
boyer  (boi'er),  ".    [Formerly  also  botoyer;  =  F. 
boyer,  <  Flem.  boeyer  =  D.  In,,  ijer,  a  vessel  used 
to  lay  buoys,  <  Flem.  boey  =  D.  boei,  a  buoy:  see 
I.]     A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  raised  work  or 
at  each  i  'nd. 
boyeryt,  <<•   [<  boy1  +  -ery.]    Boyhood.    North. 
boyhood  i  boi'hud),H.  [<  6ojfi  +  -hood.]   1.  The 
slate  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age;  the 
tine  luring  which  one  is  a  boy. 

i.  at  him  in  his  boyhood.  Swift, 

Turning  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 

only  boyhood  can.  llm„l,  Eugene  Aram. 

2.  Boyish  feeling;  light-heartedness.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Boys  collectively. 

boyish  I  boi'ish  i,  o.     ['<  boy1  +  -ish1.]    Belong- 
in- to  a  buy;  pertaining  to  boyhood ;  in  a  dis- 
.  childish,  trifling,  puerile:  as, 
"a  boyi  li  odd  conceit,"  -/.  Baillie. 

I  ran  it  through,  even  from  in\  boyish  days, 
lo  theverj  moment  that  he  had.-  mi  tell  it 

Shale.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Syn.  .'»-  See  youthful. 

boyishly  (boi'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  boyish  manner. 
boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  «.     The  quality  of 

being  boyish, 
boyism  i  boi'izm),  n.    [<  boy1  +  -ism.]    1.  The 
Btate  of  being  a  boy;  boyishness. 

m  ol  the  brothers  ...  is  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. '/'.  Warton,  Notes  on  Milton's  Smaller  Poems. 
2.   Something  characteristic  of  a  boy;  pueril- 
ity. 
A  tli  u,  which  Chan  i  as  be- 

i  abli  9, 
[Hare  in  hi  .1 

Boyle's  law.    See  taw. 

boyn  lso  spelled  boin,  boyen, 

ided  form  of 

for  water  or  wine,  >  prob.   So. 

''"""■'i-v.|      1.   A  washing-tub.     Gait—  2.  A 

flat,  I  h  mjik  js 

emptied  from  the  pail. 

Also  caiie.i  bine. 
boy-queller  (boi'kwel  er),  n.    One  who  quells 

with  boys.     |  R 

Whi 

id  i'.,  v.  5. 
boyshipt  (boi'ship),  n.    [<  boy1  +  -ship.]    Boy- 

1 1.     B< 

boy's-love  (boiz'luv),  ».    A  name  of  the  south- 

i I.    t» ' 

1  by  young  men 

to  pi  .    growth  Oi   a    I, card.' 

boys-play  ment; 

anything  free  from  risk  i  labor;  any- 


650 

thing  easy  or  trifling,  a*  opposed  to  the  earnest 
business  or  bard  work  of  a  man. 
'this  is  no  boy  a  play.  i'<<  tcher,  Bonduca,  ii.  3. 

boyuna  (boi-fi'n5.),  n.  [Of.  sp.  boyuna,  fem.  of 
boyuno,  belonging  to  battle,  <  boy,  now  busy  — 
Pg.  boi,  ox,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox:  see  Bos.    Cf. 

600.1  1.  A  large  serpent  of  South  America, 
black  and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell. 
—  2.  A  harmless  reptile  or  snake  common  in 

(  V\  lull. 

boza  (bo'zS),  n.  [Also  written  bosa,  bouza, 
bousa,  boozdh,  boozeh,  etc.,  F.  bouza,  G.  busa, 
etc.  Buss.  Serv.  etc.  buza,  <  Ar.  hiize,  Pers.  buza, 
Hind,  buza,  boza,  Turk,  boza,  a  thick  white  fer- 
mented drink  made  from  millet.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar Egyptian  drink,  made  by  boiling  millet-seed 
in  water  and  fermenting  the  infusion,  adding 
afterward  certain  astringent  substances. —  2. 
An  inebriating  mixture  of  darnel-meal,  hemp- 
seed,  and  water. —  3.  A  preparation  of  honey 
and  tamarinds. 

bozon  (bo'zon),  n.     In  her.,  same  as  bird-holt1. 

Bp.     An  abbreviation  of  bishop. 

Br.    In  chem.,  the  symbol  of  bromine. 

Brabancon  (bra-bon-son'),  n.  [F.,  man  of  Bra- 
bant, a  province  of  Belgium.]  Same  as  Bra- 
in inter. 

Brabanconne  (bra-bon-son'), n.  [F.,<  Brabant.] 
The  popular  patriotic  song  of  the  Belgians  since 
1830,  when  they  threw  off  Dutch  rule.  The  words 
*  ri  composed  by  a  trench  actor  named  Jenneval,  tin  n  at 
Brussels.  Each  verse  ends  with  a  varied  refrain  relating 
to  the  substitution  of  the  tree  of  liberty  for  the  orange,  in 
allusion  to  the  sovereign  house  of  Orange,  then  ruling  the 
Netherlands. 

Brabanter  (bra-ban'ter),  n.  [<  Brabant  +  -er1. 
See  Brabancon.]  One  of  a  class  of  mercenary 
soldiers  and  bandits  from  the  old  duchy  of  Bra- 
bant, who  figured  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  of 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

Brabantine  (bra-ban'tin),  a.  [<  Brabant  + 
-ine1.]  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  formerly  a 
duchy,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  provinces 
of  North  Brabant  and  Brabant,  belonging  re- 
spectively to  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium. 

brabble  (brab'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brabbled, 
ppr.  brabbling.  [<  D.  braVbelen,  confound, 
stammer.  Cf.  blabber1  and  babble.]  To  wran- 
gle ;  dispute  or  quarrel  noisily. 

lie  held  me  with  brabbling  till  the  clock  strook,  and  then 
for  the  breach  of  a  minute  he  refused  my  money. 

Qreene  and  Lodfte,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  and  Eng. 
Melantius,  thou  art  welcome,  and  my  love 
Is  with  thee  still :  but  this  is  not  a  place 
To  brabble  in.— Calianax,  join  hands. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 

brabble  (brab'l).  ».  [<  brabble,  v.]  A  broil ; 
a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle. 

This  petty  brabble  will  undo  us  all. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 

brabblement  (brab'1-ment),  n.     [<  brabble  + 

-ment.]     A  clamorous  contest  ;  a  brabble. 
brabbler  (brab'ler),  n.    [<  brabble,  v.,  +  -er1. 
Cf.  D.  brabbelaar,  stammerer.]    A  clamorous, 
noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow. 

We  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  he  spent 

With  such  a  brabbler.  Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 

brabbling  (brab'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  brab- 
ble, ».]  Clamorous;  wrangling;  quarrelsome; 
noisy. 

lie  gave  notice  to  his  government  that  commerce  would 

have  no  security  in  Antwerp  "  in  those  brabbling  times." 

Mullen,  butch  Republic,  II.  18. 

brabblinglyt  (brab'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  brab- 
bling manner. 

Neither   bitterly    nor 
brabblingly. 

Ill'  .lew,  l(.  lief,  of  Apol. 

[for  eh.  of  Eng.,  p.  44. 

bracae    (bra'se),    n. 
■pi.    [  Li. ;  see  breech, 

hrei  ches.]      Ill  until/., 

a  garment  equiv- 
alent to  the  mod- 
ern trousers.   11  was 

inii'li        iilio      I 

fitting,  and  its  use 

wa   charactei  istic  oi  the 

Gauls   and    oi    <  trii  atal 

it  wasnot  worn 

by  1 n    1     not  h.\  tic 

Romans  before  theend  of 
tic  n  public,    ah.  1   Hi. 
in  1  century  a.  i>.,  how- 
1 
c 
peclally  in   1 
forces   stationed   in   In- 
dent! nt    climates  ;   and 

toward   thi    cl 11 111 

gen 

tieli  never  in  much  favor  within  the 
wulls  of  Koine.     Also  improperly  spelled  braceiv. 


Braccate. —  Foot  of  Snowy  Owl. 


-Statue  -I  I'm,,  Vatlca 

Museum. 


brace 

braccae  (brak'se),  n.    See  braca:. 

braccate  (brak'at),  a.     [<  L.  "braccatus,  prop. 

bracatus,  <   bracce,  pi.,  breeches:  see  breech.] 

In  ornith.,  having  the 

tarsi   feathered;  ha\ 

ingthe  feet  furnished 

with   feathers   to  tin' 

buses   of-  the  toe-  or 

of  the  idaws. 

bracciale  (brak-si-a/- 
le ;  It.  pron.  brat 
chia'le),  11. ;  pi.  brac- 
einli '(-li).  [It.,  a  bras- 
sard or  chevron,  also 
as  in  clef..  <  L.  Inue- 
chiale,  an  armlet,  bracelet,  etc.,  <  bracchium  (> 
It.  braccio),  arm.]  A  projecting  bracket  of  iron 
or  bronze,  having  a  socket  and  ring  for  hold- 
ing a  flagstaff,  torch,  or  the  like,  and  sometimes 
a  large  ring.  These  brackets  are  affixed  to  Italian  pal- 
aces ot  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  and  are  often  of  meat 
richness  of  design,  especially  at  Sienna  and  Florence. 

braccio  (brat'ehio),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  bracchium, 
arm :  see  brace1.]  A  measure  of  length  used  in 
Italy,  varying  from  half  a  yard  at  Lodi  to  a 
yard  at  Milan.     See  brass%. 

brace1  (bras),  11.  [<  ME.  b?-ace,< OF.  brace,  brass, 
brasse,  hrache,  the  two  arms  extended,  an  arm- 
ful, a  fathom,  pair,  F.  brasse  —  Pr.  OraSSa  = 
Sp.  braza  =  Pg.  braga,  a  fathom,  <  L.  brachia, 
pi.  of  brachium,  bracchium,  arm,  prob.  <  Gr.  jipa- 
\:eee,  arm ;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  brae  =  W.  braieh 
=  Bret,  breach,  the  arm.  From  the  L.  singular 
bracchium  comes  OF.  bras,  braz,  F.  bras  =  Sp. 
brazo  =  Pg.  brago  =  It.  braccio,  arm.  Hence 
bracelet  and  embrace.]  1.  A  prop  or  support; 
specifically,  inarch.,  a  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building  iu  order  to  strengthen  it.  When  used 
to  support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  strut. —  2. 
That  which  holds  two  or  more  things  firmly 
together;  a  cincture  or  bandage. —  3.  A  pair; 
a  couple :  as,  a  brace  of  ducks :  used  of  persons 
only  with  a  shade  of  contempt  or  colloquially. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  minded, 
I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  upon  you. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge? 
Fletcher  {ami  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

The  two  muskets  I  loaded  with  a  brace  of  Blugs  each. 

Defoe,  Etobinson  erusoe. 

4.  A  thick  strap  by  which  a  carriage-body  is 
suspended  from  C-springs.  E.  II.  Knight. —  5. 
In  printing,  a  vertical  double-curved  line,  used 

to  connect  two  or  more  lines:  thus,  T°    A.  or 

two  or  more  staves  in  music. —  6.  A  leather 
band  placed  about  the  cords  of  a  drum  and 
sliding  upon  them:  tised  to  raise  or  lower  the 
tone  by  increasing  or  lessening  the  tension  of 
the  cords:  as,  "the  hr/ins  of  the  Avar  drum." 
In  1  ham,  Phys.  Theol. —  7.  pi.  Straps  passing 
overthe  shoulders  to  Sustain  the  trousers;  sus- 
penders.—  8.  A  device  for  supporting  a  weak 
back,  curved  shoulders,  etc. —  9.  Naut.:  (a) 
fine  of  the  ropes  fastened  to  the  yards  of  a 
ship,  one  to  each  yard-arm,  which,  reaching  to 
the  deck,  enable  the  yards  to  be  swung  about 
horizontally.  They  also  help  the  yards  to  sup- 
port the  strain  caused  by  the  wind  on  the  sails. 
(6)  jil.  Straps  of  brass  or  metal  eastings  fas- 
tened <,n  the  stern-post,  to  receive  the  pintles 
b\  which  the  rudder  is  hung. — 10.  A  defense 
or   protection    for    the    arm:    specifically,   one 

used  in  archery.    Same  as  bracer,  -. 

"  It  hath  been  a  shiel 
Twixt  mi'  and  death":  and  pointed  to  this  brace. 

shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 
lit.  State  of  defense. 

tor  that  it  [Cyprus]  stands  not  in  such  warlike  brace. 

But  altogether  lacks  the  anilities 

That  hliodes  is  dress'd  in.  S/mle.  Othello,  i.  :!. 

12.  The  state  of  being  braced;  tension;  tight- 
ness. 

the  lawless  of  the  tympanum  when  it  has  lost  its  brace 
or  tension.  Holder. 

13f.  An  arm  (of  the  sea). 

lie  schal  so  passe  thewature,  that  ys  cleped  the  brace  of 
Seint  Gteorge  |ML.  Brachium  s.  Qeorgii],  that  is  an  arm 
"t  the  sea.  Maundt  ville,  p.  L26. 

14.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood  for 
holding  and  turning  boring-tools,  etc.;  a  bit- 
stock.  There  are  various  forms  of  braces,  the st  com- 
mon being  the  carpenters'  brace,  bit  inner,  nn  sice/,,  or 
huiul-beuee    which  is  a  tool  for  turning  a  boring-hit  or 

11  it    "i  a  crank-formed  shaft,  with  a  metal 

'  kel  called  the  f,u<l  at  one  extremity,  and  on  the  other 
a    wl\  eled  lieud  (or  cushion  or  shield),  by  which  the  boring- 


brace 

tool  or  bit,  fixed  in  tin*  pad.  is  pressed  fnrward  by  the 
workman.     See  angle-brace  (b),  and  nil  under  bit-stock. 

15.   A  wooden  rod  with  spiked  iMids, 
used  to  support  scenery  iu  a  theater. 
— 16.  pi.  The  leather  slides  ou  the 
cords  of  a  snare-drum,  by  which  the 
tension  of  the  head  is  varied Brace- 
bit.  Seeftitl.— French  brace,  nn  angle-brace 
(which  see).— Geared  brace.aboring-toolthe 
bit  or  drill  of  which  is  turned  by  a  hand-crank 
and  bevel-gear.— -Principal  brace,  in  build- 
ing, a  brace  immediately  under  the  principal 
rafters,  or  parallel  to  them,  ami  in  a  state  <<t 
compression.    It  serves  to  assist  the  princi- 
pals in  supporting  the  roof-timbers.    Swift. 
—  Ratchet-brace,  a    carpenters'  brace   in 
which,  by  means  of  gearing,  a  back-and-forth  motion  is 
converted  into  a  rotary  one,  thus  causing  the  bit  to  turn. 
—  Wind-brace,  a  diagonal  brace  to  tie  the  rafters  of  a 
roof  together  and  prevent  racking.     In  the  best  examples 
of  medieval  roofs  the  wind-braces  are  arched,  and  run  from 
the  principal  rafters  to  the  purlins.    Encye,  ilrit.-Syn.  3. 
Couple,  etc.    See  pair. 
brace1  (bras),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braced,  ppr. 
bracing.     [<  MB.  braeen,  brace,  embrace,  <  OF. 
bracer,  bracier,  brasser,  <  brace,  embrace,  =  Pr. 
brassar=  It.  bracciare,  brace;  from  the  noun.] 
If.  To  clasp  or  grasp ;  embrace ;  hold  firmly. 
Swet  frende,  I  fele  mortal  dethe  me  brace, 
Neuer  After  thys  coinforth  to  purchace 
Off  surgery-crafte  ne  with  medicine, 
For  stuffed  I  am  ful  of  uenvmc. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1446. 
A  sturdy  lance  in  his  right  hand  he  braced. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  75. 

2.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  fit  or  secure  by  ties; 
bandage ;  strap. 

The  women  of  China,  by  bracing  and  binding  them, 
from  then1  infancy,  have  very  little  feet.  Locke. 

They  braced  my  aunt  against  a  board, 
To  make  her  straight  and  tall. 

O.  IT.  Holmes,  My  Aunt. 

3.  To  string  or  bend  (a  bow)  by  putting  the 
eye  of  the  string  in  the  upper  nock  preparatory 
to  shooting. — 4.  To  make  tense;  strain  up;  in- 
crease the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of;  strength- 
en: used  both  literally  and  figuratively:  as,  to 
brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  tension  that  way,  in 
such  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  brad  ■'. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech. 
He  drank  —  'twas  needful  his  poor  nerves  to  brace. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 
Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the  princess. 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  he. 
5.  To  fix  in  the  position  of  a  brace;  hold  firm- 
ly in  place:  used  reflexively:  as,  to  brace  one's 
self  against  a  post  or  a  crowd. — 6.  To  furnish 
with,  or  support  or  prop  by,  braces:  as,  to  brace 
a  building  or  a  falling  wall. —  7.  Naut.,  to  swing 
or  turn  around  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  by  means 
of  the  braces. 

We  caught  the  southeast  trades,  and  ran  before  them 
for  nearly  three  weeks,  without  so  much  as  altering  a  sail 
or  bracing  a  yard.     R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. ,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  53. 

8.  In  writing  and  printing,  to  uuite  or  connect 
by  a  brace,  as  two  or  more  lines,  staves  of 
music,  etc — To  brace  aback.  See  aback- -To  brace 
about,  to  brace  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  ill  a  contrary  direc- 
tion.—To  brace  fortht,  t<>  press  forth. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 
To  brace  in  (naut.),  to  slack  the  lee  braces  and  haul  in 
the  weather  ones.  — To  brace  Sharp  («"»f.).  to  cause  the 
yards  to  have  the  smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel.— 
To  brace  up.  (a)  Naut.,  to  lay  the  yards  more  fore-and- 
aft,  so  that  the  ship  will  sail  closer  to  the  wind,  (b)  To 
increase  the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of :  often  used  intran- 
sitively with  the  object  understood. 
Every  nerve  in  his  frame  was  braced  up  for  a  spring. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  316. 

brace2t  (bras),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  min- 
ing, the  flooring  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
[Cornwall.] 
braced  (brast),  p.  a.  1.  Inker.,  interlaced  or 
linked  together :  said  of  bearings  so  arranged. 
Also  brazed. —  2.  In 
entom.,  attached  by 
the  caudal  extremi- 
ty and  supported  in 
an  upright  or  ob- 
lique position  by  a 
silken  thread  cross- 
ing the  thorax,  and 
fastened  to  the  sup- 
porting surface: said 
of  the  chrysalis  of  a  butterfly.  Also 
called  girt  or  bound.— Braced  inter- 
laced, in  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brace-drill  (bras'dril),  n.  A  drill 
shaped  like  a  carpenters'  brace, 
used  for  boring  metals.  In  one  form  a  feed-screw 
and  back-center,  the  latter  abutting  against  some  rigid 
body  or  part,  are  substituted  for  the  hand-plate  or  breast- 
plate. 


651 

brace-head (bras'hed),  ».  In  roch-boring.  a. large 
box,  key,  nr  wrench,  with  long  lovers  or  handles, 
used  in  turning  a  boring-tool. 

brace-key  (bras'ke),  n.  In  mining,  a  tiller  con- 
sisting of  two  iron  handles  screwed  together  in 
opposite  ways,  so  as  to  clip  between  them  the 
rods  used  iu  deep  borings.  When  the  handles  are 
screwed  on  firmly  thej  Form  two  levers  for  turning  the  reds 
as  required,  the  top  length  of  rod  being  furnished  with  a 
swivel.     W.  Morgan,  Manual  of  filming  Tools,  p.  162. 

bracelet  (bras'let),  n.  [<  F.  bracelet,  dim.  of 
OF.  bracel,  bracket,  an  armlet  or  defonse  for  the 
arm,  <  ML.  brachile,  <  L.  bracchiale,  an  armlet,  < 
bracchium,  the  arm:  see  brace1,  «.]  1.  An  or- 
namental band,  ring,  or  clasped  chain  for  the 


Three  Chevrons 
Braced. 


Brace-drill. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  women.  Bracelets 
were  among  the  earliest  personal  ornaments,  and  are  aeen 
in  rich  and  varied  forms  in  ancient  Egyptian  and  Assyrian 
sculptures.  They  have  been  worn  almost  universally, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  by  both  savage 
and  civilized  peoples.    See  armlet,  armiUa,  and  bangle®. 

I  decked  thee  also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put  /</</<■<  /.  ts 
upon  thy  hands,  and  a  chain  on  thy  neck.      Ezck.  xvi.  11. 

Both  his  hands  were  cut  off,  being  known  to  have  worn 
bracelets  of  gold  about  his  wrists.  Sir  J.  Haywa/rd, 

2.  Humorously,  a  shackle  for  the  wrist;  a 
handcuff. 

There  he  shall  keep  close, 
Till  I  provide  him  files  and  food  ;  for  yet 
His  iron  bracelets  are  net  off. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  ii.  6. 

3.  A  piece  of  armor,  whether  the  lower  part  of 
the  brassart  or  the  wrist-piece  of  the  gauntlet 
(which  see). 

Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  ii. 

4.  In  palmistry,  a  mark  across  the  inside  of  the 
wrist,  single,  double,  or  triple. 

brace-mold  (bras'niold),  ».  In  arch.,  a  mold- 
ing formed  by  the  union  of  two  ogees,  and  in 
section  resembling  the  brace  used  in  printing. 
Sometimes  a  small  bead  is  inserted  between 
the  ogees. 

brace-pendant  (bras'pen"dant),  n.  Naut.,  a 
length  of  rope  or  chain  into  which  the  brace- 
block  is  spliced. 

bracer  (bra'ser),  ».     [<  brace,  v.,  +  -er1 ;  in  sense 

2,  <  ME.  bracer,  brasere,  <  OF.  bras,  the  arm :  see 
brace1,  ».]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  braces, 
binds,  or  makes  firm ;  a  band  or  bandage. — 2. 
In  archery,  a  wrist-guard  worn  over  the  sleeve 
on  the  left  arm  as  a  protection  against  the  fric- 
tion or  the  catching  of  the  bowstring,  it  is  com- 
monly of  leather,  but  sometimes  of  metal,  and  was  for- 
merly even  of  ivory,  and  frequently  a  decorative  object. 
The  glove  is  sometimes  made  to  serve  as  a  bracer.  See 
cut  under  bowmanl. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer, 
And  by  his  side  a  Bwerd  and  a  bokeler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  111. 
A  bracer  serueth  for  two  causes,  one  to  saue  his  arme 
from  the  strype  of  the  strynge,  and  his  doublet  from 
wearynge,  and  the  ether  is.  that  the  strynge  glydynge 
sharpelye  and  quicklye  of  the  bracer,  may  make  the 
sharper  shoote.  Asckam,  Toxophilus. 

3.  That  which  braces  or  stimulates  the  nerves; 
a  tonic ;  specifically,  a  drink  taken  early  in  the 
morning.     [Colloq.] 

brace-stake  (bras'stak),  n.  A  stake  competed 
for  by  braces  of  dogs  instead  of  individuals,  as 
in  field-trials. 

bracht,  brachet  (brach  or  brak),  n.  [In  the 
pron.  brach  also,  and  properly,  written  bratch 
(see  bratch,  bratchet);  <  ME.  brache,  <  OF. 
brache,  F.  braque  =  Pr.  brae  =  Sp.  Pg.  braco  — 
It.  bracco  (of.  ML.  braccus,  bracco),  <  OHG. 
braccho,  MHO.  G.  brache  =  D.  brak  =  Sw.  brack, 
a  dog  that  hunts  by  the  scent ;  origin  unknown. 
The  mod.  pron.  brak  follows  mod.  F.  braque, 
and  requires  the  spelling  *brack  (or,  as  F., 
brogue).']  A  bitch  of  the  hound  kind;  specifi- 
cally, a  species  of  scenting  hound;  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

A  sow  pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brack,  and  when  she  was 
grown  would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 


Brachial  Appendages 
of  Rhync  Itotte  1 1  a  ni- 
gricans, a,  adductor 
impressions;  /,  teeth. 


brachiate 

Brachelytra  (bra-kel'i-trtt),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
v"M".  short,  +  IZvrpov,  a  sheath,  shard:  see 
elytron.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  division  of  Coteoph  ra  including  the 
rove-beetles,  or  Staphylinidte,  which  have  the 
elytra  short,  not  nearly  covering  the  abdomen, 
the  anteniue  short,  not  clavate,  and  usually 

two  anal   appendages.    Soi I  I nsects  are 

known  a,  cocktailt,  from  the  way  thej   ba\ cocking 

up  their  tails.     With  the  Staphylinidai  the  Ptelaphida 

are  sometimes  : ted  under  Brachelytra.    Thesi  are 

trimerous,  with  fixed  abdomen  an. I  no  anal  appendages. 
Seecut  under  rove-beetle.    Also  called  Brachyelytra. 

brachelytrous  (bra-kel'i-trus),  ".  [<  Brache- 
lytra +  -mis.]  Having  short  elytra;  specifical- 
ly, pertaining  to  the  Brachelytra.  Also  brachy- 
elytrous. 

brachett,  »•    See  bratchet. 

brachia,  n.    Plural  of  brachium. 

brachial  (lua'ki-  or  brak'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
brachiaUs,  bracchialis,  <  brachium  (prop,  brac- 
chium), arm:  see  bract  >.  n.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  arm,  fore  leg.  wing,  pectoral  fin,  or  oi  her 
fore  limb  of  a  vertebrate ;  especially,  belonging 
to  the  upper  part  of  such  member,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  brachia  of  the  Brachiopoda  or  of  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  wings  of  pteropods,  the  arms  of 
cephalopoda,  the  rays  of  erinoids,  etc Bra- 
chial appendages,  a  pair  of  organs 
characteristic  of  the  brachiopods, 
and  suggesting  the  name  of  the 
class  Brachiopoda;  they  are  prolon- 
gations uf  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
lips  or  margins  of  the  mouth,  and  are 
therefore  also  called  labial  appen- 
dages.— Brachial  artery,  or  hu- 
meral artery,  the  principal  artery 
of  the  upper  arm;  the  continuation  of 
the  axillary  artery  from  its  exit  from 
the  axilla  to  its  division  into  radial 
and  ulnar  arteries,  which  in  man 
occurs  just  below  the  elbow. — Bra- 
chial plexus,  the  network  or  interlacing  of  the  anterior 
branches  of  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal  spinal  nerves, 
which  are  distributed  to  the  fore  limb;  the  brachiplex. — 
Brachial  veins,  the  venee  comites,  or  companion  veins, 
of  the  brachial  artery,  which  unite  with  each  other  and 
with  the  basilic  vein  to  form  the  axillary  vein. 

II.  n.  1.  In  ichth.,  one  of  the  series  of  bones 
to  which  the  rays  of  the  pectoral  fins  of  fishes 
are  attached. 

The  fourth  or  lowest  of  the  four  brack  ials  which  together 
may  represent  the  humerus,  ami  to  which  the  fin-rays  are 
attached.  Mivart,  Elem.  Anat.,  p.  162 

2.  In  human  anat.:  («)  The  brachial  artery. 
(b)  In  the  Latin  form  brachiaUs  (nnticus),  a 
muscle  of  the  front  of  the  upper  arm,  arising 
from  the  front  of  the  humerus  and  inserted  into 
the  ulna,  flexing  the  forearm.  Also  called 
anUcobrachiaUs.  See  out  under  muscle. —  3. 
One  of  the  joints  of  the  branches  of  a  crinoid, 
between  the  radials  and  the  palmars ;  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  third  order,  or  of  a  division  of  the 
radials. 

brachiale  (brak-i-a'le),  v.;  pi.  brachialia  (-li-a). 
[L.,  prop.  neut.  of  brachiaUs,  bracchialis:  see 
brachial,  bracelet.]  1.  In  erinoids,  same  as  bra- 
chial, 3. 

At  the  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series 
of  brachialia.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  500. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand 
and  forearm,  usually  held  erect  with  the  hand 
open  and  the  fingers  wearing  rings. — 3.  pi.  See 
extract. 

Besides  their  gloves,  our  bishops  wore,  on  occasions, 
a  certain  kind  of  loose  sleeves,  called  hrack'xriia,  which 
could  be  easily  drawn  over  the  alb  high  up  almost  to  the 
elbow,  and  thus  hinder  the  cuffs  of  that  vesture  and  its 
beautiful  apparels  from  being  splashed  when  the  bishop, 
on  Holy  Saturday,  baptized  the  new-born  infants  iu  the 
font  which  he  had  just  hallowed. 

Rod,;  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  164. 

brachialgia  (brak-i-al'ji-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  bra- 
chium, bracchium,  arm,  +  Gr.  -</>  j  la,  <  a'Aydv,  feel 
pain,  <  o/;oo,  pain.]     Neuralgia  in  the  arm. 

brachialia,  «.    Plural  of  brachiale. 

brachiaUs  (brak-i-a'lis),  h.  [L.]  See  brachial. 
n.,2  (b). 

Brachiata  (brak-i-a'tS),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  brachiatus,  brdechiatus:  see  brachiate.] 
An  order  of  erinoids,  the  brachiate  erinoids  or 
erinoids  proper,  having  five  or  more  branching 
arms.  There  are  two  families,  Encrimdce  and  <:>mati<. 
liihv.  This  division  includes  all  the  living  erinoids  as  well 
as  many  of  the  extinct  ones,  and  is  distinguished  from  the 
BlastowLea  and  Cystoidea,  all  uf  which  are  extinct.  Also 
railed  lirackata. 

brachiate  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  bra- 
chiatus, bracchiatus,  having  arms:  see  brachial.] 
1.  In  oot.,  having  widely  spreading  branches 
arranged  in  alternate  pairs,  or  decussate;  fur- 
nished with  brachia. —  2.  ikzobl.:  (a)  Having 
brachia  of  any  kind;  braehiferous.  (&)  Specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachiata. 


652 


brachiferous 

brachiferous  (bra-kif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  brachia, 

pi.  of  braehium,  bracchium,  arm,  +  ferre  =  E. 

ing  brat- hia:  applied  ti>  the  sub- 

umt.nlla  \phora  (which  see).— 

Brachiferous  disk.    - 

.  ,,,-  n„,  BWi  a  t  onlj  '1"  thi 

the  lii>-i  unite,  but  the  opposite  walls  ol  the  hydmnth  be- 
neath the  umbrella  are,  as  it  were,  pushed  in,  so  as  to  form 
four  chambers,  the  walls  of  which  unite,  become  perforated, 
to  a  suh-umhrellar  cavity,  with  a  roof 

ni.l  a  II '.I! 

pill  as,     Uwcli  <   \niit.  Invert.,  p.  126. 

Brachina  (bra-kl'na),  n.    [XL.,  <  L.  braehium, 
a,  +  -tnai.]      A  supposed  larval 

of  a   starfish.  a>  an   Asteracanthion :   a  . 

given,  like  Bipinnaria  and  Brachiolaria,  brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod), 

under  the  impression  that  the  organism  was  a  braehiopod. 

distinct  animal.  brachiopodous  (brak-i-op'o-dus),  a.    [As  lira 

Brachinidae  (bra-lrin'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bra-  chiopoda  + -ous.]    Belonging  to  the  class  Bra 

chinus  +  -flu.)    A  family  ol'  adephagous  bee-  chiopoda.    Also  braehiopod. 

typified   by  the  genus  Braehinus:  now  brachiplex  (brak'i-pleks),  n.       '.  I>.  braehium, 


brachyelytrous 


at  least  as  true  molluBks;  but  bylatei  writers  they  have  brachycephali   (brak-i-sef'a-li)>   n.  pi.     [NL.. 

presenting  (alone  orwith  Polyzoa)&    pl.otbrachycephahis:  see  braehycephalous.]    In 

peculiar  branch  or  y£U^omMo^ndea, and ajPP™£     ,,,,„„,      those     people    whose    cephalic    index 

111 '1  let      I  it  i  >l      i  -■--  n    I.  it'   '1  "  itll  tilt'  \W>I  Ills,    I    '  '  ""  v-         1  "I   I  I.1.SS  ',,.  .'.  i  J  1    U 

j";.,:,,,  into  two  subclas  esoi  orders,  Arthro-     (see  cephahc)  is  80  ami  upward,  and  whocon- 

i.iiirvan,  and  Uyoptnimtit  or  int.  ui.cata.     sequcntl.v  have  short   skulls  or  are  braehyce- 
[  thi   inarticulate  or  lyopomatous  brachio-     njjajjo 

ffi  '  SS5S  •£/*»?£  brachycephalic  fbrak  i-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik), 

articulate orarthropomatoushracl Isaii  thi  7/ereera-     o.    [As braehycephalous  +  -»c]    Short-headed: 

i    RAj/ncAoneiftdae,  Theciidce.  Spirifi  rida   Konineki 
,./,,,  Strophomemdce,  Orthidat,  and   Pro- 

areverj  numerous,  nearly  1, ha\ 

ing  been  described;  thej  are stly  extinct,  and  all  marine. 

They  flourished  especiallj  during  the  Silurian  pi  rlod  and 
somi  Silurian  genera,  as  TAngula,  are  still  extant.  See  cut 
under  Linguliiue.  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
family  Terebratulidoe,  are  known  as  lampshells. 

ii.  and  a.     See 


applied,  in  illiiml.  to  heads  whose  diameter 
from  side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that 
from  front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  HO  to 
100,  us  those  of  the  Mongolian  type;  and  also 
to  races  or  individuals  having  sueh  heads:  op- 
posed lo  iliilidmri  plialic.  There  are  two  sections  of 
this  group,  braehistocephalic  and  euryeephalie.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  a  brachycephalic  race  inhabited  Europe  before 
the  Celts.  Also  braehycephalous,  braehykephalie,  braehy- 
kephalous. 

For  the  extremes  of  these  varieties  [of  cranial  form], 
Betzius  proposed  the  names  of  brachy-kephalie  or  short- 
headed,  and  dolicho-kephalic  or  long  headed,  which  have 
i  general  use.    Dawson,  Origin  of  world,  p.  4-27. 


Also   Brachinida  and    bracchium,  arm,  +  NL.  plexus.)    The  brachial  ]$rachyceprialidae  (brak  i-se-fal'i-de),  a.pl 


See  brachial  plexus,  under 


[NL.,"<  Brachyeephalus  +  -idaz.]  A  family  of 
o.xydactylopisihoglossate  anurous  batrachians. 
< Hi  it  tin  r. 
Brachycephalina  (brak-i-sef-a-li'na),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brachyeephalus  +  -inn-.]  A  super- 
family  group  of  frogs,  including  the  families 
Phryniseidce  and  BrachycephaUdai. 


merged    in   Carabidce. 

plexus  of  nerves. 

Brachininae  (brak-i-ni'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bra-  brachial. 

+    ,/;,/.]    The  bombardier-beetles  as  a  brachiplexal  (brak-i-plek'sal),  a.     [<  brachi- 

arabidee.  plex  +  -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  brachi- 

BrachinUS  (1'ia-ki'nus).  «.     [XL.,  so  named  in  piex. 

ence  to  the  shortness  of  the  wing-cases :  brachistocephali  (bra-Hs-to-sef  a-li),  n.pl. 

<Gr.     ;'    i".  short.]     A  genus  of  adephagous  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (3pa  V""C<  superl.  of  fipatfic,  short, 

beetles,  of  the  family  Carabidce, sometimes giv-  +  Ke^al//,  head.]     Those  persons  or  races  of  forachycepnaiism  (brak-i-sef'a-lizm),  >i.     [< 

ing  name  to  a  family  Brachinidce.     They  are  men  who  are  braehistocephalic.                       ^      brachycephal4c  + -ism.]   fcieihriol.,  the  quality, 

mbardier-beetles, of whichB. crepitansis  braehistocephalic (bra-kis"to-se-fal'ik or -sef-    stat(.;  0I  condition  of  being  brachycephalic. 

cample.     See  cut  under  bombardier-beetle.  a-lik),  a.  [Asbrachistocephali  +  -ic]  laethnol.,    j±iso  brachykephalism,  brachycephaly. 

brachiocephalic    (brak  i-o-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-  having  or  pertaining  to  a  head  whose  transverse  DrachyCepnalous  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  a.    [<  NL. 

lik  i,  a.     [<  L.  braehium,  bracchium  (Gr.  fSpax't-  diameter  is  to  its  length  about  as  .85  to  1.            brachyeephalus.  <  Or.  f}paxvic£$akic,  short-head- 

i  ni,  +  Gr.  h .i»</>',.  head,  +  -/c]     In  anat..  brachistochrone  (bra-kis'to-kron),  n.     [Word     edj  <■  ppaxbc   short,  +  KnQaM],  head.]     Same  as 

... ■rtaiuiiiL'  both  to  i he  upper  arm  and  to  invented  by  John  Bernoulli  in  1694;   <   Gr.     brachycephalic.    Also  -written  brachykephalovs. 

the  head:  as,  the  brachiocephalic  (irmominate)  pp&xurroc.,  superl.  of  /Jpaxk,   short,  +   xi>''V01:.        The  prevailing  form  of  the  negro  head  is  doUchocephar 

artery  and  v.  time:  sec  chronic.']     The  curve  upon  which  a     ioug;  that  of  civilized  races  is  mesocephalous  and _&rocny- 

Brachiolaria  (brak'i-6-la'ri-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  body  moves  in  the  least  possible  time  from  one     cephalous.                                 Pop.  Sci.Mo.,  xm _500. 

brachiolum,  dim.  of  braehium,  bracchium,  arm,  given  point  to  another.    According  to  the  nature  of  Brachyeephalus  (brak-i-sef  a-lus),  n. 

the  forces  that  are  supposed  to  act  upon  the  body,  and 
the  constraints  to  which  it  may  be  subject,  the  brachisto- 
.  In. .lie  takes  various  jjeometrical  forms,  mostly  spiral  or 
consisting  of  branches  united  by  cusps,  like  the  cycloid, 
which  is  the  brachistuchrone  for  a  body  moving  under  a 
constant  force  and  subject  to  no  condition  except  thatde- 
liiiins'  the  brachistochrone.  Until  recently  always  spelled 
brachystochrone. 


+ -nrin.  Cf.  Brachina.]  The  larva  of  a  star- 
fish: a  name  given  by  Leuckart  under  the  erro- 
neous impression  that  it  was  a  distinct  animal. 
See  Bipinnaria. 
Brachionichthyinae  (brak'i-o-nik-thi-i'ne),  n. 
pi.    [XI...  <  Brachionichthys  +  -ince.]     InGill's 

ion  of 
riiila,  with  the 
si  spines  i 
developed,  the  body  oblongoclavifonn,  and  the 
pelvic  bi  mes  short. 

brachionichthyine  (brak*i-o-nik'thi-in),  a.  and 

n.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 

of  the  Brachionichthyinat. 

II.  n.  A  Bsh  of  the  subfamily  Brachionieh- 

>i . 

Brachionichthys  (brak  i-5-nik'this),  ».    [NL., 

<  lir.  :i,»M  av,  arm.  +  ii»M,  fish.]     A  genus  of 

lishes  with  pediculate  pectorals,  typical  of  the 

subfamily  Brachionichthyince. 

brachionid  i  bra-ld'o-nid),  ».    A  rotifer  of  the 

I 
Brachionidae  (brak-i-on'i-de),  ».  pi.     [XL..  < 
Braehionux  +  -iila.]     A  family  of  rotifers,  in 


see   braciiyeephalous.]     The   typical  genus  of 
the  family  Brachyeepihalidce.    Bj  recent  herpetolo- 


^ 


shoulder  to  the  elbow,  coinciding  in  extent 
with  the  humerus;  the  arm  proper,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  antebrachium  or  forearm. — 2. 
The  humerus.  [Rare.]— 3.  An  arm-like  process 
of  the  brain.  See  phrases  below.— 4.  An  arm- 
like part  of  a  body.  Specifically— (a)  In  crinoids, 
on.  of  the  ravs  or  arms  given  off  from  the  calyx,  and  to 
which  the  pinnula)  may  be  attached.  See  cut  under  Cri- 
,,  .</  m.  a,)  In  cephalopods,  one  of  the  long  arms  or  ten- 
,in  ttie Acetabulifcra,  the  rows  of  suckers. 


Brazilian  Toad  \Rrachycefltalus  efliippiitm). 

gists  it  is  referred  to  the  family  Engystomidne  (in  an  en- 
larged sense)  or  Phryniscidoe.     /■'.  ephippium  is  a  small 
bright-yellow  Brazilian  toad,  with  a  bony  plate  saddled  on 
tacles  which  bear.  In  VaaAcetabulifera,  the  rows  of  suckers,     the  back.  _ 

-,  ,  ,i,t  nn.ler  Diliranchiata.    (c)tiue  of  tin  suliumbrellar  brachycephaly  (brak-1-set  a-ll),  n.      [<  brOChy- 
tentacular processes  upon  the  brachiferous  disk  of  a  dis-     ffuhm-ic  +  ->/.]     Same  as  liracliiicijihaMsm. 

Brachycera  (bra-kis'e-ra),  ».  pi.    [XL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  brachycerus,  lit.  snort-hornea:  see  bra- 
chycerous.]    A  suborder  of  THptera,  including 
5.  In  bat.,  an  arm-like  process  or  appendage:     (]  •       ai    tpro,ls  ,„.  tw0-winge<l  Hies  which  have 
chionw,Anur<Ba,  fotmus,     applied  by  Bentham  to  the  projecting  processes      ,  -      JlU.  apparently  not  more  than  three- 

Sacculus,  having  a  broad  Bhield-shaped  Ion-     at  tiie  SUmmit  ot  the  column  m  some  orchids,      j, ,;,,,,„!    ,„lp.  nr  two-ioin'ted  m 
hort  jointed  Eoot:  in  a  wider        Brachia  conjunctiva,  two  rounded  white  tracts  i 


cophorous  hydrozoan. "  Sec  cut  under  Discophora. 

The  long  tentacles  which  terminate  each  bracMum  [of 
Cephea]  are  blue.  Smiley,  Anal.  Invert.,  p.  127,  note. 


[XI,..  <  Gr.   >','"- 
braehium.]    A  g a 


sense  also  called  Bra< 
Brachionus  (bra-ki'o-nus),  ». 
x'ujv,  arm,  shoulder:  see 

if  the  family  Ihiirlinmiilir  or 
/.    <  ample.    See 

inder  trochal. 
braehiopod,  brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod,  -pod). 
1  a.   I.  n.  One  of  the  Braehiopoda. 

I  ■  narrowed  to  a 

h    i'l'    ol   I!.,    mouth 

Into  a  ion:.  .i  i.   tentacles ; 

group. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  397. 

Age  of  brachlopods,  1 1 

II.  ...  i  I  iopodous. 

Braehiopoda  (brak-i-op'o-dS     n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

=  E.  foot.  |     A 
class  of  mollusk-like  animals  distinguished  by 

labil  .-ailed 

brat '  ;e8,  di- 

verging from   either  side 

.  a  mantle  «  h 
tend 

nfng  aborally ; 

U     e    WfthOUl     I 

IT    I.. 

regarded  u,  blvalvi 


brain  passing  forward,  one,  the  brach 
leriut  from  the  nates,  and  the  other,  the  braclaumeonjune. 
tivum  posterius,  from  the  testis,  on  the  miter  side  oi  the 
mesencephalon.  Also  called  brachia  tsorporum  quadri- 
geminorum,  brachia  of  the  optic  Mi™.—  Brachia  con- 
junctorla  or  copulatlva,  the  superior  pedum  i<  of  Hie 
cerebellum.  — Brachia  of  the  optic  lobes.  See  brachia 
.■i..n»»../.v./.  -Braehium  pontis,  the  middle  peduncle  of 
the  cerebellum,  a  median  mass  ol  fibrous  nervi  ti  m 
connecting  the  pons  Varolii  with  the  cerebellum,  over- 
hung and  concealed  by  the  lateral  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 

Sec  •pontibrachium, 

Brachmant,  n.    Same  as  Brahman. 

braehy-.    [NL.  brarh/i  .  •    Ur.    :,..'ic  - l| 

An  (lenient  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin, 
ii  en oing  short. 

brachycatalectic  (brak-i-kat-grlek'tik),  a.  and 

a.  [<  L.  bracliiicatalicticitm,  prop,  brachi/cata- 
iiriiim  is.-,  metrum,  meter),  <  Gr.   V"  i "" 


pros.,  wanting 
dipody:  as,  b  brachycatalt  cUc\  erse  or  line,    'jiijsj 
,  |j  applied  only  to  lines  measured  by  dipo> 
and  iambli   .    The  ordlnarj   it. 
roii  ho.    ;.     (or  example, 

in    in  i  dii     6bi  diem  ■  and    thS  unit. 

..  .Li      I t.  i    h\i  alali  ill..:.       1 1  :■  -  I.  d  with 

i  italectli  i.i',  as, 

OV     le     In  .1    i  loin     .:..'         I  I      .lillo     .1 

II.  a.  A  verse   wanting  the  last  foot  of  the 
lust  dipody. 


jointed,  one-  or  two-jointed  palpi,  and  larvfe 
developed  from  the  egg.  They  are  aquatic  or  ter- 
restrial, feeding  on  vegetable  or  animal  1 1.  or  parasitic, 

the  perfect  insect  feeding  on  the  juices  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals, lie-  great  majority  of  dipterous  Insects,  Including 
all  the  ordinary  Hies,  belong  to  this  suborder.  The  fane 
ill.  are  variously  grouped ;  by  somi  thej  are  classed  as 
li..i,,n,r  TetrachcBtai,  and  Bexachasta,  according  to  the 
number  of  pieces  composing  the  proboscis.  Vnother  di- 
vision is  into  two  tribes.  Wuscaria  and  Tanystomata, 

brachycerous  (Tbra-kis'e-rus),  ".  [<  XL.  bra- 
chycerus, lit.  short -horned, <  Gr./8pn  fie,  short,  + 
nipac,  horn.]  In  entom.,  having  short  antenna'; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachycera. 

brachydiagonal  (brak  i-di-ag'o-nal),  a.  and  ». 
[<  Gr.  ftpaxte,  short,  +  diagonal.]    I.  a.  short 

and  diagonal:   as,  the    brarhipliaaoiial  ns\s.  the 

shorter  hit  era  1  axis  in  an  orthorhomliic  crystal. 

II.  a.  The   shorter  of   the  diagonals  in  a 

rhombic  , 

|  <  bra- 
rescinbling 

brachydome  (brak'i-dom),  n.    [<  Gr.  ppaxte, 

short,  +  Saua  (Aj/<ot-),  a  house,  chamber.]  In 
crystal.,  a  name  given  to  planes  in  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system  which  are  parallel  lo  the  shorter 
lateral  (of  brachydiagonal)  axis  while  inter- 
sect in-  II ther  two  axes.     See  domeK  5. 

Brachyelytra  (brak-i-el'i-trfi.),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Brachi  lytra. 

brachyelytrous  (brak-i-el'i-trus),  a.  Same  as 
brachelytrous. 


brachygrapher 

brachygrapher  (bra-kig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  bra- 
chygraphy  +  -er1.]  A  writer  in  shorthand;  a 
stenographer. 

He  asked  Hie  brachygrapher  whether  he  wrote  the  notes 
of  that  sermon.  (Tag/ton,  Notes  mi  Don  Quixote,  i   - 

brachygraphy  (bra-kig'ra-fi),  n.     [=  F.  brachy- 

graphie,  <  (Jr.  >'/"<  i  "/.  snort,  +  -ypaipia,  <  ypi 
write.]     The  art  or  practice  of  writ  ing  iu  short- 
hand ;  stenography. 

And  lie  is  to  take  the  whole  dunces  from  the  foot  hy 
brachygraphy,  and  so  make  a  memorial,  it'  not  a  map  "i 
the  business.  B.  Jonson,  Pan's. Anniversary. 

What  have  we  here  —  the  Art  of  Brachigraphy 

Marstonand  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  v. 

brachykephalic,  brachykephalous,  etc.    See 
brachycephalic,  brachycephatous,  etc. 
brachylogy  (bra-kil'o-ji),  »■    [=  F.  brachylogie, 

<  (Jr.  jipaxvTioyia,  brevity  iu  speech  or  writing,  < 
ppa.xvl.6yos,  short  in  speech,  <  Bpaxbg,  short,  + 
Atyetv,  speak.]  In  rhet.  and  gram.,  brevity  of 
diction ;  a  concise  or  abridged  form  of  expres- 
sion ;  especially,  non-repetition  or  omission  of 
a  word  when  its  repetition  or  use  would  be  ne- 
cessary to  complete  the  grammatical  construc- 
tion: as,  I  do  not  think  so  now,  but  I  have 
(thought  so) ;  this  is  as  good  (as)  or  better  than 
that. 

Brachymeridae  (brak-i-mer'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Brachymerus,  2,  +  -idaf.]  A  family  of  batra- 
ehians,  named  from  the  genus  Brachymerus. 
Giinther. 

Brachymerus  (brak-i-ine'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipaxh,  short,  +  fivp°C,  a  thigh.]  1.  In  entom. : 
(«)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  named  by 
Dejean  in  1834.  (J>)  A  genus  of  hymenopterous 
insects. —  2.  In  herpet.,  the  typical  genus  of 
Brachymeridae.  Smith,  1849. —  3.  A  genus  of 
brachiopods,  of  the  family  Pentameridce.  X.  S. 
Shalcr,  1865. 

brachymetropia  (brak*i-me-tr6'pi-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  jipaxi'C,  short,  +  pirpov,  measure,  +  uf 
('•>--),  eye,  sight.]     Same  as  myopia. 

brachymetropic  (brak'i-ine-trop'ik),  (i.  Same 
as  myopic. 

brachymetropy  (brak-i-met'ro-pi),  n.  See  bra- 
chymetropia. 

brachyodont  (brak'i-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  fipaxk, 
short,  +  idoiV  (6i5oiT-j  =  E.  tooth."]  Having  a 
short  or  low  crown :  applied  to  the  teeth  of  the 
Cervidce:  distinguished  from  hypsodont.  See 
extract. 

The  true  molars  of  the  Cervidse  are  brachyodont,  and 
those  of  tile  Boviibe  hypsodont;  i.  <■.,  the  teeth  of  the 
former  have  comparatively  short  crowns,  which  .  .  .  take 
their  place  at  onee  with  the  neck  ...  on  a  level  with  or 
a  little  above  the  alveolar  border. 

W.  H.  Flower,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  431. 

Brachyoura,  brachyoural,  brachyouran,  etc. 
See  Brachyura,  etc. 
brachypinacoid  (brak-i-pin'a-koid),  n.    [<  Gr. 

[ipaxi'S,  short,  +  pinacoid.]  In  crystal.,  a  plane 
in  the  orthorhombic  system  which  is  parallel 
to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral  (braehydiag- 
onal)  axes. 

brachypleural  (brak-i-plo'ral),  "•  [<  Gr.,3pa^t'c, 
short.  +  NL.  pleura  +  -al.]'  Literally,  having 
short  pleura :  specifically  said  of  trilobites  all  of 
whose  anterior  pleura  are  of  the  same  relative 
length  in  the  adult:  opposed  to  macropleural. 

The  Swedish  Faradoxides,  like  those  of  the  typical  Me- 
nevian  beds,  and  unlike  those  of  Bohemia,  are  all,  so  far  as 
determined,  of  the  Brachypleural  type. 

Amer.  Jour.  Set.,  3d  ser.,  XXXIII.  47a. 

Brachypodes  (bra-kip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fipaxig,  short,  +  7rot'C  (too-)  =  E.  foot.]  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  the  sixth 
phalanx  of  the  cohort  Cichlomorphee,  including 
8  families  of  dentirostral  oscine  Passeres,  such 
as  the  waxwings,  orioles,  swallow-flycatchers, 
caterpillar-catchers,  and  drongo-shrikes. 

Brachypodinae  (brak'i-po-di'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Brachypus  (-pod-),  4  (d),  +  -incc.]  A  sub- 
family of  the  family  MeruUam  (Swainson),  com- 
prising short-legged  thrushes  now  known  as 
Pyenouotida;  and  various  other  birds.  [Not  in 
use.] 

brachypodine   (bra-kip'o-din),  a.  and  n.     I. 
a.  Short-footed,  as  a  thrush;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Brachypoainw. 
II.  u.  A  bird  of  the  subfamily  Brachypodinw. 

brachypodous  ( bra-Mp'o-dus),  a.  [As  Brachy- 
pod-es  +  -«H.s'.]  1.  In  hot.,  having  a  short  foot 
or  stalk. — 2.  In  zodl.,  short-footed.  See  Bra- 
chypus, Brachypodes. 

brachyprism  (brak'i-prizm),  it.  [<  Gr.  [ipax't'C, 
short,  +  rrpiafia,  a  prism.]  In  crystal.,  a  prism 
of  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  between  the 
unit  prism  and  the  brachypinacoid. 


653 

In  the  topaz  crystal  the  brachyprism  and  the  pyramid 

air  tlie  predominant  elements,  associated  with  the  prism. 

Encyc.  Brit,  XVI.  860. 

Brachypteracias  ( bra-Mp-te-ra'si-as), ».  [NL., 

<  brachypterus  (sir  brachypterous)  +  (('or)acias  : 
see  Coraeias.]  A  remarkable  genus  of  Mada- 
gascar! picarian  birds,  of  the  family  Coi'aciidas. 
The  type  is  Jl.  leptosoma.    Lafresnaye,  1S34. 

Brachypteraciinae  (bra-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne),  n.  )>l. 
[NL.,  <  Brachypteracias  +  -inn.]  The  ground- 
rollers,  n    i ulinr   Madagascan  subfamily  of 

birds,  of  the  family  Coracndce,  represented  by 
llio  genera  Brachyplcracias,  Ateloruts,  and 
Geobiastes. 

Brachypterae  (bra-kip'te-re),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  braehypti  rus :  see  brachypterous.]  1. 
In  I  \m  ht's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
l'almiiirdcs,  embracing  diving-birds,  as  grebes, 
loons,  auks,  and  penguins. — 2.  In  Sundevall's 
system  of  classification,  the  fourth  phalanx  of 
the  cohort  Cichlomorpha),  embracing  three  fami- 
lies of  the  short -winged,  long-tailed  wren-war- 
blers of  the  Australian,  Indian,  and  Ethiopian 
regions. 

Brachypteri  (bra-kip'te-rl),  u.jd.  [NL.,  mase. 
pi.  of  brachypterus:  see  brachypterous.]  In 
nriiilh.,  a  group  of  short-winged  diving-birds, 
as  the  auks,  loons,  and  grebes;  the  Urmatores 
or  Pygopodes  of  some  authors. 

brachypterous  (bra-Mp'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
brachypterus  (>  F.  brachypiere),  \  Gr.  Bpaxv- 
wrepoc,  short-winged,  <  8pa  \  lie,  short,  +  ir-fpoY,  a 
wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  In  ornith.,  having 
shortwings;  brevipennate.  Specifically  applied  to 
those  water-birds,  as  the  Brachypteri  or  Brachypterae, 
whose  wings  when  folded  do  not  reach  to  the  root  of  the 
tail. 

Brachypus  (brak'i-pus),  n.  [XL.  (pi.  brachy- 
podes), <  Gr.  /3pa  \  I  c,  short,  +  kovq  (tvoS-)  =  E. 
foot.]  1.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  lizards.  Fitz- 
iiii/er,  182G. — 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  gastro- 
pods.— 3.  In  cutout.:  (a)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Schdnherr,  1820.  (b)  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Dolichopodidce.  Meigen, 
1824. —  4.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  swifts. 
Meyer,  18iri.  See  Ajnis.  Mieropus,  and  Cypselus. 
(b)  A  genus  of  thrushes  and  other  birds,  of  the 
subfamily  Brachypodirue.     Swainson,  1824. 

brachypyramid  (brak-i-pir'a-mid),  «.  [<  Gr. 
f}paxvc,  short,  +  Tupa/tig,  pyramid.]  In  crystal.. 
a  pyramid  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  be- 
tween the  zone  of  unit  pyramids  and  the  brachy- 
domes. 

Brachyrhamphus  (brak-i-ram'fus),  ».    [NL., 

<  Gr.  Jpaxic,  short,  +  pdiupoc,  bill,  snout.]  A 
genus  of  brachypterous  brachyurous  tridactyl 
palmiped  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidic,  the  mur- 
relets,  several  species  of  which  inhabit  the  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  Asia  and  America,  fi.  kittutzi  and 
/;.  htipxtiririi*.  the  latter  inhabiting  bower  California,  are 
the  leading  species.  They  are  small,  slender-billed  murres, 
related  to  the  speeies  of  Uria,  or  guillemots.  />'.  marmo. 
ratus  is  the  marbled  murrelet.     Also  Brachyramphus. 

Brachyrhynchina?  (brak"i-ring-ki'ne).  u.  pi. 
[N"L.,<.Brachi/rliyiicliiis,l,  +-/««'.]  Asubfamily 
of  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Aradidce, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brachyrhynchus.  They  have 
a  very  short  rostrum  (whence  the  name),  thickened  mar- 
gins of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the 
elytra  confined  within  the  limits  of  the  abdominal  disk. 
Also  Brachyrhynchina. 

Brachyrhynchus  (brak-i-ring'kus),  «.    [XL., 

<  Gr.  lipax're,  short,  +  ,'"  ■;  |"<,  a  snout,  beak.]  1. 
In  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  Brachyrhynchi- 
na). Laporte,  1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 
Fitainger,  1843. 

brachystochrone,  «.  Erroneous,  though  the 
original  and  until  recently  the  usual,  spelling 
of  brachistochronc. 

Brachystola  (bra-kis'to-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipax're,  short,  +  oto'aii.  a  mbe.  stole:  seestoo?2.] 
A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 


Brachyurus 

of  brachycerous  dipterous  insects,  character- 
ized by  the  slioi'i  proboscis.  It  is  composed  of 
such  families  as  the  Leptidce,  Therevida;,  Doli- 

chopodidir,  and  SyrphidOB. 

brachystomatous,  brachystomous  Cbrak-i- 
sto'ma-tus,  bra-kis'to-mus),  ".  [As  Brachy- 
stomata,  Brachystoma,  +  -mis.]  Havings  small 
or  short  mouth,  beak,  or  proboscis;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachystomata. 

Brachytarsi  (brak-i-tar'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
V"M'T.  short,  +  rapo6e,  the  flat  01  the  foot, 
mod.  tarsus:  see  tarsus.]  A  division  of  the 
order  Prosimia  or  Lemuroids,  represented  by 
the  lemurs  proper. 

Brachyteles  (bra-Mt'e-lez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/Spa j",  short.  +  -'><«,  en.],  with  ref.  to  Ateles, 
q.  v.]  A  giims  of  South  American  spider-mon- 
keys, having  a  thumb,  though  a  short  one:  sep- 
arated by  Spix  from  Ateles:  synonymous  with 
Eriodes  (which  see). 

brachytypous  (bra-kit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ; »  i  •• , 
short,  +  rtiroc,  form,  type.]  In  mineral.,  of  a 
short  form. 

Brachyura  (brak-i-u'ra),  u.  pi.  [XL.,  less  cor- 
rectly Brachyoura;  neut.  pi.  of  brachyurus,  short- 
tailed:  see  brachyurous.]  1.  A  group  of  short- 
tailed  stalk-eyed 
decapodous  crus- 
taceans,  such  as 
ordinary  crabs : 
opposed  to  Muc- 
rura  (which  see). 
The  short  and  small 
tail,  or  abdomen,  is 
closely  folded  under 
the  cepbalothorax, 
forming  the  apron. 
The  Brachyura  arc 
sometimes  artificial- 
ly divided  into  four 
groups,  tlxjisUneiitu, 
<  I  iiirhini'h'l .     l'1/i-l'i- 

metopa,  and  Citta. 
metopa ;  now  more 
frequently  into 
about  lb"  families, 
without  superfami- 
ly  grouping. 
2.  In  mammal., 
a  group  of  short- 
tailed  bats,  the 
same  as  I'nibal- 
lonurida:  (which 
see). 


Carapace  of  Shore-crab  [Carcinus  met- 
nas),  a  typical  brachyuran,  showing  the 
parts  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces. 
Upper  fi)*ure  ( dorsal ) :  /,  rostrum ;  o,  orbit ; 
cs.  cervical  groove;  ^-1,  epigastric  lobe; 
£-2,  protogastric ;  £.3,  mesogastric ;  £^,  hy- 
pogastric ;  p5,  urogastric ;  c,  el,  anterior 
and  posterior  cardiac  lobes;  h,  hepatic 
AlSO  Brachy-  lobe;  n.  «2,  l,a,  epibranchial.  niesobran- 
chial,  and  metabranchial  tobes. 

Lower  figure  (ventral):  a,  rostral  sep- 
tum ;  b,  antennary  sternum,  or  epistoma ; 
c.  suture  between  a  and  *,-  d,  supraciliary 
lobe ;  e,  internal  suborbital  lobe  ;  /,  anten- 
na ;  g,  articular  cavity  for  ophthalmite  ;  h, 
same  for  the  antennule;  o,  orbit;  sh,  sub- 
hepatic region ;  ep,  anterior  pleural  region. 


Lubber  Grasshopper  i  Brai  hj/stola  magna). 


Acrididw.  Ii  magna  is  a  large  clumsy  locust,  common 
on  the  western  plains  of  North  America,  where  it  is  known 
as  the  lubber  grasshopper. 

Brachystoma,  Brachystomata  (lir:i-kis'to-mii, 
brak-i-sto'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  Bpaxv'c, 
short,  +  OTO/ia,  pi.  ardfiara,  mouth.]    A  division 


oura. 

brachyural 
(brak-i-u'ral),  a. 
[As  brachyur-ous 
+  -al.]  Short- 
tailed  :  applied 
to  a  section  of  the  Crustacea,  as  the  crabs,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  macrurous  or  long- 
tailed  crustaceans,  as  the  lobsters.  Also  spelled 
brachyoural. 

brachyuran  (brak-i-u'ran),  n.  [As  brachyur-ous 
+  -an.]  One  of  the  brachyurous  crustaceans. 
Also  brachyouran. 

brachyure  (brak'i-iir),  h.  [<  NL.  Brachyurus : 
see  brachyurous.]  1.  A  South  American  mon- 
key of  the  genus  Brachyurus,  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  Spix. —  2.  An  ant-thrush  or  breve  of 
the  genus  Pitta  (or  Brachyurus). —  3.  A  crab  or 
other  brachyurous  crustacean. 

Brachyurida?  (brak-i-u'ri-de).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brachyurus,  2,  +  -idw.]  Same  as  Pittidw. 
[Not  in  use.] 

brachyurous  fbrak-i-u'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  brachy- 
urus, short-tailed,  <  Gr.  fipaxvc,  short,  +  ovpd, 
tail.]     1.  Short-tailed;  having  a  short  tail. 

The  prevalence  of  Macrurous  before  Brachyurous  Po- 
dophthalmia  is,  apparently,  a  fair  piece  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  progressive  modification  in  the  same  order  of 
Crustacea.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  2'2J. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachy- 
ura. 
Also  brachijourous. 
Brachyurus  (brak-i-ii'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Bpaxbg,  short,  +  or/xt,  tail.]  1.  A  genus  of 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  family  ( '<  ludte 
and  subfamily  Pitheciinai,  containing  the  oua- 
karis  or  short-tailed  sakis,  of  which  there  are 
several  species,  as  B.  cebus,  B.  rubicuuda,  B. 
oitalcari.  This  genus  was  proposed  by  Spix 
in  1823;  it  is  also  called  0ualearia.—2.  A 
genus  of  birds,  the  leaning  one  of  the  family 
I'ittithe  (or  Braelti/urida);  the  breves  or  old- 
world  ant-thrushes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was 
introduced  by  Thunherg  in  1821  :  it  was  revived  by  Bona- 
parte in  lsfiO,  and  then  used  by  Elliot  in  his  monograph 
of  the  Pittidee ;  but  it  is  uow  disused. 


bracing 

bracing  (bra'sing),  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  bract  '.    .  I 

1.  The  aol  of  one  that  braces,  or  the  state  of 

The  moral  sluew  o(  the  English,  indeed,  must  have  bi  en 
:  when  it  admitted  of  8uch  string, 

2.  I'i  a  system  of  braces:  as,  the  bra- 
cing of  a  truss. 

bracing  (bra'sing),  />.  a.  [Ppr.  of  braced,  v.] 
Having  the  quality  of  giving  strength  or  tone; 
invigi  as,  a  bracing  air. 

i    s  :i  i  rn"  i   i  wind. 
1  er.,  p.  79. 

brack't  >  brakh  n.  [Not  found  in  eorrespond- 
ingform  and  sense  in  ME.  or  AS.  (though  agree- 
ing in  form  with  the  closely  related  earh  Mi:. 
S. ;/'  brae,  gt  bri  c  =  OS.  gtbrak  =  MLG. 
.  Milt;,  in  brech  =  Icel.  bral 
=  Sw.  liml:  =  Dan.  brag,  a  loud  noise);  cf. 
MI.1  i  at., rarely  masc, equiv.  to  brake, 

ten:  .  breach,  defect,  trespass,  =  MD. 

Ei  m.,  breach,  breaking,  bur- 
glary, =  0H6-.  brdcha,  MHGr.  brache,  fern., 
niring  (of  ground  after  harvest :  see  brdki ' ). 
The  word,  in  E.,  is  practically  another  foiin  of 
lini-1:  (i|.  v.),  which,  with  the  eqniv.  brake1, 
hrnl:-,  and  break,  /».,  is  practically  a  var.  of 
breach  (q.  v.),  break  and  hr.nch  being  tin'  usual 
.  in  noun  form,  of  the  orig.  verb, 
aj§,  B.  break,  etc.:  see  break,  breck, 

left.]     1.  A  break  or  opening  in  anything;  a 
breach;  arent.     [Still  in  dialectal  use.] 
i-t  hour  of  his  promise  now  runout, 
And  he  break  i  A'a  in  the  frame  <>f  nature 

That  forceth  his  breach. 

-  ■  of  hussy  D'Ambois,  iv.  I. 

There  warn't  a  oracft  in  his  silk  storftin's. 

Mrs.  St&we,  Oldtown,  p,  :>'.*. 

2.  A  flaw;  a  defect;  an  imperfection. 

You  may  find  time  out  in  eternity,  .  .  . 

in  her  sw eet  reputation. 
Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

3.  A  broken  part ;  a  pieee. 

brack't  (brak ),  v.  t.   [A  var.  of  break :  ef.  brack1, 

brack-t  (brak),  n.     [Prop.  adj..  <  T).  brak,  MP. 

brack  (=MLGr,  brack,  La.  hrnl:,  brackish, 'briny ), 

in  comp.  brak-waU  r,  brackish  water,  brak-goed, 

goods  spoiled  by  salt   water  (>Dan.  brak,  Q. 

ck,  brackish  (in comp.  brackwasser,brackgut, 

etc.):   li.  brack,   refuse,  trash):  prob.   same  as 

.Mli.  brack,  lit  to  be  thrown  away,  and  ult.,  like 

brack1,  from  the  root  of  break,  q.  v.    Cf.  brack- 

Wacky.]     Brackish  water;  saltwater. 

tiould  kiss  lui  following  keel. 
.i   de  La  Poole  to  Queen  Margaret,  i.  316. 

brack:;    brak  i,  n.    [  A  var.  of  brake3,  «.]    A  kind 

of  harrow.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bracken  fbrak'en),  n.  [<  ME.  broken,  brdkan, 
a  northern  form,  Sc.  bracken,  brechan, 
lin rlmi.  brecken,  braikin;  of  Seand.  origin:  < 
Sw.  braken  =  Dan.  brrgne,  fern,  bracken:  ef. 
[ci  i.  burkni,  fern  :  k&.bracce,  fern:  see  hml ,  5.  \ 
A  fern,  especially  the  VU  ris  aquilina  and  other 
large  terns.     See  brake5. 

Thi  ■     ted  on  their  craps. 

/'.  nnyson,  Bdwin  Men-is. 
bracken-clock  (brak'en-klok),  ».    A  lamelli- 

COrn   be, -tie.  Am  n/ili, i  i  I 7, yllopertha )  luirlirnlii , 

the  larva  ol  wry  destructive  to  grasses 

and  tics.      I  urtis. 

bracket1  (brak'el  »,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  bragget : 
prob.  connected  with  Sp.  bragueta,  a  kind  of 
quarter  or  projecting  molding,  a  partieulai 

it  aingofthe 
pari  of  a  pair  of  breeches,  <  Sp,  Pg.  bragas, 
breech.    Tin-  Word  is  usually  as- 
ted  with  brace1.]     1.  a  supporting  pit  oe 
or  combination  ef  pieces  of  moderate  projec- 
tion, generally  springing  from  a  vertical  sur> 
'■"''  ■  -in  the 

'   ,    In  carp.:  (I)    \ 
l  wo  ..i   triangu- 

sHRBuV 

EBflUfiL£a0fl       8|"  1 

lie    !.,[' 

LMLJP-  

^H  •  He    frame; 

■  "  -  i  to  hold  Hi. 

— '  J 
^ m0\  I  '..  a  wall  or  othi  r    m 

.-. 

liferent 

ordhlg  to  tic   situa- 

century.  placed 

and  the  ,i-<s  for  win.  i 
Sec  l.i 


654 

2.  A  gas-pipe  with  a  burner,  and  often  a  sup- 
port   for  a   shail,-  or  globe,    projecting    from  a 

wall  or  pillar.    Such  bracketsaw mmonly  provided 

with  mi.  in  more  joints,  in  order  that  the  in-  Ition  i 
lighi  maj  be  changed,  ami  that  tin-  bracket  may  be  folded 
in  a  small  space  when  not  in  use. 

3.  In  gun.,  the  cheek  of  auiortar-carriago,  made 
of  strong  planking. — 4.  One  of  two  marks  [  ], 
formerly  called  crotchi  I.-:  used  to  inclose  a  note, 
reference,  explanation,  or  the  like,  and  I  hits  scp- 
arate  it  from  the  Context  ;  sometimes,  also,  one 
,ii  .1  pair  of  braes  J  '-  similarly  used,  or  a  sin- 
gle  bra,-,-  j  used  to  couple  two  or  more  lines 
or  names.      Bend — 5.    The  posit  ion  of  being 

..I  or  bracketed  with  another  or  others. 
Specifically,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  from  177a  t,, 

one  ei  a  number  of  classes  into  which  candidal  -  i.i 
ttte  degree  of  B.  A.  were  divided  according  to  their  ex- 
cellence at  the  first  three  days'  examinations.  The  class- 
list  was  called  the  brackets,  and  the  last  day's  examination 
tin,  eamination  ■'/tin'  brackets. 

A  can, ti, late  who  was  dissatisfied  with  hlBbracket  might 
challenge  any  other  candidate  he  pleased  to  a  fresh  ex- 
amination. 

J.  W.  L.  Glaishtr,  Proc.  Lund.  Math.  Soc.,  xviii.  VI. 

6f.  A  name  given  to  a  head-dress  of  the  four- 
teenth century. — 7.  In  mining,  the  platfoi-m 
over  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
bracket1  (brak'et),  v.  t.  [<  bracket1,  ».}  1.  To 
furnish  with  or  support  by  a  bracket  or  brack- 
ets; in  writing  and  printing,  to  place  within 
brackets. —  2.  To  place  on  or  within  the  same 
bracket  or  brackets;  join  or  mention  together 
as  coequal  or  correlative ;  connect  by  or  as  if  by 
a  printers'  brace:  as,  the  names  of  Smith  and 
Jones  are  bracketed,  or  bracketed  together,  as 
candidates.  [For  a  corresponding  use  of  the 
noun,  see  bracket1,  n.,  5.] 
bracket-',  «.  Same  as  braggefi. 
bracket-crab  (brak'et-krab),  n.  A  hoisting  ap- 
paratus fastened  to  a 
wall. 

bracketing  (brak '  et  - 
ing),  n.  [<  bracket1  + 
-i»!ll.~\  The  series  of 
wooden  ribs  nailed  to 
the  ceiling,  joists,  and 
battening  to  support 
cornices,  especially 
large  plaster  cornices. 

—  Cove  bracketing.    See 

cove-brackctiiiii. 

bracket-trail  (brak'et- 
tral),  «.  Milit.,  a  kind 
of  built-up  trail  f  onner- 
ly  used,  consisting  of 
two  girders  or  brackets 
connected  by  transoms. 
Those  designed  for  siege-guns  were  longer  and  had  two 
sets  of  trunnion-beds.  For  transportation  the  trunnions 
were  shifted  to  the  traveling  trunnion-beds  or  those  near- 
est the  trunnion-plate.  See  trail. 
brackish  (brak'ish).  '/.  [Early  mod.  E.  brak- 
ish :  <  brack-  +  4sh1.~]  Possessing  a  salt  or 
somewhat,  salt  taste;  salt  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree:  applied  to  water. 

Choakt  with  the  lahouring  ocean's  brackish  fonic. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  .Mcllida,  I.  i. 

brackishness  (brnk'ish-nes'i,  ».    The  quality  ,,r 

being  brackish  ;  saltness  in  a  slight  degree. 
brackly  (brak'li),  a.    [E.  dial.,  as  if  <  brack*  + 

-///',  but  rather  a  var.  of  brockle  =  brickie:  see 

brickb.]      Brittle.      |P''OV.  Eng.] 
Brackmant,  «.     Same  as  Brahman. 
brackyt  (brak'i),  a.      [<  brad:-  +  -.vb]      Same 

as  brackish  :  as,  "bracky  fountains.''  Drai/tmi. 


From  \  ,..llet 
1.-  1 ,.,.  ■-  ■  I  li  i 
.1,,  Mobilier  fran. 
^ais." ) 


i,  Campanula 
teoies.    2,  M 


gold  : 


,  bracts ;  li,  b,  brac- 
,  bracts  of  the 


Bracket-crab. 

a,  it,  frame  ;  fi,  post ;  c,  handle  ; 

d,  sheave-block. 


Braccn  charm.    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 


brad 

Bracon  (brak'on),  n.  [N'L.]  A  genus  of  ich- 
neumon-flies, giving  name  to  the  family  Braco- 
nidw.  /■'.  impostor  and  />'.  chorus 
{  Riley  i  are  examples. 

Braconidse  (bra-kon'i-de),  ».  pi. 
[Nit.,  <  Bracon  +  -ida:]  A  family 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  in- 
sects, otherwise  known  as  Ichneu- 
mones  adsciti,  distinguished  from 

the  true  iclineuinoii-llies  by  having 
only  one  recurrent  nerve  in  tin-  fore 
wing  instead  of  two.  'th  larva  most 
ly  infest  caterpillars  and  the  larva;  ol  bee- 
tles living  in  wood,  'tin-  genera  arc  nu- 
merous.   Also  /I," e  ,  Braconitee. 

braconniere  (bra-kon-iar'  >.  n.   [P., 
<  L.  brnca.  breeches:  see  bracee, 
breech.']    In  the  later  times  of  com- 
plete   armor,   a    defense    for    the 
thighs  and  hips,  composed  of  ring- 
shaped  plates  of  steel  worn  hori- 
zontally one  below  another,  form- 
ing   a    brhld  of  skirt,   and    secured 
to  one  another  either  by  vertical 
straps  to  which  each  plate  was  riveted,  or  by 
being  sewed  to  a  skirt  of  stuff,  or  by  rivets  slid- 
ing in  grooves.     See  Almaiii-rin  I. 
bract  (brakt),  «.    [=  F.  bractie,  <  L.  braetea, 
also  brattea,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  gold-leaf, 

veneer.]  1.  In 
hat.,  a  leaf  in 
a  flower-cluster 
or  subtending  a 
flower,  usually 
differing  some- 
what from  an 
ordinary  leaf  in 
size,  form,  or 
texture,  often 
much  reduced, 
and  sometimes 
pelaloid,  high- 
ly colored,  and 
very  conspicu- 
ous. —  2.  In 
roo/.,  a  part  of 
a  hydrozoan  li- 

Traite  general     kened  to  tl  bl  a  cl 

of  a  plant ;  a 
hydrophyllium.  See  cuts  under  Athorybia  and 
hydrophyllivm. — 3.  A  thin  plate  of  metal  used 
as  an  ornament,  as,  for  example,  one  of  the 
gold  disk-like  ornaments  made  in  Scandinavian 
countries  in  the  Viking  age. 

bracteal  (brak'te-al),  «.  [=  V.  bractial,  <  LL. 
bractealis,  of  metallic  plates,  <  L.  braetea:  see 
bract.]     Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bract. 

bracteate  (brak'te-at),  a.  and  ».  [=  F.  bracti- 
ate,  <  L.  bracteatus,  covered  with  gold-leaf,  ( 
braetea :  see  bract."]  I.  a.  Furnished  with 
brads,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  h.  In  munis.,  one  of  certain  silver  coins 
current  in  the  middle  ages, 
chiefly  in  Germany.  Bracte- 
an.  wen-  first  issued  aboul  the 
mill, lie  of  the  twelfth  century, 
were  of  very  thin  material,  and 
Btamped  with  a  design  in  re- 
in .ass,.. 

bracted  (teak' ted),  a.    [< 
bract  +  -nl-.]    Furnished 

with  bracts. 

braCteifOrm        (brak  '  te  -i-        German  Bracteate,  Brit- 

form),    a.       [=    F.    bra'clii-    g*^*™™"-    (Staorae 

forme;  <  L.  braetea,  a  thin 

plate  (mod.  E.    bract),   +  fnnua,    shape.]       In 

bot.,  resembling  a  bract. 
bracteolate  (brak'tf-o-lat),  «.    f<  L.  bracteola 

(see  hrnciiali )  +  -ate1.]     Furnished  with  brac- 

te,,les. 

bracteole  (brak'te-61),  n.  [=  F.  bractSole;  <  L. 
bracteola,  a  thin  leaf  of  gold,  in  NL.  a  little 
brad,  dim.  of  braetea:  see  bract]  In  bat.,  a 
little  bract  situated  on  a  partial  flower-stalk  or 

pedicel,  between  the  bract  and  the  calyx,  and 
usually  smaller  than  the  true  bract .  Also  called 
bractU  I.      See  CU1  under  limcl. 

bractless  (brakt'les),  a.    [<  bract  +  -less.]    In 

bal..  destitute  of  bracts. 

bractlet  (brakt'let),  «.  \<  bract  +  dim.  -let.] 
Sam,-  as  bracteole. 

brad  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  brad,  usually  Iniiil.  Sc. 
Ill-nil  (also  prod:  see  jirnil),  <  leel.  Iirmlilr,  a 
spike.  =  Sw.  briiilil  =  Han.  hrmhl, .  a  frost -nail. 

=  AS.  brord,  >  Mil.  brurd,  a  point,  blade,  or 
spire  of  grass ;  cf.  Corn,  bros,  &  sting;  perhaps 

ult iinei-ted  with  bristle,  a.  \.    gee  braird. 

Inn  r-.]      A  slender  flat  nail   having,  instead 


peduncle ;  l>,  bracts  of  the  involucre.  ( From 
Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  " 
de  Botanique.") 


brad 

of  a  head,  a  slight  projection  on  one  side.  It 
is  used  when  it  is  desirable  that  tin-  head  should  nut 
project,  as  in  joinery,  cabinet-work,  and  pattern-makers' 
work. 

brad  (brad),  v.  i.\  pret.  and  pp.  In-added,  ppr. 
br adding.     [<  brad,  n.]     To  nail  with  brads. 

brad-awl  (brad'al),  «.  An  awl  used  to  make 
holes  for  brads. 

brad-driver  (brad'dri*v6r),  n.  A  tool  used 
principally   for   fastening   moldings  to   door- 

punels  with  brads.     It  tsists  of  ;i  holder  ami 

a  plunger  driven  by  a  mallet.  Also  called 
brad-setter. 

Bradford  clay.    See  clay. 

bradoon  (bra-don'),  v.    Same  as  bridoon. 

brad-setter  (brad'set/er),  n.  Same  as  brad- 
driver. 

bradyarthria  (brad-i-ar'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ppadbc,  slow,  +  aptipov,  a  joint.]  Lu  pathol., 
slowness  of  speech  dependent  on  disease  or  de- 
fect in  the  nerve-centers  of  articulation.  Also 
called  bradylalia. 

bradycrote  (brad'i-krot),  a.  [<  Gr.  ftpaSic, 
slow,  +  npuTor,  a  beating,  clapping,  etc.]  In 
med.,  pertaining  to  or  producing  int'requency 
of  pulse. 

bradylalia  (brad-i-la'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppaovc,  slow,  +  Aalog,  talking,  talkative.]  Same 
as  bradyarthria. 

bradypepsia  (brad-i-pep'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(fpadvireipia,  <  flpaSic,  slow,  +  ttc^ic,  digestion, 
<  ketttciv,  digest.]     Slow  digestion. 

bradyphasia  (brad-i-fa'zi-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipadec,  slow,  +  tpaatg,  speaking,  <  <j>dvai,  speak.] 
Slowness  of  speech. 

bradyphrasia  (brad-i-fra/zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ppaifvc,  slow,  +  <ppdo-ic,  speech:  see  phrase.']  In 
pathol.,  slowness  of  speech  due  to  mental  de- 
fect or  disease. 

bradypod,  bradypode  (brad'i-pod,  -pod),  n. 
A  slow-moving  animal;  a  sloth;  one  of  the 
Bradypoda. 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'6-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
[jpadimoda,  neut.  pi.  of  fi'padvirovc,  slow  of  foot : 
see  Bradypus.]  A  term  proposed  by  Blumen- 
bach  for  an  order  of  mammals,  nearly  the  same 
as  the  subsequently  named  Cuvierian  Edentata, 
or  the  earlier  Briita  of  Linnaeus:  applied  in  a 
more  restricted  sense  to  the  sloths  and  sloth- 
like edentates :  synonymous  with  Tardigrada. 
See  sloth. 

bradypode,  «.     See  bradypod. 

bradypodid  (bra-dip'o-did),  n.  An  edentate 
mammal  of  the  family  Bradypodidm. 

Bradypodidae  (brad-i-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brady p us  (-pod-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  Ameri- 
can edentates,  the  sloths.  They  have  10  teeth  in  the 
upper  jaw  and  8  in  the  lower,  of  persistent  growth,  consist- 
ing of  vasudentine  invested  with  dentine  and  cement  with- 
out enamel ;  their  fore  limbs  are  longer  than  the  hind  ones ; 
they  have  not  more  than  three  digits,  bearing  large  claws; 
the  tail  is  rudimentary;  the  ears  are  small ;  the  pelage  is 
coarse  and  crisp  ;  the  stomach  is  simple  ;  there  is  nocEecum, 
and  the  placenta  is  discoid  and  deciduate.  There  are  two 
leading  genera  extant,  Bradypus  and  Cholopus.  See  sloth, 
and  cut  under  Cholopus. 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (ipaSi- 
ttuvc,  slow  of  foot,  <  fipadbe,  slow,  +  Trove  (irod-) 
=  E.  foot.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Bradypodidie,  containing  the  ai,  or  three-toed 
or  collared  sloth,  B.  tridactylus  or  torquatus. 

bradyspermatism  (brad-i-sper'rna-tizm),  n. 
[<  Gr.  jipadic,  slow,  4-  aireppa'r-),  seed,  +  -ism.] 
In  pathol.,  a  too  slow  emission  of  the  semen. 

brae  (bra),  n.  [=  E.  bray*,  q.  v.]  The  side  of 
a  hill  or  other  rising  ground;  an  acclivity;  a 
stretch  of  sloping  ground ;  aslope.     [Scotch.] 

O'er  hank  anil  brae, 
Like  Are  from  Hint  he  glanced  away. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  22. 

brag  (brag),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  ME.  braggen,  oragen,  <  OP.  bra- 
guer,  flaunt,  brave,  brag,  >  brogue,  pleasure, 
amusement,  bragard,  gallant,  gay  (see  brag- 
gart); of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  \V.  bragio,  brag,  also 
brae,  boastful,  =  Ir.  bragaiin,  I  boast,  =  Bret. 
braga,  flaunt,  strut,  walk  pompously,  wear  fine 
clothes;  related  to  Gael,  bragh,  a  burst,  explo- 
sion, and  thus  ult.  to  E.  break,  Icel.  braka, 
creak,  etc.  Cf.  cracJc,  boast,  as  related  to  crack, 
break  with  a  noise.  See  bray2,  brawfl-,  and 
brace.]  I.  iiilrans.  1.  To  use  boastful  lan- 
guage ;  speak  vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or 
belongings  ;  boast ;  vaunt :  used  absolutely,  or 
followed  by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on: 
as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat  of 
arms. 

For-why  he  bosteth  and  brayyeth  with  many  bolde  othes. 
Piers  Plowman  (U),  xiii.  281. 


655 

Conceit,  more  rich  in  matter  than  in  words, 
Brags  of  his  substance,  not  of  ornament. 

Shah.,  It.  and  J.,  ii.  6. 

It  was  bragged  by  several  Papists  that  upon  such  a  day, 

or  in  such  a  i i,  we  should  bud  the  hottest,  weather  thai 

ever  was  in  England;  and  words  of  plainer  sen  i 

Pepys,  Diary,  111.  S. 
Vet,  lo  !  in  me  what  authors  have  to  bray  071  .' 
Reduced  at  last  to  hiss  in  my  own  dragon. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  285. 

2\.  To  sound,  as  a  trumpet;  blare;  bray. 

Whanne  the  voyce  of  the  trompe  ...  in  joure  eeris 
braggith.  Wyclif,  Josh,  vi,  5(0xf.). 

II.  trans.  1.  To  boast  of.     [Bare.] 

Be  braga  his  service.   •  Shah.,  Cymbeline,  v.  3. 

Bear  thy  good  luck  with  you  when  you  cross  these  paved 
stones,  and  by  our  Lady,  you  may  brwi  Scotland. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  xvii. 
2f.  To  blow  (a  trumpet). 

Thane  the  Bretones  boldely  braggene  theire  tromppez. 

Morte  A, tlun;',  I.  14s4. 

brag  (brag),  n.     [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt;  also,  boast- 
fulness. 

What  owtward  Srajr  so  euer  is  borne  by  them,  is  indeed, 
..i  ii  -.lie,  and  in  wise  mens  eyes,  of  no  great  estimation. 
Ascharn,  The  Scholeniaster,  p.  34. 
Life  invests  itself  with  inevitable  conditions,  which  the 
unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another  brags  that 
he  does  not  know  ;  brags  that  they  do  not  touch  him ;  hut 
the  brag  is  on  bis  lips,  the  conditions  are  in  his  soul. 

Emerson. 

2.  A  thing  to  boast  of;  source  of  pride. 
Beauty  is  Nature's  brag.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  745. 

The  sprout  of  an  aik, 
Bonnie,  and  blooming,  and  straight  was  its  make ; 
The  sun  took  delight  to  shine  for  its  sake, 
And  it  will  be  the  bray  o'  the  forest,  yet.     Bonier  ballad. 

3.  A  game  of  cards:  same  as  poker. —  4.  A 
bragger. 

bragt  (brag),  a.  [<  ME.  brag ;  from  the  noun.] 
Proud;  boasting:  as,  "that  bragge  prescrip- 
tion," Stapleton,  Portress  of  the  Faith  (1565), 
fol.  68.     Also  used  adverbially. 

Seest  how  bray  yond  Bullocke  heares, 
Sosmirke,  sosmoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 

Bragantia  (bra-gan'slii-;i).  ».  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  undershrubs,  of  the  natural  order  Aristolo- 
chiacece,  including  three  or  four  species  of  the 
East  Indies.  B.  tomentosa  is  very  bitter,  and  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  emmenagogue. 

bragaudt,  bragawdt,  "•    Same  as  bragget2. 

bragay  (bra-ga'),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  un- 
known.] A  local  English  name  of  the  gadoid 
fish  otherwise  called  the  bib. 

braggadocio  (brag-a-do'shio),  n.  [<  Bragga- 
dochio,  name  of  a  boastful  character  in  the 
"Faerie  Queene"  (ii.  3);  coined  by  Spenser  < 
E.  brag,  with  an  Italian-seeming  termination.] 

1.  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart. 

What  rattling  thunderclappe  breakes  from  his  lips '? 
0  !  'tis  native  to  his  part.      P'or  acting  a  moderne  brag- 
gadoch  ...  it  may  seeme  to  suite. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  Ind.,  p.  4. 

The  world  abounds  in  terrible  fanfarons,  in  the  masque 
of  men  of  honour  ;  but  these  braggadocios  are  easy  to  lie 
detected.  Sir  '*'   L'Estrange. 

2.  Empty  boasting ;  brag:  as,  " tiresome  brag- 
gadocio," Bulwer,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  iv.  2. 

He  shook  his  fist  at  Lord  Wicklow  and  quoted  Cicero- 
nian braggadocios. 

Disraeli,  quoted  in  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CT.XTTI.  514. 

braggardt  (brag'ard),  a.  and  h.    Earlier  form 
of  braggart. 
braggafdiset,  »•    [<  OF.  bragardise,  <  bragard, 

bragging:  see  braggart.]  Bragging;  braggar- 
dism.     Alinsheit. 

braggardismt  (brag'&r-dizm),  n.  [<  braggard 
+  -ism.]  Boastf ulne'ss;  vain  ostentation:  as, 
"  what  braggardism  is  this?"  Shale.,  T.  G.  of  V., 
ii.  4.    Also  braggartism. 

braggart  (brag'iirt),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  brag- 
gard; =  MD.  braggaerd,  a  fop,  <  OF.  bragard, 
gay,  gallant,  flaunting,  also  braggard,  bragging, 
braggadocio-like,  <  bragtter,  flaunt,  brag :  see 
brag,  v.  The  E.  braggard,  braggart,  as  a  noun, 
is  practically  a  var.  of  bragger.]  I.  a.  Boast- 
ful ;  vauntin'gly  ostentatious. 

Shout  that  his  braggart  hosts  are  put  to  rout ! 

His  empire  has  gone  down  !    ii.  //.  Stoddard,  Cresar. 

Talking  of  himself  and  his  plans  with  large  and  bray- 
yart  vagueness.  Howells,  Modern  Instance,  vi. 

II.  ii.  A  boaster;  a  vaunting  fellow. 

Who  knows  himself  a  braggart, 

Let  him  fear  this  ;  for  it  will  come  to  pass, 
That  every  braggart  shall  he  found  an  ass. 

Shah:,  Alls  Well,  iv.  3. 

braggartly  (brag'art-li),  a.  [<  braggart  +  -ly*.] 
Boastful. 


brahma 

Who  ever  saw  tine  learning,  wisd or  wit,  roui  I 

mansion  in  any  proud,  vain-glorious,  and  braggartly 
spit  it  I  !>■>/ n,  Iliad,  Iii.,  Comment. 

braggartry  (brag'ftrt-ri),  n.;  pi,  braggartries 
(-nz).  [<  braggart  +  -ry.\  vain  boasting; 
boastfulness.    Mrs.  Gore.     [Bare.] 

braggatt,  "•     Same  us  braggi  ''-'. 

bragger  (brag'er),  ».  [<  Mi:,  braggen  ;  <  brag 
+  -cr1.]     One  who  brags. 

Evere  ware  tie-.  Bretons  braggeres  of  olde. 

Mori,   Arthure,  1.  1348. 
The  loudest  hrao't'is  of  .lews  and  Grecian 
guilty  of  spiritual  ignorance.     Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  <;27. 

braggetH,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  braeh  >'. 

bragget'-'t  (I'rag'ot),  n.  [Also  written  braggat, 
brackt  i.  brdkt  S(and,  after  W.,  bragaut,  inn  gaud, 
bragawd,  bragoc),  formerly  also  brackwort,  Sc. 
bragwort,  bregwort  (in  simulation  of  wort*);  < 
ME',  braget,  liragal,  bragnt,  <  W.  bragawd,  hrn- 
gnd,  a  kind  of  mend  (=  Corn,  hit garni,  bragot,  :i 
kind  of  mead,  =  Ir.  bracat,  mult  liquor),  <  brag 
(=  Ir.  braich  =  Gael,  braich),  malt.  <  bragio, 
issue,  sprout,  =  Gael,  braeh,  ferment,  =  Ir. 
bracaini,  I  ferment :  perhaps  akin  to  E.  bretr1.] 
A  kind  of  mead  made  of  ale  boiled  with  honey. 
seasoned  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  cinnamon, 
nutmegs,  and  fermented  with  wort  or  yea*t. 

His  mouth  was  sweete  as  brawl  is  or  ineth. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  75. 
Good  ale,  perrys,  bragoes,  sydcr,  and  metheglins,  was 
the  true  auntient  British  and  Troyan  drinks. 

Marshm,  Hutch  Courtezan,  v.  1. 

And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale, 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with  braggat  stale. 
/,'.  Jonson,  Gypsies  Metamorphosed. 

Such  a  dainty  doe  to  be  taken 

By  one  that  knows  not  neck-beef  from  a  pheasant, 

Nor  cannot  relish  braggat  from  ambrosia? 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  i.  4. 

bragging  (brag'ing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brag,  v.] 
Boastful. 
Loud  and  bragging  self-importance.  W.  Black. 

braggingly  (brag'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  bragging 

manner;  boastingly. 
bragless  (brag'les),  o.    [<  brag  +  -less.]   With- 
out bragging  or  ostentation.     [Bare.] 

Dio.  The  bruit  is.  Hectors  slain  — and  by  Achilles. 
Ajax.  If  it  be  so,  yet  bragless  let  it  be. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  10. 

braglyt  (brag'li),  adv.  [<  brag,  a.,  +  -ly2.] 
Bravely;  finely. 

How  bragly  it  [a  hawthorn]  begins  to  bud. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

bragott,  »■     Same  as  bragget2. 

braguette  (bra-get'),  n.    [OF.:  see  bracket*-.] 

A  piece  of  armor  corresponding  to  a  cod-piece. 

Also  written  brayette — Great  braguette,  a  name 

sometimes  given,  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  to 
the  tassets,  when  developed  into  a  sort  of  skirt.  See  ///" 
conniere. 

bragwortt  (brag'wert),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of 
braggi  t-. 

Brahma1,  Brahm  (bra'mii,  brain),  ».  [Hind. 
Iiralim,  brahma,  <  Skt.  bran  man  (nora.  brdh'ma), 
neut.,  devotion,  adoration,  worship,  prayer, 
sacred  word,  divine  science,  theosophy,  the 
impersonal  divinity;  referred  to  the  \f  brih. 
harh,  be  thick,  great,  strong,  >  brihant,  great, 
mighty,  lofty,  ult.  akin  to  AS.  In  org,  E.  barrow, 
a  hill,  mound:  see  barrow*-.]  In  Hindu  reli- 
gion, the  highest  object  of  philosophic  adora- 
tion; the  impersonal  and  absolute  divinity;  the 
ineffable  essence  of  the  sacred.     Also  Brama. 

Brahma'2  (bra'mS),  ».  [Hind.  Brdh'ma,  <  Skt. 
brahman'  (iiom.  brahma' ),  niasc,  one  who  prays 
or  worships,  a  pray-er,  worshiper,  directing 
priest,  overseer  of  sacred  things,  also  the  im- 
personal divinity.]  In  later  Hindu  religion  or 
theosophy,  the  personified  Brahm;  the  divini- 
ty conceived  as  a  god ;  the  creator.  Unknown  in 
the  older  sacred  literature,  Brahma  becomes  by  degrees 
an  object  of  adoration  to  the  Brahmans,  and  is  artificially 
combined  into  a  trimurti  or  trinity  with  Vishnu  and  Siva, 
being  regarded  as  Creator,  while  Vishnu  is  Preserver,  and 
Siva  is  Destroyer.  Brahma  was  never  worshiped  by  the 
people,  and  only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known.  By 
modern  Hindus  he  is  represented  as  a  red-colored  figure, 
with  four  beads  and  four  arms,  and  often  accompanied  by 
his  vehicle,  the  swan.— Day  of  Brahma.    See  dayl. 

brahma3  (bra 'ma),  «.  [An  abbreviation  of 
Brahmaputra.  ]  A  variety  of  the  domestic  hen, 
of  large  size,  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  eluss. 
flu-  light  brahmas  are  white  and  black  in  color,  th.  black 
appearing  on  the  hackle  feathers  as  a  rich  stripe,  heavier 
in  the  hen  than  in  the  cock,  and  also  in  the  wing-primaries, 
the  upper  web  of  the  secondaries,  and  in  the  tail,  the  sickles 
of  the  cock  being  glossy  green-black.  The  dark  brahma 
cock  shows  a  breast  of  solid  black  or  black  mottled  with 
white,  hackle  and  saddle  silver-white,  wing-bows  white, 
wing-bars  green-black,  primaries  and  secondaries  black 
edged  with  white,  tail  glossy  green-black;  while  lie  lien 
is  of  a  uniform  gray  color,  each  feather  penciled  with 
darker  gray,  or  black.  The  brahmas  have  pea-combs  and 
feathered  legs. 


Brahmaic 

Brahmaic  (bra-ma'ik),  a.    [<  Brahma1  +  -<<•.] 
Brahmanic. 
Brahman,  Brahmin  (bra'man,  -min),  ».    [For- 
mer hman,  Brackman,eta.(L.Brach- 
mant'i .  Brachmai  es,  Gr.B  pi.) ;  <  Bind. 
brahman,  corruptly  bdtnan,  <  Ski.  brahmana',  m. 
.  <  brah'man,  prayer,  etc.:  Bee 
,,(.;!,  Brahm.]     A  member  of  the  sacred  or 
sacerdotal  caste  among  the  Hindus.    From  being 
i,,  tii                             luals  and  families  distinguished  for 
;    «,  i.  thej  gradually  con- 
and  became  a  strictly  hereditary 
holding  in  their  hands  the  ministrj  of  holj  things 

scriptures  and  knowledge  oi  their  si I 

and  learned  !  tonnance  "i  tin-  sai  i  Ifice. 

be  •  reated  from  the  mouth  of  Bn a, 

inviolable,  and  entitled  to  the  worship  "i  the  other 

oretically,  the  life  of  a  Brahi was  divided 

int..  t  :  Btudent,  householder,  anchorite, 

andascetic.  In  later  times  the  relations  and  occupations 
of  tin-  castes  have  become  much  confused,  an. I  Brahmans 
an-  to  lie  found  iii  every  grade  of  dignity  ami  .if  vera  va- 
rious modes  of  life.  There  are  many  subdivisions  of  the 
or  less  isolated,  ami  1.  fusing  intercourse  with 
\i.  written /;mi/iiH.—Branman's-bead, 
tin-  nam.  given  in  India  to  the  seed  of  Eloeocarpus,  made 
into  rosaries  for  the  priests,  and  into  bracelets,  necklaces, 

etc. 

Brahmana  (brii'rna-na),  n.  [Skt.  Bra'hmana, 
prop,  the  dictum  of  a  priest, <  brahman',  a  priest, 
Brahman.]  One  of  the  prose  portions  of  the 
Vedas,  which  contain  injunctions  for  the  per- 

formanc '  sacrifices,  and  explain  their  origin 

and  the  occasions  on  which  the  mantras  had  to 

be  used.   s. times  adding  illustrations  and 

ads,  and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Brahmanee  (bni'ina-ne),  n.  [Also  Brahminee, 
<  Hind,  brahmani,  brahmin,  corruptly  bamni,  < 
Skt.  brahmani',  fern,  of  brahmana',  a  Brahman.] 
A  woman  of  the  Brahman  easte ;  the  wife  of  a 
Brahman. 

My  mother  was  a  Brahmanee,  but  she  clave  to  my  father 

well; 
she  was  saved  from  the  sack  of  Jullesar  when  a  thousand 

Hind ell.  Sir  A.  C.  Lyall,  The  Old  Pindaree. 

Brahmaness  (brii'man-es),  tt.     [<  Brahman  + 
-ess.]    Same  as  Brahmanee. 
Brahmanic,  BrahmanicaKbva-man'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.     [<  Brahman  +  -ic,-ical.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brahmans  or  to  their  doctrines,  worship, 
and  polity.     Also  Brahminic,  Brahminical. 
Brahmanism  (bra'man-izm),  n.    [<  Brahman 
+  -ism.']     Tin'  religion  or  system  of  doctrines 
of  the  Brahmans;  the  social  system  of  ancient 
India,   with    the  Brahmans  as  leading  caste. 
Also  Brahminism. 
Brahmanist  (bra/man-ist),  re.     [<  Brahman.  + 
-ist.)      An    adherent   of   Brahmanism.      Also 
Brahminist. 
Brahmin,  Brahminic,  etc.  SeeBrahman,  Brah- 
manie,  etc. 
brahminy  (brii'mi-ni),  a.     [Cf.  Hind,  brahmani. 
the  wile  ,.i  .1  Brahman,  alsoaghost:  see  Brali- 
manet   and  Brahma.]     Devoted  to  Siva  by  the 
Rra.hma.TiH:  as.  a  brahminy  bull — Brahminy  duck, 
tin-'  '  or  ruddy  sheldrake. — Brahminy  kite, 

an  East  Indian  bird  of  prey,  the  Haliastur  indue,  rever- 
i  i>\  tlir  Hindus  asss  n     I  i  \  ishnu. 
Brahmoism  (bra'mo-izm),  «.    [<  Brahtno{-So- 
I    +    -ism.]     The   tenets  of   the  Brahmo- 
S.imaj. 
Brahmo-Somaj  (bra'mo-so-maj'),  re.     [<  Hind. 
brahma,  Brahma  (prayer),  +  samaj,  society,  as- 
sembly, lit.  a  worshiping  assembly.    See  Bnih- 
Brahman.]     A  monotheistic  religion  in 
India,  h  aieh  originated  with  Kaiah  Earn  Mohun 
.  a  Hindu  reformer,  who  'lied  in  ]s:;:;,  and 
a   new  impulse  and  a  new  direction 
under  his  successor,  Keshub  Grander  Sen,  who 

died  in  1885.     i  si i..  [J  of  the  Brahmo- 

tated  in  the  language  of 
.I.  fndamental  tenei  is  the  uni 

the  Divine  spirit,  who  pervade   all  as 
i\e  him.    Man 
II.  a  faculty  of  spiritual  in- 
sight In  pirai  Ion  is  a  univer- 
sal i.i.t.aii.iaii  ti.  divinely 
;  all  the  great  world-religions  contain 
divine  truth  ;  ami  in 

it  is  not  clear  whetht  r '  hrisi 

phet 

Brahmo- 

i     in  in  teachii  il  com 

inuiiioii  oi  Hi.-  -...il  i\ il i.  i   and  ii. .in  Chris 

I   '     l.lll'.N     Of   1 I'- 

■  a  practical 

n  i.t  -  ..i 

polj  ii,,  re 

formation  of  marris  and  a  temperanc  i 

braid1  (brad.,  v.     [Early mod.  E.  also  brayde, 

breyde,oreide,  etc.,<  Ml'.,  braiden,  breiden,  bray- 

breyden,  etc.,  '  AS,  bregdan,  bredan  (pret. 

braijil,  breed,  pi.  brv  '••»,  pp.  brogden, 


656 

broden),  move  to  and  fro,  vibrate,  brandish, 
draw,  weave,  braid,  turn,   change,   etc.,  =  OS. 

bregdan =  OFries.  bridu  =L(i.  (im'ii™  =  OHG. 
brettan  =  Ioel.  bregdha,  draw,  wave,  braid, 
etc.:  orig.  'move  quickly  to  and  fro,  glance'; 
of.  Ioel.  braga,  flicker;  prob.  from  same  root 
as  bright1,  q.  v.   Cf.  abraid  and  upbraid.    The 

word  took  in  AS.  and  MR,  and  in  later  dial, 
use,  a  great  variety  of  senses,  all  arising  ult. 
In. in  that  of 'quick  motion.'  Other  forms,  obs. 
(ir  dial.,  are  bread3,  breed,  brede%,  broud,  browd, 
broid,  etc.:  see  also  braider,  brouder,  browder.] 

1.  trans.  It-  To  take,  draw,  pull,  or  snatch 
quickly;  reach;  throw;  east;  brandish. 

He  ryt  [riileth]  his  Bpere  brayding. 

Kiwi  Alisaunder,  1.  7373. 
Ilir  kerehef  of  hir  heed  she  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  739. 

2.  To  weave  by  passing  three  or  more  strands, 
strips,  or  lines  of  over  and  under  each  other 
alternately;  plait;  interlace:  as,  to  braid  the 
hair,  straw,  tape,  etc. 

/.'i.e./  your  locks  with  rosy  twine. 

Milton,  ('minis,  1.  105. 

3.  To  form  by  braiding;  interweave  the  ma- 
terial of  in  strands  or  strips :  as,  to  braid  a  straw 
hat  or  a  rug. — 4.  In  domestic  econ.,  to  beat  and 
blend,  as  soft  substances,  particularly  to  press 
them  with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve. —  5f.  To 
upbraid;  reproach. 

If  thou  talkest  a  little  longer,  I  thinks  thou  wilt  braid 
inc.-  with  the  sailing  of  his  life. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  viii. 

Few  love  t"  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act; 
Twoulil  'braid  yourself  too  near  for  me  to  tell  it. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 
Braided  rug,  a  rug  or  mat  for  the  floor,  formed  by  braid- 
ing strips  of  woolen  or  silk  fabrics,  anil  afterward  sewing 
them  together.— To  braid  St.  Catherine's  tresses,  to 
live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  move  quickly;  start;  rush. 
Whan  she  saugh  tweyne  conic  hir  t..  s..,..ui',  she  braieil 
rudely  oute  of  theire  handes.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  404. 
Troilus  .  .  .  disposed  wod  out  of  his  wit  to  breyde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  230. 

2t.  To  start  suddenly  (out  of  sleep) ;  awake. 

With  the  falle  right  out  of  slepe  she  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  365. 

3.  To  nauseate ;  desire  to  vomit.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 4.  To  be  like;  resemble  in  appearance  or 
character.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
braid1  (brad),  «.  [<  ME.  braid,  breid,  <  AS. 
breed,  bred  (for  *brcegd,  *bregd),  trick,  deceit, 
gebregd,  quick  motion,  trick,  deceit  (=  Icel. 
bragdh,  a  quick  motion,  trick,  scheme),  <  breg- 
dan =  Icel.  bregdha,  move  quickly,  etc. :  see 
braid1,  r.]     If.  A  quick  motion;  a  start. 

She  waketh,  walwith,  maketh  many  a  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1104. 
2f.  A  moment. 

But  curtois,  debonair,  ami  virtuous  ; 

Ifyt  appered  well  by  hys  workes  eche  braidc. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  6230. 

For  as  I  Bodainely  went  in  hand  therewith,  ami  tuade  it 

in  a  breide.  SirT.  More,  Works  (1657). 

3t.  A  turn  (of  work);  a  job.— 4f.  A  trick;  de- 
ception. 

i)i:.ii  rose  with  all  her  maids, 

lunching  thus  at  love's  braids. 

tin  cue,  Radagon  in  Dianam. 

5.  Anv  plaited  band  or  fillet.  Specifically— (a)  A 
plaited  band  of  hair,  whether  twined  around  the  head  or 
hanging  behind,  (ft)  Anarrow  textile  band  or  tape,  formed 
by  plaiting  or  weaving  together  several  stramls  of  silk. 
cotton  wool,  or  other  material,  usc.l  as  trimming  for  gar- 
ments, for  stay-laces,  etc.  (.')  straw  or  other  similar  ma- 
terial plaited  into  bands  for  use  in  making  bonnets  or  hats. 

6.  A  wicker  guard  for  protecting  trees  newly 
grafted.  |  Prov.  Eng.]  —in  a  braidt,  at  a  braidt, 
in  ;,  in,, in.  nt  ;  mi  the  instant.     Rom.  of  'ft.'  Rose. 

braid't  (brad),  «.    [An  adj.  use  of  braid1,  n.,  4, 

deceit.  |      I  leeeitful ;  crafty. 

Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid, 

Marry  that  will,  I  live  anil  'lie  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  2. 

braid-  (brad),  a.     Broad.     [Scotch.] 
braid-bonnet  (brad'bon'et),  n.    Same  as  »"»- 

I,'   /    /."  IT. 

braid-comb  (briid'kom),  n.  A  back  comb  for  a 
woman's  hair. 

braider  (bra'der),  ».  one  who  or  thai  which 
braids;  specifically,  an  attachment  to  a  sew- 
ing-machine lor  guiding  a  braid  which  is  to  be 
.  v. .  .1  on  or  into  the  work. 
braiding  (bra/ding),  n.  (Verbal  n.  of  braidK 
».]  1.  The  act  of  making  or  attaching  braids. 
— 2.  Braids  eollectivelj . 

A  gentleman  enveloped  in  mustocbios,  whiskers,  fur 
collars,  and  braiding.  Thackeray. 


brain 

braiding-machine  (bra'ding-ma-shen*),  n.    1. 

A  machine  for  weaving  braid,  or  for  covering 
tubes,  cords,  or  wires  with  a  flat  or  round 
plaiting. —  2.  A  machine  for  sewing  braid  upon 
a  fabric  ;  a  braider. 

braidism  (bra'dizm),  n.  [Erom  James  Braitl 
of  Manchester,  Eng.,  who  published  his  inves- 
tigations in  1843.]     Hypnotism  (which  see). 

braidist  (bra'dist),  n.  [As  braid-ism  +  -fcfc] 
A  hypnotist  or  hypnotizer. 

Braid's  squint.    See  squint. 

braik  (brak),  n.     A  Scotch  spelling  of  6ra/,v:i. 

brail  (bral),  m.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brai/lc,  < 
ME.  brayle,  <  OF.  braiel,  braiol,  braioel,  braoiel, 
In-iiii  ul,  a  cincture,  orig.  for  fastening  breeches 
(cf.  brayette,  mod.  E.  brayette,  the  flap  of  trou- 
sers), <  braie  (>  E.  brai'fi,  q.  v.),  <  L.  bracts, 
breeches :  see  braces,  breech."}  1.  Naut.,  one  of 
certain  ropes  made  fast  to  the  after-leech  of  a 


Sail  set.  Sail  brailed  up. 

a,  peak-brail ;  b,  throat-brail ;  c,  lower  brail. 

fore-and-aft  sail,  and  led  through  blocks  on  the 
mast  or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  tak- 
ing in  the  sail :  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

The  brails  were  hauled  up,  ami  all  tin-  light  hands  in 
tin-  starboard  watch  sent  out  on  the  gall  to  pass  the  gas- 
k.  ts.  B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  257. 

2.  In  falconry :  (a)  Apiece  of  leather  used  to 
bind  tip  a  hawk's  wing.  (6)  [<  F.  brayeul,  "the 
parts  or  feathers  about  the  Hauks  fundament, 
called  by  our  falconers  the  brayl  in  a  short- 
winged  and  the  pannel  in  a  long-winged  hauk" 
(Cotgrave).]  The  mass  of  feathers  about  a 
hawk's  fundament;  the  crissum  of  a  falcon, 
brail  (brill),  r.  ?.  l<  brail,  it.]  1.  To  fasten  up 
(the  wings  of  a  bird). — 2.  Xaut.,  to  haul  in  by 
means  of  the  brails :  usually  followed  by  up. 

These  trades  lasted  nearly  all  the  way  ...  to  the  line; 
blowing  steadily  on  our  starboard  quarter  for  three  weeks, 
without  our  starting  a  brace,  or  even  brailingdowD  the 
skysails.  ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr..  Before  the  -Mast,  p.  341. 

brain  (bran),  it.  [<  ME.  brain,  brein,  brayne, 
earlier  brazen,  <  AS.  Iiragrn.  Iircqrit,  breegn  = 
< (Fries,  briin  =  Ml),  breghen,  breghe,  D.  brein 
=  MLG.  bregen,  bragenl   LG.  bragen,  bregen, 

brain;  not  in  G.  or  Scand. ;  root,  unknown.]    1. 


Side  view  of  Human  Brain  and  upper  part  ..f  Spinal  Cord,  tile  skull 

,ii.,l  Mil,,'!  i  overings  being  i>- ved. 

C.  C.  C.  cerebrum,  or  brain  proper,  showing  the  convoluted 
..I    lh,     right   cerebral  hemispher..  ;   I  /■■  lercU'lliini,  or  little  l.r.on 

the  striated  surface  of  its  right  half;  I/O*,  medulla  oblongata ;  ^ 
ii.,  spina!  cord  with  beginnings  of  the  spinal  nerves ;  a.  bodyoi  sixth 

.  in,    il  vertebra;  .S"/.  its  neural  spine,  or  spinous  process. 

Ill  anat.,  the  soft  grayish  anil  whitish  mass  fill- 
ing the  cranial  cavity  of  a  vertebrate,  consist- 
ing of  ganglionic  nerve-cells  and  nerve-libers, 
e.itli    lh.    requisite   suslent acular  and  vascular 


brain 

tissue;  tlio  encephalon  (which  see);  the  part  of 
fche  cerebrospinal  axis  which  is  contained  in 
the  cranium.  It  is  divided  by  anatomists  into  (1) 
the  prosencephalon,  comprising  the  cerebral  hemispheres 

(or  lateral  halves 
of  the  cerebrum) 
with  the  olfactory 
lobeB;  (2)the  tha 
la me  ncepha / o n, 
comprising  the 
thalami  optici, 
and  other  parte 
about  the  third 
ventricle ;  (3)  the 
mesencepha  Ion, 
comprising  the 
parte  about  the 
Sylvian  aqueduct, 
corpora  quadri- 
gemina  above  and 
crura  cerebri  be- 
low ;  (4)  the  >■/'- 
,  ncephalon,  c<  im  ■ 
prising  the  cere- 
bellum ami  p'His 
Varolii;  and (5) the 
metencephalon  or 
sdulla  oblonga- 
ta, extending  from 
the  pons  to  the 
foramen  magnum. 
The  prosencepha- 
lon is  now  usually 
divided  Into  the 
rkinencephalon,  or 
olfactory  lobes, 
and  prosencepha- 
lon proper.  The 
thalamencephalon 
is  also  called  dien- 
cephalon.  ByHux- 
ley  and  others  the  epencephalon  of  the  above  nomencla- 
ture is  called  metencephalon,  and  the  next  segment  (the 
fifth)  is  then  named  myelencephalon.  Common  English 
equivalenteof  the  above  five  segments  are/oreftrarn,  'tween- 
brain,  midbrain,  hindbrain,  and  afterbrain;  these  are 
terms  translated  directly  from  the  nomenclature  of  the 
German  anatomists,  who  call  them  respectively  vorder- 
him,  zwischerihirn,  mittelkirn,  hinterhim,  and  nachhirn. 
Haeckel  calls  them  protopsycke,  deutopsycke,  mesopsyche, 
metapsyche,  and  epipsyche.  These  five  segments  are  fun- 
damentally distinct,  and  correspond  embryologically  to 
as  many  cerebral  vesicles  or  brain-bladders  winch  arise 
from  tliree  primitive  vesicles  by  subdivision.  The  Bum- 
piest and  a  common  division  of  the  brain  is  into  the  ce- 
rebrum  or  brain  proper,  the  cerebellum  or  little  brain,  the 
pons  Varolii,  and  the  medulla  oblongata.  (See  cuts  under 
cerebral  and  corpus.)  The  human  brain  is  distinguished 
for  tlir  relatively  enormous  size  and  surface-complexity  of 
the  cerebrum  or  prosencephalon,  winch  completely  covers 
the  cerebellum  and  olfactory  lobes,  and  is  marked  by 
many  deep  fissures  or  sulci  separating  gyri  or  convolu- 
tions. The  cerebrum  is  divided  into  right  and  left  halves, 
or  cerebral  hemispheres,  connected  by  the  great  trans- 
verse commissure  or  corpus  callosum.  Each  hemisphere 
is  divided  into  three  primary  lubes,  frontal,  parietal,  and 
occipital,  and  many  more  detailed  subdivisions  of  its  sui 


B.ise  of  Human  Brain. 
A,  frontal  lobe  of  cerebrum;  B,  temporal 
lobe  of  same,  sep.ir.ited  from  A  by  the  Syl- 
vian fissure;  CC,  corpus  callosum  — its  fore 
end;  Cb.  cerebellum;  M,  medulla  oblonga- 
ta; P,  pituitary  body  ;  /,  olfactory  "  nerve" 
(so  called—  rather  olfactory  lobe,  or  rhinen- 
cephalon);  //,  optic  nerve,  after  decussa- 
tion with  its  fellow  at  the  chiasm  ;  ///.  motor- 
oculi  nerve;  II',  pathetic  nerve;  V,  trigemi- 
nal-trifacial nerve;  /'/,  abducent  nerve;  I'll, 
facial  nerve;  /'///.  auditory  nerve;  IX, 
glossopharyngeal  nerve;  A',  pneumogastnc 
nerve;  .17,  spinal  accessory  nerve;  XII, 
hypoglossal  nerve.  The  rounded  masses 
near  ///  are  the  corpora  albicantia ;  VI  rests 
upon  the  pons  Varolii. 


braird 

brain-fever  (bran'fe'ver  i,  n.  Inflammation  of 
tlic  brain  ;  phrenitis;  meningitis, 
brainge  (branj),  v.  L;  pret.  and  pp.  bramged, 
ppr.  brainging.  [Connected  with  brainyell,  rush 
headlong;  as  a  noun,  rushing  headlong,  doing 
anything  carelessly;  origin  obscure.]  To  do 
something  noisily  and  hurriedly,  especially 
through  anger.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 
ally  spoken  of  in  the  plural  in  certain  relations :  as,  to  beat  brainish   (bra   nish),    a.      L<    '"'"<»    +    -i*it'.\ 

Headstrong;   passionate;  also,    perhaps,    un- 
real; brain-sick.     [Kare.] 

In  his  brainish  apprehension,  kills 

The  im-. .  ii  - I  old  man.        Shak.,  Hamlet, iv.  I. 

brainless  (bran'les),  a.  [<  ME.  brainles  (=I>. 
breinloos);  ibrain  +  -less.)  Weak  in  the  brain; 
witless;  stupid:  us,  "the  dull  brainless  Ajax," 
Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  i.  :s. 

The  state  oi 
stupidity. 

tSSSSKt^Ta  :W  ^maggot  0*^ Same  , 

man  of  brains;  "my  brain  is  too  dull,"  Scott.       worm,  1. 

,         ,.     .  ,  ■         brainpan  (bran  pan) 

"-dwill  beworshipped  and  served according  tolnspre- 


657 

the  latter,  those  of  Bight  arc  connected  with  the  hinder 
pari  ..I  tin'  thalamus.    The  nates  are  involved  in  the  Bight- 

functi and  the  testes  Minn  to  have  close  relations  wltli 

the  stimuli  entering  by  the  auditory  nerve.  The  cerebel- 
lum is  concerned  with  the  c 'dination  of  muscular  con- 

tractions  in  the  carrying  out  <if  voluntary  actions,  while 
the  medulla  oblongata  contains  a  large  number  ol  centers 
I,, i  comparatively  Bimple  functions,  as  vasomotor  action, 

cardiac  acti 'espiration,  deglutition,  etc.    (See  also  cut 

under  eneephalon,)    Fnnn  its  complexity,  the  bran 

n  (if  in  tli. 
..ut  or  t.i  rack  one's  brains. 
2.  In  <»(.»«.,  the  principal  ganglion  of  the  ner- 
vous system,  situated  in  the  head,  over  the 
esophagus,  and  formed  by  the  coalescence  of 
several  supra-esophageal  ganglia.  The  nerves  of 
the  eyes  mi. I  .■nitenun.  iiiv  .lireetly  connected  with  it,  ami 
it  Kiv.s  off  two  inferior  branches  which  surround  the 
.  ophagus  and  unite  beneath  in  the  subesophageal  pin 
glion.    Sometimes  tins  ganglion  is  regarded  as  a  part  ..( 


The  brain,  being  distinguished  as  tiie^n '""» »'.  while  the  brainlessness  (bran'les-nes),  n 

pi lal  or  upper  ganglion  is  caUed  the  cereoruro.  i,„j",  i7,~rtnless-  lack  of  sense- 

3.  The  same  or  a  corresponding  portion  of  the    being  biainh  ss,  la  k  ol  m  am  . 


[<  ME.  braii/panne 
("="oFries'.  breinparine  -.=  MLG.  bregenpanne, 
LG.  brdgenpanne);  <  brain  +  pan.  Cf.  equiv. 
AS.  hedfodpanne,  the  skull,  lit.  'head-pan.'] 
That  part  of  the  skull  which  mcloses  the  brain; 
the  cranium. 
Mv  brain-pan  Had  been  cleft  with  a  brown  bill. 
'  Shak.,  -i  Hen-  VI,,  iv.  10. 

I  learnt  more  from  her  in  a  Hash, 
Than  if  my  brainpan  were  an  empty  hull 
And  every  Muse  tumbled  a  science  in. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

To  have  (something)  on  the  brain,  to  he  extremely  in-  ti        rim-i.i'rnk  imM    a      Harassing ; 

t.  rested  in  or  eager  about  something;  be  over-persistent  bram-raCKing   (Dran  laii  ma),  «.     naiw    uig  , 
and  jealous  in  promoting  some  scheme  or  movement :  as,     perplexing. 

to/iniv  reform  on  the  brain.    |c..llo,|.]— Water  on  the  hrain-sand(l>r;iii'sand),  «•     manat,  the  earthy 
brain,  dropsy  of  the  brain ;  hydrocephalus.  particles    found   in   the    conarium   or    pineal 

braill  (bran),  v.t.     [<ME.  6ra,»e»,  dash  out  the    '  lan(1  forming  the  so-called  acervulus  cerebri, 


script  word,  and  not  according  to  the  bruin  of  man. 

Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  128  b. 

The  poison  and  the  dagger  are  still  at  baml  to  butcher 
a  hen.,  whin  n  [met  wants  the  brain*  to  save  him. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Don  Sebastian. 

To  beat  ..1  cudgel  one's  brains,  to  try  earnestly  to  re- 
call or  think  of  something,  or  to  concentrate  one's  attention 
and  thought  upon  it :  as,  he  beat  his  brains  for  a  simile. 

Cudgel  thy  brains  no  more  about  it;  for  your  dull  ass 
will  in  it  m. ml  his  pace  with  beating.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1 . 


1. ruins;  from  the  noun.]     1.  To  dash  out  the 
brains  of;  kill  by  beating  in  the  skull. 
There  thou  must  brain  him.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

When  Uncas  had  brained  his  first  antagonist,  he  turned 
like  a  hungry  lion  to  seek  another. 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  xn. 

2.    Figuratively,   to    destroy;   defeat;    balk; 

thwart.     [Rare.] 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  bis  death  .  .  . 

That  braind  my  purpose.      Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

3f.  To  get  into  the  brain;  conceive;  under- 
stand.    [Rare.] 

'Tis  still  a  dream  :  or  else  such  stuff  as  mailmen 
Tongue,  and  brain  not.  Shale,  Cymheline,  v.  4. 

face" are  recognized.    The  interior  of  the  brain  (which  is  v.--;-  wi,,j,Jer  (liran'blad"er),  «.     In  embryol., 
primitively  hollow)  is  traversed  in  the  adult  by  a  set  or   Drain-Diaaaer  V ma 


system  of  connected  cavities  known  as  ventrieles  or  ccelice, 
The  first  and  second  of  these  are  the  right  and  left  ven- 
tricles of  the  hemispheres,  or  proceelice ;  the  third  is  the 
diaccelia;  the  fourth  is  the  epicoelia ;  passages  connecting 
these  are  the  foramina  of  Monro  and  the  aqueduct  of  Syl- 
vius.  The  brain  and  adjoining  portions  of  the  spinal  cord 
give  rise  to  12  pairs  of  nerves,  called  cranial  arms  he- 
cause  they  emerge  from  foramina  in  the  base  of  the  skull. 
is,,-  ,-r,i„i,il.)    ihain-sul.istance  is  of  two  kinds,  gray  gan- 
glionic or  cellular  nerve-tissue,  and  white  commissural  or 
nlm.iis  nerve-tissue.     The  gray  matter  which  invests  the 
cerebrum  and  cerebellum  is  also  called  the  cortical  sub- 
stance, in  distinction  from  the  white  or  meduUarg  sub- 
stance of  the  interior.     A  brain  is  in  fact  f 
gray  ganglia  united  by  white  commissures, 
cortex,  there  are  several  ganglia  or  collei 
matter  in  the  interior,  as  the  corpora  striata,  the  optii 
thalami,  the  optic  lobes  or  corpora  quadrigemina,  the  cor- 
pora deutata  of  the  cerebellum,  and  the  corpora  olivaria  oi 
the  medulla  oblongata.    Connected  with  the  brain  are  two 
□on-nervous  structures,  the  conarium  or  epiphysis  cerebri 
and  the  pituitary  body  or  hypophysis  cerebri.     The  brain 
is  covered  by  tliree  membranes  or  meninges,  of  which 
the  external  Is  the  dura  mater,  the  middle  the  arachnoid, 
and  the  inner  the  pia  mater.   Most  mammals  have  a  brain 
like  that  of  man,  but  ill  descending  the  mammalian  scale 
the  cerebrum  Incomes  relatively  smaller  and  has  fewer 
if  any  convolutions,  the  corpus  callosum  becomes  rudi- 
mentary, and  the  olfactory  lobes  enlarge.    (See  cuts  under 
•lorn*  and  sulcus.)    In  the  brain  of  birds  the  hemispheres 
arc  smooth,  there  is  no  corpus  callosum  or  pons  Varolii, 
and  the  optic  lobe3  are  of  immense  size.    There  is  no  brain 
in  the  lowest  vertebrate,  A  mphioxus.    The  average  weight 
of  the  brain  in  adult  males  of  the  European  type  is  about 
l.luii  mams  (49.5  ounces);  ill  women  about  1,250  grams 
(41  ounces).    The  brain  is  in  its  highest  activity  the  organ 
..I  consciousness  or  mind,  and  its  general  function  is  that 
of  furnishing  the  most  complex  and  extensive  outgoing 
stimulation  of  muscles  and  other  active  tissues  as  a  re- 
sponse, more  or  less  immediate,  to  the  most  complex  and 
extensive  incoming  sensory  stimulation.     With  functions 
of  this  high  degree  of  complexity  are  associated  in  some 
parts  much  simpler  functions  resembling  those  of  the  spi- 
nal cord.     The  cortex  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  is  the 
portion  of  the  brain  in  which  the  most  complex  coordina- 
tions seem  to  be  effected,  and  which  is  most  directly  in- 
volved in  mental  acts.     Certain  parts  of  the  cortex  are, 
however,  peculiarly  related  to  certain  special  incoming  or 
outgoing  stimulations,  and  are  called  sensory  or  motor 
centers.^  (See  cerebral,  and  cerebral  localization,  under  lo- 
calisation.)   The  corpus  striatum  is  usually  regarded  as 
especially  concerned  with  stimulations  passing  il.  iw  n war. I, 
and  the  optic  thalamus  with  rhose  passing  upward ;  among 
42 


a  cerebral  vesicle;   one  of  the  hollow  dilated  .       .     f 

portions  of  the  brain  of  any  embryonic  cranial  Jj^.^   Sln-kor'al),  „. 

vertebrate. 

In  all  Skulled  Animals,  from  the  Cyclostomi  to  Man, 
the  same  parts,  although  in  very  various  forms,  develop 
from  these  five  original  brain-bladders. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  220. 

brain-box  (bran'boks),  n.  The craninm proper; 

the  cranial  part  of  the  whole  skull,  containing 

the  brain,  as  distinguished  from  the  facial  parts 
,    of  the  same.  ,      .    , 

?sinr  sa  CBesidesnth°e  brain-case  (bran'kas),  n.    Same  as  hrain-box. 
"cXctiina "!f  gray  brain-cavity  (brau'kav'i^M.     1.  One  of   he 

ventricles  of  the  brain.— 2.  The  interior  of  the 

cranium  or  skull,  containing  the  brain, 
brain-coral  (bran'kor"al),  n.     The  popular 

name  of  coral  of  the  genus  Heandrma :  so  called 

because       it 


resembles  in 
its  superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the  con- 
volutions of 
the  human 
brain.  The  ge- 
nus is  of  the 
family  Meandri- 
nidce,  belong- 
ing to  the  apo- 
rose  division  of 
stone-corals.    Also  called  brainstem  and  bramstom-eoral. 


Brain-coral  {Mcandrina  certbrj/ormis) . 


brained  (brand),  a.     [<  brain  +  -edj.']    1.  Fur-  braird   (brard),  n.     [In  sense  <  AS. 


They  are  minute  accretions  of  calcium  carbonate,  calcium 
phosphate,  and  magnesium  phosphate,  with  some  animal 

brain-sick  (bran'sik),   a.     Disordered  in  the 

understanding  ;  fantastic ;  crotchety ;  crazed. 
(Juicke  wittes  also  be,  in  most  part  of  all  their  doinges, 
oner  nuieke,  liastie,  raslie,  headie,  and  brainsick,: 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  33. 

We  have  already  suffered  from  the  misconstructions 

and  broils  which  seem  to  follow  this  i r  brain-sick  lady 

nil.  rever  she  comes.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

brainsickly  (bran'sik-li),  adv.    Fantastically; 
madly. 

Von  do  unbend  your  noble  strength,  t.i  tltiuk 

So  brainsickly  of  things.  Sliak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  '-'. 

brain-Sickness  (brau'sik-nes),  ».     Disorder  of 
the  brain;  insanity.     Holland. 

See  brain-coral. 

Same 
hiiti  n-eiirnl. 
brain-throb   (bran'throb),   n.     The   throbbing 
of  the  brain, 
brainward  (bran'ward),  adv.  and  o.     Toward 
or  tending  toward  the  brain. 

If  from  any  cause,  there  is  excessive  brainward  deter- 
minate  l  tii.-  blood,  the  plethora  of  die  capillaries  gives 

rise  to  increased  mental  excitement.  _ 

IJuxleii  and  Yuinuans,  1'hysiol.,  §  499. 

brain-wave  (bran'wav),  n.  A  so-called  tele- 
pathic   vibration    supposed    to   be    concern.. I 

in  the  transference  of  n  though!  fr ue  mind 

to  another  by  other  than  physical  means  of 
communication. 

Such  expressions  as  brain-vare  (Knowles),  mi  ntiferous 
ether  (Maudsley),  .  .  .  testify  to  this  natural  though  pre- 
mature desire  to  ticket  or  identify  a  force  winch  .  .  . 
cannot  at  present  be  correlated  with  nerve-force. 

I'ror.  Soc  Psych.  Research,  Oct  .  1886,  p.  178. 

brain-work (I'ran'werk),  ».  Intellectual  labor; 
cerebration. 

brain-worm  (bran'werm),  v.  1.  A  worm  in- 
festing or  supposed  to  infest  the  brain.  Also 
called  brain-maggot. —  2.  The  vermis  of  the 
cerebellum. 

brainy  (bra'ni),  «.  [<  brain  +  -y1.]  Having 
a  good  brain;  intelligent;  sharp-witted  ;  quick 
of  comprehension. 

'     Iniirii,  a 


nished  with  brains :  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion: as,  crack-brained;  hare6r<ii««/. 

If  the  other  two  be  brained  like  us,  the  state  totters. 

Slink.,  Tempest,  ill.  2. 

2.  [Pp.  of  bravn, «.]  Having  the  brains  knocked 

or  dashed  out;  killed  by  a  blow  which  breaks 
the  skull. 
brain-fag  (bran/fag),  n.     Mental  fatigue  or  ex- 
haustion, as  from  overwork. 

In  states  of  extreme  brain-fag  the  horizon  is  narrov  ed 
almost  to  the  passing  word.  Mind,  IX.  17. 


point,  blade  of  grass  tsee  brad):  but  the  form 
depends  rather  upon  ME.  brera,  <  AS.  brerd, 
breord,  ONorth.  breard,  edge,  brink,  =  OHG. 
brort,  edge,  etc.;  prob.  connected  with  AS. 
brord,  a  point.]  A  grain-crop  when  it  first 
makes  its  appearance  above  ground.  [Scotch.] 
The  braird  of  the  Lord,  that  begins  to  rise  so  green  hi 
the  land,  will  glow  in  peace  to  a  plentiful  harvest,  bait. 
braird  (brard),  b.  i.  [<  braird,  ».]  To  spring 
up,  as  seeds;  shoot  forth  from  the  earth,  as 
grain;  germinate.     [Scotch.] 


brairo 

brairo  I  bra'ro),  ».    f  A Tuption  of  P.  blaireau, 

badger.]     A   Canadian    French    qi of   the 

American  badgi  ami  ricana. 

braise1,  v.  and  re.    See  braise*. 

braise-,  ».    See  braizi '-'. 

braise,  braisee  (bra-za'),  a.    [F.  ]    Braized. 

braiser,  ».     See  braizer. 

brait  >  bral ),  n.  [<  (rigin  unknown.  ]  Among  jew  - 
elers,  a  rough  diamond. 

braize1,  braise1  (braz),  v.  i.\  pret.  and  pp. 
braised,  ppr.  braizing.  [<  I'.  hnnstr,  cook  over 
live  coals,  <  /mii«  =  Pr.  oTrt.vi  =  Sp.  frrasa  = 
Pg.  /ir«_-«  =  It.  brunii,  brascia,  bragia,  etc., 
live  coals,  embers  (cf.  I-',  ftraser,  solder;  OF. 
and  P.  em-braser,  OF.  es-braser,  a-braser  =  Pr. 
i-.i.vrr  —  Sp.  H-lirnsiir  =  Pg.  a-brazar  =  It. 
ah-hracinri .  etc..  sot  on  fire);  of  Scand.  origin: 
<  Dan.  bra--e,  fry,  =  Sw.  brasa,  flame,  =  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  Are:  see  frross^-and  brazier®.] 
To  cook  (moat)  by  stewing  in  a  thick  rich  gravy 
with  vegetables,  etc.,  and  then  slowly  baking. 

braize1,  braise1  i inn z).  «.  [<  braize1,  v.]  In 
cooh  ry,  braized  meat. 

braize-  (braz),  ».  [Also  braise;  perhaps  akin  to 
burst,  bass1,  and  bri mill, q.  v.]  1.  An  acanthop- 
terygian  fish  of  the  genus  Bagrus,  I',  vulgaris, 
of  the  family  Sparida,  found  in  British  seas. 
Also  called  becker. —  2.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  roach.     Also  braze. 

braize:i  (braz),  n.  [A  var.  of  breeze*."]  The 
dusi  of  charcoal  which  accumulates  around 
the  furnace  of  charcoal-works ;  coal-dust. 

The  -Inst  or  braize  of  the  Philadelphia  coal-yards  is 
Bold  for  use  in  Ore-boxes  [ol  locomotives]  of  suitable  con- 
struction. Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  501. 

braizer,  braiser  (bra'zer),  n.  [<  braize1,  braise1, 

+  -cr1.]  A  covered  pot,  stew-pan,  or  kettle 
used  in  braizing. 

braizing-pan  (bra'zing-pan),  ».  A  small  cov- 
ered pan  or  air-tight  oven  in  which  meat  is 
braized. 

brake1  (brak).  Obsolete  or  archaic  preterit  of 
break. 

brake1  (brak),  re.     [Var.  spelling  of  break;  cf. 

brack1  and  brake*.]     It.  A  break;  brack;  flaw. 

The  slighter  brakes  of  our  reformed  Muse. 

Webster,  Works,  iv.  141.    (HalliweU.) 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  mo- 
tion of   a  vehicle:    now  usually  classed  with 
brake3.     See  brake*,  »..  9. 
brake'-'t  (brak),  v.    [<  ME.  broken  (=  1  >.  broken), 
vomit,  a  secondary  form  of  breken,  E.  break  = 
G.  Iirrrln  it,  break,  vomit :   see  break,  and  cf. 
|     I.  intrans.  To  vomit. 
Brnknn  or.  a-tva,  <.r spew.-.  v.,mo.    Prompt,  Parv., p. 47. 
And  as  an  hoonde  that  et  eras  s<>  can  ich  t<>  brake. 

rifts  Plowman  (<').  vii.  430. 
II.  trans.  To  vomit ;  cast  up. 
'flu-  what  ...  a  warth  fyndez 
Then  be brakez  vp  the  buyrne  [man,  sc.  Jonah], 

AUiteratin   Poems  (fiA.  Morris),  1.  3339. 

brake3  (brak),  re.  [<  ME.  brake,  an  instrument 
for  breaking  tlax,  also  a  name  for  other  me- 
chanical contrivances;  not  found  in  AS.,  but 
prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG.  LG.  brake  =  MD. 
braeeke,  1>.  braak  (vlas-braak,  flax-brake)  =  Sw. 
braka  (lin-br&ka,  flax-brake)  =  Dan.  brage,  a 
brake  (cf.  OI).  brake,  a  clog  for  the  neck,'MD. 
braeeke,  b  instrument  for  holding  by 

the  nose;  cf.  OHG.  brecha,  Mile.  G.  breehe,  a 
brake);  <  MLG.  LG.  l).,ete.,  breken  =Gt.brechen 
=  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  q.  v.  Brake*  is  thus 
practically  equiv.  to  break,  it.,  of  which,  in 
soiin  es,  it  i-  onlj  e  different  spelling, 

eonfon I  to  the  olderword.]     1.    A  tool  ot 

bine  for  breaking  u]>  the  woody  portion  of 
flax,  to  loosen  it  from  the   harl  or  fibers. —  2. 

handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked. 
—  3.  A  bakers'  kneading  -machine.  —  4.  A  sharp 

bit  or  snaffle:  as,  "  a  snaffle  bit  or  brake,"  Gas 
me,  Steele  Glas.— 5.  An  apparatus  for  con- 
fining refractory  horses  while  being  shod. — 6. 

A  medieval  .  ngine  of  war  analogous  to  thebal- 
lista. 

ifel I  not  eyther  the  bral      rplon  ,  whereof 

barged  stones  thli  1 1  m  out  darts 
as  t>                               Hollo 

II..  j  \i. •»  the  lira  and  slink's. 

7.    A    huge   heavy  harrow  for    breaking    clods 
after  plowing.      Also  .ailed  drag. — 8.   A  kind 
of  wagonette.     A   large  and  i 
this   vehi.de    j,    use. i    [or  breaking  in    i 
horses  to  harness. —  9.  Any  mechanical  dm  ict 

for  arresting  or  retarding  the   motion  of  a  ve- 
hicle or  car  by  means  of  friction,     i 
men  form  i-  thai  "f  curved  wot 

''lie  Is.     In  this  .vi 
spell'  -  ee  air-brake. 


658 

10.  The  fore  part  of  a  carriage,  by  which  it 
is  turned. — 11.  A  basket-makers'  tool  for 
stripping  the  barb  from  willow  wands. — 12f. 
Aii  old  instrument  of  torture.  Also  called  the 
Dufa  of  Exeter's  daughter.  Automatic  brake,  a 
brake  which  acts  mechanically  under  certain  circum- 
stances, as  on  Iroad-train  when  one  car  becomes  de- 
tached  ii the  rest.— Block-brake,  a  brake  used  in 

retarding  a  moving  part  by  the  pressure  upon  it  oi  a  sta 

tionary  Mock.—  Compressed-air  brake.    See  air-brake. 

Continuous  brake,  a  series  of  car-brakes,  so  arranged 

that  all  can  be  controlled  from  Borne  one  point  on  the 

train.    See  air-brake.     Double-lever  brake,  a  braki 

a  car-truck  or  four-wheeled  ear,  having  two  levers  so  ar- 
ranged that  tlie  pressure  on  the  two  s.  ts  of  slices  will  be 
equal.  Single-lever  brake,  a  brake  which  lias  but  a 
single  lever,  to  which  the  force  is  applied.  The  fulcrum 


Plan. 

Singlc-lcver  Car-brake. 

The  single  lever  F,  pivoted  at  mid-length,  is  operated  by  chains 

and  rods  from  the  brake-wheel  on  either  platform.    To  the  lever  are 

attached  rods  C,  //,  proceeding  to  the  brake-bars  which  carry  the 

shoes. 

of  the  lever  is  upon  one  brake-beam,  anil  from  its  shorter 
arm  a  red  extends  to  the  brake-beam  of  the  other  pair  of 
wheels  of  the  same  truck.  — To  bleed  the  brakes.    See 

M,v,/. 
brake3  (brak),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braked,  ppr. 
braking.  [=  MLG.  LG.  D.  broken  (>  F.  bragui  r) 
=  Sw.  braka  =  Dan.  brage,  brake;  from  the 
noun.  Cf .  break,  v.]  If.  To  crack  or  break  (the 
stalks  of  flax)  in  order  to  separate  the  woody 
portions  from  the  fiber.     Now  written  brink. 

It  [tlax)  must  lie  watered,  dried,  braked,  tew-tawed,  and 
with  much  labor  driuen  and  reduced  in  the  end  t.<  be  as  sett 
and  tender  as  wooll.     Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  (proem). 

2.  To  retard  or  stop  the  motion  of  by  the  ap- 
plication  of  a  brake. 
brake4  (brak),  re.  [<  ME.  brake  (see  brake*); 
not  in  AS.,  but.  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG. 
brake,  bush,  bushes,  LG.  brake,  a  willow-bush ; 
orig.  appar.  rough  or  broken  ground ;  cf.  D. 
braak  (-land)  =  MLG.  brake  =  G.  brache,  land 
broken  but  not  sowed,  MHG.  brache,  OHG. 
bracha,  the  breaking  of  land  after  harvest  (= 
MLG.  brake  =  MD.  braeeke,  D.  braak,  breaking, 
a  break:  see  brack1 ) ;  hence  in  comp.,G.  brach- 
feld,  equiv.  toD.  braakland,  fallow  land;  OHG. 
MHG.  brdchmdnot,  'plowing-month,'  June ; 
whence  separately  as  an  adj.,  D.  braak  =  G. 
braeh  (>  Dan.  brak),  fallow;  tilt.  <  D.  breken  = 
OHG.  breeban,  MHG.  brreltni,  G.  breeben  =  AS. 
brecan,  E.  break;  being  thus  closely  akin  to 
brack1  and  to  brake*.]  1.  A  place  overgrown 
with  bushes  or  brushwood,  shrubs,  and  bram- 
bles; a  thicket;  in  the  United  States,  a  cane- 
brake,  that  is,  a  tract  of  ground  overgrown  with 
cane,  Arniiilinaria  macrospcrma. 

This  green  plot  shall  be  our  stage,  this  hawthorn  brah 
our  tiring-house.  Shak.,  M.  N.  l>.,  iii.  1. 

II.-  stai.l  net  fer  brake,  ami  he  stepped  not  for  stone, 
He  swam  the  Esk  river  where  funl  there  was  nunc. 

Scott,  Young  Lochinvar. 
The  mid  forest  brake, 
dicta  with  a  sprinkling  of  fair  musk-rose  blooms. 

Knits,  laiilyinien,  i. 

2.   A  single  bush,  or  a.  number  of  bushes  grow- 
ing by  themselves. 
braker'  (brak),  n.     [<  ME.  brake,  appar.  <  As. 

bracer   (rare),    n    fern:    see    bracken.       Appar. 

confused  in  ME.,  etc.,  with  braked,  a  thicket, 
eie.:  ,-f.  braked,  brakebush,  fern-brake.]     The. 

name  given  lo   /'It  ris  aijiiilina  and  oilier  large 

ferns.    See  Pteiis. 
Others  [leaves]  are  parted  small  like  our  ferns  or  brakes. 
/•;.  Terry,  \  oyage,  p   L05. 

Buckhorn-brake,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  tin 

flowering  fern    Osmunda  regalis.     Cliff-brake,  a  com. 

men  name  "t  the  genus  Peluea.     Rock-brake,  I  he  plant 

,i  //...../  .e:  crispue, 
brake-bar  (brak'biin.  ».  A  bar  connecting  the 

brake-shoes  of  opposite  wheels  of  a  carriage  of 

any  band, 
brake-beam   (brak'bein),   ».     A  wooden   bar 

supporting  the  I. rake  I, locks  of  a  car-truck. 

brake-block  (brak'blok),   n.     A   wooden   or 

metal  block  holding  Hie  shoe  or  piece  which 
hears  against  Hie  tread  or  tire  of  a  wheel  when 
I  In    brake  is  applied. 


Uiake-shoe. 

.  relieve  the  pres- 


bramble 

brakebusht,  ».  [ME.  brakebuslte;  (brakeP  e 
bush1.  |     A  fern-brake. 

brake-hanger  (brak 'hang  er),  ».  A  link  or  bar 
by  which  l. rake-beams  and  their  attachments 
me  suspended  from  a  I  ruck-frame  or  ear-body. 
Car-Builder's  Diet.  Parallel  brake-hanger,  a  bar 
or  link  s..  attached  to  a  brake-beam  us  t..  maintain  the 
brake-head  ami  brake-shoe  in  the  same  relative  positions 
when  the  brakes  are  released,  thus  preventing  the  brake- 
shoes  iieia  striking  againsi  the  wheel. 

brake-head  (brak'hed),  n.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  fastened  to  ■,<  brake-beam  and  bearing 
against  the  wheels,  forming  both  a  brake-block 
and  a  brake-shoe. 

brake-hopper  (brak 'hopper),  n.    \<  brake1  + 

hopper.]    A  name  for  the  grasshopper-warbler, 

Sylvia  locustella,  or  LocusteUa  ncevia.    Macgii- 

Herat/.     [Local,  British.] 
brakeman  (brak'man  ).  n. :  pi.  brakemen  (-men). 

1.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  apply  the  brakes 

on  a  railroad-train  which  are  operated  by  hand. 

— 2.  In  mining,  the  man  in  charge  of  the  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Sometimes  spelled  brcakntan,  and  in  Gnat 

Britain  often  called  brakesman. 
brakent,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bracken. 
brake-Shaft   (brak '.shaft),   ».      The    shaft   on 

which   is  wound  the  chain  by 

which  the  power  of  a  car-brake 

operated  by  hand  is  applied  to 

the  wheels, 
brake-shoe  (brak'shS),  «.    A 

piece  of  wood  or  metal  fitted 

to  a  brake-block,   or  forming 

one  piece  with  it,  and  serving 

as  a  rubber  to  retard,  by  fric- 
tion with  the  wheel-tread   or 

-tire,  the  movement  of  a  wheel. 

—  Brake-shoe  valve,  in  an  air-  or 

vacuum-brake,  a  valve  so  arrange, 1  as  to 

sure  upon  the  wheel  when  it  becomes  too  great. 

brakesman  (braks'man),  n. ;  jil.  brakesmen 
(-men).     See  brakeman. 

brake-spool  (brak'spSl),  ».  An  enlargement, 
by  a  sleeve  or  otherwise,  of  a  brake-shaft  to  give 
greater  speed  and  less  power  to  the  brake.  Car- 
Builder's  Diet. 

brake-strap  (brak'strap),  n.  The  strap  sur- 
rounding the  pulley  of  a  friction-brake. 

brakett,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  braggt  /-. 

brake-van  (brak'van),  n.  (in  European  rail- 
ways, the  van  or  car  in  a  freight-train  to  the 
wheels  of  which  the  brake  is  applied.  See 
brake*,  9. 

brake-wheel  (brak'hwell,  «.  1.  A  horizontal 
hand-wheel  on  the  platform  of  a  railroad-ear, 
or  on  the  roof  of  a  box-ear,  used  to  control  tho 
brake. — 2.  A  heavy  wheel  furnished  with  cams 
to  control  the  action  of  a  trip-hammer. 

brakisht,  a.    See  brackish. 

braky  (bra'M),  a.  [<  brake*  +  -;/1.]  Full  of 
brakes;  abounding  with  brambles  or  shrubs; 
rough;  thorny:  as,  "braky  thickets  and  deep 
sloughs,"  />'o.  Hall,  Heaven  upon  Earth. 

Redeem  arts  from  their  rough  ami  brakey  seats,  where 
they  lay  hid  ami  overgrown  with  thorns. 

11.  Jtinsiin,  Discoveries. 

brallt.      An  obsolete  spelling  of  braid. 

Brama  (bra'ina),  h.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  lishes  of  the  family  Bramida:  The  pomfret, 
B.  rui/i,  is  an  example.  Schneider,  1801.  See 
cut  under  sea-bream. 

Bramah  lock,  press.    See  the  nouns. 

Bramantesque  (bra-man-tesk'),  ".  Relating  to 
or  having  the  character  or  style  of  the  works 
of  Bramante  ( 1444-1514).  a  noted  Italian  archi- 
tect, whose  st  iidies  of  the  antique  exerted  much 
influence  upon  the  classic  revival.  Me  prepared 
tin-  original  design   for  the  rebuilding  of  st.  Peter's  at 

f: e,  of  which  the  execution  was   Interrupted  by  bis 

death.  The  epithet  lint niantestjite  was  early  applied  I" 
the  style  of  architecture  now  called  Renaissance,  from  the 
preeminent  position  held  by  Bramante  in  its  format  ion. 

'the  artist  who  tntrodu I    Renaissance  architecture, 

then  called  Bramomteeque,  into  Lombardy. 

C.  C.  Perkvns,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  182,  note. 

bramantip  (bra-man 'tip),  n.    Same  as  bamaUp. 

Bramatherium  (bra-ma-thS'ri-um),  «.  |NL.. 
prop.  '  lirtiliniailit  rtiini,  <  Brahma1  +  Gr.  m/pion, 
wihl   beast.]      A  genus  of  gigantic  arliodaclyl 

mammals  of  uncertain  position,  related  to  si- 
rtt  tin  nit  in.  Like  the  latter,  i<  hail  four  horns,  ami  ii  re 
mains  ...  .111  Willi  those  of  Sit'utlteriiiut  in  the  middle  and 
in.  1.  iii.nv  deposit  ..1  Ii"'  Sivalik  bills  in  India.  Fat- 
etiner  tittti  t  'antteroy,  18 15. 
bramble  (bram  bl),  «.    [<  ME.  brembel,  brembil, 

Itrttiiinil,  <  AS.  hrteinbel.  Itrenibtl,  prop.  Intnttl 
(also  hrtiitl.tr.  ME.  breather:  see  bra nibleberri/), 
=  Oltun.  h remit ,  hrijndc  =  LG.  hrantnit ■  I  i-ht  n  n, 
pi.),   bramble;  dim.  of  the  form  seen  in  ME. 


bramble 

liriimr,  bramble,  =  Mi),  braeme,  breme,  T).  braam 
s=MLGK  brum,  brdme,  breme,  brumme,  Ltl.  braam, 
bramble,  broom-plant,  =  OHG.  brama,  bramo, 
MHGh  brame,  bramble,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  lint/inn, 
bramble,  G.  bram,  brume,  broom-plant  (also  m 
awl,  pnneh,  from  the  sense  of  '  thorn  ').  Akin 
to  broom1,  q.  v.]  A  namo  common  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Kudus,  especially  and  usually  in 
England  the  common  blackberry,  It.  fruUcosus : 
occasionally  (from  these  plants  being  armed 
with  prickles),  any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  the 
dogrose,  Rosa  canina. 

The  bramble  flour  that  beretfa  the  red  liepe. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  35. 

bramble  (bram'bl),  v.  »". ;  pret.  and  pp.  bra/m- 
hletl,  ppr.  br ambling.  [<  bramble,  «.]  To  pick 
brambles  or  blackberries. 

All  persons  found  brambling,  nutting,  anil  otherwise 
trespassing  in  .  .  .  Woods,  will  be  prosecuted. 

Quoted  in  A.  and  ','.,  7th  ser.,  II.  327. 

brambleberry  (bram'bl-ber'i),  ».;  pi.  bram- 
bleberries  (-iz).  [ME.  not  found,  <  AS.  bre- 
meUberie  (of.  brember,  ME.  brember,  equiv.  to 
brembel,  breme!,  bramble)  (=  MLG.  brdmber  = 
OHtl.  brdmberi,  MS.Gr.  brdmbere,  brdmber,  <;. 
brombeere  =  S\v.  brombar  =  Dan.  brmnbur,  a 
blackberry,  =  MD.  braembesie,  1).  braambezie,  > 
F.  framboise,  Pr.  framboiso,  Sp.  frambueso.  It. 
dial,  flanboesa,  ML.  framboses,  raspberry),  < 
brentel,  bramble,  +  berie,  berry.]  1.  The  berry 
of  a  bramble;  especially,  a  blackberry. — 2. 
The  plant  itself.    See  bramble.     [Eng.] 

bramble-bond  (bram' bl-bond),  n.  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble,  for- 
merly used  in  thatching  roofs. 

bramble-bush  (bram'bl-biish),  v.  [<  bramble,  + 
bush  ;  cf.  I),  brttttmboseli  —  JILll.  brumluisrli  — 
ODan.  bremlebwsk.']  The  bramble,  or  a  thicket 
of  brambles. 

brambled  (bram 'bid),  a.  [<  bramble,  «.,  + 
-«/"-.]     Overgrown  with  brambles. 

Forlorn  she  sits  upon  the  brambled  floor. 

T.  Walton,  Ode,  Hi. 

bramble-finch  (bram'bl-fineh),  n.  Same  as 
brambling. 

bramble-net  (bram'bl-net),  n.  A  hallier,  or 
net  for  catching  birds. 

bramble-rose  (bram'bl-roz),  n.    The  dogi'oso, 
ltosu  cuitina. 
Bramble-roses,  faint  and  pale.  Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

bramble-worm  (brani'bl-werru),  n.  Same  as 
brandling,  2. 

brambling  (bram'bling),  n.  [<  bramble  +  -in, /'■'■.] 
A  common  European  eonirostral  oscine  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Fringillidu;  Fringillu 


BramHing  nr  Mountain-finch  {Fringilla  montifringilla  ). 


niiiiiiifringillu,  or  mountain-finch,  closely  re- 
lated to  and  resembling  the  chaffinch,  /■'.  Ca- 
lebs, but  larger.    Also  called  bramble-finch. 

brambly  (bram'bli),  «.  [<  bramble  +  -t/1.] 
Full  of  brambles:  as,  " brambly  wildernesses," 
Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

bramet  (bram),  %.  [<  OF.  brame,  bram,  a  cry 
of  pain  or  longing  (=  Bret,  bram,  a  noise,  = 
Sp.  It.  bra  inn,  desire),  <  bramer  =  Pr.  brumur  = 
Sp.  brumur,  cry  out,  =  It.  bramare,  desire,  long 
for,  <  OHG.  breman  =  AS.  bremman  =  MD. 
bremmen.  roar:  see  brim*-.]  Intense  passion  or 
emotion. 

Through  long  languor  and  hart-burning  brame, 
She  shortly  like  a  pyned  ghost  became. 

Spenser,  F.  ().,  III.  ii.  62. 


659 

bramid  (bram'id),  ».  A  iish  of  the  family  Kra- 
ut it  he. 

Bramidae  (bram'i-de),  n,  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brama  + 
-idee.]    A  family  of  acanthopterygian   fishes, 

represented  by  Hie  genus  I'.runitt.  It  belongs  to 
the  Buperfamily  Scombrotdea,  and  is  characterized  t>y  an 
oblong  compressed  body,  rounded  head,  long  dorsal  and 
anal  tins  with  few  anterior  spines,  and  perfect  thoracic 
\entral  tins.  The  few  speeies  are  inhabitants  of  rather 
deep  seas.    See  cut  under  pom/ret. 

Bramin.  etc.     See  Brahman,  etc. 

bramoid  (bram'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Brama  + 
-tiitl.]     I.  a.   Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Hittnitiltr. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Bramithe. 

bran1  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  bran,  also  bren.  brin, 
partly  <  OF.  bren,  bran,  also  refuse,  dung,  1\ 
bran,  bran,  s=  Pr.  bren  =  OSp.  bren  =  It.  dial. 
biiiiiin  (ML.  lirtnninm.  branntitn),  bran,  <  W. 
bran,  bran,  husk,  =  Ir.  bran,  chaff,  =  Bret. 
briitii,  bran ;  and  partly  (like  OF.,  etc.)  directly 
from  the  Celtic]  The  outer  coat  of  wheat,  rye, 
or  other  fariuaceous  grain ;  the  husky  portion 
of  ground  wheat,  separated  from  the  flour  by 
bolting. 

bran1  (bran),  v.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  branned,  ppr. 
hriiinting.  [<  bran*-,  n.]  To  steep  in  a  bath  of 
bran  and  water,  as  cloth  before  or  after  dyeing, 
or  skins  for  tanning. 

Branned  goods  are  not  afterwards  soaped,  but  simply 
washed  in  the  washing  machine  for  half  an  hour  with 
eold  or  tepid  water. 

Croobs,  Dyeing  and  Calico-Printing,  p.  309. 

bran2  (bran),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.] 
A  name  of  the  common  crow,  Corvus  corone. 
Macgillivray.     [Local,  British.] 

bran:!  (bran),  c.  A  dialectal  form  of  bren, 
burn1. 

bran-bread  (bran'bred'),  n.  [<  ME.  branbred.~\ 
Bread  made  of  bran,  or  of  unbolted  flour. 

branct,  »'•  [OF.  branc;  cf.  F.  branche,  branch: 
see  branch.]  A  linen  vestment  similar  to  a 
rochet,  formerly  worn  by  women  over  their 
other  clothing. 

brancard  (brang'kard),  n.  [F.,  a  litter,  shaft, 
thill,  <  Pr.  branc,  P.  branche,  branch,  arm.]  A 
horse-litter.     Lady  M.  IV.  Montagu. 

branch  (branch),  n.  and  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
biitiinelt :  <  ME.  branche,  braunche,  bronche,K  <  )F. 
branche, bra  nee,  V.  bra  itche.'bvaneix,  =Pr.  branca, 
also  branc,  =  OSp.  andOPg.  brunc.u  =  It.  branca, 
branch,  claw,  =  Wall,  bruited,  hand,  fore  foot  (> 
O.  brunkc,  dial,  pranlce,  claw,  pranke,  brante, 
prante,  a  paw,  esp.  of  a  bear),  <  ML.  branca, 
claw;  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin :  cf.  Bret,  branc, 
an  arm,  =  \V.  braich,  an  arm,  a  branch,  =  L. 
brachiitni.  hrueehiiim,  arm,  branch,  claw:  see 
brace1,  n.]  I.  ».  1.  A  division  or  subdivision  of 
the  stem  or  axis  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant 
(the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications  being 
called branchlets,  twigs,  or  shoots);  a  bough. 
A  great  elm  tree  spread  its  broad  branches  over  it. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  427. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  branch  in  its  re- 
lation to  the  trunk ;  an  offshoot  or  part  extend- 
ing from  the  main  body  of  a  thing;  a  ramifica- 
tion ;  a  subdivision ;  an  outgrowth. 

Withouten  braunch  of  vyce  in  ony  wyse, 
In  trouthe  alwey  to  don  yow  my  servyse. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  133. 
Specifically —  (a)  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body  or  system ; 
a  department ;  a  section  or  subdivision :  as,  a  branch  of  a 
BOCiety  ;  the  various  branches  of  learning. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  .  .  .  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence  and  of  some  branches  of  polities  has  made 
great  progress. 

Sir  ti.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

It  is  a  very  prevalent  notion  among  the  Christians  of 
Europe,  that  the  MooB'lims  are  enemies  to  almost  every 
branch  of  knowledge. 

K.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  277. 

(b)  A  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction  from  some 
other  line  or  lines  from  the  same  stock:  as,  the  English 
or  the  Irish  branch  of  a  family,  (c)  Any  descendant  in 
such  a  line.    [Rare.] 

His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  ancient  stock  planted 
in  Somersetshire.  Ii.  Careti;  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

(d)  Inborn.,  any  portion  of  a  real  curve  capable  of  descrip- 
tion by  the  continuous  motion  of  a  point.  Every  branch 
either  extends  to  infinity  or  returns  into  itself  (reentrant 
branch);  hut  some  old  geometers  considered  a  branch  to 
be  ended  by  a  cusp,  (e)  A  piece  of  pipe  including  a  length 
of  the  main  pipe  and  a  shorter  piece  branching  from  it. 
When  the  latter  is  at  right  angles  to  the  former,  the 
]<v.uichis  aT-branch :  if  at  an  acute  angle,  it  isa  Y-oranch. 
If  there  are  two  branching  pieces,  it  is  called  a  double 
branch.  (/)  Tin-  metal  piece  on  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a 
fire-engine  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed.  (*/)  One  of  the 
sides  of  a  horseshoe.  (A)  In  fort.,  the  wing  or  long  side 
of  a  horn-  or  crown-work  ;  also,  one  of  the  parts  of  a  zig- 
zag approach.  (0  In  a  sword  hilt,  either  of  two  pieces 
which  project  at  right  angles  to  the  barrel  and  to  the 
blade  of  the  sword,  forming  guards  for  the   hand.     See 


branchiae 

hilt,  (j)  In  entom.,  the  Magellan]  or  outer  portion  of  a 
geniculate  antenna,  (k)  In  mining,  a  small  vein,  leader, 
or  Btring of  ore,  connected  with  or  seeming  to  branch 
from  the  main  lode.  See  lode.  (/)  In  a  hi  idle,  I  it  In  i  ol  two 
bent  pieces  of  iron  which  hear  the  bit,  tin-  cross-chains, 
and  tin-  curb. 

3.  In  the  southern  and  some  <>!"  Hie  western 
United  States,  the  general  name  for  any  stream 
that  is  not  a  large  river  or  a  bayou. 

Most  of  the  branches  or  streams  were  dried  up.    Irving. 

4.  The  diploma  or  commission  issued  by  the 
proper  authority  to  a  pilot  who  has  passed  an  ex- 
amination for  competency. —  5f.  A  chandelier. 
Ash. —  6.  A  branched  candlestick  or  candle. 

This  [funeral  |  procession  was  headed  by  an  acolyte  with 
a  cross  between  two  clerks,  each  of  whom  carried  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  light  called  "  a  white  branch,"  hcc.in-c  com 
posed  of  three  tapers  shooting  up  out  of  one  root  as  it 
were,  being  twisted  together  at  the  lower  end  —  an  em- 
blem of  the  Trinity.     Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  4*7. 

Bastard  branch.  See  basta  nl.  —  Branches  of  ogives, 
iff  arch.,  the  ribs  of  groined  vaults  traversing  from  one 
angle  to  another,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arches  which  make  the  sides  of  the  square  of  which  the 
branches  are  the  diagonals.  See  arc  ogive,  under  arcl.- 
Branch  herring.  See  herring. —  Complete  branch,  in 
ijconi.,  a  branch  of  a  curve  considered  as  not  interrupted 
bj  passing  through  infinity.  See  2  (rf),  above. — Falling 
branch, in  gun.,  that  portion  of  the  trajectory  iti  which 
the  projectile  approaches  the  earth. 

II.  a.  Consisting  of  or  constituting  a  branch  ; 
ramifying;  diverging  from  a  trunk,  main  stem, 
or  main  body:  as,  a  branch  road  or  railroad;  a 
branch  society. 
branch  (branch),  v.  [<  ME.  braitnchen,  <  OF. 
branchir  =  Pr.  braneur,  branch,  =  It.  brancare, 
grip;  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrants.  1.  To  spread 
in  branches;  send  out  branches,  as  a  plant. — 
2.  To  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivisions; 
diverge;  ramify — To  branch  off,  to  form  separate 
parts  or  branches;  diverge  from  any  main  stem,  line,  or 
course.  — To  branch  out,  to  ramify:  engage  in  lateral 
operations,  as  in  business;  digress,  as  in  discourse. 
To  branch  out  into  a  long  extempore  dissertation. 

Spectator,  No.  247. 

II.  trims:  1.  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
make  subordinate  divisions  in. 

The  spirits  of  things  animate  .  .  .  are  branched  itito 
canals  as  blood  is.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework;  decorate  with 
embroidery;  adorn  with  flowers  or  other  orna- 
ment, as  in  textile  fabrics. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed, 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 

Spenser. 
Calling  my  officers  about  me,  in  my  branched  velvet 
gown.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

A  dress 
All  braneh'd  and  tinwer'd  with  gold. 

Tcninnon,  I  o-raint. 

To  branch  (a  thing)  out,  to  make  it  spread  out  in  divi- 
sions like  branches.     [Rare.] 

Ah,  my  Giacinto  .  .  . 

Branches  me  out  bis  verb-tree  on  the  slate. 

lln.irttinn,  King  and  P.ook,  II.  64. 

branch-chuck  (branch'chuk),  n.  In  meelt.,  a 
chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up  at 
the  ends,  each  furnished  with  a  screw. 

Branchelliidae  (brang-ke-U'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Brancltellion  +  -id<c.~]  A  family  of  leeches, 
typified  by  the  genus  Bruneht  llion.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished by  the  development  of  a  pair  of  lateral  bran- 
chifortn  lobes  on  each  segment  of  the  body.  The  oral 
sucker  is  entire  and  strictured  at  its  origin.  A  common 
European  species  is  Branchel/ion  torprdini.?. 

Branchellion  (brang-kel'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipdyX'a,  gills.]  A  genus  of  Hirudincu,  or  leech- 
es, typical  of  the  family  Branchelliidee,  having 
the  sides  of  the  body  lobate  or  extended  into 
lobe-like  appendages. 

brancher  (bran'cher),  n.  [<  ME.  brancher, 
brttitneher,  a  young  hawk;  <  brunch  +  -cr1.]  1. 
That  which  shoots  forth  branches. —  2.  A  young 
hawk  or  other  bird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the 
nest  and  take  to  the  branches  of  trees. 
Tharehy  bniitnchers  in  brede  bettvr  was  never. 

ilorte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  190. 

I  say  that  the  eyas  should  have  her  meat  unwashed, 

until  she  becomes  a  brancher.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  44. 

branchery  (bran'cher-i),  n.  [<  brunch  +  -ery.] 
A  system  of  branches. 

branchia  (brang'ki-;i),  n.1  [LL.,  NL. :  see 
branchial.']  One  of  the  constituents  of  the 
branchial  apparatus;  a  gill.  See  branchia!. 
[Pare.] 

branchia  (brang'ki-ii),  ».2 pi.  [NL. :  see  bran- 
chia!.']    Same  as  brunchiu:     [Rare.] 

branchiae  (brnng'ki-e),  ».  pi.  [L.,  pi.  (cf.  LL. 
(XI,.)  brunchiu,  fern,  sing.,  NL.  brunchiu.  tieut. 
pi.,  the  proper  form),  <  Or.  8p&)  \ta,  pi.,  gills, 
(ipayxtov,  sing.,  a  fin;  cf.  /3pd)  yor,  hoarseness, 
Ppa-)xioir  =  fipoyxwtv,  windpipe;  see  bronchia.] 
I.  Organs  subservient  to  respiration  through 


branchiae 

the  medium  of  water.  They  arc  highly  vascular, 
with  thin  walls,  permitting  the  aeration  of  the  blood  by 
theoxygen  in  the  water  which  i  nmedlate  con- 

tact with  them.  The)  arc  developed  from  different  pares 
of  the  body  in  diffet  of  animals.    Seeoitti,and 

cuts  under  J  hiata. 

2.  In  Arthropoda,  as  crustaceans.  specifically, 
the  externally  projecting  processes  ol  the  bocrj 
or  its  limbs,  whi.-h  are  supplied  with  venous 

blood  .which  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with 
the  air  dissolved  in  water),  and  constitute  a 
special  respiratory  organ.  See  cut  under  Po- 
aophtltalmia.  Other  kinds  of  respiratory  organs  in 
arthropods  u  i    and 

Se<  these  n 

3.  In  Vermes,  any  appendages  of  the  head  or 
body  so  modified  as  to  act  as  a  respiratory  or- 
gan; the  various  processes  which  protrude  or 
radiate  from  the  head  or  other  region  of  the 
body,  and  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  a 

respiratory  function.      See  cut  under  1'rutula. 

In  .  .  .  [Amphinomida  and TerebeUidce] the 
branehkB  are  ciliated  branched  plumes  or  tufts  attached 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  more  or  fewer  of  the  somites.  In 
[Serpulidcel  .  .  .  they  at  attached  to  the  an- 
terior seg nt  of  the  body,  and  present  the  form  of  two 

h  consisting  of  a  principal  stem,  with 
many  lateral  branches.  Huxley,  Anat.  invert.,  p.  210. 

4.  In  <  ilium.,  gill-like  appendages  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  insect-larva?  and  -pupa?  which  live  in 
the  water,   as   many    dragon-flies  and  gnats. 

i  gument,  and  it  is  supposed 
that   I  rb  air  from  the  water,  ami  convey  it  by 

the  minute  ramifications  of  the  tracheal  vessels,  with 
which  they  arc  abundantly  supplied,  into  the  main  ha- 
te l.e  distributed  ever  the  whole  body."  Newport. 
branchial  (brang'ki-al),  a.  [<  NL.  branchialis, 
<  L.  branchim,  gills:  see  branchim.]  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  branchise  or  gills;  or,  in  ani- 
mals which  have  no  gills  properly  so  called, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  parts  considered  homol- 
ogous with  gills,  as,  in  a  bird  or  mammal,  parts 
of  tin-  third  postoral  visceral  arch,  or  of  any 
visceral  arch  behind  the  hyoidean. —  2.  Per- 
formed by  means  of  branchiae:  as,  branchial 
respiration;  a  branchial  function.  —  Branchial 
aperture,  the  aperture  or  outlet  for  water  which  has  sup- 
plied the  branchiae,  lying  behind  them.    In  fishes  there 

are  -j.  o ii  i  eh  side  ;  rarely  the  two  are  continent  in 

a  sin  ii  Inferior  aperture,  in  selachians  they  are  gen- 
erally in  5  pairs,  rarely  in  ('■  or  7.  In  myzonts  they  are 
usually  in  7  pairs,  rarely  (I  or  more  than  7,  and  sometimes 
ei.n  th  cut  in  an  inferior  pah  oi  "pores."  In  invertebrates 
they  vary.  -  Branchial  arch,  in  Ashes,  one  of  the  arches 
of  the  branchial  apparatus  which  support  tin-  branchial 
filaments  en  each  side.  -Branchial  bar,  the  hardened 
portion  of  the  branchial  apparatus  which  supports  the 
tails :  sane  as  branchial  arch.  —Branchial  basket.  See 
Branchial  cavity,  er  branchial  chamber. 
(a) T I  ach  side  of  which  ate  t tic  branchial :  it  is 

illy  I  onflUl  nt    with    tile  oral  cavity.     (/<) 

In  Crustacea,  a  cavity  er  space  inclosed  by  the  branchios- 
tegite  "i  -ill  covi  i  (formed  by  a  tree  pleural  part  of  the 
carapace),  and  bounded  internally  by  the  epimera  of  the 
branchlferous somites.  -Branchial  cleft, on,- ..t  thelat- 
erai  foramina  behind  tin-  bead  which  are  apparent  in  the 
einoi  brates,  soon  disappearing  in  the  higher 

p  i-i-r- ni   (sometimes  through  life)  in 
tiie  lower,  as  in  the  amphibians:    homologous  with  the 
ipertures.     Branchial  coil,  a  spirally  curved 

tube  formed  by  a  diverticul t  the  superior  pharyngeal 

mucous  membrane  in  certain  fishes,  such  as  the  clupelds 
cample,  menhaden)  and  related  fonms. — Branchial 
duct, in  myzonts, a  short  canal  (interior)  between  a  bran- 
chial i eh  and  the  attest Inal  cavlt]   ot  one(i  Kterior)bi 

ch  ainl  the  exterior  of  the  body.—  Branchial 
fold.  '  i  branchial  filaments  around  tin-  convex 

in  oi  a  branchial    arch.   -Branchial  framework. 
ton.  -Branchial  ganglion,  a 
lion  which  supplies  tic  branchiae,  as  in  certain  mol- 
lu-ks.    Branchial  gut,  a  rudimentary  branchial  cham- 
ber.    Branchial  heart,  a  specialized  widened  vasculai 
cani  inc.  —  Branchial  lamella, 

a  lew  ot  bra  lie    •  imated  to  one  another 

ami  i  e  si turc.    In  fishes  the] 

arches,  Burmountlng 
chial  plate.     Bran- 
chial pharynx,  a  pharynx  with  a  branchial  apparatus  as 
in  the  tiuiieatcs.     Branchial  plate.    Same  as  branchial 
Branchial  pore,  a  pore-tike  branchial  aper- 
rancl  lal  ducts  of  one  Bide,  such 
Branchial  pouch,  in  my- 
n  ucture  ot  tie   i.i  mi 
dual  apparatus  from  which  the  branchial 

i      Branchial  ray,  in  me  of  the 

cart!  en  a  branchial  arch  hack- 

i..it  t..  the  branchial  i 'las. 

Branchial  respiration 

Branchial  sac,  tin-  respiratory  chamber 
1    in  the  tunlcates.     It  i-,  the  large 
pharyngeal  dilatation  into  which  the  oral  a] 

n  i.i.  h  tin-  cav- 
ity oi  the  -.e-  communicatee  with  the  atrium. 

inn I.  i  Branchial  septum,   i tun   tu 

meat--,  (for  example,  Sal 

wall  et  the  branch  rafters!  retch* 

I  wall  to  thi  Branchial 

sinus,  a  > 

visa  Branchial 

skeleton,  the  har. 1. 1  framework  whi 
tiiss  iii  branchlferous  animal 

Branchial  slit,  the 
liboring  bran  Branchial 

tentacle,  in  certain  worms  (foi  example,  terebellids),  one 
of  the  tentacle-like  organ  i  performing  in  pari 


660 

a  respiratory  function.-  Branchial  tuft,  in  tublcolous 

Chastopodous  worms,   an  aggregation   ot  contractile   teli 
taeniae  filaments  in  tin-  cephalic  region,  assuming  in  part 

the  ..lie      ..I  1. 1. in-  hue 

Branchiata  (brang-ki-a'tjt),  ».  pi.  [ML.,  neut. 
pi.  oibranchtatus,  having  gills:  me  branchiate.} 
In  ......  u  name  used  with  various  significations. 

I  ■    in  s ■  systems  of  classification,  one  ..t  the  prime 

divisions  ol   the  arthropoda,  by  which  all  crustaceans, 

broad  sense,  are  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  Tracheata,  er  insects  in  the  widest  sense  (arachnids, 
myriapods,  an  I  insects  proper):  so  called  from  having  a 
branchial  instead  of  a  trachcatc  respiratory  apparatus. 
1 1 .  . ,  j  tern  a  third  prime  division,  Protrache. 

ata,  establl  tied  tor  Peripatus  alein-.  intervenes  between 

hiata  and  7  racheata.  The  Branchiata  are  primarily 
divided  nit"  Crustacea  proper  (including  the  two  main 
groups  of  Entomostraca  and  Malacostraca)  and  !'■■ 
poda,  represented  by  Limulus,  etc.  ('<)  A  division  of  ver- 
tebrates containing  those  which  for  some  time  or  perma- 
nently breathe  by  mils;  the  amphibians  and  fishes,  as 
distinguished  from  reptiles,  birds,  ami  mammals:  synony- 
mous with  Ichthyopsida (which Bee),  (c)  In  mollusks, same 
as  Branchiogasteropoda.  id)  A  division  of  annelids  con- 
taining those  which  breathe  by  gills,  or  the  tublcolous  and 
errant  worms,  corresponding  to  the  croups  Cephalobran- 
chia  and  Notobranchiata.  (c)  A  group  of  echinoidB  with 
calls  on  the  buccal  membrane  and  with  ambulacra!  plates 
only  on  the  latter,  including  all  the  echinoid  families  ex- 
cepi  '  Hdaridee.    Ludwig. 

branchiate,  branchiated  (brang'ki-at,  -a-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  branchiatus,  having  gills,  <  L.  bran- 
chim, gills:  see  branchim.]  Having  permanent 
gills :  contrasted  with  pulmonale  OTpulmonated : 
as,  '•branchiated  Vertebrata,"  Huxley,  Anat. 
Vert.,  p.  70. 

Branchifera  (brang-kif 'e-ra),  n. pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  branchifer :  see  bfanchiferous^]  In  eool.": 
(«)  Same  as  'Branchiogasternjinilii :  a  division  of 
Gasteropoda  including  those  which  breathe  by 
gills:  opposed  to  Pulmonifera.  {b)  In  De  Blain- 
ville's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
univalves,  of  the  order  ( 'ervicobranchiata,  equiv- 
alent to  the  family  MssurelMdm;  the  keyhole 
limpets. 

branchiferous  (brang-kif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
branchifer,  having  gills,  <  L.  branchial,  gills, 
+  ferr'e  =  E.  bear1.']  1.  Bearing  gills;  having 
branehias. 

In  the  Aniuiota,  also,  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
transmitted  from  their  branchlferous  ancestors  is  retained 
during  certain  stages  of  embryonic  life,  in  the  form  of 
clefts  in  the  wall  of  the  pharynx. 

Qegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  545. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchifera. 
branchiform  (brang'M-f6rm),  a.    [<  L.  bran- 

Chios,  gills,  +  forma,  form.]     Having  the  form, 

character,  or  appearance  of  gills. 
branchihyal  (brang-M-hi'al),  a.  and  ».    [<  L. 

branchiai,  gills,  +  NL.  liy(cndeus),  hyoid,  +  -ah] 

I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  gills  and  tongue,  or  to 

the  branchial  and  hyoidean  arches. 
II.   ».  One  of  the  elements  or  joints  of  a 

branchial  arch.    The  lowermost  or  hypobranchlal  is 

called  the  baml  lu-aiirfiilnial,  and  the  uppermost  or  epi- 

branchial  is  distinguished  as  tin-  superior  branchihyal. 

i:.  D.  Cope. 
branchiness  (bran'ehi-nes),  n.     The  character 

of  being  branchy;   the  stato  of  being  full  of 

branches. 
branching  (bran'ching),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  branch, 

v.]     Furnished    with   branches;    shooting  out 

branches. 

Net  thrice  your  branching  limes  have  blown 
Since  I  beheld  young  Laurence  dead. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

branchiocardiac  (brang'/ki-6-kar'di-ak),  a. 
[<  Gr.  iJpdyxia,  gills,  +  KapSia  =  E.  heart :  see 
cardiac.']  Pertaining  to,  lying  between,  or  sep- 
arating a  branchial  and  a  cardiac  region  or  di- 
vision: applied  to  a  groove  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  lino  of  the  thoracic  portion  of  the  cara- 
pace of  a  ei  iistacean.  separating  the  cardiac  divi- 
sion of  t lie  carapace  from  the  branchial  division. 

Branchiogasteropoda  (brang'ki-6-gas-te-rop'- 
o-da),  n.  ill.  [NL.,  <  L.  branchim,  gills,  + 
NL.  Gastirii]iiiilii."\  A  division  of  gastropo- 
ih.us  iiiolliisks  which  breathe  the  air  contained 
in  vvttter.  inspiration  may  be  effected  in  three  ways: 
first,  tic  ni i  j, iay  i»e  simply  exposed  to  the  water 

in  the  thiii  walls  of  the  inahtle-cavit) ,  as  in  some  of  the 
HeUropoda  ;  secondly,  the  respirator)  organs  may  be  En 
in.  form  ei  outward  processes  of  the  integument,  exposed 
in  tufts  on  the  hack  and  sides  of  the  animal,  as  in  the 
\  udibranchiata,  Buch  as  the  sea-slues,  et,-.  ;  and  thirdly, 
ii,.  respirators  organs  maj  be  in  the  form  of  pectinated 
er  plume-like  branchial,  contained  in  a  more  or  less  com 
piece  branchial  chamber  formed  by  an  Inflection  of  the 
mantli  a  In  the  whelks,  etc,  The  Branchiogasteropoda 
fall  into  two  distinct  series,  the  one  being  hermaphrodite, 
wall  the  gills  placed  toward  the  rear  of  the  body, and  the 

..lie  I     havinc    Mi.     aexual    Organs  in    distinct    individuals. 

c. ..../,.. ...  teropoda  arc  divided  Into  three  orders : 

ii-iiii.  i  .-ill    ii  mall}  Inclosed), 

hi  ii.      etc. ;    i  1 1   ' o  .  thobranchiata    I  exes    usually 
united  in  in.    -.on.    individual,  gill    often  exposed),  as 
.1       etc.;    e:i   Heteropoda  (free   wimmlng  gastro- 
ndicrs  uf  the  genus  Carinaria. 


branchiostege 

branchiogasteropodous  ( brang  ki-6-  gas  -te- 
rop'o-dus),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bran- 
chtogasteropoda. 

branchiopallial  (brangld-d-pal'i-al),  a.  [<  L. 
branchim,  gills,  +  pallium,  mantle:  see  pal- 
lium.'] In  Mollusca,  of  or  pertaining  to  both 
the  luaticliite  and  the  pallium:  applied  to  a 
ganglion  of  the  nervous  sj  stem  in  relation  with 
the  gills  and  the  mantle. 

Branchiopneusta  (brang*ki-op-nus'tS,),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  (ir.  ;V";  t'".  gills,  +  "irvEUOToc,  verbal 
adj.  of  Tn'in;  breathe.  ]  A  superfamily  group 
of  pulmonale  gastropodous  mollusks,  by  means 
of  which  such  aquatic  families  as  [uriculida 
and   l.iiiinaiila-  are  collectively  distinguished 

fi<  mi  the  Hi  Inula,  or  Land-snails  proper,  the 
latter  being  contrasted  as  Nephrowu  usta.  The 
two  groups  correspond  respectively  to  tne  Basomnuito- 
phora  and  Stylommatophora  of  some  authors. 

Branchiopnoa  (brang-M-op'no-jt),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  (ir.  f}payxta,  gills,  +  -trvo6q,  breathing  | 

a  breathing),  <   irvelv,  breathe.]     A   louse  syn- 
onym of  Crustact  a,  crustaceans  being  so  called 
because  they  breathe  by  branehise. 
branchiopnoan  (brang-ki-op'no-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brancliiiijinaa. 
II.  n.  A.  member  oi  the  Branchiopnoa. 
branchiopod  (brang'M-o-pod),  n.  and  a.    I.  n. 
An  animal  belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
Also  brancMopocU . 
II.  of.  Gill-footed;  branchiopodous. 
Also  branchiopodan. 
Branchiopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  n.  pi.   [NL., 

<  (ir.   jipa-jxia,   gills,    +    Troif  (7rod-)  =  E.  foot.] 

1.  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  the 
first  order  of  his  Entomostraca,  characterized 
as  having  a  mouth  composed  of  an  upper  lip, 
two  mandibles,  a  tongue,  and  one  or  two  pairs 
of  maxillas,  and  the  branehise  more  or  less  an- 
terior: so  called  because  their  branchiae  or 
gills  are  situated  on  the  feet.  The  order  thus  de- 
tlneil  was  divided  into  two  sections:  tl)  Lophyropoda 
{Carcinoida,  Ostracoda,  and  Cladocera);  (2)  PhyUopoda 
{Ceratophthalma  and  Aspidophora'). 

2.  As  defined  by  Huxley,  a  group  of  entomostra- 
eous  Crustacea,  embracing  only  the  two  groups 
Phyllopoda  and  Cladocera.  It.  is  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Apus,  Nebalia,  Branchipus,  Limnetis, 
Dajihnia,  and  their  allies,  which  pass  into  one  another  so 
gradually  that  the  groups  Phyllopoda  ami  Cladocera  can 
hardly  l.e  established.  Tin  genera  named  conform  to  the 
definition  of  Entomostraca  (which isee)  in  invariably  pos- 
sessing more  or  fewer  than  twenty  somites  ;  and  the  tho- 
racic and  abdominal  appendages  arc  nearly  always  more 
or  less  follaceous,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  ante- 
rior maxtitiped  of  en,-  ei  the  higher  Crustacea,  sec  cuts 
under  Apus,  Daphnia,  and  Limnetis. 

branchiopodan  (brang-ki-op'o-dan),  n.  and  a. 
Same  as  branchiopod. 

branchiopode  (brang'M-o-pod),  n.  Same  as 
branchiopod. 

branchiopodous  (brang-ki-op'o-dus),  a.  [< 
branchiopod  +  -ous.]  Gill-footed;  belonging  to 
the  order  Branchiopoda. 

Branchiopulmonata  (brang*ki-6-pul-mo-na'- 
tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  branchiopulmo- 
iinliis:  see  branchiopulmonate.]  A  division  of 
the  class  Arachnidd,  in  an  enlarged  sense, 
adopted  by  some  naturalists  to  include  the  ex- 
isting genus  Limulus,  or  horseshoe  oralis,  and 
the  extinct  EurypU  nun  and  IrUobita. 

Following  Prof.  Ed.  Van  Beneden,  1  include  Limulus,  the 
i  in  j  pterlna,  and  Trilobites  under  the  Arachnid  a  as  Bran- 
chiopulmonata.     Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  xix. 

branchiopulmonate    (hrangfki-6-pul'mo-nat), 

a.    and    n.      [<    NL.    Iirauchiiiiiuliiinnatiis,   <    L. 
branchial,    gills,    +    pulmoin-),   lung.]      I.    a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Branchiopulmonata. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Branchiopulmonata. 

Branchiopus  (brtmg-ki'o-pus),  ».  [NL.]  Same 
us  Branchipus. 

branchiostegal  (brang-M-os'te-gal),  a.  [< 
branchiostege  +  -at.]  Relating  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  branchiostege.  Branchiostegal  rays, 
branchiostegal  membrane.  Sec  extract,  ami  cuts  un- 
der Lepido8iren  and  Squatina. 

Branchiostegal  rays  arc  attached  partly  to  the  inner, 
ami  partly  to  the  enter,  Burface  et  the  hyoidean  arch. 
They  Bupport  a  tnciiihraiie,  the  branchiostegal  membrane, 
which  serves  as  a  sort  of  inner  gill-cover. 

//»  ii. ii.  Anat,  \  ert.,  p.  136. 

branchiostegan  (brang-M-os'te-gan),  a.  and  ». 
|<  branchiostege   +  -an.}      I.  a.  1.   Same   as 
branchiostegous.—Z.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tho 
Branchiostegi. 
II.  n.  One. if  the  Branchiostegi. 

branchiostege  (brang 'kUo-stej),  n.  [<  (ir. 
ppayxia,  gills,  +  art]  /,,  a  roof,  a  covering,  <  art- 
)Mr  =  I,.  triii  ii.  cover:  see  tegument,  me.]  In 
fishes,  tho  membrane  which  lies  beneath  the 


branchiostege 

operculum  and  covers  the  gills;  ilio  branehios- 
tegal membrane.  Il  is  supported  by  the  bran- 
ehiostegal rays.  [Unusual.] 
Branchiostegi  (bmng-ki-os'te-ji),  «.  pi.  (\'i,., 
pi.  of  branchiostegus :  see  branchiostege!]  In 
Artedi's  ichthyological  system,  an  order  of 
bony  fishes  erroneously  supposed  to  have  no 
branehiostegal  rays,  n  included  his  genera  Balistet 
Ostracion,  Cyclopterus,  and  lophius,  that  is,  the  plectog- 
nathous  and  pedfculace  fishes,  with  other  heterogeneous 
kinds.  The  branchial  apertures  are  much  narrowed,  and 
the  branehiostegal  rays  and  branchi«e  are  entirely  interna] 
and  concealed. 

branchiostegite  (brang-H-os'te-jit),  re.  [< 
branchiostege  +  -itc-.]  In  Crustacea,  a  free 
pleural  part  of  the  carapace  in  relation  with 
the  branchiae,  forming  a  cover  for  the  gills  and 
bounding  the  branchial  chamber  exteriorly. 

If  the  branchiostegite  is  cut  away  along  the  groove,  it 
will  be  found  that  it  is  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  head, 
which  projects  a  little  beyond  the  anterior  part  of  the 
thorax.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  80. 

branchiostegous  (brang-ki-os'te-gus),  a.     [< 
branchiostege  +  -ous.]   1.  Having  covered  gills: 
as,   a  branchiostegous  fish. —  2.  Covering   the 
gills:  as,  the  branchiostegous  membrane. 
Also  branchiostegan. 

Branchiostoma  (brang-M-os'to-ma),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  jipu)  xta,  gills,  +  oto/uz,  mouth  :  see  Stoma.'] 
1.  A  genus  of  leptoeardians  in  which  the  mouth 
is  surrounded  by  fringes,  which  were  at  one 
time  erroneously  supposed  to  have  the  func- 


Hc-ad  of  Lancelet  {Branchiostoma,  or  Amphioxus,  lanceolatus), 
enlarged. 
a,  notochord ;   a,  representatives  of  fin-rays,  or  neural  spines ;   c, 
jointed  oral  ring ;  d,  filamentary  appendages  of  the  mouth  ;  e,  ciliated 
lobes  of  pharynx  ;  /,  z,  part  of  branchial  sac  ;  It,  k,  spinal  cord. 

tions  of  branchire:  synonymous  with  Amphi- 
oxus. It  represents  a  special  family.  Branchiostomidce, 
an  order  Pharyngobranchii  or  Cirrostomi,  a  class  Lepto- 
cardii,  ami  a  superclass  Acrania,  of  vertebrate  animals. 
See  these  words,  ami  Amphioxus. 
2.  A  genus  of  inyriapods.     Newport,  1846. 

branchiostomatous  (brang'ki-os-to'ma-tus),  a. 
Same  as  branchiostomous. 

branchiostome  (brang'ki-os-tom),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Branchiostoma;  an  amphioxus 
or  lancelet. 

branchiostomid  (brang-ki-os'to-mid),n.  Alep- 
tocardian  of  the  family  Branchiostomidce. 

Branchiostomid^  (brang*ki-os-toni'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Branchiostoma  +  -idte.]  The  only 
known  family  of  leptoeardian  vertebrates, 
represented  by  the  genus  Branchiostoma.  The 
body  is  compressed  and  elongate-fusiform,  being  pointed 
behind  as  well  as  in  front,  and  is  naked  and  colorless,  with 
very  evident  transverse  muscular  lines  and  witli  slightly 
developed  fin-folds  behind.  No  paired  eyes  are  developed, 
ami  the  mouth  is  simply  an  inferior  elongated  slit  sur- 
rounded by  cirri.  The  species  burrow  in  the  sand,  and 
probably  live  in  all  warm  seas.  See  Amphioxus  ami  lance- 
let, the  former  being  a  synonym  of  Branchiostoma  ami  the 
latter  a  popular  name  of  the  species. 

branchiostomoid  (brang-ki-os'to-moid),  a.  and 
n.     I,  a.  Of  or  having  characteristics  of  the 
Branchiostomidce. 
II.  n.  A  branchiostomid. 

branchiostomous  (brang-ki-os'to-mus),  a.    [< 

Or.  fjp&yxia,  gills,  +  crufia,  mouth.]  Having 
cirri  (as  if  branchiae)  about  the  mouth;  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchi- 
ostomidce. Also  branchiostomatous. 
Branchiotoca  (brang-ki-ot'o-k&),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Or.  ,</>'i;  !/«,  gills,  +  roMir,  birth.]  In  Owen's 
classification  of  vertebrates,  a  seriesorso-called 
"  genetic  section  "  containing  those  which  have 
gills  at  birth,  whence  the  name,    it  included  all 

the  amphibians,  fishes,  ami  lish-likc  vertebrates,  and  is 
thus  equivalent  to  Ichthyopsida  (which  see).  It  was  con- 
trasted with  Pneumotoca  (birds  and  reptiles), 

branchiotocous  (brang-ki-ot'o-kus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Branchiotoca. 

branchiotroch  (brang'ki-o-trok),  n.  [<  Gr. 
(jpayxia,  gills,  4-  rpox&c,  a  wheel.]  The  post- 
oral  or  branchial  division  of  a  trochosphere,  as 
distinguished  from  the  preoral  ccphalotroch. 


061 

branchiotrochal  (brang-ki-ot'ro-kal),  a.  [< 
branchiotroch  +  -ah]     1.  of  or  pertaining  to 

a  lii.inehintrorli  :  as,  braneliititnn'hal  cilia. — 2. 

Saving  a  branchiotroch,  as  a  polyzoan. 

!'•!  a ii eli 1 1 mil hI a ■  (brang-M-pod'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Branchipus  (-podr)  +  -idee.]  A  family 
el'  the  Bitinchidjioilit  (I'hyllopoda).  The  eyes  are 
Btalked  or  pedunculated,  there  is  no  carapace,  ami  the 
animals  suim  upon  their  hacks.  Tlie  family  is  repre- 
sented by  the  genera  Branchipus  and  Artemia. 

Branchipus  (brang'ki-pus),  ».  [NL.,  also,  and 
prop.,  Branchiopus  (of.  Branchiopoaa) ;  s  Or. 
p(A)  \ia,  gills,  t  irotoc  (iro<5-)  =  E.  foot.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Branchipodidce.  The 
thoracic  segments  are  all  free";  the  bead  resembles  that 
of  an  edriophthalmous  crustacean,  but  carries  a  pair  of 
large  stalked  eyes;  there  are  two  antennules  (peculiarly 

111- "lilied  ill  the  male),  tw<-  allien  ice,  niic  pair  of  n Ill  lies, 

ami  two  pairs  of  maxilla).     ( 'hiroeephalus  is  a  synonym. 

branchireme  (brang'ki-rem),  n.  [<  L.  bran- 
chiee,  gills,  +  remits,  an  oar,  hand  or  foot  of  a 
swimmer.]  A  crustacean  having  branchial 
legs,  or  legs  with  branchiaa  attached  to  them; 
a  branehiopod. 

Branchiura  (brang-ki-u'rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipayxia,  gills,  +  o'vpd,  tail.]  A  suborder  of 
parasitic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 

Stonia  :  the  Carp-lice.  It  consists  of  the  single  family 
Argulidoe,  having  large  compound  eyes,  a  long  protrusile 
spine  in  front  of  the  suctorial  tube  of  the  mouth,  and  four 
pairs  of  elongated  biramoos  swimming-feet.  But  tin-  Ar- 
gulidoe arc  by  most  authors  referred  to  the  Branchiopoda. 

branchiurous  (brang-ki-ii'rus),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchiura. 

branch-leaf  (branch  lef),  n.  A  leaf  growing 
on  a  branch. 

branchless  (braneh'les),  a.  [<  branch  +  -Jess.} 
I  'estitute  of  branches  or  shoots;  barren;  bare; 
naked. 

If  I  lose  mine  honour, 
1  lose  myself:  better  I  were  not  yours, 
than  yours  so  branchless.        Shak.,  A.  ami  ('.,  iii.  I. 

branchlet  (branch/let),  n.  [<  branch  +  dim. 
-let.]  A  little  branch;  a  twig;  a  subdivision 
of  a  branch. 

.Making  the  leaves  in  the  woods  flutter  on  their  branch- 
lets.  C.  F.  Woolson,  Anne,  p.  94. 

branch-pilot  (branch'pi"lpt),  n.  A  pilot  pos- 
sessing a  diploma  or  certificate  of  competency 
from  the  proper  authority.     See  branch,  I.,  4. 

branch-point  (branch'point),  re.  In  math.,  a 
point  upon  a  Riemann's  surface  such  that,  in 
going  around  it,  the  values  of  a  function  are 
interchanged. 

branchstand  (braneh'stand),  r.  I.  In  falconry, 
to  make  (a  hawk)  take  the  branch,  or  leap  from 
tree  to  tree,  till  the  dog  springs  the  game. 

branchy    (hran'chi),  a.     [<  branch   +   -;/i.] 

1.  Full  of  branches;  having  wide-spreading 
branches. 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  hnim-tni  runt, 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2.  Embowered  in  or  overshadowed  by 
branches:  as,  "the  woodman's  branchy  hut." 
J.  Baillie. 

brand  (brand),  n.  [<  ME.  brand,  brond,  <  AS. 
brand,  brond,  a  burning,  a  sword  (=  OFries. 
brand  =  OD.  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword,  D. 
brand,  a  burning,  fuel,  =  MLG.  brant  =  OHG. 
MHG.  brant,  G.  brand,  a  burning,  a  brand,  a 
sword,  =  loot,  brandr,  a  firebrand,  a  sword,  = 
Sw.  brand  =  Dan.  brand,  a  firebrand,  fire),  orig. 
a  burning,  <  *brinnau  (pret.  bran)  =  Goth,  brin- 
nan,  etc.,  burn :  see  burn1.  Hence,  from  OHO., 
in  the  sense  of  'sword,'  OP.  brand,  brant,  bran 
=  Pr.  bran  =  It.  branch,  a  sword  (>  OF.  bran- 
dir,  etc.,  brandish:  see  brandish),  F.  brandon, 
a  torch,  brand :  see  brandon1.  See  also  brunt'2, 
brenfi,  brinded.]  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood. 
or  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned. 
Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  fire?   Zeeh.  iii.  2. 

The  deep-mouthed  chimney,  dimly  lit  by  dying  brands. 
Whittier,  Harrison  of  I'ape  Ann. 

2.  A  sword.     [Now  only  poetical.] 

Then  drew  he  forth  the  brand  Excalibur. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur. 

3.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron, 
as  upon  a  cask,  to  indicate  the  manufacturer 
or  the  quality  of  the  contents,  etc.,  or  upon  an 
animal  as  a  means  of  identification ;  a  trade- 
mark; hence,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than 
by  burning,  as  by  cutting  or  painting. —  4. 
Quality  or  kind,  as  indicated  by  a  brand:  as, 
flour  of  a  good  brand. 

Any  quantity  of  gunpowder  so  finished  or  blended  as  to 
give  identical  results  at  proof  is  termed  a  brand,  and  re- 
ceives a  distinctive  number.  Encyc,  Brit.,  XI.  328. 

5.  A  mark  formerly  put  upon  criminals  with 
a  hot  iron,  generally  to  indicate  the  character 


brand-iron 

of  their  crime  and  for  identification;  hence, 
any  mark  of  infamy  ;  a  st e  ma. 

Che  shrug,  the  bum,  or  ha;  these  petts  bra\ 
That  calumny  doth  u  e.  Shak.,  W,  T.,  ii.  1. 

Tories  and  Whigs  bad  concurred  ...  in  putting  a 
brandon  Ludlow.  Macaulay,  Hist.  tSng.,  xiv. 

6.  A  disease  of  plants  which  usually  appear 
as  blackish  pusl  ules,  resembling  burned  spots, 
the  cause  of  I  lie  disease  being  some   parasitic 

fungus.  The  term  is  usually  restricted  to  thi  teleuto 
spi.rie  stage  of  fungi  belonging  to  the  Uredinece.     Uso 

railed  ra*t,  smut,  ami  /'inn.-- Bladder-brand.  Same  as 
haul  I.  1. 

brand  (brand),  r.  I.  [<  ME.  Iirandcn,  brondyn 
=  D.  branden  :  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  burn  or 
impress  a  mark  upon  with,  or  as  if  with,  a  hot 
iron. 

Catholicism  has  been  branded  Into  the  national  heart, 
of  Ireland  and  Poland  by  the  Bufferings  they  have  endured 
from  the  enemies  of  their  race  and  fait  h. 

//.  -V.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  388. 

2.  To  mark  in  some  other  way,  as  with  a  pig- 
ment: as,  to  brand  sheep. —  3.   To  mark  with 
a  hot  iron  as  a  punishment  for  crime. 
The  thief  with  branded  palm-,  and  the  liar  with  cheeks 
abashed.  Swinburne,  In  Time  of  Revolution. 

[Branding  was  formerly  a  punishment  for  various  of- 
fenses, but  is  no  longer  practised  in  civilized  countries.) 
4.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy  upon  ; 
stigmatize  as  infamous :   as,  to  brand  an  act 
with  infamy. 

Enormities  branded  and  condemned  by  the  first  ami 
most  natural  verdict  of  common  humanity.  South. 

We  find  the  sober  and  the  industrious  branded  by  the 
vain  and  the  idle  with  (his  odious  appellation  [miser]. 

Goldsmith,  'lie-  lie,-,  V,.  :;. 

branded  (bran'ded),  a.     [A  form  of  brinded,  q. 

v.,  suiting  its  ultimate  source,  brand.]  1.  Brin- 
dled; of  a  reddish-brown  color.  [Scotch.]  — 
2.  In  zool.,  marked  as  if  branded  or  colored. — 
Branded  drum,  a  scicenoid  fish,  Scioma  ocellata,  with 
brand-like  spots  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  See  drum,  and  cut 
under  redfish. 

brandenburg(bran'den-berg),  «.  [Named  from 
Brandenburg  in  Germany.]  1.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental buttons  with  loops,  worn  on  the  front  of 
a  man's  coat.  See  frog. —  2.  An  ornamental 
facing  on  a  military  coat,  having  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  preceding,  and  forming 
parallel  bars  of  embroidery:  peculiar  to  cer- 
tain uniforms,  such  as  those  worn  by  hussars 
and  the  like. 

Brandenburg  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 

brander1  (bran'der),  n.  [<  brand,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
1.  One  who  brands. —  2.  [_G.hrandcr,(,  I),  bran- 
der, a  fire-ship,  =  E.  brander1.]  A  name  ap- 
plied in  German  universities  to  a  student  dur- 
ing his  second  term.     Longfellow. 

brander'-'  (bran'der),  n.  [Shortened  from  ME. 
brandire,  brand-iron:  see  brand-iron.  Cf.  brand- 
rith.]  1.  A  gridiron.  [Scotch.] — 2.  Same  as 
brandrith,  3.     [North.  Eng.] 

brander-  (bran'der),  v.  [<  brander",  ».]  I. 
trans.  To  broil  on  a  brander  or  gridiron ;  grill. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  in  trans.  To  be  or  become  broiled  on  a 
gridiron.     [Scotch.] 

'there's  no  mucklc  left  on  the  spule-bane  ;  it  will  brander 
though  ;  it  will  brander  vera  weel. 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lanunermoor,  I.  xviii. 

brandering  (bran'der-ing),  n.  [<  brander?,  a 
gridiron,  +  -ing1.]  The  operation  of  covering 
the  under  side  of  joists  with  battens,  to  which 
laths  can  be  fastened  to  give  a  better  hold  to 
the  plastering. 

brand-goose  (brand'gbs),  n.  Same  as  brent- 
goose. 

brandied  (bran'did),  a.  [<  brandy  +  -ed-.~\ 
Mingled  with  brandy;  made  stronger  by  the 
addition  of  brandy;  flavored  or  treated  with 
brandy.  — Brandied  fruit,  fruit  preserved  with  the  ad- 
dition id'  brandy  to  the  syrup. 

brandify  (bran'di-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brau- 
dified,  ppr.  brandifying.  [<  brandy  +  -J'y.]  To 
brandy;  mix  brandy  with. 

Ifou  drink  three  glasses  of  a  brandyficd  liquor  called 
sherry  at  dinner.  Thackeray,  Barly  and  bate  Papers. 

branding-iron  (bran'ding-i  "ern),  «.  Same  as 
brandAron,  3. 

brand-iron  (brand'i  em),  n.  [<  ME.  brandiren, 
brondiron,  brandhirne,  also  brandire,  brondyre 
(>  So.  brander,  a  gridiron:  see  brander-),  eta.,  < 
AS.  bntndiscn  (=  1).  brandijaer  =  MHG.  brant- 
i-en,  (i.  brandeiscn  —  ODan.  brandejam  =  Sw. 
brandjern,  a  trivet),  an  andiron, <  brand,  a  brand, 
+  isen,  iron:  see  brand  and  iron.  Of.  brand- 
rith.] 1.  An  iron  bar  or  stand  on  which  to 
support  brands  or  burning  wood;  an  andiron. 

A  massy  old  .  .  .  brand-iron  about  a  yard  and  n  hall 

wide,  and  the  two  upright  cuds  three  feet  six  inches  high. 

W.  Bowitt,  Remarkable  Places  (1842),  I.  3U. 


brand-iron 

2.  A  trivt't  to  sel  a  pot  on. —  3.  An  iron  used 
in  branding. 

Shame  burning  brt  to  hi  <  hand  did  hoid. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xii.  24. 

4t.  [A  forced  Bense,  with  ref.  to  brand,  a 
sword.]     A  sword. 

He  with  their  multitude  was  nought  dismayd, 
lint  with  stout  courage  turnd  upon  them  nil. 
I  with  his  brondiron  rouud  about  him  layd. 

/.  F.  Q.,  1\  .  iv.  82. 
The  villaine  nut  liim  in  the  middle  full. 
And  with  his  club  bet  backc  his  brondyron  bright. 

Spenti  r,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vni.  10. 

brandish  (I'r.'in'ilisli),  ».  [<MB.  braundishen, 
braundisen,  <  OP.  hniinliss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  fn-nii'lir,  V.  brandir  (=  l'r.  Pg.  launtlir 
=  Sp.  hhiinlir—  It.  bninilin  ).  brandish,  <  brunil. 

etc.,  asword:  see  ftrand.]  \.  trims.  1.  Tomove 
or  wave,  as  a  weapon;  raise  and  move  in  va- 
rious directions;  shake  or  flourish  about :  as,  to 
brandish  a  sword  or  a  cane. 

His  orandfoAi  i/  Bword  ili'I  blind  men  with  his  beams. 

Shak..  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  l. 

2.  Figuratively,  1  < ►  clay  with;  flourish:  as,  "to 
brandish  syllogisms."  I.ocke. 

II. t  "'  tin  ns.  To  move  with  a  flourish;  toss. 
Bravndische  not  with  thin  heedj  thi  schuldria  thou  ne 
Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.   19 
He  will  brandish  against  :l  tree,  and  break  his  Bword 
.  .  .  confidently  upon  the  knotty  bark. 

/.  Jon    n,  Every  Wan  out  ol  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

brandish  (bran'dish),  n.    [<  brandish,  v.]    A 

shake  or  flourish,  as  of  a  weapon. 

I  can  wound  with  :i  brandish,  ami  never  draw  bow  for 
tin  matter.  II.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  v.  3. 

I    mdishes  of  the  fan.  Taller,  No.  157. 

brandisher  (bran'dish-er),  it.  One  who  bran- 
dishes: as.  "brandishers  of  Bpeares,"  Chap- 
man, Iliad,  ii. 

brandishing1  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
brandish,  r.]     The  act  of  flourishing  a  weapon. 

brandishing'-'  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  A  corruption 
of  bratticing. 

brandlet  (bran'dl),  v.  [Also  written  branle; 
<  P.  branler,  formerly  spelled  bransler,  shake, 
prob.  eontr.  from  brandeter  (=  It.  brandolare;  cf. 
p.  brandiller,  shake,  wag).  <  brandir,  brandish: 
see  brandish,  brantle,  and  brawl?.]  I.  intrans. 
To  waver;  totter;  shake;  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives  are 
sought;  and  subjects  cannot  he  too  curious  when  the  state 
brandies.  Lord  Northampton,  in  State  Trials,  loot). 

II.  trans.  To  shake;  agitate;  confuse. 
This  new  question  began  t<>  branlc  the  words  of  type  and 
antitype.  Jer.  Taylor,  Real  Presence,  xii.  s  28. 

brandlet t,  ».    [Cf.  brantail.J    An  old  name  for 

the  redstart,  RuticMa  phatnieura. 
brandling  (brand'ling),  it.     [<  brand  +  -liny1.'] 

1.  The  smolt,  or  salmon  of  the  first  year. — 2. 
A  small  red  worm  of  the  family  Jjumbricidai, 
Lumbrictts  fceHdus,  related  to  the  earthworm, 
but  with  the  body  handed  with  alternate  brown 
and  yellow  segments.  It  especially  harbors 
in  old  dunghills,  and  is  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fishing.      Also  called  braniblt -wtirm. 

Also  written  branlin. 

brand-mark  (brand'mark), n.  A  distinguishing 
mark  burned  upon  the  skin  or  horn  of  an  animal 
as  a  ne  ans  of  identification;  hence,  a  mark  cut, 
as  on  timber,  or  painted,  etc.,  for  this  purpose. 

brand-new,  bran-new  (brand'-,  bran'nu'),  a. 
[<  briuiil  +  new;  =  M I ».  brandnieuw;  cf.  the 
equiv.  E.  dial,  brand-fire  in  w,  fire-new  (in  Shak- 

•e),     l>.     nml. i  I  -nil  inf    =    Ii.     fiinl.i  ■l-nrii,    lit. 

•spark-now,'  G.    nni/il-nni.  lit.  'nail-new,'   like 

E.  spick-and-span  new,  span-new,  q.  v.     I'.nt  in 

popular  use  the  first  clement,  brand,  is  not  lilt. 

the  common  form   being  bran-new,  and  bran 

ii    intensive  of  /I'm-.]      New  as  a 

brand,  that  is,  glowing  like  mefal  new  Iv  mil  of 

lire  or  forge;   tti  Hi  '  .  quite  new;  fire-now. 

A  pair  of  bran  .    Hoby'e  primes! 

flt».  i  i 

The  reaaaertlon  "f  an  old  truth  m  tj    ■    m  to  have  U] 

reflection  from  the  brazen  brightness  of 
"  Ue.  baki   i»  are,  p.  183. 

brandon1  (bran' don),  ».  [/  ME.braundon,<OF, 
and  P.  brandon  =  i'r.  brando  =  8p.  blando  =  1'g. 
iniiiidi'iii  —  It.  brandone,  I. rand,  firebrand,  torch ; 
in  def. :;,  with  sens,-  of  /„■„„-/,  <  i  if.  brand,  etc., 
a  sword:  see/,,-,,,,,/.]  if.  A  torch;  a  brand;  a 
flame. 

He  bar  tin-  ii:  that  yaf  thourgh  his 

throti  ,  ii   that  was 

hlukke  of  ii,,-  duatc  and  powder  becora  all  i 

|     i. 

2.  A  wisp  of  straw  or  stubble.  [Prov.  Kng.] 
—  3t.  A  sword. 

Herrfght  hand  swings  b  brandon  in  tl 

Drv/mmond,  Flowers  of  Slon,  No.  86. 


662 

brandon '■'♦  (bran'don),  v.  [Cf.  brantle,  branle2.'] 
A  kind  of  dance. 

bran-drench  (bran'drench),  re.  A  bath  used 
in  leather-manufacture,  prepared  by  soaking 
wheaten  bran  in  cold  water, diluting  with  warm 
water,  and  straining  through  a  line  hair  sieve. 

brandreth,  »■    See  brandrith. 

brandrettef,  «.    Same  as  brandrith. 

brandrith,  brandreth  (brand'rith,  -reth),  u. 
[<  ME.  brandrytJte,  also  in  corrupt  forms  brande- 
h  ,l, .  branlt  ill .  branlet,  an  iron  tripod  fixed  over 
a  lire;  <  AS.  bra ntlrcda,  an  andiron  (but  the 
.Ml'.,  form  ma \  lie  from  Icel.;  cf.  [eel.  briimln  ulli. 
a  grate,  =  OHG.  brantrcita,  MH(J.  brantreite),  < 
brand,  E.  brand,  +  "reda  =  Iced,  reidha,  imple- 
ments, iiiilhi,  tackle,  rigging,  etc.:  see  array, 
r.  Cf.  brander^,  brand-iron.']  1.  An  iron  tripod 
fixed  over  a  fire;  a  trivet;  a  brand-iron.  [Prov. 
Kng.]  —  2.  A  fence  or  rail  round  the  opening  of 
a  well.      [Eng.] 

Wells  me  digged,  ami  they  are  compassed  about  with  a 
Brandrith  lest  any  should  fall  in. 

Comenxus,  Visible  World,  p.  ma. 

3.  One  of  the  supporters  of  a  corn-stack.  Also 
called  brander.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandschatz  (brant'shats),  v.  t.  [<  <;.  brand- 
scltat^cn  (MHO.  brantsehat-cn),  lay  (a  town) 
under  contribution,  in  time  of  war,  by  threat 
to  burn,  <  brand,  burning,  +  schaizen,  to  lay 
under  contribution,  <  schatz,  tax,  contribution.] 
To  lay  (a  captured  town)  under  contribution,  in 
time  of  war,  by  threat  to  burn  it,  or  by  actually 
burning  it  in  part.     [Rare.] 

He  [Drake]  returned  in  the  midsummer  of  1586,  having 
captured  and  brandschutzed  St.  Domingo  and  Carthagena, 

ami  burned  St.  Augustine. 

Motley,  United  Netherlands,  II.  102. 

brand-spore  (brand'spor),  ii.  Same  as  tcleuto- 
spore. 

brandstickle  (brand' stik*l),  n.  [Cf.  banstiekle.] 
An  <  Irkney  name  for  the  stickleback. 

bran-duster  (bran'dus'ter).  >i.  In  milling,  an 
apparatus  for  removing,  by  means  of  agitators 
and  sieves,  the  flour  that  may  cling  to  bran 
after  it  has  passed  the  bolting-mill. 

brandwinet  (brand'win),  n.  Same  as  brandy- 
wine. 

Buy  any  braiul-ifi/a',  hay  any  brand-urine! 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 

brandy1  (bran'di),  ».  [Short  for  brandy-wine, 
q.  v.]  A  spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine- 
press. The  average  proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy 
ranges  from  48  to  54  per  cent.  The  name  brandy  is  now 
given  to  spirit  distilled  from  other  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  States  to  that  which  is  distilled  from  eider  and  from 
peaches.  See  grande  champagne,  fine  champagne  (under 
champagne),  cognac,  and  eau-de-vie. —  British  brandy,  a 
common  kind  of  brandy  distilled  in  England  from  malt 
liquors,  and  given  the  flavor  and  color  of  French  brandy 
by  artificial  menus. 

brandy1  (bran'di),  v.  '.;  pret.  and.  pp.  brandied, 
ppr.  brandying.  [<  brandy*-,  n.]  To  mix  or  fla- 
vor with  brandy. 

brandy2  (bran'di),  a.  [<  brand,  «.,  6,  +  -yl.] 
Smutty.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brandy-bottle  (bran'di-botn),  n.  A  name  of 
the  yellow  water-lily  of  Europe,  Nuphar  lutewn, 
from  the  odor  of  the  flower  or  the  shape  of  the 

Soed-vessol. 

brandy-fruit  (bran'di-frot),  n.  Fruit  preserved 
in  brandy,  to  which  sugar  is  usually  added. 

brandy-pawnee i braii'di-pti  ne),n.  [(.brandy1 
+  pawnee,  an  E.  spelling  of  Hind,  pant,  water.] 
The  Anglo-Indian  name  for  brandy  and  water. 

brandy-snap  (bran'di-snap),  n.  A  gingerbread 
cracker  flavored  with  brandy. 

brandy-winet  (bran'di-win),  n.  [<  D.  brande- 
ivijn,  also  brandtwijn,  formerly  brand-wijn  and 
brandende  wijn  (=  ICLGr.  brannewin;  cf.  Sw. 
brdnnvin  =l)an.  bramctevin  =  I'.  brandevin,  after 
the  D.  form),  <  branden  (ppr.  brandende,  pp. 
V  brandt),  burn,  also  distil  i  <  brand=  E.  brand, 
8  I  mil  ling),  +  wijn  =  E.  wine.  Cf.  (}.  bramiu  i  in 
(after  the  D.),  bran  tin  in,  briiiiiilirrin,  Ml  II  I. 
lira n tin-in,  brunt  in  in,  also  priiiil  in  in,  also  ge- 
prant  wein,  i.  e.,  burnt  wine.  Now  shortened 
to  brandy1,  q.  v.]     Brandy. 

It  has  been  a  eon in  saying,  A  hair  of  the  same  dog; 

and  thought  that  brandy-vrine  tsacommon  relief  to  such. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

brangle'  (brang'gl),  v.  i.  [Prob.  a  modifica- 
tion of  lirniiilli  or  brabble,  in  imitation  of  wran- 
gle.     Words    of   this    sort,    being    regarded    as 

more  or  less  imitative,  are  subject   to  trreg. 
variation.  |  To  w rangle;  disput >ntentiously; 

bble.      |  Now  ,  with  its  derivatives,  obsolete 
Or  rare.] 


brant 

ii<  iv  i  c ve  1 1  in  i  flesh  and  blood  will  bran  tie, 

And  murmuring  Reason  \iith  the  Almighty  wrangle. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  ini  Bartas. 

\n  h si  man  will  not  otter  thee  injury;  ...  if  he 

were  a  bromgling  knave,  t  is  his  fashion  so  to  do. 

Burton,  Anat,  of  Mel.,  n  879 
brangle1  (brnng'gl ),  «.   [<  brangle1-,  v.]  A  wran- 
gle; squabble;   noisy  contest  or  dispute. 

A  brangle  between  him  and  his  neighbour. 

Swift,  Works,  \  \l    Letter 410. 

brangle2t,  »•     [Var.  of  brantle,  q.  v.]    A  kind 

of  dance.     Sec  brantle. 
branglement  (brang'gl-ment),  n.    [<  brangle1 

+  -mi  at.']     A  brangling,  brangle,  or  wrangle, 
brangler  (brang'gler),  n.    One  who  brangles; 

a  quarrelsome  person. 
This  i r  young  gentleman  .  .  .  was  first  drawn  into  a 

quarrel  by  a  rude  brangli  r,  and  then  persecuted  and  like 

to  lie  put  to  death  by  Ins  kin  and  :illi    ■ 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  112. 

branglesome  ^brang'gl-sum),  a.  [<  brangle1 
+  -some.]    Quarrelsome.     Mackay. 

brangling  (brang'gling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bran- 
gli ',  ».]     A  quarrel  or  wrangle. 

she  does  not  set  business  hack  by  unquiet  branglings 
and  find-faulting  quarrels. 

Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  347. 

branial  (bra'ni-al),  a.  [Irrog.  <  brain  +  -ial ; 
after  cranial,  etc.]  Pertaining  to  the  brain; 
cerebral. 

brank1  (brangk),  v.  i.  [<  ME.branken,  prance, 
walk  proudly  (of  a  horse),  appar.  a  modified 
form  of  prank,  r.J  1.  To  make  a  show  or  fine 
appearance;  prank.     [Rare.] 

Lieutenant  Hornby  .  .  .  came  branking  into  the  yard 

with  two  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  trappings  upon  him. 

//.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  xxxii. 

2.   To   hold  up   the   head    affectedly.     [Prov. 

Eng.] 

brank-  (brangk),  ii.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  L.  branee,  variant  brace,  quoted 
by  Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn,  L.sandala,  var.  scandala,  LL.  scan- 

ilnlii.]     Buckwheat.      [Kng.] 

brankst,  "•     [Cf .  brangle1-/]    Confusion. 

brank't,  «.     [Cf.  brangle1*!]    A  kind  of  dance. 

brank"'  (brtingkl,  h.     See  brants. 

branks  (brangks),  n./:l.  [<  Gael,  brancas,  now 
brangas,  brangus,  an  instrument  of  punishment, 
a  kind  of  pillory  (cf.  brang,  a  halter),  =Ir.  bran- 
cas, a  halter;  prob.  from 
Tent. :  cf.  D.  prang,  pinch, 
confinement,  pranger,  pinch- 
ers, barnacle,  collar,  ( ).  jirmi- 
ger,  dial,  pjranger,  a  pillory, 
'<  1).  LG  prangen  =  Milt';. 
pfrengen  =  Goth,  praggan 
(in  comp.),  press;  of  Slavic 
origin:  cf.  OBulg.  prenshti 
(in  comp.),  stretch.]  1.  An 
instrument  formerly  used  in 
parts  of  England  and  Scot- 
land for  correcting  scolding 
women;  a  scolding-bridle,  u  consisted  of  a  head- 
piece inclosing  the  head  of  the  offender,  with  a  flat  iron 
which  entered  the  mouth  and  restrained  the  tongue. 

2.  A  sort  of  bridle  for  horses   and   cows.     In- 
stead of  leather,  it  leis  on  each  Bide  a  piece  of  n I  joined 

to  a  halter,  to  which  a  hit  is  sometimes  added,  but  more 
frequently  a  wooden  nose  resembling  a  muzzle.    [Scotch.] 

3.  The  mumps. 

brankursine  (brang'ker-sin),  n.     [<  P.  branc- 

iirsim,  lirttnclii  -itrxinc  =  I'r.  hranni  nrsinn  =  Sp. 
l'g.  branea  ursina=  It.  braneorsina,  branca  or- 
siini,  <  ML.  branca,  a  claw  (sec  branch),  +  L. 
nrsiiins,  of  a  bear,  <  ursus,  bear;  the  leaves  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  bears'  claws.]  Bear's- 
breoch,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Acanthus. 
branleH,  v.    See  brandle. 

branle-  (broi'l),  n.  [P.:  see  brantle.  brawl1*.] 
A  kind  of  dance;  the  generic  name  of  all  dances 
in  which  one  or  two  (lancers  lead  all  the  others, 
who  repeat  all  that  the  firsi  have  done,  as  the 
grandpere  and  the  cotillion.   Sec  brantle,  lirmrl-. 

branlin  (bran'liti'i,  ».    Same  as  brandling. 

bran-new,  ".    Sec  brand-new. 

branning( bran 'i ng),  ».    [Verbal  n.  of  bran1-,  r.\ 

The  process  of  steeping  doth  before  or  after 

dyeing,  or  skins  preparatory  to  tanning,  in  a 

bath  or  vat  of  bran-water. 

They  !skin-|  are  now  read)  for  the  branning,  which  is 

a bj  mixing  in  His.  of  bran  with  20  gallons  of  water, 

iiinl  keeping  them  in  this  fermentable  mixture  for  three 
»n  Its.  I'n:  Diet.,  111.  B0. 

branny  (bran'i),  </.  [<  bran1  +  -y/1.]  Having 
the  appearance  of  bran;  consisting  of  bran. 

branslet,  "■    See  brantle. 

brant1  (brant),  «.  [Also  written  imnt ,-  <  ME. 
brunt,  brent,  <  AS.  brant,  broni  =  Icei.  brattr 
=  oSw.  branter,  Sw.  brunt,  bratt  =  Dan.  brat, 
steep.]     Steep;  precipitous.     [Now  dialectal.] 


Branks. 


brant 

A  man  may  .  ,  .  sit  on  a  brant  hill  side,  but  if  he  give 
never  so  little  forward,  he  cannot  stop,  .  .  .  but  he  must 
needs  run  headlong.  Aseham,  Toxophilns,  i. 

brant2  (brant),  ii.  Same  as  bri  nl-i/ons, .  WTiite 
brant,  a  name  of  the  snow-goose,  Anserlpv  Chen)  hyperbo- 
reus,  in  the  United  stairs  ami  Canada,  where  it  is  com* 

n.    'I'lir  plumage  of  the  adult  is  buow-w  hite,  excepting 

the  black  primaries  and  usually  a  rusty  color  on  the  head ; 
tin-  iiill  and  feet  are  pinkish.    See  rut  under  Chen. 

Branta  (bran'tS,),  ".  [NL.,  <  brant".]  1.  A 
genus  of  geese:  same  as  Bernicla  or  Brenthus. 

—  2.  A  genus  of  ducks :  a  synonym  of  Fuligula. 
brantail  (bran'tal),  u.     [E.  dial.,  for  "brant-tail 

or  "brand-tail,  that  is,  red-tail.  See  brand,  brant- 
fox,  brent-goose.']  A  name  of  the  redstart,  /.'»- 
tieilla  phamicura.    Montagu.    [Local,  British.] 

brant-fox  (brant'foks),  n.  [<  brant'2  for  brand 
(in  allusion  to  its  yellowish-brown  color)  + 
fox;  =  D.  brandvos  =  <1.  brandfuchs,  brant- 
fox,  a  sorrel  horse;  ef.  Sw.  brainl-raf  =  Dan. 
brandrav,  brant-fox  (Sw.  rdf=  Dan.  ram,  fox). 
See  1m  lit-,  brent-goose.]  Vulpes  alopex,  a  variety 
of  Swedish  fox,  smaller  than  the  common  fox. 

brant-goose  (brant'gOs),  «.  Same  as  brent- 
goose. 

brantlet  ( bran'tl),  n.  [Also  written  bransle  and 
by  contraction  brawl  (see  braui-/,  <  OF.  brun- 
sfe,  V.  branle,  a  dance,  <  bransler,  now  branler, 
shake:  see  brandlc.]  1.  A  kind  of  dance.  See 
branUP. 

The  King  takes  out  the  Duchesse  of  York,  and  the  Duke 
the  Duchesse  of  Buckingham,  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  my 
Latly  Castleniaine.  ami  so  other  lords  other  Ladies;  ami 
they  danced  tin-  brantte.  Pepys,  Diary,  Dec  SO,  liiia. 

2.  A  song  for  dance-music. 

Bransles,  ballads,  virelayes,  ami  verses  vaine. 

Spenser,  V.  ().,  III.  x.  8. 

branular  (bran'u-lar),  a.  [A  Latin-seeming 
form  made  from  brain,  otter  granular  as  related 
to  grain.]  Relating  to  the  brain;  cerebral. 
[Rare.] 

Either  a  trick,  practised  upon  me,  or  it  might  he  a  branu- 
lar illusion.  /.  Taylor,  World  of  Mind,  p.  634. 

bractuemardt,  ».    Same  as  braquemart. 

braquemartt,  »•  [OF.,  also  braquemard,  bra- 
quemar  (>  ML.  bragamardus,  braquemardus) ; 
cf.  OF.  braquet,  a  poniard,  Walloon  braket,  a 
sword.]  A  short  sword  with  a  single  edge. 
It  is  generally  thought  to  have  been  that  type  of  Bword 
in  which  the  back  is  perfectly  straight  ami  the  edge  curves 
nut  in  such  a  way  that  the  broadest  part  of  the  blade  is 
mar  the  point. 

braset,  v.  t.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brace1. 

brasen,  ".    See  brazen. 

brash1  (brash),  v.  t.  [The  several  words  spelled 
brash  are  chiefly  of  dial,  origin  and  of  mod. 
appearance,  and  appar.  in  part  of  mod.  forma- 
tion. The  senses  overlap,  and  make  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  words  uncertain.  Brash1  is  appar. 
a  popular  formation  on  break,  brad1,  with  the 
terminal  form  of  bash,  dash,  crash,  words  of 
similar  sense;  cf.  brash1,  ».,  and  brash*,  a.  In 
the  sense  of  '  assault,  attack,'  it  is  also  found  in 
early  mod.  Se.  as  brcselte,  appar.  a  var.  of  brush, 
«'.;  cf.  MLG.  braschen,  breschen,  intr.,  crack, 
make  a  loud  noise,  roar,  boast,  brassen,  make 
a  loud  noise,  =  Norw.  braska,  make  a  loud 
noise,  roar,  boast,  =  Sw.  braska,  rustle,  bustle, 
boast,  =  Dan.  braske,  boast,  brag.  See  brastle.] 
[Scotch.]  1.  To  break  to  pieces;  smash:  as, 
he  brashed  in  the  door. —  2.  To  disturb;  disor- 
der; break  up  the  order  or  comfort  of. 
I  am  terribly  brashed  with  all  these  tumblings  about. 

Carlgle,  in  Froude,  II.  106. 
3f.  To  assault;  attack. 

brash1  (brash),  ».  [<  brash1,  r. ;  cf.  MLG. 
brasch,  a  crack,  crash,  Dan.  brask,  a  boast, 
ODan.  also  a  crash,  loud  noise,  a  boast.  In 
sense  4,  cf.  dial,  branch.  The  word  in  this 
sense  cannot  be  taken,  as  supposed,  from  mod. 
F.  brechc  (pron.  nearly  brash),  breccia;  more- 
over, breccia  is  a  different  thing  from  brash: 
Bee  breccia,  breach.']    1.  A  crash.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

—  2.  An  assault;  an  attack.  [Scotch.]  —  3. 
An  effort;  a  short  turn  of  work.  [Scotch.]  — 
4.  A  confused  heap  of  fragments,  (a)  In  geol.,  a 
mass  of  loose,  broken,  or  angular  fragments  of  rocks, 
resulting  from  weathering  or  disintegration  on  the  spot. 
Lyell.  ih)  Naut.,  small  fragments  of  crushed  iee  collected 
by  winds  or  currents  near  the  shore,  but  so  loosely  com- 
pacted that  a  ship  can  easily  foree  its  way  through.    Kane. 

The  ice  first  forms  in  thin,  irregular  Hakes  called 
"sludge,"  and  when  this  is  compact  enough  to  hold  snow 
it  is  known  as  brash.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  32S. 

(c)  Kefuse  boughs  of  trees;  clippings  of  hedges:  loose 
twigs. 

brash2  (brash),  n.  [Hardly  connected,  as  sup- 
posed, with  leel.  breysk-leikr,  weakness  of  body, 
<  breyskr,  weak,  infirm  (in  a  moral  sense),  prop, 
brittle  (see  brash*),  but  perhaps  a  particular 
use  of  brash1,  it.]  1.  A  transient  fit  of  sickness. 
Burns.    [Scotch.]—  2.  Arash  or  eruption.    [Lo- 


G63 

ca1,Eng.]  —  3.  Acidify  in  the  mouth  occasioned 
by  a  disordered  stomach.  Also  called  water- 
brash.  Weaning  brash,  a  severe  form  of  diarrhea 
which  sometimes  follows  weaning. 

brash11  (brash),  a.  [t'f.  B.  dial.  (North.)  brass- 
ish,  brill  le  ;  prob.,  with  some  alteration  of  form 
(perhaps  by  confusion  with  brash1,  n.,4),  <  Icel. 
breyskr,  mod.  also  breiskr,  brittle  (cf.  brash2); 
perhaps  ult.  connected  with  lirenl;  and  bridle.] 
Brittle.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

brash4  (brash),  a.  [Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin: 
cf.  Gael,  bras,  Ir.  bras,  brasach,  hasty,  impetu- 
ous, keen,  active,  nimble;  cf.  also  D.  borsch,  > 
<L  Imrseli  =  Dim.  Sw.  barsl:,  harsh,  impetuous. 
Not  connected  with  the  equiv.  rash1.]  Impetu- 
ous; rash;  hasty  in  temper.  Grose.  [Colloq., 
Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

brash1  (la-ash),  n.  [Appar.  <  brash*,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash1,  n.]  A  vio- 
lent push.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash1  (brash),  v.  i.  [Appar.  <  brash*,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash1,  v.]  To  run 
headlong.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash"'  (brash),  n.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
brash1.]     A  shower. 

brashy1  (brash'i),  a.  [Appar.  <  brash1,  n.,  4,  + 
-i/1.]     Small ;  rubbishy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brashy2  (brash'i),  i/.  [(.brash?  + -y1.]  Subject 
to  frequent  ailment,  as  horses  ;  delicate  in  eon- 
stitution.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brashy3  (brash'i),  a.  [Also  braushie;  appar.  < 
brash*  +  -y1.]     Stormy.     [Scotch.] 

brasiatort,  »•  [ML.,  <  brasiare,  brew:  see  bras- 
serie.]    A  brewer. 

brasiatrixt,  ».  [ML.,  fern,  of  brasiator,  q.  v.] 
A  female  brewer. 

brasier,  '«•      See  brazier. 

brasil,  ».    See  brazil. 

brasilin,  brasiline,  n.    See  brazilin. 

brasils  (bras'ilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  brassil,  and  E. 
dial,  brazil,  sulphate  of  iron.]  A  kind  of  coal 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  Ten-yard  coal 
in  South  Staffordshire,  and  preferred  by  some 
smelters  for  reverberatory  furnaces,  because  it 
contains  so  much  inorganic  matter  that,  a  too 
rapid  consumption  is  prevented.     Percy. 

brasinat  (bra-si'nS,),  n.  [ML.,  also  bratsina 
(OF.  bressine),  <  brasiare,  brassare,  brew:  see 
brasserie.]    A  brew-house. 

brasinariat,  ".    [ML.]    Same  as  brasina. 

brasiumt,  u.  [ML.,  also  bracium:  see  bras- 
serie.]    Malt. 

brasmatiast,  »■  [Gr.  (ipaafiariae,  equiv.  to  /?/»- 
oti/c,  an  upward  earthquake,  <  fipaoaeiv,  shake, 
throw  up.]  An  earthquake,  when  character- 
ized by  an  upward  movement. 

brasque  (brask), /i.  [<  V.  brusque.]  A  paste 
variously  made,  used  as  a  lining  for  crucibles 
and  furnaces. 

The  brasque  of  the  larger-sized  crucibles  is  formed  of 
anthracite  powder,  powdered  gas-carbon,  and  gas-tar. 

It'.  //.  Greenwood,  steel  ami  Iron,  p.  24. 

brasque  (brask),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brasqued, 
ppr.  brasquinij.  [<  brasque,  «.]  To  line  with 
brasque. 

The  pig  is  melted  in  a  separate  hearth,  in  fact  is  passed 
through  a  sort  of  "running  out"  tire  or  refinery  before 
it  reaches  the  finery  proper ;  the  bed  of  this  latter  is 
brasqued  or  lined  with  charcoal  powder  moistened  and 
rammed  in,  and  so  forcibly  compressed. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  310. 

brass1  (bras),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bras,  bres,  <  AS. 
bras,  brass,  =  Icel.  bras  (Haldorsen),  solder  (> 
Gael,  prais  =  Ir.  pros  =  W.  /ires,  brass) ;  related 
to  Icel.  brasa,  harden  in  the  fire,  =  Sw.  brasa, 
flame,  =  Dan.  brase,  fry,  >  F.  braser,  solder 
(see  braize1) ;  cf.  OSw.  and  Sw.  brasa,  fire,  Icel. 
brass  (occurring  once),  a  cook.  Hence  braze-, 
brazen,  brassen,  etc.]  I.  v.  1.  An  important 
alloy,  consisting  essentially  of  copper  and  zinc. 
The  proportion  in  which  the  two  metals  are  combined  dif- 
fers considerably  iu  different  kinds  of  brass.  Brass  in  gen- 
eral is  harder  than  copper,  and  consequently  wears  better 
than  that  metal.  It  is  malleable  and  ductile,  so  thai  it  can 
be  easily  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  or  be  hammered  into  any 
desired  shape.  It  turns  easily  in  the  lathe,  and  can  be 
drawn  into  fine  wire  ;  moreover,  it  has  an  attractive  golden 
color,  and  is  cheaper  than  copper.  The  color  of  brass  va- 
ries with  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients.  A  full  yellow 
variety  contains  about  two  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  zinc 
This  alloy  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  was  made  by 
them  before  they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  metal  zinc 
as  such.  It  is  not  among  the  metallic  substances  men- 
tioned by  Homer;  but  it  was  well  known  to  strabo,  who 
describes  the  mode  of  manufacturing  it  from  the  zinkifer- 
ous  ore  (ealamin),  and  calls  the  alloy  orieliale  (opeiyaAicov). 
SeeortcAaZc,  pinchbeck  prince's  nu  inf.  mosaiegold,  afuntzs 
metal,  and  yellow  metal.  In  rhetorical  comparisons,  brass 
is  a  common  type  of  hardness,  durability,  or  obduracy. 
Unless  my  nerves  were  brass  or  hammer 'd  steel. 

Shafc.,  Sonnets,  cxx. 
Men's  evil  manners  live  iu  brans ;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  Shak.,  lien.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 


Brass  of  Eleanor  Bol 
(died  1399),  in  Westrj 
ster  Abbey. 


brassage 
2.  A  utensil,  ornament,  or  other  article  made 

of  brass:  as,  In  clean  I  lie  brasses  on  board  a 
ship. —  3.  In  much. i  a  pil- 
low, bearing,  collar,  box, 
or  bush,  Supporting  a.  gud- 
geon :  so  called  because  fre- 
quently   made    of    brass. — 

4.  In  medieval  archatol.,  a 
funeral  monument  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  brass,  usu- 
ally of  rectangular  shape 
and  often  of  large  size,  in- 
cised w  illi  an  effigy,  coats 
of  arms,  inscriptions,  anil 
frequently  accessory  orna- 
ment. Such  brasses  are  some- 
times  splendidly  enameled.  In 
some  examples  the  designs  are 
executed  in  relief,  or  iu  relief 
in  combination  with  engraving. 

Slabs  of  stone  inlaid  with  ligures, 

etc.,    in    brass    are    also    called 

brasses,  and  are  a  usual  form  of 

medieval    monument.     Both  the 

plates    of    brass   and   the  inlaid 

stones    were    frequently    plaeed 

in    the    ordinary    pavement    of 

churches.    Comparatively  few  of 

such  monuments  executed  wholly 

in  brass  survive,  as  the  value  of  the  metal  has  caused  it  to 

be  melted  down  and  applied  to  other  uses. 

A ng  the  knightly  brasses  of  the  graves, 

And  by  the  cold  Hie  .facets  of  the  dead. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

5.  A  brass  musical  instrument,  or,  collectively, 
the  brass  instruments  in  a  band  or  an  orches- 
tra.— 6.  Money.     [Now  only  colloq.] 

\\  ithouteii  pite,  pilour!  pore  men  thou  robbedest, 
And  beere  neor  hens  on  tin  bae  to  Caleys  to  sulle. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  iii.  I8f>. 
We  should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  brass. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  v.  12. 

Trying  to  get  out  of  debt,  a  very  ancient  slough,  called 

by  the  Latins  aes  alienum,  another's  brass,  for  some  of 

their  coins  were  made  of  brass  ;  still  living,  and  dying, 

and  buried  by  this  others  Inuss.     Thoreau,  VValden,  p.  9. 

7.  In  coalmining,  iron  pyrites,  it  occurs  in  small 
particles  disseminated  through  the  coal,  or  in  veinlets  or 
thin  scaly  partings.    (Rarely  used  except  in  the  plural.] 

8.  Excessive  assurance ;  impudence ;  brazen- 
ness:  as,  he  has  brass  enough  for  anything. 
[Colloq.] 

She  in  her  defence  made  him  appear  such  a  rogue  that 
the  chief  justice  wondered  he  had  the  brass  to  appear  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Jioaee  North,  Examen,  p.  256. 

To  me  he  appears  the  most  impudent  piece  of  brass 
that  ever  spoke  with  a  tongue. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

Brass-blacking.  See  blacking. — Brass-color,  in  glass- 
making,  a  preparation  for  staining  glass,  made  by  expos- 
ing thin  brass  plates  upon  tiles  in  the  annealing-arch  of 
a  glass  house  until  they  are  completely  oxidized  into  a 
black  powder.  This  powder,  fused  with  glass,  gives  vari- 
ous tints  of  green  ami  turquoise.—  Brass-foil,  or  brass- 
leaf,  Hutch  leaf  or  Dutch  gold,  formed  by  heating  out 
plates  of  brass  to  extreme  thinness. — Brass-powder,  cop- 
per and  its  various  alloys  ground  to  tine  powder  and  used 
witli  varnish  for  decorative  purposes.  Jlany  of  the  so- 
called  bronze  powders  are  brass-powders. 

II.  a.  Made  or  composed  of  brass ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  brass ;  brazen ;  brassy. 
Trumpet,  blow  loud, 
Send  thy  brass  voice  through  all  these  lazv  tents. 

Shak.,  T.'andC,  i.  3. 
Brass  instrument.  See  wind-instrument. — Brass  rule. 
See  rule. 

brass1  (bras),  r.  t.  [<  brass1,  n.  Cf.  braze1.]  To 
cover  or  coat  over  with  brass.  Copper  is  brassed 
by  exposing  its  surface  to  tin-  fumes  of  metallic  zinc,  or 
by  boiling  it  in  diluted  hydroehlorie  arid  to  which  an 
amalgam  of  zinc  and  cream  of  tartar  has  been  added. 
Iron  is  brassed  by  plunging  it,  after  cleaning,  into  melted 
brass,  and  by  electro-deposition. 

brass2  (bras),  n.  [In  def.  1,  same  as  brace1,  q. 
v. ;  in  def.  2,  <  OF.  brasse,  "  a  fathom  or  an  ami 
full;  or  a  measure  of  five  foot"  (Cot grave),  F. 
brasse,  naut.,  a  fathom  (=  Pr.  brassa  =  Cat. 
brassa  =  Sp.  braza  =  Pg.  braea  (ML.  brassia, 
brassa),  a  fathom),  same  as  brace,  the  two  arms, 
<  L.  bracliia,  pi.  of  braehiiim,  bracchium,  arm: 
see  brace1  (of  which  brass'2  is  a  doublet)  and 
braehium.  Cf.  It.  hraccio  (>  Swiss  brache),  a 
measure,  a  'cubit'  or  'fathom.'  lit.  arm,  <  L. 
braehium,  arm.]  If.  Naut.,  same  as  brace. — 
2.  A  continental  European  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  the  extended  arms  or  more  ;  a  fathom. 
The  old  French  brasse  was  63.9  English  inches;  the  Span- 
ish braza  in  Castile,  (i.">.7  inches;  the  Catalan  brassa,  so  ii 
inches ;  the  brazado  of  the  Canary  Isles  (a  variety  of  the 
Spanish  braza),  71.0  inches;  the  braea  of  Portugal  and 
Brazil,  86  inches  ;  the  Norwegian  brass,  commonly  used  on 
North  German  nautical  charts,  74.1  inches.  [The  word  is 
confused  with  another  derived  from  the  singular  braehium 
and  signifying  an  arm's  length.] 

brassage  (bras'aj),  n.  [OF.  brassage,  brassaige 
(ML.  brazeagium,  bracagiuin),  brassage  (ef.  ML. 
braccator,  minter),  F.  brassage,  coinage,  mint- 
age, <  brasser,  stir  up  (the  melted  metal) :  see 


brassage 
1      i.  percentage  levied  to  pay  for  the 
eosl  of  coining  mom  gnioragt . 

brassart,  brassard  »■     [Also 

hrassi  t 1  Skinner);  <  P.  brassart,  brassat,  brassal, 
now  brassard, 

bract  i,  ;»..  and  ■  2.]     In 

the   armor  of    the   fifteenth  and 
nth    centuries,    that     part 
which  covi 

ing  the  vambraee,  br ilel .  rere- 

.  etc. 
brass-band   (bras'band'),   »■      A 
band  or  company  of  musical  per- 
formers, all  or  mosl  of  whom  play 
upon  metal  (chiefly  brass)  wind- 
instruments;  a  military  band, 
brass-bass  (bras'bas),  n.    A  per-     .. 
coideous  fish,  Moroni   interrupta: 

horn  its  bright  brassy  color,  tinged 
with  blue  on  the  back  ami  marked  on  the  sides 
with  7  to  9  large  interrupted  black  bands,  it  at- 

the  common  white  perch,  and  inhabits 
fresh  waters  "i  Hi'-  Mississippi  valli  y. 

brasse1  (bras),  «.  [Cf.  G.  brassen,  the  bream; 
ult.  =  barse,  bass1.  <-'f.  bream1.']  A  uame  of 
tin-  European  bass. 

brasse'-',  <<■    See  brass2. 

brassent,  "•  [Sc.  brassin;  <  brass  +  -<»'-':  see 
brazen.']     A  varianf  of  brasn  n. 

brasserie  i        "■    [F.  (ML.  brasseria),  < 

brassi  c  brew,  mash,  stir  up.  <  ( IF.  bract  r,  <  ML. 
braciare  {brasiare,  braxare,  brassare),  brew,  < 
braci  <rasum),  brace  (>  OF.  ftrar, 

.  malt,  L.  (Gallic)  brace  (var.  brance),  a 
kind  of  corn;  cf.  braitfc2. \  In  Franco,  a  brew- 
ery, or  a  i"  er  garden  attached  to  a  brewery; 
any  beer-garden  or  beer-saloon. 

To-day  while  Mr.   B.  was  sitting  in  a  brasserie,  a  lady 
approach*  '1  and  shot  him. 

.V.  }".  Herald,  Dispatches  from  Paris. 

brassett  (bras'el  I,  «.    Same  .-is  brassart. 
brass-finisher  (I'ras'iin  ish-er),n.    Aworkman 
who   perfects  and  polishes  articles  made   of 
brass, 
brass-founder  (bras'foun"der),  n.     A  maker  of 

brass  or  'if  articles  east  in  brass. 
brass-furnace  (bras'fer  nasi,  it.    One  of  two 
kinds  of  furnace  for  the  making  and  founding 
of  brass,    (a)   \  reverberators  furnace  for  large  quanti- 
ties of  Hie  alloy,    (b)  A  crucible  furnace  for  small  quan- 
tities.   In  this  furnace  the  crucible  is  placed  within  a  cast- 
iron  i  I  with  fire-brick  and  set  over  :t  tire-pit. 
cylinder  is  covered  with  :i  metal  hlnek 
Each  ci  ucible  has  its  own  Hue  connecting 
with  the  chimney.    The  oven  for  drying  cores  is  generally 
placi  «,  and  connected  with  the  flue  to 
utilize  the  heal  of  the  latter. 

Brassica  (bras'i-ka),  it.  [L.  (>  AS.  brassica, 
ME.  brassik,  brasik),  cabbage.]  A  genus  of  cru- 
ciferous plants,  including  more  than  a  hundred 
species,  all  of  which  are  natives  of  Europe  and 
northern  Asia.  Several  species  have  leu;;  been  in  culti- 
vation, and  are  the  origin  of  a  large  number  of  varietii  sol 
plan'  tables  and  asfodder.    B.oleracea 

iven  ris    to  all  the  forms  of    cabbage,  cauliflower, 
i     .    els  sprouts,  etc.,  cultivated 
f"r  ti  ence,  or,  in  the  caseof  the  kohl- 

rabi, for  the  turnip  Like  enlargement  of  the  stem.    B.cam. 
■it  mi  the  turnip  and  of  the  rutabaga,  in 
which  the  nourishment  is    Btoreil  in  tin-  rout,  ami  uf  the 
rape,  which  are  raised  for  the  oil  of  the  sei  I     /-' 
white  and  black  mustards.    The 
it,  usually  a  troublesome  weed,  and 
1        are  sometimes  i  ultivated, 
Is.    See  cuts  undi  r  broccoli  ami  sprouts. 
brassie,  «.    See  brassy"*. 
brassil  (bras'il),  ».    [See  brasils,  brazil.]    In 
ing,  a  uami  tes  applied  to  1  lie  pyri- 

tiferous   material    occurring    in   metalliferous 
'ii  with  coal.     [  Eng.] 
brassily  (bras'i-li),   adv.      Impudently;   with 
brazen  co 
brassiness  (bras'i-nes),  n     The  quality  or  ap 

brassing  (bras 'ing)  n.   [Verbal  n.  of  bra 
The  operal  ioi    i  obji  el  -  oi  metal  with 

irass. 
Brassolinae  i  !•  n.pl.    [NL.,<  Bras- 

■  +  4mb.  ]     A  subfamily  o  id  bu! 

terflies,  confined  to  America,  "f  a  browi lor 

with  short  body  and  thickened  ant' 

ntalning 

tie-  ..wl-hun 

brassoline  (bras'i 

tile    /.' 

Brassolis  (bra  [  N'I>. ) 

nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 

/.'  ■ 
brass-pavedt '  !  irass ; 

bard  "r  firm, 
brass-smith    (bra  'smith),   n.     A    smith   who 

works  in  brass. 


664 

brass-visaged('>i'as'viz  ajd), .'.  Brazen-faced; 
impudent :  as.  "that  brass-visaged  monster," B. 
Jonson. 

brass-wind  (bras'wind),  u.  In  music,  that  divi- 
sion of  an  orchestra  which  comprises  players 
upon  metal  wind-instruments:  contrasted  with 

the  woodwind,  the  strings,  etc. 

brassy1  i  bras'i),  «.      [<  brass1  +  -Jf1.]      1.   Per- 
taining to  or  having  any  of  the  qualities  of 
brass;    brazen:   chiefly  used  in  a  derogatory 
sense:  as,  a  hrussj,  taste;  the  coloring  is  brassy. 
Enough  to  press  a  royal  merchant  down, 
Ami  pluck  commiseration  uf  his  state 
From  brassy  bosoms.  Shah.,  M.  of  v.,  [v.  l. 

2.  Brazen-faced;  impudent.     [Colloq.] 
There's  no  gallant 
So  bragsy-impudent  durst  undertake 
'I'dr  wools  that  shall  belong  t"  't. 
Middleton  (and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  iii.  1. 

brassy-  (bras'i),  w.  [Also  brassie,  bressie.  Cf. 
brasse1.  Fish-names  are  very  unstable.]  A 
Scotch  name  of  the  bib,  a  gadoid  fish. 

brastt  (brast).  An  obsolete  form  (present,  pret- 
erit, and  past  participle)  of  burst. 

Dreadfull  Furies  which  their  chains  have  brast. 

Spenser,  F.  *).,  I.  v.  31. 

brastiumt,  n.     A  variant  of  brasium. 

brastle  (bras'i),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  brastlien,  <  As. 
brastlian,  bcerstlian,  crackle,  as  burning  wood, 
a  falling  tree,  thunder,  etc.  (=  MHO.  brash  In, 
prasteln,  <;.  prasseln,  crackle),  freq.  of  *bras- 
tian  (=  OHO.  brasUrn,  praston,  MHG-.  brasten, 
crackle),  <  berstan  (pret.  burst,  *brast),  burst: 
see  burst,  brast,  and  cf.  brustle1,  which  is  a  dou- 
blet of  brastle.]  If.  To  crackle;  crack  with  a 
noise. 

Speren  brastlien,  sceldes  gonnen  scanen. 

Layamon,  III.  141. 

2.  To  boast ;  brag;  crack.     [North.  Eng.] 
brat1  (brat),  ii.     [<  ME.  bruit,  a  coarse  cloak, 

<  ONorth.  brut  I,  <  Gael,  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle, 
apron,  rag,  =  Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle,  veil, 
bratog,  a  rag,  =  W.  brat,  a  rag,  pinafore.] 
If.  A  coarse  mantle  or  cloak.  Chaucer. — 2. 
A  child's  bib  or  apron.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
clout ;  a  rag.  Burns.  [Scotch.]  —  4.  The  film 
on  the  surface  of  some  liquids,  as  on  boiled 
milk  when  cold.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brat-  (brat),  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  per- 
haps a  particular  use  of  brat1,  a  child's  bib  or 
apron,  a  rag,  etc.:  see  brat1.]  A  child:  now 
used  only  in  contempt:  as,  "this  brat  is  none 
of  mine,"  SkaJc.,  \\\  T.,  ii.  3;  "  their  dirty  brats," 
Thackeray. 

0  Israel !  0  household  of  the  Lord  ! 

i*  Abraham's  brats!  0  ln'"<"l  of  blessed  seed! 

Qaecoigne,  De  Profundis. 

brat:i  (brat),  it.  [Cf.  bret.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  turbot. 

bratch  (brach),  u.  [The  proper  spelling  of 
brach  in  this  pronunciation:  see  brach,  and  cf. 
bratchet.]  See  brach.  arose. 
bratchet  (braeh'et),  it.  [Se.  also  bratchart;  < 
ME.  brachct,  <  OF.  bracket (=  Pr.  braquct ,-  ML. 
brachetus),  dim.  of  brache,  a  hound:  see  brach.] 
A  kind  of  hound ;  a  brach :  applied  contemptu- 
ously to  a  child. 

The  bratchet' s  bay 
From  tin-  dark  covert  drove  the  prey. 

Scott,  Maniiion,  ii.,  Int. 
To  be  plagued  with  abratchet  whelp     u  hence  come  ye, 
in}-  fair-favoured  little  gossip?   Scott,  Ceuilworth,  II.  xxi. 
bratht,  "•    [Se.  also  braith;  <  ME.  bruih,  broth, 
braith,  <  [eel.  bruilhr  =  Sw.  brad  =  Dan.  brail, 
sudden,  hasty.]      Hasty;   violent;  tierce. 
For  lids  word  was  Saul  wrath, 
For  oft  siih  was  he  bremli  [brimly]  broth. 
Ms.  in  Alliterative  fornix  fed.  Morris),  Muss.,  p.  31. 

bratht,  "■     [Ml'.,  <  feel,  bruilh,  haste,  <  briulhr, 

hasty:  see  brath,  a.]    Violence;  fierceness. 
In  the  brath  of  his  breth  that,  brennez  alle  thinker.. 

Alliterative  Poenis(ea.  Morris),  1.  2216. 

brathlyt,  adv.  [So.  also  braithly;  <  ME.  brathly, 
brothly,  braiHily,  brathli,  etc.;  <  brath  +  -Uj1.  \ 
Hastily ;  violent  h  ;  fiercely. 

Beris  i"  syr  Berille  and  brathely  hym  hittes. 

Jforte  ArthurefE.  V..  T.  s.),  I.  1771. 

brattach  (brat'ak),  n.   [<Gael.  bratach,  banner, 

flag,    ensign,  <  brat,   mantle,    cloak,   veil,  rag: 
ee  brat1.]     A  standard.     [Scotch.] 

'Ih'  irf"!  ris  are  assembling  on  eai  h  i  Ide,  and  not  a  man, 

claii in  tin  tenth dei I  kindred, hut  must  repair  to 

Hi.  Brattach  of  his  n  ibe     S  ■"  i  air  Maid  "i  Perth,  I   niii. 

brattice  (brat 'is  i.  ».  |=  E.  dial,  brattish,  a  shelf. 

<  ME.  bretais,  bretasce,  tin  lis,  bretage,  britage, 
< OF,  breteche,  bretesche,  bertesche,  bretesque\= 
Pr.  bertresca  H.  bertesca,  baltresca,  ML,  reflex 
bretechia,   breteschia,   beriescha,   berthesca,  ber- 

',  etc.),  perhaps  <  OHG.  MUG,  bret,  G. 


braunite 

brill  —  AS.  /'"./.  a  plank:  see  board.]  In 
iiiiiuiiii.  a  1 rd.  plank,  or  brick  lining  or  parti- 
tion in  a  level  or  shaft,  usually  designed  i"  form 
an  air-passage  or  confine  the  current  of  air  to 
a  certain  route.     Also  written  lin  llicc,  linilis. 

brattice  (brat'is),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  bratticed, 
ppr.  bratticing.  [<  brattice,  «.]  To  separate 
by  a  brattice. 

The  improvement  ■•!  the  circulation  by  bratticing,  or 
separating  il"  upward  and  downward  currents  by  plates 
or  tuhes.  /.'.  WUson,  strain  Boilers,  p,  168. 

brattice-cloth  (brat'is-kldth),  ».  In  coal-min- 
ing, a  heavy  cloth  or  canvas,  often  covered  with 
some  water-proof  material,  and  used  tempora- 
rily as  a  brattice. 

bratticing,  brattishing  (brat'is  ing,  -ish-ing), 
it.     [Also  corruptly  (in  2d  sense)  brandishing; 

<  ME.  bretasynge,  briteysing,  an  outwork,  etc., 

<  bretasce,  etc.,  brattice.  See  bartizan,  which 
is  appar.  a  var.  of  bratticing.  In  od  sense 
directly  from  brattice.  See  brattice.]  1.  An 
ornamental  cresting,  generally  of  open-work, 
as  a  medieval  cresting  of  foliage,  or  the  like. 
—  2.  Any  open-work  of  rich  and  \  aried  design, 
(specially  in  metal. —  3.  A  fence  of  boards  in 
a  mine  or  around  dangerous  machinery.  See 
brattice. 

brattish  (brat'ish),  n.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  brat- 
tice.]   1.  A  shelf. —  2.  A  seat  with  a  high  back. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
brattishing,  ».    See  bratticing. 
brattle  (brat'l),  v.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  brattled,  ppr. 
brattling.      [Appar.    an   imitative  word.      Cf. 
braslli    and  rattb.]     1.   To  make  a  loud  rum- 
bling or  rattling  noise;  thunder. — 2.  To  move 
rapidly  with  a  clattering  noise. 
brattle  (brat'l),  n.    [(brattle,  r.]    1.  A  clatter 
ing  noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet  of  horses 
moving  rapidly. —  2.   Rapid   motion;   a  short 
rapid  race. 

Thou  need  na  start  awa'  sae  hasty, 
Wi'  bickering  brattle ! 

Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 
3.  A  violent  attack. 

brattling  (brat'ling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  brattle, 
r.]  The  act  of  making  a  clattering  noise;  tu- 
mult; uproar;  quarrel. 

Her  voice  that  clove  through  all  the  din,  .  .  . 
Jarr'd,  but  net  drown'd,  by  the  loud  brattling. 

Byron,  Sardanapalus,  iii.  1. 
His  voice  sounded  not  unlike  the  brattling  of  a  tin  trum- 
pet   -owing  tn  tin-  number  of  hard  northwesters  which 

he  had  swallowed  ill  the  eourse  of  his  sra-farinj:. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  S6. 

bratty  (brat'i),  «.;  pi.  bratties  (-iz).  [Dim.  of 
brat1.]    Anapron.     [Scotch.) 

brauch  (brach),  ii.  [E.  dial.,  also  brauche, 
brawche.  Cf.  brash1,  n.,  4.]  Bakings  of  straw 
to  kill. He  fires.     Il'i-ov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brauchin  (bra'chin),  u.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  < 
brunch  +  -in  for  -ing1.]  A  collar  for  ahorse, 
made  of  old  stockings  stuffed  with  straw. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Cumberland).! 

braudt,  '■■    See  broud,  broid. 

brauderiet,  "•  An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

braughwam,  ».  [E.  dial.,  also  broughwham  and 
broughton  :  origin  uncertain.]  A  dish  composed 
of  cheese,  eggs,  bread,  and  butler,  boiled  to- 
gether. 

brauTt,  c     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brawl1, 

braul-  (bral),  it.  [E.  Ind.]  A  blue  and  white 
St  riped  cloth  made  in  India. 

Braula  (bra/lS,),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the   family  Jirauliila.     Braula    cuea    is    (ho 

common  bee-louse, 
braulid  (bra'lid),  u.    A  bee-louse  of  the  family 

liruiiliila . 

Braulidse  (br&'li-de),  "•  /''•    l^'1'"  <  Urania  + 
-iila.]    A  family  of  pupiparous  dipterous  in- 
sects, the  bee-lice,  represented  by  the  genus 
Braula. 
The  family  BrauUdce  comprises  only  a  single  minute 

i ,  not  two  millimeters  in  length.    The  head  is  large, 

wholly  without  i  yes,  the  thorax  small  ami  without  wings, 
and  the  legs  are  sporl  and  stout,  with  strong  pectinated 
elaws.    These  degraded  Hies  are  parasitic  upon  honey- 

idly  the  drones,  living  among  the  hair  of  the 

th,,ra\.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist..  II    18a 

brauna  (brft'nS),  ».     [Braz.;  also  written  ba- 

ruunu   and    uu'riiiiua.]      1.    A  native  name    for 

Melanoxylon  Braunia,  a  tall  leguminous  tree  of 

Brazil,  (he  wood  of  which  is  very  durable  and 
beautiful,  and  is  applied  to  many  uses.— 2.  A 

species  of  t  'ussia. 

brauncht,  ».  and  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  branch. 
Brauneberger  (brou-ne-bar'ger),  ».    [<>.]    A 

white  wine  made  near  Treves  on  the  Mosel. 

braunite  (bi-ou'nii ),  «.  [<M.  Braun,  of  Gotha, 
+  -He-.  |  A  native  "\i.i  of  manganese,  con- 
taining also  ^(1  per  cent,  of  manganese  silicate. 


braunite 

It  occurs  in  tetragonal  crystals  of  a  brownish-black  color 
In  Thuringia,  the  Harz,  Piedmont,  and  elsewhere. 
Brauronian  (bra-ro'ni-an),  a.      L<  ('r-   Bpav- 

puna,  of  Brauron,  ni]  c]iitlit't  of  Artemis,  <  l!/i«r- 
puv,  an  At  tii-  village  and  deme  near  Mara  thou.] 
Of  or  relating  to  Brauron,  a  deme  of  Attica,  in- 
to its  inhabitants:  specifically,  an  epithet  of 
Artemis,  who  was  worshiped  under  this  title  on 
tin-  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

brava  I  bra'vS  i.  See  remarks  under  bravo,  intt  rj. 

bravadet  (bra-vad'),  u.  [<  F.  bravade:  seebra- 
vado.]    Samo  as  bravado. 

The  great  Pacheco,  like  himself,  this  hot 
And  tierce  bravade  shall  in  a  trice  make  vain. 

Fanshawe. 
bravado  (bra-va'do),  n.  and  n.  [Formerly  also 
bravade  (<  F.  bravade)  =  ODan.  bravat,  <  Sp. 
bravada,  now  bra  rata  (=  It.  bvavalo),  boast, 
vain  ostentation,  <  bravo  =  P.  brave  =  It.  bravo, 
in-a vi-,  bullying:  see  brave  and  bravo."]  I.  n. ; 
pi,  bravados  or  bravadoes  (-doz).  1.  Preten- 
tious boldness  or  bravery;  arrogant  or  boast- 
ful menace ;  swaggering  defiance. 
In  spite  of  our  host's  brand".  Irving. 

No  sooner  was  this  mad  bravado  agreed  upon  than  they 
turned  the  reins  of  their  horses  and  made  for  Seville. 

Irving,  Moorish  Chronicle,  p.  109. 

2f.  One  who  indulges  in  boastful  and  arrogant 
menaces. 

The  hectors  and  bravadoes  of  the  House,  who  show  all 
the  zeal  on  this  occasion.         Pepys,  Diary,  Feb.  28,  1007. 

II.  a.  Arrogantly  bold  or  menacing;  said  or 
done  in  bravado:  as,  "bravado  bets,"  Disraeli, 
Coningsby,  v.  5. 
bravado  (bra-va'do),  v.  i.     [<  bravado,  «.]    To 

act  in  a  spirit  of  bravado  ;  storm ;  rage.  [Rare.] 
Like  winds  where  .Eolus  bravado'd.      Lloyd,  The  Poet. 

bravaisite  (bra-va'zit),  n.  [<  Bravais,  a  French 
crystallographer,  +  -»fe2.]  A  hydrous  silicate 
of  aluminium  with  small  amounts  of  iron,  cal- 
cium, magnesium,  and  potassium,  occurring  in 
crystalline  fibrous  forms  in  the  coal-measures 
of  Noyant,  in  Maine-et-Loire,  France. 

brave  (brav),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=  (i.  brav  (17th  century)  =  MD.  brauwe,  brunt, 
fine,  gallant  (in  appearance),  brave,  fierce,  also 
fine,  gallant  (Kilian),  mod.  t).  braaf,  brave,  gal- 
lant, courageous  (cf.  MD.  brauwen,  adorn,  bra- 
veren,  be  fierce,  =  MLG.  braveren  =  ODan.  bra- 
n  re,  strut),  =  Dan.  brav,  brave,  worthy,  =  OSw. 
braf,  Sw.  bra,  good,  >  prob.  Sc.  braw,  good, 
also  pleasant,  fine,  handsome,  etc.,  <  F.  brave, 
brave,  fine,  gallant,  etc.,  introduced  in  the  16th 
century,  <  It.  bravo,  brave,  hardy,  Olt.  tempes- 
tuous (cf.  bravo,  n.,  cutthroat,  assassin,  bravo), 
=  Sp.  Pg.  bravo,  brave,  etc.,  =  Pr.  brau,  fern. 
brava,  brave,  hard,  wicked,  etc.  (ML.  bravus, 
a  bravo,  cutthroat) ;  perhaps  =  OF.  "brou  in 
rdbroiier,  check,  chide,  etc.,  brouaz,  brouhaha, 
a  bluster,  bvouhotix,  storms,  blusters,  etc., 
brouie,  blustering.  Origin  and  relations  un- 
certain. There  appear  to  be  at  least  two 
words  confused:  in  the  sense  'fine,  good,'  etc., 
cf.  Bret,  brav,  bran,  tine,  agreeable,  pretty, 
brut/a,  strut,  dress  in  fine  clothes  (see  brag);  in 
the  sense  'bold,  wild,'  etc.,  cf.  OF.  braott,  brau, 
ML.  bravus,  bravis,  a  young  untamed  ox,  Olt. 
brum,  tempestuous,  Sp.  brava,  a  heavy  swell 
of  the  sea,  OF.  *brou  (above),  etc.  ;  W.  braw, 
terror,  fright.]  I.  a.  1.  Possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing courage  or  courageous  endurance ;  in- 
trepid; valiant;  fearless:  as,  a  brave  -warrior ; 
a  brave  act;  he  was  brave  under  calamity. 

Two  braver  men 
.Ne'er  spurr'd  their  coursers  at  the  trumpet's  sound. 

Shak.,  2  Sen.  VI.,  v.  7. 
The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear,  .  .  . 
But  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fears  subdues. 

J.  Baillie,  Basil. 
The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  brave  live  on. 

Itr.  SeweU,  The  .Suicide,  ii.  55. 

2.  Making  a  fine  display  in  bearing,  dress,  or 
appearance  generally;  having  a  noble  mien: 
said  of  persons. 

I  have  gold,  and  therefore  will  lie  brave, 
In  silks  I'll  rattle  it  of  every  colour. 

Greene,  Tu  Quoque,  vii. 

3.  Splendid;  beautiful;  gorgeous;  gaudy:  said 
of  things. 

With  blossoms  brave  bedecked  daintily. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  32. 

And  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  graoe. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  4. 

He  had  them  into  the  very  best  room  in  the  house  (a 
very  brave  room  it  was). 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  252. 

4.  Excellent;  capital;  fine;  admirable.  [For- 
merly in  very  common  use  in  this  sense  as  a  general  term 


665 

of  commendation;  often  also  used  ironically;  now  obso- 
lete excepi  perhaps  in  irony.J 

Iron  is  a  hrave  eon lity  when-  v, i  abounilcth. 

Bacon. 
I'll  devise  thee  brave  punishments  fur  him. 

Shak.,  Much  A. In,  v.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Gallant,  Valiant.  Courageous,  Brave,  Heroic, 
valorous,  dauntless,  chivalrous,  doughty,  resolute,  man- 
ful. Gallant,  Bplendid  in  dress  or  qualities,  is  most  ap- 
propriately used  with  regard  to  courage  which  exhibits 
Itsell  in  deeds  attracting  attention  ami  applause;  of  the 
Hist  four  wools  it  is  that  which  may  have  in  it  most  of 
compliment  ami  hast  of  high  commendation,  but  it  is 
often  a  strong  word,  expressing  splendid  bravery  in  ac- 
tion :  as,  In-  v,  ;is  .i  'itttht at  oilicer.  Valiant  is  also  brave  in 
action,  especially  in  opposing  physical  force,  as  in  battle. 
The  word  is  now  eh-vated  and  poetic.  Courageous  denotes 
the  possession  of  that  spirit  which  enables  one  fearlessly 
ami  with  full  presence  of  mind  to  face  danger.  Brave  is  the 
most  comprehensive  of  the  words ;  it  may  denote  the  pos- 
sessi if  the  highest I  noblest  kind  of  courage  and  for- 
titude, of  that  spirit  which  enables  a  man  to  hear  up  against 
evil  and  danger,  as  well  as  to  go  forth  to  face  it.  Coura 
geous  has  much  of  this  breadth  of  meaning,  but  is  appli- 
cable rather  to  doing  than  to  enduring  ;  brave  is  both  pas- 
sive and  active.     Heroic  i tbines  tin-  meaning  of  all  the 

other  words  in  the  superlative  degree.  It  indicatesa  lofty 
superiority  to  fear,  a  noble  self-forgetfuluess,  an  almost 
superhuman  power  to  dare,  achieve,  or  suffer.  It  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  other  words  that  sublime  bears  to 
great,  grand,  or  lofty. 

The  Sardinian  licet  had  been  withdrawn  from  Venice, 
ami  the  gallant  resistance  of  the  Venetians  was  fast  draw- 
ing to  a  close.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  108. 

Plague  on't;  an  I  thought  he  had  been  valiant  and  so 
cunning  in  fence,  I'd  have  seen  him  damned  ere  I'd  have 
challenged  him.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

But  he  rose  upon  their  decks,  and  he  cried : 
"I  have  fought  for  Queen  and  Faith  like  a  valiant  man 
and  true."  Tennyson,  The  Revenge. 

Only  be  thou  strong  and  very  courageous,  that  thou 
mayest  observe  to  do  according  to  all  the  law  which 
Moses  my  servant  commanded  thee.  Josh.  i.  7. 

But,  what  with  pleasure  Heaven  itself  surveys, 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate, 
And  greatly  falling  with  a  falling  state. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Cato,  1.  31. 

II.  ».  [Cf.  bravo,  «.]  1.  A  brave,  bold,  or 
daring  person ;  a  man  daring  beyond  discretion. 
Specifically — 2.  A  North  American  Indian  or 
other  savage  warrior:  as,  the  chief  was  accom- 
panied by  two  hundred  braves. 

Two  from  among  them  [Indian  warriors]  advancing, 
Came  to  parley  with  Standish,  and  offer  him  furs  as  a 

present;  .  .  . 
Braves  of  the  tribe  were  these,  and  brothers  gigantic  in 
stature.    Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Aides  Standish,  vii. 
With  three  strokes  to  each,  the  scalps  of  the  victims  be- 
ing  suddenly  taken  off,  the  brave  dies  back  with  his  com- 
panions, to  hang  the  trophies  in  his  cabin. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  431. 

3f.  A  hector;  a  bully;  a  bravo. 

Too  insolent,  too  much  a  brave.  Dryden. 

4f.  [<  brave,  v.]  A  boast ;  a  challenge ;  a  de- 
fiance. 

I  will  not  bear  these  braves  of  thine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 
"lis  time 
To  be  avenged  on  you  for  all  your  braves. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  iii.  3. 

brave  (brav),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braved,  ppr. 
braving.  [<  F.  braver,  brave,  affront,  defy,  etc., 
<  brave,  hrave.]  1.  To  encounter  with  cour- 
age and  fortitude ;  set  at  defiance ;  defy  ;  chal- 
lenge; dare. 

The  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  fear  ; 
These  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  bear.  Dryden. 
Louis  the  Fifteenth  braved  the  hatred  and  contempt  of 
his  subjects  during  many  years  of  the   most  odious  and 
imbecile  misgovernment. 

Macaulay,  West.  Rev.  Defence  of  Mill. 

2f.  To  wear  a  boasting  appearance  of. 
To  brave  that  which  they  believe  not.       Bacon,  Essays. 
Another, 
Reputed  valiant,  lives  by  the  sword,  and  takes  up 
Quarrels,  or  braves  them,  as  the  novice  likes, 
To  gild  his  reputation.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  3. 

3f.  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.    [Rare.] 

He  Ithe  sun|  should  have  brav'd  the  east  an  hour  ago. 
Shak..  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
To  brave  out,  to  face  out ;  brazen  out :  generally  with  an 
indefinite  it  as  object. 
However  we  brave  it  out,  we  men  are  a  little  breed. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  iv. 

bravely  (brav'li),  adv.      In  a  brave  manner. 
(«)  Courageously;  gallantly;  splendidly;  heroically. 
Who  combats  bravely  is  not  therefore  brave. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  115. 
lb)  Finely;  gaudily. 

And  decked  herself  bravely,  to  allure  the  eyes  of  all  men 
that  should  see  her.  Judith  x.  I. 

(c)  Well ;  prosperously  ;  as,  he  is  getting  on  bravely. 

The  tug  was  towing  bravely. 

W.  C.  Bussell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxi. 

bravenesst  (braVnes),  n.     The  quality  of  be- 

ing  brave;  bravery:  as,  "the  braveness  of  the 
exploit,"  Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  300. 


brawl 

bravery  (bra'ver-i),  «.;  pi.  braveries  (-iz).  [< 
F.  braverie,  gallantry,  splendor,  ete.,  (.  bran, 

brave:  see  brave  and  -"'//.J     1.  Tin-  quality  of 
being  brave;    courage;    heroism;    undaunted 
spirit;  intrepidity;  gallantry;  fearlessness. 
i;-  member,  sir,  my  liege,  .  .  . 
llic  natural  bravery  oi  youi  i  Li 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  1. 
Lancelot,  the  flowerof  bravi  ry. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
2.  Showiness;  splendor;  magnificence. 

Mm  bravery  of  their  tinkling  ornaments.         Is.  iii.  is. 
Great  braveryot  building,  to  the  marvellous  beautifying 
of  the  realm.  I  amaen. 

No  mote  in  the  midnight  tempest 

u  ill  sin-  nun  u  tin-  mounting  sea, 
Strong  in  her  oaken  timbers, 
And  her  white  Bail's  bravery. 

Halleck,  Epistles. 
3f.  Show;  ostentation:  parade. 

Prefaces.  .  .  .  and  other  speeches  of  reference  to  the 
person,  are  great  wastes  of  time;  ami  though  they  seem 
to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  are  bravery.  linen/i 

Nor  would  I  you  should  melt  away  yourself 
In  Hashing  bravery. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

4f.  Bravado ;  boast. 

I  commended  but  their  wits,  madam,  and  their  brave- 
ries.    I  never  looked  toward  their  valours. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiceene,  iv.  2. 
There  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to  bid 
defiance  to  the  oracles  of  divine  revelation. 

Sir  /.'.  L'Estrange. 
5f.  A  showy  person. 
A  man  that  is  the  bravery  of  his  age.         Beau,  anil  Fl. 
He  is  one  of  the  braveries,  though  he  be  none  of  the  wits. 
B.  Jonson,  Epiceene,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Valor,  daring,  pluck,  boldness,  mettle,  audacity. 
For  comparison,  see  brave. 
bravi  (bra've).   See  remarks  under  bravo,  inter}. 
bravingt  (bra'ving),  ».    [Verbal  n.  of  brave,  v.] 
Bravado;  defiance. 

With  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and  bravings. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xxi. 

bravingly  (bra'ving-li),  ads.  In  a  braving  or 
defying  manner.     Sheldon.     [Rare.] 

bravissimo  (bra-vis'i-mo),  interj.  [It.,  superl. 
of  bravo,  q.  v.]     Superlative  of  bravo. 

That's  right—  I'm  steel  —  Bravo  !  —  Adamant —  Bravissi- 
mo! Colmau,  Jealous  Wife,  i.  1. 

bravityt,  ».     [<  brave  +  -ity.]    Bravery. 

bravo  (bra'vo),  interj.  [It.  adj.  (pi.  bravi,  fern. 
brava,  pi.  brave),  >  F.  brave,  >  E.  brave,  q.  v.] 
Well  done!  good!  sometimes  used  as  a  noun: 
as,  "with  brava  and  handclapping,"  Carlyle, 
French  Rev.,  II.  v.  6. 

The  Italian  Prima  Donna  sweeps  a  courtesy  of  careless 
pity  to  the  over-facile  pit  which  unsexes  her  with  the 
bravo .'     Lowell,  On  a  Certain  Condescension  in  Foreigners. 

[In  Italian  the  word  is  an  adjective,  and  the  correct  usage 
is  to  say  bravo  to  a  male  singer  or  actor,  brava  to  a  female, 
and  bravi  to  a  company;  but  in  French  and  properly  in 
English  the  word  is  a  mere  interjection.  Careful  persons 
familiar  with  the  Italian  usage  do,  however,  discriminate 
as  to  gender.  J 

bravo  (bra'vo),  n. ;  pi.  bravos  or  bravoes  (-voz). 
[It.  (ML.  bravus),  <  bravo,  adj.:  see  brave."]  A 
daring  villain ;  a  bandit;  one  who  sets  law  at 
defiance ;  an  assassin  or  murderer. 

Stab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come  that  way. 

Churchill,  The  Apology. 
Was  not  this  Venice,  anil  is  not  Venice  forever  associ- 
ated with  bravoes  and  unexpected  dagger  thrusts? 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xi. 

bravura  (bra-vo'rii),  ».  and  a.  [It.,  bravery, 
spirit, <  bravo:  see  brave.]  I.  n.  In  music,  a. 
florid  air,  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in 
the  performer,  and  serving  to  display  his  or 
her  power,  flexibility  of  voice,  and  distinctness 
of  articulation. 

II.  «.  In  music,  spirited;  florid;  brilliant: 
as,  a  bravura  air:  chiefly  applied  to  vocal  com- 
positions, but  occasionally  to  instrumental. 

braw  (bra),  a.  and  n.  [Sc:  see  brave.]  I.  a. 
Brave;  fine;  gay;  handsome;  pleasant;  agree- 
able; worthy;  excellent:  stout:  as.  a  brow  new 
gown  ;  a  brow  man  ;  braw  lads  and  bonny  lasses. 
|S.-,,leh.] 

There's  braw,  braw  lads  on  Yarrow  braes. 

Burns,  Gala  Water. 
II.  n.  pi.  One's  best  apparel ;  finery. 

brawdt,  v.  t.    See  broud,  broid. 

brawderyt,  »■    An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

brawet  (brou'et),  «.  A  young  eel.  Also  writ- 
ten brawat.     [North.  Eng.] 

brawl1  (bral),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail,  < 
ME.  brallcn,  cry  out,  vociferate,  =  D.  bralb  n, 
boast,  =  Dan.  brolh,  jabber,  chatter,  =  MHG. 
pralen,  G.  praMen,  boast,  vaunt,  flaunt;  appar- 
ently identical  with  ME.  braivli  it.  braulen,  quar- 
rel, W.  brawl,  a  boast,  brolio,  boast,  vaunt,  bra- 
gal,  vociferate,  etc.  Of.  also  F.  brailler  (  =  Pr. 
brailar),  cry  out,  bawl,  prob.<  brain;  bray:  see 


brawl 

hrmi".  The  ult.  source  of  all  those  forms  is 
ipa  tbe  same.  See  brag.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  speak  loudly  and  complainingly  or  angrily; 
be  clamorous  or  noisy:  quarrel  noisily  una  in- 
decently. 

I  ,L1.  thi  b  rong.  and  Hrsl  bi  gin  to  brawl. 

Ki.  li   III     i  :;. 

2.  To  roar,  as  water  flowing  over  a  pebbly  or 
rocky  bed  ;   make  a  loud  babbling  noise. 

The  brook  that  brawls  along  tins  n i 

Shirk.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1 
ok  :it  tin-  ford,  where  it  brawled  over 
pebble  and  shallow.      Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  iii. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  wrangle,  squabble,  dispute  (noisilj  i 

A.  trans.  1.  To  wrangle  about;  be  noisy  or 
contentious  regarding. 

1  car.'  not  What  the  sects  may  hrinrl. 

'!'.  nnyson,  Palace  oi  Art. 

2.    To  drive  away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
[Kare.] 

\  our  deep  wit  .  .  . 
.n  ,i   not  brawVd  her  [Truth]  hence. 

Preface  t..  Nature  of  Man's  Soul. 
brawl1  (bral),  ».    [<  Brawl1,  !>.]    A  noisy  quar- 
rel: loud,  angry  contention;  an  uproar:  row; 
squabble:  as,  •"' stout  polemiek  brawl,"  S.  But- 
U  i;  Hudibras. 

He  is  a  devil  in  private  brawl. 

Shale,  T.  N'.,  iii.  4. 
A  creature  wholly  given  to  brawl-''  and  wine. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Tin'  whole  world  knows  that  this  is  no  accidental  brawl, 

but  a  systematic  war  to  the  knife,  and  in  defiance  of  all 

laws  and  liberties.  Emerson,  Affairs  in  Kansas. 

=  Syn.  Brt  See  quarrel,  n. 

brawl-  (bral),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail;  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bransle,  also  written  briin- 
sel,  brantle,  brangle,  etc.,  <  P.  bransle,  now 
branb;  a  dance,  same  as  bransle,  braule,  verbal 
n.  of  bransler,  branler,  shake,  move,  etc.:  see 
brninlli;  brantle,  branlc.]  A  kind  of  dance;  a 
branle. 

!  fellowea  must  go  learne  to  daimce, 

The  brydeal  is  full  near-a : 
There  i.s  a  brail  come  out  of  Fraunce, 
The  fyrst  ye  harde  this  yeare-a. 
Good  F>  Horn    1 1.  ■m).   (HaUiweU,  Note  to  Marston's  Plays.) 

I  hi  i li.l  Venus  learn  to  lead 

The  Iilalian  brawls.       S.  Jonson,  Vision  of  Delight. 
My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  brawls ; 
i  iii    ii  al  and  maces  danced  before  him. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

brawler  (bra'ler),   n.     [ME.  brawlere.]     One 

win.  1. raw  Is  :  a  noisy  fellow;  a  wrangler. 
The  great  statesman  degenerated  into  an  angry  brawler. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xii. 

brawlie,  adv.    See  brawly. 

brawling  (bra'ling),  n.  [ME.  braulyng;  verbal 
n.  of  brawl1,  v.]  The  act  of  quarreling;  specifi- 
cally, in  Fail,  laic,  the  offense  of  quarreling  or 
creating  a  disturbance  in  a  church  or  church- 
yard. 

brawling  (bra'ling),  ]i.  ii.    [Ppr.  of  brawU,  v.] 

1.  Contentious;  quarrelsome ;  noisy. 

I  know  she  is  an  irksome,  brawling  Bcold. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  i.  2. 
The  spirit-grieving  sounds  <>f  brawling  commerce. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  100. 
!  rom  bra  u < "  i  pari  ii  s  concords  come. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

2.  Making  the  noise  of  rushing  water:  as, 
"brawling  springs,"  Collins. 

The  brawling  streams  shall  soon  he  dumb. 

0.   W.  Holmes,  old  Year  Song. 

brawlingly  (bra'ling-li),  adv.    In  a  brawling 

or  quarrelsome  manner, 
brawlins  (bra'linz),   adv.     Same    as   brawly. 

[Scotch.] 
brawly  (bra'li),  adv.  and  a.    [Also  brawlie;  = 

E.  bravely."]     Bravely;   finely:   heartily;   very 

well;  in  good  health  or  condition.    [Scotch.] 

I  an  was  nae  great  thing  that 

me.  Scott,  Abbot,  II.  Si 

brawn  (bran),  «.  [<  ME.  braun,  brawn,  mus- 
cle, boar's  flesh,  <  <H'.  />,■■  •  ■,.  a  piece  of  flesh, 
=  Pr.  bradon,  brazon,  braon  =  OSp.  brahon,  < 
•  'lb.,  brato  ace.  brdton),a  piece  of  flesh  for 
roa  ting,  M  lb  ..  brdU  ,  G.  braten,  roasl  meat  (= 
AS.  brade,  roast  meal  OHG.  briiian,  MIKi. 
hull,,,,  t;.  braten  -  As.  bradan  =  <>i  rie  . 
bri  da       I >.  brack  •  il  (cf.  Dan.  brad, 

a  joint  ..i  no  ;ii  | :  ef.  Qt.  iui  a,  blow  into 

a  flame.]  1.  Boar's  flesh  ;  I  b.i  le  b  oi  the  boar 
orof  swine,  collar*  d  o  as  to  squeeze  oul  much 
of  the  fat,  boiled,  ami  pic 

i        nothing  here  111     Chi  eptlng  brawn  and 

mincepies  in  placi  a  w here  id! 

Journal  to  Stella,  Letb  i  88, 

2.  Aboar.  Beau,  and Fl.  [Now only prov.Eng.] 
blerae,  and  brade  In  the  Beholders, 
iirok-brestede  us  a  brawne  with  briiatilii  fulle  large. 

Itorti  Arth E   i.    I    - ■.),  1.  loui. 


666 

3.  The  flesh  of  a  muscular  part  of  Hie  body: 
as,  the  brawn  of  the  arm,  thigh,  etc. 

it  was  ordained  that  murtherers  should  be  brent  on  the 
brawn  of  the  left  hand.  Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  15. 

4.  Well-developed  muscles;  muscular  strength. 

Brawn  without  brain  is  thine.  Dryden,  Fables. 

Here,  then,  is  a  great  stalwart  man.  in  perfect  health, 
all  brawn  and  rude  muscle,  set  up  before  ns  as  the  ideal 
Of  Strength.  .S".  Lanier,  The  Rnglish  Novel,  p.  54. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  arm:  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.     [Bare.] 

I'll  hide  my  silver  heard  in  a  gold  heaver, 
And  in  my  vantbrace  put  this  wither  .1  brawn. 

Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  i.  3. 
I  had  purpose 

v  more  to  hew  thy  target  from  thy  brawn, 

or  lose  my  arm  for't.  Shak..  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

6.  Head-cheese.— Mock  brawn,  the  flesh  of  a  pig's 
head  and  feet  cut  in  pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and 
pressed  into  a  form. 

brawnedt  (brand), «.  [<brawn  +  -eiP.]  Brawny; 

strong:  as,  "&ra«roedbowrs,"  Spenser,  F.  (j.,  I. 

viii.  41. 
brawner  (bra'ner),  n.    [(.brawn  +  -er1.]   A  boar 

killed  for  the  table. 
brawn-fallent    (bran 'fa "In),   a.     Having   the 

brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrunk 

or  fallen  away ;  wasted  ;  thin  ;  weak. 
Were  not  Milo  his  amies  brawnefaXlen  for  want  of 

wrastlyng?  Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  127. 

brawniness  (bra'ni-nes),  ii.  [<  brawny  + 
-ness.]  The  quality  of  being  brawny;  strength; 
hardiness. 

This  brawniness  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the  best 
armour  against  the  common  evils  and  accidents  of  life. 

Locke,  Education,  §  113. 
brawny  (bra'ni),  a.    [<  ME.  brawny,  fleshy  (of 
fruit) ;<  brawn  +  -y1.]    1.  Fleshy;  muscular; 
having  large  strong  muscles ;  bulky ;  strong. 
Oxe  doiuige  about  her  routes  yf  that  me  trete 
The  pomes  sadile  and  brawny  wol  it  get*. 

Palladius,  iii.  100. 
The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  hands. 

Longfellow,  Village  t'.lacksmith. 

2.  Figuratively,  firm;  hardened;  having  great 
power  of  resistance. 

A  brawny  conscience  which  hath  no  feeling  in  it. 

J.  Mede,  Apost.  of  the  Latter  Times,  ii. 

braws  (braz),  n.  pi.  See  braw,  n. 
braxy  (brak'si),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  Se.  also 
braxes,  braxit,  also  bracks,  brailc.  Cf.  brack1  and 
brash*.]  I.  n.  1.  A  disease  of  sheep  character- 
ized by  inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  reten- 
tion of  the  urine :  also  called  the  sickness  in 
some  parts  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  variety  of  other  diseases  of  sheep. —  2.  A 
sheep  having  the  braxy;  hence,  the  mutton  of 
such  a  sheep. 

II.  a.  Affected  or  tainted  with  braxy:  as, 
braxy  sheep;  braxy  mutton. 

Also  spelled  brdksy. 
bray1  (bra),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  brayer, 
brut  r.  In;  hi,  i;  P.  liroycr  =  Pr.&p.  breijar,  pound, 
bray,  prob.  <  MH6.  brechen  =  E.  break,  q.  v.] 
To  pound  or  beat  thoroughly,  as  with  a  pestle 
or  other  instrument ;  triturate,  crush,  mix,  etc., 
by  beating  or  any  analogous  action :  as.  to  bray 
drugs;  to  bray  printers'  ink.     See  brayer1. 

Recipe  the  cromys  of  whyte  brede,  &  swete  apyls,  ,v 
3okkis  of  eggis,  &  bran  thain  wele. 

liabees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p   58 

Though  thou  shouldst  bray  a  fool  inamortar,  .  ye! 
will  not  his  foolishness  depart  from  him.     Prov.  x.wii.  22. 

bray'-'  (bra),  V.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  brain;  < 
ML.  brai/nc,  bray,  bragare,  cry,  squall,  prob. 
of  Celtic,  origin:  see  bray  and  braul1.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utter  a  loud  and  harsh  cry:  with 
reference  now  especially  to  the  ass,  but.  for- 
merly also  to  the  bull,  deer,  ami  other  animals, 
as  well  as  to  man. 

\\  hall  the  sipiyers  liadde  cried  and  braied  fer  theire  lord 

n  e  while,  thei  toke  hvm  vp  ami  bar  hym  to  theire  hos- 

nil.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  iii.  407. 

Whan  the  Sara/in  felte  hyiuself  so  diffouled,  lie  lledde 

cryinge  and  brayinge  as  a  hole  (hull]. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  .'.52. 
Laugh,  and  they 

Return  it  louder  than  an  ass  can  bray. 

lh  i:<ii  n,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  satires. 

Hence  —  2.  To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagree- 
able sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray  '  Graii.  The  Bard. 

And  varying  notes  the  war-pipes  brayed 
In  ever  varying  elan.  Scott,  Marmion,  v.  5. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  with  a  loud,  harsh  sound, 
like  the  ass. 

i  iii   i    nil  dram  and  trumpet  thus  &rav  oul 

iii.  triumph  of  his  pledge.        shak..  Samlet,  i.  4. 

Arms  on  armour  clashing  In-auil 
Horrible  discord.  Milton,  P.  I..,  vi.  -Mil. 


brazen 

bray2  (bra),  n,  [<  ME.  bray,  a  loud  cry,  also 
brayt,  <  OP.  brail  =  Pr.  brai :  from  the  verb.] 
A  harsh  cry,  especially  thai  of  tin  ass;  hence, 
; 1 1 1 \  similar  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Several  times  a  day  we  are  stunned  and  overwhelmed 
with  tlie  cracked  brays  >>i  three  discordant  trumpets. 

/;.  Taylor,  hands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  25. 

bray't  (bra),  n.  [<  OF.  bran;  a  kind  of  bastion, 
a  dike  or  bank,  <  ML.  braea,  a  dike  or  bank, 
same  as  OF.  braie,  <  ML.  braga,  part  of  a  river 
confined  between  dikes  to  facilitate  the  catch- 
ing of  fish.]  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth  used 
in  fortification ;  a  breastwork;  a  bulwark;  spe- 
cifically, a  wall  or  other  work  in  advance  of 
and  covering  the  gate  of  a  fortress. 

That  they  could  scant  put  their  heads  over  the  bray  or 
bulwark.  //«».  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  18. 

order  was  given  that  bulwarks,  brays,  and  walls  should 
he  raised  in  his  castles  and  strongholds. 

Lord  Herbert,  II.  n.  VIII.,  p.  28. 

bray4  (bra),  n.  [=  Sc.  brae,  bra,  <  ME.  braye, 
also  bra,  bro,  etc.,  <  Gael,  braigh,  the  upper  part 
of  any  thing  or  place  (braigh  duthcha,  the  higher 

parts  of  a  district;  braigh  I.nchabnr,  the  braes 
of  Loehaber,  etc.),  also  braidh  =  tr.  braid,  up- 
per part,  height;  cf.  W.  brig,  top,  summit,  bre, 
hill, peak,  =  AS.  beorh,'E.barrow, a  hill,  mound: 
see  barrow1.]  A  piece  of  sloping  ground;  an 
acclivity  or  declivity. 

Against  a  rocke  or  an  hye  braye. 

Ascham,  ToxophHus,  Works,  p.  170. 

Push'd  up  the  bray,  indignantly  they  feel 
The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steel. 

Brookes,  'the  Fox-Chase. 

bray5  (bra),  ».  [Also  written  brey ;  <  F.  braye, 
"a  close  linnenbrcek  or  under-slop,  .  .  .  also 
a  clout,''  pi.  Iirayis;  "short  and  close  breeches, 
drawers,  or  under-hose  of  linnen,  &c.,"  .  .  . 
also  "  barnacles  for  a  horse's  nose  "  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  braies,  breeches,  <  L.  braea,  breeches: 
see  braea:,  brail,  and  breech.]  If.  A  clout  for 
a  young  child.  Kersey,  1708. —  2.  hi  her.:  (a) 
Barnacles  or  twitchers  for  subduing  a  horse : 
used  as  a  bearing,  (b)  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  brake*,  break.]  A  bearing  similar  to  the 
preceding  in  form,  representing  a  tool  used 
for  breaking  hemp  :  sometimes  called  a  hemp- 
bray,  hemp-brake,  or  hackle,  one  or  other  of  these 
bearings  is  frequently  used  in  allusive  heraldry  for  t ami* 
lies  of  the  name  Bray  and  the  like. 

brayd,  braydet,  <••  and  n.    See  braid. 

brayer1  (bra'er),  jt.  [<  bray1  +  -er1.]  luprint- 
iniy,  a  small  composition-roller  used  for  tritu- 
rating and  spreading  the  ink  on  a  table  or  slab 
and  daubing  it  on  a  platen  or  disk. 

brayer3  (bra'er),  ».  [<  bray2  +  -er1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  brays  like  an  ass. 

Brayera  (bra-ye'ra),  n.     [NL.]     See  Bagenia. 

brayette  (bra-yet 'i,  ».  [F.]  Same  as  braguette. 

braying  (bra'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  brayinge;  verbal 
n.  of  bray",  v.]  1.  The  harsh  crying  of  an 
ass. —  2.  Vocal  or  instrumental  clamor;  harsh 
utterance. 

There  he  stands  with  unimpeachable  passivity  amid  the 
shouldering  and  braying  :  a  Bpectacle  to  men. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  v.  2. 

braylet,  »•  and  v.    See  brail. 

braynet,  ".      See  brain. 

braze1  (braz),  v.  I.;  pret.  ami  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  ME.  brasi  n,  <  AS.  bra.sian,  cover 
with  brass,  <  bras,  brass:  see  brass1,   cf.  glaze, 

<  glass;  gray;  <  grass.]  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  brass,  of  as  if  with  brass:    as,  "a    tripod 

richly  brazed,"  chapman.  Odyssey,  \v. 
Show  <d  clouds 
That  braze  the  horizon's  western  rim. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

braze2  (braz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  F.  bras<  r,  •  >F.  brast  r,  solder.  <  feel. 
brasa,  harden  by  lire:  see  brass1  and  braise1. 

Partly  confused  with  braze1,  from  the  same  ult. 
source.]  1.  To  solder,  especially  with  hard 
solder,  such  as  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  it  u  as  enacted  thai  all  anew- 

heads  Bl Id  he  well  brased  and  hardened  al   the  points 

with  steel.  A.';..'./.'.    Brit.,   II.  :!7'J. 

2f.  To  harden;  make  callous. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart  :  for  so  I  shall,  .  .  . 
If  damned  custom  hath  not  braid  it  si.. 

I      ,     it  e,  pen, I  ami  bulwark  aeainst  sense. 

Shak..  Hamlet,  iii.   I. 

braze:!,  «■    See  braise2, '-'. 

brazed  (brazd).  a.    In  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brazen  (bra'zn),  a.    |  Early  mod.  E.  also  brasen, 

<  ME.  brasen,  \  AS.  brasen,  of  brass,  <  bras, 

brass.  +  -i  n-.]  1.  Made  of  brass  :  as,  a  brazen 
helmet. —  2.  Pertaining  to  brass;  proceeding 
from  brass. 


brazen 

Trumpetei  , 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  citj  'a  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C. 


G67 


breach 


iv.  B. 


3.  Extremely  strong  j  impenetrable:  from  brass 

often  serving  as  a  type  of  strength,  impenetra- 
bility, and  the  like:  as,  "  environed  with  a  era- 
se), wall,"  Shah.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.-4.  Impu- 
dent ;  having  a  front  like  brass. 

Such  a  brazen  dog  sure  never  my  eyes  beheld, 

Uuldsniitli,  Sin-  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

Talbot  .  .  .  appeared  dally  with  brazen  front  before  the 
princess  whose  ruin  he  had  plotted. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Also  spelled  brasen. 
Brazen  age.  See  ogee  in  mythology  and  history,  under 
age.  Brazen  dish,  a  brass  dish  made  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  kept  chained  toa  pillar  at  Wirksworth 
in  Derbyshire,  England.  It  is  used  by  the  lead-miners  in 
the  Low  Peak  as  a  standard  measure.— Brazen  horn. 
Same  as  burghmote-horn.  -  Brazen  sea(2  Ki.  xxv.  13),  in 
Jewish  antiq.,  a  large  vessel  o£  brass  placed  in  Solomons 
temple,  called  a  molten  sea  in  I  Ki.  vii.  23-25,  where  it  is 
described.  It  stood  on  12  brazen  oxen,  and  was  10  cubits 
from  brim  to  brim,  5  in  height,  and  30  in  circumference. 
It  was  designed  for  the  priests  to  wash  themselves  in  be- 
fore they  performed  the  Bervice  of  the  temple. 
brazen  (bra'zn),  v.  t.  [<  brazen,  a."]  To  be- 
have with  insolence  or  effrontery  in  regard  to  : 
with  an  indefinite  it  as  object. 

Men  would  face  it  and  brazen  it.  Latimer. 

To  brazen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating  with  effrontery  : 
with  an  indefinite  it,  or  a  noun  like  matter,  affair,  busi- 
ness, etc 

I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  business  <>>/t. 

No' ./.  Vanbrugh,  The  Relapse,  iv.  4. 

Thornton.  .  .  brazened  it  out  with  his  usual  impudence. 
Bulwer,  Pelham,  lxxviii. 

brazen-browed  (bra'zn-broud),  a.  Shameless ; 
impudent. 

Noon-day  vices  ami  brazen-browed  iniquities. 

Sir  '/'.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  35. 

brazen-face  (bra'zn-fas),  n.  An  impudent  per- 
son ;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 

Well  said,  brazen-face  ;  hold  it  out. 

Shale,  M.  W.  of  W..  iv.  2. 

brazen-faced  (bra'zn-fast),  a.  Impudent;  bold 
to  excess;  shameless:  as, " a  brazen-faced  var- 
let,"  Shale.,  Lear,  ii.  12. 

brazen-fisted  (bra'zn-fis"ted),  a.  Having  hard 
fists,  as  if  of  brass. 

brazenly  (bra'zn-li),  adv.  In  a  brazen  man- 
ner; boldly;  impudently. 

brazenness  (bra'zn-nes),  ■».  1.  Appearance 
like  brass;  brassiness. — 2.  Impudence;  excess 
of  assurance. 

He  had  a  sonorous  bass  voice,  and  an  air  of  self-confi- 
dence inclining  to  brazenness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  1. 

brazier1  (bra'zier),  n.  [Also  brasier;  <  ME. 
brasiere,  brasyere,  a  worker  in  brass,  <  brtts, 
brass,  +  -i-ere,  -y-ere,  as  in  collier,  etc.  Cf. 
braze1.]     An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 

brazier'-3  (bra'zier),  »•  [Also  brasier;  <  P.  bra- 
sier, a  pan  of  live  coals,  formerly  bracier,  "a 
burning  coal,  quicktire  of  coals,  hot  embers" 


bit(=F.6m,  a  breaking  open,  a  wreck,  former-  brazing-tongs  (bra'zing-t6ngz),  n.  i<l.    Tongs 
Ly  fragments,  rubbish:  see 6Ws«2,  ».,  breeze*),  <    with  broad  tint  jaws,  used   in   brazing.    Seo 
brizar  =  P.  Mi  r,  break  ;  see  bruise  and  debris,    braze2. 
Thenamewould  refer  to  the  form  in  which  the  breach  ( brech ),  re.    [<  (1)  ME.  breche,  also,  with 


Bronze  Brazier  made  in  1675  by  Pedro  Cerdanya?  for  Ihe  Guildhall  of 
Barcelona.     (  From  "  L'Art  pour  TouS.") 

(Cotgrave)  (ef.  braisiere,  a  camp-kettle),  < 
braise,  live  coals:  see  braize1."]  An  open  pan 
for  burning  charcoal,  used  especially  for  heat- 
ing rooms  in  southern  and  eastern  countries, 
such  as  Italy,  China,  Japan,  etc. 

Four  nice-looking  Japanese  girls  brought  «s  thick  cot- 
ton quilts  to  sit  upon,  and  braziers  full  of  burning  char- 
coal, to  warm  ourselves  by. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xix. 

brazier3  (bra'zier),  re.  [Anotherform  oibraizeP, 
D.  brasein,  etc.,  bream:  see  bream1.]  A  name 
used  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland  for  the 
common  sea-bream,  PageUus  centrodontus. 

brazil  (bra-zil'),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasil 
(with  accent  on  the  first  syllable;  cf.  brassil, 
brissel-cock),  <  ME.  brasil,  brasyle  —  ODan. 
brasilie,  Dan.  brasilic(-tree)  =  Norw.  brescl,  bri- 
sel,  <  OF.  bresil,  mod.  P.  bresil  =  Pr.  bresil,  bre- 
zilh  =  Sp.  OPg.  brasil  I  >  mod.  It.  brasUe  :  ML. 
brasilium,  braxile,  bresillum,  brisillitm,  brisia- 
ciim),  oris,  a  rod  dyewood  brought  from  the 
East.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps,  as  Diez  sug- 
gests, <  Pr.  brezilhar  (=  F.  bresiller),  break  into 
fragments,  crumble,  <  briza,  a  fragment,  little 


dyewood  was  imported.  Now  usually  in  comp. 
brazil-wood,  with  direct  reference  to  the  coun- 
try Brazil.  The  country,  named  San  ta  ( 'ruz  by 
its  (second)  discoverer,  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral 
(1500),  afterward  received  the  name  Brazil,  it 
is  said,  from  King  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  on 
account  of  its  producing  red  dyewood.  The 
name  had  been  long  before  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed island  in  the  Atlantic,  perhaps  by  asso- 
ciation with  Pliny's  Insults  Purpurariai  (lit. 
Purple  Islands),  sometimes  supposed  to  refer 
to  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo.]  If.  A  heavy  dye- 
wood  of  the  genus  Cmsalpinia  (<".  Sappan),  im- 
ported from  the  East,  now  known  as  sappan- 
wood  (which  see). 

Him  nedeth  not  his  colour  for  to  dien 
With  brasil  ne  with  grain  of  Portingale. 

Chaucer,  C.  T.  (ed.  Tyrwhitt),  1.  15464. 

2.  A  very  heavy  dyewood,  from  Brazil  and 
other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The  true  brazil- 
wood is  from  the  leguminous  tree  Cossalpinia  echinata, 
but  the  name  is  also  given  to  C.  peltophoroides.  Woods 
known  as  peach-wood  and  lima-wood  are  said  to  be  from 

the  same  species.    The  w 1  has  a  slightly  aromatic  odor 

and  a  hitter-sweet  taste.  To  extract  the  coloring  matter, 
the  wood  is  finely  ground,  allowed  to  ferment  in  the  air, 
and  then  boiled  in  copper  cylinders  with  water.  The  ex- 
tract produces  purple  dyes  with  salts  of  iron,  and  red  with 
salts  of  alumina.  Lakes  used  by  decorators  are  also  made 
from  it.  and  common  red  ink  is  prepared  by  adding  a  little 
alum  and  acid  to  a  decoction  of  it.    Also  spelled  brasil. 

Are  my  bones  brazil,  or  my  flesh  of  oak  ? 

0,  mend  what  thou  hast  made,  what  I  have  broke. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  5. 

3.  Sulphate  of  iron.     [North.  Eng.] 
brazil-cockt,  '<■     [Also  written  brasil-coch,  and 

corruptly  brissel-cock,  brissil-cock,  with  ref.  to 
Brazil,  representing  America,  the  place  of  its 
origin.]     A  turkey. 

braziletto  (braz-i-let'6),  n.  [Pg.  brazilete,  bra- 
zil-wood ;  Sp.  brasilcte,  F.  bresillct,  dim.  of  brasil, 
etc.:  see  brazil.]  A  wood  resembling  brazil- 
wood, obtained  from  the  West  Indies  and  parts 
of  Central  America,  from  species  of  Cossalpinia, 
< '.  crista  and  C.  pectinata,  and  the  nearly  allied 
Peltophorum  Liiiuai.  It  is  used  for  dyeing  and  in 
cabinet-work.  The  bastard  or  false  braziletto  of  the  same 
region  includes  a  number  of  different  shrubs  or  trees,  as 
Picramnia  Antidesma,  natural  order  Simarubaceae,  the 
saxifragaeeons  Weinmannia  pin/into,  and  the araliaceous 
Sctadophyllum  eapitatwm. 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'ian),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  [<  Brazil 
(Pg.  Brazil,  Sp.  Brasil,  etc. :  see  brazil)  +  -ian.] 
Pertaining  to  Brazil,  an  empire  and  the  largest 
country  of  South  America:  as,  Brazilian  produc- 
tions.—Brazilian  balsam.  See  iki/moh.— Brazilian 
bean.  See  ben  nl.—  Brazilian  cocoa,  guarana. — Brazil- 
ian pebbles,  lenses  for  spectacles  ground  from  pure, 
colorless  rock-crystal  obtained  from  I'.razil.— Brazilian 
plait,  in  England,  plait  made  of  dried  flag-grass  which  is 
imported  from  tile  West  Indies,  and  perhaps  from  South 
America. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

brazilin,  braziline  (braz'i-lin),  n.  [<  brazil 
+  -in'2,  -ine- ;  also  written  breziline,  after  F. 
bresiline.]  A  crystallizable  coloring  principle 
(CpgHi^O^)  obtained  from  brazil-wood.  Also 
written  brasilm,  brasiline,  breziline. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  n.  The  seed  of  the 
fruit  of  Bcrtholletia  excclsa,  a  tree  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Myrtaceaf,  a  native  of  Guiana,  Vene- 
zuela, and  Brazil.  The  fruit  is  nearly  round  and 
about  (i  inches  in  diameter,  having  an  extremely  hard 
shell  about  >.  inch  thick,  and  containing  from   IS  to  24 


Brazil-nut. 

a,  fruit  of  Rrrtholletia  excelsa  ;  t>.  same  with  portion  of  shell 

removed  ;  c,  a  single  nut  on  larger  scale. 

triangular  wrinkled  seeds,  which  are  so  fitted  together 
within  the  shell  that  when  once  disturbed  it  is  impossible 
to  replace  them.     When  the  fruits  arc  ripe  they  fall  from 

the  tree  and  are  collected  by  Indians.  They  are  then  split 
open  with  an  ax.  and  the  seeds  are  taken  out  and  parked 
in  baskets  for  transportation.  Besides  being  used  as  an 
article  of  dessert,  a  bland  oil,  used  by  watchmakers  and 
others,  is  expressed  from  them.    See  Bertholletia. 

Brazil-root  (bra-zil'rBt),  re.    A  name  sometimes 

■riven  to  the  root  of  ipecacuanha. 
Brazil  tea.    Same  as  mate. 
Brazil  wax.    See  wax. 
brazil-wood  (bra-zil'wud),  «.     Same  as  brasil. 


oul  assibilation,  breke  (>mod.  E.  break,  n..  and 

dial,  bred,-,  q.  v.),  also  brekke  (>  niod.  E.  dial. 
breck,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  'breee,  'gebrece,  found  only 

in  the  sense  of  '  a  piece '  (in  comp.  brec-mMum, 
piecemeal,  hldf-gebrece,  a  piece  of  bread),  = 
OPries.  breke,  bretse,  breze,  bresze,  breszie,va. 
and  f.,  a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MD.  breke, 
a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MLG.  breke,  a 
breach,  violation ;  the  above  forms  being  mixed 
with  (2)  ME.  bruche,  "bryche,  also,  without  as- 
sibilation, bryke,  brike,  a  breach,  violation,  in- 
jury, nun  (>  E.  dial.  brick\  a  Haw,  Sc.  briek, 
a  breach,  a  division  of  land),  <  AS.  bryer,  brice 
(=OHG.  bruit,  MHG.  G.  brurli  I,  m.,  a  breaking, 
breach,  fracture,  violation,  fragment,  piece 
(cf.  MD.  breuclce,  D.  breuk,  I.,  a  breaking,  frac- 
ture, rupture,  crime,  fine,  =  G.  bruche,  f.,  a 
crime,  fine);  cf.  (I!)  E.  dial,  brock,  AS.  gebroc, 
neut.,  =  D.  brok,  m.,  =  OHG.  brorco,  MHG. 
brocke,  G.  brocke,  brocket!,  in.,  =  Goth,  gabruka, 
f.,  a  fragment,  piece,  bit  (see  brock'2);  and  (4) 
several  other  closely  related  noun  forms  (see 
braekK  brake1,  etc.);  <  brecan  (pret.  brae,  pp. 
brocen),  break.  Breach  is  thus  a  deriv.  of  brt  ttk, 
related,  in  present  though  not  in  orig.  form,  to 
hrral:  as  speech  is  to  speak.  Hence  (from  ME.  or 
MLG.)  OF.  MF.  breche,  bresche,  mod.  F.  brithi , 
a  breach,  gap,  break,  injury,  >  Sp.  Pg.  breeha, 
a  breach,  =  It.  breccia,  formerly  also  brecchia, 
a  breach,  a  gap,  a  rupture,  =  G.  bresche,  a 
breach  in  a  wall,  etc.  The  It.  breccia,  gravel, 
now  technically  breccia,  =  F.  briche,  breccia, 
is  closely  related,  but  may  be  taken  from  tho 
(i.:  Bee  breccia.  See  break,  >i.,  breel.-.  breck, 
brick1,  brack1,  brake*,  related  to  and  in  part 
identical  with  breach;  see  also  brick-.]  1. 
The  act  of  breaking :  now  used  only  figuratively 
of  the  violation  or  neglect  of  a  law,  contract,  or 
any  other  obligation,  or  of  a  custom. 

A  custom 
More  honourd  in  the  breath  than  the  observance. 

Shalt.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

The  deadliest,  sin  her  mind  could  reach 
Was  of  monastic  rule  the  breach. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  3. 

2.  An  opening  made  by  breaking  down  a  por- 
lion  of  a  solid  body,  as  a  wall,  a  dike,  or  a 
river-bank;  a  rupture;  a  break;  a  gap. 
Could  make  old  Trent, 
Drunk  with  my  sorrow,  to  start  out  in  breaches, 
To  drown  their  herds,  their  cattle,  and  their  corn. 

/;.  Jonson,  sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 
Thou  hast  made  the  earth  to  tremble  ;  thou  hast  broken 
it;  heal  the  breaches  thereof.  Ps.  lx.  2. 

He  then  led  bis  men  to  the  assault,  taking  charge  him- 
self of  those  Who  "ere  to  storm  the  breach. 

Prescott,  lord,  and  Isa.,  ii.  11. 

3+.  A  break  or  interruption  in  titterance. 

And  all  her  sister  Nymphes  with  one  consent 
Supplide  her  sobbing  breaches  n  itli  sad  complement. 

Spenser,  V.  tj..  III.  iv.  35. 

4.  A  rupture  of  friendly  relations;  difference; 
quarrel. 

There's  fallen  between  him  and  my  lord 

An  unkind  breach.  Shalt.,  Othello,  iv.  1. 

5.  Infraction;  violation;  infringement:  as,  a 
breach  of  tho  peace,  of  a  promise,  or  of  a  con- 
tract. 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  without  precedent. 

Clarendon. 
It  is  no  breach  of  charity  to  call  these  fools. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Kcligio  Medici,  ii.  1. 
The  first  steps  in  the  breach  of  a  mans  integrity  arc 
much  more  important  than  men  are  aware  of. 

Steele,  spectator,  No.  44S. 

6.  Injury;  wound;  bruise. 

Breach  for  breach,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for  tooth. 

Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

7.  Tho  breaking  of  waves ;  the  dashing  of  surf. 
Some  hour  before  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of  tie- 
sea  was  my  sister  drowned.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  ii.  1. 

We  scudded  with  frightful  velocity  before  the  sea,  and 
the  water  made  clear  breaches  over  ub.  Poe,  'labs,  I.  154. 
Breach  of  arrest,  a  military  offense  committed  !<y  an 
officer  in  arrest  who  leaves  his  quarters  or  limits  without 
authority  from  his  superior  officer.  It  is  punishable  by 
cashiering.  — Breach  of  arrestment,  in  Scots  law,  an  ai  I 
of  contempt  of  legal  authority  committed  by  an  arrestee 
disregarding  the  arrestment  used  in  his  hands,  and  paving 
the  sum  or  delivering  the  goods  arrested  to  the  common 
debtor.— Breach  Of  close,  in  line,  an  unwarrantable  en- 
try on  another's  land.— Breach  of  covenant,  a  violation 
of  a  covenant  contained  in  a  deed  either  to  do  or  refrain 
from  doing  a  direct  act.—  Breach  of  duty,  the  failure  to 
execute  any  office,  employment,  trust,  etc.,  in  a  proper 
maimer.— Breach  of  promise,  a  violation  of  ones  word 
or  undertaking  ;  uon -fiillilim  nt  of  what  one  had  agreed  to 
do:  often  used  absolutely  for  breach  of  promise  of  mar- 
riage.—Breach  of  the  peace,  a  violation  of  the  public 


breach 

peace,  as  by  a  riot,  affray,  or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary 
(<■  law  and  Injurious  to  the  public  welfare.— Breach  of 
trust,  a  violation  ol  dutj  by  a  trustee,  an  executor,  or 
other  person  in  a  Bduciarj  position,  To  hatter  in 
breach.  Set  Syn,  1-4  Rapture,  etc.   See/roc- 

2.  Opening,  cleft,  chasm,  rift,  rent,  fissure,    4.  Mis- 
understanding, alienation,  disaffection,  falling  out. 
breach  (breeh),  v.    [<  breach,  ».]    I,  Irans.  To 
make  a  breach  or  opening  in. 

The  first  bombardment  had  in  no  place  succeeded  in 
breaching  the  walls. 

Naval  Hist  "t  i.t.  Britain. 

Roaring  torrents  have  br* 

track.  .V.  Arnold,  Rugby  Chapel. 

II.  intrant:.  To  Spring  from  the  water,  as  a 
whale. 

When  tlie  watch  at  the  masthead  sees  the  whale  spring 
from  tin-  «  ater,  in-  cries,  "  There  she  on  acl 

Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  1    201 

breaching-battery  (bre'ching-bat  'er-i),  ».  See 

Imtti  ry, 

breachy  (bre'chi).  «.  [<  breach  +  -y1.]  Apt  to 
.  fences;  uni-ulv:  applied  to  cattle.  [Col- 
loq.] 

bread1  (bred),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bred,  < 
Ml''..  /■/'.  .</.  bred,  <  AS.  In;  a, I  (=  OFries.  brad  = 
OS.  broil  =  D.  brood  =  MLG.  brot,  LG.  brood 
=  OllL.  MlHi.  brot,  G.  brot  =  Icel.  braudh  = 
sc.  .  Dan.  broth,  bread,  prob.,  like  broth1,  q.  v., 
from  the  root  of  hrniirmi,  etc.,  brew:  see  brew1. 
The  AS.  bredd  first  appears  in  the  comp.  bed- 
bredd,  bee-bread  (see  bee-bread);  it  is  seldom 
found  alone;  the  usual  word  for  'bread'  was 
V..  loaf1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  kind  of  food  made 
of  the  flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain, 
by  kneading  it  (with  the  addition  of  a  little 
salt,  and  sometimes  sugar)  into  a  dough,  yeast 
■  niiimonly  added  to  cause  fermentation 
or  "lightness,"  and  then  baking  it.  The  yeast 
causes  alcoholic  fermentation  and  the  production  of  al- 
cohol  and  carbonic  acid;  the  latter,  an  expanding  gas, 
pushes  the  particles  of  dough  asunder,  causing  the  bread  to 
and,  with  the  alcohol,  is  soon  expelled  by  the  heat  of 
the  oven  Seeyeast,  In  salt-arising  bread  the  ferments- 
tion  is  said  to  i.t-  carried  on  by  bacteria.  Bread  is  some- 
times made  parti]  "!■  wholly  from  the  products  of  other 
than  cereal  plants,  as  beans,  lentils,  chestnuts},  some  kinds 

2.   Figuratively,  food  or  sustenance  in  general. 
Alan  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Mat.  iv.  4. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed. 
What  then  ','  is  the  lew  aid  of  virtue  bn  ad  ' 

Pope,  Essay  on  .Man,  iv.  150. 
M any  Officers  Of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  commissions  ami  of  their  bread. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Aerated  bread.     See   .o /"'.  —  Bloody   bread.     See 

I'l in.     Bread  Acts,  English  statutes  of   1822  (3  Geo. 

IV.,  e.  106)  and  1836  (0  an. I  7  Wm.   IV.,  c.  37)  regulating 
the  making  ami  sale  of  bread,  and  prohibiting  the  adul- 
teration "f  bread,  meal,  and  flour.  -Bread  and  butter, 
means  of  living.    [Colloq.] 

four  quarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  subject  of 
I  and  butti  r  is  the  most  usual  tiling  in  the  world. 
Svnjt,  To  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  Aug.  12,  1732. 

Brown  bread.   (")  Wheaten  bread  made  from  unbolted 

which  thus  Includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer 

,1  the  Hour:  in  the  United  states  commonly  called 

1 1-     'ill    New  England,  wheaten  or  rye  bread 

containing  an  admixture  of  Indian  meal:  a  variety  ol  il 

is  called  specifically  Boston  brown  bread. — Hottentot's 

bread.    See  Hottentot.— St.  John's  bread,  a  children's 

/,  rkeley.— Statute  of  bread  and  ale, 

an   English  .statute  of  1266,  better  known  as  the  assisa 

i    ,,,,  ,e   regulating  the  sale  of  those  commodl- 

Tatar  bread,  the  root  of   a  cruciferous  plant 

Crarnbe  Tatarica,  cultivated  bn-  1 1  in  Hungary.— To 

break  bread.    Seeoreofc.  -To  know  on  which  side 

one's  bread  is  buttered.    See  buth  < ' .  • . 

bread1  (bred),  v.  t.    [<  bread1,  n.]    In  cookery, 

to prepawwith  grated  broad  ;  cover  with  while 

-  -  and  bread-crumbs. 

bread  v.t.    [<  MK.  brecU  «.  <  AS.  bradan 

(="  =OHG.6r«»<e»,  MHG.G.  breiten 

=  Icel.  breidhja  =  Sw.  breda  =  Han.  brede  = 

,  in  comp.  us-braidjan),  make 

broad:  see  broad,  «.,  and  cf. 

inn, i, i.    v.,    and    broaden.']     To   make   broad; 

l.     Unii .-  Grose.     [Prov.   I 

bread'-'t,  ».    [<  ME.  brede,  <  AS.  breed*  (=  I). 

breedU  =  OHG.  breiti,  MHG.  (<.  breite  --  I-  I. 

Id  —  S'.v.  hmhi  =  in, ,,.  breddi   =  Goth. 

braid  i  i,  breadth,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad.  \ 

Breadth.     \,  o  bn  <i' .     [The  older  word,  mm 

■     oi'l    bj     'if'  mllh.  ] 

Thou  aatheles 

thee  ned    with    Inne    many    Man, em: 

many  go  t  duellyngc  Places,  In 

On  bredet,  abroad. 
Sorwe  yblowi  Crollus,  i.  6  0. 

bread- (bred.,/'.  /.  |  Var.  of  braid* :  <  ME.breden, 
(AB.bred 
ing,  to  form  in  meshes;  net.  Also  breathe,  brede. 

■iad  or  breatlie  a  net  is  to  make  a  net. 

,  .  Brit.,  X\  i 


668 

breads  brede  (bred),  n.     [Var.  of  braid1,  n.] 

A  pie, E  embroidery;  a  braid.     [Obsolete  or 

poetical.  ] 
A  curious  bredt  of  needlework.  l>iii<i-i< 

she  ,  v,  rj    in    .en    to  him  in  a  different  dress,  of  the 
most  beautiful  shi  lis,  imgles,  and  bredes. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  n. 
0  Uticshapel  Fair  attitude !  with  brede 
of  marl >le  men  and  maidens  overwrought. 

Hurts,  tide  nn  a  Qrecian  Urn, 
The  .  .  .  wave  that  rims  the  Carib  shore 
With  momentary  brede  of  pearl  and  gold. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

bread-and-butter  (bred'and-but'er),  a.  1. 
Seeking  bread  and  butter,  or  the  means  of  liv- 
ing; controlled  by  material  wants  and  desires; 
mercenary:  as,  the  limnl-onil-huttcr  brigade 
(applied  to  office-seekers  in  the  United  States). 
—  2.  Eating  much  bread  and  butter,  as  young 
boys  or  girls ;  hence,  belonging  to  adolescence ; 
in  t lie  stage  of  growth :  as,  she's  but  a  bread-and- 
butter  miss.  [Colloq.] 
The  wishy-washy  bread-and-butter  period  of  life. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 

bread-barge  (bred'barj),  n.  The  wooden  box 
or  tub  in  which  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
keep  their  daily  allowance  of  biscuit. 

bread-basket  (bred'bas'ket),  n.  1.  A  basket 
for  holding  or  carrying  bread;  specifically,  a 
tray,  generally  oval  in  shape,  used  for  holding 
bread  at  table. —  2.  The  stomach.     [Slang.] 

I  .  .  .  made  the  soup-maigre  rumble  in  his  bread-basket, 
and  laid  him  sprawling.        Foots,  Englishman  in  Paris,  i. 

breadberry  (bred'ber"i),  n.  An  article  of  diet 
for  convalescents  and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
made  by  pouring  boiling  water  on  toasted  bread 
and  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  etc. ;  pap. 

bread-chippert  (bred'ehip"er),  «,  One  who 
chips  or  slices  bread. 

Not  to  dispraise  me;  and  call  me  pantler,  and  bread- 
chipper,  and  I  know  not  what?       Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bread-corn  (bred'k&rn),  n.  Corn  or  grain  of 
which  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  etc. 

breadent  (bred'n),  a.  [<  bread1  +  -en2.]  Made 
of  bread.     [Rare.] 

breadfruit  (bred'frBt),  ».   The  fruit  of  the  tree 

Irtoca/rpusincisa.    See  below Breadfruit-tree. 

(a)  The  Artocarpus  incisa,  a  native  of  Java  and  the  neigh- 
boring islands,  but  long  in  cultivation  in  all  the  tropical 
islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  more  recently  introduced  in  the 
West  Indies  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The 
leaves  are  large,  rough,  and  lobed.  The  fruit  is  composed 
of  the  numerous  small  female  (lowers  united  into  one  targe 
fleshy  mass  about  the  size  of  a  child's  head,  and  is  covered 
with  hexagonal  marks  externally,  which  are  the  limits  of 
the  individual  flowers.    It  is  roasted  before  being  eaten, 


Hunch  c,f  11  in  hrc.nlfniit-tree  I  Artut  it- pio-  iiicix.i),  with  Maminate 

ml  pistillate  Inflorescence. 

and  though  insipid  it  forms  tin'  principal  article  of  f 1 

in  the  South  Sea  islands.  Another  species  of  Artocarpus 
t.i.  integrtfolia)  yields  a  coarser  sort  of  breadfruit,  called 
iack-Jruit,  See  Artocarpus.  Also  called  bread-tree,  (MA 
rublaceous  shrub  of  northern  Australia,  Gardenia  ''/"lis. 
bearing  a  small  edible  fruit.  Hottentot  breadfruit,  of 
smith  Urea,  the  stem  of  Encephalartos Caffer, which  is 
stripped  of  its  leaves,  bnriedin  the  ground  for  some  months, 
and  then  pounded,  when  it  furnishes  a  quantity  of  farina- 
ceous matter  resembling  Bago.     Also  call-  d  Kafir  bread. 

breadingt,  ».    T<  bread*  +  -ing1.]    A  windrow 
or  swath.     [Prov.  Eng.]     See  extract. 

Breadings  ot  corn  or  grass,  the  swathes  or  lows  wherein 
the  mower  leaves  them.  Kennett  (Halliwell). 

bread-knife  (bred ' n if),  «.    A  knife  for  cutting 
bread. 

breadless  (bred'les),  a.    [  M  E.  br<  dlees :  <  bread1 
+  -less.]     Without  bread;  destitute  of  food. 

Plump  peers  and  breadless  bard  .  :i bin   hi  ,   dull. 

/'.  Whitehead,  State  Dunces, 
breadmeal  I  bred'mel  I,  «.    The  mountain-meal 

or  liergmelil  of  Sweden  and  Finland.  See  hirij- 
iin  lit. 

bread-nut  (bred'nut  >.  ».    The  fruit  ol  the  tree 
Brosimum  Alicastrum,  natural  order  I  rtieacew. 


break 

See  Brosimum.   The  bastard  oread-nut  of  Jamaica  is  the 

fruit  of  a  similar  Bpecies,  /'.*<  udolmedia  spuria, 
bread-room    {bred'rom),   n.     An    apartment 
where  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  made  water-tight,  and   some- 
times lined  with  tin  to  keep  out  rats. 
bread-root  (bred'rOI ),  ».    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Psoralen,  the  /'.  txeult  iita.      See  Psoralen. 

bread-sauce  (bred'sas),  «.  A  sauce  usually 
made  of  grated  bread,  milk,  onions,  pepper,  etc. 

breadstuff  (breil'stuf),  «.  [<  bread1  +  stuff,  «.] 
Any  kind  of  grain  from  which  bread  is  made; 
meal;  flour:  generally  used  in  the  plural  as  a 
commercial  term  to  signify  till  the  different 
varieties  of  grain  and  flour  collectively  from 
which  bread  is  made. 

breadth  (bredth),  «.  [<  late  ME.  bredthe, 
bredethe  (with  suffix  -lb  as  in  length,  width, 
strength,  etc.).  older  form  brede,  <  AS.  hiiiilu, 
breadth:  see  bread?,  «.]  1.  The  measure  of 
the  second  principal  diameter  of  a  surface  or 
solid,  the  first  being  length,  and  the  third  (in 

the  case  of  a  solid)  thickness.  Thus,  if  a  rectangular 
parallelopiped  measures  3  feet  by  2  feet  by  1  fm.t,  its 
breadth  is  2  feet.  The  breadth  of  a  surface  is,  in  the  com- 
mon use  of  the  word,  the  distance  between  the  matgins, 

which  are  regarded  as  the  sides,  as  distinguished  from 
length,  or  the  distance  from  end  to  end. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  largeness;  freedom 
from  narrowness  or  restraint;  liberality:  as. 
breadth  of  culture,  breadth  of  view,  etc. —  3. 
That  quality  in  a  work  of  art,  whether  pictorial 
or  plastic,  which  is  obtained  by  the  simple, 
clear  rendering  of  essential  forms,  and  the 
strict  subordination  of  details  to  general  effect. 
Breadth  of  design,  of  color,  of  light  and  shade,  or  of  sur- 
face treatment,  gives  an  impression  of  mastery,  ease,  and 
freedom  in  the  use  of  material  on  the  part  of  the  artist, 
which  conveys  a  sense  of  repose  and  dignity  to  the  mind, 
4.  In  logic,  extension ;  the  aggregate  of  sub- 
ject s  of  which  a  logical  term  can  be  predicated. 

—  5.  Something  that  has  breadth  ;  specifically, 
apiece  of  a  fabric  of  the  regular  width;  a  width. 

—  Essential  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real  things  of 
which,  according  to  its  very  meaning,  a  term  is  predicable. 
The  term  being,  for  example,  is  from  its  meaning  predicable 
of  everything.  -Informed  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real 
things  of  which  a  term  is  predicable  with  logical  truth, 
on  the  whole,  in  a  supposed  state  of  information. 

breadthen  (bred'then),  v.  t.  [<  breadth  +-en1. 
Cf.  lengthen.]  To  make  broader;  extend  or 
stretch  transversely.     [Rare.] 

To  extend  the  pieces  to  their  utmost  width  a  machine 
called  a,breadthening  machine  is  employed. 

lire.  Diet.,  I.  667. 

breadthless  (bredth'les),  a.  [<  breadth  +  -less.  ] 
Wit  hunt  breadth.     Dr.  H.  .More. 

breadthwise,  breadthways  (bredth'wiz,-waz), 
adv.  [<  breadth  +  -irise,  ways.]  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth. 

bread-tray  (bred'tra),  n.  A  tray  for  holding 
bread. 

bread-tree  (bred'tre),  n.  Same  as  breadfn&t- 
tree,  (a)  (which  see,  under  breadfniit). 

bread-weight,  ".    Same  as  troy  weight. 

breadwinner  (bred'win'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
earns  a  livelihood  for  himself  and  those  depen- 
dent upon  him:  usually  restricted  to  one  who 
is  directly  dependent  upon  his  earnings  from 
day  to  day  or  from  week  to  week. 
The  breadwinner  being  gone,  his  goods  were  seized  for 

an  old  debt,  and   his  wile  was  driven    into  the   streets  to 

beg.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiii. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  one  earns  one's 
bread.     [Rare.] 
The  book-making  specialist  of  our  generation  probably 

yields  to  n -  nf  his  predecessors  in  the  literary  roll  In 

respect  of  industry,  skill,  and  accuracy;  but  his  Bubject, 
as  a  ride,  is  his  business,  his  breadwinner. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXII,  516. 

breadyt  (bred'i),  ('.  [<  bread1  +  -y1.]  Resem- 
bling bread. 

break  (brak),  v. :  pret.  broke  (brake  is  obsolete 
or  archaic),  pp.  broken  orbroke  (obsolescent  or 
poetical),  ppr.  breaking.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
dial,  also  bred: ;  <  ME.  breken  (pret.  brak,  link, 
broke,  pi.  broken,  breken,  pp.  broken,  broke),  < 
As.  brecan  (pret.  brcec,  pi.  bra-eon.  pp.  brocen) 
=  os.  brii.oii  —  OFries.  brelea  =  I>.  breken  = 
MLG.  breken,  LG.  breken,  broken  =  oilti.  6re/i- 
han,  MIKi.  brechen,  <<.  bred/en  =Goth.  brikan, 
break  (cf.  [eel.  braka,  bruise,  braka,  creak,  Sw. 
braka.  crack,  =  Dan.  braikke,  break  —  weak 
verbs ),  =  \,.  fran iii  n  |  perf. fregi);  perhaps =Gr. 
brryvtivai,  break;  cf.  Ski.  Wbhanj  (for  'bliinnj  !), 
break,  Bence  (from  AS.  etc.)  breach,  brink, 
n.,  bred:,  bnek2,  brick1,  brake1,  broke-,  brake*, 
brod-,  perhaps  brook1,  etc.;  (through  Horn.) 
bray1,  breccia,  bricole,  etc. ;  and  | from  Iv. )  frac- 
tion, fracture,  fraqiU  ,1'raiO,  irai/itn  nt,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.   To  divide  into  parts  or  fragments  vio- 


break 

lently,  as  by  a  blow  or  strain ;  part  by  a  rup- 
ture of  substance;  fracture:  used  primarily  of 
rigid  solid  materials:  as,  to  break  a  stone  or  a 
stick ;  to  break  a  wall. 

And  tin-  widows  Ol  A-dmr  arc  loud  in  their  wail, 
Ami  tic-  Idols  arc  broke  in  the  temple  of  Baal. 

Byron,  Destruction  of  Sennacherib. 

2.  Specifically,  in  /""',  to  oj.cn  or  force  one's 
way  into  (a  dwelling,  store,  etc.)  burglariously. 
A  house  is  said  to  be  broken  by  a  burglar  when  any  part 
or  fastening  <>f  it  is  removed  with  intent  to  effect  an  en- 
trance. 

3.  To  destroy  the  continuity  of  in  any  way; 
destroy  the  order  or  formation  of;  disconnect  ; 
interrupt;  disorder;  specifically,  of  the  skin, 
lacerate:  as,  to  break  the  center  of  an  army; 
to  break  ranks;  the  stone,  falling,  broke  the  sur- 
face of  the  water;  to  break  an  electric  circuit  ; 
to  break  one's  sleep;  the  blow  broke  the  skin. 

This  hereditary  right  should  be  kept  so  sacred  as  never 
to  break  the  succession.    Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  li. 
No  other  object  breaks 
The  waste,  but  one  dwari  tree. 

Shelley,  Julian  and  Maddalo. 

4.  To  destroy  the  completeness  of;  remove  a 
part  from;  hence,  to  exchange  for  a  smaller 
amount,  as  a  bank-note  in  payment :  as,  to  break 
a  sot  of  chessmen;  to  break  a  ten-dollar  bill. 

But  I  am  uneasy  about  these  same  four  guineas  :  I  think 
you  should  have  given  them  back  again  to  your  master  ; 
and  yet  I  have  broken  them,        Richardson,  Pamela,  xvii. 

5.  To  lessen,  impair,  or  destroy  the  force, 
strength,  or  intensity  of;  weaken:  as,  a  con- 
stitution broken  by  dissipation ;  to  break  a 
child's  will ;  to  break  the  force  of  a  blow. 

An  old  man,  broken  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  Hen.  MIL,  iv.  2. 
I'll  rather  leap  down  first  and  break  your  fall.    Dryden. 
Too  courteous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 
I  pray  you,  use  some  rough  discourtesy 
To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

6.  To  tame :  train  to  obedience ;  make  tract- 
able: as,  to  break  a  horse  or  a  hunting-dog  for 
work  in  the  field. 

Why,  then  thou  canst  not  break  her  to  the  lute? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law  or 
promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

Unhappy  man  !  to  breakthe  pious  laws 

Of  nature.  Dryden. 

8.  To  make  bankrupt,  as  a  bank  or  a  merchant ; 
destroy,  as  the  credit  of  a  bank. 

The  credit  of  this  bank  being  thus  broken  did  exceeding- 
ly discontent  the  people.     Evelyn,  Diary*  March  12,  1672. 

9.  To  reduce  in  or  dismiss  from  rank  or  posi- 
tion as  a  punishment:  as,  to  break  an  officer. 

It  must  be  allowed,  indeed,  that  to  break  an  English 
freeborn  officer  only  for  blasphemy  was,  to  speak  the 
gentlest  of  such  an  action,  a  very  high  strain  of  absolute 
power.  Swift,  Against  Abolishing  Christianity. 

The  captain  .  .  .  has  the  power  to  turn  his  officers  off 
duty,  and  even  to  break  them  and  make  them  do  duty  as 
sailors  in  the  forecastle. 

II.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  11. 

10f.   To  disband. 

My  birthday  was  ominous.  .  .  .  The  regiment  in  which 
my  fattier  served  being  broke,  Sterne. 

11.  To  niako  a  first  and  partial  disclosure  of, 
as  an  opinion  or  project :  especially,  to  impart 
or  tell  cautiously  so  as  not  to  startle  or  shock; 
also,  simply,  tell;  inform:  as,  to  break  unwel- 
come news  to  a  person. 

His  nerves  are  so  weak,  that  the  sight  of  a  poor  relation 
maybe  too  much  for  him.  I  should  have  gone  first  to 
break  it  to  him.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

12f.  To  cut  up,  as  game.  Skill  in  breaking  the 
killed  deer  was  considered  as  important  in  venery  as  bold- 
ness in  the  chase  itself. 

They  found  him  by  a  water  side, 
Where  he  brake  the  beast  that  tide, 
The  hart  that  was  so  wild. 

Sir  Triamour,  in  Ellis  Collection. 
13.  To  tear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

In  this  county  [Hampshire]  break  is  used  for  tear,  and 
tear  for  break ;  as,  I  have  a-torn  my  best  decanter  or  china 
dish;  I  have  a-broke  my  fine  cambric  apron.  (-in >. ■■■■< . 

To  break  a  blockade,  to  render  it  inoperative  by  driving 
off  or  destroying  the  blockading  force.— To  break  a  gun, 
to  open  it  by  the  action.— To  break  a  jest,  to  utter  a 
jest;  crack  a  joke.  Otway ;  BoUngbroke.—  TO  break  a 
lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an  opponent ;  make  a  trial 
of  skill.— To  break  an  electrical  circuit.  Sec  circuit. 
—To  break  a  path,  a  road,  or  a  way,  to  force  a  passage 
through  obstacles  or  difficulties. — To  break  bread,  (a) 
To  take  a  meal ;  share  one's  hospitality.  (/>)  To  celebrate 
the  communion.— To  break  bulk.  i">  To  begin  to  un- 
load. (6)  To  remove  a  part  from  a  parcel  or  quantity  of 
goods. 

I  heard  Sr  R.  Howard  impeach  Sr  Wm  Pen  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  for  breaking  bulk  and  taking  away  rich  goods  out 
of  the  E.  India  prizes  formerly  taken  by  Lord  Sandwich. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  April  9,  1668. 


669 
To  break  camp,  to  pack  up  tents  and  camp-utenslls,  and 

resume  the  march.      TO  break  COVer  or  COVert,  to  come 

forth  from  ■>  lurking-place  or  concealment,  as  game  when 
hunted. 

On  this  little  knoll,  if  anywhere, 
There  ts  good  chance  that  we  shall  hear  the  hounds  ; 
Here  often  they  break  covert  at  our  feet, 

Tennyson,  Geraint 
To  break  down.  (")  To  take  down  by  breaking ;  destroj 
by  breaking:  as,  to  break  down  a  fence:  figuratively,  to 
overcome:  as,  to  break  down  all  opposition.  (6)  To  pass 
(the  press-cake  of  gunpowder)  between  the  toothed  rollers 
of  a  granulating  machine. — To  break  gates.  See  gate*. 
To  break  ground.  (")  To  upturn  tin-  surface  of  the 
ground  ;  dig  ;  plow,  (ft)  To  dig;  open  trenches;  commence 
excavation, as  for  building,  Biege  operations,  ami  the  like; 
hence,  figuratively .  i<>  begin  to  execute  any  plan. 

How  happy,  could  I  but.  in  any  measure,  .  .  .  make 
manifest  to  you  the  meanings  of  Heroism  ;  the  divine 
relation  .  .  .  which  in  all  times  unites  a  Great  Man  to 
other  men  ;  ami  thus,  as  it.  were,  not  exhaust  my  subject, 
hut  so  much  as  break  ground  on  it. 

Carlyle,  Heroes  and  Hero-Worship, i. 
(<•)  Naut.,  to  release  the  anchor  from  the  bottom.— To 
break  in,  to  tame  ;  discipline;  make  tractable,  as  a  horse. 

—  To  break  jail  or  prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from 
confinement,— To  break  joint,  to  he  so  arranged,  as 
stones,  bricks,  shingles,  etc.,  in  building,  that  the  joints  in 
one  course  do  not  coincide  with  those  in  the  contiguous 
courses.    See  bond} . 

A  wire  cable  is  composed  of  many  threads,  and  these 
completely  break  joint  with  each  other,  and  thus  neu- 
tralize any  defect  in  tin  wires.     Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  241. 

To  break  liberty  or  leave  (naut),  to  remain  away  from 
a  ship  after  the  time  specified  for  returning.  — To  break 
squares.  See  square.— To  break  of  a  habit  or  prac- 
tice, to  cause  to  abandon  it.— To  break  Off.  («)  To  sever 
l>\  breaking;  as,  to  breakoffa,  twig,  {b)  To  put  a  sudden 
stop  to;  interrupt;  discontinue;  leave  off;  give  up:  as, 
to  break  of  a,  marriage  engagement. 

All  amazed  brake  f# his  late  intent. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  469. 
She  ended  here,  or  vehement  despair 
Broke  o/the  rest.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  1008. 

To  break  one's  fast,  to  take  the  first  food  of  the  day. 
See  breakfast, 

Happy  were  our  forefathers,  who  broke  their  fast*  with 
herbs.  Taylor. 

To  break  one's  head,  to  cut  one'&head  by  a  blow ;  stun 
or  kill  one  by  a  blow  upon  the  head. 

He  has  broke  run  head  across,  and  has  given  Sir  Toby  a 
bloody  coxcomb  too.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  v.  1. 

To  break  one's  heart,  to  become  heart-broken  or  griev- 
ously afflicted  :  as,  he  oroke  his  heart  over  her  misfor- 
tunes.—To  break  one's  mind,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts: 
with  to. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I,  who  much  desir'd  to  know 
Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventur  d  humbly  thus  to  speak.  Dryd*  n. 
To  break  one's  word,  to  violate  a  promise  or  pledge; 
act  contrary  to  an  engagement.  -  To  break  open,  to  force 
open;  unclose  by  violence:  as,  to  break  open  a  door. — 
To  break  out  a  cargo,  to  unstow  it  so  that  it  may  be 
easily  unloaded.— To  break  Priscian's  head,  to  violate 
the  rules  of  grammar.  [Priscian  was  a  celebrated  Koman 
grammarian.] 

Fair  cousin,  for  thy  glances, 
Instead  of  breaking  Priscian's  head 
I  had  been  breaking  lances.  Praed. 

To  break  ranks  (milit),  to  leave  the  ranks ;  fall  out.— 
To  break  step  (milit.),  to  cease  marching  in  cadence; 
march  at  will.— TO  break  the  back,  to  strain  or  dislo- 
cate the  vertebra1  as  with  too  heavy  a  burden.—  To  break 
the  back  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  force  or  efficiency  of ; 
weaken  at  a  vital  point:  as,  one  mistake  broke  tin-  hoe/,-  of 
the  enterprise.  (M  Naut.,  to  break  the  keel  and  keelson 
of,  as  a  ship,  (c)  Figuratively,  to  accomplish  the  greater 
or  most  difficult  part  of:  as,  to  break  the  back  of  a  heavy 
piece  of  business.  — To  break  the  bank.  See  bank*.— 
To  break  the  grain,  to  destroy  a  tendency  to  crystallize, 
as  in  stearic  acid  by  mixture  with  palmitic  acid.  — To 
break  the  heart  of,  to  afflict  grievously;  cause  great 
sorrow  or  grief  to  ;  cause  to  die  of  grief.— To  break 
the  heartstrings  of,  to  inflict  great  grief  or  hopeless 
sorrow  upon;  afilict  overwhelmingly. 

No  time  to  break  jests  when  the  heartstrings  are  about 
to  be  broken.  Fuller,  Jesting. 

To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and  make  a  be- 
ginning; especially,  to  overcome  the  feeling  of  restraint 
incident  to  a  new  acquaintanceship. 

I  have  often  formed  a  resolution  to  break  the  ice,  and 
rattle  away  at  any  rate. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

The  ice  of  ceremony  being  once  broken.  Scott. 

To  break  the  neck,  to  dislocate  a  joint  of  the  neck. 
To  break  the  neck  of.    (,")  To  destroy  the  main  force 
of  ;  ruin  or  destroy. 

Breaks  the  neck  of  their  own  cause.  Milton, 

(b)  To  get  over  the  worst  part  of;  get  more  than  half 
through. 

He  was  a  capital  spinner  of  a  yarn  when  he  hail  broken 
the  ru  ck  of  his  day's  work.  Hughes. 

To  break  the  parle*.  to  begin  the  parley.    Shak.—  To 

break  Up.    (")  To  cut  up,  as  game. 

Boyet,  you  can  carve; 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

(b)  To  open  or  lay  open  :  as,  to  break  up  a  floor  ;  to  break 
up  fallow  ground,  (c)  To  discontinue  or  put  an  end  to  : 
as,  to  break  up  housekeeping,  j>/')  To  separate ;  disinte- 
grate ;  disband  :  as,  to  break  up  a  company  or  an  army. 
(e)  To  impair;  exhaust;  fatigue  greatly. 

The  six  hours  of  deadly  tenor  which  I  then  endured 
have  broken  me  up  body  and  soul.  Foe,  Talcs,  I.  101. 


break 

To  break  upon  the  wheel,  to  torture  or  put  to  death 
by  stretching  on  a  caii  wheel,  or  a  wooden  frame  in  the 
form  oi  a  St.  Andrews  cross,  and  breaking  the  limbs  with 
an  iron  bar :  a  mode  oi  punishment  formerly  much  used 
in  some  parts  oi  Europe.  To  break  water,  to  rise  to  the 
-uri.e  e  -a  i  ii,  w ater,  as  a fl  h 

Numbers  of  these  tisll  [blueflsh]  may  he  seen  breaking 

Water  at  an}  time  on  the  hank-,  ami  shoals, 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p 
To  break  wind,  to  give  \>  til  t"  wind  from  the  body  by 
the  anus.  — To  break  wordt,  to  violate  a  pledge  or  an 
obligation. 

They  that  break  von!  w  itli  Heaven  «  ill  break  again 
With  all  the  world,  and  so  dost  thou  with  me. 

Bi  au.  and  Fl, .  Maid  -  I  ragedy,  iii.  1. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  be  separated  into  parts 
or  fragments  under  the  action  of  snme  force, 
a  a  blow  or  a  strain ;  become  fractured:  us,  the 
rock  broke  into  a  thousand  pieces;  the  ice  broke 
under  his  feet. —  2.  To  become  discontinuous, 
disconnected,  disordered,  or  disintegrated ; 
lose  continuity  or  formation:  as,  ai  the  last 
charge  the  line  broke;  the  circuit  broke. 

The  command,  Charge,  was  given,  and  was  executed 

With   loud    cheers    and  with   ;\  run;    when    the   last  of  the 

enemy  broke.  r.  s.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  351. 

3.  Specifically  —  (a)  To  change  suddenly  and 
involuntarily  from  a  natural  to  a  higher  and 
shriller  tone  or  to  a  whisper :  said  of  the  voice. 
(6)  In  music:  (1)  To  change  from  one  register 
to  another,  as  a  musical  instrument.  (2)  To 
change  from  one  combination  of  pipes  to  an- 
other, especially  when  having  more  than  one 
|»ipe  to  the  nolo:  sjiid  nf  com  pound  organ-stops, 
like  the  mixture,  the  cornet,  etc. — 4 .  To  change 
from  one  gait  into  another:  said  of  ahorse:  as, 
to  break  into  a  gallop. —  5.  To  burst;  happen 
or  begin  to  be  with  suddenness  or  violence. 
(a)  To  discharge  itself  spontaneously,  as  a  tumor. 
The  same  old  sore  breaks  out  from  age  to  age. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
(6)  To  burst  forth  or  begin  with  violence,  as  a  storm. 
A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads  may  break.  Dryden. 
The  whole  storm,  which  bad  long  been  gathering,  now 
broke  at  once  on  the  head  of  (live.  Macaulay,  Lord  (.'live. 
(-•)  To  burst  into  speech  or  action  :  generally  followed  by 
out.    (See  phrases  below.) 

I  would  not  have  your  women  hear  me 

Break  into  commendation  of  you  ;  'tis  not  seemly. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 
((/)  To  begin  as  if  with  a  burst  or  break. 

And  from  our  own  the  glad  shout  breaks, 

Of  Freedom  and  Fraternity!  Whittier,  Pecan. 

6.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,  or  reduced ; 
especially,  to  decline  in  health,  strength,  or 
personal  appearance. 

I'm  sorry  Mopsa  breaks  so  fast : 

I  said  her  face  would  never  last 

Swift,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 

7.  To  begin  to  be:  said  specifically  of  the  day, 
dawn,  or  morning. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  l. 
The  day  of  wrath,  against  which  Leibnitz  had  warned 
the  monarchs  of  Europe,  was  beginning  to  break. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  365. 

8.  To  force  one's  way  .(into,  out  of,  or  through 
something). 

Go,  break  among  the  press,  and  And  a  way  out 

To  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation;  become 
bankrupt. 

He  that  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  of  ten  times  break 
and  'omc  to  poverty.  Bacon,  Riches. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my  com- 
pany to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  choose  but  break. 
Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  l. 

The  true  original  (hairs  were  all  sold,  when  the  Hun- 
tingdons broke.  Gray,  betters,  I.  -217. 

10.  To  lose  friendship;  become  hostile;  be  in 
opposition  or  antagonism:  commonly  with  with. 

To  break  upon  the  score  of  danger  or  expense  is  to  be 
mean  and  narrow-spirited.       Jeremy  Collier,  Friendship. 

11.  In  pool,  to  make  a  break;  make  the  first 
shot  or  opening  play.  See  break,  wM  15. —  12. 
Nautti  to  nog  or  sag. — 13.  In //or..:  (a)  To  put 
forth  new  buds,  (b)  To  flower  before  the 
proper  lime. 

In  our  turnip  and  carrot-beds  a  few  plants  often  break 
—  that  is,  flower  too  soon. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  5. 
14f.  To  broach  a  subject;  come  to  an  explana- 
tion: with  to  or  with. 

The  chamber  beeing  voyded,  he  brake  with  him  in  these 
tearmes.  Dyly,  Euphues  and  bis  England,  p.  227. 

Then,  after,  to  her  father  will  I  break. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  l. 

To  break  across.    See  across.—  To  break  away,  (a)  To 

disengage  one's  self  abruptly;  escape,  as  from  ;i  captor, 

by  sudden  and  violent  action  ;  hence,  to  leave  suddenly. 

Fear  me  not,  man,  I  will  not  break  away. 

Shak.,  C.  of  £.,  iv.  4. 


670 


v  architectural  pari  01  feature. 
making,  the  angle  formed  by  the  body  anil  the 
brim  01  a  bat.— 6.  In  a  ship,  the  part  where  a 
deck  terminates  and  the  deseentto  the  next  deck 
begins.— 7.  A  contrivance  to  check  the  velocity 
ofa  wheeled  carriage;  a  brake.    See6rafce8,9. 

8.  In  teleg.:  (a)  A.  commutator  or  contrivance 

for  interrupting  or  changing  the  direction  of 
electric  currents.  I  6)  An  interruption  of  the  con- 
tinuity of  a  conductor.—  9.  In  musie:  («)  The 
point  "in  the  scale  where  the  quality  01  voice  ot 
one  register  changes  to  that  of  another,   as 
from  tenor  to  alto  or  from  alto  to  soprano,    (fc) 
The  point  where  the  chest-voice  changes  to  the 
bead-voice,     (c)  The    point   where    a    similar 
change  occurs  in  a  musical  wind-instrument: 
thus,  in  the  clarinet  such  a 
change  occurs  between  the 
notes  B  flat  and  B  natural, 
(d)    The    singing,    or    the 
sounding   on   a   trumpet  or 
horn,  from  lack  of  ability,  care,  or  skill,  of  a 
note  different  from  the  one  intended  to  be  pro- 
duced,    (e)    A  note  which  a  singer  produces 
more  imperfectly  or  with  greater  difficulty  than 


break 

(b)  To  be  di-  appear,  as  fog  or  clouds.— TO 

break  down    («)  1  ,!  ""  •>>  breaking:  as,  the 

,,,:l,  l,  |  To  tall  in  anj  undertaking  through 

Incapacity,  miscalculation,  emotion,  embarrassment,  or 
Loss  -•!  health. 
Some  dozen  women  ili«l  double  duty,  una  then  were 

blami 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Ski  tches,  p  68, 

i  >loseone'sliealth;  become  sick.    ('0 To  be  overcome 
Co  granulate,  as  gunpowder.— To 
break  forth,  (o)  To  burst  out  i  be  suddenbj  manif< 
exhibit  sudden  activity  :  us.  a  cry  brokeforth. 
lli-  malice  'gainst  the  ladj 
Will  suddenl] 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it.  i.  2. 

Break  forth,  ye  hearts  that  frozen  winters  bind 
In  I.  \  Vilnius  more  strong  than  close  the  year! 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  46. 

(6)  To  rush  or  issue  out  fa)  Co  give  vent  toone'sfeel- 
iii"s;  burst  out:  as,  t..  break  forth  with  fury;  to  "break 
forth  into  singing,'  Isa.  xliv.  23.— To  break  from,  to 
disengage  one^  self  from;  leave  abruptly  or  violently.— 
To  break  in,  to  leave  the  point,  and  start  to  chase  game: 
said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  into.  (»>  To  enter  by 
force,  especially  burglariously:  into  a  house. 

opening  a  latched  door,  or  pushing  open  an  unfas- 
tened but  closi  d  sash,  maj  be  a  breaking  which  will  con- 
stitute burglary.    (6)  To  break  forth  into. 
It  is  very  natural  for  men  who  are  abridged  in  one  ex- 

iome  other.  „,    

„,th.  Citizen  of  the  World,  lvui. 

To  break  in  upon,  to  intrude  upon  suddenly  or  vio 

lcnth.-To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by  i ■;  escape 

confinement  by  violence;  shak.   oil  restraint.— To 

break  off.  (o)  To  part;  become  separated :  as.  the  branch 

(6)  To  desist  suddenly. 

Do  not  bri  ok  o/so.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

To  break  off  from,  to  part  from  with  violence.— To 

break  out.  (a)  To  issue  forth  ;  arise  or  sprint;  np:  as,  a 

lire  breaks  out  ;  a  sedition  breaks  out  :  a  fever  breaks  out. 

a  in  eruptions:  said  of  certain  diseases;  to 

have  pustules  or  an  efflorescence  on  the  skin:  said  of  a 

(<•)  Co  throw  on  restraint  and  become  dissolute: 

ifter  living  quietly  he  again  broke  out.    (//)  To  give 

vent  to  the  feelings  impetuously  bj  speech. 

As  s i  as  my  uncle  Toby  was  seated  by  the  fire,  and 

bad  Idled  his  pipe,  my  father  broke  out  in  this  manner. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  32. 
To  break  sheer  («««(.),  to  be  forced  the  wrong  way  by 
the  wind  or  current,  so  as  not  to  lie  well  for  keeping  clear 
of  the  anchor:  said  of  a  ship  at  anchor.— To  break  shot, 
to  leave  the  point,  when  the  gun  is  discharged,  to  chase 
tid  oi  a  dog  on  point.  —  To  break  through,  (a) 
To  disregard  or  overcome :  as,  to  breakthrough  all  restraint 
or  reserve.  (6)  To  act  contrary  to;  violate  with  Impu- 
nity :  as,  to  break  through  a  law  (in  such  a  manner  as  to 
avoid  the  penalty).— To  break  up.  (•<>  To  dissolve  and 
separate:  as,  a  company  breaks  up;  a  meeting  breaks  up; 
the  ice  breaks  up;  a  fog  breaks  up. 

We  went  into  Mrs.  Mercer's,  and  there  mighty  mi  rry, 
smutting  i  me  another  with  candle  grease  and  soot,  till  most 
Mere  like  devils.    And  that  being  done,  then  we  broke 
up,  and  I-  mi  hou  ■  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  430. 

C  i  Im  a\  i  said  of  an  equation  or  ipiantic  when  in  con- 
sequence of  particular  relations  between  its  coefficients 
it  reduces  to  a  product  of  factors  of  lower  degree.— To 

break  With.    («)   To  part  in  e ity  from;    cease  to  he 

friends  with;  quarrel  with:  as,  to  break  with  a  friend  or 
companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break 
With  murderers  and  traitors.  /;.  Jonson,  Catiline.     _ 

ii     bad  too  much  consideration  and  authority  in  the  breakable  (bra'ka-bl),  a. 
her  to  wish  to  break  with  him.  Prescott.    Capable  of  being  broken 

(it)  To  broach  a  subject  to  ;  make  a  disclosure  to. 

I  it  perceiving  this  great  alteration  in  his  friend,  he 
thought  lit  to  break  u  ith  him  thereof.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

If  thou  dost  love  fair  Hero,  cherish  it : 
And  1  will  break  with  her,  and  with  her  father, 
And  thou  shall  have  her.  Shal  ,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

break  (brak),  n.  [In  most  senses  of  mod.  ori- 
gin from  the  verb  break,  the  older  noun  being 
breach  with  its  variants:  see  breach.  In  some 
senses  merely  a  different  spelling  of  the  re- 
lated  braked,  q.  v. J  1.  A  forcible  disruption 
or  separation  of  parts;  a  gap  or  opening  made 
by  breaking;  a   fracture,   rupture,  or  breach: 


breakman 


cess  or  projection  from  the  general  surface  of  breaker  (bra'ker),  it.    [<  ME.  brekere;  <  break 

—  5.    In  hat-     +  -erK]       1.   One    who   or   that   winch   breaks 


anything,  as  a  machine  to  crush  ores,  stones, 
and  other  hard  substances.  Specifically  (o)  A.  coal- 
getter  or  -hewer;  one  who  breaks  down  the  coal  so  that 
ii  can  be  i  onveyed  awaj  to  the  place  where  it  is  raised  to 
the  surface.  [Somersetshire,  Eng.]  (6)  A  structure  in 
which  coal  is  broken,  sized,  and  prepared  lor  market 
viiiin  i,  lie  region  of  Penn.l  (<■)  One  whose  occupation  it 
is  io  I, real,  up  ..Id  .ships  ;  a  ship-breaker,  (./)  Miltt.,  a  cup- 
shaped  covering,  usually  made  of  lead,  which  serves  to 
break  a  tube  of  glass  or  plaster  of  Pans  at  the  proper  tirfle 
for  igllitni-  the  charge  in  fuses  of  a  certain  construction. 
Farroui,  Mil.  Encyc.  (i  i  In  cotton-manuf.,  »  breaking 
engine  (which  see).  (J)  In  linen-manuf.,  a  carding-ma- 
ehine  to  the  action  of  which  the  tow  is  first  subjected. 
en  \  light,  strong  plow  for  breaking  new  ground. 
2.  A  violator  or  transgressor:  as,  a  breaker  of 
the  law. — 3.  A  wave  broken  into  foam  against 
the  shore,  a  sand-bank,  or  a  rock  near  the  sur- 
face :  generally  in  the  plural. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  breakers  roar, 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  13. 

4.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  a  corruption  of  Sp. 
harrica,  a  keg.]  A  small  water-cask  used  in 
boats  to  supply  the  crew  with  water  and  for 
ballast.— 5.  A  trainer,  as  of  horses  or  dogs. 
=  Syn.  3.  See  wave. 

'  "ast  (brek'tast ),  n.  L^aie  iviju.  urea  _ 
<  break  +  fast2,  n.  Cf.  F.  dejeuner,  a  break- 
fast, <  dejeuner,  break  fast:  see  dejeuner.']  1. 
The  first  meal  in  the  day;  the  meal  by  which 
one  breaks  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal.— 2.  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 
The  wolves  will  get  a  breakfast  by  my  death.     Dryden. 

Act's  breakfast.    Sec  act. 

breakfast  (brek'tast),  ».  [<  breakfast,  n. ;  orig. 
two  words,  break  fast.']  I.  trans.  To  furnish 
with  the  first  meal  in  the  day;   supply  with 

II.  iii trans.  To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day. 

First,  sir,  I  read,  and  then  I  breakfast. 

Prior,  Ep.  to  F.  Shepherd,  May  14,  1689. 


the  notes  above  or  below  it.  (/)  In  an  organ-  -breakfast  (brek'fast),  it.  [Late  ME.  brekefaste : 
stop,  the  sudden  change  in  the  proper  scale- 
series  of  pipes  to  a  series  lower  in  pitch.  (<j) 
In  orejan-biiiliinui,  the  points  in  the  scale  of 
stops  having  more  than  one  pipe  to  a  note, 
where  for  any  reason  the  relative  pitch  of  the 
pipes  is  altered :  especially  applied  to  mixture- 
stops  having  several  pipes  to  each  note.— 10. 
In  a  bakery,  a  bench  on  which,  or  a  machine  by 
which,  dough  is  kneaded.— 11.  In  mining,  a 
crack  or  fissure  caused  by  the  sinking  of  strata. 
—12.  In  type-founding,  a  piece  of  metal  next  I  he 
shank  of  a  type  which  is  broken  off  in  finishing. 
—  13.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  sudden  decline 
in  prices. — 14.  In  poo],  the  shot  that  breaks  or 
scatters  the  balls  as  piled  together  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  game ;  hence,  the  first  shot  or 

play,  or  the  right  to  the  first  play:  as,  it  is  my  breakfast-cap  (brek'fast-eap),  n.    A  small  cap, 
break. — 15.  Infort.,  same  as  ftriswre,  1. — 16.  A     usually  made  of  muslin  or  lace  and  ribbons, 
large,  high-set,   four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  a     worn  at  breakfast  by  married  women. 
straight  body  and  a  seat  in  front  for  the  driver       The  Mistr      fa  a       tty  uttle  breakfast-cap,  is  moving 
and  another  behind  for  footmen. — 17.   A  reg-     ahu|lt  the  room  witn  a  feather-duster. 
ular  sale  of  tobacco  at  the  time  when  the  hogs-  c.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  studies,  p.  71. 

heads  are  first  opened.      [Local,  Virginia.]—  -breakfasting   (brek'fas-ting),   ».     The   act  of 

Best  St 
1796. 


The  quantity  of  hemp  prepared  in  one  year, 

Petersburg  clean  Hemp  of  the  break  of  the  year 
3fas».  Mercury,  April  29,  1796. 

19.  Same  as  breck,  4 — Break  of  day,  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  light  in  the  morning ;  the  dawn ;  daybreak. 

He  arrived  with  his  guide,  a  little  after  break  of  day,  at 
i  baring-cross.  Addison,  Foxhunter  at  a  Masquerade. 

Break  of  the  forecastle  (naut.).  the  after-edge  of  the 
topgallant  forecastle.— Break  of  the  poop  (naut),  the 
forward  end  of  the  poop-deck. 

[<  break  +  -able] 

We  shall  see  what  a  breakable  barrier  this  Afghanistan 
is,  if  we  look  at  a  few  plain  facts  plainly. 

Mai-rin,  Gates  of  Herat,  vui. 

breakage  (bra'kaj),  «.  [<  break  +  -age.]  1. 
The  act  of  breaking.— 2.  The  amount  or  quan- 
tity of  anything  broken :  as,  the  breakage  was 
excessive ;  allowance  for  breakage  of  goods  in 
transit.— 3.  Naut.,  the  act  of  leaving  empty 
spaces  in  stowing  the  hold. 

breakax  (brak'aks),  n.     1.  A  large  tree  of  Ja- 
maica, .siotineii  Jamaicensis,  natural  order  Tili- 
acece. — 2.  A  species  of  Githarexylum  with  ex- 
ceedingly hard  wood,  found  in  Mexico. 
'ever  and  dentine. 

An  English  name 


taking  breakfast;  a  party  at  breakfast. 

No  breakfasti ngs  with  them,  which  consume  a  great  deal 
of  time.     '  Chesterfield. 

break-in  (br&k'in),  n.  In  carp.,  a  hole  made 
in  brickwork  with  the  ripping-chisel,  to  receive 
a  plug,  the  end  of  a  beam,  or  the  like. 

breaking  (bra'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  breal .  r. : 
=  ii.  brechung.]  1.  In  worsted-manuf.,  the  pro- 
cess of  uniting  the  short  slivers,  as  received 
from  the  comber,  into  one  continuous  rope  or 
sliver,  by  doubling  and  running  through  draw- 
ing-webs.—2.  [Imitation  of  Gr.  brechung.]  In 
philol.,  the  change  of  one  vowel  to  two  before 
certain  consonants,  as,  in  Anglo-Saxon  (whero 
the  phenomenon  abounds),  earn/  for  "arm,  arm, 
eortlie  for  *erthe,  earth,  etc. 

breaking-diameter  (bra'king-di-am"e-ter),  ». 
The  diameter  of  a  test  specimen  of  metal  at 
the  point  of  rupture  when  subjected  to  tensile 
stress.  It  is  measured  and  used  to  determine  the  area 
of  the  cross-section  at  that  point  after  rupture.  The 
comparison  of  this  area  with  the  original  area  of  the  same 
cross-section  gives  the  degree  of  constriction  or  the  per- 
centage, technically  called  the  contraction  of  area. 

breaking-engine  (bra'king-en"jin),  ??.  In  cot- 
ton-manuf., the  first  carding-machme  following 


between  I  tphs, 

All  modem  trash  is 
forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes.    Swift. 

I   looked  on  the  pence  he  had  won  8  -  a  mere 
mi  the  struggle,  and  as  a  break  that  might  at  any  mo- 
ment conic  suddenly  to  an  end. 

./    /,-  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  126. 

3.  A  breaking  or  Inn  sting  out  or  away;  a  sud- 
den or  ii  ii -iii. m  from  ono  course, 
place,  or  stnt.    i,,  another:  as,  a   bn  ■  •.'    oi    the 

voice;  the  break  of  daj  ;  the  prisoner  made  a 
■on. 

'Mi,  in 

h,  are  admirable.  St«                   'o   106. 

4.  in  arch. :    (a)  A  disl  inci     ariation  in  the 

style  ..I'  :i    part    i  "I"  that   Of  oilier 

parts  ;  the  place  vt  here  such  ■  occurs 

in  the  design,  orthe  junction  in  the  building 
of  two  distinct    -'.  igus.    (b)  A  re- 


the  tapper;  a  breaker. 

la  l) nl,i s"Q7,"hrom  the  breaking-frame  (bra'king-fram),  n.  A  machine 
for  splicing  and  si  retelling  slivers  of  wool, 
break-circuit  (brak'ser'kit),  n.     Any  device  breaking-weight  W^Wtf  2?™*!* 
for  opening  or  closing  an  electrical  circuit ;  a 


circuit-breaker. 

breakdown  (brak'doun),  n.   1.  A  falling  apart, 

as  of  a  carriage ;  a  downfall;  a  crash;  hence,  a 

failure;  a  collapse. 

W.  II  .   .   .   here  i    another  hrrakiloirn. 

'/'.  Hook,  Gilbert  Qurney,  I.  i. 

The  complete  breakdown  of  the  R<  publii  an  pai  h  In  the 
i,i.  77ie  American,  VII.  ISO. 

2.  A  m.isy,  lively  dance,   sometimes  accom- 
panied by  singing,  as  in  the  southern  United 

Stales,     jr.  S.  ] 

Don  i  i  i.  in  "in  when  the  quadrilles  are  our.  tor  we  arc 
going  to  have  a  breakdovm  to  wind  up  w Ith. 

\  i ..  England  Tales. 

io.      i     a    belli     Vfricaine,  so  exhilarated  by  her  sur- 
roundings that  she  is  dancing  a  break  down. 

New  Princi  ton  Rev.,  II.  s6. 


which  must  be  hung  from  a  rod  of  given  cross- 
section  or  placid  upon  tiny  structure  in  order 
to  break  it.  It  measures  the  cohesion  of  tho 
material  experimented  upon. 

The  floor  was  loaded  with  pig-iron  to  one-fourth  of  its 
breoJcing-weight.  Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  293. 

break-iron  (brak  'i "em),  ».  En  carpenters' 
p lanes  with  double  irotis,  the  top  or  front  iron, 
the  lower  edge  of  which  is  in  contact  with  the 
fa r  i  In-  lower  cutting-iron  just  above  its  cut- 
ting edge.  As  the  shaving  is  cut,  the  break- 
iron  turns  or  breaks  it  away  from  the  wood. 

break-lathe  (brak'laSH),  n.    A  lathe  having  a 

gap  in   its   bed,  in  order  to  increase  its  swing 

or  capacity  for  turning  objects  of  large  radius; 
a  gap-lathe  or  gap  bed  lathe.     /;.  //.  Knight 
breakman,  ».    See  brakeman. 


breakneck 

breakneck  (brak'nek),  »■  and  a.  [<  break  + 
obj.  neck.]  I.  n.  1.  A  full  that,  breaks  I  lie 
neck;  a  dangerous  business. 

To  do't,  "i-  no,  is  certain 
To  me  a  breakneck.  Shak.,  \V.  T  .,  i,  2. 

2.  A  steep  place  endangering  the  neck. 

II.  "■  lEndangering  I  he  neck  or  life;  ex- 
tremely hazardous:  as,  he  rode  a1  a  breakneck 
pace. 

on  chimney-tops.  .  .  .  over  the  roofs,  .  .  .  on  every 
lamp-iron,  signpost,  breakneck  coign  of  vantage,  sits 
patriotic  Courage.  Carlyle,  French  Rev. 

break-off  (brak'df),  n.  The  part  of  the  action 
of  a  breech-loading  firearm  immediately  be- 
hind the  breech. 

break-promise  (brak'prom'is),  re.      One  who 

makes  a  practice  of  breaking  his  promise. 

I  will  think  yen  the  must  pathetical  break-jirionise,  and 
the  most  hollow  lover.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 

breakshare  (brak'shar),  n.  [A  perversion  of 
braxy,  simulating  break,  +  share.]  A  term  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  lo  braxy. 

breakstaff  (brak'staf),  n.  The  handle  of  a 
blacksmith's  bellows.    J.  S.  Phillips. 

breakstone  (brak'ston),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
stone,  after  the  L.  name  saxifraga,  <  saxum,  a 
rock,  +  frangere,  to  break,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  their  use  as  a  remedy  itt  cases  of  calcu- 
lus.] A  name  given  to  several  different  plants, 
especially  to  species  of  the  genus  Saxifraga, 
to  pimpernel  ( Vimpinilla  Saxifraga),  and  to  the 
parsley-piert  {Alchemilla  arvensis). 

break-up  (brak'up),  n.  and  a.  I.  ii.  A  disrup- 
tion;  a  dissolution  of  connection;  a  separation 
of  a  mass  into  parts;  a  disintegration;  a  dis- 
bandment. 

Seldom  was  there  a  greater  beenk-n/:  among  the  specu- 
lators than  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  J.  S.  Mill. 
The  general  break-up  of  parties  which  took  place  List 
decade.                                            The  American,  YIIF.  278. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  celebration  of  the 
breaking  up  or  termination  of  any  society,  as- 
sociation, meeting,  or  the  like:  as,  a  break-up 
party  or  ceremony. 

break-van,  ».     See  brake-van. 

breakwater  (brak'wa'ter),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
water.']  Any  structure  or  contrivance,  as  a 
mole,  mound,  wall,  or  sunken  hulk,  serving  to 
break  the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor 
or  anything  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
Tlie  breakwater  at  Plymouth,  England,  is  5,100  feet  in 
length,  339  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  45  feet  at  top.  and  at 
the  level  of  low  water  of  spring  tides  there  isaset-otf  of  66 
feet.  The  sea-slope  from  set-off  to  top  is  t  in  5.  The  largest 
work  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  is  the  Delaware 
breakwater,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Delaware  Bay, 


Mean  of  26  sections  of  Delaware  Breakwater. 
A,  water-line  ;  E,  base-line. 

2,558  feet  long  at  top,  with  an  ice-breaker  1,35:1  feet  long. 
—  Floating  breakwater,  a  contrivance,  consisting  of  a 
series  of  square  frames  of  timber,  connected  by  inooring- 
chains  or  -cables,  attached  to  anchors  or  blocks  of  stone 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  basin,  within  which  vessels 
riding  at  anchor  may  be  protected  from  the  violence  of 
the  waves. 
bream1  (brem),  n.  [<  ME.  breein,  breme,  <  OF. 
bresme,  F.  breme,  <  OHG.  brahsima,  brahsina, 
MHG.  brasem,  brdhsen,  G.  brassen  =  OS.  bres- 
semo  =  D.  brasem  =  OSw.  bra.ru,  Sw.  braxen  = 
Dan.  iirasen,  a  bream  ;  from  the  same  source  as 
barse  =  bass1;  ef,  brasse1.]  1.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cj/priiiidiv,  Abramis  brama,  common  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Europe.    It  has  a  compressed 

and  rather  deep  body,  a  short  obtuse  snout,  small  and 
somewhat  inferior  mouth,  uniserial  pharyngeal  teeth,  the 
dorsal  fin  of  about  12  rays,  and  the  anal  fin  with  26  to  31 
rays  commencing  under  the  last  of  the  dorsal's.  It  some- 
times attains  a  weight  of  12  to  14  pounds.  The  flesh  is  in- 
sipid and  little  esteemed.  Also  called  yellow  bream.  See 
Abramis. 

2.  A  cyprinoid  fish  related  to  the  preceding, 
as  for  example  the  white  bream  or  breamtlut, 
or  resembling  it  in  having  a  deep  body,  as  the 
carp-bream,  Carassias  gibelio,  a  variety  of  the 
crucian-carp. — 3.  A  name  given  to  various 
Sparidce,  more  fully  called  sea-breams :  in  Eng- 
land, for  example,  to  species  of  Spams,  I'a- 
griis,  Vagi  Has,  and  t'antharus,  and  iu  the  United 
States  to  Diplodus  holbrooki,  the  pinfish,  and 
to  Lagodon  rhomboides,  the  sailor's-choice.  See 
cut  under  Lagodon. —  4.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Bramida;  as  Ray's  bream,  Brama  rai/i. —  5.  In 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  centrarchoid 
fish,  such  as  the  common  sunfish,  Eupomotis 
gibbosus,  and  various  species  of  the  related  ge- 
nus Lepomis,  as  the  blue  bream,  Lepomis  jialli- 
dus.— Blue  bream,  the  Lepomis  pa llidus.— Bream  fani- 


671 

ily,  the  sea  breams,  or  Sparidae.  King  of  the  breams, 
lJagellus  erythrinus.  White  bream,  a  ilsh  of  the  family 
Abramidos,  Abramisi  Blicca)bjbrkna, common  in  European 
waters.  It  is  much  like  the  bream,  but  has  a  Bhorter  anal 
An,  larger  scabs,  and  two  rows  of  phan  nge&l  teeth. 

bream"  (brem),  v.  t.  [Prob.,  like  the  equiv. 
broom",  connected  with  broom1,  I),  brem,  furze, 
from  the  unit erinls  commonly  used.]  .X1111I., 
to  clear,  as  a  ship's  bottom,  of  shells,  seaweed, 
ooze,  etc.,  by  applying  to  it  kindled  furze, 
reels,  or  other  light  combustibles,  so  as  to 
soften  the  pitch  and  loosen  the  adherent  mat- 
ters, which  iiniy  then  be  easily  swept  off.  Also 
called  broom. 

bream:lt,  re.  [<  ME.  as  if  "breme  =  OHG.  bremo, 
Mllti.  tin  m.  in.,  (i.  breme,  f. ;  the  same,  without 
the  formative  -8,  as  brimsc:  see  brimse  and 
breeze1.]     Same  as  breeze1-. 

breamflat  (brem'fiat),  re.  A  local  English  (Cam- 
bridgeshire) name  of  the  white  bream. 

brean  (bren),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.]  To  sweat;  per- 
spire,    [l'rov.  Eng.] 

brear  (brer),  n.    See  breer1. 

breard  (brerd),  v.     Same  as  braird. 

breast  (brest),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brest,  < 
ME.  brest,  breest,  <  AS.  brcost  (neut.,  usually 
pi.)  =  OS.  briost  =  OFries.  briast  =  leel.  brjost 
=  Sw.  brii.it  =  Dan.  bryst,  neut..  =  (with  vari- 
ation of  vowel  and  gender)  OFries.  brunt,  Imrsl, 
borst,  XFrics.  burst  =  MLG.  borst,  LG.  borst 
=  D.  borst  =  OHG.  MHG.  brust,  G.  brust,  fern., 
=  Goth,  brusts,  fem.  pi.,  orig.  perhaps  a  dual 
form;  origin  uncertain.  Not  being  found  out- 
side of  Teut.,  the  origin  has  been  sought  in 
the  Teut.  verb,  AS.  berstan,  etc.,  E.  burst:  see 
burst.]  1.  One  of  two  soft  protuberant  bodies 
adhering  to  the  thorax  in  women,  in  which  the 
milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourishment  of  infants ; 
the  mammary  gland  and  associated  structures. 
—  2.  The  outer  part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  ex- 
ternal part  of  the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  belly,  in  man  and  beasts. 

My  Eustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules; 
So  muscular  he  spread,  so  broad  a  breast. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 
3.  In  entom.,  the  lower  or  sternal  surface  of  the 
thorax. — 4.  Figuratively,  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions and  emotions ;  the  repository  of  con- 
sciousness, designs,  and  secrets ;  the  affec- 
tions ;  the  heart. 

Pass  by  my  outside, 
My  breast  I  dare  compare  with  any  man. 

Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 
Each  in  his  breast  his  secret  sorrow  kept.  Roive. 

5.  The  mind  ;  the  secret  thoughts. 

The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  however,  was  by  no 
means  left  perfectly  free  to  the  censors,  nor  had  it  been 
in  the  breast  of  the  consuls  and  dictators  before  the  insti- 
tution of  the  censorial  office.  Brougham. 

6f.  In  music,  the  chest;  capacity  for  singing. 

An  excellent  song,  and  a  sweet  songster;  a  fine  breast 
of  his  own.  B.  Jonson. 

In  singing,  the  sound  is  originally  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs;  which  are  so  essential  an  organ  in  this 
respect,  that  to  have  a  good  breast  was  formerly  a  com- 
mon periphrasis  to  denote  a  good  singer. 

Sir  .1.  Hawkins,  Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  466. 

7.  Anything  resembling  the  breast  in  posi- 
tion, either  as  being  in  front,  like  the  human 
breast,  or  below,  like  the  breast  in  the  lower 
animals.  Specifically  — (a)  In  agri.,  the  front  part  of  the 
mold-hoard  of  a  plow.  (b)  In  arch.:  (1)  The  portion  of  a 
wall  between  a  window  and  the  floor.  (2)  The  portion  of 
a  chimney  between  the  flues  and  the  apartment.  E.  II. 
Ko  ight.  (c)  In  carp. ,  the  lower  surface  of  a  hand-rail,  rafter, 
etc.  (</)  In  mining:  (l)  The  chamber  or  room  in  which 
coal  is  being  mined.  (2)  The  face  at  which  the  working 
is  going  on.  (3)  In  metal-mining,  a  point  at  which  a  large 
quantity  of  ore  is  being  worked:  as,  a  tine  breast  of  ore. 
'e)  The  front  part  of  a  furnace.    (/)  Same  as  breasting,  1. 

In  order  that  a  wheel  may  be  a  breast  wheel,  it  must  lie 
provided  with  the  breast  or  circular  trough. 

Rankine,  steam  Engine,  §  150. 
(>0  The  swelling  portion  of  a  hub. 

8.  That  part  of  certain  machines  against  which 
the  breast  of  the  operator  pushes,  as  in  the 
breast -drill,  breast-plow,  etc. — 9f.  A  line  on 
which  persons  or  things  are  ranged  abreast,  or 
side  by  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  by  twenty- 
four  in  a  breast,  and  the  horse  by  sixteen.  Swift. 

10.  A  bush  for  a  small  shaft  or  spindle Back 

and  breast.  Sec  ta/<7.i.  — Pillar  and  breast.  See  .pa- 
Jar.— To  make  a  clean  breast  of,  to  disclose  (secrets 
which  weigh  upon  one's  mind  or  conscience);  make  full 
confession  of. 
breast  (brest),  v.  [<  breast,  11.]  I.  trans.  To 
oppose  with  the  breast;  act  with  the  breast 
upon ;  bear  the  breast  against ;  hence,  to  meet 
in  front  boldly  or  openly;  stem. 

behold  tile  threadctl  sails, 
Borne  with  the  invisible  and  creeping  wind. 
Draw  the  huge  bottoms  through  the  furrow  d  sea. 
Breasting  the  lofty  surge.      Shak.,  Hen,  V,,  iii.  tchu.). 


breast-knot 

To  breast  up  a  hedge,  to  cui  the  far.-  of  a  hedge  on  one 

side,  so  afl   lo  [aj    bale  the  principal  upright  stems  oi    the 

plants  of  which  it  is  constituted. 

II.  nitrons.  To  practise  breasting,  as  for 
dorr.     See  breasting.  '■'<. 

breast-backstay  (brest'bak'sta),  n.  \oui..  an 
extra  support  to  a  topmast,  consisting  of  a 
rope  extending  from  the  topmast-head  on  the 
weather  side  to  the  ship's  channels  forward  of 
the  standing  backstays.    Sec  backstay. 

breast-band (brest'band  1.  ».  1.  \ant.,n  band 
of  canvas  or  a  rope  fastened  in  some  conve- 
nient place,  and  passed  round  the  body  of  the 
man  who  heaves  the  lead  iu  sounding,  to  pre- 
vent his  falling  into  the  sea.  Also  called 
parni-rope  (which  see). —  2.  A  broad  leather 
band  placed  across  the  breast  of  a  horse  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  a  collar. 

breast-beam  (brest'bem),  n.  1.  A  beam  at 
the  break  of  a  quarter-deck  or  forecastle. — 2. 
The  cloth-beam  of  a  loom. — 3.  The  forward 
transverse  beam  of  a  locomotive. 

breast-board  (brest'bord),  n.  A  weighted  sled 
used  in  rope-walks  to  maintain  the  tension  of 
the  yarns  while  being  twisted  into  a  strand. 

breast-bone  (brest'bon),  n.  [<  ME.  brestbon,  < 
AS.  breostbdn,  <  bredst,  breast,  +  ban,  bone.] 
The  bone  of  the  breast ;  the  sternum. 

breast-chains  (brest'ehanz),  n.pl.  Chains  used 
to  support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames:  usually  called 
breast-straps  when  leather  is  used  instead  of 
chains. 

breast-clotht,  ».     A  stomacher. 

breast-cloutt  (brest'klout),  n.  A  bib  for  a  child. 
Wright. 

breast-deep  (brest'dep),  a.  As  deep  as  from 
the  breast  to  the  feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. 

Set  him  breast-deep  in  earth,  and  famish  him. 

Shak.,  Tit  And.,  v.  3. 

breast-drill  (brest'dril),  «.  In  mech.,  a  drill- 
stock  operated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gearing, 
and  having  a  piece  against  which  the  workman 
bears  his  breast  when  engaged  in  drilling. 

breasted  (bres'ted),  rt.  1.  Having  a  breast  (of 
the  kind  indicated  in  composition):  as,  broad- 
breastcd,  deep-breasted,  etc. — 2f.  In  music,  hav- 
ing a  chest:  as,  "singing  men  well  breasted," 
Fiddes,  Life  of  Wolsey,  App.,  p.  128. 

breast-fast  (brest'fast),  re.  A  large  rope  or 
chain  used  to  fasten  the  midship  part  of  a  ves- 
sel to  a  dock  or  to  another  vessel,  as  the  bow- 
fast  fastens  her  forward  and  the  stern-fast  aft. 

breast-gasket  (brest'gas"ket),  re.  Au  old  name 
for  a  bunt-gasket. 

breast-harness  (brest'har*nes),  re.  A  harness 
employing  a  breast-band,  in  distinction  from 
one  using  a  collar. 

breast-height  (brest'hit),  n.  In  fort.,  the  in- 
terior slope  of  a  parapet. 

breast-high  (brest 'hi),  a.  As  high  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  madam  Partlet  basking  in  the  sun, 
Breast-high  in  sand.  Drydcn,  Cock  and  Fox. 

breast-hook  (brest'huk),  n.  One  of  the  thick 
pieces  of  timber  shaped  in  the  form  of  knees 
and  placed  directly  across  the  stem  of  a  ship, 
to  strengthen  the  fore  part  and  unite  the  bows 
on  each  side.     See  cut  under  stem. 

Her  huge  hows  rose  up,  showing  tie1  bright  copper,  and 
her  stem  and  breast-honks  dripping,  like  old  Neptune's 
locks,  with  the  brine. 

It.  11.  liana.  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

breasting  (bres'ting),  h.  [<  breast  +  -ing1.]  1. 
In  inaeli.,  the  curved  channel  in  which  a  breast- 
wheel  turns.  It  follows  closely  the  curve  of  the  wheel 
through  about  a  quarter  of  its  circumference,  so  as  t>  >  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  the  water  until  it  has  spent  its  fori  e 
upon  the  wheel.     Also  called  breast.     See  breast- a-heel. 

2.  The  bed  against  which  the  wheel  of  a  rag- 
engine  works. —  3.  A  method  of  deer-hunting 
in  which  several  horsemen  ride  abreast  tlirough 
the  cover  and  shoot  from  the  saddle. 

Breasting  is  employed  where  the  deer  make  their  home 
in  very  high  grass,  such  as  is  to  lie  found  on  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  South-west. 

G.  B.  Grinnetl,  Gun  ami  Rod,  p.  152. 

breasting-knife  (bres'ting-nif),  n.  In  shoc- 
niiiking,  a  knife  used  in  cutting  a  clean  face  on 
the  side  of  the  heel  of  a  boot  or  shoe  next  to 
the  waist. 

breast-knee  (brest'ne),  n.  In  ship-building,  a 
large  knee  fitted  in  the  bows  of  a  ship  against 
the  apron  and  stemson,  to  give  additional 
strength. 

breast-knot  (brest'not),  re.  A  knot  of  ribbon 
worn  on  the  breast. 

What  may  we  not  hope  .  .  .  from  the  influence  of  this 
breast-knot . 1  Addison,  Freeholder. 


breast-line 

breast-line  (brest'lin),  n.  A  rope  used  to 
unite  the  pontoons  of  a  floating  bridge. 

breast-molding  ('"•■•>i'"""'i  'li'i^>.  "•  1.  The 
molding  on  a  window-sill. — 2.  Paneling  be- 
neath a  wilhlow. 

breast-pain   (brest'pan),   ».    A  distemper  in 

horses,  indicated  bj   stiffness  and  staggering 

i.t  the  fore  legs,  ana  inability  to  bow  the  head 

to  the  ground. 

breast-pang  (btvst'pnngi.  "•    Angina  pectoris. 

Bare .  I 
breastpin  (brest'pin),  n.    A  pin  worn  on  the 
breast   for  a   fastening  or  for  ornament;    a 
oh:  a  scarf-pin. 
breastplate  1 1"-'  plat),n.    [ME.  brestplate;  < 
'  +  plate.]     1.  A  square  ornament  worn 
by  the  Jewish  high  priest,  consisting  of  the  same 
textile  fabric  as  the  ephod,  and  bearing  twelve 
precious  Btones  engraved  with  the  names  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  sel  in  gold.    The  breast- 
plate was  hung  by  chains  of  gold  to  that  part  of  the  ephod 
which  was  "ii  th^  shoulder,  and  the  lower  side  w 

He  by  blue  laces;  for  this  purpose  four 
:  gold  were 
-i  cured  to  the  four 

It     was 

also  called  the 
Iplateof judg- 
ment, because  it 
:  ined  the 
I  rim  and  the 
Thununim. 
2.  The  armor 
for  the  front  of 
the  body,  when 
made  in  one 
piece  reaching 
from  the  waist 
to  about  the 
eollar-boue.  it 
wasnot  introduced 
until  a  very  late 
period  in  the  his- 
tory of  armor,  and 
was  not  common 
until  the  early 
years  of  the  six- 
teenth  century, 
when  armor  for  the 
limbs  was  being 
I       See  back  <n.  >    .,,,,»  i under  baek\),  corselet, 


Breastplate,  16th  century;  steel  orna- 
mented with  eilding,  and  l*arine  a  coat  of 
arms  on  the  Tjreast.  iFrom  "L'Art  pour 
Tons."  J 


ahand 

and  -■' 

3.  A  strap  thai  runs  across  a  horse's  breast. — 

4.  A  plate  or  piece  which  receives  the  butt- 
end  of  a  boring-tool,  and  is  held  against  the 
breast  when  the  tool  is  in  use.    Also  called  eon- 

r,  and  pah  tU  . —  5.  The  sternum  or  central 
piece  on  the  lower  side  of  the  eephalothorax 
of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs. — 
6.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  a  tortoise. 
Darwin. 

breast-plOW  (brest'plou),  n.  A  kind  of  spade 
with  a  cross-bar  against  which  the  breast  is 
pressed  to  propel  it,  for  cutting  anil  paring  turf. 

breast-pump  (hrest'punip),  ".  A  small  suction 
apparatus  for  drawing  milk  from  the  breast. 

breast-rail  (brest'ral),  >i.  The  upper  rail  of 
a  balcony  or  of  a  breastwork  on  the  quarter- 
dock  of  a  ship. 

breast-ropet  (brest'rop),  n.  Naut.,  an  old  term 
for  oorref-rope.     Sec  breast-band,  1. 

breast-strap  (brest'strap),  «-    A  strap  used  to 

support   the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 

and    connected    with    the    liames    or   collar. — 

Breast-strap  slide,  an  Iron  loop  sliding  on  the  breast- 

and  taking  tic-  wear  of  the  ring  on  the  end  uf  the 

breast-summer,  ».    See  brest-summer. 
breast-wall    (brest'wal),   «.    1.   A    retaining 
at   tic-  foot   of   a  slope. —  2.  A  wall  built 
breast-hi 
breastweed  (bi  \  name  given  to 

the  lizard's-tail  of  the  United  States,  Saururus 
its  use  as  a  remedy  in  mammary 
inflammation,  etc. 
breast-wheel  61),  n     A  water-wheel 

with   radial   floats  or  hie  n  which  the 


672 

water  is  admitted  at  any  point  from  about  the 
plane  of  the  axle  to  45°  or  more  above  it.  The 
water  Is  confined  to  the  Heats  by  a  breasting  of  planks  or 
masonry,  almost  touching  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  and 
extending  from  tin-  bottom  "f  the  sluice  to  near  the  low- 
,  .,  poinl  of  the  wheel  If  the  water  is  admitted  to  the 
wheel  at  a  point  very  near  its  summit  and  on  the  same 
the    hue,  ii  is  called  &  pitch-back  wheel. 

breast-wood  (twest'wud),  ».  In  hort,  the 
shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from  the 
front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers  or 
against  walls. 

breastwork  (brest'werk),  n.  1.  In  fort,  a 
hastily  constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defense. —  2.  Naut,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  moldings  which  terminates  the 
quarter-deck  and  poop  at  the  fore  ends,  and 
also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before  and 
behind. — 3.  The  parapet  of  a  building. 

breat  (bret),  n.  [Another  form  of  brcl,  brit, 
q.  v.]     A  local  English  name  of  the  turbot. 

breath  (breth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  breth,  <  ME. 
In; i  Hi.  breth,  <  AS.  Iiia'lh,  breath,  odor;  of. 
OHG-.  brddam,  .MUG.  bradem,  GK  brodem,  broden, 
steam,  vapor,  exhalation;  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  bradan  =  0H6.  brdtan,  MHG.  brat,  n, 
i ..  brati  a.  roast,  broil  (see  brawn),  and  with  Gr. 
irptfluv,  burn,  blow.  The  vowel  in  breath,  orig. 
long,  has  become  short,  while  remaining  long 
in  the  verb  breathe.']  If.  Vapor;  steam;  ex- 
halation. 

Then  schalle  thou  caste 

Into  the  pot  and  cover  in  hast, 

And  loke  no  brethe  tiler  passe  out. 

Liber  Cure  Cocorum,  p.  19. 

That  is  Mode  and  fire  and  brethe  of  smoke. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  4727. 

When  bremly  brened  those  hesteg,  &  the  brethe  rysed, 
The  savour  of  his  sacrafyse  so3t  to  hym  euen 
That  all  spedeg  &  spylle3. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  509. 

2.  The  air  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respiration. 

M  v  breath  to  heaven  like  vapor  goes  : 
May  my  soul  follow  soon ! 

Tennyson,  St.  Agnes'  Eve. 

3.  Ability  to  breathe;   life  as  dependent  on 
respiration. 

No  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.     Dryden. 

4.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely:  as, 
to  be  out  of  breath;  to  be  in  breath. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  my  breath.   Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

5.  A  single  act  of  breathing;  a  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath  ;  to  draw  a  full  breath. 

Between  two  breaths  what  crowded  mysteries  lie,— 
The  tirst  short  gasp,  the  last  and  long-drawn  sigh  ! 

O.  W.  Unimex,  A  Rhymed  Lesson. 

Hence — 6.  The  time  of  a  single  respiration; 
a  single  act;  an  instant. 

The  historian  makes  two  blunders  in  a  breath. 

Prescott,  Kent,  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 

Sweet  and  latter  in  a  breath. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  iii. 

7.  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 

Give  me  some  little  breath,  some  pause. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  2. 

8.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a  quicker  respi- 
ration.    [Rare.] 

But,  for  your  health  and  your  digestion  sake. 

An  after-dinner  s  breath.  Slink.,  T.  and  «'..  ii.  .". 

9.  A  respiratory  movement,  as  of  free  air;  a 
blowing. 

Calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sea, 

\\  hen  not  a  breath  of  wind  Hies  o'er  its  surface. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 

10.  Spoken  words;  speech.     [Rare.] 

Art  thou  -thou     the  slave  that  with  thy  breath  hast  kiU'd 
Mine  innocent  child!  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  l. 

I  will  stain! 

hike  tic  earth's  center,  unmoved.     Lords,  your  breath 
\1  ost  finish  these  divisions. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

11.  A  mere  word;  a  trivial  circumstance;  a 
thing  without  substance;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  toy. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  212. 
A  breath  can  make  them,  as  a  breath  has  made. 

Ooldtmtth,  lies.  Vil.,  1.  64. 

12.  An  odorous  exhalation. 

till    l.reath 

'  it  Mi-'  fading  edges  of  box  beneath. 

1 ,  n  Mi;",,,  gong. 

13.  In  phiinl.,  a  breathing;  aspiration;  aspi- 
rate sound, 

1  pen  in  Me-  latest  Semitic  alphabets  the  breaths  and 

set -M.ni    of  the  primitive  Semitic  alphabet  have 

tie  m  01  e  licit  character. 

Isaac  Taylor,  J  to   alphabet,  1.  184. 


breathe 

14.  Opinion  ;  sentiments  :  as,  t  would  fain  hear 
his  breath  on  this  matter.  Jamie  sun.  [Scotch.] 
Breath  of  the  nostrils,  In  the  Bible,  vital  breath  (see 
Cen.  ii.  7);  hence,  anything  essential  to  the  existence ol  a 
person  or  an  Institution  ;  the  inspirillK  cause  of  anytime;, 
or  that  which  sustains  it. 

No  institutions  Bprlng  up  in  such  countries  except  those 
which  the  prince  founds,  and  lie  may  he  tiuU  -aid  to  be 
the  breath  p/their  nostrils.  Brougham. 

Out  of  breath,  breathless;  short  of  breath. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  ouf  oj  breath. 

Milton,  l.p.  Hobson,  ii. 
To  gather  breath.    See  gather.     To  get  one's  second 
breath,  to  recover  the  tree  use  of  the  lungs  after  the  first 
exhaustion  incident  to  running,  rowing,  etc.    [Colloq.] 
Under  the  breath,  in  a  »  hisper.     With  bated  breath. 
See  imie^. 
breathable  (bre'THa-bl),  a.    [<  breathe  +  -able] 
Capable  of  being  breathed;  respirable. 
breathableness  (bre'SHa-bl-nes), ».    Thestate 
of  being  breathable, 
breathe  (breTH),   i\;    pret.   and  pp.   breathed, 
ppr.  breath  ill  a.      [<  ME.  bretheit,  breathe,  blow, 
exhale  odor,  <   breth,  breath:   see  hreath.]     I. 
intrans.   1.   To  draw  air  into  and  expel  it  from 
the  lungs ;  respire ;  figuratively,  to  live. 
When  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.      shak.,  L,  L.  L..  v.  2. 

Where,  in  the  vast  world, 
Doth  that  man  breathe,  that  can  so  much  command 
lbs  blood  and  his  affection? 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  bis  Humour,  i.  1. 
I  .lid 
God's  bidding  and  man's  duty,  so,  breathe  free. 

Hi', a  in  a,,,  Kin-j;  and  book,  I.  ''.VS. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration. 

Before  you  can  say.  Come,  and  Co, 

And  breathe  twice.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  take  breath;  rest  from  action. 
Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to  't  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Well,  let  this  breathe  a  while. 
B.  Jinisi.it,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  v.  1. 

4.  To  pass,  as  air;  blow:   as,   "when  winds 
breathe  sweet,"  Shak:,  Lover's  Compl.,  1.  103. 

tdi,  breathe  upon  thy  ruined  vineyard  still; 
Though  like  the  dead  it  long  unmoved  has  lain. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  ]>.  98. 

5.  To  give  utterance  to  disparaging  or  calum- 
nious remarks ;  make  insinuations:  with  upon. 

You  must  seem  to  take  as  unpardonable  offence,  as  if 
he  had  torn  your  mistress's  colours,  or  breathed  upon  her 
picture.      B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  To  exhale,  as  an  odor;  emanate. 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  box. 

Pope,  h.  of  the  L.,  i.  134, 

7.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  tilings,  to  be  in- 
stinct; be  alive. 

'file  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thornhill  breathed 
with  the  loves  and  wars  of  gods  and  heroes.  In..,,,.', 

II.  trans.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale  in  respi- 
ration: as,  to  breathe  vitiated  air. — 2.  To  in- 
ject by  breathing;  infuse:  with  into:  as,  "to 
breathe  \iir  into  a.  stone,"  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 

And  the  Lord  Cod  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  theground, 
and  brt  athed  into  his  nostrils  the  hreath  of  life.    Cen.  ii.  7. 

Where  faith  made  whole  with  deed 

Breathes  i's  awakening  breath 

Into  the  lifeless  creed.         Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

3.  To  exhale;   send  out  as  breath;   express; 

manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth's  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchantine,  ravishment? 

Milt, at,  Collins,  1.  245. 

'they  [the  Indians]  entered  .  .  .  into  an  agreement  to 

twenty  nun'  rules,  all  l,n  iitlii n<i  a  desire  to  conform  theni- 
sei\ , .-.  to  English  customs. 

Emerson,  Historical  Discourse  at  Concord. 

4.  To  exerciso ;  keep  in  breath. 

Methinks  .   .    .   every    man    should    heal     thee;     I    think 

thou  wast  created  lor  men  to  breathe  themselves  upon 
thee.  Shak.,  Alls  Well.  ii.  ,'i. 

I'll  send  for  one  of  these    fencers,  and  lie  shall  breathe 

you,  by  my  direction 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into;  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing. 

They  breathe  tie  Hut '  strike  the  vocal  wire.     Prior. 

6.  To  utter;  speak;  whisper. 

Or  ht  the  church,  our ther,  breathe  her  curso. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
Thus  breathes  she  forth  her  spite,    shak.,  hucrece,  1. 762. 
'that  breathe  a  thousand  tender  vows. 

Tennyson,  in  Blemoriam,  xx. 

7.  To  suffer  to  rest  or  recover  breath, 
lie  breath  it  his  sword,  and  rested  him  till  day. 

Spenser,  v.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  47. 

A  moment  now  lie  slacked  his  speed, 

A  moment  breathed  his  panting  steed. 

Scott,  I.,  of  L.  11".,  i. 

8.  To  open  and  bleed  (a  vein). 

Every  village  harbor  who  breathed  a  vein. 

Encyc.  Beit.,  XI.  603. 


breathe 

To  breathe  one's  last,  to  die. 

He,  safe-  return  d,  the  race  of  glory  past, 

New  tn  liis  friends'  embrace,  had  breathd  his  last. 

Pope. 
breathed  (bivtht),  n.    [<  breath, n.,  +  -ed2.]    1. 
Endowed  with  breath ;  exercised. 

A  man  so  breath''!,  that  certain  he  would  tight,  yea, 
From  morn  till  night.  Shale.,  I..  L.  L,  v.  2. 

If  I  lie  just,  all  praises  must 

Be  given  to  we)l-breathed  .lilian  Thrust. 

Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  iv.  :;. 

2.  Out  of  breath. 

Mr.   Tulkinghorn  arrives  in  his  turret-room,  a  little 
breathed  by  the  journey  up.       Dickens,  Bleak  Hnuse,  \ii. 

3.  In  philol.,  uttered  with  breath  as  distin- 
guished from  voice ;  surd  or  mute. — 4.  In  com- 
pounds, having  that  capacity  for  breathing  in- 
dicated by  the  prefix:  as,  short-breathed. 

breather  (bre'THer),  n.  1.  One  who  breathes 
or  lives. 

She  shows  a  body  rather  than  a  life  ; 

A  statue,  than  a  breather.        Shah.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 

For  my  authority  bears  of  a  credent  bulk, 

That  no  particular  scandal  once  can  touch, 

But  it  confounds  the  breather.    Shah.,  -M .  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  now  expire; 

His  milder  Father  summons  him  away.      Norris. 

4.  Anything,  as  a  walk,  gymnastic  exercise, 
etc.,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy  action  to 
the  breathing  organs.     [Colloq.] 

So  here  we  are  at  last — that  hill's  a  breather. 

Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iv.  11. 

breathfult  (breth'ful),  a.     [<  hreath  +  -/til.] 

1.  Full  of  breath :  as,  "  the  breath  full  bellowes," 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  38. — 2.  Odorous;  fra- 
grant. 

Fresh  Costmarie  and  breathfull  Camomill. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1. 195. 
breathing  (bre'THing),  n.  [<  HE.  brethynge,  a 
current  of  air ;  verbal  n.  of  breathe,  ».]  1.  Res- 
piration; the  act  of  inhaling  and  exhaling  air: 
as,  "a  difficulty  of  breathing,''  Melmoth,  tr.  of 
Pliny,  vi.  16. 

She  sleeps :  her  breathings  are  not  beard 

tn  palace  chambers  far  apart.    Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aspiration;  secret  prayer  or  desire. 
Earnest  desires  and  breathings  after  that  blessed  state. 

TiUotson,  Sermons,  I.  xxiv. 

3.  Aerial  motion ;  respiratory  action. 

There's  not  a  breathing  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee. 

Wordsworth,  To  Toussaint  l'Ouverture. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  gentle  influence  or  opera- 
tion ;  inspiration :  as,  the  brctt  things  of  the  Spirit. 

The  air 
Is  like  a  breathing  from  a  rarer  world.   N.  P.  Willis. 

5f.  A  breathing-place ;  a  vent. 

The  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  makes 
New  breathings,  whence  new  nourishment  she  takes. 

Dryden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  from  the  fact  that  it  calls 
the  lungs  into  free  play:  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  breathings  every  morning  at  ten. 

I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.  Scott. 

7.  Utterance ;  words. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose. 

Shak.,  A.  ami  ('•.,  i.  :-;. 

8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;  hence,  a 
stop ;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathing. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
Give  me  a  little  breathing,  till  I  can 
Be  able  to  unfold  what  I  have  seen. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  3. 
Thou  hast  open'd  our  difficult  and  sad  times,  and  given 
us  an  unexpected  breathing  after  our  long  oppressions. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

9.  In  gram.,  aspiration  or  its  absence,  or  a  sign 
indicating  it.  In  Greek  there  are  two  breathings  — 
the  aspirate  {spiritus  asper)  or  the  rough  breathing,  indi- 
cated by  a  mark  (")  equivalent  to  our  letter  ft,  and  the  lenis 
(spiritus  lenis)  or  the  smooth  breathing  (').  indicating 
simply  the  absence  of  the  rough.  Thus  6s  is  equal  to  hos, 
but  is  to  is.  —  Breathing  capacity.    See  capueitu. 

breathing-hole  (bre'THing-hol),  »(.  1.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask. — 2.  One  of  the  spiracles  or 
stigmata  through  which  insects  respire.  Also 
called  breathing-pore. — -3.  The  spiracle  or  blow- 
hole of  a  cetacean, — 4.  A  hole  in  the  ice  where 
an  aquatic  mammal,  as  a  seal,  comes  up  to 
breathe. 

breathing-mark  (bre'THing-mark),  n.  1.  In 
mitsie,  a  small  mark  (*,  ',  or  V)  placed  above  a 
vocal  score,  indicating  the  point  at  which  the 
singer  may  properly  take  breath. —  2.  Same  as 
spiritus. 

breathing-place  (bre'THing-plas),  «.  1.  A 
place  where  fresh  air  can  be  breathed ;  a  vent. 
43 


673 

Each  hough  .  .  .  tlmling  some  sufficient  breathing-place 

i  lie  other  branches. 

Ruskin,  Klein   ni  Drawing,  p.  194. 

2.    The  pine.'  I'm   ;i  pause  in  a  sentence  or  a 
poetic  verse ;  a  cesura. 
that  csBsura,  or  breathing-place. 

sir  r       '        ii.  fence  of  Poesy. 

breathing-pore  (lo'e'Tiiing-por),  h.  1.  laphy- 
Siol.,  a  microscopic  aperture  fur  the  escape  or 
admission  of  air,  as  in  the  cuticle  of  plants. 
Sit  stoma. — 2.  Same  as  breathing-hole,  '_'. 

breathing-space  (bre'THing-spas), ".  Abreath- 
ing-time;  an  intermission  of  exertion. 

breathing-time  (bre'THing-tini),  n.  Pause; 
relaxation. 

We  may  have  some  breathing  time  between  our  promise 
and  its  accomplishment.      Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

breathing-tube  (bre'THing-tub),  ».  In  entom., 
iho  respiratory  tube  of  certain  aquatic  larvae  and 

dipterous  puparia.  It  is  a  slender  integumental  pro- 
longation,  bearing  at  the  tip  one  or  both  of  the  anal  stig- 
mata, through  which  the  insect  obtains  air  at  the  surface 
of  the  water  or  semifluid  filth  in  which  it  lives.  The  breath- 
ing-tube is  also  possessed  by  certain  adult  heteropters. 

breathing-while  (bre'WHing-hwil),  n.  An  in- 
termission i.t  exertion :  a  breathing-time.  Shak. 

Except  when  for  a  breathing-while  at  eve, 
Some  niggard  fraction  of  an  hour,  he  ran 
Beside  the  river-hank.      Tennyson,  Ayhncr's  Field. 

breathless  (breth'les),  a.    [<  ME.  brethles;< 

breath  +  -less.]     1.  Without  breath ;  dead. 
Denies  the  rites  of  funeral  fires  tn  those 
Whose  breathless  bodies  yet  he  calls  his  foes. 

Dryden,  Pal  and  Arc.,  1.  84. 

2.  Out  of  breath;  spent  with  labor  or  exertion. 

Unwoumleil  from  the  dreadful  close, 
But  breathless  all,  Fits-James  arose. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  16. 

3.  That  takes  away  the  breath. 

How  I  remember  that  breathless  flight ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  iv. 

4.  Marked  by  an  apparent  forgetfulness  to 
breathe ;  absorbed ;  eager ;  excited. 

The  young  folks  would  crowd  around  the  hearth,  lis- 
tening with  breathless  attention  to  some  old  crone  of  a 
negro;  who  was  the  oracle  of  the  family. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  16S. 
The  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  nun 
Breathless  with  adoration. 

Wordsworth,  Misc.  Sonnets,  i.  30. 
breathlessness  (breth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  breathless  or  out  of  breath  with  exer- 
tion ;  difficulty  in  breathing. 
breath-sound  (breth'sound),  n.  In  physiol., 
a  sound  caused  by  the  movement  of  the  air 
in  the  lungs  in  respiration.  Also  called  respi- 
ratory murmur — Cogged  breath-sound,  in  pathol, 
an  interrupted  or  jerky  respiratory  sound,  most  marked 
in  inspiration.  Also  called  cog-wheel  respiration. 
breccia  (brech'ia),  it.  [It.,  formerly  also  brec- 
chia,  gravel,  now  technically  breccia,  =  F. 
bridle,  connected  with  It.  breeeia  =  Sp.  Pg.  bre- 
cha,  <  F.  briche,  a  breach ;  all  of  Teut.  origin : 
see  breach,  and  of.  brash1,  ■«.]  In  geol.,  a  con- 
glomerate in  which  the  fragments,  instead  of 


Breccia.— Polished  Surface. 

being  rounded  or  water-worn,  are  angular.  The 
term  is  most  frequently  applied  to  volcanic  masses  made 
up  of  fragments  which  have  become  consolidated  into  rock 
before  becoming  rounded  by  friction  against  each  other 
or  by  the  action  of  water. 

brecciated  (brech' i- a- ted),  a.    [<  breeeia  + 
-ate1  +  -erf2.]  Having  the  character  of  abreccia. 
According  to  Professor   Ramsay  the  brecciated,  sub- 
angular  conglomerates  and  boulder  beds  of  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  .  .  .  are  of  glacial  origin. 

./.  i  Irott,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  294. 

brecciation  (brech-i-a'shon),  it.  [<  breeeia  + 
-oMoji.]  The  condition  of  being  brecciated. 
See  breeeia. 

brecht,  n.     A  Middle  English  fomi  of  breech. 

brecham  (breeh'am),  n.  [So.,  also  brechame; 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Gael,  braighdeach,  a 
horse's  collar,  braighdean,  a  cow's  or  calf's  col- 
lar, =  Ir.  braighdean,  a  collar,  Gael,  braidean, 
a  little  collar,  dim.  of  braid,  a  horse-collar,  a 
brecham,  =  Ir.  braid,  a  collar,  <  Gael.  Ir.  bra- 
ghad,  neck,  throat,  windpipe.]  A  collar  for  a 
work-horse.     [Scotch.] 


breech 

brechan,  breckan  (brek'an),  n.   A  Scotch  form 

of  bracken, 

breche't,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breech. 
breche-'t,  "■  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breach. 
Brechites  (bre-M'tez),  n.     [NL.,  <  (ir.  ,V 

to  wet:  sr<-  rain,  and  of.  aspergillwn.']    Same 

as  Aspergillum,  2. 
breck  (brek),  «.     [<  ME.  brekke,  var.  of  breke, 

a  break,  breach,  etc. :  see  breach,  and  of.  break, 

a.,  iiriri.  i.  and  brack1,  all  ult.  <  break,  q.  v.]     It. 

A  break;   breach;  fracture.      Tiisser. 

SwiChC  a   lain  in  -si-  of  a  n.  I  I.. 

Had  that  swete  thai  bom 

Xas  tiler  noiui  Been 

<  haucer,  heath  of  Blanche,  I  940 

2t.  A  bruise.  Kersey,  1708. — 3t.  A  breach;  a 
gap  in  a  hedge. —  4.  [Also  called  break;  prop, 
land  broken  up  and  allowed  t"  lie  fallow.]  A 
piece  of  uninelosed  arable  land ;  a  sheepwalk, 
if  in  grass.  Balliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  5.  A 
large  new-made  inclosure.  Grose.  [Prov. 
Eng.]— 6.  A  field.     [Suffolk,  Eng.] 

The  bird's  chosen  breeding-place  was  in  wide  fields  — 
brecks,  as  they  are  locally  called  — of  winter-corn. 

Kneiie.  Brit.,  IV".  678. 

breckan,  u.    See  brechan. 

Dreckins  (brek'inz),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bracken. 

bred1  (bred).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
breed. 

bred2t,  »•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bread1. 

bredeH,  "•  and  e.    See  brunt-. 

brede'-t,  »•    See  bread3,  braid1. 

brede3t,  *'•  t-  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  breden,  < 
AS.  breedau,  roast:  see  brawn.']     To  roast. 

bredge1,  it.     An  obsolete  fonn  of  bridge1. 

bredge'-'t,  ».  '•    See  bridge^. 

bred-soret  (bred'sor),  n.  A  whitlow,  or  a  sore 
coining  without  a  wound  or  visible  cause.  Also 
called  breeder. 

bree1  (bre),  n.  [Sc,  also  brie,  brae,  bran,  <  ME. 
brc,  full  l'ui'iii  brewe,  <  AS.  briw,  also  brig,  a  pot- 
tage of  meal,  pulse,  etc.,  =  Fries,  brg  =1).  brij 
=  MLG.  bri,  brig  =  OHG.  brio,  MHG.  bri,  brie, 
G.  brei,  broth,  etc.  Connection  with  brew1,  r. 
(AS.  breoioan,  etc.),  is  doubtful.]  Broth;  soup; 
juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  any  kind. 
[Scotch.] 

bree2  (bre),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  bray*, 
brae. 

bree3  (bre),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.]  To  frighten.  HaUi- 
well.     [North.  Eng.] 

bree4  (bre),  n.     A  dialectal  variant  of  broir. 

breech  (brech),  n.  [<  ME.  breech,  breche,  brech, 
also  unassibilated  breke,  lire/.-,  prop.  pi.  and 
meaning  'breeches,'  the  covering  of  the  breech 
(whence  the  double  pi.  breeches,  the  now  prev- 
alent form  in  that  sense :  see  breeches),  <  AS. 
bree,  also  breec  (pi.  of  the  unrecorded  sing. 
•6rdc),  breeches  (the  additional  sense  of 'breech,' 
given  by  Bosworth,  rests  on  a  doubtful  trans- 
lation of  a  single  passage),  =  OFries.  brok,  pi. 
brek,  =  D.  broelc  =  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook  =  OHG. 
bruoh,  MHG.  brunch,  G.  bnieli  =  Icel.  brok,  pi. 
brakr,  breeches  (Sw.  braeka,  breeches,  brnk. 
naut.,  breeching),  =ODan.  brog,  breeches,  hose, 
Dan.  brog,  naut.,  breeching.  Cf.  L.  brdca;  pi., 
breeches  (>It.  braca  =  Sp.  Pg.  braga  =  Pr. 
braya  =  OF.  braie,  breeches,  F.  braic,  a  swad- 
dling-band,  >  E.  braifi  and  brail,  q.  v.),  regard- 
ed as  of  Celtic  origin;  cf.  Bret,  bragez;  but  the 
Gael.  Ir.  brigis,  breeches,  is  perhaps  from  E. 
The  relation  of  the  Teut.  forms  to  the  Celtic  is 
uncertain.]  If.  Breeches. 
Thyn  olde  breech.  Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  4S6. 

That  you  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat, 
Ami  ne'er  have  stol'n  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 

Shak:,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  behind.— 3.  The 
hinder  part  of  anything;  specifically,  the  mass 
of  metal  behind  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  or  the 
part  of  a  small  arm  back  of  the  barrel,  including 
the  rear  of  the  latter  in  breech-loaders.— 4. 
Naut.,  the  angle  of  a  knee-timber,  the  inside  of 
which  is  called  the  throat. 
breech  (brech),  v.  [<  breech,  ».]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  clothe  with  breeches. 

Who  was  anxious  to  know  whether  the  blacksmith's 
youngest  boy  was  breeched.        Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 
Have  I  not  shaved  my  people,  and  breeched  them? 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great. 

2.  To  cover  to  the  breech  or  hilt.     [Bare.] 

There,  the  niurtherers, 
Steep'd  iii  the  colours  of  their  trade,  their  daggers 
Unmannerly  breech'd  with  gore.     shak..  Mai  l-eth,  ii.  3. 

[Various  other  readings  and  interpretations,  such  as  ret  ch- 
ed  (soiled  with  a  dark  yellow),  drenched,  sheathed,  etc.,  have 

been  proposed  by  shakspcrian  commentators.] 


breech 

3.  To  whip  on  the  breech. 

Had  nof  a  courteous  serving-man  conveyed  mo  away, 
whilst  he  wont  to  fetch  whips,  1  think,  in  my  conscience, 
he  would  have  bret ched  me. 

tor  (1612),  Hoe  hath  Lost  his  Pearl,  \i. 

4.  To  tit  or  furnish  with  a  breech  :  as.  to  br,  t  eh 
a  gun. —  5.  To  fasten  hy  a  breeching. 

II.  in  trans.  To  suffer  whipping  on  the  brooch. 

I  am  aobreeching  scholar  in  the  schools, 

Shak.,  T.  ol  the  S.,  iii.  l. 

breech-band  (breeh'band),  n.  Same  as  breech- 
ma.  '.'. 

breech-barrow  i I'l-fi-h'liar  6);  ».  A  large  high 
truck  used  in  moving  bricks  in  a  brick-yard. 

breech-block  (brechTriok),  n.  A  movable  piece 
at  the  breech  of  a  breech-loading  gun,  which 
is  withdrawn  tor  the  insertion  of  a  cartridge  and 
.  .1  before  tiring,  to  receive  the  impact  of  the 
recoil.  I-'.  II.  Knight.  See  out  under  breech- 
load*  r. 

breech-clout  (brech'klout),  n.  The  cloth  cov- 
ering t he  breech,  worn  by  American  Indians 
and  other  uncivilized  peoples. 

breeches  fhrioh'ez,  formerly  and  still  occasion- 
ally bre'ehez),  ».  )>l.  [<  ME.  breehe,  breches, 
pi.,  usually  breehe,  hrech,  also  breke,  breh  (>  So. 
brt  i  t.s.  brt  ik,  etc.) :  see  breech,  itself  pi.]  1.  A 
bifurcated  garment  worn  bymen,  covering  the 
body  from  the  waist  to  the  knees,  or,  in  some 
cases,  only  to  mid-thigh. —  2.   Less  properly, 

trousers  or  pantaloons Breeches  Bible.  See  Bible. 

—To  wear  the  breeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the 
ad:  Baid  of  a  wife. 
Children  rule,  <>M  men  go  to  school,  women  wear  the 
breeches.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader. 

=  Svn.  S,  .    trousers 

breeches-buoy  (brich'ez-boi),  ».  In  the  life- 
saving  service,  a  name  given  to  an  apparatus, 
like  a  short  pair  of  breeches,  moving  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  a  wreck 
to  the  shore,  for  the 
purpose  of  landing  per- 
son- from  the  wreck. 

breeching  (brieh'ing), 
».  [Verbal  n.  of  bret  eh, 
o.]  1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech. 

I  vi<  '.v  tin  prince  with  Aris- 

tarchus'  eyes, 
Whoselooks  wereasa  bn  eeh 

ing  to  a  boy. 

[Edw.  III. 
2.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep.  —  3.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness 
which  passes  round  its 
breech,  and  which  ena- 
bles it  to  back  the  vehi- 
cle to  which  it  is  har- 
nessed. The  breeching 
mneeted  by  straps 
to  the  saddle  and  shafts.  Also  called  breech- 
bmiil.  See  cut  under  harness. — 4.  In  naval 
gun.,  a  strong  tope  passed  through  a  hole  in  the 
caseabel  of  a  trim  and  fastened  to  bolts  in  the 
ship's  side,  to  cheek  the  recoil  of  the  gun  when 
tired. —  5.  A  bifurcated  smoke-pipe  of  a 
furnace. 

breeching-bolt  (brich'ing-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  in  a 
ship'-  side  to  which  the  breeching  is  fastened. 

breeching-hook  (brich'ing-huk),  n.  A  curved 
hook  on  the  shafts  of  a  carriage  to  which  the 
breeching  of  the  harness  is  secured. 

breeching-loop  (brieh'ing-18p),  ».  Naut,  a 
loop  of  metal  formerly  cast  on  the  breech  of 
guns,  through  which  the  breeching  was  passed. 

breechless   !'!■  Without  breeches; 

hence,  naked. 
He  lnk>/.  iij  the  bale  fyn  sse  hyme  semede. 

>i     E,  T  S.),  I.  mi-. 

breech-loader  (breoh'ld'der),  n.    A  firearm 

loaded  at  the  breech.  The  term  Is  generall]  confined 

:  "i  war,  large 
guns  being  usually  reft  ch-loadmg  i 


674 

were  demanded  this  plan  was  abandoned,  as  the  median] 
cal  appliances  of  the  day  did  not  allow  of  accurate  fitting 
and  quick  working  of  the  breech  pit  ce.    Since  a ■(  1840, 

however,  breech  leading  firearms  have  been  made  success- 


Breeches-buoy. 


Breech-pin. 

a,  plug  :  b,  tenon  ;  c,  tang ;  d,  tang-screw 

hole ;  *■,  face. 


Springficl'l  Breech-loader. 


Side-riew  of  gun  with  breech-block,  ■/.  thrown  up;  c.  brccch-pin; 
A.  firing-pin  ;  m.  thumb-piece. 

Theearlli  -t  European  firearm   in  n  madi   tolos 
breech ;  but  as  soon  as  accuracy  of  aim  aud  long  range 


Martini  Breech-loader. 

fully,  and  have  gradually  come  into  general  use  for  all 
purposi  s,  Rapidity  of  firing,  ease  of  cleaning,  and  close 
adjustment  of  the  missile  to  the  bore,  excluding  windage, 
arc  the  advantages  of  this  form  of  arm. 

breech-loading  (breoh'lo'ding),  a.  Receiving 
the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of  the  muzzle : 
applied  to  firearms:  as,  a  breech-loading  rifle. 

breech-mechanism  (brech'mek"a-nizm),  n. 
The  parts  comprised  in  the  breech  of  a  gun ; 
specifically,  the  mechanical  device  for  opening 
and  closing  the  breech  of  a  gun  in  loading  and 
firing. 

breech-piece  (brech'pes),  n.  1.  The  wrought- 
iron  welded  coil  shrunk  on  the  rear  end  of  the 
steel  tubes  of  the  Fraser  system  of  heavy  guns. 

Over  the  rear  end  of  the  steel  tube  is  shrunk  a  very  pow- 
erful coil,  called  the  breech-piece.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  S3. 

2.  A  heavy  mass  of  steel  which  supports  the 
wedge  in  the  Krupp  system  of  guns. 

breech-pin  (brech'pin),  n.  In  gun.,  a  mounted 
plug  screwed  into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel 
of  a  firearm,  iu 
a  breech-loader  the 
plug  forms  the  bot- 
tom of  the  charging- 
chamber  or  well ;  in 
a  muzzle-loader  it 
forms  the  bottom  of 
the  bore. 

breech-screw 

(brech'skrb),  n. 
Same  as  breech- 
pin. 

breech-sight  (brech'sit),  n.  That  sight  of  a 
gun  which  is  placed  next  the  breech;  the  hind 
sight. 

breech-wrench  (brech'rench),  n.  A  wrench 
employed  in  turning  out  the  breech-pin  of  a 
muzzle-loading  firearm. 

breed  (bred),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bred,  ppr.  breed- 
ing. [<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  bredan,  nourish, 
cherish,  keep  warm  (=  D.  broeden  =  MLG.  bro- 
den,  LG.  broden  =  OHG.  brnoten,  MHG.  brii- 
eten,  G.  briiten,  brood,  hatch),  <  brod,  brood : 
see  brood,  n.,  and  cf.  brood,  v.  Breed  is  relat- 
ed to  brood  as  feed  to  food.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
procreate ;  beget ;  engender ;  hatch. 

Yet  every  mother  breeds  not  sons  alike. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 

2f.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body  by 
development  or  organic  process. 

The  worms  .  .  .  that  did  breed  the  silk. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 

Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger. 

Locke. 

3.  To  cause  ;  occasion ;  produce ;  originate. 

What  pains 
I  have  bestow'd,  to  breed  this  present  peace. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

I  honour  phllosophicall instructions,  and  blesse  the  wits 
which  bred  them.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

E'en  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout. 
They  swear  it,  till  affirmance  breeds  a  doubt. 

( \,,er,  i ,  Cutivcrsatinii. 

Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.  Tillotson. 

4.  To  produce:  be  the  native  place  of:  as,  a 
pond  breeds  fish ;  a  northern  country  breeds  a 
race  of  stout  men. 

Hail,  foreign  wonder ! 
U  In. in  i  i  I  tain  these  rough  shades  did  never  breed. 

Miii. in,  Comus,  1.  266. 

Why  doth  Africa  breed  no  many  venomous  beasts,  in 

land  QOnef  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  293. 

I  In   barren  soil  does  not  breed  fevers,  crocodiles,  tigers, 
oi'Mi.n  Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  To  bring  up;  nurse  and  foster;  take  care  of 
during  the  period  of  growth     as,  born  and  bred. 

Yniing  Arenas, 
A  boy  as  swert  as  young;  my  brother  breeds  him, 
\lv  noble  brother  Brisky  breeds  him  nobly. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  subject,  v.  7. 
Ah  !  w  ret, ■bed  me  I  by  bib  i  avi  rse  decreed 

ring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed. 

Dryden. 


breeding 

6.  To  form  by  education ;  train  :  as,  to  breed  a 
son  to  tin  occupation;  a  man  bred  at  a  univer- 
sity: commonly  with  up. 

To  breed  up  the  son  to  common  sense. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 
The  trade  he  breeds  them  up  in.  Locke. 

7.  To  procure  by  the  mating  of  parents,  and 
rear  for  use :  as,  to  breed  canaries ;  to  breed 
cattle  for  the  market Bred  out,  degenerated. 

The  strain  of  man's  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey.        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

Well  bred,  having  good  manners;  well  instructed:  as, 
his  actions  show  him  to  be  well  bred.     See  well-bred. 
A  gentleman  well  bred,  and  of  good  name. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
I  have  not  seen  a  cobbler  [in  Paris]  who  is  not  better 
bred  than  an  English  gentleman. 

Sytlney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  generate.  — 5.  To  nourish,  nurture.— 6.  To 
educate,  school,  discipline. —  7.  To  raise. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  beget  or  bear  offspring; 
produce  young;  be  fruitful:  used  figuratively 
of  increase  generally. 

That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  be 
fruitful.  Gen.  viii.  17. 

Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  6. 

I  make  it  [money]  breed  as  fast.       Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

The  mother  had  never  bred  before.  Carpenter. 

2.  To  have  birth;  be  produced;  arise;  grow; 
develop :  as,  maggots  breed  readily  in  can-ion. 

As  fester'd  members  rot  but  by  degree, 
Till  bones,  and  flesh,  and  sinews  fall  away, 
So  will  this  base  and  envious  discord  breed. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  procure  the  birth  of  young:  with  from : 
as,  to  breed  from  a  mare  of  good  stock. — 4f.  To 
be  pregnant. 

Mercy,  being  a  young  and  breeding  woman,  longed  for 
something  that  she  saw  there,  but  was  ashamed  to  ask. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii.,  Shepherds, 
To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  from  animals  of  the  same 
stuck  that  are  closely  related.— To  breed  true,  to  pro- 
duce otlspring  exhibiting  the  same  characteristics  of  form, 
color,  and  general  qualities  as  the  parents :  said  of  ani- 
mals, poultry,  etc.,  of  pure  breed. 
breed  (bred),  n.  [<  breed,  ».]  1.  A  race  or 
progeny  from  the  same  parents  or  stock;  espe- 
cially, a  race  of  men  or  other  animals  having 
an  alliance  by  nativity  and  some  distinctive 
qualities  in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by 
heredity;  hence,  family;  extraction:  as,  a  breed 
of  men  in  a  particular  country ;  horses  or  sheep 
of  good  breed. 

I  bring  you  witnesses, 
Twice  fifteen  thousand  hearts  of  England's  breed. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
The  farmer  race  of  Arabs,  the  most  despised  by  their 
fellow  countrymen,  and  the  most  hard-favored,  morally 
as  well  as  physically,  of  all  the  bra  d. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  250. 

Hence — 2.  Sort;  kind:  in  a  general  sense. 
This  courtesy  is  not  of  the  right  breed. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

3f.  A  number  produced  at  once ;  a  hatch ;  a 
brood:  as,  "above  an  hundred  at  a  breed,"  N. 
tin  ir. —  4f.  Increase  of  any  sort,  especially 
interest  on  money ;  usury. 

For  when  did  friendship  take 
A  breed  of  barren  metal  of  his  friend? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3, 
5f.  Breeding. 

That  countrey  is  a  very  greate  soyle  of  cattell,  and 
vi  i  \  i   fitt  for  breede.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

breed-batet  (bred'bat),  »,.  [<  breed,  v.,  +  obj. 
ha /<■'■',  »(.]  One  who  breeds  or  incites  to  quar- 
rels: as,  "no  tell-tale  nor  no  breed-bate,"  Slink. , 
M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 
breeder  (bre'der),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
breeds,  procreates,  or  produces  young:  used 
especially  of  the  female. 

You  love  the  breeder  better  than  the  male. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  YI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  One  who  educates  or  rears;  figuratively, 
that  which  rears. 

Italy  and  Rome  have  been  the  best  breeders  ...  of  the 
worthiest  men.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes,  or 
brings  about:  as,  ho  was  a  breeder  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Time  is  the  nurse  and  breeder  of  all  good. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

4.  One  who  procures  the  birth  of  young ;  one 
who  raises  a  particular  breed,  as  of  animals; 
technically,  in  herd- and  stud-books,  the  owner 
of  the  dam  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  tho  ani- 
mal recorded. —  5f.   Same  as  hrrd-.wre. 

breeding  fbre'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  breed,  ».] 
1.  The  act  of  generating  or  producing. — 2. 
Tlio  retiring  of  cuttle  or  live  stock  of  any  kind, 
particularly  by  mingling  or  crossing  one  strain 


breeding 

of  a  species  or  variety  with  another,  with  a 
view  to  improve  the  breed.  See  cross-bn riling 
and  in-and-in. — 3.  Upbringing;  nurture;  edu- 
cation; instruction. 

She  had  her  breeding  at  my  father's  charge. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

4.  Deportment  or  behavior  in  social  life;  man- 
ners, especially  good  manners:  as,  good  breed- 
ing (politeness) ;  a  man  of  no  breeding  (that  is, 
a  very  ill-bred  man). 

As  men  of  breeding,  sometimes  men  of  wit, 
T'  avoid  great  errors,  must  the  less  commit. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  259. 
In  society  his  good  breeding  and  vivacity  made  him  al- 
ways welcome.   Macaulay,  Dramatists  of  the  Restoration. 

5t.  Descent;  extraction. 

Honest  gentleman,  I  know  not  your  breeding. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  iV.,  v.  3. 
Breeding  in  the  line,  breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
variety,  hut  of  different  parentage.  =  Syn.  1.  Generation, 
production.— 2.  Raising.— 3.  Training,  discipline. 

breeding-cage  (bre'ding-kaj),  n.  1.  A  contri- 
vance used  by  entomologists  for  rearing  in- 
sects in  captivity,  as  a  box  of  wire  netting,  a 
jar  covered  with  cloth,  or  any  similar  arrange- 
ment.—  2.  A  large  cage,  with  a  box,  pan,  or 
compartment  for  a  nest,  in  which  a  pair  of 
birds  aro  placed  for  breeding  in  captivity. 

breeding-pen  (bre' ding-pen),  n.  1.  A  pen  or 
inclosure,  or  a  yard  with  the  necessary  house 
for  shelter,  in  which  animals  or  poultry  are 
confined  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure- 
bred stock. — 2.  At  exhibitions  of  poultry,  a 
certain  number  of  females,  commonly  four,  but 
sometimes  five,  shown,  together  with  a  male,  in 
competition  for  a  prize. 

breedlingt  (bred'ling),  n.  [<  breed  +  -ling1.']  A 
native ;  an  inhabitant. 

Over  most  sad  fens,  all  the  way  observing  the  sad  life 
which  the  people  of  the  place  —  which,  if  they  be  born 
there,  they  do  call  the  Breedlings  of  the  place — do  live. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  17,  1663. 

breek1,  n.  Scotch,  northern  English,  and  ob- 
solete form  of  breech. 

breek'2t,  "•  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant  of 
break  or  breach. 

breeks  ( breks ),  u.  pi.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  breeches. 
I  have  linen  breeks  on.   B.  Jnnson,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  4. 

breemeH,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  bream1. 

breeme'2t,  «■    See  brim*. 

breer1,  brere  (brer),  n.  [=  brier,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mon English  name  for  the  blackberry,  Rubus 
fruticosus,  and  the  dogrose,  Rosa  canina :  hence 
Brerecliff,  Brereeroft,  and  other  names  of  places. 

The  amorous  birds  now  pair  in  every  brake, 
And  build  their  mossy  homes  in  field  and  brere. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  viii. 

breer2  (brer),  ».  and  ».  [Sc]  Same  as  braird. 
breese,  ».    See  breeze1. 


brent-goose 

orbitale,  terminal  month,  jugular  ventrals  abnormally 
■  i'  vi  Loped,  an  occipital  lay,  a  continuous  dorsal  (in  mostly 
confined  to  the  caudal  portion,  and  an  anal  nearly  similar 
to  the  Long  dorsal.  The  few  known  species  are  of  small  Bfze, 
and  inhabitants  of  the  high  or  deep  seas ;  their  nearest  rel- 
atives are  supposed  to  be  the  codfishes. 

ground,  and  are  subaqiiat'ic.    The  biack  breeze,  Tabamu  bregmata,  n.     Plural  of  bregma. 

ai, a i hx  (V:\Wmwf.),  is  one  of  the  largest  North  American  bregmatic  (breg-mat'ik),  a.     [<  bregma{t-)  + 

-ic]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  bregma :  as,  breg- 

matic  tension. 
brehon  (bre'hou),  n.     [<  Olr.  brithem,  a  judge, 

Ir.  Gael,  brcithcamh,  a  judge,  <  Olr.  brelh,  Ir. 


675 

brim,1.  Cf.  Skt.  bhramara,  a  large  black  bee, 
perhaps  from  the  same  root.]  A  gadfly;  a 
horse-fly;  specifically,  one  of  certain  strong- 
bodied  dipterous  insects  of  the  family  Taba- 
niilir.    There  are  many  species.    The  larva;  live  in  moist 


species.    Also  called  breeze-fly. 

lint  he  them  all  from  him  full  lightly  swept, 
As  doth  a  Steare,  in  heat  of  sommers  day, 
With  his  long  taile  the  bryzes  brush  away. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI. 
Runs  like  a  heifer  bitten  with  the  brize. 
About  the  court.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn 


Gael,  brcith,  f.,  Olr.  ir.  brdth,  m.,  judgment,  de- 
v.  l.    cision.]    One  of  the  ancient  hereditary  judges 
of  Ireland,  similar  to  those  of  Scotland  during 
its  Celtic  period. 

In  the  territories  of  each  sept,  judges,  called  Brehons, 
and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with  primeval  sim- 
plicity on  turfen  benches  in  some  conspicuous  situation, 
to  determine  controversies. 

Ilallam,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  330. 

Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  system  of  laws  of  Ireland. 
These  laws,  originally  unwritten,  and  developed  by  the 
brehons,  were  largely  embodied  at  an  early  period  in  cer- 
tain ancient  writings  known  now  as  Brehon  Tracts.  Of 
these  two  have  been  translated  :  the  Senchus  Mor,  or  i :  real 
Book  of  the  Law,  compiled,  it  is  said,  by  nine  "pillars  of 
Erin,"  under  the  superintendence  of  St.  Patrick ;  and  the 
Book  of  Aicill,  containing  the  wisdom  of  two  of  the  most 
famous  brehons,  the  "  Royal  Cormac  "  and  the  "  Learned 
Cennfaelah."  This  system  of  law  was  not  entirely  super- 
seded by  English  laws  among  the  native  Irish  until  about 
k;.-,ii. 
breithauptite  (brit'houp-tit),  n.  [After  the 
German  mineralogist  J.  A.  F.  Breithaupt  (1791- 
1873).]  An  antimonide  of  nickel  occurring  in 
hexagonal  crystals  and  also  in  massive  forms. 
It  has  a  copper-red  color  and  brilliant  metallic 
luster. 


breeze1!,'.'.     [<  breeze1,  «.]     To  buzz. 
breeze'2  (brez),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  brize, 

bricss ;  =  G.  brise  =  Dan.  hris,  <  F.  brize,  now 

brise,  a  breeze,  =  Sp.  brisa  =  Pg.  brisa,  the 

northeast  wind;  ef.  It.  brczza,  a  cold  wind;  pos- 
sibly same  as  bise,  q.  v.,  with  intrusive  -r.]     1. 

A  moderately  brisk  wind;  a  movement  of  air 

not  so  strong  as  a  gale :  as,  a  refreshing  breeze; 

a  stiff  breeze  at  sea. 

The  heat  of  Summer  [in  Virginia]  is  in  June,  July  and 
August,  but  commonly  a  cool  Briess  asswages  the  vehe- 
mency  of  the  heat. 

S.  Clarke,  Plantations  of  the  English  in  America 
[(1670),  p.  5. 
From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.  Di-inl,,,. 

2.  A  noisy  quarrel;    a  disturbance ;    a   row. 
[Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order ;  and  Jem- 
my, who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  behave  quietly. 
Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xv. 
Land-breeze,  sea-breeze,  breezes  blowing  respectively 
from  the  land  to  or  over  the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  over 
the  land.    The  former  is  apt  to  blow  especially  by  night, 

and  the  latter  by  dav;  and  in  some  regions  this  alterna-  v„~:*«i:„«  /-k«'*-«  k™\  njomn.i   f«-  +y,Q  i™ 

Hon  occurs  with  great  regularity. =Syk  Gust,  etc.    See  breitolme  (bn  to-lm),  n.  _  [Named  for  the  m 


wind,  n. 

breeze'2  (brez),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breezed, 
ppr.  breezing.  [<  breeze2,  ».]  To  blow  gently. 
[Rare.]  —To  breeze  up  (naut.),  to  blow  with  greater 
strength ;  freshen. 


ventor,  L.  Brett.']  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
violin  family,  having  five  metal  strings  and 
a  compass  somewhat  lower  than  a  viola.  It  is 
fastened  upon  a  table,  like  a  zither,  and  played 
with  a  bow. 


breeze3  (brez),  «.  [=E.  dial,  briss2  (q.  v.),  dust,  breloque  (bre-lok'),  »'•     [F. ;  origin  uncertain.] 

rubbish,  <  F.  bris,  rubbish,  fragments,  break-    a  seal,  locket,  charm,  or  other  small  trinket  or 

age,  etc.,  <  briser,  break:  see  bruise  and  brazil,     article  of  jewelry  attached  to  a  watch-chain. 

and  cf.  debris.    But  in  sense  2  perhaps  <  OF.  bremet,  a.     See  brinr*. 

brese,  cinders,  orig.  live  coals,  F.  braise,  live  bremelyt,  adv.    See  brimly. 

coals:   see  braise1.]     1.  House-sweepings,  as  Bremen  blue,  green,  etc.     See  the  nouns. 

fluff,  dust,  ashes,  etc.— 2.  The  material  sifted  bremlyt,  adv.     See  brimly. 

out  from  house-ashes,  extensively  used  in  burn-  forest  (bren),  v.   [<  ME.  brennen,  the  usual  form 

ing  bricks ;  cinders.     [Eng.]  0f  burn1,  q.  v.]     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  va- 

breeze-fly  (breVfli),  ».     Same  as  breeze1.  riant  of  bum1. 

breeze-oven  (brez'uv"n),  n.     1.  An  oven  for 

the  manufacture  of  small  coke. — 2.  A  furnace 

designed  to  consume  breeze  or  coal-dust. 
breezy  (bre'zi),  a.     [<  breeze"  +  -y1.]     1.  Of 

the  nature  of  a  breeze  ;  blowy ;  windy. 

The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn. 

Gray,  Elegy. 


Closely  the  wicked  flame  his  bowels  brent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,111.  vii.  16. 

The  Romaines  this  Night  [Candlemas  Day]  went  about 
the  City  of  Rome,  with  Torches  and  Candles  brenning  in 
Worship  of  this  Woman  Februa,  for  hope  to  have  the 
more  Helpe  and  Succoure  of  her  Sonne  Mars. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  224. 

2.  Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes  :  as,  bren2t,  »•  An  obsolete  variant  of  bran1.  Chau- 
cer. 
brennage  (bren'aj),  n.  [<  OF.  brenagc  (ML. 
brenagium),  <  bren,  ML.  brewnmm,  bran:  see 
bran1.]  In  old  law,  a  tribute  or  composition 
which  tenants  paid  to  their  lord  in  lieu  of  bran 
which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for  his 
hounds. 


the  breezy  shore. —  3.  Figuratively,  brisk ;  live 
ly;  sprightly:  as,  a  breezy  essay. 
The  chapter  on  "  Value  "  is  particularly  fresh  and  breezy. 
The  American,  VIII.  87. 

bregma  (breg'rnii),  n. ;  pi.  bregmata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fipey/ia,  also  ($pcXria>  the  front  part  of 
the  head,  sinciput,  prob.  <  fipcxciv,  wet,  moisten ; 


perhaps  akin  to  E.  rain,  q.  v.]     In  anat,  the  brenninglyt,  adv.    Burningly;  ardently.  Cliau- 

junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures  of    cer. 

theskull;  the  anterior  fontanel,    it  was  so  named  brent1  (brent),  a.     [=  brant1,  a.  v.]     1.  Steep; 


because  in  infants  it  is  soft,  and  was  thought  to  corre- 
spond with  the  most  humid  part  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten brechma  and  brechmus.  See  cut  under  craniometry. 
Bregmaceros  (breg-mas'e-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(3pey/ia,  the  front  part  of  the  head,  the  sinciput, 
+  Kepac,  horn.]    A  genus  of  anacan thine  fishes, 


Black  Breeze  (  Tabamis  atratus). 
a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa  ;  c,  imago.    (All  slightly  enlarged.) 

breeze1  (brez),  n.  [Also  written  breese,  early 
mod.  E.  brise,  brizzc,  brise,  briese,  <  ME.  brese, 
<  AS.  bredsa,  bridsa  (only  in  glosses),  a  gadfly ; 
not  found  in  other  tongues,  and  supposed  to 
be  an  irreg.  reduction  of  *brimsa  (also  cited 
as  AS.,  but  not  well  authorized:  see  brimse, 
brimsey)  =  MD.  bremse,  D.  brents  =  OHG.  bri- 
vtissa,  MHG.  brimse,  G.  bremse  =  ODan.  brimse, 
bremse,  Dan.  bremse  =  Sw.  broms,  a  horse- 
fly; also  (without  the  formative  -s)  bream  = 
OHG.  bremo,  MHG.  G.  breme,  MD.  breinme  (see 
breamS) ;  so  named,  perhaps,  from  its  buzzing: 
cf.  AS.  bremman,  roar,  OHG.  breman,  MHG. 
bremen,  roar,  buzz,  MHG.  G.  brummen,  D.  brom- 
men,  hum,  buzz,  grumble,  L.  frcmere,  roar:  see 


Bregmaceros  atlanticus. 

containing  a  few  small  pelagic  species,  and 
representing  in  some  systems  a  family  Breg- 
macerotidic. 

bregmacerotid  (breg"ma-se-rot'id),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  Bregmacerotidce. 

Bregmacerotidae  (breg"ma-se-rot'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bregmaceros  (-rot-)  +  -id(V.]  A  family 
of  gadoid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Breg- 
maceros. They  have  a  robust  caudal  portion  truncate 
or  convex  behind,  almost  without  procurrent  caudal  rays 
above  or  below,  with  au  autemedian  anus,  moderate  sub- 


upright;  straight;  high. — 2.  Smooth;  unwrin- 
kled:  applied  to  the  brow.     [Scotch.] 
Your  bonnie  brow  was  brent.      Burns,  John  Anderson. 

Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  as  th'  unrunkled  deep 
When  a'  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep.      Rammy. 

brent'2  (brent),  n.     Same  as  brent-goose. 

brenta  (bren'ta),  n.  [It.]  An  Italian  liquid 
measure,  generally  equal  to  about  18  or  19  gal- 
lons. But  the  brenta  of  Crema  was  only  10.£  United 
States  gallons,  and  the  brenta  of  Rome  was  37.8.  The 
last  was  quite  exceptional. 

brente  (bren'te),  n.  [Cf.  brenta.]  A  Swiss 
liquid  measure,  varying  in  capacity  from  10.31 
to  17.(16  gallons. 

brent-fox  (brent'foks),  ».     See  brant-fox. 

brent-goose  (brent'gos),  n.  [Also  brant-goose 
a,ndbrand-goose,  often  shortened  to  brent,  brant, 
G.  brentgansQ  prob.  It.  branta);  all  due  to  Icel. 
brandgds  (=  Sw.  brandgds  =  Dan.  brandgaas), 
<  brandr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  brand  =  E.  brand :  with 
reference  prob.  to  the  color;  cf.  brant-fox)  + 
gds=  Sw.  gas  =  Dan.  gaas  =  E.  goose.]  The 
brent  or  brant,  a  goose,  Berniela  brenta,  of  the 
family  Anatidte,  inhabiting  most  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  It  is  smaller  than  most  geese,  and 
has  the  head,  neck,  and  hill  black,  the  neck  with  patches 
of  small  white  stripes,  the  tail-coverts  white,  and  the  body- 
colors  dark.    It  breeds  in  high  latitudes,  migrating  south 


brent-goose 


676 

bretesse  (bre-tes'),  n.    [OF.  bri  U  est .  l?.  &r<  Jdcfo . 
bretesche,  the  battlements  of  a  wall,  etc.:  see6r<  f- 

i    g.  K.  form  of  tlio  word.]     In 
fort.  \  (a)  A  tower  of  limber  of  several 
stories,  crenelated,  loopholed,  mid  fined  with 
r  contemporary  devices  Eor  offense  and  de- 
It  differed  from  the  belfry  in  that  it  was 
tix.i  1  instead  of  movable.   (b)  A  i  onstruction  of 

more  or  less  temporary  character, 

•  ni  a  wall,  etc.,  especially  ovt  r  a 
or  a  pas  age,  which  by  its  aid  could 


>se  [bemicta  brenta). 


called 


in  the  autumn.    Th  ral  varieties. 

brenthian  .bien'tlii  da.    [<Brenthus 

+  -tan.]    I.  n.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Brenthus. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Brenthus. 

brenthid  (bren'thid),  ».    A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Bri  "''■ 

Bfenthidae  (bren'thi-de),  ».  pi.    [NL.,  <  . 
thus  +  -iila.]    A  family  of  rhynchophorous  co- 
leopterous insects,  related  to  the  Curculic 
■|-l„  ,  ,  J  in   and  have  long  snouts  and 

tennas.      I  he  genera  are  numerous. 

Brenthus  (bren'thus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  MyBoc, 

an  unknown  water-bird  ;  also,  witlivar. 
applied  toa  singing  bird.]  1.  A  genus  of  snout- 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  excessive  length 
and  narrowness  of  the  body.  The  beak  inthefe- 
male  is  long  and  filiform;  in  the  male,  short,  with  the  man 
dibles  at  the  tip  much  more  developed  and  of  exceptional 
form.  The  numerous  species,  mostly  tropical,  constitute 
now  a  distinct  family  of  rhynchophorous  beetles,  and 


breviary 

breve  (brev),  n.  [<  It.  breve  =  V.  breve,  f.  (href, 
m.),  <  !'■  brevis,  short  ;  see  brief]  1.  In  music: 
(a)  The  third  variety  of  note  used  by  medieval 
musicians,  having  one  half  or  one  third  the 
value  ordination  of  a  long  note,  or  longa:  its 
form  was  1=)  .  ('')  In  modern  notation,  the 
longest  note  used,  having  double  the  duration 
of  a  semibrevo.     its  t..nn  is  either  \c^\  or  H-    It 

ii    rarely,  since  the  semibreve  or  whole  note  is  com- 

monlj  regarded  as  the  longest  note  necessary,  and  as  the 
standard  to  which  all  other  notes  are  to  be  referred. 
2f.  In  lair,  a  writ:  a  brief.— 3.  In  writing  and 
printing,  a  mark  (-)  used  to  indicate  that  the 
vowel  over  which  it  is  placed  is  short. — 4t.  In 
pros.,  a  short  syllable. 

Corrector  of  lm  res  ami  longes.  Hall,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 
5.  [<  F.  href,  tern,  breve,  short;  from  their  short 
tails.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  ant- 
thrushes  of  the  family  J'itliila:  Also  called 
brachyure.    See  Brachyurus,  -■ 

brevet,  »'•  t.  [<  ME.  breven(='MD.  brieven  = 
OHG.  brieven  =  Icel.  brefa),  <  ML.  breviare, 
write  down,  narrate,  prop,  note  in  brief,  <  L. 
brevis,  brief,  whence  breve,  E.  brief,  a  writing, 
a  brief:  see  breve,  n.,  brief,  v.  and  ».,  and  bre- 
ihiii.]     1.  To  write  down ;  describe. 

As  hit  is  breued  in  the  best  hoke  of  roniaunee. 

Sir  Gaicayne  and  the  Green  Knight,  1.  2521. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  book;  book;  brief. 
The  clerke  of  the  cocliyn  slialle  alle  thyng  breue. 

Hake  of  Curtasye,  1.  653. 
At  countyng  stuanle  schalle  ben, 
Tylle  alle  lie  brevet  of  wax  so  grene, 
Wrytten  in-to  bokes,  with-outlet, 
That  he-fore  ill  talnils  base  ben  sett. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  316. 

3.  To  tell ;  say. 
Brcue  us  thi  name.  King  Alimumkr,  p.  78. 

be  more  readily  commanded  by  the  garrison  brevet  (bre-vef),  n  and  a    [<  ME.  brevet  ,a  let- 
Such  bretesses  are    _»r  of  mdtdgenee,  <  OF.  bnevet,  F.  brevetQSL, 


Bretesses. 
(FromViollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  1" Architecture." 


Northern  Brenthian,  Brenthus  {Eupsalis)  minutus. 
a.  larva  :    b,  pupa ;  c,  female  beetle  ;  d.  head  of  male  beetle 
first  joint  teg  of  larva  ;  £-.  head  of  larv 

view;  /:.  labium  of  l.i, .  f  larva  ;  j,  mandil ,1.2  ol 

A.  maxilla  of  larva ;  lt  head  of  larva,  from  beneath ;  m,  end  of  body 
of  pupa,  dorsal  ..aural  sizes.) 


rated   into  numerous 

-    Brenthus  (Eupsdlis)  minutus 

(Orury), inhabits th  irtionofthel  nitedStates. 

Tie-  larva  bores  into  the  hard  w i  <■!  oak-trees,  usually 

after!  een  felled.    The  males  are  very  pugna- 

cious.   Also  /■'■   . •■'.' 

2.  A  genus  .if  geese,  proposed  by  Sundevall  in 
1873  to  replace  Branta.     [Not  in  use.] 
brent-new   (brenf  nil),   a.      A   Scotch  form  of 
brand 

i  ranee.    Burnt,  Tamo'  Shanter. 
Brentus  fbren'tus),  w.    Same  as  Brenthus,  1. 
brequet-chain  (bre-kefchan),  n.     [Said  to  be 


through  machicolations,  etc, 
distinguished  from  Aoardm^  in  that  the  latter  forms  a  con 
tinuous  gallery  cron  ning  a  wall  or  a  tower,  while  the  for- 
mer are  isolated  on  three  sides. 

bretesse  (bre-te-sa'),  «•  [Pp.  of  OF.  *bretesser, 
bretescher,  provide  with  battlements,  <  bretesse, 
bretesche.  etc.:  see  bretesse.']  In  her.,  battled  on 
both  sides,  the  projections  coming  opposite  each 
other:  said  of  a  bend,  a  fesse,  or  the  like.  Also 
spelled  brettessS. 

bretessed  (bre-test'),  a.  In  her.,  same  as  bre- 
tesse". 

bretexedt,  «•  [ME.,  also  In-ringed,  pp.,  equiv. 
to  br<  tessed.]     Furnished  with  a  bretesse. 

bretfult,  a.  [ME.,  also  brerdful,  <  brerd  (<  AS. 
brerd,  breord,  top,  brim:  see  braird)  +  -Jul.] 
Brimful:  as,  "brelf'ul  of  pardouns,"  Chancer, 
Sen.  Prol.  toC.  T.,  1.  G87. 

brethelt,  >'•     A  variant  of  brothel'1. 

bretherhedet,  n.    An  old  form  of  brotherhood. 
I 'ha iic  r. 
from  brethren  (breSH'ren),  n.  Plural  of  brother.  See 
phrases  under  brother. 

bretiset,  "•     Same  as  bretesse. 

Breton  (brefon), a.  and n.  [F.,a.  andn.:  alt. 
same  as  Briton,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Relating  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  a  former  province  in  north- 
western France,  or  to  the  language  of  its  peo- 
ple. 

Here  on  the  Breton  strand 

Breton,  notBrlton.     Tennyson,  Maud,  xxiv. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Brittany.— 2.  The  na- 
tive language  of  Brittany;  Anionic  (which  see). 
brett  (bret),  //.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper  name 
/.'/■<  tt.]  A  four-wheeled  carriage  having  a  calash 
t  op  and  seat  s  for  four  besides  the  driver's  seat. 
E.  II.  Knight. 


Qamedafb  rated  French  watchmaker  brettessrj,  a.    Bee  bretesse". 


nan  ,  hut  influenced   bj  F.  briqut  t,  a 

little  chain. J    A  short  v  ■  .    or  chain 

-  attached ; 

a  fob-chain. 

brere,  ".    - 

br6sillet  (bra-/-  P., brazil:  see  brazil.] 

Sain  tin. 

bressomer,  bressummer 

brest'  (brest),  n.      It.  At  -jielling  of 

breast. —  2.   Ln  i 
lete.] 

brest- 1  :  i  riant 

brest-summer,  breast-summer  (brest '  Bum*'- 

I  II     <Hi  i  n-eil 

horizontally  to  support  ai  breunente  (broi  ner-it),  n 

aptly  written  bri 
bret  [  B.  dial.,  \  origin 

unknown.  '  t.  urifl.  I  A  loco 
Cornwall)  of  the  1 


brettice  roret'is),  n.    Same  as  brattice. 

Bretwalda  (bret'wol-dii),  n.    [AS.  Brettoalda, 

otherwise  Bryten-,  Be  it  n-walda,  -wealda,  a  title 

of  uncertain  meaning,  occurring  in  the  Anglo- 

o  Chronicle  (a.  d.  827);  <  Bret,  otherwise 

Bryt,  sing,  of  Brettas.  Bryttas,  Britons,  or  Bry- 

i:  ii.  Britain  (but  this  is  disputed),  +  -wealda  (in 

eomp.),  a  ruler,  <  wealdan,  rule:  see  wield.]    A 

i  times  applied  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  king 

whose  supremacy  over  some  or  all  of  the  other 
kingdoms  was  acknowledged.  The  nature  of 
t  his  supremacy  is  unknown. 

Ii  was  to  Hi' :  e  i  xploif  i  that  I  '■  :,u  Lin  owed  that  dignity 
ol  Bretwalda,  which  rEUe  before  him  had  gained  bj  the 
destruction  of  A.ndi 

C.  Elton  Origin   oi  Eng,  Hi  i..  p.  392. 

[After  Count  Bri  " 
iter  of  Austria.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the 
carbonates  of  magnesium  and  iron,  whitish, 
and  a  ft,  r  exposure  brow  rush,  in  color.  H  occurs 
usually  in  rhoml  ]  il     and  is  intermediate  be- 

ral  carbonates  of  magnesium  (mag- 
i  ite). 


hired  ii  in),  a  commission,  license,  etc.,  lit. 
short  writing,  dim.  of  OF.  brief,  F.  href,  a  writ- 
ing: see&ne/.]  I.  ».  It.  A  letter  of  authority; 
a  commission. 

I  wol  go  fecche  my  box  with  my  ln-i  n.  tun 

And  a  bulle  with  bisshopes  lettres. 

I'iir.i  I'lmnnan  (P.),  V.  049. 

2.  In  the  British  and  American  armies,  a  com- 
mission to  an  officer  which  promotes  him  to  a 
higher  rank,  without  conferring  a  right  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  advance  in  pay.  In  Qreai 
Britain  it  dues  not  descend  lower  than  the  rank  of  captain, 
nor  ascend  higher  than  that  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  con- 
fers the  right  to  a  corresponding  advance  in  command. 
In  the  baited  states  army  it  extends  from  the  rank  ol  Inst 
lieutenant  to  that  of  lieutenant-general,  but  gives  no 
advanced  command  except  by  special  assignment  of  the 
President.  Brevets  are  conferred  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  for  ••gallant  actions  and  meri- 
torious services." 

They  give  brevets  to  majors  ami  captains  bo  act  as  colo- 
nels in  the  army.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  61. 

3.  A  patent;  a  warrant;  a  license;  a  commis- 
sion ;  an  official  diploma,  in  writing,  conferring 
some  privilege  or  distinction.    [French  usages.] 

II.  a.  Assigned  or  conferred  by  brevet;  ap- 
pointed by  brevet. 

What  is  called  brevet  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
branches  of  the  army  as  a  reward  for  brilliant  and  length- 
ened service :  and  when  such  nominal  rank  has  been  heldfor 
:i  I.  rtain  number  of  years,  it  is  usually  converted  into  sub- 
stantial rank.  .1.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  How  we  arc  Governed. 
Brevet  officer.    See  officer. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  e.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brcretted, 
ppr.  brevetimg.  [<  brevet,  ».]  To  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

brevetcy  (bre-vef  si),  n.  [<  brevet  +  -cy.] 
Brevet  rank.  '  [Rare.] 

brevextensor  (brev-eks-ten'sor),  ».  [NL., 
contr.  of  brevis  extensor,  short  extensor.]  A 
short  extensor  muscle.  [Rare.]  —Brevextensor 
digitorum.tho  short  extensor  ol  the  toes,  a  muscle  lying 
upon  the  inslep,  usually  called  extensor  brevis  digitorum. 
Couee. 

breviary  (bre'vi-a-ri  or  brev'i-Mi),  n. ;  pi. 
breviartes  (-riz).  [*ME,  breviar;  <  L.  Vreviarium, 
an  abridgment  (ML.  specifically  in  dof.  2), 
neut.  of  hrcriariiis,  abridged,  <  brevis,  short: 
see  brief.]  It.  An  abridgment;  a  compel  id; 
an  epitome.  Holland. — 2.  In  the  Bom.  Catli. 
Cli.,  a  book  containing  the  daily  offices  which 
all  who  are  in  major  orders  are  bound  to  read. 

It  consists  of  ]irayel's  or  "Mies  to  he  use  d  al  the  mutinies] 

hours  nod  i-  .in  abridgment  ol  the  services  ol  the  early 
church,  which  from  their  great   length  were  exhausting. 

It  is  made  up  1i.il.-.  Iv    "I    the    I'salliis,  passage  '-  "I   the  "Id 

and  N' «  Testa! ts  and  the  fathers,  hymns,  anthems, 

etc.,  all  in  Latin,  arranged  for  the  various  i sand 

i,  stlvalsof  theehnivh.    A  similar  i k,  known  as  a  portt- 

forvum  or  portass.  was  in  use  in  Bngland  before  the  Refor- 
mation. The  order  for  Morning  and  Evening  Prayer  in 
lb.    Engli  h  Boo*  of  Common  Prayer  is  mainly  a  transla- 

i.i  , lensation  from  the  breviary  according  to  the. 

use  ,,f  sai  inn.  Besides  the  Soman  breviary,  which  is  in 
most  common  use,  there  are  also  others  of   various  ar- 


breviary 

rangemcnt,  either  of  certain  religious  orders  or  local 


677 


often  of  historical  interest. 

3.  A  name  given  to  similar  compilations  used 

in  the  Greek  and  Oriental  churches — Absolu 

tions  in  the  breviary.     See 

Alaric,  a  compilation  of  the  \\ 

of  Rome.madeby  Alaric  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  4..D.  506. 

breviatet,  v.  *.  [<  L.  breviatus,  pp.  of  br<  ware, 
shorten,  <  brevis,  short.  Cf.  abbr<  viate  and  br<  d< , 
v.]    To  abridge,    slur  m  mi  I.    See  abbreviate. 

breviatet,  breviatt,  »■  [<  L.  breviatus,  brevia- 
tum,  neat.,  pp.  of  breviare,  shorten :  see  the 
verb.]  1.  A  short  compend;  a  brief  state- 
ment ;  a  summary. 

I  will  give  you  a  brevitU  of  all  that  hath  been  spoken. 
Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  v.  3. 

The  same  little  breviatet  of  Infidelity  have  .  .  .  been 
published  and  dispersed  with  great  activity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Charge  to  Diocese  of  London. 

2.  A  lawyer's  brief.    S.  Butler. 

breviature  (bre'vi-a-tur),  n.  [<breviate  + 
-we.]     An  abbreviation.     .Johnson.     [Rare.] 

brevicaudate  (brev-i-ka'dat),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  Cauda,  tail.]  Having  a  short  tail; 
braehyurous. 

Breviceps  (brev'i-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  cupiit.  in  eomp.  -erps  (-eipit-).  head.] 
A  genus  of  tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the 
family  Brevicipitidce. 

brevicipitid  (brev-i-sip'i-tid),  »•  A  toad-like 
amphibian  of  the  family  Brcrieipitidw. 

Brevicipitidae  (brev"i-si-pit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Breviceps  (-ctpit-)  +  -tike.]  A  family  of  firinister- 
nial  salient  amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Breviceps.  They  have  dilated  sacral  diapophyses,  pre- 
coraeoids,  the  coracoids  directed  moderately  backward 
and  much  dilated  forward  on  the  epieoracoid  cartilage, 
and  no  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw.  The  species  are  few  and 
are  confined  to  Africa.     Also  written  Brevicepidos. 

breviductor  (brev-i-duk'tor),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  bre- 
vis, short,  +  diwtor,  leader.]  The  short  ad- 
ductorial  muscle  of  the  thigh;  the  adductor 
brevis.     [Rare.] 

brevier  (bre-ver'),  n.  [So  called  from  being 
used  in  printing  breviaries ;  <  G.  brevier,  <  F. 
bremaire, <  L.  breviarium,  a  breviary:  see  brevi- 
ary.] 1.  A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  112 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  minion  and 
smaller  than  bourgeois.  The  larger  type  of 
this  Dictionary,  as  in  the  present  paragraph,  is 
brevier. —  2.  Figuratively,  something  smaller 
than  another  taken  as  a  norm.  Cones,  Key  to 
N.  A.  Birds. 

breviflexor  (brev-i-flek'sor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
breris,  short,  +  NL.  flexor.']  A  short  flexor 
muscle.  [Rare.]  See  flexor — Breviflexor  digi- 
torum,  the  short  Hexor  of  the  toes.  Also  called  flexor 
breris dinitiint in.— Breviflexor  hallucis,  theshort  flexor 
of  the  great  toe.  Also  called  Hexor  brevis  poUieis  pedis.— 
Breviflexor  minimi,  the  short  flexor  of  the  little  finger 
or  the  little  toe.  Also  called  flexor  brevis  minimi  digiti. 
—Breviflexor  pollicis,  the  short  flexor  of  the  thumb. 
Also  called  flexor  brevis  pollicis. 

brevifoliate  (brev-i-fo'li-at),  a.     [<  L.  brevis, 

short,  +  folium,  leaf :  see  foliate.]    In  bot.,  hav- 
ing short  leaves. 

brevilingual  (brev-i-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lingua  ==  E.  tongue.]  Having  a  short 
or  small  tongue ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brevilingues  or  Brerilinguia. 
Brevilingues  (brev-i-ling'gwez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  brevilinguis,  short-tongued,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lingua  =  B.  tongue.]  In  Men-em's 
classification  (1813),  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  hoopoes  and  kingfishers,  or  the  Vpupidu 
and  Alcediuidic  of  modern  authors. 
Brevilinguia  (brev-i-ling'gwi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  brevilinguis,  short-tongued:  see 
Brevilingues.]  Insome  systems  of  classification, 
a  group  of  Lacertilia,  or  lizards,  comprising 
those  with  an  elongated  and  sometimes  snake- 
like body,  a  short  tongue,  and  generally  eye- 
lids: contrasted  with  Fissilinguia,  Crassilinguia, 
Yermilinipiiti,  etc. 

brevilocjiience  (bre-vil'o-kwens),  n.  [<  L.  brc- 
viloquentia,  <  brcviloqueu(t-)s,  short-speaking, 
<  brevis,  short,  +  loqmens,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.] 
•  A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speaking.  [Rare.] 
brevi  manu  (bre'vi  ma'nu).  [L.,  lit.  with  a 
short  hand:  brevi,  abl.  of  brevis,  short;  maun, 
abl.  of  manus,  hand:  see  brief  and  manual.] 
1.  Offhand;  immediately;  without  delay;  at 
once. — 2.  At  or  by  one's  own  hand;  without 
the  intervention  of  another;  specifically,  in 
Scots  law,  on  one's  own  authority,  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

breviped  (brev'i-ped),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  pes(ped-)  =  E.foot.]    I.  a.  In ornith., 
having  short  feet. 
II,  n.  A  bird  having  short  feet. 


brevipen  (brev'i-pen),  re.  [<  NL.  brevipennis : 
so,,  lirerijiennes.]  A  bird  having  short  wings; 
specifically,  one  of  the  Brevipennatm  or  Brevi- 

Snand  un^tSws  ifwrfpimnate  (brev'i-pe-na'te),  n.  pi.    [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  brewpennatus,  short-winged:  see 

bnripennnle.]     A  group  of  brachypteroiis  or 
short-winged  web-footed   birds,  the  Briichijpte- 


wrnged:   see   pennate.]     I.   a-    Having  short 
wings;  brachypteroiis;  specifically,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Brevipennatee  or  Brewpi  nnes. 
II.  re.  A  bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (brev-i-pen'ez),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  br<  vipennis,<  L.  brevis,  short,  +  penna,  rag: 
see  pen1.]  In  Cuvier's  classification  of  birds, 
the  first  family  of  Gralhe,  comprising  the  os- 
triches and  cassowaries,  emus,  dodos,  and  di- 
i line  birds,  and  the  aptcryx:  an  artificial  group, 
but  in  the  main  the  samo  as  Struthiones  or  Ba- 
titce. 

brevirostral  (brev-i-ros'tral),  a.  Same  as  bre- 
virostrate. 

brevirostrate  (brev-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<L.  brevis, 
short,  +  rostratus,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  ornith.,  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevirostres  (brev-i-ros'trez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  brevis,  short,  +  rostrum,  beak.]  In  Sunde- 
vall's  classification  of  birds,  a  synonym  of  his 
Cursores. 

brevity  (brev'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  brevitas,  <  brevis, 
short.]  1 .  Shortness ;  especially,  surprising  or 
excessive  curtailment  of  the  thing  spoken  of: 
as,  the  brevity  of  human  life.  Specifically — 2. 
Shortness  in  speech  or  writing ;  conciseness ; 
condensation  into  few  words. 

II, ,  mty  is  the  soul  of  wit.  Shah:,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

This  argument  is  stated  by  St.  John  with  his  usual  ele- 
gant brevity  and  simplicity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Rel.  Observance  of  Good  Friday. 
=  Syn.  2.  Compression,  terseness,  pithiness,  succinctness, 
condensation,  sententiousness,  curtness. 
Brevoortia(bre-v6r'ti-a),M.  [NL.;  named  after 
Mr.  J.  Carson  Brevoort,"oi  New  York.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  herrings,  family  Clupeida; 


Menhaden,  or  Mossbunker  [Brcvoortia  tyrannus). 


characterized  by  the  elongated  intestine  and 
carinated  scales.  B.  tyrannus  is  the  well-known  moss- 
bunker  or  menhaden,  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Alosa  or  Clupea  (A.  or  C.  menhaden).  See  menhaden. 
brew1  (bro),  v.  [<  ME.  brewen  (pret.  brew,  later 
brewede,  brand,  pp.  browm,  later  brewed),  < 
AS.  bredwan  (strong  verb;  pret.  'bredw,  pi.  *bru- 
won,  pp.  gebrowen ;  found  only  in  pp.)  =  OFries. 
briuwa  =  T>.  brouwen  =  MLG.  bruwm,  browen, 
brum,  LG.  brugen,  brum,  brouen  =  OHG-.  briu- 
u-an,  MHO.  briuwm,  bruwm,  G.  brauen  =  Icel. 
Iirui/ga  =  Sw.  bripjga  =  Dan.   brygge,  brew; 


briarbot 

in  the  present   participle:  ;is.  ;i   storm  is  brew- 
ing in  the  west. 

There  is  Borne  ill  a-brewing  toward  my  ri  -i 

Shall  .  m   "i  \     ii.  5. 

From  He'  appears n»  i  I Is  a  gale  was  evidently 

brewing.  Warryat, 

X>rew1(hv<<),  it.   l<hretrl,v.]  The  mixture  formed 

by  brewing;  that  which  is  brewed, 
brew-t.    Obsolete  form  of  bree  (which  see). 

.  [</,/■<«•!  + -age.]  A  mixed 
ed  or  prepared  in  any  way. 
in  my  brewage. 

Shale.,  M.  w.  of  W.,  iii.  6. 
Some  well-spiced  brewage.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

A  rich  brewage  made  of  the  best  Spanish  wine. 

Mneiiuliiii,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

brewer  (brS'er),  n.  [<  ME.  brewere  (=  D.  brou- 
inr  =  (r.  brauer);  <  brew1  +  -er1.]  One  who 
brews;  specifically,  one  whose  occupation  is  the 
preparation  of  malt  liquors.  —  Brewers'  grains. 
Same  as  draff. 

brewery  (brS'er-i),  re.;  pi.  breweries  (-iz).  [= 
D.  browwerij  =  <>.  brauerei;  <  brew1  +  -ery.] 
1.  A  brew-house;  an  establishment  in  which 
brewing  is  earned  on. —  2f.  Brewers  collec- 
tively; the  beer-trade. 

If  they  should  bring  any  distress  and  trouble  upon  the 
London  brewery,  it  would  occasion  the  making  ill  drink, 
and  drive  the  people  to  brew  themselves,  which  would  de- 
stroy the  duty.  C.  Davenant,  Essays  on  Trade,  I.  79. 

brewett,  "•  [<  ME-  brewet,  bruit,  <  OF.  brouet, 
pottage  or  broth,  dim.  of  brou,  broth,  pi.  broues, 
>  E.  breicis,  q.  v.]     A  kind  of  pottage. 

brew-house  (bro'hons),  ».  [<  ME.  brewhous{= 
OHO.  bruhus,  G.  brauliaus)m}  <  brew1  +  house.] 
A  house  or  establishment  in  which  the  opera- 
tions of  brewing  are  carried  on. 

brewing  (bro'ing),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  brew1,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  liquors  from 
malt  and  hops;  the  process  of  extracting  a 
saccharine  solution  from  malted  grain  and  con- 
verting that  solution  into  a  fermented  alcoholic 
beverage  called  ale  or  beer.  The  process  usually 
followed  by  the  brewer  may  be  divided  int..  eight  distinct 
parts,  viz.,  the  grinding  of  the  malt,  mashing,  boiling, 
cooling,  fermenting,  cleansing,  racking  or  vatting,  and  fin- 
ing or  cleaning. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once. 
A  brewing  of  new  beer,  set  by  old  beer,  maketh  it  wi  irk 

again.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  A  mixing  together. 

I  am  not  aide  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty,  such  a 
brewing  and  sophistication  of  them  they  make. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xiv.  6. 

brewis    (bro'is),  n.     [<  ME.   brewes,   browes, 

brouivys,  etc,  <  OF.  broues,  prop,  pi.,  from  sing. 
*brou,  <  ML.  brodum,  gravy,  broth,  <  OHO. 
brod  =  E.  broth1,  q.  v.  Cf.  brose1.]  If.  Broth  ; 
pottage. 

What  an  ocean  of  brewis  I  shall  swim  in! 

Fletcher  (and  another  ';),  Prophetess,  i.  3. 
Thou  for  all 
The  kit. ben  brewis  that  was  ever  supt 
Shalt  not  once  dare  to  look  him  in  the  face. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 
Bread  soaked  in  broth  or  the  liquor  in  which 


being  prob.  more  geners  , 
hence   'boil,  brew,   bake.'     See  also  brewi 
brose1.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage 
by  fermentation;  prepare  (beer,  ale,  or  other 
similar  liquor)  from  malt,  or  from  malt  and 
hops,  or  from  other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil- 


beef  is  being  boiled ;  also,  brown  bread  warmed 
in  milk. 
brew-lockt,  »•     A  brewing. 

I  ne'er  hurt  their  churnings, 
Their  brew-locks,  nor  their  batches. 

Middleton,  The  Witch,  i. 

[<  ME.    bretvster, 
female  brewer,  also  a 
brew,  +  -ster.]    One 
more  especially,  a  wo- 
man who  brews. 

He  [the  chemist]  is  not  a  brewster  like  another,  but  a 
man  who  adds  new  utility  and  value  to  every  creature  in 
the  brewery.  Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  575. 

brewster2  (bro'ster),  n.  The  sweet-bay,  Magno- 
lia glauca.     [New  Jersey.] 


ing,  and  fermentation.—  2.  To  prepare  by  mix-  brewsterite  (bro'ster-It),  n.     [After  Sir  David 


ing,  boiling,  or  the  like ;  mingle ;  mix ;  concoct 
as,  to  brew  a  bowl  <>(  punch;  "drinks  brewed 
with  several  herbs,"  Bacon. 
Brew  me  a  pottle  of  sack.  Shah.,  II.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 
A  witch  who  brew'd  the  philtre.  Tennyson,  Lucretius. 
3.  To  contrive;  plot;  prepare:  as,  to  breiv  mis- 
chief. 

He  brew  this  cursednesse  and  al  this  synne. 

Chancer,  Monks  Tale,  1.  395. 

I  found  it  to  be  the  most  malicious  and  frantick  surmise, 

and  the  most  contrary  to  his  nature  that,  I  think,  had  ever 

been  brewed.  Wotton. 

Or  brew  tierce  tempests  on  the  wintry  main. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L. ,  ii.  85. 

II.  iutrans.  1.  To  conduct  the  operations  or 
the  business  of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

1  wash, wring,  brew,  hake,  scour.  Shale.,  M.  \\*.of\v.,i.  -i. 
2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation;  be  mixing, 
forming,  or  collecting;  be  impending:  chiefly 


Brewster  (1781-1868).]  A  white,  yellow,  or 
green  pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family, 
occurring  in  short  prismatic  crystals;  a  hy- 
drous silicate  of  aluminium,  strontium,  and 
barium. 

breydt,  v.  and  n.    See  braid1.     Chaucer. 

breziline  (bre-zil'in),  n.  [F.  bresiline.]  Same 
as  bra/silin. 

brian  (bri'an),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  for 
*brine,  <  brine,  orig.  a  burning.  Cf.  brin1,  var. 
of  ftitrn1.]  To  keep  fire  at  the  mouth  of  (an 
oven),  either  to  give  light  or  preserve  the  heat . 
[North.  Eng.] 

briar,  briary,  etc.    See  brier,  briery,  etc. 

briarbot  (brr&r-bot),  n.  [<  briar,  brier,  +  (ap- 
par.)  bot,  a  var.  of  bufi.]  A  local  Irish  name 
of  the  fish  called  the  angler.  Several  brier-like 
protuberances  arm  the  head. 


Briarean 

Briarean  (l>ri-a 're-au),  «.    [<  LL.  Briareius, 
pertaining  to  the  giait  Briare us,  <  Gr.  Bn 
older  i  Homerii  ■•■< .  strong.] 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Briureus,  a  giant 
of  Grecian  naytholog\  fabled  to  have  a  hun- 
dred hands:  hence,  having  or  seeming  to  have 
many  hands;  reaching  or  grasping  in  many 
direi 

Briareidae  (bri  .  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bria- 

+  n  in.  |  A.  f amily  of  afoyonarians,  of  the 
order  Gorgoniaeecs,  having  an  internal  skeleton 
or  calcareous  spicules,  bul  no  horny  axis. 

Briareum  (bri^'re-um),  ».  [NL.,  <  LL.  Brio- 
reius,  pertaining  to  Briareus:  see  Briarean.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  aleyouarians  of  the  family 
Brian  ida . 

Briaridaeil'ri-ar'i-ili  -  imcas  liriareitlte. 

bribable  (bri'ba-bl),  a.  [<  bribe  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed:  as, 
a  bribable  class  of  electors. 

Wendell  had  designated  him  bj  implication  aa  a  per- 
son bribed,  or  bribable.  The  Nation,  Jan.  13, 1870. 

bribaget  (bri'baj), «.  [<  bribe  +  -age.]  Bribery. 

bribe  brib),  ».  '  [<  ME.  bribe,  a  gift,  <  OF.  bribt . 

a  gift,  prop.,  as  in  ML.  briba,  Pioard  brife,  a 

piece  of  bread  given  to  a  beggar,  =  Sp.  briba  = 

It.  birba,  vagrancy  I  of.  t  >F.  oriban,  also  Sp.  bri- 

bon,  It.  birbone,  birbante,  a  Migrant),  prob.  orig. 

a  piece  broken  off  (of.  bricW,  brick*),  <  Bret. 

a  =  W.  briwo,  break,  perhaps  akin  to  E. 

brink,  q.  v.]     If.  A  gift  begged ;  a  present. 

This  sompnour  .  .  . 

Eto  i  fortb  to  sompne  a  widew,  an  old  ribibe, 
i.  j  oing  a  i  an-. ,  for  he  wolde  han  a  bribe. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  I.  80. 

2.  A  gift  or  gratuity  bestowed  for  the  purpose 
of  influencing  the  action  or  conduct  of  the 
receiver;  especially,  money  or  any  valuable 
consideration  given  or  promised  for  the  be- 
trayal of  a  trust  or  the  corrupt  performance  of 
an  allotted  duty,  as  to  a  fiduciary  agent,  a  judge, 
legislator,  or  other  public  officer," a  witness,  a 
eoter,  etc. 

she  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe, 
To  shrink  mine  arm  up  like  a  wither'd  shrub. 

Slink;,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
He  that  t<">k   the  silver  basin  and  twur  for  a  bribe, 
thinketh  that  it  will  never  come  out 

Latim  r,  2d  Serm.  lief.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

His  horse  was  a  bribe,  and  his  I ta  a  bribe;  and  told 

us  he  was  made  up  of  bribes,  a.s  an  Oxford  scholar  is  set 
out  with  other  men's  goods,  when  he  goes  out  of  town, 
and  that  he  makes  every  sort  of  tradesman  to  bribe  him  ; 
Invited  me  home  to  his  house,  to  taste  of  his  bribe 
wine.  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  211. 

3.  Anything  that  seduces:  as,  the  bribes  offered 
by  glory  or  power. 

bribe  (brib),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  bribed,  ppr.  brib- 
ing,    f  <  M  E.  brioen,  only  in  the  sense  of  'steal,' 

<  OF.  briber  =  Sp.  bribar,  beg,  go  about  beg- 

fiug:  from  the  noun:  see  bribe,  n.]    I.  traits. 
t.  To  steal. 

For  ther  i>  no  thef  without  a  louke, 
That  helpeth  him  to  wasten  and  to  Bouke 
Of  that  he  bribt  n  can  or  borwe  may. 

Chaucer,  Cook  s  Tale,  1.  53. 
I  bribe,  I  pull,  I  pyll.  Palsgrave. 

Divide  me  ID  tuck,  each  a  haunch. 

Shak.,  M.  \\  .  of  W.,  v.  5  (fol.  1623). 

[  Most  modern  editions  read  here  bribi .] 
2.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  considera- 
tion to  for  acting  contrary  to  desire  or  duty; 
induce  to  a  certain  course  of  action  by  the  gift 
or  offer  oi  something  of  value;  gain  over  or 
corrupt  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  are  chaste  vows  I  the  wind  and  tide 

o i  combat  on  the  Eugllsh  side        Dryden, 

four  pitiful  present,  and  know  that  I  am 

screen  your  villanies  by  influence  and 

corruption.  Sheridan,  The  Camp  I    i. 

i  large  promises  the  men  who  served 

Qeraint. 
II.  intrant.    It.   To   -leal.— 2.  To  practise 
bribery;  give  a  bribe  to  a  person. 

ooldi  a  .  .,-  mtty  oe  ,,, 

bribee  (bri-be'),  «.  [<  bribe  +  -eel.]    One  who 

re»  .   t»i  ibe.     |  Ban    I 

bribeless  a.  [<  bribt  I  less.]  In- 
capable ot  being  bribed;  not  to  bo  bribed. 
|  Bare.  | 

Conscience  Is  a  most  bribeleei  worker,  it  never  knows 
Bp.  /.'■  ynold.    On  tbi   Pa    ion     p.  534  (Ord  Ms.). 

bribe-pander  diriii' |  ,.    One  who  pro- 

cures bribes.     Bw  '  • 
briber  |  bri'bei 

<  OF.  bribeur,  a  thief.     In   ji  rise  2,  direi 
bribe,  v.,  +  -cA.]    If.  A  thief;  a  robb 


C78 

Who  sftveth  a  thefe  whan  the  rope  is  knet, 
With  somr  false  nunc  the  bribour  will  him  quite. 

lU  .  Trag.,  1.  152, 

2.  One  who  bribes;  one  who  gives  or  offers  a 
bribe;  one  who  endeavors  to  influence  or  cor- 
rupt another  by  a  bribe. 

tfor  can  I  ever  believe  that  he  that  is  a  briber  shall  be 
a  g i  justice.        Latimer,  2d  Serm.  l»ef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

briberoust  (bri'ber-us),  a.  [<  briber  +  -ous.] 
Pertaining  to  bribery. 

bribery  (bri'ber-i),  n.  [<  ME.  briberie,  bribrtje, 
<  OF.  briberie,  theft,  robbery:  see  bribe  and 
-i  ri/.j   If.  Theft ;  robbery;  extortion;  rapacity. 

I'y  on  thee  fundlyng, 
Tin  ui  lyfes  hot  hi  brybre. 

Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  194. 
Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the  plat- 
ter;  but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery. 

Geneva  Bible,  Mat.  xxiii.  25. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe,  or  of  influencing  or  being  influenced  by 
a  bribe  or  bribes ;  especially,  the  act  of  paying 
or  receiving,  or  of  agreeing  to  pay  or  receive, 
a  reward  other  than  legal  compensation  for  the 
exercise  of  official  or  delegated  power  irrespec- 
tive of  the  dictates  of  duty,  or  for  a  false  judg- 
ment or  testimony,  or  for  the  performance  of 
that  which  is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust. 
Bribery  is  a  princely  kind  of  thieving. 

Latimer,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Judicial  bribery,  the  bribing  of  a  judge,  magistrate,  or 
any  person  concerned  judicially  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  It  is  the  receiving  or  ottering  of  any  undue  reward 
by  or  to  any  person  whose  ordinary  profession  or  business 
relates  to  the  administration  of  public  justice  in  order 
to  influence  his  behavior  in  office,  and  incline  him  to 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  honesty  and  integrity. 
ffn  -  uleaf. 

bribery-oath  (bri'ber-i-6th),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  oath  which  may  he  administered  to  a 
voter  at  a  parliamentary  election,  if  the  poll- 
ing sheriff  see  cause,  certifying  that  he  has 
not  received  a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

bric-a-brac  (brik'a-brak),  n.  [F.,  of  uncer- 
tain origin ;  according  to  Littre,  based  on  the 
phrase  de  brie  et  de  broc,  by  hook  or  by  crook: 
OF.  de,  from;  brie,  a  cage  or  trap  for  birds 
(whence  the  phrase  prendre  au  brie  (or  brit), 
to  take  at  advantage);  et,  and;  broc,  a  jug, 
flagon,  tankard,  pot.  According  to  others, 
a  varied  reduplication  of  "brae,  <  MD.  brack- 
goed,  damaged  goods,  waste :  see  brack2.  For 
the  reduplication,  cf.  the  equiv.  E.  term  knick- 
knacks.]  Objects  having  a  certain  interest 
or  value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  furniture,  plate,  china,  and  curios- 
ities; articles  of  virtu;  ornaments  which  may 
be  pretty  or  curious,  but  have  no  intrinsic  claim 
to  rank  as  serious  works  of  art.  The  term  is 
often  used  with  a  sense  of  depreciation. 

Two  things  only  jarred  on  his  eye  in  his  hurried  glance 
round  the  room ;  there  was  too  much  bric-d-brae,  and  too 
many  flowers.  //.  Kingtley,  Ravenshoe,  xxxi. 

brichet  (bresh),  n.  [OF.  (ML.  brica):  see  bri- 
cole.]    Same  as  bricolc,  1. 

brichettet  (bri-shef),  n.  A  collective  name 
for  armor  for  the  hips  and  thighs.     Blanche'. 

brick1  (brik),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  So.,  <  ME.  brike, 
bryke,  unassibilated  form  of  'bryche,  bruche,  < 
AS.  bricc,  bryet ,  a  breach,  break,  fracture,  a 
piece,  fragment  :  see  brccl;  and  breach,  of  which 
brick*  is  a  dial,  variant:  see  also  brack1.  Cf. 
brick2.]     1.  A  breach.    Jamieson.    [Scotch.] — 

2.  A  rent  or  flaw.    Malliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 

3.  A  portion  of  land  (apparently  the  same  as 
breck,  4).    Jamieson.    [Scotch.] 

brick1  (brik),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  break;  cf. 
lutein,  it.]     To  break  by  pulling  back. 

brick-  (brik),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bricke,  brigue;  <  ME.  bryke,  later  brigue,  alter 
OF.  briquc,  a  brick,  a  plate,  leaf  or  wedge  of 
metal,  mod.  F.  briquc  (cf.  mod.  It.  bricco,  h: 
Gael,  brice,  <  E.),  a  brick;  appar.  <  MD.  (Flcm.) 
brickt ,  orifice,  a  tile,  brick,  bricke,  a  disk,  plate, 
=  MLll.  bricke,  a  disk,  plate,  piece  in  checkers, 
chess,  or  backgammon,  name  of  a  game  played 
'■ii  ice,  =  ( 1.  bricke,  a  small  board,  a  round  wood- 
en plate,  =  Sw.  hrieka,  a  piece  in  checkers,  etc., 
=  ODan.  bricke,  brikke,  Dan.  brik,  brikke,  a  wood- 
en plate,  a  blank  (coin),  a  piece  in  checkers, 
etc:  cf.  ODan.  "brik,  partition,  in  eomp.  briks- 
dor,  the  door  between  the  choir  and  the  body  of 
a  church  (dor  =  B.  door),  =  Norw.  brik  (brik),  a 
short  table  or  bench  near  t lie  door  or  liropla 00,11 
bar,  railing,  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  = 
loci.  ///•//.-,  a  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  11 
square  tablet,  a  tabid  or  panel  in  a  bedstead, 
etc.  The  I',  brigue,  a  brick,  is  usually  explained 
particular  use  of  OF.  and  F,  dial,  brigue,  a 


brick 

piece,  fragment,  this  being  referred  to  the  AS. 
hrtet,  bryet,  11  piece,  fragment  (cf.  F.  dial. 
brigue  tin  pain,  equiv.  to  AS.  hlafes  brice,  a 
piece  of  bread);  but  neither  of  the  two  Teut. 

forms,  Ieel.  brik  (with  long  vowel),  a  tablet, 
etc.,  MD.  bnjl.i  (with  long  vowel),  MD.  MLG. 
bricke  (with  short  vowel),  a  brick,  til.  ,  plate, 
etc.,  agrees  in  sense  or  form  with  the  AS.  brice, 
bryce,  a  piece,  fragment,  and  its  cognates,  nor 
can  either  be  brought  into  connection  with  tho 
primitive  verb  of  the  latter  (Icel.  breka  =  MD. 
.Ml, <:.  breken  =  AS.  brecan,  E.  break),  except 
perhaps  through  the  medium  of  the  OF.  But 
the  sense  of  '  brick,'  which  does  not  belong  to 
the  AS.,  G.,  and  Scand.  forms,  is  a  derived  one; 
cf.  the  explanatory  synonyms  brickstone,  brick- 
tile.  The  MD.  and  MLG.  cognates  of  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce  (E.  breach,  dial,  brick1,  breck,  q.  v.) 
are  different:  see  breach.  Cf.  MLG.  bricke, 
LG.  prikke  =  MD.  prick,  D.  prik  =  late  MHG. 
pryecke,  pryclce,  G.  bricke,  priekc  =  ODan.  bricke, 
a  lamprey;  appar.  a  different  word.]  I,  11.  1. 
A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  (usually)  of 
moistened  and  finely  kneaded  clay  molded  into 
rectangular  blocks  (the  length  of  which  is  com- 
monly twice  the  breadth),  and  hardened  by  be- 
ing burned  in  a  kiln,  or  sometimes,  especially 
in  warm  countries,  by  being  dried  in  the  sun. 
Sun-dried  bricks  are  usually  now,  as  in  remote  antiquity, 
mixed  with  chopped  straw  to  give  them  greater  tenacity. 
(See  adobe.)  Bricks  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  are 
generally  red  (see  brirk-clay),  but  some  clays  produce  yel- 
lowish bricks,  as  for  example  the  Milwaukee  brick  much 
used  as  an  ornamental  building  material  in  the  United 
States.  The  bricks  made  in  China  and  Japan  are  invaria- 
bly of  a  slaty-blue  color.  [Brick  is  used  in  the  singular 
collectively  for  bricks  in  the  mass  or  as  a  material.] 

Also,  that  no  chynineys  of  Tymber  be  suffred,  ne  thacch- 
ed  bouses  w'yn  the  Cyte,  but  that  the  owners  do  hem  awey, 
and  make  them  ehymneys  of  Stone  or  Bryke  by  mydsomer 
day  next  comniynge,  and  tyle  the  thacched  houses  by  the 
seid  day,  in  peyn  of  lesynge  of  a  noble. 

Ordinances  of  Worcester  (1407),  in  Eng.  Gilds,  p.  386. 

2.  A  mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick :  as,  a 
brick  of  tea;  a  silver  brick.  Specifically  —  3. 
A  loaf  of  bread.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  In  Iter.,  a 
charge  similar  to  a  billet,  but  depicted  so  as  to 
show  the  thickness,  that  is,  in  perspective. — 
Bath  brick,  a  substance  used  for  polishing  or  cleaning 
metallic  utensils,  consisting  of  the  fine  silicious  sand  de- 
posited in  the  river  Parret,  in  Somersetshire,  England, 
of  which  Bath  is  the  capital.  This  material  is  made  into 
bricks  at  Bridgewater,  and  is  extensively  used  in  both 
England  and  America.  — Blue  brick,  brick  with  a  blue  sur- 
face obtained  in  burning.  They  contain  iron  and  lime,  are 
exceedingly  hard,  and  highly  esteemed  for  durability. — 
Bristol  brick,  a  name  by  which  Bath  brick  is  sometimes 
known  in  the  I  nited  states.—  Carving-brick.  Same  as 
cutlery-brick. — Concave  brick,  a  brick  used  in  making 
arches  orcurves ;  a  compass-brick.  —  Dutch  bricks,  bricks 
of  a  dirty  brimstone  <  olur,  used  for  paving  yards,  stables, 
etc.— Feather-edged  brick,  a  brick  of  a  prismatic  form 
used  for  arches,  vaults,  etc. —  Flanders  brick,  a  si  if  t  brick 
used  for  cleaning  knives,  and  for  similar  purposes.  The 
name  is  little  if  at  all  used  in  the  United  States. —  Flemish 
brick,  a  species  of  hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving. — 
Floating  bricks,  bricks  made  of  light  silicious  earth 
called  .fossil  oniil.  capable  of  floating  on  water,  and  also 
remarkable  for  their  infusibility  and  as  non-conductors  of 
beat.  They  were  made  by  the  ancients,  and  the  process 
was  rediscovered  in  Italy  in  1791.  Powder-magazines 
have  been  experimentally  made  of  them  with  success.— 

Gaged   brick,  a   brick    made   ill    the   sluijie  cf  ;i  wedge,  to 

conform  to  the  radius  of  the  soffit  of  an  arch.— Green 
brick,  a  brick  not  yet  burned;  unfinished  brick.  — Hol- 
low brick,  a  brick  made  with  perforations  through  it  for 
heating  or  ventilating  purposes,  or  to  prevent  moisture 
from  penetrating  a  wall.— Place-brick,  common  rough 
brick,  for  walks,  cellars,  etc.—  Pressed  brick,  brick  which 
has  been  pressed  in  a  machine  or  clamp,  and  is  thus  more 
compact  and  smoother  than  ordinary  brick.  It  is  used  for 
fronts  and  the  ilncst  work.—  Salmon  brick,  a  tight,  soft 
brick,  of  inferior  quality,  and  of  a  light  saffron  color,  due 
to  incomplete  burning.—  Stone  brick,  a  very  hard  kind  of 
brick  made  at  Neath,  iii  Wales,  lunch  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  furnaces,  from  its  power  "1  resisting  beat.  — To 
have  a  brick  in  one's  hat,  t"  be  intoxicated.  [Colloq.] 
Washed  brick,  a  brick  that  baa  been  exposed  to  the 
rain  before  being  burned,  ami  hence  of  inferior  grade. 

II.  a.  Mado  of  brick;  resembling  brick:  as, 
a  brick  wall ;  a  brick-Tea  color. 
brick-  (brik),  v.  t.     [<  brick-,  ».]     1.  To  lay  or 
pave  with  bricks,  or  to  surround,  close,  or  wall 
in  willi  bricks. 

A  narrow  street,  closely  bricked  in  on  all  sides  like  a 
tomb.  Dickens. 

2.  To  build  in  with  bricks;  place  in  brickwork. 

Brick  me  into  that  wall  there  for  a  chimney  piece, 
And  say  I  was  one  o1  the  ea-sars,  done  by  a  seal-cutter. 
Fletcher,  bale  a  Wife,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  give  the  appearance  of  brick  to:  said  of 
a  phi  -tcivii  v,  nil  u  hen  11  is  smeared  » itli  red 
'idol  and  joints  are  made  in  it  with  an  edge- 
tool,  and  then  fillod  with  fine  plaster  to  resem- 
ble brickwork. 

brick-'  (brik),  «■  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Usu- 
ally referred  to  brick-,  various  stories  being  in- 
vented in  explanation.     According  to  one  ac- 


brick 

count,  the  expression  arose  in  the  English  uni- 
versities as  a  humorous  translation  of  Aris- 
totle's TeTpd}uvoc  avijp,  a  perfect  (lit.  'square' 
or  rectangular)  man :  see  tetragon  and  square.'] 
A  good  fellow,  in  an  emphatic  sense :  a  term  of 
admiration  bestowed  ou  one  who  on  occasion 
or  habitually  shows  in  a  modest  way  groat  or 
unexpected  courage,  kindness,  or  thoughtful- 
ness,  or  other  admirable  qualities.     [Cofloq.] 

"In  brief  I  don't  stick  to  declare  Father  Dk'k, 
So  they  called  him  for  short,  was  a  regular  brick ; 
A  metaphor  taken,  I  have  not  the  page  aright, 
Out  of  an  ethical  work  by  the  Stagyrite." 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  Brothers  of  Birchiugton. 
School-fellows  of  Hcriot's  Hospital,  like  bricks  of  boys, 
supplied  him  with  food  for  six  weeks. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  331. 

brick-ax  (brik'aks),  ».    A  two-edged  ax  used 
iu  shaping  bricks. 
brick-barrow  (brik'bar'6),  n.     In  brickmaking, 

a  wheelbarrow  used  for  carrying  bricks,  dif- 
fering from  the  ordinary  form  iu  baring  the 
wheel  in  the  middle,  the  bricks  being  piled 
upon  slats  running  lengthwise  at  each  side. 

brickbat  (.brik'bat),  n.  A  piece  or  fragment  of 
a  brick ;  especially,  a  piece  of  a  brick  used  as 
a  missile.  See  bat1,  8 — Brickbat  cheese.  See 
cheese^. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brick- 
batted,  ppr.  brickbatting.  To  assail  with  pieces 
of  brick:  as,  the  mob  brickbatted  the  police. 

brick-built  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  brick :  as, 
"the  brick-built  town,"  Dryden. 

brick-Clamp  (brik'klamp),  «.  A  stack  of  bricks 
in  order  for  burning.     E.  H.  Knight, 

brick-clay  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  or  suitable 
for  making  bricks  and  tiles ;  a  tolerably  pure 
silicate  of  alumina,  combined  with  various  pro- 
portions of  sand,  and  with  not  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  lime  and  other  alkaline  earths.  The 
red  color  of  common  bricks  depends  on  the 
presence  of  a  little  iron  peroxid. 

brick-dust  (brik'dust),  v.  Dust  from  disinte- 
grated bricks ;  specifically,  the  dust  of  pounded 
Bath  brick  (which  see,  under  brick-,  n.),  or  the 
earth  from  which  Bath  brick  is  made. 

brick-earth  (brik'erth),  n.  Any  kind  of  ma- 
terial which  is  suitable  for  making  bricks,  or 
which,  with  or  without  the  addition  of  other 
materials,  can  be  used  for  that  purpose.  In  and 
near  London  the  alluvial  deposits  resting  upon  the  Lon- 
don clay  are  known  as  brick-earth,  and  they  may  be  de- 
scribed as  being  a  sandy  loam,  passing  by  fine  gradations 
into  clay  or  marl.  Near  London  that  kind  of  earth  which 
without  any  addition  makes  the  best  kind  of  brick  is 
called  by  the  brickniakers  malm  ;  it  is  a  clayey  material, 
containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  chalk  in  fine  parti- 
cles. In  the  United  States  the  material  used  for  making 
bricks  is  almost  always  called  brick-clay,  or  simply  clay. 

The  collection  of  Sir  Antonio  Brady  contains  portions 
of  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  elephants,  all  collected  from 
the  brick-earth  of  Word.       Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  284. 

bricken1  (brik'n),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  brick1  + 
-en1.]  To  hold  (the  head)  up  and  back ;  bridle. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bricken'2  (brik'n),  a.  [<  brick?  +  -en?.]  Made 
of  brick.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-field  (brik'feld),  n.  A  field  or  yard  where 
bricks  are  made. 

brickfielder  (brik'feT'der),  n.  [Appar.  in  allu- 
sion to  the  heat  of  a  brick-field.]  A  hot  north 
wind  prevalent  in  southern  Australia.  [Local 
slang.] 

bricking  (brik'ing),  n.  [<  brick"  +  -ing1.]  1. 
Brickwork. —  2.  An  imitation  of  brickwork 
made  on  a  plastered  surface. 

brick-kiln  (brik'kil),  re.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  also,  a  pile 
of  bricks  for  burning,  laid  loose,  with  arches 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel. 

bricklayer  (brik'la'er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks Bricklayers'  itch, 

a  species  of  eczema  produced  on  the  hands  of  bricklayers 
by  the  contact  of  lime. 

bricklaying  (brik'la"ing),  n.  The  art  of  build- 
ing with  bricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by  cement 
or  mortar  in  various  forms ;  the  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  laying  bricks. 

brickie  (b'rik'l),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brikle, 
and  dial,  broekle,  bruckle ;  <  ME.  brekil,  brukcl, 
brokel,  also  bruchel,  Sc.  brokyll,  brukyl,  etc., 
appar.  <  AS.  *brecol,  "brycel  ('=  MD.  brokel  = 

■  MLG.  brokel;  cf.  D.  brokkelig,  0.  brikklig),  with 
suffix  -ol,  -el,  forming  adjectives  from  verbs, 
<  brecan  (pp.  brocen),  break:  see  break.  Now 
superseded  by  the  equiv.  but  etymologically 
diff.  brittle,  q.  v.]  Brittle ;  easily  broken. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

But  fch'  Altare,  on  the  which  this  Image  staid, 
Was,  O  great  pity  !  built  of  brickie  clay. 

Spenser,  Ruines  of  Time,  1.  199. 


679 

The  purest  glasse  is  the  most  brickie,  ...  and  the  quick- 
est wit  the  more  easily  woone  to  folly. 

Greene,  Repentance,  To  the  Reader. 

brickleness  (brik'1-nes),  ».  Brittleness.  [Ob- 
Bolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

bricklow  (brik'16),  n.  [Appar.  of  native  ori- 
gin.]    A  species  of  acacia,  native  in  Australia. 

brick-machine  (brik'nia-shen"),  ».  An  appa- 
ratus for  molding  bricks.  Some  brick-machines 
use  wet  clay  from  a  pug-mill,  others  dry  clay.  In  the  for- 
mer the  clay  is  discharged  from  the  pug-mill  in  a  solid 
stream,  which  is  cut  by  the  brick  machine  into  brick- 
shaped  pieces ;  in  the  latter  the  dry  clay  is  delivered  to 
molds  placed  on  a  horizontal  revolving  table,  while  pis- 
tons press  the  clay  into  them,  and  then  eject  the  molded 
brick.     Also  called  brick-press. 

brickmaker  (brik'ma'ker),  n.  One  who  makes 
bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make  bricks. 

brickmaking  (brik'ina"king),  «.  The  art  of 
making  bricks. 

brick-mason  (brik'ma"sn),  n.    A  bricklayer. 

bricknog  (brik'nog),  a.  Composed  of  timber 
framing  filled  in  with  brickwork :  as,  a  bricknog 
partition. 

bricknogging  (brik'nog-ing),  re.  Brickwork  car- 
ried up  as  a  filling  in  timber  framing. 

brick-press  (brik'pres),  n.  Same  as  brick-ma- 
chine. 

brickstone  (brik'ston),  u.  A  brick.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brick-tea  (brik'te),  re.  A  kind  of  tea  formed  by 
softening  the  larger  leaves  and  refuse  twigs  and 
dust  of  the  tea-plant  with  steam  or  boiling 
water  and  molding  them  into  a  brick-shaped 
mass.  In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent  overland  from 
China  to  Russia.  It  is  consumed  largely  in  Siberia  and 
Mongolia,  where  it  serves  also  as  a  medium  of  exchange. 

brick-tile  (brik'til),  ».    A  brick.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-trimmer  (brik'trim'er),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden  trimmer 
in  front  of  a  fireplace,  as  a  safeguard  against  fire. 

brickwallt,  ».  [An  accom.  form  of  bricoil,  bri- 
cole.]     Same  as  bricolc,  3. 

brickwise  (brik'wis),  a.  and  adv.  Arranged  like 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  with  the  ends  in  each  row  over 
the  middle  parts  of  the  row  below. 

brickwork  (brik'werk),  n.  Work  done  or  con- 
structed with  bricks ;  bricklayers'  work. 

bricky  (brik'i),  a.  [<  brick?  +  -y1.]  1.  Full  of 
bricks,  or  formed  of  brick. — 2.  Of  the  color  of 
common  brick:  as,  a  bricky  red. 

brick-yard  (brik'yard),  re.  A  place  where 
bricks  are  made. 

bricoilt,  ».     Same  as  bricole,  3. 

bricole  (bri-kol'),  n.  [In  sense  3,  also  formerly 
brickol,  bricoil,  and  by  popular  etym.  briekwall; 
<  F.  bricole,  also  bricolle,  mod.  F.  bricole,  back- 
stroke, toils,  breast-band,  strap,  =  It.  briccola  = 
Sp.  brigola  (ML.  bricola ;  cf.  ML.  brica,  OF. 
briche),  a  catapult,  perhaps  <  MHG.  brechel,  a 
breaker,  <  brechen  =  E.  break.]  If.  A  military 
engine  for  throwing  darts  or  quarrels  ;  a  kind 
of  catapult.  Also  briche. — 2.  Harness  worn  by 
men  who  have  loads  to  carry  or  to  drag. —  3f. 
A  side-stroke  at  tennis. 

bridH,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bird1. 

brid'-t,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  bride. 

bridal  (bri'dal),  re.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
bridall;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  bridale, 
bride-ale,  <  ME.  bridale,  brudalc,  <  AS.  brydealo 
(also  bryd-ealoth,  dat.),  bridal,  lit.  bride-ale, 
i.  e.,  bride-feast,  <  bryd,  bride,  +  ealo  (gen. 
and  dat.  ettloth),  ale.  in  conip.  a  feast:  see  ale. 
Cf.  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc.  In  mod.  use  the 
terminal  element  has  been  assimilated  to  the 
suffix  -al,  and  the  word  accordingly  used  also 
as  an  adj.,  like  nuptial,  etc.]  I.  re.  If.  A  feast 
at  a  marriage  ;  a  wedding-feast. 

We  see  no  ensigns  of  a  wedding  here  ;  no  character  of 
a  bride-ale:  where  be  our  scarves  and  our  gloves? 

B.  Jonson,  Epicceue,  hi.  2. 
2.  A  marriage ;  nuptials. 

Did  her  honor  as  the  Prince's  bride, 
And  clothed  her  for  her  bridals  like  the  sun. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright, 
The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky. 

G.  Herbert,  Virtue. 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  or  to  a  wedding: 
as,  a  bridal  wreath. 

Come,  I  will  bring  thee  to  thy  bridal  chamber. 

Shale,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

bridaltyt  (bri'dal-ti),  n.  [<  bridal  + -ty.]  Cele- 
bration of  a  nuptial  feast. 

At  Quintain  he, 
In  honour  of  this  hriilaltee, 
Hath  challenged  either  wide  countee. 

B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

bridal-wreath  (bri'dal-reth),  re.  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  cultivated  species  of  Spir&a, 


bridegroom 

5.  hyperirifolia,  with  long  recurved  branches 
and  numerous  small  white  double  flowers  in  t  lie 
axils  of  the  leaves. — 2.  The  Francoa  ramosa, 
a  somewhat  shrubby  saxifragaeeous  plant  of 
Chili,  with  long  crowded  racemes  of  while 
flowers.  It  is  cultivated  in  England. 
bride1  (brid),  ».  [<  ME.  bride,  bryde,  brittle. 
nom.  prop,  without  the  final  e,  arid,  bryd,  brud, 
often  transposed  bird,  burd,  etc.  (see  bird?),  a 
bride,  a  young  lady,  <  AS.  bryd,  a  bride,  =  OS. 
brud  =  OFries.  breid  =  Ml),  brud,  D.  hruid  = 
MLG.  brut,  LG.  brud  =  OHG.  MHG.  brut,  G. 
brant,  bride  (i.  e.,  betrothed  woman),  =  Ieel. 
britdhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  brud,  a  bride,  =  Goth,  britths, 
daughter-in-law  (>  ult.  F.  bru,  earlier  bruy, 
"brut,  ML.  hmt.  bruta,  daughter-in-law),  cf. 
comp.  bruth-faths,  bridegroom  (see  bridegroom) ; 
root  unknown.]  1.  A  woman  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 

He,  only  he,  can  tell,  who,  match'd  like  me,  .  .  . 

Has  by  his  own  experience  tried, 

How  much  the  wife  is  dearer  than  the  bride. 

Lord  Lyttclton,  An  Irregular  Ode. 

2.  A  name  of  the  American  wood  or  summer 
duck,  Aix  sponsa.     Coues. 
bride't  (brid),  v.      [<  bride1,  «.]     I.  tram.  To 
make  a  bride  of ;  marry.     [Rare.] 

I  knew  a  man 
of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  brided. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  2, 

II.  intrants,  (with  indefinite  it).  To  act  like 
a  bride ;  assume  the  air  of  a  bride. 

Maidens  commonly  now  a  dayes  are  no  sooner  borne, 
hut  they  beginne  to  bride  it. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  83. 

bride2  (brid),  «.  [<  ME.  bride,  a  bridle,  <  OF. 
F.  bride,  a  bridle,  string,  strap,  button-loop, 
etc.,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida,  a  bridle:  see  bridle.] 
If.  A  bridle. 

Theo  lady  .  .  .  syngeth  of  Dydo  and  Enyas, 
How  love  heom  ladde  by  strong  bride. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  7625. 

2.  In  needlework,  lacemaking,  etc.,  a  loop,  link, 
or  tie. 

bride-alet  (brid'al),  re.  An  old  and  etymologi- 
cal form  of  bridal. 

bride-bed  (brid'bed),  n.  [<  ME.  (not  found),  < 
AS.  bryd-bed  =  MLG.  brutbedde  =  D.  bruidsbed 
=  MHG.  brutbette,  G.  brautbett.]  The  marriage- 
bed.    Shak.    [Rare.] 

bride-bowlt  (brid'bol),  n.     Same  as  bride-cup. 

bride-brancht  (brid'branch),  n.  A  sprig  of  rose- 
mary formerly  carried  at  weddings  as  a  token 
of  remembrance. 

I'd  ride  forty  miles  to  follow  such  a  fellow  to  church  ; 
and  would  make  more  of  a  sprig  of  rosemary  at  his  burial 
than  of  a  gilded  bride-branch  at  mine  own  wedding. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  -Master-Oonstable,  i.  1. 

bride-cake  (brid'kak),  re.  Same  as  wedding- 
cake. 

In  the  North,  slices  of  the  Bride-cake  are  put  through 

the  Wedding  Ring,  they  are  afterwards  laid  under  Pillows 

at  Night  to  cause  young  Persons  to  dream  of  their  Lovers. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  335. 

bride-chamber  (brid'cham"ber),  «.  A  nuptial 
apartment. 

Can  the  children  of  the  bridechamber  mourn,  as  long 
as  the  bridegroom  is  with  them?  Mat.  ix.  15. 

bride-CUpt  (brid'kup),  n.  A  bowl  or  cup  of 
spiced  wiue  and  other  ingredients  formerly 
served  with  bride-cake  at  wedding-feasts.  Also 
called  bride-bowl. 

Get  our  bed  ready,  chamberlain ; 
Host,  a  In-ide-cup ;  you  have  rare  conceits, 
And  good  ingredients.        B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

bride-day  (brid'da),  n.  The  marriage-day. 
Scott. 

bridegroom  (brid'grom),  re.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bridegrome  (Tyndale,  A.  D.  1525),  with  inserted  r 
as  in  the  simple  groom  (q.  v.) ;  <  ME.  bridegome, 
bridgume,  bredgome,  brudgume,  <  AS.  brydguma, 
also  brydiguma  (brydi  for  bryde,  gen.  of  bryd)  (= 
OS.  brudigumo  =  OFries.  brcidgoma  =  D.  bruide- 
t/om,  bruigom=MLGr.  brudegam,!/}.  briidegam, 
brodegam,  brogam  =  OHG.  brutigomo,  MHG. 
briutegome,  G.  brautigam  =  IeeL  brudhgumi  = 
Sw.  brudgum,  -guinme,  =  ODan.  brudegomine, 
brudgomme,  Dan.  brudgom),  lit.  bride's  man,  < 
bryd,  gen.  bryde,  etc.,  bride,  +  guma,  man:  see 
bride1  and  groom.  Cf.  Goth,  briithfaths,  bride- 
groom/ brutlis,  daughter-in-law  (bride),  +  faths 
=  Gr.  iromc  —  Skt.  pati,  husband,  lord:  see 
despot,  potent,  etc.]  1.  A  man  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 
He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.  John  iii.  29. 
Those  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day 
That  creep  into  the  dreaming  bridegrooms  ear, 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 


bridegroom 

2.   [Perhaps  in  allusion  toils  sparkling  appear- 
\  local  name  in  BanSshin  .  Scotland, 
of  the  gemmoi  .  Callionymuslyra. 

bride-houset  (brid'hi  \  public  hull  for 

celebrating  marriagi 

when  a  hull  .1  [a  pro 

bridal]  in.  .1 

bride-knott  (brid'not),  ».  A  breast-knot;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  a  guest  at  a  wedding; 
a  weddii 

bride-lacet  (brid'las),  n.  Fringed  strings  of 
silk,  cotton,  or  worsted,  formerly  given  at  a  wed- 
ding to  the  friends  of  the  bride  and  groom  to 
tie  up  tl  ry-sprigs  they  carried  (see 

bride-branch).    After  the  ceremony  thej 
twisted  into  the  hats  or  in  the  hair,  and  worn 
as  streamer-. 

in  their  hats. 

■  man  Boiled  with  Kindness. 

bridelyt  (brid'li),  a.  [<  bride*  +  -hji.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  bride;  nuptial. 

She   '  h  iinous  'Time  the  bond  bed, 

Did  ill  about  her  father's  neck  with  fawning 

bridemaid,  n.    See  bridesmaid. 

brideman,  «.    E  man. 

bridescake  (bridz'kak),  n.     Bride-cake.     See 

bride's-laces  (bridz'la  sez),  n.  An  English 
name  of  the  dodder. 

bridesmaid,  bridemaid  (bridz'-,  brid'mad),  n. 
A  young  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman  who  at- 
tends on  a  bride  at  her  marriage  during  the 
ceremony. 

bridesmaiding  (bridz'ma-ding),  >i.  The  state 
of  being  a  bridesmaid.     [Kaiv.J 

111  bide  my  time  lot  laiding.  Trollojye. 

bridesman,  brideman  (bridz'-,  brid'man),  «.; 
pi.  bridi  snu  n,  bridenu  n  (-men).    [<  bride's,  poss. 
offend*1,  or  bride,  +  man.    Cf.  MLG.  brutman 
=  Icel.  brUdhmadhr  =  ODan.  brudernand;  cf. 
OP.  brumen,  a  fiancA]     A  man  who  attends 
upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage, 
bride's-staket  (bridz'stak),   n.      [Also  bride- 
stake,  <  bridi  '  +  stake;  with  reference  to  wed- 
ding festivities.]     A  stake  or  post  set  in  the 
ground  to  dance  round,  especially  at  a  wedding. 
/.'.  Jonson. 
bridewell  I  brid'wel),  n.    [So  called  from  a  pal- 
ace built  in   1522  near  St.  Ilride's  or  Bridget's 
Well,  in   London,   which   in   1553  was  turned 
into  ;i  i"  aal  w orkhouse,  officially  called  Bride- 
Eospital.]     A  house  of  correction  for  the 
confinement  of  vagrants  and  disorderly  per- 
il in'U  generally  given  to  a  prison  in 
:tion  with  a  polio  station,  for  the  temporary  deti  n 
ti"n  of  those  wlio  nave  been  arrested  by  the  police, 
bridewort  (l)rid'wert  ).  «.     Species  of  Spirma, 
8.  Vlmaria  ami  .v.  salicifolia,  named  from  the 
feathery  appearance  of  their  panicles  of  white 
flowers. 

bridge1  (brij),  11.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bredge; 

OIK.  '"/.'/'',  brugge (unassibilated  brig, 

brugg,  K.-.  brig),  <  AS.  brycg,  bricg  =  OPries. 

brigge,  bregge  =  I».  hnuj  =  MLG.  brugge,  L(i. 

:■  -  OHO.  brucca,  MHG.  brucJee,  brUcke, 

.1    bridge,  =   Icel.  bryggja  =  Sw. 

brygga  =  Dan.  brygge,  a  pier,  landing-stage, 

1    idge;  connected  with  Icel. 

:  Sw.  bro  —  Dan.  bro,  a   bridge,  a  paved 

way.    Perhaps  akin  to  brow;  el.  OBulg.  br&vi, 

a    bridge,    also     brow:    see    brow.]       1.     Any 

structure  which  spans  a  lmil_\  ol  water,  or  ii 
valley,  road,  or  the  like,  ami  affords  passage 
or  (■■ 

aid  wood,  and  in  0 

thi    i>. 
!  by  an  arch  1  1  h  are 

ji  1.  1  11  <  j   j    _  'rtedbyabul 

men)    01     ■■  plei 

\ 

1  fml     '^"Tfc^M^4**y*4faM^Jni   -.  ,,t 

brick,  stone,  iron, 

-     ' !         '■!        Woo.  I. 

Pancl.tniss  Bridge.  '         eldom 

...  epl 

tor  .... 
whi  11    ■ 

'■'Hi  1  tro 

prot  .i  tin 



/  y ///  ■  1\a  X  i  ■ 

'||-     ^i^^MMi^^H^^H^HBs* 
'''     ''""    '"  Comn. 

.  idyadaptab 

■  1  the 

lulu:. I 


McCallum  Arched-truss  Bridge. 


680 

arch  known  was  built  over  the  AHIer,  at  Viellle  Brloude, 
France,  in  L454.  it-  span  was  183.73  feet,  with  a  risi  "i  60 
feet     The  bridge  over  the  Dee  at  Chester  has  a  greater 

llrst     arched  "  ■  Jjt 

built  of  iron       v96h|hii  '-/'■' 

.  i  .tl   over        '  *^\"__4 

the    river    Severn,  Fink-truss  Bridge. 

in     England,    and 

consists  irt  5  parallel  ribs  of  cast-iron,  with  a  span  of  100 
ami  a  rise  of  -10  feet.  The  Southwark  bridge  over  the 
Thames  at  London,  the  central  one  of  the  three  arches  of 
which  has  a  span  of  240  with  a  rise  of  24  feet,  formerly 
ranked  as  the  largest  iron  arched  bridge ;  but  this  span  has 
i;  ■     been  more  than doubled,asuotablyin  thebridgeover 

the  Mississippi  at 
St    LOUIS,   and    the 

\\  ashington bridge 
over  tin-  Harlem 
river  in  New  York 
city.  In  an  arched- 
beam  bridge  arched 

Arched-beam  Bridge.  beams  in  compres- 

sion constitute  the 
prini  Epal  members  and  sustain  the  load.    The  beams  are 
Bometimes  built  of  parallel  layers  of  planks,  which  arc 
made  to  break  joint.  In  the  more  important  construct  ions 
the  arches  are  often  compound.  They  have  been  employed 
in  modern  bridges  of  considerable  magnitude.     An  arched- 
truss  bridge  is  a  form  in  which  the  compression-member 
is  an   arched   beam, 
as  in  tiie  McCallum 
truss.     In    a    beam- 
times      bridge      the 
load     is     supported 
by    beam-trusses    or 
openwork  beams.    A 
compression-chord  ami  a  tension-chord  are  essential,  and 

the  Btresses  are  transferred  from  one  to  the  other  on  their 
way  to  the  points  of  support  by  means  of  struts  and  ten 
sion-bars,  which  together  are  called  web-members.  See 
phrases  below  for  other  forms. 

At  Trompyngton,  nat  fer  fro  Cantebrigge, 
Tiler  goth  a  brook  and  over  that  a  brigge. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  2. 

2.  The  upper  line  or  ridge  of  the  nose,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  nasal  bones. — 3.  In 
engraving,  a  board  resting  on  end-cleats,  on 
which  the  engraver  rests  his  hand  in  working. 
In  etching  two  bridges  are  used:  one  with  low  feel  or 
cleats,  to  serve  for  work  on  the  unbitten  plate  ;  the  other 
with  higher  feet,  to  raise  it  above  the  bordering- wax  after 
it  lias  been  applied. 

4.  A  wtill,  generally  made  of  fire-brick,  which  is 
built  at  both  ends  of  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
to  a  certain  height,  in  order  to  isolate  the  space 
in  which  the  metallurgical  operation  is  con- 
ducted. The  wall  nearest  the  fireplace  is  called  the  fire* 
bridge ;  the  other,  at  the  opposite  end,  the  Jtuc-bri,/g- ■' 

5.  In  gun.,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  con- 
nect tin'  l\\<itr;tiisomsof  agun-carriage.  [Eng.  | 
—  6.  In  metal. j  the  platform  or  staging  by 
w  hich  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
of  a  smelting-furnace.—  7.  That  part  of  a 
stringed  musical  instrument  over  which  the 
BtringS  air  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raisea  above  the  sounding-board,  in  bow-instru- 
ments, such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is  arched,  in  order 
to  allow  the  bow  to  strike  any  one  string  without  touching 
the  others. 

8.  Naut.,  a  raised  platform  extending  from 
si ilc  t<>  side  of  a  steamship  above  the  rail,  for- 
ward of  amidships,  for  the  use  and  convenience 
of  the  officer  in  charge.  It  affords  him  an  uninter- 
rupted riew,  and  is  furnished  with  means  for  communi- 
cating, by  automatic  signals,  with  the  engine-room  and 
the  wheel  house.  Man]  large  vessels  have  two  bridges 
one  forward  of  and  one  abaft  the  mainmast.;  and  it  is 
now  very  common  for  the  bridge  to  be  made  in  two  tiers, 
one  above  the  other,  with  often  an  outlook-station  still 

higher  than  tin  up 
per  tier.  In  side- 
wheel  steamers  the 
bridge  connects  the 

paddled"  (XeS. 

9.  A  metal  bar 
supported  at 
one     or     both 

endsof  awatch- 
plate,  andf orm- 
bia  :i  Won  mi-  for  a  part  of  the  works. — 10.  Tim 
ba  iance-rynd  of  a  millstone. — 11.  In  car-build- 
ing, a  fcimbi  p,  bar,  or  beam  which 
is  supported  at  each  end. — 12.  In 
euchre,  a  position  where  one  side 
has  scored  four  points  and  tho 
"i  aer  onlj  one. — 13.  In  elect,  an 
i  for  measuring  the  re- 
■i  inner-  of  n   conductor,  the  ar-  ^j& 

■ill    of    whose  parts  bears         «^BSfflfi8lH 
oiih      n    enibliince    to    ;i     bridge.       £f£^t  ' 

A  common  form  is  called  /(  heat- 
stone's  bridge)  from  the  inventor. 

See     resistioter.     Archivolt     of     a      NN^HI 

bridge.    Bee  archivolt.    Asses'  bridge.      KF         ■— — — "" 

Bottom-road      Hf   flBD  Bir,I? 

bridge,  a  hrnl  ■■    wl ■  madwa\    is  sup-        HFJHttJ!1"*1 

Upon  the  lower  chord  in  a  truss-        \jM     [r± 

tic    bottom    in    a    tubular        ^U  7  ■— 

bridge.    Also  called  through  bridge.    I  »p 


Bottom-road  or  Through  Bridge. 
(Sec  below.) 


bridge 

posed  to  deck-bridfic  or  tty>-road  bridge.-  Box-girder 
bridge.  .More  commonly  called  tubular  bridge  (which 
see).— Cantaliver  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  span 
is  formed  by  bracket-shaped  beam-trusses,  extending 
inward  from  their  supports  and  connected  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  span  either  directly  or  by  an  Intermediate  truss 

id'  ordinary  construction.      W  hen  piers  arc  used  to  support 

the  beam-trusses,  thej  are  placed  near  the  center  ot  each 

truss,  and   not,  as  in  ordinary  truss-bridges,    at    its  ends. 

The  -trains  due  to  a  load  upon  the  span  arc  earned  out- 
ward toward  the  ends  oi  the  bridge  and  beyond  the  piers 
by  bracket-arms  similar  to  those  forming  the  central  span, 
the  extremities  of  which  mas  be  secured  to  other  piers  to 
serve  the  twofold  purpose  of  resisting  by  their  weight  the 


Cantaliver  Bridge,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

uplift  caused  by  the  load  when  upon  the  central  span  and 
of  themselves  supporting  vertical  pressure;  or  they  may 
form  part  of  other  spans  similar  to  the  central  one.  This 
form  of  bridge  presents  the  great  advantage  of  permitting 
the  construction  of  the  main  span  without  scaffoldings  be- 
neath. A  fine  example  is  the  cantaliver  bridge  below  Ni- 
agara Falls,  built  for  the  Michigan  Central  and  Canada 
Southern  railways.  — Cbeck-bridge  of  a  furnace,  a  fire- 
bridge: so  called  because  it  was  supposed  to  check  the 
draft.— Counterpoise  bridge,  a  bascule  bridge  in  which 
counter-weights  help  to  raise  the  platform.—  Electric 
bridge,  a  term  applied  to  several  contrivances  for  deter- 
mining the  resistance  of  an  electric  circuit,  all  essentially 
identical  with  Wheatstone's  bridge  (which  see,  under  re- 
sistance).— Floating  bridge,  (a)  A  boat,  raft,  or  pontoon 
bridge.  (6)  A  part  of  a  bridge,  supported  by  a  caisson  or 
pontoon,  which  can  swing  into  and  away  from  the  line  of 
roadway,  (c)  if  Hit.,  a  kind  of  double  bridge,  of  which  the 
upper  member  projects  beyond  the  lower,  and  is  capable 
of  being  moved  forward  by  pulleys:  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks  of  a 
fort.— Flying  bridge,  a  suspension-bridge,  or  a  bridge 
built  for  temporary  use,  as  a  pontoon  bridge,  -Hanging 
bridge,  a  suspension-bridge.  The  term  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  more  primitive  forms  of  suspension-bridge.— 
Hoist-bridge,  same  as  lifting  bridge.  —  Induction- 
bridge.  See  induct  ion.—  Lattice- bridge,  a  bridge  in 
wliich  the  web  between  the  chords  or  the  main  compres- 

..."        ■  r    ,   7-:   :-;-:  T-;   ,.    t  '-'e^ 


tf 


■-■//■ 


Lattice-bridge  (side  elevation). 

a>  roadway;  #,  sleepers  ;  c.  transverse  beams;  d,  g;  h,  stringers; 

c,  lattice-ribs;/;  cross-beams. 

sion-  and  tension -members  is  formed  by  lattice-work. — 
Leaf-bridge,  a  hinged  lifting  bridge.— Lifting  bridge,  a 
drawbridge  the  span  of  which  moves  in  a  vertical  plane 
instead  of  horizontally.  Also  called  hoist-bridge. — Pivot- 
bridge,  a  swinging  bridge  balanced  upon  a  pivot.     It  is 


Pivot-  or  Swing-bridge. 

often  formed  by  two  equal  spans,  covering  a  channel  on 
•  acii  side  of  the  pivot-pier.—  Pontoon  bridge,  a  platform 
or  roadway  supported  upon  pontoons.  Bridges  of  this 
Kind  are  largely  used  in  military  operations,  the  pontoons 
being  formed  of  air-tight  bags  or  hollow  metallic  vessels. 
—  Rope  bridge,  a  hanging  bridge  consisting  of  a  platform 
supported  by  ropes,  or  simply  of  a  rope  carried  across  the 
stream  or  chasm,  and  supporting  a  basket  or  car  which  is 
drawn  backward  and   forward.      Such  bridges  are  used  ill 

mountainous  districts,  especially  in  India  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  are  sometimes  made  of  sufficient  Btrength  to  afford 

passage  to  droves  of  loaded  mules.  The  ropes  are  often 
made  of  plaited  thongs  of  hide,  or  even  of  rushes. — 
Suspension-bridge,  a  roadway  suspended  from  ropes, 
chains,  or  wire  cables,  usually  hung  bet  ween  massive  tow- 
ers of  masonry,  and  Becurely  anchored  at  the  extremities. 

The  most  notable  of  suspension-bridges  is  that  between 
\i  w  York  and  Brooklyn,  over  the  East  Kiwi.  The  main 
span  is  L,595j  feet  long,  the  altitude  at  the  center  LS5  feet 
above  mean  high  water,  the  height  of  the  towers  276j 
feetj  and  the  total  length  6,989  f<  et  The  roadway  is  sua- 
I"  tided  from  four  cables  of  steel  wiic,  each  16]  inches  in 


Easl  River  Su^.ciiMuii-tri-](rc.  New  Vutk. 


bridge 

diameter.  —Through  bridge.  Soma  as  bottom-road  bridge: 
opposed  to  deck-bridge  or  top-road  bridge.  Top-road 
bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  roadway  is  upon  or  above 

the  upper  chord  of  the  truss.     Also  called  deek-brido< 

Trussed-arch  bridge,  an  arched-beam  bridge  with  which 
a  truss  luts  been  combined  to  stiffen  or  strengthen  it. — 
Tubular-arch  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  primary 


iiW  U  I  1 1 


681 


Tubular-arch  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

supporting  members  are  arched  tubes. — Tubular  bridge, 
a  bridge  forming,  as  a  whole,  a  great  hollow  beam.  It  is 
a  box-beam,  sufficiently  large  to  admit  of  the  passage  of 
vehicles  through  it.  The  first  works  of  this  kind  were 
the  Conway  and  Britannia  railway  bridges  in  Wales.  The 
latter,  over  the  Menai  strait,  opened  in  1850,  consists  of 
two  independent  rectangular  tubular  beams  of  wrought- 
iron  1,511  feet  long,  with  a  single  span  of  459  feet.  The 
Victoria  tubular  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Montreal 
is  about  two  miles  long.  Also  called  box-girder  bridge.— 
Wheatstone's  bridge.  See  resistance. 
bridge1  (brij),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bridged,  ppr. 
bridging.  [<  ME.  *bryggen  (not  found),  <  AS. 
bryegian  (also  in  comp.  ofer-bryegian,  bridge 
over)=  MLG.  brugqen,  =  OHG.  briteeon,  MHti. 
bracken,  briicken,  G.  bracken,  bridge;  cf.  Ieel. 
brua,  bridge  over;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
build  a  bridge  or  bridges  on  or  over;  span  with 
a  bridge:  as,  to  bridge  a  river. —  2.  To  make  a 
bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xerxes,  .  .  .  over  Hellespont 

Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  join'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  310. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  span  or  get  over ;  serve  as 
or  make  a  way  of  passing  or  overcoming :  as, 
conversation  bridged  the  intervals  of  the  play ; 
to  bridge  over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this  way 
to  become  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  over  the  love- 
less chasms  of  life.  George  Eliot. 

I  cannot  but  think  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  us  to 
work  in  helping  to  bridge  over  the  great  abyss  of  ignorance 
which  lies  at  our  feet.  Huxley }  Lay  Sermons,  p.  71. 

bridged,  v.  t.  [Also  bredge,  <  ME.  briggen, 
breggen,  by  apheresis  for  abriggen,  abreggen, 
mod.  E.  abridge,  q.  v.]     To  shorten;  abridge. 

Byreven  man  his  helthe  and  his  welfare, 
And  his  dayes  briggen  anil  schorte  his  lyf. 
Occleve,  MS.  Soc.  Antiq.,  134,  fol.  251.     (Halliwell.) 

bridge-bar  (brij'bar),  n. 

bar  carrying  the  load. 

bridge-board  (brij'bord),  n.  One  of  the  notched 
boards  of  a  stair  to  which  the  ends  of  wooden 
steps  and  risers  are  fastened.  Also  called 
notch-board. 

bridge-deck  (brij'dek),  n.  A  bridge  of  spacious 
dimensions,  forming  a  partial  deck,  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-head  (brij'hed),  n.  In  fort.,  a  work 
covering  that  end  of  a  bridge  which  is  most  ex- 
posed to  an  enemy ;  a  tete-de-pont. 

bridge-islet  (brij'i"let),  n.  A  portion  of  land 
which  becomes  insular  at  high  water,  as  the  isle 
of  Lindisfarne  in  England. 

bridge-pit  (brij'pit),  n.  1. 
That  part  of  the  moat  of  a 
fortified  place  which  is  be- 
neath the  drawbridge  when 
it  is  lowered. —  2.  A  pit 
provided  to  receive  the 
counterpoise  of  a  bascule- 
bridge. 

bridge-rail  (brij'ral),  n.  A 
railroad-rail  having  an 
arched  tread  and  lateral 
foot-flanges.   E.  H.  Knight. 

bridge-stone  (brij 'ston),  n. 
ing  over  a  gutter  or  narrow  span, 
bridge-tower  (brij'tou/er),  n.    1. 


In  a  car-coupling,  the 


Bridge-rail. 

A  flat  stone  bridg- 


A  tower  for 
the  defense  of  a  bridge,  usually  erected  upon 
the  bridge  itself,  the  road  passing  through  arch- 
ways in  its  lower  story,  which  could  be  closed 
by  gates.  Bridges  were  commonly  defended  in  this  way 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  many  such  towers  remain,  as  at 
Cahors  in  France,  and  notably  at  Prague  in  Bohemia. 
2.  Less  properly,  a  tower  defending  the  ap- 
proach to  a  bridge  in  the  manner  of  a  tete-de- 
pont.  A  notable  instance  of  such  a  tower  is  that  at  Ville- 
neuve,  opposite  Avignon,  on  the  Khone. 

bridge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.,  a  division 
of  an  army  carrying  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments required  for  the  passage  of  troops  across 
a  river;  a  pontoon-train. 

bridge-tree  (brij'tre),  n.  A  beam  by  which  the 
spindle  of  the  runner  in  a  grinding-mill  is  sup- 
ported. It  can  be  adjusted  so  as  to  vary  the 
relative  distances  of  the  grinding  surfaces. 


Bridge-tower.—  Molda 

Bridgettine  (brij'e-tin),  n.     See  Brigittine. 

bridge-ward1  (brij 'ward),  n.  [<  ME.  brigge- 
ward,  <  AS.  bricgweard,  <  brUsg,  brycg,  bridge, 
+  wcard,  ward,  keeper.]  The  warden  or  keeper 
of  a  bridge. 

Those  whose  route  lay  along  the  river  .  .  .  summoned 
the  Bridgeward,  and  demanded  a  free  passage. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  175. 

bridge-ward'2  (brij'ward),  n.  [<  bridge  +  ward 
(of  a  key).]  In  locksmithing,  the  principal 
ward  of  a  key,  usually  in  the  plane  of  rotation. 

bridgewater  (brij'wa-ter),  n.  A  kind  of  broad- 
cloth manufactured  in  Bridgewater,  England. 
PI  an  the. 

bridging  (brij'ing),  it.  [Verbal  n.  of  bridge1,  v.] 
In  arch.,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  between  two 
beams  or  other  pieces,  to  prevent  them  from 
approaching  each  other.  Single  bridging  has  one 
pair  of  diagonal  braces  at  the  midlength  of  the  joists.  In 
double  bridging  there  are  two  pairs  of  cross-braces  divid- 
ing the  joists  into  three  lengths.  More  generally  called 
a  strutting-  or  straining-piece.    E.  H.  Knight. 

bridging-floor  (brij'ing-flor),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
floor  in  which  bridging-joists  are  used. 

bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  below  by  transverse 
beams  called  bind- 
ing-joists;  also,  a 
joist  which  is  nail- 
ed or  fixed  to  the 
flooring-boards. 

Bridgittine  (brif- 
i-tin),  n.  See  Bri- 
gittine. 

b'ridgy  (brij'i),  a. 
[<  bridge*  +  -yi.] 
Full  of  bridges ;  re- 
sembling a  bridge. 
Sherwood.    [Rare.] 

bridle  (bri'dl),  n.  [< 
ME.  bridel,  <  AS. 
bridel,  also  bndels  =  OFries.  bridel  =  MD.  brey- 
del,  D.  breidel  =  MLG.  LG.  breidel  =  OHG.  bridil. 
britel,  brittil,  priddil,  prittil,  MHG.  bridel,  britel 
( >  OF.  bridel—  It.  predella,  a  bridle,  also  in  short 
form,  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida  =  OF.  and  F.  bride,  a 
bridle,  >  E.  bride",  q.  v.),  G.  breidel,  also  britel, 
brittel;  root  unknown.]  1.  That  portion  of 
the  gear  or  harness  of  a  horse  (or  other  animal 
similarly  used)  which  is  fitted  to  its  head,  and 
by  which  it  is  governed  and  restrained,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and  reins, 
with  other  appendages,  according  to  its  par- 
ticular form  and  uses.     See  cut  under  harness. 

Mony  of  hem  fote-men  ther  ben, 

That  rennen  by  the  britdels  of  ladys  shene. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

And  Mamas,  when  with  ivy  bridles  bound, 
She  led  the  spotted  lynx. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  i.  203. 

2.  An  old  instrument  of  punishment  and  re- 
straint for  scolds:  a  simpler  form  of  the 
branks. — 3.  Figuratively,  a  restraint;  a  curb; 
a  check. 

A  continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  Watts. 

This  fort  is  the  bridle  of  the  whole  citty,  and  was  well 
stor'd  and  garrison'd  with  native  Spanyards. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  31,  1645. 
4.  The  piece  in  the  interior  of  a  gun-lock  which 
covers  and  holds  in  place  the  tumbler  and  sear, 
being  itself  held  by  the  screws  on  which  they 
turn.     See  cut  under  gun-lock. — 5.  The  piece 


Bridging-joists. 
<t,  flooring;    b,  girder  ;    c,  c,  bridging- 
joists  ;  it,  d,  ceiling -joists ;  e,  e,  straps. 


brief 

on  the  end  of  a  plow-beam  to  which  the  draft  - 
shackle'  is  attached;  till'  clevis.  Also  called  ntii.:- 
;fe  or  plow-head. —  6.  In  much.,  a  link,  flange, 
or  other  attachment  for  limiting  the  movement 
of  any  part  of  a  machine. —  7.  Naut.,  a  chain  or 
rope  span  both  ends  of  which  are  made  fast, 
the  strain  or  power  being  applied  to  the  bight. 
— 8.  In  pathol.,  a  small  band  attaching  two 
parts  to  each  other,  as  two  serous  surfaces  after 
inflammation,  or  the  sides  of  the  urethra  after 
urethritis,  or  stretched  across  a  pustule  or 
vesicle,  modifying  its  shape. — 9.   In  anat.,  a 

frenum  (which  see) Branches  of  a  bridle.    See 

branch. — Mooring-bridle  (naut.),  the  chain  cable  attach- 
ed to  permanent  moorings.— To  bite  on  the  bridlet,  to 
suffer  great  hardships.  Brewer. 
bridle  (bri'dl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bridled,  ppr. 
bridling.  [<  ME.  bridlen,  bridelen,  <  AS.  ge- 
bridlian  (=  MD.  breydelen,  D.  breidelen  =  OHG. 
brittilott,  MHG.  briteln,  pritteln,  Ot.  breidelen, 
briteln,  hrituln),  bridle,  restrain,  <  bridel,  bri- 
dle.] I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on:  as,  to 
bridle  a  horse. 

Where  steeds  run  arow, 
I  have  seen  from  their  bridled  lips 
Foam  blown  as  the  snow. 

Swinburne,  A  Lamentation. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern ;  check,  curb, 
or  control :  as,  to  bridle  the  passions. 

Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys  of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  in  her 
hands  to  bridle  Switzerland.  Burke. 

Oft  his  smooth  and  bridled  tongue 
Would  give  the  lie  to  his  flushing  cheek. 

Shelley,  Rosalind  and  Helen. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  repress,  master,  subdue. 

II.  in  trans.  To  hold  the  head  up,  in  the 
manner  of  a  spirited  horse  under  a  strong  rein, 
especially  as  an  expression  of  pride,  scom,  or 
resentment;  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation; 
toss  the  head ;  strut :  generally  with  up. 

Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coach-whip,  and  bridVd 
out  of  the  room  with  the  air  and  complexion  of  an  incens'd 
Turkey-Cock.  Cibber,  Careless  Husband,  ii.  2. 

Assure  a  lady  .  .  .  that  she  looks  killing  to-day,  she  in- 
stantly  bridles  up,  and  feels  the  force  of  the  well-timed 
flattery  the  whole  day  after.     Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

How  would  she  have  bridled  had  she  known  that  .  .  . 
[she]  only  shared  his  meditations ! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  22. 

If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin,  they  bridle 
iiji  and  deny  that  sin  fiercely  enough.  Eingsley. 

bridle-chains  (bri'dl-chanz),  n.  pi.     In  mining, 

short  chains  by  which  the  cage  is  attached  to 

the  hoisting-rope. 
bridle-hand  (bri'dl-hand),  n.     The  hand  which 

holds  the  bridle  in  riding ;  the  left  hand.    Scott. 
bridle-path  (bri'dl-path),  n.     A  path  which  is 

wide  enough  to  be  traveled  on  horseback,  but 

not  in  a  carriage.    Also  bridleway. 
bridle-port  (bri'dl-port),  n.    Naut.,  the  forward 

port  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  frigate. 
bridler  (brid'ler),  n.     One  who  bridles;  one 

who  restrains  or  governs. 
The  prelates  boast  themselves  the  only  bridlcrs  of  schism. 
MUton,  Church-Government,  i.  7. 

bridle-rein  (bri'dl-ran),  n.     [<  ME.  bridilreync 

(equiv.  to  AS.  bridelrihwang,  lit.  bridle-thong); 

<  bridle  +  rein.']  A  rein  uniting  a  bit  with 
some  other  part  of  the  harness,  or  leading  to 
the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

bridle-road  (bri'dl-rod),  n.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-rod  (bri'dl-rod),  n.  One  of  the  elements 
of  a  parallel  motion,  as  on  the  steam-engine. 

bridle-stricture  (bri'dl-strik//tur),  n.  Inpathol., 
a  stricture  formed  by  a  bandcrossing  the  ure- 
thral passage. 

bridleway  (bri'dl-wa),  n.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-wise  (bri'dl-wiz),  a.  Trained  to  obey 
the  bridle :  applied  to  a  horse  which  is  guided 
by  pressure  of  the  bridle  against  his  neck  in- 
stead of  by  pulling  on  the  bit. 

bridoon  (bri-don'),  n.  [<  F.  bridon,  <  bride,  a 
bridle :  see  bridle.']  A  light  snaffle  or  bit  of  a 
bridle  used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and 
with  a  separate  rein.     Also  spelled  bradoon. 

brief  (bref),  a.  and  n.     [I.  a.  <  ME.  breef,  bref, 

<  OF.  bref,  brief,  F.  bref=  Pr.  breu  =  Sp.'Pg.  It. 
breve,  <  L.  brceis =Gr.  ftpaxvg,  short;  cf. abbrevi- 
ate, abridge,  brevity,  brevet,  etc.,  brachygraphy, 
etc.  II.  n.  <  ME.  breef,  bre/'e,  href,  a  commis- 
sion, writing,  etc.,  <  OF.  bref,  brief,  F.  bref  = 
Pr.  breu,  brieu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  breve  =  OS.  bref  = 
D.  brief  =  LG.  bref=  OHG.  briaf,  brief,  MHG. 
G.  brief  =  Sw.  bref  =  Dan.  brer,  a  letter,  etc.,  < 
L.  brcvis  (sc.  libellus,  a  little  writing),  or  neut. 
breve,  a  short  writing  (see  also  breve  and  brew  t), 

<  brevis,  neut.  breve,  short:  see  above.]  I.  a. 
1.  Small  with  respect  to  length ;  short. 


brief 

This  mon  thai  M. alien  3ef 
j  that  wes  bo  bref. 

i    I    Wright),  p.  43. 

It  is  very  difficult  t.i  notice  this  great  language  suitably 
in  the  brief  space  aval 

/.'.  \.  i  Hut,  Mod.  I  angs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  16. 

2.  Abbreviated  :  cut  or  made  short  :  as,  the 
brief  skirts  of  a  ballet-dancer.    [Humorous.]  — 

3.  Short  in  duration;  tasting  a  short  tame. 

II, .w  /,,.  ■  i  the  lit  '  «*.,  Vs  yon  Like  it 

A  fainter  bio  ;  beauty. 

Uatotharne,  Scarlet  Letter,  U. 

4.  .Short  in  expression  :  using  few  words;  con- 

I  succinct. 
Uuch.  I  will  be  mild  and  gentle  in  my  words. 

K.  I.  -U.    Ami  '  ri'i  >.  a I  mother,  for  I  .'im  in  haste. 

...  Rich.  III.,  iv.  I. 

Tiu-  brief  style  is  that  which  expresseth  much  in  little. 
li.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

5.  Clever;  good:  as, a  &rtef  discourse:  "hegae 
us  a  very  brU  f  sermon,"  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
—  6.  Keen.  '  [Scotch.]— 7f.  Quick:  ready; 
eager. 

Doe  you  not  perceive  the  noose  you  have  brought  your 
Belle  into  whilst  you  were  so  briefe  to  taunt  other  nun 
with  weakm  Milton,  Def.  of  Hunib.  Remonst. 

8.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of  brief,  short  (hence 
quick,  active,  rife?) ;  but  some  suppose  a  con- 
fusion with  rife.']  Common;  rife;  prevalent: 
as.  I  hear  smallpox  is  very  /'/"/'there.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —in  brief,    (a)  In  few  words ;  briefly. 

Open  the  matter  in  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

(b)  In  short. 

In  brief,  sir,  stiulv  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,T.  of  the  8.,  i  1. 

=Syn.  3.  Short-lived,  ephemeral,  transitory,  fleeting.— 4. 
dions. 
II.    a.    1.    A   short   or   concise  writing;   a 
short  statement  or  account;  an  epitome. 

I  sliall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  brig/ can  make 
a  cause  plain.  /:.'»■-.. 

Ami  she  told  me. 
In  :i  sweet  verbal  brief.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

out  ..t  your  gentleness,  please  you  to  consider 
The  brief  ot  this  petition,  which  contains 
All  hope  of  my  last  fortunes.        Ford,  Fancies,  ii.  1. 

Specifically— 2.  Inlaw:  (a)  A  formal  memo- 
randum in  systematic  order,  but  concisely  ex- 
pressed, of  the  points  of  law  or  of  fact  to  be 
developed  or  expanded  in  argument,  or  to  1"' 
pursued  in  the  examination  of  a  witness;  in 
English  law,  more  usually  an  abridged  relation 
of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn  up  by  the 
attorney  for  the  instruction  of  a  barrister  in 
conducting  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

fellow  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed  to 
ro.1'1  his  brief  in  his  hand  rather  to  help  his  action  than 
that  he  wanted  notes  lor  his  further  information. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  180. 
matter  was  so  completely  at  his  command  that  he 
ily  looked  at  his  brief,     li.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  272. 

(6)  A  writ  summoning  one  to  answer  to  any 
action;  oranypr tpt  of  the  sovereign  in  writ- 
ing issuing  from  any  court  and  orderingsome- 
thiug  to  be  done,  (c)  In  Scots  law,  same  as 
i  (which  see).  ((/)  In  England,  a  letter 
nt  from  proper  authority  authorizing  a 
public  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of 
money  for  any  public  or  private  purpose;  a.li- 
cense  to  make  collections  for  repairing  churches, 
making  up  for  losses  by  fire,  etc.:  sometimes 
calli  ■                 brief  or  fang's  letter. 

This  day  was  read  in  . .ur  church  tie-  Briefe  for  a  collec- 
tion fur  reli  I  rotestant  French,  so  cruelly,  bar- 
ly,  and  inhumanly  oppress'd. 

1      '■m.  Diary,  April  25, 1686. 
3t.  A  writing  in  general ;  a  letter. 

this  sealed  brief, 
With  winged  haste,  to  the  lord  marshal. 

Shal     i  Hi  ii    IV.,  iv.  4. 
4f.  In  music,  same  as  breve,  1. 
Upon  tti-  ii   :      titer  with 

in,  and  .hive  it  through  the  brief;  which  no 

intelligent  musician,  I  know,  hut  will  affirm  to  tx 
rare.  li.  Jon  ,  Is,  iv.  1. 

5.  The  name  given  to  certain  official  d 
ments  emanating  from  the  pope,  having  a  less 
solemn  character  than  8  bull. 

ii  give, 
the  Bn  I    p.  86, 

6.  |  '  ed  breif,  bre<  >'.  <  I  >F.  href,  brief, 
a  spell,  talisman,  <  ML.  breve,  in  pi.  bre/oia,  a 
writ  i  characters  i  arried 
as  an  amulet  or  talisman:  a  particular  use  of 
Li.  iirin.  a  writing,  as  above.]    A  spell.    / 

[  Scotch.  ]  -  Syn  l 
,i 

brief  '.  a-     In   earlier  form 

breve,  q.  v.]  1.  To  abridge;  shorten;  make 
a  brief  of:  as.  to  brief  pleadings. 


682 

Thy  power  is  confined,  thy  time  is  limited ;  both  thy 
latitude  and  extension  arc  briefed  up. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  186. 

i,  of  15,107  soldiers  briefed  and  filed  away. 

Rep.  of  See.  V.  S.  Treasury,  1886,  p.  596. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  brief ;  instruct  by  a  brief. 

[  Bare.] 

I  never  oould  look  a  counsel  in  the  face  again  if  I'd  neg- 
lected to  brief  him  with  such  facts  as  these.  Trollope. 

brieft  (bref),  adv.  [<  brief,  a.]  1.  In  brief;  in 
short;  briefly. 

I  recover'd  him  ;  bound  up  his  wound. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon ;  quickly. 
But  that  a  joy  past  joy  calls  out  on  me, 
It  were  a  grief  so  brief  to  part  with  thee: 
farewell.  Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

briefless  (bref'les),  a.  [<  brief,  «.,  +  -less.] 
Having  no  brief:  as,  a  briefless  barrister. 

brieflessness  (bref'les-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  without  a  brief  or  a  client. 

briefly  (bref 'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  brefly,  breveh) :  < 
brief  +  -'.'/'-'•]  1.  In  a  brief  manner;  concisely; 
in  few  words. —  2.  With  little  length;  shortly: 
as,  in  entoni.,  briefly  pilose,  hairy,  or  spinous. 
[Rare.] 

briefman  (bref' man),  n. ;  pi.  briefmen  (-men). 
One  who  makes  a  brief;  a  copier  of  a  manu- 
script.    Quarterly  Rev. 

briefness  (bref'nes),  n.     [<  ME.  breffiws;  < 
brief  +  -Mess.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
brief;  shortness;  brevity;  conciseness  in  dis- 
course or  writing. 
We  passe  over  that,  breffnes  of  tyme  consyderynge. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  79. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that  makes 
the  whole  long.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brier  (bri'er), n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  brecr;  <  ME. 
brere,  <  AS.  brer,  also  breer,  a  brier,  bramble; 
cf.  Icel.  brdrr,  a  brier  (rare  and  uncertain). 
Cf.  It.  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  brier  (Lr.  briar,  a 
brier,  also  a  thorn,  pin,  bodkin,  is  prob.  bor- 
rowed from  E.).  The  F.  bruyere,  dial,  briere 
(earlier  bruyere,  briere  =  Cat.  bruguera  =  It. 
dial,  brughiera  (ML.  bruariuin,  bruera),  heath, 
heather,  prob.  <  Pr.  bru  =  It.  dial,  brug  =  Swiss 
hrueli,  heath;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  Bret,  brug, 
heath,  =  W.  brwg,  a  brake,  growth),  is  not  re- 
lated. The  reg.  mod.  E.  form  would  be  breer, 
which  exists  dialectally;  cf.  friar,  earlier  frier, 
<  ME. /fere.]  A  prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  gen- 
eral; specifically,  the  sweetbrier  or  the  green- 
brier  (which  see).    Also  spelled  briar. 

The  gentle  shepheard  satte  beside  a  springe, 
All  in  the  sbadowe  of  a  bushye  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

I  will  tear  your  flesh  with  the  thorns  of  the  wilderness 
and  with  briers.  Judges  viii.  7. 

brier-bird  (bri'er-berd),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  the  American  goldfinch,  Clirysomitris  (or 
Astragalinus)  tristis.    See  cut  under  goldfinch. 

briered  (bri'erd),  a.    [<  brier  +  -erf2.]     Set 

with  briers,     iliatterton. 

brier-root  (brl'er-r5t),  n.  [<  brier,  an  adapted 
E.  form  of  F.  bruyere,  dial,  briere,  heath  (see 
brier),  +  root".]  The  root  of  the  white  heath, 
Erica  arborea,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a  large 
size.  The  roots  are  gathered  extensively  in  the  south 
of  France  and  in  Corsica  for  the  purpose  of  being  made 
into  tobacco-pipes,  commonly  called  brier-wood  piji.  s.   The 

i: ,  having  been  cleared  of  earth,  and  the  decayed  parta 

cut  away,  are  shaped  into  blocks  of  various  dimensions 
with  a  circular  saw.  The  blocks  are  then  placed  in  a  vat 
and  subjected  to  a  gentle  simmering  for  a  space  of  twelve 
hours,  during  which  they  acquire  the  rich  yellowish  brown 
hia  for  which  the  host  pipes  are  noted,  and  are  then  in  a 
condition  for  turning. 

brier-wood  (brt'er-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  the 
brier-root,  used  for  making  tobacco-pipes. 

brieryi  (bri'er-i),  a.  [<  brier  +  -t/L]  Full  of 
briers ;  rough ;  t  horny.     Also  briary. 

The  thorny  brake  and  briery  wood. 

Fawkes,  Death  of  Adonis. 
A  nightingale  sang  in  the  briery  thickets  by  the  brook- 

Ldi  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Sara,  i  n,  [i. 

briery'-'t  (bri'er-i),  n.  [For  "brierery,  <  brier 
+  -ery.  <  If.  fernery,  pinery,  etc.]  A  place 
where  briers  grow.     Huloet. 

brieve  (brev),  n.  [A  Sc.  form  of  brief,  n.,  q.  v.] 
In  Sri i in  Inn-,  n  writ  issuing  from  Chancery,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  ordering  trial  to 
be  made  by  a  jury  of  certain  points  stated  in 
the  brieve.  \ ..«  used  ehiefly  in  the  election  of  tutors 
t.i  Illinois,  the  COgno  Cing  Ol  lunatics  or  idiots,  and  the 
d  widows'  tiie  , 

brig1  (brig),  n.  [=  bridge1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  bridge. 
[Scotch.] 

New,  do  thy  speedy  utmost,  Meg, 
And  win  the  key-Btune  o'  the  lor: 

Burns,  Tarn  o1  shanter. 


brigandine 

2.  A  utensil  used  in  breweries  and  in  dairies 
to  set  the  strainer  on.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
kind  of  iron  set  over  a  fire.  Halliwell.  [North. 
Eng.]  —  4.  A  ledge  of  rocks  running  out  into 
the  sea.     E.  D. 

brig-  (brig),  n.  [Short  for  brigantine1,  q.  v. 
Hence  I),  brik,  G.  brigg,  Dan.  brig,  Sw.  brigg, 
F.  brick,  Ar.  brik,  a  brig.]  1.  A  vessel  with  two 
masts  square-rigged,  nearly  liko  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  foremast. —  2.  The  place  on  board 
a  man-of-war  where  prisoners  are  confined. — 
Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  brig  that  is  square-rigged  for- 
ward and  .sclioiiner-ri'_rged  aft.    Also  called  briij.schooner. 

She  passed  out  of  hail,  but  we  made  her  out  to  he  an  her- 

ntaphrodite  brig,  with  Brazilian  colors  in  her  main  rigging. 

R.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  18. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  «.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  bri- 
gade, <  F.  brigade,  <  It.  brigata  (ML.  brigata, 
brigada),  a  troop,  company,  <  brigare,  contend: 
see  brigand.]  1.  A  party  or  division  of  troops 
or  soldiers,  whether  cavalry  or  infantry,  regu- 
lars or  militia,  consisting  of  several  regiments, 
squadrons,  or  battalions,  under  the  command 
of  a  brigadier,  or  brigadier-general.  A  brigade 
of  horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons;  of  infantry, 
four,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments. 
2.  A  body  of  individuals  organized,  generally 
wearing  a  uniform,  and  acting  under  author- 
ity: as,  afire  brigade — Household  brigade.  See 
household. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brigaded, 
ppr.  brigading.  [<  brigade,  n.]  1.  To  form  in- 
to a  brigade  or  into  brigades:  as,  regiments  of 
militia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the  line. 

In  the  organization  of  the  army  my  regiment  was  bri- 
•imled  with  the  sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Regiments  of 
Louisiana  Infantry. 

Gen.  Rieh.  Taylor,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  85. 

Hence  —  2.  To  arrange  or  embody  in  a  single 
collection  or  group  ;  group  together,  as  in  zool- 
ogy, under  a  single  name.     [Kare.] 

The  two  Classes  [Birds  and  Reptiles]  which  he  [Huxley] 
had  previously  brigaded  under  the  name  of  Sauropsida. 
A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  34. 

brigade-major  (bri-gad'ma"jqr),  n.  An  officer 
appointed  by  a  brigadier  to  assist  him  in  the 
management  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

brigadier  (brig-a-der'),  n.  [=  It.  brigadiere,  < 
F.  brigadier,  <  brigade,  brigade.]  A  general  offi- 
cer who  commands  a  brigade,  whether  of  horse 
or  foot,  and  ranks  next  below  a  major-general. 

brigadier-general  (brig-a-der'gen'e-ral),  n. 
Same  as  brigadier. 

brigand  (brig'and),  n.  [Formerly  also  brigant 
(after  It. ) ;  <  F!  brigand,  a  brigand,  OF.  brigand. 
brigant,  an  armed  foot-soldier  (ML.  brigantes, 
brigntidi,  pi.,  foot-soldiers),  <  It.  brigante,  a 
brigand,  pirate,  also  an  intriguer,  <  brigante, 
ppr.  of  brigare,  strive  after,  contend  for,  solicit, 

<  briga,  strife,  quarrel,  trouble :  see  briguc.]  If. 
A  sort  of  irregular  foot-soldier. —  2.  A  robber ; 
a  freebooter ;  a  highwayman ;  especially,  one 
of  a  gang  of  robbers  living  in  secret  retreats  in 
mountains  or  forests. 

These  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and  brigands. 
Bitekle,  Civilization,  II.  65. 

Francois,  with  bis  belt,  sabre,  and  pistols,  had  much  the 
aspect  of  a  Greek  brigand. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

=  Syn.  2.  Bandit,  etc.     See  robber. 

brigandage  (brig'an-daj),  ii.    [<  F.  brigandage, 

<  brigand  +  -age.]  The  life  and  practices  of 
a  brigand;  highway  robbery  by  organized 
gangs  ;  figuratively,  organized  spoliation  :  as, 
brigandage  iu  the  legislature  or  on  the  bench. 

The  rule  of  the  Turk  has  never  become  a  government; 
it  lias  never  discharged  the  duties  of  government ;  it  was 
foreign  brigandage  rive  hundred  years  back,  and  it  re- 
mains foreign  brigandage  still. 

K.  A.  Frerinan,  Anicr.  Leets.,  p.  419. 

Many  of  the  peasants  in 
their  distress  had   taken 

In  | ■hiiigor/u-M/rtm/U'/e 

in  the  fi. rests. 
C.U.  Pearson,  Earlyand 
[Mid.  Ages  of  Eng., 
|\\vi. 

brigander,  «.  Same 
as  brigandine1. 

brigandine1  (brig'- 
an-din),  n.  and  a. 
[Also  brigantine,  bri- 
gander, brigandicr 
(obs.)  (ME.  brii/iiii- 
tayle— Gower);<OF. 
In  i gmiil i  in  (ML.  bri- 
giiinlinii.  hrigiinliiiii). 

<  brigand,  a  foot -sol- 
dier: see  brigand.] 
I.  n.  1.  A  medieval 


Brigandine  from  Musec  d'Artil- 
lerie,  Paris.  (From  ViolleMe-DuC'S 
"  Diet,  da  Mobilicr  fmncals." ) 


brigandine 

coat  of  fence  made  of  linen  or  leather  upon 

which  overlapping  scales  of  steel  were  sewed. 

The  plates  of  steel  were  generally  quilted  between  lu.i 

thicknesses  of  stuff.     The  brigandine  was  especially  the 

armor  of  the  infantry  soldier,  but  was  sometimes  combined 

with  plate-armor  even  in  costly  suits. 
Furbish  the  spears  and  put  on  the  brigandines. 

Jer.  xlvi.  4. 

2t.    A  foot-soldier  wearing  a  brigandine;   a 

brigand. 
II.  a.  Made  like  a  brigandine ;  of  the  nature 

of  a  brigandine  :  as,  a  brigandine  garment. 
brigandine'Jt  (brig'an-din),  re.    An  old  form  of 

brigantine1. 
brigandish   (brig 'an -dish),  a.     [<  brigand  + 

-ish1.]    Like  a  brigand. 

We  fancied  that  they  [peasants  near  Naples]  had  a  brig- 
andish look.         C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  20. 

brigailtt  (brig'ant),  re.     Same  as  brigand. 

brigantine1  (brig'an-tin  or  -tin),  n.  [=D.  brir 
gantijn  =  (i.  brigantine  =  Sw.  brigantin,  <  F.  bri- 
gantin, <  It.  briganUno  (ML.  brigantinus),  a  brig- 
antine, orig.  a  roving  or  pirate  vessel,  <  bri- 
gante,  a  pirate,  brigand:  see  brigand,  and  ef. 
brig2  and  brigandine?.']  1.  A  small  two-masted 
vessel,  square-rigged  on  both  masts,  but  with 
a  fore-and-aft  mainsail  and  the  mainmast  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  foremast.  It  differs 
from  a  hermaphrodite  brig  in  having  a  square  topsail  and 
topgallantsail  on  the  mainmast.  This  term  is  variously 
applied  by  mariners  of  different  nations,  but  the  above  is 
its  most  generally  accepted  definition. 

Like  as  a  warlike  Brigandine,  applyde 

To  fight,  layes  forth  her  threatfull  pikes  afore. 

Spenser,  Muiopotnios. 

2f.  A  robber.— 3t.  Robbery. 

brigantine2  (brig'an-tin),  n.  Same  as  brigan- 
dine^. 

brigbotet,  re.  [A  term  in  old  law-books,  repr. 
AS.  briegbot,  prop,  bryegbot,  a  contribution  for 
bridge-repairing,  <  brycg,  bridge,  +  bot,  boot : 
see  boot1.]  A  contribution  for  the  repair  of 
bridges,  walls,  and  castles. 

briget,  »•  [ME.:  see  brigue.~]  Contention. 
Chancer. 

bright1  (brit),  a.  [<  ME.  bright,  briht,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bryht,  briht,  transposed  forms  of  the  usual 
beorht  =  OS.  berlit,  beraht  =  OHG.  beraht,  be- 
reht,  MHG.  berht(in.Qt.  remaining  only  in  proper 
names,  Atbrecht,  Buprecht,  etc.;  frequently  so 
used  in  AS.  and  LG.)  =  Icel.  bjartr  =  Goth. 
bairhts,  bright;  prob.,  with  old  pp.  suffix  -t,  < 
Teut.  y/  *bcrh  =  Skt.  -\/  bhrdj,  shine,  perhaps 
=  L.  flag-  in  flagrare,  flame,  blaze,  burn, 
flamnia  (*flagma),  flame,  =  Gr.  <j>?Jym>,  blaze, 
burn.  Cf.  black;  bleak1.']  1.  Radiating  or  re- 
flecting light ;  filled  with  light;  brilliant;  shin- 
ing; luminous;  sparkling:  as,  a  bright  sun. 

It  were  all  one 
That  I  should  love  a  bright  particular  star, 
And  think  to  wed  it,  hels  so  above  me. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 
Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  windows.    The  public 
places  were  as  bright  as  at  noonday. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

2.  Transmitting  light;  clear;  transparent,  as 
liquors. 

From  the  brightest  wines 
He  turn'd  abhorrent.     *  Thomson. 

3.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eye;  evident;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with  more 
ease  and  brighter  evidence  .  .  .  draw  the  learner  on. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  the  Mind. 

4.  Resplendent,  as  with  beauty ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  appears, 
In  its  graces  and  airs, 
All  bright  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  the  sky. 

ParneU,  Song. 

5.  Illustrious;  glorious:  as,  the  brightest  period 
of  a  kingdom. 

The  brightest  annals  of  a  female  reign. 

Cotton,  Wonders  of  the  Peake. 

6.  Having  or  marked  by  brilliant  mental  quali- 
ties; quick  in  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull:  as, 
he  is  by  no  means  bright;  a  bright  remark;  a 
bright  book. 

If  parts  allure  thee,  think  how  Bacon  sinned, 
The  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of  mankind. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  2S2. 

7.  Sparkling  in  action  or  manner;  animated 
or  animating ;  vivacious ;  lively ;  cheerful. 

Be  bright  and  jovial  among  your  guests  to-night. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 

The  golden-crowned  thrush,  .  .  .  with  the  dullest  of 

gold  upon  his  crown,  but  the  brightest  of  songs  in  his 

heart.  The  Century,  XXXII.  270. 

8.  Favorable ;  pleasing ;  auspicious :  as,  a  brigh  t 
prospect. 

Give  up  the  promise  of  bright  days  that  east 

A  glory  on  your  nation  from  afar.    Bryant,  Spain. 


683 

9.  In  painting,  luminous ;  glittering ;  full  of 
light.  A  picture  is  Bald  to  !"■  bright  when  the  lights  so 
much  prevail  as  to  overcome  the  shadows,  and  are  kept 
so  clear  and  distinct  as  to  produce  an  effect  of  brilliancy. 

10.  Ncmt.,  alert;  vigilant. 

Keep  a  bright  lookout  there  forwards  !  f  m../  ■  < 

=  Syn.  1.  Glowing,  lustrous,  gleaming,  radiant,  effulgent. 

—  6.  Acute,  intelligent,  discerning.— 8.   Promising,   en- 

couraging. 
bright1^  adv.     [<  ME.  brighte,  brigte,  brihte,  < 

brilit,  bright :  see  bright1,  a.]  Brightly.  Chaucer. 
bright1  (brit),  n.     [<  ME.  bright,  brigt,  <  AS. 

byrhtu,    birhtu   (=  OHG.   beruhti),   I.,    beorht, 

neut.,  brightness,  <  beorht,  bright:  see  bright1, 

a.]     Brightness. 

Darkness  we  calle  the  nyght, 
And  lith  [light]  also  the  bright. 

Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  1. 

bright1*  (brit),«.  t.  [<  ME.  brighten,  brihten (with 
reg.  inf.  suffix  -en),  <  AS.  byrhtan,  be  bright, 
geberhtan,  make  bright  (=  OHG.  gibcrehton  = 
Goth,  gaboirliljan,  make  bright),  <  beorht, 
bright.]  To  make  bright ;  brighten. 
bright-t,  ''•  i.     See  brite. 

bright-CUt  (brit'kut),  a.  Engraved  or  chased 
so  as  to  show  the  brightness  of  the  material  as 
left  by  the  tool ;  not  polished  or  colored. 
brighten  (bri'tn),  v.  [<  bright1  +  -en1.  Cf. 
bright1,  v.]  I.  intrans.  To  grow  bright  or  more 
bright;  become  less  dark  or  gloomy:  literally 
or  figuratively. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  from  a  cloud, 
Her  countenance  brightens,  and  her  eye  expands. 

Wordsworth,  Laodamia. 
The  great  sweep  of  the  Coliseum,  with  the  blue  sky 
brightening  through  its  upper  tier  of  arches. 

Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  i. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  bright  or  brighter  in 
any  manner;  shed  light  on;  make  to  shine; 
increase  the  luster  of. 

Her  celestial  eyes 
Adorn  the  world  and  brighten  up  the  skies.      Drydcn. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from ;  cheer ;  make  gay  or 
cheerful:  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  Jack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever  he 
enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company  into  .  .  . 
gaiety  and  good  humour.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  206. 

3.  To  make  illustrious  or  more  distinguished; 
heighten  the  splendor  of;  add  luster  to. 

The  present  queen  would  brighten  her  character  if  she 
would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into  her  people. 

Swift. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  witty;  sharpen  the  facul- 
ties of. — 5.  To  add  brilliancy  to  the  colors  of 
(prints,  etc.),  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

brightening  (brit'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bright- 
en, v.]  1.  The  flash  of  light  which  passes  over 
the  surface  of  the  melted  metal  when  lead 
containing  silver  is  assayed  on  a  cupel  in  a 
muffle.  At  the  moment  of  the  brightening,  the  assay, 
which  had  before  been  in  rapid  motion,  becomes  perfectly 
quiet.  This  occurs  as  soon  as  the  last  trace  of  lead  has 
been  absorbed  by  the  cupel. 

2.  In  dyeing,  same  as  blooming1,  2. 
bright-harnessed  (brit'har"nest),  a.    Having 

bright  armor.     Milton. 
brighthoodt  (brlt'hud),  n.     [ME.  brighthod;  < 
bright1  +  -hood.]     Brightness. 

The  hemes  of  my  brighthode  ar  byrnaude  so  bryghte. 

York  Plays,  p.  3. 

brightish   (bri'tish),   a.      [<  bright1  +  -ish1.] 

Somewhat  bright. 
brightly  (brit'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  brihtly,  briht- 
liche,<  AS.  brihtlice,  beorhtlke,  <  beorht,  bright.] 
In  a  bright  manner ;  splendidly ;  with  luster ; 
cheerfully. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king, 
Until  a  king  be  by.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

And  Enoch  faced  this  morning  of  farewell 
Brightly  and  boldly.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

brightness  (brit'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  brightnes, 
bnhtnesse,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorhtnes  (=OHG.  beraht- 
nissi),<.  beorht  +  -nes:  see  bright1  and  -ness.]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bright ;  splendor ; 
luster;  glitter:  as,  "  the  brightness oi  the  sun," 
Acts  xxvi.  13. — 2.  Acuteness  of  intellect  or 
faculty;  sharpness  of  wit. 

The  brightness  of  his  parts  .  .  .  distinguished  him. 

Prior. 

3.  Cheer;  cheerfulness. 

Vex'd  with  the  present  moment's  heavy  gloom, 
Why  seek  ye  brightness  from  the  years  to  come  ? 

Prior,  Solomon,  iii. 

=  Syn.  1.  Brilliancy,  effulgence. — 2.  Acumen,  mother-wit, 

ingenuity. 

Bright's  clause,  disease.     See  clause,  disease. 
brightsome  (bnt'sum),  a.    [<  bright1  +  -some.] 
Very  bright;  brilliant. 


brilliance 

Out  of  my  jewelry,  choose  thy  choice  of  diamonds, 
Till  thou  find  sonic  as  brightsome  as  thine  eyes. 

Chapman,  I'.lind  Beggar. 

brightsomeness  (brit 'sum -nes),  n.  Great 
brightness;  brilliancy. 

The  brightsomeness  of  the  Gospel  was  dimmed  in  be- 
coming shorn  of  many  of  its  grace-working  ordinances. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  283. 

bright-work  (brlt'werk),  n.  Naut.,  those  metal 
objects  about  the  decks  of  a  vessel  which  are 
kept  bright  by  polishing. 

Brigittine  (brij'i-tin),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bridget- 
tine,  Bridgitthu;  ling,  lino;  etc.,  <  Brigitta,  Lat- 
inized form  of  If.  linghiil,  E.  Bridget,  +  -ine1.] 

1.  re.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  nuns  and 
monks  established  by  St.  Brigitta  (Bridget),  a 
Swedish  princess,  about  1344,  under  the  Augus- 
tinian  rule.  The  nuns  (who  were  much  the  more  nu- 
merous) and  monks  dwelt  in  contiguous  houses,  under  the 
temporal  government  of  a  prioress.  Before  the  Refor- 
mation the  order  had  spread  into  many  countries  of  Eu- 
rope; and  there  are  still  a  few  houses  of  Brigittine  nuns, 
including  one  in  England  founded  at  a  recent  period  by  an 
English  community  that  was  transferred  to  Portugal  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time. 

2.  A  member  of  a  conventual  order  of  virgins 
founded  by  St.  Bridget  of  Ireland  in  the  sixth 
century,  which  existed  for  several  centuries  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Brigitta  or  to  the  or- 
der founded  by  her:  as,  Brigittine  indulgence. 

brignole  fbre-nyol'),  re.  [F.,  <  Brignoles,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Var,  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  prunes.]  A  variety  of  the  com- 
mon plum  furnishing  the  dried  fruits  known  as 
Provence  prunes  or  French  plums. 

brigoset  (bri-gos'),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bri- 
gous;  <  ML.  brigosus  (It.  brigoso),  <  briga,  con- 
tention: see  brigue.]    Contentious. 

Wry  brigose  and  severe. 

t.  Pidler,  Moderation  of  the  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  324. 

brigOUSt,  "•     See  brigose. 

brig-schooner  (brig'sko"ner),  re.  Same  as  her- 
maphrodite brig  (which  see,  under  brig2). 

briguet  (breg),  re.  [F.,  a  cabal,  intrigue,  etc., 
OF.  brigue  (>ME.  brige)  =  It.  briga  =  Pg.  briga 
=  Sp.  Pr.  brega  (ML.  briga),  quarrel,  conten- 
tion, strife,  etc.  Cf.  brigand.]  A  cabal;  an 
intrigue ;  a  faction ;  contention. 

The  politicks  of  the  court,  the  brigues  of  the  cardinals, 
the  tricks  of  the  conclave.  Chesterfield. 

briguet  (breg),  v.  i.  [<  F.  briguer ;  from  the 
noun:  see  brigue,  «.]     To  canvass;  intrigue. 

Our  adversaries,  by  briguing  and  caballing,  have  caused 
so  universal  a  defection  from  us.     Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 

I  am  too  proud  to  bi-igue  for  admission.  Bp.  Hurd. 

brikeH,  «•■  A  Middle  English  variant  of  brick1 
and  breach. 

Genylon  Oliver  .  .  . 

Broughte  this  worthy  king  in  swich  a  brike. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  400. 

brike2t,  re.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brick2. 

brill  (bril),  re.  [Also  written  prill,  E.  dial. 
pearl ;  prob.  <  Corn,  brilli,  mackerel,  contracted 
from  brithelli,  pi.  of  brithel,  a  mackerel,  lit. 
spotted,  <  brith,  spotted,  speckled,  =  W.  brych, 
brech  =  Ir.  Gael,  oreac,  speckled.  Cf .  Ir.  Gael. 
breac,  a  trout,  Manx  brack,  a  trout,  a  mackerel. 
Fish-names  are  unstable.]  A  flatfish,  Both  us 
or  Rhombus  laws,  of  the  family  Pleuronectula: 
In  its  general  form  it  resembles  the  turbot,  but  is  inferior 
to  it  in  both  size  and  quality.  It  has  scales,  but  very 
small  ones,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  have  more  numer- 
ous rays  than  those  of  the  turbot.  It  is  taken  on  many 
of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  principal  part  of  the  supply 
for  the  London  market  being  from  the  southern  coast  of 
England,  where  it  is  abundant. 

brillante  (brel-lan'te),  a.  [It.,  =  F.  brillant: 
see  brilliant.]  In  music,  brilliant:  noting  a 
passage  to  be  executed  in  a  brilliant,  dashing, 
showy,  or  spirited  manner. 

brilliance,  brilliancy  (bril'yans,  -yan-si),  re.  [< 
brilliant:  see  -ance,  -ancy.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brilliant ;  great  brightness  ;  splendor ; 
luster:  as,  the  brilliance  of  the  diamond. 

Star 
The  black  earth  with  brilliance  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  remarkable  excellence  or  dis- 
tinction ;  admirable  or  splendid  quality  or  qual- 
ities; absolutely,  conspicuous  mental  ability  or 
an  exhibition  of  it.  [In  this  sense  brilliancy  is 
more  commonly  used.] 

The  author  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten  his 
composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  and  brilliancy. 

Macaulay. 

When  the  circulation  has  been  artificially  exalted  by 

stimulants,  there  is  an  easy  and  rapid  current  of  thoughts, 

showing  itself  in  what  we  describe  as  unusual  brilliancy. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  102. 

=  Syn.  Effulgence,  Luster,  etc.    See  radiance. 


brilliant 

brilliant  (bril':  'M  n.     [<  F.  briUant 

(E.  -Hi-  =  -In-,  repr.  the  Eormer  sound  of  F.  -//- |, 
,'i'<c=  1'r.  Sp.  brittar  =  Pg.  brilhar  = 
It.  brillun .  glitter,  sparkle,  <  ML.  as  if  *beril- 
-   sparkle  like  a   beryl  or  other  precious 
IM,  a  beryl,  gem,  eye- 
It.  dial.  In-ill.  a  beryl,  ML.  brillum, 
.  1 1.  '<!//.  spectacles:  see 
.  ]    I.  a.  1.  Sparkling  with  fight  or  luster; 
glittering;  bright:  as,  a  brilliant  gem;  a 
Ifani  <lr.  ss. 

arrant  ot  electricity  is  .  .  .  capable  of  stimulating 

the  optic  aerve  in  Bucb  a  way  that  brilliant  colours  are 

altbougb  the  experiment  is  made  in  perfect 

dark;  Modern  Chromatii  s,  p.  9  i. 

2.  Figuratively,  distinguished  by  admirable 
qualities;  splendid;  Bhining:  as.  a  brilliant  wit; 
a  brilliant  achievement. 

Washington  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fatal  mistakes 
than  t<>  perform  briUiani  exploits.  Ames. 

The  Austriana  were  driven  back  [at  Goito]  with  heavy 
the  issue  "t  the  battle  being  decided  bya  In 
charge  <»i  the  Cuneo  brigade,  commanded  by  the  Ci    ■ 

hi  person.  y,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  S3. 

=  Syn.  1.  Lustrous,  radiant,  effulgent,  resplendent, showy, 
conspicuous.     2.  Illustrious,  notable. 

II.  n.  [Cf.  F.  brillant,  a  diamond.]  1.  The 
form  in  which  the  diamond  and  other  precious 
stones  are  nit  when  intended  to  be  used  as  or- 
naments, whenever  the  shape  and  cleavage  of 
the  uncut  stone  allow  this  to  be  done  without 
too  much  loss  of  material.  The  brilliant  is  suscep- 
tible of  many  small  modifications  as  regards  the  size,  pro- 
portions, and  even  the  number  of  the  facets;  but  in  the 
most  perfect  cut  there  are  58  facets.  The  general  shape  of 
all  brilliants  is  that  of  two  pyramids  united  at  their  bases, 
the  upper  one  being  so  truncated  as  to  give  a  large  plane 

r  i  o.  l 


684 

and  is  formed  ng  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the 

tht   opposite  small  end,  called  the  culet  or  collet. 

Lb  formed  bj  reiuovingoi]  a  of  the  thickness  of 

the  Bb  '     the  widest  part,  ami  forms  tin- 

junction  line  between  tin-  tipper  part,  called  tin-  crown, 
and  the  lower  part,  called  the  pavUion.    Fig.  -  shows  the 

top  (a),  Bide  I/O,  ami  hack  (c)  views  of  a  dern  brilliant 

rut  with  a-  taeets.  T  is  the  tahle  ;  0.  the  culet ;  G,  the 
girdle  ;  .!,  the  templets  or  bezels  (of  which  there  are  4  in 
ill  i ,  /,'  i  tie  tipper  quoins  or  lozenges  (of  which  there  are 
11 ;  S,  tar  facets  tot  which  there  are  s  in  the  crown);  /■;, 
skill-  or  halt  facets  (8  in  the  crown  ami  the  same  number 
in  the  pavilion);  /».  cross,  or  skew -facets  (s  in  each  part); 
/',  pavilion-facets  (4  in  number);  Q,  lower  or  under-side 
quoins  (of  which  there  are  4)  —  making  58  facets  in  all. 
Sometimes  extra  facets  are  cut  around  the  culet,  making 
66  in  all.  In  tig.  3,  a  and  b  show  top  and  side  views  ol  tin 
at.  or  half  brilliant ;  c  is  a  top  view  of  the  old  Eng- 
lish single  cut.  In  tig.  4,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side,  and 
hack  views <if  a  brilliant  with  4-2  facets.  In  fig.  5,  a.  b.  and 
c  show  top,  Bide,  and  back  views  of  the  split  or  double  bril- 
liant, with  74  facets.  In  fig.  6,  a.  b.  and  c  show-  top,  side, 
and  hack  \  lows  of  the  Portuguese  cut,  which  has  two  rows 
ot  rhomboidal  and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets  above 
and  below  the  girdle.  In  fig.  7,  a  gives  a  side  view  of  tlie 
douhle  rose,  sometimes  called  the  briiibite  when  several 

more  rows  of  triangular  facets  are  added.     Fig.  8  shows 


surface,  tie-  lowi  |   ,  a  point   The 

manner  in  which  tin  brOUanl  Is  derived  from  the  funds 

Ira]  form  (a  In  Bg.  1 1  i- 
andc.   The  uppermost  large  flat  surface  I 


Fig.  8.—  Regent  Diamond.    ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

the  form  and  size  of  the  famous  Regent  diamond,  belong 
ing  to  the  government  of  France.  It  weighs  1363  carats, 
and  is  generally  considered  the  most  valuable  diamond 
known,  having  been  estimated  by  experts  at  twelve  mil- 
lion francs.  It  comes  very  near  being  a  perfect  brilliant 
in  form,  but  is  a  little  too  thick  or  deep  for  its  breadth. 
while  the  Koh-i-noor,  as  cut  since  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Queen  of  England,  is  too  thin  or  spread.  Any 
gem  may  be  cut  in  brilliant  form  ;  but  when  the  word  &j  U- 
limit  is  used  by  itself,  it  is  always  understood  to  mean  a 
diamond. 

2.  The  smallest  regular  size  of  printing-type, 
about  20  lines  to  the  inch,  very  rarely  used. 


3.  In  the  mandge,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse, 
with  stately  action. — 4.  A  bright  light  used 
in  fireworks. —  5.  A  cotton  fabric  with  a  raised 
pattern  figured  in  the  loom,  and  with  or  with- 
out a  design  in  colors.- Double  brilliant,  or  Lis- 
bon cut,  a  form  with  two  rows  of  lozenge-shaped  squares 
and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets.— Half-brilliant  cut, 
the  must  Bimple  form  of  the  brilliant  cut  (see  above),  very 
generally  employed  for  stones  which  are  too  small  to  ad- 
mit of  numerous  facets.  — Trap-brilliant,  or  split-bril- 
liant, a  form  differing  from  the  full  brilliant  in  having 
tin  inundation  squares  divided  horizontally  into  two  tri- 
angular facets,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  when  viewed  in 

elevation  (see  above). 

brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.    In  a  brilliant 
manner ;  splendidly. 
line  of  these  (banners]  is  most  brilliantly  displayed. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  56. 
brilliantness  (bril'yant-nes),  n.     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brilliant;   brilliancy;   splen- 
dor; glitter. 
brilliolette,  brillolette  (bril-yd-lef,  -6-let'), 

n.  [F.  brillolette,  <  brill-ant,  brilliant,  +'-olettc. 
See  brioli  tie.]     Same  as  briolette. 

brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  brille,  D.  bril,  spec- 
tacles: see  brilliant.]  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
■  ■I'  a  horse. 

brim't,  n.  [ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea, 
ocean,  flood  (=  Teel.  brim,  sea,  surf),  orig.  per 
haps  the  (roaring)  surf,  <  "briiiimaii,  strong 
verb,  >  hn  in  urn  a.  weak  verb,  roar  (see  brim'-'), 
=  lvfrTG.  hiiiiinii  a.  strong  verb  (>  brummen, 
weak  verb,  G.  brummen  =  I).  brommiii,  hum, 
buzz,  growl, grumble);  cf.  OHG.  bn  mini.  MHG. 
brum  a,  strong  verb,  roar,  buzz,  =  L.  fremere, 
roar,  rage,  =  Gr.  ftpe/teiv,  roar,  >  ftpo/toe,  a  roar- 
ing, esp.  of  waves,  =  Skt.  •/  bhram,  wander, 
whirl,  flutter,  be  agitated.  Hence  comp.  brim- 
sand.  I  The  sea;  ocean;  water;  flood, 
in  middea  the  brig  was  ouer  the  brim. 

Legendeofthe  Holy  i: i  ml    Morris),  p.  125. 

lb  Lepith  dune  into  the  brimme. 

Early  Eng.  Poems  {ed.  Furnivall),  p.  166. 

brim-   (brim),   n.     [<  ME.  brim,   brem,  brum, 

brimme,  brymme,  margin,  esp.  of  a  river,  lake, 

or  sea  (=    MHG.  brem,  border,  brim,  G.  dial. 

(I'.av.)  brain,   border,   stripe,  (i.  brdme,  brame, 

•  t,   edge,    >  F.  In  rim,   10.    Iierm,   q.  v.;    cf. 

[eel.  ftarmr =8w.  bram =Da,n.  bromine,  border, 
edge,  brim);  asuallj  explained  as  a  particular 

use  of  ME.  Iinm.  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea.  < an.  the 

sea  us  surf  i  heme  brink,  brim):  see  brim}.]    1. 


brimful 

A  brink,  edge,  or  margin;  more  especially,  the 
line  of  junction  between  a  body  of  water  and 
iis  bank,  or  between  the  bank  and  the  adjoin- 
ing  level :  as,  to  descend  to  the  brim  of  a  lake; 
the  river  is  full  to  the  brim. 

There  is  a  cliff  [at  Dover] :  .  .  . 
Bring  me  but  to  the  very  brim  of  it. 

Sim  I:.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 
By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  119. 
New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  waters  lighten'd  into  view ; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rim 
Changed  every  moment  as  we  Hew. 

Tennyson,  Voyage,  st.  4. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anything  hollow:  as,  the 
brim  of  a  cup. 

He  froth'd  bis  bumpers  to  tin-  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Did  Year. 

3.  A  projecting  edge,  border,  or  rim  round  any- 
thing hollow:  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

And  therefore  would  be  put  bis  bonnet  on, 
Under  whose  brim  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 

Shale.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1088. 
Should  the  heart  closer  shut  as  the  bonnet  grows  prim, 
And  the  face  grow  in  length  as  the  hat  grows  in  brimt 

Whittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 
Brim  of  the  pelvis,  in  anat..  the  upper  orifice  or  inlet  of 
the  pelvis,  formed  by  the  upper  border  of  the  symphysis 
pubis,  the  iliopectineal  line  of  each  ilium,  and  the  prom- 
ontory of  the  sacrum.  =  Syn.  See  rtm. 
brim2  (brim),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming,  [Kbrim*,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

( iiu-  brave  June  morning,  when  the  bluff  north-west  .  .  . 
Brimmed  the  great  cup  of  heaven  with  sparkling  cheer. 
Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death, 
Brimm'd  with  delirious  draughts  of  warmest  life. 

Tennyson,  Eleanore,  st.  8. 
II.  in/rails.  1.  To  be  full  to  the  brim  :  as,  a 
brimming  glass. — 2.  To  coast  along  near;  skirt. 
[Rare.] 

Where  I  brim  round  flowery  islands.  Keats. 

To  brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim;  overflow  ;  often  used 
in  a  figurative  sense. 

He  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 
brim3  (brim),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [Early  mod.  E.  brimme,  <  ME.  Iirijm- 
men,  be  in  heat,  orig.  roar  (cf.  rut*  for  a  simi- 
lar development  of  sense):  see  brim1.]  To  be 
in  heat,  as  a  boar  or  sow.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Now-  bores  gladly  brymmeth. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  98. 
brim4t  (brim),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  limine, 
lireme,  <  ME.  brim,  brym,  brem,  brimme,  brymme, 
and  with  orig.  long  vowel,  bri/me,  breme,  <  AS. 
breme,  bryme,  ONorth.  broeme,  celebrated,  fa- 
mous.] 1.  Famous;  celebrated;  well  known; 
notorious.  Il'arncr. —  2.  Violent;  fierce ;  terri- 
ble ;  sharp. 

The  noyse  of  peple  up  stirte  thanne  at  ones 
As  breme  as  blase  of  straw  iset  on  fyre. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  iv.  155. 
Thistles  thikke 
And  breres  brymme  for  to  prikke. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  l.  1835. 

And  now  sith  these  tidings  haue  come  hither  bo  brim  of 

y°  great  Turks  enterprise  into  these  partes  here,  we  can 

almost  neither  talke  nor  thinke  of  any  other  thing  els. 

Sir  /'.  More,  Cnmfort  against  Tribulation  (1678),  fol.  3. 

1  also  heard  a  violent  storm  described  as  very  brim,  a 

word  which  I  had  supposed  to  be  obsolete  in  this  sense. 

.V.  nml  <>.,  7th  ser.,  II.  268. 

3.  Strong;  powerful. 

Tin*  child  .  .  .  was  a  big  barn,  &  breme  of  his  age. 

William  o}  Palerne,  1.  18. 

4.  Sharp;  acute. 

And  of  the  stones  and  of  the  sterres  thow  stutlyest,  as  I 

I.  in 
How  euere  heste  or  brydde  hath  so  breme  wittes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  \ii.  224. 

brimr>  (brim),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bream1.']  A 

fish  "f  the  family  Centrarehida:  the  long-eared 

Bunnell,  Lepomis  auritus. 
brim1'  (brim),  ft.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  brine*,  q. 

v.    Cf.  So.  brime  =  E.  brine1.]    The  forehead. 

[North.  Eng.] 
brime  (brim),  it.    A  Scotch  form  of  brine1. 
brimfillt  (brim'nl),  v.  t.    [<  brim*  +  Jim.]    To 

till  to  the  tup.     Orashaw. 
brimfiret,  »•     [ME.  brimfir,  brinflre,  <  lain-  (< 

briiiinii.  Iireiuieii,  burn)  +  fire,  lire.  Of.  brim- 
Stone.]     Sulphur. 

Towarde  Sodome  he  sag  the  roke 

And  tin-  brinfires  stinken  s ke. 

Genesis  ami  Exodus,  1.  1153. 

brimful  (brim'fuT),  a.  [<  brim?  +  fiOL]  Full 
In  I  In-  I. rim  or  tup:  completely  full:  rarely  used 
attributively:  as.  a  glass  brimful  of  wine; 
•■brimful  of  sorrow,"  Sliak:,  Tempest,  v.  1 ;  "her 


brimful 

brimful  eyes,"  Dryden,  Sigismonda  and  Guis- 
cardo. 

My  heart 
Brimful  of  those  wild  tales. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

brimfulness  (biim'ful'nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  brimful;  fullness  to  the  top.     [Rare.] 

brimiess  (brim'lesj,  a.  [<  brim2  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  brim  :  as,  a  brimiess  hat. 

brimlyt,  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  breemly,  breme- 
ly,  <  ME.  brymly,  bremly,  bremely ;  <  brim^  + 
-ly2.]     1.  Violently;  fiercely;  terribly. 

The  kynge  blyschit  [looked]  one  the  beryne  with  his  brode 

eghne  [eyes] 
That  tulle  brymly  for  breth  brynte  as  the  gledys. 

Morte  Arthurs,  I.  116. 

2.  Hastily;  quickly. 

Brymly  before  us  be  thai  hroght, 
Our  dedes  that  shalle  dam  us  bidene. 

Tovmeley  Mysteries,  p.  105. 

3.  Loudly. 

Briddes  ful  bremely  on  the  bowes  singe. 

William  <ij  PaUrne,  1.  23. 

Thou  hast  blown  thy  blast  bret  <aio>  abroad. 

Percy  Fol.  MS.,  iii.  71. 

brimmeH,  brimme2t.    See  brim1,  brim2,  etc. 

brimmed  (brimd),  p.  a.  [<  brim2  +  -etPJ]  1. 
Having  a  brim ;  in  composition,  having  a  brim 
of  the  kind  specified:  as,  a  brosA-brimmed  hat. 
—  2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level  with  the  brim. 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  this 
Their  full  tribute  never  miss. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  924. 

brimmer  (brim'er),  n.     [<  brim2,  «.,  +  -er1.] 

1.  A  bowl  full  to  the  top. 

Dear  brimmer*  that  makes  our  husbands  short-sighted. 
Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  v.  1. 
When  healths  go  round,  and  kindly  brimmers  flow. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  99. 

2.  A  broad-brimmed  hat.     [Rare.] 

Now  takes  his  brimmer  off.  A.  Bronte,  Songs. 

brimming  (brim'iug),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brim2, 
r. ;  the  allusion  is  to  the  foaming  and  spar- 
kling of  water  when  it  brims  over.]  An  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  gleam  exhibited  at  night  by  a 
school  of  herrings. 
brimmle  (brim'l),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bramble. 
brimnesst  (brim'nes),  n.  [ME.  brcmncs;  <  brim 
+  -ness.]    Fierceness ;  rage. 

At  Mid  Aprille,  the  nione  when  myrthes  begyn, 
The  season  full  softe  of  the  salt  water, 
And  the  bremnes  abated  of  the  brode  ythes  [waves]. 
Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1060. 

brim-sand  (brim'sand),  n.  [<  brim1  +  sand.'] 
Sea-sand.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brimse  (brimz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  brims, 
formerly  briinsey;  not  found  in  ME.  or  AS., 
though  an  AS.  form  *brvmsa  is  generally  cited, 
and  was  possibly  existent  as  the  orig.  form  of 
breeze1,  AS.  briosa,  breosa :  see  breeze1,  where 
forms  cognate  with  brimse  are  given.]  A  gadfly: 
same  as  breeze1.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brimseyt,  »•  Same  as  brimse.   Cotgrave ;  Topsell. 

brimstone  (briin'ston),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brim- 
ston,  brymstmt,  bremston,  brumston,  corrupt 
forms  of  brinston,  brynston,  brenston,  brunston, 
bronston,  transposed  bernston,  bornston,  etc.  (= 
Ieel.  brennisteinn  ;  ef.  Sc.  brunstanc,  brtmtstane, 
etc.),  <  brin-,  bren-  (AS.  berne-  in  bernelac,  a 
burnt-offering)  (<  brinnen,  brennen,  AS.  "brin- 
nan,  burn),  +  ston,  stone.    Cf.  brim/fire.-]    I.  n. 

1.  Sulphur;  specifically,  sulphur  in  a  concrete 
or  solidified  state,  or  reduced  from  that  state  : 
as,  roTl-brimstone ;  fluid  brimstone. 

Both  were  cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  burning  with 
brimstone.  Rev.  xix.  20. 

2.  The  brimstone  butterfly.  Newman.  [Colloq. 
or  prov.  Eng.]— Vegetable  brimstone,  a  name  given 
to  the  inflammable  spores  of  species  of  bycopodium,  em- 
ployed in  the  preparation  of  fireworks. 

II.  a.  1.  Of ,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  brim- 
stone: as,  brimstone  matches. 

From  his  brimstone  bed  at  break  of  day 
A-walking  the  devil  has  gone. 

Coleridge,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

2.  Sulphur-yellow  in  color;  resembling  brim- 
stone or  sulphur  in  color;  bright-yellow. — 
Brimstone  butterfly,  a  species  of  butterfly,  Gonopteryx 
rhaatni,  marked  by  the  angulation  of  the  wing-tips,  by  the 
yellow  color  of  both  sexes,  and  by  a  red  spot  in  the  middle 
of  each  wing.  See  cut  in  next  column. —  Brimstone 
moth,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  Rumia  erattBgata,  having 
yellow  wings  with  light  streaks,  and  chestnut-colored 
spots  on  the  fore  wings. 

brimstone-wort  (brim'ston-wert),  n.  An  um- 
belliferous plant,  Peucedanum  officinale,  the 
roots  of  which  yield  a  yellow  sap  which  quick- 
ly becomes  hard  and  dry  and  smells  not  unlike 
brimstone. 


686 


3 


Brimstone  Butterfly  {Gonoftcryx  rkamm  .  natural  size. 

brimstony  (brim'sto-ni),  a.  [<  brimstone  +  -y1.] 
Full  of  or  containing  brimstone;  resembling 
brimstone;  sulphurous:  as,  ''brimstony,  blue, 
and  fiery,"  B.  Jonson.  Alchemist,  iv.  5.    [Rare.] 

brin1!,".  An  obsolete  variantof /<«nil.  Chancer. 

brin2  (brin),  n.  [F.,  a  blade,  shoot;  origin  un- 
known.]    Ono  of  the  radiating  sticks  of  a  fan. 

brincht  (brinch),  v.  i.  [Also  written  brincc,  ear- 
ly mod.  E.  brynch,  also  brindice,  <  It.  brindisi, 
brmdesi  (Florio),  F.  brinde,  formerly  brmguo 
(Cotgrave),  a  drinking  to,  a  toast.]  To  drink 
in  answer  to  a  pledge ;  pledge  one  in  drinking. 

brinded  (brin'ded),  a.  [Same  as  E.  dial,  and 
Sc.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  with 
streaks  or  patches  of  darker  brown  or  black 
(>  brauelir,  a  name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scot- 
land); the  vowel  modified,  appar.  after  Icel. 
brimd-  in  deriv.  brondottr,  brinded,  as  a  cow, 
for  *brantlottr  (cf.  brand-krossoUr,  brinded  with 
a  white  cross  on  the  forehead),  <  fcr««(fr=E. 
brand.  Thus  brinded,  as  above,  is  nearly  equiv. 
to  branded,  pp.  of  brand,  v. :  see  brand.]  1. 
Properly,  of  a  gray  or  tawny  color  marked  with 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue ;  brindled :  ap- 
plied more  loosely  to.  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Milton 
to  the  lioness,  whose  hide  is  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form hue:  as,  "the  brinded  cat,"  Shah.,  Mac- 
beth, iv.  1;  "three  brinded  cows,"  Dryden,  Cock 
and  Fox. 

She  tamed  the  brinded  lioness 
And  spotted  mountain-pard. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  443. 
The  brinded  catamount,  that  lies 
High  in  the  boughs  to  watch  his  prey. 

Bryant,  Hunter  of  the  Prairies. 

2.  In  her.,  spotted:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. 
brindle  (brin'dl),  n.     [Assumed from  brindled.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  brinded ;  a  color  or  mix- 
ture of  colors,  of  which  gray  is  the  base,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  gray  or  black  color:  as,  "a 
natural  brindle,"  Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  mudfish  or  bowfin,  Amia 
calva.     See  cut  under  Amiidce. 

brindled  (brin'dld ),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form  of 
brinded.]  Brinded;  variegated  with  streaks  of 
different  colors. 

And  there  the  wild-cat's  brindled  hide 
The  frontlet  of  the  elk  adorns. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  27. 

brindle-moth  (brin'dl-moth),  «.  A  name  given 
by  some  British  collectors  to  moths  of  the  ge- 
nus Xylophasia. 

brine1  (brin),  n.  [=  Sc.  (irreg.)  brime,  <  ME. 
brine,  bryne,  <  AS.  bryne  (=  MD.  brijn),  brine, 
salt  liquor ;  a  particular  use  of  bryne  (early  ME. 
brime  =  Ieel.  brunt),  a  burning,<  *brinnan,  burn : 
see  brinXj-burn1.]  1.  Water  saturated  or  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  salt,  like  the  water  of  the 
ocean;  salt  water.  Artificial  brine  is  used  for  the 
preservation  of  the  flesh  of  animals,  fish,  vegetables,  etc. 

2.  The  sea  as  a  body  of  salt  water;  the  ocean. 

The  air  was  calm,  and  on  the  level  brine 
Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  play'd. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  98. 

3.  Tears. 

What  a  deal  of  l/rine 
llath  wash'd  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Rosaline ! 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3. 

brine1  (brin),  v.  t.;    pret.  and  pp.  brined,  ppr. 

brining.    [<  brine1,  «.]    1 .  To  steep  in  brine,  as 

corn,  in  order  to  prevent  smut. — 2.  To  mix 

salt  with ;  make  briny :  as,  to  brine  hay. 

If  he  wrung  from  me  a  tear,  I  brin'd  it  so 
With  scorn  or  shame,  that  him  it  nourish'd  not. 

Donne,  Love's  Diet. 

brine2t,  n.     [Cf.  North.  E.  brim,  the  forehead; 

<  ME.  bryne,  brow,  <  Icel.  brun.yl.  brynn,  mod. 

hryr,  brow,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn,  brow:  see  brow.] 

The  eyebrow. 

Bryne  or  brow  of  the  eye,  supercilium. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  51. 


bring 

brine3  (brin),  v.  [E.  dial. ;  ef.  equiv.  dial,  brim  ; 
appar.  corruptions  of  bring.]  To  bring:  as,  to 
brine  it  hither.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Norfolk).] 

brine-pan  (brin'pan),  ».  A  pit  in  which  salt 
water  is  evaporated  to  obtain  the  salt. 

brine-pit  (brin'pit),  n.  A  salt  spring  or  well 
from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evap- 
orated for  making  salt. 

brine-pump  (brin'pump),  n.  Apump  employed 
in  some  steam-vessels  to  clear  the  boiler  of  the 
brine  which  collects  at  the  bottom  of  it. 

brine-shrimp  (brin'shrinip),  n.  A  small  bran- 
ehiopodous  crustacean,  Artemia  saMna,  found 
in  brackish  water  and  in  brine.  See  Artemia. 
Also  called  brine-worm. 

brine-spring  (brin'spring),  n.  A  spring  of  salt 
water. 

brine-valve  (brin'valv),  n.  A  blow-off  valve 
for  removing  concentrated  salt  water  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

brine-worm  (brin'wemi),  n.  Same  as  brine- 
shrimp. 

bring  (bring),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brought,  ppr. 
bringing.  [<  ME.  bringen,  occasionally  brengen 
(pret.  broghte,  brohte,  etc.),<  AS.  bringan  (strong 
present,  with  pret.  *brang,  pi.  "brungon,  forms 
assumed  from  the  once-occurring  pp.  brungen), 
also  brengan  (weak  present,  with  pret.  brohte, 
pp.  broht),  =  OS.  brengian,  rarely  bringian,  = 
OFries.  brenga,  bringa  =  D.  brengen  =  OHO. 
bringan,  MHG.  O.  bringen  (>  Sw.  bringa,  Dan. 
bring//)  =  Goth,  briggan  (pret.  brahta),  bring. 
The  forms  are  prevailingly  weak;  the  strong 
forms  are  prob.  assumed  after  the  analogy  of 
verbs  like  sing,  siring,  etc. ;  so  in  Sc.  and  vul- 
gar E.  pret.  brang,  brung.]  1.  To  bear,  con- 
vey, or  take  along  in  coming;  take  to  the  place 
where  the  receiver  is,  or  where  the  bearer  stays 
or  abides;  fetch:  as,  bring  it  hither,  or  to  me; 
to  bring  a  book  home. 
Bring  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  bread.    1  Ki.  xvii.  11. 

Bring  me  spices,  bring  me  wine. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

She  from  a  carved  press  brought  him  linen  fair, 
And  a  new-woven  coat  a  king  might  wear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  295. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  accrue ;  be  the  means 
of  conveying  possession  of ;  impart ;  devolve 
upon  :  as,  the  transaction  brought  great  profit ; 
his  wife  brought  him  a  large  dowry. 

She  shall  bring  him  [in  marriage]  that 
Which  he  not  dreams  of.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4. 

Music  that  brings  sweet  sleep. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song,  i. 

3.  To  cause  to  come  or  pass,  as  to  a  new  place, 
state,  or  condition;  impel;  draw  on;  lead:  as, 
to  bring  one  to  a  better  mind. 

The  fortress  .  .  .  shall  he  bring  ...  to  the  ground. 

Isa.  xxv.  12. 
God  had  brought  their  counsels  to  naught.    Neh.  iv.  15. 
We  bring  to  one  dead  level  ev'ry  mind. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  268. 

Profitable  employments  would  be  a  diversion,  if  men 
could  but  be  brought  to  delight  in  them.  Locke. 

4.  To  aid  in  coming  or  passing,  as  to  one's 
home  or  destination ;  conduct ;  attend ;  accom- 
pany. 

Yet  give  leave,  my  lord, 
That  we  may  bring  you  something  on  the  way. 

Shak.,  M.  tor  M.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  convey  or  put  forth  as  a  product;  bear 
or  be  the  bearer  of ;  yield :  as,  the  land  brings 
good  harvests. 

lUi'iiusc  sin1  hna/irht  liini  in. in'  hill  girls,  she  th<iil-lit 

Her  husband  loved  her  not.      B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

6.  To  convey  to  the  mind  or  knowledge  ;  make 
known  on  coming,  or  coming  before  one ;  bear 
or  impart  a  declaration  of. 

Be  thou  there  until  I  bring  thee  word.  Mat.  iii.  13. 

What  accusation  bring  ye  against  this  man? 

John  xviii.  29. 

7.  To  fetch  or  put  forward  before  a  tribunal ; 
make  a  presentation  of ;  institute ;  declare  in 
or  as  if  in  court :  as,  to  bring  an  action  or  an 
indictment  against  one;  the  jury  brought  the 
prisoner  in  guilty. 

I'll  bring  mine  action  on  the  proudest  he 

That  stops  my  way.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

A  friend  of  mine  here  was  doubting  whether  he  should 
bring  an  action  against  two  persons  on  so  unfortunate  a 
day  as  Saturday.       E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  340. 

8.  To  cause  to  become ;  make  to  be. 

I  was  brought  acquainted  with  a  Burgundian  Jew  who 
had  married  an  apostate  Kentish  woman. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  28,  1641. 

To  bring  about,  to  effect ;  accomplish. 


bring 

It  enabled  him  to  gain  the  most  vain  and  Impracticable 
into  I.  several  great  ei 

forth  public.         J" 

i  i     he's  caught,  hi 
tingled— in}'  dear  Carlos,  we  have  hwi  iht  it  about. 

0     ana,  ii.  I. 

To  bring  a  chain  cable  to,  to  put  it  round  the  capstan 

read]  up  the  anchor. — To  bring  a  nest  of 

hornets  about  one's  ears.     See  J  To  bring  a 

person  to  his  bearings.  To  bring  a  ship 

to  anchor,  to  let  i     To  bring  by  the  lee 

(naiit.i.  to  have  the  wind  come  suddenly  on  the  lee  Bide, 

to  the  yawing  of  the  vessel,  a  sudden  change  in  the 

winds  direction,  or  tin-  bad  steering  of  the  helmsman.— 

To  bring  down,   (a)  To  t:iki'  down;  cause  to  come  down ; 

lower.    <o)  To  humiliate  j  abase.    Shak.    (c)  To  ca 

fall;  hi  to  kill.    [Colloq.] 

By  my  valour  !  there  is  no  merit  in  killing  him  so  near : 

3ir  Lucius,  let  me  brin  i  him  down  at  a  long 

ton,  The  Rivals,  v.  8. 

To  bring  down  the  house,  to  elicit  a  burst  oi  applause 

or  laughter  from  those  present,  as  in  acting  or  public 

To  bring  far  ben.    See  benl.—To  bring 

forth.   CO  To  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ;  hence,  give  rise 

i-< ,  be  tiie  cause  of. 

Idleness  and  luxury  bring  forth  poverty  and  want. 

Tillolson. 
(6)  To  bring  to  light;  disclose;  reveal 

The  heavens  have  thought  well  on  thee,  .  . 
To  brim  forth  this  discovery. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

To  bring  forward,  (a)  To  produce  to  view;  cause  to  ad- 
(M  To  add  ng  forward  arguments  in 

support  ol  a  .-■heme.  — To  bring  grist  to  the  mill.    See 
To  bring  home  to.    (a)  To  prove  conclusively 
to  in-long  or  I  le  to  or  be  true  of,  as  a  charge 

of  any  kind.  (6)  To  impress  upon  the  feeling;  cause  to 
be  felt :  as.  he  brought  it  home  to  them  very  vividly  ;  in 
preaching,  strive  to  wing  the  truth  home  to  the  hearers. 
Several  prisoners  to  whom  Jeffreys  was  unable  to  bring 
the  charge  of  high  treason  were  convicted  of  misde- 
mean  Macaulay,  Hist.  Bug. 

To  bring  in.    (a)  To  bring  from  another  place,  or  from 
without  to  within  a  certain  precinct. 
Look  you  bring  me  in  the  names  of  some  six  or  seven. 
Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  1. 
(b)  To  supply ;  furnish ;  yield :  especially  used  in  speak- 
ing of  a  revenue,  rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 

The  sole  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is,  what  return 

thej  will  make  him,  and  what  revenue  they  will  brimi  him 

in. '  South. 

■  introduce  ;  especially,  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of 

islatnre :  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill. 

lain  was  not  therefore  the  first  murderer,  hut  Adam, 

who  brought  in  death.   Sir '/'.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  4. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  seat  among  them  himself,  he 

would  briny  in  one  who  had  more  merit.  Toiler. 

id)  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

Bui  he  protests  he  loves  you; 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  [namely,  to  your  former  office]. 
Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1. 

(et)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and  government. 
1'erforce  bring  in  all  that  rebellious  rout. 

.s> ,,..,,,  Mat,-  of  Ireland. 

To  bring  Off.  («)  To  bear  or  convey  from  a  place ;  rescue  : 

as,  t<>  brvng  off  men  from  a  wreck. 
A  brave  young  fellow,  of  a  matchless  spirit ! 
He  brought  me  off  like  thunder.  charg*d  and  hoarded, 
As  if  he  had  been  Bhol  to  save  mine  honour. 

l;,nii.  o,ol  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 

(b)  To  procure  to  be  acquitted  ;  clear  from  condemnation ; 
caus,  i  de;  change,  as  from  an  opin- 

ion or  pn  i  t  .  abandon. 

'Tis  a  foolish  thing  for  me  to  be  brought  off  from  an 
Opinion  in  a  thing  neither  of  us  know. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  79. 
To  bring  on.    (a)  To  bear  or  convey  or  cause  to  be  con- 
veyed with  one  from  a  distance :  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity 
-   t  To  cause  to  begin :  as,  to  frnni/tm  a  battle. 
All  commanders  were  cautioned  n  ainsi  briin/in;/  cm  an 
rjK-nt.  /'.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Uemoirs,  I.  'Si:',. 

i  originate  or  cause  to  exist:  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease. 

had  on. 

With  a  crafty  madness,  keeps  aloof, 

When  we  v  to  somi  Cession. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  l. 
To  bring  one's  nose  to  the  grindstone.  mini 

To  bring  out.    («)  To  expose  ;  detect ;  bri 
light  from  -  baseness, 

(o)  To  find  by  calculation  or  argument  ;  deduce  ;  infer. 

'I  he  more  strictly  Mr.  I  '     premises, 

the  mi  hh 

Mo  tone  on  (Inn 

■   !il i. ,n  of  a  book.— 

To  bring  over.  over;  bear  e 

passengers  in  a  boat. 
sans;  draw  to  a 
.in  opinion. 
What  did  I  not  und  tiation  to 

when  it 
was  intii'  i>  in  hi-  bands  '      / 

lh,  Protestant  clergy  will  find  it  pert 

matt-  ■  tin-  church.     Sin/t. 

To  bring   round.   <"i  To  pi  I  will  under- 

to  lead  up  to 

■ 

swoon.— To  bring  to.     ' 

ncca,  aa  a  person  partly  drowni  >  heave 

to;  forco  (another  ship)  to  In  a 


686 

(a  sail)  to  its  van!  or  gaff.  To  bring  to  bag,  in  hunting, 
to  kill.    To  bring  to  bear,  or  to  bear  upon.    («)  To 

,  oi-    I.,  have  infill,  ii II,  Or  to  operate  upon. 

i      rj  author  has  a  way  of  lii^  own  in  bringing  his  points 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i  9, 

\ll  powerful  action  is  performed  by  bringing  the  forces 

of  nature  to  bear  upon  our  objects.  Emerson,  Art. 

\,,  forci   oi  Imagination  that  I  can  bring  to  bear  will 

avail  to  cast  out  the  youth  of  that  very  Imagination  which 

endeavours  to  depict  its  latter  days. 

II".  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  230. 
(o)  To  bring  into  range,  or  the  range  of :  as,  to  bring  a  gun 
to  tear  upon  a  target.  To  bring  to  book.  Seefcoo*.— To 
bring  to  gaff.  See  gaff.— to  bring  to  light,  to  bring 
into  vi.-w;  reveal.  — To  bring  to  mind,  to  recall,  as  what 
has  been  forgotten  or  what  is  not  present  to  the  mind.— 
To  bring  to  pass,  to  cause  to  come  to  pass;  effect. 

The  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will  shortly 
bring  it  to  pass.  Gen.  xli.  82. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway.   See  gangway.— To  bring 
to  the  hammer.    See  hammer.— To  bring  under,  to 
subdue  ;  repress;  restrain;  reduce  to  obedience. 
The  Minstrel  fell !  —  but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  under. 

Moore,  Minstrel  Boy. 
To  bring  up.  (a)  To  bear,  convey,  or  lift  upward,  (b) 
In  printing,  to  give  the  proper  light  and  shade  to,  as  a 
print  of  an  engraving,  by  means  of  a  suitable  distribu- 
tion of  pressure  in  the  press,  produced  by  overlays ;  also, 
to  equalize  the  pressure  upon,  as  any  part  of  a  form  on  a 
press,  by  underlaying  it  with  cardboard  or  paper,  (e)  In 
lithog. ,  to  make  apparent ;  make  visible,  as  a  drawing  or  a 
greasy  spot  upon  the  stone,  (d)  To  rear;  nurture;  care 
for  dining  adolescence:  used  with  reference  to  the  needs 
of  both  the  body  and  the  mind. 

God  by  this  tribulation  calleth  him,  and  hidileth  him 
come  home  out  of  the  countrey  of  sinne,  that  he  was  bred 
and  brought  op  so  long  in. 
Sir  T.  More,  Comfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  41. 
I  consider  it  the  best  part  of  an  education  to  have  been 
born  and  brought  up  in  the  country.    Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  4S. 
The  noble  wish 
To  save  all  earnings  to  the  uttermost, 
And  give  his  child  a  better  bringing-up 
Thau  his  had  been.         Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

(e)  To  introduce  to  notice  or  consideration :  as,  to  bring 
up  a  subject  in  conversation.    (/)  To  cause  to  advance 

near:  as,  to  /./on/  op  forces,  or  the  reserves. 

The  troops  from  Corinth  were  brought  up  in  time  to  re- 
pel the  threatened  movement  without  a  battle. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  415. 
(ff)  Naut.,  to  stop  (a  ship's  headway)  by  letting  go  an 
anchor  or  by  running  her  ashore,  (h)  To  pull  up  (a  horse) ; 
cause  to  stop :  often  with  short :  as.  he  brought  up  his 
horse  short  (that  is,  caused  it  to  stop  suddenly) ;  hence, 
figuratively,  to  stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of 
action  ;  bring  before  a  magistrate  ;  pull  up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing  felony, 
and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times  that  you 
would  some  day  be  brought  tip  short.  Trollope. 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onward  in  the  rear ; 
form  the  rear  portion.  — To  bring  up  with  a  round 
turn  (nnirt.),  to  stop  (the  running  of  a  rope)  by  taking  a 
round  turn  on  a  belaying-pin  or  cavil ;  hence,  figurative- 
ly, to  stop  the  doing  of  anything  suddenly  but  effectually. 
=  Syn.  Bring  up,  Rear,  etc.    See  raise. 

bringer  (bring'er),  n.  One  who  brings,  in  any 
sense  of  the  verb. 

brinish  (bri'nish),  a.  [<  brine1  +  -ish1.]  Like 
brine;  briny;  salt  or  saltish:  as,  "her  brinish 
tours,''  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

brinishness  (bri'nish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brinish  or  saltish. 

brinjal  (brin'jal),  n.  [Also  improp.  bringall 
=  Pg.  oeringela,  <  Tamil  brinjaul,  the  egg- 
plant.] The"  East  Indian  name  of  the  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant,  Solanum  Melongena. 

brinjarree  (brin-jar'i),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also 
written  brinjaree,  <  Hind,  birinjdri,  a  camp-fol- 
lowing dealer  in  rice,  <  birinj,  Pers.  birinj,  rice  ; 
mixed  with  Anglo-Ind.  benjary,  bunjary,  bunja- 
ree,  <  Hind,  baujilri,  banjdra  (as  in  the  def.),  < 
Skt.  vanij,  merchant:  see  banian1,  banyan1.'] 
In  India,  a  dealer  in  grain,  salt,  etc.,  who  car- 
ries his  goods  about  from  market  to  market, 
especially  in  the  Deccan. 

brink  (bnngk),  n.  [<  ME.  brink,  brerik,  edge,  of 
LG.  or  Sound,  origin:  MLG.  LG.  brink,  brink, 
margin,  edge,  edge  of  a  hill,  a  hill,  =  G.  dial. 
brink,  e  sward,  a  grassy  hill,  =  Dan.  brink, 
edge,  verge,  =  Sw.  brinl:,  descent  or  slope  of  a 
hill,  =  Ieol.  hriil.it  for  *brenka,  a  slope;  prob. 
connected  with  Icel.  bringa,  a  grassy  slope. 
orig.  the  breast,  =  Sw.  bringa,  breast,  = 
Dun.  brings,  chest.    Cf.  W.  bryncyn,  a  hillock,  < 

bryn,  a  ball;  cf.  bran,  the  breast,  breast  of  a 
hill.]  The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep 
place,  us  hi  ;i  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a  river; 
■■  ■:  bence,  close  proximity :  as,  "the  preci- 
pice's brink,"  Pryden;  to  be  on  the  brink  of 
ruin. 

We  undersi I    tfoej    were  a   people  almost    upon  the 

very  brink  oi  n  noum  Ing  anj  dependence  on  y  Crowne. 
Em  >oi>.  Diary,  June  6,  1671. 

mi  the  farthest  brink  of  doubtful  ocean. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 
-Syn.  See  rim. 


brisk 

briny  (bri'ni),  a.    [<  brine1  +  -y1.]    Pertaining 

to  Initio;  of  the  nature  of  or  affected  by  brine; 
salt  ;  salty:  as,  a  briny  taste;  the  briny  flood; 
briny  lours. 

Late,  with  the  rising  moon,  returned  the  wains  from  the 

marshes, 
Laden  with  briny  bay,  that  filled  the  air  with  its  odor. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  2. 

brioche  (bre-osh'),  n.  [F.,  a  cake,  fig.  a  blun- 
der; origin  unknown.]  1.  A  sort  of  pastry  made 
with  flour,  eggs,  and  butter. —  2.  A  round  and 
stuffed  cushion  for  the  feet  to  rest  on. — 3.  A 
stitch  in  knitting,  originally  used  in  making 
this  kind  of  footstool. 

briolet  (bri'o-let),  n.    See  briolette. 

briolette  (bre-o-let')j  «.  [<  F.  briolette,  also  writ- 
ten briollette  for  briUolette  (whence  E.  also  hnl- 
Imh  tie),  <  brillant,  brilliant:  see  brilliant.]  A 
form  in  which  the  diamond  is  sometimes  cut; 
that  form  which  would  result  from  joining  two 
rose  diamonds  back  to  back  and  adding  several 
rows  of  triangular  facets.  (See  rose  and  dia- 
mond.)   Also  brill iolette,  briolet. 

brionin,  brionine,  n.    See  bryonin. 

briony,  n.     See  bryony. 

briquet,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  brick?. 

briquet  (bri-kef;  F.  pron.  bre-ka'),  «.  [F.,  a 
steel,  tinder-box,  dim.  of  brique,  brick:  see 
brick?.]  1.  A  steel  prepared  for  striking  a 
light  with  a  flint.  In  heraldry,  as  a  bearing, 
it  is  almost  peculiar  to  the  collar  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  See  order. —  2.  A  small  brick.— -3. 
Coal-dust  molded  for  fuel  into  the  shape  of 
bricks  or  balls.  [In  the  last  two  senses  also 
briquette.'] 

briseH,  »•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  breese1, 

brise'-'t,  »■    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breese?. 

brise3  (briz),  n.  [Also  written  brise;  <  F.  brise, 
a  piece  of  ground  newly  broken  up  for  tillage 
after  lying  long  tmtilled,  <  briser,  break;  ef. 
bruise.  Cf.  equiv.  E.  dial,  breck.]  Ground  that 
lias  lain  long  unfilled.  Eersey,  1708 ;  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brise  (bre-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  briser,  break: 
see  bruise.]  In  her. :  (a)  Broken :  said  of  any 
bearing  when  depicted  as  torn  asunder,  (b) 
Bearing  a  mark  of  cadency  or  brisure :  said  of 
a  shield  which  is  differenced  in  this  way.  Also 
spelled  bri:e. 

brisement  (brez'ment;  F.  pron.  brez'moh),  n. 
[F.,  <  briser,  break:  see  bruise.]     In  surg.,   a 

breaking  or  tearing  asunder Brisement  forc^, 

the  forcible  breaking  down  of  ankylosis. 

Brisinga  (bri-sing'gfi,),  n.  [NL.  (P.  C.  As- 
bjornsen),  named  in  allusion  to  Icel.  Brisin- 
ga men  (AS. 
Brosinga  (for 
*Breositaja) 
mene),  the 
necklace  of 
the  Brisings, 
which  figures 
in  Scand.my- 
thology:  Bri- 
singa,  gen.  of 
Brisingr,  Bri- 
sing;  »«•«  (= 
AS.  mene),  a 
necklace.]  A 
genus  of  star- 
fishes, typical 

Of  the  familv  Deep-sea  Starfish  (Hrurn£-a  coronata). 

Brigingidw. 

Brisingida  (bri-sin'ji-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  liri- 
singa  +  -ida.]  A  group  of  Asteroida,  or  star- 
fishes, typified  by  the  genus  Brisinga. 

Brisingidse  (bri-sin'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -idee.]  A  remarkable  family  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  order  Asteroidea,  having  the  body 
shaped  as  in  the  ophiurians  or  sand-stars,  with 
long  rounded  rays  distinct  from  the  disk,  and  the 
ambulacral  grooves  not  continued  to  the  mouth. 
B.  coronata  is  a  beautiful  Norwegian  species. 

brisk  (brisk),  a.  [Appar.  <  W.  brysg  =  Gael. 
briosg,  also  brisg  =  Ir.  *brisg,  quick,  nimble, 
lively;  ef.  W.  bri/s,  haste,  brysio,  hasten,  Gael. 
Ir.  briosg,  a  start,  bounce,  Ir.  bris,  lively,  brisk, 
Gael.  Ir.  bras,  lively,  hasty,  etc  Cf.  brashA. 
Not  connected  with  frisk  and  fresh ;  but  some 
refer  to  P.  brtisi/nt .]'  1.  (Juiek  or  rapid  in  ac- 
tion or  motion;  exhibiting  quickness;  lively; 
swift;  nimble:  us,  a  brisk  breeze. 

We  split  the  Journey,  ami  perform 
In  two  dais  time  what's  often  done 
By  brisker  travellers  in  one. 

Cowper,  tr.  of  Horace's  Satires,  i.  6. 
Ill  m-e  —  2.  Sprightly;  animated;  vivacious; 
gay:    as,  "a  brisk,  gamesomo   lass,"  Sir  B. 


brisk 

V 'Estrange. —  3.  Full  of  lively  or  exciting  ac- 
tion or  events ;  exciting;  interesting. 

You  have  had  a  brisk  time  of  it  at  Howick,  anil  all  the 
organs  of  combativeness  have  heen  railed  into  aetion. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

4.  Burning  freely;   bright:   as,  a  brisk  fire. — 

5.  Effervescing  vigorously :  said  of  liquors : 
as,  brisk  cider. — 6.  Performed  or  kept  up  with 
briskness;  rapid;  quick:  as,  &  brisk  fire  of  in- 
fantry. 

Brisk  toil  alternating  with  ready  ease.         Wordsworth. 
7f.  Vivid;  lutniuous. 

He  hunts  about  the  proudest  World  to  buy 

The  choice  of  purest  and  of  brightest  Cloth 
Brisk  in  the  Tynan  and  Sidonian  dye, 
As  due  to  his  fair  Darling. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  83. 
Had  it  [my  instrument]  magnified  thirty  or  twenty-five 
times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brisk  and  plea- 
Bant.  Newton. 
=  Syn.  1.  Alert,  nimble,  quick,  rapid,  sprightly,  prompt, 
spry,  smart,  bustling,  wide-awake,  eager.  See  active  and 
busy. 
brisk  (brisk),  v.  [<  brisk,  a.]  J,\  trans.  To 
make  lively ;  enliven ;  animate ;  refresh :  some- 
times with  up.    Eillingbech. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brisk,  lively,  or  ac- 
tive :  with  up. 
brisken  (bris'kn),  v.     [<  brisk  +  -en1.]     I.  in- 
trans. To  be  or  become  brisk,  active,  or  lively. 
[Rare.] 
I  heartily  wish  that  business  may  brisken  a  little. 
Quoted  in  II'.  Mathews's  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  20!). 

II.  trans.  To  make  brisk  or  lively. 
brisket  (bris'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  bruskette,  <  OF. 
*brttsket,  britschet,  later  brichet,  mod.  F.  brechet, 
prob.  <  Bret,  bracked,  dial,  brush,  the  breast, 
chest,  claw  of  a  bird.]  The  breast  of  an  ani- 
mal, or  that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to 
the  ribs;  in  a  horse,  the  part  extending  from 
the  neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 
briskly  (brisk'li),  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner; 
quickly ;  actively ;  vigorously ;  with  life  and 
spirit. 

Ay,  woo  her  briskly  —  win  her,  and  give  me  a  proof  of 
your  address,  my  little  Solomon. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  1. 
briskness  (brisk'nes),  K.     1.  Quickness;  vigor 
or  rapidity  in  action:  as,  the  briskness  of  the 
breeze. —  2.  Liveliness;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

Hisbriskness,  his  jollity,  and  his  good-humour.  Dryden. 
3.  The  sparkling  quality  of  an  effervescing  li- 
quor :  applied  also  to  water,  as  in  the  extract. 
The  briskness  of  spring  water,  and  the  preference  given 
to  it  as  a  beverage,  is  partly  occasioned  by  the  carbonic 
acid  which  it  contains.  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Cheni.,  §  348. 

brismak  (bris'mak),  n.    [Origin  unknown.]    A 

torsk.     [Shetland  islands.] 

brissH,  "•  t-     [ME.  brissen,  var.  of  brisen,  bryscn, 

brusen,  bruise :  see  bruise."]     To  bruise;  break. 

The  Jewes  brisseden  hys  bonys. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood,  p.  204. 

briss"  (bris),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  F.  bris, 
breakage,  wreck,  formerly  also  fragments,  < 
briser,  break  (see  briss1,  braise,  and  cf.  de- 
bris) ;  but  perhaps  affected  by  breeze3,  ashes, 
cinders  :  see  breeze3.]  Dust ;  rubbish.  Halli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brissidse  (bris'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-idov.]     Same  as  Spatangidce. 

Brissinae  (bri-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Spatangidw,  typified  by 
the  genus  Brissus. 

brissle  (bris'l),  v.  t.  Same  as  birsle.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

Brissotin  (bris'o-tin),  n.    See  Girondist. 

Brissus  (bris'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  echi- 
noids,  typical  of  the  family  Brissidai  (Spatangi- 
dw) and  subfamily  Brissinw. 

bristle  (bris'l),  n.  [<  ME.  bristel,  brestel,  brus- 
tel,  berstle  (=  D.  borstel  =  MLG.  borstel),  dim. 
of  brust  (>  So.  birse,  Mrs:  see  brusfi,  birse),  a 
bristle,  <  AS.  byrst,  neut.,  =  MLG.  borste,  f .,  = 
OHG.  burst,  m.,  borst,  neut.,  bursta,  f.,  MHG. 
borst,  m.  and  neut.,  borste,  f .,  G.  borste,  a  bristle, 
MHG.  G.  biirste,  a  brush,  =  Icel.  burst,  f.,  = 
Sw.  borst,  m.,  =  Dan.  borste,  a  bristle  ;  by  some 
derived,  with  formative  -t,  from  the  root  of 
OHG.  barren,  parren  (for  *barsen),  be  stiff, 
stand  out  stiffly;  by  others  connected  with  E. 
bur1,  burr1.]  1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 
hairs  of  certain  animals,  especially  those  of 
the  hog  kind  which  are  not  hairless,  large  and 
thickly  set  along  the  back,  and  smaller  and 
more  scattered  on  the  sides.  The  bristles  of  the 
domestic  hog  and  of  some  other  animals  are  extensively 
used  for  making  brushes,  shoemakers'  wax-ends,  etc. 

She  hadde  so  grete  bristelis  on  her  bakke  that  it  trayled 
on  the  grounde  a  fadoiue  large. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  421. 


687 

2.  A  similar  appendage  on  some  plants ;  a 
stiff,  sharp  hair. — 3.  In  dipterous  insects  of  the 
division  Brachijcera,  the  arista  or  terminal  part 
of  the  antenna. — 4.  In  ornith.,  a  bristly  fea- 
ther; a  feather  with  a  stout  stiff  stem  and  little 
or  no  web.  — Rictal  bristles,  vibrissa;.  See  vibrissa. 
bristle  (bris'l),  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  bristled,  ppr. 
bristling.  [<  ME.  bristlen,  brustlen  (=  G.  biir- 
stcln),  bristle;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  erect  the  bristles  of ;  erect  in  anger  or  de- 
fiance, as  a  hog  erects  its  bristles. 

Now,  for  the  bare-pick'd  hone  of  majesty 
Doth  dogged  war  brittle  his  angry  crest, 
And  snarleth  in  the  gentle  eyes  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 
Boy,  bristle  thy  courage  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  make  bristly. —  3.  To  fix  a  bristle  on: 
as,  to  bristle  a  shoemaker's  thread. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end 
like  bristles. 

Nought  dreadful  saw  he  ;  yet  the  hair 
'Gan  bristle  on  his  head  with  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  iii.  42. 

2.  To  stand  erect  and  close  together  like  bris- 
tles. 

A  forest  of  masts  would  have  bristled  in  the  desolate 
port  of  Newry.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  be  covered,  as  with  bristles:  as,  the 
ranks  bristled  with  spears.    See  to  bristle  with, 

below.— To  bristle  against,  to  come  in  collision  with, 
contradict,  or  oppose  somewhat  rudely.    [Rare.] 

The  wife  may  not  bristle  against  her  husband. 

J.  Udall,  On  Ephesians,  v. 

The  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles  against 
the  text.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  bristle  up,  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defiance. 
—To  bristle  with,  (a)  To  be  covered  with  anything  as 
if  with  bristles. 

The  hill  of  La  Haye  Sainte  bristling  with  ten  thousand 
bayonets.  Thackeray. 

As  spectroscopy  becomes  the  daily  work  of  iron-found- 
ers, and  miners,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  found  to  be  bris- 
tling with  beautiful  scientific  truths  in  every  part  of  the 
spectrum,  which  may  be  used  in  these  practical  applica- 
tions of  the  science  of  optics. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  199. 

You  cannot  shut  up  Burns  in  a  dialect  bristling  with 
archaisms.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 

(b)  To  manifest  conspicuously :  as,  he  bristled  with  ex- 
citement. 

bristled  (bris'ld),  a.  [<  bristle  +  -ed^.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bristles;  hence,  stiffly  bearded:  as,  "bris- 
tled lips,"  Shah.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. — 2.  In  her.,  having 
bristles  on  the  neck  and  back :  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  boar  used  as  a  bearing.  When  the  bris- 
tles are  of  a  different  tincture,  it  is  specified :  as,  a  boar's 
head  and  neck  sable,  bristled  or. 

bristle-fern  (bris'l-fSm),  n.  The  common  name 
of  species  of  Trichomanes,  especially  T.  radi- 
eans,  from  the  bristle  that  projects  beyond  the 
cup-shaped  indusium. 

bristle-grass  (bris'1-gras),  n.  Grass  of  the  ge- 
nus Setaria. 

bristle-herring  (bris'l-her"ing),  n.  The  name 
of  certain  species  of  the  genus  Dorosoma,  of 
the  family  Dorosomidw,  iu  which  the  last  ray 
of  the  dorsal  fin  is  prolonged  into  a  whip-like 
filament.  The  species  occur  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  and 
rivers,  but  one,  D.  cepedianum,  is  common  in  the  United 
States,  and  is  generally  called  thread-herring.  See  cut 
under  gizzard-shad. 

bristle-moss  (bris'1-mos),  n.  A  species  of  moss, 
with  a  hairy  calyptra,  of  the  genus  Orthotri- 
chuin. 

bristle-pointed  (bris'l-poin"ted),  a.  Termi- 
nating gradually  in  a  very  fine  hair,  as  the 
leaves  of  many  mosses.    IAndley. 

bristletail  (bris'1-tal),  n.  A  common  name 
of  the  thysanurous  insects  of  the  suborder 
<i  intra:  so  called  from  the  long  filiform  ab- 
dominal appendages.  They  are  of  the  genera 
Campodea,  Lepisma,  etc.  See  cut  under  Cam- 
podea. 

bristlewort  (bris'1-wert),  n.  A  general  name 
used  by  Lindley  for  plants  of  the  order  Des- 
vauxiaceee. 

bristliness  (bris'li-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bristly. 

bristling  (bris'ling),  p,  0-    Standing  up  stiffly 
like  bristles. 
With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  bristling  hair  upright. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

bristly  (bris'li),  a.    [<  bristle  +  -y1.]   1.  Thickly 

set  with  bristles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 

rough:  as,   "a   bristly  neck,"    Tliackeray. —  2. 

Resembling  a  bristle  or  bristles. 

Rugged  scales  and  bristly  hairs.  Bentley. 

Bristol-board  (bris'tol-bord),  n.  [Named  from 
the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England.]    A  fine,  smooth 


British 

kind  of  pasteboard,  sometimes  glazed  on  the 
surface,  used  by  artists. 

Bristol  brick.    See  brick*. 

Bristol  diamond.  Same  as  Bristol  stone  (which 
see,  under  stone). 

Bristol  milk,  paper,  porcelain,  pottery,  red, 
stone.    See  the  nouns. 

brisure  (briz'ur),  u.  [F.,  <  briser,  break:  see 
bruise.]  1.  In  permanent  fortification,  a  break 
in  the  general  direction  of  the  parapet  of  the 
curtain,  when  constructed  with  orillons  and 
retired  flanks.  Also  spelled  brlaure. —  2.  In 
"her.,  same  as  cadency,  2. 

brit1,  britt1  (brit),  v.  [E.  dial.,  also  (in  II.) 
brite ;  <  ME.  brytten,  <  AS.  bryttian,  brittian. 
divide,  distribute,  dispense,  =  Icel.  brytj/t, 
chop  up;  a  secondary  verb,  supplying  in  ME. 
and  later,  with  the  deriv.  britten,  q.  v.,  the 
place  of  the  primitive,  ME.  'breten,  'brcoten,  < 
AS.  bredtan  (pret.  bredt,  pp.  "brotcn),  break, 
bruise,  demolish,  destroy,  =  OS.  "briotan,  lire- 
ton  =  OHG.  *briozan,  tr.,  break,  MHG.  bin  <  n, 
intr.,  burst  forth,  =  Icel.  brjota  =  Sw.  bryta  = 
Dan.  bryde,  break,  fracture,  refract,  =  Goth. 
"briutan  (not  fotmd,  but  assumed  from  the  other 
forms,  and  from  the  appar.  thence  derived 
Spanish  ML.  britare,  demolish,  destroy).  Hence 
britten,  brittle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  break  in 
pieces;  divide. 

His  hede  thei  ofsmyten,  to  London  was  it  born, 
The  dede  body  thefi]  britten  [pret.  pi.]  on  four  quarters 
corn.  Langtoft,  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  244. 

2.  To  bruise  ;  indent.  HalliweU.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  fallout  or  shatter,  as  over- 
ripe hops  or  grain.  Grose;  HalliweU. —  2.  To 
fadeaway;  alter.     HalliweU.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

brit2,  britt'2  (brit),  n.  [Prob.  =  bret  or  birt, 
applied  to  a  different  fish:  see  bret.]  1.  A 
young  herring  of  the  common  kind,  occurring 
in  large  shoals,  and  formerly  classed  as  a  sepa- 
rate species,  Clupea  mini  ma. —  2.  A  general 
name  for  animals  upon  which  whales  feed,  as 
Clio  borealis,  etc. ;  whale-brit. 

Brit.     An  abbreviation  of  British,  and  Britain. 

Britain-crown  (brit 'an-  or  brit'n-kroun),  n. 
[<  Britain  +  croicn :  Britain,  <  ME.  Britaine,  < 
OF.  Bretaine,  Brctaigne,  F.  Bretagne,  <  L.  Bri- 
tannia, Britain,  <  Britanni,  the  Britons,  later 
L.  Brito(n-),  a  Briton.  Cf.  AS.  Bryten,  Britain, 
Bryttas,  Brittas,  Brettas,  Britons:  see  British.] 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Britain-crown  of  James  I.,  British  Museum.      {Size  of  the  original.) 

An  English  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1604  by 
James  I.,  and  current  at  the  time  for  five  shil- 
lings.    It  was  also  issued  under  Charles  I. 

Britannia  metal.    See  metal. 

Britannic  (bri-tan'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Britannicus,  < 
Britannia,  Britain.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain:  as,  Her  Britannic  Majesty. 

britchka,  n.     Same  as  britska. 

brite  (brit),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  britcd,  ppr.  brit- 
ing.  [Also  spelled  bright;  origin  unknown.] 
To  be  or  become  over-ripe,  as  wheat,  barley,  or 
hops.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brither  (briTH'er),  ii.    A  Scotch  form  of  brother. 

Briticism  (brit'i-sizm),  n.  [  <  British  (Latinized 
Britic-)  +  -ism.]  A  word,  phrase,  or  idiom  of 
the  English  language  peculiar  to  the  British. 

British  (brit'ish),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  Britissh, 
Brytisc,  etc.,  <  As.  Bryttisc,  <  Bryttas,  Brittas. 
Brettas  (sing.  Bryt,  Brit,  Bret,  rare),  L.  Bri- 
tanni, ML.  also  Britoncs,  Britons,  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants  of  Britain ;  a  name  of  Celtic 
origin :  cf.  W.  Brython,  a  Briton,  pi.  a  tribe  of 
Britons.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  or  in  the  widest  sense  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  its 
inhabitants :  as,  the  British  people  or  empire ; 
British  legislation  or  interests. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  Britons  or  their  lan- 
guage. 

Sometimes  abbreviated  Brit. 
British  gum,  lion,  etc.    See  the  nouns.— British  plate, 
albata  {which  see).     British  sheet-glass.  Same  as  broad 
glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 

II.  n.  1.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Great  Britain,  including  specifically  the 
English,  Welsh,  and  Scotch. — 2.  The  language 


British 

of  the  anoienl  Britons, represented  by  the  i I 

h  and  Cornish. 
Britisher  (brit'ish-er),  »■    A  British  subject  or 
citizen  in  any  pari  of  the  world,  but  more  par- 
or  an  inhabitant  of  Great 
Britain!  especially  of  England.     [Now  chiefly 
:  or  humorous.] 
Briton  (brit'on),  n.  and  a.    [<  ME.  Britun,  Bru- 
tun,  etc.,  v  til'.  Briton,  usually  n  Bre 

ton  or  native  of  Brittany  in  Franco.  <  ML.  I'oi- 
.  L.  Britanni,  Britons:  sit 
British.]    I.  ».  A  native  of  Groat  Britain;  es- 
ally,  one  of  the  original  Celtic  inhabitants 
of  the  island  of  Britain. 
II.  o.  British.     [Rare.] 

Shak..  Cymbcline,  v.  1. 
britska  (brits'kii).  n.      [Also  written  britzska 
and,  more  prop.,  britehJ;a :  <  Pol.  bryczktt  =  Kuss. 
fco,  dim.  of  Pol.  bryka,  a  freight-wagon,  = 
Russ.  m  lulu  carriage.]     In  Rus- 

sia, a  light,  partly  covered  four-wheeled  car- 
riage.   The   Polish  britska,  also  used  in  Russia,  has  a 
pole,  a  body  of  wickerwork,  and  a  leather  top. 
britt1,  britt-.    See  brit\  brit2. 
brittent  (hrit'n),  v.  t.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  bril- 
U  in  a.  britm  n,  bryttent  n,  bruttenen,  brutnen,  bret- 
.  divide,  break  up,  cut  to  pieces,  <  AS.  bryt- 
ii inn.  divide,  distribute,  dispense  (of.  Ieel.  brot- 
na,  be  broken),  <  bredtan  (pp.  "broten),  break: 
fit1.]   To  break  up;  cut  to  pieces;  cutup; 
carve. 

Thus  schall  I  brittvn  all  youre  bones  on  brede. 

Fori  Plays,  p.  292. 

britterworts  (brit'er-werts),  n.  pi.  TheDiato- 
mact  'i . 

brittle  fbrit'l),  a.  [<  ME.  britel,  brutel  brotel, 
etc.,  <  AS.  as  if  "brytel,  with  suffix  -d  forming 
-lives  from  verbs.  <  bredtan  |  pret.  bn  dt,  pi. 
"bruton,  pp.  'broten),  break:  see  brift  and  brit- 
ten.  Cf.  brickie,  an  equiv.  word  of  different  ori- 
gin.]    If.  Fickle;  changeable. 

How  lirotd  and  how  false  be  was. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2655. 

2.  Breaking  easily  and  suddenly  with  a  com- 
paratively smooth  fracture,  as  glass ;  fragile ; 
not  tough  or  tenacious. 

is,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  .  .  .  becomes  brittle 
at  temperatures  approaching  to  redness,  but  while  cold  it 
possesses  considerable  malleability. 

W.  A.  Killer,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  519. 

3.  Figuratively,  easily  destroyed;  perishable; 
fleeting. 

One  woful  'lay  sweeps  children,  friends  and  wife, 
And  all  the  brittle  blessings  of  my  life  ! 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  85. 
Brittle  silver  ore.    Same  as  stephanvte. 
brittleness  (brit'1-nes),  ».    [<  ME.  brittfl/nesse, 
brutelnes,  etc]      If.   Instability;  changeable- 
tic-.. 

'.'.i   re  and  lesse, 

The  welken  hath  might  to  shyne,  reyne  and  hayle  : 
Right  so  ne.ti  I  kythe  my  brotelnesse. 

Chaucer,  Fortune,  1.  63. 

2.  The  propi  rtj  of  1 'leaking  readily  with  a 
comparatively  smooth  fracture;  frangibility : 
the  opposite  of  toughness  and  tenacity. 

A  rorl  of  good  steel,  iii  its  hardest  state,  is  broken  al- 
most as  easily  as  a  rod  of  -.'lass  of  the  same  size,  and  this 
britUeness  can  only  be  diminished  by  diminishing  its  hat  d 
En  Campin's  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  860. 

brittle-star  (I'i'it'l-sCir),  n.    A  name  of  sundry 
ophiurians,  from  their  fragility. 
Se.-  cuts  under  dstrophyton  and  star-fish. 
britzska, 

Briza  (bri'za),  ».     [XL.,  <  Ghr.  $p%uv,  nod  (cf. 
common   name  quaking-grass).     The  form 

seems  t,,  have  been  d  by  Gr.  /fy/fa,  a 

grain  like  rye,  in   Thrace  and   Macedonia  slill 

so  called.    Cf .  iEolic  flpioda,  f or  /M?a,  i t.|    A 

genus  of  grasses,   commonly  called  quaking- 
grass,  ma  idenhair-grass,  or  la'dy's-hair.    1 1 
ten    i  .i  diterra 

ricultoral  in 
them   ar.'   i  ullivii'  |  j    ,.|    ii1(  n 

grai  -  ifouj  di 

brize't,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze1. 

brize'-'t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze2. 

brize  ;,  n. 

brize     bre-za'  i.  ii. 

brizure  (briz'tur),  n.    Same  as  brisure,  1. 

bro.  An  ah  m  of  brother;  pi.  bros.:  as, 

Smith  Bros,  ec  Co. 

broach  (broeh),  n.     [Also,  in  sense  of  an  orna- 

iie  nial  pin,  spelled  brooi :  :  early 

mod.  E,  broche,  •'  ME.  broclie,  a  pin,  peg,  spit, 

ai  point,  taper,  <  <  >r.  broch ,  i'.  broclie,  a 

te b,  ■  ic.,  =  l'r.  broca  =  S] 

awl,  drill,  spool,  etc.,  =  It.  brocca,  a  split 
stick  (witli  masculine  forms,  OP.  and  K.  dial. 


088 

broc,  a  spit,  =  It.  brocca,  a  sharp  stake,  a  sprout, 
etc.),  ■  SlL.  broca,  brocca,  a  spit,  a  sharp  stake, 
an\  sharp-pointed  thing;  of.  L.  brochus,  broc- 
chus.brocus,  projecting  (of  the  teeth  of  animals: 
see  brochate);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  of.  W. 
procio,  stab,  prick  (>  E.  prog);  Gael,  brog,  a 
rs'  awl,  <  brog,  spur,  stimulate,  goad 
O  E.  brog1).']    It-  A  spit. 

Thrc  balefulle  birdez  his  brochez  they  turne. 

Martt  Arthur,',  1.  1029 
And  some  failed  not  to  take  the  child  and  hind  it  to  a 
brooch,  and  lay  it  to  the  tire  to  roast. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  259. 
He  turned  a  broach,  that  had  worn  a  crown. 

Bacon,  Mist.  Hen.  VII. 
2f.  A  spear. 

That  fruit  was  of  a  mayden  born 
i  in  a  theoues  tre  is  al  totorn 
A  broche  fchorwout  his  brest  [bor]n. 
tegi  nds  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  133. 
3.    An  awl;   a  bodkin.     [Prov.  Eng.]— 4.   A 
spike;  a  skewer;  a  sharp  stick;  specifically,  a 
rod  01  sallow,  hazel,  or  other  tough  and  pliant 
wood,  sharpened  at  each  end  and  bent  in  the 
middle,  used  by  thatchers  to  pierce  and  fix  their 
work.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Broche  for  a  thacstare  [thaxter,  thatcher],  firmaculum. 
Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

5f.  A  spur. — 6f.  A  fish-hook.    Prompt.  Parr. — 
7f.  A  spike  or  standard  for  a  candle. 
A  broche  with  a  fote,  ij  new  torches. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  327. 

8f.  A  taper;  a  torch. 

Hewe  fuyr  of  a  tlynt  four  hundred  wynter; 

Bote  thou  haue  tache  to  take  hit  with  trader  and  on    I 

Al  thy  labour  is  lost.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  X-\.  211. 

9.  A  spindle ;  a  spool.     [Scotch.] 

Broche  of  threde,  vericulum.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

10.  In  «rc/i.,  formerly,  a  spire  of  any  kind;  now, 
specifically,  as  used  in  some  parts  of  England 
and  by  some 
writers  on  arch- 
itecture, a  spire 
which  rises  di- 
rectly from  the 
walls  of  its  tow- 
er, without  par- 
apets and  gut- 
ters.—  11.  A 
narrow  -  point- 
ed chisel  used 
by  masons  for 
hewing  stones. 
—  12.  Any  ta- 
pered boring- 
bit  or  ihill. 
Broaches  used  for 
boring  wood  are 
fluted  like  the  shell- 
bit,  hut  tapered  to- 
ward tic  point  ; 
but  those  used  in 
boring  metal  are 
solid,  anil  usually 
three-,  four-,  or  six- 
sided.  Their  com- 
mon forms  are 
shown  in  the 
annexed  figures. 
Preaches    are    also 

known  as  wideners 
and  reamers. 

13.    A  straight  steel  tool  with  file-teeth  for 
pressing  through  irregular  holes  in  metal  that 
cannot  be  dressed  by  revolv- 
ing tools. — 14.  That  part  of 
the   stem    of    a    key   which 
projects    beyond   the   bit  or 
web,  and  enters  a  socket  in 
the  interior  of  the  lock. — 15. 
That  pin  in  a  lock  which  en- 
ters the   barrel  of  the  key. 
E.  H.  Knight.— 16.  The  stick 
from  which  candle-wicks  are 
suspended  for  dipping. — 17. 
A  gimlet    used    in    opening 
casks  for  sampling  their  con- 
tents. — 18.  A  fitting  for  an 
'ZZ7o!\^'Lr'g-  *  "'   Argand  gas-burner.- 19.   A 
start,  like  the  end  of  a  spit, 
on  the  head  of  a  young  stag. — 20.  A  pin  or  clasp 
to  Listen  a  garment  :  specifically,  an  ornatnen- 
pfn,  clasp,  or  buckle,  and  especially  a  breast- 
pin, of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  attached  to 
or  depending  from  the  neck:  in  this 
sense  now  usually  spelled  brooch  (which  see), 
broach  (liroclil,  v.  1.    [<  ME.  brochen,  bore,  spur, 
lap  (in  I  his  sense  cf.  the  phrase  srtlni  mi 

broche,  set  abroach,  after  F.  mettre  en  broche: 

abroach),  <  OP,  brocher,  spur,  spit,  etc.,  P. 

brocher,  stitch,  figure,  emboss  (=  Pr.  brocar  = 

Pg.  brocar,  bore,  =  It.  broccare,  urge,  incite, 


A,  southwest  tower,  Cathedral  of  Bayeux, 
Normandy ;  B.  Church  of  St.  Nicholas.  Wal- 
cot,  England. 


_/?* 


Droachcs  for  Borinp. 
lj<;.  a  is  ,tn  example 

lies  01  <<■    him.  rs 


broad 

etc.),  <  broclie.  etc.,  spit:  see  broach,  «.  Cf. 
brneiitle,  brochure,  etc.]  If.  To  spit;  pierce  as 
with  a  spit. 

The  Erie  that  knewcS  wyst  moche  of  the  chasse  broched 
the  bore  thmghe  the  brest. 

Horn,  o]  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  235,  note. 

Ml  broach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point, 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 
2f.  To  spur. 

r.n.rlh- :■;  the  have  ste.le,  ami  to  the  huske  rvde3. 

Morte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  1.  918. 

3.  In  masonry,  to  rough-hew.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  —  4.  To  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something;  more 
especially,  to  tap  or  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order 
to  draw  the  liquor:  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

Descending  into  the  cellars,  they  broached  every  cask 
they  found  there.  Mousy,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  564. 

Hence,  figuratively  —  5.  To  open,  as  the  mouth 
for  utterance. 

Desiring  Virtue  might  he  her  first  growth, 
And  Hallelujah  broach  her  holy  month. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  68. 

6.  To  let  out ;  shed. 

This  blow  should  broach  thy  dearest  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  4. 

7.  To  state  or  give  expression  to  for  the  first 
time;  utter;  give  out;  especially,  begin  con- 
versation or  discussion  about ;  introduce  by- 
way of  topic:  as,  to  broach  a  theory  or  an 
opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Josephus. 

Rati  igh,  Hist.  World,  i.  3. 
Here  was  our  Paolo  brought 
To  broach  a  weighty  business. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  107. 

8f.  To  give  a  start  to;  set  going. 

That  for  her  love  such  quarrels  may  he  broaeh'd. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 

Droved  and  broached.  See  drove".— To  broach  to 
(naut.,  used  intransitively),  to  come  suddenly  to  the  wind, 
as  a  ship,  by  accident  or  by  the  fault  of  the  helmsman  (a 
dangerous  position  in  a  gale). 
broacher  (bro'cher),  n.  [<  broach  +  -tr1.]  If. 
A  spit. 
On  five  sharp  broachcrs  rank'd  the  roast  they  turn'd. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  638. 

2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters ;  a  first 
publisher. 

The  first  broacher  of  a  heretical  opinion. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
Deadly  haters  of  truth,  broachcrs  of  lies. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

broaching-press  (bro'ching-pres),  n.  A  ma- 
chine-tool employing  a  broach,  used  in  slotting 
and  finishing  iron. 

broach-post  (broch'post),  «.    In  carp.,  a  king- 
post, 
broach-turner  (broch'ter'ner),   n.    A  menial 
whose  occupation  is  to  turn  a  broach  or  spit ;  a 
turnspit. 

Dish-washer  and  broach-turner,  loon! — tome 
Th.ni  smellest  all  of  kitchen  as  before. 

Ten  in/son,  Qareth  and  Lynette. 

broad  (brad),  a.  and  n.  [=  Se.  braid;  <  ME. 
brooil.  broil,  <  AS.  brad  =  OS.  bred  =  OFries. 
bred  =  D.  breed  =  MLG.  bred,  LG.  breed  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  breit  =  Icel.  breidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bred 
=  Goth,  braids,  broad.  Hence  bread2,  breadth. 
The  pron.  would  be  reg.  brod  (like  goad,  road, 
etc.).]  I.  a.  1.  Wide;  having  great  breadth, 
as  distinguished  from  length  and  thickness; 
used  absolutely,  having  much  width  or  breadth ; 
not  narrow :  as,  a  strip  no  broader  than  one's 
hand:  a  broad  river  or  street. 

In  are  [a]  brode  strete  he  igon  mete  threo  cnihtes. 

Layamnn,  I.  217. 

Broad  breast,  full  eye,  small  head,  and  nostril  wide 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  296. 

2.  Large  superficially;  extensive;  vast:  as, 
the  broad  expanse  of  ocean. 

I'.aeh  year  shall  give  this  apple-tree 
A  1'ioader  flush  of  roseate  bloom. 

Bryant,  Maiding  of  the  Apple-Tree. 

3.  Figuratively,  not  limited  or  narrow;  liber- 
al ;  comprehensive ;  enlarged :  as,  a  man  of 
broad  views. 

In  a  broad,  statcsmanbke,  and  masterly  way.     Everett. 

Narrow  spirits  admire   basely  and  worship  meanly; 
broad  spirits  worship  tho  right.  Thackeray. 

Specifically — 4.  Inclined  to  tho  Broad  Church, 
or  tol  he  \  lew-,  held  by  1  lie  Broad-I  Ihurcb  parly 
of  tho  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopal. — 
5.  Large  in  measure  or  degree;  not  small  or 
slight;  ample;  consummate. 

gif  hym-sclf  be  bore  blynde  hit  is  a  brod  wonder. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  584. 


broad 

He  grins,  and  looks  l/road  uonaense  with  a  stare, 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  L94. 

6.  Widely  diffused;  open;  full:  as,  in  broad 
sunshine;  broad  daylight. 

Ful  oft,  whan  it  is  brode  day. 

Gower,  Conl.  Ainant..  ii.  107. 
I  count  little  of  the  many  things  I  see  pass  at  broad  noon- 
day, in  large  and  open  streets. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  103. 

It  was  broad  day,  and  the  people,  recovered  from  their 

panic,  were  enabled  to  see  and  estimate  the  force  nf  the 

enemy.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

7.  Unconiined ;  free ;  unrestrained,  (a)  Used 
absolutely. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

(b)  Unrestrained  by  a  sense  of  propriety  or  fitness ;  unpol- 
ished ;  loutish. 
Tell  him  his  pranks  have  been  too  broad  to  bear  with. 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
(<*)   Unrestrained  by  considerations  of  decency;   indeli- 
cate; indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  cannot  be 
denied  but  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and  fulsome. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  Ded. 
(d)  Unrestrained  by  fear  or  caution;  bold  ;  unreserved. 
For  from  broad  words,  and  'cause  he  fail VI 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast,  I  hear, 
Macduff  lives  in  disgrace.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  6. 

8.  Characterized  by  a  full,  strong  utterance; 
coarsely  vigorous;  not  weak  or  slender  in 
sound:  as,  broad  Scotch ;  broad  Boric;  abroad 
vowel,  such  as  a  or  d  or  6. —  9f.  Plain;  evi- 
dent. 

Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  Itroad  goose. 

Shak.,  It.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

10.  In  the  Jin c  arts,  characterized  by  breadth: 
as,  a  picture  remarkable  for  the  broad  treatment 
of  its  subject.  See  breadth.  :t — As  broad  as  (it 
Is) long,  equal  upon  the  whole;  the  same  either  way. 

It  is  as  broad  as  long  whether  they  rise  to  others  or 
bring  others  down  to  them.  Sir  It.  L'Estrange. 

Broad  Church,  the  popular  designation  of  a  party  in 
the  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopalian. — Broad  fo- 
lio, broad  quarto,  etc.,  names  given  to  drawing-pa- 
per folded  the  broadest  way.— Broad  gage.  See  </ff  <7p3. 
—  Broad  glass,  window-glass  of  a  cheap  quality  formed 
by  blowing  a  long  cylinder,  cutting  it  apart,  and  al- 
lowing the  pieces  to  soften  and  flatten  out  in  a  kiln. 
See  glass.  Also  called 
British  sheet-glass,  cylin- 
der-glass, German  plate- 
glass,  andspread  window- 
glass.—  Broad  lace,  a 
woolen  fabric  made  in 
1  lands  about  4  inches 
wide,  and  used  as  an 
ornamental  border  to 
the  upholstery  of  a  car- 
riage Ca  r-builder's  Diet. 
—  Broad  pennant 
(naut.),  a  swallow-tailed 
flag  earned  at  the  mast- 
head of  a  man-of-war  as 
the  distinctive  mark  of  a 
commodore.  =  Syn.  1. 
Extended,  spread. —  1 
and  2.  Wide,  Broad.  See 
wide.  —  7.  ('')  Vulgar,  ob- 
scene. 

II.  ».  1.  A  shallow,  fenny  lake  formed  by 
the  expansion  of  a  river  over  adjacent  flat  land 
covered  more  or  less  with  a  reedy  growth;  a 
flooded  fen,  or 
lake  in  a  fen : 
as,  the  Norfolk 
broads.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

A  broad  is  the 
spread  of  a  river 
into  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, which  is  cer- 
tainly neither  lake 
nor  lagoon. 

Southey,  Letters 
[(1812),  II.  307. 
Then    across    the 
mill  -  pool.  ami 

through  the  deep 
crooks,  out  into  the 
broads,  and  past  the 
withered  heds  of 
weeds  which  told  of 
coming  winter. 

H.  KingsUy, 
[Ravenshoe,  viii. 

2.  In  mech.,  a 
tool  used  for 
turning  down 
the  insides  and 
bottoms  of  cyl- 
inders in  the 
lathe.  —  3.  An 
English  coin 
first  issued  in 
1619  by  James 
I.,  and  worth  at 
the  time  20s. 
44 


689 

The  coin  was  also  issued  subsequently. 
called  laurel  ami  broad-piece. 
broad  (brad),  adv.    [<  ME.  broods,  brode,  <  AS. 
brdde  (=  MHU.  breite,  ((.  breit),  broadly;  from 
the  adj.]     If.  Broadly;  openly;  plainly. 

Crist  spak  himself  ful  />/■«<«/.•  in  holy  writ. 

Chaucer,  Sen.  Prol.  t"<'.  'i'..  1-  739. 
2f.  Widely;  copiously;  abundantly.  Chaucer. 
—  3.  Broadly;  fully. 

With  all  his  crimes  broad  Mown,  as  flush  as  May. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 
Lying  broad  awake  I  thought  nf  you  and  Effle  dear. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen  (Conclusion), 

broadt,  ''■  '•  [ME.  broden,<  AS.  brddian,  spread, 
<  brad,  broad.  Cf.  bread2.']  To  make  broad; 
spread. 

Tyll  the  blessed  bredd  |hirdl  brodid  his  wingis. 

Richard  the  lialcless. 

broad-arrow  (bri'ul'ar '6),  ».    [<  ME.  brodearow, 
brotlaricc,  etc.,  a  heavy  arrow;  <  broad  +  ar 
row.]    The  royal  mark  of  Brit- 
ish government  stores  of  every 
description,  which  it  is  felony  to 
obliterate  or  deface.    Persons  un- 
lawfully in  possession  of  goods  marked 
with  the  broad-arrow  forfeit  the  goods 
and  arc  subject  to  a  penalty  of  £200 
The  broad-arrow  was  the  cognizance  of       Broad-arrow. 
Henry,  Viscount  Sydney,  Earl  of  Roni- 
ney,  Master-general  of  ordnance  from  1693  to  1702,  ami  was 
first  used  in  his  time.      In   heraldry  it  differs  from  the 

I il l (which  see)in  having  the  inside  of  the  barbs  plain 

broadax  (brad'aks). 
axe,  etc.,  <  AS.  brddivx 
ax:  see  broad  ami  ax 

An  ax  with  a  broad  edge,  for  hewing  timber, 
See  cut  under  oar. 

Then  let  the  sounds  of  measured  stroke 

And  grating  saw  begin, 
The  broad-axe  to  the  gnarled  oak, 
The  mallet  to  the  pin ! 

Whittier,  Ship-Builders. 

broad-based  (brad'bast),  a.    Having  a  broad 
foundation;  securely  founded.     [Bare.] 
Her  throne  .  .  . 
Broad-based  upon  her  people's  will. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen 


Broad  Pennant  of  a  Commodore, 
United  States  Navy. 


uioiiti    ^  hi- 

A 


broadside 

Also  broaden  (bra'dn),  v.  |  <  broad  +  -en1.  Of.  broad, 
c]    I.  intrans.  To  grotv  broad  or  broader. 
To  broaden  into  boundless  day, 

V,  nnyson,  In  Memorials,  jeev. 

II.  trans.  To  make  broad;  increase  in 
breadth  ;  render  more  broad  or  comprehensive: 
as,  "broaden'd  nostrils,"  Thomson,  Winter. 

broad-eyed  (br.id'id),  ".  Having  a  wide  view 
or  survey. 

broad-fronted  (brad'frun'i'ted),  a.  Having  a 
broad  front;  having  a  wide  forehead:  as, 
"broad-fronU  d  <  laesar,"  slink.,  A.  and  C,  i.  •r>. 

broad-gage  (brad'gaj),  n.  Having  the  space 
between  the  rails  wider  than  the  standard  gage 
of  56|  inches:  said  of  a  railroad  track:  opposed 
to  narrow-gage,  which  signifies  less  than  the 
standard  width.     See  gage2. 

broadhom  (brad'hom),  n.     A  name  by  which 
the  flat-boats   on   the -Mississippi  and   other 
American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 
A  broad'horn,  a  prime  river  conveyance.  Irving. 

The  river's  earliest  commerce  was  in  great  barges,—  keel- 
boats,  broadhorns. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  41. 

broad-horned  (brad'hdrnd),  a.  Having  wide- 
spread horns.     Hnloi  f. 

broadleaf,  broadleaf-tree  (brad'lef,  -tre).  n. 
A  tall  tree,  Termmalin  latifolia,  natural  order 
fombrctaeea;  common  in  Jamaica,  bearing  large 
and  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  end  of  the 
branches. 

adv.    1.  In  a  broad  manner, 
flows  through  Pylos'  fields. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 
Custine  has  spoken  out  more  broadly. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 
These  simple,  broadly  draped  figures  were  sculptured 
by  Niccola  at  Pisa.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  21. 
Specifically — 2.  In  zool.,  so  as  to  extend  over  a 
relatively  large  space:  as,  broadly  emarginate; 
broadly  insinuate,  etc.  A  part  is  broadly  trun- 
cate when  the  truncation  is  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  its  greatest  width, 
broadmouth  (l.irad'mouth),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Eurylivmidtc  (which  see);  a  broadbill. 


avmg  the  inside  of  the  barbs  ptain.  i,_..„„h„. 

),  n.     [<  ME.  brodax,  brood-  ,1'1'' n''1'  *;„.., ,,,ln 

ddaxc,  <   brad,  broad,  +  a-x,  broadly  0  tad  1  ), 

OS*. j     1+.   A  battle-ax.- 2.  Ihzt  broadly 


broadbill  (brad'bil),  n.    1.  The  shoveler-duck,  broadness  (brad'nes),  >i.    [<  broad  +  -ness.]    1. 
Spatula  clypeata.—Z.  The  spoonbill,  Platalea     Breadth;  extent  from  side  to  side. —  2.  Coarse- 
leucorodia'.—  S.    The  scaup-duck,  Fuligula  ma-    ness ;  grossness;  indelicacy. 
Vila,  and  other  species  of  that  genus. — 4.    A         Broadness  and  indecency  of  allusion, 
bird  of  the  family  Eurylamiidm.    There  are  nine  S!rmk'  Enf  •  Llty  '■  B-*- 

or  ten  species  of  broadbills  peculiar  to  the  broad-piece  (brad  pes),  n.    Sameasiimarf,  ? 
Indian  region.     Also  called  broadmouth. 


Broad  of  James  I..  British  Museum. 
( Size  of  the  original. ) 


broad-billed  (brad'bild),  a.  In  ornith.,  having 
a  broad  bill.  —  Broad-billed  sandpiper,  the  Limicola 
platyrhyncha. 

broadbrim  (brad'brim),  n.  1.  A  hat  with  a 
very  broad  brim,  especially  the  form  of  hat 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Hence — 2.  A  member  of  that  society;  a 
Quaker.     Carlyle.     [Colloq.] 

broad-brimmed  (brad'brirnd),  a.  1.  Having 
a  broad  border,  brim,  or  edge. 

Govert  Lockerman,  without  taking  his  pipe  out  of  his 
mouth,  turned  up  his  eye  from  under  his  broad-brimmed 
hat  to  see  who  hailed  him  thus  discourteously. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 

2.  Wearing  a  hat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  broad-brimm'd  hawker  of  holy  things. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  a.  1.  Cast  or  dispersed 
upon  the  ground  with  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sow- 
ing: opposed  to  sowed  in  drills  or  rows. — 2. 
Widely  spread  or  diffused, 
broadcast  (brad'kast),  «.  In  agri.,  a  method 
of  sowing  in  which  the  seed  is  thrown  from  the 
hand  in  handf  uls. 

My  lads,  said  he,  let  broad-cast  be, 

Anil  come  away  to  drill.  Hood. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  adv.  1.  By  scattering 
or  throwing  at  large  from  the  hand  :  as,  to  sow 
broadcast. — 2.  So  as  to  disseminate  widely ;  in 
wide  dissemination. 

An  impure,  so  called,  literature  sown  broadcast  over  the 
land.  Blackwood's  Mag. 

broadcloth  (brad'kloth),  n.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 
commonly  black,  with  a  finished  surface,  mostly 
used  in  making  men's  garments :  so  called  from 
its  breadth,  which  is  usually  60  inches. 

Every  whole  woollen  cloth,  called  broad  cloth,  which 
shall  be  made  and  set  to  sale  after  the  feast  called  St. 
Peter  ad  vincula,  which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
M.CCCC.LXV.,  after  the  full  watering,  racking,  straining, 
or  tenturing  of  the  same,  ready  to  sale,  shall  hold  and 
contain  in  length  xxiv  yards,  and  to  every  yard  an  inch, 
containing  the  breadth  of  a  man's  thumb,  to  he  measured 
by  the  crest  of  the  same  cloth,  and  in  breadth  ij  yards,  or 
vij  quarters  at  the  least,  within  the  lists. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  351,  note. 
They  be  all  patched  cloutes  and  ragges,  in  comparison 
of  faire  wouen  bruadc  dualize*. 

Ascham,  The  Seholemaster,  p.  60. 


broad-seal  (brad'sel),  n.  The  official  or  great 
seal  of  a  country  or  state:  as.  "the  king's 
broad-seal,"  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  (31.  [More  cor- 
rectly as  two  words.]  —Broad-seal  war,  in  II.  S. 
hist.,  a  contest  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1S39,  as  to  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  five  Whig 
members  from  New  Jersey,  who  had  certificates  of  election 
under  the  broad  seal  of  the  state,  hut  whose  seats  were 
contested  by  Democratic  claimants. 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  v.  t.     [<  broad-seal,  ».] 
To  stamp  as  with  the  broad  seal ;  guarantee ; 
make  sure. 
Thy  presence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

broad-shouldered  (brad'shol'derd),  a.  Having 

the  back  broad  across  the  shoulders. 
Broad-shouldered,  ami  his  arms  were  round  and  long. 

Dryden. 

broadside  (brad'sid),  re.  1.  The  whole  side  of 
a  ship  above  the  water-line,  from  the  bow  to  the 
quarter. —  2.  A  simultaneous  discharge  of  all 
the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  vessel  of  war:  as,  to 
fire  a  broadside. — 3.  In  general,  any  compre- 
hensive attack  with  weapons  of  any  kind  di- 
rected against  one  point  or  object. 
Give  him  a  broadside,  my  brave  boys,  with  your  pikes. 
!;■,//<.  urn!  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

4.  A  sheet  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  with- 
out arrangement,  in  columns;  especially,  such 
a  sheet  containing  some  item  of  news,  or  an 
attack  upon  some  person,  etc.,  and  designed 
for  distribution. 

Every  member  of  the  convention  received  a  copy  of  this 
draft  of  a  constitution,  printed  on  broadsides  in  large 
type.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  I.  110. 

Van  Citters  gives  the  best  account  of  the  trial.  I  have 
seen  a  broadside  which  confirms  his  narrative. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi.,  note. 

5.  Any  surface  resembling  the  side  of  a  ship 
in  breadth,  etc.,  as  a  house-front. 

In  the  great,  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were  only 
four  windows,  Dieki  n*. 

Broadside  on,  with  the  side  in  advance;  sidewise. — To 
take  on  the  broadside,  to  treat  freely  and  unceremoni- 
ously. 

Determined  t.>  lol-,-  the  world  on  the  broadside,  and  cat, 

thereof,  and  be  tilled.  Carlyle,  Diderot 

broadside    (brad'sid).    adv.      [<    broadside,    ».] 

1.   With  the  broadside  directed  toward  the 

point  specified. 


broadside 
The  landing  of  troops .  the  batteries  of  four- 

m  ations,  p.  7:». 

2.   Pell-mell:  unceremoniously  :  a-,  to  go  or 

[Bare.] 

II.  used  in  his  pi  "I  'li«'  king,  the  ministers 

■     h.  ii,  i. Ht  particularly  the 

.  ii  himself.  Mem,  "i  Ca] 

broad-sighted  (brad 'si  ted),  a.    Having  a  wide 
rly  B(  v. 

broad-speaking  i  bn'i.l'si.r  king),  a.    1.  I 
vulgar  or  coarse  language;  speaking  with  a  vul- 
gar accent. —  2.   Speaking  plainly  nut  without 

broad-spoken  kn),  a.    Character- 

by  plainness  or  coarseness  of  speech,  or 
by  a  vulgar  accent;  unrefined. 

broad-spread  I  brad'spred  I,  a.    Widelj  diffused. 

broad-spreading  (brad'spred  iug),  a.    Spread- 
idely. 
Hi  leaves.  Shah,  Rich.  II.,  iii-  t. 

broadstone  (brad'stdui,  n.     Smui'  as  iij/t/ir. 

broadsword  (brad'sord),  n.  A  sword  with  a 
broad  blade,  as  distinguished  from  one  with  a 
narrow  blade  or  from  a  three-sided  thrusting- 
sword;  a  sword  of  which  the  edge  as  well  as 
the  point  is  used.  All  forms  ol  sword  which  have  a 
fiat  lilade  for  cutting  are  called  broadswords,  in  contrast 
thrusting  alone.    See  claymori 

broadtail  (brad'tal),  n.     One  of  the  numerous 
species  of  old-world  parrots,  of  the  genus  Pla- 
i  its.     /'.  /..  Sclater. 

broadthroat    (brad '  throt),   n.     [<  broad  + 

throat;  a  translation  of  EuryUsmus,  q.  v.]    A 

book-name  of  birds  of  the  family  liuri/lirinidie 

(which  see).     Also  called  broadoill  and  broad- 

th. 

broad-tool  I  brad'tol  I,  ».  A  stone-masons'  chisel 
witli  a  very  wide  edge,  used  for  finishing. 

broad-tread  (brad'tred),  a.  Having  a  wide 
Eace  "1'  tread,  as  a  car-wheel. 

Broadwell  ring.    See  ring. 

broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adv.  [<  broad  +  -wise.] 
In  tin-  direction  of  the  breadth;  breadthwise  : 
as,  to  measure  broadwise. 

broamt,  "•  [Origin  obscure;  perhaps  a  mis- 
print.]    Apparently,  a  spirit  or  goblin. 

'1'ln'  approach  of  the  sun's  radiant  beams  expelleth  gob- 
lins, bugbears,  hob-thruBhes   brooms,  screech-owl  mates, 
rits,  and  tenebi  ii  ms 

Urqvhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  24. 

brob  i  brob),  n.    [E.  dial. :  perhaps  an  alteration 
nail,  brad,  verb  brod,  prick:  see  brod 
ami  b rud.]    1.  A  wedge-shaped 
)  /|    I     spike,  driven  along  the  side  of 

a  timber  which  abuts  against 
another,    to    prevent    it    from 
slipping. — 2.  In  coalmining,  a 
short,    thick    piece  of   timber, 
used  for  supporting   the   coal   which   is  being 
holed    or  undercut;    a    prop.     [Midland  coal- 
field, England.] 

brob  '. :  prot.  and  pp.  brobbed,  ppr. 

brobbtng.  [E.  dial.,  <  brob,  ».]  To  prick  with 
a  bodkin.  Balliwell.  [North.  Eng.] 
Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Like  or  likened  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
fabled  region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's Travel*"  ;  henee,  of  enormous  size  ;  gi- 
gai" 

i?ritten  to  the  mob  of  authors,  pre- 

I  i    nun,,]    the  most  offensive 

■  I  our  own.  Dt  Quincey,  style,  i. 

II.  »•  A  gigantic  person. 

■■'.  !..,i  bed] oomg 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Qurney,  II.  v. 
broct,  ".     [F.:  see  bric-a-brac.']     A  large  vessel 

with  a  hi  I  llv  made  o!    t;il  or 

for  holding  liquids. 

brocade  (bro-kad'),  ».     [<  Sp.  brocado  (=  I'g. 

brocado  =  It.  br  .  F.  brocart),  brocade, 

prop,  pp,  i  =  Pg.  bro<  =  F. 

brocher,  embroider,  stitch  ach,  v.  | 

1.  A    si  ken   fabric  variegated  v,  iih  gold  and 
■  r-,  or  having  raised  flowers,   foliage,  and 

I        other  stuffs 
aer. 

2.  A  kin.i  eating. 
brocaded   bro-ka'ded),  a.  1.   Woven  or  w< 

into  a  brocade. 

2.    Dressed  in   bi ade.     3.    Di rated  with 

Bowi  brocaded  silk. 

1  Bquivali  eh  broche'.] 

brocade-shell  (bro-ka.l'sliel  i,  /,.     A  nam. 


690 

or  Conida-:  so  called  from  the  peculiar  colora- 
tion. 

brocage,  »•    See  broJcage. 

brocard  (brok'Srd),  n.  '  [<<  >F.  brocard,  a  maxim 
i  in  mod.  I-',  a  taunt. .jeer,  raillerj  I,  ML.  brocardi- 

CUm,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from    Brocard,  prop. 

/;,, .  1 1  .■.,..  a  or  Burkard,  bishop  of  Worms  (died 
1025),  who  published  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical canons,  "Begulaa  EcclesiasticaB,"  also 
known  as  Brocardica  or  Brocardicorum  opus.] 

1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom, or  borrow  oil  from  the  Roman  law,  and  ac- 
counted part  of  the  common  law.  Henee  —  2. 
An  elementary  principle  or  maxim;  a  short 
proverbial  rule;  a  canon. 

'I'll,,  legal  '  Falsus  in  uno,  falsus  in  omnibus," 

is  i  nil,  nut  more  applicable  to  other  witnesses  than  to 
consciousness.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

i  he  scholastic  brocard  [Nihil  est  in  intellectu  quod  non 
fucrit  iii  sensu]  ...  is  tlie  fundamental  article  in  the 
creed  of  that  school  of  philosophers  win,  are  called  "the 
sensualists."  /'<  rci'i  r,  Inst,  "i  Metaphysics,  p.  261. 

brocardic  (bro-kar'dik),  n.    Same  as  brocard. 

1  make  use  of  all  the  brocardics,  or  rules  of  interpreters; 
thai  is,  not  only  what  is  established  regularly,  in  law.  lint 
what  is  en,, 111, hsl  wise  anil  reasonable  by  the  best  inti  1  - 

./.  e  Taylor,  Pref.  to  Duct.  Dub. 

brocatt,  ».    An  old  form  of  brocadf. 

brocatel,  brocatelle  (brok'a-tel),  n.  [<  F. 
brocatelle  =  Sp.  brocatel,  <  It.  broecatello,  varie- 
gated marble  (P.  brocatel,  tinsel  or  thin  cloth 
of  gold  or  silver),  dim.  of  broccato,  brocaded, 
brocade:  see  brocade.]  1.  A  variety  of  orna- 
mental marble,  the  most  famous  localities  of 
which  are  in  Italy  and  Spain.  That  from  Siena, 
which  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful 
variety  known,  consists  of  a  ground  of  yellow  marble  tra- 
versed by  numerous  interlacing  veins  of  darker  material, 
most  of  which  are  of  a  deep-violet  color. 

2.  An  inferior  material  used  for  curtains,  fur- 
niture-covering, and  the  like,  made  of  silk  and 
wool,  silk  and  cotton,  or  pure  wool,  but  having 
a  more  or  less  silky  surface. 

The  Vice-Chancellor's  chaire  and  deske,  Proctors,  Ac. 
■  "Mid  with  brocataU  (a  kind  of  brocade)  and  cloth  of 
gold.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  9,  1669. 

Also  written  brocatello. 
broccoli  (brok'o-li),  n.  [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo,  a 
sprout,  cabbage-sprout,  dim.  of  brocco,  a  spit, 
skewer,  shoot:  see  broach.]  One  of  the  many 
varieties  of  the  common  cabbage  (Brassica  ole- 
racea),  in  which  the  young  inflorescence  is  con- 


,1    1     sp 


Broccoli  [Brassica  oltraaa,  var. ). 

tracted  into  a  depressed  fleshy  edible  head.  It 
is  closely  similar  to  the  cauliflower. 

broch  (broch),  ».     Same  as  brought. 

brochan  ( broeh'an),  a.  [Gael,  a.brochan, por- 
ridge, gruel.]  Oatmeal  boiled  in  water;  thick 
porridge.     [Scotland  and  Ireland.] 

brochant  (bro'shaut),  a.  [F.,  ppr.  of  hrnelnr. 
stitch,  etc. :  see  brocade.]  In  In  i\.  lying  over 
and  covering  :  said  of  any  bearing  which  partly 
covers  another.     Also  brouchant. 

brochantite  (hro-shan'tit),  ».  [After  Brochant 
de  Villiers,  a  French  mineralogist  (1773—1840).  ] 
An  emerald-green  mineral  consisting  of  hy- 
drous sulphate  of  copper.  The  crystals  are  in 
thin  rectangular  and  transparent  tables. 

Brochata  i  bro  ka'tjj  I,  n.  /■!.  |  XI...  aeut.  pi.  of 
brochalus,  project  big  (of  teeth),  having  project- 
ing teeth  (of  animals):  see  brochate.]  In  Blyth's 
classification  of  mammals,  a   I  ribo  or  suborder 

.  Diplodontia,  corresponding  to  the  Pachy- 

dcrmata,  herbivorous  Cetacea,  and  BodenUa  of 

I'uvier:  so  called   from  usually  having  persis 

tently  growing  teeth,  as  the  tusks  of  the  ele- 

I  in'  the  incisors  Of  a  rodent,  or  projecting 

in  hes,  as  those  of  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

BIyth  dividi  'I  hi     Broi  '•  -',,   |nto   Prol tea    Uodewtia, 

nia)  three  "I  which 

(all  i  Ci  lia)  a w   m  , nlzed   orders  of 

■  a  Mi,  name  e  uol 
brochate  (bro'kat),  a.     [<  NL.  brochatus,  hav- 
ing projecting  teeth,  <  I-,  brochus,  brocchus, 
broccu  .  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project- 


brocket 

ing  teeth  (of  animals):  see  broach.]     Having 

tusks,  tushes,    or  perennial  teeth;   specifically, 

of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brochata. 
brochet,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  broach 

and  hi i, nrlii.     Chaucer. 
broche    (brd-sha'),  a.      [F.,  pp.  of  brocher, 

stitch,  sew:  Bee  broach.]  1.  Sewed  or  stitched: 
said  of  a  book  which  is  not  bound  or  covered, 
except  with  a  paper  wrapper.  See  brochure. — 
2.  Ornamented  in  weaving  with  threads  which 
form  a  pattern  on  the  surface;   brocaded:  said 

of  a  stuff,  s] i  lie  ally  of  silk:  as,  a  &rocA<5ribbon. 

brOChet  (brd-sha'),  ».  [F.,  a  pike,  luce,  for- 
merly also  a  faucet,  dim.  of  brnchr.  a  spit, 
broach:  see  hrmirli .J  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cichlidce,  Crenicichla  saxaUlis,  having  an  elon- 
gated form  and  pointed  head,  thus  slightly  re- 
sembling a  pike.  It  is  highly  colored  and  bus  an 
ocellated  spot  at  the  runt  of  the  tail.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  fresh  waters  of  South  America  ami  Trinidad.  [Lo- 
cal in  Trinidad.] 

brochette  (bro-shef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  broche,  a 
spit:  see  broach.]  A  skewer  to  stick  meat  on, 
used  in  cookery. 

brochure  (bro-shur'),  n.  [F.,  <  brochi  r,  stitch  : 
see  broach.]  1.  A  pamphlet;  an  unbound 
book,  of  which  the  sheets  are  held  together  by 
sewing  only.  See  broche. —  2.  Specifically,  a 
small  pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transi- 
torv  interest. 

brock1  (brok),  n.  [<  ME.  brok,  <  AS.  broc  = 
Dan.  brok,  a  badger;  prob.  of  Celtic  origin: 
W.  hrtirh  =  Corn,  broch  =  Bret,  lunch  =  Gael. 
Ir.  Manx  Inoc;  Ir.  also brech  a,n&brochd,  a  bad- 
ger; prob.  so  called  from  its  white-streaked 
face,  <  W.  brech  =  Gael.  Ir.  briar,  speckled  | see 
brill);  cf.  Gael,  brocaeh,  brucach,  speckled  in  the 
face;  ef.  also  Dan.  broget,  Sw.  oroMg,  party- 
colored:  see  brocket.     Cf.  bauson.]     A  badger. 

Or  with  pretence  of  chasing  thence  the  brock, 
Send  in  a  cur  to  worry  the  whole  Hock  ! 

B.  Joitmn,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  '2. 
[Sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 

.Marry,  hang  thee,  brockt  Shak.,  T.  N..  ii.  5.] 

brock2  (brok),  n.  [Shetland  brncl;  <  ME.  "Iimk 
(not  found),  <  AS.  gebroc,  neut.,  a  piece,  a 
fragment  (cf.  broc,  affliction,  trouble,  fatigue) 
(=  OHG.  brocco,  MHG.  brocke,  G.  bracken,  m., 
=  Dan.  brokke  =  Goth,  ga-bruka,  1'..  a  piece; 
ef.  dim.  MLG.  brocket  =  ODan.  broggel,  a  piece, 
fragment),  <brccan  (pp.  brocin).  break:  see 
break,  and  ef.  breach  with  its  variants  brech, 
brick1,  brack1,  etc.;  cf.  also  hroekle.]  A  piece; 
a  fragment.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brock-  (brok).  ».  '.  [Also  brok,  =  OHG.  bro- 
chdn.  brockon,  MHG.  G.  bracken  =  Dan.  brokke, 
break,  crumble ;  from  the  noun.]  To  break, 
crumble,  or  cut  into  bits  or  shreds.     [Scotch.] 

brocket,  ''.  i.  [ME.  brokken,  perhaps  a  secon- 
dary form  of  breken  (pp.  broken),  break.  Cf. 
brock-.]  To  cry  out;  murmur;  complain:  a 
word  of  somewhat  uncertain  meaning,  found 
only  in  the  two  passages  quoted. 

What  lielpth  hyt  the  erokke 
That  hys  | i, |  to  felthe  [tilth]  y.lo, 
Aye  [against]  the  crokkere  h,  i>t<>kk<\ 
"  Why  madest  thou  me  so?" 

William  il>  Shoreham,  Religious  Poems(ed,  Wright),  p.  106. 

He  singeth  brokkynge  [var.  crowyng,  Wright,  Morris]  as  a 
nyghtingale.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1,  191 

brock4  (brok),  n.  [E.  dial.  ;  ef.  ME.  brok  (see 
quot.);  ef.  Icel.  brotchr,  also  brokh-hestr,  a  trot- 
ter, trotting  horse,  brokka,  trot.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain;  the  alleged  AS.  "broc,  an 
inferior  horse,  a  shaking  horse,  jade"  (Bos- 
worth),  does  not  exist,  the  def.  being  due  to  an 
error  of  translation.]  A  cart-horse  or  draft- 
horse:  a  word  of  uncertain  original  meaning, 
applied  also  in  provincial  English  to  a  cow. 
Brookett;  Halliwell. 

The  carter  smot  ami  cryile  as  he  were  wml. 

Hayt  brok,  hay!  sent.     Chanter,  Friar's  Tale,  1. 24b. 

brock"'  I  brok  I.  ii.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  lirnck,  <\.  v.] 
The  name  of  an  insect .  Ilalliicell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brock1'  (brok),  ii.  [Perhaps  anolher  use  of 
broekK  a  badger.]  1.  A  pig. — 2.  Swill  for  feed- 
ing pigs.      |  North  of  Ireland.  | 

brock7  (brok),  ii.     Short  for  broch  I. 

brocks  (brok),  ii.  [Possibly  shortened  from 
broccoli.]     A  cabbage.      [Prov.  Eng.  | 

brock1'  (brok),  a.      A  variant  of  brnnt/li-. 

brockage  (brok'aj),  n.  [Appar.  <  brock*  +  -age.  | 

In  iiiiiiii.i.,  an  imperfect  coin. 

All    imperfect   coins,  curiously  termed    l»«'i«« 
picked  out.  '  n    '"■  <  ■  Ul  849, 

brocket  (brok'et),  a.  [<  Dan.  broget,  older 
form  "broket,  party-colored:  see  brockK]     Va- 


brocket 

riegated;  having  a  mixture  of  black  or  other 
color  and  white :  applied  chiefly  to  cattle. 
[Scotch.]  Also  brooked,  broked,  and  broakit. 
brocket  (brok'et ),  n.  [<  ME.  broket,  substituted 
for  P.  brocart,  now  broguart,  a  brocket,  so  named 
from  having  but  one  tine  to  his  horn,  <  OF. 
linn;  F.  broche,  dial,  lime,  a  spit,  broach,  etc.,  a 
tine  of  a  stag's  horn;  ef.  OF.  broguet,  dim.  of 
broc,  as  above.  Cf.  E.  pricket,  <  prick,  a  point, 
etc.,  and  G.  spiesser,  a  brocket.  <  spiess  —  E. 
spit'1.]    1.  A  red  deer  two  years  old ;  a  pricket . 

'['lie  term  has  been  used  (in  the  plural)  by  some  natural- 
ists to  designate  a  group  of  the  deer  family. 
2.  Any  deer  of  South  America  of  the  genus 
Cariacus.     The  red  brocket  is  C.  ™/«s  of  Brazil;  the 
wood-brocket.  C.  nemorivagus. 

brock-faced  (brok'fast),  a.  Having  a  white  lon- 
gitudinal mark  down  the  face,  like  a  badger. 

brockisht  (brok'ish),  a.  [<  brock1  +  4sh1.] 
Like  a  brock  or  badger;  beastly;  brutal:  as, 
"brockish  boors,''  lip.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  i. 

brockle  (brok'l),  a.  and  n.  [E.  dial.,  also 
bruckle,  var.  of  brickie,  <  ME.  brekel,  brokel, 
brukel:  see  brickie,  and  cf.  brock",  n.]     I.  a. 

1.  Same  as  brickie. —  2.  Apt  to  break  through 
a  field:  said  of  cattle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

H.t  n.  Broken  pieces;  fragments;  rubbish. 

brockram  (brok'rain),  n.  Calcareous  breccia 
derived  from  the  waste  of  the  carboniferous 
limestones,  occurring  in  the  north  of  England, 
in  sandstones  of  Permian  age,  and  especially 
well  developed  in  the  valley  of  the  Eden. 
[North.  Eng.] 

brod  (brod),  ».  [So.,  <  Icel.  broddr,  a  spike;  cf. 
Gael.  Ir.  brod,  a  goad,  prickle,  sting:  see  brad, 
andcf.jwod.]     1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

—  2.  A  prick  with  such  an  instrument ;  hence, 
an  incitement ;  instigation. 

brod  (brod),  i:  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brodded,  ppr. 
brodding.  [<  brod,  ».]  To  prick;  spur;  pierce  ; 
prod  :  often  used  figuratively.     [Scotch.] 

broddle  (brod'l),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  broddled, 
ppr.  broddling.  [E-  dial.,  freq.  of  brod,  v.]  To 
prick ;  pierce ;  make  holes  in. 

brodekin,  brodequin  (brod' kin),  n.  [<  F. 
brodequin,  earlier  "brosequin,  brousequin  =  It. 
borzacchino  =  Sp.  borcegui,  formerly  borzegui, 
boszegui,  bolzcquin.  =  Pg.  borzeguin,  <  MD.  bro- 
seken,  brosken,  brooskcn,  buskin:  see  buskin.'] 
A  buskin  or  half-boot.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Instead  of  shoes  and  stockings,  a  pair  of  buskins  or 
brodekms.  Echard,  Hist.  Eng. 

brodelH,  brodel2t.     See  brothel1,  brothel2. 

brodert,  broderert.    See  broider,  broiderer. 

Brodie's  disease,  joint.    See  the  nouns. 

broellat  (bro-el'a),  n.  [ML. ;  OF.  brouellc.]  A 
coarse  kind'  of  cloth,  used  for  the  ordinary 
dresses  of  countrymen  and  the  monastic  clergy 
in  the  middle  ages.     Fairholt. 

brog1  (brog),  n.  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  brog,  a  shoemakers' 
awl:  see  broach.]  1.  A  pointed  instrument, 
as  a  shoemakers'  awl;  a  joiners'  awl. — 2.  A 
small  stick  used  in  catching  eels.  [North.  Eng.] 

—  3.  A  jab  with  a  sharp  instrument.  [Scotch.] 
brog1  (brog),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  broggcd,  ppr. 

bragging.  [<  brog1,  n.;  cf.  Gael,  brog,  spur, 
stimulate,  goad,  and  see  prog.]  1.  To  prick 
with  an  awl  or  other  sharp-pointed  instrument ; 
push  or  thrust,  as  an  instrument:  as,  to  brog 
leather.     [Scotch.] 

Brogging  an  elshin  through  bend  leather. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 

2.  To  catch  (eels)  by  means  of  small  sticks 
called  brogs.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog'2  (brog),  n.  [Sc.  also  brogue,  perhaps  a 
particular  use  of  brog1,  2;  but  cf.  Icel.  brugg, 
a  scheming,  machination,  lit.  a  brewing,  < 
brugga,  brew,  concoct:  see  brew1.']     A  trick. 

brog-*  (brog),  n.  [Perhaps  an  altered  form  of 
bog1;  but  cf.  ML.  brogilus,  etc.,  a  thicket,  G. 
briihl,  a  marshy  place  overgrown  with  bushes, 
under  broil2.]  A  swampy  or  bushy  place. 
Halliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog4t,  "■     A  variant  of  brogue1. 

brogan  (bro'gan  or  bro-gan'),  n.  [Cf.  Gael. 
brogan,  pi.  of  brog  :  see  brogue1.]  1.  A  form  of 
half -boot  in  which  the  part  covering  the  instep 
is  undivided,  and  broad  side-flaps  meet  above 
the  instep-piece,  and  are  tied  by  strings. —  2. 
A  boat  used  on  Chesapeake  Bay.    [Local,  U.  S.] 

broggerite  (breg'er-It),  n.  [After  the  Norwe- 
gian mineralogist  W.  C.  Brogger.]  A  mineral 
allied  to  uraninite,  and  consisting  largely  of 
uranium  oxid. 

brogglet  (brog'l),  v.  i.  [Freq.  of  brog1,  v.,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  pierce;  prick.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  To  fish  for 
eels  by  troubling  the  water.     Wright. 


Ancient  Irish  Brogues. 


691 

broggourt.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  broker. 
brogue1  (brog),  n.  [Sc.  brog,  brogue,  <  Gael. 
Ir.  brog,  a  shoe,  Gael,  also  a  hoof.  The  brogue 
was  made  of  rough  hide ;  it  was  regarded  as 
characteristic  of  the  wilder  Irish,  and  so  the 
name  came  to  designate 
their  manner  of  speaking 
English.]  1.  Formerly, 
in  Ireland,  a  shoe  made 
of  rawhide,  with  the  hair 
outward,  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ankle  and  tied  by 
thongs. —  2.  A  similar 
foot-covering  worn  1  >y 
the  Scotch  Highlanders, 
but  commonly  made  of  deer-hide,  either  freshly 
stripped  off  or  half  dried,  and  having  holes  to 
allow  water  to  escape. 

To  shun  the  elash  of  foeman's  steel 

No  Highland  brogue  has  turned  the  heel. 

Scott,  Nora's  Vow. 
Some  [of  the  new  captains  and  lieutenants]  had  been  so 
used  to  wear  /./.wire*  that   they  stumbled  and  shuffled 
about  strangely  in  their  military  jack-boots. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eug.,  vi. 
3.  A  smooth  piece  of  wood  worn  on  the  foot 
in  the  operation  of  washing  tin,  when  the  ore 
is  in  fine  particles. — 4.  A  dialectal  manner 
of  pronunciation:  especially  used  of  the  mode 
of  pronouncing  English  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

In  the  House  of  Commons,  the  Scotch  accent  and  the 
Irish  brogue  may  be  often  heard.  Quarterly  Rev. 

brogue2  (brog),  n.    A  variant  of  brag2.    Burns. 
brogues  (brdgz),  n.  jit.  Same  as  breeches.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 
broidt  (broid),  v.    [<  ME.  broyden,  browden,  etc., 
variants  (due  to  the  pp.  broden,  broaden)  of 
breiden,   braiden,   braid :    see   braid1,   and  cf. 
broider.]     Same  as  braid1. 

Hire  yolwe  heer  was  browded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 
tresse.  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 

broider  (broi'der),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
brouder,  browder,  brauder,  broder;  <  ME.  brow- 
itri  n,  braialcrt  n,  confused  with  (as  if  freq.  forms 
of)  broyden,  browden  (early  mod.  E.  broid,  brand, 
var.  forms  of  braid1:  see  braid1,  broud,  browd), 
but  prop.  var.  forms  of  borduren,  bordcren, 
E.  border,  v.  (after  broidery,  broudery,  q.  v.); 
ult.  <  F.  broder,  usually  border  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bor- 
dar  =  It.  bordare,  <  ML.  *bordare),  adorn  with 
needlework,  prop,  work  on  the  edge,  <  bord, 
border,  edge,  welt,  or  hem  of  a  garment,  etc. : 
see  border  and  board.  Cf.  embroidi  r.]  To  adorn 
with  figures  of  needlework,  or  by  sewing  on 
ornaments;  embroider:  as,  "a  broidered  coat," 
Ex.  xxviii.  4.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
A  red  sleeve 
Broider'd  with  pearls. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Buff  coats  all  frounced  and  broidered  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  15. 

broiderer  (broi'der-er),  n.  [<  ME.  broiderere, 
brouderere,  browderere ;  <  broider  +  -er1.]  One 
who  embroiders ;  an  embroiderer.     [Rare.] 

broideress  (broi'der-es),  n.  [<  broider  +  -ess.] 
A  woman  who  embroiders;  an  embroideress. 
Hood.     [Bare.] 

broidery  (broi'der-i), «.;  pi.  broideries (-iz).  [< 
ME.  broiderye,  broiderie,  broudery,  browdrye,  < 
OF.  broderie,  broidery,  <  broder,  broider,  bor- 
der: see  broider.  Cf . embroidery.]  Embroidery; 
ornamental  needlework  wrought  upon  cloth. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  frail  bluebell  peereth  over 
Kare  broulry  of  the  purple  clover. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

broignet,  «•  [OF.,  also  broinge,  brugne,  brume, 
ML.  bronia,  brunia,  of  Teut.  origin,  <  AS.  byrne, 
etc.,  a  cuirass:  see  byrnic.]  In  the  early  mid- 
dle ages,  a  defensive  garment  made  by  sew- 
ing rings  or  plates  of  metal  upon  leather  or 
woven  stuff.  For  this  was  substituted  the  hauberk  of 
mail  by  those  persons  who  could  afford  the  expense;  but 
the  broigne,  which  could  be  manufactured  at  home  or  by 
any  person  who  could  sew  strongly,  was  in  use  among  the 
peasantry,  and  even  among  foot-soldiers,  at  least  as  late 
as  the  fourteenth  century. 

broil1  (broil),  ».  [=  Sc.  broilijie.  brulyie,  <  ME. 
broilen,  <  OF.  bruiller,  broil,  grill,  roast,  <  bruir 
in  same  senses  (F.  brouir,  blight),  <  MHG. 
briiejen,  br&en,  scald,  singe,  burn,  G.  briihen, 
scald  (=  MLG.  brogen,  broicn,  brugen,  scald, 
cook,  =  MD.  broeijen,  scald,  D.  broebjen,  hatch, 
brood,  breed,  soak,  grow  hot),  <  MHG.  briieje, 
G.  briihe  =  MD.  broeije,  broth,  <  Teut.  ■/  *bro, 
warm,  heat.  Cf.  bree1,  brewis,  and  see  brood1.] 
I.  trans.  To  cook  by  the  direct  action  of  heat 
over  or  in  front  of  a  clear  fire,  generally  upon 
a  gridiron,  as  meat  or  fish. 


brokage 


Mi-  cowde  tostr  and  seth< 

I  7/nmvi 


and  broille  and  Erie. 

Cm.  Prol.  to  ('.  T.,  1.  383. 

II.  iutraus.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action 
of  heat,  as  meat  over  a  lire.  Hence  —  2.  Figu- 
ratively', to  be  greatly  heated;  be  heated  to 
the  point  of  great  discomfort. 

Cud  save  you,  sir  !      Where  bine  V"H  lii-cn  hr/> din, i> 

Shak.,  Hen.  \  III.,  iv.  1. 
3.  To  fret;  stew;  be  very  impatient. 

He  broiled  with  impatience  to  put  his  design  in  exe- 
cution. Sterne,  fristram  Shandy,  ii.  5. 

broil-  (broil),  n.  [In  the  earliest  use  known, 
Lord  Berners's  translation  of  Froissart,  vol.  ii. 
c.  140  (152.")),  the  word  is  spelled  tin  nil.  appar. 
<  OF.  "breul,  *breuil,  'broil,  ;>  tumult,  broil  (= 
It.  broglio,  Olt.  also  brollo,  broggU)  (Florio), 
confusion,  tumult,  rising,  revolt),  a  verbal  noun, 
agreeing  witli  the  newly  formed  mod.  F.  brouiUe 

(  >  early  mod.  E.  broilli,.  So.  brulyie),  disagi 

ment,  misunderstanding,  lulling  out  (cf.  OF. 
brouilliz,  brnuillis,  quarrel,  contention,  discord, 
confusion),  <  OF.  brouiller,  mod.  F.  brouiller  (= 
Pr.  brolhar  =  OSp.  brollar  =  Pg.  brolhar=  It. 
brogliare,  Olt.  also  brollare),  confuse,  jumble, 
trouble,  mar,  spoil,  etc.,  prob.  orig.  entangle  as 
in  a  thicket  (cf.  E.  Broijl,  the  name  of  a  wood 
in  Sussex),  <  breul,  breuil,  broil  (=  Pr.  bruelh, 
m. ;  also  OF.  bruelle  =  Pr.  brut  Ilia  =  Pg. 
brulha,  f.),  a  thicket,  grove,  wood,  forest  (agree- 
ing with  the  assumed  forms  cited  above  in 
the  sense  of  'tumult,  confusion'),  =  It.  bruolo, 
a  kitchen-garden,  brolo,  an  orchard,  Olt.  broilo, 
brollo,  a  garden,  <  ML.  broilus,  brolium,  bro- 
gilus, also  broel,  a  wood,  forest,  park,  deer- 
park,  also  a  field,  meadow,  orchard,  prob.  < 
OHG.  "broil,  MHG.  briiel,  G.  briihl,  a  marshy 
place  overgrown  with  bushes :  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brog,  a 
swampy  or  bushy  place.]  An  angry  tumult; 
a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention;  discord. 

But  Cassanes  retyring  into  Persia  to  pacific  new  broiles, 
the  Sultan  recouered  the  same. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
Your  intestine  broils 
Weakening  the  sceptre  of  old  Night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  1001. 
And  deadly  feud,  or  thirst  of  spoil, 
Break  out  in  some  unseemly  broil. 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.  20. 
=  Syn.  Affray,  Altercation,  etc.    See  quarrel^,  n. 

broil2t,  ''•  i-  [<  broil2,  u.  Cf.  embroil-.]  To  raise 
a  broil ;  quarrel ;  brawl. 

broila  (bril),  n.  [Also  written  bryle;  origin  un- 
certain.] In  mining,  a  collection  of  loose  frag- 
ments, usually  discolored  by  oxidation,  resting 
on  the  surface,  and  indicating  tire  presence  of 
a  mineral  vein  beneath.  See  outcrop  and  gos- 
san.    [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

broiler1  (broi'ler),  n.  [<  broil1  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  broils ;  any  device  for 
broiling  meats  or  fish. — 2.  A  chicken  tit  for 
broiling. — 3.  A  hot  day.     See  broiling. 

broiler-t  (broi'ler).  n.  [<  broil2,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
One  who  excites  broils  or  promotes  quarrels. 

What  doth  lie  but  turn  broiler,  .  .  .  make  new  libels 
against  the  church?  Hamomiid,  Sermons,  p.  ,"i44. 

broileryt,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.  broylery,  broil- 
leric,  also  (as  F.)  brouillerie.  <  F.  brouillerie, 
confusion,  <  brouiller,  confuse :  see  broil2.] 
Contention ;  dispute. 

broiling  (broi'ling),  />.  a.  [Ppr.  of  broil1,  r.] 
Excessively  hot,  and  humid;  torrid:  us,  a  broil- 
ing day. 

The  weather  for  this  fortnight  lias  been  broiling  without 
interruption,  one  thunder-shower  excepted,  which  did  not 
cool  the  air  at  all.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  398. 

broillyt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  broil2. 
broilmentt,  n.     [=  Sc  brulyiement;  <  broil2  + 

-ment.]     A  broil;  a  brawl. 

broinderg  (broin'derg),  n.  [<  Gael,  brudhearg, 
redbreast,  lit.  red-bellied,  <  bru  (gen.  brown, 
dat.  broiun),  belly  (=  W.  bru,  belly),  +  dearg, 
red.]  A  name  for  the  redbreast,  Erythacus 
rubecula.    Macgillivray.     [Local,  Scotch.] 

brokage  (bro'kaj),  n.  [Also  written  brocage,  < 
ME.  brokage,  brocage,  <  broc-  in  brocour,  bro- 
ker, +  -age.  See  broker.]  1.  An  arrangement 
made  or  sought  to  be  made  through  the  agency 
of  a  broker  or  go-between. 

He  woweth  hire  by  mene  and  by  brocage. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  ISO. 
2.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker; 
the  gain  or  profit  derived  from  transacting  busi- 
ness as  broker  for  another. — 3.  The  trade  of 
a  broker;  the  transacting  of  commercial  busi- 
ness, as  buying  and  selling,  for  other  men.  See 
broke2,  broker. 

The  Jewes  in  Home  .  .  .  live  onely  upon  brokage  and 
usury.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  15, 1046. 


brokage 

I'r i 

Of  his  rich  cl 

Duke  of  Milan 

Marriage  brokage.    Si 

broke1  (brok).  Preterit  ami  (with  broken)  past 
participle  of  break. 

broke't,  »■   [Avar,  of  brack*,  q.  v.]   A  breach, 
and  to  ith  for  tooth. 

w  orks,  ii.  &4.    (Davies.) 

broke-  (bi  t.  and  pp.  broked,  ppr. 

broking.      [Formed   from   broker,   like    < 
from  peddU  r,  etc.;  ME.  iirofo  n  (firofct  '.  '--- 
is  not    found  in  tliis  sense.     See  ;"  oker  and 
brokage.]    1.  To  transact  business  for  anothet 
in  trade;  act  as  agent   in  buying  and  selling 
and  other  commercial  business;  (/any  (.11  the 
business  of  a  broker. —  2f.  To  act   as  a  go- 
bet  ween  or  procurer  in  love  matters;  pimp. 
And  broke*  with  all  thai  can  in  such  a  suit 
Corrupt  the  tender  honour  of  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  D. 

We  do  want  a  certain  necessary  woman  to  broke  between 

tln-ni.  Cupid  Fanshawc, 

3t.  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an  agent. 

But  the  gains  of  bargains  are  of  a  more  doubtful  nature : 

hall  wait  upi  essitys  broke  by  s<  1 

vante  and  instruments  to  drav.  them  on,  .  .  .  andthelike 

practi  Riches. 

broke-!t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  brool '. 

broke't,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brook?. 

broked,".    See  brocket.     [Scotch.] 

broken  (bro'ku  \,p.  a.  [Pp.  of  break;  <  ME.  bro- 
il ...  often  shortened  to  brokei  <  AS.  brocen,  <  bre- 
1  break:  see  break.]     1.  Not  integral  or  en- 
tiro;  fractional:  opposed  to  round,  as  applied 
to  numbers. 

Tin-  i  income  of  two  millions  will  probably 

furnish  v  ■■   1  -    1  avoid  broken  numbers).  Burke. 

2.  Rough;  intersected  with  hills  and  valleys 
or  ravines:  applied  to  the  surface  of  a  country 
or  district. — 3.  Bankrupt. — 4.  Imperfect;  un- 
grammatical;  wanting  in  fluency  or  correct- 
ness of  pronunciation :  as,  broken  French. 

Break  thv  mind  to  me  in  broken  English. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v..  v.  2. 

5.  In  her.,  depicted  as  having  been  forcibly 
torn  off,  leaving  the  end  shivered  or  splintered. 

—  6.  In  1 11/11,11..  abruptly  bent  at  an  angle  ;  ge- 
niculate: said  specifically  of  antenna  in  which 
the  terminal  portion  forms  an  angle  with  the 
long  basal  joint.  -  Broken  beer.  See  beeri.  -  Broken 
cadence.  See  cadence. — Broken  chords,  in  music,  chords 
tin-  tones  of  which  are  played  in  succession  instead  of  si- 
multai  igio.    Broken  colors,  in  paint- 

Imi-  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  or  more  pig- 
ments. Tiic  term  is  usually  applied  to  those  tints  which 
result  from  the  combination  in  various  proportions  of  blue, 
red,  and  yellow.  Broken  line,  a  line  formed  of  a  num- 
ber ol  straight  lines  joined  at  their  ends  and  not  forming 
-lit  line.  -Broken  man,  a  member  of  a 
clan  which  had  been  broken  up,  or  one  separated  from  his 
lunt  of  crime;  hence,  an  outlaw ;  a  vagabond; 
apub]  1    [Scotch,  i  -  Broken  meat,  victuals, 

fra-j.  1  —Broken  music,  music  played   on 

harps,  guitars,  and  other  instruments  on  which  the  chords 

[all)  played  a,s  arpi 

rob  n  music. 

Shak.,  T.  and  c,  iii.  1. 

Broken  voyage,  in  whale-fishing,  an  unprofitable  voy- 
C.  V    Scanvmon,  Marine  Mam- 
mals (Glossary),  p.  810.   -Broken  water,  wan  -  breaking 
on  and  near  shall  i  i  ont  tition  of  currents  in 

a  narrow  channel.     Broken  wind.    See  winds, 
broken-backed  (bro'kn-bakt),  a.    [ME.  broke- 
bakked.  |     1.   1 1  back  broken,  in  any 

e  of  the  noun  back:  as,  a  broken-backed 

yellow,  thuml  ited  i>\  flies  and  time,  Btained 

with 

—  a  sorry  lazar-house  copy,  which   no   i kstall  keeper 

would  l""k  at.  1    Sala,  Dutch  Pictures. 

eifically — 2.  Naut,  hogged:  descriptive  of 
the  condition  of  a  ship  when,  from  faults  eon 

1  -tion  or  from   grounding,   her   frame   be 
comes  >o  loo-  1 .  cause  both  end    to 

droop. 

broken-bellied  (brd'kn-beFid),  Havi 

ruptured  belly;  hence,  broken  down:  di 
ate.     [Bare.] 

broken-hearted  H"  1 

-j. it-it-   depressed  or  crushed   by  gri' 

despair. 

IP   hath 

brokenly  (brd'kn-li),  adv.    1.  In  a  broken,  in- 
apted manner;  without  regularity. — 2.   In 
1  feet  langv 

■ 

win  i„-  Ki.-,d  to  hear  j -i 

English  ton 

brokenness  (bro  [<  broken   + 

.J     The  state  of  bi  a.    Broken- 


692 

ness  of  heart,  the  state  ol  having  the  spirits  crushed  by 
grief  or  despair ;  abject  mental  m 

llclph 

Byron,  I  orsair,  iii.  -2-2. 

v.  ibmission  the  effect  of  content,  but  of 

1  0)  heart.    The  iron  had 

into  his  soul.  lay,  ilist.  Eng.,  \\ ii. 

broken-winded  (brb'kn-win  ded)j  a.  Having 
short  breath  or  disordered  respiration,  as  a 
horse.     See  broken  wind,  under  wind2. 

broker  (bro'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  broker  (ML.  re- 
Hex  brocarivs),  usually  brokour,  brocour  (AF. 
brocour,  ML.  brocator;  also,  with  prefix,  AT. 
abrocour,  ML.  abrocator,  with  a  corresponding 
verb,  AF.  0/00/0  1;  ML.  *abrueare  (also  in  deriv. 
abrocamentum  :  see  abbrochment),  act  as  a  bro- 
ker); j. roll,  of  LG.  origin:  MLG.  bruker,  a  bro- 
ker, =  Fast  Pries. broker,  a  broker (schips-broker, 
a  ship-broker);  prob.  orig.  '  one  who  uses,  oc- 
cupies, manages';  cf.  MD.  broke,  bruyck,  breuk, 
D.  gebruik,  use,  custom  (MLG.  brukinge,  use, 
usufruct),  =  OIK  i.  bruh,  G.  branch,  custom,  ge- 
brauch,  custom,  use,  employment,  etc.,  =  Dan. 
brug  =  Sw.  bruk,  use,  employment,  custom, 
trade,  business;  from  the  verb,  MD.  bruycken, 
ghebruycken,  Xi.gebruiken,  use,  possess,  =  MLG. 
broken,  use,  need,  refl.  use,  have  to  do  with,  = 
( illi  i.  hi- nli In  a.  MHG.  bri'ii-lii  11,  1 1.  brauchen,  use, 
need,  =  AS.  briiean,  ME.  binki  n,  biiinl.en,  bro- 
il a,  use,  possess,  enjoy,  digest,  mod.  E.  brook, 
endure:  see  brook2.  The  F.  brocanter,  deal  in 
second-hand  goods,  is  prob.  of  the  same  origin.] 

1 .  A  middleman  or  agent  who,  for  a  commis- 
sion or  rate  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  trans- 
action, negotiates  for  others  the  purchase  or 
sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  commodities,  or  property 
of  any  kind,  or  who  attends  to  the  doing  of  some- 
thing for  another.  Brokers  are  of  several  kinds,  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  branch  of  business  to  which  tin  itr 
attention  is  confined,  as  stock-brokers,  exchange-brokers, 
bill-brokers,  cotton-brokers,  ship-brokers,  etc.  See  these 
words. 

Tom  Folio  is  a  broker  iu  learning,  employed  to  get  to- 
gether good  editions,  and  stock  the  libraries  of  great  men. 

Addison,  Tom  Folio. 

2.  One  who  lends  money  on  pledges,  or  lets  out 
articles  for  hire ;  a  pawnbroker,  or  a  lender  of 
goods. 

The  price  of  these  hir'd  clothes  I  do  not  know,  gentlemen  ! 

Those  jewels  are  the  broker's,  how  you  stand  bound  for 

.    "em  !  Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  1. 

3f.  A  pimp  or  procurer  ;  a  pander. 
May  be,  you  look'd  I  should  petition  to  you, 
As  you  went  to  your  horse  ;  flatter  your  servants, 
To  play  the  brokers  for  my  furtherance. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  i.  2. 
Hence,  broker,  lackey !  ignomy  and  shame 
Pursue  thy  life.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  11. 

[Some  editions  read  broker-lackey.'] 
Broker's  note,  a  bought  or  sold  note  ;  a  voucher  deliv- 
ered by  a  broker  to  his  principal  containing  particulars 
of  a  sale  or  purchase.—  Custom-house  broker.  See  cus- 
tom-house.— Street  broker,  or  curbstone  broker,  a 
stock-broker  who  is  not  a  member  of  the  stock  exchange, 
but  who  carries  out  the  orders  of  others  by  transactions  in 
the  streets,  or  by  going  from  office  to  office.    [U.  S.] 

brokerage  (bro'ker-aj),  n.  [<  bruker  +  -age; 
substituted  for  earlier  brokage.]  1.  The  busi- 
ness or  employment  of  a  broker. —  2.  The  fee 
or  commission  given  or  charged  for  transacting 
business  as  a  broker. 
brokerlyt  (bro'ker-li),  a.  [<  broker  +  -ly1.] 
Mean;  servile. 

We  had  determined  that  thou  ahould'st  have  come 
In  a  Spanish  suit ,  and  have  carried  her  BO;  and  he, 
A  brokerly  slave  I  g'-es,  puts  it  mi  himsell 

/;.  .Inn*., it.  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

brokeryt  (bro'ker-i),  n.    [<  broker  +  -y.]    The 
business  of  a  broker.     Marlowe. 
broking  (bro'king),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  broke1,  v.] 

1.  Engaged  as  a  broker.  —  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
business  of  a  broker  oi-  a  pawnbroker. 

Redeem  Cr broking  jt&wn  the  blemish'd  crown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

3.  Pandering;  pimping. 

Is  't  you,  sir  Pandarus,  tin  broking  knight  of  troy? 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  t 

brokket.    See  brock1,  brock&,  etc. 

broma  I  bro'mp  >,  n.     [<  (ir.  ppaaa,  f 1,  CjStjSpA- 

.  2d M  ipuv,  eat ;  cf.  popa,  food,  L.  vorare, 

our,  from  the  same  root.]     1.  Aliment. — 

2.  A  preparation   from  i ni-soeds  or -beans, 

used  in  decoction  as  a  beverage. 

bromal  (bro'mal  ),n,  |  <  brom(ine)  +  al(cohol).] 
A  compound  (CBrsCOH)  obtained  by  the  action 
of  bromine  on  alcohol,  [t  is  a  colorless, oily  fluid, 
trating  odor  and  sharp,  burning  note,  n  has 
been  ii  ■  d  hi  mi.  .ii.  inc.  having  properties  similar  to  those 
■  .i  i  Moral. 

bromaloin  (bro 'ma -loin),  ».     |<  brom(ine)  + 

(barb  in  bun.  |  A  substance  (('.,,  lb,  (,  I  '.r,;i  >M  i  Mo- 
rived  from  barbaloin  bj  replacing  Biz  hydrogen 


bromlite 

u  ith  six  bromine  atoms.     It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low needles, 
br omate  (bro 'mat),  n.   [<  brom(ine)  +  -ate1.]   A 
salt  formed  by  the  combination  of  bromic  acid 

with  a  base. 

bromatography  (bro-ma-tog'ra-fl),  n.  [<  Gr. 
|3ouua(r-),  food,  +  -; /mem,  <  ;(iii«or,  write,  de- 
scribe.] A  description  of  foods.  Also  bro- 
mography  and  bromatology. 

bromatoiogy  (bro-ma-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  jipu- 
iin ( r-),food,  +  ->",-  o,  <  >f';tvi ,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
Same  as  bromntogntiiliii. 

brome  (brom),  «.  [<  Gr.  ppu/ioc,  a  stench:  see 
bromine.]     Same  as  bromine. 

brome-grass  (brom'gras),  ».  [<  brome,  E.  for 
NL.  Jliomns,  +  grass.]  A  common  name  for 
grasses  of  the  genus  Bromus,  of  which  there 
are  about  40  species  widely  distributed,  chiefly 
through  the  northern  temperate  zone.  Thej  are 
nearly  allied  to  the  fescue-grasses  (Festuca),  but  are  mostly 

coarse,  and  of  c paratively  little  value.     I  hess  or  cheat 

(B.  secalinus)  and  Schrader's  brome-grass  i/i.  unioloides) 
have  been  cultivated  as  annual  forage-grasses.  Also,  cor- 
ruptly, broom 

Bromelia  (bro-me'li-a),  re.  [NL.,  named  for  Olaf 
Bromel,  a  Swedish  botanist  (1639-1705).]  A 
genus  of  American  tropical  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliacea,  including  four  or  five 
species  having  rigid,  spiny-margined  leaves 
closely  packed  upon  a  short  stem.  The  wild  pine- 
apple (B.  JPinguin)  is  often  used  as  a  hedge-plant,  and  yields 
what  is  known  as  pinguin  fiber.  The  istle-grass  of  Mexico 
(B.  siili-i  8tris)  produces  an  excellent  fiber. 

Bromeliaceae  (bro-me-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bromelia  +  -acea).]  A  natural  order  of  endo- 
genous plants,  with  inferior  ovary,  allied  to 
the  Amaryllidaeece,  but  with  only  three  of  the 

divisions  of  the  perianth  resembling  petals, 
and  the  rigid  leaves  often  scurfy  and  spiny. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  re- 
gions of  America,  and  many  of  them  are  epiphytes.  The 
order  includes  the  pineapple  (Ananas)  and  some  valuable 

fiber-plants  of  the  genera  /.'. lia  ami  Karatas.      The 

other  more  important  genera  are  Tillandsiii  (to  which  the 
Spanish  moss  of  tile  southern  United  states  belongs),  Pit- 
ciiiiiiin,  .Krlinii'ii,  and  Hillbi'i-ijia,  many  species  ol  which 
an-  cultivated  in  hothouses  for  their  curious  habit  and 
showy  flowers. 

bromhydrate  (brdm-hi'drat),  ».  [<  brom(ate) 
+  hydrate.]    Same  as  hydrobromate. 

bromias  (bro'mi-as),  n. ;  pi.  bromiades  (bro-mi'- 
a-dez).  [Gr.  jipoiuar,  a  large  cup.]  In  archatol., 
a  cup  or  drinking-vessel  of  the  type  of  the  scy- 
phus,  but  of  larger  size. 

bromic  (bro'mik),  a.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  bromine Bromic  acid,  an  acid  contain- 
ing bromine  and  oxygen  with  hydrogen  replaceable  by  a 
basi       Bromic  silver,  the  mineral  bromyrite. 

bromide  (bro'mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-ill,-.]  A  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
bromine  with  another  element  or  with  an  or- 
ganic radical.      Also  lunniuret. 

bromidrosis  (bro-mi-dro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i  or,  a  stench,  +  «!/«■'«.",  sweat,  perspiration.] 
Fetid  perspiration. 

brominated  (bro'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  bromine  + 
-all"  +  -(■<(-.]  In  rliini.,  treated  or  combined 
with  bromine.     Fownes. 

bromine  (bro'min),  n.  [<  NL.  broniininm,  <  Gr. 
fipupor,  also  jipiifior,  a  stench.]  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Br;  atomic  weight,  SO.  A  non-metallic  ele- 
ment allied  in  its  chemical  relations  to  chlo- 
rine and  iodine.  It  is  a  dark-reddish  liquid,  opaque 
except  in  thin  layers,  sparingly  soluble  in  wati  r,  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  3.19  at  82  F.  It  is  volatile,  and  emits 
at  ordinary  temperatures  reddish  vapors  which  have  a 
powerful  suffocating  odor,  and  are  intensely  irritating  i" 
the  mucous  membrane.  When  dropped  on  the  skin,  Bro- 
ra   produces  corrosive  sores.     It  is  not  found  native, 

but  occurs  combined  with  bases  in  very  minute  quantities 
in  sea-water  and  the  ashes. if  marine  plants,  and  in  larger 
amount  in  certain  mineral  Bprings.  Some  ores  of  silver 
also  contain  bromine  in  combination.  With  hydrogen 
bromine  forms  hydrobromic  acid  (HBr),  and  with  bromine 
or  hydrobromic  acid  most  metals  form  compounds  called 
bromides,  which  are  extensively  used  i licine.  Bro- 
mine itself  is  also  used  medicinally  in  very  dilute  solu- 

I  inns.      Also  called  lirnnii-. 

brominism  (bro'min-izm),  h.     [<  bromine  + 
-ism,  ]     Same  as  bromism. 
bromise,  v.  i.    See  bromine. 

bromism  (bro'niizni),  n.      [<  brom(ine)  +  -ism.] 

A  diseased  condition  produced  by  excessive 
use  of  bromides,     it  is  characterized  by  somnolence, 

weaknessof  mind  and  memory,  confused  speech.  Icelilcand 
taggering  gait,  impaired  senses,  diminished  reflex  excita- 
bility .  Buppress i  seMial  iiisiinii.  erupt! in  the  skin, 

feebleness  ol  tie  heart,  catarrh,  etc.  Also  called  brominism. 

bromite  (bro'nni  i.  n.    Same  as  bromyrite. 

bromize  (bro'miz),  v.  '.;  pret.  and  pp.  bromieed, 
ppr.  bromising.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -foe.]  In  plm- 
tog.,  to  prepare  or  I  real  with  a  bromide.  Also 
spoiled  bromise. 

bromlite  (brom'ttt),  ».  [<  Bromley  (Bromley 
Hill  in  Cumberland,  England)  +  -He-.]     A  car- 


bromlite 

bonate  of  barium  and  calcium  in  orthorhombic 

crystals,   intermediate  between  witlierite  and 
stroutianite.     Also  called  alstonite. 

bromochloralum  (bro'mo-klo'ra-lum),  n.  A 
solution  of  the  chlorid  and  bromide  of  alumin- 
ium, frequently  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

bromoform  (bro'mo-fdrm),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-form,  as  in  chloroform,  q.  v.]  A  colorless  lim- 
pid liquid  of  agreeable  odor,  formed  by  the 
action  of  bromine  and  potassium  hydrate  on 
wood-spirit  or  ordinary  alcohol.  It  is  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  contains  bromine  in 
place  of  chlorine. 

bromogelatin  (bro^mo-id'a-tin),  a.  Formed 
from  or  prepared  with  certain  bromides  to- 
gether with  silver  nitrate  and  gelatin,  as  the 
sensitive  emulsions  used  for  preparing  dry 
plates  in  photographic  work.  See  emulsion  and 
developer. 

bromography  (bro-mog'ra-fl),  ».  [<  Gr.  flpdpa, 
food,  +  -ypaipia,  <  }patjieiv,  write.]  Same  as  bro- 
matography. 

bromb-iodized  (br6"mo-i'o-dizd),  a.  Impreg- 
nated with  bromides  and  iodides,  as  the  collo- 
dion plate  used  in  the  wet  process  of  photog- 
raphy. 

bromiiret  (bro'mu-ret),  n.  [<  brom{ine)  + 
■wet.]     Same  as  bromide. 

bromureted  (bro'mu-ret-ed),  a.  [<  bromuret  + 
-eel'2.]   Impregnated  or  combined  with  bromine 


693 

pay/a,  hemorrhage.]  A. term  proposed  byAndral 
for  the  exudation  of  blood  from  the  liningmem- 
brane  of  the  bronchial  tubes,  commonly  called 
bronchial  hemorrhage.  ' 

bronchophonic  (brong-ko-fon'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchophony. 

bronchophony  (brong-kof'6-ni),  ».  [< Gr.  fym) - 
Xoc,  the  windpipe,  +  ijiuvij,'  voice.]  In  palliol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  tho  voice  heard  in  aus- 
cultation  of  the  chest.  It  is  loud,  near,  and 
thrilling,  but  not  so  distinctly  articulated  as 
in  pectoriloquy. 

bronchopneumonia  (brong"ko-nu-m6'ni-ii  \,  n. 
[xi;..  <  Gr.  Pp6yx°£>  tue  windpipe,  +  NL.  pneu- 
monia, q.  v.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the 
lung-substance,  associated  with  and  usually 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  smaller  bronchial  tubes.  Also 
called  catarrhal  and  lobular  pneumonia. 

bronchopneumonitis  (brong-kd-nu-rno-ni'tis), 
n.  [As  bronchopneumonia  +  -ito.]  Same  as 
bronchopneumonia. 

bronchorrhagia  (brong-ko-ra'ji-a),  ».  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ppoyxor,  the  windpipe,  +  -pa}1",  <  pi/}  veiw, 
break,  burst.]  In  pathol.,  hemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bronchorrhcea  (brong-ko-re'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Pp&yx°C,  the  windpipe,  4-  poia,  a  flowing,  flux,  < 
peh>,  flow.  ]  In  pathol.,  copious  exudation  from 
the  bronchial  tubes. 


Bromus    (bro'inus),    n.     [NL.    (L.   bromos    in  bronchostenosis  (brong-kd-ste-no'sis),  n.  [NL.. 


Pliny),  <  Gr.  fip6poq,  also  jinppoc,  a  kind  of  oats, 
from  same  root  as  jiopa,  food,  and  fipapa,  food : 
see  broma.~\  A  genus  of  grasses;  the  brome- 
grass  (which  see). 

bromyrite  (bro'mi-rit),  n.  [<  brom(ide)  +  (arg)y- 
rite.]  Native  silver  bromide,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  occurring  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittanj  . 
in  Mexico,  and  in  Chili,  accompanying  other 
ores  of  silver.  Sometimes  called  bromite  and 
bromie  silrer. 

bronchi,  «■     Plural  of  bronchus. 

bronchia  (brong'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  @p6y- 
Xia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  in  sing,  jlpoyxiov,  equi  v. 
to  jSpdyxoc,  the  windpipe;  cf.  ppcv) x1",  the  gills: 
see  branchice.]  The  bronchial  tubes.  See  bron- 
chial. 

bronchial  (brong'ki-al),  a.  [<  bronchia  +  -at] 
Belonging  to  the  bronchi  or  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  arteries,  branches  of  the  thoracic  aorta  ac- 
companying the  bronchial  tubes.— Bronchial  glands. 
See  gland.— Bronchial  hemorrhage.  Same  as  brim 
clmhcmorrhaijia. 
membrane   lint n: 

Bronchial  tubes,  the  ramifications  of  the  bronchi,  ter 
initiating  in  the  infundibula  of  the  lungs.  — Bronchial 
veins,  the  veins  accompanying  the  bronchial  tubes  and 
emptying  into  the  superior  intercostal  and  azygous  veins. 

bronchic  (brong'kik),  a.  [<  bronchus  +  -ic] 
Same  as  bronchial. 

bronchidesmus  (brong-ki-des'mus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  jlpoyxoc,  the  windpipe,  +  Secpoc,  a  band, 
tie,  <  fey,  bind,  tie.]  A  membrane  which 
unites  the  bronchi  of  birds  to  some  extent. 

The  membrane  .  .  .  which  was  termed  by  Garrod  the 
bronchidesmus  is  complete  in  the  storks. 

Beddard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  June,  1886,  p.  321. 


<  Gr.  8p6",  i ■" .  I  he  windpipe,  +  arevaaic,  constric- 
tion: see  bronchiostenosis.]  In  pathol.,  con- 
striction of  a  bronchus. 

bronchotome  (brong'ko-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  fip&y- 
xoc,  the  windpipe,  +  rop6c,  cutting,  verbal  adj. 
of  ripveiv,  ra/ieiv,  cut.]  In  sure/.,  an  instru- 
ment for  making  the  incision  into  the  larynx 
or  trachea  in  the  operation  of  bronchotomy. 
There  are  many  forms. 

bronchotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi),  n.  [<Gr.  pp6y- 
xoc,  the  windpipe,  +  ropia,  late  form  of  rout/,  a 
cutting,  iripveiv,  rapeiv,  cut;  cf.  anatomy.]  In 
surg.,  the  act  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
windpipe  or  larynx,  usually  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  a  passage  for  air  into  and  out  of  the 
lungs  when  any  disease  or  accident  hinders 
respiration  by  the  usual  channels,  or  to  extract 
foreign  bodies  which  have  lodged  in  the  trachea. 
The  operation  is  called  tracheotomy  when  the  opening  is 
made  into  the  trachea,  and  laryngotomy  when  made  into 

Sbff  tXr5  bronchotracheal  (brong-ko-tra'ke-al)  a  [< 
bronchus  +  trachea  +  -ah]  Situated  partly  in 
the  bronchi  and  partly  in  the  trachea :  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  syrinx  of  oligomyodian  or 
hap'loophonous  birds,  which  is  usually  of  this 
character.     Also  tracheobronchial. 

bronchus  (brong'kus),  n. ;  pi.  bronchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fipoyxoc,  the  windpipe:  see  bron- 
chia.'] Either  of  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
trachea:  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  any 
small  bronchial  tube.  See  trachea,  lung,  and 
cut  under  thorax. 

bronco  (brong'ko),  n.  [Commonly,  but  incor- 
rectly, spelled  broncho  :  appar.  a  particular  ap- 
plication of  Sp.  bronco,  rough,  rude,  sturdy, 
crusty,  crabbed,  morose,  =  Pg.  bronco,  rough, 
rude,  coarse,  awkward.]  On  the  northwestern 
plains  of  the  United  States,  an  unbroken  or 
imperfectly  broken  horse,  usually  a  mustang 
or  Indian  pony. 

hi  and  "tit  among  the  craft  of  heavier  burden  shuffled 
the  small,  tough  bronchos.  The  Century,  XXXI.  65. 


[<  bron- 
Like  or 


bronchiectasic  (brong*ki-ek-tas'ik),  a. 

chiectasis  +  -ic ;  prop.  *bronchiectaUc.] 
pertaining  to  bronchiectasis. 
bronchiectasis  (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis),  n.    [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fipoyxi",  bronchial  tubes,  +  tKratnc,  exten- 
sion, <  eKTzivciv  =  L.  exten-el-ere,  extend.]     In 
pathol.,  dilatation  of  the  bronchial  tubes  as  pro- 
duced in  phthisis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 
bronchiole  (brong'ki-bl),  m.   [<  bronchiolus.]   A 

small  bronchial  tube. 
bronchiolus  (brong-ki'o-lus),  ».;  pi.  bronchial) 
(-11).     [NL.,  dim.  of  bronchus,  q.  v.]     A  bron- 
chiole. 

bronchiostenosis  (brong-M-os-te-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jipu)xia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  + 
arevwaie,  contraction,  <  ctevovv,  contract,  narrow, 
<  arevoe,  narrow.]  In  pathol.,  contraction  of  a 
bronchus  or  a  bronchial  tube. 
bronchitic  (brong-kit'ik),  a.  [<  bronchitis  +  -ic] 

Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchitis. 
bronchitis  (brong-kl'tis),  ».     [NL.,  <  bronchus, 
windpipe  (see  bronchia),  +  -His.]    In  pathol.,  an 
inflammation  of  the  bronchial  membrane.     It 
is  a  complaint  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and 
may  be  acute  or  chronic — Capillary  bronchitis, 
inflammation  involving  the  minute  bronchial  tubes. 
broncho,  n.     See  bronco. 
bronchocele  (brong'ko-sel  or  -se'le),  n.    [< 
Gr.  ppo}  X'iK'P-'/,  a  tumor  in  the  throat,  <  jipo}  \<«:, 
the  windpipe,  +  tefper/,  a  tumor.]  Same  as  goiter. 
bronchohemorrhagia  ( brong '  ko  -  hem  -  5-ra'- 
ji-S.),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  0p6yxog,  windpipe,  +  aipop- 


brondt,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  brand. 

brongniardite  (bron-yar'dit),  n.  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  A.  Brongniart  (1770- 
1847).]  A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  sil- 
ver, occurring  massive  in  Mexico,  with  grayish- 
black  color  and  metallic  luster. 

brontea,  «.    Plural  of  bronteum. 

Bronteidae  (bron-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bron- 
tes +  -iela:]     A  family  of  trilobites. 

Brontes  (bron'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Bp6vrr/c, 
one  of  the  Cyclopes,  lit.  'thunderer,'  <  ppovii/, 
thunder.]  A  genus  of  Devonian  trilobites, 
having  a  broad  radiating  tail,  giving  name  to 
a  family  Bronti'uhc.     Also  Bronteus. 

bronteum  (bron-te'um),  «. ;  pi.  brontea  (-a). 
[<  Gr.  fipovTEiov,  <  jipovrli,  thunder.]  In  the 
ancient  theater,  a  machine  for  producing  sound 
in  imitation  of  thunder. 

Bronteus  (hron'te-us),  n.  [NL. :  see  Brontes.] 
Same  as  Brontes. 

brontolith  (bron'to-lith),  n.  [<  Gr.  ppavry, 
thunder,  +  liDoc,  stone.]  An  aerolite  or  rnete- 
orolite  ;  literally,  a  thunder-stone. 


bronze 

brontology  (bron-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  fipovrli, 
thunder,  +  ->«;/«,  <  Myeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 

Brontosaurus  (bron-to-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  I  ir. 
BpovTTi,  thunder,  +  aaipor,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
huge  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles,  notable  for 
their  small  head  and  diminutive  brain-cavity, 
the  whole  skull  not  exceeding  some  of  the 
neck-bones  in  size.  One  species  was  about  50 
feet  long,  and  probably  weighed  20  tons  or 
more. 

Brontotheriidse  (bron"to-the-rx'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brontotheriwm  +  -«'».]  A  family  of 
huge  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals  from  the 
Miocene  of  North  America,  established  for  the 
reception  of  the  genus  Brontotherium  :  same  as 
Menoilouliilie  and  Titauotla  nnlie. 

Brontotherium  (bron-to-the'ri-um),  n.    [NL., 
<   Gr.   jipovrr/,   thunder,    +    Bnpiov,    beast.]      A 
geuus  of  gigantic  extinct  perissodactyls,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Brontotheriidce. 
Brontozoum  (bron-to-zo'um),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Bp6i<TT/r,  one  of  the  Cyclopes  (see  Brontes),  + 
C,Ctov,  animal.]     A  genus  of  gigantic  animals, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to 
be  dinosaurian  reptiles,  known  only  by  their 
tracks  in  the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.    The  stride  was  about  8  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the  footprint  about  17  inches. 
bronze  (bronz),  n.  and  a.      [=  D.  brous  =  G. 
bronze  =  Dan.  bronze  =  Sw.  brons,  <  F.  bronze 
=  Sp.  bronce  =  Pg.  bronze,  <  It.  bronzo,  bronze 
(cf.  Bulg.  Serv.  Kuss.  broma,  Sloven,  bronee, 
I, nunc,  brunc,  Pol.  bronc,  Alban.  brunze,  NGr. 
pwpovvT&c,  bronze,  appar.  from  the  Rom.),  < 
ML.  bronzium  (also  brominus,  prop,  adj.,  >  It. 
bronzino,  bronzed),  bronze;  perhaps,  as  some 
suppose,  altered  through  Rom.  influence  from 
an  orig.  "brunitium,  neut.  of  bruuitius.  prop, 
adj.,  brown,  but  found  only  as  a  noun  (also 
br'uuieus),  applied  to  a  horse,  <  brunus  (>  It. 
bruno,  F.  brun,  etc.),  brown,  <  OHG.  brun  =  AS. 
brim,  E.  brown:  see  brown,  and  cf.  burnish.]     I. 
n.  1.  An  alloy  of  which  copper  forms  the  pre- 
dominating portion,  and  into  the  composition  of 
which  tin  almost  always  enters :  but  the  name 
is  also  given  to  alloys  containing  no  tin.    The 
proportion  of  copper  in  various  bronzes  is  usually  between 
s.0  and  90  per  cent. ;  in  some  it  falls  as  low  as  70.    The 
proportion  of  tin  in  the  bronzes  of  different  ages  and 
those  used  for  various  purposes  is  almost  as  variable  as 
that   "l   copper.     Bronze   used    for   bells   has    the    largest 
amount  of  tin;  in  some  it  reaches  25  per  cent.    The  bronze 
formerly  used  for  cannon  contained  about  10  per  cent,  of 
tin  and  often  a  small  amount  of  zinc.    Statuary  bronze  is, 
and  has  been  from  the  beginning  of  its  use  for  the  pur- 
pose, of  very  variable  composition.      In  some  statuary 
called  bronze  there  is  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  tin.  while 
zinc  is  present  in  sufficient  quantity  almost  to  justify 
calling  the  material  brass.     The  zinc  in  various  pieces  of 
statuary  cast  within  the  past  two  or  three  hundred  years, 
and   erected  in  some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Europe, 
varies  in  quantity  from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  25.     Lead 
is  present  in  many  bronzes,  but  usually  in  small  amount, 
rarely  being  as  much  as  3  per  cent.     Bronze  is  an  alloy  of 
importance  to  both  the  arts  and  commerce,  and  is  also  of 
great  historical  interest,  since  it  has  been  known  from 
remote  ages  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.    It  is  pre- 
ferred to  simple  unalloyed  copper,  on  account  both  of  its 
color  and  of  its  greater  durability.    Among  prehistoric 
races  the  use  of  bronze  preceded  that  of  iron ;  and  among 
their  remains  are  found  swords,  axes,  and  other  cutting 
instruments  of  this  material,  sometimes  artistically  made 
and  ornamented,  as  well  as  domestic  implements  and 
utensils  of  many  kinds.    The  ancient  Greeks,  Romans, 
etc.,  made  statuary  of  it  in  enormous  quantities,  and  also 
coins,  recording  tablets,  and  a  great  variety  of  articles  of 
common  use.    It  is  now  not  only  used  for  cannon  (for 
which  purpose  it  has  been  to  a  great  extent  supplanted 
by  steel),  bells,  and  statuary,  but  also  for  parts  of  various 
machines,  especially  bearings,  and  for  Bcrew-propellers. 
The  beauty  and  durability  of  bronze  statuary  depend  in 
no  small  degree  on  the  color  and  composition  of  the  oxi- 
dized film  or  incrustation  which  forms  upon  it  when  it  is 
exposed  to  the  weather.      This  is  called  its  patina  (which 
see).     In  recent  times  numerous  experiments  have  been 
made  with  a  view  to  improve  the  quality  of  bronze  in 
various  ways,  in  particular  by  the  addition  of  small  quan- 
tities of  other  substances,  especially  metals.    The  most 
important  result  of  these  experiments  seems  to  be  phot- 
phor-bronze,   an  alloy  patented   by  two   Belgian  metal- 
lurgists about  1870,   and    now   extensively  used   where 
toughness  and    resistance   to   wear  are    required.     The 
amount  of  phosphorus  in   phosphor-bronze  is  less  than 
1  per  cent.,  and  the  effect  it  produces  is  probably  due  to 
its  reducing  action  on  the  oxids  of  the  other  metals  dur- 
ing the  process  of  manufacture.     Phosphor-bronze  is  of 
finer  main  and  color,  and  is  believed  to  be  much  more 
durable,  than  ordinary  bronze  ;  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
that  it  will  eventually  be  proved  to  be  the  best  material 
for  artillery.    Extensive  experiments  have  also  been  made 
with  manganese,  lead,  and  other  metals.     Aluminium 
bronze  is  an  alloy  of  copper  and  aluminium  now  in  use, 
especially  where  tensile  strength  is  required.    So-called 
steel  bronze  is  bronze  hardened  by  mechanical  ci  impression. 
It  has  not  come  into  general  use,  but  was  intended  by  its 
inventor  to  be  used  for  cannon.    See  aluminium. 
2.  A  work  of  art,  as  a  statuette,  bust,  or  model, 
composed  of  bronze,  whether  cast  or  wrought. 
—  3.  A  brown  pigment  or  coloring  substance 


bronze 

ronze;  bronze-powder. — 4.  Bold- 
:  impudence :  brass. 
Imbrown'd  with  native  bronze,  Ic    n  nlej    lands, 

voice,  and  balancing  his  hand 

i  iad,  ii 

Amber  bronze.  Bavarian  bronze     Be< 

Chemical  bronze,  nitromuriate  oi  plati- 
nam,  an  efficient  but  expensive  hrou/ing  liquid.  Mal- 
leable bronze,  ;m  alloj  "i  copper  and  tin  which  contains 
in  addition  cent,  of   mercury-  Manganese 

bronze,  an  alloyformed  by  the  addit I  from  i  to  2 

]„-i  anese  to  the  proportions  ol  copper  and 

I  in  making  brass.     White  bronze,  ■■<  generii 

name  riven  to  tin'  lighter  bronzes  which  approach  the 

1  tin. 

II.  "•  1.  Made  of  or  resembling  bronze:  as, 

a  bronsi  statue. — 2.  Characterized  by  the  use 

of  bronze:  as,  the  brown  age.    Bronze  age.    See 

archa  ii  Bronze  coloring,  sur. 

those  ol  bronzi  s   pi  odui  i  'I  either 

directly  by  application  of  color  to  the  surface,  or  iudirectly 

bj  changes  due  t.>  the  action  of  acids,  salts,  and  coloring 

matter.     >  Bronze  green.     See 

Bronze  turkey,  a  large  variety  oi  d -tic  turkey  with 

dark  brown  plumage  having  a  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
bronze  (bronz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  bronzed, 
ppr.  bronzing.  [=  F.  bronzer  =  Sp.  broncear, 
i  iSp.  bronzar  =  Pg.  bronzeat .  bronze;  of.  It.  db- 
bronzare,  tan,  scorch,  sunburn,  imbrown;  from 
tin-  noun.]  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  color 
of  bronze,  as  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seam'd  with  an  ancient  swordcut  on  the  chees 
ronzed. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  ami  Elaine. 

Hist  ed  as  though  by  burning  climes. 

William  £f Barthl}  Paradise,  1. 414, 

2.  To  give  the  color  or  appearance  of  bronze 
to,  as  by  applying  copper-dust  or  -leaf  to 
the  surface,  etc. —  3.  To  harden  or  make  like 
bronze;  hence,  figuratively,  to  make  hard  or 
unfeeling. 

The  lawyer  who  bronzes  his  bosom  instead  of  his  fore- 
head. Scott. 

bronze-backer  (bronz 'bak'er),  «.    A  name 
gn  on  1,.  the  blaek-bass. 
/  oneof  its  pet  names  among  the  anglers. 

Goode,  American  Fishes. 

bronzed  (bronzd),  p.  a.    Colored  by  bronzing; 

"i  a  bronz lor;  tanned Bronzed  glass,  orna- 

menl  en  paste,  which  lias  been  exposed 

vapors,  so  that  the  surface  is  iridescent  when 

lected  bght.-    Bronzed-skin  disease.    Same 

a-   i  r    (which  see,  under  disease). 

bronze-gold  (bronz'gold),  >i.    A  name  given  to 

all  the  so-called  bronzes  which  have  a  golden 

bronze-liquid  (bronz'lifwid),  n.  A  kind  of 
varnish  mixed  with  bronze-powder  to  make 
bronze-paint. 

bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik'or),  n.  A  solution  of 
antimony  chlorid  and  copper  sulphate,  used  for 
bronzing  gun-barrels,  etc. 

bronze-paint  I  bronz'pant),  n.  A  pigment  con- 
Bisting  <d  bronze-powder  with  varnish  as  a  ve- 
hicle.   Commonly  called  gold-paint. 

bronze-powder  (bronz'pou  dor),  n.  A  pig- 
ii.  de  by  reducing  leaves  of  Dutch,  metal, 

or  some  similar  alloy,  to  powder.  The  color  is 
varied  as  in. o  ii  di  ired  from  pale-yellow  to  deep-red,  by 
using  did-  rent  proportions  of  the  component  metals,  cop- 

I  zinc. 

bronzewing  (bronz'wing),  n.     A  name  for  cer- 
tain species  of  Austral  iun  pigeons,  chiefly  of  the 
■Hstinguished  by  the  bronze  color 
ot  1  heir  plumage.  The  common  bronze-w  Enged  ground- 
ro,  abounds   in  all  the  Australian  eolo- 
a  plump  bird,  often  «,  ighing  a  pound,  much 

bronzify  (broii'zi-fi),  /■.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bron- 

d,j>jyr.  brouzifying.     [<  bronze  +  4-jy.]    To 

make  uki  Ln  bronze;  represent 

in  ii  bronze  figure  or  statui 

ling  upon  th,  i  en  caught 

■  as  lie  lighted  on  tic  (  astle  "I  St  ah 

ray   Newcomes,  xxxv. 

bronzine(bion'zin), a.  [=  it.  /„..„    , ...  i,,.,,,, .,, .,i, 

■ 
n  '  +  -mtK~\    Besembling  bronze;  bronze- 

bronzing  (bn  u'zing  .  «.     |  \ .  rbal  a.  of  6i 

1.  The  processof  giving  a  bronze-like  Bur- 
ster, wood,  and  othi  i 

liquid  >  all-  \el  .    .  I,!.,,  a 

(mil 

2.  A  metallic  color  or  iridescent  appearance 

as  of  bronze 

Bj  '  green- 

iah,  almost  m«  tallic  look  known 

Bronzlng-salt,  aiitiiiioin  ehh.iid  to  calli 

niug  gun-barrels  and  other 

articles  of  iron  ■   bl 


694 

bronzing-machine  (i>ron'zini;-ina-sli('ii'),  ».  A 
machine  for  '1' rating  wall-papers,  fabrics, 

labels,  etc.,  wilh  bronze-powder. 

bronzist  (bron'zist  i.  «.  [<  bronze  +  4sf]  One 
»  in    easts  bronzes,  or  works  in  bronze. 

bronzite  (bron'zit),  n.  [<  bronze  +  -itc1.]  A 
ferriferous  variety  of  the  mineral  eustatite,  hav- 
ing sometimes  a  submetallic  bronze-like  luster 
•  lie    |o  microscopic  inclusions. 

bronzy  (bron'zi),  a.  [<  bronze  +  -.y1.]  Be- 
senibling  bronze:  as,  a  bronzy  appearance. 

The  Cicindela  maritima,  which  is  found  only  on  sandy 

bores,  is  of  a  pale  bronzy  yellow,  so  as  to  be  almost 

invisible.  A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Select.,  p.  57. 

broo1  (bro),  n.    Same  as  bred*-. 

broo-  (br8),  n.     See  6roto,  11. 

brooch1  (broch  or  broch),  n.  [Same  as  broach, 
q.  v.,  brooch  being  the  commoner  spelling  of  the 
word  in  this  sense.]  An  ornamental  clasp  con- 
sisting of  a  pin  and  a  projecting  or  covering 


:-*t->- 


Brooch  of  the  Merovingian  period,  found  at  St.  Denis  and  now  in  the 
Musee  de  Cluny,  Paris.     (From  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  francais 

shield,  used  for  fastening  the  dress,  or  merely 
for  display.  When  the  garment  is  large  and  heavy,  as 
a  cloak  or  the  ecclesiastical  cope,  the  brooch  has  gener- 
ally been  found  insufficient,  and  lias  been  replaced  by  the 
agraffe  or  some  other  form  of  clasp.  Ornamental  br<  ><  iches 
are  now  worn  mostly  by  women,  hut  were  formerly  worn 
by  both  sexes,  sometimes  on  the  hat  or  cap.  Also  spelled 
broach. 

He  has  a  wide  beard  and  flowing  yellow  hair;  a  green 
cloak  wrapped  around  him  ;  a  bright  silver  brooch  in  his 
cloak  over  his  breast. 

Quoted  by  W.  K.  Sullivan,  Introd.  to  O'Curry's  Anc. 
[Irish,  p.  ccccxlvi. 

With  broches  and  aiglets  of  gold  upon  their  caps. 

if.  Robinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  Mores  Utopia,  ii.  6. 

Honour  's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at  all 
t inn  11.  Jonson. 

brooch1  (broch  or  broch),  v.  t.  [<  brooch1,  «.] 
To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  brooch  or  brooches. 
[Bare.] 

Not  the  imperious  show 
<  if  the  full-fortun'd  Caesar  ever  shall 
Be  brooch'd  with  me.         Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  13. 

brooch2  (broch),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
monotint,  or  picture  in  one  color,  as  a  sepia 

sketch. 

brood1  (brod),  n.  [<  ME.  brood,  broil,  <  AS. 
brod  (=  D.  brocd  =  MLG.  brot  =  OHQ.  MHG. 
bruot,  (i.  bnd).  brood;  with  formative  -(/,  from 
the  same  root  (*bro,  warm,  heat)  as  (1.  briihe, 
broth:  see  broil1.  Hence  breed,  q.  v.]  1.  Off- 
spring; progeny. 

The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  Wordsworth. 
2.  A  hatch ;  the  young  birds  hatched  in  one 
nest,  or  those  placed  together  in  the  care  of  one 
hen,  or  in  an  artificial  brooder:  as,  a  brood  of 
chickens  or  of  ducks. — 3.  That  which  is  bred; 
species  generated;  that  wdiich  is  produced; 
hence,  figuratively,  sort  or  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  .  . 
Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  broods  of  poison? 

Addison,  I  ate. 

4.  In  mining,  any  heterogeneous  mixture  with 
tin  or  copper  ore,  as  mundic  or  black-jack.  It. 
limit. —  5.  A  north  of  Scotland  name  for  sal- 
mon-fry—  Ants' brood.  See  and.— To  sitonbroodt, 
to  In  in  the  act  of  brooding,  like  a  bird  sitting  on  eggs; 
figuratively,  to  ponder. 

There's  something  in  his  son], 
<  >'er  which  his  melancholy  sits  on  brood, 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  l. 
-Syn.  2.  Covey,  etc.    Seeitocfc 
brood1  (brod),  v.      [<  MM.  hrntlt  n,  brood  (<  I, mil, 

brood),  equiv.  to  the  earlier  breden,  breed:  see 
bn  ill,  i'.]     I.  inlriiiis.  1.  To  sit  persistently  on 
cgoS,  covering  and  warming  them  with  the  body 
and  winos,  for  the  purpose  of  hatching  them: 
said  of  birds. 
Brodyn,  as  byrdys,  foveo,  fetlflco.    Prompt.  Port).,  p.  53. 
Tin, it  from  the  first 
Wast  pi.  -i  ni   and  with  mighty  wings  outspread 
Dove-like  satst  brooding  mi  the  vast  alivss. 

Milton,  v.  1,.,  i.  21. 

2.  To  rest  fixedly  like  a  brooding  bird. 

Raven  darkness  /„■ /, ,/  o  n  tin    deep. 

Sir  I' 

3.  To  meditate  long  and  anxiously;  remain  a 
long  time  in  anxiety  or  solicit  oils  thought;  have 
the  mind  dwelling  persistently  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over. 

II. ill  mad 

w  iih  exile,  and  with  brooding  on  he  u  i 

J/.  Arnold,  Bmpedocles. 


brook 

II.  trans.  1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish : 

as,  a  ben  hrondu  her  chicks :   lo  me,  to  nourish. 
The  thrifts  earth  that  bringetb  out 
Ami  broodeth  up  her  breed 

Warner,  Albion's  Bng.,  ii.  11. 

2.  To  cherish  witli  care. 

See  how  he  broods  the  boy.        Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  -2. 
Site  broods  and  blesses  me.  she  calms  and  gathers  me. 
/•:.  .s'.  Phelps,  bey I  the  Gates,  p.  195, 

3.  To  ponder  over;  plan  or  mature  wilh  (tare: 
as,  "to  brood  war,"  Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

You  11  sit  and  brood  your  sorrows  on  a  throne.     Dryden. 

brood'-'t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  broad. 

brood-capsule  (brod'kap'sul),  n.  A  cyst  or 
capsule  iii  which  tienia-heads  are  developed,  as 
an  ecliinococcus  (which  see). 

brood-cavity  (brOd'kav'i-ti),  n.  A  brood- 
pouch,  in  general. 

brood-cell  (brod'sel),  «.  In  bee-culture,  a  cell 
of  a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  reception  of 
a  larva.  The  brood-cells  are  separated  from  the  honey- 
cells,  generally  occupying  a  different  comb. 

brooder  (bro'der),  «.  A  device  for  the  artificial 
rearing  of  young  chickens  or  other  birds.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  an  inclosed  run,  where  the  young  birds 
are  fed,  and  a  covered  place  for  tbein  to  run  into,  which 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  90'  F.,  either  by  means 
of  a  lamp  placed  beneath  the  metallic  floor,  or  by  hot  air 
or  water-pipes  carried  above  or  below  the  space  occupied 
by  tile  chicks. 

brooding  (br6'ding),j>.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brood1,  c] 

1.  Sitting,  as  a  bird  on  her  eggs:  as,  a  brood- 
ing hen. 

Still  did  the  nightingale 
Unto  his  brooding  mate  tell  all  his  tale. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  T.  309. 

2.  Warming:  as,  "the  brooding  heat,"  Tenny- 
son, Mariana  in  the  South. —  3.  Pondering; 
thinking  deeply ;  disposed  to  ponder  or  think 
deeply:  as.  a  brooding  disposition. 

I  could  cite  many  instances  where  the  brooding  humor 
...  of  our  new  people  long  since  cropped  out  in  rhyme. 
Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  59. 

4.  Settled;  rooted;  fixed  in  the  heart:  a  fig- 
urative use  derived  from  the  steadfastness  with 
which  a  bird  sits  on  her  eggs. 

A  brooding  and  unavowed  hostility. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  II.  ix. 

brood-mare  (brSd'mar),  n.  A  mare  kept  for 
breeding. 
brood-pouch  (brod 'pouch),  ».  A  pouch,  or 
some  similar  cavity  of  the  body  of  an  animal, 
in  which  eggs  or  young  are  received  and  de- 
tained for  a  time  ;  a  brood-cavity. 

lie  [the  male  stickleback]  only  hears  the  brooorpoueh  and 
alone  builds  the  nest.  Clous,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  lot. 

In  the  Entoprocta  there  is  a  peculiar  brood-pouch. 

H.  Ii.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  -XIX.  433. 

brood-space  (brod'spas),  n.     A  brood-cavity. 

An  ege,  in  the  brood-space  formed  between  the  bodyand 
the  mantle.  Qegenoaur,  Comp,  Anat.  (trans,),  p  268. 

broody  (bro'di),  a.  [<  ME.  "brody,  <  AS.  bro- 
dig  (=  Or.  briitig).  broody,  <  brod,  brood.]  1. 
Of  a  brooding  disposition ;  inclined  to  brood  or 
sit,  as  a  hen. 

Tegetmeier  states  that  a  cross  between  two  non-sitting 
varieties  [of  the  common  fowl]  almost  invariably  produces 
a  mongrel  that  becomes  broody,  ami  sits  with  remarkable 

steadiness.      Sir  J.   Lubbock,  Origin  of  Civilisation,  p.  :if>4. 

2.  Breeding  or  adapted  for  breeding:  as,  a 
broody  bitch. 

brook1  (bnik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brodke, 
broke;  <  ME.  brook,  brok,  <  AS.  broo,  a  stream,  = 
Ii.  broek  =MLG-.  brok,  LG.  brook,  a  marsh,  pool, 
=  OH0>.  brim/i.  MHli.  brunch,  (1.  brmii.  a  marsh, 
bog;  perhaps  orig.  a  gushing  stream  (cf.  spring), 
being  possibly  connected  remotely  with  AS. 
briciin,  etc.,  break,  burst  forth:  see  break.']  A 
natural  stream  of  water,  too  small  to  be  called 
a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets;  those  united  make  brooks; 
and  those  comine,  together  make  rivers,  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  sea.  Locke. 

Brook-trout.  See  trout.  —  To  fly  at  the  brookt.  See 
tin'. 

brook1  (bnik),  c.  i.  [Appar.  <  brook1,  v.]  To 
draw  together  and  threaten  rain:  said  of  the 
clouds:  with  up.      [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

brook-  (bnik),  c  I.     [<  ME.  brooken,  broken, 

later  forms  of  broukcu,  briilcu,  use,  possess, 
enjoy;  of  food,  digest  (whence  the  mod.  sense 
of  'stoma  eli.  en,  I  u  re'  I ;  <  AS.  br  not  it  (pret.  Iircnc, 
pi.  brut-mi,  pp.  brocen  I,  use,  ha\ e  the  use  of,  en- 
joy, esp.  food,  =  OS.  briikan  =  OFries.  brukn 
=  MI>.  brv/yeken,  ghebruycken,  D.  gebmiken  = 

MLG.  Iiriil;cn,  use,  =(>Ilil.  hruhhtin,  MIKi.  hrft- 
cltiii.  (1.  bronchi  ii.  use,  need,  =  (loth,  briil.jnn, 
use,  =  L.  frtti  (for  'frugct t.eujoy  (  >  tinges,  fruits, 
frnctits,  fruit  ;  see  fruit),  perhaps  =  Ski.  y/  lillllj 
(lor     tiliruit),   enjoy,    esp.   food.       See    broker, 


brook 

also  fruit,  fructify,  etc.]  It.  To  use;  enjoy; 
have  the  full  employment  of. 

So  mot  l  brmke  we]  myn  eyentwaye 

Chaucer,  Nuns  Priests  laic,  1.  479. 

2+.  To  earn ;  deserve. 

Whirl,  name  she  i-roofeid  as  well  tor  her  proportion  and 
pace  as  tor  the  many  happy  voyages  she  made  in  hei 

^'artff.*™,  Voyage  to  the  South  Sea,  p.  11. 
3.  To  bear;  endure;  support;  put  up  with: 
always  in  a  negative  sense. 

Your  son  sir,  insulted  me  hi  a  manner  which  my  honour 

could  not  brook.  Shi  Man,  The  Rival-,  v.  , 

They  could  ill  brook  the  slightest  indignity  at  his  hand. 

1  prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

To  leisurely  delights  and  sauntering  thoughts 

That  broo*  no  ceiling  narrower  than  the  blue 

lowell,  Under  the  W  lllOWS. 

brook-fish  (bruk'fish),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Oyprinodontidce  and  genus  Fundulus :  same  as 
kittifish  and  mummychog.  [Local,  U.  S.J 
brookite  (bruk'it),  n.  [After  Henry  James 
Brooke,  an  English  erystallographer  (1771- 
1857).]  One  of  the  three  forms  in  which  titani- 
um dioxid  occurs  in  nature.  It  is  found  in  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals  of  a  brown  or  yellow  color  to  Mack,  and 
adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Junmte  is  another  name 
for  the  same  mineral.  Arkannte  is  an  iron-black  variety 
from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas, 
brooklet  (bruk'let),  n.  [<  brook*  +  dim.  -let.] 
A  small  brook.  Longfellow. 
brooklime  (bruk'Hm),  n.  [<  ME.  brohlemp,  brok- 
lembe,  broklympe,  <  brok,  brook.  +  /Y/«i>,  etc.; 
of  obscure  origin.]  A  plant,  Veronica  Becca- 
bunga,  with  blue  flowers  in  loose  lateral  spikes. 
Bee  Veronica.  . 

brook-mint  (bruk'mint),  n.    [<  AS.  broemmte, 
<  broc,  brook,  +  ntinte,  mint.]    The  water-mint, 
M,  nihil  sylvestris. 
brook-moss  (bruk'ni&s),  n.     A  name  given  to 
species  of  the  genus  Dichelyma,  slender  aquatic 
mosses,  with  elongated  leaves  in  three  ranks, 
and  with  the  fruit  on  short  lateral  branches. 
brookweed  (bruk'wed),  n.     A  plant,  the  water- 
pimpernel,  Samolus  Valerandi.     See  Samolus. 
brooky  (bruk'i),  a.    [<  brooW-  +  -yi.]   Abound- 
ing with  brooks:  as,  "Hebron's  brooky  sides,- 
J.  Dyer,  The  Fleece,  ii. 

broom1  (brom),  n.    [<  ME.  broom,  brow,,  broom 
(the  plant,  L. gen. '•-''' )  ( also  applied  to  the  tama- 
risk, L.  myrica),  a  brush,  <  AS.  brom  =  MD. 
broem   (of.   MLG.    6ram,  LG.   braam),   broom 
(L    genista):  see   ftram&te.]     1.  The  popular 
name   of   several   plants,   mostly  leguminous 
shrubs,  characterized  by  long,  slender  branch- 
es and  numerous  yellow  flowers.    The  common 
or  Irish  broom  is  the  Cytixus  (Genista)  scopanus,  abun- 
dant throughout  Europe,  and  famous  as  the  planta  gemsta 
[French  pfonte  gi  net)  which  was  the  badge  of  the  Plan- 
tagenets.     It  is  a  valuable  remedy  ill  dropsy,  being  one 
of  the  most  efficient  of  hydragogues,  and  its  seeds  are 
used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.   Spanish  broom  (.S>»'"»»< 
,„,„■, ■„,„)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  as  is  also  the  dyers 
broom  (Genista  tmctoria),  which  was  formerly  much  used 
as  a  yellow  dye  and  as  the  basis  of  the  once  celebrated 
Kendal  green.    See  cuts  under  Ctjtims  and  Genista. 
2    A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  tor 
sweeping  floors,    etc.:   so   called  from  being 
originally  made  of  the  broom-plant.    Brooms  are 
now  made  in  Europe  of  this  and  various  other  materials ; 
ami  in  the  United  states  their  manufacture  from  broom- 
corn  is  an  important  business.     A  broom  at  the  masthead 
of  a  vessel  indicates  that  she  is  for  sale,  a  sign  derived 
probably  from  the  old  habit  of  displaying  boughs  at  shops 
and  taverns. -Butcher's    broom,  a  prickly  liliaceous 
shrub  Ruseue  aculeatas :  so  called  from  its  use  by  butchers 
in  Europe  in  -weeping  their  blocks.     Also  called  knee- 
holly  -Yellow  broom,  a  name  sometimes  given  in  the 
United  States  to  the  wild  indigo,  Bnplisia  tmctoria. 
broom1  (brom),  v.  t.     [<  broom*,  ■».]     To  sweep, 
or  clear  away,  as  with  a  broom. 

The  noor  old  workpeople  brooming  away  the  fallen 
leaves.  Thackeray,  Xewcomes,  lvni. 

broom2  (brbm),  v.  t.    Same  as  bream?. 

broom-brush  (brom'brush),  it.  A  whisk-broom 
or  clothes-brush  made  from  broom-corn.  [U.S.J 

broom-bush  (brSm'bush),  n.  A  weedy  annual 
composite,  Parthenium  Histerophorus,  ot  tropi- 
cal America. 

broom-corn  (brom'kom),  n.  A  variety  of  Sor- 
ghum vulgare,  a  tall  reed-like  grass,  rising  to 
a  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  a  native  of  India.  The 
branched  panicles  are  made  into  brooms  and  brushes,  for 
which  purpose  the  plant  is  largely  cultivated  m  the  United 
States.     The  seed  is  used  as  feed  for  cattle. 

broom-grass  (brBm'gras),  ».  1.  Same  as 
brome-grass.— 3.  In  the  United  States,  some 
species  of  Andropogon,  as  A.  scoparius  and  A. 
maerourus.     Also  called  broom-sedge. 

broom-head  (broin'hed),  n.  An  adjustable 
clasp  for  holding  bunches  of  broom-corn  to  a 
broom-handle. 

broom-rape  (brom'rap),  n.  A  name  given  to 
parasitic  leafless  plants  of  the  genus  Orobancne, 


(i'.tr. 


and  in  the  United  States  to  species  of  the  simi- 
lar allied  genera  Phelipaa  and  AphyUon.  See 
Orobanchacece.  , 

broom-root  (brom'rot),  n.  A  root  exported 
Iron.  Mexico  and  used  in  the  manufacture  ot 
brushes.  It  Is  supposed  to  bo  the  root  of  agrass.also 
I mii  in  Had.'  ii-  Mexican  or  French  whisk. 

broom-sedge  (brSm'sej),  n.    Same  as  broom- 

broomstaff  (brom'staf),  n.     Same  as  broom- 

broomstick  (broni'stik),  n.  The  stick  or  han- 
dle of  a  broom. 

broom-tree  (brom'tre),  ».  A  shrubby  compo- 
site Baccharis  scoparia,  of  the  mountains  oi 
Jamaica,  broom-like  from  its  slender,  densely 
crowded,  almost  leafless  branchlets. 

broom-vise  (brom'vis),  n.  A  clamping  arrange- 
ment for  flattening  and  holding  broom-corn  so 
thai  it  can  be  sewed  into  brooms. 

broomweed  (brOm'wed),  n.  A  species  of  Cor- 
chorus,  C.  siliquosus,  of  tropical  America,  used 
for  making  brooms.  The  sweet  broomweed  of  the 
tropics  is  a  common  weed,  Scoparia  dulcis,  of  the  natural 
order  Scrophvtariacece.  . 

broomy  (bro'mi),  a.  [<  broom*  +  -y*.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  broom;  bearing  broom: 
as,  a  "  broomn  peak,"  J.  Baillie.  . 

broose  ( 1  »ros),  n.  [Sc,  also  spelled  bruse,  bruise : 
see  def.]  A  race  at  country  weddings. -To 
ride  the  brooset,  to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  awea- 
diug  from  the  church  to  the  place  where  the  wedding- 
feast  was  to  be  held.  He  who  first  reached  the  house  was 
said  to  win  the  broosi .  that  is,  the  braze,  the  prize  of  spice- 
broth  allotted  to  the  victor.  Jtimieson.  See  orosei. 
broozet,  ''■  Same  as  browse1. 
Brora  beds.    See  bed*. 

brose1  (broz),  n.  [Sc,  <  Gael,  brothas  (th  silent), 
brose.  Cf.  broose,  broth.-)  A  Scotch  dish,  made 
by  pouring  boilingwater,  boiling  milk,  the  lupin! 
in  which  meat  has  been  boiled,  or  the  like,  on 
oatmeal,  barley-meal,  or  other  meal,  and  imme- 
diately mixing  the  ingredients  by  stirring.  The 
dish  is  denominated  from  the  nature  of  the  nouM: as.*»"v 
,„.„,,.,.  uater-broee,  beef-brose,  ete.-Athole  brose,  be 
and  whisky  mixed  together  in  equal  parts,  used  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland  as  a  cure  for  hoarseness  and  sore  tin  oat 
arising  from  a  cold.  In  the  Highlands  oatmeal  is  some- 
times substituted  for  the  honey.  So  called  from  Atholc, 
a  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland. 
brose2t,  «•     An  obsolete  Middle  English  form  of 

brose'ly  (broz'li),  n.  [So  called  from  the  town 
of  Brosely  in  Shropshire,  where  there  was  a 
large  manufactory  of  pipes.]  A  tobacco-pipe. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppz>- 

amoe,  eatable,  <  /3p£<"ft  food-  e1mv-  to  W^ 
food:  see  broma.]  A  genus  of  Urticaeew,  sub- 
order Artocarpete,  one  species  of  which,  B.  Irti- 
lactodt  ndron,  is  the  cow-tree  of  South  America. 

B  AKcastrum,  the  hreadnut-tree,  common  in  the  w Is 

of  Jamaica    produces  nuts  which  when  roasted  are  used 
,    h     ad.  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.      The  wood  resenibb- 
mamSany    and  is  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers. 
The  leaves'  and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful  fatten- 
in-  fodder  for  cattle.     The  snake-  or  leopard-wood,  used 
!,'~v,neers  and  for  walking-canes,  is  yielded  by  a  species, 
B  Aubletii,  from  British  Guiana. 
Brosmiidae  (bros-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <Bros- 
m i us  +  -idiv.-l,     A  family  of  anacanthme  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmius:  same  as  the 
subfamily  Brosmiinat.    Also  Brostmda: 
Brosmiinae  (bros-mi-i'ne),  n  pi.    [NL.  <  Bros- 
mius +  -in«.]    A  subfamily  of  gadoid  fishes, 
typified   by  the  genus   Brosmius,  and   distm- 
o-uished  by  the  development  of  only_  one  long 
dorsal  and  anal  fin  and  the  separation  there- 
from of  the  caudal.     Also  Brosmnm. 
Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  n.    [NL.,  <  Icel.  brosma 
=  Norw.  brosme,  the  vernacular  name  ot  the 
Brosmius  brosme.]    A  genus  of  fishes  belong- 
in":  to  the  cod  family,  Gadidce.    One  species,  found 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Scotland,  is  commonly  called 
the  tor**  or  task.    Seetorsk. 
brostent,  PP-     A  Middle  English  form  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 
brosy  (bro'zi),  a.    [<  brose^  +  -yi.]    Like  brose ; 

semifluid.     [Scotch.] 
brotany  (brot'a-ni),   n.     [A  short  form  (like 
eYpiiv.  AS.  priitene)  of  ML.   abrotanum:  see 
iihi-nliiiiiiiii.]     Southernwood. 
brotch   (broch),  o.  t.     [Perhaps  a  var.  ol  the 
equiv.  brath,  which  is  appar.  <  Icel.  bregdM, 
braid,  knot,  twine,  =  AS.  bregdan,  E.  braid*, 
q.  v.]     To  plait  straw  ropes  round  (a  stack  ot 
,.,,,,,).     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
brotelt   a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brotelnesst,  »•    A  Middle  English  form  of  bnt- 

brot-ground  (brot'gronnd),  n.     [<  *brot,  ult.  < 

AS.  broten,  pp.  of  breotan,  break  (see  brott),  -r 


brother 

ground.]      Ground  newly  broken  up.      [Prov. 

broth"  (broil,),  n.     [<  ME.  broth,  <  AS.  broth  = 
TeL^odh^'oS&\brot,brod(>^.brodum, 

brodiwm,  >  It.  brodo,  brota  =  Sp.  Pg.  brodio  = 

Pr  bro  =  OF.  *brou,  pi.  broues,  >  ME.  brows,  > 
llbrnns,  ,,.  v.).  br,!th;  cf L  Ir.  broth  =  Gael 
brot,  l.r.,th,  Gael,  brothas,  brose  (see  >.,-). 
niob  (with  formative  -th)  from  the  root  bru) 
of  briirK  a.  v.]  Liquor  in  wl.i.-l.  Mesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  certain  vegetable 
to  give  it  a  bettor  relish.  In  Scotland  the  name  » 
selfom  used  excepl  when  pot  barlej  forms  one  of  the  in- 
gredienta 


i I  broth,  with  B 1  ke;  ping,  do  mudb  ,,..«•  and  then; 

Good  diet,  with  wisdom,  best  comforteth  men.     luaser. 
broth-t    "■     See  broth. 

brothel' t  <<•  [M  K-  ;,lso  '"''"" ' (and  ?omlPny 
Toil,  I,  ln'oilellr),  a  wtvteh,  a  depraved  man  . or 
woman;  der.  hrethelimi,  a  wretch;  <  AS.  bieo- 
thctn,  only  in  comp.  d-breothn,,,  rum  frustrate, 
pp.  obrothen,  degenerate,  base,  tnflmg;  con- 
l^.tions  .l.iubtful.]  A  wretch;  a  depraved 
person ;  a  lewd  man  or  woman. 

For  lion  is  vche  boye  bold,  brothel  and  other 
To  talken  of  the  trinite  to  beon  holden  a  syre 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  XL  61. 

A  brothel,  which  Micheas  hight. 

Gower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  m.  1/3. 

brothel2  (broth'el),  n.  [An  early  mod.  E.  cor- 
ruption of  ME.  bordel,  a  house  of  ill-fame,  by 
confusion  with  ME.  brothel,  a  wretch:  see 
brotheU  ]  A  house  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  the  purposes  of  prostitution;  a 

bawdy-house ;  a  stew. 

Epicurism  and  lust 
Make  it  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  brothel. 
Than  a  grae'd  palace.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

brothel2!  (broth'el),  v.  i.  [<  brotheV,  ».' Ci.bnr- 
del,  ii. 1    To  haunt  brothels.    Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du 

brothelert,  brothellert  (broth' el-er),  «.    [< 
brothel*  +  -erl.    Cf.  bordelcr.]     One  who  fre- 
quents brothels. 
Gamesters,  jockies,  brotheUers  impure.    Cowper,  Task,  n. 

brothel-houset  (broth'el-hous),  ».     A  brothel. 

brothellert,  «•    See  brotheler.  , 

brothelryt  ^broth'el-ri),  n.    [<  brotheP  +  -'«/•] 

1.  A  brothel.— 2.  Lewdness;  obscenity. 

'Brothdry  ab.e  to  violate  the  ear  of.  pjgjn.^  ^^ 

brother  (bmTH'er),  «.;  pi.  brothers i  or  brethren 
( "iv„  breTH'ren).   [=  Sc.  brither,  <  ME.  brother, 
<  AS.  brothor,  brother  =  OS.  /,,»,/,;/r  =  OFries. 
brother,  broder  =  D.  bro, *  r  =  MLGr.broder, LG. 
hroder,  broor  =  OHG.  bruodar,  MHG.  bruoder, 
G    binder  =  Icel.  brodhir  =  Sw.  Dan.  broder, 
bror  =  Goth,   brothor,  a  word  common  to  all 
the  Indo-Eur.  languages  :  =  Gael.  Ir.  bratlunr 
=  W.  brnu-d,  pi.  brodyr,  =  Corn,  bredar  =  Manx 
6roar  =  Bret.  breur,  6r«r  =  OBulg.  brotru,bratu 
=  Pol.  and  Serv.  brot  =  Bohem.  bratr  =  Russ. 
brati  (Hung,  bordt,  <  Slav.)  =  Lith.  brohs  = 
Lett,  brdlis  =  OPruss.  bratis  =  L.  pater  (>  It. 
frate,fra,  with  dim.  fratello  =  Wall, .frate  (> 
lib.  •;•«()  =  Pg-  frade  =  OF.  frere  (>  ME.  frere. 
E.  friar,  q.  v.),  mod.  F.  frere  =  Pr.  fnnre   > 
prob.  OSp.  fraire,  freire,  Sp.  fraOe,  freile,  con- 
tracted fray,  freij  =  OPg.  freire  Pg.  fie,,  used, 
like  It.  frate,  fra,  as  an  appellation  ot  a  monK, 
the  Sp  word  for  'brother'  in  the  natural  sense 
being ■  hermano  =  -Pg.  irmao,  <  L.  germanus,  ger- 
mane, german ;  cf.  also  V.  fraternal,  etc.)  =  Gr. 
AnaH/p,  <t-paT?/p,  one  of  the  same  tribe,  orig.  a 
brother,  =  Skt.  bhrdtar,  Prakrit  bhaa,  bhaoro 
(Hind.  bhdi.  hhaiijd,  Panjabi  pai,  Pali  ';'""«) 
=  Zend  and  OPers.   brcttar,  Pers.  biradar  (> 
Turk  birdder)  =  Pahlavi  i/™<?  =  Kurdish  6<  e«. 
brother;  ulterior  origin  unknown :  the  term,  is 
appar.  the  suffix  -tar  (E.  -ther)  of  agent.     The 
A;  brethren  is  from  ME.  bretheren,  brethren, 
formed,  with  weak  pi.  ending  -en,  bombrether, 
brethre,  brithere,  also  pi.,  an  umlauted  form  ot 
\S  broihru,  also  brothor,  the  usual  pi.  ot  brothor; 
cf  AS.  dat.  sing,  ftre&er.]     1.  A  male  person, 
in  his  relation  to  another  person  or  other  per- 
sons of  either  sex  born  of  the  same  parents;  a 
male  relative  in  the  first  degree  of  descent  or 
mutual  kinship:   used  also  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals: the  converse  of  sister.    See  brothers 
law  and  half-brother. 

My  brother  and  thy  uncle,  ^^  Tempest,  i.  2. 

2  A  male  person  in  his  relation  to  any  other 
person  or  persons  of  the  same  blood  or  ances- 
try; a  member  of  a  common  family  or  race  in 
his  relation  to  all  other  members ;  in  the  plural, 


brother 

all  members  of  a  particular  race,  or  of  the  hu- 
man raoi         i         I,  as  regards  each  other. 

Jacob  told  Elachi  1  that  be  was  her  fathei  b  broth  i  [thai 

Gen.  \\i\   i  : 

-cud  abroad  unto  ouroretAn  .   everywhere,  that 
are  left  in  all  the  land  of  Israel.  1  Chron.  xiii.  J. 

Of  whom  Buoh  massacre 
Blake  they,  but  of  their  brethren  .  in< 

P.  1 ..,  \i  680. 

3.  Oi C  two  or  more  men  closely  united  with- 
out regard  to  personal  kinship,  us  by  a  common 
interest :  an  associate;  one  of  the  same  rank. 
profession,  occupation,  or  belief,  especially  in 
law,  religion,  or  organized  charity. 

We  few,  we  happy  tew,  we  band  of  brothers; 

For  h(  tn  ii:i\  thai  sheds  his  blood  with  me 

shall  be  my  ftrotAi  r.  Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  :;. 

4.  Specifically,  as  a  translation  of  friar,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  mendicant  ordi  r. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out, 

Oni  of  our  order.  ,S7kiA-.,R.  anil  J.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  the  plural  form  brethren,  the  designation 
of  several  Christian  organizations,  derived  from 
the  fact  that  the  title  was  used  by  the  primitive 
Christians  in  speaking  of  themselves:  specifi- 
cally, a  seet  of  German  Baptists,  more  popularly 
known  as  Thinkers. —  6.  A  member  of  a  reli- 
gious congregation  whose  members  do  not  re- 
ceive the  priesthood,  but  devote  themselves  to 
teaching  or  good  works:  also,  a  lay  member 
of  a  community  having  priests. — 7.  Figura- 
tively, one  who  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

Healso  thai   is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him 
thai  isagreat  waster.  Prov.  xviii.  a. 

( Iften  abbreviated  6ro.,  plural  bros. 
[The  plural  form  brethren  is  not  now  used  in  the  sense  of 
male  children  of  the  same  parents,  but  only  in  the  wider 
i  the  word  brother,  i  —  Amyclsean  brothers. 
S  i  Imycltean. —  Apostolic  Brethren.  Sec  apostolic, 
n.,  1  (oi.  and  ApostoUne.  Arval  Brethren  or  Brothers. 
Attidian  Brethren.  See  Attidian, — Bo- 
hemian  Brethren.  Sei  BoAi  mian,— Brethren  and 
Clerks  of  the  Common  Life,  a  monastic  fraternity, 
clerical  ami  lay,  originating   in  the  Netherlands  about 

■  ■  i  ■''  i  to  education  anil  labor,  and  not  1 i  bj 

nil  vows.    Thomas  a   Kempis  belonged  to  it.    It 
I  widely,  but  became  extinct  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury.   There  was  a  female   branch  of  the  order.— Breth- 
ren Of  Chelcic,  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky,  a  Bohe- 
miaii  reformer  of  the  fifteenth  century.     They  were  or- 
ganized   mi-   a    separate    community  in  1457,  ami  soon 
became   known  as   Bohemian    Brethren. — Brethren  of 
the  Christian  Schools,   a   Roman   Catholic  order,  eon- 
listing  chiefly  "f  lay  men,  devoted  to  the  education  ol  the 
pii    founded  in  France    in  1070,  ami  now  numerous  in 
.  of  the    world.— Brethren  of  the  Com- 
munity, one  of  the   two    j, allies    into    which   the    linn 
divided  in  the   beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit,  a  sect  which 
arose  in  the  thirteenth  century,  pantheistic  in  doctrine, 
ts  in  principle,    anil   enthusiasts  in  practice. 
—  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  Brethren  of  the 
Redemption  of  Captives,  an   order  of  monks  in  the 
twelfth  century  who  devoted   themselves  to  the  redemp- 
tion of  captives  from  the-   Mohammedans.  —  Brothers 
of  Charity,    s,.,.  charity.—  christian  Brothers.    See 
Elder  Brethren,  the  masters  of  Trinity 
House,  London,  the  corporation   charged  with  the  regula- 
aud  management   of  the   lighthouses  and  buoys  on 
tin-  shores  and  rivers  ol  England,  with  the  licensing  ol 
pilots,  ami  with  a  general  supervision  over  the  lighthouse 
Scotland  and  Ireland,   called  respectavelj  the 

C -i ira  "i  Northern  Lights  and  the  Ballast  i: I 

of  Dublin.     Exclusive  Brethren.   See  Plymouth  Breth 

'■"    b  i"»       Full  brothers.     See    full.     Plymouth 

Brethren,  Plymouthites,  a  sect  of  i  hristians  which 

■■■■  at  Plj  mouth,  England,  in  1880,  hut 

"|   Britain,  the  I  nib  d  States, 

and  a  itestants  of  France,  Switzerland,  i      ■■ 

etc     ih.y  recognize  all  as  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ 

and  the  Holy  Spirit  ar,  bul  they  have  no  t"i 

mal  creed,  ecclesiastical  organization,  or  official  ministry. 

winch  they  condemn  as  I'  i;m  division's! 

after    Mr.    Darby,   originally  a 

clei      nan   oi   tin    Church  of 

■     .in  -  list     m.l     c ■,  toil 

■         ■:  |         i  In    l:     o,  |     o,     |     !|, 

their    principles    are    to    lie  ae     I        In   a 

1 1    of  the   l'ly- 
mollt 

of  thi  and  the  cv 

their  United   Brethren,  or   Unity   of 

Brethren  ation  of 

thi    Mo- 

brother   i  bruTH'er  ,   a.  ,    fraternal 

of  the  elm 
oi  a  brother:  n  or  magistrate. 

It  v. 

brother  i  bn mi',  i  .  ,.  t.    [<  brother,  n.]    I.  To 
consider  or  treat  i  -  as  a 

her.— 2.  'I  o 

1  in   the 

kni-maii  .a 
mould  ol  tin  Crcativi   v. 

'•   ''   ;  .    p.  19ft 

brother-german  (bi  [< 

brother  +  germanl ;  of.  Sp 


696 

under  brother.  ]     A  brother  on  both  the  father's 
and  the  mother's  side;  a  full  brother, 
brotherheadt  (brusH'er-hed),  ».     |<  ME.  bro- 
therhed,  far.  of  brotherhod.]    See  brotherhood. 

brotherhood  ibruTH'er-hud),  a.  [<  ME.  brotht  r- 
Imil  ( usually  brotherhed,  E.  brotherhood) ;  < 
brother  + -hoo<t.~\  1.  The  fact  or  condition  of 
being  a  brother. 

My  brother  kill  d  no  man, his  fault  was  thought, 

And  yet  his  punishment  was  bitter  death. 

Who  sued  to  no-  for  him?  .  .   , 

\\  ho  -poke  oi  brotherhood?       Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  brotherly. 

And  friendship  shall  combine,  and  l>r>>th,  rhood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose ;  a 
fraternity. 

The  church  was  a  brotherhood  ;  no  other  relation  so 
aptly  distinguished  the  spirit  of  union  and  self-sacrifice 
which  it  was  designed  should  belong  to  it, 

i,    /'.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  549. 

4.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind, 
profession,  or  occupation. 

The  brotherhood  of  Cliristendom. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  ii. 
The  gloom 
Spread  by  a  brotherhood  of  lofty  elms. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

brother-in-law  (bi-uTH'er-in-la"),  ».  [<  ME. 
brother  in  lavie,  brodyr  yn  hare,  etc.,  after  OF. 
frere  en  Jay  [lot],  ML.  /rater  in  lec/e.]  The 
brother  of  one's  husband  or  wife ;  also,  one's 
sister's  husband.  For  some  purposes,  but  not  all,  the 
legal  incidents  ol  the  affinity  cease  on  the  death  of  the  one 
whose  marriage  formed  the  tie. 

brotherless  (bruTH'er-les),  a.   [<  ME.  "brother- 
les,  <  AS.   brothorleds :  see  brother  and  -less.] 
Without  a  brother, 
brotherliness  (lu-uTii'er-li-nes),  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  brotherly. 
brother-lovet  (bru¥H'er-luv),  n.  Brotherly  af- 
fection. Shak. 
brotherly  (bruTH'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  "brotherly, 
<  AS.  brothorlie:  see  brother  and  -ly1.]  Per- 
taining to  brothers;  such  as  is  natural  for 
brothers;  becoming  brothers;  kind ;  affection- 
ate: as,  brotherly  love.=Syn.  Brotherly,  Fraternal. 
The  former  of  these  words  expresses  the  more  affection  ; 
the  latter  is  often  more  formal  or  official. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another  with  brotherly 
love.  Rom.  xii.  10". 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
liver  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  26. 

brotherlyt  (bruTii'er-li),  adv.  After  the  man- 
ner of  a  brother;  kindly;  affectionately. 

With  these  principles  who  knows  but  that  at  length  he 
might  have  come  to  take  the  Covenant,  as  others,  whom 
they  Brotherly  adinitt,  have  don  before  him. 

Milton,  lakoiioklastes,  ix. 

brotherwort  fbrum'er-wert),  «.  An  old  name 
for  the  creeping  thyme,  Thymus  Serpyllum. 

brothlyt,  adv.    See  brathly. 

brothyt,  a.  [ME. ;  origin  obscure.]  Shaggy; 
stiff. 

Uisherde  was  trui/n/and  blake,  that  tille his  brest  rechede. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1090. 

brott  (brot),  n.  [Appar.  <  Icel.  brot,  a  broken 
piece,  a  fragment  (of.  hroti,  trees  felled  and  left 
lying),  <  brjota  (=  AS.  breotan,  pp.  broten), 
break:  seo  brif1;  and  cf.  brot-ground,  brotus.] 
1.  Shaken  corn.  Brockett.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2. 
pi.  Fragments;  droppings;  leavings.  [Prov. 
Fug.] 

Brotula  (brot'u-la), ».  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Brotulida;  now  restricted 


l,i  barbata. 


to  /;.  barhata,  a  species  found  in  the  Caribbean 

sea. 

brotulid  (brot'u-lid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Brotulida.    Alio  called  brotuloid. 

Brotulidae  (bro-tu'li-de),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Brotula 
+  -iila .]  ,\  family  of  telencephalons  fishes,  typi- 
fied bj  tin- genus  Brotula,  having  various  limits 
in  different  systems.  yiadebj  Qilla  family  of  Ophi- 
•    with  jugular  ventrals  reduced  to  one  or  two 

I  tic    aim.  ill  the  anterior  half  of  the  length 

Brotulina  Moot  a  li'n&),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bro- 
tula f-  -lua.)  in  (iiinther's  system  of  classi- 
fication, tin-  firsl  group  of  OphidiicUs,  having 
ventral  fins  developed  and  attached  to  the  hu- 
meral arch. 


brouse 

Brotulinae  (brot-ii-H'iie), n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  -ilia:]  A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes,  typi- 
fied  by   the  genus   lirntiila,  to  which    different 

limits  have  been  assigned, 
brotuline  (brot'u-lin),  ».  ami  o.    I.  u.  A  fish 
of  the  subfamily  Brotulinw. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 

of  tlio  Brotiiliuie  or  Brotulida  . 

brotuloid  (brot'u-loid),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Same 
as  brotulid. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotulidaf. 

brotulophidid  (brot-u-lof'i-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Brotulophididce. 

Brotulophididae  (brot  'li-lo-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brotulophis  (-phid-)  +  -iila:]  A  family 
of  Ophidioidea,  represented  by  the  genus  Bro- 
tulophis, and  including  ophidioids  with  sttbbra- 
chial  (or  thoracic)  ventrals  reduced  to  simple 
filaments,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  length. 

Brotulophis  (bro-tn'lo-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  Gr.  bipic,  a  serpent.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Brotulo/ihirlidir,  having  the  aspect 
of  Brotula,  but  still  more  elongate  and  snake- 
like, whence  the  name. 

brotus  (br&'tus),  »■  [Cf.  E.  dial,  brotts,  frag- 
ments, leavings,  droppings,  ult.  <  AS.  bredtan 
(pp.  broten),  break:  see  brit1,  brott.']  Some- 
thing added  gratuitously;  an  additional  num- 
ber or  quantity  thrown  in:  same  as  lagniappe: 
used  by  negroes  and  others  about  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

brouchant,  «.     Same  as  brochant. 

broudt,  browdt,  • .  t.    [ME.  brouden,  browden, 
etc..  also  broiden,  etc.,  variants  of  braiden,  etc., 
braid :  see  braid1,  and  cf.  braid,  broider.]     1. 
To  braid. 
Hire  yolwe  heer  was  browded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 

tresse, 

Byhynde  hire  bak,  a  yerde  long  I  gesse. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 

2.  To  embroider. 

Whit  was  hire  smok,  and  browdid  al  byfore 

And  eek  behind  on  hire  cider  aboute 

(if  cole-blak  silk.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  :,i 

broudert,  browdert,  ''•  '•    Variants  of  broider. 

Where'er  you  spy 
This  browdered  belt  with  characters,  'tis  I. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  shepherd,  ii.  1. 
brouderyt,  ».     A  variant  of  broidery. 
broudingt,  browdingt,  "•    Embroidery. 

Harness  .  .  .  wrought  so  weel 
Of  goldsmithrye,  of  brouUiiui,  and  of  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1640. 

brouette  (brS-ef),  u.  [F.,  a  wheelbarrow,  also, 
in  contempt,  a  carriage,  formerly  also  a  sedan 
chair;  ult.  <  LL.  birota:  see  barouche.]  A 
small  two-wheeled  carriage. 

brough1  (broeh),  n.  [Also  brugh,  a  var.  of 
bv/rgh,  burch,  for  borough:  see  borougW-."]  1. 
A  borough. — 2.  A  fortified  place.  Compare 
brough?.     [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

brough'2  (broch),  n.  [Also  brugh,  brogh,  broeh, 
and  burg,  burrow  ;  supposed  to  be  a  particular 
use  of  brought,  burg,  for  borough1,  a  fortified 
place;  but  in  the  sense  of  'circle,'  'halo.'cf.  bur- 
rou--,  ii.,  4.]  1.  An  ancient  circular  building  or 
round  tower  such  as  exist  in  Scotland  and  the 
adjacent  islands.  The  Burg  of  Mousa  is  a  circular 
building  43  feet  high;  its  walls,  which  are  double,  with  a 
vacant  space  between  them,  diminish  from  14  feel  in 
width  at  the  base  to  S  feet  at  the  summit,  and  inclose  a 
central  area  ;  the  door  is  7  feet  high.  These  .structures 
arc  older  than  the  Scandinavian  invasions,  and  probably 
date  almost  from  the  bronze  age. 

2.  An  encampment  of  a  circular  form;  a  ring 
fort.  Also  called  I'eeht's  [Pier's]  houst  or 
Pecht's  eastle. —  3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  one 
of  the  two  circles  drawn  around  the  tee. — 4. 
A  hazy  circle  around  the  sun  or  moon,  con- 
sidered as  a  presage  of  a  change  of  weather. 
[Scotch  in  all 
senses.  | 

brough:it,  ii.  An 
Obsolete  spell- 
ing of  brow. 

brougham  (bni' - 

am  or  briim),  n. 
[After  the  first 
Lord  Brough- 
am.] A  four- 
wheeled  close 
carriage,  with  one  or  two  horses,  and  adapted 
to  carry  either  two  or  four  persons. 

brought  (brot ).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
bring. 

brouilleriet,  ».    See  broilery. 

broukt,  ''•  '•    An  older  form  of  brooks. 

brOUSet,  V.     Sec  bruise. 


Brougham. 


Broussa  ware 

Broussa  ware.    See  pott<  ry. 

Broussonetia  (br8-so-ne'shi8),  ».  [XL.,  after 
SI. Broussonetot  Broussounet,  a  French  natural- 
ist (1761-1807).]  A  genus  of 
plants,  of  two  or  three  species, 
natural  order  I'rlteaeea;  nearly 
allied  to  the  mulberry,  natives 
of  eastern  Asia  and  the  Pacific 
islands.  The  paper-mulberry  (B.  pa- 
pyrtfera)  and  /•'.  Kwmpferi  are  culti- 
vated in  China  ami  Japan,  where  the 
bark  of  the  young  shunts  is  the  eliiei 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  paper. 
From  the  bark  of  the  paper-mulberry 
is  also  made  the  tapa-cloth  exten- 
sively used  throughout  Polynesia. 

brouzet,  »•  and  ».    See  browst  '■ 

brow  (brou),  n.  [<  ME.  browe, 
bruwe,  <  AS.  bra,  pi.  brua, 
britica,  eyebrow,  also  eyelash. 
=  ONorth.  bruu  =  (with  an 
appai'.  formative  -re)  Ieel.  brim, 
old  pi.  brtjim,  =  Sw.  Dan.  Jr^n  (>E.  6n«e3,q.v.) 
(of.  G.  braune,  below),  eyebrow;  closely  related 
to  ME.  brew,  breow,  brey,  bre,  bra,  bro,  etc., 
eyebrow,  <  AS.  brant;  bredw,  also  breg,  eyelid 
(used  differently  from  bra),  =  OFries.  bre  in 
ag-bre,  eyelid,  =  OS.  ln-dlm,  brawa  =  MD. 
lirnnire,  broitwe,  eyelid  (1).  menhbraauw,  eye- 
brawa,  MHO.  bra,  brdwe,  G, 


Fruiting  Branch  of 
the  Paper-mulberry 
( Broussonetia  papy- 
ri/era). 


697 

brow-ague  (brou'a'gu),  ».     Frontal  neuralgia. 

Browallia  (bro-waPi-ii),  re.  [From  J.  BrowaU 
(1707-55),  bishop  of  Abo  in  Finland.]  A  genus 
of  South  American  herbaceous  plants,  nat  lira  I 
order  Scrophulariacea,  some  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

brow-antler  (brou' ant 'ler),  re.    1.  The  first 
spike  that  grows  on  a  deer's  head.— 2.  The  first 
branch  or  tine  of  an  antler,  overhanging  the 
forehead.    See  antler. 
Also  called  brow-snag. 

brOW-band  (brou'liand),  ».  1.  A  band  or  fillet 
worn  round  the  brow. —  2.  In  saddlery,  a  band 
of  a  bridle,  headstall,  or  halter,  which  passes 
in  front  of  the  horse's  forehead,  and  has  loops 
at  its  ends  through  which  pass  the  cheek-straps. 

browbeat  (brou'bet),  v.  t.;  pret.  browbeat,  pp. 
browbeaten,  ppr.  browbeating.  [<  brow  +  beat.] 
To  depress  or  bear  down  with  haughty,  stern 
looks,  or  with  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic 
assertions ;  in  general,  to  bear  down  by  impu- 
dence. 

He  [Jeffreys]  soon  found  that  it  was  not  quite  so  easy  to 
browbeat  the  proud  and  powerful  barons  of  England  in 
their  own  hall,  as  to  intimidate  barristers  whose  bread  dc 
pended  on  his  favor,  or  prisoners  utio.se  necks  were  at  his 
mercy.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Mr.  Necker  .  .  .  was  browbeaten  and  intimidated. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  11.  4S5. 
=Syn.  To  overbear,  insult,  bully,  hector. 

One  who  brow- 


brow),   =  OHO. 

braue,  also  braune,  eyebrow,  =  Ieel.  bra,  eyelid,  forowbeater  (brou'be  'ten. 
=  Gael,  bra,  eyebrow,  =  Bret,  abrant,  eyebrow,  beats:  a  bully.  Warren. 
=  OBulg.  britri,  obrum  =  Serv.  bro,  obrva  =  brow-bound  (brou'bound),  a.  Crowned;  hav- 
Bohem.  bnri,  obrwi  =  Pol.  brew  =  Russ.  brori  ing  tue  head  encircled,  as  with  a  diadem. 
=  Lith.  brums,  eyebrow,  =  Gr.  bippi-c,  eyebrow,     [Poetical.] 

=  Pers.  dbru  =  Zend  brvat  =  Skt.  Mini,   eye-         Brow-bound  with  the  oak.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

brow;  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  ablira,  eyelid.     Perhaps  re-        A  qlll.en  witn  swarthy  cneeks  ^  bold  black  eyes, 
latedto  brae,  bray*,  q.  v.,  and  ult.  to  E.  bridge*.]        Brow-bound  with  burning  gold.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 
1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  the  eye,  forming  browdt,  «•  <•     See  broud. 

an  arch  above  the  orbit.— 2.  The  arch  of  hair  br0wde'n   (brou'dn),  p.   a.     [<  ME.   browden, 
over  the  eye ;  the  eyebrow.  broaden,  etc.,  pp.  of  braiden,  breiden,  etc.,  move, 

draw,  snatch,  pull,  etc.:  see  braid1.]    1.  Anx- 
ious ;    foolishly   fond. —  2.    Vain ;    conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
browdert,  v.  t.    See  brouder. 
browdingt,  «■    See  broudmg. 
4.  The  general  expression  of  the  countenance,  browest,  Drowist,  »■     See  brewis. 

He  told  them  with  a  maisterly  Brow,  that  by  this  act  be  browless  (brou'les),  a.    [<  brow  +  -less.]    With- 
had  oblig'd  them  above  what  they  had  deserv'd.  out  shame.     [Rare.] 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v.         go  browkss  was  this  heretiek. 


3. 


Your  inky  brows,  your  black  silk  hair. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii. 
The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV. 


.  3. 


To  whom  thus  Satan,  with  i 


intemptuous  brow. 
Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  8S5. 


5.  In  eatoni.,  that  part  of  an  insect's  head  which 
lies  between  the  clypeus  and  the  vertex,  gen- 
erally just  above  the  antenna?. —  6.  The  edge 
of  a  steep  place;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope: 
as,  "the  brow  of  the  hill,"  Luke  iv.  29. —  7. 
In  England,  a  fringe  of  coppice  adjoining  the 
hedge  of  afield. — 8.  In  coal-mining,  an  under- 
ground roadway  leading  to  a  working-place, 
driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  dip.  Gres- 
ley.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.] — 9.  Xaat.,  an  old 
name  for  an  inclined  plane  of  planks  from  the 


A  Ship's  Brow. 

shore  or  the  ground  to  a  ship,  to  facilitate  entry 
and  exit.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  brough. — 
10.  In  a  saw-mill,  an  incline  up  which  logs  are 
drawn  to  be  sawed.— 11.  [Also  written  broo; 
taken  as  a  particular  use  of  brow,  "an  ill  brow  " 
being  then  orig.  a  frowning  or  unfavorable 
look;  "nae  brow,"  no  (sc.  favorable)  look  or 
view.]  View ;  opinion :  in  the  phrases  an  ill 
brow,  an  unfavorable  opinion;  nae  brow,  no 
good  opinion.     [Scotch.] 

But  thir  ridings  and  wappenshawings,  my  leddy,  I  hae 
nae  broo  of  them  ava.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

Bent  brow,    (a)  An  arched  eyebrow,    (ft)  A  wrinkled  or 
knit  brow.  -To  knit  the  brows,  to  frown. 
brow  (brou),  <-.  t.    [<  brow,  re.]    To  form  a  brow 
or  elevated  border  to.     [Rare.] 

Tending  my  Docks  bard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts, 
That  brow  this  bottom-glade.    Milton,  Comus,  1.  532. 


h.  Addison,  Life  of  Mahomet,  p.  84. 
brown  (broun),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  brown,  broun, 
hriin.  <  AS.  Iirnii  =  OFries.  bran  =  1).  hriiin  (> 
E.  bruin,  q.  v.)  =  MLO.  hrhii  =  OHO.  MHO. 
brim  (>  ML.  brunus,  >F.  Pr.  brim  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
briiiin,  brown,  >  F.  briinir,  etc.,  burnish,  >  E. 
burnish,  q.  v.),  <!.  brnitn  =  Ieel.  brimn  =  Sw. 
brim  =  Dan.  bran  —  Lith.  brunas,  brown,  =  Gr. 
*tppvvoc,  brown,  in  fpivoe,  tppvwi,  a  toad  (cf.  L. 
rubela.H  toad,  <  ruber,  red,  reddish) ;  with  for- 
mative -ii,  <  V  *'"'"  =  skt-  *ohru,  redupl.  in 
Skt.  babhrn,  reddish-brown,  as  subst.  a  beaver 
(see/ifi/rcfl);  cf.  L.  fun-it*,  dusky,  black.]  I. 
a.  Of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness or  yellowness. 

Broun  he  was,  and  lene,  and  rough  of  heer,  more  than 
a-nother  man.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  405. 

Cheeks  brown  as  the  oak-leaves.  Longfettow. 

Brown  atrophy,  bread,  holland,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

—  Brown  hematite,  brown  iron  ore.  same  as  limo- 
nitc.— Brown  madder.  See  madder.—  Brown  mix- 
ture, a  cough-mixture  containing  camphorated  tincture  of 
opium,  wine  of  antimony,  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  and  other 
less  important  ingredients ;  the  niistura  glycyrrhizse  com- 
posita  of  the  pharmacopoeia,— Brown  ocher.    See  ocher. 

—  Brown  pink,  an  artists'  pigment  made  from  Avigi 

berries (Rhamnus  infeetoriui),  or,  better,  from  quercitron- 
bark,  as  this  latter  is  not  so  fugitive.  It  is  sometimes 
called  stU  ile  orain.—  Brown-red  game,  a  variety  of  the 
game. fowl  in  which  the  hackle-  and  saddle-feathers  of  the 
cook  are  bright-red,  shading  off  to  lemon-yellow,  finely 
striped  with  black,  the  back  and  wing-bows  rich-red,  the 
primaries,  secondaries,  and  wing-coverts  or  bars  and  tail 
black,  the  breast  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  black,  the 
feathers  having  brown  shafts  and  a  slight  lacing  of  the 
same  color.  The  hen  is  plain  black,  with  hackle-feathers 
edged  with  yellow.  — Brown  study,  a  state  of  mental  ab- 
straction or  meditation  ;  a  reverie.  [Often  with  a  hyphen.) 

Faith,  this  brown  study  suits  not  with  your  Mack, 
Your  habit  and  your  thoughts  are  of  two  colours. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iii.  3. 
My  companion  approached  and  startled  him  from  his  fit 
of  brown-study.  Irving. 

To  do  (a  person)  brown,  to  deceive  hint ;  take  him  in. 
[Colloipi  —  To  do  up  brown,  to  do  thoroughly.  [Colloq.] 
II.  n.  1.  Adarkcolorinclinedtoredoryellow. 
It  may  be  obtained  by  mixing  red,  black,  and 
yellow. — 2.  A  halfpenny.  [English  slang.] — 
Alizarin  brown,  alizarin  red  changed  to  a  brown  by  mix- 
ing ferroeyanide  of  potash  with  the  color,  which  is  decom- 
posed in  steaming  and  yields  Prussian  blue. -Aniline 
brown,  a  brown  pigment  obtained  by  beating  a  mixture  of 
aniline  violet  Or  aniline  blue  with  hydroelilorate  of  aniline 
to  240°.  ami  keeping  it  at.  this  temperature  till  the  mixture 
becomes  brown  in  color.     This  brown  is  soluble  in  water, 


Brownian 

alcohol,  and  acids,  and  can  I"'  used  In  dyeing.— Antwerp 
brown,  a  color  us.d  by  artists,  made  bj  mixing  asphaltum 
with  a  drying-oil;  bitumen.  Archil  brown,  a  coal-tar 
color  used  in  dyeing.  -  Bismarck  brown.  Same  as  vhe- 
nylene  lumen.  -Caledonia  brown,  a  pigment  used  by 
artists  in  oil-painting.  II  is  a  native  earth  of  England, 
and  is  of  all  orange  russet  blown  color.—  Canelle-brOWn. 

S a    phenylent  brown.     Cappagh  brown,  a  pigment 

ii-cd  by  artists  In  oil-painting,  made  from  a  species  of 

bog-earth  containing  manganese,  f I  mar  Cappagh  in 

Ireland.-  Cassel  brown,  a  pigment  very  similar  to  Van- 
dyke brown  (which  see,  below).— Chestnut-brown,  in 
coal-tar  colors,  a  kind  of  maroon  (which  sec).  It  can  be 
dyed  on  silk,  cotton,  and  wool.  -  Cinnamon-brown. 
Same  as  phenylene  /•emeu.  Fast  brown,  a  coal-tar  color 
used  in  dyeing,  belonging  to  the  oxy-azo group. — Grenate 

brown,  potassium  isopurpurate,  prepared  by  the  action 
of  potassium  cyanide  on  picric  acid.  It  forms  brownish- 
red  crystalline  scales,  which  arc  green  bj  reflected  light. 
It  is  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol,  giving  a  very  deep 
violet-red  color.  When  dry  it  explodes  very  readily,  and 
is  therefore  kept  in  the  form  of  a  paste,  to  which  glycerin 
is  added  iii  order  to  keep  it  moist.— Havana  brown,  a 
coal-tar  color  similar  to  phenyl  brown,  used  to  produce  on 
wool  blown  colors  fast  to  the  light.— Ivory-brown,  a 
pigment  the  same  as  bone-brown,  except  that  ivory  is 
substituted  for  bone.— Leather-brown,  same  as  phenyl 
In;, »ii.  —  Madder-brown,  a  brown  dye  derived  from  ca- 
techu and  worked  with  madder  colors.  —  Manchester 
brown.  SanieaspAenyZi  nebrown.—  Manganese  brown, 
a  color  produced  in  dyeing  by  passing  the  cotton,  impreg- 
nated with  manganous  chlorid,  through  a  mixture  of  so- 
dium hypochlorite  and  caustic  soda.— Mars  brown,  an 
artists'  pigment,  prepared  by  calcining  a  mixture  of  sul- 
phate of  iron,  alum,  and  potash.  Its  color  varies  through 
brown,  yellow,  and  red,  according  to  the  heat  employed  in 
calcining.  It  may  be  termed  an  artificial  ocher.— Phenyl 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  Its  composition 
is  complex  and  unknown.  It  is  prepared  by  treating  phe- 
nol with  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid,  and  is 
mostly  used  in  dyeing  leather.  Also  called  leather-brown. 
—  Phenylene  brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It 
is  the  hydrochloric^  of  triaiuidoazobeiizclic.  and  is  used 
on  wool,  cotton, and  leather.  Alsocalli  d  Bismarck  brown, 
candle-brown,  einnanum-brown,  Manchester  brown.— 
Prussian  brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  prepared  by 
calcining  an  aluminous  Prussian  blue,  forming  a  com- 
pound of  sesquioxid  of  iron  and  alumina.  It  is  orange- 
brown,  and  resembles  burnt  sienna,  but  is  not  so  rich  in 
tone. —  Purple  brown,  a  pigment  composed  of  oxid  of 
iron.  It  is  sometimes  called  maroon  oxid.—  Resorcin 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  obtained  by  com- 
bining a  diazo-compound  with  resorcin  in  the  ordinary 
way  and  acting  on  the  azo-compound  formed  with  some 
other  diazo-compound.  — Small  brown,  a  variety  of  mar- 
bled paper  in  which  the  design  consists  of  small  round 
spots  or  shells.— Spanish  brown,  an  inferior  pigment 
consisting  of  a  highly  adulterated  dark  oxid  of  iron.  It 
is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  priming-paint,  but  chiefly  by 
masons  to  color  mortar.  — Spirit-brown,  in  dyeing,  a 
color  obtained  by  treating  material  dyed  yellow  from  bark 

with  peachwood,  logwood,  and  alum.— Vandyke  brown, 
an  important  blown  pigment  used  both  by  artists  and 
house-painters.  It  is  a  species  of  peat  or  lignite,  of  a  very 
dark,  semi-transparent,  reddish-brown  color.— Verona 
brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a 
calcined  ferruginous  earth,  of  a  reddish-brown  tone. 
brown  (broun),  V.  [<  ME.  brounen,  <  AS.  brii- 
iiiim,  become  brown  (=0110.  braiien,  MHO.  bri- 
iiiieii,  make  brown),  <  brim,  brown:  see  brown, 
a.]  I.  intrans.  To  become  brown. 
II.  trans.  To  make  brown  or  dusky. 

A  trembling  twilight  o'er  the  welkin  moves, 
Browns  the  dim  void  and  darkens  deep  the  groves. 

J.  Barlow,  Columbiad,  iii.  618. 

Specifically  —  (a)  To  produce  a  brown  color  in  by  exposure 
to  heat,  as'  of  meat,  bread,  etc.,  to  that  of  a  fire  in  roasting 
or  toasting,  or  of  the  skin  to  that,  of  the  sun.  (b)  To  give  a 
brown  luster  to  (articles  of  iron,  as  gun  barrels,  etc.),  by 
applying  certain  preparations. 

brownback  (broun'bak),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-breasted  snipe,  iliiernrliiiiiiphus  griseus. — 
2.  A  name  of  the  great  marbled  godwit,  Limo- 
safedoa. 

brown-bess(broun'bes).  )i.  [Said  to  be  formed 
in  punning  imitation  (Bess  for  Bill)  of  brincii- 
bill,  the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantry.] 
A  name  given  to  the  regulation  bronzed  flint- 
lock musket  formerly  used  in  the  British  army. 

brownbill  (broun'bil),  n.  Akindof  halbertfor- 
merly  used  by  the  English  foot-soldiers.  See 
lull-,  2. 


The  black,  eras  it  was  sometimes  call 
was  a  kindofhalbert,  the  cutting  part  hi 
man's  bill,  from  the  back  of  which  projl 
another  from  the  head. 


d,  the  brown-bill, 

oked  like  awood- 

cted  a  spike,  and 

Grose. 


brown-blaze  (broun  'blaz),  n.  The  fumes 
which  rise  from  the  furnace-flame  in  reducing 
zinc  when  cadmium  is  present.  They  are  due 
to  oxid  of  cadmium. 

brown-clock  (broun'klok),  n.  The  cockchafer. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brown-coal  (broun'kol),  ».  The  variety  of  coal 
more  commonly  named  lignite.  See  coal  and 
lignite. 

brown-crops  (broun'krops),  «.  Pulse.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brown-george  (broun'jdrj),  n.  1.  A  large 
earthen  pitcher. —  2.  A  coarse  kind  of  bread. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Brownian  (brou'ni-an),  n.  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  any  person  bearing  the  name  of  Brown; 


Brownian 

Brunonian.     Brownian  movement,  a  rapid  oscilla- 
tory motion  often  observed  in  ver)  minute  particli 
ponded  in  water  or  other  liquid,  as  when  carmine  or  gam- 
p  m  water,  and  flrst  described  bj  R 

and  agriculturist    it 
is  a  purely  physical  phi  i  I  vital,  and  is  prob- 

ably explained  by  tin-  fact  that  the  particles  ari  in  rarj 
delicate  equilibrium,  and  hence  extremel]  sensitive  to 
the  slightest  change  of  temperature.    Also  and  originally 

brownie  (bi-ott'iii  i,  ».  [So.,  dim.  of  browt 
called  from  their  supposed  color.]  In  Soot- 
land,  a  spirit  supposed  to  haunt  houses,  partic- 
ularly farm-houses.  The  brownie  was  believi 
very  useful  to  the  family,  particularl)  if  treated  well  bj 
them,  and  to  the  servants,  for  whom  while  they  slept  he 
was  went  to  do  manj  pieces  of  drudgery.  In  appearance 
the  brownie  was  said  to  '    and  wild. 

It  would  be  easy  t<>  trace  the  belief  in  brownies  .  .  .  to 
the  lar.  or  hearth  spirit  >>!  the  ancients. 

Brit,  11.  'JJl. 

browning  ibi-cm'ning>.  "•  [Verbaln. otbrown, 
».]  1.  Tin-  net  i. r  making  brown.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  darkening  tie  polished  surfacesof  gun- 
barrels  and  other  metallic obj  cts  Chlorid  or  butterof 
antimony,  called  ed  in  the  proces 

2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port  wine.  spices. 
etc.,  for  coloring  and  flavoring  meat  and  made 
dishes. 

Brownism  (brou'nizm),  u.     [<  Brown  +  -ism.] 

1.  Tin-  ecclesiastical  system  and  doctrine  of 
the  Brownists ;  Independency  or  Congregation- 
alism. 

However,  I  must,  without  fear  of  offending,  expn 
fear,  that  the  leven  el'   that  rigid  thine  they  call  Brown 
is  prevailed  sometimes  a  little  of  the  furthest  in 
the  administrations  of  this  pious  people. 

C.  Math  r,  Mag.  Chris.,  i.  :;. 

2.  The  Brunonian  theory.     See  Brunonian. 
Brownist  I  brou'nist),  n.     [<  Brown  +  -ist.]    A 

follower  of  Robert  Brown  or  Browne  (about 
1550-1633),  a  Puritan,  who  first  organized  tin- 
body  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England 
afterward  called  Independents.  See  Congrega- 
tionalist. 

I  had  as  lief  be  a  /  i  politician. 

Shak.,  T.  X..  iii.  -J. 
If  I  hate  any,  'tis  those  schismaticks  that  puzzle  the 
sweet  peace  of  our  Church ;  so  that  I  could  be  content  to 
see  an  Anabaptist  go  to  bell  on  a  Brovmist's  back. 

Howell,  Familiar  Letters,  I.  vi.  :;^. 

The  word  Puritan  sei  in-  to  be  quashed,  and  all  that  here- 
tofore'...!  ted  such  are  not    E  Is.         Milton. 

Brownistic,   Brownistical  (brou-nis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  ".     in'  or  pertaining  to  the  Brownists  or 
to  tln-ir  doctrines  and  practices;  characterized 
by  Brownism. 
About  tie  timeof  Governour  1  trad  ford's  death,  religion 
lii  .I  in  that  colony,  through  a  lib- 
ertine and  /  pirit  then  prevailing  among  the 
i  a  strong  disposition  to  discountenanci   the 
I  ministry,  by  setting  up  the  "gifts  of  private  breth- 
ren '  in  opposition  thereto,    c.  Mather,  slag.  Chris.,  ii.  2. 

brown-leemer,  brown-leeming(broun'le  im  i. 
-ming),n.  A  ripe  brown  nut.  Also  called  brown- 

.     [I'rov.  Eng.] 
brownness  (broun'nes),  u.     The  quality  of  be- 

ing  brown. 

brown-shuller  (broun'shuFer),  n.  [That  is, 
'brown-sin  ller.  |     Same  as  brownJeenu  r. 

brown-spar  (broun'spar),  ».  A  name  given  to 
B  ferruginous  variety  of  dolomite. 

brownstone  (broun'ston),  n.    A  name  given  to 

various  kinds  of  dark-brown  sandstone,    in  the 

Unit  .     to  .in  t  le  quai  ries  in  the 

ie  tone,  and  especially  such  a  stone 

ft i  quart  Ci  cut  river  valley,  much  used 

brown-stoat  (broun'stouf),  ».  A  superior  kind 
of  porter.    See  stout. 

brownwort  i  I'i'oini'uori  i,  «.     [ME.no1  found: 

<  AS.  t,i,i,i-ir,irt,  <  brun,  brown.  +  wyrt,  wort.] 
1.  A  name  of  the  plants  Serophularia  aguatica 
and  8.  in  i .  ed  from  1 1 lor  of  the 

Stems.— 2.    A   name  of  the  self-heal,  Br  undid 

in  a  dis'  throat 

falh  ,!  man. 

browny  (b  i  .     i  n.     i     brown  +  -y1. 

<  If.  brownu  .  |  I.t  a.  Somewhat  brown:  as,  "his 
browny  locks,"  Shak.,  Lover's  '  I.  85. 

II.  a.  :    pi.  f-niz).      'I 

[  Local  I ■'.' 
brow-post  brou'p6st),m.  [narc/t.,a  cross-beam. 
browse '  0] 

broust,  a  apron  ,//,  browse, 

■f.  Sp.  broza,  rubbish  of   It 

etc.,  brota,  brot  i  rees, 

thiol  ......  ii.  dial. 

bud.  shoot,  brou 

prob.  from  i  he  P.); | 

Bee  brush.]   Thi 
and  trees, 

for  cattle,  d.-er.  etc.      ftlsi 


698 

The  whiles  their  gotes  upon  the  bronzes  fedd. 

Spt  nsi  i .  F.  ','  ,  in.  x.  46. 

her  .hive  thy  gOatS,  and  play  bj    me  : 

for  lb 1  shade  for  I  In  ' 

tr.  ol  "vid  s  Mctamolph.,  i.  943. 
The  deer  leave  the  mountains  and  come  to  the  plains 
n  to  feed  on  the  browsi  of  the  birch. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  63. 

browse1  (brouz),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  browsed,  ppr. 
browsing.  [Also  browze,  early  mod.  E.  also 
brouse,  brouze,  brooze,  appar.  for  'broust,  <  OF. 
brouster,  F.  brouter  (cf.  E.  dial,  brut,  browse) 
=  Pr.  brostar,  nibble  off  the  buds.  Bprouts,  and 
Imik  of  plants,  browse,  <  OF.  broust,  a  sprout, 
shoot, bud :  see  browse1,  n. ]  I.  Irons.  1.  Tofeetl 
on ;  pasture  on  ;  graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  etc. 

Elysian  lawns 
Browst  d  by  none  but  Dian's  fawns.    Keats,  Ode. 
The  fields  between 
Are  dewy-fresh,  browsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter 

2.  Tonibbleandeonsume;  eatoff:  said  of  cattle. 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  brotcsedst,     Shak.,  A.  and  I'.,  i.  4. 

II.  in  I  runs.  1.  To  graze;  specifically,  to  feed 
on  the  tender  shoots,  branches,  or  bark  of  shrubs 
and  trees:  said  of  herbivorous  animals. 

Suchlike  sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  bnmz'd  upon. 
Oldys,  Life  of  Raleigh. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  cartila 
ginous  palate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  the  ox,  the  deer, 
the  horse,  and  the  sheep,  qualify  this  tribe  for  browsing 
upon  their  pasture.  Paley,  Nat.  Theol.,  ii. 

2.  To  feed:  said  of  human  beings.     [Rare.] 
There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave ;  we'll  browse  on  that. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  6. 
browse2   (brouz),    n.      [Origin    obscure.]      In 

nit  tol.,  imperfectly  smelted  ore. 
browser  (brou'zer),  «.    One  who  browses.  Also 
spelled  browzer. 
browse-wood  (brouz'wud),  n.    Bushes  or  twigs 

on  which  animals  feed.     [Rare,  | 
brow-sickt  (brou'sik),  a.    Sick  with  the  brow- 
ague  ;  dejected ;  hanging  the  head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  influence  from  you 
.May  alter  nature  in  our  brow-sick  crew. 

Suckling,  I'rol.  to  a  Masque. 

browsing  (brou'zing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  browse1, 
r.]  A  place  where  animals  may  browse:  as, 
"  browsmgsioTth.e  deer,"  Howell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  8. 
Also  browzmg. 

brow-snag  (brou'snag),  n.  Same  as  brow-antler. 

browspot  (brou'spot),  n.  A  glandular  body 
between  the  eyes  of  a  frog  or  toad ;  the  inter- 
oeular  body,  probably  giving  rise  to  the  fiction 
of  the  jewel  in  the  head  of  these  animals. 

browst  (broust),  n.  [Connected  with  brow,  a 
form  of  brew1,  q.  v.]  That  which  is  brewed ;  as 
much  liquor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time.    [Scotch.] 

browstert,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  brewster1. 

brow-transom  (brou'tran"som),  n.  An  upper 
transom. 

browze,  »•  and  r.     See  browse1. 

browzer,  browzing.    See  browser,  browsing. 

broydt,  "■  '•    An  obsolete  form  of  braid1. 

bruang  (brS'ang),  «.  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-bear,  Helarctos  malayanus.    it  has 

hue  and  glOSSy  black  fur,  w  itb  a  «  bite  patch  on  the  breast. 


bruise 

Intel.- ),  <('!r.  >',  ioi  fof,  a  locust  without  wings.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  represented  by  the  pea- 
weevils.     It  so  closely  resembles  in  general  appearance 

the  snout-beetles  that   it   18  usually  classed  with  the  /,'/ 

chophora.     Recent  investigations  have,  however,  demon- 

st  rated  the  fact  that  1 1  is  much  more  closeVj  related  to  the 
leaf  -beetles  (Chrysomelida),  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
only  by  the  distinctly  pedunculate  Bubmentum.  A  large 
number  of  small  Bpecies,  uo\t  subdivided  into  s<  vi  ral  gi  □ 

era,  are  eotnprised  in  this  -elms    ill  lily  recognizable 

t r- oo  their  squarish  form,  Bomewhat  narrowing  anteriorly ; 


- 
ii;  {Helarctos  titaiajiaHus  . 

■    long   and    Very    llexile    loiienie,    whieh    it    insiioial. 

Into  recesses  ol  tin  nests  of  wild  bees,  to  rob  them  ol  Hen 

honej      ii Ly domesticated, very  harmless, and  fond 

of  child] 
brubru  ( luii'lifi'il.  i/.      (I'rob.    :i    native    name.  | 

A  1 1.  ntttne  of  ;m  African  shrike,  the  I.niuiis 

or  Xi/iius  brubru. 
bruchid  (brB'kid),  «.    A  beetle  of  the  family 

Bruchidat. 
Bruchidse  (bro'ki-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Bruchus  + 

-iihr. J    A  family  of  phytophagous  Coleoptera, 

typified  by  the  genus  Bruchus. 
Bruchus  (bro'kus).  n.    [id.,  bruchus,  Ml.,  also 

brucus  (>  ult.  E.  dial,  bruck,  a  fleld-cricket  i    i  e 


European  Grain-Itruclius  (  B.pranarius).  i  Sniallneureshowsnatur.il 
size. )    ti,  cgu  or  Bruchus  fist,  magnified. 

the  head  being  produced  into  a  short  beak,  and  the  hind 
femora  usually  dilated  and  in  most  species  toothed.    In  the 

larval  state  they  live  in  the  seeds  of    plants,  especially  of 

the  family  Leguminosce,  as  the  bean  ami  pea.  The  holes 
often  observed  in  peas  are  made  by  the  perfect  bruchus 
ii.  effect  its  escape. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus.  [The  word 
bruchus  is  used  iii  the  Douay  version  ofthe  Bible,  by  literal 
transcription  from  the  Latin,  in  several  places  where  the 
King  James  version  hasZocust,  caterpillar,  or  cankerworm  ; 
the  first  two  are  also  found  in  Challoner's  revision  in  some 
places  where  the  Vulgate  has  bruchus. 

brucina  (brii-si'nii ),  u.   [NL.]    Same  as  hrueine . 

brucine,  brucin  (bro'sin),  u.  [<  Brucea  (a  ge- 
nus of  shrubs  named  after  J.  Bruce  (1730-94), 
the  African  traveler)  +  -nn-,  -tn-.]  A  vege 
table  alkaloid  (<'ol[o(;No<  )i),  discovered  in  what 
was  thought  to  be  the  bark  of  the  Brucea  nuli- 
dysenterica,  but  which  was  that  of  Strychnos 
Nux-vomica.  its  taste  is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid, 
and  it  forms  with  tin-  acids  -all-  which  are  soluble  and  gen- 
erally erystalli/able.  Its  action  on  the  animal  economy 
is  similar  to  thai  of  strychnine,  but  much  less  powerful. 

brucite  (bro'sit),  «.  [After  Dr.  Bruce,  a  min- 
eralogist of  New  York.]  1.  A  native  hydrate 
of  magnesium,  usually  found  in  thin  foliated 
plates,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color  and  pearly 
luster. —  2.  Same  as  chondrodite. 

bruck  (bruk),  ii.  [E.  dial.,  alsobrock;  <  ME.  hrul:, 
broke,  a  young  locust,  grasshopper,  =  Sp.  brugo 
=  It.  brut'o,  a  grub,  caterpillar,  <  L.  bruchus: 
soi'  Bruchus."]    A  field-cricket.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bruckle  (bruk'l),  o.    A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  brickie. 
Lasses  and  glasses  are  bruckle  ware.         Scotch  proverb. 

bruet,  r.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brew1. 

bruett,  ».     See  bn  nil. 

brufflbruf)."'.  [K.dial.;  cf.  bluff1.]  1.  Hearty; 
jolly;  healthy. —  2.  Proud:  elated. — 3.  Rough 
in  manner.     Balliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brugh,  H.     See  broui/li". 

brugnet,  »•  [OF.:  see  briiiipie.]  Same  as 
broiijm . 

bruh  (brii),  ii.  A  name  of  the  pig-tailed  ma- 
catpie,  Macacus  nemestrinus. 

bruik  (bruk),  r.  t.    A  Scotch  form  of  brook*. 

bruilzie  (briil' zi),  n.    Bee  brulyie. 

bruin  (brii'in :  D.  pron.  broin),  ».     [The  name 

given  to  the  bear  in  the   Dutch  version  of  the 

celebrated  tale  or  fable  of  Reynard  the  Fox, 
being  merely  the  D.  bruin  =  Ollli.  MHO.  brun, 
(1.  briiuu  =  E.  brown,  q.  v.]  A  mime  given  to 
the  bear.  [As  a  quasi-proper  name,  it  is  often 
written  with  a  capital  letter.  ] 

bruise  (brSz),  V.;  pret.  and  pp.  bruiseil.  ppr. 
bruising.  [The  spelling  bruise  is  due  to  (if. 
bruiser  (see  below) ;  early  mod,  E.  bruse,  bru  e, 
<  ME.  broust  a,  brosen,  brusen,  also  brousen, 
broysen,  more  frequently  brysen,  brisen,  bresen, 
also  brissen,  bressen,  break,  bruise;   partly  < 

AS.  brysan,  break,  bruise  (to  which  all  the  ME. 

forms  except  broosen,  brosen,  brousen,  broy- 
sen could  be  referred;  but  the  reg.  moil,  rep- 
resentative "f  AS.  brijsiiu  would  lie  hrize  or 
in, i  ,  :  see&rwe3);  partlj  <  OE.  bruser, broser, 
bruiser,  bruisier,  brisier,  briser,  V.  briser,  break 

(to  which  all  tin-  ME.  forms dd  be  referred  I. 

f(.  bnss-,  iiris,-\  breeze9,  brazil.  Ii  is  not  certain 

that  the  AS.  form  is  related  to  the  F.  form; 
the  origin  "f  both    is   unknown.      Cf.  Gael.   Ir. 

bris,  break.]  I.  trims.  1.  To  injure  by  a  blow 
or  by  pressure  without  laceration;  contuse,  as 

a   pliant    substance;    dent    or   bout    in    without 

breaking,  as  anything  hard:  as,  to  bruise  the 
hand;  a  bruised  tipple;  "his  bruised  shield," 
Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  Prol.  (cho.). 


bruise 


*nd  Bhewyd  to  me  all  the  Castyll  with  to  The  lowera 
the  wallya  are  sore  brosyd  and  brokyn  with  the  erthe 
awake  which  waB  in  Aprill  last  past. 
q  Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  18. 

He  rode  ouer  hym  on  horsebak  thre  or  foure  tymes, 
and  br0used  hym  sore  and  foule  that_ nygh  he  was  ther- 
withslayn.  Merhn(E.K  r.  3.),  ui.  476. 

2.  To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding;  pound; 

bray,  us  drugs  or  articles  of  food. 

'Man,  like  to  cassia,  is  prov'd  best  being  bruis  d. 

Webster,  Duchess  "I  Main,  iu.  5. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  beat  down  or  oppress;  cud- 
gel, as  the  brain  ;  scourge ;  damage. 

Bruis'd  underneath  the  yoke  of  tyranny 

Shot.,  Rich.  III.,  V.  2. 
I  will  bruise  my  brains  and  confine  myself  to  much 
vexation.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  2. 

II.  in  I  runs.  To  fight  with  the  fists;  box. 
Bruising  was  considered  a  fine,  manly  old  English  cue 
torn.  ln"" 

bruise  (broz),  ».  [<  bruise,  r.]  A  contusion; 
a  superficial  injury  caused  by  impact,  without 
laceration,  as  of  an  animal  body,  a  plant,  or 
other  impressible  object.  _ 

bruiser  (bro'zer),  n.  1.  One  who  bruises.— 
2.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula  ol 
telescopes.  It  is  made  of  brass,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  hammered  as  near  the  gage  as  possible.  Bj 
this  instrument  the  speculum  is  prepared  for  the  lianas 

of  the  polisher.  .  . 

3  The  name  of  various  machines  for  bruising 
grain,  etc.,  for  feeding  cattle.— 4.  A  boxer; 
a  pugilist ;  a  bully. 

For  do  not  men  delight — 
We  call  them  men  -    ..ur  ^«i*'«  to  excite, 
And  urge  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  for  ^"£$£1 

Gentlemen  were  bmisers,  and  bruisers  were  gentlemen. 
J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  ,. 

5   A  name  applied  to  various  plants  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 
wort,  soapwort,  etc.    [Eng.] 
bruisewort  (broz'wert),  n.    [ME.  brysewort,  < 

brysen,  bruise,  +  wort,  wort.]  A  name  given  to 
several  plants,  as  the  daisy  (  BelUs  perenms), the 
BOapwort(*'«p»M«W«  officinalis),  etc,  from  then- 
supposed  efficacy  in  healing  bruises. 

In  the  curious  treatise  of  the  virtues  of  herbs,  Royal 
Ms  is  \   vi    fol.  72  b.  is  mentioned  "brysewort,  or  bon- 

wort  or  daysye,  consolida  mimic,  g 1  to  brckc  beeches. 

'  J  Way,  Promptorium,  p.  52,  note. 

bruising  (bro'zing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bruise,  v. } 
1  In  lliix-worldmi,  the  process  of  passing  tlax, 
after  retting,  between  grooved  rollers,  to  break 
the  woody  portion;  scutching.— 2.  A  method 
of  treating  hides  by  rubbing  the  grained  sale 
with  a  graining-board.— 3.  In  tvine-mahmg, 
the  process  of  pounding  or  stamping  grapes 
with  a  wooden  maul  or  pestle,  to  soften  the 
skins  and  fleshy  part. 

bruit  (brot),  ».  [<  ME.  brut,  bruyt,  brout,  <  OF. 
bruit,  brui,  F-  bruit,  noise,  uproar,  rumor  (=  1  r. 
bruieh,  bruit,  brut  =  It.  bruito  ;  ML.  brugitus),  < 
OF.  bruin;  F.  bruire  =  Pr.  brugir,  bruzir  =  It. 
bruire,  rustle,  roar;  of  uncertain  origin.]  1. 
Report;  rumor;  fame. 

A  bruit  ran  from  one  to.  the  other  that  the  king  was 
slain.  Sir  P-  Sfney; 

There  came   an  uncertaine  bruite  from  Barbados  of 
some  disorder  there.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June  26,  1671. 

To  view  what  bruit  by  virtue  got,  their  lives  could  justly 
APraise  of  Mistress  Ryce,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  38. 
2.  A  noise ;  a  loud  sound ;  a  din. 

Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Hood. 

3  [Mod  F.,  pron.  brwe.]  In pnthol,  the  name 
given  to  sounds  of  various  nature,  in  general 
abnormal,  produced  in  the  body,  or  evoked  m 
it,  by  percussion  or  succussion :  used  to  some 
extent  in  English. -Bruit  de  galop,  a  cardiac  sound 
suggesting  a  gallop,  the  normal  first  sound  beam  preceded 
by  a  faint  presystolic  sound.-  Bruit  de  scie,  a  rougl .car- 
diac murinur,  suggesting  the  sound  of  a  saw.- Bruit  du 
diable  (devil's  bruit ).  a  continuous  humming  sound  heaul 
in  the  jugular  veins  at  the  base  of  the  neck;  venous  hum. 
It  is  more  frequent  and  more  marked  in  young  persons 
than  in  adults,  and  in  anemic  than  in  normal  states. 
bruit  (brot),  r.  [<  bruit,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  an- 
nounce with  noise;  report;  noise  abroad. 
By  this  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

Thou  art  no  less  than  fame  hath  bruited. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  n.  3. 
It  is  marvell  to  think  what  his  friends  meant,  to  let 
come  abroad  such  shallow  reasoningB  with  the  name  of  a 
man  so  much  bruited  for  learning. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  l.  5. 

But  a  dark  rumour  will  be  bruited  up, 
From  tribe  to  tribe,  until  it  reach  las  ear. 

.1/.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustum. 
II.  intrans.  To  give  forth  sound ;  sound. 

Bronze  clarions  awake  and  faintly  bruit. 

Keuts,  Endymion,  l. 


099 
brule't    v.  '•    [ME.,  <  OF.  bruler,  brusler,  V. 

Iiriiler,'hnm  :  see  brustleS.]     To  burn. 


In  euery  part  put  to  was  the  lire, 

Ther  paynymes  were  bruled  and  brend  entire. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  22SJ. 


Als  the  moste  parte  of  thys  said  abbay 
By  hym  Btroied,  bruled  and  scorched  tho: 
Ther  uot  lelte  lie  bode  o  sonic  man  that  day. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  I.  S.),  1.  8313. 
brule-t,  ''•    An  obsolete  form  of  broifl.   Catholi- 
con  Anglieum.  . 

brulee  (bro'la),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  pp.  Of  bru- 
ler,  bum.]  In  Canada,  a  piece  of  woodland 
from  which  the  timber  has  been  burned;  a 
burned  district. 

brulyement  (brul'ye-ment),  n.  Same  as  brotl- 
niint.     [Scotch.]  . 

brulyie  (briil'yi),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  bruLic 
(here,  as  in  assoilzie,  etc.,  z  represents  the  old 
.--shaped  ii  ;  -ly-,  like  -Hi-  in biOiards, represent- 
ing the  former  F.  sound  of  -11-),  <  F.  bromlU, 
a  quarrel,  etc. :  see  broil?.]    Same  as  broils. 

brulzie  (briil'vi),  ».    See  brulyie. 

Bruinaire  (bro-mar'),  »•  [F-  (after  L.  'bruma- 
rius),  <  brume,  fog,  <  L.  bruma,  winter:  see 
brume  ]  The  second  month  m  the  calendar 
adopted  bv  the  first  French  republic,  beginning 
( (otober  22d  and  ending  November  20th  (liUd). 

brumal  (bro'inal),  fl.  [=  P.  brumal,  <  L.  bru- 
malis,  <  bruma,  winter:  see  brume]  Belonging 
to  winter;  wintry;  hibernal.  Sir  T.  Herbert; 
Sir  T.  Brown* . 

And  in  the  sky  as  yet  no  suuny  ray, 

But  brumal  vapors  gray.  Longfellow. 

brume  (brom),  ».  [P.,  fog,  mist,  haze,  <  L. 
bruma.  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the  win- 
ter solstice,  hence  winter;  prob.  for  *brevma, 
equiv.  to  brevissima,  superl.  fem.  of  breris, 
short:  see  brief.]  Mist;  fog;  vapors.  [Rare.] 
And  suddenly  through  the  drifting  bru  me 
The  blare  of  the  burns  began  to  ring.     Longfellow. 

brummagem  (brnm'a-jem),  a.     [Formerly  also 
spelled  bromidgham,  etc.,  corruptions  ot  liir- 
mingham  in  England,  where  many  plated  arti- 
cles and  .-heap  trinkets  are  made.]     Showy  but 
worthless ;  fictitious ;  sham.    [Slang  or  colloq.J 
brumous  (bro'mus),  a.   [<  brume  +  -ous.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  winter;  hence,  foggy; 
misty;  dull  and  sunless:  as,  a  brumous  climate. 
brun'(brun),  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  bumK 
brunet,  '<•     Same  as  broigne. 
brunette  (bro-nef),  n.  and  a.   [F.,  fem.  dim.  ot 
brun,  brown:  see  brown.    Cf.  burneV-,  burnetii 
I.  n.  A  woman  with  dark  hair  and  eyes  and 
brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion  to  in- 
sult the  olives  and  the  brunettes.     Manchester  guardian. 
II.  «•  Dark  in  color;  having  a  brownish  or 
olive  tone:  said  of  the  complexion. 
bruniat  «■     [ML.]     Same  as  broigne. 
brunion  (brun'yqn),  n.    [<  F.  brugnon,  a  nec- 
tarine, <  L.  prunum,  a  plum:  see  prune.}    A 
nectarine. 

Brunner's  glands.    See  gland. 
Brunonian  (bro-no'm-an),  a.  and  n.    L<.  Mb. 
Brunoin-)  (<  brunus,  brown),  proper  name  cor- 
responding to  E.  Brown  (see  brown),  +  -mot.]    I. 
a    Pertaining  or  relating  to  any  person  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Brown;   Brownian.— Bruno- 
nian motion  or  movement.    Same  as  «mf»««'»«''- 
ment  (which  sec  under  /,V(o™i«iO.— Brunonian  theory, 
a  theory  of  medicine    founded   by  Dr.  John  Brown  of 
Edinburgh   (1735-88),  according  to  which  diseases  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  those  resulting  from  a  deficiency 
and  those  resulting  from  an  excess  of  excitement;-- the  one 
class  to  !»■  treated  with  stimulants,  the  other  with  debili- 
tating medicines.    Also  called  Brownism.  . 
II.   n.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 
brunstane  (brun'stan),  ».    A  Scotch  form  of 
brimstone.                                     _T        . 
brunswick    (brunz'wik),    n.       [Named    from 
Brunswick  (G.  Braunschweig)  in  Germany.]    A 
close-fitting  outdoor  habit  for  ladies,  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Germany  about  17o0. 
The  upper  portion  was  made  with  the  lapels  open,  and  a 
collar  like  that  of  a  man's  coat. 

Brunswick  green.    Seeoreen. 

brunt1  (brunt),  n.  [<  ME.  brunt,  bront,  shock, 
impetus,  sudden  impulse ;  appar.,  with  forma- 
tive -t  (cf.  Dan.  brynde,  conflagration,  heat; 
Goth.  *brunsts,  in  ala-brunsts,  a  whole  burnt- 
offering),  connected  with  brune,  AS.  bryne,  a 
burning  (also  brine:  see  briuel)  (=  Ieel.  brum, 
a  bm-ning,  >  bruna,  advance  with  the  speed  of 
fire  said  of  a  standard  in  the  heat  of  battle, 
of  a  ship  under  full  sail,  etc.),  <  'briiniaii  :  see 
burn1.]      1.    A  sudden  shock  or  impetus;   a 


brush 

collision,  onset,  or  attack;  a  strenuous  effort. 
[Now  rare.  I 
Ihel  Bporered  theire  horse  over  the  h"%:^,^"^ 

I^^ol™toBtodtoX"tv0e^aSrv°W2: 
It  is  instantlj  1  irrecoverably  Battered  by  our  ftrat 

brunt  w  ith  si. me  real  affair  of  common  life.       /•-.  i  ayior. 

2.  The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 

the  strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 
The  quiver  of  your  arguments  which  is  ever  thin,  aud 

weakly  stor'd,  af ter  the  first  brunt,  is  quite  empty. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  6. 

We  find  the  Christian  chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the 
brunt  of  battle  against  the  Moorj^  ^  ^  ^  .  g 

bruntH   ».  »■     [ME.  brunten ■;  <  brunt,  n.]     To 

make  a  sudden  start.     Prompt.  Pan. 
brunt-  (brunt),  pp.  and  p.  a.     A  dialectal  form 
of  burnt. 

brunvt,  »•     See  byrnic. 

brush    brush),  v.     [Early  mod.  E  also  brush* 
brusche;  <  ME.  brusshe,  brusche,  <  OF.  brochc, 
broce,  broisse,  brosse,  a  bush,  a  bushy  place, 
brushwood,  thicket,  =  Pr.  brossa  =  0p.  broza, 
brushwood,  thicket,  rubbish  ot  leaves  and  bark, 
=  ML.    brusda,   a    thicket  (cf.  ML.  bruscale, 
OF.   brousaille,  >  ME.   brusehalle,   a    thicket), 
appar.  confused  with   bruscus  (>  It.   Sp.  i"g. 
brusco,  F.  brusc,  >  G.  briiscli,  butcher's  broom, 
knee-holly;  cf.  It.  brusca,  "hug,™'  beath  to 
make  brushes  or  broomes  with'  (Flono),  now 
a  horse-brush),  also  ruscus,  var.  of  L.  ruscinu. 
rustum,  butcher's  broom;  hence,  as  a  particu- 
lar sense  of  the  same  word  (from  the  use  ot 
small  bushy  plants,  as  heath,  for  the  purpose), 
a  brush,  ME.  brusshe,  brusche,  <  OF.  brouesse, 
broisse,  brosse,  F.  brosse  =  Sp.  broza,  bruza,  a 
brush;  cf.  ML.  brustia,  a  kind  of  comb  (resting 
partly  perhaps  on  MHG.  biirste,  a  brush,  <  borst 
=  AS.   byrst,  bristle:   see   bristle);  perhaps  < 
MHG.  broz,  a  bud,  shoot:  see  browse'-,     lne 
forms  and  senses  are  involved ;  for  the  senses, 
cf.  broom?-.]     1.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  ot 
a  wood ;  a  thicket  of  small  trees ;  scrub. 
Out  of  the  thickest  brush.         Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  15. 


The  country  is  almost  wholly  marshy,  and  covered  with 
brush  or  low  palms,  with  ponds  here  and  1™"-       y  ,216 

2  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off;  brushwood: 
a  sense  common  in  the  United  States.—  3.  A 
tract  of  country  covered  by  thickets;  hence,  a 
thinly  settled  country;  the  backwoods.  [South- 
western U.  8.]— 4.  An  instrument  ot  various 
tonus,  according  to  its  intended  use,  consist- 
ing of  a  quantity  of  some  flexible  material 
attached  to  a  handle  or  stock.  Brushes  are  used 
for  applying  paint  aud  similar  substances,  cleaning, 
polishil.g,  rubbing,  smoothing,  etc.  Their  commonest 
materials  are  bristles  and  certain  kinds  of  hair.  1-or 
some  purposes  these  are  secured  in  a  bunch  to  a  ferrule 
at  the  end  of  a  handle,  or  bound  or  fastened  to  the  handle 
itself  •  for  others  they  are  inserted  in  doubled  tufts  into 
1 :S  bored  in  a  stock,  with  or  without  a  handle,  the  pro- 
jecting doubled  ends  being  secured  by  wires  or  otherwise, 
and  in  ordinary  forms  covered  by  a  back-piece  glued  on. 
\m,,ug  the  materials  used  for  making  brushes  are  bristles, 
hair  of  the  badger,  bear,  and  goat,  hair  from  the  tails  of  the 
red  and  black  sable,  camels'  hair  (so  called,  but  commonly 
Russian  squirrel),  fitch-  (skunk-)  and  horsehair  broom- 
corn  ratan,  split  cane,  rashes,  cocoanut-fiber,  the  loots 
and  libers  of  many  tropical  plants,  wire  spun  glass,  fea- 
thers etc.  The  word  is  often  compounded,  showing  the 
specific  purposes  for  which  it  is  used,  as  blacking-,  clothes- 
dust-,  hat-,  hair-,  nail-,  paint-,  tooth-,  scrubbing-,  and 
whitewash-brush.    See  pencil. 

5  Anything  resembling  a  brush,  as  the  tails 
of  some  animals,  as  the  fox,  or  the  panicles  ot 
broom-corn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  brooms. 
—  6  An  agricultural  instrument  made  of  small 
trees,  as  the  birch,  and  used  instead  of  a  harrow 
for  covering  grain,  grass-seed,  etc.,  after  they 
have  been  sown.— 7.  In  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  electric),  one  of  the 
bundles  of  copper  wires  or  plates  which  are  in 
contact  with  the  commutator  of  the  armature 
on  opposite  sides,  and  serve  to  take  off  the  posi- 
tive and  negative  currents  of  electricity  gener- 
ated.—8.  In  elect.,  the  luminous  phenomenon, 
consisting  of  diverging  rays  of  pale-blue  light, 
observed  when  the  discharge  of  an  electric 
machine  takes  place  into  the  air  from  a  small 
ball  or  rounded  point.— 9.  [From  the  verb.] 
A  passage ;  especially,  a  quick  ride  through  the 
brush  or  across  country  ;  a  chase. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  brush  across  the  county.  Fielding. 

10    A  skirmish;  a  slight  encounter;  a  shock; 
a  collision:  as,  to  have  a  brush  with  the  enemy. 
Let  grow  thy  sinews  till  their  knots  be  strong, 
And  tempt  ilot  yet  the  brushes  of  the  war. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 


brush 

methinks,  have  si I  one  brush  with  them, 

ami  have  yielded  when  tli 

mus  Progress,  p.  188. 

11.  An  application  of  a  brush,  us  iii  sweeping 
or  .lusiii:  ing;  a  remoi nl  as  if  with  a. 
brush:  as,  give  my  liai  a  brusft.     [Colloq.] 

with  "in-  winter's 

,s7m*-..  X.  "I    V     iv.   S. 

12.  A  painter;  one  who  uses  a  brush:  as,  a 
brother brush.    Haidinger's  brushes.  oj 

iin  Austrian  mineralogist  W.vonHai- 

ding.  ike  i  ol i  brushes,  some- 

ibling  the  ordinary  interfen  i 

,,i   observed  n  ith  ordinary 
i  ertain  mm.  ra 
:  a  marked  absorption  of  i  olor,  as  au- 
ra,' term  also  includes  the  i 
,1  inn. observed  bj 
is  with  tin-  naked  eye,  by  others  when  a  Nicol  prism 
is  used,  npon  looking  at  a  bright  light,  as  a  white  cloud, 
phenomenon  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  polar- 
if  tin'  eye  it- If— Hydraulic  brush.    See 
hydraulic—  Revolving  brush,  a  cylindrical  brush  sup- 
ported in  a  frame  ami  mail.'  to  revolve  rapidly  mi  a 

by  gearing  or  other  i ihanism.    Such  brushes  an-  used 

fi'.i--:  i:n  I.  is.  — Rotary  brush. 

Sam  brush.  =Syn.  10.  Rencounter,  .skirmish, 

brush  (brush),  v.  [<  ME.  brusehen,  <  OF.  bros- 
ser,  v.  i..  beal  the  brush  or  thicket  for  gi 

Bcour  tin. untry,  also  simply  cross,  pass,  P. 

brosser  (=  Sp.  brozar,  brush),  <  brasse,  brush, 
thicket:  see  brash,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sweep 
or  rub  with  a  brush:  as.  to  brush  a  hat. 

robes  to  kepe  well  &  also  to  brusch  them  clenly. 
(ed.  Furnivall),  p.  180. 

Let   their  heads  be  sleekly  combed,  their  blue 
bru  I  Shah  .  T.  of  theS.,  iv.  1. 

bark  wiry  hair  brushed  mi  one  Bide. 

Bulwer,  lVlliain,  xl. 

2..  Th  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over:  as.  to  brush  off  dust. 

Though  from  off  the  boughs  eacl in 

We  brush  mellifluous  dews.        Milton,  1'.  L.,  v.  429. 
I  think  the  very  best  thing  is  to  brush  all  tin   old  Dons 
oil  the  Disraeli,  Coningsb? 

3.  Tn  Bweep  or  touch  as  with  a  brush;  strike 
lightbj  l'\  passing  over  the  surface;  pass  lightly 
tivcr:  as.  tn  brush  the  arm  in  passing. 

Brush  II  witli  the  hiss  of  rustling  wings. 

Milton,  )'.  I..,  i.  768. 
A  thousand  nights  have  brush'd  their  balmy  wines 
Over  in.  si  '  Drydt  n. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  ruffle;  excite. 

I'n.r  Silas's  loss  served  in  brush  the  Blow  current  of 
Raveloe  conversation.  Georgt  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  v. 

5.  To  furnish  with  brushes  or  branches  of  dead 
tnis  to  climb  on:  as.  to  brush  peas.  To  brush 
up,  to  furbish;  pi  I  vate;  hence,  to  improve  in 
an>  way :  make  blighter  or  clearer,  as  the  memory  or  past 
know] 

\  "ii  have  commissioned  me  to  paint  your  simp,  ami  I 
have  done  my  b<  si  to  brush  you  up  like  your  neigh 

Pope. 
II.  intrans.   1.  To  move  quickly  or  in  haste ; 
rush:  as,  to  brush  past  a  person. 
Then  Pollux  .  .  .  brusshit  into  batell. 

ction  "i.  Troy,  1.  1216. 
Snatching  his  hat,  he  brtlshed  off  like  the  w  ind. 

Goldsmith. 
Brush'd 
Thro1  the  ilim  meadow  toward  his  treasure-trove. 

\  j  Imei     in  Id. 

2.  'P..  move  or  ski ver  with  a  slight  contact, 

as  a  brush.     Dryden. 

iii  in  ii  tit  of  the  corolla,  and 

iii  falling  "!'  /.  over  i  in  lowlj  -seated  si  Igma 

"e,  Different  i iol  Flowers,  p.  p.!. 

brush-bird  berd),  ».     Same  as  serub- 

bird. 

brush-burn  (brush'bern  I,  «.  The  injury  result- 
ing in  mi  violent  friction,  as  sliding  down  a  rope 
or  a  '  Lee.    Th.-  effects  an-  often 

similar  t"  those  of  scalding  water. 

brusher  (brush'er),  n.  1.  <  ine  who  brushes.— 
2.  In   leather*manuf.,   on  erforms  the 

ttanical  work  of  dyeing  skins.    C.  T.  V 
her,  p.  728. 

brushett,  ».     i  diet,  <  OP.  brossettes, 

..    brush,   heath  :   see 

hrii. I.  an, I  -<r-.\     1.  A  thicket. —  2.   Kin    I. -a I. 

Ami  i 

!    "7,,.',//.) 

brushful  (brush'fu]  „•.,/,  + -Jul. i    As 

mn  .  brush- 

ful nt  paint. 

brush-hat  (brush/hat),  n,     \  hal  which  in  the 
proci 
band  brush,  for  i  he  pui  pi 

to  ll. 

brushiness  (brush 'i-nes),  n.  [<  brushy  + 
-hiss.]     Tin  qualitj  of  b(  ing  brushy. 


700 

brushing  (brush'ing),  p.  a.  Brisk;  rapid:  as, 
a  brushing  gallop. 

brushing-machine  (brush 'ing- ma -shen*),  ». 
1.  An  apparatus  for  removing  the  dust  from 
hats,  or  for  laying  the  nap. — 2.  A  machine 

having  a  cylindrical  brush,  used  to  lay  the  nap 
on  cloth  after  shearing. — 3.  An  apparatus  for 
removing  the  dust  and  fuzz  from  wheat.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  brushes  and  a  blast  of 
aii  liie  blowing  away  the  dust  and  refuse. 

brushite  (brush'it),  «.  [After  Prof.  Brush  of 
Vale  College.]  A  hydrated  phosphate  of  cal- 
cium found  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Islands  and 
S lireiii  in  the  West  Indies, in  slender  mono- 
clinic  crystals  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

brush-jack  (brush  jak),  n.  A  hand-tool  for 
holding  bunches  of  brushwood  while  binding 
them  into  mats  or  fascines  for  use  in  embank- 
ments, etc. 

brushlet  (brush/let),  n.  [<  brush  +  dim.  -let.] 
In  i  a  torn.,  a  scopula  or  small  brush-like  organ 
mi  the  leg  of  a  drone-bee,  used  for  cleansing 
the  body.      II  estwood. 

brushman  (brush'rnan),  n. ;  pi.  briisliiueu  (-men). 

i who  plies  the  brush;  a  painter. 

How  difficult  in  artists  to  allow 

To  other  brushmen  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

WolcOt,  titles,  viii. 

brushment  (brush 'ment),  n.  [<  brush  +  -ment. 
('!'.  Iiiisliiuiiit.']     Brush  or  small  wood. 

brush-monkey  (brush'mung"ki).  n.  A  name 
of  the  species  of  small  American  marmosets 
of  the  genus  Midas. 

brush-ore  (brush'or),  n.  An  iron  ore  found  in 
the  finest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called  black- 
brush.     Vre. 

brush-plow  (brush'plou),  n.  A  strong  plow 
used  for  breaking  up  rough  land  covered  with 
brush  and  small  trees. 

brush-puller  (brush'pul'er),  n.  A  machine  for 
pulling  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

brush-tailed  (brush'tald),  a.  Having  a  bushy 
tail:  specifically  applied  to  certain  porcupines 
of  the  genus  Atherura. 

brush-tongued  (brush'tungd),  a.  Having  a 
brushy  tongue :  specifically  applied  to  parrots 
of  the  group  Trichoglossince. 

brush-turkey  (brush'ter'ki),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  a  large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of 
Australia,  the  Talegallus  lathami,  of  the  family 
Megapodiidce,  of  about  the  size  of  a  turkey, 
blackish-brown  above  and  silvery-gray  below: 
so  culled  because  it  lives  in  the  brush  or  scrub. 

brush-wheel  (brush'hwel),  ».  1.  A  toothless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles,  or 
some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as  cloth, 
buff-leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like,  attached 
to  the  circumference. —  2.  A  circular  brush 
used  in  a  lathe,  with  polisbing-powders,  for 
cleaning  and  polishing  curved,  indented,  and 
chased  work. 

brushwood  (brush'wud),  n.  [<  brush  +  wood1.] 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
shrubs. —  2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

brushy  (brush'i),  a.     [<  brush  +  -y1.]    Resem- 
bling a  brush;  full  of  brush;  rough;  shaggy; 
long-haired, 
'the  brushy  .substance  of  the  nerve. 

Boyle,  Works,  III.  343. 

I      '.on  as  we  got  down  near  the  brushy  ravine  v le 

along  wit  I  ion  I  talking.    T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  129. 

brusk1,  brusque  (brusk),  a.    [<  F.  brusque,  < 

It.  briiseii  (=  Sp.  Pg.  brusco),  rude,  sharp,  sour; 

origin  unknown.]     Abrupt  in  manner;  rough; 

rude. 
We  are  sorry  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman  .  .  . 

found  hut  a  brush  welcome.         Wotton,  Eteliquiee,  p.  682. 

=  Syn.  Sic  abrupt. 
brusk'-'   (brusk),  a.     [Cf.  ML.  bruscatus,  of  a 

bronze  color,  pp.  of  bruseari,  hrujari ,  scorch, 

burn.]     In  her.,  tawny. 
bruskness,  brusqueriess  (brusk'nes),  n.     [< 

brush,  brusque,  +  -iiess.]    The  character  of  be 

ing  brusk  ;  a  rude,  abrupt,  or  blunt  manner, 
lie  was  almost  fierce  iii  his  brusqueness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

brusque,  brusqueness.    See  brusJc1,  bruskness. 
brusquerie  (brus'ke-re), n.    [F.,<  brusque:  see 

brusk  and  -en/.]      Same  as  bruskui  ss. 

Dorothea  .   .      Bpoke   with  cold  brusquerie,  ...   in 
ng  contra  I  with  the  solicitous  amiability  of  her  ad 

iirin-.f  F.lu.t,  Middleman!!    I     '.. 

Brussels  carpet,  lace,  sprouts.  See  the  nouns. 

brust1  thrust),  r.     A  dialectal  variant  oi  burst : 

ike  to  brust,"  Hunts. 
brust'-'t,  a.    [ME. :  see  birse,  bristle]   A  bristle. 


brutalism 

No  Jupiter,  no  Apolin, 
No  is  worth  the  brusi  ol  a  swin. 
Spec.  Early  Eng.  Metr.  Rom.  (ed.  Ellis),  II.  332, 
Roland  lough  [laughed]  and  said, 
No  is  worth  the  lunsi  of  a  swine. 

/.'mn.  of  Roland, 
brust'-'t,  »•    [ME.,  for  *brusini.  bristled,  en- 
raged, <  brust,  a  bristle :  seeftnsWe.]    Bristled; 
enraged. 

Cometh  the  maister  hudel  [beadle]  brust  use  a  bore, 

Polit.  Songs(e&.  Wright),  p.  151. 

brusten  (brus'tn).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 

brustle't  (brus'l),  ».  [<  ME.  brustlien,  a  par- 
allel form  to  brastlien,  <  AS.  brastlian,  also 
birisiliau.  crackle:  see  brastle.  As  an  imitative 
word,  cf.  rustle.]  I.  intrans.  To  crackle;  make 
a  small  crackling  noise ;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  silk 
garment. 

He  routeth  with  a  slepy  noise, 

And  brust/.  Ih  as  a  molikcs  fi'oise, 

When  it  is  throwe  into  the  panne. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant..  ii.  03. 
See,  where  the  sea  comes !  how  it  foams  ami  brustlet  ' 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 

II.  trttiis.  To  cause  to  crackle;  crack, 
break  'em  more;  they  are  hut  brustled  yet. 

Fletcher,  Wile  for  a  Month,  ii.  6. 

brustle'-t,  "•  A  dialectal  or  obsolete  form  of 
bristle. 

brustle'-'t  (brus'l),  v.  i.  1.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bristle. — 2.  To  approach  one 
threateningly:  as.  "  I'll  brustle  up  to  him,"  Ot- 
way. 

brustle3t  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  britscU ;  appar. 
a  freq.  form  of  bruise,  ME.  brust  u.  prob.  sug- 
gested by  brustle1:]     To  bruise;  crush. 

brustle1  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  written  brusle;  < 
OF.  brusler,  later  bruler  (>ME.  brule,  roast,  fry  l. 
mod.  F.  bruler  =  Pr.  bruslar,  burn,  =  II.  brus- 
tolare,  burn,  now  grill,  fry,  toast,  appar.  (<  1j. 
as  if  "/ler-iisttiliirr :  cf.  Pr.  usclar  for  ~tisllnr  = 
OSp.  usltir  =  It.  usiolare  =  Wall,  uslitri'i,  <  L. 
itslultire,  burn)  dim.  or  freq.  of  Pr.  brii-ar, 
bruisar  (for  *brussar)  =  It.  brusdare,  bruciare, 
iib-brttseitire  (ML.  bruseari;  brujare,  brustare, 
burn,  <  L.  as  if  *perustare,  freq.  of  L.  perurere, 
pp.  jitriis/iis,  burn  through,  <  ju  r,  through,  + 
urere,  burn.  The  forms  touch  some  of  different 
origin,  as  those  of  broil1,  q.  v.,  and  in  E.  tho 
word  maybe  indeed  a  particular  use  of  brust  it  i. 
crackle:  see  brustle1.]  To  parch.  HalliweU. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brut,  r.  i.  [E.  dial.,  also  brit,  appar.  <  F.  brnu- 
ter,  OP.  bruiislir,  browse:  see  browse1.]  To 
browse. 

Bruta  (bro'tii),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
bruttis.  irrational,  brute:  see  brute.]  It.  In 
the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond older  of  Mammalia,  containing  the  gen- 
era Elephas,  Trichechus,  Bradypus,  Myrmeeo- 
jihai/a,  Munis,  and  Uiisijpus. — 2.  In  mod.  :tuil., 
disencumbered  of  the  genera  Elephas  and  Tri- 
i-liit-ltiis,  and  same  as  Edentata.  [There  is  a  grow 
ing  tendency  to  use  the  term  in  this  sense  instead  of 
Edentata,  which  latter  is  literally  incorrect,  tew  of  the 
so-called  edentates  being  toothless.  I 

brutal  (bro'tal),  a.  [=  F.  brutal,  <  ML.  hritttt- 
lis,  savage,  stupid,  <  L.  bruins,  applied  to  dumb 
animals:  see  brute.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  brule;  brutish:  as,  brutal  nature; 
"brutal  kind,"  Milton,  1'.  L.,  ix.  565. 

In  Irish  districts,  men  deteriorated  in  size  and  shape, 

the  nose  sunk,  the  gums  were  exposed,  with  diminished 

hi'ain  and  brutal  form.  Emerson,  Eng.  traits,  p,  299 

How  widely  doth  the  brutal  courage  of  AJax  differfrom 

the  amiable  bravery  of  Diomedes ' 

/v. Iding,  Joseph  Andrew g. 

Hence  —  2.   Savage;  cruel;   inhuman;    unfeel- 
ing: as,  brutal  passions ;  brutal  manners. 

Brutal  alike  in  i\.t^  and  wold, 

With  callous  heart  and  hand  of  sit  ile. 

How  like  a  fiend  imi\  man  be  in  ele  ' 

wiiittt.  i,  \to'j^  m.  gone,  in. 

3.  Rude;  harsh;  coarse;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  human  eye  and  mind   together  integrate,  bo  to 
speak,  the  impressions  of  many  separate  and  selected 

ni    mi"  on,-  genera]  view,  while  the  earners  can 

only  une  a  brutal  copy  of  an  iiiiseieeied  state  of  things, 
with  all  its  atmospheric  ami  other  Imperfections. 

Science,  IV.  202. 

=  Syn.  2.   Brutish,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute);  unfeeling, 
ruthless,  rude,  rough,  gross,  men  ill  ss,  barbarous. 

brutalisation,  brutalise.     See  brutalieation, 

brutalize. 
brutalism  (brb'tal-izm),  n.    [(brutal  +  -ism.] 

The   practice  or  exercise  of   brutality;    inhu 

inanity. 
The  industrial  system  of  Europe  required  for  lis  adi 

i  ni an  amount  of  Buffering,  depravity,  ami  brutal. 

ism,  which  formed  One  of  the  great  scandals  of  the  age. 

/'i,  ,-  it,  illations,  II.  63. 


brutality 

brutality  (br8-tal'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  brutalities  (-tiz). 
[=  P.  brutalite",  <  ML.  brutalita(t-)s,  <  brutalis: 
see  brutal.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  brutal; 
inhumanity;  snvuo,euess;  gross  cruelty;  in- 
sensibility to  pity  or  shame. 

It  is  tn  be  noted  that  tlic  unredeemed  brutality  implied 
by  the  stories  of  the  earlier  gods  is  in  the  stories  of  the 
later  considerably  mitigated. 

//.  Spi  near,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  in?. 
2.  A  savage,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

The  mere  brutalities  exercised  in  war  by  enraged  con- 
querors are  perhaps  t.i  be  laid  out  of  view  in  estimating 
the  praetieal  effects  of  despotism.  Brougham. 

=  Syn.  1.  Barbarity,  ferocity,  truculence. 
brutalization   (brS'tal-i-za'shpn),  n.     [<  bni- 
talizt ■:  see  -ation.~\     The  act  of  brutalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  brutalized.     Also  spelled 
brutalisation. 

Scruples  of  conscience  respecting  the  rectitude  oi  thci: 
cause  would  paralyze  offi<  ers  and  soldiers.  So  that  a  cer- 
tain brutalization  has  to  be  maintained  during  inn-  pass- 
ing phase  of  civilization. 

//.  Spencer,  study  of  Sociol.,  p.  190. 
brutalize  (bro'tal-iz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  brutal- 
ized,  ppr.  brutalizing.  [=  !•'.  brutaUser,  <  bru- 
tal :  sec  brutal."]  I.  trans.  To  make  brutal, 
coarse,  gross,  or  inhuman ;  lower  to  the  level 
of  a  brute. 

Strange  !  that  a  creature  rational,  and  east 

In  human  mould,  should  brutalize  by  choice 

His  nature.  Cowper,  Task,  i. 

Degraded  and  brutalized  by  a  long  course  of  oppressive 
misgovernment.  Whately. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.     [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  brutalized  with  them  in  their  habits  and  man- 
ners. Addison,  Freeholder. 

Also  spelled  brutalise. 
brutally  (bro'tal-i),  adv.     Iu  a  brutal  manner; 
cruelly;  inhumanly;  in  a  coarse,  gross,  or  un- 
feeling manner. 

Brutally  repulsed  by  the  attending  lictors. 

Ooldsmith,  Alcander  and  Septimius. 

brute  (brSt),  a.  and  re.  [=  F.  brat.  fern,  brute, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bruto,  <  L.  brutus,  heavy,  unwieldy, 
stupid,  insensible,  unreasonable ;  particularly 
applied  in  later  L.  to  the  lower  animals.]  I. 
a.  1.  Senseless;  unconscious. 

Not  walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  brute  earth. 

Bentley. 

2.  Wanting  reason ;  animal ;  not  human :  as, 
a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  brute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.        Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  507. 
I  was  amazed  to  see  such  actions  and  behaviour  in  brute 
beasts.  Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  1. 

3.  Characteristic  of  animals;  of  brutal  charac- 
ter or  quality. 

Brute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  219. 
The  oppressed  invoked  the  power  of  Christianity  to  re- 
sist the  tyranny  of  brute  force. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  r.  S..  II.  484. 

4.  Blunt  or  dull  of  sentiment ;  without  sensi- 
bility; rough;  uncivilized;  insensible. 

The  brute  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 

The  joy  of  loving  or  of  being  loved.  Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  with  intelligence  or  intellec- 
tual effort ;  unintelligent ;  irrational. 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing  itself 
against  the  untamed  forests  and  dark  brute  Powers  of  na- 
ture, toe mer  nature  for  us.  Carlyle. 

6.  Harsh  ;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  brute  fact  is  expressed  in  the  phrase  "One  man's 
meat  is  another  mans  poison 

O.  W.  Holmes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  vii. 
=  Syn.  Brute  Brutish,  Brutal,  Beastly,  Bestial.  Brute  is 
the  most  general  of  these  words,  and  remains  nearest  to  the 
distinguishing  difference  between  man  and  beast,  irration- 
ality: as,  brute  force.  Brutish  is  especially  uncultured, 
stupid,  groveling:  as.  brutes  and  still  more  brutish  men. 
Brutal  implies  cruelty  or  lack  of  feeling:  as,  brutal  lan- 
guage or  conduct.  Beastly  expresses  that  which  is  alto- 
gether unworthy  of  a  man,  especially  that  which  is  filthy 
and  disgusting  in  conduct  or  manner  of  life.  Bestial  is 
applied  chiefly  to  that  which  is  carnal,  sensual,  lascivious  : 
as,  bestial  vices  or  appetites. 

The  feats  of  Hercules  .  .  .  were  triumphs  of  brute  force. 
Sumner,  Fame  and  Glory. 

The  brutish,  the  animal  instincts,  as  is  often  the  case, 
had  been  developed  earlier  than  the  intellectual  qualities. 
Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xxi. 
To  mask  .  .  . 
With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

7'.  nnyson,  Maud,  vi. 
This  filthy  simile,  this  beastly  line. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Sat.,  ii.  181. 
And  since  bis  ways  are  sweet, 
And  theirs  are  bestial,  bold  him  less  than  man. 

Tennyson,  Coining  of  Arthur. 

II.  ».  1.  A  beast,  especially  one  of  the  high- 
er quadrupeds;  any  animal  as  distinguished 
from  man. 


701 

Urates  may  bo  considered  as  either  aerial,  terrestrial, 
aquatic,  or  amphibious.  Locke. 

2.  A  brutal  person ;  a  savage  in  disposition  or 
manners ;  a  low-bred,  unfeeling  person. 
An  ill-natured  brute  of  a  husband.  Franklin. 

brutehood  (brot'hud),  re.  [<  brute  +  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  brute;  the  condition  of 
being  brute  or  brutish  in  nature  or  habits. 

It  is  modestly  suggested,  by  no  means  dogmatically  af- 
firmed, .  .  .  that  the  inlluenecs  thai  have  raised  mankind 
from  brutehood  to  its  present  condition  have  not  yet  ex- 
pended their  force.  Pop.  Set.  Jfo.,  XXVI.  461. 

brutelt,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 

brutely  (brBt'li ),  adv.  1.  In  a  rude  manner;  as 
a  brute.  Milton. — 2.  By  brute  force ;  without 
intelligent  effort ;  blindly.     [Rare.] 

Property  will  brutely  draw 
siill  to  the  proprietor. 

Emerson,  The  Celestial  Love. 

bruteness  (brfit'nes),  n.  [<  brute,  a.,  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  brutal  or  a  brute.    [Rare.] 

That  sire  he  fowl  In  spake  :  Thou  dotard  vile. 
That  with  thy  brutenesse  shendst  thy  comely  age. 

Spenser,  P.  Q.,  II.  viii.  12. 

The  immobility  or  bruteness  of  Nature  is  the  absence 

of  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

brutification  (bro"ti-n-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  brutify: 
see  -fy  and  -ation.]  The  act'of  brutifying ;  the 
act  or  state  of  becoming  or  making  brutal  or 
degraded. 

She  would  have  saved  thee,  as  Isaid  before,  from  bruti- 
fication. J.  Bail  lie. 

This  ultra-Circean  transformation  of  spirit  and  brutifi- 
cation of  speech  we  do  not  find  in  the  lighter  interludes  of 
great  and  perfect  tragedy.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  194. 

brutify  (bro'ti-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brutified, 
ppr.  brutifying.  [<  F.  brutifier,  <  L.  as  if  'bru- 
tificare,  <  brutus,  brute,  a.,  +  -ileum,  <  facere, 
make.]  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  a  brute ; 
degrade  the  moral  or  physical  state  of;  make 
senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 

Not  quite  brutified  and  void  of  sense. 

Burrow,  Works,  III.  5. 

It  has  possessed  only  two  secrets  for  governing,  ...  to 
drain  and  to  brutify  its  subjects.  Bentham. 

brutilt,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brutish  (bro'tish),  a.     [<  brute,  n.,  +  -ish1.]     1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  brute  or  brutes. 

There  his  welwoven  toyles,  and  subtil  traines, 
He  laid  the  brutish  nation  to  enwrap. 

Spenser,  Astrophel. 
Wandering  gods  disguised  iu  brutish  forms. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  4S1. 

2.  Like  a  brute;  characteristic  of  brutes,    (a) 
Unfeeling;  savage;  ferocious;  brutal. 

Bombarding  of  Cadiz  ;  a  cruel  and  brutish  way  of  mak- 
ing war,  first  begun  by  the  French. 

Evelyn.  Diary,  August  25,  1695. 

Not  riches 
Can  purchase  him,  nor  honours,  peaceably, 
And  force  were  brutish. 

Fletcher  [ami  another':),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 

(b)  Gross ;  carnal ;  bestial. 

It  is  the  brutish  love  of  this  world  that  is  blind. 

Baxter,  Saint's  Rest,  xiv. 

(c)  Uncultured;  unrefined;  ignorant;  stupid;  insensible. 
Brutes  and  brutish  men  are  commonly  more  aide  to  bear 

pain  than  others.  A".  Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra 

They  were  not  so  brutish  that  they  could  be  ignorant  to 

call  upon  the  name  of  God.      Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  §  35. 

=  Syn.  Brutal,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute),  dull,  barbarous, 
animal,  sensual. 

brutishly  (bro'tish-li),  adv.  In  a  brutish  man- 
ner; grossly;  irrationally;  stupidly;  savagely. 
South. 

brutishness   (bro'tish-nes),  n.     The   state   or 
quality  of  being  brutish  in  nature,  disposition, 
or  appearance ;  savageness. 
Not  true  valour,  but  brutishness.  Bp.  Sprat. 

In  many  of  the  Cynocephali,  longitudinal  osseous  ridges 
are  developed  upon  the  maxillee,  and  greatly  increase  the 
brutishness  of  their  aspect      Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  398. 

brutism  (bro'tizm),  n.  [<  brute  +  -ism.]  Brutal 
instincts  or  tendencies;  bruteness;  animality. 

bruttingt  (brut'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brut,  v.] 
Browsing. 

Hornbeam  preserves  itself  best  from  the  bruiting  of  the 
deer.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  I.  vi.  2. 

brutum  fulmen  (bro'tum  ful'men).  [L. :  bru- 
tum,  neut.  of  brutus,  insensible;  fulmen,  a  thun- 
derbolt :  see  brute  and  fulminate.]  A  harmless 
thunderbolt;  mere  noise  like  thunder;  empty 
noise  and  nothing  more. 

The  actors  do  not  value  themselves  upon  the  clap,  but 
regard  it  as  a  mere  brutum  fulmen,  or  empty  noise,  when 
it  has  not  the  sound  of  the  oaken  plant  in  it. 

Addison,  The  Trunkmaker  at  the  Play. 

Brutus  (bro'tus),  n.  [Appar.  in  reference  to 
Brutus,  one  of  the  two  celebrated  Romans  of 


Bryum 

thai  name.  Roman  busts  and  statues  often 
show sueh  an  arrangement  'if  the  hair.]  A  for- 
mer i le  "1'  dressing  the  hair,  in  which  it  was 

brushed  back  from  the  forehead,  and  worn  at 
first  in  disorder,  afterward  in  close  curls.    The 

style  si  i  ms  to  have  originated  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the 
Revolution  (1793  94),  when  it  was  the  fashion  to  imitate  tin! 
contemporan  conception  of  Roman  antiquity.  As  trans- 
planted to  England,  the  style  lasted  longer  than  in  Prance. 
The  word  is  now  used  lor  a  look  of  hair  brushed  upward 
and  backward  from  the  foi ehead. 

lb-  wore  his  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  in  a  Brutus  a. 
la  George  the  Fourth.  Hayhew. 

bruyere  (bro-yar'),  u.  [F.,  formerly  bruyere, 
hrirre,  heath:  see  under  brier.]  The  tree- 
heath  of  Europe,  Erica  minima. 

Bryaceae  (brl-a'se-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bryum  + 
-nene.]  An  order  of  mosses,  comprising  all  the 
true  mosses,  as  distinguished  from  the  peat- 
moss {Sphagnum)  and  the  schizoearpous  mosses 
( Anilmaii).      See  moss. 

Bryanite  (bri'an-it),  re.  [From  their  founder, 
William  Bryan  (about  1815).]  One  of  a  Metho- 
dist body,  more  properly  known  as  Bible  I  'It  ris- 
liaus  (which  see,  under  Bible). 

Brydges  clotht.    Same  as  cloth  of  Bruges  (which 

see,    under  chilli). 

brygmus  (brig'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jipvyyic,  a 
biting,  gnashing  of  teeth,  </3p{«efl>,  bite,  ftnaw, 
gnash.]  In  pathol.,  gnashing  or  grating  of  the 
teeth  during  sleep :  a  symptom  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 

bryle  (bril),  n.    Same  as  broil?. 

brym't,  brymmeH,  etc.    See  brim*,  ete. 

brynkt,  "•    See  brink. 

bryological  (lui-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
bryology;  consisting  of  mosses:  as,  the  bryo- 
logical  flora.     Nature. 

bryologist  (bri-ol'o-jist),  re.  [<  bryology  +  -ist.] 
A  botanist  who  lias  made  a  special  study  of  the 
mosses  and  is  skilled  in  their  determination ; 
a  specialist  iu  bryology. 

Thanks  to  our  sole  surviving  bryologist,  the  venerable 
Lesquereux,  we  have  at  length  a  comprehensive  manual 
of  North-American  mosses.  Science,  IV.  44ii. 

bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji)j».  [<  Gr.  (ipvov,  moss  (see 
Bryum),  +  -/Xoyia,  <  Aeyen;  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  science  of  mosses,  their  structure,  affinities, 
classification,  etc. 

Bryonia  (bri-6'ni-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  flpvuvia,  also 
(ipvdvn,  bryony,  <'  ppveiv,  teem,  swell,  be  full. 
Hence  E.  bryony.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  t'ueurliitaeeie :  see  bryony. —  2.  [/.  c] 
The  name  in  the  pharmacopoeias  of  the  root  of 
Bryonia  alba  and  B.  dioica,  used  as  a  cathartic. 

bryonin,  bryonine  (bri'o-nin),  ».  [<  bryony  + 
-in2,  -ine2.]  A  white  intensely  bitter  principle, 
a  glueoside  (C4oHgoOi9)  extracted  from  the 
root  of  Bryonia  alba  and  A  dioica.  Also  spelled 
brionin,  brionine. 

bryony  (bri'o-ni),  n.  [<  L.  bryonia:  see  Bryo- 
nia.] The  common  name  of  species  of  Bryo- 
nia, a  cucurbitaeeous  genus  of  plants,  possess- 
ing acrid,  emetic,  and  purgative  properties 
which  have  given  them  repute  as  remedies  for 
many  diseases  from  early  times.  The  common 
white-  or  red-berried  bryony,  B.  dioica,  and  the  black- 
berried,  B.  alba,  are  both  natives  of  Europe.  Also  spelled 
brionii.  —  Bastard  bryony,  of  the  West  Indies.  VitistCis- 
sas)  sicyoides.—  'Bla.ak  bryony,  of  Europe,  the  Tarnus 
communis,  a  tall  climbing  plant  belonging  to  the  natural 
order  Dioscoreaceos.  It  has  large  black  roots,  the  acrid 
juice  of  which  has  been  used  in  plasters. 

Bryophyta  (bri-of'i-ta),  re.  pi.  [<  NL.  bryo- 
pliylum,  <  Gr.  (jpiov,  moss,  +  tfivTov,  a  plant.] 
A  division  of  the  higher  cryptogams,  including 
the  Hepatieiv  and  mosses. 

bryophyte  (bri'o-fit),  re.  A  member  of  the 
Bryophyta. 

bryoretin  (bri-o-ret'in),  n.  [Irreg.  <  bryonin.] 
A  substance  produced  from  the  glueoside  bry- 
onin by  treating  it  with  an  acid. 

Bryozoa  (brl-o-zo'S),  re.  /</.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppbm>, 
moss  (see  Bryum).  +  Com;  pi.  Co>a,  an  animal.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  the  Potyeoa,  from 
their  resemblance  to  mosses.  Ehrenberg,  1831. 
See  Polyzoa. 

bryozoan  (brl-o-zo'an),  «.  and  n.    I.  a.  In  cool, 
relating  to  the  Bryozoa. 
II.  n.   One  of  the  Bryozoa. 

bryozoid  (bri-6-zo'id),  a.  and  n.  Same  as  bryo- 
zoan. 

bryozoou  (bri-o-zo'pn),  n.     Same  as  bryozoan. 

bryozoum  (bn-o-zo'um),  »;  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Bryozoa.]     One  of  the  Bryozoa.     Dana. 

Bryum  (bri'um),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bryon),  <  Gr. 
fll'lov,  a  kind  of  mossy  seaweed,  tree-moss, 
lichen,  the  clustering  male  blossom  of  the 
hazel,  a  blossom  or  flower,  <  fjpveiv,  teem  or 
swell,  be  full,  grow  luxuriantly.]    A  large  and 


Bryum 


702 


which  Infest  their  hides.     />'.  erythrorhynehus  Is  oommou 
iri. i    11  i,i  ri    M  Is  known  to  the  natives  as  the 
,      sir  Andrew  Smith. 
pendent,  pyriform  <-:j  j>-mI.-  which  has  a  double  Bubalus  (hu'ba-lus).  n.    [L. :   sec  buffalo.)    1. 

A  genus  or  subgenus  of  bovines,  oontainin: 


important  genus  of  mosses,  characterized  by 

fruit  borne  at  the  ends  of  tin'  branches,  and  a 


row  of  Irai  -  teeth 

bryzet,  "■    A"  i  breeze1. 

B.  Sc. '  An  abbrei  iatiorj  of  Baccalaun  us  Si  h  » 

or  Bachelor  of  Science. 
bu(bS),  n.    [Jap.]    A  rectangular  silver  coin 

of  Japan,  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  rio  or  tael 


[aloes  proper,  as  the  Indian  buffalo  and 

the    African    buffalo:    sometimes  restricted    to 

til,,   latter.     Hamilton   smith,  1827.    See  outs 
under  buffalo. —  2.    [1.  <•.]    A  member  of  this 

ctms. 


tie  name  is  still  some-  Rubber    (huh'er),    «.     [<   bub\  2,   +  -ei*.]     A 


.  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  yi  n  or  dollar, 
and  formerly  calli  d  (errom  ouslj  n  hen  more 
than  and 

bu.,  bush.    Abbreviations  of  bushel  or  bushels. 
buansuah,  buansu  (bS-an-so'fi,  Ui-nn-sd'),  ?t 


drinker. 
Though  I  am  no  mark  in  respect  "f  a  huge  butt,  yet  I 
,M   ill  you  great  bubbers  have  shot  at  me. 

Middleton,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 


In    Cyon   primawus,  the  bubble1  (bub'l),  n.     [First  in  early  mod.  E. 

wild  dog  of  Nepal  and  northern  India,  sup- 


Buansuah  ( Cyon  priititzvits). 

posed  by  some  to  be  the  original  type  of  the 
tribe.  It  is  of  a  reddish  color,  pair  underneath, 
with  a  bushy,  pendulous  tail,  ami  in  si/.-  intermediate 
between  the  wolf  and  the  jackal,  but  with  very  strong 
limbs      li  i-  capable  "i  l.ein-  tamed.     See  Ciimi. 

Buarrhemon  (bo-a-re'nion),  it.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
)i  , .  ,.\.  +  ,/,,.',,. ',,,r.  speechless  :  see  drrhemon.) 
An  extensive  genus  of  pityline  lanagers,  con- 
taining  about  :>•"'  species,  .if  terrestrial  habits 
and  dull  eolors.  Bonaparte,  1850.  See  Arrhe- 
mon. 

buat  i  bo'at),  ».  [<  <  rael.  Ir.  buite,  a  firebrand, 
Ir.  also  fire.]  A  hand-lantern.  Also  written 
bowet.     [Scotch.] 

buaze-fiber  (bu'az-fi  ber),  n.  The  fiber  of  a 
polygalaceous  bush  of  tropical  Africa,  Sieiin- 
ilneu  pallida,  describe. 1  as  of  excellent  quality 
and  resembling  flax. 

bub1  (bub),  a.  [Perhaps  short,  for  bubble;  cf. 
linti-.\  1.  A.  substitute  for  yeast,  prepared  by 
mixing  meal  or  Hour  with  a  little  yeast  in  a 
quantity  of  warm  wort  and  water. —  2.  Strong 
drink  of  any  kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  li- 
quor.    [Cant.  J 

hub2?  (bub),  v.  t.  [Short  for  bubble.)  To  throw 
out  in  bubbles.      Mir.  for  Mays. 

bub:i  (bub),  n.  [Also  hubby;  origin  obscure; 
cf.  pap.  'I'll.'  word  bears  a  close  but  accidental 
n  semblance  to  Sind.  babbi,  hula  (a  pron.  u),  a 
woman's  In-cast.  |    A  woman's  I  if. -a  st.    [Vulgar.] 

bub'  i  bub),  ".  [Also  hubby,  a  dim.  form;  usu- 
ally supposed  to  be,  like  bud?,  a  corruption 

of  brother.     Cf.  (!.  huhe,  etc,  a  boy:  see  boy.] 
A  bov:    used   in   familiar   address.      [Colloq., 
I'.  8.1 
Bubalichthyinae  (bu-bal-ik-thi-I'ne),  ».  pi. 

[XI...  <  Buoaliehthys  +  -inn.]      A  subfamily  of 
i     ,,  tomida  :  synonymous  with  Ictiobmte  (which 

bubalichthyine  (bu-bal-ik'thi-in),  «.  and  «.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  of  baving  the  characters  of  the 

II.  n.  One  of   I  • 'a  ill iii mi  :  a   buffalo 

fish. 
Bubalichthys  (bu-bal-ik'this),  /'.     [NL.,  <  Bu- 

balus  +  Gr.  ,  B    fish.]     The  typical  genus 

bomoid  lish.-s  of  the  subfamily  Buba- 
lichihyitue ;  the  buffalo-fishes. 
bubaline    bu'i.a  lin  i.  e.    [<  I,,  bubaUnus,  per- 
ing  to  th.    initial n*.  buffalo.]     1.  Pertain- 
ing to  th.   iiuiiiii    oi  buffalo. —  2.  Resembling 
a   buffalo;   bovine:    as,  tin-  bubalim  group  of 
lopes :   speeificallj    applied  to     Ucelaphus 

lope. 

bubalis  (bu'bi  [NL.,  also  bubale;  < 

Gr. 

i.tfully referred  \  large  bu- 

baiine  antelope  of  Africa,  dleelaphus  bubo. 
Bubalornis  (bu-ba-lfir'nis),  ».    j  XI...  •'   Bubo- 
In     I    i  .i .  ■.  ,  N  .  a   bird.  ]     A   genu     oi     ■, 

birds,  of  the  family  Ploceida  :  He-  buf 

•    Is.         Mi,   -. 

iA  following  cattle  in  order  to  feci   ou  the  pa 


bubonic 

Iteration,  the  South  Sea  Company,  Which  was  to  have  a 

monopoly  oi  the  trail.-  with  Spanish  South  America, 1 

a  part  of  th.-  capital  stock  ol  which  was  to  constitute  the 
fund.  The  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  re* 
h.t i. .us  with  England  made  the  pi  li  lit  ges  ol  th.-  company 
worthless;  hut  by  means  of  a  series  of  speculative  opera- 

ti.uis  ;mii  the  Enfatuati f  the  people  its  shares  were 

inflated  from  £100  to  £1,060.  Its  failure  caused  great  dis- 
tress throughout  England. 

bubble1  (bub'l).  c. ;  prot.  and  pp.  bubbled,  ppr. 
bubbling.  [=  MLG.  LG.  bubbeln  =  MD.  I),  bob- 
belen  =  Man.  boble,  bubble  ;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 
boiling  or  agitated  ;  send  up  bubbles.  —  2.  To 
run  with  a  gurgling  noise;  gurgle:  as,  "bub- 
bling fountains,"  /'»/"',  Autumn,  1.  43. 
On  yen  swell  n  brook  that  bubbles  last, 

l'.y  niea.luw.s  lucathine  of  (lie  past. 

/  In  \h  ui-.riani.  x.-ix. 

3.  To  utter  a  bubbling  or  gurgling  cry.    [Bare.] 
At  mine  ear 
Bubbled  the  nightingale.       Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  bubble 

I'd  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reel.  KeaU. 

2.  Tocheat;  deceive  or  impose  on;  hoodwink; 

bamboozle. 

Bubbled  out  of  Heir  g is  and  money  ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  11. 

when  slavery  could  not  bully,  it  bubbled  its  victim. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  :!T7. 

bubble-  (bub'l),  v.  i.     [Also  bibble;  cf.  bubble* 

and  blubber.]     To  shed  tears  in  it  sniveling, 

blubbering,  childish  way.    Jamieson.     [Scotch 

and  North.  Eng.] 

bubble:1  (bub'l),  n.    Snot.   Jamieson.    [Scotch.] 

tes,  miles,  trifles,  bub-  kUDble-b0Wt,  it.    [Apiece  of  fashionable  slang, 

dare,  cheat    trick    rob,     mcntiom,,i  y,v  I 


:  MLG.  bubbele,  LG.  bubbel  =  MD.  bobbel  = 
Dan.  boble  =  Sw.  biibbln.  formerly  bubla,  a  bub- 
ble. The  E.  and  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG. 
origin,  but  all,  like  the  equiv.  early  mod.  E. 
biirhli  (see  burble),  L.  bulla  (see  bulla,  bull-, 
hail-,  etc.),  Skt.  hiiilhinla,  Hind,  biiilbiiiln,  hul- 
Inihi.  Hindi  bululd,  Pali  bubbulam,  a  bubble 
(and.  more  remotely,  like  Bohem.  hmihil.  /mil- 
ium. Pol.  babel,  >  Little  Puss,  bombel,  a  bubble 
—  words  having  the  same  ult.  base  as  bomb-, 
bombus,  q.  v.),  are  prob.  ult.  imitative  of  the 
sound  of  the  gurgling  of  water  in  which  bub- 
bles are  forming.  Cf.  blubber,  blabber,  blob. 
The  senses  of  'a  trifle,  delusion,  trick,'  etc, 
proceed  naturally  from  the  lit.  sense,  and  have 
no  orig.  connection  with  the  accidentally  simi- 
lar It.  bubbola,  bubula,  a  trick,  fib,  sham,  deceit, 
pl.  bubbole,  idle  stories,  formerly  "bubale,  bub- 
hule,  toies,  iests,  vanit' 
bles"  (Florio),  <  bubbola 
formerly  "bubolare,  to  bubble"  [i.  e.,  cheat 
gull,  dupe]  (Florio),  <  bubbola,  bubula,  formerly 
In/hula,  pupola,  puppula,  a  hoopoe  (see  koop$, 
hoopoe,  upupa),  the  figure  of  speech  being  the 
same  as  the  verbs  gull  and  dupe,  q.  v.]  1.  A 
small  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated 
with  air  or  other  gas,  and  floating  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  fluid.  Such  vesicles  can  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  soap-bubble,  be  separated  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid,  or  be  forme. I  independently  of  it,  by 
blowing  from  a  pipe  or  other  instrument. 

Ob,  Fortune, 

That  thou  hast  none  to  fool  and  blow  like  bubbles 

But  kind's  and  their  contents  t 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 

Ay,  thus  we  are  ;  and  all  our  painted  glory 
A  bubble  that,  a  h..y  blows  into  the  air, 
And  there  it  breaks. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  2. 

2.  A  small  globule  of  air  or  other  gas  in  or  ris- 
ing through  a  liquid. — 3.  The  vesicle  of  air  in 
the  glass  spirit-tube  of  a  mechanics'  level. — 
4.  One  of  the  small  hollow  beads  of  glass  for- 


Pope,  along  with  cosin,  tampion, 
colmar,  toupee,  in  the  quot.  below,  as  "in  use 
in  this  present  year  17l'7":  supposed  to  stand 
for  *buobVe-beau,  <  bubble,  v.,  +  obj.  beau;  but 
perhaps  of  no  particular  meaning.]  A  tweezer- 
case. 

I.ae'.l  in  her  ensius  [BtaVS]  new  appear'.!  the  bride, 

A  bubble-bow  and  tompion  [watch  I  at  her  side, 
V 1 1. i  with  an  air  divine  her  eoliuar  [fan]  ply  d. 
Then,  eh  !  she  cries,  What  slaves  I  round  me  see  ! 

Here  a  bright  Redcoat,  there  a  smart  toupee. 

Pope,  Treatise  on  the  Bathos. 

bubbler  (bub'ler), «.  If.  One  who  cheats.  Pope. 
—  2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Sciwniila,  Aplodinotus 
grunniens,  the  fresh-water  drumfish,  found  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river:  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Also  called  bub- 
bling-fish. 

bubble-shell  (bub'1-shel),  ».  A  shell  of  the  fam- 
ily Bullidaiantl  genus  Bulla,  of  an  oval  form,  with 
the  outermost  whorl  involving  all  the  others. 
Species  tire  numerous  in  tropical  and  warm 
seas.     See  cuts  under  Bulla. 


merly  used  for  testing  the  strength  of  spirits  by  bubbling  (bub'ling),  p.  ».    [Ppr.  of  bubble*,  v.] 


the  rate  at  which  they  rise  after  being  plunged 
in  them.  See  bead,  7. —  5.  Anything  that  wants 
firmness,  substance,  orpermanence;  thatwhich 
is  more  specious  than  real;  a  vain  project;  a 
false  show;  a  delusion;  a  trifle. 

A  soldier,  .  . . 
Set  king  the  bubble  reputation 
Even  in  the  cannon  s  mouth. 

Slml,:,  As  yen  Bike  it,  ii.  7. 

War,  he  sun.;,  is  toil  and  trouble; 
Honour,  hut  an  empty  bubble. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast. 

Aii  inflated   speculation;  a  delusive   corn- 


Emitting  or  exhibiting  bubbles:  giving  out  a 

sound  such  as  is  caused  by  bubbles:  gurgling. 

Xhe  bubbling  cry 
of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony, 

Byron,  Don  .'nan.  ii.  58. 

bubbling-fish  (bub'ling-fish),  it.  Same  as  bub- 
bler, '2,     Ttafinesque. 

bubbly1  (bub'li),  ,;.  [<  bubble!  +  -yl.]  Full  of 
bubbles:  as,  "bubbly  spume,"  Xnslt,  Lenten 
Stuffe.  p.  8. 


bubbly-"(bub'li),rt.    [<bubble2+-y}.]    Snotty 
as,  the  bairn  has  a  bubbly  nose 
and  Scotch.] 


below. 

This  may  nut  at  first  si;;ht  appear  a  lame   s to  those 

who  remember  the  bubbh  -  ol  18 ',-  and  ol  L845. 

\tacaulay,  lli-t.  Eng.,  xxiv. 

7f.  A  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project;  a 
dupe. 

li.-  has  been  my  bubble  these  twenty  years. 

Arbuthnot,  John  I'-uil 

His  pity  and  compassion  make  him  Bometimes  a  bubble 
to  all  hi-  nil-  v,  Steele,  Taller,  No.  'Jr. 

Bubble  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1720,  intended  to  re- 

siri.-i  illusory  sell,- s  ..f  corporate  or  asso.-iaie  organiza 

ii adopted  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  such  frauds  as 

the  South  Sea  bubble.  -  Bubble  and  squeak,  (a)  A  dish 
,  on  i  i  in-  of  fried  beei  and  cabbage  :  probably  so  called 
1 1  ,,in  He   sounds  made  during  frying. 

Paul,  and  title!  bubble  and   iqueaJt  '     No!  not  half  so 

i  a-  bubble  and  squeak;  English  beef  andg I  cab- 

bag.  Bui  foreign  rank  and  title;  foreign  cabbage  and 
b.  el  '  foreign  bubble  and  foreign  squeal  ' 

Bulwer,  My  Novel,  viii.  B. 

,  in  n,\\  England,  hash  or  minced  meat.     South  Sea 

bubble,  a  financial  scheme  which  originated  in  England 

L711  and  collapsed  In  1720     li  was  proposed  bj  the 

i  irl  of  Oxford  to  fund  a  Boating  debl  of  £10,000,000,  the 

purchasers  of  which  should  become  stockholders  in  a  cor- 


[North.  Eng. 
turkey-cock. 
[See&tt&S.] 


Wliv  don't  von  e,,  and  suck  the  bni 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

bubby-  (bub'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  bub*.]  A  familiar 
term  of  address  to  little  boys;  bub.      [U.  S.] 

bubo1  (hu'bo),  n.  [=  F.  biihini  =  Sp.  billion  = 
Pg.  biibao  =  It.  bubone  =  Wall,  buboin,  <  ML. 
biihiiiu-).  ;i  tumor,  <  Or.  tor  16k,  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.  |  In  med.,  tin  inflamma- 
tory swelling  of  a  Lymphatic  gland,  especially 
such  as  arises  in  I  he  groin  from  venereal  in- 
fection. 

Bubo-  (bu'bo),  ii.  [L..  an  owl.  the  horned  owl. 
The  name  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  ..I  its  cry 
as  if  Ini  hu  :  cf.  E.  tu-whoo,  etc.]  A  genus  of 
large  owls  with  conspicuous  pliiniie.irns,  rela- 
tively small  ear-aperture,  incomplete  facial 
disk,  and  feather.-.l  fe.-t.  [t  contains  the  great  owl 
or  eagle-owl  of  Europe,  '■'  maximus,  the  greal  horned 
owl  .,f  North  tmerica  !'■  oirginianus,  and  sundry  other 
[,,  -I,  is.    s.-e  .ill  on  next  page. 

bubonic  (bu-bon'ik),  ».     f<  ML.  bubo(n-),  a  tu 
iiii.r  (see  »«/..,!),  +  -ic.]    In  }iatli'il.,  pertaining 
to  of  of  the  nature  of  a  bubo. 


Buboninae 


m 


Viiginia  Homed  Owl    Bubs  vtrginianus). 

Buboninse  (bu-bo-nl'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bubo2 
(Bitbt)ii-)  +  -hid'.]  A  subfamily  of  owls,  family 
Strigida,  adopted  by  some  writers  for  the  gen- 
era Bubo,  Scops,  and  some  other  horned  or 
"cat"  owls. 

bubonine  (bu'bo-nin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  BubonincB. 

bubonocele  (bii-bo'no-sel  or  -se-le),  11.  [<  Gr. 
iiov^uriihi,'/!/,  <  f}gvf3tn>,  the  groin  (see  bubo1),  + 
k>i%7/,  tumor.]  In  pathol.,  inguinal  hernia  or 
rupture :  often  restricted  to  an  oblique  inguina  1 
hernia  which  has  not  passed  the  external  ring, 
but  occupies  the  inguinal  canal. 

bubuklet,"-  A  pimple:  a  word  of  uncertain  form 

and  origin,  found  only  in  the  following  passage, 

where  it  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  face  is  all  bubuklea,  and  welks,  an. I  knobs,  and  flames 

of  Are.  Shok.,  Hen.  V.,  Hi.  6. 

Bubulcus  (bu-bul'kus),  n.  [NX/.,  <  L.  bubulcus, 
a  plowman,  herdsman  (of.  bulmliis,  pertaining 
to  oxen  or  cattle),  <  bos(bov-),  an  ox:  see  Bos.] 
A  genus  of  herons,  containing  the  buff -backed 
heron,  B.  ibis,  formerly  called  Ardea  bubulcus 
and  Ardea  russata,  chiefly  an  African  species, 
related  to  the  squaceo  heron. 

bubulin  (bu'bu-fin),  n.  [<  L.  bubulus,  pertain- 
ing to  cattle  (<  bos  ('«»■-),  an  ox:  see  Bos),  + 
-in-.]  A  peculiar  substance  existing  in  the 
dung  of  beasts,  which  is  copiously  precipitated 
by  metallic  salts,  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum, 
and  therefore  active  in  the  application  of  cow- 
dung  to  calico- printing. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  n.  [<  F.  bouccm, 
"a  woodden-gridiron,  whereon  the  Cannibals 
broyle  pieces  of  men,  and  other  flesh"  (Cot- 
grave),  a  place  for  smoking  meat ;  said  to  be  a 
native  Carib  word:  hence  bueaiiecr,  etc.  See 
bucaneer.]  1.  A  kind  of  gridiron  for  smoking 
meat. — 2.  A  place  where  meat  is  smoked. — 3. 
In  the  West  Indies,  a  place  where  coffee  or  co- 
coa is  dried.  III.  London  Neios. 
Also  hiicint,  boucan. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  v.  t.  [Also  written  bou- 
can; <  F.  boucaner,  <  boucan,  E.  bucan,  n.,  q. 
v.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on 
a  bucan,  as  beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  meat 
formerly  practised  by  the  Carlos  and  afterward 
by  Europeans  in  the  West  Indies.  Also  boucan. 
Dressed  in  the  smoke,  which  in  their  language  they  call 
boucaned.  Hakluyt. 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  n.  [<  F.  bou- 

cmiier,  a  curer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  <  bou- 
caner, smoke  meat,  <  Imuran,  a  place  for  smok- 
ing meat:  see  bucan,  n.]  1.  Originally,  one  of 
the  French  settlers  in  Hispaniola  or  Hayti  and 
Tortugas,  whose  occupation  was  to. hunt  wild 
cattle  and  hogs,  and  cure  their  flesh. 

It  is  now  high  time  to  speak  ol  the  French  nation  who 
inhabit  a  great  part  of  this  island  [Hispaniola].  .  .  .  The 
Hunters  are  again  divided  into  several  sorts.  For  some  of 
these  are  only  given  to  hunt  wild  Hulls  and  Cows,  others 
only  hunt  wild  Bores.  The  first  of  these  two  sorts  of 
Hunters  are  called  Bucaniers.  .  .  .  When  the  Bucaniers 
go  into  the  woods  to  limit  for  wild  bulls  and  cows,  they 
commonly  remain  there  the  space  of  a  whole  twelvemonth 
or  two  years  without  returning  home. 

Bucaniers  of  America  (London,  16S4),  p.  69. 
2.  A  pirate;  a  freebooter;  especially,  one  of 
the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  French  and 
British,  who  combined  to  make  depredations 
on  the  Spaniards  iu  America  in  the  second  half 
of  the  seventeenth  century :  so  called  because 
the  first  of  the  class  were  Frenchmen  driven 
from  their  business  of  bucaning  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  of  Hispaniola. 

lie  [Warren  Hastings]  was  far  too  enlightened  a  man  to 
look  on  a  great  empire  merely  as  a  buccanier  would  look 
on  a  galleon.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Also  spelled  bucauicr,  buccanier. 


703 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (bnk-a-ner'),  v.  i.  [<  buc- 
aneer, it.]  To  act  the  part  of  a  pirate  or  free- 
booter.    Quarterly  Rev. 

The  irreverent.  Iiuccan,  crin,/  bee 

Hath  stormed  and  lilted  tic  nunnery  of  the  lily. 

t0VH  U,    VI      '     KM 

bucaneerish,  buccaneerish  (buk-a-ner'ish),  a. 

[<  bucaneer  +  -ish1.]     Kesembling  a  bucaneer. 

Bj  a lUght  we  are  creeping  under  the  Crowning  cliffs 

of  Aboofeyda,  and  voyage  all  night  in  a  buccaneerish  fa  h 
ion.  CD.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  114, 

bucaro  (bo'ldi-ro),  n.  [Sp.  Mcaro,  a  vessel 
made  of  an  odoriferous  earth  of  the  same  name, 
>  Pg.  bucaro,  a  sort  of  earth.]  An  earthen- 
ware water-jar  used  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Those  made  in  Estreinadura,  of  light-reddish 
clay,  are  especially  esteemed. 

bucca  (buk'ii ),  n. ;  pi.  biiecic  (-se).  [L. ;  hence 
bocca,  him,  h,,  buckle2,  buckler,  etc.]  In  anat., 
the  hollow  part  of  the  check  which  projects 
when  the  cheeks  are  inflated;  also,  the  entire 
cheek,  and  hence  the  mouth  as  a  whole,  with 
reference  to  its  cavity  and  all  the  surrounding 
parts. 

buccal  (buk'al), «.  [<  bucca  + -al;  =  F.  buccal.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  bucca  or  cheek. — 2.  Per- 
taining to  the  sides  of  the  mouth,  or  to  the  mouth 
or  mouth-parts  as  a  whole ;  oral ;  maxillary. — 
Buccal  artery,  a  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery. 
—  Buccal  cavity ,  the  cavity  of  the  mouth.-  Buccal  fun- 
nel, in  Rotifera.  See  mastaa. — Buccal  ganglia,  in  Mol- 
/"  ca,  ganglia  which  give  otf  nerves  to  the  mouth  and  ali- 
mentary canal.  They  are  connected  with  the  cerebral 
ganglia  bya  pairof  nerves  along  the  esophagus. — Buccal 
glands.  See  gland. — Buccal  mass,  in  Moilusca,  the  so- 
called  pharynx,  the  organ  of  prehension  and  mastication 
of  food,  present  in  all  niollusks  except  lamellibranehs.  See 
cut  under  Dvbranchiata. —  Buccal  nerve,  (a)  A  branch 
of  the  facial  nerve  which  supplies  the  buccinator  and  orbi- 
cularis oris  muscles,  (b)  A  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary 

nerve  supplying  the  integument  and  mucous  membra i 

the  cheek.— Buccal  openings  or  fissures,  in  Coleoptera, 
posterior  prolongations  of  the  mouth-cavity,  on  each  side  of 
the  mentum. — Buccal  sutures,  iu  Coleoptera,  impressed 
lines  originating  in  the  buccal  fissures  or  corners  of  the 
mouth,  running  backward,  and  often  coalescing  behind. 
Also  called  ffular  futures.— Buccal  vein,  a  vein  of  the 
cheek  emptying  into  the  facial  vein. 

buccan,  buccaneer,  buccaneerish.  See  bucan, 
linen  in  i  r,  bucaneerish. 

buccate  (buk'at),  a.  [<  NL.  buccatus,  <  L.  buc- 
ca, the  cheek  distended.]  In  entom.,  having 
distended  genw,  or  cheeks,  as  certain  Diptera. 

buccellationt  (buk-se-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  buccel- 
la,  a  small  mouthful,  small  bread  divided  among 
the  poor  (ef.  buccellatuin,  a  soldier's  biscuit), 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek,  mouth:  see  bucca.'] 
The  act  of  breaking  into  small  pieces.    Harris. 

bucchero  (bok-ka'ro),  n.  [It.]  In  archanl..  a 
kind  of  ancient  Tuscan  pottery  of  a  uniform 
black  color,  and  neither  glazed  nor  painted. 
Vases  in  this  ware  are  of  two  classes:  those  scantily  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  low  relief,  impressed  upon  the 
clay  by  tile  rotation  of  an  engraved  cylinder;  and  those 
of  later  date,  profusely  ornamented  with  reliefs  from  inde- 
pendent stamps,  and  with  figures  molded  separately  and 
applied  to  the  surface.  This  ware  is  peculiar  to  Tuscany, 
and  is  found  particularly  in  the  tombs  of  Vulci,  f'liiusi, 
and  the  neighboring  region.  Often  called  bucchero  nero 
ibl .i  k  bucchero). 

buccin  (buk'sin),  n.     Same  as  buccina. 

buccina  (buk'si-na),  ».;  pi.  buccina;  (-Tie).  [L., 
prop,  biicina.  a  (crooked)  trumpet  (>prob.  Gr. 
(Svicavn  (in  deriv.  sometimes  fiovn-),  a  trumpet), 
prob.  for  *bovicina,  <  bos  (bov-),  an  ox,  cow, 
+  canere,  sing,  play;  orig.  a  cow's  horn.]  An 
ancient  musical  instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind, 
originally  a  horn  of  an  ox  or  cow,  blown  by  a 
shepherd  to  assemble  his  flocks.     See  bussync. 

buccinal  (buk'si-nal),  a.  [<  buccina  +  -al.] 
1.  Shaped  like  a  trumpet. — 2.  Sounding  like 
a  horn  or  trumpet. 

buccinator  (buk'si-na-tor),  ii.;  pi.  bucematores 
(buk"si-na-to'rez).  [L.,  prop,  bueinator,  <  bud- 
ntiie,  pp.  hiieiiiiitiis,  blow  a  trumpet,  <  biieiim. 
trumpet:  see  buccina.']  1.  In  anat.,  the  trum- 
peters muscle ;  a  thiti  flat  muscle  forming  the 
wall  of  the  cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and 
also  in  blowing  wind-instruments  (whence  its 
name). — 2.  The  specific  name  of  the  trumpeter 
swan  of  North  America,  Cygnus  buccinator. — 
Buccinator  nerve,  the  buccal  nerve  of  the  inferior  max- 
illary. 

buccinatory  (buh'sin-a-to-ri),  a.    [<  buccinator 

+  -y.]       Of   or  pertaining  to  the   buccinator 
muscle. 
The  buccinatory  muscles  along  his  cheeks. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  6. 

buccinid  (buk'si-nid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Bucciiiidie :  a  whelk. 

Buccinidae  (buk-sin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Buc- 
cinum  +  -iila:]  A  family  of  rhachiglossate 
prosobranohiate  gastropodous  mollusks,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Buccinum,  to  which  very  dif- 


Bucellas 

ferent  limits  have  been  assigned,    Bj  tl idei 

authors  representatives  ol  varfousother  modern  families 
were  associated  with  Buccinum.  By  modem  authors  it 
is  restricted  to  a  smaller  defluiti  tied  chiefly  by 

Hie  armature  of  the  Mi.    'the  animal  ha-  a  Ungual 

ribbon  armed  with  erect  cuspidate  median  teeth  and 
lateral  teeth,  surmounted  by  2  to  6  denticles,  of  which  the 
outermost  are  largest.  The  Bhell  is  repp  sented  by  that 
known  as  the  whelk.  The  typical  Bpei  ies  ari  inhabi- 
tants of  the  cold  seas,  but  others  are  inhabitants  of  warm 
si  :i  See  cut  under  Buccinum. 
bucciniform  (buk-sin'i-fdrm),  a.    [<  Buccinum 

+  L.  forma,  form. J  ll;i\ing  the  form  or  ap- 
pearance of  a  b moid  whelk. 

Buccininae(buk-si-m'ne),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bucci- 
num +  -inn-.]  A  subfamily  of  buccinoid  gas- 
tropodous mollusks.     See  Iiiieeiintlii: 

buccinoid  (buk'si-noid),  a.  and  //.  [<  Buccinum 
+  -oid.]  I.  a.  Resembling  mollusks  of  the  ge- 
nus Buccinum  ;  shaped  like  a  whelk. 

II.   u.   A  member  of  the  family  Bnceiiiidn  . 

Buccinoida  (buk-si-noi'da),  ii.  pi.  [XL.]  Same 
;is  Buccinoiat  s. 

Buccinoides  (buk-si-no-ed'),  n.  jd.  [F.]  The 
name  of  Cuvicr's  third  family  of  pectinibrnn- 
ehiate  gastropods,  sometimes  Latinizedas  Bua- 
eiiiiiiila.  The  group  includes,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive than,  the  modern  family  BuccinicUe. 

buccinopsid  (buk-si-nop'sid),  n.  A  gastropod 
id'  (lie  family  Biiceiuupsidie. 

Buccinopsidae  (buk-si-nop'si-de),  n.  pi.     [XL., 

<  Buccinopsis  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  rhachi- 
glossate gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Buc- 
cinopsis. The  animal  has  an  elongated  lingual  ribbon, 
with  thin  unarmed  median  teeth  and  unicuspid  versatile 

lateral  teeth.      The  shell  is  like  that  of  a  whelk. 

Buccinopsis  (buk-si-nop'sis),  n.  [XL.,  <  Bucci- 
num +  Or.  oi/"f,  appearance.]  Agenus  of  gastro- 
pods with  shells  like  those  of  the  genus  Bucci- 
num, typical  of  the  family  Buccinopsidm. 

Buccinum  (buk'si-num),  n.  [L.,  prop,  bucinum, 
a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple,  <  bucina,  a 
trumpet.]  The  typical 
genus  of  mollusks  of  the 
family  Buccinidce.  By 
the  old  authors  numerous 
and  very  heterogeneous  spe- 
cies were  combined  in  it,  but 
by  modern  systematists  it  is 
restricted  to  the  whelks,  of 
which  B.  undatum  is  a  typi- 
cal example. 

Bucco(buk'o),  n.    [NL., 

<  L.  bucco,  a  babbler, 
blockhead,  fool,  lit. 
one  who  has  distended 
cheeks,  <  bucca,  cheek.] 
In  ornitli.,  a  generic 
namo  variously  used. 
(")  By  Brisson (1760)  applied 
to  a  genus  of  birds  contain- 
ing an  American  species  of 
the  modern  family  Bucconi. 
dee  and  two  species  of  Capito- 
nidce.    ('■)  By  Linnams  (1766) 

used  for  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  one  American  species 
of  Bucconidoe,  erroneously  attributed  to  Africa,  (c)  Ap- 
plied to  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  a  heterogeneous 
lot  of  species  composing  the  two  families  Bucconidos and 
Capitonidce.  (</)  Transferred  by  Temminck  (1820)  to  the 
CapitonidcB,  or  scansorial  barbets.  (e)  Restored  byGray 
(1816)  to  the  American  barbacous,  and  used  by  nearly  all 
subsequent  ornithologists  as  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bucconidas,  or  puff-birds.  About  16  species  are 
known,  all  from  South  and  Central  America,  having  a 
stout,  turgid  bill,  broad  at  the  base  and  somewhat  hooked 
at  the  end,  with  basal  nostrils,  rictal  vibrissas, short  round- 
ed wings,  moderate  rounded  tail  of  12  rectrices,  and  zygo- 
daetyl  feet,  with  the  third  toe  longest.  B.  collaris  is 
reddish-brown,  with  a  black  collar;  the  other  species  are 
mostly  pied  with  black  and  w  bite,  or  otherwise  variegated. 
buccolabial  (buk-6-l;i'bi-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  cheek  and  lip.— Buccolabial  nerve,  the  buccal 
branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  :  sometimes  restrict- 
ed  to  its  terminal    branch.  —  Superior  buccolabial 

nerve,  flu-  buccal  branch  of  the  facial  nerve. 

Bucconidse  (bu-kon'i-de),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Buc- 
coni-) +  -iiln:]  The  puff -birds ;  the  fissirostral 
zygodactyl  barbets;  the  barbacous;  a  family 
of  picarian  birds  related  to  the  jacamars,  or 
lialliididie.  They  have  a  large,  heavy  head  and  lull, 
prominent  rictal  vibrissa;,  short  rounded  w  ings  and  tail, 
the  toes  yoked  in  pairs,  tarsi  scutellate  and  reticulate,  no 
aftershafte,  nude  oil-gland,  ID  primaries,  12  rectrices,  oper- 
culate  nostrils,  anil  eyelashes.  The  family  is  small  and 
compact,  ami  confined  to  America,  where  it  is  represented 
by  about  4:!  species  of  the  7  genera  Bucco,  Mcuacoptiltt, 
Micromonacha,  bJonnula,  ffapaloptua,  Monacha  (or  Jfo- 
ii, no i),  and  Chelidoptera.  The  name  was  formerly  indefi- 
nitely applied  to  different  groups  of  birds  represented  by 
tie-  genera  Capito,  Megalosma,  etc.,  as  well  as  Bucco. 

buccula  (buk'u-lS),  «.;  pi.  bucculw  (-le).  [L., 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth. 
Cf.  buckle2.]  In  anat.,  the  fleshy  part  under 
the  chin. 

Bucellas  (bu-sel'as),  «.  A  Portuguese  wine  for- 
merly much  exported  to  England.  It  is  made 
near  Lisbon. 


Common  Whelk  [ Buccinum 
undatum).  ■ 


Bu  ctph  aluspolymor- 
phus,  magnified. 
a,     b,    suckers;     c, 

clear  cavity;  d,d,  cau- 
dal appendages. 


bucentaur 

bucentaur  (bu-sen't&r),  n.     [=  F.  bucentaure 

=  It.  bueentorio,  bucentoro,  <  Gr.  3ovc,  ox,  + 

o/jof,  oentaur.]      1.  A  mythical  monster, 

half  man  ami  half  lmll ;  a  centaur  with  the  body 

of  a  boll  in  place  of  that  of  ahorse. — 2.  [<"/'.! 

The  stale   barge  uf  Venice,  in  which  the  doge 

and  senate  annually  on  Ascension  day  per- 
formed the  ceremonial  marriage  of  the  state 
with  the  Adriatic,  symbolic  of  the  commercial 
power  of  the  repubho. 

!  .     p  ii     i        Ldi  iai  !'■  mourns  her  lord, 

An  annual  mai  riage  now  no  more  renewed ; 
The  Bucentaur  lies  rotting  unrestored, 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Childe  Harold,  iv.  <>:i. 
Bucephala  (bu-sef'a-lS),  «.    [N'Ij..  fern,  of  bu- 
cephalus,  <  <)r.  (3oi>«  f»    a  .  "\  beaded:  sec  Bu- 
cephalus.']   A  genus  of  ducks,  of  the  subfamily 

/  •i/tili/tir,  based  by  Band  in  lKfjS  upon  the 
bufde-headed  duck  of  North  America  (Anas 
"la  of  Liniuens.  Tuligula  albeola  of  authors 
in  general,  now  Bucephala  albeola),  including 
also  the  garrets,  called  by  him  Bucephala  iiiih- 

n  and  ]!.   islnnilirn.       Sec  buffie1. 

Bucephalus  (bu-sef'a-lus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  /?ou- 
"■ ,  ox-headed,  <  /3ot)c,  ox,  +  nctpa'Ari,  head. 
Cf.   L.  But  Bucepha- 

la, also  Bucephalus,  <  Gr.  B 

Kffja/.nf,  the  oame  of  the  cele- 
brated  war-horse  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.]  1.  The  cer- 
carian  larval  stage  of  certain 
flukes,  or  Trematoda,  named 
under  the  supposition  that  it 
was  a  distinct  animal. 
phalus  polymorphus,  a  parasite  uf 
the  freshwater  mussel,  whose  spo- 
rocysts  sometimes  fill  all  the  inter- 
spaces of  tlie  viscera  of  the  mus- 
sel, is  supposed  to  develop  into  the 
trematode  genus  Gasterostomam,  a 
l>ii  asite  of  fresh-water  fishes. 
2.  Iti  herpet.,  a  genus  of  Afri- 
can snakes,  of  the  family  l)en- 
dropltidte,  as  the  Bucephalus 
canensis. — 3.  [(.  c]  A  snake  of 
this  genus:  ;is,  "the  Cape  bucephalus," Sclater. 

Buceridse  (bu-ser'i-de),  ii.ph  [NL.,  short  for 
BucerotidcE.1    Same  as  BucerotidtB. 

Buceroides  (bii-se-roi'dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ceros  +  -aides.  ]  In  Blyth's  classification  of  birds 
(1849),  a  division  of  Syndactyly  including  the 
hornbills  and  hoopoes,  or  linn  rotidce  and  Vpu- 
pidte,  respectively  also  called  Appcndirostres 
and  Arculirostres :  distinguished  from  Halcy- 
oides  (which  see). 

Bucerontidae  (bu-se-ron'ti-de),  n.  pi.  Improper 
form  of  Bucerotidce. 

Buceros  (bii'se-ros),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iovnepug, 

.    horned   like   an  ox,    <  jiove,  ox  (see 

Bos),  +  kipac,  hem.]     The  typical  genus  of  the 

family  Bucerotidce.    It  was  formerly  coextensive  with 

the  family,  but  is  now  variously  restricted. 

Bucerotidae  (bu-se-rot'i-de),  n.  ■pi.    [NL.,  <  Bu- 
•  -ml- }  +  4dm.]    The  hornbills  ;  a  family  of 
non-passerine  insessorial   lords  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  old  world,  having  a  huge  bill,  sur- 
mounted by  a   boss,  casque,  or  horn,  in  some 
9   as   large  as  the    bill    itself.    The  technical 
actera  are   a   highly   pneumatic  skeleton,   peculiar 
pterylosis,  no  aftei  Saf6    hairj  eyelashes,  10  rectrices, 
tufted  ekeodochon,  no  cseca,  b  gall  bladder,  and  BympeL 
mous  syndactylous  feet    looul  50    pecies  are  described, 
distributed   in  ah  aera.     See  hornbiU. 

Buchanite(btik'an-it),  ».  (<  Buchan  (seedef.) 
+  -itt  '-'.  ]  I  ine  of  a  sect  which  arose  in  17s:!,  in 
the  Ri  ii  :  Con  jregal  ion  :it  Gn  inc.  Scotland, 
und<  I   rship  of  a  Mrs.  (more  commonly 

known  as  Lucky)  Buchan.  She  declared  herself  t'o 
he  the  woman  o!  ;      m,     YVhite,  the   pastor 

of  ti.  hi  to  which  she  belonged,  her  "man 

child  ■  lughl  her  followers  that  thej  would  he 

thout  tasting  of  death.    The  sect 
ml  i>  now  extinct. 

bucholzite  I  b8'kolt-si1  I,  n.     |  Named  after  the 
1 770-1818). J     A  variety  of 
lite, 
buchu  (bh'ku).  «.      i  ,,!,,  spell- 

1. 1    The   leavi  sp  ins  of 

Barosma,  shrubby  plants  tit  the  Capi  of  Good 
Hope,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  penetrat- 
ing odor,  and  extensively  used  in  mi  dli  ine  for 
various  disorders  of  i  hi  ad  arinarj 

as.    See  Barosma. 
buck1  (buk),  n.     [<    mi:,  buk,  buc) 

male  deer;  also,  as  Orig.,  B  he-goat;  <  AS.  burro, 

a  he-goat  (AS.  gat,  >  E,  goat.  it  ,  of, 

gat-bueca,  a  bi  '■.  s.  hafer 

:<  boar  i :  buc  i  ran  I, 

deer,  =  I  IS.  Iml .  ii  In I  i  ..       •  „,!        Ii.  /,„/, 

=  OHG.  boch,  MHG  <ck  =  Icel.  buhl  I , 


704 

also  bohkr  and  bokki,  =  Sw.  bock  =  Dan.  buk, he- 
goat,  ram,  buck  (deer).  Cf.  Skt.  bulled  (Hind. 
(m/,  boka),  Zend  lm:u,  a  goat.  Hence  (from 
Tent.)  P.  bouc,  OF.  boe  (whence  ult.  E.  butcher, 

Q.  v.)  =  Pr.  boc  =  Cat.  boe  =  Sp.  dial,  hoi/ne, 

i  isp.  buco  =  It.  beeeo  (ML.  buccus)  =  W.  bwch 

=  (iael.  hoc  =  Ir.  bin;  )>i>c  =  Corn,  bylc  =  Bret. 
buck,  boueh,  a  he-goat.]     1.  A  he-goat. 

\- uf  a  in  ilien  Ikici]  .  .  .  kumethastinkindegot[goat], 
other [or]a  bucke.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  inn. 

Wher  [whether]  1  sal  etc  bules  flesche 
or  drinke  the  blode  of  buckes  nesche? 

I's.  xlix.  (1.)  18 (Mid.  Ens.  version). 

2.  The  male  of  the  deer,  the  antelope,  the  rab- 
bit, hi  the  hare:  often  used  specifically  of  the 
male  of  the  fallow-deer;  aroebuek. —  3.  Agay 
or  fashionable  man ;  a  fop;  a  blood;  a  dandy. 

IP-  had  brilliant  underwaistcoats,  any  one  of  which 
would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackeray. 

A  whole  class  of  young  bucks  of  tin-  lower  order  —  "Ar- 
rys"  is  tlie  British  term  — get  themselves  up  in  the  closest 
allowable  imitation  of  bull-fighters. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  26. 

4.  A  male  Indian.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  A  male  negro. 
[U.  S.]— 6f.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck. i  I  would  I  could  wash  myself  of  the  buck  I 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Great  buck,  a  roebuck  in  its  sixth  year  or  older.— To 
blow  the  buck's  horn*,  to  lose  ones  trouble ;  go  whistle. 
She  loveth  so  this  heende  Nicholas 
That  Absolon  may  blowe  the  bukkes  horn. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Talc,  1.  201. 

buck1  (buk),  v.  i.  [<  6«c/,-i,  n.  Cf.  MHG.  bocken, 
butt  like  a  goat,  also  as  G.  bocken,  smell  like  a 
goat,  also  buck.  Cf.  buck*  and  Bucfc*.]  1.  To 
copulate,  as  bucks  and  does. —  2.  To  butt:  a 
sense  referred  also  to  bitcl^  (which  see). 

buck2  (buk),  v.  [Prob.  of  dial,  origin,  not  be- 
ing recorded  in  literature  until  recently;  prob., 
like  the  related  buckle1,  of  LG.  origin :  cf .  MD. 
bucken,  bocken,  bend,  D.  bukken,  bow,  stoop, 
submit,  yield,  =  MLG.  bucken,  LG.  bukken  = 
MHG.  bucken,  bucken,  G.  bucken,  bend  (cf. 
MHG.  bocken,  sink  down,  tr.  lay  down),  =  Sw. 
bucka  =  Norw.  bukkti  =  Dan.  bukke,  bow;  a 
secondary  verb  from  D.  buigen,  G.  biegen,  etc, 
=  AS.  bugan,  E.  bow1,  bend.  Buck-  is  thus  for- 
mally a  secondary  form  of  bow1,  dial.  but/S,  bend 
(cf.  buxom  =  bucksome,  of  the  same  origin),  hav- 
ing as  its  freq.  form  buckle1.  In  the  2d  and 
3d  senses  the  verb  might  be  referred  to  buck1, 
a  goat,  as  caper1  to  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  G. 
bocken,  naut.,  heave  up  and  down,  pitch;  of  a 
horse,  bend  down  the  neck  and  fling  out  be- 
hind, usually  referred  to  bock,  a  goat.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  bend  ;  buckle.     [U.S.] 

To  buck,  meaning  to  bend,  is  a  common  word  in  the 
South.  The  American,  VI.  237. 

2.  To  spring  lightly.    Salliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

—  3.  To  make  a  violent  effort  to  throw  off  a 
rider  or  pack,  by  moans  of  rapid  plunging 
jumps  performed  by  springing  into  tlie  air,  arch- 
ing the  back,  and  coming  down  with  the  fore 
legs  perfectly  stiff,  the  head  being  commonly 
held  as  low  as  pos- 
sible :  said  of  a 
horse  or  a  mule. 

—  4.  To  "kick"; 
make  obstinate  re- 
sistance or  objec- 
tion: as,  to  buck 
at  improvements. 
[C'olloq.,  U.  S.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To 
punish  by  tying 
the  wrists  toge- 
ther, passing  tlie 
arms  overthebent 

knees,  and  put- 
ting a  stick  across 
Die  arms  and  in 
the   angle   formed 

by  the   knees.      [  U. 

S.J  —  2.  To  throw,  or  attempt  to  throw  (a  rider), 

by  bucking:    as,    the    bronco    bucked    him   off. 

M.S.] 

buck-  i  biik  >,  «.  [<  hinl.-,  i;~\  A  violent  effort 
of  a  horse  or  mule  to  rid  itself  of  its  rider  or 
burden  ;   the  aid  of  bucking. 

buck1  (buk  i,  v.  t.    [=  So.  bouk,  <  Mi:,  bouken, 

wash  or  steep  in  lye  (not  in  AS.),  =  MD.  bui- 
Jcen  =MLG.  bukeu,  IM.  biiken  =  MIKi.  hiieliiii, 
hi  iirln  ,  i,  i',.  Iiniiilirii  =  Sw.  lii/lii  =  Dan.  biigr ; 
of.  Bret,  buga  =  OF.  buer  =  Sv>.  'bugar  =  It. 

bucan   (florin),  wash  in   lye  (>  F.  burr,  Sp.  bu- 

gada,  It.  bucata  (obs.),  bucato,  washing  in  lye), 
<ML.  bucare,  prob.  borrowed  from  Tent.  if. 
I  iael.  Ir.  bitae,  dung  used  in  bleaching,  the  liquor 


■■"  •■     ■  ■         .      .   ,  -  » 
■   ■"  > 


Bucking  Bronco. 


bucked 

in  which  (doth  is  washed,  bleached  linen  cloth, 
linen  in  an  early  stage  of  bleaching  (cf.  Ir.  bu- 
aear,  cow-dung  j,  <  ( iael.  Ir.  00=  \Y.  hiiic.  a  cow, 
=  E.  COW1,  q.  v.  But  the  connection  of  these 
Celtic  forms  with  the  Teut.  is  doubtful.]  To 
soak  or  steep  (clothes)  in  lye,  as  in  bleaching; 
wash  in  lye  or  suds;  clean  by  washing  and 
beating  with  a  bat. 
bUCk:1  (buk),  n.  [=  Sc.  bottle:  see  Imrt'-K  ».]  1. 
Lye  in  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  the  opera- 
tion of  bleaching;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. — 2f.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye  or  suds ;  a  wash. 

Of  late,  not  able    to  travel  with   her  furred   pack,  she 
washes  bucks  here  at  home.  Shak.,  :!  lieu.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

Well,  I  will  in  and  cry  too  ;  never  leave 
Crying  until  our  maiiis  may  drive  a  bucifc 
u  it  1 1  my  salt  tears  at  tin-  next  washing  day. 

11.  Joruon,  Tale  of  a  I'uh,  iii.  6. 
If  I  were  to  beat  a  tutck,  I  ran  strike  no  harder. 

Maeeinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  iv.  2. 

buck4  (buk ),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME. ; 
=  MD.  boken,  booken  =  MLG.  boken  (LG.  freq. 
bokern)  =  MHG.  boclten,  purlieu,  i!.  pochcu  = 
Sw.  boka  =  Norw.  buka  =  Dan.  dial,  bot/e,  Dan. 
pttkke,  beat,  knock,  strike,  stamp,  as  ore,  etc. ; 
cf.  D.  poken,  poke,  =  ME.  poken,  pukken,  E. 
poke:  Be&poke1.  The  3d  and 4th  senses  touch 
upon  those  of  buck1  and  buck".']  1.  To  beat. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  mining  and  ore- 
dressing,  to  break  into  small  pieces  for  jigging. 
The  tool  with  which  this  is  done  is  called  a  Imckinij-iron, 
and  the  support  on  which  the  ore  is  placed  to  be  thus 
treated  a  bucking-plate. 

3.  To  push;  thrust.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 4. 
To  strike  with  the  head  ;  butt.     [U.  S.] 

buck5  (buk),  n.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  bouk, 

<  ME.  bouk,  the  trunk,  body,  bellv,  <  AS.  buc, 
the  belly:  see  bouk1.]  1.  The  breast.— 2.  The 
body  of  a  wagon.     Httlliirtll. 

buck0  (buk),  n.  [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
buck1 ;  cf.  similar  uses  of  E.  horse,  P.  cheval, 
and  D.  ezel,  an  ass,  an  easel,  >  E.  easel.]  A 
frame.  Specifically— (a)  A  frame  composed  of  two  X- 
shaped  ends  joined  at  the  middle  by  a  bar,  on  which  to 
saw  wood  for  fuel.  Also  called  sawbuck  and  tawhorte. 
[V.  S.]  (6)  A  frame  or  table  on  which  leather  is  laid 
while  brinu'  glazed. 

buck7  (buk),  n.   [Sc.,  <  ME.  buk  (in  eomp.),  *bok, 

<  AS.  hoc,  beech,  commonly  in  deriv.  bece,  E. 
beech  :  see  beech1  and  book.]  The  beech:  a  dia- 
lectal word  used  in  literary  English  only  in  the 
compounds  buck-mast  and  buckwheat;  also  in 
dialectal  hurl-log. 

bucks  (buk),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  burl-put,  q.  v.] 
An  earthenware  pot  made  of  clay  found  in  some 
parts  of  British  Guiana.     Also  called  bttekpot. 

buck9  (buk),  c.  ;'.  [Appar.  imitative;  but  cf. 
bock,  boke2,  belch.]  To  make  a  noise  in  swal- 
lowing; gulp.     [Shetland.] 

buck"  (buk),  it.  [<  buck&,  v.]  A  hollow  sound 
which  a  stone  makes  when  thrown  into  the 
water  from  a  height.     [Shetland.] 

buck10  (buk),  ti.  |(  T.  Corn,  hucliar,  sour  milk.] 
1.  A  kind  of  minute  fungus  (as  supposed)  in- 
festing ill-kept  dairies.  [Cornwall.] — 2.  The 
spittle-fly.     [Cornwall.] 

buck-ague  (buk'a  gfi),  ».     Same  as  buck-fever. 

buck-and-ball  (buk'and-bal'),  ».    A  cartridge 

for  si t  h -bore  lirea tins  containing  a  spherical 

bullet  and  three  buck-shot:  now  little  used. 

buckayro  (bu-ka'ro),   ».     Same  as  bucker3. 

[Western  U.  S.  ] 
buck-basket  (buk'bas  ket),   ».    A  basket  in 

which  clothes  are  carried  to  the  wash. 

They  conveyed  me  into  a  buck-basket;  .  .  .  rammed  me 

in  with  foul  shirts  and  stnnrks,  socks,  foul  stockings, 
greasy  napkins.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \\'.,  iii,  5. 

buck-bean  (buk'ben),  n.    Same  as  bog-bean. 
buckboard  (buk'bord),  ».     [<  buck  (appar.  as 

in  buck-wagon,  q.  v.)  +  board;  but  commonly 

understood    as 

<  buck2,  bend, 
bounce,  + 
board.]  A  four- 
wheeled  car- 
riage in  which 
a  long  elastic 
board  or  frame 
is  used  in  ph 


Buckboard. 


of  body,    springs,  and  gear.     It   has  one  or  more 

scats,    'the  h il  is  fastened  directly  to  the  rear  axle  at 

one  end  and-  to  the  bolster  of  the  fore  axle  at   tlie  other 
end,  or  is  used  ill  connection  with  a  siih    l,ar  gear.      Also 

called  buck  wagon. 
bucked  (bukt  or  buk'ed),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also 
hnckaril ;  explained  l>\  Grose  as  "soured  by 
keeping  too  long  in  the  milk  bucket,  or  by  a 
foul  bucket  " ;  but  appar.  <  Intel10  +  .,-,/.]  Sour; 
turned  sour,  as  milk;  rancid.     [Prov,  Eng.] 


bucker 

bucker1  (buk'er),  n.  [<  buck2  +  .«•!.]  1.  A 
horse  that  bucks. — 2.  A  bent  piece  of  wood, 

especially  that  on  which  a  slaughtered  animal 
is  suspended.   [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A  horse's  hind 
leg.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bucker- (buk'er),  )i.  [=MLG.  boker,  aknocker; 

<  buck1  +  -er1.]  In  mining:  (a)  ( )ne  who  bucks 
or  bruises  ore.  (6)  A  flat  broad-headed  ham- 
mer  used  in  bucking  ore. 

bucker3  (buk'er),  n.  [Abbr.  of  buckayro,  an 
accom.,  simulating  bucker1,  of  Sp.  vaquero,  a 
cowherd:  see  raquero.']  A  cowboy.  T.  Itaose- 
velt.     [Western  U.  S.] 

bucket  (buk'et),  n.   [Early  mod.  E.  also  boeket, 

<  ME.  boket,  bokette,  bokat,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  Celtic,  <  Ir.  buicead  =  Gael,  bttcaid.  a 
bucket,  =Corn.  buket&tab  (Diefenbach),  which 
forms,  if  not  from  E.,  are  connected  with  Ir. 
buicead,  a  knob,  boss,  Gael,  biicaid,  a  pustule,  < 
Ir.  boeaim,  I  swell,  =  Gael,  bin;  swell ;  less  prob. 
connected  with  AS.  hue  (or  bite),  a  pitcher,  jug 
(L.  lagena,  hijdria).    Cf.  E.  boats,  dial,  a  pail.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  pail  or  open  vessel  of  wood,  leather, 
metal,  or  other  material,  for  carrying  water  or 
other  liquid. —  2.  A  vane,  float,  or  box  on  a 
water-wheel  against  which  the  water  impinges, 
or  into  which  it  falls,  in  turning  the  wheel. — 
3.  The  scoop  of  a  dredging-machine,  a  grain- 
elevator,  etc. — 4.  The  float  of  a  paddle-wheel. 
—  5.  The  piston  of  a  lifting-pump. — 6.  As  much 
as  a  bucket  holds;  half  a  bushel.  — Air-pump 
bucket.  See  air-pump.  —  Dumping-bucket,  a  square 
box  with  a  drop-bottom,  used  in  mining. —  To  kick  the 
bucket,  to  die.     [Slang.] 

"Fine  him  a  pot,  "roared  one,  "for  talking  about  kicking 
the  bucket ;  he's  a  nice  young  man  to  keep  a  cove's  spirits 
up,  and  talk  about  l  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one.' " 

Kvngsley,  Alton  Locke,  ii. 
Ventilated  bucket,  a  bucket  in  a  water-wheel  having 
provision  for  the  escape  of  the  air  carried  into  it  by  the 
watei-. 
bucket  (buk'et),  v.  [(bucket, «.]  1.  iutrans.  1. 
To  dip  up  water  witli  a  bucket;  use  a  bucket. 

Like  Danaides'  sieve-like  Tub  is  filling  ever, 
But  never  full  for  all  their  bucketing. 

Sylvester,  Memorials  of  Mortalitie,  st.  23. 

2.  [In  allusion  to  the  rapid  motion  of  a  bucket 
in  a  well.]     To  move  fast.     [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  the  saddle  smiling,  because  the  visit 
was  over,  and  bucketed  back  at  a  hand-gallop.       Dickens. 

II.  trans.  To  pour  water  upon  with  a  bucket. 

Wo  be  to  him  whose  head  is  bucketed  with  waters  of  a 

scalding  bath.    Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  194. 

bucket-engine  (buk'et-en"jin),  re.  An  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  of  the  water-wheel,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  buckets  attached  to  an 
endless  chain  which  runs  over  a  pair  of  sprock- 
et-wheels, from  either  one  or  both  of  which 
power  may  be  obtained :  designed  to  utilize  a 
stream  of  water  which  has  a  considerable  fall, 
but  is  limited  in  quantity.     E.  H.  Knit/lit. 

bucketful  (buk'et-ful),  n.  [<  bucket  +  -ful.J 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 

bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  re.  In  much.,  a  set  of 
iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-pump,  as  of  a 
mine. 

bucket-pitch  (buk'et-pieh),  n.  In  an  overshot 
water-wheel,  a  circular  line  passing  through 
the  elbows  of  the  buckets. 

bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod).  n.  In  niacli.,  one  of 
the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a  lift- 
ing-pump is  attached. 

bucket-shop  (buk'et-shop),  re.  An  establish- 
ment conducted  nominally  for  the  transaction 
of  a  stock-exchange  business,  or  a  business 
of  similar  character,  but  really  for  the  regis- 
tration of  bets  or  wagers,  usually  for  small 
amounts,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  prices  of 
stocks,  grain,  oil,  etc.,  there  being  no  transfer 
or  delivery  of  the  stocks  or  commodities  nomi- 
nally dealt  in.     [TJ.  S.] 

"  Puts  "  and  "calls"  and  bucket-shop  operations  are  gam- 
bling transactions,  anil  should  be  treated  accordingly. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  354. 

bucket-valve  (buk'et-valv),  re.     In  a  steam-en- 
gine, the  valve  on  the  top  of  the 
air-pump  bucket.  E.  II.  Knight. 

bucket-wheel  (buk'et-hwelj,  «. 
A  machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  a  wheel  over  which 
passes  a  rope  or  chain  carry- 
ing a  series  of  buckets  which 
dip  into  the  well  and  discharge 
at  the  surface.  In  other  forms 
the  buckets  are  fixed  to  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel. 

buckeye  (buk'i),  n.    [<  &«cfci,  a 
deer,  +  eye;  in  allusion  to  the 
45 


705 

appearance  of  the  naked  seed.]  1.  An  Ameri- 
can name  for  the  different  species  of  horse- 
chestnut,  Jisculus,  nativo  to  the  United  States. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Fetid  !'.  wlus  glabra). 

a,  nut;  b,  dehiscing  fruit. 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

The  species  commonly  distinguished  are  the  sweet  buck- 
eye I.E.  t\uca\  the  Ohio  or  fetid  buckeye  -r-   ilabra),  and 

the  California  buckeye  {JE.  Califomica).     I'lie  w I  i- 

white,  soft,  and  spongy,  and  furnishes  splints  for  baskets, 
etc. 

The  buckeyes  were  putting  forth  their  twisted  horns  of 
blossom.  H.  L.  Stevenson,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  54. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio,  which  is  often  called 
the  Buckeye  State,  from  the  great  number  of 
horse-chestnuts  in  it. —  3.  A  flat-bottomed 
centerboard   schooner   of  small  size  (3  to  15 


Baltimore  Buckeye. 

tons),  decked  over,  and  with  a  cabin  aft,  used 
in  oyster-fishing  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Also 
called  bugeye. 

The  buckeyes  .  .  .  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  dugout 
canoe.  .  .  .  The  primitive  builder  bored  two  holes,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  stem,  through  which  to  pay  out  his  cables. 
These  were  simply  two  round  holes,  bored  with  a  large 
auger,  and,  when  the  boat  was  coming  head  on,  resembled 
to  the  fancy  of  the  negroes  the  eyes  of  a  buck. 

C.  P.  Kunhardt,  Small  Yachts,  p.  234. 
Spanish  buckeye,  Ungnadia  speciosa,  a  tree  of  Texas 
and  Mexico,  marly  related  to  Msculus. 

buck-eyed  (buk'id),  a.  Having  a  bad  or  speckled 
eye  :  said  of  a  horse. 

buck-fever  (buk'fe  'ver),  n.  Nervous  agitation 
of  a  hunter  upon  the  approach  of  deer  or  other 
large  game.     Also  called  buck-ague. 

buckfinch  (buk'finch),  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  bogfinke.'] 
A  name  for  the  chaffinch,  Friugilta  Calebs. 

buckheading  (buk'hed"ing),  re.  Cutting  off 
live  hedge-thorns,  fence-height.  Grose.  [North. 
Eng.] 

buckhom  (buk'horn),  it.  [=  ODan.  Dan.  bukke- 
horn,  a  buck's  horn,  also  fenugreek.]  1.  The 
substance  of  the  horns  of  bucks  or  deer,  used 
in  making  knife-handles,  etc. — 2.  A  name  for 
the  club-moss,  Lycqpodium  clavatum.  Buckhorn 
brake.    See  brakes. 

buckhorn-sight  (bide 'horn -sit),  n.  A  rifle- 
sight  which  has  a  branching  projection  on 
each  side  of  the  sight-notch. 

buck-hound  (buk'hound),  u.  A  kind  of  hound, 
resembling  a  small  staghound,  used  for  hunting 
bucks. 

buckie,  bucky  (buk'i),  re.  [Sc,  of  uncertain 
origin.  In  sense  1,  cf.  L.  buccinuin,  prop. 
buciiiuin,  a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple  (see 
Buccinuin);  also  OP.  bouquet,  ''a.  great  prawn" 
(Cotgrave).]  1.  The  Scotch  name  for  marine 
univalve   shells  in  general,  as  whelks,  etc.: 


buckle 

especially  applied  to  the  rod  whelk,  Chryso- 
domus  antiquus,  also  called  the  roaring  buckie, 
from  tin-  sound  heard  when  it  is  held  to  the 
ear. —  2.  A  perverse,  refractory  person;  a  mis- 
chievous  mad. -aii,  Deevil's  or  dell's  buckie.  (<i) 
\  particular  species  ol  that  kind  of  shells  called  buck!* 
(&)  Same  as  buckie,  2.    Hogg. 

bucking1  (buk'ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bud '.  ».] 
Tin   act  of  copulating,  as  bucks  and  does. 

bucking2  (buk'ing),  ii.  [Verbal  n.of  buck2,  v.  | 
A  vice  peculiar  to  the  horses  of  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  the  western  American  plains,  of  Spanish 
descent,  and  to  mules.     See  hurl;'1,  v. 

bucking-  (buk'ing),  />.  a.  [Ppr.  of  buck2,  !>.] 
Given  to  bucking;  addicted  to  the  practice  of 
bucking:  as.  a  bucking  horse. 

bucking3  (buk'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck&,  v. 
Also  written  bowkingJ]  The  act  or  process  of 
steeping  or  soaking  in  lye  or  caustic  soda,  as 
in  bleaching  cotton  thread,  etc. 

The  boiling  (also  called  "  bowking"  or  "  bucking")  with 
caustic  soda  solution  takes  place  in  large  iron  boilers  or 
"  kiers. " 

J.  J.  Hummel,  The  Dyeing  of  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  7 :. 

bucking4  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck1,  v.] 
The  act  of  breaking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

Buckingham  lace.    See  lace. 

bucking-iron  (buk'ing-r*eni),  n.  In  mining,  a 
tool  for  bucking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

bucking-kier  (buk'ing-ker),  ».  A  large  circu- 
lar boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  ».  In  minimi, 
an  iron  plate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed  in 
the  process  of  bucking. 

bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  re.  A  washing- 
block. 

buckish  (buk'ish),  a.  [<  buck1,  3,  +  -isftl.] 
Pertaining  to  a  buck  or  gay  young  fellow; 
foppish. 

buckishness(buk'ish-nes),  n.  Foppishness;  the 
quality  or  condition  of  a  buck. 

buckism  (buk'izm),  n.  [<  buck1,  3,  +  -ism.] 
The  quality  of  being  a  buck ;  foppery. 

I  was  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  — my  present  trade  is 
buckism.  Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  2. 

buck-jumper  (buk'jum"per),  n.     A  bucking 
•  horse  or  mule.     [U.  S.] 

When  they  found  that  he  sat  nbuck-jumpcr  asif  thean- 
imal  symbolized  the  arch-fiend  himself,  they  took  him  to 
their  hearts. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  66. 

buckle1  (buk'l),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
buckling.  [Prob.,  like  the  simple  form  buck-, 
of  LG.  origin;  cf.  MD.  buchelcn,  buechelen, 
boechclen  (for  *biickelen,  etc. —  Kilian),  strive, 
tug  under  a  load,  =G.  dial.  (Bav.)  refl.  aufbuck- 
eln,  raise  the  back,  as  a  cat  (lit.  buckle  one's 
self  up);  freq.  of  the  verb  repr.  by  buck-.  Cf. 
MD.  adj.  boeehel,  curved,  bent.  A  different 
word  from  buckle2,  v.,  though  confused  with  it 
in  some  senses.]     I.  iutrans.  1.   To  bend;  bow. 

Whose  fever-weaken'd  joints, 
Like  Btrengthless  hinges,  buckle  under  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV'.,  i.  1. 

Antonio  .  .  .  saw  the  boards  buckle  under  the  feet  of 

the  walker.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  \i.  7. 

The  top-mast  studding-sail  boom,  after  buckling  up  and 

springing  out  again  like  a  piece  of  wlialcl e.  broke  off  at 

the  boom-iron.     It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  76. 

2.  To  curl ;  become  wrinkled ;  shrivel  up. 

Melted  and  buckled  with  the  heat  of  the  fire  like  parch- 
ment. I'epi/s,  Diary,  Sept.  6,  1666. 

3.  To  yield  assent;  agree  :  with  to  :  as,  I  can't 
buckle  to  that.  [Colloq.]  — 4.  To  bend  to  some- 
thing; apply  one's  self  with  vigor;  engage  in 
with  zeal:  with  to:  as,  "go,  buckle  to  the  law.'' 
Dryden. —  5.  To  enterupon  some  labor  or  con- 
test; struggle;  contend:  with  with. 

The  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  buckle  with  the 
lord  protector,  as  he  was  with  him. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 
Why  met  you  not  the  Tartar,  ami  defied  him? 
brew  your  dead-doing  sword,  ami  buckled  with  him? 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  5. 

To  buckle  in,  to  close  in ;  embrace  or  seize  the  body,  as 
in  a  scuffle.     [U   S.J 

II.  trans.  To  bend;  curl;  shrivel  as  by  the 
application  of  heat. 

Like  a  bow  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  ii.  1. 

The  force  generated  in  these  plates  [accumulator],  tend- 
ing to  buckle  them,  is  something  enormous,  and  no  ordinal  y 
separator  would  be  able  to  resist  this.        Science.  IV.  389. 

buckle1  (buk'l),  «.  [<  buckle1,  v.;  usually  re- 
ferred to  buckle?,  ii.     Cf.  Dan.  bukkel,  a  curl.] 

1.  A  bend,  bulge,  or  kink,  as  in  a  saw-blade. — 

2.  A  contorted  expression  of  the  face.  Church- 
ill.—  3f.  Any  curl   of  hair,  especially  a  long 


buckle 

ourl  carefully  arranged,  and  turned  toward  the 
head,  worn  by  women  in  the  eighteenth  oen- 
tury.— 4f.  Tlio  condition  of  being  curled,  as  of 
hair. 

II,  lets  his  wig  lie  in  buckle  for  a  whole  hall  year. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

buckle-  (buk'l),n.  [<  MB.  bokle,  bokel,oocle,  etc., 
<  OF.  bode,  hm-i, ,  V.  boucle,  the  boss  of  a  shield, 
a  riii",  a  buokle,=  Pr.  boclax  bloca  =  OSp.  fttoca 
=  M1  =  MD.  boeckel,  bockel  =  Ml  Hi. 

bucket,  boss  of  a  shield,  G.  bucket,  a  boss,  knob, 
hump,  <  Ml.,  bueula,  buccula,  a  beaver,  a  shield, 
the  boss  of  a  shield,  a  buckle,  L.  buccula,  a  bei 

a  tittle  cheek  or  mouth,  dim.  of  Imccn. 
cheek:  see  ftucca.]  1.  A  clasp  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  or  curved  rim,  with  one  or  more 
movable  tongues  secured  to  the  chape  at  one 
side  '>r  in  the  middle,  and  long  enough  to  rest 
upon  l!u-  opposite  side:  used  for  fastening  to- 
gether two  straps  or  belts  or  the  ends  of  the 
.  strap,  or  for  some  similar  purpose,  it  la 
fast  M.  i  to  one  band  or  end,  and  the 

i  it,  being  ki  pt  t i  Blipping  by 

the  tongui    or  tongues.    Buckles  tor  use  in  drei     nave 
been  made  highly  ornamental,  especially  tor  shoes. 

2.  In  In  r.,  same  as  arming-buckle. — 3.  An 
iron  loop  for  fastening  the  blade  to  the  frame 
nf  a  wood-saw.  -  To  turn  the  buckle  of  the  belt 
behind,  to  prepare  to  join  in  close  fight, 
buckle-  (buk'l),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  buchled,  ppr. 
buckling,  [<  ME.  buclen,  bokelen,  boclen,  buckle, 
stud,  <  <  >!''.  '  1'iii-h  r.  bonder,  F.  bonder,  buckle; 
i  the  mum.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle  or  buckles. — 2.  To  prepare  for  action 
of  any  kind  (a  metaphor  taken  from  buckling 
on  armor  previous  to  engaging  in  battle); 
heme,  to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything: 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

I  hi  Sarazin  .  .  .  him  buckled  to  the  field. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  41. 

Hereupon  Cartwright  buckled  himself  to  the  employ- 
ment Fuller. 
3t.  To  join  in  buttle. 

The  ii.i.t  .  .  .  were  buckled  with  them  in  front. 

.Sir  J.  llayward. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit.     [Rare.] 

How  brief  the  life  of  man,  .  .  . 
That  the  stretching  of  a  span 

Buckle*  in  his  sum  nf  :\ne. 

Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  To  join  together;  unite  in  marriage. 
[Scot,- 1 1.]' 

Dr.  I: .,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester  ami  a  dram  of 
Geneva.  Scott. 

II. t  in  trans.  To  marry. 

i  Billy  Stellio,  we  must  shortly  buckle. 

Mother  Bombie.    (HaUiwell.) 

buckle-beggar  (buk'l-beg"ar),  n.  [Sc,  also 
buckle-the-beggars ;  <  buckle",  v.,  5,  +  obj.  beg- 
gar.] A  person  who  performs  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  in  a  clandestine  and  irregular  man- 
ner.    Scott. 

buckled1  (buk'ld), /i.  a.  [<  buckle'-  +  -ed*. ]  Not 
smooth  mid  flat  ;  bent,  wavy,  or  wrinkled; 
having  the  appearance  of  having  been  crum- 
pled.  Buckled  plates,  iron  plates  used  as  a  toun* 
tor  flooring  in  fire-proof  buildings,  in  place  of 
brick  arches.  Their  edges  nave  a  flat  rim  called  a  fillet, 
and  the  middle  is  slightly  convex.  The}  are  generally 
•  ■I  r  Bquar an  oblong  form,  and  rest  upon  iron  gir- 
ders with  tih  convex  siiie  upward. 

buckled-  (buk'ld),  p.  a.    [<  buckle*  +  -<<!-.] 
1.  I  it U  a  buckle.— 2.  In  fcer._,hav- 

i     a  belt,  garter,  or  the  like. 

buckle-horns  (buk'l-hornz),  n.  pi.     Short 
crooked  horns  turning  horizontally  inward. 
[North.  Eng.j 

buckle-mouthedt  (Duk'l-moutht),  a.     Hav- 
ing large  straggling  teeth.     [North.  Eng.] 

buckler  (buk'ler),  «.    [<  ME.  bokeler,  bocler, 
etc.,  ■   ■  IF.  '•'■  .  I',  bouelier  (—  Pr. 

bloquier  —  Sp.  Pg.  broquel  =  It.  brocchiere  = 
MLG.  bokeler  =  1).  fci  ukelaar=  M  in;,  buckeler 
=  I.  ri  =  ODan.  buckler,  bugler<  i  (ML. 

as  if  'buccularius  i,  a  shield,  <  bode,  the  boss  of 
a  shield:  see  buckle*.']     1.  A  shield;  specifi- 


706  buckskin 

eally,  a  small  shield  intended  to  parry  blows  or  buckram  (huk'rum),  n.  and  a.     [Early  mod.  E. 
thrusts,  but  not  so  large  as  to  cover  the  body,    also  buckeram,<   ME.  bokeram,  boekrom,  once 

bougeren  (=  MD.  bockerael),  <  OF.  boqueran, 


The  buckler  of  the  middle  ages  in  western  Europe  was 
:ii  round,  and  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter, eight  en  inches,  or  even  less,  bring  a  more  common 
size,  it  was  generally  grasped  by  the  hand  only,  and  held 
at  arm's-length,  and  in  combat  was  interposed  to  receive 
lb,  blovi  oi  a  sword,  like  the  dagger  which  was  held  for 
ibis  purpose  in  the  left  hand  in  later  times.  See  shield. 
2.  .Xmit.,  a  piece  of  wood  fitted  to  stop  the 
hawse-holes  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
coming  in.  or  to  stop  the  circular  hole  in  a  port- 
lid  when  the  gun  is  run  in.  Hawse-bucklers 
are  now  made  of  iron. —  3.  The  anterior  Beg 
ment  of  the  carapace  or  shell  of  a  trilobite. — 
4.  A  plate  on  the  body  or  head  of  a  fish  ;  espe- 
cially, a  plate  in  front  of  the  dorsal  tin  in  va- 
rious cat  fishes,  or  Nematognathi. —  5.  A  stage 
nf  the  molting  American  blue  crab,  Callinectes 
hastatus,  when  the  shell  has  become  nearly 
hard. —  6.  A  piece  of  beef  cut  off  from  the  sir- 
loin.- Blind  buckler.  See  blindl. 
buckler  (buk'ler),  v.  t.  [<  buckler,  n.]  To  be 
a  buckler  or  shield  to ;  support;  defend. 

They  shall  not  touch  thee,  Kate  : 
I'll  buckler  thee  against  a  million. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

buckler-fern  (buk'ler-fern),  n.  Aname  of  spe- 
cies of  Aspittium,  especially  of  the  section  Las- 
Inn,  which  are  distinguished  by  free  veins  and 
round,  reniform  indusia. 

buckler-fish  (buk'ler-fish),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
genus  Ceplialaspis. 

buckler-headed  (buk'ler-hed'ed),  a.  Having 
a  head  like  a  buckler.     Lijell. 

buckling  (buk'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buckle1, 
».]  The  act  of  bending;  tendency  to  bend  or 
become  wavy. 

The  thinness  of  the  blade  [of  the  hand-saw]  requires 
that  it  should  be  made  wide  to  give  it  sufficient  stiffness 
t,  i  resist  buckling.   Morgan,  Manual  of  Mining  Tools,  p.  114. 

buckling-comb   (buk'ling-kom),   n.     A  small 

comb  used  to  secure  the  curls  called  buckles 

worn  bv  women. 
buck-log  (buk'log),  n.     [<  bucW,  boech  (as  in 

buck-mast,  buckwheat),  +  log.]     A  beech  log. 

A  brutal  cold  country  .  .     to  camp  out  in  ;  nevera  buck-  ijUCkram  (buk'ram),  v.  t.     [<  buckram,  ».]     To 

log  to  bis  tire,  no,  nor  a  stick  thicker  than  your  finger  for   "  :_""..,  ...:n,"i,.,.,i „,.  ;.,  «,„  ,„.,„,;„,.  „t 

seven  mile  round.  //.  Kingsley,  Geoffry  Hamlyn, 


bouearan,  boquerant,  bouqueran,  bouquerrant, 
bouguerant,  bougheran,  bourgrain,  bougrain,  F. 
bougran  —  Pr.  bocaran,  boqueran  =  Cat.  bocaran 
=  Sp.  hucaran,  bocaran  =  It.  bucherame;  MLG. 
Imkraiu  =  MIKI.  buckeram,  buggeram;  ML. 
boqucraunus,  buckram.  Origin  unknown;  by 
some  conjeeturally  referred  to  ML.  boquena, 
goat's  skin  (ef.  boquinus,  of  a  goat),  <  OF.  boc, 
<  Mlbi.  boc,  <i.  bock  =  E.  buck1 ;  by  others  sup- 
posed to  be  a  transposition  of  F.  bouracan,  bar- 
racan: see  barracan.']  I.  ».  1.  Formerly,  a  fine 
and  costly  material  used  for  church  banners 
and  vestments  and  for  personal  wear;  also,  a 
cheaper  material  used  for  linings. 

Fine  linen,  of  that  kind  by  the  older  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers called  "byssus,"  which,  during  the  middle  age,-,  was 
known  here  in  England  under  the  name  ol  "buckram.' 

Rock,  Church  of  our  lathers,  ii.  104. 

2.  In  recent  times,  coarse  linen  cloth  stiffened 
with  glue  or  gum,  used  as  a  stiffening  for  keep- 
ing garments  in  a  required  shape,  and  recently 
also  in  binding  books. — 3t.  A  buckram  bag 
used  by  lawyers'  clerks. 

Lean.  Alas,  I  was  brought  up 

A  ma.  To  be  an  ass, 

A  lawyer's  ass,  to  carry  books  and  buckra  um! 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 
How  he  is  metaxnorphoa'd ! 
Nothing  of  lawyer  left,  not  a  bit  of  buckram, 
No  soliciting  face  now. 

Beau,  and  Ft,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

4.  The  ramson  or  bear's-garlic.  Allium  ursinum. 
—  5.  In  the  old  herbals,  the  cuckoo-pint,  Arum 
miiculatum. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  resembling  buckram  of 
either  kind;  hence,  stiff;  precise;  formal. 

Two  rogues  in  buckram  suits.      Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Buckram  scribe.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate. 

A  black  buckram  cassock  was  gathered  at  his  middle 
with  a  belt,  at  which  hung,  instead  ol  knife  or  weapon,  a 
gin -dly  leathern  pen-and-ink  ease.  Scott,  kenilworth,  I.  ix. 
Used  as  a  general  term  of  contempt. 

Ah,  thou  say,  thou  serge,  nay,  thou  buckram  bud  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,  iv.  7.1 


strengthen  with  buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of 
buckram;  make  stiff.     Cowper,  Task,  vi.  652. 

Natural  good  taste,  and  still  more  his  buckramed  habit 
of  clerical  decorum,  .  .  .  carried  him  safely  through  the 

.   .  .  crisis.  Hatctlinriie,  Starlet    tetter,  XX. 

st),  n.     [<  ME.  bukmast  <  =  tuck.saw  (buk'sa),  n.    A  saw  set  in  an  upright 

''"/''   */?'.'   *'"','''  ,  ""'Vi     in1'     borne  or  bow,  and  used  with  both  hands  in 

cutting  wood  on  a  support  called  a  buck.    [U.  S. 


buck-mackerel  (buk'mak"e-rel),  n.  A  name 
about  Banff,  Scotland,  of  the  scad,  Trachurus 
Irai'liiinis. 

buck-mastt  (buk'mas 
MLG.   bokmast),  <   b, 

buck'',  beech1),  +  mast?.  Cf.  buckwheat]  The 
mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree;  beech-mast 
(which  see). 

The  bores  fedynge  is  propreliche  ycleped  akyr  [aw  irn]  of 
ookys  l.eiynge,  and  bukmast.  MS.  Bodl.,p.  546.  (Haiti  well.) 

buck-moth  (buk'moth),  «.  Aname  given  to  a 
delicate  crape-winged  moth,  llcmitcuat  main 
(I)rury),  of  the  family  Bombycidm :  so  called,  it 


M.Uc  Buck-moth  [Hemileu 


11  natural  size. 


*i 


,.**«* 


Exterior.  I ■''   rim 

Buckler,  becirtninfi  of  j.6lh  century. 

It  at  the  girdle.    [FroinVlollet-Io- 


fX 


is  said,  on  account  of  its  Hying  late  in  the  fall, 

when  the  deer  run.    The  larva1  feed  on  tl iK  and 

willow,  and  the  eggs  are  laid  iii  naked  rings  around  their 
twigs. 

buckpot(buk'pot),  ii.  [See  ohi7,"h.]  A  cooking- 
pot  made  in  British  Guiana  from  a  peculiar  local 
clay.  It  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  necessary  for  the 
proper  making  of  the  dish  called  pepper-pot  (which  Bee). 

buckra  (buk'ra),  n.  and  a.     [In  the  southern 

United  States  also  backra.  Said  to  mean,  on 
the  Calabar  coast  in  western  Africa,  a  power- 
ful and  superior  being,  a  demon.  •'.  /•■  "  ilson.  I 

1.   a.   A  white  man:  used  by  the  blacks  of  the 

Afriean  coast,  the  West  Indies,  and  the  south- 
ern United  states. 

II.  a.   While:  as,   buckra   yam,  white   yam. 
[Negroes'  English.] 


and  Canada.] 
buck's-beard  (buks'berd),  n.  A  herbaceous 
perennial  plant,  Tragupogoti  /iratcnsis,  more 
usually  called  goat's-beartt,  from  its  long, 
coarse,  tawny  pappus. 

buckshish,  backsheesh  (buk'shesh),  n.    Same 
as  bakshish. 
buck's-horn  (buks'h6rn),  n.    A  name  given 
to  several  plants  on  account  of  their  forked 
leaves,  as  the  I'lantago  ( 'oronopus  (also  called 
liuck's-liuru  plantain),  the   Senebiera   Corono- 
pus,  and  the  South  African  Lobelia  eoronopi- 
folia. 
buck-shot  (buk'shot),  it.   A  large  size  of  shot, 
so  named  from  its  use  in  killing  deer.    Buck- 
shot war,  in  I'.  S.  hist.,  a  contest  in  the  Pennsylvania 

House  of   Ret'ivseiitutivrs, -ui'iilnnanied   by  mobs  and 

other  violent  demonstrations,  in  December,  1838,  be- 
tween two  rival  organizations,  the  one  composed  ol 
Whigs,  the  other  of  Democrats,  each  of  which  claimed 

to  be  the  true  House.     The   mime   is  derived  from  the 

reported  threat  of  a  wing  member  that  the  mob 
should  feel  ball  and  buck-shot   before  the  day   was 

over. 

buckskin  (buk'skin),  «.  and  a.  [<  buck'  + 
skin  :  =  Icel.  bukkaskinn  =  Dan.  bukkeskind.] 
I.n.  1.  The  skin  of  a  buck.—  2.  A  kind  of  suit 
leather  of  a  yellowish  or  grayish  color,  made 
originally  by  treating  deerskins  in  a  peculiar 
way,  but  now  usually  prepared  from  sheepskins. 
In  its  preparation  a  great  deal  of  manipulation  is  required, 
the  Boftne&B  which  is  its  chiel  characteristic  beine  pro- 
duct 'I  by  the  use  of  either  oil  or  brains  in  dressing  it.  It 
was  formerly  used  for  clothing,  as  bj  American  Indians, 
frontiersmen,  and  soldiers,  but  is  now  used  principally  for 
t  hi.  k  gloves, 

3.  pi.   Breeches  made  of  buckskin. 

A  very  stout,  putts  man  in  buckskins  and  Hessian  1 ts. 

Thackei  ay. 

4.  A  person  clothed  in  buckskin:  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  Allien. -an  troops  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.— 5.     A    horse  of    the  color  of 

buckskin.     |  Western  U.  S.] 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  buckskin. — 2. 
Of  the  color  of  buckskin:  used  of  a  horse. 
[Western  U.  8.] 


bucksome  707 

bucksomet,  ".    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buxom,    white  flowers  and  wing-angled  fruit,  a  native 
buck-stall'(buk'stal),  a.    A  toil  or  net  to  take    of  Georgia  and  the  Gulf  States.    Also  called  Uti 
doer.     W.  Brown.  and  ironwood. 

Bucktail(l'uk'tal),  h.    A  name  originally  given  bucnemia  (buk-ne'rni-S,),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Sow?, 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in  New    ox,  +  rafa,  the  leg.]    A  disease  ot  tlie  leg 

York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in  its     distinguished   by  tense,  ditl'use,   inilan itory 

application  to  members  of  that  faction  of  the     swelling. 

Democratic-Republican  party  in  the  State  which  bucolic  (bu-kol'ik),  a.  and  h.     [<  L.  bucoUcus, 
opposed  Do  Witt  Clinton.  <  Gr.    ?o«/coXococ,   rustic,   pastoral,  <  8ovk6aoc,  a 

Better  success  in  constitutional  reform  was  attained  in     cowherd,  herdsman,  <   love,  an  OX  (see  Bus),  + 

-/cd/tor,  perhaps  lor  --»/<»;,  as  in  amoAoe,  .-i  goat- 
herd, <  -■■/in;  move,  wtleaBai,  be;  otherwise 
connected  with  /,;>//<■.  a.  race-horse,  1..  celer, 
swift,  Skt.  VfcaJ,  drive.]  I.  a.  1.  Pastoral; 
relating  to  country  affairs,  or  to  a  shepherd's 
life  and  occupation :  as,  bucolic  song. 

"Hylas,"  the  celebrated  thirteenth  idyl  of  Theocritus, 
...  is  net  a  bucolic  poem,  but  classified  as  narrative  or 
semi-epic  in  character,  yet  exhibits  many  touches  of  the 
bucolic  sweetness.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  211. 

2.  Agricultural:  used  humorously  or  in  dis- 
paragement. Bucolic  cesura,  bucolic  dieresis.  See 
c*8ura.=Syn.  Pastoral,  Rustic,  etc.    See  rural. 

II.  ».  [<  L.  bucolicum,  pi.  bucolica,  neut.  of 
lutcolicits:  see  I.]  1.  A  pastoral  poem,  repre- 
senting rural  affairs,  or  the  life,  manners,  and 
occupation  of  shepherds:  as,  the  bucolics  of 
Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modern  Latin  bucolics  air  those  "f  Petrarch. 
T.  Warh.it,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  28. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.     [Rare.] 


Vu  fork,  in  spite  of  an  incessant  turmoil  between  the 
Clintonians  and  the  anti-Clintonians— BucktaUs,  orTam 
many  men,  as  they  were  called -all  ot  whom  professed 
the  republican  creed  of  the  nation. 

Sclunder,  Hist.  V.  S.,  III.  227. 

buckthorn  (buk'thorn),  re.    [<  buck*  +  thorn. 

According  to  some,  a  mistaken  rendering  of 
the  G.  buxdorn,  a  translation  of  the  Gr.  irifd- 
ttavda,  'boxthorn,' of  Diosoorides.]  1.  The  pop- 
ular name  of  species  of  llhamniis  (which  see). 
The  common  buckthorn  is  11.  catharticus;  the  dyers- 
buckthorn,  A  infectorius;  the  alder-buckthorn,  A'.  Fran- 
.ntlii,  or  iii  the  United  states  R.  Caroliniana;  and  the 
Siberian  buckthorn,  or  redwood.  It.  erythroxylon. 
2.  A  local  English  name  of  the  haddock:  chiefly 
applied  to  dried  haddock,  Day.  —  Jamaica  buck- 
thorn, the  Cherokee  rnse(A'ii.«l  lirri.Mlu),  used  for  hedges. 
-Sea-buckthorn,  of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  Hippo- 
phai  rhamnoides,  natural  order  Ekeagnaceoe.-  Southern 
buckthorn,  of  the  southern  United  states,  a  small  sapo- 
taceous  tree,  Bumelia  Infinities.  -Texas  buckthorn,  a 
small  thorny  shrub  of  a  genus  allied  to  Rhautuus. 
buck-tooth  (buk'toth),  re.  [<  buck  (uncertain: 
perhaps  buck1 ;  cf.  ME.  gat-tothed,  goat-toothed) 
+  tooth.]  Any  tooth  that  juts  out  beyond  the 
rest. 

His  jaw  was  underhung,  and  when  he  laughed  two 
white  buek-teetli  protruded  themselves,  and  glistened  sav- 
agely in  spite  of  the  grin.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bucku,  "•     See  bucliu. 

buck-wagon  (buk'wag'on).  it.  [In  South  Afri- 
can D.  boku-agen  (in  def.  1),  appar.  <  bok,  =  E. 
buck1,  a  goat,'  +  wagen  =  E.  wagon.  Cf.  buck- 
board.']  1.  A  transport-wagon  with  strong  pro- 
jecting framework  extending  over  the  wheels  in  bucrane  (bu'kran),  n 
order  to  carry  heavy  loads,  used  in  South  Africa. 
—  2.  Same  as  buckboard. 

buckwash  (buk'wosh),  v.  t.     To  wash  in  lye  or 
buck;  cleanse  by  bucking. 

buckwashing  (buk'wosb/ing),  w.     [Verbal  n. 
of  buckwash,  v.]    The  act  of  washing  linen,  etc. 

Ford.    How  now?  whither  bear  you  this? 
Sen.     To  the  laundress,  forsooth. 
Mrs.  F.    Why,  what  have  you  to  do  whither  they  bear 
it?    You  were  best  meddle  with  buck- tnish  i mi. 

Shak.,  11.  W,  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

buckweedt  (buk'wed),  «.     A  kind  of  herb.     E. 
Phillips,  1706. 
buckwheat  (buk'hwet),  re.   [A  Sc.  and  North.  E. 
form  (=  D.  boekweit  =  MLG.  bokwete  =  G.  buch- 
weizen =D8,n.  boghvede),  <  bucki,  beech,  +  wheat. 
Cf.  buck-mast.    It  receives  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  triangular  fruit  to  beechnuts. 
The  NL.  name  Fagopyrum  is  a  translation  of 
the  E.  name.]    1.  The  common  name  of  Fago- 
pyrum esculentum,  natural  order  Polygonaceee, 
and  of  its  seeds. 
It  is  a  native  of  cen- 
tral Asia,  an  annual  of 
easy  culture,  growing 
on  the  poorest  soils ; 
and  though  the  grain 
is  less  nutritious  than 
that  of  most  cereals, 
it  is  used  to  a  con- 
siderable   extent    for 
foo.l  for  both  men  and 
animals.      The    chief 
use  of  its  flour  in  the 
United    States   is    in 
the  generally  popular 
form    of    buckwheat 
pancakes.      East    In- 
dian  buckwheat  (F. 
Tataricum)  is  of  in- 
ferior, quality  and  is 
less  cultivated. 
2.  In  the  West  In- 
dies,      Anredera 
scandens,  rial  urn  I 
order  Chenopodia- 
cea;     an     annual 
climbing  plant  of 
no  importance. — 
Buckwheat  coal,  in 
the  anthracite  region 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  smallest  size  of  coal  sent  to  market. 
It  is  sufficiently  small  to  pass  through  a  half-inch  mesh.— 
False  buckwheat,  some  climbing  species  of  Polygonum, 
as  P.  dvmetorwm  or  /'.  scandens,  with  the  large  triangu- 
lar seeds  of  Famm/rum.     Wild  buckwheat,  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  speeies  of  Eriogonum,  E.  fasciculatum,  nearly 
related  to  Polygonum  and  with  similar  seeds. 

buckwheat-tree  (buk'hwet'tre),  re.  The  CUf- 
ttniin  nitida  or  0.  ligitstrina,  natural  order  Cyril- 
laccw,  a  small  evergreen,  with  showy  fragrant 


Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English 
bucolic.  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  40. 

3.  A  countryman;  a  farmer:  used  humorously 

or  in  depreciation. 
bucolical  (bu-kol'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  bucolic. 
Bucorvus  (bu-kor'vus).  n.    [NL.,  <  Bu(ceros)  + 

Comas.]     A  genus  of  hornbills,  family  Bucero- 

tidai,  based  upon  /;.  abyssinicus,  an  African  spe 


Buddhism 

nently  attached  to  the  parent  organism,  and 
sometimes   becoming  detached;  an  incrpienl 

ZOOid,  or  bud-like  beginning  of  a  new   individ- 
ual in  a  compound  animal.     See  cut  under  t  '</;«- 

panularia. — 6.  In  eool.  and  anat.,  a  pari  or  or- 
gan like  or  likened  to  a  bud:  as,  a  tactile  l»»f; 
a  gustatory  bud.— 7.  A  weaned  calf  of  the  first, 
Halliuwll.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 8.  A  young 
l;oU  just  "come  out"  in  society.  [Slang'.)  Ac- 
cessory buds,  buds  supplementary  to  the  normally  soli- 
tary axillary  loot,  either  at  its  side  or  above  it.  -  Adven- 
titious buds,  such  buds  as  are  produced  abnormally  and 
Without  order  from  any  part  of  the  stem  or  roots,  or  from 
leaves.  -Blind  bud.     See  Mind ' .—  Bud- variation,  in 

tl utgrowtb  of  a  bud,  the  deviation  in  anj  respect  from 

the   ordinary  growth  of  the   plant,    producing  what   is 

, i ily  known  as  a  sport.     Many  remarkable  varieties 

in  cultivated  plants  arise  in  this  way.  and  are  perpetu- 
ated by  any  of  the  processes  of  propagation  by  means  of 
buds.- -Common  bud.  See  «»»»«.-  Embryo  buds. 
See  embryo.— Gustatory  buds.  See  taste-bud.— To  mp 
in  the  bud.  See  nip. 
bud1  (bud),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  budded,  ppr.  bud- 
ding. [<  ME.  budden  =  D.  botten  ;  from  the 
uoiin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ingraft  a  bud  of  or 
on,  as  of  one  plant  on  the  stem  of  another: 
as,  to  bud  a  garden  rose  on  a  brier,  or  a  brier 
with  a  garden  rose.  See  budding,  ».,  3. —  2. 
To  put  forth  by  or  as  if  by  the  natural  process 
of  budding. 

From  your  swelling  downs,  .  .  .  where  prickly  furze 
Buds  lavish  gold.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

II.  intraits.  1.  To  put  forth  or  produce  buds ; 
be  in  bud.—  2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a  bud ; 
sprout;  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue  from  a  stock 
in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn. —  3.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  in  an  early  stage  of  development. 
—4.  To  eat  buds:  said  of  birds.     [U.  S.] 

Last  night  I  saw  a  number  of  grouse  budding  upon  a 
neighboring  apple  tree.     purest  ami  Stream,  XXV II I.  131. 

Budding  fungi,  fungi  which  grow  and  reproduce  by 
budding;  chiefly,  the  yeast-fungi. 


cies,  the  ground-hornbill,  notably  different  from  bud2   (bud),   re.     [A  reduction  of  brother;  cf. 


the  others  in  its  terrestrial  habits. 

Same  as  biientiiiiim. 

An  immense  Roman  sarcophagus  of  oriental  granite, 
with  masks  carved  upon  its  lid  and  festooned  bucrttues 
upon  its  sides. 

C.  0.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

bucranium  (bu-kra'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  bucrania  (-a). 
[In  sense  1,  NL. ;  in  sense  2,  LL.,  it  certain 


bub*.]     A  familiar  term  for  brother.      [South- 
ern U.  S.] 
bud:1t  (bud),  re.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  bode,  an  offer, 
ult.  <  AS.  beodan,  r>p.  boden,  offer:  see  bode1, 
bode2,  bid.]     A  gift,  especially  one  meant  as  a 
bribe.    Acts  James  I.     (Jamieson.)     [Scotch.] 
bud3t,  "•   t.     [Sc,  also  budd ;  <   bud?,  n.]     To 
endeavor  to  gain  by  gifts ;  bribe, 
plant;  <  Gr!  fiovKpavtov,  an  ox-headj  a  kind  of  bud4  (bud).     Same  as  hood,  preterit  and  past 
bryony,  <  Bow,  ox,  +  ko&viov,  skull,  cranium.]     participle  of  behoove.     [Scotch.] 

J     •"      '  bud-cell  (bud'sel),   re.     In  lot.,  a  lateral  cell 

produced  upon  the  proembryo  of  some  of  the 
higher  cryptogams,  as  in  the  Characea;  from 
which  the  perfect  plant  is  developed.  Some- 
times called  the  bud-rudiment. 
budded  (bud'ed),  p.  a.  In  her.,  same  as  bottony. 
Buddha  (bo'da),  re.  [Skt,,  lit.  'the  Enlight- 
ened,' pp.  (for  *budhta)  of  \/  budh  for  *bhudh, 
be  awake,  come  to  consciousness,  notice,  un- 
derstand, etc.,  =  Gr.  •/  *:rii0  for  *<pv8  in  irvtitadai, 
find  out,  jirob.  =  AS.  beodan  (pp.  boden),  an- 
nounce, offer,  E.  bid:  see  bid.]  1.  An  epithet, 
meaning  the  Wise  or  Enlightened  One,  applied 
to  the  historical  founder  of  Buddhism  (accord- 
ing to  some  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  c,  but 
more  probably  in  the  sixth  century),  regarded 
by  the  Buddhists  as  the  fourth  in  a  series  of  five 
messianic  Buddhas.  He  was  an  Indian  prince  of  the 
Sakya  tribe,  and  heme  called  Sakyamuni(tbe  Sakya  sage), 
tie 'name  preferred  in  China  and  Japan.  His  original 
name  was  Siddartha  (literally,  "the  realization  of  all  the 
meanings,"  that  is,  of  the  portents  at  his  birth);  that 
most  used  in  Burma,  Ceylon,  etc.,  is  Gautama  or  Gotama 
(literally,  "most  victorious"),  the  sacerdotal  name  of  the 
Sakya  tribe. 

2.  [/.  c]  One  who  attains  to  perfect  enlighten- 
ment such  as  that  ascribed  to  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  and  devotes  his  powers  to  the  salva- 
tion of  mankind. 

Sometimes  also  Boodli,  Boodha. 


A  from  frieze  of  Temple  of  Vespasian,  Rome  ; 
altar. 


,  from  a  Roman 


1.  In  art,  the  skull  of  an  ox:  an  ornament 
often  sculptured,  frequently  with  adornment  of 
wreaths  or  other  decoration,  on  the  frieze  of  the 
entablature  in  the  Roman  Ionic  and  Corinthian 
orders  of  architecture,  and  also  in  other  situa- 
tions.— 2.  The  herb  calf  s-snout.  Kersey,  1708. 
bud1  (bud),  11.  [<  late  ME.  6«(t(fc  =  D.  hot,  a 
bud  ;  prob.  due  to  OF.  baton,  P.  bouton,  a  bud, 
a  button:  see  button  and  butt1.]  1.  In  plants, 
the  undeveloped  germ-state  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
consisting  of  a  growing  point  inclosed  by  close- 
ly appressed  rudimentary  leaves.  In  winter  buds 
are  usually  protected  by  an  outside  covering  of  scales, 
often  pubescent  or  resinous,  which  fall  off  upon  the  swell- 


Tree  of  Buddha,  the  bo-tree, 
uigof  the  bud  in  spring.    Besides  foliage,  the  bud  may  also  hnddb.ab.Ood    (bo 'da-hud),    re.      [<   buddlm  + 
contain  the  rudimentary  inflorescence.    Bulbs  and  bulb.       ,       ,  -,     .,,,        t  t„  or  (.omiition  of  a  buddha. 
lets  are  forms  of  leaf-buds.    Flower-buds  are  unexpanded      - '< "ld-i      \  "°      ,    ,f,,,w;,;  ,, 
blossoms  See  Buddha  ami  Buddhism. 

buddhaship    (b8'da-ship),  re.     [<  buddha   + 

-ship.]     The  condition  of  one  who  has  attained 


Buckwheat  {Fagopyrum  escultututn). 

a,  flower :  b,  ovary  ;  c,  fruit ;  d,  section  of 

same,  showing  embryo. 


Somer  toward  whan  bmlilvs  first  appeere. 
Lydgate,  Minor  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell,  1840),  p.  217. 

2f.  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  boss  or  button. 

The  roffys  [roofs]  garnyshed  with  sarsnettys  and  buddys 
of  golde.  Arnold's  Chron.  (1502),  p.  li. 

3.  The  state  of  budding  or  putting  forth  buds: 
as,  the  trees  are  in  bud. — 4.  In  some  eryptog- 
amous  plants,  especially  some  Hepatica;  one 
of  the  bodies  formed  asexually  which  become 
detached  and  reproduce  the  plant;  in  the  plu- 
ral, same  as  gemma.  Seegemma. —  5.  A  promi- 
nence on  or  in  certain  animals  of  low  organiza- 
tion, as  polyps,  which  becomes  developed  into 
an  independent  individual,  sometimes  perma- 


enlightenment  and  become  a  buddha.  See  Bud- 
dha and  Buddhism. 
Buddhism  (bo'dizm),  n.  [<  Buddha  +  -ism  ;  = 
F.Boiidliismc.]  The  religious  system  founded 
by  Buddha,  or  the  Buddha,  in  India.  Its  essential 
principles,  in  so  far  as  they  can  be  reduced  to  an  Occi- 
dental form  of  thought,  are,  that  man  is  under  the  opera- 
tion of  certain  inflexible  laws,  from  which  there  is  neither 
escape  nor  deliverance;  existence  under  them  is  an  evil; 
priestly  rites  and  sacrifices  are  unavailing  :  death  is  no 
escape,  but  only  a  transmigration  to  another  form  of  ex- 
istence; obedience  to  the  moral  laws  — the  practice  of 
charity,  temperance,  justice,  honesty,  truth— insures  a 
sojourn  in  heaven,  followed  by  a  higher  existence  on  the 


Buddhism 

f;lrtii  Insures  a  punishment  in  some  of  the 

innumerable  hot  and  cold  hells  tated  In 

tin-  i)  i  arth  or  on  its  fui  I  follow 

ed  byalower  state ol  exist  >'•    the  supremi  te 

licit}  i"  be  attaini  :  nee  is  the  suppn 

if  every  passion  and  desire,  aud  eventually  Nirvana,  or 
-  i  xistence,  II  indi  i  d  Nirvana  bi  uol  annihila 
ti.  .11.    in  its  original  Bplrit  agnostic,  if  not  atheistic,  it  has 
In  time,  and  now  has  Its  rites  and  tem 
rent  nationalities  and  1"-  alitii  -. 
India  Buddhism  spread  over  Ceylon,  Java,  Cochin 
China,  Burma,  Cibet,  Mongolia,  Tatary,  China,  and  Japan, 
but  was  stamped  out  in  India  by  the  rise  of  Hinduism. 
ism. 
Buddhist  ,   '<•  and  a.    [<  Buddha  + 

.  =  \\  Boudhiste.]     I.  «.  One  who  pro- 
fesses Buddhism;  a  follower  of  the  religious 
system  founded  by  Buddha. 
"  II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Buddha  or  Bud- 
dhism.- Buddhist  architecture,  the  oldest  and  most 
characteristic  native  Btyle  of  Indian  ecclesiastical  archi- 
,;,,    ,  ,,!,,  -t    specimens  dating  from  250  n.  0., 
and  prevailing  wherever  Buddhism  lias  been  established. 
Buddhist  architectural  monuments  may  be  classed  in  Ave 
groups:  (o)  Stambhas  or  late,  pillars  bearing  inscriptions 
on  their  shafts,  with  emblems  or  animals  on  their  capi- 
tals,   (ft)  Stupas  or  topes,  large  towers,  some  built  in  (In- 
form of  a  hemisphere,  others  partly  cylindrical  and  fin- 
ished at   the  top  with  either  a  flat  circle  or  a  pointed 
il.    The  topes  were  erected  in  honor  of 
,  ■   i  evi  m  or  place,  and  are  sometimes  employed 
to  contain  relicsoi  I  :udd  ha  or  of  a  saint.    Inthelattei  case 
called  a  da  rofto.  (c)  Bails,  fornn  d  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  built  around  topes,  temples, and  other 
sacred  objects,     (d)  Chaitya  halls,  cut  out  of  the  living 


708 

foam,  gush.]  In  mining,  to  wash  (ore1):  sepa- 
rate (the  metalliferous  ores)  from  earthy  mat- 
ters by  means  of  an  inclined  hutch  called  a  bud- 
die,  over  which  water  Hows. 
huddle-  (bud'l),  a.  [<i<inliH<-,  ».]  hi, }iini>iii,;i 
contrivance  foi  dressing  ore,  or  separating  the 
metalliferous  portion  from  the  earthy  gangue. 

The  term  was  original!}  usedi rnwall,  where  the  hand 

buddle  ia  a  Ions  box  slightly  inclined,  on  the  bottom  of 
which  the  ore  is  separated  by  the  aid  of  a  current  oi  water. 
Mi,  i,    are  several  much  move  complicated  forms  of  the 

buddle  Bomeof  which  are  stationary  and  others  revolving. 

buddle:i  (bud'l),  «.  [Also  bundle;  said  to  be  < 
1).  buidel,  also  contr.  bull  (=  OHG.  butil,  MHG. 
hmt: I,  G.  beutel),  a  purse;  from  its  bearing  gul- 
den (florins),  a  name  given  to  its  flowers:  see 
gulden,  i/uilder.]     Same  as  bundle3. 

buddle4'  (lmd'l),  v.  t.  To  suffocate;  drown. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bude  hurner,  light.    See  the  nouns. 

budge1  (buj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  budged,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  F.  bouger,  stir,  wag,  =  Pr.  bolcyar, 
stir,  =  It.  buUcare,  bubble  up,  freq.  (ef.  Sp. 
buliir,  boil,  be  busy,  bestir  i  me's  self,  move  from 
place  to  place,  =  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  ac- 
tive), <  L.  bullire,  boil:  see  boil-.]  I.  intrans. 
To  move;  stir;  change  position;  give  way: 
now  usually  with  a  negative,  implying  stub- 
born resistance  to  pressure. 

I  will  not  budge  for  no  man's  pleasure. 

Shot,  II.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
If  the  customers  or  guests  are  to  he  dunned,  all  the 
burthen  lies  upon  my  back;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that  glass  a* 
budge  after  them  himself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

II.  trans.  To  move;  stir;   change  the  posi- 
tion of. 

budgeH  (bu.i),  a.  [Appar.  <  budge1,  v.  Cf.  Sp. 
bullicioso,  brisk,  active:  see  budge1, v.]  Brisk; 
jocund.     South. 

budge'2  (buj),  )i.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  bouge 
(see  bougel),  <  ME.  howge,  a  bag,  <  OF.  Image,  <  L. 
biih/a,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  of  Gaelic  origin  : 
ef .  Gael.  Ir.  bub/. bolt/,  a  bag,  wallet,  quiver,  etc. : 
see  belli/,  bellows,  bulge,  etc]  I.  ».  It.  A  lea- 
thern bag. — 2.  Lambskin  dressed  with  the  wool 


buff 
nis  budget  with  corruptions  cramm'd, 

The  contributions  of  the  damn  d.  Swift. 

2.  A  stock  or  store;  a  collection:  as,  a  budget 
of  news. 

It  was  nature,  in  fine,  that  brought  olf  the  eat,  when  the 
fox's  whole  budget  Of  invention  tailed  him. 

Sir  R.  VEetrange. 
There  is  no  miracle  in  the  whole  Roman  Catholic  bud- 
a, ,  better  vouched  than  this. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  l>a.,  ii.  21. 

3.  A  pocket  used  by  tilers  to  hold  nails. — 4. 
tnGreal  Britain,  the  annual  financial  statement 
which  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  makes 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  sitting  as  a  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means,  in  making  this  statement 
the  minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  tinam  lal  policy  of 
the  government,  and  at  the  same  time  presents  an  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  income  and  expenditure  for  the  fol- 
lowing twelve  months,  and  a  statement  of  what  taxes  it 
is  intended  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or  what  new  ones  it  may 
be  necessary  to  impose. 

His  [.Mfrcd's]  budget  is  the  first  royal  budget  we  possess ; 
and  though  the  fact  that  the  national  expenses  wen  still 
in  the  main  defrayed  by  local  means  renders  any  compar- 
ison of  it  with  a  modern  budget  impossible,  it  is  still  of  in- 
terest as  indicating  the  wide  van-,,  if  public  activity  which 
even  now  was  open  to  an  English  king. 

J.  It.  Oreen,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  173. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  similar  official  estimate  and 
statement.  [The  word  in  this  specific  sense 
has  been  adopted  into  the  French  language.] 
—To  open  the  budget,  to  lay  before  the  legislative  Body 
the  financial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  ex<  cutlve  govei  n- 
iin'iit. 


track;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that' glass  as  budgyt  (buj'i),  a.  [<  budge*,  ».,  2,  +  -t/1.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  decorated  with  the  fur  called 
budge. 

budla  (bud'la),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  A  variety  of  bro- 
cade, not  of  "the  finest  quality,  manufactured 
in  India. 

budlet  (bud'let),  »•  [<  *"f?1  +  dim.  4et]  A 
little  bud  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

budmash  (bud'mash),  n.  [Also  badntash  :  < 
Hind,  badm'tish,  <  Pots,  bad,  bad,  +  Ar.  mash, 
means  of  living,  <  'ash,  live.]  A  scoundrel;  a 
blackguard  ;  during  the  time  of  the  Indian  mu- 
tiny (1857-58),  a  rebel. 
outward,  much  used  in  the  Elizabethan  era  and  Budorcas  (bu-dur'kas),  n.    [NL.,   <  Gr.  f)ovc, 


Buddhist  Architecture.— Interior  of  Chaitya  Hall  at  Karli. 


rock,  ami  corresponding  closely  in  plan  with  Christian 
churches.  The  positions  oi  the  altar  or  relic-casket,  aisles, 
and  apse  are  frequently  the  same  in  both,  f»  Yiharas,  or 
monasteries,  originally  builtof  red  sandalwood,  but  in  ex- 
ceptional circumstances  excavated  from  the  solid  rock, 
with  halls  having  their  ceilings  supported  by  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars  cut  from  the  natural  rock,  and  surround- 

.inn vol  small  sleeping-cells.   A  characteristic  of 

the  Buddhist  tyle  is  the  pseudo-arch,  formed  by  courses 
of  ston.  i  i  h  overlapping  that  below  it,  till  the  two  sides 
approach  so  closely  that  the  opening  at  the  top  can  he  cov- 
en,1  by  a  singles! 

Buddhistic  (in'i-'lis'tik),  a.  [<  Buddhist  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  Buddhism:  as,  Buddhistic  litera- 
ture.     Also  linodhistie. 

Buddhistical  (bii-dis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bud- 
dhistic.   Also  Boodhisticdt. 

budding  (bud'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bud'1,  p.] 

1.  In  bob,  the  putting  forth  or  producing  of 
buds.  In  the  lower  cryptogams  the  term  is  applii  d  to 
a  form  of  growth  and  reproduction,  a  modification  of 
fission,  in  which  the  in  -'■  ci  ii  wells  out  at  the  side  of  the 
parent  cell,  increases  in  size,  and  at  length  becomes  de- 
tached    Sei 

2.  In eool.,  gemmation;  a  mode  of  asexual  re- 
production in  animals  analogous  to  budding  in 
plants. — 3.  In  liort.,  a  process,  allied  to  graft- 
ing', for  growing  a  different  variety  of  fruit  or 
plant  In. in  a  given  stock  by  transferring  a  bud 
with  a  little  of  the  woody  tissue  behind  it  to  a 
cleft  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.     Adhesion  takes  budger  (but  er), 

lium  layi  i    o w- 

growth  tissue  of  the  tw  i  e  tiring  tin  Life 
and  growth  of  the  bud.  Manj  kinds  ol 
frnit  are  propagated  in  this  way,  as  well 

budding  (bud'ing),  p.  a.     |  Ppr.  of 
bud1,  i . )    1.  Producing  imds  i 
budding  I  ree. —  2.  Being  in  the  con- 
dition of  a  bud;  figuratively,  being 
in  an  early  stage  of  growth:   b 
at  the  entrance  oi  a  period  ol 
a  earei  r,  i  te. :  as,  a  budding  • 
\ ., 

Stud 


since  as  an  inexpensive  fur  for  the  edging  of 
garments.  In  England  some  official  costumes  that  have 
remained  unchanged  are  still  decorated  with  budge, 
When,  let  him  but  in  judgements  sight  uncase, 


He's  naught  but  budge,  oldgards,  browne  fox-fur  face. 
Martian,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  Sat.  vn. 

3.  Same  as  budge-barrel. 

II.  a-  [<  budge'2,  2.]  1.  Trimmed  or  adorn- 
ed with  budge  (see  I.,  2):  as,  "budge  gowns," 
Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with  Irish.— 2.  Scholas- 
tic; pedantic;  austere;  surly;  stiff;  formal: 
as,  "budge  doctors,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  707. 
The  solemn  fop,  significant  and  budge; 
A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  judge. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  299. 

Budge  bachelors!,  a  company  of  1 '  old  men  clothed 

in  long  gowns  lined  with  lamb's  wool,  who  formerly  ac- 
companied the  lord  mayorof  London  at  his  inauguration. 
budge3t  (buj), «.  [Origin  uncertain.]  One  who 
slips  into  a  house  or  shop  to  steal  cloaks,  etc. ; 
a  sneak-thief.     Kersey,  1708.     [Slang.] 


ox,  +  thpnac,  a  gaze!.]  A  notable  genus  of 
large  Asiatic  antelopes,  containing  the  yakin, 
Budorcas  taxieolor,  of  the  Himalayas :  some- 
times taken  as  type  of  a  subfamily  BudorciMB, 
so  great  are  its  peculiarities.     See  yakin. 

Budorcinae  (bu-dor-si'ne),  n.  /»/.  [Nl>..<  Bu- 
dorcas +  -ina.']  A  group  of  Himalayan  ante- 
lopes, typified  by  the  genus  Budorcas}  having 
smooth  round  horns  contiguous  at  then  bases, 
a  tail  like  that  of  a  goat,  and  4  teats. 

budorcine  (bu-dor'sin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Budorcinw. 

Budweis  porcelain.    Seeporcelain. 

Budytes  (lm-di'tez),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Jououtitc, 
the  wagtail.]  A  genus  of  small  oseine  passe- 
rine birds,  chiefly  of  the  old  world,  of  the  fam- 
ily Motacillidcc  ;  the  yellow  wagtails,  of  which 
there  are  many  species,  as  B.  Jlava.  See  Mo- 
tacillida ,  wagtail. 

buer,  n.     A  gnat,     llalliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 


<1|     rUIV.  till*.      I  U'V  La  -U.^-  •    u  u  if  )      j..~w.  j_~ £-,-  j  ,  ,_ ,  — 

budee-barrel  (bui'bar  <■!),  n.     A  small  barrel  buff,  boef-t,  '»'",/•    A"  exclamation  represent- 


Budding. 


budding-knife  (bud'ing-nif),  n.    A 
knife  used  by  gardeners  in  the  op- 
ii. n  of  budding,     i  he  handle,  usu- 
ally made  of  bon<                                               iiichi  Da 
'  bark  from  the  « I 

Ol  tl  ""d. 

buddle't,  a.    Bee  boodU  '. 
buddle-  (bud'l),  v.  t.\   pret.  and  pp.  huddled, 
ppr.  huddling.     [Cf,   LQ.buttebi  (>  G.  buttel/n), 


with  only  one  head,  a  piece  of  leather  which 
is  drawn  together  upon  strings  being  nailed 
upon  the  other  end.  It  is  used  in  action  for 
carrying  powder  or  cartridges  with  a  gun  or 
mortar.  Also  called  budge. 
budgenesst  (buj'nes),  n.  [<  budge2,  a.,  2,  + 
-hiss.]    Sternness;  severity. 

A  great  Bellona  for  budgenese. 

si, in, burst,  quoted  in  Walton  s  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §08. 

One  who  moves  or  stirs 
from  his  place 

Let  the  first  budger  die  the  other's  slave. 

Shah.,  for.,  i.  8. 

budgero,  budgerow  (buj'ro),  n.  [Anglo-Ind., 
also  bajra,  repr.  Hind,  bajrd,  a  kind  of  pleasure- 
boat.]     A  liiinberiug  keelless  barge,  formerly 

i h  used  by  Europeans  1  raveling  on  the  Gan- 

getic  rivers,  '   Yule  and  BurneU.    idsobudgero- 
boat,  buggi  row-boat. 
Thej  [the  ladles  of  Calcutta]  .  .  .  went  upon  the  river 

in    budg I       and   diverted    themselves    Willi     llsllingor 

fowling.  ./.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  200. 

budget  (bui'et),  it.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow- 
get;  <  P.  bougette  (=  It.  bolgetla),  dim.  of  OF. 
'bouge,  a  bag:  see  budge-.  Hence,  in  sense  -(, 
1).  and  F.  budget.]      1.    A  small  bag  or  sac-k ;  a 

pouch  or  portable  depository  for  miscellaneous 
articles:  m.u  ehietly  figurative:  as,  to  open  a 
tiudg,  i  of  news. 

ii  tinkers  may  have  have  t<>  live, 
And  hear  the  how  skin  budget. 

Shut.-,  \v.  I.,  iv.  3  (song). 


the  sound  made  by  eructation   in   conse- 
quence of  overeating. 

Whan  they  for  soules  seye  the  psalm  of  Davit, 
l.o,  eoi/' they  seye,  cor  meuni  eructavit. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  226. 
buff1  (buf ),  It.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  buffe,  short 
for  baffle1,  q.  v.]    I.  n.  If.  A  buffalo. 

Buffalo  [It],  a  buffle,  a  t.uffe.  Florio. 

Buffle  [F.l,  the  buffe,  buffle,  bugle,  or  wild  ox.    Cotgra  te. 
There  ale  also  wilde  heastes  bred  ill  those  woods,  as 

Buffes,  Beares,  and  blacke  Wolues. 

Uaklugfs  Voyages,  I.  218. 

They  hane  also  the  qualities  of  a  /.'»//'.     (or  it  the]  see 

a  man  clothed  in  red,  they  run  irpon  him  immediately  to 

kin  him.  SaMuyt'i  Voyages,  I.  118. 

2.  A  kind  of  thick  leather,  originally  and  prop- 
erly made  of  the  skin  of  I  he  buffalo,  bill  now  also 
of  the  skins  of  other  animals,  as  elks,  oxen, 
etc.  It  is  dressed  so  as  to  he  as  flexible  as  possible,  and 
without  a  glazed  or  artificially  colored  surface  It  la 
used  for  making  belts,  pouches,  gloves  etc.,  and  in  the 

later  middle'  ages  came    into  Use  to  take   the    place    in  a 

measure  ol  tight  armor:  as.  "a suit  otbuff,"  Shah:,  C.  of 

E.,  iv.  2.    Also  ,alhd  buff-teaOu  r. 

His  doublet  was  oi  sturdy  Inif, 

And  though  not  swiivil.  vet  i  udgel  proof. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibraa,  1.  i.  306. 

3.  A  buff-coat  (which  see). 

I  11  make  a  shift  to  drain  it 
Ere  I  part  with  hoots  and  buff. 

Praed  Sli  Nicholasat  MarstonMoor. 

4.  Tim  color  of  buff-leather;  a  yellow  color 

deficient  in  luminosity  and  in  chroma.—  5.  pi. 
The  third  regiment  of  the  line  in  the  British 


buff 

array :  so  called  from  the  color  of  the  facings  of 
their  uniform.  The  78th  regiment  is  called  the  Ross- 
shire  Buffi  for  the  Bame  reason. 
6.  In  med.,  the  buffy  coat.  See  huffy. — 7.  A 
buff-stick;  a  buff-wheel. —  8.  The  bare  skin: 
as,  to  strip  to  the  buff.    [Colloq.]  —  In  buff,  nuked. 

Iron  buff,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  with  ferric  oxid, 

by  first  impregnating  the  cotton  with  a  ferrous  salt  solu- 
tion, ami  then  passing  it  through  an  alkaline  solution  to 
precipitate  ferrous  hydrate ;  the  latter  is  changed  to  ferric 
hydrate  by  simple  exposure  to  the  air. 

II.  0.1.  Made  of  buff-leather. 

Did  not  I  take  yon  up  from  thence,  in  an  old  greasy 
buff  doublet,  with  points,  ami  green  velvet  sleeveSj  out 
at  the  elbows?  />*.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iii.  l. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  buff-leather ;  brownish-yel- 
low.—Buff  Cochin,  a  variety  of  the  Cochin  fowl  of 
which  both  cock  ami  hen  are  of  a  uniform  butf  color. 

buff1  (buf),  r.  *.  [<  buff},  ».,  7.]  To  polish  with 
a  buff-wheel  or  buff-stick. 

buff-  (buf),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  *bnffen,  boffen,  stam- 
mer, <  OF.  buffer,  bufer,  later  and  mod.  F. 
bouffer  mud  bouffir),  puff,  blow,  =Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
bufar  =  It.  buffare,  formerly  also  boffare,  dial. 
boffar  (ML.  buffare),  puff,  blow,  puff  out  the 
cheeks;  a  widely  spread  word,  in  part  imita- 
tive, appearing  in  E.  in  the  lit.  sense  in  the 
form  puff,  q.  v.     Cf.  buff'3,  buffet*,  buffoon,  etc.] 

1.  To  stammer.     [Now  only  prov.  Eug.] 
Kenable  nas  he  Host  of  tonge,  ac  [but]  of  speche  hastyf, 
Boffyng,  >V~  mest  [most]  wanne  he  were  in  wraththe  or  in 

st  rv  f .  Robert  of  Gloucester,  1.  414. 

2.  To  emit  a  dull  sound.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

buff-  (buf),  it.     [<  buff*,  v.    Cf.  buffard,  buffer*.] 

1.  A  dull  fellow;  a  drone. — 2.  Nonsense;  triv- 
ial or  idle  talk :  as,  that  is  all  buff. 

[Colloq.  or  slang.] 
buffst  (buf),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet1,  q.  v.)  = 
MHO.  buf,  huff,  buff,  puf,  O.  puff  =  MLG.  buff 
=  ODan.  buff  =  Sw.  dial,  buff,  <  OF.  buffe, 
bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow,  buffet,  prop,  a  slap  on 
the  cheek  (cf.  bouffe),  =  Olt.  buffet,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out,  a  puff  with  the  mouth,  also  strife, 
contention,  mod.  It.  a  trick,  jest,  =  Sp.  bufa, 
also  befa,  a  jest,  jeer,  ML.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed' out  (cf.  It.  buffo,  dial,  boff,  a  puff  of 
wind,  a  comic  actor,  =  Sp.  bufo,  a  comic  actor: 
see  buffoon);  cf.  ML.  buffare,  OF.  buffer,  bufer. 
etc.,  puff:  see  buff2.']  A  blow;  a  slap;  a  box; 
a  stroke  ;  a  buffet. 
Nathelesse  so  sore  a  buff  to  him  it  lent, 
That  made  him  reele,  and  to  his  brest  his  bever  bent. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  6. 
To  Stand  buff,  to  endure  blows  without  flinching ;  con- 
front without  fear.  [Another  signification  has  been  sug- 
gested for  the  phrase,  viz.,  to  stand  stripped  to  thecc/ or 
skin,  like  boxers.] 

Anil  for  the  good  old  cause  stood  buff 
'Gainst  many  a  bitter  kiek  ami  cuff. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

buff3  (buf),  ».  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet*,  q.  v.)  = 
MLG.  LG.  buffen  =  G.  puffen  =  ODan.  buffe  = 
Sw.  dial,  buffo,  <  OF.  buffer,  buffoyer,  slap, 
strike,  maltreat,  <  buffe,  bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow, 
buffet:  see  buffs,  «.]     If.' To  strike;  buffet. 

There  was  a  shock 
To  have  buffed  out  the  blood 
From  aught  hut  a  block. 
B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

2.  To  resist ;  deaden,  as  a  buffer. 

buff4  (buf),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buffe,  buffe, 
<  It.  buffa,  "the  buffie  or  breathing-holes  of  a 
head-piece  or  helmet"  (Florio);  a  particular 
use  of  buffa,  the  cheeks  puffed  out:  see  buff".] 
In  old  armor,  the  chin-piece  of  the  burgonet, 
corresponding  to  the  aventaile,  and  pierced 
with  holes  to  allow  breathing.  The  burgonet  being 
a  light  helmet  without  face-guard,  the  butf  was  added  to 
it  when  further  defense  was  needed. 

buff5  (buf),  re.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  bough1',  cf.  duff, 
var.  of  douqh,  barf,  var.  of  bargh.]  A  bough. 
Halliwell.    '[Prov." Eng.] 

buffalo  (buf' a-lo),  u. ;  pi.  buffaloes  or  -Jos  (-loz). 
[In  early  mod.  E.  usuallv  buffe,  buffie  (see  buff1, 
bufne*)  =  I).  buffet  =  MLG.  buffet  =  MHG.  buf- 
fi /',  G.  buffet  =  Sw.  buffet  =  ODan.  buffet,  boffel, 
Dan.  boffel  (<  P.  buffie);  in  the  form  buffalo,  < 
Sp.  biifalo  =  Pg.  bufalo,  bufaro  =  It.  bufalo, 
bufolo,  bubalo,  formerly  buffalo,  =  Pr.  bubali, 
brufol,  brufe  =  F.  buffie  =  Wall,  birol  =  Hung. 
turn!,  bial  =  Alb.  bual,  but.  =  Russ.  buivolu, 
Initio  =  Little  Kuss.  bairol,  buirol,  builo  =  Pol. 
bujwol,  bawol  (barred  /)  =  Bohem.  burol  =  Serf, 
ftttto  =  OBulg.  buirolu,  Bulg,  birol,  <  ML.  bufalus, 
buffalus,  bufolus  (NL.  bubalus,  also  its  specific 
name  buffelus),  <  L.  bubalus,  the  wild  o.\,  ear- 
lier and  more  properly  an  African  antelope  (= 
NGr.  /Joi'/3a/ioc,  povflate,  a  buffalo),  <  Gr.  fiovfia- 


709 

/toe,  also  floi'ftattr,  an  African  species  of  ante- 
lope, perhaps  the  hartbeest  ;  prob.  (simulating 

(Jr.  SoSc,  an  Ox)  from  a  native  African  name.] 
1.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  family  Bovida, 
the  best-known  species  of  which  is  the  Bubalus 
buffelus  or  Bos  bubalus,  larger  than  the  ox  and 


Common  Buffalo    Bubalus  buffelus). 

with  stouter  limbs,  originally  from  India,  but 
now  found  in  most  of  the  warmer  countries  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere,  it  is  less  docile  than  the 
common  ox,  and  is  fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  It 
i-,  however,  used  in  tillage,  draft,  and  carriage  in  India 
and  elsewhere.  The  female  gives  much  more  milk  than 
the  cow,  and  front  the  milk  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  of 
India  is  made.     The  Cape  buffalo,  Bubalus  or  Bos  coffer, 


Cape  Buffalo  {Bubalus  coffer). 

is  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  horns,  which  are  black 
ami  united  at  their  liases,  forming  a  great  bony  plate  on 
the  front  of  the  head.  It  attains  the  size  of  an  ox.  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable  leather  is  pre- 
pared from  it,  but  the  flesh  is  not  highly  esteemed. 
2.  A  name  given  to  various  wild  oxen,  or 
lim  hue,  and  particularly  to  the  bison  of  North 
America,  Bison  americanus.  See  bison. —  3.  A 
buffalo-robe. — 4.  A  buffalo-fish. —  5.  A  leather 
hamper  used  for  carrying  bobbins. —  6.  }>l. 
[cap.]  In  U.  S.  hist.,  a  name  given  by  their  op- 
ponents to  those  members  of  the  Locofoco  or 
Equal  Rights  party  who  in  1836  accepted  the 
overtures  of  the  regular  Democratic  organiza- 
tion (Tammany)  toward  a  coalition. —  7.  pi-  A 
nickname  given  to  the  dwellers  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina. 

buffalo-berry  (buf'a-lo-ber"i),  ».  1.  The  fruit 
of  the  Sliejilienliu  ari/i iilea,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree  which  grows  in  western  North  America. — 
2.  The  tree  itself. 

buffalo-bird  (buf  a-16-berd),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Sturnopastor:  so  called  because  it  asso- 
ciates with  buffaloes. 

I  never  tired  of  watching  the  friendly  relation  between 
the  Buffalo-birds  (Sturnopastor  ialla  and  S.  melanopterus) 
and  their  bovine  hosts. 

//.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  55. 

buffalo-bug  (but' a-lo-bug),  re.     A  name  of  the 
carpet-beetle, 
buffalo-chips  (buf'a-16-chips),  re.  pi.    The  dry 

dvmg  of  the  bison,  formerly  used  for  fuel  on  the 
western  plains  of  North  America. 

buffalo-cod  (buf  a-16-kod),  re.  A  chiroid  fish, 
Ophiodon  elongatus  :  the  cultus-cod. 

buffalo-fish  (buf 'a-16-fish),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  fishes  of  the  family  Catostomiace,  or 
suckers,  t.nd  genus  IcUobus  or  Bubalichthys. 
They  are  an.ong  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  somewhat  re- 
semble carp,  and  abound  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  the 
United  States.  The  name  was  probably  given  on  account 
of  the  protuberant  or  hump  like  back,  which  rises  highest 
near  the  front  of  the  dorsal  tin.  Several  species  are  recog- 
nized.    See  Ictiobince. 

buffalo-gnat  (buf  a-16-nat).  ».  A  kind  of  black- 
fly,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the  genus  Simulium 
and  family  Simuliidos.  It  is  found  in  almost  incredi- 
ble numbers  in  the  southern  and  western  United  States, 
and  is  a  dreaded  pest  of  cattle,  rendering  the  animals  fran- 
tic, and  in  some  eases  causing  death. 

buffalo-grass  (buf'a-15-gras),  «.  A  common 
name  for  several  low  grasses  very  prevalent 
upon  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
including  Buchloe  dactyloides,  a  dicecious  spe- 
cies, ami  Bouteloua  oligostachya,  with  others  of 
the  same  genus. 

buffalo-jack  ( but" a-lo-jak),  re.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Carauyitla;  Cciranx  pisquetus.     [Bermuda.] 


buffer-block 

buffalo-nut  (bul"a-16-nut),  re.  1.  The  fruit  of 
Hie  North  American  shrub  I'uriilariti  oleifcra. — 

2.  The  plant  itself.    Also  called  oilrfiut. 
buffalo-perch  (buf'a-lo-perch),  n.    1.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Scia  nida .  Aplodinotus  i  Baplodinotus ) 

yruuuii  us,  willi  elevated  back  or  shoulders;  the 
bit  bliler  or  fresh  -water  dnimtish.  Fiajiiicst/ue. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomtiue,  IcUobus 
bubalus ;  a  buffalo-fish. 

Theyoung  .  .  .  Is  often  sold  In  the  market  as  a  distinct 
species,  under  the  nameol  Buffalo  perch.  Kirtland. 

buffalo-robe  ( buf'a-16-rob),  n.  The  skin  of  the 
bison  of  North  America,  prepared  with  t  lie  hair 
on,  and  used  as  a  carriage-rug  and  in  other  ways 
for  protection  from  the  cold. 

buffardt,  «•  LME.,  <  OF.  bouffard,  puffing, 
blowing,  swelling;  as  a  noun,  a  glutton;  < 
bouffer' puff,  blow:  see  buff*,  and  cf.  buffer*.] 
A  fool. 

V,  t wol  she  .  .  .  take  a  buffard  riche  of  gret  vilesse, 
In  hope  that  he  shal  sterue  withynne  a  while. 

Lydgate,  Minor  Poems,  p.  32. 

buff-coat  (buf'kot),  re.  1.  A  military  coat  made 
of  buff-leather,  which  gradually  replaced  the 
buff-jerkin  as  armor  of  steel  became  less  com- 
mon, and  was  in  especial  favor  at  the  time 
of  the  English  civil  wars.  The  buff-coat  was  com- 
monly worn  by  itself,  and  was  so  thick  and  unyielding  as 
to  be  considered  proof  against  the  sword,  and  even  against 
a  pistol-ball  except  when  tired  at  short  range.  It  was 
also  worn  over  the  cuirass,  which  it  partly  concealed,  and 
under  it,  especially  among  soldiers  regularly  enlisted. 
Butf- coats  were  sometimes  richly  embroidered  with  col- 
ored silks. 
Hence  —  2.  A  soldier. 

Schismatics!  pravity  will  grow  up  under  the  licentious- 
nessofwar;  some  profane  huff-coats  will  authorize  such 
incendiaries.     Bp.  Backet,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  170. 

buffeH,  etc.    See  buff1,  etc. 

buffel,  buffel-duck,  etc     See  buffie*,  etc. 

buffer1  (bufer),  re.  [<  buff*  +  -er*.]  It.  A  per- 
son who  killed  sound  horses  in  order  to  sell 
their  hides. — 2.  Same  as  buff-wheel. 

buffer-  (bufer),  re.  [<  ME."  buffere,  <  *buffen, 
boffen,  stutter,  stammer:  see  buff2,  v.,  and  cf. 
buffard.]     It.  A  stammerer. 

The  tunge  of  bufferes  \L.  bodborum]  swiftli  shal  speke 
and  pleynly.  Wyclif,  Isa.  xxxii.  4  (Oxf.). 

2.  A  foolish  fellow;  a  fellow;  a  duffer:  a  term 
expressive  of  extreme  familiarity,  and  gener- 
ally having  a  flavor  of  contempt.  [Slang  or 
colloq.] 

As  the  water  grew  rougher 
The  more  my  poor  hero  continued  to  suffer, 
Till  the  Sailors  themselves  cried,  in  pity, 
"Poor  Buffer ! " 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  305. 

3t.  A  person  who  took  pay  to  swear  false 
oaths ;  a  hired  perjurer. 
buffer3  (bufer),  re.  [<  buff',  v.,  +  -er*.]  1.  One 
who  buffs  or  strikes ;  a  hitter.  [Rare.] —2.  Any 
apparatus  for  deadening  the  concussion  be- 
tween a  moving  body  and  one  against  which  it 
strikes.   Specifically,  au  apparatus  attached  to  railroad- 


Part  of  under  frame  of  an  English  railway-carriage,  showing  bufnng- 
springs,  a  a,  acted  on  at  the  ends  by  rods  from  the  buffer-blocks,  b  b. 

cars  to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  or  collision. 
The  buffer  shown  above,  which  represents  the  form  com- 
mon on  British  railways,  consists  of  powerful  springs  and 
framing  attached  to  carriages  and  wagons  to  deaden  the 
concussion  between  them  when  they  come  into  collision. 
Hence — 3.  Anything  which  serves  to  deaden 
or  neutralize  the  shock  of  opposing  forces. 

It  is  evident  that  the  period  of  an  indefinitely  collaps- 
ing policy  has  closed.  This  means,  inevitably,  the  near 
approach  of  an  end  to  the  system  of  political  buff  ,  -■> 
far  as  India  is  concerned.  Edinburgh  Bee.,  C'LXIII.  19. 
A  sense  of  humor  .  .  .  may  have  served  as  a  buffer 
against  the  too  importunate  shock  of  disappointment. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  313. 
Hydraulic  buffer.    slt-  hydraulic. 

buffer-bar  (buf  er-bar),  re.  A  bar  of  wrought- 
iron  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad-car  to 
deaden  the  concussion  between  it  and  the  next. 
The  buffer-bars  act  generally  upon  a  pair  of  springs, 
which  give  an  elastic  resistance  when  two  cars  come  to- 
gether. 

buffer-beam  (buf'er-bem),  re.  1.  A  transverse 
timber  secured  to  the  end  sill  of  a  freight-car. 
The  dead-blocks  are  connected  with  this  beam. 
—  2.  The  end  timber  of  the  platform  of  a  pas- 
senger-car. 

buffer-block  (buf'er-blok),  re.  1.  A  block  or 
piece  of  timber  attached  to  the  end  timber  of  a 
ear,  or  of  the  platform  of  a  passenger-car,  above 


buffer-block 


no 


bufoniform 


2.  Made  of  boffin:   as,  "buffin  gowns,"  Mas- 
singi  r,  City  Madam,  iv.  4. 

II.  «.  A'  coarse  cloth  in  use  in  the  tinio  of 
Elizabeth  and  .lames  I. 

Grograms,    broad    or    narrow,    called   Buffines,    poize 
[weigh]  i  lbs.  one  « itli  another. 

Lansdowne  MS.,  1592.    (.Draper's  ]> 


the  draw-bar,  to  keep  the  cars  from  corning 
ther  if  th.-  draw-bar  gives  way.— 2.  The 
ilai  bead  of  a  buffer-bar.   See  cut  under  J 

Uso  called  buffing-block. 
buffer-head  (buf'er-hed),  ».     Same  as  buffer- 

bu^r-ipringll.uf-c.r-s,,ri,,,,,,  ^spruigwhich  ^ 


'■> 


gives  elasticity  to  a  buffer,  so  as 

shock  of  collision.     Also  called  buffing-spring. 

3i  e  'in  under  buffer9.    Auxiliary  buffer-spring, 

ilroad-cars,  a  spring  secured  behind  a  djaw-Bpnng,  to 

i  - glythe  pressure  on  the  draw-Dai  in  dub- 

buffet1  (buf'et),  n.  [<  ME.  buffet,  boffet,  bofet 
(=  [eel.  buffeit),  <  OP.  buffet,  bufet  (=  It.  buf- 
feto,  formerly  "  tto;  cf.  Sp.  Pg.  bofe- 

tada),  a  blow,<  buffe,  I'm',:  a  blow:  see  &«p.] 
1.  A  blow  with  the  list:  a  box;  a  cuff;  a  slap: 

I.,  nrc.  hard  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive  of  DUffing-iathe  (buf 'ing-lass  . 
blows-  a  violent  shock  or  concussion:  as,"i 
tune's  buffets,"  Shut..  Hamlet,  iii.  '-'. 


buffon,  "•     Same  as  buffbnt. 

buffontt,  "•     [<  F-  bouffant  (cf.  "bouffanes  [sic], 

puffs  in  a  garment"  —  Cotgravo),  ppr.  of  bouf- 
fer,  puff  out:  see  huff-,  buffet*-.]  A  projecting 
in1  puffed-out  covering  of  gauze  or  linen  for  the 
breast,  much  worn  by  women  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

and  a.     [<  F.  bouffon,  < 


in 
Tin-  kynge  redressed  hym  and  j  af  hj  m  si iche  a '■».") '  vpi in 
the  l.-iie  temple  thai  the  Mode  braste  outeoi  mouthe  and 
nose.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  391. 

I  or  God's  sake,  sir.  be  merry,  or  else  bear 
The  buffets  <>r  your  fortune  with  more  scorn  ' 

Beau,  and  /•'/..  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 
We  get  .  .  .  manj  a  buffet  of  the  rough  water  of  experi- 
ui, •  the  bare  ri-^hl  to  live. 

Lov/ell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  138. 
2t.  A  blast  of  wind. 

Thay  blwe  a  buffet  in  blande  that  banned  peple. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  885. 
buffet1  (buf'et).  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  buffeted,  ppr. 
.  ting.  [<  ME.  buffeten,  bofeten  =  Icel.  buf- 
feita  (cf.  Sp.  boft  tear,  abofetear,  Pg.  bofetear  = 
It.  buffetare,  boffettegiare—'FloAo),  buffet :  from 
tin- noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike  with  the  hand 
or  fist :  box  :  beat. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  iiis  face,  and  buffeted  him  ,  and 
others  smote  liim  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 

.Mat.  jexvi.  67. 

2.  To  beat  in  contention ;  contend  against  as 
if  with  blows:  as.  to  buffet  the  billows. 
The  torrent  roar'd  ;  and  we  did  buffet  it 
Withlustj  miii-«>;  throwing  it  aside 
And  stemming  it  with  hearts  of  controversy. 

Shah.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  exercise  at  boxing;  box;  con- 
tend with  blows  of  the  fists;  hence,  to  force 
one's  way  by  buffeting. 

If  I  might  '""'• '  tor  my  love,  ...  I  could  lay  on  like  a 
butcher.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I  caught  her;  Hun 
Oaring  one  arm,  anil  bearing  in  my  left 
Tic  weight  of  all  the  hopes  of  half  the  world, 
Strove  tobuffet  to  lam  I  in  vain    Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
buffet-  (buf'et,  or,  as  F.,  bii-fa'),  n.   [Sometimes 
erroneously  written beaufet  (simulating  F.  beau, 
tiiii — a  notion  present,  in  another  form,  in  the 
orig.  use),  <  ME.  buffitt,  buffit,  boffet.  bofet  (in 
def.  4.  ami  comp.  buffet-stool,  q.  v.)  =  D.  G. 
haii.  Sw.  buffet  —  Russ.  bufetu,  a  sideboard,  = 
Sp.  Pg.  buft  te,  a  desk,  writing-table,  Pg.  also 
a  sideboard,   <    F.  huffct,  a  sideboard,  a  cup- 
board, in  ol<ler  1'.  esp"  of  an  elegant  or  costly 

kind,  "a  court  eupt id,  or  high-standing  cup- 

boord,  also  a  eupboord  of  plate,  also  as  much 
plate  as  will  furnish  a  eupboord"  (Cotgrave), 
also  a  desk  or  writing-table,  <  It.  buffetto,  for- 
merly also  l„, if,  tin.  a  cupboard,  sideboard,  buf- 
fet (ML,  bufetum,  a  buffet,  cf.  buffetus,  a  coun- 
cil; cf.  bureau  in  similar  senses),  appar.  so 
called  from  its  elegance,  being  =  OF.  bufoi, 
bis,  sumptuousness,  show,  pomp,  fine  equi- 
page, <  bufer,  buffer  (=  It.  buffare,  etc.),  puff, 
blow:  see  buff  2,  and  cf.  buffet^A  1.  A  cupboard, 

sideboard,   or  closet,   designed    to   hold  china, 

crystal,  plate,  and  other  like  articles. —  2.  The 

I  pari     for    refreshments     in    public 

ees. — 3.  That  part  of  the  cabinet-work  of 

an  organ  which  incloses  the  pipes. — 4.  Same 

as  i,  Wright, Prov. Diet.  [Prov.Eng.] 

buffeter  (buf'et-er),  n.    One  who  buffets  or 

strikes  with  the  hand  or  f  t;  a.  boxer, 
buffeting  l  bul  '•  I  Lng),  n.    \  Verbal  n.  of  buffet1, 
P.]     A  beating;  a  blow;   a  buffet, 
it,  had  v  .iii.   in  i  till  sick- 

le him.  1 1  Lstram  shandy,  vi.  18. 

buffet-stool  (buf'et -stc.l  i,  ».    [<  ME.  buffett 
bofet  stole,  also  simply  buffit,  bofet 


It.  buffone  (=  Sp.  bit/on  =  Pg.  bufdo),  a  jester, 
<  buffet  (=  Sp.  bufo),  a  jest,  mocking,  connect- 
ed with  buffare  (=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bufar=  F.  bouf- 
fer).  puff,  "blow;  see  bnjp.  Imffi/K]  I.  n.  One 
"who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others  by 
tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postures,  jokes,  and 
other  vulgar  pleasantries;  a  droll;  a  nierry- 
andrew;  a  clown;  a  jester. 

The  scurril  talk  of  buffoons,  pleasants,  and  jesters. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  487. 

Buffoons  that  have  a  talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 
and  behaviour  of  other  persons.  Tatter,  No.  2(58. 

=  Syn.  See  zany. 

II.  n.  Characteristic  of  a  buffoon;  buffoonish. 

.Neither  buffoon :  contemptible.      Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

Buffoon  stories.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Same  as  buffoon  (bu-fon'),».    [<  buffoon, ».]    I.  intrans. 
To  act  the  part  of  a  buffoon.   Dryden.    [Bare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  ridiculous.     [Rare.] 

Religion  .  .  .  despised,  buffooned,  exposed  as  ridiculous. 
tjflanvilte,  Sermons,  bt.  343. 

Went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  ridiculous  farce 
and  rhapsody,  called  "The  Recital, "  hufftmnimr  all  plays, 
yet  prophane  enough.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Dec.  14,  1671. 


operation  of  diminishing  the  thickness  of  a  hide 
by  means  of  a  curriers'  knife  or  a  splitting- 
machinc,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  Bup- 
plcness  of  the  leather;  hence,  the  layer  so 
shaved  off;  the  amount  of  lessening  effected. 

When  about  one-third  tanned,  the  hides  arc  remove, 1 
from  the  tanning  liquor  and  a  buffing  is  taken  off  of  each 

hide.  '  '■   t\  Jluris,  Leather,  p.  .iso. 

buffing-block  (buf'ing-blok),  n.     Same  as  buff- 
block 

n.    A  lathe  in 

which  metal   plates  are  polished.     The  buffer 

may  be  of  leather,  cotton,  or  other  material, 

and  is  used  with  various  polishing-powders. 

buffing-machine  (buf  'ing-ma-sheu"),  >'.    A 

machine  used  for  buffing  or  polishing. 

buffing-spring  (buf'ing-spring),  n 
buffer-spring. 

buffing-wheel  (buf'ing-hwel),  n.  Same  as  buff- 
wheel. 

buff-jerkin  (buf'jer  kin),  n,  1.  A  garment  for- 
merly worn  under  the  corselet,  and  made  of  buff- 
leather,  whence  its  name.  It  took  the  place 
of  the  acton  and  gambeson. —  2.  A  waistcoat 
made  of  buff-leather;  hence,  a  waistcoat  made  buffoonery  (bu-fon'er-i),  «.;  pi.  buffooneries 


of  cloth  of  a  buff  color.  It  seems  to  have  been  eon 
sidered  the  peculiar  mark  of  constables  and  other  officers 
of  the  law. 

Fighting!  what's  fighting?  it  may  he  in  fashion 

Among  provant  swords,  and  buff-jerkin  men. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Elder  Brother,  v.  1. 

buff-laced  (buf 'last),  a.  In  poultry-  and  pigeon- 
breeding,  having  the  feathers  laced  or  edged 

with  buft:  said  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  a  buffoonism  (bulfbn'izm), ».    [<  bit 
rich  buff,  each  feather  being  distinctly  laced       ,  tieves  of  a  buffoon;  buffoonery, 

with  pale  buff,  as  m  the  case  of  buff-laced  Po-  - 
lish  fowls,  or  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  pale 
buff,  each  feather  being  laced  with  dark  buff. 

buffle1  (buf'l),  n.  [<  F.  buffe.  a  buffalo.]  1. 
A  buffalo.— 2.  Aduck,  Bucephala  albeola,  abun- 
dant in  North  America.  It  has  a  short  blue  bill  and 
a  head  the  apparent  size  of  which  is  greatly  increased  by 


.    Ii;    <    buffet*   +    Stool.]     A    stool  with  buffle-hom  (buf'l  horn),  ». 

■  i  i  legs,  formerly  used  in  con- 
nection with  tin-  buffel  or  sideboard,  and  often 
send]  table  or  sideboard  among  poor 

people,     I 
buffiet,  a-    Sam.  as  buf  '.     Florio. 

bllffint  il.uf'iiii.  i'.  and  n .      [  1  '.ail v  mod.  I. 
par    i  ,  <   buffi    +  -,„J.j     I.  „.    1.    ill 

buff. 
Buffalino  [It.  j.  of  buffe,  ••■     < 


Bufile  [Bucefhata  ull'tola). 

the  fullness  of  its  feathers.  The  male  is  chiefly  black 
above  and  white  below,  the  head  being  iridescent-black 
with  a  large  white  occipital  space.  Also  called  bujfle-head, 
buffle-duck,  buffie-headed  duck,  spirU^Luek,  dipper,  and  i,„i- 
teroall.     Also  spelled  buffel. 

buffle-  (buf'l),  V.    [Frerj.  of  buff*,  stammer:  see 
''«//-.]    I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  thickly  or  in- 
articulately.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2f.  To  be  puz- 
zled; be  at  a  loss.    Swift. 
II.  trans.  To  handle  clumsily. 

buff-leather  (buf 'le ''Tiler),  n.    Same  as  /.»;/'',  2. 

buffle-duck  (buf'1-duk),  n.     Same  as  buffle\  '2.. 

buffle-head  (buf'1-hed).  n.     If.  One  who  has  a 
large  or  stupid  head,  like  a  buffalo's. 

What  makes  you  stare  so.  bufle-heml  ' 

flniilus  (trans.),  1CII4. 

2.    Same  as  biifihK  2. 

buffle-headedt  (buf' 1-hed'ed).  o.    Having  a 

large  head,  like  a  buffalo's;  dull;  stupid;  fool- 
ish,     liiiiilmi.  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  111.  I!. 

The  common  name 
in  South  Africa  of  the  Burchellia  Capensis,  on 

or.-, unit  of  tin'  hardness  and   toughness  of  the 

wood.     It  is  a  riiliiaccon-:  -In  lib   with  handsome  llowers, 

s eti s  cultivated  in  both 

buffle-WOOd  (buf'1-wud  I,  ».  Same  as  buffle-horn. 
buffo  (buf '6),  n,      |  It..  I IC  actor,  also  a  puff, 

whiff,  <  buffare,  puff,  rally,  mock :  see  buff",  buf- 
foon. ]     The  comic  actor  in  an  opera;  a  comic 

singer. 


(-iz).     [(.'buffoon  +  -ery,  after  F.  bouffonnerieJ] 

The  art  and  practices  of  a  buffoon;  low  jests; 
ridiculous  pranks;  vulgar  tricks  and  postures. 

No  merit  was  Becure,  no  person  free 

I  loin  its  licentious  buffoont  ry. 

Oldham,  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

buffoonish  (bu-f6n'ish),  a.  [<  buffoon  +  -/sfc1.] 
Like  a  buffoon;  consisting  in  buffoonery.  Blair. 

roon  +  -ism."] 

1" 
buffoonizet  (bu-fon'iz),  v.  t.    [<  buffoon  +  -ire.] 

To  jest.     Minsheu,  1617. 
buffbonly  (bu-fon'li),  a.    [<  buffoon  +  -i.v1.] 

Buffoonish.     [Rare.] 

Apish  tricks  and  buffoanXy  discourse. 

J.  Goodman,  Winter  Eve.  Conference,  1. 

buffo-singer  (buf'6-sing'er),  n.  A  singer  of 
comic  songs  in  opera  bouffe;  a  buffo. 

buff-stick  (buf'stik),  n.  A  piece  of  stick  cov- 
ered with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  or  other 
material,  and  charged  with  emery  or  otherpow- 
der,  used  in  polishing. 

buff-tip  (buf  tip),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  Japa- 
nese shrike,  Lauius  bueephalus,  so  called  be- 
cause of  a  buff  patch  on  the  wing. —  2.  A  name 
of  a  moth  similarly  marked. 

buffum  (buf'um),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  mix- 
ture of  several  inferior  kinds  of  oil,  used  as  an 
adulterant  of  linseed-oil.     Kneije.  Brit.     [Eng.] 

buff-ware  (buf'war),  «.  In  ceram.,  a  stone- 
ware made  in  Staffordshire,  England,  from  the 
clay  and  other  ingredients  found  there,  and  not 
decorated.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  natural  color 
of  the  clay  when  fired. 

buff-wheel  (buf'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  of  wood, 
glue,  leather,  light  fabrics,  or  other  material, 
used  with  emery,  rouge,  or  other  powders  in 
polishing  glass  and  metals.  Also  called  buffer 
and  buffing-wheel. 

buffy  (buf 'i),  a.  [<  buffi  +  -i/1.]  Buff-colored ; 
pertaining  to  buff  on  the  blood.-  Buffy  coat,  the 
coat  of  fibrin  free  from  red  blood-corpuscles  on  tic  uppi  r 
surface  ol  a  blood-clot,  which  is  formed  when  the  coagu- 
lation is  delayed  until  after  the  corpuscles  have  sunk  so 
as  to  leave  the  upper  layers  of  the  blood. 

Bufo  (bu'fo),  n.  [L.,  a  toad.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  /•'«- 
fonidee,  ami  embracing  the  common  toads  of 
Europe  ami  North  America.  See  cut  under 
aifiia-lnail. 

bufonid  (bu'fo-nid),  ii.  An  amphibian  of  the 
family  Bufonides. 

Bufohidae'(bu-fon'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL..  <  linfa(n-) 
+  -iilie.]  A  family  of  arcif  erous  salient  amphibi- 
ans, typified  by  the  genus  Bufo,  without  max- 
illary teeth  and  with  dilated'  sacral  vertebra' 
ami  a  broad  Hat  tongue,  lice  behind  ;  the  toads. 
The  body  and  limbs  arc  thick,  heavy,  and  clumsy,  andthe 
skin  is  waitvor  rugose.  The  species  are  less  aquatic  than 
frogs,  not  arboreal  like  tree-toads,  and  much  less  ague. 

About  loo  species  arc  known.     Sec  cut  under  anua-toaO. 

bufoniform  (bu-fon'i-f6rm),  «.     [<  L.  hufo(n-), 

a  toad,  +  forma,  shape  I      Having  the  form  id 

a  load;  resembling  a  toad ;  bufonoid;  specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  liiifouiformia: 
contrasted  with  rauij'onn. 


Bufoniformia 

Bufoniformia  (bu-fon-i-f6r'mi-8,),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  bufo(n-),  a  toad  (NL.  Sufo),  +  forma, 
form,  +  -<«.]  A  group  or  suborder  of  salient 
amphibians,  en  t  ining  those  having  an  arcif- 
erous  sternum  aivl  no  teeth.  It  includes  I  he 
Bufouula,  Rhinopkrynidce,  and  Dendrophrynis- 
eidce. 

bufonite  (bu'fon-it),  «.    [<  L.  bufo(n-),  a  toad, 

+  -He2.]  Toadstone;  a  fossil  consisting  of 
the  petrified  teeth  of  Sphosrodus,  Pycnodus,  and 
other  Mesozoie  ganoid  fishes.  It  was  formerly 
much  esteemed  for  its  imaginary  virtues,  and  was  worn 
in  rings ;  it  was  thought  to  originate  in  the  heads  of  toads, 
bufonoid  (bu'fpn-oid),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Resem- 
bling a  toad;  bufoniform;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bufonoidea. 

II.  ii.  A  bufonid  or  other  member  of  the  Bu- 
fonoidea. 

Bufonoidea  (bu-fo-noi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
llufo(n-)  +  -oidea.]  A  superfamily  of  arcifer- 
ous  phaneroglossate  amphibians,  whose  tad- 
poles have  a  spiracle  on  the  left  side  and  whose 
adults  are  ribless.  It  embraces  all  the  Aroifera 
except  the  Discoglossidce. 
bufta  (buf'ta),  n.  Same  as  baft2. 
bugH  (bug),"»i.  [<  ME.  bugge,  prob.  <  W.  bwg, 
a  hobgoblin,  specter,  bwgan,  a  specter,  =  Corn. 
bttcca,  a  hobgoblin,  bugbear,  =  Gael.  Ir.  bocan, 
a  specter,  Ir.  pnea,  an  elf,  sprite  (>  E.  puck). 
Cf.  bog2,  bogy,  bogle,  and  see  bug".'}  A  hob- 
goblin ;  a  specter ;  anything  terrifying :  a  bug- 
bear. 

Right  as  ttie  humour  of  melancholye 

Causith  many  a  man  in  slepe  to  crye, 

For  fere  of  beris  [bears]  ore  of  liolis  [bullsl  blake, 

Or  ellis  that  blacke  buggye  [var.  develes]  wo]  him  take. 
Chaucer,  Nun's  Priests  Tale,  1.  116. 

Than  beginneth  he  to  remember  his  life,  anil  from  that 
he  falleth  to  thinke  vpon  his  death.  .  .  .  And  then  be- 
ginneth he  to  thinke,  that  it  were  good  to  make  sure,  .  .  . 
least  there  hap  to  be  suehe  blacke  bugges  indede  as  folke 
cal  diuelles,  whose  tormentes  he  was  wont  to  take  for 
Poets  tales. 

Sir  T.  Mure,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  40. 
The  bug  which  you  would  fright  me  with. 

Shah.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

[Enter  .  .  .  Sylvan  and  a  Nymph,  a  man  Bug,  and  a 
woman.] 

1  Bug.    Pray,  master  Usher,  where  must  I  come  in? 

2  Buy.   Am  I  not  well  for  a  Bug,  master  Usher? 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 

bug'2  (bug),  n.  [A  particular  application  of 
bug1.']  1.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  many 
kinds  of  insects,  commonly  with  certain  dis- 
tinctive additions,  as  May-bug,  lady-bug,  land- 
bugs  (Geocorisw),  water-bugs  (Hydroconsa), 
etc. 

5Tou  lie  down  to  your  shady  slumber, 
And  wake  with  a  bug  in  your  ear. 

N.  P.  Willis,  Love  in  a  Cottage. 

Especially  —  2.  The  Cimex  lectularius,  the  bed- 
bug or  house-bug,  or  any  member  of  this  ge- 
nus or  of  the  family  Cimici- 
dw.  The  bedbug  is  about  -ft  inch 
long,  wingless,  with  a  roundish, 
depressed  body,  of  dirty  rust-color, 
and  emits  an  offensive  smell  when 
touched.  The  female  lays  her  eggs 
in  summer  in  the  crevices  of  furniture 
and  of  the  walls  of  rooms.  Its  larvje 
are  small,  white,  and  semi-transpar- 
ent. They  attain  full  size  in  eleven 
weeks.  The  mouth  of  the  bedbug 
has  a  3-jointed  proboscis,  which 
forms  a  sheath  for  a  sucker. 
3.  pi.  In  entom.,  the  Hciuip- 
tera,  and  especially  the  het- 
eropterous  division  of  that  order. — 4.  An  en- 
tomostracous  crustacean  of  cursorial  habit  or 
bug-like  aspect,  as  an  isopod.  Some  are  parasites 
of  fishes,  others  terrestrial.  See  bugfish,  salve-bug,  sow- 
bug,  pUl-bug.  -Big-bug,  a  person  of  importance  or  dis- 
tinction. [<  'olloq. )  —  Mealy  bug,  a  species  of  Dactylopius, 
as  D.  adonidutti,  covered  with  a  white  powdery  substance. 
It  is  often  found  on  the  trunks  of  vines  and  other  hot- 
house plants. 

bug'2  (bug),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [<  bug2,  «.]  To  hunt  for  bugs;  col- 
lect or  destroy  insects :  chiefly  in  the  present 
participle:  as,  to  go  bugging.     [Humorous.] 

buga  (bug),  v.  i.  •  pret.  ami  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  buck"2  or  of  its  prim- 
itive verb  bow1,  <  ME.  boiren,  bugen,  <  AS.  bii- 
gan:  see  buck2,  bow1.']  To  bend.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Kent).] 

bug4  (bug),  a.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  big1,  and  per- 
haps of  bogs;  prob.  confused  with  bug1:  see 
bug1,  and  of.  bug-word.']    If.  Big;  threatening. 

Cheval  de  trompette  [F.],  one  that's  not  afraid  of  shad- 
owes  ;  one  whom  no  big  nor  bugs  words  can  terrific 

Cotgrave. 
Paroloni  [It.],  high,  big,  roving,  long  or  bug  wordes. 

Fiorio. 
2.  Proud;  self-important;  pompous;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


711 

bugaboo  (bug'a-bo),  ii.    [E.  dial,  also  boggy 
boo,  Sc.  bogiuboj  a  kind  of  compound  of  bug1 

and  the  interject  ion  hoo,  W.  hie  =  Gael,  ho,  used 
to  frighten  children;  cf.  6o2.]  A  bugbear;  a 
bogy;  a  vain  terror;  something  to  frighten  a 
child. 

We  have,  as  the  logical  issue  of  t lesiasticism,  our 

modern  secularism,  that  curious  /■u?i<ti<<«>  of  the  priest, 
ami  more  curious  idol  of  the  so-called  infidel. 

.V.  .1.  Rev  .  CXLI.  245. 

bugara  (bug'a-rji),  n.    An  embiotoeoid  fish,  or 
surf-fish,   Hypsiirus  caryi,  with  small  scales. 

uniserial  jaw-teeth,   lower  lip  attached  by  a 


bugleweed 


the  sun's  rays.     ('•)  In  England,  a  light,  one-hone,  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  »  Itl t  a  nood.   (c)  In  the  United  state,, 

a  light,  one  horse,  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  w  Ith  one 
seat,  and  either  with  or 

without  a  1 il  mi'  top.— 

Cut-under  buggy,  a  ve- 
hicle in  which  tie  body 
is  cut  out  to  allow  the 
front  h  heels  to  pass  un- 
der when  turning. 

buggy3  (bug'i), «.  |  A 
var.  of  bogu '-',  prob. 
in  simulation   of  buggy%.] 


American  Buggy. 


IfCtU- 


Bedbug  (Ct'me: 
la  nits ). 
(Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size.) 


Bugara  I '  Hyfsiirtis  caryi1). 

median  frenum,  and  the  abdomen  much  longer 
than  the  anal  fin.  It  is  very nmon  along  the  Cali- 
fornia!! coast,  is  of  handsome  appearance,  and  is  much 
used  for  bait, 

bugbane  (bug'ban),  n.  [<  bug2  +  bone.]  A 
name  given  t<>  species  of  the  ranuneiilaceous 
genus  of  plants  Cimieifuga,  in  Europe  to  C. 
fastens,  and  in  the  United  States  to  C.  racemosa 
and  ('.  Americana,  from  their  reimted  virtues 
as  destroyers  of  bugs.  The  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  white  hellebore,  Veratrum  viride. 

Also  called  bugwort False  bugbane,  the  North 

American  genus  Trautvetteria,  very  similar  to  Cimieifuga. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  n.  and  it.'  [<  bug1  +  bear2;  a 
hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear.  See  quota- 
tion from  Chaucer  under  bug1.  The  formation 
has  ceased  to  be  felt ;  Evelyn  spells  the  word 
bughtirc.  Cf.  bullbeggar.]  I.  «.  Something  that 
causes  terror;  especially,  something  that  causes 
needless  fright  or  apprehension. 
A  bugbear  take  him  !  Shale,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 

You  look  yet  like  a  bugbear  to  fright  children. 

Massinger,  Kenegado,  iii.  1. 
He  will  not  sleepe,  but  calls  to  followe  you, 
Crying  that  bug-bearee  ami  spirits  haunted  him. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  iii.  2. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  progress  of  this  famous 
bug-bear  [the  Polish  agitation  of  1864],  for  such  it  was  to 
the  Conservative  influences  of  the  old  world. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  336. 

II.  a.  Occasioning  causeless  fear:  as,  "such 

bugbear  thoughts,"  Locke. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  v.  t.     [<  bugbear,  ».]     To 

alarm  with  imaginary  or  idle  fears.   A bp.  Kim,. 
bug-bite  (bug'b'it),  «.     [<  bug2  +  bite,  ».]     The 

bite  of  a  bug,  or  the  swelling  caused  by  such  a 

bite. 

Poisoned  by  bad  cookery,  blistered  with  bugbttes. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  52. 

bugeye  (bug'i),  n.     Same  as  buckeye,  3. 

bugfish  (bug'fish),  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  tyrannus,  because 
a  parasitic  isopod  crustacean,  Cymothoaprcegus- 
tator,  is  frequently  found  adhering  to  the  roof 
of  its  mouth.     See  cut  under  Brevoortia. 

buggalow  (bug'a-16),  )/.    Same  as  baggala. 

buggardt,  "•  [A  var.  of  boggard1;  cf.  bug1.] 
Same  as  boggard1. 

bugger1  (bug'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bougre,  a  heretic,  < 
OP.  bougre,  bogre,  a  heretic,  <  ML.  Bulgarus,  a 
Bulgarian,  also,  as  a  common  noun,  a  heretic, 
the  Bulgarians  being  accused  of  heresy.  The 
popular  detestation  of  "heretics"  led  to  the  use 
of  OP.  bougre,  etc.,  a  heretic,  in  the  later  sense.] 
One  guilty  of  the  crime  of  bestiality :  vulgarly 
used  as  a  general  term  of  contumely,  without 
reference  to  its  meaning. 

bugger2  (bug'er),  n.  [<  bug2,  r.  i.,  +  -er1.]  A 
collector  of  bugs  or  insects ;  an  entomologist. 
[Humorous.] 

buggerow-boat  (buj'ro-bot),  n.  Same  as  bud- 
giro. 

buggery  (bug'er-i),  n.  [<  OF.  bougrerie,  bogre- 
rie,  heresy,  <  bougre,  heretic :  see  bugger1.]  The 
crime  of  bestiality;  sodomy. 

bugginess  (bug'i-nes),  n.  [<  buggy1  +  -ncss.] 
The  state  of  being  buggy. 

buggy1  (bug'i),  a.  [<  bug2  +  -y1.]  Infested  with 
bugs. 

buggy2  (bug'i),  n.;  pi.  buggies  (-iz).  [Orig. 
Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  oaggi,  bagghi,  a  gig,  a  bug- 
gy, <  Hindi  bag,  move.]  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  carriages  or  gigs.  („)  In  India,  a 
gig  witli  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel  in  it  from 


In  coalmining,  a 
small  wagon  used  for  transporting  coal  from 
the  working-face  to  the  gangway.     [Penn.] 

buggy-boat  (bug'i-bot),  n.  A  boat  made  so  as 
to  be  capable  of  having  wheels  attached  to  it, 
and  being  thus  converted  into  a  land-vehicle. 

buggy-cultivator  (bug'i-kul'ti-va-tor),  n.  A 
cultivator  with  wheels  and  a  seat  on  which  the 
person  attending  it  may  ride.     E.  H.  Knight. 

buggy-plow  (bug'i-plou),  ii.  A  plow  with  a 
seat  on  which  the  plowman  may  ride,  and  usu- 
ally having  several  shares  in  the  same  frame. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

bughead  (bug'hed),  n.  The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local,  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 

bught,  bucht  (bucht),  n.  [Sc.  (cf.  equiv.  Gael. 
hnrhd.  appal-,  from  Sc),  also  written  bought, 
boiielit,  prob.  lilt.  =  bought1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  sheep- 
fold  or  sheep-pen ;  especially,  a  small  inelosure 
in  the  corner  of  a  field  for  milking  ewes. —  2. 
A  square  pew  in  a  church,  with  a  table  in  the 
center,  hence  called  a  table-seat.     [Scotch.] 

bugiardt,  »•  [<  It.  bugiardo,  a  liar.  <  bugiare, 
lie  (=  Pr.  bauzar  =  OP.  boiser,  deceive,  cheat), 

<  bugia,  a  lie,  =  Pr.  bauzia  =  OF.  boisie,  deceit.] 
A  liar.     Bp.  Backet.     [Rare.] 

bugis  (bb'jis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  boat  used  for 
trading  purposes  in  the  East  Indian  archipela- 
go ;  a  proa. 

bugla  (bug'la),  n.     Same  as  baggala. 

bugiardt,  «•  A  Middle  English  variant  of  bog- 
gard1. 

bugle1  (bu'gl),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bewgle, 
bowgle,  <  ME.  bugle,  biigy'lle,  bogy/le,  <  OF.  bugle, 
a  wild  ox  (>  bugler,  F.  beuglcr,  bellow),  <  L.  bu- 
culu.s.  dim.  of  bos,  an  ox,  =E.  cow1.]  If.  A  sort 
of  wild  ox  ;  a  buffalo. 

These  are  the  beastes  which  ye  shall  eat  of :  oxen,  sheep, 
ami  gootes,  bert,  roo,  and  bugle  [in  the  authorized  version, 
wild  ox],  wylde  goote,  etc.  Bible,  1551,  Deut.  xiv.  4, 5. 

2.  A  young  bull.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bugle2  (bu'gl),  ii.  [<  ME.  bugle,  bugul,  etc.,  a 
bugle-horn,  as  if  short  for  bugle-horn,  q.  v.; 
cf.  F.  bugle,  a  bugle-horn.]  1.  A  hunting- 
horn.  Also  called  bugle-horn. — 2.  A  military 
musical  wind-instrument  of  brass,  once  or  more 
curved,  sometimes  furnished  with  keys  or 
valves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
notes  of  the  scale. 

bugle'2  (bu'gl),  c.  ('. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugled,  ppr. 
bugling.     [<  bugle2,  «.]     To  sound  a  bugle. 

bugle3  (bu'gl),  ii.  and  a.  [Prob.  <  ML.  bugolus, 
a  female  ornament,  prob.  <  G.  biigel,  a  bent  or 
curved  strip  of  metal,  ring,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  by- 
gill,  a  stirrup:  see  bail1,  bonl.]  I.  n.  A  shining 
elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black,  used  in  dec- 
orating female  apparel:  as,  "6i/</fc-bracelet," 
t<hak.,W.  T.,  iv.  :i  (song). 

II.  «.  Having  the  color  of  a  glass  bugle ;  jet- 
black:  as,  "bugle  eyeballs,"  Skdk. 

bugle4  (bu'gl),  ii.  [<  P.  bugle  =  Sp.  Pg.  bugula 
=  It.  bugola  (Malm),  irreg.  <  LL.  bugillo,  a  plant, 
also  called  ajuga  reptans ;  origin  unknown.  The 
late  ME.  bugillein  glossed  buglossa  :  see  bugloss.] 
The  popular  English  name  for  a  common  low  la- 
biate plant  of  Europe,  Ajuga  reptans.  The  yellow 
bugle  is  A.  Chamtepitys,  and  the  mountain  bugle  .1.  py. 
rautidalis. 

bugle-call  (bii'gl-kiil),  b.  A  short  melody 
sounded  upon  a  bugle  as  a  signal  or  order, 

bugle-cap  (bu'gl-kap),  n.    Same  as  cornet,  4  {!>). 

bugle-horn  (bu'gl-hSrn),  «.    [<  ME.  buglehorn  . 

<  bugle2  +  horn.    Cf.  bugle2.]     1.   Same  as  bu- 
gle2, 1. —  2f.  A  drinking-vessel  made  of  horn. 

Janus  .  .  .  drynketh  of  his  bugle-horn  the  wyn. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  517. 

bugler  (bu'gler),  n.  1.  One  who  plays  a  bugle ; 
specifically,  a  soldier  assigned  to  convey  the 
commands  of  the  officers  by  signals  sounded  on 
a  bugle.  Buglers  are  also  employed  upon 
United  States  vessels  of  war. — 2.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Ccntriscido-  and  genus  Centriscus ;  a 
snipe-fish.     [Tasmanian.] 

bugle-rod  (bu'gl-rod),  n.  The  pastoral  staff  of 
a  bishop.     Haiti  well :  Wright. 

bugleweed  (bu'gl-wed),  «.  The  common  name 
of  the  North  American  plant  Lycqpus  Virgini- 


712 


bugleweed 
,  puted  astringent  and  sedative,  and  used  buik-  (b8k),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bull X. 
as  a  remedy  for  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs,       build  (bild);-w.;  pret.  and  pp.  built,  h,uhi,,i. 

bugle- 


bulb 


buglewort   (bii'gl-wert),   n.      Same  as 

bugloss  (bu'glos),  n.     [(Late  ME.  bugitte:  see 
bugle*)  <  P.  Bullosas,  <  L.  buglossa,  buglossos,  < 

..  ,-(t...-.  bugloss,  lit.  ox-tongue  (in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  and  roughness  of  its  leaves), 
,  ox,  +  yTJMaa,  tongue:  sic  gloss2.  |  The 
popular  name  of  the  planl  Anchusa  officinalis. 
Xhe  small  wild  bugloss  is  Asperugo  procumbens;  the 
riper's-bugl  i  ulga\  ■  ■   the  small  buglo 

lis;  and  the  sea-bugloss,  Mertensiama 
Tiny   an-   all    horaginaccoiis    plants,  with    rough    leaves. 
Also  call*  '1  ox  ton 

.   poppies,  nodding,  mock  tin   h. .) m  .  .t  toil : 
There  ihr  Mint  tiwiltixs  paints  the  sterile  soil. 

,  Village,  i.  6. 

Spanish  bugloss.    Same  as  alkanet,  2. 
buglow  (bug'16),  a.    Same  as  baggala. 
bugong  i  I"'  gong  i,  n.     [Australian.]    AnAus- 
tralian  butterfly,  Danais  limniacel  highlyprized 
as  an  artiele  of  food  by  the  aborigines. 
bugor  (bu'gfir),  ».     [h'uss.  bugon,  a  hillock,  a 
heap  "i  sand  or  snow!.]    The  elevated  ground 
or  chain  of  hillocks  separating  limans  or  creeks, 
such  as  thus,-  which  gash  the  shores  of  the 
Blaek  Sea,  the  Caspian,  etc. 
bug-seed  (bussed),   u.     A  common  name  of 
the  Corispermum  hyssopifolium,  a  chenopodia- 
eeous  weed  widely  distributed  over  northern 
temperate  regions.     The  name  has  reference 
to  tin   shape  of  the  fruit, 
bug-shad  (bug'shad),  n.     The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local.  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 
bug-wordt  (bug'werd),  n.    [<  bun1  +  word.]   A 
word  which  frightens;  blustering  talk;  a  bug- 
bear.   Also  hii.j's  word,  bugs-word. 
No  more  of  that,  sweet  blend;  those  an-  bug"*  word*. 
man,  Gentleman  t  sher,  ii.  1. 
i,     ,/)/.  A  man  in  commission 

Givi  place  to  a  tatterdemalion! 
Mar.  No  buu  words,  sir. 

Massinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 

Death  is  a  bug-word:  things  are  not  brought  to  that 

extremity.  Dryden,  Sir  Martin  Mai  all,  i.  1. 

bugwort  (bug'wert),  «.  [<  bug2  +  wort1.'] 
Same  as  bugbane. 

buhach  (bu'haeh),  ».  The  powdered  flower- 
heads  of  the  plant  Pyreihrum  cineraricefolium, 
and  of  other  species,  which  are  effectual  in- 
secticides. Commonly  called  Persian  or  l)ul- 
wiitiiiii  iiiscet-jioifilci: 

buhl  (b61),  n.  [Short  for  buhl-work,  orig.  BouUe- 
work  or  Boule-work.    Buhl  is  a  German-looking  DUUajMui) 


wax  and  cause  it  to  flow  upon  the  blank  spaces 
between  tin-  types  of  an  electrotype  mold, 
building-lease  (bil'ding-les),   ».    A  lease  of 

land  for  a  term   of  years  (in  England  usually 
99),  under  which   the   lessee  engages  to  erect 
certain  edifices  on  the  land  according  to  speei 
fication,  these  edifices  falling  to  the  landowner 
en  the  expiration  of  the  lease, 
whence  also  building-slip   (bil 'ding-slip),    II.     The  inclined 

imf-.    plane  in  a  dock  or  builder's  yard  on  which  a 

ship  is  constructed.    The  ship  is  raised  above  tin- slip 
bj  piles  of  bio 


ppr. 
building.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  spelled 
bild,  <  ME.  bilden,  belden,  beelden,  bylden,  bulden, 
<  as.  byldan  I  late  and  rare),  build,  <  bold  (early 
and  common),  a  dwelling,  house  (of.  Icel.  bol, 
a  farm,  abode,  =  OSw.  bol,  a  hens.,  dwelling 
( >  bylja,  build),  =  Dan.  bol,  a  small  farm),  <  buan 

(yf    6m,    /».i  =  Icel.  bun.  live,  dwell,  whe 
bottle1,   a   dwelling,   bower1,   a   dwelling, 
build,  etc.:  see  bottle1,  bower1,  bovfi,  by*,  etc., 

,  etc.]     I.  trnns.  1.  To  fra,nea ^struct,   buiiding.stance   (ljiPding-stans..    n 


>n  which  it  rests. 


as  an  edifice;  form  by  uniting  m; 
regular  structure;  erect. 

The  house  was  builded  of  the  earth, 
And  shall  fall  again  to  ground. 

Tennyson,  Deserted  House. 

2.  Figuratively— (a)  To  form  by  art  in  any 
way;  construct. 

He  kllrW 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  tin-  lefty  rhj  me. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1. 11. 


of  ground  on  which  to  build.  [Scotch.] 
building-wax  (bil' ding -waks),  n.  Beeswax 
used  with  a  building-iron  to  "build  up"  the 
blank  spaces  between  the  types  of  an  electro- 
type mold. 

bliildress  (bil'dres),  n.     [<  builder  +  -ess.]    A 
female  builder.     Fuller.     [Kare.] 
built  (bilt),  p.  ii.     [Pp.  of  build,  v.]      1.   Con- 
structed; formed;  shaped;  made:  often  used 


(b)   To  raise  as  on  a  support  or  foundation;     0f  the  human  body,  and  frequent  in  compound 


Who  builds  his  hope  in  air  of  your  good  looks, 
Lives  like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 

Shak.,  Rich.  111.,  iii.  4. 

Suspect  not  you 
A  faith  that's  built  upon  so  true  a  sorrow. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  i.  2. 

On  God  and  Godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

T(  nnyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  ix. 

(c)  To  establish,  increase,  and  strengthen :  gen- 
erally with  up :  as,  to  build  up  a  fine  business; 
to  build  up  a  character. 

I,  that  have  lent  my  life  to  build  up  yours. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

To  build  castles  in  Spain.    See  castle. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exercise  the  art  or  prac- 
tise the  business  of  building;  construct.— 2. 
Figuratively,  to  rear,  erect,  or  construct  any- 
thing, as  a  plan  or  a  system  of  thought. 

Buddhism  has  its  Tripitakas,  which  its  various  branches 
recognize,  and  on  which  its  several  schools  build. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  1.1.  207. 

3.  To  rest  or  depend,  as  on  a  foundation ;  base ; 
rely:  with  on  or  upon. 

Nay,  I  dare  build  upon  his  secrecy, 

He  knows  net  to  deceive  me. 

B.  Jmisitii.  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

This  is  a  surer  way  than  to  build  on  the  interpretation 

ef  an  author,  who  does  not  consider  how  the  ancients  ns.l 

(,,  think.  Addisun,  Ancient  Medals. 

[<  build,  v.]    Manner  of  con- 


struction; make;  form:  as,  the  build  of  a  ship. 
Lines  of  steam-ships  should  lie  aided  on  the  condition 
th;ii  their  build  be  such  as  would  permit  of  their  easy  con- 
version into  men-of-war.  The  American,  \  II. 


nautical  terms,  as'  clincher-femft,  clipper-6i«», 
frigate-ftuift,  etc. 

Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  countrywomen,  strongly 
built  Landor. 

2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece:  as,  a  built  mast  or  block; 
a  built  rib.  — Built  beam.    .See  beam. 
builtt  (bilt),  n.     [For  build,  ».]     Form;  shape; 
build;  mode  of  building.     Sir  W.  Temple. 
built-up  (bilt'up),    a.      Composed    of    several 
parts  joined  together:  as,  a  built-up  mast,  rib, 
arch,  etc.  — Built-up  trail.    SeetroiZ. 
buirdly  (burd'li),  n.     [Of  uncertain  origin.   Cf. 
burly1.]   Large  and  well  made;  stout  in  appear- 
ance ;  burly.     [Scotch.] 
Buirdly  duels  and  clever  hizzies.        Burns,  Twa  Dogs. 
buisson  (F.  pron.  bwe-son'),  »t.     [F.,  a  bush,  < 
buis,  a  box-tree:  see  box1.]     In  gardening,  a 
fruit-tree  on  a  very  low  stem,  with  the  head 
closely  pruned. 

buist  (bust),  '"■  [Also  written  boost,  var.  of 
boist,  a  box;  cf.  buistin'-iron,  the  marking-iron, 
tar-buist,  the  box  in  which  the  iron  (orig.  the 
tar)  for  marking  is  kept:  see  boist1,  boosfi.] 
1.  A  box;  a  chest.— 2.  A  coffin.— 3.  A  bas- 
ket.— 4.  A  distinctive  mark  set  upon  sheep 
and  cattle;  a  brand;  hence,  any  distinguishing 
characteristic.     [Scotch  in  all  senses.] 

What  old  carle  hast  then  with  thee?—  He  is  net  ef  the 

brotherhood  of  Saint  Mary's  — at  least  lie  has  net   the 

buist  of  these  black  cattle.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  58. 

buist  (bust),  r.  t.     [<  buist,  v.]     To  mark  with 

a  buist,  as  sheep.     Also  boost.     [Scotch.] 
bukt,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buck1. 
A  Scotch  form  of  book. 


.     One  who  builds,  or  whose  buke>,  ^-.-   ^  cbhl0.Jal?.  . 


occupation  is  that  of  building ;  specifically, 
one  who  controls  or  directs  the  work  of  con- 
struction in  any  capacity. 

In  the  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  builder  comes 
between  the  architect  who  designs  the  work  and  the  arti- 
sans who  execute  it,  Eng.  Eneye. 
building  (bil'ding),  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bildimj,   <  ME.    bildinge,    byldynge,   buldj/nge. 


Buhl.— Commode  executed  by  Pioule,  in  the  Bihliofhcque  Mazarine. 
Paris.     (From  "  L/Art  pour  Tous.-') 

spelling  of  BouleoT  Boulle,  the  name  of  a  French 
artist    (Andre  Charles   Houle,  1042-1732),  who 

ht  this  kind  of  work  to  high  perfection.] 
A  st vie  of  inlaid  decoration  in  cabinet-work 
prac  Boule,  a  celebrated  designer  un- 

der Lewis  XIV.;  also,  the  articles  so  de, -orated. 

Buhl  i    o)  v. I  richly  inlaid  with  a  kind  ol  saic,com- 

i  iaUj  ol  tortoise-shell  and  line- or  figure-work 
in  metal,  both  gold  colored  and  white.  Buhl  and  coun- 
ter, buhl  d t) when  two  pat- 

areobtained  by  one  sawing  fromasheet  ol  metal, 
orative  strip  or  scroll  which  ■  u  ed  in  one 
pattern  ol  the  same  which  I    useder* 

buhl-saw  (bol'sfi  i,  n,    A  peculiar  kind  of  frame- 

SII'A    used     ill    cutting    out 
h         work.     Also      |"  lli  d 

boule-saw. 
buhl-work  (bdl'werk),  n. 

Same  as  Imlil. 

buhr  (ber),  n.     Same  as 
.  -Metallic  buhr. 

buhr-dresser    (Wr'dres  - 

>,  ,.  bur-dri 
buhr-driver 'biVdii  vbr),  n. 
buhrstone  (ber'stdn 

buik1  (buk),  n.  and  V. 


military,  +  l;e,  family.]     The  military  families 
of  Japan,  as  distinguished  from  the  kuge,  or 
court  nobility;  the  daimios,  or  territorial  nobil- 
itv,  and  their  retainers,  the  samurai.    The  distinc- 
tion between  buhe  and  t  uge  ceased  on  the  abolition  of  the 
feudal  system  in  1871.    see  kuge. 
bukket,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buck1. 
Bukkio  (buk'ke"6),  ?i.     Same  as  Buppo. 
rnrelv  buyldynge;  verbal  n.  of   build,  r.]     1.  bukkum-wood  (buk'um-wud),  n.     [<  bukkum, 
The   act   of   constructing,  erecting,  or  estab-     a   natiye   name,  +  wood.]      Same   as   sappan- 
lishing.— 2.  A  fabric  built  or  constructed;  a    wooa. 

Structure;  an  edifice;  as  commonly  understood,  -bukshee  (buk'she),  n.     [Also  written  bukhshee, 
a  house  for  residence,  business,  or  public  use,     r(,m._  Hind,  bakshi,  a  paymaster,  <  Iml.sli.  pay,  a 


or  for  shelter  of  animals  or  storage  ol  goods 

In  lair,  anything  erected  by  art,  and  lixed  upon  or  In  the 

soil,  composed ot  different  pieces  connected  together,  and 

desig 1  for  permanent  use  in  the  position  in  which  it 

is  so  fixed,  is  a  building.    Edw.  Livingston.    Thus,  a  pole 
fixed  in  the  earth  is  not  a  building,  hut  a  fence  or  a  wall  is. 

Seest  thou  these  great  building  Mark  xiii.  2. 

3f.  A  Heck  or  number:  said  of  rooks. 

Master  Simon  .  .  .  told  me  that  according  to  the  most 
ancient  and  approved  treatise  on  hunting,  I  must  say  a     struck  with  small  rods  o 
muster  of  peacocks.  "In  the  Bame  way."  added  he,  with  a     drumsticks. 
II  ht  air  of  pedantry,  "we  say  a  flight  of  doves  or  swal    bulata    (imla-ta).    n 

Same  as  Inilnlil-illllll 


gift,  <  Pers.  bakshidan,  give,  forgive.  Cf.  buk- 
shish,  bakshish.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  a 
pin  master  or  a  commander. 

bukshish  (buk'shesh),  n.     Same  as  tml.shish. 

bulafo,  n.  [Native  name  in  Guinea.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  used  by  the  negroes  of  Guinea. 

[t  consists  ei  several  » len  pipes  fastened  togethet  »  Ith 

leathern  thongs,  with  small  spaces  between  the  pipes- 
in  playing  it  the  pipes  are 


Si  e  bw  ■ 

Se.        : 

A  Se.deh  form  of  book. 


low    a  bevy  of  quails,  a  herd  of  deer,  of  wrens,  or  cram 
a  skulk  of  foxes,  or  a  building  of  rooks." 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  259. 

Building  society,  a  joint-stock  hem  in  society,  for  the 

purpose  of  raising  by  periodical  subscriptions  a  f 1  to 

assist  members  in  building  or  purchasing,  the  property 
mortgaged  to  the  society  till  the  amount  advanced 
i-  fuTlj  repaid  with  Inten  i 
building-block  (bil'ding-blok),  "■  *•  <)'"'  "f 
the  temporary  supports  or  blocks  on  which  a 
slop's  keel  r.'-sts  while  the  ship  is  building. 
n  i  o  bio  I.  ol  timberwhich  can  be  removed  when  the 
i,,  \  pieces i >r  tempi  I  an  knoi  ked  away. 
2."  <»ne  of  a  set  of  blocks  with  which  children 

imitate  th iistniotinii  of  buildings. 

building-iron  (bil'ding-i  6rn),  n.     A  hand-tool 

used  in  the  manuerof  a  soldering-iron,  to  null 


bulauO'h'lai.".  [Ap- 

par.  a  native   name.] 

An  insectivorous 
mammal  of  the  genus 
Gymnura,  inhabiting 
Sumatra,  Borneo, 
etc.;  a  gymnure. 

bulb     (bulb',     a-       T< 

F.  bulbe,  <  I...  bulbils, 

a   bulbous   root,    an 

onion,    <    (ir.    Qoi  If* . 

a  bulbous  root.]     1. 

A  form  of  the  leaf-bud,  usually  subterranean, 

in  winch   the  stem   is   reduced  to  a  fiat  disk, 


,,  Bulb  of  Hyacinth.  2.  Longitudi- 
nal section  of  same. 
a,  summit  of  bad.  or  growing- 
point;  /'.  1m  ■  ..I  leaves;  c,  01  wn 
of  root,  or  stem  ;  d,  fillers,  or  root 
proper;  o,  youny  tiulb,  or  offset. 


bulb 

rooting  from  the  under  side,  and  bearing  above 
closely  appressed  fleshy  leaves.  In  the  tnnicated 
or  coated  IhiIIi  these  leaves  are  in  the  form  of  broad, 
closely  concentric  coatings,  ;is  in  the  hyacinth  and  onion  ; 
in  the  scaly  bulb  they  are  narrow,  thick,  ami  imbricated, 
as  in  the  lily.  The  so-called  solid  bulb,  as  in  the  crocus 
and  gladiolus,  is  more  properly  a  conn,  or  short  thick 
root-stock,  inclosed  within  the  dried  sheathing  liases  of  a 
few  leaves. 

2.  Any  protuberance  or  expansion  resembling 
a  bulb,  especially  an  expansion  at  the  end  of 
a  stalk  or  long  and  slender  body:  as,  the,  bulb 
of  a  thermometer;  the  bulb  of  the  aorta. — 3. 
pi.  The  tonsils.  [Pro v.  Eng.]  —  Aortic  or  arte- 
rial bulb.  Same  as  bulb  of  the  aorta.— Artery  of  the 
bulb.  See  artery.-  Bulb  of  a  hair,  the  swollen  part 
at  the  origin  of  the  hair.  — Bulb  of  a  tooth,  the  embry- 
onic mesoblastic  papilla  forming  the  germ  of  the  tooth.  It 
is  capped  by  the  epihlastic  enamel  organ,  and  is  converted 
into  dentine  externally,  while  the  core,  becoming  highly 
nervous  and  vascular,  forms  the  definitive  dental  papilla. 
or  tooth-bulb.— Bulb  of  the  aorta,  in  comp.  «"><'.  and 
embryol. ,  the  foremost  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  origi- 


Eulb  of  the  Aorta  of  a  Shark  (I.amna).  laid  open,  showing  thick 
muscular  wall,  m,  and  three  rows  of  valves,  v,  v,  v. 

Dal  cardiac  vessel.  From  it  spring  the  aortic  arches,  and 
from  it  are  developed  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery. 
Also  called  aortic  or  arterial  bulb  and  bulbus  arteriosus. 
—  Bulb  of  the  eye,  the  eyeball.— Bulb  of  the  spinal 
cord,  the  medulla  oblongata.— Bulb  of  the  urethra, 
the  posterior  enlarged  rounded  extremity  of  the  corpus 
spongiosum  of  the  penis.  —  Bulbs  of  the  fornix,  the  cor- 
pora albicantia  of  the  brain.— Detonating  bulb.  See 
detonating.—  Olfactory  bulb,  the  anterior  enlargemenl 
of  the  olfactory  tract,  from  which  the  olfactory  nerves  are 
sent  off.     See  cut  under  Elasmobranchii. 

bulb  (bulb),  v.  i.  [<  bulb, »(.]  To  project  or  be 
protuberant.      Evelyn. 

bulbaceous  (bul-ba'shius),  a.  [<  L.  bulbaceus, 
<  bulbils,  a  bulb:  see  bulb.']   Bulbous.   Johnson. 

bulbar  (bul'bar),  a.  [<  L.  bulbiis,  bulb,  +  -ar2.] 
1.  Bulbous.— 2.  In  pathol.,  pertaining  to  the 
medulla  oblongata —  Chronic  bulbar  paralysis,  a 
disease  characterized  by  progressive  paralysis  and  atrophy 
of  the  muscles  of  the  lips,  tongue,  palate,  pharynx,  and 
larynx.  Also  called  progressive  bulbo-nuclea  r  paralysis, 
progressive  atrophic  bulbar  paralysis,  and  glosso-labio-la- 
riinnal  fiaralnsis. 

bulbed  (buibd),  a.  [<  bulb  +  -ed2.]  Having 
a  bulb ;  round-headed. 

bulbel  (bul'bel),  n.  [<  NL.  *bulbellus,  *bulbil- 
lus,  dim.  of  L.  bulbus,  bulb.]     Same  as  bulblet. 

bulberry  (bul'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  bulberries  (-iz). 
Same  as  bilberry. 

bulbi,  ».     Plural  of  bulbus. 

bulbiferous  (bul-bif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Producing  bulbs: 
as.  bulbiferous  stems. 

bulbiforin  (bul'bi-form),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus,  bulb, 
+  forma,  form.]     Bulb-shaped. 

bulbil  (bul'bil),  n.  [<  NL.  *bulbillus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus:  see  bulb,  bulbus.]     Same  as  bulblet. 

bulbine  (bul'bin),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fioTiAivn,  a  white 
kind  of  bulbous  plant,  <  /JoA/3df,  a  certain  bul- 
bous root:  see  bulb.]  An  herb  having  leaves 
like  the  leek  and  a  purple  flower;  dog's-leek. 

bulblet  (bulb'let),  n.  [<  bulb  +  dim.  -let]  A 
little  bulb;  specifically,  in  bot.,  a  small  aerial 
bulb  or  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  growing  in  the 
axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  tiger-lily,  or  taking 
the  place  of  flower-buds,  as  in  the  common 
onion.     Also  bulbel,  bulbil. 

bulbodiumt  (bul-bo'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fio/.jiuMiQ,  contr.  form  of  IfoAftoeiM/c,,  bulb-like, 
<  /3oA/3<Sc,  a  bulb,  +  elSoc,  form.]  A  word  for- 
merly used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now  called 
a  corm. 

bulbose  (bul'bos),  a.  [<  L.  bulbosus :  see  bul- 
bous.] Producing  bulbs;  resembling  a  bulb; 
bulbous.     [Rare.] 

bulbotuber  (bul'b6-tu"ber),  n.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  +  lulur.  tuber.]     A  corm.     [Rare.] 

bulbous  (bul'bus),  a.  [=  F.  bulbcux,  <  L.  bul- 
bosus, <  bulbus,  bulb.]     1.  Producing  or  grow- 


713 

ing  from  bulbs:  as,  bullions  plants. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  bulb  ;  swelling  out; 
bulb-shaped. 

Above  the  fringe  of  brushwood  on  the  hill-tops  lis.  the 
many  golden  domes  ami  bulbous  spires  of  cathedral  and 
convents.  .1.  •/.  C.  Hare,  Russia,  i\. 

A  burly,  bulbous  man,  who,  in  sheer  ostentation  ol  ln^ 
venerable  progenitors,  was  the  first  to  introduce  into 
the  settlement  the  ancient  Dutch  fashion  of  ten  pair  of 
breeches.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  L08. 

Bulbous  tore,  a  tore  made  with  the  ends  finished  with 
bulb-shaped  ornaments. 
bulbul1  (bul'bul),  n.  [=  At.  Turk.  Hind.  b„l- 
bul,<  Pers.  bulbul,  a  nightingale;  prob.  imita- 
tive; of.  bullen-bullen.]  1.  The  Persian  name 
of  the  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  nightingale, 
rendered  familiar  in  English  poetry  by  Moore, 

Byron,  and  others.  The  same  name  is  also  given  in 
southern  and  southwestern  Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 

Specifically —  2.  In  ornith.,  a  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily PycnonotidcE. 

bulbul'2  (bul'bul),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  name  given 
to  the  yak. 

bulbule  (bul'bul),  n.  [<  LL.  bulbulus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus,  bulb.]     A  little  bulb;  a  bulblet. 

bulbus  (bul'bus),  ii.;  pi.  bulbi  (-bi).  [L. :  see 
bulb.]  A  bulb:  used  chiefly  in  anatomy  in  such 
phrases  as  bulbus  oculi,  Hie  eyeball;  bulbus  aor- 
tic, the  aortic  bulb Bulbus  arteriosus,    same  as 

bulb  of  the  aorta  (which  see,  under  bulb).— Bulbus  glan- 
dulosus,  or  ventriculus  glandulosus,  the  glandular 
or  tine  stomach  of  birds;  the  proventrielllus.  — BulbUS 
vense  jugularis,  the  enlargement  of  the  internal  jugu* 
lar  vein  at  its  commencement  in  the  jugular  foramen. 

bulby  (bul'bi),  a.     [<  bulb  +  -y1.]     Somewhat 
like  a  bulb ;  bulbous. 
bulcardt  (bul'kard),  n.    A  Cornish  name  of  the 

blonny. 
bulchH,  v.   An  obsolete  variant  of  belch. 
bulch'-t,  n.  [Appar.  shortened  from  bulchin.]   A 
bull-calf :  sometimes  used  familiarly  in  refer- 
ence to  a  person,  either  in  kindness  or  in  con- 
tempt. 

So  that  my  bulch 
Show  but  his  swarth  cheek  to  me,  let  earth  cleave 
And  break  from  hell.  I  care  not ! 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  v.  1. 

bulchint  (bill 'chin),  n.  [<  ME.  bulchin,  <  bill, 
a  bull,  +  dim.  -chin  =  -kin.]  A  young  male 
calf:  often  applied  in  contempt  to  persons. 
Drayton. 

For  ten  mark  men  sold  a  titille  bulchyn. 

Langtqft,  Chronicle  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  174. 
A  new-weande  bulchin.  Murston.  Dutch  Courtezan,  ii.  1. 

buldt,  buldet,  »■  Middle  English  forms  of  build. 
Chaucer. 

bulder  (bul'der),  v.  i.     Same  as  buller. 

buldering  (bul'der-ing),«.  Hot;  sultry.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Exmoor).] 

buleM,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  bile1,  boil1. 

bule'2  (bol),  n.     Same  as  bold. 

bule:!t,  a-     A  Middle  English  form  of  bull1. 

Bulgar  (bul' gar),  n.  [=  P.  Bulgare  =  G.  Hut- 
ijur  =  Turk.  Bulgar  =  Hung.  Bolgar,  etc.,  ML. 
Bulgarus,  <  OBulg.  Blugarinu,  Bulg.  Blugarin 
=  Serv.  Bugarin  =  Russ.  Bolgarinii,  Bulgaru, 
Bulgar;  ML.  Bulgaria,  Russ.  Bulgariya,  etc., 
Bulgaria.  The  name  is  usually  associated, 
without  sufficient  evidence,  with  the  river  Volga 


bulk 

balg,  a  bag,  etc.  (>  E.  bellows,  belly),  and  prob. 
to  1  ■  •  i  ■  1 .  baggi,  etc.,  E  bag1:  see  belly,  bellows, 
bag1,  bouge1,  budget,  and  bilge.]  1.  A  rounded 
protuberance;  a  swelling;  a  swell;  a  hump. 

Mis  nese  was  cutted  a-  a  cat, 

His  browes  Mar  like  litel  buskes, 

And  his  tethe  like  bare  tnskes, 

A  fill  grctc  buhie  opon  his  liak. 

I  waine  cmd  Baunn  (ed.  Ritson,  1802),  1.  260. 
We  advanced  half  a  mile,  and  encamped  temporarily 
in  a  hill-girt  bulge  Of  the  fiumara  bed. 

/(.  /■'.  Hurt,,, i.  r.l-Medinab,  p.  362. 

2.  The  swirl  made  by  a  salmon  rising  to  tho 
surface.      Sportsman's    Gazetteer.— To  get  the 

bulge  on  one,  to  get  the  advantage  of  a  person;  fore- 
stall anil  get  the  better  of  one.     [slang.] 

bulge  (bulj),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bulged,  ppr. 
bulging.  [<  bulge,  n.  Cf.  bag1,  i\,  and  belly,  v., 
ult.  connected  with  bulge.]  1.  To  swell  out; 
be  protuberant. 

He  spoke  :  the  brawny  spearman  let  his  cheek 
Buloc  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stun  I 
Tennyson,  Geraint. 
And  the  bulging  nets  swept  shoreward, 
With  their  silver-sided  haul. 

Whittier,  The  Sycamores. 
2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship. 

Tin-  grievous  shipwrack  of  my  travels  dear 
In  bulged  bark,  all  perished  in  disgrace. 

Daniel  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  586). 
Here  I  found  that  the  ship  was  bulged  and  had  a  great 
deal  of  water  in  her  hold.    Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe,  p.  51. 
Bulged  cask.    See  cask1. 

bulgeways  (bulj'waz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  bilge- 
wa  ijs. 

bulgy  (bul'ji),  a.  [<  bulge  +  -y1.]  Bending 
outward;  bulging:  as,  "bulgy  legs,"  Dickens. 
[Rare.] 

bulimia  (bu-lim'i-S),  ».  [=  F.  boulimie,  <  NL. 
bulimia  (LL.  bulima,  L.  bulimus),  <  Gr.  /Sovh/iia, 
also  (iov'Aifior,  great  hunger,  <  /toff,  ox,  in  conip. 
implying  'great,'  +  7li/i6c,  hunger.]  Morbidly 
voracious  appetite ;  a  disease  in  which  the  pa- 
tient has  a  constant  and  insatiable  craving  for 
food.     Also  written  bulimy,  boulimia,  bouliiny. 

bulimic  (bu-lim'ik),  a.  [<  bulimia  +  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  bulimia. 

Bulimida  (bu-lim'i-dS,),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulimus 
+  -iibt.]  A  group  or  tribe  of  terrestrial  gas- 
tropods, including  the  genera  Bulimus,  Aclia- 
tina,  Pupa,  and  Clausilia.  Beck,  1837.  [Not  in 
use.] 

bulimiform  (bu-lim'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  Buli- 
mus +  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  that  form  of 
shell  characteristic  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 

bulimoid  (bu'li-moid),  a.  Having  the  appear- 
ance of  or  like  gastropods  of  the  genus  Bitlim  us. 

bulimOUS  (bu'E-mus),  a.  [<  bulimia  +  -ous.] 
Characterized  by  bulimia. 

bulimulid  (bu-lim'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Bulimuliilw. 

Bulimulidae  (bu-li-mu'li-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Bulimiilus  +  -idtc]  A  family  of  geophilous 
pulmonale  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bulimiilus,  having  the  mantle  included  in  the 
more  or  less  elongated  and  turreted  shell,  the 
jaw  thin,  provided  with  distant  transverse  ribs, 
and  the  lateral  teeth  peculiar  in  the  elongation 
and  curvation  of  the  inner  cusp. 


(Russ.  Volga,  etc.).]     1.  A  member  of  an  an-  Bulimulus  (bu-lim'  u-lus),  n.     [NL.,  as  Bnli 


cient  Finnish  race,  livingon  the  Volga,  the  Don, 
the  Danube,  etc.  A  tribe  of  the  Bulgars  conquered 
the  Slavs  of  llcesia  in  the  seventh  century,  gave  the  name 
Bulgaria  to  the  country,  and  soon  became  partly  Slavic  in 
blood  and  wholly  in  language. 

2.  One  of  the  Slavic  inhabitants  of  Bulgaria; 
a  Bulgarian. 

Bulgarian  (bul-ga'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bulgar, 
Bulgaria,  +  -ian,  -an."]  I.  fl.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Bulgars.  Also  Bulgaric. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  Bulgaria,  a  principality  under  the 
nominal  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  lying  south  of 
the  Danube  and  west  of  the  Black  Sea. 

II.  ii.  1.  A  member  of  the  race  inhabiting 
and  giving  name  to  Bulgaria ;  a  Slavic  Bulgar. 
—  2.  The  language  of  the  Bulgarians,  or  Slavic 
Bulgars.  It  is  divided  into  two  dialects,  Old  Bulgarian 
(also  called  Church  Slavic  or  Slavonian)  and  New  Bulga- 
rian. The  former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  Slavic 
tongues,  but  is  extinct  as  a  spoken  language.     See  Slarie. 

Bulgaric  (bul-gar'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bulgar  + 
-ic]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  Bul- 
gars and  their  modern  representatives,  the 
Mordvinians  and  Cheremissians  of  the  Volga. 

II.  n.  The  speech  of  the  ancient  Bulgars  and 
the  modern  Bulgaric  Finns.     See  I. 

bulge  (bulj),  n.  [<  ME.  bulge,  a  swelling,  hump, 
prob.  the  same  as  bulge,  a  bag,  found  oftener 
in  the  OF.  form  bouge,  >  E.  bouge1  and  buili/r-, 
all  due  to  L.  bulgu,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin :  Gael.  Jl.bolg,  a  bag,  akin  to  AS. 


«(«s  +  dim.  -iilus.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bulimulidie.  There  are  nine  North 
American  species,  chiefly  of  southwestern  re- 
gions. 
Bulimus  (bu'li-mus),  n.  [NL.  (Seopoli,  1786), 
an  error  (as  if  <  Gr.  (3ovh/wc,  great  hunger) 
for  Bulinus  (Adanson, 
1757),  prop,  (as  emend- 
ed by  Oken,  1815)  Bul- 
linus,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bub- 
ble, boss,  stud  (see  bul- 
la), +  dim.  -inns.]  A 
genus  of  land-snails  to 
which  very  different  lim- 
its have  been  assigned. 
(a)  With  the  old  authors  it  was 
a  repository  for  all  land-snails 
having  an  ovate  form,  a  lniiL'i- 
tudinal  ovate  aperture,  and  a 
non-truncate  columella.  It 
consequently  included  numer- 
ous heterogeneous  species 
now  distributed  among  dif- 
ferent families,  (b)  By  recent 
authors  it  is  restricted  to 
Belicidce  of  considerable  size, 
Bulimus  obiongus.  represented  by   B.  oblongus. 

(See  cut.)     Such  species  are 
mostly  confined  to  South  America.     B.  ovatus  has  some- 
times a  shell  about  6  inches  long. 
bulimy  (bu'li-mi),  ii.     Same  as  bulimia. 
bulk1  (bulk),  n.     [<  ME.  bolhe,  a  heap,  <  Icel. 
bi'dki,  the  cargo  or  freight  of  a  ship  (cf.  mod.  bill- 


bulk 

faint.  1k>  bulky),  oris:.  ;i  heap,  in  modern  [eel. 
bunki,  a  heap  (see  Imnl:  and  bunch1),  =OSw. 
bolk,  a  heap,  Sw.  dial.  /)«//,',  a  knob,  bunch,  = 
ODau.  Dan.  bull;,  a  bump,  knob;  prob.  ult, 
Erom  the  root  of  belly,  bellows,  bag1,  etc.,  and 
thus  remotely  connected  with  huh/,,  q.  v. 
Cf.  6unit,  /'»in7ii.  In  ref.  (■>  the  body,  first  in 
early  mod.  E.  bull;<;  the  breast,  thorax,  =  -MI). 
hutch,  'thorax';  either  the  same  word  as  bulk. 
aheap,  etc.,  with  which  it  is  associated,  or  the 
samo  (with  '  inserted  by  confusion  with  bull;, 
a  heap)  as  ME.  bouk,  buk,  bur,  the  belly,  body: 
see  bouk1,  and  of.  buck5.  The  sense  of  'breast 
or  chest'  runs  easily  into  that  of  'the  whole 
body,'  and  this  into  the  sense  of  'the  wholo 
dimensions,  the  gross.']     It.  Aheap. 

or  bepe,  i  umulus,  acervus.     Prompt,  ran.,  p.  43. 

2.  Magnitude  of  material  substance ;  whole 
dimensions  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness; 
size  of  a  material  thing:  as,  an  ox  or  a  ship  of 
great  bulk. 

A  sturdy  mountaineer  of  six  feet  twoand  corresponding 
bulk.  Bawthome,  old  Manse,  II. 

3.  The  gross  ;  the  greater  part ;  the  main  mass 
or  body:  a-,  tin-  bulk  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of  a 
nation. 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty,  the 
bulk  of  the  English  people  desire  a  kinii. 

ir.  Qodurin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
sin-  will  enjoy  eight  hundred  a  year  independent  while 
I  live;  and  .  .  .  the  bulk  of  my  fortune  at  my  death. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
Tile  ease  and  completeness  with  which  the  invaders  had 
won  the  bulk  of  Britain  only  brought  out  in  stronger  re- 
lief the  completeness  of  their  repulse  front  the  south. 

J.  R.  Given,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  108. 

4f.  The  bottom  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Alue'o,  .  .  .  the  bulke,  belly  or  bottom  of  a  ship.  Fb<n<<. 
5.  The  entire  space  in  a   ship's  hold  for  the 

stowage  of  1; is:  hence,  that  which  is  stowed  ; 

the  mass  of  the  cargo:  as,  to  break  bulk  for 
unloading. — 6f.  The  breast;  the  chest;  the 
thorax. 

Y"  bulke,  thorax.    Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (1570),  col.  187. 

Torace  [It.],  the  brest  or  bulke  of  a  man.  i*7orio  (1598). 
7.  The  body  of  a  living  creature. 

He  rais'd  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound, 

That  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk, 

And  end  Ins  being.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1. 

Vast  bulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirahilis,  1.  280. 
ae  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roar'd 
Before  man  was.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

Elasticity  of  bulk,  see  elasticity.— Laden  in  bulk, 
haviiiL'  the  cargo  loose  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in 
box)  a,  bales,  bags,  or  casks.  — To  break  bulk.  See  break. 
=  Syn.  2.  iiie:iiie  ....  largeness,  extent,  bigness;  Magni- 

(■>   l  .     VolUIIU  .    etC.       >er 

bulk1  (bulk),  v.   [<  bulk1,  «.]   I.  intram.  To  in- 

36  in  bulk;  grow  large  ;  swell. 

He  [Chalmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  bulked 
into  a  bible.  North  British  Rev. 

Bui  tin    more  he  is  alone  with  nature,  the  greater  man 

and  his  doings  bulk  in  the  consideration  "I  hi.  fellow  men. 

The  Centum,  XXVII.  193. 

II.    trans.  To  put  or  hold  in  bulk  or  as  a 
muss;  lix  the  bulk  of  in  place:   as,  to  bull;  a 
0.     [Rare.] 

Rotting  on  some  wild  Bhore  with  ribs  of  wreck, 

Or  lilo-  an  old-world  mammoth  bulkd  in  ice, 

Not  to  lie  molten  out.  !'■  nnyson.  Princess,  v. 

bulk2t,  v.  i.   [ME. ;  var.  of  bolk,  q.  v.]   To  belch. 
Bulk  not  a    a  Beene  were  yn  thi  throte, 
As  a  karle  that  comys  oute  of  a  cote. 

Babeet  Book(E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  18. 

bulk:i  (bulk),  >i.  [<  Icel.  baVer,  a  beam,  rafter, 
also  a  wall,  partition,  =E.  balk1,  a  beam,  ridge, 
etc.:  see  balk1,  and  ef.  bulkhead.']  If.  A  par- 
tition ;  a  projecting  part  of  a  building. 

lb  re,  stand  behind  thi,  bulk.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  A  stall  in  front  of  a  shop.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
3t.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

On  a  bulk  in  a  cellar  was  to  lie  found  the  author  of  the 

"Wai  d  Johnson. 

bulk1  (bulk),  v.  i.    \'  Mi:,  bulkm;  of.  bunch*, 

stri!  d,  through  bunk,  to  bull;1.']     If. 

ike;  beat. 

on  her  brestes  son  the!  bulk. 

And  '  ■  in  to  sculk. 

Cursor  Mundi.  (HaUiwell.) 
2.  To  throb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bulkar.  b.  See  bulker*. 
bulker1  (burkeri,  ».  [<  buW-  +  -eri.]  Naut., 
a  person  employed  to  determine  tie  quantity 
or  bulk  of  i_',„„is,  so  as  in  fb  th.  amount  of 
freight-  01  shore-dues  to  which  they  are  liable, 

'•1 
bulker-  fbul'ker).  n.     |  Uso  written    in  defs. 
1,    2)   bulkar;   <  bulk*  +  -</>.|      1).    A    beam. 


714 

Skinner.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  butcher's  stall. 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  One  who  Bleeps  under  bulks 
or  benches;  a  night-walker.    Halliwell.   [Prov. 

Eng.] — 4f.  A  common  strumpet  or  jilt.  A'. 
PhUUps,  1706, 
bulkhead  (bulk'hed),  n.  [<  bulk*,  partition,  + 
head.']  1.  A  partition.  Specifically— (a)  A  parti- 
tion in  a  ship  to  form  separate  apartments,  or  a  water- 
tight partition  placed  in  the  hull  to  prevent  the  passage 
of  water  or  lire  from  one  part  to  another  in  case  of  acci- 
dent :  also,  a  screen,  as  for  protection  in  a  tight. 

We  had  only  to  wring  out  oar  wet  clothes  [and]  hang 
them  up  to  chafe  against  the  bulkheads. 

11.  It.  Dana,  Jr.,  liefore  the  Mast,  p.  33. 
(6)  In  civil  engin.,  a  partition  built  in  a  tunnel,  conduit, 
or  other  subterranean  passage,  intended  to  prevent  the 

of  air,  water,  or  mud. 
2.  A  water-face  of  a  wharf,  pier,  or  sea-wall. 
—  3.  A  horizontal  or  inclined  door  giving  ac- 
cess from  the  outside  of  a  house  to  the  cellar. 
[New  Eng.]  —Bulkhead  door,  a  water-tight  door  in  a 
bulkhead.  —  Bulkhead  line,  a  surveyors'  line  showing 
how  far  the  bulkheads  of  piers  may  project  into  a  stream 
or  harbor.— Collision  bulkhead,  a  strong  bulkhead  built 
ai  io>s  a  ship,  near  the  bows,  and  designed  to  prevent  it 
from  tilling  with  water  if  the  hows  are  stove  in. —  Screen 
bulkhead  (nam.),  a  screen  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  taking 
the  place  of  a  bulkhead, 
bulkiness  (bul'ki-ues),  «.  [<  bulky  +  -)«.«.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bulky ;  magnitude 
in  bulk  or  size. 

bulky  (bul'ki),  a.  [<  bulk1  +  -y1.  Cf.  Icel. 
bulkalegr,  bulky,  Sw.  dial,  bullkug,  bunchy,  pro- 
tuberant.] 1.  Of  great  bulk  or  size;  large. 
Hence — 2.  Unwieldy;  clumsy. 

Latreus,  the  bulkiest  of  the  double  race.  Dryden. 

The  book  .  .  .  suffers  from  the  editor's  bulky  style. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  164. 
=  Syn.  Bulky,  Massive,  Massy,  Ponderous,  Burly.  Bulky 
refers  to  prominence,  excess,  or  unwieldiness  of  size  ;  it 
applies  properly  to  material  things  ;  if  applied  to  persons, 
it  implies  the  development  of  physical  size  at  the  expense 
of  higher  qualities,  Massy  is,  strictly,  poetic  for  massive 
The  two  denote  weight  and  solidity  quite  as  much  as 
size,  while  that  which  is  bulky  may  be  hollow  and  com- 
paratively light:  as,  a  bulky  bundle  of  straw;  a  massive 
jaw;  "ingots  of  massy  gold."  Ponderous  primarily  de- 
notes weight  and  not  size,  but  has  come  to  have  a  secon- 
dary suggestion  of  unwieldiness.  Burly  is  applicable  only 
to  persons,  and  expresses  bigness,  solidity,  and  force,  with 
something  of  coarseness  of  manner. 

In  1603,  Jonson  produced  his  mighty  tragedy  of  Sejanus, 
a  noble  piece  of  work,  full  of  learning,  ingenuity,  and 
force  of  mind  in  wielding  bulky  materials. 

Whipple,  Did  Eng.  Dram. 
And  bared  the  knotted  column  of  his  throat, 
The  massive  square  of  his  heroic  breast. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

We  turned  down  into  a  narrow  street,  and,  after  pro- 
ceeding a  little  way,  passed  under  a  massy  arched  gate- 
way, and  found  ourselves  in  the  spacious  courtyard  of  this 
princely  mansion.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  29. 

Slowly  the  ponderous  portal 
Closed,  and  in  silence  the  crowd  awaited  the  will  of  the 
soldiers.  Lony/elbnr,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

bull1  (bid),  h.  [<  ME.  bul,  bale,  bol,  bole  (these 
forms  appar.  after  Scand.),  also  bullc,  appar.  < 
AS.  "bulla  (not  found,  but  indicated  by  the  rare 
dim.  biilluca,  >  E.  bullock1,  q.  v.)  =  MD.  bulbs. 
bolle,  D.  bul  =  MLG.  LG.  bulle  (>  G.  bullc)  = 
Icel.  boll,  a  bull  (cf.  baula,  a  cow:  see  bawl1),  = 
Norw.  bol  =  ODan.  bul,  a  bull,  Dan.  boll,  a  cas- 
trated bull  (cf.  OBulg.  volu  =  Serv.  vo  =  Boliem. 
wul  (wol-)  =  Pol.  tool  (barred  0,  an  ox,  =  Kuss. 
iolu,  a  bull,  =  Lith.  biillits  =  Lett,  bollis) ;  prob. 
from  the  root  of  bell2,  bellow,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
male  of  the  domestic  bovine,  of  which  the  fe- 
male is  a  cow  ;  in  general,  the  male  of  any  bo- 
vine, as  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus 
Bos. —  2.  An  old  male  whale,  sea-lion,  sea- 
bear,  or  fur-seal. — 3.  [cap.]  Taurus,  one  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. — 4.  In  stock-ex- 
change slang,  one  who  endeavors  to  effect  a  rise 
in  the  price  of  stock:  the  opposite  of  a  bear. 
See  bear2,  5. 

'2d  Stnek.  Zounds,  wdiere  are  all  the  Jews  this  afternoon  ? 
Are  you  a  Bull  or  a  Bear  To  day,  Abraham  V 

3d  Stock.  A  Bull,  Faith,— but  1  have  a  good  l'utt  for 
next  week.  Mrs.  CenUivre,  Bold  stroke,  iv. 

5.  The  bull's-eye  of  a  target. —  6.  pi.  The  stems 
of  hedge-thorns. — 7.  pi.  The  transverse  bars 
of  wood  into  which  the  heads  of  harrows  are 
set.     lirnsi  ;  Salliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  8f.  A 

five-shilling  pit Brewer. — 9f.  A  small  keg. 

— 10.  The  weak  grog  made  by  pouring  water 
into  a  spirit-cask  nearly  empty.  [Slang.]  — 
Bull-bay.  See  bayi.— To  take  the  bull  by  the  horns, 
to  grapple  with  or  face  boldly  some  danger  or  difficulty, 
|In  composition,  bull  often  Implies  'male'  or  'of  large 
size,'  as  in  'mil  trout,  perhaps  bulrush,  etc.] 
bull1  (bill),  r.  I.  [<  bull1,  II.;  =  Icel.  &0to,butt, 
push.]      1.    To  toss  or  throw    ii|i   (hedges),  as 

cattle  do.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  the  stock  ex- 
change, to  endeavor  to  raise,  as  the  price  of 

Shares,  art  ifleially  and  unduly,    See  the  noun. — 

To  bull  a  barrel,  to  pour  water  into  a  cask,  when  it  is 


bull 

nearly  empty,  to  prevent  it  from  leaking.  — To  bull  the 
market,  t.i  operate  Eor  a  rise  in  prices,  as  is  done  by 
brokers  who  are  Long  in  any  particular  stock. 

bull1  (bul),  a.  [<  buttf,  n.,  4.]  In  the  stock 
i  xchangt ,  in  the  interest  of  or  favorable  to  the 
bulls;  buoyant;  rising:  as,  a  bull  movement; 
a  hull  market. 

bull-  (biilj,  ».  [<  ME.  bulle,  <  OF.  bulle,  V.  bulk 
=  It.  bolto,  bulla  =  D.  bul}  bullc  =  G.  Dan.  bulk 
=  Sw.  bulla  =  Icel.  bola  (in  bauti-bula,  a  bull  of 
excommunication i,  <  ML.  bulla,  a  papal  edict, 
any  edict  or  writing,  a  seal.  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble  :  Bee  bulla,  bilfi,  bilh  0,  bullet, 
bulletin,  hot!-,  botrl-j  etc.]  1.  Same  as  b ulla,  2. 
—  2.  The  most  authoritative  official  document 
issued  by  the  pope  or  in  his  name:  usually  an 
open  letter  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 
decision  relating  to  matters  of  grace  or  justice. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  leaden  seal  (Latin  bulla) 
appended  to  it  by  a  thread  or  band,  which  is  red  or  yellow 
when  the  bull  refers  to  matters  of  grace,  and  uncolored  and 
of  hemp  when  it  refers  to  matters  of  justice.  On  one  wide 
of  the  seal  is  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  mi  the  "tin  r  are 
the  heads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Bulla  are  written  in 
Latin,  either  in  the  ordinary  cursive  hand  or  in  round 
Gothie  characters,  and  have  a  red  seal  on  the  parchment 
itself,  in  which  the  name  of  the  pope  encircles  the  heads 
of  the  apostles.  They  begin  with  the  name  of  the  pope, 
followed  by  the  term  ej-ise»/*us  (bishop)  ami  the  words 
servws  servorum  Dei  (servant  of  the  servants  of  God)  and 
a  salutation,  and  close  with  the  place  ami  date  of  execu- 
tion and  the  subscription  of  the  chancellor  or  other  func- 
tionary of  the  papal  chancery.  The  distinctive  name  of  a 
bull  is  taken  from  the  first  wmd  or  words  of  the  general  in- 
troduction which  follows  the  salutation  :  as,  the  bull  /'m- 
ifnitux,  which  begins  with  the  words  Cni<ittiitu8  Dei,  <  te., 
issued  in  1713  by  Clement  XI.,  condemning  the  Jansenist 
propositions  set  forth  in  Quesnels  "Moral  Reflections." 
A  brief,  though  of  equal  authority  with  a  bull,  differs  fn  >m 
it  in  several  important  points,  chiefly  of  form.  It  is 
shorter,  relates  to  subjects  of  inferior  importance,  is  writ- 
ten in  Latin  in  ordinary  Roman  letters  and  on  the  smooth 
side  of  the  parchment,  uses  the  word  papa  instead  of  epi$~ 
copus  in  the  introductory  formula,  is  sealed  with  red  wax 
instead  of  lead,  and  with  the  pope's  private  seal,  the  fish- 
erman's ring,  and  is  never  signed  by  the  pope  himself, 
but  by  a  secretary  of  the  papal  chancery.  Both  briefs 
and  bulls  belong  to  a  class  of  papal  documents  generi- 
cally  called  apostolic  letters;  these  are  encyclical  when 
addressed  to  the  bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  world, 
and  from  their  contents  are  called  constitutions,  decretals 
(ancient),  synodal  letters  (also  ancient),  rescripts,  motus 
proprii,  etc.  Consietorial  hulls  are  issued  after  consulta- 
tion with  the  consistory  of  cardinals,  and  are  signed  bj  all 
the  cardinals  consulted. 

The  church  published  her  bulls  of  crusade  ;  offering  lib- 
eral indulgences  to  those  who  served. 

J'rescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 
The  pope  has  issued  a  bull  deposing  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Macaulaif,  Disabilities  of  the  .lews. 

3.  An  official  letter ;  an  edict;  especially,  an  im- 
perial edict  under  the  Roman  or  the  old  German 
empire.— Golden  bull,  a  name  given  to  several  cele- 
brated historical  documents,  from  their  golden  seal.  The 
most  notable  of  these  is  an  edict  or  imperial  constitution 
made  in  1356  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.,  regulating  the 
mode  of  procedure  in  the  election  and  coronation  .if  the 
emperor.— -Leaden  bulls,  the  designation  of  official  doc- 
uments (from  their  leaden  seals)  sent  by  the  emperors  of 
Constantinople  to  patriarchs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  etc.,  and  by  patriarchs 
and  bishops. 

bullet  (bul),??.    [=  F.  bulle,  formerly  bulc  =  Sp. 
obs.  bulla  =  Pg.  bolha  =  It.  holla,  bulla,  <  L. 
bulla,  a  bubble:  see  6«?/2.]    A  bubble. 
Life  is  as  a  bull  rising  on  the  water.    Non-ell.    (Davi68.) 

bull4  (bul),  ».  [Not  found  earlier  than  the  17th 
century,  except  as  ME.  bul  (about  a.  d.  1320)  in 
the  doubtful  passage  first  quoted.  Origin  un- 
certain. Several  anecdotes  involving  Irish 
speakers  have  been  told  (and  appar.  invented) 
to  account  for  the  word.  It  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  hull'1,  a  papal  edict,  in  allusion,  it 
is  said,  to  the  contrast  between  the  humble 
professions  of  the  pope,  as  in  his  styling  himself 
'servant  of  servants,' and  the  absolutely  dicta- 
torial nature  of  his  edicts.  This  explanation, 
which  rests  partly  on  the  passage  quoted  from 
Milton  (cf.  hull/sli-,  also  in  Milton),  below,  is 
hardly  tenable  on  historical  grounds.  The  Icel. 
/*////,  nonsense,  haf/a,  talk  nonsense,  dial,  is 
mod.,  and,  if  not  from  the  K.  word,  is  to  be 
associated  with  bulla,  boil,  and  ult.  with  L.  bul- 
la, a  bubble  :  see  hull'J,']  A  gross  inconsistency 
in  language  ;  a  ludicrous  blunder  involving  a 
contradiction  in  terms:  commonly  regarded 
as  especially  characteristic  of  the  Irish,  and 

ol'len  called  an   Irish  bull, 

Quilk  man,  i|"ilk  calf,  onilk  Icon,  quilk  fugtil 
I  sal  you  tel,  with  vten  bul. 

Cursor  Mundi  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2126ft 

I  may  say  (without  a  Bull)  this  controversy  of  yours  is 

so  much  the  more  needless,  by  how  much  that  about  winch 

it  is  (Reformation)  is  so  without  all  controversy  needful. 

Chartes  Rerle,  Allah's  Fall  (1644),  Ded, 

And  whereas  the  Papist  boasts  himself  to  be  a  Roman 
Catholic,  it  i^  a  mere  contradiction,  one  of  the  pope's 
bulls,  as  if  he  should  say  universal  particular  ;  a  Catholic 
schismatic.  Milton,  True  Religion. 


bull 

"Why,  Friend." says  he,  .  .  .  "I  myself  have  knowne  a 
heast  winter  d  one  whole  summer  for  a  noble."  "That 
was  a  Bull,  my  Lord,  I  heleeve,"  says  the  fellow. 

Thorns,  Anecdotes  and  Traditions  (Camden  Soc.),  p.  7!). 
Syn.  ErroTy  Mistake,  etc.  See  blunder, 
bulla  (bul'a).  n.  ;  pi.  bulla-  (-e).  [L.,  a  bubble, 
boss,  knob,  an  ornament,  etc. ;  hence  E.  bull2, 
bull3,  bill3,  bowl2,  etc.;  of.  Hind,  bulimia,  bulla, 
a  bubble,  and  E.  bubble1,  etc.;  all  perhaps  orig. 
imitative.]  1.  An  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
capsule  or  locket,  in  use  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  who  adopted  it  from  the  Etruscans. 
It  was  worn  especially  around  the  neck  as  an  amulet  by 
Roman  children,  both  boys  and  girls,  its  protective  virtue 
being  supposed  to  reside  either  in  its  precious  material  or 
in  some  substance  inclosed  within  it.  It  was  of  gold  in 
the  families  of  the  nobly  born  and  the  rich,  and  of  com- 
moner material  among  others.  It  was  laid  aside  by  young 
men  upon  attaining  maturity,  ami  dedicated  to  Hercules 
or  to  the  household  lares;  by  young  women  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Juno. 

When  now  my  golden  Bulla  (hung  on  high 
To  household  gods)  declar'd  me  past  a  hoy. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  42. 

2.  A  seal  attached  to  a  document.    Specifically 

(a)  A  seal  used  by  the  emperors  of  Constantinople,  and  by 
tin-  early  emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  (German)  Empire, 
and  by  other  sovereigns.  (/*)  A  leaden  seal  attached  to 
important  documents  issued  by  the  pope.     See  bull",  2. 


Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 

3.  Any  ornament  of  rounded  form,  especially 
if  suspended,  such  as  those  which  are  attached 
by  small  chains  to  the  Hungarian  crown. — 4. 
In  pathol.,  a  bleb  or  portion  of  epidermis  raised 
by  the  extravasation  of  a  transparent  watery 
fluid,  as  in  erysipelas,  etc. —  5.  In  anat.,  an  in- 
flated portion  of  tho  bony  external  meatus  of 
the  ear,  forming  a  more  or  less  well-marked 
prominence  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the 
skull  of  many  animals,  usually  constituted  by 
a  bulbous  tympanic  bone.  Also  called  bulla 
ossea.     See  extract. 

In  some  Marsupials,  where  the  tympanic  does  not  pass 
beyond  the  annular  condition,  there  is  an  apparently  simi- 
lar bulla,  hut  this  is  formed  by  an  extension  of  the  bases 
of  the  ala;  temporales  (Dasyurus,  Petaurista.  Perameles). 
Geijenbaue,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  4ti(j. 

6.  [cap.']  A  genus  of  tectibranchiate  (or  pleu- 
robranchiate)  gastropods,  to  whieh  very  differ- 
ent limits  have 
been  assigned,  (a) 
By  the  old  concholo- 
gists  not  only  were 
most  of  the  teetibran- 
chiates  included,  but 
also  various  other  gas- 
tropods having  shells 
like  or  supposed  to  be 
like  them  were  referred 
to  the  genus,  (b)  By 
recent  writers  it  is  re- 
stricted to  the  bubble- 
shells,  so  called  from 
their   ventricous   oval 

shells,  so  convoluted  that  the  last  whorl  envelops  all  the 
others:  typical  of  the  family  Bullidce.  Also  called  illau- 
dula. 

bullace  (bul'as),».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bullis, 
bulloes;  <  ME.  bulas,  bolas,  also  bolaster,  bolys- 
tre  (cf.  bolas  trc,  bulas-tre,  where  Ire  is  regard- 
ed as  E.  tree),  <  Gael,  bulaistear  =  Ir.  bulistair, 
a  bullace,  sloe,  connected  with  Ir.  bulos,  a 
prune,  =  Bret,  bolos,  polos,  bullace,  >  prob. 
OP.  baloee,  bcloce,  belloehe  (P.  dial,  beloce),  bul- 
lace, belloeier,  bullace-tree.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (Corn- 
wall) bullum,  the  fruit  of  the  bullace-tree.]  1. 
A  species  of  plum,  Prumus  insititia,  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  and  southern  Europe,  but  now 
naturalized  and  cultivated  further  north,  it 
ditlers  from  the  common  plum,  P.  domestica,  chiefly  in 
its  spiny  branches.  The  fruit  is  used  like  damsons. 
2.  The  popular  name  of  Melicocca  bijuga,  a 
common  West  Indian  tree,  producing  a  green 
egg-shaped  fruit  with  a  pleasant  vinous  and 
aromatic  flavor. —  3.  In  the  United  States,  the 
muscadine  grape,  litis  vulpina. 

Bulladae  (bul'a-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Bullidce. 

bullae,  u.    Plural  of  bulla. 

bullah  (bill's), n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  equal  to 
4£  pounds,  used  in  some  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies for  grain. 


l  2 

Bubble-shells. 
I,  Bulla  ampulla  ;  2,  Bulla  {Atys) 


715 
bullantic  (bu-lan'tik),  a.    [<  ML.  bullan(t-)s, 

ppr.  of  buUare,  attach  the  seal,  <   bulla,   seal: 

so.'  bull2.']     Pertaining  to  or  used  in  apostolic 

bulls:  as,  bu/laiitie  letters,  certain  ornamental 
capitals  used  in  these  bulls. 
bullarium  (bu-la'ri-um),  n.     Same  as  bulla n/1. 

bullary1  (bul'a-ri),  u.  [<  ML.  bullarium.  ii  col- 
lection of  papal  bulls,  <  bulla:  see  bull'2.]  A 
collection  of  papal  bulls. 

bullary-  (bul'a-ri),  n.  [A  pedantic  (law)  form 
of  boilary  or  boilery,  as  if  <  ML.  "bullarium,  <  L. 
bulhtrc  for  bullire,  boil:  see  boil2.]  A  house  in 
which  salt  is  prepared  by  boiling. 

bullate  (bul'at),  a.  [<  L.  bullatus,  pp.  and  adj. : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  In  bot.,  having  elevations  like 
blisters.  A  bullate  leaf  is  one  whose  surface  between 
the  veins  is  thrown  into  projections,  which  are  convex  on 
the  upper  surface  ami  concave  beneath,  as  in  the  cabbage. 
In  the  bullate  thallus  of  a  lichen  the  concavities  are  on  the 
upper  surface. 

2.  In  patho  I.,  blistered. — 3.  In  anat,  inflated; 
vaulted ;  ventricous ;  fornicated  and  with  thin 
walls:  as,  a  bullate  tympanic  bone  (that  is,  one 
forming  a  bulla  ossea). — 4.  In  zobl.,  having  the 
surface  covered  with  irregular  and  slight  eleva- 
tions, giving  a  blistered  appearance. 

bullatet, '• '•  [<  Li.  bullatus, pp.  of  bullare, bub- 
ble, <  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  boil2,  bulla.]  To 
bubble  or  boil. 

bullated  (bul  'a-ted),  a.  Bullate ;  rendered  bul- 
late. 

bullation  (bu-la'shon),  u.  In  anat.,  inflation; 
fornication ;  cameration. 

bull-baiting  (bul'ba/'ting),  n.  The  practice  of 
baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs,  a  sport 
formerly  very  popular  in  England,  but  made 
illegal  in  1835. 

Among  those  who  at  a  late  period  patronised  or  defended 
bull-baiting  were  Windham  and  Parr  ;  and  even  Canning 
and  Peel  opposed  the  measure  for  its  abolition  by  law. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  iv. 

bullbat  (bul'bat),  n.  A  local  or  popular  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  night-hawk  or  long- 
winged  goatsucker,  Chordeilespopetue  or  ''.  vir- 

ginianus.  So  called  from  its  flying  most  in  the  evening 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  and  from  the  noise  which  it  makes 
as  it  moves  through  the  air.  It  belongs  to  the  family  Ca- 
primulgidoB,  like  the  whippoorwill,  but  is  of  a  different 
genus.     Also  called  pisk  and  jriramidig. 

bullbeart,  "•  [<  bull1  +  bear2.  Cf.  bugbear.]  A 
bugbear.     Harvey.     (HaUiwell.) 

bullbee  (bul'be),  u.    Same  as  bullfly. 

bull-beef  (bul'bef),  n.  The  flesh'of  a  bull; 
hence,  coarse  beef.  [In  the  latter  sense  collo- 
quial.] 

bullbeggar  (bul'beg'ar),  n.  [In  form,  <  bull1 
+  beggar;  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  a  word 
of  different  origin;  cf.  bully,  v.,  bullbcar,  a  bug- 
bear, I).  bitllcbal;,  a  bugbear:  see  bugbear.] 
Something  that  excites  needless  fear;  a  hob- 
goblin; an  object  of  terror. 

They  are  all  as  mad  as  I ;  they  all  have  trades  now, 
Ami  roar  about  the  streets  like  bull-beggars. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

This  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin  ;  a  harmless 
bull-beggar,  who  delights  to  frighten  innocent  people. 

Tatler,  No.  212. 

bull-boat  (buTbot),  n.  A  rude  boat  made  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  usually  a  shallow 
crate  covered  with  the  raw  hide  of  the  bull  elk. 

bullbrier  (bul'bri"er),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Smilax,  S.  Pseudo-China  and  S.  tamnoi- 
des,  of  the  southern  United  States,  which  have 
tuberous  roots,  and  steins  armed  with  stout 
prickles. 

bull-calf  (bul'kiif),  n.  [<  bull1  +  calf;  =  D.  6m,- 
/,((//'=  Icel.  bola-kdlfr.]  1.  A  maie  calf. — 2. 
A  stupid  fellow.     Shah. 

bullcomber  (bul'ko"mer),  «.  A  name  of  the 
common  English  beetle,  Searabams  typhosus,  or 
Typhosus  vulgaris,  and  other  species  of  the  fam- 
ily Scarabwidce. 

bull-dance  (biil'dans),  ».  Naut,  a  dance  per- 
formed by  men  only. 

bulldog  (bul'dog),  ».  [<  6m//1  +  dog ;  hence  P. 
bouledogue,  Euss.  buVulogu,  Hind,  gulildnh-huttcl 
(kuttd,  dog).  Cf.  equiv.  D.  bulhond  (lioud  =  E. 
hound),  LG.  bulleiibiter  =  G.  bullenbeisser  = 
Dan.  bulbiiler,  lit.  'bull-biter.']  1.  A  variety 
of  dog  of  comparatively  small  size,  but  very 
strong  and  muscular,  with  a  large  head,  broad 
muzzle,  short  hair,  tapering  smooth  tail,  and 
remarkable  courage  and  ferocity.  Bogs  of 
this  kind  were  formerly  much  used  in  bull- 
baiting,  whence  the  name. — 2f.  A  bailiff. 

I  sent  for  a  couple  of  bull-duets,  and  arrested  him. 

Farqukar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  iii.  2. 

3.  The  assistant  or  servant  who  attends  the 
proctor  of  an  English  university  when  on  duty. 


bullet-bag 

Sentiments  which  vanish  for  ever  at  the  sight  of  the  proe. 

toi  n  ith  ins  bull-dogs,  as  they  -all  them,  "i  four  muscular 

fellows  »  nich  [sic]  always  follow  him,  like  so  many  bailiffs. 

Westminst  >  !:■  ».,  .WW     32 

4.  [Cf.  barker1,  4.]  A  pistol;  in  recent  use,  a 
small  revolver  with  a  short  barrel  carrying  a 
large  ball.     [Cant.] 

'•  1  have  always  ■■>  brace  "t  bulldogs  at I  me."  ...  So 

saying,  lie  exhibited  a  very  handsome,  highly  finished,  and 
richly  mounted  pair  of  pistols. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Will,  II.  mi. 

5.  Naut. :  (a)  Thegreatguuin  the  officers' ward- 
room cabin,  (b)  A  general  term  for  main-deck 
guns. — 6.  In  metal.,  tap-cinder  from  the  pud- 
dling-furnace,  after  the  protoxid  of  iron  bias 
been  converted  into  sesquioxid  by  roasting. 
It  may  be  used  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  making  whal  i-  known 
as  cinder-iron.  It  is  also  extensively  used  as  a  lining  for 
the  sides  of  the  puddling-furnace.    [Eng.] 

7.  A  name  given  by  the  Canadian  half-breeds 
to  the  gadfly. -Bulldog  bat.  See  bats.— Bulldog 
forceps,  forceps  with  pointed  teeth  for  grasping  an  ar- 
tery, etc. 

bulldoze  (bul'doz),  i'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bull- 
dozed, ppr.  bulldozing.  [Also  written  bulldose; 
explained  as  orig.  to  give  one  a  dose  of  the  6m//- 
uiiael;  or  bull-irhip  ;  but  the  second  element,  if 
of  this  origin,  would  hardly  become  -doze.]  1. 
To  punish  summarily  with  a  bull-whip;  cow- 
hide.—  2.  To  coerce  or  intimidate  by  violence 
or  threats;  especially,  in  politics,  to  bully;  in- 
fluence unfairly:  applied  particularly  to  the 
practices  of  some  southern  whites  since  the 
civil  war.     [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  use  of  this  weapon  [the  bull-whip]  was  the  original 
application  of  bull-doze.  It  first  found  its  way  into  print 
after  the  civil  war,  when  it  came  to  mean  intimidation  for 
political  purposes  by  violence  or  threats  of  violence.  Since 
that  time  it  has  acquired  a  wider  significance,  and  may 
he  used  with  reference  to  intimidation  of  any  kind. 

Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XIII.  '.is. 

bulldozer  (bul'do-zer),  u.  1.  One  who  bull- 
dozes; one  who  intimidates  others  by  threats 
of  violence. —  2.  A  revolver.  [U.  S.  slang  in 
both  senses.] 

bulledt,  p.  a.     [For  boiled,  pp.  of  ME.  bollen, 
swell:  see  boln1.]     Swollen;  expanded. 
And  hang  the  bulled  nosegays  'hove  their  heads. 

B.  Jousnn,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bullen  (bul'en),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
awn  or  chaff  from  hemp  or  flax.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullen-bullen  (bul'en-buFen),  n.  [Imitative 
reduplication;  ci.bulbul.]  The  native  name  of 
the  Australian  lyre-bird,  Menura  superba, 

bullengert,  ».    A  variant  of  balinger. 

bullen-nail  (bul'en-nal),  n.  A  round-headed 
nail  with  a  short  shank,  tinned  and  lacquered, 
used  chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

buller  (bul  er), v. i.  [E.  dial.:  see  bidder,  boul- 
der.]    To  roar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullescence  (bu-les'ens),  n.  [<  L.  bullescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bulleseere,  begin  to  bubble,  <  bullire,  bub- 
ble: see  boil2.]  In  bot.,  a  bullate  condition. 
See  bullate,  1. 

bullet  (bul'et),  u.  [<  F.  boulet,  a  cannon-ball, 
dim.  of  OF.  boule,  a  ball,  >  E.  bmvl2,  of  which 
bullet  is  thus  practically  a  diminutive:  see 
bowl2.]     If.  A  small  ball. 

When  one  doth  die  another  is  elected  by  the  Great  Mas- 
ter and  his  Knights,  who  give  their  voices  by  bullets,  as  do 
the  Venetians.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  ISO. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  small  metallic  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm :  com- 
monly limited  to  leaden  projectiles  for  small 
arms.  Bullets  were 
formerly  always  spheri- 
cal in  form,  but  many 
changes  have  been  made 
in  them  in  both  shape 
and  structure.  The  bul- 
let used  for  rifles  of 
recent  construction  is 
elongated  and  conical, 
or  rather  ogival,  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  like  half  an  egg  drawn  out,  with  a  hollow 
at  the  base,  into  which  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  is  inserted, 
and  with  small  cuts  (cannelures)  in  the  metal  outside, 
which  are  filled  with  beeswax  to  lubricate  the  barrel 
while  the  bullet  is  passing  through  it.  When  the  gun  is 
fired  the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the  cavity, 
forcing  the  base  of  the  bullet  outward  till  the  lead  com- 
pletely fills  the  grooves  in  the  rilled  barrel.  The  plug  is 
often  omitted,  the  base  of  the  bullet  being  forced  into  the 
grooves  by  the  expansive  force  of  the  powder. 
3.  In  Iter.,  a  roundel  sable  (that  is,  a  black 
circle),  supposed  to  represent  a  cannon-ball. — 
Bullet-compasses.  See  compass.— Every  bullet  has 
its  billet.  See  bfflefl.—  Naked  bullet  (milti.),  an  elon- 
gated projectile  with  one  or  more  grooves  or  cannelures 
encircling  it.  as  distinguished  from  the  patched  bullet  for- 
merly used. 

bullet-bag  (bul'et-bag),  «.  A  leathern  pouch 
for  holding  bullets,  formerly  carried  attached 
to  a  bandoleer  or  baldric.  When  the  baldric  was  not 
worn,  the  bullet  hag  was  attached  to  the  girdle,  beside  the 
powder-flask. 


Rifle-bullets. 
Minie;   e.  Hnfield;  r,  Springfield; 
<i,  Prussian  needle-gun. 


bullet-headed 

bullet-headed  (bul'et-hed  ed),  a.    1.  Round- 
headed.— 2.  Stupid;  doltish, 
bullet-hook  (Dul'et-huk),  n.    A  tool  for  ex- 
og  bullets. 

bulletin  ti'iil'.-tiii'i.  ».    [P.,<  It. buUettino,  bol 

bulu  UK.  bolletta,  dim.  of  bulla, 

bull,  edict :  see  hull- :ui<\  the  alt.  identi 

eal  fct'H3.]     1.  An  authenticated  official  report 

a  te  public  event,  such  as  military 

itions,  the  health  of  a   sovereign  or  other 

distinguished  personage,  etc.,  issued  torthe  in- 
formation of  the  pubhc. 

■■  False  as  a  but  i   provi  rt>  in  Napoleon's 

tune. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  announcement,  espe- 
cially of  uews  recently  received. — 3.  A  name 
ii  to  various  periodical  publications  record 
ing  the  proceedings  of  learned  societies, 
bulletin  I  bul'e-tin),  v.  t.    [<  bulletin,  n.]    To 
make  known  by  a  bulletin  publicly  posted. 

It  would  excite  no  interest  t..  bulletin  the  last  saw  of 
Jerusalem  In  a  village  where  the  event  was  unknown,  if 
the  date  was  appended. 

ft  D    II  Bai  la--  Studies,  p.  142. 

bulletin-board  (bul'e-ttn-bord),  n.  A  board 
pubhcly  exposed,  on  which  to  placard  recent 
news,  notices,  etc. 

bullet-ladle  (bul'et-la'dl),  n.  A  hemispheri- 
cal ladle  for  melting  lead  to  run  bullets. 

bullet-machine  (buVet-ma-shen  ),  n.    A  ma- 
chine  for  forming  bullets.    The  metal,  in  the  form 
ill,  is  cut  into  Bhort  lengtlis  as  it  unwinds,  and  these 
blanks  are  then  pressed  into  shape  between  dies. 

bullet-mold  (bul'et-mold),  n.  A  mold  for  cast- 
in-  bullets. 

bullet-probe  ( bul'et-prob),  n.  A  probe  used  in 
exploring  for  bullets  in  wounds. 

bullet-proof  (bul'et-prof),  a.  Capable  of  re- 
sisting  the  impact  of  a  bullet. 

bulletrie  (bure-tri),  re.    See  buUy-tree. 

bullet-screw  l  Bul'et-skr6),  re.  A  screw  at  the 
end  of  a  ramrod,  which  can  be  forced  into  a 
bullet  in  order  to  draw  it  from  a  gun-barrel. 

bullet-shell  (bul'et-shel),  re.  An  explosive  bul- 
let for  small  arms. 

bullet-tree,  re.    See  bully-tree. 

bullet-wood  (bul'et-wud),  n.  A  very  strong, 
close-grained,  dark-brown  wood  of  India,  from 
a  species  of  Himusops.     Sec  bully-tree. 

bull-facet  (bul'fas),  re.  A  threatening  face  or 
appearand  . 

hither  to  fright  maids -with  thy  bull-faces! 
To  threaten  gentlewomi  n 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 

bull-faced  I  bul'fast  >.  a.  Having  a  large  coarse 
face:  as,  "bull  faced  Jonas,"  Bryden,  Abs.  and 
Achit..  i.  581. 

bull-feast  (bul'fest),  n.    Same  as  bull-fight. 

bull-fight  i  bul'flt ).  re.  A  combat  betweenmen 
and  a  hull  or  bulls:  a  popular  amusement 
among  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  horse- 
man, called  a  toreador  or  picador,  attacks  a  bull  in  a 
closed  arena,  irritating  him,  but  avoiding  his  attack 
ill  has  been  tormented  a  long  tine-  tic  hor  i 
man  leaves  him,  ami  persons  on  foot,  called  chulos  and 
,n .i  1,    him   and    plunge  darts  into  him. 

Finally  the  sport  i led  with  the  death  of  the  hull  by 

word  'it  a  matador. 

bull-fighter  (buT filter),  v.  One  who  fights 
hulls:  a  human  combatant  in  a  .bull-fight. 

bullfinch1  (hul'linch),  a.  [Appar.<  bull1  asused 
in  camp,  (as  if  in  allusion  to  the  thick  rounded 
bill)  +  finch.  Cf.  equiv.  buckfinch.]  A  very 
common  o     I1'    passerine  bird  of  Europe,  Pyr- 


716 


bullion 


-J,.,?/,  ,.„)„„„■» .  n  Vind  of  finch  of  the  familv     oub  nearly  uniform  lateral  teeth.   The  species  are  marine, 

rliula  i  ulgari*.   a  kiiiq  oi  nncii   oi  uu    !■"'">      frequenting  sandy  or   muddy   bottoms   near  the  s ,, 

Fiiunilliila:  with  a  very  short,  stout,  turgid  lull,     betimes  going  into  brackish  water.    The  shell  is  often 
which,  like  the  crown,  is  black,  and  a  body  blu-     Bp0tted      Ms.,  written  Bulladat.    See  cut  under  Bulla. 
ish  above,  and,  in  the  male,  tile-red  below:  a   bulliform  (bul'i-form),  (i.    [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble, 
favorite  cage-bird,  easily  taught  to  sing  a  va 
tact  v  of  notes.    The  name  is  extended  to  other  specie; 
ol  ili'  same  genus,  ami  also  to  these  of  seme  related  ge 


etc. 
Tli 


Bullfinch  tanager,  one  of  the  lindos  or  thick-billed 
tanagersof  thegenus  Euphonia,  and  others  of  like  charac- 
ter, "pine  bullfinch,  the  pine  grosbeak,  Pinicola  enu- 

See sbeak. 

bullfinch-  (hul'linch),  «.  [A  corruption  of 
bull-fence,  a  fence  for  confining  bulls.  <  bull1  + 
h  nee.  ]    In  England,  a  strong  fence,  or  a  hedge  bullimony  (bul'i-mo-ni),  n.    Same  as  bullimong 


+  forma,  shape.]  1.  Resembling  a  blister. 

hull i  for ut  or  hygroscopic  cells  of  pa-asses  and  sedges. 
Amer.  Jour.  Sri.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  831. 
2.  Having  the  form  characteristic  of  the  genus 
llullit,  or  of  gastropods  of  the  family  llullitla: 

bullimongt,  bullimungt,  "•  [Also"  bullimony, 
biillimoiii/ ;  origin  uncertain.]  A  mixture  of 
oats,  peas,  and  vetches.     Tusser;  Grose. 


allowed  to  grow  high  enough  to  impede  hunt 
cis.  and  much  used  as  a  test  of  skill  in  steeplc- 

ehasing. 

bullfish  (bul'fish),  n.  A  name  of  the  great  seal, 
riiiicit  barbata,  ot  Erignathus  barbatus. 

bullfist  (bul'fist),  n.  '  [Also  written  buttfeist, 
hull  Ha-:  <  butt1  +  fist2,  dial,  feist,  foist,  a  puff- 
ball,  lit.  a  breaking  of  wind:  see  fisfl,  foist*-. 
The  German  name  bofist  (>  Bovista)  and  the 


bulling  (  hul'ing),  n.  [Appar.  verbal  n.  of  bull1, 
r..  1,  throw  up,  toss.]  A  method  of  detaching 
loosened  masses  of  rock  from  their  bed  by  ex- 
ploding gunpowder  which  lias  been  poured  into 
the  fissures. 

bulling-shovel  (bul'ing-shov'l),  «.  bimetal., 
a  peculiar  form  of  shovel  used  in  ore-dressing. 
It  is  of  triangular  form,  with  a  sharp  point. 
See  van  and  vanning-shovel.     [Eng.] 


generic  name  lycoperdon  are  of  similar  signi-  bullion1  (bul'yon),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  Imll- 


tication.]    A  puffball.     See  Lycoperdon 
bullfly  (Dul'fli),  n.     An  insect,  the  gadfly,  so 

named  from  its  tormenting  cattle.     See  gadfly. 

Also  called  bullbee. 
bullfrog  (bul'frog),  n.     The  Bona  catesbiana, 

a  North  American  species  of  frog,  from  8  to  12 

inches  long,  includingthelegs,  of  a  dusky  brown 


Bullfinch 


Bullfrog  (Rana  catesbiana). 

or  olive  color  marked  with  darker.  These  frogs  live 
chietly  in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud  croaking  sound 
resembling  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  whence  the  name. 
bull-fronted  (bul'frun'ted),  a.   Having  a  front 
or  forehead  like  a  bull. 

A  sturdy  man  he  looked  to  fell  an  ox, 
Bull-fronted,  ruddy.  //.»»/. 

bull-fronts  (bul'frunts),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also 
called  butt-faces.']  Tufts  of  coarse  grass,  Aira 
eosspitosa.    Brockett. 

bullhead  (bul'hed),  n.  [<  ME.  bulhede,  name 
of  a  fish  (L.  capita),  <  bul,  bull1,  +  hede,  head.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  certain  fishes,  (a)  In 
England  :  (1;  Uramdea  gobio,  a  tish  about  4  inches  long, 
with  head  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body.  Often 
als..  called  miller sthumb.  Also  locally  applied  in  the 
i  nit i-il  states  to  allied  species  of  the  genus  Uranidea. 
(2)  Allium*  cataphractus,  called  the  armed  bullhead,  (b)  lu 
the  United  states,  a  cottoid  Ash,  as  Cuttus  grcenlandicus 
or  0.  octodecimspinosus,  better  known  essculpin.  [Local.] 
{<•)  In  America,  a  -species  of  Ailiiitrus,  also  called  horned 
pout.  Sec  catfish,  (d)  A  gobioid  fish,  Eleotris  gobioides, 
with  a  broad  head,  large  scales  in  3(i-40  rows,  and  a  black- 
ish  biuwn  color.  It  is  common  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
New  Zealand.  (e)  A  fish  of  the  family  Batrachidcs,  other- 
wise called  blenny  bullhead.    Swainson,  1839. 

2.  A  tadpole.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  small 
water-insect  of  a  black  color. —  4.  The  golden 
plover,  t  'liiinttlriuKj'ttlnts.—  5.  A  stupid  fellow; 
a  lubber.     Johnson. 

bull-head  (bul'hed),  a.  Same  as  bull-headed. 
—  Bull-head  ax.  See  oil. —  Bull-head  whiting,  a 
Bcbsnoid  flsh,  Menticirrus  aVbwrnus;  the  southern  kmu- 
lisb.    Ih'loiida.] 

bull-headed  (bul'hed"ed),ci.  1.  Havingaliend 
like  that  of  a  bull.  Hence — 2.  Obstinate; 
blunderingly  aggressive;  stupid. 

bullhoof  (Ind'hof),  n.  A  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica to:i  species  of  passion-flower,  Passiflora 
Miirucuja,  with  handsome  scarlet  flowers,  from 
the  shape  of  the  leaves.  It.  is  also  applied,  as 
in  Honduras,  to  some  species  of  hully-ti 

bullhuSS  (bul'hus),  n.  [<  buin  +  dial.  husS, 
the  dogfish.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
dogfish,  Scyllium  catulus. 

bullid  (bui'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
r.iilliila: 

Bullidae  (bul'i-de),  ».  /-'-  [NL.,  <  Bulla  + 
-iil<v.~\  A  family  of  tectihranchiate  gastropods. 
typified    by   the   genus   Bulla,  which    has  been 

adopted  with  widely  differing  boundaries,  in 
la  the  "hi  anther-  ii  was  hi  il  for  must  "f  the  Tectibran- 
chiata.  (6)Bj  later  authors  it  has  been  variously  restricted, 
ami  is  now  mostly  limited  te  Tectibranchiata  with  an  in- 
volute  ovate  sbeil  and  a  Ungual  ribbon  with  numerous 
of  teeth,  each  row  having  a  central  tooth  and  uuinur- 


yon,  <  late  ME.  bolion,  earlier  prob.  "bulion, 
*bullion  (AF.  bullione,  boitton,  a  mint,  ML.  AL. 
bullio(it-),  biillioita,  an  ingot  of  gold  or  silver), 
for  "bilion,  'billion,  <  AF.  billon,  OF.  billon, 
mod.  F.  billon  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  rellon  =  Pg. 
billion  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  bitlio{n-),  prop.  *bil- 
ln{  a-) :  all  prob.  <  OF.),  a  cast  lump  or  ingot  of 
metal,  a  place  where  metal  is  cast  or  coined,  a 
mint,  also  base  or  short-weight  coin  taken  to 
be  remelted,  hence  esp.  base  coin  or  the  alloy, 
copper  and  silver,  or  copper  alone,  of  which 
they  were  made ;  lit.  a  block,  stick,  or  log  (cf. 
bill: ut,  a  twig  or  shoot  of  a  full  year's  growth  — 
Cotgrave),  aug.  (or  dim.)  of  billr,  a  log,  stick. 
see  bitted,  billot.  The  form  *billon  or  "billion 
is  not  found  in  ME.  (billon,  as  used  in  E.,  is  from 
mod.  F.  billon:  see  billon);  the  altered  form 
"bullion  is  reflected  in  the  AF.  bullione,  ML. 
AL.  hulliona,  bttllio(n-).  The  same  change  of 
vowel  occurs  reversely  in  ML.  AL.  billa  (ME. 
billr.  E.  billS)  for  bulla  (ME.  bulk,  E.  bull2),  a 
writing,  a  brief,  etc.;  but  the  alteration  in 
question  was  prob.  due  to  association  with  ( >F. 
bouillon,  ML.  bullio(n-),  a  boiling,  OF.  bouillir, 
bnitlir,  L.  bullire,  boil,  bubble,  with  ref.  to  the 
molten  metal.  See  bullion2.']  1.  Gold  or  silver 
in  I  he  mass;  gold  or  silver  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined,  or  refined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or 
any  uncoined  form,  as  plate. 

And  that  they  may  be  in  our  sayde  landis  and  lordshippys 
for  too  bye  and  gader,  lade  and  freith  and  can  away  or 

doo  to  bee  carved  away  and  c leied  into  the  sayde  kyng- 

doin  of  England  ...  all  suelie  wares,  p.odis  and  mar- 
chaundises  .  .  .  excep  bolion,  names,  bowes,  arowes,  ar- 
tillary,  and  other  thingis  which  is  forboden,  babihuaatis 
of  werre,  and  none  hut  such  barneys  and  wepens  as  they 
shall  hringe  wyth  them. 

Arnolds  Chronicle,  1502 (ed.  1811),  p.  226. 

Their  trade  being,  by  the  same  Alchemy  that  the  Poo 
uses,  to  extract  heaps  of  gold  and  silver  out  of  the  dlossic 
Bullion  of  the  Peoples  shines. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Fag.,  ii. 

A  paper  currency  is  employed,  when  there  is  no  bullion 

in  the  vaults.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  Uncurrent  coin;   coin  received  only  at  its 

metallic  value. 

And  those  [words]  which  Eld's  strict  doom  did  disallow, 

And  damn  for  bullion,  jai  for  current  now. 

Sillrexter,  tr.  of  llii  l'.artas,  l'.abylon. 

Foreign  coin  bath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions. 

Locke,  Further  Considerations,  etc. 

3f.  Figuratively,  gold,  as  a  sordid  thing;  mere 
wealth;  mammon. 

Farewell,  my  bullion  "ods,  whose  sov'reign  looks 
So  often  catch'd  me  with  their  golden  1 ks  ; 

(io,  seek  another  slave  ;  \e  all  must  no; 

I  cannot  serve  my  God  and  luilino,  too. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 
4f.  A  mint  or  assay-office.  Blount.-  Base  bul- 
lion, pig-lead  containing  silver,  ami  usually  also  gold 
which  are  separated  from  flic  baser  metal  by  refining. 
H'ordillcran  mining  region.] 

bullion-  (bul'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bullyon 
(Skelton)  (not  found  in  ME.),  <  <  »P.  bouillon\  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  large-headed  nail,  a  puff  in  a 

gnr nt  ii 1.  V.  bouillon,  a  bubble,  a  puff  in 

a,  garment,  a  bull's-eye  in  glass-making),  prop. 

a  variant  of  boullon,  bunion,  ;\  large-headed  nail. 
a  si  ml,  bolt,  pin,  arrow,  mod.  F.  boulon,  a  holt, 
pin  (=  Sp.  bolion,  a  brass-headed  nail,  a  kind 
of  ear-ring,  a  shoot  of  a  plant),  <  ML.  bullio(n-), 

prop,    'bullo(n-),  a   bubble,   aug.   of   L.  '"<"»,  a 

bubble,  a  stud,  a  boss,  >OP.  boule,  a  bubble,  a 

hall.  mod.   P.  boule  (>  E.  html-,  a   round   ball); 

bouillon1  being  thus  a  different    word   from, 

though  confused  with,  houilhni-.  boillon,  boi  Uon, 
bolion,  a  boiling,  a  measure  of  salt,  broth,  soup, 


bullion 


rl7 


mod.  F.  bouillon  (see  bouillon)  =  It.  boglione,  bullock2t  (bul'ok),  v.  A  perversion  of  bully1. 
broth  (Florio),  <  ML.  bullio(u-),  a  measure  of 
salt  (see  bullion3),  lit.  a  bubbling,  a  boiling,  < 
L.  bullire  (>  OF.  boulir,  boullir,  bouillir,  mod. 
!■'.  bouillir  =  It.  bollirc),  bubble,  boil,  <  bulla,  a 
bubble:  see  bulla,  bull?,  bull3,  boil?.  Cf.  bul- 
lion1.'] If.  A  boss;  a  stud;  a  showy  metallic 
ornament  either  of  gold  or  in  imitation  of  gold, 
as  a  button,  stud,  hook,  clasp,  buckle,  and  t In- 
like. 


The  clasps  and  bullyons  were  worth  a  thousand  pound. 
Skelton,  Garland  of  Laurel. 

2.  A  fringe  of  thick  twisted  cords,  such  as  will 
hang  heavily.  Bullion  consisting  of  silk  cords  covered 
with  fine  gold  or  silver  thread  is  much  used  for  epaulets. 
Also  called  bullion-fringe. 

3.  hi  glass-making,  that  part  of  the  spheroidal 
mass  of  glass  which  has  been  attached  to  the 
pontil,  after  being  blown  and  while  undergoing 
the  process  of  flattening  into  a  sheet.  When 
the  tube  is  detached,  it  is  called  the  bulPs-eyi 
(which  see). 

bullion:!t,  «•  [<  OF.  bouillon,  <  ML.  bullio(ii-),  a 
measure  of  salt,  lit.  a  boiling:  see  bullion*.]  A 
measure  of  capacity  (of  salt).  Davies,  Supp. 
Eng.  Gloss. 

bullion-bar  (bul'ypn-bar),  «.  [<  bullion?,  3,  + 
bar1.]  The  bar  upon  which  the  spheroidal  mass 
of  glass  is  pressed  from  time  to  time  during  the 
process  of  blowing. 

bullioner  (bul'yon-er),  n.  [<  bullion1  +  -er1.] 
A  dealer  in  bullion. 

Melted  down  by  the  bullioner*. 

Rice  Vaughan,  Coin  and  Coinage,  p.  50(Ord  MS.), 

bullion-fringe  (bul'ypn-frinj),  n.  Same  as  bul- 
lion^, U. 

bullionism  (bill' yon -izm),  n.  [<  bullion-  + 
-ism.]  The  system  or  doctrine  of  those  who 
advocate  an  exclusively  metallic  currency,  or 
a  metallic  currency  combined  with  a  convert- 
ible paper  currency. 

Boston,  the  very  Gibraltar  of  bullionism. 

W.  Phillips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullionist  (bul'yon-ist),  n.  [<  bullion?  +  -ist.] 
An  advocate  of  or  a  believer  in  bullionism. 

Your  party  repudiates  him  because  he  is  joined  to  bid- 
lionists  and  stockinongers.         W.  Phillips,  June  19, 1875. 

bullion-point  (bul'yon-point),  ».  [<  bullion?, 
3,  -I-  point.]  The  thick  portion  at  the  center 
of  a  disk  of  crown-glass.     E.  H.  Knight. 

bullirag,  V.  t.     See  bullyrag. 

bullish!  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  bull1,  4,  +  -ish1.]  In 
the  stock  exchange,  somewhat  buoyant ;  advanc- 
ing or  tending  to  advance  in  price,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  efforts  of  the  bulls:  as,  a  bullish 
market. 

bullish-  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  bull*  +  -ish1.]  Par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  bull  or  blunder. 
[Rare.] 

A  toothless  satire  is  as  improper  as  a  toothed  sleek- 
stone,  and  as  bullish.    Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humli.  Remonst. 

bullist  (biil'ist),  n.  [<  bull?  +  -ist.]  A  writer 
of  papal  bulls.     Harmar.     [Rare.] 

bullitiont  (bu-lish'on),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *bulli- 
tio(u-),  <  bullire,  pp.  bullitus,  boil :  see  boil2.] 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling;  ebullition.    Bacon. 

bulljub  (biil'jub),  n.  A  fish,  the  miller's-thumb. 
[Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

bullkriob(bul'nob),  n.  Sameasbulljub.  [Derby- 
shire, Eng.] 

bull-neck  (bul'nek),  n.  A  thick  neck  like  that 
of  a  bull. 

bull-necked  (btil'nekt),  a.  Having  a  neck  like 
that  of  a  bull. 

bull-net  (bul'net),  n.  A  large  hoop-shaped 
fish-net. 

bullnose  (bul'noz),  n.  An  overgrown  hard  clam 
or  quahaug,  Mercenaria,  too  coarse  for  use. 
[Chesapeake  Bay.] 

bullnut  (bul'nut),  n.  A  species  of  hickory,  Ca- 
rya  tomentosa,  of  the  southern  United  States. 

bullock1  (bul'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  bulloJc,  <  AS.  bul- 
luea  (rare),  a  bullock,  dim.  of  an  assumed 
"bulla,  which  is  not  found:  see  bull1.  Cf.  Ir. 
bolog,  a  heifer,  a  bullock.]  1.  Literally,  a 
young  or  small  bull,  but  generally  used  of  an 
ox  or  castrated  bull ;  a  full-grown  steer. 

Take  thy  father's  young  bullock,  even  the  second  bul- 
lock of  seven  years  old.  Judges  vi.  25. 

2.  [In  derisive  allusion  to  bull?.]  A  papal  bull 
or  brief. 

I  send  you  here  a  bullock  which  I  did  find  amongst  my 
hulls,  that  you  may  see  how  closely  in  time  past  the  foreign 
prelates  did  practise  about  their  prey.      Latimer,  II.  378. 

Bullocks'  hides,  the  name  given  in  commerce  to  the 
raw  hides  of  cattle. 


To  bullock  and  domineer 

bullock's-eye  (bul'oks-1),  n.     [Cf.  bull's  eye.] 

1.  A  small  thick  glass  or  skylight  in  a  cover- 
ing or  roof.  Also  called  bull's-eye. —  2.  The 
houseleek,  Seinjierrirnm  tectorum. 

bullock's-heart  (bul'oks-hkrt),  n.     The  Easl 

Indian  name  for  the  custard-apple,  Anoint  re- 
ticulata. 

bullock-shell  (bul'ok-shel),  n.  A  kind  of  small 
thick  pearl-oyster,  of  the  genus  Alcleagriita,  in- 
habiting tropical  America. 

bulloot  (bu-l(it'),  u.  [Hind,  ballut,  balut  =  I  Vis. 
balliit,  an  acorn,  an  oak,  <  Ar.  ballut,  an  oak.] 
In  com.,  the  name  given  to  a  kind  of  acorn  used 
in  India  as  a  medicine. 

bullose  (bul'os),  a.     Same  as  bullous. 

bullous  (bul'us),  a.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  boss, 
knob  (see  bulla),  +  -ous.]  Exhibiting  or  of  the 
nature  of  bullae,  blebs,  or  blisters;  bullate; 
bulbous.     See  bulla,  4. 

bullpout  (bul'pout),  n.  A  siluroid  fish,  espe- 
cially Amiurus  nebulosus,  of  the  eastern  and 
middle  United  States:  more  widely  known  as 
catfish.  Also  called  horned  pout  and  bullhead. 
See  cut  under  pout. 

bull-pump  (bul'pump),  «.  A  single  or  direct- 
acting  pumping-engiue  in  which  the  piston- 
rod  is  attached  directly  to  the  pumping-rod, 
the  weight  of  the  rods  being  the  motive  force 
on  tho  down-stroke. 

bull-ring  (bul'ring),  ».  An  arena  or  amphi- 
theater for  bull-fights. 

Every  town  in  Spain  of  any  size  has  a  large  bull-rinq. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  8. 

bull-roarer  (bul'r6r"er),  n.  A  long,  thin,  nar- 
row piece  of  wood,  attached  at  one  end  to  a 
string,  by  means  of  which  it  is  whirled  rapidly 
in  the  air,  causing  by  its  revolution  a  deep 
sullen  roar :  a  favorite  toy  with  children.  Also 
called  tundun. 

The  bull-roarer  is  a  toy  familiar  to  most  children.  .  .  . 
The  ancient  Greeks  employed  at  some  of  their  sacred  rites 
a  precisely  similar  toy,  described  by  historians  as  '"a  little 
piece  of  wood,  to  which  a  string  was  fastened,  and  in  the 
mysteries  it  is  whirled  round  to  make  a  roaring  noise." 
.  .  .  The  bull^roarer  is  to  be  found  in  almost  every  country 
in  the  world,  and  among  the  most  primitive  peoples.  .  .  . 
And  as  an  instrument  employed  in  religious  rites  or  mys- 
teries, it  is  found  in  New  .Mexico,  in  Australia,  in  New  Zea- 
land, and  in  Africa  to  this  day. 

All  the  Year  Round,  June,  1S85. 

bull-rope   (bul'rop),   n.      Naut.,    a  rope  rove 
through  a  bull's-eye  on  the  forward  shroud  of 
the  lower  rigging,  to  secure  the  upper  yard-arm 
of  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  when  sent  down 
from  aloft. 
bull-rusht,  >i.     An  old  spelling  of  bulrush. 
bulls  (biilz),  n.  pi.     [Perhaps  a  use  of  bull1.] 
A  name  in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  fish  Ser- 
ranus  cabrilla. 
bulls-and-COWS  (bulz'and-kouz'),   n.  1)1.      An 
English    name    of    the    plant   wake-robin    or 
cuckoo-pint,  Arum  iiiucultituin,  with  reference 
to  the  purple   and  the   pale  spadices.     Also 
called   lords-and-ladies,  for  the   same  reason. 
See  cuts  under  Aracew  and  Arum. 
bull-segg1  (bul'seg),  ii.     [<  bull1  +  segg,  «</'-.] 

A  castrated  bull.  [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
bull-segg-  (bul'seg),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  pool-sedge.]  The  reed-mace,  Typna 
latifolia. 
bull's-eye  (bulz'i),  n.  1.  Naut. :  (a)  An  oval 
wooden  bloek  without  a  sheave,  but  with  a 
groove  around  it  for  the  band 
and  a  hole  in  the  center  through 
which  a  small  stay  or  rope  may 
be  rove,  (b)  A  perforated  bail 
on  the  jaw-rope  of  a  gaff. — 2. 
A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  supposed  to  portend 
a  hurricane  or  storm. — 3.  The 
hurricane  or  storm  itself. — 4.  In 
arch.,  any  circular  opening  for 
a  bullock's-eye. —  5.  In  astron., 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
eye  of  Taurus,  or  the  Bull.  See  cut  under  Tau- 
rus.— 6.  A  round  piece  of  thick  glass,  convex 
on  one  side,  inserted  into  a  deck,  port,  scuttle- 
hatch,  or  skylight-cover  of  a  vessel  for  the 
purpose  of  admitting  light. — 7.  A  small  lan- 
tern with  a  convex  lens  placed  in  one  side  to 
concentrate  the  light. 

He  takes  a  lighted  bull's-eye  from  the  constable  on  duty 
there.  Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xxii. 

8.  That  part  of  a  sheet  of  crown-glass  which 
has  been  attached  to  the  pontil.  it  is  thicker  than 
the  rest  of  the  sheet,  and  is  not  included  in  the  lights  or 


Bull's-eye  of  a  Microscope. 


Bull's-eye,  defini- 
tion I  (a). 

light  or  air; 


bully 

panes  of  glass  cut  fr ii.    Hulls  eyes  were  formerly  used 

in  lead-sash  windows,    As  the  manufacture  of  crown  glass 

In  much  declined, 
imitations  of  bull's- 
eyes  are  made  for 
picturesque  effects 
in  window-glazing. 
See  bullion^,  .';. 

9.  A  planocon- 
vex lens  in  a  nii- 
eroscope,  which 
serves  as  an  il- 
luminator to  con- 
centrate rays  of 
light  upon  an 
opaque  micro- 
scopic object. — 

10.  A  small  and 
thick  old-fash- 
ioned    watch. — 

11.  In  archni/ 
and. gunnery :  (a) 
The  central  or 
innermost  divi- 
sion of  a  target, 

usually  round  and  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest.     See  target. 

One  or  two  beings,  who  have  shot  into  the  very  centre 
and  bull's-eye  of  the  fashion.  Thackeray. 

(b)  A  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made. — 12.  A  coarse  sweet- 
meat ;  a  colored  or  striped  ball  of  candy. 

The  black-bearded  sea-kings  round  were  promising  them 
rock  and  bull's-eyes,  if  they  Mould  only  sit  still  like  "glide 
maids."  KiiiasUii,  Two  Years  Ago,  xv. 

Even  the  bull's  eyes  and  gingerbread  for  the  children  are 
not  unpermitted,  if  they  arc  honestly  made  and  h  arranted 
not  to  be  poisonous.  Froude,  sketches,  p.  233. 

13.  A  local  English  name  of  the  dunlin,  Tringa 
al/iina — Euntline  bull's-eye,  a  large  thimble  used  in 
the  foot-rope  of  a  sail.     Same  as  lizard. 
bull's-feathert  (bulz'feTH"er),  ».     A  horn.— To 
bestow  the  bull's  feather,  to  make  a  cuckold. 

Three  crooked  horns,  smartly  top-knotted  with  ribands; 
which  being  the  ladies'  wear,  seem  to  intimate  that  they 
may  very  probably  adorn,  as  well  as  bestow,  the  bull's 
feather.  Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  V.  295. 

bull's-foot  (bulz'fut),  n.    Same  as  colt's-foot. 

bull's-mouth  (bi'dz'mouth),  n.  The  trade-name 
for  a  species  of  helmet-shell,  Cassis  rula,  from 
which  some  kinds  of  cameos  are  cut. 

bull-snake  (btil'snak),  n.  A  popular  name  in 
the  United  States  for  a  serpent  of  the  genus 
Pityophis,  orpine-snake,  which  sometimes  grows 
to  the  length  of  6  feet,  and  makes  a  loud  hiss- 
ing noise  when  disturbed,  but  is  of  mild  dis- 
position and  not  poisonous. 

bull's-nose  (bulz'noz),  n.  Jncarp.,  an  obtuse  an- 
gle formed  by  the  junction  of  two  plane  surfaces. 

bull-spink  (bul'spingk),  n.  The  chaffinch. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bull-Stag  (bul'stag),  n.    A  castrated  bull. 

bull-stang  (bul'stang),  »i.  A  dragonfly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bull-terrier  (bul'ter"i-er),  ii.  A  cross-breed 
between  the  bulldog  and  the  terrier,  exhibit- 
ing the  courage  and  fierceness  of  the  one  with 
the  activity  of  the  other. 

bull-trout  (bul'trout),  ».  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  certain  varieties  of  different  species  of 
the  genus  Salmo,  as  of  £'.  salar,  S.  trutta,  S. 
cambricus. 

bull-voiced  (bul'voist),  a.  Having  a  loud 
coarse  voice:  as,  "bull-roiced  St.  Huruge,"  Car- 
lyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  L'. 

bullweed  (bul'wed),  n.  Knapweed,  Centaurea 
nigra. 

bull-whack  (bul'hwak),  n.  A  heavy  whip  used 
in  the  southwestern  United  States.  See  ex- 
tract.    Also  called  bull-whip. 

In  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  the  bull-whack  is  a  ter- 
rible whip  with  a  long  and  very  heavy  lash  and  ;i  short 
handle.  It  is  used  by  drovers  to  intimidate  refractory  ani- 
mals. The  use  of  this  weapon  was  the  original  application 
of  bull-doze.  Mag,  ofAmer.  Hist.,  XIII.  lis. 

bull-whack  (bul'hwak),  v.  t.  To  lash  with  a 
bull-whack. 

bull-whacker  (bul'hwak"er),«.  One  who  drives 
cattle  with  a  bull-whack.  [Southwestern 
U.  S.] 

bull-wheel  (bul'hwel),  n.  1.  In  rope-drilling, 
the  wheel  used  for  raising  the  tools. —  2.  In  a 
saw-mill,  a  large  wheel  used  in  drawing  the  logs 
from  the  water  to  the  carriage. 

bull-whip  (bul'hwip),  n.     Same  as  bull-whack. 

bullwort  (bul'wert),  n.  1.  The  bishop's-weed, 
Ammi  ma/jus. — 2.  The  plant Scrophularia aqua- 
tica. 

bully1  (bul'i),  ii.  andrt.  [A word  separated,  first 
as  a  noun  and  then  as  an  adj.,  from  such  com- 
pounds as  bully-rook  (also  bully-rock,  etc.),  etc., 


bully 

corresponding  to  Hi.  bullerjaan  (John),  built  r- 
biik,  bulb  r-brook,  a  noisy,  blustering  fellow,  '■»/- 
ler-icagc,  a  uoisy  wagon,  biMer-water,  roaring, 
rushing  water,  etc.,  1>.  buUe-bak,  a  bugbear, 
buhler-hast  =  Sw.  (/«//<  r-d<w  =  I  'an.  buldi  r-bassi . 
a  rude  fellow,  etc. ;  the  first  element  being  the 
verb  seen  in  l.ti.  bulhrn  =  D.  bulderen  =  Sw. 
bullru  =  Dan.  buhln:  etc.,  roar,  make  a  Qoise: 
see  buller,  boulder.']  I.  «.:  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  1. 
A  blustering,  quarrelsome,  "\  erbearing  fellow  ; 
a  sv. .  :  swashbuckler;  one  who  hectors, 

browbeats,  or  domineei  s. 

Theyaresuch  Wits  as  thou  art;  who  make  the  tfameof 
a  Witaa  scandalous  as  thai  "l  Bully:  and  signify  a  loud- 

■     ible  cox as  Bully     a  roar- 

u.iu.  .i  Coward.  R  ychi  I ey,  Plain  Dealer,  v. 

The  blustering  bully  in  cur  neighbouring  streets. 

Epilogue  to  Sirs,  Blarney's  Lucius. 

Daily  conflicts  \\  it li  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  oul 
and  exercised  ins  powers  so  effectually  that  he  [Jeffreys] 
became  tin  most  consummate  bully  ever  known  in  his 
profi  Wacaulay,  Hist  Eng.,  iv. 

2f.  A  companion;  a  high-spirited,  dashing  fel- 
low :  a  familiar  term  of  address. 

I  love  the  lovely  bully.  Slink,,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  1. 

3f.  A  degraded  fellow  who  protects  fallen  wo- 
men and  lives  on  their  gains. 

The  ladj  was  only  a  woman  of  the  town  ami  the  fellow 
her  bully  and  a  sharper.  Goldsmith,  Vicar. 

4.  A  i  ornish  name  of  the  shannr.  Also  bully- 
eod. —  5.  In  Tasmania,  a  species  of  blenny, 

Bleu  tin'  S  ti !  sin  1 1  ii  ieus. 
II.  «•   1.    Blustering;  hectoring;  ruffianly. 
iully  Greeks,  who,  as  the  moderns  do, 
Instead  of  paying  chairmen,  run  them  thro'. 

Swift,  City  Shower. 

2.  Brisk:  dashing;  jovial;  high-spirited. 

..ii,  u.  sweet  buUy  Captain. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  iv.  2. 

3.  Pine;  capital;  good:  as,  a  bully  horse,  pic- 
ture, etc.  [Slang.]— Bully  for  you,  well  done! 
bravo!    [Vulgar,  r.  s.| 

bully1  (bul'i  I,  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bullied,  ppr.  bul- 
lying. |  ,/>»////',  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  act  the  bully 
toward;  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces. 

For  the  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious  shoals 
of  volunteers  gone  over  to  bully  the  French,  upon  hearing 
tin  peace  was  just  signing.  Tatler,  No.  26. 

2.  To  make  fearful;  overawe;  daunt;  terror- 
ize.    [Rare.] 

Proverbs  are  excellent  things,  but  we  Bhould  not  let  even 
proverbs  bully  us.    Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  -Nov.  8,1886. 

=Syn.  1,  To  browbeat,  hector,  domineer  over. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  over- 
bearing; be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 

So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncover'd  sat, 
While  Bradshaw  bullied  in  a  broad-brimm'd  hat. 

Bramston, 
=  Syn.  Tohluster,  Bwagger,  vapor. 

bully-  (bul'i),  ».;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  [Origin  ob- 
scure. |  In  minimi,  n  kind  of  hammer  used  in 
striking  the  drill  or  borer.  In  its  simplest  form 
it  has  a  square  section  at  the  eye  and  an  octag- 
onal face.     [Eng.] 

bully-cod  (biil'i-kod),  «.  A  Cornish  name  of 
the  shannv.     Also  bully. 

bully-head  (bul'i-hed),  n.  A  hammer  used  by 
miners.    Also  called  cafs-headhammeroTsh  dge. 

bullying  (bul'i-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bully1,  v.] 
Insulting  with  throats;  imperious;  overbear- 
ing; blustering:  as,  a  bullying  manner. 

bullyrag,  bullirag(bul'i-rag),  v.  i.  [Also  writ- 
ten baUarag,  etc.;  appar.  free  variations  of 
bully  iimi.  bully-rock, -ased  ass  verb.]  To  bully; 
bail.  or  scold:  as,  ••he  bully-ragged 

I.'  ■  i  /■.     [  Provincial  and  low.] 

bully-rook  (bul'i-ruk),  n.  [Also  written  bully- 
roct  see  bullyrag),  equiv.  to  LG-.  buller-brook, 
buller-bak,  a  buOy:  sei  bully1.  The  second 
element  is  obscure.]  A  bectoring,  boisterous 
fell. .  .nil;,    braggart  j  a  bully.    Also 

written  bully-rock.      [ObSOlet !  rare."] 

Suck  in  thi  hie  and  pro 

•      V.  in   .     |   ,.    ,    i  I,.,       in      | 

in  Innl. 
.   h  Book,  |i    i.." 

bully-tree,  bullet-tree  (bul'i-,  bul'et-tn 
[Also  buUetrie,bolletrie;  said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  b  me.  1     A  name  given 

to  several  sap<  I    he  W  e  t  [ndii 

and  tropical  America,  which  furnish  loud  and 
heavy   timber,    and    in    some    species    edible 

fruits.     The  bully-tree  of  Guiana  I    thi    >/. ,..,.,/,, 

the  balats 

tUt.  ,:      ;|       ;||, 

I 
the  name  is  also  applied  !••  the  naseberr; 
Aehra       ij    '      .  .      pect       I  nelj  allied  t..  it,  and 

myi  i  .  ir, ,  of 

tin   mi  or  red 

hni'iiii.  t)i.  iii.niiitain  D.  montana  I'hi  lia  tardbully. 
tre.  ;  'ima.    Also  written buUetrie, boW 


718 

The  green-heart  of  Surinam,  the  bultetrie,  the  American 

oaks,  an. i  v* i  as  hard  as  inainlniaMak.  are  not  spared 

i.>  the  teredo.  Pop  Set   Jfo.,  Mil   556 

bulrush  (bul'rush),  n.     [Formerly  sometimes 

written  bull-rush  ;  <  ME.  bulrysi-he,  bolroysche, 
<  bole,  bole,  stem  of  a  tree  (ef.  bulwark)  (less 
prob.  <  bul.  bill,  mod.  E.  butt1,  implying  'large'), 
+  rysehe,  etc.,  mod.  E.  rush1.']  The  popular 
name  for  large  rush-like  plants  growing  in 
marshes.  It  is  very  indefinitely  used.  Thus,  while 
Johnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots,  Dryden  ("  Me- 
Leager  and  Atalanta")  calls  it  "the  knotty  bulrush." 
Some  authors  apply  the  name  to  Typha  latifolia  and  7. 
an  inst;  u. tut  oats  tail  or  reed-mace) ;  hut  it  is  more  gener* 
ally  restricted  to  Scirpus  lacustris,  a  tall  rush-like  plant 
from  which  the  bottoms  of  chairs,  mats,  etc.,  are  manu- 
factured. (See  Scirpus.)  In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  commonly  given  to  species  of  Juncus.  The  bulrush  of 
Egypt  (Ex.  ii.  3)  is  the  papyrus,  Gyperus  Papyrus. 

buirushy  (bul'rush-i),  a.  [<  bulrush  +  -y1.] 
Abounding  in  bulrushes;  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling bulrushes. 

bulse  (bills),  n.  [<  Pg.  balsa  —  Sp.  balsa  =  It. 
bursa  =  F.  bourse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a  purse :  see 
burse,  bourse,  purse.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
bag  or  purse  to  carry  or  measure  valuables ; 
hence,  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 
valuables. 

Presents  of  shawls  and  silks,  .  .  .  Imlsi's  of  diamonds 
ami  hags  of  guineas.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  wiii. 

bult1  (bult),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
bolt1,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  (Yorkshire)  name 
of  the  common  flounder. 

bult-t,  ''•  '•  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  form 
of  bom. 

bultelt,  >t-     Same  as  boultel2. 

bultert,  «■     An  obsolete  form  of  bolter-. 

bultow  (bul'to),  it.  [Said  to  be  <  bull1,  imply- 
ing "large,'  +  tow,  haul.]  A  mode  of  fishing 
for  cod,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on  one 
line,  practised  on  the  Newfoundland  banks. 

bulty  (bul'ti),  n.     Same  as  bolti. 

bulwark  (bul'wiirk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bulwarke,  bullwarck,  bulioi  rk;  <  ME.  bulwark,  of 
D.  or  Seand.  origin:  MD.  bolwvrek,  D.  and 
I'lem.  bolwerk  =  MLG.  LG. bolwerk  =  late M 1 1 1 i . 
bolewt  re.  bolirt  re,  bolirt  reh,  bohrerl;,  G.  bollwerk 
(>  Pol.  bolwark  =  Kuss.  /mint-lit  =  OF.  bolle- 
wercque,  boulverck,  bouleverc,  boulevert,  boule- 
nrtl,  boitlerer,  lion  bra  rt,  F.  boulevard,  >  Sp.  Pg. 
balttarte  =  It.  balitarte,  baluartlo,  beluartlo,  lu  Ibi- 
ardo,  bellomtrilo,  now?w?«flnfo  =  ML.  bolero rtl us, 
bolvetus  =  E.  boulevard,  q.  v.)  =  Sw.  bolverk, 
OSw.  bolwark  =  Dan.  bulvwrk,  ODan.  bulverk, 
bulwerck,  bullwerck,  bolvercl^  bulwirke;  <  MI). 
bol,  the  bole  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  MLG.  bole, 
bolle,  bale  =  MHG.  bole,  <  1.  bolile,  a  thick  plank, 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul,  Sw.  biil  =  ODan.  Dan.  bul, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Icel.  bolr,  bulr,  >  E.  hole, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  stem,  log,  +  MD.  D.,  etc'., 
ui  rl:  =  E.  work.  The  word  is  thus  lit.  'bole- 
work,'  a  construction  of  logs;  cf.  the  equiv. 
MD.  bloek-uerel;,  lit.  'block-work.'  The  MHG. 
is  explained  as  also  an  engine  for  throwing  mis- 
siles, a  catapult,  as  if  related  to  MHG.  bolcr,  a 
catapult,  G.  holler,  a  small  cannon,  <  OHG. 
bolon,  MHG.  bolen,  boln,  roll,  throw,  sling,  = 
MD.  bollen,  roll,  throw,  D.  bollen,  haul,  hale, 
from  the  same  ult.  source  as  bole:  see  bob  '.  | 

1.  Originally,  a  barrier  formed  of  logs,  beams, 
boards,  hurdles,  or  other  materials,  for  the  ob- 
struction of  a  passage  or  defense  of  a  place; 
now,  specifically,  in  fort.,  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  carried  around  a  place,  capable  of  re- 
sisting cannon-shot,  and  formed  with  bastions, 
curtains,  etc. ;  a  fortification. 

My  saydeLorde  of  Winchester, .  .  .  totheententtodis- 
turbe  my  suyil  I.i ui le  of  Glouceter  goyng  to  the  k'yng,  pur- 
posing his  .leth.  in  cause  he  lia.l  gone  that.  weye.  sette 
in.  ii  ..t  arinvs  innl  aii  hiirs  at  tin-  eml  of  London  bridge 
next  Suthwerke,  ami  in  forbarring  of  the  Cyngis  bygh- 

waye,  let*  drawe  tl hayne  of  the  stnljiis  there,  ami  set. 

vp  pipes  ami  hurilyllis  in  mailer  ami  fourme  of  bulwerkis, 

ami    srtte  lueli   in   rhaniliils,  seleres  ami   wymlowes  with 

bowys  and  arowys,  to  y  entent  of  fynall  distruction  of  my 
savil  Lorde  of  Glouceteres  person. 

I ,  noU's  Chronicle,  160S  (ed.  lsl  1),  p.  isr. 

it  is  the  strongest  towne  of  walles,  towres,  but Uritr. 
watches,  and  wardes  that  euer  I  sawe  in  all  my  lyfe. 

Stir  ];.  Guylforae,  Pylgry '-'<■,  p.  m. 

Its  once  -o  on  bulwarks  turned  to  lovers'  walks. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

2.  Xaut.,  a  close  barrier  running  around  a  ship 

pari  of  it,  above  the  level  of  the  deck,  and 

e. insisting  of  boarding  nailed  on  the  outside 
of  the  stanchions  and  limber-heads. — 3.  That 

h  protects  or  secures  against  external  an- 
aoyance  "i-  injury  of  any  kind;  a  screen  or 
shelter:    means  of  protection  and  safely. 

The  royal  navj  ol  England  hath  ever  been  its  greatest 
defend  and  ornamont,  .  .  .  the  floating  bulwark  of  "in 
island.  Blacktlonc,  Com.,  1.  J18. 


bumble 

Aristotle  and  Demosthenes  are  in  themselves  bulwarks 

of  power;  many  hosts  lie  in  those  two  names. 

I),  iiniiu-sii,  st\  le,  iii. 

4f.  pi.  Pads  or  defenses  to  protect  the  limbs 
against  the  chafing  of  armor.      Wright.=&yn,  i. 
sic  fortification. 
bulwark  (bul'wBxk),  v.  t.     [=  MD.  bolwercken, 

D.  bolirt  rl.i  n  =  MLG.  bolwcrken ;  from  the 
noun.]  To  fortify  with  a  bulwark  or  rampart; 
secure  by  a  fortification;  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  bulwarkyd  round  and  arm'd 

With  rising  towers.  Glover,  Leonidas,  viii. 

Bulweria  (bul-we'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  from  the 
proper  name  Jlultrer.]  A  genus  of  petrels, 
of  the  family  Proeellariida;  based  upon  B.  co- 
Itinibina,  a  small  whole-colored  fuliginous  spe- 
cies about  10  inches  long,  the  wings  8,  the  tail 
4£  and  cuneate,  with  graduated  rectrices,  in- 
habiting the  Canary  islands,  etc.  The  genus  is 
intermediate  hetween  iKstnluta  and  the  small  petrels 
known  as  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

bum1  (bum,  earlier  bom),  t\;  pret.  and  pp. 
bummed,  ppr.  bumming.  [<  ME.  bummen,  boiu- 
titeii,  bnmben,  bontben  (see  bomb1,  a  var.  form), 
hum,  buzz,  guzzle  (=  D.  bommen  =  G.  bummen, 
hum,  buzz;  cf.  Icel.  bumba,  a  drum);  an  imita- 
tive word,  the  earlier  representative  of  boom1: 
see  boom1,  bumble,  bump1.]  I.  intrans,  1.  To 
make  a  hollow  noise ;  boom ;  hum  ;  buzz.  Mars- 
ton. —  2.  To  rush  with  a  murmuring  sound. — 
3f.  To  guzzle ;  drink. 

ones  at  noon  is  i-noug  that  no  werk  ne  vseth, 
He  abydeth  wel  the  bet  [betterl  that  hoiiiiuttli  not  to  ofte. 
I'irrs  Plowman  (A),  vii.  1:19. 

Ami  who-so  bummed  [var.  bommede]  therof  [of  the  beste 

ale]  bougte  it  ther-after 
A  galoun  for  a  grote.  Piers  Phut-man  (li),  v.  223. 

4.  To  sponge  on  others  for  a  living;  lead  an 

idle  or  dissolute  life.     [Colloq.] 
II.  trans.  1.  To  dun.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To 

spin  (a top). — 3.   [Cf.  bumji".]  To  strike;  beat. 
bum1  (bum),  11.     [(bum1,  v.]     1.  An  imitative 

word  expressive  of  a  droning  or  humming  sound, 

as  that  made  by  the  bee;  a  hum.     [Rare.] 

I  ha'  known 
Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  ami  made  whole, 
Without  a  bum  of  noise.     B.  Jonson,  Magnetiek  Lady. 

2f.  A  drink. —  3.  [Cf.  bum1,  v.,  4,  and  bummle, 
it.,  12.]  A  drunken  loafer;  one  who  leads  an 
idle,  dissolute  life;  a  bummer.  [Colloq.] — 4. 
A  drunken  spree ;  a  debauch.  [Colloq.  anil  vul- 
gar, U.  S.]  Hence  —  5.  A  convivial  meeting. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

bum2  (bum),  n.  [Contr.  of  bottom.]  The  but- 
tocks; the  part  of  the  body  on  which  one  sits. 
Shak. 

bum3  (bum),  n.  [Short  for  bumbailiff.]  A  bum- 
bailiff;  the  follower  or  assistant  of  a  bailiff. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bumastUS  (bu-mas'tus),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  piuiiunrnr, 
also  jioe/iaatioc,  a  kind  of  vine  bearing  large 
grapes.]     A  kind  of  vine. 

bumbt,  ''•  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  boom1. 

bumbailiff  (bum-ba'lif),  ».  [Prop,  a  dial,  or 
colloq.  term,  equiv.  to  bailiff,  with  a  contemp- 
tuous prefix  of  uncertain  origin,  prob.  hum1,  v., 
dun,  bailiffs  being  best  known  and  most  dis- 
liked in  their  office  of  arresting  for  debt  and 
making  executions;  or  perhaps  bum1,  «.,  as  a 
term  of  contempt  (cf.  bum3).  Some  assume  the 
prefix  to  be  bum-,  in  humorous  allusion  to  a 
motle  of  "  attaching"  the  person  of  a  fleeing  of- 
fender. Blackstone's  suggestion  that  the  term 
is  a  corrupt  ion  of  hoiiiiil-bailiffix  not  supported.] 
An  under-bailiff ;  a  subordinate  civil  officer,  ap- 
pointed to  serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and 
executions.     [Vulgar.] 

T  have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  catchpolls,  bumbailiffs,  ami 
little  great  men.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p   156. 

bumbardt  (bmn'bard),  n.  and  v.     An  obsolete 
form  of  bombard. 
bumbarrel  (bum'har  eh,  n.    A  name  of  the 

long-tailed  titmouse,  Aernliila  rosea. 
bumbastt  (bum'bast),  it.     An  obsolete  form  of 

bombast. 

bumbazed  (bum-bazd'),  p/>.  [Cf.  bamboozle.] 
Amazed;  confused;  stupefied.     [Scotch.] 

bumbee  (bum'be),  «.  [<  bum1  +  bee.]  A  bum- 
blebee.    [Scotch.] 

bumbelo  (Dum'be-16),  n.    Same  as  bombolo. 

bumble  (bum'bl),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  bumblnl, 
ppr.  humbling.  [=  E.  dial,  and  Se.  bummle, 
hummel,  <  J1E.  bumblen  (=  <  >I>.  lunniittltii  =  l.ti. 
biimmeln),  freq.  of  huinnien,  hum:  sec-  hum1.] 
If.  To  make  a  humming  noise;  boom;  cry  like 
a  bittern. 

As  a  bytoure  bumblith  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  110. 


Bumblebee  t  Botnbus /•rntisylvanicus), 
natural  size. 


bumble 

2.  To  make  a  splash  in  the  sea.  [Shetland.] 
— 3f.  To  scold.  —  4.  To  start  oft'  quickly.  [Prov. 
Ens.] 

bumble  (bum'bl),  re.  [<  bumble,  v.  Cf.  bummle.~\ 
1.  A  bittern,  Botaurus  stellaris.    [Local,  Eng.] 

—  2.  A  bumblebee.  Also  bombeU,  bummle. 
[Scotch.] 

bumblebee  (bum'bl-be),  n.  A  large  hairy  so- 
cial bee  of  the  family  Apida;  subfamily  Socia- 

Un<e,  anil  genus 
Bombus,  species 
of  which  are 
found  in  most 
parts  of  the 
world.  There  are 
upward  of  60  species 
in  North  America 
alone.  Like  other 
social  bees,  these 
have  males,  females, 
and  drones,  and  live 
in  larger  or  smaller 
communities  in  underground  burrows,  or  beneath  stones, 
sods,  stumps,  etc. ;  but  they  also  use  the  nests  of  other 
animals,  as  mice  or  birds.  See  Bombus,  and  cut  under 
lliimenoptera.  Also  called  bumblebee,  and  dialectally  bum- 
bee,  bumble,  bumbler,  bombeU,  and  bummle. 

bumbleberry  (bum'bl-ber'i),  n.  [<  bumble  + 
terry1.']  The  blackberry :  so  called,  and  also 
bumblekite  and  black-bowwower,  in  allusion  to 
the  effect  of  blackberries  in  producing  wind  in 
the  stomach.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bumbledom  (bum'bl-dum),  n.  [From  Mr.  Bum- 
ble, the  beadle,  in  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist."] 
Fussy  official  pomposity :  a  sarcastic  term  ap- 
plied' especially  to  members  of  petty  corpora- 
tions, as  vestries  in  England,  and  implying 
pretentious  inefficiency. 

bumblefoot  (bum'bl-fut),  re.  1.  Adisease  in  the 
feet  of  domestic  fowls,  especially  of  the  heavier 
breeds.  It  consists  in  a  large,  soft  swelling  of  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  which  is  inclined  to  suppurate,  and  is  usually 
caused  by  jumping  from  too  high  a  perch  to  a  hard  floor. 
Hence — 2.  A  club-foot.  [In  this  sense,  bum- 
ble-foot.] 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  bumble  foot,  I 
fancy.  Him  and  old  Biddy  were  both  drunk  a-nghtingon 
the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  step  below  he ;  and  he,  being 
drunk  and  bumble-footed  too,  lost  his  balance,  and  down 
they  come  together.  //.  Eingsley,  Kavenshoe,  xli. 

bumble-footed(bum'bl-fut"ed), a.  Club-footed. 
bumblekite  (bum'bl-kit),  n.     [<  bumble  +  kite, 

the  belly.]     The  blackberry.    See  bumbleberry. 

[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
bumblepuppist   (bum'bl-pup"ist),   lit.     [<  bum- 

blepuppy  +  -ist.]    In  whist,  one  who  plays  bum- 

blepuppy;  one  who  imagines  that  he  can  play 

whist,  and  undertakes  to  do  so. 

The  bumblepuppist  only  admires  his  own  eccentricities. 
Pembridye,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy?  (1883),  p.  2. 

bumblepuppy  (bum'bl-pup"i),  re.  1.  The  game 
of  nine-holes.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  whist,  a 
manner  of  playing  "either  in  utter  ignorance 
of  all  its  known  principles,  or  in  defiance  of 
them,  or  both"  (Pembridge). 

Between  the  worst  whist  and  the  best  bumblepuppy  it 

is  almost  impossible  to  draw  the  line.     Other  elementary 

forms,  protozoa,  for  instance,  are  often  so  much  alike  that 

it  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  they  are  plants  or  animals. 

Pembridge,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy? (1883),  p.  1. 

bumbler  (bum'bler),  re.    A  bumblebee, 
bumbler-box   (bum'bler-boks),  «.     A  wooden 
toy  used  by  boys  to  hold  bumblebees. 
bumbles  (bum'blz),  n.pl.    [E.dial.]    1.  Rushes. 

—  2.  A  kind  of  blinkers.  Halliwell.  [Prov.Eng.] 
bumble-staff  (bum'bl-staf),  n.    A  thick  stick. 

[North.  Eng.] 
bumbot  (buui'bo),   h.     A  drink  made  of  rum, 
sugar,  water,  and  nutmeg. 

[He]  returned  to  his  messmates,  who  were  making  merry 
in  the  ward-room,  round  a  table  well  stored  with  bumbo 
and  wine.  Suwllett,  Roderick  Random,  xxxiv. 

bumboat  (bum'bot),  n.  [=  Dan.  bumbaad,  ap- 
par.  <  D.  "bumboot,  a  very  wide  boat  used  by 
fishers  in  South  Holland  and  Flanders,  also  for 
taking  a  pilot  to  a  ship:  Roding,  Marine  Diet." 
(Wedgwood),  prob.  <  D.  bun,  a  cauf  or  recep- 
tacle for  keeping  fish  alive,  OD.  bon,  a  chest, 
box,  cask  (cf.  MD.  bunne,  bonne,  a  hatchway), 
+  boot,  boat.  Or  perhaps  orig.  D.  "boomboot, 
equiv.  to  MD.  D.  boomschip  (=  MLG.  bomschip, 
LG-.  boomschip  =  G.  baumschiff),  a  boat  made 
out  of  a  single  tree,  a  fisherman's  boat,  canoe, 
<  boom,  a  tree  (=  E.  beam),  +  sehip  =  E.  ship  : 
see  beam,  boom",  and  ship.]  A  boat  used  in 
peddling  fresh  vegetables,  fruit,  and  small 
wares  among  the  vessels  lying  in  a  harbor  or 
roadstead. 

The  Captain  again  the  letter  hath  read 
Which  the  bum-boat  woman  brought  out  to  Spithead. 
Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  155. 


719 

Bumboat  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1761  (2  Geo.  III.,  c. 
■28)  for  the  suppression  of  thieving,  etc.,  by  the  proprie- 
tors of  bumboata  and  other  craft  on  the  Thames.  It  re- 
quired the  registration  of  such  vessels. 

bumbolo  (lmm'bo-16),  re.     Same  as  bombolo. 

bumby  (bnm'bi),  n.  1.  Stagnant  filth. — 2.  A 
closet  or  hole  for  lumber.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk).] 

bum-clock  (bum'klok),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  (wra1  + 

clock1,  make  a  noise:   see  clock1,  cluck.]    An 

insect  which  bums  or  hums,  as  a  chafer  or  bee. 

The  bum-clock  humm'd  with  lazy  drone. 

Burns,  Twa  Dogs,  1.  231. 

Bumelia  (bu-nie'lia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (iov/iclia,  a 
large  kind  of  ash,  <  jiovr,  ox,  in  comp.  imply- 
ing 'large,' +  ueVa,  ash,  ash-tree.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Sapotaeeee.    They 

are  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  a  spiny  stem,  and 
small  white  or  greenish  flowers,  are  natives  of  the  West 
Indies,  and  are  called  there  bastard  bully-tree.  The  fruit 
of  />'.  lycwidea  is  said  to  lie  useful  in  diarrhea. 

bumkill  (bum'kin),  re.  [<  MD.  boomken  (=  G. 
luiuinchcn),  a  little  tree,  also  prob.  used  in  the 
sense  of  little  boom  or  beam;  <  boom,  a  tree, 
bar,  boom,  +  dim.  -ken:  see  boom2  and  -kin. 
Cf.  bumpkin-.]  Xaut.:  (a)  Formerly,  a  short 
boom  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  bow  of 
a  ship,  to  extend  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore- 
sail, (fc)  A  short  beam  of  wood  or  iron  pro- 
jecting from  each  quarter  of  a  vessel,  to  which 
the  main-brace  and  maintopsail  brace-blocks 
are  fastened,  (c)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat,  used  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
after-sail.     Also  written  boomkin,  bumpkin. 

We  drifted  fairly  into  the  Loriotte,  .  .  .  breaking  off 
her  starboard  bumpkin,  and  one  or  two  stanchions  above 
the  deck.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  126. 

bummalo,  bummaloti  (bum'a-16,  bum-a-16'ti), 
re.  [E.  Ind.]  A  small,  glutinous,  transparent 
teleostean  fish,  of  about  the  size  of  a  smelt, 
found  on  all  the  coasts  of  southern  Asia,  which 
when  dried  is  much  used  as  a  relish  by  both 
Europeans  and  Indians,  and  facetiously  called 
Bombay  duck.  It  is  the  Harpodon  nehercus,  of 
the  family  Scopelidce. 

bummaree  (burn'a-re),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  F.  bonne  marie,  good  fresh  sea-fish: 
bnnnc,  fem.  of  bon,  good  (see  &ore*);  maree,  salt- 
water fish,  <  maree,  tide,  <  L.  mare,  F.  met;  sea, 
=  E.  mere1.]  A  name  given  to  a  class  of  specu- 
lating traders  at  Billingsgate  market,  London, 
who  buy  large  quantities  of  fish  from  the  sales- 
men and  sell  them  again  to  smaller  dealers. 

bummel  (bum'l),  v.  and  re.     See  bummle. 

bummer  (bum'er),  n.  [<  6mm!1,  v.  i.,  4,  +  -er1. 
Cf.  bum1,  n.,  3,  and  bummle,  n.,  '2.]  1.  An  idle, 
worthless  fellow,  especially  one  who  sponges  on 
others  for  a  living ;  a  dissolute  fellow ;  a  loaf- 
er; a  tramp;  in  United  States  political  slang,  a 
low  politician ;  a  heeler;  a  "boy." — 2.  During 
the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a  camp-fol- 
lower or  a  plundering  straggler. 

The  alarming  irruption  at  the  front  of  individuals  of  a 
class  designated  ...  as  bummer*. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  459. 

bummeryt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  bottomry. 

bummle  (bum'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bummled, 
ppr.  bummling.  [A  dial,  form  of  bumble.]  1. 
To  bumble.— 2.  To  blunder.    [North.  Eng.] 

bummle  (bum'l),  n.  [Se.  also  (in  def.  1)  bum- 
mel, bombeU  =  E.  bumble:  see  bumble,  n.  Cf. 
bum1,  ».,  3.]  1.  A  bumblebee. — 2.  An  idle 
fellow;  a  drone. 

bump1!  (bump),  r.  i.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
appar.  a  var.  of  bum1,  bumb,  bomb1;  cf.  the 
freq.  bumble.  Cf.  W.  bwmp,  a  hollow  sound,  a 
boom;  hence  aderyn  y  bwmp,  the  bittern  (ade- 
ryn,  a  bird),  also  called  bwmp  y  gors  (cors,  a 
bog,  fen).  Of  imitative  origin:  see  boom1, 
bum1,  bomb1,  bomb2,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise,  as  the  bittern; 
boom.     Dryden. 

bumpif  (hump),  it.  [<  bum})1,  v.]  A  booming, 
hollow  noise. 

The  bitter  with  his  tmmpe. 

Skelton,  Phyllyp  Sparowe,  1.  432. 

bump2  (bump),  v.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  prob. 
developed  from  bump1,  which,  as  orig.  imita- 
tive, is  closely  related  to  bunt1,  boom,  also  strike. 
Cf.  ODan.  bumpe,  strike  with  the  clenched  fist, 
Dan.  bumpe,  thump.  Cf.  also 'W.pwmpio,  thump, 
bang  (pwmp,  a  round  mass,  a  lump),  =  Ir.  beu- 
maim,  I  strike,  gash,  cut,  =  Gael,  beum,  strike; 
Ir.  Gael,  beum,  a  stroke,  blow,  =  Corn,  bum, 
bom,  a  blow.  Cf.  bump",  ».,  and  bounce.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cause  to  come  in  violent  contact ; 
bring  into  concussion ;  knock ;  strike ;  thump : 
as,  to  bump  one's  head  against  a  wall. 
Bump'd  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tennyson,  The  Epic. 


bumpkin 

2.  In  English  luutt-raeing,  to  touch  (the  stern 
of  a  bout  ahead)  with  the  bow  of  the  following 
boat.     See  extract. 

Classic  Camus  being  a  very  narrow  stream,  scarcely 
wider  than  a  canal,  il  Is  impossible  for  the  boats  t.  irace 
side  bj  Bide,  'lie-  following  expedient  has  therefore  been 
adopted:  they  ale  drawn  up  in  line,  two  lengths  between 
each,  and  the  contest  ronsists  in  each  lm.it  endeavoring 
to  touch  with  its  how  the  stern  of  the  one  before  it.  which 
operation  is  called  bumping;  and  at  the  next  race  the 
bumper  takes  the  place  of  the  bumped 

C.  A.  Brieted,  English  University,  p.  66. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  forcibly  in  contact 
with  something;  striko  heavily:  as,  the  vessel 
bumped  against  the  wharf. —  2.  To  ride  with- 
out rising  in  the  stirrups  on  a  rough-trotting 
horse.  Halliwell.  [Prov.Eng.]  —  3.  In  chem., 
to  give  off  vapor  intermittently  and  with  almost 
explosive  violence,  as  some  heated  solutions. 
The  vapor  collects  in  large  bubbles  at  the  bottom,  and  then 
bursts  through  the  solution  to  the  surface. 
4f.  To  form  bumps  or  protuberances. 

Long  fruite  fastened  together  by  couples,  one  right 
against  another,  with  kernels  bumping  out  neere  the 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. 

Gerarde,  Herball,  p.  1299,  ed.  1633. 

bump3  (bump),  ii.  [<  bump",  v. ;  the  sense  of 
'  a  swelling'  is  derived  from  that  of  'a  blow.' 
Cf.  Dan.  bump,  a  thump,  ODan.  bump,  a  thick- 
set fellow,  bumpct,  thick,  fat.]  1.  A  shock 
from  a  collision,  such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a 
vehicle. 

Those  thumps  and  bumps  which  flesh  is  heir  to. 

Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  v. 

2.  In  English  boat-racing,  the  striking  of  one 
boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following  her.  See 
bump2,  v.  t.,  2. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  our  boat  a  shout  when  it 
makes  a  bump.  '  'ambridge  Sketches. 

3.  A  swelling  or  protuberance,  especially  one 
caused  by  a  blow. 

A  bump  as  big  as  a  young  cockrel's  stone. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  3. 
I  had  rather  she  should  make  bumps  on  my  head,  as  big 
as  my  two  fingers,  than  I  would  offend  her. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1 

Specifically  —  4.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  or  cranium,  which  phrenologists  asso- 
ciate with  distinct  qualities,  affections,  propen- 
sities, etc.,  of  the  mind:  used  ironically  for  the 
word  organ  employed  by  phrenologists:  as,  the 
bump  of  veneration,  acquisitiveness,  etc. —  5. 
The  corner  of  the  stock  of  a  gun  at  the  top  of 
the  heel-plate. 

bump3  (bump),  re.  [E.  dial.]  1.  A  material 
used  for  coarse  sheets.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire).]  —  2.  In  London,  a  sort 
of  matting  used  for  covering  floors.  A.  ami  ',»., 
7th  ser.,  III.  307. 

bumper1  (bum'per),  n.  [<  bump2  +  -er1.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bumps. —  2.  A  log  of 
wood  placed  over  a  ship's  side  to  keep  off  iee, 

.  or  anything  similarly  used;  a  fender. 

bumper2  (bum'per)  n.  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  bumbard,  bombard,  a  drinking-vessel  (see 
bombard,  it.),  associated  with  E.  dial,  bumpsy, 
tipsy,  bum,  ME.  bumtneu,  guzzle,  drink:  see 
bum1.]  1.  A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim, 
especially  when  drunk  as  a  toast. 

Fill  a  dozen  bumpers  to  a  dozen  beauties,  and  she  that 
Boats  atop  is  the  maid  that  lias  bewitched  you. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

He  froth'd  his  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  theatrical  benefit,  or 

the  like Bumper  game,  a  game  in  which  the  scoring 

is  all  on  one  side. 

bumper2  (bum'per),  v.  t.  [<  bumper2,  n.]  To 
fill  to  the  brim.     Burns. 

bumperize  (buin'per-iz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bumperized,  ppr.  bumperismg.  [<  bumper2  + 
-t'-e.]     To  drink  bumpers.     [Rare.] 

Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumperizing  till  after  roll- 
calling.  Gibbon,  Memoirs,  p.  68. 

bumper-timber  (burn'per-tim"ber),  n.  In 
some  locomotives,  a  timber  to  which  the  cow- 
catcher or  pilot  is  fastened,  designed  to  receive 
the  shock  or  blow  of  a  collision. 

bumping-post  (bum'ping-posf),  re.  A  timber 
fender  or  buffer,  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad- 
track  to  prevent  the  cars  from  leaving  the  rails. 

bumpkin1,  n.     Same  as  bumkin. 

The  tack  of  the  foresail  is  made  fast  either  to  the  stern 
or  a  small  bumpkin  eight  inches  long. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  630. 

bumpkin2  (bump'kin),  n.  [Prob.  a  particular 
use  of  bumpkin1  =  bumkin,  a  short  boom.  Cf. 
hlnrlA  and  blockhead,  a  stupid  fellow.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic;  a  clown  or  country  lout. 


bumpkin 

Wli  in-  is  tor  ii  captain  in  the  army!  old 

ught  ieray,  A  an!  |  I 

bumpkinly  (bump'km-li),  <'.  [<  bumpkin?  + 
-In1.}  (  if  or  pertaining  to  a  bumpkin  or  clown; 
clownish. 

He  i  !i  ring,  and  yet  conceited   t<  How, 

who  ...  gives  an  air  of  £  romance  to  all  he  tells. 

Riehai  dson,  Clarissa  Sarlowi 

bumpsy  (bump'si).  a.  [E.  dial. ;  c£.  bum1, drink.] 
Tipsy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bumptious   (bumD'shus),  a.     [A  slang  word, 
prob.  <  I'limp-.  strike  against,  +  -tious.]  Offen- 
y  self-assertive;  liable  to  give  or  take  of- 
lisposed  to  quarrel;  domineering;  for- 
ward: pushing:.     Thackeray. 
bumptiousness  (bump'shus-nes),  ».    [<  bump- 
tious +  -«(.«.]     The  quality  of   being  bump- 
tious. 

Tom.  notwithstanding  his  bumptiousness,  felt  friends 
with  liim  at  once.    '/'.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days. 
The  peculiar  bumptiousness  of  liis  [Hazlitt's]  incapacity 
makes  ii  particularly  offensive. 

i'.  study  w  indows,  p.  S52. 

bumpy  (bura'pi),  a.  [<  bump?  +  -jj1.]  Having 
or  marked  by  bumps;  having  a  surf  ace  marked 
bv  bumps  or  protuberances. 

bumrollt,  n.    A  sort  of  bustle.     [Vulgar.] 

I  diseased  myself,  from  my  li 1  and  my  farthingal,  to 

and  your  w  halel i  bodice. 

11.  Jtiusun,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

bum-wood  (bum'wud),  n.     Same  as  burn-wood. 

bun1,  bunn  (bun),  n.  [<  ME.  bunne,  bonne,  a 
cake,  a  small  loaf.  Origin  obscure  ;  cf.  Ir.  bitn- 
nog,  a  var.  of  bonnach,  an  oaten  cake,  =  Gael. 
bonnaeh,  >  E.  bannock,  q.  v.  Skeat  refers  to  OF. 
dial,  bugne,  a  kind  of  fritter  (a  particular  use  of 
OF.  bugne.  bigne,  a  swelling  caused  by  a  blow: 
bunion),  ><lim.  bugnt  t,  bignet,mo&.J?.beignet, 
a  fritter.]  A  slightly  sweetened  and  flavored 
roll  or  biscuit;  a  sweet  kind  of  bread  baked  in 

small  cakes,  generally  round Bath  bun,  a  sort 

of  light  sweet  roll,  generally  containing  currants,  etc., 
named  from  Bath,  England. 

bun-  (bun),  «.  [Appar.  identical  with  E.  dial. 
boon?,  <  ME.  bone,  also  bunne,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Gael,  bun,  a  stump,  stack, 
root,  a  short,  squat  person  or  animal,  =  Ir. 
bun,  stock,  root,  bottom,  =  Manx  bun,  a  thick 
cud.  butt-end,  =  W.  bum,  a  spear-head.  The 
I'd  and  3d  senses  may  be  of  diff.  origin.]  1.  A 
dry  stalk;  the  dry  stalk  of  hemp  stripped  of  its 
rind. —  2.  The  tail  of  a  hare. —  3.  A  rabbit. 
Also  called  bunny.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bun:J"  (bun),  »•  [Origin  obscure]  A  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  square  at  both  ends,     [Canadian.] 

bunce  (buns),  interj.  [Perhaps  a  corruption  of 
L.  hi, mis,  good.]  Extra  profit;  bonus:  used  as 
an  exclamation  by  boys.  The  cry  "Bunce!" 
when  something  is  found  by  another  gives  the 
right  to  half  of  what  is  discovered. 

bunch1  (bunch),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  some- 
times bounch;  (  ME.  bunche,  a  hump,  prob.  < 
[eel.  buriki  =  <  >Sw.  and  Sw.  dial,  bunke  =  Norw. 
buhke  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile:  see  bunl;,  of 
which  liuncli  lain  lie  considered  an  assibilatcd 
form.  Perhaps  ult.  connected  with  the  verb 
bunch,  strike:  see  bunch?.']  1.  A  protuber- 
ance ;  a  hunch ;  a  knob  or  lump.     [Now  rare.] 

'    It.],  a  bunch,  a  knob  or  crooke  backe,  a  croope. 

Floric  ii  98). 

I  hey  will  carry  .  .  .  their  treasures  U] the  bunches 

Isa.  xxx.  6. 

2.  A  cluster,  collection,  or  tuft  of  things  of  the 

-    kind  connected  in  growth  or  joined  to- 
getle  .i  ,  ,i  bunch  of  grapes;  a 

■ ii  :i  hal . 

On  his  arnie  i  bounch  ol  keyes  he  bore. 

Spenser,  V.  Q,,  I.  viii.  80. 

3.  M  rally,  a  cluster  or  aggregate  of 
any  kind:  used  specilically  of  ducks,  in  the 
sense  of  a  small  Sock 

Thcj  i    ■     rous  rascal 

in 

r,  w  a  wiili.  ni  Money,  v.  2. 
Aft  hut  at.  .  .  .  they  fly 

a  l"i  all   hi  within    i  hi 

Iteei    p     i  - . 

4.  I1  I  mass  of  ore.    S&e  bunchy, 

if.,  three  bundles 
or   Iso. IIIIO  yards  of   linen  yarn.  — 6.    A  unit  of 

ad  thi  hi  e, 
with  no  general  or  fixed  sense.  Bunch  of  fives, 
in  pugilism,  the  i  clenched   for 

strud  .  thai  is,  Btruck 

him  w ith  his  hat).    [Slang.] 
bunch1  ibuneii  .i.    |     bunch1,  ».]     I.  intrans. 
To  swell  out  iii  a  pn  :  be  protuberant 

or  round. 

I  ijig  out  into  a  largi  round  knob 

it ...  i        .    i       . 


720 

II.  trans.  To  make  a  bunch  or  bunches  of; 
bring  together  into  a  bunch  or  aggregate  ;  eon 
centrate:  as,  t.i  bunch  ballots  for  distribution: 
to  bunch  profits;  to  bunch  the  hits  in  a  game  of 
ba  e  ball. 

<  Loistered  among  cool  ami  bunched  leaves. 

Keats,  r.iiilyniiiin,  i. 

bunch-'t  (bunch),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bunchen,  bonchen, 
beat,  strike;  cf.  1'.  bonken,  beat,  belabor,  Dan. 
banke,  Norw.  banka,  beat,  Icel.  banga,  08w. 
luintja,  bniigti,  strike:  see  bang1  and  bunt/". 
See  bunch1,  ».,  and  cf.  bump?,  which  includes 
the  meanings  of  bunch1  ami  bunch?.  Not  re- 
lated to  punch  in  this  sense.]    To  beat;  strike. 

Thei  bonchen  thelre  brestis  with  tistes. 

Lydgate.    (HaHiwell.) 

I  bunche,  I  beate,  jepousse.  lie  bunehoth  me  and  beateth 
me.  Palsgrave. 

bunch-backedt  (buncli'bakt),  a.  Hunch-back- 
ed: as,  "foul  bunch-back? d  toad,"  slink. ,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. 

bunch-berry  (bunch'ber'i),  n.  1.  A  common 
name  of  the  dwarf  cornel,  Corn/us  Canadensis, 
on  account  of  its  dense  clusters  of  bright-red 
berries. — 2.  The  fruit  of  the  Iiubus  saxatilis. 
Halliieell.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Craven).] 

bunch-flower  (bunch'flou'er),  n.  The  Melan- 
llinim  Virginicum,  a  liliaceous  plant  of  the 
United  States,  with  grass-like  leaves  and  a  tall 
stem  with  a  broad  panicle  of  small  greenish 
flowers. 

bunch-grass  (buneh'gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  many  different  grasses  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  westward,  usually  growing  in 
distinct  clumps.  The  more  abundant  are  Poa  tenui- 
folia,  Oryzopsis  cuspidata,  Festuca  xeabrella,  and  species 
of  Stiva  and  Agropyrum. 

buncbiness  (bun'chi-nes),  n.  [<  bunchy  + 
-ness.]  The  state  of  being  bunchy,  or  of  grow- 
ing in  bunches. 

bunch-whale  (bunch'hwal),  n.  A  whale  of  the 
genus  Mcijiiptera ;  a  humpback  whale. 

bunchy  (bun'elii),  «.  [<  bunch  +  -y1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing or  being  like  a  bunch  or  hunch;  having 
knobs  or  protuberances:  as,  "an  unshapen 
bunchy  spear,"  l'haer,  y£neid,  ix. 

Chiefs  particularly  affect  great  length  of  cord,  which 
does  not  improve  the  wearer's  appearance,  as  it  makes 
the  kilt  too  bunchy.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXX.  206. 

2.  Growing  or  existing  in  bunches;  having  or 
formed  of  bunches:  as,  "his  bunchy  tail,"  A". 
Grew,  Museum.  Specifically — 3.  In  minimi, 
said  of  a  lode  when  the  ore  is  irregularly  dis- 
tributed through  it  in  small  masses  or  "  pockets." 

bunco,  n.     See  bunko. 

buncombe,  bunkum  (bung'kum),  n.  [<  Bun- 
combe, a  county  of  North  Carolina:  see  extract 
from  Bartlett,  below.]  Empty  talk;  pointless 
speechmaking ;  balderdash. 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talks  sake,  jist  to  have  a  speech 
in  the  paper  to  send  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other  airthly 
pappus  but  electioneering,  our  folks  call  it  bunkum. 

Haliburton. 
To  talk  for  Buncombe,  to  speak  for  effect  on  persons 
at  a  distance,  without  regard  to  the  audience  present. 
The  origin  of  the  phrase,  "  talking  far  Buncombe,"  is 

thus  related  in  \\  I lit      "  History  of  North  Carolina": 

"  Several  years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  member  for  this  dis- 
trict arose  to  address  the  House,  without  any  extraordi- 
nary powers,  in  manner  or  matter,  to  interest  tin-  audi* 
ence.  Many  members  left  tie-  hall.  Very  naively  he  told 
those  who  remained  that  they  might  go  too:  he  should 
speak  for  some  time,  but  he  was  only  '  talking  for  llint- 
combe.'"  .    Bartlett. 

bund  (bund  ).  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  bund 
(pron.  bund),  repr.  Bind,  biunl,  a  dam,  dike, 
causeway,  embankment,  a  particular  use  of 
luinil.  a  hand,  bond,  tie,  imprisonment;  in  all 
uses  also  spelled  httnilli,  <  Skt.  t/  bandit  =  E. 
bind,  tie.  |  In  India  and  the  East  generally,  an 
embankment  forming  a  promenade  and  car- 
riageway along  a  river-front  or  seaside;  an 
esplanade. 

bunder1  (bun'der),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  surf-boat, 
in  use  at  Bombay  and  along  the  .Malabar  coast . 
Also  called  biiiuh  r-luuil. 

bunder-  (bun'der),  n.     [Also  written  bhunder; 

<  Hind,  bandar,  also  bdnar,  a  monkey,  ape, 
baboon.]  The  common  rhesus  or  other  East 
I  inline  monkey. 

bunder:i  (biin'iler),  h.     [E.  Ind.]     A  term  used 

in  the  East  for  a  canard, 
bunder-boat  (bun'der-bot),  n.    Same  as  bun- 

ihrK 

Bundesrath,Bundesrat(b<ui Mos  rat  i,n.   [Gr.; 

<  bunilis,  gen.  of  bund,  a  League  (see  bunah  i, 
+  rath,  mi.  council,  eon  use  I,  etc.,  OHG.  Ml  Hi. 
nit  (=  AS.  iini,  ME.  rede,  E,  rede,  read  (obs. ), 
council):  see  niiiii,  ii. \  l.  The  federal  coun- 
cil of  the  German  empire,  exercising  legislative 


bung 

functions  in  combination  with  the  Reichstag, 
and  consisting  of  58  members  representing  the 
•Jti  stales  of  the  empire,  l,  the  Bundesrath  each 
state  votes  as  a  unit,  the  imperial  chancellor  being  presi- 
dent. 

2.   In  Switzerland,  the  federal  council,  exercis- 
ing executive  and  administrative  functions,  ami 
composed  of  7  members, 
bundle  (bun'dl),  n.    [<  ME.  bunch  I  (also  dim. 

bit  nihil I),  <  AS.  'hi/ uih  I  (not  found  I  (  =  I),  bondi  I, 
bundel  =  G.  biindel),  a  bundle,  dim.  of  "bund, 
ONorth.  pi.  bunda,  a  bundle  (=  D.  bond,  usu- 
ally it  rh'ind,  a  bond,  covenant,  league,  =  Ml.ii. 
bunt,  a  band,  a  bundle,  =  MUG.  hunt,  (1.  bund. 
a  bundle,  truss,  also  a  tie,  bond,  league,  union, 
etc.,  >  Dan.  bundt  =  Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle),  <  bin- 
dan  (pp.  biiiithn)  =  G.  binden,  etc.,  bind:  see 
bind,  and  cf.  bond1.]  1.  A  number  of  things 
bound  together;  anything  bound  or  rolled  into 

a  convenient  form  for  eonveyanc ■  handling; 

a  package;  a  roll:  as,  a  bundle  of  lace  ;  a  bun- 
dle of  hay. 

Every  schoolboy  can  have  recourse  to  the  fable  of  the 
rods,  which,  when  united  in  a  bundle,  no  strength  could 
bend.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  ix. 

The  optic  nerve  is  a  great  bundle  of  telegraph  wires, 
eaeh  carrying  its  own  message  undisturbed  by  the  rest. 

W.   K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  284. 

Hence  — 2.  A  group  or  a  number  of  things  hav- 
ing some  common  characteristic  which  leads  to 
their  being  held  and  transferred  in  the  same 
ownership. —  3.  In  bot.,  a  fascicular  aggrega- 
tion of  one  or  more  elementary  tissues  travers- 
ing other  tissues.  The  bundle  may  be  either  vascular 
(composed  of  vessels  only)  or  fibrovascular  (containing 
both  fibrous  and  vascular  tissues),  and  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  parenchyma,  or  soft  cellular  tissue, 
called  the  bundle. sheath. 

" Concentric "  bundles  occur  in  many  vascular  crypt" 
gams.  Kiteite.  Ilrit.,  XII.  is. 

4.  In  paper-making,  two  reams  of  printing-pa- 
per or  brown  paper:  established  by  a  statute 
of  George  I. —  5.  In  spinning,  twenty  hanks  or 
6,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.  |  /;,.,„//,  is  also  used  as  a 
unit  of  weight  for  straw,  and  of  tale  for  barrel-hoops,  but 
without  any  fixed  value.  A  bundle  of  bast  ropes  is  ten, 
by  a  statute  of  Charles  II. |  — Closed  bundle,  in  bot.,  a 

fibrovascular  bundle  which   is  wholly  formed  of  v I\ 

and  bast,  tissue,  without  a  cambium  layer,  and  is  there- 
fore incapable  of  further  growth.  — Collateral  bundle, 
in  hot.,  a  fibrovascular  bundle  consisting  of  a  strand  of 
woody  tissue  and  another  of  bast,  side  by  side.-  Con- 
centric bundle,  in  bot.,  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which 
the  bast  tissue  surrounds  the  woody  tissue,  as  is  common 
in  vascular  cryptogams,  or  the  reverse. 
bundle  (bun'dl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bundled,  ppr. 
bundling.  [<  bundle,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tie 
or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll:  often  followed  by 
up  :  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Their  trains  bundled  up  into  a  heap  behind,  and  rustling 
at  every  motion.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iv. 

2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a  hurried,  uncere- 
monious manner. 

They  unmercifully  bundled  me  and  my  gallant  second 
into  our  own  hackney-coach. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  Ii.  iii. 
To  bundle  off,  to  send  (a  person)  off  in  a  hurry  ;  gel  rid 
of  unceremoniously  :  as,  the  children  were  bundled  off  to 
bed.— To  bundle  out,  to  expel  summarily  :  as.  I  bundled 
him  out  of  doors. 

You  ought  to  he  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  bow  to 
behave.  Diekent. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry  or  un- 
ceremoniously :  often  with  off. 

Is  your  ladyship's  honour  bundling  off  then? 

Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  v.  3. 

See  the  savages  bundle  back  into  their  canoes. 

St.  Mel,,.!, ix,  SI.  ::". 

2.  In  New  England  (in  early  times)  and  in 
Wales,  to  sleep  in  the  same  bed  without  un- 
dressing: applied  to  the  custom  of  men  ami 
women,  especially  sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 
Stopping  occasionally  in  the  villages  to  eat  pumpkin 
pies,  dance  at  country  frolics, and  bundle,  with  tin-  )  nnkefl 
lasses.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  29 

bundle-pillar  (bun'dl-pil'iir),  n.   Same  as  clus- 
tered column  (which  see,  under  column). 
bundle-sheath  (bun'dl-sheth),  n.    See  bundle, 

n.,  :i. 

bung1  (bung),  n.  [<  ME.  bungc,  of  uncertain 
origin;  the  W.  bwng,  tin  orifice,  a  bung  (cf. 
OQael.  inn  ne  —  Ir.  inn  a  ne,  a  tap,  spiget,  spout), 
prob.  from  E.  Cf.  OD.  bonne,  M  I  >.  bonde  ( >  F. 
OOnde),  a  bung;  Ml>.  huiiiiin1,  I).  60m1,  dim. 
bommel,  a  bung  ;  Ml),  bomme?,  D.  bom2,  a  drum ; 
Mb.  bunghe,  bonghe  =  MLG.  bungc,  a  drum 
(MLG-.  bungen,  beat  a  drum:  see  bung?).  The 
E.  word  seems  to  have  taken  the  form  of  Ml). 
bunghe  (with  equiv.  bomme?),  a  ilium,  with  the 
sense  of  Ml).  l„,i, ih  (with  equiv.  bomme1),  a 
bung.]  1.  A  large  cork  or  stopper  for  closing 
tin'  hole  in  the  side  of  a  cask  through  which  it 


bung 

is  filled. —  2.    The   hole  or  orifice   in   a  cask 
through  which  it  is  filled;  a  bung-hole. — 3f. 
A  pickpocket ;  a  sharper. 
Away,  you  cut  purse  rascal!  you  filthy  bung,  awaj  ! 

Shale.,  2  Ben.  IV.  ii.  I. 
4.  A  brewer.    [Eng.  slang.]  —  5.  A  pile  of  seg- 
gars  or  setters  in  a  porcelain-kiln. 
bung1  (bung),  v.  t.     [<  hung1,  ».]     To  stop  the 
orifice  of  with  a  bung;  close. 
All  entries  to  the  soul  are  so  stopped  anil  bunged  up. 

Hammond,  Work*,  IV.  <;7!>. 

bung'2  (bung),  v.  t.  [Commonly  regarded  as  a 
particular  use  of  bung1,  v.;  but  cf .  MLG.  bun- 
gen =  MHG.  bungen,  beat  a  drum,  G.  dial.  Iniii- 
gen,  bungen,  strike  (freq.  bungcin,  beat),  =OSw. 
bunga,  strike:  sec  bunch2.  Cf.  bungle,  bang1.] 
To  "beat  severely ;  exhaust  by  hard  blows  or 
strenuous  effort ;  bruise  ;  maul:  used  chiefly  in 
the  phrase  bunged  up:  as,  he  was  all  bunged 
up  in  the  fight ;  the  day's  work  has  completely 
bunged  me  up.     [Slang.] 

bungall  (bun'gal),  n.  [<  Ir.  burnt,  a  coin,  + 
gallda,  foreign,  English,  (gall,  a  foreigner,  Eng- 
lishman.] A  base  coin  current  in  Ireland  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  At  one  time  it 
passed  for  sixpence,  at  another  for  twopence, 
and  ultimately  for  a  penny. 

bungalow  (bung'ga-16),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,<  Hind. 
bangla  (Pens,  bari'gld),  a  thatched  cottage,  a 
bungalow,  lit.  belonging  to  Bengal,  Bengalese 


•ppop'Bi'. 


Bungalow  on  Penang  Hills. 

(house),  <  Banga,  Bengal.  Cf.  Bengali.]  In 
India,  a  one-storied  thatched  or  tiled  house, 
usually  surrounded  by  a  veranda ;  in  the  East 
generally,  any  one-storied  dwelling  provided 
with  verandas. 

It  [the  road]  leads  to  .  .  .  Faatana,  a  regular  square 
Indian  bungalow,  with  thatched  roofs,  verandahs  covered 
with  creepers,  windows  opening  to  the  ground,  and  steps 
leading  to  the  gardens  on  every  side. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  xiv. 
Dak-bungalow,  a  house  for  travelers,  such  as  are  con- 
structed at  intervals  of  from  12  to  15  miles  on  the  high- 
roads in  many  parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  flic  author- 
ities. The  government  charges  each  traveler  one  rupee 
(about  forty  cents)  a  day  for  the  use  of  the  bungalow. 

Bungarus  (bung'ga-rus),  n.  [Also  Bongarus; 
NL.,  from  the  native  name  bungar  or  bongar.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Elapidw,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied  to 
the  Nqja,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilatable. 
In  the  Bungarus  fasciatus,  the  rock-serpent,  the  head  is 
flat  and  short,  the  muzzle  round,  and  the  upper  jaws  are 
furnished  with  grooved  fangs.  The  color  is  generally  of  a 
light  hue,  relieved  bv  bands  or  rings  of  jetty  black.  Also 
Bongarus. 

bung-drawer  (bung'dra"er),  n.  A  wooden  mal- 
let of  a  peculiar  form  for  removing  the  bung 
from  a  cask.     [Local,  Eng.] 

bungerlyt,  «•  [A  var.  of  bunglely,  <  bungle  + 
-It/1.]     Bungling;  clumsy. 

Oftentimes  the  more  shallow  in  knowledge  the  more 
bungerly  in  wickedness.       Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  43. 

bungersome  (bung'ger-sum),  a.  [A  dial.  var. 
of  bunglesome.]    Clumsy.    Grose.    [Pro v.  Eng.] 

bung-hole  (bung'hol),  «.  A  hole  or  orifice  in  a 
cask  through  which  it  is  filled,closed  by  a  bung. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bungled, 
ppr.  bungling.  [Prob.  equiv.  to  *bongle  for 
bangle1,  freq.' of  bang1,  beat;  cf.  G.  dial,  bungeln, 
strike,  beat,  freq.  of  bungen,  strike;  Sw.  dial. 
bangla,  work  ineffectually,  freq.  of  banlca,  var. 
bonka,  bunka,  strike,  OSw.  bunga,  beat:  see 
bang1,  bunch*,  bung2,  and  cf.  botch2,  bungle, 
which  also  goes  back  to  an  original  sense 
'beat.']  I.  intrans.  To  work  or  act  in  a  clumsy, 
awkward,  or  blundering  manner. 

Cau  you  fail  or  bungle  in  your  trade? 

Oldham,  Satires  on  the  Jesuits. 
I  could  rather  see  thestage  filled  with  agreeable  objects, 
though  they  might  sometimes  buwtle  a  little. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily  ;  botch; 
manage  awkwardly  or  blunderingly;  perform 
inelficiently. 

Botch  and  bungle  up  damnation 

With  patches.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2. 

46 


721 

I  had  seen  something  of  the  world,  and  had  contracted 
about  the  average  had  habits, if  young  men  who  have  the 
sole  care  of  themselves,  and  rather  bitn<t/>'  the  matter. 

C.  I>.  Warner,  Hacking  studies,  p.  81. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  ».  [<  bungle,  v.]  A  clumsy 
performance ;  a  piece  of  awkward  work ;  a 
botch.    Bay. 

bungler  (bung'gler),  n.  One  who  bungles;  a 
clumsy,  awkward  workman;  one  who  performs 
without  skill. 

If  to  be  a  dunce  orabungler  in  any  profession  be  shame- 
ful, how  much  more  ignominious  and  infamous  to  a  scholar 
to  be  such.  Barrow. 

bunglesome  (bung'gl-sum),  a.  [<  bungle  + 
some.]     Bungling;  clumsy. 

bungling  (bung'gling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bungle, 
v.]  1.  Prone  to  bungle;  clumsy:  as,  "this 
bungling  wretch,"  Oldham. —  2.  Characterized 
by  clumsiness ;  botched. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  then  sealed  in 
a  bungling  manner  before  they  come  to  my  hands.  Swyft. 
=  Syn.  Ungainly,  Uncouth,  etc.    Seeawkward. 

bunglingly  (bung'gling-li),  adv.  In  abungling 
manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly. 

bungo  (bung'go),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  kind 
of  canoe  used  in  Central  and  South  America, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States. 
Bartlett. 

bungo-tree  tbuug'go-tre),  n.  [<  bungo,  a  native 
name,  +  tree.]  A  leguminous  tree  of  Sierra 
Leone,  Daniellia  thurifera,  yielding  a  fragrant 
gum. 

bung-starter  (bimg'star'ter),  n.  A  kind  of  flat 
mallet  for  starting  a  wooden  bung  from  the 
bung-hole. 

bung-stave  (bung'stav),  n.  The  stave  of  a  bar- 
rel in  which  the  bung-hole  has  been  made. 

Bungtown  copper.     See  copper. 

bung-vent  (bung'vent),  ft.  A  valve-stopper 
designed  to  allow  air  to  enter  a  cask  without 
permitting  the  gases  generated  within  it  to  es- 
cape, or  the  reverse. 

bunion,  bunyon  (bun'yon),  n.  [Formerly  al so 
bunian,  bunnion,  bunnian  ;  <  It.  bugnone,  a  knob, 
a  boil  or  blain,  aug.  of  equiv.  bugno,  prob.  < 
OP.  bugne,  buigne,  butte,  a  swelling,  F.  bigne,  a 
bump,  knob,  swelling,  perhaps  <  Icel.  bunga,  an 
elevation,  allied  to  bunki,  a  heap :  see  bunch  and 
bunk.]  A  swelling  on  the  foot  caused  by  the 
inflammation  of  a  bursa,  especially  that  over 
the  metatarsophalangeal  joint  of  the  great  toe. 
It  may  occur,  however,  over  the  corresponding  joint  of 
the  fifth  digit,  or  more  rarely  over  the  scaphoid  bone. 

Bunium  (bu'ni-um),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bunion  — 
Pliny),  <  Gr.  [iovviov,  a  plant,  perhaps  the  earth- 
nut;  cf.  fiorviac,  a  plant  of  the  rape  kind.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Umbclli- 
ferce,  with  tuberous  roots,  natives  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia.  /;.  ii,s>i,>*it  in,  alsocalled  earthnut,  hawk- 
nut,  kippernut,  and  pignut,  is  a  plant  with  a  root  as  large 
as  a  nutmeg,  hard,  tuberous,  and  brown.    See  earth  nut. 

bunk  (bungk),  ft.  [Of  Scand.  origin,  prob. 
affected  in  sense  by  bank,  dial,  benk,  bin/:,  a 
bench:  <  (1)  Icel.  buuki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
httute  =  Norw.  bunkc  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pilo 
(cf.  MLG.  bunk,  a  bone,  esp.  one  of  the  promi- 
nent bones  of  a  large  animal,  =  OFries.  bunke, 
East  Fries,  bunke,  NorthFries.  bunk,  abone),  ap- 
par.  the  same  as  (2)  ODan.  bunke,  a  cargo  stowed 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship,  the  hold  itself,  the  bilge, 
the  bottom,  =  OSw.  bunke,  part  of  a  ship,  prob. 
the  hold;  prob.  also  the  same  as  (3)  ODan. 
hniil:e  =  Hvf.  huul:e  =  Norw.  bunka,  hunk,  abroad, 
low  milk-pan,  and  (4)  ODan.  bunke,  the  site  of 
a  building:  these  forms  beingmore  or  less  con- 
fused with  (5)  Icel.  bunga,  a  slight  elevation, 
=  Norw.  bunga,  a  little  heap,  bung,  hi/ng,  bunk, 
a  slight  protuberance  or  dent,  bungutt,  bttitkutt, 
dented,  appar.  connected  (as  bump2,  a  blow. 
with  bum})2,  a  protuberance,  or  as  bunch2  with 
bunch1)  with  Sw.  bunga,  strike:  see  bunch2  and 
bung2,  and  cf.  bunch1,  which  may  be  considered 
an  assibilated  form  of  bunk.  Cf.  bulk.]  1.  A 
wooden  case  or  compartment  in  a  vessel,  a 
sleeping-car,  etc.,  and  sometimes  in  a  dwelling- 
house,  used  as  a  sleeping-berth. 

I  should  .  .  .  pass  over  the  rest  of  his  voyage  by  saying 

that  he  was  confined  to  his  bunk,  and  saw  no  more  of  it. 
H.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  li.    (Dairies.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  across  a  sled  to 
sustain  a  heavy  weight.     [U.  S.] 
bunk  (bungk),  r.  i.     [<  bunk,  ft.]     To  occupy  a 
bunk;  hence,  to  occupy  a  bed;  sleep:  as,  the 
two  boys  bunked  together. 

We  turned  in  to  bunk  and  mess  with  the  crew  forward. 
R.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  57. 

bunker1  (bung'ker),  ft.  [<  bunk  +  -rr1.  Cf. 
banker1  in  the  sense  of  'a  bench,  a  seat.']  1. 
A  bench  or  sort  cf  chest  that  serves  for  a  seat. 


bunt 

—  2.   A  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box;   a  largo  bin 

or  receptacle:  as,  a  coa\-bunker  (which  see). 

—  3.  In  the  game  of  golf,  a  snnd-hole  anywhere 
on  tin-  grounds. 

bunker'-  (bung'ker),  n.    [Short  for  mossbunker, 

q.  v.]    Amenbaden. 
bunker-plate  ( bung'ker-plat),  n.  An  iron  plate 

covering  a  hole  in  a  ship's  deck  lending  to  the 
coal-bunker. 

bunko,  bunco  (bung'ko),  n.  [Perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  It.  banco,  a  bank  or  money-changer's 
stall;  cf.  bun/:,  as  related  to  bank.]  A  swindle 
practised  by  two  or  more  confederates  upon  a 
stranger  (generally  by  gaining  his  confidence 

on  t  he  ground  of  alleged  previous  acquaintat 

with  himself  or  some  of  his  friends),  who  is  al- 
lured to ahouse,  and  there  fleeced  at  some  game, 
openly  robbed,  or  otherwise  victimized.  Also 
called  bunko-game.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko  (bung'ko),  v.  t.     To  victimize,  as  by  a 
bunko-man.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 
A  Reading  banker  bunkoed. 

Philadelphia  Times  (1883),  No.  2892,  p.  2. 

bunko-game  (bung'ko-gain),  n.   Same  as  bunko. 

bunko-joint  (bung'ko-joint),  ».  A  house  or 
rendezvous  to  which  strangers  are  allured,  and 
in  which  they  are  victimized,  by  bunko-men. 
[American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko-man  (bung'ko-man),  n.  A  person  who 
practises  the  bunko  swindle.  [American  slang 
or  cant.] 

bunko-steerer  (bung'ko-sterfer),  n.  That  one 
of  the  swindlers  called  bunko-men  who  allnns 
or  steers  strangers  to  the  bunko-joint  or  rendez- 
vous.    [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunks  (bungks),  ».  The  wild  succory.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bunkum,  ft.     See  buncombe. 

bunn,  ».     See  bun1. 

bunnel  (bun'el),  n.  [E.  dial.  dim.  of  bun2K  n.] 
A  dried  hemp-stalk,  used  by  smokers  to  light 
their  pipes.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunney,  ».    See  bunny°. 

bunniant,  »•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bunian. 

bunnings  (btm'ingz),  n.pl.  [E.  dial.]  hi  lead- 
mining,  a  floor  or  staging  of  wood  built  across 
the  lode  over  the  miners'  heads,  and  on  which 
the  refuse  was  thrown,  so  that  the  mine,  origi- 
nally begun  as  an  open  work,  became  covered 
over  for  its  whole  length,  except  under  the 
"stowses"  or  windlasses.  The  same  thing  was  re- 
peated lower  down,  the  process  being  a  sort  of  combi- 
nation of  the  cast-after-cast  method  and  of  underhand 
stoping.  The  process  is  no  longer  used.    [Derbyshire,  Eng.  1 

bunny1  (bun'i),  ». ;  pi.  bunnies (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  gully  formed  by  water  making  its  way  over 
the  edge  of  a  cliff.     [Hampshire,  Eng.] 

bunny2  (bun'i),  ».  [Dim.  of  bun2,  a  rabbit.] 
A  pet  name  for  a  rabbit. 

bunny3  (bun'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  bun- 
ney. Cf.  bunion.]  A  swelling  from  a  blow;  a 
bump.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunny4t  (bun'i),  «.     Same  as  bonny2. 

bunnya,  n.    See  bunya. 

bunodont(bu'no-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  bunodon(t-), 
<  Gr.  jiovrur,  a  hill,  mound,  +  bdovc  (bdovT-)  =  E. 
tooth.]  In  odont.,  having  the  crowns  of  the 
molar  teeth  elevated  into  tubercles ;  having  tu- 
berculate  molars:  in  general,  opposed  to  /o/ilm- 
dont ;  specifically,  having  teeth  of  the  pattern 
presented  by  the  Bunodonta. 

Bunodonta  (bu-no-don'ta),  ft.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  buuodon  :  see  bunoaont.]  The  most  prim- 
itive type  of  the  artiodactyls,  continued  to  the 
present  day  by  the  non-ruminant  or  suilline 
quadrupeds  of  the  families  Suidat  and  Hippopo- 
liniiiila;  or  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

Bunotheria  (bu-no-the'ri-a), n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
inrrnc,  a  hill,  mound,  +  Bnplav,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  superordinal  group  of  mammals  proposed  by- 
Cope  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  types  of  monodelphous  mammals 
ancestrally  related  to  existent  forms. 

bunotherian  (bu-no-the'ri-an),  a.  [<  Bunothe- 
ria +  -an.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  Bunotheria.     E.  I).  Cope. 

Bunsen  burner,  cell,  filter-pump.     See  the 

nouns. 

bunsenite  (bun'sen-it),  ft.  [After  the  German 
chemist  Robert  W.  Bunsen.]  Native  nickel 
protoxid,  occurring  in  isometric  octahedral  crys- 
tals of  a  green  color.  The  name  was  also  given 
to  I  he  gold  tcllurid  krenneril  e. 

bunt1  (bunt),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  bunten  ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  cf.  Bret,  bounta,  bunta,  push,  shove; 
cf.  also  E.  punt2,  push,  and  butt1.]  1.  To  push 
with  the  horns  or  head,  as  a  goat  or  a  calf. — 
2.  To  spring;  rear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


bunt 

bunt1  (bunt),  ».  [<  bunt1,  v.  >.]  A  push  with 
tli,.  head,  or  tbe  head  and  horns. 
bunt- (bunt  '■  '<•  f<  'ate  ME.  bunt;  ofuneertain 
origin.  Ii  agrees  in  form  with  Dan,  bundt  = 
Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle  (see  bundU  i,  in  sense  with 
Dan.  bug,  Sw.  /»«/.-.  a  bellj  (cf.  Dan.  bug  paa 
t  Sw  |  &  ■  a  segel,  the  Imut  (lit.  bellj 

:   jee6o«/  '  l;  <>r  with  Dan.  bugt=  Sw. 
(/h;/^.  a  bend,  >  K.  6o«t,  a  bend,  turn,  etc.:  see 
bout1,  bought1,  and  WoM.]    The  middle  part  of 
quare  sail:  also,  the  middle,  baggy  pari  of 
a  net,  etc. 

In  furling,  the  strongest  and  most  experienced  Btand  in 
the  slings  (or  middle  of  the  yard)  to  make  up  the  bunt. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  26. 

bunt-  (hunt).  i>.  i.    [<  bunt*,  ».]    To  swell  out; 

belly,  as  a  sail. 
bunt:i  (bunt),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  'bunten,  bonten,  sift, 

perhaps  a  var.  of  buiten,  sift,  bolt:  see  6oH2.] 

To  sift.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bunt4  (bunt),  n.     [Perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  burnt, 

as  used  in  comp.  bunt-ear  for  burnt-ear,  etc.] 

1.  A  smut  whicn  infests  and  destroys  the  ker- 
mis of  wheat;  an  ustilagineous  fungus,  Til- 
letia  caries,  which  causes  serious  damage  in 
Europe,  and  is  becoming  troublesome  in  Amer- 
ica. The  common  smutof  wheat  and  oats  in  the  tinted 
States  is  UstUago  carbo,  and  is  not  called  bunt  Also 
called  bladder'  brand. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  puffball, 
Lycoperdon. 

buntbok  (bunt'bok),  n.    Same  as  bontebok. 

bunt-ear  (bunt 'er),  ii.  [See  &««**.]  Anamefor 
the  smut  of  wheat,  oats,  etc.,  Ustilago  segetum. 

bunted  (bun'ted),  a.    [<  bunt*  +  -,</-.]    Affect- 
ed with  bunt;  containing  the  parasitic  fungus 
which  causes  bunt. 
Externally  the  bunted  grain  is  plumper.  Cooke. 

hunter  (bun'ter),  ».  [E.  dial.]  A  woman  who 
picks  up  rags  in  the  streets;  hence,  a  low,  vul- 
gar woman.     [Prov.  Eng.  or  slang.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughters,  like  bunters  in  stuff 

gowns,  are  now  taking  sixpenny  worth  of  tea  at  the  White 

inn  House.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  xv. 

bunter-sandstein  (bun'ter-sand"stin),  n.  [G. 
bunter  sandstein,  lit.  variegated  sandstone: 
bunt,  spotted,  variegated  (see  bunting*);  sand- 
stein =  E.  sandstone?]  A  German  name  for  the 
New  Red  Sandstone.     See  sandstone. 

bunt-gasket  (bunt'gas"ket),  n.  The  gasket 
which  confines  the  bunt  of  a  square  sail  when 
furled.     Formerly  called  breast-gasket. 

bunting1  (bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bunt1,  v.] 
1.  The  act  of  pushing,  as  with  the  horns  or 
head;  butting. — 2.  A  game  among  boys,  play- 
ed with  sticks  and  a  small  piece  of  wood  cut 
lengthwise.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A 
large  piece  of  timber;  a  heavy  support  for 
machinery  or  other  structures. 

bunting2  (bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal n.  of  bunt%,v.] 
I  !: t  of  swelling  out,  as  a  sail. 

bunting:!  ( bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bunt3,  t>.] 
Sifting. 

bunting4  (bun'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  buntynge,  boun- 
tyng  (also  buntyle  for  'buntel,  of  which  Sc. 
buntlin  is  a  dim.'  form);  cf.  NL.  (ML.?)  "bun- 
tinga,  L<;-]  gersthammer,"  i.  e.,  yellowhammer 
(Heniseh,  Thesaurus,  Augsburg,  1616),  from  E., 
or  else  from  an  unrecorded  G.  or  LG.  cognate; 
appar.  named,  with  ref.  to  its  spotted  or  speck- 
led plumage,  <  "bunt,  not  recorded  in  ME.  (< 
MI, i  l.buntjbont, 
W.bunt  =  UD. 
D.bont=  MIK. 
ti.  bunt),  spot- 
ted, speckled, 
gated,  pied 
<  L. 
punctus,  ML. 
also 

pierced,  pricked 
(dotted),  pp. 
pungi  r< . 
pierce,  prick: 
point,  punc- 
tuate), -t 
(  i  bun 

dro    i '.  i  to.]   1. 

The  popular 

le  of  a   nuin- 

beT  of  eoniros- 
tral  oscine  pa- 
ne  birds  of 
i  he   genu     2  m 

■I    i  .mi 

ily    /  i  ing 


111 

On,  of  the  commonest  in  Europe  is  /■'.  miliaria,  the  corn- 
bunting  or  bunting-lark.     The  yellow  bunting  or  yellow- 

hammei  i    I.   citrinella;  the  cirl  1 ting,  E.cirlus;  the 

ortolan  bunting,  E.  hortulana  .  the  black-headed  bunting, 
/•/  scha  niclut  etc,  These  are  all  the  European  species  to 
which  the  nami  properlj  pertains.  There  are  many  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  world. 
2.  By  extension,  a  name  given  indefinitely  and 
indiscriminately  to  a  great  number  of  emberi- 
zine  and  fringiiliiio  birds  of  all  countries,  and 
also  in  some  birds  not  of  the  family  Friugillidiv. 
I . v , i  n  1 1 , 1  ■  aare  the  lark-bunting,  of  the  genus  Plectrophanes : 
the  sunn  bunting,  /'.  nivalis;  the  small  American  spin 
rows  of  the  genus  Spizella;  the  American  black-throated 
bunting,  Spiza  americana:  the  cow-bunting,  Holothrus 

I ris;  the  rice-bunting,  Dnlkhtmyx  «rj/zi'™™*.— Bay- 

wlnged  bunting.  Seehay-mnged.  Clay-colored  bunt- 
ing, of  North  America,  flic  Spizella  pallida,  a  small  bird 
closely  resembling  the  chipping-sparrow. 

bunting5  (bun'ting),  h.  [Also  bunUne.  Origin 
uncertain;  perhaps  orig.  meaning  bunting-  or 
bolting-cloth :  see  bunting3.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  connect  the  word  with  G.  bunt,  varie- 
gated.] 1.  A  light  woolen  stuff  very  loosely 
woven.  It  is  the  material  out  of  which  Hags  of  all  kinds 
are  usually  made.  A  variety  of  hunting  is  also  in  use  for 
women's  dresses  ;  it  is  warm,  and  drapes  wetl. 
2.  Flues,  especially  a  vessel's  flags,  collectively. 

bunting-crow  (bun'ting-kro),  ».  [Appar.  < 
bunting*  +  crow2,  but  said  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion oi'  D.  bonte  kraai :  bont,  spotted  (see  bunt- 
ing*); kraai  =  E.  crow2.]  The  hooded  crow, 
Corvus  cornix. 

bunting-finch  (bun'ting-ftnch),  n.  A  loose 
book-name  of  numerous  American  fringilliue 
birds  of  the  genera  Passerella,  Passerculus,  Zo- 
notrichia,  Spizella,  etc. 

bunting-iron  (bim'ting-i'em),  n.  Aglass-blow- 
ers'  tube. 

bunting-lark  (bun'ting-liirk),  n.  The  common 
bunting,  Emberiza  miliaria. 

bunt-jigger  (bunt'jig"er),  n.  Xaut.,  a  small 
purchase  used  to  rouse  up  the  bunt  of  a  sail  in 
furling.     Also  called  bunt-whip. 

buntlint,  «•      Same  as  hunting*. 

But  we'll  shoot  the  laverock  in  the  lift, 
The  buntlin  on  the  tree. 

Hynde  Etin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  21)7. 

buntline  (bunt'lin),  re.  [<buut-  +  line-.]  Xaut., 
one  of  the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot-ropes  of 
square  sails  and  led  up  to  tbe  masthead,  and 
thence  on  deck,  to  assist  in  hauling  up  the 
sail.— Buntline  bull's-eye.    See  bull  a  eyi . 

buntline-cloth  (buiit.'liii-kloth),  «.  .Vim/.,  the 
lining  sewed  up  a  sail  in  the  direction  of  the 
buntline  to  prevent  it  from  being  chafed. 

buntons  (bun'tqnz),  u.  pi.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  minim/,  timbers  or  scantling  put  across  a 
shaft  to  divide  it  into  compartments.  The  in- 
terior faces  uf  the  buntons  and  sets  carry  the  guides  which 
conduct  the  cages,  and  on  them  are  also  nailed  the  boards 
forming  the  sheathing  of  the  brattice,  in  ease  an  air-tight 
compartment  is  required.    Also  called  byats  and  dividers. 

bunt-whip  (Imnt'hwip),  n.   Same  as  bunt-jigger. 

bunty  (bun'ti),  a.  [<  bunt*  +  -i/i.]  Infected 
with  smut :  applied  to  wheat  and  other  grain. 

buntylet,  n.    See  bunting*. 

bunya  (bun'yii),  n.  [Anglo-Inck,  also  bunnija, 
banya,  and  banyan,  <  Hind.  luinyd.  Bene,  bdnyd, 
bdn i lid  :  see  banian^,  banyan1.']  In  India,  espe- 
cially in  Bengal,  a  grain-dealer. 

The  grain-dealer's  shop  tempts  them  to  loiter,  but  the 
experience  of  previous  attempts  makes  theft  hopeless; 
for  tin  bunnya,  « ith  all  his  years,  is  very  nimble  on  his 
legs,  and  an  astonishing  good  shot  with  a  pipkin. 

1'.  liiMiiaon,  f'niler  the  Sun,  p.  V'!>. 

bunya-bunya  (bun'y;i-bun"ya),  re.  The  native 
Australian  name  of  "the  Arducaria  Bidwilli,  a 
very  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  strong, 
durable,  and  sometimes  beautifully  marked. 
The  seeds  are  a  favorite  article  of  food  with 
the  natives. 

The  nut  of  the  bunya  bunya,  so  prized  by  tbe  blacks,  is 
reserved  over  a  district  SO  miles  bj  I 

Encye.  Brit.,  XX.  174. 

bunyon,  »■    See  bunion. 

buoy  (boi  or  boi),  n.  [First,  in  early  mod  E.,  < 
Ml).  Imeye,  I),  boei  (pron.  bo'i)  =  Fries,  biii  = 
MLG.  bote,  LG,  boje  (>  G.  bqje)  =  Dan.  boje  = 
Sw.  boj  =  I'r.  bote,  <  <>i'\  boye  (mod.  P.,  with 
added  suffix,  bouSt )  =  6p.  boya  =  Pg.  boia,  a 
buoy  :  a  particular  use  of  M  l>.  boeye,  D.  boei  = 
Ml, ii.  boie  =  Mllli.  boije,  bote,  brie  =  Dan.  boje 
z  Sw.  boja  =  E.  obs.  boye,  <  <  >F.  *boye,  buie  =  Pr. 

'„,,■!  -  I  lit.  boja,  a  feller,  a  clog,  <  L.  boia,  ill  pi. 

'-urn,  a  collar  for  the  w^-k,  orig.  of  leather,  < 
Gr,    '.    Weoc,  of  ox-hide,  (.  Povg  =  L.  bos,  ox, 

=  E.  c,.»l  :  see  COW1.    A  buoy  is  a  floating  ol.jeel 

'  fettered'  at  a  fixed  point.]  1.  Afloat  fixed  at 
:,  certain  place  to  buow  the  position  of  objects 
beneath  the  water,  as  shoals,  rocks,  etc.,  to  mark 
oui   8  channel,  and  the  like.    Buoys  are  of  various 


buoyancy 

shapes  and  kinds,  according  to  the  purposes  they  are  in- 
tended to  serve  :  as,  can-buoys,  made  of  sheet  iron  in  tin- 
form  of  the  frustum  of  a  cone ;  spar-bwtys,  made  of  a  spar, 
which  is  anchored  by  one  end  :  bell-buoys,  surmounted  by  a 
bell,  which  is  made  to  sound  by  the  action  of  the  waves; 


i.  Whistling-buoy,     i,  2.  Can-buoys.    3.  Spar-buoy.     4.  United 
States  Life-buoy. 

whistling-buoys,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  by  which  air  com- 
pressed by  the  movement  of  the  waves  is  made  to  escape 
through  a  whistle,  and  thus  indicate  the  situation  of  the 
buoy,  etc.  In  the  waters  of  the  United  states  the  following 
system  of  placing  buoys  as  aids  to  navigation  is  prescribed 
by  law  :  Ited  buoys  mark  the  Btarboard  or  right-hand  side 
of  the  channel  coming  from  seaward,  and  black  the  port 
or  left-hand  side;  iniil-eliannel  dangers  and  obstructions 
are  marked  with  buoys  having  black  and  red  transverse 
stripes,  and  mid-channel  buoys  marking  the  fairway  have 
longitudinal  black  and  white  stripes;  buoysmarking  sunk- 
en wrecks  are  painted  green.  The  Btarboard  and  port 
tiuojsare  numbered  from  the  seaward  end  of  the  channel, 
the  black  bearing  the  odd  and  the  red  the  even  numbers, 
2.  A  buoyant  object  designed  to  be  thrown 
from  a  vessel  to  assist  a  person  who  has  fallen 
into  the  water  to  keep  himself  afloat ;  a  life- 
buoy. The  life-buoy  now  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States  navy  consists  of  two  hollow  copper  vessels,  con- 
nected' by  a  framework  and  having  between  them  an  up- 
right pole,  weighted  at  the  bottom  and  surmounted  by  a 
brass  box  containing  a  port-fire.  This  machine  is  hung 
over  tbe  stern  of  the  vessel,  and  can  be  dropped  by  means 
of  a  trigger.  At  night  the  burning  of  the  port-tire  selves 
to  point  out  its  position.  See  also  cut  under  breeches- 
buoy.— 1o  bleed  a  buoy.  See  bleed.— To  stream  a 
buoy,  to  let  it  drop  from  the  vessel  into  the  water  before 
the  anchor  is  dropped. 

buoy  (boi  or  boi),  v.     [<  buoy,  ».]    I.  trans.  1. 

To  support  by  a  buoy  or  as  by  a  buoy;  keep 

afloat  in  a  fluid;  bear  up  or  keep  from  sinking 

in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air:  generally  with  up. 

There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  buoy  it  [water  in 

the  state  of  vapor)  up.  Woodward,  Nat.  Hist. 

Many  a  flowing  range 

Of  vapour  Imoii'd  the  crescent  bark. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  The  Departure, 

2.  Figuratively,  to  support  or  sustain  in  any 
sense;  especially,  to  sustain  mentally;  keep 
from  falling  into  despondency  or  discourage- 
ment: generally  with  »/>. 

Your  good  name's  perish'd  ; 
Not  all  the  world  can  buoy  your  reputation. 

Fletcher  mid  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iii.  3. 
The  recollection  of  the  applause  with  which  he  hail  been 
greeted  still  buoyed  up  his  spirits. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
It  is  the  poem  that  keeps  the  language  alive,  and  not 
the  language  that  lone/s  up  tlie  poem. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  12r>. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners: 
as,  to  buoy  or  to  buoy  off  a  channel. 

The  channels  [of  the  Rio  tic  la  Plata]  are  badly  buoyed, 
and  there  are  shoals  and  wrecks  on  all  sides. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  v. 
To  buoy  a  cable.    See  cable. 

II.  intrans.  To  float;  rise  by  reason  of  light- 
ness.    [Bare.] 

Rising  merit  will  buoy  up  at  last. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  ail. 

buoyage  (boi'-  or  boi'aj),  n.     [<  buoy  +  -age.] 

1.  A  series  of  buoys  or  floating  beat s.   for 

the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port,  etc. 
— 2.  The  providing  of  buoys. 

buoyance  (boi'-  or  boi'ans),  v.  Same  as  buoy- 
ancy. Quarterly  Iter.  [Rare.] 
buoyancy  (boi'-  or  boi'an-si),  n.  [<  buoyant: 
see  -anei,  -aney.]  1.  Tbe  quality  of  being 
buoyant,  that  is,  of  floating  in  or  on  the  surface 
of  water  or  other  fluids ;  relative  lightness. 

It  seemed  miraculous  that  she  [the  ship]  regained  tier 
balance,  or  preserved  her  buoyancy. 

'  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  '22. 

2.  The  power  of  supporting  a  body  so  that  it 
lloati  :  said  uf  a  Muni  ;  specifically,  the  upward 
pressure  exerted  upon  a  body  by  the  fluid  in 
which  it  is  immersed.  This  pressure  is  equal  to  the 
weight  of  the  fluid  which  the  body  displaces.  If  the  weight 
of  tlie  hoily  is  just  equal  to  this  upward  pressure,  it  will 
float,  as  a  balloon  in  the  air  or  a  ship  in  the  water;  If 
greater,  it  will  sink. 


buoyancy 

On  arriving  at  the  l>r:ul  Sea  I  forthwith  proceeded  to 
bathe  in  it,  in  order  to  prove  tin-  celebrated  buoyancy  of 
the  water.  ti.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  tin'  Levant,  i>.  179. 

8.   Figuratively,  light-heartedness ;   cheerful- 
ness; hopefulness ;   elasticity  of  spirit. 

The  Spaniards  an:  remarkable  tor  an  inertness,  a  want 
of  buoyancy,  ami  an  absence  of  hope,  which  .  .  .  isolate 
them  from  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

buoyant  (boi'-  or  boi'ant),  a.  [<  buoy,  r„  + 
-ant1.]  1.  Having  the  quality  of  rising  or  float- 
ing in  a  fluid  ;  floating ;  relatively  light ;  that 
will  not  sink. — 2.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid;  sus- 
taiuiug  another  body  by  reason  of  greater  spe- 
cific gravity. 

The  water  under  me  was  buoyant. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  F.leonora. 

3.  Figuratively,  cheerful ;  hopeful ;  not  easily 
depressed. 

His  was  not  tile  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle.    Prescott. 

His  [Landor's]  nature  was  so  buoyant  that,  like  the  Faun, 
he  forgot  both  pain  and  pleasure. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  55. 

4.  Causing  buoyancy  of  rnind  ;  cheering;  in- 
vigorating. 

The  grass  is  cool,  the  sea-side  air 
Buoyant  and  fresh. 

.V.  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

buoyantly  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-li),  adv.    In  a  buoy- 
ant manner. 
buoyantness(boi'- orboi'ant-nes), ft.  Thestate 

or  quality  of  being  buoyant ;  buoyancy. 
buoy-rope  (boi'rop),  n.     The  rope  which  fas- 
tens a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Rovtpayac, 

ox-eating,  (.Boic, 

ox,      +      <f>ayeiv, 

eat.]  In ornith., 

the  typical  and 

only    genus    of 

the  family  Bu- 

phagidce.     There 

are     two     species, 

B.     africana      and 

B.    eruthi-tu-lii/itrliu, 

both  African. 

Buphagidae  (bu- 
faj'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bupha- 
ga +  -itln:]  A 
family  of  Afri- 
can sturnoid 
passerine  birds, 
the  oxpeckers, 
beef-eaters,  or 
pique-bosuf s :  so 
called  because 
they  alight  up- 
on the  backs  of 
cattle  to  eat  the  parasites  which  infest  the 
hides  of  these  animals.  The  family  is  not  well 
marked,  and  is  often  referred  to  the  Sturitiiln: 

Buphaginae  (bii-fa-ji'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
phaga +  -inn:]  The  ox-peckers,  considered  as 
a  subfamily  of  Sturnidce. 

buphagine  (bu'fa-jin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Buphaginm  or  Btijihagidw. 

Buphagus  (bu'fa-gus),  ».  [NL.:  see  Buphaga.] 
1.  A  genus  of  Lttrithe,  the  skua-gulls:  synony- 
mous with  Stercorarius.  Moehring ;  Cones. —  2. 
Same  as  Buphaga. 

buphthalmos  (buf-thal'mos),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Boic,  ox,  +  btydalfidc,  eye.  Cf.  Gr.  (inuTuc,  ox- 
eyed.]  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  a 
uniform  spherical  bulging  of  the  cornea,  which 
may  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  easy  closing 
of  the  eyelids  and  give  the  eye  a  staring  look. 
Also  called  ceratoglobus,  hydrophthalmia  ante- 
rior, and  hydrops  of  the  anterior  chamber. 

buphthalmum,  bupfcthalmus  (buf-thal'mum, 
-mus),  «.  [<  L.  buphthalmos,  <  Gr.  jioi-tftdaApov, 
oxeye,  <  jiovc,  ox,  +  btpda'A/idc,  eye.]  The  oxeye 
or  mayweed. 

Buppo  (biip'po), »(.  [Jap.,  also  Bukkio,  eontr.  of 
Chino-Jap.  Butsu,  Buddha,  +  ho,  law,  doctrine.] 
In  Japan,  Buddhism:  the  religion  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  Japanese.     Also  called  Bukkio. 

buprestid  (bu-pres'tid),  a.  and  ».     I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Buprestidw. 
II.  ft.  A  member  of  the  Buprestidee. 

Buprestidae  (bu-pres'ti-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
presti(d-)s  +  -idte.]  A  family  of  serricorn  '  'o- 
leoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the  first  and  second 
ventral  segments  connate,  the  antenna?  serrate 
(pectinate  in  XenorMpis),  and  the  tarsi  with 
membranous  lobe. 

buprestidan  (bu-pres'ti-dan),  a.  and  ».  Same 
as  buprestid. 


Oxpecker  (Biipkapa  africana 


Httprcstis  rufipcs. 
(Vertical  line  shows  natural  size. ) 


723 
Buprestis  (bu-pres'tis),  ».    [NL.,  <  L.  bupres- 

tis,  <  Gr.  Boi'irpi/artc,  a  beetle  whose  sting  caused 

:i  swelling  in  oal  He,  or 
which,  being  eaten  by 
cattle  in  the  grass, 
caused  them  to  swell 
up  ami  die, <  Boic,  ox,  + 
Kpifteiv,  blowup,  swell.  ] 
The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  family 
Buprestidte.  It.  rufipes 
is  a  North  American 
species. 

Buproridae  (bu-pro'ri- 
de),  »'•/''•  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
prorus  +  -idte.]  A 
family  of  minute  free- 
swimming  entomostra  ■ 
cous  crustaceans,  of 
the  order  Copepoda. 

Buprorus  (bu-pro'rus), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Boiiwpifi- 
poc,  with  the  forehead 
or  face  of  an  ox,  <  jiovc,  ox,  +  irpCipa,  fore  part 
(of  a  ship),  prow.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Buproridce. 

bur1,  burr1  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  burre,  a  bur  (of  a 
plant);  not  found  in  AS.;  =  Ban.  borre,  bur- 
dock, burre,  burdock,  bur,  =  Sw.  borre,  a  sea- 
urchin,  in  comp.  ktirtlliorrc,  bur,  burdock ;  cf. 
OF.  bourre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  borra,  coarse  hair, 
wool,  etc.,  <  ML.  Intent,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. ; 
perhaps  same  as  LL.  hurra,  a  shaggy  garment 
(cf.  pi.  burros,  jests,  trifles,  nonsense),  prob.  < 
OL.  burrus,  red,  reddish:  see  borel1,  burrel, 
bureau,  birrus,  birretta,  etc.,  burl1,  burlesque, etc. 
But  the  relations  of  the  forms  and  senses  are 
uncertain,  and  some  of  the  modern  senses  are 
prob.  of  different  origin.]  1 .  The  rough,  prickly 
case  or  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain  plants, 
as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock.  Hence — 2. 
The  plant  burdock:  as,  "rude  burs  and  thistles," 
Milton,  Comus,  1.  352. — 3.  In  general,  a  pro- 
tuberance upon,  or  a  raised  portion  of,  an  ob- 
ject, usually  more  or  less  rough  or  irregular 
in  form.  Specifically— (a)  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear. 
(I>)  The  circular  boss  round  the  root  of  an  antler,  (c)  For- 
merly, that  part  of  a  saddle-bow  which  protected  the 
thighs  and  knees.  It  was  often  of  steel,  or  plated  with 
steel,  and  engraved  or  decorated  with  gilding.  (</)  In 
engraving,  Blight  ridges  of  metal  raised  upon  a  copper 
surface  by  the  burin,  the  rocker,  or  the  dry-point.  It  is 
sometimes  wholly  or  partly  removed  by  the  scraper,  but  is 
often  left  to  produce  a  peculiar  effect  of  its  own  in  tile 
print.  In  mezzotint  engraving,  for  example,  the  whole 
effect  comes  from  the  bur  raised  by  the  rocker,  which  is 
untouched  in  the  deep  shades  ami  more  or  less  burnished 
away  to  form  the  lights,  (e)  In  founding,  the  roughness 
left  on  portions  of  a  easting,  which  is  nibbed  off  on  a  stone, 
(/)  The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 

4.  The  name  of  various  tools  and  appliances, 
(a)  A  triangular  chisel  used  to  clear  the  corners  of  mor- 
tises, (fc)  A  small  circular  saw.  (c)  A  fluted  reaming- 
tool.  (d)  Same  as  bur-drill,  (e)  A  washer  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  rivet.  (/')  (1)  A  movable  ring  adjusted  to  the 
staff  of  a  lance,  and  covered  with  minute  projections  to 
afford  a  grip  to  the  gauntlet.  It  was  grasped  when  the 
lance  was  laid  in  rest.  See  lance.  (2)  A  ring  or  plate  at- 
tached to  the  handle  of  a  battle-ax  or  mace  to  afford  a 
good  grip  tor  either  hand.  (;/t)  Anything  put  under  a 
wheel  to  stop  its  progress. 

5.  A  partially  vitrified  brick  ;  a  clinker.  Also 
called  bur-brick. — 6.  The  blank  driven  out  of 
a  piece  of  sheet-metal  by  a  punch. — 7.  Waste 
raw  silk. —  8.  A  name  for  the  club-moss,  Ltjeo- 
podium  clavatum.  [Scotch.] — 9.  The  sweet- 
bread.— 10.  [Perhaps  an  error  for  burP-J]  Same 
as  burl1,  2. — 11.  Same  as  burstone. — 12.  The 
rounded  knob  forming  the  base  of  a  deer's  horn. 

—  13f.    The  external    meatus  of  the   ear;  the 

opening  leading  to  the  tympanum Bur  in  the 

throat,  anything  that  appears  to  stick  in  the  throat  or 
produces  a  choking  sensation  ;  huskiness.— Metallic  bur, 
a  metallic  grinding-plate  used  in  place  of  the  real  bur- 
stone  for  such  coarse  work  as  grinding  corn  for  stock. 

bur'2,  burr2  (ber),  re.  [<  ME.  borre,  a  hoarseness 
or  roughness  in  the  throat ;  usually  supposed 
to  be  connected  with  bur1,  burr1,  but  perhaps 
of  imitative  origin ;  cf.  birr'2.]  1.  The  guttural 
pronunciation  of  tho  rough  r  common  in  some 
of  the  northern  comities  of  England,  especially 
Northumberland;  rhotacism. 

An  aunt  of  my  own,  just  come  from  the  North,  with  the 
true  Newcastle  bur  in  her  throat.    Foote,  The  Minor,  Int. 

2.  A  whirring  noise.     See  birr2,  n. 
bur2,  burr2  (ber),  c.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burred, 
ppr.  burring.     [<  but-,  u.]     1.  To  speak  with  a 
guttural  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  r. 

—  2.  To  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  murmur. 
These  hideous  streets,  these  graves,  where  men  alive, 
Packed  close  with  earth-worms,  burr  unconsciously 
About  the  plague  that  slew  them. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 


burbot 

3.  To  make  a  whirring  noise.     See  hire",  v. 

bur:{,  burr1  (ber),  «.  [E.  dial,  burr,  early  mod. 
E.  bunt,  short  for  ME.  burrowe,  liiiiultt,  a  cir- 
cle, also  a  mound,  etc.:  see  burrow*.]  1.  Same 
as  liurrtnc-,  3. —  2.  A  halo  round  tin-  moon. 
Compare  burrow*,  4,  brought,  4.  [Prov.  Eng. 
in  both  senses.] 

buract,  n.  [A  form  ot  borax,  <  Ar.  buraq:  seo 
borax,  «.]  In  cine,  cfiem.,  a  general  name  for 
all  kinds  of  salts. 

buran  (bo'ran),  n.  [Also,  in  F.  spelling,  bour- 
itin,  repr.  Buss.  buranH,  Cf.  bora."]  A  snow- 
storm; especially,  a  long-continued  snow- 
storm, a iinpanied  by  high  winds. 

buratite  (bu'ra-Ht),  ».  A  variety  of  aurichal- 
cite  (which  see). 

burattino  (bo-rat-te'no),  «. ;  pi.  hurttttini  (-ne). 
[It.,  appar.  dim.  of  iuratto,  bombazine:  see 
holt-.]  A  particular  kind  of  puppet.  See  ex- 
tract. 

The  Burattini  deserve  the  greater  credit  because  they 
are  agitated  by  the  legs  from  below  the  scene,  ami  not 
managed  by  cords  from  above,  as  at  the  Marionette  The 
atre.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

bur-bark  (ber'bark),  «.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
Triniti  ft  tin  semitriloba,  a  liliaceous  shrub  of 
the  tropics,  yielding  a  very  good  fiber  much 
resembling  jute. 

burblet,  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  burblen, 
Iiitrhitltn,  Inirbileit,  brobilen,  also  (in  def.  2) 
contr.  burlen ;  cf.  F.  dial.  (Picard)  borbouller, 
murmur,  =  Sp.  borhollar,  burliiijcnr  =  Pg.  bor- 
linllitir,  borbulhar  =  It.  borbogliare,  bubble,  gush; 
in  another  form  OF.  borboter,  dial.  (Picard)  bor- 
bottr,  =  Sp.  borbotttr,  bubble,  gush;  cf.  Picard 
barboter  =  Sp.  barbotar  =  Cat.  barbotejar  =  It. 
dial,  barbotta,  mutter,  mumble;  Gr.  BopBopiljeiv, 
rumble  (see  borborygmus) ;  all  ult.  imitative, 
burble  in  E.  being  practically  a  var.  of  bubble, 
q.  v.     Cf.  purl1.]     1.  To  bubble ;  gush. 

Burblon  Ivar.  burbelyu],  as  ale  or  other  lykore,  hullo. 

t  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  50. 

I  burbyll,  or  spring  up,  as  water  dothe  out  of  a  spring  ; 
this  water  bufbyllelh  vp  pretyly.  Palsgrave,  fol.  179. 

So  the  ore  [bree:  here,  foaming  water]  and  the  brethe 
I  u  ind  I  burbelit  to  gedur, 

That  hit  spirit  vp  spitiously  fyue  speire  lenght 

With  waiter  and  wawes,  that  the  wynd  dryues 

All  fore  as  a  fyre  the  firmament  oner. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3697. 

2.  To  welter. 

Hum  was  leuer  on  the  loud  Ieng  at  hor  aunter, 
And  be  brittnet  in  batell,  then  but-bull  in  the  flod. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5760. 

Many  a  balde  [bold]  manne  laye  there  swykede 
Brobillande  Ihurbling]  in  his  biode. 

US.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  fol.  115.    (HaUiii.lt.) 

burble,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial.,  <  ME.  bur- 
ble, builntlle,  burbyll,  a  bubble;  cf.  Sp.  burlmjit 
=  Pg.  boroulha,  a  bubble;  from  the  verb.]  If. 
A  bubble. 

Burble  in  the  water,  bubette.  Palsgrave. 

2.  A  small  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

burblyt,  «■•  [Early  mod.  E.  burbely,  <  ME.  bur- 
lily  :  <  burble  +  -//.]     Bubbling. 

burbolt1!  (ber'bolt),  ».  A  corruption  of  bird- 
bolt1.    Marston. 

Should  on  sudden  shoote 
His  gl-osse  knob'd  burbolt. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  Ind. 

burbolt2  (ber'bolt),  h.     [Like  birdbolt2,  a  cor- 
ruption of  burbot.]     A  local  English  name  of 
the  burbot. 
As  much  braine  as  a  burbolt. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  iii.  2. 

burbot  (ber'bot),  n.  [A  corruption  (perhaps 
through  influence  of  turbot)  of  F.  Iittibote,  a 
burbot,  <  barbe,  <  L.  barbti,  beard.  Cf .  barbel.] 
A  fish  of  the  family  titttlttlte.  Lota  maculosa. 
It  has  an  elongated  form,  depressed  bead  and  shoulders, 
one  barbel  on  the  chin  and  two  on  the  nose,  a  short  low 
anterior  dorsal  commencing  behind  the  pectorals,  and  a 


Burbot,  or  Fresh-water  Cod  {Lota  maculosa). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

long  posterior  one.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  In  favored  north- 
ern localities  it  occasionally  attains  a  weight  of  50  to  60 
pounds,  bat  rarely  exceeds  a  few  pounds  in  England  or  the 
United  States.  It  is  generally  regarded  as  inferior  for  food, 
and  in  most  populous  communities  is  rejected,  lint  in  tin- 
fur  countries  it  is  extensively  used.  It  is  West  in  cold  wea- 
ther. In  England  it  is  also  called  cony-fish  and  eel-pout ; 
in  the  United  States  it  is  better  known  as  the  eel-pout, 
cusk,  ling,  fresh-water  cod,  and  lawyer;  in  the  fur  cuuu- 


burbot 
it  is  quite  generally  known  as  the  losfi  or  loch,-  and 

burbot-eel  (ber'bqt  el),  ».     A  Yorkshire  name 
of  the  eel-pout,  tfbarces  viviparm. 
bur-brick  fber'brik),  n.    Same  as  bur\  5. 
burdt,  burdet.  ».     Variants  of  bircP. 
Burdach's  columns.    See  column. 
burdalane,  burdalone  (bur'da-lan,   -Ion),  n. 
Appar.  <  hin;l.  offspring,  +  alane,  alone.]    The 
child  surviving  in  a  family.     [Scotch.] 

And  New  ton  Gordon,  bir 

Am!  Dalgatie  both  stout  and  keen, 
And  gallant  witch  upon  the  field, 

...  i  i.i.  e  was  nevei 

Minstreltni  ,o Scottish  fiordcr. 

burdalisaundert,  »■    Same  as  bordaUsaunder. 

burdalone,  «.    See  burdalane. 

burdasht,  berdasht,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
A  Cringed  sash  worn  by  gentlemen  in  the  seven- 
teenth  century.     Steele. — 2.  A  lace  cravat. 

burdelaist,  "•  [F.  liordelais,  the  district  around 
Bordeaux.]    A  sort  of  grape.    Johnson. 

burden1,  burthen1  (ber'dn,  -thu).  ».  [<  ME. 
burdt  a.  bird*  a.  oftener  with  th,  burthen,  birth  », 
byrtkt  n,  <  AS.  byrthen  (=OS.  burthinnia  =  OHO. 
Ii'iirilui.  hurthin,  MHG.  biirtleu.  a  burden,  load; 
the  same,  with  diff.  suffix,  asMD.  borde  =  OHG. 
burdt,  MHO.  burdt  .  burde,  G.  biirdc  =  Icel.  byr- 
dlir.  nicd.  byrdlti  =  Sw.  borda  =  Dan.  6i/r<?e  = 
Goth,  baurthei,  a  burden;  cf.  Gr.  tpdproc,  Qopriov, 
a  burden),  <  beran  (pp.  boren),  etc.,  bear:  see 
bear1.!  1.  That  which  is  borne  or  carried;  a 
load. 

Let  them  break  your  backs  with  burthens. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 

The  i  >ak,  upon  the  windy  hill, 

Its  dark  green  burthen  upward  heaves. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  ii. 

Hence — 2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or 
difficulty:  that  which  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or 
oppressive;  also,  an  incumbrance  of  any  kind. 

Many  a  Man  lives  a  burden  to  the  Earth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  6. 

Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone,  .  .  . 
To  all  niy  friends  a  burden  grown. 

Swift,  The  Dean's  Complaint  (translated). 
The  burthen  of  an  honour 
Unto  which  she  was  not.  born. 

Tennyson.,  Lord  of  Burleigh. 

3.  In  England,  a  quantity  of  certain  commodi- 
ties: as,  a  burden  of  gad-steel  (that  is,  1120  or 
ISO  pounds). —  4.  The  capacity  of  a  ship;  the 
quantity  or  number  of  tons  of  freight  a  vessel 
will  carry:  as,  a  ship  of  600  tons  burden. —  5. 
In  mining,  the  tops  or  heads  of  stream-work, 
overlying  the  stream  of  tin,  and  needing  to  be 
first  cleansed. —  6.  The  charge  of  a  blast-fur- 
nace. 

To  avoid  the  central  accumulation  of  fuel  and  the  lat- 
eral preponderant!'  of  Imrtleu  (ore  and  flux)  thus  promoted, 
an  inverted  annular  funnel  is  suspended  underneath  the 
orifice  of  the  cup.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  308. 

Burden  of  proof,  in  taw,  the  obligation  resting  upon  one 
oi  tin'  parties  to  :ui  action  to  establish  an  alleged  fact  by 

Sroof.  under  penalty  of  having  judgment  given  against 
im.  according  to  the  presumption  recognized  by  the  law 
Ldence  in  >  ase  be  adduces  no  proof.    The  burden  of 
proof  is  said  to  lie  shifted  when  the  party  upon  whom  it 
lav).  iUi.  lent,  evidence  to  turn  the  presump- 

tion in  his  favor.  Two  circumstances  are  essential  to  the 
existence  of  a  burden  of  proof :  first,  there  must  be  aques- 
tion  ot  taet  between  two  parties  beforea  tribunal  which 
will  render  a  decision  whether  there  is  any  particular  evi- 

ilem  ,-  or  not  ;  and  second,  this  decision  must  ho  governed 

by  rules  of  presumption,  more  or  less  artificially  extended 
so  as  to  lead  to  a  determinate  result  in  every  ease.  In  un- 
forensic I fcTOVerSy  there  will  or  H  111   Hot  he  a  burden  of 

froof,  according  as  these  conditions  are  or  arc  not  fulfilled. 
n  rea  contradistinguished  from  disputations, 

if  the}   "lit'    to  | ,, .  I  i .  \  ,  there  is  not  bin-  to  which  t  be  term 
applicable;  for  the  decision  will  be  based 

on  oo  of  iikeiii I,  economy,  safety,  etc.,  but 

never  on  formal  rules  of  presumption.  A  general  habit 
lna\  When  decided   reasons  fail,  in  questions 

both  ..i  [.,!).  \  and  ot  morals;  but  the  phrase  burden  of 

not  employed   in  Buch  eases.     A  speculative  or 

hand,  i  annol  be  closed  until 

i  obtained  or  curiosity  dies 

'    ha-    no  meaning  in 

ti  a  connection.    Vet  an  individual  reasoner  who,  being 

impatient  of  doubt,  insists  on  adopting  an  answer  to  each 

blank  our  ignoranct  oi  thi    lacl     rmi  I 

often  re-ort  too  merely  foi  id   uch  per- 

urd i  i t  npoM  nnj  possible 

:  oh  they  propose  to  reject 
without  pi  ,    ,    theah 

nth  alit 
taet.      ThUS,  We    lna\    -a\    that    lie  i.     I      ,    l.iii.i.  u   of   proof 

i  tic  evolutii  ■  or  not  finding  forms 

intermediate  bet'.  ;  thai  i   to  a\.  the 

tloll      •  i       .,    1.,,    t   tOb       '.lie    II 

t     Svn  w  'i'  lit   e  n,.  1 1 1 . 1 1 

drag .  tree 
burden1,  burthen1  i  ini'dii.  ¥Sn),v.t.    [<bur- 
.  burtht  a '.  ".  i     1.  1 
Load  mi ;  encumber  with  weight. 

I  mean  not  that  othi  rmi 

\hi.  13. 


724 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  load;  oppress  with 
anything  which  is  borne  with  difficulty  or  trou- 
ble; surcharge;  as,  in  burden  a  nation  with 
taxes;  to  burden  tie  memorj  with  details. 

h  your  tin  nil  has  displeased  you,  you  shall  not  sit  down 
to  ,  ,,ii-i, lor  it.  for  be  has  already  lost  all  memory  of  the 
passage,  .  .  .  and  ere  you  can  rise  up  again,  will  burden 
you  with  blessings.  Emerson,  Character. 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  upon  one,  as  a  load,  bur- 
den, or  charge.     [Rare.] 

It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and  his 
party.  Coleridge. 

burden'-t,  burthen-t  (ber'dn,  -THn),  n.  [<  ME. 
burden,  birthen,  also  burthern,  act  of  child-bear- 
ing, altered,  by  confusion  with  burden1,  from 
"burther,  <  AS.  byrthor,  beorthor,  child-bearing 
(cf.  gthyrd,  birth),  <  beran,  bear:  see  birth*  and 
burden?.']    The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth. 

If  thou  be'st  the  man 
That  hadst  a  wife  once  call'd  .-Kmilia, 
That  bore  thee  at  a  burthen  two  fair  sons. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

burden3  (ber'dn),  ».  [Also,  erroneously,  bur- 
then :  <  ME.  burdoun,  the  bass  in  music,  the 
refrain  of  a  song,  <  OF.  *bunlon.  bourdon,  F. 
bourdon  =  Sp.  boraon  =  Pg.  bordSo  =  It.  bordont 

(Florio),  a  humming,  buzzing,  a  drone  or  non- 
working  bee,  a  bumblebee,  also  bass  in  music, 
refrain, <  ML.  burdo(u-),  a  drone,  a  long  organ- 
pipe;  origin  uncertain.  See  bourdon^.]  1.  The 
bass  in  music. — 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  refrain 
or  recurring  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  stanzas  of 
a  ballad  or  song ;  a  refrain. 

And  far  the  echoing  aisles  prolong 

The  awful  burden  of  the  song. 

Scoff,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  SI. 

(6)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  (c)  The  song  to 
which  a  dance  is  danced  when  there  are  no  in- 
struments. 

Foot  it  featly  here  and  there ; 

And,  sweet  sprites,  the  burthen  bear. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  That  which  is  often  repeated;  a  subject  on 
which  one  dwells ;  the  main  topic :  as,  this  sub- 
ject, was  the  burden  of  all  his  talk To  bear  a 

burden,  to  support  the  upper  voice  or  voices  by  singing 
an  under  part  as  an  accompaniment.   Chappell. 

This  sompnour  bar  to  him  a  stif  burdoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  673. 

burden4t  (ber'dn),  n.    [<  ME.  burdon,  bordon, 

bourdon,  <   OF.   bordon,  bourdon,  a   staff:  see 
bourdon1.]     A  club.     Spenser. 
burdener  (ber'dn-er),«.    One  who  burdens ;  an 
oppressor. 

burdenoust,  burthenoust  (ber'dn-,  ber'THn- 

us),  tt.  [<  burden1,  burthen1,  +  -ous.]  1.  Bur- 
densome; grievous;  heavy  to  be  borne ;  oppres- 
sive: as,  "the  very  burthenous  earth,"  Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  viii.  112. 

And  with  his  burdenous  blowes  him  sore  did  overlade. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  19. 

Nor  let  that  be  light  to  thee,  which  to  me  is  so  burden- 
ous. s"   /'-  Siiliu  ii. 
His  maintenance  is  burdenous  and  chargeable  vnto  mee. 
Hakluyt's  Voyages,!.  244. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless. 

To  sit  idle  on  the  household  hearth, 

A  burdenous  drone.  Milton,  s.  A.,  1.  f>67. 

burdensome,  burthensome  (ber'dn-,  ber'san- 
sum),  a.     [<  burden1,  burthen*-,  +  -some.]     1. 

Weighing  like  a  heavy  burden ;  grievous  to  be 
borne ;  causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue  ;  oppres- 
sive; heavy;  wearisome:  as,  " burthensome  ex- 
actions," Hallam. 

The  debt  immense  of  endless  gratitude, 

So  burdensome.  Milton.  I'.  I.. ,  iv.  53, 

If  the  Peoples  demanding  were  so  burd'nsome  to  him, 
what  was  bis  denial]  and  delay  of  Justice  to  them'.' 

Milton,  lakonoklasti  s.  vi. 

The  inferior  and  burthensome  offices  of  society. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  2. 

2f.  Able  to  carry  burdens  or  cargoes. 

for  sale,  Freight  or  charter,  A  .strong,  burthensome  Brig 
of  bin  tons.  Massachusetts  Mercury,  April  29,  1796. 

-Syn.  1.  i>in  ion-  troubles e,  fatig a   hard  bo  beai 

burdensomely,  burthensomely  ( ber'dn-,  ber'- 
Tiin-siiin-li),  adv.     In  a  burdensome  manner. 

'that  as  few  employments  as  possible  may  be  burthen- 

noun /11  and  vexatioiisiv  interfered  with.  .1.  5.  MM. 

burdensomeness,  burthensomeness  (ber'dn-, 

In  '■!•'  Til  11-sii  iii-iics  I.  //.    The  quality  Of  being  bin-. 

densome;  heaviness;  oppressiveness, 
burdot,  burdont,  «•    \<  Id,.  bmdo'n-),  also  bur- 

i/»s.  a  mule.]  A  mule  bred  of  a  horse  and  a 
she-ass;  a  hiimv. 

burdock  (b.Vdok  1,  «.    [<  bur*  +  dock*.]    The 

'• 1 nniiio  nf  tin-  Arctium  Lappa,  a  coarse, 

broad  leafed  biennial  weed,  natural  order  <  'om- 


bureaucratic 

positai,  having  the  numerous  awns  of  the  invo- 
lucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip.  It  is  a  native  of 
Ibe  old  world,  but  widely  naturalized  in  America,  and 
cultivated  as  a  vegetable  in  Japan.  It  is  in  popular  re- 
ptito  as  a  diaphoretic  and  diuretic,  and  as  a  remedy  for 
rheumatism,  catarrh,  cutaneous  diseases,  etc.— Lesser 
burdock,  a  somewhat  similar,  troublesome  weed,  \,i,, 
thiiim  strumarium.— Prairie  burdock,  one  of  the  rosin- 
weeds,  Si Iphi on,  terebinthinaceum,  found  on  the  western 
prairies  of  the  United  states. 

burdock-grass  (ber'dok-gras),  n.  The  Tragus 
raeemosus,  a  low  European  grass  of  which  the 
glume  or  seed-husk  is  covered  with  short  stout 
hooks. 

burdont,  »-     See  burdo. 

burdount,  '<•    A  Middle  English  form  of  burdt  iA 

bur-dresser  (ber'dres'er),  n.  A  tool  for  rub- 
bing or  dressing  the  furrows  of  a  burstone  or 
millstone;  a  millstone-dresser.  Also  written 
buhr-dresser. 

bur-drill  (b&r'dril),  «.  A  small  dental  drill 
with  a  bur-shaped  head.     Also  called  bur. 

bur-driver  (ber'dri"ver),  n.  A  projection  on 
the  spindle  of  a  millstone,  which  acts  upon  the 
bail,  and  drives  the  stone.  Also  written  buhr- 
driver. 

bureau  (bu'ro),  «. ;  pi.  bureaus  or  bureaux 
(-roz).  [F.  bureau,  pi.  bureaux,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of  drawers, 
orig.  a  kind  of  coarse  brownish  or  russet  stuff 
with  which  writing-tables  were  covered,  <  OF. 
burel,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff:  see  burrel,  borel*.] 

1.  A  desk  or  writing-table  with  drawers  for 
papers;  an  escritoire.  Swift. —  2.  A  chest  of 
drawers  for  holding  clothes  and  other  articles. 
Bureaus  at  the  present  day  are  commonly  made  with  an 
adjustable  mirror  standing  upon  them.  This  is  a  compar- 
atively modern  practice,  due  to  a  combination  of  the  tunc, 
tions  of  the  chest  of  drawers  and  the  toilet-table. 

3.  An  office  or  place  where  business  is  trans- 
acted.—  4.  A  department  of  government  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  In  England  the 
term  is  confined  to  inferior  and  subordinate  departments. 
and  in  the  United  States  to  certain  subdivisions  of  some  of 
the  executive  departments.  —  Bureau  of  Education.  See 
education.— Bureau  of  Engraving  and  PriDting,  an  of. 
lice  of  the  Treasury  Department  of  the  United  states  gov- 
ernment, whose  head,  called  the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Engraving  and  Printing,  is  charged  with  the  engraving  and 
printing  of  all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  national-bank  ni  ites. 
certificates,  internal-revenue  stamps,  etc.,  of  the  United 
States.— Bureau  of  Military  Justice,  a  division  of 
the  War  Department  of  the  United  States  government, 
the  office  of  the  Judge-Advocate  General.-  Bureau  of 
Ordnance.  See  Navy  Department,  under  department. — 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  an  office  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  government,  whose  bead,  called 
the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  is  charged  with  the 
publication  of  reports  conveying  statistical  information  as 
to  commerce  and  navigation,  imports  and  exports,  immi- 
gration, shipping,  etc.  A  national  Bureau  of  Labor  sta- 
tistics was  established  in  18S4.  Some  of  the  state  govern? 
ments  have  offices  corresponding  more  or  less  closely  to 
one  or  the  other  of  these.  —  Freedmen's  Bureau,  in  IT.  S. 
hist.,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  Bureau  of  Refugees, 
Freedmen,  and  Abandoned  Lands,  an  office  of  the  War  De- 
partment of  the  United  states  created  in  1865  to  care  for 
the  interests  of  the  emancipated  negroes  of  the  South,  es- 
pecially with  respect  to  education,  assignment  of  lands, 
and  protection  of  civil  rights.  It  ceased  to  exist  in  1S72. — 
Signal-service  Bureau,  a  bureau  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  presided  over  by  the  chief  signal-officer, 
having  charge  of  military  signaling,  and  of  the  collection 
and  comparison  of  meteorological  observations  through- 
out the  country,  and  the  publication  of  predictions  oi  the 
weather,  based  upon  them.  —  Weather  Bureau  see 
weather. 
bureaucracy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  «.  [<  F.  burtun- 
craUe,  <  bureau  +  -cratie,  E.  -craey,  govern- 
ment, as  in  aristocracy,  democracy,  etc.]  1. 
Government  by  bureaus ;  specifically,  excessive 
multiplication  of,  and  concentration  of  power 
iu,  administrative  bureaus.  The  principle  of  bu- 
reaucracy tends  to  official  interference  in  many  of  the  prop- 
erly private  affairs  of  life,  and  to  the  inefficient  and  ob- 
structive performance  of  duty  through  minute  subdivision 
of  functions,  inflexible  formality,  and  pride  of  place. 

Republicanism  and  bureaucracy  are  incompatible  ex- 
istences. W.  It.  Oreo,  .Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  55. 

2.  The  body  of  officials  administering  such  bu- 
reaus, considered  collectively. 

Count  Roger  found  a  machinery  of  taxation  in  full  work- 
ing order,  officers  acquainted  with  the  resources  of  the 

country,  I ks  and  schedules  constructed  on  the  prim  ipli 

of  strictest  accuracy,  a  whole  bureaucracy,  in  fact,  ready 
to  bis  use.  ./.  .1.  Symonds,  Italy  ami  Greece,  p.  LM 

bureaucrat  (bu'ro-krat),  «.  [<  F.  bureaucrat*, 
<  bureau  +  -crate,  E.  -crat  as  in  aristocrat 
democrat,  etc.]  An  advocate  or  supporter  of 
bureaucracy;  also,  a  member  of  a  bureaucracy. 
Also  called  bureaucratist. 

The  genuine  bureaucrat  has  a  wholesome  dread  of  for- 
inal  responsibility,  and  generally  tries  to  avoid  it  by  tak- 
ing all  matters  out  of  the  bands  of  bis  subordinates,  and 
passing  them  on  to  the  higher  authorities. 

Ii.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p 

bureaucratic  (bu-ro-krat'ik),  a.  [<  F.  bureau^ 
cratique:  see  bureaucrat  and  -ic.]  Relating  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  bureaucracy. 


burette  (Im-ref),  t 
gron,   <   buire.    F 


Burette  of  jasper  with  eohi 
mounting  ;  time  of  Louis  XV- 


bureaucratic 

There  is  a  great  material  prosperity  open  to  Hungary  if 
the  people  will  be  content  I"  be  quietly  governed,  and  if 

Austria  will  tie  wise  enough  to  relax  a  little  m  tie-  liui-nm 
cratic  notions  that  now  influence  her. 

Aiisi.,1.  Hungary,  p.  '.Til. 

bureaucratical  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal),  a.  [<  bureau- 
cratic +  -al.]     Same  as  bureaucratic. 

bureaucratically  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal-i),  ado.  In 
a  bureaucratic  manner;  as  a  bureaucrat. 

bureaucratist  (bu-ro'kra-tist),  n.  [<  bureau- 
crat +  -ist.]     Same  as  bureaucrat. 

burelt,  »•     See  burrel. 

bureo  (bo-ra/6),  n.  [Sp.,  <  P.  bureau,  a  bureau: 
see  bureau.']  A  Spanish  court  of  justice  for 
the  trial  of  persons  connected  with  the  royal 
household. 

burett,  «•  [Cf.  burette.']  A  drinking-vessel. 
Ealliwell. 

[F.,  dim.  of  OF.  buire,  a 

boire,   drink,  <   L.   bibere, 

drink.     Cf.  bib1,  bever3.  \ 

1.  A  vessel  for  contain- 
ing liquids,  usually  pear- 
shaped  or  flask-shaped, 
with  or  without  a  handle ; 
specifically,  in  English, 
an  altar-cruet  having  this 
form.  Burettes  are  made  of 
rieh  materials,  such  as  rock- 
crystal,  precious  metals,  etc.. 
or  of  porcelain  or  faience,  often 
highly  decorated. 

2.  In  client.,  a  tube,  usu- 
ally graduated  to  frac- 
tions of  a  centimeter, 
used  for  accurately  mea- 
suring out  small  quanti- 
ties of  a  solution. 

bur-fish  (ber'fish),  n.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Viodon- 
tidw;  a  porcupine-fish. 
burg1  (berg),  11.  [ANorth. 
E.  and  Sc.  and  old  law 
form  of  borough1,  ME.  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh.  Cf. 
burgh.]  A  fortified  town;  a  borough  (whieh 
see). 

burg-  (berg),  n.    Same  as  trough?. 

burga  (ber'ga),  n.    Same  as  burka. 

burgage  (ber'gaj),  n.  [<  ME  burgage  (OF.  bur- 
gage), <  burg  (ML.  burgus)  +  -age.]  In  law : 
(a)  In  England,  a  tenure  in  socage,  whereby 
burgesses,  citizens,  or  townsmen  hold  their 
lands  or  tenements  of  the  king  or  other  lord 
for  a  certain  yearly  rent. 

The  most  ancient,  perhaps,  of  the  franchises  was  that 
depending  on  Intrgagi'  tenure;  this  was  exactly  analogous 
in  origin  to  the  freeholder's  qualification  in  the  counties; 
hut  us  the  repressive  principle  extended,  the  right  of  a 
burgage  vote  had  become  in  many  places  attached  to  par- 
ticular houses  or  sites  of  houses,  probably  those  which 
were  originally  liable  for  a  quota  of  the  flrma  burgi. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  745. 
(ft)  In  Scotland,  that  tenure  by  which  the  prop- 
erty in  royal  burghs  is  held  under  the  crown, 
proprietors  being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding;  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly termed,  "service  of  burgh,  used  and 
wont."     (rf)  The  property  so  held. 

bur-gage  (ber'gaj),  n.  A  plate  having  perfora- 
tions which  serve  as  standards  for  the  diame- 
ters of  drills,  etc. 

burgage-tenant  (ber'gaj-ten"ant),  n.  One  who 
holds  lands  or  tenements  on  the  tenure  known 
as  burgage. 

Successive  sovereigns  had  granted  the  right,  or  imposed 
the  burden,  of  returning  members  to  Parliament  on  the 
corporations,  freeholders,  or  burgage-tenants  of  numerous 
small  towns. 

Quoted  in  T.  W.  Higginson's  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.  116. 

burgage-tenement  (ber'gaj-ten//e-nient),  n.  A 
tenement  held  by  burgage. 

"Borough  English,"  under  which  the  youngest  and  not 
the  eldest  succeeds  to  the  burgage-tenements  of  his  father, 
has   from   time  im- 
memorial   been    re- 
cognized as  a  -widely 
diffused  usage. 
Maine,  Early  Hist, 
(of  Institutions, 
[p.  222. 

See 


Sec 


burgall,  n. 

bergall. 
burgamot,". 

bergamot. 
burgander,       ». 

See  bergaitder. 

burganet,  bur- 
gonet  (ber'ga- 
net,  -go-net),  n. 
[Also  written, 
improp.,  burge- 
net;  =  Sp.  borgo- 


Spanish  Burganet.  i6th  century. 


725 

Kola  =  Pg.  borguinhota  =  It.  borghinetta  (Flo- 
rin). <  OP.  bourguignote,  bourguignotte,  prop,  ■■< 
Burgundian  helmei  cf.  1-'.  Bourguignon,  a  Bur- 
guudian),  <  Bourgogne,  Burgundy.]  A  helmet 
worn  in  tin'  sixteenth  century,  in  two  forms: 
one  without  a  vizor,  Conned  like  the  morion, 
and  frequently  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
a  movable  nose-guard  ;  the  other  with  a  vizor, 
and  similar  to  the  armet. 

His  niayleil  liiiberjeHii  she  did  undight, 

Aud  from  his  head  his  heavy  burganet  did  light. 

Spenser,  F.  t;.,  III.  v.  31. 

sturdy  helms, 
Topt  high  with  plumes,  like  Mars  his  burgonet. 

Qreene,  Orlando  Furloso. 

burge  (berj),  ii.  A  dialectal  variant  of  bridge1. 
[Local,  Eng.  J 

burgee  (ber'je),  ».  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
Sunt.,  a  swallow-tailed  flag  or  pendant :  in  the 
merchant  service  it  generally  has  the  ship's 
name  upon  it. —  2.  A  kind  of  small  coal  used 
for  burning  in  engine-furnaces. 

burgeint,  ".  and  v.     See  burgeon. 

burgen,  ».  and  »,    See  burgeon. 

burgenett,  »•    See  burganet. 

burgensic  (ber-jen'sik),  a.  [<  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  a  burgess  (see  burgess),  +  -ic]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  burgh  or  town. 

I  strongly  believe  that  the  continual  intercourse  between 
the  towns  of  the  several  trading  countries  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  kept  up  especially  by  the  Hanse  Towns,  may  not 
have  been  without  influence  in  producing  a  general  simi- 
larity of  development  of  bamensic  life  in  them  all. 

English  Gilds (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  liv. 

burgeois,  n.  See  bourgeois2. 
burgeon  (ber'jon),  n.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen; <  ME.  burgen,  burgyon,  burjoun,  burjion, 
burgon,  <  OF.  borjon,  burjon,  F.  bourgeon,  a 
bud ;  referred  by  some  to  OHG.  burjan,  raise, 
lift  up.]     1.  A  bud;  a  sprout. 

In  the  moneth  of  May,  when  medoes  bene  grene, 
And  all  florisshet  with  tloures  the  Aides  aboute  ; 
Burtons  of  bowes  brethit  full  swete, 
Florisshet  full  faire. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2736. 

And  the  hyttyng  awey  of  the  root  of  the  vyne  must  be 

don  in  March,  and  som  men  wil  say  it  must  be  don  or 

[before]  the  knottis  begynne  to  burgeon  y*  for  the  streit 

drauing  the  burgeons  be  not  huet  [hurt]. 

Arnolds  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811),  p.  167. 

2.  A  boss  used  for  the  cover  of  a  book,  to  pre- 
vent injury  to  the  binding.  Often  written  bur- 
gen. 
burgeon  (ber'jon),  v.  i.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen, KME.burjon,  burgenen,  burgynen,  burjonen, 
borgounen,  <  OF.  borjoner,  bourjonner,  P.  bour- 
geonner,  bud;  from  the  noun:  see  burgeon,  n.] 
To  bud;  sprout;  put  forth  new  buds;  shoot 
forth,  as  a  branch. 

Whenne  graffea  [grafts]  gvnneth  swelle  in  burgynynge. 
Palladia*,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 
Now  bourgeons  every  maze  of  quick 
About  the*  flowering  squares,  and  thick 
By  ashen  roots  the  violets  blow. 

Tennyson.  In  Memoriam,  cxv. 

burgess  (ber'jes),  n.  [<  ME.  burgeis,  <  OF.  bur- 
geis,  P.  bourgeois  =  Pr.  barges  =  Sp.  burges  = 
Pg.  burguez  =  It.  borghc.se,  <  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  <  burgus,  a  borough,  a  town :  see  bor- 
ough1., burg1.]  1.  In  England,  an  inhabitant 
of  a  borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein ;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough. 

Not  a  petty  burgess  of  some  town, 
No,  not  a  villager,  hath  yet  appear'd 
In  your  assistance.    Ford.  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  the  British 
Parliament. 

The  majority  of  the  burgesses  had  been  returned  by 
constituent  bodies  remodelled  in  a  manner  which  was 
generally  regarded  as  illegal.        Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

Hence — 3.  (a)  The  title  given  before  the  revo- 
lution to  the  representatives  in  the  popular 
branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  which  was 
styled  the  House  of  Burgesses,  but  is  now- 
called  the  House  of  Delegates.  1  ft)  The  title  of 
members  of  the  lower  house  in  the  colonial 
legislature  of  Maryland. — 4.  A  magistrate  of 
a  corporate  town.  In  Connecticut  boroughs  Qieboard 
of  burgesses  corresponds  to  the  township  board  or  board  of 
trustees  in  some  other  States,  or  to  the  common  council  of 
a  city.  The  chief  executive  officer  of  a  Pennsylvania!!  bor- 
ough is  called  the  chief  burgess. 

5.  A  member  of  the  corporation  of  a  Scotch 
burgh ;  now,  any  inhabitant  of  a  burgh  of  full 
age,  rated  for  poor-rates,  and  not  in  arrears, 
and  who  for  a  period  of  three  years  has  occu- 
pied any  house,  shop,  or  other  building  in  it,  not 
being  an  alien  and  not  having  received  either 


burghmote 

parochial  or  burgh  relief  tor  twelve  mouths  pre- 
ceding the  last  Whitsunday.  Burgess  list,  thi  ii  I 
,»i  muni  Ipal  electors  annually  drawn  up  by  tin-  overseers 

of  the  1 1  ill  imglaud.--- BurgeBS  roll,  1 he  burgess  list  as 

revised  bj  the  revising  barrister  and  recorded.    [Eng.] 

burgess-ship  (ber'jes-ship),  «.  [<  burges*  + 
-sin/).)  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  bur- 
gess.    Smith. 

And  that  no  prentice  bane  his  fredom  of  Burgesshippe, 
but  lie  serue  out  fullo  vij.  yere  of  prentishodc 

English  Gilds  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  p.  390. 

burgessyt,  »•  [ME.  "burgeisie,  borgeysye,  < 
OP.  bourgesie,  bbrgoisie,  mod.  P.  bourgeoisie 
(=  Pr.  borguesia  =  It.  borghesia),  citizenship, 
<  burgeis,  mod.  F.  bourgeois,  a  citizen:  see 
bourgeoisie,  burgess.]     Citizenship. 

Marines  lyf  ine  the  erthe  is  ase  borgey  rye. 

a  a-  nbtie  oj  I  unit,  p.  101. 

burggrave,  burggravess,  n.  See  burgrave,  bur- 
grart  ss. 

burgh  (berg  or  bur'o),  n.  [Like  burg,  a  North. 
E.  and  Sc.  and  old  law  form  of  E.  borough1, 
ME.  burgh,  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh:  see  borough1.] 
A  corporate  town  or  borough  ;  more  especially, 
the  Scotch  term  corresponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  different  kinds  of 
corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in  Scot- 
land—  Burgh  acres,  acres  or  small  patches  of  land  ly- 
ing in  the  neighborhood  of  royal  burghs,  usually  feued 
out  to  and  occupied  by  burgesses  or  persons  resident 
within  the  burgh.— Burgh  of  barony,  a  corporation 
somewhat  analogous  to  a  royal  burgh,  consisting  of  a 
determinate  tract  of  ground  within  the  barony,  erected 
by  the  feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govern- 
meat  of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing  magistrates 
is  vested  by  the  charter  of  erection  sometimes  in  the 
baron  or  superior  of  the  barony,  and  sometimes  in  the 
inhabitants  themselves.—  Burgh  of  regality,  a  kind  of 
burgh  of  barony  which  had  regal  or  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion within  its  own  territory.— Convention  of  royal 
burghs.  See  mil',  hi/oil—  Councilor  of  a  burgh.  See 
councilor. — Free  burgh,  a  burgh  of  barony  which  en- 
joyed, by  crown  charter,  rights  of  trade  both  home  and 
foreign,  but  which  at  the  same  time  bad  to  bear  certain 
public  burdens  as  the  price  of  its  privileges. —  Parlia- 
mentary burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  w  hich  sends,  or  unites 
with  others  in  sending,  a  representative  to  Parliament. 
In  parliamentary  burghs  the  mode  of  electing  councilors 
anil  magistrates  is  the  same  as  in  royal  burghs.— Police 
burgh,  in  England,  any  populous  place  the  boundaries  of 
which  have  been  ascertained  under  13  and  14  Vict.,  xxxiii., 
and  the  affairs  of  which  are  managed  by  commissioners 
elected  by  the  inhabitants. --Royal  burgh,  in  Scotland, 
a  corporate  body  erected  by  a  charter  from  the  crown. 
The  corporation  consists  of  the  magistrates  and  burgesses 
of  the  territory  erected  into  the  burgh.  The  magistrates 
are  generally  a  provost  and  bailies,  dean  of  gild,  trea- 
surer, and  common  council. 

burghal  (ber'gal),  a.  [<  burgh  +  -ah]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  burgh:  as,  burghal  government. 

burghbotet,  «•  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  bnrg- 
bot,  <  burg,  burh,  borough,  +  hot,  compensa- 
tion, boot:  see  boot1.]  In  old  Eng.  Ian;  a  con- 
tribution toward  the  building  or  repairing  of 
castles  or  walls  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or 
town.     Also  burhbot. 

burgh-brechet,  n.     [An  old  law  form  of  ME. 

bnrch-briche,  AS.  burg-brier,  -bryce,  -brece,  < 
burg,  borough,  +  bryce,  brice,  breach:  see 
breach.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  /"«',  the  offense  of 
violating  the  pledge  given  by  every  inhabi- 
tant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace, 
burgher  (ber'ger),  11.  [Not  in  ME.  or  AS.,  but 
formed  after  D.  burger  =  MLO.  borgere  = 
OHG.  hnrgdri.  J1IIG.  burga  re,  burger,  G.  biir- 
ger  =  Dan.  borger  =  Sw.  borgarc  (>  Icel.  bor- 
gari),  a  citizen;  <  burgh  +  -er1.]  1.  An  in- 
habitant of  a  burgh  or  borough,  who  enjoys  the 
privileges  of  the  borough  of  which  he  is  a  free- 
man ;  hence,  any  citizen  of  a  borough  or  town. 

At  Cologne,  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  terms  burghers 
and  merchants  are  alternately  used  as  svnonvnious. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  cv. 

2.  [cap.]  One  of  a  body  of  Presbyterians  in 
Scotland,  constituting  one  of  the  divisions  of 
the  early  Secession  Church.  This  church  became 
divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  Burghers,  and 
the  General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiluirghers,  on  the  law- 
fulness of  accepting  the  oath  then  required  to  be  taken 
by  the  burgesses  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth.    See 

Antibiirgln  i\ 

burghermaster  ( ber'ger-mas*'ter), » .  [=G.  ft»>- 

gcrmeister.]     Same  as  burgomaster,  1. 

burghership  (ber'ger- ship),  n.  [<  burgher 
+  -ship.]  The  state  or  privilege  of  being  a 
burgher. 

burgh -halfpennyt,  »•  Formerly,  a  duty  pay- 
able to  the  superior  of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set 
up  a  stall  in  market.    Also  bord-halfpenny. 

burghmaster  (berg'mas"ter),  n.  [<  burgh  + 
master:  after  burqomaster.]  Same  osburgomas- 
trr,  1. 

burghmotet,  «.  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  Imrh- 
gemot,  a  borough-meeting,  <  burh,  burg,  borough, 


burghmote 

+  gemot,  a  meeting:    see  moot,   mote&J]      In 

Aug  ".   the   eting  or  court  of  a 

burgh  or  borough.     Also  burgn 

burghmote-hornt,  »■  In  Eng.  antiq.,  a  horn 
blown  on  court-day,  in  a  public  place,  to  bring 
the  members  of  the  burghmote,  or  later  the 
corporation,  together,  It  was  used  until  the 
seventeenth  century.    Also  called  braeen-horn. 

burgholdert  (berg'hol'der),  ».  [See  borough- 
holder  and  \    A  tithing-man:  abors- 

holder. 

burglar  (berg'18r),  ».  [Earlymod.E.ftowfl'Jair, 
<  AF.  'bourglain  (of.  ML.  burglator,  burguHator 
(for  burgi  Intro),  shortened  to  burgator),  a  burg- 
lar, <  AF.  bourg,  OF.  bora,  borough  (see  bor- 
ough* '.  +  laire,  I  >F.  laire,  U  ire,  Ure  =  Pr.  lain  . 
ibber,  <  U  n<>m.  ta<ro  (of.  OF.  toro»,F,  larron 
—  Pr.  /(in-",  a  robber.  <  L.  aoo.  latmntm),  a  rob- 
ber: see  torce»y<]  A  felonious  housebreaker; 
especially,  one  who  commits  robbery  by  break- 
ing into  a  house  in  the  night.     See  burglary. 

'Ill,-  definition  ol  burglar,  as  given  by  Sir  Edward  Coke, 
is  ■•lie  that  by  night  breaketh  or  entereth  into  a  mansion. 
lens,  n  ith  intent  t"  commit  a  felony." 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

burglar-alarm   (berg'l&r-a-larm/),  n.    Any 

alarm  bo  arranged  as  to  sound  upon  the  open- 
ing of  a  door,  window,  etc.,  with  which  it  is 
connected.  -Burglar-alarm  lock,  a  lock  having  an 
attachment  which  when  set  will  sound  an  alarm  if  the  halt 
is  improperly  moved.— Electrical  burglar-alarm,  an 
alarm  consisting  of  apparatus  including  "pen  electrical 
its  which  are  closed  by  a  movement  of  a  door,  win- 
dow, ,r  ami  cause  a  hell  in  an  annunciator  in  the  build- 
ing "!■  at  a  distant  station  to  ring. 
burglarert  (berg'lar-er),  n.  [<  burglar  +  -er, 
erroneously  added.]     A  burglar. 

sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  only  for  pro- 
curing the   Pope's  hull  against  certain  burglarers   that 
I  his  own  house.  Statr  Trials.  1606. 

burglarian  (berg-la'ri-an),  n.  [<  burglary  + 
■sin.)  A  person  who  abets  or  is  guilty  of  burg- 
lary.    [Rare.] 

burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.  [<  burgla/ry  + 
-mis.]  Pertaining  to,  committing,  or  consti- 
tuting burglary:  as.  burglarious  intentions;  a 
burglarious  gang ;  burglarious  entry. 

To  come  down  a  chimney  is  held  a  burglarious  entry. 
Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

Openly  organized  conspiracy,  with  force  and  arms,  made 

burglarious  entrance  intoa  chief  Btrongholdof  the  [Jnion. 

0.  IF.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  86. 

burglariously  (berg-la'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  an 
intent  to  commit  burglary;  in  the  manner  of  a 
burglar. 

burglarize  (berg'lar-iz),  v.  t.;   pret.   and  pp. 
burglarized,   ppr.   burglarizing.      [<  burglar  + 
|     To  commit  burglary  upon. 

burglar-proof  t  berg' Ijir-prof),  a.    Constructed 
to  lie  capable  of  resisting  the  attempts  of 
burglars,  as  a  safe  or  a  building. 

burglary  Cberg'liir-i),  «.;  pi.  burglaries (-iz).  [< 
burglar  +  -y ;  M  H.  burglaria.']  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  intent  to 
commit  a  felony  therein,  whether  such  felony  be 
actually  committed  or  not.  To  constitute  this  crime 
the  act  must  be  committed  in  the  night,  or  when  there  is  not 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face.  At  common  law 
it  must  be  in  a  dwelling-house,  or  in  an  adjoining  building 
which  or  parcel  of  the  dwelling-house.    There 

must  be  an  actual  breaking  and  an  entry;  hut  an  opening 

made  bj  ti Sender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass, 

lifting  a  window,  raising  a  iatch,  lacking  a  lock,  one v- 

ing  an\  fastening,  amounts  t ■ .  a  breaking;  ami  putting  in 
ofthi  such  breaking,  is  an  entry.    A.breaking 

out,  after  entry  with  felonious  intent,  is  also  burglary.  In 
Borne  of  tin  i  nited  States  tie-  term  has  been  extended  so 
as  to  cover  the  breaking  ami  entering  of  any  building,  at 
any  tim>    to  commit  any  crime. 

burgle  (ber'gl  i,  >■.;  pret.  and  pp.  burgled,  ppr. 
burgling.  |  •  burglar,  taken  as  a  noun  of  agenl 
in  -ar  =  -ir1  :  of.  pi, i, ii,.  <  peddler,  pedler,  ped- 
lar.']    To  commit  burglary.     |  Humorous.] 

burgmaster  (berg'mas'ter),  u.   Same  as  burgo- 
'■,  1 . 

burgmotet,  n.     See  burghmote. 

burgomaster   (ber'go-mas    ter),   n.    [=  OF. 

bourgui  -me  <  bourgama         Col  ;rave), 

is  l'.  bourgrm  itre,  bowgt  mm  in  i  P.  maitre  = 

E.  master)  -  op.  burgomaestre,  after  ML.  burgo- 

magister,  burgimagister  (burgi   magister),  <  D. 

MHO. 
1 1,  burgi  »"  isU  r  i  obs.  i. 
>  Sw.   I,,,,  -  ( ihan.  borgrru 

burmistre  =  Bohem.  purmistr  =  Russ.  burgo- 
r&  =  Lith.  I  =  Finn. pormestari), 

<6ura,=E.  borough1,  +  meester  =  E. 
MHG.  bur  germeister,  G,  biirgermeister  (>  Dan. 
borgermester),  '  burger,  li.  burgher,  +  meister 
=  E.  master.]  1.  A  borough-master;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, Germany,  and  other  Teutonic  count  ties, 


726 

nearly  corresponding  to  mayor  in  England  and 
the  united  states,  [n  the  monarchical  states  burgo 
masters  wi  re  often  named  by  the  central  government  for 
Longperl  !  b  h  ere  the  mairi  in  I  ranee.  The  German 
governments  usually  retain  the  right  t nflrm  or  reject 

cted  burg aster      Klsolmrghermaster,burghmas- 

fpnash  > 
2.   The  great  ice-gull  or  glaucous  gull,  l.uriis 
glauCUS,  of  the  arctic  regions,  one  of  the  largest 
and    most    powerful    species    of    the    family 

/.nr/ihr.  It  is  about  80  inches  long,  pure  white,  with  a 
pale  silvery-blue  mantle  ami  yellow  hill  with  an  orange 


Burgomaster-gull  [Larus p/u  liens). 

spot.  It  owes  the  name  to  its  tyrannical  ami  rapacious 
disposition,  ami  the  way  it  domineers  over  the  smaller 
and  weaker  gulls  ami  other  birds. 

burgonet,  burgonette,  «.    See  burganet. 

burgoo  (ber'go),  ii.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  burgood.] 

1.  A  seamen's  term  for  a  dish  made  of  boiled 
oatmeal  seasoned  with  salt,  butter,  and  sugar ; 
gruel. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brought  up 

heforo  the  skipper  forswallo wing  the  hur<to<i  as  he  mixed  it, 

G.  A.  Saia,  Ship-Chandler. 

2.  A  kind  of  soup  made  with  many  different 
kinds  of  meat  and  vegetables,  highly  peppered 
and  served  very  hot :  popular  in  Kentucky  and 
other  places,  especially  at  barbecues,  picnics, 
and  other  outdoor  feasts. — 3.  A  barbecue,  pic- 
nic, or  woodland  feast  at  which  the  soup  burgoo 
is  served.     [Kentucky.] 

burgood  (ber'gud),  >i.  [E.  dial.,  also  burgout 
and  beergood;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  burgoo.'] 
Yeast.    HaUiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

burgoyne1  (ber-goin'),  «.  [Appar.  named  from 
the  inventor.]  An  intrenching-tool  which  com- 
bines a  spade,  an  ax,  and  a  mantlet.     [Eng.] 

burgoyne-t  (ber-goin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
goyned,  ppr.  burgoyning.  [A  word  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  period,  in  allusion  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Iiurgoyne's  army  at  Saratoga  in  1777.] 
To  surround  and  capture  in  a  body. 

bur-grass  (ber'gras),  ii.  1.  A  common  name 
of  a  species  of  Cenclirus,  the  burs  of  which  are 
very  spiny  and  tenacious. — 
2.  I'aiiiriim  gluUnosum,  a 
tropical  grass  in  which  the 
glumes  or  husks  which  in- 
wrap  the  seed  are  very  vis- 
cous ami  adhesive. 

burgrave,  burggrave  (ber'- 

grav),  ii.  [<  P.  l>nrgrare  =  Hp. 
burgrave  =Pg.  burgrave.  bur- 
gravio  =  It.  burgravio,  <  ML. 

Inirggriiriiis,  <  OHG.  burg- 
gra/vo,  .Ml Hi.  burcgrdve,  (i. 
imrggraf  (~>  Dan.  borggrevi 
Sw.  burggrefoe  =  Pol.  bur- 
grabia,  =  Bohem.  pwrhrabt  I,  < 
OHO.  burg,  burr,  a  town,  = 
I-:,  borough1,  +  gravjo,  gravo, 
MIHI.  i/rih-r,  (I.  grul'.  :i  count,  earl,  governor: 
see  f/riif.]  Formerly,  Hie  title,  in  some  Euro- 
pean countries,  of  the  hereditary  governor  of  a 
town  or  castle. 

'the  former  [burghers]  stood,  in  all  trade  matters,  en- 
tirely under  the  orders  of  the  lords, ,[  tie-  town,  whether 
these  were  bishops,  l,iii->/n">  ■    or  i  hi/ens, 

i:„  ,i,  A  ,., hi,  iv.   i;  T.  s.),  Int.,  p.  cxv. 
They  then  requested  that  the   Prince  of  Orange,  who 

held  the  oltiee  of  I, n ,; ,,-,,,,  el  Antwerp,  and  whose  infill 
enee  was  mil loiinded,  might  he  sent  to  them.         Prsscott. 

burgravess,  burggravess  (ber'gra-ves),  ».  [< 
burgrave  +  -ess.]     The  wife  of  a  burgrave. 

burgraviate  (ber-gra'vi-at),  ».  [<  ML.  burggra- 
i  iuiiis,  <  burggravius,  a  burgrave :  see  bwgravi .  \ 
The  office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  burgrave. 

burguignottet,  ».     [OF.]    Same  as  burganet. 

Burgundian  (ber-gun'di-an),  a.  andn,  [<  ML. 
liurgumlia   ( >  P.  Jhmrgognc),  Burgundy,  <  L. 


Bur-grass  \Ctnchr 

tribiiloides). 


burin 

Hiirgmulinnrs,  I.E.  also  liiirginnlii  (>  AS.  Bur- 
gt  a, Ins),  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Goths.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Burgundians,  or  to  the  king- 
dom, duchy,  or  province  of  Burgundy.-  Order 
of  the  Burgundian  Cross,  an  order  founded  bj  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  which  did  not  survive. 

II.  a.  1.  One  of  the  Burgundii  or  Burgun- 
diones,  a  Germanic  tribe  who  settled  in  Haul 
and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the 
lifth  century. 

The  Burgundians  settled  in  the  southeast  part  of  Caul, 
the  part  nearest  to  Italy. 

Ii.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  'H. 

2.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  suc- 
cessively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of 
which  finally  became  the  province  of  Burgundy 
in  eastern  France. 
Burgundy  (ber'gun-di),  «.  A  large  class  of 
wines,  both  reil  and  white,  produced  in  Bur- 
gundy in  France,  and  sharing  with  the  Bor- 
deaux wines  the  reputation  of  including  the 
finest  wines  made. 

The  mellow-tasted  Ilariiundi/.  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  705. 

Burgundy  pitch.    Seejiitch. 

burgwardt  (berg'ward),  ».  [An  old  law  form, 
<  burg,  a  fortified  place,  a  castle,  +  want,  a 
keeping.]    The  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle. 

burht,  a-  Early  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  form  of  borough1. 

The  burh  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  simply  a  more 
strictly  organised  form  of  the  township.  It  was  probably 
in  a  more  defensible  position;  had  a  ditch  or  mound 
instead  of  the  quickset  hedge  or  "tun"  from  which  the 
township  took  its  name;  and  as  the  "tun  "  originally  was 
the  fenced  homestead  of  the  cultivator,  the  burh  was 
the  fortified  house  and  court-yard  of  the  mighty  man  — 
the  king,  the  magistrate,  or  the  noble. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  44. 

burhbott,  ".     See  burghbote. 

burhgemott,  «.     See  burghmote. 

burial  (ber'i-al),  ».  [In  the  second  sense  burial 
is  now  regarded  as  formed  directly  from  bury* 
+  -al  (cf.  betrothal,  renewal,  etc.),  but  it  is  due 
to  burial  in  first  sense,  <  ME.  buriel,  biriel,  be- 
riil,  a  tomb,  grave,  a  corruption  of  buriels,  re- 
garded as  a  plural  form,  but  really  singular, 
hum  Is.  Iiirirls,  In  mis,  bergels,  a  tomb,  grave,  < 
AS.  hi/niils,  a  tomb,  grave,  <  bi/ri/au.  bury  (see 

burytf, '+  suffix  -els  (cf.  riddle*,  <  AS.  reedels).'] 
If.  A  grave  or  place  of  sepulture  ;  a  tomb. 

Pullide  it  [the  body]  in  his  newe  biriel,  .  .  .  and  he 
walowid  to  a  grete  stone  at  the  dore  of  the  Mrii  /. 

Wyeli.l.  Mat.  wvii.  CO. 
For  prophetcs  hem  tolde, 
That  that  blessed  body  of  hurl,  Is  sholde  aryse. 

Piers  Pi,,,,  nian  (i),  xxii.  146. 
Vailing  her  high-top  lower  than  her  ribs 
To  kiss  her  burial.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

2.  The  act  of  burying;  specifically,  the  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person;  sepulture;  inter- 
ment ;  the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  any 
place  where  it  is  intended  to  remain. 

Till  that  the  duke  give  order  for  his  burial. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 

Privilege  of  death  and  burial.  Milton,  S,  A.,  1.  104. 

Burial  service,  the  religions  service  performed  at  the 

interment  of  the  dead,  or  a  prescribed  order  or  formula 

for  such  service. 

burial-case  (ber'i-al-kas),  «.  A  kind  of  coffin 
so  made  as  to  be  air-tight,  intended  for  the 
preservation  of  the  body. 

burial-ground  (ber'i-al-ground),  ii.  A  grave- 
yard or  cemetery. 

burial-mound  (ber'i-al-mound),  u.  The  mound 
raised  over  the  remains  of  deceased  persons  in 
ancient  times;  a  barrow. 

l)urial-place  (ber'i-al-plas),  «.  A  portion  of 
ground  set  apart  for  or  occupied  by  a  grave  or 
graves;  a  grave  or  a  graveyard. 

burielsf,  «.  [ME. :  see  burial.]  The  older  form 
of  burial,  l. 

burier  (ber'i-er),  «.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person;  that,  which  buries  or  covers. 

And  darkness  he  the  tnirirr  of  the  dead. 

Shak.,  '-'  lien.  IV.,  i.  1. 

burin  (bu'rin),  n.  [<  F.  burin,  <  It.  borino  (cf. 
OSp.  boril,  S|i.  l'g.  luiril),  a  gravers'  chisel, 
prob.  <  OHG.  bora,  a  borer,  gimlet,  =  E.  bore1, 
n.]  1.  An  engravers'  tool  of  tempered  steel, 
with  a  lozenge- 
shaped      point, 

fixed  in  a  han- 
dle the  end  of 
which,  held  in 
the  hand,  is 
rounded  at  the 
top;     a     graver.  n„,in. 

Pushed    forward   li> 

Hi,  hand  in  am  desired  direction,  it  cuts  a  shallow  or 
deep  furrow,  according  to  the  pressure  exerted.     When,  as 


Ck> 


burin 

in  etching,  bitten  lines,  or  tines  made  with  the  dry-point, 
are  imperfect  or  weak,  the  burin  is  used  t"  repaii  or 
strengthen  them. 

2.   The   manner  or  style  of  execution  of  an 
engraver:  as,  a  soft  burin;   a  brilliant  burin. 
—  3.  A  steel  graver  used  by  marble-workers. 
Also  spelled  burim . 
burinist  (bu'rin-ist),  re.    [<  burin  +  -ist.]    One 
who  uses  a  buriu  ;  an  engraver. 

All  the  great  original  buriniste  did  not  invent,  but  re- 
produced with  tin- burin.  The  American,  v.  ui 

buri-nut  (bu'ri-nut),  re.     [<  buri,  native  name, 

+  nut.]  The  plum-like  fruit  of  I'arinariwm 
laurinum,  a  rosaceous  tree  of  the  Fiji  islands. 
The  kernels  are  beaten  up  into  a  cement  of  the  consis- 
tency oi  putty,  which  is  used  for  stopping  holes  in  canoes, 
Axing  spear-heads  to  the  shafts,  etc. 
burion  (bu'ri-pn),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  Sp.  (Mex.)  gorrion,  a  spar- 
row.] A.  name  of  the  house-finch,  Carpodacus 
frontalis,  an  abundant  and  familiar  fringilline 
bird  of  the  southwestern  United  States,  almost 
domesticated  in  the  towns.  It  resembles  the  com- 
mon purple  finch,  C.  piirpureus,  but  is  smaller,  with  a 
stouter  hill  and  more  vivid  crimson-red  markings,  which 
air  restricted  to  detlnite  areas  on  the  head,  back,  and 
breast. 

buriti  (bu-ri-te'),  n.  [Pg.  buriti,  miriti;  a  Braz. 
(Tupi-Ouarani)  word,  also  written  buriti/,  mu- 
riti,  murity,  miriti,  morichi,  muriehi,  muriche, 
moriche,  applied  to  the  palms  Mauritia  flexuosa 
and  M.  vinifera;  according  to  Hartt,  <  ymyrd 
or  ymbyrd,  a  tree,  +  ete,  true.]  One  of  the 
largest  of  the  South  American  palms,  Mauritia 
Vinifera,  often  growing  to  a  height  of  125  feet, 
the  stem  being  crowned  with  a  thick  round 
head  of  very  large  fan-shaped  leaves.  A  Bingle 
bunch  of  the  fruit  weighs  more  than  one  hundred  pounds. 
The  trees  grow  in  vast  numbers  on  swampy  land,  from 
southern  Brazil  to  the  West  Indies.  The  natives  cut 
them  down,  and  make  cavities  in  the  steins  to  obtain 
the  sweet  sap  which  accumulates  in  them ;  if  allowed  to 
ferment,  a  vinous  liquor  may  be  made  from  this  sap,  and 
even  sugar  has  been  obtained  from  it.  Hence  the  name 
wine/xilm,  commonly  given  to  the  tree.  The  pulp  be- 
tween the  nut  and  the  outer  covering  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
times eaten,  and  a  beverage  is  prepared  by  rubbing  tile 
pulp  in  water.  The  pith  of  the  leaf-stem  is  used  in  lieu 
of  cork,  and  its  hard  covering  for  making  baskets.  Cords 
arc  made  of  fibers  from  the  young  leaves,  and  rough 
thatches  are  constructed  of  the  older  leaves. 

burk  (berk),  n.  Another  spelling  of  birk,  dia- 
lectal  variant  of  birch. 

burka  (ber'kii),  ».  [Russ.  burka.]  A  short 
round  cloak  made  of  felt  or  very  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  used  as  a  protection  agaiust  rain  in  Rus- 
sia, Poland,  and  Moldavia.     Also  burga. 

burke  (berk),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  burked,  ppr. 
burking.  [From  the  name  of  an  Irishman  in 
Edinburgh  who  committed  the  crime  repeated- 
ly, and  was  tried  and  executed  in  1829.]  1. 
To  murder  by  suffocation  in  order  to  sell  tin- 
body  for  dissection.  This  method  was  selected 
because  it  left  no  marks  of  violence  upon  the 
victims. 

"You  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  burked,  Sam?"  said  Mr. 
Pickwick.  Dickens,  Pickwick 

The  rest  of  the  rascals  jumped  on  him  and  Burked  him. 
Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  "27:!. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  smother;   shelve;  get  rid 
of  by  some  indirect  manoeuver:  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

burker  (ber'ker),  re.     One  who  burkes. 

Burke's  Act.    See  act. 

burking  (ber'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  burke,  v.] 
The  practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  the  bodies  for  dissection. 

burl1  (berl),  n.  [<  ME.  burte,  appar.  <  OF.  dial. 
bouril,  bourril,  flocks  or  ends  of  thread  which 
disfigure  cloth  (Wedgwood),  <  bourre,  <  ML. 
hurra,  a  flock  of  wool,  coarse  hair,  etc. :  see 
hurl.  Cf.  burlet.]  1.  A  small  knot  or  lump 
in  thread,  whether  woven  into  cloth  or  not. — 
2.  A  knot  or  an  excrescence  on  walnut  and 
other  trees,  used  for  ornamental  veneering. 

burl1  (berl),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  burle ;  <  burl1, 
ii.]  1.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  etc., 
from,  as  in  finishing  cloth  ;  specifically,  to  pick 
(wool)  by  hand. —  2f.  To  cleanse  (cloth),  as 
with  fullers'  earth  or  a  similar  substance. 

To  conic  then  to  the  mysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  first  they 
wash  and  so  >ur  a  piece  of  cloth  with  the  earth  of  Sardinia, 
then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brimstone,  which 
done,  they  fall  anon  to  burling  it  witli  cimolia. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxv.  17. 

burl'-'t,  v.  i.     [ME.  burlen,  contr.  of  burblen,  bub- 
ble, welter:   see  burble.     Cf.  D.  borrelen,  bub- 
ble, guzzle  (borrel,  a  bubble,  a  dram),  =  LG. 
burreln,  bubble,  gush.]     To  welter. 
Many  a  bolde  baron  in  that  place 
Lay  burland  vn  his  own  blode. 
Erie  of  Tolous  (Biteon's  Metr.  Rom.,  II.),  1.  98. 
Bctres  lav  burlyng  in  bur  blode. 
he  Bone  Florence  (Rits'on's  Metr.  Itom.,  III.),  1.  1039. 


727 

burl2  (berl),;?.     [A  contr.  of  burble,  ».,  2,  in 

same  sense.]     A  pimple,     [I'rov.  Kng.J 
burl:l,  r.     Same  as  birV-. 

He  told  me  to  burl  out  the  beer,  as  in-  was  in  a  hurry, 
and  I  burled  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

London  Times,  Law  Reports. 

burlace  (ber'las),  «.    [Contr.  of  burdelais,  q.  v.] 

A  sort  of  grape, 
burlap  (ber'lap),  re.  [Formerly  borelap;  origin 
unknown.  The  form  suggests  a  contr.  of  ME, 
borel,  E.  burn  I.  a  coarse  cloth,  +  tn/ijini,  lap, 
wrap.  Referred  by  some  to  GK  bartdpp,  club- 
moss,  Lycopodiuiu  rliirtituin,  lit.  boar's  paw  (cf. 
NL.  Lycopodvum,  wolf's-foot),  <  bar,  =E.  him-'-, 
+  lapp,  <  OH(i.  lappa,  the  flat  hand.]  A  coarse 
heavy  material  made  of  jute,  flax,  hemp,  or  ma- 
nila,  and  used  for  wrappings  and  in  uphol- 
stery: commonly  in  the  plural. 
burlaw,  ".    See  byrlaw. 

burledt,  "•    [ME.,  possibly  for  'barruled,  equiv. 
to  AF.  barruU  :  see  barruly.]    In  her.,  striped. 
Under  was  A  serpent  of  write, 
\  tail}  burled  had  of  siluer  and  Asure. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  1.  3492. 
With  siluer  Ami  Asure  the  tail  burlid  was. 

Rom.  oj  I -nt'  nay  (E.  1'..  T.  S.),  1.  2809. 

burler1  (ber'ler),  n.  [<  burU  +  -erl.]  One  who 
burls  cloth. 

burler'-'  (ber'ler),  re.  [<  burtf,  =  birl\  +  -<•>•!.] 
In  Cumberland,  England,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  guests  are  well  furnished  with  drink. 
Brewer. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  a.  and  re.  [Formerly 
also  burlisk;  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  burlr.sk,  <  F.  bur- 
lesque, <  It.  burlesco,  ludicrous,  <  burla,  a  jest, 
mockery,  raillery,  perhaps  dim.  of  LL.  burra, 
pi.  burra;  jests,  trifling,  nonsense:  see  bur1.] 

1.  a.  Tending  to  excite  laughter  by  a  ludicrous 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of 
treating  it,  as  when  a  serious  subject  is  treated 
ridiculously  or  a  trifling  one  with  solemnity. 

It  is  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whether  burlesque  poet- 
ry runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary, 
or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudibras. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

II.  re.  1.  A  burlesque  literary  or  dramatic 
composition;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burlesque  is  therefore  of  two  kinds  :  the  first  represents 
mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes;  the  other 
describes  great  persons  acting  and  speaking  like  tile  basest 
among  tile  people.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

This  contrast  between  ideas  of  grandeur,  dignity,  sanc- 
tity, perfection,  and  ideas  of  meanness,  baseness,  pro- 
fanity, seems  to  he  the  very  spirit  of  burlesque. 

Hutcheson,  Thoughts  on  Laughter. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  burlesque  style ;  a 
travesty ;  in  modern  use  often  specifically  a 
theatrical  piece,  a  kind  of  dramatic  extrava- 
ganza, usually  based  upon  a  serious  play  or 
subject,  with  more  or  less  music  in  it. —  3.  A 
ludicrous  or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind; 
a  gross  perversion. 

\\  ho  is  it  that  admires,  and  is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  turn  with 
horror  and  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlesque  and 
abominable  perversion  of  that  sacred  institute? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
=  Syn.  Parody,  Travesty,  etc.     See  caricature. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
lesqued,  ppr.  burlesquing.     [<  burlesque,  a.]    I. 

I  runs.  To  make  ridiculous  by  mocking  repre- 
sentation ;  caricature ;  travesty. 

They  burlesqued  the  prophet  Jeremiah's  words,  and 
turned  the  expression  lie  used  into  ridicule. 

Stillingfleet,  Works,  II.  iv. 
The  characteristic  faults  of  Ins  [Johnson's]  style  are  so 
familiar  to  all,  .  .  .  and  have  been  so  often  burlesqued, 
that  it  is  almost  superfluous  to  point  them  out. 

Macaulay,  Boswells  Johnson. 

II.  intrans.  To  use  caricature.     [Rare.] 

burlesquer  (ber-les'ker),  ».  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

burlett,  "■  [<  F.  bourlet  bourrelet,  a  roll  of  cloth 
or  leather  stuffed  with  hair  or  wool,  etc.,  a  sup- 
porter of  satin,  etc.,  for  a  ruff  or  collar,  also  a 
kind  of  hood,  <  bourre,  flocks  of  wool,  hair,  etc, 
used  for  stuffing  saddles,  balls,  etc. :  see  bar- 
rel. ]  1 .  A  coif ;  a  stuffed  roll  to  support  a  ruff ; 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown.  Min- 
sheu. — 2.  A  hood.     Ash. 

burletta  (berJet'ft),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery:  see  burlesque.]  A  comic  opera;  a 
musical  farce. 

burleyt,  ".  [Origin  obscure;  cf.  burly.]  The 
butt-end  of  a  lance.     WiUielm,  Mil.  Diet. 

burliness  (ber'li-nes),  re.  [<  burly  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  burly. 

burling-iron  (ber'ling-i'ern),  ».  A  kind  of 
pincers  or  tweezers  used  iu  burling  cloth. 


burn 

bur  ling-machine  (ber'ling-ma-shen*),  n.  A 
machine  for  removing  knots  and  rough  places 
from  woolen  cloth  before  ii  is  fulled. 

burly1  (bi'-r'li ),  n.  [  =  E.  dial,  binrrrly,  <  ME.  bur- 
ly, bun  ly,  borly,  burliche,  borliche,  borlie,  etc., 
large,  huge,     'if  uncertain  origin;  hardly  = 

OIIG.  hnrlili,  pii/iil),  elevated,  high  (<.  bor,  an 
elevation,  +  -lib  =  E.  -Z//1).  There  is  nothing  to 
prove  I  lie  supposed  Celtic  origin.  J  1.  Great  in 
bodily  size;  bulky;  large;  stout:  formerly  used 

of  I  luiii's,  I, ut  now  onlj  of  persons,  ami  imply- 
ing some  degree  of  coarseness. 

Tin-  braunches  wire  borly,  sum  of  bright  gold, 
Sum  syluer  for  BOthe,  Bemlist  of  hew. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  EL  'I',  s.),  L  4968. 
Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  barns. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiv.  118. 

Down  through  the  crashing  under-wood 

The  burly  sheriff  came.  Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2f.  Boisterous;  loud. 

So  when  a  burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  224. 

Syn.  1.  Massive,  Ponderous,  etc.     See  bulky. 
burly H,  ('•  '•     To  make  burly;  cause  to  bulge 
out. 

Think'st  thou  that  paunch,  that  bwrlies  out  thy  coat, 
Is  thriving  fat ;  or  tiesli,  that  seems  so  brawny '.' 

tjiiitrl's,  Emblems,  i.  12. 

burly'2  (ber'li),  a.  [<  burl1  +  -y1.]  Having 
burls  or  excrescent  knots:  as,  a  burly  tree. 

Burman  (ber'man),  n.  [<  Burma  +  -are.]  A 
native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burma,  a  British 
possession  in  Farther  India,  it  was  formerly  an 
independent  kingdom,  but  parts  of  it  were  annexed  !■• 
Great  Britain  in  1826  and  1852,  and  the  remainder  on 
January  1st,  1S86,  in  consequence  of  wars. 

A  Burman,  being  the  property  of  the  king,  can  never 
quit  tlie  country  withoutbis  especial  permission,  winch  is 
only  granted  for  a  limited  time,  and  never  to  women  on 
any  pretence.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  \\ .  r»r>4. 

bur-marigold  (ber'mar"i-gold),  re.  A  book- 
name  for  the  more  showy  species  of  Bidens. 

Burmese  (ber-mes'  or-mez'),  a.  and  >i.  [<  Bur- 
ma +  -eve]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Burma. 
II.  >i.  1.  sing,  or  pi.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Burma.  See  Burman. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  Burma.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosyllabic  languages. 

bur-millstone  (ber'mil"ston),  re.  Same  as  bur- 
stone. 

burn1  (bern),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burned  or  burnt, 
ppr.  burning.  [Under  this  form  and  the  obs. 
or  dial,  biiu,  bren,  bruii,  are  now  confused  two 
different  but  related  verbs,  which  are  quite  dis- 
tinct in  AS.  and  the  other  older  tongues:  (1) 
burn,  <  ME.  bernen,  batmen,  barnen,  brennen,  < 
AS.  bcernan  (pret.  batrnde,  pp.  bitrned)  =  OS. 
brennian  =  MD.  bernen  (in  mod.  D.  displaced 
by  the  secondary  form  branden:  see  brand,  r.) 
=  LG.  breunen =  OFries.  berna.  bama  =  V\lH. 
biiuiiaii,  MHG.  G.  brennen  =  Icel.  breiina  =  Sw. 
briinna  =  Dan.  briendc  =  Goth,  brannjan  (in 
comp.),  burn,  consume  with  fire.  orig.  and  prop. 
trans.,  a  weak  verb,  factitive  of  the  next;  (2) 
burn,  <  ME.  birm  a,  beornen,  brinnen.  <  AS.  beor- 
niin,  human  (pret.  barn,  beam,  pi.  burnon,  pp. 
bomeu),  a  transposed  form  of  *brinnan  (incomp. 
on-briiiiian)  =  OS.  brinnan  =  OHG.  briuunu. 
MHG.  G.  dial,  brinnen  =  Icel.  brenna,  older 
hriiina,  =  Goth,  brinnan,  burn,  be  on  fire  ;  orig. 
and  prop,  intrans.,  a  strong  verb;  not  known 
outside  of  Tent.  Deriv.  brand,  brim1,  perhaps 
bum-  =  bourn1,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  consume 
with  lire ;  destroy  or  reduce  to  ashes  by  the 
action  of  heat  or  fire. 

He  eomethe  to  brenne  him  self  upon  the  Awtere  of  the 
Temple.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  48. 

Thou  shalt  hough  their  horses,  and  burn  their  chariots 
with  fire.  Josh.  xi.  6. 

2.  To  act  on  with  fire;  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire :  as,  to  bum  clay ;  to  bum  wood  for  charcoa  1 ; 
to  burn  limestone. — 3.  To  produce  by  means 
of  fire:  as,  to  bum  charcoal. — 4.  To  seorch; 
affect  or  injure  by  heat:  as,  to  burn  one's 
clothes  by  being  too  near  the  tire ;  to  burn  one's 
fingers;  to  burn  bread  or  meat. 

The  sun  dotli  burn  my  face. 

slink.,  Venus  and  Adonis.  1.  1S6. 

5.  To  inflame  or  tan  (the  skin),  as  sunlight. — 

6.  To  produce  an  effect  like  that  of  fire ;  heat 
or  inflame ;  affect  with  a  burning  sensation :  as, 
ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach ;  a  burning  fever. 

This  tyrant  fever  burns  me  up.        Shah.,  K.  John,  v.  3. 

7.  In  chem.,  to  combine  with  oxygen;  oxygen- 
ize.—  8.  In  snrg.,  to  apply  a  cautery  to;  cau- 
terize.—To  burn  daylight,  to  burn  a  candle  or  candles 
before  it  is  dark  ;  waste  light. 


burn 

Met.  Come,  we  burn  daylight,  hoi 

Bom.  Nay,  that's  not  so. 

I  mean,  sir,  in  delay 
\\  e  waste  our  lights  in  vain,  liK.  lamps  bj  day. 

Shak.,  It.  and  J.,  i.  4. 
To  burn  down,  to  burn  to  the  ground,  as  all  the  i  ionv 
bustible  parts  ol  a  building.— To  burn  in,  in  glass-mak- 
to  ii\  and  render  durable  (the  coloring 
ition)by  means  of  great  and  long-continued 
heal  in  an  ovi  n  or  loir,     To  burn  metals  together,  to 
them  bj  melting  their  adjacent  edges,  or  heating  the 
and  running  some  molten  metal  01  the 
same  kind  into  the  intermediate  Bpace.     E.  it.  Knight 
To  burn  one's  fingers,  to  receive  damage  or  loss  from 
meddling  with  or  engaging  in  anything.— To  burn  out, 
stroy  or  obliterate  by  burning. 
Must  you  with  hot  irons  hum  out  both  mine  eyes? 

shah.,  K.  John,  iv.  1, 

To  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends,    see  candle.— To 
burn  up,  to  consume  completely  by  fire,  or  reduce  to 
up  a  paper. 
II.  intrnns.   1.  To  be  on  fire;  flame:  as,  the 
fuel  burns. 

A  still  and  sacred  fire 
That  burn'd  as  on  an  altar. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Artlen. 

2.  To  become  charred,  singed,  or  scorched:  be 
injured  by  undue  exposure  to  fire  or  a  heated 
surface,  etc. :  as,  milk  or  oatmeal  6 urns  if  cooked 
without  stirring. 

"  i  our  meat  doth  bum,"  quoth  I.    Shak.,C.  of  E.,  ii.  I. 

3.  To  become  inflamed  or  tanned,  or  to  become 
disintegrated  by  the  effect  of  heat  and  reflected 
sunlight,  as  the  skin  from  unusual  or  prolonged 

■  isure  to  the  sun  or  to  the  glare  from  a  sheet 
of  water. — 4.  To  glow  like  fire ;  shine;  gleam. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  the , 

Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  ami  C.,  ii.  2. 

The  road,  wherever  it  came  into  sight,  burned  with  bril- 
liant costumes,  like  an  illuminated  page  of  Froissart. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  243. 

5.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire;  be 
affected  with  strong  emotion:  as,  to  burn  with 
anger  or  love. 

Did  nut  our  heart  burn  within  us  while  he  talked  with 
us  by  tin  waj  Luke  xxiv.  32. 

True  charity  is  afflicted,  and  burns  at  the  offence  of  every 
little  nn.'.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humh.  Remonst. 

6t.  To  act  or  behave  with  destructive  violence ; 
be  in  a  state  of  violent  action ;  rage. 

Shall  thy  wrath  hum  like  fire!  Ps.  lxxxix.  46. 

The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  bums.  Pope. 
7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
burning  pain,  or  acridity;  feel  excess  of  heat : 
as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns  with  a 
fiver. —  8.  To  resemble  fire  in  the  effect  or 
the  sensation  produced.     [Bare.] 

The  parching  air 
Hum.  Erore,  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  695. 

9.  In  certain  games,  to  be  very  near  a  con- 
cealed object  which  is  sought,  that  is,  so  near 
that  one  would  be  burned  if  it  were  fire ;  hence, 
to  be  nearly  right  in  a  guess.     [Colloq.] 

Hcwevi  I  tin  explorers  must  have  burned  strongly  (as 
children  say  at  hide-and-seek)  when  they  attained  a  point 
s.r  uear  to  the  fountain-.  lie  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

To  burn  blue.  SeeMue,  a.—  To  burn  do wn,  to  i>e  burned 
to  the  ground  ;  be  consumed  by  lire  from  top  to  bottom, 
building.  —  To  burn  out,  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  ex- 
hausted and  the  tire  ceases.— TO  bum  Up,  to  be  hurtled 
i  ompli  tely  or  reduced  to  ashes:  as,  the  paper  burned  up. 

burn1  (born ).  n.  [</)«)•»',  v.]  1.  A  hurt  or  in- 
jury caused  by  the  action  of  fire,  especially  on 
:t  living  body;  a  burnt  place  in  any  substance. 
—  2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  us  in 
brickmaking:  as,  they  had  a  good  hum. — 3. 
A  disease  in  vegetables.  See  brand,  (i. — 4.  A 
clearing  in  the  woods  made  by  burning  the 
trees.  [U.  S.]=8yn.  L  Burn,  Scald.  Surra  are  pro- 
by  heated  solids  or  by  flames,  scalds  by  heated  fluids 
or  vapors.    See  scorch,  v.  t. 

burn'-'  (bom),  n.  [Also  written  bourn,  bourne, 
which  with  n  diff.  pron.  is  the  usual  form  in  the 
south  of  England  (see  bourn1,  bourne1);  <  ME. 

bourne,  commonly  bnriir,  <  AS.  Inirnii,  masc., 
also  burne,  tern.,  a  brook,  stream  (=  OS.  brun- 
no  =  OPries.  bwrna  =OD.  borne,  i>.  born,  bron 
=  LG.  born  (>  G.  born)  =  OIK;,  brunno,  MHG. 
bruntu .  i  '•.  brunnt  n,  brunnt ,  brunn  =  [eel,  brunnr 
=  Sw.  brunn  =  Dan.  brond,  a  spring,  fountain, 
well,  =  Goth,  brunna,  a  Bpring),  prob.  <  'brin- 

iimi  (pp.   •Iiritiiiini).  etc.,  burn:    see  hurn'.     (I. 

the  similar  origin  of  welP  and  torrent  Not 
connect*  d  « ith  Gr.  •  •  •  ap,  a  well,  ]  A  rivulet; 
;i  brook.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

roll- 

— ■  tall  tir-  and  oui  fa  t  |  , 

Fet 

It  occurs  in  various  place-nami    ,   >    Ba 
bum,  Blackfrttrn,  etc. 


Bunsen  Burner. 


728 
burnst,  v.  t.     [ME.,  <  OF.  burnir,  burnish:  see 

burnish.  In  form  and  sense  the  word  over- 
laps burn1  (of.  hum'1,  r.  i.,  4).]  To  burnish; 
brighten;  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

A!  Ins  speche  and  eber  also  he  borneth. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  327. 

The  temple  of  Mar/,  annypotente 
w  rough!  al  of  burned  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  1125. 

burn4  (bem),  n.  [Appar.  contr.  of  burthen1 
or  burden1.']  A  burden  for  one  person.  Day. 
[Local.  Hug.  (Cornwall).] 

burnable  (ber'na-bl),  a.  [<  burn1,  v.,  +  -able.] 
t  lapable  of  being  burned. 

burn-beatingt,  »•  A  particular  way  of  manur- 
ing land,  by  cutting  off  the  peat  or  turf,  laying 
it  in  heaps,  and  burning  it  to  ashes.  Compare 
beat3,  n.  and  v.,  and  denshire.   E.  Phillijis,  1706. 

burner  (ber'ner),  n.  1.  A  person  who  burns  or 
sets  lire  to  anything. 

The  Milesian  Oracle  was  sacred  to  Apollo  Didymseus 
amongst  the  Branchidx,  who  betrayed  the  treasures  of 
their  God  to  Xerxes  the  burner  of  their  Temple. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  332. 

2.  The  part  of  a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  is- 
sues ;  the  part  that  holds  the  wick ;  also,  the  jet- 
piece  from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.  Burners  in- 
clude all  forms  of  apparatus  for  burning  gas,  oils,  or  vapors, 
singly  or  in  combination  :  as,  a  hydrocarbon  burner,  carbu- 
reting gas-burner,  lime-light  burner,  regenerative  but  ner, 
etc.  See  in  uiiihm  „■  rami  .m..-/o'/-*o'/\  — Bat's-wlng  burn- 
er, a  form  of  gas-burner  from  which  there  issues  a  broad 
flame  supposed  to  resemble  a 
bats  wing.  — Bude  burner,  an 
arrangement  consisting  of  two, 
threi  ,  or  more  concentric  Argand 
burners,  each  inner  one  rising  a 
little  above  the  outer,  by  which  a 
very  powerful  light  is  produced. 
Named  from  Bude,  in  Cornwall, 
the  residence  of  Mr.  Gurney,  the 
inventor.— Bunsen  burner,  a 
gas-burner  invented  by  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  R.  W.  Bunsen,  and 
improved  by  Wallace  and  Gode- 
froy.  It  is  arranged  in  such  a 
way  that  the  gas,  just  previous 
to  burning,  is  largely  diluted  with 
air,  thus  producing  a  non-lumi- 
nous a  ml  very  hot  flame.  It  is  used 
in  chemical  laboratories  and  in 
metallurgical  research  in  eonnec- 
<i,  a.  openings  to  admit  air.  tion  with  a  variety  of  small  fur- 
naces, and  in  many  forms  of  gas- 
stoves,  heaters,  steamers,  etc.  — Fish-tail  burner,  a  gas- 
burner  whose  jet  takes  the  spreading  and  forked  form  of 
a  fish's  tail.— Hydrocarbon  burner,  a  burner  for  pro- 
ducing heat  by  means  of  liquid  fuel.  It  has  generally  a 
jet  of  air  or  steam,  or  of  both,  carrying  with  it  a  spray 
of  coal-oil  or  petroleum,  which  is  lighted  and  burns 
under  a  boiler.— Regenerative  burner,  in  gas-light- 
ing,  a  device  by  which  the  current  of  gas  is  heated  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  flame,  thus  making  combustion  more 
complete. 
burnet1t  (ber'net),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  <  ME.  bur- 
in t.  <  OF.  brunet,  brunette,  lit.  brownish,  dim. 
of  brun,  brown:  see  brown.  Cf.  brunette.  II. 
n.  <  ME.  burnet,  burnette,  <  OF.  burnette,  bru- 
nette =  Pr.  bruneta  =  Sp.  bruneta,  hrunete,  < 
ML.  bruneta,  brunetum,  a  brownish,  dark-col- 
ored cloth.]  I.  a.  Brownish. 
Hire  nientel  grene  other  [or|  burnet.  Rel.  Ant.,  I.  129. 
II.  n.  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown  color. 
bumet-  (ber'net),  n.  [<  ME.  burnet,  pimper- 
nel ;  <  OF.  hrunete,  also  brunette,  the  name  of  a 
plant,  prob.  burnet;  cf.  ML.  burnetii,  spring- 
wort  (Vocab.  ed.  Wright,  2d  ed.,  p.  557,  1.  42) ; 
prob.  so  called  with  some  allusion  to  color; 
cf.  burnet1.']  If.  The  pimpernel,  Anagallis  ar- 
vensis. —  2.  The  common  name  of  species  of 
Voii  i- 1  a  in,  an  herbaceous  genus  of  the  natural 

order  liositeiie.  The  common  or  garden  burnet  is 
Poterium  Sanguimrba,  also  called  salad -burnet.  The  great 
burnet  is  7*.  officinale. 

(If  pynipiirnolle  Ipimpeinel]  to  speke  tlienkc  y  3et 

And  Englysh  ycalleil  is  burnet 

MS.  Shane,  2467,  f.  6.     tllultiwell.) 

burnet-moth  (ber'net-moth ),  n.  A  moth  of  the 
genus  /yi/ana  or  An  tit  rocrra;  one  of  the  many 
moths  of  the  family  Zygamidce.  The  six-spotted 
burnet-moth  is  /.  or  A.  ftlipendulos,  a  common  European 

species,  with  six  red  spots  i in  a  dark  ground  ;  the  larva  is 

yellow,  spotted  with  black.  Z.  or  A.  lull  is  another  spe- 
cies, tin-  five-spotted  burnet  moth. 

burnet-rose  (ber'net-ro/.),  tt.     Same  as  burnet-. 

burnettet,  n.    Same  as  bumet1. 

burnettise,  '••  '•    See  burnettiee. 

burnettize  (oer'net-iz),  v.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hur- 
iii  Hi  .i,l.  ppr.  Inn  in  in  mil.  [<  Burnett  (see  liur- 
in  tty-  lii/iml,  under  liquid)  +  -ize.~\  To  impreg- 
nate, as  timber,  canvas,  cordage,  dead  bodies, 
etc.,  with  Harnett's  liquid,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  them  from  decay. 

Burnett's  liquid.    See  liquid. 

burnewin  (bor'ne-win),  n.  [So.,  for  burn-the- 
iriini.]    A  blacksmith.     Burns, 


burnish 

burnie  (her'ni),  h.    [Dim.  of  burn".]    A  rivulet. 

[Scotch.] 
burning  (ber'ning),  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  burn1,  v.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  consuming  by  fire. — 

2.  In  nit  Hal-working,  the  act  or  process  of  unit- 
ing metallic  surfaces  by  fusing  them  together, 
or  by  running  molten  metal  of  the  same  kind 
between  them. —  3.  In  ceram.,  the  final  firing, 
as  for  glazing,  fixing  the  colors,  orthelike:  used 
somewhat  loosely. 

burning  (ber'ning),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  burn1,  v.] 
1.  Scorching;  hot:  as,  the  burning  sands  of 
the  Sahara. — 2.  Powerful;  strong;  vehement; 
ardent. 

That  which  I  urge  is  of  a  burning  seal 

Mm -linn'.  Bdward  II.,  i.  4. 
Like  a  young  hound  upon  a  burning  scent.         Dryden. 

3.  Causing  excitement,  ardor,  or  enthusiasm; 
enchaining  or  demanding  attention. 

The  Johannean  problem  is  the   burning  question  of 
modern  criticism  on  tile  soil  of  the  New  Testament. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ,  eh.,  I.  §84. 
-  Syn.  Blazing,  flaming,  scorching,  fiery,  hot. 

burning-bush  (ber'ning-busn),  n.  1.  The  em- 
blem adopted  by  the  Presbyterian  churches 
of  Scotland  in  memory  of  the 
persecutions  of  the  seventeenth  M$Mi<t. 
century,  and  bearing  the  legend 
"Nee  tamen  consumebatur" 
(yet  not  consumed),  in  allusion 
to  Ex.  iii.  2.  [Usually  two 
words.]  —  2.  A  name  of  various 
shrubs  or  plants,  (a)  The  Ameri- 
can species  of  Euonymux,  E.  atropurpurea  and  E.  Ameri- 
cana, celastraceous  shrubs  with  bright-crimson,  pendu- 
lous, four-lobed  capsules,  often  cultivated  for  ornament. 


Burning  Bush. 


Buming.bush  IF.uonymits  Americana). 

a,  dehiscing  fruit;  b,  section  of  flower. 

(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  It.  S.") 

See  Emmymus.  (6)  The  artillery-plant,  Pilea  serjiylli- 
folia.  (c)'The  plant  Dictamnus  Fraxinella,  so  called  be- 
cause its  volatile  secretions  render  the  surrounding  air 
inflammable  in  hot  weather. 

burning-fluid  (ber'niug-flo"id),  n.  A  very  ex- 
plosive illuminating  liquid,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  about  3  volumes  of  alcohol  and  1  of 
camphene  or  purified  turpentine-oil,  burned  in 
lamps  specially  constructed  for  the  purpose,  but 
superseded  by  petroleum  after  a  lew  years'  use. 

burning-glass  (ber'ning-gl&s),  n.  A  double 
convex  lens  of  glass  used  to  ignite  combustiblo 
substances,  melt  metals,  etc.,  by  focusing  upon 
them  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

burning-house  (ber'ning-hous),  n.  The  fur- 
nace iti  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to  sublime 
the  sulphur  from  the  pyrites;  a  kiln. 

burning-mirror  (ber'ning-mir'or),  n.  A  eon- 
cave  mirror,  usually  of  metal,  used  as  a  burn- 
ing-glnss.  The  power  of  a  burning-mirror  is  consider, 
ably  greater  than  that  of  a  burning-glass  of  equal  extent 
and  equal  curvature. 

burnish  (ber'nish),  v.     [<  ME.  burnisehen,  bur- 

uissen,  <  OF.  htiruiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
Inirnii;  hninir,  P.  hriniir  (>  G.  hriiiun  n)  (=  Pr. 
homii;  brunir=  Sp.  hruttir,  broflir=z  Pg.  hrunir, 
luirnir  =  It.  hrunire),  polish,  make  brown,  < 
brun,  brown,  also  poet,  bright,  shining:  see 
brown.  Also  formerly  in  more  orig.  form  hum  : 
see  burn*.]  I.  irons.  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or 
become  resplendent. 

Now  the  village  windows  blaze, 
Burnished  by  the  setting  sun. 

J.  Cunningham,  Evening. 


burnish 

The  wide  bike,  edged  « i tli  sand  and  grass, 
Was  burnished  to  a  floor  of  glass. 

Em<rs"n,  Woodnotea,  i. 

2.  To  polish  by  friction;    make  smooth  and 
lustrous:  as,  to  burnish  steel. 

Burnish  no  bones  with  thy  teeth, 
for  that  is  vnseemely. 

Mhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  B.  T.  s.),  p.  77. 
Who  doth  the  world  so  gloriously  behold, 
That  cedar-tops  and  hills  seem  burnuh'd  gold. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  l.  B58. 
II.  t   intrans.   To  grow,  as  a  child;  thrive; 
flourish;  become  fat  and  sleek;  hence,  t<>  in- 
come bright  or  brilliant ;  show  conspicuously. 

Ere  Juno  burnished,  or  young  Jove  was  grown. 

Dryden. 
I've  seen  a  snake  in  human  form  .  .  . 
Burnish  and  make  a  gaudy  show. 

Swift,  Description  of  a  Salamander. 

burnish  (ber'nish),  «.  [<  burnish,  ».]  Polish; 
hence,  gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

As  to  Chryaostom,  and  Basil,  with  less  of  pomp  and 
Bwagger  than  Gregory,  they  nave  not  at  all  more  of  rhe- 
torical burnish  and  compression.     De  Quince;/,  Rhetoric. 

burnisher  (ber'nish-er),  n.  1.  One  -who  bur- 
nishes or  polishes. —  2.  A  tool  of  various  shapes 
and  material,  but  commonly  with  a  smooth, 
slightly  convex  head,  used  for  polishing  in  va- 
rious processes  and  operations,  as  in  porce- 
lain-painting, dentistry,  etc. —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  tempered  steel,  with  slightly  curved 


729 

The  regulations  respecting  it  are  given  in  detail  in  Levitt-  burridget  O'nr'ij), 
cus  i.  and  vi.  8-13.    It  represented  the  entire  sell  deal.     ))t 

rati i  the  offerer  to  <;,,d,  and  was  always  preceded 

by  a  sin-offering.  The  object  offered  was  to  be  a  male 
without  blemish,  a  young  bullock,  rani,  or  he-goat,  or,  In 
case  ol  poverty,  a  turtle-dove  or  pigeon.  It  was  brought 
ii\  the  offerer  oi  ins  own  tree  will,  and  slain  by  himself. 
The  public  burnt-offerings  were  :  (1)  the  daily  burnt-offer- 
ings, sacrificed  every  morning  and  evening  for  the  people 
(Num.  xwiii.  :<-H);  (2)  the  sabbath   burnt-ottering  (Nut 


bursa 


An  older  spelling  of 
wags. 
burring  (ber'ing),  n.  [<  bur1,  burr1,  +  -mg1.] 
The  process  of  cleaning  or  removing  the  Ions 
and  rubbish  from  wool  previous  to  carding, 
burring-machine  ( ber'ing- ma -shen"),  ».  A 
machine  for  picking  and  burring  wool  before  it 
is  carded. 

[<  bur1,  burr1,  +  -ish1.] 


xxviii.  9,  10);  (8)  certain  specified  burnt-offerings  on  ap-  burrish  (ber'ish),  a.     [< 

pointed  feast-days  (Num.  xxviii.  n  29,  89).     There  were     Rouen*  prickly;  burrv. 

also  private    burnt-offerings  appointed  for  certain    Bet  ■o,,-J-i.'A,-,.'t1,    ,,       r<""  A'uri- (see  Hef  "I  + -t'fc-'- 1 

times     Free-will  burnt-ottSrings  .night  be  offered  on  anj   Burrite  (bci  it,  n.     L< />«' '  (>>e<  ael-)  f    n    .  j 

special  solemn  occasion.  to  New  ^  ork  State  politics,  one  of  that  taction 

burnt-sacrifice  (berut'sak'ri-fis),  n.     Same  as     of  the  Democratic-Kepubhcan  party  which  sup- 
burnt-offering.  ported  Aaron  Burr,  from  about  1/97  to  180/. 

burnt-stone' (bernt'ston),  «.    An  antique  ear-  burro1  (bur'o),  n.     [Sp.]     A  donkey.     [West- 
nelian  such  as  are  sometimes  found  in  ancient     ern  U.  S.] 

ruins  and  have  apparently  been  acted  on  by  burro2  (bur'o),  n.    [Cf.  Shetland  burro,  the  com 
fire.    They  appear  dull  externally,  but  show  a  tine  red 


color  when  held  up  to  the  light  They  arc  much  esteemed, 

bringing  a  high  price,  especially  when  ornamented  by  fine 

engraving, 
burnwood  (bern'wud),  n.  The  Bhus Metopium, 

a  poisonous  species  of  sumac,  found  in  south- 
ern Florida  and  the  West  Indies.     Also  called 

burnwood. 
bur-parsley  (ber'pars^li),  n.     The  common 

nam,-  otdaucalis  ctoucoides,  an  umbelliferous  {JJ^^'k.'"  An"obsolet7s^en7ng 

plant  with  bristlv  bur-like  carpels.     "  is  fre-  """"".,'•,       ...  rv     ,f,      -.? 

quently  found  in  corn-fields  with  chalky  soils  burrow-  (bur  o),  n. 

in  England. 


polished  sides    and  rounded   point,  used   by  bur-pump,  burr-pump  (ber'pump),  ».     Xaut., 


etchers  and  line-engravers  to  remove  rough- 
nesses, scratches,  and  stains  from  the  surface 
of  a  metal  plate.  Wood-engravers  who  wish  to  take  by 
hand  a  trial-proof  of  a  block,  finished  or  in  progress,  ink 
the  raised  lines,  lay  over  them  a  piece  of  India  paper  and 
a  card,  and  then,  by  even  friction  with  the  burnisher,  ob- 
tain the  desired  impression. 

4.  In  shocmaking,  a  polishing-machine  which  Burr  Act.     See  act. 
holds  the  shoe  firmly  while  a  heated  steel  tool  is  burraget   (ber'aj),   n. 
pressed  with  force  against  the  heel  or  sole,  pre-     borage. 
viously  moistened  with  a  preparation  of  varnish,  burramundi  (bur-a-mun'di),  u.     Same  as  bar 
burnoose,  burnous  (ber-nos'  or  ber'nos),  n.    ramunda. 
f  Also  written  bernouse,  burnouse,  burnos,  hour-  burras-pipe  (bur'as-pip) 


a  kind  of  pump  in  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of 
leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod  serves 
instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing  as  the  rod 
descends,  and  expanding  with  the  weight  of  the 
water  as  it  ascends ;  a  bilge-pump. 
burr1,  burr2,  etc.    See  bur1,  bur*,  etc. 

See  art. 

An  older  spelling  of 


nous;  <  F.  burnous,  bottruous  =  Sp.  albornoz  = 
Pg.  albernoz  or  alboruo:,  a  kind  of  Moorish 
cloak,  <  Ar.  ai,  the  (see  at-*),  +  burnus,  bumus, 
a  hooded  cloak.]  1.  An  outer  garment  made 
of  a  coarse  woolen  fabric,  worn  by  men  in  the 


eras-pipe  (bur'as-pip),  n.     [<  burros  (<  F. 
urras,  <f ML.  *borratius,  borazius,  coarse  linen 


b 

or  canvas  (cf.  borraUum,  a  coarse  garment), 
borra,  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. :  see  hum  I) 
+  pipe.]  A  tube  for  holding  lunar  caustic  or 
other  corrosive  substance. 


Barbary  States,  throughout  northwestern  Afri-  burrawang-nut  (bur'a-wang-nut), n.    [<  burra- 

wang,  native  name,  +  nut.]  The  Macroztttnia 
spiralis,  a  cycadaceous  plant  of  New  South 
Wales.  It  yields  a  kind  of  arrowroot. 
bur-reed  (ber'red),  n.  The  common  name  of 
species  of  Sparganium,  so  called  from  their 
narrow,  reed-like  leaves  and  bur-like  heads  of 
fruit.  The  floating  bur-reed  is  S.  angustifo- 
liuni.    See  Sparganium. 

rope  and  the  United  States  at  different  times  burrel  (bur'el),  n.     [Also  written  burrell,  early 


ca,  and  in  Arabia.  It  differs  from  the  aba  in  having 
a  hood,  and  in  being  more  commonly  made  of  undyed  wool, 
so  that  it  generally  has  a  brownish-white  color  without 
stripes  or  pattern  ;  but  it  is  also  made  black,  and  striped 
with  red  and  white. 

The  males  were  elad  in  burnooses —  brown  or  striped 
woollen  cloaks  with  hoods. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  123. 

Hence  —  2.  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  Eu- 


since  1850.  It  sometimes  has  a  hood  with  a  tassel  at  tin 
end,  and  is  in  general  a  loose  outer  cloak  without  sleeves. 
It  lias  been  made  of  many  different  materials,  usually  with 

stripes. 

bumstickle  (bern'stik-l),  n.  [Perverted  from 
bansticlcle.]  A  name  of  the  stickleback,  Gaste- 
rosteus  biaculcatus. 

burnt  (bernt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  burn1,  v.]  1.  Con- 
sumed or  scorched  by  fire. —  2.  Crumbly,  and 
partly  or  entirely  unweldable,  from  having 
been  raised  to  too  high  a  temperature  in  con- 
tact with  the  air:  said  of  iron  and  steel.  The 
nature  of  the  change  which  the  metal  under- 
goes is  not  yet  clearly  understood —  Burnt  alum. 
See  alum.— Burnt  bowl',  curling-stone,  etc.,  in  games, 
a  bowl,  etc.,  which  has  been  accidentally  touched  or 
moved,  and  which  must  be  removed  as  dead. — Burnt 
carmine.  See  en  ramie.— Burnt  fox,  a  slang  name  for 
a  student  during  his  second  half  year  in  the  German  uni- 
versities.—  Burnt  in,  in  eeram.,  sometimes  said  of  colors 
that  have  been  applied  under  the  glaze,  and  are  Bred  with 
it. — Burnt  limestone,  calcined  limestone.  — Burnt  ore, 
roasted  ore-Burnt  Koman  ocher,  sienna,  sponge, 
terre  verte,  umber.  See  the  nouns. — Burnt  wine,  wine- 
treated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  acquire  a  peculiar  flavor 
suggestive  of  burning. 

Burnt  wine  is  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and  some- 
times with  a  little  spice.  Bees,  Cyc. 

burnt-ear  (bernt 'er),  11.  A  form  of  smut  in 
oats,  wheat,  and  other  cereals  and  grasses,  pro- 
duced by  a  microscopic  fungus,  UsUlago  earbo. 

The  tissues  of  the  plant  are  destroyed  and  replaced  by  an 
abundance  of  black  dust-like  spores. 
burnt-offering  (bernt'of'er-ing),  n.  An  of- 
fering burnt  upon  an  altar  as  a  religious  rite ; 
specifically,  in  the  Jewish  ritual,  an  animal  or 
animals  of  a  prescribed  kind,  the  whole  of 
which,  after  ceremonial  preparation,  was  burn- 
ed upon  an  altar;  a  holocaust.  Parts  of  many 
other  offerings  were  burned,  but  the  term  is  generally 
restricted  to  one  that  was  entirely  so,  sometimes  specifi- 
cally called  a  whole  burnt-offering.  This  was  the  only  of- 
fering of  the  ancient  patriarchs,  and  is  the  only  one  men- 
tioned in  the  book  of  Genesis.  Afterward  it  became  one 
of  the  regular  classes  of  sacrifice  under  the  Levitical  law. 


mon  rush,  ./uncus  sguarrosus :  see  bur'1,  burr1.'] 
A  name  sometimes  given  in  Great  Britain  to 
tin'  alga  Laiuinaria  digitata. 

burrockt  (bur'qk),  ».'  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
small  weir  or  dam  put  in  a  river  to  direct  the 
stream  to  gaps  where  fish-traps  are  placed. 

burroughs,  »■  An  obsolete  spelling  of  borough1. 

burrough'-t,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  burrow*. 

burroughs  (bur'o),  n.     Same  as  borrow1,  1. 

"  got  borough1. 
so  ablir.  hur  : 
also" formerly  bury  (see  bury*);  <  ME.  borow, 
borw,  a  hole  as  a  place  of  shelter,  a  mound,  var. 
(appar.  by  confusion  with  borowc.  borne,  buruh, 
<  AS.  hitrh,  E.  borough1,  a  fortified  place,  bor- 
ough) of  bene,  beoruh,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorh,  E. 
barrow1,  a  mound:  see  burrow1  =  borough1, 
ami  harrow1,  bemi*.]  1.  A  barrow;  a  mound. 
Sir  T.  Browne.  See  barrow1.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  In  mining,  the  heap  of  refuse  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  or  entrance  of  an  adit- 
level  or  tunnel.—  3.  A  hole  in  the  ground  ex- 
cavated by  an  animal,  as  a  rabbit  or  a  mar- 
mot, as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 

It  [the  lemming]  lives  in  burrows  made  by  its  long  and 
crooked  claws.  T.  it.  Jones,  Mammalia,  p.  201. 

4.  [Perhaps  in  ref.  to  the  usually  circular 
shape  of  mounds;  cf.  the  equiv.  Sc.  brough*, 
otherwise  referred  to  burrow1  =  borough1  = 
brough1,  q.  v.  In  mod.  E.  dial.  abbr.  burr.']  A 
circle.  Compare  bur3,  burr3,  2. 
Burwhe  [var.  bxtrrowe],  sercle,  orbiculus. 

Prompt.  Para.,  p.  56. 

burrow2  (bur'o),  r.     [<  burrow*,  n.]     I.  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  hole  or  burrow  to  lodge  in,  as  in 
the  earth;  work  a  way  into  or  under  something. 

The  incidence  of  forces  is  the  same  all  around  the 
Earth-worm  as  it  burrows  through  the  compact  ground. 
11.  Spencer,  Prill,  of  Biol.,  §  250. 

2.  To  lodge  in  a  burrow;  in  a  more  general 
sense,  to  lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  place ; 
hide. 

The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  burrow  among  all  phys- 
ical and  among  all  moral  pollution. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

II.  trans.  To  perforate  with  a  burrow  or  as 
with  burrows. 

All  the  loose  blocks  of  coral  on  Keeling  atoll  were  bur- 
rowed by  vermiform  animals.    Darwin,  Coral  Reefs,  p.  154. 


moil.  E.  also  buret,  barrel,  borel,  <  ME.  borel  (see 
borel1),  <  OF.  buret  (=  Pi1,  buret  =  Sp.  buriet), 
reddish;  as  a  noun,  buret,  later  bureau,  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  (mod.  F.  bureau,  a  table,  etc.,  > 
E.  bureau,  q.  v.)  (=  Pr.  buret  =  Sp.  buriet  =  Pg. 
buret  =  It.  burello  =  ML.  burellus,  burn  Hits,  bu- 
rellum,  buratlus),  dim.  of  bure  (ML.  bura),  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  of  a  reddish  or  russet  color,  < 

ML.  burra,  coarse  hair  used  for  stuffing,  etc.,  burrow3!  (bur'o),  n.  A  variant  of  borrow1. 
LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment  (also  a  cow  with  burrow-duck  (bur'6-duk),  n.  A  name  of  the 
a  red  mouth  or  muzzle)  (pi.  burra;  trifles, 
jests) ;  cf.  birrus,  a  cloak  of  wool  or  silk  (see 
birrus);  <  OL.  burrus,  later  byrrus,  red,  prob.  < 
6r.  nvppoc,  older  -rrvpnic,  red,  flame-colored,  usu- 
ally referred  to  jrip  =  E.  fire.  Hence  bolt2, 
etc.]  1.  A  kind  of  coarse  russet  cloth  used  in 
the  middle  ages. 

His  white  mantle  was  shaped  with  severe  regularity,  ac- 
cording to  the  rule  of  Saint  Bernard  himself,  being  com- 
posed of  what  was  then  called  burrel  cloth. 


Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxxv. 

2.  A  silk  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  wardrobe.  Fairholt.S.  [Also6«r- 
rcl-pear,  altered,  in  simulation  of  burrel  (OF. 
buret,  reddish),  <  bury,  bury-pear:  see  bury*.] 
Same  as  bury*. 

burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli),  «.  A  kind  of  reddish 
gadfly,  or  breeze. 

burrellert  (bur'el-er),  ji.  [Also  written  httrril- 
ler;  <  burrel  +  -er1.]  A  maker  of  burrel ;  a 
clothmaker. 

burrel-shot  (bur'el-shot),  n.  [<  "burrel  (per- 
haps <  F.  bourrelcr,  torment)  +  shot."]  Small 
shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put 
into  cases,  to  be  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range ;  an  emergency  shot. 

burrhel  (bur'el),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  wild 
sheep  inhabiting  the  Himalayas ;  Oris  burrhel 
of  Blyth.     Also  barhal. 

burrhstone,  «.     See  burstone. 


bergander  or  sheldrake,  Tadorna  vulpanser  or 
T.  cornnta. 

burrower  (bur'o-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  burrows.'  Specifically — 2.  One  of  the 
fossorial  aculeate  Hymenoptera;  one  of  the 
Fossores  (which  see). 

burr-pump,  n.     See  bur-pump. 

burry  (ber'i),  a.  [<  bur1,  burr1,  +  -y1.]  Full  of 
burs;  resembling  burs :  us,  burry  wool. 

bursa  (ber'sii),  «.;  pi.  bursw  (-se).  [ML.,  a 
pouch,  purse:  see  burse,  bourse,  purse.]  In 
aunt,  and  zodl.,  a  pouch,  sac,  or  vesicle:  vari- 
ously applied  with  a  qualifying  term — Bursa 
chore-idea,  the  choroid  pouch ;  the  marsupium  or  pecten 
in  the  interior  of  a  bird's  eyeball.  See  marsupium.— 
Bursa  copulatrlx,  a  eopulatory  pouch,  as  in  arthropods. 

—  Bursa  Entiana,  in  ichth.,  the  Entian  pouch,  a  duo- 
denal portion  of  the  intestine,  succeeding  tic  pylorus, 
usually  dilated.— Bursa  Fabricii,  in  ornith.,  the  Fabri- 
cian  pouch  or  anal  gland  ;  a  peculiar  glandular  sac.  which 
opens  into  the  anterior  and  dorsal  region  of  the  cloaca 
in  birds. —  Bursa  genitalis,  in  echinoderms,  a  genital 
pouch,  into  which  the  generative  products  pass,  and 
thence  to  the  exterior,  as  in  the  ophiurians.—  Bursa  mu- 
cosa or  synovialis  (mucous  or  synovial  pouch),  a  closed 
sac  containing  a  small  amount  of  synovia,  placed  be 
tween  parts  moving  on  one  another,  to  facilitate  motion, 
as  between  a  tendon  and  a  bone  or  between  the  skin  and 
a  bony  prominence.  These  bursal  are  usually  lined  u  itti 
endothelium,  sometimes  not.  They  sometimes  communi- 
cate with  the  cavity  of  a  joint.  The  name  is  not  now, 
as  formerly,  extended  to  the  synovial  sheaths  of  tendons 
nor  to  the  "synovial  cavities  of  joints.     See  cut  under  hoof. 

—  Bursa  oinentalis,  the  cavity  of  the  lesser  omentum. 


bursal 

bursal  (ber'sal),  a.  [<  bursa  +  -<i/.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  bursa  or  burs®. 

bursalis  (ber-sa'lis),  ».;  pi.  bundles 
[NL.,  <  Ml,,  bursa:  see  bursa.]  A  muscle  of 
tin'  eyeball  of  birds  and  many  other  Saura/i- 
siiln.  serving  to  operate  the  nictitating  mem- 
brane or  third  eyelid,  usually  in  connection 
with  another  muscle  called  the  pyraniidaUs.  In 
birds  this  muscle  is  also  called  the  quadrate  >>v 
quadratus. 

bursalogy  (ber-sal'o-ji),  n.   [<  ML.  (XL.)  bursa 
+  (Jr.   -">;<",  <  >i}nv,  speak:  see  -ology.]     In 
anal,  and  sobl.,  the  study  of,  or  what  is  known 
rding,  the  bursas. 

bursar  (ber'sar),  n.  [<  ML.  bursarius  (>  F. 
boursiei  .  a  treasurer.  <  bursa,  a  burse:  see 
hursr.~]  1.  A  student  in  a  college  who  reeeives 
an  allowance  from  a  fund  tor  his  subsistence, 
called  a  burse  or  bursary.  The  word  was  formerly  in 
general  use,  and  is  still  used  in  Scotch  collegeB ;  but  in 
cholars  are  now  called  sizars,  in  Oxford 

A  n  itm:<. 

2.  The  purser,  treasurer,  or  bailiff  of  a  college 
or  other  community. 

Bursaria  (ber-sa'n-a),  re.  [NL.,  <  ML.  bursa, 
a  pouch.]  A  genus  of  eiliate  infusorians,  typi- 
i  :il  of  the  family  ihtrsariitltr,  to  which  very  dif- 
ferent limits  have  been  given.  («)  By  the  old 
ra  numerous  dissimilar  forms  were  combined  in  it. 
B3  recent  writers  it  is  restricted  to  the  B.  trutwa- 
and  closely  allied  species  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Bursariidae  (ber-sSr-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
saria +  4<Ue]  A  family  of  eiliate  heterotri- 
chous  animalcules,  typified  by  the  genus  Bursa- 
ria.  The  oral  cilia  form  a  simple  straight  or  oblique  adoral 
fringe.  The  animalcules  are  free-swimming,  persistent  in 
shape,  anil  more  or  less  oval,  Imt  often  flattened.  Most  of 
tin-  species  occur  in  the  intestines  of  niyriapods  and  worms. 

bursarship  (ber'sar-ship),  n.  [<  bursar  +  -ship."] 
1.  The  office  of  a  bursar. — 2.  A  bursary. 

bursary  (ber'sa-ri),  n. ;  pi.  bursaries  (-riz).  [< 
Ml,.  Inns,  a  hi,  office  of  a  bursar :  see  bursar."] 

1.  The  treasury  of  a  college  or  monastery. — 

2.  In  the  universities  and  colleges  of  Scot- 
land, a  grant  of  money  for  a  short  period  of 
years,  obtained  by  a  student,  usually  by  com- 
petitive examination,  to  enable  him  to  prose- 
oute  his  studies. 

bursch  (bursh),  re. ;  pi.  burschen  (bur'shen). 
|ii.,  <  MHG.  burse,  a  society,  esp.  of  students, 
prop,  a  (common)  purse  (>  G.  borse,  a  purse),  < 
ML.  bursa,  a  purse:  see  burse  and  purse.]  In 
Germany,  a  boy  or  lad;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university,  especially  a  corps-student. 

burse  (bers),  re.  [<  F.  bourse,  a  purse,  bursary, 
evhange,  stock  exchange  (see  bourse),  <  ML. 
hursti.  a  purse,  a  bag,  a  skin,  <  Gr.  fivpaa,  a  hide, 
skin:  see  purse,  which  is  a  doublet  of  burse.] 
1.  A  bag  ;  a  pouch  ;  a  purse.  Specifically— («)  A 
used  to  rover  a  crown,  (b)  Eecles.,  a  receptacle 
for  the  corporal  and  chalice-cover.  It  is  square  ami  flat, 
made  of  cardboard  covered  with  rich  silk  or  cloth  of  gold, 
embroidered  and  studded  with  jewels,  open  on  one  side 
only,  and  placed  over  the  chalice-veil  when  the  sacred 
Is  are  carried  tu  the  altar  by  the  celebrant. 

2f.  Anything  resembling  a  purse ;  avesicle;  a 
pod.  Ilollttiitl. — 3f.  Abourse;  an  exchange:  as, 
'■  merchants'  burses,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To 
the  Reader. 

Come  then,  my  son!,  approach  this  royal  burse, 
And  see  what  wares  our  great  exchange  retains. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  7. 

4.  A  bursary.  See  bursari/,  2.  [Scotch.]  — The 
burse,  the  Etoyal  Exchange  in  London,  built  by  sir 
Thomas  Qresham  In  1666,  or  tin-  New  Exchange,  called 
Britain'*  Bur  ,  and  afterward  "Exeter  'Change,  built  in 
1609  by  the  Karl  of  Salisbury  on  the  site  of  the  present  \.\ 
Bter  II all  in  the  Strand.  There  were  shops  over  the  ex- 
change, where  female  finery  was  sold.  Hence  the  allusion 
in  the  quotation. 

rys  she  »'nt  to  thr  Buree  for  patterns. 

Miildlelon  trml  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  vL 

she  has  been  at  Britain's  bumf  a  baying  pins  and  nee- 

Glapthtinii ,  \\  it  in  Constat}. 

burseholdert,  »'.    Same  as  borsltolder. 

■    ■■■  in,  li  t- am  ech  on--  was  bounde  for  another,  and  the 

■  or  i<    I  ol  them   m  bom  they  called  He-  Tithingmai] 

or  Sureeholdet    that  i    the  1  Idei  1  pit  dgi    b<  came  suretye 

for  all  lie   i  Sp,  ,1         in,  oi  Ireland. 

Bursera  (ber'se-ra),  «.  [XI,..  named  after  Jo- 
achim Bm  en    a  German  botanist  of  the  seven- 

r  •  nth  century.  ]  The  typical  genua  of  Ho-  or- 
der Burst  raa  <e,  small  trees  or  shrubs  of  Mexico 
and  tropical   America.     There  an  over  10 

will,  1 1.  yieldlD  whii  b  1 

used  for  varnish,  Incense,  •  tc 

Burseracesefinr-s,  ,,/.  [  \i,.,< /{,,,-- 

ra+  -aeem.  |  A  rial  oral  ordi  1  <>i  polypetalous 
exogens,  shrubs  or  trees  ■■!"  warm  countries, 
with  compound  dotted  lea 

lntragranl  bal   1  1     En    whlchhavt  from  early  times 

1  employed  In  mi  diclne   fumigation,  and  perl 

'Ma  yield  olibaiiiih i   ,  i ,  1 .  1 1 , fnut 


730 

miphora  is  the  source  of  myrrh,  balm  of  (Ulead,  and  other 
resins.  Different  kinds  of  gum  alemi  arc  obtained  from 
species  of  Canarium,  Bursera,  and  Protium. 

burseraceous  (ber-se-ra  shins),  «.  Belonging 
to  the  natural  order  Jiurseraeete. 

bursiculate  (ber-sik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  bursicu- 
latus,  <  "bur&icula,  dim.  of  ML.  bursa,  a  purse, 
pouch:  see  burse, purse.]  1.  Bursiform. —  2. 
In  but.,  resembling  a  small  pouch,  or  having  a 
small  pouch-like  cavity. 

bursiform  (ber'si-forin),  a.  [<  ML.  bursa,  purse, 
+  L.  forma,  shape:  see  purse  and  form,  n.] 
Pouch-like;  saccate;  saccular;  vesicular. 

bursitis  (ber-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bursa  +  -Ms.] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  a  bursa. 

Burslem  porcelain,  pottery.  See  porcelain, 
•pottery. 

burst  (berst),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burst,  ppr.  burst- 
iutj.  [E.  dial,  also  brtist,  brest,  brast;  <  ME. 
bersten,  bresten,  bristen  (pret.  burst,  berst,  brast, 
pi.  bursten,  pp,  bursten,  borslen,  brosten),  <  AS. 
berstan  for  *brestan  (pret.  beerst,  pi.  burston,  pp. 
borsten)  =  OS.  brestan  =  OFries.  bersta  =  D. 
bersten  =  MLG.  bersten,  barsten,  borsten,  LG. 
borsten  =  OHG.  brestan,  MHG.  bresten,  G.  ber- 
sten =  Icel.  bresta  =  Sw.  brista  =  Dan.  briste, 
all  orig.  intrans.,  burst,  break  asunder;  prob. 
allied  to  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  etc.  Cf.  Ir.  bri- 
sim,  I  break,  Gael,  bris,  brisd,  break:  see  bruise. 
The  spelling  with  u  instead  of  e  is  partly  due  to 
the  pret.  and  pp.  forms.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  fly 
or  break  open  as  an  effect  of  internal  forces  and 
with  sudden  violence;  suffer  a  violent  disrup- 
tion; explode. 

And  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  90. 
A  delicate  spark 
Of  glowing  and  growing  light  .  .  . 
Ready  to  burnt  in  a  colour'd  flame. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  3. 
Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  break  or  give  way 
from  violent  pain  or  emotion :  as,  my  head  will 
burst;  her  heart  burst  with  grief. 

So  they  bryng  the  bolde  kyng  bynne  the  schippe  bunle. 
That  nere  he  bristez  for  bale,  one  bede  whare  he  Ivggez. 
Morte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  805. 
No,  no;  my  heart  will  burst,  an  if  I  speak: 
And  I  will  speak,  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  come  or  go  suddenly;  rush:  as,  the  en- 
emy in  an  instant  burst  upon  us. 

We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst 
Into  that  silent  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 
And  every  bird  of  Eden  burst 
In  carol,  every  bud  to  flower. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  L'Envoi. 
To  burst  in,  to  force  a  way  violently  from  without  an  in- 
closed place  into  it.— To  burst  Out,  to  force  a  way  vio- 
lently from  within  outward. 

He  made  hym  to  falle  on  knees  and  handes  to  the  erthe, 
that  the  blode  braste  o[ute  of  his  lilede. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  389. 

For  had  the  passions  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  decipher 'd  there 
More  rancorous  spite.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

To  burst  up,  to  explode;  hence,  to  fail;  become  bank 

nipt.    [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 
Then  you  think  .  .  .  that  if  Lammle  got  time  he  wouldn't 

burst  upf  Dickens,  fur  Mutual  Friend,  iii.  12. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rend  by  force  or  violence 
(that  which  confines  or  retains) ;  open  sudden- 
ly and  violently  ;  cause  to  explode :  as,  to  burst 
one's  bonds;  to  burst  a  cannon. 

He  fasten'd  on  my  neck,  ami  bellow'd  out 
As  he'd  burst  heaven.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

The  well-trained  apricot  its  bonds  had  burst. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  176. 

2f.  To  break,  in  general. 
You  will  not  pay  for  the  glasses  you  have  burst  ? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  Ind.,  i. 

=  Syn.  (1'.  i.  and  t.)  1.  To  split,  separate,  rend,  tear. 

burst  (berst),  n.  [<  burst,  v.]  1.  A  sudden 
disruption;  a  violent  rending. — 2.  A  sudden 
explosion  or  shooting  forth ;  a  rush ;  an  out- 
burst:  as,  a,  burst  of  applause  ;  a  burst  of  pas- 
sion ;  "burst  of  thunder,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1651. 

Bursts  of  fox-hunting  melody.  Irving. 

3f.  A  rupture  j  a,  hernia.— 4.  Asmartraco;  a 
spurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short  that  you 
can  never  get  a  burst  after  them.  Trotlope. 

5.  A  sudden  opening  to  sight  or  view.    [Rare.] 

Here  is  a  tine  burst  of  country. 

Jit  in  A  ustt'ii,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

6.  A  spree.     [Colloq.] 

burstent  (bers  tn),  p.  a.     [Older  pp.  of  burst, 
r.]     Affected  with  a  rupture  or  hernia. 
II.  was  born  bursten  .  and  your  worship  knows 

'that  is  a  pretty  Step  to  nuns  . 'impassion. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady. 


Burwell's  operation 

burstennesst,  burstnesst  (bers'tn-,  berst'nes), 
n.  [<  bursten,  burst,  pp.,  +  7ness.]  1.  A  broken 
or  bruised  condition  ;  brokenness ;  in  the  ex- 
tract, a  mass  of  bruises. 

IF  as  beat  me 
F.  en  to  a  eullis  :  I  am  nothing,  right  worshipful, 
Put  very  pap  and  jelly ;  1  have  no  bones, 
My  body  's  all  one  burstness. 

Fletchtf  (unit  ttiiiitlu'i'!),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  1. 

2.  Rupture;  hernia. 

burster  (bers'ter),  n.  One  who  bursts ;  one  who 
breaks  in  pieces.     Cotgrave. 

bursting  (bers'ting),  )t.  a.     [Ppr.  of  burst,  v.] 
Breaking  forth ;  ready  to  burst  or  expand. 
Young  spring  protrudes  the  bursting  gems.     Thomson, 

bursting-charge  (bers'ting-chiirj),  n.  1.  In 
mining,  a  small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed 
in  contact  with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  to 
insure  the  ignition  of  the  latter. — 2.  In  ord- 
nance, the  cliarge  of  powder  required  for  burst- 
ing a  shell  or  case-shot. 

burstlet,  »•     An  obsolete  variant  of  bristle. 

burstnesst,  »•    Bee  burstenness. 

burstone  (ber'ston),  n.  [Also  written  irreg. 
buhrstone  and  burrlistone ;  <  ftwr1  +  stone.]  1. 
A  rough,  unhewn  stone.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A 
name  given  to  certain  silicious  or  siliciocalca- 
reous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces  present  a 
bur  or  keen-cutting  texture,  which  makes  them 
the  best  kind  of  millstones.  Tin-  most  esteemed  va- 
rieties are  obtained  from  the  upper  fresh-water  bids  of  the 
Paris  basin,  and  from  the  Eocene  strata  of  South  America. 
The  French  burstones  are  of  a  whitish  or  cream  color. 
Also  called  bur  and  bur-millstone. 

burstwort  (berst'wert),  ».  [<  burst,  «.,  3,  + 
wort.]  The  Herniaria  glabra,  a  low  weed  of  Eu- 
rope, natural  order  Illeeebraeew,  formerly  used 
in  the  treatment  of  hernia.  Also  called  rupture- 
wort. 

burt1  (bert),  n.     Same  as  bret. 

hurt3  (bert),  v.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  burten,  butt.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  butt  or  thrust  with  the  horns. 
—  2.  To  press  or  indent.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Il.t  intrans.  To  butt;  thrust  with  the  horns. 

Burton,  ashornyd  bestys,  cornupeto,  arieto. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  56. 

Burt  lyke  a  ramme,  arieto.  Hvloet. 

burtert, «.  [ME.  burter,  burtare;  <  burt-  +  -er1.] 
A  butter ;  an  animal  that  butts,  or  thrusts  with 
its  horns. 


Burtare  [var.  burter]. 


beste,  cornupeta. 

Prompt.  Purr.,  p.  66. 


Older  form  of  burden2. 
An  erroneous  form  of 


II.  i.  so. 
See  burtlen- 


burthen1  (ber'THn),  n.  and  r.     Older  form  of 

burden*-, 
burthen2  (ber'THn),  n. 
burthen;i  (ber'THn),  n 

burden3,  by  confusion  with  burden1  and  burden? 

The  sad  burthen  of  some  merry  song. 
Pope,  linit.  of  Horace, 

burthenoust,  burthensome,  etc 

ous,  etc. 

bur-thistle  (ber'this'l),  n.  [Also  called  burry- 
tltistle ;  <  bur1  or  burry  +  thistle.]  The  spear- 
thistle,  Cardutts  laneetilatus :  so  called  from  its 
prickly  involucre.     See  Hustle.     [Scotch.] 

burtlej  birtle  (ber'tl),  ».  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  bir- 
ti/lle.  bi/rti/l(-tre).]  A  sweeting  apple.  [North. 
Eng.] 

burton  (ber'- 
ton),  n.  [Origin 
unknown ;  per- 
haps from  a 
proper  name. 
Cf.  aburton.] 
Xattt.,  a  tackle 
used  for  various 
purposes.  —  sin- 
gle burton,  a  tack- 
le rove  with  two 
single  blocks,  and 
largely  used  on 
merchant  ships  for 
loading  and  dis- 
charging cargo. — 
Spanish  burton, 
double  Spanish 
burton,  a  tackle 
rove  with  one  dou- 
ble and  one  or  two 
single  blocks.  Top 
burton,  a  long 
tackle  formed  of  a  double  and  a  single  block,  the  upper 

block  being  I ked  at  the  topmast-head.    It  is  used  for 

Bending  up  or  down  yards  or  sails,  setting  up  rigging,  etc. 

Burton  skate.    See  skate. 

bur-tree,  »•     Samo  as  hour-tree. 

burweed  (ber'wed),  ».    [<"»)■'  +  weed*.]    A 

name  common  to  plants  of  the  gen  us  San  tit  i  tint : 
also  applied  to  the  bedstraw,  Galium  Aparine, 
ami  in  Jamaica  to  Triumfetta.    See  bur-bark. 
Burwell's  operation.    See  operation. 


I.  Single  Burton.    --.  Double  Spanish  Burton. 
i     J  ■  ■  j  •  Miitl.ni. 


bury 

bury1  (l)or'i),  n.  [A  form  oquiv.  to  borough1, 
due  to  the  gen.  and  dat.  form  byrigot  the  orig. 
AS.  burh,  a  fortified  place,  town,  borough:  see 
borough1,  burrow1.]  A  castle,  manor-house,  or 
habitation  ;  a  borough.  The  word  appears  in  many 
names  nf  places,  as  in  Canterbury  (AS.  gen.  and  dat.  Cant- 
wara-'o/ro/,  imm.  -burh),  Shrewsbury,  Aldcnnan/oo  </,  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  etc. 

To  this  very  day  the  chief  house  of  a  manor,  or  the  lord's 
seat,  is  called  bury  in  some  parts  of  England.  Miege. 

bury-  (ber'i),  n.  [Another  form  of  burrow-, 
orig.  barrow1.  Cf.  equiv.  berry2.]  If.  A  bur- 
row. 

It  is  his  nature  to  dig  himself  buries,  as  the  coney  doth. 

N.  Grew. 
2.  A  camp  or  heap  of  turnips  or  the  like,  stored 
up. 

bury'  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buried,  ppr. 
burying.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcry  (the  form  to 
which  the  mod.  pron.  belongs),  <  ME.  beryen, 
bcrien,  biryen,  birien,  buryen,  burien,  byrieu,  <  AS. 
byrgan,  ■sr&r.byrigan,  birgan,  birigan,  weak  verb, 
bury,  inter  (a  dead  body)  (=  Icel.  byrgja,  close, 
shut,  hide,  veil),  appar.  orig.  save  or  keep  by 
covering  or  hiding,  <  beorgan  (pret.  bearh,  pi. 
burgon,  pp.  borgen),  also  gc-bcorgan,  save,  pro- 
tect, shelter,  defend,  keep,  preserve,  early  ME. 
bergen  =  OS.  gi-bergan  =  D.  bergen  —  MLG.  ber- 
gen, bargen,  LG.  bargen  =  OHG.  bergan,  MHG. 
G.  bergen  =  Icel.  bjarga  =  Sw.  berga  =  Dan. 
bjerge  =  Goth,  bairgan,  ga-bairgan,  keep,  save: 
not  known  outside  of  Tout.  Hence  ult.  bor- 
row1, and  (prob. )  borough1  =  burrow1  =  bury1, 
etc.]  1.  To  deposit  and  inclose  in  a  grave  or 
tomb,  as  a  dead  body ;  consign  to  any  final  rest- 
ing-place after  or  as  after  death;  entomb. 

I  hadde  leuer  she  hadde  he  biried  all  quyk  than  this 
hadde  hir  he-fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  4(is. 

Lord,  suffer  me  first  to  go  and  bury  my  father. 

Mat.  viii.  21. 
I'll  bury  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  cover  or  conceal  from  sight;  sink  or 
lodge  in  or  under  anything:  as,  to  bury  trea- 
sures in  the  earth  or  under  rubbish;  he  buried 
the  dagger  in  his  enemy's  heart. 

In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  1. 
All  their  confidence 
Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  652. 

Hence — 3.  To  cover  up;  keep  secret;  hide; 
conceal. 

I  have  (as  when  the  sun  doth  light  a  storm) 
Buried  this  sigh  in  wrinkle  of  a  smile. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1. 

He  was  glad  when  he  could  fall  on  his  knees  at  last  and 
bury  his  face  in  the  pillow  of  the  sufferer. 

Bret  Harte,  Shore  and  Sedge,  p.  49. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement :  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  in  a  monastery  or  in  solitude. 

I  will  bury  myself  in  myself,  and  the  Devil  may  pipe  to 
his  own.  Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  19. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion ;  put  away  finally  from 
one's  thoughts:  as,  to  bury  an  injury. 

Give  me  a  bowl  of  wine :  — 
In  this  I  bury  all  unkindness,  Cassius. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  instruments  of 
war,  forget  injuries,  and  make  peace  :  a  phrase  borrowed 
from  tlie  practice  of  the  American  Indians  of  burying  a 
tomahawk  when  a  peace  is  concluded. 

bury4  (ber'i),  n.  [A  corruption  of  F.  beurre,  a 
kind  of  pear,  lit.  'buttered,'  pp.  of  beurrer,  but- 
ter, <  beurre  =  E.  butter.  Also  barrel,  q.  v.]  A 
delicate  pear  of  sev- 
eral varieties. 

bury5  (ber'i),  «.  Soft 
shale  or  clay;  fluean. 
[Ireland.] 

buryelt,  »•  Beeburial. 

burying  (ber'i-ing), 
n.  [<  ME.  buryingc, 
berying,  etc. ;  verbal 
n.  of  bury3,  t>.]  Bu- 
rial ;  sepulture.  John 
xii.  7. 

burying-beetle  (ber'- 
i-ing-be"tl),  n.  The 
common  name  of  bee- 
tles of  the  family  Sil- 
phidw  and  genus  Are- 
CrophorUS.  So  called 
from  their  habit  of  bury- 
ing the  carcasses  of  small 
animals,  as  mice,  moles, 
or  shrews,  in  which  they 


Busby. 


have      deposited       their 


Buryiug-bectle  iNecrofihoi 
americanus),  natural  size. 


731 

burying-ground  (ber'i-ing -ground),  n.  A 
graveyard;  a  place  appropriated  to  the  sepul- 
ture of  the  dead ;  a  churchyard  or  cemetery. 

burying-place  (ber'i-ing-plas),  n.  Same  as  bu- 
rying-ground. 

bus,  buss3  (bus),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  omnibus;  of. 
call,  ran3.]  An  omnibus,  or  public  street-car- 
riage.    [Colloq.] 

Tin  a  conductor  now,  but  wouldn't  be  long  behind  a  bus 
if  it  wasn't  from  necessity.  Hayhew. 

lb-  proposed  that  they  should  go,  pet  bum,  a  little  way 
into  the  country.  Dickens. 

busby  (buz'bi),  n.  [Appar.  after  a  propel 
name.]  A  military  head-dress  worn  by  hus- 
sars, artillerymen,  and  engi- 
neers in  the  British  army,  con- 
sisting of  a  fur  hat  with  a  bag, 
of  the  same  color  as  tin-  facings 
of  the  regiment,  hanging  from 
the  top  over  the  right  side. 
The  bag  appears  to  be  a  relic  of  a 
Hungarian  head-dress  from  which  a 
long  padded  bag  hung,  and  was  at- 
tached to  tlie  right  shoulder  as  a  de- 
fense against  sword-cuts. 

buscon  (bus'kon),  n. ;  pi.  bus- 
cones  (bus-ko'nez).  [<  Sp. 
buscon,  a  searcher,  <  buscar, 
( )Sp.  boscar,  seek  (=  Pg.  bus- 
cur  =  It.  buscare,  search  for, 
=  F.  busquer  (Cotgrave),  seek, 
shift,  filch),  prob.  <  OSp.  bosco,  bush,  thicket 
(Sp.  bosgue),  and  thus  lit.  go  through  a  thicket, 
beat  the  bush,  as  in  hunting:  see  bush1."]  A 
miner  who  takes  work  as  tribute,  or  who  re- 
ceives as  his  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  ore 
obtained;  a  tributer.     [Western  U.  S.] 

bush1  (bush),  n.  [<  ME.  bussh,  busch,  bosch,as- 
sibilated  form  of  husk,  bosk  (also  in  use),  a  bush, 
a  thicket,  =  D.  bosch,  a  wood,  a  forest,  =  MLG. 
buscli,  busk,  LG.  busk,  <  OHG.  busc,  MH(i.  <i. 
busch,  a  thicket,  copse,  bush,  =  Icel.  buskr, 
buski  (Haldorsen)  =  Sw.  buske  =  Dan.  busk,,  a 
bush,  a  shrub.  Hence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bus- 
eus,  bosons,  >  OF.  bos,  F.  bois  (see  bois)  =  Pr. 
bosc  =  OSp.  bosco,  Sp.  Pg.  basque  =  It.  bosco, 
a  wood,  thicket,  bush.  See  busk",  busk3,  bus- 
con,  boscage,  bosket,  bouquet,  ambush,  ambuscade, 
etc.]    If.  A  thicket ;  a  clump  of  shrubs  or  trees. 

Ther  as  by  aventure  this  Palamoun 

Was  in  a  busche,  that  no  man  migbte  him  see, 

For  sore  afered  of  his  deth  was  he. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  659. 

2.  A  shrub  with  branches ;  a  thick  shrub ;  tech- 
nically, a  low  and  much-branched  shrub. 

The  Mount  of  Synay  is  elept  the  Desert  of  Syne,  that  is  f  <  ir 

to  seyue,  Bussche  brennynge.     Mandeuille,  Travels,  p.  5S. 

Each  common  bush  shall  Syrian  roses  wear.       Dryden. 

3.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  etc. ;  a  wide  uncultivated  tract 
of  country  covered  with  scrub:  as,  the  bush 
was  here  very  dense;  to  take  to  the  bush  (to 
become  a  bush-ranger):  so  used  especially  in 
the  British  colonies  of  Australasia. 

Our  first  mile  lay  through  the  most  exquisite  tract  of 

bush  it  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  behold  in  any 

land  ;  groups  of  tall  red  or  black  pine  .  .  .  mingled  with 

fine  trees  of  various  sorts,  matted  by  luxuriant  creepers. 

The  Century.  XXVII.  923. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.     See  ale-stake  and  ale-garland. 

Good  wine  needs  no  bush.  Old  provt  rb. 

'  Wicker  bottles  dangling  over  even  the  chiefe  entrance 
into  the  palace,  serving  for  a  vintners  bush. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  (let.  22, 1044. 

Outward  figures  which  hang  as  signs  or  bushes  of  their 

inward  forms.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  2. 

Hence  —  5f.  The  tavern  itself . 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  bash. 

Beau,  und  Fl. 

6.  The  tail  or  brush  of  a  fox To  beat  about 

the  bush.    -See  beati.-  To  go  by  beggar's  bush.   See 
beggar.=  Syn.  Shrub,  Herb,  etc    Sit  vegetable,  u. 
bush1  (bush),  i:     [<  bush1,  n.]     I.  introns.  To 
grow  thick  or  bushy;  serve  or  show  as  a  bush. 
The  bushing  alders  formed  a  shady  scene. 

Pope,  Odyssey. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  support 
with  bushes  or  branched  sticks:  as,  to  bush 
peas. —  2.  To  use  a  bush-harrow  on:  as,  to  bush 
a  piece  of  wood. — 3.  To  cover  (seeds)  by  us- 
ing a  bush-harrow:  as,  to  bush  in  seeds. 
bush2  (bush),  n.  [<  D.  bus  =  G.  biischc  =  E. 
box2,  a  box  ;  all  used  also  in  the  sense  of  bush-.'] 
1 .  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an  ori- 
fice to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction;  the 
perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted  into  cer- 
tain parts  of  machinery,  as  the  pivot-holes  of 
a  clock,  the  center  of  a  cart-wheel,  etc.,  to  re- 


bushel 

ceive  the  wear  of  pivots,  journals,  and  the  like. 
Also  called  bushing. —  2.  A  tailors'  thimble. 
Also  called  bushel.  '  |C.  s.| 

bush-   (bush),    V.    t.      [<   bush2,  n.]     To  furnish 

with  a  bush;  line  (an  orifice,  ,-is  one  in  which 

a  pivot  or  axle  works)  with  metal  to  prevent 

a luasion  or  to  reduco  the  diameter. 

A  gun  chamber  is  bushed,  in  order  that  it  may  receive  a 

shell  of  smaller  exterior  <li iter  than  before. 

Forest  unit  Stream,  .XXIII.  445. 

bush-babbler  (bush'bab'ler),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied by  writers  on  Indian  and  African  birds 
to  species  of  the  genera   Bradypterus,  Cratero 

pus,  and  other  short-winged  and  slender-billed 
oscine  Passeres,  more  or  less  related  to  the 
old-world  warblers,  or  Si/lnidir. 

bush-beail  (bush'ben'),  n.  An  American  name 
lor  beans  that  do  not  climb,  or  dwarf  beans ;  the 
usual  form  of  string-beans  and  wax-beans. 

bush-block  (biish'blok),  n.  A  block  carrying 
a  bushing. 

bushbok  (bush'bok),  n.     Same  as  bushbuck. 

bushbuck  (bush'buk),  n.  [<  bush1  +  buck1,  af- 
ter D.  boschbok.]  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Tragela]>hus,  especially 
to  T.  sylvaticus,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and 
Cape  Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2£  feet  high,  with 
triangular  subspiral  horns.  The  male  is  dark 
sepia-brown  and  the  female  reddish-brown  above :  both 
are  white  below.  Also  called  bush-goat.  —  White-backed 
bushbuck,  the  name  given  to  the  Cephalophus  sylvicul- 
trir,  a  white-backed  antelope  of  western  Africa,  6  feet 
long  and  3  feet  high,  with  black,  shining,  pointed,  nearly 
straight  horns,  short,  slender  limbs,  and  sleek,  glossy, 
deep-brown  hair. 

bushcat  (bush'kat),  n.     Same  as  serval. 

bushchat  (bush'chat),  «.  Maegillivray's  name 
for  the  birds  of  his  genus  Fruticicola,  as  the 
whin-bushchat  (the  whinchat,  tiaxicola  or  Pra- 
tincole/, rubetra,  of  authors  in  general)  and  the 
black-headed  bushchat  (the  stonechat,  /S.  or 
P.  rubicola). 

bush-chirper  (bush'cher''per),  ii.  A  book-name 
of  African  birds  of  the  genus  Ereniomela,  as  /'.'. 
Jiaiircntris,  the  yellow-bellied  bush-chirper. 

bush-creeper  (bush'kre'per),  «.  A  book-name 
of  sundry  African  sylviine  birds  of  the  genus 
Thamnobia,  as  T.  coryphtca,  the  coryphee  bush- 
creeper. 

bush-dog  (biisli'dog),  n.  1.  A  canine  quadru- 
ped of  South  America,  the  Icticyon  venaticus, 
or  hunting-dog.  See  Icticyon. — 2.  A  name  of 
the  lemuroid  potto,  Perodicticns potto. 

bushed  (busht),  a.  [<  bush1  +  -ed?.]  Lost  in 
the  bush. 

If  you  know  your  way,  well  and  good  ;  but  if  you  once 
get  wrong,  Lord  help  you  !  you're  bushed,  as  sure  as  you're 
alive.  Mueiuillan's  Moo. 

bushel1  (bush'el),  n.  [<  ME.  busshel,  buschel, 
buischel,  etc.  (=Icel.  bussel),<.  OF.  bussel,  boissel, 
F.  boisseau,  <  ML.  bnssellus,  a  bushel,  <  bussula, 
a  little  box,  a  dim.  formed  from  "bussida  for  bnx- 
ida,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis,  also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box : 
see  boist1,  box2,  and  cf.  buss2,  boss3.]  1.  A  dry 
measure,  containing  8  gallons  or  4  pecks.  The 
imperial  bushel  legally  established  in  Great  Britain  in 
1826  has  a  capacity  of  2,218.192  cubic  inches,  and  holds  SO 
pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at  the  temperature 
of  62°  F.  with  the  barometer  at  30  inches.  Previous  to 
this  the  Winchester  bushel  had  been  the  standard  mea- 
sure from  Anglo-Saxon  times ;  its  capacity  was  2,150.42 
cubic  inches.  The  measures  of  capacity  of  the  United 
States  are  founded  on  the  Winchester  bushel,  the  im- 
pel i.d  system  having  been  created  since  the  separation  of 
the  two  countries.  The  name  Winchester  bushel  is  de- 
rived from  the  fact  that  the  ancient  standard  bushel-mea- 
sure of  England  was  preserved  in  the  town-hall  of  Win- 
chester. Numerous  bushels  were  in  use  in  England  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  imperial  system.  Thus,  by  a 
statute  of  Anne,  a  bushel  of  coals  is  to  contain  a  Winches- 
ter bushel  and  a  quart  of  water,  to  be  19.J  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of  a  coiie  6  inches  high. 
Various  equivalent  weights  of  different  commodities  had 
also  been  made  bushels  l>y  law.  Many  of  the  American 
States  have  established  equivalent  weights,  which  vary 
considerably  in  different  States.    Abbreviated  to  bu.,  bush. 

Of  a  Lundeii  busehelle  he  shalle  bake 

xx  louys  [loaves],  I  vnduilak. 

Beibees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a  bushel. 

The  Grand  Signior  .  .  .  commonly  weareth  a  vest  nf 
green,  and  the  greatest  Turbant  in  the  Empire  :  I  should 
not  speake  much  out  of  compassc,  should  I  say  as  large 
in  compasse  as  a  busheli.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  is. 

3.  An  indefinitely  large  quantity.     [Colloq.] 

The  worthies  of  antiquity  bought  the  rarest  pictures 
with  bushels  of  gold,  without  counting  the  weight  or  the 
number  of  the  pieces. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting. 

bushel2  (bush'el),  n.  [Dim.  of  bush2,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  bush2,  2.     [U.  S.] 

bushel-  (bush'el),  v.  t.  or  i.  [<  bushel2,  «.]  To 
mend,  as  a  man's  garment ;  repair  men's  gar- 
ments. 


bushelage 

bushelage  (bush/el-aj),  n.  [<  bushel1  + -age.'] 
A  duty  payable  on  commodities  by  tho  bushel. 

bushel-barrel  (bush'el-bar  el),  n.  One  of  the 
halves  of  a  barrel  eul  in  two,  containing  about 
a  bushel  and  a  half:  used  for  measuring  oysters. 

busheler,  busheller  (bush'el-er),  n.  [<  bushel? 
+  -er1.]  A  tailor's  assistant,  whose  business 
i-  t<>  repair  garments.    [lT.  s.j 

bushelman  (bush '  el-man),  n. ;  pi.  bushelmen 
in. 'i!  i.     Same  as  busheler. 

bushelwoman  (bush'el-wum'an),  n. ;  pi.  bush- 
omen  (-wini  on).  [<  bushefo  +  woman.]  A 
woman  who  assists  a  tailor  in  repairing  gar- 
ments.    (  V .  S.] 

bushet  (bush'et),  n.  [<  bush1  +  dim. -ei.  Cf.  bas- 
ket, bosket,  and  bouquet]  A  thicket;  a  copse; 
u  little  wood.     [Kare.] 

A  bushet  or  wood  on  a  hill,  not  far  from  the  wayside. 

Ray,  Remains,  p.  251. 

bush-fighting  (biish  'fi" ting),  «.  A  mode  of 
fighting  in  which  the  combatants  scatter  ami 
tin'  from  behind  the  shelter  of  bushes  or  trees. 

I  don't  like  this  pitiful  ambuscade  work,  this  bush-fight- 
ing. Column,  Jealous  Wife,  v.  3. 

bush-goat  (bush'got),  «.     Same  as  bushbuck. 

bush-hammer  (bush/ ham  "er),  n.  A  masons' 
hammer,  (o)  A  heavy  hammer  used  for  breaking  and 
splitting  stones,  (b)  A  hammer  consisting  of  cutters  liav- 
iiiL'  rectangular  steel  plates,  wlm.se  lower  edges  are  sharp- 
ened, and  which  are  placed  side  by  side  and  clamped  by 
thi  central  part  of  the  hammer.  The  cutting  face  is  thus 
f.  .nncd  of  parallel  V-edges,  whose  number  and  fineness  of 
cut  are  determined  by  the  number  of  plates.  It  is  used  in 
dressing  millstones,  (c)  A  hammer  of  the  same  general 
ruction  as  the  preceding,  used  in  finishing  the  sur- 
face of  stonework,  (d)  A  masons'  finishing  hammer,  bav- 
ins: a  rectangular  face  studded  with  pyramidal  steel 
points.  It  gives  the  finest  surface  of  all  stone-cutting 
tools. 

bush-harrow  (biish'har"6),  «.  An  implement 
consistingof  a  frame  to  which  bushes  or  branches 
arc  fastened,  used  for  harrowing  grass-lands 
and  covering  grass-  or  clover-seeds. 

bush-hook  I  bush  'huk),  n.  A  long-handled  bill- 
hook or  brush-cutter. 

bushiness  (biish'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the  branches  of 
a  bush. 

bushing  (bush'ing),  «..  [<  bush-  +  -nig1.]  1. 
Same  as  bush-,  1. —  2.  A  hollow  cylindrical 
mass  of  steel  or  iron  screwed  into  the  rear  end 
of  the  bore  of  a  breech-loading  cannon.  It 
forms  the  seat  for  the  breech-block  or  screw. 

Also  called  bouching. 
Beveled  bushing.    See  beveled. 

bush-lark  (bush'lark),  n.  A  lark  of  the  genus 
Mirafra. 

bush-lawyer  (bush'la"yer),  n.  The  common 
nam.,  in  X.w  Zealand  of  a  species  of  bramble  or 
blackberry,  Bubus  australis. 

bushman  (bush'man),  n. ;  pi.  bushmen  (-men). 
[<  bush1  +  mini  ;  in  second  sense  a  translation 
of  S.  African  D.  Bosjesman.]  1.  A  woodsman  ; 
a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  in  Australia. — 
2.  [cap.]  One  of  an  aboriginal  tribe  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  similar  but  inferior  to  the 
Hottentots:  so  named  by  the  Dutch  of  South 
Africa.     Also  called  Bosjesman. 

bushmaster  (bush'mas'ter),  n.  The  Lachesis 
mutus,  a  large  venomous  serpent  of  tropical 
Smith  America,  of  the  family  Crotalidw.  Also 
called  SUTUCUCU. 

bushmentt  (bush'ment),  v.  [<  ME.  Imseln  nu  ut. 
bussement,   short   for  ambushment,  <  OF.   em- 


732 

bush-shrike  (bush'shrik),».  A  South  American 
passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Formicanidw  and 
subfamily  Thamnophilince  ;  an  ant-thrush,  espe- 
cially of  the  genus  TliamnophiluS.  The  bush-shrikes 
live  among  thick  trees,  bushes,  an. I  underwood,  where  tin  \ 
perpetually  prowl  about  after  insects  and  young  and  sickly 
birds,  and  are  great  destroyers  <>f  eggs.  Numerous  species 
are  found  in  the  hotter  latitudes  of  America. 

bush-tailed  (bush'tald),  a.  Having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  tail  arranged  in  the  shape  of  a  tuft, 
brush,  or  bush:  applied  to  the  Batita;  as  os- 
triches, cassowaries,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from 
ordinary  fan-tailed  birds.  See  cut  under  cas- 
sowary. 

bush-tit  (bush'tit),  n.  An  American  oscine  pas- 
serine    bird, 


busk 


Of       the 

nus  Psaltri- 
parus  and 
family  Pari- 
dw.  There  are 
several  species 
in  the  western 
United  States 
and  Mexico,  as 
P.  minimus  and 
P.  melanotis, 
notable  for  their 
diminutive  stat- 
ure and  the 
great  compara- 
tive size  of  their 
pensile  bottle- 
shaped  nests. 

bushwhack- 
er (biish'- 
hwak"er),  n. 
[<  bush1  + 
whack,  beat, 
+   -er1.]     1. 


Bush-tit  [Psaltriparus  melanotic). 


One      accus- 
tomed to  sojourn  in  the  woods,  or  beat  about 
among  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bush-whackers  anil  hunters  of  rac- 
coons by  moonlight.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  353. 

2.  In  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a 
member  of  the  irregular  troops  on  the  Con- 
federate side  engaged  in  guerrilla  warfare;  a 
guerrilla :  a  term  applied  by  the  Federal  forces. 
—  3.  A  short  heavy  scythe  for  cutting  bushes. 
He  [a  sturdy  countryman)  is  a  graduate  of  the  plough, 
and  the  stub-hoe,  and  the  bushwhacker. 

Emerson,  Eloquence. 

bushwhacking  (bush'hwak'ing),  n.  [See 
bushwhacker.]  1.  The  action  of  pushing  one's 
way  through  bushes  or  thickets ;  the  hauling 
of  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by  bushes 
by  pulling  at  the  branches.  [U.  S.] — 2.  The 
practice  of  attacking  from  behind  bushes,  as  a 
guerrilla ;  irregular  warfare  carried  on  by  bush- 
whackers. [U.S.] — 3.  The  cutting  of  bushes 
with  a  bushwhacker. 

bushy  (bush'i),  a.  [<  bush*  +  -y1.  Cf.  bushy, 
bosky.]  1.  Full  of  bushes;  overgrown  with 
shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  bushy  plain.  Dryden. 
2.  Having  many  close  twigs  and  branches; 
low  and  shrubby.  Spenser;  Bacon. —  3.  Re- 
sembling a  bush;  thick  and  spreading  like  a 
bush :  as,  a  bushy  beard. 
A  short  square-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  bushy  hair. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  52. 

4.   In  en  torn.,  covered  all  round  with  long,  erect 
hairs,  as  the  antenna?  of  many  insects. 
busiheadt,  n.    [HE.  bisyhed  (=  D.  bezigheid);  < 
busy  +  -head.]     Busyness. 


biisrliemiiit :  see  ambush,  ambushment.     In  the  busily  (biz'i-li),  adv.     [<  ME.  busily,  bisili,  bisi 


sense  of  '  :i  thicket,'  the  word  is  made  to  de- 
pend directly  on  bush1-.]  1.  An  ambush  or 
ambuscade;  any  concealed  body  of  soldiers  or 
men. 

1,1  I '  '1"  I    '  '"1  ..f   the  ball,  a  ta   hment  Oi   the  Ullke's 

servant,  .  .  .  began  BUddenlj  at  men's  backs  t..  cry  out 
•  •  -  "  K"'  Sir  l\  More,  Works,  p.  64. 

ronlng  him  with  a  bushm.  ni  ..f  soldiers. 

(Holding,  tr.  of  Justin,  fol.  (i. 

2.  A  thicket;  a  cluster  of  bushes. 

u I  I  mentt,  ami  n 

ih    Hist.  World. 

bush-metal  (bush'met  a.1),  «.  Hani  brass; 
gun-metal;  a  composition  of  copper  an. I  tin, 
used  i,,r  journals,  bearings  of  shafts,  etc. 

bush-quail  (bush'kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Turnieida  and  superfamily  Turnicomorphce 
or  Hemipodii ;  a  hemipod. 

bush-ranger  (luisli'ian  ,jer),  h.  Onewhoranges 
through  or  dwells  in  the  bush  or  woods;  a  bush- 
whacker: specifically,  in  Australian  criminal, 
generally  an  escape,  I  eonvicl.  who  takes  to  I  he 
bush  or  woods  and  leads  a  predator}   lit,  . 


liche,  besiliche,  busiliche,  etc.;  <  busy  +  -///'-.]  In 
abusy  manner,  (a)  With  constant  occupation;  active- 
ly ;  earnestly  :  as,  to  be  busily  employed. 

How  busily  she  turns  the  leaves.    Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  1. 
(bt)  Carefully;  with  care. 

Therfoiv  thei  don  gret  Worschipe  thereto,  and  kepen  it 
ftille  besyly.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  69. 

(c)  With  an  air  of  hurry  or  importance;  with  too  much 
curiosity;  Importunately;  officiously.  Dryden. 
business  (biz'nes),  ».  and  a.  [<  ME.  busmes, 
busynes,  bisynes,  besims,  -mc.s-.s-.  ,  trouble,  pains, 
labor,  diligence,  busy-ness;  i  busy  +  -Hc.s-.s-.  The 
notion  that  this  word  lias  any  conned  ion  with 
F.  besogne,  OF.  busoigne,  work,  business,  is  en- 
tirely erroneous.]  I.  n.  If.  The  state  of  being 
busy  or  actively  employed ;  diligence}  pains. 

Bygrete  besynesse  [tr.  I.,  diligentia]  of  the  writers  of 
chronicles.     Trevisa,  tr.  of  Hlgden'B  Polychronicon,  1.5. 

2f.  Care;  anxiety;  solicitude;  worry. 

I.ittel  rest  in  this  lyf  ea, 

Hot  gret  travayle  and  bysynei. 

Hampote,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  544. 

Poverte  is  hateful  u I,  and.  as  I  gesse, 

A  ful  gret  bringer-out  of  bieyneea. 

Chaucer,  Wife' of  Bath's  Talc,  1.  340. 


3.  A  matter  or  affair  that  engages  a  person's 
attention  or  requires  his  care ;  an  affair  receiv- 
ing or  requiring  attention;  specifically,  that 
which  busies  or  occupies  one's  time,  attention, 
and  labor  as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one 
does  for  a  livelihood;  occupation;  employ- 
ment: as,  his  business  was  that  of  a  merchant; 
to  carry  on  the  business  of  agriculture. 

As  for  your  businesses,  whether  they  be  publike  or 
priuate,  let  them  be  dune  with  a  certaine  honesty. 

Bailees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  256. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no  business 
with  any  man.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Having  had  brought  within  their  sphere  of  operation 
more  and  more  numerous  businesses,  the  Acts  restricting 
hours  of  employment  and  dictating  the  treatment  of 
workers  are  now  to  be  made  applicable  to  shops. 

//.  Spencer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  27. 
Specifically — 4.  Mercantile  pursuits  collec- 
tively; employments  requiring  knowledge  of 
accounts  and  financial  methods;  the  occupa- 
tion of  conducting  trade  or  monetary  transac- 
tions of  any  kind. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  acquire 

any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge  of  business. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Life  of  Abp.  Seeker. 

5.  That  which  is  undertaken  as  a  duty  or  of 
chief  importance,  or  is  set  up  as  a  principal 
purpose  or  aim. 

The  business  of  my  life  is  now  to  pray  for  you. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 
It  is  the  business  of  the  following  pages  to  discover  how 
his  lufty  hopes  came  to  terminate  in  disappointment. 

Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
The  business  of  the  dramatist  is  to  keep  himself  out  of 
sight,  and  to  let  nothing  appear  but  his  characters. 

Maeaulay,  Milton. 

6.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposition: 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  disputes 
of  others? — 7.  Affair;  point;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business.  Bacon. 

8.  riieat.,  such  preconcerted  movements  and 
actions  on  the  stage  as  going  up,  crossing  over, 
taking  a  chair,  poking  a  fire,  toying  with  any- 
thing, etc.,  designed  to  fill  up  the  action  of  the 
play  or  character,  and  heighten  its  effect. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stand 
the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

The  "comic  business"  [of  "Damon  and  Pithias,"  1571] 
(these  stage  phrases  are  at  times  so  expressive  as  surely 
to  be  permissible)  is  of  the  nature  of  the  broadest  ami 
stupidest  farce.  .4.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  115. 

Genteel  business  (theat.),  a  r61e  or  roles  requiring  good 
dressing.— To  do  one's  business,  (at)  To  exercise  great 
care  ;  show  great  zeal.     Chaucer. 

Thei  .  .  .  don  here  [their)  besynes  to  destroyen  hire  ene- 
myes.  Mandevillc,  Travels  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  251. 

(6)  To  ease  one's  self  at  stool.  [Vulgar.]  — To  do  the 
business  for,  to  settle ;  make  an  end  of ;  kill,  destroy, 
or  ruin.    [Colloq.] 

If  a  pinch  of  snuff,  or  a  stride  or  two  across  the  room, 
will  not  A»  the  business  /or  me  —  1  take  a  razor  at  once. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  13. 
To  make  It  one's  business,  to  devote  one's  attention 
to  a  thing  and  see  it  done.— To  mean  business,  to  be  in 
earnest  in  regard  to  anything  that  one  proposes  or  urges. 
[Colloq.]— To  mind  one's  own  business,  to  attend  to 
one's  own  affairs,  without  meddling  with  those  of  other 
people.— To  send  about  one's  business,  to  dismiss 
peremptorily.  =Syn.  Trade,  Profession,  etc.  See  occupa- 
tion. 

II.  a.  Relating  to,  connected  with,  or  en- 
gaged in  business,  traffic,  trade,  etc. :  as,  busi- 
ness habits;  business  hours;  business  men. — 
Business  card,  a  printed  piece  of  cardboard,  or  an  adver- 
tisement in  a  public  print,  giving  a  tradesman's  name  and' 
address,  with  particulars  as  to  the  nature  of  his  business. 

businesslike  (biz'nes-Hk),  a.  Such  as  prevails 
or  ought  to  prevail  in  the  conduct  of  business; 
methodical  and  thorough. 

Busiridae  (bii-sir'i-de),  »!.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Busiris 
+  -ida1.]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastro- 
pods, typified  by  the  genus  Busiris:  generally 
combined  with  the  Jjili/siid/e. 

Busiris  (bu-si'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Busiris,  <  Gr. 
Bovaipic,  name  of  a  town  in  Egypt,  etc.,  prob.  < 
/fof.f,  an  ox:  see  Bos.]  A  genus  of  gastropods, 
typical  of  the  family  Busiridev ;  synonymous 
with  Xotarchus. 

busk1  (busk),  v.  [<  ME.  busken,  prepare,  pre- 
pare one's  self,  get  ready,  go,  hasten  (with  and 
without  the  refl.  pron.),  <  led.  buask,  get  one's 
self  ready,  a  refl.  form,  <  biin,  prepare  (intr. 
live,  dwell,  =  AS.  buan  :  see  be1,  boirer1,  bond-, 
bound*,  etc.),  -I-  sik  =  Goth,  sik  =  G.  sich  =  L. 
se,  elc,  one's  self.  For  the  form,  cf.  bask1.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  get  ready;  prepare;  equip; 
dress:  as,  to  busk  a  fish-hook.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.] 

Busk't  him  boldly  to  the  dreadful  tight. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  vii.  37. 
2t.  To  use ;  employ. 


busk 

Ilaf  thy  thy  helme  of  thy  hede,  .V-  haf  here  thy  pay; 
Busk  no  more  debate  tlirn  I  the  hedc  thenne, 

Wlit-n  thou  wypped  of  my  bode  at  a  w';i] ,-. 

Sir  Gawayne  ami  the  Green  KniyhttV,.  E.  I .  s.),  I.  >24S. 

II. t  intrans.  To  get  ready  and  go;  hasten; 

hurry. 

"  Now,  come  frusk,"  be  off  1 

Robinson,  Mid.  Yorkshire  Gloss.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
Bysehopes  and  bachelers,  and  banerettea  nobllle, 
That  bowes  to  his  banere,  buske  whene  hym  lykys. 

Jforta  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  s."),  1.  61). 
Many  .  .  .  bunked  westward  for  to  robbe  eft. 

Bob.  of  Bruniw,  Langtoft's  Chron.  fed.  Hearne),  p.  39. 

busk"t,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bush1. 
As  the  beast  passed  by,  he  start  out,  of  a  buske. 

rtltill.  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 

busk8,  (busk),  v.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  buscar,  seek, 
search,  hunt  up  and  down:  see  buscon.]  If. 
To  seek;  hunt  up  and  down;  cast  about;  beat 
about. 

My  Lord  Rochester  was  frighted,  and  was  inclined  to 
fall  ott  from  this,  and  to  busk  for  some  other  way  to  raise 
the  supply.      Botjer  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  II.  196. 

Go  busk  about,  and  run  thyself  into  the  next  great  man's 
lobby.  Wycheiiey,  Plain  Dealer,  iii.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  to  beat  to  windward  along  a  coast; 
cruise  off  and  on. 
busk4  (busk),  «.  [<  F.  buse,  busque,  busk,  orig. 
the  whole  bodice;  used  as  equiv.  to  buste  (a 
busk,  the  quilted  belly  of  a  doublet,  prop,  a 
bust),  of  which  it  is  prob.  a  corruption :  see 
6«*/2.]  1.  A  stiffened  body-garment,  as  a  doub- 
let, corset,  or  bodice. 

Her  long  slit  sleeves,  stiffe  buskc.  puffe,  verdingall, 
Is  all  that  makes  her  thus  angelieall. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  Sat.  vii. 

2.  A  flexible  strip  of  wood,  steel,  whalebone, 
or  other  stiffening  material,  placed  in  the  front 
of  stays  to  keep  them  in  form. 
busk5  (busk),  n.     [Amer.  Ind.  (?).]     An  Indian 
feast  of  first  fruits. 

Would  it  not  be  well  if  we  were  to  celebrate  such  a 
busk,  or  "feast  of  first  fruits,"  as  Bartram  describes  k» 
have  been  the  custom  of  the  Mucelasse  Indians? 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  74. 

busked  I  buskt),  a.     [<  bust1  +  -erf2.]     Wearing 
a  busk;  stiffened  with  a  busk, 
busket  (bus'ket),   n.      [A  var.  of  bosket,  q.  v. 
Cf.  bushet.~\     If.  A  small  bush. — 2.    Same  as 
bosket. — 3f.  A  sprig;  a  bouquet. 

Yougthes  folke  now  floeken  in  every  where, 
To  gather  May-buskets  and  smelling  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

buskin  (bus'kin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bus- 
kiny,  prob.  tor  *bruskiu,<  MD.  broosken,  broseken 
(>  F.  brousequin,  bro- 
dequin ;  cf.  brodehin), 
a  buskin,  dim.  of 
broos,  a  buskin,  ap- 
par.  orig.  a  purse ;  cf . 
MD.  borsekin,  a  little 
purse,  dim.  of  horse, 
a  purse:  see  burse. 
purse.]  1.  A  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe 
strapped  or  laced  to 
the  ankle  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  leg. 
The  hunted  red-deer's  undressed  hide 
Their  hairy  buskins  well  supplied. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  5. 

2.  A  similar  boot  worn  by  the  ancients;  the 
cothurnus,  particularly  as  worn  by  actors  in 
tragedy.     See  cothurnus. 

How  I  could  reare  the  Muse  on  stately  stage, 
And  teache  her  tread  aloft  in  buskin  fine. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal..  October. 

Hence  —  3.  Tragedy  or  the  tragic  drama,  as  op- 
posed to  comedy. 

He  wa\s  a  critic  upon  operas,  too, 

Anil  knew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  anil  buskin. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  31. 

4.  A  low  laced  shoe  worn  by  women. —  5.  pi. 
Eccl.,  stockings  forming  a  part  of  the  canoni- 
cals of  a  bishop,  usually  made  of  satin  or  em- 
broidered silk. 
buskined  (bus'kind),  a.  [<  buskin  +  -erf2.]  1. 
Wearing  buskins. 

The  bouncing  Amazon, 
Your  buskin'd  mistress.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy ;  tragic. 

In  buskin'd  measures  move 

Pale  Grief,  and  pleasing  Pain.    Gray,  The  Bard. 

busklet,  ''■  i.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bustle1,  q.  v.] 
To  bustle  about;  move  quickly. 

It  is  like  the  smoldering  fyer  of  Mount  Chymera.  which 
boyling  long  tyme  with  great  buskling  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth,  dootll  at  length  burst  out  with  violent  rage. 

Orations  of  Arsanes,  1555.    (HalliiveU.) 


733 


busk-pointt,  "• 

a  busk. 


The  aglet  used  for  the  lace  of 


The  floor  was  strewed  with  busk-points,  silk  garters,  and 
shoe-strings,  scattered  here  and  were  for  haste  to  make 
away  from  me.  Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 

buskyt  (bus'ki),  a.  [<  busk*  +  -y1.  Cf.  bushy 
and  bosky."]  Bushy;  bosky:  as,  "yon  husky 
hill,"  Shak.,  1  Hen!  IV.,  v.  1. 

buss1  (bus),  v.  [t)f  uncertain  origin;  cf.  G. 
dial.  (Bav.)  busscn  (=  Sw.  dial,  passu),  kiss,  > 
<;.  bus  (used  by  Luther)  =  Sw.  puss,  a  kiss.  Cf. 
Sp.  I'g.  hue,  a  kiss  of  reverence,  =  Pr.  bus,  a 
kiss;  cf.  Sp.  buz,  Wall,  buze,  lip.  Those  forms 
are  prob.  unconnected  with  ME.  basse,  a  kiss, 
late  ME.  basse,  kiss:  see  bass5.  Cf.  Turk,  bus, 
Pers.  busa,  Hind,  bosa,  a  kiss.]  I.  traits.  To 
smack;  kiss;  salute  with  the  lips. 

And  buss  thee  as  thy  wife.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

Kissing  and  bussitui  differ  both  in  this, 
We  buss  ova  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss,    llerrick. 

II.  intrans.  To  kiss. 

Come,  buss  and  friends,  my  lamb:  whish,  lullaby, 
What  ails  my  babe,  what  ails  my  babe  to  cry? 

Quaries,  Emblems,  ii.  8. 

buss1  (bus),  n.  [<  buss1,  v.]  A  smack;  a  kiss; 
a  salute  with  the  lips. 

Thou  dost  give  me  flattering  busses. 

Shak..  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

buss2t  (bus),  n.  [<  ME.  busse  (cf.  D.  buis  = 
MUi.  base,  fcttfee  =  OHCr.  buzo,  MHG.  buze,  G. 
biisc  =  Ioel.  bussa,  buzn),  <  OF.  busse,  buse  = 
Sp.  buzo  =  Pr.  bus,  a  kind  of  boat,  <  ML.  bussa, 
buscia,  a  kind  of  boat,  also  a  box;  one  of  the 
numerous  forms  of  buxkla,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis, 
also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box:  see  boist1,  box2,  bush2, 
boss3,  bushel1,  etc.]  A  small  vessel  of  from  50 
to  70  tons  burden,  carrying  two  masts,  and 
two  sheds  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  in 
herring-fishing.  The  buss  was  common  in  the  middle 
ages  among  the  Venetians  and  other  maritime  communi- 
ties.   It  was  of  considerable  beam,  like  a  galleon. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  for  whale-fishing;  little  busses 
might  cast  out  nets  for  smelts  and  herrings. 

Bp.  Racket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  82. 

His  Majesty's  resolution  to  give  £200  to  every  man  that 
will  set  out  a  busse.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  353. 

buss:f,  n.     See  bus. 

buss4  (bus),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bush1. 

buss5  (bus),  v.  t.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  busk1.]    To 

dress ;  get  ready. 
bussock  (bus'ok),  n.     [E.  dial.,  perhaps  <  *bnss 

for  busk2  or  bush1  +  -ock.]    1.  A  tuft  of  coarse 

grass. —  2.  A  sheaf  of  grain. — 3.  A  thick,  fat 

person.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


bustle 

2.  In  sculp.,  the  figure  of  n  person  in  relief, 
showing  only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  breast. 
Iii,'  term  maj  be  applied  to  the  head  and  uei  i>  only,  or  t" 
tie-  head  and  neck  with  the  Bhouldere  and  breast,  or  to  the 

head  with  the  whole  chest,  0i  to  the  lead,  lurk  breast, 
and  shoulders,  with  the  arms  truncated  above  Hi''  elbow. 

bust:f  (bust),  i'.  ,.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  &««*.]    To 
put  a  tar-mark  upon  (sheep). 
bust:)  (bust),  ii.     [<  busfi,  v.]    A  tar-mark  on 

sheep. 

bustard  (bus't&rd),  ».  [Formerly  bistard;  < 
OF.  (and  I''.  dial.)  bistarde,  OF.  also  oustarde, 
houstarde,  hostarde,  mod.  F.  outarde  =  Pr.  aus- 
tarda  =  It.  ottarda  =  Sp.  avutarda  =  I'g.  abe- 
tarda  ami  In  tarda,  bustard,  <  L.  avis  tarda 
(Pliny),  lit.  a  slow  bird:  see  Aves  and  tardy. 
The  first  element  appears  also  in  ostrich:  Bee 
ostrich.]  1.  A  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the 
family  Olidida;  or  of  the  genus  Otis  in  a  wide 
sense.  There  are  about  20  species,  mostly  of  Africa, 
several  of  India,  one  of  Australia,  and  three  properly 
European.  The  beat-known  is  the  gnat  bustard,  Ota 
tarda,ot  Europe  and  Africa,  noted  as  the  largest  Euro- 
pean bird,  the  male  often  weighing  SO  pounds,  and  having 
a  length  of  about  4  feet  and  a  stretch  of  wings  of  6  or  7 
feet.    The  little  bustard  is  Oti*  tetrax  of  southern  Europe. 


bussocky  (bus'ok-I), 


[<  bussock  +  -y1.] 


Ancient  Buskins. 

From  the  statuette  called  Narcissus, 

in  the  Naples  Museum. 


Having  bussocks,  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  or  the 
like.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

There's  nothing  bussocky  about  it  [a  cricket-ground],  no 
rushes,  nor  nothing  of  that. 

Quoted  in  X  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  287. 

bussu-palm  (bus'so-parn),  n.  A  palm,  the  Ma- 
nicaria  saccifera,  found  in  the  swamps  of  the 
Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  from  10  to  20  feet 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  long 
and  i  or  5  feet  broad.  These  are  used  by  the  Indians 
for  thatch,  for  which  they  are  admirably  adapted.  The 
fibrous  spathes  are  used  as  hags,  or  when  cut  longitudi- 
nally and  stretched  out  answer  the  purpose  of  a  coarse 
but  strong  cloth.     See  Manicaria. 

bussynet,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  OF.  bussine, 
buisine,  busine,  a  trumpet.]     A  trumpet. 

bust1  (bust),  ».  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form  of 
hurst. 

bust1  (bust),  n.  1.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form 
of  burst. —  2.  Specifically,  a  spree:  as,  to  go  on 
a  bust.     [Colloq.] 

bust2  (bust),  n.  [Formerly  also  busto  (<  It.); 
=  G.  bust,;  <  F.  bustc,  <  'it.  busto  =  Sp.  Pg. 
busto,  <  ML.  bustuni,  the  trunk  of  the  body,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  from  ML.  busto,  a, 
box,  one  of  the 
forms  of  buxida: 
see  boist1,  buss2, 
box2,  etc.  Cf.  E. 
chest  and  trunk, 
used  in  a  similar 
manner.]  1.  The 
chest,  thorax,  or 
breast ;  the  trunk 
of  the  human 
body  above  the 
waist. 

It  pressed  upon  a 
hard  but  glowing 
butt 
Which  beat  as  if 
there  was  a  warm 
heart  under. 
Byron,  Don  Juan, 

[XVi.  122.  Bust  of  Homer,  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 


Great  Bustard  {Otis  tarda). 


The  houbara,  O.  houbara,  is  a  north  African  and  Arabian 
species,  occurring  also  in  southern  Europe,  and  the  allied 
Indian  species,  O.  macqueeni,  has  sometimes  been  taken 
in  Europe.  O.aurittt  and  ".  bengaiensis  are  also  Aaiatic. 
The  Australian  species  is  0.  aust'ralis.  The  rest  are  Afri- 
can. Only  the  first-named  two  belong  to  the  restricted 
genus  Otis;  the  remainder  are  sometimes  allocated  to  a 
genus  Eicpodotis,  sometimes  split  into  six  to  nine  ditl'erent 
genera.  See  also  cut  under  Eupodotis. 
2.  A  name  in   Canada  of  the  common  wild 

toose,  Bcrnicla  canadensis.    A.  Newton Thick- 
need  bustard,  a  name  of  the  thick-knee,  GUdicnemue 
crepitans,  a  kind  of  plover. 
busted1   (bus 'ted),  p.   a.     [<   bust1    +    -erf-'.] 
Broken;  bankrupt;  ruined:  as,  a  busted  bank ; 
a  busted  miner.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 
busted2  (bus'ted),  a.    [<  bust2  +  -erf2.]    Adorn- 
ed with  busts.     [Rare.] 
Your  bridges  and  your  busted  libraries.           Tennyson. 
buster  (bus'ter),  n.     [For  burster,  as  liust1  for 
burst.     Cf.  Se.  bust,  ME.  hasten,  beat,  of  Scand. 
origin:  Sw.  bdsta,  beat,  thump:  see  baste1.]    1. 
Something  of  extraordinary  size. —  2.  A  rois- 
terer.—  3.   A  frolic;   a  spree. — 4.    A  violent 
wind.     [American  slang  in  all  senses.] 
bustiant,  "•    [Sc.  also  bustiam  ;  origin  obscure ; 
ef.  fustian.]     A  kind  of  cloth,  said  to  be  the 
same  as  fustian. 
bustic  (bus'tik),  h.     [Appar.  of  native  origin.] 
A  sapotaeeous  tree  of  tropical  America,  IHpho- 
lis  salicifolia,  with  very  heavy  and  hard  wood, 
dark-brown  in  color,  and  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish. 
bustle1  (bus'l),  e.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bustled,  ppr. 
bustling.     [Prob.  <  tcel.  bustla,  bustle,  splash 
about  in  the  water;  bust!,  a  bustle,  splashing 
about  (cf.  bastla,  v.,  turmoil,  bastl,  turmoil); 
allied  to  Dan.  buse,  bounce,  pop,  =  Sw.  busa  l  /'" 
en),  rush  (upon  one),  dial.  Intsa,  strike,  thrust. 
Cf.  buskie.]     To  display  activity  with  a  certain 
amount  of   noise  or  agitation;   be  active  ami 
stirring;  move  quickly  and  energetically:  some- 
times used  reflexivi'lv. 
Bustlimi  themselves  to  dress  up  the  galleys. 

A.  Munday,  in  Arbcrs  Eng.  Garner,  I.  209. 
Aud  leave  the  world  for  me  to  bustle  in. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  1. 

At  least  a  dozen  of  these  winged  vintagers  bustledoat 

from  among  the  leaves.         Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  9. 


bustle 

bustle'  (bus'l),  n.    [<  bustle*-,  ».]    Activity  with 
noise  and  agitation;  stir;  hurry-scurry. 
A  strange  bustle  and  disturbance  in  the  world.     South. 

Seldom  he  varied  feature,  hue,  or  muscle, 
And  could  be  very  busy  without  bustle. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  :s:t. 

They  Beem  to  require  nothing   v  t"  enliven  them 

than  crowds  and  bustle,  with  a  pipe  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 
E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  »i:i. 

bustle-  (bus'l),  ».  [Origin  unknown;  supposed 
by  some  to  stand  for  buskle,  a  dim.  (and  an- 
other application)  of  busk*,  q.  v.  Cf.  buskle, 
var.  of  bustlt '.]  A  pad,  cushion,  curved  frame- 
work of  wire,  or  the  like,  worn  by  women  on 
the  back  pari  of  the  body  below  the  waist  for 
the  purpose  of  improving  the  figure,  causing 
the  folds  of  the  skirt  to  hang  gracefully,  and 
preventing  the  skirl  from  interfering  with  the 
feel  iti  walking. 

Whether  she  was  pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  bustle. 

Dickens. 

bustler  (bus'ler),  n.  One  who  bustles;  an  ac- 
tive, stirring  person. 

Forgive  him,  then,  thou  bustler  in  concerns 

(if  little  worth.  Cowper,  Task,  vi.  952. 

bustling  (bus'ling),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  bustle1,  ».] 
Moving  actively  with  noise  or  agitation;  briskly 
active  or  stirring:  as,  "abnsy,  bustling  time, 
Crdbbe,  The  Newspaper. 

sir  Henry  Vane  was  a  busy  and  bustling  man. 

Clarendon. 

The  table  d'hote  was  going  on,  and  a  gracious,  bustling, 
talkative  landlady  welcomed  me. 

U.  James,  Jr.,  little  Tour,  p,  248. 

bustot  (bus'td),  n.  [It.,  also  Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  bust: 

see  bust.]     A  bust;  a  statue.     [Rare.] 

The  busto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble, 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge. 

Blair,  The  Grave. 

bustuoust,  bustust,  bustwyst.    See  boistous. 

busy  (biz  i),  a.  [<  ME.  bi.ii/,  bysy,  besy,  bust, 
busy,  etc.,  <  AS.  bysig,  busy,  occupied  (>  bysgu, 
occupation,  labor,  toil,  affliction),  =  D.  Dezig 
=  LG.  besig,  busy,  active.  Further  affinities 
doubtful.  The  spelling  with  u  is  due  to  the 
frequent  use  of  that  letter  in  ME.  with  its  F. 
sound,  the  same  as  the  sound  of  AS.  y,  for 
which  it  was  often  substituted.  The  proper  E. 
representative  of  AS.  y  is  i.  as  in  the  phoneti- 
cally parallel  dizzy,  <  AS.  rfi/sw/.]  1.  Actively 
or  attentively  engaged ;  closely  occupied  physi- 
cally or  mentally;  intent  upon  that  which  one 
is  doing ;  not  at  leisure  :  opposed  to  idle. 

My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  cannot  come. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  v.  2. 

I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy  to  avoid  melan- 
choly. Burton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  18. 

As  a  boy  he  [Clive]  bad  been  too  idle,  as  a  man  he  soon 
became  too  busy,  for  literary  pursuits. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

2.  Active  in  that  which  does  not  concern  one; 
meddling  with  or  prying  into  the  affairs  of 
others  ;  officious ;  importunate. 

They  be  careful]  and  diligent  in  their  own  matters,  not 
curious  and  busey  iu  other  mens  affaires. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  35. 

On  meddling  monkey,  or  on  busy  ape. 

Slmk.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Ln  constant  or  energetic  action;  rapidly 
moving  or  moved;  diligently  used:  as,  busy 
hands  or  thoughts. 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  (cho.). 

The  music-stirring  motion  of  its  soft  and  Intsu  feet. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i. 

4.  Pertaining  or  due  to  energetic  action;  mani- 

nstant  or  rapid  movement. 

I  beard  a  busie  bustling. 

Spenser,  9hep.  Cal,  .March. 
Tower*d  cities  please  us  then, 
And  the  busy  bum  of  nun. 

Hilton,  [.'Allegro,  1.  118. 

5.  Requiring  constant  attention,  as  a  task. 
[Ban 

lb-  hut I,  tlrst  a  busy  work  to  i  i  hioners  to  a 

right  faith.  Latimer,  Sermi t  the  Plough. 

Then  Mathematics  w<  pi 

./.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  11  15. 

6.  Filled  with  active  duties  or  i  mployment. 
To-morrow  Is  a  busy  day.  Shak.,  bub.  Ill,  v.  :i. 

7f.  Careful ;  anxious.    Chauct  r.  =Syn.  l  and  2.  Ac- 
tive, /■"   ■   OJfl  "•"■■  etc,  (see  active)  kluous, 
hard  working;  meddling,  Intriguing, 
busy  (biz'i),  v.  1. ;   pret.  ami   pp.  busied,  ppr. 
busying.    [<  ME.  busien,  bisien,  besien,  <  AS. 


734 

bysigan,  bysgian,  occupy,  employ,  trouble  (=  D. 
beeigen,  use,  employ),  <  bysig,  busy:  see  busy, 
a.]  To  employ  with  constant  attention;  keep 
engaged;  make  or  keep  busy:  as,  to  busy  one's 
self  with  books. 

be  it  thy  course,  to  busy  giddy  minds 

with  foreign  quarrels.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

All  other  Nations,  from  whom  they  could  expect  aide, 
were  busied  to  the  utmost  in  their  own  necessary  concern- 
ments. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xii. 

busybody  (biz'i-bocFi),  11. ;  pi.  busy-bodies  (-iz). 
[<  busy  +  body,  person.]  A  meddling  person; 
one  who  officiously  or  impertinently  concerns 
himself  with  the  affairs  of  others. 

A  busybody  whohaA  been  properly  punished  for  running 

into  danger  without  any  call  of  duty. 

Macaulay,  Ilist.  Eng. ,  xvi. 

busybodyism  (biz'i-bod*i-izm),  ».   [<  busybody 

+  -ism.]  The  habit  of  busying  one's  self  about 
other  people's  affairs.     [Rare.] 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mocK  evangelical  spirit, 
especially  with  young  women,  is  self-inflation  and  busy- 
bodyism. Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

busyness  (biz'i-nes),  n.  [<  busy  +  -ness.  Cf. 
business,  the  same  word  with  altered  pron.  and 
meaning.]  The  state  of  being  busy  or  actively 
employed.     See  business,  1.     [Now  rare.] 

Grant.  .  .  is  entirely  ignorant  of  the  arts  by  which  pop- 
ularity is  preserved  and  a  show  of  busyness  kept  up  by 
them.  '/'/..■  Nation,  Sept.  16,  1869,  p.  224. 

busytyt,  >'■  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  busy  +  -ty.~\ 
Busyness. 

but1  (but),  iiilr..  prep.,  and  eonj.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bot,  bote ;  <  ME.  but,  bot,  bute,  bote,  buten, 
boten,  with  a  short  vowel;  parallel  with  the 
equiv.  early  mod.  E.  bout  (esp.  as  a  prep.,  with- 
out; cf.  about,  the  same  word  with  a  prefix: 
see  bout2,  and  bout3  =  about),  <  ME.  bout,boute, 
boute-n,  earlier  bute,  buten,  retaining  the  orig. 
long  vowel,  <  AS.  bittaii,  baton,  poet,  be-utan, 
ONorth.  buta  (=  OS.  biiitan,  biitan  =  OFries. 
buten,  buta,  bota  =  MLG.  buten,  but,  LG.  buten 
=  D.  buiten  =  OHO.  biuzan),  without,  outside) 

<  be,  by,  with,  +  titan,  out,  orig.  from  without, 

<  tit,  out:  see  6c-2  and  out,  and  ef.  the  correla- 
tive bin'",  =  Sc.  ben,  within  (<  be-2  +  i»l),  and 
about,  iiiinre,  which  also  contain  the  element 
6c-2.]    I.  adv.  If.  Outside;  without;  out. 

Hit  was  swathe  mouchel  scome  [a  very  great  shame] 

That  scholde  a  quene  beon 

King  in  thisse  londe, 

Heora  suuen  beon  buten  [var.  boutc],  Layamon,  1. 159. 
2.  In  or  to  the  outer  room  of  a  cottage  having 
a  but  and  a  ben  :  as,  lie  was  but  a  few  minutes 
ago;  he  gaed  but  just  now.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
Only ;  merely ;  just.     See  III. 

II.  prep.  If.  Outside  of ;  without.—  2f.  To 
the  outside  of. — 3.  To  the  outer  apartment  of : 
as,  gae  but  the  house.  [Scotch.] — 4.  With- 
out; not  having;  apart  from. 

Summe  [sc.  werenj  al  bute  fet  [  without  feet]. 

Old  Eni.  llnmilies  (ed.  Morris),  lstser.,  p.  43. 

Of  fassoun  fair,  but  feir  [without  equal].  Dunbar. 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.     ,  Scotch  jtroverb. 

5.  Except;  besides;  more  than.  [In  this  use  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  clause  containing  or  implying  a  nega- 
tion, and  not  easily  separable  from  the  conjunctional  use, 
under  which  mostof  the  examples  fall.  The  conjunction, 
on  the  other  band,  in  some  elliptical  constructions  assumes 
a  prepositional  phase,  and  in  other  constructions  an  ad- 
verbial phase.    See  below.] 

III.  conj.  1.  Except;  unless:  after  a  clause 
containing  or  implying  a  negation,  and  intro- 
ducing the  following  clause,  in  which  (the  verb 
being  usually  omitted  because  implied  in  the 
preceding;  clause)  6m/  before  the  noun  (subject 
or  object  of  the  omitted  verb)  comes  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  preposition  governing  the  noun. 

Isis  [nc  is,  is  not]  buten  an  god  [ 11.]. 

Legend  qf  St.  Katluriue,  p.  367. 

Ther  nia  bot  a  godd  [nom.  ]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherime,  p.  'Js-i. 

Ms  non  other  /"//'-  he  [nom.]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  2d  scr.,  p.  109. 
Xcfcdc  I  bad  not]  be  buten  .-mile  Mine  [ace.]. 

Layamon,  I.  5. 

Away  went  Gilpin— who  but  he?   Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 

The  clause  introduced  by  but  (the  apparent  object  ol  the 

ipiasi-prcpositiou)  may  be  a  single  word,  an  infinitive  or 

prepositional  phrase,  or  a  clans, ■  with  Hull. 

For  albeil  thai  pain  wasordelned  of  tied  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  Binnes  (lor  w  hich  they  that  neuer  can  now  but 
sinne,  can  neuer  i»  but  euer  punished  in  hel),  yet  in  this 
world  .  .  .  tin-  punishment  by  tribulation  .  .  .  serueth 
ordinarily  for  a  meane  <■!  endment. 

Sir  '/'  More,  Cumforl  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  11. 

Noe  law*    "i  man  (according to  the  straight  rule  of  right) 

arc  just,  but  as  in  regard  to  tin-  eviiis  which  they  prevent. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

I  cannot  choose  but  wi iep  t"  see  him. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  3. 


but 

The  wedding  guest  he  beat  his  breast, 
Vet  be  cannot  choose  >"'/  hear. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner. 
No  war  ought  ever  to  be  undertaken  •"<'  under  circum- 
stances which  render  all  Interchange  of  courtesy  between 
the  combatants  impossible. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 
That  but  for  this  our  souls  were  free, 
Ami  but  fur  that  our  lives  were  blest, 

O.  W.  Holmes,  What  we  all  Think. 
By  ellipsis  of  the  subject  of  the  clause  introduced  by  but 
in  this  construction,  but  becomes  equivalent  to  that  .  .  . 
not  or  who  .  .  .  not. 

There  is  none  soe  badd,  Eudoxus,  but  shall  flnde  some  to 
favoure  his  doinges.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

No  voice  exempt,  no  voice  but  well  could  join 
Melodious  part.  Milton,  P.  !>.,  iii.  370. 

Hardly  a  cavalier  in  the  land  but  would  have  thought  it 
a  reproach  to  remain  behind. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  24. 
What  will  but  felt  the  fleshly  screen? 

Browning,  Last  Ride  Together. 
In  this  construction  the  negative,  being  implied  in  but, 
came  to  be  omitted,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
verb  be,  in  the  principal  clause,  the  construction  "There 
is  not  but  one  God,"  as  in  the  first  example,  becoming 
"There  is  but  one  God,"  leaving  but  as  a  quasi-adverh, 
'only,  merely,  simply.'  This  use  is  also  extended  to  con- 
structions not  originally  negative. 

If  God  would  giue  the  goodes  only  to  good  men,  than 

would  folke  take  occasion  to  seme  him  but  for  them. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  35. 

If  they  kill  us,  we  shall  but  die.  2  Ki.  vii.  4. 

I  am,  my  lord,  but  as  my  betters  are, 

That  led  me  hither.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

Do  but  go  kiss  him, 
Or  touch  him  but.         B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  6. 
But  forni'd,  and  tight !  but  born,  and  then  rebel ! 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  6. 
For  alms  are  but  the  vehicle  of  prayer. 

Drydcn,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1400. 

How  happy  I  should  be  if  I  could  tease  her  into  loving 
me,  though  but  a  little  ! 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

Once,  and  but  once,  this  [Bacon's]  course  of  prosperity 

was  for  a  moment  interrupted.       Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

Against  his  sharp  steel  lightnings 

Stood  the  Suliote  but  to  die.     WhUtier,  The  Hero. 

To  the  last  two  constructions,  respectively,  belong  the 
idioms  "  I  can  not  but  hope  that,"  etc.,  and  "  lean  but  hope 
that, "  etc.  The  former  has  suffered  ellipsis  of  the  principal 
verb  in  the  first  clause  :  "I  cannot  do  anything  but  nope, 
or  "  anything  else  than  hope,"  or  "otherwise  than  hope," 
etc.,  implying  constraint,  in  that  there  is  an  alternative 
which  one  is  mentally  unable  or  reluctant  to  accept,  but 
being  equivalent  to  otherwise  than.  The  latter,  "  I  can 
but  hope  that,"  etc.,  has  suffered  further  ellipsis  of  the 
negative,  and,  though  historically  the  same  as  the  former, 
is  idiomatically  different:  "I  can  only  hope  that,"  etc., 
implying  restraint,  in  that  there  is  no  alternative  or  im- 
portunity of  action,  but  being  equivalent  to  only,  not 
otherwise  than,  or  no  more  than. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were, 
That  were  most  precious  to  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
I  cannot  but 
Applaud  your  scorn  of  injuries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.f  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
They  cannot  but  testify  of  Truth. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref.,  ii. 

I  cannot  but  sympathize  with  every  one  I  meet  that  is 

in  affliction.  Addison,  A  Friend  of  Mankind. 

He  could  but  write  in  proportion  as  he  read,  and  empty 
Ills  commonplace  as  fast  only  as  lie  filled  it.  Scott. 

Yet  he  could  not  but  acknowledge  to  himself  that  there 
was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  .  .  .  in  the  sud- 
den appearances  and  vanishings  .  .  .  of  the  masque. 

De  Quincey. 
In  an  interrogative  sentence  implying  a  negative  answer, 
can  but  is  equivalent  to  cannot  but  in  a  declarative  sen- 
tence. 

Why,  who  can  but  believe  him  ?  he  does  swear 
So  earnestly,  that  if  it  were  not  true, 
The  gods  would  not  endure  him. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  iii.  1. 
After  dtmht,  or  doubt  not,  and  other  expressions  involving 
a  negative,  tmt  may  be  used  as  after  other  negatives,  but 
that  being  often  used  pleonastically  for  that. 

I  doubt  not  but  I  shall  find  them  tractable  enough. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  6. 

My  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  deny 

But  that  I  know  them.      Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  & 

I  doubt  not  >»tt  there  may  be   many  wise  Men   in  all 

Places  ami  Degrees,  but  am  sorry  the  effects  of  Wisdom 

are  sit  little  seen  among  us.     Milton,  free  Commonwealth. 

I  do  not  doubt  tnit  England  is  at  present  as  oolite  a  na- 
tion as  any  in  the  world.  Steele,  Spectator,   No.  6. 
There  is  no  question  but  the  King  of  Spain  will  reform 
most  of  the  abuses.                       Add  mm,  Travels  in  Italy. 
Hence  the  use  of  but  with  if  or  that,  forming  a  unitary 
phrase  but  if,  '  unless,  if  not,'  but  that,  'except   that,  un- 
less' (these  phrases  having  of  course  also  their  analytical 
meaning,  with  but  in  its  adversative  use). 
Gramer  for  guiles  I  gon  (urate  to  write. 
And  boot  hem  with  a  bah  vs  but  ,  >>  tliei  wolde  lernen. 
piers  Plovtman  (A),  xi.  182. 
But  if  I  have  my  wille, 
For  derne  love  of  thee,  hinaii,  I  spille. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  91. 

Lese  the  fratcrnete  of  the  gilde  for  euere  more,  but  if  ho 

haue  grace.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  05. 


but 

Ami  also  ho  we  very  sure,  that,  as  ho  |God]  beginneth  to 
worke  with  vs,  so  {hut  //our  selfe  Bit  from  him)  he  wil 
not  faile  to  tarie  with  vs. 

Sir  T.  Mure.  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (ir>7:;),  fol.  17. 
Tin-  phrase  hut  rlmr,  often  abbreviated  to  but,  thus  takes 
an  extended  meaning,    (a)  If  not ;  unless. 

Bute  ieh  he  holly  at  thyn  heste,  let  honge  me  ellys  ! 

Piers  Plowman  (<'),  iv.  149. 
(h)  Except  that,  otherwise  than  that,  that  .  .  .  not.  (I) 
After  negative  clauses. 

Sildome  but  some  good  commeth  ere  the  end. 

,s>  us,  r,  Mother  Huh.  Tale,  1.  172. 
I  see  not  then  but  we  should  enjoy  the  same  license. 

B.  Jonmjn. 
And  know  there  shall  be  nothing  in  my  power 
You  may  deserve,  but  you  shall  have  your  wishes. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  I'hilaster,  v.  4. 
Nor  fate 
Shall  alter  it,  since  now  the  die  is  east, 
But  that  this  hour  to  Pompey  is  his  last. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  i.  1. 

Believe  not  but  I  joy  to  see  thee  safe.  Rowe. 

I  was  not  so  young  when  my  father  died  hut  that  I  per- 

feetly  remember  him.  Byron. 

The  negative  clause  is  often  represented  by  the  single 

word  not. 

Not  but  they  thought  me  worth  a  ransom. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
An  expletive  what  sometimes,  but  incorrectly,  follows. 

Not  hut  u'hut  I  hold  it  our  duty  never  to  foster  into  a 
passion  what  we  must  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful  neces- 
sity. Bulwer. 

(2)  After  interrogative  clauses  implying  a  negative  an- 
swer. 

But  is  it  Buffered  amongest  them?    It  is  wonderful!  but 
that  the  governours  doe  redresse  such  shamefull  abuses. 
Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Who  knows  hut  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and  perma- 
nent acquaintance  with  this  interesting  family?    T.  Hook. 

(3)  After  imperative  or  exclamatory  clauses. 

Heaven  defend  but  still  I  should  stand  so. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 
(c)  Excepting  or  excluding  the  fact  that;  save  that;  were 
it  not  that ;  unless. 

And,  but  infirmity 
(Which  waits  upon  worn  times)  hath  something  seiz'd 
His  wish'd  ability,  he  had  himself 
The  lands  and  waters  'twixt  your  throne  and  his 
Measur'd  to  look  upon  you.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Here  we  live  in  an  old  crumbling  mansion  that  looks 
for  all  the  world  like  an  inn,  but  that  we  never  see  com- 
pany. Goldsmith. 
Last  year,  my  love,  it  was  my  hap 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  be, 
And,  but  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  methinks  than  me. 

Thackeray,  Chronicle  of  the  Drum. 

2.  However;  yet;  still;  nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing: introducing  a  statement  in  restric- 
tion or  modification  of  the  preceding  statement. 

When  pride  cometh,  then  Cometh  shame :  but  with  the 
lowly  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xi.  2. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three;  but  the 
greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1  Cor.  xiii.  13. 

The  Moorish  inhabitants  looked  jealously  at  this  small 
but  proud  array  of  Spanish  chivalry. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  11. 

3.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand:  the 
regular  adversative  conjunction,  introducing  a 
clause  in  contrast  with  the  preceding. 

Coke's  opposition  to  the  Court,  we  fear,  was  the  effect 
not  of  good  principles,  but  of  a  bad  temper. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
The  statement  with  which  the  clause  with  but  is  thus  con- 
trasted may  be  unexpressed,  being  implied  in  the  context 
or  supplied  by  the  circumstances. 

Of  much  less  value  is  my  compauy 
Than  vour  good  words.     But  who  comes  here? 

Shak.,  Eich.  II.,  ii.  .'!. 
Have  you  got  nothing  for  me? — Yes,  but  I  have. 

Sheridan. 
Sometimes,  instead  of  the  statement  with  which  the  clause 
with  hut  is  contrasted,  an  exclamation  of  surprise,  admi- 
rati'  in,  or  other  strong  feeling  precedes,  the  clause  with  but 
then  expressing  the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

O,  but  this  most  delicious  world,  how  sweet 
Her  pleasures  relish  !  Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 

Good  heavens,  but  she  is  handsome  !  Adam  Smith. 

4.  Than :  after  comparatives.  [This  construction, 
once  in  good  use,  and  still  common,  is  now  regarded  as 
incorrect.] 

It  can  be  no  otherwise  but  so. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
O  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  but  blasted. 

Milton,  Ode  on  D.  F.  I. 

I  no  sooner  saw  my  face  in  it  but  I  was  startled  by  my 
shortness  in  it.  Addison. 

This  point  was  no  sooner  gained,  but  new  dissensions 
began.  X'ci/t,  Nobles  and  Commons,  iii. 

5f.  When.  [This  use  arises  out  of  the  comparative  con- 
struction, "not  far,  but  .  .  .  ,"  being  equivalent  to  "not 
much  further  than  .  .  ."     See  4.] 

Now  I  beheld  in  my  dream,  that  they  had  not  journeyed 
far,  but  the  river  and  the  way  for  a  time  parted. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  172. 
[By  further  ellipsis  and  idiomatic  deflection  but  has  in 
modern  English  developed  a  great  variety  of  special  and 


735 

isolated  uses  derived  from  the  preeeding.l^Syn.  Time- 
ever,  stilt.  Nevertheless,  etc.    See  however. 

but1  (hut),  a.  [So.,  <  lint1,  nth-.,  prep.,  aniconj.. 
outside,  without.  Cf.  the  correlative  bail,  n.  | 
The  outer  room  of  a  house  consisting  of  only 
two  rooms  ;  the  kitchen  :  the  other  room  being 
tin-  /»».-  To  live  but  and  ben  with.    Sec  bent . 

but'-'t,  butt4t  (but),  ii.  [<  ME.  Iml,  hnttr,  bolte,  it 
flounder  (glossed also  tu/rbo,  turbot,  and  pecten  >. 
=  D.  hot,  a  flounder,  plaice,  =  MLG.  but,  LG. 
butt,  butte  (>  G.  hull,  butte),  a  flounder,  =  Bw. 
btitta,  a  turbot.  Hence  in  comp.  halibut,  q.  v.] 
A  flounder  or  plaice.     [North.  Eng.] 

Iletok  .   .   . 

The  butte,  the  schulle,  the  thornebak. 

Ilavelok,  1.  759. 
Butte,  that  is  a  flounder  of  the  fresshc  water. 

Bailees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  231. 
but:1,  ».      See  hi, UK 

but4,  a.  ami  v.    Bee  butt2. 

but5  (but),  v.    Short  for  abut.     See  butt2. 

but(1  (but),  n.     See  hull'-'. 

butch  (bueh),  V.  t.     [Assumed  from  butcher,  like 

peddle   from  peddler.]     To   butcher;   cut,   as 

flesh.     [Bare."] 

lake  th\  huge  offal  and  white  liver  hence, 
Or  in  a  twinkling  of  this  true-blue  steel 
I  shall  lie  hutching  thee  from  nape  to  rump. 

No  //.  Taylor,  I'h.  van  Art.,  II.,  iii.  1. 

butcher  (bueh'er),  n.  [<  ME.  backer,  <  OF. 
boehier,  bouchier,  boucher,  F.  boucher  (=  Pr.  Im- 
chier;  ML.  buccarius),  orig.  a  killer  of  he-goats, 
or  seller  of  their  flesh,  <  OF.  hoc,  bouc,  F.  bone, 
=  Pr.  boe  (ML.  huccus),  a  he-goat:  see  buck1. 
Cf.  It.  beccujo,  beccaro,  a  butcher,  <  becco,  a 
goat.]  1.  One  who  slaughters  animals  for 
market;  one  whose  occupation  is  the  killing  of 
animals  for  food. —  2f.  An  executioner. — 3. 
One  who  kills  in  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner;  one 
guilty  of  indiscriminate  slaughter. 

Honour  and  renown  are  bestowed  on  conquerors,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  are  but  the  great  butchers  of  mankind. 

Locke. 

4.  Figuratively,  an  unskilful  workman  or  per- 
former; a  bungler;  a  botch,  [fiolloq.]  —Butch- 
er's broom.  See  troomi.— Butcher's  Cleaver.  See 
Charles's  Wain,  under  wain. 
butcher  (bueh'er),  v.  t.  [<  butcher,  ».]  1.  To 
kill  or  slaughter  for  food  or  for  market. —  2. 
To  murder,  especially  in  an  unusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner. 

A  man  beset  by  assassins  is  not  bound  to  let  himself  be 
tortured  and  butchered  without  using  bis  weapons. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  treat  bunglingly;  make  a 
botch  of;  spoil  by  bad  work:  as,  to  butcher  a  job: 
tho  play  was  butchered  by  the  actors.  [Colloq.j 
butcher-bird  (buch'er-berd),  n.  A  shrike;  an 
oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Laniidce,  and 

especially  of 
the        genus 
Lanius     (see 
these  words): 
so  called  from 
its       curious 
habit  of  kill- 
ingmorethan 
it  immediate- 
ly  eats,    and 
sticking  what 
is   left    upon 
thorns,         as 
a         butcher 
hangs     meat 
upon    hooks. 
The        common 
butcher-bird   of 
Europe     is     L. 
excubitor;  two  common  American  species  are  the  great 
northern  shrike,  /..  horealis,  and  a  smaller  southern  spe- 
cies, the  white-rumpeil  shrike  or  loggerhead,  L.  ludoeiei- 
ui, us.    See  nine-kilter  ami  shrike. 
butcher-crow  (buch'er-kro),  n.    A  bird  of  the 
family  Corrida;  genus  Barita,  inhabiting  New 
Holland,  as  B.  destructor. 
butcherdom  (buch'er-dom),  n.     The  condition 
or  trade  of  a  butcher.     [Rare.] 
butcherer  (buoh'er-er),  ».     [<  butcher,  v.,  + 
-re1.]     One  who  butchers ;  a  butcher.    [Rare.] 
butcherliness  (bueh'er-li-nes),  n.    The  quality 

of  being  butcherly.     Johnson. 
butcherly  (bueh'er-li),  a.    [<  butcher  +  -lyl.~\ 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  butcher; 
done  in  the  manner  of  a  butcher. 

Lord  Russell  was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  the 
executioner  giving  him  three  butcherly  strokes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  21,  1683. 

butcher-meat  (buch'er-met),  n.  The  flesh  of 
animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for  food, 
such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  etc.,  as  dis- 


Butcher-bird  (Lanius  :,,.!.-  i.,.iui, 


Buthus 

(anguished  from  game  or  other  animal  or  vege 

table  food  ;  butchers' t. 

butcheroust  (buch'er-us),  a.  [<  butcher  +  -ous.  | 
Murderous ;  cruel. 

That  those  thy  buteherous  hands 

Should  oiler  violence  to  thy  Mesh  and  bl 1 

Chapman  i  i,  Uphonsus,  v.  2. 

butcher-rowt  (buoh'er-ro),  «•    A  row  of  sham- 

bles;  :i  meat-market . 

How  large  a  shambles  and  buteher^ow  would  Buch 
make!  Wliitluek,  Manners  of  ling.  People,  ]>.  97. 

butcher's-broom    (buch'erz-brOm),   n.     See 

butcher's  broom,  under  hnuimK 

butcher's-prickwood  (buch'erz-prik''wiid),  u. 
The  berry-alder  of  Kurope,  Ulinmiins  Franguia: 
so  called  from  its  use  for  skewers. 

butchery  (buch'er-i),  n. ;  pi.  butcheries  (-iz). 
[<  ME.  bocherie,  a  butcher's  shop,  <  OF.  hu- 
cherie  (Roquefort),  houcltcric  (ML.  "buccaria, 
hiicceriit),  F.  houcherie,  slaughter,  a  butcher's 
shop,  <  boucher,  a  butcher:  see  butcher.']  1. 
Slaughter ;  the  act  or  business  of  slaughtering 
cattle.  Hence  —  2.  The  killing  of  a  human 
being,  especially  in  a  barbarous  manner;  also, 
the  killing  of  a  large  number,  as  in  battle ; 
great  slaughter. 

Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butchery  delight.  Dryden. 
3f.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  mar- 
ket; a  shambles  or  slaughter-house;  hence,  a 
place  where  blood  is  shed. 

This  house  is  but  a  butchery  ; 
Abhor  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  it. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
~Syn.  Carnage,  etc.    See  massacre. 

butching  (bueh'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  butch, 
v.]    Butchering;  the  butcher's  trade.    [Rare.] 

Sax  thousand  years  are  nearhand  sped 
Sin'  I  was  to  the  butching  bred. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

Butea  (bu'te-a),  ii.  [NL.,  named  after  John, 
Earl  of  Bute  (1713-92).]  A  genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  contain- 
ing three  or  four  species,  small  trees  or  climb- 
ing shrubs,  yielding  a  kind  of  kino  known  as 
butea  gum  or  Banjul  kino.  The  principal  species  is 
B.  /random,  the  palas-  or  dhak-tree,  common  throughout 
India  and  conspicuous  for  its  abundant  bright  orange  red 
flowers.  The  seeds  yield  an  oil;  the  flowers  are  used  m 
dyeing ;  cordage  is  made  from  the  filler  of  the  hark  ;  and 
a  lac  is  produced  on  the  branches  by  the  puncture  of  a 
coccus. 
but-end,  »■  See  butt-end. 
Buteo  (bu'tf-p),  n.  [L.,  abuzzard :  see  buzzard.] 
A  genus  of  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family Falconi- 
die,  sometimes  forming  a  subfamily  Buteoninai; 
the  buzzards  or  buzzard- 
hawks  (which  see).  Thegenus 
is  an  extensive  one,  in  its  usual  ac- 
ceptation containing  about  40  spe- 
cies, of  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  are  large,  heavy  hawks,  with 
no  tooth  on  the  bill,  wings  and  tail 
of  moderate  si/e,  and  rather  short 
feet  with  partly  naked,  partly  fea- 
thered tarsi.  The  common  buz- 
zard of  Europe,  B.  vulgaris,  and 
the  red-tailed  buzzard  of  America,  B.  horealis,  are  typical 
examples. 

Buteoninae  (bu"te-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
leii(n-)  +  -/«<-(>.]  'A  group  of  buzzard-hawks; 
one  of  the  conventional  subfamilies  of  Falco- 
nidcB,  represented  by  the  genus  Buteo  and  its 
subdivisions,  and  by  the  genus  Arehibuteo. 
There  are  no  technical  characters  by  which 
it  can  be  de- 
termined with 
precision. 

buteonine 
(bu'te-6-nin), 
a.  [<Butco(n-) 
+  -ine1.]  Buz- 
zard-like ;  re- 
sembling a 
buzzard ;  be- 
longing to  the 
group  of  hawks 
of  which  the 
genus  Buteo  is 
typical. 

but-gap  (but/- 

gap),  h.  [E. 
dial.,  appar.  < 
hut±  or  butt2,  a, 
bound,  limit, 
+  gap.]  A 
fence  of  turf. 
Buthus  (bu'- 
thus),H.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of 
scorpions,     of 

the  family  An-  Buthus eamlinus,  natural  stee. 


Head  of  Red-tailed  Buz- 
zard {Butto  borealis). 


Buthus 

droctonidie.    />'.  carolinua  (Beauvois)  is  common 

in  the  southern  United  States.  Its  sting  is 
poisonous,  but  seldom  fatal, 
butler  (but'ler),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Soft  i>  r, 
<  ME. boteler, boiler,  buteler,  etc.,  <  A  I',  butuiller, 
OF.  buteiller,  bouteillier,  boutttlier  (ML.  buticu- 
Itirius),  <  AF.  butuilh;  OF.  boutcille,  <  ML.  &U- 
(«■»/». ::  bottle:  see  6o«te2.]  1.  A  man-servant 
in  a  household  whose  principal  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  etc.;  the  head 
male  servant  of  a  household. 

And  he  restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  butlership 
:i":iin    and  he  gave  the  cup  Into  Pharaoh's  hand. 

Gen.  zL  21. 

2.  The  title  of  an  official  of  high  rank  nomi- 
nally connected  with  the  importation  and  sup- 
ply of  wine  for  the  royal  table,  but  having 
different  duties  in  different  countries  and  at 

various  times. 

butlerage  (but'ler-aj),  n.  [<  butler  +  -age.]  1. 
In  old  Eng.  hue,  a  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  imported  into  England  by  foreign- 
,  rs  or  merchant  strangers :  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the  king. 
These  ordinary  finances  are  casual  or  uncertain,  as  he 
the  escheats,  the  customs,  butlerage,  and  impost.  Bacon. 
2f.  The  office  of  butler;  butlership.— 3.  The 
butler's  department  in  a  household. 

butleress  (but'ler-es),  ».  [<  butter  +  -ess.]  A 
female  butler.     Chapman. 

butlership  (but'ler-ship),  ».  [<  butler  +  ship.] 
The  office  of  a  butler.     Gen.  xl.  21. 

butlery  (but'ler-i),  re.  [See  buttery.']  Same  as 
buttery*,  2.     [Rare.] 

There  was  a  butlery  connected  with  the  college,  at  which 
cider,  beer,  sugar,  pipes,  and  tobacco  were  sold  to  the  stu- 
,1   nts  Gow,  Primer  of  Politeness  (ed.  18S3),  p.  146. 

hutment  (but'ment),  «.  An  abbreviated  form 
of  abutment. 

butment-cheek  (but'ment-ehek),  n.  The  part 
of  the  material  about  a'  mortise  against  which 
the  shoulder  of  a  tenon  bears. 

Butorides  (bu-tor'i-dez),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  small  herons,  of  the  family  Ardeidw,  of  which 
green  is  the  principal  color;  the  little  green 
herons.  /;.  viresceris,  the  common  shitepoke  or  fly-up- 
the-creek  of  the  United  States,  is  one  species,  and  there 
arc  several  others. 

but-shaftt,  n.     See  butt-shaft. 

butt1  (but),  v.  [Also  sometimes  (like  all  the 
other  words  spelled  butt)  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  butte,  <  ME.  butti  ii.  push,  throw,  <  AF.  buter. 
OF.  bitter,  bote);  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F. 
boater,  put,  outer,  intr.  hit  the  mark,  aim,  fcr. 
jiroji,  buttress,  =  Pr.  Ixitttr,  botttar,  biititr  =  Sp. 
Pg.  boiar  =  It.  bottare,  lance,  buttare,  push, 
thrust,  throw,  fling;  perhaps  <  MHG.  bozen, 
strike,  beat,  =  AS.  bedtttn,  etc.,  beat:  see  beat1. 
To  the  same  ult.  source  are  referred  boss*, 
botch1,  etc.;  also  abut,  of  which  butt1  in  some 
senses  (II.,  2,  3)  is  in  part  an  abbr.  form. 
Hence  indirectly  butt*,  buttress,  etc.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  by  thrusting,  as  with  the  end  of  a  beam 
or  heavy  stick,  or  with  the  horns,  tusks,  or  head, 
as  an  ox,  a  boar,  or  a  ram ;  strike  with  the  head. 
The  here  in  the  bataile  the  bygger  hym  semyde, 

And  Initios  hvine  boldlye  wytll  halefulle  tllske/.. 

MorU  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  791. 
Come,  leave  your  tears :  a  brief  farewell:  —  the  beast 

With  mail}  lieads  butts  Ine  away.  Shak.,  Cor.,  IV.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  anything  by  thrust- 
ing the  head  against  it,  as  an  ox  or  a  ram  ;  have 
a  habit  of  striking  in  this  manner. 

A  rain  will  1'iitt  with  his  head,  though  lie  he  brought  up 
tun. ,  and  never  saw  that  manner  oi  fighting, 

liuir,  \\  orks  of  '  'rcatioii 

When  they  [-hepherdsl  called,  the  creatures  came,  e\ 

p.  ctlng  Bait  and  dread.      It  was  pretty  to  see  them  lying 

near  their  masters,  playing  and  butting  at  them  with  their 

or  bleating  for  the  sweet  rye-bread 

./.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  310. 

2.  To  join  at  the  end  or  outward  extremity; 
abut ;  be  contiguous. 

The  poVlit  Of  that  side  bulletb  mOSt    Vpp'UI  (loiilliny. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  Bngland,  p  247. 

There  are  many  ways  butt  down  upon  tins ;  and  they  are 
iked  and  wide.        Bunyan,  Pilg Progress,  p.  101. 

3.  Specifically,  in  ship  building,  to  abut  end  to 
end;  lit  togethes  end  to  end,  as  two  planks. 

Also  spelled  Imt. 
butt1  (but),  ».  [<  ME.  butt:  <  butfl-,  v.  The 
second  sense  is  due  in  pari  to  F.  botte,  a  pass  or 
thrust  in  fencing.  <  It.  botta  =  Sp.  pg.  bote,  a 
thrust, blow ;  from  the  same  Bource  -as  butt1,  v.] 
1.  A  push  or  thrust  given  by  Ho-  head  of  an 

animal:  as,  the  butt  oi  a  ram.— 2.  A  thrust  ill 
fencing. 

To  proi  e  who  gave  i  he  fairer  butt, 

John  shows  the  chalk  on  I  oat       Prior. 


736 

Full  butt,  with  the  head  directed   at   an  object  so  as  to 
strike  it  most  effectively. 

null,'  i, mi  iii  thefrunt  the fromonde [forehead] he hittez 
That  the  burnyscht  blade  to  the  brayne  rynnez. 

MorU  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  1.  1112. 

The  corporal  ran  lull  hull  at  the  lieutenant. 

Marryat,  Snarleyyow, 


Fast-joint  Butt. 


1.  vi. 

butt-  (but),  ii.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod. 
10.  butte,  <  ME.  but,  butte,  a  goal  (nieta),  a  mark 
to  shoot  al,  but.  bull.  butte,&  butt  of  land  (ML. 
butta  briii):  <  OF.  -'but,  m.,  a  but  or  mark," 
■•bulb.  I'.,  a  but  or  mark  to  shoot  at,"  in  an- 
other form  "  hot,  as  but  [a  mark],  Nomi.;  also,  a 
luncheon,  orill-favoured bigpiece" (Cotgrave), 
the  same  as  OF.  hot,  end,  extremity,  mod.  F. 
bout,  end,  extremity,  part,  piece,  distinguished 
from  mod.  F.  but,  m.,  aim,  goal,  mark,  butte,  I., 
a  mark,  target,  usually  set  upon  rising  ground, 
hence  also  a  rising  ground,  knoll,  hill,  butte  (> 
E.  butte,  q.  v.);  all  orig.  <  OF.  buter,  botet;  AF. 
buter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F.  bouter,  put, 
buter,  hit  the  mark,  aim,  prop,  >  E.  butt1,  of 
which  butt-  is  thus  indirectly  a  derivative:  see 
butt1.  The  forms  and  senses  mix  with  some 
of  appar.  diff.  origin :  cf.  Norw.  butt,  a  stump, 
block,  Icel.  biitr,  a  log,  LG.  butt,  a  stumpy 
child;  G.  butt  =  D.  hot  =  Dan.  but,  short  and 
thick,  stubby  (>  F.  bot,  in  pied  bot,  club-foot,  = 
Sp.  boto,  blunt,  round  at  the  end) :  referred, 
doubtfully,  ult.  to  the  root  of  E.  beat1,  q.  v. 
proli.  in  part  confused  with  LG.  butt,  etc.,  a 
tub,  etc.,  =  E.  butt?.]  1.  The  end  or  extremity 
of  a  thing.  Particularly— (a)  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
hlunt  end  of  a  piece  of  timber,  a  musket,  a  fishing-rod,  a 
whip-handle,  etc.  Also  called  butt-end.  (b)  The  thick  or 
fleshy  part  of  a  plant,  etc.  (c)  The  buttocks:  the  posteri- 
ors. [Vulgar.]  (it)  A  buttock  of  beef.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
2.  In  ship-building,  the  end  of  a  plank  or  piece 
of  timber  which  exactly  meets  another  endwise 
in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom;  also,  the  juncture 
of  two  such  pieces. —  3.  In  niaeh., 
the  square  end  of  a  connecting- 
rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the 
bush-bearing  is  attached. — 4.  In 
eaip.,  a  door-hinge  consisting  of 
two  plates  of  metal,  or  leaves, 
which  interlock  so  as  to  form  a 
movable  joint,being  heldtogether 
by  a  pin  or  pintle.  They  are  screwed  to  the  butting 
parts  of  the  door  and  casing,  instead  of  to  their  adjoining 
sides  as  are  the  older  strap-hinges.  See  fast-joint  butt  and 
loose-joint  butt,  below.     Also  called  butt-hinge. 

5.  In  agri.:  (a)  A  ridge  in  a  plowed  field,  espe- 
cially when  not  of  full  length.  Hence  —  (h)  A 
gore  or  gare.  (c)  pi.  A  small  detached  or  dis- 
joined parcel  of  land  left  over  in  surveying. — 

6.  In  the  leather  trade,  a  hide  of  sole-leather  with 
the  belly  and  shoulders  cut  off;  a  rounded  crop. 

The  heaviest  hides  .  .  .  have  received  the  name  of  butts 
or  backs.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  83. 

7t.  A  hassock. —  8.  The  standing  portion  of 
a  half-coupling  at  the  end  of  a  hose ;  the  me- 
tallic ring  at  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a  fire-en- 
gine, or  the  like,  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed. 
— 9.  In  target-shooting:  (a)  In  archery,  a  mark 
to  shoot  at.  (b)  In  rifle-practice,  a  wooden  tar- 
get composed  of  several  thicknesses  of  boards, 
with  small  spaces  between  them,  so  that  the 
depth  to  which  bullets  penetrate  can  be  ascer- 
tained, (c)  In  gunnery,  a  solid  embankment  of 
earth  or  sand  into  which  projectiles  are  fired 
in  testing  guns,  or  in  making  ballistic  experi- 
ments, (el)  pi.  The  range  or  place  where  arch- 
ery, rifle,  or  gunnery  practice  is  carried  on,  in 
distinction  from  the  field.  See  target.  Hence 
— 10.  A  person  or  thing  that  serves  as  a  mark 
for  shafts  of  wit  or  ridicule,  or  as  an  object  of 
sarcastic  or  contemptuous  remarks. 

I  played  a  sentence  or  two  at  my  butt,  which  I  thought 
very  Smart,  when  my  ill  genius  .  .  .  suggested  to  him 
such  a  reply  as  got  all  the  laughter  on  his  side.    Budgell. 

That  false  prudence  which  dotes  on  health  and  wealth 
is  the  butt  and  merriment  of  heroism. 

Emerson,  Bssays,  lstser.,  p.  229. 

11.  A  goal;  abound;  a  limit. 

Here  is  my  journey's  cud.  here  is  my  butt. 
And  very  sea-mark  oi  my  utmost  sail. 

Stmt:.,  Othello,  V.  2. 

12.  In  coal-mining,  the  surface  of  the  coal 
which  is  at  right  angles  to  the  face.  [Eng.] 
—  13.  A  shoemakers'  knife.     [North.  Eng.] 

Also  spelled  tmi. 
Bead  and  butt.  See  bead,  '.>.— Butt  and  butt,  with  the 
butt-ends  together,  hut  not  overlapping,  as  two  planks.— 
Butts  and  bounds,  the  ahuttais  and  boundaries  of  land. 
Butt's  length,  the  ordinary  distance  from  the  place  of 
shooting  to  the  butt  or  mark:  as,  not  two  butts'  lengths 
fi i  ie  ton  ii 

[They]  rode  so  cloos  i after  a-nother that  whan  the! 

were  renged  thai  oon  myght  have  caste  a  glove  vpon  the  ire 
ie  inns  thai  sholde  not  nave  Ealle  m  grounde,  el  thel  hadde 
rideufci'"'  lengths.  Merlin  (E.  E,  T.  s.i,  iii.  885. 


buttal 

Fast-joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  pintle  that  holds 
together  the  two  leaves  is  removable,  and  tile  leaves  are 
bo  interlocked  that  they  cannot  he  separated  without  first 
removing  the  pintle.  Hookaild  butt.  Sec  /met.  LOOSe- 
joint  butt,  a  binge  in  which  the  jointed  portion  is  halved, 
each  half  forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  leaves.  The  pin  is 
ininiovahh  lived  to  -me  leaf,  and  enters  a  hole  in  the  other 
leaf.  thUB  enabling  the  leaves  to  he  separated  easily. — 
Rising  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  leaf  attached  to  the 
door  rises  slightly  as  the  door  is  opened.  This  action  is 
effected  by  making  the  surface  upon  which  this  leal  moves 
inclined  instead  of  horizontal.  The  object  is  to  give  the 
door  a  tendency  to  close  automatically.  Scuttled  butt. 
Same  as  scuttle-butt— 10  give  the  butt  to,  in  angling 
with  a  light  fly-rod,  to  turn  the  butt  of  the  rod  Inward  the 
hooked  lish,  thus  bending  the  rod  upon  itself  and  keeping 
a  steady  tension  on  the  line.  —  TO  Start  or  spring  a  butt 
luatil.),  to  loosen  the  end  of  a  ptatlk  by  the  weakness  oi 
laboring  of  the  ship. 
butt-  (but),  v.  [<  butt?,  n.]  I.  trans.  It.  To 
lay  down  bounds  or  limits  for. 

That  the  dean,  etc.,  do  cause  all  and  singular  bouses, 
dwellings  of  the  church,  to  he  bounded  and  Initial. 

Abp.  Parker,  in  Strype  (fol.  ed.),  p.  304. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  ends  of,  as  boards,  in  order  to 
make  square  ends  or  to  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

II.  intrans.  To  abut.     See  butt1,  v.,  H.,  2,  3. 

Also  spelled  but. 
butt3  (but),  n.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod.  E. 
but.  Iiutte;  <  (1)  ME.  bytte,  bitte,  bit,  earlier  butte, 
a  leathern  bottle,  a  wine-skin  (in  late  ME.  bitte, 
a  leathern  fire-bucket),  <  AS.  bytt,  byt,  aleathern 
bottle,  =  MD.  butte,  D.  but,  a  wooden  bucket, 
=  MLG.  butte,  LG.  butte,  butt  =  MHG.  butte,  G. 
butte,  butte,  a  tub,  coop,  =  Icel.  bytta,  a  small 
tub,  a  bucket,  pail,  =  Norw.  bytta,  a  tub,  bucket, 
pail,  a  brewing-vat  (cf.  butt,  a  keg,  a  butter- 
tub),  =  Sw.  bytta,  a  pail,  =  Dan.  botte,  a  tub, 
coop;  mixed  with  (2)  ME.  "butte  (not  found  in 
this  sense),  <  OF.  boute,  mod.  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp. 
bota  =  It.  botte,  a  butt,  cask;  cf.  (3)  AS.  byden 
=  MLG.  bodeme,  boden,  bode,  bodde,  budde,  also 
bodeme  (by  confusion  with  bodeme  =  E.  bottom) 
=  OHG.  butinna,  MHG.  bulin.  builin,  biiten,  bit- 
ten, biitten,  G.  butte  (mixed  with  the  above)  = 
ODan.  bodde,  a  butt,  tun,  tub,  vat;  cf.  It.  bot- 
tina,  a  little  butt;  (4)  AS.  buteruc,  hutirie.  bu- 
tritc,  early  ME.  biittruc  =  OS.  butcric  =  OHG. 
butirih,  puterih,  MHG.  bitterich,  butrieh,  a  lea- 
thern bottle,  a  flask,  G.  dial,  biitterich,  biittrich, 
a  small  tub  or  barrel,  a  keg  (ML.  buttericus,  a 
tankard);  and  (5)  see  bottle2,  from  the  same 
ult.  source:  <  ML.  butlis,  butta,  also  butis,  buta, 
a  butt,  a  cask,  MGr.  (Hmc,  jioi'Tic,  a  butt  (NGr. 
povra,  a  tub,  a  chum,  fiovral,  a  tub,  a  barrel), 
appar.  shortened  from  the  older  form  (from 
which  directly  the  third  set  of  forms  men- 
tioned), ML.  butina,  a  flask,  <  Gr.  nvrtwi,  later 
(Tarentine)  fivrivrj,  a  flask  covered  with  osier 
(cf.  NGr.  fivriva,  a  pan  for  salting  meat).  As 
in  other  vessel-names,  the  precise  application 
varies  in  the  different  languages.  In  the  sense 
of  a  particular  measure  of  wine,  the  word  is 
modem;  cf.  pipe  in  similar  senses.]  It.  A 
leathern  bottle  or  flask  ;  a  bucket :  in  this  sense 
only  in  Middle  English,  usually  spelled  In  /or  Iii  It. 

That  the  Bitters  he  redy  w*  bur  horses  and  liittrs  to 
brynge  water  .  .  .  when  eny  parelle  of  fuyre  ys  w'vn  the 
cite.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  382. 

2.  A  large  cask,  especially  one  to  contain  wine. 
—  3.  A  measure  of  wine  equal  to  126  United 
States  (that  is,  old  wine)  gallons  ;  a  pipe,  it  is 
no  longer  a  legal  measure  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  com- 
mon statement  that  an  imperial  butt  is  126  Imperial  gal- 
lons is  incorrect;  the  butt  is  110  imperial  gallons.  The 
measure  was  originally  used  chiefly  for  Spanish  wine,  and 
the  word  was  used  to  translate  Spanish  bota,  which  equaled 
128  United  States  gallons,  and  to  distinguish  that  from 
the  Spanish  pipa,  which  contained  only  114  United  states 
gallons.  Its  present  value  was  legalised  by  a  statute  of 
Anne.  It  is  now  confounded  with,  the  pipe.  The  pipe  ol 
Madeira  is  reputed  to  contain  no  gallons;  of  Canary,  120; 
of  Port,  13S;  of  Marsala,  112.  The  bota  and  pipa,  through- 
out Spain,  vary  hut  little  from  the  values  above  given.    In 

Portugucsi un  tries  two  measures  are  common,  one  of  141 

gallons  (Oporto,  Lisbon  for  oil),  and  another  of  lln  gallons 
(Lisbon,  Madeira,  Porto  Kico,  Bahia).  There  Is  besides  a 
Portuguese  pipe  of  132  gallons  (Lisbon  foroil,  Bahia).  In 
Italy  the  name  botte  is  applied  to  a  cask  holding  200 
United  states  gallons  or  more  ;  hut  it  was  m  many  places 
confounded  with  the  pipa,  which  held  only  160  to  170  cal- 
lous. The  French  word  botte  was  never  used  as  the  name 
of  a  wine-measure ;  neither  was  the  German  butts  or  otitis, 
In  Denmark  there  was  a  bodde  of  128  United  States  gal- 
lons; in  liotha,  a  measure  of  the  same  name  equal  to  116 
United  states  gallons.  The  b„i,tu  of  Bolivia  is  only  9.3 
I  ni  id  states  gallons.  A  butt  of  London  beer,  at  the  time 
when  London  beer  was  measured  differently  from  ale,  v\:ts 
3  hogsheads.  A  butt  of  salmon,  by  a  statute  of  Henry  VI., 
w as  si  gallons. 

4.  A  beehive.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Exmoor).]  —  5. 
A  cart.      [  Prov.  Eng.] 

butt't.  ".     See  but2. 

buttal1  (but'al),  >i.    [Short  for  abuttal.]    If. 

A  boundary;  a  bound. — 2.  [Cf.  butt-,  n.,  5.]  A 
corner  of  ground.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


buttal 

buttal-  (hut'al),  n.    Adialoetal  form  of  hnttn~-\, 

bittern*. 
butt-bolt  (but'bolt),  n.    An  nnbarbed  arrow; 

a  butt-shaft. 

1  Baw  ii  little  devil  fly  out  <>f  her  eye  like  :i  but-bolt, 
which  sticks  at  this  hour  up  to  the  feathers  In  my  heart. 
Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  ii.  l. 

butt-chain  (but'chan),  n.  In  "harness,  :i  short 
obain  attached  at  one  end  to  the  leather  tug, 

;u  nl  at  the  other  to  the  swingle-tree.     E.   11. 
Knight. 

butte  (but),  a.  [F.,  a  rising  ground,  a  mound, 
orig.  a  butt  to  shoot  at:  see  butfij]  A  conspicu- 
ous hill  or  mountain,  especially  one  thai  at- 
tracts attention  by  its  isolation,  or  serves  as  a 
landmark:  a  name  applied  in  the  regions  about 
the  upper  Missouri  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 
Thus,  the  "Three  Buttes"  were  a  conspicuous  landmark 
for  emigrants  to  Oregon.  One  of  the  highest  and  grand*  il 
mountains  in  the  United  States,  Mount  Shasta,  was  in  the 
early  days  of  Californian  emigration  known  to  the  Ameri- 
cans almost  exclusively  as  Shasta  Butte.  Other  promi- 
nent lofty  peaks  in  California  are  still  called  buttes,  as 
Downieville  Buttes,  Marysville  Buttes,  vie.  This  use  of 
the  word  butte,  now  gradually  disappearing  from  the 
region  in  question,  is  a  relic  of  French  occiiputn-y  of 
the  Northwest,  and  of  the  subsequent  wide  distribution 
through  that  region  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  em- 
ployees, most  of  whom  were  of  French  extraction.  The 
word  was  picked  up  by  overland  emigrants  and  carried  to 
the  furthest  West;  and  it  has  been  much  used  as  a  place- 
name,  alone  or  in  combination. 

buttenf,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  button. 

butt-end  (but' end),  n.  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
blunt  end  of  anything:  as,  the  butt-end  of  a 
musket  or  a  piece  of  timber:  same  as  butfi, 
1  (a).     Also  spelled  but-end. 

butter1  (but'er),  n.  [<  ME.  butter,  buttere,  bu- 
tere,  <  AS.  butere  (in  eomp.  buter-,  buttor-)  = 
OFries.  butera,  botera  =  D.  botcr  =  LG.  botter  = 
OHGr.  butrd,  butcre,  MHG.  bitter,  G.  butter  = 
F.  beurre  =  It.  burro,  butiro,  <  L.  butt/rum,  < 
Gr.  i3ocrvpnv,  butter,  appar.  <  povc,  cow,  +  rvp6e, 
cheese,  but  perhaps  an  aeeom.  of  some  for- 
eign word.]  1.  The  fatty  portion  of  milk.  As 
prepared  for  use,  it  contains  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  fats,  with 
varying  amounts  of  water  and  salt,  and  minute  quantities 
of  sugar  and  curd.  It  is  used  as  a  food  or  relish  by  most 
peoples,  and  is  made  directly  from  the  milk,  or  from  the 
cream  previously  separated  from  the  milk,  of  cows,  goats, 
and  other  animals.  Agitation  or  churning  separates  the 
fats  from  the  milk  or  cream  and  makes  them  cohere  in 
lumps,  which  are  then  worked  together,  freed  as  far  as 
possible  from  buttermilk,  and  usually  mixed  with  salt, 
which  preserves  the  butter  and  develops  its  flavor. 
2.  In  old  cheni.,  a  term  applied  to  certain  an- 
hydrous metallic  ehlorids  of  buttery  consis- 
tence and  fusibility.  —  Butter- and- tallow  tree,  a 
guttiferous  tree  of  Sierra  Leone,  Pentadesma  butyraeea, 
so  called  from  its  abundant  yellow,  greasy  sap,  which  the 
natives  mix  with  their  food.— Butter  of  antimony,  a 
name  given  to  antimony  trichlorid,  made  by  distilling  a 
mixture  of  corrosive  sublimate  and  antimony,  and  former- 
ly used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic— Butter  of  bismuth, 
butter  of  tin,  butter  of  zinc,  sublimated  ehlorids  of 
those  metals.  — Butter  of  wax,  the  oleaginous  part  of 
wax,  obtained  by  distillation,  having  a  buttery  consistence. 
—  Macaja  butter.  See  Cocas.  -  Midshipmen's  butter. 
See  avocado.— Nutmeg- butter.  See  nutmeg.— Paraffin- 
butter,  a  crude  paraffin  which  is  used  for  making  can- 
dles.— Rock-butter,  a  peculiar  mineral  composed  of  alum 
combined  with  iron,  of  the  consistence  and  appearance  of 
soft  butter,  occurring  as  a  pasty  exudation  from  aluminif- 
erous  rocks  at  liurlet  Alum  Works,  Paisley,  Scotland,  and 
in  several  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe. — Run  but- 
ter, clarified  butter  ;  butter  melted  and  potted  for  culi- 
nary use.  The  name  of  ghee  (which  see)  is  given  to  a  kind 
of  run  butter  made  in  India.— Vegetable  butters,  a 
name  given  to  certain  concrete  fixed  vegetable  oils  which 
are  solid  at  common  temperatures :  so  called  from  their 
resemblance  to  butter  produced  from  the  milk  of  animals. 
The  following  are  the  most  important  of  them.  Cacao- 
butter,  or  oil  of  theobroma,  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
the  cacao  (Theobroma  Cacao)  of  tropical  America;  it  is 
"a  yellowish-white  solid,  having  a  faint  agreeable  odor,  a 
bland  chocolate-like  taste,  and  a  neutral  reaction"  (I\  s. 
Dispensatory,  p.  1049).  Canara  butter  is  obtained  from 
the  fruits  of  Valeria  Indica;  it  is  a  resin  rather  than  an 
oil,  and  is  used  as  a  varnish.  Fuhva  butter  is  from  the 
seeds  of  the  East  Indian  Bassia  butyraeea;  Kokum  butter, 
from  the  seeds  of  Garrinia  Indira ;  Mahwah  butter,  from 
Batista  latifolia.  Shea  butter,  also  called  galam  or  Bam- 
bxtk  batter,  is  from  the  kernels  of  the  shea-tree,  Butyro- 
njimnnm  Purkii,  of  western  Africa;  it  resembles  palm-oil, 
hut  is  of  a  deeper-red  color.    See  Bassia,  cacao,  sit,  a. 

butter1  (but'er),  v.    [<  butter*,  ».]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

'Twas  her  brother  that,  in  pure  kindness  to  his  horse, 
butter"  d  his  hay.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

2.  To  flatter  grossly :  as,  he  buttered  liim  to  his 
heart's  content.  [Colloq.]— Buttered  ale,  a  beer 
brewed  without  hops  or  other  bitter  ingredient,  and 
flavored    with    sugar,    butter,  and  .spice.—  TO  kUOW  on 

which  side  one's  bread  is  buttered,  to  know  where 
oue's  advantage  lies ;  be  able  to  take  care  of  one's  self. 
[Colloq.] 

I  know  what's  what,  I  know  on  which  side 

My  bread  is  butter'd.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 

II.  in  trans.  In  gambling  slang,  to  stake  the 
previous    winnings,   with    addition,   at  every 
throw  or  every  game. 
47 


737 

It  Is  a  fine  simile  in  one  of  Mr.t'ontrreve's  prologues  which 
compares  a  writer  t"  a  buttering  gamester  that  stakes  all 
his  winning  upon  one  cast ;  bo  that  it  in'  loses  tin'  lost 
throw  he  is  sure  in  be  undone.  Addison,  (freeholder. 

butter-  (but'er),  >i.    [<  butfl  +  -eri.]    One  who 

or  that  which  butts;  an  animal  that  butts. 

butter8  (but'er),  n.   [<  butfi,  v.  t.,  2,  +  -eri.]  A 

machine  for  sawing  off  the  ends  of  boards,  to 
square1  them  and  remove  faulty  parts. 

butter't,  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  bittern1.  Com- 
pare hutterbiuiiji. 

butterr»t,  a-  [Only  in  ME.  form  bitter,  <  bit, 
bitte  (see  but&),  +  -,  iK]  Ono  who  has  charge 
of  a  butt  or  fire-bucket.    Bee  butt'-\  «.,  1. 

butter-ale  (but'er-al),  n.  Same  as  buttered  ale 
(which  see,  under  butter1,  V.  t.). 

butter-and-eggs  (but'er-and-egz'),  n.    1.  The 

popular  name  in  the  British  islands  of  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Narcissus  aurantius 
and  of  othiT  species  of  the  same  genus,  and  in 
the  United  state  of  the  toad-tlnx  or  ramsted, 
Linaria  vulgaris:  from  the  color  of  the  flowers, 
which  are  of  two  shades  of  yellow. —  2.  The 
act  of  sliding  on  one  foot,  and  striking  the  slide 
with  the  heel  and  too  of  the  other  foot  at  short 
intervals.  [Eng.  schoolboy  slang.] 
I  ran  do  butter-aud-eggs  all  down  the  slide. 

Macmillan's  Mag. 

butterball  (but'er-bal),  re.     Same  as  buff* '.  2. 

butter-bean  (but'er -ben),  re.  A  variety  of 
Phaseol/us  tinnitus  cultivated  for  the  table  in 
the  United  States.     See  bean1,  2. 

butter-bird  (but'er-berd),  n.  Tho  name  given 
to  the  rice-bunting,  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus,  in 
Jamaica,  where  it  is  iu  great  request  for  the 
table.     See  cut  under  bobolink. 

butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  ».  A  vessel  for  the 
table  iu  which  melted  butter,  intended  to  be 
used  as  a  sauce,  is  served ;  a  sauce-boat. 

butter-box  (but'er-boks),  h.  1.  A  box  or  ves- 
sel for  butter. —  2f.  A  Dutchman.     [Slang.] 

butterbump  (but'er-bump),  it.  [Also  buttcr- 
iiiiniip  (and  cf.  buttermuuk),  <  butter,  dial, 
form  of  bitter^,  bittern^,  q.  v.,  +  bump1, 
var.  mump.  Cf.  equiv.  bogbumper.']  A 
name  of  the  European  bittern,  Botaurus 
stellaris.     Tennyson.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

butter-bur,  butter-burr  (but'er-ber),  «. 
A  name  of  the  sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites 
vulgaris.     Also  called  butter-dock. 

butter-color  (but'er-kuFor),  n.  1.  The 
color  of  butter;  golden  yellow. — 2.  A  sub- 
stance containing  a  large  amount  of  color- 
ing matter  which  is  mixed  with  butter, 
oleomargarin,  butterin,  or  suine,  to  give 
it  a  rich  yellow  color;  a  preparation  of 
madder  or  of  arnotto  thus  used. 

buttercup  (but  'er-kup),  n.  A  name  given 
to  most  of  the  common  species  of  Ranuncu- 
lus with  bright-yellow  cup-shaped  flowers 
and  divided  leaves,  such  as  It.  acris  and  R. 
bulbosus.  Also  called  butter-flower  and  crowfoot. 

butter-daisy  (but'er-da/'zi),  re.  The  white  ox- 
eye.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

butter-dock  (but'er-dok),  re.  A  name  given  to 
the  bitter  dock,  Riinnx  obtusifolius,  and  the 
sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites  vulgaris,  because  their 
large  leaves  are  used  for  wrapping  butter. 

butter-fingered  (but'er-fing"gerd);  a.  Having 
slippery  or  weak  fingers ;  clumsy  in  the  use  of 
the  hands.     [Slang.] 

butter-fingers  (but'er-fing"gerz),  h.  One  who 
lets  drop  anything  he  ought  to  hold;  a  butter- 
fingered  person;  specifically,  in  base-ball  and 
cricket,  one  who  "muffs'"  a  ball.     [Slang.] 

When,  on  the  executioner  lifting  the  head  of  the  seventh 
traitor,  as  the  preceding  six  had  been  lifted  to  the  public 
gaze,  he  happened  to  let  it  fall,  cries  of  "All.  clumsy!" 
"Halloo,  butter-fingers t"  were  heard  from  various  quar- 
ters of  the  assembly .  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  i. 

butter-fish  (but'er-fisk),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  various  fishes  and  other  marine  animals  hav- 
ing a  smooth  and  unctuous  surface  like  butter. 
(a)  The flsb.  Stromateus (or  Poronotus)triacanthus.    It  has 


butterfly-nose 

can  coast,  bu!  not  much  esteemed  for  food.    [Massacnu- 
etts  and  New  York.]    (o)  A.  carangold  flsh,  Selen*  Kttpin 

nie,  otherwise  called  humpback  butu  r-Jith,    [  xx I  h  1 1  oil, 

Massachusetts.]    e)  A  flsh  of  the  famih  Labridae,  Corido- 
dax  pullus.    It  has  an  oblong  body  with  small  smooth 
d<   .  a  naked  head,  and  17  dorsal  spines  and  17  rays. 
Chi    He  h   i     exceedingly  short  in  the  grain,  and   well 
savored,  without  being  rich.    It  Inhabits  thi    kelp 
around  Vu  Zealand.    ('/)  A.bivalve  molluskol  thi 
ily  Veneridcs,  Tape*  decussata  ;  the  pun-.    [Local,  Eng. 
(Hampshire).]    (- )  A  bivalve  molluskol  the  family Myi, 
ate,  Myaarenarut;  thesoftclam. 
2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Muraimides,  especially 
M.guunellus.    [Eng.] — 3.  Aserranoid  fish.  Eu- 
nute,  aims  punctatus.    Also  called  nigger-fish. 
[West  bid.] 
butterflip  ( but'er-fiip),  n.    Theavosef,  Ttecurvi- 
riisiin  avocetta.    Montagu.    [Local,  British.] 
butter-flower  (but'er-flou"er),  n.    Same  as  but- 
tercup. 

Let,  wen],  instead  <>f  lititter-jlow'rs  appear, 
Ami  meads,  instead  of  daisies,  hemlock  bear. 

Oay,  sheii.  Week,  Friday,  1.  85. 

butterfly  (but'er-fli),  «.;  pi.  butterflies  (-tllz). 
[<  ME.  butturflije,  boterflye,  etc.,  <  AS.  buttor- 
Jlciiijr,  buterflege  (=  1ID.  botervliege,  1».  boter- 
vlieg  =  ti.  butter fliege),  a  butterfly,  a  largo  white 
moth,  <  butere,  butter,  +  fledge,  a  ily.  Cf.  MD. 
butt  mil/In  I,  a  butterfly,  =  ( i.  Inttti  rnitji  I.  a  large 
white  moth  I  .ML),  nii/lttl,  1).  rui/i  I  =  (i.  rmji  I  =  E. 
fiuti1).  Tho  reason  for  the  name  is  uncertain  ; 
it  was  probably  at  first  applied  to  the  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well  as 
an  old  German  name  moUcendieb  (late  MHG. 
molkendiep), '  milk-thief,'  from  the  fact  that  peo- 
ple formerly  believed  that  the  butterfly,  or  elves 
or  witches  in  its  shape,  stole  milk  and  butter; 
but  tho  legend  may  have  arisen  out  of  the  name. 
Another  explanation,  based  on  another  name  of 
the  butterfly,  MD.  botersehijte,  -schiete,  -schi  te, 
refers  it  to  the  color  of  the  excrement  (schijte).] 
1.  The  common  English  name  of  any  diurnal 
lepidopterous  insect;  especially,  one  of  the  rlm- 
palocerous  Lepidoptera,  corresponding  to  the 


Butter-fish  {Strornattus  triacatithus). 

an  oval  form,  rounded  in  front,  with  pores  on  the  back  in 

a  single  row  above  the  lateral  line,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal 
tins  in  it  elevated.    It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  Ameri- 


Goatweed  Butterfly  \Pafhia gtycerium),  male,  natural  size. 

old  Linnean  genus  Pcijiilio,  called  distinctively 
tin  butterflies.  See  Zliuriia,  Ehopalocera,  Lepi- 
doptera, and  Papilio. —  2.  Figuratively,  a  per- 
son whose  attention  is  given  up  to  a  variety 
of  trifles  of  any  kind;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application ;  a  showily  dressed,  vain,  and  giddy 
person. — 3.  A  kind  of  flat  made-up  neek-tie. — 
4f.  An  herb  otherwise  called  ragwort.    Kersey, 

1708.— Butterfly  head-dress.  See  head-dress.— Cop- 
per  butterflies,  the  English  name  of  the  small  copper- 
colored  species  of  the  family  Lyecenidoe,  ami  especially 
of  the  genus  [.iiciriiu.—  Goatweed  butterfly,  the  pop- 
ular name  of  Paphia  glyceriwm,  a  rare  and  interesting 
butterfly,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  goatweeds  of 
the  -elms  Ci'inti.  the  insect  is  specially  brterestilig 
from  the  dissimilarity  of  the  sexes,  or  sexual  dimorphism, 
and  from  the  curious  habit  of  the  larva,  which  lives  in  a 
cup  made  of  the  folded  leaf,  'the  larva  is  clear-green  in 
color,  with  pale-white  granulations  and  Interspersed  dark 
indentations.  The  chrysalis  is  light-green,  banded  with 
dark-gray.  The  male  butteitly  is  deep  coppery-red, mark- 
ed with  dark  purplish-Drown,  while  the  female  is  much 
lighter-colored^  though  also  marked  with  dark-brown. — 
Sea-butterfly,  a  mollusk  of  the  subclass  Pteropoda:  so 
called  from  its  extended  lateral  foot-lobes,  which  simu- 
late w  Ings. 

butterfly-cock  (but'er-fli-kok),  n.  Same  as 
biitti  rtli/-ralre. 

butterfly-fish  (but'er-fli-fish),  «.  1.  An  English 
name  of  the  eyed  bleimy,  Blennius  ocellaris. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Xoiiaida;  ( '•  asterochisma 
melampus,  with  large  black  ventral  fins,  inhab- 
iting the  sea  about  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
It  attains  a  length  of  more  than  3  feet,  but  is 
rare. 

butterfly-gurnard  (but'er-fli-gerniird),  n.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Triglidce,  the  Lepidotrigla  Va- 
nessa of  the  Tasmanian  and  Australian  seas. 

butterfly-nose  (but'fer-fll-ndz),  n.  A  spotted 
nose,  as  of  some  dogs. 


butterfly-orchis 


738 


button 


butterflv-orchis  (i>in'«T-ilj-ur  kisl.  ».    A  Brit-  butter-tooth  (but'er-tOth),  ».    ["<  butter* 


A  kind  of 
It  consists  es- 


isli  orchid,  Habi  naria  bifolia,  growing  in  woods 
and  open  heaths.  The  gnat  butterfly-orchis  is 
//.  chlorantha. 

butterfly-plant  (but'er-fll-plant),  u.    1 .  A  Wesl 
Indian orohideous plant,  Oncidium  Papilio.   Sec 
hum.— 2.  A  species  of  the  East  Indian  l'lm- 
Usnoi 

butterfly-ray  (but'er-ftt-ra),  n.  A  selachian 
of  the  family  Trygonidos,  Pteroplatea  maclura. 
It  is  a  kind 'of  sting-ray  with  very  broad  pec- 
torals. 

butterfly-shaped  (but'er-fli-shapt),  «.  In  hot. 
shaped  like  a  butterfly:  papilionaceous. 

butterfly-shell  (but'er-fli-shel),  «.  A  shell  of 
the  genus  Valuta, 

butterfly-valve  (but'er-fli-vah-),  n 
double  clack-valve  used  in  pumps. 
sentiaih  ol  two  semicircular  clappers, 
or  wings  hinged  to  a  cross-rib 
in  the  pump-bucket,  ami  is  named 
in. in  it-  resemblance  to  the  wings  of 
a  butterfl]  when  open,  as  represented 
in  section  in  the  annexed  cut.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  the  lift-buckets  of  large  wa- 
ter pumps,  and  for  the  air-pump  buck- 
condensing  steam-engines.  Also 
called  butterfly-cock.     See  clack-valve. 

butterfly-weed       (but '  er  -  ni- 

wed),  a.     1.  A  name  of  the 

North  American  plant  Ascle- 

pias  tuberosa ;  the  pleurisy-root. 

erable  reputation  as  an  article  of  the  materia  tnedica.    It 

is  an  expectorant,  a  mild  cathartic,  ami  a  diaphoretic,  ami 
mployed  in  incipient  pulmonary  affections,  rheuma- 
tism, ami  dysentery. 

2.  The  butterfly-pea,  Clitoria  Mariana. 
butterin,  butte'rine  (but'er-in),  n.    [<  butter* 

+  -in-,  -mi-.]     An  artificial  butter  made  by 

churning  oleomargarin,  a  product  of  animal 

fat,  with  milk  and  water,  or  by  churning  milk  butter-worker      (but'er- 

witli  some  sweet  butter  and  the  yolks  of  eggs,     wer"ker),  n.  An  apparatus 

tin-  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  churn  by  the 

latter  method  being  converted  into  butterin. 
butterist,  »■    See  buttress,  3. 
butter-knife   (but'er-nlf),  n.     A  blunt  and 

generally  ornamented  knife  used  for  cutting 

butter  at  table. 
butterman    (but'er-man),  n. ;    pi.   buttermen 

(-men).     A  man  who  sells  butter. 
buttermilk  (but.'er-nrilk),  n.    [=  D.  botermeVc 

=  MHG.  butermilch,  G.  buttermilch.]  The  liquid 

that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated  from 

milk.    It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.    Also 

called  churn-milk. 


+ 

to 


Butterfiy-valve. 
It  lias  a  consul- 


tooth  ;   perhaps   with   some   vague   allusion 

milk-tooth.']     A  broad  front  tooth. 
I'd  had  an  eye 
I'nl.t  nut  ere  this  time,  or  nij  two  butter-teeth 
Thrust  down  my  throat. 
Mi&dleton,  Massinger,  and  Rowley,  Old  Law,  iii.  2. 

butter-tree  (but'er-tre),  ».  A  species  of  Bas- 
sia,  found  in  Africa,  which  yields  a  substance 
like  butter;  the  shea-tree.  See  shea.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  various  other  trees  from  the  seeds  of  which  butt-howel  (but'hou"el),  n 

solid  oils  are  obtained.    See  butterl.  „ , t  i,„  flftn«™ 

butter-trier  (but'er-tri  er),  n.     A  long  hollow 
hand-tool  used  in  sampling  butter. 
butter-tub  (but'er-tub),  >i.     A  tub  used  for  con- 
taining butter  in  quantity, 
butterweed  (but'er-wed),  u.    A  common  name 
of  the  horseweed,  Erigeron  Canadense,  and  of 
the  Senecio  lobatus. 
butter-weightt  (but'er-wat),  n.   More  than  full 
weight ;  a  larger  or  more  liberal  allowance  than 
is  usual  or  is  stipulated  for:  in  allusion  to  a 
custom,  now  obsolete,  of  allowing  and  exact- 
ing 17  or  18  ounces,  or  even  more,  to  the  pound 
of  butter.    In  Scotland  either  tron  weight  or  a 
still  heavier  pound  was  used  for  butter. 
They  teach  you  how  to  split  a  hair, 

Give and  Jove  an  equal  share ; 

Yet  why  should  we  be  lae'd  so  strait? 

I'll  give  my  M butter-weight. 

Swift,  Rhapsody  on  Poetry. 

butterwife  (but'er-wif),  n.     A  butterwoman. 

Johnson. 
butterwoman  (but'er-wum"au),  n. 

women  (-wim"en).     A  wo- 


man who  sells  butter. 

I  see  grave  learned  men  rail 
ami  snilii  like  butter-women. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  613. 


I  .  .  .  received  a  small  jug  of  thick  buttermilk,  not  re- 
markably  clean,  hut  very  refreshing. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  54. 

butter-mold  ( but 'er-mold),  «.  Arnold  in  which 
pats  of  butter  are  shaped  and  stamped. 

buttermunk  (but'er-inungk),  n.  [A  variant  of 
butterbump.]  A  local  New  England  name  of 
the  night-heron,  Nyctiardea  grisea  mrrin. 

butternut  (but  er-nut),  n.  1.  The  fruit  of 
Juglans  cinerea,  an  American  tree,  so  called 
From  the  oil  it  contains;  also,  the  tree  itself. 
1  he  tn  e  '"  ars  a  resemblance  in  its  general  appearance  to 
iii.  Mark  walnut  (J.  nigra),  hut  the  fruit  is  long,  pointed, 
and  viscous,  the  nut  furrowed  anil  sharply  jagged,  and  the 
R I  soft  but  close -grained  ami  light-colored,  turning  yel- 
low after  exposure,  'lie-  wood  takes  a  fine  polish,  ami  is 
in  -  k  11  i  il  in  interior  finish  and  iii  cabinet-work.  The 
Inner  hark  furnishes  a  brown  dye,  and  is  used  as  a  mild 
cathartic.     Alsocalled  whitewalnut. 

2.  The  nut  of  t  'aryocar  nueiferum,  a  lofty  tim- 
ber-tree of  Guiana,  natural  order  Tcrnstrwma- 
CC(B.  The  nuts  have  a  pleasant  taste,  and  are  exported  to 
Some  extent.     They  arc  also  known  as  souari-  or  suwar- 

.,' 

3.  A  name  applied  during  tho  civil  war  in  the 
United  Stale-,  tn  ( 'onfederate  soldiers,  in  allu- 

t.i  the  coarse  brown  homespun  cloth,  dyed 

with  butternut,  often  worn  by  them, 
butter-pat  (but'er-pat),  ».    A  small  piece  of 

butter   formed    into   a  generally  ornamental 

shape  for  the  table, 
butter-pot  (but'er-pot),  u.     In  tie-  seventeenth 

century,  a  cylindrical  vessel  of  coarse  pottery 

glazed  with  pulverized  lead  ore  dusted  upon  the 

before  it  was  fired.    Marryat. 
butter-print  (but'er-print),  «.     A  mold  for 

stamping  butter  into  blocks,  prints,  or  pats. 

Also  called  butu  r   tamp. 
butter-scotch   (but'er-skoch),   u.    A  kind  of 

oleaginous  taffy. 
butter-shag  (but'er-shag),  ».    A  slice  of  bread 

and  butter.     [Local,  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 
butter-stamp  >  but  'er-stamp),  ».    Same  as  but- 

h  r-print. 
butter-tongs  (but'er-tdngz),  «.  pi.    A  kind  of 

tongs  with   fiat   blades  for  slicing  and   lilting 

butler. 


Burterwort  {Pitipuicula 
vulgaris). 

( From  Le  Maout  and  De- 
caisne's  "  Traite  general  de 
Botanique." ) 


or  tool  for  freeing  butter 
from  buttermilk. 
butterwort  (but'er-wert ), 
it.  [<  butter*  +  wort*-.']  A 
name  common  to  the  spe- 
cies of  Pinguicula.  The  but- 
terworts  grow  on  wet  ground, 
are  apparently  stemless,  and 
have  showy  spurred  flowers. 
The  name  is  due  to  the  greasy- 
looking  viscid  surface  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  covered  with 
soft,  pellucid  glandular  hairs, 
secreting  a  glutinous  liquor  that 
catchcssiua.il  insects.  Theedges 
of  the  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 
ami  retain  it,  and  the  insects  thus 

caught  are  supposed  to  serve  as  food  for  the  plant.  In  the 
north  of  Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed  to  curdle  milk. 

buttery1  (but' er-i),  o.  [<  butter*-  +  -yi.]  1. 
Having  the  qualities  (especially  the  consis- 
tence) or  appearance  of  butter. 

Sinking  her  voice  into  a  deeper  key,  she  drove  the  fol- 
lowing lines,  slowly  and  surely,  through  and  through  his 
poor,  unresisting,  buttery  heart.  ('.  Reads,  Ait. 

2.  Apt  to  let  fall  anytliing  one  ought  to  hold, 
as  a  ball  in  the  game  of  cricket ;  butter-fingered. 

buttery2  (but 'er-i),  «. ;  pi.  butteries  (-iz.)  [< 
ME.  botery,  botry,  a  buttery,  a  corruption  (due 
to  association  with  botere,  butter,  and  to  the 
fact  that,  besides  liquors,  butter  and  other  pro- 
visions were  kept  in  the  same  place)  of  bote- 
/.  rye  (mod.  E.  restored  buttery),  <  OF.  bouteil- 
line,  a  place  to  keep  bottles  or  liquors  (ML. 
buUcularia,  the  office  of  a  wine-taster),  <  bou- 
teillc,  boutille,  a  bottle:  see  butternut),  buttle-.] 

1.  An  apartment  in  a  house  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  and  provisions  are  kept;  a  pantry. 

'lake  them  to  the  buttery, 

And  give  them  friendly  wel nc. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
.Make  him  di  ink,  wench  ; 
Ami  if  there  be  any  cold  meat  in  the  hit/tern. 
Give  him  Borne  broken  bread  ami  that,  ami  rid  him. 

Beau,  and  /■'/ .,  Captain,  i.  3. 

2.  In  colleges,  formerly,  a  room  where  liquors, 
fruits,  and  refreshments  were  kept  for  sale  to 
the  students. 

In  English  universities  tie-  buttery  was  in  former  days 
the  .ceil,  ,,t  the  infliction  of  corporal  punishment. 

/;.  /;.  Ball,  College  Wools. 
buttery-bar  (but'er-i-bar),  n.    A  lodge  on  the 
top  of  a  buttery-hatch  on  which  to  rest  tan- 
kards. 

Bring  your  hand  to  the  buttery-bar  ami  let  it  drink. 

Sloik.,  T.  V.  i.  :i. 

buttery-book  Omt'or-i-buk),  n.    An  account- 

i k  kept  ai  the  butterj  of  a  college. 

This  pel-son  \ci  mi  -  i  i. mi  in  tin-  butler  to  put  .-il 
[that  i     -  mi-  i    I  ottles  in  the  buttery  book. 

Wood,  Fa  ii  I ixon.,  it 
[i  in.  rude  mice  with  envious  ragi 
lie  butteryA 1 1  devour.      Th<  Student,  1.3i8. 


buttery-hatch  (but'er-i-hach),  n.  A  hatch  or 
half-door  giving  entrance  to  a  buttery. 

I  know  you  were  one  could  keep 
The  buttery-hatch  still  locked,  ami  save  the  chippings. 
/,'.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  l. 

butt-hinge  (but'hinj),  n.      Same  as  butt2,  4. 

butthorn  (but'th8rn),  n.     [Uncertain;  appar. 

<  but"  (or  else  butt")  +  thorn,  prob.  in  ref.  to 
the  spiny  surface  of  tho  starfish.]  A  kind  of 
starfish,  Astropecten  aurantiacus.    See  starfish 

A.  kind  of  howel 
or  adz  used  by  coopers. 
butting  (but'ing),  «.   [Verbal  n.  of  butt*-,  v.,  for 
abut.]     An  abutting  or  abuttal. 
Without,  buttings  or  poundings  on  any  side. 

Bp.  Beveridge,  Works,  I.  xx. 

butting-joint  (but'ing-joint),  n.  A  joint  formed 
by  two  pieces  of  timber  or  metal  united  end- 
wise so  that  they  come  exactly  against  each 
other  with  a  true  joint;  an  abutting  joint,  in 
ironwork  the  parts  are  welded,  anil  the  term  is  used  m 
contradistinction  to  hli>-)"i'il.      Also  called  bull  j"iul. 

butting-machine  (but'ing-ma-shen "),  n.    A 

machine  for  dressing  and  finishing  tho  ends  of 
boards  or  small  timbers  by  means  of  cutters 
attached  to  a  revolving  disk. 

butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  n.  A  collar  on  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which  it  pre- 
vents from  movingfurther  inward  along  the  axle. 

butting-saw  (but'ing-sa),  «.    A  cross-cut  saw 
used  to  prepare  logs  for  the  saw-mill  by  cut- 
ting off  the  rough  ends, 
pi.  butler-  butt-joint    (but'joint),   ».     Same    as    butting- 
joint. 

buttle1  (but'l),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  bolth'S. 

buttle2  (but'l),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  ppr. 
buttling.  [<  butler,  as  butch  <  butcher,  burgle  < 
burglar,  peddle < peddler,  etc.]  To  act  as  butler. 
[Pr'ov.  Eng.] 

butt-leather  (but'leTH"er),  «.  The  thickest 
leather,  used  chiefly  for  the  soles  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

buttock  (but'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  buttok,  bottok; 
appar.  <  bull".  «.,  1  (c),  +  dim.  -ock.]  1.  Either 
of  the  two  protuberances  which  form  the  rump 
in  men  and  animals;  in  the  plural,  the  rump; 
the  gluteal  region  of  the  body,  more  protu- 
berant in  man  than  in  any  other  animal ;  the 
bottom. 

Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  fits  all  buttocks. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  upper  aftermost  portion  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  contour  of  a  ship's  bottom. 
Thearle,  Naval  Arch. — 3.  In  coalmining,  the 
portion  of  a  face  of  coal  ready  to  be  next  taken 
down.  [Eng.] — 4.  A  piece  of  armor  for  the 
rump  of  a  horse.  See  croupiere —  Buttock  mailt, 
a  ludicrous  term  for  the  fine  formerly  paid,  in  a  case  ox 
fornication,  to  an  ecclesiastical  court.    Scott.     [Scotch.] 

buttocker  (but'ok-er),  «.  [<  buttock,  :t,  +  -er1.] 
In  mining,  one  who  works  at  tho  buttock,  or 
breaks  out  the  coal  ready  for  the  fillers.    [Eng.  ] 

buttock-line  (but'ok-liii),  n.    In  ship-building, 

the  projection  upon  the  sheer  plan  of  the  in- 
tersection of  a  plane  parallel  to  it  with  the 
after-body  of  the  vessel. 

The  lines  obtained  by  the  intersections  of  the  planes 

parallel  to  the  sheer  plane  are  known  as  bow  lines  when 

in  the  fore  body,  and  buttock  lines  when  in  Hie  after  body. 

Thearle.  Naval  Architecture,  §  16. 

button  (but'n),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baton, 
<  ME.  botou,  botoun  (also  corruptly  bothun, 
bothom,  in  sense  of  'bud'),  <  OF.  boton  (P. 
bouton  —  Pr.  Sp.  boton  =  Pg.  botao  =  It,  hot- 
tone),  a  button,  a  bud;  perhaps  <  holer,  push 
out,  butt:  see  butt1.]  1.  Any  knob  or  ball 
fastened  to  another  body;  specifically,  such  an 
object  used  to  secure  together  different  parts 
of  a  garment,  to  one  portion  of  which  it  is 
fastened  in  such  a  way  that,  it  can  la-  passed 
through  a  slit  (called  a  buttonhole)  in  another 

portion,  or  through  a  loop.     Buttonsaresi times 

sewed  to  garments  for  ornament.    They  are  made  of  met 

al,  horn,  w 1.  mother-of-pearl,  etc.,  and  were  formerly 

common  in  veryrich  materials,  especially  during  tin  eigh 
teenth century,  when  the  coats  of  gentlemen  at  the  French 
court  had  buttons  of  gold  ami  precious  stones,  pearl,  enam- 
el, ami  the  like.     Later  buttons  of  dial Is  or  of  paste 

imitating  diamonds  were  worn,  matching  the  buckles  ol 
the  same  period. 

2.  pi.  (used  as  a  singular).  A  page:  so  called 
from  the  buttons,  commonly  gilt,  which  adorn 
his  jacket. 

Our  present  girl  is  a  very  slow  coach  ;  lull  we  hope  si i 

.lay  to  sport  a  buttons.  Dean  Ramsay. 

3.  A  knob  of  gold,  crystal,  coral,  ruby,  01 
other  precious  stone,  worn  by  Chinese  officials, 
both  civil  and  military,  on 'the  tops  of  their 
hats  as  a  badge  of  rank;  hence,  the  rank  itself: 
as,  a  blue  button.  There  an-  nine  ranks,  tin-  first  or 
highest  being  distinguished  by  a  transparent  red  (or  ruby) 


button 

button;  the  second, by  opaque  red  (rural);  the  third,  by 
transparent  blue  (sapphire) ;  the  fourth,  03  opaque  blue 
(lapis  lazuli);  the  fifth,  by  transparent  white  (crystal); 
th<'  sixth,  by  opaque  white;  the  seventh, bj  plain  gold  .  the 
eighth,  by  worked  gold;  and  the  ninth  01  lowest,  bj  plain 
g.dd  with  the  character  for  "old  age"  engraved  <»n  it  in 
two  places.  A  scholar  who  has  passed  the  siti-tsai  (or 
bachelor)  examination  is  i  lit  it  led  to  wear  the  last. 

4.  A  knob  or  protuberance  resembling  a  button. 
Specifically — (a)  The  kuobof  metal  which  terminates  the 
brei  ch  of  most  pieces  of  ordnance,  ami  u  ttfeh  affords  a  con- 
venient bearing  for  the  application  of  hand-spikes,  breech- 
ings,etc;  acascabel.  [Eng.]  (6)  A  knob  or  guard  secured 
to  the  end  of  a  foil,  to  prevent  the  point  from  penetrating 
the  skin  or  wounding.  (<■)  The  .small  knob  or  Wall  by  push- 
ing or  pressing  which  the  circuit  of  an  electric  hell  is  com- 
pleted. 

5.  A  bud  of  a  plant.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring, 
Too  oft  before  their  buttons  he  disclos'd. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

6.  A  flat  or  elongated  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
turning  on  a  nail  or  screw,  used  to  fasten  doors, 
windows,  etc. —  7.  A  small  round  mass  of  met- 
al lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  crucible  or  cupel 
after  fusion. —  8.  In  an  organ,  a  small  round 
piece  of  leather  which,  when  screwed  on  the 
tapped  wire  of  a  tracker,  prevents  it  from  jump- 
ing out  of  place.  Stainer  and  Barrett. —  9.  A 
ring  of  leather  through  which  the  reins  of  a 
bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the  length 
of  the  reins. — 10.  Iu  coo/. :  (n)  The  terminal 
segment  of  the  crepitaculum  or  rattle  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake.   See  crepitaculum. 

In  the  structure  of  the  end  of  the  tail  of  harmless 
snakes,  we  see  a  trace  of  the  first  button  of  the  rattle  in 
a  horny  cap  that  covers  the  terminal  vertebra?. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  197. 

(6)  In  cntom.,  a  knob-like  protuberance  on  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  larva?  of  certain  but- 
terflies, also  called  the  anal  button  or  cremaster. 
Sometimes  there  is  a  second  one,  called  the 
preanal  button. — 11.  pi.  A  name  given  to 
young  mushrooms,  such  as  are  used  for  pick- 
ling.— 12.  pi.  Sheep's  dung:  sometimes  used 
for  dimg  in  general.  [Prov.  (west.)  Eng.]  — 
13.  A  small  cake.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  A  per- 
son who  acts  as  a  decoy.  Specifically— (a)  An  auc- 
tioneers accomplice  who  employs  various  devices  to  de- 
lude bidders  so  as  to  raise  the  price  of  articles  sold,  etc.  (b) 
A  thimble-riggers  accomplice.  [Eng.  slang.]  — Barton's 
button,  a  polished  button  upon  which  a  series  of  many  fine 
lines,  parallel  and  near  together,  have  been  impressed, 
so  as  to  show  brilliant  colors  when  exposed  to  light  strik- 
ing it  in  nearly  parallel  rays,  by  an  effect  of  diffraction. — 
Biskra  button.  Same  as  Aleppo  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
ula •!■).  —  Corrigan's  button  [named  after  Sir  John  Dom- 
inic Con-igan  of  Dublin  (1802-80)],  a  button  of  steel  used 
in  surgery,  when  heated  to  100°  C.,  as  a  means  of  counter- 
irritation.  Also  called  Corrigan's  cautery. —  Elastic  but- 
ton, a  rounded  knob  at  the  end  of  a  sliding  spring-bolt 
placed  in  the  edge  of  a  door,  and  fitting  into  a  depression 
in  the  opposite  jamb,  intended  to  keep  the  door  closed 
without  being  locked,  yet  so  that  it  can  he  easily  opened. 
—  Quaker  buttons,  the  seeds  of -the  Nux  vomica.  IT.  S. 
Dispensatory,  p.  974.— To  hold  by  the  button,  to  button- 
hole; detain  in  conversation ;  bore. 
Not  to  hold  you  by  the  button  too  peremptorily. 

Mrs.  Gore. 

button  (but'n),  v.  [<  ME.  boionen,  <  boton,  a 
button.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to. 

His  bonet  buttened  with  gold. 

Gascoiyne,  Woodmanship. 
Your  rapier  shall  be  button'd  with  my  head, 
Before  it  touch  my  master. 

Beau,  awl  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  i.  3. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a  button  or  buttons;  secure, or 
join  the  parts  or  edges  of,  with  buttons :  often 
followed  by  up :  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 

One  whose  hard  heart  is  button'd  up  with  steel. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 

He  was  a  tall,  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  up  to  the 
throat  in  a  tight  green  coat.  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  capable  of  being  buttoned. 

Diderot  writes  to  his  fair  one  that  his  clothes  will 

hardly  button.  Curlyle,  Diderot. 

buttonball,  buttonwood  (but'n-bal,  -wiid),  n. 
The  plane-tree  of  the  United  States,  Plain  mm 
occidental  is :  so  called  from  its  small,  round, 
pendulous  fruits  or  nutlets.  Also  incorrectly 
called  sycamore. 

button-blank  (but'n-blaugk),  n.  A  disk  of 
metal,  bono,  etc.,  to  be  formed  into  a  button. 

button-bush  (but'n-bush),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Cephalanthus  oceidentalis,  aNorth  Amer- 
ican shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 
beads.     See  Cephalanthus. 

button-ear  (but'n-er),  n.  An  ear  that  falls 
over  in  front,  concealing  the  inside,  as  in  some 
dogs. 

buttoned  (but'nd),  p.  a.  1.  Decorated  with 
buttons  or  small  bosses,  as  a  glass  vase. —  2. 
In  her.,  ornamented  with  small  points,  usually 
of  a  different  tincture  ;  studded. 


739 

buttoner  (but'n-er),  ».  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  buttons;  a  button-hook. — 2.  A  decoy. 
[Eng.  slang.] 

button-fastener  (but'n-fas"nor),  n.  A  clasp 
for  fastening  buttons. 

button-flower  (bufn-flou'er),  n.  A  name  given 
to  species  of  Gomphia,  shrubs  and  trees  of  trop- 
ical America,  natural  order  tieliiiaene.  Some 
are  occasionally  cultivated  in  hothouses. 

buttonhole  (but'n-hol),  n.  1.  The  hole  or  loop 
in  which  a  button  is  caught. — 2.  A  name  given 
to  the  harfs-tongue  fern,  Scolopendrium  nil- 
gare,  because  itsfrueiiliont  ion  in  tin- young  si  ale 
resembles  a  buttonhole  inform andappearance. 

buttonhole  (but'n-hol ), /■.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  but- 
tonholed, ppr.  buttonholing.     [<  buttonhole,  ».] 

1.  To  seize  by  the  buttonhole  or  button  and 
detain  in  conversation ;  interview. 

He  won't  stand  on  the  corner  and  lnitt-'iitudr  ,  \  ervliody 
with  the  news.  T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  vi. 

2.  To  make  buttonholes  in. 
button-hook  (but'n-huk),  n.      A  small  metal 

hook  used  for  buttoning  shoes,  gloves,  etc. 

button-loom  (but'n-ldm),  n.  A  loom  for  weav- 
ing coverings  for  buttons. 

button-mold  (but'n-mold),  n.  A  disk  of  bone, 
wood,  or  metal,  to  be  covered  with  fabric  to 
form  a  button.  E.  II.  Knight Fossil  button- 
mold,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  a  section  of  encxinite 

bel  H  I  en  two  joints. 

button-nosed  (but'n-nozd),  a.  Same  as  star- 
nosed  :  applied  to  the  condylure.  See  cut  un- 
der Condylura. 

button-piece  (but'n-pes),  n.    A  button-blank. 

button-quail  (but'n-kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Turnicidw;  a  hemipod. 

button-solder  (but'n-sol"der),  n.  A  white  sol- 
der composed  of  tin,  brass,  and  copper,  used  as 
a  substitute  for  silver  solder  in  making  buttons. 

button-tool  (but'n-tol),  n.  An  instrument  used 
chiefly  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or  buttons  of 
leather  which  serve  as  nuts  for  the  screwed 
wires  in  the  mechanism  connected  with  the 
keys  of  the  organ  and  pianoforte.  It  is  a  mod- 
ification of  the  ordinary  center-bit. 

button-tree  (but'n-tre),  ».  Same  as  button- 
wood,  1. 

button-weed  (but'n-wed),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  several  rubiaceous  plants  belonging  to  the 
genera  Spcrmacocc,  Diodia,  and  Borrcria. —  2. 
The  knapweed,  Centaurea  nigra. 

buttonwood  (but'n-wud),  n.  1.  A  common 
name  in  the  West  Indies  of  a  low  combreta- 
ceous  tree,  Conocarpns  t  recta,  with  very  heavy, 
hard,  and  compact  wood.  The  white  buttonwood 
is  a  small  tree  of  the  same  order,  Laguncularia  racemosa, 
growing  on  the  shores  of  lagoons  and  having  a  similar 
wood.     Also  called  button  -tree. 

2.    See  buttonball. 

buttony  (but'n-i),  a.  [<  button  +  -y1.]  Deco- 
rated with  a  profusion  of  buttons. 

That  buttony  hoy  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  box 
with  Emmy's  and  Jos's  visiting  card. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  ix. 

buttourt,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern1. 

buttress  (but'res),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  but- 
teras,  huttcrace,  butrasse,  botlras;  <  late  ME.  but- 
traei  .hulti  rnce,but- 
rassi ,  boterace,  < 
OF.  bouterets,  prop, 
pi.  of  boutcrct,  bu- 
teret,  a  buttress, 
prop,  adj.,  thrust- 
ing, bearing  a 
thrust  (said  of  an 
arch  or  a  pillar) 
(of.  boutrice,  "an 
ashler  or  binding- 
stone  (in  build- 
ing)," boutant,  "a 
buttress  or  shore- 
post  "— Ootgrave),  < 
banter,  boter,  push, 
thrust,  put,  mod. F. 
hauler,  put,  bitter, 
prop,  support,  the 
source  of  E.  butt1, 
push,  etc. :  see 
butt1.']  1.  A  struc- 
ture built  against 
a  wall,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  it 
stability.— 2.  Fig- 
uratively, any  prop 
or  support. 

The      ground  -  pillar 

and  buttress  of  the  good 

Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  l-rance.  old    cause    of    lloneon- 

,  buttresses;  b,b,  flying  buttresses,     fortuity,  South. 


butyrate 

3f.  [Also  written  buttrice,  butteHs.]  In  far- 
riery, on  instrument   of  steel  sol    in   wood,  for 

panng  the  hoof  of  a  horse.    Minsheu;  Kersey. 

Flying  buttress,  in  medieval  arch.,  a  support  in  the 
form  oi  a  segment  ol  an  arch  springing  from  a  solid 
mass  ol  masonry,  as  the  topol  a  side  aisle  buttress,  and 
abutting  against  another  part  of  the  structure,  as  tin-  wall 
oi  a  clearstory,  in  which  ease  it  acts  as  a  counterpoise 
against  the  vaulting  of  the  central  pile:  so  named  from 
its  passing  through  the  air.  Hanging  buttress,  in 
arch.,  a  feature  in  the  form  of  a  buttress,  not  standing 

solid  on  a   foundation,  hut  .supported  on  a  corbel.      It  is 

applied  in  debased  styles  chiefly  as  a  decoration. 
buttress  (but'res),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  hot,  rosin  :  see 
buttress,  ».]    To  support  by  a  buttress ;  hence, 
to  prop  or  prop  up,  literally  or  figuratively. 

To  set  it  upright  again,  and  to  prop  and  buttress  it  up 
for  duration.  Burke,  Reform  of  Representation. 

A  white  wall,  buttressed  well,  made  girdle  wide 
To  towers  and  roofs  where  vet  his  kin  did  bide. 

William  Mom's,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  369. 

buttress-tower  (but'res-tou"er).  n.  In  early 
fort.,  a  tower  projecting  from  the  face  of  tho 
'rampart-wall,  but  not  rising  above  it.  It  was 
afterward  developed  into  the  bastion. 

butt-shaftt  (but'shaft),  n.  A  blunt  or  unbail- 
ed arrow  used  for  shooting  at  a  target.  Also 
spelled  but-shaft. 

The  blind  bow-hoy's  butt-shaft.    Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 
Mer.  I  fear  thou  hast  not  arrows  for  the  purpose. 
Cup.  O  yes,  here  he  of  all  sorts— flights,  rovers,  and  butt- 
shafts.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

butt-strap  (but/strap),  v.  t.  To  weld  together 
(two  pieces  of  metal)  so  as  to  form  a  butting- 
joint. 

Two  pieces  which  are  welded  ovbiitt-strn iqicd  together. 
Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  268. 

butt-weld  (but 'weld),  n.  In  mech.,  a  weld 
formed  by  joining  the  flattened  ends  of  two 
pieces  of  iron  at  white  heat ;  a  jump-weld. 

buttwoman  (but'wum'an),  «. ;  pi.  huttiromrn 
(-wim"en).  [<  butt?,  7,  a  hassock,  +  woman.] 
A  woman  who  cleans  a  church,  and  in  service- 
time  assists  as  a  pew-opener.     [Eng.] 

butty  (but'i),  ».;  pi.  butties  (-iz).  [E.  dial., 
short  for  'butty-fellow,  early  mod.  E.  boty-felowe, 
a  partner  (Palsgrave)  (cf.  butty-collier,  butty- 
gang),  <  boty,  now  booty,  plunder,  property 
shared,  +  felotce,  fellow.]  1.  A  comrade,  chum, 
or  partner.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.S.] — 2.  Spe- 
cifically, in  English  coal-mining,  one  who  takes 
a  contract,  or  is  a  partner  in  a  contract,  for 
working  out  a  certain  area  of  coal.  The  butty- 
■  ■"/her,  or  first  man,  as  he  is  called  in  some  coal-mining 
districts,  employs  his  own  holers,  fillers,  and  hoys,  and  has 
general  charge  of  the  work  in  his  own  particular  "stall." 

butty-collier  (but'i-kol"yer),  n.  In  English 
coal-mining,  the  head  man  of  a  butty-gang.  See 
butty. 

butty-gang  (but'i-gang),  n.  A  gang  of  men 
who  take  a  contract  for  a  part  of  a  work,  as  in 
the  construction  of  railroads,  etc.,  the  proceeds 
being  equally  divided  between  them,  with  some- 
thing extra  to  the  head  man. 

butua  (bu'tfA-ii),  n.     See  abntita. 

butwards  (but'wiirdz),  adv.  [<  but1,  adv.,  + 
-wants.]  Toward  the  outward  apartment. 
[Scotch.] 

butyl  (bii'til),  «.  [<  but(yric)  +  -yl.]  A  hydro- 
carbon alcohol  radical  having  the  composition 
OiHg.  It  cannot  be  isolated,  and  occurs  only 
in  combination  with  other  radicals Butyl- 
chloral  hydrate.  Same  as  croton-chloral  hydrate  (which 
Bee,  under  croton). 

butylamine  (bii-til'a-min),  n.  [<  butyl  + 
amine.]     Same  as  tetrylainine. 

butylene  (bu'ti-leii),  n.  [<  butyl  +  -cue.]  A 
hydrocarbon  (OiHg)  belonging  to  the  define 
series.  It  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
of  which  are  gases  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

butylic  (bu-til'ik),  a.  [<  butyl  +  -ic]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  butyl. 

butyraceous  (bii-ti-ra'shius),  a.  [<  L.  hiiti/- 
riim,  butter  (see  butter1).  +  -aecous.]  Having 
the  quality  of  butter ;  resembling  butter ;  con- 
sisting of  or  containing  butter.    Also  butyrous. 

\  n  long  all  races  perhaps  none  has  shown  so  acute  a  sense 
of  the  side  on  which  its  bread  is  buttered  [as  the  Saxon), 
and  so  great  a  repugnance  for  having  fine  phrases  tako 
tlie  (dace  of  the  butyraceous  principle. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  249. 

butyrate  (bii'ti-rat),  ».  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter, 
+  -ate1.]  A  salt  of  butyric  acid — Ethyl  buty- 
rate, C2HK.C4H7O0,  a  very  mobile  liquid,  having  an  odor 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  pineapple.  It  is  soluble  in  al- 
cohol, and  is  used,  on  account  of  its  odor,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  perfumery  and  also  of  artificial  rum  and  other  spir- 
its. It  is  prepared  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and 
butyric  acid,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  ether.  Known 
in  trade  as  essence  of  pineapple  or  ananas-oil.  Glycerin 
butyrate  or  butyrin,  <'aIlr,(t-'.iH7":')a,  a  glycerid  or  fat 
which  occurs  in  butter. 


butyric 

butyric  (I'U-lir'ik),  a.  [<  I..  inityrum.  butter,  + 
-/<■.  J  [Vrtiiinins;  to  or  derived  from  butter.— Bu- 
tyric acid,  C3H7C1  U  >H,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  having  a 
strong,  rancid  smell  :m<l  acrid  taste.  Normal  but)  1  [1  ai  id 
is  miscible  with  wat<  rand  forms  crystalline  salts  with  the 
[t  is  prepared  from  butter,  or  by  fermenting  sugar 
with  putrid  cheese,  it  also  occurs  in  cod-liver  oil  and 
other  fats,  in  the  juice  of  meat,  ami  in  the  perspiration, 
ami  is  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Bu- 
tyric ether,  the  generic  name  <>i  a  class  <•!  compounds 

formed  from  butyric  acid  by  the  substitute f  one  atom 

<.t  a  basic  organic  radical,  such  as  ethyl,  for  an  at.. in  of 
hydrogen.— Butyric  fermentation,  a  kind  of  fermen. 

tati .[■  putrefaction  characterized  by  the  production  <>f 

butyric  acid.    It  is  caused  by  a  microbe  belonging  to  the 

L't'lin-  ttion. 

butyril  (bu'ti-ril),  n.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter,  + 
-iY.J    The  railieal  (C)H7CO)  of  butyric  acid  aud 

its  derivatives. 

butyrin,  butyrine  (bu'ti-rin),  n.  [<  L.  buty- 
ritm,  butter,  +  -in-,  -in<-.~\  A  triglycerid,  C3H5 
(046703)3]  which  is  a  constant  constituent  of 
butter,  together  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other 
glycerids.  It  is  a  neutral  yellowish  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

butyrous  (bu'ti-rus),  a.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter, 
+  -mis.]     Same  as  butyriiccous. 

buxeous  (buk'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  buxeus,  pertain- 
ing tn  the  box-tree,  <  buxus,  the  box-tree:  see 
Bums."]  Pertaining  to  the  box-tree  or  resem- 
bling it. 

buxin,  buxine  (buk'sin),  «.  [<  NL.  buxina,  < 
L.  buxus,  the  box-tree:  see  -in-,  -!»ea.]  An  al- 
kaloid obtained  from  the  box-tree,  it  has  gener- 
ally the  appearance  of  a  translucent  deep-brown  mass; 
its  taste  is.  bitter;  it  excites  Bneezing;  it  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  is  dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  alcohol  and 
by  ether. 

buxina  (buk-si'nii),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as  buxine. 

buxine,  ».    See  buxin. 

buxom  ( buk'sum),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buck- 
some,  bucksom,  <  ME.  buxom,  buxum,  boxom, 
bouxom,  bogsam,  bughsom  (also,  by  absorption 
of  the  palatal,  bousom,  bowsom,  mod.  E.  as  if 
"bowsome),  earlier  buhsiim,  obedient,  submis- 
sive, <  AS.  'buhsum  (not  found)  (=  D.  buig- 
zaam,  flexible,  submissive,  =  G.  biegsam,  flex- 
ible), <  bugan,  bow,  +  -sum,  -some :  see  bow1, 
hurl:-,  and"  someJ]  If.  Yielding  to  pressure; 
flexible;  unresisting. 

Tv/ise  was  he  seene  in  soaring  Eagles  shape, 
And  with  wide  winges  to  beat  the  buxome  ayre. 

Hjieiwr,  V.  ().,  III.  xi.  34. 
Wing  silently  the  buscom  air.  Wilton,  P.  L.,  ii.  842. 

The  crew  with  merry  shouts  their  anchors  weigh, 
Then  ply  their  ears,  and  brush  the  buxom  sea. 

Dryden,  I'ym.  and  Iph.,  1.  013. 

2f.  Obedient;  obsequious;  submissive. 
To  he  ever  buxom  and  obedient.  Foxe. 

"For-thi,"  seid  Samuel  to  Saul,  "god  hym-self  hoteth 
The,  In:  boxume  at  his  liiddyngc  his  willc  tn  fulfillc." 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iii.  263. 
lie  did  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  English,  ami  set 
up  and  countenance  the  Irish;  thinking  thereby  to  make 
them  more  tractable  and  buxom  to  the  government. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together  with 
a  lively  disposition ;  healthy  and  cheerful ;  brisk; 
jolly;  lively  and  vigorous. 

A  daughter  fair, 
So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair, 

Milton,  I,  Allegro,  1.  24. 
The  buxom  god  [Bacchus]. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 
A  parcel  of  buxom  bonny  dames.  Toiler,  No.  273. 

Such  buxom  chief  shall  lead  his  host 
From  India's  tires  to  Zembla's  frost. 

Scott,  Maniiion,  iii.  4. 
I  In  this  Bense  the  word  is  now  always  applied  to  girls  or 
women,  and  implies  abundant  health  as  shown  in  plump- 

Olor,  and  strength.] 

4.  Showing  vigor  or  robustness;  sturdy; 
fresh;  brisk:  said  of  things:  as,  "buxom  val- 
our," Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (i. 

Buxom  health  of  rosy  hue. 
Qray,  Ode  on  a  Prospect  of  Eton  College. 
5f.  Amorous;  wanton.     Bailey. 
buxomt.  >'•  i.     [ME.  buxomen ;  <  buxom,  a.]     To 
be  obedient  ;  yield. 

nl I  to  al  the  land  also. 

St.JSdm  Eng. Poems, ed   I  iiinivall),  1.445. 

buxomly  (buk'sum-li),  adv.    (<  ME.  buxomly, 

buxumli,  etc.  ;  <  buxum  +  -ly-.]     If.  Obedient- 
ly; humbly. 
To  condyle  me  fro  CyteotoCytei    ,;n  it  wen  nede,  and 

iii.:  ami  in 

MancU  ,,-n, ,  Travels,  p.  82. 
\hi|    :  1.1  [thai  !■■ 

[To  hem]  tii  it  I >  1,.  biddeth  it  and  in  n  in  wille  to 

amenden  hem.  /■<■  1    /■/.  ,  man  <  B)   sll.  195. 

2.  In  a  buxom  manner;  briskly;  vigorously, 
buxomness  (buk'sum-nes),  ».  ['<  ME.  buxomnes, 
buxumnes,  buhsumnes,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -«<.«.] 
If.  Obedience;  submissiveness. 


A  branch  of  Box  ( Buxus 
sempervirens). 


740 

Iioto  T  Rule  thus  thl  Eeame  Rend  out  my  Ribbea ! 
3if  hit  beo  so  that  Boxumnssse  beo  at  myn  assent. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  lv.  USO, 

2.  The  quality  of  being  buxom;  briskness; 
Liveliness;  healthy  vigor  or  plumpness. 

Buxus  (buk'sus),  n.  rjL.,  the  box-tree.  >  E. 
box1,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  plants  whose  species 
afford  the  valuable  hard 
wood  called  boxwood;  the 
box.  It  is  the  most  northern 
arborescent  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Eupkorbiacece.  />.  semper 
oirens,  the  common  box,  is  a  na- 
tii  e  of  Europi  and  Asia,  and  is 
found  from  the  Atlantic  to  China 
and  Japan,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  20  or  30  feet,  though 
the  trunk  is  seldom  more  than  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  The 
finest  quality  of  boxwood  is  from 
the  Levant  and  regions  about  the 
Black  Sea,  and  is  largely  employ- 
ed in  wood -engraving,  for  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments, 
and  for  turning.  There  are  nu- 
merous  varieties  in  cultivation 
for  ornamental  purposes,  includ- 
ing the  common  dwarf  bushy 
form  used  for  garden-edgings. 

buy  (bi),  v.;  pret.  aud  pp.  bought,  ppr.  buying. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  by,  hie,  bye,  <  ME. 
buyen,  byen,  bien,  beyen,  biggen.  buggen,  etc.,  < 
AS.  byegan  (pret.  bohte,  pp.  boht)  =  OS.  buggean 
=  Goth,  human  (pret.  bauhta),  buy;  not  i'ound 
in  the  other  Tout,  tongues;  connections  doubt- 
ful. Hence  in  comp.  (thy1,  and  by  perversion 
abide2,  q.v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  the  pos- 
session of,  or  the  right  or  title  to,  by  paying 
a  consideration  or  an  equivalent,  usually  in 
money  ;  obtain  by  paying  a  price  to  the  seller; 
purchase :  opposed  to  sell. 

His  [Emerson's]  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  slavery  was 
to  buy  the  slaves  from  the  planters. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  viii. 
Hence  —  2.  To  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent:  as,  to  buy  favor  with  flattery. 
Euill  men  take  great  payn  to  buy  Hell  —  and  all  for  worldly 

pleasure — 
Dearer  then  good  men  buy  heauen,  for  God  is  their  trea- 
sure.        Rhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  89. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

3.  To  bribe ;  corrupt  or  pervert  by  giving  a 
consideration ;  gain  over  by  money,  etc. 

There  is  one  thing  which  the  most  corrupt  senates  are 
unwilling  to  sell ;  and  that  is  the  power  which  makes 
them  worth  buying.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  be  sufficient  to  purchase  or  procure; 
serve  as  an  equivalent  in  procuring:  as,  gold 
cannot  buy  health. —  5f.  Toaby;  suffer. 

What?  schal  1  buy  it  on  my  fleisch  so  deere? 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  167. 
Bought  note,  bought  and  sold  notes.  See  note.— To 
buy  a  borough.  See  boroughX.— To  buy  againt,  to  re- 
deem.   See  againbuy. 

God  save  yow,  that  boughte  agayn  mankynde. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  304. 
To  buy  at  a  bargain.  Set-  bargain.—  To  buy  in.  <<0  To 
purchase  for  ones  self,  especially  shares  or  stock:  op- 
posed to  sell  out. 

She  ordered  her  husband  to  buy  in  a  couple  of  Fresh 
coach-horses.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  109. 

What  minor  and  rival  companies  stood  in  the  way  they 
/"■"■flit  in.  \v.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  38. 

(&)  To  buy  for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially  when 
an  insufficient  price  is  ottered.—  To  buy  into,  to  obtain 
an  interest  or  footing  in  by  purchase,  as  of  the  shares  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  and  formerly  in  England  of  acorn- 
mission  in  a  regiment.— To  buy  in  under  the  rule, 
in  the  stock  exchange,  to  purchase  stock  on  behalf  of  a 
member  to  enable  him  to  meet,  a  short  contract,  or  to 
return  stock  which  had  been  borrowed,  on  notice  being 
given  to  Hie  chairman,  who  makes  the  purchase.— To  buy 
off.  (")  In  the  English  service,  to  obtain  a  release  from 
military  service  by  a  payment.  (6)  To  get  rid  of  the  op- 
position Of  by  payment;   purchase  the  non-intervention 

of;  bribe. 

\\  hat  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches,  when 
they  would  terrify,  dissuade,  or  buy  off  conscience.  South, 
To  buy  Off  counsel,  to  pay  counsel  not  to  take  employ- 
ment from  the  opposite  party.  — To  buy  or  seU  the  bear. 
See  bear-,  5  («).  —  TO  buy  OUt.  (a)  To  buy  Off;  redeem. 
Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy  out, 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
(6)  To  purchase  all  the  share  or  shares  of  (a  person)  in  a 
stock,  fund,  or  partnership,  or  al!  his  interest  in  a  busi- 
ness: as,  a  buys  out  B.  -  To  buy  over,  to  detach  by  a 
bfibe  or  consideration  of  some  sort  from  one  party  and 
attach  to  the  opposite  party.  — To  buy  the  bargain 
dear.  See  bargain  To  buy  the  refusal  of,  to  give 
money  for  the  right  of  purchasing  at  a  fixed  price  at  a 
future  time.  To  buy  up,  to  purchase  or  acquire  title 
to  the  who].-  of,  "i  the  whole  accessible  Bupply  of,  as 
shares,  a  crop,  or  a  Btock  of  goods  In  mai  ket 

The  noise  of  this  book's  suppression  made  it  presently 
be  ■■""■rht  up,  ami  turn'd  much  to  the  stationer's  advan- 
tage, Evelyn,  Diary,   lug.  19,  1674. 

II.   intrans.   To  be  or  become  u  purchaser. 

1  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you.     Shale,  M.  of  V.,i   8 


buzzard 

buyable  (bi'a-bl),  a.  [<  buy  +  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  being  bought,  or  of  being  obtained  for 
money  or  other  equivalent. 

The  spiritual  fire  which  is  in  that  man  ...  is  not  buy- 
able nor  salable.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.  2. 

buyer  (bi'er),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser; 
a  purchasing  agent..  -Buyer's  option,  in  the 
exchange,  a  privilege  which  a  purchaser  has  of  taking  a 
Stipulated  amount  of  stock  at  any  time  during  a  specilU-d 
number  oi  days:  usually  stated  as  buyer  3,  10,20,  etc, 
according  to  the  period  agreed  on.    often  abbreviated  to 

b.  o. 

buzt,  buzz3t  (buz),  interj.     [See  buzz1,  //.]    A 

sibilant  sound  uttered  to  enjoin  silence. 

Pol.  The  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord. 
flam,  Buz,  buz!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

Cry  hum 
Thrice,  and  then  buz  as  often. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

buza  (bu'za),  n.    Same  as  boza. 

buzz1  (buz)',  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buzzed,  ppr.  buzz- 
ing. [First  in  early  mod.  K. ;  formed,  like 
equiv.  hiss,  bi~z  (dial.),  and  hiss,  hizz,  q.  v.,  and 
It.  bttzzicare,  whisper,  buzzichio,  a  buzzing,  in 
imitation  of  the  sound.    Cf.  birr2.']    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  low  humming  sound,  as  bees; 
emit  a  sound  like  a  prolonged  utterance  of  z, 
as  by  a  slow  expiration  of  intonated  or  sonant 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  the  upper  teeth. 

A  swarm  of  drones  that  buzz'd  about  your  head.    Pope. 

2.  To  whisper  buzzingly;  speak  with  a  low 
humming  voice;  make  a  low  sibilant  sound. 

II.  trans.   1.  To  make  known  by  buzzing. 

How  would  he  hang  his  slender  gilded  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air  ! 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  whisper;  spread  or  report  by  whispers ; 
spread  secretly. 

For  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 
That  Edward  shall  he  fearful  of  his  life. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6. 
In  the  house 
I  hear  it  buzzed  there  are  a  brace  of  doctors, 
A  fool,  and  a  physician. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of  wine, 
when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full  glass  to 
each  of  the  party.     [Eng.] 

Get  some  more  port,  .  .  .  whilst  I  buzz  this  bottle  here. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

buzz1  (buz),  n,  [<  buzz1,  v.]  1.  A  continuous 
humming  sound,  as  of  bees. 

But  the  temple  was  full  "  inside  and  out," 

And  a  buzz  kept  buzzing  all  round  about, 

Like  bees  when  the  day  is  sunny. 

Hood,  Miss  Kilmansegg. 
A  day  was  appointed  for  the  grand  migration,  and  on 
that  day  little  Communipaw  was  in  a  buzz  and  a  bustle 
like  a  hive  in  swarming  time. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  BID. 
The  constant  buzz  of  a  fly.  Macaulay. 

2.  A  confused  humming  sound,  such  as  that 
made  by  a  number  of  people  busily  engaged 
in  conversation  or  at  work;  the  confused  bum- 
ming sound  of  bustling  activity  or  stir;  hence, 
a  state  of  activity  or  ferment:  as,  the  buzz  of 
conversation  ceased  wben  he  appeared ;  my 
head  is  all  in  a  buzz. 

There  is  a  certain  buzz 
Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Maxsinger. 

There  is  &buzz  ...  all  around  regarding  the  sermon. 
Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

3.  A  rumor  or  report. 

The  buzz  of  drugs  and  minerals  and  simples, 
Bloodlettings,  vomits,  purges,  or  what  else 
Is  conjur'd  up  by  men  of  art.  to  gull 
Liege-people.  I'<<><l,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

'Twas  but  a  buzz  devised  by  him  to  set  your  brains 
a-work.  Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  ii.  l. 

buzz'Jt,  »•     [Origin  obscure.]     Gossamer. 

For  all  your  \  ii  tins 

Ire  like  the  buzzes  growing  In  the  fields, 

So  weakly  fastened  t  ye  by  Nature  s  hand, 
That  thus  much  wind  blows  all  away  at  once. 

.V.  Field,  A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock  (Dodaley's  obi  Bug. 
[Plays,  ed.  Hazlitt,  xi.  37). 

buzz:{t,  interj.     See  buz. 

buzzard  (buz'ard),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bussard,  <  MK.  busard,  bosarde,  boserd,  busherd 
=  MI),  buysaerd,  busaerd,  bushard  =  (i.  bus- 
shaft,  bussaar,  busart,  <  OF.  busart,  buzart,  \'\ 
busard  (with  suffix  -ard;  cf.  It.  buzzago  (obs.), 
with  dilT.  suffix),  a  buzzard,  <  OF.  buse,  buze, 
F.  buse  =  It.  *buzza,  f.  (obs.),  a  buzzard;  Ml.. 
*butia,  t'.,  hittinm,  neut.  (also,  after  Rom.,  hut- 
zus,  bizuSj  busio),  ioTbutio,  buteo,  K.  buteo,  a  buz- 
zard: Bee  Buteo.]  I.  n.  1.  laornith.:  (a)  Any 
hawk  of  the  genus  lUttvo  or  subfamily  But$(h 
nuur,    (See  these  words.)      The  common  buzzard  of 


buzzard 

Europe  is  IS.  vulgaris,  a  bird  about  20  Inches  long  and 
about  4  feet  in  spread  of  wing,  of  variegated  dark  brown 
and  light  colors,  heavy  and  rather  sluggish,  stooping  to 
Bmallrauue.  The  rough-legged  buzzard  Is  ArchibuUsolago 
«L  with  feathered  shardS.  See  cuf  under  Archtiuteo. 
There  are  manj  Bpeoies  of  Buteo,  of  nearb  al  countries. 
(/,)  Some  other  hawk,  not  used  in  falconry, 
with  a  qualifying  term  to  indicate  the  species: 
as  the  moot-buzzard,  Circus  teruginosus,  of  Eu- 
rope; the  honey-buzzard,  Pemis  apuvnis;  the 
bald  buzzard,  the   osprey,   Pandion   haliaetm. 

((_■)    An  American  vulture  of  the   family  Co- 

tliaiialte;  the  turkey-buzzard,  Cathartes  aura. 

Bee  out  under  Cathartes.— Hi.  A  blockhead;  a 

dunce. 
Blind  bussardes,  who  of  late  yeares,  of  wilful!  malicious- 

nes,  would  neyther  learne  themselues,  nor  could  teach 

oSers.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  i>.  HI. 

3t    A  coward.— 4.  A  hawk  that  flies  by  night. 

EaUiwell.  [I'rov.  Eng.]  Compare  buzzard-moth. 

-Buzzard  dollar,  a  name  applied  by  the  opponentao 

tlu-  Wind  Bill  of  1878  to  the  American  Bilver  douar  o)  -ii... 

irrvins  coined  i"  accordance  with  it,  bearing  as  device 

upon  the  reverse  a  figure  of  an  eagle,  derisively  compared 

to  that  of  a  buzzard. 
Il.t  a.  Senseless;  stupid. 
Thought  no  better  of  the  living  Cod  than  of  a  buzzard 

i(|nl       b  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  l. 

buzzard-clock  (buz'&rd-klok),  ».  [E.  dial.,  < 
buzzard,  for  buzzer,  from  its  buzzing  noise,  + 
clock,  a  beetle.]  A  local  name  in  England  for 
the  dor. 


Buiuniin'  awaay  loike  a  buzzard-clock 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer,  ( >.  8. 

buzzardet  (buz-ar-def),  n.    [<  buzzard  +  dim. 
-et]     A  small  North  American  buzzard  de- 
scribed by  Pennant,  but  not  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified: perhaps  the  young  red-shouldered  buz- 
zard, Buteo  lineatus;  more  probably  the  broad- 
winged  buzzard,  Buteo  pennsylvanicus. 
buzzard-hawk  (buz'ard-hak),  n.    A  hawk  of 
the  subfamily  Buteoninai. 
buzzardly  (buz'ard-li),  a.    [<  buzzard  +  -ty1.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  buzzard;  like  a  buzzard, 
buzzard-moth  (buz'&rd-moth),  n.    A  kind  of 
sphinx  or  hawk-moth. 
buzzer   (buz'er),    n.     1.    One  who  buzzes;   a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales  se- 
cretly.    Shah. — 2.  A  call  or  alarm  making  a 
low  buzzing  sound,  used  when  it  is  desirable 
to  avoid  loud  noise.— 3.  A  polishing-wheel  used 
in  cutlery-work. 

buzzing  (buz'ing),  ;;.  a.    [Ppr.  of  buzz1,  v.}    l. 
Kesembling  a  buzz. 

A  low  buzzing  musical  sound.  Lamb,  Quaker's  Meeting. 
2.  Making  a  buzzing  sound  or  hum:  as,  the 
bu?:ina  multitude. 
buzzingly  (buz'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  buzzmg man- 
ner; with  a  low  humming  sound, 
buzzom  (buz'um),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bussom, 
var.  of  besom,  q.  v.]  A  dialectal  fonn  of  be- 
som.   Broekett. 

buzz-saw  (buz'sa),  ».    A  circular  saw :  so  call- 
ed from  its  sound  when  in  action. 
buzzy  (buz'i),  a.    [<  buzz  +  -f/1.]    Full  of  buzz- 
ing; buzzing. 

by1  (bi),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  by,  bi,  also  be, 
<  AS.  bi,  big,  also  be  (in  conip.  be-,  under  ac- 
cent bi-,  big-:  see  be-\  fte-2),  =  OS.  bi,  bi,  be  = 
OFries.  bi,  be  =  MLG.  bi,  LG.  bi,  by  =  D.  by  = 
OHG.  bi,  pi,  bi,  MHG.  bi,  G.  bei  =  Goth,  bi,  by, 
about,  orig.  meaning  'about,'  whence  in  AS., 
etc.,  by,  near,  at,  through,  according  to,  con- 
cerning, etc. ;  related  to  L.  ambi-  =  Gr.  afttpt, 
and  Skt.  abhi,  about:  see  ambi-,  ampin-.  Hence 
the  prefixes  by-l  =  be-\  by-*  =  be-*,  by-\]  I. 
prep.  1.  Near;  close  to;  beside;  with;  about: 
as,  sit  by  me ;  the  house  stands  by  a  river. 

Go  to  your  rest,  and  I'll  sit  by  you. 

Fletcher,  Sea  A  oyage,  IV.  2. 

They  punish  rigorously  them  that  rob  by  the  high  »av. 
Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  m. 

A  good  poet  can  no  more  be  without  a  stock  of  similes 
by  him,  than  a  shoemaker  without  his  lasts. 
J        '  Swift,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

He  himself  has  not  the  monies  by  him,  but  is  forced  to  sell 
stock  at  a  great  loss.     Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  in.  1. 

2.  Near,  or  up  to  and  beyond,  with  reference 
to  motion;  past:  as,  to  move  or  go  by  a  church. 

Thou  hast  pass'd  by  the  ambush  of  young  days, 
Either  not  assail  d,  or  victor  being  charged. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  lxx. 

This  music  crept  by  me  upon  the  waters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  l.  2. 

3.  Along  (in  direction  or  progress) ;  in  or 
through  (the  course  of) ;  over  or  alongside  of: 
as,  to  approach  a  town  by  the  highway. 

We  took  our  journey  into  the  wilderness  by  the 

way  of  the  lied  sea.  Deut-  "•  L 


741 

By  the  margin,  willow-veil'd, 
Slide  the  heavy  barges.  »ci,„,„h  i 

/,  „,../.,",.,  Lady  of  siialott,  i. 

4  On;  upon;  especially,  through  or  on  as  a 
means  of  conveyance:  as,  he  journeyed  both 
by  water  and  ');/  rail. 

I  would  have  fought  by  land,  where  I  was  stronger. 

n,  „i.  a.  All  for  Love,  ii.  l. 

5  Through,  (a)  Through  the  action  or  opera- 
tion of,  as  the  immediate  agent  or  the  producing 

or  instigating  cause:  as,  the  empire  founded 
hi)  Napoleon;  a  novel  written  by  Cooper;  the 
victories  gained  by  Nelson;  a  picture  painted 
till  Rubens.  [In  this  use  especially  after  passive  verbs 
or  participles,  the  participle  being  often  omitted:  as,  a 
novel  by  Coopi  r ;  a  picture  &»  Rubens.] 
All  things  were  made  by  him.  •T"'m  '■  3- 

Prompted  to  my  revenge  by  heaven  and  hell 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  11.  '-'. 

(ft)  With  the  perception  of,  as  the  subject  or 
recipient  of  the  action  or  feeling:  as,  he  died 
regretted  bi)  all  who  knew  him  ;  this  was  fell  by 
them  to  be  'an  intentional  slight,  (c)  Through 
the  means  or  agency  of,  as  the  intermediate, 
agent  or  instrument:  as,  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

There  perished  not  many  by  the  swoorde,  but  all  '<.'/  the 

extremityc  of  famine  which  they  themselves  had  wrought. 

'  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Noble  Melantins,  the  land  by  me 
Welcomes  thy  virtues  home  to  Rhodes. 

&  an.  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  l.  1. 

All  nur  miserie  and  trouble  hath  bin  either  by  a  King 
or  t»i  our  necessarj  vindication  and  defence  against  nun. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 

Muley  Ahul  Eassan  saw  by  the  tires  blazing  on  the  moun- 
tains that  the  country  was  rising.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  77. 
(d)  Through  the  use  of;  with  the  aid  of,  as 
means:  as,  to  take  by  force  ;  by  your  leave. 


He  called  his  brothers  by  name,  and  their  replies  gave 
comfort  to  his  heart.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  95. 

Ind  holding  them  back  6;/  their  flowing  locks. 

y.  nnyson,  The  Merman,  n. 

(f)  In  consequence  of;  by  virtue  of. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  shew  how  some  passages  are 
beautiful  bit  being  sublime,  others  by  being  soft,  others  by 
being  natural.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  369. 

And  how  it  ends  it  matters  not, 
By  heart-break  or  by  rifle-shot. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  l. 

6  In  adjuration:  Before;  in  the  presence  of ; 
with  the  witness  of;  with  regard  to  things,  in 
view  of,  in  consideration  of  :  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  being  or  thing  appealed  to  as 
sanction:  as,  I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is 
sacred. 

The  common  oath  of  the  Scythians  was  by  the  swoord, 
and  by  the  fire.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Swear  not  at  all ;  neither  by  heaven  ;  for  it  is  God's 
throne :  nor  by  the  earth ;  for  it  is  his  footstool. 

Mat.  v.  34,  oo. 

By  Pan  I  swear,  beloved  Perigot, 
And  by  yon  moon,  1  think  thou  lov'st  me  not. 

Fli  trior.  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ill.  1. 

7  According  to;  by  direction,  authority,  ex- 
ample, or  evidence  of:  as,  this  appears  by  Ms 
own  account;  it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch; 
these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

They  live  by  your  base  words.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
First  follow  Nature,  and  your  judgment  frame 
By  her  just  standard.     Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1. 69. 

8  In  the  measure  or  quantity  of ;  in  the  terms 

of:  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard,  milk  by  the 

quart,  eggs  by  the  dozen,  beef  by  the  pound ; 

to  board  by  the  week. 

Two  thousand  ducats  by  the  year. 

Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

9.  In  comparison:  To  the  extent  of:  noting 
mensuration  or  the  measure  or  ratio  of  excess 
or  inferiority :  as,  larger  by  a  half ;  older  by  five 
years;  to  lessen  by  a  third. 

Be  als  mckil  als  the  forseide  lyght,  to  the  worchep  of  god 
an  holy  Chirche,  lestyngliche  in  tyme  coinyng.  with-outen 
help  of  lilenuys  deuocioll  ne  may  not  he  meyntelied  and 
kept.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  1.  s.),  p.  45. 

Too  long  by  half  a  mile.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

10.  Multiplied  into:  noting  the  relation  of  one 
dimension  to  another  (in  square  or  cubic  mea- 
sure) :  as,  five  feet  by  four,  that  is,  measuring 
five  feet  in  one  direction  and  four  feet  in  the 
other.— 11.  During  the  course  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of:  as,  by  day;  by  night. 

Dauid  bii  bus  daies  dobbede  knygtes. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  ii.  102. 

Old  men  yn  prouerbe  sayde  by  old  tyme 
"A  chyld  were  bet.r  to  be  vnhore 
Than  to  be  vntaught,  and  so  he  lore/' 

Babces  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  399. 


by 

Then  rose  the  King  and  moved  bis  host  to  night. 

Tennyson,  Passing  ol  Aitmir. 

12  At  (a  terminal  point  of  timer,  tiol  later 
than;  as  earlv  as:  as,  ft.ythis  time  the  sun  had 
risen;  he  will  be  here  by  two  0 clock. 

By  tie-  morwe.   Chaucer,  Prot  to  Manciple's  Tale,  i.  w, 

But  by  thai  thej  were  got  within  sight  of  them,  the 
women  were  in  a  very  great  scuttle. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrims  Progress,  p.  ^i. 

The  cholera  will  have  killed  by  the  end  of  the  year  about 

"ersontaeVery|^»»i(A,TotheCounte»Orey. 

13.  At  a  time;  each  separately  or  singly:  as, 
one  by  one;  two  by  two;  piece  by  piece. 

Point  by  point,  argument  by  <$j™£»$a.ieB.  Vol.,  Tret 

14  With  reference  to ;  in  relation  to;  about; 
concerning;  with:  formerly  especially  after 
say,  speak,  etc.,  now  chiefly  after  do,  act,  ileal, 

et°"  And  so  I  sey  by  the  that  sekest  after  the  whyes 

And  aresonedest  resoun.   Purs  Plowman  (li),  xn.  217. 
I  sev  not  this  by  wyves  that  ben  wise. 

Chaucer,  frill,  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  229. 

Thus  prophecy  says  by  me.    Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  212. 

They  secretly  made  enquiry  where  I  had  liued I  before, 

what  my  wordes  and  behauiour  had  beene  while  I  was 

there,  but  they  coulde  tinde  ''utl'"'^  ™'Travel3?  p.  31. 

Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  queen.  Poxe. 

To  do  by  scripture  and  the  gospel  according  to  commence 
is  not  to  do  evil.  Milton,  t ml  lower. 

In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  ty*"j}* 
tion.  '  "' 

15.  Besides;  over  and  above ;  beyond.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so  much 
timber,  that,  except  Falkland,  she  wasted  a  1  the  woodsiD 
Fife  which  was  oak-wood,  by  all  timber  that  was  gotten 
out  of  Norroway.  PitseottU,  C'hron.  of  Scotland,  an.  1611. 
By  book,  by  the  book.  See  book.-  By  north,  south, 
east  west  fnaut.),  next  in  the  direction  stated  :  phrasea 
useTintaigWing  the  points  of  the  compass:  as,  north- 
east  by  north  (between  V  E.  and  N.  X.  K.).  See  '■■■■■>l>ass 
-By  one's  self  or  itself.  («)  Apart;  separated  from 
others ;  alone. 

When  I  am  in  a  serious  humour,  I  very  often  walk  by 
myself  in  Westminster  Abbey.  ... 

""    J  Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

As  a  child  will  long  for  his  companions,  but  among  them 
plays  by  himself-  Emerson,  C  lulls. 

(M  Without  aid;  by  individual  action  exclusively:  as,  I 
did  it  all  by  myself.  [Colloq.)-By  the  board.  See 
6oa.rd.-By  the  by.  See  oj/i  «.- By  the  head  «o  ".). 
the  state  of  a  vessel  so  loaded  as  to  draw  mole  f.myid 
than  aft:  opposite  to  by  the  stern.-Zy  the  lee,  said  of 
a  ship  when  the  wind  takes  the  sails  on  the  wrong  side. 

Shoote  him  through  and  through  with  a  jest ;  make  him 
lye  by  the  lee,  thou  Basilisco  of  witte.  .. 

1     J  Marston,  What  You  Will,  d.  1. 

BV  the  Stern  (naut.),  with  greater  draft  aft  than  for- 
ward-By the  way.  («)  Cm  the  road;  in  the  •'"urseof 
a  journey  :  as,  they  fell  out  by  the  way.  (6)  Incidentally  , 
in  the  course  of  one's  remarks:  hence  used  as  an  mter- 
jectional  phrase  introducing  an  incidental  remark :  as, 
by  the  way,  have  you  received  that  letter  yet .'    [t  olh.q.l 

Their  actions  are  worthy  not  thus  to  be  spoken  of  by  the 
u,alJ,  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

Bv  the  wind  (navt.),  as  near  to  the  proper  course  as  the 
wind  will  permit ;  close-hauled.- By  way  Of.  «>)  As  an 
example  or  instance  of.  (6)  On  the  point  of;  just  about 
to-  as  when  I  saw  him  he  was  by  way  of  going  to  Bngn- 
ton  [Colloq.,Eng.l  (c)  Through:  as,  we  came  by  way  of 
Boston.— TO  set  store  by.    See  store.  _ 

II  adv.  [The  adverbial  use  is  not  found  in 
AS.,'  and  is  rare  in  ME.]  1.  Near;  iu  the 
same  place  with;  at  hand:  often  (before  the 
verb  always)  qualified  by  a  more  definite  ad- 
verb: as,  near  by;  close  by;  hard  by. 
You  did  kneel  to  me, 
Whilst  I  stood  stubborn  and  regardless  by.       , 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  lit  1. 
He  now  retired 
Unto  a  neighb'ring  castle  by. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  in.  301. 

2.  Aside;  off. 
Let  them  lay  by  their  helmets  and  their  spears. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  l.  3. 

Be  no  more  Christians,  put  religion  by, 
'Twill  make  ye  cowards.  . 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  n.  2. 

3.  Of  motion:   Across  in  front  or  alongside 

and  beyond :  as,  the  carriage  went  hy. 

By  your  leave,  my  masters  there,  pray  you  let's  come  by. 
B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 


Pray  you,  walk  by,  and  say  nothing. 

'     Fletcher,  Rule  a  W  ife,  it  4. 

4.  Of  time :  In  the  past ;  over. 

The  moon  among  the  clouds  rode  high, 
And  all  the  city  bum  was  by. 

Scott.  Marmion,  v.  20. 

[For  bt)  in  composition,  see  &y-3.] 
By  and  by     (at)  A  repetition  of  by,  near,  close  by  :  used 
especially  in  reference  to  a  regular  series,  one  after  an- 
other. 


by 

l»n  yonge  knightes  liggyng  by  and  by. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  153. 

These  were  his  wordts  by  and  by. 

Rom.  o)  ""  /',|",',•  1-  4581. 
In  the  temple,  by  and  by  with  us, 
These  couples  -shall  eternally  be  knit. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  l. 

(5t)  At  once;  straightway;  Immediately;  then. 

Alter  that  you  hauedyned  and  supte,  laboure  not  by  and 
bv  after,  but  make  a  pause,  syttynge  or  Btandynge  vpryght 
tin-  Bpace  of  an  howre  or  more  with  some  pastyme. 

Babees  Bool  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  247. 

When  .  .  .  persecution  axiseth  because  i»f  the  word,  by 
and  l»i  [Or.  evdv;,  immediately]  he  is  ottended. 

Hat,  \iii.  21. 

They  do,  and  by-and-by  repent  them  of  that  which  they 
have  done.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  237. 

(<•)  At  some  time  in  the  future  ;  before  long ;  presently. 

I'm  so  vexed,  that  if  I  had  not  the  prospect  of  a  resource 
in  being  knocked  o'  the  head  by  and  by,  I  should  scarce 
have  spirits  to  tell  you  the  cause. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 
By  and  large,  in  all  its  length  and  breadth;  in  every 
aspect :  as,  taking  it  by  and  large,  this  is  the  most  com- 
prehensive theory  yet  broached.— By  and  maint,  by  both 
si, le  and  main  passages  ;  on  all  sides. 

Thou  !  no,  no,  I  have  barred  thee  by  and  main,  for  I 
have  resolved  not  to  tight  for  them. 

Killigrew,  Parson's  Wedding,  ii.  5. 
Full  and  by.  SeefuOl. 
by1.  bye1  (hi),  n.  [<  by,  prep,  and  adv.;  in  older 
use  ouly  in  the  phrases  by  the  by  and  in,  on,  or 
upon  the  by  (see  def.) ;  due  to  by1,  adv.,  in  eoinp. 
by-3.  In  sporting  use  commonly  spelled  bye.'] 
1.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed  at;  something 
not  the  immediate  object  of  regard :  as,  by  the 
by  (that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing). —  2.  The 
condition  of  being  odd,  as  opposed  to  even;  the 
state  of  having  no  competitor  in  a  contest 
where  several  are  engaged  in  pairs.  Thus,  in 
field  trials  of  dogs,  when  the  number  of  those  entered  for 
competition  in  pairs  is  uneven,  the  odd  contestant  is  said 
to  have  a  by. 

3  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball  not  struck 
by  the  batsman,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper 
has  failed  to  stop. — 4.  In  the  game  of  hide- 
and-seek,  the  goal:  as,  to  touch  the  by.  [New 
England.]  — By  the  by.  (at)  Same  as  in,  on,  or  upon 
the  i>!t.  (b)  By  the  way:  introducing  an  incidental  re- 
mark. 

By  the  in/,  I  hope  'tis  not  true  that  your  brother  is  ab- 
solutely ruined?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

There  is  an  old  tough  aunt  in  the  way  ;  —  though,  by  the 
by,  she  has  never  seen  my  master  —  for  we  got  acquainted 
w  itli  miss  while  on  a  visit  in  Gloucestershire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  1. 

In,  on,  or  upon  the  byt,  in  passing ;  indirectly  ;  by 
implication. 

It  would  beget 
Me  such  a  main  authority  on  the  bye, 
And  do  yourself  no  disrepute  at  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 
Speak  modestly  in  mentioning  my  services  ; 
And  if  aught  fall  out  in  the  by,  that  must 
Of  mere  necessity  touch  any  act 
Of  my  deserving  praises,  blush  when  you  talk  on  't. 
Beau,  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
The  Synod  of  Dort  condemneth  upon  the  bye  even  the 
discipline  of  the  Church  of  England. 

Quoted  in  Fidler's  Church  Hist.,  X.  v.  1. 
To  steal  a  by,  in  cricket,  to  make  a  run  on  a  hall  which 
has  not  been  batted,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper  has 
failed  to  stop. 

He  (the  batsman]  is  never  in  his  ground,  except  when 
bis  wicket  is  down.     Nothing  in  the  whole  game  so  trying 
to  boys  ;  he  has  stolen  three  byes  in  the  first  ten  minutes, 
T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

by2t,  "•  [ME  by,  bi,  <  AS.  by  =  Icel.  byr,  beer,  or 
beer  (gen.  btvjnr,  hyjnr)  =  Norw.  bo  =  Sw.  Dan. 
by,  a  town,  village,  in  Icel.  and  Norw.  also  a 
farm,  landed  estate;  akin  to  AS.  bit  =  OS.  bit 
=  Icel.  bit  =  Sw.  Dan.  bo,  a  dwelling,  habita- 
ti'.n,  >  So.  bow  (see  bow5),  <  AS.  bUan  —  Icel. 
bua,  dwell:  see  bower1,  boor,  big2,  be1,  and  cf . 
by-law.]  A  town  ;  habitation;  dwelling:  now 
ml  only  in  place-names,  especially  in  the 
north  of  England,  as  in  lirrliy  (Anglo-Saxon 
lii  i  na  by,  literally  '  dwelling  of  deer'),  Whitby, 

etc. 

The  township,  the  by  of  the  Northern  shires. 

sin/, i,    Const,  Hist,  I.  no. 

by:,t,  "■  [Another  and  more  reg.  form  of  bee2, 
<  ME.  bye,  Inj".',  beighe,  beg,  belt,  etc.,  <  AS. 
In  ii  h.  In  tig,  a  ring:  see  bee-.]  A  ring;  a  brace- 
let. 

A  by  of  gold,  adorning  the  right  arm.  Planche". 

by4t,  i>.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

by5t,  v.  i.    An  obsolete  variant  of  6c1. 

by-1.  It.  An  obsolete  variant  of  bi-1,  be-1  (un- 
accented). See  6c-1. — 2.  The  modern  form  of 
bi-1,  6c-1,  under  the  accent,  as  in  byspt  U,  byword, 
etc. 

by-'-'t.     An  obsolete  variant  of  bi-2,  be-2. 

by-3.     The  adverb  6//1  usnl  us  a  prefix,     i 
first  appears  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by-  being  a  QUasi- 


742 

adjective,  meaning  side,  secondary,  as  in  bypath,  by-street, 
byway,  by-play,  by-stroke,  etc. 

by-aimt  (bi  am),  re.  A  side  aim ;  a  subordinate 
aim ;  a  by-end. 

by-altar  (bi'al"tar),  n.  1.  A  minor  or  secon- 
dary altar,  in  distinction  from  the  high  altar; 
any  other  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a  church: 
now  commonly  culled  side  altar. —  2.  A  name 
given  by  some  writers  on  Christian  archaeology 
to  a  table  standing  beside  the  altar,  for  hold- 
ing the  vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  etc. ;  a 
credence. 

byart,  «.     See  byre. 

byard  (bi'iird),  n.  [Appar.  a  variant  form  and 
use  of  bayard2,  q.  v.]  A  band  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  men  for  dragging  wag- 
ons in  coal-mines. 

byast.    See  bias. 

byats  (bi'ats),  n.  pi.    Same  as  ^muons. 

by-ball  (bi'bal),  n.     In  cricket,  same  as  by1,  3. 

by-bidder  (bi'bid'er),  re.  A  person  employed 
at  public  auctions  to  bid  on  articles  put  up  for 
sale,  in  order  that  the  seller  may  obtain  higher 
prices. 

by-blow  (bi'blo),  n.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
blow. 

Kow  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the  pulpit. 

Milton,  Colasterion. 
How  finely,  like  a  fencer, 
My  father  fetches  his  by-blows  to  hit  me  ! 

Middleton  and  Vekker,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 
2t.  An  illegitimate  child.     [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

The  natural  brother  of  the  king  —  a  by-blow. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  i.  1. 

by-book  (bi'buk),  re.  A  note-  or  memoran- 
dum-book; a  subordinate  book  containing 
notes  or  jottings  to  be  afterward  extended  in 
due  form. 

(Lord's  day.)  To  my  office,  and  there  fell  on  entering, 
out  of  a  bye-book,  part  of  my  second  journall-book,  which 
hath  lay  these  two  years  and  more  unentered. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  87. 

by-business  (bi'biz"nes),  re.  Business  aside 
from  the  main  business;  something  quite  sec- 
ondary or  subordinate.     Barrow. 

by-by  (bi'bi'),  interj.  [Also  written  bye-bye; 
a  childish  or  humorous  variation  of  good-by, 
q.  v.]  Good-by:  a  childish  form  of  farewell, 
sometimes  used  humorously  by  grown  people. 
Well,  you  are  going  to  be  in  a  passion,  I  see,  and  I  shall 
only  interrupt  you — so,  bi/e-bye. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

bycauset,  eonj.    An  obsolete  form  of  because. 

by-cause  (bi'kaz),  n.  [<  by-3  +  cause.]  A  sec- 
ondary cause. 

I  .  .  .  was  one  cause  (a  bit-cause)  why  the  purse  was 
lost.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  lair,  iii.  1. 

bycet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bice. 
byckomet,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  bicker n. 
bycockett    (bi'kok-et),    n.       [Also    variously 

written  aboeoek,  abococked,  abocockct,  aboched, 

abocket,  and  aba- 
cot,      corrupted 

forms     due     to 

misreading       or 

misprinting     of 

bycocket,  <    late 

ME.         bycoh  t 

(Halliwell),       < 

OF.    bicoquet,   a 

bycocket,  a  kind 

of      cap       (cf. 

"  biquoqitct,  the 

beak  of  a  la- 
dies     mourning 

hood"    —   Cot- 

gra  ve),   prob.   < 

///'-  (L.  MS),  dou- 
ble, +  enque  (> 
E.  cock),  a  shell, 
a  boat.  The  al- 
lusion is  to  the 

shape]  A  kind  of  hat  worn  during  the  four- 
teenth, fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries,  prob- 
ably by  noble  and  wealthy  persons  only,  itwas 
of  the  form  called  by  heralds  cap  of  maintenance^  that 
with  the  brim  turned  up  either  before  or  behind,  and 

Willi   a   loiiu'  point  or  beak,  or  two  sneli   points,  opposite. 

Modern  representations  generally  give  it  with  the  point 
i,i  points  behind  ;  but  the  more  common  form  in  the  mid- 
.11.  ages  seems  to  have  had  the  point  in  front,  as  in  the 
illustration. 

by-common  (bi-kom'on),  a.  [<  by1,  prep.,  be- 
yond, +  com  mini.  (  T.  by-ordinary.]  More  than 
common;  uncommon.     [Scotch.] 

by-concernment  (bi'kon-sern'ment),  re.  A 
subordinate  or  subsidiary  affair.     Dryden. 

bycornet,  »■    An  obsolete  form  of  bickern. 

Set  lakes,  erookes,  adses,  and  bycomes, 

And  double  bited  axes  for  tines  thornes. 

Palilalias,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p,  42, 


Bycocket  of  the  15th  century.  (  From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's '•  Diet.  <lu  Mobilicrh.in    il 


bylander 

by-comer  (bi'kor'ner).  11.  A  private  or  out-of- 
the-way  corner.     Massinger;  Fuller. 

by-course  (bi'kors),  «.  An  irregular  or  im- 
proper course  of  action. 

If  thou  forsake  not  these  unprofitable  by-courses. 

Ii.  Jimsoii,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

byddet,  ''•  and  re.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bid. 

bydet,  v.     Art  obsolete  form  of  bide. 

by-dependencyt  (bi'de-pen'den-si),  n.  Some- 
thing depending  on  something  else;  an  acces- 
sory circumstance.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

by-design    (bi'de-zin"),   re.     An   incidental  or 
subordinate  design  or  purpose. 
They'll  serve  for  other  by-designs.   S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

by-doing  (bl'do-ing),  re.  Subordinate  or  collat- 
eral action;  private  doing. 

by-drinkingt  (bi'dring'king),  n.  A  drinking 
between  meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides,  Sir  John,  for  your  diet 
and  by-drinkings.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

by-dweller  (bi'dweFer),  n.  One  who  dwells 
near ;  a  neighbor. 

byeH,  prc/i.  and  adv.    See  by1. 

bye1,  re.     See  by1. 

bye-t,  re.     See  by2. 

bye3t,  «•     See  by3. 

bye't,  v.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

bye-ball  (bi'bal),  re.     In  cricket,  same  as  by1,  3. 

by-election  (bi'e-lek"shon),  11.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  election  held  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  Parlia- 
ini'tit. 

by-end  (bi'end),  re.  1.  Aprivateend;  asecret 
purpose  or  design. 

To  have  other  by-ends  in  good  actions  sours  laudable 
performances.  SirT.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  10. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some  other 
by-end,  fall  within  the  intendment  of  this  fable. 

Sir  B.  L'Estrange. 

2.  An  incidental  or  subsidiary  aim  or  object. 

Pamphleteer  or  journalist  reading  for  an  argument  for 
a  party,  or  reading  to  write,  or,  at  all  events,  for  some  by- 
end  imposed  on  them,  must  read  meanly  and  fragmen- 
tarily.  Emerson,  Universities. 

byert,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  byre. 

by-fellow  (bi'fel"6),  re.  In  English  universities, 
a  name  given  to  one  who  has  been  elected  to 
a  by-fellowship;   a  fellow  out  of  the  regular 

course.  In  some  colleges  a  by-fellow,  even  when  over 
age,  can  be  elected  to  a  regular  fellowship  when  a  vacancy 
occurs. 
by-fellowship  (bi'fel"o-ship),  n.  In  English 
universities,  a  secondary  or  nominal  fellowship. 
There  are  some  Bye-Fellowships,  however,  in  the  small 
colleges  whose  value  is  merely  nominal  — some  £5  or  £<>  a 
year.  C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  131,  note. 

bygg1.  bygg2,  etc.     See  big1,  big2,  etc. 

bygirdlet,  »•  [ME.,  also  bigirdte,  bygyrdylle, 
lni/iirillc,  bigurdel,  <  AS.  bigyrdel,  bigirael,  hiii- 
tjyrtlcl  (=  MHG.  bigurtel),<bi,  bi,  by,  +  gyrdel, 
girdle:  see  6_i/1  and  girdle,  and  cf.  begird.]  A 
purse  hanging  from  the  girdle  or  belt. 
The  bagges  and  the  bigur deles,  he  hath  t,  i-bri  'ken  hem  .die, 
That  the  Erl  auarous'helde.     Piers  Plowman  (Ii),  %  iii-  si;. 

bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  and  re.  [<  by1,  adv.,  +  gone, 
pp.  of  go.]  I.  a.  Past;  gone  by;  hence,  out  of 
date;  antiquated:  as,  "thy  bygone  fooleries," 
Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

The  Chancellor  was  a  man  who  belonged  to  a  bygone 

world,  a  representative  of  a  past  age,  of  obsolete  modes 

of  thinking.  Macaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

It  is  the  test  of  excellence  in  any  department  of  art, 

that  it  can  never  he  bygone. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  178. 

II.  re.  What  is  gone  by  and  past:  as,  that 
is  a  bygone;  let  bygones  be  bygones;  "let  old 
bygones  be,"  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

by-hour  (hi' our),  n.     A  leisure  hour. 

by-interest  (bi'in'ter-est),  re.  Self-interest; 
private  advantage.     Atterbury. 

by-intimation  (bi'in-ti-ma  "slum),  n.  An  inti- 
mation, whether  by  speech,  look,  gesture,  or 
other  means,  so  conveyed  as  to  be  unobserved 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  not  intended ;  an  aside. 
There  were  no  by-inti innUmis  to  make  the  audience 
fancy  their  own  discernment  so  much  greater  than  that  of 
the  Moor.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

byke,  «.     See  bike. 

bykert,  r.  and  re.     An  obsolete  form  of  bicker1. 

bylandt,  »•  [<  by1  +  land.]  A  peninsula.  Also 
spelled  hililliil. 

If  I  find  various  devices  resorted  to  by  writers  at  the 
beginning  Of  that  same  century  to  express  a  trail  of  land 
almost  surrounded  by  sea,  so  that  they  employ  "Inland," 
"demi-isle,"  "demi  island,"  1  am  able,  without  much  hesi- 
tat to  affirm  that  "peninsula"  was  not  yet  acknow- 
ledged to  be  English. 

Ali/i.  Trench,  Deficiencies  ill  Ellg.  Diets.,  p.  40. 

bylander,  «.    See  bilander. 


by-lane 


by-lane   (bi'lan),   n.    A  private  law,  or  one 
forming  a  byway.     Burton. 

by-law  (bi'la),«.  [Formerly  explained  and  now 
generally  accepted  as  made  up  of  by1  (by-'-') 
and  law1,  as  if  'a  subordinate  or  secondary 
law,'  but  in  fact  the  elements  arc  by2,  a  town, 
+  law1,  after  Dan.  bylov,  municipal  law  (ef. 
Dun.  hilar,  an  amendment  to  a  law,  developed 
from  bylov,  but  new  regarded  as  simply  <  bi-  (= 
(_:.  bei-  =  E.  /»/-")  +  lov=  E.  law1),  =  8w.  ?»///-;.(/, 
the  commonalty  of  a  village,  the  older  form 
being  Se.  and  North.  E.  byrlaw,  also  written 
burlaw,  birlaw,  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley, 
<  late  ME.  byre  law,  "agraria,  plebiscitum" 
(Cath.  Anglicum)  (ML.  birelegia,  birlegia,  bi- 
lagce,  bilagines,  bellagines,  pi.;  hence  prob.  bil- 
l,nii  i,  i|.v. ).  prop,  town-law  (see  hijrhnr),  <  Ieel. 
batfar-ldg,  town-law  (cf.  bcejar-logmadhr,  a  town- 
justice,  'byTlaw-man'),  <  %'"'•.  ""''.v'"1",  gen.  of 
Mr,  baw,  or  fta-r  (=  Norw.  bo  —  Sw.  Dan.  by  = 
AS.  «#.•  see  fry2),  a  town,  +  log  =  Norw.  ?<>,/  = 
Sw.  laq  =  Dan.  tot',  law:  see  6//-,  «.,  and  law1.'] 
If.  A  local  law;  a  law  made  by  a  municipality 
or  by  a  rural  community  for  the  regulation  of 
affairs  within  its  authority ;  an  ordinance. 

In  the  shires  where  the  Danes  acquired  a  tlrm  foothold, 
the  t.nvnship  was  often  called  a  "by";  and  it  had  the 
power  of  enacting  its  own  "by-laws"  or  town-laws,  as  New 
England  townships  have  to-day. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  46. 

Hence— 2.  A  standing  rule  of  a  legislative 
body,  a  corporation,  or  a  society,  made  for  the 
regulation  of  its  internal  organization  and  con- 
duct, and  distinguished  from  a  provision  of  its 
constitution  in  being  more  particular  and  more 
readily  altered. 

by-lead  (bi'led),  n.     Same  as  by-wash. 

by-legislation  (bi'lej-is-la'sbon),  n.  Legisla- 
tion on  subordinate  or  secondary  matters;  by- 
laws, or  the  making  of  by-laws. 

The  Friendly  Societies  Act  .  .  .  gives  power  of  by-legi  •■ 
lation  on  specified  matters,  such  as  terms  of  admission, 
administration,  enforcement  of  rules,  Ac,  all  which  has 
only  to  be  certified  by  a  Crown  registrar. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLI\.  231. 

bylevet,  !'.     Same  as  behave.     Chaucer. 

by-matter  (bi'maf'er),  n.  Something  beside 
the  principal  matter ;  something  incidental. 

I  knew  one  that,  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put 
that  which  was  most  material  into  the  postscript,  as  if  it 
had  been  a  by-matter.  Bacon,  Cunning. 

by-motive  (bi'm6"tiv),  ».  1.  A  private,  hid- 
den, or  selfish  motive. 


743 

by-pass  (bi'pas),  v.  t.    [<  by-pass,  ».J    To  fur- 
nish with  a  by-pass. 
I  n, -\t  i;,  passed  the  outlet  valve  with  a  one  inch  pipe. 
Set.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9099. 


The  certainty  of  rousing  an  unanimous  impulse,  if  not 
always  of  counterworking  sinister  by-motives  among  their 
audience.  Grate,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  320. 

2.  A  secondary  motive, 
by-name  (bi'nam),  n.    [<  ME.  byname  (=  OHG. 
binatuo,  MHG.  biname,  G.  beinamc,  a  cognomen, 
surname);  <  by1  +  name.']      If.  A  secondary 
name;  an  epithet. 

Sufnsaunce,  power,  noblesse,  reverence  and  gladnesse 
ben  only  dyverse  bynames,  but  hir  substance  hath  no  di- 
versite.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.,  prose  9. 

2.  A  nickname. 

A  personal  by-name  given  him  on  account  of  his  stature. 
Bp.  towth,  Life  of  Wykeham. 

3.  A  pseudonym;  a  nom-de-plume.    [Obsolete 
and  Scotch.] 

by-namet  (bi'nam),  v.  t.      [<  by-name,  n.]     To 
give  a  nickname  to. 

Sir  Henry  Percy,  .  .  .  by-named  Hotspurre,  who  had  the 
leading  of  the  English.       Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  803. 

bynet,  »•     [<  Gr.  puvn,  malt.]     Malt. 
bynni  (bin'i),   n.      [Prob.  native.]     A  fish  of 
the  family  Cyprinida,  Barbus  bynni,  related  to 
the  barbel  of  Europe.     It  is  a  highly  esteemed 
fish  of  the  Nile. 

by-ordinary,  by-ordinar  (bi'6r"di-na-n,  -nar), 
a.     [<  by1,  prep.,  beyond,  +  ordinary,  ordmar, 
ordinary.     Cf.  by-common.]     More  than  ordi- 
nary.    [Scotch.] 
byoii,  n.    [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]    A  quinsy. 

[North.  Eng.] 
byous  (bi'us),  a.     [Also  written,  improp.,  bins ; 
appar.  <  by1,  prep.,  beyond,  over  and  above, 
+  -ous.~]     Extraordinary;  remarkable:  as,  by- 
ous weather.     [Scotch.] 
byous  (bi'us),  adv.     [<  byous,  a.]     Extraordi- 
narily;  uncommonly;  very:  as,  byous  hungry. 
[Scotch.] 
byously  (bi'us-li),  adv.    [<  byous,  a.,  +  -ly-.] 

Same  as  byous. 
by-pass  (b'i'pas),  n.  An  extra  gas-pipe  passing 
around  a  valve  or  gas-chamber,  used  to  pre- 
vent a  complete  stoppage  of  the  flow  of  gas 
when  the  valve  or  chamber  is  closed,  it  is  used 
with  pilot-lights.  The  pilot-light  supplied  by  the  by-pass 
pipe  lights  the  main  burners  when  the  supply  is  turned  on. 


by-passage  (bi'pas"aj),  n.    A  private  or  retired 

passage;  a  byway. 
by-passer  (bi'pas  cr),  n.  Apasser-by.  Latham. 
by-past  (bi'past),  a.    Pasi  ;  gone  by:  as,  "by- 

past  perils,"  Shale.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  158. 
by-path   (bi'path),   n.      A   byway;  a  private 

path;  an  indirect  course  or  means. 

By-paths  and  indirect  crook'd  ways.  . 

Sl,,ik:,  2  Men.  IV.,  IV.  4. 

by-peept  (bi'pep),  v.  i.     To  look  or  glance  aside. 
shak: 

by-place  (bi'plas),  n.    A  retired  place,  spot, 
or  situation. 

by-play  (bi'pla),».  1.  In  a  play,  action  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while 
the  main  action  proceeds  ;  action  not  intended 
to  be  observed  by  some  of  the  persons  present, 
"Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  you,  sir,  '  he  said,  address- 
in"  Mr  Pickwick,  who  was  considerably  mystified  by  this 
very  unpolite  by-play,  "whether  that  person  belongs  to 
your  party?"  Dickens,  Pickwick,  I.  ill. 

2.  A  diversion;  something  apart  from  the  main 
purpose. 

Is  he  using  the  alternative  as  a  by-play  in  argument, 
without  any  consideration  of  its  merit  or  possibility? 

Bushmill,  Forgiveness  and  Law,  p.  32. 

by-plot  (bi'plot),  n.  A  subsidiary  plot  in  a 
play  or  novel. 

The  minor  characters  and  by-rim.  t"",  giving  the  story 
of  a  religious  scepticism.    Tl,r  Spectator,  No.  3035,  p.  115S. 

by-product  (bi'prod'iikt),  n.  A  secondary  or 
additional  product ;  something  produced,  as  in 
the  course  of  a  process  or  manufacture,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  principal  product  or  material :  as, 
wood-tar  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  wood-vinegar  or  wood-spirit. 

It  is  constantly  the  case  that  the  bye-products  of  a  com- 
plex industry  are  found  to  be  the  sole  source  of  business 
profits.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  750. 

by-purpose  (bi'per"pus),  n.  An  indirect  or 
concealed  purpose  or  design. 

Byramt,  «•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  Bairam. 

byre  (bir),  n.  [So.,  one  of  the  many  different 
applications  of  the  Seand.  form  of  E.  bower1, 
orig.  a  dwelling,  AS.  bur,  a  dwelling,  =  Icel. 
bur,  a  pantry,  =  Sw.  bur,  a  cage,  Sw.  dial,  bur, 
a  house,  cottage,  pantry,  granary,  =  Dan.  bur,  a 
cage:  aeebower1,  and  cf.  bow^.]   Acow-house 


Adjoining  the  house  [of  a  Mennonite]  are  the  stable  and 
byre  which  would  not  disgrace  a  model  farm  in  Germany 
or  England.  D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  372. 

Field  and  garner,  barn  and  byre, 
Are  blazing  through  the  night. 

Whittier,  At  Port  Royal. 

by-report  (bi're-port"),  «.  A  side  report  or 
statement. 

But  when  the  cause  it  selfe  must  he  decreed, 

Hiniselfe  in  person,  in  his  proper  Court, 
To  grave  and  solenme  hearing  doth  proceed, 
Of  every  uroofe  and  every  by-report. 

Sir  J.  Daviss,  Nosce  Teipsum  (1500). 

by-respectt  I  bi're-spekt* ),  n.  A  consideration 
or  tbought  aside'  from  the  maiu  one;  hence,  a 
private  end  or  purpose. 

Augustus  .  .  .  had  sonic  by-respects  in  the  enacting  of 
this  law.  Dryden. 

byrl,  r.    See  birl1. 

byrladyt,  interj.    A  contraction  of  by  our  lady, 
that  is,  bv  the  Virgin  Mary.     Usually  written 
by'r  lady. '  Compare  marry-. 
Bvrlady,  no  misery  surmounts  a  woman's. 

Mi ddleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  l.  2. 

byrlakin,  interj.  A  contraction  of  by  our  lady- 
kin  ;  a  diminutive  of  byrlady. 

Wit.W.-Cam.  Married!    To  whom? 

Kim   To  a  French  hood,  byrlakins,  as  I  understand. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  tjuiet  Life,  iv.  2. 

byrlaw  (bir'la),  n.  [Also  written  burlaw,  bir- 
law, I, in lair,  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley,  etc.: 
see  by-law.]  1.  A  certain  system  of  popular 
jurisprudence  formerly  prevailing  in  northern 
England  and  Scotland.  It  is  described  by  sir  John 
Skene,  writing  in  1597,  when  the  system  was  in  force,  as 
follows:  "Laws  of  Byrlaw  ar  maid  and  determined  be 
consent  of  neichtbors.  elected  and  chosen  hi mmon  con- 
sent, in  the  courts  called  the  Byrlaw  courts,  in  the  quhilk 
cognition  is  taken  of  complaintes  betuixt  neichtbor  and 
neichtbor.  The  quhilk  men  so  chosen  as  judges  and  aria 
trators  to  the  effect  foresaid,  are  commonly  called  Byr- 
liiinmu 


idivmen. 

2.  A  district  within  which  the  system  prevails. 
[North.  Eng.] 


bysse 

The  existence  in  any  district  or  parish  of  the  birelaw  is 

an  raoontestabli   i I  Danish  occupation.    The  par 

, i  Sheffield,  Ecclesfleld.  Bradfleld,  and   Rotherham 

were  and  an  divided  Into  birelaws.  but  it  is  to  be irked 

thai  these  divisions  are  not  to  be  found  on  the  Derbj  hiri 

side 3heai  V.  cmdQ.,  rth  ser.,  n 

3  A  parish  meeting.  [Prov.Eiig.  (Yorkshire).] 

byrlaW-COUrt  (bir'la-kort),    i,.      [Als..  written 

birley-,  barley-court;  <  byrlaw  +  court]     lbe 
court  in   which  the   byrlaw  was  administered. 
[Scotch.]     See  byrlaw. 
byrlaw-man  Cbir'la-man),  n.      [Also  written 
birlaw-,  birley-,  barley-man;  <  byrlaw  +  man; 

cf.    Icel.   btejar-liii/madhr,  a   town-justice.]       1. 

A    judge   or  arbitrator  in   the    byrlaw-court. 

[Scotch.]— 2.    An  arbiter;   an  oversman;  an 

umpire;  a  thirdsman.     [The  modern  use  of  the 

word.] 

byrnet,  ».    Wee  byrnie.  .  . 

byrniet,  n.     [ME.,  also  brume,  breny,  brim,  etc., 

earlier  burne,  <  AS.  byrne,  a  corselet,  a  coat  of 

mail,  =  OHG.  brunna,  brunja,  MHG.  G.  briinne 

=  Icel.  brynja  =  Sw.  brynja  =  Dan.  brynje  = 

(ioth.  brurgo;  hence  ML.  brunia,  bronia,  Pr. 

bronha,  OF.  bntilie,  broignr,  etc.:    see  I, ,,„,,„,. 

Of  uncertain  origin ;  cf.OBulg.  brmijn,  corselet; 

Olr.  bruinn,  breast.]     Same  as  broigne. 
byrniedt,  P-  a.     [ME.  brunyed,  breinjid,  etc. ;  < 

byrnie  +  -ecP.]    Armed  with  a  corselet  or  coat 

of  mail. 

I  salle  to  hatelle  the  brynge,  of  brenye.de  knyghtes 
Thvrtty  thosaunde  he  tale,  thryftye  in  amies. 

MoHe  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  316. 

by-road  (bi'rod),  n.  1.  A  side-road;  a  cross- 
road; a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway.— 2.  A  private  or  secret  way;  a  pri- 
vate means  to  an  end:  as,  "slippery  by-roads," 
Swift. 

Byronic  (bi-ron'ik),  a.  Possessing  the  charac- 
teristics of  Byron,  the  poet,  or  of  his  poetry: 
as,  a  Byronic  poem. 

La  Coupe  it  les  Levies  (by  Alfred  de  Musset),  a  Byronic 
poem  in  dramatic  form.  N.  A.  I!,  v.,  CXXS  II.  293. 

Byronism  (bi'rqn-izm),  n.  The  characteristics 
of  Byron's  thought,  temper,  poetic  style,  etc. 

by-rdom  (bi'rom),  «.      An  adjoining  room  or 
apartment;   a  side  room. 
Stand  in  some  by-room.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

byrrhid  (bir'id),  «.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
liyrrhtilit. 

Byrrhidae  (bir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Byrrhus  + 
-ida.]  A  family  of  clavicorn  Coleoptera,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Byrrhus. 

ByrrhUS  (bir'us),«.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Byrrhidat,  called  pill-beetles  from 
their  rounde'd  bodies,  and  from  the  way  in  which 
they  pack  their  legs  out  of  sight  when  they  are 
alarmed,  simulating  death  and  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  pill.  B.  piluta  is  a  typical  ex- 
ample.    See  cut  under  pill-beetle. 

byrsopid  (ber'so-pid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Byrsopidx. 

Byrsopidae  (ber-sop'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Byr- 
xups  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  Co- 
leoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the*  elytra  provided 
with  ii  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face,  pygidium 
of  male  divided,  tarsi  setose,  gular  margin  ele- 
vated, and  presternum  elevated. 

Byrsops  (b&r'sops),  ".  [<  Gr.  ftipoa,  a  skin,  hide 
(see  purse),  +  ut/i  (u--),  face,  eye.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Byrsopidte. 

byst,  byset,  «•     Obsolete  forms  of  bice. 

bysidet,  bysidest.     Obsolete  forms  of  beside, 

besides. 

by-sitter  (bi'sif'er),  ».     One  sitting  near. 
The  blind  by-sitter  guesseth  not 
What  shadow  haunts  that  vacant  spot. 

Whittier,  The  Meeting. 

by-speech  (bi'spech),  n.  An  incidental  or  cas- 
ual speech  not  directly  relating  to  the  point: 
as,  "to  quote  by-speeches,"  Hooker. 

byspellt  (bi'spel),  n.  [<  ME.  bispel,  a  proverb, 
a  parable,  <  AS.  Dispell,  hit/spell,  a  proverb, 
parable,  example,  story  (=  MD.  bijspel  =  MHG. 
bispel,  bispil,  a  proverb,  parable,  G.  beispiel,  an 
example),  <  bi-,  by,  +  spell,  a  story:  see  spell1, 
and  ef.  gospel.]  A  proverb.  Coles,  1717.  Also 
spelled  byspel. 

bysst,  ''•  ''•     [See  bu::.]     To  buzz ;  hum. 

byssaceous  (bi-sa'sbius),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'bys- 
saceus,  <  byssus:  see  byssus.]  Resembling  a 
byssus;  consisting  of  fine  silky  filaments;  re- 
sembling cobwebs. 

byssal  <  bis'al),  a.  [<  byssus  +  -aj.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  byssus  of  a  mollusk:  as,  byssal 
threads;  byssal  attachment. 

bysset,  »•  '  [<  byssus.]  A  kind  of  fine  cloth. 
See  byssus,  1. 


byssi 

byssi,  »■    Plural  of  by 

byssifer  (bis'i-f6r),  ».  One  of  the  Byssifera. 
Byssifera  (bi-sife-rS),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
byssifer:  see  Sysstferotts.]  A  family  of  bivalve 
m.illusks,  characterized  by  th<>  secretion  of  a 
byssus,  by  means  of  which  they  attach  them- 
Belves  to  foreign  substances,  it  was  instituted  by 
:  feres)  in  1809  fur  the  genera  Pedum, 

Lima,  Pinna,  MylUus,  Modiola,  Crenatula,  Perna,  Mal- 
leus, and  Avicula,  now  distributed  among  different  fami- 
but  it  was  later  renounced  ami  its  genera  referred  by 
him  to  the  families  Wyi  Ifa      wea,  and  Pectenides. 

It  was  restrii-tt'd  l>y  (iul.ituss  (ls^n)  t>>  MttUcux,  Vulsella, 
:■■'  and  i~  now  synonymous  with  MaUeaeea, 
byssiferous  (bi-sif'e-rns),  a.     [<  NL.  byssifer, 
<  h.  byssus  (see  feysstts)  +  /erre  =  E.  Bear1.] 
Producing  or  bearing  a  byssus. 
byssin,  byssine  (bis'in),  a.     [<  L.  6ys«»«s,  < 
Or.  .iicoivoc,  <  jihooos,  byssus.]    Made  of  bys- 
sus;   having  a  silky  or  flax-like  appearance. 
1717. 
byssogenous  (bi-soj'e-ims),  a.    [<  byssus  +  -gc- 
nous.]     Secreting  or  producing  the  byssus:  as, 
the  byssogi  nous  gland. 

Lamellibranchs    generally  exhibit  more  or  less  well- 
marked  traces  of  tliis  byssogenous  apparatus. 

T.  Gill,  Smithsonian  Report,  1SS5,  p.  777. 

byssoid  (bis'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  fivoaor,  byssus,  + 
ekIoc,  form.]  Having  the  appearance  of  byssi ; 
in  bot.,  byssaceous. 

byssolite  (bis'6-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  fibaoo;,  byssus, 
+  /iHnr,  stone.]  An  olive-green  variety  of  ac- 
tinolite,  in  long,  fine,  capillary  crystals,  from 
St .  ( Jotthard,  Tyrol,  and  from  Dauphin^.  Also 
called  amiantus. 

byssus  (bis'us),  v.;  pi.  byssi  (-5).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
5i  ooot  i  see  def.  1).  Of  Oriental  origin;  ef.  Heb. 
butz."]  1.  Among  the  ancients, 
originally,  a  fine  yellowish  flax, 
especially  Indian  and  Egyptian, 
ami  the  liueu  made  from  it,  such 
as  the  Egyptian  mummy-cloth ; 
afterward,  also,  cotton  and  silk 
(the  latter,  before  its  origin  was 
known,  being  taken  for  a  kind 
of  cotton). — 2.  One  of  the  byssi, 
a  name  formerly  given  by  bota- 
nists to  a  heterogeneous  collec- 
tion of  filamentous  cryptogamic 
plants. —  3.  In  conch. ,  a  long,  del- 
icate,  lustrous,  and  silky  bunch 
of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot, 
and  serving  as  a  means  of  attachment  to  other 
objects.  It  is  developed  in  various  dissimilar  bivalve 
mollusks,  especially  by  species  of  the  families  MytUidcs, 
Pinnidce,  AvieulidcB,  lAmkhc.  Arcidce,  Tridacnbdas,  etc. 
That  of  tic-  Pinna  is  capable  of  being  woven.  SeePinna, 
anl  also  'ins  under  Dreissenidee  and  Tridacmdae. 

bystander  (bi'stan"der),  «.  1.  One  who  stands 
near;  a  spectator;  a  chance  looker-on;  hence, 
one  who  has  no  concern  with  the  business  being 
transacted. — 2.  One  of  the  highest  order  of 
penitents  in  the  discipline  of  the  early  church. 
See  consistentes. 

by-street  (bi'stret),  ».  A  separate,  private,  or 
obscure  street ;  a  lane  or  byway. 

To  avoid  reproach, 
He  seeks  by-streets,  and  saves  the  expensive  coach. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  280. 
They  roam  together  now,  and  wind  among 
Its  by-streets,  knocking  at  the  dusty  inns. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Sonnets,  xliii. 

by-stroke  (bi'strdk),  n.  An  incidental  or  sly 
stroke;  aside-blow;  a  ruse. 

by-talk  (bi'tak),  ».     1.  Gossip;  scandal. —  2. 

A  subject  of  gossiping  conversation ;  a  byword. 

I  h  m  suddenly  becam'st  the  by-talke  of  neighbours. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  Ind.,  p.  8. 

by-term  (bi'term),  n.  An  irregular  term  or 
time;  a  term,  as  of  a  school,  in  which  some- 
thing is  done  out  of  its  regular  course.  Thus, 
in  Cambridge  University,  England,  to  go  out  in 
■■<  by-term  a  B.  A.  degree  at  a  tiino 

other  than  January. 

Bythites  (bi-tbi'tez),  a.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  0vBiTis,  a 

de.  p  .  the  deep.]      A  genus 

of  brotuloid  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  By- 
thitiJUB. 
Bythitinae  (bita-i-ti'ne),  «.  /-/.     [NL.,  <  Bythi- 
tes +  -uuv.\     A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes, 


Ptflfia  Jtabclluyn. 
a,  Byssus. 


744 

typified  by  the  genus  Bythites,    The  head  is  large 
and  wide,  the  vertical  fins  are  united, and  the  ventrals  re- 
duced t<.  simple  filaments  composed  of  two  rays  each. 
by-time  (bi'tim),  n.     Odd  time;  an  interval  of 
leisure.     [Scotch.] 

bytimet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    See  beMme, 
bytouret,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  Mttem\ 
bytownite  (bi'toun-it),  n.    [<  Bytown  (see  def.) 
+   -/'(Y".]     A   kind   of   feldspar  from   Bytown 
(now  Ottawa),  Canada,  intermediate  between 
nnorthite  and  labradorite. 
Bvttneriacese  (bifne-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
<  Byttneria,  ;i  genus  named  from  the  German 
botanist  D.  S.  A.  BilUner  tl7'J4-08),  +  -ami.] 
A  natural  order  of  plants,  properly  included  in 
the  order  8terculiace<B  (which  see).     The  typi- 
cal genus,  Byttneria,  consists  of  about  1*0  spe- 
cies  of  tropical  or  subtropical  herbs  or  climbing 
shrubs. 
by-turning  (bi'ter^ning),  n.     A  byway;  a  road 
leading  off  the  main  road. 

The  many  by-turnings  that  may  divert  you  from  your 
way.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

by-view  (M'vu),  n.  Private  view;  self-inter- 
ested purpose. 

No  by-views  of  his  own  shall  mislead  him. 

Attcrbury,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

by-walk  (bi'wak),  n.    A  secluded  or  private 

walk.     Dry  (ten. 
by-walker*  (bi'wa^ker),  n.     One  who  walks  by 

or  aside ;   one  who  is  not  straightforward ;  a 

deceitful  person. 

I  have  ript  the  matter  now  to  the  pill,  and  have  told 
you  of  plain  walkers,  and  of  by-walkers. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef,  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

by-wash  (bl'wosh),  //.  A  channel  cut  to  con- 
vey the  surplus  water  from  a  reservoir  or  an 
aqueduct,  and  prevent  overflow.  Also  called 
by-lead. 

bywater  (bi'wa-ter),  a.  Among  diamond-deal- 
ers, showing  a  tinge  of  yellow;  off  color:  ap- 
plied to  diamonds. 

byway  (bl'wa),  n,  A  by-road;  a  secluded,  pri- 
vate, or  obscure  way;  an  out-of-the-way  path 
or  course :  as,  highways  and  byways. 

Next  he  showed  them  the  two  by-ways,  that  were  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  where  Formality  and  Hypocrisy  lost  them- 
selves. Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  264. 

A  vast  and  tangled  maze,  the  byways  of  which  our  plan 
does  not  allow  us  to  enter. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii. 

by-westt  (bi-wesf),  prep.  [<  ME.  hi  weste,  < 
AS.  be  westan,  an  adverbial  phrase,  at  or  in  the 
west:  be,  prep.,  by;  westan,  adv.,  west,  from 
the  west.  Of.  benorth.  besouth,  etc.]  Westward 
from ;  to  the  west  of.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  used  by  tin-  Irish,  that 
tluy  dwelt  by-ivest  the  law  which  dwelt  beyond  the  river 
of  the  Barrow.  Sir  J.  Dories,  state  of  Ireland. 

by-wipef  (bi'wlp),  n.  A  secret  stroke  or  sar- 
casm. 

Wherefore  should  you  begin  with  the  Devil's  name  des- 
canting upon  the  number  of  your  opponents?  wherefore 
that  conceit  of  Legion  with  a  by-wipe} 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  lliunb.  Remonst.,  Pref. 

byword  (bl'werd),  n.  [<  ME.  byworde,  <  AS. 
fi/imrd  (=  OS.  biwurti  =  OHG.  biicorf,  also  bl- 
in/rti,  MHO.  biwort),  a  proverb,  <  bi-y  by,  + 
word,  word.  Of.  byspelW]  1.  A  word  or  phrase 
used  proverbially ;  especially,  a  saying  used  iu 
mockery  or  disparagement;  a  satirical  or  con- 
temptuous proverb. 
A  wise  man  that  had  it  for  a  by-word.  Bacon, 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  if  I  were  forced 
to  allow  the  first,  I  should  still  think,  with  our  old  enarse 
byword,  that  the  same  power  which  furnished  all  their 
restorateurs  sent  also  their  present  cooks. 

Buribe,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

[See  also  extract  under  by-west."] 
Hence  —  2.  An  object  of  general  reproach  or 
condemnation;  a  common  subject  of  derision 
or  opprobrium. 

I  will  make  it  [this  house]  to  be  a  proverb  am!  a  byword 
among  all  peoples.  2  Chron.  vii.  20. 

And  bashful  Henry,  whOBe  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  \i  lien.  VI.,  i.  1. 


Byzantinism 

Has  he  all  that  the  world  loves  and  admin-sand  covets? 
.  .  .  he  must  cast  behind  him  their  admiration,  .  .  .  and 
become  a  byword  and  a  hissing.    Kiuersnn,  Compensation. 

-Syn.  1.   Axiom.  Maxim,  etc.      See  aphorism. 

byzant  (biz'aut  or  bi-zant'),  n.     Same  as  be- 
zant, 1. 

In  Anglo-Saxon  times  gold  byzants  from  Byzantium  were 
used  in  England. 

Jevons,  Money  and  Mcch.  of  Exchange,  p.  97. 

Byzantian  (bi-zan'shian),  a.     [<  ByzanU-um  + 

-an.]      Same  as  Byzantine. 
Byzantine  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin),  a.  and  n. 

[<  LL.  By^antinus  (also  Byzantiacus,  L.  Byzan* 

ft  us.  Or.  BvCavTiandc;,  hv^dvriog ),  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr. 
Bi\dvTtov,  said  to  have  been  named  after  BiCae 
(Bi\avT-),  its  reputed  founder.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Byzantium,  or  Constantinople,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 
which  became  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  or 
Eastern  empire,  or  to  the  empire  itself.  By- 
zantium was  founded  by  a  Creek  colony  in  the  seventh 
century  b.  c,  but  was  of  no  great  importance  until  a.  i>. 
330,  when  the  emperor  Constantine  the  Great  made  it 
his  capital,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople,  af- 
ter himself.— Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  from  the  classical  under  the  Byzantine 
empire  during  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  A.  it.,  and, 
under  various  modifications,  used  till  the  final  conquest  of 


Byzantine  Architecture.— Church  of  St.  Theodore.  Athens. 

that  empire  by  the  Turks  iu  A.  D.  1458.  It  spread  so  widely 
that  its  influence  even  in  Italy  did  not  wholly  decline  be- 
fore the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  may  be  considered  as 
surviving  still  in  Russian  architecture,  and  in  a  less  marked 
degree  in  other  eastern  lands.  An  almost  universal  fea- 
ture of  the  style,  in  buildings  of  any  pretension,  is  the  in- 
crustation of  brick  or  rough  stonework  with  more  precious 
materials;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold  architectural 
features,  to  be  rendered  in- 
teresting merely  by  surface 
ornament  of  polished  mar- 
bles presenting  natural 
beauty  of  hue,  or  of  sculp- 
ture in  very  low  relief,  ami 
confined  in  the  main  to 
vegetable  or  geometrical 
designs  of  clearly  cut  out- 
line. The  style  depends 
much  on  color  for  its  ef- 
fect, and  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of 
positive  color  are  profusely 
introduced.  The  leading 
forms  which  characterize 
the  Byzantine  style  are  the 
round  arch,  the  circle,  the 
cross,  and  the  dome  sup- 
ported upon  pendentives. 
The  capitals  of  the  pillars 
are  of  endless  variety,  and 
full  of  invention.  While 
some  are  plainly  founded 
on  the  Greek  Corinthian, 
many  resemble  those  of  early  round  arched  western  archi- 
tecture; and  so  varied  is  their  decoration  thai  frequently 
no  two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  The  ancient 
basilica  of  St.  Sophia,  in  Constantinople,  and  the  church 
of  st.  Mark,  in  Venice,  are  classical  examples  of  Byzan- 
tine architecture.  —  Byzantine  historians,  a  series  oi 
historians  and  chroniclers  of  the  affairs  oi  the  Byzantine 
empire,  scattered  through  the  whole  period  of  its  exis- 
tence. They  are  our  only  source  ol  knowledge  ol  Byzan- 
tine history.  Their  works  have  been  several  times  print)  d 
complete  in  the  original  Greek,  the  latest  edition  being  by 
Nicbuhr  and  others,  in  4S  volumes. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  By- 
zanthun.  See  I. —  2.  [/.  c]  Same  as  bezant,  1. 
Byzantinism  (biz'an-  or  bi-zan'tin-izm),  n. 
[<  Byzantine  +  -ismJ]  The  spirit,  principles, 
aud  methods  of  the  Byzantines,  especially  with 
reference  to  literature  and  art;  the  manifesta- 
tion of  Byzantine  characteristics. 

Byzantinism  .  .  .  regulated  all  forms  of  art  by  strietly 
conventional  rules. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  i. 


Byzantine  Capital. 
Church  of  S.in  Virale,  Ravenna. 


1.  The  third  letter  and  sec- 
ond consonant  in  the  Eng- 
lish, as  in  general  in  the  other 
alphabets  derived  from  tho 
Pheuician.  The  value  of  1 1 1  i 
however,  in  Pheuician  as  in  Greek, 

J) j^i-^:-^>^--^&" I    and  so  also  originally  in  Latin,  be- 

Bide  the  sign  k,  which  had  the  pn  tper 

jt-sound.  But  the  Latins  gave  up  for  a  time  the  written 
distinction  of  the  jb-sonnd  from  the  *7-sound,  writing  both 
with  the  same  character,  C;  and  when  later  they  readopted 
the  distinction,  instead  of  reducing  C  to  its  original  value, 
and  restoring  k.  they  retained  the  fc-value  for  the  c,  and 
added  a  tag  to  the  same  character  for  the  resound,  thus 
turning  C  into  67.  The  comparative  table  of  forms,  like 
that  given  for  the  other  letters  (compare  A  and  2>).  is  as 
follows : 


Egyptian. 
Hieroglyphic.     Hieratic. 


Plieni- 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latin. 


Great  as  is  the  apparent  difference  between  Greek  r 
and  our  C,  it  is  due  only  to  a  shifting  of  the  position  of 
the  angle  made  by  the  two  component  lines,  and  the 
rounding  of  this  angle.  The  hard  or  i-sound  which  be- 
longed to  this  character  in  early  Latin  belonged  to  it  also 
in  Anglo-Saxon  (which,  like  Latin,  made  little  or  no  use  of 
*•).  But  this  fr-sound,  as  being  a  guttural  or  back  palatal 
mute,  is  particularly  likely  to  be  shifted  forward  along  the 
tongue  and  to  be  changed  into  front-palatal  and  sibilant 
sounds,  especially  before  vowels  like  c,  i,  y,  which  favor 
the  front-palatal  position.  Hence  it  comes  that  c,  still  so 
written,  is  pronounced  as  s  in  English  before  e,  i,  y,  and 
elsewhere  as  k.  But  this  "  soft "  or  sibilant  c  belongs  to 
the  French  part  of  our  language ;  the  Anglo-Saxon  c,  when 
softened,  gets  the  sound  usually  represented  in  English 
by  ch,  and  is  so  written :  for  example,  in  chicken,  cheese, 
church,  birch,  teach.  (See  ch,  and  assibilation.)  No  word 
containing  c  pronounced  s  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  ex- 
cept a  few  misspelled,  as  cinder  for  tinder,  and  once,  twice, 
etc.,  pence,  mice,  etc.,  having  -ce  for  original  -es,  -s.  (See 
•eel.)    For  the  sounds  of  ch,  see  ch. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  in  the  Roman  system,  C  stands 
for  100,  and  is  repeated  up  to  CCCC,  400  (fol- 
lowed by  D,  500).  This  symbol,  originally  Q ,  that  is, 
the  Greek  theta  (0),  was  afterward  reduced  to  C  and  un- 
derstood to  stand  for  centum,  a  hundred. 

3.  As  a  symbol:  (<i)  In  music:  (1)  Used  in  English 
and  German  to  designate  the  key-note  of  the  natural 
scale.  See  natural  aud  scale.  (2)  When  placed  on  the 
staff  immediately  after  the  clef,  a  sign  of  common  time, 
each  measure  containing  4  quarter  notes  or  their  equiva- 
lent. When  a  vertical  line  is  drawn  through  it,  it  indi- 
cates alia  breve  time,  each  measure  containing  2  or  4  half 
notes,  played  more  quickly  than  in  common  time.  (3)  On 
the  keyboard  of  the  organ  or  pianoforte,  the  white  key  or 
digital  next  to  the  left  of  each  group  of  two  black  keys. 
The  middle  C  of  the  keyboard  is  a  usual  starting-point  in 
the  reckoning  of  both  keys,  tones,  and  notes;  it  is  also 
known  as  alto  C,  or  c' ;  the  next  C  below  is  called  tenor  C, 
or  c;  the  second  C  below,  bass  c,  or  C;  and  the  next  C 
above,  treble  C,  or  c",  etc.  The  present  pitch  of  middle 
C  is  from  250  to  265  vibrations  per  second;  it  is  often 
theoretically  fixed  in  Germany  at  264,  in  England  at  256, 
and  in  France  at  251.  About  1700  it  was  actually  about 
240,  aud  in  recent  times  as  high  as  275.  The  major  scale 
of  C,  because  it  comprises  all  the  white  keys  and  none  of 
the  black  ones,  is  taken  as  the  normal  or  standard  scale 
of  the  keyboard,  (b)  In  the  mnemonic  names  of  moods 
of  syllogism,  the  symbol  of  reduction  per  impossibile.  (c) 
In  math.,  C  is  used  to  denote  a  constant  of  integration. 
See  also  A,  2  (c),  (d),  (e).  (d)  In  chem.,  the  symbol  for 
carbon. 

4.  As  an  abbreviation,  c.  or  C.  stands,  in  dental 
formulas  of  zoology  (c),  for  canine  tooth;  in 
United  States  money  (c),  for  cent;  in  thermom- 
eter-readings (ft),  for  centigrade;  in  French 
money  (p.),  for  centime;  in  references  (c),  for 
chapter  (or  Latin  capituhtm);  in  dates,  before 
the  number  (c),  for  Latin  circa,  about;  in  me- 
teorology (c),  for  cirrus;  in  a  ship's  log-book 
(c),  for  cloudy  ;  and  in  measures  of  volume  (c), 
for  cubic.  —  Middle  C,  in  music,  the  note  on  the  first 
leger-line  above  the  bass  or  below  the  treble  staff.  (See 
above.) 

ca1,  ca'1  (ka),  v.     [Sc,  =  E.  call1;   so  a',  fa', 
fou,  'oo,  etc.,  for  E.  all,  fall,  full,  wool,  etc.] 
A  Scotch  contraction  of  call1. 
ca2,  ca"2,  caa  (ka),  v.  t.    [Prob.  <  Gael,  calc 
=  Lr.  calcam,  drive  with  a  hammer,  calk:  see 
calk1.]    To  drive  ;  impel;  push;  knock:  as,  to 
ca'  a  man  ower  (over).     [Scotch.] 
But  ca'  them  out  to  park  or  hill, 
And  let  them  wander  at  their  will. 

Burns,  Death  of  Mailie. 
Ca'  cannie.    See  canny. 


ca3,  ka  (ka),  r.  t.  [Appar.  a  particular  use, 
with  only  phrasal  meaning,  of  ™-  ,,r  n/l  :  see 
def.]  A  word  of  no  definite  individual  mean- 
ing, occurring  in  the  proverbial  phrase  cu  m< . 
ca  thee  (now  also  claw  me,  claw  thee),  help  (or 
serve)  me  and  I'll  help  you. 

Ca  me,  ca  thee  :  conccalc  tliis  from  my  wife, 
And  111  keep  all  thy  knauery  from  thine  vncle. 

T.  lieywood,  If  you  Know  not  me,  ii. 

ca4t,  »■    See  coe1. 

cas  (ka),  «.  A  Babylonian  measure  of  capacity, 
identified  with  the  Hebrew  bath  or  ephah. 

Ca.     In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  calcium. 

ca.  In  dates,  a  contraction  of  Latin  circa,  about : 
as,  ca.  1300,  about  1300. 

C.  A.  An  abbreviation  of  chief  accountant,  of 
controller  of  accounts,  aud  in  Great  Britain  of 
chartered  accountant. 

Caaba,  «.    See  Kaaba. 

caaing-whale(ka'ing-hwab,».  [Be.,<caaing(< 
ca2,  caa,  drive)  +  whale  :  because  these  whales 
can  bo  driven  like  cattle.]  A  large  round- 
headed  cetacean,  Globicephalus  svineval,  of  the 
family  Delphmidce,  resembling  a  porpoise  in 
form,  but  of  greater  dimensions  than  those 
usually  attained  by  the  dolphin  family,  some- 
times reaching  a  length  of  upward  of  20  feet. 
It  especially  resorts  to  tho  shoresof  the  i  irkncy.  Shetland, 
and  Faroe  islands,  Iceland,  etc.,  appearing  in  herds  of  from 
100  to  1,000  individuals.  Though  closely  related  to  the  kill-  - 
ers  of  the  genus  Orca,  caaing-whales  are  timid  and  inoffen- 
sive, feeding  on  small  fish,  mollusks,  and  especially  cepha- 
lopods.     Also  ca'ing^whale. 

caama  (kii'ina),  ».  1.  A  name  of  a  small  South 
African  fox,'  Vulpes  caama.  —  2.  A  name  of  a 
large  bubaline  antelope,  Alcelaphus  caama,  the 
hartbeest. 

caast,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  easel. 

Cab1  (kab),  h.      [Short  for  cabriolet,  q.  v.]     1. 
A  hackney  carriage  with  either  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a  cabriolet. 
A  cab  came  clattering  up.  Thackeray. 

With  great  difficulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  &  Rotch  (the  lat- 
ter a  member  of  Parliament)  obtained  licences  for  eight 
cabriolets  in  1823,  and  started  them  at  fares  one  third 
lower  than  those  of  hackney  coaches.  The  new  vehicles 
were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one  horse,  and  carrying 
only  one  passenger  besides  the  driver,  who  sat  in  the  cab- 
riolet (or,  as  more  commonly  called  for  brevity,  the  cab) 
with  his  fare.  .  .  .  The  name  cab  is  still  commonly  ap- 
plied to  all  hackney  carriages  drawn  by  one  horse,  whether 
on  two  or  four  wheels.  Penny  Cyc. 

2.  The  hooded  or  covered  part  of  a  locomotive, 
which  protects  the  engineer  and  fireman  from 
the  weather.     [U.  S.] 

cab1  (kab),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbed,  ppr. 
cabbing.  [<  cab1,  «.]  To  pass  over  in  a  cab: 
as,  to  cab  the  distance:  often  used  with  an  in- 
definite it;  as,  I'll  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  [Col- 
loq.,  Eng.] 

cab2  (kab),  n.  Any  sticky  substance.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cab3  (kab),  n.  [Appar.  abbr.  of  cabal1.']  A 
small  number  of  persons  secretly  united  in  the 
performance  of  some  undertaking.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

cab4,  kab  (kab),  n.  [=  Gr.  najioQ,  LL.  cabus, 
<  Heb.  and  Chal.  Jcab,  a  hollow,  <  kabab,  hol- 
low out.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  capacity, 
for  both  dry  ami  liquid  matter.  It  was  equal  to 
2.021  liters,  or  4-f  United  States  pints.  Other  statements 
appear  to  be  due  to  confusion  of  different  measures  by 
Greek  metrologists;  but  a  great  cab,  of  \  the  ordinary 
size,  is  mentioned  in  the  Talmud. 

They  besieged  it  [Samaria]  until  an  ass's  head  was  sold 
for  fourscore  pieces  of  silver,  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  cab 
of  dove's  dung  for  live  pieces  of  silver.  2  Ki.  vi.  25. 

cab5  (kab),  n.     See  capel2. 

caba  (kab'ii),  n.    Same  as  cabas,  2  and  3. 

cabackt,  »'.'  [Russ.  kabakit.]  A  tavern;  pot- 
house; dram-shop.     [Russian.] 

cabaged  (ka-bajd'),  a.    Same  as  caboshed. 

cabal1  (ka-bal'),  n.  [=  D.  kabaal  =  G.  cabale 
=  Dan.  kabale  =  Sw.  kabal,  a  cabal  (defs.  3  and 
4),  <  F.  cabale  =  Sp.  cabala  =  Pg.  It.  cabala,  an 
intrigue,  a  cabal,  the  cabala:  see  cabala.']  If. 
The  eabala  (which  see). — 2t.  Asecret.   [Rare.] 

746 


The  measuring  of  the  temple,  a  cabal  found  out  but 
lately.  ^-  •'""  '  " 

3.  Conjoint  intrigue ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few 
persons  united  in  some  design:  as,  "curs'd 
cabals  of  women,"  Drtjden. 

Centuries  glide  away  in  the  same  unvaried  round  of 
cabalaatb  court.  Brougham. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private  views 
in  church  or  state  by  intrigue ;  a  junto.  The 
name  of  "  the  Cabal "  was  given  to  an  unpopular  ministry 
oi  i  liarles  II.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham, 
Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the  initials  of  whose  names 
happened  to  compose  the  word. 

These  ministers  were  therefore  emphatically  called  the 
Cabal;  and  .  .  .  it  has  never  since  their  time  lien  used 
except  as  a  term  of  reproach.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 
=  Syn.  4.  Continuation,  Party,  Faction,  Cabal.  Camarilla. 
Junto.  Combination  is  the  most  general  of  these  words, 
but  it  expresses  least  of  permanence  in  organization ;  it 
often  denotes  the  union  for  special  ends  of  individuals  or 
parties  otherwise  antagonistic:  as.  tin-  Democrats  and 
Greenbackers  entered  into  a  combination  t"  secure  the 
election.  A  party  is  strictly  a  more  close  and  permanent 
union  of  individuals,  organized  to  promote  certain  prin- 
ciples or  common  interests  which  they  consider  of  fun- 
damental importance:  as,  the  Low  Church  party,  the 
Republican  party;  but  the  term  is  more  loosely  used 
where  organization  is  wanting:  as,  the  Free-trade  party. 
Combination  and  party  may  express  that  which  is  entirely 
reputable  ;  the  other  words  are  chiefly  unfavorable  in  their 
signiflcation.  A  factum  is  commonly  a  section  of  a  party ; 
it  is  generally  a  comparatively  small  number  of  individ- 
uals, whose  principles  and  objects  are  often  of  a  captious, 
frivolous,  or  selfish  nature,  but  advocated  so  persistently 
as  to  be  annoying,  and  with  so  little  regard  to  the  general 
interest  as  sometimes  to  be  dangerous.  Cabal  and  junto 
express  a  union  less  comprehensive  than  party  or  even 
faction  ;  the  intrigues  of  a  cabal  or  junto  are  usually  con- 
ducted mainly  for  the  personal  aggrandizement  of  its  mem- 
bers. Junto  has  almost  entirely  given  place  to  cabal  in 
modern  use.  A  camarilla  is  a  more  or  less  united  body  of 
secret  counselors  of  a  ruler,  acting  generally  in  opposition 
to  his  official  advisers,  aud  constituting  a  "  power  behind 
the  throne." 

After  numerous  abortive  attempts  and  unsuccessful 
combinations  in  which  Newcastle  bore  the  chief  part.it 
became  evident  .  .  .  that  the  union  ...  of  Newcastle 
.  .  .  and  Pitt  was  absolutely  necessary. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent,,  viii. 

If  I  could  not  go  to  heaven  but  with  a  party,  I  would 
not  go  there  at  all.  Therefore  I  protest  to  you  I  am  not 
of  the  party  of  federalists. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  439. 

By  a  faction,  I  understand  a  number  of  citizens,  whe- 
ther amounting  to  a  majority  or  minority  of  the  whole, 
who  are  united  and  actuated  by  some  common  impulse 
of  passion,  or  of  interest,  adverse  to  the  rights  of  other 
citizens,  or  to  the  permanent  and  aggregate  interests  of 
the  community.  Madison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

In  a  simple  monarchy,  the  ministers  of  state  can  never 
know  their  friends  from  their  enemies  ;  secret  cabals 
undermine  their  influence  and  blast  their  reputation. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  2S9. 

cabal1  (ka-bal'),  <•'•  *■ ;  pret.  and  pp.  caballed, 
ppr.  caballing.  [<  cabal1,  ».]  To  form  a  cabal; 
intrigue  conjointly ;  unite  in  secret  artifices  to 
effect  some  design. 

Base  rivals,  who  true  wit  and  merit  hate, 
Caballing  still  against  it  with  the  great. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  972. 

It  [pride]  may  prevent  the  nobles  from  caballing  with 
the  people.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  395. 

cabal2t,  "•  [Also  written  caball :  =  F.  cheval  = 
Pr.  cavalh  =  Cat.  caball  =  Sp.  caballo  =  Pg.  It. 
cavallo,  a  horse,  <  L.  caballus  (>  Gr.  KaBaAfa/c), 
an  inferior  horse,  a  pack-horse,  nag;  later,  in 
general  sense  (superseding  L.  equus),  a  horse. 
Hence  ult.  (from  L.)  capelX,  chcral,  cliical,  cava- 
lier, chevalier,  cavalry,  chivalry,  etc.]    Ahorse. 

cabala,  kabala  (kab'a-lii),  «.  [ML.  cabbala  (It. 
Pg.  cabala  =  Sp.  cabala  =  P.  cabale  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  kabbala),  a  transcription  of  Heb.  qabbaldh, 
reception,  the  cabala  or  mysterious  doctrine  re- 
ceived traditionally,  <  qabal,  receive,  take,  in 
the  Piel  conjugation  gibbet,  receive  (a  doctrine). 
Hence  cabal1.]  1.  The  thcusophy  or  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  grew 
up  mainly  after  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, and  flourished  for  many  generations.  The 
cabala  employed  itself  first  in  a  mystic  explanation  of 
Deity  and  cosmogony,  and  in  the  creation  of  hidden  mean- 
ings for  the  sacred  Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  into  its 
province  all  the  Hebrew  law  and  philosophy.  Later  cab- 
alists  pretended  to  fiud  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the 


cabala 

letters  and  forms  of  tlie  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  them- 
aeli  rules  of  interpretai  ion. 

2.    Any   secret    science;    esoteric   as    distin- 
guished from  exoteric    doctrine;    occultism; 
mysticism. 
If  1  wholly  mistake  not  the  cabala  of  this  sect. 

Bentley,  Phlleleutherus  Lipsiensis,  §  0. 
i  lie  read  whatever  tells 
Of  magic,  cabala,  and  spells. 

Scoff,  1..  of  the  L.,  iii.  6. 

Also  spelled  cabbala,  leabbala. 
cabalassou,  n.    See  k<ih<ihissou. 
cabaletta  I  kab-a-le1  'fi ),  ".    [It.  (>  F.  eabalclte) ; 
cf.  cavcUletto  (=  Sp.  iaballeta,  a  grasshopper), 
a  little   horse,  <  cavatto,  a  horse:    see   cabal". 
capt  f].  \    A  song  in  rondo  form,  with  variations, 
often    having  an    accompaniment    in    triplet 
rhythm,  intended  to  imitate  the  footfalls  of  a 
cantering  Iwrse. 
cabalism1  (kab'a-lizm),  n.     [<  cabala  +  -ism.] 
The  secret  science  of  the  cabalists.     [Rare.] 
Allegories,  parables,  eabalisins. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  2S7. 

cabalism2  (ka-bal'izm),  n.  [<  cabal1  +  -ism.] 
The  practice  of  forming,  or  the  tendency  to 
form,  cabals  and  cliques.     [Bare.] 

cabalist  ( kab'a-list),  n.  [<  ML.  cabbalista  (It.  Sp. 
Pg.  cabalista  =  F.  cabalistc),  <  cabbala,  cabala.] 

1.  (  toe  versed  in  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
cabala  or  mystic  philosophy  of  the  Jews.  The 
cardinal  doctrines  of  the  cabalists  embrace  the  nature  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  the  Divine  emanations  or  Sephiroth, 
the  cosmogony,  the  creation  of  man,  psychology,  the 
destiuy  of  man  and  the  universe,  and  the  import  of  the 

aled  law.  The  cabalists  seem  to  hare  endeavored  to 
identify  all  Buch  sciences  as  demonology,  astrology,  chiro- 
mancy, sympathetic  medicine,  etc.,  with  their  theosophic 
mysticism,  weaving  the  whole  into  a  secret  universal  wis- 
dom or  esoteric  philosophy  of  the  universe.  They  sym- 
pathized with  many  points  of  Christianity,  so  that  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the  cabala  was  by  many 
thought  highly  important  as  a  proof  of  Christianity  and 
as  a  means  of  converting  the  Jews. 

Tlie  Cabalists  had  a  notion,  that  whoever  found  out  the 
mystic  word  for  anything  attained  to  absolute  mastery 
over  that  tiling.    Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  lstser.,  p.  15S. 

2.  In  general,  an  occultist;  a  mystic, 
cabalistic  (kab-a-lis'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  cabalist 

+  -■<•.]  I.  <i.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cab- 
alists, or  to  the  cabala  or  mystic  philosophy 
which  they  professed.  See  cabala  and  cabal  is). 
— 2.  In  general,  occult;  mystic;  esoteric;  sym- 
bolical ;  having  an  interior  or  hidden  meaning. 
=Syn.  Mi/sti'-,  etc.    See  mysterious. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  mysteries  of  the  cabala. 
L.  Addison. 

cabalistical  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  cab- 
alistic. 

cabalistically  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  the  cabalists. 

cabalize  (kab'a-llz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  caba- 
ii  ■  'I,  ppr.  cabdUzing.  [<  cabala  +  -ize ;  =  F.  ca- 
balist r.  J  To  use  the  method  or  language  of  the 
cabalists.     [Rare.] 

caballaria  (kab-a-la'ri-a),  n.  [ML.,  <  L.  ca- 
ballus,  a  horse:  see  cabaft.]  A  feudal  tenure 
of  lands,  the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the 
lord  had  occasion  for  his  service. 

caballer  (ka-bal'er),  n.  [<  cabaU  +  -eri-J]  One 
who  unites  with  others  to  effect  an  object  by  in- 
trigue ;  one  who  cabals. 

A  close  caballer  and  tongue-valiant  lord. 

Dryden,  jEneid,  xi.  514. 

caballeria  (ka-ba-lya-re'a),  n.  [Sp.,  cavalry, 
knight-service,  a  specific  tract  of  land,  etc., 

<  caballo,  a  horse:  see  cavalier.]  In  Span. 
Aanr.  Ian-,  a  holding  of  land  corresponding 
somewhat  to  tlie  early  English  knight's  fee.  It 
comprised  a  building-lot  of  100  by  200  feet;  GOO  fanegas 

"l  for  a  garden,  and  10  tor  planting  trees  growing  in 

,l!    i  or  re  barn  a  land  ,  ami  pasture  foe  50  breeding 

1111  cofl  i,    !    i ,  500  sheep,  and  100  goats. 

i1    i      equal  to  5  j nias. 

caballero  (ka-ba-lya'ro),  ».  [Sp.,  formerly  ca- 
vallerOfS  horseman:  see  cavalier.]  1.  A  Span- 
ish knighl  or  gentleman. — 2.  A  grave  and  state- 
Ij  Spanish  'lance. 

caballine  (kab'a-lin),  ".  [<  L.  caballinus,  <  ca- 
ballus.  a  b.orse:  see  cabal*.]  Pertaining  to  or 
suited  for  a  horse.  Caballine  aloes.  See  oJoe».- 
Caballlne  spring.thc  fountain  Hip] roe     Beau nt. 

caban  (kar-ban'),  »•  [Name  in  Philippine  [gl- 
ands, j  A  grain  measure  equal  to  3.47  cubic  E<  et, 
used  in  the  Philippine  Islands.    Also  cavan. 

cabanet,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  cabin. 

cabaret  (kab'a-ret;  F.  pron.  ka-ba  ra'),  n.  [= 
D. cabaret, <,  V. cabaret, ■.,  f„,\  b.ou  e,tavern,"an 
ale-house,  a  tipling  and  victualling  hens.',  tent 
or  booth  [cf.  K.  dial.  (Norm.)  cabaret,  oaves], 
also  the  herb  uueworl  or  foolfoo!  "  <f'..t;  1 

<  OF.  caban  I,  a  place  inclosed  with  Iattice- 


746 

work,  the  entrance  of  a  cellar,  also  a  racket  in 
tennis.]  1.  A  tavern;  a  house  where  liquors 
are  retailed:  as,  "some  cabaret  or  tennis-court," 
Abp.  liramhall,  Against  Hobbes. — 2.  A  set  of 
vessels  formiug  a  service  for  tea,  coffee,  or  the 
like ;  for  example,  a  tray  with  tea-pot  or  pitch- 
ers and  eups,  generally  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial throughout,  as  fine  porcelain  or  the  like. 
Sometimes  a  small  table  or  stand  of  the  same  ware  as  the 
vessels  takes  the  place  of  the  tray,  or  stands  upon  the  tray. 
Sevres  porcelain  —  a  cabaret,  rose  du  Barry,  the  set  con- 
sisting of  four  pieces.  S.  K.  Inventory  (1800),  p.  5S. 

3f.  A  certain  plant.  See  etymology. 
cabas  (kab'ii),  11.  [Also  in  E.  form  caba ;  =  D. 
habas,  a  hand-basket,  <  F.  cabas,  OF.  cabas,  ca- 
boche, cabal  =  Pr.  cabas,  a  basket  of  woven 
straw,  a  frail,  a  pannier,  =  Pg.  cabaz,  a  hand- 
basket,  =  Sp.  capaso,  a  frail,  a  hamper,  a  large 
basket;  also  Pg.  capacho,  a  mat,  =  Sp.  capacho 
(formerly  cabacho),  ra.,  capacha,  f.,  a  frail,  a 
hamper;  ML.  (after  OF.  or  Pr.)  cabassius,  caba- 
tius.  cnbassio(n-),  cabacctus,  cabacus.  Origin  un- 
certain: (1)  associated  by  some  etymologists, 
and  appar.  in  popular  use,  with  Sp.  Pg.  capaz, 
capacious  (cf.  ML.  capax,  a  vessel  of  consider- 
able capacity),  <  L.  capax,  capacious,  <  capere, 
hold  (see  capacious);  but  prob.,  (2)  with  aug. 
suffix  -as,  -az,  -azo,  -acho  (=  It.  -accio;  cf.  It. 
capaccio,  a  large  head),  <  F.  cape  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
cajia  =  It.  capjia,  <  ML.  capa,  a  cape,  cloak,  be- 
ing thus  lit.  'a  large  (or  coarse)  cape'  or  cover 
(mat  or  bag)  for  the  dried  figs,  dates,  raisins, 
prunes,  etc.,  which  it  was  orig.  used  to  contain. 
Hence  ult.  cabbage^,  purloin.]  1.  In  France, 
a  kind  of  basket,  pannier,  or  frail,  made  of 
woven  rush-  or  palm-leaves  or  grass,  generally 
of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  provisions, 
especially  figs,  dates,  raisins,  or  prunes. — 2. 
A  similar  basket  used  as  a  traveling-bag;  a 
hand-bag. —  3.  A  lady's  work-basket  or  reti- 
cule. In  this  and  the  preceding  sense  also  (in 
the  United  States)  caba. 

Being  seated,  she  proceeded,  still  with  an  air  of  hurry 
and  embarrassment,  to  open  her  cabas,  to  take  out  her 
i ks.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Professor,  xiii. 

cabasset(kab-a-set';  F.  pron.  ka-ba-sa'),»i.  [F. 
cabassct,  a  slight  helmet  or  casket,  dim.  of  cabas, 
a  basket.]  A  military  head-piece  in  use  in  the 
sixteenth  century  for  both  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. It  resembled  a  hat  with  a  rounded  top,  sometimes 
slightly  conical,  or  with  a  ridge  running  from  front  to  rear 
over  the  crown,  but  without  a  high  crest,  and  had  a  nar- 
row brim. 

cabassou,  ».    See  kabassou. 

cabaya  (ka-bii'ya),  n.  [Prob.  <  Ar.  kabd,  a  ves- 
ture.] 1.  A  light  cotton  surcoat  worn  by  Eu- 
ropeans in  Java  and  neighboring  countries. — 
2.  In  the  Barbary  states,  a  similar  garment, 
the  same  as  the  caftan  of  the  Levant. 

cabbage1  (kab'aj), n.  [Earlymod. E. n\socabagc, 
cabigc,  eabidge,  cabbidgc,  with  term,  aecom.  from 
the  earlier  type  cabbish,  cabby sslie;  <  OF.  calms, 
dial,  caboche  (=  It.  cabuccio  (Florio),  capuccio, 
cajipnniii ;  ML.  reflex  gabusia),  prop,  chou  ca- 
lms (=  Pr.  caulet  cabus;  cf.  MD.  kabuyskoole, 
D.  kabuiskool  =  MLG.  kabuskol),  cabbage, 
lit.  headed  cole:  chou,  F.  chou,  cole,  cabbage 
(see  cob  '-');  culms,  fern,  cabusse,  cabucc,  headed, 
large-headed  (cf.  OF.  caboce,  F.  caboche,  head; 
It.  capuccio,  a  little  head  (cf.  capouch,  capu- 
chin); tt.lattuga  capuccio  =  V.laictucs  cabuees, 
pi.  (Cotgrave),  cabbage-lettuce;  OHG.  kabuz, 
capuz,  MHO.  ka/ijms,  kappiz,  kabaz,  (I.  Icappes, 
kajipiis,  kappis  (also  in  comp.  kappes-knhl,  kap- 
j>is-krant), cabbage),  <L.  caput,  head:  seecaput. 
Cf.  cabbage2.]  1.  A  variety  otJBrassica  oleracea 
in  which  the  thick,  rounded,  and  strongly  vein- 
ed leaves  are  crowded  in  a  large  compact  head 
upon  a  short,  stout  stem.     See  Brassiea.    Many 

kinds  arc  extensively  cultivated  for  use  as  a  Vegetal ilc  anil 
ill  salads,  pickles,  etc.  The  tree-  or  cow-cabbage  is  a  coarse 
form  raised  f,,r  cattle,  very  tall  and  branching  when  in 
flower.  From  the  prominence  of  this  species,  the  whole 
order  1  if  Criu-ifci-iT  is  sometimes  called  the  cabbage  family. 
2.    The  largo  terminal  bud  of  some  kinds  of 

palms,  as  the  eabbage-palm Dog's  cabbage,  a 

succulent  urticaceouB  herb,  Thelygonum  Cynocramos,  of 

tin  .unth  ol  I  air,  1 1  ie,  si  a  1  let  I  rues  use,  1  as  a  pot  llerli.  —  Sea- 
Cabbage,  or  sea-kale,  a  perennial  cruciferous  herb, 
1  'iiiuiUc  aiaiiliina,  of  tlie  slu.res  of  Europe,  cultivated  as  a 
pot  herb,  especially  in  England.  The  young  shoots  are 
used.  -Skunk-cabbage,  a  perennial  araceous  plant  of 
the  United  states,  Symplocarjrus  fattidus,  found  in  moist, 
grounds,  ami  giving  mil  a  very  fetid  odor,  especially  when 
bruised.  The  hooded,  shell-shaped,  purplish  spatin-  ap- 
pears in  early  spring,  followed  by  a  tuft  of  large  smooth 
leaves.  The  see. Is  ami  rout  are  said  to  he  antispasmodic. 
St.  Patrick's  cabbage,  Saaifraga  umbrosa,  the  Lon- 
don-pride or  none-so-pretty  of  English  gardens. 
cabbage1  (kab'aj),  v. «'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbaged, 

ppr.  cabbaging.  [Cf.  F.  cabusscr,  grow  to  a  hind 
(Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.     Cf.  cabbage-,  v.] 


cabbage-rose 

To  form  a  head  like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  grow- 
ing: as,  a  plant  cabbages. 

cabbage'-'t  (kab'aj),  «.  [An  aceom.  form  of  ca- 
boche, <  F.  caboche,  the  head:  see  caboche,  and 
cf.  cabbage^.]  1.  The  part  of  a  deer's  head 
wherein  the  horns  are  set.  Coles,  1717. —  2.  A 
part  of  a  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  described  as  a  roll  at  the 
back  of  the  head.     Wright. 

cabbage-t  (kab'aj),  ».  'i.  [<  cabbage",  11.  Cf. 
caboshed.]  To  grow  to  a  head:  said  of  the 
horns  of  a  deer.     Skt  Iton. 

cabbage3  (kab'aj),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cab- 
baged, ppr.  cabbaging.  [Earlier,  as  in  E.  dial., 
cabbish  =  D.  kabbassen,<.  OF.  cabasser,  put  into  a 
basket,  <  cabas,  a  basket:  see  cabas.  The  verbs 
bag,  poach,  pocket,  in  the  sense  of  '  purloin,'  are 
of  similar  origin.]  To  purloin;  specifically,  to 
keep  possession  of  part  of  a  customer's  cloth 
from  which  a  garment  has  been  made. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbages  whole  yards  ,.f 
stuff.  Arbutliaul 

The  tailor  drew  back  as  if  he  had  been  detected  in  cab- 
baging from  a  cardinal's  robe,  or  cribbing  the  lace  of  some 
cope  or  altar  gown.  .S'coM,  Anne  of  Geierstein,  xix. 

cabbage3  (kab'aj),  >i.  [<  cabbage^, v.]  Anything 
filched ;  specifically,  cloth  purloined  by  a  tailor 
who  makes  garments  from  material  supplied  by 
his  customers. 

cabbage-bug  (kab'aj-bug),  n.  The  Murgantia 
histrionica,  more  fully  called  harlequin  cabbage- 
bug,  from  its  brilliant  markings,  it  has  spread 
from  Guatemala  to  .Mexico,  and  thence  into  the  United 
States,  and  is  destructive  to  cabbages. 

cabbage-butterfly  (kab'aj -but "er-fll),  n.  A 
butterfly  of  the  family  Pajjilionidce  and  genus 
Pieris,  whose  larva?  or  caterpillars  are  injurious 

/ 


European  Cabbage- 


Male. 
uttcrrty  [Pieris  rafia),  natural  size. 


to  the  cabbage  and  other  cruciferous  plants. 
The  common  European  species  is  /'.  rapa  .  "huh  lias  found 
its  way  into  Canada  and  the  northern  United  States. 

cabbage-flea  (kab'aj-fle),  n.  A  name  of  a  small 
beetle,  llalliea  consobrina,  of  the  family  Haiti- 
eiibr,  the  larva?  of  which  infest  cabbages. 

cabbage-fly  (kab'aj-fli),  ».  Tlie  Anthomyia  bras- 
siea; a  fly  belonging  to  the  same  family  (Mus- 
cidce)  as  the  house-fly,  and  the  same  genus  as 
the  turnip-  and  potato-flies.  Its  larva;  or  maeents 
are  destructive  to  cabbages  by  producing  disease  in  the 
roots  on  which  they  feed. 

cabbage-maggot  (kab'aj-mag"pt),  n.  The  larva 
of  Anthomyia  brassicce,  the  cabbage-fly.  Also 
called  cabbage-worm. 

cabbage-moth  (kab'aj-moth),  «.  The  Mu mi  s- 
tru  or  Noctua  brassiea;  or  pot-herb  moth,  a  moth 
measuring  about  1J  inches  across  the  open  fore 
wings,  which  are  dusky-brown  clouded  with 
darker  shades,  and  marked  with  pairs  of  dark 
spots  on  their  front  edge,  and  with  various 
streaks  and  spots  of  a  yellowish  or  white  color. 
The  caterpillar  is  greenish-black,  ami  is  found  in  autumn 
feeding  on  the  hearts  of  cabbages.  It  changes  to  a  brown 
pupa. 

cabbage-oil  (kab'ajj-oil),  «.    Same  as  rape-oil. 

cabbage-palm  (kab'aj-pam),  n.  Same  as  cab- 
bage-In ■!■,   1. 

cabbage-rose  (kab'aj-roz),  n.  A  species  of  rose, 
Rosa  a  nlil'ulia,  of  many  varieties,  with  a  large, 
round,  compact  flower,  supposed  to  have  bi-en 
Cultivated  from  ancient  I  inns,  and  especially 
soiled  from  its  fragrance  for  the  manufacture 
of  rose-water  and  attar.  Alsocalled  Provena  "'«'. 
by  error  fur  Proving  rose,  from  the  town  of  that  name  in 
the  department  of  Seine-ei  Manic,  France,  where  these 
roses  are  still  largely  cultivated. 


European  Cabbage-worm 
{Pieris  rapa),  natural  si^e. 
a,  worm,  or  larva  ;  b,  pupa. 


cabbage-tree 

cabbage-tree  (kab'aj-tre),  ».    1.  A  name  given 

to  many  species  of  palms  the  tender  growing 
leaf -buds  of  which  are  used  as  a  vegetable.  Che 
cabbage-tree,  or  cabbage-palmetto,  of  the  southern  I  nlted 
States,  Sabal  Palmetto,  is  a  fan-leafed  palm  growing  to 

the  height  of  from  30  to  BO  feet.    The  cabbage-tri i  the 

West  Indies,  the  tree  most  generally  known  ;is  the  cab* 
cage-palm,  is  a  species  of  Oreodoxa  (formerly  Included  in 
the  genus  Areca),  0.  oleracea,  a  lofty  and  graceful  palm 
with  a  straight  cylindrical  trunk,  sometimes  L50or200feet 
high,  bearing  a  head  of  long  pinnate  leaves.  The  cabbage 
is  the  terminal  leaf-bud,  the  removal  of  which,  though 
often  done,  destroys  the  tree.  The  Australian  cabbage- 
fcree  is  a  fan-leafed  palm,  Licistona  anstntlis. 

2.  A  name  given  to  species  of  Andira,  legumi- 
nous trees  of  tropical  America,  bearing  racemes 
of  red  flowers  and  roundish,  hard,  one-seeded 
pods,  and  yielding  the  anthelmintic  cabbage- 
tree  bark  of  pharmacists.  Jamaica  cabbage-tree 
bark,  also  called  worm-bark,  is  obtained  from  -t.  >>o  i  nw's, 
a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  Surinam  bark  from 
A.  retu&a,  found  in  Surinam  and  Cayenne.  A  similar  bark 
is  furnished  by  A.  anthclminlica  of  Brazil. 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  an  arborescent  liliaceous 
plant,  Cordyline  indivisa.— Black  cabbage-tree,  an 
arboreous  composite  of  St.  He- 
lena, Melanodendron  integrifo- 
Hutu,  one  of  the  few  endemic 
trees  still  remaining  on  the  isl- 
and. 

cabbage -wood     (kab'aj- 

wiid),  n.    A  name  given  to 

the   wood   of   Eriodendron 

anfractnosum,  and  to  that 

of  species  of  Andira.     See 

cabbage-tree. 
cabbage-worm     (kab '  a  j  - 

werm),  n.    The  larva  of  the 

cabbage-butterfly  or  of  the 

cabbage-moth. 
cabbala,».    See  cabala. 
cabbidget,  «•    An  obsolete 

form  of  cabbage1. 
cabbish1!  (kab'ish),  re.     An 

obsolete  and  more  original 

form  of  cabbage1. 
cabbish2  (kab'ish),  v.  t.    An  obsolete  and  dialec- 
tal form  of  cabbage3. 
cabbie  (kab'l),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cobbled, 

ppr.  cobbling.      [Origin  unknown ;  cf.  accable, 

<  F.  accabler,  crush,  overwhelm.]  In  metal.,  to 
break  up  into  pieces  (iron  which  has  been 
smelted  with  charcoal,  balled,  and  flattened), 
preparatory  to  the  processes  of  fagoting,  fus- 
ing, and  rolling  into  bars. 

cabbler  (kab'ler),  it.  In  metal.,  one  who  cabbies. 

cabby1  (kab'i),  n.  ;  pi.  cabbies  (-iz).  [<  cab1 ;  a 
kind  of  dim.  of  cabman.]  A  cab-driver  or  cab- 
man.    [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

cabby2  (kab'i),  a.  [<  cab2  +  -y1.]  Sticky ; 
clammy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cabega  (ka-ba'sa),  n.  [Pg.,  lit.  head,  chief,  = 
Sp.  cabeza,  <  L.  caput,  head.]  1.  The  Portu- 
guese name  of  the  finest  kind  of  silk  received 
from  India,  as  distinguished  from  the  bariga, 
or  inferior  kind.  Also  called  cabesse. —  2.  A 
nominal  money  of  account  in  some  parts  of  the 
west  coast  of  Africa. 

Cabeiri,  re.  pi.     See  Cabiri. 

Cabeirian,  Cabeiric,  a.    See  Cabirian. 

Cabeiritic,  a.     See  Cabiritic. 

caber  (ka'ber),  n.  [So.,  also  written  cabir,  kabar; 

<  Gael,  cabar,  a  pole,  stake,  rafter,  =  Ir.  cabar, 
a  coupling ;  cf.  Corn,  keber,  W.  ceibren,  a  rafter; 
D.  keper,  a  rafter.]  A  pole;  a  rafter;  abeam; 
a  large  stick.  Specifically— (a)  A  long  peeled  sapling 
or  undressed  stem  of  a  young  tree  used  in  the  Highland  (or 
Scottish)  game  of  tossing  the  caber.  (6)  One  of  the  peeled 
saplings  sometimes  placed,  instead  of  boards,  on  the  tie- 
beams  of  a  cottage  to  form  the  kind  of  loft  called  the  balks, 
or  on  the  rafters  to  form  a  support  for  the  thatch,  (c)  A 
transverse  beam  in  a  kiln  for  drying  grain.    Jamieson. 

Caberea  (ka-be're-a),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Cabercidce.  C.  hookcri,  a 
European  species,  is  an  example. 

Cabereidae  (kab-e-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
berea +  -idee.]  A  family  of  infundibulate  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  of  the  order  Gymnnla- 
mata,  having  an  unjointed  stock  with  slender 
branches,  and  two  or  more  rows  of  cells  with 
vibraeula  or  sessile  avicularia  at  the  back. 
Tlie  species  are  generally  associated  with  the 
Crlluhiriidai.    Less  correctly  written  Cabereadtv. 

cabesse  (ka-bes'),  re.  [F.,  <  Pg.  cabeca:  see  ca- 
beca.]    Same  as  cabega,  1. 

cabezon  (kab'e-zon;  Sp.  pron.  kii-beth-on'), 
11.  [Sp.,  <  cdbeza,  head:  see  cabeca,  cavezon.] 
Same  as  bighcad. 

cabiai  (ka-be'I),  re.  [Braz.]  A  Brazilian  name 
of  the  eapibara.     [Little  used.] 

A  molar.  "  which  can  he  attributed  only  to  a  gigantic 
cabiai,  or  a  dwarf  elephant."     Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  42s. 


747 

cabidget,  >'■    An  obsolete  form  of  cabbage1. 

cabin  (knli'in),  re.  [<  ME.  caban,  cabane,  also 
assibilatcd  eliabanc,  a  little  house,  a  small  room, 
csp.  in  a  ship,  <  ()K.  cabane,  t.  (MF.  also  cabain, 

m.),  F.  allium  (also  riiliim alter  V..  cabin)  =  I'r. 

cabana  =  Sp.  cabana  =  Pg.  cabana  =  It.  capan- 
na,  <  ML.  caparma,  a  cabin,  prob.  of  Celtic  ori 
gin:  W.caban  =  Dr. Gael. caban,  a  cabin, booth, 
dim.  of  (W.)  cab,  a  booth,  a  hut.]    1.  A  hut;  a 

cottage;  a  small  house  or  habitation,  especially 
one  that  is  poorly  constructed. 

Some  of  green  boughs  their  slender  cabins  frame. 

Fairfax. 
By  the  pent  fires  of  a  hundred  thousand  cabins  had 
nightly  been  sung  rude  ballads  which  predicted  the  deliv- 
erance of  the  oppressed  race.    Macuulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii- 

2.  A  small  room;  an  inclosed  place. 

So  long  ill  secret  enhin  there  he  held 

Her  captive  to  bis  sensual!  desyre. 

Spenser,  V.  (}.,  I.  vi.  •-!::. 

3.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers  or  pas- 
sengers. In  passenger-steamers  tin-  cabin  is  divided  into 
state-rooms,  or  the  private  rooms  of  the  passengers,  ami 
an  apartment  (sometimes  more  than  one)  for  lie  use  of 
all,  called  the  saloon,  generally  used  as  a  dining-room.  In 
an  ordinary  merchant  vessel  the  cabin  is  the  apartment 
occupied  by  the  master  of  the  vessel.  In  a  man-of-war  it 
is  the  apartment  used  by  the  commanding  officer,  or  the 
officer  commanding  the  squadron,  the  apartments  id  the 
other  officers  being  called  the  ward-room  and  (of  the  petty 
officers)  the  steerage.  In  Grreat  Britain  the  word  enhin, 
when  applied  to  the  private  apartment  of  an  officer  or  a 
passenger,  is  synonymous  with  state-room  as  used  in  the 
United  States. 

4f.  Same  as  cabinet,  i. 

They  would  not  stay  perhaps  the  Spanish  demurring, 
and  putting  off  sach  wholesome  acts  and  counsels  as  the 
politic  Cabin  at  Whitehall  had  no  mind  to. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  iv. 

Jealous haughtinesse  of  rrelates  and  enhi n  <  'ounsellours. 
Milton,  Areopagitlca,  p.  3. 
After-cabin,  the  best  or  stern  cabin  of  a  vessel. —  Cabin 
car.  See  carl.—  Cabin  passenger,  < me  who  has  the  best 
accommodation  a  ship  atfonls.  — Second  cabin,  the  part 
of  a  steamship  allotted  to  the  use  of  intermediate  or 
second-class  passengers,  or  the  general  accommodation 
afforded  them. 

cabin  (kab'in),  v.     [<  cabin,  ».]    I.  trans.   To 

confine  as  in  a  cabin. 

But  now  I  am  cabin'd,  cribb'd,  confin'd,  bound  in 
To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.         Shale.,  Macbeth,  hi.  4. 

II.  intrans.   To  live  in  a  cabin ;  lodge. 

I'll  make  you  feed  on  berries,  and  on  roots, 
And  feed  on  curds  and  whey,  and  suck  the  goat, 
And  cabin  in  a  cave.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

cabin-boy  (kab'in-boi),  n.     A  boy  employed  to 
wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers  in  the  cabin 
of  a  ship. 
cabined  (kab'ind),  <7.     [<  cabin  +  -cd%.]     Con- 
fined; narrow.     [Rare.] 

Ere  the  blabbing  eastern  scout, 
The  nice  morn,  on  the  Indian  steep, 
From  her  cabin'd  loop-hole  peep. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  140. 

cabinet  (kab'i-net),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  cabinet,  a 
closet,  a  receptacle  of  curiosities,  etc. ;  cf .  OF. 
eabanette,  a  little  cabin  (=  It.  cabinetto — Florio), 
dim.  of  cabane,  cabinc,  a  cabin:  see  cabin.]  I. 
n.  If.  A  little  cabin ;  a  small  habitation  or  re- 
treat. 

Hearken  awhile,  from  thy  greene  cabinet, 
The  rurall  song  of  carefull  Colinet. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

Lo,  here  the  gentle  lark,  weary  of  rest, 
From  his  moist  cabinet  mounts  up  on  high. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  854. 

2.  A  small  room ;  a  retired  apartment ;  a  closet. 
— 3.  A  private  room  in  which  consultations  are 
held;  specifically,  the  closet  or  private  apart- 
ment in  which  a  sovereign  confers  with  his 
privy  council  or  most  trusted  ministers. 

You  began  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practised 
in  the  camp.  Dryden. 

Those  more  refined  arts  of  the  cabinet,  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  much  more  than  on  the 
sword,  in  their  disputes  with  one  another,  were  of  no 
avail  against  these  rude  invaders. 

Prescott,  1'Yrd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 

Though  bred  in  the  cloister,  he  distinguished  himself 
both  in  the  cabinet  and  the  camp. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  25. 

Hence — 4.  An  executive  council;  the  select 
council  of  a  sovereign  or  of  an  executive  govern- 
ment ;  the  collective  body  of  ministers  who  di- 
rect the  government  of  a  nation  or  country. 
In  Great  Britain,  though  the  executive  government  is  vest- 
ed nominally  in  the  crown,  it  is  practically  in  a  committee 
of  ministers  called  tbc  cabinet,  which  is  of  comparatively 
modern  development.  Every  cabinet  includes  tie-  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury,  who  is  generally  chief  of  the  minis- 
try, or  prime  minister,  the  Lord  High  Chancellor,  the  Lord 
President  of  the  Council,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
and  the  live  Secretaries  of  state,  with  two  or  more  other 
members,  at  the  prime  minister's  discretion.  In  the  United 
States  the  cabinet  is  a  collective  popular  name,  not  recog- 
nized by  law,  for  the  heads  of  the  eight  executive  depart- 
ments, namely,  the  Secretaries  of  State,  the  Treasury, 


Cabirian 

War.  the  Navy,  the  Interior,  ami  Agriculture,  the  Postmas- 
ter-General, and  i  he  'ttorney-Oi  neral.  They  are  appoint- 
ed bj  tie    President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 

,,l  lie-  Senate,  ami  are  removable  at  the  President's  plea- 
sun  i  in  v  have  is  a  body  no  legal  functions,  but  by 
custom  meet  the  president  at  stated  times  foi  consulta- 
tion. The  term  cabinet  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  the 
executive  council  of  a  governor  or  of  a  mayor. 

It  is  to  the  antagonism  between  the  court  and  the  ad- 
ministration,  between  the  curia  and  the  camera,  or  in 
modern  language  the  court  and  the  cabinet,  that  many  of 
the  constitutional  quarrels  of  the  century  are  owing. 

Stvbbs,  Const.  J I  r - 1 . .  §  247. 

5.  A  meeting  or  session  of  a  cabinet  council. 
Cabinet  after  Cabinet  passed  over,  and  in.  mention  was 

evei  made  of  the  affairs  of  the  Last,  nil  one  day,  at  the 
end  of  ^Cabinet,  Palmerston,  in  the  st  easy,  noncha- 
lant way  imaginable,  .aid  that  he  thought  it  right  to 
mention  that  he  had  been  a  h.ne  time  engaged  in  ncgo 
tialiuli  upon  the  principles  agreed  upon  at  the  Cabinet  at 
Windsor,  and  that  he  had  drawn  up  a  Treaty  "lib  which 

it  was  fit  that  the  Cabinet  should  be  a,  ,,ii t.  .1 

Brit.  Quarterly  fii  v.,  I.WXIII.  71. 

6.  A  piece  of  furniture  having  shelves  or  draw- 
ers, or  both,  or  simply  cupboards  inclosed  witli 
iloors;  especially,  one  of  ornamental  character, 
decorated  with  carving,  inlaying,  painting, 
lacquer,  medallions  of  painted  porcelain,  or 
enamel  or  metal  appliques. 

Look 
Within,  in  my  blue  cabinet,  for  the  pear] 
I  bad  sent  me  last.  /.'.  Jonton,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  building,  or  one  or  more  whole 
buildings,  set  apart  for  the  conservation  of 
works  of  art,  antiquities,  etc. ;  hence,  by  me- 
tonymy, the  collection  itself:  as,  a  mineral 
cabinet. —  8.  In  printing,  an  inclosed  frame  for 
printers'  cases,  generally  used  for  job-type. — 
Cabinet  of  arms,  a  display  of  the  escutcheons,  together 
with  the  sword,  spurs,  and  the  like,  of  a  gentleman  after 
bis  decease.  In  certain  parts  of  Europe  these  are  arranged 
in  a  frame,  and  hung  upon  the  wall  of  a  church,  after  tie 
funeral.  Be rr n.  —  Kitchen  cabinet,  in  U.  s.  hist.,  a  co- 
terie of  intimate  friends  of  President  Jackson,  generally 
supposed  to  have  more  influence  with  him  during  his  presi- 
dency (1829-37)  than  bis  official  advisers:  so  called  in  allu- 
sion to  their  private  and  familiar  status,  as  if  admitted  to 
the  White  House  through  the  kitchen. 

From  the  Kitchen  Cabinet  seems  to  have  come  the  first 
proposition  to  make  the  "national conventions,"  whichare 
customary  even  to  the  present  day,  .  .  .  the  exponents  of 
the  "will  of  the  people."   11.  con  Hoist,  Const  Hist.,  11.38. 

II.  a.    1.  Confidential;  secret;  private. 
Others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  Eate. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  24. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cabinet ;  belonging  to  or  con- 
stituting a  body  of  ministers  of  state:  as,  a 
cabinet  minister;  a  cabinet  council. — 3.  Be- 
longing to  a  private  collection,  private  cellar, 
or  the  like,  and  therefore  presumably  of  supe- 
rior quality:  as,  cabinet  wines.  Hence  —  4.  Of 
such  size,  beauty,  or  value  as  to  be  kept  in  a 
cabinet,  or  to  be  fitted  for  use  in  a  private 
chamber:  as,  a  cabinet  edition  of  a  book;  a 
cabinet  organ;  a  cabinet  pianoforte;  a  cabinet 

picture;  cabinet  photographs Cabinet  council. 

(at)  Private  counsel ;  secret  advice. 

Those  are  cabinet  councils, 
And  not  to  be  communicated. 

Massinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  ii.  L 

{b)  (1)  A  council  held  with  privacy ;  tbc  confidential  coun- 
cil of  a  prince  or  an  executive  magistrate ;  a  council  of  cab- 
inet ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate  upon  pub- 
lic affairs.  (2)  The  members  of  a  privy  council ;  a  select 
number  of  confidential  counselors;  specifically,  same  as 
cabinet,!.,  4.— Cabinet  file.  SeeJUeU—  Cabinet  organ, 
a  small,  portable  organ,  usually  a  reed-organ  or  harmo- 
nium. 
cabinet  (kab'i-net),  v.  t.  [<  cabinet,  re.]  To  in- 
close in  or  as  in  a  cabinet.     [Rare.] 

This  is  the  frame  of  most  men's  spirits,  .  .  .  to  adore  the 
casket  and  contemn  the  jewel  that  is  cabinetted  in  it. 

Hewitt.  Sermons,  p.  87. 

cabinet-maker  (kab'i-net-ma"ker),  n.  [<  cab- 
inet, (i,  +  maker."]  One  whose  occupation  is 
the  making  of  household  furniture,  such  as 
cabinets,  sideboards,  tables,  bedsteads,  etc. 

cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  re.  [<  cabin  +  mate1.] 
One  who  occupies  the  same  cabin  with  another. 
Beau,  and  Fl. 

cabir,  ».    See  caber. 

Cabirean  (kab-i-re'an),  n.  [<  Cabiri  +  -can.] 
( )ne  of  the  Cabiri. 

Cabiri  (ka-bi'ri),  n.  pi.  [Less  prop.  Cabeiri ;  L. 
Cabiri,  <  Gr.  Kafeipot.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  divini- 
ties of  Semitic  origin,  connected  wit  live  'lent s, 

and  hence  falling  into  the  category  of  the  deities 
of  fire  and  of  creative  life.  'They  were  worshiped 
in  mysteries  celebrated  especially  in  tbc  islands  of  Lemnos, 
Imbi'os,  and  San  loth  race,  whence  their  cult  was  introduced 
into  other  places. 

Cabirian,  Cabiric  (ka-bir'i-an,  -ik),  a.  [<  Ca- 
biri +  -an,  -ic]  Pertaining  to  the  Cabiri  or 
their  worship;  hence,  strange  and  mysterious; 
occult.     Also  spelled  Cabeirian,  Cabeiric. 


Same  as  Cabirian. 


Cable-laid  Rope. 


Cabiritic  748 

pervious  to  water,  but  cable-laid  rope  is  about  30  per  cent, 
weaker  than  plain-laid  rope  of  the  same  size.    Rope  cables 
aiv  from  10  to  20  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 

2.  Twisted  after  the  manner 
of  a  cable :  as,  a  cable-laid  gold 
chain. 

cable-molding  (kii '  bl-  mol  - 
ding),  n.     Same  as  cable,  3. 

cable-nipper  (ka'bl-nip"er),  n. 
A  device  for  securing  to  a  ca- 
ble the  messenger  or  rope  by 
which  it  is  handled. 

cable-railroad  (ka'bl-ral"- 
rod),  n.  A  street-  or  other 
railroad  in  which  the  cars  are 
moved  by  an  endless  cable 
traveling  in  a  small  tunnel 
under  the  roadway,  and  kept 
in  motion  by  a  stationary  en- 
gine. Motion  is  communicated  to 
the  cars  by  means  of  a  grip  extended  through  a  slot  in  the 
covering  of  the  tunnel,  and  so  arranged  as  to  be  under  the 
CM  A  n,.li.,rl.M...,l  i  !n~     control  of  the  brakeman.    Also  called  cableway. 

i  ^™C£af££f  «*£»■*  (ka'bl-rod),  n.    Same  as  cable-rail- 

|NSectrricg  cable-screw  (ka'bl-skro),  n.  A  small  screw 
resembling  a  twisted  cord,  used  as  a  fastening 
for  the  soles  of  boots  and  shoes. 

cable's-length  (ka'blz-length),  n.  An  approx- 
imate measure  of  length,  generally  considered 
to  be  100  fathoms  =  600  feet,  or  t\>  of  a  nautical 
mile  :  frequently  used  in  sailing  directions  for 
navigators. 

cable-Stopper  (ka'bl-stop"er),  n.  Naut.,  a  de- 
vice to  prevent  a  cable  from  running  out.  it 
generally  consists  of  a  short  piece  of  stout  rope,  with  a 
hook  in  one  end  and  a  knot  or  toggle  in  the  other.  One 
end  is  hooked  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  and  the  other  is 
lashed  to  the  cable.    See  stopper. 

cablet  (ka'blet),  n.  [Dim.  of  cable.  Cf.  P.  cd- 
blot  and  edbleau,  cablet.]  A  little  cable ;  spe- 
cifically, any  cable-laid  rope  under  9  inches  in 
circumference. 

cable-tier  (ka'bl-ter),  n.  The  place  in  the  hold 
of  a  ship  where  rope  cables  are  stowed. 

cable-tire  (ka'bl-tir),  n.  A  large  rope  forrais- 
lifs 


Cabiritic  (kab-i-rit'ik),  a. 
Also  spelled  Cabeiritic. 

cable  (ka'bl),  ».  [<  ME.  cable,  cabel,  cabylle  = 
Ml).  D.  MLG.  LG.  MHG.  G.  Sw.  Don.  kabel  = 
[eel.  kadhall,  <  OF.  cable,  V.  cable  —  Sp.  cable 
=  Pg.  cabre  =  It.  cappio,  <  ML.  capulum,  cap- 
tain, a  cable,  a  rope,  \  L.  capere,  take,  hold:  see 
capacious,  captive,  etc.]     It.  A  rope. 

Thogh  jelosie  be  hanged  i>i  a  cable. 

I  !omplaint  of  Venus,  1. 

Specifically  —  2.  (a)  A  large,  strong  rope  or 
chain,  sin-ii  as  is  used  to  hold  a  vessel  at  an- 
chor. Ropes  made  of  hemp,  jute,  or  coir  were  universalh 
used  in  former  times,  but  have  now,  except  in  small  ves- 
sels and  fishing-craft,  been  superseded  by  chains,  chain 
in  gem  ralrj  composed  of  8  lengths  of  15  fathoms 
each,  fa  ti  aed  together  with  shackles, "making  in  all  120 
us.  Swivels  are  inserted  in  the  different  lengths  to 
prevent  twisting.  Cables  are  also,  for  special  uses,  made 
of  wires  twisted  together.  (I,)  See  submarine  cable, 
below,  (c)  The  traction-rope  of  a  cable-rail- 
road.—  3.  hi  arch.:  (a)  A  molding  of  the  torus 
kind,  with  its  surface  cut  in  imitation  of  the 
twisting  of  a  rope 

inserted  in  the  flute  "of  a  column  and  partly 
filling  it. -Endless  cable.  See  endli 
the  cable.  See  nipper,  r.  —  Submarine  or  electric 
telegraph  cable,  a  cable  composed  of  a  single  wire  or 
a  strand  of  wires  of  pure  copper,  embedded  in  protecting 
substances  md  covered  externally  by  coils  of  coated  iron 
wire,  for  conveying  telegraphic  messages  under  water. 
i I'll.)  The  copper  wire,  or  embedded  strand  of 
wires,  is  called  the  core,  and  is  insulated  by  layers  of  gutta- 
percha or  india-rubber,  each  layer  being  separated  from 
the  next  by  a  coating  of  resinous  matter.  The  insulating 
layers  are  generally  separated  from  the  outer  wires  by  a 
padding  of  jute  or  hemp  saturated  "with  tar  or  other  pro- 
tective substance.  One  wire  is  found  to  be  better  than  a 
strand  as  regards  conducting  power;  but  the  latter  is 
safer,  since  if  one  wire  breaks,  messages  can  still  be  con- 
through  the  others.— To  bitt  the  cable(/Mi/M,  to 
wind  it  around  the  ljitts.  —  To  bring  a  chain  cable  to. 
See  brin  i.  To  buoy  a  cable,  to  support  it  by  floats  to 
keep  it  clear  from  a  rocky  bottom,  or  to  indicate  by  means 
"i  buoj  and  buoy-rope  the  place  where  its  end  lies  when 
detached  from  the  ship.  —  To  heave  a  cable  short.  See 
heave.  -To  nip  the  cable.  See  nip,  v.— To  serve  a 
cable,  to  wind  rope  about  it  as  a  protection  against  chaf- 
ing.—To  Slip  the  cable,  to  disconnect  it  from  the  ship 
and  let  it  run  out,  thus  freeing  the  ship  from  her  anchor.— 
Wire  cables,  cables  formed  by  wires,  sometimes  twisted 
about  each  other,  but,  when  used  for  suspension-bridges, 
more  commonly  laid  parallel,  bound  together,  wrapped 
with  canvas,  and  then  Served,  or  wound  with  wire,  and 
painted.  Each  wire  is  separately  stretched  and  tested. 
cable  (ka'bl),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  cabled,  ppr. 
cabling.  [<  cable,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten 
with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  cabled  stone  upon  the  strand. 

J.  Dyer,  Fleece,  ii. 

The  ship  was  leisurely  chained  and  cabled  to  the  old 

dock.  0.  W.  Curtis,  Prue  and  I,  p.  06. 

2.  In  arch.,  to  fill  (the  flutes  of  columns)  with 
cables  or  cylindrical  pieces. —  3.  [Cf.  equiv. 
wire,  v.]     To  transmit  by  a  telegraph-cable. 

II.    in  trans.    To  send  a  message  by  a  tele- 
graph-cable. 
cable-bend  (ka'bl-bend),«.   Naut. :  (a)  A  small 
rope  formerly  used  to  fasten  the  ends  of  a 
rope  cable  so  as  to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it 


cabr6 

cabochet,  ».  [<  OF.  caboche,  the  head,  <  It.  ca- 
poceliia,  knob  of  a  stick,  etc.,  <  capo,  <  L.  caput, 
head.  As  a  fish-name,  cf.  cabos,  eel-pout,  MD. 
kabuys-hoofd,  the  bullhead,  from  the  same  ult. 
source;  OF.  rabot,  "the  gull-fish,  bullhead, 
miller's-thumb";  cabate,  "as  cabot;  or  (more 
properly)  a  gurnard"  (Cotgrave)  :  see  caboshed, 
cabbage*-,  cabbage",  and  cf.  the  E.  name  bull- 
head.] 1.  A  head.  See  cabbage2. — 2.  A  name 
of  the  miller's-thumb  or  bullhead. — 3.  A  tad- 
pole.    E.  V. 

caboched,  a.     See  caboshed. 

cabochon  (ka-bo-shon'),  n.  [F.  (=Sp.  cabujon 
=  Pg.  cabuchao),  <  caboche,  head,  pate:  see  ca- 
boche.'] A  polished  but  uncut  precious  stone. — 
En  cabochon,  in  the  style  of  a  cabochon,  that  is,  rounded 
convex  on  top,  and  flat,  concave,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
without  facets.  Garnets,  turquoise,  moonstone,  cat's-eye) 
astcria,  and  other  gems  are  cut  in  this  form. 

cabocle  (ka-bok'le),  n.  The  Brazilian  name  of 
a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  found  in  the 
diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It  contains 
phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime,  baryta,  protoxid 
of  iron,  and  water. 

Cabomba  (ka-bom'bii),  n.  [Native  Guiana 
name.]  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  known  as 
water-shields,  of  the  natural  order  Nympheeaceoe, 
with  small  shield-shaped  floating  leaves  and 
finely  dissected  submerged  ones,  and  small 
trimerous  flowers.  There  are  two  or  three  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  of  which  one 
species,  C.  Caroliniana,  is  found  in  stagnant  waters  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Cabombn  was 
formerly  classed  in  a  separate  family  Cabombaceoe  with 
the  single  other  genus  Hydropellis  or  Brasenia,  the  North 
American  water-shield.     See  HydropelHs. 

caboodle  (ka-bo'dl),  n.  [A  slang  term,  con- 
jectured to  be  a  corruption  of  hit  and  boodle: 
see  boodle1.]  Crowd;  pack;  lot;  company: 
used  only  with  whole:  as,  the  whole  caboodle 
(that  is,  the  whole  number,  crowd,  or  quantity). 
[Slang.] 

It  would  not  even  make  me  raise  my  eyebrows  to  hear 
to-morrow  morning  that  the  whole  caboodle  had  been  sold 
out.  New  York  Times,  Sept.  2,  1^7. 

The  irholc  caboodle  came  out  and  fell  upon  me. 

Picayune  (New  Orleans),  Feb.  23,  1858. 


mg  weig 
cable-tools  (ka/bl-tolz),  n.  pi.  Tools  used  in  cabook  (ka-bqk' ),_»!.  ^  The  name  given  in  Ceylon 
cable-drilling  or  rope-drilling.  The  length  of  the 
set  of  tools  attached  to  the  rope,  or  used  in  rope-drilling, 
in  Pennsylvania,  is  about  02  feet,  and  the  weight  nearly  a 
ton.  The  separate  parts  are  the  rope-socket,  sinker-bar, 
jars,  auger-stem,  and  bit. 

cableway  (ka'bl-wa),  n.     Same  as  cable^rail- 
road. 
cabling   (ka'Jiling),   b.      [<  cable,  n.,  3  (6),  + 


-/«;/!.]     1.  Thefillinc 


of  the  flutes  of  a  column 
Hence  —  2.  The  cable 


with  cable-moldings 
moldings  themselves 

cablish  (kab'lish),  ».  [<  OF.  *cablis,  chablis, 
F.  chablis,  wind-fallen  wood  (ML.  cablicia)  (cf. 
equiv.  OF.  cable,  caable,  pi.  caablcs,  equiv.  to 
ehablis),<  *cabler,  chabler,  in  comp.  accabler,  cast 
down:  see  accable.]  In  old  forest  law,  wind- 
fall wood;  wood  thrown  down  by  tempestuous 
weather:  also  sometimes  applied'to  brushwood, 
tan),  n. ;  pi.  cabmen  (-men).  [< 
cab1  +  man.]     The  driver  of  a  cab. 

It  is  said  that  not  long  ago  a  certain  Prince  Krapotkin 
gained  his  living  as  a  cabman  in  St.  Petersburg. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  283. 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Pers. 
kabaub,  kibaub,  roast  meat,  <  kab,  an  ox.]  1. 
An  Oriental  dish  consisting  of  small  pieces  of 
beef  or  mutton,  seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  gin- 


is  attached  io  the  anchor-ring.     (b)~  The  knot     "v"1'1^  r£Zh'  ™"11,liuJL'0  ^  - 

or  clinch  by  which  a  cable  is  attached  to  an  <»l»P*>»  (kab  man),  ».;  pi.  cabmen  (-men). 

anchor. 

cable-carrier  (ka'bl-kar"i-er),  n.  A  tub  or 
bucket  suspended  from  grooved  wheels  travel- 
ing on  a  cable,  <>v  directly  attached  to  a  mov- 
ing cable,  and  used  to  transport  sand,  minerals, 
or  heavy  materials  on  a  wire  ropeway.  See 
inn  way. 

cabled  (ka'bld),  a.  [<  cable,  n.,  +  -ed2.]  1.  Fas- 
tened  or  supplied  with  a  cable  or  cables. — 2. 
In  arch.,  having  the  ornament  called  a  cable. 
—  Cabled  flute,  in  arch.,  a  flute  of  a  column  containing  a 
cabli  .  a.,  3. 

cable-drilling   (ka'bl-dril'ing),   n.      Same  as 

rope-drilling. 
cablegram  (ka'bl-gram),  n.     [Improp.  <  cable 

+ -gram,  as  in  telegram.]    A  message  sent  by 

a  telegraph-cable;  a  cable-despatch.  [Colloq.] 
cable-gripper  (ka'bl-grip<'er),  n.     Naut.,  a  do 


to  a  rock  which  is  there  extensively  used  as  a 
building-stone.  It  is  gneiss  in  a  peculiar  stage  of  de- 
composition, and,  although  soft  and  easily  quarried,  it 
hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  gneiss  contains 
much  magnetic  iron  disseminated  through  it,  and  it  is  the 
decomposition  of  this  mineral  which  gives  to  the  soil  the 
ferruginous  tinge  conspicuous  in  parts  of  Ceylon. 

cabooleat  (ka-bo'le-at),  n.  [<  Hind,  kabuliyat, 
a  written  agreement,  <  Icabul,  consent.]  An 
agreement  made  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  zemindars,  or  feudatory  landhold- 
ers, for  the  farming,  management,  and  collec- 
tion of  the  revenue. 

caboose  (ka-bbV),  n.  [Also  cobouse:  <  D.  habuis 
=  MLG.  kabuse,  LG.  kabuse,  kabiise  (>  G.  ka- 
buse) =  Dan.  kabys  =  Sw.  kabysa;  also  E.  cam- 
boose,  <  F.  cambuse,  <  I),  kombuis,  a  ship's  gal- 
ley, formerly  also  a  booth,  hut,  store-room; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  cabin,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
cook-room  or  kitchen  on  shipboard;  a  galley; 
specifically,  the  inclosed  fireplace,  hearth,  or 
stove  used  for  cooking  on  small  vessels. 

The  lawn  is  studded  with  cabooses,  over  one  of  which  a 
Councillor  may  be  seen  carefully  skimming  the  water 
covering  his  twelve-pound  salmon. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  550. 

2.  A  car  for  the  use  of  the  conductor,  brake- 
men,  etc.,  on  a  freight-train.     [U.  S.] 

[See   caboche.]     A  name 


ger,  etc.,  and  basted  with  oil  and  garlic  while 

being  roasted  on  a  skewer  or  spit,  sweet  herbs  cabos  (ka-bos') 

being  sometimes  placed  between  the  pieces.         of  the  eel-pout. 

Cabobs,  or  meat  roasted  in  small  pieces,  that  maybe  eat  Caboshed,  caboched  (ka-boshf),  a. 
without  dividing.    Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  57. 

2.  An  Anglo-Indian  name  for  roast  meat  in 
general.     Yule  and  Burnell.—Z.  A  leg  of  mut- 
ton stuffed  with  white  herrings  and  sweet  herbs. 
II  right. 
Also  spelled  kabab,  cobob 


[<  caboche 
+  -nl-,  after  F.  caboche",  <  caboche,  a  head:  see 
caboche,  cabbage-.]  In  her., 
represented  alone  and  affronte: 
said  of  the  head  of  a  stag  or  roe- 
buck when  no  part  of  the  neck 
is  seen.   Also  eabossed,  cabaged. 


via    |!i      !  ovei       cabli   (veil  to  prevent  the  cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  eabossed  (ka-bosf),  a.     Same 

,11  ,■.  •  „„1...  1.I....1  1. .  .I.„l.  7..  '..I —l.lt.'*       .         ».       1         II     -  ..r.     ,...1 1....1 


cable  from  running  out. 
cable-hatband  (ka'bl-hat'band),  n.  A  kind 
of  hatband  consisting  of  a  twisted  cord,  worn 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  and 
in  some  modern  uniforms. 

I  had  on  a  gold  cdbl  hatband  then  new  come  up, which 
1  won  about  a  murrey  French  bat. 

'■    '  I        |  Man  out  of  bis  Humour. 

cable-hook  (ka'bl-huk),  «. 

for  handling  a  ship's  cable 

cable-laid  (ka'bl-lad),  <*.     1.  Naut.,  formed  of 

three    strands  of    plain  laid    or  ordinary  rope. 
Bop    fbi  cables  i-  made  in  this  wa)  30  a    to  bi  more  Un- 


tabobbed,  kaboobed,  ppr.  cabobbing,  kabobbihg. 

[i  cabob,  n.]  To  make  cabob  of ;  roast,  as  a  leg 
of  mutton,  with  savory  herbs,  spices,  etc.,  at  a 
quick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  Also  spelled  kabab, 
cobob. 

caboceer  (kab-o-ser'),  n.    [Prob.  <  Pg.  cabeceira, 
the  head,  chief,  <  cabeca,  the  head :   see   ca- 


A  gripping  device 


in  his  private  fetish-museum,  .  .  .  performing  1 
tions.  E.  II.  Tutor,  Prim.  Culture,  1 


as  caboshed. 
cabot  (ka-bo'),  n.  [F.  dial.]  A 
dry  measure  in  general  use  in 
the  island  of  Jersey.  The  small 
cabot,  used  for  wheat,  is  f\  of  an  English  bushel.  The 
large  cabot,  for  barley,  etc.  is  one  third  lamer.  As  with 
tlu'  bushel,  equivalent  weights  are  used,  which  vary  with 
the  bulkiness  of  the  material. 

bottag- 

cape, 
ga  I  ion 
coasting-trade. 
cabr6  (ka-bra'),  a.    [F.,  pp.  of  cabrer,  rear,  < 
OF.  cabre  (F.  ch&vrt ),  <  Sp.  cobra,  <  L.  capra,  a 


cabr6 


she-goat,  fern,  of  caper,  a  he-Roat:  see  caper*-. 

Cf.  cabriole.']     In  her.,  represented  as  roaring: 
said  of  a  horse. 

cabrerite  (ka-bre'rit),  ».  [<  Crtftwa  (see  dot.) 
+  jte2  ]  A  hydrous  arsemate  of  nickel  and 
magnesium,  oceurrinR  in  fibrous  or  granular 
masses  of  an  apple-green  color:  first  found  in 
the  Sierra  Cabrera,  Spain, 
cabrilla  (ka-bril'a;  Sp.  pron.  ka-bi-e  lya),  n. 
ISp.,  a  fish  (see  dcf.  («)),  a  prawn,  also  ;i  little 
goat, dim. of  eabra, a, gout:  seecoper*.]  A  name 
of  certain  sen-moid  fishes.  («)  In  Spain,  Serranu 
cabrilla.  a  fish  of  tin-  Mediterranean.  Sec  Serronm.  (6) 
,,/,,  (its  i  am;  ofiwt,  a  li.-h  of  a  brown  color,  with  lean. I 
,l',rk  spots  and  two  large  black  ones  at  the  base  of  tin- 
spinous  dorsal  tin,  partly  extending  on  the  tin,  and  «ith  a 
few  rounded  pale  >p"ts  ""  the  body,  and  all  the  tins  spot- 
ted It  is  common  in  the  Caribbean  sea  ami  along  the 
Florida  coast,  and  is  an  excellent  food-fish,    (c)  Parala- 

hrax  clathratus,  a  grayish-green  fish  with  obscure  I id 

,lask\  streaks  and  liars  which  form  reticulations  <ai  tin- 
sides'  and  shaded  with  dark  color  along  the  middle  .if  the 
si, i.v  It  abounds  along  the  southern  coast  of  California, 
cabriolet  (kab'ri-61),  ».  Same  as  capriole. 
cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-la'),  "•  [=  (i-  cabriolet  = 
Bohem.  kabrioletka,  etc.,  <  F.  cabriolet,  dim.,  < 
cabriole,  a  leap :  see  capriole.  Now  shortened  to 
cab :  see  cab1.]  Properly,  a  covered  one-horse 
carriage  with  two  wheels :  now  often  made  with 
four  wheels  and  a  calash  top.  See  cab1. 
cabrit  (kab'rit ),  n.  [<  Sp.  cabrito,  a  kid,  =  OF. 
cabrit,  F.  cabri,  a  kid,  =  Pr.  cabril,  <  ML.  capn- 
lus,  a  goat,  <  L.  caper,  a  goat.]  A  name  of  the 
American  pronghom,  Antilocapra  amencana. 
cabrite  (kab'rit),  n.  [NL.  Cabrita,  appar.  < 
Sp.  cabrita,  a  she-kid,  kidskin  dressed,  fern,  ot 
cabrito,  a  kid,  dim.  of  cabra,  a  goat.]  A  lizard 
of  the  family  Lacertidce,  Cabrita  leschnoulU, 
with  the  lower  eyelid  partly  transparent  ami 
movable.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  central  and 
southern  India. 

cabrouet  (kab-ro'et),  n.    [Appar.  a  modification 
of  cabriolet,  q.v.]    Akindof  cart  used  on  sugar- 
plantations  in  the  southern  United  States. 
cab-stand,  (kab'stand),  n.    A  place  where  cabs 

stand  for  hire. 

caburet,  »•  A  small  Brazilian  owl,  the  eholiba 
of  Azara,  the  Scops  brasiliensis  of  modern  nat- 
uralists.    [Not  in  use.] 

cabumt  (kab'ern),  n.  [Origin  unknown;  said 
to  be  connected  with  cable]  Naut.,  a  small 
line  made  of  spun-yarn,  to  bind  cables,  seize 
tackles,  etc. 

cacagoguet  (kak'a-gog),  n.     [<  Gv.na.Knn,  excre- 
ment, +  ci;  <j}  oc,  drawing,  leading,  <  a)  ecu,  drive, 
lead.]     An  ointment  made  of  alum  and  honey, 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evacuation, 
cacain  (ka-ka'in), «.   l<  cacao  + -in".]   In  clam., 

the  essential  principle  of  cacao. 
Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Or.  mKalia,  a, 
plant  not  identified,  perhaps  colts-toot.J  A 
genus  of  Composite,  nearly  related  to  S<  necio, 
with  wliich  it  is  sometimes  united,  but  mostly 
of  different  habit.  The  species  are  white-flowered 
perennials  natives  ..f  North  America  and  Asia;  nine  are 
f.  mnd  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Commonly  known  as 
Indian  plantain. 
cacam  (kak'am),  n.  [Ar.  Heb.  khakham.]  A 
wise  man:  an  official  designation  among taie 
Jews,  synonymous  with,  rabbin.    Coles,  1717. 

They  have  it  |the  Law]  stuck  in  the  jambs  of  their  dores, 
and  covered  with  glasse  ;  written  by  their  cacams,  and 
Bigned  with  the  names  of  God. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (1652),  p.  114. 

The  Talmud  is  stuffed  with  the  traditions  of  their  Rab- 
bins and  Cacams.  Howell,  Letters,  u.  H. 
cacao  (ka-ka'6),  n.  [=  D.  Dan.  Sw.  G.  Russ., 
etc.,  kakao=F.  cacao  =  It.caccao,  <  Sp.  cacao  = 
Pg.  cacao,  caeati,  <  Mex.  cacannll.  cacao  (accord- 
ing to  Seiior  Jesus  Sanchez,  orig.  a  Nahuatl 
word).  Cf.  Sp.  cacahual,  cacaotal  =  Pg.  ca- 
caual.  a  plantation  of  chocolate-trees;  Pg.  ca- 
eaueiro  =  F.  cacaoyer,  a  chocolate-tree.  See 
cocoa?.]  The  chocolate-tree,  Theobroma  '  <"•««. 
natural  order  titer culiacece.  The  cacao  is  a  small 
evergreen  tree,  from  16  to  40  feet  high  when  growing  «  dd, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  and  much  cultivated  there 

and  to  s.aae  extent  in  Asia  and  Africa.     Its  fruit  is  as .•- 

what  pear-shaped  pointed  pod,  10-furrowed,  from  5  to  10 
inches  long,  and  contains  numerous  large  seeds  embedded 
in  a  sweet  pulp.  These  seeds  are  very  nutritive,  contain- 
ing 50  per  cent,  of  fat,  are  of  an  agreeable  flavor,  and  are 
used,  both  in  their  fresh  state  and  when  dried,  as  ail  arti- 
cle of  food.  Theseeds  when  roasted  and  divested  of  their 
husks  and  crushed  are  known  as  cocoa-nib).  These  are 
(.round  into  an  oily  paste,  and  mixed  with  sugar  an. 1  fla- 
voring matters,  to  make  chocolate,  the  most  important 
product  of  the  cacao.  (See  chocolate.)  Cocoa  consists  of 
the  nibs  alone,  cither  imground  or  ground,  dried,  and 
powdered,  or  of  the  crude  paste  dried  in  Hakes.  Broma 
consists  of  the  dry  powder  of  the  seeds  after  a  thorough 
expression  of  the  oil.  A  decoction  is  also  made  from  the 
husks  alone  under  the  name  of  ctu-oa -shell*.  These  sub- 
stances, containing  the  alkaloid  theobromine,  analogous 


749 
to  thcin  and  cafTcin,  are  verj  extensively  used  as  substi- 
tute! [or  tea  and  coffee.    The  oil  from  the  seeds,  called 
cacao-butter,      is 
solid  at  ordinary 

temperatures, and 
has  a  pleasant 
odor  and  ohoco 
late  like  taste.  It 
is  used  for  sup- 
positories, and  for 
making  soap,  po- 
niat s,  etc 

cacao  -  butter 

(ka-ka'6-but"- 
er),  n.  The 
oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds 
of  the  choco- 
late-tree,  Theo- 
broma (Heat). 
See  cacao. 
cacao-nut  (ka- 
ka'6-nut),  n. 
The  fruit  of 
the  Theobroma 
Cacao.  Seeca- 

Cllt). 

cacatedt,  «.  [< 
L.  cacatus,  pp. 

of  cacare :  see  cock1.']    Defiled  with  excrement. 
If  your  grace  please  to  be  cakated,  say  so. 
Middleton,  Massinaer.  and  Rowley,  The  Old  Law,  v.  1. 


Fruiting  Branch  of  Cacao  (  Theobroma 
Cacao). 


cacatory  (kak'a-to-ri),  a.     [<  ND.  cacatonus, 

<  L.  as  if  "caedtof,  <  cacare,  pp.  cacatiis:  see 
cack1.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  tho 
discharge  of  excrement  from  the  bowels.— 
Cacatory  fever,  a  kind  of  intermittent  fever  accom- 
panied by  copious  alvine  discharges. 

Cacatua  (kak-a-tu'ii),  it.     [NL.  (Vieillot,  1818), 

<  Malay  kakatua:  see  cockatoo.]  Agenusof  par- 
rots, of  the  family  Psittacidat  and  subfamily  Ca- 
catitiitte,  containing  the  typical  cockatoos.  I  he 
species  are  of  rather  large  size  for  this  family,  with  short, 
square  tails,  and  a  beautiful  erectile  crest ;  white  is  the 
usual  color,  the  crest  being  tinged  with  yellow  or  rosy. 
There  are  upward  of  14  species,  all  East  Indian,  Papuan,  or 
Australian.  C.  aalerlta  is  the  large  sulphur-crested  cocka- 
too ;  C.  sulphurea,  the  smaller  sulphur-crested  ;  other  spe- 
cies are  C  ducorpsi,  C.  leadbeateri,  ami  C.  roseKapiua.  In 
Cacatua  proper  there  is  only  one  carotid  artery,  an  annm- 
alj  in  ihis  group  of  birds.  Also  later  called  Plyctolopnus. 
Sec  cut  under  cockatoo.  _ 

Cacatuidse  (kak-a-tu'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -iilic.]  The  cockatoos  as  a  separate 
family  of  birds.     See  Cacatuince. 

Cacat'uinje  (kak"a-tu-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -ime.]  The  cockatoos,  a  subfamily  ot 
Vstttacklce,  represented  by  Cacatua.  They  have 
the  orbital  ring  completely  ossified,  a  bony  bridge  over 
the  temporal  fossa,  the  left  carotid  artery  norma  and 
no  ambiens  muscle.  They  are  birds  of  medium  and  large 
size  with  greatly  hooked  bills,  short  square  tails,  and  an 
erectile  crest.  Besides  the  genus  Cacatua  and  its  sub- 
divisions, containing  the  white  cockatoos,  this  group  in- 
cludes Calyptorhynchus,  the  black  cockatoos,  and  Utero- 
alo.tsa  cockatoos  with  very  large  bills  and  slender  tongues. 
All  are  included  in  the  geographical  range  given  forCnca- 
taa  The  subfamily  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  oi  a 
family  under  the  name  of  Cacatuidce.    Also  called  Plyc- 

Caccabinas  (kak-a-bl'ne),  ».  pi.     [NL  (G.  K. 

Gray,  1855),  <  Caccabis  +  -iiuc]  A  subfamily 
of  gallinaceans,  of  the  family  Tetraonidas  or 
Perdicithe,  typified  by  the  genus  Caccabis;  the 
rock-pavtrid'ges  of  the  old  world.  Besides  the  sev- 
eral species  of  Caccabis,  this  group  includes  Lennt  aim- 
cola  of  Tibet,  and  the  Asiatic  species  of  Tctrnonallii*. 
The  term  is  not  much  used,  the  species  being  generally 
associated  with  the  Perdicince. 

Caccabis  (kak'a-bis),  n.  [NL.  (Kaup,  1829),  < 
(Jr.  KOKicaSic,  another  lorni  ot  naKKafir)  (usually 

called  7repo(f),  a 
partridge.  Cf. 
cackle.]  Agenus 
ofold-worldpar- 
tridges,  some- 
times giWng 
name  to  a  sub- 
family Ctteetl- 
hiine ;  tho  typi- 
cal rock-par- 
tridges. C.eaxati- 
Kg,  C.  laf't,  and  C. 
petrosa  are  Euro- 
pean species;  oth- 
ers inhabit  north- 
ern Africa  and 
Asia.  C.  rv/a  is  the 
common  red-legged 
partridge ;  C.  vetro- 
sa  is  the  Barbary 
partridge. 

cacchet  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  catchX 

cachsemia,  cachaemic.    See  eachemia,  cachemic. 

cachalot  (kach'-  or  kash'a-lot),  n.     [Also  each- 

olot;  F.  cachalot,  Sp.  cachoHote.  Buss,  kasha- 

lotit,  G-.  kaschalot,  kaschelot,  Sw.  kasehelot,  Dan, 


cachibou 

kaslcelot,  D.  leasOot;  ot  unknown  origin,  per- 
haps Kskimo:  <-f.  "Greenland  UguUhk'  (Web- 
ster's Diet.).      1'vcnch  etymologists  derive  the 

V  word  from  the  E.,  and  that  from  Catalan 
auichal,  tooth,  "because  the  animal  is  armed 
with  teeth."]      1.  A  name  of  the  sperm-whale, 

Physeter  or  Catodon   macrocephalus,  a  large, 

toothed  cetacean  of  the  family  1  'It ijseterida  or 
Catodontidw,  having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
an  enormous  blunt  head,  in  a  cavity  ol  which 
9per eti  is  contained,  and  sometimes  attain- 
ing u  length  of  Ml  feet,      lb,-  .  a.  bab.t  i-  gregarious, 

(joins  "i  hi  rds  t times  of  several  bandied  individuals, 

an,!  ie,-, Is  i  he  ik  on  1 1  phalopods.  The  mouth  contains  no 
whalebone.    The  blubber  yields  the  fine  ml  tapjniiu 

,„  ,  m  nil.  and  ambergris,  a  kind  of  bezoar,  IS  found  m  He- 
all ntary  canal.    See  cut  under  Physeter. 

2  /)/.  The  sperm-whales  as  a  family  ot  ceta- 
ceans; the  Physetericuv.  [In  this  sense  the  word 
is  chiefly  a  book-name.] 
cache1  (lash),  it.  [F-,  <  eacher,  hide,  <  L.  co- 
actare,  press  together,  constrain,  force,  freq. 
of  coqerc,  constrain,  force:  see  cogent.  Ine 
term  was  adopted  into  E.  from  the  speech  of 
the  Canadian  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
country.]  1.  Aplace  of  concealment,  especial- 
ly in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn.— 2.  A  store 
of  provisions  or  other  things  deposited  m  such 
a  place  of  concealment,  for  present  convenience 
or  for  future  use. 

After  breakfast  I  started  across  the  floe  for  Cape  Riley, 
to  bring  on  board  my  cache  of  Monday  last 

It.  M  Cormick,  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Voyages,  I.  90. 

Greater  care  should  be  taken  in  the  caching  of  pro- 

visions,  for  frequently  in  Lieutenant  Qreely!  book  men. 

tint,  is  made  of  a  cache  found,  either  partially  devoured 

by  bears,  wolves,  or  foxes,  or  rendered  uneatable  by  mmild. 

HVstmt/ls'.a'  A', a.,  I  X.W  .   1-  '. 


Red-legged  Partridge  {Caccabis  rti/a) 


cache1  (kash),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cached,  ppr. 
caching.  [<  eache\  ».]  To  conceal,  generally 
by  burying  in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn. 

We  left  Irving  Bay  on  the  30th  of  June,  caching  all  our 
heavy  stuff  in  order  to  lighten  the  sled  as  much  as  pos- 
siule.  W.  II.  Gilder,  Selnvatkas  Search,  p.  1J1. 

Soear  and  arrow  heads  have  been  found  each  d. 

Smithsonian  Report,  1S81,  p.  001. 

cache-t,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  catch*. 

cachectic  (ka-kek'tik),  a.  [<  L.  cacheeticus,  < 
Gr.  KaxcKTtKdc,  <  /ca*ef«z,  cachexy:  see  cachexy.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  cachexy. 

Miss  Letty  was  altogether  too  wholesome  ...  a  young 
cirl  to  be  a  model,  according  to  the  Hat-chested  and  CO- 
chcctic  pattern.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  V  enner,  xvu. 

cachectical  (ka-kek'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as  ca- 

eht  etic. 

Young  and  florid  blood  rather  than  vapid  and  cachecti- 
rlll  Arbuthnot,  Effects  of  Air. 

cachelcoma  (kak-el-ko'ma),  ».;  pi.  cachelco- 
mata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /.cm,.,  bad,  +  i?-ku- 
ua  sore,  ulcer,  <  ihcovv,  ulcerate,  <  c/.koc  =  h. 
ulcus,  ulcer:  see  ulcer.]  A  foul  or  malignant 
ulcer.  ._      ,  _ 

eachemia  (ka-ke'n.i-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «atof, 
had.  +  atfin,  blood.]  A  morbid  state  of  the 
blood.    Also  spelled  cachamia. 

cachemic  (ka-ke'mik),  a.  [<  eachemia  +  -a:] 
Afflicted  with  eachemia.  Also  spelled  etteltteitite. 

cachemire  (kash'mer),  ».  A  French  spelling 
of  cashmt  re.  , 

cache-pot  (kash'pot),  n.  [<  F.  eacher,  hide,  + 
pot,  pot.]  An  ornamental  pot  or  covering  tor 
concealing  a  common  flower-pot  containing 
plants  kept  in  an  apartment. 

cachet  (ka-sha'),  »•     LF-.  <  eacher,  hide:  see 

cache1-,  ».]     A  seal Lettre  de  cachet,  in  French 

hist  a  letter  or  order  under  seal ;  a  private  letter  oi  Btete: 
a  name  given  especially  to  a  written  order  proceedmg  from 
and  signed  by  the  king,  and  countersigned  by  a  secretary  ol 
state  and  used  at  first  as  an  occasional  means  oi  delaying 
the  course  of  justice,  but  later,  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  as  a  warrant  for  the  imprisonment 
without  trial  of  a  person  obnoxious  for  any  reason  to  the 
government,  often  for  life  or  for  a  long  period  and  on 
frivolous  pretexts.  Lettres  de  cachet  were  abolished  at 
the  Revolution. 

cachexia  (ka-kek'si-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  cachi  a  y.] 
Same  as  cachexi/.  . 

cachexy  (ka-kek'si),  n.  [<  NL.  cachexia,  <  Gr. 
,,„,,;,«,  <  kok6c,  bad,  +  isu;,  habit.  <  <  \>n :  have.] 
A'  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  resulting 
either  from  general  disease  (as  syphilitic  ca- 
chexy) or  from  a  local  disease — Negro  cachexy, 
a  propensity  for  eating  dirt,  peculiar  to  the  natives  of  the 
West  ladies  and  Africa.  , 

cachibou  (kash'i-bo),  «.  [Native  name. J  An 
aromatic  resin  obtained  from  Bursera  gummi- 
ftrti,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies.  Mexico,  and 
Central  America.  It  resembles  carauna,  from 
an  allied  tree  of  the  same  region.  Also  called 
cliibou. 


cachinnation 

cachinnation  (kak-i-na'shgn),  ».    [<  L.  cachin- 
natio(n-),  <  cachinnare,  pp.  cachinnatus,  laugh 
immoderately  :  imitative,  like  Gr,  rco- 
. ,  .1 1  .■  .  and  As.  a  alilu  - 

tan,  of  same  sense.  Cf.  E.  cackle,  gaggle,  gig- 
gle, chuckle,  and  cough.]  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter. 

Hideous  grimaces  .  .  .  attended  this  unusual  cochin- 
nati  Scull,  Guy  Mannerlng. 

A  Bharp,  dry  cachinnation  appealed  to  his  memory. 

Hawthorn* ,  Twice-Told  Tales. 

cachinnatory  (ka-kin'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  cochin- 
nan  :  see  cachinnation.']  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cachinnation  ;  relating  to  or  consisting  in  loud 
laughter. 

To  which,  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  best  of  my  cochin- 
natory  powers.  Bviwer,  Pelham,  wwi. 

cacholong  (kash'o-long),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  Cach, 
the  name  of  a  river  in  Bokhara,  +  Kalmuck 

Cltolong,  stone.]  A  variety  of  opal,  often  called 
jn  art-opal,  usually  milk-white,  sometimes  gray- 
ish- or  yellowish-white,  in  color,  and  opaque  or 
slightly  translucent  at  the  edges.  It  often  envelops 
"inn halcedony,  the  two  minerals  being  united  by  in- 
sensible shad< 

cacholot,  a.    See  cachalot. 

cachou  (ka-sho'),  n.  [F. :  see  cashew.']  Asweet- 
meat,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill,  made  of 
tin'  extracts  of  licorice,  cashew-nut,  gum,  etc., 
used  l>\  tobacco-smokers  and  others  to  sweeten 
the  breath. 

cachucha  (ka-chd'ehii),  n.  [Sp.  (>  Pg.  cachu- 
cha  I,  a  dance,  also  a  kind  of  cap,  also  (in  Amer- 
ica) a  small  boat.]  1.  A  Spanish  dance  simi- 
lar to  the  bolero. —  2.  A  musical  piece  in  triple 
rhythm,  like  the  bolero. 

cachunde  (ka-chon'de),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  cachon- 
de.]  A  medicine  composed  of  many  aromatic 
ingredients  (musk,  amber,  cutch,  mastic,  aloes, 
rhubarb,  etc.),  highly  celebrated  in  India  and 
China  as  an  antidote,  stomachic,  and  antispas- 
modic. 

Cacicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1799- 
1800),  <  cacique,  q.  v.  Cf.  Cassicus.]  1.  A 
genus  of  American  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  caciques,  of  the  family  Icteridce,  compre- 
hending numerous  species  of  Mexico  and  ( ien- 
tral  and  South  America,  typical  forms  of  which 
have  a  large  bill,  very  stout  at  the  base,  rising 
upon  the  forehead  somewhat  like  a  casque. 
Such  are  ''.  persicus  (Linnaaus)  and  C.  hatmor- 
rhous  (Linnaeus).  Now  usually  spelled  t'assi- 
cus. —  2.  A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  of  the  family 
Melasomidw. 

cacique  (ka-sek'),  n.  [=  F.  cacique,  <  Sp.  Pg. 
cacique,  of  Haytian  origin.]  1.  The  title  of 
native  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 
Peru,  Mexico,  and  other  regions  of  America, 
who  were  found  reigning  there  when  these 
countries  were  discovered  by  the  Spaniards. 
Also  applied  to  the  child's  of  independent  tribes 
of  Indians  in  modern  times. — 2.  In  the  Funda- 
mental Constitutions  of  Carolina,  16C9,  a  digni- 
tary of  the  next  rank  to  the  landgraves.  There 
were  to  be  two  in  each  county. — 3.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Cacicus  (which  see). 
Also  written  cassique,  cazique,  cazic. 

cack1  (kak),  v.  i.  [Also  cocky,  cackle;  <  ME. 
cakken  =  1>.  kakken  =  LG.  kacken  =  G.  kacken 
=  Dan.  kakke  ;  prob. ,  like  It.  curare  =  Sp.  eaijar 
=  Bohem.  kakati  =  Pol.  kakac,  <  L.  caca re  =  (jr. 
av,  of  same  sense.]  To  ease  the  body  by 
Btool.     Pope. 

cack1  (kak),  «.  [Also  ca cky,  caclcie;  <  cack1,  v. 
( If.  (  d".  caca,  excrement.]  Human  excrement : 
usually  in  the  plural.     [Scotch.] 

cack-  (kak),  ii.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  shoe- 
makers' name  for  an  infant's  shoe. 

Cackerelt  (kak'er-el),  n.      [<   OF.    raquerel,   ca- 

garel,  Bald  to  be  from  same  rool  as  cackl  (OF. 
coca,  n.).]  A  lisli  which  was  said  to  void  ex- 
crements when  pursued;  according  to  some,  a 
ti-li  which  when  eaten  produces  laxness  of  the 
bowels,  si.imn  r  ;  Johnson. 
cackie  (kak'i),  r.  and  n.  Same  as  cackK 
Cackle  (kak' 1),  r.  i.  ;    |. ret.  and  pp.  cackled,  ppr. 

cackling.  [<  ME.  cakelen,  caklen  =  1».  kakelen 
=  MLG.  kakt  U  n.  I.i ;.  /  ah  In  =  <  '•.  kak<  In  =  Sw. 
kackla  =  Dan.  eagle,  cackle,  gaggle:  closely 
ited  to  E.  gaggh  =  I),  gaggewn  =G.  gackeln, 
gackern,  also  gacksen,  cackle,  cry  like  a  goose 
or  he ji  ;  of.  Sp.  cacarear=  Pg.  rai-an , 
asa  hen,  or  crow,  asacock.  All  imitative;  cf. 
cachinnation,  and  won  is  then-  mentioned,  esp. 
gaggle  and  giggle.    See  also  cocfc1.]    1.  Toutter 

anoisysui ssion  of  thin,  shrill,  broken  notes: 

specifically  used  of  the  crj  made  bj  a  hen  after 


750 

laying  an  egg  or  by  a  goose  when  excited  or 
alarmed. 

Those  Spanish  ''rentes,  however  they  may  afterwards 
cackle,  like  to  lay  their  jilans  noiselessly,  like  a  hen  in  a 
ham.  tf.  II  .  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p,  84. 

When  every  goose  is  cackling.         Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise  like  the  cack- 
ling of  a  goose;  giggle. 

N  ic  grinned,  cackled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill 
himself.  Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

3.  To  prate;  prattle;  tattle;  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.     Johnson. 

cackle  (kak'i),  n.  [<  cackle,  v.]  1.  The  shrill 
repeated  cry  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  before  the  shining  gate 
There  flew,  and  by  her  cackle  sav'd  the  state. 

Dryden,  .Kneid,  viii.  S72. 
2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle. 

There  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the  ser- 
mon. Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

cackler  (kak'ler),  n.  1.  A  fowl  that  cackles. 
—  2.  One  who  giggles. —  3.  A  telltale;  a  tat- 
tler.   Johnson. 

cackling-cheatt,  «•    A  chicken.    [Old  slang.] 

cacky  (kak'i),  ».  and  n.     Same  as  cack^. 

caco  (ka-ko'),  ii.  A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 
the  sugary  quartz  found  in  some  gold-veins. 

caco-.  [L.  etc.  caco-,  <  Gr.  mjkuc,  bad.]  An 
element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing bad. 

cacocholia  (kak-o-ko'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mi/idc, 
bad,  +  xoA'l,  bile.]    A  morbid  state  of  the  bile. 

cacocholyt  (ka-kok'o-li),  n.   Same  as  cacocholia. 

cacochylia  (kak-o-k'il'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  made, 
bad,  +  xv}.6c,  juice:  see  chyle.]  Indigestion  or 
depraved  chylification. 

cacochylyt(ka-kok'i-li),«.    Same  as  cacoeli ylia, 

cacochymia  (kak-o-kim'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  also  in 
E.  form  cacochymy,  <  Gr.  nanoxvpia,  <  Kaadc,  bad, 
+  %vu6c,  juice:  see  chyme.]  A  morbid  state  of 
the  fluids  of  the  body;  "abundance  of  corrupt 
humors  in  the  body,  caused  by  bad  nourish- 
ment, or  by  ill  digestion"  (E.  Phillips,  1706). 

cacochymic  (kak-o-kim'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  caco- 
chymia  +  -ic]  I.  a.  Having  the  fluids  of  the 
body  vitiated,  especially  the  blood. 

II.  ii.  A  dyspeptic;  one  suffering  from  caco- 
chymia. 

cacodemon,  cacodaemon  (kak-o-de'mon),  m. 
[ML.  cacodamon,  an  evil  spirit,  <  Gr.  KaaoiSaiuuv, 
possessed  of  an  evil  spirit,  also  (as  a  noun)  an 
evil  spirit,  <  made,  bad,  evil,  +  daipuv,  spirit, 
demon.]     1.  An  evil  spirit ;  a  devil. 

Hie  thee  to  hell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacodcemon  '  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

2.  In  med.,  the  nightmare. —  3.  In  astral.,  the 
twelfth  house  of  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the 
heavens:  so  called  from  its  signifying  dread- 
ful things,  such  as  secret  enemies,  great  losses, 
imprisonment,  etc.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

cacodemonial  (kak"o-de-ui6'ni-al),  a.  [<cnco- 
i/f  limn  +  -/-ii/.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  a  cacodemon  or  evil  spirit. 

cacodemonize  (kak-o-de'mon-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  cacodemonized,  ppr.  cacodemonizing. 
[<  cacodemon  +  -ize.]  To  turn  into  a  cacode- 
mon.    Southey. 

cacodoxical  (kak-o-dok'si-kal),  a.  [<  cacodoxy 
+ -ieal.]     Erroneous;   heretical. 

cacodoxy  (kak'o-dok-si),  «.;  pi.  cacodoxies 
(-siz).  [<  Gr.  Kaaodoiia,  heterodox)',  wrong  opin- 
ion, <  KOfitirfofor,  heterodox,  <  Kaic6c,  bad,  +  Si^a, 
opinion,  doctrine.]  A  false  or  wrong  opinion 
or  opinions;  erroneous  doctrine,  especially  in 
matters  of  religion:  heresy. 

cacodyl,  cacodyle  (kak'o-dil,  -till),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kahcith/r,  having  a  bad  smell  (<  kok6c,  bad,  + 
b&iv,  smell),  +  Mr/,  matter.]  Dimethyl  ar- 
siue,  As(CH3)2,  a  metalloid  radical,  a  com- 
pound   of  arsenic,  hydrogen,  and   carbon,    it 

was  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  as  dicacodyl,  As2 
(CHs)4,  by  Bunaen  in  1887,  and  formed  the  second  In- 
stance of  the  isolation  of  a  compound  radical,  thai  of  cy- 
anogen bj  Gay-Lussac  being  the  first.  It  is  a  clear  liquid, 
heavier  ihan  water,  and  refracting  light  Btrongly.  Its 
smell  is  imuipportably  offensive  (whence  its  name),  and  its 
vapor  is  highly  poisonous.    It  is  spontaneously  Infiam- 

inahle  in  air.  Alkarsin  is  (he  protoxid  of  cacodyl.  Also 
written  kakodyl,  kakodyle.  See  alkarsin, 
cacodylic  (kak-6-d.il'ik),  a.  [<  cacodyl  4-  -ic] 
Containing  the  iiasie  radical  cacodyl.-  Cacodyl- 
ic acid,  (i'lb;V_.\so< hi ,  a  crystalline  arsenic  compound 
soluble  in  water,  odorless,  and  said  not  to  be  an  active 

poison,  although  it  i tains  54.4  percent  of  metallic  ar- 

senli    equivalent  to  71.4  per  cent  of  arsi  nious  oxid. 
cacoeconomy  (kak-e-kon'o-nii),  ».    [<Gr.  kok6t, 

bad,  +  n'lixiii'iiuiii,  economy  (cf.  xaicoiKovduoc,  a  bad 
steward):  see  <<-<>iniiiiii.]  Bad  management; 
maladniinisl  int  ion.      [  Bare.] 

M  irvi  I  lou.  cacoeconomy  of  their  government. 

Sydni  y  Smith, 


cacoon 

cacoepy  (kak'o-ep-i),  n.  [<  Or.  KaKneirna,  faulty 
language,  <  ico/cdf,  bad,  +  hroc,  word.]  Incor- 
rect pronunciation;  mispronunciation:  opposed 
to  orthoepy. 

Orthoepy  is  entirely  independent  of  phonology,  and 
phonology  finds  in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  which 
it  works,  which  indeed  it  finds  no  less  in  cacoepy. 

R.  O.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  40. 

cacoethes  (kak-o-e'thez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Kaxdr/Bec. 
an  ill  habit,  neut.  of  Kanoi/Hi/r,  ill-disposed,  ma- 
lignant, <  kok6c,  bad,  ill,  +  ifloc,  habit,  custom : 
see  ethics.]  A  bad  custom  or  habit;  a  bad  dis- 
position—  Cacoethes  loquendi,  a  mania  for  talkinL'; 
morbid  desire  for  gossip  or  speechmaking.  —  Cacoethes 
scribendi,  a  morbid  propensity  for  writing;  an  itch  for 
authorship.  The  phrase  is  taken  from  Juvenal  (Satires, 
vii.  a'2). 

cacogalactia  (kak"o-ga-lak'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
KaKiic,  bad,  +  ya'/.a  (ya'AuKT-),  milk.]  hipathol., 
a  bad  condition  of  the  milk. 

cacogalia  (kak-o-ga'li-ji),  «.  [NL.]  Same  as 
cacogalactia. 

cacogastric  (kak-o-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  kuk6c, 
bad,  +  yaari/p,  the  stomach,  +  -ic.  See  gastric.] 
Pertaining  to  a  disordered  stomach;  charac- 
terized by  dyspepsia ;  dyspeptic. 

The  woes  that  chequer  this  imperfect  cacogastric  state 
of  existence.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  221. 

cacogenesis  (kak-o-jen'e-sis),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kondc  bad,  +  yevecic,  generation:  see  genesis.] 
In  med.,  a  morbid  formation,  whether  congen- 
ital, as  a  monstrosity,  or  of  later  development, 
as  a  tumor. 

cacographic  (kak-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  cacography 
+  -ic]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cacography  or 
bad  wrri ting;  ill-written. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
characterized  by  bad  spelling;  wrongly  spelled. 

cacographical  (kak-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
cacograpli  ic 

cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  cacogra- 
phic, bad  spelling,  a  collection  of  ill-spelled 
words  for  correction,  <  Gr.  Kan6c,  bad,  +  -j/matia, 
<  ypa<j>eiv,  write ;  formed  in  antithesis  to  orthog- 
raphy.]    Bad  writing  or  spelling. 

cacolet  (kak'o-la),  n.  [F.,  used  orig.  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  origin.]  A 
kind  of  pannier  iu  the  form  of  a  seat,  fixed  on 
the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse,  for  carrying  travel- 
ers in  mountainous  districts,  or  sick  or  wounded 
persons.    It  is  composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints, 


Cacolet,  or  Mule-chair. 

united  by  bands  of  strong  cloth,  the  arrangement  of  the 
bands  affording  sufficient  elasticity  to  permit  the  occu- 
pant to  sit  or  lie.  Military  cacoleta  are  of  two  kinds  ;  one 
in  the  form  of  two  arin-ehairs,  suspended  one  on  either 
side  of  a  mule,  used  by  persons  not  too  severely  wounded  ; 
the  other  in  the  form  of  a  bed  laid  at  length  along  the 
mule's  back.  The  French  Introduced  the  use  of  cacolets 
during  the  Crimean  war  (1854-5). 
cacology  (ka-kol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  cacologie,  < 
Gr.  KdKO%oyla,  evil-speaking,  abuse,  vitupera- 
tion, <  Kanoldyoc  speaking  evil,  slanderous,  < 
naKoc,  bad,  +  /lynv,  speak.  The  rhetorical 
sense  is  modern.]  If.  An  evil  speaking.  Bai- 
ley, 1727. — 2.  A  bad  choice  of  words  in  writing 
or  speaking;  also,  vicious  pronunciation. 

Debated  with  his  customers,  and  pretended  to  eorrect 
their  cacology,  provincialisms,  and  other  defects. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote. 

cacomixl  (kak'o-mik-sl),  n.  [Mex.]  See  lias- 
saris,  1. 

caconym  (kak'o-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  «i«m;,  bad,  + 
iirm/ii,  iirv/ia,  a  name.]  A  bad  name  for  any- 
thing; a  name  which  is  in  any  way  undesirable 
or  objectionable.     Coues. 

caconymic  (kak-o-nim'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
caconyms  or  to  caconymy.     Coins. 

caconymy  (ka-kon'i-mi),  n.  [<  ciicoiiym  +  -y. 
Cf.  synonymy.]  The  use  of  caconyms;  bad 
nomenclature  or  terminology.     Cones. 

cacoon  (ka-kiin'),  n.  [Also  kahuna;  an  Afri- 
can name.]  A  eommeroial  name  for  the  large 
beans  of  the  F.nUuIn  scainlins,  natural  order 
LeguminOSW,    used    for    making    scent-bottles, 


cacoon 

purses,  etc.  —Antidote  cacoon,  a  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica t-i  the  Feuillea  cordtfolia,  a  woody  oucurbita b 

climber  of  tropica]  America.  The  targe  seeds  are  purga- 
Hve  :iu<l  emetic,  and  are  used  :is  a  popular  remedj  For 
various  diseases,  and  as  an  antidote  against  the  poison  of 
tin  manchineel,  Rhus  toxicodendron.    See  FeuiUea. 

CaCOphonia  fkak-o-fo'ni-ii),  «.  [NL.]  Same  as 
cacophony. 

cacophonic,cacophonical,cacophonious(kak- 
6-fon'ik,  -fon'i-kal,  -fo'ni-us),  o.  Same  as  ca- 
cophonous. 

Cacophonous  (ka-kof'o-iius),  <(.      [<   <ir-  '"" 
nor,  Eiarsh-soimdirig :    see  cacophony.]    Sound- 
ing harshly;  ill-sounding;  discordant:  opposed 
to  euphonious. 

cacophony  (ka-kof '<">- nil,  ».;  pi.  cacophonies 
(-niz).  [<  NL.  cacophonia,  <  Gr.  Kaaocxjvia,  < 
ifyuwos,  harsh-sounding,  <  Kaa6c,  bad,  +  fytzvfi, 
Bound,  voice ;  in  antithesis  to  euphony."]  1.  A 
combination  of  discordant  sounds  ;  specifically, 
in  rhet.,  a  faulty  choice  or  arrangement  of 
Words,  producing  inharmonious  or  discordant 
combinations  of  sounds,  or  too  great  frequency 
of  such  combinations  as  are  for  any  reason  un- 
pleasant to  the  ear;  also,  the  uncouth  or  dis- 
agreeable sound  so  produced :  the  opposite  of 
i  uphony. 

The  Lancashire  folk  speak  quick  and  curt,  omit  letter-, 
or  sound  three  or  four  words  all  together  :  thus,  1  nnii'- 
didd  ii.  or  I  woudyedd'd,  is  acacophony  which  stands  for 
I  wish  you  would  !  i.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  1. 171. 

2.  In  jiatliol.,  a  depraved  voice ;  an  altered  state 
of  the  voice. 

cacoplastic  (kak-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  kok6c, 
bad,  +  -"Aoctikoc,  <  T/.aarof,  verbal  adj.  of  Tr/idcr- 
aeiv,  form:  see  plastic.  Cf.  Gr.  Kanoir'AaoToc,  ill- 
conceived.]  In  pathol.,  susceptible  of  oidy  a 
low  degree  of  organization,  as  the  indurations 
resulting  from  chronic  inflammation,  fibrocar- 
tilage,  cirrhosis,  etc     Dunglison. 

cacopragia  (kak-6-pra'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  m- 
Kmpayia,  ill-doing,  <  KOKOWpayyc,  adj.,  ill-doing, 

<  K«/«5f,  bad,  +  Trpaoaeiv  (\/  *irpay),  do.]  Disease 
of  those  viscera  which  minister  to  nutrition ; 
depraved  condition  of  the  organic  functions. 

cacopragy  (ka-kop'ra-ji),  n.  Same  as  caco- 
pragia. 

cacosomium  (kak-6-so'mi-um),  ».;  pi.  cacoso- 
min  (-;i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka«Sf,  bad,  +  auya,  body.] 
A  lazaretto  for  leprosy  and  other  incurable  dis- 
eases. 

cacosyntheton  (kak-6-sin'the-ton),  n.  [L.,  < 
dr.  kok6c,  bad,  +  ovvderov,  a  compound,  neut.  of 
aiwBcrog,  put  together:  see  synthetic]  A  faulty 
composition,  or  joining  together  of  words  in  a 
sentence.     Minsheu,  1617.     [Rare.] 

cacotechny  (kak'o-tek-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  KaKorexvia, 

<  Kiihuc,  bad,  +  T&xyi>  art.]  A  corruption  or 
corrupt  state  of  art.     [Rare.] 

cacothymia  (kak-o-thiin'i-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KOKodvpia,  malevolence,  <  xcuede,  bad,  +  Bv/idc, 
mind.]  In  pathol.,  a  disordered  state  of  the 
mind. 

cacothymy  (ka-koth'i-mi),  n.  Same  as  caco- 
thymia. 

cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  KOKOff,  bad, 
+  rpoipr/,  nourishment.]  In  pathol.,  disordered 
nutrition. 

cacoxene  (kak'ok-sen),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kanti;evor,  un- 
friendly to  strangers,  inhospitable,  <  nands,  bad, 
+  fevof,  a  stranger,  a  guest.]  A  yellowish  silky 
mineral,  occurring  in  fibrous,  radiating  tufts. 
It  is  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  and  is  found  in  the  iron 
ore  of  Bohemia,  to  which  its  presence  is  an  injury  (hence 
its  name).     Also  written  kakuxvnv,  kubixine. 

cacoxenite  (ka-kok'sen-it),  n.     [<  cacoxene  + 
-it<-.]     Same  as  cacoxene. 
cacozyme  (kuk'o-ziin),  n.     [<  Gr.  kok6q,  bad,  + 

si/"/,  leaven.]  A  microscopic  organism,  such 
as  the  bacteria,  capable  of  producing  disease. 


751 
Cactaceae  (kak-ta'se-S).  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  cactus  + 

-acea\\  A  very  peculiar  order  of  American 
polvpctalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  Hie  cactus 
or  Indian-fig  family.  They  arc  green  and  fleshy,  most- 
ly without  true  leaves,  an-  globular  or  columnar  or  Joint- 
ed, and  arc  usually  armed 
with  bundles  of  spines.  The 
flowers  have  numerous  sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens,  and  are 
often  large  and  very  Bhowy. 
The  fruit  is  usually  a  pulpy 
berry,  with  numerous  seeds, 
frequently  large  and  edible. 
They  are  natives  mostly  oi  dry 
and  hot  regions,  where  they 
form  a  prominent  and  charac- 
teristic part  of  the  vegetation 
The  principal  genera(all  former, 
ty  included  in  ttie  single  Lin 
nean  genus  Cactus)  are  ma  mmU 
laria,  Melocactus,  and  Echino 

COCttU,  W  lueti  ale  globOSC  of  oval 

plants,  sometimes  gigantii 

reus,  often  Climbing  or  erect  and 

columnar,    sometimes   arbores- 
cent and  :to  to  60  feet    high; 

Opuntia,   jointed    and  Willi    1  he 

joints  often  flattened;  and  Phyl- 
locactus,  which  is  frequently  cul- 
tivated in  greenhouses  i-i  its 
large  flowers,  <  are  also  other 
genera,  both  for  their  flowers 
and  their  curious  forms.  Opun 
tin,  the  prickly  pear,  is  the  only 
genus  found  wild  in  the  north 
em  tinted  States.  The  order 
is  ,,f  little  economic  value. 

cactaceous  (kak-ta'shius  I, 
a.   [<  NL.  *eactaceus.   See 


caddis 

oorlng,   packing  boxes,  etc 


U  - 


Giant  Cactus  I  Cereus 
gigantctn;]. 


used    for   furniture,   flo 
n  mi  ten  kudumba. 
cadail  (kad'an),    )i.      [L.  dial.:  another  form  of 

cuddeifi,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  name  for  the 
fry  of  the  coal-fish.     Also  called  cudden. 

cadast,  "■     An  old  spelling  of  caddis*. 

cadaster,  cadastre  (ka-das'ter),  ».  [<  F.  <a- 
dastre,  OF.  capdastre  =  Sp.  catastro  =  l'g-  '"- 
dastro  =  It.  catastro,  catasto  (ML. reflex  catas- 
tniiit.  catastum),  <  ML.  as  if  *capitastrum,a  sur- 
vey and  valuation  of  real  property,  prop.  ■■>■ 
register  of  the  poll-tax  (cf.  ML.  capitularium,  a 
cadaster,  <  capituhim,  a  chapter:  see  capitu- 
lary), <  U.  Caput  (eapit-),  head:  see  caput,  enpi- 
l,ilK  etc.]  A  register  of  the  real  properly  of 
a  country  or  region,  with  the  extent,  value, 
and  ownership  of  each  holding  or  lot,  serving 
as  a  basis  of  taxation;  a  kind  of  Doomsday 
Book. 

It  is  certain  that  the  great  radnstr ■  Domesday  Do.ik, 

the  terror  of  Inhabited  England,  was  trc; I  as  the  regis 

ter  of  the  exchequer.  Ennje.  Brit.,  IX.  174. 

cadastral  (ka-das'tral),  a.    [<  cadaster  +  -al.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cadaster;  according  to  or 
for  the  purposes  of  a  cadaster;  having  refer- 
ence to  the  extent,  value,  and  ownership  of 
landed  property  as  a  basis  for  assessment  for 
fiscal  purposes:  as,  a  cadastral  survey, 
cadastration  (ka-das-tra'shonl.  it.  The  act  of 
making  a  cadaster;  detailed  official  surveying. 
What  is  required  is  a  public  and  compulsory  system  of 
land  registration,  based  upon  careful  cadastration. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  23. 


Cactacece.]     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  cadastre,".     See  cadaster. 


Contact  "'. 

cactal  (kak'tal),  a.  [<  cactus  +  -al.]  In  hot.. 
of  or  belonging  to  the  cactus  group  or  order  of 
plants:   as.  the  cactal  alliance. 

Cacti,  ».     Plural  of  cactus. 

cactin,  cactine  (kak'tin),  n.  [<  cactus  +  -in2, 
-iue-.  ]  The  red  coloring  matter  extracted  from 
the  fruit  of  some  of  the  cacti. 

cactus  ( kak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  cacti  or  cactuses  (-ti,  -tus- 
ez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaKroc,  a  prickly  plant.]  The 
old  and  Linnean  name  for  the  group  of  plants, 
considered  a  single  genus,  which  now  form  the 
order  Cactacem.  In  popular  use  the  name  (with  its 
plural  cacti)  is  still  applied  to  members  of  this  order 
without  distinction.  The  cochineal  cactus  is  the  Opuntia 
Tuna,  Nopalea  cochinitlifera,  and  other  species  cultivated 
for  the  cochineal  insect  ;  the  hedgehog  cactus,  species  of 
Echinocaictu8 ;  the  melon  or  melon-thistle  cactus,  species 
of  Mdt>etiftuH  ;  the  nipple  cactus,  species  of  MamiUaria; 
the  night-blooming  cactus  (or   night-blooming  cereus), 


cadaver  '(ka-dav'er),  «.  [=  F.  cadavre  =  Sp. 
I'g.  cadaver  =  It.  cadavt  re.  cadavt  ro,  <  L.  cada- 
ver, a,  corpse,  <  cadere,  fall.  Cf.  Gr.  tttu/w,  a 
corpse,  <  iriTTTriv,  fall.]  A  dead  body;  a  corpse: 
as,  "a  mere  endan  r,"  Boyle;  especially,  a  body 
prepared  or  used  for  dissection. 

Not  one  of  these  writers  would  have  treated  .  .  .  a 
work  on  the  science  of  anatomy  as  a  collection  of  rulea 
for  making  bones  or  for  procuring  cadavers. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  33. 

cadaveric  (ka-dav'er-ik),  a.    [<  cadaver  +  -ic] 

1.  Relating  to  a  dead  body;  pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  the  changes  induced  in  a  corpse 
by  putrefaction :  as,  cadaveric  phenomena. 

The  researches  that  have  brought  the  cadaveric  alka- 
loids ...  to  light.  Pop.  Nee  .1/"  ,  XX.  42'.!. 

2.  Resembling  a  cadaver  or  dead  body;  ca- 
daverous  Cadaveric  rigidity,  same  as  rigor  mor- 
tis (\\  hieh  see,  under  rigor). 


Cereus  grandiflorut,  and  other  species ;  the  old-man  cac-  cadaverine  (ka-dav'er-in),  a.   [<  L.  cadaveriniis, 
tua,  Cereu*  senilis,  etc.  <   cadaver,  a  corpse:   see  cadaver.]     Same  as 

cactus-wren  (kak  tus-ren),  n.    The  name  gtven     (.(„/(,,.,  ,.„. 
'7  Corn's  to  the  wrens  of  the  genus  Campyln    cadaverous  (ka-dav'er-us),  a.     \     L.  cadavero- 
rhipielius,  from  their  frequenting  and  nesting  tJ^T  comae  like    <  a  ' 


in  cactuses.  The  brown-headed  cactus- wren  is  C.  h 
neicapUlus;  the  St.  Lucas  cactus-wren  is  C.  ajtinis.  There 
are  numerous  other  species  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
See  cut  under  Campylorhynchus. 

cacumen  (ka-ku'men),  n. ;  pi.  cacumina  (-mi- 
na).  [L.,  the  top,  peak,  summit,  point.]  The 
top  of  anything,  (a)  In  the  pharmacopoeia,  the  top 
of  a  plant.  \b)  In  anat.,  the  culmen  of  the  vermis  supe- 
rior of  the  cerebellum.— Folium  cacuminis.  See  fo- 
lium-. 

Cacuminal  (ka-ku'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  cacumen 
(cacumin-),  top,  peak,  summit,  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  a  top  or  summit. 

cacuminatet  (ka-ku'mi-nat),  v.  t.    [<  L.  cocm- 

ininatiis,  pp.  of  caeiimiiaire,  make  pointed,  <  ca- 
cumen (cacumin-),  point.]     To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.     Coles,  1717. 
cad  (kad),  n.     [Prob.  short  for  Sc.  cadie,  caddie, 
caddy,  an  errand-boy,  etc.:  see  caddie.]    1.  A 


caddast,  »- 
caddawt,  ». 
caddet,  «• 


pizantevs). 


enufitf,  art  nociu-ee,,,  ,,...  o. .    ..,,.,,..  .j     *.    ..  ..    _ 

boy,  a  fellow :  a  general  term  of  slight  contempt  cd,44.  w\  ' '• 
applied  originally  to  various  classes  of  persons  c*<j 5 j^o'  " 
of  a  low  grade,     (u)  An  errand-boy  ;  a  messenger,     (b)  ',jj  „„  i  " 
A  bricklayer's  assistant,     (c)  A  thimble-rigger's  confed- 
erate. 

I  will  appear  to  know  no  more  of  you  than  o f  the 

cads  of  the  thimble-rig  knows  of  the  pea-holder.    T.  Hook. 

(rf)  A  loafer;  a  hanger-on  about  inn-yards.  <•)  \  passen- 
ger taken  up  surreptitiously  by  a  stage-coach  driver  for 
his  own  perquisite.   (./")  The  conductoi  of  i ranibus. 

The  conductor,  who  is  vulgarly  known  as  the  cad. 

,1/if/  ftl  W 

2.  A  mean,  vulgar,  ill-bred  fellow  of  whatever 
social  rank :  a  term  of  great  contempt. 

There's  a  set  uf  cads  in  that  club  that  will  say  anything. 

Thackeray. 

cadacet,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  caddis*. 

cadamba  (ka-dam'bii).  it.  [Hind,  ladam.]  A 
rubiaeeous  tree  of  India,  Naitelea  or  Anthoce- 
jihalus  Cadamba,  often  mentioned  by  the  poets 
of  that  country,  it  bears  numerous  small  yellow  Ish- 
brown  (lowers  collected  in  dense  balls.  The  deep-yellow 
wood  of  this  and  other  species,  also  called  cadamba,  is 


cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  ca- 
daver.] '  Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  especial- 
ly, having  the  appearance  or  color  of  the  body 
of  a  dead  person ;  pale;  wan;  ghastly. 

A  cadaverous  man,   composed  of  diseases  and    com- 
plaints. Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 
A  pale  cadaverous  face.         Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  i. 
cadaverously  (ka-dav'er-us-li),  adv.     In  a  ca- 
daverous manner. 

cadaverousness  (ka-dav'er-us-nes),  n.    The 
quality  of  being  cadaverous. 
cadaw't,  »•    See  caddow. 

cad-bait  (kad'bat),  n.  [Less  correctly  cad-hate  ; 
<  end  for  eatldis-  +  haifi,  n.]  Same  as  caddis- 
ivor  m. 

See  caddis*. 
See  caddow. 
See  kadi. 
See  caddis". 
See  caddis1. 
See  caddis-. 
caddice-fly,  «■    See  caddis-fly. 
caddie  (kad'i),   n.    [Sc,  also  written  caddy, 
cady  (and  abbr.,  with  extended  use.  cad,  q.  v.); 
prob.,  with  accent  shifted  from  second  to  firsl 
syllable,  <  earlier  codec,  <  F.  cadet,  a  young- 
er brother.]    1.  A  cadet. — 2.  A  boy,  especially 
as  employed  in  running  errands ;  hence,  specifi- 
cally, one  who  gains  a  livelihood  by  running 
errands  or  delivering  messages;  also,  one  who 
carries  the  clubs  of  persons  playing  at  golf. 
[Scotch.] 

caddis1,  caddice1  (kad'is),  ».  [Formerly  cad- 
das,  caddes,  ME.  cadas  (>  AF.  cadaz;  mod.  P. 
cadis,  <  E.);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir. 
Gael,  cadan,  cotton.  W.  cadas,  a  kind  of  cloth. 
Hence  F.  cadis,  a  coarse  woolen  serge.]  It. 
Flock  or  wadding  of  any  fibrous  material  for 
Stuffing,  bombasting.  and  the  like,  used  in  the 
fifteenth  century  and  later. 
Cadas,  bombicinium.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  57. 


caddis 

2.  A  kiwi  of  lint  for  dressing  wounds.  Jtttnic- 
son.  —  3f.  Wool  used  for  coarse  embroidery, 
marly  like  the  modern  crewel. 

-,  or  n-uk',  sayette.  Palsgrave. 

4t.  A  kind  of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon. 

The  country  dame  glrdeth  hir  Belie  as  straight  in  the  wast 
\*  iih  :i  course  caddis,  as  the  Madame  of  the  court  with  a 
silkc  riband.  L;>hi.  Buphues  aiul  his  England,  p.  220. 

Caddisscs,  cambrics,  lawns.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

5f.  A  kind  of  ( isr  woolen  or  worsted  stuff. 

(„)  TI  .  I  stuff  used  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 

laud.    Johnson,    (b)  A  coarse  serge. 
Eight  velvet  pages,  six  footmen  in  cadis. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iii.  5. 

caddis'-,  caddice2  (kad'is),  n.  [Called  by  va- 
rious similar  names,  as  caddy,  eaddt n\  eadett; 
bait,  cod-bait;  origin  obscure.]  The  larva 
of  tlio  caddis-fly.     See  caddis-worm. 

caddis-fly,  caddice-fly  (kad'is-fii),  n.  An  adult 
or  imago  of  one  of  the  neuropterous  insects  of 
tin-  suborder  Trichoptera,  and  especially  of  the 

family  Phryganeidai.  In  Great  Britain  the  insect  is 
also  railed  May-fly,  from  the  usual  time  of  its  appearance  ; 
but  in  the  Tinted  states  the  May-fly  is  one  of  the  Bphe- 
,.,  ridce.    Sei  caddis-worm. 

caddis-gartert  (kad'is-gar"ter),  n.    [<  cadaW 
+  garter."]     A  garter  made  of  caddis.     Shak. 
See  caddis*-,  1. 
caddish  (kad'ish),  a.     [<  cad  +  -isV-JJ    Like  a 
cad;  ungentlemanly. 
caddis-shrimp    (kad'is-shrimp),    n.    An    am- 
phipodous  crustacean  of  the  genus  Cerapus, 
family  < 'oroph  Hdee.    The  species  are  so  named  because 
they  live  in  tubes  formed  "1  agglutinated  sand  and  mud, 
which  they  carry  about  with  them,  thus  resembling  cad- 
ilis-wiii  ms. 
caddis-worm  (kad'is-werm),  n.     The  larva  of 
the  caddis-fly.    It  is  also  called  caddis  or  caddice,  cad- 
bait,    cadew,    cade- 
worm,     and     case- 
worm,    names     de- 
rived from  the  case 
or  shell  which  the 
larva  constructs  for 
itself  of  various  for- 
eign substances,  in- 
cluding small  sticks, 
stones,    shells,    etc. 
The  grub  lives  under 
water  till  it  is  ready 
to  be    transformed 
into  the  fly,  is  very 
voracious,     devour- 
ing large  quantities 
of  fish-spawn,  and  is 
extensively  used  by 
anglers  for  bait. 

caddie  (kad'l), 
v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  coddled,  ppr, 
coddling.  [E. 
dial.,  var.  of  coddle.]  1.  To  coax;  spoil. — 2. 
To  attend  officiously. —  3.  To  tease;  scold;  an- 
noy.    [Prov.  Eng.J 

caddie  (kad'l),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  caddie,  v.]  A 
dispute ;  contention ;  confusion  ;  noise. 

caddow  (kad'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  caddaw,  < 
ME.  cadowe,  cadaw,  cadawe,  appar.  <  ca,  ha,  kaa, 
co,  a  chough,  +  daw:  see  coe,  chough,  and  daw2.] 
A  chough ;  a  jackdaw.     Ray.     [Prov.  Eng.  ] 

caddy1,  »■    Same  as  caddie. 

caddy-  (kad'i),  n.     Same  as  caddis2. 

caddy3  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  ghost  ;   a  bugbear.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddy1  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [A  cor- 
ruption of  catty,  q.v.J  1.  Originally,  a  box  con- 
taining a  ratty  of  tea  for  exportation;  hence, 
any  small  package  of  tea  loss  than  a  chest  or 
half-chest. — 2.  A  box  for  keeping  tea  when  in 
use.  Tea-caddies  contain  commonly  one,  two, 
or  mote  canisters  made  of  metal.  Hence  —  3. 
Any  jar  or  canister  for  holding  tea. 

cade1  (kadi,  a.  [<  lIK.milf,  end.  a  lamb;  cf. 
E.  dial,  cad,  a  young  pig;  Ieel.  kail  (Haldorsen), 
anew-born  child.]  If.  A  domesticated  animal; 
a  pet.    See  cade-lamb. — 2.  A  sheep-tick. 

cade1    (kail),    v.    I.;    pret.    and    pp.    ended,    ppr. 

coding.  [<  cade1,  ».]  To  bring  up  or  nourish 
by  band,  or  with  tenderness.  Johnson. 
cade2  (kad),  n.  [<  ME.  cade,  <  V.  cade  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cam  (cf.  OBulg.  kadi  =  Serv.  kada  = 
Buss,  kadi  =  Lath,  kodis  =  Hung,  kd/i),  <  L. 
en, i, is,  a  jar,  b  I  iiv,  <  Gr.  nathc,  ajar, 

a  liquid   8    ire.]     1.   A  barrel  or  cask. — 2. 

A  measure  containing  500  herrings  or  1,000 
spra 

Cade.  We  John  Cade,  so  termed  of  onrsappoe  'I  rather, 
Dick,   or  rather,  of  Btealing  acod     >f  herrir 

Shak.,  2  II.  n,  VI.,  iv.  2, 

I  fcooki   and  weighed  Ian  Epistle]  in  an  Ironmonger's 

scales,  and  it  counterpoyseth a Cadi  ol  Serring,  and  tnree 

Holland  Chet   ■  -     Kash   Qaue  with  you  to  Safrronwalden. 

cade:!  (kad),  h.     [F. :  see  cade-oil.]     Juniper. 


Caddis-fly  and  Worms. 
I.  Caddis-fly.    =.  Larva  in  case  formed  of 
straw  or  dry  grass-stalks.    3.  In  caseformed 
of  small  stones.     4.  In  case  formed  of  grass- 
roots.   5.  In  case  formed  of  shells. 


752 

cadeeH,  »•     Same  as  cadet1,  2. 

cadee'-t,  »•    See  kadi. 

cade-lamb  (kad'lam),  n.      [<  ME.  "cade-lamb, 

'cnillaiiih.  kod-lomb;  <  cade*  +  lamb.]     1.  A 

domesticated  lamb ;  a  pet  lamb. 

He  brought  his  cade-lamb  with  him  to  mass. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  224. 

2.  A  pet  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cadelle  (ka-del'),  n.  [F.,  appar.  <  L.  catellus, 
fern.  cateUa,  a  little  dog,  dim.  of  attains,  a  young 
dog,  a  whelp.  Cf.  LL.  catus,  a  cat:  see  cat.] 
A  French  name  of  the  larva  of  a  beetle  of  the 
family  Trogositida;  the  Trvijnsiln  mauritanica. 
It  is  about  if  of  an  inch  long,  is  whitish,  with  scattered 
hairs,  and  has  a  horny  black  head  with  two  curved  jaws. 
It  is  extremely  destructive  in  granaries,  and  is  often  im- 
ported with  grain  into  countries  where  it  is  uot  indi- 
genous. 

cadenas  (kad'e-nas;  F.  pron.  ka-de-nii'),  n. 
[F.,  <  OF.  cadenas,  cadi  mil.  cadenau,  a  padlock, 
<  It.  catenaccio,  a  padlock,  a  bolt  or  bar  of  a 
door,  <  catena,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena, 
chain.]  In  the  middle  ages  and  later,  a  casket, 
with  lock  and  key,  to  contain  the  articles  used 
at  table  by  a  great  personage,  such  as  knife, 
fork,  spoon,  salt-cellar,  and  spices.  Early  examples 
have  commonly  the  form  of  a  ship  (whence  such  were  often 


cadenette 

portion  observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions. 
—  7.  In  her.,  descent;  a  device  upon  the  es- 
cutcheon by  which  the  descent  of  each  member 
of  a  family  is  shown. — 8.  Proportion.  [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  and  round,  and  like  a  pear 
Iu  growing,  modest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 
Lessening  in  perfect  cadence. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
Broken  cadence,  in  music,  an  interrupted  cadence.— 
False  cadence,  the  closing  of  a  cadence  in  another 
chord  than  that  of  the  tonic  preceded  by  the  dominant 
Half  cadence.  Same  as  imperfect  cadence.  Also  rail. 
ed  half  close.—  Perfect,  complete,  or  whole  cadence, 
the  chord  of  the  dominant  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic: 
also,  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh  followed  by  that 


S=j~7~fe4 


1 


mm 


1 


Perfect  Cadence. 


Imperfect  Cadence. 


of  the  tonic.  These  two  forms  of  the  perfect  cadence 
were  in  ancient  church  modes  called  authentic,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  plagal  cadence.  An  example  of  each 
form  in  C  major  is  here  given.  The  end  of  a  piece  should 
properly  he  a  complete  cadence,  incomplete  and  inter- 
rupted cadences  beinp:  suitable  only  as  temporary  endings 
fur  phrases  or  periods  in  the  midst  of  apiece.— Imperfect 
cadence,  the  chord  of  the  tonic  followed  by  that  of  the 
dominant ;  it  rarely  occurs  as  a  final  close.— Interrupted 
or  deceptive  cadence,  a  cadence  formed  by  a  chord 
foreign  to  that  which  was  expected,  thus  evading  the  close 
and  deceiving  expectation.  Thus,  in  the  example,  the 
second  chord  has  A  in  the  bass  instead  of  C,  which  is  nat- 
urally expected.  Also  called  suspended  cadence.— Medial 
cadence,  a  cadence  in  ancient  church  music  in  which  the 
mediant  was  the  most  important  note. — Mixed  cadence, 
a  cadence  in  which  a  sulxluminant  is  followed  by  a  domi- 
nant, and  tliis  by  a  tonic  chord  :  so  called  from  its  being  a 
ii  mil  lination  of  the  authentic  and  plagal  cadences  of  ancient 
church  music— Plagal  cadence,  a  cadence  which  con- 


i 


e 


w 


HP 


Cadenas  of  a  Duke 


tans,  i=;th  century.    (From  ViolleMe-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  francais.") 

called  ncf  (F.  net,  a  ship,  a  nave :  see  nave]) ;  those  of  the 
Renaissance  are  generally  oblong  cases,  divided  into  com- 
partments. The  cadenas  was  placed  on  the  table,  beside 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it. 

cadence  (ka'dens),  n.  [<  ME.  <-(t<Jri,<<  (=  It. 
cadenza,  >  F.  "cadence),  <  ML.  cadenlia,  lit.  a 
falling,  <  Xj.  caden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadere,  fall: 
see  cadent.  Cadence  is  a  doublet  of  chance,  q. 
v.]  If.  A  fall;  a  decline;  a  state  of  falling  or 
sinking. 

The  sun  in  western  cadence  low.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  92. 
2.  A  full  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking, 
as  at  the  end  of  a  sentence ;  also,  the  falling 
of  the  voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones 
in  reciting. — 3.  A  regular  and  agreeable  suc- 
cession of  measured  sounds  or  movements; 
rhythmic  flow,  as  the  general  modulation  of 
the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  or  of  natural 
sounds. 

To  make  bokes,  songes,  dytees, 
Iu  ryme,  or  elles  in  cadence. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  623. 
Blustering  winds,  which  all  night  long 
Had  roused  the  sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  lull 
Sea-faring  men.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  287. 

Another  sound  mingled  its  solemn  cadence  with  the 
waking  and  sleeping  dreams  of  my  childhood. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
The  preacher's  cadence  flow'd, 
Softening  thro'  all  the  gentle  attributes 
01  bis  lost  child.  Fi  nnyson,  A>  liners  Field. 

Specifically — 4.  In  music:  (a)  A  harmonic 
formula  or  sequence  of  chords  that  expresses 
conclusion,  finality,  repose,  occurring  at  the 
end  of  a  phrase  or  period,  and  involving  a  clear 
enunciation  of  the  tonality  or  key  in  which  a 
piece  is  written.  See  phrases  below.  (6)  The 
concluding  part  of  a  melody  or  harmony,  or 
the  concluding  part  of  a  metrical  line  or  verse: 
as,  the  plaintive  cm  fence  ol  a  song.  Also  called 
tbfall.  (c)  Especially,  in  France,  a  trill  or  other 
embellishment  used  as  part  of  an  ending,  or  as 
;i  means  of  return  lo  a  principal  theme.  Com- 
pare 1-adenza. — 5.  Measure  or  beat  of  any  rhyth- 
mical movement,  such  as  dancing  or  marching. 
—  6.  In  the  mandget  an  equal  measuro  or  pro- 


Intemipted  Cadence. 


Plagal  Cadence. 


sists  of  the  chord  of  the  subdominant  followed  by  that  of 
the  tonic :  frequently  used  at  the  close  of  chants  or  hymn- 
tunes  with  tlie  word  "amen,"  and  sometimes  popularly 
called  the  amen  cadence.—  Suspended  cadence,  an  in- 
terrupted cadence. 
cadence  (ka'dens),  ??.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadenced, 
ppr.  cadencing.  [<  cadence,  >/.]  To  regulate 
by  musical  measure:  as,  vrell-cadenced  music. 

These  parting  numbers  cadene'd  by  my  grief. 

Philips,  To  Lord  Carteret. 
Certain  cadenced  sounds  casually  heard. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  231. 

cadency  (ka'den-si),  n.  [Extended  form  of 
cadence:  see  -ency.]  1.  Regularity  of  move- 
ment ;  rhythmical  accord. 

But  there  is  also  the  quick  and  poignant  brevity  of  it 
[repartee!  to  mingle  with  it;  and  this,  joined  with  the 
cadency  and  sweetness  of  the  rhyme,  leaves  nothing  in  the 
soul  of  the  hearer  to  desire. 

Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
2.  In  her.,  the  relative  status  of  younger  sons. 
Also  brisure.— Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.,  bearings 
used  to  distinguish  the  shields  of  the  second  son.  the  third 
son,  etc.  This  is  sometimes  effected  by  a  bearing  differ- 
ing only  iu  details  on  the  shields  of  the  different  sons,  as 
a  label  having  three,  four,  or  more  points,  to  mark  their 
respective  order.  It  is  also  effected  by  means  of  a  totally 
different  bearing.  Thus,  in  modem  times  it  has  been 
ordained  that  the  eldest  son  should  wear  a  label  during 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  or  until  he  inherits  tin-  pater 
nal  shield,  without  marks  of  cadency  ;  the  second  son  a 
crescent,  the  third  a  mullet,  the  fourth  a  martlet,  the  fifth 
an  annulet,  the  sixth  a  tkur-de-lys,  the  seventh  a  ruse,  tlie 
eighth  a  cross  moline,  the  ninth  a  double  quatrefoil.  I  hr 
mark  of  cadency  may  become  a  permanent  pail  of  tlie 

Shield  if  the  younger  son  acquires  estates  of  bis  om  n  ami 
builds  up  a  family  of  consequence  ;  thus  the  bordure,  which 
is  originally  a  mark  of  cadency,  has  often  become  a  perma- 
nent bearing,  and  the  shield  which  contains  it  bears  new 
marks  of  cadency  when  borne  by  the  sons  of  its  possessor. 

cadene  (ka-den'),  n.  [<  F.  cadene,  <  Pr.  cadena 
a  chain,  =  Sp.  cadena^  a  chain,  the  warp  in 
weaving,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena  and 
cham.]  A  common  kind  of  carpet  imported 
from  the  Levant.     E.  H.  Knight 

cadenette  (ka-de-nef),  u.  [F. :  so  called,  it  is 
said,  in  the  17th  century,  from  Marshal  Cade 
net,  who  particularly  affected  this  fashion.]  A 
love-lock,  or  tress  of  hair  worn  longer  than  the 
others. 


cadent 

cadent  (ka'dent),  a.  [<  L.  caden(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
cadere  (in  late  popular  L.  cadere,  >  It.  cadere  = 
Sp.  ««■'"  =  Pg-  cair  =  Pr.  cd-rcr  =  <  IF.  cheoir, 
mod.  F.  choir),  fall.  =  Skt.  V  (''"'•  la"-  Hence, 
from  L.  cadere,  ult.  E.  cadence,  chance,  easel, 
casual,  eadavt  r,  accident,  incident,  occidt  nt,  etc., 
decay,  decadence,  etc.]  1.  Palling;  sinking. 
[Rare.] 

Willi  cadaO  tears  fret  channels  in  her  cheeks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

2.  In  astrol.,  falling  from  an  angle  :  applied  to 
the  third,  sixth,  ninth,  and  twelfth  houses, 
which  follow  the  meridian  and  the  horizon. — 

3.  Specifically  applied  to  the  tenth  of  Professor 
H.  D.  Rogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  of  Pennsylvania,  which  suggest  meta- 
phorically tlic  different  natural  periods  of  the 
day.  It  corresponds  to  the  Hamilton  group  of 
the  New  York  survey. 

cadenza  (ka-den'zii),  «.  [It. :  see  cadence.]  In 
music,  a  more  or  less  elaborate  flourish  or  showy 
passage  introduced,  often  extemporaneously, 
just  before  the  end  of  au  extended  aria  or  con- 
certo, or  as  a  connective  between  an  interme- 
diate and  a  final  division,  it  is  always  intended  to 
display  the  technical  proficiency  of  the  performer,  ami  to 
amuse  wonder  ami  applause,  ami  hence,  except  in  the 
hands  of  a  master,  is  often  deficient  in  intellectual  or  ex- 
pressive character,  as  well  as  incongruous  with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  piece.  Modern  composers,  therefore,  usu- 
ally write  out  cadenzas  in  full,  instead  of  trusting,  as  was 
customary  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
to  the  taste  and  readiness  of  singers  and  players.  Also 
called  cadence. 

cade-oil  (kad'oil),  n.  [After  P.  huile  dc  cade 
(ML.  oleum  de  cada,  oil  of  juniper;  G.  kaddig- 
67):  huile,  oil  (see  oil);  de  (<  L.  de),  of;  cade 
(=  Pr.  cade  =  Sp.  coda  =  ML.  coda),  juniper, 
prob.,  like  G.  kaddig,  kaddik,  <  Bohem.  kadik, 
juniper.]  An  oil  strong  with  empyreumatic 
principles,  extracted  from  juniper-wood  by  dis- 
tillation, and  used  in  France  and  Germany,  in 
veterinary  practice  and  in  human  therapeutics, 
for  eczema  and  other  skin-affections.  Also 
called  0(7  of  cade. 

cader  (ka'der),  n.  [E.  dial.,  in  def.  2also  spelled 
cadar.~]  1.  A  small  frame  of  wood  on  which  a 
fisherman  keeps  his  line. — 2.  A  light  frame  of 
wood  put  over  a  scythe  to  preserve  and  lay 
the  corn  more  even  in  the  swathe.  Hall i well. 
[Prov.  Eng.  iu  both  senses.] 

cadesset,  »■  An  obsolete  form  of  caddoir.  Mar- 
lowe. 

cadet1  (ka-def),  ».  [In  17th  century  codec,  later 
8c.  cadee,  a  younger  son  (and  in  extended  sense 
cadir,  caddie,  etc.:  see  caddie  and  cad),  <  F. 
cadet,  a  younger  son,<  OF.  dial,  capdet,  <  ML. 
capitellum,  a  little  head,  dim.  of  L.  caput  (ea- 
pit-),  head.  The  cadet  was  the  'little  head'  of 
his  own  branch  of  the  family,  iu  distinction 
from  the  eldest  son,  the  'head'  of  the  whole 
family.  The  former  practice  of  providing  for 
the  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  by 
making  them  officers  of  the  army  gave  rise  to 
the  military  use  of  the  word.]  1.  The  younger 
or  youngest  son. 

He  [the  abbate]  was  the  cadet  of  a  patrician  family,  .  .  . 
with  a  polite  taste  for  idleness  and  intrigue,  and  for  whom 
no  secular  sinecure  could  be  found  in  the  State. 

Iloicells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

Hence  —  2.  One  of  the  younger  members,  or 
the  youngest  member,  of  any  organized  associa- 
tion or  institution. —  3.  One  who  carried  arms 
in  a  regiment  as  a  private,  but  solely  with  a 
view  to  acquiring  military  skill  preparatory  to 
a  commission.  His  service  was  voluntary,  but 
he  received  pay,  and  was  thus  distinguished 
from  a  volunteer. — 4.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  in  the  army  or 
navy,  or  in  a  military  school.  Specifically— («) 
One  who  is  under  training  for  a  commission  in  the  armj 
or  navy  by  a  course  of  instruction  and  military  discipline 
in  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  or 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  Cadets 
are  nominated  for  admission,  after  examination,  by  the 
President  or  a  member  of  Congress,  (b)  One  who  is  under- 
going a  similar  course  of  instruction  and  discipline  in  the 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  or  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  Sandhurst  in  England,  the  numerous 
cadet-schools  of  Germany,  etc.— Corps  of  cadets.  See 
corps3. 

cadet2  (ka-def ),  n.  An  East  Indian  bird,  JEtho- 
pyga  miles,  a  species  of  fire  honey-sucker,  of 
the  family  Xectariniida . 

Cadet's  fuming  liquid.    See  alkarsin. 

cadetship  (ka-det'snip),  n.  [<  cadeti  +  -ship.'] 
The  state  of  being  a  cadet;  an  appointmentas 
cadet. 

cadew,  n.     Same  as  caddis-worm. 

cade-worm  (kad'werm),  n.    Same  as  caddis- 
worm  . 
48 


753 

cadgeJt  (kaj),  v.  [<  ME.  caggen,  eaaen,  of  ob- 
scure origin.]     I.  trans.  1.  To  bind;  tie. 

Forth  tliay  [workers  in  tie-  vineyard] gotz 
Wrythen  a  won  hen  &  don  grel  pyne, 
Kei'ueii  ,v  caggen  &  man  |  maker   bit  cloe 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  rill. 
To  cadge,  a  term  iu  making  bone-lace. 

Thoresby,  Letter  to  Ray  (1703). 

2.  To  bind  the  edge  of. 

I  cadge  a  garment,  I  set  lystes  in  thelynyng  to  kepethe 
plyghtes  in  order.  Palsgrave. 

3.  To  stuff  or  fill:  as,  to  cadge  tlm  belly. 

II.  intrans.  To  stuff  one's  self  nt  another's 
expense:  sponge  or  live  upon  another. 
cadge-  (kaj),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  cadged,  ppr.  cada- 
ing.  [V..  dial.,  prob.  a  var.of  catch  in  the  sense 
of  'take'  (cf.  take  in  the  sense  of  'carry'). 
Catch  had  formerly  a  wider  range  of  meaning.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  catTy,  especially  to  carry  for 
sale;  hawk. —  2.  To  obtain  by  begging. 

II.  intrans.  1.   To  hawk  goods,  as  in  a  cart 
or  otherwise. —  2.  To  go  about  begging. 
cadge3t  (kaj),  n.     [Perhaps  a  var.  of  cage.]     A 
round  piece  of  wood  on  which  hawks  were  car 
ried  when  exposed  for  sale.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 
cadger1  (kaj'er),».   [<  cadge2  +  -er1.]  If.  Origi- 
nally, a  carrier;  a  packman. 
A  cadger  to  a  mill,  a  carrier,  or  loader. 

Ray,  i  lollection  of  Eng.  Words. 

A  cadger  is  a  butcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other 

load.  Kennett,  p.  36.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  One  who  carries  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  etc., 
to  market  from  the  country ;  an  itinerant  huck- 
ster or  hawker. — 3.  A  person  who  gets  a  living 
by  begging:  as,  "  the  gentleman  cadger,"  Dick- 
ens.    [Prov.  or  colloq.] 

cadger-t  (kaj'er),  «.  [<  cadge3  +  -er1;  but  cf. 
F.  eagier,  one  who  carried  about  falcons  and 
other  birds,  in  a  cage,  for  sale.]  The  bearer 
or  carrier  of  hawks. 

The  expected  pleasure  of  the  first  day's  hawking  was 
now  bright  in  bis  imagination  ;  the  day  was  named,  the 

weather  pr ised   well,  and  the  German  cadgers  and 

trainers  who  had  been  engaged  .  .  .  came  down. 

Miss  Edgeworth,  Helen,  xvii. 

cadgy  (kaj'i),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc;  Sc.  also 
caidgy,  caigy,  cady,  keady;  prob.  <  Pan.  load 
=  Sw.  kat,  wanton,  =  Icel.  kdtr,  merry,  cheer- 
ful.]    1.   Lively;  frolicsome. —  2.  Wanton. 

cadi1,  n.    See  kadi. 

cadi2,  n.     Plural  of  cadus. 

cadilesker,  ".     See  kadilesker. 

Cadillac  (kad-i-lak'  or -lyak'),  n.  [F.,  named 
from  Cadillac,  a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]  A 
sort  of  pear. 

cadist,  »■     See  caddis1. 

Cadiz  lace.    See  lace. 

Cadmean  (kad-me'an),  a.  [<  L.  Cadmeus,  Cad- 
no  ins,  <  Gr.  Kadficioc,  relating  to  Kuifyzoc,  L.  Cad- 
mus.] Relating  to  Cadmus,  a  legendary  hero, 
founder  of  Thebes  in  Boeotia,  who  is  said  to 
have  introduced  into  Greece,  from  Phenieia, 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, a,  ft  7,  6,  e,  i,  k,  '/.  //,  r,  o,  it,  p,  o,  t,  v, 
which  are  therefore  called  Cadmean  letters. — 
Cadmean  victory,  a  proverbial  phrase  for  a  victory  in 
which  the  victors  sutler  as  much  as  the  vanquished  :  per- 
haps from  the  myth  of  the  Boeotian  dragon  slain  by  Cad- 
mus, and  the  threatened  attack  upon  him  by  the  armed 
men  who  sprang  from  its  teeth,  which  be  averted  by  in- 
ducing them  to  kill  one  another,  excepting  live,  who  aided 
him  in  founding  Thebes;  or  from  the  contest  for  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Thebes  (the  Cadmean  city)  between  the  bro- 
thers Eteocles  and  Polyniees,  who  killed  each  other  in 
duel,  while  the  partisans  of  the  former  were  victorious, 
Imt  win  driven  from  the  city  on  the  renewal  of  the  war 
ten  years  later. 

cadmia  (kad'mi-3,),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  na&fieia,  naSpia 
(sc.  yy,  earth),  calamin,  fem.  of  Kafifieloc,  Cad- 
mean, perhaps  as  equiv.  to  "Theban":  see 
Cadmean.  Cf.  calamin,  <  ML.  cidamina,  a  cor- 
ruption of  L.  cadmia.}  A  name  used  by  old 
writers  (a)  for  the  native  silicate  and  carbo- 
nate of  zinc,  and  (b)  for  the  oxid  of  zinc  which 
collects  on  the  sides  of  furnaces  where  zinc 
happens  to  be  present  in  an  ore  and  is  sublimed. 

cadmiferOUS  (kad-mif'e-rus),  a.  Containing 
cadmium. 

cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cadmia  : 
see  cadmia.]  Atomic  weight,  112.1;  chemical 
symbol,  Cd.  A  metal  discovered  by  Stromeyer 
in  1817,  resembling  tin  in  color  and  general  ap- 
pearance, and,  like  that  metal,  having  a  "cry" 
when  bent.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  cast  metal  is 
8.62 ;  of  the  rolled,  8.(39.  Its  hardness  is  between  that  of 
g<  ild  and  tin,  and  it  is  easily  rolled  to  sheets  or  even  to  very 
thin  foil.  It  fuses  at  about  the  same  temperature  as  tin, 
467J  F.,  and  communicates  to  various  alloys  the  property 
of  fusing  at  very  low  temperatures.  (See  Woims  metal, 
under  metal.)  If  s  to  10  per  cent  of  cadmium  be  added 
to  Rose's  metal,  its  fusing-point  is  lowered  to  167°.  Cad- 
mium is  a  common  accompaniment  of  zinc  ores,  both 
blende  and  calamin,  and  it  is  iu  the  smelting  of  these 


caducibranchiate 

that  tin-  commercial  metal  is  obtained,  which  is  done  al- 
most exclusively  in  Silesia  and  Belgium.  Some  kinds  of 
blende  contain  as  much  as  :;  or  i  per  cent,  of  sulphld  of 

Cadmium.       This  metal   also  occurs  by  itself  naturally  in 

combination  with  sulphur,  forming  the  rare  mineral  -ailed 
greenockite  (which  see).  The  manufactured  Bulphuret  is 
of  importance  a  Furnishing  a  brilliant  and  permanent  yel- 
low color  called  cadmium-yellofl  (Bee  below  i.    This  is  used 

by  artists,  also  in  coloring  soap,  and  to  Bome  extent  in  cali- 
co-printing; it  is  also  used  for  giving  a  yellow  luster  to 
the  surface  of  porcelain.  The  total  produce  of  cadmium 
is  supposed  to  he  about  two  tons  a  year.  -  Cadmium 
blende,  the  mineral  greenockite. 
Cadmium-yellow  (knd'iiii-iim-yol    6),   «.     A 

pigment  prepared  by  precipitating  a  solution 
of  sulphate  of  cadmium  with  sulphureted  hy- 
drogen, forming  Bulphid  of  cadmium,  it  varies 
in  shade  from  a  light  yellow  to  a  dei  p  orange,  and  all  its 
(.-in ts  are  very  clear  and  bright  It  possesses  good  body 
and  is  permanent  to  lighi  and  air. 

cadrans  (kad'ranz),  n.  [Prop.  pi.  of  F.  cad/ran, 
a  dial,  lit.  a  quadrant:  see  quadrant.']  In  </<»<- 
cutting,  a  wooden  instrument  by  which  a  gem 
may  be  adjusted  to  and  held  at  any  desired 
angle  while  being  polished  or  cut. 

cadre  (kad'r),  n.  [F.,  a  frame,  <  L.  quadrum, 
a  square.]  A  skeleton  or  framework ;  specifi- 
cally, in  France,  the  permanently  organized 
skeleton  or  framework  of  a  regiment  or  corps, 
consisting  of  the  commissioned  and  non-com- 
missioned officers,  musicians,  artificers,  etc., 
around  whom  the  rank  and  file  may  be  assem- 
bled at  short  notice. 

To  fill  the  cadres  of  the  army  a  well-trained  and  organ- 
ized militia  stands  always  ready. 

J.  It.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  10. 

A  front  line  to  meet  immediate  attack  was  constituted 

from  the  remains  of  the  first   battalions  of  regiments, 

while  the  cadres  of  the  second  battalions  were  posted 

along  the  line  of  Magdeburg-Erfurt  to  be  re-formed  there. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  213. 

caducaryt  (ka-du'ka-ri),  a.  [<  L.  caducarius, 
relating  to  property  without  a  master,  <  ca- 
ducum  (or  caduca  bona),  property  without  a 
master,  neut.  of  cadncus,  falling,  fallen :  see 
caducous.]  In  old  law,  relating  or  subject  to 
escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation. 

caducean  (ka-du'se-an),  a.  [<  caduceus  +  -an.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  the  caduceus 
(ir  wand  of  Mercury. 

caduceus  (ka-du'se-us),  h.     [L.;  prob.  (d  for  r) 

<  Gr.  KrjpcKtiov,  Doric  Kapiixeiov,  -kwv,  a  herald's 
staff,  neut.  of  taipixeioQ,  of  a  herald, 

<  tivpv!-,  Doric  Ka/jvf,  a  herald,  < 
Knpvaaeiv,  proclaim,  announce,  tell.] 
In  classical  myth.,  the.  roil  or  wand 
borne  by  Hermes,  or  Mercury,  as  an 
ensign  of  authority,  quality,  and  of- 
fice. It  was  originally  merely  the  Greek 
herald's  staff,  a  plain  rod  entwined  with  til- 
lets  of  wool.  Later  the  fillets  were  changed 
to  serpents ;  and  in  the  conventional  repre- 
sentations familiar  at  the  present  day  the 
caduceus  is  often  winged.  The  caduceus  is 
a  symbol  of  peace  and  prosperity,  and  in 
modern  times  figures  as  a  symbol  of  eom- 
merce,  Mercury  being  the  god  of  commerce. 
The  rod  represents  power;  the  serpents  rep- 
resent wisdom  :  ami  the  two  wings,  diligence       Caduceus. 

and  activity.    In  heraldry  it  is  blazoned  as  a 
staff  having  two  serpents  annodated  about  it,  mutually 
respectant,  and  joined  at  the  tails  ;  it  is  a  rare  bearing. 
In  his  hand 
He  tooke  Caduceus,  his  snaki.  wand, 
With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  governetb 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1292. 

caduciary  (ka-du'slri-a-ri),  a.     [A  var.  of  cadn- 
cary.]    1.  Ln.  oldRomdnlaw,  relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  forfeiture  or  escheat:  as,  caduciary  laws. 
The  purpose  of  the  caduciary  law  was  to  discourage 
celibacy  and  encourage  fruitful  marriages. 

Encyc.  licit.,  XX.  710. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  not  acquired  by  succession: 
applied  to  certain  rights. 

caducibranch  (ka-du'si-brangk),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  cadncus,  caducous,  +  bronchia;  gills.]  Same 
as  cadncibranchiou . 

Caducibranchia  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-ii),  ». pi. 
Same  as  Caducibranchiata. 

Caducibranchiata  (ka-dii'si-brang-ki-a'ta).  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  caducibranchiatus":  see 
caducibranchiate.]  A  group  or  division  of  uro- 
dele  amphibians  whose  gills  are  caducous  (that 
is,  those  which  lose  the  gills  on  attaining  matu- 
rity), as  distinguished  from  Perennibranchiata, 
which  permanently  retain  their  gills.  Mamilla- 
ries are  developed,  and  both  jaws  are  dentigerous.  The 
group  is  usually  ranked  as  an  order  or  a  suborder,  and  con- 
tains all  the  salamanders.  Contrasted  with  Proteida  and 
TrachystonuUa. 

caducibranchiate  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-at),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  caducibranchiatus,  <  L.  caducus, 
caducous,  +  bronchia;  gills.]  I.  a.  Having 
caducous  branchiae  or  gills;  losing  the  gills  on 
attaining  maturity :  applied  to  amphibians  such 


caducibranchiate 

as  the  newts,  as  distinguished  from  perenni- 
branchiate  amphibians. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Caducibranchiata. 
Also  eaducibranch. 
caducicorn  (ka-du'si-k6rn),  a.    [<  L.  cadueus, 
deciduous,  +  coma  =E.  )ioni.~\    Having  deeid- 
uorns  or  antlers,  as  deer, 
caducity  (ka-dfi'si-ti),  n.      =  F.  cadudU,  < 


754 

Caecilia  (se-sil'i-a),  ».  [L.,  a  kind  of  lizard 
(called  by  Pliny "ccecus  serpens),  <  cavus,  blind. 
Cf.  CaxiUus,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens,  fem. 
Cceeilia.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cceciliidce.  C.  lumbricoidcs  of  South  America  is 
a  typical  example.  Often  spelled  Caecilia. —  2. 
[I.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  <  'ircilia  :  a  cne- 
cilian. — 3.  [NL.]  In  entom.,  same  as  Cceoilius. 


ML.  caducita(t-)s,  lapse,  forfeiture,  lit.  a  falling,  Caeciliadae  (se-si-li'a-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Cm- 

<  L.  cadueus,  falling:   see  caducous.']      1.  A    ciliida. 

tendenoyto  fall  or  decay;  hence,  the  period  of  Caeciliae(se-siri-e), «.?>?.     [NL.,pl.of  Ccscilia.] 


declining  life ;  senility;  feebleness;  weakness. 
A  heterogeneous  jumble  of  youth  and  caducity. 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  p.  390. 
In  a  miracle-play,  the  whole  life  of  a  saint,  from  the  cra- 
dle to  martyrdom,  was  displayed  in  the  same  piece  :  the 
youth,  the  middle  age,  and  the  caducity  ot  the  eminent 
personage  required  to  he  enacted  by  three  different  actors. 
/.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit  .  1.  393. 

2.  In  Louisiana  law.  lapse;  failure  to  take  ef- 
fect: as,  the  caducity  of  a  will  from  the  birth 
of  a  legitimate  child  to  the  testator  after  its 
date;  the  caducity  oi  a  legacy  from  the  death 
of  the  legatee  before  that  of  the  testator. 

caducous  (ka-du'kus),  a.  [<  L.  cadueus,  fall- 
ing, fallen,  fleeting,  <  cadere,  fall :  see  cadent.] 
Having  a  tendency  to  fallordecay.  Specifically 
(a)  In--"/.,  fallingoff;  dropping  away  or  shedding;  decid- 
uous, as  the  gills  of  most  amphibians,  themUk-teeth  of  most 
mammals,  the  antlers  of  deer,  etc.:  synonymous  with  de- 
eidvmit,  but  implying  an  earlier  or  speedier  falling  off. 
(6)  In  bot.,  dropping  off  very  early,  ami  so  distinguished 
from  deciduous,  as  the  sepals  of  the  poppy,  which  fall  at 
once  on  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

caduket  (ka-duk'),  a.     [ME.,  <  L.  cadueus:  see 

caducous.]    Caducous;  perishing;  perishable. 

The  fruit  eaduke  is  goodly  thus  to  cure. 

PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  212. 

cadus  (ka'dus),  n. ;   pi.  cadi  (-di).      [L. :    see 
cade-.']     In  classical  autiq.,  a  large  vessel  for 


A  group  constituted  by  the  family  Cceciliidce. 

caecilian  (se-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Cceciliidce. 

II.  ».  A  worm-like  amphibian  of  the  family 
Cceciliidce. 

caeciliid  (se-sil'i-id),  n.     Same  as  caciliau. 

Caeciliidae  (se-si-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca  cilia 
+  -ida>.  ]  A  family  of  serpentif  orm  amphibians 
having  no  limbs,  nor  even  pelvic  or  pectoral 
girdles.  They  are  covered  with  small  scales  embedded 
in  ring-like  folds  of  the  skin,  or  are  naked;  their  eyes  are 
generally  rudimentary  or  concealed,  their  anus  is  termi- 
nal, and  they  have  gills  in  early  stages  of  development. 
'1  lie  vertebra}  are  aniphiccelous,  and  the  notoehord  is  per- 
sistent. There  is  no  sternum  ;  the  ribs  are  short  and  very 
numerous ;  the  tongue  is  short  and  fleshy ;  and  the  teeth  are 
sharp  and  recurved.  The  family  alone  ei  institutes  an  order 
variously  named  Ophiomorpha,  Gymnophiona,  Peeudophi- 
dia,  Apoda,  etc.  It  contains  11  genera.  CcecUia  is  the  prin- 
cipal one,  occurring  in  South  America  ;  a  others  are  South 
American,  3  Asiatic,  and  5  African.  More  than  30  species 
are  known.  Some  of  the  Cceciliidce  attain  a  length  of 
several  feet;  they  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  sometimes 
take  to  the  water.  According  to  some,  they  live  on  vege- 
table matter;  according  to  others,  upon  worms  and  insert 
larval.  Often,  but  erroneously,  spelled  Cceciliidce;  also 
Cccciliadce,  Ccecilidce. 

caecilioid  (se-sil'i-oid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Resem- 
bling or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cceciliidce. 
II.  a.  A  caecilian ;  a  caeciliid. 


the  drawing  and  transportation  of  liquids,  as  CaecillUS  (se-sil'i-us),  n.     [NL.  (cf.  L.  Ccecilim, 


wine,  oil,  etc.  It  was  of  conical  form  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  wide  mouth  and  an  arched  handle,  admitting  of  its 
use  as  a  bucket.  It  was  usually  an  ordinary  utensil  made 
of  coarse  red  pottery,  but  was  sometimes  made  of  bronze, 
silver,  etc. 

cady  (kad'i),  n.     See  caddie. 

caeca,  «.     Plural  of  eiccuiii. 

caecal,  cecal  (se'kal),  «.  [<  cctewm  +  -ah]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  caecum ;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  caecum:  as,  a  ccecal  appen- 
dage.—  2.   Blind,  as  a  cul-de-sae  or  caecum; 


a  Roman  gens),  <  L.  ccecus.  blind.]  A  genus 
iif  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  division  Corro- 
diutia.  and  family  Psocidce.  The  species  are 
small  pale  yellowish-green  insects,  found  in 
gardens.     Also  Cceeilia. 

caecitis  (se-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  ccecum  +  -itis.] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  caecum;  typhli- 
tis. 

caecity  (se'si-ti),  n.  [<  L.  ccecita(t-)s, blindness, 
<  ctccus,  blind.]     See  cecity, 


ending  blindly,  like  a  caecum :  as,  the  ccecal  end  caecum,  cecum  (se'kum),  n. ;  pi.  ececa,  ceca  (-ka) 


of  a  duct. 

caecally,  cecally  (se'kal-i),  adv.  In  a  caecal 
manner;  blindly;  as  a  caecum,  diverticulum, 
or  cul-de-sac. 

In  the  former  [the  Artieulata]  .  .  .  the  intestine  ends 
ccecall;/.  II.  -1.  Nicholson. 

csecid  (se'sid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
'  acidic. 

Caecidae  (se'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Caecum  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  taenioglossate  gastropods,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Ccecum.  The  animal  has  a 
long  flat  rostrum,  short  tentacles  with  their  bases  in  front 
oi  tie  eyes,  and  a  short  narrow  foot;  the  shell  is  tubiform 
and  curved,  and  the  operculum  multispiral.  The  family 
is  remarkable  for  the  combination  of  the  sausage-like  shell 
with  the  soft  parts;  it  is  generally  placed  near  the  Tier- 
ritellidce.  The  species  are  widely  distributed  in  the  sea, 
but  are  not  often  collected,  on  account  of  their  small  size. 

Caecidotea  (se"si-do-te'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ccecus, 
blind,  +  Mo- 
te, q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  blind 
isopod  crusta- 
ceans, without 
optic  ganglion 
or  nerve,  c. 
stygia  is  a  species 
abundant  in  the 
imoth  and 
other  et 
Kentucky.  Itre- 
ie  i  depau- 
tte  specimen 
of  Aeellue,  with 
longer  ami  slen- 
body  and 
limbs,  and  is  re- 
ferred to  tli.  fam- 
ily Asellidce. 

Caecigenae  (s§- 

sij'e-iic),  ii.  pi. 
[NL..  /  1..  ca 
ciaenus,     born 
blind,  <  cuius, 
blind,    +    -ge- 
nus,    -born,   < 
gignere,  bear.] 
A    subdivision 
of  hoiiupterous      „,  thc  laimi]  mapiinedi  hall  hl! 
insects.       Also    naturalslw;  *,  inner  short  antenna,  hiehb 
I    ,    ,.,t,v,i,n  magnified;  c,  pedicellate  or,:  . 

i  "  i  ><f< 'HUl.  to  antenna. 


[L.  (so.  intestinum),  lit.  the  blind  (gut),  neut.  of 
ccecus,  also  written  cecus,  blind.]  1.  In  human 
anat.,  the  blind  pouch  or  cul-de-sac  which  is 
the  beginning  of  the  colon,  into  which  the  ileum 
opens,  and  to  which  the  vermiform  appendage 
is  attached.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  rudiment  or 
vestige  of  the  corresponding  large  formation  of  some 
animals.     See  cut  under  int.  :-/<n, . 

2.  In  co67.,  any  caecal  diverticulum  or  intesti- 
nal appendage  ending  in  a  cul-de-sac.  See  cuts 
under  Asteroidea  and  ink-bag.  In  mammals  there  is  but 
one  ea'cum,  sometimes  of  enormous  extent,  as  in  the  rumi- 
nants and  herbivorous  species  generally.  It  is  given  olf 
from  the  colon  at  the  point  where  the  small  intestine  en- 
ters it.  In  birds  there  are  usually  two  cseca;  sometimes 
one  caecum,  attaining  great  size  in  some  cases,  as  of  the 
herbivorous  geese  ;  sometimes  none.  There  being  no  ob- 
vious distinction  between  the  ileum  and  the  colon  in  birds, 
the  site  of  the  casca  or  caicnmis  taken  as  the  beginning  of 
the  colon.  In  fishes  cteca  are  often  numerous  and  large. 
A  cardiac  cecum  forms  a  prolongation  of  the  cardiac  end 
of  tile  stomach  in  the  blood-sucking  bats  of  the  genus 
Desmodus. 

3.  leap.]  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  ('acidic.  —  Cardiac  caecum.    See  cardiac. 

caelometer  (se-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  caium, 
caelum,  the  sky,  heaven,  +  mctrum,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  to  illustrate  the  elemen- 
tary principles  of  astronomy.     Also  spelled  cce- 

Inllll  ti'f. 

caenation,  ".    See  cenation. 

Caenogaea  (se-no-je'a).  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  naivor, 
recent,  -t-  jain,  land.]  In  eoogeog.,  a  great  di- 
vision of  the  earth's  land-surface  and  fresh  wa- 
ters, consisting  of  the  Nearetic,  Palearctic,  and 
Indian  realms,  thus  collectively  contrasted  with 
Eotjcea :  so  called  from  the  modern  aspect  of  the 
faunas.      Also  spelled  fcianja-a. 

Caenogaean  (se-nS-je'an),  a.  [<  Ccenogcca  + 
-an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Cwnogwa.  Also  spell- 
oil  (  i  niiiiaaii. 

Caenozoic,  Cenozoic  (se-no-zo'ik),  a.  [Also 
writ  1  in  haino-,  after  the  Greek;  <  (Ir.  imicuc, 
new,  recent,  +  C«'A  life.]  In  geol.,  containing 
recent  forms  of  life:  applied  to  the  latest  of 
I  ho  I  hive  divisions  into  which  strain  have  been 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  ago  of  the  fos- 
sils they  include.  The  Comozoie  system  embraces  the 
Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary  systems  ot  British  geologists, 

exhibiting  recent  forms  of  life,  i mtradlstlnction  t"  the 

Mentoic,  exhibiting  intermediate,  and  the  Paleozoic,  an 


Caesarism 

cietit  and  extinct,  forms.  It  corresponds  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals.  Also  written  Caiiio- 
zoic,  Kainozoic 

The  local  continental  era  which  began  with  the  old  ited 
Sandstone  and  closed  with  the  New  Ked  Marl  is  .  .  .  later 
than  the  New  Red  Marl  and  all  the  Cainozoic  or  Tertiary 
formations.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  a4;j, 

Caen  stone.    See  state. 

caer-,  car-.  [W.  caer,  wall,  fort,  castle,  city.] 
A  prefix,  signifying  fortified  wall  or  castle,  oc- 
curring in  place-names  in  Wales  and  parts  of 
western  and  northern  England:  as,  Cacrlctni, 
Cardiff,  Carnarvon,  Carlisle. 

Caereba,  «.    See  Ccereba. 

Caerebinae,  n.j>l.    See  Ccerebinee. 

caerimoniarius  (ser-i-mo-ni-a'ri-us), «.;  pi. 

ca-rimoniarii  (-1).  [XL.,  <  L.  carininuia,  cere- 
mony :  see  ceremony.]  A  master  of  ceremonies ; 
in  the  Bom.  Catlt.  ('It.,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
duty  it  is  to  be  present  at  solemn  episcopal 
functions  in  order  to  see  that  no  confusion  oc- 
curs and  that  no  errors  are  committed  in  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

caerulet,  caerulean,  etc.     See  cerule,  etc. 

caaruleus  morbus  (se-ro'le-us  mor'bus).  [NL.] 
The  blue-disease.     See  cyanosis. 

Caesalpinia  (ses-al-pia'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  after 
Andreas  Ccesalpinus  (151!)-i603),  a  celebrated 
Italian  botanist  and  physician.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Leguminosce.     The  species 

are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  hipinnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly  steins.  They 
yield  various  dyewoods  and  astringent  products  useful  in 
tanning,  as  the  brazil-wood  of  tropical  America  (from  C. 
cchinata,  etc.),  thesappan-woodof  India(from  ( '.  Sappan\ 
and  the  divi-divi  pods  and  algarovilla  of  Smith  America 
(from  C.  tinctoria  and  C.  brevi/olia).  ('.  pulcherrima  is 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges,  and  the  seeds  of  C. 
Bonducella  are  well  known  as  nicker-nuts.  The  genus  is 
now  made  to  include  several  old  genera,  as  Guilandina, 
etc. 
Caesar  (se'zar),  n.  [L.  Caesar,  later  written 
tirsar,  orig.  a  proper  name,  afterward  equiv. 
to  'emperor';  whence  Gr.  aaioai>  =  Goth.  Icai- 
sar  =  OHG.  Jceisar,  MHG.  Jceiser,  G.  kaiser  =  AS. 
edsere,  ME.  caiser,  kaiser,  keiser  =  OS.  kesar,  A-e- 
sur  =  OFries.  kaiser,  keiser,  NFries.  keser  =  D. 
keiser  =  Icel.  keisari  =  Sw.  kejsare  =  Dan.  kejser 
=  Turk,  kayser  =  OPol.  czar,  now  car  (pron.  tsar) 
=  Russ.  tsari  (>  E.  tsar,  tzar,  czar,  q.  v.),  etc., 
all  in  the  sense  of  '  emperor'  or  '  king.'  The  ori- 
gin of  L.  Cccsar  is  uncertain ;  cf .  cevsius,  bluish- 
gray  (of  the  eyes),  also  used  as  a  proper  name: 
see  ctesious.]  1.  A  title,  originally  a  surname 
of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which,  after  being 
dignified  in  the  person  of  the  dictator  C.  Julius 
Caesar,  was  assumed  by  successive  Roman  em- 
perors, and  finally  came  to  be  applied  to  the 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne,  in  the  same 
manner  as  Augustus  was  added  as  a  title  to  the 
name  of  the  reigning  emperor.  The  title  was  per- 
petuated in  the  Rawer  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  a  dig- 
nity first  assumed  by  Charlemagne. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dictator;  a  conqueror;  an  em- 
peror; an  absolute  monarch. 

And  she  shall  be  sole  victress,  Cassar's  Cceear. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  i'.  [<  Casar,  it.]  I.  iutrans.  To 
imitate  Caesar;  assume  dictatorial  or  imperial 
power.      [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  like  Caesar;  raise  to  im- 
perial power.     [Rare.] 

Crowned,  he  villifles  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  tmiinils, 
whiles  he  hath  greater  neighbours  ;  he  must  lie  Ciesared  to 
a  universal  monarch.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  491. 

Caesarean,  Caesarian  (se-za're-an,  -ri-an),  a. 
[<  L.  Ctesarianus,  relating  to  Cccsar;  but  the 
obstetric  use  is  prob.  to  bo  referred  to  L.  ccesus, 
pp.  of  cccdere,  cut.  Cf.  cesura.]  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  Caesar.  Also  spelled  Cesa- 
ruiii.  Cestui  a  it. 

Hooker,  like  many  another  strong  man,  seems  to  have 

had  a  C,isor>'>i,t  faith  in  himself  and  Ins  fortunes. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  196. 

Csesarean  section  or  operation,  in  midwifery,  the  ope- 
ration by  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the  uterus  by  an 
incision  through  the  parietes  of  the  abdomen  and  uterus, 

when  the  obstacles  to  delivery  are  SO  great  as  to  leave  in. 
alternative:  said  (doubtfully)  to  he  so  named  because  Ju- 
lius Cesar  was  brought  into  the  world  in  this  way. 

Caesarism  (se'ziir-izm),  ».  [<  Ccesar  +  -ism.] 
Government  resembling  that  of  a  Caesar  or  em- 
peror ;  despotic  sway  exercised  by  one  who  has 
been  placed  in  power  by  the  popular  will ;  im- 
perialism in  general. 

His  [Bismarck's]  power  has  become  a  sort  of  ministerial 
Cirxiirism.  Lowe,  Bismarck,  II   5M 

Their,  barter  had  .  .  .  introduced  the  true  Napoleonic 

i,i. .,  ..i  Cu'siirisi i..  the  .  nnducl  ..i  munii  [pal  affairs; 

.  .  .  the  essential  condition  to  Civsiirism  was  the  success 
of  the  Ciesar.  X-  -1-  •*"-'"■.  CXi.  17' 


Ctesarize  755 

Oasarize  (se'z&r-iz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Ccesar- 

ieed,  ppr.  Ccesarizing.     [<  Cwsar  +  -izc.]    To 

nile  as  a  Caesar;  tyrannize;  play  the  Caesar. 
Caesaropapism  (se  zfct-o-pa'pizm),  «.     [<  L. 

Cwsar,  Csesar,  emperor,   +  ML.  papa,  pope,  + 

-ism.]     The  supremacy  of  tho  secular  power 

over  ecclesiastical  matters. 
Luther  never  acknowledged  Cerxnrnpapism  or  Erastian- 

lam  as  a  principle  and  as  a  right.      Eneye.  Brit.,  .\\  -  80. 
CSSious  (se'zi-us),  a.    [<  L.  ccesius.  bluish-gray.] 

Lavender-colored;  pale-blue,  with  a  slight  mix- 
ture of  gray. 
caesium  (se'zi-uin),  n.     [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  ccesius, 

bluish-gray.]      Chemical   symbol,   Cs;   atomic  calta,  «.     ™,'' ''"■'"■ 

weight,    132.8.      A  rare  metal  discovered  by  caftan,  kaftan  (kat  tan),  n 

Buusen  and  Kirchhoff  by  spectrum  analysis  in 

the  saline  waters  of  Diirkheini  in  Germany,  and 

subsequently  in  other  mineral  waters,    it  lias 

never  been  isolated,  and  is  only  known  in  combination. 

Itisastroiig  base  belonging,  with  potassium,  sodium,  lith- 
ium, and  rubidium,  t,>  the  group  of  alkali  metals.   Caesium, 

in  connection  with  rubidium,  is  found  most  abundantly  in 

the  lepidolite  of  Hebron,  Maim-. 


Mediterranean,  derived  from  the  Arabian  mea- 
sure kafilt  (which  see).  U  a  dry  measure  it  contains 
in  Morocco  and  Tunis  15  United  States  Winchester)  bush- 
els, or  528.6  liters.  There  is  also  a  cansso  in  Tunis  of  n 
United  States  bushels,  or  496.9  liters.  In  Tripoli  it  con- 
tains sometimes  11.',  bushels  (100  liters),  sometimes  9] 
bushels  (826.7  liters).  In  Valencia  there  is  a  caflsso  oi  6 
Inishels.  As  a  liipiid  measure  it  varies  still  more.  In 
Malta  it  is  r,\  United  states  (old  wine)  gallons,  or  4$  im- 
perial gallons.  In  Messina  it  is  2.3  United  stales  gallons  . 
in  other  parts  of  Sicily,  S  gallons.  In  Palermo,  by  a  calls 
so  of  oil  is  meant  a  weight  of  10  kilograms. 

caflz,  «.     Wee  cahiz  and  Tcafiz. 

cafoyt,  »•  [Cf.  eaffa.]  A  material  used  in  tho 
eighteenth  century  for  hangings.     Fairholt. 


See  cespitose,  cespl 
Same  as  ccspitose. 


of  caesium  are  used  in  medicine. 

caespitose,  caespitosely. 
tosely. 

caespitous  (ses'pi-tus),  a. 

caestus,  ».    See  cestus*. 

Caesura,  caesural,  etc.     See  cesurti,  eesural,  etc. 

cafast,  »•     [F.  cafas  (Cotgrave).]     A  kind  of 

coarse  taffeta. 
cafe  (ka-fa'),  «.     [F.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house;  = 

E.  coffee,  q.  v.]     1.  Coffee. — 2.  A  coffee-house ; 

a  restaurant. 
I  dined  in  a  cafe  more  superb  than  anything  we  have 

an  idea  of  in  the  way  of  coffee-houses. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

Cafe  chantant  (ka-fa  shon-ton.'),  in  France,  a  public  place 
of  entertainment  where  the  guests  are  regaled  with  music, 
singing,  etc.,  and  served  with  light  refreshments.  Sui  h 
establishments  often  consist  of  open-air  in  closures  planted 
with  trees,  under  which  the  guests  sit  in  summer,  while  the 
singers,  etc.,  perform  on  a  stage.  Also  called  caft  conu  it. 
—  Cafe  nolr (ka-fa  nwor),  black  coffee;  a  strong  infusion 
of  coffee  drunk  clear,  usually  at  the  close  of  a  meal. 

cafecillo(ka-fa-sel'y6),».  [Mex.]  The  Mexican 
name  of  a  species  of  Citharexylum,  a  verbena- 
ceoustree,  t  lie  seeds  of  which  wheiiroasted  have 
the  combined  flavor  of  coffee  and  chocolate. 

cafeine  (kaf'e-in),  n.  [Formed  as  caffein.]  The 
trade-name  of  a  mixture  of  roasted  grain  and 
chicory  ground  together  and  sold  as  coffee. 
De  Colange. 

cafetal,  cafetale  (kaf'e-tal,  kaf-e-ta/le), «.  [Sp. 
(=  Pg.  cafezal),  <  caf6  =  E.  coffee.']  A  coffee- 
plantation.     [Tropical  America.] 

caff  (kaf),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  chaff1. 

caffat  (kaf 'a),  n.  A  rich  stuff,  probably  of  silk, 
in  use  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

caffeic  (ka-fe'ik  or  kaf'e-ik), a.  [<  caffea  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  coffee — Caffeic  acid,  a  vegeta- 
ble acid  (t\,,H8<>4)  existing  in  coffee.  It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low prisms,  soluble  in  hot  water.  Also  called  caffetannic 
acid  and  chlorogenw  acid. 

caffein,  caffeine  (ka-fe'in  or  kaf'e-in),  n.  [=  F. 
cafeine;  <  NL.  caffea,  coffee,  +  -itfi,  -ine2.]  An 
alkaloid,  CgHio^Oo,  crystallizing  in  slender, 
silk-like  needles  which  have  a  bitter  taste, 
found  in  coffee-beans.  Coffee  contains  from  O.ti  to 
2.2  per  cent.  It  is  a  weak  base,  and  forms  salts  with  the 
strong  mineral  aeids.  Caffein  and  certain  of  its  salts  are 
used  in  medicine,  and  the  stimulating  effects  of  tea  and 
coffee  are  largely  due  to  the  presence  of  this  alkaloid.  It 
is  similar  to  if  not  identical  with  the  thein  found  in  tea,  the 
guaranin  of  Paulinia  sorbilie,  and  the  alkaloid  of  [lex 
Parayuaiciurix.     Also  written  coffein,  cuff  nf. 

caffeinic  (kaf-e-in'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  caffein:  as,  a  caffeinic  headache. 

caffeinism  (ka-fe'in-izm),  n.  [<  caffein  +  -ism.] 
A  morbid  state  produced  by  prolonged  or  ex- 
cessive use  of  caffein.  It  is  marked  by  dyspepsia, 
palpitation  of  the  heart,  tremiilousness,  irritability,  and 
depression  of  spirits. 

caffeism  (ka-fe'izni),  it.     Same  as  caffeinism. 

caffeone  (ka-fe'ou  or  kaf  e-6n),  n.  [<  NL.  caf- 
fea, coffee,  +  -one.]  The  aromatic  principle 
of  coffee.  It  is  a  brown  oil,  heavier  than  water.  An 
almost  imponderable  quantity  gives  an  aroma  to  a  quart 
of  water. 

Caffer,  n.     See  Kafir. 

Caffer-bread,  Caffer-corn.     See  Kafir-bread, 

-earn. 

caffetannic  (kaf-e-tan'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  caffea  + 
E.  tannic]  Pertaining  to  coffee  and  resem- 
bling tannin.  —  Caffetannic  acid.  Same  as  caffeic  acid 
(which  see,  under  caffeic). 

caffila,  n.    See  kafila. 

Caffrarian,  a.  and  «.    See  Kaffrariam. 

Caffre,  n.  and  a.     See  Kafir. 

cafilah,  n.     See  hafila. 

caflsso  (ka-fis'o),  li.  [It.  cafisso  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahiz 
(ML.  caficium,  cafisa),  a  measure  (see  def.),  < 
Ar.  qaf'tz.]     A  unit  of  capacity  in  use  in  the 


[Ar.  ijtifliiii.  qaf- 
ten,  >  Turk,  qaftan.]  "A  garment  worn  by  men 
in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  other  eastern  countries, 
consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  about 
the  waist  with  a  girdle,  and  having  sleeves  long 
enough  to  extend  beyond  the  tips  of  the  fingers. 
A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn  above  it. 
ndnitnttc  cag  (kag),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  keg. 

cage  (kaj),«.  [<ME.  cage,<OT?.caige(F.  cage), 
also  caire,  cave,  =  Sp.  Pg.  gtiria  =  It.  gabbia, 
gaggia,  dial,  cabbia,  =  OH&.  chevia,  MHG.  kevje, 
G.  bin ,  Mfich,  kafig,  a  cage,  <  ML.  'curia,  L. 
caeca,  a  hollow  place,  den,  cave,  cage :  see  cave 


cain-colored 

race  inhabiting  the  French  and  Spanish  Pyre- 
nees, of  remote  but  unknown  origin.  Congeni 
tal  di  fortuity  is  common  among  them,  owing  to  their  long 
residence  in  the  deep,  sunless  valleys,  and  to  the  hard- 
ships they  have  endured.    Their chlel  physical  peculiar- 

in    i.-iodtol,,.   tl„.  absence  of  the  lowei   lobe  ol    ll ar. 

They  were  long  proscribed,  and  held  BS  lepers  and  here- 
Hi  The  French  Revolution  gave  them  their  end  rights, 
and  their  condition  has  been  much  improved. 
cahier  (ka-ia'),  n.  [P.,  earlier  caver,  quayer 
(Cotgrave),  <  OF.  quaier,  >  E.  quire",  q.  v.]  1. 
In  bookbinding,  a  number  (usually  4  or  6)  of 
double  leaves  of  a  hook,  placed  together  for  con- 
venience in  handling  and  as  a  preparation  for 

binding.    The  word  is  practically  obsolete,  exeeptamong 
law  copyists,  section  being  the  term  in  use  among  printers 
and  binders  in  America,  and  gathering  in  Great  Britain. 
2.  A  report  of  proceedings  of  any  body,  as  a 
legislature;  a  memorial. 

cahinca-root  (ka-hing'k&-r8t),  «.  The  root  of 
( Ititicticca  racemosa,  a  rub'iaccous  shrub  of  south- 
ern Florida  and  tropical  America,  and  of  some 
allied  Brazilian  species.  It  has  been  used  as  a 
diuretic.     Also  cainai-root. 

cahincic  (ka-hin'sik),  a.  [<  caliinca  (-root)  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cahinca- 
root. 

white, 
ot. 


Also  caincic  — Cahincic  acid,  C^HeiOjg,  a 

odorless,  bitter  principle  obtained  from  cahmea- 


n.,  which  is  a  doublet  of  cage.]     1.  A  box-like  cahlZ  (Sp.  pron.  ka-eth  )   n.     [Sp.,  also  cafi. 

.  n  ..■  1     •,-!-.       ,         .^ll.on     1  A  Sir. .1,1,^1,         ,     l-\-        lllfl  ill  I  !'('  ,1 


receptacle  or  iuclosure  for  confining  birds  or 
wild  beasts,  made  with  open  spaces  on  one  or 
more  sides,  or  on  all  sides,  and  often  also  at 
the  top,  by  tho  use  of  osiers,  wires,  slats,  or 
rods  or  bars  of  iron,  according  to  the  required 
strength. 

It  happens  with  it  [wedlock]  as  with  caries;  the  birds 
without  despair  to  get  in,  and  those  within  despair  to  get 
out.  Florio. 

2.  A  prison  or  place  of  confinement  for  male- 
factors ;  a  part  of  a  building  or  of  a  room  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  bars,  within  which  to  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest,  as  sick  or  wounded 
prisoners  in  a  hospital. — 3.  A  skeleton  frame- 
work of  any  kind,  (a)  In  carp.,  an  outer  work  of  tim- 
ber inclosing  another  within  it,  a&thecage  of  a  windmill  or 
of  a  staircase.  ((')  In  mach.,  a  framework  to  confine  a  ball- 
valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion,  (e)  A  wire  guard 
placed  in  front  of  an  eduction-opening  to  allow  liquids  to 
pass,  but  prevent  the  passage  of  solids.  (</)  In  milling, 
a  platform  of  wood  strongly  put  together  with  iron,  on 
which  men  are  lowered  and  raised  to  the  surface,  and  on 
which  the  ore  and  waste  rock  are  raised  in  cars,  in  which 
they  are  Conveyed  without  transfer  to  the  place  where 
they  are  to  be  emptied,  or  to  receive  further  treatment, 
(e)  Naut.,  an  iron  vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the 
top  ,,f  a  pole,  and  filled  with  combustibles.  It  is  lighted 
an  hour  before  high  water,  and  marks  an  intricate  chan 


see  cafisso'.]  A  Spanish  dry  measure,  also 
called  in  Cordova  cafiz.  (jueipo  states  its  capacity 
to  be  exactly  060  liters  (18}  United  States  or  Winchester 
bushels),  but  measures  carefully  conducted  in  .Marseilles 
in  1830  made  it  657.6  liters,  or  is;  United  States  bushels. 
This  refers  to  the  cahiz  of  Castile,  also  employed  in  Cadiz. 
The  cahiz  of  Lima  (likewise  formerly  in  use  in  Madrid) 
contains  18.9  bushels  ((ititj  liters).  Different  measures  of 
Alicante  bearing  this  name  contain  7.2  bushels  (252  liters), 
7.1  bushels(249.3liters),and6.8bushels(241.21iters).  The 
cahiz  of  Bogota  contains  7.4  bushels  (259.2  liters),  that  of 
Valencia  5.8  bushels  (203  liters),  and  that  of  Saragossa  5.1 
bushels  (180.4  liters). 

cahizada  (Sp.  pron.  kii-e-thii'da),  «.  [Sp.]  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  very  nearly  equal  to 
an  English  acre. 

cahoot  (ka-hof),  w.  [Origin  unknown ;  possi- 
bly a  perversion  of  F.  cohorte,  a  company,  gang : 
see  cohort.]  Company  or  partnership :  as,  to 
go  in  cahoot  with  a  person.  Bartlett.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.] 

caic,  ».    See  caique*-. 

cail't  (kal),  ".  [E.  dial.,  also  written  kayle  (and 
keel,  after  equiv.  F.  quille),  <  D.  kegel  =  OHO. 
rlu  nil,  Icegil,  MHG.  O.  kegel  =Sw.  kagla  =  Dan. 
ketjle,  ninepin,  skittle,  eo'ne.]  A ninepin ;  in  the 
plural,  the  game  of  ninepins. 


nel  navigable  for  the  time  during  which  it  burns. 
4.  A  cup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover  between 
which  is  a  drop  of  water  containing  animalcules 
to  be  examined  under  a  microscope. — 5.  The  cail2,  f.     See  cales 
large  wheel  of  a  whim  about  which  the  hoist-  cailcedra  (kil-sed'ra), 
ing-rope  is  wound. —  6.    A  name   sometimes 
given  to  a  chapel  inclosed  with  a  latticework 
or  grating. 
cage  (kaj),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caged,  ppr.  cag- 
ing.    [<  cage,   n.]     1.  To   confine  in  a  cage; 
shut  up  or  confine:  as,  "caged  nightingales," 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iud.,  ii.— 2.  To  make  like 


Exehewe  allewey  euille  company, 

Cai/lys,  carding  and  haserdy, 

And  alle  unthryfty  playes.      Jiel.  Ant,  II.  224. 


[Origin  unknown.] 
The  Khaija  Senegalensis,  a  tall  tree  of  Senegam- 
bia,  resembling  the  mahogany.  Its  wood  is  used 
in  joiners'  work  and  inlaying,  and  its  bark  fur- 
nishes a  bitter  tonic. 

caillette  (ka-lef;  F.  pron.  ka-yet'),  n.  [F., 
<  cailler,  curdle.]  The  abomasum,  rennet-bag, 
or  fourth  stomach  of  ruminants. 


a  cage  or  place  of  confinement :  as,  "the  caged  cailliach  (kil'yach),  n.     [Gael,  cailleaeh,  an  old 

cloister,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  1249.  woman:  cf.  caile.  a  vulear  srirl,  a  hussy.l     An 

cage-bird  (kaj'berd),  n.    A  cageling. 
Cage-guides  (kaj'gidz),  n.pl.     In  mining,  verti- 
cal pieces  of  wood,  or,  in  England,  rods  of  iron 

or  steel,  or  wire  ropes,  which  are  fixed  in  the 

shaft  and  serve  to  steady  and  guide  the  cage 

in  its  ascent  and  descent:  in  the  United  States 

usually  called  giiith-io/its,  or  simply  guides. 
cageling  (kaj'ling),H.   l<  cage  + -ling1.]  Abird 

kept  in  a  cage ;  a  cage-bird. 

And  as  the  nee  liiei  newly  flown  returns, 
The  seeming-injured,  simple-hearted  thing 
Came  to  her  obi  perch  back,  and  settled  there. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 
cage-seat  (kaj'set),  h.     In  mining,  a  framework 

at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  on  which  the  cage 

drops,  and  which  is  arranged  to  reduce  the  jar 

consequent  upon  its  coming  to  rest. 
cage-shuts  (kaj'shuts),  n.  pi.    In  coal-mming, 

drops  or  catches  on  which  the  cage  rests  dur- 


woman ;  ef .  caile,  a  vulgar  girl,  a  hussy.] 
old  woman.     [Highland  Scotch.] 

Give  something  to  the  Highland cailliachs  that  shall  cry 
the  coronach  loudest.  Scoff,  Waverley,  xlii. 

caillOU(ka-yb'),  «.;  pl.c<M«OM;r(-yoz').  [F.]  In 
/((■/'.,  a  flint. 

cailloutage  (ka-yo-tiizh'),  n.  [F.,  <  caillou,  a 
flint.]  Fine  pottery,  especially  such  as  is  made 
wholly  or  in  part  of  pipe-clay. 

caimac,  caimacam,  caimacan,  ».    See  kaima- 

kant. 

Caiman  (ka'man),  ».  [NL. :  see  cayman.]  1. 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  Alligatoridw,  con- 
taining such  species  as  V.  pdlpebro&us  or  ( '.  frt- 
gonatus;  the  caymans. —  2.  [I.e.]  A  cayman. 
tiain-and-Abel  (kan'and-a'bel),  n.  A  popular 
name  in  England  of" the  Orchis  latifolia,  the 
root  of  which  cousists  of  a  pair  of  finger-like 
tubers, 
ing  the  operation  of  running  the  ears  off  and  cainca-root  (ka-ing'kil-rot),  n.  Same  as  caliin- 
on  it,  or  while  "caging."     [Scotch.]  ca-root. 

caging  (ka'jing),  n.    [<  cage,  «.,  3  (d),  +  -ing1.]  caincic  (kii-in'sik),  a.     Same  as  cahincic. 
In  coalmining,  tho  operation  of  changing  the  cain-colored  (kan'kul"ord),  a.    "  Yellow  or  red 
tubs  on  the  cage.     (Iresleg.     [North  Stafford-     as  applied  to  hair;   which,  being  esteemed  a 


shire,  Eng.] 

cagmag  (kag'mag),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  ob- 
scure.] 1.  A  tough  old  goose. —  2.  Unwhole- 
some or  loathsome  meat;  offal. — 3.  An  infe- 
rior kind  of  sheep.     Halliwell.     [Vulgar.] 

Cagot  (ka-go'),  n.  [F.,  =  Pr.  Cagot;  ML.  Ca- 
gotus;  origin  uncertain.]     One  of  an  outcast 


deformity,  was  by  common  consent  attributed 
to  Cain  and  Judas"  (Xares):  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain meaning,  but  usually  taken  as  here  ex- 
plained, found  only  in  the  following  passage: 

No,  forsooth  ;  he  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little 
yellow  beard;  a  cain-colovred  beard. 

Shak.,  U.\V.ulW.,i.i. 


caingel 

caingel,  ».  [E.  dial.  Cf.  caingy.]  A  crabbed 
fellow.     [North.  Eng.] 

ca'ing-whale,  n.    See  caaing-whale. 

caingy,  a.  [E.  dial.;  also  cangy.]  Crabbed; 
peevish.     [  North.  Eng.] 

Cainite  (k&n'it),  n.  and  a.  [<  Cain  +  -lit".] 
I.  ii.  1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Cain,  the 
first-born  of  Adam,  according  to  tho  account 
in  Genesis. —  2.  A  member  of  a  Gnostic  seel 
of  the  second  century,  who  regarded  the  God 
of  the  Jews,  the  Demiurge  of  the  Gnostic  sys- 
tem, as  an  evil  being,  and  venerated  all  who 
in  the  Mid  Testament  record  opposed  him,  as 
Cain,  Korah.  Hat  ha  n,  Abiram,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sodom.  They  also  honored  Judas  Iscariot, 
as  the  instrument  of  bringing  about  the  crucifixion  and 
so  destroying  the  power  of  the  Demiurge, 
II.  a.  Of  the  race  of  Cain. 
The  principal  Beat  of  the  Cainite,  or  more  debased  yet 
energetic  branch  of  the  human  family,  was  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  site  of  Eden.     Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  255. 

cainito  (ki-ne'to),  ii.  The  fruit  of  the  Chryso- 
I'ln/lltim  Cainito  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  resembling  an  apple  in  shape,  and 
considered  a  delicacy.     Also  called  star-apple. 

CainOZOic  (ki-no-zd'ik),  a.     See  Camozoie. 

caique1  (ka-ek')',  n.  [=  Sp.  caiqttc  =  Vg.  cahique 
=  It.  caicco,  <  F.  caique,  <  Turk,  qayik.]     1.  A 


Caique- 
long  narrow  boat  used  on  the  Bosporus.     It  is 
pointed  at  each  end,  and  is  usually  propelled 
by  oars,  from  2  to  1G  in  number. 

The  prow  of  the  cutoiie  is  turned  across  the  stream,  the 
sail  is  set,  and  we  glide  rapidly  and  noiselessly  over  the 
Bosphorus  and  into  the  Golden  Horn. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  322. 

2.  A  Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 
Also  spelled  caic. 

caique-  (ki'ka ),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  South  Ameri- 
can parrot  of  the  genus  Caica  or  Deroptyus 
(which  see).     P.  L.  Sclater. 

cairt,  v.  [ME.  cairen,  eayren,  leairen,  Tcayren, 
go,  appar.  <  Icel.  keyra  (=  Sw.  kbra  =  Dan. 
kjore),  drive,  urge.  A  diff.  word  from  the 
equiv.  char1,  go.]     I.  intrans.  Togo. 

I  am  come  hither  a  venterous  Knight, 
And  kayred  thorrow  countrye  farr. 

/'.  rcy  Folio  MS.,  Piers  Plowman,  Notes,  p.  5. 
Calcas!  Calcas!  cair  yow  not  home, 
Ne  turne  neuer  to  Troy,  for  tone  that  may  falle. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (  E.  E.  T.  s.).  1.  4501. 
We  may  kayre  til  hys  courte,  the  kyngdome  of  hevyne. 
Wheneoure  sanies  schaUe  parte  ami  sundyre  ffra  the  body. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6. 
Better  wol  he  spryng  and  higher  caire 
Wei  rare  vf  he  be  plannted  forto  growe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

II.  trans.  To  carry. 
The  candelstik  hi  a  cost,  wat3  cayred  thider  sone. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1478. 

Qa  ira  (sa  e-rS').  [P.,  'it  [the  Revolution] 
will  go  on':  ca,  contr.  of  a  la,  that  (<  cc,  this, 
+  la.,  there);  ira,  3d  pers.  sing.  fat.  (asso- 
ciated with  allcr,  go:  see  alley1),  <  L.  ire,  go.] 
The  earliest  of  the  popular  songs  of  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789.  Its  refrain  (whence  the  name), 
"Ah  !  ca  ira,  ca  ira,  ca  Ira,"  is  said  to  have  been  suggest 
ed  by  tic  frequent  use  of  this  phrase  by  Franklin  in  Paris 
with  reference  to  the  American  Revolution.  The  original 
words  (afterward  much  changed)  were  by  Ladre,  a  street- 
;  ami  the  music  was  :i  popular  dance-tune  of  the 
time  composed  by  Becourt,  a  drummer  of  the  Grand  opera. 

caird  (kard),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  ceard,  a  tinker, 
smith,  brazier.]  A  traveling  tinker;  a  tramp; 
a  vagrant :  ■■<  gipsy.     |  Scotch.  | 

Cairene  < ki-ren'  I, 'a.  and  ,,.     |  <  .  aim,  <  Ar.  El- 
Kdhira,  the  Victorious,  +  -ene.]     I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  t  lairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt. 
II.  a.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cairo. 

■  i pleofSuezan  a  finer  and  a  fairer  raci  than  the 

Cair,,,'  y,\  i\  Burton,  El  Medinah,  p.  118. 

Cairina  (ka-ri'n&),  ».  [XI. .  (Fleming,  1822); 
supposed  io  i.o  from  Cairo  in  Egypt,  though 
(like  turkey,  similarly  misnamed  thi  bird  is  a 
native  of  America.  It  is  also  called,  by  another 
error,  muscovy.]  A  genus  of  ducks,' contain- 
ing tin'  muscovy  or  musk-duck,  Cairina  mos- 
chata.a  native  of  Central  and  South  America, 
now  found  everywhere  in  domestication. 

cairn  (karn).  ».  [Ksp.  Sc.,  <  i;:m  i.  ,,,,„  (,_,■,.,,. 
cairn)  =  Ir.  W.  Manx  Corn.  Bret,  earn,  a  pil  , 
esp.  of  stones.  Cf.  Gael,  earn,  Ir.  earnaim,  W. 
carnu,  pile  up,  heap.]    A  heap  of  stones;  espe- 


756 

cially,  one  of  a  <'hiss  of  large  heaps  of  stones 
common  in  Great  Britain,  particularly  in  Scot- 
land and  Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form, 
id,  j  arc  of  various  sizes.  Some  aic  evidently  sepulchral, 
containing  urns,  stone  chests,  bones,  etc.  Some  were 
erected  to  commemorate  a  great  event,  others  appear  to 
have  had  a  rclieious  si-nitieanee,  while  the  modern  cairn 
is  generally  set  up  as  a  landmark,  or  to  arrest  the  atten- 
tion, as  in  surveying,  or  in  leaving  a  record  of  an  explor- 
ing party  or  the  like.    Sec  barrow1. 

Cairn*  for  the  safe  deposit  of  meat  stood  in  long  lines, 
six  or  eighl  in  a  group.        Kane,  *ec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  277. 

cairned  (karnd),  a.  [<  cairn  +  -erf2.]  Having 
or  marked  by  a  cairn  or  cairns. 

In  the  noon  of  mist  and  driving  rain, 
When  the  lake  whiten'd  and  the  pine  wood  roar  d, 
And  the  cuieu'd  mountain  was  a  shadow. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cairngorm  (karn'gorni),  n.  [So  called  from 
the  Cairngorm  mountain  in  Scotland;  <  Gael. 
cam  (sec  cairn),  a  heap,  a  rock,  +  gorm,  blue, 
also  green.]  A  smoky-yellow  or  smoky-brown 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  quartz,  found  in 
great  perfection  on  the  Cairngorm  mountain 
in  Scotland  and  in  many  other  localities.  It 
is  much  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other  ornaments. 
The  color  is  probably  due  to  some  hydrocarbon  compound. 
Also  called  euirnuorin-steent'  and  smoky  quart:. 

cairn-tangle,  cam-tangle  (karn'-,  kam'tang"- 

gl),  n.  A  name  for  the  seaweed  La  miliaria  tli- 
gitata.     See  Laminaria.     [Scotch.] 

caimy  (kar'ni),  a.  [<  cairn  +  -y1.]  Abounding 
with  cairns. 

caisson  (ka'spn),  v.  [F.,  aug.  of  caisse,  a  chest, 
a  case:  see  cose2.]  1.  Milit.:  (a)  A  wooden 
chest  into  which  several  bombs  are  put,  and 
sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  exploded  in  the 
way  of  an  enemy  or  under  some  work  of  which 
lie  has  gained  possession,  (ft)  An  ammunition- 
wagon  ;  also,  an  ammunition-chest.-—  2.  In 
arch.,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  coffered  ceiling  or 
in  the  soffit  of  Roman  or  Renaissance  architec- 
ture, etc.;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.  See  cut  under 
coffer. — 3.  In  civil  cngin.:  (a)  A  vessel  in  the 
form  of  a  boat,  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks, 
(fc)  An  apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  be 
raised  and  floated;  especially,  a  kind  of  float- 
ing dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  un- 
der a  vessel's  keel,  used  for  docking  vessels 
at  their  moorings,  without  removing  stores  or 
masts.  (See  floating  dock,  under  dock.)  (c)  A 
water-tight  box  or  casing  used  in  founding  and 
building  structures  in  water  too  deep  for  a 
coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges,  quays,  etc. 
The  caisson  is  built  upon  land,  and  then  chained'  and  an- 
chored directly  over  the  bed,  which  has  been  leveled  or 
piled  to  receive  it,  'the  masonry  is  built  upon  the  bot- 
tom of  the  caisson,  which  is  of  heavy  timber.  As  the  cais- 
son sinks  with  the  weight,  its  sides  are  built  up,  so  that 
the  upper  edge  is  always  above  water.  In  some  cases 
the  masonry  is  at  first  built  hollow,  and  is  not  filled  in 
until  after  it  has  reached  its  bed,  and  its  sides  have  been 
carried  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  water.  Some- 
times the  sides  of  the  masonry  itself  form  the  sides  of 
the  caisson.  In  another  form  the  caisson,  made  of 
heavy  timbers,  is  shaped  like  an  inverted  shallow  box, 
having  sharp,  iron-bound  edges.  The  weight  of  the  ma- 
sonry forces  the  caisson  into  the  sand  ami  mud  on  the  bot- 
tom.   Air  under  pressure  is  then  forced  into  the  caisson. 


Caisson  of  the  East  River  5aspension-bridge,  New  York. 

driving  out  the  water  and  permitting  the  workmen  to 
enter  through  suitable  air-locks.  A  sealed  well  or  a  pipe 
atid  sand-pump  arc  provided,  through  which  the  material 
excavated  under  the  caisson  may  l>e  removed.  The  latter 
gradually  sinks  under  the  weight  of  the  superstructure 
and  the  removal  of  the  loose  soil  below,  until  a  firm 
foundation  is  reached,  when  the  whole  interior  of  it  is 
tilled  with  concrete.  The  caissons  beneath  the  towers  of 
the  East  River  suspension-bridge,  connecting  New  Sort 
and  Brooklyn,  are  of  this  description.  The  pneumatic 
caisson  is  an  Inverted  air-tight  box.  into  which  air  is  forced 
under  a  pressure  siillieient  to  expel  the  water,  thus  leav- 
ing a  space  in  which  men  can  work  to  loosen  the  soil  as 
tin  caisson  descends.  The  principle  of  the  pneumatic 
caisson  is  applied  to  the  sinking  of  large  iron  cylinders  to 
serve  as  piers  or  land-shafts.  Sometimes  written  eaissoon. 
caisson-disease  (k;Vson-di-/.ez  ),  n.  A  disease 
developed  in  coming  from  tin  atmosphere  of 
high  tension,  its  in   caissons,  to  air  of  ordinary 

tension.     It  is  marked  by  paralysis  and  other 

in  ts  mis  symptoms. 

eaissoon  (ka-sBn'),  ».    Same  as  caisson,  more 
especially  in  sense  3. 
Caithness  flags.    Seeflag*. 


cajote 

caitiff  (ka'tif),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  caitif,  eatif,  a 
captive,  a  miserable  wretch,  <  OF.  caitif,  also 
ehaiUf,  a  captive,  a  wretched  man,  F.  chStif. 
mean,  vile,  =  l'r.  captin,  eaitiu  =  OCat.  caitiu 
=  OSp.  captivo,  Sp.  cautivo,  a  captive,  =  Pg. 
cativo,  a  captive,  =  It.  cattivo,  <  L.  captivus. 
captive:  see  captive.']     I.  a.  If.  Captive. 

Myn  name  is  looth.  a  caitife  kynge  of  Orcanye,  and  of 
ieonoys,  to  whom  nothingc  doth  falle  but  myschef  ne  not 
hath  don  longe  tyme.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  477. 

2f.  Wretched;  miserable. 

I  am  so  caytyf  and  so  thral. 

Chaucer,  K  flight's  Tale,  1.  694. 
3.  Servile ;  base ;  ignoble;  cowardly. 
He  keuered  hym  with  his  counsayl  of  caytyf  wyrdes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  .Morris),  ii.  1605. 
With  that  he  crauld  out  of  his  nest, 
Forth  creeping  on  his  euiliee  bands  and  tides. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  35. 
A  territory 
Wherein  were  bandit  earls  ami  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  tJeraint. 
II.  n.  If.  A  captive;  a  prisoner ;  a  slave. 
Stokked  in  prisoun,  .  .  . 
Caytif  to  cruel  kynge  Agamemimun. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  382. 
Avarice  doth  tyrannize  over  her  caitiff  and  slave. 

II  "Hand. 
2.  A  mean  villain ;  a  despicable  knave ;  one 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean. 

Like  caitiff  vile  that  for  misdeed 
Rides  with  his  face  to  rump  of  steed. 

S.  Butler,  Hudihras,  I.  iii.  349. 
Striking  great  blows 
At  caitiffs  and  at  wrougers  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

caitifflyt,  adv.     Knavishly;  servilely;  basely. 

caitifteet,  "•  [ME.,  also  caitif tc,  caitivti,  <  OF. 
caitin  lit.  <  L.  cajititita(t-)s,  captivity:  see  cap- 
tivity.']   The  state  of  being  a  captive ;  captivity. 

He  that  leadeth  into  caitifftee,  schall  go  into  caitiftee. 
Wurlif,  Rev.  xiii.  10. 

caitivet,  «•  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff. 
caitivenesst,  ».      [ME.,  also  caitifnes,  <  caitif, 

caitive,  +  -ness.]   1.  Captivity;  slavery;  misery. 

—  2.  Despicable,  mean,  and  wicked  conduct. 

It  is  a  strange  caiiiveness  and  baseness  of  disposition  of 
men,  so  furiously  and  unsatiably  to  run  after  perishing  and 
uncertain  interests.      Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  77. 

Cajanus  (ka-ja'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  catjang,  name 
of  the  plant  in  Malabar.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosic,  one  species  of  which, 
C.  Indicus,  furnishes  a  sort  of  pulse  used  in 
tropical  countries.  It  is  a  shrub  from  3  to  10  feet 
high,  and  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  but  now  extensively 
cultivated  throughout  the  tropics,  in  numerous  varieties. 
The  plant  is  called  cajan,  pigeon  pea,  Angola  pea,  Conyo 
pea,  etc. 

cajeput  (ka.i'e-put),  n.  [<  Malay  kdyu,  tree,  + 
putih,  white.']  A  small  rnyrtaceous  tree  or 
shrub  of  the  Moluccas  and  neighboring  islands, 
Melaleuca  Cajuputi  or  minor,  a  variety  of  M.  Leu- 
cadendron  or  a  distinct  species,  with  lanceolate 
aromatic  leaves  and  odorless  flowers  in  spikes. 
Also  written  cajttput — oil  of  cajeput,  or  cajeput- 
Oil.au  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput,  of  a 
green  color  and  a  penetrating  odor,  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  ami  diaphoretic. 

cajole  (ka-jol'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cajoled, 
ppr.  cajoXing.  [<  F.  cajoler,  coax,  wheedle,  < 
(>F.  cageoler,  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
babble  or  prate,  <  ca<7e,  a  cage :  see  cage.]  To 
deceive  or  delude  by  flattery,  specious  promises, 
simulated  compliance  with  another's  wishes, 
and  the  like;  wheedlo;  coax. 

But  while  the  war  went  on  the  emperor  did  cajole  the 
king  with  the  highest  compliments. 

/;;..  Iluruet,  Hist,  Ref.,  an.  IV.'! 
Charles  found  it  meo-an  n,  postpone  to  a  more  con- 
venient season  all   thought    of  executing  the  treaty  of 
Dover,  atid  to  cajole  the  nation  by  pretending  to  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  Macaulay. 

Christian  children  are  torn  from  their  parents  and  < 
joled  out  of  their  faith.  Tieknur.  Span.  Lit.,  II.  231 

cajolement  (ka-jol'ment),  »•  [<  cajole  H 
-ment.]    Cajolery.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

cajoler  (ka-jo'ler),   n.     One  who  cajoles; 
wheedler. 

cajolery  (ka-jo'ler-i),  «.:  pi.  cajoleries  (-iz). 
[<  F.  cajolrrie.  <  cajoler,  cajole.]  The  act  of 
cajoling ;  coaxing  language  or  tricks ;  delusive 

w  I clling. 

Even  if  tin'  Lord  Mayor  and  Speaker  mean  to  insinuate 
that  this  influence  is  to  he  obtained  and  held  by  flatter- 
ing their  people,  .  .  .  such  cajoleries  would  perhaps  be 
more  prudently  practised  than  professed. 

Burke,  To  It.  Ivtirkc. 

cajon  (Sp.  pron.  ka-hon'),  «■  [Sp.,  prop,  a  large 
chest,  am;,  of  c,//if.  chest.  Cf.  caisson, cassoon.] 
A  Chilian  weight,  equal  to  0,500  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. 

cajote  (ka-ho'ta),  n.     Same  as  coyote. 


cajuput 

cajuput  (kaj'u-put).  ii.     See  rajeput. 

cajuputene  (kaj-u-pu-ten'),  n.  The  chief  con- 
stituent of  ca.jeput-oil.  obtained  1  > v  eohobation. 
It  is  a  liquid  of  :m  agreeable  odor,  permanent  in  the  air 
and  insoluble  in  alcohol.     Also  written  cajputene. 

cake1  (kak),  n.  [<  ME.  cake,  <  feel.  kaka  = 
Sw.  kaka  =  Dan.  kage,  a  cake,  akin  In  1).  In,/,, 
a  cako,  gingerbread,  dumpling,  dim.  koekje  (> 
E.  cooky,  q.  v.),  =  LC.  koke  =  OHG.  chuocho, 
MHG.  kuoche,  Or.  kitchen,  a  rake  a  tart.  The 
word  has  no  connection  with  L.  coquere,  E. 
cooA'1.]  1.  A  flat  or  comparatively  thin  mass 
of  baked  dough  ;  a  thin  loaf  of  bread. 

They  baked  unleavened  cakes  of  the  dough  which  they 
brought  "lit  of  Egypt.  Ex.  \n   39 

Specifically — 2.  A  light  composition  of  flour, 
sugar,  butter,  and  generally  other  ingredients, 
as  eggs,  flavoring  substances,  fruit,  etc.,  baked 
in  any  form;  distinctively,  a  flat  or  thin  por- 
tion of  dough  so  prepared  and  separately  baked. 
A  cake  that  seemed  mosaic-work  in  spices. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  '['he  Lunch. 

3.  In  Scotland,  specifically,  an  oatmeal  cake, 
rolled  thin  and  baked  hard  on  a  griddle. 

Sear,  land  o'  Cakes,  ami  brither  Scots. 

Burns,  Captain  Grose. 

4.  A  small  portion  of  batter  fried  on  a  griddle ; 
a  pancake  or  griddle-cake:  as,  buckwheat  eal.es. 
—  5.  Oil-cake  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  as  a 
fertilizer. 

How  much  cake  or  guano  this  labour  would  purchase  we 
cannot  even  guess  at.        Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  -a;:. 

6.  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  distinc- 
tive form  of  a  cake;  a  mass  of  solid  matter  rel- 
atively thin  aud  extended :  as,  a  cuke  of  soap. 
Cakes  of  rustling  ice  came  rolling  down  the  Hood. 

Dryden. 
This  substance  [tufaceous  gypsum]  is  found  in  cakes, 
often  a  foot  long  by  an  inch  in  depth,  curled  by  the  sun's 
rays  and  overlying  clay  into  which  wain-  had  sunk. 

Ii.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  354. 
One's  cake  is  dough,  one's  plan  has  failed;  one  has  had 
a  failure  or  miscarriage. 

My  cake  U  dough :  But  I'll  in  among  the  rest ; 
Out  of  hope  of  all  —  but  my  share  of  the  feast. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  1. 
Steward  !  your  cake  is  dough  as  well  as  mine. 

h.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  v.  4. 
To  find  the  bean  In  the  cake.  See  beanl. 
cake1  (kak),  <• . ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.  caking. 
[<  cake1,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  form  into  a  cake  or 
compaet  mass.— Caking  gunpowder,  the  operation 
of  pressing  the  ingredients  of  powder,  after  they  have  been 
thoroughly  incorporated  and  moistened.  It  is  effected 
either  by  the  hydraulic  press  or  by  rollers. 

II.  intrans.  To  concrete  or  become  formed 
into  a  hard  mass. 

Clotted  blood  that  caked  within.  Addison. 

cake2  (kak),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr. 
caking.  [E.  dial. :  see  cackle.']  To  cackle,  as 
geese.  [North.  Eng.] 
cake-alum  (kak'al"um),  n.  Sulphate  of  alu- 
mina containing  uo  alkaline  sulphate.  Also 
called  /intent  alum. 

cake-bread  (kak'bred),  n.  [<  ME.  cakebreed, 
<  cake  +  breed,  bread.]  Fine  white  bread ; 
manchet. 

Then  to  retorne  to  the  new  Maires  hous,  there  to  take 
cakebrede  and  wyne.       English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  418. 

His  foolish  schoolmasters  have  done  nothing  but  run 
up  and  down  the  country  with  him  to  beg  puddings  and 
cake-bread  of  his  tenants. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

cake-copper  (kak'kop"er),  n.  One  of  the  forms 
in  which  copper  is  sent  to  market  by  the 
smelters.  A  rake  is  about  19  inches  long,  12!  wide,  and 
ll{  thick,  and  weighs  about  1}  hundredweight. 

Cake-lake  (kiik'lak),  n.  A  crimson  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Also  called 
lac-dye  and  lac-lake. 

cake-steamer  (kak'ste"mer),  n.  A  confection- 
ers'  apparatus  iu  which   the  dough  of  some 

kinds  of  cake  is  exposed  

to  the  action  of  steam 
just  before  baking,  to 
give  the  cake  a  rich  and 
attractive  color  and  sur- 
face. 

cake-urchin  (kak'er  - 
chin),  n.  A  flat  sea-ur- 
chin; a  sand-dollar;  a 
clypeastrid,  as  one  of 
the  genus  lichinaraeli- 
nins  or  Mellita.  M>  llita 
quinquefora  and  Eeiiina- 
raehnius  parma  are  common  United  States  cake- 
urchins. 

cal  (kal),  n.  [Corn.]  A  Cornish  miners'  name 
for  the  mineral  wolfram  or  wolframite.  It  is  a 
compound  of  tungstic  acid  witli  iron  and  varying  uuanti- 


757 


the  minerals  commonly 


I 


'-'■/ 


Cake-urchin  ( /■'.  kinarackttii 
parma). 


tics  of  manganese.    It  is  one 
associated  wiih  tin  ore. 

Cal.    An  abbreviation  of  California. 

calaba  (kal'a-bji),  n.  [A  native  name.]  See 
Calophyllum. 

calabart,  ».    Same  as  calaber. 

Calabar  bean.    Bee  bearii. 

calabarin,  calabarine  (kal-a-bar'in),  ".  [< 
Calabar  (bean)  +  -in-,  -i»e2;"NL.  calabarina.] 
An  alkaloid  obtained  from  tin- 1 'alalia r  bean  by 
llariinck  and  Witknwski  in  1X70.  It  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  ether,  and  differs  ill  physiological 

character  from  physostigmin. 

calabar-skin  (kal'a-bar-skin),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce  to  the  skin  of  the  Siberian 
squirrel,  used  for  making  muffs,  li]ipcls,  etc. 

calabash  (kal'a-bask),  n.  [Prob.,  through  1'. 
calebasse,  <  Pg.  calabaca,  also  cabaga,  =  Sp.  c«- 
labaza  =  Cat.  eardbassa,  a  gourd,  a  calabash,  < 
At.  qar',  a  gourd,  +  ydbis,  aybas,  dry.  ( '(.  cara- 
jinci:  earn  liar,  of  same  origin.]  1.  A  fruit  of 
the  tree  CrescenUa  Cujete  hollowed  out,  dried, 
and  used  as  a  vessel  to  contain  liquids.  These 
shells  arc  so  close-grained  and  lend  ihat  when  containing 
liquid  they  may  lie  used  several  times  as  kettles  upon 
the  fire  without 
injury. 

2.  A  gourd 
of  any  kind 
used  in  the 
same  way. 
Suchvessi  Isan 
often  decorat 
ed  with  con- 
ventional pat- 
terns and  fig- 
ures made  in 
very  slight  re- 
lief   by    Scrap-  Calabashes. 

in-    away    the 

surface  surrounding  them,  and  are  sometimes  stained  in 

variegated  colors, 

she  had  an  ornamented  calabash  to  hold  her  castor-oil, 
from  which  she  made  a  fresh  toilette  every  time  she  swam 
across  the  Nile.    Ii.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  139. 

3.  A  popular  name  of  the  gourd-plant,  Lagc- 
naria  vulgaris. — 4.  A  name  given  to  the  red 
cap  or  tarboosh  of  Tunis.  See  tarboosh  and  fez. 
—  Sweet  calabash,  the  name  in  the  West  Indies  of  the 
edible  fruit  of  Posstflora  mal(formis, 

calabash-tree  (kal'a-bash-tre),  ■».  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  Creseentia  Cnji  te,  a  bignouiaceous 
tree  of  tropical  America,  on  account  of  its 
large  gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 
basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  etc.  The  black 
calabash-tree  of  the  West  Indies  is  Creseentia 
eiteiirhitiiia. — 2.  A  name  given  to  the  baobab 
of  Africa.  Adansonia  digitata.     See  baobab. 

calabazilla  (kal'a-ba-sel'ya),  n.  [Mex.  Sp. 
(=  Sp.  caldbacUta,  a  piece  of  wood  in  the 
shape  of  a  gourd,  a  gourd-shaped  ear-ring),  dim. 
of  calabaza,  a  gourd:  see  calabash.]  In  south- 
ern California,  the  Cucurbita  perennis,  a  native 
species  of  squash,  with  an  exceedingly  large 
root.  The  pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap,  and  the  macerated  root  as 
a  medicinal  remedy. 

calabert,  ».  [<  ME.  calabre,  also  calabere,  cal- 
abrere,  <  L.  Calabria,  Calabria.]  The  fur  of  a 
small  animal  of  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel, 
bred  for  the  most  part  in  High  Germany.  E. 
Phillips.  [The  fur,  which  was  of  a  gray  color, 
was  exported  from  Calabria ;  hence  the  name.] 
His  eloke  of  calabre.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  ix.  293. 

t  !i  i^tly  grey  amices  of  calaber.  Bp.  Hair. 

calaboose  (kal-a-b6V),  n.  [<  Sp.  calabo:o  =  Pg. 
calabouco,  a  dungeon,  prob.  <  Ar.  qal'a,  a  cas- 
tle, +  bus,  hidden.]  A  prison;  especially,  a 
common  jail  or  lockup.  [Western  and  south- 
western U.  S.] 

calabrasella  (kaFa-bra-sel'a),  n.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  game  of  cards  for  three  persons, 
played  with  a  pack  of  40  cards,  the  10-,  9-,  and 
8-Spots  being  discarded.  One  person,  to  whom  cer- 
tain advantages  arc  given,  plays  alone  against  the  other 
two,  and  wins  or  loses  according  as  lie  makes  more  or 
fewer  points  than  they. 

calabre1!,  »•    See  calaber. 

calabre-t,  «■  [E-.  <  Ml.,-  calabra.]  Amilitary 
engine  used  during  the  middle  ages;  a  variety 
of  the  pierrier. 

calabreret,  »•    See  ealabt  r. 

Calabrian  (ka-la'bri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Cala- 
bria,  Calabria,  <  Calaber,  a  Calabrian,  one  of  the 
Calabri  from  whom  ancient  Calabria  took  its 
name.]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of 
ancient  or  modern  Calabria.  The  tormer(called  by 
the  Greeks  Messapia  or  Japygia)  was  the  southeastern 
projection  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy;  the  latter  is  the 
southwestern  one  (anciently  Bruttium). 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Calabria. 


calamary 
calabur-tree  (kal'a-ber-tre),  n.  The  Muntingia 

Calabura,  a  liliaceous  tree  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making  cordage. 

calabusst,  »•  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  a 
nir.  of   eaiuliaee  for  calabash,  a  gourd,  the  last 

syllable  being  perhaps  assimilated   to  that    of 

harquebuse  and  blunderbuss.']    Alight  musket 

having  a  wheel-lock,  first  used  about  1578.   K.  1). 

calade  (ka-lacL'  or -lad'),  n.  [E.,  <  It.  calata,  a  de- 
scent, \calare,  fall,  =  P.  enter,  lower,  =  Sp.ci//</r, 

penetrate,  pierce,  let  down,  =  I'g.  ealar.  pene- 
trate, lower,  conceal,  <  ML.  ealarr,  let  down, 
descend,  <  L.  elinlure.  Let  down,  slacken,  <  Gr. 
Xakav,  let  down,  slacken.]  A  slope  in  a  manege- 
ground,  down  which  a  horse  is  ridden  at  speed 
in  training  him,  to  ply  his  haunches. 

Caladium  (ka-la'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  kale,  a  na- 
tive name  for  the  edible  rhizome.]  A  genus 
of  tuberous-rooted  acaulescent  plants,  natural 
order  Anient-,  with  large  hastate  or  sagittate 
leaves,  which  are  often  variegated  in  color. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  America,  About  a  dozen 
species  are  known,  though,  owing  to  their  great  variabil- 
ity, a  very  much  larger  number  have  been  described.  They 
are  favorite  foliage-jdants,  and  many  forms  are  found  in 
cultivation, 

caladriet,  "•    [ME.  (=  Sp.  caladre,  var.  of  ca- 

landriu,  it  lark):   see  calandra,  calender2.]     A 
bird,  probably  a  kind  of  lark. 
A  cormoraunt  and  a  caladrie.         Wyclif,  Deut.  xiv.  18. 

Calaenas,  «.    See  Cahenas. 

calaite  (kal'a-ft),  n.  [<  L.  callais  (<  Gr.  nal- 
Xaic  or  im'/uic,  a  sea-green  precious  stone)  + 
-He-.]     A  name  given  to  the  turquoise. 

Calamagrostis  ( kal  a-ma-gros'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Cr.  mAa/iog,  a  reed  (see  calamus),  +  ayguoric,  a 
kind  of  grass :  see  Agrostis.]  A  small  genus  of 
coarse  grasses,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
the  reed  bent-grasses.  The  American  species 
that  have  been  referred  to  it  are  now  placed  in 
Deyeuxia. 

calamanco  (kal-a-mang'ko),  «.  [=  D.  kala- 
niink  =  G.  kalinank,  lidniang,  <  Sp.  calamaco  = 
F.  cah  inanile,  ealmande,  <  ML.  calamaiicits,  ca- 
lamacus,  calamaucus,  transpositions  of  came- 
luucum,  <  Gr.  Ka/ieAaviuov,  a  head-covering:  see 
camelancium.]  A  glossy  woolen  satin-twilled 
stuff,  checkered  or  brocaded  in  the  warp,  so 
that  the  pattern  showed  on  one  side  only. 
Also  spelled  caUimanco,  caliinaneo. 

A  morning  gown,  though,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  not  a  cala- 
manco  one,  with  great  flowers.   Longfellow,  Hyperion,  i.  7. 

calamander-WOOd  (kal-a-man'der-wud),  n. 
[Supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coromandel 
wood.]  A  beautiful  kind  of  wood,  the  product 
chiefly  of  Diospyros  quaisita,  natural  order  Ebe- 
nacew,  a  large  tree  of  Ceylon,    it  is  very  suitable 

wood  for  ornamental  cabinet-work,  -showing  alternate 
bands  of  brown  and  black,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  high 
polish. 

calamar  (kal'a-mSx),  n.    Same  as  calamary. 

Calamaria  (kal-a-ma'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  cala- 
mary.] 1.  The  typical  genus  of  serpents  of  the 
family  (aluiiiuritda;  having  the  labial  plates 
reduced  to  four  or  five,  and  containing  species 
peculiar  to  the  East  Indies.  ('.  albirenter  is  an 
example. — 2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 
Moore,  1878. 

calamarian  (kal-a-ma'ri-an),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
genus  Calamaria  or  family  Calamariida: 

Calamariidae  (kal-a-ma-ri'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL., 
<  Calamaria  +  -Ida:]  A  family  of  aglypho- 
dont  or  colubrine  serpents,  the  dwarf  snakes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Calamaria,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  inoffensive  species 
in  which  the  head  is  not  marked  off  from  the 
body  by  a  constriction  or  neck.  They  are  found  in 
most  parts  of  the  world,  living  under  stones  and  logs,  and 
preying  ujiou  worms  and  grubs.  They  are  now  generally 
associated  in  the  same  family  with  the  CUubridce. 

calamarioid  (kal-a-ma'ri-oid),  <(.  [<  Calamaria 
+  -aid.]  Resembling  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  ( 'alamariidce. 

calamarious  (kal-a-ma'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
marins  taken  in  a  lit.  sense,  pertaining  to  a 
reed,  <  calamus,  a  reed.  Cf.  calamary.]  Keed- 
like:  applied  to  grasses  with  short  rigid  culms. 

calamaroid  (kal  a-ma-roid),  a.  A  less  correct 
form  of  ealamaiiiiid. 

Eight  out  of  ten  Calamaroid  genera  are  peculiar  to  this 
fauna.  Gunther,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  468. 

calamary  (kal'a-ma-ri).H. ;  pi.  calamaties (-riz). 
[Formerly  also'  eatamarie  and  calamar;  =  F. 

ealmar,  ealcmar,  calamar  =  Sp.  calamar.  also 
calamareto,  inkfish,  calamary,  =  Pg.  calamar, 
inkfish,  =  It.  calamajn,  inkfish,  calamary,  ink- 
stand, =  G.  kalmar,  inkstand.  =  NGr.  na/a/iapi, 
inkstand,  «j> 07/071/  Oa/dnmov,  inkfish,  <  NL.  cala- 
marius,  a  particular  use  (pen-case,  inkstand, 


Calamary,  Ola- 
dius,  or  Pen  of 
.!    Si|mil1    {LoligO 

vulgaris). 


[<  L.  cala- 
Producing 

[<F.  cata- 


calamary 

inkflsh)  of  L.  calamarius,  pertaining  to  a  pen 
(.calamus,  a  reed,  a  pen:  sir  calamus.]  1.  A  cut- 
tlefish; a  decaoerous  or  deoapodous 
tialopod  of  the  order  Dibranchi- 

pi  D-shaped  internal 

skeleton  or  cuttle-bone,  as  in  the 

genus  Loliao  and  related   forms. 

i:  jhy,  tapering, 

and  Banked  behind  by  two  triangular  fins, 

tains  a  pen  shaped  glacuus  or  In- 

ternal  uornj   flexible  shell.     Thi 

two  sacs  called  ink  bags,  from  which  they 

hen  alarmed  or  pursued,  a 

fluid   which  conceals  them    from 

are  found  in  mosl  seas, 

and  furnish  i 1  to  dolphins,  »  hales,  etc. 

Als..  called  liquid,  sea-sleeve,  preke,  cuttle- 
fyh,  inkfish,  and  pi 

8.  The  internal  skeleton,  outtle- 
bone,  gladius,  or  pen  of  a  cala- 
mary. 
Also  called  ealambar. 

calambac  (kal'am-bak),  «.  [=F. 
calambac,  <  Sp.  calambac  =  Pg. 
caiamba,  <  Pers.  lealambdk,  a  Era- 

ii I.  i'i. calambour.]  Same 

hum, 

ealambar,  ».    Same  as  calamary. 

calambour  (kal'am-b8r),  n.     [< 
F.  calambour,  catamboure,  -bourg, 
etc.,  appar.  perverted  forms,  ear- 
lier viihiDiliiiijiu;  <  Sp.  ealambuco  = 
Pg.  ealambuco,  also  (after  F.  ca- 
i /;■)   calamburo;   prob.  from 
same  source  as  calambac,  and  part- 
ly identified  with  it.]    A  species  of  agallochum 
or  eaglewood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color  and 
light,  friable  texture,  but  not  very  fragrant.    It 
is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 

ealambuco  (kal-am-bu'ko),  n.  Same  as  calam- 
bour. 

calami,  n.    Plural  of  calamus. 

calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'e-rus),  a. 
mus,  a  reed,  +  ferre  =  L.  bear1.] 
reeds  or  reedy  plants:  reedy. 

calamin,  calamine  (kal'a-min),  «. 

=  sp.  calamine  =  MIIU.  kalemine,  G.  Iral- 
.  now  galmei,  <  ML.  calamin  a,  a  corruption 
i  if  I ..  nullum  :  see  cadmia.~\  The  native  hydrous 
silicate  of  zine,  an  important  ore  of  that  metal. 
I:  oca  hi  ■  in  crystals  which  arc  often  hemimorphic  (hence 
the  synonym  In  mimorphite),  in  crystalline  groups  with  bo- 
tal  surface,  and  also  massive;  the  color  varies  from 
white  t..  pale  green,  blue,  or  yellow.   It  is  often  associated 

with  zinc  i';i nati  .  sometimes  with  smithsonite  (also 

called  calamin),  in  calcareous  rocks.  It  is  used  as  a  inf- 
luent in  ceramic  painting,  producing  a  brilliant  green  col- 
oi  in  glazed  pottery. 

calamint  (kal'a-mint),  n.  [<  ME.  ealamunt  = 
F.  calament=  Sp.  calamento  =  Pg.  calamintha  = 
It.  calamento,  <  ML.  calamintha  (calaminthum, 
-mi  nta,  -mt  ntum,  etc.,  calomenta,  etc.),  <  L.  cala- 
minthe,  <  Gr.  KaKa/iivdij,  also  KahauivOoe,  a  kind 
of  mint,  <  M/'t-.  perhaps  for  na'/o-  for  ko-Uc, 
beautiful,  +  uivda,  mint.]  A  book-name  for 
plants  of  the  genus  Calamintha. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-min'tha),  n.  [ML.  ML.,  < 
1..  calaminthe:  see  calamint.]  A  genus  of  la- 
biate strongly  fragrant    herbs  or  unilorshi  ubs, 

of  the  northern   temperate  zone.    The  common 
European  species  are  used  in  making  herb-teas.    There 
it  -.  including  the  common  calamint  (C. 
thew 1  calamint  (C  sylvatica),  the  lesser  cala- 
mint (C   Nepeta)  the  field-  or  stone-hasil  or  horse-thyme 
I  thyme  (C  Acinos). 

calamistt  i  kal'a-mist), n.    [<L.  calamus,  a  r I, 

+  -ist.  |  A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or 
pipe.     Blount. 

calamistra,  »■     Plural  of  calamistrum. 

calamistral  (kal-a-mis'tral  I,  a.  [<  calamistrum 
+  -ill.  ]  Pertaining  to  of  having  the  functions 
of  calami 

calamistratet  (kal-a-mis'trat  I,  v.  i.  [<  L.  cala- 
mi tratu  ,  pp.  of  calamistrare,  curl,  as  the  hair, 
<  ealamister,  also  calamistrum,  an  iron  tubefor 
curling  thi  itamistrum.]     To  curl  or 

frizzle,  as  die  hair.     Cotgrave;   Burton. 

calamistrationt  <  kal  a-mis-tra'shon),  n.  [< 
ealamistraU .  |      The  acl  of  i  a  i    hair. 

[Ei 

Cai>  .    .   will  make  the 

.ii 

But  t.  ol  lie]  .  i>.  470. 

calamistrum  fkni-M-inis't nun), //. ;  pi.  calamis- 
tra i -tin).  [XI...  b  ise  of  L.  ( alami 
trum.  an  iron  tube  for  curling  e  cat 
■  'I :  see  calamus."]  One 
of  the  curved  movable  spin.--  forming  a  double 
row  on  the  upp  i  of  t  he  sixt  h  or  pi  nul- 
timate  joint  of  the  posterior  legs  of  certain 

bind  the 

uni  -  "i  silk  issuing  fi tie  spinm  1 1 

Web  peculiar  to  the  speci'      | 


758 

The  function  of  the  calamistrum  has  been  proved  bj 
Mr.  Blackwall  to  be  the  carding,  or  teasing  and  curling, 
of  a  peculiar  kind  of  silk,  secreted  and  emitted  from  the 
fourth  pair  of  spinners.  Encyc.  Brit,  11   292 

calamite  (kal'a-mit),  u.  [<  NL.  Catamites,  a. 
v.]  1.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Catamites. —  2.  A 
variety  of  tremolite  occurring  in  imperfect  or 
rounded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed. 

Calamites  (kal-a-mi'tez),  «•  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na/\a- 
pin/e,  rood-like,  <C  m/\a/Joc,  L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  of  which  the  structure 
i-  complicated  and  obscure,  but  which  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  lie  allied  to  the  recent  Eqni- 
actae'ea-  or  horsetails,  the  calamites.  Whether 
Calamites  should  be  considered  a^  being  a  peculiar  form 
of  Equisetaceos,  or  as  constituting  a  distinct  hut  allied 
order,  has  not  yet  been  fully  established.  The  calamites 
are  considered  to  have  been  cryptogamic  plants,  but  their 
relations  to  living  cryptogams  arc  peculiar,  ami  especially 
exceptional  in  their  complex  structure  and  the  exogenous 
growth  of  the  woody  cylinder.  The  foliage  of  tin-  cala- 
mites was  verticillate ;  and  it  is  thought  by  seme  that 
Asteroplulllitcs.  Auuultin'u,  and  even  Sj>lfii<ii'h<illuiti, 
with  their  whorled  leaves,  represent  the  leaf-bearing 
branches  of  calamites,  although  this  has  not  been  actually 
proved  by  discovery  of  the  leaves  attached  to  the  stems. 
The  calamites  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  charac- 
teristic fossil  plants  of  tin-  coal-measures. 

calamitous  (ka-lam'i-tus),  a.    [<  F.  calami  it  ux, 
<  L.  calamitosus,  <  catamita(t-)s,  calamity:  see 
calamity.}     If.  Miserable;  involved  in  calam- 
ity or  deep  distress;  wretched. 
Ten  thousands  of  calamitous  persons. 

South,  Works,  VII.  xi. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  marked  by  calamity  or 
great  misfortune ;  bringing  or  resulting  from 
calamity;  making  wretehed;  distressing  or  dis- 
tressful: as,  a  calamitous  event;  "that  catami- 
tous  prison,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1. 1480;  "this  sad  and 
calamitous  condition,"  South. 

But,  even  admitting  the  calamitous  necessity  of  War,  it 
can  never  be  with  pleasure  —  it  cannot  be  without  sadness 
unspeakable  —  that  the  Christian  soul  surveys  its  fiendish 
encounters.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  173. 

=  Syn.  2.  Afflictive,  disastrous,  distressing,  grievous,  de- 
plorable, baleful,  ruinous. 

calamitously  (ka-lani'i-tus-li),  adc.  In  a  ca- 
lamitous manner ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  great 
distress. 

calamitousness  (ka-lam'i-tus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery ;  deep 
distress;   wretchedness;  misery. 

calamity  (ka-lam'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  calamities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  calamite  =  Pr.  calamitat  =  Sp.  calamidad 
=  It.  calamita,  <  L.  calamita(t-)s,  loss,  injury, 
damage,  misfortune,  disaster,  ruin,  prob.  con- 
nected with  in-columis,  unharmed;  root  uncer- 
tain.] Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  mis- 
ery; in  general,  any  event  or  disaster  which 
produces  extensive  evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earth- 
quakes, etc.,  but  also  applied  to  any  misfortune 
which  brings  great  distress  upon  a  single  per- 
son; misfortune;  distress;  adversity. 
Affliction  is  enamour'd  of  thy  parts, 
And  thou  art  wedded  t<>  rnliiniiti/. 

Shah.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone. 

Beau,  and  FI.,  Triumph  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
The  deliberations  of  calamity  are  rarely  wise.       Burke. 
'T  is  sorrow  builds  the  shining  ladder  up, 
Whose  golden  rounds  are  our  calamities. 

Lowell,  beath  of  a  Friend  s  Child. 
=Syn.  Disaster,  Catastrophe,  etc.  (see  misfortuTie), hard- 
ship, adversity,  affliction,  blow,  stroke, 
Calamodendron (kal"a-mo-den'dron), n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Ka'/.aunc,  a  reed,  +  6h6pov,  a  tree.]  A 
fossil  plant  belonging  to  the  coal-measures,  and 
formerly  held  to  be  a  gymnospermous  exogen, 
but  now  believed  to  be  a  calamite  retaining  its 
structure  and  especially  its  exogenous  vascular 
zone.     See  Catamites. 

Calamodyta(kal"a-mo-di'ta),  «.  [NL.  (Meyer, 
1815),  <  Gr.  ha'/ai'moihir,  a  bird,  perhaps  the 
reed-warbler,  <  naHa/wc,  a  reed,  +  dvTTjc,  diver, 

<  Sieiv,  get  into,  enter,  dive.]    A  genus  of  birds. 


calandra 

Calamoherpe  (kal  a  mo-her'pe),  ».  [NL. 
(Boie,  1822),  irreg.  <  Gr.  tt&Tiafioc,  reed,  +  epiretv, 
creep.]    Same  as  Catamodyta. 

Calamospiza  (kal  a-mo-spi'za),  n.  [NL.  (C.  L. 
Bonaparte,  1838),  <  Gr.  K&Xauo'c,  :i  reed,  -I-  oirifa, 
a  bird  of  the  finch  kind,  perhaps  the  chaffinch, 
<  cnriretv,  chirp,  pipe,  peep.]  A  genus  of  frin- 
gilline  passerine  birds  of  North  America,  con- 
taining the  lark-bunting  of  the  western  States 
and  Territories,  Calamospiza  bicolor,  the  male 


Lark-bunting  {CutaimispiJ: 


of  which  is  black,  with  a  white  patch  on  the 
wing,  and  resembles  the  bobolink  m  some 
other  respects,    it  is  about  7  inches  long,  nests  on  the 

ground,  and  has  the  habit  during  the  breeding  season  of 
soaring  aloft  to  sing,  like  the  skylark.  The  inner  sec- 
ondaries are  as  long  as  the  primaries  in  the  closed  wing, 
and  the  bill  resembles  that  of  a  grosbeak.  The  sexes  are 
markedly  distinct  in  coloration, 
calamus  (kal'a-tnus),  «.;  pi.  calami  (-mi).  [In 
ME.  CWyelif)  "catamy;  <  L.  calamus,  a  reed,  a 
cane,  hence  a  pipe,  pen,  arrow,  rod,  etc.,  =  Ar. 
quia m  (>  Turk,  qalcm),  a  pen,  reed  pen,  pencil, 
brush,  chisel,  etc.,  <  Or.  hd'Aa/toc,  a  reed,  cane, 
etc.,  =  Skt.kalamas=  L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  stem, 
straw,  =  AS.  healm,  E.  halm,  haulm,  a,  stalk, 
stem:  see  halm.]  1.  A  reed;  cane. —  2.  A  kind 
of  fragrant  plant  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Ex. 
xxx.  'S.i,  etc.),  and  supposed  to  bo  the  sweet-flag, 
Acorus  <  'alamus,  or  the  fragrant  lemon-grass  of 
India,  Andropogon  Schamanthus ;  rhe  sweet-flag. 

Another  goblet  !  quick  I  and  stir 
Pomegranate  juice  and  drops  of  myrrh 
And  calamus  therein ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  iii. 

3.  [cap.]  A  very  large  genus  of  slender,  leafy, 
climbing  palms,  natives  chiefly  of  eastern  Asia 
and  the  adjacent  islands.  Their  leaves  an-  armed 
with  strong  reversed  thorns,  by  means  of  which  they  often 
climb  the  loftiest  trees.  The  sheathing  leaves  cover  the 
entire  stem,  and  when  removed  leave  a  Blender-jointed 
polished  cane,  in  some  species  reaching  200  feet  in  length. 
These  are  extensively  used  in  bridge-making,  for  the  ropes 
and  cables  of  vessels,  and,  when  split,  for  a  gnat  variety 
of  purposes.  They  form  the  ratan-canes  of  commerce, 
used  in  large  quantities  for  the  caning  of  chairs,  etc.  One 
of  the  larger  species,  C.  Scipionum,  furnishes  the  Malacca 
canes  used  for  walking-sticks.  The  fruits  of  C.  licnm 
yield  the  red  resin  known  in  commerce  as  dragon  s-blood. 

4.  A  tube,  usually  of  gold  or  silver,  through 
which  it  was  customary  in  the  ancient  church 
to  receive  the  wine  in  communicating.  The 
adoption  of  the  calamus  doubtless  arose  from  caution, 
lest  any  drop  from  the  chalice  should  he  spilled,  or  any 
other  irreverence  occur.  It  has  fallen  into  disuse,  except 
that  it  is  still  retained  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  iu 
solemn  papal  celebrations,  for  the  communion  of  the 
Pope.  It  is  also  known  by  the  names  canna,  pugillaris, 
and  fistula. 

5.  In  music,  a  flute  or  pipe  made  of  reed. — 6. 
In  ornith.,  the  hard,  horny,  hollow,  and  more  or 
less  transparent  part  of  the  stem  or  scape  of  a 
feather;  the  barrel,  tube,  or  quill  proper,  which 
bears  no  vexilla,  and  extends  from  the  end  of 
the  feather  inserted  in  the  skin  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  raehis  where  the  web  or  vane  com- 
mences. See  cut  under  qftt  rshaft. —  7.  An  an- 
cient Greek  measure  of  length  of  10  feet. — 
Calamus  scriptorius  (literally,  a  writing-pen),  the  lower 
(posterior)  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain,  bounded  on  each  side  by  the  diverging  funiculi 
grucilos,  the  point  where  these  come  together  below 
likened  to  the  point  of  a  pen. 


giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Catamodyiinas :  a  calanchi  (ka-lan'chi),  w.    A  unit  of  weight  for 
synonym  of  Acrom pita  hi*.     The  typical  species 
is  Acitici phaliis  ai/tailiciis.     Also  called  Calamii- 
Itt  r/it  . 
CalamodytinK(kiil'a-mo-'li-ti'ne),  it.jil.   [NL., 
<  Catamodyta  +  -ilia:  |     In  (1.  K.  (.1  ray's  system 

of  classification  (1869),  a  subfamily  of  small, 
dent  irost  pal,  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  his  fam- 
ily I/USOiniidte,  the  reed-warblers;  the  warblers 

of  the  acrocephaline  type,  having  a  minute, 
spurious   lii'si  primary,  ami  in  typical   forms 

an  elongated  head  and  relatively  large  bill. 
Sundr)  genera  are  Acrocephalus  (of  "huh  Catamodyta, 
Calamoherpe, and  ' 'alamoaus  are  mire svnoio ms),  Locus, 
tella,  Lusclniola,  and  Cettia. 
calamodytine  (kaP'a-mo-di'tin),  a.  Having 
tin-  characters  of  a  reed-warbler;  pertaining 
to  the  ('alamtitli/tnuc ;  acrocephaline. 


pearls,  used  in  Pondicherry,  equal  to  0.14 gram, 
or  2J;  grains  troy. 

calando  (ka-lan'do).  [It.,  ppr.  of  catare,  de- 
crease: see  calade.]  In  music,  a  direction  to 
slacken  the  time  and  decrease  the  volume  of 
tone  gradually. 

calandra  ika-lan'drii),   it.     [NL.;  cf.  E.  calen- 
der- (ME.  ehalaund're,  also  caladrie),  <  I 
lattdie  =  Pr.  calandra  =  Sp.  calandria  =  Pg.  CO- 
litamira  =  It,  calandra  =  Ml  Hi.  galander  (ML. 
calandra,  chalandra,  calandrus,  calandris,  also 

ealatlniis,  ealadrus,  a.  kind  of  lark,  alsocatondro, 
calandrus,  a  weevil),  <  Gr.  KfaavSpoc  (also  xn- 
"kavSpor,  Mir.  viAavSpa),  a  kind  ol'  lark.]  1.  In 
ornith.:  (a)  A  large  kind  of  lark,  Melanocorvpha 
calandra,  with  a  stout  bill,  inhabiting  southern 


calandra 

Europe  and  northern  Africa.  The  term  lias 
been  the  book-name  of  the  species  for  centu- 
ries, (ft)  [cop.]  Made  by  Lesson,  in  ls:i7,  age- 
nericname:  a  synonym  of  Melanocorypka.  Also 

Calaudrina.  (c)  In  the  form  falamlria,  applied 
by  l>es  Murs  to  the  American  mocking-thrushes 
of  the  genus  .Mini  us. —  2.  L''"/'.]  In  entom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Calandriace. 
Some  nf  the  minute  species  commit  great  havoc  in  gran- 
aries, in  both  their  larval  and  their  perfect  state.  They 
are  very  numerous,  :unl  ; i r i n ■  1 1 v-  them  ale  the  well-known 


759 


^•-» 


Grain-weevils. 

a,  corn-weevil  [Calandra  granarial;  t>,  rice-weevil  {Calandra 

eryza);  c,  larva;  d,  pupa.    (Small  figures  show  natural  sizes.) 

corn-weevil.  C.  aranaria  (Linnseus),  ami  the  rice-weevil, 
C.  oryzce.  The  gru-gru  worm,  which  destroys  palm-trees 
in  South  America,  is  the  larva  of  C.  palmarum,  and  is 
nearly  2  inches  long.  The  grub  is  eagerly  Bought  for  by 
the  natives,  who  cook  and  eat  it.  This  speeies,  witli  C. 
saechari,  destroys  also  the  sugar-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

calandrelle  ( kal-an-drel' ),  n.  [A  F.  form,  <  NL. 
calandrella,  dim.  of  calandra,  q.  v.]  A  name  of 
the  short-toed  lark,  Alauda  calandrella. 

calandrid  (ka-lan'drid),  a.  and  v.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
landridcB.    Also  calandroid. 

II.  n.  A  weevil  or  snout-beetle  of  the  family 
Calandridce. 

Calandridse  (ka-lan'dri-de),  v.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
landra, '2,  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  rhvnehophorous 
Coleoptcra  having  strong  folds  on  the  inner 
faces  of  the  elytra,  the  pygidium  undivided  in 
both  sexes,  tibiae  not  serrate,  geniculate  an- 
tenna?, no  labrum,  the  last  spiracle  not  visible, 
and  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  more 
or  less  retractile  and  concealed.  Species  of  the 
leading  genus,  Calandra  (or  Sitophilus),  are  known  as 
corn-  or  grain-weevils.  The  family  is  related  to  the  Cur- 
cuHonidce,  and  is  often  included  therein.  See  cut  under 
calandra. 

Calandrina"  (kal-an-dri'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
landra, 2,  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Curculio- 
nidec,  containing  weevils  of  varying  size  with 
geniculate  clubbed  antennas  and  a  steep  or  ver- 
tical pygidium,  typified  by  the  genus  Calandra, 
and  corresponding  to  the  family  Calaudriila . 

calandroid  (ka-lan'droid),«.  Saxae  as  calandrid, 

calandrone  (kal-an-dro'ne),  n.  [It.]  A  small 
reed-instrument  of  the  clarinet  kind,  with  two 
holes,  used  by  the  peasants  of  Italy. 

calangay  (ka-laug'ga),  «.  A  species  of  white 
parrot,  a  native  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

calanget,  n.  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
challenge. 

calanid  (kal'a-nid),  n.  A  copepod  of  the  family 
Calaiiidm. 

Calanidae(ka-lan'i-de), ra.jjZ.  [NL.,<Coto»u«  + 

-iilir.  ]  A  family  of  gnathostomatous  copepods, 
of  the  suborder  Eucopepoda,  having  very  long 
anterior  antennas,  only  one  of  them  modified 
for  prehension,  and  the  posterior  antenna?  bi- 
ramous.  The  fifth  pair  of  feet  is  modified  in  the  male 
to  assist  in  copulation.  Calami*,  CetochUuS,  Temoru,  ami 
Diaptomus  are  genera  of  this  family. 

Calanus  (kal'a-nus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
copepods,  typical  of  the  family  Calanida:  C. 
paro  is  an  example. 

calao  (ka-la'6),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  general  name 
of  the  hornbills,  or  birds  of  the  family  Bucero- 
tidec :  adopted  by  Brissou  in  17G0  for  the  whole 
of  them,  as  Buceros  hydrocorax  of  the  Philip- 
pines, B.  obscurus  of  the  Moluccas,  etc. 

calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  n.  [<  Malayan  calappa, 
the  cacao-tree,  j  A  stony  concretion  occasion- 
ally present  in  the  eocoanut,  much  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet  of  great  virtue.  Also 
called  vegetable  bezoar. 

Oalappa  (ka-lap'a),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  calapitte.']  A 
genus  of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans, 
sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Calappida: 
C.  depressa  and  C.  granulata  are  among  the 
species  known  as  box-crabs. 

calappian  (ka-lap'i-an),  n.  [<  Calappa  + 
-tan.]     A  crustacean  of  the  family  Calappidw. 


Box-crab  {Calappa  diprcssa  1. 

calappid  (ka-lap'id),  ».    Same  as  calappian. 

Calappidae  (ka-lap'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
lappa +  -iila:]  A  family  of  brachyurous  de- 
capod crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Calap- 
pa; the  box-crabs.  They  have  a  rounded  carapace 
BUbtriangular  anteriorly,  a  triangular  buna]  frame,  and 
the  male  generative  openings  on  the  basal  joint  of  the  last 
pair  of  legs.  One  of  their  most  characteristic  features  is 
the  manner  in  which  the  large  crested  pincers  fold  against 
tlie  front  of  the  carapace.  The  genera  are  several,  and  the 
Bpecies  inhabit  tropical  seas. 

calappoid  (ka-lap'oid),  «.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
lappida!. 

II.  n.  A  calappian  or  calappid. 

calascione,  colascione  (kit-,  ko-lii-shio'ne),  n. 
[It.]  A  musical  instrument  of  lower  Italy,  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  family,  having  two  catgut 
strings  tuned  a  fifth  apart,  and  played  with  a 
plectrum.  It  is  said  to  be  closely  similar  to 
the  very  ancient  Egyptian  nofre  or  nefer. 

calash  (ka-lash'),  n.  [Also  formerly  calesh, 
caleche,  <  K.  caliche  =  Sp.  calesa  =  It.  calesse, 
calesso,  <  G.  kalesche,  kalcsse,  <  Bohem.  koleska  = 
Pol.  kolaska  =  Russ.  kolyaska,  a  calash,  dim.  of 
Bohem.  kolesa  =  Pol.  hotasa,  a  calash  (cf .  OBidg. 
holesinitsa  =  Russ.  Jcolesnitsa,  a  car,  chariot; 
Bohem.  kolcso  =  Russ.  holeso,  a  wheel),  <  OBulg. 
Serv.  Bohem.  koto  =  Pol.  kolo  (barred  I),  a 
wheel.]     1.  A  light  carriage  with  low  wheels, 


either  open  or  covered  with  a  folding  top  which 
can  be  let  down  at  pleasure.  The  Canadian  ca- 
lash is  two-wheeled,  and  has  a  seat  on  the  splashboard  for 
the  driver. 

An  old  calash,  belonging  to  the  abbess,  lined  with  green 
frieze,  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  into  the  sun. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  21. 

2.  The  folding  hood  or  top  usually  fitted  to 
such  a  carriage.  Specifically  called  a  calash-top. 
—  3f.  A  hood  in  the  form  of  a  calash-top  worn 
by  women  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  until 
about  1810.  It  was  very  large  and  full,  to  cover  the 
head-dresses  of  the  period,  and  was  made  on  a  framework 
of  light  hoops,  capable  of  being  folded  back  on  the  shoul- 
ders, or  raised,  by  pulling  a  ribbon,  to  cover  the  head  and 
project  well  over  the  face.  Similar  hoods  had  been  worn 
at  earlier  times,  but  the  reintroduction  under  this  name 
appears  to  date  from  1765. 

Mrs.  Bute's  eyes  flashed  out  at  her  from  under  her  black 
calash.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

calata  (ka-lS'ta),  n.  [It.,  a  dance,  also  a  slope, 
descent,  <  colore,  let  down,  lower,  descend: 
see  calade,  calando.]  A  lively  Italian  dance 
in  j  time. 

calathi,  »•    Plural  of  calathus. 

calathia,  «.    Plural  of  calathium. 

calathidium  (kal-a-thid'i-uni),  n. ;  pi.  calathidia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  *KaAattio'iov,  dim.  of  naAadoc.,  L. 
calathus,  a  basket  for  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  hence 
the  bell  of  a  (Corinthian)  capital :  see  calathus.'] 
In  bot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  flower- 
head  in  the  order  Composites.  Also  called  cala- 
thium. 

calathiform  (kara-thi-form),  a.  [<  L.  calath as, 
a  basket,  +  thrum,  form.]  In  bot.  and  zool., 
hemispherical  or  concave,  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 

calathium  (ka-la'thi-um),  «.;  pi.  calathia  (-H). 

Same  as  calatliiilium . 
calathus   (kal'a-thus),  v.;   pi.  calathi   (-tin). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  /«Ua()of,  a  vase-shaped  basket:   see 
calathidium.]     1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  basket 
in  which  Greek  and  Roman  women  kept  their 


calcar 

work,  li  is  often  represented  en  monuments, 
especially  as  a  symbol  of  maidenhood. —  2. 

[cap.]  [N1..J  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 

of  the  family  t'arahiilo,  having  obliquely  sinu- 
ate elytra  and  serrate  claws.     C.  impunctata  is 
an  example, 
calaverite  (kal-a- ve'rit),  n.      [<  Calaveras 

(see  del.)  +  -iti-.\  A  ni re  tellurid  of  gold,  oc- 
curring massive,  of  a  bronze-yellow  color  and 
metallic  Luster,  first  found  in  Calaveras  coun- 
ty, ( 'aliforiiia. 
calcagiumt  (kal-ka'ji-um),  n.  [ML.  (after  OF. 
cauciagt  ),  <  calceata,  a  road:  see  causey.]  A 
tax,  anciently  paid  by  the  neighboring  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  for  the  making  and  repair- 
ing of  common  roads.      /.'.  Phillips,  17<ll>. 

calcaire  (kal-kar'),  n.    [P., limestone,  <  I..  caU 

carius:  see  calcareous.]  Limestone.- Calcaire 
grossier  (literally,  coarse  limestone),  a  calcareous  deposit 
in  the  Paris  basin,  belonging  to  the  Middle  Eocene  group 
of  the  Tertiary,  and  nearly  the  equivalent  of  the  Bagshot 
beds  of  the  London  basin.  It  is  a  coarse-grained  rocfc  ; 
hence  the  name.  It  is  rich  in  fossils,  especially  of  mol- 
lusks  of  the  genus  Cerithium,  and  some  beds  contain  great 
numbers  of  Foramini/era.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the 
rough  parts  of  buildings  in  and  about  Paris. 

calcanea,  ».    Plural  of  calcaneum. 

calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al),  a.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-«/.]  1.  In  anat.,  relating  to  the  calcaneum 
or  heel-bone:  as,  col, muni  arteries,  ligaments, 
etc. —  2.  In  ornith.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
back  upper  part  of  the  tarsometatarsus  (tar- 
sus of  ordinary  language)  of  a  bird,  where  there 
is  often  a  tuberosity  regarded  by  some  orni- 
thologists as  a  calcaneum,  and  so  named  by 
them:  as.  a  calcaneal  tubercle;  calcaneal  tuber- 
osity.    See  cut  under  tarsometatarsus. 

In  most  birds,  the  posterior  face  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  middle  metatarsal,  and  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  tar- 
sal bone,  grow  out  into  a  process,  which  is  commonly,  but 
improperly,  termed  calcaneal.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  254. 

calcanean  (kal-ka'ne-an),  a.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-an.]     Belonging  to  the  heel;  calcaneal. 

calcaneum  (kal-ka'ne-uin),  n. ;  pi.  calcanea  (-a). 
[L.,  the  heel,  <  calx' (calc-),  the  heel.]  1.  In 
anat.,  one  of  the  tarsal  bones,  the  os  calcis,  or 
bone  of  the  heel;  the  outer  one  of  the  bones  of 
the  proximal  row,  in  its  generalized  condition 
called  the  fibular e;  in  man,  the  largest  bone  of 
the  tarsus,  formingthe  prominence  of  the  heel. 
See  cuts  under  foot,  hock1,  and  Ornithoscelida. — 
2.  In  ornith.,  a  bony  process  or  protuberance  on 
the  back  of  the  upper  end  of  the  tarsometatar- 
sal bone :  so  called  because  considered  by  some 
as  the  representative  of  the  os  calcis ;  but  the 
latter  is  more  generally  regarded  as  represented 
in  the  outer  condyle  of  the  tibia. 

calcantt  (kal'kant),  n.  [<  L.  calcan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  calcare,  tread,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  A 
bellows-treader ;  a  man  who  worked  the  clumsy 
bellows  of  old  German  organs  with  his  feet. 

calcar1  (kal'kar),  ».;  pi.  calcaria  (kal-ka'ri-a). 
[L.,  a  spur,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx^.] 
I.  In  bot.,  a  spur;  a  hollow  projection  from  the 
base  of  a  petal  or  sepal;  the  nectary  (necta- 
rium)  of  Linna?us. — 2.  In  anat..  a  projection 
into  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  the  brain  of  man  and  some  other  mammals ; 
the  calcar  avis  or  hippocampus  minor. — 3. 
In  ornith.,  a  spur,  (a)  The  horny  process,  with  a 
bony  core,  borne  upon  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  the 
shank  of  sundry  gallinaceous  birds,  as  the  turkey,  phea- 
sant, domestic  cock,  etc.  It  is  of  the  same  nature  ;is  a 
claw,  or  as  the  horns  of  cattle,  but  differs  from  a  claw  in 
being  an  offset  from  the  side  of  a  bone,  not  at  the  end  of 
a  phalanx.  There  is  sometimes  a  pair  of  spurs,  one  above 
the  other,  on  each  shank,  as  in  the  genus  Polyplectron. 
(See  cut  under  calcarate.)  spurs  are  commonly  developed 
only  in  the  male  sex,  not  passing  a  rudimentary  condition, 
if  found  at  all,  in  the  female.  (See  cut  under  taixmuta- 
tarsus.)  (/')  A  similar  but  usually  smaller  horny  process 
borne  upon  the  side  of  the  pinion-bone,  near  the  wrist- 
joint,  of  various  birds,  as  the  jacanas,  spur-winged  goose, 
etc.  (c)  Loosely  applied  to  the  claws  of  birds,  especially 
the  hind  claw  when  notably  long  and  straight,  as  in  larks, 
spur-heeled  cuckoos,  etc. 

4.  In  BoUfera,  a  spur-like  setigerous  process 
more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  single 
ganglion  of  these  animals,  near  the  trochal 
disk. —  5.  In  Chiroptera,  a  slender  elongated 
bone  or  cartilage  upon  the  inner  side  of  the 
ankle-joint,  assisting  in  the  support  of  the  pa- 
tagium. — 6.  leap.]  [NL.]  In  entom.,  a  genus 
of  atracheliate  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrio- 
nitla:  Dejean,  1821. —  7.  [cap.]  [NL.]  laconch., 
a  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort,  1810. — 8.  The 
spur  forming  part  of  any  ceremonial  costume. 

Calcar-  (kal'kar),  n.  [<  L.  calcaria,  a  lime-kiln, 
fern,  of  calcarius,  pertaining  to  lime:  see  <■<(/- 
careous.]  1.  In  glass-works,  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace for  calcining  the  materials  of  frit,  prior 
to  melting.     Also  called  fritting-furnacc. —  2. 


calcar 


760 


Calcarate  Foot  of 
Pheasant 
trot  thibetanwn  . 


In  metal.,  an  annealin. 

Knight. 
calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.    [<  h.  calcar,  a  spur 

(see  calcar' ),  +  -ait1.]    In  hot. 

and  cool.,  spurred;  furnished 

with  spurs  or  spur-like  pro- 
cesses: ;ts  a  calcaraU  corolla, 

such  as  that  of  larkspur, 
calcarated   (kal'ka-ra-ted),   a. 

irate. 
Calcarea  (kal-ka're-S),  ».  pi. 

[XL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L.  'calcareus, 
trot*  :  see  calcareous.]    Tito 

chalk-sponges,  which  have  the 
skeleton  composed  chiefly  of 
carbonate  of  Ume:  now  gener- 
ally regarded  as  one  of  two 
main  divisions  or  subelas 

ngias,  the  other  being  Silicea. 

calcareo-.    Combining  form  of 
calcan  otts    Lai  in  calcarius). 

calcareo-argillaceous       (kal- 
ka  i'r-6-ar  ji-la'sliius).  a.    Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining a  mixture  of  chalk  or  lime  and  cday: 
as,  a  calcareo-argillaceous  soil. 

calcareobituminous  ( kal  -  ka  "  re  -  o  -bi  -  tu '  mi- 
nus l,  a.  <  lonsisting  of  or  containing  lime  and 
bitumen. 

calcareocorneous  (kar-ka  re-o-k6r'ne-us),  a. 
Consisting  of  substance  that  is  both  chalk;  and 
horny:  as,  the  calcareocorneous  jaw  of  a  mol- 
luak. 

calcareosiliceous  (kal-ka're-o-si-lish'tis),  a. 
i lonsisting  of  or  containing  chalk  and  sand 
mixed  together:  as,  the  calcareosiliceous  beds 
of  the  ocean. 

calcareosulphurous  (kal-ka  re-o-sul'fiT-us),  a. 
Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  combination,  or 
partaking  of  both. 

calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  a.  [Formerly,  and 
more  correctly,  calcdrious,  <  L.  calcarius,  per- 
taining  to  lime,  i  calx  (calc-),  lime:  see  calx1.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime;  having  the 
qualities  of  lime;  containing  lime;  chalky:  as, 

reou    earth  or  stone Calcareous  algae,  ma- 

algse  which  hi  process  of  growth  secrete  large  quau- 
[lime  obsc  tring  thi  ii  vegetable  structure  and  giv- 
ing the  appearance  of  coral;  coralline  algso.  Some  are 
attached  at  the  base  in  the  ordinary  manner;  othersform 
incrustations  on  rocks  and  other  objects. —  Calcareous 
sacs,  in  anal.,  same  as  calciferous  glands  (which  see, 
under  gland).  -Calcareous  spar,  crystallized  calcium 
carbonate  or  calcite.  Also  called  calc-epar.  See  calcite. 
Calcareous  sponges,  the  chalk-sponges,  or  Calc-ispongiai. 
—  Calcareous  tufa,  an  alluvial  deposit  uf  calcium  car- 
9  :e  calcite. 

calcareousness  (kal-ka're-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calcareous. 

calcaria,  n.     Plural  of  calcar1. 

calcariferous  (kal-ka-rif' e-rus),  «.  [Lnprop.  < 
L.  calcarius,  of  lime,  +  ferre  —  K.  bear1.  The 
proper  form  is  calciferous,  q.  v.]  In  ;/<«/.  and 
mint  rul..  lime-yielding:  as,  calcariferous  strata. 
i  applied  to  petrifying  springs  charged  with  carbonate 
"t  Ume,  which  r  dt  po  it'  <i  as  a  crust  ol  calcareous  tufa. 
I:.,, 

calcariform  (kal-kar'i-ffirm),  a.  [<  L.  calcar, 
a  spur,  +  forma,  shape.]  In  but.  and  zobl., 
shaped  like  a  calcar  or  spur;  spur-like. 

calcarine  (kal'ka-rin),  a.  [<  calcar1  +  4ns1.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  heel  or  heel- 
bone;  calcaneal.  W.  II.  Flower. — 2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  calcar  of  the  bra in.  —  calcarine  sulcus 
er  fissure,  i  brain  which  causes  a  pre 

in  "ii  the  floor  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral 
ventricle,  giving  rise   to  tin    hippocampus  minor.     See 

calcarioust,  a.     See  calcareous. 

calcarone  (kal-ka-ro'ne),  ». ;  pi.  calcaroni  (-ne). 
fit.  dial.,  aug.  of  calcara,  a  kiln.]  A  kiln  of 
simple  construction  used  for  obtaining  sulphur 

from  its  ores.     It  hat  a  base  sloping  t»  ai tli  I  where 

ilphur  ma]  flow  out    The  sides  are  tn; 

a.  The  kiln  is  filled  with  sulphur  ore 
which  is  heaped  above  the  Bide  walla  and  covered  with 
bumi  Jphur  ore  is  thi  u  U  lib  I  at  thi 

top,  and  the  beat  I  m  gradually  melts  tin-  sul- 

pbui    '  the  kiln.      1 1  runs  ofl 

throu  at  the  base. 

calcaset,  n.    See  colo< 

Calcatores  fkal-ka-to'rt  z),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 

Li.  calcator,  a  tread,  r  (o  calcan . 

pp.  calcatu  .  tread,  trample,  i,  the 

heel  ;      i  [  classi- 

cal; ,   tainingthe 

Pressirostrcs  and   Longirostres  of  Cuvier;  the 

stampers.      |  Nut   in 

calcatoryt  (kal'ka-to-ri),  n.  [<  LL.  calcato- 
riiim,  a  wine-press,  •'  L  •■•■  ■  whotreads 

'  press. 

\bovt  it  well  tht 
A  wync  pltt 

Palladiu-    B  p.  17. 


arch  or -oven.     /■.'.  //.  calcet,  ».     f<  L.  calx  (calc-),  limo,  chalk:  see 
calx1  and  chalk.]     Lime. 

Sttb.     How  '1"  you  Bubllme  him? 

Face.   w  itii  the  edict  of  egg-shells,  white  marble,  talc. 

/;.  Jomon,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

calceamentum  (kal  se-a-men'tum),  re. ;  \A.cal- 

ci  aim  nla  (-tii).  [ML.',  a  particular  use  of  L. 
ruin  linn  ilium,  a  covering  for  the  foot,  <  cal- 
ci are.  furnish  with  shoes:  see  calceate,  v.]  A 
sandal  forming  a  part  of  the  imperial  insignia 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was  made  of 
red  silk  richly  embroidered,  and  in  shape  re- 
sembled the  Roman  sandal. 

calceatat,  »•  [ML. :  see  causeway.']  A  cause- 
way.   E.  Phillips,  1706. 

calceate  (kal'se-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calce- 
uiiii,  ppr.  calceaUng.  [<  L.  calceatus,  pp.  of 
calccan ,  shoe,  <  calccus,  also  caleiits,  a  shoe, 
a  half-boot,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx-.] 
To  shoe;  fit  with  shoes.     [Rare.] 

calceate,  calceated  (kal'se-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  calceatus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Shod:  fitted 
with  uf  wearing  shoes.     Johnson.     [Rare.] 

calced  (kalst),  a.  [<  L.  edlceus,  a  shoe,  +  -eel2 
=  -atelm.  see  calceate.]  Shod;  wearing  shoes: 
as,  a  calced  Carmelite  (that  is,  one  who  does 
not  belong  to  the  discalced  or  barefooted  order 
of  Carmelites). 

calcedon  (k;il'se-don),  h.  [See  chalcedony.]  In 
jewelry,  a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some 
precious  stones.     Also  spelled  clialcnlon. 

calcedonic,  calcedonian,  a.  See  clmlcedonic, 
chalcedonian. 

calcedony,  n.    See  chalcedony. 

calcedonyx,  «.     See  cltalenlonyx. 

calceiform  (kal'se-i-forin),  a.  [<  L.  calccus,  a 
shoe.  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
shoe  or  a  slipper,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceolaria. 
Also  calceolate. 

Calceolaria  (kal^se-6-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  so 
called  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  co- 
rolla to  a  slipper,  fern,  of  L.  calceolarius,  per- 
taining to  calceolus,  a  slipper,  dim.  of  calc  us, 

'  shoe:  see  calceate,  v.]  A  lai'ge  genus  of  orna- 
mental herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  natural 
order  Scrii/iliulariaccw,  natives  of  the  western 
side  of  America,  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to 
Mexico.  They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  corolla 
with  two  deeply  saccate  lips,  the  lower  one  the  larger. 
Several  species  have  long  been  cultivated  as  house-  antl 
bedding-plants,  and  have  now  become  very  greatly  modi- 
fied by  hybridization.  The  roots  of  C.  arachnoidea,  the 
parent  of  many  of  our  hybrids,  are  used  in  Chili  for  dye- 
ing woolen  cloth  crimson,  under  the  name  of  relbun. 
The  plant  is  sometimes  called  slipperwort. 

calceolate  (kal'se-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  calceolus, 
dim.  of  calccus,  a  shoe:  see  calceate,  v.]  Same 
as  calceiform. 

calces,  ii.    Plural  of  calx2. 

calcic  (kal'sik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  + 
-/c]  Of  or  pertaining  to  lime ;  containing  cal- 
cium: as,  calcic  ehloriil,  or  chlorid  of  calcium. 

calcicole  (kal'si-kol),  a.  [<  L.  <•«/.<■  (calc-), 
lime,  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Growing  upon  lime- 
stone :  said  of  lichens. 

They  [saxicole  lichens]  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
viz.,  calcicole  and  calcifugous,        Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  r»tj'j. 

calcidera  (kal-sid'e-ra),  n.  [Prob.  African.] 
A  bark  used  by  the  natives  of  the  western  coast 
of  Africa  for  the  cure  of  fevers. 

calciferous  (kal-sif 'e-rus  t,  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc- ), 
lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  hear1.]  Containing  carbo- 
nate ol  lime.  Applied  to  calcareous  sandstones  occur- 
ring in  northern  New  York  and  Canada,  and  tint  her  west, 
"t  which  tli*  geological  position  is  near  the  base  of  the 

tower  Sllur series,   and   dircetl.v  ali.iw   the    Potsdam 

Sandstone.  In  some  localities  the  calciferous  formation 
consists  of  impure  ina^nesian  limestone,  portions  of  w  ]ii<  h 
are  very  hard  and  Bilicious,  and  contain  geodes  "f  quartz 
crystals.— Calciferous  asbestlnite.  See  asbeatinite.— 
Calciferous  glands.    See  gland. 

calcific  (kal-sif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime, 
+  -liens.  <  fan  re.  make.]  In  sool.  Bna.anat., 
calcifying  or  calcified;  that  makes  or  is  con- 
verted into  chalk  or  other  salt  of  lime:  as.  a 
Calcific  deposit  in  cartilage  or  membrane  in  the 
process  Of  forming  bone;  a  calcific  process. 
Ipi  i  ificall)  applied,  in  ornith.,  to  thai  part  ol  the  oviduct 
of  a  bird  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  deposited 
upon  the  egg  pod.     Calcific  segment.    See  calcify. 

calcification  (kal  ai-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [(.calcify: 
see  -lien/mil  and  -Jy.]  1.  A  changing  into  lime; 
the  process  of  changing  or  being  changed  into 
■a  \  nl.  I  nice  by  the  tie  posit  ion  of  salts  of 
lime,  as  iii  the  formation  of  petrifactions. —  2. 
In  zool.  andanat,  the  deposition  of  salts  of  lime 
in  any  tissue,  as  in  membrane  or  cartilage  in 

thi   formation  of  bone.     r.m  ■  al ation  maj  occur, 

In  cartilage,  in  old  agi   or  diseasi .  without  Involving 
the  histological  changes  leading  to  the  production  of  true 


calcine 

hone ;  hence  there  is  a  distinction  between  ossification  and 

calcification. 

3.  A  calcific  formation  or  structure. 

calciform  (kal'si-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  forma,  form.]  1.  In  the  form  of  chalk 
or  lime. — 2.  Shaped  like  a  pebble;  pebbly; 
gravelly. 

calcifugous  (kal-sif' u-gus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  fugere,  flee,  +  -ous.  Cf.  calcicole.] 
Avoiding  limestone:  applied  to  certain  saxico- 
lous  lichens,  and  opposed  to  calcicole. 

calcify  (kal'si-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  calcified,  ppr, 
calcifying.  [<  L.  calx  (<-alc-),  lime,  +  -ficare,  < 
fan  re,  make:  see  -///.]  I.  trans.  To  make 
calcic ;  harden  by  secreting  or  depositing  a  salt 

of  lime.-  Calcifying  or  calcific  segment,  in  ornifft., 
the  calcific  tract  or  portion  of  the  oviduct  of  a  bird,  also 
called  the  uterus,  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  de- 
posited upon  the  egg-pod, 

II.  iulrans.  To  turn  into  bone  or  bony  tissue: 
become  hard  like  bone,  as  cartilage  or  mem- 
brane, by  the  deposition  or  secretion  of  a  salt 
of  lime. 

calcigenous(kal-sij'e-mis),  a.  [<L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  -genus,  <  gignere,  gt  m  re,  produce.]  In 
client.,  forming  lime  or  calx:  applied  to  the 
common  metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a 
calx  or  earth-like  substance. 

calcigerous  (kal-sij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  c«<x(c<7ic-), 
lime,  +  gerere,  bear,  +  -ous.]  Producing  or 
containing  lime ;  calcophorous :  as,  the  calci- 
gerous tubules  of  bone. 

calcigrade  (kal'si-grad),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
heel,  +  i/raili.  walk.]  Walking  on  the  heel; 
sinking  the  heel  deeper  than  the  other  parts  of 
the  foot  in  walking. 

calcimeter  (kal-sim'e-ter),  n.  [<L.  call  i  calc-), 
lime,  +  inclium,  measure.]  An  apparatus  in- 
vented by  Scheibler  for  testing  bone-dust  and 
other  materials  for  lime. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -min),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc-),  lime,  +  -mine  for  -/»<-.]  A  superior 
kind  of  white  or  tinted  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  etc.     Incorrectly,  fcalsomine. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -mlu),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  ealetminctl,  ppr.  calciiuini ng.  [<  calcimine, 
a.]  To  wash  or  cover  with  calcimine:  as,  to 
calcimine  walls.     Also,  incorrectly,  kalsomine. 

calciminer  (kal'si-mi-uer),  n.  One  who  calci- 
mines.     Also,  incorrectly,  falsniniitt  r. 

calcimurite  t  kal-si-mu'rit),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  nutria,  salt  liquor:  see  muriatic]  A 
species  of  earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-green  color, 
of  the  consistence  of  clay.  It  consists  of  cal- 
careous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

calcinable  (kal'si-na-bl  or  kal-si'na-bl),  a.  [< 
calcine  +  -able;  —  F.  calcinable.]  Capable  of 
being  calcined  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

calcinatet  (kal'si-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  calcinatus, 
pp.  of  calciiiarc:  see  calcine.]  To  calcine.  Ba- 
con.    [Rare.] 

calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  ».     [<  ME.  calci- 

uacioitn,  -lion,  <  P.  calcination,  etc..  <  ML.  calci- 
niilin(u-),  <  calciiiarc,  pp.  calcinatus:  see  cal- 
cine] 1.  The  act  or  operation  of  calcining,  or 
expelling  from  a  substance  by  heat  some  vola- 
tile matter  with  which  it  is  combined,  or  which 
is  the  cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing 
it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate  of 
lime  ;uc  reduced  t,.  lime  by  calcination  or  the  expulsion 
of  carbonic  acid.  Seecafctne,  v.  i. 
2.  In  metal. :  (a)  The  operation  of  reducing  a 
metal  to  an  oxid  or  metallic  calx :  now  called 
oxidation.  Ore.  (b)  The  process  of  being  cal- 
cined, or  heated  with  access  of  air:  nearly 
equivalent  to  roasting.  (<•)  The  process  of 
treating  certain  ores,  especially  of  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  them  more  manageable  in 
the  furnace,  nothing  being  taken  from  or  added 
to  the  material  thus  treated.  This  is  done  with 
some  Swedish  iron  ores. 

Calcinatory  (kttl'sin- or  kal-sin'a-to-ri),  «.;  pi. 
calcinatnrics  (-riz).  [<  ML.  calciiiatoriuin  (sc. 
DOS,  vessel),  neiil.  of  'caleinatiiriiis.  pertaining 
to  calcination,  <  calciiiarc,  pp.  calcinatus:  see 
calcine.]     A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 

calcine  (kal'sin  or  kal-sin'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
calcined,  ppr.  calcining.  |<  P.  calciuer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  I'g-  caleinitr  =  It.  ealeiuare,  <  ML.  calci- 
niin.  reduce  to  a  calx,  <  L.  cal.r  (calc-),  lime, 
calx:  Bee  calx1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  convert  into 
lime  or  calx  by  the  action  of  heat ;  treat  (lime- 
stone) by  the  process  of  calcination  for  tho 
formation  of  lime.  [Rare.] — 2.  To  oxidize,  as 
a  metal,  by  heating.  [Rare.]  —  3.  In  metal., 
to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat,  with  access  of 
air:  nearly  equivalent  to  roast  (which  see). — 
Calcined  cocoon.    See  cocoont. 


calcine 

II.  intrans.  To  be  converted  into  a  powder 
or  friable  substance,  or  into  a  calx,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

This  crystal  is  a  pellucid  fissile  stone,  ...  in  a  very 
strong  heat  calcining  without  Fusion.       Newton,  Opticks. 

calciner  (kal'si-ner  or  kal-si'ner),  n.    1.  One 
who  calcines. —  2.  An  oven  or  a  furnace  for 
calcining  ores.     See  calcine,  v.  t. 
calcinize  (kal'si-niz),  v.     [<  calcine  +  -ize.] 
Same  as  calcine. 

God's  dread  wrath,  which  quick  doth  calcinize 
The  marble  mountains,  and  the  ocean  dries. 

Sylvester,  The  Trophies,  1.  1200. 

Calciphora  (kal-sif'o-rii),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  calciphorus  :  see  calciphorous.]     A  section  of 


erol  hydrogen,  in  a  state 
Captain  Drummond,  the 


761 

of  gas,  one  of  oxygen  ami  the  otli 
of  Ignition,  upon  a  hall  of  lime. 

inventor,  proposed  the  use  of  this  light  in  lighthouses. 
Another  light,  previously  invented  by  him  (1826),  was  em- 
ployed ingeodetlcal  surveys  when  it  wasrequired  to  ob- 
serve the  angles  subtended  between  distant  stations  al 
night.  The  light  was  produced  by  placing  a  hall  or  dish 
of  lime  in  the  focus  of  a  parabolic  mirror  at  thestatlon  t" 
he  rendered  visihle,  and  directing  upon  it,  through  a  flame 
arising  from  alcohol,  a  stream  of  oxygen  gas,  Also  called 
Drummond  light,  oxycalcium  light,  limeball-light,  and 
lime-light. 

calcivorous  (kal-siv'o-ras),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (cole- 1, 
lime,  +  vorare,  cat:  sec  voracious,  and  cf.  cal- 
Cicole.]  Living  upon  limestone :  applied  to  cer- 
tain lichens. 

calclet,  r.  I-     Sec  calcnlc. 


calculation 


4.  Topurpose;  intend;  design:  as,  he  calculates 
todofl;  tie  calculates  to  go.     [Local,  U.  S.]— 


decapod  dibranchiate  Cephalopoda,  having  the  calcographer  (kal-kog'ra-fer),  n.     [<  calcogra 
internal  shell  calcareous.    Theyare  mostly  extinct,     P*»  +  -"'}■)   ,°n,°  Y  10  Protases  ealeography 

calcographical  (kal-ko-grat  i-kal),  a. 


as  the  family  Belemnitidtv,  hut  are  still  represented  by 
living  forms,  as  the  genera  Spirilla  and  Sepia.  The  term 
is  contrasted  with  ChondropJtora. 

calciphorous  ( kal-sif 'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calcipho- 
rus, <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -tjiopog,  <  qyt.peiv 
=  E.  bear1.  Cf.  calcophorous,  calctferous.]  Hav- 
ing the  internal  shell  calcareous ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calciphora. 

Calcispongiae  (kal-si-spou'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  spongia,  a  sponge.]  A 
group  of  the  Porifera  or  Spongia',  among  which 
are  representatives  of  the  most  primitive  or 


cographij  +  -ical.]     Pertaining  to  calcography. 
caicography  (kal-kog'ra-fi),  n.     [<  L.  calx 

(calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -}patpia,  <  yp&teiv,  write.] 
The  art  of  drawing  with  black  or  colored  chalks 
or  pastels. 

calcophorous  (kal-kof'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calco- 
phorus,  <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -<popor,  <  <f>e- 
pnv  =  E.  bear1.  Prop,  calciferous,  q.  v.]  Pro- 
ducing or  containing  lime ;  calcigerous:  as,  the 
calcophorous  tubules  of  bone  (also  called  cana- 
liculi  calcophori). 


fundamental  type  of  poriferal  structure;  the  calc-sinter  (knlk'sin'ter),  n.    [<  G.  Icalh-sinter. 


chalk-sponges.  They  have  no  fibrous  skeleton,  but  al 
ways  possess  an  cxoskeleton  composed  of  numerous  spic- 
ula,  hardened  by  deposits  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  concen- 
tric layers  about  an  axis  or  basis  of  animal  substance. 
They  are  usually  if  not  always  hermaphrodite,  producing 
both  ova  and  spermatozoa  from  modified  cells  of  the  en- 
doderm;  impregnation  and  early  embryonic  stages  of 
development  are  carried  on  while  the  ova  remain  in  the 
body  of  the  parent.  In  a  wider  sense,  the  Calcispongice 
include  the  physemarians  as  well  as  the  olyntbians,  and 
are  primarily  divided  into  the  two  orders  Physemaria  and 
Olynthoidea.  The  former  consists  of  the  genera  Saliphy- 
sema  and  Gastrophyseina;  the  latter  is  divided  into  four 
suborders,  Asconee,  Syconee,  Leucones,  and  Pharetrones. 
They  are  also  .ailed  Calcarea,  and  are  differently  divided 
under  that  name. 

calcispongian  (kal-si-spon'ji-an),  a.  and  n.     I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calcispongiw. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Calcispongiw;  a  chalk- 
sponge:  as,  "an  intrusive  calcispongian,''  .1. 
Hyatt. 

calcite  (kal'sit),  n.     [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  + 
Native  calcium  carbonate,  or  carbonate 


<  kail:  (<  L.  calx,  calc-),  lime,  +  sinter,  a  stalac- 
tite: see  sinter.']  Travertin,  or  calcareous  tufa, 
the  material  deposited  from  water  holding  lime 
in  solution.     See  travertin. 

calc-spar  (kalk'spar),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  spar1.  Cf.  cale-sinter.~\  A  name  ap- 
plied to  any  of  the  very  numerous  crystallized 
and  cleavable  varieties  of  calcite;  calcareous 
spar. 

calc-tuff  (kalk'tuf),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime, 
+  tuff.]  An  alluvial  formation  of  calcium  car- 
bonate.    See  calcite. 

calculability  (kal''ku-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  calculable;" capability  of  being  cal- 
culated. 

We  have  structures  or  machines  in  which  systematic 
action  is  the  object  aimed  at.  .  .  .  The  solar  system,  a 
timepiece,  a  steam-engine  at  work,  are  examples  of  such 
machines,  and  the  characteristic  of  all  such  is  their  cal- 
culabUiby.  B.  Stewart,  Conserv.  of  Energy,  p.  158. 


of  lime,  "one  of  "the  commonest  of' minerals,    it  calculable  (kal'ku-la-bl),  a.     [=  P.  calculable, 
occurs  in  a  great  variety  of  crystalline  forms,  rhombohc-     <  L.  as  if  *calfitlaliilis,  <  calculare:  see  calcu- 


drons,  scalenohedrons,  etc. ;  the  fundamental  form  beuig 
a  rhombohedron  with  a  terminal  angle  of  105%  parallel  to 
which  the  crystallized  mineral  hits  highly  perfect  cleav- 
age, so  that  a  mass  of  it  breaks  up  with  a  blow  into  a 
great  number  of  small  rhombohedrons.  The  transparent 
colorless  variety  is  called  Iceland  spar  or  doubly  refract- 
ing spar,  and  is  used  for  the  prisms  of  polariseopes.  Dog- 
tooth spar  is  a  variety  in  acute  scalenohedral  crystals. 
Satin-spar  is  a  fibrous,  and  argentine  a  pearly  lamellar  va- 
riety ;  the  granular,  compact,  or  cryptocrystalline  Varie- 
ties constitute  marble,  limestone,  chalk,  etc.  Stalactites 
and  stalagmites  are  forms  deposited  in  limestone  caves ; 


bled  in  the  fingers ;  it  is  sometimes  deposited  in  caverns. 
(See  cut  under  spar.) 

calcitic  (kal-sit'ik),  a.  [<  calcite  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  formed  of  calcite :  as,  calcitic  cement. 
Under  atmospheric  influences,  the  calcitic  cement  tip- 
pears  to  be  replaced  by  one  which  is  in  large  part  sili- 
ceous. Science,  IV.  71. 

calcitrant  (kal'si-trant),  a.  [<  L.  calcitran(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  culcitrare,  kick:  see  calcitrate.]  Kick- 
ing; refractory. 

calcitrate  (kal'si-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  calcitratus, 
pp.  of  calcitrare,  kick,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel. 
Cf.  recalcitrant.']     To  kick.     [Rare.] 

calcitration  (kal-si-tra'shon),  n.  [<  calcitrate 
+  -ion.]  The  act  of  kicking.  See  recalcitra- 
tion.     [Pare.] 

The  birth  of  the  child  is  caused  partly  by  its  calcitration 
breaking  the  membranes  in  which  it  lieth. 

Ross,  Arcana  Microcosmi,  p.  52. 

calcium  (kal'si-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  calx  (calc- ), 
lime:  see  calx1  and  chalk.]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Ca;  atomic  weight,  40.  A  metal  having  a 
light-yellow  color  and  brilliant  luster,  about  as 
hard 
gravi 
and  at 

or  quieklii..-, 

this  forms  calcium  hydrate,  Ca(OH)2,  or  slaked  lime.  Cal- 
cium is  not  found  native  in  the  metallic  state,  but  it  unites 
with  most  of  the  non-metallic  elements  In  compounds 
which  are  widely  distributed  in  nature  and  extensively 
used.  The  mineral  calcite.  all  limestone  or  marble,  and 
the  chalk  deposits  are  calcium  carbonate  ;  gypsum  is  cal- 
cium sulphate ;  and  calcium  also  enters  intu  the  compo- 
sition of  nearly  all  the  native  silicates. 
2.  A  calcium  light.  [Colloq.]  -  Calcium  light,  a 
very  intense  white  light  produced  by  turning  two  streams 


late,  v.]  1.  Capable  of  being  calculated  or  es- 
timated ;  ascertainable  by  calculation  or  esti- 
mation. 

The  .  .  .  operation  of  various  forces  visible  and  calcu- 
lable. Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  240. 

The  vicissitudes  of  language  are,  thus,  a  thing  over 
which  our  volitions  rarely  have  a  calculable  control. 

P.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  290. 

2.  That  may  be  counted  or  reckoned  upon: 
applied  to  persons. 

[<  L.  calcu- 
in 
calcula- 
tion,' <  calculus,  a  pebble," also  calculation:  see 
calculus,  calculate,  v.]  I.  n.;  pi.  calcularies 
(-riz).  1.  In  bot.,  a  congeries  of  little  stony 
knots  often  found  in  the  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  fruits,  formed  by  concretions  of  the  sap. 
—  2.  In pathol.,  a  calculus. 

II.  a.  In  nied.,  relating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  calculi;  arising  from  calculi  or  gravel. 
calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcu- 
lated, ppr.  calculating.  [<  L.  calculatus,  pp.  of 
calculare  (>  ult.  ME.  calculen,  calclen :  see  cal- 
citic, v.),  reckon,  orig.  by  means  of  pebbles,  <  cal- 
culus, a  pebble:  see  calculus.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
ascertain  by  computation ;  compute ;  reckon  up 
arithmetically  or  by  items:  as,  to  calculate  in- 
terest, or  the  cost  of  a  house. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth, 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shalt.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  estimate  of ;  compute  by  weigh- 
ing related  facts  or  circumstances  in  the  mind: 
as,  to  calculate  chances  or  probabilities. —  3. 


thought  of  intentional  adaptation 

He  does  not  think  the  Church  of  England  so  narrowly 
calculated  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular  species 
of  government.  Swift,  Sentiments  of  a Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 
Religion  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  calculated  for  our  benefit 

TUlotson. 
There  is  no  human  invention  so  aptly  calculated  for  the 
forming  a  free-born  people  as  that  of  a  theatre. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  167. 


This  letter  was  adiuiiahh  calculated  to  work  on  those 
to  whom  it  was  addressed.      Wacaulay,  Mist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

4. 
ti 

5.  To  think;  guess.  [Colloq.,  New  Eng.]  =syn.  1 
and  2.  Calculate,  Compute,  Reckon,  Count.  Calculate  ap- 
plies to  the  moBt  elaborate  and  varied  mathematical  pro- 
cesses :  as,  to  calculate&n  eclipse  or  a  nativity.  Compute 
is  more  applicable  to  the  simpler  processes:  as,  to  com- 
pute the  interest  no  a  note.  But  mathematicians  make 
the  opposite  distinction;  in  their  language,  to  camjmte 
means  to  make  elaborate  calculations  with  the  art  of  a 
person  trained  to  this  business.  Reckon  is  essentially  the 
same  as  compute,  but  may  be  simpler  yet:  as,  to  reckon 
interest,  or  the  am,. out  of  a  bill,  or  the  days  to  a  coming 
event.  To  count  is  to  reckon  one  by  one.  The  figurative 
uses  of  these  words  are  not  suggested  by  any  comparison 
hi  their  literal  meanings;  in  them  all  some  mental  esti- 
mate may  be  supposed  to  be  made,  akin  to  an  arithmeti- 
cal process.  "  I  reckon  that  the  Bufferings  of  this  present 
time  are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  with  the  glory  which 
shall  lie  revealed  in  us."  loan.  viii.  18.  The  use  of  calcu- 
late for  reckon  in  such  a  case  as  this  is  an  Americanism. 
"  I  rniint  not  myself  to  have  apprehended."  Phil.  iii.  13. 
Reckon  may  be  used  in  such  a  connection,  but  not  the 
other  two  words. 

When  they  come  to  model  heaven 
And  calculate  the  stars.         Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  80. 
After  its  own  law  and  not  by  arithmetic  is  the  rate  of 
its  [the  soul's]  progress  to  be  computed. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  249. 

He  presently  confided  to  me,  .  .  .  that,  judging  from 
my  personal  appearance,  he  should  not  have  thought  me 
the  writer  that  he  in  his  generosity  reckoned  me  to  be. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  65. 
Honour  and  pleasure  both  are  in  thy  mind, 
And  all  that  in  the  world  is  counted  good. 

Sir  J.  Davks,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  computation;  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion  after  weighing  all  the  cir- 
cumstances; form  an  estimate;  reckon:  as,  we 
calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others; 
to  calculate  on  (that  is,  with  expectation  of) 
fine  weather. 

The  strong  passions,  whether  good  or  had,  never  calm. 
fate,  F.  \V.  Robertson. 

2f.  To  speculate  about  future  events  ;  predict. 

Old  men,  fools,  and  children  calculate.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 
3.  To  suppose  or  believe,  after  deliberation ; 
think;  'guess';  'reckon':  as,  you  are  wrong 
there.  I  calculate.  [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 
calculatet  (kal'ku-lat),  «.  [<  calculate,  v.]  Cal- 
culation. 

Nor  were  these  brothers  mistaken  in  their  calctdates, 
for  the  event  made  good  all  their  prognostics. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  602. 

calculating  (kal'ku-la-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cal- 
culate,  v.]  Given  to  forethought  and  calcula- 
tion; especially,  given  to  looking  ahead  with 
thoughtful  regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate 
and  selfish;  scheming. 

With  his  cool  calculating  disposition,  he  easily  got  the 
better  of  his  ardent  rival.  Godwin,  St.  Leon. 

calculating-machine  (kal'ku-la-ting-ma- 
shen"),  n.  Any  machine  which  performs  nu- 
merical calculations.  The  principal  kinds  are:  (a) 
Multiplying  anil  dividing  machines,  (b)  Difference-en- 
gines, which  calculate  and  print  tables  from  the  initial 
values  of  the  tabular  number  and  its  first,  second,  etc., 
differences.  The  first  of  these  was  that  of  Babbage,  of 
which  the  Scheutz  machine,  now  at  the  Albany  observa- 
tory, is  a  modification,  (c)  The  analytical  engine  of  Bab- 
bage, which  was  designed  to  calculate  and  print  tables  of 
a  function  from  constants,  but  was  never  actually  con- 
structed. (<0  Tide-predicting  machines,  of  which  several 
have  been  constructed,  with  one  of  which,  that  "f  Ferrel, 
the  regular  tide-tables  published  by  the  United  States 
i  nasi  Sur\ev  are  iinu  ci'inputed.  (<  i  Machines  for  inte- 
grating differential  equations,  though  these  are  rather  in- 
struments than  machines.  (/)  Logical  machines,  for  de- 
ducing conclusions  from  premises.  There  are  also  impor- 
tant instruments  for  performing  calculations,  which  are 
not  usually  called  machines.  Such  are  the  abacus,  the 
celestial  globe,  and  Hill's  machine  for  predicting  eclipses 
and  occultations,  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  American 
ephemeris.  (See  cut  under  abacus.)  There  are  also  various 
calculating-scales,  such  as  Napier's  bones.  Many  of  these 
devices  are  of  considerable  utility,  such  as  Airy's  stick  for 
gaging  cylindrical  vessels,  and  the  gagers'  rod.  Some  in- 
struments perform  calculations  subsidiary  to  the  process 
of  measurement,  as  the  planimeter. 

calculation  (kal-ku-la'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  calcu- 
luriiiii,  -Hon,  <  L.'  calcuiatio(n-),  <  calculare, 
reckon:  see  calculate,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  calcu- 
lating; the  art,  practice,  or  manner  of  comput- 
ing by  numbers ;  reckoning;  computation:  as, 
to  find  a  result  by  calculation ;  the  calculation 
was  a  difficult  one. 

In  rigorous  logic,  and  by  calculation  carried  far  enough, 
the  time  must  come  when  the  dead  in  our  country  will 
outnumber  and  dispossess  the  living. 

W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  105. 

Whenever  we  term  arithmetic  the  science  of  calculation, 
we  in  fact  allude  to  that  rudimental  period  of  the  science 
of  numbers  when  pebbles  (calculi)  were  used,  as  now  among 
savages  they  often  are,  to  facilitate  the  practice  of  count- 
ing. Abp.  Trench,  study  of  Words,  p.  123. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  leading  to 
a  certain  result. — 3.  An  estimate  formed  in  the 


calculation 

mind  by  comparing  the  various  circumstances 
and  facts  which  boar  on  the  matter  in  hand. 
The  lazy  gossips  ol  the  port, 
\l,h,>i  ■  tiatimi  crost, 

Began  I  at  a  persi  ll;''  wrong. 

Enoch  Arden. 

4  The  habit  of  forming  mental  estimates;  a 
trait  or  an  elo  intellectual  character 

which  shows  itself  in  the  habit  of  formulating 
and  lwoh  ing  schemes  in  the  mind,  or  forecast- 
ing the  progress  or  results  of  an  undertaking. 
Calculation  might  come  to  value  love  for  its  profit. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  216. 

Every  virtue  may  take-  two  shapes,  tl ne  lower  and 

the  other  higher;  tor  every  virtue  maj  spring  from  .'"'•'»- 

on  the  other  hand  ever]  act  of  virtue  maj  be  j 

iousact  arisingout  of  some  worship  or  devotion  ol 

the  s,;,ul.  •'■  &  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  159. 

=  Syn.  4.  Deliberation,  circumspection,  wariness,  fore- 

calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.  [<  calculate  + 
-lei.]  Pertaining  to  calculation;  involving  cal- 
culation. 

Lome  habits  of  calculativs  dealii 

.  Topery  Laws. 

calculator  (kal'ka-15-tpr),  n.    [L.  (>  ME.  cal- 

blntmir),  <  caleulare,  calculate:  see  calculate, 
v.]  1.  ( in.  w  ho  i -alculates,  computes,  or  reck- 
ons.—2.  One  who  estimates  or  considers  the 
force  and  effect  of  causes  with  a  view  to  form 
a  correct  estimate  of  the  effects. 
Ambition  is  no  exact  calculator. 

Burke,  Duration  of  Parliaments. 

3.  A  calculating-machine.— 4.  A  form  of  or- 

rerv  invented  by  Ferguson, 
calculators-  (kal'ku-la-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  calcula- 
torius,<  calculator:  see  calculator.]    Belonging 
to  calculation.    Sherwood. 
calculet  (kal'kul),  u.    [<  F.  caicul,  <  L.  calculus, 
reckoning :  see  calculate,  v.]   A  reckoning ;  com- 
putation. 
The  general  calcule  .  .  .  exceeded  eight  millions. 

Howell,  Vocall  Forrest. 

calculet,  ''■  >■  [ME.,  also  calculen,  calclen,  <  OF. 
calculer,  F.  calculer  =  Sp.  Pg.  calcular  =  It. 
calcularc,  <  L.  ealcularc.  reckon,  calculate:  see 
Hate,  v.]  To  calculate;  reckon:  used  espe- 
eiallv  with  reference  to  astronomical  and  as- 
trological calculations. 

So  when  this  Calkas  knew  l.y  cnlkulyngt, 
And  ek  by  answer  of  this  Apollo, 
That  Greises  sholden  swiche  a  pcplebrynge, 
Thorugh  which  that  Troye  moste  hen  fordo, 
He  caste  anon  out  of  the  town  to  go. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  71. 

calculi,  a.     Plural  of  calculus. 

calculifragOUS  (kal-ku-lif'ra-Kus),  a.  [<  L.  cal- 
culus, a  pebble,  stone  in  the  bladder,  +  Jrau- 
gerc  (Jrag-),  break,  +  -ous.~l    In  surg.,  bavin. 


762 

ratios  of  these  differentials,  and  ol  the  fundamental  for- 
mulas into  which  these  ratios  enter.   The  inU  gral  calculus 

treats  of  integration,  or  the  summatii fan  Infinite  series 

of  differentials;  U  is  largely  an  Inverted  statement  of  a 
part  "i  thedoctrine  of  the  differential  calculus,  but  it 
also  introduces  imaginary  quantities  and  leads  up  to  the 
theorj  "i  nni,  iinns. -Barycentric  calculus,  see  imrij- 
centric.-  Calculus  of  enlargement,  a  method  of  obtain 

ill"  ah'ehl'llieal  developments,  ete.,  hy  the  use  ol    I.  I    Be 

calculus  cj  Units  differences)  and  other  symbols  ol  opera- 
tion Calculus  of  equivalent  statements.  Same  as 
calculus  a)  It  "tie.  -Calculus  of  finite  differences,  a 
mi  thod  of  calculating,  inainh  by  means  of  the  symbols  E, 
A  and  S  :  the  first,  E,  signifying  the  operation  of  increasing 
the  independent  variable  of  a  function  hy  unity ;  the  sec- 
ond, A,  the  increase  in  the  value  of  a  function  produced 
by  increasing  its  variable  by  unity;  and  the  third,  2,  the 

operati f  adding  all  values  of  the  function  for  integral 

values  of  the  variable  from  unity  up.  The  calculus  of 
finite  differences  differs  from  the  differentia]  calculus,  not 
merely  in  considering  finite  differences  instead  of  differ- 
entials, hut  also  in  not  assuming  continuity.  — Calculus 
Of  forms,  the  theory  of  invariants,  etc.,  treated  symboli- 
cally after  the  manner  of  Gordan.— Calculus  of  func- 
tions, a  branch  of  the  calculus  of  finite  differences;  a 
methodof  lin. ling  functions  which  fulfil  given  conditions.— 
Calculus  of  logic,  a  method  of  working  out  conclusions 
from  given  premises  by  means  of  an  algebraic  notation.— 
Calculus  of  operations,  the  general  method  of  treating 
mathematical  problems  by  operating  algebraically  upon 
symbols  of  operation.— Calculus  of  probability.  See 
probabUUy.—  Calculus  of  quaternions,  the  method  of 
calculating  by  means  of  quaternions.— Calculus  of  va- 
riations, a  branch  of  the  differential  calculus,  using  S 
the  sign  of  the  variation  of  a  function,  for  the  solution  of 
problems  of  maxima  and  minima.— Fluxional  or  flux- 
ionary  calculus.  See  method  of  fluxions,  under  flux- 
ion.—  Fusible  calculus,  a  variety  of  urinary  concretion 
consisting  of  mixed  ammonium-magnesium  and  calcium 
phosphates.  It  is  so  named  because  it  fuses  before  the 
blowpipe.— Imaginary  calculus,  the  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  use  of  an  imaginary  unit,  the  square  of  which 
is  supposed  to  be  -1,  and  which  is  added  and  multiplied 
like  a  number.— Mulberry  calculus,  a  urinary  concre- 
tion consisting  chiefly  of  oxalate  of  lime.  Many  of  these" 
calculi  in  form  and  color  Bomewhat  resemble  the  fruit  of 
the  mulberry.— Residual  calculus,  a  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  operation  called  resuiuatum (which  see);  a 
branch  of  the  integral  calculus  invented  by  Cauchy. 
caldera  (kal-da'ra),  n.  [Sp.,  a  kettle :  see  cal- 
(11-011.]  A  large  kettle  or  caldron ;  hence,  in 
ijeol. ,  an  amphitheatrical  depression  iu  a  volcan- 
ic formation.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  describing 


calendar 

calecannon,  colecannon  (kill-,  kol-kan'on),  n. 
[Appar.  <  cah  1,  cote*,  cabbage,  +  cannon  (uncer- 
tain).] A  favorite  Irish  dish  made  by  boiling 
and  mashing  together  greens,  young  cabbage, 
or  spinach,  and  potatoes,  and  seasoning  with 
butter,  pepper,  and  salt.  A  plainer  kind  is  made 
among  the  poorer  classes  by  boiling  the  vegetables  till 

nearly  d ,  then  adding  the  raw  potatoes  to  them,  and 

draining  them  "Inn  fully  boiled.    Also  written  colcannon. 

caleche,  ».     See  calash. 

Caledonia  brown.    See  brown. 

Caledonian  (kal-e-do'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  for  Scotland,  + 
-an.]  I.  ".  Pertaining  to  Caledonia  or  Scot- 
land; Scottish;  Scotch. 

The  arrival  of  the  Saxons  [in  Britain]  cheeked  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Caledonian  marauders. 

Sir  K.  Creiisii,  F.ng.  Const.,  p.  2C. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  or  Scotland; 
a  Scotchman. 

caledonite  (kal'e-do-nit),  n.  [<  L.  Caledonia, 
Scotland,  +  -ite-.~]  A  blue  or  greenish-blue 
mineral,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper, 
found  in  attached  crystals,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
and  at  Eoughten  Gill  in  Cumberland,  England, 
also  in  Hungary  and  the  Harz  mountains. 
calefacient  (kal-e-fa'shient),  a.  and  it.  [<  L. 
call  l<icien>t-)s,  ppr.  of  calefacere,  make  waim 
or  hot,  <  calcrc,  be  hot,  +  facere,  make.  See 
calefy  and  chafe]     I.  a.  Warming;  heating. 

II.  it.  That  which  warms  or  heats;  in  med., 
a  substance  which  excites  a  sensation  of  warmth 
in  the  part  to  which  it  is  applied,  as  mustard, 
pepper,  etc.;  a  superficial  stimulant. 
calefaction  (kal-e-fak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  calefac- 
tio(n-),  <  calefacere:  see  calefactim .  calefacient.] 
1 .  The  act  or  operation  of  warming  or  heating ; 
the  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action 
of  fire,  or  by  the  communication  of  heat  from 
other  bodies.— 2.  The  state  of  being  heated. 

As  [if]  the  remembrance  of  .  .  .  calefaction  can  warm  a 
man  in  a  cold  frosty  night. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Pref.  to  Psychozoia,  l. 


volcanic  regions  occurring  where  Spanish  is  the  current 

language  and  was  introduced  by  Von  Buch  in  his  classic  calefactive  (kal-e-taK  tiv),  a. 
description  of  the  Canaries.  Its  use  has  been  extended 
thence  to  other  countries,  and  hy  it  is  understood  a  large 
amphitheatrical  or  kettle-like  depression  occurring  in  vol- 
canic rocks,  surrounded  by  high  and  steep  walls,  which 
are  usually  more  or  less  broken  away  on  one  side  or  cut 
through  by  deep  ravines  (barrancas).  Calderas  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  volcanic  craters  enlarged  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  sea  afteV  submergence  of  the  mass,  or  by  the 
action  of  subterranean  disruptive  forces. 

From  the  crest  of  the  great,  escarpment  of  the  Atrio  [of 
Monte  Snininal,  or  what  the  Spaniards  would  call  the 
"Caldera,"  deep  ravines  or  "barrancos"  very  near  each 
other  radiate  outwards  in  all  directions. 

Sir  C.  Lyell,  Prill,  of  Geol.  (10th  ed.),  I.  634. 


of    calefacere, 
I.  a.  Same  as 


power  to  dissolve  or  break  calculus,  or  stone  in  Calderari  (kal-de-ra  n),  n.  pi.     [it.,  pi.  ot  cat 
the  bladder:  lithotritic. 

calculose  (kal '  ku-los),  a.     [<  L.  calculosus :  see 

calculous.]     1.  Same  as  calculous.     [Rare.]  — 

2f.  Full  of  stones  or  pebbles ;  stony;  gravelly. 

The  feldes  calculose,  eke  harde  and  drie 

Thai  love,  and  hattesl  ayciyforthi  thai  ripe 

And  Boureth  with. 

PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  54. 

calculous  (kal'ku-lus),  a.    [<  L.  calculosus,  < 

calculus,  a  p. Mile,  a  stone:  see  calculate,  v.] 
1.  Stony;  gritty;  hard  like  stone:  as,  a  calcu- 
lous concretion.— 2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or 
stones  in  the  bladder;  caused  by  calculi:  as, 
a  calculous   disorder.— 3.    Affected  with  the 

I  or  stone:  as,  a  calculous  person, 
calculus  (kal'ku-lus),  n. ;  pi.  calculi  (-11).     [I... 
a  small  stone,  a  pebble,  a  stone  in  the  bladder, 
a  pebble  used  as  a  counter,  counting,  calcula- 
tion, etc.,  dim.  of  calx   (cole-),  a  stone:  seo 


.1     1.  A  small  si ;  si  |.el>lilo.—  2.  In  Jia- 

II, nl..  a  general  term  for  inorganic  concretions 
of  N::  :   in  various  parts  of  the 

mi  rations  for i  in  the  gall-bladder  are 

tho  i  formed bj  amor- 
bid  deposition  from  the  urine  in  the  Itidni  j  sor  bladder  are 
called  those  formed  in  the 

substance  ol  the  lungs  are  called  pulmonary  calculi .  and 

the*  Isorl lui  i   are  called 

i  ,.   ,■  are  also  goutj  i  oni  retions  called 
i     called  pa  tdi  lac 

etc. 
3.  In  math.,  any  highly  systematic  method  of 

treating  a  large  variety  ol  problems  ley  the  use 
of  some  peculiar  sy  ic  notation, 

Ithout  qualifl 

invi  nted   bj   Leibnitz  (al 


deraro,  equiv.  to  calderajo,  a  brazier,  a  copper- 
smith: see  calilroii.  Cf.  Carbonari.]  A  secret 
society,  formed  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  short- 
ly before  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in 
1815,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  Carbonari 
and  upholding  absolute  government. 
caldeset,  *'•  t.    See  chaldese. 

Choused  and  caldes'd  ye  like  a  blockhead. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  1010. 

caldron  (kal'dron),  «.   [Early-mod.  E.  caudron  . 

<  ME.  caldron,  "calderon,  usually  caudron,  cau- 
droun,  cauderoun,  cawdron,  etc,  <  OF.  "caldron, 
"caudron  (Pieard  caudron,  cauderon),  assibi- 
lated  'chaldron,  "chaudron,  chauderon  (>E.  chal- 
dron in  different  sense:  sec.  chaldron).  V.  clian- 
dron  (=  Sp.  calderon  =  Pg.  caldcirdo  =  It.  cal- 
(Icroiic,  a  large  kettle),  aug.  of  OF.  cainlirn, 
"chaudiere  (>  E.  dial,  chalder1),  F.  chaudiere  = 
Pr.  caudicra  =  Sp.  caldera.  =  Pg.  caldeira  =  It. 
caldaja,  caldara  (obs.)  (also  caldajo,  caldaro, 
m.),  a  kettle,  <  E.  miliaria,  a  kettle  for  hot 
water,  fern,  of  caldarius,  suitable  for  heating. 

<  caldus,  calidus,  hot,  <  calere}  bo  hot:  see  cat- 
id.]  A  very  lsirge  kettle  or  boiler.  Also  spelled 
cauldron. 

In  the  midst  of  all 
There  placed  was  a  riinilrun  wide  and  tall, 
Upon  a  miglitic  furnace,  burning  whuff. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  ix.  29. 

cale1,  "•     Sec  cote"  and  IcalcK 

cale- (kill),  ».  [Origin  unknown.]  hicoal-iuni- 
inq,  si  specified  number  of  tubs  taken  into  a 
working  plsiee  during  the  shift.  Grcslctj.  [Mid- 
land counties,  Eng.] 


"■ ""   cale3  (kal),  v. \  pret.  and  pp.  caled,  ppr.  caling 


in  i in    mi  thod i  ■  onceived  as 

big  continuously,  an  I  Involving 
several  quai 

of  tl,.  hi  n   will  be 

equatl  ten  ntial 
mi  of  a  variable  bein  •  di  noted 
by  the  letter  -'  written   b 

variabl      n  :  iji"  values  of 


i:: 


E,  dial.,  also  written  call;  origin  obscure.] 
trans.   To  throw. 

II.   iiilraiis.   1.   To  move  irregularly.— 2.  To 
gambol.     Iliilliinll.     |  I'f'iv.  Kng.  in  sill  senses.] 
cale:t  (ksil),  it.     |<  call-':  v.]     Turn:  as,  it  is  his 
call  In  go.      [Nurtli.  Kng.] 


[<  L.  calefac- 
tus  (pp.  of  calefacere:  see  calefacient)  +  -ivc.] 
Adapt  ed  to  make  warm  or  hot ;  communicating 
heat.     Also  calefactory. 

calefactor  (kal-e-fak'tor),  n.  [<  ML.  calcfactor, 
one  who  warms  (calcfactor  eerie,  chafe-wax),  < 
calefacere,  make  warm:  see  culefactire.]  A 
kind  of  small  stove. 

calefactory  (kal-e-fak'to-n),  a.  and  n, 
calefactorius,   <  calefactus,  pp. 
make  warm:   see  calefacient.] 
culefactire.  . 

II.  n.;  pi.  calefactories  (-nz).  [<  ML.  cale- 
facliiriuni,  neut.  of  L.  calefactorius:  see  above.] 
1.  A  chamber,  provided  with  a  fireplace  or 
stove,  used  as  a  withdrawing-room  by  monks, 
and  generally  adjoining  the  refectory.  It  is 
very  often  a  portion  of  the  substructure  of  the 
dormitory.— 2.  A  chafing-dish  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  to  contain  burning  charcoal,  placedupon 
the  altar  in  cold  weather. 

calefyt  (kal'e-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  calefied,  ppr. 
calefying.  [<  L.  calefieri,  grow  hot,  pass,  of  cale- 
facere, make  hot;  cf.  ML.  cahlicarc,  make  hot 
'(>  ult.  E.  chafe,  q.  v.):  see  calefacient.]  I.  tn- 
trniis.  To  grow  hot  or  warm  ;  be  heated. 

Chrystal  will  calefy  unto  electricity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  \  ulg.  Err.,  n.  1. 

II    trans.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 
caleidophone  (ka-li'do-fon),   ».    See  kalcido- 

phoiic.  . 

calembour,  calembourg  (kal  em-bor;  I  ■  pron. 
ka-loh-bor'),  n.  [F.,  said  to  be  from  an  abbot 
of  Kalemberg,  an  amusing  personage  in  Ger- 
man anecdotes,  or  a  narrator  of  amusing  anec- 
dotes; or  from  a  count  of  Ealenberg,  who  made 
amusing  mistakes  in  speaking  French.]  A 
pun  ;  a  play  on  words. 

Calemes  (ksil'e-mez),  h.      Same  sis  caincnes. 

calendar  (kal'en-dsir),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
calender;  <  ME.  calendar,  calender,  kalendcr  = 
J).  <;.  Usui.  Sw.  kalender  =  F.  calendrier  =  Pr. 
cut,  udier  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  calendario,  It.  also  calen- 
iluro,  <  L.  calcndarium,  in  classical  L.  usual- 
ly liil<  nd, iriuiii,  an  account-book,  interest-book 
is.,  ealled  because  interest  became  due  on  the 
esi lends),  in  ME.  si  calendar;  neut.  of  calcn- 
iliirms,  Jcalendarius,  adj.,  <  calenda;,  halendw, 
calends:  see  calends.]  1.  A  collection  of 
monthly  astronomical  tables  for  a  year,  ar- 
ranged'by  weeks  ami  days,  with  accompanying 
data  :  an  almanac,  it  was  so  called  from  the  Roman 
calenda,  the  name  given  to  the  Hist  day  of  the  month, 
a,,,!  «  i  Hi,  i,  in  large  Liters  at  the  bead  of  each  month. 


calendar 

Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  In  the  calendar! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

The  Egyptians  were  the  first  to  institute  a  sacred  calen- 
dar, in  which  every  day-  -almost  every  hour  -had  Ita  spe- 
cial religious  ceremony.  Faitlu  of  (Ac  World,  p.  140. 
2.  A  system  of  reckoning  time,  especially  the 
method  of  lixittg  the  length  and  divisions  of 
the  year. — 3.  A  table  or  tables  of  the  days  of 
each  month  in  a  year,  with  their  numbers,  for 
use  in  fixing  dates. —  4.  A  table  or  catalogue 
of  persons,  events,  etc.,  made  out  in  order  of 
time,  as  a  list  of  saints  with  the  dates  of  their 
festivals,  or  of  the  causes  to  be  tried  in  a  court; 
specifically,  in  British  universities,  a  chrono- 
logical statement  of  the  exercises,  lectures,  ex- 
aminations, etc.,  of  a  year  or  of  a  course  of 
study. 

The  care  I  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish  might 
he  found  in  the  calendar  of  my  past  endeavours. 

Shale,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 

He  keeps  a  calendar  of  all  the  famous  dishes  of  meat 
that  have  been  in  the  court  ever  since  our  great-grand- 
father's time.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  1. 

Rhadamanthus,  who  tries  the  lighter  causes  helow,  leav- 
ing to  his  two  brethren  the  heavy  calendar*. 

Lamb,  To  the  Shade  of  Elliston. 

5f.  A  guide ;  anything  set  up  to  regulate  one's 
conduct. 

Kalender  is  she 
To  any  woman  that  wol  lover  be. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  542. 

6.  A  series  of  emblematic  pictures  of  the  months : 
a  common  motive  of  decoration  during  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  sculp- 
ture, painted  glass, 
earthenware  tiles, 
and  the  like.  For  each 
month  the  zodiacal  sign 
is  represented,  with  one 
or  more  persons  engaged 
in  labors  or  sports  char- 
acteristic  of  the  month. 

—  Calendar  -  amend- 
ment Act,  an  English 
statute  of  1751,  which 
took  effect  in  1752,  es- 
tablishing January  lstas 
the  beginning  of  each 
year  (instead  of  Lady- 
day,  March  25th),  adopt- 
ing the  Gregorian  or 
"new  style"  in  place  of 
the  Julian  or  "  old  style" 
calendar,  and  canceling 
the  then  existing  excess 
of  11  days  by  making  the 
3d  of  September,  1752, 
the  14th.  Also  known  as 
Lord    Chesterfield's   Aet. 

—  Calendar  month, 


calf 

111  calendographer  (kal-en-dog'ra-fer),  n.  [Irreg. 
'  <  ML.  calend{arium),  a  calendar,  +  Or.  )/«i^«v, 
write.]  One  who  makes  calendars.  Iioyle. 
[Bare.] 
calendrer,  calenderer  (kalVn-dri-r.  -der-er),n. 
[Also  eontr.  calender;  <  calender1,  v.,  +  -«•!.] 
A  person  who  calenders  cloth,  paper,  etc. 

I'OIIITIMI  Oil;    llllll     L1ILU1U    111   III.IOUI,   .,.,  JV.llO.        i  I II  J    <l  I  >,    I.  ,.,  ..  -  _  *  ..       .  a  m        .  1,,  ,  /,       ■,  1*1  1\ 

bered  from  the  hejira  (which  see),  the  Brat  daj  oi  tin  first  calendric,  calendncal  (ka-len  (Ink,  -clri-kttl), 

a.    [Irreg.  <  calendar  +  -ic,  ■ical.']     Pertaining 
in  a  calendar.     |  Rare.] 

calends,  kalends  (kal'cndz),  n.  /...  [<  ME.  kn- 
lendes,  rarely  sing.,  tin-  first  day  of  the  month, 
<  AS.  calend,a  month, <  L.  calendce,  in  classi- 
cal L.  usually  kalendw,  pi.,  the  first  day  of  the 
month,  also  by  extension  a  month,  <  "calere, 
nil, ire  =  Gr.  Kahiv,  call,  summon  (not  connect- 
ed with  E.  call1).  The  reason  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.]  1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the 
first  day  of  the  month.  From  this  the  days  ol  the 
preceding  month  were  counted  backward  to  the  ides, 
which  in  March,  May,  July,  and  October  corresponded  to 
the  15th,  and  in  all  the  other  months  to  the  18th  day  "f 
the  month.  Thus  the  Kith  day  of  March  by  our  reckoning 
was  in  the  Roman  calendar  the  17th  day  before  the  calends 
of  April  (the  first  of  April  being  included),  or  more  briefly 
17th  calends;  the  14th  day  of  January  was  the  19th  day 
before  the  calends  of  Kiln  nan  ;  the  14th  day  of  any  month 
with  thirty  days  being  the  lsth  before  the  calends  of  the 
succeeding  month. 
2f.  The  beginning  or  first  period. 

Sow  of  hope  the  kalendet  bigynne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  7. 
On  or  at  the  Greek  calends  (Latin  ad  kalendas  Grcecas), 
at  no  time;  never:  an  ancient  Roman  phrase  alluding  to 
the  fact  that  the  Creeks  bad  nothing  corresponding  to  the 
Roman  calends ;  hence,  to  sav  that  a  debt  would  be  paid  at 
the  Greek  calends  meant  that  the  debt  would  never  be  paid. 


763 

the  Gregorian  calendar.     The  Julian  calendar,  01 
style,''  is  still  retained  in  Russia  ami  Greece,  whose 
consequently  are  now  12  days  in  am  ar  of  those  of  other 
christian  countries— Mohammedan  calendar,  the  lu- 
nar calendar  employed    in   all    Mohammedan   countries, 

though  there  is  another  peculiar  to  Persia.    The  years  ( - 

sist  nt  :;;,!  or  855  days,  in  the  mean  :i.'.41,,',.  The  beginning 
of  the  year  thus  retrogrades  through  different  seasons, 

completing  their  circuit  in  al I  88years.    They  arc  num 

'  from  the  hejira  (which  see), 

year  being  July    16th,   A.  D.  622.     The   I300tb  year  I 

Sunday,  November  12th,  i.i>2.  -Republican  calendar, 
the  calendar  of  the  first  French  republic.  The  yearcon- 
sisted  ol  365  days,  to  which  a  866th  was  to  be  added  "ac- 
cording as  the  position  ol  the  equinox  requires  it,"  so  that 
the  year  should  always  begin  at  the  midnight  ol  the  Paris 
observatory  preceding  the  true  autumnal  equinox.  The 
numbers  of  the  years  were  written  in  Roman  numerals. 
The  year  I.  began  September  22d,  171)2,  but  the  calendar 
was  not  intn.ilii.cil  until  l  letober  5th,  1793.  Every  period 
of  four  years  was  called  a  fraueiiidi  The  years  ol  :«n;  days 
were  called  textile.  There  were  12  months  ol  30  days  each, 
and  5  or  6 extra  days  at  the  end  called  sansculotHdes.  The 
names  ol  the  months,  beginning  at  the  autumnal  equinox, 
were  Vend&niaire,  Brumaire,  Frimaire,  Nivose,  Pluviose, 
Vent,  iso,  Germinal,  Flort-al,  1'rairial,  Messidor,  Thcrinidor, 
and  Fructidor. 

calendar  (kal'en-dar),  v.  t.    [<  calendar,  ».]  To 
enter  or  write  in  a,  calendar ;  register. 

Twelve  have  been  martyrs  for  religion,  of  whom  ten  are 
calendared  for  saints. 

II  ati  rhouse,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  237. 
And  do  you  not  recall  that  life  was  then  calendared  by 
moments, 'threw  itself  into  nervous  knots  or  glittering 
hours,  even  as  now,  and  not  spread  itself  abroad  an  equa- 
ble felicity?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 
The  greater  and  increasing  treasures  of  the  Record- 
Office  .  .  .  lately  calendared  and  indexed. 

N.  A.  Rev..  CXXVI.  540. 

calendar-clock  (kal'en-dSr-klok),  n.    A 


large 


oicmioi-tiucii    i.i.a.1  ^  «„*  ^™„  ...      -»    —»."      M„.(;,T,i,.a(,,i,/,.|iilaiit  that  the  debt  would  never  lie  paid 

hall-  or  wall-clock  having  dials  or  other  apph-  Calendula1  (ka-len'du-la),  n.    [NL. ,  dim.,  <  L 


ahces  for  indicating  the  days  of  the  week, 
month,  or  year,  with  sometimes  the  phases  of 
the  moon,  as  well  as  the  hours  and  minutes. 

calendarial  (kal-en-da'ri-al),  a.  [<  ealendary 
+  -«!.]     Same  as  calendar//. 

ealendary  (kal'en-da-ri),  a.     [<  L.  calendaring, 

kalendarius:  see  calendar,  ».]    Belonging  to 

the  calendar. 

The  usual  or  ealendary  month. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 


alendee,  the  first  day  of  the  month;  from  its 
producing  flowers  almost  all  the  year  round.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Compositce, 
with  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  having  a  power- 
ful but  not  pleasant  odor,  natives  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region ;  the  marigolds.  The  common  or 
pot  marigold,  C.  officinalis,  is  an  old  ornament  of  country 
gardens.  Its  flowers  are  used  to  give  a  yellow  color  to 
cheese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron.  In  medicine  it  has  had 
repute  as  a  remedy  for  cancer  and  other  diseases,  ami  its 
tincture  is  used  as  a  cure  for  wounds  and  bruises. 
calender1  (kal'en-der),  n.     [<  F.calandre,  <  calendula3  (ka-len'du-la),  n.   [NL.,  for  *calan- 


Part  of  a  Calendar  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury ()uly). —  From  portal  of  Amiens 
Cathedral. 


ML.  celendra,  a  calender,  a  corruption  of  L.  cy- 
Undrus,  a  roller,  cylinder:  see  cylinder.]  1.  A 
machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  cylinders  or 
rolls  revolving  very  nearly  in  contact,  between 
which  are  passed  woven  fabrics,  paper,  etc., 


Aula,  *calandnila,  dim.  of  calandra,  a  lark:  see 
calandra  and  calender^,]  in  ornith.:  (of)  An 
old  and  disused  name  of  the  crested  wren  of 
Europe,  Regains  cristatus.  Brisson,  1760.  (6) 
The  specific  name  of  the  ruby-crowned  kinglet 


solar  mouth  as  it  stands  in  al- 
manacs.—Calendar  moon.  Same  as  ecclesiastical  moon 
(which  see,  under  ecclesiastical). — Ecclesiastical  calen- 
dar, an  arrangement  of  the  civil  year  employed  by  the  li- 
turgical churches  to  designate  the  days  set  apart  for  partic- 
ular religious  celebration.  As  many  feasts  of  the  church 
depend  upon  Easter,  the  date  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year,  either  the  calendar  must  vary  every  year  or  must  con- 
tain simply  the  matter  from  which  a  true  calendar  can  be 
computed  for  each  year.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
special  circumstances  in  the  history  of  each  nation  affect 
its  liturgical  calendar ;  hence  every  nation,  and  to  some 
extent  every  religious  order  and  even  every  ecclesiastical 
province,  has  its  own  calendar.     The  German  Lutheran 

Church  retai 1  at  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic 

calendar,  with  the  saints'  days  then  observed.  The  Church 
of  England  still  retains  in  its  calendar  certain  festivals, 
called  black-letter  days,  for  which  no  service  is  prescribed, 
and  which  have  been  omitted  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  America.  See  Easter.  —  Gregorian  calendar, 
the  reformed  Julian  calendar  introduced  hy  the  bull  of  Pope 
Gregory  XIII.  in  February,  1582,  and  adopted  in  England 
in  September,  1752;  the  "new  style"  of  distributing  and 
naming  time.  The  length  ol  the  year  of  the  Gregorian  cal- 
endar is  regulated  by  the  Gregorian  rule  of  intercalation, 
which  is  that  every  year  whose  number  in  the  common 
reckoning  since  Christ  is  not  divisible  by  4,  as  well  as  every 
year  whose  number  is  divisible  by  100  but  not  by  400,  shall 
have  365  days,  and  that  all  other  years,  namely,  those  whose 
numbers  are  divisible  by  400,  and  those  divisible  by  4  and 
not  by  100,  shall  have  366  days.  The  Gregorian  year,  or  the 
mean  length  of  the  years  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  is  365 
days,  5  hours,  49  minutes,  and  12  seconds,  and  is  too  long  by 
26  seconds.  The  Gregorian  rule  lias  sometimes  been  stated 
as  if  the  year  4000  and  its  multiples  were  to  be  common 
years :  this,  however,  is  not  the  rule  enunciated  by  Greg- 
ory. The  Gregorian  calendar  also  regulates  the  time  of 
Easter,  upon  which  that  of  the  other  movable  feast-  oi 
the  church  depend ;  and  this  it  does  by  establishing  a  fic- 
titious moon,  which  is  purposely  made  to  depart  from  the 
place  of  the  true  moon  in  order  to  prevent  the  coincidence 
of  the  Christian  Paschal  feast,  with  that  of  the  Jews.—  He- 
Drew  calendar,  the  luni-solar  calendar  used  by  the  Jews 
since  the  second  century  of  the  Christian  era.  The  years, 
numbered  from  the  creation,  are  either  ordinary,  contain- 
ing 12  lunar  months  and  353,  354,  or  355  days,  or  embolis- 
mic,  containing  13  lunar  months  and  383,  384,  or  385  days. 
In  every  cycle  of  19  years  7  are  emholismic,  to  bring  lunar 
and  solar  time  into  agreement.  To  And  the  number  of  the 
Hebrew  year  beginning  in  the  course  of  a  given  Gregorian 
year,  add  8761  to  the  number  of  the  latter.  -Julian  cal- 
endar, the  solar  calendar  as  adjusted  by  Julius  Caesar,  in 
which  the  chronological  reckoning  was  first  made  definite 
and  Invariable,  and  the  average  length  of  the  year  fixed  at 
365}  days.  This  average  year  (called  the  Julian  year)  be- 
ing too  long  by  a  few  minutes,  the  error  was  rectified  in 


for  preparation  or  finishing  by  means  of  great  0f  North  America,  Begulus calendula.    Liinia-us, 

pressure,  often  aided  by  heat  communicated  i^qq_    (c)    [can.]    [NL.]    A  genus  of  African 

from  the  interior  of  the  cylinders.    The  object  of  larks,  of  which  C.  crassirostris  is  an  example, 

the  calender  for  cloth  and  paper  is  to  give  the  material  a  amtfa son    lg-jy 

1^g2ffitS^£*£S&  ^Iton'-uni  lE  calendulin,  calenduline  (ka-len'du-lin),  n.    [< 

fabrics  and  what  is  specifically  called  calendi  red  paper, or  Calendula1  +  -in-,-ine-.\    A  mucilaginous  sub- 
a  wavy  sheen,  as  in  watered  silk.  etc.    The  larger  rolls  in  stance  or  gum  obtained  from  the  leaves  and 
such  a  calender  are  usually  made  of  solidified  paper  or  flowers  of  the  commoll  marigold. 
pasteboard  turned  exactly  true,  with  intermediate  cast-  "   "".       ,,      .      ,.-  ,    „     p:.;„v,,,i!i.w  n™ 
iron  cylinders.    Calenders  are  attached  to  paper-making  Calentes  (ka-len  tez),  n.    Given  by  birW  Ham- 
machines  for  expressing  the  water  from  the  felted  web  of  ilton  as  another  name  for  camenes  (which  see), 
paper,  and  for  the  finishing  processes  of  smoothing  and  probably  a  mistake  for  celantes. 
glazing.    They  are  also  used  for  spreading  india-rubber  1+'    rk]/t-   %           c/  p  calenture  <  Sr>. 
into  sheets  suitable  for  making  rubber  fabrics,  etc.             Calenture  (Ml  en  nil),  n.     ivi  .  <Mummre,\ag. 
2    An  establishment  in  which  woven  fabrics  (Pg-)  calentnra,  heat,  a  calenture  <  caUntar, 
are  prepared  for  market  by  the  use  of  the  cal-  heat,  <  L. calere,  ppi.calenMs,  be  hot:   see 
ender  and  the  other  necessary  processes.  cal%d,  calefactent,   etc.]     A  kind  ot  delirium 
It  is  as  usual  tosaythai  e Is  are  packed  as  that  goods  sometimes  caused,  especially  within  the  trop- 


ics,  by  exposure  to  excessive  heat,  particularly 
on  board  ship. 

Now  I  am  made  up  of  fire,  to  the  full  height 
Of  a  deadly  calenture. 
Fletcher  tmii/  another),  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  v.  1. 
Interest  divides  the  church,  and  the  calentures  of  men 
breathe  out  in  problems  and  unactive  discourses. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  Ded.,  I.  3. 
This  calenture  which  shows  me  the  maple-shadowed 
plains  of  Berkshire,  .  .  .  beneath  the  salt  waves  which 
come  feeling  their  way  along  the  wall  at  my  feet. 

O.  H'.  Holmes,  Autocrat, 


are  dressed  at  a  calendi  r.  Sncyc.  Brit.,  IV. 

3.   [Prop,  calendrer,  q.  v.]     A  calendrer. 
calender1  (kal'en-der),  r.  t.     [=  P.  calandrer; 

from  the  noun.]     To  press  in  a  calender,  as 

cloth  or  paper, 
calender-t  (kal'en-der),  ii.     [<  F.  calendrc,  ca- 

landre,  calande,  now  only  calandre,  a  kind  of 

lark,  also  a  weevil :  see  calandra.]     1.  A  lark. 

See  calandra,  1. —  2.  A  weevil. 
Calender^,  Kalender  (kal'en-der),  n.    [=  F. 

calender,    <   Ar.   qalandar,    >   Turk,    qalander,  caiescence  (ka-les'ens),  >i.     [<  L.  calesecn(t-)s, 

Hind,   qalandar.]     One  of  an  order  of  der-    ppri  of  caiCSCere,  grow  warm  or  hot,  inchoative 

vishes  founded  in  the  fourteenth  century  by    0i  caUre^e  warm  or  hot:  see  co/t'rf.]    Growing 

an  Andalusian  Arab  named  Yusuf,  who  was  ex-    warmth;  increasing  heat. 

pelled  from  the  order  of  Bektashis  on  account  calevilet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  caliille. 

of  his  extreme  arrogance.     The  Calenders  are  wan-  caleweist,  «.     [ME.,  appar.  a  corrupt  form  of 

defers  who  preach  in  the  market-places  and  live  by  alms       (  ,p    ,.,„;/,„.(  1     A  fme  variety  of  pear.      liom.  of 

Though  the  title  Calender  asserts  for  its  bearers  a  life  of       .      „  J  j        r 

great  purity,  the  members  of  this  order,  even  before  the       vL,    f e'.,.  .        .,  ..      -, 

death  of  its  founder,  fell  into  the  grossest  licentiousness  calf1  (kaf),  n. ;  pi.  calves  (kavz). 

and  debauchery,  and  have  not  hesitated  at  assassination. 

They  hold  that  salvation  is  as  little  affected  by  vice  and 

crime  as  by  virtue  and  holiness,  and  that  sin  stains  the 

body  only  and  can  be  removed  by  ablutions. 

On  the  road  I  caused  my  beard  and  eyebrows  to  he 
shaven,  and  assumed  a  calender's  habit. 

Arabian  Mali's.  Hist,  of  Third  Calender. 

calender4^    »•     An  obsolete  corrupt  form  of 
coliander  for  coriander. 
calenderer,  n.    See  calendrer. 
calendering-rubber  (kal'en-der-rng-rub*er),  it. 

A  utensil  formerly  used  for  calendering. 


[E.  dial,  also 
cauf;  early  mod.  E.  also  calve,  <  ME.  calf,  <  AS. 
ivK/'/ipl.  cealfas,  masc,  cmli'i  /■«,  cealfru,  ueut.) 
=  OS.  /,•<<,/•=  U.  kalf=  MLG.  LG.  kalf=  Icel. 
hdlfr  =  S\'v.  kajf=  Dan.  I:alv  =  OHG.  calb,  chalb 
(pi.  chelbir),  MHG.  kalp  (pi.  kelber),G.  kalb,  neut., 
OIKJ.  clialbii,  MHG.  kalhe,  f.,  a  calf,  =  Goth. 
Jcalbo,  f.,  a  heifer;  related  to  AS.  cilfor  (-lamb), 
E.  dial,  chilver,  =  OHG.  chilburra,  MHG.  kilbere, 
a  female  lamb,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  kilbcr,  a  young 
ram  ;  cf.  Ir.  eul/ui,  cedpach,  cow,  heifer,  bul- 
lock; the  Lapp,  kalbe,  Finn,  kaljie,  are  borrowed 


calf 

from  <■',.  Perhaps  akin  to  skt.  garVha,  the 
womb,  ail  embryo.  =  (ir.  f3ptyo£,  an  embryo. 
In  the  derived  senses  7.  8,  9,  cf.  Dan.  koto,  a 
detached  islet,        I     ee  <  and  cam '.  ] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow  or  of  other  bovine 
quadrupeds,     [n  customs  la«s.  and  as  established  by 

tween  many  European  countries, 
call  when  it  has  shed  it^ 
two  Iron!  milk-teeth,  which  takes  place  some  time  be- 
■  ;li  and  it~  -ith  month. 

2.  The  young  of  marine  mammals,  as  seals 
and  cetaceans,  the  adults  of  which  are  called 
bulls  and  cows.— 3.  La  her.,  a  fawn.— 4.  Cab 

skin  leather:  as,  a  shoe  made  of  calf;  a  l k 

bound  in  calf. — 5.  A  hookbinding  in  calfskin. 
— 6.  An  immature  or  wffl  person;  a  silly  dolt; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.     [Colloq.] 

Some  silly,  doting,  brainli  is  calf.   Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

7.  A  small  island  lying  near  a  large  one  (the 
two  being  compared  to  a  cow  with  its  ealf): 
as,theca«/of  Man.    Admiral  Smyth.    [Eng.]  — 

8.  A  mass  of  earth  which  separates  from  the 
walls  of  a  cutting  or  excavation,  and  falls  in. 
Compare  calvi ,  3,  and  cavt  '•     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tak  heed,  lads,  there's  a  am}  a-comin. 

i     D.  S.,  ed.  Peacock). 

9.  Xaiit..  amass  of  floe-ice,  breaking  from  under 
the  floe  and  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
often  with  violence.  —  Divinity  calf,  a  dark-brown 

lokbinding decorated  with  blind-stamping, and  with- 
ilding:  so  call  used  in  binding  theological 
•  —Half  calf,  a  bookbinding  of  which  the  back  and 
u iii  km.     Mottled  calf,  a  pale-col- 
ored calf  bookbinding,  decorated   by  the  sprinkling  of 
[n  drops.  — Smooth  calf,  a  binding  in  plain  or  un- 
decorated  leather.— The  calves  of  the  lips,  metaphori 
caUyused  in  Blosea  \iv.  2  for  sacrifices  of  prayer,  praise, 
and  thanksgiving,  the  captives  of  Babylon  being  unable 
to  offer  sacrifices  in  the  temple.  -Tree  calf,  a  bright- 
brown  calf  1 kbinding  stained  by  acids  in  conventional 

in  of  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree. 

calf-  i  kaf  i.  n. :  pi.  calves  (kavz).  [<  ME.  calf  . 
calf.  <  Ieel.  kaifi  =  Norw.  halve,  dial,  kalv,  Jcaave, 

=  Sw.  kill/,  in  conip.  bcn-kalf,  calf  (ben,  lee;.  = 
E.  bone1),  =  Dan.  dial,  halve,  kalle,  ml;  ef. 
Ir.  ealpa,  colpa,  Gael,  calpa,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  human  leg  behind, 
between  the  knee  and  the  ankle,  chiefly  formed 
by  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles,  which 
are  relatively  larger  in  man  than  in  any  other 
animal,  for  the  better  support  of  the  body  iu 
the  erect  attitude. 

I  i:  too  big  for  Hector. 

Dum.   More  calf,  certain.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

calf-bone  (kaf'bon),  n.    The  fibula. 

calfkill  (kiif'kil),  ».     LambkiH  or  sheep-laurel, 

Kalmia  angusUfolia. 
calf-lick  (kat'likt,  u.    Same  as  cow-lick. 
calf-like  (kaf'lik),  a.  or  adv.    Resembling  a 

calf;  in  tie  ma  oner  of  a  calf. 

So  I  charm'd  their  ears, 
That,  calf-likt ,  they  my  lowing  followed. 

si, ah..  Tempest,  iv.  l. 

calf-love  (kaf'luv),  n.    A  youthful  transitory 
passion  or  affection,  as  opposed  to  a  serious 
lasting  attachment  or  love, 
lis  a  girl's  fancy  just,  a  kind  o'  calf-love;  let  it  go  by. 
Mrs.  (JaskeU,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  \\ 

calf's-foot  (kafs'fut),  n.  A  name  of  the  Arum 
maculatu in ,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf. 

calf's-head  (kafs'hed),  n.  The  pitcher-plant 
of  California.  Darlingtimia  Californica,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  \i  nirieose  hood  at  the  summit  of  the 
leaf.    Sec  Darlingtonia. 

calfskin  (kaf'skin),  u.  1.  The  hide  or  skin  of 
a  calf. 

,  [ion  -  hide  '  doff  it  for  shame, 
Ana  i  on  those  recreant  limbs. 

Sim!.,  K.  John,  iii.  t. 
2.  Leather  made  of  calves'  skins,  a  common 
material  for  boots  and  shot  .  and  also,  when 
differently  prepared,  for  bookbinding.  Calfskin 
differs  from  morocco  in  having  a  very  smooth 
and  uniform  surface. 

calf-snout  a 1 ),  u .    The  snapdragon  ,.!//- 

calf-trundlet,   /'.      The  ruffle  of  a  shirt;   the 

flounce,  of  a  l'"v.  M.     ll  right. 
calf-ward  i  kaf'ward),  n.    A  place  where  calves 

toe  topi  in  the  field.     Also  written  cauf-ward. 

[So, del,. J 

caliatour-wood  (kal'i-a-tdr-wud),  n.     A  kind 

of  dyefl i  i  tndia  on  1  lie  <  loro- 

mand,  I  coast,    it  i  confounded  «  it  b 

roil  sandal-v. I. 

caliber,  calibre  (kal'i-ber),  n.  [<  F.  calibre, 
former!]  of  a  gun,  size, 

•  —  sp.  Pg. 
bre  =  It.  !■•■■  uncertain  : 

perhaps  <  L.  CM  I..  i m 

sion  tern,  of  guts,  who,  what, 


764 

=  E.  »■/'",  u-hii-i :  libra,  abl.  of  libra,  balance, 
counterpoise,  measure  for  liquids,  a  pound: 
see  libra.   Cf. cantilever,  cantalioer.    Lit  t  re  sug;- 

fests  Ar.  kdlab,  ;i  form,  mold,  model;  cf.  I'ers. 
'i.  a  mold.    Doublets,  caliper,  ealiver,  q.  v.] 

1.  Tin'  diameter  of  a  body,  especially  of  the 
hollow  inside  of  a  cylinder:  as,  the  Caliber  of 
a  piece  of  ordnance  or  other  firearm.  In  the 
i  i.i.  a  States  the  caliberof  a  firearm  is  expressed  in  deci- 
mal parts  of  an  inch;  thus,  a  rifle  of  .44-inch  caliber  (often 
shortened  to  "a44-caliber rifle,'*  "a S2-caliber  pistol, "etc.); 
of  a  cannon,  either  by  the  diameter  of  its  here,  as  a  lo-im  h 
gun,  or  by  the  weight  ed  a  Bolid  round  shot  which  it  can 
carry,  as  a  12-pounder.  In  Great  Britain  the  calibers  of 
small  arms  are  commonly  expressed  in  decimal  parts  of  an 
inch ;  of  field-guns,  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot 
which  will  fit  the  bore,  as  a  6-pounder;  of  heavy  guns,  in 
tons,  as  a  88-ton  gun  or  a  100-ton  gun.  In  France  and  in 
other  countries  on  the  continent  the  caliber  is  expressed 
in  millimeters  or  centimeters. 

The  energy  of  the  brain  depends  mainly  on  the  calibre 
of  its  arteries. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  47. 

2.  Figuratively,  compass  or  capacity  of  mind; 
the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endowments. 

Coming  from  men  of  their  calibre,  they  were  highly  mis- 
chievous. Link,',  Appeal  to  Old  Whigs. 

A  thinker  of  Comte's  calibre  does  not  live  and  write  to 
no  purpose.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  i'hilos.,  I.  164. 

3.  In  liorol.:  (a)  The  distance  between  the 
two  plates  of  a  watch  which  determines  the 
flatness  of  the  movement.  (//)  The  plate  upon 
which  is  traced  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces 
of  a  clock;  the  pattern-plate.  A'.  //.  Knight. 
—  Caliber-compasses,  calibers.    See  caliper. 

caliber  (kal'i-ber).  »•  '•    [<  caliberl  ».]    In  gun 
to  ascertain  the  caliber  of; 
caliper.     [Little  used.] 

caliber-gage  (kal'i-ber-gaj),  n. 
ard    for    measuring    cali- 
bers, whether  external  or 

internal.  A  usual  combination 
form  (see  the  annexed  cut)  is  made 
with  prongs  or  jaws  bavin-  an 
opening  of  exactly  the  required 
caliber  for  external  measure- 
ments, and  a  bar  of  the  exact 
gage  tor  internal  measurements. 
Other  forms  are  plugs  or  rings, 
etc.  Also  caliper-gage. 
caliber-rule  (kal'i-ber-rol),  n.  1.  Gunners' 
calipers,  an  instrument  in  which  a  right  line 
is  so  divided  that,  the  first  part  being  equal 
to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1 
pound  weight,  the  other  parts  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  pounds 
are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  pound.  It  is 
used  by  engineers  to  determine  a  ball's  weight 
from   its  diameter   or 


calibrate.     See 
A  tool  or  stand 


Caliber-gage. 


59 


Caliber-square. 


caliber,  and  vice  versa. 

—  2.  An  outside  caliper 

formed  by  a  rule  hav- 
caiiber-mie.  ing  a  graduated  slide 

with  a  projecting  foot, 
between  which  and  the  end  of  the  rule  is  placed 
the  piece  to  be  measured. 

Also  caliper-rule. 
caliber-square  (kal'i-ber-skwar),  n.    A  rule 
carrying  two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  ad- 
justed slight- 
ly by  a  nut, 
the  other  be- 
ing  movable 
along        the 

rule.  On  one 
side  the  cross- 
heads  arc  adapt- 
ed to  the  mea- 
surement of  in- 
iii  [or  diameters 
or  sizes,  and  on 
the  other  side  to  the  measurement  of  external  sizes.  Also 
catiper-square. 

calibOgUS  (kal-i-bo'gus),  u.  An  American  cant 
name  lor  a  drink  made  of  rum  anil  spruce  beer. 

calibrate  (kal'i-brat),  v.  L;  pret.  and  pp.  cali- 
brated, ppr.  calibrating.  [<  caliber  +  -ate2.] 
1.  To  determine  the  caliber  of.  as  the  interior 
of  a  thormomotor-tube.   See  calibration.   Hence 

—  2.  To  determine  the  relative  value  of,  as  dif- 
ferent parts  of  an  arbitrary  scale. 

It  is,  however,  possible  tocailirate  the  galvanometer. 

—  that  is,  to  ascertain  by  special  measurements,  or  by 
comparison  with  a  standard  instrument,  to  what  stri  ugths 
of  current  particular  am ts  of  deflection  correspond. 

S.  /'.  Thompson,  Diet,  and  Mag.,  p.  163. 

calibration  (kal-i-bra'shon  >,  «.  [<  calibrate  + 
-ton.]  The  act  or  process  of  calibrating,  espe- 
cially of  ascertaining-  the  en libei-  of  a  thermom- 
eter-lube, with  Ihe  view  of  graduating  it  to  a 
scale  of  degrees,  or,  if  graduated,  of  discover- 
ing and  measuring  any  errors  due  to  inequality 

in  the  bore;  also,  the  determination  of  the  true 

Values  of  the-  di\  isions  of  any  graduated  scale. 


calico-printing 

The  calil  irat  ion  of  a  thrnni  uurter  tube  is  effected  by  insert- 
ing a  column  of  mercury  of  a  known  length,  and  ascertain- 
ing that  it  retains  the  same  length  in  all  parts  of  the  tube. 

calibre,  «.    See  caliber. 

Calibum  (kal'i-bem),  u.  Auothername  for  Ex- 
calibur,  the  sword  of  King  Arthur:  as,  " Calx- 
Imru's  resistless  brand,"  Scott,  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main,  i.  15. 

calicate  (kal'i-kat),  a.  [A  corrupt  form  of  caly- 
catc,  as  if  <  L.  calix  (calie-),  a  cup  (see  calix),  + 
-rt/fl.]     See  calycate. 

calice  (kal'is),  n.  [<  ME.  calls,  chalice,  <  OF. 
enlier,  a  cup,  assibilated  "chalice,  >  E.  chalice, 
q.  v.,  <  L.  calix  (calie-),  a  cup:  sec  chalice.]  If. 
A  cup,  usually  it  communion-cup;  a  chalice. 

Eating  the  holy  bread  and  drinking  the  sacred  ctilii-,-. 

.hi-.   Tai/hir. 

2.  In  zool.,  the  little  cup  in  which  the  polyp  of 
a  coral-producing  zoophyte  is  contained. 

calices  (ktil'i-sez),  ii.pl.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  calyces,  plural  of  calyx  (which  see). 

caliche  (ka-le'che),  u.  [Sp.,  a  pebble  acciden- 
tally inclosed  in  a  burnt  brick,  also  a  Hake 
of  lime  detached  from  a  whitewashed  wall ; 
in  Mex.  Sp.  recent  soft  or  earthy  limestone; 
used  by  Humboldt  as  equiv.  to  Sp.  caliza,  lime- 
stone (cf.  caliso,  limy,  calcareous);  <  cal,  <  L. 
calx,  lime:  see  calx1.']  The  local  South  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  native  impure  nitrate  of  soda 
(Chili  saltpeter),  of  much  importance  in  the 
commerce  of  South  America. 

caliciferous,  ".    See  calyciferous. 

calicle,  u.    In  zool.,  same  as  calycle,  2. 

calico  (kal'i-ko),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
callico  (cf.  Dan.  kaliko,  Sw.  kalliko,  V.  calicot, 
Sp.  calico,  <  E. ;  Sp.  caHciil,  ealicial,  a  silk  stuff) ; 
so  called  from  Calicut  (in  early  mod.  E.  also 
CaKcoio,  Calcco)  in  India,  whence  it  was  first 
imported.]  I.  ».;  pi.  calicoes  or  -cos  (-koz). 
1.  Properly,  any  white  cotton  cloth:  as,  un- 
bleached calico,  shirtiug-cn./co,  etc.  Calico  was 
first  manufactured  in  India,  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  Europe. —  2.  In  the  United 
States,  printed  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  muslin. 

II.  a.    1.  Made  of  calico:  as,  a  calico  gown. 
—  2.    Resembling  printed  cotton  or    calico; 
spotted;  piebald:  as,  a  calico  horse.     [Rare.] 
The  kind-hearted  Antony  alighted  from  his  calico  marc, 
and  kissed  them  all  with  infinite  loving-kindness. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  419. 

calico-back  (kal'i-ko-bak),  n.  A  local  name 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  of 
the  turnstone,  Strepsilas  interpres. 

[The  name]  Calico-back  [has  reference)  to  the  curiously 
variegated  plumage  of  the  upper  parts. 

Sportsman*  Gazetteer,  p.  lid. 

calico-bass  (kal'i-ko-bas),  n.  A  name  of  a  sun- 
fish,  Pomoxys  sparoides,  of  the  family  Centrar- 
chiila:  Also  called  grOSS-basS,  straulierrii-bass, 
and  bar-fish.    See  crappie. 

calico-bush  (kal'i-ko-bush),  ».  A  common 
name  of  the  Kalmia  tatifolia,  the  mountain  lau- 
rel of  the  United 
States. 

calico-printer 
(kal '  i  -  ko  -  prin  " - 
ter),  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  the 
printing  of  cali- 
coes. 

calico-printing 
(kal '  i  -  ko  -  prin  "  - 
ting),  n.  The  art 
of  impressing  de- 
signs in  color  up- 
on Cloth.  The  sim- 
plest method  is  the  Use 

o:    engraved    w len 

Mollis,    pressed     upon 

the  cloth  by  hand.  A 
separate  block  is  re- 
quired for  each  color, 
blink  printing  basatso 
been  effected  By  means 
of  machinery.  For 
most  work  a  cylinder- 
press  is  Used.  The  pat- 
terns are  engraved  up- 
on the  surface  of  cop- 
per   rollers     mid     the 

movement  of  tie  i  loth 
is      continuous      and 

rapid.    The  colors  used 

an-  either  substantive 
or  adjective  :  tin-  for- 

mcr  hare  an  affinity  for 
the  cloth,  and  In  them 
Selves  adhere  and  form 

permanent  d\cs;  the  latter  will  not  of  themselves  adhere 
to  the  llt.ers,  or,  if  they  do,  are  not  permanent,  but  n  quire 
I.,  I,,-  lived  by  mordants.  The  various  styles  of  printing 
an-  called  the  bandana,  china-blue,  decoloring,  discharge, 
madder,  padding,  resist  style,  etc. 


Calico-printing  M  »  hine,  adapted  for 
two  pattern-rolfers. 

The  cloth  is  unwound   from   n 
and  passes  beneath  the  smooth  roller  a, 
re>  en  ing  an  impression  from  each  ol  the 
two  e  Hi  ts  ,-.  t,  as  it  |i;issl-v     The  roller 
a  runs  iu  journal-boxes  wliii  ti  arc  reffu- 
l-iteil  by  a  set  s,  tew  t  at  each  end,  and 
a  smootning-roller  r,  actuated  by  a  sct- 
■-.  t.  „    ./,  holds    the   cloth   against  the 
roller  a.     The  patlern-rollers.  f.  f.  arc 
inked   by  the    aprons./,/,    win- 
over  the  rollers  r,  r.  I.  thcoutside  ■ 
ol  the  aprons  coming  ill  contact  with  th« 

surfacesof  the  xoWvt&g.g,  which  i 

in  tile  ink-troughs,  h.  >i.    After  r. 

Ihe  impressi'.n-  fr tin-  pattern-rollers, 

e,  r.  the  cloth,  "/  m  »i.  is  I-  'I  "if  t"  OS 
dried  and  folded. 


calico-wood 


765 


calicO-WOOd  (kal'i-ko-wiid),  n.  The  snowdrop- 
tree,  Halesia  tetraptera,  of  the  southern  united 
States,   having  a  soft,  compact,  light-brown 

calic'ula  (ka-lik'u-ia),  «.;  pi.  caliculas  (Me). 
[Nli.,  f. ;  cf.  L.  calicuius,  m.,  dim.  of  calix  {co- 
lic-), a  cup ;  hut  the  proper  form  would  be  *caly- 
culn:  see  calycle.]  1.  A  calycle.—  2.  [cap.]  A 
p-enus  of  lepidopterous  insects.     Walker,  IS.iS. 

calicular  (ka-lik'u-liir),  o.  [<  L.  calicuius  (see 
calieula)  +  -or.]  Formed  like  a  cup;  calathi- 
form;  eyathiform:  as,  "  calicular  leaves,"  Sir 
T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  3. 

caliculate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.    [<  NL.  caMeuUlms, 

<  calicula,  q.  v.]     1.  In  hot.  and  -»•>/.,  same  as 
ealiCular.—2.  Having  a  calicula  or  calyx. 

calidt  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  calkins,  hot,  <  colore, 
be  hot.  Hence  also  ult.  (<  h.  calidus)  caldron, 
chaldron,  chalder,ete.,&nd  (<  calere)  calefacient, 
calefy,  chafe,  color,  caloric,  etc.]  Hot ;  bumiug ; 
ardent.  _         ,.  . 

calidad(ka-li-dad'),".  [Sp.,=E.m«afelty,  q.v.] 
A  Cuban  tobacco  of  superior  quality. 

calidge  (kal'ij),  M.  A  kind  of  Indian  pheasant : 
same  as  kaleege.     W.  H.  Russell. 

calidityt  (ka-lid'i-ti),  re,    [<  L.  as  if  *cahd%tas, 

<  calidus,  hot:  see  calid.]    Heat. 
Nor  doth  it  [ice]  only  submit  unto  an  actual  heat  but 

not  endure  the  potential  calidily  of  many  waters. 

gtr  T.  Browne,  \  ulg.  Err.,  n.  1. 

CalidriS  (kal'i-dris),  re.  [NL.  (as  a  genus  in 
Cuvier,  1799-1800;  improp.  chaUdris,  Belon, 
1555),  <  Gr.  Ka'Aiafiic,  a  var.  reading  of  anaMdpic, 
in  Aristotle,  a  speckled  water-bird,  prob.  the 
redshank  (Totanus  calidris,  Linnfsus),  perhaps 
<mialic  (amkii-),  ahoe,  mattock,  shovel,  <  ovcaA- 
lav,  stir  up,  hoe,  probe,  search.  Cf.  Ereum  tes 
('searcher'),  applied  to  a  genus  of  sandpipers, 
in  allusion  to  their  probing  habits.]  1.  [i.e.] 
An  old  name  of  sundry  small  spotted  wading 
birds  of  Europe,  of  the  family  Senlopacida:  See 
Arenaria.— 2.  A  genus  of  sandpipers  (Bnsson, 
1760),  with  the  knot,  Tringa  camttits,  as  the 
type.— 3.  [/.  c]  The  specific  name  (Linnreus, 
17G6)  of  the  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  calidris: 
4.  A  genus  of  three-toed  sandpipers,  includ- 
ing only  the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.  This 
is  the  current  meaning  of  the  word,  dating  back 
to  Cuvier,  1800.— 5.  [I,  c]  The  specific  name 
of  the  sanderling  with  those  who  call  the  bird 
Arenaria  calidris. 

calidUCt  (kal'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calere,  be  warm 
(or  calidus,  warm),  +  ductus,  a  leading  (see 
duct) ;  more  correctly  caloriduct,  q.  v.]  A  pipe 
or  duet  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam  from  a 
furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house.  [Rare.] 
calif,  caliph  (ka'lif ),  re.  [<  ME.  califfe,  cahphe. 
<  F.  califc,<  Ar.  khalifa,  khalifah  (>  Turk,  kha- 
lifa), calif,  lit.  a  successor,  <  khalafa,  succeed.] 
Literally,  a  successor:  the  title  given  to  the 
successor  of  Mohammed  as  head  of  the  Moslem 
state  and  defender  of  the  faith.  The  calif  is  vested 
with  absolute  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
religion  and  civil  polity  of  the  Mohammedans.  He  is 
called  imam  by  tbe  Shlahs,  who  hold  that  the  successor  of 
Mohammed  should  be  a  descendant  of  the  prophet's  own 
family  (See  imam.)  The  Sunni  Mohammedans  hold  that 
the  calif  should  he  one  of  the  Koreish,  the  tribe  to  which 
the  prophet  belonged.  Four  so-called  ■•  perfect"  califs 
reigned  at  Medina  from  the  death  of  Mohammed  to  661, 
13  Omraiad  califs  at  Damascus  to  750,  and  37  Abbasid 
califs  at  I'.agdad  to  1258,  when  the  temporal  power  of  the 
califs  was  overthrown  by  the  Turks.  There  were,  how- 
ever titular  Abbasid  califs  in  Egypt  (successors  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family  who  fled  thither  in  1258)  until  the  usur- 
pation of  the  ealifate  by  the  Turkish  sultan  Selim  I. 
(1512-20);  the  office  has  since  remained  in  the  Ottoman 
(Sunni)  dynasty.  The  title  calif  was  assumed  by  the  Om- 
miad  rulers  of  Mohammedan  Spain  at  Cordova  (755-1031), 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  family  in  Asia.  The  Fattaute 
rulers  of  Egypt  (U09-1171)  also  called  themselves  cahfs. 
Also  spelled  kalif,  khalif,  etc. 

ealifate,  caliphate  (ka'li-fat),  n.     [<  caUJ  + 

-ate*.  Cf.  Turk,  khalifet,  Ar.  khalafa,  ealifate.] 
The  office  or  dignity  of  the  califs,  or  the  govern- 
ment of  a  calif.  Also  spelled  caliphat,  kalifate, 
khalif  ate. 

California  coffee,  condor,  jack,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Califomian  (kal-i-for'ni-an),  a.  and  re.  [<  Cali- 
fornia +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Cali- 
fornia, one  of  the  Pacific  States  of  the  United 
States:  as,  Califomian  gold. 

II.  re,  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Califor- 
nia.-Lower  Califomian,  pertaining  to,  or  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Lower  or  I'.aja  California,  a  peninsular  territory 
of  Mexico,  south  of  the  State  of  California  (in  this  relation 
.ailed  Upper  or  Alta  California). 
califship  (ka'lif-ship),  n.  [<  calif  +  -ship.] 
Same  as  ealifate.  _ 

caliga  (kal'i-'ga),  h.  ;  pi.  caliga;  (-je).  [L.,  a  shoe, 
a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's  hoot.  Cf .  calceus,  a  shoe, 


and  see  calceatc]  1.  In  Rom.  anliq.,  a  mili- 
tary shoe;  the  mosl  common  form  of  foot-cov- 
ering of  all  ranks  up  to  centurion,  it  consisted 
oi  a  strong  sole  with  projecting  nails,  havinj  secured  to  it, 
in  the  most  usual  form,  a  number  of  straps  or  thongs  so 
dl  posed  as  to  Inclose  the  foot  as  high  as  the  ankle,  but 
leai  in-:  Hi.  toi  ■  i  Kposed. 
2.  A  bishop's  stocking.     See  buskin,  ».,  •>. 

Our  English  bishops  began  at  an  early  period  to  wear 
these  .-nli. ar  or  episcopal  stockings.  .. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  Ii.  249. 

caligatet  (kal'i-gat),  ».    [<  L.  caUgatus,  booted, 

<  caliga,  a  shoe,  a  boot.]  1.  One  wearing 
stockings. — 2.  A  common  soldier;  also,  a 
faint-hearted  coward.     Coles,  1717. 

caligated    (kal'i-gii-ted),  a.     [<  L.  caWgatus, 

1 te.l,  <  ciil/mi,  a,  boot.]     In  ormth.,  lamini- 

plantar;  having  the  typical  osciue  tarsus. 
Having  only  nine  primaries  and  caligated  tarsi,  it  was 

an  oscine  form.  _.,,*.,...»       ^»  ,.„ 

P.  L.  Sclater,  Cat.  Birds  Brit,  Mus..  SI  B0 

caligation(kal-i-ga'shpn),«.  [<L. caUgaMo(n-), 

<  caligare,  pp.  caligatus,  be  in  darkness,  <  caligo, 
darkness:  see  enlnja.]  Darkness;  dimness; 
cloudiness;  specifically,  dimness  of  sight:  as, 
"a  caligation  or  dimness,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
En-.,  ii'i.  18. 

Caligidae  (ka-lij'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cahgus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  siphonostomous  crusta- 
ceans, the  species  of  which  are  eetoparasitic 
upon  fishes.  They  have  a  flat  body  with  a  shield-  or 
buckler-like  cephalothorax,  and  small  or  reduced  abdo- 
men; a  large  genital  segment,  especially  in  the  female; 
tour  pairs  of  biramous  pleopods  or  swimming-feet;  ami  a 
Buctorial  mouth  with  Btyliform  mandibles.  The  females 
have  Ion--,  string-like  egg-tubes.  The  Caliaidce  live  on 
the  skin  and  gills  of  marine  lishes.  There  are  a  number 
,,t  genera  besidi  -  Caligus. 
Caligides(ka-li-zhed'),  n.pl.  [F.pl.,repr.  NL. 
i  uliqiilie.  q.  v.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
siliealioii.  a  tribe  of  his  .siphonostoma,  or  para- 
Mtie  crustaceans,  approximately  equivalent  to 
the  modern  order  Siphonostoma. 
caliginosity  (ka-lij-i-nos'i-ti),  re.  [<  L.  as 
if  *caliqinosita(t-)s,  <  caliginosus,  cabgmous.J 
Darkness;  dimness.  [Bare.] 
CaliginOUS  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caln.iiiiosiis, 
<  caligo  (caliqin-),  darkness:  see  caligo.]  Dim; 
obscure;  dark.  HaUiwell.  [Rare.] 
caliginously  (ka-lij'i-nus-li),  adv.     Obscurely. 

[Rare-]  .  .  rv 

caliginousness  (ka-hj  'i-nus-nes),  re.     Dimness ; 

obscurity,  [Pare.] 
caligo  (ka-li'go),  ».  [L.,  darkness,  dimness, 
prop,  mist,  vapor,  fog.]  1.  Dimness  of  sight; 
caligation.  Also  called  achlys.— 2.  [cap.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  subfamily  BrOS- 
SolinOS.  C  i  urytochus  is  the  enormous  owl-butterfly  of 
South  Imerica, sometimes  expanding  9  inches.  C.  uranus 
is  another  species  with  an  orange  bar  across  the  wings. 

caligrapher,  caligraphic,  etc.    See  camgra- 

cal'igulV(ka-lig'u-la),  re, ;  pi.  caligula:  (-IS).  [L. 
caligula,  dim.  of  caliga,  a  boot,  esp.  a  soldiei  s 
boot:  see  caliga.']  1.  In  ornith.,  a  boot;  an 
ocreate  or  fused  tarsal  envelop.— 2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  Agenus  of  lepidopterous insects.  Moore, 
1862. 

Caligus  (kal'i-gus),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  caliga,  a 
boot,]  A  genus  of  parasitic  suctorial  crusta- 
ceans, of  the  group  called  Epizoa,  or  fish-lice, 
having  the  elongated  labium  and  metastoma 
united  in  a  tube  which  incloses  the  sharp  styli- 
form  mandibles,  typical  of  the  family  Caligidw. 
C.  curtiis  is  a  parasite  of  the  cod. 

calimanCO,  re.     See  calamanco. 

calin  (ka'lin),  re.  [Sp.  calin  =  Pg.  cahm;  oi 
Eastern  origin.]  A  compound  metal,  ot  which 
the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  and  the  like. 
The  ingredients  are,  apparently,  lead  and  tin. 

caliological  (kal-i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
caliology. 

caliology  (kal-i-ol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  mha,  a 
dwelling,  hut,  nest  (=  L.  cella,  a  hut,  cham- 
ber: see  cell),  +  ->")'«,  <  ?-e>«>',  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  department  of  ornithology  which 
relates  to  birds'  nests. 


calk 

calipee  (kal'i-pe  or  kal-i-pe'),  re.  [S^o  calipash.] 
That  pari  Of  a  turtle  which  belongs  to  tin-  lower 
shield,  consisting  of  a  fattj  gelatinous  sub 
stance  of  a  light-yellow  color.     Also   spelled 

eallipi  • . 

bin  help.  .1   himself  to  turtle  soup;  for  the  ladj  -I 

the  I le,  i»  tore  whom  thi   tureen  was  placed,  was  so 

Ignorant  ol  the  contents,  that  she  was  going  to  help  nr. 
Sedley  witl I    bi  stow- 


a,  spring-calipers:  b.  common  fond 
with  arc;  c.  msi'le  calipers:  it.  il  i  1 
and  outside  calipers ;  t,  spring-cali- 
pers  with  pivoted  operating  screw  and 
nut;  /.  Vernier  calipers  for  inside  and 
outside  measurements  which  read  to 
thousandths  of  inches. 


The  extraordinary  taste  and  ability  many  birds  display 
in  this  matter,  as  well  as  the  wide  range  of  their  habi 
tudes,  furnishes  one  of  the  most  delightful  departments 
of  ornithology,  called  caVwlmit). 

Corns,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  227. 

calipash  (kal'i-pash  or  kal-i-pash'),  It.  [A  form 
of  calabash  with  sense  of  carapace,  q.  v.  Cf. 
calipee.]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  upper  shield,  consisting  of  a  fatty 
gelatinous  substance  of  a  dull-greenish  color. 
Also  spelled  callipash. 

For  now  instead  of  rich  sir-loins,  we  see 
Green  calipash  and  yellow  calipee. 

Prol.  to  The  Dramatist. 


ing  npon  li itlieicali- 

ps  h  or  '-'iiii'i'i-. 
Thackeray,  \  anitj  Fair. 

caliper    (kal'i-per), 

u.  [Also  written 
eiillipi  r,  a  corrup- 
tion of  rnhlit  r,  (|.  v.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  diame- 
ters; a  caliber: 
commonly    in    the 

plural.  The  term  cali 
jn'i-  or  calipers  is  used 
generally  to  denote  an 
instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  exterior  diame- 
ter of  any  cylindrical 
body,  and  star-gage  or 

inside  calipers  for  an  instrument  used  for  obtaining  tbe 
Interior  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun,  casing,  or  jacket. 

Not  by  volume,  but  by  quality,  which  the  calipers  fail 
to  measure  or  scales  weigh,  does  wit  declare  the  values  of 
the  imponderable  essences,  sensibility  and  thought. 

Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  148. 

caliper  (kal'i-per),  v.  t.    [<  caliper,  n.     Cf. 

ciilihrr.  >■.]  To  ascertain  the  diameter  of  (any 
cylindrical  body)  by  means  of  calipers,  or  by  a 
star-gage :  as,  to  caliper  a  gun. 

caliper-gage,  -rule,  -square.  See  caliber-gage, 
etc, 

caliph,  caliphate,  ».    See  calif,  ealifate. 

Calippic  (ka-lip'ik),  a.  [More  correctly  Cal- 
lippic,  <  Or.  Ku//i--o<\  Callippus.  The  name 
means  'having  a  beautiful  horse,'  <  sa'K'h-,  aa- 
Uc,  beautiful,  +  Zmroc  =  L.  equus,  a  horse.]    Of 

'  or  pertaining  to  Calippus  (Callippus),  a  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  fourth  century  before  Christ, 
—  Calippic  period,  a  period  equal  to  four  Metonic  cycles 
less  one  day,  proposed  by  Calippus  to  correct  the  excess 
of  tin    Metallic  reckoning.     It  contains  27.759  days.     Also 

Calisaya  bark.    See  Bolivian  hark,  under  bark?. 

calisthenic,  calisthenics,  etc.  See  callisthenic, 
etc, 

calivert  (kal'i-ver),  «.  [Formerly  also  caleever, 
<  P.  calibre,  caliber,  bore:  see  caliber.]  In  the 
sixteenth  century,  a  hand-firearm  lighter  than 
the  musket  and  fired  without  a  rest ;  especially, 
such  a  gun  when  of  fixed  diameter  or  caliber 
for  a  whole  company  of  soldiers  using  the  same 
ammunition.    Also' spelled  eallicer. 

Such  as  fear  the  report  of  a  caliver. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
He  is  so  hung  with  pikes,  halberts,  petronels,  cali'ivm, 
and  muskets,  that  he  looks  like  a  justice  of  peace's  hall. 
B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  2. 
We  bad  our  particular  calibre  of  harqilebuse  to  our  re- 
giment ...  of  which  word  calibre  came  first  that  unapt 
term  we  use  to  call  a  harqnebuse,  a  caliper. 

Maitliiml,  Hist.  London. 

calix,  n. ;  pi.  calices.  [A  form  of  c/rii/x,  by  con- 
fusion with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  >  E.  ealiee,  chalice, 
q.  v.]     See  calyx. 

Calixtine1  (ka-liks'tin),  re,  [<  ML.  Calixtini, 
a  sect  so  called,  referred  to  calix,  a  cup,  the 
cup  of  the  eucharist;  in  form  as  if  from  Calix- 
tots,  a  proper  name:  see  -inel.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  their 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of  which 
was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  supper, 
from  which  they  were  also  called  Utraquists 
(L.  uterquc,  both).  Their  tenetswere  conceded  by  the 
articles  of  Basel  in  14:«,  and  they  became  the  predominant 
party  in  Bohemia.  They  aimed  to  restore  the  cup  to  the 
laity,  to  subject  clergy  accused  of  crime  to  lay  authority, 
and' to  deprive  the  clergy  of  lands  and  temporal  jurisdic- 
tion. Gradually  they  lapsed  from  the  severity  of  their 
principles,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century 
had  ceased  to  be  of  any  importance,  serving  only  to  pre- 

diare  the  way  for  Protestantism. 
alixtine2  (ka-liks'tin).  n.     [<  George  Caltitns 
+  -inc1.]    A  follower  of  George  Calixtus,  a  Lu- 
theran theologian,  who  died  in  1656.     See  Syn- 
cretist. 

calk1,  caulk  (kak).  v.  t.  [Prob.  the  same  word, 
with  extended  sense,  as  ME.  cauken,  tread,  as 
a  cock,  <  OF.  cauguer,  tread,  tent  a  wound,  = 
Sp.  dial,  ealear  =  Pg.  ealear  =  It.  calcare,  tread, 
trample,  <  L.  calcare,  tread,  trample,  tread 
down,  tread  in,  <  calx  (cole-),  heel:  see  cn.x% 
and  cf.  calcitratc.  Cf.  Gael,  calc  =  Ir.  calcam, 
drive  with  a  hammer,  calk  (see  en-).  The  mod- 
ern sense  of  E.  calk1  agrees  with  the  appar. 
unrelated  F.  calfater,  ealfeutrcr  —  Pr.  calafatar 


Horecshoe-Calks, 


calk 

=  Sp.  eaUtfatear  =  Pg.  ctAafetar  =  It.  calafatare 
(ML.  calafatare,  MGi  .  calk  a  ship: 

of  tuioertaiii  (perhaps  At.;  origin.]    To  drive 
oakum  into  the  Beams  of  (a  ship  or  other  vessel). 
See  calking1,  1 .  —  Calking-chisel.    See  chisel. 
calk-tkalk), v.  /.  [Also spelled calque;=D.  leal- 
hen  n  =  G.  kalkieren  =  Dan.  kalkere,  <  F.  calquer 
= It. cdlcare, calk, <L.  as  it'  " calcan  .<  cair (rule-), 
lime :  see  chalk.]  1.  To  cover  with  chalk,  as  the 
;  of  adesign,  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
a  copy  of  it. —  2.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  a  map, 
etc.,  by  tracing.    Bee  calking*. 
calks(ka\k),  ».   [Also  written  eaufe,  cork;  appar. 
short  for coifcer* or ca Ikin,  q.  v.]    1.  Aspurpro- 
jecting  downward  from  a  horse- 
shoe, serving  to  prevent  slip- 
ping.—  2.  A  piece  of  iron  with 
sharp  points  worn  on  the  sole 
or  heel  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to 
prevent  slipping  on  the  ice  or 
to  make  it  wear  longer:  also 
worn    by   lumbermen    in    the 
woods,  and  especially  on  the  drive.     [U.  S.] 
calk3  (kak).  v.  t.    [Also  written  cock;  <  calk?,  n.] 

1.  To  fit  with  calks,  as  horseshoes. —  2.  To  in- 
jure or  hurt  with  a  calk,  as  when  a  horse  wounds 
one  of  his  feet  with  the  calk  on  another  foot. 

calk4t,  v.    [Short  for  calciile,  q.  v.]   To  calculate. 

calker1,  caulker  (k&'ker),  n.  [<  calk1  +  -er1.] 
One  who  calks ;  especially,  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  calking  of  ships. 

calker2  (ka'ker),  ».  [Also  called  calkin,  and  in 
the  United  States  calk  (see  calk?);  prob.  con- 
nected with  calk1  and  L.  calx,  heel.  Of.  L.  cal- 
car,  a  spin-.]     Same  as  calk?.     [Eng.] 

calker't,  «•  [<  calk*  +  -er1.]  One  who  calcu- 
lates nativities.     Hares. 

calketrapt,  ».    Same  as  caltrop. 

calki,  "•    See  kalki. 

calkin  (ka'kin),  «.     Same  as  calk3.     [Eng.] 

On  this  horse  is  Arcite 
Trotting  the  stones  of  Athens,  which  the  calkins 
Dili  rather  tell  than  trample. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

calking1,  caulking  (ka/king),  u.  [Verbal  n. 
of  calk1,  t\]  1.  The  operation  of  filling  the 
seams  of  vessels  with  oakum,  to  prevent  pene- 
tration of  water.  The  oakum  is  forced  below 
the  surface,  and  the  space  outside  of  it  is  filled 
with  melted  pitch. — 2.  In  carp.,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  by  which  cross-timbers 
are  secured  together,  much  used  for  fixing  the 
tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a 
floor,  down  to  the  wall-plates. 

calking2  (kal'Mng),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  calk*,  v.] 
The  copying  of  a  picture  or  design  by  means  of 
tracing.  Three  methods  are  used :  (1)  rubbing  the  back 
of  the  design  with  a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing 
over  its  lines  with  a  hard  point,  which  causes  the  coating 
on  the  back  to  make  an  impression  of  them  on  a  sheet  of 
paper  or  other  material  placed  beneath  :  (2)  following  over 
the  lines  of  the  superimposed  design  in  the  same  wa]  as 
above,  tint,  instead  of  i  oating  the  back  of  the  design  with 
a  painting  medium,  interposing  a  piece  of  prepared  trans- 
fer-paper between  it  and  the  surface  which  is  to  receive 
the  copy  ;  (:;)  timing  the  design  directly  upon  a  piece 
of  transferent  paper,  oiled  linen,  or 
the  like,  fixed  over  it.  Also  written 
'  '    cockiuij,   and  en./,//,;-/. 

calking-iron  (ka'king-i  cm), 
».  A  chisel  used  for  calking 
the  seams  of  vessels. 

calking-mallet  (ka'king-mal"et),  n.  A  mallet 
or  beet  I. •  for  driving  eaUring-irons. 

calk-swage  (kak'swaj),  n.  A  tool  for  forming 
calks  on  horseshoes. 

call1  fkal),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cat,  callc,  < 
ME.  mil,  „,  kail,  ii.  <  AS.  (Tallinn  (rare),  call, 
=  OPries.  kella,  kaltia,  speak,  =  MH.  kallen, 
speak,  say,  talk,  D.  kallen,  talk,  chatter,  = 
MLG.  kallen,  speak,  talk,  call,  =  OIK  J.  dial  inn, 
MHGr.  Inn,  a,  speak  Loudly,  talk,  =  [eel,  kalla, 
say,  call,  name.  =  Sw.  kalla  =  Dan.  kalde,  call, 
=  L.  garrin ,  talk  (see  garrulous),  =Gr.  ■ 

.    oclaim,   =  Skt.  -,/  gar, 
sing.  Not  connected  w  Lth  L.  calare  =  <  fr.  i 

Bee  mil  mis.  ]  I.  tran  .  1 .  To  utter  in  a 
loud  voice;  read  over  in  a  loud  tone  :  hence,  to 
pronounce  or  annoui 

Nor  parish  clerk  who  caK*  the  p   ill  clear. 

Qay,  Shi  p   W  ei  k,  vi.  49. 

2.  To  attraci  or  demand  the  attention  of  (a 
person  or  an  animal),  or  arouse,  as  from  Bleep, 
by  loudly  uttering  to  other 
word  or  exclamation. 

Answer  as  I  call  yon  Shak.,  M.  N.  II..  i.  2. 

3.  To  invite  or  command  t< me  ;  Bummon  to 

one's  presence;  send  for:  as,  to  call  a  messen- 
ger; to  call  a  cab. 


766 

Pharaoh  shall  rail  you,  and  shall  Bay,  What  is  your  oc- 
cupation Gen.  \lvi.  33. 
And  sent  forth  his  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bid- 
den to  the  wedding.  Mat.  x\ii.  8. 
Call  hither  Clifford  ;  bid  him  come  amain. 

Shak.,  2  11,11.  VI.,  v.  1. 

Be  not  amazed  ;  call  all  your  senses  to  you  ;  defend  your 

reputation.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \\\,  iii.  :;. 

4.  To  convoke;  assemble;  issue  a  summons 
for  the  assembling  of:  as,  to  call  a  meeting: 
often  with  together:  as,  the  king  called  his 
council  together. 

Sanctify  ye  a  fast,  call  a  solemn  assembly,  gather  the 
elders  and  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  land.  Joel  ii.  14. 

5.  To  name  ;  apply  to  by  way  of  name  or  des- 
ignation. 

And  Cod  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he 
called  Night.  Gen.  i.  5. 

And  from  thense  we  Ascendid  a  lytyll  And  come  to  a 
nother  tower  Calhtd  Galilee. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  30. 

6.  To  designate  or  characterize  as;  state  or 
affirm  to  be;  reckon;  consider. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends?  A  plague  upon 
such  backing !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

He  [James  II. 1  was  willing  to  make  for  his  religion  exer- 
tions and  sacrifices  from  which  the  great  majority  of  those 
who  are  called  religious  men  would  shrink. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

7.  To  indicate  or  point  out  as  being ;  manifest, 
reckon,  or  suppose  to  be. 

This  speech  calls  him  Spaniard,  being  nothing  but  a 
large  inventory  of  his  own  commendations. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  i.  1. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age  (which 
we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Scott. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

8.  To  select,  as  for  an  office,  a  duty,  or  an  em- 
ployment; appoint:  as," Paul,  .  .  .  calledtobe  an 
apostle,"  Rom.  i.  1. — 9.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  soul.  2  Cor.  i.  23. 

10.  In  shooting,  to  lure,  as  wild  birds,  within 
range  by  imitating  their  notes — Called  session, 
a  special  session  of  a  legislative  body  summoned  by  the  ex- 
ecutive. (U.S.)  — To  call  a  card,  in  whist,  to  name  a  card 
which  has  been  improperly  exposed,  requiring  the  player  to 
whom  it  belongs  to  place  it  face  up  on  the  table,  that  it 
may  be  played  whenever  an  opponent  wishes.  Such  a  card 
is  known  as  a  called  card.—  To  call  a  chapel.  See 
chapel. -To  call  back,  to  recall;  summon  or  bring  back; 
hence,  to  revoke  or  retract. 

I  have  joys, 
That  in  a  moment  can  call  back  thy  wrongs, 
And  settle  thee  in  thy  free  state  again. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  :  as,  to  call 
forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.— To  call  in,  to  col- 
lect: as,  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ;  or  to  withdraw  from 
circulation  :  as,  to  call  in  clipped  coin  ;  or  to  summon  to 
ones  house,  invite  to  conic  together :  as,  to  call  in  neigh- 
bors and  friends.  —  To  call  names,  to  use  opprobrious 
epithets  toward  ;  apply  reproachful  appellations  to.  Swift. 
—  To  caU  off,  to  summon  away;  divert :  as,  to  call  off  the 
attention;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  employment. 
—To  caU  out.    (a)  To  challenge  to  a  duel. 

Yet  others  tell,  the  Captain  fix'd  thy  doubt, 
He'd  call  thee  brother,  or  he'd  call  thee  out. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

(b)  To  summon  into  service :  as,  to  call  out  the  militia. 

(c)  To  elicit ;  bring  into  play;  evoke. 

New  territory,  augmented  numbers,  and  extended  in- 
terests call  out  new  virtues  and  abilities,  and  the  tribe 
makes  long  strides.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  181. 

Venice,  afterwards  the  greatest  of  all,  is  the  city  which 
may  most  truly  be  said  to  have  been  called  out  of  nothing 
in  after-times.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  11. 

To  caU  over,  to  go  over  by  reading  aloud  name  by  name : 
as,  to  call  over  a  list  or  roll  of  names.— To  call  the  roU, 
to  read  aloud  from  a  list  the  names  of  the  members  in  a 
legislative  or  other  body.—  To  call  to  account,  to  de- 
mand an  explanation  or  accounting  from. 

The  king  had  sent  for  the  earl  to  return  home,  where  he 
should  be  called  to  account  for  all  his  miscarriages. 

Locd  Henry  Clarendon. 
To  caU  to  mind,  to  recollect ;  revive  in  memory. 

I  cannot  cull  to  mind  where  I  have  read  or  heard  wolds 
more  mild  and  peaceful!.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  61. 
To  CaU  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of  barrister. 
[Great  r.ritain.i  —  To  call  up.    (a)  To  bring  into  view  or 

recollection  :  as,  tocall  up  the  image  Of  a  deceased  friend 

I'o  I'u  bring  liit. »  action  or  discussion  :  as,  to  cult  up  a  bill 

lief,  i|e  :i   I,  gislatiVG  li'idy.      (c)  'to  require  |ia\  Inrllt  of  I   as, 

to  call  " r  the  Bums  si  ill  due  on  snares.  =  Syn.  3  and  4. 

Call.   Incite,  Hid,  Cunmkc,  Summon,  assemble,  convene, 

<  '     i    gem  ric,  and  applicable  to  sun uses  of  all  kinds. 

Invite  is  more  formal,  and  in  compliance  with  the  require* 
imiits  of  courteous  ceremony ;  bid  in  this  sense  is  obsolete 
or  poetic.  Convoke,  literally  to  call  together,  implies  au- 
thority in  the  agenl  and  an  organization  which  is  called 

into  se     .     embly:  as,  to  convoke  the  Souses  of  Par 

bo l.     Summon    implies  authority  in  the  .Hunimoner 

and  usually  formality  iii  the  method. 

Call'd  In  i  to  sin  Iter  in  the  hollow  oak. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 
lb-  [the  Governor]  dispatched  his  Chamberlain,  an  el- 
derly and  dignified  personage,  bearing  a  silver  mace  as  the 

badge  of  his  olliee,  .  .  .  boinvit to  dinner. 

O  Donocau,  Merv,  p.  116. 


call 

As  many  as  ye  shall  find,  bid  to  the  marriage. 

Mat.  xxii.  9. 

In  capital  cases  the  grand  council  is  convoked  to  pro. 

nouncc  sentence.  ./.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  8888 

Some  trumpet  summon  hither  to  the  walls 

These  nun  of  Angiers.  SI,,,!...  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

6  ami  6.  To  designate,  entitle,  term,  style. 

II.  intrans.    1.  To  make  a  sound  designed 

(or  as  if  designed)  to  attract  attention  ;  demand 

heed  to  one's  wish,  entreaty,  etc.;  shout;  cry. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  called  to  Hagar.         Gen.  xxi.  17. 

Who  is  that  calls  so  coldly  1      Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

And  from  the  wood-top  culls  tin-  now  through  all  the 

gl ryday.  Bryant,  Death  of  the  Flowers. 

2.  To  make  a  short  stop  or  visit. :  followed  by 
at,  fur,  or  on  or  upon :  as,  to  call  nl  a  house  or 
place,  for  a  person  or  thing,  or  upon  a  person. 
(See  phrases  below.)  [Johnson  supposes  this 
use  to  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  denot- 
ing one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.'] 

Yet  say  the  neighbours  when  they  call, 
It  is  not  bad  but  good  land.     Tenon-ion,  Amphion. 

3.  In  poker,  to  demand  that  the  hands  be 
shown.  -To  be  (or  feel)  called  on,  to  be  (or  feel) under 
obligation,  compulsion,  or  necessity  (to  do  something). 

He  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  those 
of  his  brave  followers,  in  a  cause  perfectlj  desperate,  for 
a  chimerical  point  of  honor.   Present,  Feed,  and  Isa.,ii.  7. 

To  call  for.  (a)  To  demand  ;  require  ;  claim :  as,  a  crime 
calls  for  punishment.  (/,)  To  make  a  stop  or  brief  visit 
for  the  procurement  of,  as  a  thing,  or  the  companj  "I  a 
person  to  another  place.—  To  call  on  or  upon.  («)  To 
demand  from  or  appeal  to  :  as,  to  call  on  a  person  t,i  pay 
what  he  owes ;  to  call  upon  a  person  for  a  song,  (b)  To 
pray  to  or  worship;  invoke:  as,  to  call  on  the  name  of 
the  Lord,  (c)  To  make  a  short  visit  to,  as  a  person  or  a 
family,  usually  for  a  special  purpose.  — To  call  out,  to 
make  utterance  in  a  loud  voice;  bawl. 

call1  (kal),  >t.    [<  call1,  v. ;  ME.  cal  =  Ieel.  kail.] 

1.  A  loud  cry;  a  shout. 

They  gave  hut  a  call,  ami  in  came  their  master. 

llnn/iuii.  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

2.  An  invocation  or  prayer. 

Hear  thy  suppliant's  call.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  403. 

3.  Demand ;  requisition ;  claim,  public  or  pri- 
vate: as,  the  calls  of  justice  or  humanity;  to 
have  many  calls  upon  one's  time. — 4f.  Voca- 
tion; employment;  calling. 

Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Drydcn. 

Specifically  —  5.  A  divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons :  as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  Paul  himself  believed  he  had  a  call  to  it  when  he 
persecuted  the  Christians.  Locke. 

6.  A  summons  or  notice  to  assemble ;  a  no- 
tice requiring  attention  or  attendance:  as,  the 
president  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  to  be  held 
next  week. —  7.  A  specific  invitation  or  re- 
quest, as  of  a  public  body  or  society;  particu- 
larly, the  invitation  presented  by  a  congrega- 
tion (or  on  their  behalf)  to  a  clergyman  to  be- 
come their  pastor,  or  the  document  containing 
such  an  invitation. 

All  who  accept  calls  and  serve  churches  are  pastors. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XXIII.  420. 

8.  An  invitation  or  request  (usually  expressed 
by  applause)  to  an  actor  to  reappear  on  the 
seine,  or  to  come  before  the  curtain,  to  receive 
the  acknowledgments  of  the  audience. —  9. 
Milit.,  a  summons  by  bugle,  pipe,  or  drum,  for 
the  soldiers  to  perform  any  duty:  as,  a  bugle- 
call. — 10.  Xaut.,  a  peculiar  silver  whistle  or 
pipe  used  by  the  boatswain  and  his  mates, 
whose  special  badge  it  is.  it  is  used  to  attract  at- 
tention to  orders  about  to  be  given,  and  to  direct  the  per- 
formance of  duties  by  various  strains  or  signals.  In  old 
times  a  gold  call-and-chain  was  the  badge  of  an  admiral. 
11.  The  cry  or  note  of  a  bird. —  12.  hi  hunting: 
(a)  A  note  blown  on  the  horn  to  encourage  the 
hounds,  (b)  A  pipe  or  whistle  for  imitating 
the  notes  of  wild  birds  and  thus  luring  them 
within  range  of  the  gun. 

What,  was  your  mountebank  their  call!  their  whistle? 
B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  Ii.  8. 

13.  An  assessment  on  the  stockholders  of  a 
corporation  or  joint -stock  company,  or  mem- 
bers of  a  mutual  insurance  company,  usually 
for  payment  of  instalments  of  their  unpaid 
subscriptions,  or  for  their  promised  contribu- 
tions lo  pay  losses. — 14.  A  request  that  hold- 
ers of  bonds  which  have  been  drawn  for  re- 
demption by  a  government  or  corporation  will 
present  them  anil  receive  paymenl  of  the  prin- 
cipal sums  mentioned  in  them,  ami  whatever 
interest  may  then  be  due.  no  further  interest 
being  payable  after  the  date  named. — 15.  In 
the  xtock  exchange,  tin-  privilege  (secured  by 
contract  ami  for  u  consideration)  of  claiming  or 


call 

demanding  and  receiving  (a)  a  certain  number 
of  shares  of  some  particular  stock,  at  a  speci- 
fied price  and  within  a  stated  period,  or  (6) 
the  difference  of  value  at  the  time  of  making 
the  demand  over  that  specified  in  the  contract, 
if  the  price  has  risen;  hence,  the  document  it 
self.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  form  commonly  used  : 
"New  York,  [date].  For  value  received,  the  bearer  may  call 
on  me  for  [so  many]  shares  of  the  common  stock  of  [such 
and  such  a]  Railroad  Company,  at  [so  much]  per  cent.,  any 
time  within  [so  many]  days  from  date.  The  hearer  is  en- 
titled to  all  dividends  or  extra  dividends  declared  during 
the  time.  Expires  [date]  at  ]}  P.  M." 
16f.  Authority ;  command. 
Oh  !  sir,  I  wish  he  were  within  my  call  or  yours. 

Sir  J.  Denham. 

17.  Occasion;  cause;  business;  necessity:  as, 
you  had  no  call  to  be  there.    [Colloq.] 

They  had  no  wish  to  fall  away  from  Ceesar  ami  his  Em- 
pire; hut  they  felt  no  great  call  to  fight  for  them. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  126. 

18.  A  short  visit:  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  pay 
one  a  call. 

Evidently  the  morning  call  is  a  remote  sequence  of  that 
system  under  which  a  subordinate  ruler  had  from  time  to 
time  to  show  loyalty  to  a  chief  ruler  hy  presenting  him- 
self to  do  homage.         //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio1.,  §  381. 

19.  In  poker,  a  demand  for  a  show-down ;  the 
show-down  itself. — 20.  A  brood  of  wild  ducks. 
Halliircll.—  At  call,  without  previous  notice;  on  de- 
mand: applied  especially  to  loans  repayable  on  demand, 
or  bank-deposits  repayable  whenever  asked  for.— At 
one's  beck  and  call.  See  leek?.— Call  of  the  house, 
a  roll-call  in  a  parliamentary  body,  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining what  members  are  absent  without  leave  or  just 
cause.  In  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Washington  it 
may  be  made  at  any  time;  in  the  British  House  of  Com- 
mons it  is  always  on  some  days'  notice.  —  Call  to  the  bar, 
in  England  and  Ireland,  the  formal  admission  of  a  person 
to  the  rank  of  barrister.  —  Electric  call,  a  signal  operated 
by  electricity;  an  annunciator  or  call-bell.  —  House  of 
call.  See  house. — Money  on  caU,  money  loaned  subject 
to  recall  at  any  moment.  See  call-loan. — Port  of  CaU. 
See  port.— Puts  and  calls.  See  put,  «.—  Within  call, 
within  hearing- distance. 

I  saw  a  lady  within  call.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

call2t  (kal),  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  caul1. 

calla  (kal'a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnreus),  <  L.  calla, 
otherwise  calsa  or  calya,  the  name  in  Pliny  of 
an  unidentified  plant ;  the  correct  reading  is 
supposed  to  be  *  calyx,  <  Gr.  Kah>!-,  the  cup  or 
calyx  of  a  flower  :  see  calyx.~\  1.  [cap.]  A  ge- 
nus of  araceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  C. 
palitstris,  the  water-arum,  which  occurs  in  cold 
marshes  in  Em-ope  and  North  America.  It  has 
heart-shaped  leaves  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  an  open 
white  spathe,  and  red  berries.  Its  root  is  extremely  acrid, 
but  is  made  harmless  by  heat,  and  yields  an  eatable 
starch. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Calla. — 3.  A  plant  of 
the  allied  genus  Eicharclia,  or,  according  to  the 
latest  authorities,  Zantedeschia :  the  common 
calla  of  house-cultivation.  It  is  often  errone- 
ously called  calla-lilji,  from  the  lily-like  appear- 
ance of  its  pure-white  flowers. 

Callseas  (ka-le'as),  n.  [NL.  (J.  R.  Forster, 
1788),  in  reference  to  the  wattles,  <  Gr.  udMatov, 
a  cock's  comb,  pi.  wattles.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tree-crows  of  the  subfamily  Calhcatiiuc,  in- 
cluding the  wattled  tree-crows  of  New  Zealand. 
C.  cinerea,  the  leading  species,  is  of  a  dark  color,  about 
the  size  of  a  magpie,  with  a  long,  graduated  tail,  and  ca- 
runcles at  the  base  of  the  bill. 

Callaeatinse  (ka-le-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (G.  K. 
Gray,  1841),  <  Callieas  (-at-)  +  -ina:]  A  subfam- 
ily of  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Corvi- 
dw,  the  tree-crows  of  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Polynesia.  Besides  Callceas,  the  leading 
forms  are  Strutliidca  cinerea  of  Australia;  Crypsirhina 
varians,  the  temia  or  benteot  of  Java,  of  a  bronzed  green- 
ish-black color;  and  Temnurus  (or  Denilmcitta)  vagabun- 
da,  the  wandering  pie  of  India.  There  are  several  other 
species  of  these  genera.  Certain  African  forms,  as  Cryp- 
torhina  afra,  are  also  sometimes  included  in  this  group. 
the  general  relationships  of  which  are  with  the  magpies 
and  other  long- tailed  jays.    Also  called  QlaueopincB, 

callaeatine  (ka-le'a-tin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Calkcatinw. 

callassthetics,  •».    See  callcsthctics. 

callainite  (ka-la'nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  naXkaivoc,  nalai- 
vor,  like  the  KaXla'ir,  Kakair,  a  turquoise,  +  -4te%. 
Cf.  calaitc]  A  hydrous  aluminium  phosphate 
related  to  turquoise. 

callant  (kal'ant),  v.  [Also  call/in,  OSc.  gala  nil,  a 
young  man,  <  P.  galant,  a  gallant:  see  gallant.'] 
A  young  lad ;  a  stripling ;  a  boy.     [Scotch.] 

Ye're  a  daft  callant,  and  I  must  correct  you  some  of 
these  days.  Scott,  Waverley,  lxxi. 

callatt,  n.  and  ».     See  callct. 

call-bell  (kal'bel),  n.  A  small  (usually  station- 
ary) bell,  used  as  a  signal  to  summon  an  at- 
tendant, etc.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  stationary 
hand-bell  which  is  rung  by  means  of  a  clapper  pivoted  at 
one  end,  and  acted  on  by  means  of  a  vertical  plunger. 
Also  called  bell-call.— Electric  call-bell,  a  mechanical 


767 

contrivance,  consisting  essentially  of  a  gong. bell  and  a 
small  electromagnet,  to  the  armature  of  which  the  ham 

mcrof  the  bell  is  attached.  Tiie  arrangement  is  such  that 
when  the  circuit  is  completed,  as  by  pressing  down  a  but- 
ton, the  current  passes  by  a  spring  to  the  armature,  tic- m  r 


Electric  Call-bell. 


A,  push-hutton  by  which  the  circuit  is  completed ;  B,  hammer  and 
gong ;  C,  spring  by  which  contact  is  made  between  the  armature  of 
the  electromagnet  and  the  wire. 

to  the  electromagnet;  its  core  is  magnetized,  the  arma- 
ture is  attracted,  and  the  hammer  strikes  the  gong.  The 
circuit  being  broken  by  the  motion  of  the  armature  away 
from  the  spring,  the  electromagnet  ceases  to  act,  the 
armature  flies  back,  completes  the  circuit  again,  and  thus 
the  automatic  action  of  the  hammer  continues  as  long  as 
the  current  passes. 

call-bird  (kal'berd),  ii.  A  bird  taught  to  allure 
others  into  a  snare;  a  decoy-bird.    Goldsmith. 

call-box  (kal'boks),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  frame, 
usually  hung  in  a  greenroom,  in  which  calls  or 
notices  to  attend  rehearsals,  etc.,  are  placed. 

call-boy  (kal'boi),  n.  1.  A  boy  whose  duty  it 
is  to  call  actors  upon  the  stage  at  the  proper 
moment. — 2.  A  boy  who  repeats  the  orders  of 
the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to  the  engineer. 
[Eng.] — 3.  A  boy  who  answers  a  call-bell. 

call-button  (kal'but"n),  n.  A  push-button  or 
other  device  for  closing  an  electric  signal  or 
a  telephone  circuit,  and  ringing  a  call-bell  or 
sounding  an  alarm. 

call-changes  (k;il'chan"jez),  v,  pi.  In  bcll-riiifi- 
ing,  the  method  in  which  the  ringers  are  told 
when  to  ring  by  a  call  from  the  conductor,  or 
by  following  a  written  order. 

caller1  (ka'ler),  n.  [<  calV-  +  -erl.]  One  who 
calls,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb;  especially,  one 
who  pays  a  short  complimentary  visit. 

Caller2  (kal'er),  a.  [Prob.  due  to  Icel.  kalilr  = 
Sw.  kail,  cold:  see  cold.  Cf.  calmer.]  1.  Cool ; 
refreshing:  as,  a  caller  breeze.     [Scotch.] 

Sae  sweet  his  voice,  sae  smooth  his  tongue, 
His  breath's  like  caller  air. 

Beattie,  There's  nae  Luck  about  the  House. 

Gang  awa,  bairn,  and  take  a  mouthful  of  the  caller  air. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  85. 

2.  Fresh  ;  in  proper  season :  applied  chiefly  to 

fish:  as,  caller  herrings.     [Scotch.] 

callesthetics  (kal-es-thet'iks),  v.     [<  call-  for 

colli-  (<  Gr.  KaX/u-,  Ka'Aor,  beautiful)  +  esthetics.] 

A  term  proposed  by  Whewell  for  esthetics,  the 

science  of  the  perception  of  the  beautiful,  the 

term  esthetics  to  be  extended  to  perception  in 

general.     Krauth,  Voeab.  Phil.     Also  spelled 

callwsthetics. 

callett  (kal'et),  n.    [Also  written  callat,  callot  ; 

<  F.  caillettc,  a  frivolous  babbling  woman,  dim. 

of  cattle,  a  quail:  see  quail2.]    1.  A  tattling  or 

talkative  woman ;  a  scold ;  a  gossip. 

Come  hither,  you  old  collet,  you  tattling  huswife. 

Gascoigne. 
2.  A  trull;  a  drab;  a  lewd  woman. 

He  call'd  her  whore  ;  a  beggar,  in  his  drink, 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callct. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

callett  (kal'et),  v.  i.  [<  collet,  n.]  To  rail ; 
scold. 

To  hear  her  in  her  spleen 
Calh  i  like  a  butter-quean. 
it.  Brathwaite,  Cares  Cure,  in  Panedone. 

calleting  (kal'et-ing),  p.  a.  Scolding:  as,  a 
calleting  wife.     [North.  Eng.] 

calley-stone  (kal'i-ston),  ».  [<  *calley,  prob. 
connected  with  calliard,  +  stone]  In  coal- 
mining, a  kind  of  hard  sandstone,  more  or  less 
argillaceous.     See  ganister.    [Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

calli,  >i.     Plural  of  cut  I  ns. 

calli-.  [<  Gr.  ha'/'/:-,  usual  combining  form  (later 
nolo- :  see  calo-)  of  koa6c,  beautiful,  fair,  good, 
noble,  orig.  *Kahy&c,  =  Skt.  kalya,  well,  healthy; 
perhaps  =  AS.  hut,  E.  whole,  q.  v.,  =  Icel.  Itcill, 


calligraphic 

E.  halA,  q.  v.]    The  first  element  in  somo  words 
of  Greek  origin,  signifying  beautiful. 

Calliaenas  (kal-i-c'tias),  n.     Same  as  Calo  nils. 

Calliandra  (kal-i-an'dra),  n.  [<  Gt.  hu'/'/i-,  ko- 
a6c,  beautiful,  +  «i>;//i  (iwAn-),  a  man,  mod.  a  sta- 
men, the  long  colored  stamens  being  the  most 
conspicuous  pari  of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of 
ornamental  shrubs  and  perennial  herbs,  of  the 
order  Leguminosat,  comprising  about  80  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  northward  to 
the  borders  of  the  United  States.  Several  of 
the  species  yield  an  astringent  juice. 

Callianira(kal  i-a-ni'ra),  »•  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nalli-, 
na'/.oc,  beautiful,  4-  -avetpa  (as  in  aimdvupa,  jiu- 
Ttdveipa,  etc.),  <  imi'/p,  a  man.]  1.  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Callianirida:.  I'cron  unit 
Lesueur,  1810. —  2.  A  genus  of  Lepidopterous 
insects.     Hiibner,  1816. 

Callianirida?  (kal  i-a-nir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Callianira  +  -idic]  A  family  of  saccate  or 
stenostomatous  ctenophoraus,  with  a  rounded 
body,  two  filiform  tentacles,  and  no  oral  lobeg. 

calliard  (kal'iiird),  it.  [Cf.  calley-stone ;  per- 
haps connected  with  F.  eiiillmi,  n  Hint,  pebble, 
prob.  <  L.  calculus,  a  pebble:  sec  calculus.]  In 
coal-mining,  a  hard,  smooth,  flinty  gritstone. 
lireslcy.      [North.   Kug.] 

Callicarpa  (kal-i-kar'p&),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  koXXi-, 
ka'/jjr,  beautiful,  +  nap-dr,  fruit.]  A  consider- 
able genus  of  widely  distributed  verbenaeeous 
shrubs.  The  best-known  species  is  C.  1  mericana,  of  the 
United  States,  called  French  mulberry,  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment on  account  of  its  abundant  violet-colored  berries. 

Callicephalus  (kal-i-sef'a-lus),  n.  See  Callo- 
cejihalon. 

Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ml- 
/.(-,  na/6c,  beautiful,  +  xp"l'ai  color.]  A  genus 
of  lougicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Cera nib ijcithe, 
having  an  acute  scutellum,  lateral  prothoracic 
spines,  and  fore-coxal  cavities  closed  behind. 
C.  moschata  is  a  large  bronzed  green  European  species 
about  an  inch  long,  exhaling  a  musky  odor;  C.  splendi- 
dum  is  a  bronzed  reddish  species  of  the  southern  United 
States.     Also  Colachroma. 

callichthyid  (ka-lik'thi-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  ( 'allich  th  yidce. 

Callic'hthyidae  (kal-ik-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Callichthys  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  nematogna- 
thous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Callich- 
thys, containing  small  fresh-water  South  Amer- 
ican catfishes. 

Callichthys  (ka-lik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaXlix- 
tivc,  name  of  a  fish,  <  na?.'/t-,  na'/Mr,  beautiful,  +  tx- 
Svc,  a  fish.]  A  genus  of  nematognathous  fishes, 
of  the  family  Siluridce,  or  sheat-fishes,  or  made 
the  type  of  Callichthyida;  characterized  by  two 
series  of  bony  plates  on  the  sides  from  head  to 
tail.     The  species  are  South  American. 

callicot,  ".    See  calico. 

callid  (kal'id),  a.  [<L.  callidus,  expert,  shrewd, 
<  callcrc,  be  expert,  know  by  experience,  lit. 
be  callous,  <  calliini,  also  callus,  hard,  thick 
skin:  see  callous,  callus.]  Skilled;  expert; 
shrewd.     [Rare.] 

callidity  (ka-lid'i-ti),  ii.  [<  L.  calli(lita(t-)s,<cal- 
lidus:  Beecallid.'i  Skill;  discernment;  shrewd- 
ness.    Also  callidness.     [Rare.] 

Her  eagle-eyed  callidity.      C.  Smart,  The  Hop-Garden. 

Callidium  (ka-lid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  kuXXl-, 
na'Aoc,  beautiful,  +  dim.  term.  -icW.]   Agenus of 

lougicorn     bee- 
tles, of  the  fam- 
ily    Cerambyci- 
(hr,    containing 
species  of  flat- 
tened  form  with 
spineless      pro- 
thorax  and  ely- 
tra, usually 
thickened  fem- 
ora,   and    eyes 
not    embracing 
tlic  base  "1  the 
antennas.  C.baju- 
Ins  and  C.  antenna- 
In  in   are  examples. 
Its  larvae  infest  fir- 
trees,  causing  oval 
perforations  where 
the  mature  insects 
make  their  escape. 
callidness  (kal'id-nes),  h.     Same  as  calliditi/. 
calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  calligraphy  + 
-c/'l.]    One  skilled  in  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
caligrapher,  JcaUigrapher. 
calligraphic  (kal-i-graf'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  naMi- 
1pmpiK6i;,  <  KaAAiypaeior:  gee  calligraphy.]    Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
caligraphic,  kalligraphic. 


Callidium  aittcnnatunt. 
(Vertical  line  shows  natural  size.] 


calligraphical 

calligraphical  (kal-i-graf'i-kai),  a.     Same  as 
caiiigraphic. 

calligraphist  (ka-lig'ra-fist),  ».    f<  calligraphy 
+  -isi.]     One  skilled  in  calligraphy.     £lso 
spelled  caligraphist.  JcaUigraphist. 
calligraphy  (ka-lig'ra-fi),  ».  [=  P.  ciiin/niplm . 
, ,  .  i  :i  ing  a  beau 

hand.  <  «  ■  beautiful,  +  ypwpav, 

write.]    The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fair  or 
-.,nt  writing  or  penmanship;  by  extension, 
handwriting  in  general;   penmanship.     Also 
spelled  caligraphy,  holography. 

My  calligraphy,  a  fair  hand 
in  lor  D  Be 

/;.  Jonsi    .  Magnt  tick  Lady,  ii i -  4. 

The  principle  of  calligraphy,  or  the  strlvin  alter  i  le 
gance  and  regularity  of  form  [in  penmanship],  which  may 
be  noticed  in  the  square  [Hebrew]  character,  where  the 
letters  are  I  Inct,  well-proportioned. 

T.  II.  Borne,  Introd.  to  Studj  of  Holy  Script,  II.  16. 

Callimorpha  (kal-i-m6r'f&),  ».    [NL.,  <  (Jr. 

m'/.'r.tuojiQuc,  having  a  beautiful  form,  <  mX/.t-, 


768 

Be  noi  deceived,  to  think  her  lenity 
Will  bi   perpetual    or,  if  men  be  wanting, 
The  gods  will  I"',  to  such  a  coiling  cat]  ;e. 

11.  Jonson,  I  'atiliue,  iii.  1. 

calling-crab  (ka'ling-krab),  n.  A  crab  of  the 
family  Ocypiitliila-  and  genus  '.'<  lasimus:  BO  call- 
ed because  one  of  its  olaws,  which  is  much 
larger  than  the  other,  is  waved  or  brandished 
when  the  animal  is  disturbed,  as  if  to  beekon  or 
call.  In  the  United  States  it  is  calledjWdfer-crao.  '■'  i  >> 
gillator  is  extremely  numerous  on  the  southern  Atlantic 
c<>:ist,  while  meal  troops  Inhabit  the  marshes  back  of  the 
to  acnes.  They  dig  holes  in  the  ground,  of  such  size  that 
tin  large  claw  exactly  serves  as  a  stopper  to  the  entrance 

See    CUl     II  IH  Ul     0     /n-MMCX. 

calling-hare  (ka'ling-har),  n.     A  pika;  any 

speeies  of  the  pints  Lmjtimys  and  family  Lago- 
niyiilir.  The  animals  are  so  called  from  the  reiterated 
squeaking  cries  which  they  emit  while  concealed,  usually 
annum  rucks. 

Callioenas  (kal-i-e'nas),  n.    Same  as  Caloenas. 
callionymid  (kal-i-on'i-mid),  >i.    A  fish  of  the 
family  CaWonymidte. 
Callionymidae  (kal'i-6-nim'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  CalMonymus  +  -i<la\]  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  gonus  CalUony- 
m  us.     Speeies  are  known  as  dragonets. 

Callionyminae  (kaFi-on-i-mi'ne),  n.pL    [NL., 

<  CaUwnymm  +  -i>m:]  The  callionyrnids  as 
a  subfamily  of  fishes ;  in  Giinther's  system  of 
classification,  the  fourth  group  of  Gobiicla;  hav- 
ing the  ventral  fins  widely  apart  from  each 
other,  and  two  separate  dorsal  fins. 

Callionymus  (kal-i-on'i-mus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ktt'/'Atuvi'fuK-,  a  kind  of  fish,  lit.  having  a  beau- 


Blue-spangled  Peach-worm  (Callimorpha /ul-vicosla). 

a,  larva ;  b,  imago  or  moth ;  c,  one  segment  of  larva,  enlarged,  side 

view  ;  d,  same,  top  view.    (Moth  and  larva  natural  size.) 

.  beautiful,  +  uopipi/,  form.]  A  genus  of 
moths,  of  the  family  Aretiiihr.  or  referred  to  the 
IAthosiidcB.  r.  jacobcea,  so  called  from  its  feeding  on 
the  ragwort,  Senecio  jacobcea,  is  a  common  British  species 
known  as  the  pink  underwin^,  expanding  1'  inches,  with 
black  body  and  legs,  and  greenish-black  upper  wings  mark- 
ad  « itii  pink. 

callimus  (kal'i-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  naW/nn,, . 
a  poetical  form  of  koMc,  beautiful.]  1.  In  mm- 
tint.,  the  loose  and  movable  central  core  or 
stony  matter  in  the  cavities  of  eaglestone. — 
2.  [cop.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects. 

calling  (ka'ling),  «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  callinge; 
verbal  n.  of  callX,  v.]  I.  11.  1.  The  act  of  sum- 
moning; a  call  in- summons. 

What  !  stand  .-d  thou  still  and  hear'st  such  a  callii>>i> 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling. 

A  Bill  for  the  frequent  calling  and  meeting  of  Parlla- 

Miirnlilii.it,  Hist.  Eng.,  \\. 

3.  An  invitation.  Specifically,  in  theol.:  («■)  The  in- 
\  [tation  i  tctendi  dm  the  gospi  I  to  all  torepi  id  an. I  aci  ept 
Christ  as  a  saviour,  (b)  The  mure  special  Invitation  ad 
di  ■  .  d  to  the  hearts  of  individuals  by  the  direct  influence 
of  the  Holy  spirit.    See  -  feetual  calling,  below. 

Give  diligence  to  make  pour  caUin  i  and  election  sure. 

2  Pet  i.  in. 

4.  Tin-  profession,  trade,  occupation,  or  em- 
ployment tn  which  one  is  called  by  aptitude, 
necessity,  etc.;  usual  occupation  profession, 
or  employment ;  vocation. 

"Bi&eaUing  laid  aside,  he  lived  at  ease. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

5.  Name;  appellation;  title. 

1  am  more  proud  to  l"  Sir  Rowland's  son, 
Hlsyonngesl  son;  and  would  no!  change  that  calling, 
•  in  Frederick. 

Shak.,  As  yon  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Calling  of  the  plaintiff,  a  form  in  English  courts  of 
law  of  eaii i  plaintiff  tn  appear  Incases  whi  re, 

for  h  evidence,   he  consents  tn  be  i 

ei  t.,  withdraw  himself.    Calling  the  plaintiff  by 

i    i     ary  In  a  trial  afb  r 

in  with  the  verdict,  and  before  h    an 

liuunecinent.     If  no  answer  was  made,  tile  plaint  ill   was 

■     .     I    e  1.    II.   ■ 

—  Effectual  calling,  in  Call  tni  tic  th*  <■'    tie  calling  by 

,  hi   hat  predi   tilled 

Onto  life,  OUt  of  si:  a  -all  itinti  hy 

if    I 

that  nnivei  extends  tn  all,  but 

■     '.iiii  lie   ii log) ,  Is  ineffectual 

except  when  accompanied  bj  tie     pedal   Lnflueni 
God's  Hoi] 

e  l.i 

Incing  us  of  our  sin  and  inn  our 

minds  in  the  knowledgi  of  Chi  our  wills, 

he  dnth  persuade  and  enabh  >  Christ, 
tret :                                     pel. 


Gemmous  Dragonet  {Callionymus  lyra). 

tiful  name,  <  xaXKi-,  naldc,  beautiful,  +  uvv/ia, 
in  oua,  name.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Callionymidce. 

Calliope  (ka-H'o-pe),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaJUioV?/,  lit. 
having  a  beautiful  voice,  <  huam-,  na'Adc,  beau- 
tiful,  +  6t/i  =  L.  VOX,  voice.]  1.  In  Gr.  myth,, 
the  muse  who  presided  over  eloquence  and  he- 
roic poetry.  Also  spelled  Kalliope. — 2.  [I.e."] 
The  name  given  to  a  harsh  musical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  number  of  steam-whistles 
tuned  to  produce  different  tones.  Also  called 
steam-organ. — 3.  [NL.]  In  orniili.:  («)  A  ge- 
nus of  small  sylviine  birds,  related  to  Cyane- 
ciiln,  the  type  of  which  is  an  Asiatic  warbler. 
Calliope kamchatkensis.  Gould,  1836.  The  term 
had  previously  been  the  specific  name  of  the 
same  bird,  (b)  [I.  c]  The  specific  name  of  a 
humming-bird,  Siellula  calliope,  inhabiting  the 
western  United  States  and  Mexico,  having  the 
crown  and  back  golden-green,  the  gorget  violet 
and  lilac,  set  in  snowy-white. — 4.  A  genus  of 
mammals.  Ogilby,  1836. — 5.  A  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. — 6.  A  genus  of  amphipods. 

callipash,  callipee.    See  calipash,  calipee. 

Calhpepla  (kal-i-pep'lii),  n.  [NL.  (Wagler, 
1832),  <  ( if.  /,o>  > fori  T/iie,  beautifully  robed,  Oa/l- 
'/<-,  kii'/ur,  beautiful,  +  -  t/h.,  robe.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  beautiful  crested  quails,  of  the  subfamily 
Ortyginm  (or  Odontophorina)  and  family  Perdi- 


fi 


'  In  mo  nt  :  crying.     [Bare.] 


i    i  allifiepla  squamala  . 

ruin-,  inhabiting  the  southwestern  United  States 

and  Mexico.   1 1,   i„   |  known  Bpecies  is  C. squamata,  the 

■  al<  d  nr  nine  quail,  with  a  whitish,  lull,  soft  crest,  ami 

tie   plumage  marked  in  half-rings,  abundant  in  Ariz 

New    Mexico,  Texas   and  southward.    C  elegant  and  r. 
dovglati  are  other  uexican  species.    The  plumed  or  hel- 


callithumpian 

met  quails  (Lovhortyx  and  Oreortyx)are  by  some  brought 
under  Callipepla,  bul  nsuaUy  kept  apart. 
2.   A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.     Dejean, 
is:  14. 

calliper,  «.    See  caliper. 

Callippic,  ".    See  Calippic. 

Callipsittacus  (kal-ip-sit'a-kus),  ».  Same  as 
( 'alopsitta. 

callipyga  (kal-i-pi'ga),  n.  [NL.  (Hodgson, 
1841),  <  Gr.  ha'/'/i-vyir,  name  of  a  famous  slat  ue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  <  koXm-,  na'Auc,  beautiful, 
+  m'jv,  buttock.]  1.  An  East  Indian  bird, 
l.i  iotlirix  callipyga,  having  a  beautiful  rump. — 
2.  [cap.]   Same  as  Leiothrix. 

Callirhinus,  «.    See  Callorhiims. 

Callirrhoe  (ka-lir'6-e),  n.  [Nlj.,<.GT.KaAhpp6tj, 
one  of  the  Oceanids,  also  a  famous  fountain 
without  the  walls  of  Athens  (now  again  so 
called),  <  KaXAippooc,  KaXAipooc,  beautiful-flow- 
ing, <  m?2i-,  Ka'Aor,  beautiful,  +  pelv,  flow.]  1. 
In  bot.,  a  small  genus  of  low  malvaceous  herbs 
with  perennial  roots,  natives  of  Texas,  and  also 
found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  They  have  very 
showy  crimson  or  purple  dowers,  and  are  frequently  cul- 
tivated. 

2.  In  •rooV. :  (a)  A  genus  of  cephalopods.  Also 
Calliroe.  Montfort,  1810.  (/<)  A  genus  of  aca- 
lephs.    Also  Callirhoe.  l'iinn  ami  Lesut  nr,  1809. 

callisection  (kal-i-sek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  callus, 
hard  skin,  +  sectio(n-),  a  cutting:  see  section.] 
Painless  vivisection:  the  dissection  of  living 
animals  which  have  been  anesthetized. 

Callisoma,  n.     See  Calosoma. 

Calliste  (ka-lis'te),  n.  [NL.  (Boie,  1826),  < 
Gr.  koXXIgtti,  fem.  of  kUTuotoc,  superl.  of  na?t6c, 
beautiful.]  An  extensive  genus  of  beautiful 
Central  and  South  American  tanagers,  of  the 
family  Tanagrida;  containing  most  of  the  weak- 
billed  forms,  notable  even  in  this  brilliant 
family  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of  their 
coloration.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with  different 
authors,  but  upward  of  r.0  species  arc  usually  referred  to 
it.    CaMstus,  Callispiza,  and  Calospvsa  are  synonyms. 

Callistephus  (ka-lis'te-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaX/(-,  Kakoc,  beautiful,  +  cTrijmc,  poet,  for  ore- 
tpavoc,  a  crown,  <  arfyuv,  put  around,  crown.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  containing  a  single 
species,  C.  Chinmsis,  the  China  aster,  which  has 
been  long  in  cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as 
a  hardy  annual,  remaining  long  in  flower. 

callisthenia,  «.    Plural  of  callisthenium. 

callisthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ka?.A\i-, 
m'Adc,  beautiful,  +  oBivoc,  strength.]  Relating 
or  pertaining  to  callisthenics;  designed  to  pro- 
mote health  or  bodily  development  and  symme- 
try.   Also  spelled  catisthenic. 

When  the  .  .  .  morning  occupations  are  concluded, 
these  unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
callisthriiic  exercises  in  the  garden.  I  saw  them  to-day 
.  .  .  pulling  the  garden  roller. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  wvii. 

callisthenics  (kal-is-then'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  callis- 
thenic: see  -ics.~\  The  art  or  practice  of  exer- 
cising the  muscles  for  the  purpose  of  gaining 
health,  strength,  or  grace  of  form  and  move- 
ment; a  kind  of  light  gymnastics.  Also  spt  lied 
calisthenics. 

callisthenium  (kal-is-the'ni-um),  ii.;  pi.  callis- 
thenia  (-'&).  [NL.,  <  callisthen-ies  +  -turn.]  A 
place  for  the  practice  of  callisthenics.  Also 
spelled  ealisthenium. 

After  the  play  the  ealisthenium  was  thrown  open,  ami 
the  girls  danced  until  supper-time.  .V.  >'.  Trilnme\ 

Callithamnion  (kal-i-tham'ni-on),  n.    [<  Gr. 

HZ/Va-,  Ka'Aoc,  beautiful,  +  dauviat;  dim.  of  Ounrm; 
a  small  shrub.]  A  large  genus  of  marine  algae, 
belonging  to  the  order  Floridea;  and  suborder 
( '< iiiiinric.  They  consist  of  branching  filaments,  each  ol 
which  is  usually  a  single  row  of  cells.  This  genus  contain! 
some  of  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  speeies  ol  the 
order. 

Callithrix  (kal'i-thriks),  ».    [NL.  (L.,  a  plant 

used  for  coloring  the  hair;  also  in  pi.  /■nllilri- 
cIhk,  a  kind  of  ape  in  Kthiopia);  less  correctly 
CaUitrix;  <  <  ir.  mTMdptZ  (/,o///r,«,v-).  with  beau- 
tiful hair  or  mane,  <  /.»>//-,  naAdc,  beautiful,  + 
0pQ  (7,1/1-),  hair.]  1.  A  genus  of  South  Ameri- 
can platyrrhine  monkeys,  of  the  family  d  bida 
and  subfamily  Nyctipitheeinw,  having  the  tail 
not  prehensile;  the  sagouins  or  saguins,  01 
which  there  are  numerous  speeies.  c.  prrsnii<itiix, 
the  masked  sagouin,  is  an  example    ( '.  torquatui  is  tho 

collar,  d  I.,  tee. 

2.  [I.e.]  An  African  green  monkey,  Criroph 
Uncus  sabants. 
callithumpian  (kal-i-thum'pi-an),  ".  and  ". 
[  Also  spelled  calithumpian  ;  humorously  formed 
<  Gr. K11/./.1-,  KiiAur,  beautiful,  +  K.  thump  +  -inn.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  noisy  concert  or  sere- 
nade so  called. 


callithumpian 

II.  n.  1.  A  noisy  concert,  characterized  by 
beating  of  tin  pans,  blowing  of  horns,  shouts, 
groans,  catcalls,  etc.:  usually  given  as  a  sere- 
nade to  persons  who  have  excited  local  ridi- 
cule or  hostility;  a  charivari. —  2.  One  who 
takes  part  in  such  a  concert.  [U.  S.] 
Callitriche  (ka-lit'ri-ke),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  */,»//<- 
roixVi  assumed  t'em.  of  KaW.Tpt.xoc  (fern,  also 
-of),  later  form  of  K.ar\'Ai6pi$,  with  beautiful  hair: 
see  Callithrix.]  1.  In  oot.,  a  small,  widely  dis- 
tributed genus  of  slender,  apetalous,  monoe- 
cious, dicotyledonous  aquatic  herbs.  Its  affini- 
ties are  obscure,  and  it  is  by  some  considered  as  constitut- 
ing a  distinct  order  Callitrichacecs,  by  others  referred  to  the 
Baloragece  or  to  the  Kuphorbiacece.  The  common  species 
are  known  as  water-starwort. 

2.  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks.    Origi- 
nallv  Callitrichus.     Poli,  1791. 
Callitris  (kal'i-tris),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  nalli-,  ko- 
U .,  beautiful;    the  element  -Ms  is  obscure.] 
A  genus  of  coniferous  trees,  nearly  related  to 


769 

rated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on  some  part  of 
the  i»mI\  from  exposure  to  continuous  pressure 
or  friction:  as,  "a  callous  cicatrice,"  Holland, 
Ir.  of  1'liny,  \\i.  31  ;  "a  callOUS  ul. -it,"  Diiiii/Ii- 
son. 

First  of  the  train  the  patient  rustic  came, 
w  hose  callous  hand  had  form'd  Die  scene. 

Goldsmith,  Threnodia,  u. 

2.  Hardened  in  mind  or  feelings;  insensible; 
unfeeling:  as,  "the  callous  diplomatist,"  Ma- 
caulay. 

In  prosperous  times,  when  men  feel  the  greatest  ardor 
in  their  pursuits  of  gain,  they  manifest  the  most  callous 
apathj  i"  politics.  Ami  I,  Works,  II.  187. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  he  perfectly  callous  to  rldi- 
cule.  Dr-  -1 

3.  In  ,  nit, hi.,  swollen  and  smooth:  as,  a  cal- 
lous margin,  one  very  thick  and  irregularly 
rounded  or  lumpy.  =Syn.  2.  Hardened,  etc.  (see  ob- 
durate), unsusceptible,  unimpressible,  indifferent,  deaf, 
dead,  etc. 


calm 

Britain,  and  Is  found  In  the  north,  in  tempi-rate  ami  boreal 
regionsof  tl id  world.    It  also  occurs  in  North  America, 


Cupressus,  consisting  of  14  species,  natives  of  callous  (kal'us),  v.  t.  To  harden  or  make  callous. 
Africa,  Madagascar,  Australia,  and  New  Gale-        -n,,.  calloused  sensibilities  of  people  of  fashion. 
donia.     The  best-known  species  is  C.  quadrivalvis,  the  Science,  X.  96. 

arar-treeof  Vlgeria,  yielding  a  highly  prized  wood,  the  cit-  calloUS-beaked    (kal 'us-bekt),   a.     Having  a 
ropsor.thyine  w I  of  the  Romans,  which  is  very  beaut*    calloU8  boak .  app]ied  to  the  tanagers  of  the 


fill,  and  is  much  used  by  the  Turks  for  the  floors  and 
ceilings  «»t'  their  mosques,  because  they  believe  it  to  be 
imperishable.  It  supplies  the  aromatic  gum-resin  called 
sandarac. 

callivert,  »•    See  caliver. 

call-loan  (kal'lon),  n.  A  loan  of  money  repay- 
able on  demand. 

call-me-to-you  (kal'me-tS'yS),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  pansy,  Viola  tricolor.  Also  called 
cuddle-me-to-you  and  call-me-to-you. 

call-note  ( kal'not),  n.  The  call  or  cry  of  a  bird 
or  other  animal  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

The  chirping  adl-note  of  the  gecko.  Owen,  Anat. 

Callocephalon  (kal-6-sef'a-lon),  n.  [NL.  (Les- 
son, 1837)  (prop.  Cdlli-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  tuMu-, 
,  beautiful,  +  Ketpah'/,  head.]  A  genus  (or 
subgenus  of  Calyptorhynchus)  of  Australian 
cockatoos,  subfamily  Cacatmnce.  C.  galea turn, 
the  ganga  cockatoo,  is  the  only  species.  Also 
I'allici  plialus. 

Callorhinus  (kal-o-ri'nus),  n.  [NL.  (prop. 
Colli-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  koA/U-,  taiK6c,  beautiful,  + 
pic,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  eared  seals,  of  the 
family  Otariidce,  including  the  northern  sea- 
bear,  the  well-known  fur-seal  of  Alaska,  C.  ur- 
sinus. 

callosal  (ka-16'sal),  a.  [<  callosum  +  -ah]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  callosum,  or  corpus  cal- 
losum. -Callosal  gyrus.    See  gyi  us, 

callose  (kal'os),  a.  [<  L.  callosus:  see  callous.'] 
In  hot.  and  eool.,  having  callosities  or  hard  spots; 
callous ;  hardened. 

callosity  (ka-los'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  callosities  (-tiz). 
(=  P.  callosiU  =  Sp.  callosidad  =  Pg.  cdttosi- 
dade=  It.  caUosita,  <  L.  caUosita(t-)s,< callosus, 
callous:  see  callous.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  hardened  or  callous. — 2.  In  a  concrete 
sense,  any  thickened  or  hardened  part  on  the 
surface  of  the  human  body  or  that  of  any  ani- 
mal, such  as  the  hard  and  often  somewhat  bony 
lumps  that  arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant 
pressure  and  friction,  the  cicatrized  surfaces 
of  old  ulcers  or  wounds,  etc.,  the  natural  euta- 


genus  Rhamphocwlus,  from  the  callosity  at  the 
base  of  the  bill. 

callously  (kal'us-li),  adc.  In  a  callous,  hard- 
ened, or  unfeeling  manner. 

callousness  (kal'us-nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 

callous.    (,i)  Hardness;  induration:  applied  to  the  body. 

A  callousnessot  his  feet.    Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  vii.  S. 

(6)  Insensibility  of  mind  or  heart. 

A  callousness  and  numbness  of  soul. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  i. 

Great  vindictiveness  is  often  united  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  great  callousness  with  great  magnanimity. 

Leckij,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  140. 

callow1  (kal'o),  a.  and  n.    [<ME.  calowe,  calew, 

caln,  <  AS.  coin  (calw-)  =  D.  kaal  =  OHG.  calo, 
chalo  (  calaw-),  MHG.  kal  (kalw-),  G.  Tcahl  =  Sw. 
kal,  bald,  bare  (cf.  Dan.  tod-let,  polled,  cu  Indict 
ho,  ;i  cow  without  horns:  ko  =  E.  cow1),  prob., 
with  loss  of  orig.  initial s  (cf.  scall),  =  L.  calms 
(orig.  *scalvus ?), bald  (>It.  Sp.  Pg.  calvo  =  Pr. 
calii  =  OF.  cliaii,  P.  chance:  see  Calvary,  Cal- 
vinism, and chauvin).]  I.  a.  If.  Bald;  without 
hair. 
A  man  of  whos  heed  heei-is  fleten  awei  is  calu. 

Wyclif(ed.  Purv.),  Lev.  xih.  40. 

Cains  was  hisheuede.  King  Alisaunder,  1.  5960. 

2.  Without  feathers ;  that  has  not  yet  put  forth 
feathers ;  naked  ;  unfledged,  as  a  young  bird : 
as,  ■•  callow  young,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  420. 

My  cattoiv  wing,  that  newly  left  the  nest. 

/'.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  i. 

They  [the  young  of  the  partridge]  are  not  callow  like  the 
young  of  most  birds,  but  more  perfectly  developed  and 
precocious  even  than  chickens.    Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  244. 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  unfledged  bird:  as,  "cal- 
low down,"  Drayton,  The  Owl.— 4.  Youthful; 
juvenile  ;  very  immature  :  as,  a  callow  youth. 

Ah,  if  we  had  possessed  these  in  our  callow  days. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

II. t  n.  A  bald  person;  a  baldhead. 

What  hath  the  calewe  ido. 

Life  of  St,  Dunstan,  Early  Eng.  Poems 
[(ed.  Furnivall),  p.  34. 


neous  thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons 
and  other  monkeys,  etc. —  3.  In  hot.,  any  part 

of  a  plant  unusually  hard.-4.  In  entom.,  an  callow*  (kal'o),  u.  and  a.  E.  dial.,  appar.  cat 
elevated,  rounded  portion  of  the  surface,  gen- 
erally smooth,  and  paler  than  the  surrounding 
parts,  appearing  like  a  swelling —  Ischial  callos- 
ity, in  tool.,  the  naked,  indurated,  and  usually  gayly  col- 
ored buttock  of  a  monkey. 

Callosoma,  n.    See  Calosoma. 

callosomarginal  (ka-16"so-mar'ji-nal),  a.    [< 
callosum  +  marginal.]     In  anat.,  lying  between  Calluella  (kal-u-el'a) 
the  convolution  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  the 
marginal  convolution  of  the  brain  :  as,  the  cal- 
losomarginal sulcus  or  fissure. 

callosum  (ka-16'sum),  n.  [NL.,  neul.  of  L.  cal- 
losus: see  callous.]  Same  as  corpus  callosum 
(which  see,  under  corpus). 


The  brain  of  the  cat,  lacking  the  callosum. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  IV.  613. 

callot1  (kal'ot),  n.     Same  as  calotte. 

callot-t,  a.  and  c.     See  collet. 

callotechnics  (kal-o-tek'niks),  n.  pi.  [Prop,  col- 
li- or  calo- ;  <  Gr.  naXkiTF^vor  (later  Ka'A.o-),  mak- 
ing beautiful  works  of  art,  <  naUi-,  xa'Adr,  beauti- 
ful, +  Tk\vri,  art.]  The  fine  or  ornamental  arts. 
[Rare.] 

callous  (kal'us),  a.    [Also  callose:  =  F.  calleux 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  calloso,  <  L.  callosus,  hard-skinned, 

thick-skinned,  hard,  <  allium,  also  callus,  hard 

skin.     Cf.  callid.]     1.  Hard;  hardened;  indu- 

49 


low\  bare.]  I.  «.  1.  An  alluvial  flat  along  a 
river-course :  a  term  used  by  writers  on  Irish 
geology  and  agriculture. —  2.  In  coal-minim/, 
the  baring,  or  cover,  of  open  workings.  Gresley. 
[Eng.] 

II.  a.  Having  the  character  of  an  alluvial 
flat:  as,  callow  land;  a  callow  meadow. 

n.  [NL.,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
i„i//ue,  beauty,  ko-'A.oc,  beautiful.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Cal- 
lin  llicUe.     Also  spelled  Caluella. 

calluellid  (kal-u-el'id),  n.  A  toad-like  am- 
phibian of  the  family  CaUuellida: 

Calluellidae  (kal-u-el'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cal- 
luella +  4dm.]  A  family  of  firmisternial  sali- 
ent amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus  Calluella. 
They  have  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw.  dilated  sacral  apophy- 
ses, precoracoids  resting  upon  eoracoids,  no  omosternum, 
and  a  small  cartilaginous  sternum. 

Calluna  (ka-lii'nii),  n.  [NL.  (so  called  from  its 
use  in  making  brooms),  irreg.  <  Gr.  na'/Aivsiv, 
sweep,  clean,  beautify,  <  /co?.2r,  beautiful.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Erieaccie,  nearly 
allied  to  Erica,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  the  structure  of  its  capsule  and  the 
small  number  of  its  seeds.  There  is  but  one  species, 
r.  vulgaris,  the  common  heather,  which  covers  ami  orna- 
ments much  of  the  heath  and  moorland  districts  of  Great 


Hi  Btthei    <  alluna  vulgaris),  with  branch  on  larger  scale. 


though  very  sparingly  and  only  in  a  fen  localities  neai 
the  coast,   from    Newfoundland  to  .Maltha's   vineyard, 

\hissa.hiisi-tts. 

callus  (kal'us),  ii.;  pi.  colli  (-1).  [L.,  also  (sol- 
ium, hard  skin:  see  callous  and  callid.]  1.  In 
anal. :  (a)  Hard  skin;  a  callosity.  (6)  Anew 
growth  of  osseous  tissue  between  and  around 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to 
unite  them.— 2.  In  hot.,  any  unusually  hard 
excrescence  upon  a  plant;  also,  the  thickening 
of  the  substance  of  the  perforated  septa  be- 
tween sieve-cells,  and  the  close  cellular  struc- 
ture which  is  formed  over  wounds,  by  which 
the  inner  tissues  are  protected  and  healing  is 
effected.— 3.  In  hart.,  the  cap  or  thickening 
formed  over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before  it  sends 
forth  rootlets.— 4.  In  couch.,  a  callosity  or  in- 
durated thickening  of  a  shell  by  the  deposit  of 
some  hard  substance  different  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell. 

The  columellar  lip  is  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
callus.  Stand.  Nat.  Hint.,  I.  351. 

callys  (kal'is),  ».  Same  as  killas. 
calm1  (kiim),  n.  and  a.  [I.  n.  Early  mod.  E. 
also  eaulm,  caum,  cawm,  <  ME.  calme  (=  D. 
kalm-te  =  LGr.  kalm,  >  G.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F. 
inline  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  calma,  calm,  calmness,  still 
weather,  =  Pr.  cliauiiie,  the  time  when  the  flocks 
rest  (cf.  F.  ch&mer,  formerly  chaiimer,  rest), 
orig.,  as  still  in  Sp.  and  Pg., 'heat,  the  hot  part 
of  the  day  (cf.  F.  dial,  cauiuas,  hot— Cotgrave), 
<  LL.  camna,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  <  Gr.  tMipa, 
great  heat,  <  naieiv,  burn:  see  cauma  and  caus- 
tic. The  1  is  unoriginal,  being  due  to  confor- 
mation with  L.  color,  heat,  or  with  words  like 
imliii  (L.  palina),  etc.  II.  a.  <  JIE.  calme  (= 
I),  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F.  calme  (ML.  calmus); 
from  the  noun.]  I.  n.  1.  The  condition  of  be- 
ing without  motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance; 
stillness :  properly  of  the  air,  and  hence  of  the 
sea  and  of  the  weather  in  general. 

A  blont  hede  in  a  caulme  or  downe  a  wind  is  very  good. 
Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arber),  p.  137. 

And  thus  fonde  the  wynde  agens  vs  or  ellys  such  calmys 
that  we  Bped  lint  lytyll  of  our  waye. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  .i7. 

While  we  lay  in  the  calms  we  caught  several  great  sharks. 
Dumpier,  Voyages,  I.  79. 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  agitation  or  passion; 
tranquillity;  quiet;  serenity. 

Each  perturbation  smooth'd  with  outward  calm. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  120. 
The  unnatural  excitement  was  succeeded  by  an  unnat- 
ural calm.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole. 
Too  near  to  God  fin-  doubt  or  fear, 
She  shares  the  eternal  calm. 

Whitlier,  Battle  Autumn  of  1S62. 
A  despotic  calm  is  usually  the  triumph  of  error. 

Jevons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  29S. 

3.  The  scum  of  liquor.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — Dead 
calm,  stark  calm,  flat  calm,  terms  used  by  seamen  to 
denote  the  greatest  possible  calm.— Region  of  calms,  or 
calm  latitudes,  the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans  on  the  confines  of  the  trade-winds,  where  calms  of 
long  duration  prevail.  At  the  winter  solstice  its  average 
northern  limit  is  in  5  N.,  and  in  the  months  about  the 
summer  solstice  12°  N.  The  southern  limit  lies  nearly 
always  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  varying  between  V 
and  :V  N. 

II.  '(.  1.  Without  motion;  still;  not  stormy; 
undisturbed;  not  agitated;  serene. 
Be  calm,  good  wind.  Shah.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

Calm  is  the  morn  without  a  sound. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xi. 

The  bay  was  oily  calm.  Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

2.  Free  from  mental  agitation ;  undisturbed  by 
passion;  not  agitated  or  excited;  quiet;  serene; 
tranquil, as  the  mind,  temper,  or  attention:  as, 
"calm  words,"  Shah.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

Witli  gentle  breath,  calm  look,  knees  humbly  bow'd. 

Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

The  temper  of  Hastings  was  equal  to  almost  any  trial. 
It  was  not  sweet;  but  it  was  calm. 

Macaulay,  Warreu  Hastings. 


calm 

Quiet  and  calm,  without  a  fear 

01  danger  darkly  lurking  near, 

Tlie  weary  laborer  left  Ins  plough. 

It  hittier,  1'entueket. 
=Syn.  2.  Calm.  Placid,  Tranquil,  Si  n  ne,  Quiet,  Cool,  Com- 
mooth,  peaceful,  unruffled,  Imperturba- 
ble. Alt  tlie  italicized  words,  when  applied  to  the  mind, 
still  Buggest  tlie  physical  phenomena  which  the]  prima- 
rily denote.  Calm  implies  that  tlie  mind  remains  unagi- 
tated,even  bj  careand  anxiety.  There  is  a  tendencs  to  use 
the  word  to  express  tlie  must  complete  mastery  of  the 

i. nt  it  is  also  used  for  the  mere  outward  man 
ner  :  as,  In  spite  of  tiis  anger,  lie  remained  c 
is  bj  'I  rivation  associated  with  the  notion  of  pleasure  ;  it 
gen,  i  to  that  which  belongs  to  the  nature,  but  is 

.      dOl   the  tare  :  as,  a  placid  smile 

guil  i  10  much  a  masters  of  self  amid  disturb. 

tag  circumstances  as  freedom  from  that  w  hicli  agitates,  a 

bj  Its  association  with  the  aspects 

i  calted  calm,  a  tranquillity  that 

Louds  or  storms.     Quiet,  when  applied  to  the 

disposition,  implies  thai  the  person  is  naturally  silent  and 

undemonstrative;  externally  it  implies   that  one  is  free 

iron,  :■  anoyances    b  .toleave  him  in  quiet  Likerro 

hut  , mlike  the  rest,  it  i>  not   suggestive  of  a  triumph  of 

sell  control  over  natural  agitation  ol  feelings  or  confusion 

of  mind.    Cool  is  the  opposite  of  heated;  it  indicates  that 

state  in  which  the  heat  of  feeling  is  perfectly  kept  down, 

so  that  tin-  intellectual  faculties  are  not  hindered  from 

their  best  operation.     Composed  is  applicable  to  the  state 

and   Feelings,  while  collected,  gathered 

,  .1  oni\  with  refi  rence  tothe  thoughts. 

M  ted  also  in  expressing,  like 

calm,  merely  a  frame    of  mind;  while  col/eeted,  like  roe?, 

tiess  tor  aetiou  with  the  full  and  unini- 
oi  the  mind.    See  apathy. 
me,  no  God,  ami  loop  me  calm,  .  .  . 
r.  though  loud  and  rude 
ii      ounds  my  ear  that  greet, 

tin  the  cl t's  solitude, 

Calm  in  the  hustling  street. 

II.  Hoiiar,  The  Inner  Calm. 

In  proportion  as  the  mental  energies  go  out  in  restless 

ami  multitudinous  perception,  thej  cannot  go  out  in  calm 

deliberate  thought.    //.  Spencer,  1'rin.  of  Socio].,  §  40. 

Ihe  placid  marble  JIuses,  looking  peace. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
Farewell  the  t  ra  nijuil  mind  !  farewell  Content! 

Shak.,  Othello,  in.  3. 
Cloudless  forever  is  her  brow  serene, 
speaking  calm  hope  and  trust  within  her. 

Lowell,  Irene. 
For  mine  own  part,  I  could  he  well  content 
I     entertain  the  lag-end  of  my  life 
With  quiet  hours.  Shak.,  l  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

There  is  the  glih  tongue  and  cool  self-possession  of  the 
salesman  in  a  large  shop,  which,  as  is  well  known,  over- 
power tin'  prudence  and  resolution  of  housekeepers  of 
both  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

His  [Dante's]  gait  was  grave  and  gentlemanlike;  and  his 
hearing,  whether  public  or  private,  wonderfully  composed 
ami  polished. 

Quoted  in  Lowell's  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  IS. 
Early  and  provident  fear  is  the  mother  of  safety;  be- 
cause in  that  state  of  things  the  mind  is  firm  and  collected, 
and  the  judgment  unembarrassed.        Burke,  Unitarians. 

calm1  (kam),  ».  [<  ME.  calmen  (=  F.  calmer  = 
Sp.  Pg. caltnar =lt.  caiman),  intr.,  become  still; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  still;  quiet, 
as  the  \\  iml  or  elements. — -2.  To  still,  appease, 
allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions. 
'lime's  glory  is  to  calm  contending  kings. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.939. 
Scarce  was  her  head  laid  on  the  pillow,  ere  a  deep,  re- 
freshing sleep  closed  her  eyes  and  calmed  her  senses. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx. 
3f.  To  becalm. 

Like  to  a  -hip  that,  having  'scap'd  a  tempest, 
i-  straightway  calm'danA  boarded  with  a  pirate. 

Shak.,  '.I  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  9. 

II.  in i runs.  To  become  calm  or  quiet:  as, 

rnpesl  mm  began  t..  <-nlm. 

calm-  (fiami,  ii.     [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  camn. 

i-iiiilm  :  appar.  a  var.  "(  ctvm\  a  comb,  cog,  etc.: 

see  cam1.]    1.  A  cog  of  awheel.    [North.Eng.] 

— 2.  /'/.  A  mold;  a  frame,  etc. — 3.    >>/.  The 

I  cords  through  which  the  warp  is  passed 
in  a  loom.  _in  the  caulms, in  the  st at,  >of  being  framed 
.  leled.    Jami 
calm:1t,  >'•     A  dialectal  form  of  qualm. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

calmant  (kal'mant),  u.  [<  F.  cdlmant,  ppr.  of 
mi  a, i ,-.  in  calm:  see  calmX. }  A  quieting  med- 
icine or  other  therapeutic  agent. 

calmative  (kal'ma-tn  I,  ».  and  ».  [<  calm  + 
■  •  ]    I.  ".  Quieting  excessive  net  ion  of  any 

organ;  relieving  nervous  agitation;  sedative.' 

II.  ii.  A  quieting  drug  or  '.flier  therapeutic 
agent;  a  soothing  rci 

Whi  I  tive  mania,  with  high  I  \    It 

and  cerebral  anaemia,  wii  I  i I 

calm-belt  (kam'bell  i,    n,    A  zone  or  region 
embracing  from  four  to  six  degrees  of  Latitude 
parallel  to  the  equ                          ■.  ,1  i,-,   the 
oee  of  calms  during  the  grin i       

the  ,\  i  ai  . 

Panama  Is  within  tie   equatorial  calm-belt, when    tin 

,  or  i  levt  ii 
year.  Science,  IV.  435. 


770 

calmer  (kii'mer),  ».  One  who  or  that  which 
Calms,  ur  lias  tin-  power  to  still  and  make  quiet  ; 
one  who  or  that  which  allays,  pacifies,  or 
soothes. 

Angling  was  ,  ,  .  a  ,  lie,  in  of  his  spirits,  a  diverter  of 
Badness,  aeafmerol  unquiet  thoughts. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  1. 

calmly (kiim'li).<«/r.  Quietly;  peacefully;  with- 
out passion,  agitation,  tumult,  disturbance,  or 
violence. 

And  calmly  run  on  in  obedience.    Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  4. 

The  gentle  stream  which  calmly  flows.    SirJ.  Venham. 

A  man  coole  ami  temperate  in  his  passions,  not  easily 
betraid  M  his  choller :  That  vies  not  oath  with  oath,  nor 
heat  with  heat;  but  replies  calmly  to  an  angry  man,  ami 
is  too  hard  t,  a'  him  too. 

/,>.   Kiliie,  Micro-cosniographie,  A  Staved  Man. 

calmness  (karn'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
calm.  («)  Quietness ;  stillness ;  tranquillity,  as  of  the 
elements. 

The  gentle  calmness  of  the  11 1.  Sir  ./.  I),  nliam. 

When  mighty  rivers  gently  creep, 
Their  even  calmness  does  suppose  them  deep. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  10. 
(b)  Quietness ;  mildness ;  unruffled  state  of  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper. 

Sir,  'tis  fit 
Vou  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  Hi.  2. 
Even  the  gambling-table  fosters  ...   a  capacity  for 
hearing  losses  with  calmness,  and  controlling  the  force  of 
the  desires.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  155. 

=  Syn.  Indifference,  Insensibility,  etc.  (see  apathy),  quie- 
tude, serenity,  repose,  composure,  placidncss,  peaeeful- 
ness. 
Calmuck,  ».  See  Kalmuck. 
calmy  (ka'mi),  a.  [A  poet,  extension  of  calmX, 
a.;  or  <  calm^,  n.  Cf.  sHUy,  a.]  Calm;  tran- 
quil ;  peaceful.     [Poetical.] 

A  still  and  calmy  bay.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  30. 

Tezcuco's  calmy  lake.  Southey. 

calo-.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka?.o-,  a  less  usual  form  for 

Kii/'/i-,  combining  form  of  m'Aoc,  beautiful:  see 

caUi-.]    See  colli-. 

Calochortus  (kal-o-kor'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
toAoc,  beautiful,  +  jopror,  grass,  any  fodder, 
prop,  an  inclosed  space,  =  L.  hortus,  a  garden: 
see  hortus.']  A  genus  of  liliaceous  bulbous 
plants,  allied  to  the  tulip  and  fritillary.  it  con- 
tains over  30  species,  natives  of  the  western  United  States 
and  Mexico.  The  flowers  arc  large  and  showy,  and  very 
variously  colored. 

Calochroma,  «.  See  Callichroma. 
Calodendron  (kal-o-den'dron),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/ov/oe,  beautiful,  +  divipov,  a  tree.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  Diosma-like  Cape  Colony  trees, 
natural  order  Rlltacece.  C.  Capcnse  is  an  evergreen 
tree  40  feet  high,  with  beautiful  flowers  and  foliage.  Its 
shining  black  seeds  are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 
Caloenas  (ka-le'nas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  to/Wc, 
beautiful,  +  oii'dc,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the  color 
of  ripening  grapes  (the  wild  pigeon,  Columba 
a  mis,  or  the  rock-dove,  C.  livia),  <  oivq,  the 
(grape-)  vine;  ef.  oivoc,  wine:  see  vine,  wine.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  pigeons,  containing  a 
single   species,  Caloenas  nicabariea,  the  Nico- 

bar  pigeon, with 
vsv-.   \,  long,         aeumi- 

„,  nate,  pendulous 

.-!<.  feathers  on  the 

neck  like  the 
hackles  of  a 
cock,  a  very  tu- 
mid bill,  green- 
ish coloration, 
12rcctriees.  and 
the  epithelial 
lining  ol  the  giz- 
zard ossified.  It 
is  sometimes  made 
the  type  of  a  fain- 
il>  i  ■alcenadidoe  or 
suhfamily  Caloena- 
dimr,  hut  the  char- 
aeters  hardly  war- 
rant this  distinction  from  the  family  ColumbUtoe.  Uso 
Calliatnae,  and  erroneously  Calamae,  I  'allicenae. 
calography  (ka-log'ra-fi),  n.    Another  form  of 

nilliiiriifilii/. 
calomel  (kal'6-mel),  n.  [Formation  uncertain, 
lane:  variously  given;  appar.  <  Gr.  to/ or,  beau- 
tiful, lair,  +  jd'Aac,  black  (or  iii'/.i  =  L.  mel, 
honey,  in  allusion  to  its  name  mercurius  dulcis, 
'  sweet  mercury').]  Henii-,  sub-,  or  protochlo- 
rid  "f  mercury,  "i    meroiirous  chlorid,  llg._,('lo. 

ii  was  formerly  prepared  by  grinding  in  a  i 'tar  mercury 

sulphate  with  as  much  mercury  as  it  already  contained, 
ami  heating  tlie  mixture  with  salt  until  it  suhlimed.  It 
is  now  prepared  by  Bubliming  ,  oi  1,,-ive  sublimate  w  itli  lie 
proper  quantity  of  mercury.  It  also  occurs  native  in 
tetragonal  crystals,  which  are  whitt  gray  or  yellow!  Ii  In 
color  and  have  an  adamantine  luster.  It  Is  sectile,  and 
is  hence  called  horn^nercury  or  horn-quicktilver.    It  is 


caloric 

usually  sold  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
less, and  Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether.  Calomel 
is  extensively  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  inflamma- 
tions of  serous  membranes  and  as  a  purgative.  Uso 
called  subchlorid  and  protochlorid  oj  mercury,  and  corne- 
ous ""  rcury. 

Calophyllum  (kal-o-fil'um),  ».  [NL.  (cf.  Ur. 
hii/'/ior/'/or,  with  beautiful  leaves),  <  Gr.  to/,,., 
beautiful,  +  oM2ov=Jj. folium,  leaf.]  1.  In  bot.. 
a  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  tiutlilinr.    n,,. 

species  are  large  tilnher-trees  of  Ihe  tropics. 'rich  In  lial- 
samic  resins,  with  oily  seeds,  and  shining  leaves  which 
have  numerous  transverse  parallel  veins,  giving  the  plants 
a  very  beautiful  appearance.  C.  InoplniUum  yields  a 
medical  resin,  the  taeamahac  of  the  East  Indies.  Thi 
yield  an  oil  which  is  in  high  repute  for  rbeuniatii 
plaints  and  bruises.  The  galba-or  calaha-tree,  C.  Calaba, 
of  ih,  West  Indies  and  Brazil,  the  keena,  C.  tomentosum, 
of  Ceylon,  the  C.  Tacamahaca  of  the  Isle  of  Bourl and 

Madagascar,  and  other  species,  furnish  resins  and  oils,  as 
well  as  strong  and  durable  timber.     The  fruits  of 

species  are  edilile. 

2.  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  rugoso  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  Cyathophyllidce.     J.  1).  Dana,  1846. 

Calopsitta  (kal-op-sit'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  naMc, 
beautiful,  +  tIhttokui,  a  parrot  (abbr.  after  i/ir- 
ra,  collateral  form  of  cirra,  a  nuthatch).]  A 
genus  of  cockatoos,  sometimes  made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  Calopsittitia;  the  cockateels: 
usually  restricted  to  a  single  species,  the  Aus- 
tralian coekateel,  Calopsitta  novat-hollandiw. 
Also  Callipsittacus. 

Calopsittina?  (kal"op-si-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calopsitta  +  -ina'.]  A  subfamily  of  '  'acatniilir, 
represented  by  the  genus  Calopsitta;  the  cock- 
ateels. 

Caloptenobia  (kal"op-te-no'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
<  'tilii/ili'iius  +  Gr.  /3ioc,  life.]  A  genus  of  hyme- 
nopterous  parasites,  of  the  family  Proctotrij- 
pidw,  founded  by  Kiley  in  1877.  The  only  species 
whose  habits  are  known  is  parasitic  upon  the  eggs  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  locust  and  the  Carolina  locust,  (kdit>'"l'( 
Carolina.  It  often  occurs  in  great  numbers,  and  destroys 
many  eggs  of  these  injurious  insects.  Caloptenobia  is  sy- 
nonymous with  Scelio  (Latreille). 

Caloptenus  (kal-op-te'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/,"/"<;,  beautiful,  +  irrj/vdr,  feathered,  winged, 
akin  to  rtre/jdv  =  E.  feather.]    A  genus  of  grass- 


Nicoliar  Pigeon  (Ca/tmas  niceburica). 


Rocky  Mountain  Grasshopper  [Calciftenus  spretns). 

a,  a,  newly  hatched  larva? ;  b,  full-grown  larva  ;  c,  pupa  ;  d,  female 

locust.    (AH  natural  size.) 

hoppers,   of  the  family  Acridities.    C.  femur-ru- 

Inn  nt  is  tlie  common  red  legged  grasshopper  of  the  I  nited 
States;  C.  spretus  (Thomas)  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  gra 
hopper  or  locust,  which  does  incalculable  damage  to  vino 
tatioli. 

calor  (kal'or  or  ka'lor),  n.     [<  L.  color,  heat, 

<  calere,  be  hot.]     Heat.     [Rare.] 
calorescence  (kal-o-res'ens),  n.      [<  L.  color, 

heat,  +  -escence;  cf.  cafescence,  etc.]  A  name 
given  by  Tyndall  to  a  luminous  phenomenon, 
observed  when  the  invisible  heat-rays  from  an 
appropriate  source  are  converged  to  a  focus 
by  a  lens  or  mirror  upon  a  piece  of  charcoal, 
which  is  thus  heated  to  incandescence. 

In  calorescence  the  atoms  of  the  refractory  body  are 
caused  to  vibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  waxes  which  tall 
upon  them.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect..  p.t)7; 

caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  and  n.     [=  1'.  caloriqtte, 

<  L.  calor,  heat:  see  color.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  lieal  or  tlie  principle  of  heat. 

The    velocity    of   an    asteroid    when    it    strikes    the     in. 

measures  fr 445,750  to  630, 1 tres ;  the  cal 

feet  of  the  percussion  is  consequently  equal  to  from  *27i 
to  :.;,  millions  of  degrees  of  heat. 

J.  11.  Mayer  (trans. 1,  in  Grove's  Corr.  of  forces,  p.  'J7a. 

Caloric  engine,  a  name  given  by  Ericsson  to  his  improved 
air-engine,  to  distinguish  it  from  other  air-engines  mi  the 
same  principle.  The  smaller  motors  oi  in  design  have 
been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  ill  situations  when  i, nt 
little  power  has  Keen  required.  The  term  caloric  ■ 
has  been  popularly  applied  to  hot-air  engines  as  acid 
See  „,,  ,  nginc.  Caloric  paradox.  See  sphi  roidal  state, 
under  spheroidal. 

II.  n.  The  name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle 
imponderable  fluid  to  which  the  sensation  and 


caloric 

phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attributed ; 
hence,  heat — Sensible  and  insensible  caloric,  ob- 
solete terms  for  yi'/ixil'lr  and  latent  heat.     See  heat. 

caloricity  (kal-o-ris'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  caloriciU,  < 
calorique  =  E.  caloric.']  The  power  in  animals 
of  developing  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  life  and  to  enable  them  to  resist  atmospheric 
oold,  so  as  to  preserve  at  all  times  and  in  every 
part  an  internal  temperature  nearly  equal. 

caloriduct  (ka-lor'i-dukt),  «.  [<  L.  calor,  heat, 
+  ductus,  a  leading,  <  ducere,  lead.  Cf.  aque- 
duct, and  see  caliduct.]  A  tube  or  passage  for 
conveying  heat.     See  caliduct. 

calorie,  «.     [F.]     See  calory. 

calorifacient  (kal'o-ri-fa'sbient),  a.  [<  L.  ra- 
zor, heat,  +  facien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  facere,  make.] 
Beat-producing.  Also  calorificient,  calorijitiitt, 
and  calorifient. 

calorifiant  (kal'o-ri-fi'ant),  a.  [Also  written 
calorifient;  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  F.  -fiant,  ppr. 
of  -fier,  E.  -fy,  make.]     Same  as  calorifacit  'it. 

calorific  (kal-o-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calorificus, 
heat-producing,  <  calor,  heat,  +  facere,  make.] 
Capable  of  producing  heat ;  causing  heat;  heat- 
ing; calorifacient. 

We  distinguish  .  .  .  the  gravitative,  luminiferous,  and 

calorific  properties  of  the  sun.  J.  S.  Mill,  Logic. 

Broad  golden-white  day.  with  calorifie  beams,  heating 

strongly  upon  us.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  166. 

Calorific  rays,  heat-rays.     See  heat  and  speetinm. 

calorification  (ka-lor''i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [=  F. 
calorification,  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  -ficare,  <  facere, 
make.]  The  production  of  heat,  especially  ani- 
mal heat. 

calorificient  (kal'o-ri-fish'ient),  a.  Same  as 
calorifacient. 

calorifics  (kal-o-rif'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  calorific: 
see  -ics.]     The  science  of  heating. 

calorifient  (kal'o-ri-fi'ent),  a.  Same  as  calori- 
facient. 

calorimeter  (kal-o-rim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  color, 
heat,  +  metrum,  i  Gr.  pirpov,  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  heat 
given  off  by  a  body  under  different  conditions : 
used  in  determining  the  specific  heat  of  differ- 
ent substances,  the  latent  heat  of  fusion,  ex- 
pansion, or  vaporization,  and  the  heat  of  com- 
bustion, or  of  chemical  combination  in  general. 
In  the  ice-calorimeter  the  substance  to  be  operated  on  is 
inclosed  in  a  cavity  of  ice,  and  the  quantity  of  heat  is 
determined  by  observing  the  increase  of  volume  due  to 
the  melting  of  a  portion  of  the  ice.  In  other  forms  the 
rise  in  temperature  of  a  known  quantity  of  some  liquid,  as 
water  or  mercury,  or  the  amount  of  expansion  caused  in  a 
known  volume  of  mercury,  is  noted. 

calorimetric,  calorimetrical  (kal  o-ri-met'rik, 
-ri-kal),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  calorimeter 
or  to  calorimetry. 

There  are  two  methods  of  measuring  the  intensity  of  a 
beam  of  light:  1.  Calorimetrieal.  ...  2.  Photometrical. 
A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  403. 

calorimetrically  (kal"o-ri-met'ri-kal-i),  adv. 

By  means  of  the  calorimeter;  in  accordance 

with  the  principles  and  methods  of  calorimetry. 

The  total  intensity  of  radiation  may  he  measured  ecUo- 

riinetriculht.  A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  463. 

calorimetry  (kal-o-rim'e-tri),  n.  [<  calorime- 
ter.'] The  measurement  of  the  quantity  of 
heat  in  thermal  units  (see  thermal  and  calory) 
which  a  body  absorbs  or  gives  out  in  passing 
through  a  certain  range  of  temperature,  or  in 
changingits  state  (as  in  fusion  or  vaporization), 
or  the  heat  which  is  produced  by  chemical 
combination ;  the  art  or  process  of  using  the 
calorimeter. 

calorimotor  (kal"o-ri-ino'tor),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  motor,  mover:  see  motor.]  A  form  of 
voltaic  battery,  consisting  of  one  or  more  cells 
in  which  the  plates  used  are  large,  so  that  the 
internal  resistance  is  very  small.  The  current 
produced  may  have  a  low  electromotive  force  while  the 
quantity  of  electrical  energy  is  large,  and  hence  ran  pro- 
duce considerable  heating  effects  in  a  short  external  cir- 
cuit.   Hare's  deflagrator  was  an  early  form. 

calorist  (kal'o-rist),  n.  [<  L.  calor,  heat,  + 
■4st.]  One  of  those  who  upheld  the  theory  that 
the  sensation  and  phenomena  of  heat  are  at- 
tributable to  a  fluid  called  caloric. 

The  theory  of  the  calorists,  as  those  who  held  this  view 
were  called,  and  called  themselves,  is  now  utterly  dis- 
proved. Pop.  Encyc. 

calory  (kal'o-ri),  n.  [<  F.  calorie,  <  L.  calor, 
heat.]  In pfiys.,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  kilogram  of  water 
from  0°  to  1°  centigrade.  It  is  the  unit  of  heat 
ordinarily  employed  in  calorimetry  by  modern  physicists, 
instead  of  the  thermal  unit  based  on  the  English  measures. 
(See  thermal.)  The  small  calory  or  thermal  unit  on  the 
C.  G.  S.  system  is  the  heat  required  to  raise  the  tempera- 
ture of  one  gram  of  water  from  0  to  1  C.  Although  tins 
particular  degree  of  the  scale  is  always  specified  in  formal 


771 

definitions,  yet  it  is  practically  assumed  that  the  specific 
heat  of  water  is  constant ;  so  that  if  the  calory  were  de- 
fined in  termsol  the  degree  from  20  to  21  ,  it  would  more 
accurately  represent  the  meaning  in  use.  Also  spelled 
calorie. 

'the  Calorie  is  equal  to  «, 593,010,000  ergs  or  423.985 
kilogramme-metres.    .1.  Darnell,  Prin.  of  physics,  p.  317. 

Calosoma,  Callosoma  (kal-o-sd'ma),  ».   [NL., 

<  Or.  Mi/or,  beautiful,  +  aupa,  body.]  A  large 
genus  of  beautiful  adephagous  Coleoptera,  or 
carnivorous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabidce. 
C.  sycophanta,  about  an  inch  in  length,  is  the  largest  and 
handsomest  British  insect  of  the  family.    C.  iivjuisitor, 


Rummaging  Ground-beetle  ( Calosoma  scrutator),  with  larva  of 
l.  calidum,     (Natural  size. J 

C.  scrutator,  and  C.  calidum  are  other  species  of  this 
widely  distributed  genus,  commonly  called  ground-beetles. 
Also  spelled  Callisoma. 

calote,  n.     Same  as  calotte. 

Calotermes  (kal-o-ter'inez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  m- 
>nr,  beautiful,  +'  L.  termes,  tarmes,  a  wood- 
worm :  see  termes.]  One  of  the  principal  genera 
of  white  ants  or  termites,  of  the  family  Termi- 
tidm  or  isopterous  Neuroptera.  it  contains  both 
winged  sexual  individuals  and  apterous,  fully  developed, 
hut  sexually  aborted  individuals.  C.  Jtavkollis  of  south- 
ern Europe  is  an  example. 

The  nests  of  species  of  Calotermes  are  the  most  incom- 
plete ;  they  only  gnaw  passages  in  wood,  which  mainly 
run  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  tree.  There  is  no 
special  place  for  the  queen.    Claus,  Zobl.  (trans.),  p.  560. 

Calotropis  (ka-lot'ro-pis),  n.  [NL.  (in  allusion 
to  the  keel  of  the  flower),  <  Gr.  /m/dY,  beautiful, 
+  Tp6mc,  a  ship's  keel,  <  Tpeirctv,  turn.]  A 
small  genus  of  asclepiadaceous  shrubs.  The 
bark,  winch  is  known  as  mvdar  and  yercum  (names  also 
given  to  the  plants  themselves),  is  a  medicine  famous 
among  Oriental  physicians.  It  is  employed  in  many  dis- 
eases, especially  in  dysentery,  as  an  alterative  tonic  and 
diaphoretic,  and  as  a  substitute  for  ipecac.  C.  procera 
ranges  from  India  to  the  Cape  Verd  islands,  and  C.  gigan- 
tea  from  India  to  Borneo  and  China.  The  silky  fiber  of  the 
latter  is  fluer  in  quality,  and  is  used  for  the  robes  of  the 
native  princes,  for  bowstrings,  and  for  fishing-lines  and 
-nets,  as  it  is  almost  indestructible  in  water.  The  wood  of 
both  species  is  made  into  charcoal  for  gunpowder,  the 
acrid  milky  juice  mixed  with  salt  is  used  to  remove  hair 
from  hides,  and  the  hairs  of  the  seeds  are  employed  for 
stuffing  mattresses. 

calotte  (ka-lot/),  n.  [<  F.  calotte,  a  skull-cap, 
dim.  of  OF.  etile,  a  kind  of  little  cap,  >  E.  caul1, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  plain  skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair- 
cloth, satin,  or  other  fabric,  worn  (a)  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  to  cover  the  tonsure 
when  exposed  to  drafts;  (6)  in  England,  by 
serjeants-at-law  on  their  wigs. —  2.  In  armor 
and  costume,  that  part  of  any  head-dress  which 
covers  closely  the  crown  of  the  head :  as,  the 
calotte  of  the  helmet. —  3.  Anything  having 
the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of  a  sword- 
hilt. —  4.  In  arch.,  a  dome  or  cupola,  or  some- 
thing of  similar  form,  as  a  cup-shaped  ceiling, 
the  head  of  an  alcove,  etc. —  5.  In  ornith.,  a 
hood  or  cap  of  color  upon  the  top  of  a  bird's 
head. 

Also  written  calote  and  callot. 

calottist  (ka-lot'ist),  n.  [<  F.  calottiste,  <  ca- 
lotte:  see  def.]  A  member  of  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  Paris  in  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.,  under  the  name  of  the  Regi- 
ment de  la  Calotte:  so  called  from  the  cap 
which  formed  the  symbol  of  the  society.  It  ex- 
ercised a  satirical  criticism  by  sending  its  emblem  and 
other  symbols  and  medals  to  those  who  made  themselves 
in  any  way  ridiculous,  and  had  extended  its  operations  to 
the  highest  ranks  of  society  before  it  was  suppressed. 

calotype  (kal'o-tlp),  n.  [<  Gr.  naAor,  beautiful, 
+  tvitoc,  impression,  type.]  A  photographic 
process  devised  by  Fox  Talbot  about  1840,  but 
not  now  in  use.  In  this  process  a  reflected  image  is 
impressed  on  sensitized  paper  by  exposure  in  a  camera, 
developed  by  gallonitrate  of  silver,  and  fixed  by  hypo- 
sulphite of  soda.    Thy  paper  used  is  prepared  by  being 


caltrop 

saturated  with  Iodide  of  potassium  and  then  washed  with 
nitrate  of  silver,  thus  forming  an  iodide  of  silver,  which  is 
rendered  very  sensitive  to  light  by  a  wash  of  gallic  acid 
and  nitrate  of  silver. 

liter  due  instructions,  we  seated  ourselves  at  file  open 
windows,  — Storg  to  sketch,  and  1  to  take  a  mental  ceUo. 
type  of  the  view  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  267. 

calotypist  (kal'o-tl-pist),  n.  [<  calotype  +  -ist.] 
lino   who  takes  photographs  by  the  calotype 

process. 

I  imprint  her  fast 
On  the  void  at  last, 
As  the  sun  does  whom  he  will 
By  tin-  calotypiet's  skill. 

Browning,  Mesmerism. 

caloyer  (ka-loi'er),  n.  [<  F.  caloyer  =  OBulg. 
kalugerii,  Bulg.  katoger  =  Serv.  kaludjer  =  Russ. 
I.nliiijrrit  =  Alb.  kalojer,  <  LGr.  mMyripos,  m'/n- 
ytjpar,  NGr.  Kahoyepoc,  a  monk,  lit.  good  iu  old 
age,  venerable,  <  Gr.  naMc,  beautiful,  good,  + 
yrjpar,  old  age ;  cf. ;  ipuv,  NGr.  yipnc,  an  old  man.] 
A  monk  of  the  Greek  Church.     See  monk. 

calp  (kalp),  n.  [Prob.  of  Ir.  origin.]  The  local 
Irish  designation  of  certain  beds  of  shahs, 
sandstones,  and  clays,  containing  thin,  un- 
workable seams  of  coal.  The  calp  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  series.     See  cum. 

calpa,  n.     See  kalpa. 

calpac  (kal'pak),  n.  [Armenian.]  A  large  black 
cap  of  sheepskin  worn  by  Armenians  ami  Turks. 

calpar  (kal'par),  n.  [L.,  a  vessel  for  liquids. 
Cf.  Gr.  lialtrrj',  an  urn,  m'ATrig,  a  pitcher.]  A 
form  of  large  Roman  jar.     See  dolium. 

calpe1  (kalp),  n.  [Gael.  *calpa,  colpa,  a  cow  or 
horse,  calpach,colpach,  a  heifer,  a  steer,  a  colt.] 
A  tribute,  commonly  a  horse  or  cow,  paid  by  a, 
member  of  a  Highland  clan,  or  a  vassal,  to  the 
chief,  in  return  for  his  protection. 

Calpe2  (kal'pe),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nalvi;,  an  urn.] 
A  genus  of  Noctuidce,  founded  by  Treitschke  in 
1825.  The  subfamily  Calpidi  was  founded  on  this  genus 
by  GuenSe  in  1841,  anil  the  family  Calpidw  by  the  same 
author  in  1852.  They  have  the  body  stout,  not  crested  ; 
palpi  long,  ascending;  second  joint  robust,  pilose,  the 
third  usually  short;  antenna;  acuminate  ;  abdomen  haul 
ly  extending  beyond  hind  wings;  hind  tibiae  with  long 
spurs ;  and  fore  wings  with  interior  border  excavated  and 
more  or  less  dentate. 

Calpidae  (kal'pi-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Calpe2  + 
-nlir.]   A  family  of  noctuid  moths,  named  from 
the  genus  Calpe.     tiuence,  1852. 
caique,  v.  t.    See  calk-. 

calsonst  (kal'sonz),  n.pl.  [Also  calsounds,  cal- 
:oous;  <  F.  catsons,  now  calegons,  =  NGr.  koXt- 
{.ovrnov,  <  It.  calzoni,  aug.  of  calza,  a  stocking,  < 
L.  calccus,  a  shoe.]     Drawers;  hose. 

They  wear  .  .  .  a  smocke  of  callico  .  .  .  ;  under  this,  a 

paireof  calsounds  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  their  ancles. 

Sandys,  Travels,  p.  03. 

The  better  sort  of  that  sex  here  wear  linen  drawers  or 

calzoons.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  11  >. 

calstokt,  ».     See  kalestock. 

caltetepon  (kal-te-tep'on),  n.  [Mex.]  A  name 
of  the  Mexican  varanian  or  monitor  lizard,  He- 
loderma  horridum,  a  venomous  species. 

Caltha  (kal'tha),  n.  [<  L.  caltha,  a  plant,  prob. 
pot-marigold,  Calendula  officinalis;  origin  un- 
known.] A  genus  of  rammeulaceous  plants, 
with  stout  creeping  root-stocks,  flowers  having 
showy  yellow  sepals  but  no  petals,  and  fruit 
consisting  of  many-seeded  pods  in  clusters. 
The  species  are  marsh-herbs,  found  in  the  temperate  and 
ci  'Id  regions  of  I  m  >th  hemispheres,  flowering  in  early  spring. 
The  common  marsh-marigold,  C.  palustris,  known  in  the 
I  Inited  states  as  cowslips,  is  frequently  used  as  a  pot-herb. 

calthropt,  »■    See  caltrop. 

caltrap,  »•  and  V.      Sec  caltrop. 

caltrop,  caltrap  (kal'trop,  -trap),  n.  [Also 
written  calthrop,  early  mod.  E.  also  caltrappe, 
caltroppe,  calteroop,  <  ME.  caltrap,  ealletrappe, 
calketrappe,  -treppe,  kalketrappe,  calcetreppe,  a 
caltrop  (def.  1),  also  a  plant,  sea-thistle  (gloss- 
ed trihithts  marinus  saliunca),  <  AS.  (as  a  plant- 
name)  calcatrippe  (glossed  heraclea),  contr.  col~ 
trceppe  (glossed  rhamnus,  whin),  =  OF.  caude- 
tra/i  toi*caucetrape,  F.  cltaussc-trapc.a  caltrop, 
star-thistle,  =  It.  calcatrippa,  star-thistle,  <  ML. 
calcatrippa,  calcatripa,  calcatrepa,  also  calcitri- 
pa,  calcitrapa,  calcarippa,  ealatrippa,  a  caltrop, 
also  applied  to  several  plants  (>  NL.  calcitrapa, 
applied  to  the  star-thistle),  supposed  to  stand 
for  *calcilra]ijia.  <  L.  calx 
(calc-),  heel,  +  ML.  trap- 
pa,  a  snare,  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin, E.  trap1.  Cf.  ML. 
ca/citrarc,  cause  to  stum- 
ble, in  classical  L.  kick.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  military 
instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  such 
a  manner  that,  three 
of    them    being    on  the 


caltrop 

ground,  the  fourth  pointed  upward.  Caltrops  were 

.  the  ground  where  an  enemy's  cavaln  were 

theii  progn  ss  bj  wounding  the  horses' 

tulle  of  caltrappys  hyt  was  sette, 
\-  meschys  bcth  made  wythinne  a  nette. 

LrcAa  \  I.  61. 

I  tliiuk  they  ha'  Btrew'd  the  highways  with  caltrops,  I ; 
-  em, 

I  er),  Love's  Pilgrims  ;c,  i.  1 

2.  />?.  Broken  pottery  or  coarse  pots  of  easily 
broken  earthenware,  or  other  things  adapted 
to  wound  ■  used  in  place  of  caltrops 

prop,  XI.  388. — 3.  In  bot, 

i&\  era  I   plants.    The  name  was  applied 
iirsi  to  the  spiny  heads  or  traits  of  the  plants,  1 1  ■  .in  their 
nblance  to  the  military  instrument,  and  then  t<>  the 

plants  themselves.    Thi i i  caltrop  or  caltrops  is 

ma  Calcitrapa  (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste 

plao  -  in  the  south  of  England.    The  heads  are  covered 

wiili  long  yellow  spines.    The  name  is  also  given  to  Tri- 

!rw,  a  plant  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  with 

a  spinj  pentagonal  fruit    The  n 

the  fruit  of  which  has  several  horns  formed  oi  the 
indurated  lobi  -  of  the  calyx, 
caltropt,  caltrapt,  v.  t.   \JME.caltrappyn;  from 
the  noun.]     To  entangle  with  caltrops. 

ippyn,  hamo.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  59. 

Caluella,  n.    See  Calluella. 

calumba  I  ka-lum'ba),  ».  [XL.,  said  to  be  from 
lialumb,  its  native  name  in  Mozambique.]  A 
recent  form  of  columbo,  the  common  name  for 
the  rool  otJateorhiza  palmata  and  other  plants. 
See  columbo. 

calumet  (kal'u-met),  ii.  [<  P.  calumet,  prop,  a 
dial,  form  (used  in  Canadian  F.  and  thence 
introduced  into  E.  and  literary  F.)  parallel 
to  chalumeau,  a  reed-pipe.  <  OF.  chalemel,  < 
LL.  ealamellus,  a  little  reed,  dim.  of  L.  cala- 
mus, a  I''  d:  see  calamus.']  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
pipe  used  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 

Its      howl     is 
usually  of  soit 
red         soap- 
stone,  and  the 
tube    a    long 
reed       orna- 
mented  with 
feathers.  The 
calumet        is 
used  as  a  sym- 
bol or  an  instrument  for  declaring 
peace  orwar.  To  accept  the  calumet 
is  to  agree  to  the  terms  of  peace  ;  to 
refuse  it  is  to  reject  them.   The  calu- 
met  >if   peace    is   us. si    to  seal    or 
Calumet.  ratify  contracts  and  alliances,  in  the 

friendly  reception  of  strangers,  and 
1.1  in  peaceful  traveling.  The  calumet  of  war, 
different!}  made,  is  used  in  the  proclamation  of  war.  The 
reed  or  stem  i.-  the  important  part  of  the  pipe,  and  is  held 
to  have  a  Bacn  d  signification. 

When  passed  the  sacred  calumet 
From  lip  to  lip  with  fire-draught  wet. 

Whittier,  Trace  of  Piscataqua. 

Calumet  eagle,  any  eagle  having  black  and  white  tail- 
feathers  Buitable  for  decorating  the  calumet  of  the  In- 
dians. Both  the  golden  eagle  (Aquila  chrysaetus)and  the 
halus)  furnish  the  required 
reathi  rs  at  ci  rtain  stages  of  their  plumage, 
calumner  (ka-lum'ner),  n.  [<  *caliunn,  v.  (<  F. 
calomnit  r,  <  I,,  calumniari),  calumniate,  +  -er1.] 
A  calumniator.     [Rare.] 

.  i  |  tmachus  he  promiseth  he  willnot 
recriminate.    Christian  Religion's  Appeal, ii-38(0rd  Ms.). 

calumniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  ».  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
mniated,  ppr.  calumniating.  [<  L.calumni- 
iiius.  pp.  of  calumniari  (>  It.  calunniare,  calon- 
niare,  calognare  =  Sp.  Pg.  calumniar  =  F.  ca- 
lomnit i .  i  >F.  chalonger,  chalenger, )  E.  challenge, 
q.  v.  i.  slandi  r,  <  calumnia,  slander:  see  calum- 
ny, and  ef.  challenge,  r.\  To  utter  calumny 
regarding;  charge  falsely  and  knowingly  with 
some  crime  or  offense,  or  something  disrepu- 

:    slander. 
Calumniated  byapoBtatea.  Hacaulay. 

d  them,  being  so  calumniated, 

s.      would  I  on i nils-ion  one  ot  weight  and  Worth 

my  Blander  d  bi  if  una  me. 

'  lolumbus. 
=  Syn.  Defame,  I 
calumniation  (kii-liim-ni-a'siion),  n.    [<  L.  as 

IH'a'rt.'    see   rithiiuiil- 
:  calumny, 
i   principal  counsel- 
rith  the  humou  ileconteni 

within    I  Bacon,  Obs.  on  a  lain  1. 

Tie  delivered  di  pi 

and  not  thrown  out  in  tl  \calum- 

T.  WarUm,  Mil*   ■  i Liber. 

calumniator  (ka-lum'ni-a  [L.,  <  ca- 
lumniari: see  calumniate.']     nm   wl alumni- 

ates  or  slanders ;  one  who  falselj  and  knowing- 
ly  o -ruses  another  of  anything  of  a  disgraceful 
character,  or  maliciously  propagates  false  ac- 
tons or  reports, 


77L' 

The  devil,  the  father  of  all  calumniators  and  liars. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  08. 
The  calumniators  of  Epicurus's  philosophy. 

Cowley,  Liberty. 
A  wicked  thing  is  a  calumniator.  Brougham. 

=Syn.  Slanderer,  detainer,  backbiter,  libeler,  detractor, 
traduci  r. 

calumniatory  (ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as 
if  calumniatorius,  <  calumniator.]  Slanderous: 
as,  "calumniatory  information,"  Bp.  Montagu, 
Appeal  In  Cusar.  p.  17. 

calumnious  (ka-lum'ni-us).  (j.  [<  L.  calumni- 
osus,<.  calumnia:  see  calumny.]  Using  calum- 
ny; containing  or  implying  calumny;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation  ;  slanderous:  as,  "  calumnious 
knave,"  Shah.,  All's  Well,  i.  3 ;  "calumnious  mis- 
statements," Motley. 

Virtue  itself  'scapes  not  calumnious  strokes. 

Voii.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
Tlie  weak  stroke  of  their  calumnious  tongues, 

II.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

calumniously  (ka-lum.'ni-us-ii),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
lumnious manner;  slanderously. 

calumniousness  (ka-lum'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calumnious  ;  slanderousness ; 
defamatory  quality. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  iwtealumuinus- 
ness.     Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.  (ed.  1633),  p.  227. 

calumnize  (kal'um-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eul- 
umnized,-p-pT.  calumnizing.  f<  calumny  +  486.] 
To  calumniate.     Dailies.     [Rare.] 

calumny  (kal'um-ni),  n.;  pi.  calumnies  (-niz). 
[<  F.  calomnie  (OF.  chalonge,  chalenge,  >  ME. 
chalenge:  see  challenge,  «.,  which  is  a  doublet 
of  calumny)  =  Pr.  caionja,  calumpnia  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calumnia  =  It.  calonnia,  calunnia,  calogna,  < 
L.  calumnia,  OL.  kalumnia,  trickery,  artifice,  a 
false  accusation,  <  calvi,  cohere,  deceive,  in- 
trigue against.]  False  accusation  of  crime, 
misconduct,  or  defect,  knowingly  or  malicious- 
ly made  or  reported,  to  the  injury  of  another; 
untruth  maliciously  spoken,  to  the  detraction 
of  another;  a  defamatory  report ;  slander. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou  shalt 

not  escape  calumny.  Shale,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

The  lastdaysof  Tillotson  were  altogether  embittered  by 

the  stream  of  calumny,  invective,  and  lampoons  of  which 

he  was  the  object.  Lecky,  Bng.  in  lstli  Cent.,  i. 

=  Syn.  Lying,  falsehood,  libel,  aspersion,  detraction,  back- 
biting, defamation,  evil-speaking. 

Calurus  (ka-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  maMe,  beau- 
tiful, +  oiipa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  trogons,  the 
paradise  trogons,  the  most  magnificent  birds 
of  the  family  Trogonidw.  They  are  rich-green  and 
cariniiie  in  color,  with  the  upper  tail-coverts  projecting 
like  delicate  sprays  a  foot  or  two  beyond  the  tail.  Also 
called  Pharomacrus  or  Pkaromachrus. 

calva  (kal'va),  J).;  pi.  cafow  (-ve).  [NL.,  fern. 
of  L.  calvus,"bald:  see  callow1.]  In  entom. :  (a) 
The  upper  part  of  the  epicraniumof  an  insect, 
including  the  front  and  vertex,  (ft)  With  some 
writers,  the  whole  head-case  or  cranium. 

calvairt  (kal'var),  n.  [ME.,  <  L.  calvaria,  the 
skull:  see  Calvary.]    A  skull. 

An  other  thinge  that  lightly  may  be  founde, 
The  calvair  of  an  horsed  asse  or  mare, 
Sette  that  uppe. 

Patladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  36. 

calvaria  (kal-va'ri-S),  it. ;  pi.  calvaria'  (-e).  [L., 
the  skull:  see  fate-dry.]  The  calvarium  (which 
see). 

calvarian  (kal-va'ri-an),  a.     [<  calvarium  + 

-an.]     Pertaining  to  the  calvarium calvarian 

hook,  a  strut,  hook  used  in  removing  the  calvarium  in  au- 
topsies. 

calvarium  (kal-va'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  calvaria  (-a). 
[NL.,  neut..  <  L.  calvaria,  fern.:  see  Calvary.] 
That  pari  of  the  cranium  which  is  above  the 
orbits,  temples,  and  occipital  protuberance; 
the  skull  cap.     See  cut  under  cranium. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri),  n.  [<  L.  calvaria,  a  skull 
(used  in  the  Vulgate  to  translate  the  lleli.  Gol- 
gotha), <  ealea,  the  scalp  without  hair,  fern,  of 
calvus,  bald:  see  callau1.]  1.  A  place  of  skulls; 
Golgotha;  specifically,  the  place  where  Christ 
was  crucified,  it  Mas  probably  a  small  hill  in  the 
vicinity  of  ancient  Jerusalem;  its  assumed  site,  covered 
by  the  church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  within  tin:  modern 
city,  is  .a  muted, 

2.  [I.  c]  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  passion  of  Christ,  often  of 
life-size,  erected  Bomotimes  on  a  hill  near  a 
city,  sometimes  mar  a  church  or  in  a  church- 
yard, and  sometimes  in  a  chapel.    The  various 

[  Christ      Hirelings  and  crucifl  aon  me  represi  nti  d 
by  siat  us i  \  and  carving  often  highly  colored.    Stone  cal 

i i  o  ante  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 

aii  in  Brittany,  and  calvaries  In  wax,  placed  in  churches, 
si e a  in  vogui  in  Italy  and  elsewhere. 

3.  [/.  c.J  A  rocky  mound  or  hill  on  which  three 

ies  are  erected:  au  adjunct  to  some  n-li- 


Calvinism 

gious  houses — Calvary  cross,  or  cross  of  Calvary. 
See  cross.  Congregation  of  Our  Lady  of  Calvary. 
See  congregation, 
calve  (kiiv),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  calved,  ppr.  cale- 
ing.  [<  Ml.',  eulccn,  <  AS.  cealfian  (=  1).  Jcalren 
=' East  Fries,  halfen  =  Ml  It:'.  (;.  lcalben  (dial. 
lcalbt  hi)  —  [eel.  h  tfa  =  Norw.  Tcalva,  also  kjeha, 
kjiere  =  Sw,  kalfva  =  Dan.  halve,  also  Kwlve, 
calve),  <  cealf,  calf:  see  calf1.  In  the  derived 
senses  12  and  3,  cf.  Dan.  Icalre  (in  si-use  2)  = 
Flem.  in-kaleen  =  East  Fries,  in-kalfen,  cave 
in;  in  E.  now  care:  see  cave1,  v.]    1.  intrans. 

1.  To  brine;  forth  a  calf  or  calves:  sometimes 
used  contemptuously  of  human  beings,  and  liy 
Milton  of  the  earth  at  the  creation  of  cattle, 
etc. 

Knowest  thou  the  time  when  the  wild  coats  of  the  rock 
bring  forth?  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds  do  calve  i 

Job  xx\i.\.  1. 

The  grassy  clods  now  calved.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  463. 

2.  To  become  separated  from  or  lose  a  portion 
of  itself:  said  of  a  glacier  when  icebergs  are 
broken  off  from  it. — 3f.  To  become  detached 
and  fall  inward,  as  earth  or  rock  from  the  walls 
of  a  cutting :  with  in.    Now  cave  in. 

The  rock  calved  in  upon  him. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  4th  ser.,  XII.  166. 

II.  trans.  To  give  birth  to,  as  a  cow  to  a 
calf ;  bring  forth. 

Not  Romans,  .  .  . 
Though  calv'd  i'  the  porch  o'  the  Capitol. 

Slink.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

calver  (kal'ver),  a.     [<  ME.  calvur,  calwar, 

fresh  (applied  to  fish) ;  appar.  a  corruption  of 
mill  r,  callour,  fresh:  see  caller2.]    Fresh ;  new  ly 
caught,  as  fish:  applied  particularly  to  fish,  and 
especially  to  salmon,  dressed  as  soon  as  caught. 
The  term  was  also  applied  to  fish  dressed  in  a  particular 
way,  as  with  oil,  vinegar,  and  spices.    See  calver,  v.    [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.j 
Colour  as  samoon,  orothyrfysshe.    Prompt  Parv.,  p.  ai). 
Calvert  (kal'ver),  n.     The  flaky  or  fat  flesh  of 
calver  fish. 
Calver  of  samon,  escume  de  saumon.  Palsgrave. 

calver  (kal'ver),  o.  t.  [Orig.  only  in  p.  a. 
calvered,  for  calver:  see  calver,  a.]  If.  In  cook- 
ery, to  prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  appa- 
rently by  a  kind  of  pickling  and  spicing. 

My  foot-boy  shall  eat  pheasants,  calver'il  salmons,  knots, 
godwits,  lampreys.  B.  Jonson-,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Coat  lords  sometimes 
For  change  leave  calver'd  salmon,  and  eat  sprats. 

Massinger,  The  GuardSau,  iv.  -. 

2.  To  crimp  (fish).     Nares. 

calves,  n.    Plural  of  calf1,  calf2. 

calves -snout  (kavz '  snout),  ».  [For  calfs- 
snout.]  A  name  of  the  snapdragon,  Antirrhi- 
num majus,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
seed-vessel  to  a  calf's  head. 

calves'-tongue  (k&vz'tung),  ».  An  early  me- 
dieval molding  consisting  of  a  series  of  pointed, 
tongue  -  shaped 
elements,  all 
pointing  in  the 

sat lirection, 

usually  down- 
ward or  inward. 
It  occurs  as  a 
modification  of 
a  label  or  roll 
molding  sur- 
rounding an 
arched  door  or 
window. 

calville  (kal'- 
vil),  >t.  [F.,  ap- 
par. adapted (as 
if  <  It.  carovelle 
(Florio),  caravella,  a  sort  of  pear)  <  L.  calvus, 
bald,  with  a  smooth  skin.]     A  sort  of  apple. 

calving  (ka'ving),  ».  [<  ME.  calvyng ;  verbal 
n.  of  calve,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  a 
calf:  said  of  cows,  whales,  and  seals. 

The  Russians  providently  prohibit  bay-whaling,  a  prac- 
tice destructive  to  the  cow  whales  about  the  time  "I 
calving.  E.  Forbes. 

2.  The  separation  of  masses  of  ice  from  a  gla 

cier  from  time  to  time  as  it  extends  itself  into 

the  sen,  giving  rise  to  icebergs. 
Calvinian  (kal-vin'i-an),  a.     [See  Calvinism.] 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  Cah  in  :  <  ulvinistio. 
Calvinism  (kal'vin-izm),  ».    [=  V.  Calvinisms,  < 

Calvin,   equiv.   to  F.   fhaitiiii  (see  eliiiiiviuisiu) 

and  derived  from  L.  Calvinus,  a  Roman  cog- 
nomen, lit.  'bald,'  <  calvus,  bald:  see  callovtiK] 
The  theological  tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Cal- 
vin.a  French  Protestant  theologian  (1509-64). 
The  peculiar  characteristics  of  his  system,  as  derived  from 


un- 
church. England, 


Calvinism 

his  "  Institutes,"  arc  his  doctrines  of  original  sin,  namely, 
(hat we  derive  from  Adam  "notonlj  the  punishment, but 
also  the  pollution  to  which  the  punishment  is  justly  due"; 

of  freedom  of  the  will,  namely,  that  man  "  in  his  present 
state  is  despoiled  of  freedom  of  will  ami  subject  lo  a  mis- 
erable slavery '' ;  of  grace,  or  that  "the  Lord  both  begins 
and  completes  the  good  work  in  us,"  and  gives  us  both 
will  and  power";  of  predestinati or  "the  eternal  de- 
er  if  God,  by  which  he  lias  determined  in  himself  what 

he  would  have  become  of  every  individual  of  mankind  "; 
and  of  perseverance,  or  the  doctrine  that  all  the  elect  will 
certainly  be  saved.  Calvinism  has,  however,  been  materi- 
ally i lined  since  Calvin's  day,  and  the  name  is  applied 

to  modern  systems  of  theology  which  differ  more  <>i  less 
widely  from  ins  system  in  each  "i  these  particulars.  (See 
l  'all'inist.)  lien. 'rally,  Calvinism  may  lie  said  to  rest  upon 
tie  absolute  sovereignty  ••!  God  over  all  his  creatures. 
It  is  in  a  modified  form  the  theological  system  of  most 
Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Congregationalists. 

If  Arminianisiu  most  commends  itself  to  our  feelings, 
Calvinism  is  nearer  to  the  facts,  however  harsh  and  for- 
bidding these  facts  may  sn  in. 

Froudr,  Short  studies  on  Great  Subjects,  II.  12. 

Calvinist  (kal'vin-ist),  re.  [=  F.  Calriniste: 
see  t'lihinism.]  Primarily,  an  adherent  of 
the  theological  system  of  John  Calvin.  See 
Ctilriiiisiu.  'The  name  is  also  given  to  theologians  who 
hold  the  doctrine  of  the  Divine  Sovereignty  as  the  central 
truth  of  their  system,  but  depart  more  or  less  widely  from 
the  conclusions  of  Calvin,  particularly  as  regards  uncondi- 
tional election  and  reprobation  and  free  will.  Strict  Co/- 
ri>ii*t.i  hold  substantially  the  original  views  of  Calvin; 
kyper-Calvinists  add  some  corollaries  which  he  denied, 
including  a  denial  of  all  validity  to  the  use  of  human 
means ;  moderate  Calvinists  modify  his  views,  and  hold 
that  man  possesses  free  will  notwithstanding  the  fall,  and 
that  his  responsibility  is  limited  to  his  voluntary  acts. 
American  Congregationalists  and  the  so-called  New. School 
Presbyterians  are  generally  moderate  Calvinists. 

Calvinistic  (kal-vin-is'tik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Calvin,  or  to  Calvinism. 

The  most  complete,  interlinked,  compact,  and  self-con- 
sistent theology  in  the  world  is  the  Cnlrinist/r. 

H.  W.  Beecher,  Statement  of  Belief. 

Calvinistical  (kal-vin-is'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
( 'alvinistic. 

Calvinize  (kal'vin-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  CaU 
vinized,  ppr.  Calvinizing.  [<  Calvin  +  -ize.  See 
Calvinism."]     To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

calvish  (ka'visk),  a.  [More  prop,  catfish ;  < 
calf1  +  -ish1.]     Like  a  calf.     Sheldon. 

calvities  (kal-vish'i-ez),  re.  [L.,  baldness,  < 
culms;  bald:  see  callow1.]  Diffused  or  general 
baldness,  appearing  usually  first  on  the  crown, 
or  on  the  forehead  and  temples. 

calvityt  (kal'vj-ti),  re.  [<  F.  caMUe,  <  L.  calvi- 
ties.]    Baldness;  calvities. 

Calvous  (kal'vus),  a.  [<  L.  calvus,  bald:  see 
oioWi.]     Bald. 

calx1  (kalks),  ».;  pi.  calxes  or  (as  if  L.)  calces 
(kalk'sez,  kal'sez).  [<  L.  ctilr  (plural  *calccs  not 
used),  a  small  stone,  a  counter  (>  dim.  calcu- 
lus,  q.  v.),  limestone,  lime  (>  AS.  eealc,  E.  chalk, 
q.  v.),  prob.  =  Gr.  ;t;d/Uf,  a  small  stone,  lime- 
stone.] 1.  Lime  or  chalk. —  2.  The  ashy  sub- 
stance which  remains  after  metals,  minerals, 
etc.,  have  been  calcined.  Metallic  calxes  are 
now  generally  called  ootids. — 3.  Broken  and 
refuse  glass,  which  is  restored  to  the  pots. — 
Calx  chlorata  or  chlorinata,  chlorinated  lime,  a  white 
powder  obtained  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the  action  of 
chlorine  gas  until  absorption  ceases:  used  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  bleaching  agent.     Also  called  chlorid  of  lime. 

calx2  (kalks),  n. ;  pi.  calces  (kal'sez).  [L.,  the 
heel.  Hence  calcitrate,  calcar1.]  In  mutt.,  the 
heel:  commonly  used  in  the  Latin  genitive  (cal- 
cis),  as  in  os  calcis,  the  heel-bone  or  calcaneum. 

calybite  (kal'i-bit),  re.  [<  Or.  KaAr.iiTric,  living 
in  a  hut,  <  tiaXvfiri,  a  hut,  cell,  <  Kalvtrreiv,  cover.] 
One  of  a  class  of  early  Christians  who  lived  in 
huts. 

Oalycanthaceae  (kal  "i-kan-tha'se-e),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Calycanthus  +  -aeeai.]  A  natural  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied  both  to  the 
Magnoliacew  and  to  the  Eosaceie.  They  are  hardy 
shrubs,  well  known  in  gardens  for  the  delicious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.  The  order  contains  only  two  genera  : 
Calycanthus,  of  the  United  States,  and  Chimonanthus,  of 
Asia.    See  cut  under  Calycanthus. 

calycanthemous  (kai-i-kan'the-mus),  a.  [< NL. 
calycanthemus,  <  Gr.  mAvi;  (aa/vi;-),  calyx,  +  av- 
Oeyov,  a  flower.  Cf.  Gr.  Ka'AvnavBciiov  (of  same 
formation),  a  kind  of  honeysuckle.]  In  bot., 
having  petal-like  sepals. 

calycanthemy  (kal-i-kan'the-mi),  re.  [<  NL. 
*calycanthemia,  <  calycanthemus:  see  calycan- 
themous.'] An  abnormity  of  form  in  a  flower,  in 
which  the  calyx-lobes  have  become  petaloid, 
as  in  some  varieties  of  primrose. 
Calycanthus  (kal-i-kan'tkus),«.  [NL. (so called 
from  the  cup-shaped  receptacle  inclosing  the  pis- 
tils)^ Gr.  /cd/taf  (koA,vk-),  a  cup,  -t-arftic,  a  flower.] 
The  sweet  shrub  or  Carolina  allspice  of  the 
United  States,  an  aromatic  shrubby  genus  of 
four  species,  with  lurid  purple  flowers  which 
have  the  odor  of  strawberries.    The  bruised  leaves 


Flowering  branch  of  Calycan. 
thus  Jti>ridus. 


Calyclflorate. 
Section  of  peach-blossom,  showing  tlie 
stamens    and    petals    inserted   on   the 
throat  of  the  calyx. 


773 

and  bark  are  also  fragrant.    The  most  common  species, 

frequent  in  cultivation,  is  C.  Jloridus.     Also  called  straw- 

berry-plant. 
calycate   (kal'i-kat),   a. 

[<  NL.  calycatus,  <  L. 

calyx {calye-), calyx.]  In 

hoi.,    provided    with    a 

calyx, 
calyces,    n.     Plural   of 

calyx. 
calyciferous   (kal-i-sif'- 

e-i'iis),  a.      [<  L.  calyx 

'(calye-),  calyx,  +  ferre, 

=  E.  bear1,  +  -ous:  see 

calix,  calyx,  and  of.  caly- 

co)ihnrous.]     in  bot.  and 

cool.,    bearing    or    sup- 
porting the  calyx.    Also 

caliciferous. 
Calyciflorse     (ka-lis-i- 

flo're),  n.  pi.    [NL.,fem. 

pi.  of  calyciflorus,  <  L. 

CalyX    (rtlh/r-),    calyx,   + 

flos  (.ll'ir-),  flower,  corolla.]  In  De  Candolle's 
classification,  a  subclass  of  polypetalous  dico- 
tyledons, in  which  the  corolla  and  stamens  are 
inserted  upon  a  disk  which  is  coherent  with  the 
calyx,  and  which  is  sometimes,  with  the  calyx, 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  It  includes  the  Lcguminosa , 
Rosacexe,  Saxifragaceoe,  a  ml  otherrelated  orders. 
calycifloral  (ka-lis-i-flo'ral),  a.    [As  Calyciflorce 

+  -til.]    Same  as  calyclflorate. 
calyciflorate  (ka-lis-i-flo'rat),  a.    [<  NL.  calyci- 
floratus :  see  Calycifloral.]     In  bot.,  having  the 
petals     and     sta- 
mens borne  upon 
the  calyx ;  specifi- 
cally,   pertaining 
to  the  Calycifloral. 
calyciflorous  (ka- 
lis-i-flo'rus),  a.  [< 
NL.    calyciflorus  : 
see     Calyciflora>.] 
Same    as    calycl- 
florate. 
calyciform      (ka- 
lis'i-form),  a.     [< 
L.  calyx  {calye-),  calyx,  +  forma,  shape.]     In 
bot.  and  stool.,  having' the  form  of  or  resembling 
a  calyx. 
calycinal  (ka-lis'i-nal),  a.     Same  as  calycine. 
calycine  (kal'i-sin),  a.     [<  L.  calyx  (calye-), 
calyx,  +  -me1.]     1.   In  bot.,  pertaining  to  a 
calyx;   situated  on  a  calyx. —  2.  In  zool. :   (a) 
Resembling  the  calyx  of  a  plant,      (b)  Spe- 
cifically, in  crinoids,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
calyx:  as,  calycine  perisome — Calycine  pores,  in 

crinoids,  orifices  of  eanaliculi  which  travi  rsi  H terradii 

of  the  perisome  and  place  the  ccelomatic  cavity  in  com- 
munication with  the  exterior. 
calycle  (kal'i-kl),  re.     [<  L.  calycitlits,  dim.  of 
calyx  {calye-),  a  calyx:  see  calyx,  and  cf.  cali- 
cula.]     1.  In  hot.,  an  outer  accessory  calyx,  or 
set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  like  a  calyx,  as 
inthepink.    Also  called  calyeulus. —  2.  Inzool., 
a  calice  or  little  calyx ;  some  part  of  a  zoophyte 
like  or  likened  to  the  calyx  of  a  plant.     Specifi- 
cally—  (a)  In  corals,  the  cup-cell  or  corallite  in  which  each 
polypite  or  individual  polyp  of  a  polypidom  is  lodged.    (/') 
in  Hydrozoa,  the  receptacle  in  which  a  polypite  is  lodged, 
as  in  the  calyptoblastic  hydrozoans  ;  a  hydrotheca. 
Also  caliee,  caUcle.  and  calycule. 
calycled  (kal'i-kld),  a.      [<  calycle  +  -e<A] 
Same  as  calyculate. 
calycoid,  calycoideous  (kal'i-koid,  kal-i-koi'- 

de-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  *Ka~/.vtioeid?ic,  contr.  KaAiwudV/c, 
like  a  budding  flower,  <  tcafaitj  (naAva-),  calyx,  + 
ddoc,  form.]  In  bot.  and  zool.,  like  a  calyx  in 
form,  color,  or  appearance. 
Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'o-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  calycophorus,  <  Gr.  Kd/iuf  (koavk-),  a  calyx, 
+  -(p6poc,  -bearing,  <  fapav  =  E.  bear1.]  An  order 
or  suborder  of  siphonophorous  oceanic  hydro- 
zoans, having  a  long  stem  with  a  somatocyst 
or  body-sac  at  the  proximal  end,  but  no  pneu- 
matophore.  The  Calycophora  are  very  delicate  organ- 
isms of  specially  composite  structure,  and  so  transparent 

that  they  are  rendered  visible  at  a  little  distance h  by 

their  bright  tints.  They  are  mostly  found  floating  or  swim- 
ming on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas,  trailing  their  long 
chain  of  appendages  after  them  as  they  dart  forward  with 
a  rhythmical  movement  according  with  the  simultaneous 
contractions  of  the  nectocalyees  or  swimming  bells  with 
which  they  are  provided.  There  are  several  families,  of 
which  Diphyidoe  and  HippopodiidaB  axe  the  leading  ones. 
The  Calycophora  constitute  with  the  Physophora  the  sub- 
class Sipkonophora  (which  see).    Also  Calycophoridce. 

Calycophorae  (kal-i-kof'o-re),  n.  pi.    [NL.] 
Same  as  t  'alycophora. 
calycophoran  (kal-i-kof'o-ran),  a.  and  n.    I,  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycophora. 


Calypte 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Calycophora. 

calycophorid  (kal-i-kof'o-rid),  n.  One  of  the 
t  'alycophorida}. 

Calycophoridae  (kal'i-ko-for'i-do),  n.pl.  [NL.] 
Same  as  ( 'alycophora. 

calycophorous  (kal-i-kof'o-rua),  n.  Of  or  per- 
taining lo  Ho-  Calycophora. 

Calycozoa  (kal"i-ko-z6'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
calycozodn,  <  Gr.  (ccutif  (/ia/.we-),  a  calyx,  +  Cipov, 
an  animal.]  An  order  of  discophorous  hydro- 
zoans, the  lueemarian  acalephs:  so  called  he- 
cause  of  their  cup-shape,  having  the  umbrella 
in-  disk  without  a  velum,  pedunculated  aboral- 
l\.  ami  capable  of  attachment  at  the  aboral  pole. 
flu  \  have  four  wide  vascular  pouches  with  narrow  -■  pta, 
and  eight  tentaculiferous  processes  around  the  edgi  ol 
the  umbrella,  dividing  it  into  as  many  lobes,  the  genera- 
tive products  being  discharged  into  the  body-cavity.  There 
is  but  one  family,  Z>uci  rnariidce.  '1  heae  organisms  are  of 
gi  latinous  consistency,  variously  colored,  and  semi-trans- 
parent; when  detached,  they  swim,  like  all  medusoids,  by 
contractions  of  the  umbrella.  They  are  regarded  by  some 
as  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  class.  Leuckart.  See 
hucema/ria. 

calycozoan  (kal"i-ko-zo'an),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
i  If  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycozoa. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozoic  (kal"i-ko-zo'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozodn  (kal"i-ko-zo'on),  n.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
t  'alycozoa,  q.  v.]     One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycular  (ka-lik'u-lar),  a.  In  bot.  and  zool., 
belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  calycle. 

calyculate,  calyculated  (ka-lik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  calyciihitns,  <  L.  calyeulus,  a  calycle : 
see  calycle.]  1.  In  bot.,  having  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calyx. —  2.  In 
zool.,  having  a  calycle. 
Also  calycled. 

calycule  (kal'i-kul),  n.  [<  calyeulus,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  calycle. 

calyeulus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  calyculi  (-li). 
[L.,  dim.  of  calyx  (ealye-),  a  calyx.]  Same  as 
calycle,  1. 

Calymene  (ka-lim'e-ne),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  in- 
tended to  represent  Gr.  nsna'Av/ifievt/,  fem.  of 
KttiaXi'/i/ievoc,  pp.  pass,  of  Kakwcruv,  cover,  hide.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  trilobites  found  in  the  Si- 
lurian rocks.  G.  blitmenhiiilii  is  known  as  the 
Dudley  trilobite.  Brongniart,  1S22.  Also  (  o- 
lymena. 

Calymenidae  (kal-i-men'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calymene  +  -idol.]  A  family  of  trilobites,  named 
from  the  genus  Calymene. 

Calymma  (ka-liin'ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mlv/ifia,  a 
covering,  as  a  hood,  a  veil,  a  net,  the  skull,  a 
shell,  etc.,  <  mKimruv,  cover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
noctuid  moths.  Hiibncr,  1816. —  2.  The  typical 
genus  of  ctenophorans  of  the  family  Calymmidce. 
Esehseholtz,  1829. 

Calymmidae  (ka-lim'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 

ly in  ma,  2,  +  -ida:]     A  family  of  lobate  cteno- 
phorans. 

calymna  (ka-lim'nii),  re.  [NL.  Cf.  Calymene, 
Calymma.]  The  principal  part  of  the  extra- 
capsular body  of  a  radiolarian,  a  structureless, 
clear,  and  transparent  jelly-envelop,  which  in- 
cludes the  whole  central  capsule  and  often  also 
the  whole  extracapsular  skeleton. 

calyont,  »■  [<  ME.  calioun,  <  OF.  caillau,  cail- 
lo,  F.  caillou,  a  pebble :  see  calliard.]  Flint 
or  pebble-stone,  used  in  building  walls,  etc. 
Palsgrave;  Prompt.  Parv. 

calyphyomy  (kal-i-fi'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ha~/vz,  a 
calyx,  +  ipmv,  grow.]  In  bot.,  the  adhesion  of 
the  sepals  of  a  flower  to  the  petals. 

Calypso  (ka-lip'so),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  K<iavi[>6i,  a 
name  borne  by  several  female  personages  in 
mythology,  particularly  by  the  nymph  who  held 
Ulysses  (Odysseus)  captive  in  her  island  on  his 
return  from  Troy :  traditionally  so  named  from 
the  story  that  she  hid  Ulysses  from  men,  <  na- 
Xvtttciv,  hide.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  beauti- 
ful orchids,  consisting  of  a  single  species,  C. 
borealis.  It  is  a  small  tuberous  plant  found  in  high  lati- 
tudes throughout  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  having 
only  a  single  thin,  many-nerved  leaf,  and  a  single  varie- 
gated purple  and  yellow  flower  at  the  end  of  a  slender 
sheathing  stem,  with  a  large  lip  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
bids  s  slipper,  Cypripedium.  It  grows  in  cold  bi.es  and 
wet  woods,  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts. 
2.  Inzool. :  (a)  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Risso, 
1816.  (6)  A  genus  of  chalcid  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  subfamily  I'in  nina;  founded  by 
Halidayin  1841:  now  called  Euryophrys  (which 
see). 

Calypte  (ka-lip'te),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr./ca/trard'c,  cov- 
ered, verbal  adj.  of  naAvnTetv,  cover.]  A  subge- 
nus of  humming-birds,  the  helmet  hummers, 
having  metallic  scales  on  the  crown  as  well 


■ 


Helmet  Humming-bird  i  Calypte  casta). 


Calypte 

d  the  throat,  and  the  gorget  prolonged  into 
a  ruff.     Two  species,  C.  anna  and  C.cosio    in 
habit     Califor- 
nia   and    Mex- • 

ico. 

calypter 
lip'ter),        «. 
Same  as  calyp- 
tra, 1. 

Calypteratae 
(ka-lip-te 

».  pi?  See 
Calyptratce. 

calypteria 
(kal-ip-  te '  ri- 
.pi.  LXL.. 

<  Or.  Ka/.v-TJj- 
piov,  a  covering,  <  KaXimretv,  cover.]  In  ornith., 
tail-coverts;  the  feathers,  usually  small,  at  the 
lias.-  of  a  bird's  tail,  underlying  and  overlying 
the  reotrices.    llliger;  Sundevall.    See  covert. 

calypto-.  [<  Or.  »«'i'T7i»,  covered,  verbal  adj. 
oil,  cover,  hide.]  An  element  in  many 
compound  words  of  ( Ireek  origin,  meaning  hid- 
den, .     i <  ally,  hooped;  hidden  by 

being  invested  or  covered  over  with  a  calyptra 
or  something  like  one:  synonymous  with  crypto-, 
but  more  specific,  crypto-  denoting  any  mode  of 
concealment. 

Calyptoblastea  (ka-lip-to-blas'te-S),  ».  pi. 
[XL..  <  Gr.  Kafamrdg,  covered,  +  /3XaoT<Tc,  germ.] 
An  order  of  permanently  attached  hydroid  hy- 
drozoans,  with  a  hydriformtrophosome,  and  hy- 
drothecee  and  gonangia.  The  polypites  are  united 
by  a  coen  isare.  and  arc  in  vested  with  a  ciiitinous  polypary 
or  perisarc.     Synonymous  with  I  'ampanularice. 

calyptoblastic  (lot -lip -to- bias 'tik),  a.  [As 
i  'alyptoblast-<  a  +  -*c]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Calyptoblastea;  having  the  generative  buds  in 
a  capsule — Calyptoblastic  hydroids,  those  hydroids 
whose  gonophores  are  covered  with  a  gonotheca.  They 
include  the  campanularian  and  sertularian  hydroids  and 
their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  the  tubularian  hydroids. 

Calyptocephalus  I  ka-lip-to-sef'a-lus),».   [NL., 

<  l!r.  kii'/v~toc,  covered,  +  ne<pa'A7],  head.]  1.  A 
g.iius  of  toads,  of  the  family  Oystignathidce, 
hat  iug  the  skull  most  extensively  ossified,  the 
ossification  involving  the  derm  and  overarch- 
ing the  temporal  fossa?,  whence  the  name.  C. 
gayi,  the  type-form,  is  a  large,  green,  web-foot- 
ed Chilian  species. — 2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of 
lampyrid  beetles,  founded  by  Gray  in  1832,  hav- 
ing the  head  entirely  covered  by  the  prothorax, 
and  from  3  to  10  bipectinate  antennal  joints. 
The  few  species,  averaging  about  10  millimeters  in  length, 
ml'  i  -it  ilf  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  new 
worl  C      '         ,  is  found  in  the  United  States. 

calyptocrinid (kn-lip-to-krin'id),  n.  Acrinoidof 
tli'-  family  Calyptocrinidm  or  Eucalyptocrinidm. 


774 

The  conns  sometimes  gives  name  to  a  subfamily  Cdlypto< 
rhyncliince,  including  the  genus  Callocephalon  (which  see), 

calyptra  (ka-lip'trft),  «.  L X* ' , . ,  <  Gr.  mtMnrrpa, 
a  veil.  <  Kti'/i-Tin;  cover,  hide.]     1.  A  hood; 

a  covering;  n  lid.     specillcully,  in  int.:  (o)  Then I 

of  the  theca  or  capsule  of asi  i.     it  is  the  archegoniurn 

which  has iii 'i  t"  u i > ^^^  and  lias  lieen  carried  up  by 

the  elongation  ol  thi  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In  liver- 
worts  ili'1  archegoniurn  is  burst  through  by  the  growing 
peduncle,  and  remains  at  Its  base.  (p)  Any  hood-like  bodj 
connected  with  the  organs  of  fructification  in  dowering 
plants.  In  Pileanthus  it  covers  over  the  flower  and  Is 
formed  of  united  bracts;  in  Eucalyptus  and  Eudesmia  it 
is  simply  a  lid  or  operculum  t"  the  stamens.  Also  called 
calypter.  sec  nit  in  preceding  column. 
2.  [cap.]  Inzool.:  («)  Same  as  Calyptrcea.  (1>) 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  (c)  A  genus 
of  coslenterates. 

Calyptrsea  (kal-ip_-tre '&),».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  ko- 
XvTrrpa,  a  veil,  <  kcMtttciv,  cover.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Calyptneida;  containing  the 


ilyptocrinidce.']    Same  as  Ku- 


Calyptocrinid&e  (ka-lip-to-krin'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[XI...  abbr.  of  Eucalyptocrmic 

calyptocrinidce, 

Calyptomena  (kal-ip-tom'e-nii),  n.    [NL.  (so 

called  because  their  green  plumage  hides  them 

in  the  foliage),  <  Gr.  Kafamrofi&vr},  fem.  of  /,<</c- 

irrdpu  m  .  ppr.  pass,  of  ho/i-ruv.  cover,  hide.]    A 

-  el  birds,  of  the  family  Euryloemid.ce.    c.vi- 

the  only  species,  inhabits  Java  and  Borneo.    The 

made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Calypto- 

Calyptomera  (ka-lip-to-me'ra),  «.  ///.     [NL.,  < 
tXvjtrof,  covered,  '+  uijptu;, thigh.]    Adivi- 
sion  of  cladocerous  crustaceans,  a  suborder  of 
locera,  having  a   well-developed  Bhell  ba- 
ng the  liinlis,  and  broad  lamellar  ambula- 
tory  feet, not  distinctly  segmented:  contrasted 
with  tlipinioiiiri-ii.      It  contains  such  families  as 

Daphniida  1  /  una  idee. 

calyptomerous   (ka-lip-to-me'rus),  a.     Of  or 
pertaining  t<.  the  Calyptomera. 
calyptopis   (ka-lip'to-pis),    n.      [XL..  <  Gr. 
■.  e,  face.  I    The  zoSa- 
stage  of  a  schizopodous  crusti an,  as  in  al- 
ia.     Ihliol. 

Calyptorhynchus(ka-lip-to-ring'kus).«.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  kg 
covered,        + 

">,  snout, 
lank,  bill.]  A 
gi'lllls  of >ka- 

toos  having  I  he 

"lied     in 

the      feathers, 

whence         the 

name,     it   con- 

Hi  black 
oson    cka 

tralia, 
such  :i 

.    etc. 


I.  Calyptttza  {Trochita)  radians,    s.  Calyptraa  dillviynni. 

cup-and-saucer  limpets.  Lamarck,  1799.  See 
also  cut  under  limpt  t. 

calyptraeid  (kal-ip-tre'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Calyptrceklee. 

Calyptrseidae  (kal-ip-tre'i-de),  ».  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Calyptrcea  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  prosobranchi- 
ate  gastropodous  mollusks,  including  the  bon- 
net-shells, chambered  limpets,  slipper-limpets, 
and  cup-and-saucer  limpets. 

Calyptratss  (kal-ip-tra'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  cedyptratus,  <  Gr.  aa'At'ir-pa,  a  veil.]  A 
division  of'  the  family  Muscidee,  containing  flies 
with  tegulfe  or  membranous  scales  above  the 
halteres:  contrasted  with  Acalyptratee.  Also 
Calypteratee. 

calyptrate  (ka-lip'trat),  a.  [<  calyptra  + 
-ate*.]  1.  In  hot.,  ftirnished  with  a  calyptra,  as 
a  capsule  or  a  flower ;  resembling  a  calyptra,  as 
a  calyx  that  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  an  extin- 
guisher. See  cut  under  calyptra. —  2.  In  cool., 
invested  or  covered  with  some  part  or  organ 
like  a  calyptra  or  calyx;  operculate. 

calyptriform  (ka-lip  tn-fdrm),  a.  [<  NL.  ca- 
lyptra, q.  v.,  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  calyptra ;  opercular. 

calyptrimorpnous  (ka-lip-tri-m6r'fus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  icaMmrpa,  a  veil,  +  popfi/,  shape.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  hood  or  lid ;  calyptriform. 

calyptrogen  (ka-lip'tro-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  koav- 
-Tpa,  a  veil,  cover,  +  -yevnc,  producing:  see 
-gen."]  In  hot.,  the  root-cap;  a  series  of  large 
cells  forming  a  cap-like  covering  for  the  ter- 
minal growing-point  of  a  root. 

calyx  (ka'liks),  >i. ;  pi.  calyxes,  calyces  (ka'lik- 
sez,  kal'i-sez).  [<  L.  calyx,  pi.  calyces,  <  Gr. 
ho'/ 1 ;,  pi.  m>  mc,  the  cup  of  a  flower,  the  calvx, 
a  husk,  seed-vessel,  <  Ka'Avirruv,  cover;  of.  irfi/uf, 
a  cup,  andL.  calix,  acup(>E.  calice  and  chalice, 
q.  v.).  In  modern  use  the  L.  calyx,  Gr.  K&hij;,  a 
calyx,  and  its  derivatives,  are  often  confused 
with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  and  its  derivatives.]  1. 
In  hot.,  in  general,  the  cuter  set  of  the  envelops 
which  form  the  perianth  of  a  flower.  1 1  i,  usually 
more  herbaceous  and  leaf-like  than  the  corolla,  but  it  is 
ofteu  highly  colored  and  corolla-like,  and  is  sometimes  the 


atras. 
a,  conical ;  f>,  dimidiate  ;  c,  mitrifunn. 


Calyxes. 
a,  a,  a,  trisepalous  calvx  of  .•/,  taa  ;  !■.  gamosepalotu  calyx  of 
Bryofliylhim  ;  e.c.  bilabiate  calyx  of  Sah 

inn      It  may  form  11 ntdv  perianth,  no  corolla 

being  present ;  or  when  then  ari  several  whorls  of  envi  i 
•i'  l!"  I  i"  ij  "  ■  rade  Into  each  otherthat  thecalj  i  i  in 
not  lie  strictlj  separated  h i  the  bracts  win i  and  thi 

petals   within.     The  purls  el   a  calyx   when   distinct    an 

called  sepals,  and  II  li    ;    i  palous    trisepalous   eti     ai 

og  to  their  number.   Wnen  they  are  more  or  li     i  o 


camaieu 

alescent  intn  n  cup  or  tube,  it  is  said  to  he  gamosepaloua 
or  monosepaloua,  and  may  he  regular  or  Irregular,  or  \a- 

riolisly  toothed,  Cleft,  or  divided,  and  either  tree  from  the 

ovary  or  adnate  to  it. 

2.  In  human  anat.,  one  of  the  cup-like  or  in- 
fundibuliform  beginnings  of  the  ureter  in  the 
pelvis  of  the  kidney,  surrounding  the  apices  of 
the  Malpighian  pyramids,  each  receiving  usu- 
ally more  than  one  pyramid.  There  are  from  seven 
te  thirteen  such  calyces,  converging  and  uniting  in  three 
infundibula,  which  in  turn  c bine  to  form  the  pelvis, 

|ln  this  sense  ,;,h,  r  is  generally  found  in  the  plural  lei  III, 

calym  8  or  (incorrectly)  calices.  | 

3.  In  eodl. :  (a)  The  cup  at  the  base  of  the  cil- 
iated tentacles  on  the  lophophore  or  oral  disk 
of  polyzoans.  See  Plumatelta.  (t>)  The  pedi- 
celiateil  (iraiilitm  follicle,  ovarian  capsule,  or 
ovisac  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  two  membranes 
of  lax  tissue  and  blood-vessels,  rupturing  at  a 
point  called  the  stigma  to  discharge  the  ovum, 
then  collapsing,  and  finally  becoming  absorbed. 
(e)  In  crinoids,  the  cup  at  the  summit  of  the 
stalk  or  stem,  whence  the  brachia  radiate  and 
on  the  surface  of  which  is  the  mouth.  The  base 
of  the  calyx  is  the  summit  of  the  stem,  which  may  he  a 
modified  jointor  ossicle  composed  of  confluent  joints.  See 
cut  under  Crinoidea.  (,/)  lu  Hydrozoa,  a  genera- 
tive capsule  developed  in  the  axils  of  a  branched 
hydroid  stock,  containing  either  medusa-buds 
or  sexual  organs,  (c)  Some  other  calyeiform 
or  cup-shaped  part  or  organ  of  an  animal. 

calzoonst,  "•  pi-     See  ealsons. 

cam1  (kam),  ».  [A  dial,  form  of  comb\  <  ME. 
camb,  <  AS.  comb  =  1).  l:am  =  G.  Lamm  =  Dan. 
Sw.  Team,  etc.,  a  comb;  also  applied  to  several 
mechanical  devices,  as  D.  kam,  a  bridge,  shy, 
=  G.  kainm,  a  cog  {kamm-rad,  a  cog-wheel),  = 
Dan.  Team,  a  cog,  bit,  ridge  (Jcam-fijul,  a  cog- 
wheel): see  cowfc-l.]  1.  A  comb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  A  ridge,  hedge,  or  long  earthen  mound. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  much.,  a  device  for  con- 
verting a  regular  rotary  motion  into  an  irreg- 
ular, fast  and  slow, 
intermittent  rota- 
ry or  reciprocat- 
ingmotion.  Itprop- 
erly  includes  the  cam- 
wheel,  plain  or  geared, 
the  cam-shaft,  the 
heart-wheel,  the  wip- 
er, the  wiper-wheel, 
and  the  eccentric.  The 
simplest  form  is  that 
of  a  heart-shaped, 
lobe-shaped,  or  other- 
wise eccentric  wheel, 
which  imparts  motion 
to  anot her  wheel  either 
by  means  of  gearing  or 
by  rolling  contact.  In- 
stead of  following  the 
irregular  face  of  the 
cam-wheel,  the  friction-wheel  may  travel  in  a  curved  race 
or  guiding  path  on  the  side  of  a  cam-disk,  as  in  the  cam- 
wheel  of  a  harvester.  In  another  form  of  cam  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  cut  into  gears  or  into  projecting  teeth  that 
may  engage  another  gear,  or  an  arm  or  a  pinion  upon  a 
shall,  to  give  a  quickly  changing  rising  and  falling  motion, 
Sueh  cams  are  also  called  wiper Juiheela,  and  are  used  to 
operate  stamps  and  tilt  •hammers,  'the  heart -wheel  accom- 
plishes the  same  object,  hut  in  a  less  abrupt  manner,  while 
eccentric  cams  of  various  shapes  may  impart  a  slow  thrust 
and  quick  return,  as  in  many  machine-tools.  The  wiper, 
a  cam-shaped  arm,  is  very  generally  used  to  operate  the 
valves  of  beam-engines.  The  earn  in  some  of  its  forms  ap- 
pears in  a  great  variety  of  machines,  wherever  an  im  a 
lar  speed  or  motion  or  a  rapid  reciprocating  motion  is 
required,  as  in  the  harvester,  printing-press,  sewing-ma- 
chine, etc.    A  cam-shaft  is  a   shaft  limine  tumblers  or 

wipers.  The  heart  win  el  is  a  hi  art  shaped  cam.  I 
centric.)  Cams  for  determining  motion  for  cutting  and 
tracing,  as  in  certain  machines,  are  called  ehaper-platet. — 
Solid  cam,  a  form  of  cam  employed  when  the  series  of 
changes  in  velocity  and  direction  required  are  too  numer- 
ous to  he  included  in  a  single  rotation  of  a  cam-plate.  The 
cam  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  cither  parallel  to 
the  axis  or  spirally,  and  the  cone  as  it  revolves  is  made  tO 

travel  also  in  the  direct  ion  of  its  axis  t>\  means  of  a  crew. 
Cam-t  (kam),  a.  [Also  -written  Lam:  <  W.  Ir. 
Gael,  cam,  crooked.  Cf.  gamb, jamb.]  Crooked; 
bent  or  bending.  -  Clean  cam,  wholly  awry;  entirely 
away  from  the  purpose. 
This  is  clean  kam.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

Cama,  ».    See  Chama. 

Camacea(ka-ma'se-a),  n.  pi.    See  chamacea. 

camaieu  (kam'I-u),  h.  [Also  written  camayeu; 
<  P.  camaieu  =  It.  cammeo,  >  10.  cameo,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  cameo. — 2.  In  the  arts:  (a)  A  painting 
executed  in  a  single  color,  varied  only  by  shadeB, 
:is  of  gray,  when  if  is  called  en  grisaille,  or  is 
yellow,  co  virage;  a  monochrome  painting.  (») 
A  painting  in  two  or  three  tints,  as  of  brown, 
red,  yellow,  or  green,  in  which  the  natural  hues 

of  the  objects  represented  arc  not  rendered, 
(c)  A  species  of  printing  with  several  blocks, 
of  uniform  tint,  or  of  two  or  three  pale  tints,  and 
tones   of  differenl    degrees  of  intensity,  which 

produces  the  effect  of  a  stump-  or  pencil-draw- 


2N 

Cams, 
i.  Elliptical  cam,  used  for  giving  mo- 
tion to  the  levers  of  punching-  and  shear- 
ing-machines. 2,  The  heart-cain  Of 
heart-wheel,  much  used  in  cotton-ma- 
chinery to  produce  a  regular  ascent  and 
descent  of  the  rail  on  which  the  spindles 
are  situated.  3.  Form  of  cam  much  used 
in  iron-works  for  setting  in  motion  the 
tilt-hammers. 


camaieu 

ing.  (»f)  An  imitation  of  pen-and-ink  drawings 
on  colored  paper  by  means  of  two  blocks,  one 
having  the  design  engraved  upon  it  in  outline 
with  cross-hatchings,  and  the  other  colored  in 
bister,  with  all  the  lights  taken  out,  so  as  to 
leave  the  ground  of  the  paper  white.  The  im- 
pression may  be  finished  with  brush  or  pencil. 

—  Costume  en  camaieu  [I'M.  a  costume  c posed  ol 

several  shades  of  the  same  color, 
camail  (ka-mal'), ».  [F.,acamail,  alsoahoad- 
dress  worn  by  priests  in  winter.  <  Pr.  capmath 
(=It.  eamaglio  =  Sp.  carnal),  <  cap  (<  L.  caput), 
head,  +  malha  =  F.  maille,  >  E.  maiP-.]  1.  A 
hood  of  chain-mail,  whether  at  I  ached  to  the 
hauberk  or  separate;   specifically,   that  form 


775 

camass  (ka-mas'),  ».  [Also  written  camas, 
kamas,  and  quamash  (q.  v.),  the  native  Amer. 

[nd.  name.]      Tin'  Indian  name  of  the  western 

species  .it  Camassia,  C.esculenta  and  C.  Leicht- 
linii,  which  are  found  growing  in  moist  meadows 
from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  easl  ward  to  western  Montana.  Its  bulbs  are 
collected  in  large  quantities  for  food  :  they  are  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  ami  arc  sweet  ami  nutritious.— Death 

CamaSS,  the  poisonous  rout  of  Zieiiflenos  renrwisits,  of 

the  same  region. 

Camassia  (ka-mas'i-ii),  re.  [NL.,  <  camass, 
quamash,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  bulbous  liliaceous 
plants  of  North  America,  nearly  related  to 
8ciHa  of  the  old  world.  Tiny  have  long  linear  leaves 
and  ascape  bearing  a  raceme  of  blue  flowers.  One  spe- 
cies, C.  Praseri,  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  states,  and  there 
are  two  or  three  others  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
See  catnaee. 

camass-rat  (ka-mas'rat),  n.  A  rodent  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Geoitiyidce  and  genus  Thomo- 
mys  (which  see) :  so  called  from  its  fondness 


Camails,  14th  century. 
(From  Viollet-le-DiLc's  "  I  >ict.  tin  Mnbilier  francais."  ) 

of  hood  which  was  attached  to  the  edge  of  the 
"basinet.  See  basinet. —  2.  A  tippet  or  small 
mantle  worn  by  some  Roman  Catholic  clergy, 
with  different  edgings  of  fur  to  mark  different 
ranks:  sometimes  confounded  with  the  turner. 
Also  called  chap-de-mail. 

camailed  (ka-mald'),  a.  [<  camail  +  -ed-.] 
Furnished  with  a  camail ;  attached  to  a  ca- 
mail :  said  of  the  steel  cap  to  which  the  eamail 
was  fastened  at  its  lower  edge. 

camaillet,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  camel. 

camakt,  camakat,  »•    Same  as  camoca. 

Camaldolite  (ka-mal'do-lit),  re.  [<  CamaldoM 
(see  def.)  +  -ite2.]  A  member  of  a  nearly  ex- 
tinct fraternity  of  monks  founded  in  the  vale 
of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines,  near  Arezzo,  in 
1018,  by  St.  Romuald,  a  Benedictine  monk. 
They  were  hermits  at  first,  hut  afterward  they  associated 
in  convents.  They  were  originally  distinguished  for  their 
extreme  asceticism,  their  rules  in  regard  to  fasting,  si- 
lence, and  penances  being  most  severe.  They  wear  white 
robes.  Also  called  Camaldulian,  Cainaldolensian,  Carnal- 
dolese,  and  Camaldule. 

Camaldule,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal-dfil',  -du'- 

li-an),  re.     Same  as  Camaldolite. 
camaraderie  (kam-a-rad-re'),  n.    [F.,  <  cama- 

ratle,  comrade:  see  comrade.]   Companionship; 

good-fellowship ;  intimacy. 

Unlimited  camaraderie  with  scribblers  and  daubers, 
Hegelian  philosophers  and  Hungarian  pianists,  waiting 
for  engagements.        H.  James,  Jr.,  i'ass.  Pilgrim,  p.  225. 

camarage  (kam'a-raj),  re.    [<  Sp.  camaraje,  < 

camara,  a  storehouse,  <  L.  camara,  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.']    Bent  paid  for  storage. 

Camarasaurus  (kam"a-ra-sa'rus),  u.  [NL., 
prop.  * Ca ma com 'tints,  {  Gr.  aa/japa,  a  vaulted 
chamber,  +  oavpoc,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  colos- 
sal dinosaurian  reptiles,  from  the  Cretaceous 
formation  of  Dakota.  The  species  C.  supremos  is 
one  of  the  largest  known  land-animals,  about  SO  feet  long, 
the  thigh-bone  6  feet,  and  a  dorsal  vertebra  3  feet  wide. 
Both  fore  and  hind  limbs  are  well  developed,  and  the  huge 
reptile  probably  wandered  along  the  shores  or  in  shallow 
water,  and  was  able  to  browse  on  the  tops  of  trees.  E. 
Ii.  Cope,  1^77. 

Camarata  (kam-a-ra'ta),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  camaratus,  var.  of  L.  cameratus,  vaulted, 
arched:  see  caincrate.]  A  suborder  proposed 
for  such  forms  of  pahcocrinoids  as  have  the 
lower  arm-plates  incorporated  into  the  calyx 
by  interradial  plates,  and  in  which  all  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  test,  dorsally  and  ventrally, 
are  solidly  connected  by  sutures.  It  comprises 
the  families  Plati/crinii/a',  Rhodocrinidai,  Acro- 
cr  in  it  la;  and  Cali/ptocrinidw. 

camarate  (kam'a-Tat),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Camarata. 

camara-wood  (kam'a-ra-wud),  n.  [<  cumaru, 
the  Braz.  name,  +  E.  wood1.]  A  hard,  tough, 
and  durable  wood  obtained  in  Essequibo,  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  from  Dipteryx  odorata  and  D.  tetra- 
phylla.    See  Dipteryx. 

Camarilla  (kani-a-ril'ii),  it.  [Sp.,  a  small  room, 
dim.  of  camara,  a  room,  <  L.  camara,  camera, 
a  vault:  see  camera,  chamber.']  A  company 
of  secret  counselors  or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a 
clique.  From  meaning  the  private  chamber  of  the  king, 
the  word  came  to  signify  a  body  of  courtiers,  sycophants, 
priests,  etc.,  acting  as  unaccredited  and  secret  counselors, 
as  distinguished  from  a  legitimate  ministry  or  council. 

Encircled  with  a  dangerous  camarilla.  London  Times. 
=  Syn.  Faction,  Junto,  etc.     See  cabal1. 


Camass-rat  (  Thcmomys  talpoides). 

for  the  bulbs  of  the  camass.  T.  talpoides,  one  of 
tlte  pouched  rats  or  pocket-gophers,  inhabits  the  north- 
western United  States  and  the  adjoining  portions  of  Brit- 
ish America. 

camata  (kam'a-tii),  n.  The  commercial  name 
of  the  half-grown  acorns  of  the  Quercus  JEgi- 
lops,  dried  and  used  for  tanning.  In  a  still 
younger  condition  they  are  called  camatina. 

camatina  (kam-a-te'nii),  re.     See  cantata. 

camaurum  (ka-ma'rum),  n. ;  pi.  camaura  (-ra). 
[ML.]  A  conical  cap  worn  by  the  popes  of 
Rome  in  the  tenth  century;  an  early  form  of 
the  miter,  perhaps  the  origin  of  the  papal  tiara. 

camayeu,  n.    See  camaieu. 

cambarine  (kam'ba-rin),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-me1.]  Pertaining  to  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus :  correlated  with  astacine. 

The  cambarine  region  takes  in  most  of  the  Palsearctic 
region,  with  the  Neotropical  region  as  far  as  Guatemala 
and  the  West  Indies.  Huxley,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soc.,lS7S,  p.  786. 

cambaroid  (kam'ba-roid),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-aid.]  Resembling  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus. 

Cambarus  (kam'ba-rus),  n.  [NL.,  var.  of  L. 
cammarus,  camarus,  also  gammarus,  a  sea-crab: 
see  Gammariin.]  A  genus  of  fluviatile  craw- 
fishes, of  the  family  Astacida;  having  no  pleuro- 
branehite.  The  species  are  numerous.  C.  pellucidus  is 
the  blind  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky. 

cambaye  (kain-ba'),  re.  [Named  from  Cambay 
in  India.]  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  Ben- 
gal and  elsewhere  in  India. 

Cambay  stone.    See  carneMan. 

cambee  (kam'be),  re.  An  aromatic  resin  of  In- 
dia, obtained  from  Gardenia  liickla  and  resem- 
bling elemi. 

camber1  (kam'ber),  n.  [E.  dial.  (ef.  Gael,  ca- 
mttti,  a  bay:  see  eummticl:-) ;  ult.  <  cam?,  bent.] 
A  harbor.     HaUiirtll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

camber-  (kam'ber),  v.  t.  [<  F.  cambrer,  arch, 
vault,  bend,  <  L.  camcrarc,  arch,  <  camera,  an 
arch,  vault.  Ct.  chamber,  v.]  To  arch;  bend; 
curve,  as  ship-planks. 

camber2  (kam'ber),  re.  [<  camber-,  v.]  1.  A 
convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  of  a  deck 
amidships,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  or  a  lintel. —  2. 
The  curve  of  a  ship's  plank. —  3.  A  small  dock 
or  part  of  a  dock,  protected  by  a  breakwater, 
where  boats  and  small  craft  may  lie  quietly. 

camber-beam  (kam'ber-bem),  re.  In  arch.,  a 
beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining-beam  of 
a  truncated  roof  to  support  the  covering  of  the 
summit.  It  slopes  from  the  middle  toward  each 
end,  to  provide  for  the  running  off  of  water. 
E.  II.  Kit  i< iht. 

cambered  (kam'berd),  p.  a.  [<  camber2  +  -ed2.] 
Bent  upward  in  the  middle;  arched;  convex. — 
Cambered  deck.    See  deck. 

cambering  (kam'ber-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cam- 
In  r-,  ».]     Bending;  arched. 

cambering-machine  (kam'ber-ing-ma-shen"), 
n.  A  machine  used  for  bending  beams  or  iron 
rails  to  a  curve  in  a  vertical  plane. 

camber-keeled  (kam'ber-keld),  a.  Having  a 
keel  slightly  arched  upward  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  but  not  so  much  as  to  be  hogged. 


cambric 

camber-slip  (kam'ber-slip),  n.  A  slightly 
curved  guide  ami  support  of  wood,  used  as  a 
centering  in  laying  straight  arches  of  brick. 

Camberwell  beauty.    Bee  beauty. 
camber-window  (kam'ber-win"do),  n.    A  win- 
dow arched  at  the  top. 
cambial1  (kani'bi-al),  a.     [<  ML.  cambialis,  < 

cambium,  exchange  :  see  cambium1.]  Relating 
to  exchange  in  commerce.     [Rare.] 

cambial2  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  cambium-  +  -al.] 
In  loii.,  formed  of  or  pertaining  to  cambium. 

cambiale  (kam-bi-a'le),  re.  [It.,  <  ML.  cambialis, 
of  exchange:  see  cambial1.]  A  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

cambiform  (kam'bi-form),  a.  [<  cambium-  + 
it.  forma,  shape.]  In  bot.,  resembling  cambium- 
cells.  Applied  to  elongated  thin-walled  cells  which  are 
found  in  sieve  tissue,  and  have  tic-  markings  but  not  the 
perforations  of  sieve-disks.  They  are  also  known  as  lat- 
ticed  cells. 

CambiO  (kam'bi-6),  re.  [Sp.,  <  ML.  cambium, 
exchange:  see  cambium1.]  1.  Barter;  the  giv- 
ing or  taking  of  bills  of  exchange. — 2.  A  bill 
of  exchange. — 3.  A  bourse  or  exchange. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  ».  [<  F.  cambists,  <  It. 
eitnilnslii  =  Sp.  cambista,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
trade:  see  change.]  One  versed  in  the  opera- 
tions of  exchange  and  the  value  of  foreign 
moneys;  a  dealer  in  notes  and  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

The  word  cambist,  though  a  term  of  antiquity,  is  even 
now  a  technical  word  of  some  use  among  merchant  trad- 
ers and  bankers.  Hees,  Cyc. 

cambistry  (kam'bis-tri),  re.  [<  cambist  +  -ry.] 
The  science  of  exchange,  weights,  measures, 
etc. 

cambium1  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [ML.,  also  cambia, 
exchange,  commerce,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
whence  ult.  E.  change :  see  change]  In  civil  late, 
exchange ;  the  exchange  of  lands,  money,  or 
evidences  of  debt. 

cambium2  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [NL.,  a  particular 
application  of  ML.  cambium,  exchange:  see 
cambium1.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  layer  of  tissue  formed 
between  the  wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 
plants.  It  was  believed  by  the  older  botanists  to  be  a 
mucilaginous  fluid  exuded  between  the  wood  and  the  bark, 
and  organized  into  new  wood  and  new  bark.  It  is  now 
known  to  be  not  a  thud,  but  a  layer  of  extremely  delicate 
thin-walled  cells,  tilled  with  protoplasm  and  organizable 
nutrient  matter,  and  appearing  like  a  thin  him  of  mucilage. 
These  cells  develop  on  the  one  side  into  a  layer  of  new 
wood,  and  on  the  other  of  new  bark,  while  at  the  same 
time  fresh  cambium  is  formed  for  the  continuation  of  the 
work.  It  is  by  the  renewal  of  this  process  year  after  year 
that  the  increase  of  growth  in  the  stem  is  effected,  as  in- 
dicated  by  its  concentric  rings.  In  the  primary  tibrovas- 
cular  bundlesof  the  stem  a  similar  layer  of  cambium,  with 

the  same  function,  is  always  found  between  the  w ly 

and  cribrose  portions. 

2f.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humor  which  was  supposed  to  repair  the 
materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed. 

Camblett,  »•     Same  as  camlet. 

camboge  (kam-boj'  or  -boj'),  n.  Same  as  gam- 
boge. 

cambokt,  ».  A  Middle  English  form  of  cam- 
mot'l-. 

camboose  (kam-bos'),  n.     Same  as  caboose. 

cambrai  (kam'bra),  n.  [<  F.  Camhrai :  see 
cambric]  A  name  giveD  to  imitation  lace,  that 
is,  lace  made  by  machinery  and  not  by  hand. 

cambrasine(kam'bra-zen),  re.  [<  F. cambrSsint . 
Cf.  cambric.]  A  name  given  to  batiste  and 
cambric  of  fine  quality. 

Cambray  stone,  moss-agate. 

cambrel  (kam'brel),  re.     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-an),_a.  and  re.  [<  Cam- 
bria +  -an.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
Wales  or  Cambria ;  Welsh. 

The  Cumbrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise.         Thomson. 

Cambrian  group,  in  geol.,  the  name  originally  given  by 
Sedgwick  to  certain  strata  supposed  by  him  to  underlie 
the  Silurian  of  Murehison,  but  which  since  that  time  have 
been  fully  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  Silurian  series 
itself.  The  term,  although  not  recognized  by  the  Silu- 
rian specialists  Barrande  and  .lames  Hall,  is  still  used  to 
a  considerable  extent  by  Bnglish  geologists  as  including 
various  undetermined  portions  of  the  Silurian.  By  the 
larger  number  it  is  understood  to  be  the  equivalent  of 
the  primordial  rocks  of  Barrande  and  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone of  the  New  York  geological  survey.  — Cambrian 
pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  productions  of  the  factory 
oi  Swansea  in  Wales,  established  in  17U0.  The  mark  was 
a  trident. 
II.  re.  A  Welshman. 
cambric  (kam'brik),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  cam- 
brick,  camerick;  =  Flem.  kameryk,  kameryks- 
doek,  cambric  (ef.  D.  kamerdoek  =  (1.  kammer- 
tttch  =  Dan.  kammt  rtlttt/  =  Sw.  kammartlttl: 
(Flem.D.  doek  =  G.  titch,  etc.,  =E.  duel*, .cloth), 
cambric),  =  Sp.  cambray  =  Pg.  cambraia  =  It. 


cambric 

cambraja,  formerly  eambrai  (Florio),  <  F.  earn- 

i  tmbrio  (Cotgrave):  so 

called  from  D.  Kamerijk,  Flem.  Kameryk,  ML. 

,  .,„,  i'.  Cambrai,  Cambray, atowninthe 

;!  of  Nord,  France.]  1.  A  thin,  fine 
linen, said  to  have  been  first  manufactured  at 
,  :,  | .  ,  •  i  mce,  introduced  in  the  .sixteenth 
centnrv  for  the  fine  ruffs  worn  at  that  period, 
as  well  as  tor  ban. Is.  kerchiefs,  etc. ;  in  modern 

3,  the  finest  linen  made.    See  batiste.    An 
loutal  '  ■     '■  "   cotton  yarn,  hard- 

twisted.    Muslin  \-  a  name  often  applied  to  a  kind  oi 
tc  manufactw  I  Britain  from  (lax. 

I  would  tout  cambric  w.  i     a       n  ibl    a    your  finger, 
that  you  might  leave  pricking  it  for  pity. 

■  ,  Cor.,  i.  3. 
2.   Same  as  cambric-muslin,  2. 
cambric-grass  (kam'brik-gras).  re.     The  silk- 
plant  of  China,  Boehmi  ria  mvea. 
Bee  cut  under  Bcehmeria. 
cambric-muslin  (kain'brik-muz  '  lin),   it.      1. 
I'in,,  cotton  cloth  made  in  imitation  of  linen 
cambric— 2.  A  somewhat  coarser  cotton  cloth, 

shed  with  a  glaze,  much  use.  I  for  linings, 
cambril  (kam'bril),  re.    Same  asgambrel. 
Cambro-Briton  (kam'bro-brit  'on),».  A  Welsh- 
man. 

Cambro-Silurian  (kam'bro-si-lu'ri-an),  a.    [< 
i      i  an.]      In  geol.,  a  term  Eor- 
j  used  by  some  English  geologists  as  in  a 
greater  or  loss  degree  equivalent  to  Lain  r  Si- 
lurian. 

canibuca(kani-bu'ka),?i.    [ML.,  also  cambutta : 
see  cambuck2,  cam-mock2.']    1.  The  curved  club 
me  of  golf  or  pall-mall.    Seecom- 
"-'. — 2.   A  pastoral  staff:   commonly  used 
for  its  earlier  and  more  simple  shape,  in  which 
rook  al   the  top  does  not   curve  inward 
illy,  but  forms  approximately  a  half-circle. 
Also  cambutta. 
cambuck1  (kam'buk),  n.    [P..  dial.,  also  spelled 
kambuck  (  Prior),  var.  of  cammoel  L,q.v.]   Same 
as  cammoekl.     (  Prov.  Eng.] 
cambuck'2   (kam'buk),   re.      [E.   dial.,  var.  of 
,  <  ME.  cambok:  see  cammock2.    Of. 
buca.]     1.  Same  as  cammock2.     Stow,  Sur- 
ed.  1720),  i.  251.    (Hall  i  ml  I.)  — 2.  The  dry 
stalks  of  dead  plants,  as  of  hemlock.     Halli- 
wi  II.      [Prov.  Eng.] 
cambutta  (kam-but'S),  n.     [ML.]     Same  as 
cambuca. 

cam-cutter  (kam'kut'er),  re.  A  machine-tool 
specially  adapted  for  cutting  and  finishing  cams 
01  small  sizes  and  of  all  curves. 

came1  (kam).     Preteril  of  cmm . 

came-  (kam  I,  a.  [Sc,  also  Limn  .  I.iiiiii  :  var.  of 
cam1.  comhK  i|.  v.  I  1.  A  comb. — 2.  A  ridge. 
[  Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

came3  (kam).  n.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 
•■nun-  =  cam}  =  comb1.]  If.  The  batch  or 
amount  of  lead  necessary  to  make  sash-bars 
[or  100 square  feet  of  glazing:  also,  this  amount 
east  into  small  rods  or  bars  12  or  14 inches  long, 
and  ready  for  drawing.  Hence  —  2.  The  pre- 
pared  sash-bar  itself ,  having  a  section  like  an 
■   less  rounded  at  each  end,  and  called 

in  technical  language  glaziers'  turned  lead  ox 

iow-h  ad. 

camel  (kam'el),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 

ii.i  I :  <  ME.  ill  mi  I.  In  mi  I,  also  cliamel,  <  OP. 

camel,  cliamel,  P.  chameau  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp. 

cat in  Hi i  =  l'g-  eamelo  =  It.  camnu  llo  =  ONorth. 

[,  carnal  (see  As.  word  below)  =  D.  kamei  I 

=  IJ.  knmel  =  Dan.  knmel  =  Sw.  knmel  =  Icel. 

ell  irare)  =  OBulg.  Bulg.  Serv.  kamila  = 
Bung,  gamila,  •  L.  camelus,  <  Gr.  K&unTinc,  m. 
and  f.  i  NGr.  m/ir/'/Mi;,  in.,  mi«;(/«.  l.t,  <  Heb.  ga- 


Camellia 

both  jaws,  specialized  canines  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  diffuse 
placenta,  imperfectly  quadripartite  stomach,  the  upper  Lip 
■  left,  the  hind  limbs  largely  free  from  the  common  integu- 
ment, so  that  the  lower  part  of  the  thigh  and  the  knee 
project  from  the  belly,  broad  elastic  feet,  and  n<,  horns. 
The  family  includes  two  living  genera,  Camelus  or  true 
camels  of  the  old  world,  and  Auchenia  or  llamas  of  the 
new,  with  many  fossil  ones,  chiefly  American.  See  cuto 
under  camel  and  Unmu. 
camel,C.d  ••'"}■ .audio.,, , alios,,,,  ,  cameijnal  (kam-e-li'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
andtfl ithehindlegs.    It  is  a  native  l-a,luc"  _.  .  \,..,. f.  ,;'{-- 


776 

called  by  a  name  derived  from  that  of  the  ele- 
phant:  Goth.  ulbandus  =  OHG.  olbentd,  MHG. 
iiihinie  =  AS.  olfend  =  OS.  olbhuni  =  Icel.  ul- 
faldi,  a  camel.]  1.  A  large  ruminant  .quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Cam*  lidos,  genus  tannins, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  as  abeast  of  burden. 
ill,, ,-  are  twodistinot  Bpeciesof  camels:  (1)  The  Arabian 


of   Arabia,  and  is  now  know,,  only  In  the  domesticated 

it  is  used  chiefly  In  Arabia  and  Egypt    There  are 

J  breeds  or  artificial  varieties.   The  dromedary  is  one 

beingslmply  a  "blooded  "or thoroughbred  camel 

of  great  speed  and  bottom,  used  as  a  saddle-animal,  and 

■  ring  "ill.  the  heavier  and  slower  varieties  as  a 

race-horse  does  with  a  cart-horse;  it  is  not  a  different 
animal  zoologically  speaking.  (2)  The  Bactrian  camel,  >  j 
bactrianus,  with  two  humps,  of  which  there  are  also  dif- 


Bactrian  Camel  {Camelus  iactrianus). 

ferent  breeds.  The  name  camel  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  species  of  the  American  genus  Auchenia,  as  the  llama, 
alpaca,  and  vicuna,  collectively  known  as  the  camels  of 
the  new  world.  The  Arabian  camel  is  poetical!}  called 
the  ship  of  the  desert.  Camels  constitute  the  riel.es  of 
an  Arabian  ;  without  them  he  could  not  subsist,  carry  on 
trade,  or  travel  over  sandy  deserts.  Their  milk  and  flesh 
are  used  for  food  and  their  hides  for  leather,  and  their 
hair  is  a  valuable  article  of  trade  and  manufacture.  By 
the  camei's  power  of  sustaining  abstinence  from  drink  for 
lmnyd,":'   -In    to  ths  reservi   it  i  an  -an  }  in  its  pel  uh  it  h 


rami  hints  ;  with  l'ef.  to  ML.  rami  liiinm,  camel- 
ine:  see  cameline2.]  A  woolen  material  with 
small  basket-pattern  and  loose  upstanding 
hairs.     Diet,  of  Needlework. 

Camelin.a2(kam-e-li'na),m.j>i.    [NL.,  <  Camelus 
+  -inn-.]     Same  as  ciinn  liila-  or  Cameloidea. 

camelina3  (ka-mel'i-na),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be 
formed  (if  so,  prop.  Chamoslina)  <  Gr.  i 
on  the  ground  (dwarf).  +  Vivov,  flax.  Hence 
cameUne\]  If.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed 
Kersey,  1708. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Crncifene.  The  most  common  and 
probably  the  only  species,  C.  saliva,  gold-of-pleasure  or 
false  flax,  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  '   la, 

but  is  widely  naturalized  as  a  Weed.      It    is   an    annual, 

withobovoid  pods  and  yellow  flowers,  and  has  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  fiber  of'its  steins  and  the  oil  expressed 
fro,,,  its  Beeds. 
cameline1  (kam'e-lin),  a.  [<  L.  camelinus,  per- 
taining to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a  camel:  see 
camel.  Cf.  cameline2.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling camels  or  t  he  Camelidat;  cameloid. 
cameline-t,  ><•  [ME.,  <  OP.  camelim  .  camelin  = 
Pr.  camelin  =  It.  cammellino,  <  ML.  camelinum, 
also  camelinus,  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair.  < 
L.  camelinus,  pertaining  to  a  camel.  <  camelus,  a 
camel:  see  camel.  Cf.  camlet.]  A  stuff  used 
in  the  middle  ages  as  a  material  for  dress,    it 

is  i i.only  said  to  have  been  made  of  camel's  hair,  and 

imported  from  the  East ;  but  as  it  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
as  a  common  and  cheap  stuff,  it  is  probable  that  it  was 
an  imitation  of  the  Eastern  fabric.  It  was  mad,  as  early 
as  the  thirteenth  century  In  Flanders  and  Brabant,  of 
many  colors. 

And  dame  Abstinence-streyned 

Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamelyne. 

limn,  in  the  Ruse,  1,  7367. 


constructed  cellular  stomach,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few  cameline3  (kam'e-lin),  n.  andrt.     [<  P.  carnitine 


coarse,  dry,  prickly  plants,  it  i~  especially  fitted  for  the 
parched  and  barrenlandsof  Asia  and  Africa.   Camels  carry 

from  600  to  l. pounds  burden. 

2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
ship  or  vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order 
to  assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal  or  bar,  ot- 
to enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shallow  water. 
It  is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk  alongside  the  vessel, 

to  Which  it  is  then  secured.      U  the  water  is  pumped  out, 

the  camel  gradual!  v  rises,  lifting  the  vessel  with  it.  Camels 

have  als ,en  used  for  raising  sunken  vessels.— Camel's 

hair,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  from  winch  very  fine  fabrics, 
especially  shawls,  are  made  in  the  East,  and  also  carpets, 
tent-cloths,  etc  Iii  Europeitisusedchieflyformixingwith 
silk.  The  best  comesfrom  Persia.  The  so-called  camel's- 
hair  pencils  or  brushes  used  in  painting  are  not  made  of 
camels  hair,  but  commonly  of  hair  from  the  tails  oi   bus 


=  Sp.  Pg.  cameUna,  <  NL.  camelina  :  see  eame- 
lina-K]    l.t  «•  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 
Cameline  IF.],  the  herb  cameline,  or  treacle  mustard. 

,  'ottjrave. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  plants 
of  the  genus  Cumrliiia :  as,  cameline  oil. 
camel-insect  (kam'el-in"sekt),  v.  An  orthop- 
terous  insect  of  the  genus  Mantis,  or  praying- 
insects  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
long  thorax  to  the  elongated  neck  of  the  camel. 
In  the  United  States  these  insects  are  known  as 
rear-horses.  Also  called  camel-cricket  and  cam- 
l-locust. 


cameliont,  re.    An  old  spelling  of  chameleon. 

si...  and  Siberian  squirrels.    See'orueJi.— Camel's-nair  camellert,  »'•     A  camel-driver. 

cloth.    (")  An  oriental  fabric.    See  pnttn.    (M  A  French         Our  companions  had  their  cradles  struck  down  through 

imitation  of  this  fabric  ;  a  warn,  and  light  woolen  cloth     the  ncliu f  the  Ca m,  tiers. 

with  a  gloss,  but  having  long  hairs  standing  up  upon  it.  Sandys,  Travels  (ed.  lGfi-2).  p.  107. 

•"arfthe^n^rslawl^Cam-  Camellia  (ka-mel'iii),  n.     [NL.,  after  George 

Joseph  Knmel,  a  Moravian. Jesuit  and  traveler  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  by  whom  the  ( 'ami  Ilia 
Jn/mnica  was  first  described.]  1.  A  genus  con- 
taining about  a  dozen  species  of  shrubs  or  small 
trei  s,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Ternstres- 
nnana,  natives  of  tropical  and  eastern  Asia 
and  the  Indian  archipelago.  They  all  have  thick, 
shining,  evergreen  leaves  and  white  or  rose  colored  flowers. 
The  genus  is  divided  Into  two  sections,  one  with  pendu- 
lous lowers  1  persistent  sepals,  represented  by  the  tea- 
plant,  C.  tin  in  m  (see  tea),  the  other  with  erect  flowers 


Arabian  Camel,  or  Dromedary 


llliil  =  Xl-.jaiinil.  Ji  mi  I  =  Coptic  an  inn',  a    camel. 

In   the  oldt  c  Tent,  language-,  the  came]  was 


given  in  the  United  Sta. . . 

el's  hay.   same  as  camel-grass.  -Camel's  wool,  mohair. 

camelaucium  (kam-e-la'§i-um),  n. ;  pi.  can, dan- 
da  (-ii).  [ML.  aimi  Ineiitm,  en  nu  lanenim,  more 
frequently  eamelaueiim,  calamaiieum,  etc.,  < 
LGr.  ui.i:'/«ri,w;  origin  uncertain;  usually  re- 
ferred to  Gr.  K&urjXoc,  camel:  seecamd.  and  cf. 
calamanco.]  A  low-crowned  cap  formerly  worn, 
chiefly  in  the  East,  by  royal  persons  and  eccle- 
siastics, especially  bishops  and  monks. 

camel-backed   (kam'el-bakt),  a.     Having  a 
back  like  that  of  a  camel ;  humpbacked. 
Not  that  he  was  crook-shouldered  or  camel-tacked. 

Fuller,  Holy  War.  p.  216. 

camel-bird  (kam'el-berd),  re.    A  book-name  of 

the  African  ostrich,  Slntlliin  camelus.    See  nini- 
ilnri litlies. 

camelcade  (kam-el-kad'),  "•    [Irreg.  <  camel  + 

-null,    as    in    cnraleiute.]       A    body    of   troops 
mounted  on  camels.     [Humorous.] 
camel-cricket  (kam'el-krik"et),   n.    Same  as 

cami  l-insret. 

cameleer  (kam-e-ler'),  n.    [<  camel  +  -eer.  Cf. 

equiv.  I'1,  cliamelitr. ]     A  camel-driver. 

A  number  of  Arab  eameleeri,  who  had  come  with  trav- 
ellers across  the  Desert  from  Egypt,  were  encamped  near 
u8i  /;.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p  61. 

cameleont  (ka-me'le-pn),  «.    An  older  English 

Spelling  Of  eliann  U  nil. 
camel-grass  (kam'cl-griis).  re.    A  fragrant  grass 

of  the  warmer  regions  of  Asia,  including  several 

Lesof  .iiiilriijiniimi.     Also  called  camel's  hay. 

camelid  (ksim'el-id),  v.     A  ruminant  mammal 

of  the  family  fiinn  liilie. 

Camelidae  (ka-mel'i-de),  re.  pi.    [NL.,<  Came- 
lus +  -niii .]    A  family  of  ruminant  artiodac- 

tyl  tylopod  mammals.     They  have  incisor  teeth  in 


/■If'" 


and  deciduous   -pals,  of   which  the   in 

camellia.  C.  J«/"«™.  is  a  conspicuous  c\ampf 

I is,  with  beautiful  but  odorless  flowers  and  elegant 


ltivated 
<  if  this 


Camellia 

laurel-like  leaves,  several  hundred  varieties  have  been  pro- 
duced, as  well  as  numerous  hybrids  with  the  larger  flowered 
C.  reticulata  of  China  and  the  fragrant-leafed  C.  Sasanqua 
of  Japan.  The  dried  leaves  of  the  last  species  are  said  to 
be  mixed  with  tea,  and  the  Beeds  yield  an  <>il  which  is  used 
for  various  domestic  purposes. 

2.   [I.e.]  A  flower  of  the  genus  Camellia,  espe- 
cially 'it'  ('.  Japonica. 
camel-locust  ( kain'el-lo"kust),  «.   Samo  as  Cam- 
cl-ilisect. 

camel-necked  (kam'el-nekt),  a.  Having  a  neck 
like  or  likened  to  a  camel's.—  Camel-necked  flies, 
ueuropterous  insects  of  the  family  Siatidce. 

cameloid  (kam'e-loid),  a.  [<  Or.  *haii?/>.oenb'/i;, 
oontr.  tcafinAudi/c;,  camel-like,  <  Ka/ir//.oc,  camel,  4- 
cldog,  form.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cameloi- 
ih  a  :  phalangigrade,  as  a  ruminant. 

Cameloidea  (kam-e-loi'de-ii),  h.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Camelus  +  -oidea.]  The  Camrlidw  regarded  as 
a  superfamily  group:  equivalent  tu  Tylopoda, 
or  Pecora  phalangigrada. 

camelopard  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-pard),  n. 
[=  F.  camilopard,  camele'opard  ='Sp.  cama- 
leopardo,  <  LL.  camelopardus,  ML.  also  camc- 
leopardalus,  a  shortened  form  of  L.  camelopar- 
dalis,  ML.  also  eamelopardalus,  <  Gr.  Ka/iqtoirap- 
tJa/Uc,  a  giraffe,  <  naurfioc,  a  camel,  +  Tr&pScfiuq, 
later  irapdoc,  a  pard  (leopard  or  panther).]  1. 
The  giraffe:  so  called  from  a  certain  resem- 
blance in  form  to  a  camel,  and  from  ils  spotted 
coloration,  like  that  of  the  pard  or  leopard. — 
2.  In  her.,  a  hearing  representing  a  creature 
like  a  giraffe,  but  with  long  and  generally  curved 
horns,  borrowed  from  the  medieval  bestiaries. 
Also  formerly  ceimclopardal,  ea  melopardel. 

camelopardalt,  camelopardelt,  ><■  [Also  ca- 
melopardall;  =  Sp.  camellopardal  =  Pg.  camelo- 
pardal  =  It.  cammellopardalo,  <  L.  camelopar- 
dttlix,  ML.  also  eamelopardalus:  sec  camelo- 
pard.']   A  camelopard.    Minsheu. 

Camelopardalidae  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-par- 
dal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Cami  lopardalis  +  -iiler.] 
Same  as  Camelopardida;. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-lo-piii'da- 
lis),  ».  [NL. :  see  camelopard.]  1.  A 'genus  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds:  same  as  Giraffa. —  2.  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Bartsch  and 
named  by  Hevelius.  Itissituated  between Cepheusj 
Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  by 
Hevelius,  the  name  was  eamelopardalus. 

camelopardelt,  »•    See  camelopardal. 

Camelopardidas  (ka-mel-o-  or  karn*e-lo-par'di- 
de),  it.pl.  [NL.,  <  *CameU>pardus  (cf.' Camelo- 
pardalis) +  -idee]  A  family  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds: same  as  Giraffidw.  Also  called  Camelo- 
pardalidce. 

camelornithes  (kam"el-6r-m'thez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  KaiiijAoQ,  camel,  +  bpvic,  pi.  bpvmee, 
bird.]  The  camel-birds:  a  name,  not  techni- 
cal, sometimes  applied  to  ostriches,  from  their 
points  of  resemblance  to  the  camel  in  appear- 
ance and  habit. 

camelott,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  camlet. 

camelry  (kam'el-ri),  n. :  pi.  camelries  (-riz).  [< 
I'limrl  +  -ri/ .-  formed  on  the  model  of  caval- 
ry.] 1.  A  place  where  camels  are  brought  to 
be  laden  or  unladen. — 2.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels. 

Tlie  English  General  there  and  then  abandoned  his  boats 
and  dismounted  his  camelry.    Spectator,  >.o.  3018,  p.  581. 

camel's-thorn  (kam'elz-th&rn),  n.    1.  A  spiny 

leguminous  shrub,  Alltugi  Maurorum,  of  which 
the  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which  yields  a 
manna-like  exudation  from  its  leaves  and 
branches. — 2.  Erroneously,  a  spiny  rhamna- 
ceous  shrub,  Zizyphus  nummularia,  of  Persia 
and  India,  which  bears  an  edible  berry,  and  the 
leaves  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  sheep 
and  goats. — 3.  In  South  Africa,  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  are  browsed  upon  by  the 
giraffe,  especially  A.  Giraffes  and  A.  erioloba. 
Camelus  (ka-nie'lus),  m.  pL :  see  camel.]  The 
typical  genus  of  Carnelidce,  having  the  back 
humped.  It  contains  two  species,  both  of  the  old  world, 
C.  dromedarius,  tin-  Arabian  camel,  ami  C.  bactrianus,  the 
Bactrian  camel;  the  latter  has  two  humps,  the  former 
one.    See  camel. 

Camembert  cheese.  See  cheese1. 
Camenae  (ka-ine'ne),  n.  pi.  [L.,  sing,  eamena, 
OL.  cusmena ;  akin  to  carmen,  a  song:  see 
charm1.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  prophetic  nymphs,  of 
whom  there  were  four,  the  most  celebrated 
being  ./Egeria.  The  poets  frequently  applied 
the  name  to  the  Muses. 

Camenet,  »■  [<  L.  eamena:  see  Camenee.]  One 
of  the  Carneme. 

Deuyne  Camenes,  that  with  your  sacred  food 
Have  fed  ami  fosterde  op  from  tender  yeares 
A  happye  man  that  in  your  fauour  stootle. 

(Jouge,  Sonette  of  Edwardes  of  the  Chappell. 


777 

camenes  (kam'on-ez),  n.  [See  def.]  In  logic, 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  fourth 
figure  of  syllogism,  of  which  the  major  premise 
is  a  universal  affirmative,  the  minor  :i  univer- 
sal negative,  and  the  conclusion  a  universal 
negative  proposition:  as,  Whatever  is  expe- 
dient, is  conformable  to  nature;  nothing  con- 
formable lo  nature  is  hurtful  to  society ;  there- 
fere,  nothing  hurtful  to  society  is  expedient. 

I  hi    in 1  was  formerly  considered  by  all  (as  it  is  still  by 

some)  logicians  as  belonging  to  the  first  figure,  and  as  such 
was  called  celantes.  When  put  into  the  fourth  figure  it 
was  called  clamentes,  then  camentes,  then  camenes,  also 
calemes.  Of  the  seven  tetters  of  the  word  ca/menes,  -i\  are 
significant,  C  signifies  reduction  1 'latent;  a,  e,  e  indi- 
cate the  quantity  and  quality  oi  the  premises  and  conclu- 
sion; in  signifies  transpositi i  the  premises  in  reduc- 
tion, and  s  the  simple  conversion  of  the  < elusion. 

cameo  (kam'e-o),  ».  [<  It.  cammeo,a  cameo,  = 
F.  eamie  ( >  Gr.  camee  —  Dan.  kinnec  =  Sw.  hami ) 
and camaieu  (see  camaieu)  ==  Sp,  eamafeo=l?g. 
camafeo,  camafeio,  camafeu  (cf.  Ml  in.  gamahiu, 
chammachiu,  a  kind  of  diamond),  <  ML.  cam- 
iiiiriis,  camahutus,  camahotus;  of  I  unknown  ori- 
gin.] 1.  An  engraving  in  relief  upon  a  gem, 
a  hard  stone  of  moderate  size,  or  a  similar  ma- 
terial, or  the  object  itself  so  engraved,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  intaglio;  specifically,  such 
an  engraving  upon  a  stone  or  a  shell  having 
two  or  three  layers  differing  in  color,  such  us 
an  onyx,  agate,  etc.,  and  so  treated  as  to  utilize 
the  effect  of  the  variety  of  coloring.  Cameos  on 
stone  are  called  ston*  cameos,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
shell  cameos,  "i  those  cut  on  shells  which  have  superposed 
layers  varying  in  color,  such  as  the!  'assis  rufa,  which  gives 
red  "ii  sardonyx,  the  Caesii  madagascariensis,  white  on 
dark  claret,  the  Cassis  cornuta,  white  on  orange,  the 
Strombus  gigas,  white  on  pink,  ami  other  tropical  shells. 
Cameos  in  distinct  hands  of  colors  have  been  produced 
-in.  about  150  B.  c.  ;  and  some  of  the  ancient  examples, 
as  the  Sainte  c'hapelle  agate,  in  Paris  (la  by  11  inchi  -i, 
representing,  the  apotheosis  of  Augustus,  and  the  Vienna 
onyx  (9  h\  8  inches),  representing allegorically  the  corona- 
tion id'  Augustus,  surpass  in  size  and  in  delicacy  oi  execu 
tion  the  best  modern  specimens. 
Hence  —  2.  Raised  or  anaglyphic  work  in  art  on 
a  miniature  scale;  specifically,  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing small  figures  in  relief:  opposed  to  intaglio  : 
as,  a  stone  or  shell  cut  in  cameo ;  a  vase  orna- 
mented in  cameo — Cameo  incrustation,  the  pro- 
duction of  casts  in  relief  within  a  coating  of  Hint-glass, 
'the  process  consists  in  forming  the  design  to  he  incrusted 
of  less  fusible  material  than  the  glass  coating,  which  is 
welded  upon  the  design  while  in  a  soft  condition.— In 
cameo.    See  cameo,  2,  above. 

cameo-glass  (karn'e-6-glas),  h.  1.  Same  as 
cased  glass.  See  also  cameo  glass,  under  glass. 
—  2.  A  convex  glass  used  in  the  mounting  of 
hand-painted  photographs. 

cameo-press  (karn'e-6-pres),  n.  A  small  screw- 
press  used  to  give  a  convex  roundness  to  pho- 
tographic portraits.  The  card  is  pressed  between  the 
lad  and  platen,  which  are  respectively  convex  and  con- 
cave.    /-.'.  //.  Knight. 

cameo-shell  (kam'e-6-shel),  v.  A  shell  of  the 
family  Cassididai,  Cassis  madagascariensis  (so 
called  by  mistake),  or  C.  cameo.  The  species 
is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Caribbean  and  neigh- 
boring seas. 

cameotype  (kam'e-o-tip),  n.  [<  cameo  +  ti/jie, 
as  in  daguerreotype,  etc.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreotype  for 
mounting  in  a  jeweled  setting. 

cameo-ware  (kam'e-6-war),  v.  A  class  of  fine 
pottery  ornamented  with  figures  in  relief,  of  a 
different  color  from  the  ground,  and  usually  on 
a  small  scale.  The  so-called  Wedgwood  ware 
is  of  this  class.  See  jasper-ware,  and  Wedgwood 
ware,  under  ware. 

camera  (kam'e-ra),  n. ;  pi.  cameras,  camera; 
(-raz,  -re).  [<  L.  camera,  carnara,  a  vault 
(ML.  a  chamber),  <  Or.  na/idpa,  a  vaulted  cham- 
ber, anything  with  an  arched  cover;  akin  to 
L.  camiir,  curved,  crooked,  W.  Ir.  Gael,  cum, 
crooked,  Gr.  Kafntruv,  bend:  see  cam'-,  cumber2, 
chamber,  comrade.]     1.  In  awe.  arch.,  an  arched 


camera 

roof,  ceiling,  or  covering;  a  vault. —  2.  Xuiit., 
a  small  vessel  used  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bos- 
porus and  the  Black  Sen.  Also  cumiira. — 3. 
The  variety  of  camera,  oliseura  used  by  photog- 
raphers. It.  is  made  usually  m  the  form  of  a  box  in  two 
parts,  connected  b\  an  extensible  bellows-like  arra 
in-  mi  serving  to  adjust  the  focus,  and  having  one  or  more 
lenses  fixed  in  the  front,     Photographic  cameras  are  made 

in  a  great,  variety  of  Bhapea  and  Bizes,  t rding  to  use, 

as  the  pocket  <■'*,//.  <<'.  copying  camera,  landscape-camera, 
and  portrait-camera  ;  and  many  different  forms  "t  li 

i.i  highly  specialized  types,  are  used.     Provision  Is 

made  for  inserting  in  the  back  of  the  camera  carriers  or 
plate  holders  containing  the  dry  or  wet  sensitive  plates 
or  tin-  paper  funis,  etc.,  on  which  the  photograph  an 
taken.  See  camera obscura,  below,  and  photography. 
4.  In  anal.:  (a)  The  so-called  fifth  ventricle 
of  the  brain,  between  the  lamina1  of  the  septum 
lucidum.  (o)  Some  other  chambered  or  vaulted 
part  or  organ,  as  the  pericardium  (camera  cor- 
dis, chamber  of  the  heart),  the  cranial  cavity 
(camera  eranii),  etc — camera aquosa< Latin,  humid 
chamber),  the  anterior  aqueous  chamber  of  the  eyi  ball, 
bounded  in  front  by  the  cornea,  behind  by  tin-  ins  and 
crystalline  lens.  — Camera  lucida  (Latin,  clear  cham- 
ber), an  invention  of  the  chemist  Wollaston,  designed 
to  facilitate  the  delineation  of  distant  objects.  It  con- 
sists of  a  solid  prismatic  piece  of  glass  mounted  upon  a 
brass  frame.  The  prism  has  its  angles  so  arranged  that 
the  rays  from  the  object  appear  reflected  as  shown  hi  hoc, 
and  is  covered  at  the  top  by  a  metallic  eyepiece,  the  hole 
in  which  lies  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prism,  so  as  to  afford 
a  person  looking  through  it  a  view  of  the  picture  reflected 
through  the  glass,  and  a  direct  view  of  his  pencil  or  tra- 


s,  hello 


Photographers'  Camera 


iws;  G,  ground  glass;  //,  holder  for  sensitive  plate;  L. 
c,  cap  for  lens ;  s  s,  slide  covering  sensitive  plate. 


Camera  Lucida. 

cing-point.  In  the  figure  the  object  to  be  traced, ,/".  is  i  ip- 
posite  the  perpendicular  surface  of  the  prism,  tl  r,  and  the 
rays  proceeding  from  /pass  through  this  surface  and  fall 
on  the  inclined  plane  c  h,  which  makes  an  angle  with  d  c 
of67J°;  from  this  they  are  totally  reflected  to  the  plane 
b  a,  which  makes  an  angle  of  13.V  with  b  c,  and  are  again 
reflected  to  the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane,  which 
makes  an  angle  of  67i°  with  the  plane  a  b.  The  rays  of 
light  from  the  object  proceeding  upward  from  h  toward 
the  eye  of  the  observer,  he  sees  the  image  at  m,  anil  by 
placing  the  paper  below  in  this  place  the  image  may  be 
traced  with  a  pencil.  The  brass  frame  of  the  prism  has 
usually  two  lenses,  one  concave  and  the  other  convex,  the 
former  to  be  used  in  front  between  /  and  (/  e  for  near- 
sighted  persons,  and  the  latter  at  e  for  those  who  are  far- 
si  jlited.  The  size  of  the  picture  may  also  be  increased  n- 
diminished  by  lengthening  or  shortening  brass  tubes  con- 
nected with  the  frame.  This  instrument  has  undergone 
various  modifications.  It  is  extremely  convenient  on  ac- 
count of  its  portability.— Camera  obscura  (Latin,  dark 
chamber),  an  apparatus  in  winch  the  images  of  external 
objects,  received  through  a  convex  lens,  are  exhibited 
distinctly  and  in  their  natural  colors  on  a  white  surface 
placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  The  simplest  form  of  this 
instrument  consists  of  a  darkened  chamber,  into  which  no 
light  is  permitted  to  enter  except  by  a  small  hole  in  the 
window-shutter.  An  image  of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole 
will  then  appear  on  the  wall,  or  una  white  screen  so  placed 
as  to  receive  the  light  coming  from  the  opening.  A  convex 
lens  may  be  fixed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable  cam- 
eras are  constructed  of  various  forms,  but  the  design  of 
them  all  is  to  throw  the  images  of  external  objects,  as  per- 
sons, houses,  trees,  landscapes,  etc.,  upon  a  plane  orcurved 
surface,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing,  the  making  of  photo- 
graphic pictures,  or  mere  amusement.  The  surface  on 
which  the  image  is  thrown  may  be  covered  with  a  sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  the  figure  maybe  traced  by  hand  with 
a  pencil ;  but  the  picture  is  most  distinctly  seen  when  the 
image  is  formed  on  the  back  of  a  silvered  minor.  The 
figure  represents 
a  portable  camera 
obscura.  The  cam- 
era obscura  is  often 
made  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  build- 
ing capable  of 
holding  a  number 
of  people,  wdio 
standabouta  plain 
white  table  which 
is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  on  which 
tile  luminous  im- 
age is  projected 
1>>  i  lens  on  the  roof.  By  turning  the  lens  around,  a  pano- 
rama of  the  neighboring  scenery  is  exhibited  on  the  ta- 
ble. Cameras  for  use  in  sketching  are  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  with  a  lens  and  a  reflecting  mirror  at  the  apex 
and  a  drawing-table  inside.  One  side  of  flu-  box  is  tut 
out.  and  at  this  opening  the  artist  sits,  partly  enveloped 
by  a  dark  curtain  which  serves  to  shut  out  extraneous 
light.    See  optigraph. 

The  human  eye  is  a  small  camera  obscura  of  wonder- 
fully perfect  construction.  Lommel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  102. 
Copying  camera,  a  camera  used  fnrcopying  and  enlarging 
photographs  from  negatives.  The  solar  camera,  for  copy- 
ing by  direct  solar  light,  is  usually  erected  out  of  doors 


Portable  Camera  Obscura. 
.    lens;    .1/.    reflecting    mirror:    G.   ground 
glass,  upon  which  the  image  is  formed. 


camera 

and  directed  toward  the  sun,  the  negative  being  placed 
near  the  lei  sensitiv   paper  in  t lu-  plane  of 

.<  Ith  eli  i  trie  lights  u 
madi  tor  pi oducing  life-size  ©  i 

otialrj  "i  a  'lark  room 
in  which  thi                   ling  the  prepared  paper  travels 
the  piano  of  focus  on  rails  laid  on  the  Boor.    De- 
tective camera,  a  portable  photographic  camera  adapt* 
si  cutaneous  pictures,  especially  of  mov- 
ts,  while  it  is  carried  in  the  hand  or  otherwise 
Che  exposure  1 1  ruadi   03  mi  ans  of  a 
brought  with- 
in the  range  of  the  lens  i                  I  B  Under  variously  de- 
I11  camera,  in /(("•,  in  (iiainixis ;  in  private:  ap- 
plied to  a  trial  conducted  with  closed  doors  fors 

;   g  the  nature  of  the  case  or  the  evidence, 

—  Multiplying  camera,  in  photog.,  a  camera  fitted  with 
a  number  of  small  lenses,  so  thai  it  can  take  a  number  of 

lexposure.    It  is  used  fortaking  ferrotypes 

—  Solar  camera  See  copying  camera.  Stereoscopic 
camera,  a  double  camera  giving  two  pictures  upon  the 
sain.  1  amera  with  a  single  lens  and  a  shifting 
,1,  vice  for  <  (feci  Ing  I  end 

Cameradet,  "•  [<  F-  conn  rmle :  see  comrade] 
An  obsolete  form  of  comrade. 

I  i<  8,  his  walking  mates! 
/;.  Jonson,  Every  Man  In  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

cameras,  »■    Latin  plural  of  camera. 

camera!  (kam'e-raT),  a.  [<  It.  camerale,  per- 
taining to  a  camera  or  treasury,  <  ML.  camera, 
amber,  public  office,  treasury:  see  camera 
and  chambi  r,  uii'l  cf.  chamberlain  and  camer- 
lingo.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  camera  or  cham- 
ber. 

cameralist  (kam'e-ral-ist),  n.  [<  NL.  camera- 
hsin.  a  financier,  <  It.  camerale:  Bee  cameral.'] 
A  financier;  "tie  skilled  in  the  principles  and 
system  of  public  revenue. 

I  rick  William  I.,  himself  a  clever  cameralist,  and 

author  ,-f  the  masterly  financial  system  of  Prussia,  took 

the  important  step  of  ton  mini-  at  Halle  and  Frankfort  on 

the  Oder,  special  chairs  of  economy  and  cameralistic  sci- 

II'.  Roscher,  Pol.  Econ.  (trans.  1 

cameralistic  (kanr'e-ra-lis'tik),  n.  [<  cameral- 
ist +  -/•;.]  Pertaining  to  finance  anil  public 
revenue. 

Chairs  of  camt  ralistio  science  were  founded  in  univer- 
sities. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  363. 

cameralistics  (kam'e-ra-lis'tiks),  n.  [<  camer- 
alist +  -ics;  =  F.  cam&ralistique  =  G.  camera- 
lism,-.]    The  science  of  state  finance. 

camerardt,  «.    A  variant  of  camerade.    Greene. 

camerarius  (kam-e-ra'ri-us),  «.;  pi.  camerarii 

(-1).     [ML.,  <  camera,  a  chamber,  public  office, 

isury,  etc.:  see  camera,  cameral,  and  cham- 

|  A.  chamberlain;  a  keeper  of  public  money; 

a  treasurer. 

camera-stand  (kam'e-rii-stand),  11.     A  support 

for  a  photographic  camera.     For  indoor  work  a 

usual  form  is  an  adjustable  table  mounted  on  casters,  and 

having  various  devices  of  racks  and  pinions,  levers,  hinges, 

to  enable  the  operator  to  raise,  lower,  or  tilt 

it  with  1  1  .   and  rapidity,  a rding  to  the  nature  of  his 

work.  In  outdoor  photography  some  form  of  tripod  is 
commonly  used  as  a  c tra  Btand. 

camerate  (kam'e-ral ),  v.  <.;  pret.  and  pp.  enm- 

•  /.  ppr.  earner ating.     [<  L.  cameratus,  pp. 

of  camerare,   arch  over,  <  en  merit,  an  arched 

roof.    Cf.  camber^  and  chamber,  v.]    To  build 

in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault.     [Bare.] 

camerated  (kaiu'e-ia-iiil  i.  p.  <<.  [Pp.  of  camer- 
v.  I  1.  In  arch.,  archc  ! :  \  aulted :  as,  a 
camt  rated  roof.  II '<  air. —  2.  In  zoiil..  divided  by 
partitions  into  a  series  of  chambers;  cham- 
ber,.!; hollowed  out;  fornicated;  vaulted. 

There  are  no  buccal  teeth  [in  Trocheta  subviridis,  Dutro- 

and  the  alimentar\  tube  Is  onh    1 1  jhtlj  camerated. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  405. 

cameration  (kam-e-ra'shon),  n.    [<  L.  camera- 
■  are':  see  camerate.']    1.  An  arch- 
ing or  vaulting.     Evelyn.    [Rare.] — 2.  A  divi- 
sion into  compartments  or  chamberlets.    Also 
called  chambi  ring. 

tmple  or 

Iple  ;    111  the  latter  ease,   they  h:n  o     ,,,      ]„  ,  ml    i,  l;il|.,|, 

to  the  ca  mi  ration  of  thi    ki  leton. 

//"'/■  1/,  Anai.  Invert.,  p.  563. 

camerickt,  cameriket,  «•  Old  spellings  of  cam- 
bric.    PlancM. 

camerine   (kam'e-rin),  n.      [<   L.  camera,  a 
vault:    gee  camera.']     A   nummulite;    01 
the  foraminiferous  shells  found  in  aummulitic 
limestone. 

cameritelous'kiini  g-ri-te'lus),  a.  [<  L.camt  ra, 
tilt,  +  U  la,  u  v..  b:  set    toil?. 1    t  lharacti  c 
izo.i  by  the  habit  of  making  intricate  wi  '     in 
which  to  hide:  applied  to 

camerlingo  ikain-i  1                 ,.     [ft   formerly 
cam  rlengo,  =  E.  chambt  rfain,  q.  v.  ] 
berlam  of  the  pope,  having  char 1  the  secu- 

1;"'  ilitoro-l  -    ,,f  !),,.    |, ;,,,:,,   ■.;,..  ,  ||„, 

f '  1  hli  1  offlo  1  -  -ii  thi   popi    thi  othi  1    bel      the  1  irdl 

nal  ii  1  patron,  and  thi  cardinal  peniteu. 

and  is  therefore  usually  called  cardinal  camtrlingo,   Uur- 


778 

ing  a  vacancy  in  the  Holy  see  he  takes  charge  of  all  the 
temporalities  and  presides  over  the  apostolic  chamber  or 
p  in:  e.     Also  cam* 

Cameronian  (kam-e-ro'ni-an)j  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  Klchard  Cameron  (see 
II.)  or  to  the  Cameronians:  as,  ;t  Cameronian 
clergyman. 

II.  >i.  1.  One  of  tho  followers  of  Richard 
Cameron  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to  accept  1  lie 
indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy 
in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by 
so  lining  they  should  be  understood  to  recog- 
nize bis  ecclesiastical  authority.  They  wen- known 
at  iii-i.i-  The  Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of 
which  in  1876  was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 
2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of 
British  infantry,  from  its  having  been  origi- 
nally composed  of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked 
to  Edinburgh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Their 
nucleus  consisted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Richard 
Cameron  at  Ainl's  Moss  in  1680,  when  he  was  killed. 

camerostoma  (kam-e-ros'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
camera  (Gr.  nafidpa),  a  vault,  +  Gr.  crdfia,  a 
mouth.]  In  eool.,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 
of  Arachnida,  forming  a  vault  over  the  mandu- 
catory organs. 

cameryt  (kam'e-ri),  n.  A  certain  disease  in 
horses,  characterized  by  warts  on  the  palate 
and  soft  parts  of  the  mouth.     E.  Phillip*,  1706. 

cameset  (ka-mez'),  n.     [An  "English"  spelling 
of  camise:  see  caniis.]     Same  as  camis. 
Oh,  who  is  more  brave  than  a  dark  Suliote 
In  his  snowy  cdmese  and  his  shaggy  capote? 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  72,  song. 

camestres(ka-mes'trez),n.  [Seedef.]  In  logic, 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  second 
figure  of  syllogism.  The  letters  of  the  word  have  these 
significations:  C,  that  the  mood  is  to  he  reduced  to  ci  / a- 
rent ;  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  affirmative  ; 
in,  that  the  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reduction  ;  e, 
that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  negative  ;  s,  that  this 
premise  is  to  he  simply  converted  in  reduction  ;  e,  that  the 
conclusion  is  a  universal  negative  ;  s,  that  the  conclusion  is 
to  lie  simply  converted  in  reduction.  The  follow  ing  is  an 
example  of  this  mood,  with  an  implied  reduction:  He 
that  is  of  God  heareth  my  words ;  ye  hear  them  not ;  this 
is,  then,  because  ye  are  not  of  God. 

camil  (kam'il),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  camo- 
mile.    [Somerset,  Eng.] 

camion  (kain'ion),  h.  [F.,  a  dray,  truck,  pin; 
origin  unknown.]  A  truck  or  wagon  used  for 
transporting  cannon. 

camist  (kam'is),  ».  [Also  written  camise, 
camus,  camese  (cf.  ME.  kcnies,  <  AS.  cemes,  < 
ML.  camisa):  <  OP.  camise,  F.  chemise  (>  E. 
chemise,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg,  camisa  =  It.  1-01111- 
scia,  camicia  =  Ar.  Pers.  Hind,  qamis,  a  shirt,  < 
LL.  camisia,  ML.  camisia,  camisa,  a  shirt,  tunic, 
prob.  from  the  orig.  form  (*hamitltja)  of  OHG. 
hemiili,  MHO.  hemetle,  hi  null,  li.  hcinil  =  (  U-'rics. 
In  no  the,  a  shirt,  connected  with  OHG.  hamo  = 
AS.  hama  (in  comp.)  =  Icel.  hamr,  a  skin,  hams, 
a  snake's  skin,  =  Goth,  "hama,  covering,  cloth- 
ing, >  gahamon,  cover,  anahamon,  clothe,  etc.: 
see  hame\  he»A.]  1.  A  shirt.  Compare  che- 
mise.—  2.  A  light  morning-gown  or  similar 
loose  garment. 

All  in  a  Camis  light  of  purple  silk. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  V.  v.  2. 

camisadet  (kam-i-sad'),  n.  [Also  camisado;  < 
1'.  camisade,  a  sudden  assaulting  or  surprisal 
of  the  enemy,  <  It.  camisciata,  incamisciata 
(Plorio),  now  camiciata,  mcamidata  (=  Sp. 
camisatla,  encamisaila,  lit.  a  '  shirted'  attack: 
see  camisated),  <  camiscia,  eamicia  =  Sp.  camisa 
=  OP.  camise,  V.  chemise,  a  shirt :  see  camis, 
chemise.]  1.  An  attack  by  surprise  at  night 
or  at  break  of  day:  probably  so  called  because 
made  by  soldiers  wearing  shirts  over  their  ar- 
mor, in  order  t  hat  they  might  be  recognized  by 
their  friends  in  the  dark. 

They  had  appointed  the  same  night  ...  to  have  given 
a  camisado  upon  the  English.  Sir  J,  Bayward, 

2.  A  shirt  worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armor  in 
a  night  attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  one 
another.     [A  mistaken  use  of  the  term.] 

Two  thousand  of  our  best  men,  all  in  camisadoes  with 
sealing  ladders, 

Sir  R.  Williams,  Actions  of  the  Low  Countrii   ,p    - 

Camisard  (kam'i  zard),  n.  [P.,<  OF.camise,  a 
shirt.  Cf.  camisade.]  One  of  the  French  Prot- 
estants of  the  revenues  who  took  up  arms  in 
defense  of  their  civil  and  religious  liberties 

early  in  tin*  eight  ecu  Hi  century:  so  called  from 

the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peasants  who 
were  the  chief  actors  in  the  msurrect  ton. 

camisatedt  (kitm'i-sa  tod  i,  ».  [<  ML.  "camisa- 
ins.  camisiatus,  <  camisa,  a  shirt:  sec  minis, 
and  cf.  camisacU  .  |  Dressed  with  a  shirt  above 
the  other  garments.     Johnson. 


cammock 

camiset,  »•    See  camis. 

camisiat  (ka-mis'ia),  ».  [LL.  (ML.  also  ca- 
misa): see  camis.]  1.  A  shirt:  a  tunic. — 2. 
An  alb. —  3.  A  shrine  in  which  the  Book  of  the 
Gospels  used  at  high  mass  was  formerly  pre- 
served, it  was  frequently  made  of  gold,  richly  jeweled, 
Many  such  existed  in  the  English  cathedrals  ami  parish 
churches  before  the  Etefonnation.     Lee,  Glossary. 

camisole  (kam'i-sol),  ».  [P.,  <  It.  ca  mid  nolo 
dim.  of  camicia  =  F.   chemise:   see  chemise^ 

1.  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves,  usually 
of  material  that  will  wash,  worn  by  women  as  a 
dressing-sack  or  in  morning-dress. 

Mrs.  O'Dowal,  the  good  housewife',  arrayed  in  curl-papers 
and  a  camisole,  felt  that  her  duta  was  to  act  ami  notto 
sleep.  Thackeray,  Vanity  fair,  xxx. 

2.  A  strait-jacket. 

camister  (kam'is-tfer),  n.  [Appar.  <  camis  + 
-stir.]  Aclergyman;  aminister.  [Vagabonds' 
slang.] 

camlet  (kam'let),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
blet,  chnmli  I,  cami  lot,  <  P.  camelot  =  Pr.  chama- 
Intc  —  Sp.  camilotc,  chamelote  =  Pg.  cameldo  = 
It.  cambellotto,  ciambellotto  =  D.  kamelot  =  G. 
camelot,  kamelot  —  Dan.  kamelot,  <  ML.  camelo- 
turn,  camlet,  popularly  understood  its  a  deriv. 
of  L.  camrliis.  camel,  but  in  fact  <  Ar.  khamlat. 
khamalat,  camlet  (silk  and  camel's  hair,  also  all 
silkor  velvet;  ef.  mikhmal,  >Hind.  makhmal,  vel- 
vet), <  khaml,  pile,  plush,  a  carpet  with  a  long 
pile,  a  cushion,  etc.]  1.  A  rich  stuff  used  for 
dress  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century.  11  v,  as 
more  costly  and  finer  than  cameline.  It  is  frequently 
mentioned  as  in  use  in  both  England  and  Fiance  down  to 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  Cadilescher  is  clothed  in  Clmmlet,  Satten,  silke, 
Damaske,  or  Veluet  of  seemely  colour. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  314. 

After  dinner  I  put  on  my  new  cameloti  suit,  the  best 

that  I  ever  wore  in  my  life,  the  suit  costing  me  above  £24, 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  1.  1664. 

2.  A  very  durable  plain  cloth  used  for  cloaks 
and  the  like;  a  water-proof  material  in  common 
use  before  the  introduction  of  india-rubber. 
All  the  kinds  of  camlet  are  in  a  certain  sense  imitations  of 
Oriental  camel's-hair  cloth ;  they  arc  made  of  hair,  espe- 
cially that  of  goats,  with  wool  orsilk,  and  present  a  veined 
or  wavy  appearance, 
camlet  (kam'let),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  camleted, 
camletted,  ppr.  camleting,  camletting.  [<  camlet, 
11.]  To  cause  to  resemble  wavy  or  watered 
camlet.     [Rare.] 

I  also  inspected  the  manner  of  chambletting  silk  and 
grograms  at  one  ilons'  La  Dorees  in  MoreheldB, 

Evelyn,  Diary.  .May  an.  Hie-'. 

camletteen  (kam-le-ten'),  n.  [<  camlet  +  -ecu.] 
A  kind  of  fine  worsted  camlet. 

camletto  (kam-let'6),  n.     Same  as  rnmli  tin  11. 

cammakat,  ».    Another  spelling  of  camoca. 

cammaron  (kam'a-ron),  ».  [<  Sp.  camaron,  a 
shrimp,  <  L.  cammarus,  camarus,  var.  gamma- 
ntS,  a  sea-crab:  see  li  am  morns.]  A  fresh-wa- 
ter shrimp  or  prawn,  resembling  the  crawfish. 
Huxley. 

cammas  (kam'as),  n.     Same  as  eamass. 

cammed  (kamd),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  cammed, 
cammyd;  <  cam?  +  -ed?.]  1.  Crooked. —  2t. 
Crooked-nosed;  short-nosed. — 3.  Cross;  ill- 
natured.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cammerellt,  "•    A  dialectal  variant  of  gambrel. 

cammish  (kam'ish),  11.  [E.  dial.,  <  cam-  + 
-ish.]  Awkward;  clumsy.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cammock1  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  eamhnck, 
l.aiiilntck :  <  ME.  eammok,  <  AS.  cammoc,  cam- 
mocc,  cammnc,  commuc (also  once  cammoce,  )>it- 
hapS  miBWrilt.cn  for  cammucc),  a  plant,  glossed 
)n  mi  ilannm.]  1.  A  leguminous  plant,  the  rest- 
harrow,  Ononis  arrensis. 

1  fammokes  and  wedes 
Fotlleth  the  fruite  in  lie    1,  1,1, 

/'1.  n  I'lovnnan  (B),  xix.  309. 

2f.  An  umbelliferous  plant ,  probably  the  shep- 
herd's needle,  Scandia  P<  cU  n. 
cammock-  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc. ;  E. 
dial,  also  cambuck,  Sc.  camack;  <  ME.  camboh 
(Ml*,  cambitca,  cambuta,  cambutta),  of  Celtic 
origin.  Cf.  Gael,  camag,  anything  crooked  01 
curved,  a  club,  crook,  curl,  bay,  etc.;  cf.  equiv. 
Sc.  cammon,  <  Gael.  Ir.  eaman.  a  club  for  jolt 
or  Cricket,  <  Cam,  crooked,  bent  :  see  cam-.]  1. 
A  crooked  stick  or  club;  a  crooked  beam ;  spe- 
cifically, a  crooked  club  used  in  the  game  of 
I key  or  shinny. 

Though  the  cammock,  the  more  it  is  bowed,  the  better 
it  sorvi  ih  yel  the  how,  the  inoie  it  is  bent  ami  occupied, 
theworselt  waxeth.      /-,'//.",  Euphues,  Anat.  ol  \Vit,p.46. 

Crokyd  as  a  camoke.  Skelton  (ed.  Dyce),  I.  1 17. 

Aii'lic  crooks  the  tree  thai  g I  eammok  si hi  he. 

Bay,  Proverbs  (ed.  107S),  p.  361. 


cammock 

2.  The  game  played  with  such  a  club;  hockey 
or  shinny. 

cammocky  (knin'ok-i),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  cammock* 
+  -»i.]  Like  or  duo  to  cammock;  having  a 
disagreeable  goat-like  smell:  applied  to  cheese, 
from  the  notion  that  this  smell  is  due  to  the 
cows  eating  cammock.     [South.  Eng.] 

camocat,  camacat,  »■    [ME.  camaca,  cammaka, 

<  ML.  camoca,  camuca,  OF.  camocas,  Mtir.  ko- 
iinr\nr,]  A  thick  silk  fabric,  t lie  name  of  which 
first  appears  in  the  fourteenth  century,  n  was 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  armor(BUchas  the gambeson), 
for  church  vestments  (in  which  case  white  camoca  is 
especial!)  mentioned),  for  civic  robes,  and  for  bed-hang- 
ings. 

\l>  great  t>e<I  of  blue  camaka  with  griffins,  also  another 
bed  of  caniaka  striped  with  white  and  black 

Will  of  Lord  Despenser  (1876),  quoted  in  Rock. 

camomile,  chamomile  (kam'o-mil),  re.  [The 
spelling  chamomile  is  recent,  and  in  imitation 
of  the  Latin;  early  mod.  E.  camomil,  camamel 
(E.  dial,  camil),  <  ME.  camamyle,  camamelle, 
camomylle  =  V>.  MHG.  G.  kamille  =  Dan.  Jcamille 
(-blomst)  =  Sw.  Jeamill  (,-blomma),  <  OF.  cama- 
ntillc,  F.  camomille  =  Pr.  It.  camomilla  =  Sp. 
camomila  =  Pg.  camomele,  <  ML.  camamilla, 
camomilla,  <  L.  chamomilla  aud  prop,  chamame- 
lon,  <  Or.  xafa'- 
/i'/'/<>r,  lit.  earth- 
apple  (from  the 
apple-like  smell 
of  the    flower), 

<  xat'ah  on  'ne 
earth  (=  L. 
liiinii :  see  Itiim- 
ble2),  +  ir,//,,r, 
an  apple,  =  L. 
milium.  Cf.  ere«- 
meleon.~\  The 
common  name 
of  Anthcmis  no- 
lii  I  is,  a  low 
creeping  com- 
posite plant  of 
Europe.  with 
strongly  scent- 
ed foliage, 
■which  has  long 
been  in  culti- 
vation and  of 
popular  repute 
as  a  bitter  sto- 
machic and  ton-  Camomile  {Anthtmis  noHlis). 
1C.  The  camomile- 
flowers  of  commerce  are  the  product  of  a  cultivated  double 
variety,  known  as  the  garden  or  Roman  camomile.  The 
single  form  is  distinguished  as  Scotch  camomile.  It  was 
formerly  imagined  that  the  more  the  plant  was  trodden 
upon  the  more  luxuriantly  it  grew,  and  this  was  a  favorite 
subject  of  allusion  in  ancient  writers.  The  corn-  or  field- 
camomile,  Anthemis  arvensis,  is  sparingly  naturalized  in 
Uie  United  States.  The  dog's  or  stinking  camomile,  A. 
Cotuta,  is  more  usually  known  as  mayweed.  The  yellow 
camomile,  A.  tinctoria,  with  yellow-rayed  flowers,  is  some- 
times cultivated  for  ornament  and  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
The  German  camomile  of  trade  consists  of  the  flower-heads 
of  Matricaria  Chamomilla.  Wild  camomile  is  the  fever- 
few. 

For  though  the  camomile,  the  more  it  is  trodden  the 
faster  it  grows,  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wasted,  the  si  inner 
it  wears.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

camoocht,  «.  [Also  camoucdo,  used  in  the  same 
sense,  appar.  repr.  It.  camoscio,  a  chamois,  wild 
goat  (see  chamois),  perhaps  affected  in  E.  use 
by  It.  camuso,  a  person  with  a  flat  nose:  see 
camous.~\  A  term  of  abuse  equivalent  to  yoat 
(see  etymology). 
Whoever  says  you  have  a  black  eye,  is  a  camooch. 

Middlelon,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  i.  2. 
Speak  in  it ;  I  will  not  hear  thee  :  away,  camoucdo ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  3. 

Camorra  (ka-mor'a),  n.  [It. ;  cf.  obs.  It.  "ca- 
morra, an  Irish  rugge,  also  an  upper  cassock," 
ii  camorro,  a  woman's  frock"  (Florio),  now  ca- 
iinirro,  an  ugly  person  (applied  to  a  woman).] 
A  secret  organization  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  under  the  Bourbon  government, 
first  publicly  known  about  1820,  partly  political 
and  partly  of  the  nature  of  a  standing  vigilance 
committee,  which  exercised  great  power  at 
times  among  the  lower  classes,  settling  disputes 
and  acting  as  referee,  punishing  real  or  imagi- 
nary crimes,  and  exacting  payment  for  all  such 
Services.  It  became  guilty  of  many  violent  acts  in  the 
interest  of  private  vengeance  or  avarice.  Although  for 
political  reasons  tolerated  under  Ferdinand  II.  (1830-59), 
it  was  attacked  by  tin-  government  of  Francis  II.,  in  re- 
venge fur  which  it  united  with  the  opponents  of  the  Bour- 
bons and  aided  in  the  overthrow  i»f  that  dynasty.  At 
present  the  organization  is  out  of  favor,  and.  though  re- 
taining a  nominal  existence,  is  of  no  importance  as  a  body. 

Camorrism  (ka-mor'izm),  re.  [<  Camorra  + 
-ism.]     The  system  and  mode  of  action  of  the 


779 

Camorra;  hence,  organized  mob-law;  system- 
atic reject  ion  or  abrogation  of  the  regular  forms 

nl'  law. 

Camorrist  (ka-mor'ist),  «.    [<  It.  camorrista: 

sic  i 'amorra.  ]     A  member  of  I  lie  <  lamorra;  one 
who  favors  the  principles  or  practises  the  meth- 
ods of  the  ( lamorra. 
camoucciot,  re.    See  camooch. 

camouche,  re.      Same  as  tainirlii. 

camouflet  (F.  pron.  ka-nni'tla  i,  re.  [F.,  smoke 
puffed  into  a  sleeper's  lace;  origin  unknown.  | 
Milil.,  a  mine  with  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
produce  any  crater  when  exploded.  Such  a  mine  is 
often  -mil.  in  the  wall  id  earth  betwt  en  two  parallel  gal- 

LerieS,  in  Order,  by  Mowing  the  earth  into  line  nt  tl tn 

suffocate  or  cut  otf  the  retreat  of  the  miner  win i  is  at  work 
in  it.    When  used  for  this  purpose  it  is  also  railed  a  stifler. 

camoust,  camust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
moys,  <  ME.  camois,  camoys,  <  OF.  annus,  F.  ca- 
mus  =  Pr.  ennuis,  ciiniiisnt  —  It.  camuso,  camo- 
scio, flat-nosed.  Cf.  E.  dial,  and  ME.  cammed, 
Sc.  camow-unsi  il.  cam-nosed,  flat-nosed,  ult.  con- 
nected with  com2,  q.  v.]  Depressed;  flat; 
crooked:  said  only  of  the  nose. 

Round  was  his  face  and  camois  was  his  nose. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 14. 

camousedt,  camusedt,  a.  [<  camous,  eamus,  + 
-ul-.]    Same  as  camous. 

And  though  my  nase  he  camused,  my  lips  thick, 
And  my  chin  bristled,  Tan.  great  Tan,  was  such. 

B,  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

camouslyt,  adv.    Awry.-  Skelton. 

camoyst,  a.     Same  as  camous.      Sir  T.  Browne. 

campH  (kamp),  «.  [<  ME.  camp,  comp,  battle, 
conflict  (cf.  campynge,  foot-ball),  <  AS.  camp, 
comp,  battle,  conflict,  =  OFries.  kamp,  komp 
=  I).  kamp  =  MLG.  kamp  =  OHtl.  camp, 
kamph,  champf,  MHG.  G.  kampf,  a  fight,  battle, 
esp.  in  older  use,  of  a  fight  between  two,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  lamp,  battle,  conflict,  =  Icel.  kapp 
(assimilated  from  *kamp),  contest,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, vehemence,  a  race  (cf.  ODan.  kap,  zeal, 
now  only  in  the  phrase  om  leap,  in  competition) ; 
regarded  by  some  as  an  orig.  Teut.  word,  but 
prob.  <  L.  campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  later  some- 
times a  battle-field,  in  ML.  also  a  camp,  battle: 
see  camp2.]     1.  Conflict;  battle. 

Alle  the  kene  mene  nt'  kampe,  knyghtes  and  other. 

Morte  Arthure(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3702. 

2.  An  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot-ball. 
It  was  played  by  two  parties  of  twelve  men,  ranged  in 
two  lines  120  yards  apart.  A  ball  was  laid  in  the  middle, 
and  mi  a  given  signal  each  party  rushed  forward  to  kick 
or  threw  it  tn  the  opposite  goal. 

camp1  (kamp),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  campen,  <  AS. 
campion  (=  OFries.  kampa,  kempa  =  D.  kam- 
ln  a  —  OHG.  ehamfan,  chemfan,  MHG.  kemp- 
j'i  ii.  G.  kampfen  =  Dan.  kampe  =  Sw.  kampa), 
fight,  contend,  <  camp,  a  conflict:  see  the  noun. 
In  def.  2,  cf.  freq.  cample.}  1.  To  fight;  con- 
tend in  battle  or  in  any  kind  of  contest ;  hence, 
to  strive  with  others  in  doing  anything. —  2.  To 
wrangle ;  argue.  [Obs.  or  dial,  in  both  senses.] 
— 3.    To  play  at  the  game  of  camp.     Tusser. 

camp3  (kamp),  re.  [<  F.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly also  a  field,  a  parallel  form  to  champ,  a 
field,  =  Pr.  camp  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  a  place  of  action,  in 
ML.  also  a  camp,  a  battle,  =  Gr.  tdjiroc,  Dor.  kS.- 
jtoc,  a  garden,  orchard,  plantation:  see  camp1.] 
1.  A  place  where  an  army  or  other  body  of 


Typical  Plan  of  Roman  Camp. 
A,  pKctorium  ;  .-/  ,  guaestoi  and  prefects;  ./".tribunal,  etc.;  B, 
tribunes;  C,  foruin  ;  D,  /:,  F,  legionaries  [Triarii,  Principes,  and 
Hastati):  G,  cavalry;  //,  /,  allies,  foot  anil  horse;  y.  auxiliary 
troops;  A",  picked  cohorts;  L.  special  or  extraordinary  cohort-  ;  l/, 
special  or  extraordinary  squadrons  of  horse;  .V.  Decuman  irate;  O, 
pnetorian  gate;  P.  porta  principalis  dextra ;  Q,  porta  principalis  si- 
nistra ;  i,  2,  3,  4,  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  legions  ;  5,  6,  right  and 
left  wings. 


campaign 

nieii  is  or  lias  been  encamped;  the  collection 
of  tents  or  other  temporary  structures  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  number  of  men,  par- 
ticularly troops  ina  temporary  station  ;  an  en- 
campment.    When  an  army  ill  the   field    is   to  remain 

foi  te  time  at  a  particular  spot,  It  maj  bt    tationed  in 

an  intreneht  d  ca/mp,  Burrounded  by  earthworks,  redoubts, 
etc.  A  flying  camp  is  an  encampment  occupied  for  a 
yen  bint  period.  The  camps  nt  the  ancient  Roman 
snhliers,  even  though  for  a  - 1 . •  >  nt  only  a  night,  wi  re  ol 
tin-  intrenched  elass,  customarily  in  tin  Bhape  nt  a  ret 
tangle  surrounded  by  a  Eo  (fossa),  with  a  Btake-faced 
embankment  (vallum)  mi  the  inside.  In  the  typical 
Roman  camp  there  were  four  gates,  one  at  each  Blue  ami 
.me  at  each  end,  and  the  interior  was  divided  into 
streets.  The  broadest  street,  [OOfeel  wide,  ran  between 
the  side  ontes.  The  other  streets,  bo  feet  wide,  ran  at 
right  angles  to  this  from  end  tn  end  of  tin  camp.  A 
camp  of  instruction  is  a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  who  are  sent  tn  be  trained  in  mauosuvi  ring  in  large 
bodies  and  in  campaigning  duties  in  general.  There  are 
permanent  camps  of  this  kind  at  Aldershot  in  England,  and 
at  Chalons  siir-Marne  in  France. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  or  other  persons  encamp- 
ing together;  anarmywith  its  camp-equipment. 

Fur  I  shall  sutler  be 
Unto  the  camp,  and  profits  will  accrue. 

Shak.,  Men.  v.,  ii.  1. 
The  whole  had   the  appearance  of   a   splendid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  armament ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion, carrying  inure  show  than   real    force  with  it,  the 
camp  arrived  at  Bernice.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  V.  319. 

3.  In  British  agri.,  a  heap  of  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  other  roots  laid  up  in  a  trench  and  thickly 
covered  with  straw  and  earth  for  preservation 
through  the  winter.  In  some  places  called  a 
pit,  in  others  a  bury To  break  camp.    See  breofc. 

camp2  (kamp),  v.     [<  .camp"2,  «.]     I.  (wres.  1. 
To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an  army  ;  en- 
camp.   [Rare.] — 2.  To  afford  camping-ground 
for;  afford  rest  or  lodging  to.     [Rare.] 
Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 
To  camp  this  host,  we  all  would  sup  together. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

3.  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes ;  pit.  Loudon. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

II.  iulratis.  1.  To  establish  or  make  a  camp; 
go  into  camp:  sometimes  with  down. —  2.  To 
live  in  a  camp,  as  an  army:  as,  we  camped  there 
three  days. — 3.  To  live  temporarily  in  a  tent 
or  tents  or  in  rude  places  of  shelter,  as  for  health 
or  pleasure:  generally  with  out. 

camp3t,  «•  [<  L.  campa,  campe,  <  Gr.  Kap-?/,  a 
caterpillar.]     A  caterpillar.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

campable  (kam'pa-bl),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
perversion  of  capable.']  Able  to  do.  Grose. 
[North.  Eng.] 

campagi,  ».    Plural  of  campagus. 

campagnol  (kam-pa-nyol'),  re.  [F.  (=  It.  cam- 
pagnuolo),  <  campagne  =  It.  campagna,  a  field, 
open  country:  see  campaign.]  A  French  name 
of  various  species  of  field-mice  or  voles,  as  Ar- 
ricota  arvalis  and  A.  agrestis;  hence,  any  vole 
or  meadow-mouse  of  the  subfamily  Arvicolinw, 
family  iluriilu . 

campagus  (kam'pa-gus),  n. ;  pi.  campagi  (-ji). 
[LL.,  perhaps  <  L.  campus,  a  field:  see  coreiy-.] 
In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  low  shoe  or  slipper  covering 
the  toes,  having  the  heel-piece  carried  around 
on  each  side  nearly  to  the  ankle-bone,  but  leav- 
ing the  instep  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  un- 
covered, and  secured  on  the  foot  by  ribbons 
or  straps.  It  was  pecidiarto  the  wealthy  and 
official  classes. 

campaign  (kam-pan'),  re.  [<  F.  campaigne,  now 
campagne  (assibilated  champagne,  >  E.  cham- 
paign), an  open  field,  a  military  campaign,  = 
Sp.  ca/mpafia  =  Pg.  campanha  =  It.  campagna,  < 
ML.  campania,  a  level  country,  in  classical  L. 
used  only  as  the  name  of  the  level  country  near 
Naples,  Campania,  now  Campagna  [Campanus, 
of  Campania,  a  Campanian).  <  *  campanus  (LL. 
campaneus  or  campanius),  of  a  field,  <  campus, 
a  field:  see  camp2.]  If.  An  open  field  :  a  large 
open  plain.  Now  champaign. —  2.  The  opera- 
tions of  an  army  during  one  season,  or  in  a  defi- 
nite enterprise:  as,  the  Vicksburg  campaign. 
— 3.  Continued  or  sustained  aggressive  opera- 
tions directed  to  the  accomplishment  of  some 
particular  object:  as,  the  temperance  campaign; 
especially, in  r.  S. politics,  organized  action  in 
influencing  voters  in  an  election,  etc.:  as,  the 
last  presidential  campaign. 

We  should  get  those  amendments  out  of  the  way  before 
we  strike  out  for  the  summer  campaign. 

S.  Bowles,  Letter  to  H.  L.  Dawes,  Feb.  16, 1857. 

4.  In  metal.,  the  time  during  which  a  furnace 
remains  in  operation  without  stoppage Cam- 
paign wig.    See  wig. 

campaign  (kam-pan'),  v.  i.     [<  campaign,  «.] 
To  serve  in  a  campaign. 
The  officers  who  campaigned  in  the  late  rebellion. 

.Sir  R.  Alusgrave,  IriBh  Rebellion,  p.  6 


campaigne 

campaigne  (kam-paa'),  «.    [Prop,  "eampane,  < 

I',  i  ampane,  a  bell,  a  fringe,  tuft, etc.:  seeeam- 

i  narrow  kind  of  pillow-lace,  used  es- 

a9  an  edging  to  broader  laces. 

campaigner  (kam-pa'ner),  n.     [<  cawpaij/«  + 

-,7-i.  ]    (in.'  who  is  or  has  been  in  aotive  service 

in  a  campaign  or  campaigns. 

and  rider  were  old  campaigner),  and    i I 

without  moving  a  muscle.      Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

i' 1 1 .  |  the  i""  11  was  full  oi  tents,  and,  ions 

.  the  town  or  the  teutswen  within  Bight,  the  sight 

ive  n  t eeline  ol   what  was 

E.  .1.  Freeman,  \  i  nil  i    p   26  i 

campana  (kam-pa'n&),  ».  L=  ■'•  eampane  = 
Pr.  Sp.  It.  campana,<  ML.  campana,  a  bell.] 
1.  /  i  aurch-bell.—  2.  A  bell-like  dish 

or  cover  used  in  making  sulphuric  acid. — 3.  In 
hot.,  the  pasque-flower,  Anemom  Pulsatilla. 

here  he  crops.     Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xlii.  227. 
campanal  (kam-pa'nal).  a.     L<  'campana  tor 
Campanula  +  -a!.]    delated  to  the  Campanu- 
pplied  by  Lindley  to  one  of  the  largesl 
of  his  alliances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bellworts 
may  bo  regarded  as  tin-  type, 
eampane  (kam-pan'),  n.    [P.  eampane,  a  hell, 
tuft,  Cringe,  etc. :  see  campana.']    In  In  r.,  a  boll. 
campaned  (kam-pand'), a.    [<campane  +  -erf2.] 
In  li'i\.  bearing  campanes  or  bells, 
campanero  I  kam-pa-ne'ro),  n.    [Sp.,abelhnan, 
<  campana,  a  bell:  sec  campana.]    A  Spanish 
..i  bhe  South  American  bell-birds,  as  the 
arapunga  and  others  of  the  genus  Chasmorhyn- 
i  lhd  from  the  bell-like  sound  of  their 
voice.     So.'  arapunga. 
campaniat  (kam-pa'ni-a),  ».     [ML.:  see  earn- 
•  1      \  large  open  plain;  a  champaign. 
In  vast  campanias  there  are  few  cities.    Sir  IV.  Temple. 
Forerunners  of  that  great  .lay  of  battle;  which  shall, 
lik.  i  aen,  scour  the  campania. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  I.  371. 

Campanian  (kam-pa'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Campania  (see  campaign,  n.)  +  -an.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  or 
actenstie  of 
Campania,  an  an- 
cieni  province  of 
southern  Italy,  in- 
cluding the  "Nea- 
politan plain. 

II.    ii.    A    native 
or  an  inhabitant  of 

Campania, 
campaniform 

(kam -pan 'i- form), 
a.  [<  NL.  campani- 
formis,  <  ML.  cam- 
pana, a  bell,  + 
L.  forma,   shape.] 

Having  the  shape 
of  a  bell :  eampan- 
ulate; bell-shaped. 
Also  campaniliform. 
campanile  (kam- 
pa-ne'le),  ».;  pi. 
campaniles,  campa- 

mli  i -ley..  -Ii).      [It., 

=  Sp.  Pg.  campanil 

—   V.   campanile,   < 

ML.  campanile,  < 
campana,  a  bell: 
see  campana.]     In 

arch.,   a    bell-tower 


7SO 


camp-follower 


Cf.  campanii.  pasque-flower.]  1.  A  largo  ge- 
nus of  plants,  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
natural     order    Campa- 

iiiiinr, ,i :  the  bell-flow- 
er genus.  The  spei  l.  ari 
hei  oaceouB  plants,  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers  usually  ..f  a 
white  or  blue  color.  The 
most  common  and  best- 
known  wild  species  Is  the 
delicate  harebell,  C  rotun- 
difvlia,  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland,  which 
growing  in  rocky  places 
around  the  globe  in  the 
ii..  i  ii  i.  nil.,  i. in-  an. I  arc- 
tic /'M.s.  Many  species  are 
cultivated  for  their  showy 
II. .wis.  the  must  in  quenl 
being  C.  Medium,  known  as 
canterbury-bells,  ('.  Ranun 
cuius  is  frequently  cultivate 
..I  in  southern  Europe  for 
its  .  ilil.le  tuberous  roots, 

2.  [I.e.]  A  chasuble:  so 


Flowering  Branch  of  Can 
ttuia  Medium. 


a  bell;  bell-shaped,  in  not.,  applied  t.>  many  parts 
..i  plants,  particularly  to  the  corolla.  In  entom.,  said  of 
smia. '.s  which  are  rounded  at  one  end,  with  the  sides 
sMiniwli.it  Incurved  and  then  spreading  out  to  the  other 
end  ;  applied  especially  t..  the  uietanotum,  the  broader  end 
bi  Ing  the  base.  The  ah. 1. .men  of  an  insect  is  said  to  be 
eampanulate  when   the   basal  joint  is  slender  and  the 

see.  hi.  I  dilated  and  hollowed  at  the  apex,  s..  that  the  third 
joint  is  received  within  it. 

Campanulina  (kam-pan-u-li'na),  ».  [NL.,  < 
ML.  campanula,  dim.  of  campana,  a  bell.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Campanulinida!. 
found  ca'mpanulinid  (kam-pan-u-lin'iii),  n.  A  polyp 
of  the  family  Campanulimda. 
Campanulinida?  (kam-pan-u-lin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Campanulina  +  -iiln.}  A  family  of  ser- 
tularian  or  calyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans. 
They  arc  colonies  of  poly])s,  whi.  h  are  'int.  rentiated  int.) 
alimentary  zooids,  with  one  verticil  <>i  Illiform  tentacles, 
and  generative  polyps,  having  the  polypostylcs  without 

nth  or  tentacles."    Both  kinds  ..f  zooids  are  invested  l.y 

chitinous  capsules.  The  polypostylcs  only  produce  by 
budding  sexual  z..oids,  which  are  rudimentary  medusa; and 
never  become  free.  Campanulina  is  the  typical  genus. 
called"  from  its  "conical  Campbellite  (kam'bel-it),  n.  [<  Campbell  (see 
shape  when  put  about  def.)  +  -/'re-'.]  1.  A  member  of  the  denomina- 
tion otherwise  known  as  the  J  tisciples  of  Christ, 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell.  The 
Campbelli'tes  were  also  called  New  Lights.   See 

disciple.     [U.  S.]— 2.  Oi £  the  followers  of 

the  Rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  who,  when 
deposed  in  1831  for  teaching  the  universality  of 
the  atonement,  founded  a  separate  congrega- 
tion. [Scotch.] — 3.  [/.  c]  A  local  name  of 
a  sunfish,  Pomoxys  annularis,  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi.     Also  called  new-light. 

'flic  names  new-light  and  Campbellite  are  due  t<>  the  fact 
that  it  became  abundant  and  the  subject  ..f  observation 
when  the  religious  denomination  bearing  ties,  names  ori- 
ginated. Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  235. 

camp-ceiling   (kamp'se'ling),   n.     In  arch.,  a 

ceiling  sloping  on  either  side  from  the  vertical 
walls  toward  a  plane  surface  in  the  middle,  so 
as  somewhat  to  resemble  a  coved  ceiling.  It 
is  most  frequently  used  in  garrets,  giving  the 
roof  a  resemblance  to  the  top  of  a  tent. 

camp-chair  (kamp'ehar),  ii.  A  light  chair  con- 
structed like  a  camp-stool,  but  with  a  back. 

camp-drill  (kamp'dril),  «.  A  portable  drill 
having  two  arms  which  extend  outward  from 
the  ends  of  a  connecting  piece,  the  upper  arm 
carrying  the  drill,  and  the  lower  serving  as  a 
rest  for  the  work  which  lies  between  the  two. 


the  body  .—3.  [I.e.]  In 

zobl.    and    anal.,   some 

eampanulate  or  bell-shaped  part  or  organ. — 

Campanula  Halleri,  in  ichth.,  the  swollen  end  of  the 

falciform  process  in  the  eye  of  a  fish.     Sec  extract. 

A  vascular  darkly-pigmented  process  ...  is  found  in 
the  eyes  .. f  many  Teleustei,  and  .  .  .  its  end  ...  is  pro- 
vided with  a  swelling  (campanula  Halleri),  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  hinder  part  of  the  capsule  of  the  lens. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  531. 

Campanulaceae  (kam-pan-u-la'sf-e),  ».  )>l. 
[NL.,  <  Campanula  +  -aeea:]  A  natural  or- 
der of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants, 
the  bellworts,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  bland 
milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  a  regular  bell- 
shaped  or  rotate  corolla,  distinct  stamens,  and 
numerous  seeds  in  a  capsule  usually  opening 
by  valves  or  lateral  slits.  They  are  natives  chiefly 
ot  northern  temperate  reui..ns,  and  arc  of  little  value  but 
i.  .1  ornament.  The  principal  genus  is  Campanula.  The 
order  is  sometimes  made  to  include  the  Lobcliacew.  See 
cuts  under  Campanula  and  harebell. 

campanulaceous  (kani-pan-u-la'skius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  Campanulaceat. 

Campanularia  (kam-pan-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  ML.  campanula,  a  little  'bell.]  "  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Campanulaiiiila;  having 
cup-shaped  hydrothecsB  at  the  ends  of  ringed 


stalks  and  poiypites  with  a  circlet  of  tentacles  Campeachy  wood.     Same  as  logwood 


especially,  in  some  parts 
of   Italy,  a   detached    building  erected    for    the 

purpose  of  containing  hells :  also,  in  the  Renais- 
sance style,  a  particular  form  of  bell-turret, 
such  as  ii.  t.  ni   towers  of  Si .  I  'a  nl' , 

cathedral  in  London,  St.  rotor's  and  the  Pan- 
theon in  Kome,  etc.     Many  of  th.-  campaniles  of  Italy 

.are   1'   i  Ii.     nt     -t  i  u.t  me,  ;    t  hat    In  <    :i    I 

.    and    that    in    Mm. me,   designed    by  QiottO 

..  the  fourteenth  . .  nturj  for  tin  cathedra]  of  Santa 
i.t  perfect  work  .-i  tni   Pointed 

-t  ;>  I.    Ill   It.ilv. 

campaniliform  (kam-pa-nil'i-fonn),  a.    Same 
i-  campaniform 

no]'.,  jisl  i.  //.     |    ■  ant 


below   the   conical   pro- 
boscis. 
Campanularia?       (kam- 

jian -u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  Cf.  Campanularia.] 
In  t  'hms's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  suborder  of 
Rydromeclusa:,  character- 
ized by  the  chitinous 
skeletal  tubes  widening 
out  round  the  polyp-head 
to  form  cup-like  hydro- 
thecse:  same  as  Calypto- 
lilustia.  Also  called  Ves-i- 
j]\?s-frf  eiilalii. 
s3JB^Erfc$* '--:.  {  campanularian  (kam- 
pan  tt-la'ri-an),  «..  and  n. 
I.  a.  Campanulate;  ca- 
lyptoblastic;  having  bell- 
snaped  hydrotheca?:  said 
only  of  the  Calyptoblas- 
tea  or  Ciimpiiiiitlitriir. 
Also  campanularidan. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the 
genus  Campanularia. 
Campanularida     (kam- 

I -u-lar'i-da),     n.     pi. 

[NL.',  <  Campanularia  + 


See  Canir 


Campanile  of  Giotto,  Florence. 


Campanularia. 
si,    hydranth :    t,    its    pe- 
duncle ;    e  ,    hy.lt.  .the.   .  : 
mouth  ;  tr.  tentacles  ;  A',  di- 
gestive cavity, continuous  ..  ct. 
Im.lv  i  ,.\ n\ ,(,.  ontalned '   " 


Campephaga,  Campephagidae,  etc. 

pophaga,  etc. 
camper  Jt  (kam'per),  ».   [<  ME.  campar;  <  campl 

+  -erl.]     One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  camp. 
Tusser. 
camper2  (kam'per),  ».     [<  rump-,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
One  who  camjas  out,  or  lives  in  a  camp. 

A  true  and  circumstantial  delineation  of  the  can 
life  in  the  .Maine  forests.  The  American,  \  11.  lty. 

camperknowst,  "•  [E.  dial.,  prop,  "camper- 
nulls,  lit.  mushrooms  (of  which  in  part  the  dish 
was  prob.  composed),  =  Ml),  kampemoelie,  D. 
kampernoelje  =  MLG.  kampernol,  mushroom,  < 
II.  campignuolo,  >  F.  champignon,  a  mushroom: 
seeehtwijiignoi}.]  Ale  pottage,  made  with  sugar, 
spices,  etc.     Grose. 

campesont,  «•    Same  as  gambeson.     Wright. 

campestral  (kam-pes'tral),  a.    [<  L.  mmpi  stris, 

(.campus,  a  hold  :  see  riniip-.]     Pertaining  to  an 

open  field;  growing  in  a  field  or  on  up  on  ground. 

The  campestral  or  wild  beech  is  blacker  and  more  dur- 

able.  Mortimer. 


campanologist  (kam-pa- 

-i.il.\      One   skilled   in  the'art  of  campanulariid  (kam-pan-u-lar'i-id),  v.     A  po 


.1. 


campanology  .  'o-ii),  «.    [<  ml. 

campana,  a   bell,  +  Of.  -Xoyia,  <  Myetv,  speak: 

see     -OlOgy.J        1.     'I'll.'    ail     oi'    the     pni.i     |,l,         of 

bell-founding,  bell-ringing,  etc. 
i  he  enthusiastic  notic.  I  ,,,..,      , ... 

.-f  tic  i  nc\\  i.i '  bell  i"i   31    I';"',     ii'    in  '  ii ; 

the  publication  1..  i  cam 

Phila  I  Jan   U   Li    I,  p 

2.    A  treati-e  on  tin 

Campanula  (kai  I  ML.,  dim.  of 

campana,  a  bell;  from  the  form  of  the  corolla. 


?™epinL°W":;,'.  '".■'/•  ;::;!:;'„;-;'  campestrian,  campestrine  (kam-pes'tri-an, 

um containing ti«  imeau  iforra     -triu),  (I.     Same  as  oni/jn .stra!. 

GE22SE25S2S-3&  camp-fightt  (kamp't.t  i,  n.    [<  <W  +  fight: 

S phorei  i",  the  sonnitic     0f_   JIL,.   campus,   a  duel:    see  eiimiii.]      In  aid 

cavity  in  conncetien  Willi  tli.it  ,    ,  t        ,  ,,  i      ,       .•  ,  t»„,^. 

of  the  stolon  ■,  c,  a  bud.  law,  &  trial  by  duel,  or  t  he  combat  ol  twocham- 

pions,  for  the  decision  of  a  controversy. 

1.  A  tire  in  a  cnnip 
for  "warmth  or  cooking:  as.  a  soldier's  or  a 
hunter's  camp-fire.  It  is  commonly  built  in  tho 
open  air  and  on  the  ground. 

A  huge  camp  fire  blazing  up  beneath  the  forest  arches. 
Forest  and  stream,  XXL  5. 

2.  Among  the  members  of  the  society  called 

theGrrand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  meeting  or 

reunion  of  the  members  of  a  post.      [  I  .  S.] 


iila.'\     A  suborder  or  other  division  of  the  car  camp-fire  (kamp'fir), 
lyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans,  distinguish- 
ing  the    oanipnuularian    front   the    sortnlarian 

forms  <.f  the  Calyptoblastea. 
campanularidan  (kam-pan-u-lar'i-dan),  a. 
Same  as  campanula/Han. 


lyp'of  iho  Eamilj  CampanulariitUe, 
Campanulariidae  (kam-pan''u-la-ri'i-de))  n.  pi.     , 
[NL.,  <  Campanularia  +  -(''»'.|    A  family  oi  camp-follower  (kamp'fol'6-er),  n.    One  whd 


Calj  ptoblastlC  hydroid  hydrozoans,  having  the 
cells  terminal,  pedunculate,  anil  campanula!  e, 
am!  the  poiypites  with  a  large  trumpet-shaped 
proboscis.  Campanularia,  Clytia,  Obelia,  etc  are  gen 
era  .a  tliis  family.  Also  written  CampanulariaoB,  Cam 
panulariadoe.    See  cut  under  Campanularia. 

eampanulate  (kam-pan'u-lat),  «.    [<  ML.  cam- 
ptinithiias,-'  campanula,  a  little  bell,  aim.  otcam- 

piuia,  a  bell :  see  ram  puna.  |    Having  the  form  of 


follows  n  camp  or  an  army  without  being  offi- 
cially connected  with  it,  as  a  sutler,  washer- 
woman, etc. 

The  troops  were  attended  by  a  great  multitude  of 
follow, .  Macaulay. 

In  the  moment  of  failure  [at  Bannockburn],  the  si^ld  ..f 

a  body  ..f  camp-followers,  »l i  they  mistook  for  reen- 

fori ■.  in.  ids  t..  the  enemy,  Bpread  panic  through  the  Kng- 
lish  host.  J.  11.  Green,  Short  Hist.  Eng.  People,  Iv.  §  H. 


camphene 

camphene,  camphine  (kam-fen'  or  kam'fen), 
n.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ene,  -tne2.]  1.  The  generic 
name  of  the  volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing the  general  formula  CiqHir,  which  are 
isomeric  or  polymeric  with  oil  of  turpentine. 
Many  camphenes  exist  ready  formed  in  plants,  as  oil  of 
cloves,  bergamot,  etc.    They  are  liquid  at  ordinary  tem 

peratures,  and  are  distinguished  fr e  another  bj  their 

odors,  boiling-points, I  action  on  polarized  Light.    Thej 

absorb  oxygen  and  convert  it  intoozone.    The  name  is  sj 
nonymous  with  tcrjicm- ;  but  by  some  authorities  tin-  latter 

is  made  the  generic  name  of  all  the  volatile  hydrocarl - 

having  the  formula  CioHia,  while  camphene  is  limited  to 
those  terpenes  which  are  solid  at  ordinary  temperatures. 
2.  The  commercial  term  for  purified  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, obtained  by  distilling  the  crude  oil  over 
quicklime  to  free  it  from  resin.  It  gives  a  bril- 
liant tight  in  lamps  having  a  very  strum,  drafi   for  the 

prevent i  Bmoke,  and  was  extensively  used  before  the 

Introduction  of  petroleum. 

camphic  (kam'flk), a.  [<  eamph(or)  +  -ie.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  camphor:  as,  camphic  acid. 

carnphine,  n.    See  camphene. 

camphiret  (kam'fir),  ji.  [See  camphor.]  1.  An 
old  form  of  camphor. 

Wood  of  aloes,  eamphire  ami  many  other  things. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  56. 

2.  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  (( 'ant. 
i.  14,  iv.  13),  a  faulty  rendering  of  the  Hebrew 
name  of  the  henna-plant,  Lawsonia  alba. 
camphiredt  (kam'fird),  <t.  [<  eamphire  for  cam- 
phor +  -ed'2.]  Impregnated  with  camphor; 
camphorated. 
Wash-balls  perfumed,  camphired,  and  plain. 

Taller,  No.  101. 

camphogen  (kam'fo-jen),  v.  [<  ML.  campho- 
( in  ),  camphor,  +  L.  -gen,  producing:  see  -;<<».] 
A  colorless  liquid  (C10H14)  produced  by  dis- 
tilling camphor  with  phosphorous  pentoxid. 
Also  called  cymene. 

camphol  (kam'fol),  v.  [<  camph(pr)  +  -ol.~\ 
Same  as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under 
camphor). 

campholic  (kam-fol'ik),  a.  [<  camphol  +  -ic] 
Related  to  or  eontaiuing  camphol — Campholic 
acid,  an  acid  (C10H18O2)  produced  from  camphor  by  the 
action  of  alcoholic  potash  solution.  It  is  a  white  volatile 
solid,  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

camphor  (kam'for),  ».  [Now  spelled  to  imi- 
tate the  ML.  form,  but  until  recently,  and  still 
dial.,  eamphire,  early  mod.  E.  eamphire,  eampher, 
camfere,  <  F.  camphre  =  Sp.  eanfor,  eanfora, 
alcanfor  =  Pg.  eanfora,  alcanfor  =  It.  eanfora 
=  D.  hamfer  =  MHG.  eampher  (also  gaffer),  G. 
hampfer  =  Dan.  Sw.  hamfer  =  Pol.  kamfora  = 
Bohem.  kamfora,  lcamfr,  kafr  =  Russ.  kamfara, 
<  ML.  eamphora,  eanfora,  camforum,  also  cafit- 
ra,  NL.  eamphora  =  MGr.  NGr.  Ka^ovpa  =  Turk. 
kdfur,  <  Ar.  and  Pers.  kdfur  =  Skt.  karpura 
=  Hind,  kapura,  camphor,  <  Malay  kapUr,  cam- 
phor, lit.  chalk,  lime;  kdpiir  barus,  Burns  cam- 
phor, the  camphor  of  Sumatra  and  Java  ( Barus, 
a  place  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra) ;  kapur 
tohori,  Japan  camphor.]  A  whitish,  translu- 
cent, volatile  substance  closely  related  to  the 
ethereal  oils,  with  a  tough  crystalline  texture, 
a  peculiar  penetrating  odor,  and  an  aromatic 
cooling  taste,  the  product  of  various  trees  and 
plants  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands. See  camphor-tree.  Common  or  laurel  cam- 
phor (CioHiaO)  is  distilled  from  the  wood  of  a  lauraceous 
tree.  Cinnamomum  eamphora,  and  is  obtained  in  its  crude 
state  from  Formosa  and  Japan  and  afterward  refined  by 
sublimation.  It  is  of  frequent  use  in  medicine  as  a  ner- 
vous stimulant  and  antispasmodic  in  typhoid  and  hysteri- 
cal states. — Alant  camphor.  t'i  nit  o;t (,  a  camphor  resem- 
bling peppermint  in  taste  and  smell,  found  in  the  roots  of 
Inula  Helrnium.— Artificial  camphor,  ('mllicHi'l,  or 
hydrochlorate  of  turpentine-oil,  a  solid  obtained  by  treat- 
ing oil  of  turpentine  with  gaseous  hydrochloric  aeid.  It 
has  the  odor  and  taste  of  common  camphor,  but  is  less 
pungent,  and  is  somewhat '  terebinthinate.  -  Blumea 
camphor,  or  ngai,  a  substance  having  the  same  compo- 
sition as  Borneo  camphor,  but  differing  from  it  in  turning 
polarized  light  to  the  left.  It  is  obtained  by  distillation 
from  a  tail  herbaceous  composite,  Blumea  balsamifera, 
growing  abundantly  in  tropical  eastern  Asia,  and  is  used  by 
the  Chinese  in  medicine  and  in  perfuming  the  finer  kinds 
of  ink.  — Borneo  camphor,  also  known  as  Barus,  Ma- 
layan, or  Sumatra  camphor,  CxrjHigO,  a  substance  very 
similar  in  its  properties  to  common  camphor.  Itis  found 
in  a  solid  crystalline  state  in  fissm-es  in  the  trunk  of 
Dryobalanops  aromatica,  a  gigantic  forest-tree  of  Suma- 
tra and  Borneo.  It  sometimes  occurs  in  masses  several 
pounds  in  weight.  Also  called  borneol  and  camphol.— 
Camphora  monobromata,  0 1  oil  1  r>BrO,  a  substance  ob- 
tained by  replacing  one  hydrogen  atom  in  camphor  with 
bromine.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  sedative.  Also  called 
monobromated  camphor,  bromatcd  camphor,  brominated 
camphor.— Camphor-julep  or  -water,  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  camphor  in  water. — Cedrene  camphor,  1 '1, .'■■_';"■ 
the  crystalline  portion  of  oil  of  red  cedar,  obtained  by  cool- 
ing  theoil  until  the  crystals  separate,  and  afterward  press- 
ing out  the  liquid.  — Tobacco  camphor,  a  name  given  by 
Gmelin  to  nicotianin.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  -in;.  [Other  so- 
called  camphors  (stearoptenes)  are  obtained  from  various 
volatile  oils,  constituting  the  least  volatile  portion  of  the 
oil  and  crystallizing  at  ordinary  temperatures.] 


781 
camphor  (kam'for),  t>.  '.    [<  camphor,  n.]    To 

impregnate  or  wash  with  camphor;  camphor- 
ate,     I  Rare.] 

camphoraceous  (kam-fq-ra'shius),  ".  [<  cam- 
phor +  -aceous.]  Of  the  nature  of  or  resem- 
bling camphor. 

camphorate  (kam'fg-rat),  v.  (.;  pret.  and  pp. 
camphorated,  ppr.  camphor aUng.  [<  NL.  cam- 
phoratus,  pp.  of  camphorare,  <  camphora,  cam- 
phor: see  camphor  and  -ate*-.]  To  treat  or  im- 
pregnate with  camphor:  as,  "a  camphorated 
draught,"  Hunglison. 

camphorate  (kam'fg-rat),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL. 

cainphoraliis,  pp. :  see  I  he  verb.]  I.  11.  Pertain- 
ing to  camphor  or  impregnated  with  it:  as, 
" camphorate liqnors,"  Boyle,  Works.  [.433. 

II.  n.  [=NL.  camphoratum,  neut.]   In  clam., 
a  compound  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 

liases. 

camphoric  (kam-for'ik),  a.  [<  camphor  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  camphor.  -Cam- 
phoric acid,  I'niii ],;",.  a  dibasic  arid  produced  from 
camphor  by  digestion  \\  1  tl  1  nitric  acid.  It  forms  crystal- 
line  lorless  nakes,  whichari  no!  readily  soluble  in  cold 

water. 

camphor-oil  (kam'fqr-oil),  «.  1.  A  yellowish- 
brown  liquid  which  drains  from  the  crude 
camphor  of  commerce,  having  a  camphor-like 
odor  and  taste,  and  eontaiuing  a  considerable 
quantity  of  camphor  in  solution. —  2.  A  red- 
dish volatile  oil,  isomeric  with  oil  of  turpen- 
tine (G'iqH-iq),  obtained  from  the  Dryobalanops 
aromatica  by  tapping  the  tree,  and  from  reser- 
voirs which  form  in  the  trunk.  It  is  but  rarely 
met  with  in  commerce.  Also  called  camphor- 
wood  oil. 

camphoronic  (kam-fo-ron'ik),  a.  [<  camphor 
+  -one  +  -ic.~\     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 

camphor Camphoronic  acid,  C9H12O5,  a  tribasic 

arid  Formed  by  the  oxidation  of  camphor  or  camphoric 
arid  by  nitric  aeid.  It  forms  colorless  microscopic  nee- 
dles, which  are  volatile  and  readily  soluble  in  water. 

camphor-tree  (kam'for-tre),  «.  1.  The  Cinna- 
moiinim  eamphora,  a  lauraceous  tree  which 
yields  the  camphor  of  commerce,  found  in  Ja- 
pan,  along  the  southern  maritime  regions  of 

China,  and  es] ially  in  Formosa.    The  timber  is 

excellent  and  much  prized  for  making  clothes-chests  and 


Branch  of  Camphor-tree  (Cinnnmonum  cainphora 


cabinets.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  the  root,  trunk,  and 
branches  by  exposing  the  chips  in  closed  vessels  to  the 
vapor  of  boiling  water.  The  hot  steam  \<>latilizes  the  cam- 
phor, which  is  deposited  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessels. 
2.  The  Dryobalanops  aromatica,  a  tree  of  Su- 
matra and  Borneo,  yielding  Borneo  camphor 
(which  see,  under  camphor).    See  Dryobalanops. 

camphor-wood  (kani'fpr-wud),  n.     The  wood 

of  the  camphor-tree Camphor-wood  oil.    Same 

as  camphor-oil,  2. 

camphrene  (kam-fren'),  ».  [<  camphor  +  -ene.'] 
A  volatile  product,  to  which  the  formula  Cg 
1 1 ,  (( )  has  been  given,  formed  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid  on  camphor,  it  may  be  simply 
phorone  (a  condensation  product  of  acetone)  with  slight 
impurities.     U.  S.  Dispensatory. 

campion  (kam'pi-on),  n.  [Cf.  "campius,  an 
herb  that  bears  a  pretty  flower"  (Kersey,  1708) ; 
prob.  ult.  <  L.  campus,  a  field.  Cf.  champion?, 
champaign.']  The  popular  name  of  certain 
plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Lychnis  and 
Silene  (which  see).  Bladder-campion  is  SUene  infta- 
tn  ;  sea-campion,  S.  maritima  :  moss-campion,  S.  acaulis  ; 
starry  campion,  >>'.  stellata  ;  red  alpine  campion,  Lychnis 
alpina ;  rose-campion,  L.  (or  Agrostemma)  coronana  and 


Campophaginae 

/.   Flos-Jovis;  red  campion,  /..  diurna;  white  campion, 

/     Despertina;  corn-campion,  L.  Githago;  and  meadow* 

campion,  /..  Flos  cuculi. 
camp-kettle  (kump'kil   I),  n.   A  pot  fortheuse 

of  soldiers  or  others  in  a  camp, 
cample  (kam'pl),  v.  i.;  pret,  and  pp.  campled, 

ppr.  cam  pi  1  n  if.    [  K.  dial.,  also  camlili  (and  ram- 

po);  Ereq. of  campl.]  To  contend;  argue;  talk 
noisily.     [Prov.  Kng.] 

If    tbey   be    ini-eiised,    angry,  chid    a   little.    Heir  wives 

i l  1 1 1  1  not  cample  again,  but  take  it  in  g I  part. 

Bw  ton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  p.  591 

camp-meeting (kanip'me  ling),  n.  A  religious 
gathering  for  prayer,  instruction,  exhortation, 
etc.,  held  iii  an  encampment  formed  in  a  wood, 
grove,  or  field,  generally  continued  for  a  week 
or  more.  The  practice  of  holding  such  meetings  origl 
nated  in  the  United  states  in  1799,  and  is  siill  con 
especial!}  inthe  Methodist  denomination.  Called  by  Mor- 
mons iroo>l-ni:  ,0:  of. 

Campo  (kam'po),   n.      [I'g-   Sp.   It.   caiiipo,  <  L. 

campus,   a    held:    see    cainji".]      1.    The    u 

given  in  Brazil  to  patches  of  land  in  the  midst 
of  the  dense  forests  of  the  country  which  are 
either  entirely  bare  of  trees  or  are  only  sparsely 
mi  .red  with  them. 
The  country  around  Santarem  is  a  campo  region;   a 

Blightly  elevated  and  undulating  trait  of  laud,  u led 

only  in  patches,  or  with  single  .scattered  trees. 

'  //.  II'.  Bates,  Naturalist  on  the  River  Amazon,  p.  17ii. 

2.  The  Italian  acre,  a  measure  of  land  vary- 
ing in  different  states  from  J  of  an  English  acre 
to  1J  acres. 

Campodea  (kam-po'de-S),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K&fnrt;, 
a  caterpillar,  +  ri<Soc,.form.]    The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cam- 
podeidw.      C.  staphylinus   is   an 
example. 

Campodea  is  supposed  to  be  "the  rep- 
resentative of  a  form  from  which  many 
other  groups  have  been  derived." 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  106. 

Campodeae  (kam-po'de-e),  n.  pi. 

[NL.]     Same  as  Campoileitln:    -I. 
*'.  Packard. 

campodeid  (kam-po' de-id),  n. 
An  insect  of  the  family  "Campo- 
ilt  idw. 

Campodeidae  (kam-po-de'i-de),  u. 
pi.    [NL.,  <  Campodea  +  -iila:]  A 
remarkable  family  of  thysanurous     c"'^,%lli,'':.T" 
insects,  typifiedbythe  genus  Cam- 
podea, illustrating  a  generalized  or  synthetic 
type  from  which  other  groups  may  have  been  de- 
rived.   Tbey  are  of  elongated  form,  the  ahd n  hai  ing 

10  segments  and  ending  in  2  long  filaments,  and  have  3 pairs 
of  legs,  simple  trachea-,  and  no  eyes.  In  general  aspect  the 
Co  ni/>od>o/,r  ivrall  snmu  nf  the  myriapods  ;  they  are  re- 
lated to  Poduridos,  and  especially  to  Lepismidai.  The  fam- 
ily contains  the  genus  Nicoletia  besides  Campodea,  and  t<> 
it  the  genus  lapyx  is  sometimes  referred.  Also  Campode 02, 
and  less  correctly  Campodidce. 

campoi  (kam-poi'),  n.  [The  Cantonese  pron.  of 
Chin,  kien,  selected,  +  jici,  fire.]  A  selected 
and  carefully  1  i  red  variety  of  Congou  tea. 

campong  (kam'pong),  n.  [Malay  kampong,  an 
inclosure.]  A  native  village  in  the  islands  of 
the  Malay  archipelago. 

All  islands  are  liable  to  the  linguistic  difficulty  of  their 
littoral  being  occupied  by  a  superior  seafaring  and  com- 
mercial race,  either  continuously  or  hi  detached  campongs, 
while  the  interior  and  unexplored  mountains  become  tile 
refuge  of  shy  and  uncivilized  indigenes. 

K.  N.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  132. 

Campophaga  (kam-pof'a-ga),  n.  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  KOfnv)/,  caterpillar,-!-  pa)  eiv,  eat.] 
A  genus  of  birds,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
pophagince  (which  see);  the  caterpillar-catch- 
ers proper,  such  as  C.  nigra  of  Africa.  Also 
Campephaga. 

Campophagidae  (kam-po-faj'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Campophaga  + -iila:}  A  family  of  old-world 
turdoid  passerine  birds,  named  from  the  genus 
Campophaga,  containing  more  or  less  shrike- 
like birds  with  soft  plumage,  that  of  the  rump 
usually  with  stiffened  shafts,  the  bill  grypanian 
with  covered  nostrils,  and  the  wings  moderate 
or  long.  The  family  is  better  known  by  its  conventional 
composition  than  by  its  intrinsic  character,  consisting,  ac- 
cording to  the  latest  authority,  of  the  genera  Artamudes, 
Campocheera,  Pteropodocys,  Graucalus,  Edoliisoma,  Lobo- 
tus,  Campophaga,  Pericrocotus,  Lalage,  and  Symmorphus. 
Many  of  the  species  are  called  caterpillar-catchers.  Also 
u  t  itten  ( 'ampephagidoe, 

Campophaginae  (kam"po-fa-ji'ne),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Campophaga  +  -iiae.]  A  group  of  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  of  uncertain 
position,  sometimes  referred  to  the  Laniitke  or 
shrikes,  oftener  to  the  Muscicapidw  or  flycatch- 
ers, or  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family.  <am- 
pophagidat;  the  caterpillar-catchers.  Campo- 
phaga is  the  leading  genus.  Also  written  Cam- 
pephagina,  Campephaginos. 


campophagine 

campophagine  (kam-pof'a-jin),  a.     [<  Campo- 

phaga  +  -ine1.}     Feeding   upon  caterpillars; 

ly,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Campopha- 

yina  or  Campophagidce.     Also  written  campe- 

dnhatj'uti . 
ampophilus  (kam-pof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (first 
Campephilus—G.  K.  Graj .  L840),  <  Gr.  Kifim/,  a 
pillar,  + 
loving.] 
A  genus  of 
woodpeckers  of 
the  largest  size, 
of  the  fam- 
ily Picida,  in- 
habiting the 
warmer  parts 
of  America  ; 
the  ivory-billed 
woodpeckers. 
They  have  a  long, 
straight,  truncate, 
beveled  and  ridged 
bill  of  ivory- 
like hardness  and 
whiteness,  :i  very 
slender  neck,  the 
head  crested,  and 
the  coloration 
Mmk.  white,  and 
scarlet  The  best- 
known  species  is  ( '. 
ot  the 
southern  United 
slates,  about  20 
long  and  30 

or  mine   in    extent 
Of  Wings.    Another, 

C.  imperialis,  is  still  larger.    See  ivorybill. 
ohilits. 

Campostoma  (kam-pos'to-ma),  n.  [NL.  (Agas- 
siz,  lS.j.'i),  <  Gr.  Kaiim;,  a  bending,  +  oTOpa, 
mouth.]  .V  genus  of  American  cyprinoid 
fishes,  of  the  family  Cyprinidce,  characterized 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker  iCampopJulus 
principalis). 


Also  written 


Stone-roller  ( Campostoma  anomalutn). 

by  the  enormous  length  of  the  intestine,  which 
is  six  or  seven  times  as  long  as  the  body,  and 
is  wound  in  many  spiral  coils  around  the  air- 
bladder.  The  species  swarm  in  the  spring  in  brooks  of 
tli'  southern  and  western  United  States,  and  are  known  as 
stone-rollers.     The  genus  is  the  type  of  the  Campostomince. 

Campostominae  (kain-pos-to-mi'ne),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Campostoma  +  -mice.]  A  subfamily  of 
Cyprinidat,  typified  by  the  genus  Ctiinpostomn. 

campostomine  (kam-pos'to-min),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
( 'ampostomince. 

II.  n.  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
postomince. 

camp-sheathing  (kanip'she"s,Hing),  n.  [Also 
in  modified  forcns  camp-sheeting,  campsheet, 
campshed,  eampshoi ;  <  camp  (perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  com,  Dan.  ham,  a  ridge:  see  com1)  + 
xln  iillihiij  (or  sheeting,  or  shed,  taken  in  the  same 
sense).]  A  structure  consisting  of  a  guide- 
pile,  a  wale,  i.f  a  horizontal  piece  of  timber, 
and  a  series  of  planks  about  three  inches  thick 
ami  placed  vertically,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an 
embankment  or  a  soft  cutting  to  resist  the  out- 
ward thrust  of  the  earthwork. 

campsheet,  campshed,  campshot,  camp- 
sheeting  (kamp'shet,  -shed,  -shot,  -she/ting), 

n.      Same  as  en m p-sloothi nij. 

camp-stool  i  kamp'stol ).  n.  A  seat  or  stool  with 
cross-legs  ami  a  flexible  seat,  so  made  as  to  he 
folded  up  and  packed  away  when  not  in  use. 

campterium  (k p-te'ri  iim),».;  pi.  campteria 

(NIj.,<  Gt.  m/tniiip,  a  bending,  turning 
(cf.  bent), < mpimiv, bend.]  axornith., 

the  bend  of  tin  ■■  fore  ami  outer  bor- 

der of  the  wing,  as  far  as  tin-  bones  extend. 
Com 

Camptolaemus  (kamp-to-le'mus),  n.  [NL. 
(flrsl  Camptolamua-  -G.  I.'.  Gray,  1841),  <  Gr. 
Kapmrdg,  flexible,  +  /■■  i  6c,  fchi  throat.]  A  not  - 
able  genus  Of  Bea-ducks,  (if  the  subfamily  I'n- 

UgulintB,  having  as  type  the  pied  or  Labrador 
duck,  ''.  Idbrodorius.  n,,,  have  a  leather)  expan- 
sion ol  tie  .  dgi  i of  1  hi  uppi  i  mandible  a  distini  I  nail 
slight  :.  -   slight  teeth  in  the  upper  mandible 

Itn  ni  and  vertical)  in  Istlj 

■  ■in  i  i.      ii  .ii  and  ■  n    hoi  I  and  I  I  Feathered 

tail    and  th  ol  tl I<   entirel}   blacl    and 

white,     flu'  genus  is  supposi  d  to  bi the  '[Hunt  of  ex- 

tni'ti'.ti.       I  '  .1.     in,,  ii,  a    i 

times  placed  in  tins  genus. 


782 

Camptosorus  (kamp-to-so'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
muTTTOr,  bent,  +  cupoe,  a  heap,  mound  (fruit- 
dot)  :  see  sorus.]  A  genus  of  ferns,  of  the  tribe 
Asplenii  <e,  comprising  two  species,  one  of  which 
is  found  in  eastern  North  America,  the  other 
in  eastern  Asia;  the  walking-fern,  it  has  fruit- 
dots  both  parallel  and  oblique  tn  the  midrib,  and  the  tip 
eif  the  f ri ii nl  bends  ever  and  takes  root,  giving  origin  to 
a  new  plant. 

camptotropal  (karnp-tot'ro-pal),  n.  [<  Gr. 
MiH-ri.e.  flexible,  taken  as  equiv.  to  uniim  '/,„;, 
bent,  curved,  +  -jii-uv,  turn.  Cf.  campylotro- 
juil.]     In  but.,  same  as  eti  mpyhdropul. 

camptulicon  (kamp-tii'li-kon).  >i.  [An  artifi- 
cial trade-name,  <  fir.  mo/tt-oY,  flexible,  +  oi ' '••• , 
woolly,  thick,  crisp,  em'led.]  A  kind  of  cloth 
resembling  india-rubber,  made  of  a  confound 
of  inferior  india-rubber  and  powdered  cork. 
It  is  used  for  various  purposes,  such  as  facings  for  knife- 
boards,  floor-mats  for  steamers,  shields  on  door-steps,  and 

the  like. 

campulitropal,  campulitropous  (kam-pu-lif- 

ro-pal,  -pus),  a.    Same  as  campylotropal. 

cam-pump  (kam'pump),  n.  A  steam-pump  in 
which  the  motion  is  regulated  by  the  action  of 
cams. 

campus  (kam'pus),  «.  [L.,  afield:  Beecamp2.] 
The  green  upon  or  about  which  the  buildings 
of  an  American  college  or  university  generally 
stand;  the  college-yard. 

camp- vinegar  (kamp'vin'e-giir).  >i.  A  mixture 
of  vinegar  with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut- 
catchup,  anchovies,  and  garlic. 

campylite  (kam'pi-Ht),  n.  [<  Gr.  Ka/nTv'kor, 
bent,  curved  (connected  with  mpirreiv,  bend, 
curve),  +  -ite'2,~\  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mi- 
metite  or  arsenate  of  lead,  in  which  phosphorus 
largely  replaces  arsenic.  It  is  found  in  Cum- 
berland, England.  The  crystals  are  curved; 
hence  the  name. 

campylometer  (kain-pi-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Ka,u-rAur,  bent,  curved,  +  phpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  length  of 
lines,  straight  or  curved,  on  maps  or  plans.  It 
is  so  divided  that  the  actual  length,  correspond- 
ing to  the  given  scale,  may  be  read  from  it. 

Campyloneura  (kam  "pi-lo-nu'ra),  n.  [NL. 
(Fieber,  1861),  <  Gr.  KauirvAoq,  curved,  +  vevpov, 
vein.]  A  genus  of  true  bugs,  or  Heteroptera,  of 
the  family  Phytocoridee.    The  PhytocoridoB,  as  the 

Inline  ilnlieates,  feed  on  vegetables,  but  I  'antjiillimcii  mand 
some  allied  genera  form  an  exception  to  tiiis  rule.  C. 
vitripennis  (Say),  the  glassy-winged  soldier-hug,  is  known 


Campylotropal 

Seed  of  Cap- 

pan's. 


Section  of 
Campylospermous  Fruit 
of  Conium  maculatum. 
a,  a.  seeds,  channeled  up. 
on  the  inner  face. 


Glassy-winged  Soldier-bug  and  Pupa  (Campylontiira  vifripennis). 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes. ) 

to  be  predaceous  and  to  attack  leaf-hoppers.  It  is  pale 
greenish-yellow,  and  has  delicately  transparent  wing-cov- 
ers ornamented  with  a  rose-colored  or  brownish  croSB. 
The  larva  ami  pupa  are  more  opaque,  and  are  of  a  uni- 
form bluish-white  color. 

Campylorhynchinae  (kam//pi-lo-ring-ki'ne),  n. 
pi.  [Nli.,(Campylorhynchu8  +  -4nce.~\  Agroup 
of  osciue  passerine  birds,  commonly  referred 
to  the  family  Troglodytidce  or  wrens.  The  feet 
are  not  strictly  laminiplantar,  the  lateral  tarsal  plates 

being  divided  or  not  perfectly  fused  i e,  and  the  tail 

is  broad  and  fan-shaped,  with  the  individual  feathers 
widening  toward  the  end,  whence  the  name  fan-tailed 
no  us,  wiiieii  is  applied  to  tile  group.  It  is  confined  to 
the  wanner  parts  of  America  and  is  n  preset i ted  chiefly  by 
the  genera  Campylorhynchus,  Salpinctes,  and  Catherpes. 
The  species  are  numerous,  especially  those  of  the  first- 
named  genus,  and  are  known  as  cactus-wrens,  caflon- 
Wrens,  and    ruck  "reus.      See  cuts  under  '  'itiiijiiituclojnchus 

ami  cafton-wren. 
campylorhynchine  (kam"pi-lo-ring'kin).  o.    In 
ornith.,  having  the  bill  bent;  specifically,  of  or 

Jiertainine  to  the  Campylorhynchince. 
ampylorhynchus  (kam'pi-lo-ring'kus),  ». 
[NL.  (Spix,  ls'24),  <ilr.  M/i/-//nr,  bent,  curved, 
+  In  j  | of,  snout,  beak.]  The  typical  and 
largest  genus  of  the  Campylorhynchinee  or  fan- 
tailed  wrens,  including  the  numerous  species  of 

cactus-Wrens  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts 
ol'  America.    They  are  of  large  size,  having  a  length  of 

T  or  s  Inches,  with  the  tarsus  sent,  Hate  behind,  the  lateral 
toes  of  equal  length,  the  wings  and  tail  of  about  equal 
I'le  iii  and  the  tail  broad  with  pli leathers.  The  up- 
per parts  ate  brown,  with  sharp  white  streaks;  the  iiu- 

parts  white,  boldl)  spotted  with  black;  and  the  tail- 
feathers  barred  with  blaek  and  white.     Two  speeies  occur 


Brown-headed  Cactus-wren   {Campylorhynchus  britmieicapt.'lus'. 

in  the  southwestern  United  States,  C.  brunneicapillus, 
the  brown-headed  cactus-wren,  and  C.  atfnii*,  the  St. 
Lucas  eaetus-w  ten. 

campylospermate(kam"pi-lo-sper'mat),  ((.    In 
hot.,  same  as  campylospermous. 
campylospermous  (kam"pi-lo-sper'mus),  «>. 

[<  Gr.  Kun-i'/nc,  curved,  +  (nrepfia,  a  seed:  see 
spermi]  In  hot.,  having  the 
albumen  of  the  seed  curved 
at  the  margin  so  as  to  form 
longitudinal  furrows,  as  the 
fruits  of  some  umbelliferous 
plants,  as  in  sweet  cicely. 
campylotropal  (kam -pi- 
lot'ro- pal),  Cf. 
[<  Gr.  minrvloc, 
curved,  +  rpt- 
ttciv,  turn.]  In 
l»it.,  curved  in 
such  a  manner 
as  to  bring  the 
true  apex  close 
to  the  base :  ap- 
plied to  an  ovule  or  seed.  Also 
camptotropal,  campulitropal,  campulitropous, 
campylotropous. 
campylotropous  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a.  Same 
as  campylotropal. 
cam-shaft  (kam'shaft),  n.  A  shaft  with  cams  or 
wipers  used  to  lift  the  pestles  of  stamping-mills. 
camsterie  (kam-ste'ri),  a.  [Also  camsteary, 
camsteerie,  eamstairie,  camstrairy;  cf.  camstrud- 
geoits,  of  same  sense ;  perhaps  corruptions  of 
Gael,  comli-stri,  -strigli,  -strith,  strife,  broil, 
quarrel  (comh-stritlii tuli,  contentious),  <  amiti- 
(=  L.  con-,  emu-),  together,  +  stri.  strife,  con- 
tention.] Froward;  perverse;  unmanageable. 
[Scotch.] 

He's  a  camsteary  eltield,  and  fasheous  about  marches, 
.  .  .  but  deil  o'  me  if  I  wad  wrang  Jock  o'  Dawston  nei- 
ther. Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  xvii. 

camstrudgeous  (kam-struj'us),  a.  Same  as 
camsterie.     [Scotch,  colloq.] 

camusH,  camusedt,  »•    See  camous,  camoused. 

camus'-'t,  ».    See  cam  is. 

cam-wheel  (kam'hwel),  ii.  A  wheel  formed  so 
as  to  move  eccentrically  and  produce  a  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  and  interrupted  motion  in 
some  other  part  of  the  machinery  connected 
with  it.      See  cum'1,  3. 

camwood  (kam'wiid),  ii.  [<  native  name  Jcambe 
+  E.  wood.]  A  dyewood  closely  allied  to  bar- 
wood,  from  the  same  region,  ami  apparently 
the  product  of  another  species  of  Baphia. 

can1  (kan),  v.;  pret.  could.  [The  forms  are: 
(1)  Ind.  pres.  1st  pers.  can,  2d  canst,  3d  can, 
pi.  can,  <  ME.  can,  const,  can  (also  con,  etc.), 
pi.  ciiniKii,  ciiiine  (also  council,  comic),  <  AS. 
cami  or  can,  const,  conn  or  can  (also  conn.  etc.  I, 

pi.  cunnon.  (2)  Pret.  could  (the  /being  inserted 
in  ignorant  imitation    of    should   and   would, 

where  the  /  is  railieal),  <  ME.  coiiili.  coutlic, 
earlier  cntlir,  pi.  comic,  couden,  couthe,  couthen, 
earlier  cuthen,  <  AS.  cntlir,  pi.  cuthon  (for 
*eiintlie,  "citiithon,  the  «  being  lost,  as  in  ninth, 
mouth,  totli,  tooth,  etc.).  (3)  Inf.  cini  {to  Can), 
assumed  from  the  ind.  form,  occasionally  used 
in  moil.  E.  as  a  convenient  substitute  for  to  tic 
able,  or,  as  in  the  example  cited  from  Bacon, 
analogously  with  irul  as  an  independent  verb; 
ME.  inf.  ciiiincn.  ciinnc,  also  council,  comic  (usu- 
ally 'to  know,'  rarely  'to  can').  <  AS.  cunnon, 
scarcely  used.    (4)  The  ppr.,  ME.  cunning,  kun- 


can 

nyigc,  etc.,  earlier  and  north,  form  citnnantJ.  is 
mod.  E.  cunning,  with  a  partly  deflected  sense: 
see  cunning,  a.,  and  cunning,  n.  (5)  The  pp. 
couth  is  found  in  mod.  E.  only  in  oomp.  un- 
eoutli,  and  deriv.  kith,  Tcithe,  q.  v.;  ME.  couth, 
couil,  cuth,  <  AS.  ciith  (for  "cunth,  like  pret. 
cutlir  above),  known.  The  ME.  and  AS.  sense 
of  can  as  an  independent  verb  is  'know';  as 
an  auxiliary,  'be  able';  but  the  latter  use  is 
rare  in  AS.,  being  supplied  by  mag,  E.  may. 
The  cognate  forms  (1st  and  lid  pers.  pres.  and 
pret.  iinl..  and  inf.)  are:  OS.  kan,  konsta,  kitn- 
huh  =  OFiics.  /.mi,  kuiuhi,  kunna,  konna  =  D. 
kan,  konde,  kunnen  =  MLG.  kan,  kunde,  kitu- 
iii  a,  1,111111111,  konen,  LG.  kan,  kunde,  kiincn  = 
OHG.  chan,  kan,  chunda,  chonda,  konda,  chon- 
Sta,  konsta,  chunnan,  MHG.  kan,  kunde,  konde, 
kunnen,  kiinnen,  Gr.  kann,  kotmte,  kdnneti  =  Icel. 
kaini,  kinini,  kunna  =  Sw.  kan,  kunde,  kunna  = 
Dan.  kan,  kniiiU ,  kiinne  =  Goth,  kann,  kitiillm, 
l;niiiinii,  know;  prop,  a  preterit  present,  AS. 
cann  being  orig.  a  strong  pret.  (with  pp.  *cun- 
Hen,  whence  the  later  weak  pret.  cuthe,  and  weak 
pp.  ciith)  of  an  assumed  inf.  *cinnan  (whence 
the  factitive  cennan,  make  known,  =  Icel.  la  una, 
make  known,  know:  see  ken1),  Teut.  -\/  'kin, 
*ken  (=  Lith.  zinati,  know,  recognize,  =  Olr. 
adgein,  perf.,  knew),  orig.  'perceive,  get  know- 
ledge of  (pret.  'have  perceived,  have  gotten 
knowledge  of,'  and  hence,  in  indefinite  or  pres- 
ent time,  'know'),  this  root  being  parallel  with 
the  ult.  related  *knd,  *knd  in  AS.  cnawan,  E. 
know,  L.  gno-Bcere,  etc.  (see  know) ;  in  another 
view  orig.  'beget,  get'  (pret.  'have  gotten'), 
connected  with  AS.  cennan,  beget,  produce, 
cynn,  kin,  ge-cynd,  kind,  etc.,  V  "ken,  L.  "gen, 
etc.,  but  this  root,  though  equally  widely  ex- 
tended, appears  to  be  fundamentally  distinct 
from  the  root  'ken,  know:  see  ken-,  kin1,  kind, 
genus,  etc.  Hence  ult.  con1  (=  can1),  con2, 
enn1,  run-,  cunning,  couth,  uncouth  (=  unco), 
kith,  kithe,  etc.]  A.  As  an  independent  verb. 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  know ;  understand. 

Ami  Pounces  anil  Antonye,  that  moche  cowde  of  werre, 

issed  oute  of  the  hoste  all  armed  in  to  the  foreste  of  Bry- 

oke.  .1/.  rli  n  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  386. 

For  Latine  ne  canst  thou  nat  yet  but  smale,  my  lite] 

Sonne.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  Pref. 

Clerkys  that  cannc  the  scyens  seuene 

Seys  that  curtasy  came  fro  heuen. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 
She  could  the  Bible  in  the  holy  tougue, 
And  read  it  without  pricks. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 
And  can  you  these  tongues  perfectly? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  4. 
O,  she  could  the  art  of  woman  most  feelingly. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  1. 
2.  To  know  how  to  do ;  be  able  to  do. 
We  are  mortal ; 
And  can  but  deeds  of  men. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  i.  2. 
I  know  your  fiery  temper, 
And  that  you  can,  and  dare,  as  much  as  men. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  iv.  1. 
Thou  little  wotest  what  this  right-hand  can. 

Spenser,  F.  Q..  II.  iii.  16. 

To  can  or  con  thank  or  thankst  [AS.  thonccunnan;  also 
thorn  iritan,  =  OS.  thank  iritun,  etc. :  see  wft],  literally,  to 
know  thanks;  hence,  to  recognize  obligation ;  give  thanks. 

Y  con  thee  gret  thonke.  William  of  Palerne,  1.  297. 

I  iv.,!  him  no  thanks  for  't.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

[So  in  early  use  the  negative,  to  con  unthank,  to  give  no 

thanks. 

Al  that  good  we  hem  doth, 

Heo  hit  blutheleiche  unilerfoth  [blithely  receive], 

And cunnen  va  wnthonc.  Layamon,  I.  no.] 

To  con  magret  [maugre],  to  show  displeasure  at ;  blame. 
See  manure,  n. 

Yef  I  wiste  the  kynge  looth  woldeco/im-  iu<-  no  uuniori-, 
I  wolde  sey  that  he  sholde  go.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  505. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  ability;  be  able.  Still 
so  used  in  Scotch  :  as,  I'll  no  can  go. 

He  sceal  him  conne  aculde  [he  shall  can  (lie  able  to) shield 
him  well], 

MoralOde, st.  167 (Early  Eug.  Poems, ed.  Fiuiiivall,  p.  22). 

In  evil  the  best  condition  is  not  to  will,  the  second  not 
to  can.  Bacon,  Of  Great  Place. 

And  now  that  we  understand  eacb  other,  ye  11  can  name 
your  business.  B.  L.  Stevenson,  Kidnapped,  wix. 

B.  As  an  auxiliary.  1.  To  be  able;  properly, 
to  be  able  physically;  hence,  by  extension,  to 
be  able  mentally,  morally,  or  legally ;  possess 
the  qualities,  qualifications,  or  resources  ne- 
cessary for  the  attainment  of  any  end  or  the 
accomplishment  of  any  purpose,  the  specific 
end  or  purpose  being  indicated  by  the  verb  to 
which  can  is  auxiliary. 

Can  the  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive  berries?         Jas.  iii.  12. 
Thou  canst  not  say  I  did  it :  never  shake 
Thy  gory  locks  at  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4 


783 

Thy  love  doth  plead  so  prettily  to  stay. 

That,  trust  me,  1  could  weep  to  part  with  thee. 

Beau,  and  Fl„  Philaster,  ii.  1. 

H  hat  can  we  suppose  this  will  come  to? 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

It  is  a  contradiction  to  imagine  that  Omnipotence  cam 
do  that,  which,  if  it  could  be  done,  would  render  all 
power  insignificant.  Tillotson,  Works,  II.  *cix. 

All  that  Adam  had,  all  that  Ceesar  could,  you  have  and 
•tim  do.  Emerson,  Nature. 

[Formerly  used  also  in  the  infinitive. 

ii-  feigneth  him  to  conne  arede 

Of  thing  which  afterward  Bhuld  falle 

Qower,  Conf,  Amant.,  II.  158. 
I  shall  not  conne  answere.  Chaucer.} 

2.  May:  noting  merely  permission:  as,  you  can 

have  it  if  you  wish  ;  inn  I  speak  lo  you  a  mo- 
ment ?  [Chiefly  colloq.]-Can  but,  cannot  but. 
See  outi,  conj. 

can1  (kan),  n.  [<  can1,  ».]  Knowledge;  skill; 
ability.     [Scotch.] 

Can-  (kan),  «.  [<  ME.  eanne.  <  AS.  cannc  (trans- 
lating L.  "crater  vel  eaiimi")  =  D.  Iran,  a  pot, 
mug,  =  OHG.  channa,  MIKI.  (..  kanme,  a  can, 
tankard,  mug,  =  Icel.  kanna  =  Sw.  kanna  = 
Dan.  kanili ,  ;i  can,  tankard,  mug,  also  measure, 
>  ML.  caiiini,  cana,  a  vessel  or  measure  for 
liquids,  >  OF.  canne,  rum,  V.  dim.  canette,  a 
jug.  By  some  the  Teut.  forms  are  derived  from 
L.  canna,  a  reed,  cane:  see  cane1.']  1.  A  ves- 
sel of  small  or  moderate  size  anil  made  of  any 
material,  but  now  generally  of  sheet-metal, 
such  as  tin,  and  used  as  a  drinking-eup  or  to 
contain  liquids,  preserves,  etc.  Cans  are  generally 
cylindrical  in  form,  as  drinking-  and  preserving-cans  ;  but 
in  some  cases  they  are  square  or  conical,  and  arc  some- 
times provided  "With  a  handle  and  spout,  as  oil-cans  for 
lubricating  purposes,  watering-cans,  etc. 
There  weren  sett  sixe  stonun Cannes.  Wi/clif,  Johnii.  G. 
I  hate  it  as  an  unfilled  can.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the"  can. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

2.  A  measure  of  liquids  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
containing  about  an  English  gallon.     Jamieson. 

—  3.  The  revolving  cylindrical  holder  into 
which  the  sliver  falls  from  a  carding-machine. 

—  Cup  and  can.    See  cup. 

can"  (kan),  v.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canned,  ppr.  can- 
ning.  [<  can?,  ».]  To  put  into  a  can;  espe- 
cially, to  put  into  sealed  metal  cans  or  glass 
jars,  for  preservation,  as  prepared  vegetables, 
fruits,  and  meats. 

canat  (kan).  A  frequent  Middle  English  cor- 
ruption of  gan,  began,  preterit  of  ginncn,  begin 
(see  gin1) :  often  equivalent,  with  the  infinitive 
of  a  principal  verb,  to  the  preterit  of  that  verb. 

Allace  !  Aurora,  the  syllie  Larke  can  cry. 

Sir  D.  Lyiulsay,  Prol.  to  Dreme. 

With  gentle  wordes  he  can  her  fayrely  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  y.,  I.  iv.  46. 

So  can  he  turne  his  earnest  unto  game. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  31. 

can4  (kan),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  The  catty  or  pound 
of  Cochin  China,  equal  to  1  pound  6  ounces 
avoirdupois. 

cana  (kii'na).  n.  [Sp. ;  cf.  comet,  a  cane,  reed: 
see  cane1.']  A  measure  of  length  used  through- 
out Spain,  and  varying  from  1.7  yards  at  Barce- 
lona to  2.3  in  Aragon. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-It),  n.     [<  Canaan  +  -ite'2.] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham  (Gen. 
x.  15-19) ;  more  generally,  one  of  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  named  from 
him,  lying  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  included  in  modem  Palestine. 
The  Canaanites  proper  (Gen.  xvi.  21,  etc.)  were  one  of  a 
number  of  tribes  to  which  the  name  was  collectively  ap- 
plied,  severally  governed  by  so-called  kings,  and  which 
\ieie  conquered  by  tin-  Israelites  after  a  prolonged  Btrug- 
gle. 

2.  A  title  of  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  ("Si- 
mon the  Canaanite,"  Mat.  x.  4),  called  elsewhere 
(Luke  vi.  15,  Acts  i.  13)  Zelotes,  that  is,  the 
zealot:  it  is  a  transliteration  of  an  Aramaic 
word  signifying  zeal,  or  a  zealot. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
variety  of  massive  white  pyroxene  occurring  in 
limestone  at  Canaan,  Connecticut. 

Canaanitish  (ka-nan-i'tish),  a.  [<  CanaaniU 
+  -ish.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan  or  the 
Canaanites. 

Shattered  portions  of  the  Cnnuunitisli  nations  escaped. 

Qotch. 

canabert,  ».  [A  var.  of  canevas  (OF.  canevas, 
canevers,  etc.).  canvas:  see  canvas.]  A  linen 
cloth  mentioned  in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of 
Henry  VII.     Fairholt. 

canabyt,  «.    An  old  spelling  of  canopy. 

Canace  (kan'a-se),  it.  [NL.  (Von  Reichenbnoh, 
1853),  after  Canace,  Gr.  Kavataj,  daughter  of  ^Eo- 


Canada  Grouse  {Canace  canaa 


canal 

Ins.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds,  of  which  the 
typo  is  the  Canada  grouse  or  spruce-partridge, 
Canace  ca- 
nadensis, it 
is  chai  act*  rized 
by  feal  ii'i  ed 
tai  i,  absence 
of  a  crest,  a 
bori  bail  ot  16 
or  20  obtuse 
feathers,  the  ab 
sence  oi  pecu- 
liarly     i'  ngth- 

ened  feat] I 

the  neck,  ami 
dark  blended 
or  conspicuous- 
ly varii  ited 
coloration.  The 
Bpecies  are 

woodland  ami 
arboricole,  ami 
are  confined  to 
North  America. 
The  most  nota* 
ble  species,  af- 
ter the  one 
named,  is  the 
dusky  grouse  of 

tin   Rocky  Mountains,  C.  obscura.   There  are  several  other 
species  or  varieties.    Also  called  Dendragapus. 
canaclet,  COnaclet,  »■     [ME.]     A  word  of  un- 
certain origin  and  meaning,  found  only  in  the 
following  passages : 

The  coperounes  of  the  canaries  that  on  the  enppe  veres. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1461, 
Clatering  of  canaries  that  kesten  tho  burdes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed,  Morris),  ii.  1515. 

Canada  (kan-ya'da),  n.  [Sp.,  <  catta,  cane,  reed, 
passage,  tunnel:  see  cane  and  canon,  canyon.]  A 
valley :  the  common  name  in  Spain  of  rather 
narrow  valleys,  and  especially  of  such  as  are 
walled  in  by  precipitous  slopes.  This  word  was 
used  by  early  Spanish  writers  on  California  {:\<  Venegas), 
and  occurs  in  the  name  of  one  well-known  locality  in  that 
State,  Canada  de  las  Uvas.  In  general,  however,  all  val- 
leys (excepting  quite  broad  ones)  and  most  defiles,  as  well 
as  deep  and  well-marked  ravines  or  »or^es,  ;ue  through- 
out the  Cordilleran  region  of  the  United  States  called 
canons.     See  caflon. 

Canada  (ka-na'dii),  «.  [Pg.]  A  Portuguese 
liquid  measure,  it  is  equal  in  Lisbon  to  1.47  United 
States  quarts,  1.23  English  quarts,  or  1.395  liters,  in  Oporto 
to  2.23  United  States  quarts  or  2.114  liters,  in  Rio  to  2.81 
liters,  in  Bahia  to  7.25  United  States  quarts,  and  in  Ceylon 
to  1.00  United  States  quarts.     Also  cavada. 

Canada  balsam,  rice,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  a.  andx.  [<  Canada  + 
-ion.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Canada,  a  British 
possession  in  America  north  of  the  United 
States.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  includes  all  of  British 
America  except  Newfoundland;  but  the  name  Canada  is 
also  restricted  so  as  to  include  only  the  provinces  of  On- 
tario and  Quebec  (formerly  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  or 
Canada  West  and  East).— Canadian  embroidery,  a  name 
given  to  a  kind  of  embroidery  made  with  small  pieces  of 
fur,  of  the  skins  of  reptiles,  and  the  like,  applied  to  the 
surface  of  the  stuff,  and  combined  with  needlework  done 
with  porcupine-quills  split  so  fine  that  they  are  flexible, 
and  dyed  in  various  colors.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Canada. 

canaigre  (ka-na'ger),  ».  In  Texas,  a  species 
of  dock,  Rutnex  Jiymmosepalzis,  the  root  of  which 
is  used  in  tanning. 

canaille  (ka-nal'j,  ».  [<  F.  canailh:,  <  It.  cana- 
glia  (=  Sp.  canalla  =  Pg.  canalha),  rabble,  prop, 
and  orig.  a  pack  of  dogs,  <  cane  =  Pg.  cao  =  Sp. 
can  (obs.)  =  F.  chien,  <  L.  canis,  a  dog:  see  Ca- 
nts, and  cf.  kennel1,  a  doublet  of  canaille.']  -  1. 
The  lowest  orders  cf  the  people  collectively; 
the  rabble ;  the  vulgar. 

To  keep  the  sovereign  canaille  from  intruding  on  the 
retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the  French.  Hurler. 

2.  Originally,  a  mixture  of  the  coarser  particles 
of  flour  and  fine  bran  or  shorts  for  feed ;  now 
occasionally  used  for  the  grade  known  as  "fine 
feed"  or  "  finished  middlings."  Also  spelled  ca- 
nail,  canal,  and  cant  U. 

canakin  (kan'a-kin),  n.     Same  as  cannikin,  1. 

canal1  (ka-nar1),  n.  [=  D.  Jeanaal  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  kanaL  <  F.  canal  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canal  =  It. 
canale.  <  L.  canalis,  a  channel,  trench,  pipe,  ca- 
nal; cf.  Skt.  s/  khan,  dig.  See  channel  and 
ktintcV',  doublets  of  canal1.']  1.  An  artificial 
waterway  for  irrigation  or  navigation.  Canals 
appear  to  have  been  first  used  for  conveying  water,  and 
were  merely  shallow  ditches  with  a  slight  fall.  They 
naturally  became,  when  large  enough,  a  roadway  for  boats, 
ami  eventually  for  ships.  A  canal  may  be  a  mere  cutting 
to  mute  bodies  <>f  water  for  the  passage  of  boats,  as  in 
some  of  the  chains  of  lakes  in  the  eastern  United  states; 
or  a  continuous  waterway  formed  by  a  series  of  long  levels 
united  by  locks  and  carried  over  rivers  and  valleys  bj 
means  of  bridges,  as  the  Erie  canal;  or  a  canalized  river; 
or  a  navigable  passage  connecting  lakes  or  seas,  as  tl 
WeUand  canal  in  Canada,  or  the  Suez  canal.  Anion-  tin 
longest  canals  are  the  Cannes  canal  in  India  about  3.'.o 
miles  long,  the  Grand  Canal  in  China,  about  800  miles,  ami 
the  Erie  canal  in  New  York,  363  miles.  The  James  and 
Kanawha  Rivers  Navigation  canal,  147  miles  long,  over- 


canal 

camebj  its  locks  a  gradeotl,l>16feetjanatheMorrl8Canal 
i„  New  Jersey,  101  miles  long.oneof  l,674feet.  The  Suez 
canal  (opened  in  1869) is 90  miles  long,  and  is  level  through- 
oat  [i  ,-ih  I  irgesl  in  Hi.'  world  in  point  of  sectional  area, 
anil  ,;  ul  aspect,   Canalized 

rivers  are  common  in  western  Europe.  On  ordinary  Har- 
are usually  drawn  by  horses  or  mules 
traveling  on  a  tow-path,  though  Bteam  propulsion  and 
steam-towing  are  now  used  to  Bome  extent  .  larger  ones, 
called  as  the  Suez,  the  North  Holland,  the 

ire  nai  igab  a  bj  ve  isels  of  different  sizes, 
up  to  the  largest  under  sail  or  steam. 
2.  In  arch.,  a  channel;  agroove:  a  flute:  thus, 
the  canal  of  the  volute  is  the  channel  on  the 
he  circumvolutions  inclosed  by  a  list 
in  the  [onic  capital.— 3.  In  anat.,  a  duct;  a 
channel  through  which  a  fluid  is  conveyed  or 
solids  pass;  a  tubular  cavity  in  a  part,  era  e.nn- 
munication  between  parts.  See  duct.—i.  In 
.  the  name  of  sundry  grooves,  furrows, 
apertures,  etc.,  as:  (a)  the  channels  of  various 
aetinozoans ;  (»)  the  afferent  and  efferent  pores 
of  sponges ;  (c)  the  groove  observed  in  different 
part  s  <  if  certain  univalve  shells,  and  adapted  for 
the  protrusion  of  the  long  cylindrical  siphon  or 
breathing-tube  possessed  bythose  animals. — 5. 
In  bot.,  an  elongated  intercellular  or  intrafas- 
cicular  space,  either  empty  or  containing  sap, 
resin,  or  other  substances — Abdominal  canal,  in 
i.  inguinal  canal.— Alimentary  canal, 
alisphenoid  canal,  alveolodental  canal.  See  the  ad- 
jectives.—Alveolar  canal  (a)  Anterior,  the  canal  in  the 
superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  anterior  superior 
dental  nerve.  (b)  Inferior,  the  inferior  dental  canal,  (c) 
i,  ■  .,.  the  .-anal  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone  contain- 
ing the  middle  superior  dental  nerve,  (d)  Posterior,  the 
ii  the  superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  poste- 
rior superior  dental  nerve.— Ambulacra!  neural  canal. 
,  iulacral.— Anterior  palatine  canal,  to)  The  ca- 
nal formed  by  the  union  ol tin  'canales  ineisivi.  It  opens  on 
the  palate  just  behind  the  incisor  teeth.  Also  called  ante- 
Uatine  fossa,  (o)  The  canalisincisivus  on  either  side. 
(i  Tiie  canales  ineisivi  with  the  anterior  palatine  canal  in 
sense a.— Aquiferous  canals.  See  aquiferous.— Arach- 
noid canal,  a  portion  of  the  subarachnoid  space,  where 
the  arachnoid  crosses,  without  dipping  into,  the  longitu- 
dinal and  transverse  fissures  of  the  brain.— Atrial  canal, 
auditory  canal.  See  the  adjectives.— Auricular  canal, 
the  constriction  between  the  auricular  and  ventricular  por- 
tin-  oi  a  fetal  heart.— Axial  canal.  See  axial. — Ber- 
nard'S  canal,  a  supplementary  duct  of  the  pancreas.  Also 
eall.d  Santorini's  ennui.  —  Canal  ot  Bartholin.  Same 
as  duct  of  Bartholin.— Canal  of  Cloquet.  Same  as  hya- 
loida  f, i,t/.-  Canal  of  Corti,  the  space  lying  between  the 
tectorial  membrane  and  basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea. 
—Canal  of  Cotunnius,  the  aquasduetus  vestibuli  (which 
see,  under  aqiueduetus).— Canal  of  Fontana,  an  annular 
serii  -  of  spaces,  which  lie  in  the  sclerotic,  just  in  front  of 
the  place  of  attachment  of  the  Iris,  and  communicate  freely 
with  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.    Also  called  canal  oj 

II ,  ciliary  canal,  and  Fontana's  spaces.— Canal  of 

Gartner.    Same  as  Sai  rtnerian  ca  nal.— Canal  of  Gui- 
di.    Same  as  Vidian  canal.— Canal  of  Hovius.    Same  as 
f  Fontana.— Canal  Of  Huguier.  Same  as  Buguie- 
ria n  canal.    See  below.  — Canal  of  Lbwenberg,  the  canal 
in  the  cochlea  bounded  by  the  membrane  of  Eeissner,  the 
tectorial  membrane,  and  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlear  ca- 
nal.   11  is  the  upper  free  pint  ion  of  that  canal.  — Canal  Of 
Miiller.    Same  as  duel  of  Muller.  —  Canal  of  Nuck,  the 
pouch  of  peritoneum  (processus  vaginalis)  which  in  the  fe- 
male embryo  extends  down  along  the  round  ligament  of 
the  uterus',  ami  which  may  persist  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent in  the  adult.  — Canal  of  Petit,  the  annular  series  of 
ted  spaces  in  the  suspensory  ligament  encircling 
the  crystallinelensoftheeye.— Canal  ofReissner.  Same 
as  cochlear  canal.—  Canal  of  Rivinus.    Same  as  duct  uj 
Rivinus.     Canal  of  Rosenthal.    Same  as  spiral  canal  oj 
the  modiolus.— Canal  of  Schlemm,  a  circular  canal,  of 
elliptical  cross-section,  lying  in  the  substance  of  the  scle- 
dghtly  anterior  to  the  canal  of  Fontana.— Canal  of 
Stenson.  same  as  duct  of  Stenson.— Canal  of  Stilling. 
Same  as  hyaloid  canal.— Canal  of  Wharton.    Same  as 
duct  of  Wharton.  -Canal  of  Wirsung,  the  pancreatic 
duct.— Canals  of  Breschet,  canals  in  the  diploe  of  the 
cranial  bones,  in  which  Breschet's  veins  run.— Canals  of 
Recklinghausen,  the  system  of  canals  in  the  cornea ;  the 
iiinications  between  the  cell-spaces  of  the  cornea. — 
Carotid  canal.  See  carotid.— Central  canal,  the  median 
canal  of  the  spinal J.  -  Central  canal  of  the  modio- 
lus, tin.  largest  of  the  canals  in  the  modiolus  of  tin-  cochlea 
of  the  ear.  — Cerebrospinal  canal,    (a)  The  neural  or 
crani'.v.  1 1.  i.ial  canal  formed  by  the  skull  and  the  spine, 
e  brain  and  spinal  marrow.  (6)Thi  primi- 
tive common  and  continuous  cavity  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cnid,  nol  Infrequi  ntly  more  or  less  extensively  obliterated 
i  itter,  bul  in  the  former  modified  in  the  form  of  the 
i                    and  ..tier  cavities,.    Ciliary  canal. 
.'  of  Fontana.     Cochlear  canal,  the  proper 

cavity  of  fin   i  ichli  a,  i  i ited  by  the  canalis  reunii  ns 

with  the  cavity  of  other  parts  of  the  labyrinth  of  tin  ear. 
Dental  canal,    (a)  A.n- 
...n  canal  branching  off  from  the  infraorbital 
canal  in  the  floor  of  the  orbit,  and  descending  in  the  front 
wall                     :  :i.     1 1  i  ran  imits  vessel*  and  nei  res  t.> 
thi    uppei  law.    (6)  Tnfi  rior,  the  chan- 
nel in  lllai  i  or  lowi  r  law  I w  hi  h 

nil    i ! erloi  d nerves  and  vessels.    (c)Pi 

terior, r  mon  Ing  the  superior  max- 

in. ii  v  bone  about  i :  post 'sui  face,  and 

transmitting  the   posterior  di  ii  i    ■      el    and  nerves. 
Digestive  canal.    Same  as  alimentary  canal     Ejacu- 
latorycanal.   Sami  d   ejaculatoryduct (which see, under 
duct).     Eustachian  canal,  th.  i".i,\  .;u,;ii  in  1 1.. 
portion  ol  the  temporal   bone  which  forma  pari  <>f  the 

En  tachlantube,  -  Facial  canal,  the  a.| I  net  us  Fallopll 

(which  see,  under  aquosductus) :  bo  called  because  it  i 

thi  facial  nerve  through  thi  temporal  bone.     Gaert- 
nerian  Canal,  or  duet  of  Gartner,  the  remains  in  the  fe- 


784 

male  of  the  obliterated  arebinephric  canal  or  Woll  Ian 
duct  forming  a  etecal  appendage  or  cul-de-sac ol  the  geni- 
tal passages  ora  cord  connecting  the  latter  with  the  paro- 
varium. -  Gastrovascular  canal,  genital  canal.  See 
the  adicetii  os. -Haversian  canal,  the  track  or  trace  of  a 

1,1 1  vessel  in  bone;  a  cylindrical  hollow  in  bone  in  which 

in  no  ii  ..in  v.-in  runs.  These  canals  are  mostly  of  minute 
or  microscopic  size ;  on  transsection  of  compact  bone-OS' 


canalis 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  eanalieuli;  canaliculate. 
The  reticulated  tissue  of  Lover  is  then  seen  to  be  a  sys- 
tern  of  canals,  which  is  but  a  modified  form  of  the  emu- 
licidar  spaces  of  the  spines. 

Jour.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI,  so. 

Canalicular  abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  breast  which 
communicates  with  the  lactiferous  ducts. 


sue  they  appear  as  round  holes,  but  in  longisection  they  canaliculate,    canaliculated    (kan-a-lik'u-lat, 

■■^canals.      When       _l;Vted),  It.       [<  L.  CU  mil ICIllll  I  IIS,  <  CII  lull tcullls,  a 


are  seen  to  be  branching  and  anastomosing 
large  and  irregular,  as  they  often  are,  in  growing  bone 
and  in  the  cancellous  tissue  of  adult  bone,  they  are  called 
Haversian  spaces.  The  medullary  cavity  or  marrow-cav- 
ity of  a  long  bone,  as  a  humerus  or  femur,  is  really  a 

gigantic  Haversian  canal,  filled  with  fat,  numerous  1.1 1- 

ressels,  and  connective  tissue.  See  cut  under  bom.— 
Hepatic  canal.  Same  as  hepatic  duct  (which  see,  under 
duct).  -Huguieriancanal,  a. small  passage  forth,  chorda 
tympani  nerve  through  the  temporal  bone  betweenits squa- 
mosal and  petrosal  elements,  parallel  with  the  Glaserianfls- 


little  channel,  dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  sen 
canal1,  a.]  Channeled;  furrowed;  grooved. 
Specifically— (a)  In  entom.,  having  a  central  longitudinal 
furrow,  which  is  broad  and  well  defined,  but  not  wry 
deep  :  said  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  thorax  when  it  is 
grooved  for  the  reception  of  the  rostrum.  (b)  Shaped  into 
a  canal  or  canaliculus;  being  a  channel,  groove,  gutter, 
or  spout,  as  the  lip  of  a  whelk,  (c)  In  bot.,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove,  as  a  petiole  of  a  leaf,  etc. 


Also  called  conaio/yiit.i/Hu'r.— Hunter's  canal,  the  canaliculus  (kan-a-lik'u-lus),  ».;  pi.  canalicuU 


canal  formal  by  the  vastus  interims  muscle  on  one  side  and 
tlie  adductor  longus  and  adductor  magnusontlie.it In  r,  to- 
gether with  a  strong  fibrous  band  passing  over  from  the 
vastus  to  the  tendons  of  the  adductors.  The  femoral 
artery  runs  through  this  canal  to  become  the  popliteal. 
—Hyaloid  canal,  the  tine  canal  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  extending  from  the  optic  papilla  to  the  lens  cap- 
sule, which  contains  in  the  embryo  the  hyaloid  artery,  but 
persists  for  a  time  after  the  disappearance  of  that  vessel. 
Also  called  canal  of  Cloquet  and  canal  of  Stilling.— In- 
cisor  canal.  See  anterior  palatine  canal.— Infraorbital 
canal,  the  canal  leading  from  the  infraorbital  groove  on 
the  orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  and 
opening  at  the  infraorbital  foramen.  It  transmits  the  in- 
fraorbital mrve  and  artery.— Inguinal  canal,  a  canal  in 
the  groin,  about  two  inches  long,  passing  from  the  internal 
to  the  external  abdominal  ring.  It  lies  just  above  and 
parallel  to  Poupart's  ligament,  and  transmits  the  spermatic 
cord  in  the  male  and  the  round  ligament  in  the  female. 
Also  called  abdominal  rrm«;.  — Lacrymal  canal.  («) 
Same  as  nasal  canal,  (b)  One  of  the  eanalieuli  lacrynialcs 
(which  see,  under  canaliculus). — Madreporic  canals, 
mucous  canals.  See  the  adjectives.— Nasal  canal,  the 
I  mi iv  canal  1.  idging  the  nasal  duct,  and  formed  by  the  supe- 
rior  maxillary,  lacrymal,  and  inferior  turbinated  bones.— 
Nasopalatine  canal.    Same  as  anterior  palatine  eouol. 

—  Neural  canal,  to)  The  tube  formed  by  the  centra  and 
neural  arches  of  vertebral,  in  which  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord  lie.  (6)  In  echinoderms,  a  canal  of  which  a  part  of  the 
wall  is  formed  by  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its  connec- 
tions; the  track  or  trace  of  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its 
connections. 

This  baud-like  nerve  [ambulacral  nerve  of  a  starfish] 
constitutes  the  superficial  wall  of  a  canal,  which  extends 
through  the  uh.de  length  of  the  ambulacrum,  and  maybe 
termed  the  ambulacral  neural  canal.  It  is  divided  by  a 
longitudinal  septum.  At  its  oral  end  .  .  .  each  ambu- 
lacral nerve,  when  it  reaches  the  oral  membrane,  divides 
into  two  divergent  branches,  which  unite  with  the  corre- 
sponding branches  of  the  other  ambulacral  nerves  to  form 
the  oral  ring.  Answering  to  the  latter  is  a  wide  circular 
neural  canal,  into  which  the  ambulacral  neural  canals 
open.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  47S. 

Obturator  canal,  a  funnel-shaped  opening  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  obturator  membrane,  transmitting  the  obtura- 
tor vessels  and  nerves.— Pterygopalatine  canal.  Same 
as  canaliculus pharyngeus (vinich  see.  under  canaliculus). 

—  Sacral  canal,  the  sacral  portion  of  the  neural  canal.— 
Santorini's  canal.  Same  as  Bernard's  canal.— Semi- 
circular canal,  one  of  the  three  membranous  camils  lead- 
in"  off  from  and  returning  into  the  utriculus  of  the  inner 


(-li).  [L.,  dim.  ol  canalis,  a  channel:  see  chan- 
nel1, canal1,  n.]  In  anat.  and  cool.,  a  little 
groove,  furrow, ,  pipe,  tube,  or  other  small 
channel. 

The  canulieiili  which  originate  in  one  lacuna  most  fre- 
quently run  into  a  neighboring  lacuna,  or  else  into  a 
neighboring  Haversian  canal.  //.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  46. 

Canaliculi  biliferi,  the  bile-ducts.—  Canaliculi  calco- 
phori.  See  calcophorous.— Canaliculi  caroticotym- 
panici,  two  or  three  short  canals  leading  from  the  caro- 
tid .anal  into  the  tympanum  and  transmitting  branches 
of  the  carotid  plexus.— Canaliculi  dentium,  the  minute 
canals  of  the  dentine.— Canaliculi  lacrymales,  the  lac- 
rvmal  canals,  small  tubes  beginning  at  the  puneta  lacry- 
malis,  and  opening  into  the  lacrymal  sac  either  separately 
or  by  a  common  opening.—  Canaliculi  of  bone,  the  uiicro- 
scopic  branch- 
ing tubules  ra- 
diating from 
the  lacunae  of 
bone,  and  con- 
necting one  la- 
cuna with  an- 
other. —  Ca- 
naliculi pe- 
trosi,  two 
very  small  ca- 
nals, or  in 
some  cases 
channels.  On 
the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  pe- 
trous portion 
of  the  tem- 
poral bone, 
transmitting 
the  large  and 
small  superfi- 
cial petrosal  nerves.— Canaliculi  vasculosi,  the  nutri- 
tious and  Haversian  canals  of  bone.— Canaliculus  pha- 
ryngeus, a  groove  on  the  under  surface  of  the  vaginal 
process  of  the  pterygoid  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone, 
more  or  less  completely  converted  into  a  canal  by  the  sphe- 
noid process  of  the  palatine  bone.  It  transmits  the  ptery- 
gopalatine vess.ls  and  the  pharyngeal  or  pterygopalatine 
nerve.  Also  called  pterygopalatine  en  nal.  —  Canaliculus 
pterygopalatinus,  sphenopalatine,  sphenopha- 
ryngeus.  Same  as  canaliculus  pharyngeus. —  Canalicu- 
lustympanicus,  the  minute  canal  in  the  petrous  portion 

f  the  temporal  bone  which  tran 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone,  magnified  about 

6oo  diameters. 
c,  c,  bone-corpuscles  in  their  lacunae ;  d,  d,  ca- 
naliculi of  bone. 


slllits  Jac 


r:  also  applied  to  the  bony  channels  in  which  these  /-janalifpra  (kan-a-lif  e-ral    n    1)1       TNL.,  neut. 

lie.    A  vertical  superior,  a  vertical  posterior,  and  a  hori-  banailiera  (Kan  a  111  e  la  ),  n.  pi.    j1^-' 

zontal  or  external  semicircular  canal  are  distinguished,  pi.  of  canaliferus  :  see  canal  ijri  cms]     A  family 

Seecutunderear.— Sheathing  canal  (<'«""''<  vaginalis),  0f  gastropods,  characterized  by  the  extension 

the  communication  of  the  cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  0f  j-jjg  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  and  mouth 

testis  with  the  general  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  abdomen  .              ^nnl-like  snout  '   It  was  formed  hv  Lamarck 

In  man  it  soon  closes,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a  shut  into  a  can.u-iiHe  spout,     it  was  iormt  a     >           i    * 

c  -Spinal  canal,  be  canal  formed  by  the  scries  of  ver-  Q809)  for  the  genera  .  ■rah,,,,,.  TurbmeUa  f^'f^ 

line.,  m     lining  the  spinal  cord.    Also  called  vertebral  c,l-  J '."<'"  b',1- »*'<*,  .1  I  a  rex,  and  II  eunlomu Ik     Ii.        been 

,/  —  Snira.1  canal  of  the  cochlea,  tb  spiral  channel  in  accepted  by,  modern  conchologists  as  types  of  different 

[<  KL.  caua- 


families.    |  Obsolete.] 


sac. 

tebrx 

nal.— Spiral  canal  of  the  cochlea,  the  spir 

thepetrousboiieinwhicbtliecochleaiportionof  themem  — -—     . 

bratious  labyrinth  is  contained.— Spiral  canal  of  the  canallferOUS  (kan-a-ht  e-rus),  «. 

modiolus,  a  minute  spiral  canal  at  the  base  of  Che  osse-     Ijfcrus,  <  L.  canalis,  canal,  +  Jcrre  =  K  bear1.] 

ous  lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear,  winding  spirally  about  the     jjavin"  a  channel  or  canal. 

modiolus  or  columella  of  the  cochlea.     It  contains  the     ■ 

ganglion  spirals  of  the  eoehl 

Si .    t, , -nal.— Stiebel's  canal, .. . 

moUuscan  embryos,  and  regarded  as  probably  an  evanes-     Deak,  mod.  rostrum.]    A  supertamily  ot  liemir 

cent  embryonic  m  phridium.— Vertebral  canal.  .Same     terous  insects,  consisting  of  the  Tiiii/iibr,  Ara 

as  spinal  canal.— Vidian  canal,  a  canal  running  m  the 

sphenoid  bone  from  the  foramen  laeeruni  medium  to  the 

sphenomaxillary  fossa,  and  containing  the  Vidian  nerve 

and  artery.     Also  called  canal  of  Guidi. 

canal1  (ka-nal'),  «?■  <■;  pret.  and  pp.  canalled, 


"•  .."o -j...~.j  ---:—  :,         riaving-  ;i  cnilllliei  nr  eaiuu. 

I! .,,:  ',:;';v4.-s"ern'al'can,ai,;  Canalirostra  (ka-nal-i-ros'tra),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
ial,  a  tube  observed  in  certain     L.   canalis,  a  canal,   +   rostrum,   pi.   rostia.a, 


dtdce,a,niPhymatida;,  having  a  deep,  long  groove 
on  the  prosternum  into  which  fits  the  rostrum. 
Also,  incorrectly,  Canalirostri.  Amyot  and  Ser- 
lillr,  1843. 

ppr.  canauing.     [<  canaP-,  ».]     To  intersect  or  canalirostrate  (ka-nal-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  Cannli- 


eut  with  canals. 

Engineers,  like  kobolds  and  enchanters,— tunnelling 
Alps,  canalling  the  American  Isthmus,  piercing  the  Ara- 
biandesert.  Emerson,  works  and  Days. 

canal-  (ka-nal'),  n.     Same  as  canaille,  2. 

canal-boat  (ka-nal'bot),  n.  A  comparatively 
long  and  narrow  boat  used  on  canals  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers,  and  com- 
monly moved  by  traction. 

canal-coal  (kan'al-kol),  n.  A  corrupt  form  of 
canucl-ciKil. 

canales,  »•     Plural  of  canalis. 

canalicular  (kan-a-lik'u-lar),  a.  [<  Ii.  canali- 
culus, dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see  canal1, 
u.,  channel1.']    1.  In  anat.  and  eool.,  resembling 

a  small  canal;  eaiial-slinpeil. 

A  dividing  of  the  incsoileri curs,  which  takes  the 

..,     either  of  canaliculaT  cavities,  or  of  a  complete  split- 
ting of  the  mesoderm  into    h    outer  plate  attached  to  the 
ctoderm,  and  an  Inner  one  attached  to  the  endoderm. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  Mi. 


rostra  +  -ate1.]  Having  a  channeled  beak  or 
rostrum  ;  specifically,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Canalirostra. 

canalis  (ka-na'lis),  n. ;  pi.  canales  (-lez).  [L., 
a  channel,  pipe,  groove,  etc.:  see  canal1,  «.] 
In  anat.  and  eool.,  same  as  canal,  3  and  4.  ca- 
nales laqueiformes,  tb.  Ioopsof  Henle  in  the  kidneys 
Canalis  caroticus.  See  carotid  canal,  under  carotid.— 
Canalis  Cloqueti,  the  hyaloid  canal.-  Canalis  cochlea 
OSSeUS,  the  entire  spiral  osseous  canal  of  tile  cochlea, 
containing  the  scala  vestibuli,  seala  cochlea'  or  canalU 
cochlearis,  and  seala  tympani.  Canalis  condyloideus, 
the  canal  opening  at.  the  posterior  condyloid  foramen.  ^  It 
transmits  a  vein  to  the  lateral  sinus.-  Canalis  cramo- 
pharyngeus,  the  .raniophar.viigi'al  canal,  connecting  the 
en.  bral  with  the  buccal  cavity.  See  cramopharyngeal.— 
Canalis  gynaecophorus,  a  gynrocophore.  Canalis  hy- 
poglossi,  the  anterior  condyloid  foramen,  which  trans- 
mits the  twelfth  or  hypoglossal  nerve.     Canalis  incisl- 

VUS,  the  canal  leading  down  from  the  nasal  fossa  on  either 

side'to  join  iis  fellow  and  form  or  open  into  the  anterior 
palatine  canal  or  fossa.  It  transmits  the  anterior  palatine 
vessels.     Also  culled  incisor  canal,  anterior  palatine  canal, 


canalis 

incisor  foramen,  and  foramen  ofStenson. — Canalis  mus- 
culotubarius,  tin-  joint  canals  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
and  the  tensor  tympani.  -  Canalis  nasolacryrnalis.  See 
natal  canal,  under  canajl.— Canalis  reuniens,  the  ca- 
nal by  which  the  sacculusof  the  internal  ear  communi- 
cates with  the  canalis  cochlearis. — Canalis  vaginalis. 
gee  sheathing  canal,  under  canal*. 

canalization  (ka-nal-i-za'shon),  h.    [icanali 
alter  F.  canalisation."]     1.  'The  construction  of 
canals,  or  the  establishment  of  communical  ion 
by  means  of  canals. 

Canalisation  on  a  grand  scale  — the  uniting  of  seas  and 
oceans  by  navigable  canals— had  been  "in  the  air"  ever 
since  the  middle  of  the  century. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  (T.XIV.  9. 

Specifically —  2.  The  conversion  of  a  natural 
stream  or  a  chaiu  of  lakes  or  marshes  into  a 
continuous  canal,  suitable  for  navigation,  by 
means  of  weirs,  barrages,  locks,  short  cuttings, 
etc.  Canalized  rivers  are  common  in  France;  in  the 
United  States  the  Monongahela  and  Kanawha  rivers  ai 
ford  instances.  The  Suez  canal  is  in  part  the  result  of 
the  canalization  of  natural  bodies  of  water. 
Also  spelled  canalisation, 
canalize  (ka-nal'lz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  canal- 
ized, ppr.  canalizing.  [<  canal  +  -ize;  after  F. 
canaliser.]  1.  To  make  a  canal  through ;  pro- 
vide with  a  canal  or  canals. — 2.  To  convert 
into  a  canal:  as,  to  canalize  a  river. 

The  Blavet  is  canalized  throughout  its  course  through 
the  department.  Encye.  Brit.,  XVI.  813. 

Also  spelled  canalise. 

canal-lift  (ka-nal'lift),  ».  1.  A  hydraulic  ele- 
vator for  raising  a  tank  filled  with  water  in 
which  a  canal-boat  may  float.  Such  an  appliance 
is  used  on  the  canal  near  Manchester,  England,  to  trans- 
fer boats  from  one  level  to  another. 
2.  A  cradle  on  which  a  canal-boat  may  rest 
ami  be  drawn  up  by  cable  along  an  inclined 
railroad.  A  lift  of  this  kind  is  in  use  ou  the 
Morris  canal  in  New  Jersey. 

Canal-lock  (ka-nal'lok),  n.     An  inclosure  with 
gates  at  each  end,  forming  a  connection  be- 


A,  vertical  longitudinal  section  ;  B.  plan  ;  r,  lock-chamber  ; 
Si  S  .  gates  ;  in,  n,  underground  conduits. 

tween  the  upper  and  lower  levels  of  a  canal, 
enabling  boats  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other. 
See  lock.  In  the  accompanying  cut  e  represents  the 
inclosure  technically  called  a  lock-chamber.  A  boat  hav- 
ing entered  this  chamber  from  g' ,  the  gates  at  g1  are  closed 
and  those  at  g  opened ;  the  water  in  e,  being  thus  rein- 
forced with  part  of  the  water  beyond  g,  rises  to  the  same 
level  with  it.  and  the  boat  proceeds. 

canam  (ka-nam'),  n.  A  dry  measure  of  Pondi- 
cherry,  India,  equal  to  72  liters,  or  2  United 
States  bushels. 

Cananeet,  a.     [HE.]     An  obsolete  form  of  Ca- 
naan it  tali. 
The  woman  Cananee.  Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1. 69. 

Cananga  (ka-nang'ga),  «.  [NL.,  from  the  Ma- 
layan name.]  A  genus  of  large  anonaeeous 
evergreen  trees,  including  three  species,  all  Ma- 
layan. The  most  common  species  is  C.  odorata,  the  ilang- 
ilang,  which  is  cultivated  throughout  India  and  in  other 
tropica]  countries.  The  large  fragrant  flowers  yield  an 
attar,  and  an  oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds. 

Canara  butter.    See  butter*-. 

canard  (ka-nar'  or  ka-nard'),  n.  [<  F.  ca- 
nard, a  hoax,  a  broadside,  a  quack,  a  particu- 
lar use  of  canard,  m.  or  f.,  a  duck,  prop,  only 
m.,  a  drake,  <  cane,  f.,  a  duck  (of.  ML.  canar- 
dus,  a  kind  of  boat).  Origin  unknown ;  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
Jcane  (>  G.  Jcahn)  =  D.  Jcaan,  a  boat.  The  con- 
nection of  the  sense  'a  hoax,  cheat'  with  the 
orig.  sense  '  a  duck '  is  prob.  to  be  explained 
from  the  old  phrase  vendeur  dc  canard  a  moitie, 
a  cozener,  guller,  liar,  lit.  one  who  half-sells  a 
duck,  that  is  (appar.),  pretends  to  sell,  and 
cheats  in  the  operation;  an  expression  prob. 
due  to  some  local  incident.  In  def.  2,  cf.  Pa- 
risian F.  canard,  a  newspaper,  canardicr,a,  jour- 
nalist.] 1.  An  absurd  story  or  statement  in- 
tended as  an  imposition ;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given,  as  by  a  newspaper; 
a  hoax.  Hence  —  2.  A  broadside  cried  in  the 
streets:  so  called  from  the  generally  sensa- 
tional nature  of  its  contents.  Imp.  Diet. 
50 


Canarese,  Kanarese  (kan-a-res'  or -rez'),  a.  and 
n.  |<  Canara,  Kanara  (see  def.),  +  -cue]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cit  her  of  two  districts  in 
western  India,  called  respectively  North  and 
Soul  li  I  'annra  (or  Kanara  I. 

II.  n.  1.  .sing,  and  pi.     A  native  or  natives  of 

either  of  these  districts. — 2.  A  language  of  the 
Dravidian  group,  nearly  allied  to  Tclugu,  being 
one  of  several  languages  spoken  in  these  dis- 
tricts, and  over  a  large  tracl  as  far  north  as 
Bidar.    Also  called  Karnata. 

canarin,  canarine  (kan'a-rin),  n.  [<  canara  + 
-in3,  -mi-.]  A  compound  (C3N3S3II)  used  in 
dyeing,  formed  by  oxidizing  sulphocyanide  of 
potassium  with  chlorate  of  potassium  in  the 
presence  of  sulphuric  and  hydrochloric  acid. 
It  produces  very  fast  yellow  shades  on  cotton. 

Canarium  (ka-na'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  camari,  an 
E,  hid.  name.]  A  genus  of  large  evergreen 
trees,  of  the  natural  order  Burseracew,  chiefly 
of  tropical  Asia  and  t  he  adjacent  islands.  There 
are  many  species,  abounding  in  fragrant  resins,  though 
the  larger  number  arc  but  little  known.  The  black  dam- 
mar-tree of  India,  C.  strictum,  yields  a  brilliant  black  gum 
which  is  used  medicinally  and  for  other  purposes.  Manila 
elemi  is  supposed  to  be  the  product  of  ('.  emu  mime,  a  spe- 
cies cultivated  in  the  Moluccas  and  elsewhere  for  its  fruit, 
which  is  edible  and  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil. 

canary  (ka-na'ri),  n.  and  a.    [<  Sp.  Pg.  canario 

(dance  and  bird)  =  F,  canari  (bird),  canarie 
(dance);  cf.  G.  Tcanariewoogel,  canary-bird; 
named  with  reference  to  the  Canary  islands, 
which  take  their  name  from  Gran  Canaria, 
one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L. 
Canaria  insula,  so  called  because  of  its  large 
dogs,  canaria  being  fern,  of  canarius,  pertaining 
to  dogs,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.]  I.  n.;  pi. 
canaries  (-riz).  1.  Wine  made  in  the  Canary 
islands.  It  was  anciently  included  under  the  general 
name  sack.  In  the  eighteenth  century,  and  as  laic  as  1820, 
it  was  in  special  demand  in  England.  The  principal  brands 
are  Teneriffc  and  Vidonia. 

Canary  was  the  Drink  of  our  wise  Forefathers,  'tis  Bal- 
samick,  and  saves  the  charge  of  'Pothecaries'  Cordials. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  iii. 

2f.  A  lively  French  and  English  dance,  of  dis- 
puted origin,  similar  to  the  jig:  named  from 
the  Canary  islands.     Often  written  canaries. 
I  have  seen  a  medicine 
That's  able  to  breathe  life  into  a  stone, 
Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  you  dance  canary. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 
I'll  make  you  a  dish  of  calves'  feet  dance  the  Cuiiariex, 
And  a  consort  of  cramm'd  capons  fiddle  to  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  ii.  2. 
3f .  A  melody  intended  for  such  a  dance,  written 
in  sextuple  (or  sometimes  quadruple)  rhythm. 
— 4.  A  canary-bird  (which  see). —  5.  A  sov- 
ereign (gold  coin):  so  called  from  its  color. 
[Prov.  Eng.] —  6.  A  kept  mistress.  [Prov. 
Eng.] —  7f.  A  word  put  by  Shakspere  in  its 
singular  and  plural  forms  into  the  mouth  of 
Mrs.  Quickly,  in  the  explanation  of  which  com- 
mentators differ.  It  is  probably  an  intentional 
blunder  for  quandary. 

You  have  brought  her  into  such  a  canaries,  as  'tis  won- 
derful. The  best  courtier  of  thern  all  .  .  .  could  never 
have  brought  her  to  such  a  canary. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  domestic  canary- 
bird;  bright-yellow. 

canaryt  (ka-na'ri),  r.  i.  [<  canary,  «.,  2.]  To 
dance ;  frolic ;  perform  the  old  dance  called  a 
canary. 

Jig  off  a  tune  at  the  tongue's  end,  canary  to  it  with  your 
feet,  humour  it  with  turning  up  your  eyelids. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 

canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-berd),  h.  An  oscine 
passerine  bird  of  the  family  Fringillidw,  so 
called  because  indigenous  to  the  Canary  isl- 
ands ;  a  kind  of  finch,  FringiUa  canaria,  or  Car- 
duclis  canaria,  one  of  the  commonest  and  best- 
known  cage-birds,  everywhere  kept  and  bred 
in  confinement.  The  native  bud  is  dark  and  streaked, 
somewhat  resembling  a  linnet  or  siskin,  the  uniformly 
bright-  or  pale-yellow  color  which  commonly  distinguishes 
the  plumage  of  the  cage-bird  being  the  result  of  artificial 
selection.  The  cultivated  varieties  are  numerous,  with 
considerable  diversity  of  color,  and  there  are  many  hy- 
brids with  allied  species,  as  the  goldfinch,  linnet,  siskin, 
and  bullfinch.  The  birds  were  introduced  into  Europe  in 
the  fifteenth  orsixteenth  century. — Canary-bird  flower. 
(a)  A  species  of  Tropceolum,  T.  peregrinuin,  with  deeply 
cut  leaves  and  bright  canary-yellow  Bowers,  the  lower 
petals  of  which  are  small  and  fringed.  Also  called  canary- 
creeper,    (b)  Same  as  bird-plant. 

canary-creeper  (ka-na'ri-kre"per),  n.  The 
canary-bird  flower  (which  see,  under  canary- 
bird). 

canary-finch  (ka-na'ri-finch),  n.  The  canary- 
bird. 

canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gras),  n.  Phalaris  Ca- 
nariensis,  natural  order  Grammem,  a  native  of 
the  Canary  islands.     Its  seed  is  used  as  food  in  the 


cancel 

Canaries,  llarbary,  and  Italy,  and  is  extensively  cultivated 

elsewhere  for  canary  birds.     The  reed  canary-grass,  P. 

arundinacea,  is  a  common  species,  a  v:u  le-atcd  iunn  of 

which  is  the  ribbon-grass  of  gardens. 
canary-moSS  (ka-na'ri-nios),  n.    A  name  of  the 

lichens,  liuccilla  tinctoria,  etc.,  which  yield  ar 

obi]  and  litmus.    Also  called  canary-weed.    See 

cut  under  archil. 
canary-seed  (ka-na'ri-sed),  n.    The  seed  of 

canary-grass,  use.  I  for  feeding  birds. 

canary-Stone  (ka-na'ri-ston  I.  ii.  A  very  beau- 
tiful and  somewhat  rare  variety  of  earoelian, 
so  named  from  its  yellow  color. 

canary-weed  (ka-na'ri-wed),  n.  Same  as  ca- 
nary-mo88. 

canary-wood  (ka-na'ri-wud),  »•  The  hand- 
some, dark-colored,  mahogany-like  wood  of 
Persea  Indica  and  kpoUonias  Canariensis,  lau- 
raceous  trees  of  the  Azores  and  Madeira:  so 
called  because  it  was  brought  originally  from 
the  Canaries.    Also  called  Madeira  mahogany. 

canaster  (ka-nas'ter),  «.  [=  MLG.  kanasU  r  = 
F.  canastrc,  <  Pg.  canastra  =  Sp.  canastro,  ca- 
nasto,  usually  canasta,  a  large  basket,  <  Gr. 
Kavaorpov,  a  wicker  basket:  see  canister.]  1.  A 
rush  basket  made  in  the  Spanish  countries  of 
South  America  and  used  for  packing  tobacco 
for  exportation.  The  tobacco  sent  to  Europe 
packed  in  these  baskets  takes  from  them  the 
name  of  canaster  tobacco.  Hence  —  2.  A  kind 
of  tobacco  for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Meanwhile  I  will  smoke  my  canaster, 
And  tipple  my  ale  in  the  shade. 

Thackeray,  Imitation  of  Horace. 

canatillo(kan-a-tel'yo),  »i.  [Mex.]  The  Mex- 
ican name  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ephedra, 
used  as  a  styptic  and  as  a  remedy  in  syphilitic 
complaints. 

can-bottle  (kan'bof'l),  n.  The  long-tailed  tit- 
mouse.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-buoy  (kan'boi),  n.  A  large  cylindrical  or 
conical  floating  buoy,  used  as  a  mark  for  shoals, 
etc.    See  buoy. 

cancan  (kan'kan),  n.  [<  F.  cancan,  a  dance 
(see  def.) ;  a  slang  or  cant  term,  perhaps  a  pai-- 
ticular  use  of  cancan,  tittle-tattle,  gossip,  scan- 
dal, said  to  be  <  L.  quamquam,  although  (be- 
cause "in  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages  the 
proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  contention,  one  party  pronoun- 
cing it  can-can,  and  the  other  quanquam  "),  but 
prob.  <  cancancr,  tattle,  chatter,  gossip,  appar. 
an  imitative  reduplication,  to  be  compared 
with  the  E.  cackle,  quack,  etc.]  A  kind  of  dance 
performed  in  low  resorts  by  men  and  women, 
who  indulge  in  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civious gestures ;  hence,  a  quadrille  or  a  similar 
dance  performed  in  this  manner. 

can-cart  (kan'kart),  n.  A  light  two-wheeled 
vehicle  with  a  bent  axle  for  supporting  a  large 
can  hung  on  trunnions  between  the  wheels, 
used  for  carrying  milk,  etc. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  n.  [In  older  E.  form  chancel, 
q.  v.,  <  OF.  chancel  =  Sp.  cancel  =  Pg.  cane  llo, 
cancclla  =  It.  canccllo,  a  lattice,  grating,  <  ML. 
cancellus,  cancella,  L.  *eaiieellus,  always  in  pi. 
cancclli,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles  (see  can- 
cclli), dim.  of  cancer,  pi.  cancri,  a  lattice :  a 
word  scarcely  used.  See  the  verb.]  If.  Lattice- 
work, or  one  of  the  cross-bars  in  latticework; 
a  latticework  or  grated  inclosure;  hence,  a 
barrier ;  a  limit. 

A  prison  is  but  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of  serious 
thoughts  to  a  person  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires  no  enlarge- 
ment beyond  the  cancels  of  the  body. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Life  of  Christ,  III.,  Disc,  w,  ;  a. 

2.  [<  cancel,  v.]  In  printing,  a  page,  sheet,  or 
other  part  of  a  printed  work  suppressed  and 
destroyed  before  publication ;  the  act  of  reject- 
ing a  part  of  a  printed  work.  The  cancel  ordered 
on  the  discovery  of  a  fault  in  unpublished  printed  mat- 
ter is  usually  followed  by  correct  reprinting;  butacancel 
is  sometimes  made  without  reprinting. 

3.  [<  cancel,  c]  In  music,  the  sign  E,  when  used 
to  nullify  the  effect  of  a  sharp  or  a  flat  pre- 
viously occurring  either  in  the  signature  or  as 
an  accidental. 

Cancel  (kan'sel),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  canceled  or 
cancelled,  ppr.  canceling  or  cancelling.  [For- 
merly also  cancell ;  <  F.  canceller,  <  >F.  canceller, 
aula  Ii  r  —  Fr.  Pg.  canccUar  =  Sp.  eaucelar  = 
It.  cancel/are,  <  L.  eaucc/lare,  make  like  a  lat- 
tice, esp.  to  strike  out  a  writing  by  drawing 
lines  across  in  the  form  of  latticework,  <  can- 
celli,  pi.,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles:  see 
cancel,  n.     Hence  ult.  (<  L.  cancclli)  also  than- 


cancel 

chancellor,  etc.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  inclose 
with  latticework  or  a  railing. 

\  litti,  in  with  iron-wi 

amp  at  which  .  .  .  our  Saviour  was  bco 

i 

2.  To  draw  lines  across  (something  written)  so 
:,s  :  blot  out  ot-  obliterate:  as,  to  can- 

.il  lines  in  a  manuscript. 

j  .1!  borrow  ■!  are  return  d,  tin'  Imnds 
tir  acquittance  formally  seal'd. 

I't.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 

Thelndentun  "" 

3.  To  annul  or  destroy;  make  void;  sei  aside: 

,;  l  a  debt  or  an  engagement. 

Enow  then,  I  I  all  former  griefs, 

.  T.  G.  ..I  V.,  v.  -1. 

His  subjects  slain, 

I'd.  ami  his  treasui  e  spenl 

Shak..  3  Him.  VI.,  v.  4. 

4.  (a)  Tn  mull/.,  to  strike  out  or  eliminate,  as 
a  number  or  quantity  constituting  a  common 
[actor  in  a  dividend  and  «li\  isor  or  the  numera- 
tor and  denominator  of  a  fraction,  or  a  common 
term  in  the  two  members  of  an  equation,    (b) 

In  prill  tin  1 1,  to  strike  out,  reject,  or  I  lirow  aside, 
as  some  [n  i  printed  work,    (c)  In  music, 

to  suspend  the  power  of  (a  sharp  or  a  flat)  by  in- 
serting the  sign  jj.  =  Syn.  2.  etc.(see 
i  atch  "iif.  rub  out,  wipe  out. 
-3.  /•'                                           tbolish. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  become  obliterated  or  void. 
[Rare.] 

\  rash  oath  thai  cancell'd  in  the  making.  Cowley. 

cancelation,  cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon), 
The  act  of  canceling;  specifically,  in  math., 
the  striking  out  or  removal  of  a  common  factor 
or  term.      See  timet  I.  r.  t.,  -I  (o). 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  »•  [<  F- 
a  ssibilati  -1  chanct  it  r  (  eschanct  i<  r) 
(=  I'r.  rant-In  It  r.  i-liinu-i-lnr).  reel,  stagger,  wa- 
it, go  in  zigzags,  being  the  same  word  as 
canceler,  draw  lines  across  in  the  form  of  lat- 
ticework: see  cancel,  v.]  The  turn  of  a  hawk 
upon  the  wing  to  recover  itself,  after  miss- 
ing in  the  lirst  stoop.     Also  written  canceller, 

!         :  i  twks,  down  thrilling  from  the  skies, 
slake  sundry  cancels*  re  ere  they  the  fowl  can  1 1  ai  b. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  .\\.  229. 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  r.  i.    [< 

.  m.J     In  falconry \  to  turn  two  or  three 

times  on  the  wing  before  seizing  the  prey,  as 

a  hawk  in  stooping,  especially  when  it  misses. 

Also  written  cam  i  lit  r. 

The  partridge  sprung, 
1J.    the  hawk]  makes  his  Btoop;  hut,  wanting  breath,  is 

inger.  The  Guardian,  h.  1. 

canceler,  canceller1  (kan'sel-er),  n.    One  who 

or  that  which  cancels;  specifically,  a  hand- 
stamp  or  stamping-machine  for  the  cancela- 
tion of  postage  stamps ;  a  canceling-stamp. 

canceliert,  »■  and  v.    Bee  canceleer. 

canceling-stamp  (kan'sel-ing-stamp),  n.  A 
hand-stamp  for  defacing  and  canceling  post- 
■!:ir     or  checks. 

cancellarean  i  e-au),  a.    Same   as 

hi  i.     [Hare.] 
cancellareate  (kan-se-lS're-at),  a.    [<  ML.  can- 
ceUai  rillor.]    Belonging  to  a  chan- 

|  Rare.  1 
Cancellaria  i  kan-se-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Lamarck, 
1801;  cf.ML.co  Bee  chancellor),  <.  It. 

■  tit.  -,i  grating:  see  cancel,  v.]  The  typical 
genu-  of  Cancellariidw,  having  an  oval  cancel- 
lated shell  with  the  last  whorl  ventricous,  aper- 
ture oblong  a  nd  ea  as  liculal  ed,  canal  short,  and 
columella  tte.    There  are  many 

ies.  of  which  C.  reticulata  is  an  example, 
always  mail 

■  riseto  the 

Vat    n>  '.,  I.  337. 

cancellarian1  ML.  can- 

chancellor.']    Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  chancellor;  cancellareate.  Also  spelled 
I;. ire.] 
cancellarian-  ti-an),  a.     |     Cancel 

a  +  -an.  |     In  conch.,  pertaining  to  thi 

cancellariid  (kan-se-la'ri  id),  n.    A  gastropod 
of  the  family  I 

Cancellariidse  (kan  se-lg  ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 
'  ma  Uaria  +  4da 

the  the  probi 

rudimentary,    the   teeth   two-rowed,   and 
shi-u  cancellated  and  inoperculate.    Thi 


Cancellate  Structure  of  Bone. — Upper 
part  of  femur,  in  section. 


786 

cancellarioid  (kafr*e4a'ri-oid),  a,  [<  CanoeJr 
laria  +  -otd.  |  Resembling  the  members  of  the 
genua  Cancellaria;  oancellarian. 
cancellate,  cancellated  (kan'se-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  L.  cancellatus,  pp.  of  cancellare,  make  like 
or  provide  "with  a  lattice:  see  cancel,  .-.]  Sep- 
arated into  spaces  or  divisions,  as  by  cancelli. 
Specificallj     (a)  In  tool.,  marked  by  Lines  crossing  each 

;  .  marked  iatticewise;  reticulated}  showing 
work  of  lines.     The  shell  <>f  Cancellaria  reticulata  is  a 

g l  e  i  ■ 

The  tafl  of  the  castor  \>  almost  bald,  though  the  beast 
is  very  hairy;  and  cancellated  with  some  resemblance  t<> 
the  scales  of  fishes,  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

mat  .  same  as  in  zo&logy,  but  especially  said  of  the 
light  spongy  or  porous  texture  of  bone  resulting  from 
numerous  thin   osseous 
»Z2s.        laminae  with  intervening 
spaces  large  enough  to 
be  readily  seen  by  the 
naked  eye,   such  texture 
occurs  in   the  ends  of 
long  hones,  as  the  hume- 
rus and  femur,   and  in 
the    interior     of     most 
short,  flat,  or  irregular 
bones.     The  spaces  are 
chiefly    vascular    chan- 
nels, tilled  with  connec- 
tive tissue,  fat,  etc.,  be- 
tween plates  or  layers  of 
more  compact  bone-tis- 
sue,   (c)  lu  hot.,  applied 
to  leaves  consisting  en- 
tirely of  veins,  without 
connecting  parenchyma, 
so  that  the  whole  leaf 
looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 
network  ;  in  mosses,  applied  to  cell-structure  having  such 
appearance. 
Also  cancellous. 
cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon),  n.     [<  L.  can- 
cellaUo(n-),  <  cancellare,  pp.  cancellatus :    see 
cancel,  v.]      1.  See  cancelation. —  2.  In  anat., 
reticulation;  the  state  of  being  cancellated: 
as,  the  cancellation  of  bone. 
canceller1,  n.     See  canceler. 
canceller2},  »•  and  v.    Same  as  canceleer. 
cancelli  (kan-sel'i),  //.  pi.     [L.,  a  lattice,  etc.: 
see  cancel,  n.~\     Cross-pieces  or  reticulations 
forming  a  latticework  or  grating.    Specifically— 
(rt)  In  the  Rom-.  Cath,  Ch.,  the  parts  «>!  a  latticework  parti- 
tion between  the  choir  and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  ar- 
ranged as  not  to  intercept  the  view. 

The  Altar  is  inclos'd  with  Cancelli-  so  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proach'd  by  any  one  but  the  Priest,  according  to  the  fash- 
inn  of  the  Greek  Churches. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  27. 
(b)  In  zool.  and  mutt.,  the  reticulations  or  intersections 
constituting  cancellated  structure  or  reticulated  texture; 
a  composition  of  many  spaces  hounded  by  lines  or  surfaces 
forming  a  network  or  lattice-like  arrangement,  such  as  the 
light,  spongy,  cancellated  tissue  of  hones.  The  word  is 
little  used  except  for  this  kind  of  osseous  texture,  and  the 
singular,  canceling,  is  not  in  use.  See  cancellate,  (Ij). 
cancellous  (kan'se-lus),  a.  [<  L.  canccllastrs,  < 
cancelli:  see  cancel,  v."]     Same  as  cancellate. 

On  examining  a  section  of  any  bono,  it  is  seen  to  be  com- 
posed of  two  kinds  of  tissue,  one  of  which  is  dense  and 
compact  in  texture,  like  ivory;  the  other  consisting  of 
slender  fibres  ami  lamellae,  which  join  to  form  a  reticular 
structure;  this,  from  its  resemblance  to  lattice-work,  is 
called  cancellous.  II.  Graii,  Anat.,  p.  45. 

cancer  (kan'ser),  n.  [L.  cancer  (cancr-)  =  Gr. 
napKivoSj  a  crab,  also  in  astronomical  and  medi- 
cal senses;  cf.  in  same  senses  Skt.  karkata, 
Tcarkataka.  >  Hind,  hark,  Hindi  TceTcra,  a  crab, 
also  in  astronomical  sense.  Hence  (from  L.), 
through  AS.,  canker,  q,  v.,  and,  through  F., 
chancre,  q.  v.]  1.  [cop.]  [NL.]  In  eool.t 
the  typical  genus  of  brachyurmis  decapodous 


'- — ?-0 

J*  J 

(J 

\^/    t 

^X 

'■ 

The  Constellation  Cancer. 


Commoner        fl       Pacific  Coast    Canetr  magisttr). 

crustaceans  of  the  Eamilj  Cancrida;:  formerly 
tha aterminous  with  the  order  De- 
da,  mow   restricii-.l  !..  tin'  i-iiiniiKiii  fililili' 
:  ib  of  Europe,  C.  pagurus,  and  itB  immediate 
congeners.    Bee  crab1. — 2.   [cap.]    In  astron., 

nstellation  and  also  :i  sign  of  the  zodiac, 

represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  shoti 
int;  tin-  limits  of  the  sun's  course  northward  in 
Bummer;  hence,  the  sign  of  the  summer  sol 
1  ed  i.  ■'!.  in  pathoh,  a  malignant 
tumor  technically  named  carcinoma  (.which 
i.  asion,  any  malignanl  tumor, 


cancrid 

as  one  of   certain  mlinumata  and  sarcomata. 
— 4f.  A  plant,  possilily  cancerwort. 

Who  tiumlit  the  poore  beast  having  poison  tasti  d 

TO  B6ek  th'  hcirl'i'  t-titirt  >■,  ami  l».\   llial  t"  run-  liini. 

Great  Britaine'e  Troye,  1.  icoo. 
Adenoid  cancer,  an  adenocarcinoma. — Alveolar  can- 
cer, colloid  can- 
cer, encepha- 
loid  cancer.  See 
the  adjectives. — 
Tropic  of  Can- 
cer.   See  tropic. 

cancerate 
(kan '  Be  -rat), 
».  i. :  pret.  and 
pp.  cancerated, 

ppr.  rinii-t  rul- 
ing. [<  L,  i-tiu- 
i-t  in  tits,  adj., 
prop.  pp.  of 
'cancerare,  in- 
ceptive i-iui- 
cerascere,  be- 
come cancer- 
ous, <  cancer, 
a  cancer:  see 
cancer.]  To 
grow  into  a 
cancer;  be- 
come cancer- 
ous. 

canceration  (kan-so-ra'shon),  ».  [<  L.  as  if 
't-tini-rrntiti(n-),  <  cdnceratus:  see  cancerate]  A 
growing  cancerous,  or  into  a  cancer. 

cancer-bandage  (kan'ser-ban"daj),  u.  A  band- 
age so  arranged  as  to  resemble  the  legs  of  a 
crab.     Also  called  the  split-cloth  of  cii/li!  tails. 

cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  cell 
characterized  by  a  large  nucleus,  bright  nucle- 
olus, and  irregular  form,  frequently  occurring 
in  malignant  tumors. 

cancerine  (kan'se-rin), »;.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab. 
+  -ine-.]  An  artificial  guano  prepared  from 
horseshoe  and  other  crabs  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Jersey,  and  elsewhere. 

cancerite  (kan'se-rit),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -<7e2.]  A  petrified  crab;  a  fossil  brachyu- 
rous  crustacean. 

cancer-juice  (kan's6r-jos),  n.  A  milky  liquid 
which  can  be  squeezed  out  of  a  divided  cancer, 

cancer-mushroom  (kan'ser-mush  rom),  ». 
The  mushroom-shaped  mass  produced  by  can- 
cer of  the  uterus  when  it  affects  the  parts  about 
the  os  and  leaves  the  cervix  intact. 

cancerous  (kan'se-rus),  a.  [=  F.  cancereux,  < 
ML.  cancerosus,  <  L.  cancer,  a  cancer.]  Like 
cancer;  virulent;  also,  affected  with  cancer. 

There  is  a  cancerous  malignity  in  it  which  must  be  cut 
forth.  llitllttut. 

cancerously  (kan'se-rus-li),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  a  cancer. 

cancerousness  (kan'se-rus-nes),  ».  The  state 
of  being  cancerous. 

cancer-root  (kan'ser-r6t),  n.  A  name  in  the 
United  States  of  several  plants  belonging  In 
the  natural  order  Orobanchacece,  more  particu- 
larly Epiphegus  Virginiana,  Conopholii  Ameri- 
cana, and  Aphyllon  uniflorum.  Allan  lo«  herbs 
without  ^i'l'cii  mini,  w  1 1 i 1 1 ' ,  ]ialc- 1 nn wii ,  or  purplish,  und 
parasitic  "it  tlic  roots  of  trees. 

cancer-weed  (kan'ser-wed),  n.  The  rattlesnake- 
root,  Prenanthes  alba,  of  the  LTnited  Slates,  a 
milky-juiced  composite  having  an  intensely 
bitter  root,  which  is  used  as  a  domestic  tonic. 

cancerwort  (kan'ser-wert),  n.  1.  The  common 
name  of  the  annual  species  of  Linaria,  /..spuria 
and  /..  I-'.ltilint -,  common  European  weeds. —  2\. 
An  old  name  for  a  species  of  Veronica. 

canch  (kanch),  n.  [E.  dial.  J  If.  A  small  quan- 
I  iiy  of  corn  in  the  straw  put  into  the  corner  of 
a  barn;  a  small  mow. —  2f.  A  short  turn  or 
spell  nt  anything. — 3t.  A  trench  cut  sloping  to 
a  very  narrow  bottom. — 4f.  A  certain  breadth 
in  digging  or  treading  land. —  5.  In  coalmin- 
ing, that  part  of  the  floor  or  roof  of  a  gan 
wliicli  lias  to  l»'  removed  in  order  to  equalize 
the  grade,  when  there  lias  been  a  slight  fault 
or  break  in  the  strata. 

canchalagua  (kan-cha-la'gwS),  n.  [Sp.,  dsi 
fiinilit Iiii/iiii.  canchilagna.]  Tlie  Spanish  Dame 
in  Chili  and  California  of  species  of  the  gen- 
tianaceous genus  Erythreea, ^used  asbittertonics. 

canciller  (Sp.  pron.  kan-thel-yar'),  ».  [Sp.: 
see  chancellor.]    In  Mexican  law,  a  chancellor. 

cancra,  n.    Plural  of  cancrwn. 

cancredt  (kang'kerd),  a.    An  obsolete  fori 
cankered. 

cancrid  (kang'krid),  n.  A  crab  of  the  family 
Cancrida . 


Cancridae 


rs7 


Cancridae  (kang'kri-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Cancer  Cancromidse  (kang-krom'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 


ICanor-)  +  -idic]  The  family  of  crabs  of  which 
the  K''lllls  ' '"'"'' '''  's  ""'  type;  (lie  central  I'ain- 
ily  of  braehyurous  decapod  crustaceans,  its  deft 
nition  varies  with  different  systems  of  classification,  but 
in  any  case  the  genera  are  many.  Tin'  Bpeciesare  mostly 
littoral  an.l  numerous,  being  represented  in  almost  every 
region.    See  cut  under  cancer. 

cancriform  (kang'kri-fdrm),  a.  [=  F.  cancri- 
fornie,  <  Ij.  cancer,  a  crab,  a  cancer,  +  forma, 
shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  n  crab;  re- 
sembling or  related  to  a  oral)  in  structure  j 
braehyurous  and  decapod,  as  a  crustacean ;  car- 
cinomorphic.    Also  cancroid. —  2.  Cancerous. 

cancrine  (kang'krin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "cancrinue, 
<  ctutci  r,  a  era  1 1 :  see  cancer.']  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  crab. 

Cancrinea (kang-krin'e-S),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  cone,  r 
(l 'niter-)  +  -in< a.)  A  group  or  legion  of  can- 
eroidean  crustaceans,  containing  the  typical 
marine  representatives  of  the  superfamilj  Can- 
croidea,  and  especially  the  families  Candidas 
and  l'orlunidiv. 

cancrinite  (kang'kri-nit),  «._[<  Cancrin  (a  Ku& 
sian  mi 
In  mine 

peculiar  in  containing  carbon  dioxid.  it  occur 
massive  and  in  indistinct  crystals,  white  to  yellow  and 
red  in  color.  It  is  found  in  the  Ural  mountains,  Norway, 
Transylvania,  and  Maine. 

cancrisocial  (kang-kri-so'shal),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer {cancr-)  +  E.  social.]  Social  with  crabs; 
associated  with  a  crab  in  vital  economy  :  ap- 


Cancroma  +  -ida.]  The  boat-buled  herons, 
or  Cancromitus,  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 

See  t 'iiiiermiiiiiie. 

Cancrominae  (kang-kro-mi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Cancroma  +  -inie.  |  A  subfamily  of  herons,  of  I  lie 

family  dra\  idee,  represented  bythe  single  genus 
Cancroma,  characterized  not  only  by  the  form 

of  the  bill  (see  Cancroma),  but  .also  bythe  pns- 

si'ssi f     I    instead   of   I!   or  2   pnwilor-dowii 

I  racts:  a  f,T(iii]i  sometimes  elevated  to  I  he  rank 
of  a  family.     See  cut  under  boatbiU. 

cancropha'gous  (kang-krof'a-gus),  a.  [<L.  can- 
cer (cancr-),  a  crab,  +  Gr.  Qayeiv,  eat..]  Same 
as  cancrivorou8. 

cancrum  (kang'krum),  n. ;  pi.   cancra  (-krij.) 


candid 

Civilizing  the  stems  of  his  trees  annually  with  liquid 

i and  ii"  ditatlng  how  toextend  that  candent  baptism 

i  „,  ,,  to  the  leaves.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  26. 

2.   Very  hot;   heated  to  whiteness;   glowing 

With  white  heat. 
'I  he  oandt  nt  vessel  ';".«'''.  Works,  I.  482. 

canderos  iKnn'.le  ms),  ».    [E.  Ind.]    An  East 

India  n  gum  resembling  amber,  bul  rat  her  white 

in  color  and  'e  pellucid,     it  is  sometimes 

Eashioned  into  toys  of  various  kinds,  which  are 

\rrv  light  and  lake  a  good  polish. 
candescence  (kan-des'ens),  ».      [<  L.  candi 

seen(t-)s:  see  candescent.]     Same  as  incandes 

cence.     [Rare.] 
candescent    (kan  -  des '  ent),  a.     [<  L.  cande- 

xe<n(l-)s,  ppr.  of  candescire,  become  white,  be- 


II 1     .      It .    ,        |'l.        ('(/It   /»       i-n.i<ii  I .  ~ \  •     /~  i     i    i  ,  .,  -  'L'J. 

[NL.,a,,e„l.  form  of!,.,  nncer  (masc),  it  can-     gi»  t..  glow,  inceptive  ol    cand,  n  ,  be  «  nt.-  or 

nicer— cancrum    hot,  glow:  see  candid.]    Same  as  tncandescent. 
[Bare.] 

At  sight  ol  the  star  yet  above  the  cave,  though  le     i  i 
,;,  so  nt  than  belore.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  7... 


cer.]     A  rapidly  progressive 
oris  (gangrenous  stomatitis)  and  cancrum  naslfeangri 
inms  rhinitis),  very  fetid  destructive  ulcerations  ol  the 
walls  ol  the  buccal  and  nasal  cavities,  usuallj  Been  mill- 
fed  delicate  children     Alsocallednomo,  candicantt  (kan'.li-kant),  a.   [<L. candican(t-)s, 
cand  (kand),  n.    [Cf .  W.  can,  brightness.]     in         .  ot.  ,,,„„,,,.„ ,.,,  )h.  whitish,^  ■andere,  be  white: 
Cornwall,  England,  fluor-spar  or  tluonte  occur-     i^   ,.„„,/„/.  ] 


,    Waxing  white.    Bailey. 
minister  ot  finance,  1773-1845)  +  -tte-.\     nng  as  a  veinstone:  called  bythe  Derbyshire  can(jj^  (kau'did^  a.    [<  P.  candide  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
neral.,  a  silicate  related  to  nephelite,  but     miners  blue-john.    Not  used  in  America,  where  this     ,,,,,.,/;,/.,   '/  i,    cdndidus    bright,  radiant,  pure, 

clear,  sincere,  frank,  <  canderel  slime,  glitter. 


kind  of  veinstone  is  of  rare  occurrence,  although  abundant 
in  certain  mining  regions  of  Europe. 
Candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  n.  [<  Malay  l;an- 
drin.]  The  name  given  by  foreigners  in  China 
and  the  far  East  to  the  Chinese  fun.  the  100th 
part  of  a  liang  or  ounce.  As  a  weight  it  is  equal  to 
about  6.8  -rains  Eroy,  and  as  a  money  of  account  it  may 
be  considered  equal  to  1.4  cents.    See  liang  and  tad. 

candavaig  (kan'da-vag),  n.  [So.,  perhaps  < 
Gael,  ccann,  head,  +  "diibhach,  <  ttithli,  black; 
foul  salmon  being  called  'black  fish'  (Jamie- 
son).]  A  foul  salmon;  one  that  remains  in 
fresh  water  till  summer,  without  going  into  the 
sea.     [Local,  Scotch.] 

candelt,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  candle. 

candelabrum  ( kau-de-la'brum),  n. ;  pi.  cand  la- 
bra  (-bra).  [L.,<  candela,  aeandle:  see  candle.] 
1.  Jnantiq.:  (a)  A  candlestick,  (b)  A  lamp- 
stand  ;  a  kind  of  stand  used  among  the  Romans 
to  support  a  lamp  or  lamps.  Such  stands  vary  in 
height  from  those  of  only  a  few  inches,  and  intended  to 
rest  upon  a  table  or  shelf,  to  those  of  4  feet  or  more, 
which  raised  the  lamps  to  a  height  sufficient  to  illuminate 
an  apartment,  [n  general,  such  candelabra  consist  of  along 
shaft  or  rod  rising  from  a  base  with  three  feet,  and  support- 
ing a  circular  cap  or  disk  with  elaborate  ornamentation. 

S e  examples  are  of  enormous  size  and  weight,  covering 

at  the  base  a  triangle  of  0  or  7  feet  on  each  side,  and  ris- 


Cancrisocial  Animals.— Sea-anemone  (Swire:,,  parasitica)  on  a 
whelk  i  BHCdnum  undattim)  inhabited  by  a  hermit-crab  (Pagurus 
benthardusi. 

plied  to  sea-anemones  and  other  animals  whirl 
grow  on  the  shell  of  a  crab,  or  on  a  shell  of 
which  a  hermit-crab  has  also  taken  possession. 
In  some  cases  the  association  seems  to  lie  not  merely  for- 
tuitous, but  to  involve  some  community  of  vital  interest. 

cancrivorous  (kang-kriv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer {cancr-),  a  crab,  +  vorare,  eat,  devour.] 
Crab-eating ;  earcinophagous :  applied  to  sun- 
dry animals.     Also  cancrophagous. 

cancrizans  (kang'kri-zanz),  a.  [<  ML.  caneri- 
eans,  ppr.  of  cancrizare,  walk  backward  like  a 
crab,  <L.  cancer  (cancr-),  a  crab.]  Going  or  mov- 
ing backward,  like  a  crab:  in  music,  used  of  a 
canon  the  subject  of  which  is  repeated  in  tho 
answer  backward  instead  of  forward. 

cancroid  (kang'kroid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cancer 
(cancr-),  a  cancer,  crab,  +  Gr.  rhhr,  form.]  I. 
a.  1.  In  pathol.,  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling 
cancer. — 2.  In  eool.,  same  as  cancriform,  1. 

II.  n.  In  pathol.:    (a)  An  epithelioma,     (b) 
An  adenoma,     (c)  A  keloid. 

Cancroidea  (kang-kroi'de-a),  )*.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cancer  (Cancr-)  +  -oidea.  Cf.  cancroid.]  A 
superfamily  or  tribe  of  braehyurous  decapod 
crustaceans,  containing  the  families  Cancridw 
and  Portunidce:  it  corresponds  to  Cyclometopa. 
They  have  the  carapace  usually  transverse  and  the  antero- 
lateral margins  arched,  the  mouth-cavity  Bubquadrate,  9 
branchise  with  efferent  channels  terminating  at  the  palate, 
and  the  male  organs  in  the  bases  of  the  fifth  pair  of  legs. 

cancroidean  (kang-kroi'de-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cancroidea. 

Cancroma  (kang-iro'ma),  n.  [NL.  (Liiinteus, 
176G),  named  with  reference  toF.  crabier,  crab- 
eater  (in  zool.  and  ornith.),  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-), 
a  crab.  For  the  form,  cf.  L.  cancroma,  can- 
ceroma,  under  carcinoma.]    A  genus  of  altricial 


Candelabra  of  Bronze.—  First  example,  epoch  of  Napoleon  I. ;  second 
example,  Roman,  from  Pompeii. 

ing  to  a  proportionate  height;  these,  often  made  of  mai  ble, 
were  used  in  connection  with  religious  observances,  and 
were  rather  m rments  or  votive  offerings  than  utensils. 

2.  Any  branched  candlestick  differing  from  a 
chandelier  or  bracket  in  resting  upon  a  foot. 
Some  very  beautiful  candelabra  exist  in  churches,  most 
commonly  made  to  hold  seven  candles.  One  in  Milan  ca- 
thedral, of  hi'on/.e.  ilaiini;  Irom  the  twelfth  century,  is  per- 
haps the  richest  in  existence.  The  "seven-branched  can- 
dlesticks" of  the  Hebrews  (see  candlestick)  are  properly 

andi  labra. 

3.  A  variety  of  arabesque  in  which  a  strongly 
marked  vertical  motive  is  present.  Thus,  a  shaft 
or  a  sort  of  pilaster  from  which  the  scrollwork  of  the  de- 
sign is  given  off  is  called  a  candelabrum,  and  gives  the 

the  design  itself. 


name  of  candelabrum  ti 

4.  pi.  In  sponges,  branching  terminal  spines. 

^liatbrialtods,pf  the  "order  BerodionestmA  candencyt' (kan'den-si),  n.    [<  L.  candentia, 

family  Ardeula- :   the  boatbills  or  boat-billed  ^teness,  <  (.,„„,,;;(,.)s/  see  candent]     Heat 
herons  of  tropical  America,  characterized  by    fervor 

the  dilataMou  and  inflation  of  the  cochleari-  candent  (kan'dent),  „.     [<  L.  canden(t-)s,  ppr. 
form  bill.    There  is  but  one  well-established  species,  i        of  ,,„„,/,,,.,. ,  b(.  ^vi,jU,  or  iu,t:   see  candid.]     1. 

Whitening;  making  white.     [Bare.] 


glisten,  be  bright,  be  white,  glow,  glow  with 
heat  (in  comp.  accendire  and  incendSre,  set  on 
fire:  eeeaccend,  incense,  incendiary,  etc.),  akin 
to  Gr.  favfloV,  golden-yellow  (see  .ran tho-),  /.«- 
dap6c,  clear,  clean,  pure  (see  cathartic),  LGr. 
aavdapoc,  a  coal,  and  to  Skt.  cchandra,  Chandra, 
shining,  chandra,  chamlramas,  the  moon,  <  ■/ 
cchand,  ehand,ovig.  "skandh,  shine.  Hence  also 
(<  L.  candere)  candle,  <{.  v.]  It-  Bright ;  white. 
The  box  receives  all  black :  but  pour'd  from  thence, 
The  stones  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 

Dryden. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere;  in- 
genuous; outspoken:  of  persons:  as,  to  be 
cm, lit!  with  you,  I  think  you  are  wrong. 

Open,  candid1,  and  generous,  his  heart  was  the  constant. 
companion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the  aril-—  indi  I 
ofhisiniud.  Canning. 

I  must  be  candid  with  you,  my  dear  Jeffrey,  and  tell 

you  that  I  d t  like  your  article  on  the  Scotch  Courts. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Francis  .lelle  y. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial: of  persons  or  their  acts:  as,  a  candid  view 
or  construction. 

Candid  and  dispassionate  men.  Irving. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Candid,  Fair,  Open,  Frank.  Ingenuous, 
.V-ecc,  Sincere,  unprejudiced,  unbiased.  The  first  sevi  n 
words  apply  to  the  spirit,  expression,  or  maimer.  The  can- 
did mail  is  aide  toluol;  impartially  on  both  sidesof  a  sub- 
ject, especially  giving  due  weight  to  arguments  or  opinions 
opposed  to  Ins  own,  and  due  credit  to  the  motives  of  op- 

l nis;  candid  speech  is  essentially  the  same  as  frank 

speech,  sometimes  going  so  far  as  to  he  blunt.  Fair  belongs 
primarily  to  conduct,  but  in  regard  to  speech  and  thought 
it  is  the  same  as  eamliil:  as,  a  man  preeminently  fair  in 
dealing  with  opposing  views.  Open  is  opposed  to  con- 
cealment; the  open  man  does  not  cultivate  a  politic  re- 
serve, but  expresses  his  opinions  freely,  without  stopping 
to  think  of  their  effect  upon  his  own  interests.  Front, 
literally,  free;  the  freedom  may  he  in  regard  to  one's  own 
opinions,  which  is  the  same  as  .,,,  -  irness.  or  in  regard  to 
things  belonging  to  others,  where  the  freedom  maj  go  so 
far  as  to  be  unpleasant,  or  it  may  disregard  conventional 
ideas  as  to  reticence1,  lb  nee,  while  openness  is  consistent 
with  timidity,  frankness  implies  some  degree  of  bob 
Ingenuous  implies  a  permanent  moral  quality,  an  elevated 
inability  to  be  other  than  holiest  or  open,  even  to  ones 
own  loss;  there  is  a  peculiar  suhjecthe  east  to  the  wad, 
as  though  the  man  stood  most  in  awe  of  the  disappro- 
bation of  his  own  judgment  and  conscience;  hence  the 
close  connection  between  ingenuousness  and  modesty. 
y aire  expresses  a  real  or  an  assumed  unconsciousness  of 
the  way  in  which  one's  words  meet  conventional  rules,  or 
of  the  construction  which  may  be  put  upon  them  by  others; 

n, nr,  i,  is  thus  an  opei bs  or  frankness  proceeding  from 

native  or  assumed  simplicity   or  ;u  tb  ssness.    .sincere  ex- 
presses the  spirit  and  language    that  go  with  the  love  of 
truth  ;  the  sincere  man  is  necessarily  candid  and  fair,  and 
as  open  and  frank  as  seems  required  by  truth. 
He  [Dryden]  was.  moreover,  a  man  of  singularrj 

soul,  and. if  a  temper  self-i ftdent  i  nough  to  be  candid 

even  with  himself.    I.,, mil,  Amongmy  Books,  Lstser.,p.  7. 


I  like  not  /.:  :  terms  and  a  vill  :in  s  mind 

Shak.,  .M.  of  V. 


i.  3. 


cochlearia.    The  genus  is  typical  of  a  subfamily  Cane* 
mines.     Also  called  Cancri>[jhaaus.    See  bualbill. 


True,  some  are  open,  and  to  all  men  known. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  51. 
O  Truth  is  easy,  and  the  light  shines  clear 
In  hearts  kept  open,  In  inest  and  sincere ! 

A .  Coles,  The  Evangel. 

With  frank  and  with  uncurbed  plainness 

Tell  us  the  dauphin's  mind.        Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  i.  2. 

If  an  ingenuous  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but  cai 

fully  and  early  instilled,  that  is    the  true  and  genuine 

mi  thod  i"  obviate  dishonesty.  Locke. 

Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  an  ingenuous  and 

noble  ardour,  as  will  not  fail  to  make  many  of  them  re- 

rued.  Milton.  Education. 

lie  makes  no  secret  of  his  view  that  poetry  stands  high- 
est among  the  arts,  and  that  he  [William  w  ordsworth]  is 
at  the  bead  of  it.  He  expresses  such  opinions  in  the  most 
naive  manner.  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  143. 


candid 

But  had  thj  lioualy  pretended, 

ii  would  have  taught  thee 
S.  A..  1.  874. 

candidacy  (kan'di-da-si),  n.  [<  candida(te)  + 
-,•//.]  The  state  of  being  a  •  andidate,  espe- 
uiallj  andidature. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  ».     [=  P.  candidat,  < 
L.  candidates,  a  candidate,  lit.  '■white-robed 
.;  because  in  Rome  those  who  sought 
office  wore  a  glittering  white  toga),  <  candidus, 
white,  shining:  see  ■  is  thus  an 

etymological  connection  with  candidate.}  A 
.  ks  or  is  put  forward  by  othi  rs 
for  an  office  or  honor;  one  who  offers  himself 
or  is  proposed  for  office  or  preferment,  by  elec- 
tion or  appointment :  as,  a  candidate  for  the  of- 
fice of  sheriff,  or  lor  a  degree. 

Ho  had  anticipated  having  all  the  mixed  and  miserable 
feelings  ol  one  about  making  ills  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
tion. 
II'.  M.  Bah  r,  (few  Timothy,  p.  1SG. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 

didated,  ppr.  candidating.      [<  candidate,  ».] 

I.t  trans.  To  render  qualified  as  a  candidate. 

Without  quarrelling  with  Borne,  we  can  allow  thia  pur- 

that  we  may  be  the  better 

i      court  oi  heaven  and  gloiy. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  57. 

II.  hitnnis.  To  become  a  candidate;  seek 
or  aspire  to  some  office:  offer  one's  self  or  on.  's 
sen  adidate,  as  a  clergyman  seeking 

a  parish  or  a  charge;  compete  with  others  as  a 
candii 
Let  him  put  the  question  to  some  [choir-singers]  who 
spring  have  to  candidate  for  a  .situation. 

Th  Century,  XXVIII.  308. 

candidateship  (kan'di-dat-ship),  ».  [<  candi- 
date +  ship.]    i  landidature. 

candidature  (kan'di-da-tur),  n.  [<  F.  candi- 
dature, <  candidat,  candidate.]  The  state  of 
being  a  candidate;  candidateship;  candidacy. 

candidatus  (kan-di-da'tus),  n.  [L. :  see  can- 
didate, a.]  A  candidate  for  a  public  office  at 
Borne.     Shale. 

candidly  (kan'did-li),  adv.  In  a  candid  man- 
ner: openly;  frankly;  without  trick  or  disguise ; 
ingenuously. 

fairly  and  candidly  as  he  ought. 

Camden,  Elizabeth,  an.  1598. 

V.  doubt  an  overestimate  of  ourselves  and  of  our  own 

doings  is  a  very  common  human  failing,  as  we  are  all 

ready  to  admit  when  we  candidly  consider  our  neighbors. 

Lowell,  Stanley. 

candidness  (kan'did-nes),  «.    The  quality  of 
Bg  candid;  openness  of  mind  or  manner; 
frank   honesty  or  truthfulness;   fairness;  in- 
genuousness. 
The  candidness  of  an  upright  judge. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  26. 

candied  (kan'did),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  candyl,  c] 
1.  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  inerusted  with  it: 
covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with  matter 
resembling  it:  as.  candied  raisins. —  2.  Wholly 
or  partly  crystallized  or  congealed:  as,  candied 
honey. — 3.  Figuratively,  honeyed;  flattering; 
gloziiig. 

Why  should  the  poor  be  flatter'd? 
No,  let  tongue  Ink  absurd  pomp, 

And  n the  pregnanl  hinges  of  tin.-  knee 

Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

candify  (kan'di-fi),  r.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
ed, ppr.  candifying.  j<  candyl  +  _/^.]  To 
make  or  become  candied ;  candy,  [liare.] 
Candiot,  Candiote  (kan'di-ot,  -6t),  a.  and  ». 
[<  It.  Candia,  Crete  (<  Ar.  Khandeh:  see  del',  i, 
+  -"'-.  -«''.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Candia, 
the  name  given  by  the  Venetians  to  the  island 
of  Ci  d  its  chief  city,  from  the  Arabic 

name  of  the- latter;  Cretan.    [Now little  used.] 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Candia  or  Cn  te;  B 
■n  ( Iretan. 
candite  (kan'dit),   n.     {<  Candy  (see  def.)  + 

.]      A   variety  of  spinel   from  Candy,  Cey- 
lon.    Also  ca  mite. 
canditeer 'kan-di-tei-'),  n.      (Origin  uncertain.] 

In''"'.,  a  frame  used  ir,\ !  or  fagots 

upon,  t"  protect  or  cover  a  working  party, 
candle  (kan'dl),  n.     [<  ME.  candel,  candele,  < 
AS.  candel  =  I  ,  =Pr.  8p.  canaela  = 

Pg.  candea  =  It.  candela  =  Wall.  candel=Olt. 
cainel,  cainnel,  (r.  coinneal  =  Gael.  eoinneU  = 
W.  canwyU  =  OBulg.  kanHdUo,  Bulg.  bun 

ndilo      Kuss,  /  andilo,  I  and*  u  .  -  Ni  tr. 
KavMjku  =  Ar.  tjandil  (>  Turk,  qandil.  Sp.  can- 
e  Lamp),  <  L.  candela,  a  candle,  <  ca 
into,  bright,  shining:  see  candid.     Eence 
(through  F.)  chandler,  chai 
1.   -\  taper;  B  cylindrical  body  of  tall. .v. 


Tss 

spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on  a 
wick  composed  of  linen  or  cotton  threads  woven 
or  twisted  loosely,  or  (as  formerly)  of  the  pith  of 
a  rush,  and  used  as  8  BOUrce  Of  artificial  light. 
\iii  in  ..I  my  ■■'»«  lei  in  waaste  y  Bpende, 
Mam-,  u  Ickid  windis  hath  wastid  it  av,  >\ 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (F,.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  69. 

Neither  do  men  light  a  candfc,  and  put  it  anderabushel, 
but  on  a  candii  st  li  i  Mat,  v.  15. 

2.  One  candle-power:  used  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  See  cantlli-i'tiirci: — 3.  In  soda- 
iii  a  mil'.,  a  name  given  to  t  lie  jets  of  Sulphureted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxid  which  escape  from 
various  parts  Of  the  roasted  mixture  of  sodium 
sulphate,  coal,  and  limestone,  during  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture Bell, book, and  candle.  See 

in i7i.— Candles'  ends.    See  candle-end. 

Faith  !    'tis  true,  Sir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  5. 

Electric  candle,  a  form  of  the  electric-arc  lamp,  as  the 
Jablochkoff  candle,  which  resembles  an  ordinary  candle 
in  form.  See  electric  light,  under  eleetrii  .Excommu- 
nication by  candle,  a  form  of  excommunication  in 
which  the  offender  was  allowed  time  t<>  repent  nnly  while 
a  candle  burned  nut.— Flat  candle,  the  candle  burned 
in  a  fiat  candlestick  (which  Bee,  under  candlestick). 

The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head  of  hair,  having 

to  do  it  by  one  flat  candle  and  a  few-  inches  of  looking- 
glass.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Mineral  candle,  a  kind  of  caudle  made  from  a  semi-fluid 
naphtha  obtained  from  wells  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Irrawaddy  river  in  Burma.— Not  lit  to  hold  a  (or 
the)  candle  to  (one),  very  inferior.  The  allusion  is  to 
link-boys  who  held  torches  or  caudles  to  light  passengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buononciui 
That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely. fit  to  hold  a  candle. 
Byrom,  Feuds  between  Handel  and  Buononciui. 

Rush  candle,  a  candle  made  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes, 
peeled  except  en  one  side,  and  dipped  in  tall.  nv.  —  Sale  by 
candle.  See  auction  by  inch  of  candle,  under  auction. — 
The  game  Is  not  worth  the  candle  (<v  jeu  rue  vaut  ras 
la  ehnndelle),  the  object  is  nut  worth  the  pains  requisite 
fur  its  attainment :  a  phrase  of  French  origin.—  To  burn 
the  candle  at  both  ends,  to  be  reckless  and  extravagant; 
live  too  fast,  especially  by  the  exhaustion  of  vitality  by 
overwork,  the  combination  of  hard  work  with  dissipation 
or  fatiguing  pleasures,  or  the  like. 

You  can't  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  make  any- 
thing by  it  in  the  long  run  ;  and  it  is  the  long  pull  that 
you  are  to  rely  on.  S.  Bowles,  in  Merriam's  Bowles,  I.  299. 
To  drink  off  candles'  endst  (that  is,  the  melted  tallow 
at  the  burning  ends  of  candles),  a  feat  atone  time  practised 
by  amorous  gallants  to  afford  a  strong  testimony  of  zeal 
for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk. 

Drinks  of  candles'  ends  for  flapdragons. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Carouse  her  health  in  cans 
And  raiiiUe.11  emls. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

Yellow  candle,  a  Russian  tallow  prepared  from  the  fat 

of  oxen. 

candle-balance  (kan'dl-baP'ans),  n.  A  device 
used  in  photometric  research  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  consumption  of  a  burning  candle. 
It  consists  of  a  balanced  lever  or  scale,  on  the  shorter  arm 
of  which  the  candle  is  supported,  while  a  weight  is  hung 
on  the  longer  arm  or  scale-beam  in  such  a  way  as  to  bal- 
ance it  exactly.  The  candle  is  then  lighted,  and  the  weight 
is  shifted  to  a  known  weight,  say  one  ounce.  When  the 
candle  lias  lost  one  ounce  in  weight,  the  scale  again  bal- 
ances, and  this  closes  an  electric  circuit  and  gives  a 
signal. 

candle-bark  (kan'dl-biirk),  n.  A  candle-case. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

candle-beam  (kan'dl-bem),  «.  In  old  churches, 
a  horizontal  bar,  rail,  or  beam  furnished  with 
prickets  for  holding  candles,  around  each  of 
which  was  a  saucer  to  catch  the  drippings. 
Candle-beams  were  placed  over  or  near  the  altar,  and  also 
at  the  entrance  to  the  choir  or  chancel,  where  the  rood- 
bea r  r I  screen  waa  placed  in  richer  churches. 

candle-bearer  (kan'dl-bar'er),  n.  A  candle- 
beam. 

There  shall  be  a  candle-bearer,  enriched  with  a  carving 
of  the  Holy  Trinity;  on  the  lop  of  which  time  candles 
shall  be  burnt,  mi  Sundays  and  Feast-days,  so  long  as  the 
means  of  the  Gild  allow-  it. 

English  Gilds  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  p.  263. 

candleberry  (kan'dl-ber"i).  ».;  pi.  candlelerries 
(-iz).  1.  The  fruit  of  Aleuritea  triloba,  the 
candleberry-tree :  so  named  because  the  ker- 
nels, when  dried  ami  stuck  on  a  reed,  are  used 
by  I  In-  Polynesians  as  candles.  Also  called 
candlenut. — 2.   The  wax-myrtle,   THyrica  ceri- 

Ji  in.  and  its  fruit.      See  Mi/rira. 

candleberry-tree  (kan'dl-ber'i-tre),  n.     The 

Aleuritea  triloba.    See  Aleurites. 
candle-bomb  (kan'dl-bom),  «.    A  small  glass 

bubble  filled  with  water,  which  when  placed  in 
the  wick  Of  a  candle  explodes  from  tin-  force 
"I  the  steam  that  is  generated. 
candle-case  (kan'dl  kas),  n.    A  cylindrical  box 

used  for  holding  candles. 


Candlemas-bell 

Petriiibi'i  is  coming  in  a  new  bat  and  an  old  jerkin  ;  a 

pail    of  old  breeches,  thrice  turned;  a  pan    of  boots  that 

have  been  candte^ases,  one  buckled,  another  laced, 

Shak.,  I.  oi  ties.,  iii.  2, 

candle-coal,  ».    See  canneVcoal. 

candle-end  (kan'dl-end),  n.  The  fag-end  of  a 
candle  burned  down;  hence,  a  petty  saving;  a 
scrap;  a  fragment;  a  worthless  trifle:  chiefly 
in  the  plural.     [Archaic] 

candle-fir  (kan'dl-fer),  ».    Fir  that  has  been 

buried  in  a  moss-  or  peat-bog  for  a  long  time. 
It  is  split  and  used  in  some  places,  especially  in  the  rural 

parts  of  Ireland,  to  burn  for  fight. 

candle-fish  (kan'dl-fish),  n.  1.  The  eulachon, 
Tlialciciitliysjiacijicns,  nuunndromoux, deep  sea 


Candle-ash  ( ThaUichthys pacijicus). 

salmonoid  fish  of  the  smelt,  family,  Arm  utiniihe. 
resembling  a  smelt  in  form,  but  with  weaker 
dentition,  smaller  scales,  dusky  coloration,  and 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  a  foot,  it  occurs  in 
immense  shoals  oft  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the 
spring,  and  ascends  all  the  rivers  north  of  the  Columbia 
to  spawn.  At  the  time  of  the  runs  the  fish  is  extremely 
fat,  and  is  not  only  used  for  food,  as  a  favorite  pan-fish, 
but  for  the  manufacture  of  eulachon-oil,  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  in  medicine;  and  it  is  also  made 
to  serve  as  a  natural  candle  by  inserting  in  it  the  pith  of 
a  rush  or  a  strip  of  bark  as  a  wick  (whence  the  name). 

2.  An  acantnopterygian  fish  of  the  west  coast 
of  North  America,  Anoplopoma  fimbria,  type  of 
the  family  Anoplopomidce,  resembling  a  pollock. 


Candle-fish  {A»oplopoma_fi>nf>ruj ). 

and  attaining  a  length  of  20  inches  and  a  weight 
of  5  pounds.  See  Anoplopnmidw.  Also  called 
black  candle-fish,  horse-mackerel,  and  beshow. 

candle-fly  (kan'dl-ili),  ».  If.  A  firefly.  Florio. 
—  2.  A  Chinese  and  East  Indian  lantern-fly,  of 
the  family  FulgoridtB  and  genus  Falgora,  such 
as  7^.  candelaria.    See  cut  under  lantern-fly. 

candle-holder  (kan'dl-hoFder),  n.  A  person 
who  holds  a  candle ;  hence,  one  who  remotely 
assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer,  in  some 
affair  or  undertaking. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

candle-light  (kan'dl-lit),  n.   [<  ME.  candeUliht, 

<  AS.  candel-lailit,  <  candel,  candle,  +  ledht, 
light.]  1.  The  light  of  a  candle ;  illumination 
by  candles. 

That  children  hath  hi  candelliht 
Heore  [their]  shadow  c  on  the  wall  isen  [seen]. 
Early  Eng.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall,  1S62),  p.  138. 
In  darkness  candle-light  may  serve  to  guide  men's  steps, 
which  to  use  in  the  day  were  madness. 

Hooker,  Feeles.  Pol.,  II.  iv.  S  7. 

2.  The  time  at  which  candles  or  lamps  are  light- 
ed: an  expression  much  used  in  places  or  re- 
gions where  no  correct  standard  of  time  is  easi- 
ly  lieei'S-llile  :    as.    I  lie  .  -Wll  in"    Sen  lee  W  ill  llCgill 

at  early  candle-light. 

I'.etwcen  daylight  and  candle-light.  Sieift. 

Candlemas  (kan'dl-mas),   n.    [<  ME.  camiii 

masse,  -messe  (ef.  Dan.  kyndelmisse  =  Sw.  /,//»- 
delsmessa,  after  E.),  <  AS.  candel-mo'ssc,  <  can- 
del,  candle,  +  masse,  mass.  The  ML.  terms 
were  caiiililai'ia.  candela tio,  candelosa,  also  can- 
tlrla."\  An  eeelesiastieal  festival  held  on  the 
second  day  of  February  in  honor  of  the  ]  ire- 
sent  at  ion  of  the  infant  Christ  in  tin-  temple  and 
the  purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  it  seems  to 
have  been  instituted  In  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century, 
though  some  authorities  believe  it  to  he  older.  It  was 
tlrst  observed  in  the  Fast.    The  feast  takes  its  name  from 

the  cust as  old  as  the  seventh  century,  of  carl 

lighted  caudles  in  procession  in  memory  oi  Simeon's  words 

at  the  piescntati if  the  infant  (Luke  ii.  32),  "a  light  t  o 

lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the  glory  of  th>  people  Israel." 
'in  tbis  day  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  the  eandlee  and 
tapers  to  be  used  in  their  churches  throughout  the.  n 
year.  The  feast  is  retained  in  the  Anglican  Church,  and 
is  also  observed  by  the  Lutherans.  It  is  also  called  the 
Purification,  and  in  the  Creek  Church  the  Hyjiapantt. 
In  Scotland  the  date  Of  this  festival,  February  2d,  is  one 
oi  the  quarter-days  for  paying  and  receiving  rents,  Inter 

est,  school  fees,  cte 

Candlemas-bell  (kan'dl-mas-bel),  «.  The 
snowdrop,  Galanthus  nivalis:  so  called  from 
the  time  of  its  flowering. 


candle-mine 

candle-mine  (kan'dl-min),  «.  A  mine  of  grease 
or  tallow:  a  term  which  Shaksporo  makes 
Prinee  Henry  apply  to  Falstaff  on  account  of 
his  fatness. 

candle-mold  (kan'dl-mold),  n.  A  cylindrical 
metal  mold,  or  frame  of  such  mollis,  used  in 
making  candles. 

candlenut  (kan'dl-nut),  n.  Same  as  candle- 
berri/,  I. 

candle-power  (kan'dl-pou'er),  ».  The  illumi- 
nating power  of  a  candle;  specifically,  the 
illuminating  power  of  a  candle  of  determinate 
composition  and  rate  of  burning,  taken  as  a 
unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  illumi- 
nating agent :  as.  a  gas-jet  of  'J-">  ciiiitllc-/ioin  r. 
The  standard  usually  employed  for  this  purpose  is  a  sper- 
maceti candle  burning  at  the  rale  of  120  grains  of  sperm 
per  hour. 

candle-quencherst,  n.  pi.    Candle-snuffers. 

Candelquenchers,  and  forsothe  where  the  snoft'es  ben 
quenchid,  be  thei  maad  of  moost  puyr  gold. 

Wyclif,  Ex.  xxv.  S3  (Oxf.). 

candle-rush  (kan'dl-rush),  n.  Apopularname 
of  Juncus  effusus,  from  the  fact  that  its  pith  is 
used  in  Europe  for  rush-lights. 

candle-shearst  (kan'dl-sherz),  n.  pi.  [<  late 
ME.  candi  tochers.]    An  old  name  for  snuffers. 

candlestick  (kan'dl-stik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  eontr.  canstick;  <  ME.  candelsUk,  -stikke,  < 
AS.  candeUsticca,  <  caiidel,  candle,  +  sticca,  a 
stick.]  An  instrument  or  utensil  for  holding 
a  candle.  Candlesticks  are  of  several  sorts :  those  with 
a  pricket  upon  which  the  candle  is  set.  and  usually  hav- 
ing a  saucer  or  bowl  surrounding  the  pricket  to  catch 
the  drippings;  those  with  a  forceps  (see  clip-candlestick) ; 
and  those  made  with  a  socket  or  nozle.     The  last  is  the 

common  form.— Flat  candlestick,  at  ledn i  candlestick 

with  a  tin  >ad  flat  loot  or  dish.—  Seven-branched  candle- 
stick, a  candelabrum  having  a  central  shaft  and  three 
branches  on  each  side,  common  in  the  churches  of  the  mid- 
die  ages,  in  allusion  to  ttie  candlestick  of  the  tabernacle 
(Ex.  xxv.  31)  and  ttie  seven  lamps  of  the  Apocalypse. 

candle-tree  (kan'dl-tre),  n.  [Tr.  of  the  Sp. 
palo  ilc  veins:  palo,  a  cudgel,  pole,  etc.,  <  L. 
palus  (see  pale*);  de,  <  L.  de,  of;  velas,  pi.  of 
vela,  watchfulness,  also  candle,  <  L.  vigil, 
watchful:  see  vigilant.']  1.  A  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  Parmentiera 
cerifera,  the  fruit  of  which,  nearly  4  feet  long, 
has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  wax  candle  and 
a  peculiar  apple-like  smell,  and  is  eaten  by 
cattle. —  2.  In  the  United  States,  the  Vatalpa 
bignonioides,  from  its  long  round  pods. 

candle-waster  (kan'dl-was'ter),  n.  One  who 
wastes  candles ;  specifically,  in  contempt  or  re- 
proach, one  who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  in 
occupations  considered  unprofitable  or  harm- 
ful, as  dissipation  or  excessive  or  late  study. 
[Now  rare.] 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  candle-wasters.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

A  whoreson  book-worm,  a  candle-wasti  r. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

candlewood  (kan'dl-wM),  n.  1.  A  name 
given  in  the  British  West  Indies  to  several 
trees,  as  (o)  to  Amijris  balsamifera  or  rhodes- 
wood,  (b)  to  Ouratea  Gaianensis,  and  (c)  to  Scia- 
dophi/lliiiii  eapitatuin. —  2.  The  genus  Fouquii  ra 
of  northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United 
States,  including  several  species  with  erect, 
slender,  very  resinous,  and  often  leafless  stems, 
and  large  bright-scarlet  flowers. 

candlingt,  «.  [<  candle  +  -iny1.]  A  supper 
given  by  landlords  of  ale-houses  to  their  cus- 
tomers on  Candlemas  eve.     Wright. 

cando  (kan'do),  n.  A  measure  of  length  used 
in  (ioa,  formerly  equal  to  47  English  inches,  but 
now  usually  taken  as  equal  to  the  Portuguese 
vara  (43.2  inches). 

candock  (kan'dok),  n.  [<  can2  +  dock1.  Cf. 
equiv.  ti.  kannen-kraut,  lit.  'canwort.']  1.  A 
local  English  name  for  one  or  more  species  of 
Equisetum,  or  horsetails,  given  because  some 
of  the  kinds  are  employed  in  polishing  tin  cans 
and  other  metallic  vessels. 

Let  the  pond  lie  dry  six  or  twelve  months,  .  .  .  to  kill 
the  water  weeds,  as  water  lilies,  candocks,  reate,  and  bul- 
rushes. /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  The  yellow  water-lily.  Nuphar  httcum:  so 
called  from  its  dock-like  leaves  and  flagon- 
shaped  seed-vessels. 

candor,  candour  (kan'dor),  ».  [The  latter 
spelling  still  used  in  England;  <  F.  candeur  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  candor  =  It.  eandore,  <  L.  candor, 
ace.  candorem,  brightness,  radiance,  purity, 
clearness,  sincerity,  frankness,  <  candere,  be 
white  or  bright :  see  candid.]  It-  Whiteness; 
clearness;  brilliancy.  Sir  T.  Browne. —  2. 
Openness  of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  treat  sub- 


789 

jeotS  with  fairness;  freedom  from  reserve  or 
disguise;  frankness;  ingenuousness;  sincerity. 

Might  I  but  pera le  you  to  dispense 

A  little  w  ith  your  candour,  and  consent 

To  make  your  house  the  stage  on  which  we'll  act 

a  comic   ■  in,'.    Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  :;. 

V  candour  which  is  only  i I  where  men  fight  for  truth 

and  not  for  victory.         Lady  Holland,  Sydne}  9mith,  ii. 

candredt,  »•    Seecantred. 

candroy  (kau'droi),  )(.     [Origin  unknown.]     A 

machine  used  in  preparing  cotton  cloths  for 

printing, 
canduc  (kan'duk),  m.    [N.African.]    The  name 

of  a  North  African  fox,  Vulpes  adusta. 
candy1  (kan'di),  ».  and  a.     [<  E.  candi  (also 

Sucre  candi,  where  candi  is  regarded  as  pp.  of 

the  verb),  <  It.  candi  (succhero  candito)  =  Sp. 

Candi,  a. near  candi,  or  eande,  =  Pg.  candi,  ean- 
dil  (assucar  candi),  <  Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar,  < 
qand,  qanda  (sokki  r  qanda  I  =  Pers.  qand,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  <  Hind.  KAona*,  sugar,  prob.<  khand, 
a  piece  (cf.  khandat,  khandit,  broken),  <  Skt. 
litanda,  a  piece,  a  portion  (cf.  khandara,  sweet- 
meats), <  ■}/ khand,  break.]  I.  «.;  pi.  candies 
(-diz).  A  solid  preparation  or  confection  of 
sugar  or  molasses,  or  both,  boiled,  inspissated, 
ami  worked  by  pulling  to  a  crystalline  consis- 
tence,  either  alone  or  combined  with  flavoring 
and  coloring  substances;  hence,  any  confec- 
tion having  sugar  as  its  basis,  however  pre- 
pared. Candy  made  of  or  with  molasses  is 
specifically  called  molasses  candi/  and  taffy. — 

Candy-pull,  a  gathering  "f  young  people  for  the  pur] e 

of  making  and  eating  molasses  candy.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  tlie  process  of  pulling  required  in  making  the 
candy.     [U.S.] 

Il.t  "■  Sugared;  sweet. 

Why,  what  a  candy  deal  of  courtesy 

This  fawning  greyhound  then  did  proffer  me  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

It  is  a  cordial  of  a  candy  taste. 

Mldtlleton,  Micro-Cynicon,  Prol.  to  bk.  i. 

candy1  (kan'di),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  ppr. 
candying.  [The  verb  seems  to  appear  in  E. 
before  the  noun,  but  is  due  to  the  noun :  F. 
candir,  <  It.  candirc,  to  make  into  candy,  < 
candi;  see  candi/1,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  form 
into  congelations  or  crystals;  congeal  in  a  crys- 
talline form  or  inspissated  concretion:  as,  to 
candy  sugar,  honey,  etc. — 2.  To  preserve  or  in- 
crust  with  sugar;  as  fruits,  by  immersing  them 
in  it  while  boiling  and  removing  them  sepa- 
rately or  in  mass. —  3.  To  cover  or  incrust  with 
concretions  or  crystals,  as  of  ice. 
The  cold  brook, 

Candied  with  ice.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

Now  no  more  the  frost 

Candies  the  grass.  Carew,  Spring. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of,  or  be- 
come incrusted  by,  candied  sugar :  as,  pre- 
serves candi/  with  long  keeping. —  2.  To  be- 
come crystallized  or  congealed. 

In  manufacturing  candy  from  molasses,  .  .  .  the  can- 
dying results  from  boiling  the  molasses  to  free  it  from 
water,  and  then  .  .  .  pulling  it  by  the  hands,  so  as  to 
develop  the  colorless  saccharine  crystals  which  serve  to 
hide  the  dark  impurities.   Nichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  99. 

candy2,  kandy  (kan'di),  ».;  pi.  candies  (-diz). 
[<  Tamil  kandi  =  Marathi  lltandi,  a  measure 
of  weight,  <  Skt.  khanda,  a  portion,  piece:  see 
candy1.]  An  East  Indian  unit  of  weight,  usual- 
ly 20  maunds,  but  sometimes  21  or  22,  and  vary- 
ing in  different  localities  and  for  every  com- 
modity. The  most  usual  value  is  from  494  to  500  pounds 
avoirdupois.  The  candy  is  sometimes  considered  as  a  dry 
measure,  varying  from  15  to  30  United  States  bushels. 

In  an  ordinary  season  the  yield  of  a  plot  —  or,  as  the 
natives  call  it,  poda —  of  an  acre  and  three  quarters  [of 
madder]  will  be  about  eight  candies  of  500  lbs.  each. 

.1.  (v.  /'.  Eliot  James,  Indian  Industries,  p.  118. 

candy-SUgar  ( kan'di- snug 'ar),  n.  Same  as 
rock-candy  or  Gibraltar  rock.    [Great  Britain.] 

candytuft  (kan'di-tuft),  n.  [<  Candy,  V.  Can- 
die,  Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  +  tuft.]  The 
popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Iberis, 
especially  /.  itnibellata,  having  tufted  flowers, 
brought  from  the  island  of  Candia.  See 
lln  ris. 

cane1  (kan),  n.  [<  ME.  cane,  cannc,  <  OF.  cane, 
canne  (also  assibilated  cliane,  elianne),  1-'.  eanne 
=  Pr.  cana  =  Sp.  cana  =  Pg.  eanna,  eana  =  It. 
canna,  a  reed,  a  cane  (and  hence,  as  a  measure 
of  length,  F.  cannc  =  Sp.  cana,  perhaps  direct  ly 
<  Heb.  qdneh,  as  a  measure  of  length:  see 
cam  It),  <  L.  eanna,  in  ML.  also  cana,  <  <5r.  aavva, 
hiivi'i/,  a  reed,  cane,  perhaps  of  Eastern  origin: 
cf.  Heb.  qdneh,  a  reed.]  1.  A  rather  long  and 
slender  jointed  woody  stem,  more  or  less  rigid, 
hollow  or  pithy,  as  that  of  some  palms,  grasses, 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  ratau,  bamboo, 


canel-bone 

ami  sugar-cane;  also,  the  stem  of  raspberries 
or  blackberries. 

He  spoke  of  his  tropical  home  in  the  canes  bj  thepurple 
i  i,i,  Tennyi  on,  i  he  W  reck. 

2.  Sugar-cane:  as,  a  plantation  of  cane;  eane- 
sugar. —  3.  The  plant  Ariindinaria  ntacrosperma 

of  the  southern  United  Stales,  forming  cane- 
brakes.  See  Aiiiniltnaria. — 4.  The  stem  of  a 
plant,  as  the  bamboo,  used  as  a  walking-stick  ; 
hence,  any  walking-stick.  The  word  was  not  applied 
t,,  a  walking  Btlcli  earlier  than  the  sixteenth  century;  a 
cane  "garnished  with  gold  inning  a  perfume  In  the  top" 
and  othi  r  convi  nil  nces  attached  to  it  is  mentioned  in  an 
inventory  of  Henry  VIII. 's  time  ;  but  it  was  not  until  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  that  the  cane  became  almost  universal 
in  the  bauds  of  men  of  quality.  At  this  time  cams  were 
generally  made  of  the  length  nofl  i  ommon,  thai  is,  2  feet 
10  inches  to  8  feet;  but  in  the  i  ightei  nth  century  it  lie- 
came  usual  to  have  thrni  very  long  I  feet  or  more,  and 
ornamented  with  a  great,  bunch  of  ribbons  tied  near  the 
top.  such  canes  wi  re  carried  bj  women  as  well  as  men. 
I  he  heads  of  these  rams  frequent  ly  continue. I  p  I  lime 
bottles  or  vinaigrettes ;  they  "ere  sometimes  fitted  with 
eye-glasses, which  could  be  opened  anil  shut;  and  occa 
sionally  a  crutch-shaped  handle  was  utilized  as  a  small 
telescope,  the  cross-piece  being  made  tubular  and  fitted 
with  lenses.  The  heads  were  of  porcelain,  enameled  metal, 
and  other  rich  materials.  See  sword-cane  and  pistol-wine 
5.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.     [Rare.] 

The  flying  skirmish  of  the  darted  cane.  Dryden. 

Cane  chair,  (a)  A  chair  made  of  ratau,  the  main  supports, 
arms,  back,  and  tin-  like   being  composed   of   the   solid 

canes,  deprived  of  their  smooth  silici -  surface,  either 

singly,  or  grouped  in  twos  and  threes,  the  parts  being 
bound  together  by  split  or  shaved  earn',  and  the  seat  ami 
back  formed  of  woven-work  of  the  same  material.  (M  A 
chair  having  the  seat,  or  the  seat  and  back,  made  of  thin 
strips  of  cane,  retaining  their  natural  smooth  surface, 
interlaced  or  woven  together. —  Clouded  cane,  same  as 
Malacca  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain, 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L..  iv.  124. 
Collecting-cane,  a  cane-gun  used  by  naturalists  for  col- 
lecting specimens.  See  cane-gun. — Hydraulic  cane. 
See  hydra  ulic.  —  Malacca  cane,  a  cane  made  of  the  brown 
mottled  or  clouded  stem  of  the  palm  Calamus  Scipumum, 
without  removal  of  the  bark,  brought  from  Singapore  ami 
Malacca,  but  produced  chiefly  in  Sumatra.  Also  called 
clouded  com'.  =Syn.  4.  See  staff. 
cane1  (kan),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caned,  ppr.  can- 
ing. [<  cane1,  n.]  1.  To  beat  or  flog  with  a 
cane  or  walking-stick. 

I  know  you  have  too  much  respect  for  yourself  to  cane 
me  in  this  honourable  habit.        Steele,  Spectator,  No.  88. 

2.  To  furnish  or  complete  with  cane;  fill  the 
center  of  the  back  or  the  seat  with  interwoven 
strips  of  cane:  as,  to  cane  chairs. 

cane'-,  Cain  (kan),  n.  [So.,  <  OF.  cane  (ML. 
cana,  cantini),  a  tax,  perhaps  a  particular  use 
of  cane,  rule  or  order,  measure,  ult.  identical 
with  cane,  a  reed,  etc.,  but  with  sense  of  the 
deriv.  canon  :  see  cane1  and  canon1.]  In  Scot- 
laud,  rent  paid  in  kind,  as  in  poultry,  eggs, 
etc.;  hence,  any  tax,  tribute,  or  duty  exacted. 

Cane;,t,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  ean-. 

cane1t,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  khan1. 

cane-brake  (kiin'brak),  n.  A  thicket  of  canes ; 
in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  thickly 
overgrown  with  Ariindinaria. 

Slow  work  it  was,  something  like  backing  and  hewing 

and  squeezing  one's  way  through  a  cane-brake  after  a  bear, 

W.  31.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  us. 

cane-colored  (kan'kul  ord),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
cane ;  straw-colored. 

caned  (kand),  a.  [Origin  unknown.]  Filled 
with  white  matter;  made  white;  mothery: 
said  of  vinegar.     Hallinell. 

cane-gamet  (kan'gam),  «.  The  game  of  quin- 
tain :  so  called  because  hollow  canes  were 
sometimes  used  instead  of  lances.     Strutt. 

cane-gun  (kan'gnn'),  n.  A  weapon  comprising 
a  gun-barrel  with  its  discharging  devices,  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  an 
ordinary  walking-stick.     E.  H.  Knit/lit. 

caneh,  kaneh  (kti'ne),  h.  [Heb.  qdneh,  a  reed: 
see  cane1.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  0  cubits, 
translated  reed  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible,  equal  to  10  feet  11  inches. 

Cane-harvester  (kan'hiir' ves-ter),  ii.  A  ma- 
chine, resembling  in  form  the  common  corn- 
harvester,  used  to  cut  and  gather  sugar-cane 
or  sorghum. 

cane-hole  (kan'hol),  ra.  A  hole  or  trench  for 
planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar-planta- 
tions. 

cane-killer  fkan'kil'er),  ».  In  Jamaica,  an 
annual- scrophulariaceous  plant,  Altctra  lirasi- 
liensis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
sugar-cane,  etc. 

canelH,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  cannt  I1. 

canel-t,  «.    See  canned. 

canel:,t,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  kennel1. 

canel-bonet,  »•  An  obsolete  form  of  cltannel- 
bonc. 


canell 

canell  ika-nol'),  ».    Same  as  canaille,  2. 
Canella1  fka-nel'S),  ».    [NL.  (>  F. . . 

v>  E.  canned,  q.  v.)  =  Sp.  canefa  =  I'g- 

ineKa  =  It.  canneUa,  formerly  also 

SIL.  canella,  cannella,  cinnamon:  see 

1  i   {on  aromatic  trees, 

ative  of  tin  ordi  i  I      ellacees,  of  'inly 

tw>  species.     I  ft  ol&o,  the 

whitew 1  "i-  wild  rinnuini.il  oi   Hi'-  West   Indies  and 

orii l:i.  which  yields  canella  or  white  cinnamon 

This  bark  has  a  pleasant    rimia n  like  odor  ami 

:i.l  is  used  iii  Hi''  West  Indies  as 

anari  i c  stimulant. 

2.  ['.<•.]    [Pg-]    A  common  name  in  Brazil  for 

various  i  and  other  aromatic  trees. 

i  Mark  cinnamon)  is  Nee- 

—  3.   [i.  c]  The  bark  of  Cam  II, i 

alba.    See  def.  1. 

canella'-'  (ka-nel'S,),  n.    [Genoese  dial.,  <  It. 

lia,  dim.  of  canna:  see  cane1  and  canna1, 

and   of.  Canella1.]      A    Genoese  measure   of 

Length,  of  9,  10,  10A,  or  12  palmi  of  9.81  inches 

each. 

Canellacese  (kan-e-la'se-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
i,, II,,'  +-,,i;ir.]  A  small  natural  order  of  thala- 
mifloral  plants,  consisting  of  fragrant  and  aro- 
matic trees  belonging  to  the  genera  Canella  and 
i  adron  "f  t  ropical  America,  and  Cin- 

o  a"!  "i  Madagascar,  and  comprising  only 
five  known  species.  The  affinities  of  the  order 
are  obscure,  but  it  is  perhaps  related  to  the 
Bixat 
canellaceous  (kan-e-la'shius),  a.  [<  Canella- 
,;n:  see -aceous.']  In  hot.,  related  or  belonging 
to  the  order  Cam  linn  a  . 
canella-wood  (ka-nel'a-wud),  n.  A  beautiful 
cabinet-wood  from  Guiana,  the  product  of  a 
lauraceous  tree,  Aydaulron  canella.  Also  writ- 
ten canni  la-wood. 

canellet  (ka-nel'a),  a.  [OF.,  pp.  of  caneller, 
Sated,  grooved;  channeled:  see  cancl1,  cannel1, 

..  <l ".]     In  her.,  same  as  inrected. 

canelle-brown  (ka-nel'broun'),  n.  [<  F.  candle, 
ran  hi  lie,  cinnamon  (see  cannel2), +  brown.]  Cin- 
namon-brown; also,  a  dye  of  this  color.    See 
phenylene  brown,  un- 
der brown,  n. 
cane-mill  (kan 'mill.//. 
A    mill   for   grinding 
sugar-canes     for     the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  sugar-mill. 
canephore      (kan'e- 
for),  a.    [<  L.  en  in  pho- 
i,  also  canephoros,  < 
ivrj66poq,  basket- 

.  a    I'.'IS- 

of  reed  or  cane  (< 
K&wa,    a    reed :    see 

).       +       -<jl6pOQ,      < 

=  E.  bear1.]  1. 
One  of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  contain- 
ing the  implement  3  of 
sacrifice  in  the  pro- 
oiis  of  the  l)io- 
nysia.  Panat  liemea, 
and  other  ancient  Gre- 
cian festivals.  The  of- 
fi.-'.  was  one  of  honor, 
much  coveted  by  vir- 

.   -2.    In  arch.,  a  female  figure  bearing  a 
basket   on   her  head.     Sometimes  improperly 
confounded  with  caryatid. 
canephoros  (ka-nef 'o-ros),  n.;  pi.  cancphori 

[L.J      Same  as  eaiie/iliore. 
canescence  (ka-nes'gns),  /».     [<  cane-scent:  see 

■  1     A  whitish  or  hoary  color. 

canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  canescen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  canesc  ic  white  or  hoary,  tn- 

"■'■■  "t  cam  i. .  bi  c  hoary,  <  canus, 

wnib  ..J      Growing  white  or  hoary; 

tending.. i  ing  to  white;  whitish:  ap- 

plied to  hoary,  whitii  |  lumage,  or  other 

covering  oi  animal-,  and  to  |. hints  with  gray  or 
hoary  pub 

cane-scraper  (kan'skri  per),  //.  A  machine 
for  removing  tne  woody  bark  of  rata 

cane-splitter  ikan'  ...    An  appa 

for  cutting  and  riving  splints  from  ratan.     r. 
II.  Knight. 

cane-stripper  (kan'  ...    A  kni 

stripping  the  stalks  of  tin-  sugar-cane  and  cut- 
ting Off  their  to].-. 

cane-sugar  (kan'shhL'iiri. //.  1.  Sugar  obi 
from  tie-   Bugar-cane,   as  distinguished   from 
bei  I  i .  grape-sugar,    tarcl 

See  miliar.— 2.  A  general  nam.  tor  sacch 


Canephore  from  the  Parthenon 
frieze. 


790 

CioHooOn,  whether  derived  from  cane,  sor- 
ghum, sugar-beet,  or  maple,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  glucoses,  milk-sugar,  maltose,  etc. 

canet  (ka  net),  //.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
A  name  of  the  bamboo  mole-rats  of  the  genus 
Rhizomys,  as  A',  sumatranus.     E.  Blyth. 

cane-trash  (.kan'trash),  n.  1.  In  sugar-making, 
refuse  of  canes  or  macerated  rinds  of  canes, 
used  as  fuel  in  boiling  the  cane-juice;  bagasse. 
—  2.  The  dead  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane  torn 
off  to  allow  the  stalk  to  ripen. 

canette  (ka-net'),  n.  [P.,  a  beer-jug,  dim.  of 
OF.  cane,  a  can:  see  can*.]  A  pitcher  or  jug 
witli  a  cover,  holding  from  1A  to  3  pints,  i,, 
shape  it  is  cylindrical  or  nearly  so,  ami  sometimes  has  the 
cylindrical  body  raised  on  a  sort  of  foot.  By  far  the 
greater  number  of  canettes  are  of  stoneware  or  fine  earth- 
enware, with  a  cover  oi  pewter  or  the  like. 

The  canette  of  white  ware  .  .  .  is  richly  ornamented. 
WheaUey  and  Delamotte,  Ait  Work  in  Earthenware,  p.  CO. 

canevast,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  canvas. 

can-frame  (kau'fram),  ».  A  cotton-roving  ma- 
chine in  which  the  roving  is  received  into  cans. 

canful  (kan'ful),  «.  [<  can2  +  full.]  As  much 
as  a  can  will  hold. 

cangt,  a.  and  n.  [ME.,  also  kang.  Cf.  conk1.] 
I.  a.  Foolish. 

Nis  lie  a  cang  knit  [knight]  thet  secheth  resteithe  uihte 
[in  the  fight]?  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  35S. 

To  kesteu  kang  eien  upon  3'mge  wiimmen. 

.1  'a'/'//  Jliirlr,  p.  56. 

II.  n.  A  fool. 

Thet  is  al  thes  canges  blisse.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  214 

canga  (kang'ga),  «.  [The  name  is  said  by  Esch- 
wege  to  be  an'abbr.  of  an  African  word  tapan- 
hoacancja,  meaning  'negro's  head,'  and  applied 
to  the  rock  on  account  of  its  rough  surface,  as  it 
weathers  in  round,  concretionary  forms.]  A 
breccia  composed  chiefly  of  massive  brown  iron 
ore,  irregularly  mixed  with  ferruginous  mica- 
slate,  clay-slate,  and  quartz,  and  sometimes 
containing  fine  crystals  of  gold.  [A  term  used 
by  writers  on  Brazilian  geology  and  mining.] 
ca'ngan,  kangan  (kang'gan),  n.  A  kind  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth  manufactured  in  China,  in 
pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long.  Imp. 
Diet. 

canget,  «'.  t.    [ME.  cangen,  also  acangen ;  <  cang, 

».]     To  befool. 

We  am  cangede.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  362. 

cangeantt,  a.     [OF.,  ppr.  of  conger,  unassibi- 

lated  form  of  changer,  change:  see  change,  v.'] 

Changing. 

Rich  gohl  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  green, 
Where  th'  artful!  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
The  ca mint nl  colour  of  a  mallard's  neck. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  DuEartas,  The  Decay,  1.  107. 

cangle  (kang'gl),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cangled, 
ppr.  cangling.  [So.,  appar.  freq.  of  canh1,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  cmarrel. —  2.  To  cavil.     Jamieson. 

canglyt,  '"'''•    [<  ME.  cangliehe;  <  cang,  a.,  + 

-Ig-.]     -Foolishly. 

Forthui  thet  te  wiimmen  lokede  cangliehe  o  weopmen 
[on  men].  Ancren  Rude,  p.  33S. 

cango  (kiing'o),  n.     [Jap.]     Same  as  leago. 

cangue  ( kang),  ».  [<  Pg.  cangue,  a  wooden  col- 
lar (accom.  to  Pg.  canga,  a  yoke),  <  Chinese 
kang,  bear  on  the  shoulders,  +  kia,  a  wooden 
collar  worn  by  criminals.]  The  name  given  by 
foreigners  to  the  Chinese  kia,  or  portable  pil- 
lory, which  persons  convicted  of  certain  petty 
crimes  are  condemned  to  kang,  or  carry  on  the 
shoulders,  for  periods  varying  from  a  few  days 
to  three  months.  It  consists  of  a  square  wooden  col- 
lar in. m  20  to 60  pounds  in  weight,  with  a  round  hole  for 
tli'Mink.  As  it  usually  measures  a  or  4  feet  across,  the 
convict  is  unable  to  reach  his  mouth  or  defend  himself 
from  insects,  ami  is  thus  dependent  on  the  good  offices  of 
his  friends, 

cangy  (kan'ji),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also  camgy :  prob. 
<  cang  +  -//i.]  Cross;  crabbed;  peevish;  ill- 
liiimorcil.     [  I'rov.  Eng.] 

can-hook  (kan'huk),  it.  A  contrivance  for  sling- 
ing a  cask  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed  by 
reeving  a  piece  of  rope  through 
inn  Hat  hooks  and  fastening 
Mi''  ends,  the  tackle  lining 
I". "Led  iii  the  middle  of  the 
bight. 

Canicula  (ka-nik'u-ia),  n.    fL. 
(>  I'r.  Sp.  Pg.   Canicula  =  It. 

Canicola)    (also    in    E.    and   P. 

i  "I'm  i  iimeiiii  i,  dim.  of  cants,  a  dog:  seeCtowig.] 
A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constella- 
tion Canis  Major,  the  largest   and  brightest   of 

all  the  fixed  stars.    Also  called  the  dog-star  a,n& 
sir, us.    See  first  oui  under  Cants. 
canicular  (ka-nik'u-16r),  a.     (<  late  ME.canic 
ular,  <  L.  canicularis,  <  Canicula,  the  dog-star 


canine 

(iliis  canicitlarcs,  dog-days):  see  Canicula.]  Per- 
taining to  Canicula,  the  dog-star,  or  to  the  dog- 
days. 

The  sun.  ineens'd  by  eastern  wind, 

AlllictS  hie  With  a.//. .. ■nl.'  I    asj.i  at. 

Green,  ///../  /..../  /. ,  funking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
I'll  never  dig  in  quarry  of  an  heart 

To  have  no  part; 
Nor  roast  in  fiery  eyes,  which  always  are  canicular, 
Donne,  Dialogue. 
Canicular  days,  a  certain  number  of  days  hcf.re  ami 
after  the  heliacal,  rising  of  Canicula.    Sec  dog^laye. 

Unto  some  [such  as  arc  south  of  thcequinnxl  the  <■////  .'.■"/./,- 
days  are  ill  the  winter.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vnlg.  Err.,  iv.  18. 
Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year,  which  was 
computed  from  "tic  heliacal  rising  <.t"  Canicula  to  the  next, 

Canicule  (kan'i-kul),  «.  [<  F.  Canicule,  <  L. 
Canicula:  see  Canicula.']    Same  as  Canicula. 

canid  (kaa'id),  n.  A  carnivorous  mammal  of 
the  family  Canidai. 

Canidas  (kan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-idee]  A  family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  of  the  order  Ferce,  suborder  FisHpe- 
ilia,  and  series  Cynoidea;  the  dog  tribe,  CuhI- 
na,  or  canine  quadrupeds,  such  as  dogs,  wolves, 
and  foxes.  The  paroccipital  processes  of  the  skull  are 
closely  applied  to  the  auditory  bulla ;  the  mastoid  process 
is  small  or  obsolete ;  the  external  auditory  meatus  is  short 
or  imperfect;  the  carotid  canal  is  well  developed,  open- 
ing into  the  posterior  lacerate  foramen;  the  condyloid 
and  glenoid  foramina  are  distinct ;  there  is  an  intestinal 
ciecuin ;  the  prostate  gland  is  salient  and  the  penis-hone 
large ;  the  teeth  are  typically  42  in  number,  but  range  from 


Skull  of  a  Fox  (Vrocyon  littoraitf),  illustrating  canine,  cranial,  and 
dental  characters. 

38  to  40,  according  to  the  varying  number  of  molars,  the 
molars  being  i  to  3,  the  premolars  $,  the  canines  },  and 
the  incisors  §;" the  claws  are  non-retractile;  the  muzzle 
is  produced ;  and  the  belly  is  usually  pinched.  The  lead- 
ing genera  are  Canis,  Cyan,  Lycaim.  Icticyon,  Lycalopex, 
Pseudalopez,  Vulpes,  XTrocyon,  aid  cfyctereutes,  constitut- 
ing the  subfamily  Cani nee,  and  31 egalotis  (or  Otoeyon),  rep- 
resenting a  subfamily  Sfegalotince. 

Canina  (ka-ni'nS,),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  +  -ina'*. 
Cf.  L.  caninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog :  see  canine.] 
A  group  of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals, 
coincident  with  the  family  Canidte;  the  dog 
tribe.    See  Cynoidea. 

Caninse  (ka-nl'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-inw.  Cf.  canine.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Canidec,  embracing  all  of  the  family 
excepting  the  genus  Megalotis,  having  the  up- 
per molars  2  or  only  1  (3  in  Megalotis)  and  the 
sectorial  teeth  elongated.    See  Canidte. 

caninalt  (ka-ni'nal),  a.  [<  canine  +  -al.]  Ca- 
nine. 

Caninal  anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling  spirits 
on  both  sides.  Fuller. 

canine  (ka-nin'  or  ka'nin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ra- 
ninns,  pertaining  to  a  dog,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see 
Canis.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dog; 
having  the  character  or  qualities  of  dogs; 
characteristic  of  dogs;  like  or  likened  to  a  dog. 

—  2.  Specifically;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ca- 
niiliv. — 3.  Affecting  or  derived  from  dogs:  as, 
canine  rabies;  canine  virus. — 4.  Pertaining  to 
a  canine  or  dog-tooth Canine  appetite,  a  mor- 
bidly voracious  a|'i)ctitc;  an  inordinate  or  insatiable  de- 
sire for  food ;  bulimia. 

An  exorbitant  appetite  of  usual  things,  which  they  will 
take  in  such  quantities  till  they  vomit  them  up  like  does  ; 
whence  it  is  called  caii>„e.  Arbuthnot, 

His  foible  is  a  a. ///.'/. a  appetite  for  popularity  and  fame. 

on,  Correspondence,  1 1    39 

Canine  eminence,  a  vertical  prominence  "n  the  outer 

surface  of  the  superior  inaxillaiA   bone,  caused   by  the 

root  of  the  canine  tooth.     Also  called  canine  promini  nee 

—  Canine  fossa,  a  -hallow  lossa  hilwccn  the  alveolar 
prominence  "I  the  canine  tooth  and  the  base  of  the  malar 
process ol  the  superior  maxilla.  — Canine  laugh,  n  ... 
//a./.,  a  facial  r\ |.icssion  resulting  from  spasm  of  the  ca- 
nine muscle,  or  levator  anguli  oris  (elevator  "t  the  corner 
oi  ih.  mouth),  the  corners  of  the  mouth  being  drawn  up 
ami  showing  the  Bide  teeth,  as  is  done  t>\  a  dog  in  snarling, 
Also  called  the  sardonic  smUeirisus  sardonicus).  -Canine 
letter,  the  letter  i;.  See  R.  Canine  madness,  >  o '  ' 
hydrophobia  :  so  called  because  it  most  frequently  affects 
dogs  and  "tier  canine  quadrupeds,  ami  is  usually  com- 
municated by  them  by  inoculation  with  saliva  in  the  art 
of  biting.  Canine  muscle,  the  levator  anguli  "it 
levator.  Canine  prominence.  Same  as  canin, 
/..//.-..- Canine  teeth,  (a)  The  canines.  See  II.,  8.  (I>) 
rii.  conical  j.i". .  ssea  on  the  inside  <.f  the  mandible  "f  an 
a.    1 1   toward  its  apex. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dog.  [Colloq.  or  humorous.]  — 
2.  Technically,  in  zoiil.,  one  of  the  Canida;  or 


canine 

Canina;  a  dog,  wolf,  fox,  fennec,  or  jackal;  a 
cynoid,  thooid,  or  alopecoid. —  3.  One  of  tho 
four  sharp-pointed  tearing-teeth  of  most  mam- 
mals, situated  one  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  op- 
posite one  another,  between  the  incisors  or  cut- 
ting-teeth anil  the  miliars  or  grinders.  They  are 
long  and  especially  efficient  in  the  dog,  whence  tho  name. 
In  the  wild  boar  they  are  developed  into  two  pairs  o!  pro- 
jecting tusks.  The  upper  canines  in  the  human  jaw  are 
called  eye-teeth,  ami  the  lower  ones  stomach-teeth. 

caniniform  (ka-nin'i-ften),  a.  [<  L.  caninus 
(sc.  dens  =  E.  tooth),  canine,  +  forma,  shape.] 
Kesembling  a  canine  tooth. 

No  canintform  premolars  in  either  jaw  [of  Traguiidos]. 
Encyc.  Brit,,  XV.  430. 

canionst  (kan'yonz),  n.  pi.  See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
caniplet  (kan'i-pl),  n.  [A  corruption  of  OF. 
eanivel,  also  canivet,  dim.  of  canif,  knife:  see 
knife."]  A  small  knife  or  dagger. 
Canis  (ka'nis),  n.  [L.,  a  dog,  =Gr.  kvuv  (kit-) 
=  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Canities  and  subfamily  Caninec.  The 
name  is  used  with  varying  latitude;  it  was  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family,  hut  is  now  usually  restricted  to 
the  dogs  and  the  true  wolves  and  jackals  having  42  teeth, 
the  typical  canine  dentition.    The  genus  is  cosmopolitan; 

The  common  dog 
is  Canis  fami- 
liaris;  it  is  not, 
however,  a  spe- 
cies which  exists 
in  nature,  but  is 
an  artificial  pro- 
duct, the  result 
of  domestication, 
including  the  de- 
scendants of  proh- 
ably  several  feral 
stocks.  The  com- 
mon wolf  is  Canis 
lupus;  the  jack- 
al, i  fanis  aureus. 
The  foxes  and  the 
fox-like  or  hyena- 
like canine  quad- 
rupeds are  now 
usually  placed  in 
other  genera  than 
Canis,  as  Vulpes, 
Lycaon,  Icticyon, 
etc.  See  <h*<i,  and 
cut  under  Cani. 
ite.— Canis  Ma- 
jor, the  Great 
Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  containing  the 
great  white  star  Sirius,  the  brightest  in  the  heavens.— 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog,  a  small  ancient  constella- 
tion following  Orion  and 


The  Constellation  Canis  Major,  according  to 
ancient  descriptions  and  figures. 


II 


Gome 


Procyonh 


The  Constellation  Canis  Minor. 


south  of  Gemini.  It  con- 
tains the  star  Procyon,  of 
the  first  magnitude. 

canister  (kan'is-ter), 

n.  [Formerly  also 
cannistcr,  <  L.  canis- 
trnin,  a  basket  woven 
from  reeds,  =  MLG. 
kanastcr,  <  Gr.  navi- 
CTpov,  aavaarpov,  a 
wicker  basket,  also 
an  earthen  vessel 
(cf.  F.  canastre,  <  Pg. 
tanas  tra  =  Sp.  canas- 
tre, usually  canasto, 
a  basket:  see  canaster),  <  mwa,  a  reed:  see 
cane1.]  If.  Properly,  a  small  basket  made  of 
reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like. 

White  lilies  in  full  canisters  they  bring. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues. 

2.  A  small  box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  etc. — 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  metallic  vessel 
used  to  contain  the  altar-breads  or  wafers  be- 
fore consecration.  See  altar-bread. — 4.  Can- 
ister-shot. 

canister-shot  (kan'is-ter-shot),  n.  Same  as 
case-shot,  1. 

canities  (ka-nish'i-ez),  n.  [L.,  white,  hoary, 
esp.  of  the  hair  of  the  aged,  <  canus,  white, 
white-haired,  cani,  n.  pi.,  white  hair.]  In  pa- 
tliol.,  whiteness  or  grayness  of  the  hair. 

canitudet,  ».  [<  L.  canitudo,  hoariness,  <  canus, 
hoary:  see  canons.]     Hoariness.    Blount,  1656. 

canjica-wood  (kan'ji-ka-wud),  n.  A  South 
American  wood,  lighter  and  of  a  yellower 
brown  than  rosewood.  It  is  exported  from  Brazil 
in  trimmed  logs  from  6  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  for  the 
us,'  of  cabinet-makers  and  turners.     Also  angica-ivood. 

cank1  (kangk),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a  var.  of 
camp1,  talk,  etc. ;  but  cf.  Icel.  kankast,  refl., 
jeer,  gibe,  kank,  n.,  gibe;  cf.  also  cackle.]  1. 
To  talk.  Halliwcll.—2.  To  cackle.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cank'-'  (kangk),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  short 
form  of  conquer  (*conker),  taken  as  a  freq. 
verb.]  To  preserve;  overcome;  conquer;  con- 
tinue.    Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


701 

cank3  (kangk),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
The  local  name  in  the  coal-regions  of  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  Knghind,  of  a  hard, 
ferruginous  sandstone,  sometimes  called  bur 
in  other  districts. 

canker  (kang'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  canker,  kankir, 
<  AS.  cancer  =  1).  kaukcr  =  OIK!,  elianehar, 
concur,  ft.  hanker  (ME.  also  cancre,  <  OF.  dial. 
cancre  (F.  chancre,  >  E.  chancre,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
l'g.  cancro,  also  cancer,  =  It.  canero,  canchrro, 
formerly  also  cancaro),  a  canker,  <  I.,  cancer,  a 
crab,  a  cancer:  see  cancer.]  1.  A  cancerous, 
gangrenous,  or  ulcerous  sore  or  disease,  whet  her 
in  animals  or  plants ;  hence,  any  corroding  or 
other  noxious  agency  producing  ulceration, 
gangrene,  rot,  decay,  etc. 

\nii  their  word  w  ill  eat  as  doth  a  canker.  2  Tim.  ii.  17. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Cancrum  oris  (which  see,  under  can- 
crum).  (o)  A  disease  or  fungus  attacking  trees  or  other 
plants  and  causing  slow  decay,  (c)  Infarriery,  a  disease  in 
horses'  feet,  causing  a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the 
cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally  originating  in 
a  diseased  thrush. 

2.  A  canker-worm  or  insect-larva  that  injures 
plants  by  feeding  on  them. 

To  kill  cankers  in  the  musk-rose  buds. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  3. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  that  corrodes,  cor- 
rupts, destroys,  or  irritates;  irritation;  pain; 
grief;  care. 

Banish  the  canker  of  ambitious  thoughts. 

Stiak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

Grief,  that's  beauty's  canker.  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

What  is  this  but  a  new  learning,  a  new  canker  to  rust 

and  corrupt  the  old  truth?  Latimer,  Misc.  Sel. 

The  worm,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 

Are  mine  alone! 

Byron,  On  my  Thirty-sixth  Year. 

4.  Rust.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  5.  In  bob:  (a)  The 
canker-rose  or  field-poppy,  Papaver  Bhceas.  (b) 
The  wild  dogrose,  Bosa  canina. 

To  put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose, 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker,  Bolingbroke. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
He  held  out  a  rose, 
To  draw  the  yielding  sense,  which,  come  to  hand, 
He  shifts,  and  gives  a  canker. 

Middleton  ami  Rowley,  Fair  Quarrel,  iii.  2. 

(c)  A  toadstool.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — Black  canker, 

a  disease  in  turnips  and  other  crops  produced  by  a  species 
of  caterpillar.    See  Athalia. 
canker  (kang'ker),  v.     [<   ME.  cancren   (after 
ML.  cancerare),  <  canker,  ».]     I.  trans.  To  in- 
fect with  canker,  either  literally  or  figuratively; 
eat  into,  corrode,  or  corrupt ;  infect  as  with  a 
poisonous  influence ;  render  ill-conditioned  or 
venomous ;  make  sour  and  ill-natured. 
Restore  to  God  His  due  in  tithe  and  time; 
A  tithe  purloined  cankers  the  whole  estate. 

O.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xv. 
The  bramble 
No  wise  man  ever  planted  by  the  rose, 
It  cankers  all  her  beauty. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 
May  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart.  Coleridge. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  corrode;  grow  corrupt; 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  pernicious 
influence;  be  or  become  ill-conditioned  or  ma- 
lignant. 

And  as,  with  age,  his  body  uglier  grows, 

So  his  mind  cankers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  fret;  become  peevish.     Jamieson. — 3f. 
To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any  nox- 
ious cause ;  grow  rusty  or  discolored  by  oxida- 
tion, as  a  metal. 
Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 

cankerberry  (kang'ker-ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  canker- 
lurries  (-iz).  In  Jamaica,  the  fruit  of  Solatium 
Bahamense. 
canker -bit  (kang'ker- bit),  a.  Bitten  with  a 
cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.  Shak. 
canker-bloomt  (kang'ker-blom), ».  [=  D.  lean- 
kerbloem,  wild  rose,  wild  poppy.]  1.  A  bloom 
or  flower  eaten  by  canker. — 2.  A  bloom  or 
flower  of  the  dogrose. 

The  canker-blooms  have  full  as  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  liv. 

canker-blossom  (kang'ker-blos"urn),  n.  1.  A 
ranker-bloom. — 2.  That  which  causes  canker 
in  a  blossom. 

Oine!  vou  juggler !  you  canker-blossom  I 

You  thief  of  love!  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

canker-dortt,  n.  [ME.,  <  canker  +  dort.]  Anxi- 
ety; distress. 

Was  Troilus  naught  in  a  canker-dort. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1752. 

cankered  (kang'kerd),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  canker,  ».] 
1.  Affected  with  canker:  as,  a  cankered  tree. — 


canker-worm 

2.  Ill-natured;  cross;  crabbed;  venomous;  ma- 
lignant; wioked. 

Tin-  baser  mind  it  self.'  >li  p laves 
In  eanered  malice  and  revengeful]  spight. 

Spenser,  W.  Q.,  VI.  \ ii.  l. 

A  canker  d  grandame 's  will !  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

The  Coventor  .  .  .  assured  Hla  Majrsty  that  never  were 
courtesy  ami  gentleness  so  in  requited  as  his  had  been  by 

tliis  Hi-rat.-  ami  .',, ,,!,.■,■■  >/  Duke. 

,l/..//ci/,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  460. 

cankeredly  (kang'kerd-li),  adr.    In  a  cankered 

manner;  crossly;  crabbedly.     Mir.  for  Mags. 
cankeredneSS  (kang'kerd-nos),    u.     The   state 

of  luing  cankered;  crabbedness. 
canker-fly  (kang'ker-fli),  n.    Any  fly  that  preys 

on  fruit, 
cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  o.  t.     [<  ME.  can- 

crcfrclc,    eaten    into  by  a  canker,  <  canker  + 

frete,  pp.  of  freten,  fret,  eat:  see  canker  and 

'fret1.]     To  eat  into  like  a  canker. 

If  God  break  on*  the  soul  betimes  from  this  sin,  ere  it 

have  canker/retted  the  soul.  D.  Rogers. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  n.  [<  cankerfret, 
?'.]  1.  A  cankerous  sore  or  blister  in  the 
mouth. —  2.  Copperas. 

cankerlyt  (kang'ker-li),  a.  [<  canker  +  -ly1-] 
Cankered. 

canker-nail  (kang'ker-nal),  n.  A  hangnail. 
[Scotch.] 

cankerous  (kang'ker-us),  a.  [<  canker  +  -ous  ; 
after  cancerous,  q.  v.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
resembling  canker;  corrosive ;  ulcerous;  gan- 
grenous: as,  a  cankerous  sore  or  eruption. — 2. 
Causing  canker;  chafing;  corroding;  ulcerat- 
ing. 

Tyrannic  rule 
Unknown  before,  whose  cankerous  shackles  seiz'd 
The  envenom'd  soul.  Thomson,  Liberty,  iv. 

Hither  may  come  the  prisoner,  escaping  from  his  dark 
and  narrow  cell  and  cankerous  chain. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

canker-rash  (kang'ker-rash'),  n.  Inpatliol.,  a 
variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with  ulcer- 
ations in  the  throat. 
canker-root  (kang'ker-rot),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious astringent  or  bitter  roots  used  as  a  remedy 
for  aphtha?,  as  Statice  Caroliniana,  Coptis  tri- 
folia,  etc. 

cankert  (kang'kert),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  can- 
kereel. 

Nor  anxious  fear,  nor  cankert  care, 
E'er  mair  come  near  him. 

Burns,  Elegy  on  Robert  Ruisseaux. 

canker-weedt  (kang'ker-wed),  n.  An  old  name 
of  the  plant  ragwort. 

canker-worm  (kang'ker-werm),  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  caterpillars  which  are  very 
destructive  to  fruit-  and  shade-trees.  The  spring 
canker-worm,  Anisopteryx  r,  rnata,  is  found  in  the  United 


Fig.  2. 

Spring  Canker-worm  {Anisopteryx  vernata). 
Fig.  I.  a,  full-grown  larva;  b.  egg,  enlarged  (natural  size  shown 
in  small  mass  at  the  side ) ;  c.d,  one  joint,  enlarged,  side  and  dorsal 
views.  Fig.  2.  a,  fi,  male  and  female  moths,  both  natural  size;  c, 
joints  of  antenna  of  female  moth  ;  d,  joint  of  her  abdomen,  showing 
spines;  e,  her  ovipositor,     (c,  ct,  and  e  enlarged.) 

States  from  Maine  to  Texas.  The  ci-L's  are  deposit,'.!  upon 
trees.  The  larv;e,  after  feeding  upon  the  foliage  for  about 
a  month,  sometimes  entirely  destroying  it,  descend  by 
threads  to  the  ground,  in  which  they  burrow  and  undergo 
transformation,  the  moths  issuing  in  April,  or  sometimes 
in  March.  The  male  is  winged,  but  the  female  is  wind- 
less, and  is  obliged  to  climb  up  the  tree-trunk  in  order 
to  deposit  her  eggs.  Hence,  an  obstructive  bandage,  oil- 
trough,  or  tarred  band  placed  about  trees  is  a  common 
mode  of  protecting  them.  The  fall  canker-worm,  Aniso- 
pteryx pometaria,  is  more  distinctively  a  northern  species. 
Tin-  moths  issue  mainly  in  the  fall,  and  tile  eggs  are  ex- 
posed. See  geometrid,  measurer,  ami  span-worm. 
And  oft  he  lets  his  cancker-uiormes  light 
Upon  my  braunches,  to  worke  me  more  spi-Jit. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  February. 

That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  canker-worm 

eaten.  Joel  i.  4. 


cankery 

cankery  (kang'ker-i),  ".  [<  ranker  +  -yi.]  1 . 
Cankered;  corroded)  rusty. —  2.  Ill-natured; 
crabbed;  venoi  dug:  as,  "0  cankrie 

care,"  Burns. 

canking  (kang'king),  />.  <i.  [Ppr.  of  co-«/,i,  ».] 
Whining;  dissatisfied.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire).] 

canna1  (kan'a),  n.  [L.,  a  reed,  cane:  see  cane*.] 
1.  [can.]  [XL.]  A  genus  <>r  reed-like  plants, 
natural  order  svi  ral  species  of 

which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Indian  shot, 
from  their  round,  shining,  bard,  heavy  seeds. 
t>i  the  tropics,  and  there  are  man]  spe- 
iii  cultivation  for  their singulai  Bhowy 


Indian  Shot  {Cinxn  Indict). 
a,  foliage ;  b,  flower ;  c,  fruit,  dehiscing. 

Bowers  and  very  ornamental  foliage.  The  common  In- 
dian shot  of  gardens  is  C.  Indica.  The  rootstocks  are 
farinaceous,  and  the  tiibcnuis  roots  of  some  species  are 
used  as  a  \.  getable.  a  species  cultivated  in  the  West  In- 
dies, supposed  to  be  the  C.  edvlisot  South  America,  yields 
a  kind  of  starch  or  arrowroot  known  as  tous4es-mois. 
2.  The  upright  shaft  or  stem  of  any  ornamen- 
tal object  or  utensil,  especially  when  of  metal, 
as  of  a  candlestick. — 3.  Ecclcs.,  the  pipe  or 
tube  by  which  the  sacred  wine  was  taken  from 
the  chalice.  Bee  calamus,  4.  These  tubes  were 
of  precious  material,  frequently  of  silver.  In  a  few 
cases  the  canna  seems  to  have  been  fixed  to  the  chalice. 

4.  A  linear  measure  in  use  in  some  parts  of 
Italy.  Its  length  varies  from  a  to  118  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  locality  tn  which  it  is  used  and  the  material 
to  which  it  is  applied.    The  canna  of  .Malta  is  82.2  inches. 

5.  [cry).]  [XL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. Warn  r,  1865.— 6.  A  name  of  the  eland, 
Orcas  canna. 

canna-  (kan'ii).  ».  [<  Gael,  canach,  cotton, 
cotton-grass,  cat's-tail,  =  Ir.  canach,  cotton, 
'l"\vn.]  Cotton-grass,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eri- 
ophorum. 

Still  is  the  canna's  hoary  beard. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  IB. 
canna3  (kan'a).     [Sc,  prop,  can  na,  cannot: 

iia  =  E.  i«)l.]"   Cannot.     [Scotch.] 
cannabene  (kan'a-ben),  n.   [<  Cannabis  +  -ene.] 

A  .uluiliss  ..il  (C18H2o)  obtained  from  t'tinna- 

bis  In 
cannabic  (kan'a-bik),  a.    [<  L.  cannabis,  hemp, 

+  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  hemp — Cannabic 

composition,  a  substitute  for  papier  mache,  made  of  a 

mixture  of  hemp  and  resin. 

cannabin,  cannabine1  (kan'a-bin,  -bin),  n.  [< 
Cannabis  +  -in-,  -,,,,-.]  A  resin  obtained  from 
the  plan!  Cannabis  Indica.  It  is  probably  the 
active  principle  of  the  drug  hashish. 

Oannabinaceas  <kan  a-bi-na'se-e), n. pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  eiiniKiliix,  hemp,  +  -aceie."\  '  A  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  hemp  family,  properly  included 
in  the  i  order  i  rUcacece. 

cannabine',  n.    Bee  cannabin. 

cannabine-  (kan'a-bin),  a.  [<  L.  cannabwus,  < 
,-,,, ,„,,!,,.  —  ]■].  himii.]  Pertaining  to  homp; 
"  ii.     j  l.'tire.] 

Cannabineae  (kan-a-bin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  L. 
hemp,  +'  -in .']  in  some  classifica- 
fer  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
i    *  cacea     i  he  hemp  family  as  a  suborder. 

Cannabis  ( kan   t-bi  e. hemp.q.-v.'] 

A  genus  of  urticaceous  plants,  of  a  single  spe- 

cies,  C.  Indira.      See  1,1,,,,,,/  and  lit  ntji. 

canne1   (kan).  n.     [F.,  cane:  see  cane*-."]     If. 
An  old  Bpelling  of  cam  '.—2.  A  1  i 
sure  ol   li  \inn  according  to  loi 

from  L78  to  l'.G2  meters,  or  1.95  to  2.87  yards. 

canne-t,  ».    An  obsoli 

canne:i,  ».    Bee  leant 

cannelMkan'el),  n.    K  ME.  <  >ssibi- 

lated  .  him,/,  >  moil.  K.  <■/ ,*■ ;     <   i  >r.  canel, 

ohenal,  <  L.  canalis,  a  channel:  see  r)n: 


792 

/:•  in, i  /'-',  and  canal1,  doublets  of  rannrl1.]  If.  A 

channel;  a  stream  of  water;  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

Thei  grutchiden  a3ens  this  water,  and  dronken  podel 

water  ,ii  the    ■■ 

li  yclif,  Seleci  Wbrks(ed.  Arnold),  II.  335. 

in  he  did  the  waters  ga, 

Til  thair  canels  that  thai  comen  fra. 

Cursor  Mvndi,  i.  1866. 
2f.  A  conduit ;  a  pipe. 

Cant  Is  or  pipes  wynes  forth  to  lede 
Into  tl 

Palladia,  Ilusliondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  IS. 

3t.   The  throat. 

mi  now  tin. ii  liato  thi  licit  holle,  hitte  me  bihou[e]s; 
llaldc  the  now  the  li.v0c  h"de.  that  Arthur  the  ragt, 
a  kepe  thy  kanel  at  this  kest,  if  hit  keuer  may. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  tl,-  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  s.'),  1,  2298. 

4.  The  lowest  part  of  the  edge  of  a  tool,  which 
has  received  the  finishing;  the  finishing  bevel 
of  a  knife,  ax,  or  other  edged  tool. 

It  [a  pocket-knife]  must  be  held  [in  honing]  at  an  angle  of 
20  to  ...'  degrees,  and  have  an  eiK'e  similar  tn  a  chisel.  This 
is  technically  called  the  ettiniel.  and  is  marked  on  all  new 
knives  by  a  tine  white  line,  which  does  not  remove  or  touch 
the  polished  surface.  A  Trade  Circular,  1887. 

5.  [<  annul1,  r.~\  A  style  of  weaving,  making 
a  corded  or  rep  tissue.     E.  II.  Knight, 

cannel1  (kan'el),  v.  t.  [<  F.  ca/meler,  formerly 
cant  li  r.  nun  Hi  r,  channel,  flute,  groove,  <  canel, 
a  channel,  groove:  see  carmeP-,  •«.,  and  cf.  chan- 
iii  I1,  v.]  To  channel;  groove;  chamfer.  Jamie- 
son. 

cannel-t  (kan'el),  «..  [Early  mod.  E.  also  nind, 
<  ME.  canel,  canele,  canelle  =  MD.  I),  kaneel  = 
Ml.i;.  Tcannel,  LGr.  kannl,  Inn  I  —  late  MHG. 
Jcanel,  Gr.  caneel,  kanel  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanel,  <  OP. 
mm  lie  P.  cannelle  =  Pr.  Sp.  canela  =  Pg.  ca- 
ncla,  canella  =  It.  canella,  now  carmella,  <  ML. 
cum  Ha,  ratlin  lla,  cinnamon,  so  called  from  the 
form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which  it  assumes  in  dry- 
ing, lit.  a  little  pipe  (OP.  canelle,  V.  cannelle,  s 
quill,  faucet,  cock,  spout,  etc.),  dim.  of  (L.) 
riiiiu.  canna  (OF.  cane,  F.  canne,  etc.),  a  cane, 
reed :  see  cane1,  and  cf.  cannon.']  Cinnamon. 
In  Arabia  is  store,  mir  and  canel. 

TrevUa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  00. 
Alle  maner  of  spicerie,  .  .  .  as  of  gyngevere,  clowe-gylo- 
fres,  canelle,  zedewalle,  notemuges,  and  maces. 

Mand,  title.  Travels,  p.  1S7. 

cannel3t,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  kennel1. 

cannela-wood,  «.    Same  as  caneUa-wood. 

cannel-coal,  candle-coal  (kan'el-,  kan'dl-kol), 
n.  A  highly  bituminous  coal,  very  compact, 
ami  burning  readily  with  a  bright  flame.  Itis 
not  so  distinctly  stratified  as  ordinary  bituminous  coal,  but 
breaks  into  more  or  less  regularly  formed  cubical  frag- 
ments. The  term  is  said  to  be  applied  to  coals  of  this  kind 
because  they  burn  like  a  candle.  See  coal.  Also  written 
canal-coal,  Kennel-coal. 

cannellated  (kan'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  cannclX  + 
-ate1  +  -rd2.]  In  arch.,  channeled  or  fluted: 
as,  "cannellated  pilasters,"  C.  C.  Perkins,  Ital- 
ian Sculpture,  Int.,  pi.  xlvii. 

cannelure  (kan'e-lur),  n.  [F.,  <  canneler,  groove, 
flute:  see  cannel1,  v.]  1.  A  groove  or  channel 
on  a  decorative  surface,  as  the  channeling  on 
Doric  columns.  Much  of  the  decoration  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  is  in  scroll-formed  or  spiral  cannelures. 
2.  A  rectangular  groove  cut  around  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  bullet  to  contain  the  lubricant, 
which  consists  generally  of  bayberry  tallow  or 
Japan  wax.  There  may  lie  from  ::  to. r>  cannelures;  there 
are  3  in  the  (.'nited  stales  regulation  bullet.  The  lubri- 
cant prevents  hading  and  fouling  of  the  bore  in  tiring. 
See  cut  under  cartrid  t, 

cannelure  (kan'e-lur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canne- 
htrrtl,  ppr.  canneluring.  [<  cannelure,  w.]  To 
form  a  groove  or  channel  on:  as,  a  cannelured 

bullet. 

cannequin  (kan'e-kin),  n.    [F.,  also  cancquin ; 

origin  unknown.]      White  cotton  cloth  from 

tin    East  Indies.     E.  II.  Knight. 
cannery  (kan'e-ril,  it.  :  pi.  canneries  (-riz).      [< 

com2  +  -crt/.~\     An  establishment   for  canning 

or  preserving  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in  cans  or  tins 

hermetically  sealed. 

Several  new  e,,„„r,-ie:<  have  In  en  established,  one  on 
I'.m  toi  Bay,  where  four  hundred  eases  nf  canned  and  thir- 
ty two  hundred  and  llfty  barrels  of  salted  salmon  were  put 

up  during  tin  season.  Saence,  IV.  475. 

cannett  (kan'et),  n.  [=  F.  canette,  <  OF.  canet, 
in.,  rani  lie,  I.,  a  young  duck,  dim.  of  cane,  a 
duck:  see  ciiiinril.]  In  Iter.,  a  hearing  repre- 
senting a  diiek  without  beak  or  feet.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  martlet  In  being  without  thi  fori  i 
tail  of  the  latter. 

cannetet,  ».     [ME.,  =  It.  canncto,  <  L.  canne- 

I  tint,  a  thicket  of  reeds,  <  canna,  a  reed.]  A 
thicket  of  reds. 

Cannett    olde  eke  tyme  is  nowe  to  wede 
And  of  to  kytte  it  that  thaire  root  oneaeth. 

Palladiue,  Eusbondrie  (E   E.  T.  s.),  p.  81. 


cannon 

cannibal  (kan'i-bal).  ii.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
canibal;  =  F.  carmibale  =G-.  canibale,  now  ean- 
itilntlc,  <  sp,  canibal  =  Pg.  canibal  (NL.  cani- 
l,n  I ,s).  a  cannibal,  a  savage,  a  corruption  of  Cari- 
intl  (XL  Caribalis),  a  Carib,  the  form  used  by 
Columbus  (Oct.,  14SIS),  and  afterward  changed 
to  canibal,  propter  rabiem  caninam  anthropo- 
phagorum  gentis,"  to  express  the  canine  vora- 
city of  theCaribs,  who  were  said  to  be  man-eat- 
ers; as  if  from  L.  canis,  a  dog.  The  more  cor- 
rect form  is  preserved  in  Sp.  Caribe,  a  Carib, 
also  a  cannibal,  savage,  >  E.  t  aribbee :  see  '  'arib. 
In  the  Carib  tongue  the  word  is  said  to  have 
signified 'a  valiant  man.']  I.  n.  1.  A  human 
being  who  eats  human  flesh;  a  human  man- 
eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his  the  hungry  eii>>nti>tih 
Would  not  have  touch  d.     Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
Is  there  anything  here  to  eat 
But  one  another,  like  a  race  of  cannibals? 

Fletcher,  llule  a  Wile,  iii.  2. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
members  of  its  own  or  kindred  species. 

They  [worms]  are  cannibals,  lor  the  two  halves  of  a  dead 
worm  placed  in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into  the  bur- 
rows and  gnawed.  Dan,,,,.  Vegetable  Mould,  p.  :;ij. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  can- 
nibals or  cannibalism:  as,  "cannibal  ferocity," 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
cannibalism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  n.  [<  cannibal  + 
-«».]  1.  The  eating  of  human  flesh  by  human 
beings. 

Itis  rather  startling  to  find  that  just  two  hundred  years 
ago  in  London  tin-  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the  King  n 
ommended  cannibalism  to  Englishmen  without  the  small- 
est apology  or  hesitation. 

F .  P.  Cobbc,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  1 79. 
Hence  —  2.  The  eating  of  any  animal  by  an- 
other individual  of  the  same  species. 
cannibalistic  (kan"i-ba-lis'tik),  a.  *  [<  cannibal 
+  -istic.~\  Characterized  by  cannibalism ;  given 
to  eating  its  own  kind. 

cannibally  (kan'i-bal-i),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  cannibal:  as,  '' cannibally  given"  (addict- 
ed to  cannibalism),  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5.  [Kare.] 
cannie,  a.  ami  adv.  See  canny. 
cannikin  (kan'i-Mu),  n.  [<  ran'2  +  euphonic 
-i-  +  dim.  -kin.]  1.  A  little  can  or  cup.  Also 
written  canakin. 

And  let  me  the  canakin  clink. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3  (song). 
2.  A  wooden  bucket  for  holding  sugar,  rice,  etc. 
cannily  (kan'i-li),  adv.     [Sc,  also  written  can- 
mite  ;  <  canny  +  -ly2.]     In  a  canny  manner. 
He  leati'd  him  ower  his  saddle  bow, 
And  caiinilie  kiss'd  his  dearie. 
Duke  of  A'lfl  I  Nwrse,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  228. 

canniness  (kan'i-nes),  n.  [<  canny  +  -ness.'] 
Caution ;  shrewdness. 

cannionst,  »•  pi.    See  cannon,  ».,  7. 

cannipert  (kan'i-per),  n.  A  corruption  of  cali- 
per. 

cannoid  (kan'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kama,  a  reed,  a 
tube,  +  chhr,  form,  shape:  see  cane1  and  -aid.] 
Tubular;  having  tubes:  applied  to  the  skeleton 
of  certain  radiolarians. 

cannon  (kan'on), ».;  pi.  cannons  (-pnz)  or  can- 
non. [Early  mod.  E.  also  ration ;  =  D.  kanon  = 
Qc.canone,  now  Tcanone,  =  Dan.  Sw.  kanon,  a  can- 
non (gun),  <  F.  ration,  a  gun  (cannon),  barrel 
of  a  gun,  any  tube  or  pipe  (canon  parfumdtoire, 
a  surgical  tube),  a  graft,  a  cannon-bit,  a  roll  or 
cuff  (ration  th  chausses,  or  simply  anions,  pi., 
E.  canons,  cannons,  coitions,  cinniitnis)  (Cot- 
grave),  cannon-bone,  OF.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe, 
conduit,  bobbin,  =  Sp.  canon,  a  gun  (cannon), 
tube,  pipe,  funnel,  quill,  lamp-chimney,  can- 
non-bit, spindle,  roller-fold  in  cloth  (>  E.  canon, 
canyon,  q.  v.),  =  Pg.  canliao,  a  gun  (cannon), 
cannon-bit,  pi.  rolls  (cannons),  =  It.  cannone, 
a  gun  (cannon),  barrel  of  a  gun.  pipe,  conduit, 
cannon-bit  (Florio),  tube,  bobbin  (>NGr.  mvivi, 
a  cannon),  <  ML.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe,  gun  (can- 
non) {anioints,  a  bobbin),  prop.  aug.  of  L.  canna. 
Ml.,  annul,  aintt,  a  reed,  pipe,  tube,  but  mixed 
with  the  nearly  related  canon,  a  rule,  in  its  lit. 
sense  of  'a  straight  rod,'  <  Gr.  mviyv,  a  straight 
rod,  a  rule,  <.  K&vrj,  a  rare  torm  01  Kara/,  Kama, 
L.  ranna,  a  reed:  see  antr^  ami  canon1,  hi  the 
minor  senses  -,  :t.  1,  etc.,  also  spelled  anion,  but 
prop,  cannon.  In  the  sense  of  '  cannon-bone,' 
el.  II.  cannoli  (Florio),  cannon-bones,  antnrlla, 
arm-bone  (cf.  cannel?).']  1.  An  engine,  sup- 
ported on  a  stationary  or  movable  fraii  e  called 

a  gun-carriage,  for  throwing  balls  and  other  mis- 
siles by  the  force  of  gunpowder;  a  big  gun;  a 
piece  of  ordnance.  Cannons  are  made  of  iron,  brass, 
bronze,  or  Bteel,  and  nf  ditlercnt  sizes,  carrying  balls  fmin 
::  mi  i  pounds  weight  up  to  2,000  pounds  and  more.  The 
caliber  or  power  of  cannon  may  be  expressed  (1)  by  the 


cannon 

weight  of  the  shot  flred  :  as.  a  S2-pounder;  (2)  by  the  di- 
ameter of  the  bore  :  as,  a  1 2-inch  gun  ;  or  (3)  by  the  weight 

ol  the  -mi  itself:  as,  an  8-hundredweighl  gun;  a  25  ton  c 

Before  the  introduction  of  armor-plating,  the  naval  gun 
in  use  in  line-of-battle  ships  ami  frigates  were  68  pounders 
({)ro  1  mi  idled  weight),  S-inch  shell-guns  (65  hundredweight), 

JL     E         F  a_ 


^ 


ILX 


Steel  Field-gun  (Army). 
A,  tube:  i?,jacket;   C,  elliptical  chamber:  D,  trunnion-rine;  :  r, 
sleeve:  F,  key-ring:  Gt  base-ring:  H,  interrupted  screw  fexmeturi 
/,  Freire  gas-check  or  obturator:  C/V,  bore. 

and  82-pounders  (42  to  68  hundredweight).  Now  ships  are 
spoken  of  as  armed  with.61-,  12-,  18-,  26-,  38-,  etc.,  ton  guns, 
the  L8-ton  gun  throwing  400-pound  projectiles,  and  the  25- 
ton  gun  600-pound,  and  so  on,  the  weightof  the  ball  rising 

with  the  weight  of  the pieee.  Cannon  weighing  more  than 
100  tons  have  recently  been  constructed.  The  100-ton  gun 
is  charged  with  340  pounds  of  powder,  and  discharges  a  boll 
of  steel  or  chilled  iron  weighing  2,000  pounds.  Cannon  of 
the  smaller  calibers  are  mounted  on  wheeled  carriages  for 
service  as  field-pieces.      In  the  United  States  army  the 

guns  in  service  are  8-,  10-,  13-,  15-,  and  20-inch  sn th-bore 

Rodman  guns,  and  3-,  3.2-,  4.5-,  8-,  and  12-inch  rilled  guns. 
The  American  8-inch  rifled  gun  is  the  10-inch  Hodman 
smooth-bore,  lined  with  a  coiled  wrought-iron  or  steel 
tube.  The  3.2-inch  gun  is  a  steel  field-piece.  In  the 
United  States  navy,  6-,  S-,  and  10-inch  steel  guns  have 
been  adopted  for  the  cruisers  of  recent  design.  The  prin- 
cipal parts  of  a  cannon  are:  1st,  the  breech,  which  is  the 
mass  «>f  solid  metal  behind  the  bottom  or  end  of  the  bore. 
and  extending  to  the  base-ring;  2d,  in  muzzle-loading  can- 
non, the  cascabel,  a  projection  in  rear  of  the  base-ring,  in- 
cluding the  knob,  the  spherical  part  between  the  kilobaud 
the  base-ring  being  called  the  base  of  the  breech.;  8d,  the 
reinforce,  the  thickest  part  of  the  cylinder,  extending  from 
the  base-ring  forward;  4th,  the  trunnions,  which  project 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  support  the  cannon  ;  6th,  the 
bore  or  caliber,  the  interior  of  the  cylinder,  wherein  the 
powder  and  shot  are  lodged,  and  which  may  be  smooth  or 
rifled,  though  rifled  cannons  have  virtually  superseded  the 
smooth-bores ;  6th,  the  -muzzle  or  mouth  of  the  bore.  Can- 
non are  often  made  so  as  to  be  loaded  at  the  breech,  vari- 
ous devices  being  employed  to  effect  this  object,  (uniwii 
were  formerly  classed  as  whole  cannons,  demi-cannons, 
culverins,  sakers,  etc.,  but  are  now  classified  us  guns, 
howitzers,  carronades,  and  mortars ;  also  as  field-,  moun- 
tain-, coast-,  sea-,  and  siege-guns.    See  gun, 

2.  In  much.,  a  hollow  cylindrical  piece  through 
which  a  revolving  shaft  passes,  and  which  may 
revolve  independently, 
and  with  a  greater  or  less 
speed  than  that  of  the 
shaft.  Such,  for  example,  is 
the  prolongation  of  the  eye  of  a 
wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a  spindle 
or  shaft  on  which  it  is  intended 
to  work  loose,  as  the  part  a  of  the  wheel  A,  loose  on  the 
shaft  b. 

3.  That  part  of  a  liit  let  into  the  horse's  mouth. 
Also  canon,  cannon-bit,  canon-bit. — 4.  The  can- 
non-bone.—  5.  The  ear  or  loop  of  a  hell  by  which 
it  is  suspended.     Also  spelled  canon. 

Church  bells  used  always  to  be  hung  by  6  long  ears, 
called  canons,  wdiich  cut  a  large  piece  out  of  the  stock, 
aud  weakened  it  very  much. 

Sir  E.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  Watches,  p.  368. 

6.  In  surg.,  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
wounds.— 7t.  pi.  Ornamental  rolls  which  ter- 
minated the  breeches  or  hose  at  the  knee.  Min  - 
shcu,  1617.  Also  written  canions,  commons,  and 
canons. 

'Tis  pity  that  thou  wast  ever  bred  to  be  thrust  through 
a  pair  of  canions;  thou  wouldsthave  made  a  pretty  foolish 
waiting-woman. 

Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  i.  4. 

Chausses  a  queue  de  merlus,  round  breeches  with  strait 
amnions,  having  on  the  seat  a  piece  like  a  fishes  tail, 
and  worn  by  old  men,  scholars,  and  such  niggardly  or 
needy  persons.  Cotgrave. 

(Lord's  Day.)  This  morning  I  put  on  my  best  black  cloth 
suit,  .  .  .  with  my  black  silk  knit  canons  I  bought  a  month 
ago.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  69. 

8.  [<  cannon,  v..  2.]  In  billiards,  a  carom :  little 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  common  in  Great 


Cannon-bone  of 
left  hind  leg  of 
horse,  seen  from 
behind. 

i,  the  cannon- 
bone,  being  the 
middle  metatar- 
sal bone,  bearing 
2  and  3,  the  two 
splint-bones,  or 
reduced  metatar- 
sal bones.  The 
whole  is  the  me- 
tatarsus    of    the 


ng  cannon-bone 
and  splint-bones 
of  the  fore  limb 
are  the  metacar- 
pus. 


Britain.  See  carom — Cannon  of  sevent,  cannon 
of  eightt,  cannon  with  a  7-  or  s-inch  bore,  'lhe  latter 
was  termed  a  cannon  royal  (wdiich  see,  below). 

In  the  morning  come  Jlr.  Chichly  to  Sir  W.  Coventry. 
to  tell  him  the  ill  success  of  the  guns  made  for  the  Loyall 
London;  whieh  is,  that  in  the  trial  every  one  of  the  great 
guns,  the  whole  cannon  of  seven,  as  I  take  it,  broke  in 
pieces.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  404. 

Cannon  royal,  a  cannon  or  big  gun  formerly  in  use.  It 
weighed  8.000  pounds,  and  was  12  feet  long,  the  diam  iter 
ol  the  bore  being  8  inches.  It  carried  a  charge  of  32J 
pounds  of  powder,  and  a  ball  weighing  4S  pounds.  Also 
called  cannon  of  cinht  (that  is,  8-inch  bore).  S.  Phuhps, 
1706.— Rifled  cannon,  or  rifle  cannon,  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance in  the  surface  of  whose  bore  spiral  grooves  or  rifles 
are  cut  to  impart  rotation  to  the  projectile. 
cannon  (kan'on),  r.  i.  [<  F.  canonncr  =  Sp. 
ca iio n ear  =  Pg.  carihonear =It.  cannonare;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  discharge  cannon;  cannon- 
ade.—  2.  In  billiards,  to  make  a  cannon  or 
carom;  hence,  to  strike  one  thing  and  then 
rebound  and  strike  another;  carom.  [Great 
Britain.] 


793 

The  first  [torpedo     Inn  I, 'ol  the  non-dads  just  abaft 

the  fore-chains,  .  .  .  did  not  explode,  but  cannon,  d  oil  . 
H  were  to  the  shore.  A'.  A.  Rev.,  t'XXVll.  886 

Thetrainsenl  her  violently  forward  against  a  woman, 
from  whom  she  cannon  d  on  against  the  brick  layi  r, 

Miss  Toosey's  Mission,  p.  so, 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  n.  [=  G.  canonade, 
kanonade,  <  V.  cdhonnade  (=  Pg.  canlionada  = 
It.  cannonata),  <  canon,  cannon:  see  cannon 
and  -ode1.]  A  continued  discharge  of  cannon 
or  artillery;  specifically,  such  a  discharge  di 
rected  againsl  an  enemj . 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad')j  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
nonaded, ppr.  cannonading.  [<  cannonade,  n.] 
I.  trans.  To  attack  with  ordnance  or  artillery  ; 
batter  with  cannon. 

II.  intrans.   To  discharge  can- 
non ;  fire  largo  guns. 

Both  armies  cannonaded  all  the  ensu- 
ing day.  Tatler,  No.  63. 

cannon-ball  (kan'on-bal),  ».    A 
ball  or  missile,  originally  of  stone, 

but  now  usually  of  east -iron  or 
Bteel,  designed  to  be  thrown  from 
a  cannon.  Spherical  projectiles  are 
now  to  a  ureal  extent  superseded  by  elon- 
gated ones,  so  that  the  term  ball  as  applied 
to  them  is  not  literally  correct,  —  Can- 
non-ball inill,  a  mill  for  grinding  certain 
kinds  of  dry  materials.  It  consists  of  a 
cylinder  in  which  revolving  cannon-balls 
effect  the  desired  grinding.  — Cannon- 
ball  tree,  the  Couroupita  wiianensis,  of 
tropical  America,  bearing  a  large  globose 
fruit  with  a  woody  shell. 

cannon-baskett  (kan'on-bas"ket), 

n.    A  gabion, 
cannon-bit  (kan 'on-bit),  n.    Same 

as  cannon,  3. 
cannon-bone  (kan'on-bon),  n.    In 

farriery  and  vet.  surg.,  one  of  the 

functional   and   complete   meta-   {,*"". 

carpal  or  metatarsal  bones  of  a   jng  between  the 

,  r  heck  and  tcllock 

hooted  quadruped,  supporting  the  The  correspond 
weight  of  the  body  upon  the  feet. 
The  former,  in  the  fore  leg,  extends  from 
the  carpus  or  so-called  "knee"  to  the  fet- 
lock-joint, and  the  latter,  in  the  hind  leg, 
from  the  tarsus  or  "  hock  "  to  the  fetlock- 
joint.  In  a  solidungulate,  as  the  horse,  the  cannon-bone 
is  the  single  (third)  metacarpal  or  metatarsal ;  in  cloven- 
footed  quadrupeds,  as  the  ox,  it  is  composed  of  two  meta- 
carpals or  metatarsals  fused  in  one.  The  rudimentary  or 
incomplete  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatarsals,  on  either 
side  of  the  cannon-bone,  are  called  splint -bones.  The  can- 
non-bone represents  the  extent  of  the  limb  from  the  carpo- 
metacarpal or  tarsometatarsal  articulation  to  the  meta- 
carpo-  or  metatarsophalangeal  articulation.  Also  spelled 
canon-bone. 

cannon-bullet  (kan'on-bul"et),  n.  A  cannon- 
ball.     [Rare.] 

cannoneer  (kan-on-er'),  n.  [Also  written  can- 
nonier;  <  F.  ca'nonnier  (=  It.  cannoniere),  < 

canon,  cannon:  see  cannon  and  -ccr.]  One  who 
takes  part  in  the  loading  and  discharging  of 
cannon;  an  artilleryman. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak, 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

cannoneering(kan-pn-er'ing),  n.  [<  cannoneer 
4-  -ing1.]  The  act" or  art  of  using  cannons; 
practice  with  cannons.     Also  cannonicriug. 

Gunnery,  cannoneering,  bombarding,  mining. 

Burke,  Vind.  of  Nat.  Society. 

cannoningt  (kan'on-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
cannon,  v.]     A  loud  noise,  as  of  cannon. 

cannon-lock  (kan'on-lok),  n.  A  contrivance 
placed  over  the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon  to  ex- 
plode the  charge. 

cannon-pinion  (kan'on-pin"ypn),  n.  In  a  clock 
or  watch,  a  squared  tubular  piece,  placed  on  the 
arbor  of  the  center-wheel,  and  adapted  to  hold 
the  minute-hand.     E.  II.  Knight. 

cannon-proof  (kan'on-prBf),  a.  Proof  against 
cannon-shot. 

cannon-range  (kan'pn-ranj),  n.  The  range  of 
a  cannon;  the  whole  field  that  can  be  reached 
with  projectiles  from  a  cannon,  or  the  cannon 
of  a  given  battery  or  port ;  cannon-shot :  as,  to 
come  within  cannon-range. 

cannonry  (kan'pn-ri),  n.  [<  cannon  +  -ry.] 
Artillery;  cannon  in  general.     [Rare.] 

cannon-shot  (kan'on-shot),  n.  1.  A  ball  or 
shot  for  cannon. —  2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

cannon-stove  (kan'on-stov),  n.  A  tall  cylin- 
drical stove,  somewliat  resembling  a  cannon  set 
up  on  its  breech. 

Cannopylea  (kan'o-pi-le'5),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Gr.  Mm  e'.  a  reed,  +  -'>'/.  a  gate.]  A  group  or 
legion  of  radiolarians :  same  as  Phwoditria. 

Cannoraphididae  (ka-nor-a-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Canuoraphis  (-phid-)  +  -ida:]     A  fam- 


canoe 

ilv  of  phtBodarian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  detached  hollow  tubes  or  reticu- 
lated pieces  of  silex,  deposited  tangentially 
around  the  central  capsule.  Also  called  Can- 
norhaphida.     Haeckel. 

Cannoraphis  (ka-nor'a-fis),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
.  a  reed,  +  paipic,  a  needle,  also  a  needle- 
shaped  fish,  <  frairruv,  sew. J    The  typical  genus 
of  i  In'  family  Carmora/pMdidce.   Also  Camorha- 

jphis. 

Cannosphaera  (kan-o-sfe'rft),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ixawa,  a  reed,  +  nQalpa,  sphere.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Cannosphceridce. 

CannosphseridcB  (kan-o-sfe  ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Cannosphosra  +  4dm.]  A  family  of  phseo- 
darian  radiolarians  with  a  fenestrated  shell, 
spherical  or  subspherical,  and  double.  Tie- in- 
ner shell  (medullar  layer)  is  composed  simply  of  solid 
beams;  the  outer  (cortical  layer),  of  hollow  tubes  with  ra- 
dial spicules  at  the  nodes  of  junction.  The  two  layers 
are  connected  by  hollow  radial  rods.  Also  Cannosphi  rida. 
Haeckel. 

cannot  (kan'ot).  A  way  of  writing  can  «of,_ 
due  to  the  silencing  in  pronunciation  of  one  of 
the  n's. 

cannula  (kan'u-lii),  n.  [L.  (ML.  also  canula), 
dim.  of  canna,  a  reed,  pipe:  see  cane1.]  1.  A 
small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  fora  sheath  to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp 
instrument,  along  with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a 
cavity  or  tumor  containing  a  fluid.  The  pi  rfo 
rationoeing  made,  the  sharp  instrument  is  withdrawn  and 
the  tube  left,  in  order  that  the  fluid  may  pass  through  it. 
Also  canula. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  cruet  for  use  at  the  altar.  See 
cruet.  —  Bellocq'S  cannula,  an  instrument  for  plugging 
the  posterior  nates  to  stop  bleeding  from  the  nose. 

cannular  (kan'u-lar),  a.  [<  cannula  +  -or3.] 
Tubular;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also  c«n- 
ular. 

cannulate  (kan'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
nulated,  ppr.  can'niilating.  [<  cannula  +  -ate2.'] 
To  make  hollow,  like  a  cannula — Cannulated 
needle,  a  surgeon's  needle  made  hollow  to  allow  a  wire 
or  thread  to  pass  through  its  entire  length. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  a.  [Sc,  of  uncertain 
origin;  popularly  associated  with  caul,  „.,  skill, 
knowledge,  ability,  and  cunning1,  knowing,  and 
thus  ult.  with  can1,  v.,  know;  but  perhaps  tilt. 
due  to  Icel.  Tecenn  (for  lann,  i.  e.,  Tcoenn),  wise. 
skilful,  expert,  clever,  =  AS.  cene,  bold,  E.  /,<<  u, 
sharp  (ef.  E.  shaiy  in  a  similar  sense):  see 
/.■<»!.]  A  term  of  commendation  of  various 
application.  1.  Knowing;  cautious;  prudent; 
wary;  watchful;  cunning;  artful;  crafty. 

I  trust  in  God  to  use  the  world  as  a  canny  and  cunning 
master  doth  a  knave  servant.  Rutherford,  Letters. 

Whate'er  he  wins  I'll  guide  with  canny  care. 

Ramsay. 
Wliite-tail  [deer]  are  very  canny,  and  know  perfectly 
well  what  threatens  danger  and  what  does  not. 

T.  Rooseeelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  113. 

2.  Skilled;  handy;  expert. 

His  wife  was  a  cannie  body,  and  could  dress  things  very 
well  for  anein  her  line  o'  business.    Seott,  Old  Mortality,  v. 

3.  Moderate;  reasonable,  (a)  In  expense :  Frugal; 

not  extravagant.  (6)  In  charges  or  exactions:  >"ot  extor- 
tionate,   (c)  In  conduct :  Not  severe. 

4.  Quiet;  easy;  soft,  (n)  Quiet  in  disposition  ;  gen- 
tle ;  tractable,    (o)  Quiet  in  movement ;  still ;  slow. 

I'll  be  her  nurse,  and  I'll  gang  aboot  on  my  stoekin" 
soles  as  canny  as  pussy. 

Dr.  John  Brown,  Kab  and  his  Friends. 

(c)  Snug;  comfortable;  neat. 

Edge  me  into  some  canny  post.  Ramsay. 

5.  Safe ;  not  dangerous ;  fortunate;  lucky. — 6. 
Good;  worthy. —  7.  Possessed  of  supernatural 
power ;  skilled  in  magic. 

Canny  Elshie,  or  the  Wise  Wight  o'  Muekelstane  Moor. 
Scott,  Black  Dwarf,  p.  39. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  ailr.  [Sc]  In  a  canny 
manner ;  cannily ;  cautiously ;  gently  ;  slowly. 

Ye'll  tak  me  in  your  arms  twa,  lo,  lift  me  cannie. 

Bonnie  Annie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  III.  is. 
Speak  her  fair  and  canny.  Scott,  Pirate.  1.68. 

Ca'  cannie  (literally,  drive  gently),  proceed  with  caution  ; 
don't  act  rashly.     [Scotch.] 

canoat,  n.     [See  canoe.']     A  canoe.     Iialcigh. 

Canobic  (ka-no'bik),  a.    Same  as  Canopic. 

canoe  (ka-nii'),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  canoo, 
minor,  canowe,  orig.  canoa;  =  Pg.  It.  canoa  = 
F.  canot  =  D.  kanoo  =  Sw.  kanot  =  Dan.  kano, 
<  Sp.  canoa,  <  candoa,  the  native  West  Indian 
(Carib)  name.]  I.  n.  A  light  boat  designed  to 
be  propelled  by  a  paddle  or  paddles  held  in  the 
hands  without  fixed  supports.  The  canoes  of  sav- 
age races  are  constructed  of  bark  (as  the  birch-bark  canoe 
of  the  American  Indians)  or  hides,  or  formed  of  the  trunks 
of  trees,  excavated  by  burning  or  cutting  them  into  a  suit- 
able shape.  The  birch-bark  canoes  are  light  and  can  be 
carried  on  the  shoulders,  one  large  enough  for  four  per- 


canoe 

sons  sometimes  weighing  no  more  Bum  40  or  BO  Pounds. 

"mployedc B>- for  pleasure,  is  a  Ugh) 

o-vel  or  clinker  built,  Bliarp  at  l» 
sixth 


tii>l  with 


,....,,[  Hi"  rhltnket  Indians,  Alaska. 

builtofwood,  bul  '  canvas  paper, galvanized 

KSn'orotherinaterial,  and  often  provided  with  sarts-The 

typical  wooden  cruisine  ca aebont  14  feel  Long,  25    . 

Mtaches  beam,  decked  over,  and  fitted  with  water-tight 
atments.    Thi  3oi  lOfeet  long,  and  the 

sails  are  usually  111 

I  encountered  with  tw,   I  Indians,  who  came 

Capt.John  Smith,  Works (Arber),  p.  l". 
To  paddle  one's  own  canoe,  t"  make  one's  own  waj  In 

fife-depend  ii ne's  own  unaided  exertions  tor  suc- 

CoUoq.j 

II  a.  Canoe-shaped,    (a)  Applied  by  Pennsylvania 

niountainsof  that  State  whose  structure 
cives  them  a  resemblance  in  form  to  an  Indian  canoe. 
There  an-  anticlinal  and  synclinal  canoe  mountains,  the 
one  being  like  the  other  inverted.  (6)  Applied  in  embry- 
ology toan  early  state  of  a  vertebrab  embryo,  when  it  has 
acqinredad  axis  and  bilaterally  symmetrical 

:inv,l  In  over  the  yolk  sac  a-  in  man. 
canoe  I  ka-n8' ),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canoed,  ppr. 
i \ng\     [<  canoe,  n.]    To  paddle  a  canoe; 

sail  i  „  ,  , 

canoe-birch  (ka-n6'bereh),  ».  A  tree,  Betula  pa- 
pyri/era or  papyraa  a,  also  known  as  the  paper- 
bire'h,  and  sometimes  as  the  white  birch,  the 
tmi.'h  durable  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making 
canoes  in  North  America  by  the  Indians  and 
others.  The  bark  of  the  young  trees  is  chalky- 
white. 

canoe-cedar  (ka-no'se  dan.  «.    See  culm;  ■_. 

canoeing  (ka-no'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  ot  canoe, 

v.]     The  art  or  practice  of  managing  a  canoe. 

as  Hi.'  term  is  now  11883]  understood,  dates 

back   in  Hi.'  I  nited  States,  to  1871,  when  the  New  }ork 

riuh  was  organized.       Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

canoeist  (ka-nG'ist),  a.    [<  canoe  +  -fefc]    One 
win.  paddles  a  canoe;  one  skilled  in  the  man- 
•  lit  of  n  canoe. 
All  this  country  lies  within  the  reach  of  the  conw  let. 

Harper's  Man..  LXX.  226. 

canoeman(ka-n6'man),».;  pl.ranoemeH.(-men). 
( in.-  occupied  or  skilled  in  managing  a  canoe. 

canoe-wood  (ka-n5'wud),  n.  The  tulip-tree, 
tirioch  ndron  Tfulipifera. 

canon1  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canonn,  a 
rule.  <  AS.  canon,  a  rule,  canon  (canoncs  hoc, 
the  book  el  the  canon),  =  D.  canon  =  G.  canon, 
Icanon  =S\v.  Dan. hanm  =  P.  canon  =  Sp. canon 
=  Pg.  canon  =  It.  canone  =  W.  canon  =  Russ. 
Icanonu,  <  1..  canon,  a  rule,  in  LL.  also  the  cata- 
logue of  sacred  writings,  <  Gr.  navuv,  a  rule, 
the  catalogue  of  the  sacred  writings,  a  rule  of 
ehnrch;  tin-  orig.  sense  being  -a  straight 
rod,'  <  '"iv,,  a  niro  fonn  of  navvy,  noma,  a  reed: 
see  can*1.    Cf.  cannon,  a  doublet  of  canon\  and 

canon-,  a  deriv.  ]      1.  A  rale  or  law  in  general, 
hi  .i  proclaimed  edict  ami  conti- 
Shak.,  L.  L.  L..  i.  1. 
ii,  that  this  I  I  ii. -h  would  melt, 

Tliav.  e  il.  11  Hi'',  a  'I'  »  ' 

in..'  had  not  fixed 
in-i  sell    Laughter! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
She  shocked  no  canon  of  I 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Cables,  v. 

II,.  ...on  of  excluding  from  calculation  all 

Sletaphyelcsonthi  -  imeli  vi  i  with 
Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  5  54. 

2.  /  rine  or  dis- 

cipli  1  by  a  council  or  oil. 

tent  ecclesiastical  authority. 

which  w.ae  made  in  councils  held  in 
ntury.  Book. 

Inti  of  a  canon,  it  Is  not  enough  to  adm 

.in,./  must  I 

wii'  I''. 

hurchman,  l.IV.  402. 
(//)  In  liturgies,  thai  pari  of  the  liturgy  or  mass 
which  includes  the  consecration,  great 
tioi 

In  file  l:. .ma M  liturgy,  and  other 

llitlui  ii.  •   1  by  the    I'.' 'in an,  Willi  tin:  a 

lefore  the  XoN  ometimes  counted  a 


794 

part  ..i  it  I  In  Boman  canon  i- .  Ii  %  i.l.-.l  int..  ten  portions 
or  paragraphs,  generally  named  from  their  initial  words. 

See  lit "  , . 

3.  The  books  of  the  Holy  Scripture  accepted  by 

the  Christian  church  as  containing  an  authori- 
tative rule  of  religious  faith  and  practice.   With 

i  of  the  i ks  called  antUegomena,  thecanon- 

ieitv  of  which  was  not  at  tii st  universalis  recognized,  the 
,  in0n  ol  the  n.w  Testament  has  always  consisted  ol  the 

same  i ks      Che  books  comprised  In  the  Hebrew  Bible, 

and  Jtitutins  the  Hebrew   canon,  that  is  to  say,  the 

,,,  the  hi, I  Testament  as  given  in  the  authorized 

version  n '■  ■  Ualachl  Inclusive,  are universal- 

h  recognized  as  canonical.  The  canonical  character  oi 
the  books  not  found  in  the  Hebrew,  but  contained  in  the 
Septuaglnt  or  Vulgate,  was  disputed  by  many  in  the  early 
church;  and  although  they  are  received  without  distinc- 
tion by  the  Greek  Church,  and,  with  the  exception  ol   

among  the  number,  bj  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  thi  s  are 
not  accounted  canonical  by  the  Anglican  Church  (which, 

ler    treats  them  as  ,'<W.    i'iI.vI  ical.  hui'lis,  that  is,  I ks 

I,,  |,o  tea. I  ill  the  church),  nor  l.y  any  of  the  Protestant 
,  I,,,,,  h.  See antUegomena, apocrypha, 2, deuterocanom- 
,',./,  and  cccl  tiastical. 

4.  The  rules  of  a  religious  order,  or  of  persons 


canonic 

Ovi.l  was  nut  only  a  line  poet,  hut  (as  a  man  may  speak) 
i    ,,  :,i  Canon  lawyer.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86, 

Canon  of  Lysippus,  in  Or.  art,  a  system  ..f  typical  pro- 
p.. ill. .lis  for  the   human   Imily,  l.asc.l  upon  the  works  of 
the  sculptor   Lysippus  ••!   Sicyon.      Lysippus  made  the 
head  smaller  than  his  predecessors,  ami  sought  to  express 
a  strongly  mark.. I  muscular  development.     Canon  of 
Polycletiis,  in  Or.  art,  the  system  of  typical  proportions 
for  the  human  body  elaborated  by  the  sculptor  Polycletiis, 
or  deduced  from  his  works.    It  is  held  to  I.    particularly 
illustrated  in  his  figure  called  the  dorypliorm  (which  see), 
—Canons  of  inheritance,  in  law,  rules  directing  the  i 
Bcent  of  real  property.-  Circular  canon,  m  ......s..    (a)  \ 

canon  whose  siil;j.  .t  returns  into  itailf    m  inliint.  :rpsr 
petual  canon.     (»)  A  canon  whose  subject    ends  in  a  key 
one  semitone  above  that  in  which  it  began,  so  that  twelve 
repetitions  traverse  the  circle  of  keys.     Enigmatical 
canon,  canon  senigmaticus,  riddle  canon,  in  old 
,,,.,a  canon  in  which  one  pari  was  written  ..ut  in  lull  and 
the  number  of  parts  was  given ;  the  remaining  parts  were 
to  he  written  out  by  the  student  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  of  an  enigmatical  inscription  written  upon 
the  music.  Seeinicrtption.— Perpetual  canon,  in  mil  » 
a  canon  so  constructed  that  it  may  be  repeated  any  num- 
ber .'i  tunes  without  break  in  time  or  rhythm.  =Syn.  Or- 
dinance,  Regulation,  etc.    See  Zand-. 


devoted  to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks  canon2   (kan'on),   w.      [<   ME.   canon,   canoiw, 


and  nuns ;  also,  the  book  in  which  such  rules 
are  written.— 5.  A  catalogue  or  list;  specifi- 
cally, the  catalogue  of  members  of  the  chapter 
of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church.— 6.  A  cat- 
alogue of  saints  acknowledged  and  canonized, 
as  in  the  Kornan  Catholic  and  Eastern  churches. 
—  7.  In  art,  a  rule  or  system  of  measures  of 
such  a  character  that,  the  dimensions  of  one  of 
the  parts  being  given,  those  of  the  whole  may  be 
deduced,  and  vice  versa.  A  canon  is  established, 
for  instance,  when  it  is  shown  that  the  length  of  any  well- 
proportioned  lignre  is  a  certain  number  of  times  that  of 
the  head  taken  as  a  unit,  and  that  the  length  of  the  head  is 
contained  a  certain  number  ■  if  times  in  the  torso  or  the  legs. 

8.  In  music,  a  kind  of  fugal  composition  in  two 
or  more  parts,  constructed  according  to  the 
strict  rules  of  imitation.  One  voice  or  instrument 
begins  a  melody,  ami  after  a  few  beats,  the  number  de- 
pending upon  the  character  of  the  melody,  a  second  takes 
up  the  same  melody  at  the  beginning,  at  the  same  pitch 
or  at  some  definite  interval,  and  repeats  it  note  for  note, 
and  generally  interval  for  interval.  The  principle  of  the 
canon  is  that  the  second  voice  or  instrument,  when  it  be- 
gins the  melody,  must  combine  continuously,  according 
to  the  strict  rules  of  harmony,  with  that  part  at  which  the 
first,  voice  lias  arrived,  and  when  the  third  voice  begins  it 
must  combine  in  the  same  manner  with  those  parts  at 
which  the  other  two  have  arrived,  and  so  on  for  any  num- 
ber of  voices.  A  round  is  sometimes  improperly  called  a 
canon. 

Here  we  had  a  variety  of  brave  Italian  ami  Spanish 
son"s  and  a  canon  for  eight  voices,  which  Mr.  Lock  had 
lately  made  i  m  these  words :  "  Dominesalvum  fac  Begem. 
J  Pepys,  I  nary,  I.  26. 

9.  In  math.:  (a)  A  general  rule  for  the  solu 


canun,  assibilated  chanoun,  <  OF.  canone,  as- 
sibilated  chanone,  chanoinne,  F.  chanoine  =  Pr. 
canonge  =  Sp.  can&nigo  =  Pg.  conego  =  It.  ca- 
nonico  =  AS.  canonic,  ME.  kanunle  =  MI),  ka- 
nonick,  D.  kanonick  =  late  MHG.  kanonike,  »J. 
canonich,  now  usually  canonicus,  =  Icel.  kanoki, 
kanuki  =  Sw.  kanik,  also  kanonicus,  =  Dan. 
kannik  =  Russ.  kanoniM,  <  LL.  ML.  canonicus 
(also  canonius),  a  canon  or  prebendary  (prop, 
adj.,  pertaining  to  the  rules  or  institutes  of  the 
church  canonical :  see  canonic,  canonical),  later 
also  (ML.)  simply  canon  (LGr.  nav<jv,  a  canon, 
prebendary),  <  L.  canon,  <  Gr.  aavav,  a  rule :  see 
canon*-.']     A  dignitary  who  possesses  a  prebend 
or  revenue  allotted  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church ; 
a  member  of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate  church.     In  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in 
England  and  elsewhere  canons  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  regular,  secular,  and  honorary.    The  regu- 
lar canons  lived  in  monasteries,  and  added  the  profession 
of  vows  to  their  other  duties.     SecuJaror  lay  canons  did 
not  live  in  monasteries,  but  they  kept  the  can.. meal  hours. 
Honorary  canons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the  hours.    The 
name  foreign  canons  was  given  to  such  as  did  not  offi- 
ciate in  their  canonries :  opposed  to  manxionary  or  rest- 
dentiani  canons.     Canons  of  tlie  English  cathedrals  must 
be  in  residence  for  three  months  each  year.    Collectively, 
with  the  dean  at  their  head,  they  form  the  cliapter.    There 
are  also  canons  of  a  lower  grade,  called  minor  canons,  who 
assist  in  performing  the  daily  choral  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral.  Honorary  canons  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument. 

In  the  Chirclie  of  Seynt  Sepulchre  was  wont  t..  ben 
Cnanounsof  theordreof  seynt  Augustyn,  and  hadden  a 
Priour:  but  the  Patriark  was  here  Sovereygne. 

Manilecilh',  Travels,  p.  7ft. 


Because  they  were  enrolled  in  the  list  of  clergy  belong- 
ing to  the  church  to  which  they  became  associated,  the 
cathedral  and  collegiate  clergy  of  the  higher  grades  con- 
tinued to  lie,  and  are  yet,  called  canons. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  n.  S3. 


n.     [The  E.  spelling  'ca  in/on  (like  the  nit.  idi  n 
tieal  cani/ou )j3uits  the  pronunciation,  Sp.  fi  be 


tion  of  cases  of  similar  nature,  (b)  An  exten- 
sible table  or  set  of  tables.  (<•)  A  collection  of 
formulas.— 10.  In  lof/ic,  a  fundamental  and 
invariable  maxim,  such  as,  Nothing  ought  to 
be  done  without  a  reason.— 11.  In  the  Kantian 
philosophy,  the  science  which  determines  the 
no-lit  use  of  any  faculty  of  cognition  :  as,  pure 

logic  is  the  canon  of  the  formal  use  of  the  un-  Canon:it,  "■    Sl"e  cannon,  i 

derstanding  and  reason;  transcendental  ana-  canon,  canyon  (kan  yon;  Sp.  pron.  ku-nyon  ), 
lyties  is  the  canon  of  the  use  of  the  under- 
standing a  priori,  and  so  on.— 12.  In  phar.,  a 
rule  for  compounding  medicines. — 13.  In  (Pr. 
hymnology,  a  hymn  consisting  normally  of  a 
succession  of  nine  odes,  but  usually  of  eight 
(sometimes  of  only  three  or  four),  the  sec- 
ond being  omitted,  except  in  Lent,  the  num- 
bers of  the  third,  fourth,  etc.,  however,  remain- 
ing unaltered.  See  ode,  tctraodion,  triodion.— 
l4t.  Annual  charge  for  use  of  land;  rent;  a 
quit-rent.— 15.  Id. printing,  a  large  text,  print- 
ing-type, in  size  about  17£  lines  to  the  linear 
foot:  so  called  from  its  early  employment  m 
printing  the  canon  of  the  mass  and  the  ser- 
vice-books of  the  church — Ancyrene canons.  See 

i,.    .......     Apostolic  canons.   See  apostolic.— BOOles 

canon,  in  math.,  a  certain  rule  according  to  which^ a  dif- 
ferential equation  can  be  integrated  ii  certain  Bumcient 

but  not  necessary  c lltionsare  fultilied.— Canon  can- 

crizans.     See  cancrizans.— Canon  law,  rules  or  laws 
relating  t.>  faith,  morals,  and  discipline,  enjoined  on  the 

,, i„  i ,  ol  anj  church  communion  bj  its  lawful  ecclesi- 
astical ail  I  Inn  it  V.   spe.illcallv,  a  eollecti f  rules  of  cc- 

i.    i,  i,   ,i,,i,i.i  and  discipline  embodied  in  the  Corpus 

.luris  c-.wi i  (body  of  canon  law).    It  is  a  compilation 

from  the  canons  of  councils,  the  decrees  ol  the  p. .pes  and 
fathers,  and  the  decretals  and  canonical  replies  made  to 

Hone  put  at  various  times  t..  the  it. .man  pontiffs. 
The  principal  parts  of  which  it  consists  ari  the  Decretum, 

i..ii t  decrees  made  by  Qratian  a.  d.  1161, and 

tile  decretals  of  Crcgorv  IX.,  to  which  ate  added  the  ,1.  ,  i . 
tale  "i  Boniface  \  til.,  the  Clementine  constitutions,  and 

i.   ,  nil.  .1  the  Extravugantcs  ..f  John  xxli.  and  the 


ingequiv.  toE.  m, ;  <  Sp.  canon,  aug.  of  caSla,  i 
tube,  funnel,  cannon:  see  cannon  and  cane*-.] 
The  name  given  throughout  the  Cordilleran  re- 
gion of  the  United  States  to  any  rather  narrow 
valley  with  more  or  less  precipitous  sides,  and 
also  frequently  applied  to  what  would  properly 
be  called  in  English  a  defile,  ravine,  or  gorge. 
This  use  of  the  word  caflo?i  is  peculiar  to  the  l<  nited  States 
it  being  rare  in  Me\i...,  and  not  at  all  known  in  Spam  or 
in  Spanish  smith  America.  The  word  used  in  Spam  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  is  caflada  :  m  Peru,  o««fcrada  .  and 
in  chili,  iHewiiM.    A  small  an. I  steep  caflon,  called  in  Eno 

lish  no....',  gorge,  orgulch,  is  known  in  S] md  Spanish 

America  as  Jorranca  and  guie!>ra.=Syn.  Gor^e.etc.    Sei 

canon,  canyon  (kan'yon),  v.  i.  [<  cafton,  can- 
i/, in.  n.  j  To  enter  a  defile  or  gorge:  said  ot  a 
stream.     [Western  V.  S.] 

canon-bit  (kan'on-bit),  n.     Same  as  cannon,  .!. 

canon-bone,  n.  '  See  cannon-botie.  _ 

canoness  (kan'on-es),  n.  [<  ML.  canonma  O 
F.  chanoinesse),  a  fem.  form  of  canon:  see  can- 
on3 and  -ess.]  Eccles.,  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity of  women  living  under  a  rule,  but  nol 
obliged  to  make  any  vows  or  to  renounce  the 
world. 
There  are  in  popish  countries  women  they  call  - 

ea ».-«'»,  living  after  the  example  of  secular  canons, 

.1 ,,;,//.    Parer  i 

iganb    C mine...    1 1,. ii  .....ii  law  ..i 'tiieciiureh  canonialt  «■    [<  MB.  canoniel,  <  ML.  as  if  "co- 
ot  1 1  consists  of  canons  pass..!  in ,  mil  n  ..,..1  and  pro-  :   r      V   cn,ionia,   a    canoiiieatc,   <   canon,  a 

Mii.iai  .-v isau.if an-"    idopted  by  custom  and  >  .  ,;,„oiiical 

,„..„] ..«      thecal law  ol  Hi.  e."  I rch  i    cue     canon:   see  canon-.]     Sane  ■»*''""""''■. 

i I  in  the  collections  call 3yntagma  I  anonum,  canonic  (ka-non'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  la.  cano ntcus, 

and  Synagoge Canonum  ..t  PhotiuB.    See  no-     , ,,,,.) .,j ,,•,,,,;'(,,  :,  canon  or  rule.  esji.  (in  Ml..)  '" 

..      canon  lawyer,  a  person  versed  m  the  canon    ^  s^.-ript  ur;il  or  ecclesiastical   canons,  <  Gr. 


canonic 


canopy 


Kavovmdg,  <  navav  (kovov-),   >  L 
etc. :  see  camera1  and  <•«««»-.] 
canon  ii  •«/. 
Y.m  are  ray  learned  and  canonic  neighbour. 

Zi.  Jonson,  lale  of  a  Tub,  i.  8. 
Canonic  imitation,  in  mtuvc,  the  exacf  or  methodical 

imitati t •  voice-part  bj  another.    See  canoni,  8. 

II.  "•  [''■'.  ro  l>"l,'"'"'l",.  unit,  of  wiw/uii  :  sec 
above.]  In  the  Epicurean  philosophy,  a  name 
for  logic,  considered  as  supplying  a  norm  or 
rule  to  which  reasoning  has  to  conform, 
canonical  (ka-non'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  [As  ca- 
nonic +  -<il-  Cf.  ML.  canoniealis,  pertaining  to 
a  canon,  <  canoniciis,  a  canon  or  prebendary: 
see  canon". ~]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
constituting  a  canon  or  rule;  accepted  as  a 
norm  or  rule:  as,  canonical  writings. 


Versed  in  the 


canon,  a  rule  canonism  (kan'on-izm),  n.     [<  canon*  +  -ism.]  canon-wiset  (kan  on-wi/.).  a. 

I    (».  Same  as      Adherence  to  c ii  or  rule.  canon    law:  as.    ■' ranon-in.se   prelate,      Milt 

canonist  (kan'on-ist),  ».     [=  F.  ctmoniste;  <  Reformation  in  Eng.,  l. 

canon1  +  -ist.]'    One  skilled  in  ecclesiastical  canon-wren  (kan' yon-ron), 


A  bird  of  the 


The  terra  canonical  signified  normal,  as  constitutin 
rule  ana  Bource  of  faith,  or  it  was  used  as  a  synonym  of  canonistic  (kan-o-nis'tik),  a 


authorized,  or  appi 
O.  F 


:<1  in  this  character. 
Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  573. 

2.  Forming  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon.  See 
canon1,  3. —  3.  Conformed  or  conforming  to 
rule ;  fixed  or  determined  by  rule ;  specifically, 
regulated  by  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons 
of  the  church ;  authorized :  as,  canonical  age ; 
canonical  hours. 

These  two  prelates  [Giso  of  Wells  and  Walter  of  Here- 
ford] having  doubts  about  the  canonical  competency  of 
Archbishop  Stigand,  went  to  Nicolas  II.  in  1061,  and  re- 
ceived consecration  at  his  hands. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  704. 

We  have  one  (successful  epic)  here,  subdivided  into  ten 
distinct  poems,  each  of  which  suits  the  canonical  require- 
ment, and  may  be  read  at  a  single  sitting. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  177. 

Canonical  age.  See  ape.—  Canonical  books,  or  ca- 
nonical Scriptures,  those  hooks  or  writings  which  are 
received  by  the  church  as  the  ride  of  faith  and  practice. 
(See  apocrypha,  2. )  —  Canonical  dissection,  in  math.,  a 
standard  mode  of  cutting  up  a  Riemann's  surface.  — Ca- 
nonical epistles,  an  appellation  given  to  those  epistles 
of  the  Hew  Testament  which  are  called  general  or  cath- 
olic. They  are  the  epistles  of  Peter,  John,  James,  and 
Jude.— Canonical  form,  in  alg.,  the  simplest  form  to 
which  a  quantic  can  be  reduced  without  loss  of  gener- 
ality. Thus,  a  binary  quantic  of  the  (2  m  +  l)th  degree 
can'  be  expressed  as  the  sum  of  m  +  1  powers.— Ca- 
nonical hours,  certain  stated  times  of  the  day,  fixed  by 
ecclesiastical  laws,  appropriated  to  the  offices  of  prayer 
and  devotion.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  ca- 
nonical hours  are  the  seven  periods  of  daily  prayer,  viz., 
matins  (consisting  of  nocturns  with  lauds),  prime,  terce, 
sext,  nones,  evensong  or  vespers,  and  complin.     In  Eng 


or  canon  law. 

He  mii.-t  be  a  canonist :  thai  la  to  say,  one  that  is  brought 
up  in  the  studj  "i  the  pope  a  laws  and  decrees. 

I.alinar,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

West  and  Clark,  the  Bish I  Elj  and  oi   Bath,  .  .  . 

were  both  celebrated  canonists  ami  devoted  adherents  of 
the  old  religion.        '.'.  W.  Dijon,  Hist.  Church  "i  Eng.,  i. 

All  through  the  Middle  Ages  the  lawyer  who  wa<  avow 
edly  a  priest  held  his  own  against  the  lawyer  who  pro- 

ti  sed  to  be  a  layman;  and  ours  [England]  is  thi Ij 

country  in  which,  owing  to  the  peculiar  turn  of  our  legal 
history,  it  is  difficult  to  see  that,  on  the  whole,  the  - 
ist  exercised  as  much  inlhioncc  on  the  course  of  legal  de- 
velopment as  the  legist  or  civilian. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  27. 

[<  canonist  +-((•.] 


family    Troijlodytiihi:  and  genus    Fatherpes,   as 


Of  or  pertaining  to  canonists. 

They  became  the  apt  scholars  of  this  canonist,',-  exposi- 
tion. Milton,  Tetraehordon. 

canonizant  (ka-non'i-zant),  n.  [<  canonize  + 
-aw*1.]  In  math.,  a  certain  covariant  used  in 
reducing  quant  ics  to  the  canonical  forms.  The 
canonizant  of  a  quantic  of  odd  order  is  the  catalecticant 
of  the  penultimate  emanant.  Thus,  the  canonizant  of  the 
quantic  (a,  b,  c,  ,i.  e,f)(x,  !/)">  is 

ax  +  by,    bx  +  cu,    ex  +  dy 

bx  +  a),    ex  +  dy,   dx  +  ey 
ex+dy,    dx-\cu,    ex+fy. 

canonizatet  (ka-non'i-zat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  canoni- 
zatus,  pp.  of  canonizare,  canonize:  see  canon-  c  '  ,  ri'- 

}  "V  ~\       To  C3.H0I11ZG 

canonization  (kan" on -i-za'shon),  n,    [=  F.  C^0.P^e(^;/;^VforPertainin-gtoCanopus, 


Canon-wren  [Catkerfa  nuxicanus). 

C.   mexicanus:  so  called  from  its  frequenting 
canons.     Coues.    See  Cathcrprs. 
canooskie  (ka-nos'ki),  n.  A  local  nameinAlaska 
of  the  crested  auklet,  Hinwrhynchns  cristate/his. 
H.  TV.  Elliott. 

n.  An  implement  for 
cutting  open  one  end  of  a  sealed  tin  can. 
Y.  Canopic(ka-no'pik),  a.  [<  L.  Canojacns.  <  Cano- 


land  the  same  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  the  hours 
from  eight  o'clock  to  twelve  in  the  forenoon,  before  and 
after  which  marriage  cannot  be  legally  performed  in 
a  parish  church.— Canonical  letters,  letters  formerly 
interchanged  by  the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testimonials  of 
their  faith,  to  keep  up  the  catholic  communion,  and  to 
distinguish  them  from  heretics.— Canonical  life,  the 
method  or  rule  of  living  prescribed  by  the  ancient  clergy 
who  lived  in  community.  It  was  less  rigid  than  the  mo- 
nastic life. —  Canonical  obedience,  the  obedience,  as 
regulated  by  the  canons,  of  an  ecclesiastic  of  lower  rank  to 

his  superior,  as  of  a  presbyter  to  his  bishop.— Canonical  .,„„,.;,.  flcan'on-lzl 
punishments,  such  punishments  as  the  church  may  C 
indict,  as  excommunication,  degradation,  penance,  etc. — 
Canonical  scholar,  a  scholar  in  a  cathedral  school  who 
is  supported  upon  an  episcopal  foundation. —  Canonical 
Sins,  in  the  ancient  church,  those  sins  for  which  capital 
punishment  was  inflicted,  as  idolatry,  murder,  adultery, 
heresy,  etc. 

II.  n.  pi.  [Cf.  ML.  canonicee  vestes,  canoni- 
cals.] The  dress  or  habit  prescribed  by  canon 
to  be  worn  by  the  clergy  when  they  officiate ; 
hence,  the  prescribed  official  costume  or  deco- 
ration of  any  functionary,  as,  in  English  usage, 
the  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.,  the  coif  of  a 
serjeant-at-law,  the  lambskin  on  the  hood  of  a 
B.  A.,  the  strings  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
the  tippet  on  a  barrister's  gown,  proctors'  and 
subproctors'  tippets,  etc. 

An  ecclesiastic  in  full  canonicals.  Macaulau. 

canonically  (ka-non'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  conform- 
ity with  a  canon  or  ride ;  specifically,  in  con- 
formity with,  or  in  the  manner  prescribed  by, 
the  canons  of  a  church:  as,  "canonically  ad- 
mitted bishops,"  Bp.  Bale,  Apology,  p.  23. 

canonicalness  (ka-non'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  canonical. 


canonisation,  <  ML.  canonizare,  canonize:  see 
canonize.]     Cn  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  act  of 

enrolling  a  beatified  person  among  the  saints. 
See  beatification.  Originally  each  bishop  was  accus- 
tomed to  declare  that  particular  deceased  persons  should 
be  regarded  as  saints ;  but  the  exercise  of  this  power  was 
gradually  assumed  by  the  popes,  who  since  1179  have  ex- 
m  i-ed  the  exclusive  right  of  canonization.  In  order  to 
canonization,  it  must  be  shown  that  two  miracles  have 
been  wrought  by  the  candidate  before  beatification,  and 

two  more  after  it  by  his  intercession.     The  pope, ip- 

plication,  resumes  the  ease  of  the  beatified  person,  with 
the  view  ot  testing  his  qualifications  for  the  higher  rank 
which  is  claimed  for  him.  A  secret  consistory  is  sum- 
moned,  at  which  three  cardinals  are  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter,  who  make  their  report  at  a  second 
private  meeting.  In  the  third,  which  is  a  public  consis- 
tory, one  person,  called  the  adcucatus  dialmli,  or  devils 
advocate,  attacks  the  person  to  be  canonized,  raises  doubts 
as  to  the  miracles  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  him,  and 
exposes  any  want  of  formality  in  the  procedure;  while 
another  person,  called  advocatm  Dei,  or  God's  advocate, 
supports  his  claim.  Lastly,  a  fourth  consistory  is  held,  in 
which  the  votes  of  the  prelates  are  taken  for  or  against 
the  canonization.  If  a  plurality  of  votes  are  cast  in  favor 
of  the  candidate,  the  pope  announces  the  day  appointed 
for  the  ceremony,  which  takes  place  at  St.  Peter's.  Also 
spelled  canonisation. 

"  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
onized, ppr.  canonizing.  [=  F.  canoniser,  < 
ML.  canonizare,  canonize,  put  into  the  canon 
or  catalogue  of  the  saints,  <  canon,  a  canon, 
catalogue  of  the  saints,  etc. :  see  canon1.]  1. 
To  enroll  officially  in  the  canon  or  catalogue 
of  the  saints;  declare  to  be  a  saint;  regard  as 
a  saint.     See  canonization. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  Lancaster 
celestial  honour,  became  suitor  to  Pope  Julius,  to  canonize 
King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

The  best  of  them  will  never  lie  canonized  for  a  saint 
when  she's  dead.  Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  i. 


pit., . 

an  ancient  city  of  Egypt.  Also  written  Canolm: 
—  Canopic  vases,  vases  of  a  special  type,  with  tops  in  the 
form  of  heads  of  human  beings  or  divinities,  used  in  an- 
cient Egypt  to  hold  the  entrails  of  embalmed  bodies,  four 
being  provided  for  each  body.  They  were  made  in  large 
numbers  at  Canopus,  whence  their  name.    Their  form  is 


Etruscan  Canopic  Vases. 

that  of  a  reversed  truncated  cone  rounded  off  above  hemi- 
spherically,  with  the  opening  in  the  top,  which  is  closed 
by  the  head  as  a  lid.  Their  material  is  generally  terra- 
cotta, but  frequently  some  valuable  stone.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  vases  of  similar  form  containing  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  found  in  Etruscan  tombs  of  the  eighth  and 
seventh  centuries  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  examples  have  han- 
dles, and  bear  human  arms  as  well  as  the  head,  represent 
ed  either  in  low  relief  along  the  body  of  the  vase,  or  in 
complete  relief,  and  sometimes  articulated  to  the  handles. 
Against  the  walls  [of  the  mummy-chamber]  were  piled 
.  .  .  libation  jars  of  bronze  and  terra  cotta,  and  canopic 
vases  of  precious  Lycopolitau  alabaster. 


Harpers  Mart.,  L.W.  1S7. 

And  has  a  Champion  risen  in  arms  to  try  CanOPUS    (ka-no'pus),    n.      [L.,  the   brightest 

His  Coiintrv  s  virtue,  fought,  and  breathes  no  more;    v/aiiupuo   ;  ,*■„  /;.  ,l 

Him  in  their  hearts  the  people  canonize. 


Wordsworth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  32. 

2.  To  admit  into  the  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 
[Rare.] 

Bathsheba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her  coun- 
sels are  canonized  for  divine.  Bp.  Hall,  David's  End. 

3.  To  embody  in  canons.     [Rare.] 
Planting  our  faith  one  while  in  the  old   convocation 

house;  and  another  while  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster  ; 
when  all  the  faith  and  religion  that  shall  be  there  canon 


star  in  the  constellation  Argo,  named  from 
Canopus,  <  Gr.  Kavuiror,  earlier  Kavafior,  a  town 
in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but  one 
in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter  than 
Arcturus  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  Sirius.  It  is  situated  in  one  of  the  steering-paddb  s 
of  Argo,  about  35°  south  of  Sirius  and  about  the  same 
distance  east  of  Achenar ;  it  is  of  a  white  or  yellowish 
culm,  and  is  < spictioiis  in  Florida  in  winter.  Astrono- 
mers call  it  a.  or  alpha  A  rgue,  or  a  or  alpha  Carinas.  See 
cut  under  Argo. 


The 


charity  of  patient  instruction 
Also  spelled  canonise 


Icalness  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions. 

Bp.  Fur „,t.  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1711. 

canonicate  (ka-non'i-kat), n.     [=F.  canonical 
<  ML.  "canonicatus,  n.,  office  of  a  canon;  cf.  «™ ■ ^pelle.l  „„;„„«, 
canonicatus,  pp.  of  canonicarc,  make  a  canon. 


ized  is  not  sufficient  without  plain  convineemciit,  and  the  canopy  (kan  o-pi),  n. ;  Tpl.canOjitcs  (-piz).    [Ivirly 


mc,canoni.-\  The  ^^l^oXe^canonf'canonical 


Milton,  Areopagitiea,  p.  55. 

One  who  canonizes 

[<  canon1  +  -if/1.]    Ac 


office  of  a  canon ;  a  canonry, 
canonicity  (kan-q-nis'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  canonicite, 
<  ML.  *ctinoniciia(t-)s,  <  canoniciis,  canonical.] 
The  quality  of  being  canonical ;  canonicalness. 
The  canonicity,  that  is,  the  divine  authority,  of  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament. 

./.  //.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct.,  iii.  4. 

canonisation,  canonise,  etc.  See  canonization, 

canonize,  etc. 


canonry  (kan'on-ri),  n. ;  pi.  canonrics  (-riz).    [< 
canon?  +  -ry.]    The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 
The  patronage  of  the  canonries  was  secured  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York  by  the  Act  13  and  1-1  Vict.,  c.  98,  s.  25. 

M.  and  Q.,  (1th  ser.,  IX.  479. 

canonst  (kan'onz),  n.  pi.     See  cannon,  «..  7. 
canonsnip  (kan'on-ship),  ».  [<  canon*  +  ship.'] 
The  position  or  office  of  canon ;  canonry. 


modTTH.  also  canapy,  canapie;  =  D.  kanapee  = 
Gt.  canapee,  kanapee,  a  canopied  couch,  sofa.  <  F. 
ciiuapc  (after  It.),  prop,  conopie  (Cotgrave)  = 
OPg.  ganapi  =  Sp.  Pg.  canape  =  It.  canope 
=  Wall,  canapen,  a  canopy,  canopied  conch,  < 
ML.  canapeum,  canapeium,  canapiwm,  canopium, 
prop,  conopciim,  a  mosquito-net,  a  tent,  pa- 
vilion, <  Gr.  K<jwjiTf,oi',  Kui'u-eior,  an  Egyptian 
bed  with  mosquito-curtains,  a  pavilion,  <  nuvuip 
(kgjvutt-),  a  gnat,  mosquito,  perhaps  an  accom. 
of  a  Eoreign  (Egyptian?)  word,  but  appar.  'cone- 
faced,'  as  if  from  some  fancied  likeness  to  a 
cone,  <  kuvoc,  a  cone,  +  b^i,  face :  see  cone  and 
optic]     1.  In  general,  any  suspended  covering 


m 


nl 


zd 


Canopy. 
Portal  of  the  church  of  St.  Pere-sous-Veze- 
lay,  France      :  From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
de  I' Architecture.") 


"  Diet. 


canopy 
il,.,,  .  ;i   protection  01  shelter,  a 

awn  ilkl';  rsl"'~ 

fiallv.  an  ornamental  covering  of  cloth  suspend- 

posts  over  a  throne  or  the  seal 
dignitary,  or  any  covering  of  cloth  so  disposed. 
He  was  escorted  by  the  military  of  the  city  under  a 
royal  i  bj  the  deputies. 

.1,1.  and  l-.t..  11.  12. 

2.  In  specific  figurative  use,  the  sky:  as,  iiny- 

where  under  the  canopy,  or  the  canopy  of  heaven. 

But.  ol  what  substance  shall  I,  sib  i  th  ■ 

(0  Matchless  Maker),  make  Hea\  us  Canapeyt 

iter,  tr.  of  Du  Hartas,  weeks,  i.  2. 
And  now 
Tlie  forest's  solemn  cono 

be  uniform  and  lightsome  evening      > 

Shell' a.  Master. 

8.  In  arch.,  a  decorative  hood  or  cover  sup- 
ported or  sus- 
pended over  an 
altar,  throne, 
chair  of  state, 
pulpit,  and  the 
like;  also  1 
namented  pro- 
jecting head  of 
anii  ' 

nacle.  The  label 
molding  or  drfp- 
which  sur- 
rounds  the  head  of 
■  or  window, 
if  ornamented,  is 
also  called  s  can- 
opy. 

4.  Nant.:  (.a) 
A  light  awning 
over  the  Btern- 
sheetsofaboat. 
(6)  The  brass 
framework  over 
a  hatch. —  5.  A 
large  smoke- 
bell.  See  smofo  - 
i  ar-Build- 
, ,',  Diet. 
canopy  (kan'o- 
pi  i.  v.  t.;  pret. 

and  pp.  riiimpii  <l,  ppr.  canopying.   [<  canopy,  ft.] 
To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy. 
Trees  .  .  . 
Which  erst  from  heat  'li<l  canopy  the  herd. 

Shah.,  Sonnets,  xii. 
Canopied  with  golden  clouds.         Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii. 
A  bank 
With  ivy  canopied.       Milton,  Conius,  1.  544. 
Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  m\  head.  Keats. 

canorae  (ka-no're),  re.  pi.     [NL.,  fern.  pi.  (sc. 
ooi  s,  birds:  see  Arcs)  of  L.  canorus :  see  cano- 
.]    The  singing  birds.    See  Canta  tores  and 
Can  tores. 
canorous  (ka-no'rus),  a.     [<  L.  canorus,  sing- 
ing, musical,  <  cancre,  sing:  see  cant2.]     Jlu- 
:  tuneful.     [Rare.] 
I. ii. i    thai  are  canorous  .  .  .  are  <>f  little  throats  and 
Bhort  necks.  Sir  '/'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  14. 

]      ,  ,  i.        ivrn  ns  most  ef  our  rtom/voi.s  words,  only 

they  t 1 1 1 1  t  not  be  confounded  with  merely  sonorous . 

still  less  with  phrases  that,  instead  of  supplementing  the 
sense,  encumber  it. 

tanong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  75. 

canorously  (ka-no'rus-li),  adv.    Melodiously; 

tunefully. 
canorousness  (ka-no'rus-nes),  n.   Musicalness. 

Spenser  .  .  .  chooses  his  language  for  its  rich  canor s 

rather  than  for  intensity  of  meaning. 

/. II,  among  my  Books,  2dser.,  p.  184. 

canoust,  a.    [<  L.  canus,  white,  hoary,  esp.  of 

the  gray  hair  of  the  ugod.J     Hoary;   gray. 
cansh  !i  .  «.     A  small  mow  of  corn,  or  a 

all   pile  of  fagots,  etc.     Halliwell.     [Prov. 
Eng.] 
canstickt  (kan'stik),  n.    A  contraction  of  can- 
dlestick. 

!  ha  I  tick  turn'd. 

Shak.,  l  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  l. 
canstowt.     An  old  abbreviation  of  canst  thou. 
cant1  (kant),  n.    [=  1).  leant,  border,  ode;,.,  side, 
brink,    margin,   corner,   =   OPries.   /«»'    (in 
com | p.),  side,  =  M l.i :.  leant,  kante,  I .(..  /,<>»/<  (> 
:  mod.  [eel.  kantr  =  Dan.  8w.  kant), 
rder,  edge,  margin,  prob.  <  OP.  cant,  < 
angle,  =  Sp.  P  to,  side,  edge,  corner, 

angle,  <  ME.  cantos,  side,  corner.  Of  una 

prob.  various  origin:  (1)  in  part,  like  W. 
t,  the  rim  of  a  circle,  <  L.  canthus,  ML.  can- 
contus,  th  •  I  ( in  M  I.,  also 

exp]  a  »  heel,  in 

I.,  also  poet,  a  w heel | :  ef,  Ox.  i  v86c,  the  telly 
of  a  v.  heel  (s  late  word,  perhaps  due  to  thi  1 ... 
which  was,  according  to Quintilian,  a  barbarous 


TOO 

Hispanian  or  African  word);  (2)  ef .  (Jr.  KavOdc , 
the  corn  i  roi  theeye(see«mt/nw);  (3)ef.0Bulg. 
I:, {"in  =  Bulg.  ti'i't  =  Sloven,  kdt  =  Serv.  kut  = 
Bohem.  kotit  =  Pol.  kant  =  Buss,  kutu  =  Lett. 
kante,  a  corner.  In  some  senses  the  noun  is 
from  the  verb.  Hence,  canile,  cantonl.]  if. 
A  comer:  an  angle;  a  niche. 

The  .  .  .  principal  person  In  the  temple  was  Irene,  or 
Peai  e .    be  n  <    placed  aloft  in  a  cant. 

/;.  Jonson,  Coronation  Entertainment. 

2.  The  corner  of  a  field. — 3.  An  external  or 
salient  angle:  as.  a  six-canted  bolt,  that  is,  one 
of  six  cants,  or  of  which  the  head  has  six  angles. 
— 4.  line  of  the  segments  forming  a  side  piece 
in  the  head  of  a  cask.—  5.  A  ship's  timber, 
near  the  bow  or  stern,  lying  obliquely  to  the 
line  of  the  keel. — 6.  A  piece  of  wood  which 
supports  the  bulkheads  on  a  vessel's  deck. 
[Eng.]  —  7.  A  log  that  has  received  two  side 
cuts  in  a  sawmill  and  is  ready  for  the  next  cut. 
— 8.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  a 
sloping,  slanting,  or  tilted  position. 

When  the  berg  first  came  in  contact  with  the  ship,  a 
large  tongue  of  ice  below  the  water  was  forced  under  the 
bows  of  the  vessel,  raising  her  somewhat,  and  with  the 
help  of  the  wind  giving  her  a  cant. 

C.  F.  Halt,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  245. 

9.  A  toss,  thrust,  or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk: 
as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. — 10.  In  whale-fishing, 
a  cut  in  a  whale  between  the  neck  and  fins. 
E.  J). 
cant1  (kant),  r.  [=  D.  tauten,  cut  off  an  angle, 
square,  =  G.  kanten,  cant,  tilt,  =  Sw.  kanta, 
bevel,  =  LGr.  freq.  tanteln,  kantern,  turn  over, 
tilt,  af-kanteln,  cut  off  an  angle,  =  Dan.  kecntre, 
upset,  capsize,  cant;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans. 
1 .  To  put  or  set  at  an  angle ;  tilt  or  move  from 
a  horizontal  line :  as,  to  cant  or  cant  up  a  plank; 
to  cant  over  a  pail  or  cask. —  2.  Naut.,  to  turn 
(something)  so  that  it  is  no  longer  fair  and 
square ;  give  (a  ship)  an  inclination  to  one  side, 
as  in  preparing  her  to  be  careened. — 3.  To  set 
upon  edge,  as  a  stone. — 4.  To  throw  with  a 
sudden  jerk;  toss:  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 

The  sheltie  canted  its  rider  into  the  little  brook. 

Scott,  Pirate. 

5.  To  cut  off  an  angle  of,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber. 

II.  intrans.  To  tilt  or  incline ;  have  a  slant. 

The  table  is  made  to  cant  as  usual,  being  clamped  in 
position  by  a  nut  screwed  up  against  a  quadrant  under- 
neath. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  963. 

cant-  (kant),  r.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  Kith 
century;  usually  referred  to  L.  cantarc  (>  ult. 
E.  chant,  q.  v.), 'sing  (in  form  a  freq.  of  cancre, 
pp.  cantus,  sing,  from  a  root  represented  in  E. 
by  the  noun  hen,  q.  v.),  in  eccl.  use  (ML.)  also 
perform  mass  or  divine  service,  and,  as  a  noun, 
an  anniversary  service  for  the  dead,  alms,  esp. 
when  given  as  an  anniversary  observance  (see 
emit-,  n.  mill  ii.).  The  word  cant  may  thus  have 
become  associated  with  beggars ;  but  there  may 
have  been  also  an  allusion  to  a  perfunctory 
performance  of  divine  service,  and  hence  n  hy- 
pocritical use  of  religious  phrases.]     I.  intrans. 

1.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice  or  in  an 
affected  or  assumed  tone ;  assume  a  particular 
tone  and  manner  of  speaking  for  the  purpose 
of  exciting  compassion,  as  in  begging;  hence, 
to  beg. 

Yen  are  resolved  tyrant,  then?  where,  Savil, 
shall  your  scene  lie? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  v. :!. 

2.  To  make  pharisaical,  hypocritical,  or  whin- 
ing pretensions  to  goodness;  affect  piety  with- 
out sincerity ;  sham  holiness. 

1  could  not  cant  of  creed  or  prayer. 

Scott,  Rokeby.i.  18. 

3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  jargon ;  use  the 
words  and  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  particular 
seel ,  pari  \ ,  profession,  and  I  he  like. 

A  merry  Ureek,  and  cants  in  Latin  e ely. 

B.  Jonson,  -New  Inn.  ii.  2. 

The  Hector  In  re. 

When  lie  discourseth  oi  dissection, 
oi  vena  cava  and  oi  vena  poi  ta, 
oi  miseraics  and  the  meBenterium, 

What  dees  he  else  l.lll  ennl  " 

;;.  Jonson,  staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 
II.  trans.  To  use  as  a  conventional  phrase- 
OlogJ  or  jargon. 

i   1 1  io  difficult  for  a  man  to  cant  Borne  one  or  more  of  the 

g i  old  Engli&h  cants  which  in  i  father  and  grandfather 

'  before  him,  that  he  mast  learn,  in  the  schools  of 
tilitarians,  a  m  w  sleigh!  oi  tongue,  to  make  fools 

elap  and  .v Bneer? 

M acaulay, On  West,  Reviewer's  Del.  of  Mill. 

cant'-'  (kanl  i.  a.  and  a.  |<  runt-,  c]  I.  n.  1. 
A  whining  or  singing  manner  of  speech;  sjie- 


Cantab. 

cifically,  the  whining  speech  of  beggars,  ns  in 
asking  alms. —  2.  The  language  or  jargon 
Bpoken  by  gipsies,  thieves,  professional  beg- 
gars, or  the  like,  and  containing  many  words 
different  from  ordinary  English;  a  kind  of  slang 
or  argot. — 3.  The  words  and  phrases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profes- 
sion; the  dialect  of  a  class,  sect,  or  set  of  peo- 
ple :  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 

i  it  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting  world, 
though  the  ca?i(  <>f  hypocrites  may  be  the  worst,  the  cani 
of  criticism  is  the  most  fermenting. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  12. 
The  cani  of  party,  school,  and  sect 
Provoked  at  times  his  honest  scorn. 

Whittier,  My  Nam 

4.  A  pretentious  or  insincere  assumption,  iu 
speech,  of  a  religious  character;  an  ostenta- 
tious or  insincere  use  of  solemn  or  religious 
phraseology. 

That  he  [Richard  Cromwell]  was  a  good  man,  hei  i  ii 
by  proofs  mere  satisfactory  than  deep  groans  ur  lone;  scr- 
i lie] is.  by  humility  and  suavity  when  he  was  al  the  height 

of  human  greatness,  ami  by  cheerful  resignation  ier 

cruel  wrongs  ami  misfortunes  ;  but  thec<o<r  then  com a 

in  every  guard-room  gave  him  a  disgust  which  be  had  net 

always  the  prudence  to  conceal.     Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Supplied  with  emit  the  lack  of  Christian  grace. 

Whittier,  Daniel  N'eall. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  insincerity  or  conventionality 
in  speech,  especially  insincere  assumption  or 
conventional  pretense  of  enthusiasm  for  high 
thoughts  or  aims. 

But  enthusiasm,  once  cold,  can  never  be  warmed  over 
into  anything  better  than  cant. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  1S7. 
=  Svn.  2  and  3.  Cant,  Slang,  Colloquialism.  Cant  be- 
longs to  a  class  ;  tlatur  to  no  ene  class,  except  where  i(  is 
specified:  as,  college  slang ;  parliamentary  slang.  Slang 
is  generally  over-vivid  in  metaphor  and  threadbare  from 
use,  and  is  often  vulgar  or  ungrammatical ;  cant  may  be 
correct,  but  unintelligible  te  these  outside  of  the  class 
concerned.  Cant  has  also  the  meaning  of  insincere  or 
conventional  use  of  religious  or  other  set  phrases,  as  above. 
A.  colloquialism  is  simply  an  expression  that  belongs  to 
common  conversation,  but  is  considered  too  homely  for 
refined  speech  or  for  writing. 

The  Cantor  flash  language,  or  thieves' jargon,  was  scarce- 
ly known  even  by  name  in  the  United  States  until  .  .  . 
some  forty  years  ago.  Science.  V.  380. 

The  use  of  slang,  or  cheapgeneric  terms,  as  a  substitute 
for  differentiated  specific  expressions,  is  at  once  a  Bign 
and  aeause  of  mental  atrophy, 

0.  W.  Unimex,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  275. 

Colloquialisms  have  a  place  in  certain  departments  ef 
literature,  namely,  familiar  and  humorous  writing,  but  in 
grave  compositions  they  are  objectionable. 

J.  De  Mille,  Rhetoric,  §  270. 

II.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or  jargon. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce  and 
multiply  cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corruption  in  any 
language.  Siri/t. 

cant3  (kant),  re.  [Said  to  be  vagabonds'  slang. 
Cf.ML. ea»tots,pl. cantana, alms:  see  i-aiit-.  r.) 
Something  given  in  charity.     Imp.  Diet. 

cant1  (kant),  re.  [Short  for  OF.  encant,  F.  en- 
can  =  Pr.  enquant,  meant  =  OSp.  enca«te  =  It. 
incanto  (ML.  ineantiim,  incantus,  inqitantus),  an 
auction,  orig.  a  call  for  bids  at  an  auction,  <  L. 
in  quantum,  for  how  muehF  See  quantum, 
quantity,  etc.]  An  auction;  sale  by  auction. 
G-rose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  te.  sell  their 
leases  by  en nt.  Swift,  Hist.  Eng.,  Win.  II. 

cant4  (kant),  v.  t.     [<  canH,  re.     Cf.  equiv.  ML. 
ineiintiire,  inquantare.~]     1.  To  sell  by  auction. 
Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  .  .  .  cant 
their  land  to  the  highest  bidder? 

Swift,  Against  the  Bishops. 

2f.   To  enhance  or  increase,  as  by  competitive 
bidding  at  an  auction.   [Prov.  Lug.  in  both  uses. ) 

When  twe  monks  were  outvying  each  ether  iu  cai 
the  price  of  an  abbey,  lie  [William  Rnfus]  observed  a  third 

at.  some   distance,  WhO   said    never   a   Word  :   the   kill        I 

manded  why  lie  would  not  offer;  the  monk  said  hi   wi 

I ,  an. I  beBldea  would  give  nothing  if  he  were  ever  so 

rich  ;  the  king  replied,  Then  yen  are  the  fittest  person  to 
have  it,  ami  immediately  gave  it  him. 

Sunft,  Hist.  Eng.,  Wm.  II. 

cant"'  (kant),  a.    [E.  dial,  and  Sc,  also  canty  : 
ME.  mint,  kant,  taunt,  bold,  brave;  origin  ob- 
scure.]    Bold;    strong;    hearty;    lusty.     Now 
usually  canty  (which  Bee). 

And  Nesli.r  alien.  With  a  neumlier  grete 

of  knlghtes  &  emit  men,  cairyt  him  with 
Lyuclv  to  his  londe,  <S  hint  hym  might. 

Destruction  of  troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  8678. 
The  king  of  Heme  was  cant  ami  kene, 
Bol  H"  re  he  left  betli  play  ami  pride. 

Iftnot,  Poems,  p.  SO. 

cant5  (kant),  r.  i.  [E.  dial.,  <  c«»/5,  o.]  Tore- 
cover  or  mend;  grow  strong. 

can't  (kant  or  kant).  A  colloipiial  contraction 
of  cannot. 

Cantab,  (kan'tab).  1.  An  abbreviation  of  the 
Latin   adjective  t'uutiilirign-iiii.1  (see  (  untabri- 


Cantab. 

man):  as,  John  Jones,  M.  A.  Cantab,  (that  is, 
Master  of  Arts  of  Cambridge  University). —  2. 
[As  a  noun.]     A  member  or  graduate'  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  England, 
The  rattle-pated  trick  of  u  young  canlab.  Scott. 

Cantabs&rQ  sketched  in  a  series  <>f  Academical  portraits, 
awl  University  lilt-  (Ian  was  apparently  much  the  sami  a 
it  is  now.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  Y  S.,  A  i    6 

3.  [As  an  adjective.]  of  or  belonging  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

How  oft  the  Cantab  supper,  host  ami  guest, 
Would  echo  helpless  laughter  to  your  (est  I 

Tennyson,  To  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Brookfleld 

cantabank  (kan'ta-bangk),  ».     [A  pi.  cantar 

btniqtti  is  cited  in  Halliwell;  <  II.  cantambanco, 

formerly  cantinbanco  (Florio),  a  mountebank. 

a  ballad-singer,  lit.  one  who  sine-s  on  a  bench, 

<  cantare,  sing,  +  in,  on,  +  banco,  bench:  sec 
cant2,  in1,  bank2.  Cf.  mountebank,  saltimbanco.] 
A  strolling  singer;  a  common  ballad-singer: 
used  in  contempt.    [Rare.] 

He  was  no  tavern  cantabank  that  made  it. 
But  a  squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Artevelde,  I.,  iii.  2. 

cantabile  (kan-ta'be-le),  a.  [It.,  <  L.  cantabi- 
lis,  that  maybe  sung:  see  can  table.]  In  music, 
executed  in  the  style  of  a  song ;  flowing ;  sus- 
tained; lyrical. 

cantablet,  «•  [<  L.  cantabilis,  that  may  be 
sung,  <  cantare,  sing:  see  cant2.  Cf.  charitable.] 
That  may  be  sung.     Bailey,  1727. 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an),  a.  [L.  Cantabria, 
Cantabria,  in  northern  Spain.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cantabri,  an  ancient  people  of  northern 
Spain,  or  to  Cantabria,  the  region  formerly  in- 
habited by  them. 

Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  Cautabrigiensis,  pertaining  to  Cambridge, 

<  Cantabrigia,  Cambridge.]  I.  a.  Relating  to 
Cambridge,  England,  or  to  its  university.  Also 
incorrectly  spelled  Cantabridgian. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Cam- 
bridge.—  2.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Cam- 
bridge University.     Abbreviated  Cantab. 

Cantabrigically  (kan-ta-brij'i-kal-i),  adv.  Af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  students  in  Cambridge 
University.     [Humorous  and  rare.] 

cantaliver,  cantilever  (kan'ta-liv-er,  kan'ti- 
lev-er),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written  cantiliver,  can- 
talever,  eanteliver; 
of  uncertain  origin. 
The  torm  cantaliver 
(accented  can  tali' - 
ver  in  Bailey,  1733 
— canli'lirer,  John- 
son, 1755)  appears 
to  be  the  earliest, 
and  is  nearest  the 
probable  original, 
namely,  <  L.  (NL.) 
quanta,  libra,  of 
what  weight  or  bal- 
ance (L.  quanta, 
abl.  fern,  of  quan- 
tus,  how  much  (see 
quantity);  Ultra, 
abl.  of  libra,  a 
poimd.  weight,  bal- 
ance, counterpoise 
(see  libra,  Here); 
cf.  caliber,  caliper, 
prob.  of  similar  formation),  a  phrase  which,  if 
used  technically  in  early  modern  (NL.)  works 
on  architecture,  would  naturally  take  in  E.  the 
forms  given.     Hardly,  as  by  some  supposed. 

<  cant1,  an  angle,  +  -«-,  -i-,  a  mere  syllable  of 
transition,  +  lever,  a  support;  cf.  E.  dial.  Icro; 
the  support  of  the  roof  of  a  house.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  block  or  large  bracket  of  stone,  metal,  or 
wood,  framed  into  the  wall  of  a  building,  and 
projecting  from  it,  to  support  a  molding,  a  bal- 
cony, eaves,  etc.  Cantalivers  serve  the  same 
end  as  modillions  and  brackets,  but  are  not  so 
regularly  applied.  Hence  —  2.  One  of  two  long 
brackets  or  arms  projecting  toward  each  other 
from  opposite  banks  or  piers,  serving  to  form  a 
bridge  when  united  directly  or  by  a  girder. 

II,  a.  Formed  on  the  principle  of  the  canta- 
liver, or  with  the  use  of  cantalivers Cantaliver 

bridge.  See  bridge1. 
cantaloup  (kan'ta-18p  or  -lop),  «.  [Also  writ- 
ten cantaloupe,  cantaleiip,  cautrlouji,  cantclotijic, 
etc.;  <  P.  cantaloup,  <  It.  cantalupo,  a  canta- 
loup, so  called  from  ( 'autalupo,  a  town  in  Italy 
where  it  was  first  grown  in  Europe.]  A  va- 
riety of  muskmelon,  somewhat  ellipsoidal  in 
shape,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or  yellow  color, 
and  of  a  delicate  flavor. 


Cantalivers.—  House  on  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York. 


797 

cantankerosity  (kan-tang-ke-ros'i-ti).  n.   [< 
cantankerous  +  -ily.\    Cantnnkoroiisnoss.    |Hu 
morous.] 
Sir,  the  gentleman  from  South  Carolina  made  a  rpeech 

and  ii  i  may  be  allowed  i"  coin  a  word.  I  will  say  it  had 
more  cantankerosity  in  it  than  an>  speech  I  ever  heard  on 

tliis  ll 

A.  lliirliniianir.  Speech  in  House  of  Hcpr.,  June  21,  I 

cantankerous  (kan-tang'ke-rus),  a.  [Prop. 
dial.,  with  suffli  -mis,  <  fi,  dial,  cantanker, 
'contanker,  a  corruption  (by  assimilation  of 
adjacent  syllables)  of  MB.  conteekour,  contt 
/•our,  prob.  also  "contackour,  "contakour,  a  quar- 
rels   person,  <  conteck,  contack,  contek,  con- 

lak,  contention,  quarreling:  sec  coutcch;  cnu- 
teckour.]  Given  to  or  marked  by  ill-lempereil 
contradiction  or  opposition;  contradictory; 
mulish;  contentious;  cross;  waspish;  ill-na- 
tured: as,  "ac«Hf(/H/.-('TOMA- humour,'' Thackeray. 
[Colloq.] 

There's  not  a  more  hitter  cantankerous  toad  in  all  <  In  i 

tendom.  Goldsmith,  she  stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  hope,  Mr.  Falkland,  as  there  are  three  of  us  come  on 

purpose  for  the  game,  you  won't  be  bo  cantankerous  as  to 

spoil  the  party  by  sitting  out.    Slieritlan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

cantankerously  (kan-tang'ke-rus-li),  adv.    In 

a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly;  wasp- 

ishly;  crossly.     [Colloq.] 
cantankerousness    (kan-tang'ke-rus-nes),     ii. 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  cantankerous ; 

ill-tempered  opposition;   crossness;   waspish- 

ness.     [Colloq.] 

By  all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  but  we  refuse  to 

believe  that  the  truth  is  to  be  found  in  cantankerousness. 

London  Times,  Aug.  14,  1863. 

cantar  (kan'tar),  n.  [=  It.  cantaro  =  Bulg. 
kantar,  lcentar  =  Serv.  kantar,  <  Turk,  qantdr 
(kantar),  <  Ar.  qintar,  a  hundredweight,  quin- 
tal (>  It.  quintale  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  F.  quintal, 
>E.  kintal,  quintal,  q.  v.),  <  L.  ceulenarins,  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  (pounds,  feet,  years,  etc.): 
see  centenary,  centner,  and  quintal,  allrdt.  doub- 
lets of  cantar."]  An  Arabian  and  Turkish  unit 
of  weight,  a  hundred  rotls  or  pounds.  Many  dif- 
ferent rotls  are  in  use  in  Mohammedan  countries,  for  dif- 
ferent commodities,  and  each  has  its  cantar.  The  cantar 
thus  has  all  values  from  98.05  pounds  avoirdupois  (the 
government  cantar  of  Alexandria)  to  880  pounds  (the 
great  cantar  of  Aleppo).  The  cantar  of  Constantinople 
is  124.65  pounds,  that  of  Smyrna  127.43  pounds  ;  that  of  the 
calif  Almamun  (a.  i>.  813-33)  was  103.4  pounds. 

cantara  (kan'ta-rjt),  n.  [<  Sp.  cantara  =  Pg. 
cantara,  also  cantaro,  a  liquid  measure  (see 
def.),  <  cantara,  cantaro  =  It.  cantaro,  a  jar  or 
pitcher,  <  L.  cantharus,  a  drinking-vessel:  see 
can/liarus.]  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  same  as 
arroba. 

cantata  (kan-tsi'ta),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L. 
cantare,  sing:  see  cant2.]  Originally,  a  musical 
recitation  of  a  short  drama  or  story  in  verse 
by  one  person,  without  action,  accompanied  by 
a  single  instrument,  and  later  with  airs  or 
melodies  interspersed ;  now,  a  choral  composi- 
tion, either  sacred  in  the  manner  of  an  oratorio, 
but  shorter,  or  secular,  as  a  lyric  drama  or  story 
adapted  to  music,  but  not  intended  to  be  acted. 

Cantate  (kan-ta'te),  n.  [L.,  '2d  pers.  pi.  pres. 
impv.  of  cantare,  sing:  see  ca»i2.]  The  ninety- 
eighth  psalm,  so  called  from  the  first  words 
in  Latin,  Cantate  (O  sing),  more  fully  Cantate 
Domino  (Sing  ye  unto  the  Lord),  it  is  appointed 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  to  be  used  as  a  canticle 
after  the  first  lesson  at  Evening  rrayer,  except  when  it 
is  read  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Psalter  on  the  nine- 
teenth day  of  the  month.  In  the  English  book  it  is  the 
alternate  of  the  Magnificat.  In  the  American  book  it 
has  the  J;<iimiti  est  conflteri  as  its  alternate,  and  is  itself, 
since  1886  an  alternate  of  the  Magnificat. 

cantationt  (kau-ta'shpn),  ».  [<  L.  cantatio(n-), 
<  cantare,  pp.  cantatus,  sing:  see  cant2.]  A 
singing.     Cockcram. 

Cantatores  (kan-ta-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  cantator,  singer,  <  cantare,  pp.  cantatus, 
sing:  see  cant2.]  In  ornith:,  a  group  of  pas- 
serine perching  birds,  more  or  less  nearly  co- 
extensive with  Passeres,  Cantores,  or  Oscines; 
the  singing  birds  or  songsters.  In  Macgillivray's 
system  (1839),  where  the  term  is  first  technically  used, 
the  Cantatores  are  the  fifth  order  of  birds  ;  the  order  as 
there  constituted,  however,  is  not  exactly  enntti  notion. 
with  any  now  recognized  group  of  birds,  but  includes 
smile  heterogeneous  noii-oscine  forms. 

cantatory  (kan'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *cuu- 
tatorius,  <  cantator,  singer:  see  Cantatores.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  singing  or  to  singers.  Dr. 
S.  Miller.     [Rare.] 

cantatrice  (kaa'ta-tres;  It.  pron.  kan-ta-tre'- 
che),  «.  [F.  cantatrice,  <  It.  cantatrice,  <  L. 
eantatricem,  aec.  of  cantatrix,  fern,  of  cantator, 
a  singer:  see  Cantatores.]  A  female  singer: 
applied  especially  to  one  who  sings  in  opera 
or  public  concerts. 


canterbury 

cant-block  (kant'blok),  n.  A  large  block  used 
in  canting  whales,  thai  is,  turning  them  over 
in  Housing.     A,'.  //.  Knight. 

cant-board  (kant'bord),  n.  A  division  made 
in  flic  conveyor-box  of  a  flour-bolt  to  separate 
different  grades. 

cant-body  (kant'bod"i),  n.  In  ship-building, 
1  lie  portion  of  it  vessel  which  contains  the  cant- 
frames. 

The  square  body  ends  and  the  cant  body  commences 
just  where  tic  angles  between  the  Ii  vel  lines  and  square 
stations  in  tic  halt  breadth  plan  begin  i<>  deviate  greatly 
from  right  angles,  or  where  a  difficult  la  found  m  obtain- 
ing suitable  timber  <o\  Eng  t"  the  bevelling  required. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.        1 

cant-chisel  (kant'ehizel).  u.  A  large  strong 
chisel  having  a  rib  and  the  basil  on  one  side. 

cant-dog  (kant'dog),  n.  Same  as  cant-hook,  1. 
Brockett.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

canted  (kan'ted),  «.  [<  cant1  +  -ed2.]  1. 
Having  cants  or  angles:  in  arch.,  applied  to 
pillars,  turrets,  or  towers  the  plan  of  which  is  a 
polygon. —  2.  Tilted  to  one  side. 

canteen  (kan-ten'),  n.  [Also  cantine;  <  F.  can- 
inn,  <  Ii.  cantina,  a  cellar,  cave,  grotto  (cf. 
dim.  cantinetta,  a  small  cellar,  ice-pail,  cooler), 
=  Sp.  cantina;  dim.  of  It.  Sp.  canto,  a  side, 
corner,  angle :  see  cant1.]  1 .  A  sort  of  sutler's 
shop  in  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  etc.,  where 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  are  sold. 

The  king  of  France  established  a  sufficient  number  of 
canteens  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tobacco.  Rees,  Cyc. 

Much  of  the  time  formerly  wasted  in  the  canteen,  to  the 
injury  alike  of  health  and  morals,  is  now  devoted  to  read- 
ing. Dr.  J.  Biown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  181. 

2.  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  water 
or  liquor  for  drink.  In  the  British  army  the  canteen 
is  a  small  vessel  capable  of  containing  3  pints,  which  is 
carried  by  each  soldier  on  the  march,  on  foreign  sen  ice, 
or  in  the  field.  In  the  United  States  army  the  regulation 
canteen  is  of  tin,  covered  with  a  woolen  fabric,  is  circular 
in  shape,  with  sharp  periphery  and  bulging  sides  like  a 
double-convex  lens,  fitted  with  a  cylindrical  spout  stop- 
ped by  a  cork,  and  holds  about  3  pints ;  it  is  slung  over 
the  shoulder.  A  much  larger  kind,  of  the  same  materials, 
hut  with  flat  sides,  and  holding  a  gallon  or  more,  is  some- 
times used,  but  not  commonly  carried  on  the  person. 

3.  A  square  box,  fitted  up  with  compartments, 
in  which  British  officers  on  foreign  service  pack 
a  variety  of  articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and 
sugar,  plates,  knives,  forks,  etc. 

cantelt,  "•     See  can  tie. 

canteleup,  canteloup,  ».    See  cantaloup. 
canter1  (kan'ter),  n.    [An  abbr.  of  Canterbury 
gallop:   see  gallop.]     1.   A  moderate  running 
pace  of  a  horse ;  a  moderate  or  easy  gallop. 

The  canter  is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the  walk  is 
to  the  trot,  though  probably  a  more  artificial  pace. 

Youatt,  The  Horse,  p.  547. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  brisk  but  easy  movement  of 
any  kind;  a  running  over  or  through;  a  run; 
a  scamper. 

A  rapid  canter  in  the  "Times  "  over  all  the  topics  of  the 
day.  Sir  J.  Stephen. 

To  win  in  a  canter,  in  horse-racing,  to  distance  all  the 
other  horses  so  much  that  urging  toward  the  end  of  the 
race  is  unnecessary  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  overcome  an 
opponent  easily. 

canter1  (kan'ter),  v.    [<  canter1,  n.]    I.intrans. 

1.  To  move  in  a  canter:  said  of  horses. —  2. 
To  ride  a  cantering  horse. 

II.  trans.   To  cause  to  canter. 
canter2  (kan'ter),  «.    [<  cant2,  v.,  +  -er1.]     1. 
(  toe  who  cants  or  whines;  a  professional  beg- 
gar or  vagrant. 

Jugglers  and  gypsies,  all  the  sorts  of  canters,  and  colo- 
nies of  beggars.  B.  Jomon. 

2.  One  who  talks  cant,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word  ;  especially,  a  canting  preacher. 

You  are  the  second  part  of  the  society  of  canters,  out- 
laws to  order  and  discipline,  and  the  only  privileged 
church-robbers  of  Christendom. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  2. 

On  Whitsunday  I  went  to  the  church  (weh  is  averyfaire 
one),  and  heard  one  of  the  canters,  who  dismiss'd  the  as- 
sembly rudely  and  without  any  blessing. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  4,  1652. 

canter3  (kan'ter),  h.  [icanti,  v.,  + -er1.]  One 
who  bids  at  an  auction.     See  extract. 

A  class  of  men  called  canters,  who  were  accustomed  to 

bill  for  the  tithe  of  their  neighbours'  land,  and  who  by 

w  hitei.oy  terrorism  were  almost  extirpated  from  Minister. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xvi. 

canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i),  n.  [<  Canterbury 
(a  city  of  England),  in  AS.  Canlnaralnirlt,  gen. 
and  dat.  -byrig,  <  Cantwara,  gen.  pi.  of  Cant- 
irare,  people  of  Kent  (<  Cant,  Cent,  Kent,  + 
ware,  pi.,  inhabitants,  related  to  wer,  a  man: 
see  wer),  +  burh,  city:  see  borough1,  bury1.] 
A  stand  with  divisions,  for  holding  music,  port- 
folios, loose  papers,  etc.,  usually  made  some- 


canterbury 

what  ornamental  as  a  pieoe  of  Eurniture,  and 
mountt  .1  ou  easters. 

canterbury-bell  (kan'ter-ber-i-bel')i  "•  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Campanula  Trache- 
Kum,  given  to  it  byGerard  ofitsabun- 

dance  about  Canterbury,  England.  The  common 
cant'  i  C.  Medium, 

ope,  ol  which  there  are  several  varieties.    See 
cut  under  Campanula. 
Canterbury  gallop.    See  gallop. 
canterinet,  a.    [ME.  canh  ryne,  <  L.  cantt  rinus, 
canthi  rinus,  of  a   horse  (hordeum   canterinum, 
■   barley),  <  canterius,  can- 
therius,   a   gelding.]     Of  a   horse — canterine 
barley,  horse^barlej 

This  in.'. 'in-  is  sowe  eke  barly  canti  ryne : 
lene,  or  fatte,  or  drie,  is  lor  it  digne. 
PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  X.  s.),  p.  187. 

cant-fall  (kant'fal),  n.  The  fall  rove  through 
the  cant-blocks  a1  the  mainmast-head  of  a 
whaler,  forminga  purchase  for  turning  a  whale 
over  while  Sensing,  or  cutting  off  the  blubber. 

cant-file  (kant'fB  .  n.     A  file  the  cutting  faces 

of  which  form  an  obtuse  angle.  It  is  used  for 
filing  interior  faces  in  machine-work,  as  ol  spanners  or 

lies. 

cant-frames  (kant'framz),  n.  /<?.  In  ship-build- 
ing, tin-  frames  or  ribs  of  a  snip  which  are  near 
the  extremities,  and  are  canted  away  from  the 
perpendicular. 

Cantharellus  (kan-tha-rel'us),  n.     [NL.  (Jus- 
si. -n,  1789),  dim.  of  L.  cantharus,  a  drinking- 
eup  (see  cantharus),  with  ref.  to  the  shape  of 
the  fungus;   but  prob.  suggested  by  the   F. 
chanter^    ■.  a  mushroom  (Agaricus  cantharellus, 
Linraeus,  1753):  see  chanterelle.']    A  genus  of 
hymenomycetous   fungi,    allied    to    Agaricus. 
The  chanterelle,  Cantharellus  cibaris,  is  a  well- 
known  edible  species. 
canthari,  n.    Plural  of  cantharus. 
cantharid  (kan'tha-rid),  n.    [<  ME.  cantharide, 
cantaride  =  P.  cantharide  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canta- 
=  It.  cantaride,  <  L.  cantharis  (-rid-):  see 
I     itharis.]      If.  Some  worm-insect  injurious 
to  plants. 

Bestes  forto  sle 
That  dooth  tlii  vynes  harm  let  sle  the  rlie, 
The  cantharide  in  roses  that  we  se. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  32. 

2.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cantharis  or  group 
harides;  especially,  C.  rcsicatoria.  See 
cut  under  Cantharis. 

Cantharidae  (kan-thar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharis  +  -iila .]  A  family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus  Can- 
tharis.   Other' genera  are  Mclue  and  Mylabris. 

cantharidal  (kan-thar'i-dal).  a.  [<  canthari- 
ih  s,  -.  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  cantharides ;  composed  of  or  treated  with 
cantharidin. 

cantharidate  (kan-thar'i-dat),  n.  [<  cantharid- 
ic  +  -n/i1.]     A  salt  of  cantharidic  acid. 

Cantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  cantharis  (-nil-),  the  Spanish  fly;  or  F. 
pi.  of  cantharide :  see  Cantharis.']  1.  ineool., 
a  group  of  l "  tie  containing  the  genus  Cantha- 
and  a  number  of  closely  related  genera. — 
2.  [/.  c]  A  medicinal  preparation  ol'  Spanish 
flies,  used  for  blistering  and  other  purposes. 

cantharidian  (kan-tha-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
tharis  {-rid-),  tin  Spanish  tly,  +  -inn.]  Pertain- 
ing to  beetles  of  the  genus  <  antharis;  made  of 
cantharides. 

oli,  how  they  fire  tin-  heart  devout, 

Like  cantharidian  plasters.      Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

cantharidic  (kan-tha-rid'ik),  a.  [<  cantharidrin 
+  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  can- 
tharidin. 

cantharidin,  cantharidine  (kan-thar'i-din), ». 

[<   1..  riiiillmris  (-riil-).  the  Spanish  fly,  +  -in-, 
-i  in '-'.]    A.  peculiar  poisonous  substance  (CgHg 
Oo)  existing  in  the  ('mil linns  vesicatoria  (Span- 
ish tly)  and  other  insects,  and  causing  . 
tion.    11  i-  a  volatile  ci  vi  ry  Boluble  in 

1  alcohol,  an.  I  essential  oils.   Cantharidin  Is  even  bet 

terprcpart  -l  fr Ian  from  the  Spanish 

tly  it  is  only  in 

solution  that  tl.i-  bll  itering  pi 

Cantharina  (kan-tha-ri'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
I  r  -inn-.]   1  sifica- 

tion  of  tishes.  tin-  firsl  group  of  Sparidat,  having 
more  or  less  broad  trenchant  teeth  in  front  01 
tie-  jaws,  no  molars  nor  vomerine  teeth,  and 
tin-  lower  pectoral  rays  branched.     Tin 

mostly  vegetable-feeders.    Also  Can- 
tharina, 1  'anthat 

Cantharis  (kan'tha-ris),  ».  [L.  (>B.  cantharid, 
q.  v.),  <  1  • 

a  kind  of  beetle.  Cf.  1 
coleopterous  insects  having  tin-  bead  W  parated 


Tits 

from  the  thorax  by  a  neck:  the  type  of  the  family 

t'linlhiiriil'i .     ill,-  best-known  species  Is  that  which  Is 
called  tin-  Spanish  or  blistering  fly,  C.  eeskatoria.    This 


Spanish  Fly  [Can/harts  -'rticatoria). 
a,  female  ;  b,  male.     (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

Insect  is  9  or  10  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  green  color 
mixed  with  azure.  It  has  a  nauseous  smell,  ami  is  when 
bruised  extensively  used  as  the  active  element  in  vesica- 
tory or  blistering  plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  preferring  the  ash.  The  flies  are  col- 
1. '. 'i .'.I  in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  and  southern  Russia;  the 
i:  11    urn  ones  are  the  largest  ami  most-  esteemed, 

2.  [I.  c. ;  pi.  cantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez).]    A 

member  of  the  genus  Cantharis. 

cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  n. ;  pi.  canthari  (-ri). 
[L.  cantharus  (ML.  also  cautharum,  cantarus, 
cantarius,  a  tankard,  >  It.  cantaro  =  Sp.  cantaro, 
run  la  ra :  see  cantaro),  a  large  drihking-cup  with 
handles,  a  tankard,  pot,  also  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
etc.,  <  Gr.  mvdapoc,  a  sea-fish,  the  sea-bream,  a 
kind  of  beetle,  etc.,  also  a  kind  of  drinking-cup, 
a  tankard,  a  pot.]  1.  In  classical  nuliq.,  a  wide- 
mouthed  cup  or  vase,  with  a  foot,  and  two  han- 
dles rising  above  the  rim.  It  was  used  espe- 
cially for  drinking  wine. —  2.  [LL.]  A  fountain 
or  cistern  in  the  atrium  or  courtyard  before  an- 
cient and  some  Oriental  churches,  where  per- 
sons could  wash  before  entering  the  church;  a 
laver.  Now  generally  called  phiale. — 3.  leap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  of 
the  family  Spat/idee,  c.  ijrisrus,  a  British  spe- 
cies, is  known  as  the  black  bream,  or  black  sea- 
bream.  Curia;  1829.— 4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
nus of  mollusks.     Montfort,  1808. 

canthi,  «.     Plural  of  can  thus. 

canthitis  (kan-thi'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  canthus  + 
-ills.]  Inflammation  of  one  or  both  canthi  of 
the  eye. 

Canthon  (kan'thon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaiSuv,  a 
pack-ass,  applied  humorously  in  Aristophanes 
(Pax  82)  to  a  beetle;  cf.  KavOapoc,  a  kind  of 
beetle  :  see  cantharus.]  A  genus  of  lainellicom 
beetles,  of  the  family  Scarnliniilir,  containing 
dung-beetles  resembling  those  of  the  genus 
1  'opris  in  having  narrow  epipleime,  hornless 
head  and  prothorax,  and  slender  curved  hind 
tibia1.  C.  Inr  is is  a.  common  United  States  spe- 
cies, black,  and  half  an  inch  long. 

cant-hook  (kant'hiik),  ii.     1.  A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  hinged  at  the  end  for  canting 
or  turning  over  heavy  logs. —  2.  A  sling  with 
hooks,  used  to  empty  casks  by 
raising  and  tipping  them. 

canthoplastic  (kan-tho-plas'- 
tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing in  canthoplasty :  as,  &  can- 
thoplastic operation. 

canthoplasty  (kan'tho-plas-ti), 

11.      [<  fir.  Kin-Oar,  the  corner  of 
the  eye  (see  canthus),  +  irlaar6c,  verbal  adj.  of 
xh&eaeiv,  form,  mold.]     The  operation  of  slit- 
ting up  th iter  canthus,  or  corner  of  the  eye, 

so  as  to  enlarge  the  opening  between  the  lids, 
canthus  (kan'thus),  n.;  pi.  canthi  (-tin).    [NL., 

<  Gr.  kovOijc,  the  corner  of  the  eye:   see  cant1.] 

1.  Tin-  angle  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the 
eyelids.  Thetwocanthi 
..1  the  human  eye  are  dis- 
tinguished as  ih.'  outer, 
temporal,  or  leaser,  .mil 
the  inner,  1u1.su/,  or  great- 
er. In  most  animals  the 
corresponding  canthi  are 
called  tin'  posterior  ami 
anterior. 

2.  h\  cntom. :  (a)  One 

a,  inner  Canthus;  *,  outer  Can-        Qf       ^      ^^      .^ 


Cant-hook. 


canting-coin 

lower  or  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of 
the  compound  eyes  of  insects.  (6)  A  corneous 
process  of  the  clvpeus,  completely  or  partly  di- 
viding t  he  compound  eye.  It  is  found  in  certain 
billies,  which  thus  appear  to  have  four  eyes, 
cantict,  cantickt,  «.  [<  L.  canticum,  q.  v.']  A 
song. 

[He]  gave  thanks  unto  God  in  some  fine  canticks  made 
in  praise  of  the  Divine  bounty. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  23, 

cantica,  ».     Plural  of  canticum. 

cantickt,  »•    See  cantic. 

cantick-quoin  (kan'tik-koin),  n.    Same  as  cant- 
ing-coin. 

canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  n.  [<  JIE.  canticle,  <  L. 
canticulum,  dim.  of  canticum  (>also  AS.  cantic), 
a  song,  <  cantus,  a  singing,  <  canere,  sing:  see 
canfi,  chant.]  1.  One  of  the  non-metrical 
hymns  recorded  in  the  Bible  as  sung  on  some 
special  occasion,  and  expressive  of  joy,  thn  nks- 
giving,  or  confidence  in  God's  help. —  2.  One  of 
these  hymns,  or  a  composition  of  similar  char- 
acter, arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  use. I  in 
church  service.  Both  the  Roman  Catholic  ami  the 
Greek  churches  use  as  canticles  the  songs  of  Moses  (Ex. 
xv.  1-111  and  Dent,  xxsii.  1-43),  Hannah  (1  Sam.  ii.  1  l"i, 
ami  Hahakkuk  (iii.  2-10).  In  Isaiah  the  R an  Cath- 
olic Church  has  canticles  taken  from  chapters  \n.  and 
xxxviii.  (ln-20),  ami  the  Creek  from  chapter  \\\  i  1:1  20). 
The  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  an.  I  Anglican  churches 
the  Benedicite  as  found  in  the  third  chapter  of  Daniel 
in  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate,  comprising  verses 
of  the  s.iim  ..I  ih.  Three  Holy  Children  in  the  English 
Apocrypha;  the  Greek  church  also  employs  the  preced. 
ing  verses  (3-34)  as  a  separate  canticle.  The  three  taken 
from  the  eosp.-ls,  and  ineorilingly  known  as  the  Evangel- 
ical Canticles  (namely,  the  Magnificat,  the  Benedictus,  ami 
the  Nunc  Dimittis),  are  also  used  by  all  the  three  churches. 
just  named.  The  /'.  lhiiiu  is  ai.-o tinted  a  canticle,  al- 
though not  found  in  the  Bible.  The  English  and  Ameri- 
can Books  of  Common  Prayer  also  use  certain  psalms  as 
canticles,  namely,  psalms  lxvii.  (Deux  Mixeiraltir),  xcviiL 

(Cantate),  and  c.  (Jubilate),  to  which  the  American  I k 

adds  xcii.  (l:n,iu,:i  est)  and  ciii.  (Benedic).  Some  writers 
also  account  the  Yiniti:  (psalm  xev.),  the  Gloria  iii  ExceU 
sis,  and  the  Trisagion  canticles. 
Specifically— 3.  [cap.]  pi.  The  Songs,  other- 
wise called  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Song  of  Sol- 
omon (LL.  Canticum  Canticorum  Salomonis), 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  1  mil 
the  nineteenth  century  it  was  universally  ascribed  to  Solo- 
moil,  but  some  critics  now  think  it  of  later  date. 
4f.  A  division  of  a  song  or  poem ;  a  canto. 
Spenser. 

canticum  (kan'ti-kum),  n.)  pi.  cantica  (-kit). 
[L. :  BOO  canticle.]  1.  In  the  ancient  Woman 
drama,  any  passage  sung  by  the  actors ;  espe- 
cially, in  comedy,  a  solo  accompanied  by  dan- 
cing and  music. —  2.  [LL.]  A  canticle — Canti- 
cum Canticorum,  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  canticles. 

cantilate,  cantilation,  etc.  See  cantillate,  etc, 

cantilet,  <'•  >■     An  erroneous  spelling  of  can  lie. 

cantilena  (kan-ti-le'nii),  n.  [=  F.  cantilene  = 
Sp.  cantilena,  cantinela  =  Pg.  cantilena  =  It. 
eniitili  na,  <  L.  cantilena,  a  song,  in  classical  use 
an  old  song,  gossip,  <  cnntillarc,  dim.  of  canture, 
sing:  see  cant2,  chant.]  1.  In  medieval  music : 
(it)  A  singing  exercise  or  solfeggio.  (b)  A 
cantus  firmus,  or  melody  for  church  use. —  2. 
In  modern  music,  a  ballad  or  light  popular  song. 

cantilever,  «.    See  cantaliver. 

cantillate  (kan'ti-lat),  v.  t.  and  i.    [<  L.  runtil- 

latus,  pp.  of  cnntillarc,  sing  low,  hum.  dim.  of 
cantare,  sing,  chant:  see  cant?.]  To  chant, 
intone,  or  recite  in  a  half-singing  style,  as  in 
Jewish  synagogues.  Also  spelled  cantilate. 
[Rare.] 

cantillation  (kan-ti-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*canlillatii>(n-),  <  cuntiltare:  see  cantillate.]  -\ 
chanting,  intoning,  or  recitation  in  a  half-sing- 
ing style:  especiallyusedin  Jewish  synagogues. 
Also  spelled  cantilation.     [Rare.] 

cantillatory  (kan'ti-la-to-ri),  a.  Chanted,  or 
arranged  for  chanting:  as,  cantillatory  re- 
sponses.    Also  spelled  enulilatory. 

cantily  (kan'ti-li),  of?r.  In  a  canty  manner; 
cheerfully;  livelily.     [Scotch.] 

cantine  (kan-ten'l,  n.    See  canteen. 

canting  (kan'ting),  /'.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cant2,  r.]  1. 
Affectedly  or  hypocritically  pious;  whining: 
as,  &  canting  h\  pocrite  :  a  canting  tone  of  t 

A  pedant,  canting  preacher,  and  a  quack, 
Axe  I. ....  I  enough  to  break  one  ass's  back. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  49. 

2.  In. her.,  allusive;  descriptive  of  the  bea 
name,  estate,  or  the  like.     See  allusive  arms, 
under  arm-.     Canting  coat.a  coat  of  arms  in  «hi.h 
allusive  bearings  ate  used, 
canting-coin  (kan'ting-koin),  n.    A  triangular 

wooden  block  with  which  a  cask  is  el ked  i" 

keep  il  from  rolling  when  stowed.  Also  called 
cautick-quiiiu. 


cantingly 

cantingly  f_kan'ting-li),  <«lr.  In  a  canting 
manner ;  whiningly ;  hypocritically. 

canting:wheel  (kan'ti'ng-hwel), 'h.  A  star- 
wheel  for  an  endless  chain,  the  cogs  having 
the  corners  cut  off  or  canted.     /■.'.  //.  Knight. 

cantiniere  (kan-te-nyar'),  »■  [F.,  fern,  of  can- 
tinier,  sutler,  <  cantine,  a  Butler's  shop,  a  can- 
teen :  see  canteen.]  A  female  sutler  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  vivandiere. 

cantino  (kan-te'no),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L.  can- 
tare,  sing:  see  cant-,  chant.']  The  treble  string 
of  a  violin. 

cantiont  (kan'shon),  n.      [=  F.  chanson   (see 
1-111111.11111),  <  L.  fiiiilii>{n-),  a  song,  <  cancre,  pp. 
cantus,  sing:  see  cant2,  v.]      A  song;  anything 
that  is  sung. 
Singing  a  Caution  of  Colitis  making. 

Spenser,  Shep.  I'al.,  October,  Qlosse. 

cantle  (kan'tl),  n.  [<  ME.  eantel,  cantil,  <  OF. 
cantel  (F.  chanteau)  =  Pr.  eantel,  a  corner,  a 
piece,  bit  (cf.  Sp.  cantillo,  a  little  stone),  < 
ML.  cantellus,  dim.  of  cantus,  side,  corner:  see 
cant1.  Hence  ult.  scantle,  scantlct,  scantling, 
q.  v.]     1.  A  corner;  fragment ;  piece;  portion. 

See  how  this  river  conies  me  cranking  in, 
And  cuts  me,  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 
A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle  out. 

Slmk.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

Do  you  remember 
The  cantleot  immortal  cheese  you  carried  with  yon? 

Fletcher  (and  (mother),  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  ■!. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle  behind; 
the  hind  bow.  In  the  war-saddles  of  the  middle  ages, 
after  the  thirteenth  century,  the  cantle  was  made  high 
and  strong  enough  to  bear  the  weight  and  pressure  "i  the 
person  of  the  rider,  who,  when  he  put lance  in  rest  to  charge, 
stood  up  in  the  stirrups  and  braced  himself  against  it. 
cantlet  (kan'tl),  v.  t.  [<caut/c,n.]  Toeutinto 
pieces  ;  cut  a  piece  out  of. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  was  for  cantling  out  some  part  of 
France,  which  lay  next  his  territories. 

Ihttden,  Yind.  of  Duke  of  Guise. 

cantlet  (kant'let),  n.  [Dim.  of  cantle,  n.  Cf. 
scantlct.']   A  corner;  piece;  fragment;  a  cantle. 

Huge  cantlets  of  his  buckler  strew  the  ground. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Jletaniorph.,  xii. 
Thanks  to  his  clasp-knife,  he  was  able  to  appropriate  a 
wing  of  fowl  and  a  slice  of  ham  ;  a  cantlet  of  cold  custard- 
pudding  he  thought  would  harmonize  with  these  articles. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiii. 

cantling  (kant'ling),  n.      [<  cant1  +  -ling1.] 
The  lower  course  of  bricks  inclosing  a  brick- 
clamp, 
cantlyt,  adv.     [<  cant",  a.,  +  -hj2.]    Boldly. 
Then  eriet  he  full  cantly  the  knightes  vpon, 
And  the  tyde  men  of  Troy,  with  a  tore  steuyn, 
In  hast  for  to  hye  to  there  lied  prinse. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6504. 

cant-molding  (kant'mol"ding),  n.  A  molding 
with  a  beveled  face. 

canto  (kan'to),  n.  [<  It.  canto  (=  Pg.  Sp.  canto 
=  F.  chant,  >  E.  chant),  <  L.  cantus,  a  song,  < 
cancre,  sing:  see  cant'2,  chant.]  1.  Apart  or 
division  of  a  poem  of  some  length:  as,  tin-  six 
cantos  of  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake." — 2.  In  mu- 
sic, the  highest  voice-part  in  concerted  music  ; 
soprano. 

canto  fermo  (kan'to  fer'mo).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  firm/us:  L.  cantus,  song;  firm/us,  firm: 
see  chant,  canto,  and  firm.]  1.  Firm  or  fixed 
song;  the  ancient  traditional  vocal  music  of 
the  Christian  church:  so  called  because,  its 
form  being  settled  and  its  use  prescribed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  it  was  not  allowable  to 
alter  it  in  any  manner.  It  was  originally  sung  in  uni- 
son, or  in  octaves  only,  and  in  its  strictest  form  one  note  was 
assigned  to  each  syllable  of  the  words.  After  the  third  cen- 
tury it  was  allowable  to  add  other  parts  in  harmony  with 
the  canto  fermo,  which  was  then  assigned  to  the  tenor  voice 
and  sung  without  change,  the  other  parts  moving  above 
and  below  it  in  counterpoint  more  or  less  free,  the  com- 
poser being  at  liberty  to  give  to  each  syllable  as  many 
notes,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  manner,  as  bis  taste 
anil  his  ideas  of  harmony  and  fitness  dictated.  These  ad- 
ditional parts,  being  more  elaborate  and  ornamental  than 
the  canto  fermo,  were  called,  in  contradistinction  to  it, 
canto  figurato. 

2.  A  theme  or  subject  taken  by  a  composer 
from  the  ancient  canto  fermo  of  the  church, 
for  contrapuntal  treatment.  The  term  is  also  techni- 
cally applied  to  themes  written  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
canto  fermo,  and  treated  contrapuntally.    .See  plain-song. 

canto  figurato  (kan'to  fig-6-ra'to).  [It.,  <  Ml.. 
cantus  figuratus:  L.  cantus,  song;  figuratus, 
figured,  florid:  see  chant,  canto,  and  figured.] 
Figured  or  florid  song.     See  canto  fermo. 

Canton1  (kan'ton),  n.  [=  G.  canton  (but  Swiss 
G.  usually  ort:  see  ord),  <  F.  canton .  =  Sp.  can- 
ton =  Pg.  cantdo  =  It.  cantune,  <  ML.  canto(n-) 
(also  cantonum),  a  region,  district,  quarter  of 
a  city,  also  a  squared  stone,  <  cantus  (>  OF.  cant 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  canto),  a  corner:  see  cant1.]     1. 


llll 
Ull 


Argent,  a  Canton 
emnne. 


799 

An  angle  or  corner;  also,  an  angular  space  or 
nook. 

In  a  canton  of  the  wall,  right  against  the  N'orth  end  of 
tie  Sepulchre,  there  is  a  clift  in  the  rock. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  148. 

2.  A  portion  of  space;  a  parcel  of  ground. 

There  are  no  grotesques  in  nature;  not  any  thing  framed 
to  fill  tip  empty  cantons,  and  unnecessary  spaces. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  15. 

3.  A  small  district ;  a  subdivision  of  a  country. 

Specifically  — (a)  In  Switzerland,  one  of  the  separate  terri- 
torial members  of  the  confederation,  constituting  a  dis- 
tinct state  or  government. 

The  canton  of  Underwald  consists  only  of  villages  anil 
I oghB,  althoagh  it  is  twenty-five  miles  in  Length  and 

si  iciiiecu  in  breadth.  ./.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  316. 

(h)  Iii  France,  the  territorial  division  be* 
low  an  arrondissement and  aboveacom- 

mune.     See  artondissemettt. 

4.  In  lor.,  n  part  of  the  chief, 
cut  off  on  either  the  left-  or  the 
right-hand  upper  corner,    itisai- 

ways  bounded  by  straight  horizontal  and 
vertical  lines,  and  is  generally  consid- 
ered one  of  the  subordinaries.    See  or- 

dinar;/. 

The  King  gave  us  the  armes  of  England  to  be  borne  in 
a  canton  in  our  armes.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  21,  1662. 

5.  A  distinct  part  or  division:  as,  the  coitions 
of  a  painting  or  other  representation,  or  of  a 
flag. 

A  square  piece  or  canton  of  the  fish  Tuny  salted  and 
condited.  Holland,  Pliny,  II.  434. 

canton1  (kan'ton),  v.  t.  [=  F.  cantonner;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory;  divide  into  distinct  por- 
tions; with  out,  to  cut  out  and  separate. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  little  Goshen  in  the 
intellectual  world.    Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  i. 
You  shall  hear  how  I  have  canton'd  out  the  day. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Love  at  a  Venture,  i. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  the  different 
divisions  or  parts  (usually  regiments)  of :  as, 
to  canton  an  army  or  a  detachment.  [In  this 
sense  pronounced  kan-tou'  and  kan-tbn'.] 

The  practice  of  cantoning  a  body  of  soldiers  near  the 
plain  where  the  kings  are  elected,  has  been  adopted  by 
several  foreign  powers  for  near  a  century. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  376. 

canton'2t,  »•    A  variant  of  canto. 

Write  loyal  cantons  of  contemned  love, 

And  sing  them  loud  even  in  the  dead  of  night. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

cantonal  (kan'ton-al),  a.  [<  F.  cantonal  (= 
Pr.  cantonal),  (canton:  see  canton1.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  a  canton  or  cantons. 

Canton  crape.    See  crape. 

cantone  (kan-ton-a'),  a.  [F.  cantonni,  pp.  of 
cantonner:  see  canton1,  v.]     In  her.,  same  as 

cantoned,  1. 

cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  [<  canton1  +  -ed2; 
after  F.  cantonni.]  1.  In  her.,  between  or 
surrounded  by  charges  which  occupy  the  cor- 
ners: said  of  a 
cross  when  de- 
picted of  the 
full  size  of  the 
field,  as  an  hon- 
orable ordinary. 
—  2.  Furnished 
at  the  angles  or 
sides  with  some 
projecting  part: 
m.  arch.,  applied 
to  a  building  of 
which  the  cor- 
ners are  deco- 
rated with  pro- 
jectingpilasters 
or  coins.  The 
expression  is  more 
particularly  em- 
ployed  in  describ- 
ing pillars  such  as 
those  of  the  Renais- 
sance style,  which 

have  a  projecting  shaft  on  each  of  their  faces  or  on  each 
of  their  angles. 

Canton  flannel.    See  flannel. 

cantonite  (kan'ton-it),  n.  [<  Canton  (seedef.) 
+  -itc2.]  Copper  sulphid  (covellite)  in  cubic 
crystals,  probably  pseudomorphous,  from  the 
<  'anton  mine  in  Georgia. 

cantonize  (kan't.on-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
tonized,  ppr.  canionieing.  [<  canton1  +  -ise.] 
To  canton  or  divide  into  small  districts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  cantonized  among  ten  persons  of 
the  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Davits,  state  of  Ireland. 

cantonment  (kan'ton-  or  kan-ton'nient;  in 
India,  kan-ton'mentj,  n.    [i  F.  cantonncment,  < 


Cantoned  Building. 

1.  Hotel  de  Ville,  Arras,  France. 

2.  College  of  the  Sapienza,  Rome. 


Cantuarian 

cantonner,  canton :  Bee  canton1,  v.]  1.  Apart 
or  division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
particular  regiment  of  troops;  especially,  in 
India.,   u    poniinnciil    military   station    forming 

t  he  nucleus  of  the  European  quarter  of  a  city. 

You  find  by  degrees  that  an  Indian  sl;tti>>n  consists  of 
two  parts:  the  cantonment  ol  the  European*  the  native 
city  and  bazaar.        W.  It.  Russpll,  Diar)  in  India.  I.  180. 

2.  pi.  The  dwelling-places  occupied  by  an 
army  during  any  suspension  of  active  opera- 
tions in  Hie  field;  the  temporary  shelter,  other 
than  that  of  tents,  which  an  army  may  oc- 
casionally take,  as  when,  during  a  season  of 
excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed  in 
villages,  houses,  etc.,  but  so  as  not  to  !»■  widely 
scattered;  military  quarters;  specifically,  the 
winter  quarters  of  an  army. 

The  troops  lay  principally  in  cantonment*  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Thane  -      Barham,  tngoldsb)  Legends,  1. 89. 

cantoon  (kan-ton'),  n.  A  strong  cotton  cloth 
smooth  on  one  side  and  corded  on  the  other. 
See  corded. 

cantor  (kan'tpr),  n.  [L.,  a  singer,  <  cant  if, 
sing:  see  cant2,  c]  Eccles.,  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or  in 
a  collegiate  or  parish  church;  a  precentor. 

cantoral  (kan'to-ral),  a.  [<  cantor  +  -al.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  a  cantor  or  precentor : 
as,  a  cant  oral  staff. 

Cantores  (kan-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  can- 
tor, a  singer,  <  cancre,  sing:  see  cant2,  v.]  In 
Blyth's  classification  (1849),  the  fourth  order  of 
birds,  including  the  restricted  Passerina,  or  the 
Passerines  of  Cuvier  divested  of  all  their  hetero- 
geneous elements :  it  was  thus  equivalent  to  the 
order  Passeres  of  modern  naturalists.  See  Can- 
tatores,  Oscines,  and  Passeres. 

cantoris  (kan-to'ris),  a.  [L.,  gen.  of  cantor,  a 
singer;  see  cantor.]  Eccles.,  of  or  belonging  to 
the  cantor  or  precentor:  as,  the  contorts  side 
of  the  choir,  the  side  on  the  left  or  north  of  one 
facing  the  altar:  opposed  to  the  decani  side. 

Cantor's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cant-piece  (kant'pes),  n.  In  ship-building,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  secured  to  the  angles 
of  fishes  ami  sidetrees,  to  take  the  place  of  any 
piece  that  may  prove  deficient,      iVealc. 

cant-rail  (kant'ral),  n.  1.  A  triangular  rail. 
Halliwell.  [Prow  Eng.]  —  2.  Afire-pole.  Ilal- 
liwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  timber  running 
along  the  tops  of  the  upright  pieces  in  the  sides 
of  the  body  of  a  railway-carriage  and  supporting 
the  roof  and  roof-sticks.  [Eng.]  Called  in  the 
United  States  a  plate.     Car-Builder's  Vict. 

cantraip,  cantrap,  n.    See  cantrip. 

cantrea  (kan'tred),  n.  [Also  cantref,  cantrev, 
l:autry;<.  ME.  candrcde  (ML.  cantredus,  candre- 
tltts,  cantaredus),  <  W.  cantref,  a  hundred  (i.  e., 
a  district  so  called),  <  cant  (=  L.  centum  =  E. 
Itittitl-red)  +  trcf,  also  tred,  tre,  a  dwelling- 
place,  homestead,  town.]  In  Wales,  a  division 
of  country;  a  hundred. 

The  principal  land  measure  [of  Wales]  was  the  erw, 
which  seems  to  have  contained  about  the  same  area  as 
our  English  acre.  Four  erws  constituted  a  tyddyn  or  ten- 
ement ;  12,S00  erws  formed  the  territorial  division  called 
a  cymwd,  and  about  double  that  number  a  cantrt  p. 

Edinburgh  Her.,  (,'LXV.  75. 

cantrip,  cantrap  (kan'trip,  -trap),  n.  [So., 
also  written  cantraip;  origin  unknown.  Ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Icel.  gandr,  witch- 
craft, +  trapp,  tramping ;  according  to  another, 
<  cant2,  in  sense  of  'charm  or  incantation,'  +  Se. 
raip  =  E.  rojte,  a  cord,  and  orig.  meaning  '  magic 
cord,'  cords  knotted  in  various  ways  figuring 
frequently  in  old  spells  or  charms.  Cf.  con- 
traption.] 1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incanta- 
tion.   Ramsay. 

And  by  some  deev'lish  cantrip  slight 
Each  in  its  cauld  hand  held  a  light. 

Bunts,  Tain  o'  Shanter. 

2.  A  piece  of  mischief  artfully  or  adroitly  per- 
formed ;  a  trick. 

As  Waverley  passed  him,  .  .  .  approaching  his  stirrup, 
be  hade  "  Tak'  heed  the  auld  Whig  played  bini  nae  can- 
trip." Scott,  Waverley,  xxix. 

cant-robin  (kant'rob'in),  n.  The  dwarf  dog- 
rose.     [Scotch.] 

cant-spar  (kant'spar),  n.  Naut.,  a  small  pole 
or  spar  fit  for  making  a  small  mast  or  yard,  a. 
boom,  or  the  like. 

cant-timber  (kant'tim*ber),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing, one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a  ship 
which  rise  obliquely  from  the  keel.  The  pair  at 
tlie  stem  (called  knight-heads)  form  a  bed  for  the  reci  p 
tii  -ii  of  the  bowsprit,  and  incline  forward,  while  the  pair 
:it  the  stern  incline  aft. 

Cantuarian  (kan-tu-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  Can- 
ttairius,    Cantuarensis,   of   Canterbury,    <  AS. 


Cantuarian 

.  pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  K 
.   see   canterbury.]    Of  or  pertaining 
rbnry,   especially  .-is   the    archi 
of  tiic  primate  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

cantus  (kan'tus),  ».;  pi.  cantos.  [L. :  see  chant, 
cant''.]  A  song  or  melody;  especially,  an  ec- 
elesiastii  or  style  of  music,    cantus 

Ambrosianus  I  l-l   I,  the  style  of  church  music  instituted 
by  Ambrose,  the  first  style  ol  plain-song  (which  ■■■ 
Cantus  ecclesiasticus  •  tmrch  music  in  gen- 

eral   (»)  Plain-sou  or.    (c)  A  musical  rendering 

contrasted  with  mere  reading.— Cantus 
flguratus  [ML.],  Bgurated  plain-song,  or  counterpoint 
-Cantus  firmusl-MI..],  the  melodj  In 
originally  given  to  the  tenor  voice),  or  a  melody 
taken  as  the  theme  or  Bubjecl  for  contrapuntal  composi- 
tion Cantus  Gregorianus  [ML.], 
thi  style  of  church  music  instituted  byGregorj  theGreat, 
the  second  Btyleof  plain  song.     Cantus  mensurabllls 
[Mi                      01  mi  trical  melody,  having  all  its  notes 
commensurate  in  duration  :   invented  about  the  twelfth 
iiry.     Cantus  planus  [ML.],  plain-song. 
canty(kan'ti),  a.     [North  E.  and  Se.,  also  cani; 
<  .ME.  cant,  hint,    spirited,   bold:   see  canfi.] 
Lively:  sprightly;  cheerful:  applied  to  persons 
anil  things. 

atented  wi'  little  and  cantie  wi'  mair.     Burns,  Song. 
Then  at  her  door  the  canty  dame 
Would  sit.  as  any  linnet  gay. 

Wordsworth,  Goody  Blake. 
There  were  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  bailie's  grown-up  son,  and  three  or 
four  Btout,  bushy  eyeorowed,  canty  old  Scotch  fellows. 

tHch  ns,  Pickwick,  xlix. 

Canuck,  Kanuck  (ka-nuk'),  n.  and  a.     [Of 
Amer.  Lid.  origin.]    I.  n.  A  Canadian :  a  nick- 
name in  the  United  States. 
II.  a.  Canadian. 
Canula,  "-     Sir  cannula. 

canut  (ka-nuf),  »'•     [<  NIj.   eanutus,   specific 
•  •  of  the  knot:  see  knot2.]     A  book-name 
of  a  sandpiper,  the  knot,  Tvintja  canutus.     See 
linii-.     Edwards. 

canutillo  (ka-no-te'lyo),  n.  [Sp.  caflutillo,  lit.  a 
small  i>i] >e  or  tube,  clirn.  of  cafiuto,  a  pipe,  part 
of  a  eane  from  knot  to  knot,  <  cada,  a  cane, 
pipe:  see  cane1.']  In  the  United  States  of  Co- 
lumbia, one  of  the  fine  separate  crystals  of 
emerald  found  in  that  country. 

11  or  the  crystallized  and  more  valuable 

Encye.  Brit.,  VIII.  170. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  canvesse,  canmesse,  <  ME.  canvas,  Jcanvas, 
tas  =  I),  hum /us  =  <;.  cannevas,  kanevas  = 
Sw.  Inn/ass  =  Dan.  kannevas  =  Russ.  kanva,  < 
OF.  canevas,  nun  vers,  also  (in  deriv.)  *canabas, 
also  assibilated  chanevas,  chanevaz,  chanvenas, 
mod.  I',  canevas  =  Pr.  canal/us  =  Sp.  eaflama- 
zo  =  Pg.  eanhamaco  =  It.  canavaccio,  formerly 
i  canevaccio,  cannevaccio,  canapazzo,  can- 
vas, hempen  cloth,  <  ML.  cannevasium,  canaba- 
prop.  'cannal/aci urn,  "canuabaci  its,  neut.  or 
masc.  of  adj.  cannabact  us  (>  OF.  chanevaee),  of 
hemp.  <  L. cannabis =E. hemp:  aeehemp,  Canna- 
bis, and  -tiretnts.  Hence  canvas,  v.,  an&canvass, 
v.  and  n. \  I.  a.:  pi.  canvases,  sometimes  can- 
vasses. 1.  Aclosely  woven,  dense,  heavy  cloth 
of  hemp  or  Sax,  used  for  any  purpose  for  which 
strength  and  durability  are  required.  Specifl- 
cally  (a)  Sail-cloth  (which  see).  (6)  \  carefully  woven 
fabric  used  as  a  surface  or  support  for  oil-painting.  It  is 
prepared  bj  Btretching  it  on  hum  frames,  and  covering 
it  with  one  or  two  coataof  neutral-colored  paint.  Four 
kinds  are  known  in  trade  :  Bingle  prime,  smooth,  Roman, 
and  twilled. 

Touch'd  the  canvas  into  life. 

Addi  on,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller. 

2.  A  fabric  woven  in  small  square  meshes,  used 
tor  working  tapestry  or  embroidery  with  the 
needle. 

And  on  the  Bore  yes  i  s  cam  <<< 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Cat S an  s  Tale,  1.  886. 

3.  .Xiitit..  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  iu  general: 

as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will 
bear, 

-  DUOS  flowing, 
hip  of  Ft 

'/'•  nnyson,  The  Captain. 
Boll  of  canvas.  Beebolfz.  Chess-hoard  canvas.  See 
To  be  "i  live  under  canvas,  to  be  or  live 
m  tents.  To  give  one  the  canvas,  to  receive  the  can- 
vas. -  old  phrases 
equivalent  reaped 

i  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  canvas  usedl 
chanici  tool 

ii  he  would  affect  one  of  us,  for  my  part  I  am  In- 
rent. 

/   Hyde  I'ark,  i.  1. 

II.  ".  Made  of  canvas. 
\\  t.  . 

Horn 

n  alb  •    la  the  King. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  v.  t.\  pret.  ami  pp,  canvased 

or  canvassed,  ppr.  canvasing  oi  ■  ig,     [< 


800 
.]     1.  To  provide  or  cover  with  ean- 

d ■  had  been  nailed  up  and  canvassed  over. 

Dickens. 
2f.  To  toss  as  in  canvas;  shake;  take  to  task. 

I'll  COmVaS  thee  between  a  pail  of  sheet-. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

3.   To  sift;    examine;    discuss:    in    litis  sense 
now  usually  spelled  canvass  (which  see). 
canvasback  (kan'vas-bak),  n.    A  North  Amer- 
ican duck  of  the  family  Anatixla'  and  subfamily 

i'tiUijiihiiii-,  the  FuUgttla  (or  Aristonetta)  vallis- 
n<  via,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its 
ilesh.  It  is  found  in  North  America  at  large,  breeding 
from  the  Northern  states  northward,  and  wintering  in  the 
Middle  states  and  southward,  being  especially  abundant 
in  winter  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  feeds  much  on 


;*r.    .   **-'    ' 


-;t>t 


Canvasbacks  (Fitligitln  [Aristonetta)  vallisneria  . 

the  wild  celery,  Vallimcria  spiralis,  and  is  then  in  the 
best  condition  for  the  table.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  color  of  the  back,  which  is  white,  very  finely  vermic- 
ulated  with  narrow,  zigzag,  blackish  bars  or  rows  of  dots. 
In  general,  the  canvasback  closely  resembles  the  common 
pochard  or  redhead,  Fitlvtula ',/erina,  hut  the  bill  and  head 
are  differently  shaped.  The  head  is  not  coppery-red,  as  in 
the  pochard,  but  dusky  reddish-brown,  and  the  size  is 
greater. 
canvas-climbert  (kan'vas-kli"mer),  n.  A  sailor 
who  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.     [Rare.] 

From  the  ladder-tackle  washes  off 
A  canvas-climber.  Shah.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

canvas-cutter  (kan'vas-kut"er),  n.  A  machine 
for  cutting  canvas,  cardboard,  and  other  fab- 
rics into  strips. 

canvass  (kan'vas), «.  [Formerly  canvas,  being 
merely  a  particular  use  of  canvas,  v.  (ef.  OF. 
canabasser,  "to  canvas,  curiously  to  examine, 
search  or  sift  out  the  depth  of  a  matter" — Cot- 
grave),  lit.  sift  as  through  canvas,  this  fabric  in 
its  coarser  texture  having  been  used  as  a  sifting- 
cloth;  <  canvas,  n.  Cf.  bolt,  v.,  sift,  examine,  of 
similar  origin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  examine;  scru- 
tinize. 

The  .  .  .  merits  of  the  petitioners  are  canvassed  by  the 
people.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxiii. 

As  if  life  offered  nothing  hut  a  variety  of  diversions,  and 
it  was  incumbent  upon  one  who  appreciated  life  at  its  true 
value  to  canvass  that  variety  in  the  shortest  space  possi- 
ble. J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  2SS. 

Specifically — 2.  To  sift  or  examine  by  way  of 
discussion;  discuss;  debate. 

An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  canvass. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
To  canvass  with  official  breath 
The  future  and  its  viewless  things. 

.1/.  Arnold,  A  Wish. 

The  very  undue  disposition  of  what  is  questionably 

called  "good  BOciety  "  to  canvass  in  an  ill-natured  manner 

the  character  and  position  of  one  who  did  not  stoop  to 

flatter  its  many  vulgar  fancies. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  S3. 

3.  To  sift  or  investigate  by  inquiry;  examine 
as  to  opinions,  desires,  or  intentions ;  apply  to 
or  address  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  ac- 
tion, or  of  ascertaining  a  probable  result:  as,  to 
canvass  the  people  of  a  city  with  reference  to 
an  approaching  election,  for  the  promotion  of 
a  public  undertaking,  or  the  like. — 4.  To  tra- 
verse lor  the  purpose  of  inquiry  or  solicitation; 
apply  to  or  address  the  inhabitants  of  with  ref- 
erence (o  prospective  ni-lion:  us.  to  canvass  a 
district  lor  votes,  for  subscriptions,  etc. —  5f. 
To  shake;  lake  to  task.      See  canvas,  v.  t.,  2. 

II.  inlvans.  To  solicit  or  go  about  soliciting 
votes,  interest,  orders,  subscriptions,  or  the 

like:    followed   by  for:   as,    lo   canvass   fin-  an 

office  or  preferment;  to  canvass  for  a  friend; 

lo  canvass  far  a  men-ant  ile  firm. 

canvass  (kan'vas),  n.  [<  canvass,  v.]  1.  Ex- 
amination;   close  inspection;   scrutiny:  as,  a 

canvass  of  voles.  S]  a-ei  lien  1 1  y  —  2.  All  exami- 
iial  ion  or  scrutiny  of  a  body  of  men,  in  order  to 
ascerlain  their  opinions  or  their  intentions,  es- 
pecially whether  they  will  vote  for  or  against  ;i 
given  measure  or  candidate ;  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  votes  cast  or  to  be  cast  for  or 
against  a  candidate  or  bill:  as,  a  canvass  of  the 


caoutchouc 

legislature  disclosed  a  majority  of  six  in  favor 
of  the  measure. — 3.  A  seeking;  solicitation; 
specifically,  systematic  solicitation  forthe  votes 
and  support  of  a  district  or  of  individuals  by  a 
candidate  for  office  or  by  his  friends. 

No  previous  canvass  was  made  for  me. 

Buvke,  Speech  at  Bristol,  Nov.  S,  1774. 

The  fall  campaign  in  this  city  has  been  begun  already  by 
the  organization  of  a  great  anti-Tammany  movement  with 
a  general  committee  of  twelve  hundred  and  all  the  appli- 
an  i      a  an  active  canvass.  The  Kation,  \_\\  II.  i5. 

4.  Discussion;  debate. 

Worthy  the  canvass  and  discussion  of  sober  and  consid- 
erate men.        Dr.  II.  More,  Pre-existence  of  the  Soul,  I'm. 

Canvasser  (kan'vas-er),  it.  1.  One  who  solicits 
votes,  mercantile  orders,  etc. 

As  a  canvasser  he  [Wharton]  was  irresistible. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xr, 
2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  east 
for  a  public  officer;  a  scrutineer. 
canvas-stretcher  (kan'vas-streeh//eT),  n.  A 
wooden  frame  consisting  of  four  strips  mor- 
tised together,  upon  which  canvas  is  stretched 
for  artists  to  paint  upon, 
canvas-work  (kan'vas-werk),  n.  1.  Embroi- 
dery upon  cloth  over  which  canvas  has  been 
laid  to  guide  the  stitches,  the  threads  of  the 
canvas  being  then  pulled  out. — 2.  A  kind  of 
embroidery  done  in  Berlin  wool  upon  silk  can- 
vas with  plush-stitch,  which  when  completed 
has  the  appearance  of  velvet  pile.  Also  called 
raised  canvas-work.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 
cany  (ka'ni),  a.  [<  cane1  +  -y1.]  1.  Consisting 
or  made  of  cane. 

of  Sericana,  where  Chineses  drive 

With  sails  and  wind  their  cany  waggons  light. 

Milton,  1\  L.,  iii.  439. 

2.  Abounding  with  canes:  as,  cany  brakes. 

canyon,  ".  and  v.    See  cation. 

canzont,  "•  [<  It.  canzona,  canzone,  a  song,  bal- 
lad: see  canzona.]     A  poem;  a  song. 

i'annot  the  body  weep  without  the  eyes? 
Yes,  and  frame  deepest  canzonsot  lament. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  xvii. 

canzona,  canzone  (kan-zo'nS,  -ne),  n.  [It.,  a 
song,  ballad,  ode,  =  F.  chanson  =  E.  cantion,  < 
L.  cantio(n-),  a  song:  see  chanson  and  cantion.] 

1.  A  particular  variety  of  lyric  poetry  in  the 
Italian  style,  and  of  Provencal  origin,  which 
closely  resembled  the  madrigal.     Grove. 

The  Canzoniere  includes  also  a  few-  political  poems — a 

canzone  to  Italy,  one  supposed  to  be  addressed  to  Cola  di 

Rienzi,  and  several  sonnets  against  the  court  of  Avignon. 

Enciic  Brit.,  XIII.  504. 

2.  In  music  («)  A  setting  of  such  poetry,  dif- 
fering from  the  madrigal  in  being  less  elaborate 
and  artistic,  (b)  An  instrumental  piece  resem- 
bling a  madrigal. 

canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  n.  [<  It.  eanzonetta, 
dim.  of  canzone:  see  canzona.]  1.  A  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than  the 
aria  of  oratorio  or  opera. 

The  canzonet  and  roundelay. 

Rogers,  An  Italian  Song. 

I  amused  the  fair  Discretion  with  some  canzonets,  and 
other  toys,  which  could  not  but  be  ravishing  to  her  inex- 
perienced ears.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  96. 

He  drank  a  few  cups  of  claret,  and  sang  (to  himself)  a 
strophe  or  two  of  tire  canzonettes  of  the  divine  Astrophi  1 
Scott,  Monastery,  II.  131. 
Poor  soul !  I  had  a  maid  of  honour  once  ; 
She  wept  her  true  eyes  blind  for  such  a  one, 
A  rogue  of  canzonets  and  serenades. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  iv. 

2.  In  music,  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigal. 

canzonette,  ».    Same  as  canzonet. 

caouane,  caouanne  (ka-wan'),  n.  [A  F.  spell- 
ing of  a  native  W.  Ind.  namo  (NL.  caouana  I,  I 
A  name  of  the  loggerhead  turtle,  Thalasso- 
chelys  caretta  or  T.  caouana.    ./.  E.  Gray. 

caoutchin,  caoutchine  (kd'ekin),  n.    [<  caouU 

clt(tiitc)  +  -in-,  -(HA]  An  inflammable  vol- 
atile oil  produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc 
at  a  high  temperature.    Also  caoutchouein  and 

catiulcliouciut . 
Caoutchouc  (ko'chuk),  It.      [=  (1.   caau/scliiivl, 

=  Kuss.  kaitchnku,  <  F.  caoutchouc,  formerly 
also  caaiiicltaii,  from  the  native  S.  Amer.  name 
caliiicltit.]  An  elastic  gummy  substance,  the 
inspissated  milky  juice  of  various  tropical 
trees  belonging  to  the  natural  orders  Apocy- 
nacctc,  t'vticacciv,  and  Euphorbiacea! ;  india- 
rubber  (which    see).    Artificial  caoutchouc,  a 

thick  solution  of  clue  lo  uhieh  sodium  tungstate  and 
hydrochloric  acid  arc  added.  A  precipitate  of  glue  and 
tungstic  acid  is  formed,  which,  when  cool,  can  be  made 
Into  sheets.  Caoutchouc  cement.  Same  as  rubber  c*> 
ment,(b\  See  cement.-  Mineral  caoutchouc.  Seemin- 
eral.  —  Vulcanized  caoutchouc.    Sec  vulcanization. 


caoutchoucin 

caoutchoucin,  caoutchoucine  (ko'chu-sin),  n. 

Same  as  caoutchin, 
cap1  (kap),  n.     [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  cappe, 

<  ME.  <-<t/>t»,  cappc,  Lrppc,  <  AS.  cappc,  also 
eqppe,  =  OFries.  Koppe  =  Ml),  happe,  I>.  fcap  = 
T&G.l&.kappe=QHGr.chappa,MB.&.Qt.kappe 
—  Norw.  kappa  =  Sw.  kappa  =  Dan.  happe  = 
OF.  cffp^,  P.  cape,  also  chape  (<  ML.  cappa),  ;i 
cap,  hood,  cowl;  parallel  with  (2)  E.  cope1,  < 
ME.  ro^r,  earlier  cope,  <  AS.  *cape=  Ieel.  fcapa 
=  Norw.  kaapa  =  Sw.  faSpa  =  Dan.  kaabe  (< 
ML.  copa);  (3)  E.  capel,  <  ME.  r^»r,  <  Pr.  Sp. 
IV.  vapa  =  It.  cappa,  a  hood,  cape,  eloak ;  all 

<  ML.  cappa,  also  sapa,  a  cape,  a  hooded  clunk. 
a  word  of  uncertain  origin;  said  to  be  <  L.  nf- 
pere,  take,  take  in,  "quia  quasi  totum  eapial 
noininem,"  because  it  envelops,  as  it  were,  the 
whole  person  (Isidorus  of  Seville,  19,  31);  by 
others  referred  to  L.  caput,  head;  but  neither 
derivation  is  satisfactory.  See  cape*  and  copi  K 
doublets  of  cop1,  and  the  deriv.  cnapt  I,  chaplt  /, 
chaplain,  chaperon,  etc.]  1.  A  covering  for 
the  head;  a  hood;  now,  especially,  a  nead- 
covering  or  head-dress  made  of  soft  material 
and  usually  fitting  more  closely  to  the  head 
than  a  hat.  Men's  taps  are  usually  made  of  cloth,  silk, 
or  fur,  are  without  a  brim,  except  sometimes  a  peak  in 
front,  cover  the  crown  or  top  of  the  head,  and  arc  worn  as 
an  outdoor  covering.  Women's  caps  are  made  of  lace, 
muslin,  ribbons,  and  other  light  materials,  and  sometimes 
cover  both  the  back  and  sides  of  the  head,  as  well  as  the 
top.  They  are  worn  as  an  indoor  covering  or  ornament. 
Caps  are  in  many  cases  made  to  serve,  by  their  form,  color, 
■ornamentation,  etc.,  as  insignia  of  rank  or  dignity„or  em- 
blems of  particular  principles  or  occupations,  as  the  ec 
ch-siastical  mp  (sec  biretta),  the  cap  of  liberty  (see  Phry- 
gian cap,  below),  the  fool's  cap,  the  nurse's  cap,  etc, 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  cap  in  appearance, 
position,  or  use.  Specifically— (a)  I"  hot.,  the  pileus 
of  a  mushroom.  See  pileus.  (b)  In  ornith.,  the  pileum  or 
top  of  a  bird's  head,  especially  when  in  any  way  notable, 
as  by  special  coloration.  See  pileum.  (c)  A  percussion- 
cap,  (rf)  An  inner  plate  secured  as  a  cover  over  the  move- 
ment or  "works"  of  some  kinds  of  watches:  now  nearly 
disused,  (c)  Xaut. :  (1)  A  covering  of  metal  or  of  tarred 
canvas  for  the  end  of  a  rope,  to  prevent  fraying,  (ii)  A 
large  thick  block  of  wood,  strengthened  by  iron  bands, 
and  having  a  square  and  a  round  hole  in  it,  used  to  con- 
fine the  heel  of  one  mast  to  the  head  of  another  above 
which  it  is  erected.  The  square  hole  of  the  lower  cap  is 
fixed  firmly  on  the  tenon  in  the  head  of  the  lower  mast, 
while  the  topmast  traverses  through  the  round  hole.  The 
topmast-cap  is  secured  in  the  same  way  on  the  head  of  the 
topmast,  the  topgallantmast  passing  through  the  round 
hole.  The  bowsprit  also  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  through  which 
the  jib-boom  passes.  (3)  One  of  the  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others  on  which  the  keel  of  a  vessel  rests  in  the 
process  of  building.  (/)  In  bookbinding,  the  envelop  of 
paper  which  the  binder  puts  around  the  edges  of  a  book- 
cover  to  protect  it  from  injury  while  he  is  at  work  on 
other  parts  of  the  book,  (ft)  In  mack. :  (1)  The  upper  half 
of  a  journal-box  :  the  lower  half  is  called  the  pillow,  E. 
H.  Knight,  (2)  The  tire  or  face  of  a  glaze-wheel.  (:i)  The 
terminal  section  of  a  pipe  having  a  plug  at  the  end.  (4) 
The  part  connecting  a  pump-rod  with  a  working  beam. 
<5t)  The  band  connecting  the  handstatf  and  swinge!  of  a 
flail ;  the  capling.  (h)  The  movable  top  of  the  house  i  if  a 
windmill.  (i)  In  carp.,  the  uppermost  of  any  assemblage 
of  parts,  as  the  lintel  of  a  door  or  window-frame,  a  hori- 
zontal beam  joining  the  heads  of  a  row  of  piles,  etc.  (J) 
In  mining,  as  sometimes  used,  any  kind  of  rock  beneath 
which  miners  expect  or  hope  to  find  ore  in  paying  quanti- 
ties. Sometimes,  though  rarely,  it  is  used  for  outcrop, 
especially  when  this  is  comparatively  barren  of  ore.  Any 
unproductive  rock,  whether  it  be  a  portion  of  a  vein  or 
not,  may  be  called  cap  or  capping  if  valuable  ore  is  found 
beneath  it.  In  such  cases  the  lode  might  be  said  by  some 
to  be  capped,  (A)  YncoaUmining,  the  bluish  halo  of  ignited 
gas  appearing  above  and  around  the  flame  of  a  safety-lamp 
when  a  dangerous  amount  of  fire -damp  is  present.  Also 
called  blue-cap.  (I)  In  her.,  the  figure  of  a  cap  used  in 
charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an  accessory  in  a  coat  of 
arms,  sometimes  of  very  conventional  shape. 

3.  [<  foolscap,  orig.  used  with  ref.  to  the  old 
water-mark  of  the  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  A  name 
given,  with  distinctive  qualifications,  to  several 
sizes  of  writing-paper.  Foolscap,  usually  folded  the 
long  way,  ranges  from  12  x  15  to  12$  ■  15*  inches.  Law 
cap,  folded  the  narrow  way,  is  of  the  same  dimensions. 
Pot  cap  and  legal  cap,  always  flat  or  unfolded,  arc  LS  16 
inches.  Flat  cap,  or  full  cap,  is  14  x  17  inches.  Double 
cap  is  17  x  28  inches.  In  England  pot  is  12j  x  15J  inches, 
and  foolscap  or  cap  is  I3j  ■;  in',  inches.  Exchange  cap  is  a 
thin,  highly  calendered  paper  of  good  quality,  made  of  new 
stock,  and  used  for  printing  bills  of  exchange,  etc. 

4.  The  head,  chief,  or  top ;  the  acme. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive. 

Shah.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

5.  Head,  chief,  or  master.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 6. 
An  act  of  respect  performed  by  uncovering  the 
head. 

Give  a  cap  and  make  a  leg  in  thanks.  Full,-,-. 

7.  A  cap-sheaf  (which  see). — 8.  pi.  Fungi. 
[Prov.  Eng.] —  9f.  A  cape.  See  cape1.— A 
featherin  one's  cap.  See  feat  her. — Belt-rail  cap.  See 
belt-rail. —  Black  cap.  (a)  The  cap  worn  by  a  judge  when 
passing  senti  nee  of  death.  [British.]  (6)  The  cap  drawn 
over  the  head  of  a  criminal  immediately  before  he  is 
hanged. — Cap  copped,  in  her.,  a  bycocket  used  as  a  bear- 
ing.—Cap  in  crown,  m  fter.,the  cap  within  the  rim  or 
circle  of  the  crown,  and  covering  the  head.  Such  caps 
are  represented  of  different  colors,  which  are  mentioned 
51 


801 

in  the  blazon.— Cap  Of  a  camion,  a  piece  of  lead  laid 
0V6X  the  vent    to  keep  the  pruning  dry.      Also  called  an 

apron.  Cap  of  dignity.  Same  aa  cap  oj  maintenance. 
■  Cap  of  estate.    Same  as  cap  ■•<   maintenance.     Cap 

Of   fence,    any    defensive    head-dress;     speeillcall v.     ■ 

quilted,  Btuffed,  or  lined  with  Iron,  or  having  plat*     o\ 

iron   sewed    between    the   thicknesses.      See   runt   ui  iriirr, 

umler -'-"''. —Cap  of  liberty,  see  Phrygian  cap,  below. 
Cap  of  mail.  Same  as  co{f  of  mail  (which  Bee,  under 
• "''  )■  Cap  of  maintenance,  see  maintenance.  -  Four- 
cornered  cap,  the  Bquare-topped  cap  worn  in  English 
universities  and  public  Bchools.   rhe  i  ap  part  lite  close  to 

the  head,  and  is  surmounted   by  a  square  Hat  board  ni>  a 

Buring  about  a  fool  diagonally  across.  — Phrygian  cap, 

the  pointed  cap,    with    its  ape\    turned   over    toward    UK 

front,  commonly  worn  by  some  of  the  peoples  of  Asia 
Minor  In  classical  times,  and  considered  by  the  Greeks  as 
a  distinctive  pari  of  Oriental  as  contrasted  with  Hellenic 
costume,  'rids  form  of  cap  is  rno\  received  as  the  type  of 
the  cap  of  liberty.  See  cut  under  graces.  -Statutecap, 
a  woolen  cap  enjoined  to  be  worn  by  an  English  statute 

passed  in  1571  in  the  interest  of  the  cap-makers  :  as,  "  plain 

statute-caps" Shah.,  L.  I.  I,.,  v.  2.—  To  set  one's  capt, 
to  dec<  ive,  beguile,  or  cheat  one. 
Yit  this  m&wnclple  sette  here  aller[=  of  them  all]  cappe. 
Chaucer,  Gi  n.  ProL  toC.  T.,  l.  58ft, 
To  Set  one's  cap  at  or  for,  to  use  measures  to  gain  the 
regard  or  affections  of;  aim  to  secure  In  marriage:  said 
of  a  woman  in  regard  to  a  man. 
cap1  (kap),  /•. :  pret.  and   pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
ping.    [<  cap1,  «.]     I,  trans.  1.  To  put  a  cap 
on;  cover  with  or  as  with  a  cap,  in  any  sense 
of  that  word ;  cover  the  head,  top,  end,  or  some 
particular  pari  of:  as,  fco  cap  a  dunce  at  school; 
to  cap  (the  nipple  of)  a  gun. 

The  cloud-capp'd  to\t  Shah  ,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Bones  capped  bj  a  Layer  of  hard  cement. 

Owen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Hampstead  Heath  is .  .  .  formed  of  London  clay  capped 
by  bower  Bagshot  sand.         Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  25. 
The  snow  has  capped  yon  distant  hill. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  An  Old  Year  Song. 

2.  To  complete ;  consummate  ;  crown ;  bring 
to  a  climax ;  follow  up  with  something  more  re- 
markable than  what  has  previously  been  done  : 
as,  to  cap  a  story  with  its  moral ;  he  capped  this 
exploit  by  another  still  more  audacious. —  3. 
To  puzzle.  [North.  Eng.] — 4f.  To  deprive  of 
the  cap. 

As  boys  sometimes  used  to  cap  one  another. 

Spt  user,  State  of  Ireland. 

5.  To  salute  by  taking  off  the  cap:  as,  to  cap 
a  proctor. 

You  would  not  cap  the  Pope's  commissioner. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  2. 
Capped  quartz.  See  quartz.— Capped  rail,  an  iron 
rail  with  a  steel  cap  or  tread.  See  rail.  — To  cap  a  rope 
{naut),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred  canvas  or  metal. 
—  To  cap  off,  in  glass-making,  to  detach  (a  cylinder  of 
blown  glass)  by  drawing  a  circle  around  the  elosed  end. — 
To  cap  texts  or  proverbs,  to  quote  texts  or  proverhs 
alternately  in  emulation  or  contest.  See  to  cap  verses, 
below. 

I  will  cap  that  proverb  with  —  There  is  flattery  in  friend- 
ship. Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 
Henderson  and  th'  other  masses, 
Were  sent  to  cap  texts  and  put  cases. 

S.  Butler,  HudibraSj  III.  ii.  1240. 
To  cap  the  climax,  to  go  to  the  utmost  limit  in  words  or 
action  ;  exceed  expectation  or  belief:  as,  that  story  caps 
the  climax;  his  conduct  in  this  affair  caps  the  climax  of 
absurdity. 

In  due  time  the  old  gentleman  capped  the  climax  of  his 
favors  by  dying  a  Christian  death. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  445. 

To  cap  verses,  to  quote  alternately  verses  each  beginning 
with  the  same  letter  with  which  the  last  ended.  The  cap- 
ping of  Latin  verses  is  a  common  game  in  classical  schools. 
No  verse  may  he  used  twice,  and  no  hesitation  or  delay  is 
permitted;  so  that  a  moderate  proficiency  in  the  game 
supposes  several  thousand  verses  arranged  in  the  memory 
alphabetically.  If  the  correctness oi  a  verse  is  challenged, 
tie   player  who  gave  it  must  show  where  it  occurs. 

II.  intrans.  To  uncover  the  head  iu  rever- 
ence or  civility. 

still  capping,  cringing,  applauding  — waiting  at  men's 
doors  with  all  affability.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

cap-  (kap),  >/.  [Same  as  cop2  =  E.  cup,  q.  v.] 
A  wooden  bowl:  as,  a  cap  of  porridge  and  milk. 
Also  eaup.     [Scotch.] 

cap3  (kap),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
ping. [<  D.  kapen  (=  Sw.  kapa),  seize,  catch, 
make  prize  of,  as  a  privateer  or  pirate  (>  D. 
kaap,  privateering);  appar.  <  L.  capere,  take, 
seize,  capture:  sec  capable,  captive,  capture, 
etc.  HeneeicapcrS&n&capperSjV.']  1.  To  arrest. 
Twelve  shillings  you  must  pay,  or  I  must  cap  you. 

Beau,  ana  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 
Ralph  has  friends  that  will  not  suffer  him  tobe capt  for 
ten  times  so  much. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  seize;  lay  hold  of  violently;  specifically, 
to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a  prize;  hence,  to  entrap 
or  in  snare.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 
cap1  (kap),  v.  i.  :  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr. 
capping.  [Unassibilated  form  of  chap\  chap'1, 
q.  v.]  1.  To  chap,  as  the  hands. — 2.  To  wrin- 
kle.—  3.  To  coagulate.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


capacious 

cap.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  capitaJX\  (b)  of 
Latin  caput  or  capitulum,  chapter;  (c)  in  print- 
ing, of  capitah  u . 

capa  (kii'i>;i).  u.  [Sp.,  a  cloak,  cap.-:  see  capt '. 
COpl.]  1.  A  Spanish  cape  or  cloak. —  2.  A 
Cuban  tobacco  of  fine  quality,  specially  suited 
for  the  outsides  or  wrappers  of  tnebesl  cigars. 

capability  (ka-pa-bil'i-ti),  ». ;  pi.  capabilities 
(-tiz).  [<  LL. as  if  *capabilita\  t-\s,  <.  capabilie, 
capable:  Bee  capable.]  The  quality  of  being 
capable;  ability  to  receive,  or  power  to  do; 

C8  pacity  Of  undergoing  or  of  doing  ;  capacity  ; 
ability ;  eapablcness. 

There  are  nal  loM  in  the  East  so  enslaved  by  CUStom  that 

fchej  .-'■cm  to  have  l".-t  ail  pow<  r  of  change  except  the  ca- 

pahility  of  heing  destroyed.    W.  K.  Clij/ont,  Lectures.  I.  105. 

We  have  arrived  at  the  stage  where  new  capabilitu  ore 
no  longer  imperiously  demanded  by  the  advancement  oi 
culture.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  296. 

Capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.  [<  F.  capable,  capable, 
able,  sufficient,  able  to  hold,  <  LL.  capabilis, 
comprehensible,  susceptible  (the  modern  senses 
in  part  coinciding;  with  those  of  L.  capax,  ca- 
pacious), <  L.  capere,  take  hold  of,  seize,  hold, 
etc.  (whence  ult.  a  great  number  of  E.  words, 
as  capacious,  captious,  captive  =  caitiff,  capture, 
accept,  except,  intercept,  precept,  conceive,  de- 
ceive, perceive,  receive, conception,  deception,  etc., 
receptacle,  recipient,  occupy,  etc.),  =  Goth,  haf- 
jan  =  AS.  hebban,  E.  heave,  lilt,  raise,  orig. 
*  hold':  see  heave.']  If.  Able  to  hold  or  contain  ; 
sufficiently  capacious  (for) :  followed  by  of. 

The  place  chosen  was  the  cathedral  church,  capable  of 
about  400  persona.  Lord  Herbert. 

2f.  Capacious;  extensive;  comprehensive:  as, 
"a  capable  and  wide  revenge, "  ShaJc.,  Othello, 
iii.  3. —  3.  Able  to  receive;  open  to  influences; 
impressible;  receptive;  susceptible;  admitting: 
usually  followed  by  of:  as,  capable  o/pain  and 
grief;  capable  of  long  duration;  capable  of  be- 
ing  colored  or  altered:  sometimes  used  abso- 
lutely. 

His  form  and  cause  conjoin'd,  preaching  to  stones. 
Would  make  them  capable.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

If  thou  be'st  capable  of  things  serious,  thou  must  know 
the  king  is  full  of  grief.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

To  his  capable  ears 
Silence  was  music  from  the  holy  spheres. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 
We  have  no  right  to  conclude,  then,  that  the  order  of 
events  is  always  capable  of  being  explained. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  149. 

4f.  Able  to  be  received.     [Rare.] 

Lean  upon  a  rush, 
The  cicatrice  ami  capable  impressure 
Thy  palm  some  moment  keeps. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

5f.  Fitted  or  deserving  to  receive:  as,  "capa- 
ble of  mercy,"  Lord  Herbert. 

That  place  iu  the  world's  account  which  he  thinks  his 
merit  capable  of. 

B.  Jonson,  Pref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

6.  Sufficiently  able  (to  do  something):  as, 
a  man  capable  of  judging. 

Every  mind  seems  capable  of  entertaining  a  certain 
quantity  of  happiness  which  no  institutions  can  increase, 
no  circumstances  alter,  and  entirely  independent  of  for- 
tune. Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xliv. 

7.  Having  legal  power  or  capacity:  as,  a  bas- 
tard is  not  capable  of  inheriting  an  estate. 

<  >f  my  hind. 
Loyal  and  natural  hoy,  I'll  work  the  means 
To  make  thee  capable.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

8.  Possessing  a  good  degree  of  intelligence  or 
ability;  qualified;  able;  competent :  as,  a  capa- 
ble judge;  a  capable  instructor. 

To  be  born  rich  and  feeble  is  as  bad  a  fate  as  to  be  born 
poor  and  capable.  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XXV.  487. 

=  Syn.  8.  Qualified,  fitted,  adapted,  efficient,  clever,  skil- 
ful, gifted,  accomplished. 

capableness  (ka'pa-bl-nes),  ».    The  state  or 

<  l  utility  of  being  capable ;  capability;  capacity. 

capably  (ka'pa-bli),  adv.  In  a  capable  man- 
ner. 

capacifyt  (ka-pas'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  capax  (ca- 
pac-),  capable,  +  -/>/,  q.  v.]     To  qualify. 

Wisdom  capacities  us  to  enjoy  pleasantly  and  innocently 
all  good  things.  Barrow,  Sermons,  I.  i. 

capacious  (ka-pa'shus),  a.  [<  h.  capa.r  {capac-), 
able  to  contain,  able  to  contain  much,  wide, 
large,  spacious,  also  capable,  susceptible  (<  ca- 
pere,  bold,  contain:  see  capable),  +  -ous.  For 
the  term.jCf.  audacious, fallacious.']  If.  Capa- 
ble of  receiving  or  holding:  as,  n  jar  capacious 
of  20  gallons. —  2.  Capable  of  holding  much; 
roomy;  spacious:  us,  a  capacious  vessel :  a  ca- 
pacious bay  or  harbor;  a  capacious  mind  or 
memory. 

Down  sunk  a  hollow  bottom  broad  and  deep, 
Capaciovs  bed  of  waters.        Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  290. 


capacious 

The  fancy  whicl  d  Burke]  had  in  common 

withal)  mankind,  and  vers  probablj   in  no  eminent  de 

in  him  was  urged  into  unusual  activity  under  the 

.ilitl.L'. 

Rhetoric 

3f.  Disposed  to  receive  or  taki  i       msive 

views 

I  write  not  to  such  translators,  but  ton. 

of  n  niua  of  their  authors.  wit&oul  which  all 

their  labour  win  be  oi  no  use  bul  to  disgrace  themselves, 

and  injira  the  author  that  falls  into  their  slaughter-house. 

Dryden,  Life  of  Lucian. 

capaciously  (ka-pa'shus-li),  adv.    in  a 
cious  manner  o 

capaciousness  (kf-pS'slms-iies),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capacious.  ;  large- 

mpn  hensiveness ;  power  <>i 
taking  a  wide  sun  1  to  the  mind, 

capacitate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
apacitating.    [<  capacity  + 
.  thf  equiv.  It.  capacitare,  from  an  as- 
sumed L.  '.]     1.  To  make  capable ; 
enable. 

By  this  instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  ob 

Dryden. 

Spi  icifically —  2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers ; 
qualify:  as,  tocfflpocitofeoneforanoffi.ee. 
capacitation  i  ka-pas-i-ta'shon),  n.    [<  capaci- 
I.]    The  act  of  making  capable. 

"'•1 
capacity  (ka-pas'i-ti),  v. ;  pi.  capacities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  capacity  =  Pr.  capacitat  =  Sp.  capaci- 
dad  =  Pg.  capacidade  =  It.  capacita,  <  L.  ca- 
padta{t-)s,  <  capax  {capac-),  able  to  contain: 
gee  capacious.]  1.  The  power  of  receiving 
or  containing;  specifically,  the  power  of  con- 
taining a  certain  quantity  exactly;  cubic  con- 

Our  globe  is  Bailing  on  through  space,  like  some  huge 

ocean  steamer,  whose  capacity  for  coal  is  strictly  limited, 

ft.  /'.  Hitchcock,  Address 48th  Anniv.  I'n.  Theol.  Sem. 

2.  Receptivity^  susceptibility  to  being  pas- 
sively affected  in  any  way;  power  of  receiving 
impressions,  or  of  being  acted  upon. 

1  aniltv  ...  is  properly  limited  to  active  power,  ami, 
therefore,  is  abusively  applied  to  the  mere  passive  affec- 
tions of  mind.  Capacity,  on  the  other  hand,  is  more  prop- 
erly limited  to  these.  Its  primary  signification,  which  is 
literalh  room  for,  as  well  as  its  employment,  favors  this; 
although  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  examples  of  its 
usage  ni  an  active  sense.  Leibnitz,  as  far  as  I  know,  was 
si  who  limited  its  psychological  application  to  the 
nies  uf  mind.  .  .  .  The  active  [power]  may  be  called 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  passive  mi^lit  he  called  capacity, 
or  vi   eptivity. 

Sir  H'.  Il'ii, lii/inK  Metaphysics,  Bowen's  Abridgment,  viii. 
Capacity  signi fit  9  greater  passivenessor  receptivity  than 
.  .  .  [power  or  faculty).  Hence  it  is  more  usually  applied 
t"  thai  in  tie'  soul  by  which  it  does  or  can  suffer,  or  to 
dormant  and  Inert  possibilities  to  he  aroused  to  exertions 
of  strength  or  skill,  or  to  make  striking  advances  through 
education  and  habit.       .V.  Porter.  Human  Intellect,  ;  :;o. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  as,  mental  capacity; 
the  capacity  of  a  substance  to  resist  pressure. 

Hate,  and  fear,  and  re ree,  and  crime  have  in  them  the 

t>i  of  -tilling'  in  us  a  horror  of  moral  repugnance 
such  as  pagan  art  had  no  means  of  awakening.    J.  ( -aird. 
Mans  capacities  have  never  been  measured. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  12. 
Powhatan  gaue  him  Namontack  Ins  trustie  servant,  and 

one  ol  a  Bhrewd,  BUbtill  '■■' 

Quoted  in  Copt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  167. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense ;  legal  quali- 
In  atom  ;  Legal  power  or  right:  as,  a  man  or  a 
corporation  may  have  it  capacity  to  give  or  re- 

ci  ive  anil  hold  estate;  A  vrns  present  at  the 
meeting  in  his  eajiaciti/  of  director  (that  is,  in 
virtue  of  his  legal  iiualification  as  a  director). 

r  that,    that  the  same    Master  and   Wardeyns,    and 

tie  ir  successours,  slinid  be  perpetual!  and  haue  capacite. 

I  QUd   -I     I     I    -  i,  p.  810. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  capacity  of  governing  by 

di  Ing  tie'  erroi  Brougham. 

Hence — 5.  Character;  profession ;  occupation ; 
function. 

d.sire'  my  thoughts  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  a  mem- 
he  same  in  both 

Swift. 
6t.  A  license;  authorization. 

depart,  and  most  of  them, 
depart  t"  he 

lie    desired    In    he     BSSigl 

othi  i  i 

/;    ie.  /,  ton.  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  v. 
Breathing  capacity.  icity. 

Capacity  for  neat 
the  temperature  ol  »  In    I  he  pro 

llllet     Ol 

called  e     Capacity  of  a 

conductor,  i  Ity  required 

i 

lent  | 

: 


S02 

like  the  Leyden  jar.  The  unit  •<*'  capacity  is  the  farad, 
or,  practically,  the  microfarad.  See  farad.  Differential 
capacity,  extreme  differential  capacity,  or  vital 
capacity,  the  amount  of  air  which  can  be  expelled  to  en 
tie'  Lungs  bj  tli'-  greatesl  possible  expiration  after  the 
i  possible  Inspiration.  It  is  usually  about  214  cu- 
specific  inductive  capacity,  In  elect.,  the 
ratio  "t  capacity  of  an  accumulator  formed  of  the  di- 
electri  whose  specific  capacity  is  spoken  of  to 

the  capacity  of  an  accumulator  of  the  same  form  and  size 
mi.  i  with  air.  — Standard,  measure  of  capacity.    See 
re.    Thermal  capacity  of  a  body,  in  thermody- 
namics, the  quantity  of  heat  required  t<-  raise  its  tern 

perature  bj  one  degre the  absolute  thermodynamic 

scale,    Sir  H     •  Encye.  Brit.,  XI.  676.— Vital  ca- 

pacity. Same  as  differential  capacity. =&yn.  1.  Dimen- 
sions. -3.  Aptitude,  i'uenltu  (see  ariiius),  turn,  forte,  apt- 
ness ;  Ability,  Capacity  (pee  abilvty).—  ib.  Office,  sphere, 

pOSl  .   fine  I  I.  ill. 

capade  (ka-pad'),  ».     [Origin  uncertain.]    In 

hat-making,  a  bat.     E.  II.  Knight. 
cap-a-pie  (kap-a-pe'),  adv.     [Earlier  alsoeY//<-a- 

pe,  cap-a-pei .  capapee,  cape-a-pe;  <  OF.  de  cap 

a  pic,  from  head  to  foot  (now  de  pied  en  cap, 
from  foot  to  head):  cap,  head  (see  cape2);  pie, 
pied,  <  L.  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot,  q.  v.]  From 
head  to  foot ;  all  over.  Also  written  cap-a-pie. 
See  cuts  under  armor. 

Arm  d  at  all  points,  exactly,  cap-a-pe. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

A  yellow  ointment,  with  which,  after  they  [the  Indians] 
have  bathed,  they  anoint  themselves  capapee. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iii.  If  42. 

Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen, 
armed  cap-a-pie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  to  evening. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-spn),  v.  [<  OF.  caparas- 
son,  caperasson,  V.  cdparacon,  <  Sp.  caparaeon 

=  Pg.  capara~ao,  a  cover  for  a  saddle,  a  cover 
for  a  coach,  a  kind  of  aug.  of  capa,  a  cloak, 
cover,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a  cape:  see  cop1  and 
cape1.]  1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less 
ornamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  of  a  sumpter-horse  or 
horse  of  state. 

What  cares  he  now  for  curb  or  pricking  spur  ? 

For  rich  caparisons  or  trapping  gay'.' 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  286. 

Hence — 2.  Clothing,  especially  sumptuous 
clothing;  equipment;  outfit. 

My  heart  groans 
Beneath  the  gay  caparison. 

Smollett,  The  Regicide,  iii.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  v.  t.  [<  caparison,  ».] 
1.  To  cover  with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse. — 2. 
To  dress  sumptuously ;  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

caparisoned  (ka-par'i-sond),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  ca- 


War-horsc  Caparisoned,  from  seal  of  Philip  of  Burgundy. 

parUson,  ».]     1.  Covered  with  a  caparison  or 
decorated  cloth,  as  a  horse ;  decked ;  adorned. 
The  steeds,  caparison'd  with  purple,  stand 
With  golden  trappings,  glorious  to  behold.    Dryden. 

2.  In  her.,  harnessed:  used  of  a  horse  when 

saddled  and  prepared  for  the  field Caparisoned 

ancient,  in  her.,  covered  with  harding  and  housse. —  Ca- 
parisoned modern,  in  her.,  having  saddle,  etc.,  like  a 
i hiii cavalry  charger. 

capcaset  (kap'kas),  ».  A  case  for  containing 
caps,  collars,  or  other  articles  of  apparel;  a 
small  traveling-ease.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury it  seems  to  have  become  a  receptacle  for 
papers,  money,  etc. 
A  capcase  for  your  limn  and  your  plate. 

Fletcher  {"mi  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  v.  1. 
Shutupina    ilveri  i   case.    Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  602. 

cape1  I  kap),  n.  |<  ME.  cape,  <  <>L.  cope,  p.  cape, 
-I  'i  .i  Lbilated  chape,  =  Pr.  Sp,  Pg.  capa  = 
It.  cappa,  :\  cloak,  cape,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape,  whence  also  by  difft  renl  channels  E.  cap1 
and  cope1,  which  are  thus  doublets  of  capi ' :  see 
cop1,  cope1.']  1.  A  circular  covering  for  the 
shoulders  and  adjacent  parts,  either  separate 
or  attached  to  the  top  id'  a  garment,  as  that 
of  a  gown  or  an  overcoat. —  2.  A  short  circu- 


capellane 

lar  garment  hanging  from  the  shoulders,  worn 
for  protection  against  the  weather. — 3.  The 
coping  of  a  wall.  [North.  Eng.]  —  4.  pi. 
Ears  of  corn  broken  off  in  thrashing.  [North. 
Eng.] 

cape-  (kap),  h.  [<  F.  cap,  a  cape,  headland, 
head  of  a  ship,  also  lit.  a  head,  <  It.  ciipn  —  Sp. 
Pg.  cabo,  a  cape,  headland,  end,  extremity. 
It.  also  lit.  a  head,  <  L.  caput,  head:  see  caput, 
capital1,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into 
a  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the  adjoining  coast -1  ine, 
—  2.  [cap.]  A  wine  resembling  sherry  or  canary, 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.— Cape  ash.  See 
tuhl. — Cape  chestnut,  jasmin,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

cape-  (kap),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  caped,  ppr. 
citpintj.  [<  cape-,  n.,  after  the  orig.  F.  cap,  iu 
sense  of  'head  of  a  ship';  cf.  F.  ntettre  U  cap 
an  uord  (sud,  etc.),  bear  north  (south,  etc.).] 
Naut.,  to  keep  a  course;  head  or  point:  as,  how 
does  she  capet 

cape:!  (ka'pe),  it.  [ML.,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
impv.  of  L.  capere,  take :  see  cajntble.']  In  Eng- 
land, a  judicial  writ,  now  abolished,  used  in 
proceedings  by  the  king  or  a  feudal  lord  to  re- 
cover land  on  the  default  of  a  tenant:  called 
cape  from  its  initial  word.  The  cape  magnum,  or 
grand  cape,  was  the  writ  for  possession  when  the  tenant 
failed  to  appear.  The  cape  parvum,  or  petit  cape,  was  the 
shorter  writ  issued  when  the  plaintiff  prevailed  after  the 
tenant  had  appeared. 

cape4t,  ''•  i.  [ML.  copew  =  MLG.  LG.  kapen  = 
OlIG.  cltapjTn.  MUG.  I.tiji/t  n,  gaze,  stare,  gape; 
in  form  a  cliff,  word  from  gape,  in  which  in  E. 
it  is  now  absorbed :  seeaopc]     To  gaze;  gape. 

This  Nicholas  sat  aye  as  stille  as  stoon, 

And  evere  caped  [var.  gapttd]  upward  into  the  eir. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  JS7. 

cape-a-pet,  adv.    See  cap-a-pie. 
cape-cloakt  (kap'kfck),  ».   A  cloak  with  a  cape, 
caped  (kapt),  a.     [<  cope*  +  -erf2.]     Furnished 
with  a  cape  or  tippet. 

He  [Lord  Kilmarnock]  wears  a  caped  riding  coat,  and 
has  not  even  removed  his  laced  hat. 

X.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  429 

capel1!,  capleH,  «•  [ME.,  also  capul,  etc.,  = 
Ieel.  kapall,  <  Gael,  capull  =  Ir.  capull,  capal,  < 
L.  caballus,  a  horse:  see  cabal2  and  cheval.~\  A 
horse. 

And  gaf  hym  capeles  to  hws  cart. 

Piers  Plowman  <(.'),  xxii.  333. 
Bothe  hey  and  cart  and  eek  his  copies  thre. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  I.  256. 

capel2,  caple2  (ka'pl),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  a  wall  of  a  lode :  so  called  by  Cornish 
miners,  and  chiefly  when  the  country  closely  ad- 
jacent  to  the  lode  itself  has  been  more  or  less 
altered  by  those  chemical  agencies  under  the 
influence  of  which  the  latter  was  formed.  This 
alteration  usually  shows  itself  in  a  silicitieation  and  harden- 
ing of  the  rock.  The  capels  are  sometimes  themselves  so 
impregnated  with  metalliferous  particles  as  to  he  worth 
working;  in  such  eases  they  are  usually  recognized  as 
forming  a  part  of  the  lode.  If  barren  of  ore.  they  are 
con-id e red  as  belonging  to  the  country.  At  the  Mary  Ann 
wheal  for  mine)  in  Cornwall,  and  perhaps  in  other  mines, 
the  capel  is  called  the  cab;  it  is  there  described  as  con- 
sisting of  ehalee.lonie  .plait/,  and  is  eonsiilerii!  as  In  ing 
apart  of  the  lode,  although  barren  of  ore.  The  word  is 
rarely  heard  outside  of  Cornwall.  In  the  United  states 
casing  takes  its  place  to  some  extent. 

capel3  (ka'pl),  «.  [Cf.  cap1,  n„  2,  and  capling.] 
The  horn  joint  which  connects  the  two  parti 
of  a  flail.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

capelan  (kap'o-lan),  h.  1.  A  fish  of  the  family 
littilitlic,  Gadus  minutus,  the  poor. —  2.  Same  as 

ctijilin2. 
capelin  (kap'e-lin),  it.     Same  as  ctijilin2. 

capeline,  capelline  (kap'e-lin),  «.    [<  F.  cape- 

linc=  Sp.  Pg.  capcllintt  —  It.  eappclliiitt.  <  ME. 
capeUina,  a  pi  linn,  cappilina, 
dim.  of  cnpclla,  itself  a  dim. 
of  capa,  cappa,  a  cap,  hood: 


see  cap1,  cape1.]  A  small 
skull-cap  of  iron  worn  by  light- 
armed  men,  such  as  archers, 
in  the  middle  ages.  Also 
written  cappeline,  chap/line, 
Capella  (ka-pel'a),  «.  |L.,  a 
star  so  called,  lit.  a  she-goat,  capeline,  '3,h  on- 
dim,  of  capra,  a  she-goat:  see    '"'    v; ',    '"i S 

1-1         ,         ,  ..°    j.j..,      •  t. mi. ol      hut      not     at- 

cnpir1.}     A  star,  the  filth  in    t...  t,.-. t  t„  it 
H.eheavens derof  bright-     ■ 

iicss.  It  is  sitiiutYil  on  tin.:  left 
shoulder  of  Auriga,  in  front  cf  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  "('  a 
line  with  the  two  northernmost  M  the  seven  stars  forming 
1  In  lee  -■  \V  ain  ;  ami  it.  is  easily  recognized  hj  the  pros 
iniiiv  of  "the  Kids,"  three  stars  <>f  the  fourth  magnitude 
forming  an  isosceles  triangle.  The  color  of  <'a)»*lta  is 
nearly  the  same  as  thai  of  i  lie  mn.    Sec  cut  und<  i    I  ■ 

capellanet  (kap'e-lan),  h.  [<  ML.  capellanus: 
sec  chaplain."]  A  chaplain;  a  ourateof  a  chap- 
el.     I'llthr. 


capellet  803  capibara 

[<  F.  capelet,  <  LL.  capern  (kS'per),  ».  [=  O.  kaper  =  F.  capre,  <  havinga  wedge-shaped  shell  gapingal  the  broad 
little  cap,  dim.  of  ca  D.  kaper  (=  Dan.  ^i/»r  =  Sw.  kapare),  apriva-  end:  the  largest  oi  British  bivalves.  [Local  at 
teer,<fay>e»  =  Sw.«opa(cf.  Gr.  kapern  =  Dan..  Plymouth  in  England.] 
itapre,  from  the  noun),  take,  seize,  make  a prize  capernoity  (kap-er-noi'ti),  a.  [Also  capper- 
of  at  sea :  see  caps.]  Naut.,  a light-armedves-  noity^ -notUe,  -mutie^-noited ;  formation  oncer 
ael  of  the  seventeenth  century,  used  by  the 
Hutch  for  privateering. 

ih.  trade  Into  the  Straight  can  neither  he  secured  by 
..ni  own  convoys,  nor  bj  Hie  French  Beets  in  the  Mediti 

i ih-   i nihil  capers. 

sir  II'.  '/'.  in,'/.'.  To  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  Works,  T.  122. 


capellet  (kap'e-let),  n. 
eapelletum,  capelletus,  a 
piliii,  a  cap,  cape,  hood,  dim.  of  capa,  cappa,  a 

cap,  capo:  see  cap1,  rape'1.]     A  kind  of  .swell 
ing  like  a.  wen,  growing  on  the  back  pari   of  ;i 
horse's  hock,  or  on  the  point  of  the  elbow.  Also 
written  capulet. 

capellina  iSp.  pron.  ka-pe-lye'na),  ».  [Sp.,  an 
iron  helmet,  the  headpiece  of  a  helmet:  see 
capeline.]     In  the  western  mining  districts  of 


U.  Balleck. 
capelline,  n.    See  capeline. 
capellmeister,  ».    See  kapellmeister. 
cape-merchantt,  cap-merchantt,  ».     [An  E. 

in in.  of  It .  capo,  head  i  see  capi  *),  +  mi  rcante, 

merchant  (see  mi  rein  mi).  ]   A  master  merchant. 

Specillcally— (<i)  The  purser  or  supercargo  of  a  ship.  (6) 
The  chut  manager  of  a  trading  expedition  or  of  a  factory. 

Euery  of  the  pettie  marchants  t.i  shewe  las  reckoning 
to  (lie  i-apr  man-haul,  when  they,  or  ;m\  "i  them,  Bhall  be 
required.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  1.  228. 

Tlie  president  and  Captain  Martin's  sickness  compelled 

pic  tu  lie  ca/ir-ui'  reliant. 

I  -a  plain  ./aim  Smith,  Quoted  in  Tyler's  Anier.  Lit.,  I.  23. 

caper1  (ka'per),  '.  i.  [Short  for  eqniv.  capri- 
ole, formerly  spelled  capreall,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap  about  as  a  goat  or  kid  (capriola,  > 
W. capriole,  now  cabriole,  a  caper,  a  capriole),  < 
capriolo,  a  kid  (as  dim.  of  caprio,  a  roebuck,  a 
wild  goat),  <  L.  capreoltis,  a  kind  of  wild  goat, 
dim.  of  (ML.)  capreus,  in  fern,  form  eaprea.  a 
wild  goat,  prop,  adj.,  <  caper,  m.  (ML.  also  <■</- 
bnnn-)),  a  he-goat,  copra,  f.,  a  she-goat  (>  It. 
capro,  m.,  copra,  f.,=  Sp.  cabron,m.,  cabra,i., 
=  Pg.  cabro,  m..  eabra,i.,  =Pr.  rubra,  f.,  =  F. 
cabri  (<  ML.  capritus),  m.,  OF.  chevre,  rim  m . 
F.  chevre,  f.,  >  ult.  E.  cheveril,  chevr(  tte,  chi  won, 
etc.).  Cf.  Gr.  nairpoc,  a  boar;  AS.  hcefer  =  Icel. 
hafr,  a  buck,  a  he-goat.  See  eapret,  capriole.'] 
To  leap ;  skip  or  jump ;  prance ;  spring :  as,  to 
caper  about  (as  a  lamb  or  a  child);  "making 
a  roan  horse  caper,"  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and 
Elaine. 

He  cavers,  he  dances,  lie  has  eyes  of  youth. 

Shale,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iii.  2. 

caper1  (ka'per),  n.  [<  coper1,  v.]  A  leap;  a 
skip  or  spring,  as  in  dancing  or  mirth,  or  in  the 
frolic  of  a  kid  or  lamb,  or  a  child;  hence,  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action ;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers. 

Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
To  cut  capers.  See  cut. 
caper-  (ka'per),  n.  [Of  the  product,  usually  in 
pi.  capers ;  ME.  caperis,  cappares,  capperis,  after 
L. ;  <  F.  capre,  cappre,  now  cdpre  =  It.  eappero 
(=  Sp.  Pg.  with  Ar.  article  alcaparra)  =  D.  hop- 
per =  G.  kaper  =  Dan.  /capers  =  Sw.  kapris,  <  L. 
capparis,  <  Gr.  nairtrapic,  the  caper-plant,  a  ca- 
per. <  Ar.  kabbar,  qabbdr  =  Pers.  kdbar,  capers.] 
A  plant,  Capparis  spinosa,  the  buds  of  which 
(called  capers)  are  much  used  as  a  condiment. 
The  bush  is  a  low  shrub,  growing  on  old  walls,  in  Assures 
of  rocks,  or  among  rubbish,  in  the  countries  bordering  the 


tain'.]    Crabbed;  irritable;  peei  ish.  Jamii  on. 

[Scotch.] 
capernoity  (kap-er-noi'ti  i,  ».     [Cf.  capernoity, 

a.  J    The  noddle.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
caperont,  «•     [<  It.  capperone,  aug.  of  capparo, 

caper.]     A  kind  of  caper.      Sec  extract . 

■  roni  ilt.l.  a  kind  ei  gri  at  i  apers  for  salli  to,  call*  d 

-',!.<.  Fl    •  • 


wrinkle,  draw  together  in  wrinkle,,.  ]    To  I'rovv  n. 

Coles,  1717. 
caper-bush  (ka'per-bush),«.     Same  as  caper*. 
capercaillie,  capercailzie  (ka-per-kal'yf),  n. 

LA    ' '-word   of  uncertain  etyn...  and  hence   Caper-saUCe  (ka'per-sas ).  ». 

of  unstable  form;  also  written  capercally,  and  ^  ()1.  contaming  capers: 
formerly  capercaitte,  -cayllie,  -catu  .  -collie,  -can, 
-caly,  -hull a.  -caleg,  -cail,  -kaillie,  cobber-kely; 
also  cajiercailyir,  "capercailye  or  wilde  horse" 
(Boece,  tr.,  s..  d.  1536),  capt  rcalyeant ,  and  (with 
repr.  the  old  form  of  y,  and  properly  pro- 
nounced ij)  capercailzie  (a.  d.  1621),  -calee  (said 
to  have  been  first  used  a.  ii.  1578),  -kailzei, etc. ; 


I 

Capercaillie  ( Tetrao  urogallus). 

Latinized  capriealca ;  a  Sc.  word  of  Gael,  ori 


caper-plant  (ka'per-planl  >.  ».    Same  as  caper*. 

capers  t  ka'per/.  i.  ti.  pi.     The  buds  of  the  capi  r- 

plant.    See  caper*. 

A  sauce  seasoned 
usually    a    white, 

sauce. 

Caper-Spurge  (ka'per-sperj),  h.     A  plant.   In 
phorbia    l.nllnjris,  u.lso   culled  irild  caper.     See 

caper*  and  spurge. 

caper-tea  (ka 'per- te),  ».  A  peculiar  kind  of 
black  lea,  with  u  knotty  curled  leaf,  so  aami  d 
from  ils  fancied  resemblance  to  the  caper. 

caper-tree  (ka'per-tre).  n.  The  Capparis  no- 
buis,  a  small  tree  of  Australia,  with  a  pulpj 
fruit  of  the  size  of  a  large  orange. 

Capetian  (ka-pe'shian),  a.  [After  F.  <  apdtU  ». 
<  Capet.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pos- 
terity of  Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  the  Frankish  Carolingians  on 
the  throne  of  France  (a.  d.  987) :  as,  the  < 'ape- 
Han  family  or  dynasty;  Capetian  documents. 
The  succeeding  royal  houses  (that  of  \  nine,.  [328,  mid  that 
of  Bourbon,  15S9)  being  of  the  same  blood,  Capet  was  pi  ipu- 
larly  considered  their  family  name;  hence  Louis XVI.  was 
arraigned  before  the  .National  Convention  under  the  name 
of  Louis  Capet. 

capeuna  (kap-e-8'nS),  n.    [Braz.]     A  fish  of 

the  family  Ilieuml, malic,  Hecmulon  tririllulimi 
or  ijiiailrilineatilill.  It  has  a  more  slender  body  and 
smaller  mouth  than  most  of  its  congeners,  and  the  body 
has  three  or  four  distinct  longitudinal  golden  streaks  on 
the  sides.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  Brazilian 
coast.  Also  called  white  grunt. 
cape-weed  (kap'wed),  h.  1.  The  archil  lichen, 
Boccella  tmctoria:  so  called  from  the  Cape 
Verd  islands,  whence  the  article  is  exported. 
—  2.  In  Australia,  the  Cryptostemma  calendula- 
cea,  a  composite  plant  of  South  Africa  (the 


gin,  the  Gael,  form  being  cctpull-coille,  explained    Cape),  allied  to  the  marigold,  which  has  become 


extensively  naturalized  in  some  districts 
capful  (kap'ful),  n.     [<  cap1  +  -Jul.]     As  much 
as  fills  a  cap ;  a  small  quantity. 
There  came  a  earful  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 

W.  II.  Russell. 
A  capful  of  wind  (naut.),  a  moderate  gale  lasting  only  a 
short  time. 

I  warrant  you  you  were  frightened,  wa'n't  you,  last 
night,  when  it  blew  but  a  capful  of  wind. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 


as  the  '  cock  of  the  wood,'  or  lit.  the  '  horse  of 
the  wood'  (appar.,  like  the  NL.  name  urogaU 
Iks,  '  ox-cock,'  in  ref.  to  its  size),  <  cupiill,  horse, 
or  rather  mare  (see  capeft),  +  coille,  a  wood, 
forest.  But  the  Gael,  form  may  be  an  acconi. 
one,  and  the  word  is  otherwise  explained  as  < 
Gael.  caVhar,  a  hawk,  any  old  bird,  +  coUeach, 
acock.  Cf.  Gael.  comp.  coileach-coille,  a  wood- 
cock (coille,  a  wood);  coileach-d ubli,  a  black- 
cock (dubh,  black);  coileach-fraoich,  a  moor-  capni  kaph  (kaf ),  «.  [Heb.  Icaph.]  An  ancient 
cock  or  red-grouse  cock  (fraoch,  heath,  moor) ;  Jewish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  2A  pints. 
coileach-oidhche,  an  owl,  lit.  night-cook  (pidhche,  caphar  (kaf'iir).  n.     [Ar.  khafar,  road-guard. 


Caper-bush  ( Capparis  spinosa ). 


Mediterranean.  The  buds  are  collected  and  preserved  in 
vinegar.  In  sonic  parts  of  Italy  the  unripe  fruit  is  em- 
ployed in  the  same  way.  Also  called  caper-bush  or  caper- 
plant,  and  formerly  caper-tree. 

The  caper  plant,  with  its  white-and-purple  blossoms, 
flourishes  among  the  piles  of  rubbish. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  206. 

Bean-caper,  the  Zygophyllum  Wabago,  the  flower-buds  of 
which  arc  used  as  capers.— 'Wild caper,  the  caper-spurgi 
Euphorbia  Lathyris,  whose  immature  capsules  are  used 
as  a  substitute  for  real  capers. 


night.).]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood-grouse, 
Tetrao  urogallus,  the  largest  of  the  gallinaceous 
birds  of  Europe,  the  male  sometimes  weighing 
12  to  13  pounds.  It  is  most  frequently  found  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  Norway  and 
Sweden  being  its  favorite  homes.  For  some  time  it  was 
almost  or  wholly  extinct  in  Great  Britain;  but  it  now 
again  holds  a  place  in  the  British  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  The  male  is  commonly 
called  the  mountain-cock  or  cock-of-the-woods. 

capercalzet,  »■     Same  as  capercaillie. 

caperclawt,  capperclawt,  v.   t.     [Erroneous 
forms  of  clappi  rchni:]     To  tear  with  the  nails; 
clapperclaw;  abuse. 
He  caperclaweth  I'.cza  very  sore.  Birch. 

caper-cutting  (ka'per-kut'ing),  a.    Dancing  in 
a  frolicsome  manner;  flighty.     Beau,  and  Fl. 
caperdewsiet,    »»•      [Origin    unknown.]      The 
stocks. 

1  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye, 
And  free  your  heels  from  caperaewsie. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  i.  831. 

caperer  (ka'per-6r),  n.  One  who  capers,  leaps, 
and  skips  about,  or  dances  frolicsomely. 

The  nimble  capi  rer  on  the  cord. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

caperkailliet  (ka-per-kal'ye),  ».  Same  as  ca- 
percaillie. 

caperlash  (ka'per-lash),  n.  [E.  dial.]  Abusive 
language.     Ilnlliircll.     [North.  Eng.] 

caperlonger  (ka-per-long'ger),  n.  [<  It.  cappa 
longa  (now  lunga),  pi.  " cappelonghe,  a  kinde  of 
long  skallops  or  cockles"  (Florin  i:  cappa,  a 
cape;  longa,  Vunga,  fern,  of  longo,  lungo,  long: 
see  cape1  and  Ion;/1.]  A  bivalve  uiollusk  of  the 
family  1'innidie  or  wing-shells,  Pinna  pectinata, 


road-toll,  <  khafara,  watch,  guard.]  1.  A  post 
or  station  where  money  is  collected  from  pas- 
sengers for  maintaining  the  security  of  the 
roads. 

I  and  my  horse  swam  separately  ashore :  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  thence  was  a  caphar,  or  turnpike. 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  lvi. 

2.  The  tax  so  collected. 

These  Caphars  are  certain  duties  which  Travellers  are 
obliged  to  pay,  at  several  passes  upon  the  Road,  to  Offi- 
cers, who  attend  in  their  appointed  Stations  to  receive 
t heui.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  4. 

In  the  self  same  place  a  Temple  was  erected,  .  .  .  unto 
which  the  Arabians  would  not  suffer  us  to  ascend,  .  .  . 
untill  we  had  payed  the  caphar  they  demanded. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (1662),  p.  135. 

capias  (ka'pi-as),  n.  [L.,  take  (impv.),  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  subj.  (an  impv.  use)  of  capi  re,  take: 
see  capable.]  In  /((»',  a  writ  in  a  civil  action 
directing  that  the  person  of  the  defendant  be 
taken  into  custody.  The  commonest  kinds  are  the 
capias  ad  respondendum  (take  to  auswer),  which  is  is* 
-ne, |  to  arrest  before  judgment  (this  is  the  usual 
when  the  word  capias  is  used  alone),  and  the  capi 
satisfaciendum  (take  to  satisfy,  usually  abbreviated  to 
ca.  8a.),  which  is  issued  after  judgment,  for  execution 
a  niist  the  pel-son.  A  testatum  capias  was  a  second  or 
further  writ,  allow,,!  in  certain  cases  where  the  return  of 
the  tirst  attesteit  the  absence  of  the  defendant 

capibara  (kap-i-ba'ra),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.,  froi 
native  name.]  The  oabiai,  carpincho,  or  gi 
gantic  water-oavy  of  South  America.  Hydro- 
chosrus  capibara,  the  largest  living  quadruped 
belonging  to  the  hystrieomorphic  series  of  the 
simplieiilent  rodents  ;  the  type  and  only  know  n 
representative  of  the  fainilx  Hydrocha  rides,  n 
I-  elated  to  the  ear, i, la.  but  distinguished  from  them  by 
certain  cranial  and  dental  characters.    The  animal 


capibara 

or 4  feet  long,  has  a  massive  body,  :i  heavy  Mat  head, 

I  itoul  legs  with 
hoof-like  claws,  a  mere  stump  of  a  tail,  coarse  pelage,  and 

pounds.     It 
1 1  ciallj  common  in 


AJ*, 


"%» 


Capibai  :l<ara). 

Brazil  and  among  I  ol  the  i.a  Plata,  living  gen- 

erally in  small  companies  in  the  heavy  vegetation  of  the 
banks,  and  on  alarm  taking  t"  the  water,  in  which  it 
swims  and  dives  with  ease.     It  is  mild  and  inoffensive  in 

disposition,  and  i^  easily  tai 1.    The  Sesh  is  edible.    Also 

called  r.    Also  written  capybara, 

in  shaded  nooks  beneath  tin-  boughs,  the  capybaras, 
rabbi  ivent  paddling  sleepily  round 

and  round.  Kingsley,  Westward  II"  p.  356. 

capidgi  (kap'i-ji),  n.  [<  Turk,  qapiji,  lit.  a  por- 
ter, doorkeeper,  <  qapi,  door,  gate.]  An  execu- 
tioner in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

In  Turkey  ami  Persia,  when  the  enemies  of  a  great  man 
haw  sufficient  influence  to  procure  a  warrant  for  his  death, 
exei  utioner  is  despatched  with  it  to  the  vic- 
tim, w 'ho  quietly  submits  to  his  fate. 
T.  II.  Home,  Intm. I.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script,  III.  140. 

capillaceous  (kap-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  eapilla- 
ceus,  hair-like,  of  hair,  <  eapillus,  hair:  see 
capillary."]  Hair-like  in  dimensions  or  appear- 
ance :  capillary, 
capillaire  (kap-i-lar'),  n.  [F.,  the  maidenhair 
fern  {=1$.  capillary,  «..;>).  and  a  syrup  made  from 
it,  <  LL.  eapmaris  (sc.  /"  rba,  herb),  maidenhair: 
see  capillary."]  1.  The  maidenhair  fern,  Adian- 
him  CapUlus-Veneris. —  2.  A  kind  of  syrup  pre- 
pari  id  with  maidenhair  torn ;  also,  by  extension, 
any  simple  syrup,  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavored 
with  orange-flowers  or  orange-flower  water, 
capillament  (ka-pil'a-men1 1,  n.  [<  L.  capilla- 
mentum,  the  hair,  hairy  fibers  of  plants,  <  ea- 
pillus, hair:  Bee  capillary.]  A  filament  or  fine 
fiber;  specifically,  in  hut.,  the  filament  forru- 
ingthe  stalk  of  the  stamen;  a  small  fine  thread 
like  a  hair. 
The  solid  capillament*  of  the  nerves. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  224. 
capillarimeter  (kap'i-la-rim'e-ter),  n.    [<  L. 
...    (Bee  capillary)  +  metrum,  measure.] 
A  device    for  testing  oils  by  the  size  of  the 
drops  which  tall  from  a  point  of  standard  size 
under  fixed  conditions  of  temperature,  etc. 
capillariness(kap'i-la-ri-nesorka-pil'a-ri-nes), 
it.      I'll'    -tat"   of  being  capillary;  capillarity. 
|  Bare.] 
capillarity  (kap-i-lar'i-ti),  n.     [<  L.  capillaris 
wry)  +  -iiy.]     Tin  state  or  condition 
of  being  capillary;  capillary  attraction. 

[  wa  pel  a  .  tl)   familial  with  the  notion  of  a 

skin  upon  tli..  surface  of  liquids,  and  I  ha. I  been  taught  by 
means  "t  it  to  work  out  problems  in  capillarity. 

If.  A   .  Lei  tures,  I.  147. 

capillary  (kap'i-la  ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri),  a.  and  n. 

|<  I.,  capillaris,  pertaining  to  "the   hair   (LL. 

1    Eem),  <  eapillus, 

tin-  hair,  prop,  of  tin-  I I  (for    capitlust),  < 

caput  {cap  eaput.]    I.  a.  l.  i •,■,.- 

nblitig  hair:  a-,  a  capillary 

lotion;  capillary  Sbi  "is.— 2.  Speeifi- 

.  in  hot.,  resembling  hair  in  tin.  manner  of 

growth:  applied  in  this  sense  by  Ray,  Boer- 

r  early  botanists  t"  terns. 

i.  as  have  mi 
main  |   -,    na|re  ,,,, 

ail,     lull-    or 

protuberances  on  the  back  ideoftheii  a  ...  Quincy. 

3.   Resembling  hair;  specifically,  in 

..  having  (as  a  tub")  Bo  small  a  bore  thai 
water  cannot  bo  poured  into  ii.  ami  will  not 
run  Una, ugh  it.— 4.   Pertainin  ■  ipillary 

..  i  t  ti  which  a 

•    .,.,7/,/, a, 

/;..-,  a 

5.    Pertaining  to  thi 

luids  in  tubes  and  chink 

erally.   to  tin-   i  of   liquid 


804 
their  spreading  over  surfaces  (as  oil  on  water), 

and  various  other  phenomena  explicable  proxi- 
mately by  surface-tension  and  ultimately  by 
cohesion  and  adhesion,  considered  as  forces 
acting  ;it  finite  but  insensible  distances. —  6. 
In  sun/.,  linear:  descriptive  of  a  fracture  of 
the  skull  without  separation  of  the  parts  of 
the  injured  bones — Capillary  antennse,  in  entom., 
antenme  m  which  the  joints  are  Long,  slender,  and  verj 
loosely  articulated,  the  outer  ones  being  generally  a  lit- 
tle longer;  this  is  regarded  as  a  modification  of  the  cla- 
vati  type.  Capillary  attraction,  capillary  repul- 
sion, the  excess  or  denciencj  of  the  attraction  of  one  ol 
two  ilui'ls  (the  other  being  generally  air)  for  the  wall 
of  a  vessel  with  which  they  have  a  t imon  line  of  con- 
tact. The  common  surfiua-  of  the  wall  anil  <,f  the  mure 
attracted  fluid  makes  the  acute?  anal.,  with  the  common 
surface  of  the  fluids.  Capillary  attraction  is  proximately 
accounted  for  by  surface-tension ;  but  the  hitter  has  to  be 
explained  bytfoe  attrai  tions  between  the  molecules  of  the 
fluids.  See  capillary  tubes,  below.—  Capillary  bottle, 
a  bottle  with  a  dropping-tube,  use. I  in  preparing  objects 
for  the  microscope.— Capillary  bronchitis.  See  linn- 
chitis  —  Capillary  electrometer.  See  electro-capillary. 
—  Capillary  filter,  a  simple  water-filter,  consisting  of 
a  cord  of  loose  fiber,  as  a  cotton  caudle-wick,  one  end  "f 
which  is  placed  in  the  water,  while  the  other  end  hangs 
over  the  edge  of  the  vessel.  The'water  is  drawn  through 
tin til  by  capillary  action,  without  its  impurities. — Ca- 
pillary pyrites,  in  mineral.  See  mUlerite.— Capillary 
repulsion.  See  capillary  attraction,  ahove.— Capillary 
tubes,  tubes  with  very  small  bores,  of  which  the  diameter 
is  only  a  half,  a  third,  a  fourth,  etc.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube 
of  this  sort,  open  at  both  ends,  is  taken  ami  one  of  its 
ends  immersed  in  water,  the  water  will  rise  within  the  tithe 
t"  a  sensible  height  above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
vessel,  the  height  being  inversely  as  the  diameter  of  the 
li.ae  ;  that  is,  the  smaller  the  bore  the  greater  the  height. 
Different  liquids  rise  in  capillary  tul.es  to  different  heights. 
The  rise  is  explained  by  the  action  of  cohesion  as  a  force 
acting  at  insensible  distances  (hence  called  capillary  at- 
traction), which  produces  a  tension  of  the  superficial  film 
of  the  liquid  (see  surface-tension)  that  exerts  a  pull  up- 
ward where  the  surface  is  concave,  as  when  the  tube  is 
moisten.-. I  by  the  liquid  ias  class  or  metal  by  waiter,  alco- 
hol, etc.),  hut  a  pressure  downward  where  the  surface  is 
convex  ;  consequently,  those  liquids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  tli,.  surface  of  the  tube  immersed  in  them  stand 
lower  within  than  without.  Mercury,  for  example,  is  de- 
pressed  in  a  glass  tube,  hut  rises  in  one  of  tin.  to  which  it 
.an  adhere.  The  oil  rises  in  the  wick  of  a  lamp  or  candle 
by  this  principle. — Capillary  vessels,  in  anat.,  the  capil- 
laries. 

II.  «.;  pi.  capillaries  (-riz).  1.  A  tube  with 
a  small  bore.  Specifically — 2.  In  anat.:  (a) 
One  of  the  minute  blood-vessels  which  form 
a  network  between  the  terminations  of  the 
arteries  and  the  beginnings  of  the  veins.  They 
are  formed  of  a  single  endothelial  coat,  and  the  finer  ones 
may  he  no  larger  in  diameter  than  is  sufficient  to  allow 
the  passage  of  a  blood-corpuscle,  (£>)  One  of  the  mi- 
nute lymphatic  duets,  (e)  One  of  the  intercel- 
lular passages  in  the  liver  which  unite  to  form 
the  bile-ducts. — 3f.  In  hot.,  a  fern:  especially 
applied  to  such  ferns  as  grow  like  tufts  of  hair 
on  walls.    Sir  T.  Browne.    See  I.,  2. 

capillationt  (kap-i-la'shon),  v.  [<  L.  capilla- 
tia(n-),  prop,  being  hairy,  <  capillatus,  hairy,  < 
eapillus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  1.  A  blood-ves- 
sel like  tt  hair;  a  capillary.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 
2.  Hairiness;  a  making  a  thing  hairy.  Ba/lii/, 
17-27. 

capillaturet  (ka-pil'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  capillatura, 
the  hair,  esp.  false  hair,  <  capillatus,  hairy  :  sic 
capiUation.]  A  bush  of  hair;  frizzling  of  the 
hair.     [Rare.] 

capilli  (ka-pil'i),  ».  pi.  [L.  (XL.),  pi.  of  capil- 
lu8,  hair:  sec  capillary.]  In  entom.,  hairs  on 
the  upper  part  or  front  and  vertex  of  an  in- 
sect's head. 

capillifolious  (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  L.  eapil- 
lus, hair,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  Having 
hair-like  leaves. 

capilliform  (ka-pil'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  eapillus, 
hair,  +  forma,  form.]  In  l  lie  shape  or  form  of 
a  hair  or  hairs:  us,  a  capilliform  fiber. 

capillitium  (kap-i-lish'i-um), n.  [L.,  the  hair 
collectively,  <  eapillus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  In 
iinl.:  (n)  The  variously  constituted  intricate 
liliiinciitous  structure  which  together  with  the 
spores  fills  the  spore-case  of  many  of  the  low- 
er fungi,  especially  the  Myxomycetes.  (b)  The 
thready  or  hair-like  filaments  developed  with- 
in the  spore-capsules  or  sporangia  of  certain 
Myct  to  oa. 

capillose  (kap'i-los),  a.  [<  L.  capillosus,  <  ca- 
\rillus,  hair:  sec  capillary.]  Main  ;  abounding 
with  hair. 

capirote  (kap'i-rot),  it.  A  uame  of  ih"  com- 
mon blackcap  warbler  of  Europe,  Sylvia  atri- 
capilla. 

capistra,  n.     Plural  of  capistrum. 

capistrate  (ka-pis'trat),  a.  |<  L.  capistratus, 
pp.  of  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  bind,  fas- 
ten, <  capistrum.  a  halter:  sec  capistrum.]  In 
ornith.,  cow  led  or  I led;  masked  :  having  the 


capital 

front  of  the  head  covered,  as  if  by  a  mask,  with 
marked  color. 

capistrum  (ka-pis'trum),  ».;  pi.  capistra  (-trS). 
[L.,  tt  halter,  a  muzzle,  a  band.  <  rupin.  hold: 
sec  capable.]  1.  A  bandage  worn  by  ancient 
flute-players  to  prevent  the  undue  distention  of 
the  cheeks  in  blowing  their  instruments. —  2.  In 
sttrg.,  a  bandage  for  the  head.  —  3.  In  ornith.: 
(a)  Properly,  the  face  of  a  bird;  the  part  of 
I  lie  head  about  the  bill,  especially  when  dis- 
tinguished in  any  way,  as  by  a  mask  of  color. 

Sundevall.    (6)  A  mask  of  color  enveloping 

or  lessof  the  head  like  a  hood,  as  in  the  hooded 
gull,  Lotus  capistratus. 

capita,  n.     Latin  plural  of  caput. 

capitaine  (kap'i-tan),  n.  [F.  capitaine,  a  cap- 
tain.] A  labroid  fish,  LachnoUvmus  maximut 
or  falcatus,  better  known  as  hogfish.  See  cut 
under  "hogfish. 

capital1  (kap'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  capital,  < 
OF.  and  F.  capital  (AS.  capitol,  in  comp.  eupi- 
tol-mcesse,  first  mass)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capital  = 
It.  capitale,  <  L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head, 
and  hence  to  life,  dangerous,  capital,  also  chief, 
preeminent,  <  caput  (capit-).  head:  see  caput.] 

1.  a.  If.  Relating  to  the  head;  situated  on  the 
head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  383. 

2.  Used  at  the  head  or  beginning,  as  of  a  sen- 
tence, line,  or  word.  See  capital  U  Iters,  below. 
—  3.  Affecting  the  head  or  life;  incurring  or 
involving  the  forfeiture  of  life;  punishable 
with  death:  as,  treason  and  murder  are  capital 
offenses  or  crimes;  hence,  fatal;  most  serious: 
as,  a  capital  mistake. 

By  the  lawes  of  all  kingdomes  it  is  a  capitall  crime  to 
devise  or  purpose  the  death  of  the  kiii^. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland* 

The  law  which  made  forgery  capital  in  England  was 
passed  without  the  smallest  reference  to  the  state  of  so- 
ciety in  India.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  First  in  importance;  chief;  principal. 

This  had  been 
Perhaps  thy  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
All  generations.  Milton,  P.  L.,  \i.  343. 

Whatever  is  capital  and  essential  in  Christianity. 

Is.  Taylor. 
The  capital  peculiarity  of  the  eloquence  of  all  times  of 
revolution  .  .  .  is  that  the  actions  it  persuades  to  are  the 
highest  and  most  heroic  which  men  can  do. 

jR.  Clwatc,  Addresses,  p.  173. 
A  ministry  which  has  been  once  defeated  on  a  capital 
question  rarely  recovers  its  moral  force. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

5.  Very  good;  excellent;  first-class:  as.  a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capital  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow. 

When  the  leading  was  over,  nobody  said  capital,  or  even 
a I,  or  even  tolerable.       T.  Huuk,  Gilbert  Guruey,  I.  ii. 

In  a  dirty  little  inn.  ill-kept  by  friendly,  simple  people, 
I  laid  a  capital  breakfast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  52. 
Capital  cross.  See  crossi.— Capital  letters  (capital  A, 
I'..  C,  etc.).  in  writing  ami  printing,  letters  of  a  larger  face 
than,  and  differing  more  or  less  in  form  from,  the  letters 
constituting  the  bulk  of  the  text  (small  or  lowercase  tet- 
ters), and  corresponding  in  the  main  (especially  in  print- 
ing) to  the  majuscules  of  ancient  inscriptions  and  manu- 
scripts, which  were  wholly  written  in  .such  letters:  s,, 
called  because  used  iii  headings,  and  tit  the  beginning  or 
bead  of  sentences,  lines  of  poetry,  proper  names,  etc.— 
Capital  manset.  Sec  manse.—  Capital  offense,  crime, 
or  felony,  a  crime  or  otfense  which  involves  the  penalty 
of  death.  All  the  more  serious  olfenscs  against  society 
were  punishable  with  death  until  comparatively  recent 
times  (the  number  in  England  in  Blackstone's  time, 
without  benefit  of  clergy,  being  100):  but  now  the  only 
civil  crimes  generally  treated  as  capital  are  murder,  pi- 
racy, and  treason,  to  which  rape,  arson,  and  one  or  two 
others  are  added  in  some  countries  or  states. — Capital 
Stock.  See  capital-,  ii.,  and  stuck.  =Syn.  4.  Leading, 
prominent,  important,  essential.-  5.  Prime,  splendid,  per- 
fect. 

II.  n.  1.  The  city  or  town  which  is  the  of- 
li.-ial  m:iI  of  government  in  a  country,  slate, 
or  province,  or  of  justice  in  a  county. —  2.  A 
capital  letter  (which  see,  under  I.).  Abbre- 
viated cup.—  Rustic  capitals,  in  early  Unman  manu- 
scripts, a  form  of  letters  dilfering  from  the  sipiare  ca] 
in  that  tin  lines  are  more  free  ami  the  forms  more  slender 
an. I  l.ss  angular.— Square  capitals,  in  early  Uoman 
manuscripts,  a  form  of  letters  in  which  tb.  horizontal 
lines  are  carefully  made  at  right  angle-  with  the  vertical 
strokes,  'the  forms  are  based  on  those  of  the  lapidary 
inscriptions.     The  rustic  ami  square  capitals  were  used 

temporal ly,  ami  were  generally  superseded  M  thfl 

i .1  .  I ia  i  a.  t.a  s  as  early  as  lite  sixth  century. 

capital-  (kap'i-tal),  ».  [=  I>.  l-apitaal  =  0. 
Dan.  /capital  =  Sw.  capital.  <  F.  capital  =  Sp. 
I'g.  capital  =  It.  capitale.  <  ML.  capitale,  weal  I  it. 
stock  (whence  also  nit.  the  earlier  K.  forms 
chattel  and  cattle,  q.v.),  prop.  neut.  of  L.  capi- 
talis, principal,  chief:  see  capital1.]  1.  In  /"'■ 
lit.  econ.,  that  pari  of  the  produce  of  industry 
which,  in  the  form  cither  of  national  or  of  in- 


capital 

dividual  wealth,  is  available  for  further  pro- 
duction; an  i lunula) inn  of  the  products  of 

past  labor  capable  of  being  used  in  the  support 

of  present  or  future  labor. 

What  capital  does  for  production  is  to  afford  the    b 
ter,  protection,  tools,  and  materials  which  the  work  n 
quires,  and  to  feed  and  otherwise  maintain  the  laborers 

duringthepr ss.  .  .  .   Whatever  things  are  destined  for 

this  use  destined  to  supply  productive  Inner  with  these 
various  prerequisites    -are  capital. 

./.  £  Mill,  Pol,  Econ.,  I.  Iv.  §  I. 

Capital  ...  is  that  part  of  wealth,  excluding  unim 
proved  land  and  natural  agents,  .  .  .  which  is  devoted  to 
the  production  of  wealth,       F.  .1.  Walker,  Vol.  Er. §73, 

2.  Specifically,  the  wealth  employed  in  carry- 
ing on  a  particular  trade,  manufacture,  busi- 
ness, or  undertaking ;  stock  in  trade ;  the  actual 
estate,  whether  in  money  or  property,  whieh  is 
owned  and  employe, I  by  an  individual,  firm,  or 
corporation  in  business.  As  comi ilj  used  to  in- 
dicate financial  resources,  it  implies  ownership,  an  I  doi 

not,    without   qualification,    include    borrowed    n iy. 

With  reference  to  a  corporation,  it  is  the  aggregate  of  the 
sum  subscribed  and  paid  in,  or  secured  to  be  pain  in  * 
the  shareholders,  with  the  addition  of  all  undivided  gains 
or  profits  realized  in  the  use  and  investment  of  those  sums  ; 
or  it  losses  have  been  incurred,  then  it  is  the  residue  after 
deducting  such  losses.    See  stock. 

3.  Figuratively,  productive  resources  of  any 
kind,  whether  physical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. 

Tlie  Lords  have  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merel}  as  political  capital.  Quart.  Rev. 
Active  capital.  See  active.— Circulating  capital, 
that  part  of  capital  which  is  consumed  in,  or  assumes  a 
new  form  by  the  effect  of,  a  single  use,  jr,  having  been 
once  used,  ceases  to  be  directly  available  for  the  same  ser- 
vice, as  the  wages  of  laborers,  or  the  raw  materials  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  any  article. 

Capital  whieh  .  .  .  fulfils  the  whole  of  its  office  in  the 
production  in  which  it  is  engaged,  by  a  single  use,  is  called 
Circulating  Capital.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 

Fixed  capital,  capital  which  is  of  a  permanent  character 
and  is  available  for  more  than  a  single  use,  as  the  build- 
ings  in  which  and  the  machinery  by  which  articles  are 
manufactured. 

Capital  which  exists  in  any  of  these  durable  shapes,  and 
the  return  to  which  is  spread  ever  a  period  of  correspond- 
ing duration,  is  called  Fixed  Capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 
To  make  capital  Of,  to  seize  and  use  for  the  furtherance 
of  private  advantage  or  party  purposes. 
capital3  (kap'i-tal),  it.  [<  ME.  capitate,  prop. 
"capitel,  =  OF.  chapitcl,  F.  cliapiteau  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capitel  =  It.  capitello  =  G.  capital,  kapitdl 
=  D.  kapiteel  =  Dan.  kajiittcl=fiv,.  kapitiil,i  L. 
capitellum,  the  head  of  a  column  or  pillar,  also 
lit.  a  little  head  (see  capitellum  and  cadet),  dim. 
of  caput  teapit-).  head  :  see  capital1,  caput.]  1. 
The  head  or  uppermost  member  of  anything. 
Specifically,  in  arch.,  the  uppermost  part  of  a  column, 
pillar,  or  pilaster,  which  serves  as  the  crown  of  the  shaft, 


Medieval  Capital.—  Abbey  of  Vezelay,  13th  century.    (From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  r  Architecture."  ) 

and  asa  member  of  transition  between  it  and  the  entab- 
lature, or  other  portion  of  the  structure  above  tie  pillar. 
In  classical  architecture  the  different  orders  have  their 
respective  appropriate  capitals;  but  in  the  Egyptian.  In- 
dian. Moorish,  Byzantine,  and  medieval  styles  the  capitals 
are  endlessly  diversified. 

2.  In  fort,  the  line  which  bisects  the  salient 
angle  of  a  ravelin. —  3.  The  head  of  a  still,  a 
chimney,  etc — Angular  capital,  a  term  applied  t,. 
the  modern  Ionic  capital,  which  lias  four  similar  sides  and 
all  its  volutes  placed  at  an  allele  of  135  with  the  plane  of 
the  frieze.  See  angle-capital. — Axis  of  the  Ionic  capi- 
tal. See  axis*. 
Capital3  (kap'i-tal),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capi- 
tal,d  or  capitalled,  ppr.  capitaling  or  capitallmg. 
[<  capital'-'',  a.  1  To  furnish  or  crown  with  a 
capital,  as  a  pillar  or  column.  [Rare.] 
The  white  column  capitalled  with  gilding. 

Charlotte  Unal-1,  Villette,  xx. 


805 

capital'lt  (kap'i-tal),  ».  [<  ME,  capitel,  capitis 
(partly  <  AS.  capitul),  also  assibilated  chapi- 
tel, chapitle,  chapitre,  <  OF.  capitle,  chapiue, 
chapitre,  I\  chapitre  =  Sp.  capitulo  =  Pg.  ca- 
pitulo —  It.  capitolo  =  I'.  kappitt I  =  11.  capitel 
=  Dan.  hapitel  —  Sw.  capitel,  <  L.  capitulum,  a 

chapter,  lit.  11  little  head.  dim. of  caput  (capit-), 

head  :  see  caput,  and  ef.  chapter,  chapiter, doub- 
lets of  capital*.]  A  chapter  or  seel  ion  of  a 
I k. 

capitalisation,  capitalise.    See  capitalisation, 
capitalize, 
capitalism  (kap'i-tal-izm),   n.    [<  capital"  + 

-ism."]  1.  The  stale  of  having  capital  or  prop- 
erly; possession  of  capital. 

'the  sense  Of  capitalism  sobered  and  dignified  Paul  de 
1  lorac.  Thaeh  <  ay,  newcomes,  Klvi, 

2.  The  concentration  or  massing  of  capital  in 
(lie  hands  of  a  low ;  also,  t  he  power  or  influence 
of  large  or  combined  capital. 

Industry  is  carried  on  by  the  concentration  of  large 
sumsof  capital ;  u  is  there  [in  England] that  capitalism  has 
developed  most  largely,  and  has  thus  prepared.  th< 

of  its  own  destruction. 

tr.  of  l.avelayes  Socialism,  p.  209. 

The  working-men  find  the  journals  out  of  sympathy 
with  their  aims  ami  aspirations,  and  have  learnt  to  regard 
them  as  hopelessly  subservient  to  what  thej  call  capital- 
ism, s.  .1.  7;, ,,,  CX1III.  812. 

capitalist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  «.  [<  capital"  +  -ist; 
=  F.  capitalist  .]  One  who  has  capital ;  espe- 
cially, a  tnati  of  large  property  which  is  or  may 
In    employed  in  business. 

1  take  1  lie  expenditure  of  the  capitalist,  not  the  value 
of  tlie  capital,  as  my  standard.     Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

I  wish  to  see  workmen  In-coming  by  degrees  their  own 
capitalists, —  sharers  in  all  the  profits  and  all  the  advan- 
1        which  capital  confers,    ./mo,,,-,  social  Reform,  p.  119. 

capitalistic  (kap"i-ta-lis'tik),  a.  [<  capitalist 
+  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  capital  or  capital- 
ists; representing  or  carried  on  by  capital  or 
capitalists;  founded  on  or  believing  in  capital- 
ism: as,  capitalistic  production;  capitalistic 
opinions. 

He  [Lassalle]  tells  the  workingmen  .  .  .  that  the  en-at 
industrial  centres  are  the  germs  of  the  future  state,  in 
which  the  capitalistic  shall  be  superseded  by  the  socialistic 
method  of  production.     G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  63. 

The  characteristic  feature  of  the  capitalistic  system  of 
production  is  that  industry  is  controlled  by  capitalists 
employing  free  wage-labour;  that  is,  while  the  capitalist 
owns  and  controls  the  means  of  production,  the  free  la- 
bourer has  lost  all  ownership  in  land  and  capital  and  lias 
nothing  to  depend  on  but  his  wage. 

Mncyc  Brit.,  XXII.  212. 

capitalization1  (kap'i-tal-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
capitalize1  +  -ation.]  The  use  of  capital  let- 
ters at  the  beginning  of  words  in  writing  or 
printing.     Also  spelled  capitalisation. 

capitalization'2  (kap'i-tal-i-za'shon),  h.  [< 
capitalize"  +  -ation ;  =  F.  capitalisation.]  The 
act  of  capitalizing.  (,,)  The  application  of  wealth  as 
capital,  especially  in  large  amounts,  to  the  purpose-  of 
trade,  manufactures,  etc. 

Economies,  then,  is  not  solely  the  science  of  Exchange 
or  Value  :  it  is  also  the  science  of  Capitalisation. 

Jevons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  241. 

(6)  The  act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present  value 
of  a  periodical  payment,  (c)  Conversion  into  capital ;  as, 
the  creditors  consented  to  the  rapitalUatinn  of  half  their 
claims.    Also  spelled  capitalisation. 

Capitalize1  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitalized,  ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital1  + 
-izc]  To  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  as,  to 
capitalize  the  first  word  of  a  sentence.  Also 
spelled  capitalise,  and  abbreviated  to  cap. 

capitalize-  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
italized, ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital"  +  -ize;  = 
F.  capitaliser.]  To  convert  into  capital  or  into 
an  equivalent  capital  sum.  (a)  To  convert  (wealth 
or  other  property)  into  capital  which  may  lie  used  for 
purposes  of  trade,  manufactures,  etc.  (b)  To  compute  or 
realize  tlie  present  value  of  in  money:  applied  to  the 
conversion  of  a  periodical  payment  for  a  definite  or  an  in- 
definite length  of  time  into  a  single  payment  or  capital 
sum :  as,  to  capitalize  a  pension ;  to  capitalize  rents. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  incomes,  that  Is  an- 
other affair.  London  Times,  Jan.  22,  1856. 
(c)  To  convert  (floating  debt)  into  stock  or  shares.     Also 

spelled  rajiitah*,-. 

capitally  (kap'i-tal-i),  adv.  1.  By  the  loss  of 
one's  head  or  life." 

He  was  punished  capitally. 

lip.  Patrick,  Paraphrases  ami  Com.,  Gen.  xliii.  15. 

2.  In  a  capital  manner;  in  a  preeminent  de- 
gree; excellently;  finely:  as,  she  sang  capitally. 

Away  here  in  the  wild  Balkan  mountains,  there  is  old 

Mr.  Somebodypoff s  son,  .  .  .  who  talks  English  capitally. 

J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  221. 

capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  ».  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capital ;  preeminence. 
[Kare.] 


capitibranchiate 

capitan-pacha,  ».    See  captain-pasha. 

capitata,  ".     Plural  ol  capitatum. 

capitate  (kap'i-tal ),  a.  [<  1..  capitatus,  having  a 
head,  <  caput  (capit-),  head :  see  caput.]  1.  In 
lull.,  head-shaped,  or  collected  in  a  bend,  as  a 
dense  terminal  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile flowers;  having  a  rounded  head:  as.  a  capi- 
tate stigma. — 2.  In  ornith.,  having  an  enlarged 
mity:  as.  the  capitate  feather  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail. —  3.  In  iii/mii.,  suddenly  enlarged 
at  the  end  so  as  to  form  a  ball  or  oval  mass: 
applied  io  the  antennae  of  insects  when  this 

form  is  produ I  by  several  expanded  terminal 

joints,  as  in  most  of  I  lie  ( 'urculiauiila: 

capitation (kap-i-i a 'shoti),  «.  [=F.  capitation, 
poll-tax,  <  I j I j.  capitatio(n-),  the  poll-tax,  <  L. 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  Numera- 
tion bythe  head;  a  numbering  of  persons,  as 

the  inhabitants  of  a  city. 

"Baptize  all  nation-  must  signify  all  that  it  can  sig- 
nify, all  that  are  reckoned  in  the  capitations  and  accounts 
of  a  nation.  Jer.  /'.erf..,-.  Works  (ed.  1885),  1.  1  !7. 

2.  A  tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  per- 
son; a  poll-ins.    Sir  T.  Browne.    Also  called 
a  capitation-tax. 
No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid  unless  in 

proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  be ti 

rected  to  be  taken.  Const  of  I'.  S. 

Capitation  grant,  a  grant  of  so  much  per  head  ;  specifi- 
cally, in  Great  Britain,  a  grant  annually  paid  by  govern- 
ment to  schools  on  account  of  each  pupil  who  pa-ses  a 
certain  test  examination,  and  to  volunteer  military  com* 
panies  on  account  of  such  members  as  reach  the  stage  of 
"efficients." 
capitatum  (kap-i-ta'tum),   «.;    pi.  capitata 

(-ta).  [NL.,neut.  of  L.  capita  las.  lien  tied:  see 
capitate]  The  large  capitate  bono  of  the 
carpus,  more  fully  called  os  capitatum ;  the  os 
magnum.  See  cut  under  hand. 
Capitella  (kap-i-tel'S,),  n.  [XL.,  fem.  dim.  of  L. 
caput  (capit-),  head:"  see  caput.]  1.  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Capitt  lliila- ;  synony- 
mous with  Lumbriemiais. — 2.  [I.  c]  Plural  of 
iiipilrllum. 

capitellar  (kap-i-tel'&r),  a.  [<  L.  capitellum,  a 
small  head,  the  capital  of  a  column,  dim.  of 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  capitellum.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  capitellum. 
capitellate  (kap-i-tel'at),  a.  [<  XL.  capitella- 
ttts,  <  L.  capitellum,  a  little  head:  see  capitel- 
lum.] 1.  In  tot.,  growing  in  small  heads. —  2. 
Having  a  capitellum  or  capitulum. 
Capitellidae  (kap-i-tel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Capitella  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  marine  poly- 
chtetous  annelids,  typified  by  tlie  genus  Ca- 
pitella, lacking  parapodia,  and  having  the 
vascular  system  reduced  or  wanting.  Other 
genera  of  this  family  are  Nbtomastus  and  Da- 
sybranchus. 
Capitelliform  (kap-i-tel'i-f6rm),rt.  [<  L.  capi- 
tellum (see  capitellum)  +  forma,  form.]  Same 
as  capituliform. 

capitellum  (kap-i-tel'um),  n. ;  pi.  capitella  (-a). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-),  head: 
see  caput,  capital3,  and  cadet1.]  1.  In  atiat.: 
(a)  The  rounded  convex 
articular  eminence  upon 
the  distal  extremity  of 
the  humerus  Wapiti  Hum 
humeri),  which  is  re- 
ceived in  the  cup-shaped 
head  of  the  radius.  (6) 
The  head  of  a  rib  (capi- 
tellum costal),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  tuber- 
culinu  or  shoulder.  Also 
called  capitulum. —  2.  In 
zoiil.,  the  tentacular  por- 
tion of  the  body  or  the 
hydranth  of  a  "  hydroid 
polyp;  that  part  "of  the 
hydranth  which  bears 
tentacles  and  appears  to  be  analogous  to  a 
head. 


b 


Lower  end  of  I-eft  Human  Hu- 
merus (front  view  . 
a,  internal  enicondyle;   t, 
external  epicondyle  ;  c,  troch- 
Jea;  ,/,  capitellum. 


The  alioral  pole  grows  nut  into  a  stalk-like  part,  which 
carries  the  head,  and  is  distinguished  as  the  capitellum  or 

hydranth.  Qegenoaur,  Comp.  Auat.  (trans.),  p.  92. 

Capitibranchia,  Capitibranchiata  (kap  i-ti- 
braiig'ki-ii.  -brang-ki-a'tii),  it.  pi.  [XL.:  see 
capililirancltiatc.]     Same  as  Cephalooranchia. 

capitibranchiate  (kap  i-ti-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
XL.  capitihraiicliiatus.  also  capitobranchiatus,  < 
L.  caput  (capit-),  head,  +  branchial,  gills.]  Same 
as  cephalobranchiate. 

In  the  tubicolous  capito-branchiate  forms. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  377. 
In  some  capito-branchiatt  Cmietopods  cartilage  forms  a 
skeletal  support  for  the  gill-plumes. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  676. 


Capito 

Capito  (kap'i-to),  ».     [L.,  a  fish  with  a  large 

head,  prop,  adj.,  large-headed,  <  camit  (capiU), 

/.j    a  genus  of  barbt  ts,  typical 

ie  subfamily  Capitonina  as  restricted  bj 

,.  Gray  in  1841  to  the  American  seansorial 

letsor  thickheads.    The  word  was  originally  used 

, .;,,,,,  by  Vii  16;  it  was  transferred 


Peruvian  Barbct  {Capito peruvianas). 

in  1820 bj  XemmincB  to  the  puff-birds,  or  American  fissi- 
ral  barbets,  of  the  family  Bucconidce,  and  subsequently 
me,  at  the  hands  of  other  writers,  ;i  ioose  Bynonym  <>f 
ol  old*  as  well  as  new-world  barbets,  In- 
cluded in  families  known  ns  Meffalcemidce,  Cavitonidce, 

<  i       [ts  propi  r  and  now  current  sense  is  that  here  indi- 

I 
Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  n.  [(ME.  "capitoile,  capa- 
toylle)  =  V.  capitole  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capitolio,  <  L. 
itolium,  <  ennui  {capit-),  the  head:  see  ca- 
put.] 1.  In  Borne,  and  in  Roman  cities  and 
colonies,  the  precinct  and  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  M.ixiuius,  tlie  protector  of  the  city. 
The  Capitol  ;it  Rome,  situated  mi  tin-  southwestern  sum- 
mit of  tlir  Capitoline  hill,  was  the  center  of  the  official 
religion  "f  tin-  state.  In  if  the  cult  of  Juno  ami  of  Mi- 
nerva was  associated  with  that  of  Jupiter.  It  was  three 
times  destroyed  by  tin-,  and  each  time  restored  with  aug- 
mented magnificence  :  the  lust  edifice  continued  to  exist, 
though  despoiled,  tni  about  the  tenth  century.  Thewhole 
"i  the  Capitoline  hill  (originally  Moils  Saturnius  or  Tar- 
peius)was  also  called  the  Capitol ;  on  the  second  of  its  two 
summits  was  the  citadel  The  modern  Capitol  or  museum 
of  the  Capitol,  stands  in  the  space  between  the  sum- 
mits. Meetings  of  the  senate  and  other  legislative 
bodies  have  been  held  in  or  on  the  Capito]  in  both 

i  and  modern  times.  Literary  references  or 
inscriptions  prove  the  existence  of  a  capitol  on  the 
model  of  that  in  Rome  in  more  than  twenty  provin- 
cial cities ol  Italy, Gaul, Spain, Africa, and  the  East; 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  similar  foundation 
was  established  in  every  regularly  constituted  Ro- 
man colony.   The  Human  capitol  of  Toulouse,  which 

■  n  re  than  once  renewed,  has  been  the 

chief  seat  of  authority  in  that  city  from  medieval 

to  the  present  day. 

The  cake  bakers,  being  returned  toLerne,  went 

tly,  before  they  did  either  eat  or  drink,  to  tile    „ 
I,  and  tie-re  before  tleir  king,  called  Piero-  ™ 

choli  ....    maple  their  complaint,  showing  their 

panniers  broken,  their  mats  torn,  etc. 

Ra  elai  i(tr.  b]  I  rquharii,  Gargantua,  xxvi. 

2.  In  the  I'll  it  oil  States,  the  c<lihVc  occupied 

byCongress  at  Washington;  also,  in  the 
separate  States,  the  state-house,  or  house 
in  which  I  he  legislature  holds  its  sessions. 

Capitolian  (kap-i-to'li-an),  a.     Same  as  Capi- 
toline. 

Capitoline  (kap'i-tq-lin),  <i.     [<  L.  Capitolinus, 

<  Capitolium,  the  Capitol.]  Pertaining  to  any 
Soman  Capitol,  or  to  Jupiter  the  Protector,  of 
whose  worship  the  Capitol  was  the  official  seat; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Capitol  at  Rome, 
or  to  the  hill  on  which  it  stood:  as,  the  Capito- 

Capltollne  games,  in  ancient  i:,, me, 
'■"""'  Instituted  bj  CamiUus  in  honor 

of  Juplti  i  i  apltolinus  ami  in  commemoration  el  the  pies 

erval  I  pitol  ii the  Gauls.    Tie  \  were  rein- 

stituted,  after  having  fallen  into  disuse  bj  Domltian  and 
i  lath  year 
Capitonidae  (kap-i-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

+  -,,!,•.  |     A  family  of  non-passerine 

zygodactyl  birds,  th  rial bet  •.  inhab- 

iting the  wanner  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 

1/     :".:.,,,.   | 

.I  II ,1 

■  I   with 

'■'  ■  ■  mida  ,  and  cuts  un- 

ler  Capita  nchu  . 

Capitoninae  ika,,    i-to-ni'ne),  n.  pi.    [\L.,< 

!     A  subfamily  of   i/,  galas- 

tin. I,:,  typified  by  the  gei  i  be  thick- 

ii  I  -.  confined 
to  Central  and  South  An 

i  iee  of  thegi  nera  I  ap 
gonops.    Se,  ,-ut  nndi 
capitonine  (kap'i-to-nin),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
hai  i  i  i  is  of  the  Capitonida 

or  CupitoniiM. 


mm: 

capitopedal  (kap'i-td-ped'al),  a.  [<  L.  caput 
{capit-).  head,  +  pes  ( /W-),'  foot,  +  -«/.J  Per- 
taining to  the  head  and  foot. 

i.i  in  i  i      of  the  neck  [in  Patella]  are  seen  a  pair  of 

minute  oblong  yellofl  bodies,  which  were  originally  de- 
scribed bj  Lankester  as  orifices  possibly  connected  with 
vacuation  oi  the  generative  products,  tin  account 
of  their  position  they  were  termed  by  him  the  capito. 
pedal  ■  placed  mar  the  junction  Of  head  and 

foot.  i    eye.  Brit.,  XVI.  846. 

Capittlla,  «.     Plural  of  enpituliini. 

capitulant  (ka-pij/u-lant),  n.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
lan(t-)s,  ppr.    of   capitulare:  see  capitulate.'] 

One  who  capitulates  or  surrenders.  Alison, 
Hist.  Europe. 

capitulante  (Sp.  pron.  ka-pe-to-liin'te),  n. 
[Sp.,  prop.  pp.  of  capitular,  <  ML.  capitulare, 
arrange  in  heads  or  chapters:  sea  capitulate.'] 
A  contractor.  [Use  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

capitular  (ka-pit'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  capitu- 
laire  =  It.  capitotare,  a.  and  n.,  <  ML.  capitu- 
taris,  pertaining  to  a  chapter  (cf.  LL.  en  pi  hi  Inn  . 
ncut..  a  poll-tax),  <  L.  capituhim,  a  chapter  (sec- 
tion of  a  book,  or  a  council),  lit.  a  little  head: 
see  capitulum,  chapter,  and  capital*.]  I.  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  a  chapter,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word.    Also  capitulary. 

The  next  step  would  have  been  to  impose  monastic  vows 
upon  all  the  capitular  clergy. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Hist.  Norm.  Couq.,  II.  301. 

2.  In  hot.,  growing  in  a  capitulum  or  head. 
See  capitate. —  3.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  capitulum.—  Capitular  mass.  See  snassl. 
—  Capitular  process,  in  anat.,  a  small  process  or  prom- 
inence  on  a  vertebra,  with  which  the  capitulum  of  a  rib 
articulates ;  the  articular  facet  for  the  head  of  a  rib.  See 
cuts  under  atlas  and  cervical. 

II.  ii.  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons. —  2.  pi.  The  body  of  laws 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiastical 
council.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  laws,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  made  by  l  'harh  niaaiie  and  other  princes  in 
general  councils  and  assemblies  of  the  people.  They  are 
so  called  because  divided  into  chapters  or  sections. 

That  great  legislator  knew  too  well  the  importance 
attached  by  all  mankind  to  local  customs,  to  allow  his 
imperial  capitulars  to  interfere,  unnecessarily,  with  file 
Frisian  laws.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  22. 


M 


Capitol  of  the  IT 


.  U  ashing tMH.  D.  C. 


3.  A  member  of  a  chapter. 

statutes  which  shall  bind  the  chapter  itself,  and  all  its 
members,  or  capitulars.  Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

In  the  preceding  senses  also  capitulary. 

4.  [Sp.,  <  ML. :  see  above.]  In  parts  of  Amer- 
ica settled  by  Spaniards,  a  regidor  elected  to 
tlie  ayuntamiento  or  town  council,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  appointed  by  the  executive 
authority. 

capitularly  (ka-pit'u-l&r-li),  adv.    In  the  form 
or  manner  of  a  chapter,  as  of  a  religious  order. 
lie  Keeper,  sir  Simon  Harcourt,  alleged  you  could  do 
nothing  but  when  all  three  were  capitularly  met. 

Swift,  T,i. Mr.  St.  John. 

capitulary  (ka-pit'u-la-ri),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Same  as  capitular,   1. 

I  in  capitulai  'i  act  i  of  J  ork  I  lathedral. 

'/'.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  l'oetry,  iii.  §35. 

II.  u. ;  pi.  capitularies  (-riz).  Same  as  capit- 
ular, 1,  2,  ami  :s. 

Mere  than  one  law  was  made,  forbidding  all  Sunday 
labour,  ami  ibis  prohibition  was  reiterated  by  Charle 
magne  in  his  I  apitul  •  u       Lecky,  Europ.  Moral's,  11.  269. 

capitulate  (ka-pit'u-lat),  t>.  /'.;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitulated,  ppr.  capitulating.     [<  ML.  capitu- 

Inlnx.  pp.  of  capiliiltiri,  arratiLo  in  leads  or 
eh  a  |  iters,  hem rrange  conditions  (esp.  of  sur- 
render), <"  1,.  capitulum,  a  chapter:  see  capitu- 
lum, capitular,  and  chapter.]      1.  To  draw  up  a 

writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  articles;  hence, 
to  draw   up   articles  of  agreement;    arrange 


capitulum 

terms  of  agreement ;  treat ;  also,  to  enter  into 
an  agreement ;  confederate. 

Do  not  bid  me 
Hisniiss  my  soldiers,  or  capitulate 
Again  with  Rome's  mechanics.    Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 
Percy,  Northumberland, 
The  archbishop's  Grace  of  York,  Douglas,  Mortimer, 
i'nj'iliihil.'  against  us.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  in.  2. 

lie  who  took  so  hainously  to  be  offer'd  nineteen  Propo- 
sitions from  the  I'arlament,  capitulates  beer  with  God 
almost  n.  as  many  Articles.      Milton,  Bikonoklastes,  xxv. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  stipulated  Gon- 
dii ions.  I  sed  especially  regarding  an  army  or  a  garri 
son,  when  the  terms  of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed 
to  by  the  parties. 

Mondragon  was  determined  not  to  yield  at  discretion, 
although  very  willing  to  capitulate. 

*     Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  528. 
Iain  ashamed  to  think  how  easily  we  capitulate  to  badges 
and  names,  to  large  societies  and  dead  institutions. 

Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

capitulate,  capitulated  (ka-pit'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
(t.  [<  NL.  eapitulatus,  <  L.  capitulum:  see 
eujiititliim.]  1.  Having  a  capitulum  or  knob. 
Specifically — 2.  In  hot.,  head-like:  applied  to 
the  apothecium  of  a  lichen  when  it  is  irregu- 
larly rounded  or  globular  and  seated  on  the 
apex  of  a  stem-like  portion  of  the  thallus,  as  in 
Cladonia.    Lindsay. 

capitulation  (ka-pit-u-la'shqn),  n.  [=  D.  la- 
jiitulii/ic  =  F.  capitulation  (!>  G.  capitulation  = 
Dan.  kapitulation)  =  Sp.  capitulaci&n  =  Pg-  <'«- 
pitiilaeao  =  It.  capitolazione,  <  ML.  *capitula- 
lin(n-)  (cf.  capititlatio(n-),  an  index  of  chapters), 
< capitulare,  capitulate :  see  capitulate.]  1.  An 
article  or  articles  of  agreement;  formal  agree- 
ment.    [Rare.] 

With  special  capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor  the 
French  shall  refortify.     Bp.  Burnet,  Records,  No.  50,  i.  _. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  act  of  capitulating  or  sur- 
rendering to  an  enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions;  also,  the  treaty  or  instrument  con- 
taining the  conditions  of  such  a  surrender. 

My  idea  was,  that  all  persons  taken  in  \\  ar  were  to  be 
deemed  prisoners  of  war.  That  those  win.  surrender  on 
capitulation  (or  convention)  are  prisoners  of  war  also. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  Hit. 

3.  (a)  In  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  tho  con- 
tract or  pledge  entered  into  by  the  elected  em- 
peror, before  receiving  coronation,  with 
the  electors,  in  which  tlie  latter  generally 
secured  some  concession  as  the  price  of 
their  votes,  (b)  pi.  (1)  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  those  treaties  and  con- 
cessions of  the  early  sultans  of  Turkey 
which  secure  to  foreigners  residing  there 
rights  of  exterritoriality,  in  continuation 
of  similar  privileges  granted  to  foreign 
residents  by  tlie  Byzantine  empire. 

These  privileges  are  in  general  called  e'apitula. 
fnow;  not  in  tlie  sense  now  usual  of  a  surrender  of 
right,  for  they  were  a  free  grant,  but  in  the  eld 
sense  "f  an  agreement  under  heads  and  articles  — 
"t'apitula."  The  word  was  not  unusual  in  such 
sense  in  old  French  treaties  and  conventions,  for 
we  read -of  a  "  Capitulation  and  Contract  of  Mar- 
riage" between  Hem  I'edro  of  Portugal  and  the 
Princess  Marie  of  Savoy. 

E.  Schuyler,  Amer.  Diplomacy,  pp.  59  60 

(2)  Conventions  formerly  entered  into  by 
the  Swiss  cantons  to  regulate  the  employment 
of  Swiss  troops  by  the  popes,  tlie  Netherlands, 
and  the  kings  of  Spain,  Naples,  anti  Prance. 

capitulator  (ka-pit'u-la-tor),  n.  [<  ML.  as  if 
'eapitiilatnr,  <  capitulare:  see  capitulate.]  <  toe 
who  capitulates. 

capitulatory  (ka-pit'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  capitu- 
late +  -or;/,]  1.  Briefly  stated;  drawn  up  in 
heads  or  chapters. — 2.  Relating  to  or  of  tho 
nature  of  a  capitulation  or  surrender  on  con- 
ditions. 

capitule  (kap'i-tul),  n.  [<  L.  capitulum,  a  chap- 
ter: see  en  pi  I  ii  I  ii  iii  and  elm  pier.]    If.  A  chapter. 

The  contents  of  this  capitule  (are]  by  you  much  t.  ni 
pomlred.  Hakluyt's  \'><ii<ih 

2.    In  hnl..  same  as  eapiliiliii/i,  3. 

capituliform  (ka-pit'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  cajii- 
tiiluni,  :i  little  head,  +  forma,  shape.]  Resem- 
bling a  small  head  or  capitulum.  Also  capiteU 
lifnriu. 

capitulum  (ka-pit'u-lum),  ». ;  pi.  capitula  (-la). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  a  capital  or  head  of  a  column, 
a  chapter,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-),  head: 
caput,  and  cf.  etipiti  Hum,  capitular;  see  also 
capital*,  chapiter,  chapter.]  1.  In  anal.,  the 
head  ol  a.  hone;  especially,  t  he  head  of  a  rib, 
as  distinguished  from  its  shoulder  or  tulior- 
ciiluni.  Also  called  capitellum.  See  cut  un- 
der endosheleton. —  2.  In  Cirripedia,  specifi- 
cally, the  valves  of  the  shell  collectively,  in- 


SOT 


Caprellidae 

capon  (ka'pon),  ».  t.     [=  G.  fcapawKiJi  =  V.  Cappagh  brown.    See \brovm. 

chaponner  ="I'r.  caponar  =  It.  capponare;_  from  eap-paj>er  (kappa  per),  ». 

the  noun.]    To  make  a  capon  of;  caponize. 
capo&ett (ka'pon-et),  n.    fXcapon  +  dim.-et2.] 

A  young  capon 


capitulum 

closing  more  or  less  of  the  body  of  the  animal, 

as  distinguished  from  the  peduncular  pari   of 

the  creature.    When  a  peduncle  exists,  as  in  /  [I 

U  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  which  is  inclosed  in  the  capi- 

tulimi. 

3.  lnbot.,  a close  l„  ,,d  „f  senile  tlowers,  as  in  cap0niere    caponniere  (kap-d-ner'),  n.      X  F. 

the  Composite;  also   as  used  by  some  early    ,.,f  „„„,,;.  =  f,.  capponiera,  a  covered   tbdg 


botanists,  the  reeeptaele  of  various  fungi;  in 
mosses,  a  close,  dense  cluster  of  leaves.  Also 
called capitule.  —  4.  Inrntom.:  (a)  The  enlarged 
terminal  portion  of  the  halter  or  poiserof  a  dip- 
terous insect,  (b)  The  enlarged  terminal  [101 
tion  of  the  sucking  mouth  of  a  fly,  formed  by 
two  suctorial  Haps  called  lobelia,  (c)  The 
knob  at  the  end  of  a  capitate  antenna. —  5.  One 
of  the  stalked  spheroidal  sporangia  of  certain 
mycetozoans. 

capivara,  n.    Same  as  eapiiiant. 

capivi  (ka-pe'vi),  ».     Same  as  copaiba. 

caple1,  caple'-.    See  capel1,  capefi. 

caplin1  (kap'lin),  n.  [<  cap*  +  dim.  -ImJ]  The 
cap  or  band  of  leather  on  a  flail  through  which 
the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the  swingel  to  the 
staff.    Also  capling. 

caplin2  (kap'lin),  n.  [Also  capelin,  caplan, 
capelan,  and,  by  corruption,  Mbling,  kibbling ; 
<  F.  capltni,  capelan;  origin  unknown.]  A 
fish,  formerly  referred  to  the  Salmonidm  under 
the  name  Salmo  arctic/as,  now  known  as  Mallotus 


A  coarse  pa  per, 

aued  from  being  used  to  make  caps  to  hold 

commodities.— 2.  A  kind  of  writing-paper  in 
large  sheets.    See  cap1,  ».,  3. 
[<F.  capparidikap'u  rid),  ».    [<  Capparis  (-»■»#■),  q. 

\ .  ]      In   hot.,  a  plant  of  I  In-  natural  order  I  ap- 

Pg.eapoeira),  a  covered    varidacm. 


passed  with  a,  parapet  about,  L!  feet  high,  serv- 
ing to  support  several  planks  laden  wi 111  earth. 
(/))  A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  an- 
other, protected  on  the  right  and  left  by  a  wall 
or  parapet,  and  sometimes  covered  overhead. 
When  there  is  a  parapet  on  one  side  only,  it  is 
called  a  demi-caponiere.  (o)  One  of  a  series  of 
bomb-proof  arched   structures   for  receiving 


in   having  six  or  more  stamens  which  are  not 

tetradynamous,  the  i»»l  without   a   partition 

and  often  stalked,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds 
with  a  coiled  embryo.  They  are  natives  chiefly  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  and  possess  mor<  or  less 
acrid  qualities.  The  principal  genera  are  Campari*  and 
Some  species  of  Crmanaropeis  and  Polanisia,  gen- 
,  I,,  ol  this  order,  are  cultivated  (or  ornament 
under  caper2  ana  Cleome. 


SCC   CUtS 


union  which  fire  through  embrasures  pierced  capparidaceOUS   (kap"a-n-da'slnus),    a.      1  er- 

in  the  front  or  mask-wall  of  the  casemates:    taming  to  the  Capparimcem. 

used  for  flanking  ditches.     .>/«/<«».-Doubieca-  capparideous   (kap-a-nd'e-us),  a.      Same  as 

poniere,  in  fort.,  a  ditch-d<  tense  arranged  for  flanking     capparidaceOUS. 

purposes.    The  double  ca] [ere  i>  cm,  rally  placed  in  (Japparis  (kap'a-ris),  u.     [L.,   the  caper-bush, 

the  caper:  see" caper2.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
plants,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which 
the  most  familiar  species  is  the  caper,  C.  sjrinosa. 


thi 


>ms.     Tin 
middle  of  the  ditch,  so  as  to  Arc  in  both  directions, 
caponize  (ka'pon-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  ea- 
ponized,  ppr.  caponizing.    [(capon  +  -ize.]    To 


make  a  capon  of.    Also  spelled  caponist . 


villosus,  and  assigned  to  the  smelt  family,  Ar-  caponniere,  ».     Bee  eapontere 


gentinidtB.     It  is  6  or  S  inches  long,  and  resembles  a 
smelt  ill  appearance,  but  is  more  closely  related  to  the 


Same  as 


Caplin  {Mallotus  villosus). 

eulachon  or  candle-fish,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in 
the  broader  many-rayed  pectoral  fins  and  the  peculiar 
scales  of  the  male.  In  that  sex  there  is  a  raised  band 
along  the  sides  of  the  body  above  the  lateral  line,  con- 
sisting of  elongated  imbricated  scales  with  free  project- 


capon's-feather  (ka'ponz-fcth"er), 

capon's-tail. 
capon's-tail  (ka'ponz-tal),  n.     1.  A  species  of 

valerian:  so  called  from  its  spreading  white 

flowers. —  2.  The  columbine,  Aquilegia  vulgaris. 

—  Capon's-tail  gTass,  a  species  of  fescue,  Festuca  Myu- 

TVS. 

caporcianite  (ka-p8r'shian-It),  n.    [<  Capor- 

ciaiio  (see  def.)  4-  -tie2.]"  A  mineral  related 
to,  or  perhaps  identical  with,  laumontite,  from 
Monte  de  Caporciano,  Tuscany. 
capot  (ka-pof),  n.      [F.,  of  uncertain  origin, 


See  caper2.  The  products  of  some  species  are  used  as 
irritants  or  as  antispasmodics,  and  Borne  tropical  Ameri- 
can species  are  said  to  be  poisonous.  The  lurries  of  C. 
Soilada,  which  is  abundant  in  tropical  Africa,  arc  used  for 
food. 

cap-peak  (kap'pek).  n.  The  peak  or  stiff  pro- 
jecting front  piece  of  some  kinds  of  caps. 

cappeline,  n.    See  capelvne. 

capper1  (kap'er),  n.  [<  cap1  +  -erx.]  1.  One 
whose  business  is  the  making  or  selling  of  caps. 
[Rare.]— 2.  A  tool  for  fitting  percussion-caps 
to  shells. 

capper-'t  (kap'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  cup- 
per, a  cupbearer.     See  cap2  and  cuppi  r. 


A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  at  the  game  of 

piquet.     It  counts  40. 
tag  points,  giving  a  villous  appearance  like  the  pile  of  vel-     '    *t  /w  „„*<,   „    *  .  mPt     n-nrl  nn    canotted 
vet.    The  caplin  occurs  in  immense  shoals  in  all  the  north.  CapOt   (ka-pot  ),  V. t. ,  pret.   ana  PP-   c"P°«ra; 


era  seas,  and  is  an  important  food-fish  to  the  natives 
though  its  chief  use  is  as  bait  for  cod. 

capling  (kap'ling),  ii.    Same  as  caplin1. 

cap-merchantt,  »•    See  cape-merchant. 

cap-moneyt  (kap'mun"i),  n.  In  fox-hunting, 
the  money  formerly  collecteu  for  the  hunts- 
man on  the  death  of  the  fox. 

capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si),  n.  [=  F.  capim- 
mantie  (Cotgrave)  ='Sp.  Pg.  capnomancia,  <  Gr. 
nairvdc,  smoke  (akin  to  Lith.  kvapas,  vapor,  =  L. 
vapor,  etc.:  see  vapor),  +  fiavrzia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke. 

capnomor,  kapnomor  (kap'no-mor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
nairvoc,  smoke,  +  uoipa,  a  part  (or  stem  "pop-), 
<  peipectdai,  divide,  apportion,  allot.]  A  trans- 
parent, colorless,  oil-like  fluid  (CopHooOa)  ob- 
tained from  the  smoke  of  organic,  bodies  or 
from  the  tar  of  wood. 

capo  (ka'po),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  capel1.]  A 
■working-horse.  Grose.  [Prov. Eng.  (Cheshire).] 

capoc  (kap'ok),  n.  [Punjabi  kapali.  Hind,  fco- 
pds,  cotton'.']  A  fine  short-stapled  cotton  of 
the  East  Indies,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions, 
line  palanquins,  etc. 

capocchiat  (ka-pok'i&),  n.  [It.,  fern,  of  capoc- 
ehio,  dull,  heavy,  silly,  lit.  big-headed,  aug.  of 
capo,  the  head :  see  cry  it'2.]  The  feminine  form 
of  capocchio,  a  fool:  used  coaxingly  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage. 

Alas,  poor  wretch  1  a  poor  capocchio. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  2. 

capocht,  »■  and  v.  t.    See  capouch. 

capon  (ka'pon),  n.  [<  ME.  capon,  capun  (also 
assibilated  chapoun,  after  F.  chapon),  <  AS.  c«- 
pun=zMD.  Jcappoen,  D.  lcapoen,  kapuvn  =  LG. 
Sw.  Dan.  kapun  =  MHG.  kapuii. 


perhaps  connected  with  capote:  see  capote.]  capper3  (kap'er),  v.  t.     [Cf.  Dan.  Jcapre  =  G. 

hapern,  seize;  from  the  noun  caperS  (Dan. 
kaper,  etc.)  or  freq.  of  the  verb  capZ,  seize: 
see  caps  an(J  cnpcr'J.~\  To  seize;  lay  hold  of 
violently;  specifically,  to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a 
prize.     [Scotch.] 

That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I  capotted  capper4  (kap'er),  ».      [Appar.  <  cap3  +  -cc1,  lit. 

:r.  Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle  on  Wliist.     ,  seizer';  but  in  def.  1  perhaps  associated  with 


ppr.  capotting.     [<  capot,  «.]     In  the  game  of 
piquet,  to  win  all  the  tricks  from. 


attercap  =  attercop,  a  spider,  and  in  def.  '2.  per- 
haps a  particular  use,  in  allusion  to  "the  spider 
and  the  fly."]  1 .  A  spider.—  2.  A  stool-pigeon 
in  a  gambling-house,  or  a  person  employed  at 
auctions  to  raise  bids  deceptively.     [Slang.] 


capo  tasto  (It.  pron.  ka'po  tas'to).    [It. :  capo,  < 

L.  caput,  head  (see  cape2');  tasio,  key,  touch,  < 

tastare,  touch,  feel:  see  taste.]    A  contrivance 

attached  to  stringed  instruments  with  frets, 

like  the  guitar,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the 

pitch  of  all  the  strings  at  once.     Also  capo  di  capperclawt,  ».  t.     See  cap'  relaw. 

tasto.  cappernoity,  a.     See  capernoity. 

capote  (ka-pof),  n.     [F.  capote,  f.   (formerly  cap-piece   (kap'pes),  n.     In   carp.,  a  piece  of 

also  capot.  cappot,  m.)  (=  Sp.  Pg.  capote  =  It.     timber  covering  the  heads  of  a  series  of  uprights 

cappotto,  >  Turk,  qaput,  qapud),  dim.  of  cape,     or  other  vertical  structure. 

a  hood  or  cape:  see  cape1.]     1.  A  large  coarse  capping-plane  (kap'ing-pliin),  n.     In  joincri/,  a 

cloak,  properly  with  a  hood,    specifically— (a)  In     plane  used  for  working  the  upper  surface  of 

some  military  uniforms,  the  regulation  outer  garment,  con-     staircase-rails. 

Bistlng ^of  a  very  long  and  full  cloth  coat.  (*)An_outer  gar-  cap.p0t  (kap'pot),  ii.     In  glass-making,  a  em- 


inent for  women,  made  of  camlet  or  cloth,  covering  t 
person  completely  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground. 
(c)  An  outer  garment  forming  a  usual  part  of  the  costume, 
and  worn  by  both  women  and  men,  among  many  tribes 
of  ^he  Levant.  It  is  made  either  of  rough  cloth  or  of 
skins  retaining  their  hair. 


in  bright  colours  down  the  seams,  which  showed  her  fi; 
lire  to  advantage.  R.  Curzon,  Uonast  in  the  Levant,  p.  211. 

2.  The  hood  or  top  of  a  wagon,  as  of  a  buggy, 

or  any  similar  protection  for  a  vehicle. 

capouch  (ka-p<ish'),  n.    [Also  capoch,  capuclie  = 

Gr.  kapuze  =  Dan.  kabuds;  <  F.  capuche,  also 

<r/,nci;  <  It.  cappuecio,  <  ML.  caputium,  capi- 

tium.   capuccium,   cappudum,  etc.,  a  cowl  or 

hood:  see  caputium.]    A  monk's  hood  or  cowd ; 

especially,   a  hood  of  peculiar  pointed  form 

worn  by  the  Capuchin  monks. 

i»,  U.  fapaun       capouc^t  (ka-posh'),  v.  t.     [Also  capoch,   ca- 

F.  chapon  =Pr.  Sp.  eopo»  =  Pg.  c"lH*°  =  \l-     puche;  <  capouch, «.]    1.  To  cover  with  a  hood. 


cible  having  a  lid  or  cap, 
cap-pudding    (kap'pud"ing),    n.    A   pudding 
rounded  at  the  top,  which  top  consists  of  cur- 
rants, raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles  a  cap. 

Imp.  Diet. 

She  [an  Albanian  woman  went  and  put  on  anew  capi'le.    n      '       ,,_5  /„,,«>,    ,.,      ."1,     t  slip  irnat- spfiwmfi'l  1 
a  sort  of  white  frock  coat,  without  sleeves,  einlir..ider,,l  Capra  (ka  pra),  «.    [L,.,  a  slie-goat.  see  coper  .J 

A.  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants,  of  the 


cappone,  <  L.  capo(n-)  "(also  capus,  >  OHG. 
chappo,  MHG.  kappe)  (ML.  also  caponus),  < 
Gr.  KO.TVUV,  a  capon,  prob.  <  \/  *kojt,  repr.  by 
kotztuv,  cut.]  1.  A  castrated  cock;  a  cock- 
chicken  castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  flesh  for  table. 

Oh,  a  capon, 
A  bird  of  grace,  an  't  be  thy  will !  I  honour  it. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  2. 


St.   [So  called,  it  is  said,  because  letters  were  own  wound  on   useu  lor  snag  in  maKing  r  ugs 

often  conveyed  inside  of  fowls.     Cf .  F.  poulet,  a  Cappadocian  (kap-a-do  dug),  a.  and  n.     [< 

fowl,  also  a  love-letter,  a  billet-doux.]    Aletter.  Cappadoaa  +  -an.]     I.  a.  Pertain  ng  to  Cap 

ic»i,aisuaiuveiC™,a                      j         ^  nadocia.  an  ancient  province  and  kingdom  o: 


Between  the  cicada  and  that  we  call  a  grasshopper  tl.. 
differences  are  very  many,  for  first.  tlu>  are  differently  Laprella   (ka-prel  a) 
cucullated  or  capouched  upon  the  head  and  hark. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  S. 

2.  To  blind  or  hoodwink. 
cappadine  (kap'a-din),  n.    [Cf.  capiton.]    A 
sort  of  silk  flock  taken  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  silkworm's  cocoon  after  the  true  silk  has 
been  wound  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  rugs. 

[< 


family  Bovidce,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Capil- 
lar, and  typified  by  the  common  goat,  Capra 
In  reus.  There  are  several  other  species,  among 
them  the  ibexes,  Capra  ibex,  C.  pyrawica,  etc. 
See  goat,  and  cuts  under  cegagrus  and  ibex. 

caprantilopine  (kap-ran-til'o-pin),  a.  [<  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat,  +  NL.  antilopinus:  see  ca- 
per1 and  anUlopine.]  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acters of  both  a  goat  and  an  antelope  ;  nemo- 
rhesdine. 

caprate  (kap'rat),  «.  [<  capr(*c)  +  -ale1.]  A 
salt  of  capric  acid. 

capreallt,  caprelt,  »■ 


O,  thy  letter,  thy  letter;  he's  a  g 1  friend  of  mine : 

Stand  aside,  good  hearer.     I'.nyet.  yon  can  carve; 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L., 

Norfolk  capon,  a  red  herring.    [Local,  Eng. J 


padocia,  an  ancient  province  and  kingdom  of 
Asia  Minor,  now  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cappa- 
docia. 


Old  forms  of  capriole, 
n.  [NL.,  dim.  from  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat:  see  caper1.']  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Caprellitltr.  c.  linearis  is  a 
sluggish  inhabitant  of  rocky  tide-] Is  of  the  Atlantic- 
coast  of  Europe,  preying  on  various  animals,  as  hydroids 
and  pulyz-ians.    See  uuuiH^-sliriiup  ami  specter-shrimp. 

Caprellidae  (ka-prel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Ca- 
prella  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  edriophthalmous 
Issmodipodous  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Caprella,  characterized  by  the  attenuate 
fonn,  the  rudimentary  abdomen,  and  the  cervi- 
cally  placed  anterior  legs.  Some  of  the  forms  are 
called  mantis-shrimps,  from  their  superficial  resemblance 
tu  the  insect  known  as  mantis,  and  specter-shrimps,  from 
their  strange  aspect. 


Caprellidse 

The  Caprcllid<r  are  long  and  Blender  forma  with  well 
developed  antes  They   live  in  suit 

water,  walking  ai  ibruarine  plant-  in  a  very 

:  up  oi  the 

that  the  roeasurii] 
■  i  species  "ii  the  Atlantic  coast 
ica)  from  this  habit 
Stand.  Nat  But.,  II    i  3 

caprelline  (ka-prel'in),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  oi  the  Caprellidat. 

capreolt,  capreolet,  »•  [=  Ml',  capreole,  ca- 
],/■<■  e,  a  tendril,  <  L.  eapreolus:  sec 

capreolus.]  1.  A  buck  or  he-goat. — 2.  A  ten- 
dril; a  oapreolns. 

capreolary  (kap're-o-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  capreo- 
larius,  <  L.  eapreolus,  a  tendril:  see  eapreolus.] 
Same  as  ,  -'■ 

capreolate  (kap're-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  eapreolus, 
a  tendril  (see  eapreolus),  +  -ate1.]  1.  In  /»>/., 
provided  with  tendrils. —  2.  In  owe//.,  resem- 
bling tendrils:  applied  to  the  spermatic  vessels, 
or  *  lam.  from  their  twisted  appear- 

ance. 

capreoli,  ».    Plural  of  eapreolus. 

capreoline  ( ka-pre'o-lin  i.  a.  [<  Capreolus,  3,  + 
-ine1.]  Pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Capreolus : 
specifically,  relating  or  akin  to  the  roebuck. 

capreolus  (ka-pre'o-lus),  ».:  pi.  capreoli  (-11). 
[L.  capreolus,  ML.  also  capriolus,  a  wild  goat, 
roebuck,  chamois,  a  tendril  of  a  plant,  dim.  of 
*capreus,  fem.  vnpi-m.  a  wild  goat:  Bee  coper1 
ami  m/iridli.]  If.  A  buck  or  he-goat.  2?. 
Phillips.  1706.— 2.  The  tendril  of  a  plant.— 
3.  [t"/».  1  [NL.]  A  subgenus  of  deer,  includ- 
ing the  roebuck,  Capreolus  capraia.  Hamilton 
-  nth,  1827. 

caprett,  ».  [ME.  (translating  L.  caprea  in  Vul- 
gate), =  OF.  "chevrct,  m.,  chcrrctc,  chcrritli,  a 
kid  (as  dim.  of  ehevre,  a  goat),  a  wild  goat,  P. 
chevrt  tie,  f..  a  doe,  roe  (see  chevrette),  =  It.  eo- 
pretto,  in..  '(//.;•<  Wo,  f.,  <  ML.  caprctus,  m.,  Vo- 
preto,  f.,  equiv.  to  capreolus,  capreola,  a  wild 
goat:  see capreoJas,  co/io1.]  Aroebuck;  aroe. 
As  capret  and  hert  thou  shall  ete.    treed/,  Deut  xii.  15. 

A  moost  swift  renner.  as  oon  of  the  caprettis  [var.  co- 
ll that  dwelleu  in  wodis. 

WycUf,  2  Ki.  (2  Sam.]  ii.  IS. 

capric  (kap'rik),  a.  [<  L.  caper,  a  goat:  see 
caper1.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat.  Also 
caprinic.  Capric  acid,  C10H20O2,  a  peculiar  acid  Brst 
discovered  by  Cnevreui  in  the  butter  of  cows'  milk.  It 
:-  milk,  in  cocoanut-oil,  and  in  several 
klndsof  fusel-oil.  It  is  crystalline,  somewhat  soluble  in 
hoi  water,and  has  a  faint  goat-like smellwhen cold,  which 
becomes  more  offensive  on  heating.  Also  called  rubu  acid. 
capriccio  (ka-prich'io),  n.  [<  It.  capriccio: 
Bee  caprice.']  If.  A  caprice;  a  whim.  Also 
caprichio. 

Will  this  capricio  hold  ill  thee,  art  sure? 

Shale,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 
Sometimes 
(In  quite  opposed  capricdos)  he  climbs 
rh'  hard*  Bt  rocks  ami  highest,  everyway 

1  ii-  ridges.    Chapman,  Homeric  Hymns. 

2.   A  musical  composition  in  a  free,  irregular, 
and  oft  1  •!!  whimsical  style:  first  applied  to  de- 
iona  from  strict  forms,  like  the  fugue,  espe- 
cially when  in  quick  tempo,  but  now  extended 
to  any  fancifully  irregular  piece.   Also  cctjirice. 
capriccioso  (ka- pre -chid  '  so),  adv.    [It.,  <  ea- 
caprice:  is,.,,  capriccio,  caprice,  and  ca- 
pricious. I     In  music,  in  a  free,  fantastic  style. 
caprice  (ka-pres'  I,  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
jiritch,  and  caprichio,  capriccio,  after 
It. .  •'  P.  caprice,  <  It.  capriccio  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
ho,  ■■<  caprice,  whim;   of  disputed  origin; 
::;  .   but    v,  itleiiit    sufficient    e\  idenoe,   de- 
rived from  ft.  caprio,  a  goat  (as  if  orig.  'a  goat- 
leap').    Cf.  caperi  and  capriole.]    1.  A  sudden 

start  of  the  mind  ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion 
or  humor,  without  apparent  or  adequate  mo- 
tive: a  whim,  Cri  ak,  or  particular  fancy . 

I  f ml      [beaut     a    the  day,  when 

cap,  HI  -t.  Mark's. 

Horn  ''  \  enetian  Life,  ii. 
2.  Tic-  hal.it  of  acting  according  to  varying 
impulses;  eapriciousness. 

in  the  feminim   a  Ind    ithlng 

Boral  exuberance  oi  that 

our  dear  human  Bis. 
<<  <     [feat  through  all  wot  Idi .  \uincey, 

3-   s  '     '  •  2.     Syn.  1.   Vagary,  humor, 

caprichet,  capritcht,  «.    [Bee  caprice.]    A  ca- 

Shall  a  man  feai 

Chapman,  Gentleman  1  Bher,  v.  1. 
0  hold,  for  pity, 

I  am  ' 

But  conjut 


SI  IS 

caprichiot,  »■    See  capriccio,  1. 

capricious  I  ka-prish'us),  a.  [Formerly  also  ca- 
priccious ;  =  P.  capricii ux  =  Sp.  Pg.  capricho- 
so  =  ft.  capriccioso,  capricious;  from  the  noun: 

see  cn/ii  in  .  ]  Characterized  by  caprice  ;  apt  to 
change  Opinions  suddenly,  or  to  deviate  from 
one's  purpose;  unsteady:  changeable;  tickle; 
subject  to  change  or  irregularity:  as,  a  man 
of  a  capricious  temper. 

Nor  unnoted  pass 
The  sycamore,  capricious  in  attire, 
\.iu  green,  now  tawny,  ami  1  iv  autumn  yet 
Save  chang'd  the  woods,  in  Bcarlet  honours  bright. 
Cooper,  The  1.1  k   i.   118. 

king,  .  .  .  under  the  influence  of  capricious  pas- 
sions, suddenly  dissolved  .  .  .  parliament. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  I'.  S.,  I.  879. 
A  bud  taken  from  any  one  of  the  branches,  and  grafted 
on  another  tree,  produces  either  one  of  the  pure  kinds  or 
a  capricious  tree  producing  the  three  kinds. 

Darwin,  \  ar.  oi  Annuals  ami  Plants,  p,  355 
=  Syn.  Freakish,  unsteady,  fanciful,  whimsical,  fitful, 
crotchety,  uncertain. 

capriciously  (ka-prish'us-li),  adv.  In  a  capri- 
cious manner ;  whimsically ;  irregularly. 

The  unskilled  laborer  has  ceased  to  he  at  the  mercy  of 
a  master  ;  hut  the  force  that  the  master  once  applied  to 
him  capriciously  is  now  applied  to  him  instead  by  his 
whole  social  environment,  and  that  not  capriciously,  hut 
with  the  regularity  of  a  natural  law. 

It'.  //.  Mallock,  Social  Equality,  p.  191. 

eapriciousness  (ka-prish'us-nes),  n.      1.  The 

quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion:  as,  "great 
eapriciousness  of  taste,''  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool., 
Class  4;  "the  eapriciousness  of  a  sickly  heart," 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  94. —  2.  Unsteadiness; 
liableness  to  sudden  changes;  irregularity:  as, 
the  eapriciousness  of  fortune. 
Capricorn  (kap'ri-korn), )/.  [=  F.  (  'apricorne  = 
It.  Capricorno  (=Sp.  Pg.  Capricornio,  after  ML. 
Capricornium);  <  L.  Capricornus,  a  zodiacal 
constellation  (see  def.)  (>  ML.  capricornium, 
the  winter  solstice),  lit.  'goat-horned'  (and 
hence  in  ML.  capricornus,  a  steinbok,  ibex),  < 
caper  (capr-),  goat,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.  Cf.  Or. 
aiyo/ifpwe,  goat-horned,  the  constellation  Capri- 
corn.] 1.  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice: represented  on  ancient  monuments  by 
the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore 


caprimulgine 


The  Constellation  of  Capricorn,  according  to  ancient  descriptions 
and  figures. 

part  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Its 
symbolisW. —  2f.  [I.e.]  An  ibex;  a  steinbok. 
!!<■  slicw'd  two  heads  and  homesof  the  true  capricorne, 
which  animal,  he  told  us,  was  frequently  kill'd  among 
the  mountuines.  Evelyn,  Diary  (1646),  p.  189. 

Capricorn  beetles,  beetles  of  the  family  Ciiriiiiil>i/n'<lir 
(which  see).-  Tropic  of  Capricorn.    Seetropic 

capricornifyt  (kap-ri-kdr'ni-fi),  r.  t.  [<  eapri- 
corn  (with  allusion  to  horn,  V.)  +  -i-J'ii.\  To 
horn;  cuckold.     [Low.] 

caprid  (kap'rid),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
1  'apridce  or  Caprince;  relating  to  a  goat :  hireine. 

Capridse1  (kap'ri-de),  ».  )>l.  [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-iilir.}  The  Caprince,  or  goat  tribe,  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family  of  hollow-horned  rumi- 
11,'inis. 

Capridae-  (kap'ri-de),  «.  )il.    Same  as  Caproidw. 

caprificate  (kap'ri-fi-kat),  '■.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
caprificated,  ppr.  caprificaUng.  [<  L.  <-tt/>nji- 
cii  1  us.  pp.  oicaprifican  :  see  eaprify.  |  To  ripen 
bj  capnficatioE  ;  eaprify. 

ca'prification  (kap^ri-fl-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
caprificatio(n-%  <  caprificare:  see  eaprify.]  A 
process  intended  I..  accelerate  the  ripening 
id'  the  tig.  and  to  improve  the  fruit,  it  , .insists 
in  suspending  branches  oi  the  wild  fig  (see  capnto)  in 
tin  cultivated  trees,  ami  subjecting  the  fruit  to  the  at- 
■  >i  the  gall-insects  which  are  thus  introduced.    The 

praci 1.  ,t  a [ultj    hut.  though  still  fol- 

lowed   in    many  localities,   is  of  verj  doubtful   utility 
ition  1-  also  effected  in   planting  an  01  rash, mil 

"it'l  i'     ■  ii"   ell"  1       in  '-..in,'  portions  "i  France 

the  sain,   object  is  attained  by  touching  a  drop  of  oil  to 


the  orifice  of  the  fruit,  by  which  its  ripening  is  hastened 
marly  a  week. 

capriflcus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  n.    [L.,  the  wild  fig. 

1  hi',  lit.  'goat-fig,'  <  caper  {cupr-),  a  goat,  + 

fieus,  tig:  see  riijiii-i  and  Ji;/.]     The  capriflg. 
caprifig  (kap'ri-fig),  n.     [<  L.  caprijicus,  a  wild 
fig,  the   second    element    being   accom.   to   K. 
fig:  see  caprijicus.]     The  uncultivated   male 
form  of  the  common  fig,  Ficus  Carica,  which 
is  practically  dioecious,  though  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  are  found  upon  the  same  tree. 
The  fruit  of  the  caprifig  is  hard  ami  useless,  hut   I 
home  of  a  small  gnat-like  (rail-insect,  Blaxtopha  ■• 
sorum,  which  in  escaping  from  the  orifice  covers  Itself 

with  polle I  thus  i -  i ans  for  etfectin 

fertilizati I  the  edible  fig.    See  capriftcatien. 

caprifolet,  caprifolyt(kap'ri-tdl,  -fo-li),  n.  [= 
1  >.  kamperfoette  =  Dan.  kaprifolium  =  F.  chevn  - 

l'riiillc  =  lt.caprijni/li,i.<  Mh.eaprifolium,  \\ 1- 

bine,  honeysuckle:  see  c a pri folium.]  Wood- 
bine; honeysuckle. 

There  was  a  pleasaunt  Arber,  not  by  art 

I  a  it  nt  the  tree-  owne  inclination  made,  .  .  . 
With  wanton  yvie  twine  entrayld  athwart, 
And  Eglantine  and  Caprifole  emong, 

Spenser,  F.  ()..  III.  vi.  a. 

Caprifoliaceas  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Caprifolium  +  -acea}.]  A  natural  order  of 
monopetalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the  Jtuhi- 
i'i'i*.  It  includes  a  number  of  erect  or  twining  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  plants,  comprising  the  honeysuckle,  elder, 
viburnum,  and  snowberry.  The  characteristics  ,.1  tie 
order  are  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  interior 
ovary,  4  or  ."•  stamens  upon  the  tube  of  the  regular  or 
irregular  corolla,  ami  the  fruit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  the  order 
is  otherwise  of  little  value. 

caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Caprifoliuci  a . 

caprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-tun),  n.  [ML.,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle,  lit.  'goat-leaf,'  <  L.  caper 
(capr-),  a  goat,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  caperl  and 
foil1.  Sometimes  erroneously  explained  as  for 
'capparifolium,  <  L.  capparis,  caper,  +  folium, 
leaf,  with  ref.  to  the  likeness  of  its  leaf 'to  that 
of  the  caper:  see  caper^.]  1.  Woodbine  or 
honeysuckle. —  2.  [cap.]  A  section  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Caprifoliaceai,  including  the  trum- 
pet honeysuckle,  the  yellow  honeysuckle,  and 
the  American  woodbine. 

caprifolyt,  ».    Sec  caprifole. 

capriform  (kap'ri-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  caper  (capr-), 
a  goat,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a  goat; 
goat-like:  as,  capriform  horns. 

eaprify  (kap'ri-fi),  i\  .. :  pret.  and  pp.  caprified, 
ppr.  caprifying.  [<  ME.  caprifien,  <  F.  as  if 
"caprifier  =  Sp.  caprihigar  =  Pg.  caprificar,  <  L. 
caprificare,  subject  figs  to  the  stinging  of  the 
gall-insect,  <  nijiri liens,  the  wild  fig-tree:  see 
caprijicus.]  To  subject  to  capriiication  (which 
see). 

In  .luyn,  as  Sonne  is  hiest,  to  caprifie 

The  lie-tree  is.  that  is  to  signifie 

The  flgges  grene  of  capriflgtree  rende 

With  trei-  made  like  a  saw  e  on  hem  suspende. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  I'.  S.),  p.  125. 

caprigenous  (kap-rij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caprige- 
nus,  <  caper  (capr-),  a  goat,  +  -genus,  -born: 
see  -genous.]  Produced  by  a  goat;  belonging 
to  the  goat  kind. 

Caprimulgidae  (kap-ri-mul'ji-de),  v.  i>l.     [NL., 

<  Caprimulgus  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  fissi- 
rostral  cypseliform  non-passerine  birds,  of  the 
conventional  order  Picarim;  the  goatsuckers 
or  night-jars.  They  are  chiefly  of  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular habits,  have  a  broad,  flattened  head,  large  eyea 
and  cars,  and  a  very  small  hill  with  deeply  cleft  rictus 
generally  provided  with  long  bristles.  They  have  very 
small  feet,  frequently  of  an  abnormal  number  of  phalanges, 
the  hind  I"-  being  short  and  usually  elevated,  the  front 
to,-  webbed  at  the  base,  and  the  middle  claw  usually  pec. 
tinate.  Their  plumage  is  soft  and  lax,  ami  the  wings  ami 
tail  are  variable  in  development.  There  are  about  H 
genera  and  upward  of  100  species,  of  the  temperate  and 
tropica]  portions  of  both  hemispheres.  Thej  are  do  idi  d 
into  1  subfamilies,  Podarginte,  Steatornithince,  Nyctibii 
nee,  ami  t 'aprimulginee. 

Caprimulginae  (kap'ri-mul-ji'ne),  n.  pi.    [XL., 

<  Caprimulgus  +  -ina:]  The  typical  subfamily 
of  Caprimulgidce,  including  the  tine  goatsuck- 
ers and  night-jars.     These  birds  are  of iturnal  or 

crepuscular  habits,  insectivorous,  ami  in  temperate  coun- 
tries migratory ;  the  young  are  downy  at  birth,  < trarj 

to  tiic  rule  among  AUrices.    The  Caprimulgine  are  fen 
m-m  rally  distributed  in  both  hemispheres.    Caprimul- 
gus, the  leading  genus,   is  confined  to  the  old   world. 
Leading  American  genera  are  Nyctulromus,  Antrostomv 
and  Chordeiles.     See  cuts  under  Antrostomus  and 
sucker. 

caprimulgine  (kap-ri-mul'jin),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
i>(  or  pertaining  to  the  Caprimulgidai  or  the 
genus  Caprimulgus. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Caprimulgidai;  a  bird  of 

the  goatsucker  family. 


Caprimulgus 


SO!) 


Far  over  tin-  billowy  Bea  "f  heads  may  be 
caprioling  on  horses  from  tin-  royal  stud. 

Carlyle,  French  Etev, 


Caprimulgus  (kap-ri-mul'gus),  ».  [L„  a  milk- 
er of  goats;  also  a  bird  so  called,  the  j_c< >: 1 1  - 
sucker  (sec  goatsucker);  <  caper,  tern,  capra,  a 
goat,  +  mulgere  =  E.  jhi'oy.J     Tln<  typical  and  - 

most  extensive  genus  of  goatsuekers,  of  the    <•■"'."'•  <;"/"'-'• :l  go**.  +  P«*  </'"'-)  = 
subfamily    Caprimulgince,    formerly   eontermi-     Having  feet  like  those  of  a  goat. 
nous  with  the  family  Caprimidgidoe,  bul   now  capritcht,  ».     See  niprirhe 

commonly  restricted  to  specs  strictly  -  caprizant  (kap  n-zant),  a. 

generic  with  the  European  goatsucker,  night- 
jar, night-churr,  or  fern-owl,  Caprimulgus  i  uro- 

pirils.      In  this  acceptation  of  the  genus,  not I   thl 

Bpecies  arc  Aineriran,  the   American  ulnpi uills,  etc., 

being  now  usually  included  in  the  genus  Antrostomus. 
There  are  upward  of  30  species  oi  Caprimulgus  proper. 

caprin,  caprine2  (kap'rin),  n.    [<  capr(ie)  + 

-in-,    -ine".]     A    substance    found    in    butter, 


seen  Rascality  caproyl  (kup'ro-il ).  u  ■     ( 

,     ..   ,        r'/i/,  matter.  J    the  radio: 

»ev.,l.vll  10.     B^andit8Jderivativeg. 


Capsidae 

[<  capro(ic)  +  -.'/',  <  < :''. 
oal  (r(iIIuO)  of  caproic 


i'he't'vpi,'ai"a]„'i  capriped(kap'ri-ped),a.    [<L. capripesj^ped-),  capryl  (knp'.-ii).  n.    [<  caproic)  +  -yZ.]   An  or 
suckers    of  the    <''"/'"'  <<'"/"'->• :l  goal .+  i"s  (/"'''-)  =  E- .'""'•  I    ganic  radical  (CgHiT)  no1  existing  in  the  free 

state,  bui  found  in  a  number  of  compounds, 
caprylic  (ka-pril'ik),  o.    [<  capryl  +  4c.]    Be 

lated  to  oi ntaining  the  radical  capryl,  Cs 

Pg.  caprigante  =  It.  eapriszante,  <  ML.  capn-    g caprylicacid.cTHir.t'U'H,  a  volatile  fattyacid 

(m(t-)s,   ppr.  of   "caprisare,  leap  like  a  goal,     found  combined  as  an  ether  in  cows' butter,  and  in  much 
<l..eii;.(r  a.  "oat.  ( If.  ciiyicicr.]    Leaping:  used     larger  quantity  in  cocoanut-oU.      At  ordinary  tempera 

offho   pulse  when    it    seems  to    leap,   111!     impel--       t.u-csitisah.MMd    s..luldcil,  l-drngwater 

feel    dilatation   of  the  artery   being  succeeded  Capsal  (kap  sal)  ».     [AoDRVbndmriM.] 
1  v  a  full  ■!■  one  Acapslan;  speeilically.  among  American  lum- 

caproate  (kap'ro-St).  n.    [<  capro(ic)  +  -ate*.]    hermen,  ai ghcapstan  buill  ona  raft      

A  san  formed  1,y  the  union  of  caproic  acid  Oapnaria  (kap-sa'ri-y ,  ».  /./.    LN  ; -  <  "      - 

J  +  -una.]     A  division  of    hoteropterous  insects 

cap-rock  uUp'rok),«.    In  lead^nimng,  a  stra-    containing  broadlv  ovate  forms     See  topsMxe. 

tl  immediately  under  which  the  lea&oearing  cap-screw  (kap  skro,,  ».     A  sere w-bc .It  «  ith 

crevices  begin  to  widen  andbecome  productive.     :>  cubical  head,  used  in  .securing  the  ends  of 

[Lead  regions  of  the  upper  Mississippi.]  steam-cylinders. 

caproic  (ka-pro'ik),  a.     L<  capro-.  assumed  cap-scuttle  (ka?  skntn^n. 

stem  of  L.  caper,  a  goat,  +  -<>.]     Of  or  per 


which,  with  butyrin  and  caprone,  gives  the  buf 
ter  its  peculiar  taste  and  odor.     It  is  a  com- 
pound of  capric  acid  and  glycerin,  or  a  caprate 
of  glycerin. 

Caprina  (ka-pri'na),  n.  [XL..  Eem.  of  L.  car 
primus,  relating  to  a  goat;  in  allusion  to  the 
shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  bivalve  mollusks  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  by  some  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Rudistce,  or  family  Hippuritidas,  and  by- 
others  as  the  type  of  a  family  Cwprinidce. 

Caprinae  (ka-pri'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-iua:]     The  goat  tribe  considered  as  a  subfam- 
ily of  Borithc,  characterized  by  having  horns  caproid  (kap'ro-id),  a.  and'  n. 
which  are  subangular  in  section,  curved  back-     tabling  to  the  'Caproidce. 
ward,  with  an  anterior  rectilinear  ridge  con- 
tinuous around  the  convex  curve. 

caprine1  (kap'rin),  a.  [<  L.  Capriatis,  <  caper 
{(■ain--),  a  goat:  see  caper*-.']  Like  a  goat;  nir- 
cine ;  pertaining  to  the  Caprina: 


tabling  to  a  goat;  derived  from  a  goat.  Also 
capronic.  Caproic  acid,  iv.Hi  ■_•"•_•.  the  sixth  in  the 
series  oi  tatty  acids,  a  clear  mobile  oil  which  together 
with  capric  acid  may  be  prepared  from  butter,  from  co 
coanut-oil,  and  from  various  other  sources;  lis  salts  are 
termed  eaproates.  it  is  a  mobile  fluid,  colorless,  inflam- 
mable, an. I  has  a  verj  acid  and  penetrating  taste. 

I.  a.  Of  or  per- 


Their  physiognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Life  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  236. 


II.  n.   A  fish  of  the  family  Caproidce. 
Caproidae  (ka-pro'i-de),  ».  pi.    [NL.,  <  Capros 

+  -iila:]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
represented  by  the  genus  Capros,  and  related 
to  the  Z<  llida:  They  have  a  compressed  body,  project- 
ing snout,  very  protractile  upper  jaw,  ctenoid  scales,  and   cap-shore    (kap'shor) 


caprine2,  «.    See  caprin. 

Caprinella  (kap-ri-nel'fi),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Ca- 
prina, q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
I'liprinrlliila: 

Caprinellidae  (kap-ri-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 
Caprinella  +  -idee.]     A  family  of  fossil  bivalve  Capromyan  (kap-ro-mi  an),  n.     [<  Capromys  + 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprinella.    The     -«»•]  _  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  group  repre 


many  vertebra?."  The  principal  species  is  the  Capros  aper 
or  boar-fish.    Also  Caprida.    See  cut  under  boar-fish. 

Both  the  Zenida;  and  the  Caproida  exhibit  a  very  sin- 
gular mode  of  locomotion.  This  is  to  a  large  extent  ef- 
fected by  a  scarcely  perceptible  vibratory  motion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  tins,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to  steal 
upon  their  victims  unnoticed.     Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  III.  209. 


Xaiit.,  a  covering 
for  a  hatch  made  so  as  to  fit  over  the  outside 
of  the  coaming,  to  keep  out  water. 

Capsella  (kap-sel'a),  n.  [L.,  a  small  box  or 
coffer,  dim.  of  cupsu.  a  box:  see  ca.ir-.]  A 
small  genus  of  cruciferous  plants;  shepherd's- 
purse  (which  see  i. 

cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  n.  1.  The  top  sheaf  of  a 
stack  of  grain;  thecrowner.  Hence  —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, the  summit;  the  extreme  degree  of 
anything:  as,  this  letter  is  the  cap-sheaf  of  his 
impudence. 

Success  in  foreign  commerce  will  be  the  cap-sheaf,  the 

crowning  glory,  of  Philadelphia. 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  29. 

Xaut.,  a  small  spar 


typical  forms  have  a  subcorneal  right  valve  with  a  liga- 
mental  furrow  on  its  convex  side  and  a  large  hinge-tooth 
supported  by  an  oblique  plate,  while  the  left  valve  is 
spiral  and  provided  with  two  teeth,  of  which  the  anterior 
is  borne  on  a  plate  that  longitudinally  traverses  the  um- 
bo n al  cavity.  By  some  the  species  are  referred  to  the  //</' 
/iiiritiihi:  and  by  others  to  the  Chamida:  They  lived  dur- 
ing the  Cretaceous  epoch. 

caprinic  (ka-prin'ik),  a.  [<  caprin  +  -ic] 
Same  as  capric 

Caprinidae  (ka-prin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prina +  -iila:]  A  family  of  extinct  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprina 
which  different  limits  have  been  given.  By  some 
it  is  restricted  to  the  genus  Caprina ;  by  others  it  is  ex- 
tended to  embrace  the  genera  Cai'rimi.  Caprinella, and  Cn- 
protina.     All  the  species  lived  in  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  -n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
eapriol,  caprioll,  capreall  (whence  by  abbr. 
caper:  see  capeA),  also  later  cabriole  (and  Sc. 
caprel);  —  I),  capriool  =  G.  capriole  =  Sw.  Tca- 
priol  =  Dan.  kapriole,  <  P.  capriole  (16th  cen- 
tury), now  cabriole  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriola,  <  It.  ca- 
priola,  also  cavriola,  cavriuola,  a  caper,  capriole, 

frisk,  leap,  lit.  a  leap  like  that  of  a  kid  or  goat,  Caprotina  (kap-ro-ti'nii),  n 
<  capriniii.  cavriolo,  m.,  capriole,  cavriola,  f.,  a 
kid,  a  fawn  (Florio),  also,  without  dim.  force. 
a  wild  goat,  a  roebuck,  =  Cat.  Pr.  cabirol  = 
OF.  cheverol,  chevroil,  F.  chcvrcitil,  m.,  OF.  Wo  - 
vrolle,  chevreulle,  f.,  <  L.  capreolus,  m.,  LL.  ca- 
preola,  f.,  ML.  also  capriolus,  eapriola,  a  wild 
goat,  roebuck,  roe :  Bee  capreolus  and  caper'*.  Cf. 
F.  capriot,  n.,  capriotcr,  v.,  caper  (Cotgrave).] 

1.  A  caper  or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  a  sudden 
bound ;  a  spring.     [Archaic] 

With  lofty  tunics  and  capriols  in  the  ayre 
Which  with  the  lusty  tunes  accordeth  faire. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Dancing,  st.  68. 

His  teeth  doe  caper  whilst  he  eates  his  meat, 
His  heeles  doe  caper  whilst  he  takes  his  seate; 
His  very  sonic,  his  intellectual, 
Is  nothing  but  a  mincing  capreall. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  xi. 

Permitting  no  caprioles  of  fancy,  but  with  scope  enough 
for  the  outbreak  of  savage  instincts. 

Hawthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  ix. 

2.  In  the  manege,  an  upward  spring  or  leap 
made  by  a  horse  without  advancing,  the  hind 
legs  being  jerked  out  when  at  the  height  of  the 
leap.— 3f.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  women. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  v.  i.  ;_pret.  and  pp.  capri- 


sented  by  the  genus  Capromys. 

Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kawpoc, 
a  wild  boar  (cf.  L'.  caper,  a  goat :  see  caper1),  + 
pic-  —  E.  mouse.]  A  genus  of  hystrieomorphio 
rodent  mammals,  of  the  family  Octodontidw  and 
subfamily  Echinomyina;  or  hedgehog-rats,  pe- 
culiar to  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  two  species 
occur,  C.  pilorides  and  < '.  prehensilis,  called  re- 
spectively the  li idia-conga  or pilori-rat  and  the 
liiitia-'-iiriiluili. 
to  caprone  (kap'ron),  n.  [<  capr(ic)  +  -one.]  A 
clear  colorless  oil  obtained  from  butter,  and  to 
which  with  caprine  the  peculiar  flavor  of  butter 
is  partly  due.     It  is  a  ketone  of  caproic  acid. 

capronic  (kap-ron'ik),  a.  [<  caprone  +  -ic] 
Same  as  caproic. 

Capros  (kap'ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nairpoc,  a  wild 
boar,  also  a  sea-fish.]  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygian fishes,  of  the  family  Carangidce,  or  the 
type  of  a  distinct  family  Caproidce.  C.  aper  is 
the  boar-fish.  Lacepede,  1804.  See  cut  under 
boar-fish. 

[NL.,<L.  Capro- 
tina, a  cognomen  of  Juno.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  mollusks,  considered  by  some  to  be  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Caprotinidai. 

Caprotinidae  (kap-ro-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Caprotina  +  -iila:]  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprotina.  The 
valves  are  nearly  alike  in' form,  but  dissimilar  in  sculpture, 


5 


Cap-shore  {a}. 


Right  valve.  Left  valve. 

Caprotina  striata. 

ata',  positions  of  adductor  muscles ;  c,  c,  cartilage-pits ;  I,  I,  litfa- 

mental  Inflections;  /,  t\ teeth. 


the  right  being  striated  or  ribbed,  and  the  left  flat « >r  &  ravex 
with  a  marginal  umbo.  The  interior  is  shown  in  tin  an- 
nexed cuts.  The  species  have  been  referred  variously  t" 
the  families  Hippuritidce,  Chamidee,  and  Caprinidce;  all 
are  confined  to  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

<  L. 


oled,   ppr.    caprioling.     [Early   mod.   E.   also  Caprovis  (kap'ro-vis),  n.     [NL.,  <.  U  caper,  a 

capreall,  and  by  abbr.  caper  (see  caper*)  \  <  P.  goat,  +  ovis,  a  sheep,  =  E.  ewe.]    A  subgenus  of 

cabriulcr  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriolar,  <   It.   eapritilarc,  the  genus  Oris,  including  several  species  of  wild 

caper,  leap;  from  the  noun:  see  capriole,  ».]  sheep,  as  the  moufflon  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica 

To  execute  a  capriole  ;  leap;  skip.  and  the  argali  of  Asia.     See  cut  under  argdli. 


supporting  the  forward  edge  of  the  cap  of  a 
lower  mast. 

capsicin,  capsicine  (kap'si- 
sin),  n.  [<  Capsicum  +  -in2, 
-i m  '-.]  An  active  principle 
(C0H14O2)  obtained  from 
the  fruit  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum,  ap- 
pearing in  colorless  crys- 
tals and  extremely  acrid,  it 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  forma 
crystallizable  salts  with  acetic,  ni- 
tric, and  sulphuric  acids. 

Capsicum  (kap'si-kum),  n. 

[NL.  (so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  fruit),  <  L. 
cupsu,  a  box:  see  case2.] 
1.  A  genus  of  herbace- 
ous or  shrubby  South 
American  plants,  natural 
order  Solanacea;  with  a 
wheel-shaped  corolla,  pro- 
jecting and  converging  stamens,  and  a  many- 
seeded  berry.  Many  of  the  species  are  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  fruit,  which  contains  an  ex- 
ceedingly pungent  principle,  capsicin.  The  fruit  or  pod 
is  fleshy  and  very  variable  in  shape  and  color,  some- 
times inflated  and  as  large  as  an  mange.  It  is  used  for 
pickles,  sauces,  etc.,  and  also  in 
medicine  as  a  valuable  local  and 
genera]  stimulant.  Cayenne  or 
red  pepper  consists  of  the  ground 
pods  of  various  species,  especially 
of  C.  fastigiatum,  the  African  or 
Guinea  pepper,  or  spur-pepper, 
and  of  the  common  red  pepper  of 
the  garden,  C.  annuiiiii.  The 
pods  of  both  of  these  species 
an-  also  known  as  chillies,  and 
before  they  are  ground  as  p"<l 
peppers.  C.  baccatum  is  the  berry- 
bearing  capsicum,  or  bird-pepper, 
and  C.  frwtieosvm  is  the  goat  pep- 
per. The  bonnet-pepper,  C.tetra- 
gonum,  has  a  large  and  very  fleshy 
fruit,  and  is  much  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies.  The  cherry-pep- 
per, C.  cerasifoniii:  with  small 
round  fruit,  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament.  The  bell-pepper  is  a  large-podded 
variety  of  C.  annuum,  of  which  there  are  mans  varieties. 
2.  [?.  ft]  A  plant  of  this  genus  or  its  fruit. 
capsid  (kap'sid),  n.  One  of  the  Capsida: 
Capsidae  (kap'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capsus  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  heteropterous  hemipterous 
insects,  of  the  series  Ccocores  or  land-bugs, 
typilied  by  the  genus  Capsus,  and  founded  l>y 
Westwood  in  1840.  It  is  of  large  extent,  containing 
many  small  prettily  colored  species  of  convex  form.  The 
antenna:  are  long,  often  with  the  second  joint  thickened 
at  the  tip,  and  very  slender  terminal  joints;  the  labrutu  is 
long;  ocelli  are  wanting  ;  the  legs  are  long  and  slender, 
with  3-jointed  tarsi  sometimes  provided  with  pulvilli. 
The  females  have  a  long  slender  ovipositor  received  in  a 
slit  under  the  abdomen.  They  are  active  bugs,  and  sub- 
sist on  the  juices  of  plants  and  trees;  some  are  partlcu 
larly  fond  of  ripe  fruit.  Several  groups,  corresponding 
more  or  less  nearly  with  Capsidoe,  are  called  Capsaria, 
Capsida,  Capsina,  anil  Capsini. 


Red  Pepper 
[Ctzpsuifi  ar.i.uiim   . 


cap-sill 

cap-sill  (kap'sil),  n.  The  upper  horizontal  beam 
in  the  timber-framing  of  a  bridge,  viaduct,  ete. 

Capsina  (kap-si'na),  n.  pi.  |M...  <  Capsus  + 
-iua.\     A  group  of  lictoropterous  insects.     See 

capsize  (kap-siz')i  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  capsized, 

ppr.  [Origin    unknown  ;   the    Dan. 

is  from  E.]     I.  intrant.  To  turn  o^er 

or  upset :  as,  take  care  that  the  boat  does  not 

over  the  dam  with  all  on  board, 
filling  and  capsizing  instantly. 

Coupon  B Is,  p.  299. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  upset;  overturn  (a  boat  or 
\.  ssel). 

What  if  carrying  sail  capsize  tin-  boat! 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i\.  18. 

2.  To  move  (a  hogshead  or  other  vessel)  for- 
ward by  turning  it  alternately  on  the  heads. 
HaUiwett.     [Prov.  Eug.] 
capsize  (kap-siz'),  ».    [<  capsize,  ».]    An  up- 
set ;  an  overturn. 
cap-square  (kap'skwar),  n.    In  gun.,  one  of  the 
Strong  plates  of  iron  or  brass  which  are  fitted 
over  tU'    trunnions  of  a  gun  and  secure  it  on 
tin-  carriage.    See  cut  under  gun-carriage. 
capstan  ( kap'stan), ;:,   [Formerly  also  capstane, 
simulating  stand),  capstern  (simulat- 
ing stern),  once  eapstring  (simulating  string), 
ten,  caston  (dial,  capsal,  q.  v.);  =  MD. 
ttant,    I),   haapstander  (simulating  Jcaap- 
Stander,  a  lighthouse,  <  haap,  Ml).  Tcape,  =  E. 
-.  +  -/it/ne  /•.  axletree,  MD.  stander,  stan- 
dat  i  'I,  a  column,  pillar,  mill-post,  standard,  D. 
standaard,a  banner,  =  E.  standard)  =  G-. kabe- 
stan,  <  F.  cabestan  =  Pr.  cdbestan,  <  Sp.  cabe- 
strante,  usually  cabrestante  (=  Pg.  cabrestante) 
(simidatiug  cabra,  a  goat,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  +  estante,  a  shelf,  naut.  a  prop  of 
a  eroSB-beam,  as  adj.  fixed,  lit.  standing,  <  L. 
stani  t-)s,  ppr.  of  stare,  stand),  a  capstan,  prob. 
<  cabestrar,  <  L.  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  < 
capistrum  i  >  Sp.  cabestro  =  Pg.  cabresto  =  It. 
capestro  =  Pr.  eabestre  =  OF.  chevestre,  F.  che- 
e),  a  halter,  muzzle,  band,  <  capere,  hold :  see 
capistrum   and  capable.]     An  apparatus  work- 
ing on  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle, 
user!  for  raising  weights  or  applying  power,    it 
consist^  ,,f  an  upright  barrel,  either  smooth  or  having  ribs 
called  whelps,  which  are  arranged  about  a  spindle.   Above 

the  barrel  is  the 
capstan-head, 
which  has   holes 
to     receive     the 
ends  of  levers  or 
bars  by  which  the 
barrel  is  revolv- 
ed. At  the  bottom 
of  the  barrel  is  a 
pawl-head,     with 
pawls  to  catch  a 
ratchet-ring      or 
pawl-rim,    which 
is  secured  to  the 
floor  or  platform. 
A  capstan  differs 
from  a    windlass 
in  having  a  verti- 
cal instead  of   a 
horizontal     axis. 
The  capstan  em- 
ployed   to    draw 
coal  from  pits  is 
usually   called    a 
gin,     and     when 
worked  by  horses  a  whim-gin.    On  board  ship  it  is  used 
for  weighing   the  anchor,  warping  ship,  etc.  — Chinese 
capstan,  a  differential  device  for  hoisting  or  hauling,    It 
same  as  the  differential  windlass  (which  see,  under 
ccepl  that  its  axis  Is  vertical.    Power-cap- 
stan, a  capstan  in  which,  by  the  application  of  cog-wheels, 
power  maj   be  gained  at  the  expense  of  speed.— 
Steam-capstan,  a  capstan  turned  by  a  steam-engine. — 
To  come  up  with  the  capstan,  to  turn  it  the  contrary 
ipe  about  it.— To  heave  at 
the  capstan,  to  cause  it  to  turn  by  pushing  with  the 
bars.     To  man  the  capstan,  to  place 
the  sailors  at  it  i]  to  heave.  -To  pawl  the 

capstan,  to  fix  thi  pay  i  o  as  to  prevent  the  cap  tan 
from  recoiling.  To  rig  the  capstan,  to  prepare  it  for 
heaving  by  fixing  the  ban  In  the  holes  or  otherwise,  To 
surge  the  capstan,  to  Blacken  the  rope  wound  round 
i  it. 

capstan-bar  (kap '  stan -bar),  ».    One  of  the 
Levers,  generally  of  wood,  by  which  a  capstan 
irned.    To  swifter  the  capstan-bars,  i.  I 

■   round  il tti 1  i  nd    ol  all  thi   -  upstan  bars 

in-  round,  so  thai  they  cannot  be  accidentally 

capstan-barrel,  n.    See  cap  <tan. 

capstanet,  capstandt,  «•    See  capstan. 

capsternt,  «.    See  i 

capstone  (kap'-ion  ..  n.  1.  [n  arch.,  the  upper- 
most or  finishing  stone  of  a  si  ruel  ore,  as  of  a 
pan 

M walls  ol  ill    i to  protect 

I  of  water,  as  Well  a,   I,,    l.ind 

tractive  together. 


Capstan. 

a,  capstan-head ;  *.  barrel ;  c,  pawl-rim  and 
pawls;  ti,  capstan-bar. 


810 

2.  In  soiil.,  a  fossil  eehinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the 
genus  Conulus:  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  cap. 

capstringt,  ».    See  capstan. 

capsula  (kap'su-lii),  ».;  pi.  capsula  (-le).    [L.] 

Same  as  capsuk  . 

capsulaescic  (kap-sii-les'ik),  a.  [<  L.  capsula 
(see  capSuU  )  +  usc-iilitx,  horse-chestnut  (see 
esculin),  +  4c]  Derived  from  capsules  of  the 
horse-chestnut  —  Capsulsescic  acid,  an  acid  found 
in  the  capsules  "i  horse-chestnuts. 

capsular  (kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  L.  capsula  (see 
capsule)  +  -nr'-i.j  Hollow,  like  a  chest  or  cap- 
sule ;  pertaining  to  or  having  the  structure  of 
a  capsule.— Capsular  artery,  the  middle  suprarenal 
artery.  — Capsular  ligament,  the  ligament  which  sur- 
rounds every  movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  sy- 
novia like  a  bag.  Sic  diarthrosis. —  Capsular  vein,  the 
suprarenal  vein. 

capsulary  (kap'sii-la-ri),  a.     Same  as  capsular. 

capsulate,  capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  -la-ted),  a. 
[<  capsule  +  -ate1.]  Inclosed  in  a  capsule,  or 
as  in  a  chest  or  box.     Also  capsuU  d. 

capsule  (ka.p'sul), re.  [=D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  l-ajisel. 
<  F.  capsule  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capsula,  <  L.  capsula, 
a  small  box  or  chest  (cf.  capsella),  dim.  of  capsa, 
a  box:  see  case2.]  1.  A  small  casing,  envelop, 
covering,  etc.,  natural  or  artificial,  usually  thin 
or  membranous  ;  a  cover  or  container  of  some 
small  object  or  quantity  of  matter.  Specifi- 
cally— 2.  In  hot.,  a  dehiscent  pod  or  seed-ves- 
sel, either  membranous  or  woody,  composed  of 


Capsules,  after  dehiscence. 
a.  asphodel ;  *.  argemone  ;  c,  violet. 

two  or  more  carpels,  which  at  maturity  becomes 
dry  and  opens  by  regular  valves  corresponding 
in  number  to  the  carpels,  or  twice  as  numerous. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit, 
and  even  to  the  spore-cases  of  various  cryptogamic  plants. 
3.  In  chem.:  (a)  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay  for 
roasting  samples  of  ores,  or  for  melting  them. 
(6)  A  small  shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware, 
platinum,  etc.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and 
the  like. — 4.  In  anat.  and  soul.,  a  membrane 
or  ligament  inclosing  some  part  or  organ  as 
in  a  bag  or  sac ;  a  saccular  envelop  or  invest- 
ment:  as,  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens  of 
the  eye  ;  the  capsule  of  a  joint,  as  the  hip. —  5. 
In  anat.,  some  part  or  organ  likened  to  a  cap- 
sule :  as,  the  adrenal  capsules. — 6.  In  Protozoa, 
the  included  perforated  test  of  a  radiolariau. — 
7.  In  ciitom.,  a  horny  case  inclosing  the  eggs 
of  an  insect,  as  those  of  the  cockroach.  Also 
called  ootheca. —  8.  A  cap  of  thin  metal,  such  as 
tin-foil,  put  over  the  mouth  of  a  corked  bottle 
to  preserve  the  cork  from  drying.  Wine  of  good 
quality  when  bottled  was  formerly  sealed  with  wax  upon 
the  cork,  but  the  use  of  the  capsule  is  now  almost  univer- 
sal, the  grower*s  or  dealer's  name  or  device  being  com- 
monly stamped  upon  it. 

9.  A  small  gelatinous  case  or  envelop  in  which 
nauseous  medicines  are  inclosed  to  be  swal- 
lowed.— 10.  The  shell  of  a  metallic  cartridge  or 
of  a  fulminating  tube Adrenal  capsule,  an  ad- 
renal (which  see).— Atrabiliary  capsule,  the  suprarenal 
capsule,  or  adrenal. — Bonnet's  capsule,  the  posterior 
part  of  tin;  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  eye,  behind  tic  point  of 
perforation  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the  eyeballs, 
—Bowman's  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  Malpighian  body 
of  the  kidney.  —  Capsule  of  Glisson,  the  sheath  of  con- 
nective tissue  enveloping  the  branches  of  the  portal  vein, 
hepatic  artery,  and  hepatic  duct  as  i  bey  ramify  in  the  liver. 
—  Capsule  of  the  kidney,  t lie  smooth  fibrous  membrane 
closely  investing  the  kidney,  and  forming  its  outer  coat. — 
Capsule  of  the  lens,  the  transparent,  elastic,  brittle,  and 
structureless  membrane  inclosing  the  lens  of  the  eye. — 
Central  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  radiolariau.— Exter- 
nal capsule,  the  layer  of  white  nervous  substance  bi 
tween  the  claustrum  ami  the  puta n  of  tin-  brain. — In- 
ternal Capsule,  the  layer  of  nerve  tibcrs  passing  upward 
in  the  brain  from  the  ci  ura  cerebri  to  the  cortex,  between 
tie  caudate  nucleus  and  the  optic  thalamus  on  the  one 
sele  and  the  lenticular  nucleus  on  the  other.     Marsupial 

capsule,  in /'       ■■ Bryo  oa),  an  individual  of  a  colony 

Ben  in-  oniv  for  the  reception  of  ova.  Nidamental  cap- 
sule, in  conch.,  a  case  in  which  the  embryos  of  certain 
moliusks  are  contained. 

The  nidamental  capsules  [of  the  whelk,  Butcimim]  are 
u  roundish  masses  which,  when  thrown  ashore 
and  drifted  bj  thi  unci   resemble  corallines.    Each  cap- 
sule contains  five  or  six  young. 

S.  P.  Woodward.,  Molluscs,  2d  ed.,  p.  219. 


captain 

Suprarenal  capsule,  a  small  flattened  body,  somewhat 
glandular  in  appearance,  but  with  no  duct,  which  in  many 

annuals  surmounts  the  kidney.      Also    called  suprarenal 

body  and  adrenal.    See  cut  under  kidney. — Urticating 

Capsule,  a  lielnatocyst.  cllida,  or  thread  cell 

capsuled  (kap'suld,),  a.     Same  as  cajisulntc. 

capsuliferous  (kap-su-lif  e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.']  In  hot. 
and  soiil.,  bearing  capsides. 

capsuligerous  (kap-su-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  gererc,  bear.]  Same  as 
capsuliferous. 

capsulitis  (kap-su-li'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  capsula 
(see  capsule  i  +  -itis.]  Inflammation  of  the  cap- 
sule of  the  lens  of  the  eye. 

capsulogenous  (kap-su-loj'e-nus),  a.  [<  L. 
capsula  (sec  capsule)  +  -genus,  producing:  see 
-genous.]  Producing  a  capsule:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  of  earthworms,  opening 
on  the  surface  by  papillas  and  supposed  to  assist 
iu  the  secretion  of  the  capsule  or  cocoon  of 
those  animals. 

capsulotomy  (kap-su-lot'o-rui),  n.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (sec  capsule)  +  Mtti'.  ropta,  a  cutting:  see 
anatomy.]  In  surg.,  incision  of  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Capsus  (kap'sus),  re.  [NL.:  said  to  be  <  Gr. 
/vOTrrtd',  gulp  down  ;  cf.  Hafts,  a  gulping  down.] 
A  genus  of  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Cap- 
siilu;  founded  by  Fabricius  in  1S03.  As  now  re- 
stricted, it  contains  bugs  usually  of  medium  size  and 
broadly  ovate  form,  with  moderate  or  narrow  neck,  per- 
fect wings  and  hemelytra,  and  second  antennal  joint  long- 
est and  clavate.    C.  trifasdatus  is  an  example. 

captt  (kapt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cap1,  v.]  Overcome 
in  argument. 

capt.  An  abbreviation  of  captain. 

captain  (kap'tan),  u.  and  a.  [<  ME.  captain, 
capitain,  -ein,  -cijn,  =  D.  lcapitem  =  Dan.  haptejn, 
Icapitajn  =  Sw.  hapten,  <  OF.  capitain,  capitaine 
(vernacular  form  chcretaine,  >E.  chief  tain,  q.  v. ), 
F.  capitaine  =  Pr.  capitani  =  Sp.  capitan  =  Pg. 
capitdo  =  It.  ciipitauo,  <  Mli.  capitaneus,  -anius, 
-anus,  a  captain  (also,  and  prop.,  an  adj.,  princi- 
pal, chief),  <L.  caput(capit-),  head:  see  capital1, 
etc.  Cf.  headman  and  hitman.]  I.  n.  1.  One 
who  is  at  the  head  of  or  has  authority  over 
others;  a  chief ;  a  leader;  a  commander,  espe- 
cially in  military  affairs.  In  the  P.ible  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  king  or  prince,  to  a  general  or  commander  of 
an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province,  etc. 

Captain  of  the  host  of  the  Lord.  Jos.  v.  14. 

Anoint  him  to  becaptain  over  my  people.    1  Sam.  ix.  16. 

Great  Mars,  the  captain  of  us  all. 

Shah.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

Great  in  council  and  great  in  war, 

Foremost  captain  of  his  time. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 
More  specifically  — (a)  In  the  army,  the  officer  who  com- 
mands a  company,  whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artil- 
lery. (6)  In  the  navy,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  a  com- 
mander, and  ranking  in  the  United  States  service  with  a 
colonel,  and  in  the  British  with  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
after  three  years'  service  with  a  colonel,  in  the  army.  Offi- 
cers of  this  grade  in  the  British  service  were  formerly  desig- 
nated post-captains,  (c)  The  commander  or  master  of  a 
merchant  vessel.  ((/)  Insome  of  the  public  schools  of  Eng- 
land, a  title  given  to  the  senior  scholar-  (e)  In  base-bait, 
rowing,  etc.,  the  header  leader  of  the  nine,  the  crew,  or 
the  body  of  players  on  one  side.  (./')  In  mining,  the  head 
man  or  superintendent  of  the  mining  operations;  the  per- 
son who  directs  and  is  responsible  for  the  miners' work.  As 
a  title,  often  abbreviated  capt 

2.  A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  form  long- 
finned  captain,  to  the  fish  otherwise  known  asthe 

ianthorn  gurnard Captain  en  pied*,  a  captain  kept 

in  pay,  that  is.  not  reformed.  See  captain  reformed,  below. 
K.  Phillips,  l7oti.— Captain  of  the  poll,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  the  first  in  rank  among  those  who 
graduate  without  lienors,  known  as  the  polloi  or  poll. 

There  are  also  many  men  every  year  contending  for  the 
Captaincy  of  the  Poll,  some  for  the  honor,  such  as  it  is, 
others  because  it  will  help  them  to  get  Poll  pupils  after- 
wards. C.  .1.  Brxsted,  English  I  niversity,  p.  310. 

Captain  refonnedt,  a  captain  who  upon  the  reducing 
of  forces  lost  his  company,  but  was  continued  as  captain. 
either  as  second  to  another  or  without  a  post.  See  refer, 
mado.  E.  Phillips,  1700.— Captains  of  tops,  captains 
of  the  forocastle,  captains  of  the  afterguard,  and 
captains  of  the  hold,  ratings  of  petty  officers  in  the 
United  states  navy,  whose  duties  arc  to  superintend 
the  men  in  their  different  departments.  Fleet  captain. 
in  the  United  States  navy,  an  officer  temporarily  appointed 
by  the  Navy  lie  part n't  to  act  as  chief  of  staff  to  the  com- 
mander in-chief  of  ;i  Meet  or  squadron.  Also  called  jltnj- 
captain. 

II. t  "•  [The  orig.  (ML.)  use,  but  in  K.  later 
than  the  noun  use.]  1.  Of  chief  rank,  excel- 
lence, or  value ;  chief;  principal. 

Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are, 

in  captain  jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lii. 

2.  Of  commanding  character;  fitted  to  lead. 

Why  then  women  arc  more  valiant 
Thai  Btay  at  homo,  it  bearing  carry  it. 
And  the  ass  more  captain  than  the  lion. 

Shuk.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  6. 


captain 

captain  (kap'tan),  v.  t.  [<  captain,  «.]  To  act 
as  Leader  to;  be  captain  over;  command. 

It.  was  natural  that  men  who  captained  or  accompanied 
the  exodus  from  existing  forms  and  associations  into  the 

doubtful  wilderness  that  led  to  the  pi sed  land  Bhould 

Qnd  more  to  their  purpose  in  the  Old  Ce  tament  than  in 
tin-  Now.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  sit.,  p.  238. 

captaincy  (kap'tiin-si),  n.    [<  captain  +  -cy.] 

The  rank,  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain. 
captaincy-general  (kap   tan-si-jen'e-ra]  ),n. 
[<  captaincy  +  general.    Cf.  Sp.  capitania  ni  ■ 
in  ml.]     The  offiee  or  jurisdiction  of  a  captain- 
general;  specifically,  one  of  tin?  military  divi- 
sions of  Spain.     Also  eaptnin-tjent  ralcy. 
captainess  (kap'tau-es),  h.     [(.captain  + -ess. 
Cf.  chieftainess.]  A  female  commander.  [Bare.] 
Out!  traitor  Absence !  Darestthou  counsel  me 
From  my  dear  Captainess  to  run  away? 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  in  Altar's  Eng.  Garner,  T.  547. 

captain-general  (kap^tan-jen'e-ral),  re.  [<cap- 
lniii  +  general.  Cf.  Sp.  capitan  general.']  The 
commander-in-chief  of  an  army  or  of  the  mili- 
tia; specifically,  the  commander  of  a  military 
division  in  Spain. 

The  magnanimous  ami  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain- 
aeneral  of  the  Grecian  army,  Agamemnon. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  3. 
[The  governor  of  Rhode  Island  is  by  title  captain-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  military  and  naval  forces 
of  the  State.] 

captain-generalcy  (kap"tan-jeu'e-ral-si),  «. 
[<  captain-general  +  -cy.]  Same  as  eaptaineij- 
general. 

captain-lieutenant  t  (kap "  tan  -  lu  -  ten '  ant ),  « . 
Formerly,  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  who,  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant, 
commanded  a  company  or  troop.  The  first  or 
colonel's  company  of  a'regiment  of  infantry  was 
commanded  by  a  captain-lieutenant. 

captainlyt  (kap'tan-li),  a.    [<  captain  +  -tyi.] 

Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  captain. 

captain-pasha,  capitan-pacha  (kap  tan-,  kap"- 
i-tan-pash'a),  n.  [<  captain  or  capitan  (repr. 
Turk,  qaptan  or  qapudan  (Icaptan,  kapudan) 

-pasha)  +  pasha:  see  captain  and  pasha.] 
Formerly,  the  colloquial  title  of  the  Turkish 
minister  of  marine,  and  of  the  chief  admiral  of 
the  Turkish  fleet.  Also  written  hapudan-paslia. 
captainryt  (kap'tan-ri),  n.  [<  F.  capitainerie, 
<  ML.  capitaneri'a,  captainship,  <  capitanus: 
see  captain.]  The  power  or  command  over  a 
certain  district;  chieftainship.  Spenser. 
captainship  (kap'tan-ship),  n.  [<  captain  + 
-ship.]  1.  The  office  of  captain,  or  of  chief 
commander. 

Therefore,  so  please  thee  to  return  with  us, 
And  of  our  Athens  (thine  ami  ours)  to  take 
The  captainship.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2f.  The  command  of  a  clan  or  government  of 
a  certain  district;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  he  did  abolish  their  .  .  . 
usurped  captainships.  Sir  J.  Davies,  state  of  Ireland. 
3.  Skill  as  a  captain  or  leader:  as,  he  displayed 
good  captainship. 

captal  (kap'tal),  n.     [Pr.,  <  L.  capitalis,  chief 
see  capital!.]'   A  medieval  title  of  digni' 
military  authority  in  the  south  of  France :  as, 
the  Captal  de  Buch  fought  on  the  English  side 
in  Gascony,  etc.,  under  Edward  III. 

Captantes  (kap-tan'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
captan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  capture,  take,  catch:  see 
captation.]     Same  as  Raptorcs.     A.E.Brehm. 

captation  (kap-ta'shqn),  n.  [<  L.  captatio(n-), 
a  reaching  after  something,  <  capture,  pp.  cay 


captive 

lie  deserves  to  In'  a  slave  that  is  content  to  have  the 
liberty  "f  his  will  so  captivated,  EUcon  Batttike. 

Coil  uses  not  to  captivate  [a  maul  under  a  perpetual] 

child! i  oi  prescription,  but  trusts  him  with  the  gift  of 

reason  to  be  his  own  chooser.   Wilton,  Areopagitica,  p.  17. 

3.  To  overpower  and  hold  by  excellence  or 

beauty;  charm  or  hire  by  any  means;  engage 
the  regard,  esteem,  or  affections  of;  fascinate. 
Inon  he  iiars  upright,  curvets  ami  leaps, 
\.  who    nould    aj      I  o,  thu    mj    in  ngtb  is  tried; 
\n,i  this  I  do  i"  captivate  He-  eye." 

Sim/..,   \  onus  and  Adonis,  1.  281. 

Wisdom  so  captivates  him  with  her  appearance  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  "   Guardian. 

I  was  captivated  with  the  beauty  and  retirement  of  the 
place.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  514. 

It  is  not,  merely  what  he  [Chaucer]  has  to  say,  hut  even 

T ,■  the  agreeable  way  he  basol  saying  it,  that  captivatet 

our  attention  and  gives  him  an  assured  place  m  litera- 
ture. Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 
=  Syn.  3.  To  enslave,  enchant,  lead  captive,  enamour,  be- 
witch. 


SI  1 

was  performed,  and  such  other  particulars  as 
air  ncci'ssan  i"  fender  it  legal  and  valid,  u ri1 
ten  upon  or  attached  I"  Hie  dooumenl  to  which 
ii  relates.— 5.  The  heading  or  title  of  a  legal  in- 
strument orofa  chapter,  article,  sect  ion,  or  page: 

as,  the  caption  of  Genesis i. ;  an  editorial  unai  c 

the  caption  "A  new  Force  in  Politics."    [U.S.] 
Letters  of  caption,  in  Scots  law,  a  will  (nov 

I.  in  issued  at  the  Instani I  a  creditor,  commanding  an 

officer  to  lake  ami  imprison  a  debtor  or  obligani  till  he 
the  debt  or  performs  the  obligation.    See  horning. 

—  Process  caption,  hi  Scots  lair,  a  summary  warrant  oi 

incarceration  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  hack  a  process, 

that  is,  the  documents  or  any  document  belonging  to  a 

lawsuit,  which  ma)  have  been  unduly  and  contumaciously 

retained  bj  the  party  whose  receipt  stands  therefor  in 

the  court  I ks. 

captious  (kap'shus),  a.    [<  F.  captieux  =  Pr. 

capcios  =  Sp.  i'g-  eapcioso  =  It.  capzioso,  <  L. 

cttpliostts,  deceptive,   fallacious,  sophistical,  < 

iiiptio(n-),  deception,  fallacy,  sophism:  see  cap- 
tion.   In  def.  3  associated  with  capacious  or 

capable,  in  the  orig.  sense  'taking':  see  capo-  captivatet  (kap'ti-vat),  a.     [<  L.  caplirnlns. 

tiousJ]    1.  Apt,  to  notice  and  make  much  of  un-    pp. :  gee  the  verb.]     Taken  captive ;  made  pris- 

importaut  faults  or  defects;  disposed  to  find     01iel. .  fascinated;  insnared. 

fault  or  raise  objections  :  prone  to  cavil ;  .lilli-  w])at  thougn  j  1)e  entnrarpdj  .  .  . 

cult  to  please  ;  faultfinding;  touchy:  as,  a  cap-  Tush!  women  have  been  captivate  ere  now. 

tious  man.  Shak.,  x  Hen-  %  l-  v-  3- 

A  vulgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield,  captivating  (kap'ti-va-ting),   p.    a.      [Ppr.   of 

A  captious  skeptic  in  love,  a  slave  to  fretfulness  and     captivate,  r.]     Having  power  to  engage  the  re- 
whim—  who  has  no  difficulties but  of  his  own  creating—     „arj    esteem,  or  affections;   winning;   fasci- 
nating; bewitching. 

Her  understanding  excellent,  her  mind  improved,  and 
her  manners  captivating. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  160. 

captivation  (kap-ti-va'shon),  n.    [<  L.  capti- 

i-iiini(n-),  <  captivare,  take  captive:  see  capti- 
vate, v.]  The  act  of  captivating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  captivated. 

The  captivation  of  our  understanding. 

B]i.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  21. 

captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [In  earlier  E. 
caitiff,  now  with  different  sense  (see  caitiff); 
=  F.'  captif,  fern,  captive,  OF.  chetif,  etc.  (see 
caitiff),  =  Pr.  captitt,  caitiu =OCat.  eaitiu  =  OSp. 
captivo,  Sp.  cautivo  =  Pg.  catiro,  captivo  =  lt. 
cattivo,  <  L.  captious,  a  captive,  prop,  adj.,  taken 
prisoner,  <  captus,  pp.  of  capere,  take,  seize, 
capture,  etc.:  see  capable.]  I.  a.  1.  Made 
prisoner,  as  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or  con- 
finement. 

When  many  times  the  captive  Grecians  fall, 
Even  in  the  fan  and  wind  of  your  fair  sword, 
You  hid  them  rise  and  live.       Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 
The  captive  bird  that  sings  within  thy  bow'r. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  46. 

2.  Bound  or  held  by  other  than  physical  means, 
as  by  the  ties  of  love  or  other  passion;  capti- 
vated. 

My  woman's  heart 
Grosslv  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Holding  in  confinement, :  as,  captive  chains. 
—  Captive  balloon.  See  ballounX.— To  take  captive, 
to  capture  ;  make  a  prisoner  of. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  espe- 
cially a  prisoner  taken  in  war  by  an  enemy; 
one  taken  and  kept  in  confinement. 


is  a  subject  more  tit  for  ridicule  than  compassii  m. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  faultfinding  or  caviling 
disposition  ;  fitted  to  harass  or  perplex ;  censo- 
rious; carping;  hence,  insidious ;  crafty:  as,a 
captious  question. 
Captious  or  fallacious  ways  of  talking.  Locke. 

With  these  modifications  and  with  all  branches  of  the 
Government  in  political  harmony,  and  in  the  absence  of 
partisan  incentive  to  captious  obstruction,  the  law  as  it  was 
left  by  the  amendment  of  1863  was  much  less  destructive 
of  executive  discretion.  Appleton's  Ann.  Cyc.,1886,  p.  214. 
3f.  Capable  of  receiving;  capacious. 

Vet,  in  this  captious  and  intenible  sieve, 
I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 

4.  Insnaring ;  captivating.     [Rare  and  humor- 
ous.] 

Away  with  despair,  no  longer  forbear 

To  ilv  from  the  captious  coquette. 

Byron,  Hours  of  Idleness. 
=  Syn.  1.  Captious,  Carping,  Caviling,  faultfinding,  hy- 
percritical, crabbed,  testy,  pettish,  splenetic,  all  express 
unamiable  temper  and  behavior,  with  wrongheadedness. 
Captious  expresses  a  disposition  to  catch  at  little  or  in- 
offensive things,  anil  magnify  them  into  great  defects,  af- 
fronts, etc.  Carping  is  a  strong  word  noting  faultfinding 
that  is  both  unreasonable  and  unceasing  :  it  applies  more 
to  criticism  on  conduct,  while  caviling  applies  to  objec- 
tions to  arguments,  opinions,  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  easier 
to  cavil  than  to  disprove.  See  petulant. 
He  frequently  found  fault,  was  captious,  and  seemed 
:ady  for  an  outbreaking.         Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  92. 


ready  1 


Avoid  the  censures  of  the  carping  world. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III., 


I  write  not  to  content  each  cavilling  brain, 
But  eyes  of  noblest  spirits. 

Ford,  Ded.  of  Honour  Triumphant. 

cmei:  captjously  (kap'shus-li),  adv.     1.    In  a  cap- 
tious, critical,  or  faultfinding  manner. 

Use  your  words  as  captiously  as  you  can,  in  your  arguing 
on  one  side,  and  apply  distinctions  on  the  other.  Locke. 
2.  So  as  to  catch  orinsnare;  insnaringly ;  cap- 
tivatingly.     [Rare.] 

captiousness  (kap'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  captious:  disposition  to  find  fault; 
inclination  to  object;  peevishness. 

Captiousness  is  another  fault  opposite  to  civility. 


tatus,  reach  after,  desire  eagerly,  allure,  freq.  "Locke,  Education,  §143. 

of  capere,  pp.  captus,  take,  seize:  see  capable.]  ca„tivancet   „.     [Also  written  captivaunee;  < 

■    ^.captivanfos,  ppr.  of  captivare,  take  captive: 


It.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaining  favor  or  ap 
plause  by  flattery  or  address.  Eikon  Basilike. 
—  2.  A  itame  given  by  Descourtis  to  the  open- 
ing stage  of  the  hypnotic  or  mesmeric  trance. 
Sometimes  called  fascination. 
caption  (kap'shon),  n.  [<  L.  captio(ii-),  a  tak- 
ing, seizing,  fraud,  deceit,  fallacy,  <  capere, 
pp.  captus,  take:  see  capable.]  1.  Seizure;  cap- 
ture; taking;  catching.  [Rare.]  —  2f.  Captious 
or  specious  arguments  or  caviling;  the  act  of 
caviling  or  taking  exception;  sophism;  quib- 
ble or  quibbling. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  is  for  caption 
and  contradiction.    Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  with  what  strange  cap- 
tions you  have  gone  about  to  delude  your  king  and  coun- 
try. Chillinyworth,  Relig.  of  Protestants,  l.  2. 

3.  The  act,  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a  ju- 
dicial process.  [Rare.]— 4.  In  law,  a  certifi- 
cate stating  the  time  and  place  of  executing  a 
commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking  a  depo- 
sition, or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act 


see  captivate,  o.']    Captivity. 

At  length  he  spyde  whereas  that  wofull  Squyre, 
\\  boiu  he  had  reskewed  from  captivaunee 
Of  his  strong  foe,  lay  tumbled  in  the  myre. 

Spenser,  V.  ().,  III.  vii.  45. 

captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
tivated, ppr.  captivating.  [<  L.  captivatiis,  pp. 
of  captivare,  lake  captive,  <  captiyus,  captive: 
see  captive,  a.  and  v.]  If.  To  seize  by  force, 
as  an  enemy  in  war,  or  anything  belonging  to 
an  enemy ;  capture  ;  take  captive. 

The  French  king  captivated  to 
The  English  monarcke. 

W.irnrr.  Albion's  England,  v.  28. 
It  does  not  institute  a  magnificent  auction  of  finance, 
where  captivated  provinces  come  to  general  ransom,  by 
bidding  against  each  other. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

2f.  To  bring  into  bondage  ;  subdue  ;  place  in 
subjection. 

Let  us  Christian  men  grant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  our  reason  unto  that. 

Fryth,  Works,  p.  18. 


Like  captives  hound  to  a  triumphant  car. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  charmed  or  sub- 
dued by  beauty  or  excellence,  by  the  lower 
passions  of  his  own  nature,  or  by  the  wiles  of 
others ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love  or  any  other  pas- 
sion. 

Yet  hath  he  been  my  captive  and  my  slave, 

And  hegg'd  for  that  which  thou  unask'd  shalt  have. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  101. 

=  Syn.  1.  Prisoner,  Captive.  The  word  /o-isoncr  emphasizes 
the  idea  of  restraint  of  liberty,  but  is  not  rhetorical  or  espe- 
cially associated  with  feeling:  the  prisoner  of  war  and  the 
prisoner  for  crime  may  be  shut  up  in  a  prison,  kept  by 
guards  within  defined  limits,  or  given  a  restricted  liberty 
on  parole.  The  word  captive  BUggests  being  completelj  in 
the  power  of  another,  whether  confined  or  not ;  it  has  come 
to  be  a  rhetorical  word,  suggesting  helplessness  and  re- 
sulting unhappiness.  Captured  soldiers  under  guard  are 
strictly  prisoners,  but  are  often  and  properly  called  cap- 
tives. When  we  speak  of  a  captive  bird,  we  suggest  its 
longing  for  liberty.  The  rights  and  interests  of  a  prison- 
or  arclikeh  to  be 'respected,  but  Ihecaptin  maj  be  abused 
or  even  sometimes  sold  into  slavery.  See  captivity. 
Come,  Sleep  :  O  Sleep  !  the  certain  knot  of  peace, 

The  baiting-place  of  wit,  the  balm  of  woe, 
The  poor  man's  wealth,  the  prisoner's  release, 
Th'  indifferent  judge  between  the  high  and  low. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,   Istrophel  and  Stella,  st.  39. 
Go,  see  the  captive  bartered  as  a  slave! 
Crushed  till  his  high,  heroic  spirit  bleeds. 

;;,.,;.  rs,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  ii. 

v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  captived, 
z  F.  captiver  =  Pr.  captivar  = 


captive  (kap'tiv), 
ppr.  eaptiving.     [: 


captive 
Sp.  cauiivar  =  Pg.  caHvar,  captivar  -  It. catti 


812 

capucciot  (ka-ptich'io),  ».   [It.,  prop,  cappuccio : 
h,n.\    A  capuchin  or  hood.    Spenser. 


YTantivare  (see  captivate,  v.),  <captivus,     see  capouch,  ».J    A  eapucnm  or  uoou.    w««oy. 
;  brmS  """  subjection.  ^F  * n„,  „  JSp.  wy.«c*.»0  =  Pg.w,»«.7««7m, 


rnally  in  yron 


Q..II. 


I  Bare.  I 


2.  To  captivate;  insm 

i,,,  heart,  which  eretwas free. 

.;,  Honour  Triumphant,  i. 
v.  which  captives  aU  things,  Betsmefrec 
•  Drydi  ».  Epistles,  iu   -■■ 

She  who  captived  Inthony, 
11,,'  Serpent  oi  old  Nile. 

;;.  //.  Stoddard,  Shakespeare. 

captivity  (kap-tiv'i-ti),  "•  [<  P.  eapUviU=-pr. 
captivitat  =  Sp.  cautividad  =  Pg.  eativeiro  =  It. 
cattivita,  <  L.  cop«t»ta(i-)s,  <  cap«o««,  captive: 
,.]  l.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner, 
or  of  coming  into  the  power  <>1  an  enemy  by 
fore,  or  il"'  fori  une  of  war. 

And  but  for  Owen  Glendower  ha. I  been  king, 
Who  kept  him  in  captivity  till  he  died. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  A  I.,  u.  2. 


car 

stance  in  the  spinal  cord.— Caput  gallinagrnis,  the 
snipe's  head;  the  crista  urethra  (which  see.  under  urethra). 
—  Caput  medusas,  the  network  of  dilated  veins  radiating 
from  the  umbilicus,  Been  when  tin-  portal  circulation  is 
obstructed  in  the  liver,  as  in  cirrhosis,  and  this  collateral 
circulation  is  developed  in  compensation.— Caput  mor- 
tuum,  literally,  a  dead  head.  («)  A  fanciful  term  used 
by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the  residuum  of  chemicals 
when  all  their  volatile  matters  had  escaped ;  specifically, 
oxid  "f  iron,  which  is  the  residue  left  when  sulphate  of 
iron  is  distilled  at  a  red  heat.  Hence— (6)  Anything  from 
which  all  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken  away. 
"  Everything  of  lite  ami  beauty,"  writes  the  critic,  "  has 
been  extracted,  aiel  a  caput  mortuum— that  is,  Charles 


m.,  a  monk,  and  I'1,  capucine  =  Sp.  capuehina 
—  Pg.  capuchinha,  i..  a  nun.  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis.  <  II.  cappuccino,  a  Franciscan  monk,  so 
called  from  the  cowl  lie  wore.  dim.  of  cappuccia, 
a  cowl,  >  P.  capuche,  capita;  >  E.  capuclu .  ca- 
pouch:  see  capouch.]  1.  A  member  of  a  men- 
dicant order  of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  m     Kean's  MephistopheleB -remains " 

Italy  in  1528  by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named f^*^*^" 

from  the  long  pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is 
t  he  distinguishing  mark  of  their  dress.  According 
to  the  statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  1529,  the  monks 
were  to  live  by  begging ;  they  ware  not  to  use  gold  or  silver  parmtai  fVaT/ut-al ),  a.     [Improp.  <  caput  +  -al : 

or  silk  in  the  di ration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices  caP™al  V'    ',   }:  ,,     the  nroner  form  capital  1 

were  to  be  of  pewter.    The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous     distinguished   Horn  tne  piopn    mini   <»y  ""'-J 

in  Austria      In  the  United  states  they  have  convents  in     In   entom.,  pertaining   to   or   situated   on   tne 

the  dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and     jjead.      [Rare.] 

New  Y..rU.    See  Franciscan.  canutia   n.     Plural  of  caputium. 

2.   V-  <•■}  A  variety  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of  ^P"^      (k      u.slli„aMi\,  „.  ,,,.     [ML.,  pi.  of 

inverted  feathers  on  the  back  of  the  head,  like  U*P™E5£,\~!  l,f  ,.„„„/,„„■ 


Caput  obstipum  spasticum,  spasm  in  the  region  oi  the 
external  branch  of  the  spinal  accessory  nerve;  wryneck. 
—  Caput  succedaneum,  an  edematous  swelling  of  the 
presenting  portion  of  the  scalpof  the  new-bom. 


2.  Subjection  ;  the  state  of  being  under  con-     the  cap  or  cowl  of  a  monk.— 3.   [i.e.]  ASouth 


trol;  bondage;  servitude 

Bringing  into  captivity  every  thought  to  the  obedience 
ofChri  2  Cor.  x.  6. 

1  captivity  captive.  Ps.  lxvin.  18. 

3t.  Captives  collectively;  a  body  of  captives. 
When  God  bringeth  lack  the  captivity  of  his  people 
Jacob  shall  rejoice,  and  Israel  shall  be  glad.       Ps.  lm.  (i. 
=  Syn   Imprisonment,  Captivity,  Confinement,  Inearcera- 
„„■„/.   There  is  the  sami  distinction  between 
imprisonment  and  captivity  as  between  prison*  r  and  cap 
(S,  .  ,-.,,.//,-,   i    Confinement  is  the  mostge 
II- kept  within  bounds  against  one  b  will,  as  by  force 
or  sickness;  we  speak  of  solitary  confim  ment,  and,  figur- 
atively, of  too  great  confinement  (though  voluntary)  to 
Incara  ration  is  the  being  put  into  a  jail  or 
prison;  the  word  is  rhetorical,  sngg,  sting  ignominy,  with 
narrow  range  and  great  safeguards  against  escape.      Im- 
murement, literally  shutting  within  walls,  is  now  freely 
figurative  ;  in  cither  sense  it  suggests  depth  of  separation  canucinaclet 
0?  seclusion   from  friends,  home,  or  the  world,  and  small    l-Ooyuviu       j   >, 
likelih 1  of  getting  or  coming  out.    (See  servitude  and 

Even  like  a  man  new  haled  from  the  rack, 
So  fare  my  limbs  with  long  imprisonment. 

.shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 


r.    see  eranexscan.  nunn+ia 

J   A  variety  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of  ^^-j^ 

caputiatus,-pp.  of  caputiare,  cover  the  head  with 
a  hood,  <  caputium,  prop,  capitium,  a  hood, 
capouch:  see  capuliitiu,  capouch,  it.]  A  short- 
lived semi-political  and  communistic  sect  de- 
voted to  the  Virgin  Mary,  which  appeared  in 
the  interior  of  France  about  1  I:  so  called 
from  their  hood  or  capouch. 


American  monkey,  Cebus  capucinus,  having 
black  on  the  head*,  like  the  hood  or  cowl  of  a 
Capuchin;  hence,  any  sapajou  or  monkey  of 
the  genus  Cebus.  Also  written  capucine.  See 
cut  imder  Cebinw.— 4.   [/.  c]  One  of  the  bald- 


CapuchinX.]  1.  A  large  loose  hood  worn  by 
women  in  the  eighteenth  century.—  2.  A 
hooded  cloak  of  the  same  period. 

My  aunt  pulled  off  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin 
s,.,..//,tt 


But  made  hereby  obnoxious  more 
To  all  the  miseries  of  life, 
Life  iii  captivity 

Among  inhuman  foes.         Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  108. 
Though  mv  person  is  in  confinement,  my  mind  can  ex 

patiatc  on  ample  and  useful  subjects  with  all  tile  freedom 

imaginable.  S.  Johnson,  Life  of  Savage. 

Enforced  detenu leareeraKofl   within  four  walls, 

was  another  method  "f  coercion  which  grew  and  gained 
favour  under  the  feudal  system.      Enajc.  Brit.,  XIX.  747. 

The  chains  of  earth's  immurement 

Fell  from  lanthes  Spirit. 

Shelley,  Queen  Mab,  i. 

captor  (kap'tpr),  n.    [<  L.  captor,  <  capere,  pp. 
captus,  take,  capture:  see  capable,  and  cf.  cap- 

l,in.']     One  who  captures  or  takes  (a  person  or 
thing)  by  force,  stratagem,  or  surprise ;  one  who 
takes  :i  prisoner  or  a  prize. 
captorial  (kap-td'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  captor,  one 


tium,  as  if  <  L.  caput  (capit-),  head  (cf.  cabbagt  \ 
cabbage*,  caboche),  but  prop.  <  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape, hood, cowl:  see cap1, cape*, cope1.  Hence 
(from  caputium)   capouch,  capuche,   Capuchin, 

etc.]  1.  In  general,  a  hood  attached  to  a  gar- 
ment in  ecclesiastical  or  other  canonical  cos- 
tume, as  the  hood  of  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  a 
fellow  of  an  English  university,  or  that  attached 
to  a  monk's  gown,  a  cope,  or  the  like. —  2.  A 
short  hooded  cloak  similar  to  the  armilausa. 

:  •  KM-ffi:  sssas  •»$£&  trzi^ 

cane  (also  assibilated  char,  charre,  chare,  or 


Smollett,  Humphrey  clinker. 
«.      [F.,  <  capucin.  Capuchin,  + 
ade,  -ade1.]'   A  Capuchin's  tirade ;  a  weak  ser- 
mon or  discourse. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  proles 
sor,  a  mere  Capucinade.      Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias  ■ 


capucine    , 
capucinus),  lit.  a  Capuchin  monk:  see  Copy, 


chin1.']     Same  as  capuchin1,  3, 

capucine2  (kap'u-sin),-  n.  [<  F.  capucine,  nas- 
turtium, also  the  color  of  its  flower,  <  It.  cap- 
puccina,  nasturtium  (so  called  from  the  form  of 
the  corolla),  <  cappuccio,  a  hood:  see  capouch.] 
A  rich  reddish-orange  color;  the  color  of  the 
flower  of  the  nasturtium — Capucine  madder,  a 
madder  lake  of  the  above  color. 

capudan-pasha  (kap"u-dan-pash'a),  n.  Same 
as  captain-pasha. 

capult,  n.    See  capeU. 

capulet  (kap'u-let;  F.  pron.  ka-pu-la  ),  n.  1. 
A  hood  worn'  by  the  peasant  women  of  the 
French  slope  of 'the  Pyrenees.  It  is  made  of 
fine  white  or  red  cloth,  sometimes  bordered 
with  black  velvet.— 2.  Same  as  capellet. 


who  takes  (see  cantor)',  +-ial]  In  :ool.,  adapted  capulid  (kap'n-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Capulidce. 

Capulidse  (ka-pu'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulus 
+  -nhr.}  The  subfamily  Capulinm  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family.     P.  P.  Carpenter,  1S61. 

Capulinse  (kap-u-H'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulus 
+  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Capulus.  The  animal  closely  resembles 
the  slipper  ■limpet,  but  the  muscle  is  not  fixed  to  any  shelly 
support  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  deck.  The  shell  is  irreg- 
ularly conical,  and  more  or  less  twisted  at  the  apex. 

"Jt\~  Capulus  (kap'u-lus),  ».     [NL.,  <  L.  capulus,  a 

handle,  also  a  sepulcher,  tomb,  <  capere,  hold, 


for  taking,  seizing,  or  holding;  raptorial 
capturable   (kap'tur-a-bl),   a.     [<  capture  + 
■able.]     Capable  of  being  captured;  liable  to 
capture.     Carlyle. 

capture  (kap'tur),  n.  [<  F.  capture  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  captura  =Tt .  cattura,  <  U  captura,  a  taking, 
ea  i  eliingr  ( ,  if  animals),  <  capere,  pp.  captus,  take : 
see  capable,  captive]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or 
iri  ;  arrest  ;  as.  the  rapture  of  an 
enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  1 ly,  by  force,  sur- 
prise,' or  stratagem  ;  t  he  capture  of  a  crimi 


charet  chariot).  <  OF.  car,  also  carre  (assibilated 
char,  >  F.  char),  =  Pr.  car  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carro  = 
D.  Mr  =  MLG.  hare  =  OHG.  carra,  charra, 
charro,  MHO.  G.  karre  (also  OHG.  garra,  garro, 
MHG.  epirrc)  =  Icel.  kerra  =Dan.  karre  =  Sw. 
kdrra  =  Bohem.  kdra  =  Pol.  kara  =  Lith.  karas, 
<  ML.  carrus,  m..  carra,  f.,  a  wheeled  vehicle, 
L.  carrus,  a  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  transport- 
ing burdens;  of  Celtic  origin:  Bret,  karr,  a  char- 
iot, =  W.  car,  a  raft,  frame,  drag,  =  OGael.  ear, 
a  car,  cart,  or  raft,  =  Ir.  can;  a  cart,  drag, 
wagon;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  cttrnts,  a  chariot, 
currere,  run,  Skt.  •/  char,  move.  Hence  tilt. 
carack  {carick,  carrick),  career,  cargo1,  carica- 
ture, caroche,  carriage,  carry,  carruca,  cart, 
charge,  chant,  chariot,  discharge,  etc.]  1.  A 
wheeled  vehicle  or  conveyance,  especially  one 
having  only  two  wheels,  (a)  The  two-wheeled  pas- 
senger-conveyance much  used  in  Ireland  and  specifically 
called  a  jaunting-car.  (M  The  low-set  two-wheeled  vehi- 
cle of  burden  used  in  many  parts  of  Great  Britain,  espe- 
cially for  hogsheads  and  the  like,  (c)  In  Birmingham  and 
other  towns  of  England,  a  four-wheeled  hackney-can  iage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  hansom,  which  is  called  a  cab. 

Did" ye  not  hear  it?— No;  'twas  but  the  wind. 

Or  the  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street.  __ 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  in.  22. 

2.  A  chariot  of  war,  triumph,  or  pageantry :  in 


poetic  and  figurative  usage,  any  elaborate  eon- 
-    veyance  used  iu  proceedings  characterized  by 

Let  the  bell  be  toll'd  : 

And  a  reverent  people  behold 

<ir  cfY^  ^'"iVd,,!"!;,:;/";:;^:'^'** 


of   Uclwyd  by  his  [Eadberht's] I  allies,  the     eontaiQ.    see    ,„,,„/,„-.]     A   genus   of   pectini- 
leavi  the  rent  '       .  J    ...  -  ,  ',     , 

rey.  ./.  1:.  Green, 

2.  The  thing  taken  ;   a  prize, 
capture  (ki  f.    prel .  and  pp.  captured,     Calyptrmdts  .  synonymous  with  /  ileopm 

l<  capture,  ».]     f.  To  take  or  caput  (kap'ut),_  ».;  pi.  capita,  rarely  caputs 
seize  by  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem,  as  an 
enemy  or  his  property;  take  captive;  make  a 
terof:  as,  to  captun  avesselora 
ners. 

fcter  ft captured  tni  ects 

explal  :    -  ttremelj  i peatj 

!'..,!,:         p 

2.  To  win  by  ingenuity  or  skill  against  resist- 
ance or  competition:  as.  to  capture  a  prize  for 
marksmanship. 

Capuan(kap'n  an),  a.  and  n.  \/  fa  pun  +  -an.  ] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relal  ing  to  <  apua,  an  an- 
cient city  oi  I  lampania  in  italy. 

To  the  en.  realm  ',,„  .  n,  minai  j  hi 

toriaus  have  alw  :  the  want  ol  bui  ce     whii  h 

It]  inian  coi 

Italian  campal  n    Brit.,  v.  7a. 

II.  ».  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Capua. 


(-l-ta,  -utz).     [L..  the  lead,  proh 
fodJE.  Intnl.  q.  v.    Hence  capital1,  capital-,  etc., 
'captain,    chill',    chieftain,    eliif.    chiccc1,    achncc. 
etc.]     1.  In 'mm,.,  the  head;  the  head  or  upper 
extremity  of  some  part  of  the  body.— 2f.  An    t 

abbreviation  of  the  phrase  caput  si  natus  (liter-    see  bobtaiird.—  Cabin-car,  a  conductor's  cm' on  a  freight 
,,      ,        ,      ,-  .i..  „„..„t..v    ..    '„.,„   -,i   „,  ,.„t;„o.    train- ncaboosc.-Drawlne-room  car.  a  railroad  pas 


ally,  head  of  the  senate),  a  council  or  ruling 
body  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England. 

Your  caputs,  and  heads  of  colli  .    , 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  Tn  Bom.  lair,  the  standing  before  the  law, 
or  I  he  personal  status,  of  a  citizen.     A  deprivation 

oi  liberty  or  iinic  rights   ora  i hfl:  iticn  of  i  null',  r; 

lation  by  adoption,  etc.,  was  termed  capitis  diminutio, 
which  was  charactei  izeds  nuueima,  media,  or  minima,  ac- 
,  ordinj  a  it  affected  the  first,  Becond,  or  third  of  the  ele- 
ments above  named.  -Caput  coli,  the  bead  of  the  colon; 
the  i  cecum.  Caput  cornu,  caput  cornu  postertoris, 
the  expanded  extremity  ol  the  posterior  horn  of  gray  sub- 


The  towering  ear,  the  sable  steeds. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  A  vehicle  running  upon  rails.  See  horse-car, 
railroad-ear.  [U.  S.]— 4.  The  basket  of  a  bal- 
loon, in  which  the  aeronaut  sits — Adhesion-car. 
see  adhesion.— Aerial  car.  Hoe  aerial.— Bobtailed  car. 

"  —  Cabin-car,  a  conductor's  car  on  a  frei 
train;  a  caboose.— Drawing-room  car,  a  railroad  pas- 
senger-car more  luxurious  iu  its  appointments  than  an  or- 
dinary car.     It  general!)  contains  arm-chairs,  footst s, 

sofas,  etc.  Also  called  parlor-car  and  palace  ear.  [U.  8. 
andCanada.]  -Irish  jaunting-car.  See  jaunting-car.— 
Pneumatic  car,  a  car  driven  on  rails  or  tramways  ny 
compressed  air  contained  In  resi  cvoirs  filled  by  means  oi 
air-pumps.  Revolving  car,  a  cylindrical  receptacle  or 
,:„  winch  nvoives  as  it  travels.  -The  Northern  Car,  a 

name  for  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Hear,  coi v 

known  in  England  as  Charleys  Wain,  and  ill  the  I  mtcu 
States  as  the  Great  Dipper      See  cut  under  I  rsa. 

car-  (kiir),  n.  [ME.  her.  <  Icel.  kjarr,  pi.  kjorr, 
copse,  brushwood  (cf.  kjarrmyrr,  a  marsh  over- 


car 

grown  with  brushwood:  myrr  =  E.  mire),  = 
Norw.  kjerr,  lcjarr,  a  marsh,  esp.  a  marsh  over- 
grown with  brushwood,  =  Sw.  kiirr,  a  marsh, 
fen,  morass,  moor,  =  Dan.  kar,  formerly  kjar, 
a  marsh,  bog,  thicket,  pool.  Cf.  caret-.]  1. 
A  wood  or  grove,  generally  of  alders,  on  a  moist 
soil. —  2.  Any  hollow  place  or  marsh.  [Prov. 
Eng.  in  both  senses.] 
car:)t  (kiir),  a.  [Sc,  also  written  km;  leer,  cair, 
caar,  carry,  <  ME.  rar,  kcrre,<  Gael,  caerr,  left, 
left-handed,  awkward.]  Left,  as  opposed  to 
right. 

In  :i  knot,  lii  ;i  elytle,  at  the  kcrrc  si,Ie. 
I'litr  as  tlir  rogh  rocher  vn-rydely  watg  fallen, 
Tliay  ferden  to  the  fyndyng,  &  freki  ■,-,  hem  after. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  I'.  s.i,  ].  n.u. 

car1  (kiir),  v.  .. ;  pret.  and  pp.  earred,  ppr.  ear- 
ring. [E.  dial.,  abbr.  of  carry."]  To  carry. 
[Pi-ov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

carf>  (kiir),  n.  [<  ME.  "car,  "carre,  <  AS. 
(ONorth.)  carr,  a  roek,  appar.  <  Gael,  carr,  a 
rocky  shelf  or  projecting  part  of  a  roek.  Cf. 
cairn.']    A  rock.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

car.     An  abbreviation  of  carat. 

car-.     See  carr-. 

Carabaya  bark.    See  bark2. 

Carabici  (ka-rab'i-sl),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  *Ca- 
rabicus,  dim.  of  Carabus,  q.  v.]  In  Latreille's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous 
or  adephagous  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  embra- 
cing the  caraboid  beetles. 

carabid  (kar'a-bid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Carabidm;  a  caraboid  ;  a  ground-beetle. 

Carabidas  (ka-rab'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Carabus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  Coleoptera  or  beetles 
whose  metasternum  has  an  antecoxal  piece 
separated  by  a  well-marked  suture,  reaching 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  extending  in  a 
triangular  process  between  the  hind  coxa?,  with 
the  antenna?  11-jointed,  and  the  hind  coxa? 
movable  and  small.  The  antenna  arise-  at  the  side 
of  the  head  between  the  base  of  the  mandibles  and  the 
eyes.  The  species  are  usually  large  and  adorned  with  bril- 
liant metallic  colors,  and  are  either  wingless  or  have  wings 
not  adapted  for  flying.  There  are  more  than  d,000  known 
species,  all  of  which  are  commonly  called  ground-beetles, 
varying  from  a  very  minute  size  up  to  2  or  3  inches  in 
length.  The  bombardier-beetle,  Brachinus  crepitans,  be- 
longs to  this  family.  Other  names  of  the  caraboid  group 
of  insects  are  Carabi,  Carabici,  Carabida,  Carabini,  Cara- 
boidif,  Carabites,  Carabidca,  Carabides,  Carabina.  See  cuts 
under  bombardier-beetle  and  ground-beetle. 

carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  [<  Carabidw 
+  -eons.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Carabida: 

carabidoid  (ka-rab'i-doid),  a.  Same  as  cara- 
boid. 2. 

Carabinse  (kar-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cara- 
bus +  -iiue.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Cara- 
liidir,  containing  large  handsome  species  whose 
mesosternal  epimeron  reaches  the  coxa,  and 
whose  middle  coxal  cavities  are  not  entirely 
closed  by  the  sterna. 

carabinet,  n.    See  carbine. 

carabineer,  «.     See  carbineer. 

caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  a.  and  it.  [<  Gr.  Kapaftnu- 
rf'/C,  like  a  carabus,  <  napafioc,  a  carabus,  4-  eldor, 
form.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Carabus;  resembling  a  carabus. — 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  second  larval  stage  of  insects 
which  undergo  hypermetatnorphosis,  as  the 
blister-beetles,  Meloida:  The  caraboid  stage 
succeeds  the  triunguline  and  precedes  the  sear- 
abseoid  stage.     Also  carabidoid. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carabus,  or  of 
the  family  Carabida';  a  carabus. 

Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  napapoc,  a 
horned  beetle,  also  the  sea-crawfish  or  spiny 
lobster  (also  a  kind  of  light  ship).  See  cara- 
vel.] 1.  The  typical  genus  of  Carabinw,  now 
restricted  to  species  of  medium  or  large  size 
and  handsome  coloration,  having  the  third  an- 
tennal  joint  cylindrical,  the  labrom  not  fur- 
cate, the  mandibles  with  no  external  setigerous 
puncture,  the  posterior  coxa?  contiguous,  and 
the  anterior  coxal  cavities  open  behind.  There 
are  many  species,  especially  in  Europe,  where  the  genus 
readies  its  highest  development.  C.  serratus  is  the  com- 
monest  American  species,  \  t"  |  of  an  inch  long,  black, 
with  bluish  edges  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra,  the  latter 
being  punctate. 

2.  [I.e.]  A  member  of  this  genus,  or  of  the  fam- 
ily Carabida: —  3f.   [I.  c-]  A  caravel. 

caract,  >'■     See  carack. 

caracal  (kar'a-kal),  n.  [<  F.  caracal,  said  to 
be  <  Turk,  qafa  qulaq:  i/ara,  black;  qulaq,  ear.] 
A  carnivorous  digitigrade  quadruped  of  the  Fe- 
Inlir.  or  cat  family,  and  genus  Lynx,  L.  cara- 
cal, inhabiting  portions  of  northern  Africa  and 
southwestern  Asia.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  fox, 
is  of  a  uniform  deep-brown  or  wine-red  color  above,  ex- 


si:s 

cept  a  spot  under  each  eye,  and  has  tufts  of  long  black 
hair  which  terminate  the  ears,  whence  its  name.  It  pos- 
sesses great  strength  and  ferocity,  and  is  sometimes  used 


Caracal  ( Lynx  caracal). 


in  the  chase  of  tlie  smaller  quadrupeds  ami  of  the  larger 
kinds  of  birds.  It  lias  been  supposed  to  lie  the  lynx  of 
the  ancients,  and  is  sometimes  called  Persian  lynx.  Also 
called  anak-el-ard. 
caracara  (kar-a-kar'ji,),  n.  [So  called  in  imita- 
tion of  their  hoarse  cry.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  hawks  of  the  subfamily  Polyborinai  and 
genera  Polyborus,  Phalcobamus,  Senex,  Milrago, 
Ibyctt  r,  and  Daptrius,  all  of  which  aro  confined 
to  America,.  The  name  is  specially  applicable  to  the 
species  of  Polyborus,  of  which  there  are  several,  ;is  /'. 
cherivay,  I',  auduboni,  and  /'.  lutosus,  of  the  southern 
United  States  and  warmer  parts  of  America.  These  are 
large,  vulture-like  hawks,  of  terrestrial,  ambulatory,  not 
saltatory,  habits,  preying  chiefly  upon  carrion.    The  head 


ara  {Polyborus  cherivay). 


and  neck  are  extensively  denuded;  the  legs  and  wings  are 
comparatively  long ;  the  beak  is  toothless,  with  the  cere 
ending  vertically,  flic  nostrils  high  up,  linear,  and  oblique, 
with  concealed  tubercle.  Though  vulturine  in  general  as- 
pect and  economy,  the  caracaras  approach  the  typical  fal- 
cons in  some  anatomical  characters,  as  in  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  shoulder-joint,  the  extensively  ossified 
nasal  bones  with  central  nasal  tubercle,  and  the  anterior 
keel  of  the  palate.  The  common  caracara  is  much  varied 
with  white  and  black  barring  of  the  plumage,  and  is  about 
22  inches  long.    Also  called  carcara  and  carrancha. 

Caraccesque,  Carraccesque  (kar-a-chesk'),  a. 
In  art,  resembling  or  characteristic  of  the  Ca- 
racci  or  Carracci,  Italian  painters  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  earlier  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  founders  of  the  eclec- 
tic or  Bolognese  school  of  painting. 
carack,  carrack  (kar'ak),  n.  [Also  written 
carac,  cariek,  curricle,  carrock,  <  ME.  earache, 
carrik;  =  I),  kraak  =  G.  karackc,  krackc,  <  OF. 
carraque,  F.  caraque  =  Sp.  Pg.  carraca  =  It. 
caracca,  <  ML.  carraca,  caraca  (also  caracata 
(i.e.,cariicata)  uaris,  'laden  ship'),  prop,  car- 
ried, a  ship  of  burden,  <  carriearc,  load  a  car, 
<  L.  carrus,  a  car:  see  car1,  caricature,  cargo1, 
and  charge.]  A  large  round-built  vessel  of  con- 
siderable depth,  fitted  for  fighting  as  well  as  for 
burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese 
and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and 
the  East  Indies. 

The  Genuois  comen  in  sundry  wises 
Into  this  land  with  diners  merchandises 
In  great  Caracks,  arrayed  withouten  lacke 
With  cloth  of  gold.      '   Hakluyt's  Voyages,  1. 193. 
on  corsair's  galley,  carack  tall. 
And  plundered  Christian  caraval. 

Wtiitticr,  Derne. 

caracol1  (kar'a-kol),  »;.     Same  as  caracole,  2. 

caracol-t  (kar'a-kol),  n.  An  obsolete  form  of 
caracara. 

caracole  (kar'a-kol),  n.  [Also  written  caracol 
(esp.  in  sense  2),  <  F.  caracole,  a  caracole,  a 
gambol,  a  spiral  staircase,  formerly  caracol,  a 
snail,  <  Sp.  caracol  =  Cat.  caragol  =  Pg.  cara- 
col, a  snail,  a  winding  staircase,  a  caracole,  = 


Caramania  gum 

It.  earagolo,  also  caragnolo,  caragnola,  a  snail, 

winding  stair,  caraeollo,  a  caracole,  =  OF.  iu- 
querole,  P.  dial,  nil/in n  nib  .  a  snail.  Origin  nn- 
cortiiin  ;  erroneously  derived  by  the  Spanish 
Academy  from  L.  cochlea,  enclea,  a  snail,  snuil- 
sliell:  sirinrWni.]  1.  In  the  niiiiiiyi,  a  semi- 
round  or  half-turn  which  a  horseman  makes, 
cither  to  the  right  or  to  the  left. —  2.  In  arch., 
a  spiral  staircase, 
caracole  (kar'a-kol),  i:  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cara- 
coled, ppr.  caracoling.  [<  caracole,  «. :  =  F. 
niriiviilir  =  Sp.  caraeolear  =  Pg.  caracolar  = 
It.  caracollari .]  1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a 
series  of  caracoles ;  prance. 
Prince  John  caracoled  within  tin-  lists  at  the  bead  oi  his 

jovial  party.  Scott,  Ivan] I.  92. 

Gay  youths,  in  rich  brilliant  dresses,  caracole  up  to  the 
carriages  on  nerj  Bteeds. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  II.  \\i. 

2.  To  wheel,  as  cavalry. 

caracoli,  «.    See  caracol/y. 

caracolite  (kar'a-ko-lit),  n.  [<  Caracoles  (see 
def.)  +  -He".]  A  rare  mineral  from  Caracoles, 
Chili,  consisting  of  oxychlorid  of  lead  and  sul- 
phate of  sodium.  It  occurs  in  colorless  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals,  which  are  hexagonal  in  aspect 
through  twinning. 

caracolla  (kar-a-kol'ii),  n.  [NL. ;  also  writ- 
ten, less  prop.,  carocol/a ;  <  Sp.  caracol,  a  snail : 
see  caracole.]  1.  A  snail  of  the  family  Hilin- 
ibr.  with  the  whorls  of  the  shell  flattened  to- 
ward and  keeled  at  the  edges. — 2f.  [cap.]  A 
genus  of  such  land-snails. 

caracoly,  caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  n.  [Origin 
unknown.]  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, of  which  an  inferior  kind  of  jewelry  is 
made  by  the  Caribs. 

caracora  (kar-a-ko'rS),  n.  [Formerly  also 
caracol;  a  Malay  word.]  A  proa  of  Borneo 
and  other  islands  of  the  East  Indies. 

caract1!,  »•    [Also  charact,  <  ME.  caract,  carect, 

<  OF.  caract,  charact,  m.,  caracte,  carecte,  ku- 
recte,  carate,  f.  (=  Pr.  carecta,  f.),  character, 
sign,  mark,  shortened  from  caracter,  ME.  car- 
acter  :  see  character.]  1.  A  distinctive  mark. 
especially  as  indicating  character  or  value. 

They  are  men  thatset  the  caract  and  value  upon  things 
as  they  love  them.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  Character;  kind;  sort. 

No,  beauty,  no  ;  you  are  of  too  good  caract 
To  he  left  so,  without  a  guard. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

3.  Estimate. 

You  do  mistake 
My  caract  of  your  friendship  all  this  while, 
Or  at  what  rate  I  reckon  your  assistance. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetiek  Lady,  i.  1. 

4.  A  formula  of  enchantment. 

He  shulde  make  his  sacrifice 
And  rede  his  carect  in  the  wise, 
As  she  him  taught. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant,,  II.  247. 
Whan  that  a  man 
With  his  carecte  him  wolde  enchaunte. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  I.  67. 
caract2t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  carat. 

A  mark,  being  an  ounce  troy,  is  divided  into  twenty- 
four  equal  parts,  called  caracts.  Cocker. 
Diamonds,  two  whereof 
Do  double  the  twelfth  caract.             Cartwright. 

caractert,  ».     An  earlier  form  of  character. 
Caradoc  sandstone.    See  sandstone. 
carafe,  caraffe  (ka-raf),  ».    [=  D.  karaf=  G. 
karaffe  =  Dan.  karaffi;  karajfii,  <  F.   carafe, 

<  It.  earaffa  =  Sp.  Pg.  ijarrafa,  a  vessel  for 
cooling  liquids,  prob.  <  Ar.  i/hiidf,  a  vessel,  < 
gharafa,  draw,  as  water.]  A  glass  water-bottle 
or  decanter. 

Caragana  (kar-a-ga'na),  «.  [NL.,  <  caragan, 
tiie  name  of  the  original  species  among  the 
Mogul  Tatars.]  A  genus  of  leguminous  trees 
or  shrubs,  all  Asiatic  and  chiefly  Siberian,  with 
feathery  pale-green  foliage  and  yellow  flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring.  The  species  are  all 
ornamental,  and  several  are  in  cultivation. 

carageen,  n.     See  carrageen. 

caragenin,  n.    See  carrageenin. 

caragheen,  ".    See  carrageen. 

caraingt,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 

caraipi  (kar-a-e'pe),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  The  pot- 
tery-tree of  Para,  Moquilea  utilis,  the  powdered 
bark  of  which  is  mixed  with  clay  for  making 
vessels  for  domestic  use.  Pottery  thus  made  is 
e.-ipnlile  el'  \\  itlistanding  :i  liiu'h  degree  <'t  heat, 

Caraite,  n.     See  Karaite. 

carajara.  carajura  (kar-a-jii'ra,  -jo'ra),  n.  [A 
native  S.  Amer.  name.]  A  red  coloring  mat- 
ter obtained  from  Bignonia  chica.     See  chico. 

Caramania  gum.  Same  as  Bassora  yum  (which 
see,  under  gum-). 


^3 


Horse-mackerel  [Caranx  liipfics). 

visitors  to  tin   const  of  the  United  States,  and  are  known 

ignis. 
Carapa  (kar'a-pa),  n.  [NL.  (Pg.  caraipa),  <  ca- 
raipi,  a  native  (S-uiana  name.]  1.  A  genus  of 
tropical  trees,  natural  order  MeUacem.  \  South 
American  spi  cies,  C  Guianensis,  is  a  tine  large  tree,  the 
bark  .it  which  is  in  repute  as  a  febrifuge.  Oil  made  from 
its  seeds  (called  carap-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  tor  lamps. 
The  wood,  .ailed  carapa-wood  or  crab-wood,  is  light  and 
takes  a  good  polish  ;  it  is  used  for  making  furniture,  and 

also  tortile  spars  of  ships.   The  oil  of  the  African  81 tes, 

C  Tovioucouna,  called  ( li,  kun.lah,  or  tallicoona  oil, 

is  used  by  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anointing  their 
bodies  its  taste  being  so  bitter  thai  it  serves  as  a  defi  use 
against  bites  of  vermin.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
2.  [I.  c.]  A  tree  belonging  to  this  genus, 
[Also  carapax , 


caramba  814 

caramba(ka-ram'bii).  ».    Same ■  <£  carambola.  ^> 

carambola  (ka-ram'bo-18),  »•    [E.  Ind.]     lhe 
acid  fruit  of  the  Averrhoa  Carambola  oi  fcropi- 

*sia.  which  resembles  the   bilitnbi.  and  is 
often  cultivated.     It  is  used  for  makingtarts, 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  «•    [<  F-  carambqU 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It-  '  origin  unknown.      In 

Led  to  carom,  q.  v.]     In  billiards: 
The  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark.    (6)  A 
in  (which  see). 
carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  v.  '.    [<  F.  coram- 
boler(=  G.  karambolieren  =  Dan.  karambolert 
-  Sp.  carambolear=  Pg.  carambolar),  carom, 
<  carambo  >  in  billiards).     In  E.  now 

shortened   to  carom,   q.  v.]     In  biUiards,   to 
carom.  ,  _  ,  , 

caramel  (kar'a-mel),  ».    [<  P.  caramel,  burnt 
s  .  jar,  =  It.  caramella  =  Sp.  Pg.  caramelo,  a 
;ar-candy,  prob.   a  corruption   of 
Ml,,  calamellus  (mellitus),  sugar-cane  (also  by 
simulation  canamella,cannamella,  and  separate- 
ly cauit  in.  His-,  -eane  of  honey').  calami  llu.i  be- 
ing prop.  dim.  of  calamus,  a  reed,  eane:   see 
calamus. }    1.  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar.  When  cane-  Carapace  (kar  a-pas),  n. 
-  heated  in  an  oil  or  metal  bath  to  bctv,.  ...■!■.    .   a 
C    it  begins  to  assume  a  brown  color  ot  continually  in- 
Log  depth,  and  when  the  tumefaction  has  ceased  the 
.  .ntains  a  black  substance  to  which  the  nameof 
caramel  has  been  given.     It  has  a  high  luster,  like  an- 
:.-.  mid  dissolves  readily  in  water,  giving  it  a   hoc 
;       (imposition  is  the  same  as  that  of  cane- 
:  in  its  compound  with  oxid  ol  lead.     It  is  used  for 
giving  a  brown  color  to  spirits,  soups,  gravies,  etc. 
2.   A  sweet,  variously  composed  and  flavored, 
but  generally  consisting  of  chocolate,  sugar, 
and  butter,  and  dark-colored. 
Sometimes  spelled  caramel. 
caramelization  (kar-a-mel-i-za'shon),   n.     [< 
caramelize  +  -ation.]     The  transformation  of 
sugar  into  caramel. 

caramelize  (kar'a-mel-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp. 
caramelized,  ppr.  caramelizing.  [<  caramel  + 
-jae.j  To  transform  or  convert  into  caramel: 
as.  caramelizt  d  sugar, 
caramote  (kar'a-mot),  n.  [F. ;  cf.  Sp.  caru- 
iii  a  iio  =  Pg.  cardmujo,  a  kind  of  sea-snail,  =  It. 
.  aramogio,  a  dwarf,  a  shrimp.]  A  rather  large 
species  of  shrimp,  Penceus  caramote,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  great 
numbers  and  salted  for  exportation. 
carangid  (ka-ran'jid),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

i  arangidai. 
Carangidse  (ka-ran'ji-de),  n.  ]>l.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ra  rtx  {-rang-)  +  -kla\]  A  family  of  aeanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Caranx, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned. 
(a)  In  Gunther's  system,  a  family  of  Ai-aiilhopterygiieotto- 
teombi  iformi  j,  with  the  skeleton  firm,  no  bony  stay  for  the 
.milium,  teeth  conical  ortriangular  if  present,  the 
spi is  portion  of  the  dorsal  present  (sometimes  rudi- 
mentary), the  body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  with   carapacial  (kar-a-pa'shal),  (I 

Tn  this  sense  it        .    ,<     Ar  ... i'„*    : I.C  „  , 


<  F. 
carapace,  <  Cat.  cara- 
hnssn  =  Sp.  carapacho  carat  (kar'at),  v.  t. 
=  It.  dial.  caravazzal  a    <  carat,  caract,  ».] 


caravan 

jewelers  is  seldom  over  18  carats  fine,  except  in  wedding- 
rings,  the  standard  fineness  ol  which  is  22  carats.  Gold 
of  1^  .aiats  tine  is  almost  invariably  used  in  mounting 

,ha nds,  while  14-carat  gold  is  said  to  be  ordlnarilj  used 

in  the  United  states  tor  gold  chains,  etc. 
4.  A  unit  of  weight  for  precious  stones,  divided 
by  jewelers  into  4  grains,  called  diamond-grains, 
but  equal  to  about  3£  troy  grains,  15H  English 
carats  being  taken  as  equal  to  an  ounce  troy. 
In  ls;7  the  weight  of  the  carat  was  fixed  by  a  syndicate 
of  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam  jewelers  at  205  milli- 
crauis.  or  I..1.7B  carats  to  the  troy  ounce.  Under  the 
translated  form  KepaTtoc,  or  ceraHum,  siliqua  was  adopted 
by  Constantino  into  the  system  of  weights  of  the  empire 
as  UT  of  an  ounce,  equal  to  lsit  milligrams.  In  Italy  it  re- 
mained as  a  part  of  the  system  of  weights,  in  general  with 
the  same  relation  to  the  ounce  and  with  nearly  the  same 
value.  Tie-  Arabic  oiratwasthe  24th  part  of  the  mithkal, 
and  was  subdivided  sometimes  into  4,  sometimes  iuto  3 
grains,  its  value  for  gems  being  very  nearly  3  grains 
troy.  The  Castilian  carat,  ,  ]„  of  a  Castilian  ounce,  or 
3.164  troy  grains,  was,  like  the  rest  of  the  Castilian  sys- 
tem, adopted  from  the  Arabs.  From  Spain  this  has  passed 
to  the  rest  of  Europe  and  to  America,  with  only  small 
modifications,  less  than  unlegalized  units  commonly  un- 
dergo, under  the  name  of  the  Amsterdam  <>r  ,/uiininid 
carat,  which  is  usually  divided  into  tilths.  Pearls  are  sold 
by  the  diamond-grain  and  not  by  the  carat,  while  small 
baroque  pearls,  coral,  rough  garnets,  and  the  inferior 
kinds  of  stones  are  sold  by  the  ounce  troy.  The  subdi- 
visions of  the  carat  are  always  expressed  in  fourths,  eighths, 
sixteenths,  etc. 
Often  abbreviated  car.  or  If. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  caract; 
To  try  or  reBne  (gold). 


i. Carapace  of  Tvrto\se{£mys), 
dorsal  surface,  outside.  The 
heavy  lines  indicate  the  divi- 
sions of  the  epidermal  plates  or 
scutes formingthe  tortoise-shell ; 
the  light  lines  show  the  sutures 
of  the  bony  plates  underlying 
and  supporting  the  shell.  1-8, 
expanded  neural  spines  of  ver- 
tebra:; rl-r8,  expanded  costal 
plates  of  ribs;  nu.  nuchal  plate; 
ginal  plates. 

under  shell  being  called  the  plastron.  See  also 
cut  under  Chelonia.—2.  In  Mammalia,  the  shell 
of  an  armadillo.— 3.  In  Cirripedia,  the  multi- 
valvular shell,  test,  or  case.—  4.  In  higher  Crus- 
tacea, the  shield  covering  the  cephalothorax, 
sometimes  separable  into  a  cephalostegite  and 
See  cut  under  Apus. —  5.  One 


gourd:    see    calabash.']         Carattare  to  touch  or  trie  gold,  to  refine  or  make  per- 
1.  The  shell  of  a  turtle    feet,  to  caract.  Florio. 

or  tortoise;  specifical-  carate  (ka-ra'te),  n.    [S.  Amer.]    A  cutaneous 
ly,  the  upper  shell,  the    disease  occurring  in  South  America,  which  pro- 
o  duces  scarlet,  brown,  or  blue  blotches,  espe- 

cially on  the  face,  hands,  and  feet. 
caraiina  (ka-ra'nii),  n.  [Also  written  carana, 
caranna  (NL.  carana);  native  name.]  A  soft, 
greenish-brown,  balsamic  oleo-resin  produced 
by  a  burseraceous  tree,  probably  I'rotinm  Ca- 
rana, found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon 
and  Orinoco.  It  is  exported  in  little  masses,  rolled  up 
in  leaves  of  Hags.  It  has  an  agreeable  aromatic  smell,  and 
a  bitterish  slightly  pungent  taste.  It  was  formerly  used 
in  plasters. 
caravan  (kar'a-van  or  kar-a-van'),  n.  [=  D. 
l.-ii in nuni  =  (f.  karawane  =  Dan.  karavane  = 
Sw.  karavan,  <  F.  caravane,  <  Sp.  caravana  = 
Pg.  caravana  =  It.  carovana  (ML.  caravauna, 
caravenna,  carvanna,  carvanus=  MGr.  icappdviav, 
NGr.  KapjUvi)  =  Turk,  kdrwan  (Jcyarwdn)  =  Ar. 
kairawdn  =  Hind,  kdrwan,  <  Pers.  karwan,  kara- 
wdn,  a  caravan.  Prob.  orig.  Pers. ,  but  by  some 
considered  orig.  Ar. ;  cf.  Pers.  kar,  business, 
work,  Ar.  kair,  trade,  profession,  lira,  kirwa, 
hire,  hiring.  In  sense  3  shortened  to  ran  :  see 
t)«»3.]  1 .  A  company  of  travelers,  pilgrims,  or 
merchants,  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
who  associate  together  that  they  may  travel 


2.  Cross-section  of  Carapace  and 
Plastron  of  Tortoise,  c,  centrum  of 
a  vertebra;  >is,  its  expanded  neu- 
ral spine ;  r,  expanded  rib,  fonn- 
ing  one  mass  with  a  lateral  scute 
and  ending  at  a  marginal  plate; 
ic,  interclavicular  scute,  or  ento- 
plastron  ;  hp,  hyosternal  scute,  or 
epiplastron. 

py,  pygal  plate ;  m,  series  of  mar- 


ail  omostegite. 

of  the  many  hard  cases,  tests,  or  shells  which 

are  likened  to  a  carapace,  as  those  of  certain    with  greater  security,  especially  through  des 

infusorians;  a  lorica. 


10  abdominal  and  14  caudal  vertebrae.    In  this  sense 

n  used  by  most  European  ichthyologists  since  1862. 
li  includes  fishes  which  have  been  distributed  by  others 
in  the  families  Carangi&x,  Pomatomidce,  Paettidai,  Zan- 
elides,  Caproidm,  Equulidw,  etc.  (b)  In  Gill's  system  re- 
ted  t"  Scombroidea  with  10  abdominal  and  from  14 
caudal  v  it. bee  a  slant  or  atrophied  first  dorsal 
tin.  .1    and  anal    1..H-.  opposite,   and    marly 

alike,  generally  two  anal  spines  detached  and  forming  a 
Unlet,  and  non-protractile  jaws.  These  limits  have  bi  i  n 
adopted  by  most  recent  American  ichthyologists.    It  em 


[<  carapace  + 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carapace. 

zpacial  ridge,  becoming 
liostegites,  and  the  cav- 
branchial  chambers. 
Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  -217. 

carapax  (kar'a-paks),  n.     Same  as  carapace. 
carap-oil   (kaf'ap-oil),  n.     Oil  obtained  from 
Carapa  Guianetisis.    See  Carapa,  1. 
carasow,  «.    See  curassow. 


-ial.~\ 

The  lateral  portions  of  the  can 
deeper,  are  converted  into  brand 
ities  which  they  overarch  are  the 


Ss.'Span^^  [NL.,<  F.caro*^ 


-a  v.  heh  are  the  cavallies,  pompanos,  and  pilot- 
Carangidce  is  the  family  name  for  the  fishes  generally 

known  as  ea\allv  or  . a.  vaile,  jack,  p pallo,  scad,  etc. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  l-''.. 
Caranginae  (kar-an-fi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx (-rang-)  +  -iua:"\    A  subfamily  of  Carangi- 
il,i  ;  the  cavallies  or  horse-mackerels.    The  pre- 

maxili  6,  the  pi  Ctoral  tins  long  and    lal 

.  he  ana]  fin  i   like  I  lie  ae I  dorsal  and  with  its  base 

than  the  abdomen  Me'  maxillarj  has  a  supplemen* 

I  outline  is  i .-  curved  than  the  ven- 

it  line,  and  the  i  .a.k  and  abdomen  are  rounded.   Also 
it.    Sec  cut  under  I  'at  anx. 
carangine  (ka-ran'jin),  «.  and  «.     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  ('■«- 
a  or  '  'arangidai. 
II,  a.  A  member  of  the  subfamily  Carangina. 
carangoid  (ka-rang'goid),  a.  and'  n.    [<  NL. 
t  'aranx  (-rang  I  +  Gi  ■■    ]     I.  a.   <  >f 

or  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Carangida;. 

II.  a.  i  toe  of  the  Carang 
caranna  (ka-ran'ii),  «.    Same  as  caranna. 
carantot,  «•    Same  as  coranto. 

hole  run  a.  aranto,  or  leapea  levalto? 
1/..,  iton,  i  he  i  av.  m    ii    i 

Caranx  (kar'anks),  it.     |\'l ppar.  <  Sp.  ca- 

rangue,  caranga,  a  kind  of  flatfish  in  the  West 
Indies.]    The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Ca- 

rilni/i'lir. 


a  carp :  see  crucian.']  A  genus  of  carps  or  cyp- 
rinoid  fishes  containing  the  common  goldfish, 
C.  auratus.    See  goldfish. 

carassow,  n.    See  curassow. 

carat,  karat  (kar'at),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
caract  (simulating  rarart,  character,  a  charac- 
ter, mark,  stamp)  ;=T>.toraat=G.l-a  rat  (MHO. 
karat,  garat)  =  Dan.  Sw.  karat,  <  P.  curat  =  Pr. 
carat  =  ft.  carato  —  Bp.  Pg.  quilate,  OPg.  cui- 
rate  =  Turk.  Pers.  cfirdt,  <  Ar.  qirat,  qvrrdt,  a 
carat,  the  twenty-fourth  of  an  ounce,  four  bar- 
leycorns, also  a  pod,  husk  (=  LL.  a  rates).  < 
Gr.  nep&nov,  the  fruit  of  the  locust-tree,  also, 


erts  or  regions  infested  by  robbers.  Nearly  all 
commerce  in  these  countries  was  formerly  carried  on  by 
caravans,  using  camels  chielly  for  transportation:  and 
they  are  still  numerous,  though  largely  superseded  by 
other  methods. 

Men  who  pass 
In  troop  or  caravan.        Milton,  P.  K.,  i.  323. 
Great  r,tnir,iux,  formerly  composed  of  Pagans,  now  of 
Mahometans,  passed  from  west  to  east,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  ancient   times,  to  buy  and  disperse  India  - Is 

through  Africa.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  61. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  large  number  of  persons 
traveling  together,"  especially  when  moving 
slowly  or  with  much  baggage;  poetically,  any 
large  number  of  persons,  or  even  animals,  con- 
sidered as  traveling  together  to  a  common  des- 
tination. 

Their  aery  caravan,  high  over  seas 

living.  Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  lis. 

When  thy  summons  comes  to  join 

The  innumerable  nun  run,  which  moves 

To  that  mysterious  realm  ...  of  death. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

3.  A  large  covered  carriage  used  for  conveying 
passengers,  or  a  company  of  people  traveling 
together,  or  a  traveling  exhibition  or  show; 
hence,  any  large  covered  wagon  or  carl    for 


like  L.  siliqua  (see  siliqua),  a  weight,  the  carat,  travel  or  transport:  often  abbreviated  to  van. 

als..  and  lit.  a,  little  horn,  dim.  of  Kipag  (nepar-),  Alike,  gay  widow,  virgin   wile. 

,  ho™    akin  to.  E I.W.. :  see  ,,,„,„-  and  /,„,•„.]  #£^&S$JS2?**.  hoys, 

If.    An   old  weight  equal   to  a   scruple,  Ol   the  |.h  to  the  cast  for  dailv,  nightly  ]oys. 

twenty-fourth  part  of  an  ounce  troy.— 2\.  A  Coioper,  Eetiremenfc 

u nil  of  mass  1'ornierlv  use.  I  in  various  countries  He  had  never  seen  such  a  fat.  boy  in  or  out  of  a  travel- 

for  weighing  gold,    it  was  generally  the  24th  part  of  lingcarawra.                          Dickens,  Pickwick.  II.  x\w. 

a  mark  ol  gold,  and  was  subdivided  into  12  grains,    it  was  4^  a  number  of  vessels  or  barks  in  company, 

.in 1  equal  to  about  150.5  troy  grains.  or  an  expedition  with  such  vessels. 

11.  , 8.  A  twenty-fourth  part:  specifical  y  M]]  ^.  |lu,  L(.v;ml  :lml  ,,,„„. 

used   111   expressing  the  fineness  Ol   gold  when  ]|iU   (]c.,,,lh,„s  ,-,,„„  their  caravans,   as   lb. n   ..nuses 

used  as  jewelrv.    I  ha-,  pure  gold  1 gcon  Idered  as  against  the  Moslems  were  called.                         Praam. 

U  carate  fine,  .1  two,    ix,  or  ten  twenty-fourths  of  alloy  A  hood  with  hoops  or  springs  ofwhalebone 

nmonj  copper  or  silver)  is  present,  the  gold  is  said  to    ot.  -v  1 I  "  "'         ' ..  ..        ,      S '  /.'nnlinlt 

a      ..ad    .,,.,,     Che  gold  used  by  and  an  adjustable  veil  for  the  face,     launon. 


caravan-boiler 
caravan-boiler  (kar'a-van-boi'ler),  ».    An  old 

form  of  steam-boiler,  resembling;]  wagon. 

caravaneer  (kar"a-van-er'),  n.  [<  P.  carava- 
nier  (=  Sp.  caravanero  =  Pg.  caravaneiro),  <  ca- 
ravans, caravan.]  One  who  leads  the  camels, 
etc.,  of  a  caravan. 

caravansary  (kar-a-van'sa-ri),  ».;  pi.  caravan- 
saries (-riz).  [=  F.  caravanserai,  -serail  =  It. 
caravanserai  =  Sp.  caravans<  rrallo  =  Pg.  cara- 
vancara  =  Turk,  kerwdnsaray  =  Hind,  kdrwdn- 
sard,  <  I'crs.  kdrwdnsardi,  <  l.aricau,  caravan,  + 
sardi,  a  palace,  a  public  edifice,  an  inn:  see 
seraglio.]  In  the  East,  a  place  appointed  for 
receiving  and  lodging  caravans ;  a  kind  of  inn 


815 

It  is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Ula,  and  la  frequently  culti- 

valid  for  it«  fruit,  or  so-called  seeds,  which  have  a 

matic  smell  ami  a  v arm  pungent  taste,     liny  are  u 
:i  carminative  In  medicine,  and  for  Savoring  caki 

and  a  volatile  oil  is  obtained  fi i  them  bj  distillation. 

2.   Tin-   Siipila  satin:  or  black  caraway,  :i  ru- 

nunoulaceous  plant  of  southern  Europe,  the 


carbon 

organic  bodies  containing  6  carbon  atoms  or 
some  multiple  of  6,  and  hydrogen  and  oxygen 
in  the  proportion  in  which  they  form  water 
(HjjO),  that  is,  twice  as  many  hydrogen  as 
oxygen  alums,  as  starch,  sugar,  and  cellulose. 
Also  carbhydrate. 


soeds  of  which  arc  aromatic  and  used  tor  the  carbohydrous  (kar-bd-hl'drus),  a.     [<  carbo 


Caravel,  15th  century. 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

where  the  caravans  rest  at  night,  being  a  large 
square  building,  with  a  spacious  court  in  the 
middle.  Here  travelers  find  shelter  and  accommoda- 
tions, but  are  obliged,  if  they  have  not  brought  their  own 
supplies,  to  procure  provisions  and  all  necessaries  for  both 
men  and  beasts  at  the  neighboring  bazaar.  Also  written 
caravanserai,  caravamera. 

It  is  a  mere  caravansary,  fit  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
lodge  in,  but  not  to  live  in.       0.  W,  Holmes,  Autocrat,  i. 

caravel,  carvel  (kar'a-vel,  kar'vel),  n.  [=  D. 
karveel  =  G.  krafeel,  erarel  =  P.  eararelle  =  It. 
caravella  (>  Turk,  qaraveld),  <  Sp.  caravela.  also 
carabehi  (=  Pg. 
caravela),  a  car- 
avel, dim.  of  ca- 
raba  =  Pg.  cara- 
va, also  carcbo, 
crevo,  a  small 
vessel,  <  ML. 
carabus,  a  kind 
of  boat,  <  Gr. 
Kapafioc,  a  kind 
of  light  ship 
(NGr.  aapadi); 
prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  Kapa- 
fioc, a  beetle, 
a  sea-crawfish : 
see  Carabus.] 
Nant.,  the  name 
of  several  kinds 
of  vessels.  One  variety,  used  in  Portugal,  is  a  vessel  of 
from  100  to  150  tons  burden  ;  another  is  a  fishing-vessel  of 
from  10  to  15  tons ;  and  a  third  is  a  large  Turkish  ship  of 
war.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  small  ship  used  by 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in  the  fifteenth  andsixb  <  nth 
centuries  for  long  voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop 
and  wide  at  the  bow,  and  carried  a  double  tower  at  its 
stern  and  a  single  one  at  its  bows.  It  had  four  masts  and 
a  bowsprit,  and  the  principal  sails  were  lateen  sails.  Two 
of  the  vessels  with  which  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic 
and  discovered  America  were  of  this  description. 

The  king  of  Portingal  minded  to  arme  certaine  Camels 
to  discouer  this  Spicerie.  Bakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  '217. 

The  armament  consisted  of  two  caravels,  or  light  vessels 
without  decks,  and  a  third  of  larger  burden. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  16. 

The  seas  of  our  discovering  over-roll 

Him  and  his  gold  ;  the  frailer  caravel. 

With  what  was  mine,  came  happily  to  the  shore. 

Ten in/son,  Columbus. 

carawala  (kar-a-wa'la),  n.  A  venomous  ser- 
pent of  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  Hypnale 
in  jut,  a  viviparous  species  of  the  viperine  series. 

caraway  (kar'a-wa),  11.  [Also  written  carra- 
way,  early  mod'.  E.  also  caroway,  <  Sp.  aleara- 
hueya,  caraway.  <  Ar.  al,  the  +  karwiya,  kara- 
wiyd,  caraway-seeds,  caraway-plant,  prob.  <  Gr. 
K&pov,  caraway,  >  L.  careum,  NL.  carum  (>  It. 
euro  —  Florio),  cumin,  caraway.  Another  form 
is  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  carvy,  carvey,  <  F.  carvi  =  It. 
cum  =  I),  karwei  =  MLG.  karwe,  G.  Jcarve, 
karbe,  karwei  =  Dan.  Jcarve,  <  Sp.  carvi,  short  for 
alearavea  =  Pg.  alcaravia,  variants  of  the  forms 
before  mentioned,  or  directly  from  the  Ar.  with- 
out the  article.]  1.  A  biennial  plant,  Carum 
Carvi,  of  the  natural  order  UmbeUiferat,  with  a 
tapering  root  like  a  parsnip,  which  when  young 
is  used  as  food,  but  has  a  very  strong  flavor. 


same  purposes  as  common  caraway. — 3.  Col- 
lectively, the  seeds  of  the  caraway. 

Blaunderelle,  or  pepyns.  with  caraweu  in  conflte. 

lini s  BooifcfE.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  166. 

4f.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  or  comfit  containing 
■  eds. 
Then  cheese  with  fruite  On  the  table  set, 
u  ii   Bisketes  or  Carowayes,  As  you  maj 

r.ah.      ;        ,i     E.  T.  8.),  p.  843. 

A  dish  of  euro  Shak.,  -1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  :;. 

5.  A  kind  of  apple.     Mason. 
caraynet,  ».    An  old  form  of  carrion, 
carbamate  (kar'ba-mat),  n.    [<  carbamate)  + 

-ati  '.]    A  s:ih  of  oarbamic  acid. 

carbamic  (kar-bam'ik),  a.  [<  carb(onic)  +  am- 
(ide)  +  -ii'.J  Relating  to  a  substituted  carbonic 
acid  containing  the  amide  radical  NHo — Car- 
bamic acid,  CO.NIl-.iiH,  an  acid  not  known  in  the  free 
state,  but  forming  salts  and  ethers,  as  methyl  carbamate, 
CONH0OCH3.  Its  ammonium  salt  occurs  in  commercial 
ammonium  carbonate. 

carbamide  (kar'ba-mid  or  -mid),  ».  [<  earb(on) 
+  amide.]  1.  A  compound  identical  with  urea, 
having  the  formula  CO(NH2)2.  It  is  found  in 
many  of  the  animal  juices,  and  occurs  most  abundantly 
in  urine. 
2.  A  general  name  for  the  derivatives  of  urea. 

carbazotate  (kar-baz'6-ta.t),  it.  [<  carbazot(ic) 
+  -ate1.']  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  car- 
bazotic acid  with  a  base. 

carbazotic  (kiir-ba-zot'ik),  a.  [<  carb(oii)  + 
azote  +  -ic]    Composed  of  or  pertaining  to  car- 


hydr{ate)  +  -ous.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  im  boh}  drat e. 

Borodin  .  .  .  maintains  .  .  .  that  the  energy  of  the 
respiration  in  leafy  shoots  under  constant  external  condi- 
tions is  a  function  oi  tie'  earbohydrou    oral 1  «  liii  h  1 

present  in  tin-  plant.       Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  398. 

carbolated  (kar'bo-la-ted),  a.     [<  carbol(ic)  + 

-,,l,  2  +  -ed-.]    Impregnated  with  carbolic  acid. 

carbolic  (kiir-bol'ik),  a.     [<  carbion)  +  -■»'  + 

-ic]     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carbon  or 

coal Carbolic  acid,  a  substance  (t'.ll.iill)  found  in 

thai  part  of  tic  heavy  oil  of  coal-tar  which  distils  over 
between  829  ami  374  W.  From  this  product  of  coal-tar  it 
is  almost  exclusively  prepared.  It  has  feeble  acid  prop- 
erties, but  in  chemical  structure  is  allied  to  the  alcohols, 
and  belongs  to  a  class  of  compounds  called  phenols.  When 
pure  it  crystallizes  in  white  -rcoloi  less  needles, »  hich  have 
the  odor  of  creosote  and  1  burning  taste,  'liny  deliquesce 
readily  ami  become  liquid.  It  is  an  irritant  poison  when 
taken' in  large  doses,  hut  in  doses  of  from  1  to  :i  grain-  it 
is  used  internally  as  a  therapeutic  agent.  Its  chief  medi- 
cinal use,  however,  is  as  a  disinfectant  in  antiseptic  sur- 
gery, and  as  an  external  application  to  unhealthy  1 
compound  fractures,  abscesses  after  they  havi  bci  11  open 
ed,  and  tissues  that  are  exposed  as  a  result  of  surgical  opera- 
tions. The  action  of  the  acid  is  not  only  to  exclude  germs 
that  induce  putrefaction,  but  also  to  destroy  such  as  may 
have  been  admitted,  for  which  reason  it  is  introduced 
into  the  interior  of  the  wound.  Also  called  pin  nic  acid.— 
Carbolic-acid  paper,  wrapping-paper  saturated  with 
stearin  and  carbolic  acid,  used  for  preserving  meats,  etc. 

carbolize  (kar'bql-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bolised,  ppr.  carboUzing.  [<  carbol-ic  +  -fee.] 
To  impregnate  with  carbolic  acid.  Also  spelled 


carboUse. 

1 ;llhl  ;l""lr-    Carbazotic  acid,  c„h..(N<>sW»".  carboluria  (kiir-bo  lu'ri-a),«.    [<  carbolic  +  Gr. 

picric  acid:  a  crystallizable  acid  obtained  by  the  action  of  ^"'•""•'"V"' v,      .   •       -,..•• "    ..  ,t    „_•    „  „i,„-„„ 
iiitrie  acid  on  phenol,  indigo,  a,„l  other  animal  and  vegeta-     ovpov,  urine.]     A  condition  ot  the  urine  charac- 
ble  substances.   It  forms  shining  yellow  crystals,  sparingly     terized  by  dark  discoloration,  symptomatic  ot 
soluble  in  cum  water,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste,     poisoning  by  carbolic  acid. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  dyeing     When  silk  which  has  been  carDon  (kar'bon),  n.     [=  F.  carbon e  =  Sp.  car- 
treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or  cream  of  tartar  is  1111-  vf^  v  ,}_ /' 

mersed  in  a  solution  of  this  acid,  it  is  dyed  a  beautiful 


pennauent  yelloyv  color ;  and  by  the  use  of  indigo  and 
pinie  acid  together  various  shades  of  green  are  obtained. 
Its  salts  explode  violently  when  struck. 

carberry  (klir'ber"i),  n.;  pi.  carberries  (-iz). 
The  gooseberry.     [North.  Eng.] 

carbhydrate  (karb-hi'drat),  n.  Same  as  car- 
bohydrate. 

carbide  (kiir'bid  or  -bid),  n.  [<  carb(on)  + 
-i'rfe1.]  A  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
Formerly  called  carburet. 

carbineH  (k'ar'bin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cara- 
bine, carabin,  carbeene,  a  musketeer,  <  F.  cara- 
bin,  "  a,  carbine  or  curbeene  [misprinted  for  enr- 
bcciie"],  an  arquobuzier  armed  with  a  murrian 
and  breastplate,  and  serving  on  horseback" 
(Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  carabin,  a  surgeon's  ap- 
prentice, earlier  OF.  calabrin,  calabrien,  orig. 
one  who  worked  a  war-engine,  <  caldbre,  a  war- 
engine:  see  niliihn-.  In  this  sense  obsolete, 
being  replaced  by  carbineer.']  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  carbine;  a  carbineer;  a  musketeer. 

Nay,  I  knew, 
However  he  wheel'd  about  like  a  loose  carbine, 
He  would  charge  home  at  length  like  a  brave  gentleman. 
Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  1. 

carbine2  (kar'bin),  ».  [Formerly  also  carabine, 
=  D.  karabijn  =  Gr.  karabincr  =  Dan.  Jcarabin  = 
Sw.  karbin,  <  F.  carabine,  <  It.  earahina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carabina  (>  Ar.  quarabina,  qarbana),  a  cur- 
bine;  from  carbine1?]  1.  In  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  firearm ;  one  of  the  many  names  given 
to  the  lighter  form  of  harquebuse. — 2.  In  mod- 
ern times,  a  short  rifle,  especially  one  adapted 
to  the  use  of  mounted  troops. 

carbineer  (kar-bi-ner'),  «.  [=  I).  karabinier  = 
l)an.  karabvner  =  Sw.  karbinerare,  <  F.  eara- 
biuier  (=  Sp.  carabinero  —  Pg.  enraliini  in>  =  It. 
carabiniere,  carabina), <  carabine:  see  carbine-.] 
A  soldier  armed  with  a  carbine.  Also  formerly 
written  carabineer. 

carbine-thimble  (kar'bin-thim"bl),  «.     A  stiff 

socket  of  leather  fastened  to  a  D-ring  on  the 
right  side  of  a  saddle,  to  hold  the  muzzle  of  a 
carbine. 

carbo  (kar'bo),  n.  [NL.  (L.);  so  called  from 
their  coal-black  color:  see  i-arlnm.']  A  name 
of  several  black  water-birds,  (a)  The  black  guille- 
mot of  the  North  Pacific,  Uria  carbo.  0>)  The  common 
cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  carbo,  (ct)  [cap.']  A  genus 
of  cormorants,  giving  name  to  the  Carbonidcs.  Loci 
pede,  1S00. 

carboclet,  »•  A  Middle  English  form  of  car- 
buncle.    Chaucer. 

carbohydrate  (kar-bo-hi'drat),  n.  [<  carbon 
+  hydrate,]     A  general  name  for  a  group  of 


bono  =  l'g-  carbons  =  It.  carbonio,  <  NL.  car- 
ba(n-),  carbon,  mod.  forms,  in  chem.  sense ;  cf. 
F.  charbon  =Pr.  carbo  =  Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  can  do 
=  It.  carbonc,  a  coal,  coal,  older  forms,  in  orig. 
sense ;  <  L.  carbo(n-),  a  coal,  whether  a  glowing 
coal  or  a  dead  coal,  charcoal.]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol, C;  atomic  weight,  11.97.  An  element  found 
in  nature  in  two  distinct  forms:  the  diamond, 
which  is  extremely  hard,  of  high  specific  grav- 
ity (3.5),  usually  colorless  and  transparent,  with 
brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  crystallizes  in 
octahedrons ;  and  graphite,  which  is  very  soft, 
of  low  specific  gravity  (2),  black  and  opaque, 
with  metallic  luster,  and  crystallizes  in  hexag- 
onal plates.  See  diamond  and  graphite,  its  phys- 
ical properties  vary  greatly  with  its  different  forms.  It  is 
combustible,  burning  to  carbonic  acUUCO.j).  In  combina- 
tion it  is  universally  distributed  through  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  being  a  constituent  of  every  living 
tissue.  By  the  action  of  heat  on  such  tissues,  with  partial 
or  complete  exclusion  of  air,  carbon  is  procured  in  amor- 
phous form  more  or  less  mixed  with  other  matters.  Such 
products  are  animal  charcoal,  lampblack,  wood  charcoal, 
coke,  aud  gas-carbon.  The  number  of  its  compounds  with 
the  other  elements  is  endless;  and  at  present  more  com- 
pounds of  carbon  are  known,  probably,  than  of  all  other 
elements  taken  together.  It  is  present  in  the  atmosphere 
as  carbon  dioxid,  or  carbonic-acidgas,  and  in  the  same  form 
in  simie  mineral  waters;  it  also  appears  in  the  salts  called 
carbonates,  as  calcium  carbonate  in  coral,  in  the  shells  of 
many  sea-animals,  in  the  common  mineral  calcite,  includ- 
ing chalk,  limestone,  marble,  etc.,  and  as  iron  carbonate 
in  tin-  mineral  sidcrite,  etc. 

2.  The  form  of  the  diamond  generally  called 
carbonado;  the  black  diamond. — 3.  In  electric 

lighting,  a  carbon-point  (see  below) Bisulphid 

of  carbon.  See  bisulphid.—  Carbon  dioxid.  Same  as  car- 
bonic add  (which  see,  under  carbonic).-  Carbon-points, 
in  electric  hqhting,  two  roils  of  very  hard,  compact  carbon, 
bel  ween  which  the  electric  arc  is  formed,  producing  a  light 
of  great  brilliancy.  See  ooltaic  arc.  under  arc,  ami  electric 
light,  under  electric—  Carbon  process,  in  photog.,  a  pro- 
cess of  producing  photographic  positive  pictures  in  a  pig- 
ment composed  ot  carbon,  in  order  to  insure  their  perma- 
nency. The  thin  paper  on  which  the  impression  from  the 
in  gative  is  taken  is  coated  with  gelatin  colored  with  the 
carbon  pigment,  and  sensitized,  usually  with  bichromate  of 
potash.  After  exposure  to  light  under  the  negative  it  is 
affixed  face  downward  upon  another  sheet  of  paper,  and  is 
plunged  with  it  into  a  hot-water  bath,  which  detachi 
first  paper  ami  leaves  the  gelatin  film  uncovered.  The 
water  dissolves  those  portions  of  the  film  which  have  not 
been  rendered  insoluble  bythe  action  of  light  through  tin- 
transparent  portions  of  the  negative  upon  tic  sensitizing 
medium,  and  the  more  or  1<  ss  insoluble  portions  oi  the 
film  form  a  positive  picture,  which  is,  however,  ri  vei  ed 
in  its  relations  of  right  ami  bit.  It  a  second  transfer  of 
the  lllm  from  its  support,  to  restore  these  relations  in  the 
finished  print,  is  required,  the  first  transfer  is  not  madt  in 
a  paper  surface,  but  to  a  sheet  of  glass,  zinc,  or  caoutchouc. 

The  same  end  may  In-  accomplished  without  the  s el 

transfer,  by  stripping  the  negative  film  from  the  glass,  and 
printing  with  its  face  outward,  by  reversing  the  right  and 
left  of  the  negative  by  the  use  of  a  prism,  or  by  other  de- 


carbon 

—  Carbon  spar,  a  name  given  to  several  mineral 
im.of  zinc,  etc,  —Car- 
bon telephone,  a  form  oi  telephone  invented  by  Edison, 
in  which  the  vibrations  oi  the  diaphragm  oi  the  roouth- 

bj  variable  pressure  upon  a  piece  oi  c - 

,     ii  the  cin  uit,  variations  In  the 
:  i .-  current  which  it  :  ations  in  the 

Gas-carbon.  '   amorphous  carbon 

is  produced  in  the  retorts  where  i  oal  is  heated  inl- 
ine manufacture  of  illuminating  gas.  It  forms  an  iron 
sides  ami  upper  part  of  the  retort  it 
i-  extremely  hard,  ami  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat  ami 
electricity.  It  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  carbon  bat- 
tery-plates, and  also  for  the  carbon-points  used  with  the 
trie  arc-light.     Also  called  coal-gas  charcoal  and  gas- 

carbona  (kar-bo'n&),  ».  [NL. :  see  carbon.'} 
In  minimi,  a  muss  oi  stanniferous  rock,  irregu- 
lar in  form,  unil  not  possessing  the  general 
character  of  a  lode.  Such  a  m;n>.  however,  i-  ordi- 
narih  subordinate  toa  lodein  its  immediate  vicinity.  The 
carbona  is  in  seme  respects  analogous  to  the  "pipes  ami 
"flats"of  the  North,,!  England  lead-mines.  The  carbona 
of  the  st.  K<  s  lode  in  Cornwall,  England,  was  one  of  the 
ii  nisi  remarkable  of  these  occurrences,  ana  one  of  the  first 
t  iwhich  this  name  was  givi  a  it  was  composed  of  feldspar, 
quart/,  black  tourmalin  (schorl),  tin  ore  (cassiterfte),  and 
.some  cupriferous  ore.  It  also  contained  fluor-spar,  which 
was  not  i  resent  in  the  lode  itself. 

carbonaceous  (kar-bo-na'shius),  a.  [(.carbon 
+  -aceous.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  car- 
bon; containing  carbon  or  coaly  matter Car- 
bonaceous shale,  a  soft  shaly  rock  through  which  coaly 
or  bituminous  matter  is  abundantly  diffused  in  fine  parti- 
cles. Such  shales  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States, especially  in  the  I>cv<>nian  ami  Silurian  series. 

carbonadet  (kar-bo-nad'),  >i.  [=  G-.  Dan.  kar- 
bonade,  <  P.  carbonade,  carbonnade,  <  It.  car- 
bonata  \=  Sp.  carbonado  =  Pg.  caravonada), 
carbonade,  <  carbolic  (=  Sp.  curium  =  Pg.  car- 
vSo),  a  coal:  see  carbon.]  In  cookery,  a  piece 
of  meat.  fowl,  or  game  cut  across,  seasoned, 
and  broiled;  a  chop.     Also  carbonado. 

1  will  make  tine  slice  the  brawns  of  thy  arms  into  car- 
bonades,  and  cat  them. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  I.,  iv.  4. 
If  I  come  in  his  [way]  willingly,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
nado of  inc.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 
Broil  them  on  the  coals 
For  carbonadoes. 

Massinger,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

carbonadet,  carbonado'-'t  (kar-bg-nad',-na'do), 
v.  t.  |<  carbonade,  «.]  1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
nade of;  score  across  and  grill. 

Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge,  <  >r  a  .sh<  trt  legg'd  hen, 
Daintyrj  carbonadi 

Fletcher  (<i//,/  another),  Love's  rilgrimage,  i.  1. 
2.  To  cut  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 

Draw,  you  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
With  his  keen-edged  spear 
He  cut  and  carbonaded  them, 

Massinger,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
Who  could  surmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
Who'd  been  thus  oarbonado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected? 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230. 

carbonado1  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  [Sp.,  <  carbono, 
carbon:  see  carbon.']     Same  as  bort,  2. 

carbonado'-'t  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
carbonade. 

Carbonari,  n.    Plural  of  Carbonaro. 

Oarbonarism  (kar-bp-na'rizm),  n.  [<  Carbonari 
+  -ism.]  The  principles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 
<  larbonari ;  sympathy  with  or  support  of  them. 

The  determination,  the  self-forgetfulness,  the  audacity 
of  the  Nihilists,  compared  with  whose  conspiracies  tin 
pl"t-  <    re  merely  child's  play,  are  a  fact  so 

iture  thai  we  can  hardly  understand  it. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

Carbonaro  (kar-ho-n&'ro),  n. ;  pi.  Carbonari 
i  ti  i.     [II.,  lit.  (as  earbonajo),  a,  charcoal-burn- 
er. <  \j.  carlmiiiiriiis,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier. <  carbo(n-)  (>  It.  carbont  I,  coal,  charcoal: 
bon.  ]     i  toe  of  the  members  of  a  secret 

political    society  called    the    Co rhtina ri ,    Inrmc. i 
in  the  kingdom  .•)'  Naples  during  Hie  reign  of 
Murat  i  lsos-14)  by  republicans  and  others  dis- 
ced with  the  French  rule     i  hej  were  origi- 
'         of  thi    v     '     i  proi 
iok  their  name  from  the  mountain  charcoal 
in.  ii  ,  ounti 

h  iving  aided  the  Bi tis  in  thi  ei  pul 

oi  the  French,  ti ganizatlon  spread  over  all  Italy 

I  liberal  cause  againsl  the 
i  bonari  num. 

lutions  "i  He   i  ,:,,     until 

bj  the  \u  ■;  ii.iu       m t  l-  !0 

11  an  i  pi  i. -i  :in  important 

French  politi      lint  Ithi   •       lution  ol  L830. 
1  pirator, 

itedtl hi  e 

!  out  of 
W.  R.  Qreg,  Wise,  I  p    i    | 

carbonatation  (kar*bo-nS  ta'shon),  n.     Same 

as  carbona  lion. 
carbonate1   (kar'bo-nat), «.     [<  carbon(ic)  + 

-it,  i ;  -  ]■'.  carbonate  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbonato.]     1. 


816 

In  chem.,  a  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
carbonic  acid  with  a  base:  as,  calcium  carbo- 
nate ;  copper  carbonate.  The  carl atesarean  im- 
portant class  of  salts,  many  of  them  being  extensively  used 
in  the  arts  and  in  medicine, 

2.  j'l.  The  common  name  in  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region  of  ores  consisting  in  large  part 
of  carbonate  of  lead,  and  usually  containing 
silver.  Tins  ;s  an  important  class  of  ores  in 
Colorado  and  Utah. —  3.  Same  as  carbonado  or 
bort.  [Rare.]  —  Hard  carbonates,  salts  containing 
carbonic  acid  with  iron  for  a  base. —  Soft  carbonates, 
salts  containing  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  of  lead. 
carbonate-  (kar'bo-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
carbonated,  ppr.  carbonaUng.  [<  carbon(ic)  + 
-ate2;  =  P.  carbonater  =  Sp.  carbonatar.]  To 
impregnate  or  saturate  with  carbonic  acid. — 
Carbonated  springs,  springs  of  water  impregnated  with 
carl ic-acid  gas.  They  are  common  in  volcanic  countries. 

carbonation  (kar-bo-na'skon),  n.  [<  carbo- 
imfi  -':  see  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  caus- 
ing combination  with  carbonic,  acid;  specifi- 
cally, a  process  of  defecating  beet-,  sorghum-, 
or  cane-juice  by  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime, 
and  subsequently  precipitating  the  lime  as  car- 
bonate by  leading  into  the  solution  a  stream  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.     Also  carbonatation. 

carbon-black  (kar'bon-blak),  n.  A  fine  lamp- 
black used  in  making  printing-inks  and  paints. 
It  is  made  by  directing  the  flames  of  gas-lamps,  fed  by 
natural  gas  from  wells,  against  cold  surfaces,  and  collect- 
in-  by  machinery  the  sooty  deposit.  It  is  almost  pure  car- 
bon in  a  finely  divided  form. 

Carbon-bronze  (kiir'bon-bronz),  n.  An  anti- 
friction alloy  of  which  the  principal  constitu- 
ent is  copper.  It  was  invented  by  Baldman  and 
Weisman,  and  is  used  for  journal-bearings,  etc. 

carbon-button  (kar'bon-bufn),  n.  A  small  disk 
of  carbon,  usually  of  compressed  lampblack, 
used  in  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison. 
The  resistance  which  it  offers  to  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  depends  upon  the  pressure  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jected, so  that  when  it  forms  a  part  of  a  circuit  of  con- 
stant electromotive  force  the  current  strength  will  vary 
with  variations  of  pressure  on  the  disk.  See  carbon  tele- 
phone, under  carbon. 

carbonic  (kar-bon'ik),  a.     [=  F.  carbonique  = 

Sp.  Pg.  It.  carbonico,  <  NL.  carbonicus,  <  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon:  see  carbon  and  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  carbon,  or  obtained  from  it Carbonic 

acid,  Ct  i.j,  more  properly  called  carbonic  anhydrid  or 
carbon  dioxid,  a  gaseous  compound  of  12  parts  by  weight 
of  carbon  and  32  of  oxygen,  colorless,  without  smell,  22 
times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen,  and  existing  in  the  atmosphere 
to  the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2,500.  It  is  reduced  to  a 
liquid  by  high  pressure  and  cold ;  and  it  is  obtained  as  a 
solid  white  substance  by  means  of  the  intense  cold  pro- 
duced by  the  sudden  expansion  of  the  liquid  when  al- 
lowed to  escape  from  pressure.  It  has  a  pleasant,  acidu- 
lous, pungent  taste,  and  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds  — 
beer,  champagne,  and  carbonated  mineral  water —  in  part 
owe  their  refreshing  qualities  to  its  presence ;  for,  though 
poisonous  when  taken  into  the  lungs,  it  is  harmless  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  in  moderate  quantity.  Dissolved 
in  water, it  forms  a  dibasic  acid,  ( '0(( >H1._>,  whose  salts,  the 
carbonates,  are  widely  and  abundantly  distributed  in  na- 
ture. It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  combustion  or  animal 
life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison  when  present  in  the  air  to 
the  extent  of  only  4  or  5  per  cent.  It  is  disengaged  from 
fermenting  liquors  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and 
animal  substances,  and  is  largely  evolved  from  fissures  in 
the  earth,  constituting  the  choke-damp  of  mines.  From  its 
weight  it  lias  a  tendency  to  subside  into  low  places,  vaults, 
and  wells,  rendering  some  low-lying  places,  as  the  upas 
valley  of  Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  This  gas 
is  formed  and  given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals, 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustion,  from  the  oxidation  of  car- 

1 in  the  fuel.    It  is  evolved  from  the  colored  parts  of  the 

II,  iwcrs  of  plants  both  by  night  and  day,  and  from  the  green 
parts  of  plants  .Inline  the  night.  In  director  diffuse  day- 
light, plants  absorb  it.  energetically  from  the  atmosphere 
through  their  leaves,  and  decompose  it,  assimilating  the 
earl  inn,  and  returning  most  of  the  oxygen  to  the  air.  Car- 
bonic-acid engine,  (a)  A  fire-engine  from  which  water 
is  ejected  by  the  pressure  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
evolved  in  a  chamber  connected  witii  the  water-reservoir. 
(b)  An  engine  which  is  moved  by  tin-  expansive  force  of 
condensed  carbonic  acidi— Carbonic-acid  water.    See 

aerated  waters,  leraerate.  -Carbonic  or carbonous 

oxid,  a  substance  (CO)  obtained  by  allowing  carbonic  acid 
to  pass  over  red-hot  fragments  of  charcoal,  contained  in  a 
tube  of  iron  and  porcelain,  and  also  by  several  other  pro- 
ci  es.  If  is  a  colorless,  inodorous  gas,  a  little  lighter  than 
air,  lias  neither  acid  nor  alkaline  properties,  is  very  poison- 
ous, and  burns  with  a  pale-lavender  name.  This  Bubstance 
is  produced  when  a  coal-tire  burns  wild  a  smokeless  llaine. 
and  the  pale-lavender  flame  produced  by  its  combustion 
m.i\  often  be  observed  playing  over  such  a  (ire. 

Carbonidse  (kar-bon'i-de),  ».  jil.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
bo{n-)  +  -iihc.]  A  uame  of  the  cormorant  fam- 
ily.   ./.  /-'.  Brandt,  1839.    See  Phalacrocoracida:. 

carboniferous  (kar-bp-nif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  car- 

ho(n-),  coal,  +  fcrrc  =  11.  ImnK]  Containing 
Or  yielding  carbon  or  coal,  tn  geol.,  almost  ex- 
i  in  ively  used  in  designating  that,  assemblage  of  strata 

ti which  the  coal  of  England,  [''ranee  Get ny,  and  the 

United  -laie-  i  forthe  most  part  obtained.  The  Carbon- 
iferous series  r  "i  the  Paleozoic  age,  and  is  the  most  re- 
cent portion  of  the  Paleozoic,    [tis  overlaid  by  the  Permian 

Much  he],, irj   tr,    the   closing   er;i  ,,l    Hi,     (  ar boll ifc  1'- 

ou    agi    and  i    underlaid  by  tie   Devonian.     I  he  Carbon* 

ii'  POU     ovei  large  areas  both  in  Europe  and  [forth  Aiucr- 


carboy 

ica,  is  separable  into  three  more  or  less  distinct  groups: 
the  coal-measures,  the  millstone-grit,  and  the  muuntain 
limestone.  Tile  first  of  these  three  is  a  series  of  shales 
and  clays,  with  which  the  coal-beds  themselves  are  inter- 
stratified.  This  part  of  the  series  is  sometimes  several 
thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  number  and  thickness 
of  the  intercalated  coal-beds  differ  greatly  in  different  re- 
gions. The  millstone-grit  is  a  detrital  rock  ordinarily 
quite  silicious,  and  assuming  all  degrees  of  fineness,  from 
that  of  a  fine-grained  gritst ■  to  thai  oi  a  euarse  conglom- 
erate. Its  thickness  varies  greatly  in  various  regions.  The 
mountain  limestone  is  a  calcareous  roek,  often  rich  ii 
sils  of  marine  origin,  and  sometimes  having  a  tin,  line 
of  over  3,000  feet.  See  ceo/,  coal-ineasurcx,  mULtoiu  -gi  i 
and  mountain  limestone  (under  limestone).  [In  technical 
use,  commonly  with  a  capital.] 

carbonisation,  carbonise,  etc.  See  carboniza- 
tion, etc. 

carbonization  (kiir"bp-ni-za'shpn),  n.  [<  car- 
bonize (see  -ation);  =  F.  carbonisation  =  Sp. 
carbonizacion  =  Pg.  carbonizagao.]  1.  The  oper- 
ation of  converting  wood  or  other  organic  sub- 
stance into  coal  or  charcoal.  The  volatile  constit- 
uents are  driven  off  by  combustion,  and  a  more  or  less 
pure  carbon  remains  behind.  The  term  is  also  used  for 
the  slow-  transformation  of  wood  into  coal  by  natural  pro- 
cesses. 

2.  Same  as  carburizaUon. — 3.  Same  as  car- 
bonation. Also  spelled  carbonisation. 
carbonization-bed  (kiir  bo-ni-za'shon-bed),  n. 
In  charcoal-burning,  a  rectangular  wooden  box, 
higher  at  the  rear  than  at  the  front,  contain- 
ing wood  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth,    it  has  a 

hearth  at  the  front  or  lower  end,  and  forms  a  kind  of  kiln  ; 
tlie  fire  gradually  extends  backward  from  the  hearth,  and 
the  charcoal  is  withdrawn  as  fast  as  it  is  made. 

carbonize  (kar'bo-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bonized,  ppr.  carbonizing.  [<  carbon  +  -ize;  = 
F.  carboniscr  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbonizar  =  It.  carlm- 
nizzarc]  1.  To  convert  into  carbon  by  com- 
bustion or  the  action  of  fire,  or  by  other  natural 
processes. — 2.  To  cover  with  carbon  (in  tlie 
form  of  charcoal  or  lampblack). — 3.  To  carbu- 
rize. 

Also  spelled  carbonise. 
Carbonized  linen  or  paper,  thin  material  prepared  for 
transferring  patterns  by  tracing  them  upon  the  surface 
with  a  hard  point.    The  linen  is  white  or  blue,  but  the  paper 
is  sold  in  many  colors.     Also  called  transfer-paper. — Gar- 

bonizing-furnace,  an  apparatus  for  carbonizing  w I, 

disintegrating  rocks,  etc.    E.  II.  Knight. 

carbonizer  (kar'bo-ni-zer),  »t.  A  tank  of  ben- 
zol or  other  hydrocarbon,  through  which  air 
is  passed  to  carry  off  an  inflammable  vapor. 
E.  I).     Also  spelled  carboniser. 

carbon-light  (kiir'bon-lit),  n.  An  electric  arc- 
light. 

carbonohydrous  (kai^'bo-no-hi'drus),  a.  [< 
carbon  +  Iiydr(oi,eii)  +  -oiw.]  Composed  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen. 

carbonometer  (kar-bo-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  NL. 
carbo(n-),  carbon,  +  L.  metrttm,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
carbonic  acid  by  its  action  on  lime-water. 

Carbonous  (kar'bp-nus),  a.     [(.carbon  +  -mis.] 

Pertaining  to  or  containing  carbon Carbonous 

oxid.    Same  as  carbonic  oxid  (which  see,  under  carbonic). 

carbon-paper  (k.ir'bon-pa"per),  n.  Paper  faced 
with  carbon  or  lampblack :  used  between  two 
sheets  of  paper  for  the  purpose  of  reproducing 
upon  the  lower  sheet  anything  which  may  be 
written  or  drawn  upon  the  upper  sheet,  or 
printed  upon  it  by  a  type-writer. 

carbon-point  (kar'bon-point),  n.  See  carbon- 
points,  under  carbon. 

carbon-print  (kar'bon-print), «.  Aphotograph 
in  permanent  inks  or  colors.  See  carbon  process, 
under  carbon,  and  woodburytype. 

carbonyl  (kiii''bon-il),  «.  [<  carbon  +  -yl.]  A 
hypothetical  organic  radical  having  the  formula 
CO. 

carbovinate  (kfir-bo-vi'nat),  n.  [<  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  +  L.  rin(um),  wine  (for  'alco- 
hol'), +  -ate1.]  See  carbovinate  of  potassium, 
under  potassium. 

carboxyl  (kar'bok-sil),».  [<  carb(on)  +  ox- 
(i/gcn)  +  -yl.]  A  hypothetical  organic  radical 
having  the  formula  (JOOH.  it  may  be  regarded  as 
a  compound  radical  made  up  of  carbonyl  (CO)  and  hy- 
droxy! (OH).  This  carboxyl  group  (COOH)  i  »ists  in  all 
organic   acids,   its    hydrogen 

i replaceable  by  a  basic 

element  or  group,  thus  form- 
ing a  salt,  as  acetic  acid  (CH3 
I  III  III  I.    sodium   acetate  (CH3 

COONa),  etc. 

carboy (k:ir'boi),)i.  [Ult. 
<  Hind.  I'ei's.  qaraba,  a 
large  flagon.]  If.  A 
demijohn. 

six  carboysot  fsphahan  w  inc. 
Hanwaji,  1764,  qnot.  in  rule 

land  Bui  nells  Glossary. 
2.   A  large  globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  pro- 
tected by  an  outside  covering  consisting  either 


Carboy. 


carboy 

of  basketwork  or  of  a  wooden  box :  used  chiefly 

for  containing  certain  acids  (such  as  vitriol  or 


S17 


Same  as  ethylene.— Light  carbureted  hydrogen,  a  com- 
pound of  carbon  and  hydrogen  (CH4)  which  occurs  In  coal- 
""  ,"."     mines  (Ore-damp)  and  about  Btagnant  1 Is. 

sulphuric  acid)  and  Other  highly  corrosive  h-  carbureter,  carburetor  (k&r'bu-ret-er,  -or),  n. 

quids  likely  to  act  clienuca  ly  upon  stoneware.      |<  carburet  +  _,,1    .,„■.]      I.    An  apparatus  for 

adding  hydrocarbons  to  non-luminous  or  poor 


car-brake  (kiir'brak),  re.  A  brake  used  to  ar- 
rest the  motion  of  a  railroad-ear.  when  oper- 
ated by  hand,  11  comprises  a  brake-wheel,  brake-shaft, 
brake-chain,  brake-lever,  and  brake-shoe,  with  their  va- 
rious parts.  (See  brake-shaft,  brake-shoe,  and  brake- 
wheel.)  Where  other  than  hand-power  is  used,  the  brake 
consists  essentially  of  the  shot-  and  lever  and  some  means 
(:is  a  coiled  spring,  steam,  compressed  air,  or  the  pressure 
of  tile  air  acting  in  a  vacuum)  tor  developing  power  and 
applying  it  to  operate  the  brake-lever.  When  nil  the 
brakes  of  ;i  train  arc  operated  together  hy  a  single  ap- 
plication of  power,  tile  apparatus  is  called  a  entiliinmns 
brake.  The  most  important  forms  of  such  brakes  are  the 
Westinghouse  brake  and  the  vacuum-brake.  (See  air- 
brake.) Some  continuous  brakes,  as  the  improved  West- 
inghouse, are  operated  by  the  breaking  apart  of  the  cars 
in  the  train,  and  are  called  automat  ic  or  self -si  tting 
Bee  cut  under  brakes. 

Car-bumper  (kar'buni//per),  n.     A  buffer. 

carbuncle  (kar'bung-kl),  re.  [<  ME.  carbuncle, 
-boncle,  also  assibilated  charbuncle, 
-bode,  -bucle,  <  OF.  carbuncle,  -boucle,  assibi- 
lated charbuncle,  -bucle,  -boucle,  -bode,  scher- 
buncle,  V.  escarboucle  =  Pr.  carbuncle,  car- 
bonde  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbunclo  =  It.  carbonchio  = 
D.  karbonkel  =  MHG.  karbunkel,  also  karfun- 
kel,  G.  karfunkel  (as  if  connected  with  ftmke, 


for  the  purpose  of  producing  an   illunii- 
rgas.  This  is  effected  by  the  addition  of  volatile  hj 


gases 

natinj 

drocarbons,  or  by  placing  material  rich  in  hydrocarbons  In 
the  charge  in  the  gas  retort,  01  by  causing  the  gas  to  pass 
through  liquid  hydrocarbons  t->  take  up  the  more  volatile 

vapors,     ur-carbureters  are  of  this  last  'lass.     Va is 

del  ici  -  are  1  niployed  to  saturate  the  air  with  the  vapor, 

but  all  are  essential!}  alike. 

2.  A  hydrocarbon  used  for  this  purpose. 

Tin'  lightest  distillates  of  American  petroleum,  Sher- 
wood «>il,  or  shale,  have  been  much  investigated  In  regard 
to  use  as  antesthi  tics  01  as  cai  burettere. 

1  re,  Diet,  111.  599. 

Also  carburetter,  carburettor. 

carburetted,  p.  a.    Bee  carbureted. 

carburisation,  carburise.  See  carbwrisaUon, 
carburize. 
boncle,  carburization  (kar*bu-ri-za'shon),  n.  [<  car- 
burize +  -aUon.]  The  process'of  adding  car- 
bon, especially  to  iron;  any  process  which 
has  as  its  chief  result  the  increasing  of  the 
amount  of  earbon  present  in  a  metal.  Thus, ce- 
ment-steel is  iron  which  has  been  changed  to  Bteel  by 
being  carburized  by  the  so-called  cementation  process. 

Also  spelled  r>irhm 


a  spark)  =  Dan.  karfunkel  (prob.  <  G.)  =  few.  carburize  (kar'bu-rizj,  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 

harbunkel,  <  L.  carbunculus  (ML.  also  carown-  hurized,  ppr.  carburizing.     [<  carburet)  +  -fee.] 

cuius,  carvuculus),  a  gem,  an  inflamed  tumor  or  To  (..|usi.  ,,,  ullill.  wil||  ,..„.]„,„_  or  a  hydrocar- 

boil,  a  disease  of  plants  caused  by  hoar-frost,  ,        ,|s  wh(,,1  lh,.  Qixuninating  power  of  a  gas 

also  lit.  a  little  coal,  dim.  of  earbo(n-),  a  glow-  is  ^creased  |,v  mingling  with  it  the  vapor  of 

ingcoal:  see  carbon.]    1.  A  beautiful  gem  of  volatile  hydrocarbons.   Also  carburise,  carburet. 
a  deep-red  color,  inclining  to  scarlet,  found  carburom'eter   (kar-M-rom'e-ter),  n.      [<  car- 

chiefly  in  the  East  Indies,    when  held  up  n,  the  B,m  0Ur{et)  +  -o-meter,  <  L.  metrum,  a  measure.] 


An  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Coquillon  for  de- 
termining the  amount  of  carbonic  o.xid,  hydro- 
gen, etc.,  in  gases  contained  in  fuels.  E.  H. 
Knight. 


it  losesits  deep  tin^e,  and  becomes  of  the  color  of  a  burn 
ing  coal,  it  was  formerly  believed  to  be  capable  of  shin- 
ing in  darkness.  The  carbuncle  of  the  ancients  is  believed 
to  have  been  a  garnet,  some  varieties  of  which  still  go  by 
that  name,  though  the  lKinie  included  also  the  rub)  and 

the  spinel.  „   .         Hreumscribed  inflammation  c^^  (kar'bil),    n.      [<  carb(on)  +  -yl]      A 

,tl0£     name  given  by  Magnus  to  the  hydrocarbon 
ethylene  when  it  acts  as  a  basic  radical,  as  car- 

™.f  {^  carc'S' ^SU      [F.,  from  a  native 
'     name.]      1.    The  American  wolverene,    Gulo 


2.  In  patliol.,  a 
of  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  result- 
ing in  suppuration  and  sloughing,  and  having 


skin.     It  is  somewhat  similar  to  a 
more  serious  in  its  effects. 


10  car- 
Baron. 


It  was  a  pestilent  fever,  but  there  followed 
bunele. 

3.  In  her. :  (a)  A  charge  or  bearing  generally 
consisting  of  8  radiating  staffs  or  scepters,  4  of 
which  are  vertical  and  horizontal  and  4  diag- 
onal or  saltierwise,  and  supposed  to  represent 
the  precious  stone  carbuncle.  Also  called  cs- 
carbuncle.  (b)  The  tincture  red,  when  describ- 
ing a  nobleman's  escutcheon  according  to  the 
system  of  blazoning  by  precious  stones, 
blazon,  n.,2. —  4.  A  whelk  or  "toddy-blossom- 
on  a  drunkard's  face. 

carbuncled  (kar'bung-kld),  a.    [<  carbuncle  + 
-ed'2.]     1.  Set  with  carbuncles. 

He  has  deserv'd  it  [armour],  were  it  cai-bnurletl 
Like  holy  Phoebus'  car.  Slmk..  A.  and  ('.,  iv.  s. 


luscus.  See  wolverene. — 2.  Erroneously — («) 
the  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana;  (b) 
the  cougar,  Felis  concolor. 

The  wolverene  has  been  confused  not  only  with  the 
lynx  and  cougar  in  early  times,  but  also  quite  recently 
with  the  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana.  Thus 
1  1  11,  i.  1  (supp.  to  Button,  ed.  1831, 1.  2CJ7)  treats  at  length 
of  [e  carcajou  ou  blaireau  ameVricain,"  .  .  .  to  which  tie 
misconceives  the  name  carcajou  to  belong. 

Coues,  Fur-bearing  Animals,  p.  45. 

cUB  carcan  (kiir'kan),  re.  [<  F.  carcan:  see  carca- 
net.] Same  as  carcanet. 
carcanet  (kar'ka-net),  n.  [Formerly  also  car- 
kanet,  sometimes  carquenet  (with  dim.  -et  or 
for  *carcant),  =  D.  karkant,  <  OF.  carcant,  car- 
can,  carchant,  charchant,  cherchant,  mod.  F. 
carcan  =  Pr.  carcan  =  It.  carcame  (MCL.  carcan- 
niiin,  carchannum),  a  collar  of  jewels,  an  iron 


2.  Afflicted  with  carbuncle,  or  having  the  color    eolla;r.  n\  perhaps,  with  suffix  -ant  (ef.  OF. 
of  a  carbuncle;  glowing  like  a  carbuncle,  as     <.,„.,.,„•//,..   .,    carcanet,  with   suffix  -aille,  =  E. 


from  drink:  as,   "a  carbuncled  face,"  Brome, 
The  Good  Fellow. 

carbuncular  (kiir-bung'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
bunculus, carbuncle,  +  -rtV'-V]  Belonging  to  a 
carbuncle;  resembling  a  carbuncle;  red;  in- 
flamed. —  Carbuncular  fever.  Same  as  malignant  an- 
thrax (which  sec.  under  anthrax). 

carbunculate  (kar-bung'ku-lat),  a.  Same  as 
carbuncular. 

carbunculation  (kar-bung-ku-la'shon),  n.  [< 
L.  carbuneiilatio(n-),  <  carbunculare,  pp.  carbun- 
culatus,  have  a  carbuncle,  or  (of  plants)  the 
disease  called  carbuncul/us :  see  carbuncle.']  The 
blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants  by 
excessive  heat  or  cold. 

carbunculinet  (kar-bung'kn-lin),  a.  [Cf.  equiv. 

L.  carbuuculosus,  containing  red  sandstone,  < 

carbunculus,  red  sandstone.]     Containing  red 

sandstone. 

In  sandy  lande  thai  [chestnuts]  stande  if  that  it  wepe 

Llaek  elthe  is  aptc,  and  londc  ,;n-lnineiiliiin- 

And  ragstoon  all  to  rapte  is  for  hem  iligne. 


-11I).  <  OHG.  guerca  =  Icel.  kverk=  Dan.  kvark, 
the  throat:  see  querken.  (2)  Less  prob.  ML. 
carcauiiiiui  =  crango,  a  collar,  appar.  <  OHG. 
crage,  enrage,  throat,  neck,  MHG.  krage,  throat, 
neck,  collar,  G.  kragen,  collar,  cape,  gorget,  dial, 
neck:  see  erai/2.  (3)  Some  refer  to  Bret,  ker- 
chen,  the  bosom,  breast,  the  circle  of  the  neck, 
same  as  kelchen,  collar,  <  keleh,  a  circle,  circuit, 
akin  to  W.  eelch.  round,  encircling.]  1.  Aneck- 
lace  or  collar  of  jewels. 
Jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lii. 

About  thy  neck  &carkanet  is  hound, 
Made  of  the  Rubie,  Pearle,  and  Diamond. 

Serrick,  To  Julia. 
Then  in  the  light's  last  glimmer  Tristram  Bhow'd 
And  swung  the  ruby  riuriiiii't. 

Tennyson,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2f.  A  circlet  of  gold  and  jewels  worn  as  an  or- 
nament for  the  hair. 
Curled  hairs  hung  full  of  sparkling  carcam-tx.   Marston. 

carcara  (kftr-kar'S,),  n.    Same  as  caraeara 


PaUadius,  Husbondrie (E.  E.  T.  s.),-p.  216.  carcass,  carcase  (kiir'kas),  11.     [Early  mod.  E. 


carburett  (kar'M-ret),  n.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  carburet,,, 
Pg.  also  carburo,  =  F.  carbure,  <  NL.  carbo : 
see  carbon.']    Same  as  carbide. 

carburet  (kar'bu-ret),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bureted, carburetted,  ppr.  carbureting,  carburet- 

thui.      [<  carburet,  u.\     Same  as  carburize. 

carbureted,  carburetted  (kar'bu-ret-ed),  p.  a. 
[Pp.  of  carburet,  r.]     Combined  with  carbon 
in  the  manner  of  a  carburet  or  carbide :  as,  car- 
bureted hydrogen —  Heavy  carbureted  hydrogen. 
52 


also  carcasse,  carkass,  carkis,  <  ME.  carkes,  car- 
keys,  karkeis,  carcays:  (1)  <  OF.  can-as.  carcois, 
also  assibilated  charcois,  charcos,  charguois, 
eharchois,  mod.  F.  dial,  charcois,  charquois,  m., 

OF.  also  carquasse,  mod.  F.  carcasse,  f.,  car- 
cass, skeleton,  frame,  OF.  also  flesh,  =  Sp.  ear- 
easa  =  Pg.  careassa,  carcass,  =  It.  carcassa,  f.. 
a  shell,  bomb,  skeleton,  bulk  (ML.  earcasium, 
carcoisium,  a  carcass;  cf.  It.  carcame.  a  carcass 
—  a  corrupt  form,  ordiff.word),  associated  with, 


Carchariidae 

and  perhaps  derived  from  (as  the  'shell'  or 
'case'  i"it  by  the  departed  spirit),  (2)  OF. 
alliums,  carcois,  carquois,  P.  carquois,  m.,  = 
Sp.  carcax  =  Pg.  carcas  =  It.  carcasso,  m.  (ML. 
earciiissiini :  Croatian  tarlash),  a  epiiver,  prob. 
a  corruption  (appar.  simulating  initially  L. 
cam  {cam-),  tlesli ;  cf . carrion) of  ML  tarcasius, 
Miii-.  rapiedo-iov,  a  quiver,  =  Turk.  Hind.  tail. ash, 
<  Pers.  tarkash,  a  quiver.]  1.  Tin' dead  body 
of  an  animal;  a  corpse:  not  now  commonly 
applied  to  a  dead  human  body,  except  in  con- 
tempt. 

Wheresoever  the  carcase  is,  there  will  the  eagles  be 
gathered  together.  Mat.  adv.  28. 

beside  the  path  the  imburied  i-accnxx  lay. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  x. 

2.  The  body  of  a  living  animal,  especially  of 
a  large;  animal;  in  contempt,  the  human  body. 

To  pamper  his  own  carcass.         South,  Sermons,  IV.  ii. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  decaying  remains  of  a 
bulky  thing,  as  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

'the  Goodwins,  ...  a  very  dangerous  Bat  and  fatal, 
u  here  the  carcases  of  many  a  tall  ship  lie  buried. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  hi.  1. 

Some  ruinous  bones  .  .  .  and  Btonie   E&eliques  of  the 
curl-asses  of  more  than  foure  thousand  Places  and  Cities. 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  319. 

4.  The  frame  or  main  parts  of  a  thing  unfin- 
ished, or  without  ornament,  as  the  timber- 
work  of  a  house  before  it  is  lathed  or  plas- 
tered  or  the  floors  are  laid,  or  the  keel,  ribs, 
etc.,  of  a  ship. —  5.  An  iron  case,  shell,  or  hol- 
low vessel  filled  with  combustible 
and  other  substances,  as  gunpow- 
der, saltpeter,  sulphur,  broken  glass, 
turpentine,  etc.,  thrown  from  a  mor- 
tar or  howitzer,  and  intended  to  set 
fire  to  a  building,  ship,  or  wooden 
defense.     It  has  two  or  three  apertures, 

from  which  the  tire  blazes,  and  is  sometimes  made  to  serve 
by  its  light  as  a  guide  in  throwing  shells.  It  is  some- 
times ,, pupped  with  pistol-barrels  loaded  with  powder  to 
ttic  muzzle,  which  explode  as  the  composition  burns  down 
to  them.— Carcass-flooring,  in  building,  a  mated  frame 
of   timherwork    which    supports    the    lioardinu'    or    lloor- 

1 ds  above  and  the  ceiling  below. —  Carcass-roofing, 

a  grated  frame  of  timherwork  which  spans  the  building, 
and  carries  the  boarding  and  other  covering.—  Carcass- 
saw,  a  kind  of  tenon-saw,  having  a  backing  of  metal  bent 
aii  and  hammered  down  to  strengthen  the  hack. 

Carcavelhos  (kiir-kii-val'yos),  n.  [Pg.,  <  Car- 
cavelhos,  a  village  in  Portugal.  Commoner 
forms  in  England  are  calcaeclla  and  calcavel- 
los.]  A  sweet  wine  grown  in  the  district  of 
the  same  name  in  Portugal. 

carcelaget  (k&r'se-laj),  »•  [<  OF.  carcelage  = 
Sp.  cara  laje,  carceraje  =  Pg.  carceragem,  prison 
fees,  incarceration,  <  ML.  earcelai/iinu,  equiv. 
to  caret  ra riii  111,  prison  fees,  '  L.  career,  a  pris- 
on.]    Prison  fees.     E.  Phillips,  170(3. 

Carcel  lamp  (kar-sel'  lamp).  [From  the  name 
of  the  inventor.]  A  lamp  in  which  the  oil 
is  fed  to  the  wick  by  means  of  a  pump  op- 
erated by  clockwork,  sometimes  used  in  light- 
houses and  as  a  domestic  lamp. 

carceralt,  «.  [<  L.  carceralis,  <  career,  a  prison, 
=  Sicilian  Gr.  Kapnapov.~]  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
prison:  as,  " carceral  endurance,"  Foxe. 

carceratet  (kar'se-rat);  r.  t.  [<  LL.  carceratus, 
pp.  of  caret-rare,  imprison,  <  L.  career,  prison: 
see  carceral.  Cf.  incarcerate.]  To  imprison; 
incarcerate. 

carcerular  (kar-ser'6-lar),  a.  [<  carcerule  + 
-in--;  =  F.  career  ida  ire'.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  carcerule. 

carcerule  (kar'se-roT),  n.  [=  F.  carcerule,  < 
NL.  carcerula,  di'iu.  of  L.  career,  a  prison.]  In 
hot. :  («f)  A  now  obsolete  name  for  one  of  the 
component  parts  of  a  sehizocarp  (which  see). 
(b)  A  dry  indehiscent  pericarp  with  several 
cells  and  many  seeds. 

carcharisedian  (kiir  ka-ri-e'di-an),  n.  A  shark 
of  the  family  CarehariidtB  or  Galeorhinidw. 
sir  J.  Richardson. 

Carcharias  (kiir-ka'ri-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  sap- 
X"p'ac,  a  kind  of  shark,  so  called  from  its  sharp 
or  jagged  teeth,  <  adpxapos,  sharp,  jagged.]  1. 
The  typical  genus  of  selachians  of  the  family 
fan-hariiila: — 2.  Same  as  Carcharinus. 

Considerable  confusion  exists  coneernim;  the  species  ,,f 
Carcharias,  from  the  fact  that  the  generic  term  has  been 
used  by  different  authors  for  greatlj  different  sharks. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  80. 

3.  An  early  name  of  the  genus  Odontaspis. 

Eafinesque,  1810. 
carchariid  (ktir-kar'i-id),  re.      A  shark  of  the 

family  Carchariidce. 
Carchariidae  (ktir-ka-ri'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Carcharias  +  -ida-.]     A  family  of  anarthrous 

sharks,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Carcharias, 


Carchariidas 

to  which   different  limits  have  been  assigned 
by  various  ichthyologists,    fa)  in  Giinther'B Bystem 

U  i,  i  haracterized 
by  the  nictitating  membrane  of  the  eye,  the  present  ol  an 
anal  tin,  and  two  developed  dorsal  fins,    (b)  Bj  Jordan  and 

i\\  liiili  Bee). 

Carchariinae  (kar*ka-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Carcharias  +  •inee.]     In  Gtinther's  Bystem  of 
iification,  a  subfamily  of  Carehariidce,  hav- 
ing the  teeth  unicuspid,  sharp-edged,  smooth 
or  serrate,  and  ereel  or  oblique,  and  the  snout 
produced  longitudinally. 
Carcharinus  (kar-ka-ri'nus).  «.    [NL.,  <  L. 
harus,  a  kind  of  shark  or  dogfish  (cf.  Gr. 
nap\.  .md   of   shark),   <  Gr.  Kapxapor., 

p,  jagged.    Cf.  Carcharias.]    A  genus  of 


Blue  Shark  i  Carcharinus glaucits 


sharks,  of  the  family  Cnlttirliiiiidir,  comprising 
"(the  largest  and  most  voracious  of  sela- 
chians.    The  blue  shark  is  <\  plaucus.     Also 
Carch 

I  he  genus  Carcharinus  embraces  the  blue  sharks,  the 
sharks  ol  storj  .  .  .  Che  species  "f  Carcharinus  share 
wiili  the  species  of  Carcharodon  the  name  man-eater 
sharks.  Stand.  Nat  Hist.,  III.  82. 

carcharioid  (kar-kar'i-oid),  ".  and  n.    [<  Gr. 

kapxapiac,  a  kind  of  shark,  +  fMoc,  shape.]     I. 
a.  Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Carclmriiilii . 
II.  «•  A  carchariid. 

Carcharodon  (kar-kar'o-don),  n.  [NL. :  see 
carcharodont.]  A  genus  of  man-eater  sharks 
of  enormous  size  and  with  serrate  teeth,  of 
the  family  LamnicUe.  The  only  species,  C.  rondel, ti, 
attains  a  length  of  40  feet,  and  is  found  in  all  tropical  and 
temperate  seas.  Teeth  of  extinct  members  of  this  genus 
indicate  species  "I  'till  more  enormous  dimensions. 

carcharodont  (kar-kar'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  car- 
charodon(t-),  <  Gr.  Kapxapdduv,  commonly  Kap- 
xapddovc,  with  sharp  or  jagged  teeth,  <  napxa- 
poc,  sharp,  jagged,  +  bdovc  (bthvT-)  =  E.  tooth.} 
1.  Having  compressed  trenchant  teeth,  like 
those  of  members  of  the  genus  Carcharias. 
— 2.  Having  acute  or  pointed  teeth:  as,  "all 
snakes  an-  carcliarodont,"  liiintlici;  Eucvc.Brit., 
XX.  432. 

carchesium  (kar-ke'si-um),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  nap- 
X'/atoi;  a  drinking-cup,  the  masthead  of  a  ship.] 
1.  PI.  itiiilti sia  (-a).  In  classical  antiq.,  a 
drinking-vase,  resembling  the  cantharus,  but 
having  its  bowl  narrower  in  the  middle  than 
above  and  below,  and  its  projecting  handles 
Strengthened  by  being  connected  with  the 
bowl  at  about  the  level  of  the  rim.  Also  kar- 
cliisimi. —  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  peritri- 
chous  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  VorU- 
r,  II nli i .  The  animalcules  are  associated  in  den- 
driform colonies.  C.  poli/jiiiium  is  an  example. 
In  Carchesium  the  zobids  are  united  in  social  tree-like 
clusters,  but  the  muscle  <>f  the  pedicle  does  not  extend 
tin. null  ih.  main  trunk;  the  individuals  can  withdraw 
them-.  i\.  .  to  the  jn.int  of  branching  of  their  stock,  but 

ii lonj  cannot  withdraw  itself  from  its  position. 

Stand.  Nat  Hist,  I.  45. 

carcini,  ».    Plural  of  cardnus. 

Carcininae  (kar-si-nr'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
cinus,  2,  +  -line)  A  subfamily  of  crabs,  of  the 
family  Porlttnitla;  typified  by  the  genus  Card- 
nus.    I!..-  <  ara] is  bul  slightly  if  at  all  transverse,  and 

the  chelipeds  are  rather  small.      Its  best-known  repre- 

batlves  belong  to  the  genera  Portunus,  Cardnus,  and 

'  ■     which  last  includes  the  lady-crab  of  the 

t'nit  •    lit   under  Cardnus  and iPtatyonychus. 

carcinoid  (kar'si-noid),  u.  [=  F.  carcinoide,  < 
Gr.  a  crab,  +  iiiW,  shape.]     1.  Crab- 

like:  specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Carcinoida. 
—  2.  i  aneroid ;  carcinomorphic. 

Carcinoida  (kar-si-noi'da),  n.  pi.  [NL.:  see 
carcinoid,.']  In  Latreille's  system  of  classiflca- 
tion,  a  section  of  hi  Branchiopoda;  incongru- 
ously composed  of  the  zoeie  of  various  crus- 
bhe  gent  ra  Nebalia,  Cuma,  Condylura, 
■  ■■  certain  copepods,  as  Cyclops.  [Not  now 
in  us'  .  | 

carcinological  (kar  si-no-loj'i-kal).  n.  [<  car- 
cinology  +  -ical;  =  Sp.  carcmblogico.']  Per- 
tniiiiiiL'  to  carcinology. 

carcinologist  (kar-si-nol'6-jist),  n.     [<  carci- 
"ni  +  -isl.]     One  verse. 1  in  the  science  of 
carcinology. 

; action  of  mam 

VI.  655. 

carcinology  (k&r-si-nol'o-ji),  n.  [=  P.  card- 
aologie  =  Sp.  cardnologta,  <  Gr.  Kapaivoc,  a  crab 


818 

(=  L.  cancer:  see  cancer).  +  -'/o)ia,  <  >>)nr, 
speak:  see  -ology.]  That  department  of  zo- 
ology which  relates  to  crustaceans,  or  crabs, 
shrimps,    etc.       Also   called    crustaccolniji/   and 

malacostracology. 
carcinoma  (kar-si-no'mS),  ». ;  pi.  careinomata 

(-ma-tii).  [L.  (also  in  accom.  form  canceroma, 
cancroma)  (>  F.  carcinome  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carci- 
noma), <  Gr.  Kapnivupa,  a  cancer,  <  Kapiavovv,  af- 
fect with  cancer,  <  icoprcivof,  a  crab,  cancer:  see 
cardnus  and  cancer.]  A  tumor  which  grows 
more  or  less  rapidly,  tends  to  break  down  and 
ulcerate  in  its  later  stages,  propagates  itself 
in  neighboring  or  more  distant  parts,  and  af- 
ter  excision  very  frequently  recurs;  a  cancer, 
in  the  stricter  sense  of  that  word.  A  carci- 
noma is  characterized  microscopically  by  trabecule  and 
nodular  masses  of  cells  of  epithelial  form  and  origin, 
running  in  a  stroma  of  tissue  of  mesoblastic  origin.  Sev- 
eral types  are  distinguished:  (l)  flat-celled  epithelioma; 
(2)  cylinder-celled  epithelioma ;  (3)  simple  carcinoma  (car- 
cinoma  simplex),  a  variety  of  glandular  carcinoma  forming 
nodular  tumors  of  considerable  consistency  ;  (4)  carcinoma 
scirrhosum,  or  scirrhous  cancer,  a  variety  forming  very 
bard  nodules  of  almost  the  consistency  of  cartilage;  (5) 
carcinoma  gelatinosum,  or  cancer  with  colloid  degenera- 
tii.n  of  the  epithelial  parts;  colloid  cancer ;  (ii)  carcinoma 
myxoma  bales,  or  cancer  with  the  stroma  consisting  of  mu- 
cous tissue  ;  (7)  cylindroma  carcinomatodes;  (8)  carcinoma 
gigantoeellulare;  (9)  melanocarcinoma.  Certain  pathol- 
ogists exclude  the  epitheliomata  from  the  careinomata, 
and  hold  that  the  latter  are  not  of  epithelial  origin,  but 
are  purely  a  mesoblastic  formation.  Some,  again,  founding 
the  definition  of  careinomata  entirely  on  anatomical  fea- 
tures, independently  of  histogetietic  considerations,  in- 
clude in  them  the  sarcomata  alveolaria.  The  softer  carei- 
nomata are  as  a  rule  the  more  rapidly  fatal.  The  earlier 
a  cancer  is  removed,  the  greater  is  the  prolongation  ui  life 
and  the  chance  of  escaping  a  return.  See  cylindroma, 
epithelioma,  sarcoma.— Alveolar  carcinoma.  See  alve- 
olar. 

carcinomatous  (kar-si-nom'a-tus),  a.  [<  car- 
ciiinma(t-)  +  -ous ;  =  F.  carcinoinatcux  =  Pg. 
carciiioiiialnsii.}  Pertaining  to  carcinoma;  can- 
cerous; like  a  cancer,  or  tending  to  become 
one. 

Carcinomorpha  (kar"si-n6-in6r'fa),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  mpnivoc,  a  crab,  4-  popeji;,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  system  of  classification,  the  cancroid 
or  carcinoid  crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  crab- 
like, short-tailed,  10-footed,  stalked-eyed  crus- 
taceans. It  is  nearly  the  same  as  Brachyura  in  an  or- 
dinary sense,  but  includes  such  forms  as  Ranina,  II<nii>>l<i . 
and  Drinnia. 

carcinomorphic  (kiir"si-no-m6r'fik),  a.  [As 
Carciiioinoijilia  +  -ic]  Carcinoid  or  cancroid; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carcino- 
morpha. 

carcinophagOUS  (k;ir-si-nof'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kapnivoc,  a  crab,  +  ciaytiv,  eat.]  Eating  crabs 
and  other  crustaceans;  oancrivorous. 

carcinus(kiir'si-nus),«.;  pl.carcimi(-ni).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  icapdvoc,  a  crab,  cancer,  =  L.  cancer :  see 
cancer.  Cf.  carcinoma.]  1.  In  jiatlml.,  a  can- 
cer or  carcinoma. —  2.    [cap.]     In  zoiil.,  a  ge- 


card 

He  is  the  card  or  calendar  of  gentry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

2.  A  piece  of  thick  paper  or  pasteboard  pre- 
pared for  various  purposes.     Specifically— (o)  A 

piece  of  cardboard  on  which  are  various  figures,  spots, 
names,  etc.,  used  in  playing  games;  especially,  one  "I  B 
set  of  52  such  pieces  of  cardboard  (distinctively  culled 
playing-cards)  arranged  in  -4  suits  of  13,  each  suit  <  .msist- 
ingof  lOpieceson  which  are  printed  colored  spots  varying 
in  number  from  1  to  10,  different  in  form  in  the  different 
suits,  and  called  spades,  clubs,  diamonds,  and  hearts,  ac- 
cording ti>  tluir  shape,  and  3  face-cards,  called  the  king 
queen,  and  knave  or  jack.  The  color  of  the  spades  and 
clubs  is  black  :  that  of  the  diamonds  and  hearts,  red.  An 
additional  card,  the  joker,  is  sometimes  used  in  euchre. 

Sir  ,  tirliri',    irlnsl,  etc. 

Sehe  seyd  that  ther  wer  non  dysgysyngs,  ner  harpyng, 
ner  lutyng,  ner  syngyn,  ner  non  lowde  dysports,  hut 
pleyng  at  the  tabvllys,  and  schesse,  and  ..!../. 

Paston  Letters  (ed.  1875),  III.  314. 
The  European  world  is.  I  think,  here  at  an  end:  there 
is  surely  no  card  left  to  play. 

Siidin  ij  Smith,  in  Ladj  Holland,  vt 
(6)  A  piece,  of  cardboard  on  which  is  written  or  printed 
the  name,  or  the  name,  address,  etc.,  of  the  person  pre- 
senting it,  as  in  making  a  social  visit,  announcing  the 
nature  and  place  of  one's  business,  etc.    Cards  intended 
for  the  former  use  are  called  visiting-cards,  and  for  the 
latter  business  cards.     (<•)  A  paper  mi  which  the  points  of 
the  compass  are  marked  :  used  with  a  movable  magnetic 
needle  to  form  a  compass.    See  compass  and  compass-card. 
All  the  quarters  that  they  know 
I'  the  shipman's  card.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
The  card  of  goodness  in  your  minds,  that  shews  ye 
When  ye  sail  false  ;  the  needle  toueh'd  with  honou^ 
That  through  the  blackest  storm  still  points  at  happiness. 
Fletcher,  Loyal  subject,  iii.  2. 
On  life's  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail, 
Reason  the  card,  but  passion  is  the  gale. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  108. 
(d)  A  piece  of  pasteboard  or  heavy  note-paper  on  which  is 
written  or  printed  an  invitation  to  a  public  or  private 
entertainment,  especially  an  invitation  to  or  announce- 
ment of  a  wedding. 

3.  A  short  advertisement  of  one's  business,  or 
a  personal  statement  of  any  kind,  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  periodical. —  4.  Anything  re- 
sembling a  card  in  shape  or  use:  as,  a  card  of 
matches;  "cards  of  yellow  gingerbread,"  P.  T. 
Cool;e,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  393. —  5.  A 
frame  filled  with  honeycomb ;  a  sheet  of  honey- 
comb. Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  20. — 6.  A  per- 
forated sheet  of  cardboard  or  metal,  used  in  a 
Jacquard  loom  as  a  guide  for  the  threads  in 
weaving  a  pattern. — 7.  An  eccentric  person, 
or  any  one  who  has  some  notable  peculiarity; 
a  character.    [Slang.] 

A  card  in  our  Northern  parts  signifies  a  brawling  vaga- 
bond. Goldsmith,  Works  (ed.  1885),  IV.  454. 
Such  an  old  card  as  this,  so  deep,  so  sly.  Dickens. 
Commanding  cards,  in  whist  and  other  games,  the  best 
cards  unplayed  in  their  respective  suits.—  Cooling  cardt, 
probably,  a  card  the  playing  of  which  is  so  decisive  of  the 
game  as  to  cool  the  courage  of  the  adversary;  hence,  figura- 
tively, something  to  damp  one's  hopes  or  ardor,  other  ex- 
planations are  given. 

There  all  is  marr'd  ;  there  lies  a  (■..../;,)./  card. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
These  hot  youths, 
I  fear,  will  find  a  cooling  card. 

Beau,  and  Ft..  Island  Princess,  i.  3. 
On  the  cards,  publicly  ii  nidi  known  as  likely  to  take  place: 
said  in  reference  to  "events"  in  horse-racing,  as  inscribed 
or  written  down  in  proper  form ;  hence,  anything  likely 
or  possible  to  happen  :  as,  it  is  quite  on  tin  curds  that  the 
ministry  may  go  out.  — To  call  a  card.  See  caUt,  c  — To 
speak  by  the  card,  to  speak  with  precision,  as  from  exact 
information. 

We  must  speak  bit  the  card,  or  equivocation  will  undo 
us.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

cardH  (kard),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  'carden  (in  verbal  n. 
car  dying,  cardinge,  cardyng);  from  the  noun.] 


Green  Crab  (  Carcittus  mtrnas). 

nus  of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans;  the 
shore-Grabs.  C.  moehas,  the  green  crab,  is  a  very  com- 
mon British  species  of  small  size,  much  used  for  food. 

car-coupling  (kar'kup*ling),  n.  An  arrange- 
ment for  connecting  the  cars  of  a  railroad- 
train.     See  coupling. 

card1  (kard),  «.  ['<  ME.  card  =  D.  lcaart  =  G. 
litrtc  =  Dan.  lort,  a  card,  a  map,  =  Sw.  lort, 
:i  card,  I  aria,  a  chart,  <  F.  carte,  a  card,  ticket, 
I. Ml.  map,  chart,  =  l'r.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carta,  <  ML. 
carta,  also  charta,  a  card,  paper,  a  writing, 
chart,  charter,  <  L.  charta,  a  leaf  of  paper,  pa- 
per, a  writing,  a  tablet,  <  Gr.  x&l>T1l<  a's,)  1 "/""'/', 
:i  leaf  of  paper,  a  separated  layer  oft  lie  papyrus- 
bark,  any  thin  leaf  or  sheet,  as  of  lead.  See 
clout,  a  doublet  of  card1,  and  cartel,  charter, 
etc.]  It.  A  paper;  a  writing;  a  chart;  a  map. 
I  haue  caused  that  your  Lordship  shall  rcceiue  herewith 
a  little  Mappe  or  Cards  ol  lie  world. 

HakluyVs  Voyages,  I.  215. 

The  places  are  Mod mil  Coron,  which  are  but  twelve 

miles  .lislaiil    Hi.    in, iii  the  ..ther;  and  do  stand  in 

our  way  to  Scio,  as  yon  may  plainly  sec  by  the  card. 

Campion,  in  Arber's  Kug.  Garner,  1.  53. 


To  play  at  cards. 
card-  (kard),  ».     [<  ME.  carde  =  D.  lcaarde  = 

111,11.  l.,irtle  =  (iiUi.l:tirtd,  charta,  MHG.  hartc, 
G.  famlc,  dial,  kardel,  hirtt  l  —  Vau.  karte,  hurtle 
=  Sw.  kartla  (cf.  Icel.  karri)  =  V.  carde  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cart/a  =  It.  ctirtlo,  a  card  (cf.  Pr.  Sp.  l'g.  It. 
cnrtlo,  a  thistle;  cf.  F.  chardon,  a  plant  the 
head  of  which  is  used  as  a  ilax-comb,  G.  kar- 
dendistel  (also  kardetschdistel),  the  thistle  which 
is  used  as  a  flax-comb:  see  cardoon),  <  ML.  enr- 
dtis,  a  thistle,  a  card,  for  L.  cardmis,  a  thistle 
(used  for  carding),  <  carere,  card ;  cf .  Gr.  unpen; 
shear, ='E.shear.]  1.  A  brush  with  wire  teeth, 
used  in  disentangling  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  and  laying  t  hem  parallel  to  one  another 
preparatory  to  spinning.  In  band  cards  tin  wires 
arc  Short  and  are  passed  slantingly  through  leather,  which 
is  then  nailed  upon  a  board.  Two  of  these  brushes  are 
used,  one  in  each  hand,  and  in  use  are  drawn  past  each 
ether,  the  fibers  being  between  them.  In  the  carding- 
machine,  which  has  superseded  hand-carding,  the  cards 
in.  (..nncd  by  hard  drawn  wire  staphs,  each  furnishing 
two  teeth,  drawn  through  leather  ami  belli   at  ,i  n  linn 

angle.  The  material  thus  prepared  is  called  card-clothing. 
See  carding  machine, 

2.  A  carding-uiaehine. — 3.  A  currycomb  made 
from  a  piece  of  card-clothing. 


card 

card2  (kiird),  v.  t.  [<  HE.  carden  (=  I),  kaarden 
=  LGr.  kaarten  =  G.  harden  =  Dan.  learU .  karde 
—  Sw.  karda  (cf.  Icel,  fcarra)  =  F.  carder  =  Pr. 
Sj>.  Pg.  cardar  =  It.  cortiare);  <  card-,  ».]  1. 
To  comb  or  open,  as  wool,  (lax,  hemp,  etc.,  with 
a  card,  for  the  purpose  of  disentangling  the 
lilicrs,  cleansing  from  extraneous  matter,  sep- 
arating the  coarser  parts,  and  making  fine  and 
Soft  for  spinning. 

Go  card  :iinl  spin, 
And  leave  the  business  o!  the  war  in  men. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii. 

Perhaps  to  card 
Wool  for  the  Housewife's  spindle. 

Wordsworth,  Michael. 

We  don't  card  silk  with  comb  that  dresses  wool. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  74. 

2f.  To  mingle;  mix;  weaken  or  debase  by  mix- 
ing. 

you  cord  your  beer,  if  you  see  your  guests  begin  to  be 
drunk,  half  small,  half  strong. 

Greene,  tjuip  for  an  Upst.  Courtier. 

The  skipping  king  .  .  .  carded  his  state. 

Shak.,  l  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

Cardamine  (kar-dam'i-ne),  n.  [XL.  (ef.  P.  car- 
damine =  Sp.  cardamino  =  Pg.  cardamina  =  It. 
cardamine),  <  L.  cardamina,  <  Gr.  KapSauivn,  also 
napfia/iic,  a  cress-like  herb,  prop.  adj.  'cress- 
like,' <  mpSauov,  a  kind  of  cress,  nasturtium,  = 
Skt.  kardama,  a  certain  plant.  Of.  cardamom.  ] 
A  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  pungent  herbs, 
natural  order  Cruci/cra;  natives  of  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  leaves 
usually  pinnate  and  racemes  of  white  or  pur- 
ple flowers.  It  includes  the  cuckoo-flower  or  lady's- 
smock  (C.  pratensis),  bitter-cress  (C.  amara),  and  other 
species,  the  leaves  of  which  arc  pleasantly  pungent,  are 
eaten  as  a  salad,  and  have  had  a  reputation  as  an  anti- 
scorbutic and  purifier  of  the  blood.  The  genus  is  some- 
times made  to  include  the  toothwort,  Dentaria. 

cardamom  (kur'da-inoni),  ».  [Also  cardamum, 
and  formerly  cardamome,  cardamom  ;  =  D.  kar- 
damom  =  MEfG.  kardamuome,  kardemuome,  ear- 
th limine,  (1.  kardamomen  (dim.  kardamumel)  = 
Dan.  kardemome  =  Sw.  kardemumma,  <  P.  car- 
damome (OF.  cardemoine)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carda- 
»Mowo(Pg.  also  cardamo,  It.  also  cardamone),  < 
L.  cardamom  ii in,  <  Gr.  Kapiidpu/iov,  cardamom, 
for  * napSapd/uj/jtov,  <  Ka.p6ajj.ov,  a  kind  of  cress,  + 
auauov,  a  kind  of  Eastern  spice-plant:  see  Car- 
damine and  Amomum.]  One  of  the  capsides  of 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  genera  J  ma- 
mum  and  Elettaria,  natural  order  Ziiujibcracea: : 
generally  used  in  the  plural.  These  capsules  are 
thin  and  filled  with  brown  aromatic  seeds,  which  are  used 
in  medicine  as  a  carminative  and  stomachic,  as  well  as 
in  making  sauces,  curries,  and  cordials,  seasoning  cakes, 
etc.  The  cardamoms  of  commerce  are  the  product  of 
EleUiiiin  Cardanuymwm,  a  native  of  the  forests  of  south- 
ern India,  where  it  is  also  cultivated,  and  of  a  larger- 
fruited  variety  of  the  same  species  found  in  Ceylon.  The 
plant  is  reed-like,  with  large  lanceolate  leaves,  and  grows 
to  the  height  of  from  (i  to  10  feet.  Various  other  kinds 
are  used  in  the  East  Indies  and  in  China,  chiefly  tin-  r.  mud 
or  cluster  cardamoms  of  Siam  and  .lava,  the  fruit  of  A, no- 
mum  C'lnhiiiivniiiin;  the  wild  or  bastard  cardamoms  of 
Siam,  obtained  from  A.  xanthioides ;  flic  Bengal  carda- 
moms, from  A.  aromatkum;  the  Javan,  from  A.  maxi- 
mum, etc. 

Cardan's  rule.    See  rule. 

cardass  (kiir-das'),  ».  [=  G.  kardetsche,  for- 
merly kartatsche,  <  F.  cardasse,  <  It.  cardasso, 
also  aug.  cardassone  (obs.)  (cf.  Sp.  cardusa  = 
Pg.  carduca),  a  card  (to  card  wool  with),  < 
cardo,  a  card :  see  card?.]  A  card  to  card  wool 
with. 

card-basket  (kiird'bas"ket),  n.  An  ornamental 
basket  for  holding  visiting-cards  which  have 
been  received. 

cardboard  (kard'bord),  n.  A  stiff  kind  of  pa- 
per made  by  pasting  together  two  or  more 
thicknesses  of  paper,  drying  and  pressing;  a 
thin  pasteboard. 

card-case  (kiird'kas),  n.  A  small  pocket-ease, 
generally  of  an  ornamental  kind,  for  holding 
the  visiting-cards  of  the  bearer. 

card-catalogue  (kiird'kat'a-log),  n.  A  cata- 
logue, as  of  books  in  a  library,  in  which  the 
entries  are  made  on  separate  cards,  which  are 
then  arranged  in  order  in  boxes  or  drawers. 

card-clothing  (kiird'kl6"THing),  ».  Wire  card 
used  to  cover  the  cylinders  and  slats  of  a  card- 
ing-machine  and  for  other  purposes.   See  card-. 

card-cutter  (kard'kut  er),n.  A  machine  or  an 
instrument  for  trimming,  squaring,  and  cutting 
cardboard. 

cardecut,  cardicuet  (kar'de-ku),  ».  [<  F. 
quart  d'ecu:  quart,  fourth  part  (see  quart);  de, 
of;  icu,  shield,  crown-piece,  <  OF.  escu  =  Sp. 
Pg.  escudo  —  It.  scudo,  shield,  kind  of  coin,  <  L. 
scutum,  shield:  see  seiutu  and  escutcheon.'}  A 
quarter-crown  (quart  d'ecu),  an  old  French  sil- 


Cardecu  quart  M  .in ,ll,:  British  M 

i  di.'  original. 

ver  coin.  The  weight  of  tin-  specimen  repre- 
sented in  the  above  cu1  is  140  grains. 

\  ..ii  Bee  this  cardeeu,  the  last  and  the  onb  quinti 
of  fifty  crowns.    Beau,  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodore  t,  v.  I. 

I  could  never  yet  finger  i tardioue  of  her  bounty. 

Chapman    kfonsii  ur  Unlive,  ii.  i. 

A  set. if  hilding  fellows.  .  .  .  The  bunch  of  them  were 
not  worth  a  cai  Scott. 

cardel  (kar'del),  ».     A  hogshead  containing  64 

gallons,  in  use  among  whalers. 
Cardellina  (kar-de-n'na),  n.     [NL.  (cf.  Sp. 

cardelina  =  It.   cardellino,  carderino,  cardello 

(Florin),  also  cardelletto,  goldfinch,  thistle- 
finch),  <  L.  carduelis,  goldfinch  (see  Carduelis), 
+  -//mi.]  A  -vims  of  beautiful  American  os- 
cine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  MnioMltidai 
and  subfamily  S<  topliagince;  the  rose  fly-catch- 
ing warblers.  The  bill  is  parine  in  shape  and  scarcely 
notched  tin  win-saii'  Long  and  pointed,  the  tail  is  short 
and  even,  and  the  plumage  is  richly  col. .red.     C.  amictaoi 

'<..',. ,  is  the  red-fronted  warbler;  ('.  rubra  is  the 

rose  warbler,  entirely  red  with  silvery  auriculars;  both 
ai-c  found  in  Texas  and  southward.  C.  versicolor  inhabits 
<  ruatemala. 

carderM  (kar'der),  ii.  [<cardi,v.,  +  -er>-.]  One 
who  plays  at  cards;  ;i  gamester:  as,  "coggers. 
carders. 'dicers,''  lip.  Il'oolton,  Christian  Manual, 
I.  vi. 

carder2  (kar'der),  n.  [<  card2,  r.,  +  -eri ;  =  D. 
kaardster (suffix  -stir)  —  G.  karder=  V.  eardeur 
=  Pr.  cardaire  =  Sp.  cardadar  =  Tt.  cardatore.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  cards  wool ;  specifi- 
cally, the  machine  employed  in  carding  wool. 

The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers. 

Shak.,  lien.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

2.  [cap.]  One  of  an  association  of  Irish  rebels 
who  tortured  their  victims  by  driving  a  wool- 
or  llax-card  into  their  backs  and  then  dragging 
it  down  along  the  spine. 

This  shall  a  Carder,  that  a  White-boy  be; 

I...,  ii.ii>  leaders  of  atrocious  bands.  Hood. 

carder8  (kar'der),  n.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  corrup- 
tion of  caddow,  q.  v.]  A  jackdaw.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
carder-bee,  carding-bee  (kar'der-,  kiir'ding- 

be),  v.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
large  bees  of  the  genus  Bombus,  especially  the 
European  Bombus  muscorum,  from  their  habit  of 

eniding  and  plaiting  the  moss  with  which  their 
nests  are  constructed.  When  building,  the  bees  form 
a  line  from  the  nest  to  the  moss  which  is  to  be  used,  all  of 
them  facing  toward  the  moss.  The  first  bee  bites  off  some 
sprigs  of  moss,  cards  and  rolls  it  with  the  jaws  and  feet, 
and  passes  it  to  the  second,  who  further  manipulates  it 
before  passing  it  to  the  third,  and  so  on  until  the  material 
reaches  the  nest,  where  other  l.ees  are  employed  in  felting 
and  plaiting  the  hits  with  wax  into  a  dome  like  form  made 
to  harmonize  with  the  irregularities  of  the  ground,  so  that 
it  is  hardly  distinguishable.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year 
the  bees  work  singly,  each  female  starting  a  new  colony. 

card-grinder  (kSid'grm/der),  n.  A  machine 
for  sharpening  the  teeth  of  the  cards  used  in 
carding  wool,  flax,  and  cotton.     See  card". 

cardia  (kar'di-a),  n.  [XL.  (>  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
ranlia.  the  cardiac  orifice),  <  Or.  n<ipi)ui  =  L.  cur 
(cord-)  =  E.  heart,  q.  v.]  1.  The  heart.  Wilder. 
—  2.  The  upper  part  of  the  stomach,  where  the 
esophagus  or  gullet  niters  it.     See  cardiac. 

cardiac  (kiir'di-ak),  »•  and  u.  [In  ME.  cardiacle, 
n.,  q.  v. ;  =  F.  cardiague  =  Sp.  cardiaco  =  Pg. 
It.  cardiaco.  <  L.  cardiacus,  <  Gr.  mpSiaKSc,  < 
KapSia  =  E.  heart.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heart. —  2.  Exciting  action  in  the  heart : 
having  the  quality  of  stimulating  action  in  the 
circulatory  system.  Hence  —  3.  Cordial;  pro- 
ducing strength  and  cheerfulness.  —  4.  Per- 
taining to  the  esophageal  portion  of  the  stom- 
ach: opposed  to  pyloric — Cardiac  aorta.  See 
.oi.'M.— Cardiac  arteries  and  veins,  the  coronary  ar- 
teries and  veins  of  the  heart.  — Cardiac  asthma,  dysp- 
noea due  to  imperfect  action  of  the  heart  Cardiac 
caecum,  the  cardiac  end  of  the  stomach,  when  it  is  elon- 
gated and  convoluted  like  a  i  ai  urn  as  in  the  ill 1-sucking 

bats,  Desmodida.— Cardiac  crisis,  an  attack  of  angina 
pectoris  and  irregular  pulse,  especially  siteli  as  i  leenrs  in  the 
course  of  locomotor  ataxia.— Cardiac  dullness,  the  dull- 
ness Ol  the  -. urn. I  produced  by  percussion  over  that  part  of 
the  chest  where  the  heart  lies.  The  area  of  superficial  dull- 
ii<  --  may  lie  marked  out  1  iv  light  percussion,  and  repi.  Bl  in  - 
the  space  where  the  heart  is  uncovered  l.y  the  lung.     The 


cardiid 

area  of  deep  dullness,  which  marks  the  outlines  of  the  heart 
itself,  can  he  distinguished  only  by  strong  percussion.— 
Cardiac  ganglion.  See  ganglion.  Cardiac  glands, 
tubular  glands  of  the  mucous  membrane  ..i  the  stomach, 
most  numerous  in  the  cardiac  region.    The  portion  next 

ih iii.e,  lined  with  epithelium  like  that  Ol  the  surface  of 

the  gastric  mucous  membrane,  is  short,  and  two  "i  more 
in  i, 11 1,  i  open  mto  it.  These  in.'  lined  with  lent,  columnar, 
coai  i  ly  granular  cells  called  principal  or  central  cells, 
ami  between  tie  *e  and  the  basement  membrane  the  so- 
called  parietal  cells  are  i. inn. I.  Cardiac  line. in <'""'•«• 
iiifiurii.  the  line  of  the  heart,  which  runs  across  the  palm 
ft. mi  the  outer  side  toward  the  I. use  of  the  first  finger. — 

Cardiac  orifice,  the  esophageal  opening  of  the  stomach. 
—  Cardiac  passiont,  an  old  name  for  heartburn.  See 
cardialgia.  -Cardiac  plate,  cardiac  ossicle,  a  trans- 
'.i      arched  calcification  extending  across  the  stomach 

mi.   crustaceans,  sis  a  crawfish,  and  articulating  at 

each   .mi  with  a  pterocardiac  OBsicle.    See  cut  under 
n.r.— Cardiac  plexus,  the  plexus  formed  by  the 

on  i.  isisof  pneii -ii -trie  and  sympathetic  and  other 

going  to  th.    henit      Cardiac  sacs,  in  echino- 

iii'iiu.,  radial  dilatations  or  diverticula  ol  tin-  st.n 

..i  n    i  iiiish.     Bach  may  be  more  or  less  sacculated,  and 
extend  some  way  into  the  ray  or  arm  to  which  it  corre- 
-  Cardiac  tube,  a  primitive,  rudimentary,  or  em- 
bryonic heart,  in  a  simply  tubular  Btage.  -  Cardiac  ves- 
sels, the  arteries  and  veins  of  the   heart. —Cardiac 
wheel  in  mech.,tL  hear!  wheel ;  a  cam-wheel  in  the  form 
of  a  heart.    Seefteort  ........Middle  cardiac  nerve, the 

largest  of  the  three  cardiac  nerves,  arising  from  the  mid- 
dle cervical  sympathetic  ganglion,  ami  proceeding  t.>  the 
de,  p  cardiac  "plexus.     Also  called  nervus  cardiaeue  mag- 
/i....'. 

II.  a.  A  medicine  which  excites  action  in  the 
stomach  and  animates  the  spirits;  a  cordial. 

cardiacal  (kar-di'a-kal),  a.    Same  as  cardiac. 

cardiacet,  »•  [Appar.  <Gr.  KapStaidi,  fern,  otnap- 
<V «i,..«,  relating  to  the  heart :  see  cardiac]  A 
heart-shaped  precious  stone.    Crahh. 

Cardiacea  (kar-di-a'se-S.),  a.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Car- 

dium  +  -acta.]  1.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  clas- 
sification, the  fourth  family  of  his  testaceous 
acephals,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  Cartliida: — 2.  A  superfamily  of 
bivalve  mollu'sks,  formed  for  the  families  f5ar- 
diidir,  Adacniihe,   I'eniliidtr,  and  Classidiv. 

Cardiaceas  (kar-di-a'se-e),  n.  )d.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
dinal +  -acete.]     Same  as  Cardiida . 

cardiaclet,  ».  [ME.,  with  unorig.  term,  -le,  < 
OF.  cardiague,  n.,  <  L.  cardiacus,  having  pain 
about  the  heart:  Bee  cardiac.]  A  pain  about 
the  heart.     Chaucer. 

cardiac-pulmonic  (kar  di-ak-pul-mou'ik),  a. 
Same  as  cardiopulmonary. 

Cardiadse  (kltr-di'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
dinal +  -ada:]     Same  as  CardiidcB. 

cardiagra  (k&r-di-ag'ra ),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapiia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  a}pa,  a  catching.  Cf.  chiragra, 
podagra.]    Inpathol.,  pain  or  gout  of  the  heart. 

cardiagraphy  (kar-di-ag'ra-fi),  ».  A  less  cor- 
rect form  of  cardiography,  1. 

cardialgia  (kiir-di-al'ji-a),  ii. _  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mp- 
StaXyia,  heartburn,  <  napdia'Ayi/c,  having  the 
heartburn,  <  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  «>;oc,  pain.] 
In pathol.,  the  heartburn;  a  burning  sensation 
in  the  upper,  left,  or  cardiac  orifice  of  the 
stomach,  rising  into  the  esophagus,  due  to  in- 
digestion; gastralgia. 

cardialgy  (kiir-di-al'ji),  ».  [=  F.  cardialgie  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cardialgia,  <  NL.  cardialgia,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  cardialgia. 

cardianastroph'e  (kiir"di-a-nas'tro-fe),  ». 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  dvaoTpopj,  a 
turning  back:  see  anastroplie.]  A  malforma- 
tion in  which  the  heart  is  placed  upon  the  right 
instead  of  the  left  side. 

cardiasthma  (kar-di-ast'riJa),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i,<ii„^n.  —  E.  heart,  +  aodfia,  asthma:  see  asth- 
ma.] In  pathol.,  dyspnoea  caused  by  disease  of 
the  heart;  cardiac  dyspnoea. 

cardiatrophia  (kiir'di-a-tro'ti-ii).  ».  [XL.,  < 
Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  arpotpia,  want  of  nour- 
ishment: see  atrophy.]  In  pathol.,  atrophy  of 
the  heart. 

cardicentesis  (kSr'di-sen-te'sis),  ».  Same  as 
cardioccntesis. 

cardicuet,  »•    See  cardeeu. 

Cardidae  (kar'di-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Cardiida: 

cardiectasis  (kar-di-ek'ta-sis),  ».  [NL.  (>  F. 
eantieetasie),  <  Or.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  inraoic, 
stretching  out,  dilatation:  see  ectasis.]  Dila- 
tation of  the  heart. 

cardiform  (kar'di-f6rm),  a.  [<  ML.  cardus,  a 
card  (see  card2),  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Iniehth.. 
having  the  appearance  of  a  card  (see  card-) ; 
having  slender  teeth  closely  set  like  those  of  a 
card. 

cardigan  (kiir'di-gan),  n.  [Named  from  the 
Earl  of  Cardigan  "(1797-1868).]  A  close-fit- 
ting knitted  woolen  jacket  or  waistcoat.  Also 
called  cardigan  jacket. 

cardiid  (kar'di-id),  «.     A  bivalve  mollusk  of 

the  family  Cardiida  . 


Cardiids 

Cardiidse  (kar-di'i-de),  ,,.  pi  [NL.,  <  Cardi- 
um  +  -('?"■]    The  family  of  cockles,  typified 

by  the  genus  '  'ardiwn.     it  is  a  group  of  rip] ate 

],•..„!'  icheate  laraeUibranchs,  consisting 

,(i  ,],  I  their  allies,  having  equivalve  conve» 

shells  with  prominent  umbones'or  beaks  curved  toward 
■  ich,  viewed  sidewise,  give  a  heart-shaped  fig 
ure.  SeeCardium.  Otlier  forms  are  Cardiacea,  Can 

rx  y    Tiro 

cardinal  (kar'di-nal),  «.  and  ».  [I.  o.  <  ME. 
cardinal=  D.  l-nrilimud  =  G.  Dan.  Sw. kardinal- 
(used  only  in  oomp.)  =  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  canto- 
nal =  Sp.  cardinai  =  Pg.  ."'■'/,<//  =  It.  cardmate, 
important,  chief,  <  L.  cardinafe,  pertaining  to 
n  hinge,  hence  applied  to  that  on  which  some- 
thing turns  or  depends,  important,  principal, 
Chief  (of.  :i  somewhat  similar  use  of  E.  pirolal). 
II.  ».  <  ME.  ..nilinal.  cardenal  (after  OF.),  !llt'' 
AS.  cardinal  =  D.  kardinaal  =  MHG.  hardenal, 
G  Cardinal  =  Dan.  Sw.  Cardinal  =  OP.  .,//■</,- 
«<,.,  cardenal,  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  Sp.  curd,  mil 
=  Pg.  eardeaJ  =  It.  cardinale=  Rubs,  Jcardinalu, 
<  ML.  cardinalis,  a  chief  presbyter,  a  cardinal, 
from  the  adj. ;  <  L.  <•<,,•</«  (cni-din-).  a  hinge;  ef. 
i,i.  upodav,  swing.]  I.  «.  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  hinge;  noting  that  on 
which  something  else  hinges  or  depends;  hence, 
chief;  fundamental;  preeminent;  of  special  im- 
portance: as.  cardinal  virtues  or  sins;  the  iw- 
dmaJ  doctrines  of  a  creed;  the  cardinal  points. 

Thiseuour  uirtues  bvcth  y-cleped  cardinals,  nor  thet  hi 
byeth  highest  aiming  the  uirtues,  huer-of  the  yealde  [old] 
niosoics  Bpeke.        AyenbUe  of  Inwit  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  124. 

Every  man  gradually  learns  an  art  of  catching  at  the 
leajjjj  .   a  the  cardinal  or  hinge-joints  of  transi- 

tion, which  proclaim  the  gi  n<  ralcourseof  a  writers  specu- 
lation. #c  Qumcey,  Style,  i. 

Even  in  societies  like  our  own,  there  is  maintained  in 
the  army  the  doctrine  that  insubordination  is  theeordinoi 
offence.  11    Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  632. 

2.  In  conch.,  of  or  relating  to  the  hinge  of  a  bi- 
valve shell:  as,  cardinal  teeth. —  3.  In  entom., 
pertaining  to  the  cardo  or  base  of  the  maxilla, 
which  is  sometimes  called  the  cardinal  piece. — 
4.  [See  II.,  3.]  Of  a  rich  deep-red  color,  some- 
what less  vivid  than  scarlet  —  Cardinal  abbot.  See 
abbot.-  Cardinal  bishop,  priest,  deacon.  See  II.,  1. 
—Cardinal  finch,  cardinal  grosbeak.  See  cardinal- 
bird.  Cardinal  margin,  the  upper  margin  or  binge  oi 
a  bivalve  shell,  containing  the  teeth.— Cardinal  num- 
bers, the  numbers  one,  two,  three,  etc.,  in  distinction  from 
first,  second,  third,  etc.,  which  arc  called  ordinal  numbers. 
—Cardinal  points.  (">  Vageog.,  north  and  south,  east 
and  west,  or  the  tour  intersections  of  the  horizon  with  the 
meridian  and  the  prime  vertical  circle.  (6)  In  astral,  the 
rising  and  Betting  of  the  sun.  the  zenith,  and  the  nadir.— 
Cardinal  redbird.  See  cardinal-bird.— Cardinal  signs, 
in  astron.,  Aries,  Libra,  Cancer,  and  Capricorn. —  Cardi- 
nal tanager,  a  (forth  American  tanager  of  the  genus  Pi- 
raiiaa,  a--  the  scarlet  tanager  or  the  summer  redbird,  P. 
p  t:  so  called  from  the  red  color. — Cardi- 
nal teeth,  the  hinge-teeth  of  a  bivalve  close  to  the  tun- 
bones,  a  di  tinguished  from  those  further  away,  called  the 
cut  under  bivalve.  Cardinal  trilost, 
a  local  English  (Cornwall)  name  of  Bting-rays  with  two 
spines.  Sc,  trilost.  -Cardinal  virtues, the  most  impor- 
tant element*  ol  g 1  character;  specifically,  in  ancient 

philosophy,  justice,  prudence,  temperance,  and  fortitude. 
As  there  arc  four  cardinal  virtues,  upon  which  the 
whole  frame  of  the  court  doth  move,  so  are  these  the 
four  cardinal  properties,  without  which  the  body  of  com- 
pliment movetb  not  /.'.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Bevels,  v.  3. 
Cardinal  winds,  those  which  blow  from  the  cardinal 

II.  n.  1.  Iii  the  Bom.  Calli.  Ch.,  a  member 
of  the  Sacred  College,  a  body  of  ecclesiastics 
who  rank  in  dignity  next  to  the  pope  and  act  as 
his  counselors  in  the  government  of  the  church. 
[nt  i  eol  l  vacancy  in  the  papal  office  they  maintain  order 
in  the  church  and  protect  its  interests  till  a  new  pope  is 
Ives  It h on  their  own  number.  They  are 
appointed  bj  t to-  popi  and  ari  divided  into  three  cla  < 
or  orders,  called  in  full  cardinal  bishops  (6),  cardinal  priests 
(50),  and  cardinal  deacons  tit).    A  cardinal  priest  may  be 

a  bishop  or  an  arch- 
bishop, anil  a  car- 
dinal deacon  may 
be  of  any  ecclesias- 
tical grade  below 
bishop.  Thecollege 
ot  cardinals  i      i  i 

(loin  full,  vacancies 

nearly  alwaj    i    i  I 

in-,     i 

cardinal    is    a    red 

soutane  o k 

a  rochet,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  ami 
a  low-clow  in  .1 
!  brimmed  red 
hat  (not  actually 
worn),  with  two 
depending 
from  it.  on,  from 
either  ride  i  ach 
having  tun  i 

tn  1 1 1 1  j 
2.   A  cloak,  ori- 
ginal! \  of  scarlet  cloth,  with  a  hood,  much  worn 
by  women  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 


820 

century!  so  named  from  its  similarity  in  shape 
and  color  to  one  of  the  vestments  of  a  cardinal. 
At  a  later  period  the  material  as  well  as  the  color  varied. 
Malcolm  writing  in  lso7,  says  tin-  cardinal  "as  almost 
always  of  black  silk  richly  laced.    See  mozetta. 

Sir   I  must  take  leave  of  my  mistress  :  she  has  valuables 
of  mine  :  besides,  my  cardinal  and  veil  are  in  her  room. 
Sheridan,  the  Duenna,  i.  » 


cardiogmus 

Shrimps,  lobsters,  crabs,  and  cray-flshes,  which  are  car. 
dinaiized  with  boiling.       Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  31). 

cardinal-red  (kar'di-nal-red),  a.    Of  a  cardinal 

color. 
cardinalship  (kar'di-nal-ship),  n.    [<  cardinal 

+  ship.]     Same  as  cardinalate1.     Bp.  Hall. 
cardines,  n.     Plural  of  cardo. 


3.  A  rich  deep-red  color,  somewhat  less  vivid  '^^S^^S^StT^'  ~ 


than  scarlet :  named  from  the  color  of  the  vest- 

mentsof  a  cardinal.— 4.  A  hot  drink  similar 

to  bishop,  but  usually  made  with  claret  instead 

of  port,  of  which  bishop  is  compounded. —  5. 

In  ornith.:  {a)  A  bird  of  the  genus  Carilinalis 

(which  see,,  as  the  cardinal  redbird,  Cardinalis  ^      2  (kar,(Un   )     „.'     [<ME.  eardyna 

virginianus, .  and  some  relat  e£speci  es,  as  C.  ig-  ^alT.  of  V,,r(.-\  Jf]'  1.  The  process  of"  comb 


bal  n.  of  eon/1,  ,•.]     Card-playing. 

Use  not  dyceing  nor  carding;  the  more  yow  use  them 
the  lesse  yow  vvil  be  esteemed. 

llabecs  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  360. 

My  Lord  is  little  at  home,  minds  bis  carding  and  little 
else,  takes  little  notice  of  any  body.   Pepys,  Diary,  II.  113. 

ver- 


iii  iis  and  others.  (b)  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral other  crested  finches  of  America,  as  the 
species  of  the  genus   I'aruaria,  and  the  C.nbcr- 

natrix  cristatella Cardinal's  hat,  in  her.    See  hat, 

I  i  nt  al.ove.  — Texas  cardinal,  Pyrrhuloxia  sinuata. 

cardinalate1  (kar'di-nal-at),  ».  [=  D.  Teardina- 

laat  =  P.  cardinalat  =  Sp.  cardcnalato  =  Pg. 
ciinliiialndi),  cardealado  =  It.  cardinalato,  <  ML. 
cardinalafns,  <  cardinalis,  a  cardinal:  see  cardi- 
nal and  -ate3.]  The  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  in- 
cumbency of  a  cardinal.    Also  cardinalship. 

An  old  friend  of  his  was  advanced  to  a  card  imitate 

Sir  B.  L  Estrange. 

Beaufort  had  made  the  great  mistake  of  bis  life  in  1426, 
in  accepting  the  cardinalate.     Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  057. 

cardinalate-t  (kar'di-nal-at),  v.  t.  [<  cardinal, 
n..  +  -ate'2.]  To  make  a  cardinal  of  ;  raise  to 
the  office  of  cardinal.  Bp.  Hall. 
cardinal-bird  (kar'di-nal-berd),  n.  The  cardi- 
nal, cardinal  grosbeak,  or  cardinal  redbird,  '  Wr- 
dinalis  virginianus,  an  oseine  passerine  bird  of 
the  family  FringiUidas,  called  by  Cuvier  the  car- 
dinal finch.  It  is  from  8  to  9  inches  in  length,  and  of  a 
fine  red  color,  including  the  bill,  the  female  being  duller 
in  color  than  the  male.  Its  face  is  black  and  the  bead 
crested.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Virginia  nightingale, 
on  account  of  its  song,  and  also  scarlet  grosbeak.  It  is 
common  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in 
the  south.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species  of  the 
genus  Cardinalis  and  to  some  related  genera.  See  car- 
dinal,  ??.,  5.  See  cut  under  Cardinalis. 
cardinal-flower  (kar'di-nal-nWer),  n.  The 
name  commonly  given  to  Lobelia  cardinalis, 
because  of  its  large,  very  showy,  intensely  red 
flowers :  it  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  in  gardens.  A  similar  species, 
L.  syphilit ica,  with  bright-blue  flowers,  is  sometimes  called 
blue  cardinal-flower. 

When  fades  the  cardinal-flower,  whose  heart-red  bloom 

Glows  like  a  living  coal  upon  the  green 

Of  the  midsummer  meadows. 

Jl.  W.  Gilder,  An  Autumn  Meditation. 

Cardinalis  (kar-di-na'lis),  n.    [NL. :  see  cardi- 
nal.}   1.  A  genus  of  cardinal-birds,  or  cardinal 


ing  wool,  flax,  or  cotton. — 2.  A  loose  roll  of 
cotton  or  wool  as  it  comes  from  a  cardiug-ma- 
chine :  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

The  motion  thus  communicated  to  the  carding  twisted 

it  spirally  ;  when  twisted  it  was  wound  upon  the  spindle  ; 

another  carding  was  attached  to  it,  drawn  outand  twisted. 

.4.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  :;s4. 

carding-bee,  ".     See  carder-bee. 

carding-engine  (kiir'ding-en"jin),  n.  Same  as 
cardinii-intichinc. 

carding-machine  (kiir'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  carding  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  preparatory  to  drawing  and  spinning. 
In  the  earlier  carding-machines  the  fibers  were  ted  by 
band  to  a  cylinder  upon  which  card-clothing  was  laid  in 
strips  parallel  to  the  axis,  and  were  removed  from  these 


Carding-machine. 

A,  main  cylinder;  D,  E,  F,  G,  toothed  rollers ;  /.bearings;  A',  roller; 

L,  toothed  drum,  or  doffer. 


Cardinal-bird  [Cardtttalii  Virginiattus). 


achievement    I 


grosbeaks,  of  the  family  Fringillidce,  having  red 
as  the  chief  color.  The  bill  is  stout,  conical,  and  red, 
the  wings  arc  very  short  and  rounded,  and  the  tail  is 
rounded  and  longer  than  the  wines.  It  includes  several 
species  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.     Sec  cardinal,  n., 

6,  and  cardinal  bird. 

2.  [I.e.]  In  brachiopods,  a  muscle  which  opens 

the  shell. 

cardinalitial  (kar*di-na-lish'ial),  a.  [<  cardi- 
nal +  -iluil.  Cf.  Sp.  inrili  imlieio  =  I'g.  vardi- 
nalicio  =  It.  cardinalizio.~]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  cardinal;  of  the  rank  of  a  cardinal.     [Bare.] 

i;ai-ed  him  to  the  cardinalitial  dignity. 

Card.  Wiseman,  Lives  of  the  Last  Four  Popes. 

cardinalize  (kitr'di-nal-iz),  V.  t.      [<  cardinal  + 

ii  :  =  P.  cardinaliser  =  Sp.  cardenaUear.']  1. 
To  make  a  cardinal  of.  Sheldon.  [Bare.]  —  2. 
To  make  cardinal  in  color.     [Kare.  ] 


strips  by  band  as  they  became  full.  In  modern  cotton- 
carding  machines  a  loose  roll  of  fibers,  called  a  lap,  is 
placed  in  guides  and  rests  upon  a  roller,  which  as  it  re- 
volves unwinds  the  lap  and  delivers  it  to  the  feed-roll,  on 
passing  through  which  it  is  seized  by  the  card-teeth  upon 
a  small  cylinder,  called  the  lickcr-in,  from  which  it  is 
drawn  by  the  teeth  of  the  clothing  of  the  main  cylinder. 
Otlier  small  cylinders  successively  remove  the  fibers 
from  and  deliver  them  to  the  main  cylinder.  The  tufts, 
tangles,  or  knots  which  are  not  loosened  by  the  action  of 
these  cylinders  project  beyond  the  teeth  of  the  main  cylin- 
der, and  are  caught  by  the  teeth  of  a  succession  of  wooden 
slats  called  card-tops,  top-cards,  or  top-flats,  from  which 
they  are  cleared  or  stripped  by  hand  or  by  mechanical  de- 
vices. The  fillers  upon  the  main  cylinder  are  laid  parallel 
upon  it,  and  are  removed  by  means  of  the  doffer,  a  cylin- 
der moving  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  main  cylin- 
der and  at  a  very  much  slower  rate, and  whose  whole  sur 
faee  is  covered  by  card-clothing.  The  cotton  is  stripped 
from  the  doffer  in  a  thin  continuous  sheet  of  its  full  width, 
by  means  of  a  comb  vibrating  vertically  in  contact  with 
the  teeth  of  the  doffer.  This  sheet  of  fibers  is  drawn  to- 
gether into  a  ribbon,  traverses  a  funnel  or  trumpet,  and  is 
passed  between  successive  pairs  of  rolls,  which  draw  out 
and  condense  the  sliver,  and  finally  deliver  it  into  the  can 
ready  for  the  drawing-frame,  where  it  is  doubled  and 
drawn  preparatory  to  twisting  orsphming.  For  line  work, 
the  operation  of  carding  is  repeated.  The  preparatory 
card  or  cards  are  called  breakers,  and  those  machines  on 
which  the  carding  is  completed  are  called  finishers.  The 
principle  of  the  wool-carding  machine  is  identical  with 
that  of  the  cotton-carding  machine,  and  it  is  chiefly  distin- 
guished from  the  latter  bj  agreatnumberofsmal]  cylinders 
called  urchins,  which  work  in  pairs  and  are  called  workers 
and  cleaners.  The  worker  is  the  larger  of  the  two ;  it  strips 
the  wool  from  the  large  main  cylinder,  and  is  itself  clean- 
ed by  the  smaller  cylinder  or  cleaner,  which  delivers  the 
wool  back  to  the  main  cylinder,  when  it  is  again  seized 
by  the  next  worker.    Wool  fibers  are  oiled  to  facilitate 

carding  and  to  prevent  felting. 

cardio-.  [NL.,  etc.,  cardio-,  sometimes  less 
prop,  card ia-,  <  Gr.  mpSto-,  combining  form  of 
mpSia  =  E.  heart]  An  element  in  some  words 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heart. 
I1"',;:;',1,..^  cardiocele  (kar'di-6-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  napila,  = 
E.  heart,  +  KifAn,  tumor.]  In  pathol.,  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  heart  through  a  wound  of  the 
diaphragm. 

cardiocentesis  (kar*di-o-sen-te'sis),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  napiYta,  =  E.  heart,  '+  uhirnaig,  a  pricking,  < 
Kevrclv,  prick,  puncture :  see  center.]  In  therar 
pi  iiiics,  intentional  puncture  of  the  walls  of 
the  heart,  as  for  the  purpose  of  aspiration. 
Another  form  is  cardici ulisis. 

cardiodynia  (kar'di-o-din'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KapSia,  =  B.  heart,  +  bSiwn,  pain.]  In  pathol., 
pain  in  tho  heart. 

cardiogmust,  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mpSia,  =  "&.  heart, 
+  byuoc,   a  furrow.]      In  pathol.,   cardialgia; 


The  Cardioid. 


A  group  of 


cardiogmus 

aneurism  of  the  heart  or  aorta;  dilatation  of 
the  heart ;  angina  pectoris. 

cardiognostict,  a.  [<  Or.  mpSia,  =  B.  heart,  + 
yi'uoTiKutj,  knowing.]  Knowing  the  heart ;  know- 
ing the  secret  thoughts  of  men.     Hirst  a,  1 70S. 

cardiogram  (kar'di-o-gram),  n.     [<  Gr.  mpi 
=  E.  heart,  +  ypduua,  a  writing.]     \n  physiol,, 
a  tracing  taken  with  the  cardiograph  from  the 
beating  of  the  heart. 

cardiograph  (kar'di-o-graf),  re.  [<  Gr.  KapSia,  = 
E.  heart,  +  ypdaieiv,  write.]  In  physiol.,  an  ap- 
paratus for  recording  by  a  tracing  the  move- 
ments of  the  heart,  h  constate  essentially  oi  adevice 
(as  a  hollow  cup  containing  a  spring  pressed  against  the 
chest)  for  producing  in  an  elastic  diaphragm  vibrations 
which  correspond  to  the  movements  of  the  heart,  these 
vibrations  being  recorded  by  means  of  a  lever  in  a  1 1  acing 
upon  a  revolving  cylinder.  It  was  invented  by  Man  j 
in  his  original  experiments  he  introduced  hollow  sounds 
ending  in  elastic  ampulla-  into  the  auricles  and  ventricles 
of  the  heart  of  a  horse. 

cardiography  (kiir-di-og'ra-fi),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten (in  sense  1)  less  correctly  cardiography; 
=  F.  cardiographie,  and  less  correctly  cardio- 
graphy, <  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -ypaipia,  < 
ypaipetv,  write.]  1.  An  anatomical  description 
of  the  heart. — 2.  Examination  with  the  cardio- 
graph. 

Cardiography,  in  which  a  tracing  is  obtained  of  the  pul- 
sations of  the  heart.  Pop.  Sri   I/"..  \\V.  193. 

cardioid1  (kiir'di-oid),   re.-    [<  Gr.  mpSweidyc, 

heart-shaped,    <   KapSia,    =   E.   heart,    +   cldoc, 

form.]     A  curve  winch  may  be 

considered   as  the    path   of    a 

point  on  the  circumference  of 

a  circle  which  rolls  on  another 

circle  of  equal  size. 
cardioid3    (kar'di-oid),  a.     [< 

Cardium  +  -aid.']    Resembling 

or  having  the  characters  of  the 

Cardiidas. 
Cardioidea  (kar-di-oi'de-a),   n. 

pi.     [NL.,  <  Cardium  +  -aid/a. \ 

cardioid  bivalves. 
cardio-inhibitory   (kar"di-o-in-hib'i-to-ri),   a. 

[<  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  inhibitory.']     In 

physiol.,  stopping  the  pulsations  of  the  heart 

or  diminishing  their  frequency  and  strength. 
cardiology  (kar-di-ol'o-.ii),  n.     [=  F.  cardiolo- 

gie  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  cardialogia),  <  NL.  cardiologia, 

<  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  t  -Aoyia,  <  '/iyeiv,  speak : 
see  -ology.]  In  anat.  and  physiol.,  a  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  heart ;  a  scientific  statement 
of  the  facts  relating  to  the  heart. 

cardiomalacia  (kar'ili-o-ma-la'shi-a),M.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  ua'AaKia,  softness,  < 
pa'AaKdc,  soft.]  In  pathol.,  morbid  softening  of 
the  muscular  tissue  of  the  heart,  especially  from 
obstruction  of  a  branch  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

cardiometry  (kar-di-om'e-tri),  H.  [<  Gr.  KapSia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  nhpov,  measure.]  In  anat.,  the 
process  of  ascertaining  the  dimensions  of  the 
heart  without  dissection,  as  by  means  of  per- 
cussion or  auscultation. 

cardiopalmus  (kar"di-o-pal'mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  Tra'/.poc,  palpitation, 
quivering,<  wdMeiv,  poise,  sway,  swing,  quiver.] 
In  pathol.,  palpitation  of  the  heart. 

cardiopericarditis  (karMi-6-per''i-kar-di'tis), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KapSia,  =E.  heart,  +  wepimpSmv, 
pericardium:  see  pericardium.]  In  pathol.,  in- 
flammation of  the  heart-muscle  and  pericar- 
dium. 

cardiopneumatic  (kar"di-6-nu-mat'ik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  Trvevya{T-),  lung:  see 
pneumatic]  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart  and 
to  the  air  of  the  lungs  and  air-passages:  as, 
cardiopneumatic  movement,  the  movement  of 
the  air  in  the  air-passages  by  the  beating  of  the 
heart. 

cardiopulmonary  (kar*di-o-pul'mo-n5-ri),  o. 
[<  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  L.  pulmo(n-),  lung: 
see  pulmonary.]  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart 
and  to  the  lungs.     Also  cardiar-pnlmonie. 

cardiopyloric  (kar"di-6-pi-lor'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  -f-  nv'Aupoc,  pylorus:  sec  py- 
lorus, pyloric]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cardiac 
and  pyloric  portions  of  the  stomach Cardio- 
pyloric muscle  (of  the  stomach  of  certain  crustaceans, 
as  the  crawfish),  one  of  a  pair  of  muscles  which  pass,  one 
on  each  side,  beneath  the  lining  of  the  stomach,  from  the 
cardiac  to  the  pyloric  ossicles. 

cardiorhexis  (kar'di-o-rek'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  ptjfj?,  a  breaking,  rupture, 

<  pi/yvivai,  break.]     Rupture  of  the  heart. 
cardiostenosis  (kar"di-o-ste-n6'sis),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  oTevuote,  a  narrow- 
ing, <  otcvovv,  make  narrow,  <  mtvoc,  narrow.]  A 
narrowing  of  the  conus  arteriosus  of  the  heart. 


821 

cardiotomy  (kar-di-ot'6-mi),  «.  [=  F.  rardin- 
tomie,  <  Gr.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  rn/iii,  a  cut- 
ting: sec  anatomy.]     Dissection  of  the  heart. 

cardiotromus  (kar-di-ot'rp-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
tii'.  KapSia,  =  ]•].  heart,  +  rpiuews:  L.  in  nun. 
tremble:  so,-  tremble.]  In  pathol.,  fluttering  of 
tin-  heart,  especially  a  slight  degree  of  that  af- 
fection. 

carditis  (kiir-di'tis),  «.  [NL.  (>  F.  eardite), 
<  Gt.  KapSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -itis.]  In  pathol., 
inflammation  of  the  muscular  substance  of  the 
heart;  myocarditis. 

Cardium  (kar'di-um), ».  [NL.,  <Gr.  KapSia=E. 
In  art.  a.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  tho  family 
{'ardinlii'.  embracing  the  true  cockles,  of  which 
the  best -known  species  is  the  common  edible 
one,  C.  nlnlr.  The  large  prickly  cockle  \aC.  aculeotum. 
In  this  genus  the  fool  Is  largely  developed,  and  used  not 

only  iii  progression,  but  also  in  the  excavatl t  hollows 

in  the  sand  or  mini.  Bj  some  authors  the  C.  costatum  of 
Africa  is  considered  as  the  type,  while  by  others  it  is  re- 
garded  as  representing  a  distinct  genus,  Tropidocardium, 
see  cut  under  cockle, 

card-maker  (kiird'nia'ker),  ».  One  who  makes 
oardsj  specifically,  one  who  makes  cards  for 
combing  wool  or  flax. 

Am  not  I  Christopher  sly.  old  Sly's  son,  of  Burton- 
heath  ;  by  birth  a  pedli  r,  by  education  a  card-rook  r  bj 
transmutation  a  bear-herd,  and  no"  by  present  profession 
a  tinker?  Shak.,  T.  of  the  s.,  Ind.,  ii. 

card-match  (kiird'mach).  n.  One  of  (he  matches 
formerly  made  l.\  dipping  in  melted  sulphur 
(now  in  the  usual  preparation  for  friction- 
matches)  a  thin  strip  of  wood  in  the  form  of  a 
toothed  card. 

It  should  be  my  care  to  sweeten  and  mellow  the  voices 
of  these  itinerant  tradesmen,  .  .  .  and  to  take  care  in  par- 
ticular that  those  may  not  make  the  most  noise  who  have 
the  least  to  Bell,  which  is  very  observable  in  the  venders 
of  card-matches.  Addison,  London  Cries. 

cardo  (kiir'do),  n. ;  pi.  cardines  (-di-nez).  [L., 
a  hinge:  see  cardinal.]  1.  In  conch.,  the  hinge 
of  a  bivalve  shell. — 2.  In  en  tarn.,  the  basal  joint 
of  the  maxilla,  a  narrow  transverse  piece,  artic- 
ulating with  the  lower  side  of  the  head.  See 
cuts  under  Hymenopterd  and  Inseeta. —  3.  In 
Myriapoda,  the  distal  or  exterior  one  of  two 
pieces  of  which  the  protomala  or  so-culled 
mandible  consists,  the  other  piece  being  the 
stipes.  See  protomala,  and  cut  under  epHa- 
brum.    A.  <s'.  Packard. 

cardol  (kar'dol),  n.  [<  NL.  (ana)card(iuni),  q.  v., 
+  -al.]  An  oily  liquid  (C2iHSq02)  contained 
in  the  pericarp  of  the  cashew-nut.  Auaeardiiini 
tieeidi  ntalr.     It  is  a  powerful  blistering  agent. 

cardoon,  chardoon  (kar-,  chiir-don'),  »•  [<  ME. 
cardaun,  <  OF.  cardon,  chardon,  F.  cardon  =  Sp. 
cardan,  cardo,  cardoon,  lit.  thistle,  <  ML.  car- 
do(n-),  another  form  of  cardus,  cardans,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card-.]  If.  A  thistle. —  2.  The  Cynara 
Cardunculus,  a  perennial  plant  belonging  to 
the  same  genus  as  the  artichoke,  and  some- 
what resembling  it.  It  is  a  native  of  the  countries 
bordering  the  Mediterranean.  Its  thick  rteshy  stalks  and 
the  rilis  of  its  leaves  arc  blanched  and  eaten  in  Spain  and 
France  as  a  vegetable. 

cardophagUS  (kiir-dof 'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  canlo- 
phagi  (  ji).  [<  Gr.  Kap<!oc(=L.  carduus),  a  this- 
tle (see  card-),  +  ipa^civ,  eat.]  An  eater  of 
thistles;  hence,  a  donkey.     [Humorous.] 

Kick  ami  abuse  him,  you  who  have  never  brayed;  but 
bear  with  him  all  honest  fellow  cardaphagi;  long-eared 
messmates,  recognize  a  brother  donkey  I 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xix. 

card-party  (k:ii'd'par"ti),  « .  A  number  of  per- 
sons met  for  card-playing. 

card-player  (kiird'pla/'er),  n.  One  who  plays 
at  games  of  cards. 

card-playing  (kiird'pla"ing),  «.  Playing  at 
games  of  cards. 

card-rack  (kiird'rak),  ».  1.  A  rack  or  frame  for 
holding  cards,  especially  visiting-cards. 

The  empty  card-rack  over  the  mantelpiece.  Thackeray. 
2.  A  small  shelf  or  case  on  tho  outside  of  a 
freight-car,  used  to  hold  the  shipping  direc- 
tions.    [U.  S.] 

card-sharper  (kiird'shar 'per),  n.  One  who 
cheats  in  playing  cards;  one  who  makes  it  a 
business  to  fleece  the  unwary  in  games  of 
cards. 

card-table  (kiird'ta"bl),  ».  A  table  on  which 
curds  are  played. 

card-tray  (kSrd'tra),  n.  A  small  salver  for  a 
servant  to  receive  and  deliver  visiting-cards  on. 

carduet,  «.  [.ME.  cardue,  <  L.  carduus,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card^.]     A  thistle. 

The  cardue,  that  is,  a  low  erbe,  and  ful  of  thornes. 

Wii.-lif,  i  |-ji  Ki.  xiv.  u(l'urv.). 

Carduelis  (kar-dii-e'lis),  ii.  [L.,  the  thistle- 
finch,  goldfinch,  <  carduus,  a  thistle:  see  card-.] 


care 

A  genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Fringillida;  having  us  type  Iringilla  cardut 
lis,  the  Kuropean  goldfinch,  now  usually  called 
fa  nl in  lis  eUgans.   the  limits  ol  the  m  tius  irarj  gn  at 
ly  ;  to  ii  :u  i  nil ci i  i ,  e  1 1 ,  il  t he  siskin.  I'tttiln,  tin  ttpinus,  and 

tin-  canary,  C.  ■■<n><nn>.    ii  lias  I ixb  tided  to  include 

the  American  goldfinches,  now  usually  referred  t"  I  I 
mitris  <<v  Astragalinus.    See  goldfinch, 
Carduus  (kiir'du-us),  re.   '[L.,  a  thistle;  see 

rani-.]  A  genus  of  erect  hei-lis,  natural  order 
Composites,  resembling  the  thistles  (Cnicus), 
from  which  they  are  distinguished  by  the  fact 
t hut  the  bristles  of  the  |ui|iptis  are  not  plumose. 
They  arc  mostly  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
lie-  most  common  species  is  the  I, leased  thistle,  C.  (or 
Cnicus)  bened  ictus,  or  Centaurea  benedicta,  sometimes  cul- 
ti\ at,  a  for  ornament,  and  widely  naturalized.  In  former 
times  it  was  held  in  high  esteem  as  a  remedy  for  all  man- 
ner of  diseases. 

care  (kar).  ».    [<  ME.  care,  sorrow,  anxiety.  < 

AS.  ii  am,  earn,  sorrow,  anxiety,  grief,  =  OS. 
kara,  lament,  =  <  H  Ki.  lain,  iliara,  lament  (esp. 
in  comp.  chara-samj,  a  lament,  11HG.  Kartac 
(tac=  E.  day),  also  Karvritae,  G.  Kar-,  Char- 
freitag,  Good  Friday,  MEG-.  Karwoche,Gc.  Kar-, 
Chnr-iroelie,  Passion  week;  cf.  E.  Care  Sunday, 
(Ii  a  re  Thursday),  =  Goth,  kara,  sorrow;  ef.Icel. 
lain,  complaint,  murmur;  akin  to  OHG.  que- 
rn n.  sigh.  The  primary  sense  is  that  of  inward 
grief,  and  the  word  is  not  connected,  either 
in  sense  or  form,  with  L.  cura,  care,  of  which 
the  primary  sense  is  pains  or  trouble  bestow- 
ed upon  something:  see  cure.  Doublet  chare 
(in  (lia re  Thursday);  deriv.  chary,  q.  v.]  If. 
Grief;  sorrow;  affliction;  pain;  distress. 

He  was  feeble  and  old, 

And  wyth  care  and  sorwe  ouercome. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  301. 
Fro  pointe  to  pointe  I  wol  declare 
And  writen  of  my  woful  care. 

Bower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  44. 
"Phoebus,  that  first  fond  art  of  medicine/' 
Quod  she,  "and  conde  in  every  wightes  care 
Remede  and  rede,  by  herbea  he  knew  fyne." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  660. 

2.  Concern;  solicitude;  anxiety;  mental  dis- 
turbance, unrest,  or  pain  caused  by  the  appre- 
hension of  evil  or  the  pressure  of  many  burdens. 

Care  keeps  his  watch  in  every  old  man's  eye, 
And  where  care  lodges  sleep  will  never  lie. 

Shak.,  H.  and  J.,  it  3. 
If  I  have  cares  in  my  mind  I  come  to  the  Zoo,  and  fancy 
they  don't  pass  the  gate. 

Thackeray,  Round  about  the  Christmas  Tree. 

3.  Attention  or  heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or 
protection;  a  looking  to  something;  caution; 
regard ;  watchfulness:  as,  take  care  of  yourself. 

I  am  mad  indeed, 
\ii'l  know  lot  what  I  do.    Yet  have  a  care 
Of  me  in  what  thou  dost. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

Want  of  Care  does  us  more  Damage  than  Want  of  Know- 
ledge. Franklin,  Poor  Richard's  Almanack,  1758. 

4.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  and 
endeavor  to  promote  an  aim  or  accomplish  a 
purpose:  as,  he  was  under  the  care  of  a  phy- 
sician. 

That  which  cometh  upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches.  2  Cor.  xi.  28. 

In  most  cases  the  care  of  orthography  was  left  to  the 
printers.  Southey,  Life  of  Banyan,  p.  40. 

The  musical  theatre  was  very  popular  in  Venice  as  early 
as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  and  the  care  of 
the  state  for  the  drama  existed  from  the  first. 

Bowetts,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

5.  An  object  of  concern  or  watchful  regard  and 
attention. 

Is  she  thy  carei ?  Dryden. 

His  first  care  is  his  dresse,  the  next  his  bodie,  and  in  the 
vniting  of  these  two  lies  his  soule  and  its  faculties. 

Bp.  Earle,  Miero-cosniographie,  A  Gallant. 
Extraordinary  care,  ordinary  care,  see  the  adjec- 
Uves  Take  care,  be  careful;  beware.— To  have  a 
care.  See  have.— To  have  the  care  of,  to  have  charge 
of.=Syn.  Care,  Concern, Solicitude,  Anxiety.  I'm,  is  the 
widest  in  its  range  of  meaning  ;  it  may  he  with  or  without 
feeling,  with  or  without  action  :  as.  the  care  of  a  garden. 
In  its  strongest  Bense,  rare  is  a  painful  burden  of  thought, 
perhaps  from  a  multiplicity  and  constant  pressure  "f 
things  to  be  attend,  ,1  t,, ;  as,  the  child  was  a  great  con  to 
her.  Concern  and  solicitude  are  a  step  highe]  in  intensity. 
Concern  is  often  a  regret  for  painful  facts.  Care  and  con- 
cern may  represent  the  object  of  the  thought  and  feeling  ; 
the  others  represent  only  the  mental  state  :  as,  it  shall  be 
my  chief  concern.  Solicitude  is  sometimes  t-  ud<  rer  than 
cancel  »,  or  is  attended  with  more  manifestation  of  feeling. 
Anxiety  ti  the  strongest  <>i  the  four  words;  it  is  a  restless 
dread  of  some  evil.  As  compared  with  solicitude,  it  is 
more  negative  :  as,  solicitude  to  obtain  preferment,  to  help 
a  friend  ;  anxiety  to  avoid  an  evil,  We  speak  ,,t  care  for 
an  aged  parent,  concern  tor  her  comfort,  solicitude  to  leave 
nothing  undone  for  her  welfare,  anxiety  as  to  the  effect  of 
an  exposure  to  cold.  (For  apimheusion  aud  higher  de- 
grees of  /car,  see  alarm.) 

It  was  long  since  observed  by  Horace  that  no  ship  could 
leave  cart;  behind.  Juhnsvn. 


care 

He  [Sir  Thomas  More]  though!  anj  unusual  degri 
rou  irnpropei       such  an  occasion  [his  death] 

as  hud  nothing  in  it  which  could  deject  or  terrifj  him. 

,.  Spectator,  No  349. 

Can  your  solicitude  alter  the  cause  or  unravel  the  in- 
tricacy of  human  events?  Blair,  SermonB. 

Education  i>  tlie  onlj  interest  worthj  the  deep,  control- 
ling anxiety  of  the  thoughtful  man. 

II'.  Phillips,  Speech 

care  (kar),  >'■  ••>  l11'1'1-  :""'  PP-  <"''"'•  l'l"'-  car- 
ina. [<  ME.  caren,  carien,  be  anxious,  be 
grieved,  <  As.  cearian,  be  anxious,  =  us.  ha- 
ron, lament,  complain,  =  OHG.  haron,  charon, 
complain,  =  Goth,  haron,  be  anxious;  of.  Icel. 
i  =  S\v.  kara  =  Dan.  heere,  complain;  from 
the  noun.]     If.  To  feel  grief  orsorrow;  grieve. 

Ther  ne  til-  schulen  heo  neuer  itari  n  ne  swinken. 

Old  Bng.  Uomili,  i  (ed.  Monis),  I.  193. 

Be  ay  of  chier  as  light  as  lef  on  lynde, 

And  let  hem  care  and  wipe  and  wryng  and  wayle. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  113B. 

2.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous;  be  concerned 
or  interested:  commonly  with  about  or  for. 

Mas  thou  not  that  we  perish?      "Mark  iv.  38. 

Our  cause  then  must  be  intrusted  to  and  conducted  by 
its  own  undoubted  friends,  those  whose  hands  are  free, 

whose  hearts  ale  in  the  work,  who  do  care  for  the  result. 
Spi  i  'I'  before  111.  .state  Convention    1868. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  have  a  desire : 
often  with  for. 

Not  earwig  to  observe  the  wind.  Waller. 

An  author,  who.  I  am  sure,  would  not  care  for  being 

praised  at  tlie  expense  of  another's  reputation.    Addison. 

I  will  only  say  that  one  may  find  grandeur  and  consola- 
tion in  a  starlit  night  without eariiei  to  ask  what it  means, 
save  grandeur  and  consolation. 

Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  37C. 

4.  To  have  a  liking  or  regard :  with  for  before 
the  object. —  5.  To  be  concerned  so  as  to  feel 
( ir  express  objection ;  feel  an  interest  in  oppos- 
ing: chiefly  with  a  negative:  as,  He  says  he  is 
coming  to  see  you.  I  don't  care.  Will  you 
take  something?  I  don't  care  if  I  do.  [Colloq.] 
—  To  care  for.  (u)  See  2.  (b)  Same  as  3.  (c)  To  look  to  ; 
take  care  of;  perform  what  is  needed  for  the  well  dicing 
or  good  condition  of :  as,  the  child  was  well  cared  for. 

Same  as  4. 

careawayt,  »■    A  reckless  fellow. 

But   [such]  as  yet  remayne  without  eyther  forcast  or 
consideration  of  anything  that  may  afterward  turn  them 
to  benefit,  playe  tlie  wanton  yonkcrs  and  wilful!  Care- 
lyes.  Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  99. 

care-clotht,  «-  [In  Palsgrave  (1530),  ennle 
clothe,  appar.  for  carre  cloth :  OF.  carre,  square, 
broad,  carre',  squared,  square,  mod.  F.  carre,  a 
(square)  side,  carre,  square.]  A  cloth  held 
over  the  heads  of  a  bride  ami  bridegroom  dur- 
ing the  marriage  ceremony  as  performed  in 
England  in  the  middle  ages.    See  the  extracts. 

At  the  "  Sauetus  both  the  bride  and  bridegroom  knelt 
near  tlie  altar's  toot  ;  and  then,  if  neither  had  been  mar- 
ried before,  over  thein  a  pall,  or,  as  it  used  to  be  called, 
the  care<luth.  was  held  at  its  four  cornels  bj  a-  many 
clerics.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  173. 

In  the  bridal  mass,  the  York  varied  somewhat  from  the 
Sariiin  use:  only  two  clerics  held  tlie  care-cloth,  and  a 
blessing  was  bestowed  i,y  the  priest  with  the  chalice  upon 
the  newly  married  folks. 

Roc*,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  175. 

care-crazed  (kar'krazd),  a.  Crazed  or  mad- 
dened by  care  or  trouble. 

A  care-craz'd  mother  to  a  many  sons. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

carectt,  «.    Same  as  caract1. 

careen  (ka-ren'),  v.  [Formerly  carine,  <  F. 
carener,  now  carener  (=  Sp.  carenar  =  Pg.  que- 
ii  liar  =  It.  carenare),  eareen,  <  carene,  carine, 

now  carene,  =  It.  carcna,  <  L.  carina,  the  keel 
of  a  ship:  see  carina.]  I.  trans.  Sunt.,  to 
B  ship)  to  lie  over  on  one  side  for  (lie 
purpose  of  examining,  or  of  calking,  repairing, 
Cleansing,  paying  with  pitch,  or  In-earning  the 
other  side. 

II.  intrans.  To  lean  to  one  side,  as  a  ship 
under  a  press  of  sail. 

Sloops  and  scl i-  r-  i  constantly  come  and  go,  careening 

in  tl"'  wind   their  white  i  iii    takin     il  ri ion  (h  a 

vague  blue  mantli  air, 

'/'.  II'.  H  i  lldporl    i>    199 

Bui  ;  block  will  he  | i  bj  tie  v,  olo 

havi  ne  side  or  edge  going  down   while  the 

t  came  up.  Science,  III.  481. 

careen  (ka-ren'), i.  [<  careen,  v.]  A  slanting 
position  in  which  a  ship  is  placed,  that  the  keel 
may  la-  repaired;  the  ,,i ,  |  !,;s  js  done. 

They  -av  there  a  ,,f  a]] 

sorts,  belonging  to  St  Mark,  elthei  in  -  iiichot 

lock,  or  upon  I 

II,"  i 

And  they  saj  it  el  still, 

though  often  put  upon  the  Careen  and  trimmed. 

// I         I,  i.  81. 


822 

careenage  (ka-re'naj),  «.  [<  careen  +  -age; 
titter  F.  carenage.]  1.  A  place  in  which  to 
careen  a  ship. 

The  BC ags  "f  slave-ships  had  been  thrown  out  at  the 

ports  of  debarkation  to  mix  with  the  mud  of  creeks,  ca- 
reenages, and  mangrove  swamps. 

A.  A.  Iter.,  r.XX.XIX.  340. 

2.  The  cost  of  careening, 
career  (ka-rer'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  careere, 
carreer,  carrier,  careire,  <  F.  enrrierc,  now  car- 
riere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career,  <  OF. 
cariere,  a  road  (=  Pr.  carriera  =  Sp.  carrera  = 
Pg.  carreira  =  It.  carriera,  career),  <  carter, 
transport  in  a  vehicle,  carry:  see  carry.']  1. 
The  ground  on  which  a  race  is  run ;  a  race- 
course ;  hence,  course ;  path  ;  way. 

They  had  run  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go 
back  again  the  same  career.  Sir  p.  Sidney. 

2.  A  charge  or  run  at  full  speed,  as  in  justing. 

Make  a  thrust  at  me,  .  .  .  come  in  upon  the  answer, 
control  your  point,  and  make  a  full  career  at  the  body. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  bis  Humour,  i.  4. 

Full  merrily  .  .  . 
Hath  this  career  been  run.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Such  combat  should  be  made  on  horse, 
tin  foaming  steed,  in  full  career. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  31. 

3.  General  course  of  action  or  movement; 
procedure;  course  of  proceeding;  a  specific 
course  of  action  or  occupation  forming  the  ob- 
ject of  one's  life:  as,  "honour's  fair  career," 
Dry  den. 

Brief,  brave,  and  glorious  was  his  young  career.   Byron. 
This  pressing  desire  for  careers  is  enforced  by  the  pref- 
erence for  careers  which  are  thought  respectable. 

11.  Spencer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  29. 

[Sometimes  used  absolutely  to  signify  a  definite  or  con- 
spicuous career  of  some  kind :  as,  a  man  with  a  career 
before  him.] 

4.  In  the  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  bar- 
rier, in  which  to  run  the  ring. —  5.  In  falconry, 
a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about  120  yards. 

career  (ka-rer'),  v.  i.  [<  career,  n.]  To  move 
or  run  rapidly,  as  if  in  a  race  or  charge. 

When  a  ship  is  decked  out  in  all  her  canvas,  every  sail 
swelled,  and  careering  gaily  over  the  curling  waves,  how 
lofty,  how  gallant  she  appears ! 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

Thus  the  night  fled  away,  as  if  it  were  a  winged  steed, 

and  be  careering  on  it.        Hawthorne,  Scarlet  better,  xx. 

careering  (ka-rer'ing),  p.  a.     In  her.,  running, 
but  placed  bendwise  on  the  field:   said  of  a 
horse  used  as  a  bearing. 
careful  (kar'fiil),  a.  and  n.      [<  ME.  careful, 
earful,  <  AS.  cearful,  earful,  anxious,  <  ccaru, 
anxiety,  +  full,  full :  sec  care  and  -ful,  1.]    I.  a. 
If.  Full  of  care  or  grief ;  grieving;  sorrowful. 
This  .  .  .  wyf  that  careful  widue  was. 
St.  Eilm.  Conf.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall),  1.  465. 
Ac  the  careful  may  crye  and  carpen  atte  gate, 
T.othe  afyngred  and  a-thurst ;  and  for  cbelc  quake. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  58. 

2.  Full  of  care;  anxious;  solicitous.  [Archaic] 

Martha,  thou  artcareful  and  troubled  about  many  things. 

Luke  x.  41. 
Be  not  so  careful,  coz  ;  your  brother's  wall. 

Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  ii.  4. 

3f.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude ;  exposing 
to  concern,  anxiety,  or  trouble ;  care-causing ; 
painful. 

Either  loue,  or  sor[r]ow,  or  both,  did  wring  out  of  me 
than  certaine  carefull  thoughtes  of  my  good  will  towardes 
him.  Ascltaiu,  The  Sciiolemaater,  p.  90. 

By  Him  that  rais'd  me  to  this  careful  height 
From  that  contented  hap  which  I  enjoy'd. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

4f.  Excited ;  eager ;  vehement. 

Then  was  the  King  carefull  &  kest  for  wrath 
For  too  bring  that  beurde  in  baile  for  etter. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  671. 

5.  Attentive  to  aid,  support,  or  protect ;  provi- 
dent :  formerly  with  for,  now  generally  with  of 
before  the  object. 

Thou  hast  been  careful  for  us  with  all  this  care. 

2  Ki.  iv.  13. 
Are  God  ami  Nature  then  at  strife, 
That  Nature  lends  such  evil  dreams? 
So  careful  of  the  type  she  seems, 
So  careless  of  the  single  life. 

/'.  nnyson,  in  Memoriam,  iv. 

6.  Giving  good  heed  ;  watchful;  cautious:  as, 

lie  nn,  till  tn  maintain  good  works;  be  careful 
of  your  conversation. 

Have  you  been  cartful  of '  noble  prisoner, 

That  be  want  nothing  littiiiu*  for  bis  greatness? 

/;,  au.  "if!  /v.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  2. 
A  luckier  or  a  bolder  fisherman, 
A  inn  fuller  in  peril  did  not  breathe. 

Tennyson,  la h  Ardcn. 

7.  Showing  or  done  with  care  or  attention:  as, 
careful  consideration.  =8yn.  2.  Concerned,  disturbed, 


carene 

troubled.  — 5.  Provident,  thoughtful,  heedful.— 6.  Pru- 
dent, wary,  etc.     See  list  under  cautious. 
Il.t  "•  <->ne  full  of  care  or  sorrow. 

Tints  halle  I  hen  his  berallde  here  and  in  belle, 

And  contorted  many  a  careful   that  after  Iris  comynge 
wayten.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  248. 

carefully  (kar 'fill- il,  «(ic.  [<  ME.  carfulli, 
ennl'ullielie,  etc.,  <  AS.  earfullice,  <  earful:  see 
careful  and  -ly%.]     If.  Sorrowfully. 

Carfulli  to  the  king  eriandc  Bche  saide  (etc.). 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  4347. 

2.  With  care,  anxiety,  or  solicitude ;  with  pains- 
taking. 

He  found  no  place  of  repentance,  though  he  sought  it 
carefully  with  tears.  Heb.  xii.  17. 

3.  Heedfully;  watchfully;  attentively;  cau- 
tiously; providently. 

If  thou  carefully  hearken  unto  the  voice  of  the  Lord. 

Deut.  xv.  6. 

carefulness  (kar'ful-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  care-, 
carfulness,  <  AS.  carfulnys,  "cearfulnes,  <  cear- 
ful, careful,  +  -nes,  -ness:  see  careful  and 
-ness.]     1.  Anxiety;  solicitude.     [Archaic] 

Drink  thy  water  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness. 

Ezek.  xii.  18. 
He  had  a  particular  carefulness  in  the  knitting  of  his 
brows,  and  a  kind  of  impatience  in  all  his  motions. 

Addison,  The  Political  Upholsterer. 

2.  Heedfulness;  caution;  vigilance  in  guard- 
ing against  evil  and  providing  for  safety. 

care-killing  (kai-'kil  big),  a.  Destroying  or 
preventing  care;  removing  anxiety. 

careless  (kar'les),  a.  [<  ME.  caretes,  <  AS.  car- 
Iciis,  *cearlcds,  without  anxiety  (=  Icel.  lecru- 
lauss,  quit,  free),  <  cam,  ccaru,  anxiety,  +  -leas, 
-less:  see  can  and  -less.]  1.  Free  from  care 
or  anxiety;  hence,  undisturbed;  cheerful. 

In  blessed  slumbers 
Of  peaceful  rest  he  careless  rests  in  peace. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
Thus  wisely  careless,  innocently  gay, 
Cheerful  be  played. 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Miss  Blount,  1.  11. 
The  jocund  voice 
Of  insects  chirping  out  their  careless  lives 
On  these  soft  beds  of  thyme-besprinkled  turf. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  iii. 

2.  Giving  no  care;  heedless;  negligent;  un- 
thinking; inattentive;  regardless ;  unmindful. 

A  woman,  the  more  curious  she  is  about  her  face,  is  com- 
monly the  more  careless  about  her  house.  B.  Jonson. 
O  ye  gods, 
I  know  you  careless,  yet,  behold,  to  you 
From  childly  wont  and  ancient  use  I  call. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care;  unconsidered: 
as,  a  careless  act ;  a  careless  expression. 

With  such  a  careless  force,  and  forceless  care, 
As  if  that  tuck,  in  very  spite  of  cunning, 
Bade  him  win  all.  Shale,  T.  and  C,  v.  5. 

He  framed  tlie  careless  rhyme. 

II. utile,  The  Minstrel,  ii.  6. 

4f.  Not  receiving  care ;  uncared  for.      [Rare.] 

Their  many  wounds  and  earelesse  harines. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  38. 
=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Supine,  Indolent,  etc.  (see  listless);  in- 
cautious, thoughtless,  remiss,  forgetful,  inconsiderate, 
carelessly  (kar'les-li),  adv.  In  a  careless  man- 
ner or  way;  negligently;  heedlessly;  inatten- 
tively; without  care  or  concern. 

An  ant  and  a  grasshopper,  walking  together  on  a  green, 
the  one  carelessly  skipping,  the  other  carefully  prying 
what  winter's  provision  was  .scattered  in  the  w  ay. 

OV..  ne,  Conceited  Fable. 

carelessness  (kar'les -nes),  it.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  careless;  heedlessness;  inat- 
tention; negligence. 

care-lined  (kar'iind),  a.  Marked  by  care;  hav- 
ing lines  deepened  by  care  or  trouble,  as  the 
face. 

That  swells  with  antic  and  uneasy  mirth 

The  hollow,  care  .lined  cheek.  J.  Buillie. 

carencyt  (ka'ren-si),  n.  [=  F.  carence  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  carencia  =  It.  carenza,  carcmia,  <  ML. 
earcntia,  <  L.  caren(t-)s,  ppr.  of  carerc,  want. 
be  without.  Cf.  caret1.]  Want;  lack;  defi- 
ciency.   Sp.  Richardson. 

careneH  (ka-ren'),  n.  [<  ME.  carene,  carine, 
learine,  learin  =  MLG.  karate,  karine,  <  ML.  en- 
renit,  a  fast  of  forty  days,  Lent,  corrupted  (alter 
the  OF.  form,  and  prob.  by  association  with  L. 
carere,  want,  lack,  ML.  earentia,  want,  penury: 
see  eiin  neij)  front  tjuatlratiitttaita,  equiv.  to  qua- 
tlraocsiiua  (>  OF.  earesme,  F.  eareme  =  Pr.  ca- 
resma,  carema,  carama,  guaresme,  guareme  = 
Cat.  ijitansnia  =  Sp.  eiiaresiua  =  Pg.  t/naresma 
=  It.  guaresima),  Lent,  lit.  (L.)  fortieth,  <  L. 
quadraginta,  forty:  see  quadragesima,  quaran- 
tine]    A  forty  days'  fast  formerly  imposed  by 


carene 

a  bishop  upon  clergy  or  laity,  or  by  an  abbot 
upon  monks.     Smith's  Diet.  Christ,  dntiq. 

Also  Pope  Siluester  grauntyd  to  all  theym  y"  daylygothe 
to  the  chircheof  Saint  Peter  the  iij.  part  of  alle  hissynnes 
releced,  .  .  .  and  aboue  this  is  grauntyd  wviij  C.  yere  of 
pardon,  and  the  merytis  of  as  many  lentis  or  karyns. 

Arnolds  Chronicl    1502  (ed.  1811,  p.  146). 

Here  fnlnw'  (he  knouvleur  tit'  w  lull  :i  karyne  ys.  It  is  tun 
goo  wulward  and  barfott  vij.  yere.  [tern,  to  Cast  mi  bred 
and  watter  the  Fryday  vij.  yere.  Item,  in  vij.  yere  not 
too slepe oon nyght  there  ne  slepith  another.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  nott  to  com  vndir  noo  couered  place  but  yf  it  bee 

tun   here   Imisse   ill    tile   ehyrch   dure  or   porelie.       Item,  in 

vij.  yere  not  to  ete  nor  dryncke  out  of  noo  vessel  but  in 
the  snme  that  he  made  hys  anow  in.  Item,  he  that  fulnll- 
eth  alle  thes  poyntis  vij.  yere  during,  dothe  and  wynnethe 
a  Karyne,  that  ys  to  sey  a  Lenton.  Tims  may  a  man  haue 
at  Koine  gret  pardon  and  smile  helth. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1S11,  p.  150). 

carene2t  (ka-ren'),  u.  [<  L.  carenum,  caroenum, 
<  Gr.  tcdpoivov,  Kapvivov,  i«ipvvov.~\  A  sweet  wine 
boiled  down. 

Carene  is  boyled  nere 
From  three  til  two. 

Palladius,  Hnsbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  204. 

carentanet  (kar'en-tan),  n.  [<  ML.  quarentt  mi. 
earentena,  also  earena,  an  indulgence  or  exemp- 
tion from  the  fast  of  forty  days :  see  carene1  and 
quarantine.]  A  papal  indulgence,  multiplying 
the  remission  of  penance  by  forties. 

caress  (ka-res'),  n.  [<  F.  caresse,  <  It.  carczza 
=  Sp.  caricia  =  Pg.  caricias  (pi.),  endearment, 
fondness,  <  ML.  caritia,  dearness,  value,  <  L. 
earns,  dear  (whence  also  ult.  E.  cheer^,  charity, 
cherish,  a.  v.),  prob.  orig.  "eamrus  =  Skt.  lcamra, 
beautiful,  charming,  <  1/  learn,  love,  desire,  per- 
haps =  L.  amare  (for  "camaret),  love  :  see  amor, 
etc.  Cf.  W.  earn,  love,  =  h\  cm-aim,  I  love, 
eara,  a  friend.]  An  act  of  endearment;  an 
expression  of  affection  by  touch,  as  by  strok- 
ing or  patting  with  the  hand:  as,  "conjugal 
caresses,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  56. 
Chilling  his  caresses 
By  the  coldness  of  her  manners. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  XX.  1. 

caress  (ka-res'),  v.  t.  [<  P.  caresser  (=  It.  ca- 
rezzare ;  ef .  Sp.  a-cariciar  =  Pg.  cariciar,  a-cari- 
ciar), <  caresse,  a  caress.]  1.  To  bestow  ca- 
resses upon ;  fondle. 

Caress'd  or  chidden  by  the  dainty  hand. 

Tennyson,  Sonnets  to  a  Coquette. 

Hence  —  2.  To  treat  with  fondness,  affection, 
or  kindness. 
Caressed  at  court  and  at  both  the  universities. 

Baker,  Charles  II..  an.  16S3. 

caressing  (ka-res'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  caress,  r.  | 
Treating  with  endearment;  fondling;  affection- 
ate ;  fond :  as,  a  caressing  manner. 

caressingly  (ka-res'ing-li),  adv.  Li  a  caressing 
manner. 

Care  Sunday  (kar  sun 'da).  [E.  dial.,  also 
Carting  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  Carting,  <  care, 
grief,  +  Sunday.  Cf.  Chare  Thursday  and  the 
similar  G.  Char-,  Kar-frcitag,  Good  Friday. 
See  care, «.]  The  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent;  Passion 
Sunday.     [Prov.  Eng.]     See  Carting. 

caret1  (ka'ret),  n.  [<  L.  caret,  there  is  wanting, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  carere,  want,  lack : 
see  carency.]  A  mark  (  <^)  used  in  writing,  in 
correcting  printers'  proofs,  etc.,  to  indicate  the 
proper  place  of  something  that  is  interlined  or 
written  in  the  margin. 

caret3  (ka'ret),  n.  [<  NL.  earetta,  name  of  a 
turtle,  <  Sp.  careta,  a  mask  of  pasteboard,  a 
wire  mask  used  by  bee-keepers,  dim.  of  cara, 
the  face:  see  cheer1-.']  A  name  of  the  hawkbill 
sea-turtle,  Eretmochelys  imbricata. 

caretaker  (kar'ta"ker),  n.  One  who  takes  care 
of  something.  Specifically  —  (a)  One  who  is  employed 
at  a  wharf,  quay,  or  other  exposed  place,  or  in  a  building 
or  on  an  estate  during  the  absence  of  the  owner,  to  look 
after  goods  or  property  of  any  kind,  (b)  A  person  put 
upon  the  premises  of  an  insolvent  to  take  care  that  none 
of  the  property  is  removed. 

care-tuned  (kar'timd),  a.  Tuned  or  modulated 
by  care  or  trouble ;  mournful. 

More  health  and  happiness  betide  my  liege, 
Than  can  my  care-tun' d  tongue  deliver  him. 

Shak.,  Eich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

care-worn  (kar' worn),  a.  Worn,  oppressed,  or 
burdened  with  care ;  showing  marks  of  care  or 
anxiety:  as,  he  was  weary  and  care-worn;  a 
care-worn  countenance. 

And  Philip's  rosy  face  contracting  grew 
Careworn  and  wan.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

Carex  (ka'reks),  n.  [L.,  a  sedge  or  rush.]  1. 
A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Cypera- 
cecc;  the  sedges.  They  are  perennial,  grass-like  herbs, 
growing  chiefly  in  wet  places,  with  triangular  solid  culms 
and  unisexual  flowers  aume^ated  in  spikelets.  The  herb- 
age is  coarse  and  innutritions,  and  the  genus  is  of  com- 
paratively little  value.    A  variety  of  C.  acuba,  however, 


823 

which  is  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Oregon,  is  remark- 
able for  yielding  an  excellent  quality  of  hay;  and  the 

roots  id  the  sen  si-il-e,  ('.  a rena ,io ,  tmuid  mi  the  shores  ef 

the  Baltic,  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  sarsaparilla.  At t 

Too  species  are  known,  distributed  all  over  the   world, 
though  tiny  are  rare  in  tropical  regions. 
2.   [I.  c. ;  pi.  carices  (ka'ri-sez).]    A  plant  of 
this  genus. 

\  s;i in i  -bank  covered  with  scanty  herbage,  an. I  Imper 

fectly  I ml  together  by  bent-grass  and  caricfs. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  681. 

careynet,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 
carft.     A  Middle  English  (Anglo-Saxon  cearf) 

preterit  of  kerven.  carve. 
carfaxt  (kar'faks),  ».    [<  ME.  carfax,  carphax, 

carfans,  corruptions  of  carfouJces,  also  carfowgh, 

<  OF.  carrefourgs,  carrefor,  carrefour,  quarre- 
four,  V.  carrefour  (whence  also  E.  carrefour)  = 
Pr.  carreforc,  <  ML.  quadrifurcus,  haying  four 
forks,  <  L.  quatuor,  =  E.  four,  +  furca,  >  AS. 
fore,  >  E.  fork-.]  A  place  where  four1  (or  more) 
roads  or  streets  meet:  now  used  only  as  the 
name  of  such  a  place  in  Oxford,  England. 

Then  thei  enbusshed  hema-gein  acarfowgh  ef  vj  weyes. 
Merlin  (ed.  «  heatley),  ii.  273. 

carfoukest,  «.    See  carfax. 

carfuffle  (kar-fuf'l),  v.  and  n.    Same  as  cur- 

Jiiljli .  [Scotch.] 
carga  (kar'gii),  n.  [Sp.,  a  load:  see  cargo1  and 
charge,  »(.]  A  Spanish  unit  both  of  weight  and 
of  measure,  varying  in  different  places  and  for 
different  commodities,  but  generally  about  275 
pounds  avoirdupois  as  a  weight  and  40  gallons 
as  a  measure. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  carga  —  the  "  burro"  or  donkey 
Carga  of  150  lbs.,  and  the  "mule"  carga  of  300. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  28. 

cargazont  (kar'ga-zon),  n.  [Also  written  car- 
gason  ;  Sp.  carejazon  (>  F.  eargaison),  a  cargo, 
aug.  of  cargo,  carga,  a  load:  see  cargo1.]  A 
cargo. 

The  ship  swan  was  sailing  home  with  a  cargazon  valued 
at  £80,000.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  42. 

cargeese,  ».    Plural  of  cargoose. 

cargo1  (kar'go),  ». ;  pi.  cargoes  or  cargos  (-goz). 
[Sp.,  also  carga,  a  burden,  load,  freight,  cargo 
(=  Pg.  cargo,  a  charge,  office,  carga,  a  burden, 
load,  =  It.  carico,  carica,  also  carco,  =  OF.  charge 
(AF.  'carle,  Icark,  >  ME.  kark,  cark:  see  carle), 
F.  charge,  a  burden,  etc.,  >  E.  charge,  n.),  < 
cargar  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  v. :  see 
charge.]  1.  The  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship; 
the  goods,  merchandise,  or  whatever  is  con- 
veyed in  a  ship  or  other  merchant  vessel.  The 
lading  within  the  hold  is  called  the  inboard  cargo,  in  dis- 
tinction from  freight,  such  as  horses  and  cattle,  carried 
on  deck.  The  term  is  usually  applied  to  goods  only,  but 
in  a  less  technical  sense  it  may  include  persons. 

Vessels  from  foreign  countries  have  come  into  our  ports 
and  gone  out  again  with  the  cargoes  they  brought. 

S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  457. 

2.  [Appar.  a  slang  use,  perharjs  of  other  ori- 
gin. Cf.  cargo2.]  A  term  of  contempt  applied 
to  aman,  usually  explained  as  "bully"  or  "bra- 
vo": found  only  in  the  following  passage. 

Will  the  royal  Augustus  cast  away  a  gentleman  of  wor- 
ship, a  captain  and  a  commander,  for  a  couple  of  con- 
demned caitiff  calumnious  cargos? 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

To  break  out  a  cargo.  See  brad-. 
cargo-t  (kiir'go),  interj.  [Appar.  a  corruption 
of  It.  cancro,  a  canker,  used  also,  like  E.  pox,  as 
an  imprecation:  see  canker.  Less  prob.  based 
on  It.  coraggio,  courage,  used  as  an  encourag- 
ing exclamation:  see  courage.]  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise  or  contempt. 

But  cargo!  my  fiddlestick  cannot  play  without  rosin. 

WiXkins,  Miseries  of  Enforced  Marriage  (1607). 
Twenty  pound  a  year 
For  three  good  lives?    Cargo !  hai  Trincalo  ! 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar. 

cargo-block  (kiir'go-blok),  n.  A  tackle  for 
hoisting  bales  and  packages,  which  disengages 
itself  automatically. 

cargoose  (kar'gBs),  «.;  pi.  cargeese  (-ges).  [< 
car-  (perhaps  <  Gael,  eir,  a  cock's  comb  or  crest) 
+  goose.]  The  gaunt  or  great  crested  grebe, 
Podiceps  cristatus.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cariacou,  carjacou  (kar'i-a-k6,  kiir'ja-ko),  n. 
[S.  Amer.]  The  native  name  of  some  kind  of 
South  American  deer,  extended  to  all  Ameri- 
can deer  of  the  genus  Cariacus  (which  see). 

Cariacus  (ka-ri'a-kus),  «.    [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray), 

<  cariacou.]  The  genus  of  deer  (Ccrrida')  of 
which  the  Virginia  or  common  white-tailed 
deer  of  North  America,  Cariacus  virginianus,  is 
typical.  It  also  includes  the  black-tail  or  mule-deer(C. 
macrotUi),  the  Columbian  deec(C.columbianus),  and  others, 
all  of  which  are  smaller  than  the  stags  (the  genus  Cervus) 
and  otherwise  different.    See  also  cut  under  mule-deer. 


caribou 


Doc  of  the  Virgioia  Deer  { Cariacus  virginianus  I. 

cariama,  eariama  (kar-,  sar-i-a'ma),  n.  [Braz. 
cariama  (Brisson,  Marcgrave),  later  written 
cariama,  ceriema,  sariama,  seriema,  seriama.] 
1.  The  native  name  of  a  grallatorial  bird  of 
South  America,  the  seriema. —  2.  leap.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  birds  (Brisson,  1700),  the  type  be- 
ing the  seriema,  the  Palamedea  cristata  (Lin- 
naeus), Microdactyly  marcgravii  (Geoffroy  St. 
Hilaire),Di'c/io/oj)/(«6,i'/v'.s;(((HS(Illiger), now  usu- 
ally called  Cariama  cristata  :  a  bird  of  uncertain 
affinities,  sometimes  classed  witlt  cranes,  some- 
times with  hawks,  and  again  left  by  itself. 

Cariamidae  (kar-i-am'i-de),  a.  pi.  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1850),  <  Cariama  +  -idee.]  The  family  of 
birds  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  Cariama 
cristata,  or  seriema.  The  form  Cariamince  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1S71)  is  found  as  a  subfamily  name.  Besides  the  seri- 
ema, the  family  contains  a  related  though  quite  distinct 
species,  (hunt/a  bornu-isteri.     Also  called  Dictiolotihida;. 

cariamoid  (kar'i-a-moid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Cariamoideee. 

Cariamoideae  (kar"i-a-moi'de-e),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Cariama  +  -oidea:.^  A  superfamily  provided 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  Cariamidw,  upon 
the  supposition  that  these  birds  are  either 
crane-like  hawks  or  hawk-like  cranes. 

Carian  (ka'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Carta  (Gr. 
Kapia)  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
ancient  kingdom  and  province  of  Caria,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

II.  ».  A  native  of  Caria,  or  the  language  of 
the  primitive  people  of  Caria,  who  were  dis- 
possessed by  the  Greeks. 

cariatedt  (ka'ri-a-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  cariatus,  pp. 
of  cariare,i  h.cariau(t-)s,  adj.,  decaying,  rotten, 

<  caries,  decay:  see  caries.]    Same  as  carious. 
Carib,  Caribbee  (kar'ib,  -i-be),  n.    [<  Sp.  Pg. 

Caribe,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal,  <  W.  Ind.  Card), 
said  to  mean  orig.  a  valiant  man.  Hence  ult. 
cannibal,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  native  race  inhabit- 
ing certain  portions  of  Central  America  and  the 
north  of  South  America,  and  formerly  also  the 
Caribbean  islands. 

Caribbean  (kar-i-be'an),  a.  [NL.  Caribams, 
Caribba'us;  <  Caribbee  + -an.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Caribs  or  Caribbees,  or  to  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, formerly  inhabited  by  them,  comprising 
the  eastern  and  southern  chains  of  the  West 
Indies,  or  to  the  sea  between  the  West  Indies 
and  the  mainland  of  America.  Also  spelled 
Carrihbean —  Caribbean  bark.    See  barm. 

Caribbee,  u.  See  Carib.  Also  spelled  Caribee, 
Carrilibee. 

caribe  (kar'i-be),  w.  [Sp.,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal: 
see  Carib  and  cannibal.]  The  vernacular  name 
of  a  very  voracious  South  American  fish,  Ser- 
rasalmo  piraya,  and  other  charaeina  of  the 
subfamily  Serrasalmonince  (which  see). 

In  some  localities  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  catch  fishes 
with  the  hook  ami  line,  as  the  fish  hooked  is  Immediately 
attacked  by  the  caribe  .  .  .  and  torn  to  pieoea  before  it  can 

he  withdrawn  from  the  water.    Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  134. 

Caribee,  ».     See  Carihbee. 


Caribou  {Rangifer  caribou). 


caribou 

caribou,  cariboo  (kar'i-bb),  n.  [Canadian  V. 
caribou,  Amer.  [nd.  |  The  American  woodland 
reindeer,  Rang  ou  or  K.  tarandus,  in- 

habiting norfchi  America  as  far  as  the 

limit  of  trees,  where  ii  is  n  placed  by  the  bar- 
ren-ground reindeer,  to  which  the  name  is  also 
extended,    it  is  a  vari  has  m  ver 

d,  but  is  an  object  of  chase  for  the  Bake  of 
itsflesh.    Alsospi  I  Seecut  on  precedii 

Carica  (kar'i-kS),  ».  [NL.,  a  new  use  of  U.ca- 
rictt.  a  kind  of  dry  I'il;  (so.  ficus,  fig),  lit.  Carian; 
fern,  of  Carious,  (.  Carta:  see  Carian.']  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papayacees,  con- 
sisting; 'if  aboul  20  species,  which  are  natives 
of  tropical  America.  The  best-known  is  ( '.  Pa- 
paya, the  papaw  (which  see). —  2f.  A  kind  of 
dry  lis  '■  a  lenten  fig'.  E.  Phillips,  1706. 
caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur),  ».  [Formerly  in  It. 
form  caricatura  =  1>.  karikatuur  =  (1.  carica- 
tur,  karikatur  =  Dan.  Sw.  karikatur,  <  P.  cari- 
cature, <  It.  caricatura  (=  Sp.  Pg.  caricatura), 
a  satirical  picture,  <  caricare,  load,  overload, 
exaggerate.  =  I'.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  q. 
v.]  A  representation,  pictorial  or  descriptive, 
in  which  beauties  or  favorable  points  are  con- 
cealed or  pen  erted  and  peculiarities  or  defects 
exaggerated,  so  as  to  make  the  person  or  tiling 
represented  ridiculous,  while  a  general  like- 
ness is  retained. 

Now  and  then,  Indeed,  he  [Dryden]  seizes  a  very  coarse 
and  marked  distinction,  ami  gives  us,  not  a  likeness,  hut 
a  strong  caricature,  in  which  a  Bingle  peculiarity  is  pro- 
truded, and  everything  else  neglected. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 

Perhaps  a  sketch  drawn  by  an  alien  hand,  in  the  best 
faith,  might  have  an  air  of  caricature. 

IIut<>,  Us,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 
=  Svn.  Caricature,  Burlesque,  Parody,  Travesty.  The  dis- 
tinguishing mark  of  a  caricature  is  that  it  absurdly  ex- 
aggerates that  which  is  characteristic,  it  may  he  by  pic- 
ture or  by  language,  A  burlesque  renders  its  subject  lu- 
dicrous by  an  Incongruous  manner  of  treating  it,  as  by 
treating  a  i  >,.  ni»|,i  t  lightly,  or  alight  subject  gravely. 
Burlt  y  be  intentional  or  not.    A  parody  inten- 

tionally burlesques  a  literary  composition,  generally  a 
puem.  by  imitating  its  form,  style,  or  language.     In  a 
ly  the  characters  are  changed,  while  in  a  travt  tty 
they  are  retained,  only  the  lanuoiaia    hem"  made  absurd. 
{See  travesty.)    In  a  burl  sijiie  of  a  literary  work  tin-  char- 
acters are  generally  changed  into  others  which  ludicrously 
-t  their  originals, 
caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
caricatured,   ppr.  caricaturing.     [<  caricature, 
a. ;  =  P.  caricaturer  =  Sp.  caricaturarj]    To 
make  or  draw  a  caricature  of;  represent  in 
the  manner  of  a  caricature  ;  burlesque. 

Hogarth  caricatured  *  fturchil]  under  the  form  of  a  ca- 
nonical bear,  with  a  club,  and  a  pot  of  beer. 

Walpole,  Anecdotes,  IV.  iv. 
So  much  easier  it  is  to 

caricaturi   In.-  i i  our 

on  ii  sickly  conception  of 
it,  than  to  paint  it  in  its 
noble  simplicity. 

U,  Among  ii l v  Books, 
[1st  ser.,  i'  S76. 

caricature-plant 
(kar'i-ia-tur-plani  l, 
n.    An  acanthaceous 
plant   of  the   Indian 

archipelago,  Grapto- 
phyllum  horU  nsi  :  so 
called  from  thi 
rions  variegation  of 

the  leaves,  which  are 
often  so  lined  as  to 
present  grotesque 
likenesses  to  the  hu- 
man profile. 

caricaturist  (kar'i- 
ka-tur-isl  i,  n.   [< caricaturt  +  4st;  =P. carica- 
turiste  =  Sp.  carii  aturista.]    One  who  draws  or 

writes  ■■ ai  arcs:  specifically,  one  win.  01  eu- 

pies  himself  with  draw  ing  pictorial  caricatures. 

carices,  «.     Plural  of  carex,  2. 

caricin,  caricine  (kar'i-sin),  ».  [<  Carica  + 
-in-.  -n,i -.\    A  proti  1 1 1 1 < ■  1 1 1  contained 

in  the  juice  of  the  green  l  mil  of  I  In-  pa] 
tree,  Carica  Papaya.    Also  called  papain  and 
papayotin. 

cartography  (kar-i-kog'ra-fi),  «.     [<  L.  carex 
dge,  +  Gr.  -,  "■:, ...  writing,  <  , 

write,  i    ,\  description  or  an  ac mi  of  sedges 

of  tie-  genus  '  area . 

caricologist  (kar-i-kol'6-jist),  n.  [<  'caricol- 
ogy  (<  I.,  caret  {cam   I,    i  dge,  +  Gr.  -la 

-i"  ak:      +  -isf]    A  botanisi 

who  especially  studios  plants  of  the   • 

caricous  (kar'i-kus),  a.  [<  I.,  con 
of  drj  ii:-  ei  Cm  tea  i,  +  -ous.  ]  Eti 
li^:  as,  a  caricous  tumor. 

Oaridaika:  pi.    Same  as  Caridea, 


Caricature-plant  {Graptophyllttm 
hortense  . 


824 

Caridea  (ka-rid'e-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapic 
[xaptS-),  a  shrimp  or  prawn:  see  Carides.]  A 
series  or  division  of  macrurous  decapod  erus- 
taoeans,  containing  the  shrimps,  prawns,  etc. 
It  is  a  large  ami  varied  group,  characterized  by  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  carapace  from  tin-  mandibular  ami  antenna! 
segments,  by  the  large  basal  scale  of  the  antennas,  and  by 
onlj  one  or  two  pairs  of  chelate  limbs.  It  corresponds  to 
Latreille  s  Carides,  or  fourth  section  of  sued  crustaceans, 
and  is  divided  into  several  modern  families,  as  Alpfo  idee, 
Crangonidce,  Paltemonidas,  and  PenceidcB. 

caridean  (ka-rid'e-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cari- 
ih  a  :  caridomorphic. 

II.  ii.  A  member  of  tho  Caridea  or  Carido- 
morpha. 

Carides  (kar'i-dez),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  oi*Caris, 

<  Gr.  Kapic,  pi.  xapidec,  later  xapldec,  a  small  crus- 
tacean, prob.  a  shrimp  or  prawn.]  A  synonym 
of  Crustacea.     Saeckel. 

Carididae  (ka-rid'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  "Caris 
(see  Carides)  +  -idee.]  In  some  sj'stems  of 
classification,  a  family  of  macrurous  decapod 
crustaceans;  the  prawns  and  shrimps.  It  eon- 
tains  suchgeneraas  Palevmon,  Peneeus,  <  'rangon, 
Pontonia,  Alpheus,  and  is  conterminous  with 
Caridea. 

Caridomorpha  (karl-do-mdr'fa),  n.  /il.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kapic  (napi6-),  a  shrimp  or  prawn,  +  iinptyij, 
form,  shape.  See  Caridea,  (  uridcs,  etc.]  A  di- 
vision of  macrurous  Crustacea;  caridean  crusta- 
ceans proper,  as  prawns  and  shrimps.    Huxley. 

caridomorphic  (kar*i-do-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cari- 
domorpha +  -«\]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Caridomorpha  :  caridean. 

caries  (ka'ri-ez),  n.     [=  F.  carie  =  Sp.  emirs  = 

Pg.  curie,  curies  =  It.  curie,  <  L.  curies  (ML. 
also  caria),  decay,  prop,  a  hard,  dry  decay,  as 
of  wood,  bones,  walls,  etc.]  1.  A  destructive 
disease  of  bone,  causing  a  friable  condition  and 
worm-eaten  a  ppearance,  attended  with  suppu- 
ration. It  is  probable  that  several  distinct 
pathological  processes  lead  to  this  morbid  con- 
dition.— 2.  A  disease  of  the  teeth,  resulting  in 
the  disintegration  of  their  substance  and  the 
formation  of  cavities.  In  man  and  carnivorous 
animals  it  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  one 
of  the  bacteria,  Lcptothrix  buccalis.  See  Lep- 
tothrix. — 3.  In  hot.,  decay  of  the  walls  of  the 
cells  and  vessels. 
carillon  (kar'i-lon),  n.  [<  F.  carillon,  formerly 
also  carrillon,  quarillon  (Cotgrave)  (>  It.  cari- 
gtKo»e(Florio)=Pg.  carrilhao  =ML.  cariUonus), 
a  var.  of  OF.  *carignon,  carenon,  quarregnon,  a 
chime  of  bells,  a  carillon,  orig.  appar.  a  set  of 
four  bells,  being  identical  with  OF.  carillon, 
carrillon,  guarillon,karillon,  also carignon}oarri- 
gnou,  carrinon,  carenon,  carrenon,  carregnon,  car- 
reignon,  guarreignon,  etc.,  a  square,  a  square  of 
parchment,  parchment  or  paper  folded  square, 

<  ML.  i/iiuleruii)(n-),  a  paper  folded  in  four 
leaves,  a  quire  (prop.,  as  iu  LL.  guatemio{n-), 
a  set  of  four),  equiv.  to  qiiuterniiini,  ijiuilerinis, 
guaternum,  paper  folded  in  four  leaves,  a  quire, 
>  OF.  ijiiuer.  tinnier,  guayer  (>  E.  quire1),  cui/er, 
mod.  1'.  cnhier,  <  L.  i/nutcnii,  four  each,  <  quit- 
ter, four  times.  <  quutuor  =  E.four:  seo  quater- 
nion, a  doublet  of  carillon,  quire*-  and  culm  r, 
approximate  doublets,  and  quadrille,  eurrel-, 
etc.,  square,  etc.,  related  words.]  1.  A  set 
of  stationary  bells  tuned  so  as  to  play  regu- 
larly composed  melodies,  and  sounded  by  the 
action  of  the  hand  upon  a  keyboard  or  by  ma- 
chinery.   It  ditfers  from  a  chime  or  peal  in  that  the  bells 

are  lixed  instead  of  swinging,  and  are  of  greater  liumher. 

'the  number  of  bells  in  a  chime  or  peal  never  exceeds  12 ; 
a  carillon  often  consists  of  40  or  50.  The  carillons  of  the 
Netherlands  were  formerly  famous,  hut  the  hest  ate  now 
found  in  England.  The  carillon  of  Antwerp  cathedral 
consists  of  tin  hells;  that  of  Bruges  is  much  larger. 

2.  A  small  instrument  furnished  with  bells, 
properly  tuned,  and  with  finger-kej-s  like  those 
of  the  pianoforte.  —  3.  A  simple  air  adapted  to 
be  performed  on  a  set  of  bells. — 4.  The  rapid 
ringing  of  several  large  bells  at  the  same  time, 
with  no  attempt  to  produce  a  tune  or  the  effect 
of  tolling. 

carina  (ka-ri'nS),  n.;  pi.  carina}  (-ne).  [L.,  the 
keel  of  a  boat:  gee  careen.]  1.  Akeel.  Specifi- 
cally (a)  [n  hot.,  same  as  keel,  i.  (6)  Inzoo'J  andanat., 
a  median,  inferior  pari  of  a  thing,  like  or  likened  to  a 
keel :  especially  applied  in  ornithology  to  the  keel  of  the 
breast-bone  which  most  birds  possess,  such  birds  being 
■  alb  a  carinate{  and  constituting  a  prime  division,  Cari- 
ii'Un:    See  carmate. 

2.  An  intermediate  piece,  between  Ihe  tergum 
and  the  scut  inn,  of  the  mult  i  valve  carapace  of  a 
cirriped,  as  a  barnacle  or  an  acorn-shell.  See 
cuts  under  Balanus  and  tepas.     Carina  fornicis, 

Hie     lo,|    ,.|      |||e    torili\,    U     IMClliall     lollgitml  i  Uul    1'idgC    UPOll 

the  undl  '     111  I. 1  that  part  of  the  brain. 


Carinaria  cymbiiim. 


Carinellidae 

carinal  (ka-ri'nal).  u.  [<  carina  +  -al ;  =  F. 
carinal."]  1.  1'ertaining  to  or  resembling  a  ca- 
rina.— 2.  In  hot.,  having  the  keel  or  two  lower 
petals  of  a  flower  inclosing  the  others:  applied 
to  a  form  of  estivation  which  is  peculiar  to  a 
tribe  (Casaljiinw)  of  the  Lcguminosic. 
Carinaria  (kar-i-na'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  carina, 
a  keel;  from  the  shape.  See  careen."]  A  ge- 
nus of  nucleobranchiate  mol- 
luscous animals,  of  the  order 
Ui  Ii  riijiinlu.  referable  to  the 
family  Firoliilu;  or  Ptemtru- 
clii  ulie,  or  made  the  type  of  a 
family  Curinariiila:  The  vis- 
ceral  sac  is  a  projecting  saccular 
mass,  placed  at  the  limit  of  the  binder  region  of  the  foot, 
covered  with  the  mantle  and  a  hat-shaped  shell.  The 
shells  are  known  to  collectors  under  the  names  of  Venus'*, 
slipper  and  glass-nautilus.  The  gills  are  protected  by  a 
small  and  very  delicate  shell  of  glassy  transliieeuec.  The 
animal  itself  is  about  *2  inches  long,  and  is  of  oceanic  hah 
its.  It  is  so  transparent  that  the  vital  functions  may  be 
watched  with  the  aid  ol  a  microscope. 

carinarian  (kar-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of 

or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Carinaria  or  family 
(  uriiiuriiilu. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carinaria  or 
family  Curinariiila: ;  a  earinariid. 

carinariid  (kar-i-na'ri-id),  n.  A  heteropod  of 
the  family  ('urinuriu/ir. 

Carinariidae  (kar'i-na-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Carinaria  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  gastropod 
mollusks,  of  the  order  Hetcmpodu,  represented 
by  the  genera  Carinaria  and  Cardiapoda.  They 
have  a  greatly  reduced  visceral  mass  and  a  hyaline  shell, 
well-developed  tentacles,  projecting  gills  heneath  the  mar- 
em  of  the  shell,  ami  a  prominent  mesopodium  or  middle 
lobe  of  the  foot,  produced  like  a  keel  or  vertical  tin  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  body,  whence  the  name.  See 
cut  under  Carinaria. 

Carinatae  (kar-i-na'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.pl. 
of  L.  carinatus,  keel-shaped:  see  curinutc] 
One  of  two  prime  divisions  of  birds  instituted 
by  Merrem  in  1813 ;  his  Arcs  cariuata;  including 
all  birds  then  known  to  have  a  carinate  sternum, 
as  opposed  to  Aces  rutitu;  or  "flat-breasted" 
birds,  consisting  of  the  struthious  or  ratite  birds. 
The  division  was  adopted  in  1867  by  II u\le\ ,  who  ranged 
the  class  .Ires'  in  the  three  "  orders  "of  Saururce,  Ratitoe, 
and  Carinatoe,  and  it  is  now  generally  current.  The  I'mi- 
iiiUic  include  all  ordinary  birds  (all  living  birds  excepting 
the  Ratitoe).  They  have  no  teeth;  a  carinate  sternum 
(see  cut  under  carinate);  few  caudal  vertebra;  ending  in  a 
pygostyle;  wings  developed,  and  with  rare  exceptions  fit 
for  Might;  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  ankylosed;  nor- 
mally iu  adult  life  no  free  tarsal  bones  and  only  two  free 
carpal  bones;  heterocielous  or  saddle-shaped  vcrtehne; 
the  scapula  and  coracoid  (with  few  exceptions)  meeting 
at  less  than  a  right  angle ;  and  the  furculum  usually  per- 
fected. The  Carinatossxe  made  by  Coues  one  of  five  sub- 
classes of  A  res'. 

carinate  (kar'i-nat),  a.  [<  L.  carinatus,  keel- 
shaped,  pp.  of  carinarc,  furnish  with  a  keel  or 
shell,  <  carina,  keel,  shell,  etc.:  see  careen.] 
Shaped  like  or  furnished  with  a  keel ;  keeled. 
Specifically — (a)  In  bot.,  having  a  longitudinal  ridge  like  a 
keel,  as  the  glume  of  many  grasses,      {h)  In  zvul.,  ridged 


711  se  Tn-ix 

Carinate  Sternum  of  Common  Fowl,  side  and  front  views,  showing  ca, 
the  carina  or  keel  characteristic  of  Carinata,  borne  upon  the  lopfao. 
steon,  which  extends  from  r,  the  rostrum  or  manubrium,  to  mx,  the 

no,!  Il<  \iplioi,l  [iroiessorxiphisternum  :  /V,',  pleurosteou,  bearing  cf, 
the  costal  process ;  and  rrw,  the  bifurcated  metosteon. 

lengthwise  beneath,  as  if  keeled:  specifically  applied  in 

ornithology  to  the  keeled  sternum  of  most  birds,  and  to 

tin  birds  possessing  such  a  sternum. 
carinated  (kar'i-na-ted),  a.     Having  a  keel ; 

keeled, 
carinet,  ''•  and  u.     An  obsolete  form  of  can  I  n. 
Carinella  (kar-i-nel'S),  ».     [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 

Carina,   keel,  vessel,   shell,  etc.:    see   curillU,  CO- 

reen.l    The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Cari- 

nellidie. 

Carinellida?  (kar-i-nel'i-de),  «.  /'/.  [NL.,  < 
Carinella  +  ■idee.]  A  family  of  rhynchocoalous 
turbellarians,  or  nemertean  worms,  represented 

b\   llio  genus  Carinella,  having  the  lowest  type 
of  structure  among  the  Xciucrtcu.     The  family 


Carinellidae 

typifies  a  prime  division  of  the  Xentcrlca,  called 
Palceonemertea  (which  see). 

cariniform  (ka-rin'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  carina, 
keel,  +  forma,  shape.]  Carinate  in  form;  hav- 
ing the  shape  or  appearance  of  a  carina  or 
keel:  specifically  applied  to  the  long,  thin, 
sharp  adipose  fin  of  certain  siluroid  fishes. 

carinolateral  (ka-ri-no-lat'e-ral),  a.    [<  L. 

carina,  a  keel,  +  latus,  side:  sec  lateral.]  ]n 
Cirripedia,  lying  on  each  side  of  the  carina. 
See  cut  under  Balanus. 

on  each  side  of  the  carina  is  :i  compartment  termed  ea 
rino-lateral.  Huxley,  Aiuit.  Invert.,  p.  254. 

Carillthian  (ka-rin'thi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ca- 
rinthia +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Carin- 
thia,  a  crown-land  and  duchy  of  the  Austrian 
empire  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Tyrol  and  north- 
east of  Italy:  as,  the  Carintkian  Alps.  —  Carin- 
thian  process,  in  ntetal.,  a  profess  in  use  in  Carinthia  for 
converting  pig-  into  wrought-iron,  the  metal  being  treated 
in  tlie  form  of  thin  disks  which  are  worked  into  blooms, 
ready  to  he  hammered  out  into  liars. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Carinthia. 

cariole  (kar'i-61),  n.    [=  Dan.  kariol,  <  F.  can- 

ole,  now  carriole,  =  Pr.  earriol,  m.,  carriola,  (., 
<  It.  carriuola  =  Sp.  carriola,  a  small  vehicle, 
dim.  of  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Cairo,  a  vehicle,  ear:  see 
car1.  Hence  by  simulation  E.  carryall.']  1.  A 
small  open  carriage;  a  kind  of  calash. — 2.  A 
covered  cart. 

cariopsis,  n.    See  caryopsis. 

cariosity  (ka-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  cariosus,  cari- 
ous, +  -iti/.]     The  state  of  being  carious. 

carious  (ka'ri-us),  a.  [=  F.  carieux  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  carioso,  <  L.  cariosus,  <  caries,  decay  :  see 
caries.]  1.  Affected  with  caries;  decayed  or 
decaying,  as  a  bone. — 2.  Having  a  corroded 
appearance:  applied  in  entomology  to  surfaces 
which  are  thickly  covered  with  deep  and  very 
irregular  depressions,  with  jagged  ridges  be- 
tween them,  like  a  metal  plate  that  has  been 
exposed  to  a  strong  acid. 

cariousness  ( ka'ri-us-nes),  n.  Same  as  cariosity. 

caritative  (kar'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
caritaUvo,  <  ML.  caritativus,  <  L.  carita(t-)s, 
love,  charity:  see  charily.]  Benevolent;  be- 
neficent; charitable.     [Rare.] 

Then  follows  the  caritative  principle,  .  .  .  the  princi- 
ple of  brotherly  love,  as  seen  iii  voluntary  action  in  behalf 
of  others.    It.  T.  Ely,  Vast  and  Present  of  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  58. 

car-jack  (kSr'jak),  it.  A  screw  or  hydraulic 
jack  used  in  lifting  cars  or  locomotives,  or  in 
replacing  them  on  the  track  when  derailed. 

carjacou,  «.    See  cariacou. 

cark  (kiirk),  n.  [<  ME.  carle,  trouble,  anxiety 
(the  alleged  AS.  *carc,  *cearc,  *be-carcian,  *be- 
cearcian  are  not  found),  <  AF.  *cark,  hark,  a 
load,  burden,  weight,  the  unassibilated  form 
of  OF.  charge,  >  ME.  charge  (which  varies  with 
cark  in  some  instances),  a  load,  burden;  of. 
cark;  chark3,  v.,  also  charge  and  cargo.  The 
W.  care,  care,  anxiety  (>  carats,  solicitous),  = 
Gael,  care,  care,  =Bret.  karg,  a  load,  burden,  are 
prob.  from  E.  or  F.  The  resemblance  to  care, 
with  which  cark  is  alliteratively  associated,  is 
accidental.]  If.  A  load;  a  burden;  a  weight  ; 
specifically,  an  old  measure  of  weight  for  wool, 
equal  to  the  thirtieth  part  of  a  sarplar. —  2.  A 
burden  of  care;  a  state  of  anxious  solicitude; 
care;  concern;  trouble;  distress.    [Archaic] 

Now  I  see  that  al  the  carle  schal  fallen  on  myn  heed. 

Gamehfn,  1.  754. 
And  what  then  follows  all  your  carles  and  caring 
And  self-affliction?  Xassinger,  Roman  Actor,  ii.  1. 

And  at  night  the  swart  mechanic  conies  to  drown  his  cark 

and  care, 
Quaffing  ale  from  pewter  tankards,  in  the  master's  antique 
chair.  Longfellow,  Nuremberg. 

cark  (kark),  v.  [<  cark,  it. ;  <  ME.  carken,  also 
charken,  varying  with  chargen,  load,  burden,  < 
AE.  *carker  (in  comp.  sorkarker,  surcharge, 
deskarker,  discharge),  uuassibilated  form  of 
OF.  charger,  load:  see  cark,  n.,  and  charge,  v.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  load;  burden;  load  or  oppress 
with  grief,  anxiety,  or  care;  worry;  perplex; 
vex.    [Archaic] 

Carkid  [var.  chartcid]  wit  care.     Cursor  Mundi,  1.  23994. 
Thee  nor  carketh  care  nor  slander. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

2f.  To  bring  to  be  by  care  or  anxiety;  make  by 
carking. 

Care  and  cark  himself  one  penny  richer.  South. 

II. t  in  I rans.  To  be  full  of  care,  anxious,  so- 
licitous, or  concerned. 

Carking  and  caring  all  that  ever  you  can  to  gather  goods 
and  rake  riches  together.      Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  5. 

If  ark.  my  husband,  he's  singing  and  hoiting,—  and  I'm 
fain  to  cark  and  care. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  3. 


825 
carking  (kar'Mng),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  cark,  v.] 

Distressing;   perplexing;  giving  anxiety  ;   now 

scarcely  used  except  in  the  phrase  carking  care 
or  cares. 

Thrice  happj  and  •  rar  to  be  envied  little  Burg] 

without  vain-lory,  without  riches,  without  learning,  and 
all  their  tram  ol  caekiiuj  can:*. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  162. 

carkled  (ktir'kld),  a,  [E.  dial.]  Crumpled; 
wavy. 

And  the  blades  of  grass  that  straightened  to  it  turned 
their  points  a  little  way;  .  .  .  yet  before  their  carkled 
edges  bent  more  than  a  driven  saw,  down  tie-  water  came 
again.  /;.  l>.  Blackmore,  Lorna  I •.,  p.  lis. 

Carl  (kiirl),  it.      [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  and  Sc  also 

carle,  <  ME.  carl,  carle,  <  AS.  earl,  a  man,  churl, 
as  a  proper  name  Carl  (after  OHG-.),  in  carles 
warn,  'the  earl's  or  churl's  wain,'  now  CJiarles's 

II  am  (q.  v..  under  irani  I,  and  (after  Sea  ml.)  in 
comp.,  '-man,'  in  hulae-earl,  ship-man,  hits-carl, 
hits-karl,  'housc-eavl,'  one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard (=  OFries.  hus-kerl,  a  man  (vassal),  = 
Icel.  Ms-karl,  a  man  (vassal),  one  of  the  king's 
body-guard),  or  'male,'  'he-.'  as  in  carl-man, 
ME."  carman  (led.  I:ai  l-niaillir),  a  man  (as  op- 
posed to  ti  woman),  *carl-cat  i  North.  E.  carl- 
cat),  a  male  eat,  earl-l'ugel  (—  Icel.  kati-fugl), 
a  male  bird  (Hie  last  I  wo  forms  in  Somner,  but 
not  found  in  use),  01).  kaerle,  a  man,  husband, 
churl,  fellow,  D.  lcarel,  a  fellow,  =  OHG.  karl, 
karat,  cliarl,  charal,  MB.Gr.  karl  (OHG.  also 
eliarla.  charle,  M  lb;,  charle,  karle),  a  man,  hus- 
band, C.  i  after  LG.)  kerl,  a  fellow,  =  Icel.  karl, 
a  man  (as  opposed  to  a  woman),  a  churl,  an  old 
man  (also  in  comp.,  'male,'  'he-'),  =  Norw.  Sw. 
Dan.  karl,  a  man,  fellow;  used  also  as  a  proper 
name,  AS.  Carl,  E.  Carl,  Karl  (after  G.)  =  D. 
Earel  =  Dan.  Earl,  Carl  =  Sw.  Earl  =  OHG. 
Earl,  Earal,  MUG.  Earl,  Earel,  Earle,  G.  Earl, 
Carl,  whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  Carlus,  Caro- 
lus, Earlus,  Earolus,  Karuius,  NL.  Carolus,  > 
It.  Carlo  =  Sp.  Pg.  Cartas  =  OF.  Karhts,  F. 
Charles,  >  E.  Charles  (see  carolus,  earolin,  Caro- 
line, etc);  the  same,  but  with  diff.  orig.  vowel, 
as  (2)  Ml.ii.  kerle,  LG-.  kerl,  kerel,  kirl  (>  G. 
kerl)  =  OD.  keerle,  D.  kerel,  a  man,  churl,  fel- 
low, =  OFries.  kerl  (in  comp.  hus-kerl,  above 
mentioned),  Fries,  tzerl,  tzirl  =  AS.  ccorl,  a 
churl,  E.  churl,  q.  v. ;  appar.,  with  formative  -I, 
from  a  root  "kar,  *ker,  and  by  some  connected, 
doubtfully,  with  Skt.  jtira,  a  lover.]  1.  A  man ; 
a  robust,  strong,  or  hardy  man ;  a  fellow.  [Now 
only  poetical,  or  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
The  mellere  was  a  stout  carl  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  545. 
Why  sitt'st  thou  by  that  ruined  hall, 
Thou  aged  carle  so  stern  and  gray?  Scott. 

2.  A  rustic;  a  boor;  a  clown;  a  churl. 

Therein  a  cancrcd  crabbed  Carle  does  dwell, 
That  has  no  skill  of  Court  nor  courtesie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  3. 
It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  asleep  a  carle,  and  awak- 
ened a  gentleman.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  223. 

3.  Same  as  carl-hemp.     [Scotch.] 

carlt  (karl),  v.  i.    [<  carl,  ».]    To  act  like  a  churl. 

They  [old  persons]  carle  many  times  as  they  sit,  and  talk 

to  themselves;  they  are  angry,  waspish,  displeased  with 

themselves.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  132. 

carl-cat  (kiiri'kat),  n.  A  male  cat ;  a  tomcat. 
Grose.     [North.  Eng.] 

carl-crab  (karl'krab),  n.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  male  of  the  common  black-clawed  sea- 
crab,  Cancer  pagurtis. 

carle1,  n.  and  v.    See  carl. 

carle'-',  n.     Same  as  caurale. 

Carle  Sunday  (kiirl  sun'da).  See  Car\mg\  1, 
and  Care  Sunday. 

carlet  (kar'let),  ».  [<  P.  carrelct,  a  square  file, 
a  three-edged  sword  (>  Sp.  car  relet,  a  straight 
needle  with  a  triangular  point),  dim.  of  OF. 
carrel,  F.  cam  an,  a  square,  tile,  pane:  see 
carrel-  and  quarrel*.]  A  single-cut  file  with 
a  triangular  section,  used  by  comb-makers. 

carl-hemp  (kiirl'hemp),  n.  Male  hemp.  Also 
carl.  [Scotch.]  In  the  following  passage  it  is  used  as 
a  symbol  of  robustness  of  character. 

Come,  firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the  vau, 
Thou  stalk  o'  cart-hemp  in  man! 

Burns,  To  Dr.  Blacklock. 

carlick  (kar'lik),  n.  [E.  dial,  form  of  charlock, 
q.v.]     Same  as  charlock.     [Local,  Eng.] 

carlie  (kiir'li),  «.  [Sc,  dim.  of  carl.]  1.  A 
little  carl. —  2.  A  boy  who  has  the  appearance 
or  manners  of  a  little  old  man.     Jamieson. 

carlin,  carline1  (kiir'liti),  n.  [Also  curling,  < 
Icel.  karlinna,  a  woman,  =  Dan.  hailing,  prop. 
*ka'rling,  =  Sw.  kiirttng,  an  old  woman,  a  crone; 
cf.  karl,  a  man:  see  carl.]  An  old  woman:  a 
contemptuous  term  for  any  woman.    [Scotch.] 


Carlist 

The  carline  she  was  stark  and  sture, 

She  all  the  hinges  dang  Hie  dun 

CospatricK  (Child's  ballads,  X.  155). 

Carlina  (kar-K'nS), ».    [NL.  (>F.  carlvm  =Sp. 

It.  earlina);  so  called,  il  is  said,  after  the  ,  m 
pcror  Charlemagne  (OHG.  Karl),  whose  army, 
according  to  the  doubtful  story,  was  saved  from 
a  plague  by  the  use  of  this  root.]  A  genus 
of  Composite  differing  from  the  true  thistles 
in  having  the  scales  of  the  involucre  scarious 
and  Colored.  The  species  are  all  natives  of  Europe  and 
the  Mediterranean  region.  The  most  comi i  i  the  car- 
line  thistle,  C.  vulgaris,  the  scales  of  which  are  so  hygro- 
scopic that  the  heads  are  used  as  a  natural  we.itlu  r  glass. 
The  root  of  C.  ncuiilis,  also  called  carline  thistle,  had  for- 
merly a  high  reputation  for  medicinal  virtues  in  various 
diseases. 

carline1,  »•    See  carlin. 

carline-  (kiir'lin),  n.   [<  F.  carlin,  <  It.  carlino: 

see  carlino.]     Same  as  carlino,  I. 

carline:i  (kiir'lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  carline,  the 
thistle,  so  called:  see  Cortina.]  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  genus  CarUna  :  as,  the  carline  thistle. 
II.  u.  A  kind  of  thistle,  Curlina  vulgaris  or 
C.  aeanlis.     See  CarUna. 

carline ',  carling'-'  ( kiir'lin,  -ling),  n.  [<  F.  car- 
lingue  =8p.  Pg.  carlinga  =Kuss.  karlinsu;  ori- 
gin unknown.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship, 
ranging  fore  and  aft  from  one  deck-beam  to  an- 
othcr,  and  forming  with  the  beams  a  framing 
for  the  deck-planks  to  rest  upon. —  2.  A  trans- 
verse iron  or  wooden  bar  placed  across  the  top 
of  a  railroad-car  from  side  to  side  to  support 
the  roof-boards.  Sometimes  called  a  rafter. — 
Carline  knees.    See  knee. 

Carling't  (kiir'ling),  it.  [Short  for  Carting  Sun- 
day, also  Carlin  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  appar. 
corruptions  of  Care  Sunday,  q.  v.]  1.  The  Sun- 
day before  Palm  Sunday;  the  fifth  Sunday  in 
Lent,  commonly  known  as  Passion  Sunday. 
It  was  an  old  custom  to  eat  a  certain  kind  of 
peas  on  that  day.  Hence  — 2.  [_l.  c]  pi.  The 
peas  eaten  on  Passion  Sunday ;  "grey  peas 
steeped  all  night  in  water,  and  fried  next  day 
in  butter"  (Brockctt). 

carling'-',  n.     See  carlineA. 

Carling  Sunday  (kiir'ling  sun'da).  Same  as 
Carling1,  1. 

carlino  (kar-le'no),  n.  [It.,  also  Carolina  (>  F. 
Sp.  carlin  =  Pg.  carlim,  carlino):  named  from 
the  emperor  Charles  (It.  Carlo:  see  carl)  VI., 
in  whose  time  the  coin  was  first  issued,  about 


Carlino  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  British  Museum. 
(Size  of  the  original.) 

1730.]  1.  An  Italian  silver  coin  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Rome.  The  Roman 
carlino  here  represented  weighs  nearly  4:j  grains.  The 
value  of  the  carlino  of  Koine  was  about  10  United  States 
cents,  of  that  of  Naples  8,  and  of  that  of  Sicily  4.  Also 
called  carline. 

2.  A  Sardinian  gold  coin  of  Charles  Emmanuel 
I.  (1735),  of  the  value  of  120  lire,  or  about  .*'_'*. 
carlisht  (kiir'lish),  a.  [<  ME.  carlisch,  karlische, 
common;  <.  carl  +  -ish1.    Cf.  churlish.]    Churl- 
ish.    [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Her  father  hath  brought  her  a  carlish  knight, 
Sir  John  of  the  north  countraye. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  88. 

carlishnesst  (kar'lish-nes),  n.     Churlishness. 

Garlism  (kiir'lizm),  «.  [<  F.  Carlisme  =  Sp. 
( 'arlismo  =  It.  <  'arlismo,  <  NL.  *Carlismus,  <  <  ar- 
ias, t  'arolus  ( >  F.  ( 'harles  =  Sp.  Carlos  =  It.  Car- 
lo, Charles):  see  carl  and  -ism.]  The  claims 
or  opinions  of,  or  devotion  to,  the  Carlists  of 
France,  or  of  Spain.     See  Carlist. 

Carlist  (kar'list),  u.  and  a.  [<  F.  Carliste  =  Sp. 
Carlista  =  It.  Carlista,  <  NL.  'Carlista,  <  Car- 
lus, Carolus,  Charles:  see  Carlism.]  I.  n.  1. 
Formerly,  one  of  the  partizans  of  Charles  X. 
of  France,  and  of  the  elder  line  of  the  French 
Bourbons,  afterward  called  Legitimists. — 2.  A 
follower  of  the  fortunes  of  Don  Carlos  de  Bor- 
bon,  second  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spaiu ;  a  sup- 
porter of  the  claims  of  Don  Carlos,  and  of  his 
successors  of  the  same  name,  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  based  upon  his  asserted  right  of  suc- 
cession in  1833,  in  place  of  his  niece  Isabella  H., 
which  has  caused  several  outbreaks  of  civil  war. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  Carlism,  or  to  the  Carl- 
ists. 


car-load 

car-load  Thi    load  carried  by  a 

car,  especially  a  freight-car;  a  customary  unit 
of  measure  in  the  united  States,  equal  to  ro 
barrels  ol  salt.  90  barrels  oJ  Bout,  9,000  feet  of 
boards,  340  bushels  of  wheat,  430  bushels  of 

etc. 
carlock  (kar'lok),  n.    [=  F.  carlock,  <  Russ. 
,{<i.\    A  sort  of  isinglass  obtained  from 
Russia,  made  of  the   sturgeon's  bladder,  and 
used  in  clarifying  wine. 

carlott  (kar'lol  I,  n.  [A  dim.  of  carl,  q.  v.]  A 
countryman;  a  churl;  a  clown. 

The  cottage  .  .  . 
Thai  the  old  earlmt  once  was  master  of. 

As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

Carlovingianikiii'-lo-vin'ji-aiii.i/.audH.  Same 
as  Carolingian. 

The  -  dynasty  ended  and  that  of  the  Capets 

commi  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  53. 

Carlsbad  twins.    See  twin. 

carl-tangle  (karl'tang'gl),  ».  Same  as  cairn- 
tangle.     [Scotch.] 

Carludovica  (kar  lu-do-vi'ka),  n.  [NL., 
named  in  honor  of  Charles  (Sp.  Carlos)  IV.  of 
Spain  and  his  consort,  Maria  Louisa  (ML.  Lu- 
dovica)  of  Parma.]  1.  A  small  genus  of  palm- 
like  plants,  of  the  natural  order  PandanaceK. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  America,  and  are  either  stem- 
less  or  have  climbing  stems  which  cling  to  the  trunks  of 
bj  aerial  roots.  The  large  fan-like  leaves  of  C. 
palmata  are  the  material  of  which  the  well-known  Pan- 
ama bats  are  made,  each  hat  being  plaited  from  a  single 

leaf. 

Henee — 2.  [I.  c]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  Panama  hat.     Imp.  Diet. 

Carlylean,  Carlyleian,  a.     See  Carlylian. 

Carlylese  (kar-U-les'  or-lez'),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Same  as  Carlylian. 
II.  a.  Same  as  Carlylism,  1. 

Carlylian  (kar-H'li-an),  a.  Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling the  opinions  or  style  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle,  a  noted  Scotch  writer  (1795-1881).  Also 
Carlylean,  Carlylt  ian. 

He  [Thomas  Hughes]  is  Carlyleian  in  his  view,  plus  a 
deep  and  earnest  faith  in  the  people. 

R.  J.  Iliitton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  104. 

Carlylism  (kiir-li'iizni),  n.  1.  The  style  or  a 
peculiarity  of  the  style  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  It  is 
characterized  by  conversational  ami  irregular  sentences 
and  a  copious  diet  ion  abounding  in  metaphor  ami  allusion. 
It  is  marred  by  the  forced  use  of  words,  the  coinage  of  un- 
couth terms  to  suit  the  purpose  of  the  moment,  and  the 
introduction  of  many  foreign  idioms. 

2.  The  leading  ideas  or  teachings  of  Thomas 
Carlyle,  who  inculcated  especially  the  impor- 
tance of  individual  force  of  character,  and  men's 
need  of  rulers  and  leaders  of  strong  character. 

carmagnole  (kiir-ma-nyol'),  n.  [F.  carmagnole 
(>  Sp.  carmaiiola),  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob. 
\Carmagnola  in  Piedmont.]  1.  [coy).]  A  popu- 
lar dance  and  song  among  republicans  in  the 
first  French  revolution. — 2.  A  garment  and 
costume  worn  in  France  during  the  revolution, 
and  considered  as  identified  with  the  revolu- 
tionary parly.  The  name  Arsl  became  known  in  lTa-J 
as  that  of  tie  coal  worn  by  the  Marseillese  in  I'aris,  and 
generally  adopted  by  the  revolutionists,  having  short  din— 
ing  -kiit-.  a  broad  collar  and  lapels,  ami  several  rows  of 
buttons.  It  was  afterward  extended  to  a  costume,  com- 
prising in  addition  large  black  woolen  pantaloons,  a  red 
tap,  and  a  tricolored  girdle.  The  name  of  the  song  and 
dance  was  taken  from  that  of  the  garment. 

3.  The  wearer  of  such  a  dress ;  any  violent 
revolutionist. — 4.  A  bombastic  report  of  I  he 
successes  and  glories  of  the  French  arms  during 
the  revolutionary  wars ;  hence,  any  bombastic 
address  or  document. 

carman1   (kar'maii),  ».  ;   pi.  carmen  (-men).    A 

man  who  drn es  a  car  or  cart. 

Tie  hmen  in  the  city  streets,  mutually 

look  upon  each  other  with  Ill-will. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  171. 

carman-t,  «•    [MIL  n\st<  careman,  for  'carlman, 

<  As.  carlman,  <  [eel.  iarlmadhr,  a  man,  <  Icarl, 

a  man  (male),  +   madhr,  man  (person).     See 

ami  ef.  carlin.]     A  man. 

Carefulle  cart  urn,,,    tin.u  carpez  to  Iowde. 

Morte  irthure  (E,  B.  T.  3.),  I.  957. 

carmele,  carmylie  (kSr'mel,  kar-me'li),  v. 
[Also written  carameil  ami  cormeille,  and  sim- 
plj  1  el.  caermeal,  the  heath-pea.  ]    The 

heath-pea,  Lathyrus  macrt  [Scotch.] 

Carmelint,  ".    Same  .as  Carmelite. 

Carmelite  (k&r'mel-It),  n,  and  a.     \—  Sp.  Pg. 

carmelita  =  H.  carmelito  (carmelitano)  (of.  !■'. 

1,  <  LL.  (  armelites,  fern.  (  ar 

melitis,  <  (Jr.  Ki  an  in 

habitant   of  ,\1  el  (ML.  (  Ol  m 

friar  ..f  the  Carmelite  order),  <  KapunXoc,  L. 
Carmelus,  Carmel.]  I.  n.  1.  A.  mendicant  friar 
of  the  order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount  Carmel. 


826 

This  mountain,  overlooking  the  hay  of  Acre  in  northwest- 
ern Palestine,  has  been  from  early  times  a  resort  for  her- 
mits, and  in  1156  Berthold,  aCalabrian  monk,  in  obedience 

to  a  professed  revelation  ti the  prophet  Elijah,  built 

there  a  tower  and  a  church  and  gathered  around  him  about 
ten  companions,  from  this  small  beginning  arose  the 
Carmelite  order.  According  to  all  early  rule,  the  monks 
were  to  live  in  separate  cells,  to  abstain  from  meat,  and 
to  observe  a  strict  fast  from  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cress 
(September  14th)  to  Easter,  Sundays  being  excepted. 
Owing  to  Mohammedan  persecutions,  the  Carmelites  aban- 
doned Mount  Carmel  and  established  themselves  in  1238 
in  Cyprus  and  elsewhere.  In  the  sixteenth  century  St. 
Theresa,  a  Spanish  lady  of  noble  family,  built  a  convent 
at  Avila  and  established  a  discalced  or  reformed  branch 
of  the  order,  consisting  of  both  monks  and  nuns,  sometimes 
called  barefooted  Carmelites.  The  habit  of  the  order  is  a 
cassock,  .scapular,  and  hood  of  brown  color,  and  a  white 

cloak,  the  h 1  covering  the  head  and  face  and  having 

holes  for  the  eyes.  In  the  United  states  there  are  con- 
vents of  the  order  in  the  dioceses  of  Leavenworth.  Newark. 
Pittsburgh,  Baltimore,  St.  Louis, and  New  oilcans,  'the 
three  convents  last  named  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Theresa. 
2.  [1.  c]  A  variety  of  pear. — 3.  [I.  c]  A 
woolen  material  similar  to  beige  cloth. 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Carmelites. 
Carmest,  n.pl.    [ME.,  <  OF.  carme,  pi.  earmes, 
contr.  of   *carmelite.]    Carmelite  friars.    Bom. 

of  I  lie  Hose. 

carminate  (kar'mi-nat),  n.  [<  carmin-ic  + 
-ate1.]     A  salt  of  carnitine  acid. 

carminated  (kiir'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  carmine  + 
-ate-  +  -ed2.]  Mixed  with  or  made  of  carmine : 
as,  carminated  color Carminated  lake.    Seetafce. 

carminative  (kiir-min'a-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [= 
F.  carminatif  —  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carminativo,  <  NL. 
(a.  d.  1622)  carminaUvus,  <  "carminare  (Sp.  car- 
minar),  expel  wind,  prob.  a  particular  use  of 
L.  carminarc1,  card,  as  wool,  henee  cleanse,  < 
carmen^  (carmin-),  a  card  for  wool,  <  carere, 
card  (see  card");  or,  less  prob.,  of  ML.  car- 
miiiare-,  use  incantations,  charm,  L.  make 
verses,  <  carmen2  (carmin-),  a  song,  verse,  in- 
cantation, charm.]  I.  a.  Expelling,  or  having 
the  quality  of  expelling,  wind  from  the  alimen- 
tary canal. 

II.  11.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  expel  wind, 
and  to  remedy  colic  and  flatulence.  Carminatives 
are  chiefly  obtained  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  the  prin- 
cipal being  ginger,  cardamoms,  aniseed,  and  caraway-seeds. 
Several  of  the  essential  oils  are  also  used  as  carminatives, 
as  those  of  peppermint,  anise,  caraway,  and  juniper  ;  also 
ardent  spirits,  especiallyin  the  form  of  aromatic  tinctures. 
—  Dalby's  carminative,  a  preparation  used  especially 
for  children,  for  which  the  following  is  a  common  for- 
mula :  oil  of  peppermint  1  part,  oil  of  nutmeg  2,  oil  of  ani- 
seed 3,  tincture  of  castor  30,  tincture  of  asafetida  15,  com- 
pound tincture  of  cardamoms  30,  peppermint-water  960. 

carmine  (kiir'min  or  -ruin),  n.  [=  D.  karmijn 
=  6.  Dan.  Sw.  karmiti  =  Russ.  karmiiiii,  <  F. 
carmin  =  It.  carminio,  <  Sp.  carmin  (=  Pg. 
carmim),  a  contr.  form  of  carmesin  (now  car- 
mesi,  after  the  Ar.  form)  =  Pg.  carmesim  =  It. 
carmesino  (also  cremisi,  cremisino)  =  OF.  *cra- 
moisin,  cramoisyne  (>  ME.  cramosin,  cremosyn, 
crimisine,  crimosin,  E.  crimson,  q.  v.),  F.  rra- 
moisi  =  G.  I.nriiiesin  =  D.  karmezijn  =  Dan. 
harmesin  =  Russ.  karmazinu,  <  ML.  carmesinus, 
kermesiniis,  crimson,  carmine,  <  kermes  (Sp. 
earmes,  also  with  Ar.  art.  alkermes,  alqiterntes), 
the  cochineal  insect  (see  kermes),  <  Ar.  and 
Pers.  qirmizi,  crimson,  qirmiz,  crimson,  <  Skt. 
krimija,  produced  by  an  insect,  <  krimi,  a  worm, 
an  insect  (=  E.  worm,  q.  v.),  +  V  jan,  produce, 
=  Gr.  1/  *}tv  =  L.  -\/  *gcn  =  AS.  ecu  nan,  etc., 
produce:  see  genus,  generate,  etc.,  and  ken2.] 
1.  The  pure  coloring  matter  or  principle  of 
cochineal,  to  which  the  formula  CiyHigOio  has 
been  assigned.  It  forms  a  purple  mass  sol- 
uble in  water. —  2.  That  one  of  two  or  more 
lakes  of  different  strengths  prepared  from  the 
same  coloring  matter  which  contains  the  great- 
est proportion  of  coloring  matter  to  the  base, 
whiehisgenerallyalumina.  Specifically  —  3.  A 
pigment  made  from  cochineal,  it  is  a  transparent 
crimson  of  considerable  luminosity  and  intense  chroma. 
It  is  prepared  from  a  decoction  of  cochineal,  the  coloring 
matter  lining  precipitated  by  some  aluminous  salt,  form- 
ing a  lake.  — Burnt  carmine.a  pigment  obtained  bj  par- 
tially thai  ling  carmine.  It  is  a  reddish  purple  of  extreme 
richness.— Carmine  of  indigo,  indigo  carmine.  See 
indigo.     Carmine  spar.    Same  as  carminite. 

carminic  (kar-min'ik),  a.  [<  carmine  +  -tc.] 
In  chem.,  pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carmine, 
the  coloring  principle  of  cochineal.— Carminic 
acid,  C17H18O10,  an  acid  found  in  the  buds  of  some 
plants,  I, ut  most  abundantly  in  the  cochineal  insect.  It 
forms  a  red  amorphous  mass,  and  with  the  alkalis  pro- 
duces carmine  colored  salts. 

carminite  (kar'min-it),  n.  [<  carmine  +  -ite2.] 
An  arseniate  of  iron  and  lead,  occurring  in 
clusters  of  needles  having  a  carmine-red  color. 
Also  called  carmine  spar. 

carmot  (kiir'mot),  n.  The  name  given  by  the 
alchemists  to  the  matter  of  which  they  sup- 
posed the  philosopher's  stone  to  be  constituted. 


carnality 

carmylie,  ».    See  carmele. 

cam  (ktirn),  n.  [The  proper  Celtic  (nom.)  form 
of  cairn,  q.  v.]  A  rock,  or  heap  of  rocks.  See 
cairn.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

carnadinet  (kiir'na-den),  n.  [Miswritten  car- 
nardine;  <  It.  "  carnadino,  a  carnation  colour" 
(Florio),  <  L.  as  if  *carnatus  (see  carnation1),  < 
euro  (earn-),  flesh.  Cf.  incarnadine.]  Carna- 
tion, or  something  having  that  color. 
The  rosy-coloured  carnardine. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ii.  2. 

carnage  (kar'naj),  n.  [<  F.  carnage  =  Pr.  car- 
natge  =  Sp.  carnaje  =  Pg.  carnagem  =  It.  car- 
naggio,  slaughter,  butchery,  <  ML.  carnaticum, 
a  kind  of  tribute  of  animals,  also  prob.  used, 
like  its  equiv.  carnatum,  in  the  additional 
sense  of  'time  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh' 
(>  F.  charnage  =  Pr.  carnatgue  (ef.  Sp.  Pg.  car- 
nal), season  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh;  cf. 
ML.  reflex  carnagiiim,  a  dinner  of  flesh),  <  L. 
euro  (cam-),  flesh  :  see  carnal.]  If.  The  flesh  of 
slain  animals;  heaps  of  flesh,  as  in  shambles. 
His  ample  maw  with  human  carnage  tilled. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  ix.  352. 

2f.  The  flesh  that  is  given  to  dogs  after  the 
chase. —  3.  Great  destruction  of  men  or  ani- 
mals by  bloody  violence;  slaughter;  butchery; 
massacre. 

In  the  carnage  of  Sedgemoor,  or  in  the  more  fearful 
carnage  of  the  Bloody  Circuit.    Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

Inspiring  appetites  which  had  tasted  of  blood  with  a 
relish  for  more  unlicensed  carnage. 

Pre^cott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

A  battle  was  attempted  by  a  large  miscellaneous  mass 
of  students,  peasantry,  and  burghers.  It  soon  changed 
to  a  carnage,  in  which  the  victims  were  all  on  one  side. 

Moil,',,,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  S9. 
=  Syn.  3.  ButcTiery,  etc.    See  massacre,  n. 

carnage  (kar'naj),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  carnaged, 
ppr.  carnaging.  [<  carnage,  n.]  To  strew  or 
cover  with  carnage  or  slaughtered  bodies:  as, 
"  that  carnaged  plain,"  Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  ix. 

carnal  (kar'nal),  a.  [<  ME.  carnal  =  OF.  ear- 
net,  F.  charnel  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnal  = 
It.  eamale,  <  L.  camalis,  fleshly,  of  the  flesh 
(ML.,  natural,  of  the  same  blood  or  descent), 
<  euro  (earn-),  flesh,  =  Gr.  apiac,  flesh,  =  Skt. 
kravi/a,  raw  flesh,  corpse,  can-ion,  =  AS.  hrdw 
(=  OS.  hrcu,  hreo  =  OFries.  lire  (in  comp.)  = 
OHG.  hreo,  MHG.  re  =  Icel.  line  =  Goth,  hraiw, 
in  comp.),  a  corpse ;  prob.  akin  to  AS.  hredw, 
E.  raw,  q.  v.,  and  L.  crudtis,  raw,  >  E.  ennh , 
and  ult.  E.  cruel,  q.  v.  From  L.  camalis  comes 
also  E.  charnel,  q.  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
flesh;  hence,  flesh-eating;  ravenous;  bloody. 
This  carnal  cm- 
Preys  on  the  issue  of  his  mother's  body. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

2f.  Of  the  same  blood  or  descent ;  natural ; 
kindred;  german. 

In  the  next  territories  adioyning  doe  inhabite  two  ear- 
nail  brothers,  dukes  of  the  Tartars,  namely.  Burin  and 
Cadan,  the  sonnes  of  Thyaday.     HaMuyt's  Voyages,  1.66. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  flesh  or  the  body,  its  pas- 
sions and  its  appetites ;  fleshly;  sensual;  lust- 
ful; gross;  impure. 

Our  carnal  stings,  our  unbitted  lusts. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Not  sunk  in  carnal  pleasure.        Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  593. 

4.  Not  spiritual;  merely  human;  not  partak- 
ing of  anything  divine  or  holy;  unregenerate ; 
unsanctified. 

The  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God.       Rom.  viii.  7. 

Meats  and  drinks,  and  divers  washings,  and  carnal  or- 
dinances. Heb.  ix.  10. 

All  appearances  of  mirth  and  pleasantry,  which  were 
looked  upon  as  marks  of  a  carnal  mind. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  494. 

Carnal  knowledge,  sexual  intercourse. =Syn.  3  and  4. 
See  worldly  and  sensual. 

carnalism  (kar'nal-izm),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ism.] 
Carnality;  the  indulgence  of  carnal  appetites. 

carnalist  (kiir'nal-ist),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ist.] 
One  given  to  the  indulgence  of  sensual  appe- 
tites. 

They  arc  in  a  reprobate  sense,  mere  camalists,  fleshly 
minded  men.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  633. 

carnalite  (kar'nal-it),  n.    [<  carnal  +  -ite2.]    A 

worldly-minded  man;  a  carnalist.  Ant.  Ander- 
son, [  h'are.] 
carnality  (kiir-nal'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  carnalities  (-tiz). 
[=  OF.  earnalili  it,  i'.  e/iariialite  =  Sp.  earnali- 
dad  =  Pg.  eariialidade  =  It.  carnalttit,  -tittle, 
-late,  <  I,.  etirnalita(t-)s,  <  camalis,  carnal:  see 
carnal.]  The  state  of  being  carnal;  fleshliness; 
fleshly  lusts  or  desires,  or  the  indulgence  of 
them;  sensuality;  want  of  spirituality. 

They  wallow  .  .  .  in  all  the  carnalities  of  the  world. 

Sullt/t,  Sermons,  I.  X. 


carnality 

If  the  forme  of  the  Ministry  be  grounded  In  the  worldly 

degrees  oi   autority,  li ur,  temporal]  jurisdiction,  we 

seeit  with  our  eyes  it  will  tuine  the  inward  power  and 

purity  of  the  Gospel  into  the  outward  carrwriity  of  the  law. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  8. 

carnalize  (kar'nal-iz),  v.  t.\  pret.  ami  pp.  car- 
nalized, ppr.  carnalizing.  [<  carnal  +  -i~e.] 
To  make  carnal;  debase  to  carnality.    [Rare.] 

A  sensual  and  carnalized  spirit 

J.  Scott,  Christian  Life,  i.  §  J. 

Camallite  (kar'nal-it),  n.  [Named  after  Yon 
Cumuli,  a  Prussian  mineralogist  (1804-74).]  A 
milk-white  or  pink-colored  mineral  obtained 
from  the  salt-mines  of  Stassfurt,  Prussia.  It  is 
a  hydrous  chlorid  of  magnesium  ami  potassium,  contain- 
ing small  quantities  of  sodium,  rubidium,  csesium,  and 
bromine. 

carnally  (kar'nal-i), adv.  In  a  carnal  manner; 
according  to  the  flesh;  not  spiritually. 

The  Apostle  doth  vcr\  fitly  take  the  law  .  ,  .  either  spir- 
itually or  carnally,  according  to  the  differing  sentiments 
of  those  to  whom  he  wrote  the  epistles. 

R.  Nelson,  Life  of  Bp.  Bull. 

carnal-minded  (kar'nal-rnin"ded),  a.     Having 
a  carnal  or  fleshly  mind;  unspiritual. 
carnal-mindedness  (kar'nal-niln//ded-nes),  n. 
Carnality  of  mind. 
Concupiscence  and  carnal-minded  in  ss. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  v.  §  3. 

camardinet,  »•    See  carnadine. 

Carnaria  (kar-na'ri-a),  ii.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  carnaritis,  pertaining  to  flesh,  <  caro  (earn-), 
flesh :  see  carnal.  Cf.  Carnassia.~\  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification  as  altered  by  his  editors, 
the  flesh-eaters  or  third  order  of  mammals,  con- 
taining not  only  the  Carnirora  proper,  as  now 
understood,  but  also  the  liisectirura,  the  Cliimp- 
tera,  and  sundry  carnivorous  marsupials;  the 
camassiers.  The  marsupials  were  subsequent- 
ly placed  in  a  separate  p'oup,  Marsupiata. 
Also  called  Carnassia.     [Disused.] 

carnaryt  (kar'na-ri),  >i.  [Also  written carnarie, 
<  ML.  carnaria,  also  carnariiini,<.  L.  caro  (cam-), 
flesh:  see  carnal.']  A  bone-house  attached  to 
a  church  or  burial-place ;  a  chatTiel-house. 

Carnassia  (kar-nas'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  adapted 
from  F.  camassiers  (Cuvier),  carnivora  (see 
carnassier);  afterward  changed  by  his  editors 
to  Carnaria.']     Same  as  Carnaria. 

carnassial  (kar-nas'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  car- 
nassiere.  tin-  sectorial'  tooth  (orig.  fern.  (se. 
dent,  tooth)  of  carnassier,  carnivorous:  see 
carnassier),  +  -ah]  I.  a.  Sectorial;  adapted 
for  cutting  and  tearing  flesh:  applied  to  the 
specialized  trenchant  or  cutting  molar  or  pre- 
molar of  the  Carnivora. 

It  .  .  .  appears  that  the  sectorial  or  carnassial  teeth  in 
the  two  jaws  [of  the  dog]  differ  in  their  nature,  the  upper 
being  the  last  premolar,  the  lower  the  anterior  molar. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  357. 
II.  n.  A  sectorial  tooth;  the  last  upper  pre- 
molar or  first  lower  molar  tooth  of  those  Car- 
nimra  which  have  a  typically  carnivorous  den- 
tition, as  the  cat  or  dog.     Owen. 

carnassier  (kar-nas'i-a),  ».  [F.,  a  carnivorous 
mammal,  <  carnassier,  fern,  carnassit  r< .  former- 
ly carnacier,  <  Pr.  carnacier  (=  Sp.  carnicero 
=  Pg.  carnicciro),  carnivorous,  fleshly,  <  car- 
naca  (=  Sp.  carnaza  =  Pg.  carnae,  carnica), 
flesh,  <  L.  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal.]  1. 
One  of  the  Carnaria  ;  a  carnivorous  mammal. 
See  Carnaria. —  2.  [<  F.  carnassiere :  see  car- 
nassial.]   A  carnassial  tooth. 

camatet  (k&r'nat),  a.  Invested  with  or  em- 
bodied in  flesh:  same  as  the  modem  incarnate, 
which,  however,  is  used  in  the  following  extract 
as  if  the  in-  were  privative. 

I  fear  nothing  .  .  .  that  devil  carnate  or  incarnate  can 
fairly  do  against  a  virtue  so  established. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  v.  46. 

carnation1  (kar-na'shon),  n.     [<  F.  carnation, 

<  It.  carnat/ianc,  flesh-color, 
also  fleshiness,  =  Sp.  carna- 
cion  (cf.  Pg.  encarnacao), 
flesh-color,  <  L.  carnatio(n-), 
fleshiness,  <  caro  (cam-), 
flesh:  see  carnal.]  1.  Flesh- 
color;  pink. 

Her  complexion  of  the  most  daz- 
zling carnation.     Bulwer,  Pelham. 

2.  In  painting,  the  represen- 
tation of  flesh ;  the  nude  or 
undraped  parts  of  a  figure. — 

3.  In  bat. :  (a)  The  common 
name  of  the  pink  THanthus 
Caryophyllus,  a  native  of 
southern  Europe,  but  cul- 
tivated   from    very   ancient 

t,         . .        e  .        Carnation     llnnitnus 

times  for  its  fragrance  and         Caiy&hyii**). 


827 

beauty.  Under  cultivation,  in  place  of  the  original  lilac- 
purple  of  the  wild  state,  it  has  assumed  a  wide  variety  of 
tints,  and  numberless  combinations  of  form  and  color. 
These  varieties  are  grouped  by  florists  into  three  classes. 
viz.,  bizarres,  Makes,  and  picotees.  Also  called  carnation 
pink.  ( /,)  'rii,.  i  'aisalpinia  pulcherrima, the  Span- 
ish carnation,  a  leguminous  shrub  with  very 
showy  flowers,  often  cultivated  in  tropical  re- 
gions. Also  formerly,  by  corruption,  corona- 
turn. 

Bring  Coronations,  and  Sops  in  wine, 

\\  orne  of  I'aranioures. 

,s>  user,  Shep.  Cal.,  April. 

carnation-t,  "•    [f  ME.  carnacion,  short  for  in- 

carnacion  :  see  incarnation.]     Incarnation. 
These  beleuid  not  in  vergyu  ftfarie, 
Ne  id  nl\  in  I !ristes  carnaeione. 

Old  Eng.  Miscell.,  p.  216. 

carnationed  (kar-na'shpnd),  a.    [<  carnation  + 

-nl-.]  Having  a  color  like  carnation;  pink. 
Lovelaa . 

carnation-grass  (k&r-na'shpn-gras),  n.  Cer- 
tain sedges,  especially  inns  glauca  ami  0.  pa- 
nicea,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  their 
leaves  to  those  of  the  carnation. 
camauba  (kar-na-6'ba),  n.  [Braz.]  1.  The 
Brazilian  name  of  the  palm  Copernicia  cerifera. 
See  Copernicia. —  2.  The  wax  obtained  from 
tliis  palm, 
carneity  (kiir-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  carneus,  of  flesh: 
see  corneous.]  Fleshiness.  [Bare.] 
Carnelt (kar'nel),  n.  [ME.,  also  kernel,  timet, 
kyrnel,  <  OF.  camel,  later  carneau,  F.  creneati 
=  Pr.  ear  in  I  (ML.  reflex  earnellus.  i/na  melius), 
<  ML.  erenellus.  an  embrasure,  battlement :  see 
en  in  lie]  Abattlement;  an  embrasure;  a  loop- 
hole. 

So  harde  sautes  to  the  cite  were  3euen. 
That  the  komli  l-e,  ,,,/,,•  were  to-clatered  with  engines. 

William  ofPalernefE.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2858. 
And  alle  the  walles  lath  of  Wit.  to  holde  Wil  theroute; 
The  camels  beth  of  Cristendam,  the  kuynde  to  saue. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  vi.  7S. 

carnelian,  cornelian  (kiir-,  kor-ne'lyan),  n. 
[More  correctly  cornelian  (changed  to  carnelian 
in  simulation  of  L.  earn  [earn-),  flesh).  <  F.  cor- 
naline,  <  It.  cornaliiia  =  Pr.  Pg.  comelina  =  Sp. 
cornerina,  carnelian;  It.  also  corniola  (>  E.  eur- 
neol,  q.  v.) ;  a  dim.  form,  <  L.  cornit  =  E.  horn  : 
so  called  from  its  horny  appearance;  cf.  onyx, 
which  means  lit.  'a  finger-nail  or  claw.']  A 
siliceous  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of 
a  deep-red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color. 
It  is  tolerably  hard,  capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  is  used 
for  seals,  etc.  The  finest  specimens  come  from  Cambay 
(hence  also  called  Cambay  stones)  and  Surat,  in  India, 
where  they  are  found  as  nodules  of  a  blackish-olive  color, 
in  peculiar  strata,  30  feet  below  the  surface.  The  nodules, 
after  two  years'  exposure  to  the  sun,  are  boiled  for  two 
days,  and  thereby  acquire  the  beautiful  colors  for  which 
they  arc  prized. 

carneolt,  "•  [=  D.  Jcarneool  =  G.  learniol  = 
Sw.  Dan.  karncol,  <  It.  corniola  :  see  carnelian.] 
Carnelian.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

Carneospongiae  (kar"nf-o-spon'ji-e),  «.  /''. 
[NL.,  <  L.  carneus,  fleshy  (see  carncous),  + 
spongia,  a  sponge.]  Fleshy  sponges :  a  class  of 
Porifera  contrasted  with  Caloispongice.  it  con- 
tains'the-  multitude  of  sponges  having  as  common  char- 
acters a  very  thick  mesoderm,  a  supply  and  drainage  sys- 
temlike that  of  ordinary  commercial  sponges,  the  ectoderm 
ami  endoderm  as  in  the  Leucones,  and  the  skeleton,  when 
present,  either  ceratodous  or  Biliceous,  with  its  elements 
radiately  or  irregularly  disposed.  Most  sponges  belong  to 
this  class,  which  is  divided  by  Hyatt  into  the  orders  Soli- 
sarooidea,  Gunvmininoe,  Ceratoidea,  Cerato-Silicoidea,  and 
SUicoidea. 

carneospongian  (kaV'ne-o-spon'ji-an),  fl.  and 
n.  I.  a.  Fleshy,  as  a  spbiige;  specifically,  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Car- 
neospongice. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Carneospongiw ;  a  fleshy 
sponge 

carneous  (kiir'ne-us),  a.  [<  L.  carneus,  of 
flesh,  <  earn  (earn-),  flesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf. 
cantons.]  1.  Fleshy;  having  the  qualities  of 
flesh:  as,  "  corneous  fibres,"  Bay,  Works  of  Cre- 
ation, ii. —  2.  Flesh-colored;  pink  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow. 

Carney1  (kiir'ni),  n.  [Prob.  <  L.  carneus,  fleshy: 
see  carneous.]  A  disease  of  horses,  in  which 
the  mouth  is  so  furred  that  they  cannot  eat. 

Carney-  (kiir'ni),  n.  [Also  spelled  carny ;  a 
slang  word,  of  unknown  origin.]  Flattering, 
hypocritical  talk;  flattery.     [Slang.] 

Carney2  (kiir'ni),  v.  [<  camey",  n.]  I.  trans. 
To  insinuate  one's  self  into  the  good  graces  of; 
flatter;  wheedle.     [Slang.] 

II.  in  trans.  To  interlard  one's  discourse  with 
hypocritical  terms  or  tones  of  flattery  or  en- 
dearment.    [Slang.] 

carnifex  (kar'ni-feks),  n.  [L.,  also  carnufex, 
<  caro  (cam-),  flesh  (see  carnal),  -r  facere, 


carnivoral 

make.]    1.  A  public  executioner;  a  hangman; 

hei as  a  term  of  abuse,  a  wretch. 

I ,,  i  tii'  cat  "<  fi  "  8  ii  our  He  n  '  in ".0  ■ 

Middletm  ■'<„!  a  i  larrel,  iv.  4. 

2.  [cap.]  In  ornitlt. :  (a)  A  genus  of  hawks : 
same  as  Mierastur.  Lesson,  lsi'j.  [Notinuse.] 
(M  A  genus  of  birds:  same  as  I'hanicerrus. 
Small  rail.  L835.      |  Not  in  use.] 

carnification  (kar'ni-ft-ka'shon),  ».     [<  P.  car- 

iiiiieiitinii  =  Sp.  eariii  tieatia,  carnijieaciou  =  Pg. 

carnificacao  =  It.  carnificazUme,  <  L.  as  if  "car- 

nilieatia(u-),  <  cariiijicare,  pp.  earnijiealns :  see 
car n if y.]  The  act  of  oarnifying:  in  pallia!.,  a 
stale'  of  certain  organs  in  which  the  tissue  be- 
comes  changed  so  as  to  resemble  that  of  fleshy 
parts.  In  the  lungs  it  is  equivalent  either  to 
the  condition  seen  in  atelectasis  or  to  hepati- 
zation. 

carnify  (kar'ni-fi),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  carnified, 
ppr.  carnifyvng.  |  <  1'.  carnifier  =  Sp.  Pg.  earni- 
fiear-se  (rei\.jz=  It.  carnijieare.  <  L.  earmlieure, 
also  carnuficare,  only  in  sense  of  'behead,'  < 
caro  (earn-),  flesh,  +  facere,  make.  See  car- 
nifex.]   1.  To  form  flesh;  grow  fleshy.     [Bare.] 

I  walk,  I  see,  I  hear,  I  digest,  I  sanguify,  I  carnify. 

Sir  M.  II, il,\  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  31. 

2.  In  pathol.,  to  lose  the  normal  structure  and 
1 irae  fleshy.     See  carnification. 

carnin,carnihe(kiii'nin),  n.  [<L.  caro  (cam-), 
flesh  (see  carnal).  +  -in-,  -iiu-.]  A  substance 
(C7II8N403)  found  in  muscular  tissue, and  hence 
in  the  extract  of  meat.  It  is  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der, ii"t  readily  soluble  in  cold  water.  It  forms  a  distinctly 
crystalline  salt  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

carnival  (k&r'ni-val),  n.  [Formerly  camaral 
=  I).  Luminal  =  Dan.  Sw.  G.  larneval,  <  F. 
camaral  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnaval,  <  It.  eurnorale, 
carnevale,  the  last  three  days  before  Lent ;  un- 
derstood in  popular  etymology  as  made  up  of 
It.  came,  flesh,  and  vale,  farewell,  as  if  'fare- 
well, flesh ! '  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  ML. 
eiirm  l<  nimi  ii.  also  eurnelt  nirinm .  eumileraria, 
curnelerale,  Shrovetide,  lit.  the  'solace  of  the 
flesh,'  permitted  in  anticipation  of  the  Lenten 
fast,  for  L.  carnis  levamen  (or  ML.  Hevariuni): 
carnis,  gen.  of  caro,  flesh  (see  carnal) ;  levamen, 
solace,  lightening,  <  lerare,  lighten,  <  /<  vis, 
light:  see  alleviate.  The  season  was  also 
called  carnem-laxare,  'flesh-relaxing,'  carnisca- 
jiitun.  'flesh-taking,'  carnirora,  'flesh-eating,' 
as  well  as  carniprwvam,  "flesh-privation,'  prop, 
applied  to  the  beginning  of  Lent.]  1.  The  feast 
or  season  of  rejoicing  before  Lent,  observed  in 
Boman  Catholic  countries  with  public  merri- 
ment and  revelry,  feasts,  balls,  operas,  con- 
certs, etc.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  feasting 
or  revelry  in  general. 

Love  in  the  sacred  halls 
Held  carnival.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Carnival  lace,  a  variety  of  reticella  lace  made  in  Italy, 
Spain,  and  France  during  the  sixteenth  century. 

carnivalesque  (kiir  ni-va-lesk'),  a.  [<  carni- 
val +  -esgue;  after  It.  edrnovalesco.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  carnival ;  suitable  to  or 
in  keeping  with  a  carnival.     [Bare.] 

I  ought  fairly  to  confess  that  my  last  impression  of  the 
Carnival  was  altogether  carnivalesque. 

U.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  133. 

Carnivora  (kar-niv'o-rii),  n.  pi.  [L.,  neut.  pi. 
of  carnworus:  see  carnivorous.]  1.  [I.e.]  In 
general,  carnivorous  animals;  animals  that 
feed  on  flesh. —  2.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  carnivorous  mammals  proper;  the 
Carnaria  or  Carnassia  of  Cuvier  without  the 
Inst  eti'  urn.  the  (  liiri'i'ii  ra,  and  the  carnivorous 
Mursiijiiulia,  forming  the  third  family  of  his 
Carnaria,  and  divided  into  the  tribes  Plauti- 
graila,  Digitigraila,  and  Amphibia  (or  l'mni- 
i/raita,  the  seals,  etc.).  The  term  was  long  almost 
universally  used  in  this  sense,  and  is  still  current;  hut  it 
is  now  usually  superseded  by  Force  as  an  order  of  mam- 
mals, divided  into  Fissipedia  and  Pinnipedia,  or  terres- 
trial and  amphibia]  carnivores.  The  technical  characters 
of  the  order  are  given  under  Ferce  (which  see), 

3.  In  entom.,  in  Latreille*s  system,  the  first 
family  of  pentamerous  Colcoptera,  or  beetles : 
synonymous  with  Ailepliaga. 

carnivoracity  (kar"ni-vo-ras'i-ti),  n.  [<  car- 
nivorous :  the  term,  after  voracity.]  Greedi- 
ness of  appetite  for  flesh.     Pope.     [Bare.] 

Carnivorae  (kiir-niv'6-re),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern.  pi. 
of  L.  carnworus :  see  enmirurous.]  In  ichih., 
a  division  of  eyprinodont  fishes.  See  Cyprnin- 
ilontiiler. 

Carnivoral  (kar-niv'o-ral),  a.  [<  Carnirora  + 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mammalian  order 
Carnivora  or  Feree  (which  see).  B.  G.  Wilder, 
Amer.  Neurol.  Ass.  Trans.,  1882. 


carnivore 

carnivore  (kSr'ni-vor),  n.  [=F.  carnivore,  < 
L.  cantii-o/iis:  sec  carntoorotw.]  A  carnivo- 
rous animal;  one  "i  the  Carnwora. 

That  the  cornfuore  may  live  herbivores  must  die. 

Data  "i  Ethics,  i>.  17. 

carnivority  (kar-ni-vor'i-ti),  n.  Same  as  car- 
niva  [Rare.] 

carnivorous  (kar-niv'o-rus),  a.  [=  F.  ,(»■«/- 
vor<  =  Sp.  IV-  It-  carnivoro.K  L.  carninous, 
flesh-eating,  <  caro  (earn-),  flesh  (see  ear  mil). 
+  vorare,  eat,  ilevour.]  1.  Eating  or  feeding 
onllcsli;  subsisting  upon  animal  food:  applied 
to  animals  which  naturally  seek  animal  food, 
he  lion,  tiger,  dug.  wolf,  etc.;  also  to  plants 
which  feed  upon  insects,  as  the  Drosera  or  sun- 
dew, the  Pinguicula,  the  Dioncea  or  Venus's  fly- 
trap, and  the  various  pitcher-hearing  plants. 

Semper  states  tii.it  Dr.  Holmgrin  has  been  able  to  trans- 
form the  gizzard  of  a  pigeon  into  a  carnivorous  stomach 
b}  Eeeding  the  bird  on  meat  for  a  long  time. 

W.  E.  Brooks,  Law  of  Heredity,  p.  93. 

2.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  mammal.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Carnivora;  earnivoral;  carnassial. 
(6)  In  entom.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  i'nrniro- 
ra ;  adephagous:  predatory.  —  3.  In  odontog., 
trenchant;  sectorial;  carnassial:  as,  a  carnivo- 
rous molar  or  premolar. 

carnivorously  (kar-niv'o-rus-li),  adv.  In  a  car- 
nivorous manner. 

carnivorousness  (kar-niv'o-rus-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  carnivorous  or  flesh- 
eating. 

G.  Arcangeli  lias  observed  the  rise  of  temperature  in 
several  species  of  Axaceae,  but  docs  not  consider  that 
there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  the  assumption  of 
carnivorous  habits  in  these  plants.  ...  It  seems  as  if 
some  other  explanation  than  that  of  carnivorousness 
would  have  to  be  sought  for. 

Jour,  of  Bat.,  Brit,  and  Foreign,  1883,  p.  260. 

carnokt,  ».  [ME. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  mea- 
stu-e  of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter  of  corn. 

Every  sak  (of  coal]  be  tryed  and  provid  to  be  and  holde 
a  carnok;  and  the  ij.  sakkes  to  holde  a  quarter,  whatsoevir 
the  price  be,  vpon  peyne  of  brennyng  of  the  sakkes  and 
parte  of  the lys.  English  Gilds(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  426. 

carnose  (kar'nos),  a.    Same  as  carnous. 

carnosity  (kar-nos'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  carnosities  (-tiz). 
[=F.  carnosite  =  Pr.  carnositat=  Sp.  carnosidad 
=  Pg.  carnosidade  =  It.  carnositd,  <  ML.  carno- 
sita(t-)s,  fleshiness,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy:  see 
carnous.']     If.  Fleshiness. 

The  olives,  indeed,  he  very  small  there,  and  no  bigger 
than  capers;  yet  commended  they  are  for  their  carnosity. 

Holland. 
2.  A  fleshy  growth. 

Carnot's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

carnous  (kar'nus),  a.  [=  F.  charneux =Pr.  ear- 
nos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnoso,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy, 
<  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  cur  mil.  and  cf.  car- 
at ■  ',is.'\  1.  Of  or  pertainingto  flesh;  fleshy  :  us. 
'■(■unions  matter,"  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny, xv.  3. — 
2.  In  hot.,  of  a  fleshy  consistence :  said  of  suc- 
culent leaves,  stems,  etc. 
Also  carnose. 

carn-tangle,  n.    See  cairn-tangle. 

camy,  u.  and  v.     See  caniey2. 

caroacht,  »•     See  caroche. 

carob  (kar'ob),  n.  [Also  called  carob-tree;  = 
F.  caroube,  <  IF.  carobe  =  Pr.  carobla,  <  It.  car- 
rubo,  carrubbio  =  Sp.  garrobo,  al-garrobo  =  Pg. 
alfarrobeira,  carob-tree  ;  It.  earruba  =  Sp.  gar- 
roba,  al-garroba.  garrofa  =  Pg.  alfarroba,  carob- 
bean,  St.  John's  bread;  <  Ar.  kharrub,  bean- 
pods.]  The  common  English  name  of  the  plant 
Ceratonia  Siliqua.     See  Ceratonia. 

I  hi  path  led  through  a  grove  of  carob  trees,  from  which 

tic  beans  known  in  Germany  as  St.  John's  bread  arc  pro- 

/;.  Taylor,  hands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  42. 

carob-bean  (kar'ob-ben),  n.     The  pod  or  fruit 

of  the  carob;  St.  John's  bread.    See  Ceratonia. 

carochet,caroacht<ka-n.ch'). ,,.    iMaocaroeh, 

.  =  JIJKi.  I.i  rrdscht,  tnrrolsclic, 
che,  G.  harosse,  fcarofe,e  =  Dan. 
harosse,  <  OF.  caroche,  P.  carrosse  —  Sp.  dim. 
cat  •  <  arrocin  =  Pg.  carroca,  dim.  car- 
rocim,  <  It.  carroccio,  carrozza,  formerly  .also 
carroccia,  a  carriage,  '.  carro,  a  car:  Bee  carl. 
This  wold  seems  to  have  helped  to  give  a  con- 
crete sense  to  carriage,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  plea- 
sure-carriage ;  : Ii:  as.  "coaches  ami  ca- 
roche. ."  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel, 

Hi    ca hes  shining  with  gold,  and  more  bright  than 

the  -  hariot  of  tic  sun,  wei out  thi   pavemi  nts 

'  '■  ';  "■  ■■■  and  .  '  W  ■  ■  'dmu  ,i  ,,i  i 

The  earotse  of  the  tfarqi  I        B 
Conducted  him  along  to  th  arsenal. 

I  iutpman    Bj  i  m     i idy,  v.  1. 

1  •  t  i  his  pleasure 

lUt  all  your  torches  and  depart 

Webster.  White  Devil,  i.  2. 


828 
carochedt  (ka-roohf),  a. 

Placed  in  a  caroche. 
old  honour  goes  on  crutcheSj  beggary  rides  caroched. 

Mustinuer,  Virgin-Martyr,  iii.  3. 

caroignet,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 
carol'  (kar'ol),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carrot, 
carroll,  <  ME.  carol,  earolle,  carole,  a  dance,  a 
song,  <  <  )F.  enroll-,  a  kind  of  dance,  also  a  carol 
or  Christmas  song  (>  MP.  It.  Sp.  carola),  <  Bret. 
koroll,  a  dance,  lcoroUa,  horolU,  dance,  move  in 
cadence.  =  Corn,  carol,  a  choir,  concert,  =  W. 
carol,  a  carol,  song,  enroll,  carol,  eoroli,  dance, 
move  in  a  circle,  =  Manx  corral,  a  carol,  = 
Gael,  car  nil.  caireall,  harmony,  melody:  from 
the  root  seen  in  Gael,  car,  cuir,  a  turn,  a  bar  of 
music,  movement,  =  Ir.  car,  a  turn,  cor,  a  turn, 
music,  circular  mot  ion,  =W.  cor,  a  circle,  choir; 
and  in  E.  car1,  q.  v.]  If.  A  kind  of  circular 
dance. 

For-thy  wonderly  thay  woke,  &  the  wyn  dronken, 
Daunsed  ful  dregly  wyth  dere  carolez. 
Sir  Qawayne  and  the  Given  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1026. 
Festes,  instruments,  caroles,  daunces. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1073. 
[It  is  often  difficult  to  tell  from  the  context  whether  carol 
is  the  dance  or  the  song  that  seems  to  have  been  sung  as 
an  accompaniment  to  it ;  but  in  Chaucer  it  usually  means 
simply  the  dance.  ] 

2.  A  song,  especially  one  expressive  of  joy; 
often,  specifically,  a  joyous  song  or  ballad  in 
celebration  of  Christmas. 

No  night  is  now  with  hymn  or  carol  hless'd. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
They  heard  her  singing  her  last  song,  . 
Heard  a  carol,  mournful,  holy. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iv. 

carol1  (kar'ol),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caroled  or  car- 
olled, ppr.  caroling  or  carolling.  [<  ME.  car- 
olen,  <  OF.  caroler  =  Pr.  earolar  =  It.  carolan  : 
from  the  noun.]  I.  intrans.  To  sing;  warble; 
sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 
Hark !  how  the  cheerefull  birds  do  chauut  theyr  laies, 
And  carroll  of  Loves  praise. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  79. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  sing  joyously. 
Hovering  swans,  their  throats  releas'd 
From  native  silence,  carol  sounds  haianonious. 

Prior.  Second  Hymn  to  Callimachus. 
2.  To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 
The  shepherds  at  their  festivals 
Carol  her  goodness.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  849. 

carol'-t,  carrolt  (kar'ol),  n.     [<  ME.  karole,  a 
wreath,  <  ML.  carola,  a  lattice,  railing,  inclo- 
sttre,  lit.   'a  circle';  same  word  as  carola,.  a 
dance:  see  carol1.]      1.    A  ring  of  leaves  or 
flowers ;  a  garland ;  a  wreath. 
Scho  putte  ilke  rescue  in  other 
And  made  a  karole  in  a  stounde ; 
The  ton  [the  tone,  the  one)  hende  touched  the  grounde 
And  the  other  scho  helde  on  heygh. 

Seven  Sages,  1.  2884. 
2.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  small  closet  or  inelosure  in 
which  to  sit  and  read.     (/))  A  bay-window.    Ox- 
ford Glossary. 
Also  written  carrel,  carrell,  carrall. 
carola  (kar'o-la),  n.     [It.,  a  dance,  ring-dance: 
see  carol1.]     A  dance  resembling  the  carma- 
gnole, popular  in  France  during  the  revolution. 
caroli,  »-     Plural  of  carolus. 
carolin  (kar'o-lin),  )(.     [<  ML.  Carolinus,  adj., 
<  Carolus,  Charles:  see  carl,  and  cf.  carlinn.] 
1.  A  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1732  by  Charles 
Philip,  Elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  afterward 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Carolin  of  Frederick  of  Wurtembcrg.  1810,  British  Museum.     (Size 

of  the  origin.il. ) 

adopted  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  it  was 
worth  slightly  less  than  the  American  half-eagle  and  a 
little  nunc  than  the  British  sovereign.  There  were  24 
Carolina  to  the  i  !ologne  mark. 

2.  A  Swedish  gold  coin,  worth  about  two  dol- 
lars. 

Carolina  bark,  pink,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Caroline  (kar'o-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [<  ML.  Caro- 
linus .-  see  carotin.']  Of  or  relating  to  a  person 
named  Carolus  or  Charles.  Specifically— (a)  Be- 
longing  i"  or  characteristic  of  the  times  of  Charles  I.  and 
II.  hi  England  '.  as,  the  Caroline  divines. 

ilc  discovers  thai  this  venerable  clergyman  of  the  Caro- 
Urn  agi  had  no  idea  of  hia  own  language. 

The  Churchman  (Hew  York),  LH.  2. 
(6)  Same  as  Carolingian. 


caroon 

[<  caroche  +  -erf2.]   Caroling1  (kar'o-ling),  a.     Same  as  ('arolin- 
gian. 

caroling-,  carolling  (kar'ol-ing),  n.  [<  ME. 
carolinge,  earolyng;  verbal  n.  of  carol1,  v.]  The 
act  of  one  who  carols ;  a  song  of  joy,  praise,  or 
devotion. 

Ophelia's  wild  snatches  and  the  sweet  carolings  of  "As 
yiiu  Like  it."  Coleridge,  Lit.  Remains,  I.  82. 

Carolingian  (kar-o-lin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
Carlovingian,  after  F.  CarXovingien ;  =  Sp.  Var- 
loriuijeo  =  It.  Carolingio,  Carlovingio,  Carolino. 

<  ML.  Caroli niji,  the  successors  of  Charlemagne, 

<  OHG.  Karling,  Charting,  MHG.  Kdrline,  Ecr- 
line,  patronymic  deriv.  of  Karel,  Karl,  Charles: 
see  carl  and  -<h</3.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Frankish  royal  and  imperial  family  or  dy- 
nasty which  succeeded  the  Merovingians:  so 
called  from  Charles  Martel,  duke  of  the  Franks 
and  mayor  of  the  palace.  Charles  exercised  royal 
power  without  the  royal  title.  His  son  Pepin  the  Short 
deposed  the  last  of  the  Merovingians  ami  made  himself 
king  A.  i>.  751  or  752.  Pepin's  grandson  Charlemagne,  or 
Charles  the  Great,  renewed  the  Western  Empire  by  con- 
quest, and  was  crowned  emperor  over  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy  in  800.  The  empire  was  subsequently  divided 
into  subordinate  kingdoms,  and  was  finally  broken  up  in 
888,  though  the  title  emperor  was  not  at  once  abandoned. 
Carolingian  kings  continued  to  reign  in  Germany  till  911 
(Louis  the  Child),  and  in  France  till  987  (Louis  V.). 

II.  h.  A  member  or  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 

the  Carolingian  family  or  dynasty. 
Carolinian  (kar-o-lin'i-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Caro- 
lina +  -inn.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Car- 

olinas,  or  to  either  of  the  two  States  of  North 

and  South  Carolina. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  either 

North  or  South  Carolina. 
carolino  (kar-o-le'no),  n.     See  carlino. 
carolitic,  carblytic  (kar-o-lit'ik),  a.     [Ori- 
gin   (appar.    Gr.) 

not  obvious.]    In 

arch.,      decorated 

with         branches 

and  leaves,  as  a 

column.        t  lie  ill. 

Also  written  car- 

oletic.       [Not     in 

use.] 
Carollia  (ka-rol'i- 

a),«.   [NL.]  Age- 

nus  of  small  South 

American      phyl- 

lostomine      bats, 

connecting       the 

genus     Vampyrus 

with  G-lossophaga. 

C.   brevicauda    so 

closely  resembles 

species  of  Glosso- 

phaga  as  to  have 

been    often    con- 
founded with  it. 
carolling,  n.    See 

caroling*. 
carolus      (kar '  o  - 

lus),  n. ;  pi.  caroli 

(-11).      [ML.  form 

of    Charles :     see 

carl.]     The  com- 
mon   name    of    a 

gold        coin       of 

Charles   I.   of  England,   worth  20a-.,   officially 

called  the  unite. 
carolwiset,  adv.     [ME.  carolewyse;  <  carol1  + 

insc-.]     In  the  manner  of  a  carol. 

Aftyr  that  they  wentyn  in  cumpas 
Daunsynge  aboute  this  flour  an  esy  pas, 
And  songyn,  as  it  were,  in  carolewyse. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  201  (1st  version). 

carolytic,  a.    See  carolitic 

carom  (kar'om),  n.  [Short  for  carambole.  n., 
q.  v.]  In  billiards,  the  hitting  of  two  or  three 
balls  in  succession  by  the  cue-ball  from  one 
stroke  of  the  cue:  in  Great  Britain  sometimes 
called  cannon.    Also  spelled  carrom. 

carom  (kar'om),  v.  i.  [<  carom,  «.,  or  short  for 
carambole,  v.,  q.  v.]  1.  In  billiards,  to  make 
a  earom  (which  see).  —  2.  To  strike  or  collide 
against  a  thing  and  then  rebound  or  glance  off 
again ;  cannon :  usually  with  on,  and  common 
in  racing  slang:  as,  Eclipse  caromed  on  High- 
flyer and  injured  his  chance  of  winning. 
Also  spelled  carrom. 

caromel  (kar'o-mel),  ii.     See  caramel. 

caroomet,  ».      A  corruption  of  carroonV. 

caroon  (ka-ron'),  n.  [Prob.  <  Gael,  caorunn, 
the  mountain-ash  or  rowan-tree,  caorunn,  cao- 
rann,  and  in  simple  form  caor,  the  berry  of  the 
same,  =  Ir.  caor,  a  berry,  grape,  >  cuorthainn, 


Reverse. 

I', lite  or  Carolus  of  Charles  I..  British 
Museum.    [Size  of  the  original.) 


caroon 

the  mountain-ask.]     A  species  of  cherry.     Sm«- 
monds.    Also  spelled  carroon. 
carosseH,  "•     Same  as  caroche. 
carosse-,  ».    See  kaross. 
carotel,  caroteel  (kar-6-tel',-tel'),  ».   [E.  Ind.] 
1.    An  Oriental   weight  varying  from  5  to  9 
pounds.  —  2.  In  Eastern  commerce,  a  bundle, 
generally  of  dried  fruits,    weighing  about  7 
hundredweight.     A  carotel  of  mace  is  3  hun- 
dredweight. 

carotic  ( ka-rot'ik),  a.  [=  F.  caroUque  =  Sp. 
cardtieo,  <  Gr.  tcapoTiKdr,  stupefying,  <  Kapovv, 
stupefy,  <  mpoc,  stupor,  torpor,  heavy  sleep: 
see  cams.]  1.  Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
stupor  or  carus. — 2.  Same  as  carotid. 
caroticotympanic  (ka-rot'i-ko-tim-pan'ik),  a. 
[<  earotic  +  tympanic."]  In  aunt.,  pertaining  to 
tlie  carotid  canal  and  the  tympanum. 
carotid  (ka-rot'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  carotide, 
n.,  caroUdien,  a.,  =  Sp.  carotida,  n.,  caroUdeo, 
a.,  =  Pg.  carotidas,  n.  pi.,  =  It.  carotidi,  n.  pi., 
<  NL.  carotis,  pi.  carotides  (cf.  ML.  carotictz, 

•  carotids),  <  Or.  napu-ic,  usually  in  pi.  Kapurldec, 
the  two  great  arteries  of  the  neck,  so.  called,  it 
is  said,  from  a  belief  that  sleep  was  caused 
by  an  increased  flow  of  blood  to  the  head 
through  these  vessels,  <  Kapoew,  napovv,  plunge 
into  sleep,  stupefy,  <  sapor,  stupor:  see  carotic.] 
I.  h.  The  principal  artery  of  the  neck  of  the 
higher  vertebrates.  There -are  usually  two  carotids, 
right  and  left,  giving  off  few  if  any  branches  in  the  neck 
itself,  but  supplying  the  lieail.  In  man,  the  right  carotid 
arises  in  common  with  the  right  subclavian  from  the  in- 
nominate artery  ;  the  left  arises  directly  from  the  arch  of 
the  aorta:  both  ascend  the  neck  nearly  vertically,  but 
somewhat  divaricating  from  each  other,  in  front  of  tin- 
spinal  column  and  on  each  side  of  the  trachea,  inclosed 
with  the  pneumogastric  nerve  and  internal  jugular  vein  in 
the  carotid  sheath,  and  divide  opposite  the  upper  border 
of  the  thyroid  cartilage  into  the  internal  and  external 
carotids ;  up  to  this  division  the  right  and  left  carotids  are 
termed  the  common  carotids.  The  external  carotids  are 
the  outer  of  the  terminal  branches  of  the  common  carotids, 
supplying  mainly  parts  of  the  head  outside  the  brain  cav- 
ity ;  their  branches  are  the  superior  thyroid,  lingual,  facial, 
occipital,  posterior  auricular,  ascending  pharyngeal,  in- 
ternal maxillary,  and  temporal  arteries.  Tile  internal 
carotids  are  the  inner  of  the  terminal  branches  of  the  com- 
mon carotids,  ascending  deeply  along  the  side  of  the  neck 
and  entering  the  cavity  of  the  cranium  through  the  carotid 
canal  in  the  temporal  bone,  supplying  the  brain  and  asso- 
ciate structures.  (See  cuts  under  embryo  and  lung.)  A 
similar  arrangement  of  the  carotids  is  substantially  re- 
peated in  mammals.  In  birds  the  disposition  of  these  arte- 
ries varies  much,  but  in  most  cases  there  is  but  one  carotid, 
the  left,  or  siuistrocarotid.     Also  carotis. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  two  great  arteries 
of  the  neck :  as,  the  carotid  canal.  Also  carotic. 
—  Carotid  arteries.  See  I.— Carotid  canal,  the  pas- 
sage by  which  the  internal  carotid  artery  enters  the  cavity 
of  the  cranium  ;  in  man,  a  sinuous  canal  through  the  pe- 
trous portion  of  the  temporal  bone. —  Carotid  foramen. 
See  foramen.  —  Carotid  ganglion,  a  small  sympathetic 
ganglion  occasionally  found  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
internal  carotid  artery  while  in  the  carotid  canal.  — Ca- 
rotid gland,  in  embryol.,  the  termination  of  the  Brat  or 
anterior  primitive  aortic  arch,  whence  the  internal  and 
external  carotids  arise.  —  Carotid  groove,  the  sigmoid 
groove  on  either  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
where  the  internal  carotid  artery  and  cavernous  sinus  lie. 
Also  called  cavernous  groove. —  Carotid  nerve,  (a)  A 
branch  of  the  glossopharyngeal  which  accompanies  the  in- 
ternal carotid  artery,  (b)  The  large  deep  petrosal  nerve, 
(c)  The  sympathetic  nerve  running  up  along  the  internal 
carotid  artery  from  the  first  cervical  ganglion.— Carotid 
plexus,  the  plexus  of  sympathetic  fibers  lying  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  internal  carotid  while  in  the  carotid 
canal.— Carotid  sheath,  a  membranous  envelop  en- 
sheathing  the  common  carotid  artery,  internal  jugular 
vein,  and  pneumogastric  nerve. —  Carotid  tubercle,  the 
prominent  anterior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  process  <<i 
the  sixth  cervical  vertebra,  against  which  the  common 
carotid  artery  may  be  compressed. —  Cerebral  carotid 
artery.    Same  as  internal  carotid.    Seel. 

carotidal  (ka-rot'i-dal),  a.     Carotid.     [Rare.] 

carotides,  ».     Plural  of  carotis. 

carotin,  carotine  (kar'6-tin),  ».  [<  L.  carota, 
carrot,  +  -in,2,  -ine2.]  The  coloring  matter  of 
the  carrot. 

carotis  (ka-rd'tis),  n. ;  pi.  carotides  (ka-rot'i- 
dez).     [NL. :  see  carotid.]     Same  as  carotid. 

carouge  (ka-roj'),  n.  [Appar.  the  F.  form  of 
a  native  name.  F.  carouye  is  otherwise  a  var. 
of  caroube,  carob:  see  carob.]  Cuvier's  name 
for  a  bird  of  his  genus  Xanthomas:  applied 
to  various  American  orioles,  hangnests,  or  ba- 
nana-birds of  the  family  Icteridce,  as  the  Balti- 
more bird  and  orchard-oriole. 

carousal1  (ka-rou'zal),  n.  [<  carouse  +  -al; 
the  form  being  suggested  perhaps  by  the  older 
word  carousal2,  carousel.]  A  feast  or  festival; 
a  noisy  drinking-bout  or  revel. 

The  swains  were  preparing  for  a  carousal. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  43. 

=  Syn.  Revel,  Carousal,  Wassail,  Spree,  Debauch,  Satur- 
nalia, Orgy  agree  in  expressing  times  of  excess  in  drinking ; 
some  of  them  include  other  sensual  pleasures.  They  are 
in  the  order  of  strength  and  consequent  reprobation  im- 
plied.    A  revel  is  accompanied  with  some  drunkenness, 


829 

disorder,  and  noise.  A  carousal  Is  by  derivation  -i  time  of 
drinking  deeply  ;  it  may  '»•  a  bacchanalian  feast,  a  noisy, 
unrestrained  drinking-bout.  Wassail  is  limited  by  its 
associations  with  the  past  so  as  to  be  chiefly  poetic  or  to 
express  deep  drinking.    $i>rer  is  considered  ;i  colloquial 

word,  but  seems  likely  to  win  recognitlo .<  convenient 

word  for  a  period  of  drunkenness  which  incites  to  wild 
and  reckless  action.  Debauch  Is  distinctively  excess,  hav- 
ing less  reference  now  than  formerly  to  eating,  applying 
chiefly  to  gross  lewdness  or  drunkenness,  winch  is  often 
prolonged.  Saturnalia,  like  u-assail,  has  historical  asso- 
ciations;  it  is  a  strong  word  for  license,  noisy  revelry, 
gross  and  continued  debauchery.  Orgy  is  by  derivation  a 
secret  nocturnal  debauch, and  by  usage  a  time  of  joining 
in  a  wild  or  frantic  abandonment  to  drunkenness  or  lust, 
or  both  —  the  extreme  in  that  kind  of  misconduct.  See 
feast, 

0  that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to 
steal  away  their  brains!  that  we  should,  with  joy,  pleas- 
ance,  revel,  and  applause,  transform  ourselves  into  beasts  ! 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  ::. 
The  carousals  in  the  castle-halls ;  the  jollity  of  the  ban- 
quet tables.  /.  B' Israeli,  Curios,  of  bit.,  IV.  322. 
We  did  but  talk  you  over,  pledge  you  all 
In  wassail,  Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 
Fat  Luxury,  sick  of  the  night's  debauch, 
Lay  groaning.           Pollok,  Course  of  Time,  vii.  69. 
Among  the  dependencies  of  Athens  seditions  assumed 
a  character  more  ferocious  than  even  in  France,  during 
the  reign  of  terror — the  accursed  Saturnalia  of  an  ac- 
cursed bondage. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece,  p.  18S. 
Amid  its  fair  broad  lands  the  abbey  lay, 
Sheltering  dark  orijies  that  were  shame  to  tell. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  xx. 

carousal-',  carousel  (kar'6-zal,  -zel),  n.  [Prop. 
carousel,  <.  V.  carrousel,  a  tilt,  tilting-match,  < 
It.  carosello,  a  form  altered  (by  confusion  with 
carricello,  dim.  of  carro,  a  car,  chariot)  from 
garosello,  a  festival,  a  tournament,  lit.  a  fight, 
quarrel,  <  garosello,  quarrelsome,  dim.  from 
garoso,  quarrelsome,  <  gnra,  strife,  contention, 
perhaps  another  form  of  gtterra,  war,  <  OHG. 
werra  =  E.  war,  q.  v.]  If.  A  tilting-match  or 
similar  pageant ;  military  exercises;  a  tourna- 
ment in  which  cavaliers  executed  various  evo- 
lutions, sometimes  intermingled  with  allegori- 
cal dances  and  scenic  representations. 

Before  the  crystal  palace,  where  he  dwells, 
The  armed  angels  hold  their  carousels. 

Marvell,  Lachrymse  Musarum  (1650). 
A  royal  carousal  given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  245. 
Leaving  out  the  warlike  part  of  the  carousals. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Albion  and  Albanius. 

2.  See  carrousel,  2. 
carouse  (ka-rouz',  formerly  ka-rous'),  ».  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  carowse  and  garouse  ;  <  OF.  carotis, 
later  carousst .  F.  earrousse,  a  drinking-bout,  = 
Sp.  caraos,  formerly  carduz,  drinking  a  full 
bumper  to  one"s  health,  orig.  an  adv.,  <  G. 
gun/us:,  adv.,  quite  out,  all  out,  as  substantive 
a  finishing  stroke  (ef.  attains,  E.  all  out,  formerly 
used  in  the  same  way,  of  emptying  a  bumper), 

<  gar,  quite,  completely  (=  E.  tjarc),  +  aits  = 
E.  out.]  It.  A  hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of 
liquor:  as,  to  quaff  or  drink  carouse. 

And  here  with  a  carowse  after  a  blessing  begins  the  feast. 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  200. 

A  full  carouse  of  sack.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

With  my  poniard  will  I  stab  my  flesh, 
And  quaff  carouses  to  thee  of  my  blood. 

Lust's  Dominion,  i.  1. 
The  Prelats  revell  like  Belshazzar  with  their  full  ca- 
rouses in  Goblets  and  vessels  of  gold  snatcht  from  Gods 
Temple.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  A  carousal ;  a  noisy  banquet. 

The  early  feast  and  late  carouse.  Pope. 

=  Syn.  2.  See  carousali. 

carouse  (ka-rouz'),  »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caroused, 

ppr.  carousing.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  carowse 

and  garouse;  <  OF.  carousst  r,  drink,  quaff,  swill, 

<  carous,  a  carouse :  see  the  noun.]  I.  intrans. 
To  drink  freely  and  with  jollity ;  revel  noisily 
or  intemperately. 

"  A  health,"  quoth  he,  as  if 
He  had  been  aboard,  carousing  to  his  mates 
After  a  storm.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

Having  all  day  carous'd  and  banqueted. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 
I  said,  O  soul,  make  merry  and  carouse'. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

II. t  trams.  To  drink  up;  drink  to  the  bottom. 
He  in  that  forest  did  death's  cup  carowse. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  646. 
[Roderigo]  To  Desdemona  hath  to-night  carous'd 
Potations  pottle-deep.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Homer,  to  whom  the  Muses  did  carouse 
A  great  deep  cup  with  heavenly  nectar  flll'd. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Dancing. 

carousel,  u.     See  carousal2  and  carrousel. 
carouser  (ka-rou'zer),  «.     [<  carouse,  v.,  +  -er1. 
Formerly  also  garouser.]    One  who  carouses ;  a 


carp 

drinker;  a  toper:  a  noisy  reveler  or  bacchana- 
lian. 

carousingly  (ka-rou'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  carous- 
ing manner. 

carp1   (kiirp),  v.     [<  ME.  carpen,  speak,  say, 

tell,  <  Icel.  Karpa,  boast,  brag  (knrp,  bragging), 
=  Sw.  dial.  learpa,  brag,  boast,  appar.  the  same 
as  Sw.  dial,  garpa  =  Norw.  garpa,  brag,  boast; 
cf.  Icel.  ga/rpr  =  OSw.  garp  =  Norw.  garp,  :| 
warlike  or  boastful  man,  also  a  term  applied  in 
the  middle  ages  to  the  Hanseatic  traders  in 
Sweden  and  Norway.  The  orig.  sense  'speak' 
or  'talk'  has  taken  in  mod.  use  a  sinister  ad- 
dition, 'talk  censoriously,'  appar.  by  associa- 
tion with  the  L.  carprre,  carp  at,  slander,  calum- 
niate, revile,  also,  figuratively,  pluck,  pick, 
crop,  gather,  tear  off,  pull  in  pieces,  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  mp-6c,  fruit  (that  which  is  gath- 
ered), and  to  E.  harvest,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  speak;  tell. 

Wrhen  he  told  hade  his  tale  tomly  [leisurely]  to  the  ende, 
He  enclinet  the  kyng,  and  earpit  no  more. 

Destruction  ■•/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2448. 
Now  we  leven  Joseph,  and  of  the  kyng  carpen. 

Joseph  of  Ariinnthic,  1.  175. 

Hwen  thu  art  on  eise,  carpe  toward  Ihesu  and  seie  thise 
wordes.      Old  Eng.  Homilies,  1st  ser.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  287. 

I  will  now  carp  of  kings.  Percy  MS. 

2f.  To  talk;  babble;  chatter. 

In  felaweschipe  wel  cowde  sche  lawghe  and  carpe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  474. 
Kepe  thi  knyfe  both  clene  A  scherpe, 
And  be  not  besy  forto  kerpe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 
3.  To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particularly 
without  reason  or  petulantly:  user!  absolutely 
or  followed  by  a  t. 

Other  of  your  insolent  retinue 
Do  hourly  carp  and  quarrel.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

No,  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch 
And  at  my  actions  carp  and  catch.    G.  Herbert. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  utter;  speak. 

With  corage  kene  he  carves  thes  wordes. 

Morte  Arthurc  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1725. 
Then  our  king  full  of  courage  carped  these  words. 

Percy  MS. 
2.  To  blame  ;  find  fault  with ;  chide. 

Suspecting  that  Euphues  would  be  carped  of  some  curi- 
ous Reader.  Byly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  214. 
My  honest  homely  words  were  carp'd  and  censured. 

Dryden. 
carpH  (kiirp),  h.    [ME. :  see  carp1,  v.]    Speech; 
talk ;  conversation. 

When  non  wolde  kepe  hym  with  carp  he  co3ed  ful  hy3e, 
Ande  rimed  hym  ful  richley,  &  ry3t  hym  to  speke. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knigkl(&.  E.  T.  s.),  i.  307. 

carp2  (kiirp),  n.  [<  ME.  carpe  (not  found  in 
AS.)  =  D.  karper  =  OHG.  charpho,  carfo, 
MHG.  carphe,  karjie,  G.  Tcarpfen,  karpfe  =  Icel. 
karfi  =  Sw.  tcarp  =  Dan.  karpe;  hence  (from 
Teut.)  ML.  (LL.)  carpa  (>  F.  carpe  =  Pr.  es- 
carpa  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpa  =  Wall,  crap),  later 
carj)o(n-),  carpio(n-)  (>  It.  carpio,  carpione),  and 
prob.  Pol.  harp  =  Serv.  karpa  =  Russ.  karpu 
=  Bohem.  lcapr  =  Lett,  karpa;  also  W.  carp, 
Gael,  carblianaeh,  a  carp.  Prob.  an  orig.  Teut. 
word  ;  if  so,  the  other  forms  are  borrowed.]  1. 
Ateleosteanfish  of  the  family  Cyprinidce,Cypri- 
nuscarpio.  Thenonnalformhasalongcompressedbody, 
large  scales  (35  to  39  being  along  the  lateral  line),  a  long 
dorsal  with  a  strong  serrate  spine  and  17  to  22  ravs.  a  short 
anal  with  3  simple  and  5  branched  rays,  and  4  barbels  upon 
the  upper  jaw.  It  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into 
England  in  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  an  excellent  fish 
for  ponds,  as  it  breeds  rapidly,  grows  to  a  large  size,  some- 
times attaining  the  length  of  4  feet,  and  lives  for  many 
years.  In  old  age  its  scales  become  gray  and  white.  There 
are  numerous  varieties,  the  most  notable  being  In)  the 
normal  form  or  scale-carp  just  described,  a,)  the  mxrror- 
carp,  distinguished  by  very  large  scales  below  the  dorsal, 


Mirror-Carp  ICyprinus  carpio).    (From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, 1884.) 

above  the  anal,  and  in  a  median  posterior  row,  and  (c) 
the  leather-carp,  characterized  by  its  almost  or  quite  na- 
ked skin.  The  last  two  have  long  been  the  subjects  of 
special  culture,  and  have  been  widely  distributed  in  the 
United  States. 

2.  A  fish  related  to  the  common  carp.  The  best- 
known  is  the  gold  carp  or  goldfish,  Carassias  auratus.  See 
cut  under  goldfish. 

3.  A  name  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Ireland 
for  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellns  centrodon- 
tus. — 4.    An  English  name  of  the  opah. —  5. 


carp 

In  the  United  States,  a  carp-sueker;  a  eatos- 
tomoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  IctioMncB  and  so- 
Norwegian  carp,  a  nan f  the  Si 

Prussian  carp,  an  English  i k-name 

....  or  gibeUo. 

carpadelium  (kar-pa-de'li-um),  «.:  pi.  carpa- 

(-&).      [NL.  (>  i'.  carpadelt  ),  <  (Jr.  a 
Eruit,  +  a6rf/joQ,  no!   manifest:  see  ddela."]    In 
■  .  i  mocarp. 

carpal(kar'pal),a.and  a.  [<NL.  carpafe,  (.car- 
pus, q.  v.]    I.  ".  1.  Pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 

wrist.  — 2.  In-  a  i:  mi.,  pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
pterostigma  of  an  insect's  wing.  -  Carpal  angle, 
the  bend  of  the  wing;  the  Balience formed  at  the 
wrist-joint  "i-  carpus  when  fche  wing  is  closed.     It  is  an 
important  point  in  descriptive  ornithology,  since  the  regu- 
lar m,  t,  called  "length  of  wing,"or  "the  wing," 
:  in    .  ai  i'ii  angle  i"  the  end  "i  tin-  Innyest  quill- 
Carpal  ossicles.    See  ossicle. 
II.  ii.  Any  one  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist  or 
carpus ;  a  carpale. 

carpale  (kfix-pa'le),  ».:  pi.  carpalia  (-li-ji). 
[NL.,  neut.  of  carpalis:  see  carpal.']  1.  Any 
bone  of  the  carpus  or  wrist. —  2.  A  bone  of  the 
distal  row  of  the  carpus,  articulating  directly 
with  the  metacarpal  bones.  See  carpus. 
Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  of  the  Austrian  empire,  called  the 
Carpathians,  forming  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Hungary  and  inclosing 
Transylvania. 
carp-bream  (karp'brem),  >i.  An  English  name 
of  the  bream  when  its  color  resembles  that  of 
the  carp.  Day. 
carpe  diem  (kar'pe  di'em).  [L.,  seize  the  day: 
<'///>' .  L.M  pers.  pres.  impv.  of  carpere,  seize  (see 
carp1);  diem,  arc.  of  dies,  day:  see  dial.]  En- 
,j<  '\-  the  present  day ;  take  advantage  of,  or  make 
the  most  of,  the  present :  a  maxim  of  the  Epi- 
cureans. 

carpel  (kar'pel),  n.   [=  F.  carpelle,  <  NL.  carpel- 

In  in,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
KapTTor,  fruit :  see 
carp1.]  tnfco(.,a 
simple  pistil,  or 
one  of  the  sever- 
al members  com- 
posing a  com- 
pound pistil  or 
fruit.  In  its  most 
general  sense  it  is 
thatorgan  of  a  plant 
which  bears  ovules. 
A  carpel  is  regarded 
as  a  modified  leaf ; 
hence  the  term  car- 
pophyl,  which  lias  been  proposed  as  a  substitute.  Also 
called  carpid  or  carpidium. 

carpellary  (kar'pe-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  carpelhm, 
carpel,  +  -art/1;  =  F.  carpellaire.]  Belonging 
to  or  having  some  relation  to  a  carpel. 

These  structures,  which  may  be  called  carpellary  leaves, 
show  their  relationship  to  ordinary  foliage  leaves  in  hav- 
ing pinnce  toward  their  summits.     Bessey,  Botany,  p.  400. 

The  carpeUary  [eaves  are  tin-  foliar  structures  of  the 
Bower  which  stand  in  the  closest  genetic  and  functional 
relationships  t"  tin'  ovules.  They  either  produce  ami  bear 
the  ovuh-s  or  are  constructed  so  as  to  enclose  them  in  a 
chamber.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  429. 

carpentt  (kSr'pent),  n.  [ME.  carpent,  <  L.  car- 
pi iitnni.  a  two-wheeled  covered  carnage,  coach, 
or  chariot,  a  cart,  ML.  also  timber-  or  carpen- 
ter-work, framing  (in  this  sense  also  carpenta, 
>  F.  charpente;  of.  carpenter),  prob.  of  Celtic 
origin;  cf.  Ir.  and  flail,  carbad,  a  caniage, 
chariot,  litter,  Ir.  and  <  (Gael,  carh,  a  basket, 
carriage,  Ir.  cairbh  =  Gael,  cairb,  a  chariot,  a 
ship:  perhaps  akin  to  L.  corbis,  a  basket.]  A 
eart. 

Ami  for  an  acre  lande,  saithe  I'olninelle, 
Carpi  "'-.  \  \  1 1 II  is  to  telle. 

/'/'»".     Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  179. 

carpentet,  ».    An  erroneous  form  of  carpet. 

L,i\ .  .iih-  tin.  bedde,  or  wyndowes. 

Babeet  I     1  (E    E.  T.  S.),  p.  283. 

carpentedt  (kar'pen-ted  i,  n.    ( larpeted. 

carpenter  ter),  n.     [<  ME.  carpenter, 

<  OF.  carpentier,  V.  charpentier  =  I'r.  earpen- 
!,■  r  =  8p.  carpinU  m  =  Pg.  carpinteiro,  <  It.  rar- 
pentiere,  <  ML.  carpentarms,  a  carpenter,  I.. 
a  wagon  ma  lor,  carriage-maker,  later  a  I  u  a 
coachman,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  a  i-airtage 
o]  eart,     I  .  ,|  carriage, 

chariot,  a  earl :  see  carpent.]    1.  An 
artificer  in  timber;   one  who 

cutes  by  hand  tin-  w Iwori  of  ho 

imilar  constructions.    The  occupations  of 
1  arpenti  c  ami  joiner  hit  often  combined.    See 
joiner. —  2.  An  officer  of  a  ship,  whose  dut 
to  keep  under  supervision  and  maintain  in  order 
the  frame  of  the  ship  and  all  the  tyooden  i. 


a  h 

Carpels. 

,  flower  of  Actaa,  with  simple  pistil  ; 

b,  tricarpellary  fruit  of  aconite. 


830 

about  her Carpenter's  crew  (»«"'•).  a  set  of  men  em- 
ployed under  tiif  carpenter.  See  2.  Carpenter's  mate, 
a  petty  officer  of  a  vessel  ol  war  who  assists  the  carpenter. 
See  .'.'-Carpenter's  rule,  a  graduated  Bcale  with  slides, 
used  to  measure  timber  ami  east  tip  the  contents  of  car- 
penters' work. 

carpenter  (kar'pen-ter),  v.  i.     [<  carpenter,  ».] 
To  do  carpenters'  work  ;  practise  carpentry, 
lie  varnished,  he  carpenten  d,  he  glued. 

Jane  Austen,  Persuasion,  xl 

Mr,  Grimwig  plants,  fishes,  an. I  carpenters  with  great 

ardour.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  liii. 

carpenter-bee  (kar'pen-ter-be),  n.  The  com- 
mon mime  of  the  different  species  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects 
of  the  genus 
Xylocopa.  One 
specii  i  X.  viola- 
cea,  inhabits  the 
south  of  Europe ; 
in  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America  the 
species  are  nu- 
merous. They  re- 
semble common 
bumblebees  in 
general  appear- 
ance. They  usu- 
ally form  their 
nests  in  pieces  of 
half-rotten  wood, 
cutting  out  vari- 
ous apartments 
for  depositing 
their  eggs.  They 
have  sharp-point- 
ed triangular 
mandibles,  well 
adapted  to  bore 
holes  in  w 1. 

carpentering  (kar'pen-ter-irig),  n.  [<  carpen- 
ter 4-  -hit/1.'}  The  employment  or  work  of  a 
carpenter;  carpentry. 

carpenter-moth  (kar'pen-ter-mdth),  n.  A 
name  given  to  certain  large  bombycid  moths 
of  the  subfamily  Cossince.  The  larva  are  wood- 
borers,  and  often  do  great  damage  to  forest-trees.  The 
larvaofthelocustcarpenter-moth,  XyleutesrobiniceCBeok), 


Carpenter-bee  {Xylocopa  violacea),  one  half 
natural  size. 

a,  a  piece  of  wood  bored  by  the  bee,  showing 
grubs  and  food  deposited  in  the  cells  ;  b,  two 
cells  on  larger  scale. 


Male  Locust  Carpenter-moth  {A'yleutes  robinia),  natural  size. 

bores  into  the  wood  of  the  locust-tree,  Robinia.  It  re- 
mains in  the  larval  state  three  years,  and  attains  a  length 
of  2A  inches.  It  transforms  to  a  pupa  within  a  silk-lined 
cell  in  its  burrow,  and  issues  as  a  moth  in  the  spring  and 
summer.  The  European  carpenter-moths  are  called  goat- 
moths  by  English  writers,  on  account  of  their  character- 
istic odor. 

carpenter* s-herb  (kar '  pen  -terz  -  erb),  n.  The 
plant  heal-all,  Prunella  vulgaris,  its  corolla  when 
seen  in  profile  resembles  a  bill-hook,  and,  in  accordance 
with  the  doctrine  of  signatures,  the  plant  was  believed  to 
heal  wounds  from  edged  tools. 

carpentry  (kar'pen-tri),  n.     [<  ME.  carpentrie} 

-tarye,  <  OP.  carpenferie,  P.  cl/arpenterie  =  Pr. 
Carpentaria  =  Sp.  carpenteria}  carpmteria  =Pg. 
Carpentaria  =  It.  carpenteria9  <  ML.  Carpenta- 
ria, a  carpenter-shop,  L.  a  carriage-maker's 
shop,  prop.  fern,  of  carpentarms,  pertaining  to 
a  carriage  or  cart:  see  carpenter.}  1.  The  art 
of  cutting,  framing,  and  joining  the  timbers  or 
woodwork  of  buildings  and  similar  construc- 
tions by  means  of  hand-tools. 

Idealism  is  a  hypothesis  to  account  for  nature  by  other 
principles  than  those  of  carpentry  and  chemistry, 

Emerson,  .Misc.,  p,  50. 

2.  Carpenters'  work ;  any  work  of  the  kind  done 
by  carpenters. 

A  handsome,  panelled  door,  the  most  finished  piece  of 
carpentry  in  Silverado. 

/.'.  L.  SttTtitxi'/i.  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  145. 

carper  (kar'per),  n.     [ME.  ear/tare,  a  talker; 
<  carp*  -f  -,/•!.]     If.  A  talker. — 2.  One  who 
carps;  a  caviler.    Shah. 
The  carpers  against  feminine  eccentricity. 

Philadelphia  Telegraph,  XL.  1, 

carpet  (kar'pet),  n.  [ME.  earpefte,  <  OF.  car- 
pi t< .  ;i  e;n-|,ft,  ;i  sorl  of  clot  1),  F.  cttr/n  tt<\  ;i  rug. 
=  S]i.  earpffa,  n  table-cover,  =  It.  earpita,  a 
rug,  <  ML.  earpita.  carpeta,  a  kind  of  thick 
woolen  cloth,  cf.  carpia  (>It.  carpia=  P.  char- 
pit  (  V„  eliarpu  )  —  i\.  seharpir),  lint,  <  \j.  car- 
pere, pluck,  pull  in  pieces:  see  carp*.}  \m  A 
thick  t'nbiic,  usually  woven  of  wool,  or  of  wool 
on  a  linen  ground  or  back,  ami  in  more  or  less 
ornamental  designs,  used  for  covering  floors, 
stairs,  etc.    Formerly  the  carpet  (usually  in  a  single 


carpet-bagger 

piece,  like  the  Persian  carpet)  was  also  used  (as  it  still  is  in 
the  East)  for  covering  beds,  couches,  tables,  etc.,  and  for 
hangings.  (See  tapestry,  >  The  first  woven  carpets  were  pro- 
duced in  Egypt,  Babylonia,  Persia,  and  Hindustan,  whence 
they  were  introduced  into  Europe,  where  thej  are  supposed 
to  have  been  first  manufactured  by  the  French  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.,  and  next  in  England,  at  Mortlake  in  Sur- 
rey, in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  smaller  carpets  of  the 
East  are  now  commonly  called  rugs.     See  rug. 

Wyndowes  &  euphonies  layde  with  carpettes  and  cuys- 
shyns.  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  283j 

Cast  on  a  feather-bed,  and  spread  on  the  sheets 
Under  a  brace  of  your  best  Persian  carpets. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iv.  2. 
A  Carpet  to  cover  the  Table. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 

2.  Especially,  a  covering  of  this  material  for  a 
floor  or  stair,  made  of  several  widths  sewed  to- 
gether ami  intended  to  cover  all  the  floor-space 
of  a  room,  as  distinguished  from  a  rug,  which 
is  usually  woven  in  one  piece  of  a  definite  shape 
(either  oblong  or  square),  and  is  designed  to 
cover  a  part  of  the  floor  only. 

Take  care  my  house  be  handsome, 
And  the  new  stools  set  out,  and  boughs  and  rushes, 
And  flowers  for  the  window,  and  the  Turkey  carpet.     * 
Beau,  and  FL,  Coxcomb,  iv.  3. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  used  as  a  carpet,  or 

serving  the  purpose  of  a  carpet. 
The  grassy  carpet  of  this  plain.      Shah.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3. 
To  cover  the  wet  earth  with  a  thick  carpet  of  fern. 

Macaulai/. 

Aubusson  carpet,  a  carpet  made  at  Aubusson  in  France. 
It  is  made  in  one  piece,  in  the  hand  or  needlework  style 
of  the  Indian  carpets,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  the  ele- 
gance of  its  designs  and  coloring.—  Axminster  carpet, 
a  variety  of  Turkish  eurpet  with  a  chain  of  tlaxoi  jute,  and 
a  woolen  or  worsted  filling  made  into  a  pile  ;  s«i  named  from 
the  town  of  Axminster  in  Devonshire,  England,  where  it 
was  formerly  manufactured.— Brussels  carpet,  a  carpet 
of  a  kind  originally  made  in  Brussels,  having  a  heavy  linen 
web  inclosing  worsted  yarns  of  different  colors,  which  are 
raised  in  loops  to  form  the  pattern.  In  the  ordinary  Brus- 
sels carpet  both  the  pattern  and  the  ground  are  left  with 
the  loops  uncut;  in  the  imperial  Brussels  carpet  the  pat- 
tern is  raised  above  the  ground,  and  its  loops  are  cut  so 
as  to  form  a  pile,  those  of  the  ground  being  uncut.— Che- 
nille carpet,  a  carpet  in  which  the  weft  is  of  chenille  in- 
stead of  yarn.  The  pattern  is  dyed  in  the  chenille  itself, 
nothing  showing  at  the  surface  of  the  carpet  but  the  ends 
of  the  chenille  fringe.— Felt  carpet,  a  carpet  in  which 
the  filters  are  matted  or  felted  together  without  spinning 
or  weaving.— Ingrain  Carpet,  a  carpet  made  of  wool  dyed 
in  the  grain,  or  before  it  is  manufactured.  It  is  called 
Scotch  or  (in  England)  Kidderminster,  from  the  place 
w  here  it  is  made,  and  two-ply  or  tinre-ply,  according  to  the 
number  of  webs  composing  the  fabric— Paper  carpet,  a 
floor-covering  (plain  or  in  imitation  of  ornamental  woods) 
made  of  a  hard  and  tenacious  paper  called  hession,  which 
is  made  by  subjecting  the  paper-pulp  to  the  action  of  chlo- 
rid  of  zinc  and  then  to  strong  pressure,  by  which  means 
the  product  is  rendered  hard  and  tough  like  leather. — 
Persian  carpet,  a  carpet  made  in  one  piece,  instead  of 
In  breadths  or  strips  to  be  joined.  The  warp  and  weft  are 
of  linen  or  hemp,  and  the  tufts  of  colored  wool  are  inserted 
by  twisting  them  around  the  warp  all  along  the  row  ac- 
cording to  the  wearer's  taste,  no  pattern  being  used.  A 
line  of  tufts  being  inserted,  a  shoot  of  the  weft  is  made,  and 
then  beaten  up  to  close  the  fabric —  Pile  carpet,  a  carpet 
made  in  the  same  way  as  Brussels  carpet,  but  having  its 
loops  cut,  thus  forming  a  pile  or  soft  surface. — Printed 
carpet,  a  carpet  dyed  or  printed  in  colors;  it  is  either 
woven  in  undyed  colors  and  printed  like  calico,  or  the 
yarn  is  dyed  in  sections,  which  are  adjusted  according  to 
their  future  position  in  the  fabric. —  Scotch  carpet.  Same 
as  ingrain  carpet.— To  be  on  the  carpet  (more  common- 
ly mi  the  tttf>is:  see  below),  literally,  to  be  on  the  table- 
cloth or  table,  as  for  consideration;  hence,  to  be  under 
discussion ;  be  the  subject  of  deliberation  or  of  intended 
action:  a  translation  of  the  French  phrase  €tre  sur  le  tapis 
(tapis,  table-cloth,  carpet,  etc  :  see  tapest ry). —Turkish 
or  Turkey  carpet,  a  carpet  similar  to  the  Persian,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  selection  of  the  tufts  of  colored  wool 
according  to  the  pattern  followed,  and  the  manner  of  their 
attachment  to  the  back.  The  cutting  of  the  yarn  gives  it 
the  appearance  of  velvet.  — Venetian  carpet,  a  carpet 
with  a  warp  or  chain  of  worsted,  generally  arranged  in 
different -colored  stripes.—  Wilton  carpet,  a  variety  of 
Brussels  carpet  in  which  the  loops  are  cut  open  into  an 
elastic  velvet  pile  :  so  named  from  being  made  originally 
at  Wilton  in  England. 

carpet  (kar'pet),  v.  t.  [<  carpet,  //.}  1.  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  a  carpet;  spread  with 
carpets:  as,  to  carpet  a  room. —  2.  To  bring 
upon  the  carpet  or  under  consideration;  make 
a  subject  of  investigation ;  hence,  to  reprimand ; 
"haul  over  the  coals." 

carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
traveling-bag  made  of  carpeting  on  a  frame; 
hence,  by  extension,  a  traveling-bag  of  any 
kind  similarly  formed. 

II.  a.  Of  or  characteristic  of  carpet-baggers: 
as,  carjx  t-batf  government;  carpet-bag  politics. 
[U.  S.  slang.] 

carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  v.  L  [<  carpet-bag- 
ger.} To  act  or  live  in  the  manner  of  a  carpet- 
bagger.     |  r.  S.  slang.] 

carpet-bagger  (kar'pet-bag^er),  n.  One  who 
travels  with  a  onrpef-bag;  specifically,  a  person 
who  takes  up  his  residence  in  a  place,  with  no 
more  property  than  he  brings  in  a  carpet-bag, 
with  a  view  of  making  his  way  by  enterprise. 


carpet-bagger 

(a*)  In  the  west,  in  United  States, 
that  is,  one  who  had  no  local  abidtn    . 
be  [ound  when  wanted.    (o)  In  the  Southern  Statea,  after 
tin-  civil  war,  a  nrw  -I'miu-r  from  tin-  North  :  an  opprobri- 
ous terra  applied  properly  to  a  class  of  adventurers  who 

took  advantage  of  the  disorganized  i dition  of  political 

affairs  in  the  earlier  years  of  reconatruction  to  gaii 

tn>l  of  the  public  offices  and  to  use  their  Influence  over  the 
negro  voters  tor  their  own  selfish  ends.  The  term  was 
often  extended  t"  include  any  unpopular  person  of  North- 
ern origin  living  in  the  South 


831 

wildcat"  hanker,  carpet-moth  (kar'pet-mdth),  ».    A  name  of 
i'1"1  "cicoiii.i  not    gjjjyjjy  geometric!  moths,  from  their  variegated 
coloration. 

carpet-rod  (kar'pet-rod),  re.  One  of  the  rods 
used  to  keep  a  stair-carpet  in  its  place, 
carpet-snake  (kar'pet-snak),  «.  A  large  Aus- 
tralian serpent,  Uorclia  variegata,  a.  kind  of 
python  or  boa:  so  called  from  its  variegated 
coloration. 

Same  as 


A  good  deal  of  bitterness  of  feeling  has  been  shown  in  carDet-strainer  (kiir'pet-stra"ner),  re.    Sa: 

all  the  conventions  in  regard  to  the  preset and  great      ..„**  ../,.,./,./,,.,. 

prominence  as  members,  of  what,  the  Louisiana  people     •"'/  ''""/  "' '  v'      ....    ,       .      .„„,-,,  #  ,•„.-,    ,, 
. .11  •,„■,„■,  i,,wre-„,(,.,  that  is,  who  are  new-eomes  in  carpet-stretcher  (kar   pet-strech''6r),  r. 


«.     A 
The  Nation,  VI.  128  (1868).     tool  for  st  retching  a  carpet  and  holding  it  firm- 
carpet-baggism  (kar'pet-bag"izm),  n.     [<ear-    ly  while  being  tacked  to  the  floor 
pet-bag  +  -ism.] 


Government  by  carpet-bag-  carpet-sweeper  (kar  pet-swe'per),  «• .  A  me- 


gers;  the  practices  or  methods  of  carpet-bag- 
gers.    See  carpet-bagger,  (&).     [U.  S.  slang.] 

Whichever  party  is  successful  this  year,  the  vile  scandal 
known  as  carpet-baggism  is  doomed,  and  the  states  lately 
in  rebellion  are  sure  at.  last  of  being  left  to  themselves. 

C.  /■'.  Adams,  quoted  in  Merriam's  Life  of  Bowles,  It.  195. 

carpet-beater  (kar'pet-be-*ter),  re.  1.  A  per- 
son employed  in  cleaning  carpets  by  beating 
the  dust  out  of  them.— 2.  A  carpet-cleaning 
machine.    It  consists  usually  of  vibrating  rods  that 

shake  the  dust  from  the  fabric,  ami  revolving  cylinders  carnet-Walkt    (kiir '  pet- wak), 
covered  with  brushes  to  complete  the  process. 

carpet-bedding  (kar'pet-bed*ing),  n.    In  hort., 

a  system  of  bedding  in  which  neat  dwarf -grow- 
ing' foliage-plants  alone  are  used  in  the  form 
of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or  other  designs.  Also 
called  ribbon-bedding  in  the  United  States. 
carpet-beetle  (kar'pet-be'tl),  re.  A  popular 
name  of  Anthrenus  scropliularia;  a  beetle  of  the 


chanical  sweeper  or  broom  for  cleaning  car 
pets  and  collecting  the  dust  in  a  closed  pan. 
ft  is  sometimes  operated  by  means  of  a  crank  on  the 
handle,  but  commonly  a  cylindrical  brush  la  moved  by 
the  roller  wheels  that  support  the  apparatus  on  the  floor, 
the  pushing  forward  of  the  machine  by  the  handle  serving 
to  keep  it  iii  operation, 
carpet-thread  (kar'pet-thred),  n.  A  heavy, 
three-cord  thread  of  linen  with  a  soft  satin- 
like finish,  used  for  sewing  breadths  of  carpet 
together. 

'    m.     A  walk  on 


Carpocratian 

boring  wood.  One  of  the  commonest  speeii  s  to  which 
the  name  is  given  is  the  California  woodpecker,  Mela- 
nerpes  formici 


varus;  another 
la      the      Gila 

U   oo  ,1  locket, 

Centurus  uro- 
pygialis. 

Carpinus 
(kar-pi'nus), 
n.  [L.,  horn- 
beam.]      A 

small  genus 
of     trees      or 

tall  shrubs, 
of  the  natu- 
ral order  Cit- 
■puliferaj.  The 

species  have  de- 
ciduous leaves, 
like  those  of  the 
beech,  anilhare 
tough  wood, 
and  are  natives 
of  Europe,  the 
Levant,  and 
North  Ameri- 
ca.    The  horn- 

beam  of  Europe,  C.  Detains,  ami  the  hornbeam  or  blue 
beech  of  the  United  states,  C.  Caroliniana,  are  small  trees 
with  heavy,  very  haul,  and  strong  w I,  which  is  some- 
times used  for  level's,  the  handles  of  tools,  cogs,  etc. 


Carpinus  Betulus. 

,  fruiting  branch  ;  l>,  single  nutlet,  with 
bract,  on  a  larger  scale. 


smooth  turf.    Boelyn. 

carpet-wayt  (k&r'pet-wa),  re.  A  green  way;  a  ™rvr~  (k'arp'lis),  ».(</.  A  general  name  of 
strip  or  border  of  greensward  left  round  the  ^fS^asitie  crustaceans  or  fish-liee  of 
margin  ot  a  plowed  held.    May.  ,      family  An/nlidw,   forming  with  some  au- 

carpet-weed  (kar 'pet-wed),  re.  The  popular  \llTl\sllordivBra'llc]liur(l,  by  others  referred 
name  of  plants  ot  the  ge nns  M M Utgo   moon-    £ ors^ **  .   so  ^  beeause  th 

spicuous  annuals,  somewhat  resembling  plants  cvnrinoid  fishes 

of  the  ge"""  r.,,11,,,,,  in  their  Whit,  found  it  ca.rP  nnoiu      sues^ 

warmeri  u 
ci  I  In  la  is  most  widely  distributed. 

carpet-worsted   ( kar '  pet-wurs '  ted), 


ge„„s  SoUiM.  in  their  habit,  found  in  the  c™^  "cbSdST- T   [Origin  unknown; 
r  regions  of  hoth  hemispheres.    M.  vert,-  ««>»»  Tffiof  coawe  cToth  formerly 

a     made  m  the  north  ot  England. 
-"-    rr  r,..    ,.„™"u;„:- 


D0-.     T<  Gr.  ttapiro-,  combining  form  of  nap- 
coarse    dnd  of  worsted  sewing-thread,  sold  in  c^P°fl^;tL.  see  mrpl_]     ^  element  in  certain 

compound  words,  meaning  fruit. 

carpobalsamum  (kar-po-bal'sa-mnm),  n.  [NL. 
(>  P.  carpobalsame  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpohalsamo), 
<  Gr.  mapirdc,  fruit,  +  pa'/aapov,  balsam.]  1 .  The 
dried  fruit  of  Commiphora  (Balsamodendron) 
Opobalsamum,  the  tree  which  yields  balm  of  Gti- 
lead. —  2.  An  aromatic  volatile  oil  resembling 
oil  of  cloves,  obtained  from  this  fruit. 

Carpocapsa  (kar-po-kap'sS,),  re.  [NL.  (>  Sp. 
carpocapso),  <  Gr.  Kapirdc,  fruit,  +  mfee,  the  act 
of  devouring,  <  Kanreiv,  gulp  down,  devour.] 
1.  A  genus  of  tortricid  moths,  or  lepidopterous 


balls.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 
carpholite  (kar'fo-lit),  «.  [Also  written  lar- 
pholitc;  <  Gr.  ndp'ijioc,  a  dry  stalk,  straw  (<  /.-<//>- 
ipeiv,  dry  up,  wither),  +  VSoc,  a  stone.]  A 
hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  manganese, 
occurring  in  delicate  radiating  tufts  of  a  straw- 
yellow  color  at  the  Bohemian  tin-mines. 
carphologia  (kar-fo-lo'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaptjioXoyia,  a  gathering  of  dry  sticks  (or  bits  of 
wool,  etc.),  <  Kdptpoc,  straw,  dry  sticks,  bits  of 
wool,  etc.,  +  Tieyetv,  gather,  pluck.]  hipatliol., 
a  delirious  picking  at  the  bedclothes  in  sick- 
ness; floccillation. 

carphology  (kar-fol'5-ji),  n.  [=  F.  carplwlogie 
=  Sp.  carfologia  =  Pg.  carphologia,  <  NL.  car- 
phologia: see  carphologia.^  Same  as  carpho- 
logia. 

Ca'rphophis  (kar'fo-fls),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mptpoc, 
a  small  dry  body,  +  tyic,  a  serpent.]  A  genus 
of  small  harmless  worm-like  serpents,  of  the 
family  Calamariidce,  containing  the  common 
worm-snake  of  the  United  States,  C.  amatna, 
formerly  called  Celiitn  nmwna. 
carphosiderite  (kar-fo-sid'e-rit),  re.  [<  Gr.  Kip- 
<poc,  straw,  +  aubipiri/r,  of  iron,  <  ernkpoc,  iron.] 
A  hydrous  iron  sulphate,  occurring  in  straw- 
yellow  incrustations. 
carpi,  a-     Plural  of  carpiif. 


Carpet-beetle  [Anthrenus  scrophularia).    a.  beetle  ;  *.  larva. 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

family  DermrsluUi  :  so  called  from  its  destruc- 
tiveness  to  carpets  and  other  woolen  fabrics. 
It  was  brought  into  the  Uuited  states  from  Europe  at  a 
recent  period.  The  beetle  is  about  3  millimeters  in  length, 
short-oval  in  form,  moderately  convex,  and  black  :  the  un- 
der side  is  densely  covered  with  white  scales,  while  the  up- 
per side  is  beautifully  variegated  with  patches  of  red  and 
white  scales.  The  larva  is  more  elongate,  dirty  white  in 
color,  and  easily  recognized  from  the  tufts  of  rather  long, 
stilf  hair  on  the  sides,  and  especially  at  the  end  of  the 
body.  The  edges  of  carpets  lying  in  dark  places  are  espe- 
cially liable  to  be  damaged   b.V  these  larvie.      Also  known 

as  buffalo-bug.    See  Anthrenus. 

carpet-broom,  carpet-brush  (kar'pet-brom, 
-brush),  re.     A  broom  or  brush  for  sweeping  or  ^^fa  ('kai.'pid))  „.     [=  p.  earpidic,  <  NL.  car- 
cleaning  carpets.  pidiiun,  <  Gr.  as  if  "KapwiStov,  dim.  of  napirdc, 

carpet-dance  (kar'pet-dans),  re.    A  dance  or  a    g^  ,    game  ag        a 
dancing-party  of  an  easy  and  unceremonious     arpidium  (kar-pid'i-um),  re. ;  pi.  carpidia  (-a), 
character,  the  carpet  not  being  lifted  tor  the  uf^L  .*"£;  carpal.]     Same  as  carpel. 
occasion,  as  for  a  ball.     Dickens.  carpincho  (kar-pin'oho),  11.     [Native  name  in 

Brazil.]     A  name  of  the  giant  water-cavy  or 


Jiimping-seed  Carpocapsa  (c*.  saltitans 

a,  larva;  *,  pupa  ;  c.  moth.     (Cross  and  perpendicular  lines  show 

natural  sizes.) 


Dickens. 
carpet-friend  (kar'pet-frend),  re 
friendship  has  no  strength  or  sincerity. 
Max.  Shall  I  forsake  you  in  my  doubts? 
Aecius.  You  must. 
tlax.  I  must  not,  nor  I  will  not.    Have  I  ltvd 
Only  to  be  a  carpet-friend,  for  pleasure? 

Beau,  and  FL,  Valentinian,  lv.  2. 

carpeting  (kar'pet-ing),  re.     [<  carpet,  re.,  + 

-t»(/l.]     Cloth  for  carpets ;  carpets  m  general. 

carpet-knight    (kar 'pet -nit),    re.     A  person 

knighted  on  some  ground  other  than  that  ot 

military  service  or  distinction ;  a  knight  who 

has  not  known  the  hardships  of  the  field.     So 

Sbakspere  speaks  of  "a  knight  dubbed  with 

unbacked  rapier  and  on  carpet  consideration. 

You  are  women, 

Or,  at  the  best,  loose  carpet-knights. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  u.  5. 
His  square-turned  joints,  and  strength  of  limb, 
Showed  hint  no  carpet-knight  so  trim, 
But,  in  close  tight,  a  champion  grim,  _ 

In  camps  a  leader  sage.  Scott,  Mannion,  l.  5. 

carpet-monger  (kar'pet-mung"ger),  re.  1.  A 
dealer  in  carpets.— 2.  One  most  at  home  on  a 
carpet ;  a  lover  of  ease  and  pleasure. 

A  whole  book  full  of  these  quondam  carpet-mongers, 
whose  names  yet  run  smoothly  in  the  even  road  of  a  blank 
verse  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  2. 


eapibara. 
carping  (kar'ping),  re 


[<  ME.  carpinge 


n.of  carpi, e.)    if.  Speech;  talk;  conversation. 

Titer  carvinge  comynliche  of  conceill  arisith. 

Richard  the  Redeless,  i.  S7. 

When  thou  scst  any  man  diyiikyng 
That  taketh  hede  of  thy  karpyng, 
Soon  a-non  thou  sece  thy  tale. 
Whethur  he  drynke  wyne  or  Ale. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  14. 

2.  The  act  of  caviling;  a  cavil;  unreasonable 
criticism  or  censure. 

Those  .  .  .  carpings  .  .  .  made  as  to  the  passage  through 
the  Red  Sea.  C.  Leslie,  Short  Method  with  Heists. 

carping  (kar'ping),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  carp\  «.] 
Faultfinding;  over-critical.  =Syn.  Caviling, etc  See 
captious. 

carpingly  (kar'ping-li),  adc.  In  a  carping  man- 
ner; captiously. 

carpintero  (kar-pin-ta'ro),  ».  [Sp.  pajarocar- 
pintero,  woodpecker,  lit.  'carpenter-bird';  car- 
pintero real,  the  ivory-billed  woodpecker,  lit. 
froyal  carpenter':  see  carpenter.']  A  name  of 
several  species  of  woodpeckers  in  the  south- 
western United  States,  from  their  tapping  and 


insects,  of  the  family  Tortriciclce,  whose  larvsB 
are  highly*  destructive  to  fruit.  C.pomonana  orpo- 
monella  infests  all  Europe  where  apples  and  pears  ate  cul- 
tivated, depositing  its  eggs  in  the  fruit  as  s is  it  is  set. 

Its  larvie  come  to  their  full  size  in  July,  when  the  fruit  is 
about  two  thirds  grown,  and  then  escape  by  boring  their 
way  to  the  outside.  The  larva  of  C.  saltitans  (West.),  the 
jumping-seed  carpocapsa,  infests  the  seed  of  a  species  of 
Euphorbia.  When  heat  is  applied  to  the  seed  the  larva 
within  jumps;  hence  the  name. 
2.  [/.  c]  An  insect  of  this  genus, 
verbal  carpocephalum  (kiir-po-sefa-lum),  w. ;  pi.  CflT- 


po'cephala  (-la).     [NL..  <  Gr.  ■capmSc,  fruit,  + 
/,f<ia///,  head.]'    In  Hepaticee,  a  cephalate  struc- 
ture upon  which  the  spore-cases  are  borne. 
Carpocephalum  entire  at  margin,  or  nearly  so. 

Dull,  of  in.  State  Laboratory,  II.  31. 

carpocerite  (kar-pos'e-rit),  re.  [<  Gr.  Kapiroc., 
the  wrist,  carpus,  +  kipac,  horn.]  In  Crusta- 
cea, that  one  of  the  joints  of  an  antenna  which 
is  borne  upon  the  ischioeerite. 

Carpocratian  (kar-po-kra'shian),  n.  [=  P. 
Carpocratien,  <  Carpocrates :  see  def.]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  second  century, 
followers  of  Carpocrates  or  Carpocras  of  Alex- 
andria. He  taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis  and 
the  preexistence  of  the  soul,  and  maintained  that  the 
world  was  created  by  inferior  spirits ;  that  Jesua  was  the 
son  of  Joseph,  and  like  other  men.  except  that  his  soul 
was  pure  and  steadfast;  that  he  received  from  the  Great 
First  Cause  special  power  to  overcome  the  evils  of  the 
world  through  intimate  recollection  of  his  previous  exist 
ence  in  an  exalted  state;  and  that  in  proportion  as  men 
attain  to  this  recollection  in  their  own  ease  they  are  freed 

from  the  restraints  of  the  ral  law,  faith  and  charity 

being  the  only  necessary  virtues. 


Oarpodacus 

Carpodacus  (kar-pod'a-kus),  n.     [XL.  (J.  J. 

Kaup,  1829),  <  Gr.  mpiriq,  fruit,  +  dim;,  a  bite, 

astiiig,<  biti    I      Ui  extensive  genus  of 

beautiful  oseine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family 

■  ,•  the  purple  finches  or  purple  bull- 


Purple  Finch  {Carfoiiacus  purfureus). 

finches,  species  of  which  are  found  in  both 
hemispheres.  Some  shade  of  red  is  tin-  principal  color 
of  the  males.  The  common  European  species  is  C.  ery- 
thrinus;  the  common  purple  Bnch  of  the  United  states 
i  i  purpureus  :  the  burion  or  house-finch  of  the  south- 
in  united  States  is  C.  frontalis. 

Carpodectes  (kar-po-dek'tez),  n.  [NL.  (O.  Sal- 
vin.  1864),  <  Gr.  icdprrSg,  fruit,  +  diicrr/c,  a  re- 
ceiver, a  beggar,  <  dc^eadai,  dcKeadui,  receive, 
take.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  tropical  American 
birds,  of  the  subfamily  Cotingince,  the  type  of 
which  is  ( '.  niUdus  of  Costa  Rica. 

carpogenic  (kar-po-jen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kap-n-dc, 
fruit,  +  -;  L|,'/<"'  producing  (see  -genous),  +  -ic.] 


832 

gous.]  Fruit-eating;  frugivorous;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  (a)  to  the  genus  of  pigeons  of 
which  Carpophaga  is  the  type;  (6)  to  the  mar- 
supial Carpophaga. 

The  typical  group  of  the  carpophagous  marsupials  is 
that  of  the  Phalangistidas  or  phalangers. 

Nkolaon,  Manual  of  Zob'l.,  p.  63S. 

Carpophilus  (kar-pof'i-lus),  it.  [NL.  (F.  car- 
pophile,  a.,  fruit-loving),  <  Gr.  mpir6g,  fruit,  + 

<pi'/oc,  loving.]  A  genus  of  elavicorn  beetles, 
of  the  family  Xitidulidic,  having  a  bilobed  la- 
brum,  11-jointed  antenna?  with  a  3-jointed 
oval  club,  legs  moderate,  tibia?  widening  at 
tip,  dilated  tarsi,  simple  claws,  and  2  or  3  dor- 
sal segments  beyond  the  elytra.  C.  hemipte- 
rus  is  a  small  species  of  wide  geographical 
distribution. 

carpophore  (kar'po-for),  n.  [=  F.  carpophore 
=  Sp.  carpdforo,  i  NL.  carpopho- 
riiui,  <  Gr.  Kap-cujiupor,  bearing  fruit, 
<  Kapir6g,  fruit,  t  -ifiupor,  <  fepeiv  = 
E.  bear1.]  In  hot.,  the  prolongation 
of  the  floral  axis  which  bears  the 
carpels  of  some  compound  fruits, 
as  in  Geranium  and  many  Vmbel- 
liferce.  It  is  sometimes  applied,  but  less 
properly,  to  any  stipe  supporting  an  ovary, 
as  ill  the  CapparidaceoB, 

carpophyl  (kar'po-fil),  «.     [=F. 
carpophyUe,  <  NL.  carpophyllum,  < 

Gr.   Kapiror,   fruit  (see    carp1),    + 
<pv/2ov  =  L.  folium,  leaf.]     In  hot.,  same  as 
carpel. 

carpopodite  (kar-pop'o-dit),  n.  [<  Gr.  itapir6c, 
the  wrist,  carpus,  +  nave  (iroS-)  =  E.  foot.] 
In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint  of  a  developed 
endopodite,  between  the  meropodite  and  the 
propodite.    Milne-Edwards.    See  cut  under  en- 


Carpophore 
(with  carpels) 
pf  an  umbelli- 
fer. 


dopodite. 

lubot.,  fruit-producing:  appliedm  algology  to  a  carpopoditic  (kar-pop-o-dit'ik),  a.  [<  carpopo- 
cell,  or  system  of  cells,  which  develops  after  fer-  elite  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carpopodite. 
tilization  into  spores  and  a  mature  cystocarp.      Huxley. 

The  carpogenic  cell  or  system  varies  in  the  different  CarpOSpore  (kar  '  po  -  spor),  n.      [<   Gr.   napirdc, 
genera.  Farlow,  Marine  Alg*,  p.  20.     fruit,  +  cKopd,  seed.]     One  of  the  spores  in  red 

carpogenous  (kar-poj'e-nus),  a.     [As  earpogen-    alga?  (Floridece)  that  are  produced  in  the  cysto- 


ic  -t-  -ous.]     Same  as  carpogenic. 

One  or  more  of  the  cells  termed  carpo'ienons  cells  di- 
vide. Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  425. 

carpogon,  carpogone  (kiir'po-gon,  -gon),  n. 
Same  as  carpogonium. 

carpogonium  (kar-po-go'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  carpo- 
gonia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapirdr,  fruit,  +  -jor-oc, 
producing:  see  -gony.]  In  hot.,  the  female  or- 
gan in  the  Carposporeas ;  the  cell,  or  system  of 
cells,  which  after  fertilization  produces  the  sex- 
ual spores,  in  whatever  manner;  in  Florideir, 
the  carpogenic  cell  or  system ;  the  procaip. 
The  term  is  most  properly  used  of  Floridece, 
which  are  the  typical  Carposporece. 

carpolite  (kar'po-llt),  n.  [=  F.  carpolithe  = 
N|e  carpolito  =  Pg.  carpoUthos,  <  Gr.  aapirdc, 
fruit,  +  'Aifiog,  stone.]  A  fossil  fruit.  Also 
carpolith. 

carpological  (kar-po-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  carpol- 
ogy  +  -ical.  Cf.  F.  carpologigue  =  Sp.  carpold- 
gico.]     Pertaining  to  carpology.    Balfour. 

1  trust  that  in  the  sequel  the  critical  botanist  will  excuse 

me  for  having  neglected  the  strict  terminology  of  carpo- 

JCli  nee,  and  made  no  disti net  inn  between  seeds  and 

fruits.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  603. 

carpologist  (kar-pol'o-jist),  n.  [<  carpology  + 
-isi.\    i  in,   vrho  studies  or  treats  of  carpology. 

carpology  fkar-pol'6-ji),  u.  [=  F.  carpologie 
=  Sp.  carpologia  =  it.  carpologia,  <  <!r.  />«p;roc, 
fruit,  +  -hiyia,  <  >  ;/r,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
'I  bat  division  of  botany  which  relates  to  the 
structure  of  fruits  in  general. 

carpometacarpal  (kin"  po-niet-a-kiir'pal),  a. 
[<  carpus  +  metacarpus  +  -a!.]  Pertaining 
both  to  the  carpus  and  to  the-  metacarpus:  as, 
the  carpomt  taearpal  articulation. 

carpopedal  (kar  po-ped'nl),  a.  [=  F.  carpo- 
peaal,  <  NL. carpus,  earpus,  +  L.  pes  (pal-)  = 
E  foot.~\  Affecting  both  the  hands  (or  wrists) 
and  Ho  feet.  Carpopedal  spasm,  (a)  Spasm  of  the 
indhande  occurring  in  children  in  laryngismus  stri- 
dulus and  In  othei  Laryngismus  stridulus. 

Carpophaga  (kiir-pofn-gii),  n.  [NTj.  (P.  J. 
Selby,  L835)  </  oj>.  cdrpdfago),  <  Gr.  icapno- 
•  ,  living  on  fruit.  <  tea  treat,  +  <fiayeh>, 

eat.]  1.  A  genus  of  fruit-pigeons,  giving  name 
to  a  subfamily  Carpophaginos. — 2.  pi.  A  group 
of  fruit-eating  marsupial  mammals,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  phalangers  or  Phalangistidce. 
Owen,  1-:;!'. 

carpophagous  (kar-pof  'a-gus),  a.  [<  Carpo- 
phaga  +    -0U8.     If.    V.  rarpo/iliagi .   enrpopha- 


carp  as  a  result  of  sexual  fertilization 

The  cystocarpic  spores,  or  earpospores,  are  always  pyri- 
form  and  undivided,  and  accompanied  liy  paraphyses. 

Farlow,  Marine  Alga?,  p.  178. 

Carposporeae  (kar-po-spo're-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
as  carpospore  +  -or.]  In  bot.,  a  proposed 
division  of  thallophytes  in  which  sexual  re- 
production takes  place,  the  product  of  fertili- 
zation being  a  number  of  spores  (earpospores  carratt,  ".     A  former  spelling  of  carat. 


carriage 

of  the  metacarpus,  and  constituting  the  prox- 
imal division  of  the  skeleton  of  the  manus  or 
hand.  In  man  the  carpus  consists  of  8  bones  in  2  rows 
of  4  each,  viz. :  in  the  proximal  row  from  the  radial  to  the 
ulnar  side,  the  scaphoid,  semi-lunar, 
cuneiform,  and  pisiform  ;  in  the  distal 
row,  the  trapezium,  trapezoid,  mag- 
num, and  unciform.  In  other  verte- 
brates the  number  of  bones  varies 
much ;  in  birds  the  free  carpals  are 
normally  reduced  to  two.  See  hand. 
3.  In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint 
of  the  normally  7-jointed  leg, 
between  the  meros  and  the  pro- 
podos.— 4.  In  en  torn.,  a  name 
sometimes  applied  to  the  ptero- 
stigma  or  colored  spot  on  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  wings  in 
many  insects. 

carqiiaise  (kar-kaz'),  n.  [F., 
also  carcaise :  see  carcass.]  An 
annealing-arch  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  plate-glass.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

carquenett,  »•    See  carcanet. 

Carraccesque,  a.  See  Carac- 
cesgue. 

carrack,  n.    See  earack. 

carrageen,  carragheen  (kar'a- 

gen),  )i.  [From  Carragheen, 
near  Waterford  in  Ireland, 
where  it  abounds.]  A  marine  alga  very  com- 
mon on  rocks  and  stones  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  It  is  a  very  variable  weed,  with 
a  flat  dichotomously  branching  frond  of  a  deep  purple- 
brown  color  and  of  a  cartilaginous  texture.  When  dried 
and  exposed  to  sunlight  it  becomes  whitish,  and  in  this 
condition  is  known  as  Irish  moss,  and  is  used  for  making 
soups,  blanc-mange,  size,  etc.  Also  spelled  carageen,  cara- 
gheen,  carrigeen. 

carrageenin,  carrageenine  (kar-a-ge'nin),  n. 
[<  carrageen  +  -in?,  -ine'^.]  The  mucilaginous 
constituent  of  carrageen,  represented  by  some 
chemists  under  the  formula  C12H2oOio,  and, 
like  starch,  sugar,  etc.,  appearing  to  be  a  car- 
bohydrate.    Also  caragenin,  lichinin. 

carragheen,  n.    See  carrageen. 

carramet,  »•  A-  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 

carrallt,  «•     An  old  form  of  carol'2. 

Carrarese  (kar-a-res'  or  -rez'),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  Carrara  in  Italy. 

Obstacles  were  thrown  in  Michelangelo's  way,  and  the 
hostility  of  the  Carrarese  workmen  was  excited  against 
him.     '        C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  276,  note. 


Right  Carpus  of  a 
Chelonian  (Chely. 
dra),  showing  nearly 
symmetrical  disposi- 
tion of  the  carpal 
bones.  R,  radius ;  if, 
ulna.  The  proximai 
series  are  :  r,  radiale ; 
n,  ulnare  ;  f.  interme- 
dium; c,  centrales  1-5, 
the  five  carpalia,  or 
distal  carpals.  known 
as  carpale  I.  carpale 
II,  etc.;  I-V,  the  cor- 
responding nietacar- 
pafs. 


II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Carrara. 


authors  the  Ascomyeetcs  and  Baaidioinycetes  among  fungi. 

carpostome  (kar'po-stdm),  n.    [<  Gr.  Kaptioc, 
fruit,  +  on/la,  mouth.]    In  bot.,  a  narrow  open- 


See  caraway. 

See  carriwitchet. 
etc.    See  car1,  etc. 
carre  (ka-ra')j  n.    [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  carrer,  make 
square:  see  quadrate.]    A  vegetable  tracing- 
paper,  in  size  18  by  22  inches. 


ing  formed  in  the  cortex  of  the  frond  of  some  carreau  (ka-ro')T  u.  ;  pi.  carreaux  (-roz').  [F., 
alga?,  by  which  the  cystocaip  discharges  its  <  OF.  carrel:  see  carrel1,  quarrel2.]  It.  A 
spores.  dart;  a  quarrel.— 2.  An  old  French  game,  simi- 

The  cystocarps  discharge  their  spores  through  carpo-  lar  to  bowls.  Strutt. — 3.  A  square  of  glass,  es- 
stomes  or  narrow  canals  formed  in  the  cortex  of  the  pecially  a  small  one,  used  in  ornamental  glaz- 
fronds.  Farlow,  Marine  Algre,  p.  144.      * 

carp-sucker  (karp'suk'/er),  '».     A  catostomoid  carrel1  (kar'el),  n.     [<  OF.  carrel,  also  quarrel 
fish  of  the  subfamily  IcUobince,  having  a  small     (>  ME.  quarel,  E.  quarrel2),  later  carreau,  quar- 

reau,  F.  carreau  =  Pr.  cairel  =  OCat.  quadrel  = 
Sp.  quadrillo  =  It.  quadrello,  <  ML.  quadrellus, 
a  square  tile,  a  dart :  see  quarrel2.  Cf.  carlet.] 
1.  Same  as  quarrel2. — 2.  A  mixed  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted  used  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Fuirliolt. — 3.  [Appar.  a  'square'  inclosure; 
but  cf.  carol2.]  A  closet  or  pew  in  a  monastery. 
carrer2t  (kar'el),  n.  Same  as  carol2. 
carrelage  (kar'el-aj),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  carrel,  a 
square,  pane  (see  carrel1),  +  -age.]  Tiling  in 
general;  specifically,  the  decorated  tiling  in 
terra-cotta  in  use  in  the  middle  ages  for  floors 
mouth  protractile  downward,  and  narrow  pha-  and  the  like,  and  imitated  in  modern  times, 
ryngeal  bones  with  numerous  thin  teeth.  The  See  tile,  and  encaustic  tile,  under  encaustic. 
spe,  ies  attain  a  large  size,  and  abound  in  tile  Mississippi  carrein  (kar'el),  II  Same  as  carol2. 
valley  and  tireat  Lake  region;  one,  Carpn,J,:<  <u,.nnus,  ■    ,,      f  t-n-'i-q-bL     a        K   carril   +-alilc] 

'     Atlantic  watershed.    They  superficially  camaDie   IKar  l-a-oi;,  a.      ls   < 


Carp-sucker  [Ic/jobus  cctrpio). 


also  occurs  in  the 

resemble  the  European  carp,  and  are  sometimes  called 

carp  .  they  are  also  known  as  buffato-Jish. 

carpus  (kar'pus),  «.;  pi.  carpi  (-pi).  [NL.  (> 
F.  earpe  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpo),  <  Gr.  Kapirdr,  the 
wrist.]  1.  The  wrist,  wrist-joint,  or  carpal  ar- 
ticulation ;  (ho  proximal  segment  of  the  manus 
or  hand,  corresponding  to  the  tarsus  of  the  foot ; 
I  ho  joint  by  which  the  hand  or  distal  division  of 
the  fore  limb  is  connected  with  the  forearm. 
Thus,  in  a  horse,  the  so-called  "knee"  is  the 
Carpus. —  2.    Especially     11m-    carpal    bones   or 

carpalia,  collectively  considered;  a  number  of 
small  irregularly  nodular  bones  intervening  be- 
tween the  bones  of  the  antebrachium  and  those 


Capable  of  being  carried.  Sherwood. 
carriage  (kar'aj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
riage,  <  ME.  cariage,  burden,  baggage,  trans- 
port, <  <  )F.  cariage,  chariage,  mod.  F.  charriage 
(>Pg.  carruagem,  a  carriage,  cart,  =  It.  car- 
riagio,  baggage:  ML.  cariagium,  act  or  price  of 
transporting),  <  carter,  carry:  see  carry.  The 
concrete  sense  of  'vehicle'  is  partly  due  to  cay 
roche,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  of  carrying,  bearing, 
transporting,  or  conveying. 

Kil  nat  thy  spone,  lest  in  the  cariage 

It  went  beside,  whiche  were  nat  commendable. 

Habeas  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  BO, 
The  airriivn  of  sounds.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist 


carriage 

The  Streets  be  appointed  and  Bet  forth  very  commodious 
ami  handsome,  both  for  carriage,  and  also  against  the 
winds.  Sir  T.  Man-,  rjtopia(tr.  by  Robinson),  ii,  2, 

Specifically —  2.  The  carrying  of  goods,  per- 
sons, etc.;  the  business  of  transportation. 

I  then  affirm  that,  if  in  time  <.f  war  mir  business  had  the 
g 1  fortune  to  Increase,  and  at  the  same  time  a  large, 


nay  the  largest  proportion  oi  carriage  had  been  engrossed  carriageable  (kar'hj-a-bl),  a 

by  neutral  nations,  it  ought  not  in  itself  to  have  been  eon-  -uhlc  I     1    Capable  of  being  < 

Bidered  as  a  circumstance  of  distress.  j.Jj_  aawaoaa 9.     Pftsai 

Burke,  Late  State  of  Nation.  ! 

3f.  That  which  is  carried;  goods  transported; 
load;  burden;  freight;  baggage. 

After  those  days  we  took  up  our  carriages,  and  went  up  carriage-bridge  (kar'sij-brijl,  ».   Milit.,  abridge 

to  Jerusalem.  mado  to  be  move(1  on  Wheels,  for  use  in  attack- 


833 
riage,  a  railway-carriage  made  up  of  compartments  "f 

different  classes,  as  first,  see 1,  and  third  :  in  use  in  Eng- 

land  an.l  ..n  tie  continent  of  Europe.  Sea-coast  car- 
riage, a  carriage  fur  supporting  heavy  guns,  used  on  the 
seaboard.  These  carriages  are  not  used  for  transporta- 
tion.—St&te  carriage,  the  carriage  of  a  prince  or  sov- 
ereign, used  when  he  appears  publicly  in  state.  =  Syn.  9. 
Deportment^  Demeanor,  etc.    SeefteAatwor. 

[<  carriage  + 
conveyed  in  a  car- 
riage or  carriages. —  a.  Passable  by  carriages. 
We  drove  on  fur  Borne  distance  over  an  old  Roman  road, 

as  carriageable  as  when  it  was  built. 

Lwrell,  Fireside  'I  ran  Is,  |i 


David  left  his  carriage  in  the  hand  of  the  keeper  of  the 
carriage,  1  Sam.  xvii.  22. 

The  merchants  of  Constantinople  aduised  me  ...  to 
by  unentered  cartes  of  mine  owne  (such  as  the  Russians 
carrie  their  skins  in),  and  to  put  all  our  carriages,  which 
1  would  daylie  take  out,  into  them. 

Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  T.  94. 
The  coachman  rashly  driving  on. 
Till  coach  and  carriage  both  are  quite  o'erthrown. 

Midilletun  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  iii.  1. 

4.  In  Scots  law,  the  service  of  a  horse  and  cart. 
—  5.  Tho  price  or  expense  of  carrying. 


The  carriage  of  letters  will  be  very  cheap, 

Addison,  The  Newspaper, 


6.  That  which  is  used  for  carrying  or  transport 
ing,  especially  on  or  over  a  solid  surface. 
wheeled  vehicle  for  the  conveyance  of  persons. 
A  landau  drove  up,  a  magnificent  yellow  carriage. 

Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxxvi. 
(b)  A  wheeled  stand  or  support :  commonly  in  composi- 
tion :  as,  a  gm\-carriage,  a  block-carriage  for  mortars,  etc. 

See  oun-earriage. 

Six  6-in.  4J-ton  broadside  guns,  mounted  on  Vavasseur 
carriages.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  p.  8695. 


ing  fortifications. 

carriage-company  (k:ir'a,i-kum//|ia-ni),  ».  ivo- 
]ili>  who  keep  their  carriages;  persons  wealthy 
enough  to  pay  visits,  etc.,  in  their  own  car- 
riages. 

There  is  no  phra  tnt  and  to  my  taste  than 

that  in  which  people  are  described  as  "  seeing  s  great  deal 
of  carriage-company."  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  ix. 

carriagedt  (kar'ajd),  a.    [<  carriage,  n.,  9,  + 

-<■<.-.]     liohaved;  mannered.     See  carriage,  9. 

A  fine  lady,  .  .  .  very  well  carriaged  and  mighty  discreet. 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  14,  1664. 

carriage-free  (kar'aj-fre),  a.    Free  of  charge 

for  carriai 
(a)A  carriage-guard  (kar'aj-gard),  n.     A  plate  on 

the  bed  of  a  carriage  where  the  fore  wheel  rubs 

when  the  carriage  is  turned. 
carriage-lock  (kar'aj-lok),  n.    A  brake  for  a 

carriage.     E.  H.  Knight. 
carriage-piece  (kar'aj-pes),  n.     In  carp.,  one 

of  the  slanting  pieces  on  which  tho  steps  of  a 

wooden  staircase  are  laid. 


(<•)  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  carries  another  part :  as,   carriage-Spring  (kar '  aj  -  spring),  n.     A  spring 
the  carriage  of  a  mule-spinner,  a  shafting,  a  type-writer,     fitted  to  the  gearing  of  a  carriage.     The  term  is 


etc.  ((/)  That  part  of  the  frame  of  the  old  hand  printing 
press  which  supported  and  carried  the  form  of  types  on 
the  bed  (or  coffin,  as  it  was  then  called),  in  its  movement  to 
and  from  the  platen  or  impressing  surface.  Hand-presses 
are  now  made  without  carriage-frames,  and  with  ribs  run- 
ning  in  grooved  rails,  (e)  In  cari>.,  the  timber-frame 
which  supports  the  steps  of  a  wooden  stair.  (/)  The  straps 
or  bauds  by  which  the  sword  was  hung  from  the  waist- 
belt  in  the  sixteenth  century.    See  hanger. 

Ham.  What  call  yon  the  carriages?  .  .  . 

Osr.  The  carriages,  sir,  are  the  hangers. 

Ham.  The  phrase  would  be  more  german  to  the  matter, 
if  we  could  carry  cannon  by  our  sides.    Shale.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

7f.  The  act  of  carrying  or  taking  from  an  ene- 
my ;  conquest ;  acquisition. 

Solyman  resolved  to  besiege  Vienna,  in  good  hope  that 
by  the  carriage  ...  of  that  the  other  cities  would  .  .  . 
be  yielded.     '  Knolles,  Hist.  Turks. 

8f.  Tax;  imposition. 
By  pryvey  raveyns  or  by  comune  tributus  or  cariages. 
Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  4. 

9.  The  manner  of  carrying  or  managing  one's 
person ;  hence,  behavior ;  conduct ;  deportment ; 
manners. 

A  sad  face,  a  reverend  carriage,  a  slow  tongue. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

This  afternoon  Mr.  Waith  was  with  me,  and  did  tell  me 
much  concerning  the  Chest,  which  I  am  resolved  to  look 
into ;  and  I  perceive  he  is  sensible  of  Sir  W.  Batten's  car- 
riage ;  and  is  pleased  to  see  any  thiug  work  against  him. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  308. 

But,  sir,  your  air  is  noble  —  something  so  liberal  in  your 
carriage,  with  so  penetrating  an  eye,  and  so  bewitching  a 
smile  !  Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  2. 

10f.  The  act  or  manner  of  carrying  out  busi- 
ness; management. 

The  violent  carriage  of  it 
Will  clear,  or  end,  the  business. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  1. 
They  observed  in  the  sachem  much  state,  great  com- 
mand over  his  men,  and  marvellous  wisdom  in  his  answers 
and  the  carriage  of  the  whole  treaty. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  '229. 


applied  especially  to  tine  springs  used  on  light  vehicles, 
as  distinguished  from  wagon-springs  and  car-springs. 
When  "f  metal  they  are  usually  classed  as  elliptical  and 
C  springs,  the  two  kinds  being  combined  and  used  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  Wood  is  used  for  springs  in  the 
side-liar  system  of  suspension  and  in  the  buckboard,  and 
is  sometimes  combined  in  both  cases  with  steel  springs. 
See  side-bar  and  bucl 
carriageway  (kar'aj-wa),  n.  The  part  of  a 
road,  street,  or  bridge  intended  to  be  used  by 
wheeled  vehicles ;  a  roadway. 

In  1845  the  area  of  the  carriage-way  of  the  city  was 
estimated  at  418,000  square  yards.  Mayhew. 

carriboo,  ».    See  caribou. 

carrick1  (kar'ik),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
The  ball  or  block  of  wood  used  in  the  game 
of  shinty. —  2.  The  game  of  shinty.     [Scotch.] 

carrick'2  (kar'ik),  n.    See  carack. 

carrick-bend  (kav'ik-bend),  n.  Naut., 
a  particular  kind  of  knot  for  joining 
two  cables  or  hawsers. 

carrick-bitt  (kar'ik-bit),  n.  Naut.,  one 
of  the  bitts  which  support  the  windlass, 

carried  (kar 'id),  p.  a.  1.  So  ab- 
stracted as  to  lose  the  power  of  atten- 
tion to  matters  at  hand.— 2.  In  an  im- 
paired state  of  mind ;  not  in  full  pos- 
session of  one's  mental  powers,  as  an 
effect  of  fever. 

He  |  David  Deans]  was  heard  to  mutter  some- 
time about  national  defections,  right-hand  ex- 
tremes, an.l  left-hand  fallings-otf  ;  but.  as  May 
Hettly  observed,  his  head  was  carried  at  the  time. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xlix. 

3.  Elevated  in  mind ;  transported  with 
joy  or  some  other  strong  emotion ;  beside  one's 
self.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch  in  these  uses.] 
They  lose  their  own  souls,  whilst  covetously  carried. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  596. 

All  are  passionate,  and  furiously  carried  sometimes. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  328. 

carrier1  (kar'i-er),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  car- 
ryer,  carryar,  carier,  <  ME.  caryare;  <  carry  + 
-er1.]     1.  One  who  or  that  which  carries  or  con- 

\  l'\  s. 

The  air  ...  is  ...  a  carrier  of  sounds. 

liaeon,  Nat.  Hist. 
The  oxidation  in  the  body  is  carried  on  by  the  tissues 

themselves;  .  .  .  the  bl I  is  merely  a  carrier,  and  the 

lungs  are  the  vehicle  of  discharge. 

If.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  198. 

Specifically— 2.  One  who  for  hire  undertakes 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  persons,  'the  law 
distinguishes  between  common  carriers  and  private  or 
special  carriers.  One  who  carries  not  as  a  business,  but 
.  ,ii  I  \  nn  occasion  by  special  agreement,  is  termed  a  private 
or  special  earner'  Our  who  holds  himself  nut  as  a  car- 
ina, inviting  the  employment  of  the  public  generall)  is  ■ 
common  earner,  lie  is  I  mil  i  ul  tn  serve  without  favoritism 
all  who  desire  to  employ  him,  and  is  liable  for  the  safety 

of  g is  intrusted  to  him,  except  by  losses  from  the  act 

of  God  or  from  public  enemies,  or  unless  special  exemp- 
tion has  been  agreed  upon;   and  in  respect  to  the  safety 


lit.  Bearing;  import;  tenor;  meaning. 

The  Hebrew  text  hath  no  other  carriage. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  112. 

As,  by  the  same  cov'nant 
And  carriage  of  the  article  design'd, 
His  [moiety]  fell  to  Hamlet.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
Well,  now  you  know  the  carriage  of  the  business, 
Your  constancy  is  all  that  is  required. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

12.  In  equity  practice,  control  or  conduct.    It 

implies  the  priority  of  right  to  go  forward  with  a  pro- 
ceeding in  the  prosecution  of  which  others  also  are  inter- 
ested. 

The  party  which  is  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  the 
dedimus  is  said  to  have  the  carriage  of  the  commission, 
ami  n  tin  lust  commission  is  lost  by  reason  of  the  default 
or  neglect  of  the  party  who  had  the  carriage  ..I  it,  the 
carriaqe  of  the  second  will  be  given  to  the  adverse  party. 

D.G.Lubt. 

13.  A  drain;  a  furrow  cut  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  off  water.  (Irosc.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14. 
A  customary  dry  measure  used  for  lime,  con- 
sisting of  6-i  heaped  bushels Composite  car-     of  passengers  carried  he  is  liable  for  injuries  which  he 

53 


carrion 

mighl  have  prevented  by  special  care    The  most  familiar 

.  i ,     es  "i  > mini  earners  arc  railroad npanies,  stage- 

coach  proprietors,  expressmen,  truckmen,  ship-owners, 
steamboat-lines,  lightermen,  and  ferrymen.  The  special 
rule,  ..I   liability  which  the  law,  for  reasons  '.f  public 

policy,  imposi  son  c mon  carriers  have  no)  been  applied 

in  ii..  ii-  mil  extent  to  tin-  business  ..f  drovers,  owners  "f 
tow  1. 1. .its,  log-drivers,  and  others  win.  do  nut  literally 
cairj  the  propertj  intrusted  tn  them;  nor  are  telegraph 
companies  deemed  common  carriers  in  respect  to  the 
....     ages  they  transmit. 

3.  A  carrier-pigeon.—  4f.  One  who  manages  or 
arranges  affairs. 

A  master  of  the  duel,  a  carrier  of  the  differences. 

;;.  Jonson,  Mercury  \  indicated. 

5.  In  mack. :  (a)  A  piece  of  iron  fixed  by  a  set- 
screw  on  the  end  of  a  shaft  or  spindle  to  be 

tin- 1  in  a  lathe,  or  to  a  mandrel  on  which 

a  round  object  is  driven  for  the  purpose  of  be- 
ing turned ;  a  lathe-dog.  A  projection  in  tho 
center-chuck  or  face-plate  drives  the  carrier 
aroimd.  (6)  The  distributing-roller  of  a  card- 
ing-machine.  E.  H.  Knight,  (c)  A  roller  be- 
i  w.iti  the  drum  and  the  feeding-rollers  of  a 
serilibling-machine,  for  spinning  wool.  E.  H. 
Knight.  (</)  In  a  braiding-machine,  a  spool-  or 
bobbin-holder  which  follows  in  a  curved  path 
intersecting  the  paths  of  other  bobbins,  and  so 
lays  up  the  thread  into  a  braid.  E.  IE  Knight, 
(c)  A  hoist,  as  the  mold-carrier  in  sugar-works. 
(/)  Part  of  the  breech-action  of  a  magazine- 
gun.  See  carrier-ring. — 6.  An  oyster  that 
will  bear  transportation  well.  [U.  S.]— Bar- 
bary  carrier.  Same  as  barbs,  2.— Carrier's  sauce, 
poor  man's  sauce.    See  sauce. 

carrier-t,  »•  and  v.    An  old  spelling  of  career. 

carrier-bird  (kar'i-er-berd),  n.  Same  as  car- 
rii r-jiigtvn. 

As  light  as  carrier-birds  in  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xxv. 

carrier-pigeon  (kar'i-er-pij"on),  n.  A  pigeon 
of  a  particular  breed  trained  to  convey  from 
one  place  to  another  written  messages  tied  to 
the  neck  or  wing,  or  more  commonly  to  the  leg. 
lb.  destination  of  the  message  must  be  some  point  near 
the  pigeon's  home,  whither  it  will  fly  back  from  any  place 
to  which  it  has  been  carried;  hence  it  is  also  called  the 
homing-pigeon.  The  distance  from  which  it  will  return  to 
its  home,  when  in  perfect  condition,  may  be  a  thousand 
miles  or  more. 

Prayer  is  Innocence's  friend  ;  and  willingly  flieth  incessant 

Twixttlie  earth  and  the  sky.  the  carrier-pigeon  oi  heaven. 

Longfellow,  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

carrier-ring  (kar'i-er-ring),  n.  A  steel  ring 
for  supporting  the  breech-screw  of  a  steel  field- 
piece  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  position 
in  the  breech  and  is  swung  round  to  open  the 
breech  for  loading. 

The  stnps,  which  are  fitted  into  the  carrier-ring  .  .  . 
and  hold  the  plug  when  the  carrieMvng  is  swung  back. 
Report  of  Chief  of  Ordnance,  U.  s.  A.,  is84,  p.  512. 

carrier-shell  (kar'i-er-shel),  it.  A  name  of 
shells  of  the  family  Phoruke,  as  Xenophora  con- 
cluilojihora,  given  because 
t  In ly  attach  to  themselves 
foreign  bodies,  as  shells, 
stones,  and  corals.  Also 
called  conchologist  and 
mineralogist. 

carrikt,carriket,»-  Mid- 
dle English  forms  of  ca- 
mel:. 

carrion  (kar'i-on),  «.  and 
a.  [<  ME.  carton,  caryon, 
also  caroin,  caroyne,  ca- 
rri/iie,  carayne,   carait/ne, 

cdren,  etc.,<  OF.  caroigne,  ,Xalot£%*Z$$cfhora). 
charoigne,  carongne,  F. 
carogne  =  Pr.  caronha  =  Sp.  carroHa  =  It.  ca- 
rogna,  <  ML.  earonia,  a  carcass,  <  L.  caro,  flesh: 
see  carnal.]  I.  ».  It.  A  dead  body;  a  corpse; 
a  carcass;  flesh. 

Thechirche  schal  haue  my  careyne  and  kepe  mi  bones. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  vii.  84. 

They  did  eat  the  dead  carrions  and  one  another  soon 

after.  Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

Ravens  are  seen  in  flocks  where  a  carrion  lies. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

Hence — 2.  A  mere  carcass:  used  of  a  living 
person,  as  a  term  of  contempt. 

That  foolish  corrian,  Mistress  Quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Von  island  carrions,  desperate  of  their  bones, 
Ill-favour'dly  become  the  morning  Held. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  2. 

3.  The  dead  and  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of 
animals;  flesh  so  corrupted  as  to  be  unfit  for 
food. 

As  mi. 
That  smells  a  foul-flesh'd  agaric  in  the  holt, 

And  deems  it  carrion  of  some  w Hand  thing. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 


carrion 
Il.t  a.    Dead  and  putrefying,  as  a  carcass. 

Carrion  men  groauing  for  burial        Shale,  J.  C,  iii.  1. 

carrion-beetle  (kar'i-on-be  'tl),  ».  A  necroph- 
agous eoleopter;  a  beetle  that  feeds  upon  or 
sits  its  eggs  in  carrion. 

carrion-crow  (kar'i-on-krd),  ».  1.  the  com- 
m.iii  crow  of  Europe,  Corvus  corone :  so  called 
bi  a  use  it  often  feeds  on  carrion.  See  cut 
OW. — 2.  The  urubu  or  black  vulture 
of  America,  Catharista  atrata,  a  common  bird 
of  the  southern  United  States,  resembling  the 
turkey-buzzard,  and  feeding  entirely  upon  car- 
rion.—3.  The  common  crow  of  America,  Cor- 
atnericanus.—4:.  A  name  of  the  European 
rook,  Corvus  frugOegus. 

carrion-feeder  (kar'i-on-fe'der),  «.  An  ani- 
mal that  feeds  upon  carrion:  said  especially  of 
vultures  and  caracaras.    Darwin. 

carrion-flower  (kar'i-on-flou'er),  n.  A  name 
given  to  various  plants  the  flowers  of  which 
Lave  an  offensive  carrion-like  odor,  especially 
to  species  of  the  genus  Stapelia  and  to  Smilax 
In  rhacea. 

carrion-hawk  (kar'i-qn-hak),  ».  A  hawk  or 
other  bird  of  prey  tiiat.  feeds  upon  carrion; 
one  of  the  Caihartida  or  Polyborinat,  as  a  con- 
dor, turkey-vulture,  or  caracara.     Darwin. 

carrion-vulture  (kar'i-on-vuFtur),  n.  A  vul- 
t  ore  that  feeds  on  carrion ;  especially,  an  Amer- 
ican vulture  of  the  family  Cathartidce:  as,  "con- 
dors,  like  other  carrion-vultures,"  Darwin. 

carritch  (kar'ich),  ii.  [Also  written  earitch, 
and  in  quasi-plural  form  caritches,  a  humorous 
perversion  of  catechism,  q.  v.]  A  catechism. 
[Scotch.] 

carriwitchet  (kar'i-wich-et),  n.  [Also  spelled 
carrawitchet,  earawitchet,  carwhichet,  prob.,  like 
carritch,  a  humorous  perversion  of  catechism, 
q.  v.]  An  absurd  question;  a  quibble ;  a  co- 
nundrum; a  pun :  a  piece  of  jocularity  or  face- 
tiousness.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

A  bare  clinch  will  serve  the  turn  ;  a  caneiehet,  a  quar- 
ter-quibble,  or  a  pun.        Dryden,  The  Wild  Gallant,  i.  1. 

He  has  all  sorts  of  echoes,  rebuses,  chronograms,  etc., 
besides  carwhichets,  clenches,  and  quibbles.  Butler. 

Sir  John  had  always  his  budget  full  of  punns,  conun- 
drums, and  carravntchets.  Arbuthnot . 

Fun,  pun,  conundrum,  carriwUchet 

Garrick,  Correspondence,  etc.,  II.  296. 

carro  (kar'o),  n.  [It.,  prop,  a  cart-load:  see 
car1.]  A  wine  measure  of  Lombardy  and  Nice, 
equal  to  130  United  States  (wine)  gallons,  108 
imperial  gallons,  or  492.5  liters. 

carroccio  (ka-roch'io),  n.  [It.,  a  car,  carriage, 
coach,  aug.  of  carro,  a  car:  see  caroche  and 
corl.]  The  car  of  war,  on  which  the  standard 
was  borne  into  battle,  peculiar  to  the  Italian 
republics  of  the  middle  ages. 

I  in  carroccio,  or  "great  car,"  that  bore  the  standard  of 

tin    com ne,  was  a  symbol  of  independence  widely  in 

i  .  among  the  free  cities  of  Italy.  Its  invention  is  as- 
cribed to  Eriberto,  Archbishop  of  Milan  in  the  eleventh 
century. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  110. 

carrock,  n.    See  carack. 

carrolt,  ».    See  carolX,  carol2. 

carrollite  (kar'q-lit),  n.  [<  Carroll  (see  def.) 
+  -tfc2.]  A  suiphid  of  copper  and  cobalt  ob- 
tained  from  Carroll  county,  Maryland. 

carrom,  ».  and  v.     See  carom. 

carronade  (kar-o-nad'),  n.  [<  Carron,  in  Scot- 
land,  where  it  was  first  made,  +  -ade1,  as  in 
ijn  ninli ,  etc. ;  hence  F.  caronade  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
riniiiilii.]    A  short  piece  of  ordnance  having  a 

;e  caliber 
and  a  cham- 
ber for  the 
powder,  like 
a  mortar. 

carron-oil 
(kar'on-oil), 
n.      A    lini- 
ment     com- 
I  lin- 
seed-oil and  lime-water:  so  called  from  being 
ed  for  burns  at  the  Carron  ton  Works 
in  Stirlingshire,  Scotland. 

carroon1,  n.    See  caroon. 

carroon-  (ka-r5n'),  n.  [Also  in  corrupt  form 
caroomt  :  prob.  <  OF.  carron,  P.  eharron,  <  ML. 
caro(n-)  for  carroty-),  a  wagon-maker,  cart 
wright,  prob.  also  (like  the  similar  L.  carpen- 
hunts.  :i  wagon-maker:  Bee  carpenter)  a  cart- 
driver,  <  L.  carrus,  a  ear,  carl :  see  cm-K]  A 
license  from  t  he  lord  mayor  of  London  to  keep 
a  cart.     Wharton. 

carrosset,  n.    See  caroche. 


834 

carrot  (kar'qt),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  earot, 
earoU  ;  =zG."carotte,karotte,  <  F.carofe,now  ca- 
mtii  =  It.  carota,  <  L.  carota,  prob.  <  Gr. xaparAv, 
a  carrot.]  1.  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  umbelliferous  genus  Daucus,  the  best-known 
species,  D.  Carota,  yielding  in  cultivation  the 
vegetable  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  northern  Asia,  and  was  used  as  a  vegetable  in 
early  times.  The  wild  carrot  is  the  same  species  growing 
spontaneously  in  the  fields,  where  it  becomes  a  noxious 
weed  with  a  small  and  tough  white  root.  The  seeds  are 
used  as  a  diuretic  and  stimulant.  The  native  carrot  of 
Australia  is  /'.  hem-hiatus.    See  cut  under  Daucus. 

2.  The  tap-root  of  Daucus  Carota,  cultivated  for 
the  table  and  for  cattle.  There  are  numerous  varie- 
ties, differing  much  in  size  and  shape.  The  grated  root  is 
used  in  poultices  for  ulcers,  and  the  juice  for  the  coloring 
of  butter. 

3.  A  solid  round  piece  of  rock,  cut  out  in  a 
hole  made  by  a  machine-drill:  called  in  the 
United  States,  and  often  in  England,  a  core. — 

4.  pi.  Rolls  of  tobacco  formed  by  placing  the 
moist  prepared  leaves  together  in  large  hand- 
fuis,  and  winding  about  them  grasses  or  strips 
of  dry  fibrous  wood,  thus  partially  consolidat- 
ing the  leaves,  so  that  they  require  only  to  be 
ground,  or  rasped  and  sifted,  to  make  the  finest 
and  purest  snuff,  called  rappee. —  5.  pi.  [From 
the  resemblance  of  color.]  Yellowish-red  hair 
on  a  human  being.  [Slang.]  — Candy  or  Cretan 
carrot,  the  Athamanta  Cretensis,  an  umbelliferous  spe- 
cies of  the  Levant,  the  seeds  of  which  have  properties 
similar  to  those  of  Daucus  Carota.  —  Deadly  carrot,  the 
Tlnii>siii  <Tiiniuiiica,  an  umbellate  of  southern  Europe,  an 
acrid  irritant,  formerly  used  in  plasters  for  the  relief  of 
rheumatic  and  other  local  pains.  — Oil  of  carrot,  a  vol- 
atile oil,  whose  composition  is  not  known  with  certainty, 
obtained  in  small  quantity  by  distilling  the  roots  of  car- 
rots with  water. 

carrot  (kar'ot),  v.  t.  [<  carrot,  n.,  the  oil  of 
carrot  being  one  of  the  preparations  used  for 
this  purpose.]  Among  furriers,  to  dress,  as  a 
pelt,  by  rubbing  a  preparation  into  it  designed 
to  preserve  it  from  the  ravages  of  insects. 

staple  furs .  .  .  dressed,  carroted,  and  cut  from  the  skin. 
Eneyc.  Brit.,  IX.  837. 

carrotiness  (kar'ot-i-nes),  «.  [<  carroty  + 
-in  x.s.]  The  condition  of  being  of  a  carroty  or 
reddish-yellow  color;  especially,  this  condition 
of  the  hair. 

carrot-tree  (kar'ot-tre),  n.  A  curious,  some- 
what woody,  umbelliferous  plant,  Monicia  edu- 
lis,  found  only  upon  the  uninhabited  islands 
lying  southeast  of  Madeira,  on  high  cliffs  over- 
hanging the  sea.  The  roots  are  sometimes  used  for 
food  in  case  of  need  by  temporary  sojourners  upon  the 
islands. 

carroty  (kar'pt-i),  a.  [<  carrot  +  -yi.]  Like  a 
carrot  in  color:  an  epithet  given  to  yellowish 
or  reddish  hair. 

carrousel  (kar'6-zel),  «.  [F.]  1.  See  carousal2, 
1. — 2.  A  merry-go-round  (which  see).  Also 
written  carousal,  carousel. 

carrowH  (kar'o),  n.  [<  Ir.  and  Gael,  carach, 
cunning,  deceitful,  <  car,  a  twist,  turn,  trick.] 
In  Ireland,  one  who  wandered  about  and  made 
his  living  by  cards  and  dice ;  a  strolling  game- 
ster.    Spenser. 

carrow-  (kar'o),  ii.  [Cf.  caruca,  carue.~\  An 
ancient  Irish  subdivision  of  land. 

The  Ceathran-hadh,  carrow  or  quarter. 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  O'Curry. 

carr-swallow,  «.    See  car-swallow. 
carruca,  n.    See  caruca. 
carrucaget,  «•    See  carucage. 
carrucatet,  u.    See  carucate. 
carry  (kar'i),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carried,  ppr.  car- 
rying.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  carrie,  cary,  carie, 

<  ME.  carien,  <  OF.  carter,  caroier  (>  F.  char- 
tier,  also  charroyer)  =  Pr.  carregar  =  OCat. 
carrcjar  =  OSp.  carrear  =  It.  earreggiare  (ML. 
carricare),  carry,  orig.  transport  in  a  vehicle, 

<  L.  carrus  (>  OF.  car,  etc.),  a  cart,  car:  see 
carK  Hence,  from  ML.  carricare,  ult.  E.  cari- 
cature, carl:,  cari/o,  charge,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bear  or  convey  from  a  starting-point,  or  in 
going;  take  along  or  transport  by  the  use  of 
physical  strength  or  means;  move  or  cause  to 
be  moved  along  with  one:  as,  to  carry  a  cane 
in  the  hand,  or  goods  in  a  ship. 


When  be  dieth,  he  shall  carry  nothing  away. 

Ps.  xlix.  17. 

They  will  carry  their  riches  upon  the  shoulders  of  young 
asses.  Isa.  XXX,  6. 

Nay.  daughter,  carry  the  wine  in  ;  we  will  drink  within. 
Slmk.,  M.  W.  of  W".,  i.  I. 

2.  To  bo  t  he  means  of  conveying;  serve  as  the 
vehicle  of ,  or  as  a  transporting  or  transmitting 
agene\  for:  as,  a  ship  or  a  wagon  carries  goods 
to  market;  the  wind  carried  the  ship  out  of  her 
course ;  the  atmosphere  carries  sounds. 


carry 

Iler  own  feet  shall  ean-y  her  afar  off  to  sojourn. 

Isa.  xiii.  7. 
1  must  rami  her  word  quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

We  shall  probably  not  be  far  wrong  in  saying  that  the 
Thames  carries  down  to  the  sea.  every  year,  14  million 
cubic  feet  of  solid  matter.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  148. 

3.  To  lead  or  conduct  in  going;  escort,  urge, 
or  drive  along:  as,  to  carry  off  a  friend,  or  a 
squad  of  prisoners. 

And  he  carried  away  all  his  cattle.  Gen.  xxi.  18. 

Why  hast  thou  dealt  thus  with  us,  to  carry  us  forth  out 

of  Egypt?  Ex.  xiv.  n. 

I  carried  him  home  to  dinner  with  me. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  lxviii. 

4.  To  lead  or  project  in  a  specified  direction, 
physically  or  mentally;  direct  or  continue  to 
or  toward  some  point  in  space,  time,  or  contem- 
plation: as,  to  carry  forward  a  line  of  survey, 
or  an  undertaking;  he  carried  his  history,  or 
his  readers,  back  to  the  remotest  times;  he 
carried  his  theory  to  its  logical  result. 

Manethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  carried  up 

their  government  to  an  incredible  dist; c. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

War  was  to  be  diverted  from  Greece  by  being  carried 
into  Asia.  Mit/ord. 

Nothing  short  of  a  miracle  could  carry  far  the  improve- 
ments which  have  been  attempted  and  in  part  begun. 

Brougham. 

Like  all  beliefs  found  successful  in  one  subject,  it  was 
carried  over  into  another.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  1. 143. 
Hence  —  5.  To  impel;  drive:  as,  the  gale  car- 
ried the  fleet  out  of  its  course. — 6.  To  put  or 
place  forward;  transfer  to  an  advanced  posi- 
tion or  stage :  as,  to  carry  a  case  into  court,  or 
up  to  the  supreme  court;  in  adding,  we  set 
down  the  units  and  carry  the  tens  (that  is,  trans- 
fer them  to  the  next  column  in  advance). —  7. 
To  conduct;  manage:  often  with  an  indefinite 
it:  as,  to  carry  matters  with  a  high  hand;  he 
carried  it  bravely:  archaic,  except  with  on:  as, 
to  carry  on  business.    See  phrases  below. 

Will  the  elephant  Ajax  carry  it  thus? 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

We  have  carried  the  business  nobly. 

Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  2. 
He  being  reconciled  the  day  before,  all  things  were  car- 
ried very  lovingly  amongst  all. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  91. 

8.  To  bear  to  a  consummation ;  conduct  to  a 
desired  or  a  successful  issue ;  gain  or  achieve 
by  management:  as,  to  carry  a  legislative  mea- 
sure, or  an  election;  to  carry  out  one's  purpose. 

I  look  by  her  means  for  a  reformation, 

And  such  a  one,  and  such  a  rare  way  carried, 

That  all  the  world  shall  wonder  at. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Valentinian,  i.  2. 

You  must  either  carry  the  Bill,  or  make  it  as  clear  as 
day  that  you  have  done  all  in  your  power  to  do  so. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

9.  To  gain  by  effort  or  contest;  gain  posses- 
sion or  control  of;  succeed  in  gaming  or  taking; 
take  or  win  from  or  as  from  an  enemy;  cap- 
ture :  as,  to  carry  a  fortress  by  assault ;  to  car- 
ry a  district  in  an  election;  to  carry  off  a  prize. 

Gonsalvo,  availing  himself  of  these  friendly  dispositions, 
pushed  forward  his  successes,  carrying  one  stronghold 
after  another.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 

The  Republicans  had  carried  the  country  upon  an  issue 
in  which  ethics  were  more  distinctly  and  visibly  mingled 
with  politics  than  usual.     Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  157. 

Hence  — 10.  To  succeed  in  electing:  as,  to  car- 
ry a  candidate.  [Eng.]  — 11.  To  lead  or  draw 
mentally;  transport,  urge,  or  impel  the  mind 
of;  influence  to  a  course  of  action,  thought,  or 
feeling:  as,  the  speaker  carried  his  audience 
with  him;  his  passion  carried  him  away  or 
astray;  he  was  carried  out  of  himself. 

Why  doth  thine  heart  carry  thee  away?         Job  xv.  12. 

Ill-nature,  passion,  and  revenge  will  carry  them  too  far 
in  punishing  others.  Locke. 

12.  To  bear  up  and  support,  whether  in  mo- 
tion or  at  rest;  move,  hold,  or  sustain  the  mass 
or  weight  of:  as,  to  carry  the'  body  gracefully; 
he  curries  his  wounded  arm  in  a  sling;  the  bridge 
carries  a  permanent  load  of  so  many  tons;  the 
wall  cannot  carry  such  a  weif,rlit. 

To  carry  up  the  body  faire,  is  decent,  and  doth  shew 

A  i ii  h  grace  in  any  one,  Where  ever  he  doth  goe. 

Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  295. 

Set  them  a  reasonable  depth,  and  they  will  carry  more 

shoots  upon  the  stem.  Bacon.  Nat.  Hist. 

13.  To  bear,  or  bear  about,  as  a  fixed  or  inher- 
ent accompaniment,  physical  or ml ;  hold  as 

an  appurtenance,  quality,  or  characteristic:  as, 

he  carries  a  bulletin  his  body;  his  opinions  car- 
ry great  weight- 
No  man  hath  .  .  .  an  attaint  but  he. nrri'.s  . some  stain 

..f  it.  Shak.,  T,  and'' ,  u  2. 


carry 

The  nanio 
Of  friend's  too  narrow  for  hin),  and  I  want 
A  word  that  carries  more  di\iiiil\ 

Shirley,  Love's  Cruelty,  i.  1. 

In  some  vegetables  we  see  something  that  carries  a  kind 

of  analogy  to  sense.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orlg.  of  Mankind. 

14.  To  hold  or  bear  the  charge  of ;  keep  in  pos- 
session or  on  hand  for  disposal  or  management : 
as,  to  carry  a  large  stock  of  goods;  to  carry  stocks 

or  bonds  for  a  customer. — 15.  Reilexively,  to 
behave;  demean;  deport.  [Now  rare  in" this 
sense,  hear  being  used  instead.] 

He  carried  himself  so  insolently  in  the  house,  and  out 
of  the  house,  to  all  persons,  that  he  became  odious. 

Clarendon. 

16  f.  To  hold  or  entertain  as  an  opinion;  uphold. 

Divers  other  foul  errors  were  discovered,  which  had 

been  secretly  carried  by  way  of  inquiry,  hut  after  were 

maintained  liy  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and  others. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  304. 

17f.  To  bear  up  under ;  endure;  undergo. 

Is  it  in  the  power 
Of  flesh  and  hlood  to  carry  this,  and  live? 

Bean,  and  /■'/.,  I'hiluster,  v.  5. 
Carry  arms  (mint.),  an  order  to  a  company  or  regiment 
directing  the  musket  or  ride  to  hi'  held  in  the  right  hand, 
the  barrel  nearly  vertical  and  resting  in  the  hoUow  of  the 
shoulder  with  the  guard  to  the  front,  the  arm  hanging  its 
full  length  near  the  body,  the  thumb  and  forefinger  em- 
hrariiiL:  tin'  guard,  the  stork  just  under  the  hammer  heing 
grasped  by  the  remaining  lingers,  with  the  little  finger  rest 
ing  on  the  hammer.— To  carry  a  bone  in  the  mouth. 
See  bonei.— To  carry  a  scent,  in  fox-hunting,  to  follow 
theseent.— To  carry  away,  on  Naut.,  to  break  oil:  as. 
the  ship  has  carried  away  her  jib-boom  (that  is,  has  broken 
it  off).   Also  said  of  a  rope  or  chain  parted  by  violeuee. 

A  spar  is  carried  away  when  it  is  broken  or  disabled. 

Quallrough,  Boat-Sailers  Manual,  p.  244. 
(b)  Figuratively,  to  transport ;  absorb  the  attention  of ; 
lead  astray  or  beyond  bounds:  as,  to  be  carried  away  by 
music ;  his  passion  carried  him  away. 

Carried  away  by  the  delusions  of  fancy,  I  almost  ima- 
gine myself  surrounded  by  the  shades  of  the  departed,  and 
holding  sweet  converse  with  the  worthies  of  antiquity. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  146. 
To  carry  a  weather  helm  (mint.),  to  keep  the  helm, 
or  have  it  kept,  as  a  ship,  a  little  to  the  windward  side 
in  steering  a  straight  course,  close-hauled. —  To  carry 
coals1,  to  bear  injuries  ;  put  up  with  an  affront. 
Gregory,  o'  my  word,  we'll  not  earn/  coals. 

Shak.,'R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 
To  carry  coals  to  Newcastle,  to  take  things  to  a  place 
where  they  already  abound,  Newcastle  being  in  a  great 
coal-produeing  region;  hence,  to  perform  unnecessary  la- 
bor; lose  one's  labor.— To  carry  it  off.to  bear  out ;  face 
through  ;  brazen  a  thing  out. — To  carry  Off.  (a)  To  re- 
move to  a  distance,  (b)  To  kill :  as,  to  he  carried  of  by 
sickness. 

This  was  followed  by  a  fit  of  sickness,  which  had  like  to 
have  carried  her  o/last  winter.         Steele,  Tatler,  No.  95. 

To  carry  on,  to  manage  or  be  engaged  in ;  continue  to 
prosecute  ;  keep  in  progress :  as,  to  carry  on  husbandry  or 
war ;  to  carry  on  a.  person's  business  in  his  absence. 

They  endeavoured  in  the  War  time  to  have  Printed 
Monthly  Transactions  or  Memoires  after  the  manner  of 
ours  in  London ;  but  could  not  carry  them  on  above  two 
Volumes  or  Years,  for  without  great  Correspondence  this 
can  hardly  be  done.  Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  78. 

To  carry  one's  bat,  in  cricket,  not  to  be  put  out :  said  of 
that  one  of  the  last  two  batsmen  on  one  side  who,  though 
not  put  out.  has  to  cease  playing  when  his  partner  is  put 
out.— To  carry  out.  (a)  To  bear  from  within. 
When  I  have  said  good-night  for  evermore, 
And  you  see  me  carried  out  from  the  threshold  of  the  door. 
Tennyson,  .May  Queen,  ii. 
(b)  To  prosecute  to  the  end  ;  bring  to  a  consummation  ;  ac- 
complish ;  finish;  execute:  as,  he  carried  out  his  purpose. 
—To  carry  the  day,  to  be  successful  against  opposition ; 
triumph,  as  or  as  if  in  battle. 

In  the  mind  of  a  mental  pathologist  the  progress  of 
spiritualism,  with  its  revived  thirst  for  miracles,  might 
awaken  unpleasant  recollections  of  the  second  century  — 
the  eve  of  the  era  when  St.  Gregory  Thaumaturgus  car- 
ried the  day  against  the  protests  of  the  Roman  1!  uxleys 
and  Carpenters.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  475. 

To  carry  the  house  (theat.),  to  gain  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause from  all  parts  of  the  house;  gain  the  favor  or 
approval  of  all  present. —  To  carry  the  wind,  in  the 
manege,  to  toss  the  nose  as  high  as  the  ears:  said  of  a 
horse— To  carry  the  world  before  one,  to  meet  with 
uninterrupted  success  ;  be  very  successful  in  spite  of  op- 
position. 

Gentlemen  with  broad  chests  and  ambitious  intentions 
do  sometimes  disappoint  their  friends  by  failing  to  carry 
the  world  before  them.  Qemge  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 
To  carry  through,  to  support  to  the  end;  sustain  or 
keep  from  falling  or  failing :  accomplish. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  act  as  a  bearer;  be  em- 
ployed in  transportation. 

A  horse  cannot  fetch,  but  only  carry. 

Shak.,T.  Q.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse  holds  his  head  high,  with  an 
arching  neck,  be  is  said  to  carry  well;  when  he  lowers  his 
head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry  low. 

3.  To  act  as  a  conductor ;  be  a  guiding  or  im- 
pelling agent. 

Those  flames  of  lusts  which  haue  come  from  hell,  and 
parric  thither.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  6S. 


835 

4.  To  propel  a  missile  ;  exert  propelling  force: 
as.  a  glm  (>r  mortar  carries  well  or  ill. 

If  any  man  impute  these  victories  of  ours  to  the  long- 
bow, as  carrying  further,  piercing  more  Btrongly,  and 
quicker  of  discharge  than  tin-  trench  crossbow;  my  an- 
swer is  ready.  Raleigh,  in  Arbers  Brig.  Garner,  I.  71. 

5f.  To  behave  or  deport  one's  self. 

He  '<i  1 1  n  d  so  mutinously  and  seditiously,  as  thai  he  was 

for  the  same,  and  for  his  turbulent  carriages  towards  both 

magistrates  and  ministers,  in  the  press i  of  the  court, 

sentenced  to  find  sureties  for  hisg I  behaviour. 

A.  Morton,  V\\  England's  Memorial,  p.  203, 

6.  In  falconry,  to  fly  away  with  the  quarry: 
said  of  a  hawk. — 7.  In  hunting,  to  run  on 
ground  or  hoar  frost  which  sticks  to  the  feet, 
as  a  hare. —  8f.  To  ride. 

Thus  in  peryl,  &  payne,  a  plytea  ml  harde, 
Bi  contrary  enrye  ;  this  kny;  i    ty]  la  vst-masse  euen. 
Sir  Oawayne  unit  the  art,,,  Knight  iv,.  F..  T.  s.  i,  I.  784. 

To  carry  on.    (")  Naut.,  to  continue  carrying  :i   lai 
spread  of  canvas. 

A  vessel  close  hauled  could  have  shown  no  more  than  a 
single  close-reefed  sail;  but  as  we  were  going  before  it 
[the  wind],  we  could  carry  on. 

R.  II.  Dana.  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  3S6. 

(6)  To  conduct  one's  self  in  a  wild,  frolicsome,  or  thought- 
less manner;  riot;  frolic.     [Colloq.l 

Master  Jeremy  carried  on  so  and  laughed. 

R.  D.  Blaokmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  380. 
To  fetch  and  carry.  See  fetch. 
carry  (kar'i),  ».;  pi.  comes  (-iz).  [<  curry,  v.] 
1.  Land  which  separates  navigable  waters  and 
across  which  a  canoe  or  other  boat  must  be  ear- 
rii  id;  a  detour  around  obstructions  in  a  stream ; 
a  portage. —  2.  The  act  of  carrying  a  canoe  or 
boat  and  its  freight  over  land  separating  nav- 
igable waters,  or  around  obstructions  in  a 
stream. — 3.  The  motion  of  the  clouds  as  they 
are  carriod  by  the  wind ;  the  clouds  themselves 
thus  carried;  cloud-drift.    [Scotch.] 

The  carry  is  now  brisk  from  the  west. 

Caledonian  Mercury. 

Hence — 4.  The  firmament  or  sky.     [Scotch.] 

Mirk  and  rainy  is  the  night, 
No  a  starn  in  a'  the  carry.  Tannahill. 

5.  A  wagon.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 6.  In  falconry, 
the  manner  in  which  a  hawk  flies  away  with 
the  quarry. — 7.  The  position  of  a  weapon  when 
the  military  command  to  carry  arms  is  complied 
with:  as,  to  bring  a  rifle  to  the  carry. 

carryall  (kar'i-al),  n.  [Altered  from  cariole, 
simulating  carry  +  all.]  A  light,  covered,  four- 
wheeled  family  carriage,  with  two  seats,  drawn 
by  one  horse.    [U.  S.] 

carrying  (kar'i-ing),  a.  and  n.  [Ppr.  and  verbal 
n.  of  carry,  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Bearing;  conveying; 
supporting:  as,  the  carrying  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel.—  2.  Requiring  or  necessitating  portage. 

The  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  carrying  places  between  them,  .  .  .  were 
made  common  highways  and  forever  free. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  114. 

II.  it.  The  act  of  bearing  or  conveying;  the 
business  of  transportation — Carrying  -  cloth. 
same  as  bearing-cloth. — Carrying-trade,  the  trade  or 
business  of  transporting  goods,  especially  by  water,  from 
country  to  country,  or  from  place  to  place. 

With  the  exception  of  the  railway  interest,  no  branch 
of  business  has  increased  so  rapidly  within  recent  years 
as  the  ocean  carrying  trade. 

Ik  A.  Wells,  Merchant  Marine,  p.  43. 

carrying-on  (kar'i-ing-on),  n.  1.  Frolicsome 
or  riotous  behavior:  usually  in  the  plural,  car- 
ryings-on. [Colloq.] — 2.  Naut,  the  keeping 
of  an  excessive  press  of  sail  on  a  ship. 

carry-talet  (kar'i-tal),  n,    A  tale-bearer. 

Borne  carry-tale,  some  please-man,  some  slight  zany,  .  .  . 

Told  our  intents  before.  Shak.,  L.  L.  I..,  v.  2. 

carsackie  (kiir-sak'i),  n.  A  coarse  loose  jacket 
with  a  waist-band,  worn  by  workmen  over  their 
clothes ;  a  jumper.     [Scotch.] 

carseH,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  cress. 

carse'2  (kiirs),  n.  [Se.,  formerly  Iters,  herss;  per- 
haps a  pi.  form  of  ear,  a  bog  or  fen,  low  wet 
land:  see  car".  Cf.  W.  cars,  bog,  fen,  corscn 
=  Bret,  cors,  corscn,  bog-plant.  The  Gael. 
cars,  carse,  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  Se.] 
In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertile  alluvial  land 
along  the  side  of  a  stream  ;  the  low-lying  part 
of  a  valley  that  is  watered  by  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  higher  grounds:  as,  the 
carse  of  Gowrie ;  the  carse  of  Stirling.  Carses 
are  no  w  regarded  by  geologists  as  raised  beaches 
or  terraces. 

carse3  (kiirs),  n.  A  dry  measure  formerly  used 
in  some  parts  of  France. 

car-seal  (kiir'sel),  n.  A  clasp  of  soft  metal  de- 
signed to  bind  the  ends  of  a  wire  passed  through 
the  look  of  the  door  of  a  freight-car.    By  means 


carte 

of  a  hand-tool  the  clasp  is  firmly  joined  to  theends  of  the 
wire,  thus  scaling  flic  door,  w  loch  cannot  be  opened  with- 
out cutting  the  wire  or  leva  king  He   seal. 

car-spring  (k&r'spring),  n.  A  spring  serving  to 
lesson  I  ho  jar  of  a  railroad-car.  The  devices  used 
for  this  purpose  are  exci  edlngrj  numerous,  consisting  of 
clastic  cushions,  levers,  or  plates  like  ordinary  carriage- 
springs,  crimped  plates,  spiral  and  helical  springs,  etc. 

car-standard  (kiir'stan"dard),  n.  In  her.,  a. 
bearing  representing  a  standard  borne  on  a 
four-wheeled  cur.     Bee  carroceio. 

car-starter  (kar'star'ter),  n.  1.  A  device  by 
which  tlio  momentum  of  a  st  loot -ear  is  utilized 
in  overcoming  its  inertia  in  starting  again  af- 
ter stopping:  this  is  usually  effected  by  means 
of  springs. —  2.  One  who  gives  the  order  or 
signal  for  starting  a  horse-car  or  railway-train 
fit  a  station;  a  cur-  or  traiii-despatelier. 

car-swallow,  carr-swallow  (kar'swol'6),  ». 

|  l'roli.  <  car-,  :i  marshy  place  (where  it  always 
breeds),  +  swallow2.']  A  name  of  the  black  tern, 
Sterna  or  Hydrochelidon  fissipes. 
cart  (kiirt),  n.    [<  ME.  cart,  kart,  <  AS.  crest, 

transposed  from  'curt,  =  D.  Intl.  In  I-  [eel. 
Jcartr;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  W.  cart  =  Gael,  and 
Ir.  cairt,  a  cart,  dim.  of  Ir.  carr  =  Gael,  car,  a 
car:  see  car1,  and  cf.  charet,  chariot.]  If.  A 
car  or  chariot. 

What  the  soimes  Sonne  .    .   . 

That  highte  Phetoun  [PhaethonJ  wolde  Iede 
Algate  his  fader  carte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  ii.  433. 

2.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle,  shorter  and  higher 
set  than  a  car,  usually  for  one  horse  and  often 
without  springs,  for  the  conveyance  of  heavy 
goods. 

Provide  some  carts, 
And  bring  away  the  armour  that  is  there. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Packing  all  his  goods  in  one  poor  cart. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

3.  A  cart-load.     A  cart  of  coals  was  formerly 

in  England  c<|  hundredweight  by  statute To 

put  (or  set)  the  cart  before  the  horse,  to  reverse  the 
proper  order  of  (two)  things. 

Nowe,  hitherto  the  chiefe  care  of  governaunce  hath  bin 
to  the  land,  being  the  meaneste ;  and  to  the  bodie,  being 
the  better,  very  small ;  but  to  the  ruynde,  being  the  best, 
none  at  all,  which  methinkes  is  playnely  to  sett  the  carte 
before  the  horse. 

Quoted  in  Forewords  to  Babecs  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  xxiii. 
Village  cart,  an  uncovered  two-wheeled  carriage  for  one 
horse,  with  a  low  body  and  but  one  seat. — Whitechapel 
cart,  a  light  two-wheeled  spring-cart,  such  as  is  used  by 
butchers,  etc.,  for  delivering  goods  to  their  customers  :  so 
named  from  being  a  style  of  vehicle  originally  much  used 
about  Whitechapel  in  London.  Often  called  chapel-cart. 
cart  (kiirt),  v.  [<  ME.  carten,  <  cart,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  carry  or  convey  in  a  cart:  as,  to 
cart  goods. 

Thespis  was  first,  who,  all  besmear'd  with  lee, 

Began  this  pleasure  tor  posterity : 

And  witli  his  carted  actors,  and  a  song, 

Amus'd  the  people  as  he  pass'd  along. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  495. 

2f.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 

Thou  Shalt  therefore  bee  taken  out  of  thy  proude  Char- 
iot, and  bee  carted.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  29. 

She  chuckled  when  a  bawd  was  carted.  Pope. 

II.   intrans.  To  use  carts  for  carriage. 

Oxen  are  not  so  good  for  draught  where  you  have  occa- 
sion to  cart  much,  hut  for  winter  ploughing. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

cartaceous,  a.     See  chartaceoits. 

cartage  (kar'taj),  n.  [<  cart  +  -age]  1.  The 
act  of  carrying  in  a  cart. —  2.  The  price  paid  for 
carting. 

cartaret  (kSr'ta-ret),  n.  [Appar.  from  the 
proper  name  Carteret.]  A  sleeping-cot.  Ste- 
phens. 

cart-aver  (kart 'a  'ver),  n.  A  cart-horse. 
[Scotch.] 

cart-body  (k&rt'bod'i),  it.  [<  ME.  cartebody ;  < 
cart  +  body.]  That  portion  of  a  cart  which 
rests  on  the  axle,  and  contains  or  supports  the 
burden. 

cart-bote  (kSrt'bot),  n.  In  old  Eng.  law,  wood 
to  which  a  tenant  was  entitled  for  making  and 
repairing  agricultural  implements. 

carte1  (kart),  m.  [F.,  a  card :  see  card*-.]  1.  A 
bill  of  fare  at  a  hotel  or  restaurant.  See  a  la 
carte. —  2.  An  abbreviation  for  cartc-dc-risi te : 
usually  called  card. 

carte'-  (kiirt),  it.  [Also  written  quarte,  <  F. 
quarte,  a  movement  in  fencing,  lit.  fourth  :  see 
quart.]  A  movement  in  fencing,  consisting  in 
throwing  the  hand  as  far  as  possible  on  the  in- 
side, with  the  point  of  the  sword  toward  the 
adversary's  breast.  Also  written  quarte. 
The  mystery  of  carte  and  tierce. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xvi.  119. 
High  carte,  a  thrust  given  inside  the  arm  and  aimed 
at  the  right  breast,  the  wrist,  in  supination,  raised  about 


carte 

three  inches  above  the  crown  ol  the  head,  during  the 
allongemeni  ol  the  rlgbi  fool      Rolando  (ed.  Forsyth). 
Low  carte,  a  thrust  differing  from  high  carte  in  thai  the 
wrist  is  raised  only  as  huh  as  the  mouth,  and  the  point 
ajMI,  ;  tomach.    Rolando  (ed.  Forsyth), 

carte  blanche  (karl  blonsh).  [!'..  =  Sp.  carta 
blanca  =  Pg.  carta  branca  =  It.  carta  bianco,  lit. 
j  paper:  Bee  earcP  and  ManchX.]  1.  A 
blank  paper;  specifically,  a  paper  duly  authen- 
ticated with  signature,  etc.,  and  intrusted  to  a 
person  to  be  filled  an  at  his  discretion;  hence, 
ratively,  permission  or  authority  in  ft  par- 
ticular matter,  without  condition  or  qualifica- 
tion; unrestricted  power  to  act  or  decide. 

Lord  Ore]  was  armed  with  .  .  .  a  carte  blanche  to  cre- 
ate any  number  ol  peers  necessary  to  insure  its  success. 
Disraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  2. 

2.  In  the  game  of  piquet,  a  hand  without  a 
king,  queen,  or  knave. 

carte-de-visite  (kart'de-vi -zet'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a 
\  iviting-eard:  see  carcP  and  visit.']  A  photo- 
graphic likeness  mounted  on  a  card,  formerly 
of  the  size  of  a  visiting-card.  Also  called  card- 
picture  and  card,. 

A  carte-de-visite  portrait  of  the  hon.  member  for  Chelsea 
as  he  appears  «  hen  addressing  the  House  of  Commons. 

if.  J.  Einton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  37. 

cartel  (kar'tel),  n.  [<  F.  cartel,  <  It.  cartello 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cartel,  <  ML.  carteUus,  equiv.  to  char- 
tiiln,  dim.  of  charta,  carta,  a  paper,  a  writing: 
see  earcP-,  chart,  and  charter.']  1.  A  writing 
or  an  agreement  between  states,  especially 
when  at  war,  as  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners, 
or  for  some  mutual  advantage. 

A  carU  l  ft  ir  the  exchange  of  prisoners  had  been  a  subject 
of  negotiation.  Prescott. 

2.  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge ;  a  chal- 
lenge to  single  combat. 

He  is  cowed  at  the  very  idea  of  a  cartel,  though  it  come 
hut  from  a  fool  and  a  swine-herd.        Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxv. 

To  the  unknown  libeller  who  had  reflected  on  the  origin 

df  the  Dudleys,  .  .  .  Sir   Philip  Sydney,  in  the  loftiest 

■  •f  chivalry,  designed  to  send  a  cartel  of  defiance. 

1.  D  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  102. 

Formerly  also  chattel. 
Cartel-ship",  a  ship  employed  in  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers, or  in  communicating  with  an  enemy. 
cartelt  (kar'tel),  v.  t.     [<  cartel,  ».]     To  defy; 
challenge  to  a  duel.    Also  chartel. 

Come  hither,  you  shall  chartel  him,  I'll  shew  you  a 
trick  or  two  .  .  .  you  shall  kill  him  with  at  pleasure. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

carter  (kar'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  carter,  cartere;  < 
cart  +  -«-.]     If.  A  charioteer. 

The  cartere  overryden  with  his  carte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1164. 

2.  A  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  drive  a  cart  or  transport  goods 
in  carts. 

Let  me  be  no  assistant  for  a  state,  and  keep  a  farm,  and 
carters.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish.  See  whiff.— 4f.  A  kind  of 
insect.     Kcnnctt.     (Ralliwell.) 

Carteria  (kar-te'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
H.  J.  Carter  of  Bombay,  who  wrote  ou  the 
natural  history  of  the  lac-insect  (1861).]  A 
genus  of  scale-insects,  family  ( 'occiita:  The  East 
Indian  C.  lacea  is  of  great  commercial  value,  yielding  the 
hich  is  used  for  making  varnishes,  sealing-wax,  etc. 

carterly  (kiir'ter-li),  a.  [<  carter  +  -ly1.] 
Bade,  like  a  carter,  or  like  a  carter's  occupa- 
tion,    [Bare.] 

Aristippus  a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  courtly?  Dio- 
genes a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  carterly? 

Lyly,  Buphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  40. 
A  carterly  or  churlish  trick.  Cotnrave. 

Cartesian  (kar-te'zian),  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  Car- 

tesien  =  Sp.    Pg.    It.   Cartesiano,   <  Cartesius, 

Latinized  form  '4'  I  or  ten  in  tic  ii :■  tin-  llrscarlis 

1 1'     i  artes),  of   which  the  first  element  is  a 

removable  prefix.]     I.  a.    Pertaining  to  the 

eh    philosopher    K'en6    Descartes    (1596- 

,  to  In-  philosophy,  or  to  his  geometrical 

method.    In  order  to  put  philosophy  on  b  sound  hasis, 
b  gin  bj  doubting  nil  things.    But 
toubt,  the  thought,  could  noi  be  doubted  :  hence  the 
fundamental  proposition  of  his  philosophy,  Cogito 

t  (I  think,  therefori   [am)     Cnii  proposition  (which  is 

noi  a  formal  mode  ol  Inference)  means 

Hi'    to.-l  that  1   think,  I   am  irresistibly 

I  clearlj   to  discern  that  i  exist,  with- 

int  for  tin-  inference,     According 

to  I  >  a  that  the  conception  of  a 

deity  involves  th nception  of  a  reality    i 

own  leads  to  the  irresistible  belief  aid  clear  perception  of 
the  exist- n  i    ol    i  Q  .1        \  vi  i  city  is  an  at- 

tribute of  God,  all  that  is  clearly  ami  distinctly  appre- 
hended must  i,.'  ii  so-called  Cat 

'  me  of  two  rad- 

ically different   kind      thi    mat  ria ;  h  hich 

Uual  which  are  conscious 

and  '  led— a  doci  rine  w  hich  i    called  I  'at  U  sian 

i       .-  ....    .. , ,,  tioctrine  of  a  :  ince,  or 

not    tiilh   developed  hy  Des- 
cartes himself,  is  that  whenever  the  soul  makes  a  voli- 


836 

tiiin  God  intervenes  to  cause  the  corresponding  motion 
,,f  the  bodj  II'  also  taught  that  brutes  ate  mere  ma- 
chines without  consciousness  (the  Cartesian  automatism), 

ami  that  all  spar.'  is  filled  with  matter,  "huh  turns  about 
iii  vortices,  ami  so  produces  the  motions  of  the  heavi  nlj 
bodies.— Cartesian  coordinates,  in  geom.,  the  lines  in- 
troduced (1637)  by  Bend  Descartes  tor  defining  the  posi- 
tions oi  points  in  a  plane.  Two  Btraight  lines.  OX  ami 
OY,  are  adopted  arbitrarily  as  axes 
of  coordinates,  to  which  all  posi- 
tions are  referred.  Their  point  of 
intersection,  0,  is  called  the  origin 
of  coordinates.  From  any  point,  1', 
whose  position  is  to  be  defined,  a 
line,  MP,  is  drawn  parallel  to  OY, 
ami  meeting  the  axis  OX  in  M.  The 
length  I'M.  or  the  ordinate, and  the 
length  0M,  or  the  abscissa,  being  given,  the  position  of  P 
is  determined  :  these  lines  are  called  the  Cartesian  coordi- 
nates of  the  [mint  P.  The  term  is  sometimes  extended  to  a 
similar  system  for  three  dimensions. — Cartesian  curve. 
See  II.,  2.-  Cartesian  devil, 
Cartesian  diver,  or  bottle- 
imp,  a  philosophical  toy  used 
to  illustrate  the  principle  of 
specific  gravity.  It  consists  of 
a  hollow  figure  usually  in  the 
fancied  form  of  a  demon,  with 
a  hole  at  some  distance  from 
the  top.  The  figure  is  tilled 
with  air  in  the  upper  part  and 
with  water  in  the  lower,  and 
floats  in  a  tall  glass  vessel  near- 
ly full  of  water  and  covered 
air-tight  with  india-rubber  or 
a  piece  of  bladder.  When  this 
cover  is  pressed  down,  the  air 
underneath  is  compressed,  and 
water  enters  the  figure  by  the 
hole  so  as  to  bring  the  air  with- 
in the  figure  to  an  equal  degree 
of  compression.  The  figure  con- 
sequently sinks,  and  does  not 
rise  again  until  the  pressure  is 

removed.— Cartesian  geometry,  geometry  treated  by 
means  of  coordinates;  analytical  geometry.  See  Cartesian 
coordinates,  above.— Cartesian  lens,  a  lens  so  shaped 
that  there  is  no  spherical  aberration  ;  especially,  a  con- 
cavoconvex  lens  having  one  surface  spherical  and  the  other 
ellipsoidal.  Such  lenses  were  proposed  by  Descartes,  hut 
never  successfully  executed,  and  were  shown  later  to  be 
needless.— Cartesian  measure  of  force,  the  measure 
of  force  as  proportional  to  the  velocity,  founded  on  the 
observation  that  the  same  force  is  required  to  raise  one 
pound  two  feet  as  to  raise  two  pounds  one  foot.  Owing 
to  the  confused  notions  of  force  of  Descartes  and  his  fol- 
lowers, it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  principle  as 
enunciated  by  them  is  correct  or  not ;  but  its  errors  ap- 
pear, at  any  rate,  to  have  been  corrected  in  the  final  de- 
velopment of  the  doctrine,  though  it.  is  now  superseded. — 
Cartesian  oval,  a  curve,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances from  two  fixed  points  are  connected  by  any  given 


Cartesian  Diver. 


Confocal  Cartesian  Ovals. 
F,  F,  F'  are  the  foci ;  the  ovals  a  anil  .-/  form  one  quartic  curve, 
likewise  b  and  B.  c  and  C,  d  and  D;  x  is  the  intermediate  circle,  y 
the  orthogonal  circle. 

linear  equation.  A  Cartesian  oval  is  a  real  branch  of  a 
Cartesian  curve.  These  ovals  were  first  imagined  by  l>es- 
.  artes  in  connection  with  the  theory  of  optics.  The  evo- 
lute  of  a  Cartesian  oval  is  the  diacaustic  of  a  circle. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
Dt'scnrtt's;    a    follow  or  of   Descartes.  —  ~.    Am 

curve     of     the 


fourth  order 
having  two 
cusps  on  the 
absolute.  There 
are  three  genera 
of  Cartesians.  The 
first  consists  of 
curves  of  the  sixth 
class,  composed  of 
a  pair  ol  i  lartesian 
ovals,  one  inside 
the     other.       The 

second  evnlls  con- 
sists of  curves  of 
the  fourth  class, 
which  are  lima- 
cons.  Curves  of 
this  kind  generally 
have  an  acnode 
which  may  become 
a  crunoile.  The  third  melius  consists  of  the  curdioid, 
which  is  a  curve  "f  the  third  class  with  a  real  ens],. 
Kvcry  (artesian  has  a  single  hitan^'ent.— Twisted  Car- 
tesian, a  curve  in  space    tin    In,  u-  of  a  point  whose  dis- 

tani '     ii three  fixed  points  are  connected  by  two  linear 

equations. 


The  foil-line  curve  is  a  limacon  !  without 
'mi  the  loop  is  a  Cartesian  .if  two 
'licr  side  of  the  limacon  is 
a  hiving  only  one  real  oval. 


cartilage 

Cartesianism  (kar-te'zian-izm),  n.  [<  F.  Car- 
tisianisme  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Cartesianismo :  see  Car- 
tesian and  -ism.]  The  philosophy  of  Descartes 
as  set  forth  by  him,  and  as  further  developed 
by  his  followers.     See  Cartesian,  a. 

cartful  (kart'ful),  ».  [<  cart  +  -fid,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  cart  will  hold ;  a  cart-load. 

Carthagena  bark.    See  bark*. 

Carthaginian  (kar-tha-jin'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
[After  equiv.  L.  Cariliaginiensis,  <  Carthago 
{Carthagin-),  also  Karthago,  Kartago  (Gr.  Kap- 
xvdiiv),  Carthage.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Carthage,  a  city  and  state  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa,  near  the  modern  Tunis,  founded 
by  the  Phenicians  of  Tyre  in  the  ninth  century 
B.C.  See  Punic — Carthaginian  faith.  See/attt. 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Carthage. 

carthamic  (kar-tham'ik),  a.  [<  carthamin  + 
-tc]  Of  or  pertaining  to  carthamin:  as,  "car- 
thamic acid,  a  red  colouring  matter  of  saf- 
tlower,"  Ure,  Diet,,  I.  G60. 

carthamin,  carthamine  (kar'tha-min),  n.  [< 
<  'arthamus  +  -in?,  -4nez;  =  F.  carthamine  =  Sp. 
cartamma.]  A  preparation  from  safflower,  (ar- 
thamus tinCtoriUS.  In  thin  films  it  appears  of  a  gold- 
green  hue;  against  the  light  it  appears  red.  It  is  uscl  fur 
surface  coloring  or  dyeing.  When  repeatedly  dissolved  and 
precipitated  it  becomes  saffiower-carmine.  Mixed  with 
French  chalk  it  forms  rouge,  which  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 

Carthamus  (kiir'tha-mus),  ii.  [NL.  (>  F.  car- 
thame  =  Sp.  cdrtama  —  Pg.  It.  cartamo),  <  Ar. 
qurtnm,  girUm,  <  qartama,  paint:  so  called  be- 
cause the  flowers  yield  a  fine  color.]  A  small 
genus  of  annual  plants,  natural  order  Composite. 
The  best-known  species  is  C.  tinetorius,  safflower  or  bas- 
tard saffron,  extensively  cultivated  for  it-  yeUoti  flowers, 
which  are  employed  in  dyeing.    See  safflower. 

cart-horse  (kart'hdrs),  n.  [<  ME.  carthors, 
cartehors,  <  AS.  cratehors,  <  crcet,  cart,  +  liars, 
horse.]  A  horse  that  draws  a  cart,  or  is  in- 
tended or  suitable  for  such  work. 

Carthusian  (ktir-thu' zian),  «.  and  a.  [=  F. 
Chartreux,  Sp.  Cartujarib,  a.,  Cartujo,  n.,  Pg. 
Cartuxo,  It.  Certosano,  Ccrtosino;  of.  D.  Kar- 
thuizer,  G-.  Karthauser,  Dan.  Kartheuser,  <  ML. 
Cartttsiensis,  also  Carturiensis,  Cartunensis,  a 
Carthusian,  <  ( 'aturixsiiim,  Caticrissiiim,  Char- 
trousse,  name  of  the  village  near  which  the 
first  Carthusian  monastery  was  built.]  I.  n.  1. 
One  of  a  contemplative  order  of  monks  founded 
in  1086  by  St.  Bruno  in  the  Grande  Chartreuse, 
a  wild  mountain  group  in  the  diocese  of  Gre- 
noble in  France.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  aus- 
terity. They  support  themselves  by  manual  labor,  men- 
dicancy being  forbidden.  Their  habit  is  a  haircloth  shirt, 
a  white  tunic,  and,  when  out  of  doors,  a  black  cloak  and 
a  cowl.  The  order  was  introduced  into  England  about 
1180,  and  built  the  Charterhouse  (corruption  of  Churl/: tuse, 
used  as  the  generic  name  of  any  Carthusian  monasti  i,\  i 
in  London  in  1371.  The  monks  of  Chartreuse  now  derive 
a  considerable  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the  well-known 
cordial,  of  their  invention,  which  bears  the  name  of  the 
monastery.  (See  chartreuse,  2.)  The  Carthusian  nuns 
originated  about  1230,  and,  with  some  .modifications,  fol- 
low the  rules  of  the  Carthusian  monks. 
2.  A  scholar  of  the  Charterhouse  in  London. 
See  Charterhouse. 

Here  [in  the  chapel  of  the  Charterhouse]  is  the  handsome 
memorial  of  the  Carthusians  slain  in  the  wars,  and  on  the 
walls  is  a  commemorative  tablet  to  Thackeray. 

The  Centura,  XXVI.  834. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks  above 
named. 

cartilage  (kar'ti-laj),  n.  [<  F.  cartilage  =  Pr. 
cartilage  =  Sp.  cartilago  =  Pg.  cartilagcm  =  It. 
carUlagi/ne,  <  L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  gristle; 
origin  unknown.]  Anon-vascular  animal  tis- 
sue belonging  to  the  connective-tissue  group; 
gristle.  Typical  hyaline  cartilage  is  a  translucent  sub- 
stance, of  firm  clastic' consistence,  constructed  of  roundish 
cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  homogeneous  intercellular  snh- 
stance,  Fibrocartilage  differs  in  that  the  intercellular  sub- 
Btance  becomes  librillated;  it  thus  approaches  ordinary 
connective  tissue.  Reticular,  yellow,  or  clastic  cartilage, 
as  that  constituting  in  man  the  epiglottis,  the  cornicula 
laryngis,  the  Eustachian  tube,  and  griBtly  pints  of  the 
outer  car.  contains  interlacing  elastic  libers  in  consider* 
able  quantity.  In  the  two  hitter  forms  the  homogeneous 
substance  remains  unchanged  in  the  immediate  vicini^ 

of  the  cells,  forming  their    hyaline  capsules.     Ch Inn    a 

substance  resembling  gelatin,  may  la-  extracted  from  car- 
tilage by  boiling.  Cartilage  usually  persists  in  parts  of 
the  skeleton  of  adult  vertebrates,  as  on  the  articular  -nils 

of  bones,  in  the  thorax,  ami  in  var pa   tagi     which  re 

quire  to  he  kept  open,  a-  the   windpipe,  nostrils,  ami  ears. 

—  Alar  cartilage.  See  alar.  —  Articular  cartilage,  an 
incrustation  of  hyaline  cartilage  on  the  articular  ends  or 

surfaces  of  bones,  not  covered  bj  perichondriu 

sin  face,  withaflnely  granular  matrix  ami  small  cells,  show- 
ing no  tendency  to  ossify,  its  density,  Bmoothness.and  elas- 
ticity contributing  to  the  free  movement  of  the  i 
Arytenoid  cartilages,  two  triangular  pyramidal  carti- 
lages, seated,  one  on  each  side,  on  the  summit  ol  the  poste- 
rior portion  of  the  cricoid  cartilage.  To  them  are  attached 
the  posterior  ends  of   the  vocal  cords.™ Cartilage  of 

Wrisberg,  a  small  cartilauc  on  either  side  in  tie-  arvtelio- 

epiglottic  fold.    Also  called  cuneiform  cartilage,—  Cartl- 


cartilage 

lages  of  Santorini,  the  horns  ol  the  larynx,  or  cornioula 

laryngis,  borne  n| the  arytenoid  cartilages. —  Cellular 

cartilage,  a  variety  oi  cartilage  oi  which  tin'  notochord 
chiefly  consists,  «nmiH's<_-<l  utmost  entirely  of  large  cells 
with  the  intercellular  matrix  at  a  minimum.  Circum- 
ferential cartilage,  an  annular  piece  oi  flbrocartilage 
forming  a  rim  around  and  deepening  some  articular  cav- 
ity, as  in  the  shoulder -joint  or  hip  joint,  -  Connecting 
cartilage,  ;i  kinil  of  flbrocartilage  occurring  in  joints  of 
slight  mobility  or  none,  as  the  pubic  symphysis,  the  sacro- 
iliac synchondrosis,  and  the  intervertebral  articulations. 

—  Costal  cartilage,  the  piece  of  cartilage  which  prolongs 
the  bony  part  of  a  rib  to  or  toward  the  sternum  ;  a  hemapo- 
physis;  a  sternal  rib  when  unossified.  Tit  man  all  the  ribs 
have  costal  cartilages ;  7 of  these  reach  the  sternum  8ar< 
connected  only  with  one  another,  ami  2  form  cartilaginous 
tips  of  the  Boating  ri lis.—  Cricoid  cartilage,  the  cricoid. 

—  Cuneiform  cartilage.  Same  as  cartilage  of  Writberg. 
—Dental  cartilage,  the  maxillary  ridge  (which  see. 
under  maxillary).— Ensiforui  cartilage,  tin-  xiphoid 
appendage  of  the  sternum  ;  the  last  segment  oi  lite  Bter- 
linni.  or  tlie  xiphisternum  when  unossified,  as  in  man.—  Fi- 
brous cartilage,  cartilage  mixed  with  inelastic  white  or 
elastic  yellow  ftbrous  tissue:  usually  called  fibrocartilage 
(whichsee).— Hyaline  cartilage,  true  orpure cartilage  or 
gristle.  It  is  of  a  pale-livid  or  pearly -bluish  color,  and  con- 
sists of  roundish  cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  homogeneous 
intercellular  substance,  that  is,  unmixed  with  fibrous  tis- 
sue. The  articular  and  costal  cartilages,  and  the  temporary 
cartilages  of  the  fetal  skeleton,  are  of  this  kind.— Inter- 
articular  cartilage,  a  meniscus  ;  a  cartilaginous  dis- 
coidal,  crescentic,  annular,  or  otherwise  shaped  piece 
occurring  free  in  the  interior  of  certain  joints,  and  con- 
sisting of  flbrocartilage,  such  as  the  semilunar  cartilages 
ot*  the  knee-joint.  In  man  interarticular  cartilages  occur 
in  the  temporomaxillary,  sternoclavicular,  acromiocla- 
vicular, ulnocarpal,  and  femorotibial  articulations. — In- 
terosseous cartilage,  a  piece  of  interarticular  carti- 
lage.—Meckel's  cartilage.  See  Meckelian  rod,  under 
rod.— Palpebral  cartilage.  Same  as  tarsal  cartilage. 
— Permanent  cartilage,  that  which  remains  unossified 
throughout  life.— Semilunar  cartilage,  one  of  the  pair 
of  large,  free,  crescentic  interarticular  cartilages  of  the 
knee-joint.  See  cut  under  knee.— Sesamoid  cartilage, 
one  of  several  small  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose. — 
Siphon-hinge  cartilage,  in  cephalopods,  one  of  two 
cartilaginous  sockets  on  either  side  of  the  funnel,  into 
which  fleshy  knobs  of  the  mantle-skirt  are  fitted.—  Strati- 
form cartilage,  a  layer  of  flbrocartilage  in  an  osseous 
groove  along  which  a  tendon  glides.— Tarsal  cartilage, 
a  piece  of  fibrocartilage  embedded  in  the  eyelid,  contribut- 
ing to  preserve  its  shape.     Also  called  palpi  oral  cartilage. 

—  Temporary  cartilage,  that  cartilage  which  is  replaced 
by  bone  in  the  process  of  ossification, 

cartilage-bone  (kar'ti-laj-bon),  «.  Bone  that 
is  developed  or  preformed  in  cartilage,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  membrane-bone. 

Cartilaginei  (kar"ti-la-jin'e-i),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  cartilagineus :  see  cartilagineous.]  The 
cartilaginous  fishes.     See  Chondropterygii. 

cartilagineoust  (kiir"ti-la-jin'e-us),  a.  [<  L. 
cartilagineus,  of  cartilage,  <  cartilago :  see  car- 
tilage."]   Same  as  cartilaginous. 

Cartilagines  (kSr-tt-laj'i-nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  cartilage:  see  carti- 
lage.~\  An  order  of  fishes  having  or  supposed 
to  have  a  cartilaginous  skeleton:  nearly  the 
same  as  Chondropterygii. 

cartilaginification  (kiir'ti-la-jm'-i-fi-ka/shoii), 

».  [=  P.  cartilaginification,  <  NL.  as  if  "carti- 
laginificatio(n-),  <  L.  cartilago  [cartilagin-),  car- 
tilage, +  -ficare,  <  facerc,  make.]  The  act  or 
process  of  converting  into  cartilage ;  chondrifi- 
cation. 

cartilaginoid  (kar-ti-laj'i-noid),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
tilago (cartilagin-),  cartilage,  +  -oid.~\  Hard 
and  gristly,  like  cartilage ;  cartilaginous  in  ap- 
pearance or  consistency. 

A  well-developed  cartilaginoid  skeleton. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  431. 

cartilaginous  (kar-ti-laj'i-nus),  a.  [=  F.  car- 
tilagineux  =  Pr.  cartillaginos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  car- 
tilaginoso,  <  L.  cartilaginosus,  full  of  cartilage, 
(.cartilago,  cartilage:  see  cartilage.]  1.  Gristly; 
consisting  of  cartilage;  being  in  the  state  or 
form  of  cartilage. —  2.  In  ichth.,  having  a  gris- 
tly skeleton;  chondi'opterygian :  as,  a  cartilagi- 
nous fish. —  3.  Like  or  likened  to  cartilage. 
Specifically  —  (a)  In  entom.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  sub- 
stance thicker  than  a  membrane  (but  not  so  thick  as  to 
be  termed  cameoux),  somewhat  transparent,  flexible,  and 
whitish,  (b)  In  hot.,  firm  and  tough  :  parcnment-Iike,  as 
the  carpels  of  the  apple.—  Cartilaginous  branchial 
basket.   See  Marsipobranchii. 

cartisanet  (kiir'ti-zaii),  n.  [F.]  A  small  strip 
of  parchment  or  vellum  covered  with  thread  of 
silk  or  gold,  or  the  like,  wound  closely  around 
it,  used  in  the  making  of  some  old  varieties  of 
passement,  guipure,  or  their  imitations.  See 
passement  and  guipure. 

Cartist  (kar'tist),  u.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  carta,  charter, 
+ -tit.  Ct.  Chartist.]  A  supporter  of  the  con- 
stitutional charter  in  Spain  or  Portugal. 

cart-jade  (kart'jad),  n.  A  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse 
used  in  drawing,  or  fit  only  to  draw,  a  cart.  Sir 
P.  Sidney. 

cart-load  (kart'lod),  n.  [<  ME.  cartlode ;  <  cart 
+  load.]  A  load  borne  on  a  cart :  nsmuehasis 
usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  as  is  suffi- 
cient to  load  it.  It  is  an  indefinite  unit  of  weight. 


837 

cartman  (kart'man),  «.;  pi.  cartmen  (-men). 
A  carter;  one  engaged  in  carting. 

cartographer,  cartographic,  etc.  See  chartog- 
rapher,  etc. 

cartomancy  (kar'to-man-si),  it.  [=  F.  carto- 
mancie  =  Sp.  Pg.  iartomancia,  <  ML.  carta,  a 
card,  +  Gr.  pavreia,  divination. J  Divination  by 
means  of  playing-cards. 

In  cartomancy,  the  art  of  fortune-telling  with  packs  of 
cards,  there  is  a  sort  of  nonsensical  sense  in  such  rules 
as  that  two  queens  mean  friendship  and  four  mean  chat- 
tt  ring,  or  that  the  knave  of  hearts  prophesies  a  brave 
young  man  who  will  come  Into  the  family  to  be  useful, 
unless  his  purpose  be  reversed  bv  bis  card  being  upside 
down.  E.  11.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  ill. 

carton  (kiir'ton), ».  [F.:  see  cartoon.]  1.  A  kind 
nf  thin  pasteboard. — 2.  A  box  made  from  such 
pasteboard.— 3.  Same  as  mefoon.  4.  [nrifle 
practice:  (a)  A  white  disk  fixed  on  the  bull's-eye 
of  a  target.  It  is  of  much  smaller  size  than  the 
bull's-eye,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  deciding  ties 
and  at  a  pool.  (6)  A  shot  striking  the  carton: 
as,  to  make  two  bull's-eyes  and  a  carton. 

cartonnage  (kar'ton-aj), «.  [F.,  <  carton,  paste- 
board: see  cartoon.]  Pasteboard;  boards  such 
as  are  used  in  bookbinding,  specifically,  in  Egyp- 
tology, a  thin  layer  or  coat  of  a  material  of  the  nature  of 
paper-pulp,  applied  over  the  body  of  the  most  costly  mum- 
mies, painted  over  the  face  to  represent  the  features  of  the 
dead,  and  otherwise  ornamented  elsewhere.  The  material 
was  also  used  for  mummy-cases. 

The  cartonnage  of  Queen  Ahmes  Xofretari  is  impressed 
in  parts  with  a  reticulated  sexagonal  pattern. 

Harpers  Slag.,  LXV.  192. 

carton-pate  (F.  pron.  kar-toh'pat'),  n.  [F., 
pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  paste.]  Same  as 
carton-pierre. 

carton-pierre  (F.  pron.  kar-ton'piar'),  n.  [F., 
lit.  stone  pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  pier.] 
Statuary  pasteboard ;  a  kind  of  papier-mack^, 
made  of  a  mixture  of  paper-pulp,  bole,  chalk, 
and  animal  glue,  in  imitation  of  stone  or  bronze. 
It  is  well  adapted  for  molding,  and  is  largely 
used  for  statuary  and  architectural  decorations. 

cartoon  ( kar-ton' ),  n.  [<  F.  carton,  <  It.  car- 
tone  =  Sp.  carton  =  Pg.  cartao,  <  ML.  "car- 
loin-),  pasteboard,  a  cartoon,  aug.  of  carta, 
paper:  see  card1.]  1.  In  art,  a  design  of  the 
same  size  as  an  intended  decoration  or  pat- 
tern to  be  executed  in  fresco,  mosaic,  or  tapes- 
try, and  transferred  from  the  strong  paper  on 
which  it  is  usually  drawn  either  by  cutting 
out  the  figure  and  outlining  it  on  the  surface 
to  be  decorated  with  a  sharp  point,  or,  in  the 
case  of  a  composition,  by  pricking,  and  poun- 
cing with  a  bag  of  muslin  filled  with  charcoal- 
dust.  Colored  cartoons  intended  to  be  woven  in  tapes- 
try are  cut  in  strips,  placed  under  the  web,  and  exactly 
copied  by  the  weaver ;  the  seven  by  Raphael,  purchased 
by  Charles  I.  of  England,  are  well-known  examples. 
2.  A  picture,  either  a  caricature  or  a  symboli- 
cal composition,  designed  to  advocate  or  attack 
some  political  or  other  idea  of  present  interest 
or  some  prominent  person :  as,  the  cartoons  of 
"Punch." 
Sometimes  written  carton. 

cartoon  (kar-ton'),  v.  t.  [<  cartoon,  n.]  1.  In 
painting,  to  make  a  working  design.  See  car- 
toon, n.,  1. 

The  quality  of  finish  in  poetic  execution  is  of  two  kinds. 
The  first  and  highest  is  that  where  the  work  has  been  all 
mentally  cartooned,  as  it  were,  beforehand. 

W.  Sharp,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  p.  410. 
2.  To  caricature  or  ridicule  by  a  cartoon ;  make 
the  subject  of  a  cartoon. 

cartoonist  (kar-tSn'ist),  n.  [<  cartoon  +  -ist.] 
An  artist  who  draws  cartoons. 

The  cartoonist  first  prepared  his  sketch  on  a  small  scale, 
then  made  his  studies  from  nature.    Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  774. 

cartouche,  cartouch  (kar-tosh'),  n.  [In  first 
sense  formerly  written  cartrage,  now  cartridge, 
q.  v.;  =  D.  lcartets  =  (1.  kardusc,  kartdtsche  = 
Dan.  kartaske  =  Sw.  kartusch,  <  F.  cartouche, 
formerly  cartoche,  cartuche,  =  Sp.  cartucho=  Pg. 
cartn.ro  —  Turk.  qartuj=  Ar.  qartds  =  Hiud.  kar- 
tus,  <  It.  cartoccio,  a  cartridge,  an  angular  roll 
of  paper,  aug.  of  carta,  paper:  see  card1.]  1. 
A  roll  or  case  of  paper  holding  a  charge  for 
a  firearm;  a  cartridge. — 2.  A  cartridge-box 
(which  see). — 3f.  A  ease  of  wood  bound  about 
with  marline,  containing  several  iron  balls  of 
a  pound  each  and  about  400  musket-balls,  to 
be  fired  from  a  cannon  or  howitzer.  Farrow, 
Mil.  Encyc. — 4.  An  oval  or  oblong  figure  on 
ancient  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  papyri, 
containing  groups  of  characters  expressing  the 
names  or  titles  of  royal  personages  and,  rare- 
ly, of  deities:  a  name  given  by  Champollion. 
By  extension  it  now  commonly  signifies  both  the  inclos- 
ing ring  and  its  contents.  From  a  very  early  date.  If  not 
from  the  beginning,  an  Kgyptian  king  at  the  moment  of 


rx 


Cartouche  of  Cleo- 
patra. 


Cartouche  of  Ra- 
mescs  II. 


cartridge-paper 

coronation  assumed,  in  addition  t"  his  family  or  personal 
name,  an  olthial,  regal,  or  throne-  name,  which  took  its 

place  beside  the 
tunni.']',  generally 
preceding  it,  and 
thus 

to  a  double  car- 
touche. In  imita- 
tion of  tin.*  German 
Bchilde employed  in 
a  heraldic  sense, 
the  cartouche  Eg  in 
Knglish  M.nit'tinics 
1 1 1.  <i  -.i  ehu  Id  or 
escutcheon,  or  more 
often  merely  an 
oval. 

Two  names  in  an 

oblong      Inclosure 

.■,iii.  ,i  a  cai  louche. 

S.  Sharpe,  Ili^t. 

[Egypt 

An  elliptical  curve,  or  oval,  inclosing  a  name,  always 
signified  that  the  inclosed  name  was  that  of  a  king  or 

<|ii<'rri  ;  ami  Champollion  gave  it  the  name  of  rut'tnur/tr, 

by  w  hich  it  Is  now  called, 

//.  8,  Osborn,  Ancient  Egypt,  p.  21. 

6.  A  painted,  engi-aved,  or  sculptured  orna- 
ment of  irregular  or  fantastic  form,  inclosing  a 
plain  central  space  used  as  a  field  for  inscrip- 
tions, etc.  Such  ornaments  were  much  used  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  to  decorate  wain- 
scotings  ami  the  title-pages  of  books. 
6.  In  her.,  a  name  given  in  England  to  the 
oval  escutcheon  often  seen  in  Italian  heraldry, 
and  generally  considered  to  be  peculiar  to  ec- 
clesiastics. Italian  escutcheons  are  often  egg-shaped; 
hut  the  shield  designated  by  the  word  cartouche  has  both 
ends  equally  curved,  and  therefore  approximates  to  an 
ellipse. 

cartouset,  n.     A  variant  of  cartouche.     Bailcu. 
1731. 

cartridge  (kjir'trij),  >i.  [Formerly  cartrage,  a 
corruption  of  cartouche,  q.  v.]  A  case  of  paste- 
board, parchment,  copper,  tin,  serge,  or  other 
material,  holding  the  exact  charge  of  gunpow- 
der, in  the  case  of  big  guns,  and  of  powder 
and  bullet  or  shot  for  other  firearms.— Blank 
cartridge,  a  cartridge  without  ball  or  shot.-  Blasting 
cartridge.  See  blaating-cartridye. —  Center-fire  car- 
tridge, a  cartridge 
havingthe  fulminate         ^-  E  A  C         B 

in  an  axial  position  *"'■"■" 

instead  of  being 
about  the  periphery 
of  the  Hanged  cap- 
sule. Sometimes 
called  center-primed 
ca  rt  ridge.  —  Lime 
cartridge,  a  car- 
tridge      containing 


Center-fire  Cartridge. 
A,  metallic  case  of  copper  or  brass;  B, 
bullet;  C,  cannelures;  D,  cup;  E,  crimp; 
F,  fulminate  ;  G,  two  vents  ;  H,  powder. 

compressed  lime,  the  expansion  of  which,  when  wet, 
causes  it  to  burst.— Seminal  or  spermatic  cartridge, 
in  cephalopods.     See  ttpermatophore. 

Cartridge-bag  (kar'trij-bag),  n.  In  gun,,  a  bag, 
made  of  serge  or  some  similar  material,  in 
which  the  charge  of  a  cannon  is  contained. 

cartridge-belt  (kar'trij-belt),  n.  A  belt  worn 
about  the  waist  or  over  the  shoulder,  having 
pockets  or  loops  for  cartridges. 

cartridge-block  (kar'trij-blok),  n.  A  wooden 
block  arranged  to  receive  cartridges,  and  which 
can  be  secured  to  the  gun  in  a  convenient  posi- 
tion for  loading. 

cartridge-box  (kar'trij-boks),  n.  A  portable 
case  ov  box  of  leather,  with  cells  for  holding 
cartridges.  Its  use  followed  very  closely  on  the  intro- 
duction of  the  cartridge  itself.  It  was  certainly  in  use 
before  1677.  Planch*.— Magazine  cartridge-box.  See 
magazine. 

cartridge-capper  (kar'trij-kap^er),  «.  An  im- 
plement used  to  place  caps  on  center-fire  car- 
tridge-cases. It  consists  of  a  pivoted  lever  with 
a  stud  below,  which  presses  the  cap  firmly  into 
its  seat. 

cartridge-case  (kar'trij-kas),  n.  1.  A  cartridge- 
box. — 2.  The  tube  in  which  the  powder  of  a 
cartridge  is  contained.     See  cartridge. 

cartridge-gage  (kar'trij-gaj),  n.  1.  In  artil- 
lery, a  fiat  steel  gage  for  verifying  the  dimen- 
sions of  metallic  ammunition  for  small  arms. 
The  gage  is  pierced  with  holes  giving  the  maximum  and 
minimum  diameters  of  the  head  and  body  of  the  shell,  and 
the  diameters  of  the  projectile;  on  the  edges  are  cut 
profiles  for  verifying  the  length  and  form  of  the  cartridge- 
case  and  the  thickness  of  the  head,  the  length  and  form 

of  the  bullet,  and  the  number  and  position  of  the  ca 

lures. 

2.  A  gim-metal  ring  of  the  required  size,  with 
a  handle,  on  which  is  stamped  the  nature  and 
size  of  the  cartridge.  They  were  of  two  kinds:  one 
for  testing  the  diameter  of  the  tilled  cartridge,  the  other 
f«»r  shmving  the  length  of  the  cartridge. 

cartridge-loader  (kar/trij-16'/der),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus for  loading  cartridge-shells. 

cartridge-paper  (kar'trij-pa  per),  n.  A  thick 
sort  of  paper  originally  manufactured  for  sol- 
diers' cartridges,  but  extensively  used  in  the 
arts,  its  rough  surface  being  well  adapted  for 


cartridge-paper 

drawing  and  for  other  purposes,  such  as  wall- 
paper. 

cartridge-pouch  (kiir'trij-iHuicli  i.  n.  A  leather 
pouch  1  in.  <1  wiili  sheepskin  with  the  wool  en, 
formerly  used  by  mounted  soldiers  to  carry 
metallic  cartridges.  It  was  attached  to  the 
waist-belt. 

cartridge-primer  (kiir 'trij-pn  mer),n.  The 
percussion-cap  us eainfiriugmetallic  cartridges, 
set  in  a  recess  in  the  head  of  the  shell.  Bee 
cartridgt . 

car-truck  (kiir'truk),  «.  The  wheeled  carriage 
which  supports  a  railroad-ear.  in  Europe  the  ped- 
estalsforthe  axle-boxes  arecommonly  attached  to  the  body 
of  the  car.  In  the  United  States  the  car-body  is  supported 
upon  two  independent  trucks  placed  beneath  it.  Bach  of 
m:i\  have  two,  but  usually  four,  and  occasionally  six 
wheels  fixed  > i  r  >•  ■  r  ■  revolving  axles,  whose  journal-boxes 
vibrate  vertically  in  pedestals  Becured  to 
the  framework  of  the  truck.  The  bolster  or 
beam  which  directly  siipi.Mii>  the  car- 
body  is  in  the  middle  of  the  framework, 
and  is  suspended  from  it  liy  equalizing  bars 
ami  suspension-straps,  in  such  :i  way  us  t<> 
distribute  the  weight  upon  all  tin'  wheels 
.uIiai  for  the  sway, or  freedom  of  mo- 
tion, essential  to  i  asy  riding.  Springs  and 
brake  mechanism  are  attached  to  the  truck. 
—  Side  bearings  of  a  car-truck.  See 
bearina. 

cart-saddle  (kart'sad  '1),  n.    The 

small    saddle   put   upon    the    back 
of  a  draft -horse  when  harnessed. 

cart-saddlet  (kart'sad'l),  v.  t.  [< 
ME.  cart-sadelen;  from  the  noun.] 
To  harness;  yoke. 

Let  cart-sadete  vr  Commissarie ;  vrCart  he 
Bchal  drawe.    Piers  Plowman  (A),  ii.  154. 

cart-tail  (kart'tal),  n.  The  tail  or 
back  part  of  a  cart. 

If  a  poor  Quaker  was  to  be  scourged  at  the 
cart-tail,  .  .  .  they  waited  in  Dedham  re- 
orders from  the  metropolis. 

Everett,  Orations,  II.  183. 

cartulary,  «. ;  pi.  cartularies.  [< 
ML.  cartularium:  see  ehartulary.] 
See  ehartulary. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire  will  publish  at 
his  own  expense  the  cartularies  of  Furness  Abbey.  .  .  . 
Cartularies  were  the  official  records  of  monasteries. 

The  American,  VIII.  267. 

cartway  (kart'wa),  n.  [<  ME.  carteway,  cart- 
Key;  <  cart  +  way.']  A  way  along  which  carts 
or  other  wheeled  vehicles  may  conveniently 
travel. 


838 

found  in  the  Hundred  Rolls,  as.  indeed,  almost  every- 
where else,  in  the  us.-  <»f  another  word  in  the  place  of 
hide,  when,  instead  of  tin  anciently  assessed  hidage  ol  a  „1  "  '   iilrxiic 
manor,  its  more  modern  actual  taxable  vaim-  is  examined  caruncuious 
into  and  expressed.    This  new  word  is  carucate —  the 
land  of  a  plough  or  plough  team, 

Seebokm,  Eng,  Vil.  Community,  p.  40. 

caruet  (kar'6),  «.  [Later  misread  and  miswrit- 
ten  carve;  <  ML.  carue,  <  OF.  carue,  caruee,  < 
.ML.  carucata,  carrucata,  a  certain  portion  of 
land:  Bee  carucate.]    A  carucate  (which  see). 

And  a  Carue  of  Land,  Carucata  terra?,  or  a  Hide  of  Land, 
II  id  a  terras  (wliieli  is  all  one),  is  not  of  any  certain  content, 
but  as  mueh  as  a  Plough  ean  plough  in  a  War,  and  there- 
with agrees  Lambard  verbo  Hyde.  And  a  Carre  of  Land 
may  contain  an  House,  Wood.  Meadow,  and  Pasture,  lie- 
cause  by  them  the  Ploughman  and  the  Beasts  of  the 
Plough  are  maintained. 

Anthony  Loire's  Case  (1610),  9  Coke,  123,  124. 


Side  Elevation  and  Section  of  Passenger-car  Truck. 
a,  a.  longitudinal  timbers  of  frame  ;  b,  b,  transverse  timbers ;  c,  swinging  bolster :  d,  center  casting 
e,  e,  gum-springs:  /,/,  equalizing  bar;  }?,  fr,  elliptic  springs:  h,  suspension-bar;  i,  t,  yokes  ;  J,  swing 
bars  :  k,  k,  hangers ;  m,m,  upper  boxes  of  the  axle  :  /,  /,  wheels ;  r,  tension-bar,  or  tie  ;  s,  s.  and  v, 
safety-stirrups;  t,  t,  brace-ruds;  u,  u,  pedestals  ;  -(,,  brake-shoe  ;  x,  brake-bar;  y,y,  diagonal  brace 
rods  for  the  pedestals ;  ~,  relieving  springs. 


W  I your  \\ Is  are  large,  it  is  best  to  have  a  cart 

way  along  tin-  middle  of  them.        Mortimer,  Husbandry 


cartwright  (kart'rit),  n.  [<  ME.  cartwright 
(spelled   hartwryghf),  <  cart  +  Wright.']     An 

artificer  who  makes  carts. 
caruaget,  n.    [Also  misread  and  miswritten  car 
vage;  but  the  u  is  prop,  a  vowel 
Same  as  at r image. 

carucat,  carrucat  (ka-rS'ka),  n.  [ML.,  a  plow, 
L.  earruca,  a  four-wheeled  carriage,  <  carrus, 
:i  ear:  see  car1.  Cf.  caruc.~\  In  ancient  village 
communities  in  England  —  (a)  A  plow,  (b)  A 
plow-team  of  oxen,  yoked  four  abreast. 

[i  formation  from  the  same  source  [Statistical  Account 

i    .-ils,,  explains  tin-  use  of  tin-  word  earuca  for 

plough.     For  the  construction  ,>i  the  word  involves  not  i 

yoke  of  oxen,  but  i  oxen  yoked  abreast,  as  are  tin-  horses 

in  t)i,  earuca  bo  often  seen  upon  Roman  coins.    And  the 

"statistical  ao nl  '  informs  us  that  in  some  districts  of 

Scotland  in  former  times  '-the  ploughs  were  drawn  by  t 

oxen  i  ,ked  abreast :  on,-  trod  i Btantl}  upon 

tin-  tilled  surface,  another  went  in  the  furrow,  ami  two 
upon  the  stui, Mr.  in-  white  land.  Tin-  driver  walked  back- 
wards, holding  his  cattle  by  halters,  and  taking  rare  that 

wad  it-  equal  .share  m  the  draught. 

Seebohm,  Eng,  \  11.  Community    p.  63 

carucage,  carrucage  (kar'8-kaj),  «.  [<  ML.  car- 
igium  (for  'carrucaticum),  also  camtagium 
(alter  OP.  carruagt ),  <  earruca,  a  plow:  see  ea- 
]  1.  The  act  of  plowing. —  2.  A  former  tax 
cm  land  nr  landholders,  (ix.-ii  nt  ■.,  specified  sum 
on  each  em  ncate,  or  about  LOO  acres  of  land. 
it  succeeded  the  Danegcld  (which  soe) 


And  it  was  agreed  that  common  way  lie  appendant  to  a 

Carve  of  Land,  .  .  .  and  so  a  Carve  of  Laud  consists  of 

Land,  Meadow,  and  Pasture,  as  it  appears  by  Tirring- 

ham's  ease,  4  Coke,  37  b. 

Mors  v.  Webbe  (1652),  2  Brownlow  (&  Goldsborongh),  p.  297. 

Carum  (ka'rum),  it.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K&pov,  cara- 
way: see  caraway.']  A  considerable  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Urn  belliferee.  The  species  are 
glabrous  herbs  with  perennial  fusiform  edible  roots,  pin- 
nate or  more  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers. 
C.  Carui  is  the  caraway-plant,  the  fruit  of  which  is  tire  so- 
called  caraway-seed.  (See  caraway.)  Three  species  are 
found  in  the  United  Stabs  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

the  tuberous  i ts  of  which  are  an  important  article  of 

food  to  the  Indians, 
see  carue.]  caruncle  (kar'ung-kl),  ».  [Also  caruncula;  = 
Sp.  atriinciila  =  Pg.  caruncula  =  It.  caruncola,  < 
L.  caruncula,  a  caruncle,  dim.  of  caro,  flesh :  see 
carnal.]  1.  A  small  fleshy  excrescence,  either 
natural  ormorbid.  Specifically — 2.  luoniitli.. 
a  fleshy  exereseence  on  the  head  of  a  bird,  as 
the  comb  or  one  of  the  wattles  of  a  hen. 

It  is  especially  important  that  the  fresh  colors  of  the 
[bird's]  bill,  cere,  gums,  eyes,  and  feet,  or  caruncles,  or 
bare  skin,  if  there  he  any.  should  be  noted,  as  the  colors 
nt  these  parts  all  change  afti  r  the  preparation  of  a  speci- 
men. C.  /•'.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  IsTil,  p.  i;.,l. 


3.  In /><<(.,  a  protuberance  surrounding  thehilum 

of  a  seed,     strictly,  it  is  ai I  growth  of  the  mieropyle, 

or  external  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

4.  In  entotn.,  a  naked,  more 
or  less  rounded,  fleshy  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  especially 
on  the  body  of  a  caterpillar  or 
othor  insect -lnrva.-Lacrymal 
caruncle,  a  small,  reddish,  fleshy 
papilla  nt  tin*  inner  canthus  of  the 
eye,  filling  the  iacus  !n,r>  nialis,  con- 
sisting nl  a  cluster  of  follicles  like 
the  Meibomian,  and  covered  with 
mucous  membrane.  Sec  cut  under 
i'!h 


Caruncle. 

Carunculatc  Seed  of 

Ricinus      communis, 

entire    and    cut  longi- 
tudinally. 


markable  matter  ol  the  year  1198  is  the  caruncula   (ka -rung 'ku- lit),  «.;  pi.  caruncula 


a  tax  of  1.  on  I  Si  h 

carucate  or  hundi  'da  art  s  of  land. 

i     Hi4.,  §150. 

Also  formerly  caruagt . 
carucate,  carriicate  (kar'8-kat),  u.     [<   ML. 
carucata,  cat  rucata, '  earruca,  a  ploTi :  see  earu- 
ca. ]    Formerly,  as  much  land i.   i ulti- 

'I  by  .me  earuca  :   u    n 


(-16).  [Ij.]  Same  as  caruncle,  caruncula  myr- 
tiformes.the  Blight  elevations  on  the  margin  of  tin  \n 
ginal  orifice,  the  remains  of  flic  hymen.— Caruncula 
mammillaris,  a  small  low  eminence  of  .uray  matter  be- 
tween Hi'-  external  and  internal  roots  of  tl (factory 

nerve  or  tract.  Uso  called  tuoer  olfactorium  or  olfactory 
tuben -if.— Caruncula  sublingualis,  a  small  papilla  un- 
der the  tongue,  on  either  side  nt  tin-  frenum,  on  which 
Wharton's  duct  openB.     Also  called  caruncula  salivarU 


I. ut  Hi.-  quantity  varied  ■■••■ dingtothe  nature  caruncular  (ka-rung'ku-lar),  a.      =  Sp.  earun- 

of  the  soil  and  the  practice  of  husbandry  in  dif     eular,  <  L.  caruncula:  see  caruncle.]     Pertain- 
.    Also  cam- .  ing  to  or  having  the  form  of  a  caruncle. 

A  t'  i  the  original  reason  ol  carunculate,  carunculated  (ka-ning  '  kn    [at, 

contents  and  relations  of  the  hide  and  vitgate  is  to  be     -la-ted),  a,      [=   Sp.   ciliuiiculadu,  <   L.    vnriiii- 


carve 

cula  :  see  caruncle.]  Having  a  fleshy  excres- 
cence or  soft  fleshy  protuberance;  caruncular. 
(ka-rung'ku-lus),  «.  [=  Sp.  It. 
carunculoso,  <  L.  caruncula  :  see  caruncle]  Ca- 
runcular;  caruneulate. 

carus  (ka'rus),  n.    [NL.  (>  F.  Pg.  cams),  <  Gr. 
napoi ,  heavy  sleep,  torpor,  stupor.]    In  pathol., 
complete  insensibility,  which  no  stimulus  can 
remove  ;  the  last  degree  of  coma. 
caruto  (ka-ro'to),   n.     [South  Amer.  name  of 
the  plant.]     A  beautiful  dye  of  a  bluish-black 
color,  obtainedfrom  tho  fruit  of  Genipa Ameri- 
cana, of  the  natural  order  Bubiacea, a  shrub  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Guiana, 
carvacrol  (kar'va-krol),  n.     [<  carry  (F.  Sp. 
It.  rani),  caraway,  +  L.  acer  {acr-),  sharp,  + 
-ol.]     A  viscid  oily  substance,  of  a  very  dis- 
agreeable   odor   and    strong    taste, 
made  from  oil  of  caraway.     In  medi- 
cine it  has  been  found  serviceable 
in  relieving  toothache. 
carvaget  (kar'vaj),  «.     See  carnage. 
carval  tkiir'val),   n.      [Manx,  =  E. 
carol1,  q.  v.]     A  song,  carol,  or  bal- 
lad, especially  one  on  a  sacred  sub- 
ject, among  the  peasantry  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.     Also  carvel. 

The  Manx  have  a  literature- — a  native  ver- 
nacular Gaelic  literature.  .  .  .  This  literature 
consists  of  ballads  on  sacred  subjects,  which 
are  called  carrots.  ...  It  was  formerly  the 
custom  in  the  Isle  of  Man  for  the  young  peo- 
ple who  thought  themselves  endowed  with 
the  poetic  gift  to  compose  carols  some  time 
before  Christmas,  and  to  recite  them  in  the 
parish  churches.  Those  pieces  which  were 
approved  of  by  the  clergy  were  subsequently 
chanted  by  their  authors  through  their  im- 
mediate neighbourhoods,  both  before  and 
after  the  holy  festival.  Many  of  these  songs 
have  been  handed  down  by  writing  to  the 
present  time.  .  .  .  The  carmls  are  preserved 
in  uncouth-looking,  smoke-stained  volumes, 
in  low  farm-houses  and  cottages  situated  in 
mountain  gills  and  glens. 

Quoted  in  Introd.  to  Kelly's  Manx  Gram- 
'""'-.  p.  xiv. 

carve1  (karv),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. earned, 

old  and  poetical  pp. earmi,  ppr. anr- 
inrj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  herve,  <  ME.  Jcerven 
(pret.  sing,  carf,  learf),  <  AS.  ceorfan  (pret. 
cearf,  pi.  curfon,  pp.  cor/era),  carve,  cut,  = 
OFries.  herva  =  1>.  ti  ran,  cut,  =  OHG.  *herban 
(not  recorded),  MUG.  Gr.  Kerben,  notch,  indent, 
=  Ieel.  hyrfa  =  Sw.  harjva,  cut,  =  Dan.  harm, 
cut;  prob.  =  Gr.  ypd<j>etv,  write,  orig.  scratch: 
see  graphic.  Carre  is  the  older  word  for  'cut'; 
in  the  general  sense  it  is  now  displaced  by  cut.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cut  with  an  edged  tool  or  sharp 
instrument.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

As  a  coltour  in  clay  cerues  the  forges  I  furrows]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  1547. 
Or  they  will  buy  his  slieepe  out  of  the  cote, 
Or  they  will  careen  the  shepheards  throte. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL,  September. 
My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  nun. 

Tenmi-ion,  sir  Galahad. 

Specifically — 2.  To  cut  into  pieces  or  slices, 
as  meat  at  table;  divide  by  cutting,  or,  figura- 
tively, by  parceling  out:  as,  to  cane  a  fowl; 
to  carve  up  an  estate. 

He  had  been  a  keeper  of  his  docks,  both  from  the  vio- 
lence of  robbers  and  bis  own  soldiers;  who  could  easily 
have  carved  themselves  their  own  food.  South. 

3.  To  cut  (some  solid  material)  in  order  to 
produce  the  representation  of  an  object  or 
a  tlesign;  fashion  by  cutting:  as,  to  carve  a 
block  of  marble  into  a  statue. 

fane, I  with  figures  strange  and  sweet, 
All  made  out  of  the  carvers  brain. 

Coleridge,  Christabel,  i. 

4.  To  produce  by  cutting;  form  by  cutting  or 
hewing;  grave  or  engrave;  sculpture:  as,  to 
atrre  an  image;  to  carve  a  design  in  boxwood. 

w  i  carved  not  a  line,  we  raised  not  a  stone, 

But  We  left  him  alone  with  bis  elm  \ 

Wal/c,  liurial  of  Sir  J.  Moore. 
The  names  he  loved  to  hear 
Have  In  i  u  carvt  >l  fur  many  a  year 

On  the  t b. 

ii.  II'.  Holmes,  The  Last  Leaf. 

5.  To  decorate  by  carving;  produce  cut  or 
sculptured  designs  upon:  as,  to  carve  a  capital ; 

tu  airrr  a  cherry-stone. 

I  In-  St that  made  the  Canopy  was  live    yards  and 

Mm  i  quarters  square,  and  carvd  round  with  a  nandBome 
t  iiinish.  Maaiulretl,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  21. 

The  careen  eeiliiiu  dinus. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nkdits. 

A  tin,  I  the  careen  gray  st ■  work  of  the  cathedral. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  5. 

6.  To  mark  as  with  carving. 


carve 


A  million  wrinkles  carved  his  skin. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 
(cr)  To  make  or  form  by  carving  or  parcel' 
to  carve  <<rtt  a  smaller  estate  from  a 


To  carve  out. 
ing ;  cut  out :  us, 
larger  one. 

With  his  brandish  ,1  steel  .  .  . 
Carv'd  out  his  passage.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  :>. 
The  bright  Bhare  carved  out  the  furrow  clean. 

William.  Morris,  Earthlj  Paradise,  11     02 

(b)  Figuratively,  to  achieve   by  exertion  or  skill:  as,  to 

I'tirir  nut   .1  I'IUVi   I    lor  ,me  S  .sell'. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a 
carver;  engrave  or  cut  figures. — 2.  To  cut  up 

meat:  as,  to  carve  for  all  the  guests. 

And  car/before  his  fader  at  tin-  table. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  t'rol.  to  ('.  T.,  1.  LOO. 

To  carve  for  one's  self,  to  do  as  one  pleases;  act  inde- 
pendently. 

Those  up  the  river  have  carved  largely  for  themselves, 
which  .  .  .  they  will  alter  repent,  when  they  see  what 
helps  they  have  deprive. 1  themselves  of. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  469. 

carve-  (karv),  v.  i. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  corral,  ppr. 
carving.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  To  grow 
sour;  curdle:  said  of  cream.  Grose;  Salliwell. 
[Cheshire,  Eng.] 

carve^t,  »■     Wee  cantr. 

carvel1  (kar'vel),  n.     [Contr.  of  caravel,  q.  v.] 

1.  tie?  canted. —  2f.  A  jelly-fish. 

The  carvel  is  a  sea-tome,  floating  upon  the  Burface  of 
the  ocean,  of  a  globous  form. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  26. 

3.  A  basket;  also,  a  chicken-coop.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

carvel2  (kar'vel),  n.    See  carval. 

carvel-built  (kar'vel-bilt),  a.  Built  with  the 
planks  all  flush  and  not  overlapping:  said  of  a 
ship  or  boat. 

carvel-joint  (kar'vel-joint),  ».  A  flush  joint; 
specifically,  one  between  the  planks  or  plates 
of  a  ship  or  boat. 

carvel-work  (kiir'vel-werk),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing, the  putting  together  of  the  planking  or 
plates  with  flush  joints,  as  distinguished  from 
clincher-work. 

carven1  (kar'vn).  Old  and  poetical  past  parti- 
ciple of  carve. 

carven2t,  v.  t.  [Spenser's  imitation  of  ME.  ker- 
ven,  inf.,  carve:  see  carve1-.'}     To  cut;  carve. 

carvene  (kar'ven),  n.  [<  cttrrtj  (P.,  etc.,  caret), 
caraway,  +  -cite.]  An  almost  tasteless  and 
odorless  liquid  (CiqH16)  found  in  oil  of  cara- 
way. 

carver  (kiir'ver),  n.  [<  ME.  Jeerver,  <  Icemen, 
carve:  see  carvel.]  1,  One  who  carves,  (n) 
One  who  cuts  up  meat  into  portions  for  the  table.  (I>) 
One  who  cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like  in  a  decorative  way  ; 
a  sculptor. 
The  master  painters  and  the  carvers  came.         Dryden. 

(c)  Figuratively,  one  who  makes,  shapes,  or  molds,  in  any 
sense. 

Be  his  own  carver,  and  cut  out  his  way 
To  find  out  right  with  wrong. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  large  table-knife  used  for  carving  meat. 
carving  (kar'ving),  n.     [<  ME.  kcrvinge,  verbal 

n.  of  kcrrctt,  carve:  see  caret1.}  1.  The  aet 
or  art  of  carving.  Specifically  —  2.  A  branch 
of  sculpture  consisting  of  work  of  decorative 
character  rather  than  statuary  or  monumental 
relief. — 3.  A  device  or  figure  carved;  a  design 
produced  by  carving:  as,  a  tomb  ornamented 
with  carvings. 

The  lids  are  ivy,  grapes  in  clusters  lurk 
Beneath  the  carving  of  the  curious  work. 

Drijden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii.  50. 

4.  In  coal-mining,  nearly  the  same  as  cutting 
(which  see).  [Leicestershire,  Eng.] —Carving- 
chisel.    See  chisel. 

carving-fork  (kiir'ving-fork),  n.  A  large  fork 
used  to  hold  meat  while  it  is  being  carved,  and 
generally  provided  with  a  guard  to  prevent  cut- 
ting the  hand  if  the  knife  slips. 

carving-knife  (kar'ving-nif),  n.  A  large  knife 
used  for  carving  meat  at  table. 

carving-lathe  (kiir'ving-laTH),  n.  A  lathe 
adapted  for  the  grooving,  channeling,  and  or- 
namenting of  columns,  balusters,  legs  of  tables, 
etc. 

carvistt  (kiir'vist),  m.  [Etym.  unknown ;  hard- 
ly "  a  corruption  of  carry-fist "  (from  being  car- 
ried on  the  hand),  as  usually  guessed.]  In 
falconry,  a  yoimg  hawk. 

carvol  (kar'vol),  ».  [<  carvy  (F.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  +  -oh]  A  liquid  (CjoHj^O)  of  pleas- 
ant odor  contained  in  oil  of  caraway. 

carvy  (kiir'vi),  n.  [<  F.  carvi,  caraway:  see  car- 
tttftti/.]     Caraway.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

car-wheel  (kar'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  of  a  car,  es- 
pecially of  a  railroad-car.    In  railroad-ears  the  wheel 


Washburn    Car-wheel ; 

I  itinii   and    di.i- 
1 1- 'ii. 


839 

has  a  conical  tread  and  a  flange  projecting  beyond  the 
tread  ai  ir ^  inner  edge,  in  prevent  derailment.  The 
coning  of  the  tread  or  rim  gives  a 
i '  .iii  i  diameter  on  the  Inner  or 
flange  side  than  at  the  outer  edge, 
and  is  designed  to  countei  act  m 
part  any  tendency  oi  the  wheel  to 
leave  the  rati    Paper  car-wheel, 

a  car-wheel  with  a  steel  tire  and  a 
web  of  compressed  paper  between 

plates  which  are  bolted  to  the  hull 
and  tin-  tire.     /■:.  //.  Knight. 

carwhichett  (kar'hwich-et), 
n.    Same  as  carriwitcht  i. 

Carya  (ka'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
<_ir.  /.","",  Hie  walnut-tree,  <  »»/.««,  prop.  K&pva 
liaai'Atkd  or  TrepCTMa,  royal  (i.  e.,  Persian)  or  Per- 
sian nuts  (cf.  E.  peach1-,  ult.  <  Gr.  irepautAv),  pi. 
of  ttapvov,  a  nut  (of  any  kind),  prob.  akin  to 
nipac,  horn,  E.  horn,  etc.]  A  genus  of  North 
American  treos,  natural  order  Juglandacew, 
confined  to  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, 'there  are  s  species,  including  the  pecan  (l '  olivce- 
formis),  the  shellback  hickory  l<'  j/'.-m.  and  other  hick- 
ories. The  wood  is  in  general  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and 
tough,  and  is  extensively  used  as  fuel  and  in  the  mauil- 
facture  of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  handles  of 
tools,  hoops,  etc.    The  bark  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

caryatic  (kar-i-at'ik),  a.    [<  L.  Caryates,  Cary- 

ans;  in  architectural  sense,  <  L.  Caryatides: 
so.-  caryatid.']  Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  (in 
this  sense  with  a  capital)  or  to  caryatids:  as, 
"Persian  ami  Caryatic  figures,"  R.  Stuart. — 
Caryatic  order,  in  arch.,  an  order  in  which  the  entab- 
lature is  supported  by  female  figures  instead  of  columns. 

caryatid  (kar-i-at'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  caryaiide, 
cariatide  =  Sp.  caridtide  =  Pg.  It.  cariatide,  <  L. 
pi.  Caryatides,  <  Gr.  nanvariSir,  caryatids  (cf.  Ko- 
pvaTuhr,  the  priestesses  of  Artemis  at  Carya?, 
pi.  of  Kapvanc,  a  name  of  Artemis),  lit.  'women 
of  Carya?,'  <  Kapvac,  Carya?,  a  place  in  Laconia, 
Greece,  with  a  famous  temple  of  Artemis.  Cf. 
atlantcs,  canephore,  ~,  and  telamon.]  I.  ».:  pi. 
caryatids,  caryatides  (-idz,  -i-dez).  In  arch.,  a 
figure  of  a  woman  dressed  in  long  robes,  serving 
as  a  column  to  support  an  entablature  or  to  fill 
any  other  office  of  a  column.     Vitruvius  relates 

"  that  the  city  of  Caryaj  sided  with  the  Persians  after  the 


Caryatids. 
Porch  of  the  Erechtheum  at  Athens. 

battle  of  Thermopylae,  and  that  it  was  on  this  account 
sacked  by  the  other  Greeks,  who  took  the  women  cap- 
tive, and  to  perpetuate  this  event  erected  trophies  in 
which  figures  of  women  dressed  in  the  Caryatic  manner 
were  used  to  support  entablatures.    This  sUiry  is  proba- 
bly imaginary,  but  no  doubt  the  name  and  perhaps  the 
idea  of  the  caryatids  were  derived  from  Carya:. 
Two  great  statues,   \ct 
And  Science.  Caryatids,  lifted  up 
A  weight  of  emblem.      Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  form  of  a  cary- 
atid; caryatic. 

caryatidean  (kar'i-at-i-de'an),  a.  [<  caryatid 
+  -can.]     Supported  by  caryatids. 

This  Caryatidean  portico  (of  the  Erechtheum]  displays 
very  clearly  the  arrangement  of  the  ceiling. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  408. 

caryatides,  ».    Latin  plural  of  caryatid. 

caryin,  caryine  (kar'i-rn),  n.  [<  Carya  +  -in-, 
-ine2.]  A  crystalline  principle  found  in  the  bark 
of  Carya  tomentosa  (the  mockernut  or  white- 
heart  hickory),  believed  to  be  identical  with 
quercitrin. 

caryinite  (ka-ii'i-nit),  n.  [<  caryim  +  -//<'-'.] 
An  arseniate  of  lead,  manganese,  and  calcium, 
occurring  massive,  of  a  brown  color,  at  the 
lead-mines  of  L&ngban,  Sweden. 

Caryoborus  (kar-i-ob'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  k&- 
pvov,  nut,  +  fJopcf,  eating.]  A  genus  of  rhyn- 
ehophorous  coleopters  or  weevils,  of  the  fam- 
ily Urncltitltc,  differing  from  Bruchus  by  having 
the  fore  coxa?  separated  by  the  prosternum.    C. 


caryopsis 

arthriticus  is  a  species  of  the  southern  United 
States,  infesting  flu-  palmetto. 

Caryobranchia  (kar  i-6-brang'ki-S),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Or. Kdpvovf  a  nut  (nucleus),  +  '><,  e», 
gills.]  An  oriler  of  gastropods:  proposed  as 
a  substitute  for  Nucleobranchiata  (which  see): 
same  as  lit tt  rojnitla .  Mcnkc,  1828;  Straitison, 
L839. 

Caryocar  (ka-ri'o-kar),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K&pwv,  a 
nut  (see  Carya),  +  kiipa,  head;  the  globose  fruit 
is  often  as  large  as  a  child's  head.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  natural  order  Ternstrcemiacece,  con- 
sisting of  8  species  of  lofty  trees,  natives  of 
tropical  America.    They  produce  good  Umber,  and 

their  fruits  contain  :f  or  4  large  khlniyshapcl  Beedf  in 
closed  in  an  extremely  hard  woody  shell,  reddish-brown 
in  color  anil  covered  with  roundish  protuberances.  They 
are  called  souarUnuts  or  butternuts,  have  s  pleasant  nutty 
flavor,  and  yield  a  bland  oil.  The  chief  source  of  these 
nuts  is  C.  nuciferum,  a  tree  frequently  reaching  the  height 
of  100  feet,  common  in  the  forests  of  British  Guiana,  pai 
Iii  iilarly  mi  the  hanks  of  the  rivers  Essequiho  and  Berbice. 
Its  flowers  are  large  and  of  a  deep  purplish  red  color. 

caryocinesis  (kar"i-o-si-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
tcapvov,  a  nut  (nucleus),  +  Kivqoic,  movement, 
change:  see  kinesis.]  In  embryol.,  the  series  of 
active  changes  taking  place  in  the  nucleus  of 
a  living  cell  in  the  process  of  division.  Also 
written  karyokinesis. 

Caryophyllaceae  (kar'i-o-fi-la'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  CaryophyUus  +  -acece.]  A  natural  order 
of  polypetalous  plants,  the  pink  tribe,  includ- 
ing over  800  species  of  bland  herbs,  distributed 
all  over  the  globe,  with  stems  generally  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  and  opposite  leaves,  the  bases  of 
which  are  frequently  united.  The  flowers  are  reg- 
ular, and  the  numerous  seeds  are  attached  to  a  central 
placenta.  The  greater  number  of  the  species  are  incon- 
spicuous weeds,  like  duckweed,  spurrey.  sandwort,  etc., 
but  many  are  found  as  favorite  plants  in  gardens,  as  the 
pink,  carnation,  sweet-william,  etc.  The  largest  genera 
are  Dianthus,  Silene,  Lychnis,  and  Arenaria.  See  cut 
below. 

caryophyllaceous  (kar"i-o-fi-la'shius),  a.  [< 
Caryophyllacece.]     Pertaining  to  the  CaryophyU 

laceai :  especially  applied 
to  flowers  having  five  pet- 
als with  long  claws  in  a 
tubular  calyx.  Also  cary- 
ophyllous,  caryophylleous. 
Caryophyllaeidae  (kar "  i  - 
o-fi-le'i-de),  it.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Caryophyllceus  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  cestode  platy- 
helminths,  or  tapeworms, 
characterized  by  having 
only  one  proglottis,  the 
body  elongated  and  tin- 
segmented,  the  head-armature  weak,  consist- 
ing of  a  lobed  fringe  without  hooks,  and  eight 
sinuous  longitudinal  canals  of  the  excretory 
system. 

Caryophyllaeus  (kar"i-o-fi-le'us),  n.  [NL. 
(Gmelin,  171)0),  <  Varijophylltts,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  Cestoidea,  or  tapeworms,  the  species  of  which 
are  endoparasitic  in  eyprinoid  fishes.  It  repre- 
sents the  simplest  cestoid  form,  resembling  a  trematode 
in  structure,  having  no  trace  of  alimentary  canal,  but  be- 
ing furnished  with  a  single  set  of  hermaphrodite  repro- 
ductive organs  and  a  water-vascular  system  ;  the  body  is 
elongated,  dilated,  and  lobate  at  one  end,  like  a  clove, 
whence  the  name.  It  is  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Curii"/ihullipid/t'.  C.  mutaOili.i  is  found  in  the  intestine 
of  eyprinoid  fishes.     Originally  Caruiiphullu*. 

caryophylleous  (kar"i-o-fil'e-us),  a.  Same  as 
caryophyllaceous. 

caryophyllin,  caryophylline  (kar'i-o-fil'in), 
n.  [<  CaryophyUus  +  -in",  -ine*.]  A  crystal- 
line substance  obtained  from  cloves  by  treat- 
ing them  with  alcohol. 

caryophylloid  (kar'i-o-fil'oid),  n.  [<  Caryo- 
phyUus t  -aid.]  Iff  hot.,  having  the  form  of  the 
Cart/it/ilit/IIits ;  clove-shaped. 

caryophyllous  (kar'i-o-fil'us),  a.  Same  as 
caryophyllaceous. 

CaryophyUus  (kar"i-o-fil'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KapvdtfvXXov,  the  clove-tree,  lit.  'nut-leaf,'  < 
Ktipvov,  a  nut,  +  tpiiXkov  =  L.  folium,  a  leaf. 
Hence  ult.,  from  the  Gr.  KapvdtpvMov,  V,.  gilly- 
flower, q.  v.]  1.  Among  early  botanists,  the 
name  of  two  genera,  one  furnishing  the  clove 
of  commerce,  the  other  including  the  clove- 
pink,  Dianthus,  from  the  similarity  of  odors. 
It  was  retained  by  Linnams  only  for  the  former, 
and  this  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Eugenia. 
—  2.  In  zoo!.:  (a)  Same  as  Caryophyllceus,  of 
which  it  is  tho  original  form.  (b)  A  genus 
of  crinoids:  synonymous  with  Eugcniacrinus. 
Scheuchzer.    Also  Caryophyllites.     Knorr. 

caryopsis  (kar-i-op'sis),  n.  [NL.  (>F.  caryopst ), 

<  Gr.  Kcipvov,  a  nut,  +  6t/xc,  appearance,  <  v'*0'ri 
see:  see  optic]     In  hot.,  a  small,  one-seeded, 


Caryophyllaceous  Flower 
\Didntkus  . 


sill 


caryopsis 

dry  indehiscenl  fruit,  in  which  the  thin  Beed 
coal  is  adherent  throughout  to  the  very  thin 
pericarp,  asin  wheal  and  all  other  cereal  grains. 

pelled  cariopsis. 
Oaryota(kar-i-o'ta), «.   [Ni...  (L  mur.  sense) 

(>  P.  caryoU  ),  <  Gfr.  Kapvarrbc  va/n;,  a  palm  wilh 
walnut-like  Eruit,  lit.  nut-like  palm:  mpvardc, 

nut-like,  •  '  nut,  walnut:  iwf,  palm: 

>:.,iu-.]  '  A  genus  of  large  palms,  aatives 
oflndiaand  the  Malay  archipelago,  withbipin-  cascade-  (kas-kad'),  » 
eaves  and  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  strongly    caded  cascading. 

toothed  at  the  extremity.    The  best-known  Bpecies, 
jjed  the  bastard    •  '     I    a  native  of  India,  and 
is  of  greal  value.     By  Bevering  the  ends  of  the  successive 
flowering  stems  a  sweet  sap  is  obtained,  which  is  either 
down  into  syrup  and  sugar,  or  made  bj  ferments 
don  into  toddy,  which  yields  arrack  by  distillation.    The 
...ii  pith  abounds  in  sago  like  farina,  which  is  made  into 
iten  as  gruel.    The  outer  part  of  the  slim  is 
hard,  strong,  and  durable,  and  is  much  used  for  building 
and  for  agricultural  implements;  and  the  sheaths  of  the 
Iran,  yield  a  very  strong  fiber,  known  as  kittul  fiber, 
which  is  said  to  i"'  Indestructible, 
cast,  '<•     A  Middle  English  form  of  caseK 
casa  (ka'sa),  «.     [L.,  a  cottage,  hut,  cabin, 
shed,  ML.  also  a  house  in  general  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
-.  a  house,  =  (as  if  <  L.  neut.  "casum)  I'. 
cfo  :.  in  prep.  chez,  ahbr.  of  en  chez,  =  OSp.  en 
cas  =  It.  in  casa  or  a  casa,  in  the  house  (of),  at 
(my,  his,  etc.)  house,  with);  prob.  akin  to  cas- 
tri'uii.  a  castle  fort,  pi.  a  earn])  (see  castrum, 
Chester),  and  to  cassis,  a  helmet;  orig.  a  i  ov<  c 
or  shelter;  ef.  Skt.  •/  chhad,  cover,  cover  over. 
Hence  ult.  casale,  cassock,  casula,  chasuble,  etc.] 
A  house. 

ca.  sa.    In  lair,  the  usual  abbreviation  of  capias 
ad  satisfaciendum.    See  capias. 
casal  (ka 'sal),  a.    [<  easel,  6,  +  -aZ.]    Ingram., 
of  or  belonging  to  ease.     [Rare.] 

The  casal  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is  es  or  is. 
as  appears  in  such  phrases  as  'Godes  sight,'  'kingiscrown. 

J.  M.  McCulloch. 

casalet,  »•  [<  It-  casale,  a  hamlet,  village,  for- 
merly also  a  farm-house,  manor-house,  dairy, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  casal,  a  farm-house,  <  ML.  casale, 
also  casalis,  a  farm-house,  villa,  hamlet,  village, 
<  L.  casa,  a  house.]    A  hamlet ;  a  village. 

And  Saterday  in  ye  mornynge  we  landyd  there,  and  wente 
to  Buche  casales  as  we  fonnde  and  refresshed  vs. 

Syr  li.  Guyl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  5G. 

casarca  (ka-siir'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Russ.  cacharka, 
the  sea-swallow.]'  A  name,  specific  or  generic 
fin  this  case  with  a  capital),  of  the  ruddy  shel- 


cascade1  (kas-kad'),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
caded, ppr.  cascading.  [<  cascade1,  «.]  To 
form  cascades;  fall  in  cascades. 

In  the  middle  of  a  large  octagon  piece  of  water  stands 
an  obelisk  of  near  seventj  feet,  I'm  a  Jet-d  lain  to  cascade 
from  the  top  of  it.      Defoe,  Tour  thro'  G.  Britain,  II.  218. 

The  town  [of  Subiaco]  ...  is  built  en  a  kind  of  cone 

rising  fr the  midst  of  a  valley.  .  .  .  with  a  Buperh 

i ratain  horizon  around  it.  and  the  green  Aninrascmliwj 

at  its  feet.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  271. 

.;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 

[Appar.   a  perverted 

use  of  cascade1.    Cf.  E.  dial,  cast,  vomit.]     To 

vomit.     [Colloq.] 

cascalho  (kas-kal'yo),  n.  [Pg.  (=  Sp.  cascajn), 
pebbles,  gravel,  <  cascar,  strike,  Sp.  break  in 


pieces,  shatter:  see  cascade1,  n.,  and  cascarilla, 
and  as  to  meaning  cf.  brash1,  breccia,  debris.'] 
Gravel,  coarse  or  fine,  mixed  with  more  or  less 
sand :  detrital  material  in  general ;  the  material 
in  which  Brazilian  diamonds  are  found,  as  also 
gold  to  some  extent. 

cascan,  cascane  (kas-kan',  -kiln'),  n.    [P.  cas- 
cane.]     In  fort,  a  hole  or  cavity,  resembling  a 
well,  made  near  a  rampart,  from  which   an 
underground  gallery  extends,  or  which  serves 
to  give  vent  to  an  enemy's  mine  and  diminish 
its  destructive  effect. 
cascara  amarga,  sagrada.    See  bark2. 
cascarilla  (kas-ka-ril'a),  n.     [=  P.  cascarille, 
<  Sp.  cascarilla  '(=  Pg.  eascarilha  =  It.  cas- 
carilla,   cascariglid), 
dim.  of  cascara,  bark, 
rind,  peel,  husk  (cf. 
casca,    husks,    bark, 
casco,  a  skull,  shard, 
helmet,  cask,  etc.,  > 
E.   cask1),  <    cascar, 
break,    burst    open : 
see  cascade1,  n.,  and 
casfc1.]  The  aromatic 
bitter  bark  of  Croton 
Eluteria,  a  West  In- 
dian shrub  or  smalt 
tree   of   the    natural 
order    Euphorbiacea, 
and  a  native  of  the 
Bahama  islands.     It 
occurs  in  small  thin  frag- 
ments and  brittle  ret  Is  like 
[Hills,  and  is  used  in  medicine  fur  its  mild  stimulating, 
tonic  properties.    Also  called  Eleuthera  or  sweetwood  bark. 


Cascarilla-plant  {Cretan 

Eluteria). 

,  male  flower  ;  ti,  female  flower ; 

r,  fruit. 


drake,  Anas  casarca  or  Casarca  rutila,  a  bird  cascarillin,  cascarilline  (kas-ka-ril'in),  n.    [< 

cascarilla  +  -in",  -ine2.}  A  white,  crystalline, 
odorless,  bitter  substance  (C12H1804)  obtained 
from  cascarilla. 

caschrom  (kas'krom),  n.  [Also  improp.  writ- 
ten tjascmnih :  <  !ael.  caschrom,  <  cas,  a  foot,  leg, 
shaft,  haft,  handle,  +  crom,  crooked :  see  crom- 
lech.'] A  long  pick  with  a  cross-handle  and 
projecting  foot-piece ;  afoot-piek:  used  in  the 
Scottish  Highlands  for  digging  in  stony  ground 
where  no  other  instrument  can  be  introduced. 

casco  (kas'ko),  n.  [Pg.,prop.  the  keel  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  =  Sp.  casco,  the  hull  of  a  ship ;  same 
as  Pg.  Sp.  It.  casco,  helmet,  casque,  cask:  see 
cask1,  casque]     A  boat  of  the  Philippines,  used 


of  the  family  Anatidec  and  subfamily  Anatina: 
inhabiting  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  As  a  ge- 
neric term  it  includes  several  other  species,  as 
C.  tadornoides,  C.  variegata,eta. 

casava,  casave  (ka-sa'va,  -ve),  n.    See  cassava. 

casbaldt,  "■  [Late  ME.'J  also  casbalde;  origin 
uncertain.]    A  term  of  contempt.     York  Plays. 

casban  (kas'ban),  n.  A  cotton  fabric  similar 
to  jaconet,  but  stouter,  sometimes  having  a 
glossy  surface  like  satin,  and  used  chiefly  for 
linings. 

cascabel  (kas'ka-bel),  n.  [Sp.,  a  little  bell,  the 
button  at.  the  breech  of  a  cannon,  also  casca- 
billo,  =  Pg.  Pr.  cascavel;  origin  uncertain.] 
That  part  of  a  cannon  which  is  behind  the 
i'    le-ring,  including  the  base  and  knob. 

cascade1  (kas-kad'),  it.  [<  P.  cascade=  Sp.  cas- 
cada  =  Pg.  cascata,  <  It.  cascata,  a  waterfall,  < 
cascan .  fall,  appar.  associated  in  thought  with 
L.  cadere,  pp.  casus,  fall,  but  prob.  (like  Sp. 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  beat,  strike,  =  Pg.  cas- 
car,  strike)  an  extension  of  L.  casare,  cassare, 
variant  otquassare,  shake,  shatter,  shiver,  freq. 
otquatere,  pp.  quassum,  shake:  see  quash,  con- 
cuss, discuss,  etc.  Cf.  cascalho,  cascarilla,  cask, 
casque,  etc.]  1.  A  fall  or  flowing  of  water 
a  precipice  or  steep  rocky  declivity  in  a 
river  or  other  stream;  it  waterfall,  whether 
i  al  or  art  ilicial,  but  smaller  than  a  cataract. 

The  river  Teverone  throws  itself  down  a  precipice,  and 
falls  by  several  cascades  from  one  reek  to  another. 

Addison,  Dravels  in  Italy. 

2.  In  elect.,  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  Leyden 

jars  in  « in.  ii  1 1 ti  r  coating  of  i  he  first  jar 

which  receives  tho  charge  is  emu ted  to  the 

'  ins  of  i  hi  •  ad  so  on. — 3.  A 

trimming  of  lace  or  other  soft  material,  folded 
in  a  zigzag  fashion  so  as  to  make  a  broken  or  ir- 


Casco  of  Manila. 


chiefly  on  the  river  at  Manila,  almost  rectan- 
gular in  form,  very  flat  and  very  durable,  and 
much  used  for  conveying  cargoes  to  and  from 
ships, 
regular  band,  as  down  the  trout  of  a  gown.  Diet,  case1  (kas),  >i.    [<  ME.  cos,  caas,  case,<  OP.  cas, 


ofNeedU  work. — 4.  The  falling  water  in  the  con- 
stellation Aquarius.    Bee  Aquarius,    chargedor 
discharged  In  cascade.    See  battery   -  -Syn.  i 
cade,  Cataract.     \  .t.  i  than  a  ca  cade,  but 

may  not  be  i   iii  o  be  bj 

.    in  lie  quotation  ahovi  fri  m  Iddison 
listinguishing  marks  of  a  i  atai  id  ari  volume  of  wa 
tei  and  rapidity  uf  descent. 


F.  cas=  Pr.  cas =Pg.  Sp.  ft.  caso,  circumstance, 
event,  hap,  chance,  <  L.  casus  (casu-),  a  falling, 
change,  event,  accident,  misfortune,  <  cadere, 

pp,  casus,  fall   (>  also  anient,  cadence,  chance, 

accident,  etc.):  see  anient.]     1.  Literally,  thai 

which  happens  or  befalls,  (a)  Hap;  contingency; 
event ;  chance. 


case 

Than  he  tolde  hem  alle  worde  for  worde  how  the  cas 

was  lie  fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  560. 

Wisdom  behouith  to  lete  go  and  passe 
Which  that  men  mow  noght  amend  in  no  COS. 

Rom.  o]  Parti  nay  (E.  E.  T.  ii.),  1.  6223. 

(6)  state;  condition;  Btate  of  circumstances. 
Cumforteth  him  in  bis  caas,  coueiteth  not  his  goodes. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  viii.  52. 

Like  Angels  life  was  then  mens  happy  cace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  16. 

Tih.  I  come  to  have  thee  walk. 

Ovid.  .No,  good  Tibullus,  I'm  not  now  in  case. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

They  lay,  therefore,  all  day  on  Saturday,  in  lamentable 
case,  as  before.  Illinium,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  177. 

2.  A  particular  determination  of  events  or  cir- 
cumstances; a  special  state  of  things  coming 
under  a  general  description  or  rule. 

The  ceremonies  attendant  upon  death  and  burial  are 
nearly  the  same  in  the  eases  of  men  and  women. 

E.  W.  lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  286. 

3.  In  med.,  an  instance  of  disease  under  or 
requiring  medical  treatment,  or  the  series  of 
occurrences  or  symptoms  which  characterize 
it:  as,  the  doctor  has  many  cases  of  fever  in 
hand;  the  patient  explained  his  case. — 4.  A 
state  of  things  involving  a  question  for  dis- 
cussion or  decision. 

Tell  bym  how  the  caas  stant  all  as  it  is. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  491. 

Acres.  I  don't  choose  to  mention  names,  but  look  on 
me  as  on  a  very  ill-used  gentleman. 
Sir  Luc.  Pray,  what  is  the  cast 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

The  plainest  case  in  many  words  entangling.   J.  Eaillie. 

Specifically — 5.  In  law :  («)  A  cause  or  suit  in 
court ;  any  instance  of  litigation :  as,  the  case 
was  tried  at  the  last  term.  In  this  sense  case  is 
nearly  synonymous  with  cause,  which  is  the  more  technical 
term.  Case  includes  special  proceedings,  as  well  as  actions 
at  law,  suits  in  equity,  and  criminal  prosecutions;  and  it 
implies  not  only  a  controversy,  but  also  legal  proceedings. 
More  loosely,  however,  it  is  used  for  cause  of  action  :  as, 
he  has  a  good  case. 

This  false  juge  ...  sat  in  his  Consistorie, 
And  gaf  his  doomes  upon  sondry  cas. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  163. 

Force  a  composition  or  wrangle  out  some  broken  Title, 
or  breake  the  necke  of  the  Case  with  a  Prohibition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  133. 

(b)  The  state  of  facts  or  the  presentation  of 
evidence  on  which  a  party  to  litigation  relies 
for  his  success,  whether  as  plaintiff  or  defen- 
dant: as,  in  cross-examining  plaintiff's  witness, 
defendant,  has  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  direct  examination,  for  such  inquiries 
are  part  of  his  own  case,  (c)  Under  American 
procedure,  a  document  prepared  by  the  appel- 
lant on  an  appeal,  containing  the  evidence,  or 
the  substance  of  it,  and  the  proceedings  on 
the  trial  in  the  court  below.  It  is  intended  to 
enable  the  appellate  court  to  review  the  evidence  and 
the  facts,  as  well  as  to  pass  upon  alleged  errors  of  law, 
and  in  this  ditfers  from  a  bill  of  exceptions,  which  pre- 
sents only  alleged  errors  of  law.  Called  specifically  case 
i"t  appeal. 

6.  In  </rani.,  in  many  languages,  one  of  the 
forms  having  different  offices  in  the  sentence 
which  together  make  up  the  inflection  of  a 
noun:  as,  the  nominative  ease,  that  of  the  sub- 
ject of  the  verb,  as  hi-,  ilnminus  (Latin);  the 
accusative  or  objective  ease,  as  Mm,  dominum; 
the  ijeuitirc  or  possessive  case,  as  his  (John's), 
dnmini.  These  are  the  only  cases  in  modern  English, 
and  the  objective  is  not  distinguished  in  form  from  the 
nominative  except  in  a  few  pronouns.  In  addition  to 
the  three  cases  found  in  English,  Creek  and  German  have 
a  dative.  Latin  has  a  dative,  an  ablative,  and  a  vocative, 
and  Sanskrit  further  an  instrumental  and  a  locative.  The 
Fk  iieh  has  lost  all  case-distinction  in  nouns.  Some  lan- 
guages, as  the  Finnish  and  Hungarian,  have  man]  mi  re 
cases,  even  fifteen  or  twenty.  All  the  cases  but  the  noini- 
native  are  called  oblique  cases. 

7.  A  person  who  is  peculiar  or  remarkable  in 
any  respect :  as,  a  queer  ease:  a  hard  case:  some- 
times used  without  qualification:  as,  he  is  a 
case.     [Colloq.] 

"  Well,  the  General  can  tell  you,"  says  the  hunter,  glan- 
cing at  that  individual,  'what  a  terrible  land  rase  I've 
been."  II'.  .1/.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  114. 

8.  In  logic,  a  proposition  stating  a  fact  coming 
under  a  general  rule;  a  subsumption — Action 
on  the  case,  in  Ian:  a  general  form  of  action  (the  phrase 
being  originally  equivalent  to  action  ca  the  circumstances) 
adopted  to  enlarge  tic  legal  remedies  at  a  time  when 

forms  Of  aclien  existed  for   trespasses   witll  violence  and 

for  debts  resting  in  bond,  hut  no  form  had  been  provided 
for  wrongs  without  violence,  such  as  negligence,  or  oral 

or  implied  i.remi.sc.     If  1 anic  the  most  widely  used  of 

all  common-law  forms,  and  equally  applicable    to  conse- 
quential injury  to  the  real  or  personal  propertj  ami  to  the 
personal  character  of  the  party  by  whom  it  was  brought 
-Amistad    Case,    a    noted    ease    in    the    courts    of    the 

United  states,  in  which  Spaniards  claimed  as  thi  ir  slaves 
negroes  who  had  been  kidnapped  in  Africa,  and  who  while 


case 

being  carried  to  Cuba  (in  1889)  rose  against  lluir  captors, 
took  possession  of  the  vessel,  and  after  changing  ber  course 
were  taken  by  a  United  States  vessel  off  the  American  coast. 
The  courts  held  that  they  were  free,  and  not  pirates  or  rob* 
bers.— Bankers'  case,  or  case  of  the  bankers,  the  peti- 
tion of  Homblee  ami  others  to  the  barons  of  the  exchequer 
in  1691  (1 1  How.  St.  Xr.,  l)  for  the  payment  of  certain  an- 
nuities granted  by  Charles  11.  to  repay  money  originally 
loaned  to  him  on  the  security  of  the  revenues.    On  ap- 
peal, the  House  of  Lords  decided  that  the  grant  was  bind- 
ing upon  his  successor,  and  continued  a  charge  upon  the 
revenue.— Bates's  case,  an  English  prosecution  (1606) 
of  a  merchant,  in  which  the  claim  of  James  I.  to  impose 
duties  as  a  personal  prerogative   was  sustained  :  a  ques- 
tion afterward  settled  the  other  way  under  Cromwell. 
Also  tailed  the  case  of  the  //„/,o,'/,o<k.  — Bradlaugh's 
case,  a  prolonged  controversy  (1881-86)  over  the  claim 
of  Charles  Bradlaugh  (a)  to  take  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  without  taking  the  oath  required  of  members, 
he  declaring  that  he  did  not  acknowledge  or  believe  in  its 
Obligation;  and  later  (o)  to  have  tie'  oath  administered. 
Two  notable  legal  decisions  were  readied  in  the  course  of 
'  the  controversy.     In  1SS4  (12  Law  Rep.,  Q.  B.  D.,  271),  in 
the  ease  of  Charles  Bradlaugh  v.  Francis  It.  Gossett,  ser- 
geant-at-arms  of  the  House  of  Commons,  arising  out  of 
a  resolution  excluding  plaintiff  from  the  House  until  he 
should  engage  not  to  disturb  its  proceedings  by  demand- 
ing to  take  the  oath  as  a  member,  it  was  held  that  courts 
cannot  control  the  House  in  its  administration  of  laws  re- 
lating merely  to  its  internal  procedure,  nor  inquire  into 
the  propriety  of  a  resolution  restraining  a  member  from 
doing  in  the  House  what  he  had  a  lawful  right  to  do, 
and  that  action  will  not  lie  against  the  sergeant-at-arms 
for  obeying  such  resolution.     In  1SS5  (14  Law  Rep.,  Q. 
B.  D.,  607),  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  the  case  of  the  At- 
torney-General v.  Bradlaugh,  for  penalties  under  the  Par- 
liamentary (laths  Act,  for  voting  in  the  House  without 
having  been  sworn  as  a  member,  it  was  decided  that  a 
member  who  does  not  believe  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and 
upon  whom  an  oath  is  binding  only  as  a  promise,  is  in- 
capable of  taking  the  prescribed  oath ;   hut  if  he  goes 
through  the  form  of  taking  it  (as  Bradlaugh  did  by  ad- 
ministering the  oath  to  himself  at  the  bar  of  the  House), 
he  is  liable  for  violation  of  the  act.— Burr's  case,  the 
prosecution  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason  against  the  United 
States,  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  1807.— Cal- 
vin's case,  also  called  the  case  of  the  po8fnati,1608(2How. 
St.  Tr.,  559;  7  Coke,  1),  an  action  turning  on  questions  of 
allegiance  and  natural-born  subjects.     It  was  brought  to 
recover  lands  by  Robert  Calvin  against  Richard  and  Nich- 
olas Smith,  to  which  defendants  pleaded  that  the  plaintiff 
was  an  alien,  and  incapable  of  bringing  the  action,  because 
he  was  born  in  Scotland,  though  after  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land descended  to  James  I.,  who  was  also  king  of  Scot- 
land.   It  was  argued  by  lawyers  and  judges  of  the  great- 
est renown,  including  Lords  Bacon,  Coke,  Ellesmere,  Yd 
verton,  and  Warburton,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  the 
plaintiff.— Case  agreed,  or  case  stated,  in  law,  a  state- 
ment of  facts  agreed  on  by  the  parties,  or  made  by  an- 
other court,   to  be  submitted  merely  for  decision  of  a 
pointof  law.— Case  law.  See/inc— Case  of  conscience. 
See  conscience.— Case  of  the  Caroline,  a  name  given  to 
the  case  of  the  People  ».  McLeod.     See  McLeod  case,  be- 
low.— Case  of  the  claimant.    See  Tichborne  case,  be- 
low.—Case  of  the  seven  bishops.    See  bishop.— Case 
reserved,  case  made,  a  statement  presenting  points  of 
law  reserved  by  the  judge  or  parties  for  decision  by  the  full 
court.— Civil  rights  cases.   See  civil.— Clinton  bridge 
case,  an  important  litigation  in  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  (1S70),  which  established  the  doctrine  by 
which  railroad  bridges  may  be  said  to  have  gained  clear 
recognition  of  their  rights  of  way  in  preference  to  the  nav- 
igable waters  crossed  by  them,  through  the  power  of  Con- 
gress to  regulate  inter-state  commerce.  —  Criminal  cases. 
See  criminal.— Crown  cases  reserved.     See  crown.— 
Darnell's  case,  a  noted  case  in  English  constitutional 
law  (1627),  in  which  the  imprisonment  of  Sir  Thomas  Dar- 
nell and  four  others,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  to  a  forced 
loan,  was  sanctioned,  the  agitation  resulting  from  which 
was  followed  by  the  granting  of  the  Petition  of  Right- 
Dartmouth  College  case,  the  leading  American  case 
(1819)  on  the  vested  rights  of  corporations,  reported  as 
Trustees  of  Dartmouth  College  n.  Woodward  (1  Wheaton, 
618),  deciding  that  a  corporate  charter,  even  though  it  be 
a  British  charter  granted  before  the  revolution,  cannol 

be  materially  altered  byaState  legislature,  it  being  a  i 

tract  within  the  meaning  of  the  provision  of  the  United 
States  Constitution  which  deprives  the  States  of  the  ]  ><  over 
to  impair  the  obligation  of  a  contract.— Dr.  Bonham'S 
case,  an  important  decision  upon  English  constitutional 
law,  rendered  in  1609,  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Bonham  v. 
the  College  of  Physicians  (8  Coke,  107),  for  false  imprison- 
ment. It  was  held  that  an  act  of  Parliament  which  is 
against  common  right  and  reason,  or  is  impossible  to 
be  performed,  is  void  by  the  common  law;  also,  that 
where  the  power  to  commit  to  prison  is  vested  by  patent 
or  act  of  Parliament  in  parties  not  being  a  court,  their 
proceedings  ought  to  be  of  record,  and  the  facts  upon 
which  such  power  is  exercised  are  traversable.— Dred 
Scott  case,  a  case  of  great  historical  importance  among 
the  events  which  preceded  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
United  States,  in  which  the  Supreme  Court  held  (in  1S57) 
that  a  free  negro  of  slave  ancestry  was  not  a  citizen,  and 
could  not  sue  or  be  protected  as  such  in  the  United  States 
courts.  The  statement  that  the  Africans  in  America  had 
long  been  considered  a  subordinate  race  bavin-  "no  rights 
which  the  white  man  is  bound  to  respect,"  which  was  con- 
tained in  the  opinion  of  the  chief  justice,  gained  universal 
attention  as  a  point  of  attack  in  the  controversy  about  slav- 
ery. —  Five  per  cent,  cases,  a  decision  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  lssi  (no  U.  s..  471).  holding  that  an  act 
of  Congress  by  which  a  percentage  of  the  proceeds  of  land 
"sold  by  Congress1'  is  reserved  to  certain  public  uses  of  a 
State  does  not  include  lands  disposed  of  by  the  United  st ,  it.  s 
in  satisfaction  of  military  land-warrants.  —General  case, 
in  math.,  that  special  state  of  things  which  is  considered 
when,  in  studying  an  analytical  expression,  it  is  assumed 
that  there  is  no  peculiar  relation  between  the  constants 
denoted  by  letters.  The  general  ease  may  lie  very  excep- 
tional. Thus,  in  linear  associative  algebra,  in  the  general 
case  the  vanishing  of  a  product  implies  the  vanishing  of 
one  of  the  factors,  yet  among  the  innumerable  possible 
algebras  there  arc  but  three  in  which  such  an  inference  is 


841 

valid,  Hampden's  case.  See  cose  qf  ship-money,  under 
ship-money-  In  case,  in  the  event  or  contingency  ;  if  it 
should  so  fall  out  or  happen  that  ;  supposing. 

A  sure  retreat  to  his  forces, in  case  they  should  have  an 
ill  day  "■•  an  unlucky  chance  in  the  field. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

Irreducible  case,  in  math.,  the  case  in  which  a  cubic 
equation  has  three  real  roots,  when  Cardans  method  of 
solution  involves  imaginaries.  — Kendall's  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the  United  stales  Supreme  Court  (1888),  noted  in 
American  constitutional  law,  that  the  court  may  compel  a 
cabinet  officer  to  perform  a  ministerial  duty.  -Koszta's 
case,  the  facts  and  resulting  diplomatic  correspondent 
(1863)  by  which  the  United  Slates  government  maintained 
the  claim  that  Martin  ECoszta,  a  native  ol  Hungary,  was 
entitled  to  protection  as  an  American  citizen  from  bi  I 
/.lire  by  the  Austrian  government  while  in  Turkish  juris 
diction,  he  having  previously  legally  declared  his  intention 
to  become  an  American  ,  in/,  in.—  Marbury's  case,  a  dec i 
sion  of  the  United  states  Supreme  Court  (1808),  noted  in 
American  constitutional  history,  which  established  the 
power  of  that  court  to  declare  an  art  of  Congress  void  for 
contravening  tie-  United  States  Constitution, and  defined 

the  extent  to  which  members  of  the  cabinet  are  amenable  case1!  (kas),  V .  i.      [<  case1,  ?!.]      To  put  cases; 
to  the  courts.  —  McLeod  case,  a  controversy  between  the     ]1rj]lt,  forward  nronositions. 
United  States  and  Canada,  arising  out  of  the  incident  of     """&"■"  r     f 

the  destruction  of  the  American  steamer  Caroline  by  the        They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  casing  upon  the 
Canadian  authorities  (1887),  in  the  course  of  which  a  man     matter  with  him,  and  laying  distinctions  before  him. 
was  killed.     McLeod  was  :„i,  -i,,l  as  one  of  the  attacking  Sir  /.'.  /.  Estrange. 

party,  and  was  indicted  (1841)  in  New  York  State  for  mur-  „       .  r/ Ttrc    „„<.o„   Z-„/>/,       r>    Z«c  —  ff 

der;  nut  he  proved  an  alibi,  and  was  acquitted.  Also  called  Case-  (kas),  H.  [<  ME.  casse,  kaCC '.  =  U.  h  as  _  Lt. 
the  case  of  the  Carolina. — Negro  case.  See  Sommersett's  kusse  =  Sw.  kassa  =  Dan.  kasse,  <  Oi  .  casse  (r  . 
1-  ov.— Shelley's  case,  the  decision  in  1581  (1  Coke,  casse  a  chase,  caisse,  a  case,  also  chdsse,  a  chase, 
89-106),  by  all  the  judges  of  England,  of  the  case  of  Nicho-  ,  •  '  ..  p  ,.,,.„  /•riivin  —  Car  carina  —  Sn 
las  Wolf,-  against  Henry  shell,  y,  in  ejectment,  involving  shiine)  =  1 1.  caijssa,  caissa  uat.  capsa  -op. 
questions  upon  the  law  of  common  recoveries.  Itis  chiefly  caja,  obs.  caxa  =  Vg.  catxa,  oos.  caxa  =  U.COS- 
celebrated  for  a  precise  and  clear  statement  by  defendant's  sa,  s  L.  capsa,  a  chest,  box,  receptacle,  <  ca- 
counsel  of  a  previously  well-established  rule  of  law  concern-  ,)ere  reeeive  contain,  hold:  see  capable,  capa- 
ing  the  effect  of  the  word"  heirs  "in  certain  conveyances,  f\  >  mu.  '  .„„„]  hi  Inter  forms  aririears 
since  known  as  the  rule  in  Shelley's  case.  This  rule,  which  OWUS.  1  ho  same  word,  in  later  rorms,  appeal  s 
is  now  regarded  as  a  rule  of  interpretation  rather  than  a  as  cash"  and  chase-'.]  1.  Inat  which  incloses 
rule  of  law ,  is  to  tlu  effect  that  wherever  there  is  a  iimi-  or  contains ;  a  covering,  box,  or  sheath :  as,  a 
tation  to  a  man.  which  if  it  stood  alone  would  convey  to  for  kn;ves.  a  case  for  books  ;  a  watch-case; 

him  a  particular  estate  "f  freehold,  followed  by  a  hmita-     „•,■■„„„„-,,       aT...„j.fi„<>'n„       o/     A  ouivpr 
tion  to  his  heirs  or  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  (or  equivalent     a  pdlow-CflSC      bpecineallY  —  £\.    A  qmxet. 


case 

the  repeal  of  that  statute      Wheeling  bridge  case,  the 

,  ,  ,   i,i   r,  n,i  ,  i,  ,,,,.,   i    u  heeling  and   Bel i   Bridge 

Co.,  decided  in  the  I  i,,i,  ,i  tate  iupn  mi  CourtO 
.,,,,1  1855),  concerning  a  bridge  across  thi  Ohio  rivei  at 
u  heeling,  \  irglnia.  tftei  holding  in  i-,,i  (IS  How., 518), 
by  a  divfied  court,  that  a  bridge,  chough  entireh  within 
the  jurisdiction  ,,i  the  State  that  authorized  its  construc- 
tion, could  be  ■  njolui  d  a  o  nuisance  bj  thi  courts  ,,f  the 
i  mi,, I  si;,i,,,  if  it  obstructed  inter-state  navigation,  the 

i  hi  Id  i"  L855(18  How.,  i  'i  i  that  Congress,  under  the 

constitutional  power  to  regulate  commerce  between  the 
States,  may  determine  what  shall  or  shall  not  bedeemed 
an  obstruction  to  navigation,  and  may  declare  a  bridge, 
when  erected,  to  !„■  a  lawful  structure  so  a,  t,,  avoid  the 
,  M, ,  i  ,,f  ii-  having  been  Judicially  declared  a  nuisance.— 
Wild's  case,  an  English  decision,  in  1699  (6  Co.  Kep.,  16 
h).  in  the  case  of  Richardson  ii.  Yardlcy,  in  ejectment :  so 
called  because  involving  a  devise  to  one  Rowland  Wild, 
which  established  the  rule  for  the  construction  of  wills 
known  as  the  rule  in  Wild's  case,  viz..  "that  it  A  devises 
his  lands  to  I'.  and  his  children  or  issues,  and  he  bath  not 
any  issue  at  the  time  of  the  devise,  that  the  same  is  an 
estate  tail."=Syn.  Situation,  condition,  state,  circum- 
stances, plight,  predicament. 


expressions),  either  immediately  or  afterthe  interposition 
of  one  or  more  particular  estates,  the  apparent  gift  to  the 
heir  or  heirs  of  the  body  is  to  be  c<  instrned  as  a  limitation  of 
the  estate  ;  that  is  to  say,  ni  it  a  gift  to  the  heir,  but  a  gift  to 
the  person  first  named  of  an  estate  of  inheritance,  such  as 
his  heir  may  take  by  descent.— Sommersett'B  case,  a  fa- 
mous habeas  corpus  case  in  England  in  1772,  before  Lord 
M  ansfield,  brought  on  behalf  of  Thomas  Sommersett,  a  ne- 
gro. It  established,  the  principle  that  a  slave  brought  upon 
English  soil  became  thereby  free.  Also  called  the  negro  case. 
—  Special  Case,  a  statement  of  facts  agreed  to  on  behalf 
of  two  or  more  litigant  parties,  and  submitted  for  the 
opinion  of  a  court  of  justice  as  to  the  law  bearing  on  the 
facts  so  stated.  In  Scots  law,  in  civil  jury  causes,  a  special 
case  differs  from  a  special  verdict  only  in  this,  that  the 
special  verdict  is  returned  by  the  jury,  whereas  the  spe- 
cial case  is  adjusted  by  the  parties  themselves,  or  by  their 
counsel,  and  sets  forth  the  special  facts  on  which  they 
are  agreed  without  the  evidence.— Taltarum'8  case,  a 
noted  decision  in  the  English  courts  in  1473,  establishing 
the  power  of  a  tenant  in  tail  to  convert  the  estate  into  a 
fee  simple  absolute  by  suffering  a  common  recovery.— 
Tennessee  bond  cases,  a  name  given  to  seventeen  causes 
decided  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1885  (114 
U.  S.  Sup.  Ct.,  663),  wherein  it  was  held  that  the  statutory 
lien  upon  railroads  created  by  act  of  the  Tennessee  Legis- 
lature, Feb.  11th,  1852,  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  and 
n,,t  ,,f  the  holders  of  State  bonds  issued  under  that  act. — 
Tichborne  case,  also  called  the  cose  of  the  claimant, 
the  name  given  to  the  history  and  proceedings  of  Thomas 
Castro,  otherwise  Arthur  Orton,  in  his  claim  to  be  Sir 
Roger  Tichborne,  and  heir  to  the  estate  and  baronetcy  of 
Tichborne  ill  England  (1888  711.  which  he  prosecuted  by 
suits  in  chancery  and  in  the  Courts  of  Probate  and  of 
Common  Picas,  and  which  culminated  in  his  trial  and 
sentence  to  fourteen  years'  imprisonment  for  perjury. 
The  ease  is  celebrated  for  the  conflicting  nature  of  the 
testimony  as  to  his  identity,  and  for  the  great  public 
interest  excited  by  it.— To  put  the  case,  to  suppose  the 
event  or  a  certain  state  of  things;  state  a  question,  espe- 
cially in  a  manner  to  invite  decision. — Tweed's  case,  the 
proceedings  against  William  M.  Tweed  and  others,  known 
as  the  Tweed  Ring,  for  frauds  perpetrated  while  they 
were  municipal  officers  of  New  Y'ork,  by  which  they  ob- 
tained over  six  million  dollars  from  the  county  of  New 
Y'ork.  In  a  civil  case  it  was  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  New  York  in  1S74  (People  t,.  Ingersoll,  58  N.  Y'.,  1)  that 
an  action  for  money  fraudulently  obtained  from  a  county 
could  not  be  broughtin  the  name  of  the  people  of  the  State. 
This  was  subsequently  remedied  by  statute,  and  a  judg- 
ment obtained.  In  a  criminal  case,  Tweed  was  found  guilt) 
on  twelve  counts  for  similar  offenses  in  one  indictment, 
and  was  separately  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprisonment 
on  each,  with  the  direction  that  service  of  one  sentence 
should  not  begin  until  the  completion  of  service  on  a 
prior  sentence.  After  completing  the  term  of  his  first 
sentence,  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  served  on  his 
jailer,  and  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1876  (People  ex  rel. 
Tweed  r.  I.iscomb,  60  N.  Y.,  559)  decided  that,  under  the 
statutes  conferring  the  power  to  sentence,  cumulative  si  ; 
tences  in  such  cases  were  not  lawful,  and  discharged  him; 
but  he  was  immediately  imprisoned  in  default  of  bail  in 
preceding  civil  suits.  Other  minor  decisions  on  questions 
of  procedure  are  also  included  under  thist,  rm.  — Twyne's 
case,  the  leading  case  in  English  law (16031  holding  that  a 
conveyance  intended  to  defraud  creditors  is  void  as  against 
them,  ii  not  taken  in  good  faith  ami  for  valuable  consid- 
eration.— Tyrrel's  case,  a  noted  decision  in  English  law 
(1558),  in  which  after  Parliament,  by  the  statute  of  uses, 
had  thought  to  put  an  end  to  the  holding  of  land  in  the 
name  of  one  person  to  the  use  of  another,  the  courts  intro- 
duced the  doctrine  of  a  use  upon  a  use.  leading  to  the  pres- 
ent law  of  trusts.— Virginia  coupon  cases,  the  generic 
name  under  which  are  knoM  a  a  number  of  suits  determined 
by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  lss4,  enforcing  a 
Virginia  statute  which  declared  coupons  on  bonds  of  that 
State  receivable  in  payment  of  State  taxes,  notwithstanding 


The  arwes  in  the  coos 
Of  the  goddesse  clatren  faste  and  rynge. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Tale,  1.  1500. 

3.  The  skin  of  an  animal;  in  her.,  the  skin  of 
a  beast  displayed  with  the  head,  feet,  tail,  etc. 

O,  thou  dissembling  cub  !  what  wilt  thou  be, 
When  time  hath  sow'd  a  grizzle  on  thy  case! 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 
Thus  wise  men 
Repair  the  hurts  they  take  by  a  disgrace, 
And  piece  the  lion's  with  the  fox's  cos,-. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Lush,  hi.  1. 

4.  The  exterior  portion  of  a  building ;  an  outer 
coating  for  walls. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  is  nobly  designed  and  exe- 
cuted by  great  masters.  Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

5.  Aboxanditscontents;  hence,  a  quantity  con- 
tainedinabox.  Specifically — (a)  A  pair;  aset. 
-  Pray  thee,  corporal,  stay  ;  the  knocks  are  too  hot ;  and 
for  mine  own  part,  I  have  not  a  case  of  lives. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 

Lictors,  gag  him  ;  do, 
And  put  a  case  of  vizards  o'er  his  head, 
That  he  may  look  bifronted,  as  he  speaks. 

/;.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
An  inseparable  case  of  coxcombs,  .  .  .  the  Gemini,  or 
twins  of  foppery. 

B.  Jonson,  Pref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

(b)  Among  glaziers,  2'25  square  feet  of  crown- 
glass;  also,  120  feet  of  Newcastle  or  Normandy 
glass. — 6.  In  printing,  a  shallow  tray  of  wood 
divided  by  partitions  into  small  boxes  of  differ- 
ent sizes,  in  which  the  characters  of  a  font  of 
printing-types  are  placed  for  the  use  of  the 
compositor.  The  ordinary  case  is  about  16  inches  wide, 
32  inches  long,  and  has  boxes  1  inch  deep.  Two  forms  of 
ease  are  required  for  a  full  font  of  Roman  type  :  the  upper 
case  (so  called  from  its  higher  position  on  the  inclined 
composing-frame), of  98 boxes,  which  contains  the  capitals, 
small  capitals,  reference-marks,  fractions,  and  other  types 
in  small  request;  and  the  lower  ca*e,  of  55  boxes  of  un- 
equal size,  which  contains  the  small-text  types,  spaces,  and 
points  most  frequently  required.  The  cases  and  boxes  are 
arranged  so  that  the  types  oftenest  used  are  most  easily 
reached  by  the  compositor.  For  music,  Greek,  and  He- 
brew, as  well  as  for  display  or  jobbing  type,  or  for  any  font 
of  printing-types  that  has  more  or  fewer  characters  than 
those  of  Roman-text  type,  eases  of  special  form  are  made 
7.  In  bookbinding,  a  book-cover  made  separate- 
ly from  the  book  it  is  intended  to  inclose. — 8. 
A  triangular  sac  or  cavity  in  the  right  side  of 
the  nose  and  upper  portion  of  the  head  of  a 
sperm-whale,  containing  oil  and  spermaceti, 
which  are  together  called  head-matter. — 9. 
In  milit.  engin.,  a  square  or  rectangular  frame 
made  from  four  pieces  of  plank  joined  at  the 
corners,  used  tin. juxtaposition  to  similar  frames) 
to  form  a  lining  for  a  gallery  or  branch.— 10. 
In  loam-iiiiibUnij,  t lie  outer  portion  of  a  mold. 
Also  called  cope. — 11.  In  porcelain-making, 
same  as  saggar. — 12.  Milit.,  same  as  case-shot. 
— 13.  In  mining,  a  fissure  through  which  water 
finds  its  way  into  a  mine.  [Cornwall.  Rarely 
used.]  — 14.  The  wooden  frame  in  which  a 
door  is  hung.  Also  called  casing. — 15.  The 
wall  surrounding  a  staircase.  Also  called  casing. 


case 

—  Case-smoothing  machine,  a  machine  I 
di,  Limp  case,  "i- flexible 

cltse  i  iper  doublets 

To  work  at  case,  inpn 

case  pret.  and  pp.  eased,  ppr.  casing. 

]    I.  trans.  1.  i  surround 

with  a  ease;  surround  with  any  material  that 

up  and  hung  by  on  the  wall. 

kltui  oul  "i  his  Humour,  In.  3. 

Tin-  jewel  is  cas'd  up  from  all  men's  i 

.Vii(./  ire  Women,  L  1. 

Ideally  -<<i)  I  outside 

aiding)  with  material  of  a  better  quality  than 

Hull  Of  the  wall  li 

■ll„.  wall  :  !  is  buill  of  solid  stone,  about 

[eel  in  height  and  four  in  thickness,  caned  all 
with  white  marble. 

Burekhardt,  in  Burtons  ri  Uedlnah,  p.  3<4. 

(6)  1'  I  ;  '■"'  "" 

the  outside,  and  strike  a  ruler  laid  on  It  while  mi  1st  with 

the  edge  ol  a  trowel,  so  as  to  mark  it  with  lines  resem 

. ,  stone,     (e)   In  glass  making,  to 

"plate"  or  cover  (glass)  with  a  layer  of  a  different  color. 

(d)  In  book'-  ver  with  a  case.    See  case",  n.,  7. 

After  stitching,  books  which  are  to  be  casnl  up  with 

um.„-  .  i  tail  cut  Bquare  bj  means 

ii  bine.  Brit.,  IT.  14. 

2.  In  pri  put  into  the  proper  compart- 

ments of  compositors' cases;  lay:  as,  to  ease  a 
font  of  type. — 3f.  To  remove  the  case  or  skin 
of;  uncase;  skin. 

We'll  make  you  some  sport  with  tin- fox.  ere  we  awe  him. 
Shot.,  Alls  Well,  iii.  C. 

Cased  glass,  gla  usually  of  dif- 

ferent colors,  by  cutting  through  which  to  different  depths 

an  effect  like  that  "t  m is  produced.    The  ancient 

Soman  glass  of  this  kind  was  cut  by  hand  in  the  man- 
cutting.    The  process  in  use  at  the  present 
,la\  :  overing  the  outside  of  a  colorless  glass 

ball  with  a  thin  ease  of  colored  glass,  and  fusing  the 
t\*o  together,  repeating  the  operation  as  often  as  desired  ; 
the  whole  is  then  blown  into  the  shape  required  before 
the  cutting  is  done.  Also  called  cameo-glass. — Cased 
sash-frames,  sash-frames  which  have  their  interior  ver- 
tical sides  hollow  to  admit  the  weights  which  balance  the 
and  at  the  same  time  conceal  them. 
II.  ntrans.  To  cover  one's  self  with  some- 
thing that  constitutes  a  casino. 

Cast  ye  :  on  with  your  visors.  Shah.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 
Casearia  (kas-f-a'ri-&),  ».  [NL.,  named  from 
.1.  Casearius,  a'Dutcfi  botanist  of  tin-  17th  cen- 
tury, ami  missionary  to  Cochin  China.]  The 
principal  genus  in  the  natural  order  Samyda- 
includrng  about  80  species  of  tropical  trees 
or  shrubs,  chiefly  American,  of  little  value.  The 

leaves  and  bark  of  some  species  have  medicinal  prop- 
erties, aud  the  fruit  of  some  is  used  in  India  to  poison 

caseate1  (ka'sp-at).r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  casttittd, 
ppr.  caseating.     (<  I.,  caseus,  cheese,  +  -alt-.] 
In  iKitlml.,  to  undergo  caseous  degeneration; 
|   iese. 
caseate-  (ka'sf-at),  n.    [<  ease(ie)  +  -ate*-.]    In 
ih'  <  -lilting  from  the  union  of  caseic 

acid  with  a  base. 
caseation  (ka-se-a'shqn),  n.     [<  caseatc*  (see 
on);  =  F.  caseation  =  Sp.  caseaeion  =  Pg. 
1         ea  tone.]    1.  The  coagulation 
of  milk. —  2.  In  pathol.,  transformation  into  a 
dull  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tubercle,  etc. 
case-bay  En  carp.,  the  space  be- 

girders  in  naked  flooring, 
case-bearer  (kas' barker),  n.    A  case-bearing 

larva. 

case-bearing  ( !  ag),  a.     Lu  entom.,  pro- 

vided with  a  ca      or  ci  rering:  applied  to  cer- 
tain larvie.  both  aquatic  anil  terrestrial,  that 
themselves  within  a  case  which  they 
form,  and  from  which  they  protrude  the  ante- 
the  body  when  moving  about. 
and  Coscinoptera. 
case-binding     I  ding),  n.    A  form  of 

bookbinding    in    which    thi  -     (in- 

clud  ina.io  apart  from  the  book. 

wed  book  I    aftei  ward 

i  nil.  d  States 

ipplied  to  1 1  ike. 

case-bottle  (1  n.      \    bottle,  often 

square  in  form,  made  so  as  to  lit  into  a  case 

With  Otic 

case-char  ( kas'.  ion  tame  of  the 

case-divinityt  (kas'di-vin  i-ti),  it.    Casuistry. 

case-ending  (1  ..  the 

letter  or  syllable  added  in  inflected  lang 

in  to  indicate  its  case. 

casefied  /•.  ".     [<  I.,  cast  us,  i 

+  -ii/  +  -nt-.]    Chi  ir  ap- 


842 

case-harden  (kas'hiir  dn),  v.  I.  To  harden  the 
ouirr  part  or  surface  of,  as  anything  made  of 
.  By  converting  the  iron  into  steel.  See 
cast  -hardi  ning. 

case-hardened  (kas'lmr  ihoii. /o  o.  1.  Having 
the  outside  hardened,  as  iron  tools,  etc. — 2. 
Figuratively,  not  sensitive;  having  no  sense  of 
sha :  indifferent  ton-prom  or  dishonor. 

case-hardening  I  kas'hard  ning),  n.  In  mi  tal., 
a  rapid  process  of  cementation,  in  which  the 
surface  of  si  rought-iron  is  converted  into  steel 
by  heating  the  article  to  be  treated  in  an  iron 
box,  in  contact  with  some  animal  matter,  such 
as  bone,  parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  or  leather. 
This  is  done  in  a  smith's  forge,  or  in  any  suit- 
able furnace. 

caseic  (ka'se-ik),  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese,  + 
4c;  =  P.  castHque  =  Sp.  caseico.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  from  cheese.  — Caseic  acid,  an 
acid  obtained  from  cheese. 

casein,  caseine  (ka'sf-in),  n.  [<  L.  cost  us, 
cheese,  +  -in'2,  -inc-;  =  F.  caseine  =  Sp.  case- 
iua.]  The  chief  nitrogenous  ingredient  of  milk, 
it  does  not  coagulate  spontaneously,  like  fibrin,  nor  by 
heat,  like  albumen,  but  by  the  action  of  acids  and  of  ren- 
in t.  Cheese  made  from  skimmed  milk  and  well  pressed 
is  nearly  pure  coagulated  casein.  It  is  closely  allied  to, 
if  not  identical  with,  legumin,  which  occurs  in  many  vege- 
tables. Casein  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of 
animal  nutrition  as  found  in  milk  and  Leguminous  plants. 
Its  chemical  constitution  is  not  fully  understood.  It  con- 
tains  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  a  little  sulphur,  and  about 
15.5  per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  Also  called  caseum. — Casein 
glue,  a  glue  made  by  dissolving  casein  in  a  strong  solution 
of  borax,  used  as  a  substitute  for  ordinary  glue  by  book- 
binders and  joiners. 

case-knife  (kas'nif),  n.  1.  A  knife  earned  in 
a  case  or  sheath. 

The  poet,  being  resolved  to  save  his  heroine's  h ir. 

has  so  ordered  it  that  the  king  always  acts  with  a  great 
case-knife  stuck  in  his  girdle,  which  the  lady  snatches  from 
him  in  the  struggle,  and  so  defends  herself. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  table-knife,  still  some- 
times used. 

caseling  (kas'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  case2  +  -ling.] 
The  skin  of  a  beast  that  has  died  by  accident 
or  violence.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Casella's  anemometer.    See  anemometer. 

case-lock  (kas'lok),  n.  A  box-lock  fastened  to 
the  face  of  a  door  by  screws. 

case-maker  (kas'ma*ker),  n.  In  bookbinding, 
a  maker  of  cases  or  covers  for  books. 

caseman  (kas'man),  h.  ;  pi.  casemen  (-men).  [< 
case2  +  man.']  One  who  works  at  case  or  sets 
type  ;  a  compositor.     [Rare.] 

casemate1  (kas'mat),  n.  [Formerly  also  casa- 
mate,  easamat  (after  It.);  =  1).  kasemat  =  Gh, 
casematte,  kasematte,  formerly  easamat  (after 
It.),  =  Dan.  kasematte  =  Sw.  Jeasematt  =  Russ. 
Lin  mill  ii,  <  1-'.  casemate,  formerly  also  chasmate, 
=  It.  casamatta  =  Sp.  Pg.  casamata  (Mh.casa- 
malta,  for  *casamatta),  a  casemate;  of  uncer- 
tain formation:  explained  as  (1)  orig.  It.,  <  It. 
iSp.  Pg.)  eusii  (<  L.  easa),  a  house,  a  little 
house,  +  matin,  foni.  of  mnttfi,  foolish,  mad, 
weak,  dial,  also  false,  and  dim,  dark  (as  if 
•false.'  'dark,'  or  'concealed  chamber'!);  or 
(2)  orig.  Sp.,  as  if  casa  de  "mata,  for  matama, 

'a  house  of  slaughter.'  like  the  equiv.  K.  shiiitjli- 
l<  r-hotise,  a  casemate  (see  quotations  from  Flo- 
rin and  Cotgrave),  or  the  <  '•■  mord-kellt  r  i '  mur- 
dering-cellar'),  a  casemate:  casa,  a  house:  tic 
(<  L.  de),  of ;  matama,  slaughter,  <  matar=  Pg. 
matar,  <  L,  mactare,  slaughter:  see  mactation, 
mactator,  matador.  |  1.  In  fort. :  (a)  A  vault  of 
stone  or  briekvi  ork,  usually  built  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  rampart  of  a  fortress,  and  pierced 
in  front  with  embrasures,  through  which  artil- 
lery may  be  fired. 

Casamatta  |lt.|,  a  kinde  of  fortification  called  in  Eng- 
lish a  Cctsamat  or  a  slaughter  house,  and  is  a  place  built 
low  under  the  wall  or  bulwarcke,  not  arriiiing  vnto  the 
height  ol  the  ditch,  seining  to  skoiue  the  ditch,  annoying 

Hi-      i   lielioe    Whell    he    cllllctll     into    the    ihlell     to    :-|oil,       l|,i 

"all.  /'/in,.  (169 

Cha  i  .  i  ,,,.o,  in  fortification:  amurthering 
house  placed  in  the  ditch,  to  plague  the  assailants  of  a 
fortress.  Cotgrave. 

I  was  honeycombed  with  casemates  and  sub- 

terranean storehouses.      Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  151. 

i /'i  A  shell-proof  vault  of  stone  or  brick  de- 
signed to  protoct  troops,  ammunition,  etc. 

lo'     in in  ,,!'  some  two  hundred, 

eat  t  llOSe  pioneers  oil',  that  cany  a  n 

i  blowyouupat  last    Secure  your  easamates. 
/;.  Jonson,  Staph  ot  Ni  ws,  i.  1. 
\n  embrasure. 

P.],  a  ca  •  matt  .  .,  loo,,    or  loop  hole  in  a 
i  wall.  Cotgrave. 

2.  Tlio  an ."I  lull  in  ml  surrounding  guns  in 

iron-clad  ships  of  war.  ami  pierced  with  port- 
holes  through    which  the  guns  are  run  out. — 


cash 

Barrack  casemate.  See  hnmi,-k.  -  Defensible  case- 
mate, a  casemate  having  embrasures  or  loopholes. 

casemate'-'t,  «.  An  erroneous  form  of  casc- 
iin  nl.  (<•). 

casemate-carriage  (kas'mat-kar*aj),  n.  A 
carriage  used  in  mounting  casemate-guns. 

casemated  (kas'ma-ted),  </.  [<  casemate*  + 
-(•it-.]  Furnished  with  a  casemate  or  case- 
mates. 

Casemate-gun  (kas'mat -gun),  ».  A  gun  so 
placed  as  to  be  lired  through  the  embrasure  of 
a  casemate. 

casemate-truck  (kas'mat-truk),  n.  A  heavy 
low  carriage  mounted  on  three  wheels,  the  for- 
ward wheel  being  pivoted  to  facilitate  changes 
of  direction:  used  for  transporting  cannon  and 
ammunition  within  the  galleries  of  permanent 
works. 

casement  (kas'-  or  kaz'ment),  n.  [Short  for 
incasemt  nt,  <  <  IP.  t  ncassement,  later  assibilated 
enchassement  (>  E.  enchast  mt  nt.  q.  v.),  lit.  a  set- 
ting in  or  incasing:  see  incase  and  -mint.]  In 
arch.:  (a)  A  frame  for  glass,  as  forming  a  win- 
dow or  part  of  a  window,  and  made  to  open  by 
swinging  on  hinges  which  are  generally  affixed 
to  a  vertical  side  of  the  opening  into  which  it 
is  fitted. 

I  released 
The  i-asrmcnt,  and  the  light  increased 
With  freshness  in  the  dawning  cast. 

Ti  nnyson,  the  Two  Voices. 

(b)  A  compartment  between  the  mullions  of 
a  window,  (cf)  A  deep  hollow  molding  used 
chiefly  in  cornices,  and  similar  to  the  scotia  of 
classical  or  cavetto  of  Italian  architecture.  Ox- 
ford Glossary.  Sometimes,  erroneously,  case- 
um ir. 

casemented  (kits'-  or  kiiz'men-ted),  a.  [< 
casement  +  -<(?'-.]     Having  casements. 

caseous  (ka'sf-us),  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese,  + 
-otis;  =  F.  casieux  =  Sp.  Pg.  caseoso  =  It.  eaci- 
oso.~)  Pertaining  to  cheese;  resembling  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  cheese Caseous  degener- 
ation or  transformation,  in  j>utlwl.,  the  transformation 
of  a  tissue  into  a  dead,  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tuber- 
cle, etc. 

case-paper  (kas'pa"per),  n.  The  outside  quires 
of  a  ream.     E.  H.  Knight.     See  easse-paper. 

caser  (ka'ser),  «.  [<  case-,  v.,  +  -er*.]  One 
who  cases. 

case-rack  (kas'rak),  «.  In  printing,  a  square 
upright  frame  of  wood  with  parallel  cleats, 
made  to  hold  type-cases  which  are  not  in  use. 
Most  composing-stands  have  the  lower  part 
fitted  up  as  a  case-rack. 

casern  (ka-zern'),  n.  [=  D.  kazcrnc  =  G.  haserne 
=  Dan.  I:nsi  rin  =  Sw.  tasrni.  <  F.  caserne,  <  Pg. 
caserna  (=  Sp. caserna  =  It.  caserma,  > '!.  dial. 
kasarme,  kasarm),  orig.  appar.  a,  room  for  four 
(of.  F.  quarters),  <  L.  quaterna,  fern,  of  quater- 
nns,  pi.  ijimtrrni,  four  each,  four  together:  see 
quaternary,  quaternion,  and  cf.  carillon,  quire^.'] 
A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usual- 
ly near  the  ramparts;  a  barrack. 

case-shot  (kas'shot),  n.  1.  A  collection  of 
small  projectiles,  such  as  musket-balls,  grape- 
shot,  etc.,  put  in  eases,  to  ho  discharged  from 
cannon.     Also  called  eninslir-sliiit. 

A  continual  storm,  not  of  single  bullets,  hut  of  chain- 
shot  and  case-shot.  Cmmi, m. 

2.  In  a  more  modern  sense,  a  shrapnel-shell, 
that  is,  a  spherical  iron  case  inclosing  powder 
and  a  number  of  bullets  and  exploded  by  a  fuse. 
Also  called  ens,  . 

caseum  (ka'se-um),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  caseus, 

cheese.  |      Same  as  casein. 

caseweed  (kas'wed),  n.  [Formerly  also  enssc- 
irccd :  <  cast-  (=  eusii-,  a  money-box,  a  purse) 
+  watt1.]  A  name  of  the  shepherd's-purse, 
/  'apsella  Bursa-pastoris. 

case-work  (kas'werk),  «.  1.  In  bookbinding: 
(a)  The  making  of  cases  or  covers  in  which 
sewed  books  are  bound.  (6)  A  book  glued  on 
the  back  aud  stuck  into  a  cover  prepared  lie 
forehand  to  receive  it. —  2.  In  printing,  type- 
setting; composition. 

case-worm  (kits' werm),  n.  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

cash't  (kasli),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cass1 
(q.  v.),  <  ME.  ciisscn,  <  OP.  ensser,  discharge, 
cashier,  =  Pg.  cassar  (obs.)  =  II.  cassare,  an- 
nul,  <  L.  cassare,  bring  to  naught,  destroy,  an- 
nul, <  cassns,  empty,  void.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  ijinisli,  annul  (see  i/iins/i-),  but  differ- 
ent from  quashi.vlt.  <  Ii.  quassare,  break:  Bee 

i/iinsliK  Cashier'  is  also  the  same  word,  with 
(I.  suffix:  see  rash  it  r1.  J  To  discard;  disband; 
cashier. 


Chinese  Cash  of  the  reiirn 
Lung-K'ing  [1567-73).  Uie 
last  but  four  of  the  Ming  dy- 
nasty.    (Size  of  the  original.) 


cash 

Cashing  the  greatest  pari  ol  his  laud  army,  he  only  re. 
tained  1000  ol  the  best  soldiers. 

Sir  .1.  Gorges,  hi  Purchas's  Pilgrimage. 

cash't,  "•    [<  cash\  «.]     Disbandment. 

cash-  (kash),  11.  [=  1>.  /.-((.<,  cash,  also  box, 
ohest,  =  Sw.  kassa  =  l\'uss.  kassa,  money,  <  F. 
<••(.«(  (E.  -n//,  <  F.  -sse,  cf.  quash,  abolish,  etc.), 
a  box,  case,  chest,  money-box,  counter,  now  a 
printer's  case,  a  crucible  :  same  word  as  caissi . 
a  case,  etc.:  see  cast  -  and  chase2,  of  which  c<(.v/r- 
is  a  doublet.]  It.  A  receptacle  for  money;  a 
money-box. 

Twenty  thousand  pounds  are  known  to  be  in  her  cash. 
Sir  ft  rTtnwood,  Memorials,  iii.  281. 
This  bank  is  properly  a  general  c,i,7,   where  every  one 
Indies  liis  money.       Sir  II'.  Temple,  United  Provini  1    ,  1 

2.  Money;  primarily,  ready  money;  money  on 
band  or  at  command. 

The  real  wealth  of  a  nation,  consisting  in  its  labor  and 
commodities,  is  to  be  estimated  by  the  sign  of  that  wealth 
—  its  circulating  cash.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  1.  225. 

Hard  cash.     (a)  Hard  money;  coin;  speeie.     (b)  M y 

in  band  ;  actual  money,  as  distinguished  from  other  prop, 
erty.  =  Syn.  2.  See  money. 
cash2  (kash),  v.  1.  [<easfe2,M.]  1.  To  turn  into 
money,  or  to  exchange  for  money:  as,  to  cas7i 
a  note  or  an  order. —  2.  To  pay  money  for:  as, 
the  paying  teller  of  a  bank  cashes  notes  when 
presented. 

cash3  (kash),  11.  [An  E.  corruption  of  an  E. 
Lud.  word,  Telugu  and  Canarese  Team,  Tamil 
kas,  a  small  copper  coin, 
also  coin-money  in  gener- 
al. The  Pg.  caixa,  a  name 
applied  to  tin  coins  found 
by  the  Portuguese  at  Ma- 
lacca in  1511,  brought 
thither  from  the  Malabar 
coast  in  India,  is  perhaps 
the  same  word,  accoiu.  to 
Pg.  caixa,  a  case,  box, 
chest,  also  a  cashier,  = 
E.cos/i2=case2,q.v.]  1. 
The  name  given  by  for- 
eigners to  the  only  coin 
in  use  among  the  Chinese,  and  called  by  them 
tsien  (pronounced  chen).  it  is  a  round  disk  of  cop- 
peralloy,  with  a  square  hole  in  the  mi. bile  for  convenience 
in  stringing,  and  is  of  the  value  of  one  tenth  to  one  four- 
teenth of  a  cent.  The  characters  above  and  below  the 
square  hole  indicate  the  reign  in  which  the  coin  was  cast; 
those  on  each  side  (reading  from  right  to  left)  are  called 
Hung  pao,  and  mean  current  coin,  or  money.  A  string 
of  cash  is  a  sum  of  500  or  1,000  cash,  according  to  local- 
ity, strung  together,  in  divisions  of  50  or  100.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  a  similar  coin  (called  a  rin)  in  circula- 
tion in  Japan,  one  thousand  being  equal  to  a  yen  or  dollar. 
2.  The  name  sometimes  given  by  foreigners 
to  a  li  (pronounced  le),  or  thousandth  part  of 
a  Chinese  liang  or  ounce. — 3.  A  copper  coin 
used  for  currency  in  Madras  under  the  East 
India  Company. —  4.  A  coin  of  Pondieherry, 
having  a  value  of  one  third  of  a  cent. —  5.  A 
money  of  account  in  Sumatra,  worth  about  3 
cents. 
cash4  (kash),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  coisUghe,  Gael,  eoisich, 
a  path,  <  Ir.  Gael,  cos,  foot.]  A  prehistoric 
wooden  road,  resembling  an  American  plank- 
road,  or  corduroy  road.  Roads  of  this  kind  havi  bei  n 
found  in  Ireland  in  many  localities,  and  in  some  cases  arc 
evidently  connected  with  the  crannogs. 
cash5  (kash),  11.  [Origin  uncertain.]  In  coal- 
mining, soft  shale  or  bind.  [Scotland.] 
cash-account  (kash'a-kount"),  n.  1.  An  ac- 
count of  money  received,  paid,  or  on  hand. — 
2.  In  banking,  a  credit  given  by  a  bank  to  an 
amount  agreed  upon  to  any  individual  or  house 
of  business  on  receipt  of  a  bond  with  securities, 
generally  two  in  number,  for  the  repayment  on 
demand  of  the  sums  actually  advanced,  with 
interest  on  each  advance  from  the  day  on  which 
it  was  made.  Persons  having  such  accounts  draw  upon 
them  for  whatever  sums  within  their  amount  they  have 
occasion  for,  repaying  these  advances  as  they  find  oppor- 
tunity, but  generally  within  short  periods.  Interest  is 
charged  only  on  the  average  balance  wbie!i  may  be  due  to 
the  bank.  Also  called  bank-credit  and  cash-credit,  cash- 
account  being  more  especially  a  .Scotch  name.  The  sys- 
tem of  granting  siteb  credits  seems  to  have  been  initiated 
by  the  Scotch  banks. 
cashaw  (ka-sha'),  n.  A  name  of  the  algarroba 
or  honey-mesquit,  Prosqpis  juMflora. 
cash-book  (kash'buk),  n.  [<  cash"  +  hook ;  = 
D.  kasboek.~\  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  regis- 
ter or  an  account  of  money  received  and  paid. 
—  Petty  cash-book,  a  book  111  which  small  receipts  and 
payments  are  entered, 
cash-box  (kash'boks),  n.  A  metal  or  wooden 
box  for  keeping  money. 

cash-boy  (kash'boi),  11.  A  boy  employed  in  a 
shop  or  store  to  cany  the  money  received  by 
salesmen  from  customers  to  a  cashier  and  bring 
back  the  proper  change. 


s  1:1 

cash-carrier  (kash'kar  i-er),  «.    A  device  for 

conveying  the  money  received  at  11 ountera 

of  a  shop  or  stoic  I  o  t  he  insider  and  returning 

Hi''  change.     11  usually  consists  of  a  ear  or  receptai  1 

traveling  uj an  overhead  track  or  wire  extending  from 

the  counters  to  a  central  office  or  desk.    Another  common 
form  is  that  of  a  pneumatic  tube. 
cash-credit  (kash'kred'it),  n.    Same  as  cash- 
account,  2. 

cash-day  (kash'da),  n.  A  day  on  which  cash 
is  regularly  paid  ;  u  pay-day  or  settling-day. 

casher-box  (kash'er-boks),  n.  [<  "cosher  (per- 
haps <  P.  easier,  a  pigeonhole,  case  of  pigeon- 
holes, <  case,  <  L.  casa,  a  house)  +  /«u~\]  A 
table  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,    n  is 

covered  with  coal-cinders,  and  on  it  the  globe  of  g] 
rested  while  the  blowing-tube  is  disconnected  and  a  rod 
attached  to  the  other  pole  of  the  globe  preparatory  to  the 
operation  of  Bashing.    E.  11.  Knight. 

cashew  (ka-sho'),  n.  [Also  written  eailju  (= 
F.  cachou  in  special  sense,  a  sweetmeat:  see 
cachou) ;  =  Pg.  eiijn  —  Sp.  cayou  (E.  also  acajou 
—  G.  acajou-,  acajanuss,  after  l'.  acajou  a  potn- 
iiii  9,  the  cashew-tree,  »ofa  d' acajou,  the  cashew- 
nut,  by  confusion  with  acajou,  mahogany:  see 
acajou*-),  <  Hind.  kaju,  kanju,  the  cashew-nut.] 
1.  The  Anacardium  occidentals  and  its  fruit. 
See  Anacardium  and  cashew-nut. — 2.  Same  as 
caelum — Cashew  gum.    See  gum. 

cashew-bird  (ka-shs'berd),  n.  The  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  one  of  the  tanagers,  the  Tana- 


Anacardium   occidentate. 
1,  1,  1,  cashew-nuts. 


Cashew-bird  {Spindalis  ttigricephala). 

gra  zona  of  Gosse,  now  Spindalis  nigricephala, 
an  oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Tanagri- 
ilie.  which  feeds  on  the  berries  of  the  bully-tree, 
cashew-nut  (ka-sho' nut),  ».  The  kidney-shaped 
nut  of  the  Anacardium  oc- 
cidentale  (see  Anacardium), 
consisting  of  a  kernel  in- 
closed in  a  very  hard  shell, 
which  is  borne  upon  a 
swollen  pear-shaped  edible 
stalk.  The  shell  iscomposedof 
two  hard  layers,  between  which 
is  contained  an  acrid  and  almost. 
caustic  juice,  producing  on  the 
skin  a  very  painful  ami  persistent 
vesicular  eruption.  This  acrid 
quality  is  removed  by  heat,  and 
the  kernel  then  becomes  edible 
and  is  much  esteemed,  furnish- 
ing also  a  sweet  oil.  —  Oriental 
cashew-nut,  or  marking^nut,  a 
similar  fruit  of  an  allied  tree  of 
the  East  Indies,  Semecarpus  An- 
acardium.  The  juice  becomes 
black  on  exposure,  and  is  employed  in  marking  cotton 
cloths  and  as  a  remedy  for  warts. 

cashew-tree  (ka-shS'tre),  n.  The  tree,  Ana- 
cardium occidentals,  producing  the  cashew-nut. 

Cashgar  cloth.    Same  asputto. 

cash-girl  (kash'gerl),  11.  A  girl  who  performs 
the  same  duties  as  a  cash-boy. 

cashie  (kash'i),  a.  [Se. ;  cf.  Icel.  karskr,  brisk, 
bold,  hale,  hearty,  =  Sw.  Dan.  lcarsk,  hale, 
hearty.]  1.  Luxuriant  and  succulent:  applied 
to  vegetables  and  shoots  of  trees. —  2.  Growing 
very  rapidly;  hence,  delicate;  unable  to  en- 
dure fatigue. — 3.  Flaccid;  soft.  Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

cashielawst,  n.  [So.]  An  old  Scotch  instru- 
ment of  torture,  consisting  of  a  heated  iron 
case  for  the  leg.  Also  called  caspielaws,  cas- 
i<i,  caws,  caspieclaws. 

The  three  principal  tortures  that  were  habitually  ap- 
plied, were  the  pennywinkis,  the  boots,  and  the  caschie- 
XavAs.  The  first  was  a  kind  of  thumb-screw;  the  second 
was  a  frame  in  which  the  leg  was  inserted,  and  in  which  it 
was  broken  by  wedges,  driven  in  by  a  hammer;  tin-  third 
w  as  also  an  iron  frame  for  the  leg,  which  was  from  time  to 
time  heated  over  a  brazier.       Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  147. 

cashier1  (kash-er'),  v-  '■  [Early  mod.  E.  cas- 
scere  (cf.  cash1  =  cuss1),  <  D.  casseren  =  G.  cas- 


casings 

ieren  -  Dan.  kassere  =  Sw.  kassera,  cast  off, 
discharge,  discard,  cashier,  annul.  <  <  (F.  casser, 
discharge,  cashier,  >E.  cash1,  q.  v.]  1.  Todis- 
miss  from  an  office  or  place  of  trust  bj  an 
milling  the  commission  by  virtue  of  which  it  is 
held. 

11.  had  the  insolence  to  cashier  the  captain  of  the  lord- 

licutciiant  s  own  body-guard.  ilacaulay. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  dismiss  or  discard 
from  service  or  from  association. 

The  kiii'-  that  expelled  tile  Tartars  about  twohiliidr.il 
yeares  since,  established  this  their  present  I'olitie,  ,  .  . 
casseering  all  the  ancient  Nobllitie  and  Magistrates,  that 
none  is  now  great  but  the  King. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p,  1 1". 

Vour  son,  an't  please  you,  sir,  is  new  cashiered  yonder, 

east  from  his  mistress'  fav 

Fl  tcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  4. 

They  have  already  cashiered  several  of  their  followers 
as  mutineers.  Addison. 

3.  To  reject;  put  out  of  account  ;  disregard. 
[Bare.] 

Some  cashier,  or  at  least  endeavour  to  invalidate  all 
other  arguments.  Locke. 

4f.  To  abolish;  do  away  with;  get  rid  of. 

If  we  will  now  resolve  to  settle  affairs  either  according 
to  pine  Religi ' sound  Policy,  we  must  tost  of  all  be- 
gin riiiinilh  to  cashier,  and  cut  awaj  from  the  publick 
body  the  noysom  and  diseased  tumour  ol    i    In  H 

Hilton,  Reformation  in  I'.ng.,  ii. 

cashier-  (kash-er'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
casheer ;  =  D.  kassier  =  <;.  kassierer,  kassirer, 
prop,  kassier,  =  Dun.  kasserer  =  Sw.  kassor,  < 
F.  caissier  (=  Sp.  cajero  =  Pg.  caixeiro  =  It. 
cassiere),  a  cashier,  <  caisse,  a  money-box:  see 
cash2,  case2,  and  -ier,  -ecr.~\  1.  One  who  has 
charge  of  cash  or  money;  one  who  superin- 
tends the  routine  monetary  transactions  of  a 
bank  or  other  commercial  concern;  a  cash- 
keeper. —  2f.  A  money-box ;  a  cash. 

cashierer  (kash-er'er),  «.  One  who  cashiers, 
rejects,  or  discards:  as,  "a  cashierer  of  mon- 
archs,"  Burke. 

cash-keeper  (kash'ke"per),  n.  One  intrusted 
with  the  keeping  of  money  and  money-ac- 
counts; a  eashier. 

cashmere  (kash'mer),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written 
caeheniere  (and  with  altered  form  and  sense  casi- 
mire,  cassimere,  kerseymere,  q.  v.);  =  F.  cache- 
mire  =  D.  kashemire  =  tl.  Kaschmir  (schawls) 
=  Dan.  kasimir  =  Turk,  qazmir,  cashmere,  so 
called  because  first  made  in  I'ashmert  i  F.  Cache- 
mire,  H.  Kaschmir),  now  commonly  written 
Kashmir,  repr.  Kashmir,  the  native  name  (Skt. 
Kacmira),  a  state  and  valley  in  the  Himalaya 
mountains  north  of  the  Panjab.  ]  I.  ».  A  fine 
and  soft  woolen  fabric  used  lor  dress-goods.  It 
differs  from  merino  in  being  twilled  on  one 
side  only. 

II.  a.  Made  of  the  dress-fabric  so  named. 
—  Cashmere  shawl,  or  India  shawl,  a  shawl  originally 
made  in  the  valley  of  Cashmere,  and  afterward  in  the  Pan- 
jab, from  the  fine  downy  wool  found  about  the  roots  of  the 
hair  of  the  wild  goat  of  Tibet  and  the  Himalayas.  It  is  also 
known  as  the  cairu  Vs-hair  shatvl,  from  the  popular  notion 
that  the  hncst  were  formerly  made  of  that  material. 

cashmerette  (kash-me-ref),  n.  [Dim.  of  cash- 
mere.]  A  textile  fabric  for  women's  dresses, 
made  with  a  soft  and  glossy  surface,  in  imita- 
tion of  cashmere. 

Cashmerian  (kash-me'ri-an),  «.  [<  Cashmere 
(see  cashmere)  +  -ian.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Cashmere,  a  valley  and  tributary  state  of  India, 
in  the  Himalaya  mountains  north  of  the  Panjab. 
Also  spelled  Kash  hi  tria  11. 

cash-note  (kash'not),  n.  A  note  for  the  pay- 
ment of  money. 

cashoo,  n.     See  catechu. 

Casia,  ".    See  Cassia. 

casimiret,  n.     See  cassimere. 

casing  (ktl'sing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  case",  v.] 

1 .  The  act  or  process  expressed  by  the  verb 
case.  Specifically — (a)  The  process  of  blowing  one  piece 
of  glass  within  another  of  a  different  color,  while  plas- 
tic, and  then  uniting  them  by  tiring.  (0)  In  bookbind- 
ing,  tile  operation  of    inserting  the   sewed    sections  of  a 

1 k  into  its  ease  or  cover.     The  work  of  pasting  down 

the  cover-leaves,  clearing  out  the  waste,  and  pressing  the 
book  is  a  part  of  the  process  of  casing. 

2.  A  ease;  a  covering;  an  inelosure.  Specifi- 
cally—fa) The  framework  around  a  door  or  window. 
VIbo  called  case.  (6)  \  wooden  tunnel  for  powder-hose  in 
blasting,  (c)  A  covering  Burrounding  the  smoke-stack  or 
funnel  of  a  steamboat  to  protect  the  deck  from  the  heat. 
(d)  The  cast-iron  body  of  a  tubed  or  converted  gun.  (c) 
That  portion  of  the  wall  of  a  blast  tin  na.e  which  lies 
between  the    Stuffing    and    the    mantle.      (/)  In    mining, 

the  altered  portion  of  the  "country  "  not  closely  adjacent 
to  the  lode:  almost  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  Cornish 
capel  (which  see).  See  alsu  gouge  and  selvage.  [Cordille- 
ran  mining  region.  ] 
casings  (ka'singz),  ».  /</.  [E.  dial.,  also  cassons, 
cazzons,  and  formerly  casing,  <  ME.  casi  n  (also 
casaj'd),  cow-dung,  prob.  <  Dan.  ktise,  dung  (ko- 


casings 

,,]    Med  cow-dung,  used  f op 
North.  Eng.] 

casim  ■  *"mm,'r; 

U™  fining-house,  din  "-''>< 

I.  A  small 

,se  or 

X"At-2  Aclub-hSusi  room  used 

dancing,  music, 

-  .1011. 

.1,  that  on.  ires  allude  to 


844 
.a  helmet,  skull,  etc.:  see  cask1.]     1.  A 
helmet  of  any  kind.    [Chiefly  poetic] 

. .  of  men, 

M>—1'1 '''""■"*"'     r.  Sir  Galahad. 

2.  In  goo7.,  some  process  or  formation  on  the 
head  resembling  a  helmet;  a  galea.    Especiaiij 

appUed rnithology  to  the  horn  of  the  bill  ol  the  i 

bUla  and  to  the  frontal  boss  or  shield  ol  various  Mi 

and  sundry  Bpecies  of  the.family  Ictc- 
rhe  head  ol  the  i 

offers  a  g I  example.    See  cut  under  cassowary. 

'  E.  casket  = 


that  Mini  ,  ;  t,  ,.;,,i,,h-     oneis  .i  gwu  .  ............    

of  vauii  '"'-  >'";>  £&  ""'   ,  v  1    r  casauetM (kas'ket),  n.    [Early  mod. 

"'  '  "    CifS*==  G.  <aw«2«e*  =  Dan.  kaskjet,  a  cap,  <     "„' 

::i,r<  It.  ^cfte«o,  a  little  hllmet  dim.  ^koiiiW,  '" 
,,,,;,.  a  helmet :  see  cask1,  casque]    A  head-  casseereti  v.  t. 


v  ,,  Is,  in  which  the  players,  two 

or  more  in  number,  strive  to  obtain  as  many 
-     oially  certain  cards  ol 

.  as  the  ten  ot  diamonds  and 

I  ricks  are  taken  bj 

with  one  in  the  hand. 


F.  t 
of  ca 


Cassia 

cassava-plant.    The  roots,  which  are  sometimes  a  yard 
n,  length,  are  grated,  and  the  pulp  is  freed  from  its  milky 

juice.    This  is  'I i  by  means  oi  sacks  made  ol  matting, 

which  ari  filled  and  suspended  from  a  beam,  weights  being 
attached  to  the  lower  end.  I  hi  rai  al  thus  di  ii  ii  is  -ion 
immediately  into  bread  by  baking  it  in  broad  thin 
cakes.  Starch  is  obtained  bj  «:i-liinu  the  meal  in  water 
and  allowing  the  farinaceous  portion  tosettle.  Thisstarch, 
when  dried  upon  heated  plati  s,  is  converted  int..  tapioca. 
The  juice  itself,  especially  that  from  tin-  bitter  cassava, 
contains  a  considerable  amount  of  hydrocyanic  ami.  ami 
i-  verj  poisonous. 

cassava-wood  (ka-sa'v&-wud),  n.  Tin  Turpi- 
nia  occidentalis,  a  staphyleaceous  tree  of  the 
West  holios. 

t.    See  cass1. 

Aji  old  form  of  chalcedony. 
\r  i  arlier  form  of  cashit  A. 


piece  without  a  movable  vizor,  worn  hi  the  six-  Qaggegrainjan  (kas-e-gra'ni-an),  a.     Kelating 


teenth     century 
and  later. 


iping  together  from  tl  ■  jds  casquet-t,  »■  See 

rfpipsonwhilheq  that     ,,,.,/■, lt2. 

played  from  the  hand;  and  i to&iing,  or  pombtning cards  cagquetelt  „.  [P., 

ne  in  the  hand,  the  trick  to  be  usen         h 
la  tm.  .  turn.    In  this  sense  also  spelled  eas-     dim.  01  cosgue.j 

.__..  _..; —  tht.  ten  of  diamonds,  which 


Casquetel,  time  of  Edward  IV.,  side  and 
back  views. 


:i,^«w...V  Little  or  small  ca. 
8lno  5,  which  in  the  game  ol  casino 

cask'    kask),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  caske,  <  P. 
a  helmet,  =  It.  casco,  a  helmet, 

<  &  ''-  sk'  win."-vat- "  fi'  Set;  cassu  (kas),  v.  t.     [Older  form  of  cast*, 

SjKWVU  =tfffl  TVoUsh;  defeat;  annul.-*.  To  di 
n.,and  quash1.]  1.  A  close,  water-tight  ves- 
sel formed  like  a  barrel  with  staves,  headings, 
and  hoops,  and  used  for  containing  liquids  or 
stances  which  mav  become  liquid:  a  ge- 
neric term  comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  etc— 2.  An  irregular  measure  of 
capacitv.  1  cask  of  almonds  is  3  hundredweight;  acask 
..f  cloves  etc.,  300  pounds-,  a  cask  of  pilchards,  50  gal- 
i  une  is  also  applied  to  various  foreign  mea- 
sures of  capacity,  as  the  Russian  boctika,  the  Polish  beczka, 

3  In  dyeing,  an  apparatus  for  steaming  and 
thus  fixing  the  colors  of  cloths  which  are 
printed  witli  a  mixture  of  dyestuffs  and  mor- 
dants. Ii  consists  of  a  hollow  cylinder,  within  which  the 
cloth  is  suspended,  the  steam  being  admitted  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  drum. 
4.  A  helmet.    [In  this  sense  now  usually  spelled 


casque  (which  see).]—  Bulged  cask,  a  cask  swelling  cassareep,  ca 

in  the  middle.- Splayed  cask,  a  cask  having  a  flaring     [Also  speueu 


A  small  steel  cap 
or  open  helmet 
without  beaver 
or  vizor,  but  hav- 
ing a  projecting  umbril  and  overlapping  plates  Casselmann  S  green 
behind  for  ease  in  throwing  the  head  back. 

[Older  form  of  cash1,  q.  v.] 
i;  aeieat;  annul.— 2.  To  dismiss; 
cashier. 
To  case  all  old  and  unfaithful  bands. 

Raleigh,  Arts  of  Empire,  p.  14. 

cass2t,  «•  [Contr.  of  caddis,  as  case-worm  for 
caddu-worm.]    A  caddis-worm. 

Lumbrici  [It.],  little  easses  [corrected  casses,  ed.  Hill]  or 
earth-wormes.  ^orio  (1598). 

cassada,  cassado,  ».    Same  as  cassava. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'drii),  n.  [iSL  <  L,.  Cas- 
sandra, <  Gr.  Kacadvdpa,  in  Greek  legend  a 
daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.]  In  hot,  a 
genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species, 
native  of  the  cooler  portions  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  North  America.  C.  caluculata  is  a  lqjv  shrub  of 
the  northern  United  States,  with  coriaceous  evergreen 
leaves  (hence  its  common  name  of  leather-leat ),  ami  cylin- 
drical white  flowers  appearing  in  early  spring. 

Ireepe  (kas'a-,  kas  wepj 


cassireepe   , 
-Splayed  cask,  a  cask  having  a  Baring    L^tso  spelled  cassaripe;  the  South  American 
or  conical  form.  name.]     A  sauce  made  ot  cassava  or  mamoc- 

cask;    ka-k... /.     [<casfci.n.]     1.  To  put  into    root. 
a  cask.— 2.  To  provide  with  or  put  on  a  casque  cassate  (kas'at),  v.  t. ;  preh  and  \>-p.  aissnti  ■  '. 
or  helmet. 


:  helme  of  Steele. 

Marsttm,  Antonio  and  Mcllida  I.,  v. 

cask'-'t,  "•  [An  irreg.  var.  of  cash2,  1.  a  chest, 
appar.  by  confusion  with  cask1."]  A  casket;  a 
case  or  shell. 

A  jewel,  lock'd  into  the  woefull  -: 
That  ever  did  contain  a  thing  of  worth. 

..  J  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  'J. 


ppr.  cassating.  [<  L.  cassatus,  pp.  of  cassare, 
annul,  >  E.  cass1  =  cash1  =  quaslfi  =  cash,,  r1 : 
see  these  words.]  To  vacate,  annul,  or  make 
void. 

This  opinion  supersedes  and  cassates  the  best  medium 
we  have.  Ji"!'-  Works  of  Creation. 

The  laws  must  not  so  tolerate,  as  by  conserving  persons 
to  destroy  themselves,  and  the  public  benefit :  but  if  there 
.  f..r  it.  they  must  he  co»8ot«d. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Vv"orks(ed.  1835),  II.   187. 


Onelv  the  heart  and  soule   is  clean-  i  the 

taincture  of  this  polluted  caste,  and  would  1  caseation!  (ka-sa'shon),  n.     KT.  cassation  = 

Ii.v  tl,-.  loathsome  prison  and  «»s  ^SSL-J ~t>~  "JLnrHn  —  It    eassasione 

mihv,  Hist.  Great  Britain  asii),  P- 879.     Sp.   casacton  =  Pg.  cassacdo  -  It.  cassasnone 

(ef.  D.  cassatte),  <  L.  as  it  eassatiofa),  <  cas- 
sare, annul,  quash:  see  cassate]  The  act 
of  annulling,  reversing,  or  canceling;   annul- 


fllthy  tmncke        Spt 

casket't  (kas'ket),  ».    See  ca$qu<  I1. 

casket-  (kas'ket),  ».     [Formerly  also  casquet 

(cf.  casket1  =  casquet1),  <  late  ME.  cash  t,  <  OF. 

Pr.i  aisst  ta  =  Cat.  capseta  = 

It.  cassetta),  a  casket,   eoffer,   chest,   dim.   of 

best,  box,  >  E.  ctisli",  and,  earlier,  E. 

■'-'.]     1.   A  small  chest  or 

box  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

put  in  a  boxe  called 

-  ),  p.  379. 

Here,  catch  this  casket:  it  i-  worth  the  pains. 

M.  ■  if  V.,  ii.  0. 

Caskets  full  of  pardons.         SI  I 

2.   A  fanciful  name  applied  to  a  book  con- 
sisth  -.umber  of  selected   literary   or 

i  literary  gems. 

|  Ware.]  —  3.  A  coffin,  especially  a  costly  one: 

synonym  of  coffin.     I  U.S.] 

—  4.  A  stalk  or  stem.     [North. 

casket-  '•]    To  put 

into  a  little  idlest. 

1  have  writ  my  letters,  ca 

'.,  All's  Well,  ii.  5, 
1  kcted.  KeaU. 

casket;;  '• 

casknet,  ".     A  corruption  of  iii./.i  /'-. 

casmalos  (kas'marlos),  n.    [Native..]    A  name 
i-i  the  long-billed  ori  k  parrot,  : 

caspiecawst,  caspieclawst,  caspielawst,   n. 

casque  '  1  Early  mod.  I 

<  I .  i  .  <  It. 


ment.    The  Court  oi  Cassation  is  the  highest  court  of 
-  als  from  all  other  court.-. 

Tin-  I-  . . r  ■  i -  I...-.   ble     i"...  «a-  dissolved,  having 

little,  .  .  .  and  having  lost  all  credit  with 
thepeopli  i".  >i;  formal  cassation  ol  the  Compromise  in 
consequence  of  the  Accord  of  August. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic.  II.  3s. 

cassation-  (ka-sa'shon),  n.     In  music,  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  a  song  or  an  instxu 


tooneCassegi-ain,  who  in  167:;  described  a  new 
form  of  reflecting  telescope  essentially  differ- 
ent from  those  of  Newton  and  Gregory.   There  is 

a  hole  at  the  center  of  the  large  mirror  (as  ill  the  Gre- 
gorian form),  but  the  rajs  leaving  that  mirror,  before 
corning  to  a  focus,  strike  a  small  convex  mirror,  and  are 

■  l  through  the  hoi,-  to  the  eyepiece.   The  teh 
i-  shorter  than  the  Gregorian,  the  spherii  a]  aberration  is 
partly  eliminated,  and  the  loss  of  light  is  about  that  of  the 
Newtonian.    See  telescope, 

Cassel  brown,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 
See  griiii. 

cassen  ( kas'en)".  An  English  dialectal  form  of 
the  past  participle  of  cast1. 

cassena  (ka-se'na),  n.  [Also  cassina,  NL.  Vas- 
sinc]    A  name  of  the  vaupon.  Ilex  Cassine. 

casse-paper  (kas'pa  per),w.  [=  B.  kaspapier;  < 
a, ssi .  P.  casse,  broken,  pp.  of  casser,  break  (see 
cascade1,  n.,  and  quash1),  +  paper.']  Broken, 
wrinkled,  or  imperfect  paper  set  aside  by  the 
paper-maker. 

Casserian  (ka-se'ri-an),  a.  and  It.  See  Gas- 
serian. 

casserole  (kas'e-rol),  n.  [=  G.  kasserol  =  Dan. 
kasseroUe  =  It"  casscruota  =  Pr.  cassarola,  <  F. 
casserole,  a  stew-pan  (also  dial,  castrate,  >  G. 
dial,  kastrol,  kastroUe  =  Sw.  kastrull  =  D.  kas- 
trnh.  dim.  of  OF.  casse  =  Cat.  cassa  =  It.  ca  .<i 
(ML.  casta,  casia,  cazeola,  catiola),  a  crucible, 
ladle,  =  Sp.  COSO  =  Pg.  COCO,  a  frying-pan, 
saucepan,  <  OHG.  cheezi  (*kazzi),  a  kettle,  with 
dim.  cliezzil  =  E.  kettle,  q.  v.]  1.  A  stew-pan 
or  saucepan.  Hence  — 2.  A  dish  prepared  in 
such  a  pan;  a  sort  of  stew:  as,  a  casserole  of 
mutton. — 3.  A  sort  of  cup  made  of  rice,  mashed 
potatoes,  or  the  like,  and  browned  in  the  oven, 
designed  to  contain  some  delicate  and  highly 
flavored  dish.— 4.  Less  properly,  a  rimoredg- 
iii"-,  as  of  rice,  around  the  edge  of  a  dish  of  stew, 
or  the  like.— 5.  A  small  handled  dish,  almost 
as  deep  as  it  is 
wide,  made  of 
porcelain,  and 
holding  from 
5  to  20  ounces, 
used  in  chemi- 
cal laborato- 
ries for  evap- 
orating solutions  to  dryness  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

casserole-fish  (kas'e-rol-tish).  n.  A  Creole  name 
of  the  horseshoe  crab  or  king-crab,  Limulus 
polyphemus:  from  its  resemblance  to  a  sauce- 
pan. 


Casserole. 


cassette  (ka-sef),  >'•  [F.  (=  Pr.  caisst  ta  =  Cat. 
capseta  =  It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  box:  see  cas- 
/./'-'.]  In  the  manufacture  of  ehinaware.  a 
utensil  made  of  potters'  clay  with  sand,  in 
which  tin- wan  is  baked.  It  is  usually  round, 
with  a  flat  bottom.     Also  called  coffin. 


ce  similar  to  the  serenade,  intended  cassetur  breve  (ka-se'ter  bre've).  '  [I>.,  let  the 


Eor  performance  in  I  he  open  air. 
cassava  (ka-sa'vS  (,  n.     [Formerly  also  casawa, 
casave,  cassada,  cassado;   NL.  cassava;  <  F. 
ave,  <  Sp.  casaoe,  casdbe  =  Pg.  eassave,  < 

Havtian  fawoW.]     1.   The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies oi    Manihot,  a  euphorbiaceous  genus  of 
stout  herbs,  extensively 
cultivated    for    food    in 
tropical  America  and  on 


Brani).  !.tnihct 

utilissima  . 


brief  1"'  annulled:  cassetur.  3d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
Mii.j.  pass,  of  cassare,  annul:  breve,  a  short 
writing':  see  cassatt  and  brief.']  tn  old  law,  an 
entry  on  the  record,  made  by  a  plaintiff  who 
is  met  by  a  well-founded  plea  in  abatement, 
whereby  an  end  is  put  to  the  action,  and  he  can 
begin  anew. 

casseweedt  (kas'wed),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of 

ca  -i  in  i  d. 

oast  of  Africa,  from  Qagsja  (kash'ia\  ».     [L.,  more  correctly  casta, 

<  Gr.  mala,  xaaaia,  <  Ileb.  qetsi'dth,  cassia,  a  pi. 

form.  <  i/'  Isi'dn,  cassia-bark,  <  qatsa',  cut.]    1. 

A  mix  large  genus  of  legumi  nous  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees, mostly  of  tropical  or  warm  regions. 

They  have  abruptly pii te  leaves,  nearlj  rcgulai  Bowers, 

and  distinct  stamens  with  the  anthers  openinfi  bj  i is. 

The    leaves    ol    .several    speeieS    constitute    the   well -M|o»u 

■ne  drug  called  M'limi.    The  purging  cassia,  C.  ris- 

tula  an  ornamental  tree  ot  the  old  world,  but  freauentiy 

i   in  tropii  al   America,  has  vi  rj   long  cylindrical 

pods  containing  a  sweetish  pulp  which  is  used  In  medi- 

a  mild  lax. ite. 


which     cassa .     bread, 
cassava-starch,  and  tapi- 
oca an-  made.    The  kinds 
thai  ai  e  chiefly  used  are   V. 
bitten    aai  aval,  M. 
U 
\l-o  known 

2.    The  starch  pi 

from   the  roots   of   the 


i  ,1,  .,1  r.  occidentalis  are 


Cassia 

nsed  m  the  tropics  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  and  are  knowu 
as  negro  or  Uogdad  coffee,  thougb  they  contain  no  caf- 


<A  Aconitmn. 


Flowers  and  Fruit  of  Cassia  Fistula. 

fein.  Some  species  furnish  ornamental  woods,  and  several 
are  in  cultivation,  many  having  handsome  foliage  and 
conspicuous  yellow  (lowers. 

2.  [/.  c]  The  cinnamon  cassia,  wild  cassia,  or 
cassia-bark.  See  cassia-lignea — clove  cassia, 
the  bark  of  Vvcypettium  caryophyUatum,  a  little-known 
lauraceous  tree  of  Brazil.  It  has  a  clove-like  odor  and 
the  taste  of  cinnamon,  and  is  used  for  mixing  with  other 

spires. 

cassia-buds  (kash'iS-budz),  ».  pi.  The  com- 
mercial name  for  the  immature  fruit  of  the 
Chinese  tree  which  yields  cassia-lignea.  They 
are  used  as  a  spice. 

cassia-lignea  (kash'ia-lig/ne-a),  n.  [NL.,  lit. 
ligneous  or  woody  cassia:  see  <  'assia  and  ligne- 
ous.'] Cassia-bark,  or  wild  cassia,  also  known 
as  Chinese  cinnamon,  a  species  of  cinnamon 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  Cinnamomum  Cassia 
of  southern  China.  It  closely  resembles  Ceylon  cinna- 
mon, and  is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Inferior  kinds 
are  largely  exported  from  southern  India,  Sumatra,  and 
other  East  Indian  islands,  the  product  of  C.  iners  and 
other  species. 

cassia-oil  (kash'iii-oil),  n.  A  volatile  oil  ob- 
tained from  cassia-lignea,  resembling  oil  of  cin- 
namon. 

cassia-pulp  (kash'iSr-pulp),  n.  The  sweet  pulp 
which  exists  in  the  pods  of  Cassia  Fistula.  It 
is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  purgative.  See 
Cassia,  1. 

cassican.  (kas'i-kan),  n.  [=  F.  casskan;  < 
Cassicus  +  -an.]  1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cas- 
sicus.  Cuvier. —  2.  An  Australian  and  Papuan 
corvine  bird  of  either  of  the  genera  Gymnorhina 
axAStrepera;  a  piping-crow.     See  Barita,  I  c  . 

Cassicill3e(kas-i-si'ne),  ii.pl.     [NL.,<  Cassicus 


845 

Species  of  Cassida  and  allied  forms  are  recognized  bj 
Hi,'  i  a  ,  ssivel)  wide  margins  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra, 

and  bj  Hi'  bead  beingpartlyor  whollj  c aled  beneath 

the  forward  margin  of  the  prothorax,  the  whole  Insect 

thus  in  •   i  n flatti  ned,  roundish,  scale-like  aspect 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist  ,  11    ::n 

Cassidse  (kas'i-'lo),  n.pl.    [NL.]    Same  as  '  tos- 
sidida. 

cassideous  (ka-sid'e-us),  a.     [<  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sal-).  a  helmet,  +  SOUS.]    In  bot., 
helmet-shaped,  as  the  upper  se- 
pal in  the  genus  Aconitum. 

cassidid  (kas'i-did),  n.  A  gas- 
tropod of  the  family  Cassididat. 

Cassididse1  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cassida  +  -idee.]  In 
t  ntom.,  :\  family  of  phytophagous 
tetramerous  Coleoptera  or  bee- 
tles, having  a  rounded  body, 
whence  the  name  of  the  group, 
Cyclica,  in  which  they  were  for- 
merly  ranged,    'l'h,  v  an-  known  as  ({wand 

helmet  beetles,  the  dilated  thorax  forming  a  Bort  ol  hel- 
met covering  the  I  nera  and  species  are  nu- 
merous, Uso  written  Cassidos  and  Cassidiadee.  See  cut 
under  Cassida. 

Cassididse2  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Cassis 
( i  'assid- )  +  -idee.]  In  couch.,  a  group  of  gastro- 
pod mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Cassis,  for- 
merly referred  to  the  Buccinidw,  now  forming  a 
separate  family;  the  helmet-shells,  or  cameos. 
They  are  characterized  by  a 
generally  thick  heavy  shell, 
with  a  short  spire,  a  cana- 
liculate aperture,  a  callous 
cnlninellar  lip,  and  both  lips 
toothed  or  ribbed;  and  by  a 
large  head  and  foot,  and  a 
pmtnisile  proboscis.  The 
lingual  ribbon  has  7  rows  of 
teeth  :  the  median  row  -  are 
transverse  and  multidt  ntati 
the  inner  lateral  broad  and 
multidentate,  and  tin'  outer 
lateral  unguiculate.  The  gen- 
era are  Cassis,  Cassidaria, 
and  Oniscia.  Also  written 
Cassidiadee,  Cassidce.  See 
helmet-shell  and  cameo-shell. 
Cassidina  (kas-i-di'nii), 
».  [NL.,<L.  cassis (cas- 
sid-),  a  helmet,  +  -tna1.] 


Helmet-shell  [  Cassisjtatnmea ). 


Cassiopeia 
gastropods  taken  for  the  type  of  the  family  Cas- 

sitlttlitlte-:    synonymous    wilh     .)/<  longi  int.—  2. 
S.'ituo  as  Cassidula. 

cassimere  (kas'i-mer),  n.  [Also  ea.  wmin  ;  cor- 
rupted to  In  ts,  ymt  re,  q.  v. ;  =  D.  kazimier  =  G. 
Dan.  Siv.  kasimir,  <  I'.  casimir, prob. <  8p. 

o  =  Pg.casimira  =  it. casvmiro,  >Tvxb.qdz- 
mir,  cassimere;  ult.the  same  word  as  cashi 
c|.  v.  ]  A  woolen  cloth  about  30  inches  in  width, 
used  for  men's  wear;  specifically,  a  twilled 
cloth  of  the  above  description,  used  principally 
for  trousers. 

cassina  (ka-si'nB  ),  u.    Same  as  cassena. 

cassine  (ka-sen''),  »■  [F->  <  !*•  casino,  a  coun- 
try  house,  etc.:  see  casino.']  A  small  house, 
especially  in  the  open  country;  specifically, _a 
house  standing  alone,  where  soldiers  may  lie 
hid  or  take  a  position. 

cassinet,  ».    Same  as  cassim  "• . 

cassinette  (kas-i-net'),  n.    [=  G.  cassinet,  Sp. 

casinate ;  a  sort  of  dim.  of  cassimere.]    A  cloth 

made  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a  woof  of  very  fine 

1,  or  wool  and  silk,   used  for  waistcoats. 

Also  called  kerseynette.    E.  S.  Knight 

Cassinian  (ka-sin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  member  of  the  Italian  and  French 
family  Cassini,  which 
produced  four  genera- 
tions of  astronomers, 
1625-1845.  Also  Cassi- 
imitl. 

If  we  wish  the  plane  of  mo- 
tion to  be  of  limited  extent,  we 
must  make  its  boundary  one  of 
the  Cassinian  ellip 

Minchin,  Uhiplanar  Kin it 

[ics,  VI.  iii.  130. 
Cassinian  oval,  or  Cassin- 
ian, a  bicircnlar  qnartic  curve, 
the  locus  of  a  point  the  pro- 
. In.  t  of  whose  distances  from 
two  fixed  points  is  constant. 
The  Cartesian  equation  is 
(i2  +  j/2  +  a2)2  —  -la-x-  =  mi.  If  m2  <  o2,  the  real  curve 
consists  of  two  ovals  ;  if  »«2  >a2,  it  consists  of  one;  and 
ii  r»2  =  «2,  it  becomes  the  lemniscate.  Cassinians  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class  (except  the  lemniscate,  which 
is  of  the  ^ixth),  and  have  four  stationary  tangents  on  the 
absolute. 
II.  n.  A  Cassinian  oval. 


Four  Confocal  Cassinian 

Ovals. 

F,  F,  foci.     Putting  sa  for 

the    distance    between  them, 

the    equations    of_the    ovals 

represented  are  y  pp  =  o.8a, 
1  pp '  —  a  (the  lemniscate. 
or  figure -8  curve),  Ypp'  = 
i.sa,  y  pp'  =  x-5<z. 


A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  the  species  of  cassinite  (kas'i-nit),  n.   A  kind  of  feldspar  from 


which  are  known  as  shield-slaters.  Edioards,lS40, 
Cassidix  (kas'i-diks),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson),  appar. 
made  out  of  a  F.  * cassidiques,  pi.,  <  L.asif  'cos- 
its,  adj.,  <  COSSiS  (cassitl-),  a  helmet.]  1.  A 
genus  of  grackles,  or  American  oseine  passer- 
ine birds,  of  the  family  Icterida:  and  subfamily 
Quiscalince,  having  thick  bills  and  boat-shaped 
tails:  same  as  Scaphidurus  (Swainson,  1831). 
/;.  /'.  Lesson,  1831. —  2.  [I.e.]  The  specific  name 
of  the  hombill  of  Celebes,  Buceros  cassidix.    C. 


Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  remarkable  for 
containing  several  per  cent,  of  baryta. 

cassino,  n.     See  casino,  3. 

cassinoid  (kas'i-noid),  «.  and  a.  [As  Cas- 
sni-iati  +  -oid;  =  i\  eassinoide.]  I.  ».  In  math., 
a  plane  ctu-ve,  the  locus  of  a  point  the  product 
of  u  hose  distances  from  a  number  of  fixedpoints 
is  constant ;  a  logarithmic  potential  curve.  See 
Cassinian. 
II.  a.  [cap.]   Same  as  Cassinian. 


iua\]     A  subfamily  of  Icterida},  typified  by  cassidony2  (kas'i-do-ni),  «.     [A  corruption  of 


the  genus  Cassicus;  the  caciques.     They  have 

naked  exposed  nostrils  and  the  mesorhinium 

expanded  into  a  frontal  shield. 
Cassicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.     [NL.  (Brisson,  1760): 

see  Cacicus,  cacique.]     See  Cacicus. 
Cassida   (kas'i-dS),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  cassis  (cas- 

sid-),  also  cassida,  a  helmet.]     A  genus  of  mo- 


.1.  Temminck,  l^'JO. — 3.  A  generic  name  of  the  Cassiope  (ka-si'o-pe),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  Cassiope,  < 

same.     C.  L.  Bonaparte,  1849.  Gr.  Kao-o-foCT?,  a  i'em.  proper  name.     Cf.  Cassio- 

cassidony1   (kas'i-do-ni),  n.    A  corruption  of     peia.]    A  small  genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  low 

■halcedony.  evergreen  shrubs,  resembling  heaths,  natives 

of  alpine  and  arctic  regions,  chiefly  of  North 
America.  C.  hyjmoides,  of  Labrador  and  Greenland 
and  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England,  is  also 
a  native  of  Lapland  and  arctic  Siberia. 
Cassiopeia  (kas"i-o-pe'ya),  n.  [L.,  also  written 
Cassiopea,  Cassiopeia,  -pea,  and  Cassiope  (>  F. 
Cassiopee  =  Sp.  Casiopea  =  Pg.  It.  Cassiopea), 

<  (ir.  Katjuto-tta,  KacaisTTSia,  and  Kao-fJtOTT^,  in 
myth,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia, 
and  mother  of  Andromeda;  afterward  placed 


Cassufu/a  auris^iits. 


Black-legged  Tortoise-beetle  (.Cassida  nigripes  ■ 

,i.  larva;  t>,  larva,  cleaned  and  enlarged;  c.  pupa.     (Vertical  lines 
show  natural  sizes. ) 

nilicorn  beetles,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cas- 
sidida1:  the  tortoise-beetles. 


L.  stwehas  Sidonia,  the  stcechas  of  Sidon,  where 
the  plant  is  indigenous.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  plant  Lavandula  Stcechas,  or  French  lav- 
ender. 

Cassidula  (ka-sid'u-la),  n.    [NL.  (Humphreys. 
17117),  dim.  of  L.  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]     1. 
The  typical  genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family 
CassidulidoA.   Also  Cassidulus;  Lamarck,  1816. 
— 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
basommatophorous     pul- 
monate  gastropods,  of  the 
family  -litrieulida,  having 
a    squarish    body-whorl, 
very     short     spire,     and 
toothed  lips.    The  species 
inhabit  the  sea-shores  of  the  Indo-Pacific  re- 
gion.    Also  Cassidulus;  Latreitte,  1825. 

Cassidulidse1  (kas-i-du'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cassidula,  1,  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  exocy.-lic 
oi-  petalostiehous  echinoderms,  or  irregular 
sea-urchins,  known  as  heart-urchins,  having  a 
rounded  or  oval  form,  veiy  fine  spines,  and  no 
fascioles.  It  includes  the  subfamilies  Echino- 
iit  tine  and  NueleolinO}. 

Cassidulidae'-  (kas-i-du'li-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
t  'assidulus  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  proboscis-bear- 
ing peetinibranchiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassidulus.  They  arc  characterized  by  a 
tin-  neck  and  small  head,  tentacle-  small  ami  near  the  cm  1 
of  the  head,  and  teeth  on  the  lingual  ribbon  in  a  rows,  the 
central  moderately  broad,  and  the  lateral  versatile  and 
bidentate;  the  shell  is  pear-shaped  or  obconic,  and  with 
a  produced  canal.  The  species  are  inhabitants  of  tropical 

se:ls. 

Cassidulus  (ka-sid'u-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis 
(cassid-),  a  helmet.]     1.  A  name  of  a  genus  of 


The  Constellation  Cassiopeia,  according  to  the  description  of  Ptolemy. 


Cassiopeia 

among  the  stars.]     1.  A.  beautiful  cironmpolar 

.represent  the  wifeoi 

ag  "I'  both 

i  us  brighter  tl  th  mag- 

nitu  tie  Great  Bear  on  the 

irediii 

I  :ius  :il  its  I'M 

2.  [NXi-]  In zool.,  the  typical gei  efam- 

ilv  '  Hediterranean  is 

i     rids  keys.    Origi- 

nalh 

Cassiopeiidae  (kas  i-6-pe'yi-de),  ».  pi.     [NL., 

I    A  family  of  rhizostomous 

I  lydrozoans,  represented  bj  the 

gen  US  l  ■"'•    The  spi  u  bed  in  the 

adult  state  instead  of  tn  usually  found 

npon 

cassique,  ».    Se 
cassireepe,  »■    See  cassareep. 
Cassis (kas'is),  n.     [N'L.  (Klein,  1734  in  echino- 
derms,  and  1753  in  mollusks),  <  L.  cassis,  hel- 
1     A  large  genus  of  prosobranchiate 
>odous  mollusks,  known  as  helmet-shells,  tar- 
..-  placed  with  I 
with  the  Doliidte,  but  now  made  the  type  of  a 
family  Ca  See  cut  under  CassididaP. 

cassiterite  (ka-sit'e-rit),  ».    l<  L>.  cassiterum  y< 
Gr.  maahepoc,  tin;  prob.  i  in  origin: 

i  r,  (in.  Skt.  kasUra,  tin)  + 
.  ]  Native  tindioxid,  Sn02, 
a  mineral  crystallizing  in  tetragonal  forms,  usu- 
ally of  a  brown   to  black  color,  and  having  a 
splendent  tne  luster  on  the  crystalline 

is  very  high,  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  metallic  iron;  il  generally  occurs  in  irregular 
masses  and  urinated  in  granite,  gneis 

mica  Blate,  and  porphyry  ;  also  in  renlform  shapes 

ited  structure  iw 1-iiu),  and  in  rolled 

pie©  is  sand,  in  which  last  condition  it  is  known 

[i  is  the  principal  source  of  metallic  tin, 

occurring  in  many  localities,  the  most  important  of  which 

■  ornwall  in  England,  the  Brzgebirge  in  Saxony  and 

uia,  Finland,  the  island  of  Banca  near  Sumatra,  and 

Queensland  in  Australia.    It  has  recently  been  found  in 

quantity  in  Dakota.    The  supply  at  present  is  chiefly 

draw  :i  from  Australia. 

cassius  (kash'ius),  n.     [Named  from  its  discov- 
erer, Andreas  Cassias,  a  German  chemist  of  the 
17th  century.]   A  certain  purple  pigment.    See 
pie. 
cassock  (kas'ok),  ».    [<  P.  cosaque,  a  cassock 
(>  ea  sma II  cassock,  a  corset,  >  I >an. 

kasseking,  a  jacket,  jerkin),  <  It.  resworn  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  casaea),  a  great-coat,  surtout,  lit.  a  house 
(cf.  casact  e,  ugly  old  house),  <  casa,  a 

house:  see  casa.  casino,  and  cf.  chasuble,  from 
the  same  ult.  source.]  1.  Any  loose  robe  or 
miter  coat,  Init  particularly  a  military  one. 

The muster-flle,  rotten  and  sound,  upon  my  life,  amounts 

not  to  fifteen  thousand  poll :  half  of  the  which  dare  not 

shake  the  sn.u  from  on  their  cassocks,  lest  they  shake 

themselves  to  piei  slink..  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

This  small  piece  ol  jervicewill  bring  him  clean  out  of 

foe  with  the  soldier  for  ever.    Hi  will  never  come  within 

ignof  it,  the  sight  of  a  cassock,  or  b  musket  rest  again. 

B.  Jonson,  Bverj  M^an  in  his  Humour,  ri.  S. 

2.  A  long  clerical  coat,  buttoned  over  the  breast 
and  reaching  to  the  fe<  t,  and  confined  at  the 
waist  by  a  broad  sash  called  a  circline.    in  the 

'  'eir.  h  if  -  '  olor  varies  w  ith  the  dl  ;nitj 
of  tlie  wearer :  prii  I  iveai  black;  bishopi  purp]  cat 
dinals,  seailet ;  and  popes,  white.  In  tie  ingfican  Church 
black  is  worn  by  all  the  three  orders  of  the  clergy,  hut 
liisii  i]  en-  often  h  ear  purple. 

re  mill  in  the  other  northern 

lorn,  for  all  clergymen,  whether  secular 

I  a  religious  order,  to  have  the  gown  we  now  call  a 

irments  of  the  laity,  throughout 

with  furs,  in  Latin,  pelles:  I) i  this  vesture  got  its  m , 

"pellicea  'orpeli  I  :  archof  ourFathers,  ii.  20. 

cassocked  (kas'okt),  a.    [<  cassock  +   -*<''-l 
tied  with  a  cassock. 

in  and  a  Addling  priest ! 

i  "i  hn-.,  1.  111. 

cassolette  (kas'o-let),  ».     [P.,  <  Sp.ce 

pan  of  a  musket-lock,  a  kind  of  perfume,  lit.  a 

little  pan,  dim.  of  cazo,  a  saucepan:  see  casse- 

!  .    ■     elwitha  pierced  cover 

rfumes. —  2.  A  vessel  or  box  for 

ling  perfumes  and  provided  with  a  perfo- 

..!  i  b.i  I,,. 
cassonade  (ki.  .,.     [<  p.  cassonade  (> 

tisson  = 
Pg. '  OS]  brown 

large 
chee  !,  |     Raw  i 

cassone  .  nj  i.    |  it., 

[talian 

wo,  ,;,.  (jggg  .,„,] 

contain  the  more  cosily  part  of  the  bridal 
outfit. 


846 

The  Catsoni,  or  large  trousseau  coffers,  on  which  the 

i i  ,  ostlj  and  elaborate  decorations  wi  re  often  lavished. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  \\  I    35  i. 

cassons  (kas'qnz),  n.    Same  as  casings. 
cassoon  (ka-sbn'),  «.    [<  It.   cassone  (=  OP. 
casson,  P.  caisson  (>  E.  caisson)  =  Pg.  caiasao), 

:,   large  chest,  aug.  of  cassti,  a  chest:  see  case-, 

cash*.']  A  deep  panel  or  coffer  in  a  ceiling  or 
soffit. 

cassoumba  (ka-som'bS),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  pigment  made  in  Amboyna,  Moluccas,  from 
the  burnt  capsules  of  the  plant  Sterculia  Ba- 
langhas. 

cassowary  (kas'o-wa-ri),  «.:  pi.  cassowaries 
(-riz).  [=  P.  caso'ar=  Sp.  casoario,  casobar,  ca- 
sut  I  =  it.  casuario  =  D.  casuaar,  Icasuaris  =  Gt. 
Dan.  Sw.  Icasuar  ( XL.  casuarius),  <  Malay  kassu- 
waris,  the  cassowary.]    A  large  struthious  bird 


Cassowary  { Casuarius  galcatus). 

of  the  genus  Casuarius,  subfamily  Casuariince, 
and  family '  'asuariidee,  inhabiting  Australia  and 
the  Papuan  islands,  it  resembles  the  ostrich,  and  is 
nearly  as  large,  but  has  shorter  and  thicker  legs  in  pro- 
portion, and  three  toes,  ft  is  characterized  by  a  ratite 
sternum,  plumage  with  large  uftershafts,  rudimentary 
wings  represented  externally  lo  several  spine-like  pro- 
cesses, fleshy  caruncles  or  lappets  upon  the  throat,  and  a 
lame  casque  or  helmet  upon  the  head,  ft  runs  with  great 
rapidity,  outstripping  the  swiftest  horse,  'the  cassowary 
leaves  its  few  eggs  to  he  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

cassumunar  (kas-u-mu'nar),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    An 

aromatic  root  used  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant,  ob- 
tained from  Zingiber  Cassumunar. 
cast1  (kast ),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cant,  ppr.  casting. 
[<  ME.  casten,  Jcesten,  <  IceL  kasta  =  Sw.  kasta 
=  Dan.  kaste,  throw;  a  purely  Scand.  word, 
not  found  in  the  other  Teut.  tongues,  where 
the  orig.  word  for  '  throw'  is  warp  with  its  cog- 
nates.] I.  trans.  1.  To  throw,  either  literally 
or  figuratively:  as,  to  cast  a  stone  at  a  bird;  to 
cast  light  on  a  subject;  to  cast  a  shadow;  to 
cast  a  slur  on  one's  reputation. 

Thei  brought  thre  mantels  furred  with  ermyn,  and  the 

cloth  was  scarlet,  and  thei  caste  hem  vpon  the  two  kynges. 

Berlin  (E.  E.  T.  s.>,  iii.  607. 

Uzziah  prepared  for  them  .  .  .  slings  to  cost  stones. 

2  Chron.  xxvi.  14. 

Both  the  chariot  and  horse  are  cant  into  a  .lead  sleep. 

I's.  lxxvi.  C. 
sir,  1  forgive  you  heartily, 
And  all  your  wrong  to  me  I  cast  behind  me. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  3. 
I  shall  desire  all  indifferent  cms  to  judge  whether  these 
men  do  not  endeavour  to  cast  unjust  envy  upon  me. 

Milton,  "n  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst 
Round  his  soul  her  net  she  strove  to  cast, 
Almost  del  pite  hi  n  -  it 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  107. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence  or  force;  fling; 
hurl :  usually  with  Bome adjunct,  such  as  away, 
down,  into,  Off,  OUt,  etc.      See  phrases  below. 

On  the  heightc  of  that  I'ynaclc,  the  Jewes  setten  Seynt 
iiim  mil  canted  him  down,  to  the  Erthe,  that  first  was 
Bl       lopp  of  Jem  MandevUU,  Travels,  p.  87. 

ile  i i  the  casting  downe  of  the  Porte  on  Tigris, 

ami  amongst  them  the  Temple  of  Belus  there  erected. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  77. 
i  the  Lord  turned  a  mighty  strong  west  wind,  which 
I  ie  locusts,  in.il  cast  them  into  tie   Eti  .1  8ea. 

lA    %    19 

Specifically — 3.  To  throw  to  the  ground,  as 
in  wrestling;  especially,  to  throw  a  horse  or 
"thcr  animal   to  the  ground,  as   in  training,  or 

pi  rat  ion  or  slaughter. 

1  made  a  shift  to  cast  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 


cast 

Eying  him, 
As  eyes  the  hntcher  the  cast  panting  ox 
I  hat  feels  his  fate  is  come,  nor  struggles  more. 

Browning,  Ring  ami  Hook,  II.  25. 

4f.  To  decide  or  bring  in  a  verdict  against,  as  in 
a  law  suit ;  condemn  as  guilty ;  hence,  to  defeat. 

If  the  whole  power  of  my  estate  can  rust  him, 

He  never  shall  obtain  me. 

Middlelon  {and  others),  The  Widow,  ii.  1. 

The  Commons  by  far  the  greater  number  cast  him  ;  the 
Lords,  after  they  hail  been  satisfied  in  a  full  discourse  hy 
the  Kings  Solicitor,  and  the  opinions  of  many  Judges  de- 
livered in  their  House,  agreed  likewise  to  the  Sentence  oi 
Treason  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ii. 

Were  the  case  referred  to  any  competent  judge,  thi  \ 
would  incvitalilj  W- cast.  Decay  of  Christian  /' 

His  father  left  him  fourscore  pounds  a  year  ;  hut  he  has 
cast  and  been  cast  so  often,  that,  he  is  out  now  worth 
thirty.  Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  the  Assizes. 

5f.  To  disband  or  break  up  (a  regiment  or  com- 
pany); hence,  to  dismiss;  reject;  cashier;  dis- 
card. 

When  a  company  is  cast,  yet  the  captain  still  retains  the 
title  of  captain.  Chapman,  All  r'ools,  \,  i. 

The  state  .  .  . 
i 'an not  with  safety  cast  him.        Shah.,  Othello,  i.  1. 
His  regiment  is  cast,  that  is  mosf  certain, 
And  his  command  in  the  castle  given  away. 

/■Y.  (cfter,  Double  Marriage,  i.  1. 

6.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  part  with ;  lose:  as, 
trees  cast  their  fruit;  a  serpent  casts  his  skin; 
"to  cast  the  rags  of  sin,"  Drijdcn;  "casted 
slough,"  Vital:,  Hen.  V..  iv.  1. 

Recast  al  his  colour  and  hi  is  mi  pale,  ami  eft  red  as  rose 
iii  alitel  while.      William  of  Palerne(E.  E.  T.  s, ),  1.  881. 
Your  coifs  tooth  is  not  cast  vet. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3. 
You  likewise  will  do  well, 
Ladies,  in  entering  here,  to  cast  and  fling 
The  tricks  which  make  us  toys  of  men. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

7f.  To  throw  out  or  up ;  eject ;  vomit. 

We  all  were  sea-swallow 'd,  though  some  cast  again. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1. 
His  filth  within  being  cast,  he  would  appear 
A  pond  as  deep  as  hell.         Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

8.   To  form  by  throwing  up  earth ;  raise. 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee. 

Luke  xix.  43. 
The  blind  mole  casts 
Copp'd  hills  toward  heaven.     Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

9t.  To  emit  or  give  out. 
This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell.  Woodward. 

10.  To  bestow;  confer  (upon)  or  transfer  (to). 

The  government  I  cast  upon  my  brother. 

shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

11.  To  turn;  direct:  as,  to  cast  a  look  or 
glance  of  the  eye. 

She  kncel'd,  and,  saint-like, 
Cast  her  fair  eyes  to  heaven,  and  pray'd  devoutly. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 
In  casting  his  eyes  about,  the  commodore  beheld  that 
tic  shore  abounded  with  oysters. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  123. 
12f.  Reflexive:  To  think  or  propose  to  (one's 
self) ;  intend. 

And  cast  him  to  lyue 
In  ydelnesse  and  in  ese  and  hy  others  trauayle. 

Piers  Plowman  (('),  x.  151. 
Who  that  cast  ham  thys  reule  for  to  kepe, 
Met  conforms  hym  like  in  euery  thyng, 
Where  he  shall  byde,  vnto  the  felyshype. 

Political  /'"cms,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  26. 

13f.  To  consider;  think  out;  hence,  to  plan; 
contrive;  arrange. 

He  that  castcth  nil  doiihts,  shal  neucr  he  resolued  in 
any  thing.  l.nhi,  ['.uplines  and  his  England,  p.  354. 

Cast  it  also  that  you  may  have  rooms  both  for  summer 
and  winter.  Bacon,  Building. 

I'll  do't  with  ease,  1  have  cast  it  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  1. 

The  plot  was  cast  hy  me,  to  make  thee  jealous. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  ('urate,  v.  2. 
I  serv'd  you  faithfully, 
And  cast  your  plots  hut  to  preserve  your  credit. 

Fletcher  ami  Shirh  y,   Night- Walker,  v.  2. 

The  cloister  .  .  .  would  have  been  proper  for  an  orange- 
house;  anil  had,  I  doubt  not,  heen  eie^l  for  that  purpose. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

I  shall  ens*  what  I  have  to  say  under  two  principal  heads. 

Addison,  i  'harge  i"  the  Jury. 

14.  Tilt  tit.:  (a)  To  distribute  or  allot  the  parts 

among  the  actors  :  said  of  a  play  :  as,  to  "east 

the  'Merchant  of  Venic.-,'''  Addison. 

I  should  have  thought,  now,  that,  if  [the  piece]  might 

have  heen  cast  (as  the  actors  call  it)  better  ill  Drurj  lane. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

(/))  To  assign  a  certain  part  or  ride  to:  as,  to 
cast  an  actress  fur  thopartof  Portia. — 15.  To 
find  or  ascertain  by  computation;  compute; 
reckon  ;  calculate:  as,  to  cast  accounts;  to  cast 
a  nativity. 

she  east  my  destiny, 
I  being  but  a  child.       B.  Jonfon,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 


cast 

He  is  the  Fanstus, 
That  casteth  figures  and  can  conjure. 

li.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 
you  cast  the  event  of  war,  my  noble  Lord, 
And  summ'd  the  account  of  chance. 

Sftoifc.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  mariner  was  lefl  to  creep  along  tin  coast,  while  the 
astronomer  wasctwtino  nativities. 

lie,  rett,  Orations,  1.  248. 

16.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  thy  she  goats  have  not  cast  their  young. 

lien.  XXX] 

17.  To  found;  form  into  a  particular  shape  or 

object,  as  liquid  metal,  by  pouring  into  a  mold, 
whom  I  \<  pow<  r  to  melt, 
And  east  in  any  mould.     />'.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

18.  To  form  by  founding;  make  by  pouring 
molten  matter  into  a  mold. 

Thou  Shalt  cast  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.        Ex.  xxv.  12. 

19.  In  falconry,  to  place  (a  hawk)  upon  his 
perch. — 20.  To  winnow  (grain)  by  throwing 
in  the  air,  or  from  one  side  of  a  barn  or  thresh- 
ing-floor to  the  other — To  be  cast  down,  to  be  de- 
pressed  or  dejected. 

Why  art  thou  cast  down,  0  my  soul?  Ps.  xlii.  5. 

Tell  your  master  not  to  be  cast  down  by  this. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  2. 
To  cast  a  ballot.    See  ballot.— To  cast  a  colt's  tooth. 
See  colt.— To  cast  a  nativity,    see  nativity.— To  cast 
anchor,  to  moor  a  vessel  by  letting  the  anchor  or  anchors 
,1m!,.    see  oncftori.— To  cast  a  point  of  traverse,  in 
nai  igation,  to  prick  down  on  a  chart  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass any  land  bears  from  you.    E.  Phillips,  1706.     To  cast 
aside,  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  inconvenient. 
This  poor  gown  I  will  not  cast  aside 
Until  himself  arise  a  living  man. 
And  bid  me  east  it.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  cast  away,  (a)  To  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  44.  (b)  To 
throw  away;  lavish  or  waste  by  profusion  ;  turn  to  no 
use  :  as,  to  cast  away  life ;  to  east  away  a  golden  oppor- 
tunity. 

She  has  cast  away  herself,  it  is  to  be  fear'd, 
Against  her  uncle's  will,  nay,  any  consent, 
But  out  of  a  mere  neglect,  and  spite  to  herself, 
Married  suddenly  without  any  advice. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  2. 
(c)  To  wreck :  as,  the  slap  was  cast  away  on  the  coast  of 
Africa. 

Cast  away,  and  sunk,  on  Goodwin  Sands. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  5. 
The  last  of  Nouember,  saitli  May,  we  departed  from  La- 
guna  in  Hispaniola,  and  the seiienteenth  of  Decemberfol- 
lowing,  we  were  cast  await  vpon  the  North-west  of  the  Ber- 
mudas. Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  II.  lis. 
To  cast  behind  the  back.  See  backi .  -  To  cast  by,  to 
reject ;  tting  or  throw  by.  —  To  cast  forth,  to  throw  out  or 
reject,  as  from  an  inclosed  place  or  confined  space  ;  emit 
or  send  out. 

He  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots  as  Leb- 
anon. Hos.  xiv.  5, 
TO  cast  in,  to  throw  into  the  bargain. 

Such  an  omniscient  church  we  wish  indeed  ; 
'Twere  worth  both  Testaments,  cast  in  the  creed. 

Drilden,  Keligio  Laiei. 
To  cast  in  one's  lot  with,  to  share  the  fate  or  fortune 
of.— To  cast  in  the  teeth  of,  to  upbraid  with;  charge 
or  twit  with.— To  cast  lots.  See  lot.—  To  cast  off.  (a) 
To  discard  or  reject;  drive  away. 

The  prince  will,  in  the  perfectness  of  time, 

Cast  off  his  followers.         Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

He  may  cast  you  off,  and  with  you  his  life. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  ii.  1. 

(b)  Naut.,  to  unloose  or  let  go  :  as,  to  cast  off  a  vessel  in 

tow.    (c)  In  hunting,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs  ;  set  loose 

or  free. 

Away  he  scours,  .  .  .  casts  off  the  dogs,  and  gains  a  wood. 

Sir  1:.  L Estrange. 
His  falconer  cast  off  one  falcon  after  the  heron,  and  the 
earl  another.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  S7. 

(rf)  In  knitting,  to  finish  (the  work)  at  any  part  by  work- 
ing off  the  stitches,  so  that  it  remains  firm  and  permanent. 
(. )  In  printing,  to  compute  the  space  required  for  each 
column  or  division  of,  as  a  table,  a  piece  of  music,  or  the 
like,  so  that  the  matter  furnished  may  properly  fit  the 
space  at  command.  — To  cast  off  copy,  in  printing,  to 
compute  the  number  of  words  in  written  copy,  in  order 
to  rind  the  space,  or  the  number  of  pages,  which  the  mat- 
ter will  till  when  in  type.  —  To  cast  on.  («)  To  refer  or 
resign  to.  South.  'b)  In  knitting,  to  begin  (the  work)  bj 
putting  the  yarn,  cotton,  or  the  like  upon  the  needles  in 
loops  or  stitches. —To  cast  out.  (")  To  reject  or  turn  out. 
Thy  brat  hath  been  cast  oat,  .  .  . 
No  father  owning  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

(b)  To  speak  or  give  vent  to.  Addison.— To  cast  the 
balance.  See  balance. -To  cast  the  cavel  or  kevel. 
Seerauitf.— To  cast  the  draperies,  in  the  fim  arts,  to 
dispose  the  folds  of  the  garments  with  which  the  figures 
in  a  picture  are  clothed  ;  dispose  the  main  lines  of  a  pic- 
ture generally.— To  cast  the  fly,  to  angle  with  rod  and 
artificial  lure,  in  distinction  from  fishing  with  bait  or  a 
hand-line.— To  cast  the  lead,  to  heave  the  lead.  See 
lead.— To  cast  up.  (a)  To  compute  ;  reckon  ;  calculate. 
Casting  up  the  cost  beforehand.  Dryden. 

The  Mindanaians  are  no  g 1    \,c plants;   therefore 

the  Chinese  that  live  here,  do  cast  up  their  Accompts  for 
them.  Dumpier,  Voyages,  I.  ,'ic.o. 

Now  casting  rp  the  Store,  and  finding  sufficient  till  the 
next  harvest,  the  feare  of  starving  was  abandoned. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  222. 
{b)  To  eject ;  vomit. 

Their  villany  goes  against  my  weak  stomach,  and  there- 
fore I  must  cast  it  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V,,  iii.  2. 


847 
Cast  up  the  poison  thai  InfectB  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

(e)  To  twit  or  upbraid  with  ;  recall  to  ones  notice  toi  thi 
purpose  of  annoying  :  with  to. 

I.a.h  W.'s  maid  is  always  casting  up  to  me  how  happy 
her  i-i  'I  and  ladj  ahip  is.  Lever. 

(</)  To  raise  ;  throw  up. 

Throws  (low le  mountain  <■•  east  <>p  a  higher. 

shot,..  Pericles,  i.  t. 

Burled  him  in  the  ground,  anil  east  rp  an  high  lull  ouer 

him.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  87. 

TO  Cast  Upon,  tO  refer  io. 

If  things  wen-  cost  upon  this  issue,  that  God  should 
never  prevent  sin  till  man  deserved  if,  the  best  would  sin 
and  sin  for  ever.  South. 

To  cast  (a  person's)  watert,  to  examine  urine  in  diagnos- 
ing a  dise  i  e. 

If  thou  couldst,  doctor,  cast 
The  water  of  my  land,  tlml  her  disease 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  :'■. 
=  Syn.  Fling,  etc.    See  hurl. 

II.  mtrans.  It-  To  throw;  shoot. 


cast 

cast1  (kast),  p.  'i.  [Pp.  of  ™.s/l,  ».]  1.  Thrown 
aside  as  useless;  rejected;  cast-off:  as,  cast 
clothes. 

ii.  hath  bought  a  pair  oi  east  Up   ol  Diana 

Shak.,  As  you  I. ike  it,  iii.  4. 

\  0U  lever  yet  had  a  local  -^  meat  from  my  table, 

Nor,  a-  I  remember,  from  my  wardrobe 

Any  east  suit. 

Beau,  and  /v.,  Honest  Mans  Fortune,  ii.  3. 

I  deny  not  but  that  lie  may  deserve  toi  his  pain-  icatt 

Doublet.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smcctymnuus. 

2.  Condemned:  as,  "a,  cast  criminal,"  South. — 

3f.  Cashiered;  discarded. 

He's  the  son 
Of  a  poor  cast  captain,  one  Octavio. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

4.  Faded  in  color.  [Scotch.]  — 5.  Made  by 
founding  or  casting:  as,  cosWron  or  -steel. 
Sec  cast-iron.—  6f.   Rank;  vile. 

Neuer  kyld  no  Kyng,  nenoknighl  yet, 

That  a-counted  was  kene,  but  with  east  treeon. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (Iv.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10448. 


At  loners,  luwpcs.  Archers  had  plente, 

i  o       t,  draw,  I  Bheti  ,  tin-  diffence  to  lie 

That  non  wordly  man  myght  no  wyse  it  take. 

Rom,  o,  Partenay(E.  E.  T.  s.i,  l.  1176.   cast1  (kast),*.    [<  casA,  v.]    1.  The  act  of  cast- 


ing. Specifically  — (e)  In  fishing:  <n  Tie  act  ol  throw- 
ing the  line  on  the  water.    ('-')  The  act  of  throwing  a  net. 

A  fisherman  stood  on  the  beach,  .  .  .  the  large  square 
net,  with  its  sinkers  of  lead,  in  his  right  hand,  ready  for  a 
cost  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  41. 

(d)  In  hunting,  a  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of  game. 
(.  i  Waut,  the  act  of  heaving  the  lead. 
2.  The  leader  with  flies  attached,  used  in  an- 
gling. Sportsman's  Gazetteer. —  3.  A  throw; 
the  distance  to  which  a  thing  may  be  thrown; 
reach;  extent. 

These  other  com  ridinge  a  softe  pase  till  tlrei  com  as 
nygh  as  the  caste  of  a  ston.       Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  219. 

Frome  thensdescendyngealiouti  a  stones  caste,  we  come 
to  a  place  where  our  Sauyour  Criste  lefte  Peter,  James, 
and  John.  Sir  H.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  32. 

Specifically — 4.  A  throw  of  dice;  hence,  a 
state  of  chance  or  hazard. 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast, 
And  I  will  stand  the  hazard  of  flic  .lie. 

Slutk.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4. 

If  thou  canst  not  fling  what  thouwouldst,  play  thy  cast 

as  well  as  thou  canst.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  365. 

In  the  last  war,  has  it  not  sometimes  been  an  even  cast 

whether  the  army  should  march  this  way  or  that  way? 

South. 

5f.  Occasion;  opportunity. 

The  end  whereof  He  keepe  untill  another  cast. 

Spenser,  F.  (;.,  VI.  viii.  61. 

6f.  A  contrivance ;  plot;  design. 

The  derke  tresoun  and  the  castes  olde. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1610. 
Hadde  thei  knowe  the  kast  of  the  Kyng  stern, 
They  had  kept  well  his  ciimme  with  carefull  dintes. 

Alisaunder  o/  Moeedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  146. 

7f.  A  stroke ;  a  touch ;  a  trick. 

It  hath  been  the  east  of  all  traitors  to  pretend  nothing 
against  the  king's  person. 

Latimer.  4th  Semi.  hef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Another  cast  of  their  politicks  was  that  of  endeavouring 
to  impeach  an  innocent  lady.  Swift. 

8.  Motion  or  turn  (of  the  eye) ;  direction,  look, 
or  glance ;  hence,  a  slight  squint :  as,  to  have 
a  cast  in  one's  eye. 

They  ...  let  you  see  with  one  cast  of  an  eye. 

Addisoti,  Ancient  Medals. 

9.  A  twist  or  contortion.  [Scotch.]  — 10. 
Bent;  tendency. 

There  is  such  a  mirthful  cast  in  his  behaviour,  that  he 
is  rather  beloved  than  esteemed.  Addison. 

11.  Manner;  outward  appearance ;  air;  mien; 
style. 

New  names,  new  dressings,  and  the  modern  cast. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  To  Sir  K.  Fanshaw. 

12.  A  tinge;  a  shade  or  trace;  a  slight  color- 
ing, or  a  slight  degree  of  a  color:  as,  a  cast  of 
green. 

The  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
There  was  a  soft  and  pensive  grace, 
A  east  of  thought  upon  her  face, 
That  -suited  well  the  forehead  high, 
The  eyelash  dark,  and  downcast  eye. 

Scott,  Uokeby,  iv.  5. 

13.  That  which  is  formed  by  founding:  any- 
thing shaped  in  or  as  if  in  a  mold  while  in 
a  fluid  or  plastic  state;  a  casting:  often  used 
figuratively. 

Something  of  a  neat  cast  of  verse.  Pope,  Letters. 

Cunning  casts  in  clay.       Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxx. 

14.  An  impression  formed  in  a  mold  or  matrix  ; 
in  geol.,  the  impression  of  an  animal  of  a  for- 


2t.  To  throw  up ;  vomit. 

These  verses  too,  s  poison  on  'em  !  I  cannot  abide  them, 
they  make  me  ready  to  east.       li.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

3.  To  turn  or  revolve  something  in  the  mind; 
ponder ;  consider ;  scheme. 

Hast  thou  cast  how  to  accomplish  it  1 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  v.  4. 

The  be»t  way  to  represent  to  life  the  manifold  use  of 

friendship  is  to  cast  an.l  see  how"  many  things  there  are 

which  a  man  cannot  do  himself.  Bacon,  Friendship. 

This  way  and  that  I  east  to  save  my  friends.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  calculations ;  sum  up  accounts. 

oli !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk? 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

5.  To  warp;  become  twisted  or  distorted. 

Stuff  is  said  to  east  or  warp  when  ...  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness or  straightness.         J.  Moxon,  Mechanical  Exercises. 

6.  To  lose  color ;  fade.  [Scotch.]  — 7.  To  re- 
ceive form  or  shape  in  a  mold. 

A  mass  that  is  immediately  malleable,  and  will  not  run 
thin,  so  as  to  cosf  and  mould.  Woodward,  Fossils. 

8.  Naut. :  (a)  To  fall  off  or  incline,  so  as  to 
bring  the  side  to  the  wind :  applied  particularly 
to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened  in  getting  un- 
der way.     (6)  To  tack  ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

I  cast  to  seaward  again  to  come  with  the  island  in  the 
morning  betimes. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 

9.  In  limiting,  to  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of 
game. 

In  his  work  the  foxhound  is  peculiar  for  dash,  and  for 
always  being  inclined  to  cast  forwards,  instinctively  ap- 
pearing to  be  aware  that  the  fox  makes  his  point  to  some 
covert  different  from  that  in  which  he  was  found. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  62. 

10.  Of  bees,  to  swarm.  [Scotch.]  — 11.  Of 
the  sky,  to  clear  up.    [Scotch.]— To  cast  about. 

(a)  Naut.,  to  tack  ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 
My  pilot,  having  a  son  in  one  of  those  small  vessels, 

entreated  me  to  cast  ui>oot  towards  them. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 

(b)  In  hunting,  to  go  about  indifferent  directions  in  order 
to  discover  a  lost  scent. 

But  not  a  sign  of  them  [the  hares  in  the  game  of  hare- 
ami-hound]  appears,  so  now  .  .  .  there  is  nothing  for  it 
but  to  cast  about  for  tile  scent. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  7. 
{<■)  To  consider ;  search  in  the  mind  for  some  contrivance 
by  winch  to  accomplish  one's  end  ;  scheme. 

To  cast  about  how  to  perform  or  obtain.  Bacon. 

Let 's  cast  about  a  little,  and  consider. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  1. 

Contrive  and  cast  about  how  to  bring  such  events  to 
pass.  Bentley. 

I  .  .  .  began  to  cast  about,  with  my  usual  care  and  anx- 
iety, for  the  means  of  obtaining  feasible  and  safe  meth- 
ods of  repeating  the  famous  journey  to  Palmyra. 

Hence,  Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  li. 

To  cast  back,  (a)  To  throw  the  memory  back  ;  refer  to 
something  past. 

You  east  back  for  hundreds  of  years,  and  rake  up  every 
bit  of  pleasure  I  ever  had  in  my  life.  Mrs.  Riddell. 

(b)  To  return  toward  some  ancestral  tyi r  character; 

show  resemblance  to  a  remote  ancestor.  To  cast  be- 
yond the  moon,  to  indulge  in  wild  conjectures ;  conjec- 
ture. 

Bellaria,  .  .  .  inaruailing  at  such  vnaccustomed  f rownes, 
began  to  cast  beyond  the  moone,  and  to  enter  into  a  1000 
sundry  thoughts,  which  way  she  should  offend  her  hus- 
band. Greene,  Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time,  1588. 
To  cast  Off.  («)  To  loosen  a  boat  from  its  connection 
with  a  pier,  ship,  or  the  like,  and  -stall  it  toward  another 
place,  (6)  In  knitting,  to  slip  and  bind  the  last  loops  from 
tin-  needles   thus  releasing  the  finished  work  from  them; 

bind  off.— To  cast  on,  iii  knitting,  to  begin  by  slipping     mev  epoch  left  in  soft  earth  which  has  become 
the  loops  or  stitches  on  On  needlec-  To  cast  out,  to     K(ono:  as  a  cast  0f  a  man's  face  taken  in  plas- 

q" d:  fall  out.    [Scotch.] -To  cast  up,  to  turn  up  or  trilobite 

be  forthcoming.  tel '  a  cost  or.  a  uuooite. 

Others  may  be  Unionists  .  .  .  by  tits  and  starts;  ...  At  Valdivia  there  is  some  sandstone   with   imperfect 

Unionists  when  nothing  more  exciting,  or  more  showy,      casts  of  shells,  which  possibly  may  belong  to  the  recent 
or  more  profitable,  casts  up.    R.  Cheats,  Addresses,  p.  442.      period.  Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  414. 


cast 
Hence  — 15.    An   impression   in  general :    an 
imp:  eter,  or 

ic  :  stamp. 

Of  thiiau  dead  lineaments  that  near  thee  lie? 

oquette,  Ui. 

16.  One  of  the  worm-like  coils  of  sand  pro- 
duced by  the  Lugworm.— 17.   In  founding 

wax  fitted  into:  I  A  hollow 

cylindrical  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in  i  wo 
lengthwise,  to  form  n  canal  or  conduit  in  a 
eying  metal,  (e)  A  small  brass 
funnel  at  one  end  of  a  mold  lor  easting  pipes, 
by  means  of  which  the  melted  metal  i^  poured 

into  the   mold.     (</)  The  type    or    plate    le 

melted  type-metal  by  a  type-founder  or 

i  The  act  of  founding  or  mak- 
ing printing-types  or  electroplates. — 18.  A 
mass  of  feathers,  Eur,  bones,  or  o1  tier  indigesti- 
ble mattt  rs  ejected  from  the  stomach  by  a  hawk 
or  other  bird  of  prey.    Also  called  casting. 

i  parts  of  the  useless  matters  are  probably 
rejected  I'v  the  mouth,  as  a  hawk  or  an  owl  rejects  bis 
casts.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  67. 

Anil  where  the  two  contrived  their  daughter's  good, 
n  k  s  -  '.*t,  the  mole  lias  made  bis  run. 

Ti  nnyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
19.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
ral  actors ;  the  company  of  actors  to  whom 
the  parts  of  a  play  are  assigned:  as,  the  play 
was  produced  witha  very  strong  cast. —  20.  An 
allowance;  an  amount  given,  as  of  food:  as,  a 
cast  of  hay  for  the  horses. 

I  hopi  Bhe  11  be  ruled  in  time,  .  .  .  ami  not  be  carried 
away  with  a  east  "1  manchets,  a  bottle  of  w  me,  or  a  cus- 
tard". MiddUton,  Michaelmas  Term,  ii.  3. 

21.  Acouple;  a  pair:  used  especially  of  hawks. 

It  sprung 
From  a  mere  trifle  first,  a  east  of  hawks, 

made  the  swifter  flight,  whose  could  mount  highest. 

Mida  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  2. 

Yonder's  a  cart  of  coach-man  sol  tin  gentlewoman's,  the 

stran-  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  1. 

22.  Assistance;  a  lift;  especially,  a  seat  ac- 
corded a  pedestrian  or  wayfarer  in  a  vehicle 
or  other  conveyance  for  a  part  of  the  way. 

\v,  therefore  bargained  with  the  driver  .  .  .  togiveus 
Sicast  I  tage.     SinnUett,  Roderick  Random,  xi. 

In  literature,  quotation  is  good  only  when  the  writer 

whom  I  follow  .  .  .     i        tost. 

Emerson,  Quotation  ami  Originality. 

23.  In  beer-making,  the  amount  of  water  used 
in  preparing  an;  given  amount  of  beer,  or  in 
any  stege  of  the  process  of  brewing.  The  quan- 
tity ol  mash-tun  into  which  the  crushed  malt 

E;  subsequent  additions  are  the 

t,  etc. 

24.  In  apiculture,  an  after-swarm  of  bees  led 
by  a  maiden  queen. — 25.  Yield:  applied  to 
grain-crops.  [I'rov.  Eng.] — 26.  Four,  as  a 
unit  id'  tale  in  counting  herrings,  haddocks, 
oysters,  etc.,  as  being  the  number  lifted  at 
once  i  two  in  each  hand).  [Scotch.]  —  27.  An 
irregular  unit  of  capacity,  about  8  gallons. — 
28f.  A  breed;  race;  species — Bridling  cast,  a 
stirrup-i  up  ;  a  parting  drink. 

cast  1  let- .re  you  go. 
i  in  v.  Btoop.  Beau.  andFL,  Scornful  Lady,  il  2. 
Cast  after  cast,  a  method  of  raising  excavati  d  mat.  rial 
from  tlu-  bottom  of  a  mine  or  other  working,  by  shoveling 
it  up  from  one  platform  to  another.  Measuring  cast, 
in  a  .  i  throw  tint  requiri     to  be  mi  asured, 

■    Ui     ted    lion,    another    without 

■■  lusty  shepherds  throw 

and  Mm'  rest  outgo 

'l  beii  .       i'ii. [mi   i.i  i         Waller. 

Renal  or  urinary  cast,  '  subcylindrical  casl 

if  a  ui  miferous  tubule,  found  in  the  urine  ill 

1  ul  it,  fatty,  epithelial,  blood, 

andwa  i      Thelastcast. 

i"  ■  ol  tin  dice  ;  the  last  .-take  ;  the  ventur- 

.  Sort  ; 

tin  1 

our  familiar - 

hi.-, 

faitlili  ,.  i,    p      i 

Where  a  this  man  now 

■  thing? 

I  now. 

1  '      .    .  ii    lv,   1, 

I  hath 

without  knowledgi  rdaj  at 

Letter  dated  1612. 

i 

w  hereas  be  last 
Had  left  that  C0U] 

I     "     VI.  v.  9.) 

To  make  a  cast,  to  search  for  1 1 

i 
escapes  the  hounds,  and  ft. 

Encyc.  brit.,  XII.  396. 


Castalia  afnbigita. 


848 
cast2t  (kast),  ii.     The  older  English  spelling  of 

cns/i  '-'. 

cast.  Contracted  form  of  casteth,  third  person 
ular  present  tense  of  cast. 

castaldyt,  »■  [Also  castaldie  (Minsheu),  and 
improp.  castaldick  (Kersey),  <  ML.  * castaldia, 
gastaldia  l  >  It.  castatdia),  the  office  of  a  prefect 
or  steward,  <  castaldus,  gastaldus  (>  It.  castaldo, 
dial,  gastaldd),  also  gastaldius,  castaldio(n-), 
gastaldio(n-)  (>  It.  casialdione),  a  prefect,  stew- 
ard, prob.  <  Goth,  "gastalds,  in  comp.  striving 

Wain  or  possess  (possessing),  <  gastaldan, 

obtain,  possess  (cf.  AS.  gesteald,  an  abode, 
dwelling),  <  gn-  (see  ;/<-)  +  *staldan  =  AS. 
Stealdan,  possess.]      Stewardship. 

Castalia  (kas-ta'li-a), «.    [NL.:  see CastaUan.] 

1.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family 
Iridinida-.  confined  to 
the  fresh  waters  of 
South  America.  The 
best-known  species  is 
C.ambigua.  The  genus 
was  founded  by  La- 
marck in  1819.— 2.  A 
genus  of  chastopodous 
annelids,  of  the  family 
Hesionida: — 3.  Agenus 
of  coleopterous  insects. 
Laporte,  1838. — 4.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.    Boisduval,  1858. 

Castalian  (kas-ta'lian),  a.  [<  L.  Castalis,  be- 
longing to  Castalia,  fir.  Kaara'/Ja,  a  mythical 
fountain  of  inspiration  on  Mount  Parnassus, 
sacred  to  the  Muses,  whose  waters  had  the 
power  of  inspiring  those  who  drank  them ;  per- 
haps akin  to  nadapoc,  L.  castas,  pure :  see  caste2.] 
Pertaining  to  Castalia. 

Castanea  (kas-ta'ne-S),  n.  [L.,  the  chestnut- 
tree,  a  chestnut:  see  chesten,  chestnut.']  Age- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  CupuMferai,  con- 
sisting of  trees  or  shrubs  with  straight-veined 
leaves  and  naked  unisexual  flowers,  the  male 
in  catkins  and  the  female  solitary.  The  nuts  are 
contained  in  a  prickly  4-valved  envelop.  Only  two  species 
are  known,  the  common  chestnut,  C.  vesca,  and  the  chin- 
kapin, C.  pumila.     See  cut  under  chestnut. 

Castanella  (kas-ta-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cas- 
tanea,  a  chestnut,  +  dim.  -eUa.]  The  typical 
genus  of  radiolarians  of  the  family  Castaiullida: 

Castanellidae  (kas-ta-nel'i-de),  it.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Castanella  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  tripylean  ra- 
diolarians with  a  fenestrated  shell  which  is 
spherical,  simple,  and  composed  of  solid  rods, 
and  has  at  one  point  a  large  principal  opening, 
often  armed  with  coronal  spicules,  and  with  or 
without  radial  spicules.  It  contains  such  gen- 
era as  Castanella,  Castanidium,  etc. 

castaneous  (kas-ta'ne-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *cas- 
taneus,  <  castanea,  a  chestnut:  see  Castanea.] 
Chestnut-colored;  of  a  reddish  or  brownish-red 
color. 

Castanet  (kas'ta-net),  n.  [=  P.  castagnette,  < 
Sp.  castafieta  (=  Pg.  castanhcta),  a  castanet,  < 
castalia  =  Pg.  castanha,  <  L. 
castanea,  a  chestnut;  from 
the  resemblance.]  One  of  a 
pair  of  slightly  concave 
spoon-shaped  shells  of  ivory 
or  hard  wood,  loosely  fas- 
tened together  at  the  base, 
and  used  (slung  over  the 
thumb)  in  beating  time  to 
music  or  dancing.  Castanets 
are  used  by  the  Spaniards  and  .Moors 
as  an  accompaniment  to  their 
dames  ami  guitars,  and  are  now 
widely  introduced  among  other  na- 
tions, with  some  variatioiisof  form. 

CastanOpsiS    (kas-ta-nop'-  castanets. 

sis),  ii.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  iidaravoc,  the  chest  nut-tree, 

+  6fit,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  shrubs  and 
trees  intermediate  between  the  oak  and  chest- 
nut, of  a  dozen  species,  natives  oi  east  em  Asia, 
with  a,  single  species  on  the  Pacific  slope  of 
North  America.  See  chinkapin,  1. 
castaway  (kast'a-wa);  «.  ami  n.  [<  cast,  pp. 
of  cast*-,  v.,  +  away.]     I.  n.  1.  One  who  or 

that  which  has  been  east  away  or  lost;  specifi- 
cally,  a    ship    wreck.  .1    or    lo'i-  I    on    an    iinfrc- 
uted   coast,   or   a   person    shipwrecked   on 
such  a  coast. 

\  ea  I 

i  i He-  I i\  lo.k.-.  "i  life. 

Willi:n, i  M,,rris.  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  331. 

lb  nee  —  2.  Aii  outcast;  a  reprobate;  one  mor- 
ally lost  or  ruined. 

But  I  keep  under  ray  body,  and  bring  it  into  subjection  ; 

hi    «  hi  n  I  ban-  preachi  -i  to  others, 

I  myself  should  be  a  castaway.  I  i  !or.  ix.  27. 


castellar 

II.  a.  In  or  pertaining  to  the  state  of  being 
a  castaway;  wrecked;  ruined:  as,  a  castaway 
ship. 

We  ,  ,  .  only  remember,  at  our  casta, cut  leisure,  the 
imprisoned  immortal  soul,  Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World. 

cast-by  (kast'bi),  n.     A  discarded  person  or 
thing;  a  castaway.     [Scotch.] 
Wha  could  tak  interest  in  sic  a  cast-by  as  I  am  now? 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xx. 

caste't,  a.    A  Middle  English  variant  of  chaste. 

caste-  (kast),  «.  [Formerly  cast,  only  recently 
as  P.  caste,  <  Pg.  casta  ( >  Sp.  casta  ),  breed,  race, 
caste ;  first  applied  to  the  classes  of  the  Hindus 
by  the  Portuguese,  who  were  the  earliest  colo- 
nists in  India;  prop.  fern,  of  casta,  <  L.  castus, 
pure,  >  OP.  chaste,  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]  1.  One  of 
the  artificial  divisions  or  social  classes  into 
which  tlie  Hindus  are  rigidly  separated  accord- 
ing to  the  religious  law  of  Brahmanism,  and  of 
which  the  privileges  or  disabilities  are  trans- 
mitted by  inheritance,  [lie  principal  castes  are  four 
in  number :  1st,  the  Brahmans,  or  the  sacerdotal  caste;  2d, 
the  Kshatriyas,  modern  Rajputs,  or  military  caste;  3d, 
the  Vaisyas,  or  husbandmen  ami  merchants,  who  have  now 
in  many  districts  become  merged  in  the  second  and  fourth 
castes  ;  4th,  the  Sudras,  or  laborers  and  mechanics.  The 
Brahmans  are  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  the  mouth 
of  Brahma,  the  Kshatriyas  from  his  arms,  the  Vaisyas 
from  his  belly  and  thighs,  and  the  Sudras  from  his  feet. 
The  Brahman  represents  religion;  the  Kshatriya,  war; 
the  Vaisya,  commerce  and  wealth;  and  the  Sudra,  labor. 
There  are  many  subdivisions  of  caste,  and  although  the 
Sudras  are  degraded  far  below  the  laaliinans,  Kshatriyas, 
and  Vaisyas,  there  are  reckoned  thirty-six  .subdivisions 
lower  than  the  Sudras.  Lowest  of  all  are  the  Pariahs,  w  ho 
are  supposed  to  be  of  no  caste,  and  mere  outcasts  from 
humanity.  Of  the  castes,  the  first  three  are  the  natural 
and  gradually  established  divisions  of  the  Aryan  invaders 
and  conquerors  of  India  ;  the  fourth  was  made  up  of  the 
subjugated  aborigines.  The  Sanskrit  name  for  caste  is 
vania,  color,  the  different  castes  having  been  at  first 
marked  by  differences  of  complexion,  according  to  race, 
and  in  some  degree  according  to  occupation  and  conse- 
quent exposure.  Besides  the  original  castes,  numerous 
mixed  classes  or  castes  have  sprung  up  in  the  progress 
of  time,  and  are  dependent  upon  trade,  occupation,  or 
profession ;  in  fact,  the  essentia]  principle  in  the  system 
of  caste  is  the  confining  of  employments  to  hereditary 
classes.  Castes  are,  according  to  Indian  social  standards, 
either  "high"  or  "low."  The  same  term  is  also  used  of 
somewhat  similar  classes  in  other  countries. 

The  system  of  caste  involves  the  worst  of  all  wrongs  to 
humanity  —  that  of  hallowing  evil  by  the  authority  and 
sanction  of  religion.  Faithso/the  World,  p,  30. 

To  be  subjugated  by  an  inferior  caste  was  a  degradation 
beyond  all  other  degradation.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

Offensive  as  is  the  law-caste  Indian,  ...  I  had  rather 
sir  the  lowest  Pariahs  of  the  low,  than  a  single  trim, 
smooth-faced,  smooth-wayed,  clever  high-caste  Hindoo  on 
my  lands  or  in  my  colony. 

W.  O.  Pair/rave,  in  Fortnightly  Rev. 

Hence — 2.  A  division  of  society,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  grading  society,  according  to  external 
conditions;  a  class  or  grade  separated  from 
others  by  differences  of  wealth,  hereditary  rank 
or  privileges,  or  by  profession  or  employment. 

Where  the  operations  became  hereditary,  a  system  of 
castes  arose.  This  system  has  never  been  rigid  in  Western 
Europe,  however,  as  it  lias  been  in  India  and  other  coun- 
tries of  tlie  East. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  134. 

Her  manner  had  not  that  repose 
Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vere. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 
The  spirit  of  caste  morally  tortures  its  victims  with  as 
much  coolness  as  the  Indian  tortures  his  enemy. 

H.  Spencer,  .Social  Statics,  p.  221. 

To  lose  caste,  to  be  degraded  from  the  caste  to  which 
one  belongs  ;  lose  social  position. 

castellan  (kas'te-lan), ».  [<  ME.  castellain,  cas- 
i,hin,  <  OF.  castettain,  chastelain,  P.  chatelain 

(cf.  chatelaine)  =  Pr.  Sp.  castellan  =  Cat.  cas- 
1,11,1  —  Pg.  castellSo  =  It.  castellano,  <  ML.  cas- 
tellanus,  keeper  of  a  castle,  <  L.  castellum,  a  cas- 
tle :  see  castle.]  A  governor  or  constable  of  a 
castle.    Also  written  castellain. 

castellano  (kas-tel-ya'no),  n.  [Sp.,  an  ancient 
Spanish  coin,  the  fiftieth  part  of  a  mark  of 
gold,  etc..  prop,  adj.,  Castilian,  Spanish.  See 
'  'astilian.  |  A  Smith  American  weight  for  gold, 
equal  to  71.07  grains. 

castellany  (kas'te-la-ni),  «.;  pi.  castellanies 
(-niz).  [Same  as  chatellany  (<  i\  chatellenie); 
=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cast, II, mill,  <  Ml.,  castellania, 
<  cast,  nanus,  a  castellan:  see  castellan.]  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  castellan  ;  tlie  lordship  belong- 
ing to  a  castle,  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and  ju- 
risdiction.   Also  called  chatellany. 

Earl  Allan  has  Mil  Inn  his  castellany,  or  the  jurisdiction 
of  his  castle,  "imi  manors,  all  but  one. 

Kelt/am.  Iiomesday  Book,  p.  147. 

castellar  (kas'te-lSr),  ».    [<  ML.  as  if  "casteU 

Inns.   <    I,,   castilliini,  castle:  see  castle]     Be- 
longing or  pertaining  to  a  castle. 
Ancient  castellar  dungeons.      Walpole,  bitters,  IV.  480. 


castellate 

castellate  (kas'te-lat),  n.  [<  ML.  castellatum, 
the  precinct  of  a  castle,  <  L.  east.  Hum.  :i  castle.] 
A  lordship  or  castellany. 

Here  we  entered  into  the  province  <>f  Candle,  and  the 
castellate  of  Kenurio. 

Poeocke,  Description  ol  the  East,  II.  249. 

castellated  (kas'te-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  castel- 
latus,  pp.  of  castellare,  furnish  with  turrets  or 

battlements,   fortify,  <  L.  east, limn,  a  castle: 
see  ensile.]     1.  Furnished  with  turrets  and  bat- 
tlements, like  a  castle;   buill    in   the  style  of  B 
castle:  as,  a  castellated  mansion. 
The  room  lay  in  a  high  turret  of  the  castellated  abbej 

P<M,     hil.    I,    I.    161. 

2.  Inclosed  in  a  building,  as  a  fountain  or  cis- 
tern.   Johnson. 
castellation  (kas-te-la'shon),  n.     [<  ML.  cas- 

ti llatin(n-),  <  castellate:  sec  castellated.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  castellated.— 2.  The  act  of 
fortifying  a  house  and  rendering  it  a  castle,  or 
of  giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  castle  by  pro- 
viding it  with  battlements,  etc. 

castellet  (kas'te-let),  n.  [<  ME.  castelet,  <  OF. 
castelet,  F.  chdtclct  =  Pr.  castelet  =  Sp.  castil- 
lijn  =  I'g.  eastt  lleji),  castellete  =  It.  castelletto,  < 
ML.  castelletum,  like  castellulum,  dim.  of  L.  cas- 
tellum, a  castle:  see  castle  and  -c/.]  A  small 
castle;  a  peel-tower  or  other  fortified  residence 
too  small  to  rank  as  a  castle.  Also  written  cas- 
tlet.     [Kare.] 

castelryt,  n.    See  castlery. 

castent.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  east1. 
Chaucer. 

caster  (kas'ter),  ».  [<  ME.  castere;  <  cast1,  v., 
+  -er1.]  1.  One  who  easts,  (a)  One  who  throws 
dice ;  a  gambler. 

The  jovial  caster's  set,  and  seven's  the  nick, 
Or — done  !  —  a  thousand  on  the  coining  trick. 

Byron,  Eng.  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 

(b)  One  who  computes ;  a  calculator ;  especially,  a  calcu- 
lator of  nativities. 

In  licnesse  of  a  deuynour  and  of  a  fats  castere  he  eymeth 
that  he  knowith  not.  Wttclif,  Prov.  xxiii.  7  (Oxf.). 

(c)  One  who  assigns  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the  actors.  ((/) 
One  who  makes  eastings;  a  founder.  * 

2.  A  vessel  used  to  contain  things  in  a  powder- 
ed, liquid,  or  vaporous  form,  and  to  cast  them 
out  when  needed;  specifically,  a  bottle,  vial, 
cruet,  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  contain  con- 
diments for  the  table;  also,  a  stand  containing 
a  set  of  such  vessels.  See  casting-bottle,  pepper- 
caster,  etc. 

Thuributus,  a  castere  of  cense. 

A.  S.  and  Old  Eng.  Vocab.  (2d  ed.  Wright), 
[col.  616,  L  21. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the 
leg  of  a  piece  of  furniture,  in  order  to  facilitate 

moving  about  without  lifting. 
In  this  sense  also  improperly 
spelled  castor. — 4f.  A  cloak. 
DeJeJcer. —  5.  A  horse  sold  out  of 
a  regiment  as  useless.  1  Anglo- 
Ind.] 
-caster.  A  suffix  in  place-names, 
appearing  in  several  other 
forms,  as  -cester,  -Chester.  See 
Chester. 
Table-teg  Caster,  caster- wheel  (kas'ter-hwel),  n. 
A  wheel  which  turns  about  an 
axis  held  in  a  stock,  which  itself 
turns  on  a  pivot  or  vertical  spindle  placed  at  a 
considerable  distance  in  front  of  the  bearing- 
point  of  the  face  of  the  wheel:  a  construction 
which  enables  the  wheel  to  swerve  readily  to 
either  side  of  the  line  of  draft.  It  is  a  very  com- 
mon attachment  to  agricultural  implements,  as 
plows,  harvesters,  etc. 
castetet,  »■  A  Middle  English  form  of  chastity. 
cast-gate  (kast'gat),  n.  In  founding,  the  chan- 
nel through  which  the  metal  is  poured  into  a 
mold. 

castice  (kas'tis),  n.  [=  F.  castice  =  Sp.  castizo, 
<  Pg.  castico,  prop,  an  adj.,  castico,  fern,  castica, 
of  good  birth,  <  casta,  race,  family:  see  caste*.] 
A  person  of  Portuguese  parentage  born  and 
living  in  the  East  Indies.  Compare  Creole. 
Also  spelled  cos  tees. 
castificationt  (kas"ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  as 
if  *castijicalai{n-),  <  ensttjieare,  pp.  castificatus, 
purify,  <  L.  castas,  pure,  chaste,  +  -ficare,  <  fa- 
cere,  make.]  The  process  of  making  chaste; 
purification  in  a  moral  sense;  chastity;  purity. 

Let  no  impure  spirit  defile  the  virgin  purities  and  "cos- 
tifications  of  the  soul,"  as  St.  Peter's  phrase  is. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  708. 

Castigate  (kas'ti-g:it),  <>.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eas- 

ttgated,  ppr.  castigating.     [<  L.  castigatus,  pp. 

of  castigare,  purify,  correct,  chastise,  <  castas, 

pure  (>  E.  chaste),  +  agcrc,  do,  make;  of.  pur- 

54 


having     antifriction 
rollers,  c,  c. 


849 

gore  (>  E.  purge),  <  punts,  pure,  +  agere.  Older 
V..  forms  from  rastigare  are  chasten  and  chas- 

ttse,  q.  v.]  1.  To  chastise;  punish  by  stripes; 
correct  or  punish,  in  general. 

If  thou  didst  put  tiiis  Bour-cold  habit  on 
To  castigate  thy  pride,  t  were  well. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  8. 

2.   To  subject  to  a  severe  anil  critical  scrutiny  ; 

criticize  for  the  purpose  of  correcting;  emend: 

as,  to  castigate  the  text  of  an  author. 

He  had  adjusted  and  castigated  the  then  Latin  Vulgate. 

Bentley,  Letters,  p.  237. 

A  castigated  copy  ol  it  [a  work  of  Cervantes]  was  printed 

by  Arrieta,  Tieknor,  spun.  Lit,  II    122. 

castigation  (kas-ti-ga'shon),  n.     [(.castigate: 
see  -ation.]    The  net  of  castigating,   (o)  punish- 
ment by  whipping  ;  correction  ;  chastisement  ;  difli  ipline. 
Violent  events  do  not  always  argue  the  anger  of  God; 
even  death  itself  is,  to  his  Bervants,  a  fatherly  castigatv  n 
Bp.  Ball,  lli.  Seduced  Prophi  t. 
The  keenest  castigation  of  her  slanderers.  Irvin  t, 

iM  Critical  scrutiny  and  emendation  :  correction  of  tea 
i  nd  errors, 
castigator  (kas'ti-ga-tor),  ».  [=  Pr.  <  istigador 
=Sp.  Pg.  castigador,  <  L.  castigator,  <  castigare: 
see  castigate.']  One  who  castigates  or  corrects, 
castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
casUgatorius,  <  castigator,  a  corrector:  see  cas- 
tigator.] I.  a.  Serving  to  castigate;  tending 
to  correction;  corrective;  punitive. 

Penalties  .  .  .  either  probatory,  castigatory,  or  exem- 
plary. Abp.  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 
II.  ». ;  pi.  eastigataries  (-riz).  Something  that 
serves  to  castigate  ;  specifically,  an  apparatus 
formerly  used  in  punishing  scolds.  Also  called 
ducking-stool  and  trebucket. 
Castile  SOap.     See  snap. 

Castilian  (kas-til'ian),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Castil- 
Inn  =  Pg.  < 'astt  llama,  <  Sp.  CasteUano,  <  Costilla, 
Oastile ;  so  called  from  the  numerous  forts  (cas- 
tillos:  see  castle)  erected  on  the  frontiers.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  Castile  (formerly  written  Cas- 
lilli  ),  a  former  kingdom  in  the  central  part  of 
Spain,  now  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Old 
and  New  Castile— Castilian  furnace.  See  furnace. 
II.  ».  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Castile. 

Castilleia  (kas-ti-le'yii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Castillejo, 
a  Spanish  botanist.]  A  large  genus  of  herba- 
ceous plants,  natural  order  Sero/iliulaiiaci-a; 
mostly  perennials,  natives  of  North  America 
and  Asia.  Thereareabout25speciesintheu"nitedStates. 
Their  yellow,  purple,  or  scarlet  flowers  are  in  terminal 
spikes,  with  large  colored  bracts  often  more  showy  than 
the  (lowers.  C.  coccinea,  the  common  species  of  the  At- 
lantic states,  is  popularly  known  as  painted-cup. 

Castilloa  (kas-ti-lo'a),  «.     [NL.,  <  Sp.  Costilla, 

Castile:  see  Castilian.]  A  genus  of  plants,  of 
one  or  two  arboreous  species,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America,  of  the  natural  order  r>tieace(e,  and 
allied  to  the  breadfruit,    c.  elastka  is  valuable  as 


Flowering  Branch  of  Castilloa  elastica. 

the  source  of  the  india-rubber  i>f  Centra]  America.  The 
milky  juice  of  the  tree  is  obtained  by  incisions  in  the  bark, 
and  is  coagulated  by  the  addition  of  alum  or  of  a  decoc 
tion  of  the  moon-plant,  Calonyction  speciosum,  A  large 
tree  is  said  to  yield  eight  gallons  of  milk  when  first  cut, 
each  gallon  making  about  two  pounds  of  rubber, 
casting  (kas'ting),  n.  [ME.  casting;  verbal  n. 
of  cast1,  v.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  founding. 
It  is  mi  coining,  sir, 
It  is  but  casting.  /:.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iii.  2. 
2.  In  the  fine  arts,  the  process  of  taking  casts 
or  impressions  of  statues,  medals,  etc.,  in  clay, 
pitch,  plaster,  or  fused  metal. —  3.  That  which 
has  been  cast,  or  formed  by  running  melted 
metal  into  a  mold  of  any  desired  form.  When 
used  without  qualification,  the  word  usually  de- 
notes a  casting  of  iron. — 4.  Anything  appear- 
ing as  if  cast  in  a  mold;  specifically,  a  string- 
shaped  mass  of  earth  voided  by  an  earthworm ; 
a  worm-east. 

I  resolved  ...  to  weigh  all  the  castings  thrown  up 
within  a  given  time  in  a  measured  space,  instead  of  ascer- 
taining the  rate  at  which  objects  left  mi  lie  surfai  e  wen 
buried  by  worms.  Darwin.  The  Earth-worm. 


casting-weight 

5t.   Vomiting;  vomit. 

Tin  hound  turnyde  agen  to  Ids  castyng. 

II  yelif,  2  Pet.  ii.  22. 

6.  Same  us  cast1,  is. —  ~t.  A  purge  consisting 

of  pellets  ot  hemp,  i-otton,  feathers,  or  the  like, 
given  in  hawks. 

Rie.  We  have  been  used  too  long  like  hawks  already. 
Ubald.  w  e  are  not  bo  hiMh  in  our  tksii  now  t<>  need  catt- 
ing. M"  tsingt  r,  The  Picture,  v.  l. 

8f.   Contrivance;  distribution;  arrangement. 

Distrlbutlo  is  that  useful  casting  of  all  room    I tin.-, 

entertainment,  or  pleasure.   Wot  ton,  Elem.  of  Architecture. 

9.  In  sail-mal.iug,  the  calculated  dimensions 
and  shape  of  each  doth  in  a  sail. —  10f.  Luck, 
.•is  in  dealing  cards. 

Tai.  I  d  beastb  <-<atut>j.  Jai  i- 

Jack.  o,  aliominalile.  sir!  you  had  tin-  scurviest  hand. 
Hiddleton,  Vour  Five  Gallants,  iv.  2. 

Chilled  casting,  a  metal  easting  the  snrfa f  wiiieli 

has  been  hardened  either  by  easting  in  an  iron  mold  erby 
exposure  while  red-hot  to  sudden  cooling  by  air  or  water, 
or  by  contact  with  any  g I  conductor  which  is  at  a  com- 
paratively tow  temperature.  The  effect  is  to  givi  asurface 
ol  extreme  hardness.  Such  castings  are  used  for  a  multi- 
tude of  purposes,  as  for  rolls,  anvils,  plowshares,  mold- 
boards,  stamps,  etc..  wherever  much  attrition  u  to  be 
.sustained.  —  Cliche  casting.  SeecfteM  Compression 
casting,  a  method  of  casting  in  molds  of  putters  clay, 
with  sufficient  pressure  to  force  the  metal  into  the  most 
delicate  tracery  left  by  the  pattern.  It  is  used  in  casting 
stamps,  letters  and  numbers  for  houses,  house-builders' 
hardware,  etc.— Dry  casting,  a  method  of  easting  in 
ulnrh  the  molds  are  made  of  sand  and  afterward  dried. 

casting-bottlet  (kas'ting-bot'l),  «.  A  small 
vial  for  holding  or  for  sprinkling  perfumes;  a 
caster.    Also  called  casting-glass. 

Enter  Secco  with  a  casting-bottle,  sprinkling  his  hat  and 
face,  ami  a  little  looking-glass  at  his  girdle,  setting  ids 
-  - -iintcnanee.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  2. 

Hast  thou  no  perfumes  and  sweet  bags,  or  any  handsome 
casting  buttles  of  the  newest  model 

Scnit,  Keiiilworth,  II.  0. 

casting-box  (kas'ting-boks),  ii.  1.  hi  founding, 
a  tlask  which  holds  the  mold. — 2f.  Probably, 
a  small  box  used  like  a  casting-bottle. 

They  have  a  chain, 
My  rings,  my  easlitut-box  ef  geld,  my  purse  too. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  iii.  5. 

casting-glasst  (kas'ting-glas),  n.  Same  as 
casting-bottle. 

His  civet  and  his  casting-glass 
Have  lielpt  him  t-i  a  place  amongst  the  rest. 

/;.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  ids  Humour,  iv.  4. 

casting-ladle  (kas'ting-la/dl),  «.     An  iron 

ladle  with  handles,  used  to  pour  molten  metal 
into  a  mold, 
casting-net   (kas' ting-net),   ».    A  net  which 
is  cast  and  immediately  drawn,  in  distinction 
from  one  which  is  set. 

We  Govern  this  War  as  an  unskilful  Man  does  a  Cast- 
ing-Net. Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  110. 

casting-pit  (kas'ting-pit),  ».  The  space  in  a 
foundry  in  which  the  molds  are  placed  and  the 
eastings  made. 

In  the  centre  of  the  [liessemer]  casting-pit  is  fixed  a 
hydraulic  crane.  .  .  .  The  crane,  after  the  ladle  has  re- 
ceived the  charge  of  molten  steel  from  the  converter,  is 
rotated  in  a  horizontal  plane  over  the  tops  of  the  moulds 
around  the  periphery  of  the  pit,  and  the  taphole  of  the 
ladle  is  thus  brought  successively  over  the  centre  of  each 
mould,  into  which  the  metal  from  the  ladle  is  tapped. 

Iir.  //.  Greenwood,  Iron  and  steel,  p.  469. 

casting-pot  (kas'ting-pot),  ».  A  pot  or  cruci- 
ble of  plumbago,  fire-clay,  or  other  material, 
in  which  metals  or  other  fusible  substances  are 
melted. 

casting-press  (kas ' ting-pres),  ».  A  press  in 
which  metal  is  cast  under  pressure. 

casting-slab  (kas 'ting-slab),  n.  In  glass- 
manuf,  the  slab  or  plate  of  a  casting-table. 

casting-table  (kas'ting-ta'bl),  ».  In  glass- 
manuf,  a  table  on  which  molten  glass  is  poured 
in  making  plate-glass,  its  top  is  a  large  polished 
plate  of  metal, t ly  iron,  having  metal  Hand's  of  the 

same  depth  as  the  thickness  of  tile  glass,  to  keep  the  glass 

from  running  off  at  the  sides.     A  massive  copper  cylin 

d.-r  extends  entirely  across  the  table,  resting  on  the  side 
flanges,  and  tins,  being  set  in  mot  ion,  spreads  the  glass  out 
into  a  sheet  of  uniform  breadth  and  thickness. 

casting-vote  (kas'ting-vot'),  »•  The  vote  of 
•i  presiding  officer  in  an  assembly  or  council, 
thrown  to  decide  a  question  when  the  votes  cast 
by  the  members  are  equally  divided.  If  the  pre- 
siding officer  is  a  member  of  tin-  body,  he  may  give  the  cast- 
ing-vote, although  lie  has,  by  already  voting  as  a  mem- 
ber, created  the  tie  or  equal  division.  [Commonly  written 
as  two  words.] 

In  the  tinieof  Hastings  the  Governor  had  only  one  vote 

in  council,  ami,  in  case  of  an  equal  division,  a  casting  rote 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

casting-weight  (kas'ting-wat),  «.  .V  weight 
that  turnsthe  scale  of  a  balance,  or  makes  one 
side  preponderate. 


casting-weight 

\  man's  true  merit  'Us  not  hard  to  And; 
j;ul  ,  t,  standard  in  ins  muia, 

ddstoempli 

in  gratify,  tor  who  i  __ 

Satires,  l    177. 

cast-iron  (kast'i    em),  ».  and  a.    I    n.   [ron 

whioh  lias  i ii  oast,  thai  is,  melted  and  tub  into 

a  mold  in  which  it  assumes  the  desired  I 

n  wliich  has  bo  n  n  m.  it,  .1  in  a 
I  n   special  pui 
[ting  in  a  reverberators  furnace,  and 

t  from  the  blast-iurnaci      Chi  h isdi 

fr„,,,  thi      ;  ist  furnace  is  in  fact  ca  I 

ir,.n  -•  '"'' 

it  is  commonly  km  mplyaspig     See 

II   a.  1.  Made  of  east-iron:  us,  a  east-iron 
pot.— 2.  Having  the  quali  resembling 

cast-iron:  hence,  inflexible;  unyielding:  as,  a 
cast-iron  rule. 

His  [Spenser'8]  line  oar,  abhorrent  of  barbs 
nance      .  .  made  possible  the  transition  from  the  cast- 

i , ,,,  i  .111.1   Porrej  '  to  the  Damasi  as 
pUai  peare. 

I.  i;,  i..  '  \  \   361. 

cast-knitting  (kast'nit'ing),  n.  That  kind  of 
knitting  in  wliich  the  needle  is  passed  through 
the  mesh  from  the  inside  of  the  piece  of  hosiery 
which  is  being  knitted,  and  the  yarn  with 
which  the  new  mesh  is  made  is  held  on  the 

outside. 
castle  l  kas'll,  II.       [<)lK.IWt/l.«W(r! (lstle, 

village,  <  AS.  castel,  a  village,  =  D.  kasteel  = 
Icel.  kastali  =  Sw.  kastt  II  =  Dan.  kastel  =  OF. 
■  /,  chattel,  P.  castel,  chateau  (>  E.  chateau) 
=  Pr.  castelh  =  Cat.  casteU  =  Sp.  Castillo  =  Pg. 
It.  casteUo,  <  L.  eastellum,  a  castle,  fort,  citadel, 
stronghold,  dim.  of  castrum,  a  castle,  fort,  for- 
tified place,  usually  in  pi.  castra,  an  encamp- 
ment, a  camp,  a  military  station,  a  town  of 
military  origin  (>  AS.  roister:  see  -caster  and 
<■!„  ciected  with  casa,  a  cottage,  hut: 

Beocasa,  casino,  cassock,  etc.]  1.  A  building, 
or  series  of  connected  buildings,  fortified  for 
defense  against  an  enemy;  a  fortified  resi- 
dence; a  full  ress.  Castles,  in  the  sense  of  fortified 
.  outgrow  Hi  or  institution  of  feudalism, 
and  were  Brst  brought  t"  a  high  pitch  of  strength  and 
completeness  by  the  Normans.    In  England  there  were  few 


Castle  of  Coucy.  Aisnc,  France.     (From  VfoUet-le-Duc'S  "Diet,  dc 
I'Archit    ctuie.1 

or  do  castles,  properly  speaking,  till  the  time  of  William 
'.v  hi.  h  a  great  many  were  constructed 
mm  the  Norman  model.  At  flrst  the  donjon  or  keep  was  the 
only  part  ill  th.  castle  "I  great  strength,  ami  the  other 
baud  if  i re  i  ir  less  tem- 

porary mitu:  icenl mi  .however  the de 

loped,  and  the  keep 

bane  :  i.tral  part  of  a  group  of  buildings,  all 

md  mutually  contributing  to  the 

strength  and  of  the  whole.     The  cut 

r  ]      n,  France  built  In  the 

tliirt.  i  ground  is  the  outer  bailey 

antauunga chapel, stable  ,and 

i  e  to  tlii>  was  tin  meil 

i  i  or  antemural  (see  planundei  antemw 

el ;  '-,  the  gate,  approached  l>y 

ins,  and  hav 

e  to  vaulted 

.  rooms  with  above,  c  ;  -/. 

d     llllililitlL'S     1 

men  defending  the  walls  .,r  curtains;   f.  apartments  for 
the  i .  ft,  great 

hall,  wltl  tiionor  keep 

(the  cl  t  part  of  the 

lifted  in  form 
postern  lead 
ruunicating  with  an 

flanking  the  outer  walls. 

w  the  f""t  of  the  M 
btr-c  leet  make. 

MandevUU,  rravi 


850 

our  castle's  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn. 

Skak.,  Maelietli.  v.  5. 

The  house  Hf  even  one  is  to  him  as  his  castle  and  for- 
tress, as  well  for  defence  against  injury  and  violi  n 
[oi  in-  repo 

Sir  !■:.  Coke,  Reports,  Semayne  s  Case,  v.  fol,  91a 

2.  In  her.,  a  representation  of  two  or  more 
towers  connected  by  curtains,  often   having  a 

gateway  in  one  of  the  curtains,  and  always  em- 
battled, when  the  towers  are  represented  with  the 
windows  and  the  joints  between  the  stones  of  colors  dif- 
ferent from  that  "i  the  wall,  they  are  said  to  be  masoned 
or  windowed  gules,  or,  or  the  like.  When  the  windows 
are  Bhown  of  the  col  t  "i  the  Beld,  the  castle  is  said  t"  be 
,  .,„/  d  of  the  11.1,1.  .a  sometimes  ajouri.  The  door  is  called 
Mi,  port  .-  if  it  has  a  portcullis,  this  ami  its  color  are  men- 
tioned in  the  blazon. 

3.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or 
wealth:  somewhat  vaguely  applied,  but  usually 
t , . .- 1  large  and  more  or  less  imposing  building.  — 

4.  A  piece  made  in  the  form  of  a  castle,  donjon, 
or  tower,  used  in  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook. 
—  5.  A  kind  of  helmet. —  6.  Nant.,  a  kind  of 
fighting-tower  formerly  erected  on  war-galleys, 
etc.,  near  the  bow  and  stern,  and  called  re- 
spectively forecastle  and  aftcastle.  See  cut  un- 
der cadenas.—A  castle  In  the  air,  or  in  Spain,  a 
visionary  project;  a  vague  imagination  of  possible  wealth, 
tame,  happiness,  or  the  like  ;  a  day-dream.  (See  below.) — 
To  build  castles  in  Spain,  to  build  castles  in  the  air. 
(See  below.)  Theoriginof  this  phrase  (which  is  traced  hack 
in  trench  literature  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in  Eng- 
lish to  the  fourteenth)  is  doubtful.  It  has  been  attributed 
to  the  boasting  by  Spanish  adventurers  in  France  of  their 
lordly  residences,  which  existed  only  in  their  imaginations; 
and  less  probably  to  a  supposed  prohibition  at  sonic  time 
against  the  erection  of  fortifications  in  Spain.  Littre  thinks 
the  idea  is  simply  that  of  an  imaginary  castle  in  any  foreign 
country,  other  names  having  been  similarly  used,  and  that 
of  Spain  prevailing  as  most  familiar;  to  which  may  be 
added  that  its  real  origin  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  no- 
tion, always  prevalent,  of  the  attainment  of  great  wealth 
through  emigration  or  foreign  adventure. 

Thou  shalt  make  castels  thanne  in  Spayne, 
And  dreme  of  joye,  alle  hut  in  vayne. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2573. 

To  build  (or  maket)  castles  in  the  air,  to  form  schemes 
that  have  no  practical  foundation  ;  entertain  projects  that 
•  ■a  ii  in  it  be  carried  out;  indulge,  either  seriously  or  in  mere 
play  of  the  imagination,  in  pleasing  day-dreams,  especial- 
ly ol  great  wealth  or  power. 
When  I  build  castles  in  the  aire. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  Author's  Abstract. 

I  build  great  castles  in  tin'  skies, 

.  .  .   rear'd  and  raz'd  yet  without  hands. 

E.  of  Stirling,  Sonnets,  vi. 

w  ,-  hail  mi  right  to  build  castles  in  tin-  air  \\  ithout  any 
material  for  building,  and  have  no  ground  for  complaint 
wlnn  the  ait  v  fabric  tumbles  about  our  ears. 

II.  A'.  Oxenhani,  Short  Studies,  p.  21. 

=  Syn.  1.  See  fiirtinciitinii. 

castle  (kas'l),  i).  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  castled,  ppr. 
castling.  [<  castle,  ».,  4.]  In  chess,  to  move 
the  king  from  his  own  square  two  squares  to 
the  right  or  left,  and  bring  the  rook  or  castle 
to  the  square  the  king  has  passed  over.  Castling 
is  allowed  oiuy  when  neither  the  king  nor  the  castle  has 
moved,  when  there  is  no  piece  between  them,  and  when 
the  king  is  nut  in  cheek  and  does  not,  in  castling,  move 
over  "i  to  a  square  which  is  attacked  by  an  enemy's  man, 
that  is,  through  or  into  check. 

castle-builder  (kas'l-bil"der),  n.  1.  Oue 
who  builds  castles. — 2.  Especially,  one  who 
builds  castles  in  the  air;  a  visionary;  a  day- 
dreamer. 

I  .  .  .  am  one  of  that  species  of  men  who  are  properly 
denominated  castle-builders,  who  scorn  to  be  beholden  to 
the  earth  for  a  foundation.        Steele,  Spectator,  No.  167. 

castle-building  (kas'l-biFding),  v.  1.  The  act 
of  building  ensiles. — 2.  Especially,  building 
castles  in  the  air;  day-dreaming. 

The  pleasant  languor,  the  dreamy  tranquillity,  the  airy 
castle-building  which  in  Asia  stand  in  lieu  of  the  vigorous, 
intensive,  passionate  life  of  Europe. 

/;.  F.  Hurt, ,11.  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

castled  (kasld),  a.  [<  casOe  +  -ecA]  Fur- 
nished with  a  castle  or  castles. 

lie  castled  crag  "f  Drachenfels 

Frowns  11  ci-  the  wide  ami  winding  Rhine. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  55. 

castle-gartht  (kas'l-g&rth),  ».     The  precincts 

of  ;i  castle;  ;i  castle-yard. 

castle-guard  (kas'1-gSrd),  n.    1.  The  guard 

which  defends  a,  castle. — 2.  A  feudal  charge 
.it-  duty  due  from  a  tenant  to  his  lord,  payable 
either  in  personal  service  in  defending  the 
1. mi's  castle  < ,i-  l,\  commutations  in  money  in 
ceil  a  in  eases.  Hence —  3.  The  tenure  or  hold 
which  such  a  tenant  had  011  the  hind  granted 
him  by  his  lord. — 4.  The  circuit  around  a  cas- 
tle subject  to  taxation  for  its  maintenance. 

Also  called  castle-ward. 
castlery,  castelryt  (kas'l-ri,  -tel-ri),   «.;  pi. 
..1  tleries,  castelriesl  (-riz).     |<  til',  castellerie,  < 
ML.  "<  /■  liana,  equiv.  to  eastellania  :  see  rasti  I- 


castor 

Inn  11.}     1.  The  government  of  a  castle;  tenure 
of  a  castle. 
The  said  Robert  and  his  heirs  .  .  .  are  chief  banner- 

1 s  of  London  in  fee,  for  the  castelry  which  he  and 

his  ancestors  have,  of  Baynard  s  castle  in  tic  said  cite 

Blount,  Ancient  Tenures,  p.  lie. 

2.  A  domain  or  lief  maintaining  ;i  castle. 

castle-stead  (kas'1-sted),  n.  A  castle  and  the 
buildings  belonging  to  it. 

castlet  (kasi  'lei  1,  n.    Same  as  casteUet. 

castle-town  (kas'1-toun),  n.  [ME.  castellan,  < 
castel,  castle,  +  tun,  town.]  The  hamlet  close 
by  or  under  the  walls  or  protection  of  a  castle: 
hence  Castletown,  Castleton,  the  names  of  sev- 
eral towns  and  villages  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

castle-ward  (kas'l-wttrd),  n.  Same  as  castle- 
guard. 

castlewick  (kas'1-wik),  n.  The  territory  at- 
tnclie.l  to  or  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  castle. 

castlingt  (kast'ling),  n.  and  a.  [<  cast1,  v.,  I., 
1G,  +  dim.  -MnglJ]     I.  n.  An  abortion. 

We  should  rather  rely  on  the  urine  of  a  castling't  blad- 
der. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  a.  Abortive.     &  Butler,  Hudibras. 

Castnia  (kast'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Fabricius,  1807).] 
The  typical  genus  of  moths  of  the  family  Cast- 
iiinlie. 

castnian  (kast'm-an),  a.  and  11.  [<  NL.  Cast- 
nia +  -am.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Castnia. 

II.  h.  A  member  of  the  genus  Castnia  or  fam- 
ily '  'astiiiida ". 

Castniidae  (kast-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Castnia 
+  -/(/re]  A  family  of  Lepidoptera,  comprising 
the  moths  which  connect  the  sphinxes  with 
the  butterflies,  typified  by  the  genus  Castnia. 
They  are  sometimes  called  ntoth-sphinxes. 

castnioid  (kast'ni-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Castnia  + 
-aid.]  I.  a.  Resembling  a  moth  of  the  genus 
Castnia:  as,  a  castnioid  butterfly. 

II.   n.   A  hesperian  butterfly   of  the  tribe 
Castnioides. 

Castnioides  (kast-ni-oi'dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Castnia  +  -oides.~\  A  tribe  of  hesperian  lepi- 
dopterous  insects  combining  in  some  respects 
the  characters  both  of  moths  and  of  butterflies, 


Yucca-borer  ( MegathytHMSJ  ,,rrrr). 

<r.  e&B.  enlarged  ;  b,  b.  b.  egtfs.  natural  si.fc  ;  c,  larva,  just  hatched 

[line  shows  natural  size)  ;  ii,  female  moth. 

but  justly  regarded  as  having  most  affinities 
with  the  latter.  They  are  characterized  by  a  small 
head,  a  very  large  abdomen,  unarmed  front  tibia,,  and 
very  small  spurs  of  the  middle  and  hind  tibiae  The  tribe 
is  typified  by  the  yucca-borer,  Megathymus  yuccas,  for- 
merly fnxtiiin  yucas,  and  includes  the  genus  .Kijiale. 

castock  (kas'tok),  n.    Same  as  custock. 

cast-off1  (kast'of),  a.  [<  cast!  (pp.)  +  off.] 
Laid  aside  ;  rejected:  as,  cast-off 'livery. 

We  are  gathering  up  the  old  cast-off  clothes  of  others 
intellectually  above  us,  it  is  said. 

&  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  154. 

cast-off'2  (kast'of),  n.  [<  casfl  (inf.)  +  off]  1. 
In  firearms,  the  outward  bend  of  a  gun-stock, 
by  which  the  line  of  sight  is  brought  inward 
to  meet  the  eye  more  readily. — 2.  In  printing, 
the  computation  of  the  particular  space  to  be 
allowed  for  each  column  or  division  of  a  table, 
a  piece  of  music,  or  the  like:  as,  to  pass  the 
cast-off  (that  is,  to  communicate  to  other  com- 
positors the  result  of  such  a  computation). 

castont,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  capstan. 

castor1  (kas'tor),  ».  and  a.  [=  E.  Sp.  Pg.  cas- 
tor =  It.  east'ro.  caslore,  <  L.  castor,  a  beaver 
(for  which  the  native  L.  is  fiber  =  E.  6eat'e»-1),< 
(ir.  1  N-71,.,1,  a  beaver,  a  word  of  Eastern  origin: 
of,  Ski.  hisliiri,  >  Hind.  Malay  kasturi,  musk; 
Pers.  /./"i~.  a  beaver.]  I.  ».  1.  A  beaver.— 2. 
I  "i/i.  J    Among  French  Canadians,  one  of  the 


castor 

party  which  palled  itself  the  national  party,  the 
beaver  being  the  national  emblem  <>f  Canada. — 

3.  [<•«/).]  [NL]  A  genus  of  sciuromoiphioio 
dent  mammals,  typical  of  the  family  I'astoriihe. 
The  type  and  only  living  representative  is  the  beaver, 
Caator  fiber,  of  aquiitii-  h.iiiits,  having  the  feet  4-tncil,  tin- 
fore  feet  small, 
the  hinder  large, 
webbed,  with  the 
s. ml  toe  dou- 
ble-clawed ;  the 
tail  broad,  flat, 
oval,  naked,  and 
scaly;  and  the 
body  thickset, 
especially  be- 
hind. On  each 
side,  above  and 
below,    the    in-  *-*s -' 

CiSOrS    are    1,   Ca-  Skull  of  Beaver  {Outer  Jltcr). 

nines  0,   premo- 
lars 1,  and  molars  3,  making  20  teeth  in  all.    The  skull  re- 
sembles that  of  the  Sciurv&tB,  hut  lacks  postorbital  pro- 
cesses.   Sec  beaver1. 

4.  A  beaver  hat;  by  extension,  a  silk  hat. 

I  have  always  been  known  for  the  jaunty  manner  in 
which  I  wear  my  castor.  Scott. 

"Even  so,"  replied  the  stranger,  making  diligent  use 
of  his  triangular  castor  to  produce  a  circulation  in  the 
close  air  of  the  woods.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  ii. 

5.  A  heavy  quality  of  broadcloth  used  for  over- 
coats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver-skin  or  -fur,  or  of  the 
cloth  called  beaver. 
castor2  (kas'tor),  it.    [Also  called  castoreum,  of 


851 

its  weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  tho  liquid, 
from  which  the  eastorin  is  deposited. 

Castorina  (kas-to-ri'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neat, 
pi.  of  LL.  castorinus,  of  the  beaver,  <  L. castor: 
sec  castor1.  |  The  beaver  tribe  :  a  family  of  ro 
dent  animals,  comprising  the  beaver,  thocoypu, 
and  the  muskral  or  musquash.     [Not  in  use.  | 

castorine1  (kas'to-rin),  n.  [=  F.  castorine,  < 
Lli.  castorimis,  of  the  beaver:  see  Castorina.'] 
A  ootton-velvet  fabric. 

castorine'2,  «•    See  eastorin. 

castorite  (kas'to-rit),  ».  [<  castor8  +  *itez.] 
Same  as  castor^. 

Castoroides  (kas-to-roi'dez),  n.  [NL.  (J.  W. 
Poster,  L838),  <  Gfr.  ttaarap,  castor,  +  eldoc, 
form.  ]  Tin-  typical  genus  of  the  family  Casto- 
ronlnhe.    There  Es  i>ui  one  species,  C.  ohioensis,  the  so- 

called  fossil  beaver  of  North  America,  which  was  of  al t 

the  si/,-  of  the  black  hear,  and  hence  s awhat  excei  di  d 

in  size  the  capihara,  the  largest    of   living  rodents.      The 

skull  alone  was  about  a  loot  long.    The  known  remain 
are  all  from  Quaternars  deposits,  in  localities  from  C<  cs 
and  South  Carolina  to  Michigan  and  Ne»  Vork. 
Castoroididae  (kas-to-roi'di-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Castoroides  +  -iihe.]     A  family  of  rodents,  in- 
stituted for  the  reception  of  tho  genus  Casto- 
roides, related  on  the  one  hand  to  the  Casto- 
ridce or  beavers,  and  on  the  other  to  the  chin- 
chillas, cavies,  and  capibaras.    other  genera,  as 
Amblyraiza  and  Loxomylus,  arc  considered  to  be  probably 
referable  to  this  family.    The  skull  resembles  that  of  the 
Castorides,  but  the  dentition  is  entirely  different,  resem- 
that  of  chinchillas  and  capibaras 


which  castor  is  a  shortened  form;  =  F.  casto-  castor-oil  (kits' tor-oil'),  n.     [<  castor^  (from 


renin  =  Sp.  cast&reo  =  Pg.  It.  castoreo,  <  L.  ca 
toreuin,  <  Gr.  aaaropiov,  castor,  a  secretion  of  the 
beaver,  <  marap,  the  beaver:  see  castor^.]  A 
reddish-brown  substance  consisting  of  the  pre- 
putial follicles  of  the  beaver  and  their  contents, 
dried  and  prepared  for  commercial  purposes. 
It  has  a  strong,  penetrating,  enduring  odor,  and 
was  formerly  of  high  repute  in  medicine,  but  is 
now  used  chiefly  by  perfumers. 
castor3  (kas'tor),  n.  [Named  from  Castor  in 
Gr.  myth.:  see  Castor  and  Pollux.]  A  mineral 
found'  in  the  island  of  Elba  associated  with 
another  called  pollux.  it  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  lithium,  and  probably  a  variety  of  petalite.  It  is 
colorless  and  transparent,  with  aglistening  luster.  Also 
called  castorite. 

castor4,  ii.     See  roster,  3. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks). 
[Named  from  I  'astor  (Gr.  lidarup)  and  Pollux 
(Gr.  Ifo/twlf viaic),  in  Gr.  myth,  twin  sons  of  Zeus 
or  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  and  Leda, 
wife  of  Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta;  or  produced 
from  two  eggs  laid  by  her,  one  containing  Cas- 
tor and  Clyde n most  ra,  the  other  Pollux  (or  Poly- 
deuces)  and  Helen ;  or  all,  according  to  Homer, 
children  of  Leda  and  Tyndareus,  and  hence 
called  Tyndaridce.  Castor  and  Pollux  are  joint- 
ly called  the  Dioscuri,  sons  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter.] 

1.  In  astron.,  the  constellation  of  the  Twins, 
or  Gemini,  and  also  the  zodiacal  sign  named 
from  that  constellation,  although  the  latter  has 
moved  completely  out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a 
Geniinonim,  is  a  greenish  star  of  the  magnitude  1.6,  the 
more  northerly  of  the  two  that  lie  near  together  in  the 
heads  of  the  Twins.  Pollux,  0  Geminorum,  is  a  very  yel- 
low star  of  the  magnitude  1.2,  the  more  southerly  of  the 
same  pair.    .See  cut  under  Gemini. 

2.  Aii  ancient  classical  name  of  the  corposant, 
or  St.  Elmo's  fire. — 3.  [I.  c]  The  name  given  to 
two  minerals  found  together  in  granite  in  the 
island  of  Elba.     See  the  separate  names. 

castorate  (kas'to-rat),  n.  [<  castor{ic)  +  -ate1.] 
In  chem.,  a  salt  produced  from  the  combination 
of  eastoric  acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

castor-bean,  n.     See  bean1. 

castoreum  (kas-to're-urn),  n.  [L.]  Same  as 
castor®. 

eastoric  (kas-tor'ik),  a.  [<  castor*  +  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  castoreum :  as, 
eastoric  acid. 

Castoridae  (kas-tor'i-de),  n.pl.   [NL.,  <  Castor1, 


some  supposed  resemblance  to  that  substance) 


\  V 


Castor-oil  Plant  {Ricinus  communis'). 

+  oil.]  The  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  of  Ricinus 
roil/munis  (the  castor-oil  plant),  a  native  of  In- 
dia, but  now  distributed  over  all  the  wanner 
regions  of  the  globe.  The  oil  is 
obtained  from  the  seeds  by  bruiaing 
them  between  rollers  ami  then  pressing 
them  in  hempen  bags  in  a  strong  press. 
The  "ii  that  first  comes  away,  called 

coltl-ilnnrn  cttstor-m'1,  is  reckoned  the 

beat ;  an  inferior  quality  is  obtained  by 
heating  or  steaming  the  pressed  seeds, 
;nnl  again  subjecting  them  to  pressure. 
The  oil  is  afterward  heated  to  the 
boiling-point,  in  order  to  separate  tht- 
albumen  and  impurities.  <  !astor-oil 
is  used  medicinally  as  a  mild  but  effi- 
cient purgative.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
fixing  agent  in  cotton-dj  eing,  especial- 
ly in  dyeing  a  Turkey-red  color  from 
madder.  In  its  Baponifled  state  it  is 
sold  under  various  names,  as  Turkey- 
red  oil,  alizarin  oil,  tndphated  oil,  solu- 
ble oil,  etc.  -Castor-oil  plant,  the  plant  Ricinus  com- 
munis, which  produces  castor-oil.  It  is  often  cultivated 
for  ornament  under  the  name  of  Palma  Christi,  grows  to 
a  height,  of  6or8  feet  or  more,  with  broad  palmate  leaves, 
and  varies  much  in  the  color  of  its  stem,  leaves,  etc. 


a,  fruit  of  castor-oil 
plant ;  b,  seed ;  c, 
section  of  same. 


casual 

castrate  (kas'trat),  v.  t. ;  prot.  and  pp.  castrated, 
ppr.  castrating.  [<  L.  castratus,  pp.  of  cas- 
Irnre  (>  OF.  'castrir,  cnslnr  (<■(.  castri,  cas- 
trated), P.  chdtrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  castrar=  It. 

castrare),  castrate,   prune,   curtail,   expurgate; 
akin   to   Skt.  castra,   ii    knife.  I      1.  To  deprive 

of  the  testicles;  geld;  emasculate. —  2.  In  hot., 
to  deprive  (a  flower)  of  its  anthers.    Darwin. — 

3.  To  remove  something  objectionable  from, 

lis  obscene   parts  from  a   writing;   expurgate; 

destroy  the  si  length  or  virility  of;  emasculate. 

The  Following  letter,  which  1  have  castrated  in  some 

places.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  179. 

4.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from,  and  ren- 
der imperfect  ;  mutilate. 

A  castrated  sel  "!  Qolinshed's  chronii  lea  Todd. 

5.  Figuratively,   to  take   tho   vigor  or  spirit 
from ;  mortify. 

\ .  castrate  the  desires  of  the  flesh,  and  shall  obtain  a 
nil.  ample  reward  of  grace  in  heaven. 

T.  Martin,  Marriage  o!  Priestes,  Sig.  Y,  i.  b. 
castrate  (kas'trat ),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  castrat,  n., 
=  Sp.  castrado,  a.  and  n.,  =  Pg.  castrado,  n.,  = 
It.  castrato,  n.,  <  L.  castratus,  pp. :  see  the 
verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Gelded;  emasculated. —  2.  In 
hot.,  deprived  of  the  anthers;  anantherous:  ap- 
plied to  stamens  or  flowers. 

II.  ii.  One  who  or  that  which  has  been  cas- 
1  rated,  gelded,  or  emasculated  ;    a  eunuch. 

castrater  (kas  tra-ter),  ».  [=F.  chatreur  =  Sp. 
Pg.  castrador  =  It.   castratore,  <  LL.  castrator, 

<  L.ctistrarc:  see  castrate,  v.]  One  who  cas- 
trates. 

castrati,  «.    Plural  of  castrato. 

castration  (kas-tra'shpn),  «.  [<  ME.  castra- 
eiouii,  <  F.  east  rut  inn  =  Pr.  castrado  =  Sp.  cas- 
tration =  Pg.  castracao  =  It.  castrazione,  <  L. 
enstriitiuin-),  <  castrare,  castrate:  see  castrate, 
r.]  The  act  of  castrating,  or  state  of  being 
castrated. 

castrato  (kas-tra'to),  n. ;  pi.  castrati  (-te).  [It. : 
see  castrate,  a.  and  n.]  A  male  person  emas- 
culated during  childhood  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  change  of  voice  which  natu- 
rally occurs  at  puberty;  an  artificial  or  male 
soprano.  The  voice  of  such  a  person,  alter  arriving  at 
adull  age,  combines  the  liij.'h  ran^e  ami  sweetness  of  the 

female  with  the  power  ol  the  male  voice. 

castrelt,  »■     Same  as  kestrel.     Beau,  and  Fl. 
castrensial  (kas-tren'shial),  a.    [<  L.  castrensis 
(>  Sp.  Pg.  It.  eastrense),  pertaining  to  a  camp, 

<  castra,  a  camp.]  Belonging  to  a  camp.  Sir 
T.  Browne.     [Rare.] 

castrensian  (kas-tren'shian),  a.  Same  as  cas- 
trensial.    Cotes,  1717.     [Pare.] 

castrilt,  »-     Same  as  kestrel. 

castrum  (kas'trum),  ».;  pi.  castra  (-tra).  [L., 
a  castle,  fort,  fortress,  a  fortified  town,  in  pi. 
castra,  a  camp;  hence  ult.  E.  -caster,  Chester, 
and  (through  dim.  castellum)  castle,  q.  v.]  A 
Roman  military  camp.     See  camp*. 

The  ancient  castle  occupies  the  site  of  a  Roman  cas- 
'"'"'  Encyc,  Brit.,  XIV.  254. 

cast-shadow  (kast'shad"6),  n.  In  painting,  a 
shadow  east  by  an  object  within  the  picture, 
and  serving  to  bring  it  out  against  the  objects 
behind  it. 

cast-steel  (kast'stel),  ».  Steel  which  has  been 
rendered  homogeneous  by  remelting  in  cruci- 
bles or  pots:  for  this  reason  sometimes  called 
crucible  or  homogeneous  steel.  This  process  was  in- 
veiite.l  by  Benjamin  Huntsman  (horn  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  1704),  and  brought  to  perfection  some  time 
before  L770.  east  steel  is  made  by  the  melting  of  blister- 
steel,  bar-iron,  or  puddled  steel,  with  the  addition  of  bar- 
iron.  ,-aibon,  manganese  ore,  or  spiegeleisen,  in  small 
quantities,  according  to  the  character  of  the  steel  desired 
to  be  produced.  The  finest  cast-steel  is  made  from  Swed- 
ish bar-iron  manufactured  from  ore  practically  free  from 
sulphur  and  phosphorus.     See  iron  and  steel. 

casual  (kaz'u-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  casuel,  <  F. 
i-asiiel  =  Pr.'Sp.  Pg.  casual  =  It.  eusualc,  <  LL. 
easiialis,  of  or  by  chance,  <  L.   casus  (easu-), 


3, +-«te.]  Afamilyof  sciuromorjjhicsimplici-  castoryt  (kas'to-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kaardptov,  a  cer- 
tain color,  neut.  of  Kaardpior,  pertaining  to  the 
beaver,  <  Kdorup,  the  beaver:  see  castor1,  and 
cf.  castor*.]    A  color  of  an  unknown  shade. 

As  polisht  yvory 
Which  cunning  Craftesman  band  bath  overlayd 
With  favre  vermilion  or  pure  Castory. 

Spenser,  P.  ().,  II.  ix.  41. 
castra,  ».     Plural  of  castrum. 
castrametation  (kas   tra-me-ta'shpn),  n.  [= 
F.  castrametation  =  Bp." castrametation  =  Pg. 

eiistrami  taetlo  =  It.  casiramelazioue,  <  ML.  COS- 
tranielatio(n-),  <  LL.  eastrametari,  pp.  castra- 
inelaliis.  pitch  a  camp,  <  L.  castra,  a  camp  (see 
castle).  +  niitari.  measure.]  The  ,-nl  or  acl  of 
encamping ;  the  marking  or  laying  out  of  a  camp. 


chance,  accident,  event,  >  E. 


q.  v.]     I. 


dent  rodent  quadrupeds,  typified  by  the  genus 
Castor,  the  beaver,  its  only  living  representative. 
There  are,  however,  several  fossil  genera,  as  Eueastor  and 
Steneofiber,  and  probably  others.  The  tibia  and  fibula 
unite  in  old  age,  contrary  to  the  rule  in  the  sciurine  se- 
ries of  rodents;  the  skull  is  massive,  without  postorbital 
processes ;  the  dentition  is  powerful,  with  rootless  or  only 
late-rooting  molars ;  clavicles  are  present ;  there  is  an  ac- 
cessory carpal  ossicle;  the  salivary  glands  are  enormous, 
ami  the  stomach  has  a  glandular  appendage  ;  the  urogen 
ital  system  opens  into  a  cloaca,  and  the  Weberian  bodies 
are  developed  as  a  uterus  masculinus;  and  large  preputial 
glands  or  scent-bags  secrete  the  substance  known  aa  cas- 
tor.   See  castor!  and  beavefi. 

eastorin,  castorine- (kas'to-rin),  ».  [<  castor* 
+  -/'/i2,  -me*)  =  Sp.  castbrinaj]  An  animal 
principle  obtained  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times 


<t.  1.  Happening  or  coming  to  pass  without 
(apparent  j  pa  use,  without  design  on  the  part  of 
the  agent,  in  an  unaccountable  manner,  or  as 
a  mere  coincidence  or  accident;  coming  by 
chance;  accidental:  fortuitous;  indeterminate: 
as,  a  casual  encounter. 

Ijiv  brother  of  this  ffraternyte,  that  hath  don  hys  dew- 
fceys  well  and  trewly  to  the  ffraternite,  come  or  fall  to 
pouerte  by  the  visitation  of  god,  or  by  casuell  auenture, 
and  hath  not  wher-of  to  leve,  that  he  niave  haue,  every 
weke,  of  the  almys.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  319. 
That  which  seemeth  most  casual  and  subject  to  fortune 
is  yet  disposed  by  the  ordinance  of  Cod. 

Raleigh,  Hist,  of  World. 
He  tells  how  casual  bricks  in  airy  climb 
Encountered  casual  cow-hair,  casual  lime. 

11.  and  J.  Smith,  Rejected  Addresses. 


casual 

U  or  acci- 
den!  '     '    '     "'''    '      ' "  '" 

2.  Occasional:  coming  at  uncertain  times,  or 
without  regularity,  in  distinction  from  stated 
or  regular;  incidental :  as,  casual  expenses. 

Is  II  a  certain  biu 

V.  ./.  m,  iii.  2. 

The  revenue  ol  Ii 

:  in   "i  Ireland. 

ne  may  do  a  i  food  nature, 

men! 

Casual  ejector,  in  he  to  the  defen- 

dant In  the  fictitious  action  of  ejectment  formerly  all 
l,v  th  lw,  where  the  real  object  of  the  action 

rmiue  a  title  to  land.    To  form  the  ground  of 
au  action,  th<  ■  claim  to  the  land  granted 

a  lease  of  it  to  a  fl<  >n   usually  designated  John 

and  an  actio  tin  the  name  of  John 

l>.'<  against  another  fictitious  person,  usuall)  designated 

tated  to  have 
Ojeg  i  ihn  Doe  from  the  land  which  ho  held  on 

lease.    The  laud!  rmitted  to  defend  in  place 

of  Richard  Roe,  and  thus  the  determination  of  the  action 
involved  the  proving  of  the  lessor's  right  t<>  grant  a  lease, 
fiction  is  now  everywhere  abolished.  -  Syn.  1.  Acci- 
ItmaL 
II.   ».   1.  A  person  who  receives  relief  and 
shelter  for  our  night  at   the  most   in  a  work- 
house or  police-station,  or  who  receives  treat- 
ment in  a  hospital  Eor  an  accidental  injury. — 
2.  A  laborer  or  an  artisan  employed  only  ir- 
regularly.    Mayhem.     Casual  ward,  the  ward  in  a 
pital  where  casuals  are  received, 
casualism  (kag'u-al-izm),  ».    [<  casual  +  -ism.] 
The  doctrine  thai  all  things  are  governed  by 
chance  or  accident.     [Rare.] 
casualist  (kaj'u-al-ist),  n.     [<  casual  +  -ist.] 
One  who  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  casualism. 
casuality  (kaz-u-al'i-ti),  «.    [<  casual  +  -ity. 
Cf,  casualty.']     The  quality  of  being  casual. 
casually  (kaz'u-al-i),  adv.      [Ml,.   easuelly,  < 
ml.]     In  a  casual  manner;  ae- 
ntally;   fortuitously;   without  design;  by 
chance:  as,  to  meet  a  person  casually;  tore- 
mark  casually. 

ir  gettiugs  in  this  voyage,  other  commodities,  & 
their  towns,  were  casually  consumed  by  fin 

Purchas,  Pilgi  image,  p.  7r>7. 
That  it  might  cat  ually  have  be*  a  formed  so. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  v. 
The  Bqnash-vines  were  clambering  tumultuously  upon 

an  old  n len  framework,  Bet  casually  aslant  against  the 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

casualness  (kaz'u-al-nes),  n.  [<  casual  +  -ness.] 

The  stale  of  In-ing  casual;  casuality. 

casualty  (kaz'u-al-ti),  «. :  pi.  casualties  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  casuelte,  '<  OF.  casuelte,  F.  casualiU  = 
Sp.  casualidad=  Pg.  casualidade  =  It. casualita, 
<  Mli.  casualitas  (-tat-),<  LL.  casualis,  of  chance, 
casual:  see  casual.]  1.  Chance,  or  what  hap- 
pen- by  chance;  i ident;  contingency. 

i  ii.  rail  them  by  mere  casualty. 

Raleigh,  Essays. 
1  v,  ho  frankl]  stated  (hen-  impres- 

sion that  the  genera]  scheme  of  things,  and  especially  the 
I  trade,  >■  Quired  you  to  hold  a  candle  to  the 
devil.  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  170. 

2.  An  unfortunate  chance  or  accident,  espe- 
cially one  resulting  in  bodily  injurs  or  death; 
specifically,  disability  or  loss  of  life  in  battle  or 
military  service  from  wounds,  etc. :  as,  the  cas- 
ualtiet  were  very  numerous. 

Tie  I  ■  arly  in  the  ,lay.  disabled  by  a  casualty. 

'lie  I      Monument,  Concord. 

Numerous  applications  for  pensioi      i  .     i  upon  the 

casualtf*  of  the  existing  war,  have  air  idj  imade. 

Linci  J      mi, nil,  p.  174. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  emolument  duo  from  a 
vassal  to  his  superior,  beyond  t lie  slated  yearly 
duties,  hi  il events.  Casualty  of 
wards,  the  mail-  .  aperiors  in  ward- 
holdings.  -Casualty  ward,  the  ward  in  a  hospital  in 
which  patients  Buffering  from  casualti Idi 

Casuariidse  (kas  u  „.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

+  -i'in.\    "l.  ,\  family  of  strutbious 

bud-,  of  the  order  or  subclass  RaUtat,  having 

ll"'  ■  dimentary,  and  the  a? 

Of  the  leathers,   highly  dew  I I.     [( 

and  i 

Sptel 

2-    '  ated  to  the  rank 

family,  tl  a  this  case  being  sep- 

lily,  Vromceidae. 
Casuariinae    I  [NL    < 

+    4MB.)       The    type  mily  of 

Family  Casuariida;,  containing  the  i 

waries  only,  n  bed  hem  the  ■ 

and  e 

Casuarina  (ki  [NL.,  <  a 

■■  ary:  from  the  resemblanci 
branches  bear  to  the  feathers  of  that  bird.]  1.  A 


852 

genus  of  peculiar  plants,  of  Australia  and  adja- 
cent islands,  nearly  related  to  the  birches  and 
oaks,  and  constituting  the  natural  order  Casii- 
arinaceas.  Thej  are  jointed  leafless  trees  and  shrubs, 
very  much  like  gigantic  horsetails  or  equisetums.    Some 

Of  tie    Bpecies   afford   wood  of  extreme  hardness,   as    the 

forest  -eik  of  Australia,  c.  suberosa,  etc.,  and  the  she-oak, 

fwood. 
2.    [/.c.l    A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Casuarinacea?  (kas-u-ar-i-na'se-e),  v.pl.    [NL., 

<  Casuarina  +  -OCeee.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  of  which  Casuarina  is  the  typical  and 
only  genus. 

Casiiarius  (kas-ij-a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  (Linnteus, 
1735):  see  cassowary.]  The  typical  and  only 
genus  of  the  subfamily  Casuariince ;  the  casso- 
waries. About  r.' ditieienl  i,  i  nekii,i\vn,oneof  them 
being  the  Struthio  casuarius  of  Liimteus,  now  known  as 
the  Casuarius  galeatus,  or  C.  emeu,  of  the  island  of  Ceram 
in  the  Moluccas.  Emu  is  said  to  be  the  native  name  of  this 
species  ;  hut  the  laid  now  called  rum  belongs  to  a  differ- 
ent genus  tDromceus)  and  subfamily.  The  common  Aus- 
tralian cassowary  is  C.ausiralis.  C.  Mcaruneulatus  in- 
habits New  Guinea.  C.  benuetti  is  from  New  Britain.  See 
cassowary. 

Casuaroideae  (kas"u-a-roi'de-e),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Casiiarius  +  -oiilew.]  A  superfamily  of  birds 
containing  both  the  emus  and  the  cassowaries : 
same  as  Casuariidic,  1. 

casuary  (kas'ii-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  casuarics  (-riz).  [< 
NL.  casuarius:  see  cassowary.]  A  cassowary 
or  an  emu ;  any  bird  of  either  of  the  subfami- 
lies Casuariince  and  Dron/wina:  I'.  L.  Sclater. 
[Rare.] 

casuist  (kaz'u-ist),  n.  [<  F.  casuiste  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  casuista  (It.  also  casista),  <  NL.  casuista,  a 
casuist,  <  L.  casus,  a  case.]  1.  One  versed  in 
or  using  casuistry;  one  who  studies  and  re- 
solves cases  of  conscience,  or  nice  points  re- 
garding conduct. 

The  judgment  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  concern- 
ing the  state  of  a  man's  soul  is  not  sufficient  to  give  him 
confidence.  South. 

Those  spiritual  guardians,  .  .  .  the  only  casuists  who 
could  safely  determine  the  doubtful  line  of  duty. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  17. 

Hence  —  2.  An  over-subtle  reasoner ;  asophist. 

To  call  a  man  a  mere  casuist  means  that  he  is  at  best  a 

splitter  of  hairs ;  to  call  a  chain  of  argument  casuistical 

is  a  rather  less  impolite  way  of  Baying  that  it  Udisl -t. 

//.  N.  Oxenham,  short  Studies,  p.  91. 

casuistt  (kaz'u-ist),  v.  i.  [<  casuist, »».]  To  play 
the  part,  of  a  casuist.     Milton. 

casuistic,  casuistical  (kaz-u-is'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  ciixiukI  +  -ic,  -teal;  =  P.  casuisUque  =  Sp. 
Pg.  casuistieo.  |  Pertaining  to  casuists  or  cas- 
uistry; relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  or  to 
doubts  concerning  conduct;  hence,  over-sub- 
tle; intellectually  dishonest;  sophistical. 

casuistically  (kaz-u-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  cas- 
uistic manner. 

casuistics  (kaz-u-is'tiks),  n.  [PL  of  casuistic: 
see  -ics.]     Casuistry. 

The  question  is  raised  in  the  casuistics  of  Mohammedan 
ritual,  whether  it  is  right  to  eat  the  tlesh  of  the  Nesnas. 
1'op.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  COO. 

casuistry  (kaz'u-ist-ri),  n. ;  pi.  casuistries  (-riz). 
[<  casuist  +  -nj.]  1.  In  ethics,  the  solution  of 
special  problems  of  right  and  duty  by  the  ap- 
plication of  general  ethical  principles  or  theo- 
logical dogmas ;  the  answering  of  questions  of 
conscience,  in  the  history  of  Jewish  and  Christian  the- 
ology,  casuistry  lias  often  degenerated  into  hair-splitting 
ami  sophistical  arguments,  in  which  questions  of  right 
and  wrong  were  construed  to  meet  selfish  aims. 

All  that  philosophy  of  right  and  wrong  which  has  be- 
come  famous  or  infamous  under  the  name  of  casuistry 
had  its  Origin  in  the  distinction  between  mortal  and  venial 
sin.  Cambridge  Essays,  1856. 

-May  he  not  have  thought  that  he  found  there  some 
stupendous  exemplifications  of  what  we  read  of,  in  hooks 
of  casuistry,  the  "dialectics  of  conscience," as  conflicts  of 
duties?  it.  Choate,  Addresses,  i>.  829. 

Hence  —  2.  Over-subtle  and  dishonest  reason- 
ing; sophistry. 

casula  (kas'6-lii),  n.  [ML.  (>  E.  casule),  dim. 
of  L.  casa,  a  house;  cf.  cassock,  chasuble.']  A 
priest's  vestment;  a  chasuble. 

casulet,  u.    [<  ML.  casula,  q.  v.]    A  chasuble. 

casus  belli  (ka'sus  bel'i).  [L. :  casus,  a  case, 
matter;  belli,  gen.  of  helium,  war:  see  cn.se1  and 
hillicosc.]  A  matter  or  occasion  of  war;  an  ex- 
cuse or  a  reason  for  declaring  war:  as,  the  right 

of  search  claimed  by  Great  Britain  constitute, I 
a  cisiis  belli  in  L812. 
cat1  (kat  ),  n.      [<  ME.  nil.  cult.  k«l,  tall,  <  AS. 
''"'■  '•""  '"iily  in  glosses),  in.,  =  OKries.  lull, , 
f.,  =  Mil  1).  lcahr,  in..  Mil.  lull,,  I).  /.-„/,  f.J  = 

Ml.fi,  hater,  m.,  katte,t.,  LG.  hater,  m.,katte,  I'., 
=JB3.Qi.kater,hatero,Q,. hater, m.,OB.Gt.cha    a, 

ca  a,  Mini.  ii.  haUse,  f„  =  led.  hottr,  m., 
ketta,  1'.,  =  Norw.  katt,  m.,  kutta,  f.,  =  Sw.  katt, 


cat 

in.,  katta,  f.,  =  Dan.  hat,  m.,  f.  (not  recorded  in 
Goth.);  cf.  W.  cath  =  Corn,  cath  =  Ir.  cut  = 
( lael.  cat  =  Manx  emit  =  Bret,  has ;  OBulg.  ko- 
teli,  m.,  kotiika,  f.,  =  Bohern.  hot,  kocour,  m., 
kutc.  hochha,  {..  =  Pol.  hot,  hoasor=z  Russ.  kulii, 
in.,  kuslika,  f.,  =  ol'russ.  catto  =  Lett,  kahjis; 
Hung,  haceer  =  Finn,  kutti  =  Turk,  qadi  =  Ar. 
i/ill,  ipitl,  a  cat ;  Hind,  katils,  a  wildcat,  polecat; 
LGr.  Karra,  f.,  NGr.  Kara,  yarn,  f.,  kotoc,  >'OTof, 
m. ;  OP.  cat,  F.  chat,  m.,  chattc,  i.,  =  Pr.  cat, 
m.,  cata,  t,  =  Cat.  gat,  cal,  in.,  cata,  f.,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  goto,  m.,  gata,  L,  =  It.  gatto,  m.,  gatta, 
f.,  a  cat;  the  oldest  known  forms  being  I... 
namely,  LL.  catus  (cdtus  or  cdtus:  catus  occurs 
in  Palladius,  about  A.  D.  350),  m.,  L.  catta  (once 
in  Martial),  f.,  ML.  eattus,  m.,  catta,  f.,  a  eat 
(a  domestic  cat,  as  opposed  to  felis,  prop,  a 
wildcat :  see  Felis),  a  word  found  earlier  in  the 
dim.  catulus,  in  common  classical  use  in  the 
extended  sense  of  'the  young  of  an  animal,  a 
kitten,  whelp,  cub,  pup,'  etc.  (of  a  cat,  lion, 
tiger,  panther,  wolf,  bear,  hog,  and  esp.  of  a 
dog,  being  regarded  in  this  sense  as  a  dim.  of 
cants,  a  dog:  see  Cants).  The  original  source 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  It  is  supposed,  as  the 
cat  was  first  domesticated  in  Egypt,  that  the 
word  arose  there,  and,  being  established  in  Ita- 
ly, spread  thence  throughout  Europe.  Hence 
kitten,  kitting,  kittle'*,  q.  v.  In  the  naut.  sense 
the  word  is  found  in  most  of  the  languages 
cited  (cf.  I).  Dan.  kat,  naut.  cat,  kathlok,  cat- 
block,  D.  katrol,  'cat-roller,'  pulley,  etc.),  and 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  particular  use  of  cat, 
the  animal;  cf.  dog  and  horse,  as  applied  to  va- 
rious mechanical  contrivances.  The  connec- 
tion is  not  obvious.]  1.  A  domesticated  car- 
nivorous quadruped  of  the  family  Felidw  and 
genus  FeliS,  F.  domestica.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
any  animal  now  existing  in  a  wild  state  is  the  ancestor  of 
the  domestic  cat;  probably  it  is  descended  from  a  cat 
originally  domesticated  in  Egypt,  though  sonic  regard  the 
wildcat  of  Europe,  F.  catus,  as  the  feral  stock.  The  wild- 
cat is  much  larger  than  the  domestic  cat.  strong  and  fero- 
cious, and  very  destructive  to  poultry,  lambs,  etc. 

2.  In  general,  any  digitigrade  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  the  family  Fclidce,  as  the  lion, 
tiger,  leopard,  jaguar,  etc.,  especially  (a)  of 
the  genus  Felis,  and  more  particularly  one  of 
the  smaller  species  of  this  genus;  and  (6)  of 
the  short-tailed  species  of  the  genus  Lynx. — 

3.  A  ferret.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  4.  A  gossipy, 
meddlesome  woman  given  to  scandal  and  in- 
trigue. [Colloq.] — 5.  A  catfish. —  6.  A  whip: 
a  contraction  of  cat-o '-nine-tails. —  7.  A  double 
tripod  having  six  feet:  so  called  because  it  al- 
ways lauds  on  its  feet,  as  a  cat  is  proverbially 
said  to  do. —  8f.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  frame 
of  heavy  timber  with  projecting  pins  or  teeth, 
hoisted  up  to  the  battlements,  ready  to  be 
dropped  upon  assailants.  Also  called  prickly 
cat. —  9.  Apiece  of  wood  tapering  to  a  point  at 
both  ends,  used  iu  playing  tip-cat. — 10.  The 
game  of  tip-cat.    Also  called  cat-and-dog. 

In  the  midst  of  a  game  of  cat.  Southey. 

11.  In /(tro,  the  occurrence  of  two  cards  of  the 
same  denomination  out  of  the  last  three  in  the 
deck. — 12.  In  coal-mining,  a  clunchy  rock.  See 
cluueh.  [South  Staffordshire,  Eng.]  —  13.  [Ap- 
parently in  allusion  to  the  sly  and  deceitful 
habits  of  the  cat.]  A  mess  of  coarse  meal, 
clay,  etc.,  placed  on  dovecotes,  to  allure  stran- 
gers. Hulliieell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  la  p  Insur- 
ing, that  portion  of  the  first  rough  coat  which 
fills  the  space  between  the  laths,  often  project- 
ing at  the  back,  and  serving  to  hold  the  plaster 
firmly  to  the  walls. — 15.  The  salt  which  crys- 
tallizes about  stakes  placed  beneath  the  holes 
in  the  bottom  of  the  troughs  in  which  salt  is  put 
to  drain. — 16.  [Perhaps  a  different  word;  cf. 
Icel.  kitti.  a  small  vessel.]  A  ship  formed  on 
the  Norwegian  model,  having  a  narrow  stern, 
projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist. — 17. 
.\uiit.,  a  tackle  used  in  hoisting  an  anchor  from 
I  he  haw  ic  hole  i  o  i  he  cal  head.  A  cat,  m  the 
meal,  a  dancer  prepared  and  concealed:  drawn  from  a 
fable  of  -lisep,  in  which  a  cat  hides  herself  in  meal  to  catch 

certain  mice.      A  cat  in  the  pan,  a  falseh 1  given  out  as 

coming  from  one  who  did  not  originate  it.— Angora  cat. 

oneol  the  tli  est  varieties  of  thed isticcat,  distinguished 

for  its  size  and  beautiful  long  silky  hair.  II  was  originally 
from  \ugora  in  Asia  Minor.  Also  called  Persian  cat.  and 
sometimes,  erroneously,  Angola  cat     Blue  cat.    (a)  A 

Siberian  cat,  valued  for  its  fur.  (b)  A  name  for  the-  Mal- 
tese eat :  so  given  from  tin-  blue-gray  color  of  its  fur.  («.*) 
A  local  name  iu  the  United  States  of  tin'  channel  catfish, 
Ictalurus  punctatus.-  Cat  and  dog.  See  cat  and<uig. 
Cat  of  the  Mediterranean,  a  flan,  tie  Chinuura  ""'" 
strosa.  Enough  to  make  a  cat  speak  or  laugh,  some- 
thing astonishing  or  out  of  the  way. 

Old  liquor  able  to  untk''  a  nil  apeak,  and  man  dumb. 

The  Old  and  Young  Courier  (Percy's  Keliques), 


cat 

Talk,  miss !  It's  enough  to  make  a  Tom  eat  speak  French 
grammar,  only  to  set  how  she  tosses  her  head! 

Dickens,  Nit  holas  Nickhby. 
Maltese  cat,  a  varietj  ol  cat  distinguished  by  its  fur, 
which  is  of  :i  blue-gray  color,  Somi  times  called  Mw  eat 
—  Manx  cat,  a  tailless  variety  of  cat  from  the  Isle  of  Man, 

-Persian  cat.  Same  as  Angora  eat.   Stand.  Nat,  Hist 
To  bell  the  cat.    See  MP.     To  grin  like  a  Cheshire 
cat,  to  ahow  the  gums  and  teeth  Ln  Laughing:  a  Local  Eng- 
lish proverbial  expression,  oi  unknown  origin. 

"Please,  would  you  t  *  - 1 1  me,  Aid  llice,  a  Little  timid- 
ly, ..  .  "Whyyourcai  grins  life-  thai  li  I!  Cheshire 
cat,'  said  tli*'  Duchess,  "and  that  s  why.'' 

/,.  enroll,  Alice  in  Wonderland,  vi. 
Lo!  /*7,v  a  Cheshire  eat  our  court  will  nrin. 

IFofcol  (IV  Pindar). 


853 

of  metabolism  which  consists  in  "a,  downward 
scries  of  changes  in  winch  complex  bodies  are 
broken  down  with  the  setting  free  of  energy 
into   simpler  ami   simpler   waste   bodies"   (.W. 

Foster):  opposed  to  nmibiilism. 

'tin-  ingenious  speculations  of  tiering,  that  specific  col- 
-m  lensations  are  'la.-  to  the  relation  of  assimilation 
(anabolism)  tn  dissimilation  (katabolism)  of  protoplasmic 
visual  BUDStanceS  in  the  retina  or  in  the  brain. 

.1;.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit,  \iv  22 

catacathartic  (kafa-ka-thiir'tik),  «.     L<  •'■'■ 
xara,   down,    +    Ka6apTuc6c,  purging:    see    ca 

tlinrtii:]  A  medicine  that  purges  downward. 
[Rare.] 


To  let  thecat  out  of  thebag.te.iis,  i,,„  atrirU;  hi  catacaustic  (kat-a-kas'tik),  a.  and  ».     (<  Gr. 

xard,  against,  +  icaWrwEo'c,  caustic:  sec  caustic.] 
I.  a.  In  geom.,  belonging  to  caustic  curves 
Eormed  by  reflection. 

II.  «.  In  optics,  a  caustic  curve  formed  by 
tho  reflection  of  the  rays  of   light:    so  called 


out  a  secret :  sail!  to  have  had  its  origin  in  a  trick  prac 
tised  by  country  people  of  substituting  a  cat  torayoung 

pig  and  bringing  it  to  market  in  a  bag  to  sell  to  somi - 

thoughtless  enough  to  "buy  a  pigin  a  poke."  The  pur- 
chasers  etinies  thought,  however,  of  opening  the  bag  be- 
fore the  bargain  was  concluded,  and  thus  let  out  the  cat 
and  disclosed  the  trick.  To  rain  cats  and  dogs,  tn  pour 
down  rain  violently  and  incessantly.  -To  turn  a  cat-in- 
pan,  to  make  a  sudden  change  of  patty  in  politics  or  reli- 
gion from  interested  motives.  "The  phrase  seems  to  be 
the  French  tourner  cdte  en  peine  (to  turn  sides  in  trouble)." 
Brewer. 

When  Ceorge  iii  pudding  time  came  o'er. 
Anil  1 lerate  men  looked  l>i^,  sir, 

I  turned  •>  cat-in-pan  our,-  more. 
And  so  became  a  Whig,  sir.  Ptcar  o/  Brag. 

cat1  (kat),  r. :  pret.  and  pp.  catted,  ppr.  catting. 
[<  cut1,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  draw  (an  anchor) 
up  to  the  cat-head. 

All  hands— cook,  steward,  and  all      laid  hold  to  cat 
the  anchor.         R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  123. 

Everything  was  now  snug  forward,  the  anchorcafted  and 
fished,  and  the  decks  clear. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  iii. 

2.  [Cf.  rafl,  »..  14.]  To  fill  with  soft  clay,  as 
the  intervals  between  laths:  as,  a  chimney  well 
catted. 

II.    intrans.    To  fish  for  catfish.      [Colloq., 
western  U.  S.] 

cat-  (kat),  n.  An  abbreviated  form  of  catama- 
ran.    [Newfoundland.] 

cat-.    The  form  of  cata-  before  a  vowel. 

cata-.  [L.,  etc.,  cata-,  <  Gr.  Kara-  (before  a 
vowel  kut-,  before  an  aspirate  mO-),  prefix,  Kara, 
prep.,  down,  downward,  through,  on,  against, 
concerning,  according  to,  etc.]  A  prefix  of 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  down,  down- 
ward, against,  in  accordance  with,  sometimes 
merely  intensive,  and  sometimes  (like  English 
be-1)  giving  a  transitive  force.  See  words  fol- 
lowing.    Also  sometimes  kata-. 

cataballitive  (kat-a-bal'i-tiv),  a.  [<  Gr.  mra- 
{SciXmiv,  throw  down  (<  Kara,  down,  +  (iaXteiv, 
throw),  +  -itiveJ]     Depressing.     [Bare.] 

catabaptist  (kat-a-bap'tist),  n.  [<  LGr.  aara- 
/}a7rr«Tr//f,  lit.  '  one  who  drowns,'  coined  by 
Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  as  opposed  to  eia-Tiorr/c, 
a  baptizer,  <  Gr.  mTafiamttfiiv,  dip  under  water, 
drown,  <  Kara,  down  (here  used  in  the  sense  of 
'against'),  +  jSairrifew,  dip.]  One  who  opposes 
baptism. 

catabasia  (kat-a-ba'si-a),  ».:  pi.  catabasicB  (-e) 
(or.  as  Gr.,  cntaiiasini).  [Gr.  karajSaala,  also  m- 
TmAaaia,  equiv.  to  KaTaJaotr,  a  coming  down, 
descent  (cf.  narajtwioi;,  also  Karaijiaaioc,  coming 
down,  descending),  <  Kara/laiveiv,  come  down: 
see  catabasis.~]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  kind  of  tro- 
parion  or  short  hymn  sung  by  the  two  sides  of 
the  choir  united  in  the  body  of  the  church.  It 
is  so  called  from  their  descending  from  their 
places  for  that  purpose. 

A  sticheron,  in  which  the  two  choirs  come  down  (Kara- 
fiaivovai),  and  join  together  in  the  body  of  the  church. 


The  Catacaustic  of  a  Circle,  with  its  Asymptotes. 

The  curve  runs  from  .1/  to  the  cusp  A,  thence  to  the  cusp  B,  thence 

to  the  cusp  A' ,  thence  to  M  ,  and  through  infinity  to  N .  thence  to  the 

cusp  D,  thence  to  N,  and  through  infinity  back  to  M ;  C,  center;  F, 

focus. 

to  distinguish  it  from  the  diacaustic,  which  is 
formed  by  retracted  rays.  See  caustic,  n.,  3. 
catachxesis  (kat-a-kr§'sis),  «.;  pi.  catachreses 
(-sez).  [L.  (>  F.  catachrise  =  Sp.  catucresis  = 
Pg.  catachrese  =  It.  catacresi),<  Gr.  Karaxprjciic, 
misuse  of  a  word,  <  KaraxpfjcOai,  misuse,  <  Kara, 
against,  +  xPVa®al,  use.]  1.  In  rhet. :  (<t)  A  fig- 
ure by  which  a  word  is  used  to  designate  an  ob- 
ject, idea,  or  act  to  which  it  can  be  applied  only 
by  an  exceptional  or  undue  extension  of  its 
proper  sphere  of  meaning:  as,  to  stone  (pelt  i  a 
person  with  bricks  ;  a,  palatable  tone  ;  to  display 
one's  Horsemanship  in  riding  a  mule;  to  drink 
from  a  horn  of  ivory,  Catachresis  differs  from  meta- 
phor in  that  it  docs  not  replace  one  word  with  another 
properly  belonging  to  a  different  act  or  object,  but  extends 
the  use  of  a  word  in  order  to  apply  it  to  something  for 
which  the  language  supplies  no  separate  word,      (ft)   A 

violent  or  inconsistent  metaphor :  as,  to  bend 
the  knee  of  one's  heart;  to  take  arms  against 
a  sea  of  troubles,  (c)  In  general,  a  violent  or 
forced  use  of  a  word. —  2.  In  philol.,  the  em- 
ployment of  a  word  under  a  false  form  through 
misapprehension  in  regard  to  its  origin:  thus, 
causeway  ami  crawfish  or  crayfish  have  their 
forms  by  catachresis. 

catachrestic,  catachxestical  (kat-a-kres'tik, 
-ti-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  Karaxp^aruide,  misused,  misap- 
plied (of  words  and  phrases),  <  Ko.Taxp')o6ai,  mis- 
use: see  catachresis^]  Inrhet:  («)  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  in,  or  characterized  by  catachre- 
sis; applied  in  an  improper  signification.  (ft) 
Wrested  from  the  right  meaning  or  form; 
contrary  to  proper  use  ;  forced;  far-fetched 


catacomb 

efficient  cause  of  various  phenomena    as  of  the 

iii. position  of  different  formations  of  diluvium 
or  drift)  for  which  the  gradual  notion  of  mod- 
erate currents,  or  that  of  ice,  is  considered  to 
have  been  inadequate. 
This  war  is  no  :"  cidi  iii.  bul  an  Lnei  Itable  n   ult  of  long 

Incubating  c ;  inevitable  as  the  cataclysms  thai  sweep 

away  the istrous  births  of  primeval  nature. 

0.  H.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  82. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  sudden  or  violent  action  of 
overwhelming  force  and  extended  sweep. 

In  minds  accustomed  to  philosophic  tl ght  a  i  fa 

..f  opinion  does  not  coin,  in  :iin  o|,t  cataclysm,  but  bj  rad 
ual development  J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  281. 

Theory  of  cataclysms,  or  of  catastrophes,  also  called 
the  doctrine  of  violent  upheavals,  tat   view  that  there  has 

bi  en  in  geological  time  asuccessi f  catastrophes  which 

destroyed  all  Living  things,  and  necessitated  repeated  cri 
aloe  acts  to  repeople  tl nth.     See  catastrophe. 

cataclysmal  (kat-a-kliz'mal),  a.    [<  cataclysm 

+  -ill.]  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  tho  na- 
ture of  a  cataclysm. 

The  question  Is  not  yet  settled  whether  they  (elevations 
and  subsidences]  were  of  a  slow  and  gradual  naturelike 
some  now  in  progress,  or  whether,  like  othi  rs  that  have 

on  urred  in  coin Hon  with  earthquakes,  they  may  have 

lulu  rapid  and  cataclysmal. 

./.  II'.  Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  161. 

The  French  Revolution  has  been  bo  often  lifted  b]  sen- 
Bational  writers  into  the  region  of  cataclysmal  and  almost 
superhuman  occurrences,  that  a  narrative  is  especially 
acceptable  which  tends  to  range  it  among  thi  facts  which 
appeal  to  our  ordinary  experience. 

Westminster  Bev.,  CXXV.  668. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cataclysmists ;  holding 
the  doctrine  of  violent  upheavals:  as,  the  cat- 
aclysmal  school  of  geologists. 
cataclysmic  (kat-a-kliz'mik),  a.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -ic;  =  P.  ciiiiiciiisniiqnc.]  Pertaining  to,  of 
the  nature  of,  or  characterized  by  cataclysms. 
In  the  reign  of  his  [Frederick's]  grandnephew,  whose 
evil  lot  fell  on  the  cataclysmic  times  of  Napoleon. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  43. 

There  has  always  been  in  Geology  a  tendency  to  cata- 
clysmic theories  of  causation  :  a  proneness  to  attribute  the 
grand  changes  experienced  by  the  earth's  crust  to  extra- 
ordinary causes.      ,'.  Croll,  climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  11. 

cataclysmist  (kat-a-kliz'mist),  n.  [<  cata- 
clysm +  -ist.]  One'who  believes  that  many 
important  geological  phenomena  are  due  to 
cataclysms. 

catacomb  (kat'a-kom),  n.  [=  G.  Icatakonibe  = 
Sw.  Dan.  kataleomb  =  Kuss.  katakombui,  pi.,  < 
F.  catacombe  =  Pr.  caihacumba  =Sp.  en  tn  en  mint 
=  Pg.  catacumba  (usually  in  plural),  <  It.  cata- 
ciniiba  (Sp.  also  occasionally  cntitliinibii,  It.  dial. 
catatomba,  simulating  Sp.  tumba,  It.  tomba, 
tomb:  see  tomb),  <  LI.,  catacumba,  a  sepulchral 
vault,  <  Gr.  «rra,  downward,  below,  +  icbfifly,  a 
hollow,  cavity,  >  ML.  cumba,  a  tomb  of  stone: 
see  comb3,  coomb.]  Originally,  the  name  of  a 
locality  near  Rome,  the  "Hollows,"  in  which 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian,  with  extensive 
burial-vaults,  was  built;  but  afterward  applied 
to  the  vaults  themselves,  and  to  similar  under- 
ground burial-places.  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
subterranean  vaults  arc  those  in  and  about  this  spot,  the 
work  of  the  early  christians.  They  consist  of  a  labyrinth 
of  narrow  galleries,  from  4  to  a  feet  wide,  at  different  lev- 


The  hirm'os  are  sometimes  said  at  the  end  of  their  respec-  catachrestically  (kat-a-kres'ti-kal-i),  nrlv.     In 


tive  odes  as  catabasiai. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  S45. 

catabasion   (kat-a-ba'si-on),  ■».;   pi.  catabasia 

(-ii).     Same  as  cub/basis. 
catabasis  (ka-tab'a-sis),  »■ ;  pi.  catabasi  s  (-sez). 

[L.  catabasis,  <  Gri'Kard/tonvc,  a  going  down,  de 


a  catachrestical  manner;  by  catachresis. 

There  are  .  .  .  collections  of  beings,  to  whom  the  no- 
tion of  iiiunhercaiiiiot  beattached,  cx<  i-pt  catachrestically, 
because,  taken  individually,  n'o  positive  point  Of  real 
agreement  can  be  found  between  them,  by  which  to  call 
them,  J.  H.  Newman,  Oram,  of  Assent,  p.  4(1. 

scent,  declivitVraiso  in  MGr.  like  mTajiaoiov,  a  catachthonic  (kat-ak-thon'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  icard, 
place  for  relies  under  the  altar.  <  /.ore  i«inir,go     ^^2^^>_l!J^l  f"  *'j£  ."*.?:. 


down,  descend,  <  Kara,  down,  +  fiaiveiv,  go,  >/id 
ate,  agoing:  see  fta.vi.s-.  Cf .  anabasis.]  1.  A  go- 
ing down;  descent:  opposed  to  anabasis  (which 
see).— 2.  In  the  Gr.  <'b.,  a  chamber  or  vault 


beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth;  underground. 
Professor  Mil f  .la pan,  says  the  "Athena-inn,"  has  es- 
tablished in  the  Takashima  coal-mine,  near  Nagasaki,  an 
underground,  or,  as  he  prefers  to  call  it.  a  catachthonic, 
observatory.  Science,  IV.  266. 


catabolic 
lating 

This  total  change  which  we  denote  by  the  term  "meta- 
bolism" as  consisting  on  the  one  hand  of  a  downward 
series  of  changes  (katabolic  changes). 

!/.  Porter,  Encyc.  Brit,  XIX.  IS. 

catabolism  (ka-tab'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  narajiolii, 
a  throwing  or  laying  down  (<  huruAu'/'/iiv:  see 
cataballitive),  +  -ism.]     In  plujsiol.,  that  phase 


Karaa'Aixtiv,  dash  over,  flood,  inundate,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  K'AvCetv,  wash,  dash,  as  waves;  of.  L. 
elm  re,  cleanse.]  1.  A  deluge  or  an  overflow- 
ing of  water;  a  flood;  specifically,  the  Noa- 
chian  flood. —  2.  In  c/eol.,  an  inundation  or  del- 
uge, or  other  violent  and  sudden  physical  ac- 
tion of  great  extent,  supposed  to  have  been  the 


Catacomb. 
Tomb  of  St.  Cornelius.  Catacombs  of  C.ilixtus,  Rome,  3d  century. 
(From  Roller's  "  Catacoinbcs  de  Ron 

els,  1  tcavated  in  the  soft  granular  tufa  underlying  the 
Campagna.  In  each  wall  loculi,  or  berth-like  recesses, 
contained  the  bodies  ol  the  dead.  The  entrances  to  these 
weri  closed  with  slabs  of  -tour,  carefull]  sealed,  and 
marked  with  inscriptions  or  rude  pit  tnres,  fn  some  cases 
small  rooms,  called  cubicula,  were  set  apart  for  families  of 
distinction  in  the  church,  especially  for  martyrs.    Though 


S..1 


catacomb 

■ 

Christ!  ins  during  i1 
1  the  original  idea  ol  their  construction 

„  that  they  should  hi  u 

...„,,.  in  the  Roman 

mated  al  from  350  to  ! 

: 
1,000.    Similar  underground  burial-plai 
roun  Paris  are  aban- 

portion  pi  Uie 

» 

the  citj  were  condemned  and  the 

ither. 

catacorolla  (kat  a-ko-rol'S),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

nird,  against,  +  <■,-,■„//„,  q.  v.  |     A  second  co 

roH;l  itside  ol  and  inclos 

£'  i„,,„ll;ln  corolla,  thus  producing  a  kind  catagmatic  (kat-ag-ma  fik) ,a.  and     . 
tf''hose-in-hose»  How,...  catagmaUque  =  Sp.  coto^ftco_=  Pg. 


catacoustics  (kat-a-kbVtiks  oi  -kous  bks),  >< 
[<  Gr.  nurd,  against  (with  ret',  to  reflection),  + 

aeOUStiCS.      Cf.    !■'•   catucoilst'ai>le   =   Sp.  COfeKMtS- 

ttca  =  IV'.  it.  catacustica.]    That  part  of  the 

■ ,t'  acoustics  which  treats  of  reflected 

sounds,  or  of  the  properties  of  echoes;  cata- 
phonies. 

catacrotic  (kat-a-krot'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  koto,  down, 
+  »,,        ,i    beating,  knocking.]     In  phystol 
tint:  thai  form  of  pulse-tracing  in  which  th 
secondary  elevations  appear  on  the  descending 
portion  of  the  ciir\  e. 

catadioptric,  catadioptrical  (kat  'a-di-op  trik, 
-tri-kal),  it.  L<  Gr.  *"«'"■  down,  agamst  (with 
ref.  to  reflection),  +  dioptric.  Cf.  F.  catadiop- 
trique  =  Sp.  catadioptrico  =  It.  catadiottrico.] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  both  the  refraction 
and  tic  reflection  of  light,  catadioptric  tele- 
scope, a  reflecting  telesi    i 

catadioptrics  (kai 

lioptric  :  se 
which  embraces 
reflection  and 


was  made  somewhat  t»  resemble  an  ecclesiastical  edifice 
ol  Hi.'  Btyle  then  pr<  vailing,  and  was  allowed  t"  remain  [or 

inn.   tiim   .hi.  i  i imony.    The  modern  .  ata- 

taloue  is  generally  without  a  canopy,  and  in  Roman!  ath- 

..lit-  < in.     i    -mi led  i.>  large  tapers,  which  are 

burned  during  n  day  or  two  preceding  the  burial.     The 
catafalqui  is  somi  times  used  as  a  hearse  in  carrying  the 
or  tomb  at  a  public  or  cere ious  fu- 
neral. 

The  tomb  was  a  simple  catafalque,  covered  with  the  usual 
doth.  R-  P-  Burton,  El-Medinan,  p.  471. 

catagenesis  (kat-a-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
koto,  down,  t-  yheaic,  generation:  see  genests.] 
In  huil..  creation  by  retrograde  metamorphosis 
of  energy.    E.  IK  Cope. 

[=  F- 

CI  I  til  IJ- 

matico,  <  (Jr.  uaray /ju(r-),  a  breakage,  <  Kara- 
.....  break  in  pieces,  <  Kara  intensive  +  d]  vii- 
vai,  break.]  I.  a.  himed.,  having  the  property 
of  consolidating  broken  parts;  promoting  the 
union  of  fractured  bones. 

II.  ii.    In  med.,  a  remedy  believed  to  pro- 
mote the  union  of  fractured  parts.    DungUson. 
catagmatical  (kat-ag-mat'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining  cataleptiform  (kat-a-lep'ti-fSnn  I 


to  catagmatics.    Coles. 
t  form  of  pulse-tracing  in  which  the  catagrapht  (kat'a-graf),  ».    [<  h.  catagrapha, 

■  n.  pi.,  profile  paintings,  <  Gr.  Karaypafn,  a  draw- 
ing, outline,  <  mTaypa^oc,  drawn  in  outline,  < 
Mini   .  draw  in  outline,  write  down,  <  Kara, 

down,  +  ypfyeiv,  write.]  1.  The  first  draft  of 
a  picture. — 2.  A  profile.  _ 
Cataian,  Cathaian  (ka-ta'an,  -tha'an),  a.  and 
a.  [<  Cathay,  formerly  pronounced  Catay, 
called  Kitai  by  Marco  Polo;  said  to  be  a  Per- 
sian corrupt ioii  of  Ki-tan,  the  name  of  a  Tatar 


catalogue 

catalepsy  (kat'a-lep-si ),  «.  [Also,  as  LL.,  cata- 
lepsis  (>  F.  cai'alepsie  =  sp.  Pg.  catalepsia  = 
It.  catalessia),  <  <ir.  iuitu/i,,;,.,  a  grasping,  seiz- 
ing, <  Karalapjidvuv,  seize  upon,  <  lurrd,  down, 
+  '/ufifiavuv  (y/  *?«/?),  seize,  take.  Cf.  <  pUepsy.  ] 
An  affection,  generally  connected  with  hyste- 
ria, characterized  by  attacks  resembling  hys- 
terical coma,  with  a  peculiar  muscular  rigidity 
of  the  limbs;  a  similar  abnormal  state  pro- 
duced artificially  in  the  healthy  body  in  certain 
mesmeric  states. 

cataleptic  (kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  P.  cata- 
leptique  =  Sp.  cdtalejitico  =  Pg.  cataJepHco  =  It. 
catatetHeo,  <  LL.  eataUpticus,  <  Gr.  ttarabrtrnxic, 
<  KOT&hrfic:  see  catalepsy.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  affected  with  catalepsy. 

Silas's  cataleptic  tit  occurred  during  the  prayer-meeting. 

Geor<i>   Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  i. 

The  young  la.ly  was  al.Ic  to  execute  I  on  the  pianoforte], 

in  the  cataleptic  state, «  hat  she  apparently  had  not  learned 

and  could  not  execute  when  out  of  that  state. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  450. 

II.  «.  A  person  affected  with  catalepsy. 

[<  LL. 
Besem- 


atalepsis  {-lept-)  +  L.  forma,  form.] 
bling  catalepsy. 
cataleptize  (kat-a-lep'tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cataleptized,  ppr."  cataleptizing.     [<  cataleptic 

+  -ize.]     To  render  cataleptic. 

A  most  remarkable  phenomenon  may  be  observed  in 
some  instances  :  by  merely  opening  one  eye  of  the  lethar- 
gic patient  the  corresponding  side  of  the  body  is  catalep- 
tized. Fortnightly  ftev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  7:13. 

We  read  of  priests  being  cataleptized  at  the  altar  in  the 
attitude  of  elevating  the  sacrament. 

Quoted  in  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLI.  730. 


Voiced 

catadrome   kat'a-drdm),  n.    [<  Gr.  Kar&dpouoc, 

a  race-course.  <  Karadpa/ieiv  (second  aor.  asso- 
ciated w  Lth  pros,  hurarpexeiv),  run  down,  <  Hard, 
down,  +  dpapeiv,  run.  Cf .  hippodrome.']  1.  A 
race-course. — 2.  A  machine  like  a  crane,  for- 
merly used  by  builders  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing heavy  weights.— 3.  A  fish  that  goes  down  Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  a.  and  n.  [=  P.  Catalan 
to  the  sea  to  spawn. 


II.  ii.  A  native  of  Cathay  (an  early,  and  now 
only  a  poetic,  name  for  China) ;  a  foreigner  gen- 
erally; hence,  in  old  writers,  an  indiscriminate 
term  of  reproach. 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Cataian,  though  the  priest  o' 
tlie  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \\\,  ii.  1. 


catadromous  (ka-tad'ro-mus),  a.    [<  Gr.  icard- 
dpofin,,  overrun  (taken  in  the  sense  of 'run- 
ning down' i,  <   I."- 1,  down,   +  Spafielv,  run.] 
Running  down  ;   descending :   applied  to  cer- 
tain fishes  which  descend  streams  to  the  sea  to 
spawn  :  opposed  to  anadromous. 
The  eel  is.  .  .  an  example  of  a  catadromous  fish     thai 
.  ading  from  the  fresh  water  into  the  sea  to 
Smithsonian  Rep.,  1880,  p.  S72. 

catadupet '  kat'a-diip),  ».  [<  P.  catadupe,  cata- 
doupi  =  sp.  Pg"  It.  catadupa,  a  cataract,  <  L. 
\dupa,  tlie  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  Catadupi, 
those  dwelling  near,  <  Gr.  KarddouTroi,  a  name 
given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  <  KaraSovwelv, 
fall  with  a  loud,  heavy  sound,  <  hard,  down,  + 


<  Sp.  Catalan,  pertaining  to  Catalufta,  Catalo- 
nia, <  Gothalania,  the  land  of  the  Goths  and 
Alans,  who  settled  in  it  in  the  5th  century.] 
I.  -(.  Pertaining  to  Catalonia,  a  former  province 

of  Spain  (now  a  geographical  division  compris- 
ing several  provinces),  or  to  its  inhabitants  or 

language Catalan  forge  or  furnace.    Seefimiacc. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Catalonia,  Spain;  es- 
pecially, one  belonging  to  the  indigenous  race 
or  people  of  Catalonia,  wherever  found,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  other  Spaniards. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  Catalonia,  Valencia,  and  the  Balearic 
isles,  it.  holds  a  position  similar  to  tlie  Provencal,  t" 
which  it  is  closely  related,  Catalonia  having  been  ruled  hv 
a  line  of  French  counts  for  several  centuries  before  its  union 
with  Aragon  in  1137.  The  language  was  early  cultivated 
and  had  a  considerable  literature. 


Samuv,  sound,  <  dowroc,  a  dull,  heavy  sound.]  catalectic  (kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  cata 


1.  A  cataract  or  waterfall. 

.  |  i bat  tell  with 
such  a  noise  thai  the)  made  tlie  inhabitants  deaf,  1  take- 
all  tie.  i.ulous. 

Pococke,  Description  "f  the  Bast,  I.  122. 

2.  A  person  living  near  a  cataract. 

lie  Bgyptia  aeard  I  !"■  roaring  of  the 

fall  of  Nil"  .  familiar  unto  them. 

A.  /.v. ...  i  (.   Lingua,  ill.  1. 

Catadysas  (ka-tad'i-sas),  «.  [NL.,<Gt.  KaraSv- 
atc,  a  dipping  under  water,  setting,  <  KOradvetv, 
dip  undei  down,  sink,  <  i.urn,  down,  + 

Oct..  I    The  typical  genus  of  the 

fan  i  .  /.'tin/his  is  .-in  example. 

Catadysidae  (kat-a-dis'i-dei,  «.  pi.    HNL., <  Ca- 
tadysas +  -iila.)     A  family  of  Spidi  i    . 
sent... I  by  the   genu  .     Ihej   hive  the 

palpi  ttremity  ol  1 1"  maxilla),  and  the 

mandlbulai  idinally  direi  I  t/u  >  a 

two  pulmonarj     . 
and  othcrw '  '  I i.     :i i 

catafalcot  (kat-a-fal'ko),  n.    Same  as  cata- 

catafalque   (kat'a-falki.  n.      [Also  in    It.  form 

.  ;  =  I).  Dan.  Ii.  lulu tall;  =   BUSS,  lulu- 
fall:,!.  <    I  ;  uMi-rul 
canopy,  stage,  scaffold,  =  Sp.  1'g.  . 
fun 

mi.,  cata- 

b    caffold  :  which  is  a 

donblet  o  caffoldhig, 

.  ■■  ot  :i  ehurch,  to  sup- 



cauojiy  upon  this,  coffin;  the  whole  structure 


I,  ctiquc  =  Sp.  catalicUco  =  Pg.  catalecHco  =  It. 
catatetHeo,  <  LL.  catalecUcus,  <  Gr.  KaraAiiKTindc, 
leaving  off,  <  Kara'/.i/ynv,  leave  off,  <  Kara  inten- 
sive +  '/,,\in;  leave  off,  cease.]  1.  a.  Inpros.: 
{a)  Wauling  part  of  the  last  foot:  as,  a  catalec- 
tic line  or  verse:  opposed  to  acatalectic.  in  the 
following  couplet  the  second  line  is  catalectic,  the  first 
acatalectic. 

r.ll  me    not,  m    mournful  |  numbers, 

Life  is  |  but  an    emptj     dream 
\  .ises  consist  lug  ot  feel  of  three  or  more  syllables  are  de- 
scribed  as  catalectic  in  a  syllable,  a  disyllabic,  or  a  trisyl- 
lable, accord to  the  number  of  .syllables  in  tlie  last  or 

Incomplete  tool. 

If  the  first  hall  of  the  line  has  its  12  short  times,  the 
second  or  catalectic  i>:ni  would  seem  to  have  but  11 ;  but 
Aristoxenus,  as  we  have  seen,  rejects  the  loot  of  11  shorts 
as  being  unrhythmical.  ./.  Iludl,,,,  F.ssays,  p.  in;.. 

(h)  In  a  wider  sense,  wanting  pari  of  a  foot 
or  measure:  as,  a  calaln-lic  colon;  a  verse 
doubly  catalectic.  See  brachycatalecUc,  ilicata- 
lectic,  hypercatalectic,  and  procatalectic. 

II.  «.  A  catalect Lc  \ erse. 
catalecticant  (kat-a-lek'ti-kant),  ».    [<  Gr. 
Kara/  .....  to  be  reckoned  up  or  counted,  ver- 
I  ml  a.lj.  ..I  k,  lay  down,  pick  out,  count, 

<  Kara,  down,  +  Xtyeiv,  lay.]      In  iiialli..  the  in- 
tuit whose  vanishing  expresses  that  a  quan- 

i  order  2n  can  1 raced  to  the  sum  of  n 

powers  "f  order  -n.    The  catalecticant  of  the  sextlc 

(-1,  i>.  c.  ,1,  e,f,    '   ' 

„,    i,,    .-,    ,1 

/.     ,      ,.     . 

.'.    I. 

and  those  of  other  orders  are  formed  in  the  same  way. 


<  Kara'Aiiyuv,  leave  off:  see  catalectic.']  Inpros., 
incompleteness  of  the  last  foot  or  measure  of 
a  verse ;  in  a  wider  sense,  incompleteness  of 
any  foot  in  a  verse.     C'atalexis  is  not  the  suppression 

of  any  rhythmical  element,  but  the  want  of  a  corresi I 

ing  syllable  or  syllables  in  the  words  to  fill  out  a  time 
(mora)  or  times  necessary  to  the  metrical  a  mipleteness  of 
the  line.  This  space  is  tilled  out  by  a  pause  — in  the  quan- 
titative poetry  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  either  by  a  pause 
or  by  prolonging  the  preceding  syllable. 

Lines  therefore  will  be  so  divided  into  feet  that  the  ictus 
shall  always  fall  on  tlie  first  syllable  of  each  foot,  admit- 
ting anacrusis  and  cdtalexis  wherever  necessary. 

Trans.  A,, in:  Philol.  Ass.,  XVI.  st. 

Catallacta  (kat-a-lak'ta),  ».  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

* KardXAaKTOC,  verbal  adj.  of  mTa'A'Aaaaav,  change, 
exchange:  see  catallactics.]  A  group  of  endo- 
plastie  Protozoa,  tlie  type  of  which  is  the  genus 
MagosphiBra,  established  by  Haeekel  in  1871: 
now  called  Catallactidce  (which  see).  See  cut 
under  Magosphaira. 

catallactically  (kat-a-lak'ti-kal-i),  adv.  [< 
•cutulluclic,  implied  in  catallactics,  q.  v.]  In 
exchange;  in  return.     [Rare.] 

You  may  grow  for  your  neighbour,  at  your  liking,  grapes 
or  grapcsliot ;  he  will  also  catallactically  grow  grapes  or 
grapeshot  for  you,  and  you  will  each  reap  what  you  have 
sown.  lU'skin.  into  this  Lust,  iv. 

catallactics  (kat-a-lak'tiks),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kora^- 
AaKTMOs,  easy  to  reconcile,  but  taken  in  its  lit- 
eral sense  of  'changeable,  having  to  do  with  ex- 
change,' <  *  KardXAaKTOC:,  verbal  adj.  of  KaTaXAda- 
aetv,  change  (money),  exchange,  also  reconcile, 

<  xard,  down,  against,  +  dA'Adaotiv,  change,  < 
alloc  =  L.  alius,  other:  see  clue]  The  science 
,,f  exchanges:  adopted  l\\  W  hate])  as  a  desig- 
nation of  political  economy. 

One  eminent  writer  has  proposed  iis  a  name  for  Political 

Ei oms  Catallactics,  <>r  the  science  of  exchanges. 

./   S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  III.  i.  §  1. 

Catallactidae  (kat-a-lak'ti-de),  //.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Catallacta  +  -iila.]  A  family  of  pelagic  poly- 
mastigate  pantostomatous  Lnfusorians,  corre- 
sponding to  llaeckel's  group  of  Catallacta.  co- 
hereni  in  social  clusters,  witli  their  anterior  and 
exposed  border  clothed  with  long  vibratile  fia- 
gella,  and  with  no  distinct  oral  aperture. 

catalog  (kat'a-log),  «.  A  recent  spelling  of 
catalogue. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  ».  [Also  recently  cula- 
log  .  =  I ).  kataloog  =  <  i.  catalog,  Icatalog  =  Dan. 
Sw.  Icatalog  —  Euss.  katalogu,  <  1''.  catalogue  = 
Pr.  cathalogue  =  Sp.  catdlogo=  Pg.  It.  catalogo, 

<  LL.  catalogue,  <  Gr.  Karatoyoi,  a  list,  register, 

<  KaraXtyeiv,  reckon  up,  tell  at  length,  <  Kard, 
down,  +  /.,.'r,  tell,  say]  A  list  or  register 
of  separate  items:    an    itemized    statement    or 

enumeration;  specifically,  a  list  or  enumera- 
tion of  the  names  of  men  or  things,  with  added 
particulars,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  gener- 
ally alphabetical:  as,  a,  catalogue  of  the  studonts 


catalogue 

of  a  college,  of  the  stars,  or  of  a  museum  or  a 
library.    Bee  card-catalogue. 

Myself  could  show  a  catalogue  of  doubts,  never  ye! 
Imagined  or  questioned. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  21. 

She  is  to  be  added  I"  the  catahttnt,  of  republics,  tin-  in- 
scription upon  whose  ruin  is.  "The)  wen  bui  they  are 
not.  Stuni,  Salem,  Sept.  is,  isis. 

Ugly  catalogues  ot  sins  and  oaths  and  drunkenness  and 
brutality.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  47. 

Catalogue  raisonne  (F.,  literally  reas <1  catalogue), 

a  catalogue  of  hooks,  paintings,  or  the  like,  classed  ac- 
cording to  their  subjects,  usually  with  more  or  less  full 
comments  or  explanations.  =  Syn.  List,  Catalogue.  List 
means  a  mere  enumeration  01  individual  persons  or  arti 

rles,  while  catalogue  properly  supposes  soi lescription, 

with  the  names  in  a  certain  order,  rims  we  speak  ol  a 
subscription  list,  but  of  the  catalogue  of  a  museum  or  a 
library. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cata- 
logued, ppr.  cataloguing.  [<  eataltigue,  n. ;  =  F. 
cataloguer.]  To  make  a  catalogue  of ;  outer  in 
a  catalogue. 

It  I  Scripture]  cannot,  as  it  were,  be  mapped  or  its  contents 

catalogued.  J.  It.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct. 

cataloguer  (kat'a-log-er), ».  [<  catalogue  +  -eri; 

=  F.  catalogucur.]     One  who  arranges  and  pro 

pares  a  catalogue,  as  of  books,  plants,  stars,  etc. 

The  supposed  cases  of  disappearance  [of  stars]  arose  from 

cataloguers  accidentally  recording  stars  in  positions  where 

none  existed.  Newcomb  and  Holden,  Astron.,  p.  440. 

Cataloguist  (kat'a-log-ist),  n.     [<  catalogue  + 

-is*.]     One  who  is  skilled  in  making  catalogues ; 

a  professional  cataloguer.     [Bare,  | 

Though  not  made  by  cataloguists,  let  me  mention  a  some- 
what similar  mistake  caused  by  a  misleading  title. 

JV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  166. 

cataloguize  (kat'a-log-Iz),  ».  .. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cataloguized,  ppr.  cataloguizing.  [<  catalogue 
+  -fee.]  To  insert  or  arrange  in  a  catalogue; 
catalogue.     [Bare.] 

Catalohian  (kat-a-16'ni-an),  a.  [<  Catalonia 
(Sp.  Cataluua)  +  -ian.  "  Cf .  Cut, dan.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Catalonia.     See  Catalan. 

catalpa  (ka-tal'pii),  n.  [The  Amer.  Indian 
name  in  Carolina  for  the  first  species  mentioned 
below.]  1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Catalpa. —  2. 
leap.]  [NL.]  A  small  genus  of  bignoniaceous 
trees,  with  large  simple  leaves,  terminal  pan- 
icles of  showy  flowers,  and  long  linear  pods 
with  winged  seeds.  C.  bignonioides  and  C.  speciosa 
are  natives  of  the  United  States,  and  are  common  in  culti- 
vation as  ornamental  trees.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft, 
but  durable,  and  is  much  used  for  railroad  ties,  fence-posts, 
etc.  The  bark  is  bitter,  and  has  been  employed  as  a  vermi- 
fuge. Two  similar  species  from  China  and  Japan  are  1  icca- 
sionally  cultivated.  The  other  species  are  West  Indian  ; 
one  of  these,  C.  longissima,  is  known  as  French  oak,  and 
its  bark  is  rich  in  tannin. 

catalysis  (ka-tal'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  catalyses  (-sez). 
[=  F.  catalyse  =  Sp.  catattsis,  <  NL.  catalysis, 

<  Gr.  Kard'Avmr,  dissolution,  <  narakvuv,  dis- 
solve, <  Kara,  down,  +  Tiijuv,  loose.  Cf.  analysis.  ] 

1.  Dissolution;  destruction;  degeneration;  de- 
cay.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Sad  catalysis  and  declension  of  piety.  Evelyn. 

The  sad  catalysis  did  come,  and  swept  away  eleven  hun- 
dred thousand  of  the  nation.  Jcr.  Taylor. 

2.  A  decomposition  and  new  combination 
supposed  by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  to 
be  produced  among  the  proximate  and  elemen- 
tary principles  of  one  or  more  compounds,  by 
virtue  of  the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or 
substances  which  do  not  of  themselves  enter 
into  the  reaction.  It  is  at  present  believed  that  bodies 
which  cause  catalysis  do  in  some  way  take  part  in  the 
chemical  reactions  involved,  though  they  are  in  the  course 
of  it  always  brought  back  to  their  original  condition. 

I  am  strongly  disposed  to  consider  that  the  facts  of 
Catalysis  depend  upon  voltaic  action,  to  generate  which 
three  heterogeneous  substances  are  always  necessary. 

11'.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  6. 

catalysotype  (kat-a-lis'o-tip),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ca- 
talysis +  type.]  In "photog.,  a  calotype  process 
in  which  iron  iodide  is  used  in  the  preparation 
of  the  paper,  in  place  of  potassium  iodide. 

catalytic  (kat-a-lit'ik),  a.  [=  P.  catalytique  = 
Sp.  catalitico,  ^  Gr.  Karahmnds,  able  to  dissolve, 

<  *KaT&AvT0c,  verbal  adj.  of  naraXvuv,  dissolve : 
see  catalysis  and  -ic]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characterized  by  catalysis ;  having  the  power 
of  decomposing  a  compound  body  apparently 
by  mere  contact ;  resulting  from  catalysis. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  increased  electrolytic 
power  of  water  by  the  addition  of  some  acids,  such  as  the 
sulphuric  and  phosphoric,  where  the  acids  themselves  are 
not  decomposed,  depends  upon  a  catalytic  effect  of  these 
acids.  W.  U.  Grow,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  169. 

Catalytic  agent,  (a)  A  body  which  produces  chemical 
changes  in  another  apparently  by  mere  contact.  Thus 
yeast  resolves  sugar,  by  contact,  into  carbonic  acid  and 
alcohol.  (/')  A  medicine  which  is  presumed  to  act  by  the 
destruction  or  counteraction  of  morbid  agencies  in  the 
blood.— Catalytic  force,  the  power  Beemingly  possessed 
by  some  bodies  to  produce  changes  in  others  by  contact, 
without  themselves  undergoing  permanent  change. 


855 

catalytical  (kat-a-lit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  cata- 
lytic. 

catalytically  (kat-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adv.  in  a  cat- 
alytic manner;  us  a  catalytic  agent. 

Platinum  black  .  .  .  absorbs  800  times  its  volume  of 
oxygen  from  the  air.  and  in  virtue  thereof  is  a  most  active 
oxidizing  agent,  which,  in  general,  acts  catalytically,  be- 
cause the  black,  after  having  given  up  its  oxygen  to  the 

oxidizable  substance  present,  at  once  takes  ana  fresh 

supply  11 the  atmosphere.  Encyc.  Brit.,  Xl.\.  191. 

catamaran  (ka  1  a-ma-ran'),  n.     [=P.  oatima- 

nttt,  <  1  liuil.  In/ ma ra it,  <  Malayalam  h  llanitirani 

(Tamil  hattumaram),  lit.  'tied  logs,'<  leetta{= 
Tamil,  Telugu,  and  Canarese  kattu,  e  binding,  a 

bond,  i ;  ',  <  l-allii  (cerebral  II),  bind)  +  milium  = 
Tamil  111  a  rum,  a  tree,  wood,  timber.]  1.  A  kind 
of  float  or  raft  used  by  various  peoples,    it  consists 

usually  of  several  pieces'ot  wood  lashed  together,  the  mid- 
dle piece  or  pieces  being  longer  than  the  others,  and  having 
one  end  turned  up  in  the  form  of  a  bOW.  It  is  used  on  the 
coasts  of  Coromandel,  and  particularly  at  Madras,  for  con- 
veying letters,  messages,  etc.,  through  the  surf  to  the  ship- 
ping in  the  roads.  Catamarans  are  also  used  in  short 
navigations  along  the  sea- shore  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on 
the  coast  of  Smith  Vmerica  very  large  ones  are  employed. 

The  name  was  also  applied  to  the  flat-bottomed  lire-boats 
built  by  the  English  in  1804,  and  despatched,  without  suc- 
cess, against  the  French  flotilla  collected  in  Boulogne  and 

neighboring  harbors  for  the  invasion  of  England. 

2.  Any  craft  with  twin  hulls,  the  inner  faces  of 
which  are  parallel  to  each  other  from  stem  to 
stern,  and  which  is  propelled  either  by  sail  or 
by  steam.  Sometimes  shortened  to  cat. —  3. 
A  quarrelsome  woman;  a  vixen;  a  scold:  a  hu- 
morous or  arbitrary  use,  with  allusion  to  cat  or 
catamount.    See  cat1,  4. 

At  his  expense,  you  catamaran  I  Dickens. 

She  was  such  an  obstinate  old  catamaran. 

Macmillan's  Mag. 

catamenia  (kat-a-mo'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Karayijiiia,  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  KarafifyHoc,  monthly, 
<  Kara,  according  to,  +  fiijv,  a  month,  =  L.  men- 
sis,  a  mouth  (see  menses),  akin  to  E.  month, 
q.  v.]  The  monthly  flowings  of  women;  the 
menses. 

catamenial  (kat-a-me'ni-al),  a.  [<  catamenia 
+  -al;  =  F.  catamenial.]  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  catamenia. 

Catametopa  (kat-a-inet'6-pa),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  nara,  down,  +  Metopa,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans.] In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classifi- 
cation, one  of  four  families  of  brachym-ous  de- 
capod crustaceans ;  the  Ocypodidw  in  a  broad 
sense :  now  called  Oeypodoklea  (which  see). 
Also  spoiled  t 'atometopa. 

catamite  (kat'a-mit),  n.  [<-F.  catamite,  <  L. 
catamitus,  so  called  from  Catamitus,  -mcitus, 
corrupt  form  of  Ganymedes :  see  Ganymede.] 
A  1  my  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 

catamount  (kat'a-mount),  «.  [Also  catamoun- 
tuiii ;  for  cat  0'  mount,  cat  o'  mountain  :  a,  o',  for 
of,  as  in  akin,  anew,  cat-o'-nine-taite,  o'clock,  etc. : 
see  eat1,  «4,  mount1.]  1.  The  cat  of  the  moun- 
tain ;  the  European  wildcat. — 2.  In  her.,  this 
animal  when  used  as  a  bearing.  It  is  generally 
represented  nearly  like  a  panther,  and  is  always  guardant, 
and  therefore  its  position  is  not  mentioned  in  the  blazon. 

3.  In  the  United  States  and  Canada :  («■)  A  wild- 
cat; a  lynx;  any  species  of  the  genus  Lynx, 
which  contains  several  large  wildcats  with 
short  tails,  penciled  ears,  and  reddish  or  reddish- 
gray  coloration,  much  variegated  with  lighter 
and  darker  markings,  as  the  bay  lynx,  Lynx, 
rufiis,  or  the  Canada  lynx,  L.  canadensis.  See 
cut  under  Lynx,  (b)  The  cougar,  puma,  or 
mountain  lion,  Felis  concolor.    See  cougar. 

catamountain  (kat'a-moun'tan),  n.  and  a.  I. 
it.  Same  as  catamount. 

The  owl  is  abroad,  the  bat,  and  the  toad, 
And  so  is  the  cat-a^mountain. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 
The  glaring  catamountain  and  the  quill-darting  porcu- 
pine. Martinus  Scriolerus. 

II.  a.  Like  a  wildcat;  ferocious;  wildly  sav- 
age: as,  "cat-a-niountain  looks,"  Shak.,  M.  W. 
of  W.,  ii.  2.     [Rare.] 

catanadromous  (kat-a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  +  dvddpopoc,  running  up:  see  aitad- 
romous.]  Passing  at  fixed  intervals  from  salt 
water  into  fresh,  and  returning:  applied  to  such 
fishes  as  the  salmon  and  the  shad.  Also  writ- 
ten catandromous. 

Catananche  (kat-a-nang'ke),  n.  [NL.,  prop. 
"Catanance,  <  L.  iatanamce,  <  Gr.  naTavayK//,  a 
plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  from  which  love-potions 
(ipuTinai  KaTavdynai)  were  made,  a  particular  use 
of  KaravayKr/,  force,  <  Kara,  down,  +  avdyicn,  com- 
pulsion, force,  necessity.]  A  genus  of  eichori- 
aceous  plants  of  southern  Europe.  The  blue 
cupidone,  C.  catrulea,  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 
ers. 


cataphracted 

cat-and-dog  (kat'and-dog'),  ".  and  ».  I.  a. 
Quarrelsome,  as  a  eai  and  a  dog;  disposed  to 
disagree  or  fight;  inharmonious:  as,  to  lead  a 
cat-and-dog  life. 

II.   11.   Same  as  tip-eul. 

catandromous  (ka-tan'dro-mus),  a.    See  cat- 

inititlriimiiits. 

catapan(kat-a-pan'),"-  [F.c«<fl/>a»,etc.,<  ML. 

en  Initial  lis,  fill  1  pit  lilts,  <  M&T .  KCWravOC  =  ORllSS. 

kotovanu  =  <  )Serv.  kotopani,  a  oat  a  pan,  a  trans- 
position of  It.  eapitano  (>  Turk,  gapuaan,  qap- 
ittii,  etc.),  ML.  etipi/ttittts,  a  Leader,  captain :  see 
captain.]  A  high  official  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire; the  governor  of  a  south  Italian  province 
under  the  Creek  emperors. 

A  late  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  Greek  Catapan, 
C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xxx. 

catapasm  (kat'a-pazm),  «.  [=  F.  catapasme= 
Sp.  catapastna,  <  Or.  naTiiraaua,  powder,  (.Kara- 
izaaaeiv,  sprinkle  over,  <  Kara,  down,  over,  + 
■Kaamtv,  sprinkle.]  A  dry  powder  employed  by 
the  ancients  to  sprinkle  on  ulcers,  absorb  per- 
spiration,  etc. 

catapeltict  (kat-a-pel'tik),  a.  and  n.      [<  Gr. 
Karaire'kTiKoc,  pertaining  to  a  catapult,  <  Kara- 
-:"/ri/c,  a  catapult  :   sec  catapult.]     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  catapult. 
II.  n.  A  catapult. 

catapetalous  (kat-a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  7rCTa?.ov,'a,  leaf,  mod.  a  petal,  +  -ous.] 
In  hut.,  having  the  petals  united  only  through 
their  cohesion  to  the  base  of  a  column  of  united 
stamens,  as  in  the  mallow. 

cataphasia  (kat-a-fa'ziS,),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  +  tptiair ,  a  saying,  speaking,  <  tpdvai,  speak ; 
cf.  mraipaaic,  an  affirmation.]  In  pathol.,  a  dis- 
turbance of  speech  in  which  the  patient  repeats 
the  same  word  several  times  in  answer  to  a 
question. 

cataphonic  (kat-a-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  (jtuvij,  sound.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cataphonics. 

cataphonics  (kat-a-fon'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  cata- 
phonic; =  F.  calajihoiiitptt  =  Sp.  eatafoniea,  cat- 
aphonics.] The  theory  of  reflected  sounds,  a 
branch  of  acoustics ;  catacoustics. 

cataphora  (ka-taf' o-r8),  ».  [NL.  (>  F.  cata- 
jilnira  =  Sp.  catdfora),  <  Gr.  Karaifiopd,  a  lethar- 
gic attack,  a  bringing  down,  a  fall,  <  Karatpipetv, 
bring  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  ipepeiv,  bring,  bear, 
=  E.  hear1.]  In  pathol.,  a  kind  of  lethargy  or 
somnolency  attended  with  short  remissions  or 
intervals  of  imperfect  waking. 

cataphoric  (kat-a-for'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara^opoco'c, 
violent,  <  aaraipopoc,  rushing  down,  <  Karafipeiv, 
bring  down :  see  cataphora.]  Having  the  power 
to  produce  motion,  as  of  a  liquid,  through  a  dia- 
phragm in  the  phenomenon  sometimes  called 
electrical  endosmose  (see  endosmose):  said  of 
an  electric  current. 

cataphract  (kat'a-frakt),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  cata- 
phracte,  <  L.  caiaphracta,  -tes,  <  Gr.  Karatppa- 
KTt/r,  a  coat  of  mail,  <  KaTatppanroc,  mailed,  pro- 
tected, <  Karaippdnaav,  cover  with  mail,  <  kind, 
against,  +  tppdoaetv  (-4/  *tppan),  fence  in,  pro- 
tect.] I.  n.  1.  An  ancient  defensive  armor 
composed  of  scales  of  metal  or  other  material 
sewed  to  a  garment  of  leather  or  stuff,  and  cov- 
ering often  the  whole  body  and  the  limbs,  but 
not  the  head,  upon  which  a  helmet  of  another 
material  was  placed.  Horses  were  also  covered  with 
the  same  defensive  armor.  Tiiis  dress  was  associated  by 
Romans  of  the  early  empire  with  eastern  nations,  such  as 
the  l'arthians  and  Sarmatians. 

Archers  and  slingers,  cataphracts  and  spears. 

Kilton,  s.  A.,  1.  1619. 

2.  In  zool.,  the  armor  of  plates  or  strong  scales 
protecting  some  animals.     J.  I).  Dana. 

II.  a.  1.  Fenced  in;  provided  with  bulwarks 
or  a  protecting  covering;  covered;  protected: 
as,  a  cataphract  war-galley. —  2.  Same  as  cata- 
phracted. 
Cataphracta  (kat-a-frak'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  L.  eataphraetus,  mailed:  see  cataphracti.] 
In  herpet.,  a  systematic  name  for  the  shield- 
reptiles,  (a)  In  Latreille's  classification,  a  division  of 
reptiles  composed  of  the  cbelonians and  crocodilians.  (6) 
In  J.  E.  Gray's  classification  (1831),  a  large  group  or  sec- 
tion of  reptiles  with  the  quadrate  bone  immovably  muted 
with  the  cranium  and  the  body  generally  covered  with 
angular  embedded  plates.  It  comprises  the  orders  or 
-roups  Kiitiiilomitri  (crocodilians),  Wtijitclioci'phalia,  Che- 
loiti't  (tortoises),  and  Amphisboenia. 

cataphracted  (kat'a-frak-ted),  a.  [<  cata- 
phract  +  -«i2.]  In  sobl.,  covered  with  horny 
or  bony  plates  or  scales  closely  joined  togeth- 
er, or  with  a  thick  hardened  skin.  Also  cata- 
phract. 


cataphracti 

cataphracti  (kat-a-frak'ti),  ».  pi.  [L.  cata- 
phracti, mailed   soldiers,  pi.  of  cataphn 

cataphract.]     1. 

by  tlir  Ron  <  aring 

tl»>  cataphraei  illy,  •■<  bodj  of  troops 

introduced  into  the  Roman  army  itself  in  the 

ntury  a.  d.,  and  forming  al  a  later 

time  perhaps  the  most   fo 

ies.—  2.    [cap.  |    |M..  I    In  Mttl- 

Gunther's  systems  ol  classification: 

i  I   milj  of  acanthopterygiaii  Bshes,  hai  big 

iv  for  the  angle  of  thi  alum, 

which  is  armed,  and  the  body  completely  cui- 

rassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or  scales.    (»)The 

th  group  of  Truth. in,  with  the  body  com- 

ly  cuirassed    by    bony-keeled    plates  or 

scales,  and  lia\  ,    <      m  small 

or  moderate  number. — 3.  I,!  |M.-I  A  fam- 
ily of  plectognathous  fishes:  same  as  Ostra- 
ciontidw.     Pitzingi  r,  1873. 

cataphractic  (kat-a-frak'tik),  a.  [<  cata- 
phract  +  -><:]  Pertaining  to  a  oataphract;  re- 
sembling a  oataphract. 

Cataphrygian  (kat-a-frij'i-an),  ».  L<  JjL-  '"- 
taphryges,  pi.  i<  Gr.  "xari,  according  to,  +  4yw- 
yia,  Phrygia,  the  native  countrj  of  Montanus), 
+  -!(/«.]'  One  of  the  ancient  sect  of  heretics 
now  commonly  called  Montanists.    See  Monta- 

cataphyl  (kat'a-fil),  n.    Same  as  cataphyUum. 
cataphylla,  n."  Plural  of  cataphyUum. 

cataphyllary  (kai-a-iila  ri>.  a.  [<  cataphyUum 
+  -(irji,]    i  if  the  nature  of  a  cataphyUum. 

The  two  most  i unon  farms  of  leaves  are  the  scali  -  or 

"cataphyltary  leaves    and  the  foliage  i 

Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  193. 

cataphyUum  (kat-a-fil'um),  «.;  pi.  cataphylla 
(-ii).  [XL.  (cf.  i  }r.  Kan 
l.afy  i,<Gr.  mri,  down, upon, 
+  tM>Mm>  =  Li.  folium,  leaf.] 
In  but.,  om-  of  "the  rudimen- 
tary leaves  which  precede 
•<■  of  growth,  as  the  co- 
tyledons of  an  embryo,  the 
scales  of  a  bud,  the  scales 
of  a  rhizome,  etc.  Also  cata- 
phyl. 
cataphysic,     cataphysical 

(kat-a-fiz'ik.  -i-kal  I,  a.  [<(ir. 
Kara,  down,  against,  +  tybtsic, 
nature:  see  physical.']  Con- 
trary or  opposed  to  nature: 
as.  cataphysical  laws. 
cataplasm  (kat'a-plazm),  ». 

V,        (•        ':■'       |    =   !•'.  cataplasn't'c  =  Sp.    I V. 

It.  cataplasma,  <  L.  cataplas- 

iiiii.  a  plaster,  poultice,  <  Gr. 
Kar&irAaa/ia,  poultice,  <  xara- 
-/linm  iv,  spread  over,  <  Kara, 
down.  +   -'/iir,<-        i    i  in,  shape:  see  plaster.] 
In  nuil..  a  soft  and  moist   substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body;  a  poultice, 
cataplectic  (kat-a-plek'tik),  </'.     [=  F.  cataplec- 

lujiu  .  <  Gr.  ie/r«-/;/Ar/;e/e,  striking,  <  KaTair'/i/i.T'"  , 
astonishing,  lit. 'striking  down.'  verbal  adj.  of 
Kara-,--    v    strike    down:    see   cataplexy   and 
"■.  |    Pertaining  to  cataplexy  :   causing  eata 
plexy;  shocking  the  nervous  system.    [Rare.] 

stimulation. 
Proa  N  <■    /'  ik-Ii.  I:    .  a,rli,  i  let.,  tsse,. 

catapleiite  n.     A.  silicate  of  zir- 

conium and  sodium,  occurring  in  tabular  liex- 
Of  a  yellowish-brow  n  color. 

cataplexy  plek-si),  n.    [=  P.  catap 

—  Sp.  Pg.  eatat  '•■[..    cataplexia,  <  Gr. 

mTu-'/i/z,  stricken,  struck  (cf.  fcardir^fif.  con- 
st rike  down,  <  wra, 

■.'  ,  |,  si  ril,. 

A    sudden    nervous    shook 

which  immobilizes  or  paralyzes  tin-  subject. 

which 

'.I,  l 

pplied  to  the  condition  of  hens 

p.  l  IS, 
catapotiont,  catapotiumt,  «.     [L.  catapotium, 

till,   orig.  that 
«'!"'  I  n  (cf.  mri 

lutition),  <  KOTt  l|.do\vu,  <i.,ir>,,  down, 

+  Kivuv  (■/  *iti,  •-«),  drink:  see  potion.]  1. 
A  pill, 

iaek, 

2.  Deglutition. 
catapucet  [ME.,  also  catapus,  < 

Sp.  Pg.  catapucia  =  It.  mlu, 
spin.  i,.  ,-, it, ,/„.•  otion.  ] 

The  herb  spurge,  Euphorbia  Lathyri 


856 

catapult  (kat'a-puin.  n.    [=  F.  catapults  = 

Sp.   Pg.  It.  caiapulta,  <  L.  catapulta, \Gn.  «a- 

:/,    (occasionally  -ttoXtik),  an  engine  for 

throwing  stones,    prob.   <    *Mi7U7rd/Um>,   throw 

down,    m    |eiss.  luirii-n'/  '/irlku.  leap  down,  <  Ml 7.7, 

down.  +  -.I//C.  brandish,  swing,  hurl.]  1. 
In  Bom.  ui, In/.,  a  military  engine  used  to  throw 
darts  of  great  size,  called  phalarica  or  trifax. 


Com,  of  Crocus  with 
Catapliylla. 


Catapult. 

It"  construction  is  nowhere  explained  with  any  fullness, 
and  it  is  uncertain  whether  its  action  was  that  of  a  cross- 
bow or  whether  springs  were  the  propelling  power.  By 
later  authors  the  catapult  and  hallista  seem  to  he  con- 
founded. In  the  middle  ages  the  name  is  hardly  used, 
except  where  a  writer  is  evidently  seeking  to  give  a  clas- 
sieal  form  I.,  his  composition.  In  the  annexed  cut,  which 
i.  presents  a  catapult  "t  the  later  period  when  no  dis- 
tinction  was  made  between  it  and  the  hallista,  /-'  is  the 
end  of  a  strong  lever,  which  revolves  on  an  axis  and  is 
held  down  by  a  windlass,  A.  At  the  extremity  is  a  fork, 
E  E,  with  the  pi gs  curving  slightly  upward  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  lied  for  a  barrel  of  combustible  matter  or  a  heavy 
missile  confined  by  a  rope  with  a  loop  at  the  end,  the  loop 
being  passed  through  a  tiook,  D.    When  the  lever  was  re- 

1.  a  •  .1  it  hounded  suddenly  upward,  the  eentriftlgal  force 
causing  the  loop  0  to  slip  otf  the  hook,  whereupon  the  bar- 
rel held  on  the  fork  was  liberated  and  projected  toward 
its  object.  />'  shows  rings  of  iron,  stone,  or  lead,  intended 
to  increase  the  rebound  due  to  the  stretched  cables  or 
other  devices  which  furnished  the  propelling  force. 

Bring  up  the  catapults,  and  shake  the  wall. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  4. 
All  the   bomoards  and  catapults,  and  other  engines  of 
war,  thundered  furiously  upon  the  city,  doing  great  dam- 
age- /. , , ,,;i  i Iranada,  p.  409. 

2.  A  small  forked  stick  to  each  prong  of  which 
is  attached  au  elastic  band,  generally  provided 
with  a  piece  of  leather  in  the  middle,  used  by 
boys  for  throwing  small  missiles,  such  as  stones, 
peas,  paper  pellets,  and  the  like. 

catapultic  (kat-a-pul'tik),  a.  [<  catapult  +  -ic. 
Cf.  catapcltic.']     Pertaining  to  a  catapult. 

catapultier  (kat*a-pul-ter  ),  ».  [<  catapult  + 
-ur.  as  in  grenadier,  etc.]  ( hie  who  discharges 
missiles  from  a  catapult.      ('.  Reads. 

cataract  ( kat'a-rakt),  ».  [<  ME.  cateracte  =  F. 
cata/racte  =  i'r.  cataracta  =  Sp.  Pg.  catarata  = 
It.  cateratta  =  1).  6.  Dan.  Sw.  katarakt  =  Russ. 
Icataraktu,  <  L.  cataracta,  also  cutan-acta  and 
catarractes,  <  Gr.  Karappdicrr/e,  a  waterfall,  also 
a  portcullis  (as  adj.,  down-rushing):  either  (1) 
<  naTapinpj  vimai  (second  aor.  karappayyvai),  break 
down,  in  pass,  rush  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  pri- 
,  .  <  vai,  break;  or  (2),  being  also  spelled  Karapi- 
1,71,,,  <  Karap&aauv,  dash  down,  break  in  pieces, 
fall  headlong,  <  Kara,  down,  4-  apaaaeiv,  strike 
hard,  dash  in  pieces.]  1.  A  descent  of  water 
over  a  steeply  sloping  but  not  perpendicular 
surface,  as  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile  and  the 
Orinoco;  hence,  especially  in  poetical  use,  any 
large  waterfall,  as  that  of  the  Niagara. 

^  ..a  cataracts  and  hurricanoes,  Bpout ! 

Slmk.,  hear,  iii.  'J. 

The  tremendous  catoracte  of  America  thundering  in  their 

solitudi  Irving. 

2.  Any  furious  rush  or  downpour  of  water. 

The  hollow  ocean-ridges  roaring  into  cataracts. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  A  disease  of  the  eye.  eha ract erized  by  opa- 
city of  the  lens,    it  is  produced  in  various  «a\\.  ..tien 

-.  in:   He  ii  a  sclerosis  of  the  lens.   Cap- 

cataract8,8o  called,  d t  Involve  an  opaqueness 

of  tin-  capsule  of  the  lens  itself,  hut  of  that  part  of  the 
lens  which  is  next  to  the  capsule,  or  are  due  to  a  deposit  of 

..pa-iu.   matter  externally  u] the  capsuli       \  tecondary 

cataract  is  one  due  to  an  earlier  disease  of  the  eye,    Cats 
in  probablj  Incurable  except  by  surgical  treatment 
th..  h  ns  is  commonly  entirely  removed  by  an  incision  int.. 
the  eye,  or  it  is  broken  up  with  a  line  needle  and  hit  to  lie 
absorbed 

almost  blind 
With  ever-growing  cataract, 

Tennyson,  'the  Sisters. 

i  In  fort.,  a  herse. — 5.  A  regulator  for  sin- 
.  nil-engines,  invented  bj  Smea- 
ti.n.  I'.  11.  Knight.  6t.  The  plungeon,  a  kind 
of  cormorant :  so  called  because  ol  it ss  violent 
downward  flight  in  seizing'  its  prey.  A.'.  Phil- 
lips, 1706.  Discission  of  cataract.  See  discission. 
■  Syn.  1.  Caucadc,  Cataract.    Sue  cascade!. 


catasarca 

cataractine  (kat-a-rak'tin),  a.  [<  cataract  + 
-iiui.}  Pertaining  to  a  cataract  or  waterfall; 
giving  rise  to  a  fall  of  water.     [Rare.] 

'fhe  plain  below  these  cataractine  glaciers  \\a-  pilingup 

with  the  debris,  while  torrents  of  the  melted  rubbish  fo i 

their  way.  foaming  and  muddy,  to  the  sea,  carrying  gravel 
and  rocks  along  with  them.    Kane,  Sec.  Orinn.  Exp.,  I.  :m. 

cataractous  (kat'a-rak-tus),  a.    [(.cataract  + 

-ous.~\  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  cataract 
in  the  eye. 

cataract-spoon  (kat'a-rakt-spon),  n.  A  spoon 
or  curette  for  removing  the  lens  of  the  eye  in 
operations  for  cataract. 

Catarhina,  ".  /</.    See  Catarrhina. 

catarhine,  a.  and  n.     See  catarrh  inc. 

Catarhini  (kat-a-ri'nl),  ». pi.  Same  as  Catar- 
rh tint. 

cataria  (ka-ta'ri-U),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  catus  (see 
cat1)  +  -aria,  q.  v.]  A  name  of  the  catnip, 
Nepeta  Cataria. 

catarrh  (ka-tar'),  «.  [=  F.  catarrhs  =  Pr.  ca- 
tar  =  Pg.  catarrho  =  Sp.  It.  catarro,  <  L.  ca- 
tarrhus,  <  Gr.  Kar&ppooc,  a  catarrh,  lit.  a  flowing 
down,  <  Karappslv,  flow  down,  <  Kara,  down,  + 
pelv,  flow.]  Inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  of  the  air-passages  of  the  head 
and  throat,  with  an  exudation  on  its  free  surface 
containing  mucin  and  epithelial  cells,  but  not 
involving  a  destruction  of  the  epithelial  layer 
or  the  formation  of  patches  of  false  membrane, 
as  occurs  in  diphtheritic  inflammation:  as,  gas- 
tric catarrh ;  vaginal  catarrh. 

catarrhal  (ka-tii'ral),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -al;  = 
F.  catarrhal  '=  Sp.  catarral  =  Pg.  catarrhal  = 
It.  catarrah:]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  catarrh ;  produced  by  or  attending  catarrh : 
as,  a  catarrhal  fever.    Also  catarrhous.-Ca.ita- 

rhal  pneumonia.  Same  as  biinu'liujiniuiiiiiiiia.  See  also 
pneumonia. 

catarrheous  (ka-tii're-us),  a.  [<  catarrh  + 
-nuts:  cf.  catarfhousJ]     Same  as  catarrhal. 

Catarrhina,  Catarhina  (kat-a-ri'na,),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara,  down,  +  pic,  pit',  the  nose.]  A 
section  of  quadrumanous  mammals,  including 
those  monkeys  and  apes  which  have  the  nos- 


Skeleton  and  Outline  of  a  Catarrhine  Monkey  {Cercojiithecus). 
pa,  parietal ;  oc,  occipital ;  ma,  mandible ;  C,  cervical  vertebras ; 
D,  dorsal  vertebra- ;  L,  lumbar  vertebras  ;  St,  sternum  ;  hu,  humerus; 
ra,  radius;  ill,  ulna  ;  cp,  carpus;  mc,  metacarpus;  it,  ilium  ;  pe, 
pelvis;/*?,  femur;  pat,  patella  ;  Jib,  fibula  ;  tib,  tibia  ;  tar,  tarsus; 
met,  metatarsus  ;  /,  phalanges. 

trils  approximated,  the  aperture  pointing  down- 
ward, and  the  intervening  septum  narrow,  as 
all  the  apes  of  the  old  world.  The  Barbary  ape,  go- 
rilla, chimpanzee,  orang,  etc.,  are  included  in  this  section. 
Opposed  to  I'l, it, in  hum.  Also  written  Catarrhini,  Cata- 
rhini. 

catarrhine,  catarhine  (kat'a-rin  or  -rin),  a. 
and  n.    [<  Catarrhina.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 

to  the  monkeys  classed  as  Catarrhina. 

The  catarhine  monkeys  are  restricted  eutirelv  to  the  Old 
World.  11.  A.  Nicholson. 

II.  n.  A  monkey  of  the  section  Catarrhina. 

Catarrhini  (kat-a-ri'ni),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Catar- 
rhina. 

catarrhish  (ka-ta'rish),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -ish1.] 
Like  catarrh;  catarrhal. 

catarrhous  (ka-tti'rus),  a.     Same  as  catarrhal. 

catasarcaH,  »•  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hani,  upon,  +  adorn, 
nee.  of  o-dpfj  skin.]  Same  as  anasarca.  E.  J'hil- 
lips,  1706. 

catasarca-  (kat-a-sar'kft),  n.   [<  MGr.  (rij)  Kara- 

capxa,  thai  which  is  hum  adpiui,  next  the  skin, 
inside  or  beneath  the  outer  covering:  see  catOr 
sarcaX.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  the  inner  or  lower 
altar-cloth,  spread  immediately  upon  the  top 
of  the  altar,  and  covered  by  the  ependytes,  or 
outer  altar-cloth. 

\t  lh.    alleles  ..I  the  in.  nsa  are  placed  four  small  pieces 
of  cloth,   symbolizing    the    four  evangelists,    called  from 

them  and  adorned  with  their  respective  emblems;  over 
tins.-  th.  catasarka  of  silk  or  stuff  is  spread,  having  four 
strings  or  tassels  at  its  extremity. 

J,  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  187. 


catastagmus 

catastagmust,  ».  r.N'1...  <  Gr.  Karaorayudc,  a  run- 
ning at  lh 36,  <  i"i.  "•  rdfejw,  drop  down,  <  Mini, 

dowu,  +  orafytv,  <  1 1-< . [ > ,  trickle.  |  In  met?.,  an  old 
term  for  eoryza  and  pharyngeal  and  bronchial 
catarrh. 

catastaltic  (kat-a-stal'tik),  a.  [=  Sp.  catastdl- 
tico,  <  LL.  catastalticus,  i  (Jr.  tearaoraATHco'c,  fit- 
ted for  checking,  <  htiTanri'/'/uv,  keep  down, 
check,  <  Mini,  down.  +  nrt/A'<r,  arrange,  send.  1 

Having  power  to  check,  repress,  or  restrain; 

inhibitory:  applied  ti licines which  repress 

abnormal  action,  as  astringents,  styptics,  and 

sedatives. 

catastasis  (ka-tas'ta-sis),  ».:  pi.  catastases 
(-sez).  [NL.  (>  F.  catastast  ).  <  Gr.  Karaoramc, 
a  settling,  arranging,  setting  forth,  <  naBiaravai, 
settle,  constitute,  <  hum,  down,  +  laravat,  gel 
up,  mid.  stand,  =  E.  Stand.]  1.  In  Wo/.,  thai 
part  of  the  exordium  in  which  the  speaker  seeks 
to  dispose  his  hearers  to  a  view  of  the  case  fa- 
vorable to  his  own  side,  especially  by  removing 
from  their  minds  what  might  prejudice  them 
against  it. — 2.  That  part  of  the  Greek  drama 
iu  which  the  action,  initiated  in  the  epitasis, 
is  sustained,  continued,  and  prepared  Cor  the 
catastrophe. —  3.  In  tned.,  constitution,  stale, 
or  condition. 

catastate  (ka-tas'tat),  n.  [<  Gr.  */,araffraroc, 
verbal  adj.  of  Kadiaraadai,  settle  down,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  laraaOat,  stand.]  Any  one  of  the  suc- 
cessive states  iu  a  continuous  series  of  cata- 
bolic  processes.  In  such  a  series  each  state  differs 
from  the  preceding  in  exhibiting  greater  stability,  less 
complexity,  and  less  contained  energy.  The  correspond, 
ing  term  regarding  an  anabolic  process  is  anastate.  Also 
katastate. 

In  the  animal-cell  the  initial  anastates  seem  always  or 

at  least  generally  more  complex  than  the  final  katastates. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  li). 

catastatic  (kat-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  catastate  +  -ic] 
Of  or  relating  to  catastates. 

catasterism  (ka-tas'te-rizrn),  n.  [<  Gr.  kutu- 
arepia/jdc,  a  placing  among  the  stars  (Ka-aave- 
pia/ioi  being  the  name  of  a  treatise  attributed 
to  Eratosthenes,  giving  the  legends  of  the 
different  constellations),  <  KaTaoTcpi^eiv,  place 
among  the  stars,  <  Kara,  down,  +  dart/;/../!, 
make  into  a  star,  <  aarr/p,  a  star:  see  asterism.  ] 
A  placing  among  the  stars;  a  cataloguing  or 
catalogue  of  the  stars. 

His  catalogue  contains  no  bright  star  which  is  not  found 
in  the  catasterisms  of  Eratosthenes. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

catastomid,  Catastomidae,  etc.  See  catosto- 
»i ill,  etc. 

catastrophe  (ka-tas'tro-fe), ».  [Formerly  also 
catastrophy;  =  F.  catastrophe  =  Sp.  catdstrofi 
=  Pg.  catastrophe  =  It.  catastrofe  =  I).  Tcata- 
strofe  =  G.  katastrophe  =  Dan.  hatastrofe  =  Sw. 
katastrof,  <  L.  catastropha,  <  Gr.  KaraaTpotj)//,  an 
overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn  or  end,  <  Kara- 
OTpeifiEiv,  overturn,  turn  suddenly,  end,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  arpetpew,  turn:  see  strophe.]  1.  The 
arrangement  of  actions  or  interconnection  of 
causes  which  constitutes  the  final  event  of  a 
dramatic  piece ;  the  unfolding  and  winding  up 
of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and  closing 
the  play;  the  denouement.  The  ancients  divided  a 
play  into  the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis,  and  catastrophe ; 
that  is,  the  introduction,  continuance,  heightening,  and 
development  or  conclusion. 

Pat,  he  conies,  like  the  catastrophe  of  the  old  comedy. 

Shah.,  Lear,  i.  2. 
All  the  actors  must  enter  to  complete  and  makeup  the 
catastrophe  of  this  great  pice. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  47. 

The  Catastrophe  of  the  Poem  is  finely  presaged  on  this 

occasion.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  327. 

The  catastrophe,  indeed  the  whole  of  the  last  act,  is 

beautifully  written.  Gifford,  Int.  to  Ford,  p.  \\i\ 

2.  A  notable  event  terminating  a  connected 
series;  a  finishing  stroke  or  wind-up:  specifi- 
cally, an  unfortunate  conclusion  ;  hence,  any 
great  calamity  or  disaster,  especially  one  hap- 
pening suddenly  or  from  an  irresistible  cause. 

Here  was  a  mighty  revolution,  the  most  horrible  and 
portentous  catastrophe  that  nature  ever  yet  saw. 

Woodward,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 

He  fell,  but  one  sufferer  in  a  common  catastrophe. 

II'.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  6. 

3.  Ingeol.,  an  occurrence  of  geological  impor- 
tance not  in  harmony  with  preceding  events, 
and  not  the  result  of  causes  acting  always  in  a 
given  direction ;  a  cataclysm,  it  was  once  gener- 
ally believed  that  the  earth  has  "  underg a  succession 

of  revolutions  and  aqu is  catastrophes  interrupted  by 

long  intervals  of  tranquillity"  (Litcll).  The  deluge  was 
one  of  these  great  catastrophes.  A  similar  view  is  the 
once  common  idea  that  all  the  living  organisms  on  the 
earth's  surface  had  been  again  and  ai;ain  exterminated,  to 
be  succeedeil  by  new  creations  of  plants  and  animals. 


857 

Qreat  changes  "f  a  kind  and  intensity  quit.'  different 
from  the  common  course  of  events,  and  which  may  there- 
fore properly  be  called  catastrophes,  have  taken  place 
upon  the  eai  th    surface.  it  fti  « .  II. 

the  old  notion  of  all  the  Inhabitants  of  the  earth  having 

iwept  :i\\:i\  by  catastrophes  al  successive  periods  [g 

very  generally  given  up,  even  by  those  geologists,  as  Elie 
de  Beaumont,  tuurchlson,  Barrande,  etc.,  whose  general 
views  would  naturally  lead  them  to  this  conclusion. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  299. 
Theory  of  catastrophes.  See  theory  of  cataclysms,  nn 
der  cataeliisiii. =Syn.  2.  Disaster,  Calamity,  etc.  en  mis 
fortune);  consummation,  finale. 
catastrophic  (kat-as-trof 'ik),  a.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -to.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
catast  rophe ;  cataclysmic. 

Revolution  seems  to  contain  in  every  syllable  of  its  ter- 
rifying name  bo thing  catastrophic. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  4:i<i. 

2.  Relating  to  <>r  in  conformity  with  the  views 
of  the  catast  rophists ;  cataclysmal. 

The  Irj  pothesls  of  uniformity  cannot  possess  any  essen- 
tial simplicity  which,  previous  to  inquiry,  gives  it  a  claim 
upon  our  assent  superior  to  that  of  the  opposite  cata- 
strophic hypothesis.  Whewell. 

3.  Subversive  in  a  momentous  degree  of  settled 
usage  or  law. 

The  catastrophic  creation  of  Peers  for  the  purpose  of 
Swamping  the  upper  house  is  .  .  .  a  power  only  to  be 
used  i>n  great  occasions,  when  the  object  is  immense,  and 
the  party  strife  unmitigated. 

Bagehot,  Eng.  Const.  (Boston  ed.),  p.  305. 
catastrophism  (ka-tas'tro-fizm),  n.  [<  catas- 
trophe +  -ism  :  =  F.  eatasirophisme.]  The  theo- 
retical view  of  geological  events  which  has  as  its 
essential  basis  the  idea  of  a  succession  of  catas- 
trophes:  I  ho  opposite  of  uniformitarianism.  See 
catastrophe,  3,  and  cataclysm,  '2. 

I  tied  three,  more  or  less  contradictory,  systems  of  geo- 

logic  tl ght,  each  of  which  might  fairly  enough  claim 

ih.  i  appellations,  standing  side  by  side  in  Britain.  I 
Bhall  call  one  of  them  Catastrophism,  another  Uniformi- 
tarianism, the  third  Evolutionism.  By  Catastrophism,  I 
mean  any  form  of  geological  speculation  which,  in  order 
to  account  for  the  phenomena  of  geology,  supposes  the 
operation  of  forces  different  in  their  nature,  or  immeasur- 
ably different  in  power,  from  those  which  we  at  present 
see  in  action  in  the  universe.    Huxley,  Lay  Serm.  ms,  p.  22!). 

catastrophist  (ka-tas'tro-fist),  n.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  catastrophism ;  a 
cataclysmist.  The  term  is  used  iii  geology  by  writers 
on  theoretical  dynamic  geology  as  the  opposite  of  uniform!- 
tartan,  that  is,  of  one  who  considers  that  geological  causes 
now  in  action  are,  and  have  been,  essentially  the  same  from 
the  beginning.  The  catastrophist  maintains  that  there 
have  been  catastrophes,  or  sudden  violent  changes  in  the 
order  of  nature,  such,  for  instance,  as  would  cause  the  ex- 
termination of  all  forms  of  life  upon  the  globe,  or  cover  it 
with  ice. 

The  catastrophist  is  affirmative,  the  unifonnitarian  is 
negative  in  his  assertions.  Whewell. 

For  a  generation  after  geologists  had  become  uuiformi- 
tarians  in  Geology,  they  remained  catastrophist*  in  Biol- 
ogy. H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  17. 

catastrophyt  (ka-tas'tro-fi),  n.  Obsolete  spell- 
ing of  catastrophe. 

Catawba  (ka-ta'ba),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  native 
grape,  with  red  fruit,  much  cultivated  in  the 
middle  United  States,  taking  its  name  from  the 
Catawba  river  in  the  Carolinas,  where  it  was 
first  raised. — 2.  The  wine  made  from  this  grape. 
It  is  a  light  wine,  of  rich  muscadine  flavor,  much  used  in 
the  United  States.  Both  still  and  sparkling  Catawba  wines 
are  made. 

Wry  good  in  its  way 
Is  the  Verzenay, 
Or  the  Sillery  soft  ami  creamy  ; 
But  Catawba  wine 
lias  a  taste  more  divine, 
.More  dulcet,  delicious,  and  dreamy. 

Longfellow,  Catawba  Wine. 

cat-back  (kat'bak),  n.  Nuut.,  a  small  rope  fas- 
tened to  the  hook  of  the  cat-block  to  facilitate 
hooking  into  the  ring  of  the  anchor. 

cat-beamt  (kat'bem),  n.  Ndut.,  the  longest 
beam  of  a  ship,  and  one  of  the  principal  ones. 

catbill       (kat- 

bil),  it.  A  wood- 
pecker. [North. 
Eng.] 

cat-bird  (kat'- 
berd),  n.  A  well- 
known  oscine 
passerine  bird 
of  North  Amer- 
ica, Mimus  caro- 
linensis,  one  of 
the  mocking- 
thrushes,  relat- 
ed to  the  mock- 
ing-bird, it  is  of 
a  dark  slate-color, 
with  a  black  cap 
and  a  red  vent,  and 
is  so  called  because 
its  cry  of  alarm  re- 
sembles the  mewing  of  a  cat, 
varied,  and  highly  musical. 


Cat-bird  (Miinus  caroliHtKsis) 


Its  proper  song  is  voluble, 
It  abounds  in  the  shrubbery 


catch 

of  the  eastern  United  States,  builds  a  cos ttinl 

lays  from  i  to  n  dark-green  eggs,  and  o  migratory  and  in. 

sectlvorou  i. 
cat-blasb.  (kut'blash).  n.  Anything 

thin  or  sloppy,  as  weak  tea.    [l'rov. 

Eng.] 
cat-block  I  kat'blok),  n.  [=  I).  Dan. 

katblok:  seecafJ  and  block  '.  |  Sunt., 

a  two- or  three-fold  block  with  an 

iron  strap  and  large  hook,  used  to 

draw  up  an   anchor  to  the  cot  head. 

cut  under  cat-head. 
cat-boat  (kat'bot),  n.    A  boat  having  a  cat-rig. 

In  England  eat  boats  are  known  as  UTUtrboatS,  probably 
from  the  name  of  the  first  cat-rigged  boat  used  there. 

The  Impudence  with  which  a  cat-boat  will  point  into  the 
wind's  eye  is  simply  marvellous. 

tyialtrough,  Boat-Sailer's  Manual,  p.  89. 

catbrain  (kat'bran),  n.  A  kind  of  rough  clay 
mixed  with  Btone.     [l'rov.  Eng.] 

cat-brier  (kat'bri^er),  n.  A  name  given  in  the 
United  States  to  species  of  Smilax. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  n.  [<  cat*  +  calP-.]  A 
squeaking  instrument  used  in  playhouses  to 
express  disapprobation  or  weariness  of  the  per- 
formance, or  a  sound  made  in  imitation  of  the 
tone  of  this  instrument. 

The  cat-calt  has  Btrucfc  a  damp  into  generals  and  fright- 
ened heroes  off  the  stage.  Addison,  The  Cat-Call. 
He  [play-writer] sees  his  branded  name,  with  wild  affright, 
And  hears  again  the  catcalls  of  the  night.  ( 'rabbe. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  r.  t.  [<  catcall,  ».]  To  ex- 
press disapprobation  of  by  sounds  produced  by 
or  like  those  of  the  catcall. 

His  cant,  like  Merry  Andrew's  noble  vein, 
Catcalls  the  sects  to  draw  'em  in  again. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  40. 
She  had  too  much  sense  not  to  know  that  it  was  better 
to  be  hissed  and  catcalled  by  her  daddy  than  by  a  whole 
sea  of  heads  in  the  pit  of  Drury  Lane  theatre. 

Uacavlay,  -Madame  D'Arblay. 

cat-castle  (kat'kas-1),  n.  In  the  military  engi- 
neering of  the  middle  ages,  a  kind  of  movable 
tower  to  cover  the  sappers  as  they  advanced  to 
a  besieged  place.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 
catch1  (kaeh),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caught  (obso- 
lete or  vulgar  caiched),  ppr.  catching.  [<  ME. 
catchen,  cachen,  cacchen,  kachen,  Jcacchen  (also 
keechen,  >  E.  dial,  ketch)  (pret.  caught,  cought, 
caughte,  caugte,  cahte,  caste,  kagte,  etc.,  rarely 
cached,  hatched,  pp.  caught,  eat/lit,  kauht,  caht, 
cagt,  etc.,  rarely  cached,  cachet)  =  D.  kaatsen 
=  MLG.  katzen,  play  at  tennis,  <  OF.  cachcr, 
cachier,  coder  (Heard),  reg.  assibilated  chacier, 
F.  chasser  (>  E.  chase'-,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  cassar  = 
OSp.  cabzar,  Sp.  cazar  =  Pg.  cat-ur  =  It.  eacei- 
are,  chase,  hunt,  <  ML.  *captiare  (for  which  only 
caciare  is  found),  an  extended  form  of  L.  cap- 
tare,  catch,  catch  at,  chase,  freq.  of  cupere,  pp. 
capitis, take :  see  capable,  captive,  etc.  Cf.  chase*, 
a  doublet  of  catch1.']  I.  trans.  If.  To  chase; 
drive ;  hunt. 

Ase  thet  bote  weter  [hot  water]  cacheth  thane  hoiul 
[houudj  out  of  the  keehene  [kitchen]. 

Ancren  Riwte,  p.  171. 
Likes  nan  of  tbaim  my  play 
Bot  alle  thar  kaehe  [var.  chasse]  me  away. 

Eng.  Metrical  Homilies  (ed.  .1.  Small),  p.  151. 

As  thow  seest  in  the  satiter  in  psalme  one  or  tweyne, 
How  eontricioun  is  commended;  for  it  caccheth  awey 
synue.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  178. 

Nowe  kyngis,  to  cache  all  care  away 
Sen  3e  ar  comen  oute  of  youre  kytht, 
L,  ike  noght  ye  legge  agayne  oure  lay, 
Uppon  peyne  to  lose  both  lyme  and  litht. 

York  Plai/s,  p.  131. 

2f.  To  approach;  go  to  seek  speech  with. 
The  knyghte  coueride  on  his  knees  with  a  kaunt  herte, 
And  eaaahte  his  Creatoure  that  comfurthes  us  alle. 

Mortis  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2195. 
3f.  To  reach  ;  arrive  at. 

The  comely  coste  of  Normandye  they  cachene  fulle  evene, 
And  blythely  at  Barftete  theis  bolde  arc  arryfede, 
And  fyndys  a  tlete  there  of  frendez  ynewe. 

Mortfl  Arthur,  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  834. 

4.  To  reach  in  pursuit  or  by  special  effort,  as 
a  moving  object  or  one  about  to  move ;  come 
up  to:  as,  I  caught  my  friend  on  the  road,  or 
just  starting;  to  catch  the  train. —  5.  To  lay 
hold  of;  grasp;  seize;  take:  as,  to  catch  a 
sword  by  the  handle. 

William  curtesli  caujt  the  quen  of  hire  palfrav. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4»f2- 
The  mild  hind 
Makes  speed  to  catch  the  tiger. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
Ready  to  catch  each  other  by  the  throat. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
Giving  my  book  to  my  servant  when  T  measured,  a  young 
man  caught  it  out  of  his  hand  and  ran  away  with  it. 

Pocoeke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  113. 

Specifically — 6.  To  intercept  and  seize  (some- 
thing approaching  or  passing,  especially  in  the 


catch 

:  as,  to  catch  ;i  ball.— 7.  To  take  captive, 

.■  trap;  take  with  a  lure  or  bail  : 

j,1M;  'tmice  or  birds;  to 

Bsh:  often  used  figuratively  in  this  sense. 

ray  discipillis  "ill  I 

K\  Hi'  tliaill 

Thai  ■ 

i  of  the 
:      ill  his  words.  Mark  xii.  IS. 

I  iiiil  aitl,  newly 

break  Wary,  I.  77. 

Tin-  ' '  •  •  • 

c„t,/:  ordinarj  nam 

Plants,  p.  28] 

8.  To  seize  after  pursuit  or  search ;  appn  h< 
arrest :  as,  to  catch  a  thirl'  or  a  runaway  horse. 

This  year,  I  hope,  my  friends,  1  shall  'scape  prison, 

h  me. 

Bush,  iv. :;. 

9.  To  gel :  obtain  :  gain  possession  of;  acquire. 
Therfore,  lady,  .V  it  like  you,  lighten  yourchere; 

ird  you  kvmih  im  rest. 

■  (E.  B.  T.  S.)  I   3303 
ii  rt  mist  thei  kaeche,  Uie  euntre  was  mi  playne. 
Willia  [E.  ]    T.  S.),  1.  2217. 

This  Kingdoms  was  diuersly  rent,  imn  one  catch* 
mm  h  as  his  might  .-nil. i  bestow  mi  his  ambition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  j'.  281. 
Torment  myself  to  catch  the  English  crown. 

Shale.,  ::  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

10.  To  Beize  upon  bj  attraction  or  impression : 
take  ami  tix  tin-  attention  of;  bence,  to  gain  in- 
fluence >>\  ei :  captivate. 

You  think  yuii  have  caught  mo.  lady;  you  think  1  melt 
butter,  ami  run  all  into  brine  ami 
/;,"<t.  and  Ft.,  Womau-Hater,  iii.  l. 
The  BOOthing  arts  that  cateli  the  fail-.  Dryden. 

The  fluency  ami  the  personal  advantages  of  the  young 
r  instantly  caught  iii*-  ear  and  theeye  of  his  audi- 
ence. Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 
The  gross  ami  carnal  temper  in  man  is  far  more  easily 
by  power  than  by  love. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  60. 

11.  To  seize  or  apprehend  by  the  senses  or  the 
intellect:  as.  to  catch  sight  of  something. 

In  an  yll  nine 
Kaughtst  thou  in  that  craft  cuum  ng  oi  bappes. 

1 1     E.  T.  .s.),  1.  10S7. 
ng  hut  the  least   noise  of  this,  dies  in- 
stantly. Shak.,  A.  anil  C,  i.  '2. 

I  caught  a  Tennyson,  Maud,  xiii. 

Men  remark  figure:  women  always  catch  the  expres- 
sion. Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  33s. 

12.  To  get ;  receive. 

He  that  cacchith  to  him  an  yuel  name, 
h  is  to  in!"  ii  foule  fame. 

Baoees  BoofcfE,  E.  T.  s.i.  p.  39. 
Fight  closer,  or,  good  faith,  you'll  catch  a  blow. 

Shak.,  :;  lien.  \  I,,  iii.  2. 
I  in  <  inn  i  Ii  of '  arnac  by  the  strand 
Catch-.*  tin-  westering  sun's  last  tires. 

.1/.  Arnold,  stanzas  from  Carnac. 

13.  To  lie  affected  or  influenced  h\  ;  become  af- 

d  by  nr  infected  with:  take:  as,  to  catch 
cold  or  tie-  measles;  to  catch  fire. 

A  man  takes  mercury,  goes  out  of  d sand  catches  cold. 

./.  S    i/- \l    I  ij  ic,  iii.  5. 

14.  To  entangle  with  or  entrap  in:  as,  she 
caught  the  fringe  of  her  shawl  on  the  door-knob. 
— 15.  To  sei/.-  u  [..in  in  hi  tack;  fasten  upon;  be- 
come communicated  to:  as,  the  lire  caught  the 
adjoining  buildings.  — 16.  To  come  on  sudden 

ly,  unexpectedly,  or  i identally:  as,  they  wi  re 

caught  in  the  act . 

all  catch  them  at  their  sport; 
our  sudden  coming  thi  ri 
Will  double  all  their  mill 

Hilton,  '  k>mus   I    i 
Catch  me !  (catch  him !  catch  her  1)  an  emphatic  phra  < 

rpOt  -  ilnli!\    Ol    one's 

W  ill  you  lend  him  the 

i"i  |     Catch  the  ten,  a     urn 

i.  bo  ii. urn  'I  from  the  di  lira 

oi  trumps,  wht  h  counts  10  and 

b    taken  by  at  n        ime  n   embles 

tin-  are  I.  Ii,,     L 

|)layi  'I  with  38  i  ard     all  bi  low 
First  catch  your  hare,  adirectio tcui 

print 

To  catch  a  crab.   Set 
-  To  catch  a  Tatar.  To  catch  hold  of 

To  catch  it,  rtding! 

w  , 

fm  a 

To  catch  leavet,  t 

Redi 
Ful  eurtelnle  of  tl 

William  o/Palern  \  \.  ar>3. 


858 

Thanne  seis  thei  no  socour  but  sunder  thanne  thei  moste ; 
w  nti  .  lipping  a  icessing  thei  kau,  <  here  leue. 

n      iam  o}  Palerne(E.  I-:.  T.  S.),  1.  1068. 

To  catch  one  a  blow,  to  inflict  a  blow  on  one.    [Colloq.] 
To  catch  one  on  the  hip,  to  get  the  advantage  of 

:  get  'in-  under s  power.    SeeAipl.     To  catch 

out,  in  base-ball,  cricket,  ami  similar  games,  to  put  (the 
striker) out  by  catchinga  batted  ball  before  it  has  touched 
the  ground.  See  baseball.-  To  catch  up.  («)  To  take 
up  suddenly  ;  snatch  up. 

I  -  /'  up  a  little  garden  girl,  .  .  .  put  a  napkin  in 
her  hand,  and  made  her  my  butler. 

Lady  Holland,  Sydney  Smith,  I.  vii. 
(M  To  lift  of  raise  to  a  higher  elevation. 

1  knew  a  man  .  .  .  caught  up  to  the  third  heaven 

2  Cor.  xii.  2. 

Her  child  was  caught  up  unto  Cod,  and  to  his  throne. 

Rev.  xii.  6. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  hold  with  the  hand 
or  hands;  grasp.  Specifically  —  2.  To  act  as 
catcher  in  the  game  of  base-ball. —  3.  To  ac- 
quire possession. 

Have  is  have,  however  men  do  catch. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

4.  To  be  entangled  or  impeded ;  become  fixed ; 
remain  fast  :  as.  his  clothes  caught  iu  the  briers; 
the  lock  catches. 

Don't  open  your  mouth  as  wide  as  that,  young  man,  or 
it'll  catch  so  and  not  shut  again  some  day. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  16. 

The  little  island  lias  such  a  celebrity  in  travel  and  ro- 
iii.-mee.  that  I  feel  my  peii  catching  iu  the  tatters  of  a 
threadbare  theme.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xni 

5.  To  take  proper  hold  so  as  to  act :  as,  the 
bolt  does  not  catch. — 6.  To  be  communicable 
or  infectious  ;  spread  by  or  as  if  by  infection. 

Does  the  sedition  catch  from  man  to  man, 

And  run  among  their  ranks?    Addison,  Cato,  ii.  6. 
His  eloquence  caught  like  a  flame, 
From  zone  to  zone  of  the  world. 

/',  nnyson,  Dead  Prophet. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  lay  hold  of;  be  eager  to  get, 
use,  or  adopt:  with  at. 

Saucy  lictors 
Will  catch  at  us,  like  strumpets. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

Now,  like  those  that  are  sinking,  they  catch  round  at  that 
which  is  likeliest  to  hold  them  up. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

He  can  receive  no  pleasure  from  a  casual  glimpse  of 
Nature,  but  must  catch  at  it  as  an  object  of  instruction. 

Lamb,  Old  and  New  Schoolmaster. 
Catch  as  catch  can,  in  wrestling,  to  grapple  in  any  or- 
dinary ami  Legitimate  manner.  To  catch  on,  to  appre- 
hend; understand.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  —  To  catch  up,  to  get 
to  the  same  point  (in  place  or  in  work) ;  get  even  or 
abreast,  usually  by  special  effort,  as  in  a  race,  a  journey, 
study,  etc.:  absolute,  or  with  icith. 

catch1  (kaeh), n.  [<catchl,v.  Cf. chase1,  n.]  If. 

The  act  of  catching  or  seizing ;  seizure. 

She  would  faine  the  ,-,,/, ■/,  «,f  Strephon  flie. 

Sir  I'.  Siaiicn,  Arcadia,  i. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  has*  -hull  and  similar  games, 
the  catching  and  holding  of  a  batted  or  thrown 
ball  before  it  touches  the  ground. — 3.  Any- 
thing that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  that  cheeks  mo- 
tion  or  the  like,  as  a  hook,  a  ratchet,  a  pawl,  a 
spring-boll  for  a  door  or  lid,  or  any  other  con- 
trivance employed  in  machinery  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stopping  or  cheeking  certain  move- 
ments.— 4.  A  choking  or  stoppage  of  the  breath. 
Heard  the  deep  catches  of  his  labouring  breath. 

MacmiUan's  Mag. 

5.  The  posture  of  seizing;  a  state  of  prepara- 
tion to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to 
seize.      [Archaic] 

Both  of  them  lay  iij the  cafcA  for  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

6.  Anything  caught;  especially,  a  prize  or 
booty;  something  valuable  or  desirable  ob- 
tained or  to  be  obtained;  a  gain  or  an  advan- 
tage; often,  colloquially,  one  desirable  as  a 
husband  or  wife  on  account  of  wealth  or  posi- 
tion. 

Sector  shall  have  a  meat  catch  if  he  knock  out  either 
of  your  brains.  Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  ii.  1. 

sin- entered  freely  into  the  state  of  le-r  affairs,  asked 
his  advice  upon  money  matters,  and  fully  proved  to  Ins 
satisfaction  that,  independent  oi  her  beauty,  she  would 
be  a  much  greater  catch  than  Frau  Vandersloosh, 

Marryat,  Snarleyyou ,  I.  xx. 
Specifically  — 7.  ba.  fishing,  the  quantity  of  fish 
taken;  us.  the  catch  on  t'ho  Banks  during  tin- 
season. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  n  measure  of  the  Increase  or  de- 
-  ol  the  -ii.nl  fisheries  of  the  Atlantic  coast  rivi 

irj  > mp  ii     thi    .i     i.  --. „tch  in  the  princi- 
pal rivi                                    Sceence,  VI.,  No.  1 16,  Supp. 

8.  A     natch  :   ;i  :  hurt   interval  of  action. 

It  lut  -  in  .ii  writ  bj  catena.  Locke. 

9.  A  hold  ;  a  grasp;  a  grip.—  10f.  A  slight  or 
partial  recollection. 


catching 

We  retain  a  catch  of  those  pretty  stories,  and  our  awak- 
ened imagination  smiles  in  the  recoiled 

Otanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

11.  A  trick;  something  by  which  one  may  be 
entrapped. 

To  [too]  Kynde,  ne  to  Kepyng,  and  wane  Knavise,/.,  /,.  s, 
Babees  Book  tl-:.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  9. 

12.  In  music,  originally,  an  unaccompanied 
round  for  three  or  more  voices,  written  as  a 
continuous  melody,  not  in  score.  Later,  a  round 
tin  words  of  which  were  so  selected  that  it  was  possible, 
either  by  means  of  the  pronunciation  or  by  the  interweav- 
ing of  the  words  and  phrases,  to  give  to  the  different  voices 
or  parts  ludicrous  effects.     Gn-ee. 

Shall  we  rouse  the  night-owl  in  a  catch  that  will  draw 
three  souls  out  of  one  weaver?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  :t. 

catch'-'t,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  ketch?. 

Tin   tleete  did  sail,  about  Wi  in  all,  besides  small  catch's. 
Pepys,  Diary,  April  25,  1665. 

catchable  (kach'a-bl),  a.    [<  catch1  +  -able] 

<  lapable  of  being  caught. 

The  eagerness  of  a  knave  maketh  him  often  as  catchable 
as  the  ignorance  of  a  fool.  Lord  Halifax. 

catch-all  (kaeh'al),  ».  [<  cateli  +  obi.  all]  1. 
Somethingused  as  a  general  receptacle  forodds 
and  ends,  as  a  table,  bureau,  chest,  etc. ;  espe- 
cially, a  basket  or  bag  provided  for  the  purpose. 
[Colloq.]  —  2.  A  tool  for  recovering  broken 
tools  from  a  boring. 

catch-bar  (kach'bar),  n.  A  bar  which  depresses 
the  jacks  of  a  knitting-machine. 

catch-basin  (kach'ba/sn),  ».  1.  A  reservoir 
placed  at  the  point  of  discharge  of  a  pipe  into  a 
sewer,  to  retain  matter  which  would  not  pass 
readily  through  the  sewer.  Such  basins  are 
arranged  so  that  they  can  be  emptied  as  often 
as  is  necessary. —  2.  A  reservoir,  especially  for 
catching  and  retaining  surface-drainage  over 
large  areas. 

It  may  fairly  be  questioned  .  .  .  whether  any  exten- 
sion of  forests,  or  system  of  catch-basins  or  reservoirs, 
could  possibly  retain  or  mitigate  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent such  general  and  overwhelming  Hoods. 

Science,  III.  372. 

catch-bolt  (kach'bolt),  h.  A  door-bolt  which 
is  pressed  backward  as  the  door  closes,  but 
when  the  door  is  shut  springs  forward  into  a 
socket  in  the  jamb. 

catch-club  (kach'klub),  n.  A  club  or  society 
formed  for  singing  catches,  etc. 

catch-drain  (kach'dran),  n.  1.  A  drain  along 
the  side  of  a  canal  or  other  conduit  to  catch 
the  surplus  water. —  2.  A  drain  running  along 
sloping  ground  to  catch  and  convey  the  water 
flowing  over  the  surface.  When  a  meadow  is  of 
considerable  extent,  and  has  an  abrupt  descent,  the  water 
is  often  stopped  at  intervals  by  catch-drains,  so  as  to  spread 
it  over  the  adjoining  surface. 

catcher  (kaeh'er),  u.    [<  ME.  cachere,  a  hunter; 

<  catch  +  -cr1.  Cf.  chaser1.']  If.  A  chaser;  a 
hunter. 

Then  tbise  cacheres  that  eouthe  cowpled  hor  hounde;j. 
Sir  Uaieai/iie  and  II,,'  Hire,  Knight.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1139. 

2.  One  who  catches ;  that  which  catches,  or  in 
which  anything  is  caught. 
That  great  catcher  and  devourer  of  souls. 

South,  Sermons,  x. 
Specifically — («)  In  base-hall  and  similar  games,  the  player 
who  stands  behind  the  bat  or  home-base  to  catch  the  ball 
when  pitched.  See  base-ball,  (b)  Iu  mining:  (1)  An  ar- 
rangement to  prevent  overwinding,  or  raising  the  cage 
to,,  high  as  it  comes  out  of  the  shaft.  Also,  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  the  equivalent  of  cage-shuts  (which  see). 
(2)  In  general,  any  arrangement  at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft, 
or  on  the  pump,  by  meansof  which  accidents  may  lie  pre- 
vented iu  ease  a  pint  of  the  machinery  gives  way.  (c)  /-/. 
In  ornith.,  the  raptorial  birds,  «.r  birds  of  prey:  a  term 
translating  Captantes,  one  of  the  names  of  the  order. 
3f.  '  hie  who  sings  catches. 

Hut  where  lie  my  catchers!1  Come,  a  round,  and  so  let 
us  drink.  Brome,  Jovial  crew,  iv. 

catcherelt,  ».  [MM.  cacherel  (ML.  reflex  ca- 
charellus),  <  fin-Inn,  catchen,  catch,  +  term. -ere?, 
as  in  cockerel.  Cf.  catchpoll.]  A  catchpoll. 
Wright. 

catch-feeder  (kaeh'fe  der),  ».  A  ditch  for  ir- 
rigation. 

catch-fly  (kach'fli),  n.  The  popular  name  of 
species  of  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Silt  nr. 
and  of  Lychnis  Viscaria,  given  on  account  of 
their  glutinous  stems,  which  sometimes  retain 
Small  insects.  The  sleepy  ontoh-lly  is  Silene 
iinliyrlihia. 

catch-hook  (kach'huk),  ».  An  iron  barwith  ■■< 
hinged  tongue,  used  in  hauling  large  iron  pipes. 
The  hinged  end  is  pushed  into  the  bore  of  the  pipe,  and 
I  In  tongue  jams  anil  is  tlrinly  held  against  its  inner  sur- 
l:n-i    w  limi  tin-  liar  is  pulled. 

catching  (kach'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  catch1,  v.] 
1.  Communicating,  or  liable  to  be  communi- 
cated, by  contagion;  infectious. 


catching 

Tistiinr  to  give  t lie-in  physic,  their  diseases 

Are  grown  6 itching  Shale.,  Hen,  Vlll.,  i.  :s. 

Your  words  are  a  gri  nadier  a  march  to  my  heari '  1  be- 
lieve courage  must  be  catching  ' 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
2.  Captivating;  charming;  attracting:  as,  a 
catching  melody;  a  catching  manner. 

That  Rhetorick  is  best  which  is  must  seasonable  and 
most  catching.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  |».  95. 

3f.  Acquisitive;  greedy. 

Thei  made  be  brought  Iuellis  and  alle  othir  riche 
and  yaf  it  to  hym  to  sc  whedir  he  wolde  be  couetonse  and 
eacchynge.  Merlin  (E.  K  T,  S.),  i.  106. 

catching-bargain  (kaeh'ing-bar  rgan),  ».  In 
law,  a  bargain  made  with  the  heir  apparent  or 

expectant  of  a  succession  for  the  purchase  of 
his  expectancy  at  an  inadequate  price. 

catch-land  (kach'land),  n.  Formerly,  in  Eng- 
land, land  the  tithes  of  which  for  any  year  fell 
to  the  minister  who  first  claimed  them  for  that 
year,  because  it  was  not  known  to  which  of  two 
parishes  the  land  belonged. 

catch-line  (kach'Un),  n.  In  printing,  a  short 
line  of  small-sized  type  between  two  longer 
lines  of  larger  displayed  type. 

catch-match  (kaeh '  mach),  n.  An  agreement 
concluded  hastily,  so  that  one  party  is  taken  at 
a  disadvantage. 

catch-meadow  (kach'med"6),  n.  A  meadow 
which  is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring  or 
rivulet  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill. 

catchment  (kach'ment),  n.  [<  catch*  +  -mint.] 
Drainage :  rarely  used  except  in  the  following 

phrases — Area  of  catchment, among  hydrant i 

neers,  the  area  the  rainfall  or  drainage  of  which  is  to  be 
made  available  tor  furnishing  water  at  a  desired  point 
Catchment-basin,  same  as  drainage-basin. —  Catch- 
ment-basin map,  a  map  on  which  the  water-shed  limit- 
ing the  whole  of  each  subdivision  of  any  river-system  is  ac- 
curately laid  down,  so  that  the  position  and  acreage  of  any 
particular  area  of  catchment  maybe  determined  from  it. 

cat-chop  (kat'ehop),  n.  A  species  of  fig-mari- 
gold, Mesembrianthemuni  fcliiium,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

catchpenny  (kach'pen"i),  n.  and  a.  [<  catch*  + 
ob].pennij.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  catchpennies  (-iz).  Some- 
thing of  little  value,  adapted  to  attract  popu- 
lar attention  and  thus  secure  a  quick  sale;  any- 
thing externally  attractive,  made  merely  to  sell. 

You  know  already  by  the  title,  that  it  is  no  mure  than  a 
catch-penny.    Goldsmith,  Letterto  Rev.  Henry  Goldsmith. 

The  whole  affair  is  a  manifest  catchpenny. 

Hawthorne,  Main  Street. 

II.  a.  Made  or  got  up  to  gain  money;  put 
forth  merely  to  sell:  as,  acatclipi  niiij  pamphlet. 

I  call  this  the  popular  or  utilitarian  aspect,  because  it 
belongs  to  the  catch peunii  theory  of  human  life  according 
to  which  the  value  of  a  thing  is  just  as  much  as  it  will 
bring.  Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  106 

catchpole1,  ».    See  catchpoll. 

catchpole'2  (kach'pol),  ».  [<  catch*  (attrib.)  + 
pole*7]  An  implement  formerly  used  for  seiz- 
ing and  securing  a  man  who  would  otherwise 
be  out  of  reach.  It  was  carried  by  foot-soldiers  in  com- 
bats with  horsemen,  and  later  by  civil  officers  in  appre- 
hending criminals.  The  head,  made  of  light  metal  bars, 
was  provided  with  strong  springs,  so  arranged  as  to  hold 
firmly  anything,  as  the  neck  or  a  limit  of  one  pursued,  over 
Which  it  was  forced. 

catchpole3  (kach'pol),  n.  [Sc.,  also  catchpith  , 
cachepole,  <  D.  kaatsspel,  tennis  (cf.  kaatsbal, 
tennis-ball),  <  hunts,  chase  (=E.  chase*,  catch*), 
+  spel,  game.]    The  game  of  tennis.    [Scotch.] 

catchpoll  (kach'pol),  n.  [Also  catchpole,  early 
mod.  E.  catchpot,  <  ME.  catchepoll,  cachepol,  a 
bailiff,  earlier  a  tax-gatherer,  <  OF.  "cacipol, 
chacipol,  chacepol,  chassipol  (.ML.  reflex  cache- 
potus,  cacepollus,  chacipoUus,  cacipulcus),  also 
"chacipolier,  chassipoier,  a  tax-gatherer  (cf. 
chassipolerie,  defined  as  a  tribute  paid  by  vas- 
sals to  their  lord  for  the  privilege  of  asylum  iu 
his  castle  in  time  of  war,  ML.  chacipoleria,  the 
office  and  emoluments  of  a  tax-gatherer);  of 
uncertain  formation,  appar.  <  coder,  eacher  (> 
ME.  cachen,  E.  catch*),  chacier  (>  ME.  chacen, 
E.  chase*),  in  the  sense  of  'catch,  take,'  or 
'chase,  bunt,'  +  "pot,  of  uncertain  meaning. 
Usually  explained  as  catch1  +  olvj.  pott,  the 
head;  but  the  earliest  sense  known  is  'tax- 
gatherer,'  and  poll  as  associated  with  '  tax '  does 
not  seem  to  occur  in  ME.,  and  it  is  not  found 
in  any  sense  in  OF.  or  ML.  The  W.  ciislm-l,  a 
bailiff,  catchpoll,  is  prob.  an  accom.  of  the  E. 
word.  Cf.  ME.  cacherel,  equiv.  to  cachepol.'] 
If.  A  tax-gatherer. 

Matheus,  thet  wes  cachepol  [in  orig.  AS.  text  tollere, 
toller],  thene  he  iwende  to  god-spellere. 

Old.  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  1st  ser.,  p.  97. 

2.  A  sheriff's  officer,  bailiff,  constable,  or  other 
person  whose  duty  is  to  make  arrests. 


859 

Saul  sente  catehepollis  1 1.,  liclores]  for  to  take  David. 

Wyclif,  I  Kl.  xix.  20. 

Quikliche  cam  &eacchepol  and  craked  a  two  here  Legges. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxi.  7n 

Let  not  thy  scores  come  robbe  thy  need}  purse, 
Make  not  the  catchpot  rich  by  thine  arrest. 

Qascoigne,  Steele 61as,  p.  67.  (Arber.) 
There  shall  be  two  Serjeants  at  Mace,  of  whom  the  ftrsi 
named  Serjeant  at  mace  shall  execute  all  writs,  mandate  s, 
processes  and  such  like  within  the  said  borough  and  lib 
erties  of  the  same,  and  shall  be  called  the  Catchpole,  ac 
cording  to  the  name  ancientry  given  in  that  place  to  the 
same  officer.  Municip,  Corp.  Reports,  1885,  p.  2651. 

catchup,  ketchup  (kaoh'up,  koch'up),  ».    [< 

E.  Ind.  kitjap.]       A  name  common    to  several 

kinds  of  sauce  much  used  with  meat,  fish, 
toastetl  cheese,  etc.    Also  written  catsup,  kat- 

SUp.     Mushroom  catchup,  a  sai made  from   the 

common  mushi m,   Agaricus  campestris,  by  breaking 

the  fungi  into  small  pieces  and  mixing  with  salt,  which 
has  the  effect  of  reducing  the  whole  mass  to  an  almost 
liquid  state.  It  is  then  strained,  spiced,  and  boiled.  - 
Tomato  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from  tomatoes  by  a 
similar  process.  Walnut  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from 
unripe  walnuts  before  the  shell  is  hardened.  They  are 
beat!  n  to  Q  pulp,  and  the  juice  is  separated  by  straining  : 
Bait,  vinegar,  and  spices  are  added,  and  the  whole  is  boiled. 

catchwater  (kach'wa.  ter),  »•  [(catch*  +  obj. 
water.  |    Same  as  catchworJc. 

catchweed  (kaeh'wed),  ».  [<  catch*  +  weed*.'] 
A  weed  which  readily  catches  hold  of  what 
comes  in  contact  with  it;  cleavers. 

catchweight  (kach'wat), n.  [<  catch*  +  weight : 
that  is,  the  weight  one  has  at  the  moment.]  In 
horse-racing,  a  weight,  left  to  the  option  of  the 
owner  of  a  horse,  who  naturally  puts  up  tho 
lightest  weight  possible. 

catchweight  (kach'wat),  adv.  [<  catchweight, 
»i.]  In  horse-racing,  without  being  handicap- 
ped: as,  to  ride  catchweight. 

Come,  111  make  this  a  match,  if  Jon  like:  you  shall  ride 
catchweight,  which  will  be  about  n  st.  7  lb.       Lawrence. 

catchword  (kach'werd),  «.     [<  catch*  +  word.] 

1.  In  old  writing  and  printing,  a  word  of  the 
text  standing  by  itself  in  the  right-hand  corner 
of  the  bottom  of  a  page,  the  same  as  the  first 
word  of  the  next  page,  to  mark  the  connection 
or  proper  sequence.  In  old  manuscript  hooks  a 
i  atchword  was  at  first  inserted  only  at  the  end  of  a  sheet 
or  quire  (that  is,  the  quantity  folded  together);  in  print- 
ing it  was  the  practice  until  the  nineteenth  century  to 
insert  one  at  the  foot  of  every  page. 

Catch-words  to  connect  the  quires  date  hack  to  the  rith 
century.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 

2.  In  the  drama,  the  last  word  of  a  speaker, 
which  serves  to  remind  the  one  who  is  to  follow 
him  of  what  he  is  to  say;  a  cue. — 3.  A  word 
caught  up  and  repeated  for  effect;  a  taking 
word  or  phrase  used  as  a  partizan  cry  or  shib- 
boleth:  as,  the  catchword  of  a  political  party. 

The  catch-words  which  thrilled  our  forefathers  with 

emotion  on  one  side  or  the  other  fall  with  hardly  any 

meaning  on  our  ears.     J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  v. 

Liberty,  fraternity,  equality,  are  as  much  as  ever  the 

party  catch-words.  Quarterly  Rev. 

catchwork  (kach'werk),  n.  [<  catch*  +  work.] 
An  artificial  watercourse  or  series  of  water- 
courses for  irrigating  such  lands  as  lie  on  the 
declivities  of  hills;  a  catch-drain.  Also  called 
catchwater. 
catchy    (kaoh'i),   a.      Same    as    catching,    2. 

[Colloq.] 
cate  (kat),  n.     [By  apheresis  from  acate,  q.  v.] 
An  article  of  food ;  a  viand ;  more  particularly, 
rich,  luxurious,  or  dainty  food;  a  delicacy;  a 
dainty:  a  later  form  of  acate:  most  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.     [Archaic  or  poetic] 
I  had  rather  live 
With  cheese  and  garlic  in  a  windmill,  far, 
Than  feed  on  cates,  and  have  him  talk  to  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Not  the  ale,  nor  any  other  cates  which  poor  Elspeth's 
stores  afforded,  could  prevail  on  the  Sub-Prior  to  break 
bis  fast.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  118. 

That  day  a  feast  had  been 
Meld  in  high  hall,  and  many  a  viand  left, 
And  many  a  costly  cate. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

catechetic  (kat-e-ket'ik),  a.   [=  F.  catechitigwe, 

<  Gr.  KaTiix'lTinoc,  <  Kan/x'/Ti/e,  an  instructor,  < 
namxelv,  instruct,  teach  by  word  of  mouth:  see 
catechize]     Consisting  of  question  and  answer : 
applied  to  a  method  of  teaching  by  means  of 
questions  put  by  the  teacher  and  answered  by 
the  pupil,  whether  the  questions  are  addressed 
to  the  understanding,  as  by  Socrates  in  his 
dialogical  method,  or  to  the  memory. 
catechetical  (kat-e-ket'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  cat- 
echetic 
Socrates  introduced  a  catechetical  method  of  arguing. 
Addison,  Spectator. 
Catechetical  schools,  Behools  established  in  the  early 
church  for  the  instruction  of  catechumens. 


catechize 
catechetically  (kat-e-ket'i-kal-i),  adv.     In 

:i  catechetical  milliner;  by  question  and  an- 
swer. 

catechetics  (kat-e-ket'iks),  «•  [PI.  of  cate- 
chetic: see  o-.s'.j  The  art  or  practice  of  teach- 
ing   by    means   of   question    and  answer.      See 

catecht  tic. 

catechin,  catechine  (kat'e-chin),  n.  [<  cate- 
chu 4-  -in-,  -no -.\  A  principle  (('j. ,11  lso8)  ex- 
tracted from  catechu,  having  a  snow-white  silky 

appearance,  and  crystallizing  in    line  t lies. 

Also  called  cati  clinic  acid  anil  catechuin. 

catechisation,  catechise,  etc.    See  eateohiza- 

tion.  etc. 
catechism  (kat'e-kizm), n.     [=  F.  catechisme 

=  Sp.  cati ■  cisino,  catequismo  =  Pg.  catechismo  = 

it.  catechismo,  catccismo  =  I>.  catechismus  =  G. 

katechismus =Dan.  katekismus  (cf.  Sw.  kateches  I, 

<  h~L. catechismus,  <  Gr.  */.»r/,  po/idc,  <  hott, 
catechize:  see  ca  techize.]  1.  A  form  of  instruc- 
tion by  means  of  questions  and  answers,  par- 
ticularly in  the  principles  of  religion. — 2.  An 
elementary  book  containing  a  summary  of  prin- 
ciples in  any  science  or  art,  but  especially  in 
religion,  reduced  to  the  form  of  questions  and 
answers,  and  sometimes  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, and  references  to  authorities.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  principal  authoritative  church  catechisms:  The 
Lutheran,  prepared  by  Luther  (152'J),  still  in  general  use 
in  the  Herman  Protestant  churches;  the  Genevan,  pre- 
pared by  Calvin  (1536) ;  the  Heidelberg,  published  at  Hei- 
delberg (1563),  and  still  a  recognized  doctrinal  standard  in 
the  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church;  the  Anglican  (154:i  1604), 
contained  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  directed  by 
rubric  to  be  taught  systematically  to  children ;  the  West- 
minster Assembly's,  in  two  forms,  shorter  and  Larger  Cate- 
chisms (1647),  in  use  in  the  Presbyterian  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  Congregational  churches;  the  Methodist  (United 
States,  1852),  iii  three  forms.  The  Tridentine  catechism 
(latin)  is  a  statement  of  doctrines  prepared  in  obedience 
to  a  decree  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  is  of  high  though 

not  absolute  authority  in  the  K an  Catholic  church,  but 

is  not  intended  for  use  in  the  instruction  of  children. 
The  Cracovian  and  Racovian  catechisms  (1574,  1605)  are 
Polish  in  origin  and  Socinian  in  doctrine.  Numerous 
other  catechisms  have  been  prepared  by  individuals,  but 
they  possess  no  ecclesiastical  authority. 

catechismal  (kat-e-Mz'mal),  a.  [<  catechism 
+  -at.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  style  of  a 
catechism;  interrogatory;  catechizing;  cate- 
chetical. 

Children  hate  to  be  bothered  with  questions,  .  .  .  and 
yet  how  we  bore  them  with  catechismal  demands. 

J.  T.  Fields,  Underbrush,  p.  124. 

catechist  (kat'e-Mst),  ».  [=  F.  eatechiste  =  Sp. 
catequista  =  Pg.  It.  catechista,  <  LL.  catechista, 

<  Gr.  *KaTi/xiaTijc,  <  Karr/xKem,  catechize :  see  cut- 
echize.]  One  who  instructs  orally,  or  by  ques- 
tion and  answer;  aeatechizer;  specifically,  one 
appointed  to  instruct  catechumens  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  religion  as  a  preparation  for  baptism. 
This  was  a  special  function  in  the  early  church,  as  it  lias 
also  been  to  some  extent  in  later  times ;  but  catechista 
have  never  constituted  a  distinct  ecclesiastical  order. 

The  word  Catechist  implied  .  .  .  a  function,  not  a  class. 
s<mt}>,  Diet.  Christ.  Antiq. 

In  the  absence  of  the  regular  clergyman  the  catechist 
conducts  the  service  [at  Godhavn,  Creenland], 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  1870,  p.  54. 

catechistic,  catechistical  (kat-e-kis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  a.  [<  catechist  +  -ic,  -ieal.  Cf.  F.  catechi- 
tii/in-  —  Sp.  catequistico  =  Pg.  It.  catcchistico.] 
Pertaining  to  a  catechist  or  a  catechism;  of  a 
catechizing  character. 

Some  of  them  are  in  tin-  corf,  chistical  method. 

Burke,  Ahridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii.  2. 

catechistically  (kat-e-kis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
catechistic  manner;  by  question  and  answer. 

catechization  (kat  e-ki-za'shqn),  n.  [<  cate- 
chise  +  -ation;  =  V.  caUchisation  =  Pg.  cate- 
ehieacSo  =  G.  Tcatechisation.]  The  act  of  cat- 
echizing; examination  by  questioning.  Also 
spelled  catechisation. 

The  catechisation  of  the  man  born  blind. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  83. 

catechize  (kat'e-kiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cate- 
chizi  it,  ppr.  catechising.  [=  F.  catechiser  =  Pr. 
catheziear  =  Sp.  catequizar  =  Pg.  catechizar  = 
It.  catechizzare  =  D.  catechiseren  =  (i.  katechi- 
sieren  =  Dan.  katekisere,  <  LL.  catechizare,  cat- 
echize, <  Gr.  i,'i7i/  i»s'.''i',  catechize,  a  later  ex- 
tended form  of  KaTr/xeiv,  catechize,  instruct, 
teach  by  word  of  mouth,  particularly  in  reli- 
gion, also  resound,  <  /,«;-«,  down,  +  i/\eiv,  sound; 
cf.  >',  iv,  a  sound,  ?/,,ij,  echo,  >  E.  echo.]  1.  To 
instruct  orally  by  asking  questions,  receiving 
answers,  and  offering  explanations  and  correc- 
tions; specifically,  so  to  instruct  on  points  of 
Christiau  doctrine. 

Catechize  gross  ignorance, 

Burton,  Anal   of  Mel.,  To  the  Header,  p.  59. 


catechize 

2.  To  question;  interrogate,  especially  in  a 
minute  or  impertinent  manner;  examine  or  try 
by  quest  o 

I'm  stopp'd  by  all  the  fools  I  mi 
■  !  in  every  su.it. 

Also  spelled  catech 
catechizet,  "•     [<  catechize,  v.    Cf.  catechism. ] 
A  catechism.     [Colloq.] 

I  to  instruct  their  children,  thai  so  when 
ady  tu  answer  their  Catechize. 
Sunshine  of  tin  Gospel,p.2' 

catechizer  i  -zer),  n.     One  who  eate- 

chizes;  one  who  instructs  by  question  and 
answer,  particularly  in  the  rudiments  of  the 
Christian  religion.  Also  spelled  catechiser. 
catechu  (kat'e-oh8),  n.  [NL.  catechu,  Sp.  ca- 
tecu,  F.  cachou,  etc.  (cf.  catch);  of  E.  1ml.  ori- 
gin. Cf.  Hind,  kattlid,  oati  ohu.  |  A  name  com- 
mon ral  astringenl  extracts  prepared 

from  the  \\ 1,  bark,  and    fruit   of  various 

plants.    The  tin.'  catechu,  or  cutch,  of  commerc 

brown,  bard,  and  brittle  substance,  extracted  by  de- 
ration from  the  wo  -I  of  Acacia  Catechu 
t  Indian  trees.    It  is  one  of  the  best  as trln- 
gents  t.i  be  found  in  the  materia  medica,and  is  largely 
printing,  etc.     Pale  or  gambit  r 
in  :i  rubiaceous  climbi  r,  Uncaria 
\  i, ;n. i  ..i  catechu  is  also  made 
the  nut  of  the  betel-palm,  Areca  Catechu,  but  il  is 
. tinner. v.    An  techn  si  n  Ice- 

obtainable  from  mahogany  and  Bimilar 

catechuic  (kat-e-ch8'ik),  a.     [<  catechu  +  4c] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  catechu — Cate- 
chuic acid.  Uechin. 
catechuin  i  kat-e-cho'in),  n.    [<  catechu  +  -in".] 

Same  ;i~  fnh  chin. 

catechumen  (kat-f-ku'men),  n.    [(Cf.  ME.  caU  - 

cumeUng,  simulating  cumeUng,  a  comer)  =  F. 

i, limine  =  Sp.  catee&meno  =  Pg.  catechu- 

o  =  It.  catecumeno,  <  LL.  catechumemts,  < 

Gr.  Kan/xoifievoc,  one  instructed,  ppr.  pass,  of 

Kav!,\ir,  instruct :  see  catechize.']    1.  One  who 

inlet-  instruction  iu  the  first  rudiments  of 

Christianity;  a  neophyte.    In  the  primitive  church 

children  of  believing  parents,  or 

r  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in  the  principles  of  the 

Christian  religion.    They  were  admitted  to  this  Btate  by 

the  nn  Jims;  i I  1 1;  mi  Is  and  the  sign  of  the  cross,  were  di- 

vidi  i  ii  it"  two  or  t e  .lasses,  ami  in  public  worship  were 

Issed  or  retired  to  an  outer  ..nut  of  the  church  before 
the  liturgical  or  communion  service. 

too,  upon  us;  and  the  Holy  Ghost 
descends,  to  sanctify  the  waters,  and  to  hallow  the  cate- 
chumen. Jet  rks  (ed.  1835),  I.  98. 
The  prayers  of  the  church  .li.i  not  begin,  in  St.  Austin's 
time,  till  the  catechumens  were  dismissed.      StUlingfleet, 
Of  i         i                     there  were  two  kinds,  the  Audi- 
tores,  who  had  merely  expressed  a  wish  to  become  Chris- 
tians, and  the  Competentes,  who  were  thought  worthy  of 
■  iitisin.             J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  209. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  beginning  to  acquire 

a  knowledge  of  any  doctrines  or  principles. 
The  same  language  is  stall  In  l'l  to  the  catechumens  in 
itism.  Bolingbroke,  To  Windham. 

catechumenal  (kat-e-ku'me-nal),  a.     [<  cate- 
chumen  +  -al.\    Pertaining  to  a  catechumen. 
He  hail  laid  aside  his  white  catechumenal  robes. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

catechumenate  (kat-e-ku'me-nat),  n.    [<cate- 

■■ii  +  -ate3;  =  P.  caUchu/me'nat  =  Sp.  cate- 

o  =  Pg.  catechumenado,  -nato.]     The 

stiit.  ..! tnlition  of  a  catechumen. 

catechumenical  (kat  e-ku-men'i-kal),  a.     [< 
echumen  +  4cal.    Cf.  Sp.  catecumiinico.]  Be- 
longing  to  catechumens;  catechumenal. 
catechumenistt  (kat-e-ku'iiie-tiist),  )t.    [<  cate- 

.  i  i    cl  onen.    Bp.  Morton. 
categorem  (kat'f-gor-em),  n.    [  =  F.  caUgoreme 
=  Sp.  eategoremo,  <  Gr.  na  a  predicate, 

.  predicate,  assert:   see  category.'] 
ate;  in  logic  —(a  i  as  used 
l>y  the  Stoics,  a  term  which  can  be  made  the 
pecially  the  predicate,  of  a 
pro]  i  by  the  P<  ripatetics, 

the  thing  corresponding  to  a  category, 
categorema  (kat-f-go-re'ma.),  n.;  pi.  categore- 
mata 

categorematic  it'ik),  a.  i 

1=  i  Sp.  categori  ma\  ■ 

■-i.  u  predj  .  at  gort  m.  | 

I.  ".  Conveying  a  whole  term,  that  is',  either 
'"'  '  ition, 

in  a  sing  incorrectly  writ- 

ten ■ 

''  .i 

II.  a.  In  logic,  ii  word  which  is  capable  of 
bein  i  by  itself  as  a  term, 

categorematical  (kat-e-gor-e-wut'i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  categorematic. 


860 

categorematically  (kat-  e-gor-e-mat  'i-kal  -i), 
adv.  In  a  categorematic  manner;  as  a  cate- 
gorematic. 

categorical  (kat-f-gor'i-kal),  a.  and  ».  [=  F. 
categoriqui  =  Sp.  categ6rico='Pg.  It.  categorico, 

<  LL.  categoricus,  <  Gr.  iairnyopuc6;,  <  tum/yopUi, 
a  category:  see  category  and  -ic,  -ical.]  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  category  or  the  categories: 
oppose. I  in  transcendental. —  2.  Stated  uncon- 
ditionally; not  limited  to  a  hypothetical  state 
of  things:  as,  a  categorical  proposition  (that  is, 
a  simple,  unconditional  proposition). —  3.  Ap- 
plicable to  the  actual  circumstances;  stating 
the  fact;  pertinent;  positive;  precise;  clear: 
as.  a  categorical  answer  (that  is.  an  answer  thai 
clearly  meets  t lie  question) — Categorical  imper- 
ative, the  unconditional  command  of  conscience.  Cate- 
gorical syllogism,  a  syllogism  containing  only  categori- 
cal propositions. 

II.  a ■  In  logic,  a  proposition  which  affirms  a 
thing  absolutely  and  without  any  hypothesis. 
i  .ii  j-iiieals  are  subdivided  into  pure  and  modal.  A  pure 
categorical  asserts  unconditionally  and  unreservedly:  as, 
I  live;  manis  mortal.  A  modal  categorical  asserts  with  a 
qualification:  as,  the  wisest  man  may  possibly  be  mistaken; 
a  prejudiced  historian  will  probably  misrepresent  facts. 

categorically  (kat-f-gor'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  cat- 
egorical manner;  'absolutely;  directly;  ex- 
pressly; positively:  as,  to  affirm  categorically. 

catego'ricalness  (kat-e-gor'i-kal-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  categorical,  positive,  or  abso- 
lute. 

categorist  (kat'e-go-rist),  n.  [<  category  + 
-int.]  One  who  classifies  or  arranges  in  cate- 
gories.    Emerson. 

categorization  (kat-c -gor-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  cate- 
gorize  +  -ntinn.]  The  act  or  process  of  placing 
in  a  category  or  list ;  a  classification.     [Rare.] 

categorize  (kat'e-go-riz),  r.  .. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
categorized,  ppr.  categorizing.  [<  category  + 
-ize ;  =  F.  cutei/nriser.]  To  place  in  a  category 
or  list ;  classify.     [Bare.] 

category  (kat'e-go-ri),  n. ;  pi.  categories  (-riz). 
[=  F.  ciitegnrii  =  Sp.  categoria  =  Pg.  It.  cate- 
goria,  <  LL.  categoria,  <  Gr.  Kar^yopia,  an  accu- 
sation, charge,  later  also  a  predicate  or  predi- 
eable,  usually,  in  Aristotle  and  later  writers, 
a  category,  predicament,  head  of  predicables, 

<  Karr/yoptiv,  accuse,  declare,  assert,  predicate, 

<  nard,  against,  +  ayopebeiv,  declaim,  address 
an  assembly,  <  ayopa,  an  assembly:  see  agora/] 

1.  In  logic,  a  highest  notion,  especially  one 
derived  from  the  logical  analysis  of  the  forms 
of  proposition.  The  word  was  introduced  by  Aristotle, 
who  applies  it  to  his  ten  predicaments,  things  sai.l,  or 
sunnna  genera,  viz.,  substance,  quantity,  quality,  relation, 
action,  passion,  where,  when,  posture  or  relative  position 
of  parts,  habit  or  state.  These  are  derived  from  such  an 
analysis  of  the  proposition  as  could  be  made  before  the 
developed  st inly  of  grammar.  The  categorUsoi  highest 
intellectual  concepts  of  Kant  are:  categoriesoj  quantity 
—  unity,  plurality,  totality  ;  categories  of  quality  -  -  reality, 

negation,   limit   between   these;    riit.iiiii-irn  nf   i;  latum 

substance  ami  ai-ci.lent,  cause  and  effect,  action  and  re- 
action ;  categories  of  modality  possibility,  impossibility, 
actuality,  iion-actnality,  necessity,  non-necessity.  Modern 
formal  logic  furnishes  this  list:  (1)  qualities,  or  singular 
characters;  (-)  simple  relations,  or  dual  characters;  (3) 
complex  relations,  or  plural  characters.  Many  lists  of 
eateeni  ii  s  li.oe  heeti  ^iven  not  founded  on  fonualloyic. 

The  categories,  or  forms  ami  conditions  of  human  un- 
derstanding, though  doubtless  innate  ill  the  naturalists 
sens.-  nt  the  ti  i  in,  that  is  inherited,  are  only  the  ways  and 
facilities  of  the  higher  exercise  of  the  faculty  of  reflect  Ion. 

C.  Wright. 

The  categories  an*  not  instruments  which  the  mind  uses, 
i.i  it  elements  in  a  whole,  or  the  stages  in  a  complex  process, 
which  in  its  unity  tin-  mind  is.       K.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  157. 

2.  A  summum  genus,  or  widest  class. —  3.  Any 
very  wide  and  distinctive  class;  any  compre- 
hensive division  or  class  of  persons  or  things. 

3hakespeare  is  as  much  out  of  the  category  of  eminent 
authors  as  he  is  out  of  the  crowd.     Emerson,  Shakespeare. 

catelt,  "•     Middle  English  form  of  cattle. 

catelectrode  (kat-e-lek'trod),  «.  [<  Gr.  koto, 
down,  +  electrode/]  Faraday's  name  for  the 
negative  elect r<n I o  oi'  cathode  of  a  voltaic  bat- 
tery.    See  cathode  ami  electrode. 

catelectrotonic  (kat -e  lek-tro-ton'ik), a.  [<co<- 
electrotonus  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
catelectrotonus. 

catelectrotonus  (kat'e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n.  [< 
mil  /mill )  +  electrotonus.  ]  The  changed  physical 
an. I  physiological  condition  in  the  ueighbor- 
Loi  the  cathode  when  a  constant  electrical 

current  is  passed  through  a.  piece  of  nerve  or 
muscle.    Also  en  I  In  lielrnliiiiiis.    See  elielroliiinis. 

catena  (ka-te'nS,),  «.;  pi.  catena  (-ne).  [I..,  a 
chain,  >  ult.  E.  chain,  q.  v.]  1.  A  chain;  acon- 
neeted  series  of  notions,  arguments,  or  objects 
i  ties  of  n  hieh  each  part  or  mem- 
ber lias  a  close  connection,  like  that  of  a  link, 
with  the  preceding  aud  following  parts. 


The  Catenary. 

The  cord,  a,  c,  b,  hangs  in  a  portion  of 

the  common  catenary. 


cater 

w  .  iHissess  therefore  a  catena  of  evidence  reaching  hack 
continuously  from  the  date  ol  the  Uoabite  stone  to  that 

of  tin   Stone  tallies  nf  the  law. 

/.Mine  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  139. 
That  great  poem  of  aphoristic  epigrams,  the  Essay  on 

Man,  that  has  never,  perhaps,  in  any  language  been 
equalled  as  a  ralrna  of  pithy  wit  ami  philosophic  ininta- 
hility.  '.V.  a, i, I  i,i .,  i.tli  ser.,  IX.  287. 

2.  A  methodized  series  of  selections  from  dif- 
ferent authors  to  elucidate  a  doctrine  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrines;  specifically,  such  a  set  of 
quotations  from  the  church  fathers  to  assist 
in  the  study  of  Christian  dogmatics  or  biblical 
exegesis:  as,  the  Catena  Aurea  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas. —  3.  An  Italian  measure  of  length,  a 
chain,  equal  in  Naples  to  52.07  feet,  and  in  Pa- 
lermo to  L'6.09  feet. 

Catenaria  (kat-e-na'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
of  L.  entennrins:  see  catennri/.]  The  typical 
genus  of  '  'nli  iinniilie. 

catenarian  (kat-e-na'ri-an),  a.  [<  catenary  + 
-mi.]     Same  as  catenary. 

To  say  another  word  of  the  catenarian  arch.  .  .  .  Its 
nature  proves  it  to  he  in  equilibrio  in  every  point. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  416. 

Catenariidae  (kat'e-na-ri'i-de),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  < 
Catenaria  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  Chilostomata 
with  zoceciurn  radicate,  segmented,  and  each 
internode  (except  at  a  bifurcation)  formed  of 
a  single  zoceciurn.  Also  Catenicellidat. 
catenary  (kat'e-na-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cate- 
narius,  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  chain.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  chain; 
like  a  chain.  Also 
catenarian.  —  cate- 
nary or  catenarian 
curve,  in  geom.,  the 
current  a  perfectly  flex- 
ible, inextensihle,  infi- 
nitely fine  cord  when  at 
l.st  tniiler  the  action  of 
forces.  The  common 
catenary  is  what  the 
catenary  becomes  when 
the  fiirees  are  parallel 
ami  proportional  to  the 
length  of  the  cord,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  heavy  cord 
of  uniform  weight  un- 
der the  influence  of 
gravitation.  It  is  in- 
teresting on  account  of  the  light  it  throws  on  the  theory 
of  arches,  and  also  by  reason  of  its  application  to  the  con- 
struction of  suspension-bridges. 
II.  a.;  pi.  catenaries  (-riz).  A  catenary  curve, 
catenate  (kat'e-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cate- 
nated, ppr.  catenating.  [<  L.  eatcnatns,  pp.  of 
catenare,  chain,  <  catena,  a  chain :  see  catena 
and  chain.]  To  chain,  or  connect  in  a  series 
of  links  or  ties ;  concatenate. 
catenate,  catenated  (kat'e-nat,  -mi-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  catenatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Having  the 
structure  or  appearance  of  a  chain :  applied  in 
zoology  to  impressed  lines  which  are  broken 
at  regular  intervals,  to  double  striae  connected 
by  numerous  short  lines,  etc. 
catenation  (kat-e-na'shpn),  n.  [=  F.  cate'na- 
titni,  <  L.  catenatio( »-),  <  catenare :  see  catenate, 
i\]  Connection  of  links;  union  of  parts,  as  in 
a  chain  ;  regular  connection;  concatenation. 

Which  call/ nation  or  conserving  union. 

.Sir  '/'.  II rt iteiit:,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  5. 

Catenipora  (kat-e-nip'o-rS),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ca- 
tititt,  a.  chain,  +  poms,  a  pore.]  Chain-coral, 
occurring  fossil  in  Paleozoic  strata  (in  Great 
Britain  only  in  the  Silurian):  so  called  from 
the  chain-like  arrangement  of  its  pores  or  cells 
in  polished  specimens.     Also  called  Unlysites. 

Catenula  (ka-ten'n-ia),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  ca- 
tena, a  chain :  see  chain.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  t'nliiitilitlte.    ('.  It  unite  is  an  example. 

catenulate  (ka-ten'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  catenula, 
dim.  of  catena,  a  chain.  Cf.  catenate.]  1. 
Consisting  of  little  links  or  chains. —  2.  In  hot., 
formed  of  parts  united  end  to  end,  like  the 

links  of  a  chain. 

Catenulidae  (kat-e-nn'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tenula +  -itlte.]  A  family  of  aproctous  rhabdo- 
e.eloiis  liirbellai'ians,  in  which  reproduction 
takes  place  asexually  by  transverse  fission. 
The  animals  when  incompletely  separated  swim 
about  in  chains,  whence  Hie  name. 

cater't  (ka'ter),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  neater, 
as  enlt.  q.  v..  from  nettle:  see  neater,  acute.] 
A  caterer;  a  purveyor;  an  neater. 

1  am  cook  myself  ami  mine  own  cater. 

Fletcher,  Women  Pleased. 

III.     lias  lint  a  eater's  place  on  't,  ami  provides 
All  for  another's  table. 

Middleton,  w en  Beware  Women,  hi.  3. 

cater1  (ka'ter),  r.  i.  [<  eater\  «.]  To  make 
provision,  as  of  food,  entertainment,  etc. ;  act 


cater 

as  a  purveyor:  as,  to  cater  to  a  depraved  ap- 
petite.        ^  He  that  doth  |]u,  raveng  reed| 

Yea,  providently  cotors  for  the  sparrow,  .. 

We  have  had  a  regular  teed  all  round,  and  exult  to  think 
weneedno^erinffforthe^orrow.   GrinnExp)IIflo 

cater-  (ka'ter),  n.  [Also  ,,„„/,■<• ;  <  P.  amtre, 
<TZguatuor  =  V.four:  see  four,  and  .,'"""■• 
,,,m(mmn/,  etc.]  The f our-spol  oi  oardsordice. 

cater^  ka%),  -  <•     [<-('[•- 
agonally.     [Prov.  Eng.  andTJ^SO 


861 


catharize 


idtl u:^M<*«P«^^^^^ 


caterpiU^catehWIk^t^'r-pn-y^,,!.-,.- 
aK the  family  Campophagifn.  Also 

raterrjillar-eater  rkat'er-pU-ar-e'ter),  ».    1 .  A 
^Krivel  to ™heW  or  certain  ieWeumon- 
diet,  fr^mthek  being  bred  in  thehodaes  of  cal 
erpiilars  and  eating  their  way  out.— 2.  bam<  as 


the  toeV  arched  and  the  knueUesb^. 

l  jtole  from  court 

2^JSM^«« ».•■ 

cat-gold  I  kal  'gold),  ■».    A  %  a  riel  y  of  mica  of  a 
f.llfwisl,  color.    The  name  is  s etimes  ap- 

i'1'"-',.,".i,".".,,,?T",:s-IAlMliI1,<,„M  +  gut  (ft. 


"     '  cat^rpmar-f^gus  (k;aVMTii^h.-fu^^us)  »■  catgut  n,  at-gat  ).''•.•;.■;;;  ;..„,  ,,,„.,  „;;t  seem 

„e .,.     t-  ,    ,     ,   r,.„lhair.     Afuneus  of  the  genus  Cordur-epx,  which  glows     eqmv.  cfi»/«.«/,  -),  "in, 

cateran  (kat;er-an),  ».    [be.,  <,  u.u  i.  <■<«»«  mgusp  g,  ._ ^     ^  CoraueatSm  i,vrl.  t0  h.iv,.  been 


E  fcefw,  whioh  is  thus  the  same  word  as \  cater- 
an)i  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  <*/«.,  battle.  =  A!-,  heathu, 
battle! |1.  A  kern;  a  Bighland  or  Irish  ir- 
regular soldier.- 2.  A  Highland  freebooter  or 

Z££mM  fka'terWuerd),  a.    [<  cater*, 

„    +  »  -«/-•]    Diagonal ;  set  diagonally. 

OMOter-,  quatre-cousin;  <  cater',  a  .  qua 


upon  flielarvee  of  insects.    See  Cordycep 
caterpillar-hunter  (kat'er-pil-dr-hun  Mr),  »• 

Same  as  caterpillar-catcher. 
cater-pointt,   n.     The  number  four  at  dice. 

cfScSrz),™.^.  K^^Xcttve 
<  F.  quatre,  lour:  see  c«to-2.]  lhe  colic  in 
name  of  the  changes  which  -an  he  '""^  "1"-' 
nine  bells:  so  callid  because  four  pairs  of  bells 
change  places  in  the  order  of  sounding  every 
time  a  change  is  rung. 


tes,  the  word  is  supposed  tostand  for  JMptl 


To  cry  as  cats  under  the  influence  of  the  sex- 
ual instinct;  make  a  disagreeable  howling  or 

SCl*66Cllill£r< 

I  he  very  cats  catenmuUd  more  horribly  and  pertina- 
ciously there  than  I  ever  heard  ^^.,^  .1,l„1,,1,,lk. 
^g),  n.    [Verbal  n. 
oflotaW,*.]'    The  crying  of  cats;  ahowling 
or  screeching. 


relation ;  hence,  a  menu. 

His  master  and  he  .  .  .  are  "»»££$%&.,  tt.  2. 

cater-cousinship  P'*.ta'j^  -    [< 
cater-cousin   +    -ship.]       the   state   or    Demg 
cater-cousins,  or  of  being  distantly  related. 
Thank  Heaven  he  l"^rate  Englta hmanHs  not  u        (kat'er-wa-ling) 

the  only  specimenof  cater-cou«MJMwi>  "?„.., ir,  l     Thniirvino- of 

Mother  Island  that  is  shown  tous'^  ^^  p  ,.., 

caterer  (ka'ter-er),  n.    A  provider  or  purveyor 

of  food  or  provisions;  one  who  provides  for  any 

want  or  desire.  . 

tw  hectl  called  Chenesia  is  the  principall:   whose 

Ihat    seal   t'UKU.,         .,    ,       Sneh  Horses  as  are  unlit 

rateress  (ka'ter-es),  ».     [<  ™to-i  +  -ess^     A 
woman  who  eaters;  a  female  provider. 
She  guild  i-ateress, 
Means  her  provision  only  to  the^od.^  ^  ^ 

eaterfoilt,  »•    Same  as  <l""tref°>rl-     ,         ,  v 

d.  Guernsey  dial,  mttr-,,.- «.■,,,, ,  a  wood-  w    *    geeiu    W(,u  in  „,    dark 


What  a  coJenoauKnff  do  you  keep  herel^  ^  R^  ..  ^ 

eaterwawt  »•  '•    [ME.  caterwawen,  <  coto--  (cf. 
Cf)  "™n.,aeat;  cf.  also  caterpillar)  to*  cat 

(see  md)  +  „■«».».  howl,  waul;  an  >untatiye 

word:  see  wauf  and  caterwaul.]    i 


I1" 

ever  to  have  Deen  iu'-^.m...  ..y-  --  ....     , 

toes,  the  word  is  supposed  to  stand  foi  I    -/« 

■   eauiv    Mtstringf,  by  confusion  of  *»^,  a 

,',,.,    Vvitli/'-r-'.'ali.l.llo.]     l.Tlioinlcstnics 

,,n,vas  with  wide  i„terBtice8.-3.  (a)  A    ■ 
for  one  of  the  olive  seaweeds,  '    »»rfa  ./'(«»- 
which  is  a  lied  t„  /.«,«;»..,-<«.    (M  The  Plant  -r*- 
S^&iana:  so  called  on  account  of  its 

long,  slender,  and  very  tough  roots, 
catgut-scraper  (katlgut-skra'p^,  »•    A  deri- 
sive name  for  a  violinist;  a ,  hd  11  i . 
Pptb      An  abbreviation  of  f  utliolu . 
cath-'     A,  form  of  cat-  for  cata-  before  the  aspi- 
rate/ occurring  in  words  of  Greek  ongm. 

r;./,/«/rflc«B  mostly  natives  of  Africa.    The  most 
l  ,  Ktsniiini,  uio.w.r  ,    (-,  ^jujj,  cultivated 

trrowine  to  about  10  teeim  iu  -nu  «  .     ,    . 

wmm=m 

article  .if  ci.inincrce  ainuuK  the  Arabs. 


caterw'awedt,   »•      CME.   (appar.  a .to., 

really  a  verbal  noun),  <  caterwaw,  q.  v.]    Cater 

wauling. , 

But  forth  she  [the  cat]  wol,  er  any  day  be  dawed, 
To  shewe  fair  skyn  and  gon  »«g«™£«*  .,,l|r  ,   ,  ,, 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  w  lfe  of  Hath  s  laic,  i.  ^n». 

catervt  (ka'ter-i),  n.     [By  apheresis  fromaca- 
^    q.  v.]     A  place   for  keeping  provisions. 


article  of  commerce  among  me  jur».u=.  , 

r    *  ^nthae  (kat'ach),  «.    [Gael,  ca thay,  a  daw,  jack- 
but  catnagvKar  aciu,        l  Cor»««  »w«- 


OF.  *cavic 

by  mod.  Guernsey  dial.  «<»--/'<  <"<"'. J  "."":;,  "hence,  seeing  well  in 

louse,  a  weevil,   otherwise  by  ttej ^ibM      t.faU  (kat-fA1),   „ 

forms  OF.  chatepelose,  ckatepelouse,     '''""'      being  rove  in  the  cat- 

Schatc,H-l,  -J,  cl,„ttn,rW  „,;  also  ,• hn  tcpl*, 

n  caterpillar,  also  a  weevil,  a  mite,  mod.  dial. 

(3  capleuse,  capeluche,  capture,  carplure, 

Norm-)  carplouse-,  (Bret)  «f,<»^  Wr; 

(bv  popular  etymology)  'harry  eat'  (Or.  ;k/os, 

J3«?  fem.  p*«4:<  L.  ,./^» «,  harry^ s^e 

pilous),  but  prob.  orig.  'V^f^   <  °f •  «*5 

Lsibilated  cfeotfe,  mod.  F.  c/iarte,  f.,  a  eat   + 

*peleure,  pilleure,  pillfuse  (Palsgrave),  F.  dial. 

p««rC,  pei«re,  a  pill.  <  L.  pilirfa,  >  a  so  E.  j»» . 

Cat'  being  a  fanciful   name   applied  to  the 

caterpillar  (cf.  It.  dial,  gatta,  gattola,  a  cater- 

p^<3«tto,  a  cat;  G.  dial   (Swiss)  tejg^ 

Lfe  (lit,  devil's  cat),  a  caterpillar    P.  «fe 

a  caterpillar  (see  Cfte»«fe),  <  L,  «"''"■'"'.  ^ 

do-),  and  'pill'  having  reference  to  its  10I  i  g 

its? If  up  in  a  little  ball  (cf.  E.  piU-bug  and  pillr 

S)        I-  P-perly,  the  larva  of  a  lepidop- 

terous  insect,  but  also  applied l  to tta •]««« 

other  insects,  such  as  members  of  the  family 
TonthreMiiida-  or  saw-flies.  Caterpillars  are  producea 

cation.  1  PMB«pf,  l™6.-4t.  One  who  preys 
upon  the  substance  of  another;  an  extortioner. 
Thev  that  be  the  children  of  this  world,  as i  .  .  .  extor- 
ItaSS,  .  caterpOtor*,  usurers,  think  you  they ^cometo 
God's  storehouse? 

5    The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
5wri)t«rw.-Cateri^arB0ta.t-lace: ,  <?Ltnth*ce£ 

fSld !  spread  'for  tlim  UpSn  a  smooth  stone,  while  they 


dawTT  "  A  name  'for  the  jackdaw,  Corvus  mone- 
dula.    MacgUlwray.     [Scotch.] 
Cathaian,  «.  and  «     See  C«to«m. 

of  diffm'nt  early  and  medieval  reUgious  sects; 
the  Catharists.     See  Cathanst. 


h,  ne,    seeing  well  in  the  dark.  ^'^'''^a'  thT-ri'-.n)""/!  " "  A  Catharist 


[So 


water's  eagetoThe'c'atdiead      Also  called  cat- 
tackle  faU.    See  cut  under  ca^ead- 

ESS  SUM  to  .p.™.  oltke  If~lJ  *'; 

BSFSGneSSSSr-w? 

twoare  oftn      ccononneal  importance,  and  eontnbu ,te 


1 

Catfish  {Amiurus  nutas). 


ish  name  of  the  scyllioid  shark,  «?£•»«£ 
?„,s-_5.    A   local   Knghsh  name   ot  the  toisk 
B-«m;»«  brome.-3.  A  name  in  New  Zealand 
for  fishes  of  the  family   Uranoscopidat,   espe- 
cially the  IcMiyscopus  monopterygws. 


■SffSSTOEM  ^A^xandria,  who 
is    e  resented  with  a  wheel,  in. allusion  to  her 
martvrdom  1     1.  In  arefc.,  a  window,  or  com- 
i      re        f  a  window,  of  a  circular  form,  with 
.1  .tin-  divisions  or  spokes.  See  rose-window 
_;,!„,  awheel  with  sharp  hooks  project- 
ing'from  the  tire,  supposed  to  represent ;  the 
wheel  upon  which  St.  Catharine  suffered      .    - 
iVrdom.— 3.  A  kind  of  firework  having  a  spiral 
ft£  which  revolves  as  the  fire  issues  from  it, 
,     in-wheel.— 4.   In  cmhnmlvrij,  a  round  hole 
'„'     a  Hn  or  other  material  filled  by  twisted  or 
braided  threads  radiating  like  the  spokes  ot  a 

wheel.  . 

Also  spelled  cnthrini --vitrei. 
eatharism  (kath'a-rizm),  n.    [<  Gr.  mOaptaud;,  a 
CS™     ria&tm,  cleanse:  see  oriurml 

The  profess  of  making  a  surface  chemicaUy 

Catharist  (kath'a-rist).  n.    [=  F  «*«£»,  < 

ML.  catharistee,  ,.1.,<  Gr.  icaeopdc,  pine.  m. 

fftartic]     Literally,  a  puritan;  one  who  pie- 

!,„ls  to  more  purity  than  others  possess :  used 

ns  a  distinctive  ecclesiastical  name.    Tins  name 

the  Church  of  R6me,bu1  agreed  in  denying  its  suprem< 

Cattarista  (kath-a-.ris'ta)^.    Ol^ngfr 
lot    1816),  <  Gr.  as  if  'KoSapumic,  <  unBap^etv, 

deanse:  t tAarfee.]     A  genus  of -American 

vultures,  of  the  family  <;,th,irti<la;the  type  ot 
which  is  the  black  vulture  or  carrion-crow,  C. 

cSaa^^roa^;^ 

CS^r.^ M.'  [<  Gr.  «tiapi&v,  cleanse, 


catharize 

<KaBap6c,  clean,  pure:  see  cathartic.]     To  ren- 
ttely  clean,  as  a  glass  vessel,  by  the 

catharma  (ka-thar'ma),  n.  [NL..  <Gr.  KuOapua, 
refuse,  residuum,  <  '-''■  purge: 

irtfc]  In  rued.,  excrement ;  anything 
purged  from  the  body,  naturally  or  by  art. 

cat-harpin,  cat-harping  (kat'har  pin,  -ping), 
,,.     [Origin  obscure.} 


862 


Cat-harpins,  a  a. 


catharsis  (ka-thar'sis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Mapocc, 
purification,  purgation,  <  Kaifalpeiv,  cleanse,  pu- 
rify: see  cathartic.]  In  med.,  a  natural  or  ar- 
tificial purgation  of  any  passage,  especially 
irels.    Also  called  apocatharsis. 

cathartate  (ka-thar'tat),  ».  [<  cathart(ie)  + 
■ah  '.  ]    A  Ball  of  cathartic  acid. 

Cathartes  (ka-thar'tez),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  ca- 
tharte),  <  Gr.  KaBapHjc,  a  cleanser,  <  nadaipetv, 
cleanse:  sec  cathartic]    A  genus  of  American 


Ins  the  head  and  part  ot  the  neck  more  or  less  completely 
bare  of  feathers,  and  sometimes  caruncnlar;  theeyes  flush 
with  the  side  of  the  head  and  without  superciliary  shield; 
the  plumage  somber  in  color;  the  wings  long  and  ample; 

the  tail lerate;  the  plumage  without  aftershafts;  two 

i the  beak  toothless,  contracted 

in  the  continuity,  with  large  perforate  nostrils;  the  in 
dex-digit  clawed;   the  oil-gland  tuftless;  no  syrinx  nor 
cases  ■  and  diurnal  habil  ■  and  gressorial  gait     I  hey  BUb- 
.     aist  entirely  on  carrion.    See  cut .under  Cathartes. 

b.ort  Oathartides  (ka-thar'ti-des),  n.pl.  \Nh.,< 
( uthartes  +  4des.]  A  superfamuy  or  suborder 
of  raptorial  birds,  conterminous  with  the  fam- 
ih   Cathartida;  the  American  vultures. 

Cathartinse  (kath-ar-a'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
thartes +  -iiia.]  The  American  vultures  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  family  Vulturicke.  [Not  in  us.-.] 

cathartogenic  (ka-thar-to-jen'ik),  a.  [<  ca- 
thartic +  -genie,  <  L.  -/  *<!?><>  produce.]  Derived 
from  cathartic  acid.  -Cathartogenic  acid,  a  yel- 
lowish-brown powder  produced  from  cathartic  acid  bj 
boiling  with  Mii.ls. 

cathartomannit  (ka-thar-to-man'it),  n.  [< 
cathnri-ic  +  manna.]  A  peculiar  non-ferment- 
able crystalline  saccharine  principle  found  in 
senna. 

Catharus  (kath'a-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
1850),  <  Gr.  Kadapoc,  clear,  pure,  clean :  see  ca- 
thartic.] A  genus  of  thrushes,  of  the  family 
Turdidat,  containing  a  number  of  species  pecu- 
liar to  the  wanner  parts  of  America.  C.  nu  Ipo- 
wriir  is  an  example. 

cat-haws  (kat'haz),  n.  pi.  The  fruit  of  the 
whitethorn.'     Brockett.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

n.     1.  A  large  timber  or 


ropes  or  (now  more  commonly)  iron  cramps 
used  to  bind  in  the  shrouds  at   the  masthead, 
so  that  the  3  aids  may  be  braced  up  sharply. 
Our  ship  was  nothing  but  a  mass  of  hides,  from  the  cat- 
to  Hi.  wati  i  s  edge. 

ft  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  JIast,  p.  2<i4.   cat-head  (kat  bed), 


heavy  ironbeam 
projecting  from 
each  bow  of  a 
ship,  and  hav- 
ing sheaves  in 
its  outer  end. 
Its  use  is  to  atford 
;i  Bupport  by  which 
to  lift  the  anchor 
after  it  lias  been 
raised  to  the  wa- 
ter's edge  by  the 
chain.  The  inner 
endof  the  cat-head, 
which  is  fastened 
to  the  ship's  beam 
or  frame,  is  called 
the  cat-tail. 


A,  Cat-head;  B,  Cat-block 


Turkey-buzzard  ,  Cathartes  aura ). 

vultures,  giving  name  to  the  family  t'alhartida . 

i  ecies  indiscriminately  :  now 

i  ted  to  the  turkey-buzzard,  C.  aura,  and  its 

cathartic  (ka-thar'tik),  a.  and re.    [=  F.  cathar- 

i/i/n,        '.  ic,  cleansing,  purgative,  < 

cleanse,  purify,  <  Koffapoc,  pure,  clean, 

"■,  pure,  >  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]    I.  «. 

1.  Purgative:  purifying.    In  medicine  often  restrict 

grade  of  purgation,  insulin'  being  used 

for  the  first,  and  drastic  for  the  third.    Also  apocatnartic. 

i  in    courage,  temperance,  and 

[her  than  these  are  placed 

H  tues,  by  which  the  soul 

lubjection  to  sense. 

'.'    P.  I      in.  of  t  In  i-l  imiitv,  p.  179. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cathartin. — 
Cathartic  acid,  a  glucoside  of  weak  acid  character, 

1 1  is  the  active  purgatii  e  prin- 
ciple 
II.  /..  A  cathartic  medicine;  a  purge;  apur- 

VI-. 

cathartical   (ka-thar'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  ca- 
thai 

cathartically  (ka-th&r'ti-kal-i),  arte.    In   the 
manner  of  d  cal  aartic. 

catharticalness   (ka-thar'ti-kal-nes),  n.    The 
quality  of  promoting  disi  m  the  bow- 

els. 

Cathartidae  fka-thar'ti-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Ca- 

\    A  family  of  vulturee,  o 
order  Bapton  t  and 

America,  and  chiefly  [nhab 

■  uzzard 
ure  the  lead  Chey  are  characterized  byhav- 


We  pulled  a  long,  heavy,  silent  pull,  and 
chor  came  to  the  cat-head  pretty  slowly. 

II.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  12S. 

2.  In  mining,  a  small  capstan. —  3.  Nodular  or 
ball  ironstone.     [North.  Eng.] 

The  nodules  with  leaves  in  them,  called  cat-heads,  seem 

to  consist  of  a  sort  of  ironstone.  Woodward,  Fossils. 

Cat-head  stopper  (mud.),  a  piece  of  rope  or  chain  by 
wliirh  the  anchor  is  hung  at  tlie  cat-head.  Also  called 
cat-stopper. 

cathead  (kat'hed),  v.  t.  Naut.,  to  attach  to  the 
cat-head. 

cathedra  (kath'e-dra  or  ka-the'dra),  re. ;  pi. 
cathedra-  (-die).  '  [=  Sp.  cdtcdra  ="Pg.  cathe- 
dra =  It.  cattedra  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Tcatheder  =  Sw. 
hateder,  <  L.  (ML.)  cathedra,  <  Gr.  icadedpa,  a 
seat,  bench,  pulpit,  <  Kara,  down,  +  c&pa,  a 
seat,  <  c^caOai  (•</  *io)  =  L.  sedere  =  E.  sit,  q.  v. 
llciico  (froniL.  cathedra,  through  F.)  E.  chair 

and         chaise: 


sec    chair.     Of. 

cathedral."]     1. 

The  throne  or 
seat  of  a  bishop 
in  t  lie  cathedral 
or  episcopal 
church  of  hisdi- 
oeese.  Formi  rlj 
the  bishop's  throne 
or  cathedra  was 
generally  situated 
ai  the  east  end  of 
tie-   apse,    behind 

the  altar,  anil   was 

often    approached 

by  a  flight  nf  slips  ; 

lnii  it  is  now  al- 
most universally 
placed  mi  ime  Bide 
..I  Hi.,  choir,  usual- 
ly tile   south  Bide. 

1 1  i.i  i  ..r  si.  Peter's  at  I: isespeciallyl edasreputed 

to  haw  been  the  chair  "t  St.  Peter,  and  n  Is  now  ini  lo  « <i 
in  a  bronze  covering, 

1 1  in  ei  —  2.  The  official  cliair  of  any  one  entitled 
or  professing  to  teach  with  authority,  as  a  pro- 
fessor. Ex  cathedra,  literally,  from  the  chair;  hence, 
■  hi  authority  ;  authoritatively, 
cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  a.  and  «.  [First  in 
ilio  |ihr:isc-  cathedral  church  is.,  in  ME.),  trans- 
lating MI.,  ecclcsia  cathedralis,  a  church  con- 
taining the  bishop's  throne:  I.,  ecclcsia,  an  as 
sombly,  ML.  a  church;  ML.  cathedralis,  adj., 


i  i  in  the  Cathedral  of  Augsburg. 
Germany.  Probablv  of  oth  century.  (From 
Violli  ill 


I  ...        Iv  of  oth  centi    . 

i  .i.  i.  .1.   [' Architecture." ) 


Catherpes 

<  cathedra,  a  chair,  esp.  a  bishop's  throne,  also 
applied  to  the  cathedral  church  itself:  see 
cathedra.]     I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  bishop's  scat, 

or  used  especially  for  episcopal  services;  sow- 
ing or  adapted  for  use  as  a  cathedral:  as,  a 
cathedral  church. 

The  parish  church  of  those  days  has  become  the  cathe- 
dral Church  of  the  neu  ilioeese  of  Newcastle. 

Churchman  (New  York),  Dec.  17,  1887. 

2.  Pertaining  toacathedral;  connected  with  or 
suggesting  a  cathedral;  characteristic  of  cathe- 
drals: as,  a  caOisdral  service ;  cathedral  music; 
the  cathedral  walks  of  a  forest. 

Ilnjie  cathedral  fronts  of  every  age, 
Grave,  florid,  stern,  as  far  as  eye  'mill    i  e. 

Tennyson,  Sea  breams. 

3.  Emanating  from  or  relating  to  a  chair  of 
office  or  official  position;  hence,  having  or  dis- 
playing  authority;  authoritative. 

If 1  an  ass  in  rev'rend  purple, 

So  you  can  hide  his  tw  ambitious  ears, 
Anil  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

B.  Jonson. 
A  writer  must  be  enviably  confident  of  his  own  percep- 
tive inerrancy,  thus  to  set  up,  with  scornful  air  and  ca- 
thedral dogmatism,  his  individual  aversion  and  approba- 
tion as  criteria  for  the  decisions  of  his  fellow-beings. 

/•'.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  190. 
Cathedral  beardt,  a  style  of  heard  worn  by  clergymen 
in  the  sixteenth  century  in  England,  long,  full,  and  flow- 
ing on  the  breast.  Fuirhait.—  Cathedral  church.  See 
II. —  Cathedral  music,  music  composed  to  suit  the  form 
of  service  used  in  cathedrals. 

II.  n.  The  principal  church  in  a  diocese,  which 
is  specially  the 
church  of  the 
bishop:  so  call- 
ed from  the  fact 
that  it.  con- 
tains the  epis- 
copal chair  or 
cathedra.  Many 
cathedrals,  partic- 
ularly the  French 
and  Italian,  furnish 
the  most  magnifi- 
cent examples  "f 
the  architecture  "f 
the  middle  ages. 
Those  in  England 
are  among  the 
most  interesting, 
though,  unlike  the 
continental  cathe- 
drals, theywere  de- 
signed originally, 
almost  u  ithout  ex- 
ec] ition,  not  as  met- 
rnpiilitan,  lint  as 
monastic  churches. 
The  cut  shows  the 
arrangement  of  the 
various  parts  in 
Wells  cathedral, 
one  of  the  most 
beautiful  in  Eng- 
land. For  the  offi- 
cial establishment 
of  a  cathedral,  see 
cftopfcr,  2. 

cathedralic  (kath-e-dral'ik),  a.  [<  cathedral  + 
-ic]    Pertaining  to  a  cathedral. 

cathedratedt  (kath'e-dra-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  cathc- 
dratus,  placed  in  the  cathedra,  <  cathedra:  see 
cathedra.]  Pertaining  to  or  vested  in  the  chair 
or  office  of  a  teacher. 

With  the  cathedral,  d  authority  of  a  prelector  or  publiek 
reader.  Whitlock,  .Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  385. 

cathedratic  (kath-e-drat'ik),  a.  and  re.  [<  ML. 
cathedratiens,  belonging  to  the  cathedra,  <  ca- 
thedra :  see  cathedra.]  I.  a.  Promulgated  ex 
cathedra,  or  as  if  with  high  authority.  [Rare.] 
There  is  the  prestige  of  antiquity  which  adds  the  author* 
ttj  "f  venerability  to  cathedratic  precepts.    Frazer's  Mag, 

ll.ii.  [<  ML.  cafhedraticum.]    A  sum  of  two 

shillings  paid  to  the   bishop   by  the  inferior 

clergy  in  token  of  subjection  and  respect.     E. 

Phillips,  1706. 
cathegllineil  (kath-e-gu'men),  re.     [<  Eeel.  Gr. 

huthpj  oii/a  voe,  an  abbot :  sec  hegumen.]    Same  as 

In  ainiien. 
cathelectrotonus  (kath//o-lck-trot'o-nus), re. 

Same  as  catelectrotonus. 
catheretic  (kath-e-ret'ik),  n.     [=  F.  cath,ie- 

Uque,  <  til'.  Kiitlaipirmi'ic,  destructive,  <  nathiiptii; 
destroy,  <  Kara,  down,  +  alpelv,  grasp.]  A  sub- 
stance used  as  a  mild  caustic  in  eating  down 
or  removing  warts,  exuberant  granulations,  etc. 

Catherine-Wheel,  «■      See  catharine-n-hecl. 

Catherpes  (ka-ther'pez),  ».  [NL.  (S.  F.  Baird, 
|s:,s),  <ilr.  Kodipireiv,  creep,  steal  down.  <  koto, 
down,  +  ipireiv,  creep.]  A  genus  of  canon- 
wrens,   of   the   subfamily   CampylorhynchiMB, 

family  Troglodi/tidcr,  found  in  the  southwest- 
ern Tinted  States  and  southward.  ' '.  mcrica- 
iius  is  an  example.     See  cut  under  caUon-wren. 


■iittr.-Tt 


Plan  of  Wells  Cathedral,  England. 
A,  apse  or  apsis;  /'.  altar,  .ill.ir-platform, 
and  altar-steps  .  j".  1 '.  eastern  "r  lesser  tran- 
sept; /■",  (r,  western  or  greater  transept ;  //, 
central  tower;  /,  '7.  western  COWCrs;  AT,  north 
porch;  A,  library  or  register;  .1/,  principal 
or  western  doorway;  .V.  A",  western  side 
doors;  0,  cloister-yard  or  garth;  P,  '.'.  ip>rth 
and  south  aisles  of  choir :  5".  S,  east  and  west 
aisles  of  transept ;  /,  .\  north  and  south 
aisles  of  nave;  A.  A",  chapels;  /'.rood-screen 
or  organ-loft ;   //'.  altar  of  lady  chapel. 


cathetal 

cathetal  (kath'e-tal),  a.  [<  rutin  his  +  -ah]  Re- 
lating to  a  oathetiis. 

catheter  (kath'e-ter),  n.  [=  P.  cathiter  =  Sp. 
cateter  =  Pg.  catheter  =  It.  catetere  =  1>.  ti. 
Dan.  katheter  =  Sw.  kateter,  <  LL.  catheter,  < 
Gr.  KaHrrr/p,  a  catheter,  :i,  plug,  <  loithrnc,  let 
down,  perpendicular,  <  laitiunn,  send  down,  let 
down,  thrust  in,  <  Kara,  down,  +  i.wo/, 
cans,  of  ifi'«(  =  L.  in  ,  go:  see  ;/<>.]  In  x»r;/.  : 
(a)  A  tabular  instrument  introduced  through 
the  urethra  into  the  bladder,  to  draw  ofi  the 
urine  when  its  discharge  is  arrested  ley  disease 
or  accident.  (6)  A  tube  for  introduction  into 
other  canals :  as,  a  Eustachian  catheter — Cath- 
eter-gage, a  plate  having  graduated  perforations  form- 
ing measures  of  the  diameters  of  catheters, 
catheterism  (kath'e-ter-izm),  «.  [=  P.  cathi- 
ti'risnii  =  Sp.  cateterismo  =  Pg.  catlieterismo,  < 
LL.  catheterismus,  <  llr.  Kiitiin/pia/iur,  a  putting 
in  of  the  catheter,  <  KaSerfip,  catheter.]  The 
operation  of  using  a  catheter;  catheterization. 
catheterization  (kath'e-ter-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
catheterize  +  -atkm.~\  The  passing  of  a  catheter 
through  or  into  a  canal  or  cavity. 
catheterize  (kath'e-ter-Iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
catheterized,  ppr.  catheterizing.  [=  P.  catheter- 
riser  =  Sp.  cateterizar,  <  Gr.  *nadeTr/pi(t:iv  (im- 
plied in  KaBcTT/piafwr,  catheterism) :  see  catheter 
and  -izc]  To  operate  ou  with  a  catheter. 
catheti,".  Plural  of 
cathctus. 

cathetometer  (kath- 
e-tom'e-ter),   n.     [< 
Gr.  naBiToc,   perpen- 
dicular,   a    perpen- 
dicular  line,   +   pc- 
Tpov,     a     measure.] 
An    instrument  for 
measuring        small 
differences  of   level 
between    two    near 
points,    as,    for   ex- 
ample, the  distance 
between   the   levels 
of    the    mercury  in 
the  cistern   and    in 
the  tube  of  a  barom- 
eter.   It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  vertical  gradu- 
ated rod  carefully  leveled, 
upon  which  slides  a  hor- 
izontal telescope.    With 
the  telescope  the  obser- 
ver sights  in  succession 
the  two  objects  under  ex- 
amination, aad  the  dis- 
tance on    the 
graduated  rod 
traversed     by 
the  telescope 
is  the  measure 
of  the  differ- 
ence of  height 
between     the 
two      Objects.  Cathetometer. 

As  construct- 
ed for  the  physicist,  with  numerous  arrangements  to  in- 
sure accuracy,  the  cathetometer  is  an  instrument  of  a  high 
degree  of  accuracy. 

cathetus  (kath'e-tns),  n. ;  pi.  catheti  (-ti).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  koHctoc,  perpendicular,  a  perpendicular  line : 
see  catheter.']  If.  In  geom.,  a  line  falling  per- 
pendicularly on  another  line  or  a  surface,  as 
the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled  triangle. —  2. 
In  arch. :  (a)  A  perpendicular  line  supposed  to 
pass  through  the  middle  of  a  cylindrical  body. 
(b)  The  axis  or  middle  line  of  the  Ionic  volute. 

cathism  (kath'izm),  h.     Same  as  cathisma. 

cathisma  (ka-thiz'mii),  ».;  pi.  cathismata  (-ma- 
ta).  [<  Gr.  addicrpa"  a  portion  of  the  psalter 
(see  def.),  a  seat,  the  seat,  <  naBifriv,  sit  down, 
<.  /card,  down,  +  IQitv,  sit,  akin  to  i&odai  =  L. 
sedere  =  E.  sit:  see  sit.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.:  (a) 
A  portion  of  the  psalter,  containing  from  three 
to  eleven  (usually  about  eight)  psalms.  The  lioth 
psalm  constitutes  a  single  cathisma.  There  are  altogether 
twenty  cathismata,  and  each  is  subdivided  into  three  sta- 
seis.  See  stasis  and  psalter,  (ft)  A  troparion  or  short 
hymn  used  as  a  response  at  certain  points  in 
the  offices. 


The  Greeks  rarely  sit  in  church:  the  cathismata  are 
therefore  pauses  for  rest;  and  are  longer  than  the  usual 
troparia.  J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  s4t. 

cathodal  (kath'o-dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  mdoSoc,  a 
going  down  (see  cathode),  +  -ah]  1.  In  hat., 
lower;  on  the  side  fm'thest  from  the  summit. 
[Rare.] — 2.  [<  cathode  +  -ah]  Pertaining  to 
the  cathode. 

Also  spelled  kathodal. 

cathode  (kath'od),  ».  [<  Gr.  mdoioQ,  a  going 
down,  a  way  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  dcMc,  way.] 
The  negative  pole  of  an  electric  current :  op- 


863 

posed  to  anclcctrodr  or  anode.     Also  spelled 
kathode.    Also  called  eatelectrode. 
cathodic  (ka-thod'ik).  a.    [<  Or.  ttaSoSoc ,  a  going 
dun  n  ( see  cathode),  +  -ie.j    Proceeding  dew  n 
ward  :  applied  to  the  efferent  use  of  action 

of  the  nervous  influence.  ti.  S.  Hull.  Also 
spelled  kathodic.  |  Hare.] 
send,  cat-hole  (kat'hol),  n.  Saul.,  one  of  two  small 
holes  astern  above  the  gun-room  ports,  for  the 
passage  of  a  hawser  or  cable  in  heaving  astern, 
catholic  (kath'o-lik),  a.  and  n.  [Not  found  in 
ME.  or  earlier"  (in  AS.  the  MX.  catholicus  is 
translated  geledffiul or  geledflic,  i.  e.,  believing, 
faithful,  orthodox);  =  D.  catholijk,  katholijlc, 
katholiek,  katholisch  =  Oc.  kathoUsch,  adj.,  Jcatho- 
lik,  n.,  =Dan.  kalholsk,  katholik,  —  Sw.  katolsk, 
katolik,  =  V.  catholique  =  Pr.  catolic  =  Sp. 
catdlico  —  Pg.  catholieo  =  It.  cattolico  (  =  Buss. 
katoliku,  n.,  katolicheskii,  adj..  =  Turk,  qatolik, 
n.),  <  L.  catholiem,  universal,  general  (neut. 
pi.  catholica,  all  things  together,  the  universe), 
in  LL.  and  MIj.  esp.  eecles.,  general,  common, 
that  is,  as  applied  to  the  church  (catholica  ec- 
ciesio)  or  to  the  faith  {i-iiilmUrn  fides),  orthodox 
(in  ML.  commonly  used  synonymously  with 
Christianas,  Christian);  <  Gr. Katte/liKcic,  general, 
universal  ('/  KathAini/  eicnAr/cia,  the  universal 
church),  <  ica86fov,  adv.,  on  the  whole,  in  gen- 
eral, also  as  if  adj.,  general,  universal,  prop, 
two  words,  aad'  b'Aov :  naff  for  /car',  for  /card,  ac- 
cording to ;  b'Aov,  gen.  of  b'Aoc,  whole,  =  L.  solrid- 
us,  >  E.  snl id :  see  rata-,  holo-,  and  solid.]   I.  a. 

1.  Universal;  embracing  all ;  wide-extending. 
If  you,  my  son,  should  now  prevaricate, 
And  to  your  own  particular  lusts  employ 
So  great  and  catholic,  a  bliss,  he  sure 
A  curse  will  follow.     B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Matter,  moved  either  uncertainly,  or  according  to  some 
catholic  laws.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation,  i. 

His  library  of  English  history,  and  of  all  history,  was  al- 
ways rich,  select,  and  catholic.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  303. 

2.  Not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted ;  free 
from  prejudice ;  liberal ;  possessing  a  mind 
that  appreciates  all  truth,  or  a  spirit  that  ap- 
preciates all  that  is  good. 

With  these  exceptions  I  can  read  almost  anything.  I 
bless  my  stars  for  a  taste  so  catholic,  so  nnexcluding. 

Lamb,  Books  and  Reading. 

There  were  few  departments  into  which  the  catholic  and 
humane  principles  of  Stoicism  were  not  in  some  degree 
curried.  Lccky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  315. 

3.  In  fheol. :  (a)  Originally,  intended  for  all 
parts  of  the  inhabited  world;  not  confined  to 
one  nation,  like  the  Jewish  religion,  but  fitted 
to  include  members  of  all  human  races:  applied 
to  the  Christian  religion  and  church. 

Catholic  in  Greek  signifies  universal :  and  the  Christian 
Church  was  so  call'd,  as  consisting  of  all  Nations  to  whom 
the  Gospel  was  to  be  preach't,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
Jewish  Church,  which  consisteil  for  the  most  part  of  Jews 
only.  Milton,  True  Religion. 

(h)  leap.]  Constituting,  conforming  to,  or  in 
harmony  with  the  visible  church,  which  ex- 
tended throughout  the  whole  Roman  empire 
atid  adjacent  countries,  possessed  a  common 
organization  and  a  system  of  intercommunion, 
and  regulated  disputed  questions  by  ecumeni- 
cal councils,  as  distinguished  from  local  sects, 
whether  heretical  or  simply  schismatic,  but  es- 
pecially from  those  which  did  not  accept  the 
decrees  of  ecumenical  councils:  as,  the  Catholic 
Church ;  the  Catholic  faith,  in  this  sense  it  is  regu- 
larly applied  to  the  ancient  historical  church,  its  faith  and 
organization  down  to  the  time  of  the  great  schism  bctw  cm 
the  sees  of  Rome  and  Constantinople  :  as,  a  Catholic  bish- 
op or  synod,  as  distinguished  from  a  Nestorian  or  Jaco- 
bite prelate  or  council. 

The  importunity  of  heretics  made  them  [the  Church  of 
Christ]  add  another  name  to  this  [Christian],  viz.,  that  of 
catholic;  which  was,  as  it  were,  their  surname  or  charac- 
teristic, to  distinguish  them  from  all  sects,  who,  though 
they  had  party  names,  yet  sometimes  sheltered  them- 
selves under  the  common  name  of  Christians. 

Bingham,  Antiq.,  I.  i.  §  7. 

The  test  of  Catholic  doctrine,  the  maintenance  of  which 
distinguishes  the  Catholic  Church  in  any  place  from  he- 
retical  or  schismatics!  communions,  has  been  described  as 
that  which  has  been  taught  always,  everywhere,  by  all. 

Bio, it.  Theol.  Diet.  (Episcopal). 

(c)  [cap.]  Historically  derived  from  the  ancient 
undivided  church  before  the  great  schism,  and 
acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  councils  as 
recognized  by  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Church. 
The  official  title  of  that  church  is,  The  Holy  Orthodox 
Catholic  Apostolic  <  triental  Church  (^  ayia  ope>65of  <k  xae>o- 
Aiktj  anomoXiKn  ayaroAiKT)  eKieATjo-ia).  (4)  [ccy*.]  Claim- 
ing unbroken  descent  (through  the  apostolic 
succession)  from  and  conformity  to  the  order 
and  doctrine  of  the  ancient  undivided  church, 
and  acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  councils 
as  received  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church.  In  this  sense  the  word  Catholic  is 
applied  by  Anglican  writers  to  their  own  coni- 


catholicity 

munion.  (e)  [cap.]  Claiming  to  possess  exclu- 
sively the  notes  or  characteristics  of  the  one, 
Only,  true,  and  universal  church  — unity,  visi- 
bility,  indefectibility,  mi ssion,  universality, 

and  sanctity:  used  in  this  sense,  with  these 
qualifications,  only  by  tin-  Church  of  Borne,  as 
applicable  only  to'  itself  and  its  adherents,  and 
to  i  heir  faith  and  organization  ;  often  qualified, 
especially  by  those  not  acknowledging  these 
claims,  by  prefixing  the  word  Roman.  (/)  More 
specifically,  an  epithet  distinguishing  the  faith 
of  the  universal  Christian  church  from  thoso 

opinions  which  are] uliar  to  special  sects.  (.</) 

A  designation  of  certain  of  the  epistles  in  the 
New  Testamem  w  oich  are  addressed  to  believ- 
ers generally  and  not  to  a  particular  church. 
The  catholic  epistles  are  James,  Peter  I.  and 
II.,  John  I.,  and  Judo.  John  II.  and  III.  are 
also  usually  included.  (/')  Belonging  as  prop- 
erty to  the  church  at  large,  as  distinguished 
from  a  palish  or  a  monastic  order:  in  ancient 
ecclesiastical  literature  used  to  designate  cer- 
tain church  buildings,  as  a  bishop's  church  in 
contrast  with  a  parish  church,  or  a  parish 
church  which  was  open  to  all  in  distinction 
from  monastic  churches.  Catholic  apostolate. 
See  apostolate.  -  Catholic  Apostolic  Church.  See  d 
W/e»ic— Catholic  creditor,  in  Scots  loir,  a  creditor 
whose  debt  is  secured  over  several  subjects,  or  over  all  the 
subjects  belonging  to  his  debtor.  Catholic  Majesty,  a 
title  or  style  assumed  by  the  kings  and  queens  of  Spain. 
It  was  conferred  by  the  pope  as  a  recognition  of  devotion 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  was  Brst  given  to  the 
Asturian  prince  Alfonso  I.,  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth 
century. 

II.  »■  1.  leap-]  A  member  of  the  universal 
Christian  church. —  2.  [cap.]  A  member  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. — 3.  Same  as  catholi- 
cos. 

The  orthodox  monarchs  of  Georgia  and  Abkhasia  each 
supported  his  own  Catholic. 

J.  M.  Xcalc,  Eastern  Church,  i.  9. 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1829 
(10  Geo.  IV., c.  7),  repealing  former  laws  which  imposed  dis- 
abilities upon  Roman  Catholics,  and  allowing  them  (except 
priests)  to  sit  in  Parliament,  and  to  hold  civil  and  military 
offices  with  certain  exceptions.  The  measure  was  urged 
with  special  reference  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland. 
—  Old  Catholics.  (")  'l'hv  name  used  by  a  small  body  of 
belii  mis  in  Jansenism  in  Holland,  with  an  archiepi&copal 
see  in  Utrecht.  They  have  continued  since  1723  to  recog- 
nize the  authority  of  the  pope  by  sending  him  notice  of 
each  new  election  of  a  bishop,  which  he  always  disregards. 
(/>)  A  reform  party  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  founded 
after  the  proclamation  of,  and  in  opposition  to,  the  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility  proclaimed  by  tie-  Vatican  Conned  in 
1870.  A  schism  with  the  Roman  i'atlmli.  Church  was  not 
intended,  but  it  resulted  ;  the  leaders  were  excommuni- 
cated and  new  congregations  fnrmcil.  Xo  bishop  having 
joined  the  movement,  the  ordination  of  a  bishop  was  ob- 
tained from  the  tild  Catholic  bishop  of  Deventer  in  Hol- 
land. Old  Catholics  have  departed  in  few  respects  from 
their  former  ecclesiastical  customs  as  Roman  Catholics. 
Auricular  confession  and  fasting  are,  however,  voluntary 
with  them,  and  priests  are  allowed  to  marry.  Mass  is  per- 
mitted to  be  said  in  the  vernacular.  They  are  found  chiefly 
in  Germany  and  in  Switzerland,  where  they  call  themselves 
Christian  Catholics.— Roman  Catholic  Relief  Acts,  a 
series  of  English  statutes  removing  the  political  disabili- 
ties of  Roman  Catholics  :  as,  1829  (lo  Geo.  IV.,  c.  7),  per- 
mitting them  to  sit  in  Parliament  and  to  hold  offices,  with 
certain  exceptions ;  1838  (3  and  4  Win.  IV.,  c.  102),  enabling 
their  clergymen  to  celebrate  marriages  between  Protes- 
tants, etc.,  extended  to  Scotland  in  1834(4  and  5  Win.  IV., 
c.  28);  1843  (6  and  7  Vict.,  c.  28),  abolishing  a  certain  oath 
as  a  qualification  for  Irish  voters;  1S44  (7  and  8  Vict., 
c.  102)  and  lstil  (:)  and  10  Vict.,  c.  59),  repealing  statutes 
against  them  ;  1867  (30  and  31  Vict.,  c.  62),  abolishing  the 
declaration  against  transubstantiation,  etc.,  and  (id.,  c.  75) 
making  all  subjects  eligible  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland.  The  term  also  includes  the  Promissory  Oaths 
Act,  1868  (which  see,  under  oath). 

catholicalt  (ka-thol'i-kal),  a.  [<  catholic  +  -al.] 
Catholic. 

The  Potent  Kyng  of  kyngis  all 

lTeserue  all  Preucis  Catholiciitl. 

Lauder,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  540. 

catholicate  (ka-thol'i-kat),  n.  [<  ML.  catholi- 
catus,  (.  catholicus,  the  prelate  so  called:  see 
catholicos  and  -ate$.]  The  region  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  catholicos:  as,  the  catholiattr 
of  Ethiopia. 

It  is  certain  that,  in  the  vast  Catholicate  of  Chaldssa, 
monarchs  were  sometimes  invested  with  the  priestly  dig- 
nity. J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  church,  i.  114. 

Catholicise,  v.    See  Catholicise. 

Catholicism  (ka-thol'i-sizm),  n.  [=  F.  catlioli- 
i-isnir  =  Sp.  catolioismo  =  Pg.  catholicismo  =  It. 
cattoUcismo  =  D.  catholicismus  =  ti.  katholicis- 
mus,<.  NL.*ciitholicismus:  see  catholic  and  -ism.] 

1.  Same  as  catholicity,  1  and  l'. 

Not  an  infallible  testimony  of  the  Catholicism  of  the 
doctrine.  Jcr.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  ii.,  Int. 

2.  [cap.]  Adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  ;  the  Roman  Catholic  faith :  as,  a  con- 
vert to  Catholicism. 

catholicity  (kath-o-lis'i-ti),  ».  [<  catholic  + 
-ttij  ;  =  l'\  fiillinlii-i'lc]  "1.  The  quality  of  being 


catholicity 
catholic  or  universal;  catholic  character  or 
ion:  universality:  as.  the  cathohctty  of  a 
rine.     Also  sometimes  Catholicism. 

I    ..      man  Occ  3erm  ,p.  118. 
ide  range  of  support  given  to  the  Institution 
Infirmary]  only  correspon  '-'"•''." 

of  the  charity  it  dispenses.  batsman. 

2  The  quality  of  being  catholic  or  liberal- 
minded;  freedom  from  prejudices  or  parrow- 
mindedness:  as.  the  catholicity  oi  one's  taste 
literature.  Also  sometimes  Catholicism.— 
3.  [cap.]  The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  or  its 
doctrines  and  usages. 

Catholicize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 

Catholicized,  ppr  Catholicising.    [<  Cammc  + 

]  I  intrans.  To  become  a  Catholic.  [Bare.] 

II.  trans.  To  convert  to  the  Koman  Catholic 

faith. 

\u.,  spelled  Catholicise. 
catholicly  (btth'o-lik-U),  adv.     In  a  catholic 
manner;  universally.     [Rare.] 
That  marriage  is  indissoluble  is  not  catholicly  true. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon. 

catholicness  (kath'o-lik-nes),  «.    Universality; 
catholicity . 
One  nnv  fudge  of  the  catholickness  which  Romanists 
-   Saul  and  Samuel  at  Endor,  p.  10. 

catholicont  (ka-thol'i-kon),  ».      [=  P.  catlioli 
con,  <  ML.  catholicon,  cathottcum 
remedy,  also  a  general  or  comprehensive  work 
as  a  dictionary,  <  Gr.  koDomkov  (sc.  laua,  reme 
dy),  ueut.  of  KaihXtKfc,  universal:  see  catholic.} 
A.remedyfor  all  diseases;  a  universal  remedy; 
, ;  specifically,  a  kind  of  soft  purgative 
tuary  so  called, 
catholicbs,  catholicus  (ka-thol'i-kos,  -kus),  re. 
[ML.,  usually  catholicus,  <  MGr.  saho/tunc.a  pro- 
curator,  a    prolate  (see  def.),  prop,   adj.,  Gr. 
xaBoTUKOi,  general,  universal:  see  catholic.']     1. 
In  the  later  Roman  empire,  a  receiver-general 
or  deputy-receiver  in  a  civil  diocese. — 2.  Ec- 
,1,  s.,  in  Oriental  countries:  (o)  A  primate  hav- 
under  bim  metropolitans,  but  himself  sub- 
ject to  a  patriarch.     (6)  The  head  of  an  inde- 
litii  or  schismatic  communion.    The  general 
force  of  the  title  seems  to  have  been  that  of  a  superinten- 
dent-general of  missions  or  of  churches  on  and  beyond  the 
the  Etonian  empire.    It  is  also  the  title  of  the 
head  of  the  Armenian  Church,  and  has  been  used  by  the 
i    ibites,  and   for  the  metran  oi   Ethiopia  (Abyssinia). 
See  maphrian. 
The  archbishop  Peter  assumed  the  title  of  Catltalicos  of 
tha  and  all  Georgia. 

./.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church 

Also  called  catholic. 


864 

And  from  the  aider's  crown 
Swing  the  long  catkins  brown. 

C.  Thaxter,  March. 

cat-lap  (kat Map),  h.   A  thin,  poor  beverag.' (usu- 
ally tea),  lit  only  to  give  to  cats. 
cat-like  (kat'lik),  a.   [<  cafi-  +  like.]  Like  a  cat; 
feline;  watchful;  stealthy. 

A  lioness,  with  udders  all  drawn  dry, 

Lav  couching,  head  on  ground,  with  catlike  watch. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 

catling  (kat'ling), ».    [<  cafl  +  dim.  -ling.    Cf. 
kitting.]     1.  A  little  cat;  a  kitten. 

For  never  cat  nor  catling  I  shall  find, 
But  mew  shall  they  in  Pluto's  palace  blind. 
Drummand,  Phillis  on  the  Heath  oi  her  Sparrow. 
2f.  Catgut;  the  string  of  a  lute,  violin,  etc. 

What  music  will  be  in  him  when  Hector  has  knocked 
out  his  brains,  I  know  not;  but,  I  am  sure,  none,  unless 
the  tiddler  Apollo  get  his  sinews  to  make  catling, 


catoptric 


stomidw.  It  includes  angiostomatous  serpents  having 
the  opisthotic  hone  intercalate,!  in  the  cranial  walls,  no 
ectopb  rygoid  bone,  the  maxillary  fixed  to  the  prefrontal 
and  premaxillary,  and  a  pubis  present 


Catodont  Dentition  of  Physeter  macrocephalus. 
dew  of  lower  jaw,  with  portion  of  upper  jaw.    2.  Top  view  of 
lower  jaw. 


Catodontidse  (kat-6-don'ti-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Catodon(t-),  1,  +  -vim.]    A  family  of  cetaceans, 

named  from  the  genus  Catodon,  now  usually 

called    Physeterida :  the  sperm-whales  or  ca- 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3.     chalots. 

3.  The  down  or  moss  which  grows  about  cer-  Catometopa  (kat-o-met'o-pa),  n.  pi.     Same  as 


Catametopa. 

cat-o'-mountain  (kat, '  o - moun '  tan),  i 
as  catamount. 


tain  trees  and  resembles  the  hair  of  a  cat, 
Harris.— 4.  A  double-edged  knife  used  by  sur- 
geons for  dismembering.  Also  ratlin. 
catlinite  (kat'li-nit),  ii.  [After  George  Catlin, 
an  American  traveler.]  A  red  clay-stone  used 
by  the  North  American  Indians  for  making  .  . 

pipes.    It  is  allied  to  agalmatoUte,  but  is  rather  a  rock  Oa*J>nuin  (ka-to m-an) 
Than  a  mineral  species.    It  is  obtained  from  Pipestone     ' 


Same 


And  in  thy  wrath,  a  nursing  cat-o'-mountain 
Is  calm  as  her  babe*s  sleep  compared  with  thee  ! 

Halleck,  Red  Jacket. 


^ounty  in  southwestern  Minnesota. 
11V;.'.;  catmallison  (kat'mal-i-son),  n.  [Appar.  <  ca  0- 
+  malison  :  a  place  cursed  by  the  cat  because  it 
keeps  the  food  out  of  his  reach!]  A  cupboard 
near  the  chimney  in  which  dried  beef  and  provi- 
sions are  kept.  G-rosc;  Halliwell.  [North.  Eng.] 
catmint  (kat'mint),  n.  [Formerly  cat's  mint, 
ME.  kattes  minte;  the  alleged  AS.  cattes  mint 
(Somner)  is  not  authenticated;  <  cut1  +  mint'2; 
=  Dan.  kattemynte  =  Sw.  kattmynta.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Nepeta,  N.  Oataria :  so  called  be- 
cause cats  are  fond  of  it.  It  is  stimulant  and  slight- 
ly tonic,  and  is  a  domestic  remedy  for  various  ailments. 
Malabar  catmint  is  Anisomeles  Malabarusa,  a  similar  labi- 
ate, used  by  the  natives  of  India  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 
Also  catnip. 

cat-nap  (kat'nap),  n 
brief  nap. 

The  anecdotes  told  of  Brougham,  Napoleon,  and  others, 
who  are  said  to  have  slept  but  four  or  five  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four,  but  who,  we  suspect,  took  a  good  man) 
cat-naps  in  the  day-time,  have  done  much  harm. 

W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  267. 

catnar  (kat'nar),  re.  A  class  of  sweet  wines, 
both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Moldavia. 
Also  spelled  cotnar. 

A  cup  of  our  own  Moldavia  fine, 
Cotnar,  for  instance,  green  as  .May  sorrel, 
And  ropy  with  sweet.  Browning. 

cathood  (kat 'hud >.  n.     [<  cat1  +  -hood.]     The  catnip   (kat'nip),   n.      [Prob.   a  corruption  of 
State  of  being  a  cat.     [Rare.]  catmint,  the  syllable  -nip  not  having  any  obvi- 

Decidedly  my  kitten  should  never  attain  to  cathood.         ous  meaning.    Hardly  connected  with  the  L. 
Southey,  Doctor,  xxv.    name  nepeta,  catmint.]     Same  as  catmint. 
cat-hook  (kat'huk),  re.     Naut.,  the  hook  of  a  cat_nut  (kat'nut),  K.    The  round  tuberous  root 
cat-block.  ,,f  Biiniiun  flexuosum. 

cat-ice  (kat'is),«.    A  very  thin  layer  of  ice  from  catoblepas  (ka-tob'le-pas),  n.     [NL.  (Hamil- 
ton Smith,  1827),  <  L.  catoblepas  (Pliny),  <  Gr. 


a.  [<  L.  Catonianits,  < 
Cato(n-),  a  Roman  cognomen, <  catus,  sagacious, 
wise,  shrewd.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
either  Cato  the  censor  (died  149  B.  c.)  or  Cato 
Uticensis  (95-46  B.  c),  Romans,  both  remark- 
able for  severity  of  manners  and  morals ;  hence, 
grave;  severe;  inflexible. 
cat-o'-nine-tails  (kat-6-mn'talz),  n.  1.  A 
nautical  and  sometimes  military  instrument  of 
punishment,  generally  consisting  of  nine  pieces 
of  knotted  line  or  cord  fastened  to  a  handle, 
used  to  flog  offenders  on  the  bare  back.  Also 
called  cat. 

I'll  tell  you  what  — if  I  was  to  sit  on  a  court-martial 
against  such  a  fellow  as  you,  .  .  .  you  should  have  the 
cat  o'  nine  tails,  and  be  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet,  from 
t'oxheath  to  Warley  Common.  Sheridan,  The  (amp,  i.  1. 
2.  Same  as  cattail,  1. 
A  short  hght  sleep,  a  catoose  (ka-toV),  re.     [Appar.  a  corruption  of 

touche,  a  roll  of  paper,  etc. :  see  cartouche, 


62. 


Catilinarian  (kafi-li-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    [< 
L.  t  .     CatiUna,  a  proper  name,  orig. 

dim.  adj.,  <  riitas,  sharp,  shrewd,  cunning.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catiline  (died  62  B.  c),  a 
Roman  conspirator:  as,  the  Catilinarian  war. 

II.  «.  One  who  resembles  or  imitates  Cati- 
line. 

Catilinism  (kat'i-li-nizm),  re.    [<  CaUUne  + 
J   The  practices  or  principles  of  Catiline. 


Kcrr(j/3/lci//,  also  KaTufiliTTuv,  -pAiirov  (with  ppr. 
suffix),  name  of  an  African  animal,  perhaps  the 
gnu,  lit.  '  down-looker,' <  Kara,  adv.,  down  (< 
nard,  prep.,  down:  see  cata-),  +  jiteirtiv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  quadrupeds,  with  large 
soft  muzzle,  and  boms  bent  down  and  again 
turned  up.  It  belongs  to  the  antelope  subfam- 
ily, and  contains  the  guu  of  South  Africa :  same 
as  Connocluvtes.     See  cut,  under  gnu. 


otrator,  or  practices  and  prm-  catocathartic  (kat  "o-ka-thiir'tik),  a.  and 


ciples  n-  ;  conspiracy. 

cat-in-clover  (kat'in-kld'ver),  n.    The  bird's 

tool  trefoil,  Lotus  corniculatus,  which  has  the 

foliage  of  a  clover  and  daw-shaped  pods. 

cation, kation  (kat'i-on), n.  [<  Gr. 

MTUJV,  going  down,  ppr.  of  ' 
go  do,  .  down,  +  iivat,  go: 

see  go.]    The  name  given  by  Para- 
day  to  tin- 

an   electrolyte  which   in  electro- 

ical   decompositions  appear 

at  the  negative  at  bode, 

So, 

catkin  (kat'kin),  «.    [=  Ml),  kat- 

iii,    lit.  :i 

little  r.  chat 

and  chaton,  ]',.  ,  !  kin),  in 

allusion  mblance    to 

a  cat's  tail ;  <  rati  +  dii 
<'f.  i  ■  i     In   hot.,  a  scaly 

spik.  ml  Mowers,  usual- 

ly deciduous  alter   flowering  or 
fruiting,    a     in    the    willow    and    lJr'"""j;rr,.'/' 
lb  ;     an    anient.      Also    called    tumtl* 


[<  Gr.  Kara,  down,  +  naOu/maAc,  cathartic]  I. 
o.  Purging  downward,  or  producing  alvine  dis- 
charges. 

II.  ii.  A  purging  medicine ;  a  cathartic, 
catochet,  catochust,  re.    [<  Gr.  naroxn,  k&toxos, 

catalepsy,  lit.  a  holding  down  or  fast,  <  Karixetv, 
hold  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  ixc'v,  hold.]  A  vari- 
ety of  catalepsy  in  which  the  body  is  kept  rigid. 

Catodon  (kat'o-don).  n.  [NL.  (Linnceus,  1735) : 
see  catodont.]'  1.  A  genus  of  cetaceans;  tbo 
sperm-whales :  so  called  from  having  under 
teeth  only,  or  teeth  only  in  the  lower  jaw:  now 
superseded  by  Physeter.  The  sperm-whale  or  cacha 
lot,  formerly  Physeter  catodon,  or  Catodon  macrocephalut, 
is  now  usually  called  Physeter  macrocephalus. 
2.  A  genus  of  ophidians,  giving  name  to  the 
Catodonta.     Zhimeril  and  Bibron,  1.S44. 

catodont  (kat'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  catodon(t-), 
<  Gr.  k&to,  down,  +  6<5oif  (fiSovr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
Having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  only,  as  a  serpent 
or  a  cetacean ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Catodonta,  CatodonUda,  or  Physeterida:. 

Catodonta  i  ka1  6  don'tS  i,  n.  /•/.  [NL.,  <  Cato- 
don(t-),  2,  +  -a~.\  In  herpet.,  a  suborder  of 
Ophidia,  cuntcrmiuous  with  the  family  Steno- 


F.  cart  .. 

cartridge.]  In  her.,  an  ornamental  scroll  with 
which  any  ordinary  or  bearing  may  be  deco- 
rated. 

catoosed(ka-tost'),  a.  [<  catoose  +  -ed2.]  Dec- 
orated with  catooses.  See  cross  catoosed,  under 
cross. 

Catopsilia  (kat-op-sil'i-a),  re.  [NL.  (Hiibner, 
1S16),  <  Gr.  kotu,  downward,  +  fM(,  smooth.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  family  Papilionida: 
and  subfamily  PiervruB,  containing  many  showy 
species,  mostly  yellow  and  of  large  size.  c. 
pliilen.  a  golden  and  mange  species,  expands  4  or  5  inches; 
it  inhabits  tropical  America.  C.  euhule,  a  citron  yellow 
species,  is  found  from  Canada  to  Patagonia, 

catopter  (ka-top'ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  kototttpov,  a 
mirror,  <  koto--,  stem  of  fut.  of  naOopav,  look 
down,  look  upon,  <  koto,  down,  +  opav,  see,  in 
part  supplied  from  V  *o^,  see,  >  E.  optic,  etc.]  A 
reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument;  a  mirror. 
Also  catoptron. 

catoptric  (ka-top'trik),  a.  [=  P.  catoptrique 
=  Sp.  catoptrico  =  Pg.  catoptrico;  <  Gr.  naroit- 
rpucdf,  of  or  in  a  mirror,  <  mTonrpov,  a  mirror: 
see  catopter  and  -ic]  Relating  to  the  branch 
of  optics  called  catoptrics;  pertaining  to  inci- 
dent and  reflected  light. 

In  his  dedication  to  the  Prince  he  IMyles  Havies]  pro- 
fesses "to  represent  writers  and  writings  in  acatoptrick 
view."  '•  D' Israeli,  Calani.  of  Autll.,  I.  51. 

Catoptric  cistula,  a  box  with  several  sides  lined  with 
mirrors  so  as  to  reflect  and  multiply  images  of  any  object 
placed  iii  it.  B.  //.  Knight.  Catoptric  dial,  a  dial  that 
shows  the  hours  by  means  of  a  mirror  adjusted  to  reflect 

the  solar  rays  upward  to  the  ceiling,. f  a  I m  on  which  the 

hour-lines  are  delineated.- Catoptric  light,  in  a  light- 


Catoptric  Light. 

Horii tal  sectional  view,  slewing  but  one  tier  of  reflectors. 

h,  chandelier ;  q,  fixed  sli.ift  in  center  to  support  tbi   wtaolf  ■ 
reflectors,  and  /,  /,  fountain:,  u(  then  lamps. 


catoptric 

house,  a  form  of  light  in  wliirli  reflectors  are  employed 
instead  of  the  usual  arrangement  "i  lenses  ami  prisms. 
Catoptric  telescope,  a  telescope  which  exhibits  objects 
by  reflection.    Mine  c monly  called  reflecting  tele,  cope, 

catoptrical  (ka-top'tri-kal),  a.  Same  as  catop- 
trie. 

catoptrically  (ka-top'tri-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  ea- 
toptric  manner;  by  reflection. 

catoptrics  (ka-top'triks),  n.  [PI.  of  catoptric: 
see-ics.  Cf.  It.  catottrica,  etc.]  That  branch  of 
the  science  of  optics  which  explains  the  prop- 
erties of  incident  and  reflected  light,  and  par- 
ticularly the  principles  of  reflection  from  mir- 
rors or  polished  surfaces. 

catoptromancy  (ka-top'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
K&Toirrpov,  a  mirror  (see  catopter),  +  ftai 
divination.]  A  species  of  divination  among 
the  ancients,  performed  by  letting  down  a  mir- 
ror into  water  for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  his 
face  in  it.  If  the  countenance  appeared  distorted  and 
ghastly,  it  was  an  ill  omen;  if  fresh  and  healthy,  it  was 
favorable. 

catoptron  (ka-top'tron),  n.    Same  as  catopter. 

catostome  (kat'os-toin), ».  [<  Catostomus.]  A 
fish  of  the  family  Catostomidce.    Also  catostome. 

Catostomi  (ka-tos'to-mi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
Catostomus.]  A  tribe  of  cyprinoid  fishes :  same 
as  the  family  Catostomidce,     Also  Catastomi. 

catostomid  (ka-tos'to-mid),  a.  and  it.   I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  the  '  'atnstniuidic. 
II.  a.  Afishof  the  family  Catostomida. 
Also  catostomid. 

Catostomidae  (kat-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -ida.]  A f amily of  eventogna- 
thous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Catostomus, 
having  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  at 
the  sides  by  the  supramaxillary,  numerous  pha- 
ryngeal teeth,  and  two  basal  branchihyals.  The 
species  are  mostly  peculiar  to  North  America,  and  are  popu 
larly  known  as  suckers,  carp,  buffalo-flsh,  etc.  The  family 
is  by  some  authors  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  Catosto 
mines,  Cycleptinae,  and  [ctiobince.     Also  Catastomidce. 

Catostomina  (ka-tos-to-mi'na),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -inn.']  In  Giinther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Cgpriuidie,  hav- 
ing the  air-bladder  divided  into  an  anterior  and 
a  posterior  portion,  not  inclosed  in  an  osseous 
capsule,  aud  the  pharyngeal  teeth  in  a  single 
series,  and  extremely  numerous  and  closely  set. 
Also  Catostomina. 

Catostominae  (ka-tos-to-mi'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Catosto- 
midce with  the  dorsal  fin  short.  .Most  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  family  belong  to  it,  and  are  known  in 
the  United  states  chiefly  as  suckers  and  mullets  or  mullet- 
suckers.    Also  Catastominos. 

catostomine  (ka-tos'to-niiu),  a.  and  n.    I.  <i. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostominte. 
II.  ».  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Catostomince. 
Also  catostomine. 
atostomoid  (ka-tos'to-moid),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL. 
Catostomus,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  r'uhc,  shape.]     I.  a. 
Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostomidce. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  CatostomidtB. 
Also  catastomoid. 

Catostomus  (ka-tos'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  +  ardpa,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  even- 
tognathous  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family 
Catostoiiiidic.  By  Lesueur  and  the  old  authors  it  was 
made  to  embrace  all  the  Catostomidce,  but  it  wasgradually 
restricted,  and  is  now  generally  limited  to  the  species  like 
the  C.  teres  or  common  sucker  of  the  United  states.  Also 
Catostomus. 

ca'otretous  (ka-tot're-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  catotre- 
tus,  <  Gr.  Karu,  down,  +  rp?/rof,  verbal  adj.  of 
rerpaiveiv,  perforate.]  In  zool.,  having  inferior 
or  ventral  apertures;  hypostomous,  as  an  in- 
fusorial). 

cat-owl  (kat'oul),  n.  A  name  of  the  large 
horned  owls  of  the  genus  Bubo,  as  the  great 
horned  owl,  Bubo  virginianus :  so  called  from 
their  physiognomy.     See  cut  under  /•'»»<>. 

cat-pipe  (kat'pip),  n.     1.  A  catcall. — 2.  Fig- 
uratively,     one 
who  uses  a  cat- 
pipe  or  catcall. 

cat-rake     (kaf- 

rak).  ii.  A  ratch- 
et-drill.     E.    H. 
Knight. 
cat-rig  (kat'rig), 

ii.  Naut.,  a  rig 
consisting  of 
a  single  mast, 
stepped  very- 
near  the  stem, 
and  a  sail  laced 
to  a  gaff  and 
55 


865 

boom  and  managed  in  the  same  manner  as  the 

mainsail  of  a  sloop.    The  cat-rig  is  the  typical 

rig  of  small  American  sail-boats, 
cat-rigged1  (kat'rigd),  a.    Having  the  cat-rig. 
Cat-rigg6<P(kat'rigd),«.  Kidgcd;  badly  creased, 

as  linen.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
cat-rope  (kat'rop),  n.     Same  as  cat-back  mpe. 

See  cot-back. 
cat-rush  (kat'rush),  u.    A  name  of  plants  of  the 

genus  Eguisetum. 
catryt,  «.    Same  as  eatery. 
cat-salt  (kat' stilt),  ».     A  sort  of  beautifully 

granulated  salt  formed  from  the  bittern  or  leooh- 

brine  used  for  making  hard  soap. 

Cat's-brainS   (kata'branz),   «.    I'l.      Sandstones 

traversed  in  every  direction  by  little  branching 
veins  of  calcite.     [Eng.] 

Cat's-claw(kats'kla),  ii.  1.  A  name  given  in  the 
West  Indies  (a)  to  the  Bignonia  unguis,  s  climb- 
ing vine  with  claw-shaped  tendrils,  and  ('»)  to 

the  Pithecotobium  Unguis-cati,  on  account  of  its 
curved  pod. —  2.  In  western  Texas,  a  name  of 
several  species  of  Acacia  with  hooked  thorns. 
as  A.  Greggi  and  .1,  WrighU. 

cat's-cradle  (kats'kra"dl),  n.  A  children's  game 
in  which  one  player  stretches  a  looped  cord 
over  the  fingers  of  both  hands  in  a  symmetri- 
cal figure,  and  the  other  player  has  to  insert  his 
lingers  and  remove  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  pro- 
duce adifferenl  figure.  Also  called  cratch-cradle 
and  scratch-cradle. 

cat's-ear  (kats'er),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypocliaris,  weedy  chicory-like  composites  of 
Europe:  so  called  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  Gnaphaliumdioicum. 

cat's-eye  (kats'i),  u.  1.  A  variety  of  quartz, 
very  hard  and  semi-transparent,  and  from  cer- 
tain points  exhibiting  a  yellowish  opalescent 
radiation  or  chatoyant  appearance,  whence  the 
name.  Also  called  sumtone.  The  same  name  is  also 
given  to  other  gems  exhibiting  like  chatoyant  effects,  more 
especially  to  chrysoberyl,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
true  cats-eye. 

2.  A  species  of  the  plant  scabious,  Scabiosa 
sti  llata. 

cat's-foot  (kats'fut),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  ground-ivy  or  gill,  from  the  shape  of 
its  leaves,  and  to  Gnaphaliuiii  dioicum,  from  its 
soft  flower-heads.     Also  called  cat's-paw. 

cat-shark  (kat'shark),  n.  A  shark  of  the  fam- 
ily Galeorhinidce,  Triads  semifasciatus,  occur- 
ring along  the  coast  of  California. 

cat's-head  (kats'hed),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  large 
apple. —  2.  A  nodule  of  hard  gritstone  in  shale. 
[Leinster,  Ireland.]  —  Cat's-head  hammer  or 
sledge.    Same  as  bully-head. 

cat-shipt  (kat'ship),  n.  A  ship  with  a  narrow 
stern,  projecting  (matters,  and  a  deep  waist. 

cat-silver  (kat'sil'ver),  n.  [=  Sw.  kattsilfver.] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  silvery 
mica. 

Catskill  (kats'kil),  a.  In  American  geol,  an 
epithet  applied  to  the  upper  division  of  the 
Devonian  age,  characterized  by  the  red  sand- 
stone of  eastern  New  York. 

catskin  (kat'skin),  n.  [=Ieel.  kattskinn  =  Dan. 
katteskind.]  The  fur  or  furry  pelt  of  the  cat. 
This  is  often  dyed  in  imitation  of  costly  furs,  and  in  the 
Netherlands  and  elsewhere  cats  are  bred  for  the  sake  of 
their  fin-.  \\  hich  is  an  article  of  commerce.  The  furof  the 
wild  cat  of  Hungary  is  prettily  mottled,  and  is  used  with- 
out dyeing. 

cat's-milk  (kats'milk),  n.  A  plant,  the  Eu- 
phorbia Hi  lioscopia.  Also  called  sun-spurge  and 
wartweed  or  wartwort. 

catsot  (kat'so),  n.     [<  It.  cazzo  (pron.  kiit'so), 
an  obscene  term  of  contempt,  also  used  as  an  ex- 
clamation.]    A  base  fellow;  a  rogue;  a  cheat. 
These  be  our  nimble-spirited  catsos,  that  have  their 
evasions  at  pleasure. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  -Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

cat's-paw,  catspaw  (kats'pft),  ».     1.  Naut.: 

(a)  A  light  air  perceived  in  a  calm  by  a  slight 
rippling  of  the  surface  of  the  water. 

We  were  now  in  the  calm  latitudes,  the  equatorial  belt 
of  battling  eat's-jmics  and  classy  seas. 

II'.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ix. 

(6)  A  peculiar  twist  or  hitch  in  the  bight  of  a 
rope,  made  to  hook  a  tackle  on. 

when  the  mate  came  to  shake  the  catspaw  out  of  the 
downhaul,  and  we  began  to  boom-end  the  sail,  it  shook 
the  ship  to  her  center 

11.  II.  Dana.  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  387. 
2.  One  whom  another  makes  use  of  to  ac- 
complish his  designs ;  a  person  used  by  another 
to  serve  his  purposes  and  to  bear  the  conse- 
quences of  his  acts  ;  a  dupe :  as,  to  make  a  per- 
son one's  cat's-paw.  An  allusion  to  the  story  of  the 
monkey  which,  to  save  its  own  paw,  used  the  paw  of  the 
cat  to  draw  the  roasted  chestnuts  out  of  the  ore. 


cattle 

They  took  the  enterprise  upon  themselves,  and  made 
themselves  the  people  ■  cat's  pu<r.    Hut  now  the  chestnut 

taken  ft tie    (tubers,  and  the  monkey  is  I  ■ s  in  for 

Hie  benefit  of  the  cat  s  subw  rvienoj  London  Times. 

He  retrained  from  denouncing  the  peculators  whose 
nit  less  eat  t  paw  he  claimed  to  have  been. 

i    Rev.,  (XXIII.  408. 

3.  In  but.,  samo  as  caffs-foot. — 4.  In  bookbind- 
ing, the  mark  made  on  the  covers  or  edges  of  a 
book  bv  a  sponge  containing  color  or  staiuing- 
Iluid. 

cat's-purr  (kats'per),  ».  In pathol.,  a  peculiar 
purring  thrill  or  sound  hoard  in  auscultation  of 
the  chest. 

cat-squirrel  (kat'skwur  el),  a.  1.  A  name  of 
the  fox-squirrel.  [Local,  eastern  U.  S.]  —  2. 
A  name  of  the  ring-tailed  bassaris,  Bassaris 
astuta.    [Southwestern  U.  S.] 

cat's-tailtkals'tal),  ii.  1.  Same  as  <w i7o //.  1.— 
2.  A  name  for  the  plant  Jii/uis,  turn  urn  use  and 
other  species  of  that  genus.— 3.  Same  as  cirrus 
cloud.  See  cloud.  -Cat's-tail  grass,  in  Europe,  the 

com name  of  the  grasses  belonging  to  the  gi  nus  Phle- 

u„i,  beeaii  ,e  of  their  dense  spikes  of  Mowers.  Also  called 
cattail.    See  Phleum. 

cat-stane  (kat'stan),  ii.  [So.,  appar.  <  eat*-  + 
stone  =  10.  stone;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain, being  referred  by  some  to  Gael,  cath, 
a  battle  (see  cateran).~\  1.  A  conical  cairn  or 
monolith  found  in  various  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  supposed  to  mark  the  locality  of  a  battle. 
—  2.  One  of  the  upright  stones  which  support 
a  grate,  there  being  one  on  each  side.  _  "  The 
term  is  said  to  originate  from  this  being  the 
favorite  scat  of  the  cat"  (.laiuiismi). 

cat-Stick  (kat'stik),  n.  A  stick  or  flat  bat  em- 
ployed in  playing  tip-cat. 

Prithee,  lay  up  my  eat  aud  cut-stick  safe. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

He  could  not  stay  to  make  my  legs  too,  but  was  driven 
To  clap  a  pair  of  cat-sticks  to  my  knees. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  1. 

cat-stopper  (kat'stop"er),  n.  Same  as  cat-head 
stopper  (which  see,  under  cat-head). 

catsup  (kat'sup),  n.     Same  as  catchup. 

cat-tackle  (kat'tak"l),  ».     Naut.,  tackle  used 

for  raising  the  anchor  to  the  cat-head Cat- 

tackle  fall.    Same  as  cat-fall. 

cattail  (kat'tal),  ii.  [<  can  +  to«f.]  1.  The 
common  name  of  the  tall  reed-like  aquatic 
plant  Typha  laUfoUa:  so  called  from  its  long 
cylindrical  furry  spikes  :  often  popularly  called 
bulrush  and  cat-o'-iiim --tails.  Also  cat's-tail. — 
2.  Same  as  cat's-tail  grass  (which  see,  under 
cat's-tail).— 3.  Same  as  catkin. — 4.  Xaut.,  that 
end  of  a  cat-head  which  is  fastened  to  the  ship's 
frame.     [Properly  cat-tail.'] 

catter  (kat'er),  v.  i.  To  thrive.  Grose ;  Hall i- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cattery  (kat'e-ri),  n.  \  pi.  catteries  (-riz).  [<  cat1 
+  -erg.  Cl.'piggery,  camelry,  fernery,  pinery, 
etc.]  A  place  for  the  keeping  and  breeding 
of  cats.     Souihey.     [Rare.] 

cat-thrasher  (kat'thrasli'er),  n.  A  clupeoid 
fish,  Clupea  astiralis.     [Maine,  U.  S.] 

cattimandOO  (kat-i-man'db),  ii.  [E.  Ind.]  A 
kind  of  gum  obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from 
;m  angular  columnar  species  of  Euphorbia,  Ii. 
Cattimandoo.  It  is  used  as  a  cement  and  as  a 
remedy  for  rheumatism. 

cattish  (kat'ish),  a.  [<  catX  +  -ishX^\  Having 
the  qualities  or  ways  of  a  cat;  cat-like;  feline. 

The  cattish  race. 

IJruiniiiond,  Phillis  on  the  Death  of  her  Sparrow. 

cattle  (kat'l),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [<  ME.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel  i>  chattel,  q.  v.),  prop- 
erty, capital,  =  MLG.  katel,  katele,  <  OF.  catel, 
Intel,  assibilated  chatel,  chateil,  chaptel,  chatal, 
chastal,  eluii  I,  elinli  i,  etc.,  =  Sp.  caudal  (of.  Pg. 
caudal,  a.,  abundant),  <  ML.  captdle,  capitate, 
capital,  property,  goods  (rirum  capitate,  live 
stock,  cattle),  whence  mod.  E.  capital'2,  q.  v. 
Thus  cattle  =  chattel  =  capit«l-.~\  If.  Prop- 
erty; goods;  chattels;  stock:  in  this  sense  now 
only  in  the  form  chattel  (which  see). 

His  tythes  payede  he  fill  fayre  and  wel, 
Bothe  of  his  owne  swinke,  and  his  catel. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol  to  C.  T.,  1.  540. 

2.  Live  stock;  domestic  quadrupeds  which 
serve  for  tillage  or  other  labor,  or  as  food  for 
man.  The  term  may  include  horses,  asses,  camels,  all 
tin  varieties  of  domesticated  beasts  of  the  bovine  ".euus, 
sheep  of  all  kinds,  goats,  and  even  swine.  In  this  general 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  Scriptures.  In  common  use,  how- 
ever, the  uurd  is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts  of  the  cow 
kind.    In  the  language  of  the  stable  it  means  horses. 

The  first  distinction  made  of  live  stock  from  other  prop- 
erty was  to  call  the  former  quick  cattle. 

Sir  J.  Uaringtun,  Epig.  i.  91. 


cattle 

They  must  have  other  '1™"'  tnelr 

Plow  markets. 

I    l iv.  \  I.,  1550. 

]n  ilpments,  cattU  may 

I  w  all.,  294. 

It  was  well  known  that  Lord  Steepleton  Kil.larc  bad 

,  from  Simla  to  Umballa  one  Dight  and  back 

the  luvt  day,  ninety  t«  way,  with  constant 

,  Mr.  Isaacs,  p.  264. 

3.  Human  beings:  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

.  mid  women  arc  for  the  most  part  cattle  of  this 
colour.  SAo*.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

Last  year,  a  lad  hence  by  his  parents  sent 
w  ith  ..Hi. -i  catti  to  the  city  went 

Swift,  Co  Mi    Con 
Neat  cattle.  .    ,     . 

cattle-feeder  (kat'l-fe  dei  .  n.  \  device  for 
supplying  feed  in  regulated  quantities  to  racks 
or  mangers, 

cattle-guard  (kat'1-gard),  ».  A  device  to  pre- 
vent cattle  from  straying  along  a  railroad-track 
at  a  highway-crossing. 

cattle-heron  (kat'l-her'pn),  n.    A  book-name 
of  the  small  herons  of  the  genus  Bubulcus,  as  /;. 
ibis. 
cattle-pen  (kat'1-pen),  ».    A  pen  or  inclosure 
for  cattle. 

cattle-plague  (kat'1-plag),  ».  A  virulently 
oont:  mi,' eattle;  rinderpest 

(wlii 
cattle-range  (kat'1-ranj),  ».     An  uninelosed 
tract  of  land  over  which  cattle  may  range  and 
graze. 
cattle-run  (kat'1-run),  ».  A  wide  extent  of  graz- 
round.     [U.  S.  and  the  British  colonies.] 
cattle-show  (kat'1-sho),  ».     An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes,  with  a  view  to  the 
promotion  of  their  improvement  and  increase: 
in  the  United  States  usually  combined  with  a 
sort  of  agricultural  fair. 
cattle-stall    (kat'l-stftl),   n.     An  arrangement 
than  a  halter  or  tie  for  securing  cattle  to 
their  racks  or  mangers.     E.  H.  Knight. 
Cattleya  (kat'le-a),  w.    [NL.;  named  after  Wil- 
liam Cattlev,  an  'English  collector  of  plants.]    A 
genus  of  highly  ornamental  epiphytic  orchids, 
natives  of  tropical  America  from  Mexico  to 
Brazil.     Many  of  the  species  are  highly  prized  by  orchid 
ir  flowers  are  among  the  largest  and 
1  the  order, 
catty  (kat'i),  it. ;  pi.  catties  (-iz).    [<  Malay  kati, 
a  "pound,"  of  varying  weight.    See  caddy*.] 
The  name  given  by  foreigners  to  the  Chinese 
kin  or  pound.    The  value  of  the  catty  was  tixed  by  the 
iny  in  1770  at  l \  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  usual  Chinese  weight  is  1.325  pounds;  that  fixed  by 
custom  house  in  1858  is  1.3316  pounds;  that 
of  the  royal  mint  at  Peking  is  1.348  pounds.    The  name 
is  also  given  in  different   localities  to  Blightly  different 
weights. 
Iron  ore9  sufficient  to  smelt  ten  call ies  of  tin. 

Jour.  q)  Antkrop.  Inst.,  XV.  288. 

Catullian (ka-tul'i-an),  «.    [<  L.  Catullianus,  < 

>  ,  a  proper  name.]     Pertaining  to,  char- 

ristie  of,  or  resembling  the  Roman  lyrical 

poet  Catullus,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses 

and  the  elegance  of  his  style;  resembling  the 
style  or  works  of  Catullus. 

...  of  ports  since  Catullus. 
Lowell  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  341. 

Caturidae  (ka-tu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caturus 
+  -nhi.]  A  family  of  extinct  amioid  ganoid 
fishes  of  the  Oolitic  and  Cretaceous  periods, 
having  a  persistent  uotochord,  but  the  vertebrae 
partially  ossified,  a  homocercal  tail,  (ins  with 
fulcra,  and  small,  pointed  teeth  in  a  single  row. 

Caturus  fka-tu'rus),  n.    [NL.  (Agassiz,  1834), 

<  Qr.  Kara,  down,  +  i,  tail.  ]    The  typical  ge- 
nus of  fishes  of  the  family  Caturidm. 
catyogle(kat'i-o-gl), n.  [AlBokatogle;<  Sw.katt- 
.  ikatty  =  K.r»/i,-t-  Hi/In—  v.. mil.]   A  name 
in  Shetland  of  the  eagle-owl.  Bubo  maximus. 
Caucasian  (ka-ka'gian  or  ka-kash'ian),  a.  and 
<  ML.  ■'  i  I..  Caucasius,  <  Gr. 

,  <  MGrr.  B  ,  pi.  Km  taoiavoi, 

inhabitants  of  Caucasus,  <  (       I       boot.]    I,  a. 
us,  a  range  of  moun- 
tain \-i;i  and  Europe;  specifically, 
appellate  into  which  Bin 
menbach  divided  the  human  family.    See  II. 

II.  a.  In  B  onological 

the  highest  type  of  the  hui  .  including 

Europeans,  thi  \rme- 

niai  .  Hindus,  Jews,  etc.    n.  gavi  thl 

nam  ,         I  obtain- 

i    thi    tandard  of  th<   human  type. 
cauchiet,  <•.    Sei  causeway. 
Cauchy's  formula. 

cauciont,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  caution. 
caucus  (ka'kus).  n.    [This  word  originated  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts.    According  to  a  com- 


S66 

mon  account  it  is  a  corruption  of  calkcrs'  meeting, 
a  term  said  to  have  been  applied  in  derision  by 
I  In  Tories  to  meetings  of  citizens,  among  whom 
were  calkers  and  ropemakers,  held  to  protest 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  royal  troops,  and 
especially  against  the  •■Boston  Massacre"  of 
March  5th,  1770.  But  such  a  corruption  and for- 
getfulness  of  the  orig.  meaning  of  a  word  so  fa- 
miliar as  cutlers  is  improbable,  and,  moreover, 

the  word  caucus  SUM  at  least  7  years  earlier, 

in  the  following  passage  in   the  diary  of  John 

Adams:  "Feb L763 — Thisday learned  that 

the  tan,  us  Club  meets  at  certain  times  in  the 
garret  of  Tom  Dawes,  the  adjutant  of  the  Boston 
(militia)  regiment."  This  indicates  the  origin 
of  the  term  caucus,  as  a  private  meeting  for 
political  purposes,  in  the  name  of  a  elub  of  that 
nature,  called  the  "Caucus  Club.''  The  origin 
of  the  name  as  applied  to  the  club  is  not  known. 
but  if  not  an  arbitrary  term,  chosen  for  its  allit- 
erative form  and  feigned  mysterious  import,  it 
may  have  been  a  learned  adoption,  in  allusion  to 
the  convivial  or  syniposiac  feature  of  the  elub,  of 
the  ML.  caucus,  <  MGr.  saiiKor  (also  tutvtaj,  itavKa, 
with  dim.  navtuov),  a  cup.]  1.  In  U.S.poliUcs: 
(a)  A  local  meeting  of  the  voters  of  a  party  to 
nominate  candidates  for  local  offices,  or  to  elect 
delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  nomination 
of  more  important  officers.  In  the  latter  sense, 
caucuses  are  now  generally  called  primaries.  Admis- 
sion to  a  party  caucus  is  generally  open  only  to  known 
and  registered  members  of  the  party.  (/,)  A  similar 
congressional,  legislative,  or  other  gathering  of 
leading  members  of  a  party  for  conference  as 
to  party  measures  and  policy.  Candidates  for  the 
presidency  and  vice-presidency  of  the  United  States  were 
nominated  by  party  caucuses  of  members  of  Congress  from 
1800  to  1824. 

More  than  fifty  years  ago,  Mr.  Samuel  Adams's  father, 
and  twenty  others,  one  or  two  from  the  north  end  of  the 
town,  wliere  all  the  ship  business  is  carried  on,  used  to 
meet,  make  a  caucus,  and  lay  their  plan  for  introducing 
certain  persons  into  places  of  trust  and  power. 

Gordon,  Hist,  of  the  Revolution  (17S8),  I.  365. 

A  caucus  (excuse  the  slang  of  politics)  was  held,  as  I  am 
informed,  by  the  delegations  [of  three  Western  States]  for 
the  purpose  of  recommending  some  character  to  the  Presi- 
dent [for  Judge  of  Supreme  Court  1. 

John  Randolph,  quoted  in  H.  Adams,  p.  210. 

Hence — 2.  Any  meeting  of  managers  or  of 
interested  persons  for  the  purpose  of  deciding 
upon  a  line  of  policy,  an  arrangement,  of  busi- 
ness, etc.,  to  be  brought  before  a  larger  meet- 
ing, as  a  convention. — 3.  In  Eng. politics,  a  large 
local  committee  of  voters  for  the  management 
of  all  electioneering  business  of  its  party :  call- 
ed the  Birmingham  system,  from  its  introduction 
at  Birmingham  about  1880. 
Caucus  (ka'kus),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caucused  or 
citueitsseil,  ppr.  caucusing  or  caucussing.  [<  cau- 
cus, n.]  To  meet  in  caucus ;  come  together  and 
confer. 
They,  too,  had  conferred  or  caucused  and  had  decided. 
Philadelphia  Times,  No.  2894,  p.  2. 

caud  (kad),  a.  A  dialectal  form  (like  caultl)  of 
cold. 

Cauda  (ka'da),  n. ;  pi.  cauda  (-de).  [L.,  also 
written  coaa'(see  coda),  a  tail.]  1.  In.ooV.  and 
mint.,  a  tail  or  tail-like  appendage. —  2.  In  hot., 
a  tail-like  appendage — Cauda  equina  (mare's  tail), 
the  leash  of  nerves,  chiefly  lumbar  or  sacral  and  coc- 
ll,  in  which  the  spinal  cord  terminates,  excepting, 
usually,  the  terminal  filament  of  the  cord  itself:  so  called 
from  tin  great  length  of  these  nerves,  and  the  appearance 
their  loots  present  within  the  spinal  column.— Cauda 
galll,  a  term  applied  in  American  geology  to  the  lowest 
member  of  the  corniferous  division  of  the  Devonian  age, 
.  ii.ir.K  terizeil  by  the  cauda  galli  grit  of  eastern  New  York: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  a  common  fossil  of  this  name  (lit- 
erally, cock's  tail)  having  a  feathery  form  and  supposed  to 
be  a  seaweed.-  Cauda  helicis,  the  inferior  and  posterior 
portion  of  the  helix  ,,l  tin  external  car.— Cauda  navi- 
cularis,  a  boat-shaped  tail.  See  &oat-&faroed.— Cauda 
strlati,  the  tail  or  narrow  posterior  part  of  the  caudate 

nucleus  of  the  brain.      Also  called  .si/ eel utile. 

caudad  (ka'dad),  adv.    [<  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  -ad, 

to:  sic  -ad3.  |  Toward  the  tail;  backward  in 
the  long  axis  of  the  body;  in  the  opposito  di- 
rection from  cephalad.  it  isdownward  In  man, back- 
ward   tost  annual.,  but  is  used  without  reference  to 

lie  p..  i  no  ..I  thi  body;  and  Baid  of  any  part  oi  the  body  : 

thus,  in  man,  the  month  Is  caudad  with  n  meet  to  the 

■  ii  • ;  the  lower  eyelid  is  caudad  with  respect  to  the 

lippi  I   ..in 

oa  inla\  n.     Plural  of  cauda. 

caudal  (ksl'dal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  caudal  = 
It.  ciidale,  <  StTJ.  eaiiilalis,  <  L.  cniala,  a  tail:  see 
cauda.']  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  near 
the  tail;  having  the  nature  or  appearance  of 
a   tail,      Specifically — 2.   In  anal.,  having  a 

position  or  relation  toward  the  tail  when  coin- 
pared  with  some  other  part:  the  opposite  of 
cephalic  (-which  see).      Thus,  the  neck  is  a  ctiu 
da  I  part  of  the  body  with  reference  to  the  head. 


caudle 

See  caudad. —  3.  In  entam.,  pertaining  to  or  on 
the  end  of  the  abdomen:  as,  a  caudal  style;  a 
caudal  spot.  Caudal  fin,  the  tail-fin,  or  that  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body.  See  cut  under  Jin. —  Caudal 
flexure.    SeeJUxun. 

Ii.  h.  1.  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin  of  a  fish. — 
2.  In  anal.,  a  caudal  or  coccygeal  vertebra. 
Abbreviated  cd.  in  ichthyologieal  formulas. 

caudalis  (ka-da'lis),  n. ;  pi.  caudales  (-lez). 
[NL. :  see  caudal.]  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin. 
(iiinthcr,  1859. 

Caudata  (ka-da'ts),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 

cauilatus :  see  caudate]  In  herpek,  the  tailed 
or  urodele  batrachians:  same  as  Urodela :  op- 
posed to  Ecaudata  or  AnuraP.    Oppel,  1811. 

caudatal  (ka-da'tal),  a.  [<  caudatum  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  caudatum  of  the  brain. 

caudate  (ka'dat),  a.  [<  NL.  caudaius,  <  L.  cau- 
da, a  tail:  see. cauda.]  1.  Having  a  tail. —  2. 
Having  a  tail-like  appendage,  (a)  In  hot.,  applied 
to  seeds  or  other  organs  which  have  such  an  appendage.  (6) 
In  entam.,  having  a  long,  tail-like  process  on  the  margin, 
as  the  posterior  wings  of  many  Lepidoptcra, — Caudate 
lobe  of  the  liver,  in  Human  anat.,  the  Lobus  eamlatus, 
a  small  elevated  band  of  hepatic  substance  continued 
from  the  under  surface  of  the  right  lobe  to  the  base  of  the 
spigelian  lobe. —  Caudate  nucleus,  in  anat.,  the  cau- 
datum or  nucleus  caudatus,  the  upper  gray  ganglion  of 
the  corpus  striatum,  projecting  into  the  lateral  ventricle 
and  separated  from  the  lenticular  nucleus  by  the  internal 

capsule. 

caudated  (ka'da-ted),  a.     Same  as  caudate. 
caudation  (ka-da'shon),  n.    [<  caudate  +  -ion.] 
The  condition  of  having  a  tail. 

He  really  suspected  premature  caudation  had  been  in- 
flicted on  him  for  his  crimes. 

C.  Reade,  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  lxxvi. 

caudatum  (ka-da'tuin),  ».  [NL.,  neut.  (se.  L. 
corpus,  body)  of  caudatus:  see  emulate.]  The 
caudate  nucleus  of  the  striatum  or  striate  body 
of  the  brain;  a  part,  of  this  ganglion  distin- 
guished from  the  lenticulare. 

caudex  (ka'deks),  n. ;  pi.  caudices,  caudexes  (-di- 
sez,  -dek-sez).  [L.,  later  codex,  the  stem  of  a 
tree:  see  codex  and  code.]  In  oot.,  as  used  by 
early  writers,  the  stem  of  a  tree ;  now,  the  trunk 
of  a  palm  or  a  tree-fern  covered  with  the  re- 
mains of  leaf -stalks  or  marked  with  their  scars ; 
also,  frequently,  the  perennial  base  of  a  plant 
which  sends  up  new  herbaceous  stems  from  year 

to  year  in  place  of  the  old Caudex  cerebri,  the 

middle  trunk-like  portion  of  the  brain,  comprising  the 
corpora  striata,  the  thalamencephalon,  the  mesencepha- 
lon, the  pons,  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

caudicle  (ka'di-kl),  n.  [=  F.  eaudieule,  <  NL. 
cmnlicula,  dim.  of  L.  caudex  (caudic-):  see  cau- 
dex.] In  hot.,  the  stalk  attached  to  the  pollen- 
masses  of  orchideous  plants. 

caudicula  (ka-dik'u-lii),  n.;  pi.  caudiculw  (-le). 
[NL.]     Same  as  caudicle. 

caudiduct  (ka'di-dukt),  v.  1.  [<  L.  cauda,  tail, 
+  ductus,  pp.  of  duccre,  draw:  see  duct.]  To 
draw  toward  the  tail;  retroduct;  carry  back- 
ward or  caudad.  . 

Secure  the  arm  camlidiicted,  so  as  to  stretch  the  mus- 
cles. Wilder  and  Qage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  231. 

Caudisona  (ka-dis'p-nii),  n.  [NL.  (Laurenti, 
1768),  <  L.  cauda,  tail.  +  sanus.  sound:  see 
sound5,  n.]  A  genus  of  rattlesnakes:  same  as 
Crotalus  or  Crotalopliorus. 

caudisonant  (ka-dis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  cauda, 
tail,  +  sonan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonare,  sound:  see 
sound5,  c]  Making  a  noise  with  the  tail,  as  a 
rattlesnake.     [Rare.] 

cauditrunk  (ka'di-trunk),  ».  [<  L.  cauda,  tail, 
+  t/runcus,  trunk.]  In  fishes  and pisoiform  mam- 
mals, the  combination  of  the  trunk  or  abdomi- 
nal portion  and  the  caudal  portion,  including 
all  the  body  behind  the  head.     Gill. 

Caudle  (ka'dl).  n.  [<  ME.  can, Id.  <  OF.  caudel, 
eliaudel  i  F.  cliaudeau),  a  warm  drink,  dim.  from 
*caud,  caul,  chaud,  chant,  chald  (F.  chaud,  dial. 
caud),  warm  (of.  Sp.  Pg.  caldo,  broth,  ML.  cali- 
iluiii.  a  warm  drink),  <L.  calidus,  caldus,  warm, 
hot :  see  cttlid,  and  cf.  caldron.]  A  kind  of  warm 
drink  made  of  wine  or  ale  mixed  with  bread, 
sugar,  and  spices,  and  sometimes  eggs,  given 
to  sick  persons,  to  a  woman  in  childbed,  and 
her  visitors. 

Wan  ich  am  tied,  make  me  a  eaudel. 

Rob.  of  irlmtcester,  p.  661. 
lie  had  good  broths,  caudle,  and  such  like. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 
Hark  ye,  master  Holly-top,  your  wits  arc  gone  on  wool- 
gathering; i ifort  yourself  with  a  caudle;  thatchyour 

brain-sick  noddle  with  a  woolen  night-cap. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  230. 
Hempen  caudle.  See  hempen. 
Caudle  (ka'dl),  V.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  emnlled,  ppr. 
emi'lliiiif.  \i  caudle,  n.]  1.  To  make  into  cau- 
dle.—  2.  To  serve  as  a  caudle  for;  refresh, 
comfort,  or  mako  warm,  as  with  caudle. 


caudle 

Will  the  cold  hroolt, 
Candied  with  Ice,  rntnllr  thy  morning  tasto, 
To  cure  thy  o'er-night's  surfeit? 

Shak..  I    ol   V.  iv.  :: 

caudle-cup  (ka'dl-kup),  ».  A  vessel  or  cup  for 
holding  caudle.  \  caudle-cup  and  a  set  of  apostle- 
spoons  formerly  constituted  the  sponsor's  gift  to  the  child 
at  a  christening. 

still  in  Llewellyn  Sail  the  jests  resound, 

For  now  the  ca  udle-cup  is  circling  there  : 

Now,  glad  at  heart,  the  gossips  breathe  their  prayer, 

And,  crowding,  st..p  the  cradle  to  admire. 

Ro  rers,  Human  Life. 

Caudle  lecture.    Sec  lecture. 

caudotibial  (ka-do-tib'i-al),  a.  [<  NL.  caudo- 
tibialis,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  or  connecting  the 
caudal  portion  of  the  body,  or  the  tail,  with  the 
lower  leg  or  tibia:  as,  a  caudotibial  muscle, 

Caudotibialis  (ka'do-tib-i-a'lis).  ii.;  pi.  eniiiln- 
tibialcs  (-lez).  [NL.,  <  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  tibia, 
shin-bone  (of.  tibialis,  belonging  to  the  shin- 
bone):  see  cauda.  tibia,  tibial.]  A  muscle  which 
in  some  animals,  as  seals,  connects  the  tibia 
with  the  anterior  caudal  vertebrae,  and  is  oon- 
sidered  to  replace  the  semi-membranosus  and 
semi-tendinosus  muscles. 

caudula(ka'du-lij),  a.:  pi. caudulce(-l§).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  cauda,  a  tail:  see  cauda.]  (nentom., 
a  little  tail-like  process  of  a  margin. 

cauf  (kaf),  n.     [A  corruption  of  corf  for  eorb, 
abasket:  see  corf  and  corb1.]    1.  Achesi  with 
holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. — 2.  Same 
as  corb1,  1. — 3.   In  mining,  same  as  corf. 
Also  spelled  cauf. 

caufle  (ka'fl),  u.     Same  as  coffle. 

cauf-ward  (kaf  ward),  n.     Same  as  calf-ward. 

caught  (kat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
catch1. 

cauk1  (kak),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  unassibilated 
form  of  chalk,  q.  v.]  1.  Chalk;  limestone. 
Also  spelled  cawk.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
— 2.  An  English  miners'  name  for  sulphate  of 
baryta  or  heavy-spar. 

cauk2  (kak),  v.  t.  [ME.  caul-en :  see  calk1.}  1. 
To  tread,  as  a  cock. — 2.  To  calk.    See  calk1. 

cauk3,  ».     See  calks. 

cauker1  (ka'ker),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  cooker 
and  caulker.  Origin  uncertain  ;  perhaps  <  Icel. 
kalkr  =  Sw.  Dan.  JcaVc,  a  cup,  <  L.  calix,  >  E. 
chalice,  q.  v.]  1.  A  dram  ;  any  small  quantity 
of  spirits  to  be  drunk.     [Slang.] 

Take  a  caulker  >  ...  No?  Tak' a  drap  o'  kindness  yet 
for  auld  langsyne.  Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  xxi. 

2.  An  astonishing  falsehood ;  a  lie.  [Slang.] 

I  also  took  care  that  she  should  never  afterwards  be  able 
to  charge  me  with  having  told  her  a  real  caulker. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxxi. 

cauker2  (ka'ker),  n.     Same  as  calltf. 
cauking   (ka'king),    n.     In  joinery,   a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  used  to  fasten  cross- 
timbers  together:   employed  in 
fitting  down  the  beams  or  other 
timbers  upon  wall-plates.   E.  H. 
Knight. 

cauky  (ka'M),  a.  [<  cauk'1  +  -y1.] 
Pertaining  to  cauk;   like  cauk. 
Also  spelled  catchy. 
caul^kal),  ii.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
call;  <  ME.  calle,  kalle  (also  kelle, 
>  E.  hell,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cale,  a  kind 
of  cap;  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir.  calla  =  OGael. 
call,  a  veil,  hood,  akin  to  L.  cella,  a  cell :  see  cal- 
lot1,  calotte,  and  cell.]     1.  In  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  century — (a)  A 
net  for  confining  the  hair,  worn  by  women. 
The  proudest  of  hem  alle, 
That  werith  on  a  coverchief  or  a  calle. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  162. 
Her  head  with  ringlets  of  her  hair  is  crown'd, 
And  in  a  golden  caul  the  curls  are  bound. 

Dryden,  .Eneid,  vii. 

(b)  More  rarely,  a  head-dress  like  a  flat  turban. 
—  2.  Any  kind  of  small  net ;  a  net. 

An  Indian  mantle  of  feathers,  and  the  feathers  wrought 
into  a  caul  of  packthread.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

The  very  spider  weaves  her  cauls  with  more  art  and 
cunning  to  entrap  the  fly.        MiddUton,  Mad  World,  i.  l. 

3.  A  popular  name  for  a  membrane  investing 
the  viscera,  such  as  the  peritoneum  or  part  of 
it,  or  the  pericardium. 

The  caul  that  is  above  the  liver.  Ex.  xxix.  13. 

The  caul  of  their  heart.  Hos.  xiii.  S. 

The  reins  and  the  caul.         Ray,  Works  of  Creation,  ii. 

4.  In  anat.,  the  great  or  gastrocolic  omentum; 
the  large  loose  fold  of  peritoneum  which  hangs 
like  an  apron  in  the  abdominal  cavity  in  front 
of  the  intestines,  depending  from  the  stomach 
and  transverse  colon. —  5.  A  portion  of  the  am- 
nion or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus,  which 


867 

sometimes  encompasses  the  head  of  a  child 
when  horn.  This  caul  was  (and  still  is  by  some)  sup. 
posed  to  betoken  greal  prosperity  tor-  the  person  born 
with  it,  and  to  be  an  infallible  preservative againBt drown 

is  will   iis   lii   iiimnrt    tin.   iriff  of  nlnnnniiM        During 


lu  a,  auu  u>  no  an  uuaun.ie  preservai  ive  against  arown 
.  i  well  as  to  imparl  the  gift  "i  i  loquence  inning 
i  eighteenth  century  seamen  of  ten  gave  fr 150  to    L60 

a  (voil 


Cauking. 


Ulg, 

the  eight* 

for  a  caul. 

Von  were  horn  with  a  eaivl  on  your  head. 

/;.  ./<ui..ini,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

Caul'-'  (kal),  11.      [<  V.   cale,  a,  wedge,  of  u r- 

lain  origin  :  perhaps  <  G.  fci  il,  a  wedge,  <  <  >IK1. 
ehil  =  Icel.  keilir,  a  wodge.]  A  form  used  in 
gluing  veneers  lo  curved  surfaces.  It  is  shaped 
to-the  exact  curve  or  form  "i  the  piece  to  be  veneered,  and 

is  clamped  against  the  vei r  until  the  glue  has  set. 

cauFt  (kal),  n.      [ME.  caulr,  <  L.  caulis,  a  stalk, 

stem:  see  caulis  and  cole2.]    1.  A  stalk;  stem. 

In  esj  «  wir  a  u tn  make  stronge, 

lake  lei  f,  or  i note,  or  mitf.'  of  malowe  agrest, 
And  boyle  it,  kest  it  so  thyne  wyne  amonge. 

Palladium,  Eusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  p.  200. 

2.  A  cabbage. 

cauld1  (k.il'l),  a.  and  n.  A  form  representing 
the  Scotcdi  pronunciation  of  cold. 

cauld'-'  (ki'ilil),  n.  [Also  written  caul,  a  dam- 
head:  us  ;i  verb  in  tile  expression  '•caul  the 
bank"  of  a  river,  that  is,  lay  a  bed  of  loose 
stones  from  the  channel  backward  (Jamieson). 
Origin  obscure.]  A  dam  in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  weir.     [Scotch.] 

cauldrife  (kald'rif),  a.  [=  coldrife,  q.  v.]  1. 
Chilly;_cold;  susceptible  to  cold. — 2.  Without 
animation  :  as,  a  cauldrife  sermon.     [Scotch.] 

cauldron,  n.     See  caldron. 

Caulerpa  (ka-ler'pS),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nav'/dc.  (= 
L.  caulis:  see  caulis),  a  stalk,  +  ep-av,  creep.] 
A  large  genus  of  green  single-celled  alga;,  pecu- 
liar to  warm  climates,  and  much  eaten  by  sea- 
turtles. 

caules,  a.    Plural  of  caulis. 

caulescent  (ka-les'ent),  a.  [=  F.  caulescent,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk  (see  caulis),  +  -escent,  as  in 
adolescent,  etc.]  In  hot.,  having  an  obvious 
stem  rising  above  the  ground.    Also  cauliferous. 

caulicle  (ka'li-kl),  n.  [=  F.  cauUcule,  <  L.  cauli- 
culus,  also  coliculus,  dim.  of  caulis,  a  stalk:  see 
caulis.']  In  hot.,  a  little  or  rudimentary  stem : 
applied  to  the  initial  stem  (more  frequently  but 
incorrectly  called  the  radicle)  in  the  embryo,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  cotyledons.  Also  euu- 
licule  and  cauliculus. 

caulicole  (ka'li-kol),  n.     Same  as  cauliculus,  1. 

caulicolous  (ka-lik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk  (see  caulis),  +  colcre,  inhabit.]  Growing 
or  living  upon  a  stem:  as,  &  caulicolous  fungus. 

Cauliculata  (ka-lik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  eauliculatus:  see  cauliculate.]  A  sys- 
tematic name  for  the  black  or  antipatharian  cor- 
als: synonymous  with  Antipatharia.  Edwards 
mill  liaime,  1850. 

cauliculate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<  LL.  caulicu- 
latus,  furnished  with  a  stem,  <  L.  cauliculus: 
see  caulicle.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters or  quality  of  the  Cauliculata;  antipatha- 
rian, as  a  coral. 

caulicule  (ka'li-kul),  n.     Same  as  cauliculus. 

cauliculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  ».;  pi.  cauliculi  (-li). 
[L.jdim.  of  cau- 
lis, a  stalk :  see 
caulis.']  1.  In 
arch.,  one  of  the 
lesser  branches 
or  leaves  in  the 
typical  Corin- 
thian capital, 
springing  from 
the  caules  or 
main  stalks 

which  support 
the  volutes. 
They  are  some- 
times confounded 
with  the  main 
stalks  from  which 
they  spring,  or 
with  the  helices 
the    middle    of 


Detail  of  Corinthian  Capital. 
A,  caulis;  B,  cauliculus. 


the  sides  of  the  capital.    Also  caulicQlus,  caulicule,  and 

caulicule. 

2.  In  bot.,  same  as  caulicle. 

cauliferous  (ka-lif'e-rus),  a.  [=  F.  cauUfere,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk,  +'  ferrc  =  E.  bear1.]  In  hot., 
same  as  caulescent. 

cauliflower  (ka'li-flou-er),  n.  [Earlier  colli- 
flower,  colly flory,  colieflorie,  cole  florie,  modified, 
in  imitation  of  E.  cole-,  L.  caulis,  and  E.  /barer, 
from  the  F.  name  choii.r  floris  or  fleuris  (Cot- 
grave):  ehoux,  pi.  of  chou  —  E.  cole,  cabbage 
<  L.  caulis,  a  cabbage,  orig.  a  stalk  (see  col,-. 
caulis);  floris,  fleuris,  pp.  pi.  of  florir,   later 


caup 

fleurir,  flourish:  see  flourish.  The  present  F. 
Conn  is  choufleur  =  Sp.  colijlor  —  I'g-  eoiinjlor 
=  It.  enrol  Jiorr,  lit.  '  ooh  Ih  >u  i  r ' :  see  Cole2 
and  tloirer.]  A  garden  variety  of  Brassien  ole 
raced,  or  cabbage,  I  lie  inflorescence  of  which  is 
condensed  while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy 
head,  which  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  vegetable. 
Cauliflower  excrescence,  epithelial  cancer  of  the 
mouth  ..f  the  uterus.  Cauliflower  wig.  8ei  wig. 
cauliform  (ka'li-fftrm),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a  stalk, 
+  j'oi  i, in,  form.]     In  bot.,  having  the  form  of  a 

stem. 

cauligenous  (ka-lij'e-nus),  «.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk,  +  -gi  Has.  -producing,  -borne:  see  -ge- 

iious.]     In  but.,  borne  upon  the  stem. 

caulinary  (ka'li-na-ri),  n.     [<  cauline  +  -ary; 

=  F.  eiiulinaire  =  Sp.  eanliniirio.]  In  hot.,  be- 
longing to  the  stem:  specifically  applied  to 
stipules  which  are  attached  to  the  stem  and  free 
from  the  base  of  tin'  petiole. 

cauline  (ka'lin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "caul  in  us,  <  Gr. 
hin'/iriu;  <  hnr/nr,  a  stalk,  stem:  see  caulis.]  In 
hot.,  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem:  as,  cauline 
leaves. 

When  ubro-vascular  bundles  are  formed  in  the  stem 
having  no  connection  with  the  leaves,  they  are  termed  l»y 
Na-eii  cauline  bundles.       Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  134. 

caulis  (ka'lis),  ii.;  pi.  caules  (-lez).  [L.,  also 
colis  |>  E.  cole-,  q.  v.),  <  Gr.  kov'/oc,  a  stalk,  a 
stem.]  1.  In  arch.,  one  of  the  main  stalks  or 
leaves  which  spring  from  between  the  acanthus- 
leaves  of  the  second  row  on  each  side  of  the 
typical  Corinthian  capital,  and  are  earned  up 
to  support  the  volutes  at  the  angles.  Compare 
cauliculus,  1. —  2.  In  bot.,  the  stem  of  a  plant. 

caulk,  >:  t.    See  calk1. 

caulker1,  n.    Seo  calker1. 

caulker2,  «.    See  cauker1. 

caulking1,  n.     See  calking1. 

caulking2,  ».     See  calking". 

caulocarpic  (ka-lo-kiir'pik),  a.  [As  caulocarp- 
ous  +  -ic]     Same  as  caulocarpous. 

caulocarpous  (ka-lo-kar'pus),  a.  [=  F.  caulo- 
carpe,  <  Gr.  tcavMe.  (=  L.  caulis),  a  stem,  +  aapirdc, 
fruit.]  In  bot.,  bearing  fruit  repeatedly  upon 
the  same  stem:  applied  to  such  plants  as  have 
perennial  stems. 

caulome  (ka'lom),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kavldc;,  a  stem: 
see  caulis  and  cole2.]  In  bot.,  the  stem  or  stem- 
like portion  of  a  plant ;  the  stem-structure  or 
axis. 

caulophyllin  (ka-lo-fil'in),  «.     [<  CaulpphyUum 

+  w»2.]  A  resinous  substance  precipitated  by 
water  from  the  tincture  of  the  plant  Caulo- 
plu/lluni  thalictroides. 
Caulophyllum  ( ka-lo-fil'um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
mvMr  (=  L.  caulis),  stem,  stalk,  +  QiMov  =  L. 
folium,  leaf.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Berber  itinera;  including  one  North  American 
and  two  Asiatic  species,  perennial  tuberous- 
rooted  herbs,  bearing  usually  a  single  leaf  and 
a  raceme  of  flowers,  succeeded  by  blue  berries. 
The  American  species,  C.  thalictroides,  known 
as  blue  cohosh,  is  reputed  to  have  medicinal 

an'operties. 
aulopteris  (ka-lop'te-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
hue'/ uc,  a  stem,  +  wre/iir,  a  fern,  <  irrtp6v,  awing, 
=  E.  feather.]  One  of  the  generic  names  given 
by  fossil-botanists  to  fragments  of  the  trunks 
of  tree-ferns  characterized  by  the  forms  of  the 
impressions,  or  sears,  as  they  are  called,  mark- 
ing the  place  where  the  petioles  were  attached, 
found  in  the  Devonian  and  in  the  coal-mea- 
sures. In  Caulapteria  these  sears  are  ovate  or  elliptical, 
and  their  inner  disk  is  usually  marked  by  linear  bands, 
which,  however,  are  sometimes  effaced  by  impressions  of 
the  rootlets.     StemmatvpterU  ami  Megaphyton  are  forms 

closely  allied  to  Caulopteria,  differing  ti that  gi  n us  only 

in  some  slight  and  uncertain  details  in  the  form  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  scars. 

caumat  (ka'mii),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  rai'/m.  heat:  see 
calm1.]  In  med.,  heat;  inflammation;  fever:  a 
word  formerly  used  in  the  designation  of  vari- 
ous diseases,  especially  those  exhibiting  inflam- 
mation and  fever,  as  eanina  plmritis,  pleurisy; 
riniiiin  podagricum,  gout;  but  also  cauma  hce- 
iiinriliiigiciim,  so-called  active  hemorrhage. 

caumatict  (ka-mat'ik),  a.  [<  eauma(t-)  +  -ic] 
In  med.,  of  the  nature  of  cauma. 

caunter,  caunter-lode  (kan'ter,  -lod),  n.  [Dial. 

var.  of  eountcr(-lode).]  Same  as  COunti  r-lode. 
caup1  (kap),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  cheap,  v., 
after  Icel.  kaupa,  buy  or  sell,  bargain,  =  D. 
koojirn,  buy,  etc.:  see  cheap,  v.]  To  exchange. 
[North.  Eng.] 

There  is  a  wonderful  sameness  about  the  diet  on  hoard 
a  smack,  but  the  quantity  consumed  is  prodigious.  It 
certainly  is  sometimes  a  little  varied  by  kauping,  or  ex- 
changing en  hoard  of  passing  ships,  ami  occasional  par- 
eels  by  the  carrier.    Quoted  in  A',  and  Q.t  7th  ser.,  IV.  166. 


caup 

caup2  (kap),  ».     [Same  as  cap*,  q.  v.]    A  cup 
or  wooden  bowl.     [Scotch.] 
caup  t  ■    Sl'''  amp1. 

cauponatet  (ka'po-nat),  v.  i.  [<  h.  caupona- 
tus,  pp.  of  cauponari,  traffic,  <  caupo(n-),  a  petty 
tradesman,  huckster,  innkeeper.  See  cheap.} 
To  keep  a  viotualing-house  or  an  inn;  hence, 
to  engage  in  petty  trafficking;  huckster, 
cauponationt  (ka-po-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
'ci,;  .  <  cduponatus:  see  cauponate.] 

Low  trafficking;  huckstering. 

Better  it  were  t..  havea  deformity  In  preaching,  so  that 
some  would  preach  the  truth  oJ  God,  and  that  which  Is  to 
be  preached,  with  ;  adulteration  ol  the 

word  than  to  have  such  a  uniformity  that  t 

pie  should  be  thereby  occasioned  to  continue  still  in 
:  lamentable  Ignorance.  .. 

latimer,  Sermons  and  Remains,  u.  847. 
Ishall  now  trace  and  expose  their  corruptions  and  com 
i  the  gospel.  Bentley. 

cauponizet  (ka'po-niz),  v.i.    [<  L.  caupon(ari) 
+  -!-,.     See  cauponate.}    To  sell  wine  or  vict- 
uals. 
The  rich  rogues  who  cauponized  to  the  armies  in  Ger- 
ii  ,.  burton,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  dxxi. 

caurale  (ka'ral),  ».    A  name  of  the  sun-bittern, 

Eurypyga  ht  lias.     Also  called  carle. 
Caurus  >  ka'rus),  ».     [L.,  also  Varus,  the  north- 
west wind;  prob.  for  "scaiirns  =  Goth,  skura,  a 
rm  (skura  inn, lis.  a  storm  of  wind),  =  AS. 
relatedto  L.o&scSros,  obscure: 
set  showi    and  obscure.]    The  classical  name  of 
the  northwest  wind,  which  in  Italy  is  a  stormy 

one. 

A  Bwifte  wynde  that  heyhte  Chorus. 

Chaucer,  lSoetliiiis,  i.  meter  3. 
round  by  piercing  Caurus  sear'd. 

Tlnimson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  st.  76. 

causable  (ka'za-bl).  «.  [<  cause  +  -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  caused,  produced,  or  effected. 

For  thai  may  be  miraculously  effected  in  one  which  is 
naturally  causable  in  another. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  21. 

causal  (ka'zal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
runs, 1 1  —  It.  causale,  <  h.  causa  lis,  <  causa,  cause: 
Bee  cause,  ».]  I.  a.  1.  Constituting  or  being  a 
cause;  producing  effects  or  results;  causative; 
creative :  as,  causal  energy. 
In  quietness  yield  thy  soul  to  the  causal  soul. 

Itarg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  20. 

2.  Kelating  to  a  cause  or  causes;  implying  or 
containing  a  cause  or  causes;  expressing  a 
cause. 

Causal  propositions  are  where  two  propositions  are 
joined  by  causal  words,  as  .  .  .  that  ...  or  ...   be- 

Watts,  Logic. 
Causal  definition,  a  definition  which  expresses  thecauses 
essentia]  to  the  existence  ol  the  thing  defined. 

II.  ".  In  arn  <«.,  a word  that  expresses  a  cause, 
or  introduces  a  reason. 

causalgia  (ka-zal'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mva6c, 
burning,  +  afyog,  pain.]  In  patltol.,  an  intense 
burning  pain. 

causality  (ka-zal'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  causalities  (-tin). 
[=  F.  causaliU  =  Sp.  causalidad  =  Pg.  causali- 
ilmii  —  it.  causdlita,  <  L.  as  if  "causalitas,  < 
causali},  causal:  see  causal."]  1.  That  which 
constitutes  a  cause;  the  activity  of  causing; 
the  character  of  an  event  as  causing. 

As  he  created  all  things,  bo  is  he  beyond  and  in  them 
all.  in  his  very  essence,  as  being  the  bouI  of.  their  caw  oft 
ties,  and  the  essential  cause  of  their  existences. 

Sir  "/'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  The  relation  of  cause  to  effect,  or  of  effect 
to  cause;  the  law  or  principle  that  nothing  can 
hap i'  ome  into  existence  without  a  cause, 

lair  ill'  causation,  under  causation. 

Although,  then,  the  law  of  causality  permits  us  to  say 

that  lor  every  given  event  then  '  events  from 

which  it  must  follow,  it  dues  not  permit  ns  to  say  what 

Adam  an,  Philos.  of  Kant. 

3.  In  phren.,  the  faculty,  localized  in  an  or- 
gan or  division  of  the  brain,  to  which  is  attrib- 
ute.! the  tracing  of  effects  to  their  causes. — 
Principle  of  causality.  See  law  of  causation,  under 
eau>" 

causally  (ka'zal-i),  adv.     As  a  cause;  accord- 
ing to  the  order  of  causes;  by  tracing  effects 
Sir  I .  /■'<  o 

■'   111  '  iK-easystem 
of  Kant. 

causalty  (ka'zal-ti),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  In 
minimi,  the  lighter,  earthy  parts  of  ore  carried 

off  b 

causation  (ka-za'shon),  n.    [<  cause,   v.,   + 

-alimi ;  =  V.  ca 

the  deflected  91  i    cuse,'  ml. 

also  'control  i  plead,  pn 

■  "  or  producing; 

theprinci  -ality:  I  he  relation  of  cause 

to  effect,  or  of  effect  to  cause. 


868 

In  contemplating  the  scries  of  causes  which  are  them- 
selves  the  effects  oi  other  causes,  we  are  necessarily  led  to 
assume  a  Supreme  '  lause  in  the  order  of  causation,  as  we 
assume  a  Fust  Cause  in  thi  ordi  i  oi  succession. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  III.  x.  g  7. 

Physics  knows  nothing  of  causation  except  that  It  is  the 
invariable  and  unconditional  sequence  of  one  event  upon 
another.  ■'•  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  1.  127. 

An  adequate  consciousness  of  causation  yields  the  ir- 

i,i,    beliel  that  from  the  most  serious  to  the  most 

trivial  actions  nf  men  in  society  there  must  flow  cms,. 

quenccs  which,  quite  apart  from  legal  agency,  conduce  to 

well-being  or  ill-being  in  greater  or  smaller  degree. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  19. 
Law  of  causation,  or  principle  of  causality,  the  law 
or  doctrine  that  every  event  is  the  result  or  sequel  of 
some  previous  event  or  events,  without  which  it  could 
not  have  taken  place,  and  which  being  present  it  must 
take  place, 
causationism  (ka-za'shon-izm),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ism.]  The  theory  or  law  of  causation. 
Bee  causation. 
causationist  (ka-za'shon-ist),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ist.]  A  believer  in  the  law  of  causa- 
tion. 

All  successful  men  have  agreed  in  one  thing,— they 
were  causationists.  They  believed  that  things  went  not 
by  luck,  but  by  law.  Emerson,  Power. 

causative  (ka'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  causatif 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  causaUvo,  <  L.  caiisatirus,  causa- 
tive, pertaining  to  a  lawsuit,  accusative,  <  cau- 
sa, cause:  see  cause,  n.}  I.  a.  1.  Effective  as 
a  cause  or  an  agent ;  causal. 

The  notion  of  a  Deity  doth  expressly  signify  a  being  .  .  . 
potential  or  causative  of  all  beings  beside  itself. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

2.  In  gram.,  expressing  causation:  as,  a  causa- 
tive verb:  for  example,  to  fell  (cause  to  fall),  to 
set  (cause  to  sit) ;  the  causative  conjugation  of 
a  verb,  such  as  is  common  in  Sanskrit.  Also 
sometimes  applied  to  the  case  by  which  cause 
is  expressed,  as  the  Latin  ablative. 

II.  n.  A  form  of  verb  or  noun  having  causa- 
tive value. 

causatively  (ka'za-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  causative 
manner. 

causativity  (ka-za-tiv'i-ti),  h.  [<  causative  + 
-iti/.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  causative. 

causatort  (ka-za'tor),  ».  [Cf.  ML.  causator,  a 
party  to  a  suit ;  <  L.  causare,  cause.]  One  who 
causes  or  produces  an  effect. 

The  invisible  condition  of  the  first  causator. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

cause  (kaz),  n.  [<  ME.  cause,  <  OF.  cause,  also 
cose,  a  cause,  a  thing  (F.  cause,  a  cause,  chose,  a 
thing:  see  chose'2),  =  Pr.  causa  =  Sp.  It.  causa, 
cosa  =  Pg.  causa,  cousa,  coisa,  <  L.  causa,  also 
spelled  caussa,  a  cause,  reason,  in  ML.  also  a 
thing;  origin  uncertain.  See  accuse, excuse.]  1. 
That  by  the  power  of  which  an  event  or  thing 
is ;  a  principle  from  which  an  effect  arises ; 
that  upon  which  something  depends  per  se ;  in 
general,  anything  which  stands  to  something 
else  in  a  real  relation  analogous  to  the  mental 
relation  of  the  antecedent  to  the  consequent 
of  a  conditional  proposition.  Nominalist  philoso- 
phers commonly  hold  that  every  effect  is  the  result  not 
of  one  but  of  many  causes  (see  total  cause,  below);  but 
the  usual  doctrine  is  that,  the  effect  is  an  abstract  ele- 
ment of  a  thing  or  event,  while  the  cause  is  an  ab- 
stract element  of  an  antecedent  event.  Four  kinds  of 
causes  are  recognized  by  Aristotelians  :  the  material, 
formal,  efficient,  and  final  cause.  Material  cause  is  that 
which  gives  being  to  the  thing,  the  matter  by  the  de- 
termination of  which  it  is  constituted ;  formal  cause, 
that  which  gives  the  thing  its  characteristics,  the  form  or 
determination  by  which  the  matter  becomes  the  thing ;  ejti- 
dent  cause,  an  external  cause  preceding  its  effect  in  time, 
and  distinguished  from  material  and  formal  cause  by 
being  external  to  that  which  it  causes,  and  from  the  end 
or  final  cats,  in  being  that  by  which  something  is  made 
or  done,  and  not  merely  that  for  the  sake  of  which  it  is 
in.i'I'  oi  ili.in  ;  ininl  ,■>,<<  e,  an  external  cause  following 
after  that  which  it  determines  (called  the  means),  the 
cud  for  which  the  effect  exists.  Other  divisions  of  causes 
are  as  follows :  subordinate  or  seco7id  cause,  one  which  is 
itself  caused  by  something  else;  first  cause,  that  which 
is  not  caused  by  anything  else;  proximate  or  immediate 
cuise,  one  between  which  and  the  effect  no  other  cause 
intervenes,  or,  in  lute,  thai  from  which  the  effect  might 
lie  expected  to  follow  without  flu'  concurrence  of  any  un- 
usual circumstances ;  remote  cause,  the  opposite  of  proxi- 
mate causes  total  cause,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  ante- 
cedents which  suffice  to  bring  about  the  event;  partial 
something  which  tends  to  bring  about  an  effect, 
but  onh  in  conjunction  with  other  causes;  emanative 
cause,  that  which  by  its  mere  existence  determines  the 
died  , ,  that  which  brings  about  the  effect  by 

an  action  or  operation,  termed  the  causation;  immanent 

that  which  brings  about  some  effect  within   if  self, 

.'  Hie  mind  calling  up  an  image;  transient  cause,  that 
whose  effect  lief  out  eh-  Itself  ifree  cause,  that  which  is 
sen  determined  and  tree  to  act  or  not  act;  opposed  to 

arij  cause;  principal  cause,  thai  upon  which  the 
effect  mainly  depends;  instrumental  cause,  a  cause  sub- 

ei  to  the  principal  cause.    The  above  are  the  chief 

dl  Unctions  ol  the  Aristotelians,    The  physicians,  follow- 

G  d<  "    recognized  three  kinds  of  causes,  the  proca- 

tared,    !■,■",  hi  ut, , ,,, I  mid  simectie.    The  procatarctic  cause 

is  an  antecedent  condition  of  things  outside  of  the  princi- 


cause 

pal  cause,  facilitating  the  production  of  the  effect;  the 
proegumenal  cause  is  that  within  the  principal  cause 
which  either  predisposes  or  directly  excites  it  to  action; 
ami  the  synectic,  containing,  or  continent  cause  is  the  es- 
sen,  e  of  tic  disease  itself  considered  as  the  cause  of  the 
symptoms;  thus  typhoid  fever  might  be  referred  to  as 
ilu  continent  cause  of  ocher-stools  or  a  quickened  pulse. 
<  ithcr  varieties  are  the  occasional  cause  (see  occastonalismy, 
moral  cause,  the  person  inciting  the  agent  to  action ;  ob- 
jective cms,',  the  ideas  which  excite  the  imagination  of 
the  agent ;  and  suficient  cause,  one  which  BUffices  to  bring 
about  the  effect  (see  sufficient  reason,  under  reason). 

In  virtue  of  his  character  as  knowing,  therefore,  we  are 
entitled  to  say  that  man  is,  according  to  a  certain  well- 
defined  meaning  of  the  term,  a  free  cause. 

T.  II.  (./'it'll.  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  74. 

Cause  is  the  condensed  expression  of  the  factors  of  any 
phenomenon,  the  effect  being  the  fact  itself. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  v.  §  19. 

Of  these  two  senses  of  the  word  cause,  viz.,  that  which 
brings  a  thing  to  be,  and  that  on  which  a  thing  under 
given  circumstances  follows,  the  former  is  that  of  which 
our  experience  is  the  earlier  and  more  intimate,  being 
suggested  to  us  by  our  consciousness  of  willing  and  doing. 
J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  65. 

Specifically  —  2.  An  antecedent  upon  which  an 
effect  follows  according  to  a  law  of  nature ;  an 
efficient  cause.  The  common  conception  of  a  cause, 
as  producing  an  effect  similar  to  itself  at  a  later  time  and 
without  essential  reference  to  any  third  factor,  is  at  vari- 
ance with  the  established  principles  of  mechanics.     Two 

SHCees.-iVe   J)i  isi  t  io||S  of    :i     systelll    III  II -t    lie    kllUWIl,    111   ,'uMl 

tion  to  the  law  of  the  force,  before  a  position  can  be  pre- 
dicted ;  but  the  common  idea  of  a  cause  is  that  of  a 
single  antecedent  determining  a  consequent  of  the  same 
nature.  Moreover,  the  action  of  a  force  is  strictly  con- 
temporaneous with  it  and  conies  to  an  end  with  it ;  and 
no  known  law  of  nature  coordinates  events  separated  by 
an  interval  of  time. 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  for  mental  action  or 
decision;  ground  for  action  in  general. 

I  have  full  cause  of  weeping;  but  this  heart 
Shall  break  into  a  hundred  thousand  flaws, 
Or  ere  I'll  weep.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

This  was  the  only  Funeral  Feast  that  ever  I  was  at 
among  them,  and  they  gave  me  cause  to  remember  it. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  92. 

4.  In  law,  a  legal  proceeding  between  adverse 
parties ;  a  case  for  judicial  decision.  See 
case1,  5. 

Hear  the  causes  between  your  brethren,  and  judge  right- 
eously  between  every  man  and  his  brother,  and  the  stran- 
ger that  is  with  him.  Deut.  i.  16. 
Remember  every  ca  use 
Stands  not  on  eloquence,  but  stands  on  laws. 

Story,  Advice  to  a  Young  Lawyer. 

5.  In  a  general  sense,  any  subject  of  question 
or  debate  ;  a  subject  of  special  interest  or  con- 
cern; business;  affair. 

What  counsel  give  you  ill  this  weighty  cause  ? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  cause  craves  haste.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1295. 

I  think  of  her  whose  gentle  tongue 
All  plaint  in  her  own  cause  controll'd. 

.1/.  A  mold,  A  Southern  Night. 

6.  Advantage;  interest;  sake. 

I  did  it  not  for  his  cause  that  had  done  the  wrong. 

2  Cor.  vii.  12. 

7.  That  side  of  a  question  which  an  individual 
or  party  takes  up ;  that  object  to  which  the 
efforts  of  a  person  or  party  are  directed. 

They  never  fail  who  die 
In  a  great  cause.    Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  ii.  2. 
A  cause  which  is  vigorous  after  centuries  of  defeat  is  a 
cause  baffled  but  not  hopeless,  beaten  but  not  .subilued. 
G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  7. 

Cause  of  action,  in  law,  the  situation  or  state  of  facts 
which  entitles  a  party  to  sustain  an  action  ;  a  right  of 
recovery.— Country  cause,  in  /'.'";'.  07/"'  pi;it'iir,',:i  suit 
against  a  defendant  residing  more  than  twenty  miles  from 
London.— Degrading  causes,  in  oeul.    See  degrading. 

—  Entitled  in  the  cause.  See  entitle.— Fallacy  of 
false  cause.  See  fallacy.—  For  cause,  for  a  legally 
sufficient  reason  :  as,  sonic  officers  arc  not  removable  ex- 
cept fin-  cnuse  (used  in  contradistinction  to  at  pleasure). 

—  Matrimonial  causes.  See  matrimonial.  —  Onerous 
cause.  See  onerous.-  Probable  cause  (used  with  ref- 
erence to  criminal  prosecutions),  such  a  state  of  facts  and 
circumstances  as  would  lead  a  man  of  ordinary  caution 
and  prudence,  acting  conscientiously,  impartially,  reason- 
ably, and  without  prejudice,  upon  the  facts  within  his 
knowledge,  to  believe  that  the  person  accused  is  guilty.— 
The  First  Cause,  Qod.  Seeaef.  l,  above.— To  make 
common  cause  with,  to  join  with  for  the  attainment  of 
some  object ;  side  with  strongly  ;  aid  and  support. 

she  found  1  was  a  devil  and  no  man,— 

Made  common  cause  with  those  who  found  as  much. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Hook,  I.  613. 
To  show  cause,  to  present  a  reason  :  as,  an  order  of 
court  requiring  a  person  to  show  cause  why  lie  .should 
not  be  punished  for  contempt.  — Town  cause,  in  Eng. 
Inial  pro, 'tier,  a  soil  against  a  defendant  residing  not 
more  than  twenty  miles  from  London. 
cause  (kaz),  r. ';  prot.  and  pp.  consul,  ppr.  caus- 
iui/.  [<  ME.  causcn  =  F.  causer  =  Sp.  Pg.  causar 
=  It.  causare,  cause  (of.  L.  causar i,  give  as  a  rea- 
son, pretend,  ML.  causare,  litigate,  plead,  >  F. 
causer,  etc.,  talk:  see  causcuse);  from  the  noun: 
sec  cause,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  act  as  a  cause 
or  agent  in  producing;  effect;  bring  about;  be 
the  occasion  of. 


cause 

They  caused  great  joy  unto  nil  the  brethren.     Acts  xv.  3. 
You  cannot  guess  who  caused  your  father's  death. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2. 

July  does  not  cause  August,  though  it  Invariably  pre- 

cedes  it.  J.  Fiike,  Cosmic  Philos.,  i    154. 

2.  To  make ;  force ;  compel :  with  an  infinitive 

after  the  object:  as,  the  storm  caused  Mm  to 

seek  shelter. 

1  will  cause  him  to  fall  by  the  sword.  2  Ki.  xix.  7. 

Ami  so  ever  ony  Sarazin  comyth  by  that  Sepulcre  he 

cast  a  Btonne  ther  att  with  grctt  violence  ami  Displte  in 

cause  the  seyd  Absolou  pursued  hys  father,  king  David, 

and  cause  byra  to  flee. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  28. 

II. t  iii trans.  To  show  cause ;  give  reasons. 
But  he,  to  shifte  their  curious  request, 
Gan  causal  why  she  could  not  come  in  place 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  26. 

causefult  (kaz'ful),  a.  [<  cause  +  -fid,  1.]  Hav- 
ing a  real  or  sufficient  cause.     Spenser. 

Wail  thyself!  and  wail  with  causefull  tears. 

Sir  p.  Sidney,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  550. 

causeless  (kaz'les),  a.  [<  cause  +  -less.]  1. 
Having  no  cause  or  producing  agent;  self- 
originated;  uncreated. 

Reach  the  Almighty's  sacred  throne, 
And  make  hiseawefM^powerthe  cause  of  all  things  known. 
Sir  R.  Blackmore,  *  Ireation. 
2.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive : 
as,  causeless  hatred;  causeless  fear. 

Your  causeless  hate  to  me  I  hope  is  buried. 

Beati.  aiul  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 
Causeless  wars  that  never  had  an  aim. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  332. 

causelesst  (kaz '  les),  adv.  Without  cause. 
Chaucer. 

causelessly  (kaz'les-lil,  adc.     In  a  causeless 
mauner;  without  cause  or  reason. 
Carelessly  and  causelessly  neglect  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  x.  §  4. 

causelessness  (kaz'les-nes),  n.     [<  causeless  + 
-rem.]     The  state  of  being  causeless. 
causer  (ka'zer),   re.     One  who  or  that  which 
causes ;  the  agent  or  act  by  which  an  effect  is 
produced. 

Is  not  the  causer  of  the  timeless  deaths 

Of  these  Plantagenets  .  .  . 

As  blameful  as  the  executioner? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

causeuse  (ko-zez'),  re.  [F.,  prop.  fern,  of  caw- 
sew,  talkative,  a  talker,  <  causer,  talk:  see 
cause, )'.  <'.]  A  small  sofa  or  settee  for  two  per- 
sons. 
causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  n.  [Prop. 
causey  (the  form  causeway,  <  ME.  cawcewey, 
cawcy  wey  (Prompt.  Parv. ),  being  a  popular  per- 
version, in  simulation  of  way,  a  road),  early 
mod.  E.  also  causay,  eoasay,  <  ME.  cauci.  Icauce, 
caicse,  cawsee,  also  cauchie,  cawchie,  <  OF.  *cau- 
cie,  cauchie,  cauchiee,  chaucie,  F.  chaussee  =  Pr. 
eaussada  =  Sp.  calzada,  <  ML.  ealceata,  rarely 
calciata  (also  calcea,  calceia,  after  the  OF.  form), 
a  paved  road  (sc.  L.  via,  a  way,  road ;  cf.  E. 
street,  ult.  <  LL.  strata  (sc.  L.  via),  a  paved 
road),  prop.  fern,  of  *caleeatus,  *calciatus,  pp. 
of  *cedceare,  calciare,  pave,  make  a  road  or 
causeway  (Pg.  calcar,  pave;  cf.  OF.  cauchier, 
chancier,  traverse  a  road),  <  L.  calx  (cale-,  calci-), 
limestone,  lime,  chalk,  the  verb  having  refer- 
ence to  the  use  of  broken  limestone,  and,  appar. 
in  a  more  general  application,  of  any  broken 
stone,  or  of  gravel  (cf.  L.  dim.  calculus,  a  pebble, 
gravel,  calculosus,  calculous,  gravelly),  or  less 
prob.  to  the  use  of  lime  or  mortar,  in  making 
such  roads:  see  calx,  chalk,  calculus.  The  verb 
is  by  some  identified  with  L.  calceare,  also  cal- 
ciare (>OF.  cauchier,  caucher,  cancer,  V.  cliausser 
=  Pr.  caussar  =  Sp.  calzar  =  Pg.  calcar  =  It. 
calzarc),  shoe,  provide  with  shoes,  <  L.  calceus, 
a  shoe :  see  ca/ceate.  Causeway,  being  now 
known  to  be  a  false  form,  is  beginning  to  be 
avoided  by  some  writers.]  1.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  or  the  like, 
serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy 
ground,  over  shallow  water,  or  along  the  top  of 
an  embankment. 

At  the  foote  of  the  castell  was  the  maras,  depe  on  alle 
sides,  and  ther-to  was  noon  entre  saf  a  litill  cawchie  that 
was  narowe  and  straite  of  half  a  myle  of  lengthe. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  380. 

Such  are  the  making  and  repayringuf  Bridges,  Caujeyes, 

Conduits  to  conuey  water  to  their  Hospitalls  or  Temples. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  297. 

It  is  strange  to  see  the  chargeable  pavements  and  cause- 
ways in  the  avenues  and  entrances  of  towns  abroad  be- 
yond the  seas. 

Bacon,  Charge  upon  the  Commission  for  the  Verge. 
The  other  way  Satan  went  down 
The  causey  to  hell-gate.  Milton,  P.  E.,  x.  415. 


809 

A  narrow  girdle  of  rough  stones  and  crags, 
A  rude  and  natural  causeway,  interposed 
Between  the  water  and  a  winding  slope 

of  copse  and  thicket. 

II  ordsworth,  Naming  of  Places,  iv. 
The  old  and  ponderous  trunks  of  prostrate  trees 
That  lead  from  knoll  to  knoll  a  causey  rude. 

Bryant,  Entrant  e  to  a  W I 

2.  A  sidewalk,  orpatli  at  (lie  side  of  a  street  or 
road  raised  above  the  carriageway.-  Crown  of 
the  causey.  See  crown,  —  Giant's  Causeway,  a  prom- 
ontory of  columnar  basalt  covering  targe  flat  areas  on  the 
coast  of  Antrim,  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  where  the  for- 
mations are  llncly  displayed  in  the  close  littiug  hexagonal 
pillars,  distinctly  marked,  and  varying  in  diameter  from 
16  to  20  inches,  with  a  height  of  2o  feet  in  some  places. 
See  basalt, 

causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  v.  t.  [< 
causeway,  causey,  n.]  To  provide  with  :i  cause- 
way ;  pave,  as  a  road  or  street,  with  blocks  of 
stono. 

The  white  worn  stones  which  causewayed  the  middle  of 
the  path.  Charlotte  Bronte,  .lane  Eyre,  xii. 

causey,  ».  and  r.     See  causeway. 

causia  (k&'sia),  n.  [<  Gr.  xavata,  <  xala,  navaic.] 
A  broad-brimmed  felt  hat,  with  a  very  low 
crown,  or  sometimes  no  distinct  crown,  form- 
ing part  of  the  national  costume  of  the  ancient 
Macedonians  and  of  related  peoples,  as  the 
Illyrians.  it  was  worn  by  kings,  dyed  purple  and  sur- 
rounded  by  a  white  or  gold  embroidered  diadem  in  the 
form  of  a  narrow  band,  of  which  the  fringed  ends  hung 
down  at  the  back. 

The  kausia  .  .  .  had  a  very  broad  brim  and  a  very  low 
crown,  and  belonged  to  the  Macedonian,  .Etolian,  Illyrian, 
and  also  perhaps  Thessalian  costume. 

C.  a.  MUUer,  Manual  of  Archasol.  (trans.),  §  338. 

causid  (ka'sid),  >i.  A  snake  of  the  family  Cau- 
sidee. 

Causidae  (ka'si-de),  re.  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Causus  + 
-a he.]  A  family  of  solenoglyph  Ophidia,  typified 
by  the  genus  Causus,  having  the  maxillary  bone 
not  excavated,  the  poison-fang  grooved  in  front, 
and  a  postfrontal  bone  present.  The  genera  be- 
sides Causus  are  Heterophis  and  Dinodipsas.  They  are 
venomous  serpents,  most  nearly  related  to  the  Viperklce 
or  vipers. 

causidical  (ka-sid'i-kal),  a.  [<  LL.  causidicalis, 
<  L.  causidicus,  an  advocate  or  pleader,  <  causa, 
a  cause,  +  din  re,  say.]  Pertaining  to  an  advo- 
cate, or  to  pleading  or  the  defense  of  suits. 

caussont,  n.     Same  as  cavezon. 

caustic  (kas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  caustique  = 
Sp.  ctiusticti  —  Pg.  caustieo  =  It.  caustico,  <  L. 
causticus,  <  Gr.  navcri/idc,  caustic,  corrosive,  ca- 
pable of  burning,  <  Kauordf,  verbal  adj.  of  naietv, 
burn:  see  calmX,  cauma,  causus,  and  cf.  encaus- 
tic.] I.  a.  1.  Capable  of  burning,  corroding, 
or  destroying  the  tissue  of  animal  substances. 
See  causticity. — 2.  Figuratively,  severely  crit- 
ical or  sarcastic;  cutting:  as,  a  caustic  remark. 
Let  their  humour  be  never  so  caustic. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 
Those  illusions  of  fancy  which  were  at  length  dispelled 
by  the  caustic  satire  of  Cervantes. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 
Caustic  alcohol,  barley,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Caustic 
curve,  in  math.  See  II.,  3.— Caustic  potash,  potassium 
hydrate,  KOII,  a  hard,  white,  brittle  substance,  easily  solu- 
ble in  water  and  deliquescent  in  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
forming  stable  crystalline  compounds  with  all  acids.  It  is 
a  powerful  caustic,  quickly  destroying  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble tissues.  Caustic  potash  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  cau- 
tery, and  in  numberless  ways  in  the  arts,  as  a  detergent, 
as  a  base  for  making  salts  of  potash,  and  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  soap.  — Caustic  soda,  sodium  hydrate,  NaOH,  a 
white,  brittle  solid,  having  much  the  same  chemical  and 
physical  properties  as  caustic  potash,  and  similar  uses  in 
lie  aits.  The  soaps  made  with  caustic  soda  are  hard; 
those  made  with  caustic  potash  are  soft.  =  Syn.  2.  Stinging, 
pungent,  acrid,  sarcastic. 

II.  ii.  1.  In  nail.,  any  substance  which  burns, 
corrodes,  or  disorganizes  the  tissues  of  animal 
structures;  an  escharotic. —  2.  Figuratively, 
something  pungent  or  severely  critical  or  sar- 
castic. See  causticity. 
Your  hottest  causticks.  B.Jonson,  Elegy  on  Lady  Pawlet. 
When  we  can  endure  the  caustics  and  correctives  of  our 
spiritual  guides,  in  those  things  in  which  we  are  most 
apt  to  please  ourselves,  then  our  obedience  is  regular  and 
humble.  Jer.  Taylor,  Work,  i,  .1.   1-  ;:,),  I.  <j2. 

3.  In  math.,  an  envelop  of  rays  of  light  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fixed  point  and  reflected  or 
refracted  by  a  surface  or  a  curve.  Caustics  are 
consequently  of  two  kinds,  eatacaustics  and  diacaustics, 
i  he  former  being  caustics  by  reflection  and  the  latter  caus- 
tics by  refraction.-  Lunar  caustic,  a  name  given  to  silver 
nitrate  when  cast  into  sticks  for  the  use  of  surgeons,  etc. 
See  nitrate  —  Secondary  caustic,  the  orthogonal  trajec- 
tory of  the  reflected  or  refracted  rays;  an  involute  of  a 
plane  caustic.— Vienna  caustic,  a  mixture  of  potassium 
hydrate  and  lime  in  equal  proportions,  forming  a  powder 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic,  and  milder  than  potassium 
hydrate  alone. 

caustical  (kas'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  caustic. 

[Rare.] 
caustically  (kas'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In  a  caustic  or 

severe  manner :  as,  to  say  something  caustically. 


cauterization 

causticity  (kiis-tis'i-ti),  ».  [<  caustic  +  -ity  ; 
=  F.  i-ttiistlctlr  —  Sp.  i-tiiisttcidild  =  Pg.  entistiei- 
tltnh  —  It.  ruuslicitii.]  1.  The  property  of  be- 
ing caustic,  that  is,  of  corroding  or  disorganizing 
animal  matter,  or  the  quality  of  combining  with 
the  principles  of  organized  substances  so  as  to 
destroy  the  tissue;  corrosiveness.  This  prop- 
erty belongs  t liccnl rated  acids,  pure  alkalis, 

and  some  metallic  salts. —  2.  Figuratively,  se- 
verity of  language ;  pungency;  sarcasm. 

lie  was  a  master  in  all  Hie  ail-  of  ridicule  ;  and  his  in- 
exhaustible spirit  only  required  some  permanent  subject 
to  have  rivalled  tie-  causticity  of  Swift 

/.  D'Israeli,  Quarrels  of  Authors,  p.  218. 

I  shall  be  sorry  to  miss  bis  pungent  speech.    I  know  it 

will    be   all   sense  for  the  Church,   ami  all    causticity   for 

Schism.  Charlotte  Bronte",  Shirley,  xviii. 

He  had,  besides,  a  read>  causticity  of  tongue. 

(George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  7. 

causticnesst  (kas'tik-nes),  re.  The  quality  of 
being  caustic;  causticity. 

caustify  (kas'ti-fl),  t'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  causti- 
fied,  ppr.  canst ifyimi.  [<  caustic:  see  -fy.]  To 
render  caustic;  convert  into  caustic.  For  exam- 
ple, soda  ash  or  carbonate  of  soda  is  caustilied  by  boiling 
with  milk  of  lime,  which  removes  the  carbonic  acid  and 
converts  the  sodium  into  caustic  soda 

causus  (ka'sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  navaoc,  burning 
heat,  causus,  <  tcaieiv,  burn.  Cf.  cauma.]  1.  In 
mcd.,  a  highly  ardent  fever. —  2.  [cap.]  In 
lierpet.,  the  typical  genus  of  Causidw.  J.  Wag- 
ler. 

cautelt  (ka'tel),  ».  [=  Sc.  cautele,  <  ME.  cautel, 
cautele,  <  OF.  cautele  =  F.  cautele  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cautela,  <  L.  caulelu,  caution,  precaution,  < 
cautus,  pp.  of  cavcre,  take  heed:  see  caution.] 

1.  Caution;  wariness;  prudence. 

But  in  all  things  this  cautel  they  use,  that  a  less  pleasure 
hinder  not  a  bigger;  and  that  the  pleasure  be  no  cause  of 
displeasure,  which  they  think  to  follow  of  necessity,  if  the 
pleasure  be  unhonest. 

Robinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  Utopia,  ii.  7. 

2.  Subtlety;  craftiness;  cunning;  deceit;  fraud. 

Thus  3oure  cautcll  to  the  comoune  hath  combred  30U  all. 

Itieliartl  tin    licdcless,  i.  78. 

No  soil,  nor  cautel,  doth  besmirch 
The  virtue  of  his  will.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

3.  Eccles.,  a  detailed  caution  or  written  direc- 
tion concerning  the  proper  manner  of  celebrat- 
ing the  holy  communion. 

cautellyt,  adv.  [ME.  cautely;  <  cautel  +  -ly-.] 
Cautiously. 

Make  a  crye,  and  cautely  thou  call. 

York  Plays,  p.  328. 

cauteloust  (ka'te-lus),  a.  [<  ME.  cauteiaus  = 
F.  cauteleux  =  Pr.  cautelns  =  Sp.  Pg.  cautelOSO, 
<  ML.  cautelosus,  <  L.  cautela:  see  cautel  and 
-mis.]  1.  Cautious;  wary;  provident:  as,  "cau- 
telous  though  young,"  Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 

Mar.  Danger  stands  sentinel: 
Then  111  retire. 

(Jer.  We  must  be  cauteiaus. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  ii.  4. 
My  stock  being  small,  no  marvel  'twas  soon  wasted; 
But  you,  without  the  hast  doubt  or  suspicion, 
If  cautelous,  may  make  bold  with  your  master's. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  ii.  1. 
Swear  priests,  and  cowards,  and  men  cautelous, 
old  feeble  carrions,  and  such  suffering  souls 
That  welcome  wrongs.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  Cunning;  treacherous;  wily. 

They  are  (for  the  most  part)  soe  cautelous  and  wylye- 
headed,  specially  being  men  of  soe  small  experience  and 
practize  in  lawe  matters,  that  you  would  wonder  whence 
they  borrowe  such  subtiltyes  and  slye  shiftes. 

Spenser,  state  of  Ireland. 

cautelouslyt  (ka'te-lus-li),  atlc.  1.  Cautiously; 
warily. — 2.  Cunningly:  slyly;  craftily. 

cautelousnesst  (ka'te-lus-nes),  ".  Cautious- 
ness ;  prudence. 

These  two  great  Christian  virtues,  cautelousness,  repen- 
tance. Halts,  Golden  Remains,  p.  254. 

cautert  (ka'ter),  it.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Kavrqp,  a  sear- 
ing-iron, <  Kaictv,  burn.]  A  searing-iron.  Miit- 
sheu. 

cauterant  (ka'ter-ant),  >i.  [For  *cant<  riant,  < 
ML.  cauteriaii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cauteriare,  cauter- 
ize: see  cauterise.-]    A  cautery;  a  caustic. 

cauterisation,  cauterise.  See  cauterization, 
cautt  rise. 

cauterism  (ka'ter-izm),  n.  [<  cautery  +  -ism. 
Cf.  cauterize.]     The  application  of  a  cautery. 

cauterization  (kA/ter-i-za'shgn),  n.  [<  cauter- 
ize +  -ation ;  =  F.  cauterisation  =  Pr.  eauteri- 
zacio  =  Sp.  eaiitcrizaciuii  =  Pg.  mutt  rizacdo  = 
It.  cautcrizzazioiie.]  1.  In  sun/.,  the  act  of  cau- 
terizing or  searing  some  morbid  part  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  hot  iron,  or  of  caustics,  etc. —  2. 
The  effect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic. 

Also  spelled  cauterisation. 


cauterize 

cauterize  (ka'ter-iz  \  v.  t. \  pret.  and  pp.  cauter- 
ized, ppr.  ./■     [=  F.  cautertser  =  Pr. 

i  =Sp.  Pg.ca«ter»sor=It.  canter, 
<  ML.  <■■■  Gr. 

cauterize,  searing-iron:  see 

■  ry.]     1.  To  burn  or  sear  with  lire  or  ;i  bol 
iron,  or  with  eaustios,  as  morbid  flesh. 

Fugitive  slaves  are  mark*  I  [with  burning 

.lee.  I  tyloi ,  w  orks  (ed.  1835) 
ii  the  j.L^t i .1  had  beei  that  it  had 

I  the  wound  infl  ball. 

Dutch  Republic,  111.  589. 

2.  To  sear,  in  :i  figurative  sense. 
I 
Burton,  Anat.  ol  MeL,  p.  195. 
Themorecaui  the  less  is  the  fear 

of  hell.  Jer.  i      ■      Bolj  Dying,  i.  603. 

Also  spelled  eauU  ris< . 
cautery    ka'tei  pi.  cauteries  (-iz).    [= 

F.  cauten  =  i'r.  cauteri=8p.  Pg.  It.  cauterio,< 
L.  cauterium,  <  Gr.  a  branding-iron, 

a  brand,  dim.  of  mvryp,  a   branding-iron,   a 
iwfer.]    1.  A  burning  or  searing, 
:  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot  iron  or  by  caustic 
bstanees  thai  burn,  corrode,  or  destroy  the 
solid  parts  of  an  animal  body.    The  burning  bj  a 
hot  i:  ;  actual  cautery;  that  by  caustic  medi- 

lial  cautery. 
His  discoutses,  like  Jonathan's  arrows,  mayshoot  short, 
or  shoot  over,  but  not  wound  where  they  should,  nor  open 
those  humours  that  need  :i  lancet  or  :i  cautery. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  led.  1835),  I.  586. 
The  mad  bite 
Must  have  the  cautery. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary.  iii.  4. 

2.  The  instrument  or  drug  employed  in  cauter- 
izing. -Corrigan's  cautery,  same  as  Corrigan's  but- 
ton (which  see,  under  iiotion).  -Galvanic  cautery,  an 
Instrument  for  cauterizing  which  is  heated  by  the  passage 
through  it  of  an  electric  current, 
cautery-electrode  (ka'ter-i-e-lek*trod),  n.    A 

nam.'  applied  to  any  of  the  various  forms  of 
wires  and  bands  of  platinum  which  constitute 
the  heated  and  cauterizing  part  of  a  galvanic 
cautery. 

cauting-iron  (ka'ting-Fern),  n.  [Appar.  short 
for  cautering-  or  cantt  rizing-iron.  See  canter.] 
A  si  aring-iron.    E.  H.  Knight. 

caution  (k&'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  aim-ion.  cauoioun 
,  7)  =  F.  caution  =  Pr.  cautto  =  Sp.  cau- 
dal =  Pg.  cauc&o  =  It.  cauzione  (cf.  D.  cautie 
=  G.  caution  =  Dan.  Sw.  Laotian,  chiefly  in  le- 
gal senses),  <  L.  eautio(n-),  caution,  precaution, 
security,  bond,  warranty,  <  cautus,  pp.  of  m- 
.  be  on  one's  guard,  take  heed,  look  out, 
beware,  ult.  =  AS.  sectarian,  look  at,  behold, 
E.ahow:  see  show.]  1.  Prudence  in  regard  to 
danger;  wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful  at- 
tention to  probable  and  possible  results,  and  a 
judicious  course  of  conduct  to  avoid  failure  or 
'i i  .ister. 

I"  the  after I  we  walked  out  to  see  the  City.    But 

we  thought  tit,  before  we  enter'd,  t"  get  License  of  the 

'  rn  .in   and  to  p] ne.'fil  with  all  citi'tinn. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  t"  Jerusalem,  p.  134. 
first  thing  I  did  at  Alexandria  was  to  pace  round 
the  "alls,  aad  take  the  bearings;  which  I  did  with  so 
much  caution,  thai  I  tl ght  I  could  only  have  been  ob- 
served by  the  Janizarj  that  atti  nded  me. 

Pococke,  Descripti il  the  East,  I.  3. 

2.  Anything  intended  or  serving  to  induce  wari- 
ness; a  warning  given  either  by  word  of  mouth 
or  in  any  other  way  ;  monitory  advice. 
In  \\a>  ol  eauUon,  I  must  tell  you, 
\  ""   :  ■   land  yourself  so  clearly 

As  it  behooves  my  daughter  and  .van'  honor. 

Soak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
Indulge,  my  son,  the  cautions  oi  the  wise. 

Pop  Odyssey,  xxiii.  114. 
3t.  Provision  or  security  against  something; 
pro\cl.  ni  care;  precaution. 

tn  di   pile  of  all  the  rules  and  caui  ument, 

most  dangerous  and  mortal  oi  vice    n  111  -  ome  ofl 
Sir  /' 

4.  In   recent  Eng.  law,  a  written  warning  or 

a1    filed  with  the  registrar  of   land-titles 

dealings  with  the  land  without  notice 

to  the  cautioner,  or  person  who  (ilea  the  warn 

ing.— 5.    Security;    guaranty;    pledge;    bail. 

[Now  confined  to  Scotch  law.] 

majesty  Burnt  1  nl 
uted.     V'/.e 

6.  A  person  who  gives  rety;  a 

.  renounced 
ka'zhon,  as  also  in  sense  5.] 

h  toi  Caution  [or 

lam's 
// 

7t.   Bond;  bill. 

l:'k  tifti. 


870 

8.  Something  to  excite  alarm  or  astonishment; 
something  extraordinary:  absolutely  or  with 
some  fanciful  addition;  as.  t lie  way  they  scat- 
i  Bred  was  a  caution  to  snakes.  [Slang.] —  Bond  of 
caution.  See  bond*.  =  Syn.  1. Forethought,  forecast,  heed, 
vigilance,  watchfulness,  circumspection.     2.  Admonition. 

caution  (ka'shon),  v.  t.    [<  caution, ».]    To  give 

notice  of  danger  to ;  warn ;  exhort  to  take  heed. 

Y'ou  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.  Swift. 

cautionary  I  ka'shon-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  caution 
+  -ari/;  =  P.  caulmunairc  =  Sp.  Pg.  caucio- 
nar.]  I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger:  as,  cautionary  advice. 

You  will  see  that  these  ways  are  made  cautionary 
enough.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

Waved  his  unoccupied  hand  with  a  cautionary  gesture 
to  his  companions.      Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  14S. 

2.  Given  as  a  pledge  or  in  security. 

Has  the  enemy  no  cautionary  towns  and  seaports,  to  give 
us  for  seeming  trade?  Swift,  Conduct  of  the  Allies. 

Cautionary  town,  a  town  the  control  and  revenues  of 
which  are  granted  by  the  government  to  a  foreign  power  tn 
secure  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  the  performance  of  an  ob- 
ligation ;  notably,  certain  strongholds  in  the  .Netherlands 
which  were  thus  pledged  to  the  English  crown  in  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  particularly  the  cities  of  Flushing,  Uriel,  and 
Rammekens, 

And  it  is  resolved  that  it  [a  benevolence  raised  for  the 
crown  in  Devon]  shall  only  be  employed  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,  as  namely  for  Ireland,  the  Navy,  and  the 
Cautionary  Towns  in  the  Low  Countries;  and  so,  leaving 
the  carriage  of  this  business  to  your  discretions  and  wis- 
doms, we  bid  you  heartily  farewell. 

Letter  from  the  Lords  in  Council  of  Jam*  ■  I 

By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  James  and  Philip  III., 
although  the  king  had  declared  himself  bound  by  the 
treaties  made  by  Elizabeth  to  deliver  up  the  cautionary 
luifns  to  no  one  but  the  United  States,  he  promised  Spain 
to  allow  those  States  a  reasonable  time  to  make  peace 
with  the  Archdukes.      Motley,  John  of  Barneveld,  II.  67. 

II.  v.  Same  as  cauUonry. 
cautioner  (ka/shon-er),  ii.  1.  One  who  cau- 
tions or  advises. —  2.  In  recent  Eng.  line,  one 
who  files  a  caution  with  the  registrar  of  land- 
titles.  See  caution,  n.,  4. —  3.  [Generally  pro- 
nounced ka'zhpn-er.]  In  Scots  taw,  the  person 
who  is  bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of 
an  obligation. 

cautionizet  (ka'shon-iz),  v.  t.  [<  caution  +  -izc] 
To  promote  caution  in ;  make  prudent ;  place 
under  security  or  guaranty. 

The  captaine  of  the  Janissaries  rose  and  slew  the  Bul- 
lae, and  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  one  Asian  Begh 
...  of  a  bordering  province,  to  cautionize  that  part. 

Continuation  of  Knolles,  1414  (Ord  MS.). 

caution-money  (ka'shon-mun"i),  h.     Money 

deposited  as  security  ;  specifically,  a  sum  paid 

as  security  by  a  student  on  his  matriculation  in 

an  English  university. 

The  genteel  amercements  of  a  young  man  of  fashion  in 
a  silver  tankard  or  his  caution  money  ought  not,  in  any 
wise,  to  be  considered  as  part  of  his  education. 

Remarks  on  the  Sixpence  of  Education,  1788. 

Cautionry  (ka'shon-ri),  n.  [<  caution  +  -ry.] 
In  Scots  law,  the  act  of  giving  security  for  an- 
other ;  the  promise  or  contract  of  one,  not  for 
himself,  but  for  another.  Also  written  cau- 
tionary. 

cautious  (ka'shus),  a.  [<  caution,  on  type  of 
ambitious,  <  ambition,  etc.;  the  older  E.  adj. 
was  cautelous,  q.  v.,  and  the  L.  adj.  is  cautus, 
prop.  pp.  of  carcrc,  take  heed.  Sic  caution.]  1. 
Possessing  or  exhibiting  caution  ;  attentive  to 
probable  effects  and  consequences  of  actions 
with  a  view  to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune ; 
prudent ;  circumspect ;  wary  ;  watchful :  as,  a 
cautious  general;  a  cautious  advance. 
These  same  cautious  and  quick-sighted  gentlemen. 

licntleu.  Sermons,  ii. 
Like  most  men  of  cautious  tempers  and  prosperous  for- 
tunes, he  had  a  strong  disposition  to  support  whatever 
existed.  Macaulay. 

2.  With  o/before  the  object  of  caution:  wary 
in  regard  to  the  risks  of;  afraid  or  heedful  of 
the  dangers  involved  in. 

Having  cue  Man  surprized  once  by  some  Spaniards  lying 
there  in  ambu  h,  mid  carried  off  by  them  to  Panama,  we 
were  after  that  more  font  ions  of  Straggling. 

Uampier,  voyages,  I.  177. 
By  night  he  tied,  and  at  midnight  return'd 

I  '"tn  c passing  the  earth;  cautioiwo/day. 

Milton,  P.  l:,  L\.  59. 
3f.  Over-prudent;  timorous;  timid. 
"i"11  Bhal]  i"   received  at  a  postern-d •,  if  you  be  nut 

Cautious,    DJ    one    WhOSe    touch    would    make    old     Nestor 

young.  Massing® 

=Syn.  Prudent,  careful,  wary,  vigilant,  heedful,  thou  M 
fnl,  scrupuli 
cautiously   (ka'shus-li),   adv.      In  a  cautious 
manner :  with  cunt  ion  :  warily. 

I  hen  know  how  fli  kle  c lovers  at 

Theit  oathe  ami  vows  are  cautiously  believed  : 
For  few  there  are  but  have  been  once  deceivi  d 

Dryden, 


cavalier 

Entering  the  new  chamber  cautiously, 

The  glory  of  great  heaps  of  gold  i id  Bee. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  327. 

cautiousness  (ka'slins-nes),)/.  The  quality  of  be- 
iugcautious;  watchfulness:  provident  care;  cir- 
cumspection; prudence  with  regard  to  danger. 

cautor  (ka'tor),  u.  [<  L.  cantor,  one  who  is  on 
his  guard  or  is  wary,  also  one  who  is  security 
or  bail,  <  carerc,  be  on  one's  guard,  etc. :  see 
caution.']     A  cautioner.     [Rare.] 

A  caution  means  that  a  sale  cannot  In-  effected  without 
notice  to  the  cautor  and  opportunity  of  objection. 

Contemporary  lice,  XLIX.  201. 

cauzi,  n.    See  eaei. 

cava1  (ka'va),  n.;  pi.  cava  (-ve).     [NL.,  fem. 
(sc.  vena,  vein)  of  L.  cams:  see  caral  and  vein.] 
A  eaval  vein;  one  of  the  venae  cavse.    See  ca- 
rat, n. 
The  division  of  the  heart  into  which  these  cavce  open. 

Huxley. 

cava2,  ii.     Plural  of  caritui. 

cava3,  kawa  (ka'va,  -wa),  n.  The  Polynesian 
name  of  an  intoxicating  beverage  prepared 
from  the  shrub  Macropiper  laUfolium. 

cava?,  ».     Plural  of  carai. 

cava!  (ka'val),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cams,  hollow 
(see  cave1),  +  -al.]  I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  hollow 
and  comparatively  large:  as,  a  caval  sinus. 
Specifically — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  cava?.  See 
vena  and  cava*-. 

II.  ii.  A  cava,  or  caval  vein;  either  one  of 
the  two  largest  veins  of  the  body,  emptying 
blood  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart.'  In 
man  these  veins  are  commonly  called  superior  and  inferior 
ru  ml.*,  or  vena  cava  superior  end  inferior;  their  more  gen- 
eral names  are  precaval  ami  postcaval.  See  these  words, 
and  cuts  under  heart  and  lung. 

cavalcade  (kav-al-kad')j  "•  [<  F.  caralcade,  < 
It.  cavalcata  (=  Pr.  cavalcada  =  Sp.  cabalgada, 
cabalgata  =  Pg.  cavalgada),  a  troop  of  horse- 
men, <  cavatcarc,  ride,  <  carallo,  <  L.  caballus, 
a  horse:  see  cabal2,  capel1,  cavalry,  chevalier, 
chivalry,  and  cf.  chevachie,  a  doublet  of  caral- 
cade.] A  procession  or  train,  as  of  persons  on 
horseback  or  in  carriages. 

We  went  from  sienna,  desirous  of  being  present  at  the 
cavalcade  of  the  new  Pope  Innocent  X.,  who  had  not  jet 
made  the  grand  procession  to  St.  John  de  Laterano. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  2,  1044. 

Onward  came  the  cavalcade,  illuminated  by  two  hun- 
dred thick  waxen  torches,  in  the  hands  of  .as  many  horse- 
men.  Scott,  Eenilworth,  II.  117. 

He  [King  James]  made  a  progress  through  his  kingdom, 
escorted  by  long  cavalcades  of  gentlemen  from  one  lordly 
mansion  to  another.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

cavalcadet  (kav-al-kad'),  v.  i.  [<  cavalcade,  n.] 
To  ride  in  or  form  part  of  a  procession. 

He  would  have  done  his  noble  friend  better  service  than 
cavalcading  with  him  to  Oxford.     North,  Examen,  p.  112. 

cavalerot  (kav-a-le'ro),  n.  [Also  cavalicro, 
repr.  Sp.  cavallero,  now  caballero :  see  cavalier.] 
A  cavalier ;  a  gay  military  man ;  a  gallant. 

I'll  drink  to  master  Bardolph,  and  to  all  the  cavaleroes 
about  London.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

cavalier  (kav-a-ler'),  n.  and  o.  [Also  formerly 
en  micro  and  caraliero,  after  Sp.  or  It.;  =  D. 
Lorain  r  =  (J.  cavalier  =  Dan.  Laralcr  =  Sw. 
Laraljer  =  Ar.  keivalir,  <  F.  cavalier  =  Pr.  caml- 
lii  r.  <  It.  cavaliere  =  Sp.  caballero  =  Pg.  cam- 
Uieiro,  cavalleiro  =  V.  cft<  valier  ( >  E.  chevalier), 
<  ML.  caballarius,  a  horseman,  knight,  <  LL. 
caballus,  a  horse  :  see  cabal'2,  cavalcade,  etc.,  and 
rlii  valier.]  I.  n.  1.  A  horseman,  especially  an 
armed  horseman  ;  a  knight. 

Nineteen  French  marquesses  and  a  hundred  Spanish 
cavalier*.  Tatler,  No.  260. 

Hence  —  2.  One  who  has  the  spirit  or  bearing 
of  a  knight;  especially,  a  bold,  reckless,  and 
gay  fellow. 

Who  is  he  .  .  .  that  w  ill  not  follow 
These  cull'd  and  choice-drawn  cavaliers  to  Prance? 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iii.  film,). 

3.  [cap.]  The  appellation  given  to  the  partizans 
of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  his  contest  with 
Parliament. 

Daring  some  years  they  were  designated  as  Cavaliers 
and  Roundheads,  They  were  subsequently  called  'lories 
and  Whigs.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

4.  A  man  attending  on  or  escorting  a  woman, 
or  noting  as  her  partner  in  dancing;  a  gallant; 
a  beau. 

I'll  take  a  dance,  said  I;  so  stay  you  here.  A  sunburnt 
daughter  oi  i. a  hour  rose  up  from  the  group  to  meet  me  as 

I  advanced  towards  them.  .  .  .  We  want  ui'iintlier,  said 
she,  holding  out  both  her  hands,  as  if  to  offer  them.— 
And  acaVfluterye  shall  have,  said  I.  taking  hold  of  both 
of  thrill.  Sterne. 

5.  Ill  i»ri/irra//iic(.,iiuomiil  defended  by  walls 
and  tin-  like,  raised  so  as  to  command  the 
neighboring  ramparts;  hence,  in  modern  fort., 


cavalier 

a  raised  work  commonly  situated  within  the 
bastion,  but  sometimes  placed  in  the  gorges,  or 
on  the  middle  of  the  curtain.  It  is  in  or  12  tcct 
higher  than  the  rest  of  the  works,  and  is  used  to  command 
all  the  adjacent  works  and  the  surrounding  country.  It 
is  designed  chiefly  to  bring  a  plunging  Are  to  bear  on  the 
assailants'  works  exterior  to  the  enceinte. 
6.  In  the  manege,  one  who  understands  horse- 
manship ;  a  skilled  or  practised  rider Cavalier 

battery,    see  battel  </. 

II.  a.  It-  Knightly;  brave;  warlike. 

The  people  are  naturally  not  valiant,  and  not  lunch 
cavalier.  Suckling. 

2.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  offhand;  frank;  care- 
less. 

Tlie  plodding,  persevering,  scrupulous  accuracy  of  the 
one,  and  the  easy,  cavalier  verbal  fluency  of  the  other, 
form  a  complete  contrast.  Hazlitt. 

3.  Haughty;  disdainful;  supercilious:  as,  a 
rude  and  cavalier  answer. 

Here's  the  house  :    lie  knock  at  the  door. —  What,  shall 
I  do't  in  the  caualier  humour,  with.  Whose  within  there, 
ho  !  or  in  the  Puritan  humour,  with,  By  your  lean- 
brother?  Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  Me,  ii. 

4.  leap.]  Belonging  or  l'elatiug  to  the  party  of 
Charles  I.  of  England. 

'Tis  an  old  Cavalier  family.     Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iii.  3. 

cavalier  (kav-a-ler'),  v.  i.     [<  cavalier,  ».]    To 

act  as  a  cavalier;  ape  the  manners  of  a  cava- 
lier ,  carry  one's  self  in  a  disdainful  or  high- 
handed fashion :  sometimes  followed  by  it:  as, 
to  try  to  cavalier  it  over  one's  associates. 
An  old  drunken,  cavalieriny  butler. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  i. 

cavalierish  (kav-a-ler'ish),  a.     [<  cavalier  + 

-islt1.]     Of  or  belonging  to  a  cavalier,  or  to  the 

party  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

The  cavalierish  party.  Ludlow,  Memoirs,  II.  168. 

The  land  is  full  of  discontents.  *  the  Cavaleerish  party 

dotli  still  expeet  a  day  it  nourish  hopes  of  a  Revolution. 

Quoted  ill  Low-it,  Among  my  Books,  lstser.,  p.  259. 

cavalierism  (kav-a-ler'izm),  n.  [<  cavalier  + 
-ism.]  The  practice  or  principles  of  cavaliers. 
Scott. 
cavalierly  (kav-a-ler ' li),  adv.  In  a  cavalier 
manner;  arrogantly;  disdainfully;  supercili- 
ously. 
He  has  treated  our  opinion  a  little  too  cavalierly. 

Junius,  Letters. 

I  protest  I  do  not  understand  all  this ;  .  .  .  you  treat  me 
very  cavalierly.  Goldsmith,' Good-natured  Man,  iv. 

Those  who  cavalierly  reject  the  Theory  of  Evolution,  as 
not  adequately  supported  by  facts,  seem  quite  to  forget 
that  their  own  theory  is  supported  by  no  facts  at  all. 

//.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  377. 

cavaliemess  (kav-a-ler'nes),  n.  [<  cavalier, 
a.,  +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  cavalier; 
arrogance;  a  disdainful  manner.     [Rare.] 

cavalierot,  «•  [Intended  for  It.  cavaliere :  see 
cavalier. 2    A  cavalier;  a  gallant. 

Then  this  brave  cavaliere 

Is  openly  battled  in  his  mistress'  sight, 
And  dares  not  tight  himself. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.  (J),  Faithful  Friends,  i.  2. 
It  occurred  to  him  [the  author]  that  the  more  serious 
scenes  of  his  narrative  might  be  relieved  by  the  humour 
of  a  cavaliero  of  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Scott,  Monastery,  Int. 

cavallard  (kav-a-lyiird'),  «•  [<  Sp.  caballardo, 
a  drove  of  horses,  <  cabalXo,  a  horse :  see  cabal?.'] 
A  name  in  some  parts  of  the  western  United 
States  for  a  drove  of  horses  or  mules.  Also 
cavauuiil. 

cavalleria  (Sp.  pron.  ka-val-ya-re'a),  re.  A  mea- 
sure of  laud  used  in  Cuba,  equal  to  33.1  acies, 
being  a  little  less  than  the  Castilian  zugada. 
There  is  a  Mexican  cavalleria  of  131  acres. 

cavalli,  «.    See  cavally. 

cavallo  (It.  pron.  ka-val'16),  re.  [It.,  lit.  a  horse: 
see  cabal2,  capel1.]  A  Neapolitan  coin,  equal 
to  about  tV  of  a  United  States  cent. 

cavally,  cavalli  (ka-val'i),  ».;  pi.  enmities,  ,a- 

vallis  (-iz).      [Also  cavalle,  and  ereriilli/,  eremite, 

<  Sp.  caballa  (=  Pg.  eavalta),  a  horse-mackerel, 

<  caballo  =  Pg.  cavalho,  a  horse:  see  cabal2.] 
A  fish  of  tho  genus  Caranx.  See  Caranx  and 
horse-mackerel. 

The  cavalli  has  a  pointed  head  and  snout,  with  moder- 
ately large  conical  and  pointed  teeth. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  392. 

cavalott,  it-  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old  form  of 
cannon  made  of  wrought-iron,  and  firing  a 
charge  consisting  of  one  pound  of  lead  bullets. 

cavalry  (kav'al-ri),  n.  [Formerly  cavallerie,  < 
P.  cavallerie,  now  cavalerie,  <  It.  cavalleria, 
cavalry,  knighthood  (=  Sp.  cuballeria  =  Pg. 
cavallaria  =  OF.  chevalerie.  >  E.  chivalry),  < 
cavaliere,  a  horseman,  knight:  see  cavalier.]  A 
class  of  soldiers  who  march  and  fight  on  horse- 
back ;  that  part  of  an  army,  or  of  any  military 


871 

force,  which  consists  of  troops  that  servo  on 
horseback,  as  distinguished  from  infantry,  or 
fi  iot  -soldiers.  Their  efficacy  and  general  importanci 
arise  from  their  adaptation  to  rapid  movements,  thus  en- 
abling a  commander  to  avail  himself  of  decisive  oppor- 
tunities, as  in  the  exposure  of  weak  points  in  the  enemy  s 
lines,  or  the  occurrence  of  disorder  in  his  ranks.  Thej  are 
also  employed  tor  Intercepting  the  enemy's  supplies,  fur- 
nishing detachments  and  escorts,  procuring  intelligence, 

protecting  the  center  or  wings  of  an  army,  or  covering  a 

retreat.  The  uses  of  cavalry,  however,  are  necessarily 
limited  by  the  nature  ol  the  ground.  Modern  cavalry  con- 
sists of  two  grand  classes,  heavy  and  liylit  (distinguished 
by  Weight  Of  men,  horses,  and  equipments),  which  arc  sus- 
ceptible of  subdivision  according  to  the  service  required, 
as  cuirassiers,  dragoons,  lancers,  hussars,  etc. 

cavalryman  (kav'al-ri-inan),  «.;  pi.  cavalrymen 
(-men).  A  soldier  trained  to  fight  on  horse- 
back ;  a  member  of  a  cavalry  regiment. 

Each  cavalryman  bad  been  required  to  start  with  ten 
pounds  of  grain  for  his  horse.    TI--  <  '-/itur-i,  XX  \  111.  UiS. 

cavan  (ka-van'),  re.    Same  as  caban. 

cavas,  ti.     See  cavass. 

cavasina  (kav-a-si'nii),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Carangidce,  Seiiola  doraalis;  a  kind  of  amber- 
fish.     [California.] 

cavass,  kavass  (ka-vas'), re.  [Turk,  qawas,  qa- 
was (kinrus,  kuirivds).]  1.  An  armed  and  uni- 
formed attendant  attached  to  the  suite  of  a  per- 
son of  distinction  in  Turkey. 

Their  cavass  brought  up  a  native  who  told  them  that 
(Ijolbaschi  was  only  about  three  leagues  off,  and  ottered  to 
guide  them.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  S13. 

2f.  A  Turkish  police-officer. 
Also  earns,  caivuss,  kawass. 

cavassont,  »■    See  cavezon. 

cavate  (ka'vSt),  v.  t.;  pret.  ana  pp.  cavaled, 
ppr.  cavaUng.  [<  L.  cavatus,  pp.  of  cavare, 
make  hollow,  <  cants,  hollow:  see  cavel.]  To 
make  hollow;  dig  out;  excavate.     [Bare.] 

cavatina  (kav-a-te'na),  it.  [It.,  >  F.  earatiiie.] 
In  music,  a  melody  of  simpler  character  than 
the  aria,  and  without  a  second  part  and  a  da 
capo  or  return  part.  The  term  is  occasionally 
applied,  however,  to  airs  of  any  kind. 

cavation  (ka-va'shon),  n.  [<  It.  cavasione,  < 
L.  cavat io(n-),  an  excavation,  <  cavare :  see  ca- 
rate.]  1.  The  act  of  hollowing  or  excavating; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  the  digging  or  excavating 
of  the  earth  for  the  foundation  of  a  building; 
the  trench  or  excavation  so  dug.  In  the  spe- 
cific use  also  spelled  cavazion. — 2.  In  fencing, 
a  method  of  evading  a  low  thrust  by  drawing 
the  haunch  backward,  thus  withdrawing  the 
abdomen  and  chest  from  the  reach  of  the  ad- 
\  eis.ny's  weapon.     Rolando  (ed.  Forsyth). 

cavayard  (kav-a-y;ird'),  n.     Same  as  cavallard. 

cavazion,  n.     See  cavation,  1. 

cave1  (kav),  n.  [<  ME.  cave,  <  OF.  cave,  caive,  a 
cave  (var.  cage,  a  cage,  >  E.  cage),  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cava,  <  L.  cavea,  a  cave,  also  a  cage,  <  earns, 
hollow  (neut.  carnin,  a  cave),  akin  to  Gr.  neap, 
a  hole  (cf .  Gr.  noi'Aor,  orig.  *naFO-ot;  (?),  hollow,  = 
L.  caelum,  orig.  *caviltim,  the  sky:  see  ceil,  it.,  ce- 
I- stml,  etc.),  <  Kvciv,  nviiv,  conceive,  swell,  orig. 
contain.  Hence  cavern,  cage,  concave,  excavate, 
etc.]  1.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  espe- 
cially, a  natural  cavity  of  considerable  size, 
extending  more  or  less  horizontally  into  a  hill 
or  mountain;  a  cavern;  a  den.  Caves  are  princi- 
pally met  witii  in  limestone  rocks,  in  gypsum,  sometimes 
in  sandstone,  and  in  volcanic  rocks.  Some  of  them  have 
a  very  grand  and  picturesque  appearance,  sueh  as  Fin- 
gal's  Cave  in  Statfa,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  the  en- 
trance to  which  is  formed  by  columnar  ranges  of  basalt 
supporting  an  arch  GO  feet  high  and  33  feet  wide.  Some, 
as  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  which  incloses  an 
extent  of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous  windings,  are 
celebrated  for  their  great  extent  ami  subterranean  waters, 
or  for  their  gorgeous  stalactites  ami  stalagmites,  others 
are  of  interest^to  the  geologist  and  arclueologist  from  the 
occurrence  in  them  of  osseous  remains  of  animals  of  Me 
Pleistocene  period,  or  for  the  evidence  their  clay  floors 
and  rudely  sculptured  walls,  and  the  implements  found 
in  them,  offer  of  the  presence  of  prehistoric  man. 

And  Lot  went  up  out  of  Zoar,  .  .  .  and  he  dwelt  in  a 
cave,  he  and  his  two  daughters.  Gen.  xix.  30. 

He  slow  [slew]  Cacus  in  a  eat f  stoon  [stone]. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  I.  117. 
A  hollow  cave  or  lurking-place.     Sliatc.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  2. 
2.  A  cellar;  a  subterranean  chamber.    [Obso- 
lete or  local.] 

But  nowe  there  stondeth  neuer  a  house,  but  oonly  two 
Towres  and  certayne  caues  vnder  the  grounde. 

Sir  R.  Guyl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  16. 

3f.  Any  hollow  place  or  part ;  a  cavity. 

The  cave  of  tile  ear.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

4.  The  ash-pit  of  a  glass-furnace. — 5.  [cap.]  A 
name  given  to  a  party  in  the  British  Parliament 
who  seceded  from  the  Liberals  on  the  reform  1  iill 
introduced  by  them  in  1866.  See  Adullamite. 
Hence  —  6.  Any  small  faction  of  seceders  or 
dissidents  in  Parliament. 


caveach 

cave1  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  ppr.  raving. 
|  <  cave,  ii.-  =  P.  caver  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  cavar=tt. 
cavare,  <  L.  cavare,  make  hollow,  hollow  out, 

excavate,  <  earns,  bellow:  see  earei,  n.,  from 
which  the  K.  verb  is  in  part  directly  derived. 
In  def.  II.,  2,  as  in  the  phrase  eare  in,  the  verb, 

though  now nplotely  identified  with  cave*,  v., 

with  ref.  to  the  noun  cure1,  is  in  its  origin  an 
accommodation  of  the  dial,  calve,  calve  in,  <  calf, 
a  detached  mass  of  earth:  seo  calve,  v.,  'J.  ami 
caiP-,  a.,  7,  8,  9.]  I.  trans.  To  make  hollow; 
hollow  out. 

The  muiildrcd  earth  had  cav'-l  the  banke. 

Spenser,  V.  q.,  IV.  v.  33. 

II.  inlrans.  1.  To  dwell  in  a  cave.     [Rare.] 

It  may  be  heard  at  court  that  such  as  we 
Care  hen-,  hunt  here,  are  outlaws. 

Skak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth  on 
the  side  ,.f  a  well  or  pit  :  absolutely,  or  witli 
in  :  as,  tho  earth  began  to  cave. — 3.  Figura- 
tively, to  break  down  ;  yield;  give  up  ;  submit ; 
knock  under :  absolutely,  or  with  in  :  as,  at  this 
he  cared.     [Slang.] 

A  puppy,  three  weeks  old,  joins  the  chase  with  heart 
and  soul,  but  eaves  in  at  about  fifty  yards,  and  sits  him 
down  to  bark.  //.  Kingsley,  Geoffry  Hamlyn,  xxviii. 

cave2,  kave  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  leaved, 

ppr.  earing.  Luring.  [Sc.  also  heave,  ki  re.  <  ME. 
caven,  keven,  <  Norw.  hava,  throw,  toss,  snatch, 
move  the  hands  as  in  scattering,  stirring,  row- 
ing, etc.,  also  kaava,  snatch,  stir,  shake  (cf. 
kafsa  in  similar  sense),  appar.  a  particular  use 
of'or  confused  with  kava  =  Ieel.  leafa,  dip,  dive, 
swim,  plunge,  tr.  dip,  plunge,  refl.  dip,  dive, 
inipors.  sink,  founder,  also  der.  kefja,  <  Norw. 
kuv,  a  dive,  plunge,  the  sea,  the  deep,  also  stir, 
agitation,  quick  motion  of  the  hands,  =  Icel. 
leaf,  a  dive,  a  plunge,  poet,  the  deep,  the  sea. 
Hence  cavic".]  I.  trans.  1.  To  toss  or  pitch : 
as,  to  cave  hay. —  2.  To  toss  in  a  threatening  or 
haughty  manner:  as,  to  cave  the  horns  (said  of 
horned  cattle);  to  care  the  head. — 3.  To  clean 
(threshed  grain)  by  tossing  or  raking  (it)  on  a 
barn-floor  or  a  threshing-floor.  [Old  and  prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

And  nygh  it  make  a  place  high,  plain,  and  pure, 
When  nede  is  therto  cave  upon  thi  corne, 
This  wol  availle,  and  make  it  longe  endure. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  37. 

II. t  intrans.  1.  To  move;  rash. 
I  .  .  .  blusched  [looked  1  on  the  burghe  as  I  forth  dreued 

|  hastened] 
Bygonde  the  brok  fro  me  warde  keued. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  979. 

2.  To  sink ;  be  plunged  or  buried. 

Thou  wylne3  ouer  this  water  to  weue, 
Er  moste  thou  eeuer  to  other  counsayl, 
Thy  corse  in  clot  mot  calder  [colder]  keue. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  318. 

cave2,  kave  (kav),  n.  [<  cave2,  kave,  v.]  A  toss, 
as  of  the  head.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

cavea  (ka've-a),  n. ;  pi.  cavern  (-e).  [L.,  a  cage : 
see  cage,  cuve^.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans : 
(a)  A  cage  or  den  for  wild  beasts,  etc. ;  liter- 
ally, any  cavity  or  hollow  place.  (6)  In  gen- 
eral, the  auditorium  of  a  theater  or  amphithea- 


Odeum  of  Regilla.  Athe: 


ter:  so  called  from  its  concave  form,  and  by 
analogy  with  the  similar  application  by  the 
Greeks  of  the  word  noi'/ov,  a  hollow. 

A  very  rude  low  wall  divides  the  cavea,  cut  cutirely'out 
of  the  side  of  the  hill,  from  the  orchestra  below,  partly 
formed  on  made  ground,  and  another  runs  across  where 
the  Stage  should  be.  Atheieemn,   \o.  3084,  p.  751. 

[By  synecdoche,  the  word  cavea  was  often  used  to  denote 
the  whole  theater  or  amphitheater.] 

caveach  (ka-vech'),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  escdbeche, 
pickles,  souse,  sauce  for  fish.]  Pickled  mack- 
erel.    [West  Indian.] 


caveach 

caveach  (ka-vech'),  <'.  •  •    [<  caveach,  ».]    To 
pic]  ding  to  a  Wesl  Indian 

met  b 

caveae,  ».    Plural  of  i 
caveat  (ki  [L.,  let  him  bewart 

E,  pres.  subj.  of  cavere,  beware,  take 
1.  In  law,  a  notice  filed 
or  noted  in  a  ee  to  prevenl  some 

warning  to 

Hie  caveator,  or  person  making  the  caveat:  as, 

Bled  with  the  probate  court  against  the 

if  a  will.     \  ea<x  it  Bled  in  the  I  nited  States 

Invention  enti- 

ttionioi  b patent  foran  in- 

ring  invention  during  one  year,  while  he  is  perfecting 

In- 

2.  Figuratively,  intimation  of  caution;  warn- 
ing; admonition;  hint. 

the  enemie  re- 
i  to  make  anj  long  pursuit  after  him. 

Sakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  c>3. 
To  giue  a  ti  parents,  how  thej  might  bring 

their  children  vp  in  vert  tie. 

£;//;/,  Euphues,  Anat  of  Wit,  p.  122. 

pi  iity.  let  him  remember  that 

11  Beware  that  he  do  noi  forget  the  I  ord 

In- i .  Inat  "i  M'l-.  p.  s.- 

caveat  (ka've-at),  v.  i.    [<  caveat,  «.]    1.  To 

enter  a   caveat. —  2.  In  fencing,  to   shift  the 
rd  from  our  side  of  an  adversary's  sword 
to  tin'  other. 

caveator  (ka've-a-tor),  «.    [<  cm-cat  +  -or.] 
One  >■■  ho  enters  a  caveat, 
cave-bear  (kav'bar),  «.    A  fossil  bear,  Vrstts 
-.  of  tin    Quaternary  epoch,  contempo- 
rary with  man  in  the  r-.tvi-s  of  Europe, 
cave-cricket  (kav'krik  et),n.  A  cricket  of  the 
genus  Uadt  /metis,  inhabiting  caverns.     8.   li- 
lt ;'. 

cave-dweller  (kav'dwel'er),  n.     1.   One  who 

dwells  m  ii  im'.  r:  a  troglodyte;  specifically,  a 
member  of  the  prehistoric  race  of  men  who 
dwelt  in  natural  caves,  subsisting  on  shell-fish 
ami  wild  animals.  Many  of  thecaves  which  thej  in- 
habited contain  their  rude  implements  ami  sculptured 
rings,  together  with  animal  and  sometimes  human 
uperimposed  Layers,  separated  by  limestone  or 
other  deposits.    See  bone-cave.    Also  culled  caveman. 

our  knowledge  of  primitive  man  in  Europe,  during  the 
paleolithii  age,  is  mainly  confined  to  what,  has  been 
Learned  in  regard  to  the  life  and  habits  of  the  so-called 

Science,  III.  489. 
2.  jil.  leap.']  A  name  given  to  the  Bohemian 
Brethren  (which  see,  under  Bohemian  ),  because 
thej  hid  in  caves  to  escape  persecution. 
cave-fish  (kav'fish),  ».  A  fish  of  the  family 
Amblyonsida  thai  inhabits  eaves.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  all  viviparous,  some  of  them  blind,  inhabiting 
cave-streams  of  the  southern  and  western  United  states, 
as  Amblyopias  ept    i  Typhlichthys  subterraneua. 

'    ■■'.  ami  C.  cornutus,  of  the 
sane  indin  open  ditches  in  South  ran, Una. 

under  .1  mbl 
cave-hyena  (kav'hi-e*nii),  n.    A  species  of  fos- 
sil hyena.  Utjunu  sjnlatis,  remains  of  which  oc- 
cur in  bone-eaves. 

cave-keeper  (kav'ke'per),  n.    One  who  lives 
in  a  cave.     [  Bare.] 

I  thought  i  eper, 

Ami  i K  to  h -t  creatures. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 
cave-keeping  (kav'ke  ping),  a.    Dwelling  in  a 

:   hi. Men.      [Rare.] 

In  men.  as  in  a  rough-grown  grove,  remain 
evils  that  obscurerj 

Shaft.,   Llleleee,  1.  1250. 

cavel1,  cavil1,  kevel1,  kevil1  ( kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 

il),  a.    [Also  written  kavel,  and  Eormerly 

1  rhmi ;  <  ME.  'cavel (not  recorded  iii 

this  sense,  but  Bee  cavel?),  kevel,  kevil,  a  cleat, 

■up,  gag,  <  (1)  [eel.  kefli,  a  piece  of  « I   a 

sii.-k.  a   gag,  a  eylindi  r,   a    ten,   !,•  falso  i,, 

ff),  =  Norw.  kjevle,  a 

rider,  roller,  rolling-pin,  gag,  = 

■/.  a    small  roundish    } ,  1 1 1 . 

1'-'  i  ce,  a  bit,  a  ii  03  for  a  cable  or 

word-hilt),  =  Norw.  kavle,  ■■< 

roller,  cylinder,  rolling-pin,  gag,  kavl,  a  buoy 

for  a  cable  or  net,  =8w.  kafte,a  roller,  eylindi  r 

rolh  -le.  hilt,  =  MD.  I).  /«iW  =  JII,i;. 

=  >:.  kabel,  lot. 
lOrig.astickor  i 

-•J      It.    A  Ml  for  a  horse. 

I  brldel  [in/i  i  itralte 

2f.  A  Pe'  N 

Hwan  Grim  him  [Havelok]  haued.  la  ti  I idea, 

in  an  el. I  cloth  WOUI 
lllteh  fill   ni.v. 

That 

'.,  1.  54,r>. 

8.  \1111i..  a  large  clea  1  or  iron  to  which 

sheet-,  tacks,  or  braces  me  belayed.    Also  che- 


872 

vil.  /•.'.  Phillips,  1706. — 4.  A  stone-masons' ax, 
with  a  flat  face  lor  knocking  off  projecting 
angular  points,  and  a  pointed  peon  for  reducing 

a  surface  to  the  desired  form;  a  jedding-ax. — 
To  cast  the  cavel,  to  throw  the  hammer, 
cavel'-,  cavil'-',  kevel-,  kevilJ  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 
(d.  -ill,  «.  [<  ME.  cavel,  pi.  cntlis,  <  MD.  D. 
kavel  =  MLG-.  LQ.  kavel  =H.  kabel,  lot.  part, 
share:  seecatieZ*.]  It.  Originally,  the  stack  or 
rune-staff  used  in  casting  lots ;  alot:  as,  to  east 
cavels. 

O  we  eiiist  cavels  us  mining. 
William  trrti*rman  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  52). 

2.  A  part  or  share;  lot. 

No  one,  not  being  a  brother  of  the  gild,  shall  buy  wool, 
hides,  or  skins,  to  sell  again,  or  shall  cut  cloths,  save 
Btranger-merchants  in  the  course  of  trade,  such  a  one 
shall  have  neither  Lot  nor  Cavil  with  any  brother. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  342. 

3.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of  land.  [Obsolete 
or  provincial  in  both  senses.] 

cave-lion  (kav'li"on),  n.  A  lion  the  remains  of 
which  occur  in  European  bone-eaves.  It  is 
closely  related  to  if  not  identical  with  the  liv- 
ing lion,  Felis  leo. 

caveman  (kav'man),  «.;  pi.  cavemen  (-men). 
Same  us  ,',(,',  -,/»-.  lit  r,  1. 

The  bones  and  implements  of  the  Cave-Tnen  are  found 
in  association  u  ith  remains  of  the  reindeer  and  bison,  the 
arctic  fox,  the  mammoth,  and  the  woolly  rhinoceros, 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  45. 

cavendish  (kav'en-dish),  n.  [From  the  proper 
name  Cavendish.  ]  Tobacco  which  has  been 
softened,  pressed  into  quadrangular  cakes,  and 
sweetened  with  syrup  or  molasses,  for  chew- 
ing or  smoking.    Also  called  negro-head.— cat 

cavendish,  cavendish  tobacco  cut  into  small  shreds. 
cave-pika  (kav'pi"ka),  it.    A  kind  of  pika  or 
calling-hare,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  found 
in  bone-caves.     See  Lagomys. 
caver1  (ka'ver),  h.     [Uncertain.]     1.  A  person 
stealing  ore   from  the  mines  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  and  punishable  in  the  barmote  or 
miners'  court. —  2.  An  officer  belonging  to  the 
Derbyshire  mines. 
caver-,  kaver  (kav'er),  n.    A  gentle  breeze. 

[West  coast  id'  Scotland.] 
cavern  (kav'ern),  n.    [=  F.  eaverne  —  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  caverna,  <  L.  caverna,  <  cavus,  hollow: 
see  cave1,  «.]     A  large  natural  cavity  under  the 
surface  of  the  earth;  a  cave  ;  a  den. 

Where  wilt  thou  find  a  cavern  dark  enough 
To  mask  thy  monstrous  visage?     Shak:,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 
The  oracular  caverns  of  darkness. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 

cavern  (kav'em),  v.  t.  [<  cavern,  «.]  To  hollow 
out ;  form  like  a  cave  by  excavating :  with  out. 

But  I  find  the  gayest  castles  in  the  air  that  were  ever 
piled  far  better  for  comfort  and  for  use  than  the  dungeons 
in  the  air  that  are  daily  dug  and  cavemedout  by  grum- 
bling, discontented  people. 

Emerson,  Considerations  by  the  Way. 

cavemalt  (kav'er-nal),  a.      [<  cavern  +  -al.~\ 
Cavernous.     Faher." 
caverned  (kav'ernd),  a.   [<  cavern,  «.,  +  -cd2.] 

1.  Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms;  having  cav- 
erns; formed  like  a  cavern:  as,  "the  cavern'd 
ground,"  Philips. 

Beneath  the  caverned  clitf  they  fall. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  19. 

2.  Inhabiting  or  found  in  a  cavern:  as,  "cav- 
ern'd hermit."  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  42; 
"  run  run!  gems,"  Hi  minis,  A  Tale  of  the  Four- 
teenth Century. 

cavernicolous  (kav-er-nik'6-lus),  a.  [<  L.  co- 
rn run,  cavern,  4-  eolerc,  dwell  iii,  inhabit.]  In- 
habiting caverns;  dwelling  in  eaves. 

cavernose  (kav'er-nosl,  a.  Same  as  cavernous. 
M.  C,  I  ■null  . 

cavernous  (kav'er-nus),  a.  [=  F.  caverneux  = 
Pr.  caverno8=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cavernoso,  <  L.  caver- 
iinsits,  <  caverna,  a  cavern.]  1.  Formed  into  a 
cavern  or  caverns  :  containing  caverns  ;  hence, 
deeply  hollowed  out;  deep-sol  :  as,  can  limns. 
mountains  or  rocks  ;  cavernous  eyes. —  2.  Filled 
with  small  cavities,  as  it  sponge;  reticulated; 
honeycombed.  Applied  in  anatomy  to  vessels  or  vas- 
cular structures  in  which  the  bi I  vessels  are  traversed 

bj   numerous  trabecules  dividing  them  up,  or  m  which 
''in  frequent  and  close  anastomoses  with  i  au 

"Mi'i.      In  either  ease  a  structure  of  sponge  like  tevliin 

Cavernous  bodies  (corvora  cavernosa), 
the  lueiih  vascular  and  nervous  Qbrocellular  structures 
which  .  nil-  .  il,.  greatei  em  of  the  erectile  ti  ue  ..t 
the  pen  and  of  the  clitoris,  the  rest  being  known  as  the 
tybody.  Cavernous  groove,  in  mint.,  the  carotid 
groove  (which  see,  under  carotid).  Cavernous  nerves, 
n  ■  from  the  prostatic  plexus,  and  distributed 
tothi  tvernous  tissue  of  the  penis.     Cavern- 

ous rale,  a  gurgling  ralesomi  timi    heard  in  auscultation 

i      nonary  cavity  of  considerable  size,  est lallyin 

lie  .avity  i»  partly  filled  with  liquid, 
through  which  the  air  bubbles  as  it  enters.— Cavernous 


cavicorn 

respiration,  the  respiratory  sounds  sometimes  heard  in 
auscultation  over  a  cavity  in  a  lung.  The  inspiration  is 
blowing,  neither  vesicular  nor  tubular  in  quality,  and 
lower  in  pitch  than  tubular  breathing;  the  expiration  is 

el  Ibe  same  quality  as  the  inspiration,  but  lower  ill  pitch. 

—  Cavernous  sinus,  a  venous  sinus  of  the  cranial  cavity, 
lying  on  the  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  It  re- 
el oe-  the  ophthalmic  vein  in  front,  and  communicates 
with  tlie  cavernous  Minis  of  the  other  side  through  the 
transverse  ami  circular  sinuses.— Cavernous  texture, 
in  geol.,  that  texture  of  aggregated  compound  rocks  which 
is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  numerous  small  cavi- 
ties, as  in  lava.-  Cavernous  tissue,  tin  substance  of 
tin  cavernous  bodies  of  the  penis  ami  clitoris.— Cavern- 
ous whisper,  in  auscultation,  whispering  resonance  as 
modified  by  transmission  through  a  cavity,  characterized 
by  a  non-tubular  blowing  quality  of  low  pitch. 

Cavernularidae  (kav'er-nu-lar'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <   Cavermilaria,  the  typical  genus  (<  L. 

in  rrr  mi  In    I  see   an  i  milt   1    +    -urn  I  .,   +  -it  In  .  |       A 

family  of  veretillous  pennatuloid  polyps  with 
long  calcareous  bodies. 

cavernule  (kav'er-nul),  >?.  [<  L.  ctircrnula, 
dim.  of  caverna,  a  cavern.]    A  small  cavity. 

cavernulous  (ka-ver'nu-lus),  a.  [<  cavernule 
+  -oils.]  Full  of  little  cavities;  alveolar:  as, 
cavernulous  metal. 

cavesson,  ».    See  cavezon. 

cave-swallow  (kav'swol"6),  n.  A  West  Indian 
swallow,  Hiritndo  pceciloma,  which  affixes  its 
nest  of  mud  to  the  roofs  and  walls  of  caves. 

cave-tiger  (kav'ti"ger),  n.  A  species  of  fossil 
tiger  or  jaguar,  Felis  spelmis,  remains  of  which 
occur  in  the  bone-caves  of  South  America. 

cavetto  (ka-vet'o),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  cavo,  hollow: 
see  cave1,  «.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  molding,  containing  at  least 
the  quadrant  of  a  circle,  used  in  cornices,  be- 
tween the  tori  of  bases,  etc. —  2.  In  decorative 
art,  a  hollow  or  recessed  pattern :  the  reverse 
of  relief  and  rilievo.  -  in  cavetto,  said  of  any  design 
stamped  or  impressed,  and  differing  from  iitttnilitt  in  not 
being  incised  as  with  a  sharp  instrument.  Thus,  a  design 
impressed  in  tiles,  clay,  or  plaster  is  properly  said  to  be 
in  cavetto.  The  field  may  also  be  recessed,  with  a  device 
in  relief  upon  it,  as  in  the  style  of  work  known  as  cavo- 
Hlievo ;  in  this  case  the  field  is  said  to  be  in  cavetto. 

A  design  in  relief  was  impressed  upon  them,  leaving  the 
ornamental  pattern  in  cavetto. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p.  412. 

cavey,  ".     See  cavU  l. 

cavezon,  cavesson  (kav'e-zon,  -son),  «.  [For- 
merly also  ctirnsstiit  ;  <  F.  cartssnn,  cnvectiii,  <  It. 
cavezzone,  aug.  of  cavezza,  a  halter,  =  OF.  che- 
rt a  ,  neck,  =  Pr.  cabeissa,  wig,  =  Sp.  cabeza  =  Pg. 
cabega,  head,  <  L.  caput,  head:  see  caput,  and 
cf.  cabeca.']  A  sort  of  nose-band  of  iron,  leather, 
or  wood,  sometimes  flat  and  sometimes  hollow 
or  twisted,  which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horse 
to  wring  it,  in  order  to  facilitate  breaking  him. 
Also  called  causson. 

Cavia  (ka'vi-a),  ».  [NL.  and  Pg.,  from  native 
Indian  name,  >  E.  cavy.~\  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Caviidce  and  subfamily  ('uriiutc,  con- 
taining the  cavies  proper,  as  the  guinea-pig. 
See  cavy,  Caviidce. 

cavian  (ka'vi-an),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cavien  ;  <  Co- 
vin + -an.]     1.   a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  the  family 
Caviidce. 
II.  a.  One  of  the  cavies;  a  caviid. 

caviar,  caviare  (kav-i-Sr'or  ka-ver'),  n.  [Also 
formerly  caviary  ;  =  D.  kaviaar  =  G.  Dan.  Sw. 
kaviar,  <  F.  caviar,  formerly  cavial,  <  It.  caviale, 
formerly  also  caviaro,  =  Sp.  caviar,  caviar,  ca- 
binl,  sausage  made  with  caviar,  =  Pg.  caviar, 
cavial,  caviar  (ML.  caviarium,  NGr.  naftiapt), 
<  Turk,  havydr,  caviar  ;  said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin. The  Russ.  name  is  ilra.~\  A  preparation 
for  the  table  of  the  roe  of  certain  large  fish  pre- 
served by  salting.  The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of 
tic  st.ilet,  sturgeon,  sevriiga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the 
lakesand  rivers  ..f  Hussia.  Caviar  was  regarded  asadeli- 
cacy  too  refined  to  be  appreciated  by  the  vulgar  taste; 
hence  Shakspere's  application  of  the  word  to  a  play  which 
tile  vulgar  could  not.  relish. 

Twas  caviare  to  the  general.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

A  pill  of  caviary  now  and  then, 

WhiCh    bleeds  eholcr  lliltist. 

Fletcher  (and  anothei ).  Love's  Cure,  iii.  2. 
The  eggs  of  a  sturgeon,  being  salted,  and  made  up  into 
a  mass,  were  first  Brought  from  Constantinople  by  the 
Italians  and  called  caviare,                    \    Grew,  Museum. 
Hark  ye  !  a  rasherof  bacon,  on  thy  life  !  and  some  pick- 
led sturgeon,  and  soure  Lai  ut  and  caviar,  and  g 1  strong 

hei    -  Lantltir,  l'cter  the  I  ircat. 

caviaryt,  »■     Same  as  caviar. 

cavicorn  ikav'i-korn),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  cavi* 
enruis,  <  I,,  citrus,  hollow  (see  run1),  +  COrnu 
=  E.  Itnrii.']  I.  a.  Hollow-horned,  as  a  rumi- 
nant ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cavi- 
cniiiia. 

II.    n.    A  hollow-horned  ruminant;   specifi- 
cally, one  of  the  Cavicnrnia. 


Cavicornia 

Cavicornia  (kav-i-kdr'ni-H,),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Tlli- 
ger,  1^11),  neut.  pi.  of  cavicornis:  see  cavi- 
cion.]  The  hollow-horned  ruminants  consid- 
ered as  a  family  or  other  zoological  group  of 
mammals,  contrasting  with  the  solid-horned 
ruminants,  or  deer,  Cervidas.  The  Cavicornia  are 
the  oxen,  slurp,  goats,  and  antelopes  :  and  tin  group  is 
exactly  conterminous  with  Bovidce  in  the  now  current  ex- 
tended Bense  of  the  latter  term.  The  horns  are  perma- 
nent and  two  or  four  in  number,  appear  in  both  sexes  or 
in  the  male  only,  ami  consist  of  a  sheath  of  horn  upon  a 
bony  core  formed  by  a  process  of  the  frontal  bone.  The 
pronghorn  of  North  America,  Antilocapra  americana,  is 
anomalous,  having  horns  of  this  description  and  being 
thus  truly  cavieorn,  yet  shedding  its  horns  annually  like 
a  deer. 

Cavidae  (kav'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Cavia  +  -idee.'] 
Same  as  Caviidce. 
cavie1,  cavey  (ka'vi),  n.    [Sc,  =  D.  hevie  =  G. 

ktijig,  ktit'e,  I  )II(.t.  cht eia.i  ML  carta  for  L.  COW  8, 

a  cage,  a  cave :  see  cave1  and  cage."]   A  hencoop. 

Ahint  the  chicken  cavie.  Burns,  Jolly  Beggars. 

cavie2  (ka'vi ),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carted,  ppr.  ca- 
vying.  [Sc.:  see  caw2.]  1.  To  rear  or  prance, 
as  a  horse. — 2.  To  toss  the  head,  or  to  walk 
with  an  airy  and  affected  step.  Jamieson.  See 
cave2,  v.  t.,  2. 

caviid  (kav'i-id),  re.  A  rodent  of  the  family 
Cariitla; 

Caviidae  (ka-vi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caria  + 
-idte.]  A  family  of  hystricomorphic  sirnpliei- 
dent  mammals,  of  the  order  Bodentia  or  GrUrt  s, 
peculiar  to  South  America  ;  the  cavies.  Exclud- 
ing the  capibara  as  type  of  a  separate  family  Hydrochazri- 
das,  the  Caviid/t:  are  characterized  by  comparatively  sin. it 
incisors  and  by  other  dental  and  cranial  peculiarities,  im- 
perfect clavicles  (commonly  said  to  be  wanting),  very  short 
or  rudimentary  tail,  uncleft  upper  lip.  and  4  toed  fore 
feet  and  3-toed  hind  feet,  both  ending  in  somewhat  hoof- 
like claws.  The  leading  genera  are  Cnein  and  Ihiliclmtis. 
See  cacti.     Also,  less  correctly,  Caviados,  Cavidos. 

Caviinse  (kav-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-inte.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  the  family 
Caviidce,  containing  the  cavies  proper,  when 
the  giant  cavy  or  capibara  is  retained  in  the 
family:  equivalent  to  Caviidce without  the  ge- 
nus Hytlvochtcvus. 

caviine  (kav'i-in),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
cavies  or  Caviidce. 

cavil1,  n.     See  caveV-. 

cavil2,  a.     See  carel'2. 

cavil3  (kav'il),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caviled  or  cav- 
illed, ppr.  caviling  or  cavilling.  [<  OF.  cavil- 
ler =  Sp.  cavilar  =  Pg.  cavillar  =  II.  cavillare, 
<  L.  cavillari,  jeer,  mock,  quibble,  cavil,  <  ca- 
villa,  also  cavillum,  a  jeering,  scoffing.]  I.  in- 
trant. To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  objec- 
tions; find  fault  without  good  reason;  carp: 
frequently  followed  by  at. 

But  in  tile  way  of  bargain,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  tlie  ninth  pari  of  a  hair. 

Shak..  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Let's  fight  it  out,  and  not  stand  cavilling  thus. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
He  says  much  that  many  may  dispute, 
And  cavil  at  with  ease,  but  none  refute. 

Cowper,  Truth. 

Il.t  trans.  To  receive  or  treat  with  objec- 
tions ;  find  fault  with. 

Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good, 
Then  cavil  the  conditions?  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  Vat). 

cavil3  (kav'il),  ii.  [<  cavil3,  v.  Cf.  L.  cavilla, 
n.]  A  captious  or  frivolous  objection;  an  ex- 
ception taken  for  the  sake  of  argument ;  a  carp- 
ing argument. 

That's  but  a  cavil;  he  is  old,  I  young. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
The  cavils  of  prejudice  and  unbelief.  South. 

I  cannot  enlarge  on  every  point  which  brings  convic- 
tion to  my  own  mind,  nor  answer  at  length  every  cavil  or 
even  every  serious  argument. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  I.ects.,  p.  181. 

caviler,  caviller  (kav'il-er),  n.  One  who  cav- 
ils; one  who  is  apt  to  .raise  captious  objec- 
tions ;  a  carping  disputant. 

Socrates  held  all  philosophers  caviler*  and  madmen. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  167. 

The  candour  which  Horace  shows  is  that  which  distin- 
guishes a  critick  from  a  caviller.  Addi.^m,  i  luardian. 

caviling,  cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  cavil3,  v.]  The  act  of  raising  captious  and 
frivolous  objections;  an  objection  of  a  cap- 
tious nature:  as,  "cavillings  and  menacings," 
Jer.  Taylor  (?).  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  66. 

caviling,  cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
cavil3,  v.]  Raising  frivolous  objections ;  fault- 
finding. =  Syn.  Carving,  etc.    See  captious. 

cavilingly,  cavillingly  (kav'il-ing-li),  adv.  In 
a  caviling  manner. 

cavillationt  (kav-i-la ' shon),  it.  [ME.  cavilla- 
cioun,  carilaciun,  <  OF.  cavillacion,cavillaUcm  = 
F.  cavillation  =  Pr.  cavilltatio  =  Sp.  earilacion 


873 

=  Pg.  earillaetio  =  It.  cavilla.rione,  <  L.  carilta- 
tin{n-),  <  cavillari,  pp.  cavillatus  :  sec  cavil3,  ».] 
The  act  or  practice  of  caviling  or  raising  cap- 
tious objections;  ■<  caviling  or  quibbling  ob- 
jection or  criticism. 

Withouten  fraude  or  caviUacio 

Chancer,  Summoncr's  Talc,  1.  128. 
Who  should  doe  thus.  I  colil'esse.  should  requite  the  oli- 

iertions  made  against  Poets,  with  like  cauillations  against 
Philosophers.  Sir  /'.  Sidney,  \\»>\.  for  Poetrie. 

Parma  siguilled  his  ennseiil  to  make  use  .if  that  treaty 
as  a  basis,  provided  always  it  were  interpn  ted  healthily, 
and  not  dislocated  by  cttvulations  and  sinister  interpreta- 
tions." Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  111.  420. 

caviller,  cavilling,  etc.    See  caviler,  etc. 

caviloust,  cavilloust  (kav'il-us),  a.  [<L.  cavil- 
losus,(  ftirtila  :  Bee cavil?, re.]  Captious;  apt  in 
object  or  criticize  without  good  reason ;  quib- 
bling.    Ayliffe.     [Rare.] 

cavilouslyt, cavillouslyt ( kav 'il-us-li ), adv.  In 
a  cavilmis  or  carping  manner;  captiously:  as, 
" cavittously  urged,"  Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with 
Irish.     [Hare.] 

cavilousnesst,  cavillousnesst  (kav'il-us-nes), 
ii.  Captiousness ;  disposition  or  aptitude  to 
raise  frivolous  objections.     [Rare.] 

cavin(kav'in),  u.  [<  F.  eavin,  <  care,  <  L.  cavus, 
hollow:  see  carel,  eagre.]  Milit.,  a  hollow  way 
or  natural  hollow,  adapted  to  cover  troops  and 
facilitate  their  approach  to  a  place. 

caving-rake  (ka,  ving-rak),  n.  [<  caving-s  + 
rafce.]  In  injri..  a  lake  for  separating  the  chaff 
or  cavings  from  grain  spread  out  on  a  barn- 
floor  or  a  threshing-floor.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cavings  (kii'vingz),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  caring,  verbal 
n.  of  care2,  v.]  The  short  broken  straw  sepa- 
rated from  threshed  grain  by  means  of  the  ca- 
ving-or  barn-rake;  chaff.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Cavitaria  (kav-i-ta'ri-S),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  "caeitarius :  see  cavitary.']  In  Cinder's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  intestinal 
worms,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Entosoa;  the 
( 'a  It  hnintha  of  Owen.     See  cavitary,  a.,  2. 

cavitary  (kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  *cavi- 
tarins,  <  L.  as  if  *cavitas;  see  cavity  +  -ary1.'] 

1.  a.  1.  Hollow;  caval;  cavernous;  having  a 
cavity;  specifically,  in  bid.,  eoelomatous ;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  coelorna,  or  the  perivisceral 
space  or  body-cavity ;  having  a  body-cavity. 

Certain  portions  of  the  hollow  cavitary  system,  which 
forms  the  haMnal  passages,  are  converted  into  contractile 
vessels  by  the  development  of  muscles  in  their  walls. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  51. 

2.  Having  an  enteric  cavity  or  intestinal  tract ; 
enteric;  intestinal.  Formerly  specifically  applied  to 
Hi.  cavitaries,  or  certain  intestinal  parasitic  worms  (in- 
testinal in  the  sense  of  having  an  intestine  of  their  own, 
not  as  inhabiting  the  intestines  of  other  animals),  as  the 
threadworms  or  Nematoidea,  as  distinguished  from  the 
anenterous  worms,  as  the  tapeworms  and  flukes,  which 
have  no  intestinal  cavity. 

II.  ii.  A  worm  or  entozodn  having  an  in- 
testinal canal  in  a  distinct  abdominal  cavity ; 
one  of  the  Cavitaria. 

cavitied  (kav'i-tid),  a.  [<  cavity  +  -ed2.']  Hav- 
ing cavities ;  specifically,  having  an  intestinal 
cavity;  cavitary,  as  the  nematoid  worms  or  cav- 
itaries.    Owen. 

cavity  (kav'i-ti),  it. ;  pi.  cavities  (-tiz).  [<  F. 
cavite  =  Sp.  cavidad  =  Pg.  caritlade  =  It.  cari- 
ta,<  L.  as  if  *cavitas,  <  cavus,  hollow :  seecw<i.] 
1.  A  hollow  place  ;  ahollow;  a  void  or  empty 
space  in  a  body:  as,  the  abdominal  cavity;  the 
thoracic  cavity;  the  cavity  of  the  mouth. —  2f. 
The  state  of  being  hollow;  hollowness. 
The  cavity  or  hollowness  of  the  place. 

Goodwin,  Works,  III.  565. 
Amniotic  cavity,  see  amniotic.— Arachnoid  cavity, 
an  old  name  for  the  subdural  space.— Axial  cavity,  bran- 
chial cavity,  buccal  cavity,  see  the  adjectives.— 
Cleavage  cavity.  See  cleavage.— Consonating  cavi- 
ties. See  consonating.  -  Digital  cavity,  hemal  cavity, 
medullary  cavity,  etc.    see  the  adjectives. 

cavruna-'WOOd  (kav-i-6'na-wud),  ».  A  species 
of  rosewood  obtained  from  Dalbergia  nigra,  a 
tall  leguminous  tree  of  Brazil. 

Cavolinia  (kav-o-lin'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Cavolini, 
an  Italian  naturalist.]'  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  CavolinOda}:  sy- 
nonymous with  Hyalcea.  C. 
tridentata  is  an  example. 

cavoliniid  (kav-o-lin'i-id),  n. 
A  pteropod  of  the  family 
Cavoliniitla; 

Cavoliniidae  (kav  *  6  -  li  -  ni '  i  - 

de),  n.pl.     [NL.  (D'Orbigny, 

1842),  <    Cavolinia   +    -idee.] 

A  family  of  thecosomatous 

pteropods  with  large  lobate  tins,  an  abdominal 

branchial  pouch,  no  operculigerous  lobe,  three 

rows  of  teeth,  the   lateral   unciform,  and  an 


Cavolinia  tridentata. 


Caxton 

inoperculati'  non-spiral  symmetrical  shell:  sy- 
nonymous  with  Hyalandce. 

cavdlinlte (kav-6-le'nit),  «.  [(.Cavolini, an  Ital- 
ian naturalist,  +  -/'<'J.  ]    Sunn-  as  nephelite. 

cavo-rilievo  (ka'vo-re-Iya'vo),  ».     [It.,  <  ccvoo, 

hollow,  +  n/e  ro,  relief:  see  cor,  1  ninl  relief.   Cf. 

alto-rilievo,  basso-rilievo,  bas-relief.]  in  sculp., 
a  kind  of  relief  in  which  Die  highest  surface  is 
level  with  the  plane  of  the  original  stone,  which 

is  left  around  the  out  lines  of  the  design.  Sculp- 
ture of  this  kind  is  much  employed  in  the  decorati I 

tie  walls  of  Egyptian  temples.     Also  written  actio  rei 
and  also  called  ccelanaglyphic  sculpture. 

Porpbvritie  monoliths,  skilfully  filled  in  caVO  relievo  with 
symbolic  groups.  Eneye.  Amer.,  I.  281. 

cavort  (ka-vort'),  r.i.     [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  client.]    1.  To  curvet;  prance  about:  said 
of  a  horse.    Hence — 2.  To  bustle  about  nim- 
bly or  eagerly :  said  of  a  person.    [Amer.  slang.  ] 
They  (the  soldiers]  have  cavorted  around  the  suburbs  in 

sufficient  i ibera  t"  pillage  with  impunity. 

Richmond  Dispatch,  copied  in  N.  V.  Herald,  June  9, 1862. 

cavum(ka'vum).  «.;  pi.  cava  (-vS).  [L.,  neut. 
of  cirus,  hollow:  see  cave1.]  In  anat.,  ahollow; 
the  cavity  of  any  organ :  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  the  cavities  or  sinuses  of  the  heart, 
with  a  Latin  adjective. 

In  all  Reptilia,  except  crocodiles,  there  is  but  one  ven- 
tricular cavity  [of  the  heart],  though  it  may  lie  divided 
more  or  less  distinctly  intoa  cavum  venosum  and  a  catmm 
arterieswm.  .  .  .  The  aortic  arches  and  the  pulmonary 
artery  all  arise  from  the  cavum  m  nosum,  era  special  sub- 
division  of  that  cavity  called  the  cavum  pulmonale. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  88. 

cavy  (ka'vi), »(. ;  pi.  cavies  (-viz).     [See  Cavia.] 

A  rodent  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  family  Caviidm. 
There  are  several  Bpecies,  ol  which  the  guinea-pig.  C.  co- 
bat/a,  is  the  best  known.— Giant  cavy,  or  water-cavy, 
the  capibara  (which  see).— Mountain  cavy,  Cavia  bolivi- 
ensi8. — Patagonian  cavy,  or  mara,  Volichotis  patacho- 
nica.—  Restless  cavy,  Cavia  ape  tea.— Rock-cavy,  Cavia 
rupestris,  of  Brazil.— Southern  cavy,  Cavia  australis. 
caw1,  kaw  (ku),  r. /.  [Formerly  also  kaa ;  imi- 
tative of  the  sound.  Similar  imitative  forms 
occur  in  many  and  diverse  languages  to  ex- 
press the  cry  of  or  as  a  name  for  the  crow  and 
other  corvine  birds.  Cf .  croak,  and  see  caddow, 
coe1,  chough,  and  daw2.]  To  cry  like  a  crow, 
rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 

Like  a  jackdaw,  that  when  he  lights  upon 
A  dainty  morsel,  kaa'i;  and  makes  his  brag. 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iii.  1. 
The  building  rook  'ill  caw  from  the  windy  tall  elm-tree, 
And  the  tufted  plover  pipe  along  the  fallow  lea. 

V,  nnyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

caw1,  kaw  (ka),  re.  [<  caw1,  Ian-,  v.]  The  cry 
of  the  crow,  rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 

caw2  (ku),  r.  t.  [Sc,  =  ca2.]  To  drive  :  as,  to 
caw  a  nail ;  to  caw  cattle  to  market.  Often  ab- 
breviated to  ca'.  [Scotch.]  —To  caw  one's  hogs 
to  the  hill,  to  snore. 

cawass,  n.    See  cavass. 

cawchiet,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  causeway. 

cawf,  n.     See  com/. 

cawk,  «.     See  catilA,  1. 

cawker  (ka'ker),  ».     Same  as  c<///,:!. 

cawky,  a.     See  canlnj. 

cawlt,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  caul1. 

cawney,  cawny  (k§/ni),  u.  [E.  Ind.]  A  mea- 
sure of  land  used  in  some  parts  of  India,  and 
varying  slightly  according  to  locality.  In  the 
Madras  presidency  it  is  equal  to  1.322  acres. 

cawquaw  (ka'kwa),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.  name.] 
The  urson,  or  Canadian  porcupine,  Erethi-oit 
dorsatum,  whose  spines  are  often  used  for  or- 
namentation by  the  Indians.  Its  chief  food  consists 
of  living  bark,  which  it  strips  from  the  branches  as  cleanly 
as  if  a  sharp  knife  had  been  used.  It  begins  u  ith  the  high- 
est branches  and  eats  its  way  regularly  down,  one  caw- 
quaw will  destroy  a  hundred  trees  in  a  single  season.  See 
cut  under  porcupine. 

caxo,  caxon1  (kak'so,  -son),  n.  [<  Sp.  cajon,  for- 
merly caxon,  a  chest  (=  Pg.  caixSo  =  F.  cais- 
son =  It.  cassone:  see  caisson  ami  cassoon),  ting. 
of  caja,  formerly  cax-a  =  Pg.  eaijca,  a  chest.  = 
E.  case2,  q.  v.]  A  chest  of  burnt  and  ground 
ores.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

caxon2  (kak'son),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old 
cant  term  for  a  wig. 

He  had  two  wigs,  both  pedantic,  but  of  different  omen. 
The  one  serene,  smiling,  fresh  powdered,  betokening  a 
mild  day.  The  other,  an  old,  discoloured,  unkempt,  angry 
en. em/,  denoting  frequent  and  bloody  execution. 

harrtb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton).  re.  The  name  applied toany 
book  printed  by  William  Caxton  (died  1491  or 
1492),  originally  an  English  merchant  in  the 
Netherlands,  who  in  advanced  age  learned  the 
art  of  printing  and  introduced  it  into  England. 
The  Caxtona  are  all  in  black-letter.  The  "  RecuyeO  of  the 
Historyesof  Troye," translated  from  the  French  and  print- 
ed by  Caxton  either  at  Bruges  or  Cologne,  probably  in  1474, 


A  Device  of  William  Caxton. 

■  the  initials 

of  Ins  name.      The  rude  fonn 

of  the  figures  74.  in  the  center, 

is  supposed  to  mem  the  yeai 

he  began  as  a  print- 

■ 

me  as  Sane- 

ne.  the  city 

the  one  in  which  be 

■   .  by  others 

.  n  i  it. \  tor.fi,  the  seal 

From  Hansard's 

;  tphia."  ' 


Caxton 

■  iphyintheEng- 

tin  Chi  ssi ,  printed 

,  punted, and 

of  the 

Phil 

:it  Westmii 

printed 
in  England  known 

publications  printed    by   hnu 
from  HT4  to  1490  includ 

i  them 
by   bimsell 
.  i  itch, 
cay  (ka),  n.   [<  Sp. 
E.  usually  written  key: 
.   quay.']     S 
[Bare.] 
it-  ii  * 
long  cay,  called  Hog   Island, 
which  stretches  forthre* 

■   about  halt 
a  mile  from  the  sh 

Fori  N.  S., 

'   [XXXIX.  176. 

caya  (ka'yji),  »•  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of 
satu  w 1  from  San  Domingo. 

cayagiumt,  n.  [ML. J  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  toll 
or  duty  exacted  by  the  king  for  landing  goods 
at  a  quay. 

Cayenne' pepper.    Seepepper. 

Cayleyan  (ka'lf-an),  ».  L<  Cayley  (see  def.) 
+  -an.]  In  ninth. ,  a  curve  of  the  sixth  order 
and  third  class,  invented  by  the  English  mathe- 
matician Arthur  Cayley  (is;,:;),  and  called  by 
him  the  pippian.  It  is  the  envelop  of  the  pairs 
of  right  lines  which  constitute  polar  conies  rela- 
tive to  any  cubic  curve. 

Cayley's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cayman  (ka'man),  n.    [<  Sp.  camam='Pg. cai- 
=  P.    caiman  :    from   the  native   Guiana 
name.]     A  name  applied  popularly  to  the  alli- 
-  oi   the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
Bui  properlj  onlj  to  '  rocodilus  or  Caiman  piil- 
rosus  and  C.  trigonatus  (Cuvier).     See  alli- 
gator. 

caynardt,  kaynardt,  "•  [ME.]  A  wretch;  a 
rascal;  a  good-for-nothing. 

cayote  I  ka-yo'te),  n.    Same  as  coyote. 

caytivet,  a.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff. 

cayuse  iki-iis'i.  «.  [Amer. Ind. name.]  Apony 
oi  small  horse;  specifically,  an  Indian  pony  of 

tin   i uliar  breed  formerly  in  use  among  tho 

'  use  Indians  of  the  northern  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    [Northwestern  U.  S.] 

With  one  lasl  w  icked  shake  oi  the  head  the  vrirycayuse 
breaks  into  I  and  away  go  horse  and  rider. 

Horpl  is  Mini.,  LXXI.  190. 

A  common  Indian  pony  is  called  a  cayuse,one  of  the  few 

t  tvi  inherited  from  the  tribes.    It 

■  I  in  a  deprecial  ive  sense,  i •  < ■  i 1 1 u  applied 

toanypoor,  broken-down  jade.  /.  Swinburne. 

cazi,  cauzi  (k&'zi),  n.  [Variously  written  cau- 
-V.  i .  ./.-  1 1  .  etc,  inn re  preeiseh  l.il :/, 

Hind.  dial,  kaji,  repr.  Turk,  qadi,  qdzi,  Ar.  qadi 
(palatal  •'.  resembling  .:•),  a  judge,  the  source 
of  E.  kadi  and  alcalde,  q.  v.]  One  of  two 
high  officers  of  the  Turkish  government  who 
preside  in  the  high  COurf  Of  .Moslem  sacred  law 
at  Constantinople,  and  arc  tin-  next  ill  author- 
ity i  ) i  ill  Islam,  who  is  tho  chief  re- 
ligious and  doctrinal  authority. 

cazimitk.i  [Perhaps  of  Ar.  origin: 

cf.  Ar.  i/niti.  heart,  shams,  sun.  ]  In  astrol.,  the 
heart  of  the  sun  :  the  part  of  the  zodiac  within 
17  minutes  of  the  center  of  the  sun. 

cazique  (ka-zek'),  n.    See  cacique. 

cazo   Sp.  pron.  ka'tho),  ».     [Sp.,  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin, from   same  ult .  source  as   E.  kettle:  see 
erote  and  kettle.]    A  copper  vessel  or  cal- 
dron in  which  ores  of  silver  are  treated  in  the 
hot  process. 

cazzon  (kaz'on),  n.    Si  ings. 

Cb.    The  chemical  symbol  for  columbium. 

C.  B.  An  abbreviation  of  Companion  of  the 
Bath.    See  bath1. 

C.  C.    An  abbreviation  oi  County  Commis 
ourt. 

C.  C.  P.  An  abbreviation  of  Court  of  Common 
I'll  as. 

Cd.    The  chemical  Bymbol  for  cadmium. 

cd.     In  """'..  an  abbreviation  used  in  vertebral 
alas  for  •  as,  cd,  12 

. 

-ce1.    [<  ME. 

A  disguised  modern  spelling  of  thi    genitive 

in  hence, 

thence,  whence,  once,  twice,  thn         rn   sly 

led  -ii  in  conformity  with  thai  termination 
in  word*  in.    See  -ce2,  -a 

-ce-.    [<Mi;.  -,-c    sir  i-...:.-.|    A.disi 

ding  (a)  of  original  final  -s  (of  the  root;  in 


874 

ice,  advice,  device,  etc.,  and  the  plurals  lice, 
mia  .  or  (6;  of  the  original  plural  sums  -sP,  -es2, 

in  din;  jit  nn  :  erroneously  spelled  -ce  in  con- 
formiiy  with  that  termination  in  words  of 
French  origin.    See  -ce3,  ete. 

-ce;i.  [ME.  -ce,  often  -se,  <  OF.  -ce,  <  L.  -Uus, 
-tin,  -Hum,  or  -cius,  -nn,  -ciiini,  as  in  terUus, 
tertia,  tertium,  jusUtia,  solatium,  etc.]  The 
terminal  element  of  many  words  derived 
through  French  from  Latin,  as  in  tierce,  justice, 
solace,  absence,  etc.,  occurring  especially  in 
the  suffixes  -ace,  -ice,  -ance  (which  see).  See 
also  -cm. 

-ce4.  A  termination  of  other  origin  than  as 
above,  particularly  in  fence,  defence,  offence, 
jireti  nee,  expi  nee,  etc.  The  first  remains  unchanged  ; 
ilir  last  is  now  always  and  the  others  are  frequently,  ac- 
cording to  their  etymology  (,-ense,  <  F.  -awe,  <  L.  -ensa), 
spelled  with  s. 

Ce.     The  chemical  symbol  for  cerium. 

C.  E.     An  abbreviation  of  Civil  Engineer. 

Cean  (se'an),  n.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ceus,  pertaining 
to  (  iii  (Gr.  K  ..I',  later  K«i).  Ilow  Zia,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  the  birthplace  of  Simonides.]  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Grecian  island  of  Ceos: 
specifically  applied  to  the  poet  Simonides,  born 
in  Ceos  in  the  sixth  century  B.  c. 
II.  ii.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ceos. 

CeanothllS  (se-a-no'thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
KeavoOoc,  a  name  applied  by  Theophrastus  to 
a  kind  of  thistle.]  A  genus  of  rhamnaceous 
shrubs,  natives  of  North  America,  and  espe- 
cially of  California.  They  are  free  bloomers,  and  si  ime 
species  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament.  The 
leaves  uf  the  common  species  of  the  Atlantic  States,  C. 
Americanus,  known  as  New  Jersey  tea  or  red-root,  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  root  is  a  useful 
astringent  and  furnishes  a  reddish  dye.  The  blue  myrtle 
of  California,  C.  thyrsijtorus,  becomes  a  small  tree. 

cease  (ses),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ceased,  ppr.  ceas- 
ing.  [<  ME.  ceesen,  cesen  (also  cessen,  sessen, 
whence  obs.  cess1,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cesser,  F.  cesser 
=  Pr.  cessur,  sessar  =  Sp.  ccsar  =  Pg.  cessar  = 
It.  censure,  <  L.  cessarr,  loiter,  go  slowly,  cease, 
freq.  of  cairn;  pp.  cess  its,  go  away,  withdraw, 
yield:  see  cede]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  mov- 
ing, acting,  or  speaking;  leave  off;  give  over; 
desist;  come  to  rest:  followed  by  from  before 
a  noun:  as,  cease  from  anger,  labor,  strife. 

lie  walketh  round  about  from  place  to  place  and  ceas- 

eth  imt.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

We  cease  to  grieve,  cease  to  be  fortune's  slaves, 

Nay,  cease  to  die  by  dying.     Webster,  White  Devil,  v.  2. 

The  lives  of  all  who  cease  from  combat,  spare.    Dryden. 

The  ministers  of  Christ  have  ceased  from  their  Labors. 

Bp.  Sprat. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end ;  terminate  ;  become  ex- 
tinct ;  pass  away :  as,  the  wonder  ceases ;  the 
storm  has  ceased. 

Fur  naturall  affection  soone  doth  cesse, 
And  quenched  is  with  Cupids  greater  name. 

Spenser,  F.  q.,  IV.  ix.  2. 
I  would  make  the  remembrance  of  them  to  cease  from 
amongmen.  Deut.  xxxii.  26, 

The  inhabitants  of  the  villages  ceased,  they  ceased  iu 
Israel.  Judges  v.  7. 

Preaching  in  the  first  sence  of  the  word  ceas'd  as  Boon  as 
ever  the  Gospels  were  written.  Setden,  Table-Talk.  p.  91. 
II.  /ro«,v.  To  put  a  stop  to  ;  put  an  end  to  ; 
bring  to  an  end:  as,  cease  your  clamor;  he 
cnisiil  deliate.  [Now  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  self-restraining  or  self-limiting  ac- 
tion.] 

Ami  in  the  Culfe  aforseyd,  Seynt  Elyne  kest  on  of  the 
ln'l.v  navies  in  to  the  see  to  sease  the  tempest. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travel1,  p.  57. 
I  go  thus  from  thee,  ami  will  never  cease 
My  vengeance  till  I  find  thy  heart  at  peace. 

Bean,  ami  Ft.,  .Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 
Hut  he,  her  tears  to  cease, 
smt  down  ihr  meek-eyed  Peace. 

Vilton,  Nativity,  1.  45. 

ceaset  (ses),  n.  [<  cease,  v.]  Cessation;  ex- 
tinction ;  failure. 

The  cease  of  majesty 
Dies  not  alone ;  but.  like  a  gulf,  doth  draw 

What  s  near  it  with  it.  Stml:.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

ceaseless  (ses'les),  a.  [<  cease  +  -less.]  1. 
Without  a  slop  or  pause  ;  incessant;  continual ; 
that  never  stops  or  intermits;  unending;  never 
ci  a  ling. 

All  these  with  ceaseless  praise  his  works  behold. 

Milton,  I'.  I..,  iv.  079. 
Wearying  with  ceaseless  prayers  tin-  ^'mis  above. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  818, 
i  in  victim  nt  ceaseless  Intrigues,  who  neither  compre- 

hendi  i  his  po  i i,  nor  that  of  their  country. 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ii.  1. 

2.  Endless;  enduring  forever :  as,  the  ceaseless 

joys  of  hea  i  en. 

Thou  ceaseless  lackey  to  eternity. 

Sliak.,  Luereee.  1.  967. 


Cebrio 

ceaselessly  (ses'les-li),  adv.  Incessantly ;  per- 
petually. 

Flowers 

Still  lil iii^'  ceasiicsxlij. 

Ii,  iiiiinnind,  The  Fairest  Fair. 

ceaselessness  (ses'les-nes),  n.  [<  ceaseless  + 
-ness.]  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
ceaseless,  or  without  cessation  or  intermission ; 
incessancy. —  2.  The  state  or  condition  of  en- 
during forever ;  endlessness. 

cebadilla,  ».    See  cevadilla. 

cebellt,  "■  In  music,  a  melody  for  the  lute  or 
violin  in  quadruple  rhythm  and  in  phrases  of 
four  bars  each,  distinguished  by  more  or  less 
alternation  of  very  high  and  very  low  notes. 

cebid  (seb'id),  «.  A  monkey  of  the  family  Ce- 
Imlie. 

Cebidae  (seb'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.",  <  <  'elms  +  -iila;] 
A  family  of  new-world  monkeys,  the  platyr- 
rhine  simians,  distinguished  by  their  denti- 
tion from  the  old-world  monkeys,  having  one 
premolar  more  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  than 
the  latter,  or  36  teeth  in  all.  The  nose  is  flat- 
tened and  has  a  broad  septum,  thus  rendering  the  nos- 
trils proportionally  discrete ;  tile  bony  meatus  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear  is  reduced  to  an  annular  tympanic  bone;  the 
thumb  is  undeveloped,  or  not  perfectly  apposable  ;  the 
tail  in  most  cases  is  prehensile;  anil  both  cheek-pouches 
and  ischial  callosities  are  absent.  In  current  usage  all 
American  Quadrumana  except  the  marmosets,  or  Mididce, 
are  included  in  the  Cebidae.  They  are  divided  into  the 
subfamilies  Mycetinae,  Cebinee,  Nyctipithecinee,63id  Pitke- 
ciince.  There  are  eleven  living  genera,  ami  the  species  are 
numerous. 

cebidichthyid  (seb-i-dik'thi-id),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Cebidichihyidai. 

Cebidichthyidae  (sob  i-dik-thi'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidich  tints  +  -iila;]  A  family  of  blen- 
nioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Ccbidichthijs. 
The  only  species,  C.  oiolaceus,  belongs  to  the  superfamily 
Illennii'idiir.  anil  bus  ;ui  ehiiicateil  bmly  with  numerous 
vertebra;,  the  dorsal  fin  divided  into  spinous  and  soft  por- 
tions, no  ventrals,  and  pyloric  cieea.  The  species  is  Cali- 
fornian. 

Cebidichthyinae  (seb-i-dik-thi-i'ne),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidichthys  +  -iua;]  A  subfamily  of 
fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Cebidichthys, 
referred  to  the  family  Blenniidee  ;  same  as  Cebi- 

tlielitliifilln; 

Cebidichthys  (seb-i-dik'this),  ».  [NL.  (W.  O. 
Ayres,  1S56),  <  Or.  icijfloc,  a  monkey  (see  Cebus), 
+  i^Scc,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  family  ( '<  MdichthyiS.ce :  so  called  because 
the  face  was  supposed  to  resemble  a  monkey's. 

Cebinae  (se-bi'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Cebus  +  -iua;] 
The  typical  subfamily  of  Cebidce,  containing  the 
prehensile-tailed  monkeys  of  America.  They 
have  the  hyoid  bone  ami  associate  structures  moderate 
(thus  excluding  the  Mycetince  "i  howlers);  the  incisors  not 


Capucine  Monkey  ( Cebus  c apucinus ). 

proclivous ;  the  posterior  cerebral  lobes  overlapping  the 
cerebellum;  and  the  cerebral  convolutions  well  marked. 
Tile  genera  are  Cebus,  Sapajou  (or  Ateles),  Eriodes  (or 
Brachiitcles),  and  Laffothrix. 

Ceblepyrinae  (seb-lep-i-ri'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL. 
i  Sw  ainson,  1837),  <  Ceblepyris  +  -inaC]  A  sub- 
family of  birds,  the  caterpillar-hunters:  a  loose 
svnonym  of  Campophagmce. 

ceblepyrine  (seb-lep'i-rin),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ceblepyrinee; 
campophagine. 

Ceblepyris  (seb-lep'i-ris),  ».  [NL.  (Cuvier, 
1817),  <  Gr.  iif,f///-iywi.  the  redcap,  redpoll,  a 
bird,  <  hiXfii,  COntr.  of  hton'/.i,,  head,  +  7rr/i  =  E. 
fire.]  A  generic  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the 
birds  he  called  caterpillar-hunters :  a  loose  syn- 
onym of  Cain)iii}ihiittn,  sometimes  still  employed 
for  some  sect  ion  of 'that  large  genus.  Also  writ- 
ten Ceblephyris,  Ceblepyrus. 

Cebrio  (seb;ri-6),  ii.  fNL.]  The  typical  genua 
of  the  family  Cebrionidm,  having  the  labrum 
separate  from  the  front,  and  the  fore  tibiae  en- 
tire.  ''.  bicnlnr  inhabits  the  southern  United 
States. 


CebrionidaB 

Cebrionidae  (seb-ri-on'i-de),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cc- 
brin(ii-)  +  -/>/».]  A  family  of  malacodermatous 
pentamerous  coleopterous  insects,  related  to 
the  ElateridcB  (which  see),  bul  bavins  six  ab- 
dominal segments,  well-developed  tibial  spurs, 

anterior  tibiio  expanded  at  the  apex,  and  the 
la  brum  close  to  the  front. 

Cebus  (se'bus),  it.  [NL.  (Erxleben,  1777),<Gr. 
Kfj.iur,  also  «/7roc,  a  long-tailed  monkey:  sec  ape. ) 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Ci  bicke&nd  sub- 
family Cebince,  containing  the  ordinary  prehen- 
sile-tailed and  thumbed  South  American  non- 
keys.  The  monkeys  carried  about  by  organ- 
grinders  generally  belong  to  this  genus.  See 
cut  under  Cebiinr. 

cecal,  cecally.    See  cceeal,  cwcully. 

cecchint,  »•     See  sequin. 
Cecidomyia  (ses  'i-do-mi'i-ji),  n.   [NL.  (Meizen, 
1803),  <  Gr.  nt/nic  (ki/ku)-),  a  gallnut  (produced 

by  the  oozing  of  sap  from  punctures  made  by 
insects;  ef.  (07/u'c,  juice,  tajiueiv,  gush  forth),  + 
livia,  a  fly.]  A  genus  of  uemocerous  Dipli  ra, 
or  small  two-winged  flies,  typical  of  the  family 
Ceciilnnii/iida;  containing  such  as  the  Hessian- 
fly,  C.  destructor,  noted  for  the  ravages  of  its 
larvse  upon  crops,  c.  tritiei  is  the  wheat-fly.  The 
genus  comprises  a  vast  number  of  minute,  slender-bodied 
midges,  which  arc  of  special  interest  on  account  "i  their 


Clover-seed  Midge  {Cecidomyia  letfiiminicola). 

a,  female  fly,  highly  magnified  ;  /'.  c,  d,  head,  lip  of  ovipositor,  and 

antcnnal  joints,  on  still  larger  scale. 

mode  of  life,  the  peculiar  structure  exhibited  in  the  larvae, 

and  the  economic  importance  attach..]  to  several  Bpei  ies 
In  most  cases  the  female  lays  her  eggs  in  the  stems,  leaves, 
or  buds  of  various  plants,  producing  gall-like  excrescences 
of  various  forms,  inhabited  by  the  larva?.  These  are  sub 
cylindrical,  legless  grubs,  mostly  of  a  reddish  or  yellow 
color,  and  are  furnished  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  thoracic 
joints  with  a  corneous  plate,  usually  forked,  called  the 
breast-bone.  Some  species,  however,  donot  produce  galls, 
and  among  these  the  most  familiar  are  the  Hessian  11  \  and 
the  clover-seed  midge,  C.  tetiuininicola  (Lintner),  which 
latter  infests  the  seeds  of  clover,  causing  great  damagi  in 
the  more  northern  parts  of  the  United  States.  See  also 
cut  Tinder  jiy2. 

cecidomyian  (ses'i-do-mi'i-an),  a.  and  ».  [<  Ce- 
cidomyia  +  -ait.]  I.  a.  Gall-making,  as  a  fly 
of  the  family  Cecidontyiidai ;  of  or  pertaining  to 
this  family  of  insects. 

II.  it.   A  member  of  the  genus  Cecidomyia; 
a  eecidomyiid. 

cecidomyiid  ( ses "i-do-mi'i-id),  n.  A  member  of 
the  family  Cecidomyiidce. 

Cecidomyiidae  (ses  i-do-mi-i'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Cecidomyia  +  -ida\~\  '  The  family  of  nemoce- 
rous  dipterous  insects  of  which  the  genus  <  'a-i- 
domt/ia  is  the  type ;  the  gall-ilies.  They  are  most- 
ly gall-makers,  producing  excrescences  by  piercing  soft, 
growing  wood  with  their  ovipositors  and  laying  tin  i 
in  the  punctures. 

cecidomyiidous  (ses"i-do-mi-3'i-dus),  a.  [<  ceci- 
domyiid +  -ous.~\  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
by  the  Cecidomyiidce  or  gall-flies :  as,  a  cecido- 
myiidous  gall. 

Cecilia,  Ceciliae,  etc.    See  Cacilia,  etc. 

cecils  (se'silz),  n.  pi.  [Appar.  from  the  name 
Cecil.']  In  cookery,  minced  meat,  crumbs  of 
bread,  onions,  chopped  parsley,  etc.,  with  sea- 
soning, made  up  into  balls  and  fried. 

cecity  (se'si-  or  ses'i-ti),  w.  [Also  ca-city,  af- 
ter the  L. ;  "<  F.  a'rii'v  =  Pr.  cecitat,  ceguetat  = 
Sp.  ceguedad  (cf.  Pg.  cegueira)  =It.  cecita,  <  L. 
ceecitas,  blindness,  <  curus,  blind:  see  cavnm.] 
Blindness.     [Now  rare.] 

There  is  in  them  [moles]  no  cecity,  yet  more  than  a  ce- 
cutiency.  Sir  'I'.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  IS. 

Here  [in  Arabia],  as  in  Egypt,  a  blind  Muezzin  is  pre- 
ferred, and  many  ridiculous  stories  are  told  about  men 
who  for  years  have  counterfeited  cecity  to  live  in  idleness. 
R.  F.  Bwrttm,  El-Hedinah,  p.  ::s:;. 

cecograph.  (se'ko-graf),  n.    [<  F.  cicographe,  < 

L.  earns,  blind.  +  Gr.  )pat)etv,  write.]  A  writ- 
ing-machine for  the  blind.     E.  H.  Knight. 


875 

cccomorph  (se'ko-morf),  it.     Ono  of  tho  Ccco- 

iiiiirpliir. 

Cecomorphae  (se-ko-m6r'fe),  ».  pi.  [NL.  (  Hux- 
ley, 1867),  <  (Jr.  hi/;  (/.'/'■-).  var.  naval;,  nainji  . 
(see  I  i  ijx),  a  sea -hi  I'd,  perhaps  the  tarn  Organ- 
net,  +  uiijiQi,.  form.]  A  siiperfiimily  group  of 
palmiped  schizognnf  hous  earinale  birds,  in- 
cluding tho  short-winged,  long-winged,  and 
tube-nosed  swimming  and  diving  birds  of  the 
current  orders  Pygopodes,  Longipennes,  and 
Tubinares,  or  the  Mcidce,  CoVymbiSoe,  Podicipe- 
ilidir,  Procellariidce,  and  Laridce. 

cecomorphic  (se-ko-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cecomor- 
plnr  +  -ir.]  Having  the  characters  of  the  Ce- 
comorphss;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  '  'ecomorpnee. 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-ii),  ».    [.XL.:  see  Cecrops.] 

1.  A  gen  ns  of  beau!  ii'nl  tropical  American  trees, 
with  milky  juice,  natural  order  '  rUcacece.  c. 
peltata,  the  trumpet  tree,  is  remarkable  for  its  hollow  stem 
and  bran,  lies,  the  former  being  made  by  the  Indians  Into 
a  kind  of  drum  and  the  latter  into  wind-instruments. 
i  he  light  porous  wood  is  used  by  them  for  procuring  fin 
by  friction.    The  Inner  bark  is  fibrous  and  strong,  and  is 

used  for  cordage. 

2.  [?.  c]   In  iiitoni.,  a  moth,  Attacus  cecropia. 
Cecrops    (so'krops),   it.     [NL.    (Leach,   1S13), 

after  Cecrops,  the  mythical  founder  and  first 
king  of  Athens.]  A  ge- 
nus of  siphonostomous 
crustaceans,  of  tin' fam- 
ily Caligidce,  parasitic 
upon  the  skin  or  gills 
of  marine  fishes.  C.  la- 
treiUei  is  an  example.  ucrc-ps latrttiui. 

cecum,  a.    See  coecum. 

cecutiencyt  (se-ku'shien-si),  n.     [<  L.  ari-n- 

tnn(l-)s,  ppr.  of  GOSCtttire,  be  blind.  <  emus. 
blind.]  Cloudiness  of  sight;  partial  blindness 
or  tendency  to  blindness.  See  first  extrac  t  un- 
der cecity. 

cedant  arma  togae.  [L..  from  a  Latin  poem 
([noted  by  Cicero:  cedant,  3d  pers.  pi.  [ires.  subj. 
of  cnli  it,  yield;  tiriiui,  arms;  togce,  ilat.  of  toga, 
a  gown:  see  cede,  arm2,  and  toga.]  Literally, 
let  arms  yield  to  the  gown ;  that  is,  let  war 
give  way  to  peace,  and  military  operations  to 
peaceful  pursuits:  it  is  used  as  the  motto  of 
Wyoming  Territory. 

cedar  (se'dar),  »,  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ceder,  <  ME.  coder,  cedre,  <  OF.  cedre,  F.  chdre 
=  Pr.  cedre  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cedro  =  AS.  c<  dt  r 
(also  in  comp.  a  <l<  r-m  dm,  ceder-tredw,  cedar- 
tree)  =  D.  ceder  =  MHG.  ceder,  zeder,  G.  ceder, 
;.i ihr  =  Sw.  Ban.  ceder  =  Bohem.  cedr  =  Pol. 
Cedr,  cedar,  <  L.  cedrtis  =  Puss.  Inlrn,  cedar, 
=  Pol.  keder,  Iciedcr,  a  kind  of  larch,  <  Gr.  at- 
<!poc,  a  cedar-tree.  Theophrastus  uses  the  word 
both  for  the  ( 'alms  Libani  of  Syria  and  (as  also 
prob.  Homer)  for  the  juniper  (Juniperus  Oxyce- 
tlms).]  I.H.I.  A  tree  of  the  coniferous  genus 
Calms,  of  which  three  species  are  known.  The 
most  noted  is  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  C.  Libani.  native 
among  the  mountains  of  Syria.  Asia  Minor,  and  Cyprus. 
On  Lebanon  itself  there  still  remains  a  grove  of  about  4O0 
trees,  some  uf  them  exceeding  40  feet  in  girth.    The  other 


Atlas  Cedar  [Cednts  Atlantica). 

representatives  of  the  genus  are  the  Atlas  cedar,  C.  At- 
lantiea,  a  native  of  Algeria,  and  lb.'  deodar  or  Himalayan 
cedar,  C.  Deodara.  In  their  native  forests  they  are  of 
very  slow  growth,  .and  form  bald,  durable  timber. 

They  have  taken  cedara  from  Lebanon  to  make  masts 
for  thee.  Ezek.  xxvii.  a. 

Under  the  covert  of  some  ancient  oak 
Or  cedar  to  defend  him  from  the  dew. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  306. 
2.  The  name  given,  usually  with  qualifying 
terms,  to  various  coniferous  trees,  chiefly  North 
American,  and  of  genera  nearly  allied  to  Calms. 
The  white  cedar  of  the  eastern  I'nit'ed  States  is  the  Clm- 
nuzcyparU  uphueroidea,  of  swamps  near  the  coast,  and  also 


cede 

the  arbor-vitrr,  Thuya  oecidi  ntalii .  on  the  Pacific  coast  it 
is  the  Libocednu  decurrent  (also  known  as  bastard,  pi  !  oi 
inceiui  cedar),  and  also  Ghamcecypai  i  Laweoniana,  the 
port  iirfonl  or  Oregon  cedar.  The  red  cedar  is  usually  the 
.hi nip.  rue  Virginiana,  the  odorous  woodol  which  Is  often 
called  pencil-cedar,  from  Its  extensive  use  In  tie-  manufac- 
ture of  Lead  pencils;  west  ol  tie  Rot  i.\  Mountains  the  n  d 
cedar  is  i  he  Thuya  gigantea,  also  called  canoe  cedar.  The 
cedar  of  Bermuda  and  Barbados  is  Juniperus  Bermudu 

ana;  the  Japai lar,  Crypt onu  ria  Japonica     The  stink- 

dars  of  the  I  nited  3tat<     are    pecii     oi   Tom  ya. 

The  Himalayan  1 1  dar  Ls  the  Juniperu    -  tc>  lea  .  Its  \\ 1 

resembles  that  of  the  i"  ncil  .'dar,  but  is  harder,  and  has 
less  of  its  peculiar  odor.  Washington  cedar i  th<  big-tree 
^i  i  aliioinia,  Sequoia  gigantea.  The  wood  of  most  of 
these  trees  is  soft,  flue-grained,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
often  fra 

3.  A  name  popularly  given  in  tropical  regions 
to  a  considerable  number  of  trees,  mostly  of 
the  natural  order  Meliacew,  in  no  way  related 
to  tho  preceding.  That  known  variously  as  thi  Wi  st 
Indian  cedar,  the  bastard  or  sweet-scented  bar  bados  cedar, 
the  Jamaica  red  cedar,  and  the  Spanish,  Havana,  or  Hondu- 
ras i  edar  i-  lie  Cedrilti  mlurnta.  The  cedar  ol  India  and 
New  Soul!  i  \\  ales  is  r.  Toona;  the  red  cedar  of  India.  Soy. 
nulla  febrifuga;  and  the  bastard  cedar  of  India,  Melia 

i  edarach.  (See  azedarach.)  The  white  cedar  of  Austra- 
lia is  .1/.  composita,  and  the  red  cedar  Flindereia  auetralie. 
Among  treesof  other  orders,  the  bastard  cedar  of  the  West 
Indies  is  f^uazuma  tomentosa  or  G.  ulmifolia  ;  the  white 
cedar  of  Guiana,  Protium  cUtiseimum  ;  and  the  white  cedar 
of  Dominica,  Bignonia  Leucoxylon.  In  India  the  name 
red  cedar  is  sometimes  given  to  the  euphorbiaceous  Bis- 
chtijfia  Javanica. 

4.  The  wood  of  the  cedar-tree  (Cedrus),  or 
(with  or  without  a  qualifying  term)  of  any  kind 
of  tree  called  a  cedar. 

The  wisest  man 
Feasted  the  woman  wisest  then  in  balls 
Uf  Lcbanoniaii  cedar.  Tennyson,  Princess. 

II.  a .  Pertaining  to  the  cedar ;  made  of  cedar : 
as,  a  cedar  twig. 
He  shall  uncover  the  cedar  work.  Zeph.  ii.  14. 

cedar-apple  (se'diir-ap"l),  ».  A  fungus  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Gymiiospo- 
iiii/iiiiiiii.  gpi  cies  of  this  genus 
are  parasitic  upon  cedar-trees. 
Some  of  them  form  globular  dis- 
tortions with  appendages,  and 
develop  into  yellow  gelatinous 
masses  during  the  spring  rains. 
Also  called  cedar-ball.  SeeQym- 
nosporangium. 

cedar-bird  (se'dar-berd),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  the 
common  American  wax- 
wing,  Am  pi  lis  allium  m  or 
BombyciUa  carolinensis:  so 
called  in  the  United  States 
from  its  fondness  for  ju- 
niper-berries, the  fruit  of 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  com- 
monly called  cedar.  Also 
called  cedar-lark.  See  Am- 
pelis  and  waxwing. 

cedared  (se'dard),  a.    [<  ce- 
dar  +   -(</-.]     Covered  or  furnished  with  ce- 
dars :  as,  a  cedared  mountain-slope. 

We  did  not  explore  the  Malahoodus  far,  but  left  the 
other  birch  to  thread  its  cedared  solitudes,  while  we 
turned  back  to  try  our  fortunes  in  the  larger  stream. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  140. 

cedar-gum  (se'dar-gum),  «.  A  yellow,  trans- 
parent, fragrant  resin  obtained  from  Callitris 
iirhnrat,  a  coniferous  tree  of  the  mountains  of 
South  Africa.  It  is  used  in  making  varnish, 
and  in  preparing  plasters  and  various  medici- 
nal articles. 

cedar-lark  (se'dar-lark),  ».  Same  as  cedar- 
bird. 

cedarn  (se'darn),  a.     [<  cedar  +  -n  for  -en2,  as 
in  oaken,  etc.]     Of  cedar;  made  of  cedar. 
West  winds,  with  musky  wing, 
About  the  cedarn  alleys  tling 
Nard  and  cassia's  balmy  smells. 

Milton.  Comus,  1.  990. 

The  carven  cedarn  doors.      Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

cedar-tree  (se'dar-tre),  n.    Specifically,  a  tree 

of  the  genus  Calms;  also  (with  or  without  a 

qualifying  term),  a  tree  of  any  of  the  genera 

known  as  cedars.     See  cedar. 

cedar-wood  (se'dar-wud),  ».    1.  The  wood  of 

the  cedar,  in  any  use  of  the  name. —  2.  A  wood 

or  assemblage  of  cedar-trees. 

Thou  wert  born,  on  a  summer  morn, 
A  mile  beneath  the  cedar- wood. 

Tennyson,  Eleanore. 
Cedar-wood  oil,  an  aromatic  oil  distilled  from  the  wood 
of  the  Cedrela  odorata. 

cede  (sed),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceded,  ppr.  ceding, 
[=  of.  ailrr.  V.  cider  =  Pr.  cedar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ii ih  i-  —  Ii.  cedere,  <  L.  cedere  (pp.  cessus),  intr. 
go,  withdraw,  pass  away,  yield,  tr.  yield,  grant, 
give  up:  related  to  cadere,  fall:  see  cadent, 
case1,  etc.  L.  cedere  is  the  ult.  source  of  many 
E.  words,  as  cede,  accede,  concede,  exceed,  pre- 


Cedar-apple  (Gymnc- 
sforangium  macropus  I 
growing  upon  red  cedar 
{Junifcrui  I  'irginiana  ■ 


cede 

[, .  abscess,  access,  etc., 

st,,r.  ante* 
b.]    I.  intrai  s.  1.  To  yield 
i.r   transfi 
lapse.    [Archaic  or  obsolete  in  both  senses.] 

main, 
Had  well-ni  - 

i  i  Abbey. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  yield  orformally  resign  and 
surrender  to  another;  relinquish  and  transfer; 
e  up;  make  over:  as.  to  cech   a  fortress, 
province,  <>r  country  by  treaty. 

a  this  summary 
„,.,,,:  //.  s.  Polish  Captivity,  II.  if. 

i  ernment  some  of  then- 
rights.  ./<"<. 
2.  To  yield;  grant.     [Bare.] 

Back  rode  we  to  my  father's  camp,  and  found 
n.  thrice  had  sent  a  herald  to  the  rat 
To  learn  if  Ida  yet  would  cede  our  claim. 

/'.  nnyson,  Princess. 

=Syn.  To  transfer,  deliver,  convey;  grant 

cedent  (se'dent),  n.  |  <  I,,  eedi  n{  t-)s,  ppr.  of  ce- 
.  yield: "see  cede.]  yielding:  giving  way. 
See  extract  under  cessionary.     [Rare.] 

cedilla  fse-.lil'a).  ».  [=F.  ceVKKe,  <  Sp.  cedilla, 
now  zedilla  =°Pg.  cedilha  =  It.  zediglia,  the 
mark  cedilla,  the  Letter  c  with  this  mark,  orig. 
dim.  of  Sp.  rril, i.  now  leda,  etc.,  <  I.,  zeta, 
Gr.  .',-ii,  the  Gr.  name  of  s:  see  z,  zed,  zeta. 
Th^  character;  is  tints  a  contraction  of  cz,  a 
former  mode  of  indicating  that  <■  had  the  sound 
of  s  in  certain  positions;  thus,  F.  leczon,  now 
leeon  I  >  E.  lesson). ~\  A  mark  placed  under  the 
letter  c  (thus,  c),  especially  in  French  and  Por- 
tuguese, ami  formerly  in  Spanish, before  a,  o,  or 
n.  to  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s,  and 
not  like  1c,  as  it  usually  is  before  those  vowels. 

cedrate,  cedrat  (se'drat,  -drat),  ».    [<  F.  cedrat 

=  It.  entrain,   <    cedrO,  the  citron  (prop.  "dt/TO, 

used  in  form  with  cedro,  cedar),  <  L.  citrus, 
citron:   see  Citrus,  citronj]    The  citron,  Citrus 

cedratit  I  se-dra'ti),  n.   [<  It.  c<  drato,  lime,  lime- 
tie.-,  lime-water:  see  cedrate.'}    Aperfumede- 
from  the  citron. 
If  we  get  any  nearer  still  to  the  torrid  zone,  I  shall  pique 
mysi  '  Qg  von  a  present  of  cedrati  and  orange- 

flower  water.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  19:). 

Cedrela  (sed're-la),  n.  [XL.,  shortened  from 
L.  cedrelate,  <  Gr.  KeSpiliart],  a  cedar  fir-tree,  (. 
KiSpoc,  a  cedar.  -I-  i/iin/,  the  silver  fir.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Meliaceat, 
allied  t<i  the  mahogany,  and  eonsisting  of  large 
tree.,  natives  Of  the  tropics.  The  principal  species 
of  ti  odorata,  a  valuable  timber-tree, 

popularly  know  n  as  cedar,     all  parts  of  it  air  bitter,  anil 
rrant.   I  he  0  Voona  of  India,  also  called 

■    is  a  hands tree  with  durable  ami  beautifullj 

mark.. I  w i,  used  for  furniture  and  ornamental  work. 

It  yield  ous  gum,  and  the  bark  is  astringent  and 

.:il.     >.  e  --"/-I.-.  ::. 

cedrelaceous  (sed-re-la'shius),  a.     [<  Cedrela 
+ -aceous.}    In  hot'.,  resembling  or  related  to 
t ,  a\rt  la  :  -am.-  as  //<<  Uact  ous. 
cedrene  (se'dren),  «.     [<  L.  cedrus,  eedar,  + 
I      In  chem.,  ti  volatile  hydrocarbon  ((',- 
llo.)  found  in  tin-  nil    of  red   eedar,  Juniperu 
Vtrainiana.     Cedrene  camphor.    Seeeamphor. 
cedrin,  cedrine-  B§'drin),n.  [< cedripn)  +  -fe2, 
-no-.]    A  neutral  eryst  allizable  body  yielded 
to  alcohol  by  the  cedron  after  it  has 'been  ex- 
hausted bj    •  tin  r.     I  hi   crj  t:iK  resemble  sill 

ind  perei  tentlj  bitter,  ami  is  re. 

p  inciple  of  ti..-  fruit. 

cedrine1   (se'drin),   a.     [<  L.  cedrinus,  <  Gr. 

mi',  of  cedar,  <   xkipoc,  cedar:  see  cedar, 

.]     Belonging  to  or  resembling 

cedrine-',  ».    St 

cedrium  (se'dri-um),  «.     [L.,  cedar-oil,  <  tlr. 
-  edar-oil,< « 
.  i    The  pitch  of  the  cedar-t  n 

.  moth    .in.. 

nbalming. 
cedrolat-                       [NL., < L. cedrus,  cedar : 
.J     A  si. lid  crystalline  compound  dis- 
tilled from  the  ml  ,,t  cedar-w 1. 

cedron  (si  [NL.,<] 

■  edron, 
natural   order  i  ....   of  the 

rjnitt 

I  drupe,  of  tl 

4j  for 

:      n 

in  in 

Cedrus  I    Agenus 

of  coniferous  trees  closely  allied  to  the  larch, 


876 

which  they  resemble  in  having  the  leaves  grow- 
ing  in  tufts  or  bunches,  but  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  by  being  evergreen  (the  leaves 

nut  falling  in  autumn),  and  by  the  form  of  the 
COneS.      II  Includes  onlj  three  species,  the  ('    Liliuiii,  or 

tat  of  Lebai ;  *'.  Deodara,  or  deodar;  :uu\  C.  A/Inn- 

or  Alius  cedar.    See  cedar,  l. 
cedryt  (se'dri),  a.    [For  *eedary,  <  cedar  +  -yi.] 
Resembling  eedar;  cedrine. 

olour.  ".  Sylva,  II.  hi.  §  2. 

cedula  (sed'u-18.),  ».  [Sp.,  =  E.  cedule,  sched- 
ule: see  schedule.}  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  a  promissory  note  given  by  one  of  the 
Smith  American  republics. 

cedulet,  »■  [<OF.  cedule:  see  schedule.'}  An  ob- 
solete  form  of  schedule.    Cotgrave. 

ceduoust,  "•  [<  I j.  cosduus,  fit  for  cutting,  <  cae- 
dere,  cut.]     Fit  to  bo  felled. 

Greater  ami  more  ceduous,  frnticant,  and  shrubby. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  Int. 

ceel't,  "•  and  r.    See  ceil. 

ceel-'t,  "■  and  v.  An  obsolete  improper  spelling 
of  seal2. 

ceel:1,  ''.     See  seel. 

ceiba  (sa'i-ba;  Sp.  pron.  tha'i-ba),  n.  [Sp. ;  of 
native  origin.]  The  silk-cotton  tree,  Bombax 
i  'eiba.    See  Bombax,  1. 

ceilt,  cielt,  »■  [A  word  found  in  this  spelling 
only  in  the  derived  verb  ceil  and  the  verbal 
noun  e<  iling,  q.  v. ;  early  mod.  E.  cele,  seele,  late 
ME.  a  /- .  cyll,  kiiH.  syle,  <  OF.  del,  mod.  F.  del  = 
Pr.  eel  =  Cat.  cel  =  Sp.  cielo  =  Pg.  ceo  =  It.  eielo, 
heaven,  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc.,  <  L. 
caelum,  less  prop,  caelum  (ML.  also  celum),  OL. 
also™/,  L.  and  LL.  also  rielus,  the  sky,  heaven, 
in  ML.  also  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc., 
perhaps  mag.  "cavilum  (=  Gr.  koimc,  dial,  nuiloc, 
«i/.»;.  mi/i/oi',  orig.  *kofi1oc,  hollow),  <  aims, 
hollow:  see  cave\  cage,  and  (from  L.  ccelum) 
celest,  celestial,  etc.,  and  (from  Gr.  nollog)  ccelia, 
caelo-,  etc.  The  noun  ceil,  earlier  cele,  seele,  cyll, 
syll,  seems  to  have  been  confused  with  sill,  syll, 
AS.  syl,  the  base  of  a  door  or  window;  cf.  Sc. 
eyle,  syle,  the  foot  of  a  rafter,  a  rafter,  North. 
Eng.  syles,  the  principal  rafters  of  a  building.] 
A  canopy  of  state. 

The  chammer  was  hanged  of  red  and  of  blew,  and  in 
it  was  a  cyll  of  state  of  cloth  of  gold. 

Fyancells  of  Margaret. 

In  this  wise  the  king  shall  ride  opyn  heded  undre  a  seele 
of  cloth  of  gold  haudekyn,  with  four  staves  gilt. 

Rutland  Papers  (Camden  Soc),  p.  5. 
And  seik  to  your  soverane,  semely  on  syll. 

Gawan  and  Goloijras. 

ceil  (sel),  v.  t.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  ceel,  seel, 
seile,  *yl<;  prop,  to  canopy  or  provide  with  a 
canopy  or  hangings,  <  ail,  nil.  .</. ,  suit;  cyll. 
syle,  a  canopy  (see  the  noun),  but  confused  in 
sense  and  spelling  with  another  verb,  (2)  ME. 
ceelen,  celen,  selett,  wainscot,  cover  the  sides  or 
roof  of  a  room  with  carved  or  embossed  work, 
lit.  emboss,  <  L.  ccelare  (ML.  also  written  ce- 
Inrr),  engrave  in  relief  upon  metals  or  ivory, 
carve,  emboss,  later  also  embroider,  <  ccelum, 
a  chisel,  burin,  graver,  <  cwdcre,  cut,  hew  ;  and 
perhaps  with  (3)  ME  »<  /.  n.  selen,  <  OF.  seeler, 
V.  sceller,  <  L.  siijillnrr,  ornament  with  figures 
or  images,  <  sigillum,  a  seal,  pi.  little  figures 
or  images  :  see  seal2.  The  first  two  verbs  are 
merged  in  definitions  2  and  3.  From  the  second 
are  derived  celature,  celure,  q.  v.]  If.  To  can- 
opy ;  provide  with  a  canopy  or  hangings. 

All  th.-  t.  nte  within  v/a&syled  with  clothe  of  gold  and 
blew  velvet.  Hull,  Henry  VIII.,  p.  ::■_'. 

2.  To  overlay  or  cover  the  interior  upper  sur- 
faeeof  (a  room  or  building)  with  wood,  plaster, 
cloth,  or  other  material.  See  riilini/,  l'.  Former- 
i>  with  special  reference  to  ornamental  hangings,  or,  aE  in 

i  hi   in  -t  quotation,  to  carved  w Iwork,  either  mi  flu-  roof 

or  tin-  sides  ol  a  room  :  in  tile  latter  use,  same  as  defini- 
tion :s. 

'  'ei  inn  with  syllnre,  celo.  /'.  ,>i,ipt.  Pan.,  p.  651. 

Tin  le  w.illvs  shal  he  rrh/i!  with  eyprusse.  The  rofc  shal 
be  celed  vautwyse  and  with  dicker  work. 

Iloriiiitii,  Vulgaria  (Way). 

Ami  tin    create!-  house  lie  rifled  with  fir-tree. 

•J  ehr.in.  iii.  5. 

Nov  will  he,  from  his  house  ceiled  with  cedar,  In-  con- 
tent with   he    Sav is  lot,  not   to  have   wh.-re  to  lav  his 

heady  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

3f.  To  wainscot;  also,  by  extension,  to  floor. 

'"/«'./ <i  [!•'.),  to  wainscot,  seel;  fret,  emhow. 

Cotgrave. 
l-'.l,  to  plank  or  floor  with  planks,  to  teel  with 
honls.  Cotgraw 

ceiled  (seld),  /..  </.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  eiilm. 
ceeled,  seeled,  syled;  pp.  of  ceil,  c  |  It.  Canopied. 
See  ceil,  v.,  1.— 2.  Provided  with  a  ceiling. 


celantes 

The  place  itself  |a  kitchen]  is  weird  and  terrible,  low- 
ceUed,  with  tin-  stone  hearth  built  far  out  into  the  room, 
an. I  the  melodramatic  implements  ..t  Venetian  cookery 
dangling  tragically  from  the  wall. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  vii. 
3t.  Wainscoted. 
ceiling  (se'ling),  n.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  deling, 
ceding,  seeling,  earlier  cyling,  siting,  syling ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  (•<//,  c]  If.  A  canopy;  hangings; 
properly,  hangings  overhead,  but  by  extension 
also  side-hangings;  tapestry. 

The  French  kyng  caused  the  lorde  of  Countay  to  stande 
secretly  hehynde  a  silyng  or  a  hangyng  in  his  chamber. 

Hall,  Edward  IV.,  p.  43. 
And  now  the  thickened  sky 
Like  a  dark  ceiling  stood.        Milton,  1'.  I...  xi.  742. 

2.  The  interior  overhead  surface  of  an  apart- 
ment, usually  formed  of  a  lining  of  some  kind 
affixed  to  the  under  side  of  joists  supporting 
the  floor  above,  or  to  rafters;  the  horizontal 
or  curved  surface  of  an  interior,  opposite  the 
floor.  In  ordinary  modern  buildings  it  is  usu- 
ally finished  with  or  formed  of  lath-and-plaster 
work. —  3.  Wainscoting;  wainscot.  [Now  only 
l^rov.  Eng.] 

Lanibria  IF.J,  wainscot,  seeling;  also  a  frettized  or  em- 
bowed  seeling.  Cotgrave. 

Mr  a  it  is,',  if  [I-'.],  ,■  if  I//,, it  wainscotting,  joyners  work. 

Cotgrave. 
4.  The  lining  of  planks  on  the  inside  of  a 
ship's  frame — Ceiling-joists,  small  beams  to  which 
the  ceiling  of  a  room  is  attached.  They  are  mortised  into 
the  sides  of  the  binding-joists,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of 
these  joists,  i  irsnsp.  tilled  from  theni  with  straps.— Coffer- 
work  ceiling,  a  ceiling  divided  into  ornamental  panels 
oi-  soffits;  a  coffered  ceiling.  Sec  cut  under  coffer. — 
Compartment  ceiling,  in  arch.,  a  ceiling  divided  into 
panels,  which  are  usually  surrounded  by  moldings. — 
Groined  ceiling,  groined  vaulting.  See  groin  and 
mulling. 

ceilinged  (se'lingd),  a.  [<  ceiling  +  -ed-.~\  Fur- 
nished with  a  ceiling. 

The  \tj\Y-ceiliuged  room  was  full  of  shadows. 

F.  W.  Robins, a i. 

ceintt,  «•     [ME.  ceinte,  <  OF.  ceinte,  dnte  =  Pr. 

i-iiitka .  =z  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cinta,  <  ML.  ciiicta,  also 
(after  Kom.)  cinta,  fem.,  also  eineliim,  neut.,  a 
girdle,  <  L.  cincta,  fem.  (cinrtum,  neut.)  of  duc- 
tus, pp.  of  cingere,  gird:  see  cincture.}  A  gir- 
dle.   Chaucer;  Gower. 

ceinturet,  ».  [ME.,  <  OF.  ceinture,  later  eeinc- 
ture,  mod.  F.  ceinture,  <  L.  cinctura,  a  girdle: 
see  cincture.}     Same  as  cdnt. 

celadet,  ".  [<  F.  eelade,  <  It.  celata(et.  cehtte) : 
see  sallct-.}  An  old  spelling  of  sallct",  a 
helmet. 

celadon  (sel'a-don),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  celadon,  a 
sea-green  color,  also  a  sentimental  lover:  so 
called  from  Celadon,  the  sentimental  hero  of  a 
once  popular  romance,  "LAstree,"  by  Honor6 
d'Urfe  (died  1625),  <  L.  Celadon,  in  Ovid,  a  com- 
panion of  Phineus,  also  one  of  the  Lapithas, 

<  Gr.  KtXaduv,  roaring  (used  as  the  name  of  a 
river),  <  neMikiv,  KeTiadeiv,  sound,  roar,  shout, 
Ki'/adoc,  a  noise,  shout.]  I.  n.  A  pale  and 
rather  grayish  green  color  occurring  espe- 
cially in  porcelain  and  enameled  earthenware. 
The  shades  arc  numerous.  In  ' nieiital  wares  the  celadon 
glaze  is  often  crackled ;  and  the  Japanese  and  Chinese 
porcelain  decorated  in  this  way,  without  other  ornamen- 
tation, is  particularly  esteemed.  It  is  also  one  of  the  fa- 
vorite colors  of  the  porcelain  of  Sevres.  Compare  sea- 
green. 

To  all  the  markets  of  the  world 
These  porcelain  leaves  are  wafted  on, — 
Light  yellow  leaves  with  spots  and  stains 
Of  violet,  and  of  crimson  dye,  .  .  . 
And  beautiful  with  celadon. 

Longfellow,  Keramos. 
II.  a.  Having  the  color  celadon, 
celandine  (sel'an-din),  n.     [Formerly  celadine, 

<  ME.  eelidoine,  <x  lydon,  celydoun,  g<  ladony,  etc., 

<  OF.  ccliiloine,  P.  chilidoine  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
celidonia,  <  I ,.  cheUdonia  (XL.  chelidonium),\  Gr. 
xeXMvwv,  swallowwort,  <  xf,"^v  (-dYw-)  =  L. 
Itiriiniln(ii-),  a  swallow  :  see  Chelidon,  Hirundo.} 

1.  The  Chettdonium  majus,  a  papaveraceous 
plant  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  having  glaucous  foliage,  bright-yellow 
flowers,  and  a.  rid  yellow  juice,  which  is  some- 
times employed  as  a  purgal  Lve  and  as  a  remedy 
fm-  warts.  To  distinguish  it  from  the  following 
plant,  it  is  often  called  the  greater  celandine. — 

2.  The  pilownrt,  l!n iiiinriiliis  Fiearia,  called  in 
Kngland  the  lesser  or  small  celandine. 

There  is  a  Sower,  the  Lesser  Celandine. 
That  shrinks  like  man}  more  from  cold  and  rain; 
And  the  tlrst  moment  that  the  sun  may  shine, 
Bright  as  the  sun  himself,  'tis  out  again ! 

Wordsworth,  A  Lesson. 

Tree-celandine,  a  cultivated  species  of  Bocconia  from 

the  West  Indies.  IS.   tnitfsffns. 

celantes  (se-lan'tez),  n.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  aii  indirect  mood  of  the  first  figure  of 


celantes 

syllogism,  having  the  major  promise  and  conclu- 
sion universal  negatives  and  the  minor  prem- 
ise a  universal  affirmative,  n  is  the  same  argument 
as  oamenes  (which  Bee),  but  with  transposed  premises. 
Five  oi  the  letters  of  the  word  are  significant:  c  signifies 
reduction  to  celarent  and  s  the  simple  conversion  of  the 
conclusion,  white  the  three  vowels  show  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  three  propositions.  See  mood3, 
celarent  (se-la'rent),  n.  In  Unite,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  a  mood  of  the  first  figure  of  syllogism. 

Its  major  premise  is  a  universal  negative,  its  minor 

versal  affirmative,  ami  its  conclusion  a  universal  negative 
proposition.  For  example  :  N le  enslaved  bj  his  ap- 
petites is  free;  every  sensualist  is  enslaved  by  ins  appe- 
tites; therefore,  n. .  sensualist  is  tree.     See  mood%. 

Celastraceae  (sel-as-tra'sf-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Celastrus  +  -acea:]  A  natural  order  of  poly- 
petalous  exogens,  consisting  of  shrubs  or  trees 
of  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  allied  to  the 
Rhamnaceas,  from  which  they  differ  especially 
in  having  the  stamens  opposite  to  the  Bepals, 
and  in  the  arillate  seeds.  The  most  prominent 
genera  are  Celastrus  and  Evonymus,  the  staff- 
tree  and  spindie-tree  (which  see). 

celastraceous  (sel-as-tra'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  natural  order  of  plants  Cclastraccw. 

celastrin,  celastrine  (se-las'trin),  re.  [<  ( 'elas- 
trus  +  -in2,  -tne2.]  A  bitter  principle  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  the  Abyssinian  Celastrus 
ohscurus.  • 

Celastrus  (se-las'trus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nifAaarpa, 
aijlaarpoc,  commonly  ai/XaaTpov,  an  evergreen 
tree,  privet  or  holly.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
climbers  or  trees,  natural  order  Celastracece, 
natives  of  America  and  of  the  mountains  of 
India,  China,  Japan,  and  parts  of  Africa  :  com- 
monly called  staff-trees.  The  common  species  of  the 
United  States,  C.  scandens,  known  as  climbing  bitti  rsweet 
or  waxwork,  has  a  very  ornamental  fruit,  the  orange-color- 
ed capsules  disclosing  on  dehiscence  reddish-brown  seeds 
coated  with  a  scarlet  aril.    See  cut  under  bittersweet. 

celatet,  »■  [<  It-  eelata:  seesallet?;  cf.  celade.~\ 
An  old  spelling  of  sallet",  a  helmet. 

celaturet  (sel'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  ecelatura,  <  ece- 
lare,  pp.  cii'latus,  carve,  engrave,  emboss:  see 
ceil,  r.  Doublet,  celure,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  or 
art  of  engraving,  chasing,  or  embossing  metals. 
—  2.  Engraved,  chased,  or  embossed  decoration 
on  metal. 

They  admitted,  even  in  the  utensils  of  the  church,  some 
celatures  and  engravings. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  205. 

-cele.  [<  Gr.  ni,ln,  Attic  ndh/,  a  tumor.]  The 
final  element  in  many  medical  terms,  signifying 
a  tumor:  as,  brouehocete,  varicocele. 

celebrablet  (sel'e-bra-bl),  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  cele- 
brable,  F.  ce7e'&raMe  ==  Pg.  celebravel  =  It.  cele- 
brabile,  <  L.  celebrabilis,  <  celebrare:  see  cele- 
brate.'] That  may  be,  or  is  proper  to  be,  cele- 
brated.    [Rare.] 

Hercules  is  celebrable  for  his  hard  travaile.        Chaucer. 

celebrant  (sePe-brant),  «.  [=P.  c4Ubrant= 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cclebran'ie,  <  L.  celebran(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
celebrare:  see  celebrate.']  One  who  celebrates  ; 
specifically,  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican 
churches,  the  chief  officiating  priest  in  offering 
mass  or  celebrating  the  eucharist,  as  distin- 
guished from  his  assistants. 

celebrate  (sel'e-brat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  cele- 
brated, ppr.  celebrating.  [<  L.  celebratus,  pp.  of 
celebrare  (>  F.  celebrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  celebrar  = 
It.  celebrare),  frequent,  go  to  in  great  numbers, 
celebrate,  honor,  praise,  <  celeber,  also  Celebris, 
frequented,  populous.]  1.  To  make  known, 
especially  with  honor-or  praise  ;  extol;  glorify. 
For  the  grave  cannot  praise  thee,  death  cannot  celebrate 
thee.  Isa.  xxxviii.  is. 

The  Songs  of  Sion  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  psalms  and  pieces  of 
poetry  that  .  .  .  celebrated  the  Supreme  Being. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  405. 

To  celebrate  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Haroun  Alraschid. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

The  reproach  so  often  brought  against  the  literature  of 

classic  times,  that  the  great  poets  of  GreeceandBomenever 

celebrate  the  praises  of  natural  scenery,  does  not  lie  at  the 

door  of  the  Persian  bards.  If.  A.  Ave.,  c.\  I..  330. 

2.  To  commemorate  or  honor  with  demonstra- 
tions of  joy,  sorrow,  respect,  etc. :  as,  to  cele- 
brate a  birthday  or  other  anniversary ;  to  cele- 
brate a  victory. 

From  even  unto  even  shall  ye  celebrate  your  sabbath. 

Lev.  xxiii.  32. 
Some  say,  that  ever  'gainst  that  season  comes 
Wherein  our  Saviour's  birth  is  celebrated, 
The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

3.  To  perform  solemnly  or  with  appropriate 

rites  and  ceremonies :  as,  to  celebrate  mass ;  to 
celebrate  a  marriage  or  a  public  funeral. 

Yet  there,  my  queen. 
We'll  celebrate  their  nuptials.      Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  3. 


celestial 

The  woodpeckers  as  a  superfamily  of  birds  of 
,i,  in., miliums,  affinities  but  uncertain  mor- 
phological position,  Hi'1  group  being  defined 
willi   special   reference    to    its    peculiarities  of 

palatal  structure,  and  comprehending  only  the 
families  Picida&nd  lyngidce.  Also  called  8au- 
rocrnathce. 

■Uteimnneimiratc  is  to  keep  in  memorj  public  and  celeomorphlC  (sol    e-o-mor    ilk),  a.   J_<,  teim- 

innrphie  +  -if.]    Picine ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
*  <  h  omorphat. 
celer't,  »•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar1. 

celer-t,  «■    See  << '<»'< ■ 

celerert,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  cellarer. 

celeres  (sel'e-rez),  re.  pi.    [L.,  pi.  of  a  It  r,  swifl  : 

see  celerity.]'  1.  In  Hum.  until/.,  a  body  of  knights 
or  horsemen  of  the  patrician  order,  cumbering 
originally,  according  to  tradition,  300,  first  or- 
ganized by  Romulus,  100  being  selected,  in  from 
each  curia,  from  each  of  the  three  tribes.  Their 
commander  was.  from  the  time  ol  Tullus  Eostillus,  the 

I  i, Hirer  of  the  state.    Their  number  was  gradually 

mi  rease, i.  and  at  the  close  of  the  dynast]  ol  the  Tarqulns 
they  were  merged  in  the  eqllites.  The  title  was  resumed 
uniier  Augustus  by  the  knights,  as  the  body-guard  of  the 
emperor. 

2f.  [cap.]  An  old  division  of  domestic  dogs,  in- 
cluding swift-footed  kinds,  of  which  the  grey- 
hound is  the  type:  distinguished  from  Seigaces 
and  I'nqnaces. 

celeriac  (se-ler'i-ak),  n.  [<  celery  +  -oc]  A 
variety  of  celery  raised,  especially  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  for  the  root,  which  is  enlarged 
like  a  turnip.  Also  called  ttirniji-rootcil  crli  ry. 
s.-c  n  lery. 

celerity  (se-ler'i-ti), ».  [=  F.  cilerite  =  Pr.  a  le- 
ritat  =  Sp!  cell  riilml  =  Pg.  eeli  ridade  =  It.  cele- 
ri  ta,  <  L.  celerita't-)s,  <  celer,  swift,  quick,  akin 
to  (Jr.  xiXr/c,  a  racer,  Skt.  i/  hal,  drive,  urge 
on.]  Rapidity  of  motion;  swiftness;  quick- 
ness; speed. 

No  less  eelerity  than  that  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iii.  (cho.). 

When  things  are  once  come  to  the  execution,  there  is  no 
secrecy  comparable  to  celerity.  Bacon,  Delays. 

The  bigness,  the  density,  and  the  celerity  of  the  body 
in,, ve,l.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

The  tidings  were  borne  with  the  usual  celerity  of  evil 
news.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  isa.,  i.  3. 

=  Syu.  Velocity,  Swiftness,  etc.     See  quickness. 
celery  (sel'e-ri),  n.     [Prop.  with_initial  s,  as  in 


877 

=  Syn.  1.  To  laud,  magnify,  glorify.— 2,  3.  Keep.  OUtrVt, 
Solemnize,  Celebrate,  Commemorate.  Keep  Is  an  Idiomatic 
word  for  observe:  as,  to  keep  the  Sabbath;  to  keep  Lenl 
oi  feast-days.  To  observe  Is  to  pay  regard  to,  in  a  rever 
cut  and  especially  a  religious  way.  (See  observance.  I  H  e 
speak  ,.f  observing  the  Sabbath,  ol  observing  the  « ishes  <-i 
father.    To  solemnize  is  to  celebrate  religiously.    To 

celebrate  is  t irk,  distinguish,  or  perforin  with  Joy  and 

honor  :  as,  t>,  celebrate  an  anniversary;  to  celebrate  B  tnai 
riage.    - 

solemn  acts:  as,  to  commemorate  the  resurrection  by  ob 
serving  Boater. 

The  holiest  of  all  holidays  are  those 
Kept  by  ourselves  in  .silence  and  apart, 

l.onal'eUaie,  Holidays. 

With  twenty  popish  tricks  and  ceremonii  -, 
Which  I  have  sei  o  thee  careful  to  oft*  roe. 

Shak.,  'lit.  And.,  v.  1. 

And  when  your  honours  mean  to  solemnise 

The  bargain  of  your  faith,  1  do  bes h  you, 

Even  at  that  time  I  may  be  married  too. 

Shak    M.  ol  v.,  iii.  2. 

On  theatres  ,if  turf,  in  homely  state, 
Old  plays  thej  bj  i,  ,,iil  ousts  thej  c«i      • 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii.  286. 
Sir,  we  are  asscmhleil  to  luniimniwrate  flic  estahlishment 
of  great  public  principles  of  liberty. 

/i    Webster,  Speech,  Hunker  Hill.  June  17,  1826. 

celebrated  (sel'e-bra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cele- 
brate, i\]  Having  celebrity;  distinguished; 
mentioned  with  praise  or  honor;  famous;  well- 
known. 

The  celebrated  works  of  antiquity,  which  have  stood  the 
test  of  so  many  different  ages.  Addison. 

=  Syn.  Noted,  Renowned,  etc,    See/amou& 
celebratedness  (scl'e-bra-ted-nes),  n.    [<  cele- 
brated  +  -ness."]     The  state  or  condition  of  be- 
ing celebrated.     Scott.     [Rare.] 
celebrater,  celebrator  (sel'e-bra-ter,  -tor),  n. 
One  who  celebrates. 

I  am  really  more  a  well-wisher  to  your  felicity,  than  a 
celebrater  of  your  beauty. 

Pope,  To  -Mrs.  A.  Fermor  on  her  Marriage. 

celebration  (sel-e-bra'shon),  n.  [=F.  celebra- 
tion =  Sp.  eelebracion  =  Pg.  celebracSo  =  It.  ce- 
lebrasione,  <  L.  cclebratio(n-),  a  numerous  as- 
semblage, a  festival,  a  praising,  <  celebrare:  see 
celebrate.']  1.  The  act  of  celebrating,  (a)  The 
act  of  praising  or  extolling;  commemoration;  commen- 
dation; honor  or  distinction  bestowed,  whether  by  songs 
and  eulogies  or  by  rites  and  ceremonies. 
His  memory  deserving  a  particular  celebration. 

Lord  Clarendon. 


'Ij)  The  act  of  performing  or  observing  with  appropriate     eariy  mof\,  E.  selcril,  selleru  :  =  D.  selderij  =  G. 

pi  lac  c\i.  ,-, -I-,,,,,,.),  i.-c  ■    ■>«    tin-  r.'lehrii  I  in  n   ,,!    ,,    ,,,,,1'l'i  .-,">■■    tile  ..    -    .  ,.  t^  ^         ,.  ..         .      ,  r\  t,    *   •      i  -r , 


rites  or  ceremonies :  as,  the  celebration  of  a  marriage ;  the 
celebration  of  mass. 
Celebration  of  mass  is  equivalent  to  offering  mass. 

Cath.  Diet. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  celebrate  anything; 
a  commemorative,  honorific,  or  distinguishing 
ceremony,  observance,  or  performance :  as,  to 
arrange  for  or  hold  a  celebration  ;  the  ode  is  a 
celebration  of  victory. 

What  time  we  will  a  celebration  keep 
According  to  my  birth.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

celebrator,  »•    See  celebrater. 

celebrioust  (se-leb'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  Celebris,  cele- 
brated, +  -ou's.]     Famous;  renowned.   Stri/pe. 

celebriouslyt  (se-leb'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  praise 
or  renown.     [Rare.] 

celebriousnesst(se-leb'ri-us-nes),  h.  Fame;  re- 
nown.    [Rare.] 

celebrity  (se-leb'ri-ti),  n. ;  pi.  celebrities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  ct'lehrite  =  Pr.  eclebritat  =  Sp.  cclcbrulml 
=  Pg.  celebridade  =  It.  celcbrita,  <  L.  celehri- 
ta(t-)s,  a  multitude,  fame,  renow-n,  <  celeber: 
see  celebrate.]  1.  The  condition  of  being  cele- 
brated; fame;  renown;  distinction:  as,  the  ce- 
lebrity of  George  Washington;  the  celebrity  of 
Homer  or  of  the  Iliad. 
An  event  of  great  celebrity  in  the  history  of  astronomy. 

Whewell. 
Egypt  has  lost  the  celebrity  which  it  enjoyed  in  ancient 
times  for  its  flue  linen. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  3. 

2.  A  celebrated  person  or  (very  rarely)  thing: 
as,  a  celebrity  at  the  bar  or  in  the  church ;  what 
are  the  celebrities  of  this  town? — 3f.  Celebra- 
tion. 

The  manner  of  her  receiving,  and  the  celebrity  of  the 
marriage,  were  performed  with  great  magnificence.  Bacon. 

celebroust  (sel'e-brus),  a.  [<  L.  celeber,  cele- 
brated, +  -OttS/'ef.  F.  celebre  =  Sp.  eclebre  = 
Pg.  It.  celebre.]     Celebrated. 

celemin  (Sp.  pron.  thel-a-men'),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
ccla in i m,  sila mini.]  1.  Same  as  almiid. —  2.  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  equal  to  48  square 
cstadals,  or  about  one  eighth  of  an  acre. 

celeomorph  (sel'f-6-m6rf),  «.  A  celeomorphic 
bird,  as  a  woodpecker. 

Celeomorphae  (sel"e-o-m6r'fe),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Huxley,   1867),  <  Celeus  +  Gr.  fiopipi/,  form.] 


sctterie,  selleri  =  Dan.  S\v.  selleri,  <  F.  ciU  ri,  <  It. 
dial,  seleri,  It.  sedano,  celery,  <  L.  selinon,  pars- 
ley, <  Gr.  ai'/ivov,  a  kind  of  parsley,  in  MGr.  and 
NGr.  celery.  See  parsley,  ult.  <  Gr.  -i-poaiTn- 
vov,  rock-parsley.]  An  umbelliferous  plant, 
Apia  in  graveolens,  a  native  of  Europe,  and  long 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  use  of  the  table. 
The  green  leaves  and  stalks  are  used  as  an  ingredient  in 
Boups,  lint  nrilinaiily  the  stems  are  blanched.  There  are 
many  varieties  in  cultivation,  the  stems  blanching  pink, 
yellow,  or  white.  See  celeriac. 
celestt  (se-lesf),  a.  [<  F.  cileste  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  celeste,  <  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven,  of  the  sky,  < 
ca'lum,  heaven :  see  ceil,  n.  Cf.  celestial.]  Heav- 
enly; celestial. 

To  drynke  of  this,  of  waters  first  and  best, 
Lie., me  ,,f  L'laee  above,  a  thyng  celest. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

celeste  (se-lesf),  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  F.  bleu  ci- 
leste, sky-blue :  see  blue  and  celest.]  In  ccram., 
sky-blue. 

celestial  (se-les'tial),  a. and  n.  [<  ME.  celestial, 
celestiall,  <  OF.  celestial,  cetesUel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
celestial  =  It.  eclestiale,  <  L.  calcstis.  of  heaven, 
<  ccelum,  heaven :  see  celest,  ceil,  n.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sky  or  visible  heaven  : 
as,  the  celestial  globe ;  "  the  twelve  celestial 
signs,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

So  to  glorifie  God.  the  author  of  time  and  light,  which 
the  darkened  conceits  of  the  Heathens  ascribed  to  the 
Planets  and  bodies  eoslestiall,  calling  the  monethsby  their 
names.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  123. 

2.  Heavenly;  belonging  or  relating  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  heaven;  dwelling  in  heaven; 
hence,  of  superior  excellence,  delight,  purity, 
etc.:  as,  a  celestial  being;  celestial  felicity. 

Tliys  lady  bym  saide  that  it  myght  not  bee, 
Hit  please  ne  wold  the  king  celestiaU. 

Bom.  o/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3796. 

Desire  of  power,  on  earth  a  vicious  weed, 
Yet  sprung  from  high  is  of  celestial  seed : 
In  God  'tis  glory  ;  ami  when  men  aspire, 
'Tis  but  a  spark  too  much  of  heavenly  fire. 

Dryden,  Abs.  ami  A  chit.,  1.  305. 

Thus  far,  nations  have  drawn  their  weapons  from  the 
earthly  armories  of  Force,  unmindful  of  these  others  of 
celestial  temper  from  the  bouse  of  Love. 

Sumner.  Orations,  L  104. 

Celestial  crown,  in  her.,  a  hearing  resembling  the  an- 
tique crown,  and  having  each  of  its  rays  charged  with  a 


celestial 

star  at  the  point. —Celestial  globe,  magic,  etc.  Sop  the 
nouns.— The  Celestial  Empire,  a  common  name  for 

custom  "i  speaking 

0(tl  orB  av<     <  I  ij  nasty, 

•i]  the  claim  of  the  founder 

I  the  command 

n  icked  rulers. 

it,  or  Sons  of 

ten. 

II.  "■  1-  An  inhabitant  of  heaven. 

The  unknown  celestial.  Pope,  Odyssey,  i.  160. 

2.  [cap.']  A  popular  name  for  a  native  of  China, 
the  "Celestial  Empii 

celestialize  (sf-les'Jial-iz),  v.  t.     [<  celestial 
+  -i-c]     To  make  celestial.    Quarterly  Bev. 
[Es 
celestially  (se-les'tial-i;,  «</r.     In  a  celestial 
or  heavenly  mai 

celestialness  I  se-les'tial-nes),  «.  [<  celestial  + 
-ness.]  The  quality  of  being  celestial, 
celestifyt  (sf-les'ti-fi),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  celestifier, 
make  heavenly  or  divine,  <  L.  ccelestis,  heaven- 
ly (see  celest),  +  -ficare,<  facere,  make:  see 
To  communicate  something  of  a  heaven- 
ly nature  to;  make  heavenly.     [Rare.] 

ven  tuit  ear!  arth  bui  heaven  tor- 

Brounu  .  \  ulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

celestina  (sel-es-ti'na),  n.  [<  L.  caHesUnus, 
heavenly:  see  Celestine.]    Same  as  bifara. 

Celestine  (sel'es-tin),  «.  [<  L.  Ccelestinus,  per- 
taining to  Cwli  Stills,  a  proper  name;  lit.lieaven- 
'.  gft'aZ.]  1.  An  adherent  of 
tgianism:  so  called  from  Cselestius,  one  of 
the  i  arlj  supporters  of  Pelagius. — 2.  One  of 
an  ordei  oi  Benedictine  monks,  now  nearly 
extinct,  so  named  when  their  founder  became 
pope  as  Celestine  V.  in  1294.  He  was  Pietro  Ange- 
lerier,  and  was  known  as  Pietro  da  Murrone,  from  the 
mountain  he  inhabited  as  a  hermit,  whence  the  monks 
oized  about  12"i4)  were  originally  called  Murronians. 
The  br  >urs  after  midnight  to  say  matins, 

cat  no  flesh,  fast  often,  and  wear  a  white  gown  and  a  Mack 
capoueh  and  scapular.  For  several  centuries  the  Celes- 
tines  were  very  numerous  and  prosperous,  especially  in 
Italy  and  France. 

3.  A  member  of  an  extinct  order  of  Franciscan 
hermits. 

Celestinian  (sel-es-tin'i-an),  n.     Same  as  CeU 

celestite  (sel'es-tit),  n.   [<  L.  ccelestis,  of  heaven 
celest),  +  -il<-.~\   In  mineral., native  stron- 
tium sulphate.   It  is  found  in  orthorhombic  crystals  re- 

seiuiilm-  t  tin-.'  nt  liaiite  in  torni,  also  massive  and  fibrous. 
white,  ni' a  delicate  blue  (whence  the  name). 
It  occui-  finely  crystallized  in  Sicily,  with  native  sulphur, 
at  many  other  localities  in  Europe,  and  in  America  on 
Strontian  island  in  Lake  Erie,  at  Lockporf  in  New  York, 

LlsO  CCelt  ■<">.  CCeli    tnh\ 

celestivet,  ».  [ME.  celestif,  <  OF.  celestif,  ce- 
lestitil;  as  celest  +  -ire.']    Celestial. 

Full  gladly  thay  wold  I  ahold  use  my  life 
Here  a-  for  to  pray  our  lord  celesttf 
1 1  '  thaiin  and  for  you  in  especiall, 
That  in  paradise  he  vs  do  put  till. 

Rom.  •■<  Part  nay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3288. 
Celeus  (sel'e-us),  n.     [NL.  (Boie,  1831),  <  Gr. 
,  the  green  woodpecker,  Picus  nitidis.']    A 
genus  of   South  American  woodpeckers,  con- 
taining such  as  C.  flavus  and  ''.  jlan-xeens  of 
Brazil.     It  gives  name  to  the  Ccleomvrphm. 
celia,  a.    See  ca  lia. 
celiac,  cceliac  (se'li-ak),  a.    [<  L.  cceliacus,  < 

I  Jr.  ),u; ""..'».  <  KoAia,  llie  belly,  <  i.oi'/nr,  hollow.] 

1.   Pertaining  to  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen; 

abdominal  or  ventricular.    Now  chiefly  used  in 

the  phrase  celiac  axis. — 2.   Same  as  calian. — 

3.   I.  a  old  term  applied,  in  the  phrase 

to  a  flux  or  diarrhea—  Celiac  axis. 

Celiac  canal,  in  crinoids,  a  continuation  ol 

It)  into  the  arms,  separated  by  a 

ubtentacular  canal,  as -in 

natula. 

celiadelphus,  »■    See  cceliadelphus. 
celiagra,  «.     Bet  cceliagra. 
celialgia,  ».     See  ccelialgia. 
celian,  a.  ,,,. 

celibacy  (sel'i-bs  Bi), ».    [<  celibate:  see  -acy.] 
celibate  or  unmarried;  a 
"lion   from  mar- 
riage: as,  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

IB   that   his   fall,,  i    v    i     :,    I  leacoil, 

on  her  Clergy  in  lie. 
land,  was  no  pari  ! 

and  con 

!A,  Church  of  Irelan 

■  long  trial  Of 

I 

Inl    ' 

B.  "  n.  310. 

thi   i  b  in  the  honoui 

i  ulay. 

celibatariant  i,  «.    [(.celibate 

+  -a  i 


878 

celibate  (sel'i-bfit),  ».  and  a.  [=F.  ce"Ubat  = 
sp.  Pg.  It.  celibato,  <  L.  calibatus,  celibacy,  a 
single  life.  <  Calebs  (ccelib-),  unmarried:  see 
Calebs.]     I.  «.   If.  A  single  life;  celibacy. 

The  forced  celibate  of  the  English  clergy. 

Bp.  Hull,  Honour  <>1  Married  Clergy,  p.  312. 

He  .  .  .  preferreth  holy  cr/ihnte  liefm-e  tlie  estate  t.f 
marriage.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  273, 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy; 
a  bacholor,  especially  a  confirmed  bachelor. 
II.  a.  Unmarried;  single:  as,  a,celibati  life. 

celibate  (sel'i-ba1 ),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  celibated, 
ppr.  celibating,  [i  celibate,  «.]  To  lead  a  single 
life.     Fortnightly  Bev, 

celibatist  (seri-ba-tist-),  v.  [<  celibate  +  -ist.] 
One  who  lives  unmarried;  a  celibate.     [Rare.] 

celibian  (se-lib'i-an),  n.  [Also  spelled  ca-liliian, 
<  L.  ctilihx,  raltlis,  a  bachelor,  +  -i-an.]  Un- 
married :  celibate.     [Rare.] 

celidography  (sel-i-dog'ra-fi),  n.    [<  Gr.  kt/XIc 
&-),  a  spot,  +  -}pn<j>ia,  <  y/nitpeiv,  write.]     A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun 
or  on  planets. 

celine,  a.    See  cceline. 

cell  (sel),  n.  [<  ME.  cellc,  selle  =  D.  eel  =  G. 
a ll<.  .:<//<■  =  Dan.  cellc  =  Sw.  cell,  <  OF.  ceUe, 
mod.  F.  cells  =  Pr.  cella  =  Sp.  celda  =  Pg.  n  lln 
=  It.  cella,  <  L.  cella,  a  small  room,  a  but,  barn, 
granary  (NL.,  in  anatomy,  biology,  etc.,  a  cell), 
=  AS.  hcall.  E.  hall,  a  room,  house,  etc.,  =  Gr. 
Ko'/iii,  a  hut,  barn,  granary,  =  Skt.  leal,  gala,  a 
hut,  house,  room,  stable  (cf.  garana,  a  shed, 
hut,  as  adj.  protecting),  and  related  to  L.  celare 
=  AS.  helan,  cover,  conceal,  =  Skt.  *gar,  *gal, 
cover,  protect:  see  hall,  Itch1,  hole,  and  con- 
ceal.] 1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a 
convent  or  a  prison. 

It  was  more  dark  and  lone  that  vault, 
Than  the  worst  dungeon  cell. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  17. 

2.  A  small  or  mean  place  of  residence,  such  as 
a  cave  or  hermitage ;  a  hut. 

Then  did  religion  in  a  lazy  cell. 

In  empty  airy  contemplations  dwell. 

Sir  J.  Denham. 
In  cottages  and  lowly  cells 
True  piety  neglected  dwells. 

Somerville,  Epitaph  upon  II.  Lumber. 

3.  In  ecclcs.  hist.,  a  dependent  religious  bouse 
founded  on  the  estate  of  an  abbey  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  abbot  of  the  mother  church. 
About  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  owing  to  the 
creation  of  a  new  dignitary  (the  prior,  in  the  abbey  of 
Cluny),  such  establishments  received  the  designation  of 
priories.     Walcott,  Sacred  Archteology. 

This  lord  was  kepere  of  the  selle. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  172. 

A  place  called  Woodkirk,  where  there  was  a  cell  of  Aus- 
tin Friars,  in  dependance  on  the  great  house  of  St.  Oswald 
at  Nostel.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  35. 

4.  In  arch.    See  cella,  1. —  5.  In  biol. :  (a)  The 

fundamental  form-element  of  every  organized 
body.  It  is  a  bioplastic  mass  of  protoplasm,  varying  in 
size  and  shape,  generally  of  microscopic  dimensions,  capa- 
ble under  proper  conditions  of  performing  the  functions 
of  sensation,  nutrition,  reproduction,  and  automatic  or 
spontaneous  motion,  and  constituting  in  itself  an  entire 
organism,  or  being  capable  of  etiti  ring  into  the  structure 
of  line.  Su eb  a  cell  as  a  rule  has  a  nucleus,  and  is  usually 
also  provided  with  a  wall  or  definite  boundary  ;  but  neither 
cell-nucleus  nor  cell  wall  necessarily  enters  into  its  struc- 
ture. In  ultimate  morphological  analysis,  all  organized 
tissue  is  resolvable  into  cells  or  cell-products.  See  jiroro- 
/./o,,„,ai,d  cell  theory,  below.  (v)  Specifically,  a  nu- 
cleated capsulated  form-element  of  any  struc- 
ture or  tissue;  one  of  the  independent  proto- 
plasmic bodies  which  build  up  an  animal  fab- 


A,  a  few  cells  from  the  chorda  donialis  of  the  [ampicy!  a,  cell-wall : 
*.  cell  -  lucleus;  rf,  nucleolus.   Jl,  multipolar  nerve-celj 

my  |ini<  esse*  I  from  tium.,11  spinal  cord  :  < .  me  Icu^  and  nu- 
cleolus 11.  £7,  hepatic  or  liver 
cells.     F,  pigmentary  cell,  from  skin  of  frog.    (All  magnified. ) 

in  ■  a  bodj  consisting  of  cell-substance,  cell- 
wall,  and  cell-nucleus:  as,  bone-cY/.s,  oartilage- 

cells,  muscle-cells,  nerve-cells,  tot-cells,  cells  of 
connective  tissue,  of  mucous  and  serous  mem- 

e,  etc.,  of  the  blood,  lymph,  etc.  ihisi  tin 
usual  character  "f  cells  in  animals,  and  is  (be  ordinary 
technical  anatomical  sense  of  the  word. 


cell 

If  a  single  cell,  under  appropriate  conditions,  becomes 
:i  man  In  the  Bpace  <>f  a  few  years,  there  can  surely  be  no 
difficulty  in  understanding  how,  under  appropriate  con- 
ditions,  ;i  cell  may  in  the  course  of  untold  millions  of  years 
give  origin  to  the  human  rare. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  118. 

However  complicated  one  of  the  higher  animals  or  plants 
may  be,  it  begins  its  separate  existence  under  the  form  «.f 
a  nucleated  cell.  Nuzley,  Anat  Invert.,  p.  19. 

(c)  In  Polyzoa,  one  of  the  cases  or  cups  of  the 
ectocyst  or  exoskeleton  of  a  polyzoarium,  con- 
1  afning  an  individual  zooid  or  polypid.  See  cuts 
under  Flumatella  ami  Polyzoa.  —  6.  In  anat.  and 
:<>/;/.,  some*  little  envity,  compartment,  camera, 
or  hollow  place ;  a  cella  or  cellula ;  a  vesicle ;  a 
capsule :  a  follicle  ;  a  corpuscle,  etc. :  as,  the 
ceUs  of  honeycomb;  the  cells  (not  osteoblasts) 
of  cancellous  bone-tissue ;  the  cells  (compart- 
ments, not  form-elements)  of  cellular  or  con- 
nective tissue;  the  cells,  or  cancelli,  of  the  re- 
ticulated  structure  of  an  insect's  wing  (that  is, 
the  spaces  between  the  nervures  or  veins) ;  the 
cells  of  a  foraminiferous  or  radiolarian  shell; 
the  cells  (ventricles,  cavities)  of  the  brain;  spe- 
cifically, in  entom.j  the  basal  inclosed  space  of 
the  wing  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  bounded 
by  the  subcostal  and  median  veins,  which  are 
joined  exteriorly. —  7.  A  division  of  the  brain 
.is  Mm'  -.:ii  ,,!■  abode  of  8  particular  faculty. 
[Poetical.] 

Manye  [mania] 
Engendered  of  humour  malencolyk 
Byforen  in  his  selle  fantastyk. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  518. 

Mine  eyes  he  closed,  but  open  left  the  cell 

Of  fancy,  my  internal  sight.  Milton,  P.  L.,viii.469. 

8.  In  elect.,  a  single  jar  or  element  of  a  voltaic 
battery.  A  simple  cell  ordinarily  consists  of  plates  of 
two  different  metals  joined  by  a  wire  and  immersed  in  a 
liquid  (called  the  exciting  liquid)  which  acts  chemically 
upon  one  plate  ;  this,  the  positive  or  generating  plate,  at 
the  expense  of  which  the  electrical  current  is  maintained, 
is  usually  zinc  ;  the  negative  plate  is  often  copper,  but  may 
be  platinum,  carbon,  silver,  etc.  The  exciting  liquid  is  com- 
monly dilute  sulphuric  acid,  but  solutions  of  sal  ammoniac, 
common  salt,  etc  .arealsn  used.  The  current  Hows  through 
the  liquid  from  the  positive  plate  (zinc)  to  the  copper,  and 
through  the  wire  from  the  positive  pole  to  the  negative 

pole.  (See  figure.) 
The  current  from 
a  simple  voltaic 
cell  soon  loses  its 
strength,  because 
hydrogen  bubbles, 
Liberated  in  the 
chemical  action  on 
the  negative  plate, 
form  a  film  over  it. 
This  polarization 
of  the  negative 
plate  (see  polariza- 
ti'in)  may  be  par- 
tially avoided  by 
mechanical  means 
in  ;i  nngle-Jluid  '•■■ti, 
by  using  platinum, 
or  silver  covered 
with  finely  divided 
platinum,  as  in  the 
Smee  cell,  or  plati- 
nized carbon,  as  in  the  Wtithr  cell.  It  is  more  effectually 
prevented  in  a  two-fluid  cell  by  the  addition  of  a  second 
liquid  (the  depolarizing  liquid),  with  which  the  hydrogen 
combines  chemically.  In  the  Grenet  cell,  or  bottle-ceU,  bi- 
chromate of  potash  is  mixed  with  the  sulphuric  aeid  (being 
hence  called  a  bichromate  cc^)ina  vessel  of  bottle  furm,  and 
the  zinc  and  carbon  are  immersed  in  them  ;  the  zinc,  how- 
ever, is  raised  out  of  the  liquid  when  the  cell  is  not  in  use. 
Practically,  the  depolarizing  liquid  is  usually  separated 
from  the  exciting  liquid,  as  in  the  compound  cell.  One  of 
the  best  of  these  is 
the  Itniiii'l!  cell,  which 
consists  of  a  zinc  plate 
immersed  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  con- 
tained in  a  porous  ves- 
sel, outside  of  which 
is  a  perforated  copper 
plate  surrounded  by 
a  solution  of  copper 
sulphate.  The  action 
is  as  follows  :  The  re- 
ad i"N  between  the 
zinc  and  sulphuric 
acid  produces  zinc 
Sulphate  and  hydro, 
gen ;  tin-  Latter,  how- 
ever, instead  of  col- 
lecting on  the  copper 
plate,  unites  with 
the  copper  sulphate, 
forming  sulphuric 
acid  and  metallic  cop- 
per. The  formei  g<  n 
to  Keep  up  the  supply  of  acid  in  the  inner  vessel,  and  the 
latter  is  deposited  on  the  copper  plate    The  consumption 

ol  topper  sulphate  is  made  g I  by  a  supply  of  crystals 

in  :i  receptacle  at  the  top.  A  modified  form  oi  the  Daniell 
cell  is  tbr  gravity  <-<H,  in  which  tin-  porous  vessel  is  dune 
away  with,  and  the  two  liquids  are  separated  bj  their  spe- 
cific gravities  ;  the  copper  sulphate  surrounds  the  copper 
plate  at  the  bottom,  and  the  zinc  sulphate  the  zinc  plate  at 
the  top.  This  is  the  form  of  cell  most  used  for  telegraphic 
purposes  in  the  United  states.  Other  forms  of  the  com- 
pound cell  are  the  Grove,  in  which  platinum  and  nitric 


Simple  Voltaic  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  :  Z,  zinc  plate. 


Daniell  Cell. 
Z,  zinc  plate ;  P,   porous  vessel ;   C, 
COppi  i  plate  :    A',  receptacle  for  crystals 
of  copper  sulphate. 


cell 

acid  take  the  place  of  the  oopper  ami  eopper  sulphate  of 
theDaniell ;  the  Bunsm,  which  is  like  the  Grove  except  in 

the  use  ol  cai  bon 
instead  Of  plati- 
num; and  there 
art-  many  Others. 
The  Leclcmchd  cell, 
t it  used  in  con- 
nection with  elec 
trie  call  belle  (as 
also  with  tin  tele 
phone),  consists  of 
a  rod  of  zinc  Im- 
mersed Hi  a  mi|u 
tion  of  sal  ammo- 
mac,  and  a  plate 
of  carbon,  smur- 
times,  though 
not  necessarily,  in 
a  separate  por 
ous  vessel  packed 
about  with  pow- 
dered   mangi 

dioxi.i  and  carbon. 
This  cell  rapidly 
becomes  polar 
ized,  but  if  left  to 
itself  soon  regains 


879 

For  use,  tho  junction,  A,  of  the  two  long  links  Is  fixed  in 
position,  and  an  extra  link.  /;. ',  is  attached  to  the  angle  of 
the  rhombus  nearest  to  A,  The  other  endj  /-',  of  the  extra 
link  is  fixed  in  position,  usually  at  a  distance  from  .1  equal 
to  HC.  In  this  rase,  when  /.'('  turns  about  />'  as  a  center, 
the  vertex,  B,  of  the  rhombus  most  distant  from  .1  will 
describe  a  right  line.  The  production  of  thi-  effeel  bj 
link-work  alone  had  been  much  Bought  after  since  the  in 
vention  of  the  steam-engine.  Principal  cells,  the  cen- 
tral cells  Of  the  can  Mae  glandaof  the  stomach.  Also  called 
itth'loiitnrplitiusct'lls.—  Selenium  Cell.     *rr  rr  itttanr,  and 

photophone, 
cell  (scl),  r.  t.    [<  eellt  ».]    To  shut  up  iuacell ; 
place  in  a  cell.     [Rare.] 

Myself  a  recluse  from  the  world 
And  ceiled  underground. 

Warn*  r,  Union's  England,  vii. 

cella  (sel'fi  \.  u. ;  pi,  <■<  ihr  (-§).    [L. :  see  cell)  ». ) 

1.    Tho  room  or  chamber  which  formed  the 

nucleus   of 


Gravity  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  ;  Z,  zinc  plate. 


its  strength,  ami  hence  is  especially  valuable  for  inter- 
mittent use;  it  has  also  the  advantage  thai  their  is  no 
waste  of  the  zinc  by  local  action  when  not  in  use.  The 
sUver-cklorid  cell,  as  devised  by  De  la  Rue,  consists  of  zinc 
acted  upon  by  sal  ammoniac  and  a  rod  of  silver  surround- 
ed l»y  a  cylinder  of  silver  cblorid.  The  Latimer-Clarl 
standard  cell  consists  of  zinc  and  pure  mercury  separated 
by  a  paste  made  from  sulphates  of  zinc  and  mercurj  ; 
when  suitably  arranged  it  maintains  a  very  constant  elec- 
tromotive force,  and  hence  has  been  used  as  a  standard. 
9.  A  structure  of  wrought-iron,  consisting 
usually  of  four  plates  riveted  to  angle-irons. 
— 10.  A  small  frame  or  box  employed  to 
hold  or  inclose  a  microscopic  object.— Adelo- 
morphous cells.  Same  as  principal  cells.— Alar  cells. 
See  alar.— Amoeboid  cell,  amcebiform  cell,  a  cell 
which  has  no  determinate  form,  or  which  is  capable  of 
executing  amoeboid  movements,  and  so  of  changing  its 
form,  ami  even  of  moving  about,  like  au  aimeba.  Cor- 
puscles of  chyle  and  lymph  are  of  this  character  ;  so  like- 
wise are  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood.— Antipo- 
dal cells.  s,e  antipodal.  —  Apical  cell.  See  apical.— 
Beaker-cells.  Same  as  goblet-cells.—  Beale's  ganglion- 
cells,  the  bipolar  cells  of  the  abdominal  sympathetic 
nerve  of  the  frog,  in  which  one  process  is  coiled  spirally 
around  the  other.— Cell  family,  a  row  or  group  of  uni- 
cellular plants  which  have  originated  from  a  parent  cell 
and  still  remain  attached;  a  colony.— Cells  of  Purkinje, 
large  branching  cells  in  the  cerebellar  cortex.  — Cell  theo- 
ry, the  doctrine  that  the  bodies  of  all  animals  and  plants 
consist  either  of  a  cell  or  of  a  number  of  cells  and  their 
products,  and  that  all  cells  proceed  from  cells,  as  expressed 
in  the  phrase  omnis  cellula  e  cellula:  a  doctrine  fore- 
shadowed by  Kaspar  Friedrieh  Wolff,  who  died  in  1704, 
and  by  Karl  Ernst  von  Baer  (born  1792) ;  it  was  established 
in  botany  by  Schleideu  in  1838,  and  in  zoology  by  Theodor 
Schwann  about  1839.  Its  complete  form,  including  the 
ovum  as  a  simple  cell  also,  is  the  basis  of  the  present  state 
of  the  biological  sciences.—  Chalice- cells.  SameastjoWi  t- 
cells. —  Collared  cell,  a  cell  one  end  of  which  has  a  raised 
rim  or  border,  like  a  collar,  as  that  of  a  collar-bearing  mo- 
nad, or  choanoflagellate  infusorian.  — Condemned  cell. 
See  condemned.  —  Daughter-cell.    See  mother-cell,  below. 

—  Deiters'S  cells,  certain  cells  intimately  connected  with 
the  external  hair-cells  of  the  cochlea ;  also,  the  cells  of  the 
neuroglia ;  sometimes  applied  to  the  large  cells  of  the  an- 
terior cornua  of  the  spinal  cord,  which  give  off  Deiters's 
processes.  Named  from  Deiters,  a  German  anatomist 
(1834-63).—  Electrolytic  cell,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  vessel  in  which  a  liquid  is  placed  for  electrolysis.— 
Flagellate  cell,  a  cell  with  only  one  flagellum.—  Gob- 
let-cells, columnar  epithelial  cells  in  which  the  free  end 
is  distended  with  mucin,  so  that  the  cell  presents  the 
form  of  a  goblet.  Also  called  chalice-  or  beaker-cells. — 
Granule-cell.  See  granule.  —  Gustatory  cells.  See 
gustatory. —  Hair-cells,  in  anat.,  cells  having  on  their 
upper  surfaces  very  fine  hair-like  processes,  lying  on  the 
outer  (external  hair-cells)  or  inner  (internal  hair-cells)  side 
of  the  rods  of  Corti  (which  see,  under  rod).  —  Indifferent 
cells  or  tissues,  cells  or  tissues  not  differentiated  into 
any  of  the  definite  permanent  forms.  —  Langerhans'  cell, 
a  certain  peculiar  structure  embedded  in  the  epithelium, 
in  which  the  nerve -fibers  terminate.  — Latticed  cells.  8)  1 
cambi/orm.  —  Mother-cell,  a  cell  which  multiplies  itself 
by  the  division  of  its  protoplasmic  contents  and  the  secre- 
tion of  a  wall 

of         cellulose    _  E 

about  each  por- 
tion. The  new 
cells  are  called 
daughter  -cells. 

—  Peaucellier 
cell,  in  mech.t 
a  plane  linkage 
discovered  by 
Lieut.  Peaucel- 
lier in  1864, 
which  first  solv- 
ed the  celebrat- 
ed problem  of 
parallel  mo- 
tion. It  is  com- 
posed of  two 
long  links  of 
equal  length, 
pivoted  toge- 
ther at  one  end 
and  at  the  other 
pivoted  to  the 
opposite  angles 
of  a  rhombus 
composed  of 
four  equal  and 
shorter     links. 


■       c 

m 

Tf 

■1 

n 

5    A 

• 

*, 

■ 

m 

s 

» 

m 

KmU 

ta 

i* 

t* 

hj 

gai 

D 

Plan  of  the  Parthenon. 
A,  cella  ;  B,  opisthodomus  (or  Par- 
thenon] ;  C,  pronaos;  D,  epin.ios  (or 
opisthodomus) ;  £,  site  of  the  statue 
of  Athena. 


A 

Peaucellier  Cell. 
CD,  DF,  EF,  FC,  AF,  AD,  BC,  are  stiff  bars 
jointed  at  A,  C  D,  E,  F.  A  and  B  are  fixed  in 
position  at  a  distance  equal  to  BC,  and  there  is 
a  pencil  at  £ .  As  C  turns  about  B,  describing  the 
arc  cCc',  the  point  E  describes  the  ru'lit  line 
eJEe  ;  cde/ana  c  d  e'/:  are  two  positions  cXCDEF. 


an  an- 
cient Greek  or  Ro- 
man temple  ami  con- 
tained the  image  of 
the  deity,  as  distin- 
guished from  the 
additional  rooms, 
porticos,  ete.,  often 
combined  with  the 
cella  to  form  the 
complete  temple. 
I  tie  word  is  now  often 
applied  to  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  the  tem- 
ples of  other  peoples, 
;i  ol  the  ancient  i  p 
tians.    Also  cell. 

The  next  class  of  tem- 
ples, called  pseudo-pe- 
ripteral (or  those  in 
which  the  cella  occupies 
the  whole  of  the  after 
part),  are  generally  more 
modern,  certainly  more 
completely  Roman,  than 
these  last. 

Fergusson,  Hist,  Archi- 
[tecture,  I.  307. 

The  front  of  the  cella 
includes   a   small  open 
peristyle. 
B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the 
[Saracen,  p.  296. 

2.  [NL.]  In  (unit., 
hinl.,  and  zool.,  a 
cell;  a  cellula.  [Rare.] — 3.  A  hole  or  hollow 
formed  at  the  foot  of  a  waterfall  or  rapid  by  the 
continued  action  of  the  water.  [Canadian.]  — 
Cella  media,  in  anat..  the  central  part  of  the  lateral 
ventricles  of  the  brain,  from  which  the  cornua  proceed. 
cellaeform  (sel'e-form),  a.  [Prop,  celliform,  < 
NL.  cella,  a  cell,  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Of  the 
form  of  a  cell ;  like  a  cell  in  aspect,  but  not  of 
the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell. 

In  the  layer  of  protoplasm  from  which  the  pseudopodia 

proceed,  ceUceform  bodies  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  which 

have  been  found  to  contain  starch,  are  usually  developed. 

Hvaifey,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  Sf>. 

cell-animal  (sel'an"i-mal),  n.  A  cell  as  an  in- 
dividual animal  or  organism ;  an  animal  that 
is  a  single  cell,  or  a  number  of  cells  not  histo- 
logically differentiated. 

cellar1  (sel'&r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  celler,  <  ME. 
ceUer,  celerjX  OF.  eeUer,  F.  cellier  =  Pr.  celu  r 
=  Cat.  celler  =  Pg.  celleiro  =  It.  celliere  =  I). 
k-elder  =  OHG.  chellari,  MHG.  kelre,  heller,  G. 
la  IU •  r  =  Icel.  hjaUari  =  Sw.  kiillarc  =  Dan. 
Ijnider,  <  L.  ccllariitiii,  a  pantry,  prop.  neut.  of 
cellarius,  pertaining  to  a  cell,  <  cella:  see  cell, 
n.  In  the  comp.  saltcellar,  q.  v.,  -cellar  is  of 
different  origin.]  1.  A  room  under  a  house  or 
other  building,  either  wholly  or  partly  under 
ground,  not  adapted  for  habitation,  but  for  the 
storage  of  provisions,  wine,  lumber,  fuel,  etc. 
In  some  of  the  overcrowded  parts  of  large  towns,  how- 
ever, cellars  are  converted  into  habitations  for  people  of 
the  poorest  classes. 

By  ny3te  sette  it  in  a  soft  cleer  eir,  or  ellis  in  a  coold 
seler.  Book  of  Quints  Essence  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  8. 

She's  brought  them  down  to  yon  cellar, 
She  brought  them  fifty  steps  and  three. 

The  Knight's  Ghost  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  211). 

2f.  A  receptacle  or  case  for  bottles. 
Run  for  the  cellar  of  strong  waters  quickly. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetiek  Lady,  iii.  1. 

His  wife  afterwards  did  take  me  into  my  closet,  and  give 
me  a  cellar  of  waters  of  her  own  distilling. 

Pepys,  Diary,  April  1,  1668. 
cellar2  (sel'ar),  a.    [<  L.  cellarius,  pertaining  to 
a  cell :  see  cellar1.']     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cell ; 
cellular:  as,  cellar  walls.     [Rare.] 
cellar3t,  »•     See  cehire. 
cellarage  (sel'ar-aj),  m.    [<  cellar*-  +  -age.']    1. 
The  space  occupied  by  a  cellar  or  cellars ;  a 
cellar  or  cellars  collectively. 

Come  on  — you  hear  this  fellow  in  the  cellarage— 
Consent  to  swear.  Shale.,  Uamlet,  i.  5. 


Oellepora 

2.  Room  or  storage  in  a  cellar.  —  3.  A  charge 
for  storage  in  n  cellar, 
cellar-book  (sel'Sl-buk),  n.  A  book  containing 
details  Regarding  the  wines  or  other  liquors  re- 
ceived into  and  given  out  from  a  wine-cellar; 
:i  book  kepi  by  :i  butler  showing  the  general 
state  of  I  he  wine-cellar. 

Heir  he  checked  the  housekeeper's  account,  and  over- 
hauled tin*  butler's  cellar-book.  Thackeray. 

cellarer  (sel'Sr-er),  n.    (<  ME.  celerer,  celerere, 

<  OF.  celerier,  r.  cellerier  =  Pr.  cettarier  = 
OCat.  ceUerer  =  Sp.  cillerero  =  Pg.  cellereiro, 
ct  thin  irn  =  It.  cellerajo,  cellerario  (ML.  cellarius, 

a  Hi  rurins),  <   \j.  a  llniiiniix.  :i  stowanl,  butler, 

<  cella  rili  m,  ;i  pantry:  sec- cellar1.]  1.  An  officer 
in  n  monastery  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or 
the  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  pro- 
visions; also,  an  officer  in  a  chapter  who  has 
the  care  of  the  temporals,  and  particularly  of 
the  distribution  of  bread,  wine,  and  money  to 
canons  on  account  of  their  attendance  in  the 
choir. 

The  cellarer  was  a  sly  old  fellow  with  a  thin  greybeard, 

and  looked  as  if  he  could  tell  a  g I  story  of  an  evening 

over  a  flagon  of  good  wine. 

It.  Crtrzim,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  347. 

2.    Same  as  cellarman. —  3.    One  who  keeps 
wine-  or  spirit-cellars ;  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine- 
merchant. 
Also  ciitari.it. 

cellaret  (sel'iir-et),  n.  [<  cellar*  +  dim.  -et] 
A  case  for  holding  bottles  or  decanters,  as  of 
wine,  cordials,  etc.,  sometimes  also  several 
liqueur-glasses. 

cellar-flap  (sel'&r-flap),  ».  A  wooden  lifting 
door  covering  the  descent  to  a  cellar.     [U.  S.] 

Cellaria  (se-la'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  cella- 
rius, <  cella,  a  chamber,  cell :  see  cell,  ».]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cellariidce. 

Cellariida?  (sel-a-ri'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  Cella- 
ria +  -ida:]  A  family  of  gymnolsematous  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus 
Cillnria.    Also  Cellariadai. 

cellaring  (sel'ar-ing),  «.  [(cellar^  +  -ingl.]  1. 
A  range  or  system  of  cellars ;  cellarage. 

Ah  !  how  blessed  should  I  be  to  live  with  you  in  a  re- 
tired and  peaceful  cottage,  situated  in  a  delightful  sport- 
ing country,  with  attached  and  detached  offices,  roomy 
cellaring,  and  commodious  attics. 

Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  storing  goods  in  cel- 
lars. 

cellarino  (It.  pron.  ehel-lii-re'no),  >i.  [It.]  In 
the  Roman  or  Renaissance  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders  of  architecture,  the  neck  or  necking  be- 
neath the  ovolo  of  the  capital. 

cellarist  (sel'ar-ist),  n.  [<  cellar*  +  -ist]  Same 
as  cellarer. 

cellarman  (sel'Sr-man), «.;  pi. cellarmen  (-men). 
A  person  employed  in  a  wine-cellar;  a  butler; 
also,  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine-merchant.  Also 
called  cellarer. 

cellarOUS  (sel'ar-us),  a.    [<  cellar*  +  -ous.]   Be- 
longing to  or  connected  with  a  cellar;  subter- 
ranean; excavated.     [Rare.] 
Certain  cellarous  steps. 

Dickens,  lincommercial  Traveller,  ix. 

cellar-rat  (sel'Sr-rat),  n.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  a  custom-house  officer  employed  in 
looking  after  the  storage  of  imported  goods. 

There  was  to  be  a  standing  army  kept  up  in  time  of  peace: 
customdiouse  officers,  tide-waiters,  and  <>lhir-,als. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  I.  461. 

cellar-snail  (sel'Sr-snal),  n.  Aland-snail, 
Hj/iiliiia  cellaria,  of  the  family  Vitriiiiilir  and 
subfamily  Zouitiinr,  having  a  small,  depressed, 
polished  shell :  so  called  from  being  found  in 
cellars.  It  is  a  European  species  which  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States,  and  is  common  in  the  Atlan- 
tic seaport  towns. 

cell-capsule  (sel'kap"sul),  «.  A  thick  cell-wall 
or  readily  separable  cell-membrane. 

When  such  membranes  attain  a  certain  degree  of  thick- 
ness and  independence  as  regards  the  body  of  the  cell, 
they  are  known  as  cell-capsules. 

Frey,  Histol.  and  Histo-ehem.  (trans.),  p.  S3. 

celled  (seld),  a.  [<  cell  +  -cd-.]  Having  a  cell 
or  cells;  composed  of  a  cell  or  cells;  cellular: 
used  separately  or  in  compounds:  as,  a  celled 
organ  ;  one-celled ;  m&ny-celled. 

cell-enamel  (sel'e-nam'el),  n.  Cloisonne  en- 
amel.    [Rare.] 

Cellepora  (se-lep'o-rS),  n.  [NL.,  better  Celli- 
pora,  <  NL.  cella,  a  cell,  +  L.  poms,  a  passage : 
see  /tore.]  The  typical  genus  of  polyzoans  of 
the  family  Celleporidce,  having  a  median  avicu- 
larium  behind  the  posterior  lip  of  the  mouth  of 
the  cell.    Also  Cellipora. 


[<  NL.  eella,  a 

-tuts.]    Bearing 


Celleporidse 

Celleporidae  (sel-e-por'i-de),  ».  pi.     [NL.,  < 
+  -mac]     A  family  of  ohilostomatous 
s  with  zocBoia  ureeolate,  erect  or  sub- 
regularly  heaped  tog<  often 
forming  several  superimposed  layers. 
Celleporina  (si               ri'  oa  >.  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 
+  -inn-.]     A  superfanuiy  group  of 
ohilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zooeeium 
areous,  rhomboid  or  oval,  and  a  terminal 
mouth. 
and 

celler 

celler 

cellerert 

celliferous  (se-lif'e-ru 

i .  =  fi.  bear'-,  + 

or  producing  cells, 
celllform  (sel'i-fdrm),  a.     [<  NL.  cella,  a  cell 

+  \i.formt 

the  morphologi 
Cellipora  (se-Bp'o-rS), n.    |N"I..]    SameasCW 

lijuira. 
cellist  (ehel'ist),  ».    An  abbreviated  form  of 

violoncellist:  often  written  'cellist. 
Cellite  (sellt),  n.     [F.  Cellite  =  Sp.  Celito,  < 

ML.  pi.,  <  L.  cella,  a  cell.]     Same  as 

•>.  1. 
cell-membrane  (sel'inein"bran),  n.     In  ftioZ., 

the  investing  membrane  or  wall  of  a  cell. 

A  distinct,  independent  pellicle,  separable  from  the  cell- 
body,  and  known  as  the  cell-mem 

Frey,  Histol.  ami  Histo-chem,  (trans.),  i>.  (i4. 

cell-mouth  (sel'mouth),  n.  The  oral  opening 
of  a  unicellular  animal ;  acytostome. 

cello  (chel'6),  n.  An  abbreviation  of  violoncello: 
often  written  '<■<  llo. 

cell-parasite  (sel'par'a-sit),  n.     An  extremely 


880 

laria.  Tlu>  polyzoary  is  erect,  Jointed,  phytold,  dichoto- 
niously  branched,  with  zocecia  alternate  and  all  facing  the 
Bameway.  thi  apertures  large,  oval,  and  membranous,  and 
ihe  avicularia,  whi  n  present,  sessile,  and  either  lateral  or 
anterior.  Also  Cellularidx,  Celluiariadce. 
Cellularina  (sol  u-la-ri'na),  n.  /it.  [NL.,  < 
Cellularia,  2,+  -/««'-'.]'  Asuperfamilygroupof 
ohilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the,  zooeeium 
corneous  ami  infundibulate.  It  contains  the 
families  .Y.U  Ida;  Ct ilidnriida;  and  Bicellariidce. 

cdl  it  la  +  -ate2 
tire. 

cettula,  < 
little  cell. 
spaces,  sur- 
rounded by  veins,  on  the  wing  of  an  insect,  especially  of 
the  Neuroptera  and  Pseudoneuroptera.    (I>)  In  hot.,  one 
of  the  ells  which  constitute  the  areolar  structure  of  a 
r  of  a  leaf  or  similar  vegetable  organ. 


ingthe'form'butnot  Cellulicolae  (sel-u-lik'6-le)  ,  it .pi.     [NL.,  pen- 
ological nature  ofa  cell  '"'"■  1- v->  +  L-  c^f'e'  "^^V  see  CM"-]    A 


Celticism 

celotomy  (se-lot'o-mi),  n.  [=  F.  ceTotomie  = 
Sp.  celotomia,  <  (Jr.  nr/toro/iia,  <  «/>//,  a  tumor, 
+  -ro/(/<z,  <  rtfivuv  (•/  *TO/i),  out.]  In  swflr. :  („) 
The  operation  of  cutting  the  constriction  in 
strangulated  hernia,  (b)  An  operation  former- 
ly employed  for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  her- 
nia,   (c)  Castration. 

celsitudet  (sel'si-tud),  n.     [ME.  celcitude,  <  OF. 

crlsitlltlv  =  Sp.  cclsitml  —  Pg.  cclsitiidc  —  It.  a  hi- 
liidiiir.  <  L.  celsitudo  (-tiidin-),  a  lofty  bearing, 
later  a  title  equiv.  to  '  Highness,'  <  celsits,  raised 
high,  lofty,  pp.  of  *ceUere,  rise  high,  in  comp. 
excellere,  etc.:  see  excel,  excelsior.']  1.  Height; 
elevation;  altitude.— 2.  Highness;  excellency: 
sometimes  used  humorously. 

Honor  to  the  .  .  .  and  to  thy  celcitude. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  611. 

In  most  lamentable  forme  complaineth  to  your  .  .  .  cel- 

titude,  your  distressed  orators.      Mareton,  The  Fawne,  v. 


burrows  in  the  ground.     [Not  in  use.] 
Cellulifera  (sel-u-lif'e-ra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  celluliferus :  see  celliiliferous.]    A  systematic 

name  of  the  polyzoans  or  moss-animalcules. 
celluliferous  (sel-u-lif'e-rus),  a.      [=  F.  cellu- 

lifere,  <  NL.  celluliferus,  <  cellula,  q.  v.,  +  L. 

ferre  =  E.  bear1.']    Bearing  or  producing  little 

cells ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cellu- 

lift  ra. 
celluline  (sel'u-lin),  n.  and  a.     [<  cellula   + 

-ini2.]     Same  as  cellulose2. 
cellulitis  (sel-u-li'tis),  11.    [NL.,  <  cellula,  q.v., 

+  -itis.]    In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  cellular  or 

connective  tissue,  especially  in  its  looser  forms. 
minute  parasite  «  Inch  Eves  Within  a  singleTeYl  celluloid  (sel'u-loid),  n.     [<  cellulose*)  +  -old.] 


group  of  spiders,  of  the  order  Pulmonaria,  which  Celsius  thermometer.  Same  as  centigrade  tlier- 

form  their  nests  in  slits  beneath  the  bark  of    mometer  (which  see,  under  centigrade). 

trees,  in  the  cavities  of  stones  and  rocks,  or  in  Celt1,  Kelt  (selt,  kelt),  n.    [F.  Celte  =  Sp.  Pg, 


od  the  tissues  of  its  host,  as  a  coccidium. 
cell-parasitism  (sel'par  a  si-tizm),  n.     Intra- 
cellular parasitism :  parasitic  life  within  a  cell, 
cell-sap  (sel'sap),  «.    Fluid  or  semi-fluid  cell- 
substance;  Suidic  ]  irotoplasm. 
cell-substance   (sel'sub  stans),    n.     The   con- 
tents of  a  cell ;  the  general  protoplasm  com- 
posing the  body  of  a  cell, 
cellula  (sel'u-la),  «.;  pi.  cellula  i-le).     [NL. 
use  of  L.   cellula,  a  small  storeroom,  dim.  of 
ii  tin.  a  cell,  storeroom:   see  cell,  n.]     A  little 
cell;  a  cellule. 

cellular  (sel'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  ceUulaire  = 
Sp.  a  hit, u-  ~  pg.  cellular  =  It.  cellulare,  <  NL. 
Uaris,  <  L.  (NL.)  cellula  :  see  cellula,  cell.] 
I.  ".  Consisting  of,  con- 
taining, or  resembling 
cells ;  pertaining  to  a  cell 
or  to  cells:  as,  cellular 
structure;  a  cellular  ap- 
pearance. 

A  very  good  example  of  such 
a  cellular  parenchyma  is  to  be 
found  in  the  substance  known 
a    Rice  paper. 

!■■  nter,  Micros.,  §351. 
Cellular  beam.  See  beam 
Cellular  cartilage.  Seecar- 
tilaijc.  —  Cellular  system,  in 
hot.,  that  portion  of  the  struc- 
ture of  plants  wide],  fa  com- 
I'"-'  d  of  Fundamental  cellular 
tissue,  or  parenchyma,  in  distinction  from  the  flbrova  n  u 
larandepidi  -  Cellular  theory.    Same  as 

ider  ell).    Cellular  tissue  in 
Cellular  tissue,  cel- 
lular membrane,  ireolai  tisaui  (which  m 
undei                              and  tissue. 
II.  //.  In  hot.,  a  planl  having  no  spiral  ves- 
ii' ii. 


A  substance  made  of  guncotton,  camphor,  and 
some  other  ingredients,  imitating  ivory,  or, 
when  colored,  tortoise-shell,  coral,  amber,  mal- 
achite, etc.  Many  articles,  useful  and  orna- 
mental, are  manufactured  from  it. 

cellulose1  (sel'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  "cellulo- 
sus,  <  cellula,  q.  v.]     Containing  cells. 

cellulose'2  (sel'u-los),  n.  and  tt.  [<  cellula  + 
-ose.]  I.  ti.  In  hot.,  the  essential  constituent 
of  the  primary  wall-membrane  of  all  cells,  a 


It.  Celta,  usually  in  pi.,  <  L.  Celta:,  pi.,*  sing. 
"Celta,  <  Gr.  Kilrm  (sing.*Ki Xti/q ),  earlier  Ke'/.to'i 
(sing.  *KelT6r),  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied 
to  a  Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  des- 
ignation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  unknown ; 
perhaps  akin  to  the  equiv.  L.  Galli,  the  'Gauls,' 
and  to  the  Celtic  Gael,  q.  v.  The  W.  Celtiad 
(as  if  'a  dweller  in  coverts,'  <  celt,  a  covert, 
shelter,  <  irlu.  hide,  conceal,  <  L.  eclair,  hide: 
see  cell  and  conceal),  a  Celt,  Gael.  Ceiltich  and 
CoiUtich,  pi.,  Celts,  are  prob.  due  to  the  L.  Celtm. 
The  reg.  Eng.  spelling  is  Celt  and  the  reg.  Eng. 
pron.  selt ;  but  the  spelling  Kelt,  after  G.  Melt, 
Gr.  KtATai,  W.  Celtiad  (pron.  kel'ti-ad),  is  pre- 
ferred by  some  recent  writers.]  A  member  of 
one  of  the  peoples  speaking  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  L-eland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, and  Brittany,  and  constituting  a  branch 
or  principal  division  of  the  Indo-European  fam- 
ily. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly, 
France,  Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  British  islands,  (if  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Oadhelic,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  the 
Irish,  and  the  Manx,  and  the  Cmiiric,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons;  the  Cornish,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 


secretion  from  the  contained  protoplasm,  isom- celt2  (selt),  u,     [<  W.  cellt,  a  flintstone.l     In 

I'V.ui^     with      CTivr.h      in      ift-      finiimrieitirt«       o.irl      nl  i i  ■  -T  .  .   .      .      J 


Cellular  Structure. 
Section  of  Leaf  of  the  Apple. 
■  ■  ■ 

&aae  cells;   c,  spongy  paren- 
chyma ;  *,  <r,  celluUr  ti^uc  of 


Cellulares  (sel-u-la'rez) ,  n.  pi     [NL.,  pi.  of  Oelosia  (se-ld'si-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  idfaoe, 
liar.]     In  IVCandolle'ssys-     i„g.  laler'«//oc,"drv,  <  wkiv,  burn;  fro 
t- in  oi  classification,  a  name  given  to  that  di-    burned  appearance  of 


I'le  kingdom  more  usually 
1  Cryptoqamia,  including  plan) 

ed  wholly  or  ehieflj    i  llular  tissue. 

tly    limited,    il     should    include    only    the 

d  lower  cr 
Cellularia  (sel-u-U'ri-a), 

a  Llular:   see  (titular.] 

1.  Ii 

ined  a    b 

horuv  or  calcareous 
with  thin 

very  thin 
pores  intl  of  tl 

■I—2-  I1  ingular.]    Tie  celostomy   (se-los'to 

l  only  gen  i  nuly  Celhilari- 

aple. 
Cellulariidae  (sel  u-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL..  < 
■  2,    t-  -,,t,i.\     \  family  of  ohilosto- 
matous polyzoans,  typified  by  the  g< 


erous  with  starch  in  its  composition,  and  al- 
lied to  starch,  sugar,  and  inulin.  It  rarely  or  never 
exists  in  a  simple  condition  unmixed  with  coloring  or 
mineral  matters,  etc. ;  and  with  age  it  becomes  largely 
transformed  into  lignin,  suberin,  or  mucilage.  Cotton 
and  the  bleached  fiber  of  flax  and  hemp  are  nearly  pure 
cellulose,  and  in  some  filter-paper  it  is  almost  chemically 
pure.  Cellulose  is  remarkable  for  its  insolubility,  being 
dissolved  without  change  only  by  an  ammoniacal  solu- 
tion of  oxid  of  copper,  from  which  it  may  be  again  pre- 
cipitated. Under  the  action  of  concentrated  or  boiling 
acids,  or  of  caustic  alkalis,  many  different  products  are 
obtained,  according  to  the  method  of  treatment.  It  is 
changed  to  glucose  by  long  boiling  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid  ;  a  substance  resembling  parchment 
is  obtained  by  treating  unsized  paper  with  cold  sulphu- 
ric acid ;  strong  nitric  acid,  or  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  converts  forms  of  cellulose  into  guncot- 
ton, etc.  In  its  unchanged  condition  it  is  not  colored  by 
iodine  except  usually  with  a  faint  yellowish  tint,  which 
becomes  a  bright  blue  on  the  addition  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  Cellulose  is  also  said  to  exist  in  the  tunics  of  Ascidia 
ami  in  other  invertebrates. —  Starch-cellulose,  the  deli- 
cate skeleton  of  cellulose  which  remains  when  starch- 
granules  arc  dissolved  in  saliva  or  pepsin. 

II.  a.  Formed  of  cellulose. 
cellulosic  (sel-u-16'sik),  a.    [<  cellulose*  +  -ic.] 

<  M  or  relating  to  cellulose ;  produced  by  or  made 
of  cellulose :  as,  "  cellulosic  fermentation,"  Nine- 

leelltll   t'l'lllltr 

celort,  u.     Same  as  cel/irc, 

burn 
om  the 
appearan 
the  flowers  of  some 
species.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order 
Jiiitirntitiiet'tr,  for  f lie 

st      part      tropical. 

CI i'  comb  common  in 

cultivation  is  C.  cristata  ; 
but  the  cultivated  form  of 
ii.i  plant,  with  a  broad 
flattened  stem  and  a  ter- 
minal en  ■  irerj  unlike 
its  natural  condition,  be* 
ii-  a  Formed 

by  the  union  or  fasciation 
i  the  branches. 


mi),  a.     [<  Gr. 

.  hollovi 

(sec    ml.  ii.  ).  +  ii-,, „ o, 

the  mouth.]     The  act  of  speaking  with  a  hol- 
low voice. 


Cockscomb  {Celoiia  cristata  \. 


arclmol.,  an  implement  or  weapon  widely  used 
among  primitive  and  uncivilized 
races,  and  having  the  general 
form  of  a  chisel  or  an  ax-blade. 
In  the  eighteenth  century  the  name  was 
given  to  the  stone  and  bronze  imple- 
ments of  this  general  shape,  without 
careful  consideration  of  their  proba- 
ble uses.  The  stone  celts  are  all  of  a 
form  more  or  less  closely  resembling 
the  head  of  a  hatchet,  differing  only  in 
being  sometimes  flatter  and  with  a 
longer  cutting  edge,  sometimes  of  a 
section  nearly  circular,  pointed  at  oue  Celts, 

end,  and  coming  abruptly  to  an  edge 
at  the  other.  The  bronze  celts,  the  forms  of  winch  are 
very  varied,  may  be  divided  into  three  principal  classes : 
First,  chisel-shaped  blades  without  sockets,  l>ut  with  raised 
rims  on  each  side  forming  a  pair  of  grooves,  apparent- 
ly intended  to  retain  a  wooden  handle  fitted  on  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  length  of  the  blade;  these  may  be  consid- 
ered as  spades  intended  for  agricultural  labor.  Second, 
chisel-shaped  blades,  havinga  deep  socket  at  the  end  op. 
posite  the  cutting  edge,  and  usually  fitted  with  a  loop  or 
pierced  ear  on  one  side.  Third,  blades,  also  with  asocket, 
but  shorter  and  broader;  these,  which  have  often  been 
called  ax-heads,  are  thought  rather  to  be  ferrules  for  the 
butt  end  of  spear-siiafts  and  the  like,  the  edge  enabling 
them  to  be  driven  into  the  ground.  See  amtjam,  pool- 
stab,  pot-celt,  and  tocket-celt. 

Celtiberian  (sel-ti-be'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
tiiliheri  (Gr.  Ke'krifSitpin;),  the  inhabitants  of 
i  'til  tin  n, i,  <  Celta;,  the  Celts,  +  Jberi,  the  Ibe- 
rians, the  supposed  original  inhabitants  of 
Spain.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  and  its 
inhabitants,  the  Celtiberi,  an  ancient  people 
of  Spain  formed  by  a  union  of  Celts  and  Ibe- 
rians. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  dominant  race  of 
ancient  Celtiberia,  a  region  in  central  Spain. 

Celtic,  Keltic  (sel'-,  kel'tdk),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
CelUcus  (Hi'.  k:/-n,<i<),  <  Cilite,  Gr.  Kefa-al:  see 
Celt1.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Celts,  or  to  their 
language:  as,  1'rltic  tribes;  Celtic  tongues;  Cel- 
tic customs;  of  Celtic  origin — Celtic  monuments. 
See  iuc:itililhic  iiiiiiiiiineitts,  under  imyalitliic.—  Celtic 
pipe.    Bee /airy  pipes.—  Celtic  pottery.    See  /mticni. 

II.  ».  The  language  or  group  of  dialects 
spoken  by  the  Celts,  including  Welsh,  Armoric 
or  Breton,  Irish,  Gaelic,  and  Manx. 

Celticism,  Kelticism    (sel'-,   kel'ti-sizm),  n. 

1.  Tin-  manners  and  customs  of  the  Celts. — 

2.  A  Celtic  idiom  or  mode  of  expression. 
Also  Celtism,  Keltism. 


